,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,%eep3 ,,! ,,be/ ,,means ,,= ,,_! ,,improvem5t1 ,,g5]al ,,managem5t1 ,,& ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,_! ,,diseases1 ,,) ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,wool1 ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,wool ,,trade2 ,,& ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,%eep ,,9 ,,au/ralia4 ,,by ,,ambrose ,,blacklock4 ,illu/ration3 ,%eep h gold5 feet1 & :]ev] ! pr9t ( !m appe>s1 ! soil is turn$ into gold4--,,sw$i% ,,prov]b4 ,twelf? ,edition4 ,,london3 ,,groombridge ,,sons1 #e1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 #ahec4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 & ,j4 ,adl>d1 ,b>?olomew ,close ,,to ,,sir ,c4 ,g4 ,,/u>t ,,m5tea?1 ,,( ,,closeburn1 ,,h>t41 ,,vice-,,lieut5ant ,,( ,,dumfries-,,%ire1 c4 c4 c ,,^: ,,integrity ,,& ,,urbanity ,,h ,,ende>$ ,,him ,,to ,,society2 ,,& ,,^: ,,zeal ,,= ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,! ,,soil1 ,,& ,,= ,,! ,,prosp]ity ,,( ,,! ,,f>m]1 ,,h ,,rais$ ,,him1 ,,by ,,common ,,cons5t1 ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,rank ,,z ,,an ,,agriculturi/1 ,,& ,,z ,a ,,l&lord2 ,,?is ,,treatise ,,on ,,%eep ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$1 ,,by ,,8 ,,v ,,humble ,,s]vant1 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,,preface4 ,! tru? ( ! ,greek prov]b1 t a great book is a great evil1 is no :]e m app>5t ?an 9 ! con/ruction ( works on agricultural conc]ns4 ,^? :o h att5d$ to ! subject well "k1 t ! pr(itable managem5t ( live-/ock is by f> ! mo/ difficult bran* ( f>m+1 z x is "h t improvem5t is peculi>ly t>dy2 & f ?is we might inf] t au?ors w\ld endeav\r s to arrange & simplify _! treatises z to enable e "o to obta9 ! be>+s ( ! /udy at ! smalle/ possible exp5se & tr\ble4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,_m w\ld appe> to h done _! be/ s to dilute & my/ify ! little :i* is kn[n ab\t ! matt]1 t x is ne>ly impossible = any "o1 n gift$ ) m ?an ord9>y p[] ( application1 to arrive at any ?+ l j conclusions4 ,to avoid ?is error has be5 my object 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,su* po9ts only z are ( real importance h be5 notic$2 e ?+ hav+ be5 reject$ :i* c\ld n admit ( a practical application4 ,= ?is reason1 also1 ,i h omitt$ all allusion to =eign v>ieties ( ! %eep1 an acc\nt ( :i* is1 9 "s simil> works1 made to occupy s l>ge a space4 ,! g5]al laws by :i* animal bodies are gov]n$1 & ! *anges to :i* !y are r5d]$ liable by _! subs]vi5cy to man1 are "h--& = ! fir/ "t z reg>ds ! %eep--gone into at consid]able l5g?4 ,too little value is 9 g5]al atta*$ to su* inquiries2 ?\gh1 :5 endeav\r+ to improve a dome/icat$ race1 we mu/ be p]fectly aw>e1 t )\t ?is species ( k we are l a %ip at sea )\t ! guid+ aids ( ! rudd] & ! compass1 & liable to be c>ri$ 9 ! "r or 9 ! wrong direction only z *ance directs4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i ne$ make no apology = any defects t may appe> 9 ?is little "w1 hav+ done my be/ to make x useful to ! f>m]4 ,,ca/le ,,/reet1 ,,dumfries1 ,july1 #ahch4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface iii ,ref]5ces to ! ,plates xi ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,%eep4 7#a7 ,orig9 ( ! ,%eep2--7#b7 ,! ,argali ( ,sib]ia & ,m\flon ( ,s>d9ia2--7#c7 ,! ,m\flon ( ,am]ica2--7#d7 ,! ,m\flon ( ,africa2--7#e7 ,briti% ,bre$s2--7#f7 ,! ,l9coln%ire2--7#g7 ,! ,teeswat]2--7#h7 ,! ,di%ley or ,new ,leice/]2--7#i7 ,! ,devon%ire ,nots2--7#aj7 ,! ,dorset%ire ,%eep2--7#aa7 ,h]e=d%ire or ,ryel& ,%eep2--7#ab7 ,! ,s\? ,d[n2--7#ac7 ,! ,*eviot ,%eep2--7#ad7 ,mugg ,%eep2--7#ae7 ,! ,black-fac$ or ,hea? ,%eep2--7#af7 ,! ,m]9o2-- 7#ag7 ,tee? ( ,%eep2--7#ah7 ,di/9ctions betwe5 ! ,%eep & ,goat2 --7#ai7 ,horns ( ,%eep2--7#bj7 ,/ructure ( ! ,/oma*2--7#ba7 ,dige/ion2--7#bb7 ,p]iod ( ,conception2--7#bc7 ,names appli$ to ,%eep #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,wool4 7#bd7 ,wool-be>+ ,animals2--7#be7 ,/ructure ( ! ,sk92--7#bf7 ,sebace\s follicles2--7#bg7 ,connexion ( ! ,hair ) ! ,sk9--,yolk2--7#bh7 ,p]iodical decid5ce ( ,wool2--7#bi7 ,fall+ (f ( ,wool prev5t$ by ,clipp+2--7#cj7 ,=m ( ,woolly ,fibre2--7#ca7 ,/ructure & ,prop]ties ( ,hair & ,wool2--7#cb7 ,p>ticul> soils injuri\s to ,wool2--7#cc7 ,felt+2--7#cd7 ,diff]5t k9ds ( ,wool2--7#ce7 ,alt]ations caus$ by ,cross+2--7#cf7 ,bratt+ prejudicial to ,wool #af ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,briti% ,,wool ,,trade4 7#cg7 ,orig9 ( ! ,wool ,trade2--7#ch7 ,inv5tion ( ,weav+2--7#ci7 ,e>ly progress ( ! ,wool ,trade2--7#dj7 ,introduction ( ,weav+ into ,brita92--7#da7 ,importance ( ! ,briti% ,wooll5 ,manufacture2--7#db7 ,weav]s br\ght by ,edw>d ,,iii4 f ,fl&]s2--7#dc7 ,regulations reg>d+ ,/aples2--7#dd7 ,rapid advance ( ! ,wool ,trade 9 ! #ad? c5tury2--7#de7 ,subsidies rais$ by ,edw>d ,,iii42--7#df7 ,progress ( ! ,wool ,trade dur+ ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 ,h5ry ,,viii41 & ,edw>d ,,vi42--7#dg7 ,enc\ragem5t giv5 by ,elizabe? to ! ,trade2--7#dh7 ,wooll5 ,clo? monopoliz$ by ! ,m]*ant ,adv5tur]s2--7#di7 ,consumption ( ,wool 9 ,engl& increas$2-- 7#ej7 ,sev]ity ( ! ,prohibitory ,enactm5ts relat+ to ,wool reprobat$2--7#ea7 ,emigration ( ,engli% families to ,holl&1 & ,prosp]ity ( ! ,dut* ,manufactures2--7#eb7 ,fluctuat+ /ate ( ! ,trade betwe5 #afce & #afih2--7ec7 ,k+ ,william disc\rages ! ,iri% manufactures2--7#ed7 ,/ati/ics ( ! ,briti% ,wool ,trade 9 #afii2--7ee7 ,briti% ,wooll5 ,manufactur]s rivall$ by ! ,sw$es2--7#ef7 ,regulations relat+ to ,wool f #agdj to #agdb2 --7#eg7 ,impulse giv5 to ! ,trade by ! improvem5ts 9 ,ma*9]y2 --7#eg7 ,comm5cem5t ( ! #ai? c5tury2 ,duty impos$ on import$ ,wool2--7#ei7 ,re/rictions on ,=eign ,wool remov$2 increase 9 ,manufactur+ prosp]ity2--7#fj7 ,c\ntries f :i* we d]ive our ,wool2--7#fa7 ,/ati/ics ( ! ,wool ,trade f #ahjj to #ahcj2--7fb7 ,d4 9 #ahcb #bh ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,! ,,bre$s4 7#fc7 ,introductory rem>ks2--7#fd7 ,e>ly ,improv]s ( ! ,%eep2--7#fe7 ,mod]n ,bre$]s & ,improvem5ts2--7#ff7 ,v>ieties among ,animals1 h[ induc$2--7#fg7 ,v>ieties induc$ by temp]ature2--7#fh7 ,adaptation ( ! ,%eep to climate2--7#fi7 ,*anges produc$ by climate2--7#gj7 ,temp]ature pref]r$ by ,%eep2--7#ga7 ,ext5t ( ! alt]ations produc$ by climate2--7#gb7 ,increase 9 ! numb] ( ! ,horns2--7#gc7 ,causes ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ,horn2--7#gd7 ,! prop] temp]ature requir$ = ,%eep2--7#ge7 ,geographical limits ( ! ,%eep2--7#gf7 ,p>ticul> =ms induc$ by geographical limit2--7#gg7 ,influ5ce ( vegetation on =m & disposition2--7#gh7 ,bre$s requir$ = ,brita9--7#gi7 ,v>i$ nature ( ! food ( ,%eep2--7#hj7 ,influ5ce ( food on ! quality ( ,mutton2--7#ha7 ,diff]5ces 9 ! quality ( ,mutton2--7#hb7 ,abuses 9 ,fe$+2--7#hc7 ,t5d5cy to acquire ,fat2--7#hd7 ,frequ5t *ange ( ,pa/ure necess>y2--7#he7 ,v>ieties induc$ by app>5tly trivial causes2--7#hf7 ,v>ieties f mode ( ,bre$+2 --7#hg7 ,bre$+ 9 & 92--7#hh7 ,oppon5ts ( 9 & 9 ,bre$+2--7#hi7 ,bre$+ f diff]5t families ( ! same race2--7#ij7 ,cross+2--7#ia7 ,?+s to be att5d$ to 9 ,cross+2 --7#ib7 ,*oice ( ,p>5ts2--7#ic7 ,influ5ce ( ,sex2--7#id7 ,me?od ( obta9+ a great] numb] ( "o ,sex1 at ! option ( ! ,proprietor #fg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,%eep4 7#ie7 ,introductory rem>ks2--7#if7 ,putt+ ,tups to ,ewes2--7#ig7 ,e>ly ,lambs2--7#ih7 ,lamb+-"t2--7#ii7 ,wa%+2--7#ajj7 ,%e>+2--7#aja7 ,wean+2--7#ajb7 ,sme>+2--7#ajc7 ,fatt+ #abh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,accid5ts ,,& ,,op]ations4 7#ajd7 ,introductory obs]vations2--7#aje7 ,w\nds2--7#ajf7 ,/oppage ( ,ble$+2--7#ajg7 ,removal ( ,extrane\s ,matt] f ,w\nds2-- 7#ajh7 ,closure ( ,w\nds2--7#aji7 ,b&ag+2--7#aaj7 ,aft]-treatm5t ( ,clean ,cuts2--7#aaa7 ,aft]-treatm5t ( ,punctures2--7#aab7 ,bruises & ,spra9s2--7#aac7 ,w\nds ( ,jo9ts2--7#aad7 ,poison$ ,w\nds2-- 7#aae7 ,fractures2--7#aaf7 ,cutt+ ,lambs2--7#aag7 ,blood-lett+2-- 7#aah7 ,removal ( ,hydatids f ! ,head #adh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,%eep4 7#aai7 ,introductory rem>ks2--7#abj7 ,cautions 9 ,prescrib+2--7#aba7 ,classification ( ,diseases2--7#abb7 ,bl[n or ,bla/2--7#abc7 ,treatm5t ( ,bl[n2--7#abd7 ,braxy or ,sickness2--7#abe7 ,symptoms ( ,braxy2--7#abf7 ,appe>ances on ,dissection2--7#abg7 ,causes ( ,braxy2--7#abh7 ,treatm5t ( ,braxy2--7#abi7 ,prev5tion ( ,braxy2--7#acj7 ,p9+4 ,symptoms & ,causes2--7#aca7 ,treatm5t & ,prev5tion ( ,p9+2--7#acb7 ,/agg]s2 --7#acc7 ,di>rhoea2--7#acd7 ,treatm5t ( ,di>rhoea2--7#ace7 ,dys5t]y or ,cl+4 ,symptoms2--7#acf7 ,causes ( ,dys5t]y2--7#acg7 ,treatm5t ( ,dys5t]y2--7#ach7 ,prev5tion ( ,dys5t]y2--7#aci7 ,scab or ,it*4 ,symptoms & ,causes2--7#adj7 ,treatm5t ( ,it*2--7#ada7 ,prev5tion ( ,it*2--7#adb7 ,erysipelas or ,wild-fire2--7#adc7 ,r$-wat]2--7#add7 ,leg-evil4 ,symptoms & ,causes2--7#ade7 ,treatm5t ( ,leg-evil2--7#adf7 ,prev5tion ( ,leg-evil2--7#adg7 ,! ,fly & ,maggot2--7#adh7 ,treatm5t ( ,fly-bl[n ,%eep1 & ,prev5tion ( attacks f ! ,fly2--7#adi7 ,! ,%eep-,fag or ,k$1 & ! ,tick2--7#aej7 ,! ,o,estrus bovis2--7#aea7 ,sore ,teats2--7#aeb7 ,foot-rot2--7#aec7 ,causes ( ,foot-rot2--7#aed7 ,treatm5t & ,prev5tion ( ,foot-rot2--7#aee7 ,insects 9 ! ,air ,passages2--7#aef7 ,removal ( ,insects f ! ,no/ril2--7#aeg7 ,coryza2 --7#aeh7 ,treatm5t ( ,coryza2--7#aei7 ,rot4 ,introductory rem>ks2-- 7#afj7 ,symptoms ( ,rot2--7#afa7 ,appe>ances on ,dissection2--7#afb7 ,! ,liv]-fluke2--7#afc7 ,! ,hydatid2--7#afd7 ,causes ( ,rot2--7#afe7 ,treatm5t ( ,rot2--7#aff7 ,prev5tion ( ,rot2--7#afg7 ,jaundice2--7#afh7 ,dropsy2--7#afi7 ,/urdy2--7#agj7 ,treatm5t & ,prev5tion ( ,/urdy2 --7#aga7 ,trembl+2--7#agb7 ,treatm5t ( ,trembl+2--7#agc7 ,inflam$ ,eyes2--7#agd7 ,s(t canc] ( ! ,eye #afa ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,! ,,plates ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,m\flon ( ,s>d9ia4 ,fig4 #b4 & #c4 p4 ,! fir/ /oma* or paun*2 b4 ! second /oma*1 bonnet1 k+'s-hood1 or honey-comb2 o4 ! ?ird /oma*1 or omasum2 a4 ! f\r? /oma*1 or abomasum2 g4 ! gullet2 py4 ! pylorus4 ,fig4 #d4 ,section ( a %eep's toe2 g4 g4 ! gl& secret+ ! ho(2 c4 c4 ! cru/2 s4 ! sole4 ,fig4 #e4 ,view ( ! int]digital gl&2 g4 ! gl&2 d4 ! duct lead+ f x4 ,fig4 #f4 ,! fluke-worm2 a4 ! m\?2 b4 ! reproductive app>atus2 c4 c4 vessels = ! di/ribution ( ! blood4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,dorset%ire ,ram4 ,fig4 #b4 ,s\? ,d[n ,ram4 ,! figures 9 ?is plate are borr[$ f ! beautiful cuts 9 ! "w on ,%eep1 publi%$ by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,new ,leice/] ,ram4 ,fig4 #b4 ,*eviot ,ram4 ,! portrait ( a v sup]ior animal1 9 ! possession ( my fri5d ,mr ,laurie ( ,t]regles t[n4 ,premiums 7 aw>d$ to ,mr ,laurie = bo? ( ^! %eep at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,highl& ,society 9 ,dumfries4 ,fig4 #c4 ,view ( ! ve9s ( ! face & neck2 f4v4 facial ve92 j4v4 jugul> ve94 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,black-fac$ ,ram4 ,fig4 #b4 ,m]9o ,ram4 ,,plate ,v4 ,figs4 #a4 #b4 #c4 f ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 repres5t ! mo/ approv$ mode ( wa%+ & %e>+ %eep4 ,fig4 #d4 ,tubul> /ructure ( hair & wool4 ,fig4 #e4 ,relative positions ( ! lay]s ( ! sk91 mode 9 :i* ! hairs rise f1 & situation (1 ! sebace\s follicles2 a4 ! cuticle2 b4 ! muc\s lay]2 c4 ! true sk92 d4 sebace\s follicles2 e4 hairs ris+ f ! true sk92 f4 ! yolk4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #a4 ,section ( ! lung ( a %eep :i* has be5 ov]-driv54 ,fig4 #b4 ,section ( ! lung ( a %eep :i* has be5 affect$ ) ,rot4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,cy/ic]cus t5uicollis4 ,fig4 #a4 a4 ,head ( ! same magnifi$4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! ,co5urus ,c]ebralis4 ,fig4 #b4 a4 ,heads ( ! ,co5urus magnifi$4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! p5ta/oma4 ,hi!rto suppos$ to exi/ only 9 ! dog & wolf1 b discov]$ rec5tly 9 ! frontal s9us ( ! %eep by my fri5d ,mr ,rh9d ( ,ed9burgh1 by :om ! draw+ = ?is figure 0 k9dly furni%$4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,hydatid 9 ! bra9 ( a %eep 7f a draw+ by my fri5d ,dr ,kirk ( ,deal72 a4 ! "r lobe ( ! c]ebellum or less] bra9 di/5d$ ) fluid1 inclos$ 9 a membrane\s bag1 z %[n at b41 :]e an incision has be5 made to expose x2 & at c4 :]e x is %9+ ?r\gh ! pia mat]1 "o ( ! cov]+s ( ! bra94 ,fig4 #b4 ,%[+ ! ext5t to :i* hydatids sometimes di/5d ! v5tricles ( ! bra92 a4 ! dilat$ v5tricle ( ! left side2 b4 b4 convolutions pass+ f back to front2 c4 d4 dep? ( ! furr[s4 ,,! ,,%eep4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,%eep4 7#a47 ,orig9 ( ! ,%eep4--,z ! orig9 ( our dome/icat$ animals has af=d$ scope = mu* curi\s speculation1 s none h attract$ a great] degree ( att5tion 9 ?is respect ?an ! %eep4 ,into ^! argum5ts1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be absurd to ent]2 ,i %all !re=e cont5t myself ) su* op9ions z are deem$ ! be/4 ,plac$ 9 ! ,class ,mammalia1 & ,ord] ,rum9antia1 ! innum]able v>ieties at pres5t exi/+ may1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1 ^: tact 9 arrang+ animals is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 all be ref]r$ to f\r species--! ,argali ( ,sib]ia1 ! ,m\flon ( ,s>d9ia1 ! ,m\flon ( ,am]ica1 & ! ,m\flon ( ,africa--?\gh to be rigidly accurate 9 natural di/9ctions he w\ld ref] !m all to ?ree1 !reby exclud+ ! ?ird4 7#b47 ,! ,argali ( ,sib]ia 7,ovis ,ammon7 inhabits ! m\nta9s ( ,asia1 :]e x atta9s ! size ( a fall[ de]4 ,! male has v l>ge horns1 ) ?ree r\nd$ angles at ! base1 flatt5$ 9 front1 & /riat$ transv]sely4 ,! horns ( ! female are compress$1 & hook-%ap$4 ,! hair is %ort 9 summ]1 & ( a fawn-col\r$ grey2 9 w9t] x is ?ick1 rigid1 & ( a r$di% grey1 ) "s :ite ab\t ! muzzle1 ?roat1 & "u ! belly4 ,! ,m\flon ( ,s>d9ia 7,ovis ,musimon1 ,fig4 #a4 ,pl4 ,i47 diff]s f x only 9 its inf]ior size1 & 9 ! smallness ( ! horns ( ! female4 7#c47 ,! ,m\flon ( ,am]ica 7,ovis ,montana7 closely resembles ! ,argali1 & is suppos$ by "s to be id5tical ) x1 & to h cross$ f ,asia to ,am]ica at ,behr+'s ,/raits by means ( ice4 7#d47 ,! ,m\flon ( ,africa 7,ovis ,tragelaphus7 is di/+ui%$ by its s(t & r$di% hair1 by its %ort tail1 & by a long mane hang+ "u ! neck1 & ano!r at ea* ancle2 x inhabits ! rocky di/ricts ( ,b>b>y1 & has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,egypt4 7#e47 ,briti% ,bre$s4--,! bre$s ( our isl&1 z !y at pres5t /&1 may be divid$ into two k9ds--long-wooll$ & %ort-wooll$2 ! =m] embrac+ ! ,l9coln%ire1 ! ,teeswat]1 ! ,di%ley1 or ,new ,leice/]1 & ! ,devon%ire ,nots2 :ile ! latt] w include ^? ( ,dorset1 ,h]e=d%ire1 & ,sussex1 ) ! ,*eviot1 ,mugg1 & ,black-fac$ v>iety4#a #a ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 #g? ,edition1 ,article ,agriculture4 7#f74 ,! ,l9coln%ire has no horns2 ! face is :ite2 ! c>cass long & ?92 ! legs ?ick1 :ite1 & r\gh2 bones l>ge2 pelts ?ick2 & ! wool f #h to #aj in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! ewes weigh f #ad lbs4 to #bj lbs4 p] qu>t]2 & ?ree-ye> old we!rs #bj lbs4 to #cj lbs4 ,! fleece weighs f #h lbs4 to #ad lbs41 & cov]s a co>se-gra9$ sl[-fe$+ c>cass2 s sl[1 inde$1 at fe$+1 t x _c be fatt5$ at an e>ly age1 except ^u ri* l&2 b ! bre$ is enc\rag$1 f ! great weight ( wool t is %orn f !m e ye>4 ,x & its sub-v>ieties are extremely common 9 ! ,engli% c\nties4 7#g47 ,! ,teeswat] %eep 7 orig9ally br$ f ! same /ock z ! =m]1 b h become diff]5t1 f ! size hav+ receiv$ great] att5tion ?an ! wool1 :i* is inf]ior bo? 9 l5g? & weight4 ,!y /& ^u high] & f9] bon$ legs1 :i* support a firm] & heavi] c>cass1 mu* wid] ^u ! back & sides1 & af=d a fatt] & f9]-gra9$ mutton--! two-ye>-old we!rs weigh+ f #be lbs4 to #cj lbs4 p] qu>t]4 ,m>%all1 9 8 "w on ,york%ire1 rem>ks1 t !y are n s compact1 nor s complete 9 _! =m1 z ! ,leice/]%ire %eep2 nev]!less1 ! excell5cy ( _! fle% & fatt+ quality is n d\bt$1 & _! wool /ill rema9s sup]ior4 ,= ! banks ( ! ,tees1 or any o!r ri* fat l&1 !y are s+ul>ly excell5t4 7#h47 ,! ,di%ley1 or ,new ,leice/]1 is di/+ui%$ f o!r long-wooll$ bre$s1 by clean heads1 /raight broad flat backs1 r\nd bodies1 small bones1 ?9 pelts1 & a disposition to fatt5 at an e>ly age4 ,b m ( ?is h]eaft]4 ,! weight ( ?ree-ye>-old ewes is f #ah lbs4 to #bf lbs4 p] qu>t]2 & ( two-ye> old we!rs f #bj lbs4 to #cj lbs4 ,! wool av]ages f #f lbs4 to #h lbs41 & is ?\ght by "s to be inf]ior 9 quality to t ( ,*eviot %eep2 b1 f be+ fully f$ at all seasons1 !y yield great quantities ( x4 ,fig4 #a4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 7#i47 ,! ,devon%ire ,nots =m ! f\r? hornless v>iety ( long-wooll$ %eep4 ,=ty or fifty ye>s ago1 !y rank$ z middle-wooll$ %eep2 b !y n[ figure among ! long-wools1 "u ! "n ( ,bamptons--_! fleece hav+ be5 l5g!n$1 & r5d]$ f9]1 by cross+ ) ! ,leice/]s4 ,!re is yet1 h[ev]1 mu* room = improvem5t 9 ^! crosses4 ,!y h :ite faces & legs1 ! latt] be+ %ort1 & ! bones l>ge1 :ile ! necks are ?ick1 ! backs high1 & ! sides good4 ,!y approa* 9 weight to ! ,leice/]1 b ! wool is heavi] & co>s]4 ,9 ,devon%ire are f\nd a :ite-fac$ & horn$ v>iety1 :i* are kn[n z ! ,exmoor k9d1 f ! place ( _! nativity4 ,?\gh delicate 9 bone1 !y are n good1 hav+ a n>r[ flat-sid$ c>cass2 :ile ! weight ( ! qu>t]s & fleece is a ?ird %ort ( ! =m] v>iety4 7#aj47 ,! ,dorset%ire %eep are horn$ & :ite-fac$1 ) a long ?9 c>cass1 & high small :ite legs4 ,?ree-ye>-old we!rs weigh f #af lbs4 to #bj lbs4 a qu>t]2 b ! wool1 be+ f9e & %ort1 weighs only f #c lbs4 to #d lbs4 a fleece4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 amply comp5sat$ = by ! mutton1 :i* is ( sup]ior quality4 ,! peculi> & mo/ valuable prop]ty ( ?is bre$ is ! =w>dness ( ! ewes1 :i* take ! ram at any p]iod ( ! ye>1 (t5 lamb+1 s e>ly z ,septemb] or ,octob]4 ,!y are1 on ?is acc\nt1 extremely useful = supply+ l>ge t[ns ) h\se-lamb at ,*ri/mas4 ,fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 7#aa47 ,h]e=d%ire or ,ryel& %eep h :ite legs & faces1 & no horns4 ,! wool gr[s close to ! eyes4 ,!y are a small bre$1 suit$ to e m>ket1 weigh+ f #ab lbs4 to #af lbs4 a-qu>t]4 ,! c>cass is tol]ably well-=m$1 & ! wool f9e & %ort1 ea* fleece weigh+ f #a-a_/b lb4 to #b-a_/b lbs41 r>ely1 h[ev]1 exce$+ #b lbs4 ,!y 7 call$ ,ryel& %eep1 f a di/rict 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,h]e=d%ire be+ ?\ght capable ( gr[+ no?+ b rye4 ,?\gh _! figure is good1 ! back is n s level1 nor ! ribs s well r\nd$1 z 9 ! improv$ bre$s4 ,!y fatt5 easily1 h[ev]1 & arrive soon at maturity1 ?\gh reckon$ inf]ior 9 ^! respects to ! ,*eviot v>iety4 7#ab47 ,! ,s\? ,d[n1 l ! ,ryel&1 are1 f ! delicacy ( _! con/itution1 unadapt$ = bleak situations1 b suffici5tly h>dy & active = a l[ c\ntry2 _! av]age weight is f #ae lbs4 to #ah lbs4 a-qu>t]2 t ( ! fleece1 :i* is v %ort & f9e1 be+ f #b-a_/b lbs4 to #c lbs4 ,!y are )\t horns1 h grey faces & legs1 a neck l[ set & small1 & a brea/ nei!r wide nor deep2 _! mutton is f9e 9 ! gra91 & ( an excell5t flav\r1 hav+ be5 br\ght to great p]fection by ,mr ,ellman ( ,glynd1 & o!r intellig5t bre$]s4 ,!y are mo/ly f\nd 9 ,sussex1 on dry *alky d[ns produc+ %ort f9e h]bage1 & arrive e>ly at maturity2 9 :i* respect !y are equal to ! ,*eviot1 ?\gh inf]ior to !m 9 quantity ( tall[4 ,=m]ly !y w\ld n take on fat till f\r ye>s old2 n[ !y are always at m>ket :5 ab\t two ye>s ( age1 & _m are kill$ be=e t p]iod4 ,fig4 #b4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 7#ac47 ,! ,*eviot ,%eep h a b>e head1 ) a long jaw1 & :ite face1 b no horns4 ,sometimes !y h a %ade ( grey ^u ! nose1 approa*+ to d>k at ! tip2 at o!rs1 a t+e ( lemon col\r on ! face1 b ^! m>k+s sc>cely affect _! value4 ,! legs are clean1 long1 & small-bon$1 & cov]$ ) wool to ! h\gh2 b !re is a sad want ( dep? at ! brea/1 & ( bread? bo? !re & on ! *9e4 ,a fat c>cass weighs f #ab lbs4 to #ah lbs4 p] qu>t]1 & a m$ium fleece ab\t #c lbs4 ,! pure/ specim5s ( ?is bre$ are to be f\nd on ! ,scot* side ( ! ,*eviot hills1 & on ! high & /ony m\nta9-f>ms :i* lie betwe5 t range & ! s\rce ( ! ,teviot4 ,^! %eep are a capital m\nta9 /ock1 provid$ ! pa/ure resembles ! ,*eviot hills1 9 conta9+ a good proportion ( ri* h]bage4 ,fig4 #b4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 7#ad47 ,mugg ,%eep4--,9 ?is v>iety1 says ,dr ,flem+1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,animals1 ! face & legs are :ite1 or r>ely spott$ ) yell[1 & ! =ehead cov]$ ) long wool4 ,?is is ! native bre$ 9 ,scotl&1 to ! nor? ( ! ,=? & ,clyde4 ,!y are ( small size1 & seldom weigh above #h or #aj lbs4 p] qu>t]4 ,"s tribes h horns2 o!rs are de/itute ( !m1 & !y v>y 9 ! l5g? ( ! tail4 ,!y may be consid]$ z ! /ock ( ! num]\s mod]n & valuable v>ieties1 :i* are br$ 9 ! be/ cultivat$ di/ricts4 ,! ,%etl& %eep belongs to ?is k9d4 ,! fur consi/s ( firm wool next ! sk91 ) long co>se hairs1 indications ( an inhabitant ( an arctic climate4 7#ae47 ,! ,black-fac$ or ,hea? ,%eep are kn[n by _! l>ge spiral horns1 wild-look+ eyes1 black legs & faces1 ) %ort firm c>casses1 cov]$ by long co>se wool1 :i* weighs f #c lbs4 to #d lbs4 ,z ! =m ( ?is %eep has lately be5 mu* improv$1 by induc+ a %ort & r\nd c>cass1 !y h acquir$ ! "n ( %ort %eep1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,*eviots1 :i* are t]m$ long %eep4 ,:5 ?ree ye>s old1 !y fatt5 well1 af=d+ excell5t highly-flav\r$ mutton1 & weigh+ f #aj lbs4 to #af lbs4 a-qu>t]4 ,!y are ! mo/ valuable upl& %eep 9 ,brita91 ab\nd+ 9 all ! we/]n c\nties ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & are n[ becom+ great fav\rites 9 ! ,london m>ket4 ,fig4 #a4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 7#af47 ,! ,m]9o4--,?\gh _m =eign bre$s h f "t to "t appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 yet almo/ all ( !m h be5 view$ m]ely z objects ( curiosity1 &1 z su*1 h spe$ily be5 disreg>d$4 ,f> diff]5t1 h[ev]1 0 ! reception ( ! ,m]9os4 ,br\ght into ,engl& "u ! mo/ fav\rable auspices1 & plac$ at once "u ! fo/]+ protection ( royalty1 _! native m]its c\ld n b be spe$ily appreciat$ & diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,!y h receiv$ ! "n ( ,m]9o f a peculi> buff or r$di% hue ( ! c\nt5ance1 & are suppos$ to h come orig9ally f ,africa2 at lea/ ,m>cus ,columella1 hav+ se5 a /range v>iety f t c\ntry exhibit$ at ,rome1 dur+ "s public games or %[s1 took !m to 8 f>m1 &1 hav+ cross$ !m ) ! bre$s ( ,t>5tum1 s5t ! (fspr+ to ,spa94 ,!re !y ?rove rem>kably1 attract+ ! att5tion ( o!r nations1 to :om !y 7 f "t to "t export$1 & at pres5t may be f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w4 ,m]9os 7 br\ght to ,engl& = ! fir/ "t 9 #aghh1 b attract$ little att5tion1 ow+ to ! want ( rams4 ,"l ,som]ville w5t to ,portugal 9 #ahja1 = ! purpose ( select+ su* animals z appe>$ valuable1 f unit+ a good c>cass ) a sup]ior fleece1 & he succe$$1 not)/&+ ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! c\ntry1 9 obta9+ specim5s1 :i* call$ =? ! praises ( ! %eph]ds1 ?r\gh ^: travell+ flocks !y pass$4 ,public att5tion 0 attract$ to !m on ! comm5cem5t ( 8 ,maje/y's sales 9 #ahjd2 & _! di/ribution ov] ! c\ntry 0 accompli%$ 9 #ahaa1 by ! =mation ( ! pr9cipal l&$ proprietors & em95t bre$]s into a ,m]9o ,society4 ,! ,m]9os _h mu* prejudice to enc\nt] on be+ fir/ br\ght be=e ! public 9 #ahjd2 b !y soon rose 9 fav\r & value1 & /eadily progress$ till ! ,m]9o ,society 0 e/abli%$1 :51 /range ?\gh x may appe>1 all ^! advantages 7 at once de/roy$4 ,?is p>adox may1 p]haps1 be expla9$1 by suppos+ t ! in/itution ( local committees1 :i* imm$iately foll[$1 all[$ ! enemies ( ! *ange1 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! k+dom1 ample opportunity ( /rik+ at ! s*eme1 n[ t x 0 entru/$1 9 _m in/ances1 to p]sons ill qualifi$ = ! task ei!r ( mak+ conv]ts1 or reta9+ ! advantages already ga9$4 ,! horns ( ! ,m]9o are ( l>ge size1 twi/$ spirally & ext5d$ lat]ally1 approa*+ closely 9 ^! *>act]s to ! %eep ( ,m\nt ,p>nassus1 a specim5 ( :i* is del9eat$ 9 ! "w by ,e4 ,t4 ,b5nett1 on ! ,g>d5s & ,m5ag]ie ( ! ,zoological ,society4 ,! face has a *>act]i/ic velvety appe>ance1 b ! *eeks & =ehead are disfigur$ by co>se hair4 ,! legs are long & small 9 ! bone2 ! brea/ & back are n>r[1 ! sides flat1 & too mu* ( ! weight is exp5d$ on ! co>s] p>ts4 ,!re is a peculi> loos5ess ( sk9 b5ea? ! ?roat1 :i* is admir$ 9 ,spa9 z d5ot+ a t5d5cy to weight & f95ess ( wool1 ?\gh reg>d$ 9 ?is c\ntry z a sign ( a bad sk9 & want ( aptitude to fatt54 ,! av]age weight ( ! fleece 9 ,spa9 is1 #h lbs4 f ! ram1 & #e lbs4 f ! ewe4 ,! abundance ( ! yolk enables ! wool to deta9 all ! fil? :i* comes 9 contact ) x1 s mu* s1 t by wa%+ ! weight is dim9i%$ ab\t ?ree-fif?s4 ,! fibre ( ! wool is f9] ?an t ( any o!r %eep1 & ! c>cass1 :5 fat1 av]ages f #ab lbs4 to #af lbs4 a-qu>t]4 ,!y are quiet & tractable1 & possess$ ( _m good qualities1 b !y are liable to abortion1 are bad nurses1 & require a l>ge supply ( food1 = :i*1 ow+ to an unpr(itable =m1 !y yield no return4 ,fig4 #b4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 ,! ,m]9os 7 at "o "t 9 great reque/ 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 f a supposition t !y w\ld spe$ily supplant o!r bre$s2 b ?is has nev] be5 ! case1 z ! animal soon deg5]ates :5 out ( ,spa91 & is only valuable s f> z giv+ rise to v>ieties1 :i* are equal1 if n sup]ior to itself4 ,l>ge pr(its 7 at fir/ expect$ f _! wool1 b ^! 7 r$uc$ to a trifle :5 ! loss ( weight1 & f95ess 9 ! c>cass 7 tak5 into acc\nt4 ,mr ,hose ( ,melton ,m[bray1 put a c]ta9 numb] ( ,leice/] ewes to a ram ( ! same bre$1 & an equal numb] to a m]9o ram4 ,! result 01 t ! ,leice/] fleece weigh$ #g lbs41 & ! "o f ! cross ) ! m]9o1 #h lbs42 & t ! =m] br\ght 9 ! m>ket #as4 p] lb41 & ! latt] #as4 #f;d41 be+ a ga9 ( #es4 on ! fleece4 ,! c>cass ( ! =m]1 h[ev]1 weigh$ #bg lbs4 p] qu>t]1 & ! latt] only #be lbs41 be+ a loss ( #e lbs4 on mutton4 ,mu* advantage may1 h[ev]1 be expect$ f our crosses ) ! ,saxon m]9o1 :i* is 9 e respect well suit$ to our notions ( a f9e animal1 z x yields a good wool1 & is little inf]ior 9 c>cass to "s ( our be/ bre$s4 7#ag47 ,tee? ( ,%eep4--,9 common ) ! re/ ( ! rum9at+ animals1 %eep h eight incisors 9 ! l[] jaw1 unoppos$ by any 9 ! upp]1 a call\s pad1 :i* is sub/itut$1 be+ atta*$ to ! di/al end ( ! int]maxill>v bones4 ,betwe5 ! incisors & mol>s1 or gr9d+ tee?1 !re is a vacant space ( ab\t an in* & a half4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r mol>s1 six on ea* side ( ea* jaw2 _! cr[ns are m>k$ ) two d\ble cresc5ts1 ! convexity ( :i* is turn$ inw>ds 9 ! upp]1 & outw>ds 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,! lamb1 :5 newly dropp$1 is devoid ( incisor tee?1 ?\gh ! two c5tral ones are occasionally above ! gum ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,:5 "o mon? old1 ! fir/ set ( incisive tee? are complete4 ,! two =e-tee? ( ! "u jaw drop out at ! end ( ! fir/ ye>2 six mon?s aft] ! two next to ^! are lo/2 & at ! end ( five ye>s ! tee? are all r5ew$4 ,:5 ! p]man5t tee? are fully gr[n1 x is almo/ impossible to asc]ta9 ! age ( ! animal1 z ! soil1 ! texture ( ! prov5d]1 & ! orig9al =m ( ! tee?1 h all a great] or less influ5ce ov] _! durability4 7#ah47 ,di/9ctions betwe5 ! ,%eep & ,goat4--,?\gh a comp>ison ( ! mo/ common dome/icat$ bre$s ( %eep & goats1 t5ds to confirm ! broad di/9ctions drawn betwe5 !m1 yet ^! diff]5ces almo/ entirely disappe>1 :5 we attempt to def9e ! *>act]i/ics ( ^? races1 :i* /ill exi/ 9 a wild /ate 9 v>i\s p>ts ( bo? ,cont95ts1 :]e x is s f> impossible to det]m9e ! precise division to :i* !y belong1 t ,cuvi] holds !m unwor?y ( a g5]ic sep>ation4 ,%eep & goats1 9 fact1 agree 9 s _m po9ts z reg>ds /ructure1 =m1 /ature1 & habit1 t 7 x n t %eep1 accord+ to t naturali/1 h _! horns direct$ backw>ds1 return+ m or less =w>ds 9 a spiral mann]1 ) a g5]ally convex l9e ( pr(ile1 & no be>d1 :ile ! goats h _! horns direct$ upw>ds & backw>ds1 _! *9s g5]ally decorat$ ) a long be>d1 & _! l9e ( pr(ile almo/ always concave1 !re w\ld h>dly exi/ a diff]5ce wor? ! not+4 ,"s writ]s place great reliance on ! diff]5ces indicat$ by ! diff]5t cov]+s ( ! animals1 ascrib+ wool to ! %eep1 & hair to ! goat1 =gett+ t mo/ ( ! wild %eep1 & "s ( ! dome/icat$ races1 are cov]$ ) hair1 :ile "s goats1 z ^? ( ,?ibet & ,angora1 are rem>kable = ! f95ess ( _! wool4 ,ev5 suppos+ ^! di/9ctions to hold good1 we h /ill to combat ! fact1 t %eep & goats produce mongrels capable ( reproduction1 a consid]ation suffici5t ( itself to prove1 t ! %eep & goat c nev] be made to =m ! types ( sep>ate g5]a4#b #b ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject1 see t excell5t pap] on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,%eep & ,goat1 by ,james ,wilson1 ,esq4 9 ,no4 ,,ix4 ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture4 7#ai47 ,horns ( ,%eep4--,z ! ,*evrota9s or ,musks are di/+ui%$1 ) ! ,camels1 f o!r animals ( ?is ord] by ! abs5ce ( horns1 s are %eep1 ox51 goats1 & antelopes1 di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! horn$ g5]a ( ! ord]1 by ! p]si/5ce ( _! frontal prolongations4 ,! horn is an ela/ic %ea? ( agglut9at$ hairs1 :i* appe>s )9 ! fir/ twelve mon?s1 ?\gh sometimes pres5t at bir?1 & increases by lay]s1 "o be+ add$ e ye>1 s t ! age ( a ram may be kn[n by ! numb] ( r+s4 ,! ewes h commonly no horns1 b only a protub]ance 9 place ( !m4 ,! horn is support$ by1 & s]ves to cov]1 a highly vascul> prolongation ( ! frontal bone1 & x is at its root1 :]e l>ge vessels1 & n]v\s filam5ts are ent]+1 t bl[s occasion s great agony to ! animal1 ap>t f ! damage :i* ! o!r bones su/a9 by ! infliction ( viol5ce on s p[]ful a level4 7#bj47 ,/ructure ( ! ,/oma*4--,! t]m rum9at+1 indicates ! p[] possess$ by ?is animal1 9 common ) _m o!rs1 ( ma/icat+ its food a second "t1 by return+ x to ! m\? aft] a %ort mac]ation4 ,?is !y are enabl$ to d1 f ! /ructure ( ! /oma*s1 or1 m correctly speak+1 /oma*2 z anatomi/s h n[ conclud$1 f all animals be+ con/ruct$ on "o common pr9ciple1 t rum9at+ animals are n possess$ ( f\r /oma*s1 z =m]ly suppos$1 b only ( "o1 :i* !y view z be+ divid$ into f\r comp>tm5ts4 ,9 draw+ precise conclusions1 we are b\nd only to admit ! exi/5ce ( two comp>tm5ts1 ! o!r two belong+ prop]ly to ! gullet2 & be+ equival5t to ! *eek p\*es ( monkeys1 or ! crop & membran\s /oma* ( birds1 may be view$ z an app>atus design$ to s]ve a ne>ly simil> purpose 7t ( moi/5+ & mac]at+ ! food72 :ile ! real /oma* w cease to excite wond]1 or puzzle ! ignorant1 on be+ contra/$ ) t ( o!r animals1 9 _m ( :i* a division exi/s1 & f :i* ev5 ! human /oma*1 ?\gh g5]ally a s+le sac1 is n always exempt1--,dr ,knox1 ( ,ed9burgh1 be+ 9 possession ( "o t resembles a pair ( small globes jo9$ by a n>r[ tube1 & :i*1 :5 tak5 f ! body ( a p]son :o 0 advanc$ 9 life1 bore e m>k ( s\ndness 9 texture1 & mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 cong5ital4 7#ba47 ,dige/ion4#c--,! food desc5ds by ! gullet aft] be+ p>tially cru%$1 into :at is call$ ! fir/ /oma*1 or paun*1 9 ,lat91 rum51 or +luvies1 9 :i* cavity are f\nd ^? morbid concretions s mu*1 & s sup]/iti\sly1 priz$ 9 ! ,ea/]n _w1 "u ! "n ( ,bezo> /ones2 f ?is x passes into ! second1 t]m$ bonnet1 k+'s hood1 or honey-comb1 9 ,lat9 reticulum1 :i* is mu* small] ?an ! o!r1 & receives its "n f ! inn] coat be+ arrang$ into cells2 "h x is moi/5$1 made into pellets1 &1 :ile ! animal is at re/1 impell$ by ! antip]i/altic motion ( ! tube to ! m\?1 & aft] und]go+ a complete ma/ication1 is return$ ?r\gh ! gullet to ! ?ird /oma*1 or smalle/ comp>tm5t1 :i* goes "u ! "n ( omasum1 or _m-plies1 f its resembl+ a roll$ up h$gehog1 & sometimes f ! longitud9al lam9ae ( its muc\s membrane t ( leaflet4 ,! food rema9s b a %ort "t 9 ! omasum1 proce$+ into ! f\r? division1 or obomasum1 :i* 9 its /ructure1 especially 9 t ( ! muc\s1 or inn] membrane1 is ne>ly alli$ to ! same organ 9 ! human be+1 & is1 by ! ,fr5*1 f its p[] ( coagulat+ milk1 call$ caillette4 ,! la/ comp>tm5t is ! l>ge/ ( ! f\r1 s long z ! animal cont9ues to live on milk2 b ! paun* spe$ily surpasses x 9 magnitude :5 grass becomes ! sole provision4 ,! milk always passes at once into ! f\r? /oma*1 !re be+ no reason :y x %\ld be return$4 #c ,see ,figs4 #b & #c1 ,plate ,i4 ) _! ref]5ces4 ,! inte/9al canal is long1 comm5c+ at ! pylorus or l[] op5+ ( ! /oma*1 & av]ag+ f n9ety to "o hundr$ feet4 ,!re are b few enl>gem5ts 9 ! great inte/9es4 ,! fat1 l t ( all rum9at+ animals1 becomes1 on cool+1 h>d & brittle4 7#bb47 ,p]iod ( ,conception4--,9 ?is climate1 ewes f$ on good pa/ures admit ! ram 9 ,augu/2 b ,septemb] or ,octob] is ! "t :5 su* w\ld occur if left to nature4 ,!y g ) "y five mon?s1 & 9 w>m climates br+ =? ?rice a-ye>2 b 9 ,brita91 ,france1 & mo/ ( ,europe1 !y d s only once4 ,!y give milk = sev5 or eight mon?s2 live t5 or twelve ye>s2 & if well manag$1 are capable ( br++ =? dur+ life1 ?\gh g5]ally useless = t process aft] ! sev5? or eigh? ye>4 ,! ram lives f twelve to f\rte5 ye>s1 ?\gh in/ances are record$ ( _! endur+ till tw5ty1 & becomes unfit = propagat+ at eight4 7#bc47 ,names appli$ to ,%eep4--,! age ( %eep is nev] dat$ f ! "t t !y are dropp$1 z t w\ld be att5d$ ) _m inconv5i5ces1 b f ! "t t !y are fir/ subject$ to ! %e>s1 by :i* means ! fir/ ye> includes a p]iod ( at lea/ fifte5 or sixte5 mon?s4 ,! foll[+ is a cond5s$ arrangem5t ( ! names by :i* %eep are designat$ at diff]5t p]iods ( _! exi/5ce1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl& & ,scotl&3-- ,f ,bir? till ,wean+4 ,,male4 ,,female4 ,tup1 ,ram lamb1 ,he$]1 ,pur4 ,ewe or ,gimm] lamb1 ,*ilv]4 ,f ,wean+ till fir/ ,clip4 ,hog1 ,hogget1 ,hogg]el1 ,teg4 ,gimm] hog1 ,ewe hog1 ,teg1 ,lamb hog1 ,tup hog1 ,gridl+1 ,%e$] ewe1 ,?rave4 &1 if ca/rat$1 a ,we!r hog4 ,f fir/ to second ,clip4 ,%e>l+1 ,%e> hog1 ,he$]1 ,%e>+ ewe or gimm]1 ,diamond or ,d9mont ram1 or ,d\ble-too!d ewe or tup1 &1 :5 ca/rat$1 a ,teg1 ,yill gimm]4 ,%e>+ we!r4 ,f second till ?ird ,clip4 ,two %e> ram1 "y w$d]4 ,two %e> ewe1 ,c\nt]4 ,f ?ird till f\r? ,clip4 ,?ree %e> ram1 old w$d]4 ,?ree %e> ewe1 ,front]4 ,& s on1 ! "n always tak+ its date f ! "t ( %e>+4 ,brok5-m\!d ewes are call$ crones 9 ,suffolk & ,norfolk2 kroks1 or crocks1 9 ,scotl&2 & drapes 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ewes :i* are nei!r ) lamb1 nor giv+ milk1 are said to be eild1 or yield4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,wool4 7#bd47 ,wool-,be>+ ,animals4--,9 mo/ diction>ies wool is def9$ z ! fleece ( %eep1 z if1 9 fact !y 7 ! only animals :i* yield x1 ?an :i* no?+ c be m errone\s2 s9ce we are assur$ by ! able/ naturali/s1 t almo/ e animal1 f ! butt]fly up to man1 possesses m or less ( ?is cov]+1 & t "s inde$ rival ! %eep 9 ! quantity !y be>4 ,?\gh wool is possess$ 9 consid]able quantity by c>nivor\s animals1 especially be>s1 yet ! h]bivor\s quadrup$s1 nev] to m5tion ! %eep1 are pr9cipally notic$ = its gr[?1 & = af=d+ a commodity :i* becomes an article ( pr(it 9 ! h&s ( "s tribes4 ,h]iot1 9 8 travels ?r\gh ,canada1 rem>ks1 t ! savage wom5 manufacture ?read ( ! wool ( ! buffalo1 & weave x into clo?4 ,mo/ p>ts ( ! body are inve/$ ) a dusky wool1 :i* is ( a quality extremely f9e--is mu* valu$--& c ) great facility be us$ 9 manufactures4 ,! quantity usually conta9$ on "o sk9 is ab\t eight p\nds4 ,s f> f ! %eep be+ inv>iably a wool-be>+ creature1 x w\ld appe> z liable to be entirely de/itute ( x z "s o!r animals2 = 9 ,t>t>y1 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & "s p>ts ( ,africa1 a hair ( v>y+ quality =ms _! sole cov]+2 & ,sir ,joseph ,banks import$ ?ree f ,spa91 :i* 7 smoo?1 sleek1 & z %ort-hair$ z a horse4 7#be47 ,/ructure ( ! ,sk94--,! sk9 is compos$ ( ?ree coats1 or lay]s2 ! out]mo/1 ! cuticle or sc>f-sk91 is a ?9 delicate membrane1 devoid ( feel+1 & ( a scaly texture1 pi]c$ by innum]able small holes1 = ! passage ( ! hairs1 & p]spiration1 & cov]+ ! next1 or muc\s coat1 s nam$ f its pulpy appe>ance4 ,9 ?is resides ! col\r+ matt]1 :i* imp>ts its peculi> t9ts to ! hair1 & :i* c only be satisfactorily demon/rat$ 9 ! d>k races4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is coat has be5 by "s d5i$2 b x is probable t1 ?\gh pres5t 9 all1 x c only be exhibit$ 9 su* z h dep? ( t9t1 to admit ( ! display4 ,x is "h t s5sation pr9cipally resides2 ! n]ves1 or r _! t]m9ations1 ramify+ m9utely 9 its sub/ance1 at :i* !y h arriv$ by pi]c+ ! ?ird tunic1 or true sk91 a d5se firm ela/ic membrane1 9 :i* ! roots ( ! hairs are imb$d$1 & f :i*1 9 fact1 !y take _! orig94 7#bf47 ,sebace\s ,follicles4--,! sk9 is /udd$ ov] by small gl&s1 or :at1 9 anatomical language1 w\ld be call$ sebace\s follicles1 :i* v>y 9 numb] 9 diff]5t bre$s1 & diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 be+ mo/ num]\s on ! brea/ & %\ld]s1 & secret+ a peculi> unctu\s semi-solid matt]1 :i*1 z we %all imm$iately see1 possesses alkal9e prop]ties4 7#bg47 ,connection ( ! hair ) ! sk9--,yolk4--,a hair implant$ 9 ! sk9 may be comp>$ to a plant gr[+ 9 a fl[]-pot :i* has be5 sunk 9 ! e>?1 z ! root ( ! hair does n rise directly f ! true sk91 b f a little cup ext5d+ f x to ! cuticle1 & receiv+ n\ri%m5t f surr\nd+ vessels4 ,aft] com+ to ! surface ( ^! tunics x has1 9 ! %eep1 yet ano!r1 &1 9 "s respects1 rem>kable cov]+ to pi]ce1 "o :i* has occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ *emi/s1 & giv5 rise to a good deal ( disputation on ! subject ( salv+--we allude to ! ,yolk4 ,x is suppos$ by _m to be ! inspissat$ secretion ( ! sebace\s follicles1 & receives its "n f its adhesiv5ess & col\r4 ,x is mo/ pl5tiful on f9e-wooll$ %eep1 ^? ( ! s\? possess+ m ?an ^? ( ! nor? ( our isl&1 :ile m]9os possess mo/ ( all2 s t !re is app>5tly "s connection betwe5 a f9e fleece1 & a good supply ( ?is matt]4 ,accord+ to ! analysis ( ,m4 ,vauquel91 x consi/s pr9cipally ( a soapy matt]1 ) a basis ( pota%2 a small quantity ( c>bonate ( pota%2 a m9ute quantity ( acetate ( pota%2 lime 9 an unkn[n /ate ( comb9ation2 & an atom ( muriate ( pota%4 ,x owes its od\r to a small quantity ( animal oil1 & is 9 e respect a true soap1 :i* w\ld p]mit ! %eep to be completely wa%$ 9 a /ream1 b = ! exi/5ce 9 ! fleece ( an uncomb9$ fatty matt]1 :i* rema9s atta*$ to ! wool1 & r5d]s x r glut9\s4 ,_m h tri$ to acc\nt = ! uses ( ! ,yolk1 b no?+ l satisfactory conclusions h be5 come to3 "s consid]+ x goes to =m ! filam5t1 & is consolidat$ into a transp>5t mass :ile ! pile is gr[+2 :ile o!rs argue1 t x is a peculi> secretion :i* exudes ?r\gh ! sk91 & by mix+ ) ! pile r5d]s x s(t & pliable1 affect+ x 9 ! way t oil does a piece ( lea!r4 ,9 ! latt] op9ion ,i co9cide4 ,= my "p1 ,i view x z a secretion1 dep5d+ v mu* on good food & /ead9ess ( temp]ature1 &1 !re=e1 indicative ( a f9e fleece only s f> z ! heal? ( ! animal is conc]n$4 ,9 ! human be+ ! /ate ( ! sk9 may (t5 guide u1 ?\gh bl9d-fold1 to ! quality ( ! hair1 s t ! latt] may be pron\nc$ ei!r dry & co>se1 or glossy1 s(t1 & silky1 z ! sk9 may prove ei!r h>% & ungrateful1 or pleasant1 &1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 alkal9e to ! t\*4 ,e ?+ hav+ a t5d5cy to affect ! heal? may always be consid]$ z calculat$ to dim9i% ?is secretion1 &1 consequ5tly1 to det]iorate ! quality ( ! wool4 ,! relative positions ( ! lay]s ( ! sk91 ! mode 9 :i* ! hairs rise f !m1 & ! =m & situation ( ! sebace\s follicles1 w be bett] und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! foll[+ cross section ,fig #e4 ,pl4 ,v41 9 :i* ! l9e m>k$ a ,repres5ts ! cuticle1 b ,! muc\s lay]1 c ,! true sk91 d ,sebace\s follicles1 e ,hairs ris+ f ! true sk9 & inflections ( ! upp] lay]s & pi]c+1 f ,! ?9 film ( ! yolk4 7#bh47 ,p]iodical decid5ce ( ,wool4--,x is affirm$ t ! only real diff]5ce betwe5 hair & wool is 9 ! latt] fall+ (f p]iodically2 b ! same *ange takes place 9 animals totally cov]$ ) hair2 9 fact1 almo/ e animal is subject to m\lt+1 or a p]iodical decid5ce ( its protect+ cov]+4 ,! fleece ( ! %eep has be5 prov$ 9 _m in/ances n to be liable to annual *anges ( ?is description2--,"l ,we/]n hav+1 among o!rs1 %[n t ! wool ( ! m]9o may be reta9$ at lea/ ?ree ye>s )\t ! slighte/ disposition to sep>ate4 ,! annual employm5t ( %e>+1 to anticipate ?is fall+ (f ( ! wool1 is n[ common 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w2 yet "s1 z ! ,icel&]s & ,kamts*adales1 /ill reta9 ! primeval cu/om ( r[+1 or pull+ (f ! fleece 9 a mass1 ab\t ! end ( ,may1 at :i* "t x is ne>ly loos5$4 ,?is loos5+ ( ! atta*m5ts ( ! fibre is suppos$ to be ow+ to a dim9ution1 dur+ w9t]1 ( ! nutritive process at ! root ( ! hair1 s t ! fibre is liable to give way at ! t5d] "p :5 ! fleece becomes heavy dur+ ,spr+4 ,?is attempt at an explanation meets1 h[ev]1 ) ! insurm\ntable objection1 t long-wooll$ are less liable ?an %ort-wooll$ %eep to ?is occurr5ce1 a circum/ance :i* ought to be ! rev]se1 if weight _h any ?+ to d 9 ! case4 7#bi47 ,fall+ (f ( ,wool prev5t$ by ,clipp+4--,clipp+ has a curi\s influ5ce ov] ! duration ( ! cov]+ ( animals1 z is well exemplifi$ by ! correct popul> idea1 t ! only way to prev5t ! hair ( *ildr5 dropp+ (f 7z x sometimes has a t5d5cy to d7 is to cut x %ort3 we may suppose ! b5efit 9 ?is case to result f ! removal ( a portion ( ea* hair1 :i*1 if all[$ to rema91 w\ld lead to a sacrifice ( ! :ole1 by robb+ ! root ( a quantity ( nutriti\s matt]1 :i*1 ow+ to a dim9ution ( reproductive p[]1 x c\ld ill af=d4 ,9 ?is way only c we acc\nt = ! p[] :i* %e>+ ev9ces1 9 putt+ a /op to ! attempt sometimes made by nature to *ange ! cov]+s ( "s %eep4 ,9 ! valley :i* sep>ates ! mo/ ea/]n *a9 ( ! ,cordill]as f ! c5tral1 ! wool gr[s ^u ! lambs 9 ! same mann] z 9 temp]ate climates1 provid$ !y are %e>$ s soon z x has arriv$ at a c]ta9 ?ickness2 9 :i* case ! wool gr[s aga91 pres]v+ ! same ord]4 ,b1 if ! p]iod = d5ud+ ! animal be all[$ to pass1 ! wool deta*es itself 9 flakes1 leav+ beh9d a %ort1 glossy1 & compact hair1 exactly resembl+ t ( ! common goat 9 ! same climate4 7#cj47 ,=m ( woolly fibre4--,! fibre ( wool is circul>1 diff]+ 9 diamet] 9 ! v>i\s bre$s1 & diff]5t p>ts ( ! same fleece4 ,! foll[+ a propos obs]vations are f ! article on ! ,%eep1 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,useful ,k3 ,! filam5ts ( :ite wool1 :5 cleans$ f grease1 are semitransp>5t2 _! surface 9 "s places is beautifully poli%$1 9 o!rs curi\sly encru/$1 & !y reflect ! rays ( light 9 a v pleas+ mann]4 ,:5 view$ by ! aid ( a p[]ful a*romatic microscope1 ! c5tral "p ( ! fibre has a s+ul>ly glitt]+ appe>ance4 ,v irregul>ly plac$ m9ut] filam5ts are sometimes se5 bran*+ f ! ma9 trunk1 l b\ghs f ! pr9cipal /em4 ,?is ext]ior poli% v>ies mu* 9 diff]5t wools1 & 9 wools f ! same bre$ ( %eep at diff]5t times4 ,:5 ! animal is 9 good condition1 & ! fleece heal?y1 ! appe>ance ( ! fibre is really brilliant2 b1 :5 ! %eep has be5 half />v$1 ! wool seems to h sympa?iz$ ) ! /ate ( ! con/itution1 & ei!r a wan pale light1 or sometimes sc>cely any1 is reflect$4 ,! m transp>5t ! filam5t ! bett] is ! fleece1 & its value is impair$ by ! transp>5cy be+ diff]5t 9 ! same fleece1 or1 z (t5 happ5s1 9 ! same filam5t2 :ile t :i* possesses f95ess ) a close gr\nd1 pur5ess1 ela/icity1 col\r1 t5acity1 & n mu* pit*-m>k1 is ! mo/ e/eem$1 & pref]r$ by ! manufactur]4 ,we!rs h consid]ably m wool ?an ewes4 ,9 e fleece !re are sev]al qualities1 ev5 s _m z n9e diff]5t sorts1 :i* are all sep>at$ f ea* o!r 9 ,engl& by m5 call$ wool/apl]s1 :o are appo9t$ = ! purpose1 & sworn to d ju/ice betwe5 ! gr[]1 & ! m]*ant or manufactur]4 ,9 ?is mann] ! latt] obta9s1 )\t tr\ble or risk1 ! v k9d :i* he kn[s w suit 8 purpose2 = ?\gh ! sort]1 surr\nd$ by a numb] ( baskets1 divides ! wool accord+ to its prop]ties )\t ! slighte/ hesitation1 & ) a rapidity truly surpris+1 yet su* is ! am\nt ( ! dext]ity acquir$ by practice1 t a mi/ake seldom occurs1 & 8 judgm5t c z r>ely be disput$4 7#ca47 ,/ructure & prop]ties ( ,hair & ,wool4--,ea* hair is compos$ ( a numb] ( filam5ts1 or small] hairs1 rang$ side by side1 & ?is we c p]ceive )\t ! slighte/ tr\ble1 f ! t5d5cy x sometimes has to unravel at ! apex2 & aga91 by draw+ a hair ?r\gh ! f+]s f po9t to root1 :5 we feel a r\ghness occasion$ by project+ filam5ts1 :i* only proce$ a c]ta9 di/ance up ! trunk1 ! longe/ be+ mo/ int]nal4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,fig4 #e1 e1 exhibits ^? po9ts 9 a hair consid]ably magnifi$4 ,^! projections1 or s]rations1 :i* v>y 9 numb] 9 diff]5t specim5s ( wool1 are :at x dep5ds on = its felt+ prop]ties4 ,!y are %>p] & m num]\s 9 felt+ wools ?an 9 o!rs1 & ! bett] ! felt+ prop]ties ( ! wool1 ! m num]\s ! curls2 because :at induces curl+ on ! animal's back leads to felt+ 9 ! h&s ( ! manufactur]4 ,9 felt+1 ^! projections cat* "o ^u ano!r1 & occasion ! hair to move 9 "o direction1 :i* is inv>iably root =emo/1 z we p]ceive on giv+ x a twirl+ motion betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb2 & x is only by ! union ( curve & s]ration1 t felt+ c be accompli%$ c]ta9ly & p]fectly4 ,woolly fibre consi/s ( a semitransp>5t /em1 or /alk1 suppos$ to be holl[1 z repres5t$ at ,fig4 #d1 ,pl4 ,v4 & is p>tly di/+ui%$ f hair by ! latt] be+ opaque4 ,next to s\ndness1 !re are few qualities des]v+ ( s mu* att5tion z s(tness1 ( :i* ! anci5t writ]s make frequ5t m5tion1 & = ! preval5ce ( :i* 9 our pres5t wools fa%ion has done n a little4 ,x is a quality t t5ds1 9 a mat]ial degree1 to ! *eap & easy work+ ( ! clo?1 &1 z su*1 is said to r5d] wool #be p] c5t4 m valuable to ! manufactur] ?an a h>% & brittle pile4 ,x app>5tly dep5ds on ! f95ess ( ! fibre1 :i* %\ld n1 h[ev]1 g ! l5g? ( weakness4 ,f95ess is 9 turn ma9ly connect$ ) ! yolk1 ! secretion ( :i* ought1 on t acc\nt1 to be promot$ by att5tion to ! g5]al managem5t ( ! animal1 z x is well kn[n to und]go a *ange ( prop]ties by />vation1 exposure1 or any neglect :atev]4 7#cb47 ,p>ticul> soils injuri\s to ,wool4--,soil1 also1 has mu* influ5ce on ! pliability ( wool4 ,*alky l&s1 :i* are s notori\s = injur+ ! fleece1 are suppos$ to act 9 ! mann] ( a corrosive1 b ! correct explanation is1 n t ! *alky p>ticles attack ! fibre 9 a direct way1 b t !y r5d] x brittle1 by absorb+ ! oily moi/ure ) :i* x is naturally imbu$4 ,moreov]1 ! plants gr[+ 9 su* situations _c b be injuri\s to %eep1 ow+ to _! impregnation1 ?\gh a slight "o1 ) calc>e\s matt]2 = grooms "k well h[ soon a horse's coat becomes disord]$ by ! frequ5t use ( h>d or well wat]1 & pref]1 !re=e1 ! riv] = _! /e$s4#d #d ,i am surpriz$ to f9d x ass]t$ at page #gf ( ! book on ,%eep1 publi%$ by ! ,society = ! diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 t ! depilatory action ( lime-wat] on raw hides is a /rik+ elucidation ( ! injuri\s effects ( *alk on wool4 ,lime removes hair f a sk9 because x is a p[]ful cau/ic1 &1 z su*1 spe$ily decomposes ! animal matt]1 b ! c>bonate ( lime 7*alk7 is p]fectly innocu\s to wool1 except s f> z x comb9es ) its oil2 & is z little corrosive to ! fleece1 z pipe-clay to a soldi]'s coat4 7#cc47 ,felt+4--,! felt+ ( wool may be def9$ z a prop]ty dep5d+ on ! curls & s]rations ( ! fibre1 by :i* x is all[$ to move only ) ! root =emo/1 & by :i* x is enabl$ to cat* & reta9 a hold on fibres t are ne> x1 s z to =m a web or clo?4 ,felt+ is be/ br\ght into op]ation by alt]nate pressure & relaxation1 :i* may be produc$ 9 a v>iety ( ways3 ! anci5t me?od1 & "o /ill pursu$ by ! ,t>t>s1 0 to tramp on a mass or lay] ( moi/ unwr\ght wool1 s z to =m a co>se clo? or c>pet2 :ile ! mod]n1 & m p]fect plan is1 ei!r1 z 9 hat mak+1 to apply pressure ) ! h&s1 or1 z 9 ! f9i%+ ( clo?1 to pass ! fabric repeat$ly ?r\gh roll]s4 ,! way 9 :i* a close fabric is =m$1 by ! juxta-position ( a few scatt]$ hairs1 gave rise = long1 z well x might1 to s]i\s disputations among philosoph]s2 & ! fav\rite !ories ( ea*1 unbas$ z !y 7 on obs]vation1 might till n[ h agitat$ ! sci5tific portion ( our manufactur]s1 _h n ! microscope br\ght to light mu* ( :at is true & valuable 9 our rese>*es4 ,moi/ure appe>s to be ( s]vice dur+ ! felt+ ( wool1 z x induces x to curl1 enabl+ ! fibres to exp&1 & cat* "o on ano!r1 aft] !y h be5 b5t & compress$1 by ! =ce appli$ to !m1 & is ( itself suffici5t to felt a fabric1 z we frequ5tly p]ceive 9 ! in/ance ( /ock+s1 :i* h be5 all[$ to rema9 too long 9 wat]1 :5 !y become %ort f und]go+ contraction1 & resemble aft] su* treatm5t an imp]fect clo?4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! hatt]1 aft] tumbl+ ov]1 9 all directions1 ! fur ( :i* ! hat is to be made1 wets x be=e apply+ pressure2 &1 t ! wooll5 manufactur]1 aft] free+ ! web f grease1 soaps x be=e its subjection to ! action ( ! roll]s4 ,)\t felt+1 clo? w\ld resemble a net1 & w\ld unravel on be+ cut1 f ! fibres cross+ only 9 two directions2 b ! /rokes ( ! mill put an end to ?is1 by lay+ ! fibres 9 e possible direction1 & s tw9+ !m "o ) ano!r1 z to r5d] !m a coh]5t mass4 7#cd47 ,diff]5t k9ds ( ,wool4--,! wool ( ?is c\ntry is divid$ into two great classes--long & %ort3 ! =m] v>ies 9 l5g? f ?ree to eight in*es1 & be=e be+ made into /uffs & wor/$ goods1 requires to be depriv$ ( its felt+ t5d5cies1 by pass+ x ?r\gh heat$ iron combs1 :i* remove ! fea!ry p>ts1 or s]rations1 & make x resemble silk or cotton4 ,! %ort] comb+ wools are 9 g5]al us$ = hose1 & are s(t] ?an ! long comb+ wools4 ,%ort wool is employ$ 9 ! clo? manufacture1 & is1 on t acc\nt1 frequ5tly call$ clo?+ wool4 ,x %\ld approa* 9 col\r z mu* z possible to :ite1 z a cle> :ite gr\nd is requir$ = all clo?s t are to be dy$ bright col\rs1 z well z = ^? dress$ :ite3 grey or black hairs injure ! fleece v mu*1 ev5 ?\gh few & m9ute1 z !y give rise to r$di% spots :]e ! clo? is /ov$4 ,h]e=d%ire %eep are entirely free f ?is defect1 & are1 !re=e1 reckon$ p>ticul>ly valuable = clo?+ purposes4 7#ce47 ,alt]ations induc$ by ,cross+4--,! bre$ ex]cises consid]able influ5ce on ! wool1 "s %eep1 z ! m]9os1 be+ di/+ui%$ = ! s(tness & beauty ( ! fleece2 :ile o!rs1 z "s ( our small nor!rn v>ieties1 are fam$ = ! v opposite *>act]i/ics4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion on ! cont95t1 any race ( ewes1 h[ev] co>se & long 9 ! fleece1 w1 on ! f\r? cross ( ! m]9o ram1 give prog5y ) %ort wool equal to ! ,spani%4 ,! tru? ( ?is proposition is h[ev] d\bt$1 9 a communication to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 by ,dr ,p>ry ( ,ba?2 b x is c]ta91 he adds1 t "o cross m w 9 mo/ cases effect ! desir$ purpose4 ,if we suppose1 he says1 ! result ( ! admixture ( ! blood ( ! m]9o ram to be always 9 an exact ari?metical proportion1 & /ate ! native blood 9 ! ewe z #fd1 !n ! fir/ cross w\ld give #cb_/fd ( ! m]9o1 ! second #dh_/fd1 ! ?ird #ef_/fd1 ! f\r? #fj_/fd1 ! fif? #fb_/fd1 & s on4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fir/ cross w\ld leave #cb p>ts 9 #fd1 or half ( ! ,engli% quality2 ! second #af p>ts1 or "o-f\r?2 ! ?ird #h p>ts1 or "o-eigh?2 ! f\r? f\r p>ts1 or "o-sixte5?2 ! fif? #b p>ts or "o-?irty-second2 ! six? #a "p1 or "o-sixty-f\r?2 & s on4 ,n[1 if ! filam5t ( ! ,wilt%ire1 or any o!r co>se wool1 be 9 diamet] d\ble t ( ! ,ryel&1 x is obvi\s t1 accord+ to ! above /atem5t1 x w\ld require exactly "o cross m to br+ ! hybrid wool ( ! =m] to ! same f95ess z t ( ! latt]4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 v exactly corresponds ) ! fact4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 "o-eigh? & "o-sixte5? is v consid]able1 & mu/ c]ta9ly be easily p]ceiv$1 bo? by a good microscope1 & 9 ! clo? :i* is manufactur$ f su* wool4 ,9 ! latt] me?od1 x c]ta9ly has be5 p]ceiv$2 b ,i h _h hi!rto no opportunity ( try+ ! diff]5ce by ! =m]4 ,! fif? cross1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$1 br+s ! m]9o-,wilts wool to ! same /&>d z ! m]9o-,ryel&4 7#cf47 ,bratt+ injuri\s to ,wool4--,wool r5d]$ f9e by clo?+ %eep1 is nev] equal to t :i* owes its p]fection to natural causes4 ,! ,saxon wool1 :i* is pr9cipally produc$ by artificial means1 has be5 comp>$1 f its inela/ic sickly appe>ance1 to grass t has be5 seclud$ f ! sun4 ,! cu/om ( bratt+ is !re=e n to be recomm5d$1 & inde$ is n[ ne>ly laid aside4 ,h\s+ %eep ) ! same int5tions is also bad1 inasmu* z x mu/ affect _! heal?1 & de/roy ! curl ( ! fibre4 ,%elt] is h[ev] absolutely necess>y f extremes bo? ( heat & cold1 z temp]ature has mu* influ5ce on ! cov]+ ( animals1 & 9 none m ?an ! %eep4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,briti% ,,wool ,,trade4 7#cg47 ,orig9 ( ! ,wool ,trade4--,wool1 s9ce ,ed5 clos$ its gates on our prog5itors has be5 a curr5t co91 an important mat]ial1 on :i* has be5 employ$ ! skill & indu/ry ( almo/ e tribe1 & be5 ! means ( rais+ _m a petty p to ! h>d-won dignity ( a nation4 ,man1 at fir/ plac$ 9 a com=table temp]ature1 ne$$ little z a def5ce aga9/ ! wea!r2 :ile fa%ion1 !n un?\ght (1 or only z a sport1 fail$ to int]e/ ! simple-m9d$ races 9 ! cut or texture ( ! cov]+s !y wore4 ,t ! fir/ dresses ( mank9d 7 =m$ f vegetable mat]ials1 we h ! highe/ au?ority = believ+2 & ev5 at pres5t1 ! g>b ( ! natives ( "s ( our lately discov]$ isl&s1 consi/s ( a simple girdle =m$ f r\gh-cut re$s4 ,b z ! dawn ( k smil$ ^u ! savage1 & animal sacrifice tutor$ him 9 ! unc\? rudim5ts ( a co>se anatomy1 ! sup]ior com=t1 ev5 ( ! untann$ hide w\ld be rem>k$1 & ! clumsy mantle ( ! ,caffre hordes welcom$ z a *ange4 ,"t w\ld n long elapse till rov+ dispositions1 & ! enc\nt] ( un/able climates1 w\ld %[ ! w&]] ! necessity ( a fabric bett] adju/$ by %ape & pliancy1 to ! nature ( 8 wants2 :ile ! cl++ ( lock to lock ( woolly fibre w\ld pla9ly tell ! sup]flu\s nature ( ! support+ sk91 & po9t ! way to make an ill-clos$ clo?4 7#ch47 ,inv5tion ( ,weav+4--,weav+ is n absolutely necess>y = ! manufacture ( clo?1 s9ce wool w felt1 ?\gh f> f ev5ly1 )\t ! prelim9>y process ( be+ laid 9 ?reads1 s t clo? may h be5 almo/ coeval ) mank9d )\t our be+ requir$ to assign mu* me*anical +5uity to its inv5tors4 ,b we h tol]ably cle> evid5ce 9 ! inspir$ writ+s1 t weav+ 0 kn[n 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 & t x 0 tru/$ pr9cipally to ! wom53--,?us ,delilah wove ,samson's hair :5 he slept 9 h] lap2 & a %ort "t aft]1 x is writt51 t ! "m ( ,samuel made him a little coat1 & br\ght x to him f ye> to ye>4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ,solomon ?us describes a good wife3--,%e seeke? wool & flax1 & worke? will+ly ) h] h&s4#e ,t g>m5ts 7 9 ^? e>ly ages made ( sev]al pieces1 jo9$ by ne$le "w1 is evid5t on a p]usal ( ,g5esis1 xxxvii4 #c2 ,judges1 v4 #cj2 & #b ,samuel1 xiii4 #ac2 & ?is plan is all[$ to be ev5 m anci5t ?an ! weav+ ( flax4 ,job1 :o fl\ri%$1 or is suppos$ to h fl\ri%$1 be=e ! ,israelites left ,egypt1 %[s cle>ly by 8 words t flannel clo?+ 0 !n 9 vogue3 ,let me be condemn$ if ,i h se5 any p]i% = want ( clo?+1 or any poor )\t cov]+2 if 8 lo9s h n bless$ me1 & if he 7 n w>m$ ) ! fleece ( my %eep2 & t ! clo? 0 wov51 & n produc$ by beat+1 is evid5t f 8 say+1 :5 compla9+ ( 8 sad e/ate1 ,my days are swift] ?an a weav]'s %uttle4 #e ,! art ( weav+ 0 fir/ practis$ at ,ara* 9 ,babylonia1 & spread !nce to neighb\r+ cities1 & 9 process ( "t to ! mo/ remote p>ts ( ! _w4--,bryant's ,anci5t ,my?ology1 ,vol4 v4 p4 #agc4 7#ci47 ,! e>ly progress ( ! ,wool ,trade is veil$ 9 mu* obscurity1 & only to be discov]$ by seek+ = x 9 a mass ( fable1 :i* 9 _m in/ances enabl$ ! old writ]s to /r+ toge!r ! dry details ( hi/ory1 9 a mann] suit$ to ! ta/e & habit ( _! "t4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z a specim54 ,phryxus1 ! son ( ,a?amas k+ ( ,!bes1 flee+ ) 8 si/]1 ,helle1 f _! /epmo!r1 & rid+ ^u 7c>ry+ ) him7 a ram :i* _h a gold5 7valuable7 fleece1 s\ght to cross ! ,d>danelles1 :5 ,helle 0 dr[n$1 & ! sea 0 ev] aft] call$ ! ,hellespont3 b ,phryxus arriv$ safely at ,col*is1 betwe5 ! ,black & ,caspian seas1 & hav+ sacrific$ ! ram to ,m>s1 hung ! fleece 9 a temple d$icat$ to t god4 ,by ?is ! anci5ts no d\bt meant to intimate1 ei!r t ,boeotia1 ! bir?-place ( s _m tal5t$ ,greeks1 furni%$ ! p ( ,col*is ) %eep1 or t !y s5t !m sums ( money 9 ex*ange = ! wool ( ,caucasus4 ,t ! latt] is ! m probable1 is app>5t f ,ovid's acc\nt ( ! ,argonautic exp$ition1 9 :i* he %[s ! h>d%ips :i* ,jason enc\nt]$ 9 8 successful endeav\rs 7,b4,c4 #abbe7 to br+ ! gold5 fleece f ,col*is back to ,greece--imply+ ! value ( ! article1 & lead+ u to believe1 t ! ,col*ians _h1 by ! aid ( sev]e p5alties1 long monopoliz$ ! gr[? ( wool4 ,moreov]1 ,m\nt ,caucasus & its neighb\rhood =m ! fav\r$ nurs]y :5ce ! improv$ fleece-be>+ animals h gradually spread ov] ! _w2 & z su* w\ld be look$ ^u1 at ! "t ,i speak (1 by adjac5t tribes ) jeal\sy & hatr$2 = :]e is ! nation t c calmly behold a compe] engross+ a ho>d ( weal?1 )\t /ruggl+ to l[] _! prices by a m>ket ( _! own8 ,?us "o c\ntry aft] ano!r became impress$ ) ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! husb&ry ( %eep4 ,nation aft] nation improv$ its agriculture1 by ! introduction ( ! animal1 till at la/ ! ,romans became pre-em95t = _! att5tion to its culture1 & to ! manufactures ( :i* x is ! fruitful s\rce4 ,g5]\s ev5 to an enemy1 & attack+ only to enri* ! c\ntries !y subdu$1 ,engl& may bless ! h\r :i* saw ! legions ( ! _w's mi/ress plant+ ! ,imp]ial ,eagle on h] %ores4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! progress ( ! wool trade among =eign nations 9 lat] times1 ! limits ( ! pres5t "w compel me to conf9e myself to an outl9e ( ! ,briti% trade f its orig91 at ! "t ( ! invasion by ! ,romans1 to ! pres5t p]iod4 7#dj47 ,introduction ( ,weav+ into ,brita94--,x is evid5t f anci5t hi/ory1 t ! fir/ inhabitants ( all ! c\ntries ( ,europe 7 ei!r nak$1 or ne>ly s1 ow+ to _! ignorance ( ! clo?+ art4 ,su*1 9 p>ticul>1 0 ! uncom=table condition ( ! inhabitants ( ?is isl&1 :o are suppos$ to h us$ ! b>k ( trees1 & to h sme>$ !mselves ) unctu\s matt]1 aft] ! mann] ( o!r savages1 to protect !mselves f cold4 ,"s writ]s are ( op9ion1 t ! inn] b>k ( trees alone 0 employ$1 & t n till wov5 into a k9d ( clo?1 su* z ! ,s\? ,sea isl&]s at pres5t make4 ,!y cont9u$ ! abom9able practice ( ano9t+ _! bodies1 long aft] ! p ( ,france1 ,spa91 & ,g]many1 7 dec5tly clo!d1 s diff]5tly 7 !y situat$ 9 reg>d to int]c\rse ) /rang]s1 & opportunities ( acquir+ ! useful arts4 ,x is impossible to discov] ) c]ta9ty :51 or by :om1 ! cu/om ( we>+ clo!s 0 introduc$ into ,brita94 ,"s suppose t ! ,greeks1 & aft] !m ! ,pho5icians1 :o visit$ ! ,scilly isl&s1 & sometimes ! cont95t ( ,brita91 = trad+ purposes1 fir/ awak5$ 9 ! brea/s ( our savage ance/ors a desire = com=table cov]+s1 z bo? ^! nations 7 celebrat$ = elaborate att5tion to _! attire4 ,! ,britons1 says ,caes>1 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( ! c\ntry are clo!d 9 sk9s4 ,^! are suppos$ n to h be5 sew$ toge!r1 b to h be5 ca/ ov] ! %\ld]s z a mantle4 ,_! /iffness1 h[ev]1 r5d]$ !m aught b pleasant1 z we may guess f _! endeav\rs to make !m s(t & pliable1 by /eep+ 9 wat]1 beat+ !m ) /ones & /icks1 & rubb+ !m ) fat4 ,! p ( ! s\!rn p>ts are suppos$ to h be5 well acqua9t$ ) ! dress+1 sp9n+1 & weav+1 bo? ( flax & wool1 hav+ be5 in/ruct$ by a ,belgic colony1 long be=e ! invasion by ! ,romans4 ,two k9ds ( clo?1 :i* !y manufactur$ at ?is p]iod1 7 mu* e/eem$ by _! invad]s2 ! "o a ?ick h>% clo?1 worn 9 cold climates z a sort ( mantle1 & agree+ 9 _m respects ) our ,l[l& plaids2 ! o!r made ( f9e wool1 dy$ ( diff]5t col\rs1 wov5 into *equ]$ clo?1 & correspond+ to our ,highl& t>tan4 ,!y are also believ$ to h made felts ( wool1 )\t ei!r sp9n+ or weav+1 & to h /uff$ mattresses ) ! portions %orn f x 9 dress+4 ,! ,britons mu/ h be5 well acqua9t$ ) ! dye+ ( wool1 z ! ,gauls 7 !n celebrat$1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 = ! inv5tion ( a me?od ( dye+ purple1 sc>let1 & all o!r col\rs1 only ) c]ta9 h]bs4 ,! plant1 :i* !y *iefly us$ = ! purpose1 0 ! gla/um or woad1 & !y seem to h be5 l$ to ! discov]y ( its value 9 dye+ clo?1 f _! =m] use ( x 9 /a9+ _! bodies4 ,a deep blue hav+ be5 ! col\r !y /a9$ _! sk9s1 x long cont9u$ a fav\rite2 p>ticul>ly1 ) ! ,cal$onians1 z a t9t = all _! dresses4 ,?\gh ! mo/ civiliz$ ( ! anci5t ,britons 7 tol]ably v]s$ 9 ! mo/ ess5tial bran*es ( ! wooll5 manufacture1 yet t useful art 0 n diffus$ ov] our isl& till ! l&+ ( ! ,romans1 ^: soldi]s1 be+ almo/ all drawn f ! pl\gh1 7 well adapt$1 :5 settl$ 9 ! c\ntry1 to fo/] ! arts ( peace4 ,9 ord] to b5efit !mselves & ! isl&1 _! emp]ors 7 at great pa9s to discov] & procure ! be/ artific]s ( e description1 p>ticul>ly ! be/ manufactur]s ( wooll5 & l95 clo?s1 :om !y =m$ into colleges1 or corporations1 end[$ ) v>i\s privileges1 & gov]n$ by a procurator1 :o 0 "u ! direction ( t great (fic] ( _! empire1 ! ,c\nt ( ! ,sacr$ ,l>gesses4 ,9 ?is mann] x appe>s t ! fir/ wooll5 manufactory 0 e/abli%$ at ,v5ta ,belg>um1 n[ ,w9*e/]1 a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,x has be5 believ$1 f ,brita9 hav+ be5 p>tly peopl$ f ,spa91 t our %eep 7 orig9ally ,spani%2 &1 z ,giraldus ,cambr5sis 7,collectan4 de ,reb4 ,hib]n47 affirms1 t ! ,iri% 9 8 "t 7 clo!d 9 black g>m5ts1 f ! wool ( _! %eep be+ s col\r$1 "s h suppos$ ! %eep ( t isl& 7 import$ f ,spa91 a supposition r5d]$ probable by ,s\!y tell+ u1 9 8 lett]s f t c\ntry1 t 9 ! nor? ( ! ,p59sula ! animals are almo/ all ( a black col\r4 ,no m5tion ev] occurs 9 ! anci5t writ]s1 ( ! importation ( %eep into ,brita91 f :i* x may be suppos$1 t !y _h f\nd _! way into x long be=e its =cible sep>ation f ! cont95t by natural convulsions4 ,cambd51 9 8 "w on ,brita91 quotes f an old orator1 "p ( a beautiful panegyric on ! great ,con/ant9e1 9 :i* ! happ9ess ( ,brita9 is eloqu5tly describ$1 & its advantages 9 reg>d to %eep graphically depict$4 ,innum]able are ?y h]ds ( cattle1 & ?y flocks ( %eep1 :i* fe$ !e pl5tifully1 & clo! !e ri*ly4 ,s t1 ev5 all[+ = ! high-fl[n nature ( ! v]biage1 ! %eep ( ! isl& mu/ h be5 f> f indiff]5t1 & well wor?y ( any tr\ble ! grasp+ ,romans may h be5 put to1 9 ! erection ( manufactories4 7#da47 ,importance ( ! ,briti% ,wooll5 ,manufacture4--,! hi/ory ( our wool1 & ! wooll5 manufacture1 is1 at "o p]iod & 9 "o po9t ( view1 ! hi/ory ( our public rev5ue1 :ile 9 a succe$+ p]iod x becomes ! capital object ( our comm]ce1 & ! important subject ( our political c\ncils4 ,! pres]v+ & support+ x aga9/ =eign rivals1 ! due regulation ( its num]\s bran*es1 & ! prop] re/rictions deem$ requisite to ensure to ?is c\ntry ! comm]cial b5efits result+ f x1 h occupi$ our able/ /atesm5 = _m c5turies4 ,! wools ( ,engl& h always be5 9 ! highe/ repute1 & t m abroad ?an at home4 ,_! f95ess & abundance h be5 ascrib$ by _m to ! sweet %ort grass on mo/ ( our d[ns & pa/ures1 & to ! %eep hav+ ! privilege ( fe$+1 all ! ye> r\nd1 )\t be+ %ut 9 folds2 b x _c be d5i$1 t1 ?\gh food & climate may h mu* conc]n 9 ! matt]1 ! en]getic indu/ry & p]sev]+ att5tion ) :i* an ,engli%man devotes himself to ! atta9m5t ( an object1 h t5d$ m ?an any o!r circum/ance to ! advancem5t ( our wools1 & wooll5 manufactures1 & to ! consequ5t prosp]ity ( our isl&4 ,! reason ( ! exi/5ce ( s _m laws relat+ to wool is1 t x cont9u$ = ages to be ! pr9cipal commodity1 meet+ all dem&s = ! support ( armies1 & paym5t ( public rev5ues1 & af=d+ aids to ! cr[n1 :i* 7 9 g5]al grant$ !re94 ,! sc>city ( money 9 ,engl& be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 r5d]$ x necess>y to levy taxes frequ5tly 9 k9d1 & z wool 0 abundant1 x (t5 figur$ z ! repres5tative ( a m portable curr5cy4 ,"p ( ! ,l#cjj1jjj dem&$ by ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many z ! ransom ( ,ri*>d ,i41 0 rais$ by a loan ( wool4 ,edw>d ,i41 ! great re=m] ( our laws1 impos$ a duty ( #fs4 #h;d4 on e sack ( wool export$1 & ! l sum on e #cjj wool-fells2 b soon aft]1 :5 8 necessities dem&$ a l>g] income1 he laid ^? additional duties on =eign m]*ants1 :i* aft]w>ds became ! tonnage & p\ndage1 s fam\s 9 ,engl&'s hi/ory4 ,among ^! additions1 ! =m] taxes on wool & fells 7 increas$ by =ty p5ce1 :ile at ! same "t1 l o!r mon>*s ( ! p]iod1 he occasionally receiv$ subsidies ( wool4 ,9 ! same way ,edw>d ,,iii41 9 attempt+1 dur+ ! twelf? ye> ( 8 reign1 to wre/ ! cr[n ( ,france f ! h\se ( ,valois1 procur$ a grant ( half ! wool 9 ,engl&1 am\nt+ to #bj1jjj packs1 :i*1 tak+ x z valu$ by "s au?ors at ,l#dj a pack1 mu/ h realiz$ ! sum ( ,l#hjj1jjj4 7#db47 ,weav]s br\ght f ,fl&]s4--,comm]ce & indu/ry 7 at a v l[ ebb dur+ ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ! pr9cipal export be+ wool1 :i* only br\ght into ! k+dom ab\t ,l#dej1jjj4 ,edw>d promot$ ! wooll5 manufacture by br++1 9 #acca1 ,john ,kemp1 ) sev5ty ,walloon families1 weav]s1 f ,fl&]s1 &1 ow+ to ! want ( native skill 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 gave e enc\ragem5t to =eign weav]s4 7#aa ,edw>d ,,iii4 cap4 #e47f ,a fur!r enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 to ! home manufacture1 by ! enactm5t ( a law 7#aa ,edw>d ,,iii4 cap4 #b7 :i* prohibit$ e "o f we>+ any clo? n ( ,engli% fabric4 ,p>liam5t1 h[ev]1 9 an evil h\r1 ?w>t$ ^! b5efits1 by prohibit+ ! exportation ( wooll5 goods1 c]ta9ly an injuri\s /ep1 s long z wool 0 all[$ to be %ipp$ f our ports4 #f ,macph]son1 9 8 ,annals ( ,comm]ce1 agrees ) ,bloomfield ! hi/orian ( ,norfolk1 t a colony ( ,flemi% weav]s settl$ s e>ly z #acbg1 at ,wor/$1 a village 9 t c\nty1 & be/[$ ^u x ! "n x be>s4 ,on ! introduction ( ! ,flemi% weav]s1 ,k5dal became ! metropolis ( ?is bran* ( indu/ry1 & 0 soon equall$ 9 ! ext5t ( its manufactories by _m o!r t[ns1 z ,norwi*1 ,sudbury1 ,col*e/]1 & ,york2 :ile wooll5s 7 spun & wove1 ?\gh to a less ext5t1 9 ,devon%ire1 ,worce/]%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,hamp%ire1 ,b]k%ire ,sussex1 & ,wales4 7#dc47 ,regulations reg>d+ ,/aples4--,! /aple1 or m>ket = wool1 0 fix$ by act ( ,p>liam5t 7#bg ,edw>d ,,iii47 9 p>ticul> t[ns ( ,engl&1 b 0 aft]w>ds remov$ by law to ,calais1 & ,engli% m]*ants 7 prohibit$ f export+ any goods f ! /aple1 or1 9 o!r words1 =eign navigation 0 ab&on$4 ,to ! cu/om ( tak+ subsidies 9 k9d1 may be trac$ ! pr9ciple ( ^? multif>i\s regulations :i* fix$ ! /aple 9 c]ta9 t[ns1 ei!r 9 ,engl&1 or m commonly on ! cont95t2 & to ! fluctuat+ /ate ( politics may be ascrib$ ! %ift+s :i* ^? /aples s frequ5tly und]w5t2 b x is n easy to see ! drift ( _m ( ! provisions relat+ to x1 "s ( :i* t5d to ! b5efit ( =eign1 r ?an ( ,briti%1 comm]ce4 7#dd47 ,! progress :i* ?is manufacture made 9 a v %ort p]iod1 may be well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ table ( exports & imports 9 wooll51 ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 or tw5ty ye>s aft] ! arrival ( ,john ,kemp & 8 e/abli%m5t4 ,,exports4 ,?irty-"o ?\s&1 six hundr$ & fifty-"o & a half ( wool1 at ,l4#f value ea* sack1 ,l#ahi1iji #j #j ,?ree ?\s&1 ?irty-six hundr$ & sixty-five fells1 at #djs4 value1 ea* hundr$ at six score1 #f1jgc #a #h ,:]e( ! cu/om am\nts to #ha1fbd #a #a ,f\rte5 la/1 sev5te5 dick]1 & five hides ( lea!r1 aft] ,l4#f value ! la/ #hi #e #j ,:]e( ! cu/om am\nts to4 #f #ag #f #h1jfa-a_/b ( wor/$1 aft] #afs4 #h;d4 value1 ! price is #f1gag #ah #d ,:]e( ! cu/om am\nts to #bae #ac #g --------------- ,summ>y ( ! out-c>ri$ commodities 9 value & cu/om1 ,l#bhe1fce #ag #b --------------- ,,imports4 #a1hcb clo?s1 aft] ,l4#f value ea*1 #aj1ibb #j #j ,:]e( ! cu/om am\nts to #ia #ab #j --------------- ,summ>y ( ! 9-br\ght wooll5s 9 value & cu/om1 ,l#aa1jac #ab #j ,t ! import$ clo?s 7 mu* f9] ?an ^? export$1 may be inf]r$ f _! comp>ative value z "h /at$1 & we may conclude pretty ju/ly1 t ! fabrication ( co>se clo?s exclusively occupi$ ! manufactur]s ( ,brita91 :ile ! f9] fabrics 7 /ill br\ght f abroad1 & t1 9 fact1 ! wants ( ! mass ( ! p 7 ! regulators ( ,briti% indu/ry4 7#de47 ,subsidies rais$ by ,edw>d ,,iii4--,9 #acch1 ,edw>d took a fifte5? ( all ! commonalty ( 8 realm 9 wool1 rat+ ! price ( e /one ( #ad lbs4 at #bs41 al?\gh1 9 ! previ\s ,novemb]1 he _h s5t ! ,bi%op ( ,l9coln1 & ! ,e>ls ( ,suffolk & ,nor?ampton1 ) "o ?\s& sacks ( wool1 into ,brabant1 :i*1 be+ sold at ,l4#dj a sack1 procur$ him ,l4#dj1jjj4 ,edw>d 0 app>5tly n v sure h[ f> 8 subjects w\ld submit to s sweep+ a taxation1 z we f9d him address+ a lett]1 dat$ ,b]wick-^u-,twe$1 ,m>* #bh?1 #acch1 to ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,york & ,cant]bury1 desir+ ! fav\r ( _! pray]s1 & reque/+ t !y w\ld excuse him to 8 p1 on acc\nt ( ! great taxes he 0 oblig$ to lay ^u !m4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #acci1 ! laity grant$ to ! k+ ! "o-half ( _! wools ?r\gh\t ! :ole realm1 a fav\r 8 maje/y is report$ to h receiv$ mo/ graci\sly2 b ( ! cl]gy he levi$ ! :ole1 compell+ !m to pay n9e m]ks = e sack ( ! be/ wool4 ,knighton1 :o held an (fice 9 ! ,abbey ( ,leice/]1 says t t h\se alone furni%$ eighte5 sacks4 ,! rev5ue (fic]s dur+ ?is reign appe> to h ex]cis$ _! call+ ) great /rictness1 & to h int]f]$ 9 an especial mann] ) ! secret trade ( ! inhabitants ( ,bri/ol1 b ?is 0 t]m9at$ by ! k+ grant+ a lic5ce1 dat$ ,langley1 ,novemb] #be?1 #acci1 to _! weav]s1 all[+ !m to make wooll5 clo? )\t be+ liable to any mole/ation f ! k+'s (fic]s4 7#df47 ,progress ( ! trade "u ,h5ry ,,vii41 ,h5ry ,,viii41 & ,edw>d ,,vi4--,dur+ ! bloody & de/ructive w>s ( ! :ite & r$ roses1 :5 success grac$ ! arms alt]nately ( ,york & ,lanca/]1 comm]cial ent]prise 0 almo/ at a /&4 ,?is unhappy p]iod br\ght1 h[ev]1 ) all its evils1 bless+s 9 its tra91 & ,h5ry ,,vii4 n only did m = ! advancem5t ( ! wool-trade ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 b also gave x great] vig\r ?an x c\ld lay claim to at any =m] p]iod4 ,f9e clo?s 7 mu* improv$ 9 8 reign1 & luxury began to be att5d$ to 9 an article1 :i*1 till !n1 _h only be5 r5d]$ am5able to com=t4 ,! o/5tati\s reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 gave an additional impulse to ! trade1 & clo? 0 sold 9 #aeab = five m]ks1 :i* fifty ye>s be=e w\ld only h br\ght ab\t =ty %ill+s2 :ile1 9 consequ5ce ( increas+ weal?1 population1 & consumption1 ! dem& 0 mat]ially increas$4 ,a new m>ket 0 also op5$ up = ! exit ( _! wooll5s1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( an int]c\rse 9 #aeaf ) sev]al isl&s 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 & a few ( ! t[ns on ! coa/ ( ,syria4 ,edw>d ,,vi41 or r 8 m9i/]s1 = he 0 !n a m9or1 attempt$ to lay a poll-tax ^u %eep1 e ewe kept 9 a sep>ate pa/ure be+ *>g$ ?reep5ce1 e w$d] twop5ce1 & all %eep kept on commons ?ree-halfp5ce2 b x 0 f\nd to be s oppressive1 s annoy+ to ! p1 & s difficult to collect1 t x 0 repeal$ dur+ ! next ye>4 ,engl& made a di/+ui%$ figure 9 ?is reign z a comm]cial nation4 ,! manufacture ( wooll5s 0 rais$ to a great height4 ,clo?1 besides be+ export$ to ,fl&]s1 f\nd its way to ,holl&1 ,hamburgh1 ,sw$51 & ,russia1 ^: co>se w>m /uffs 7 v mu* want$1 & ! trade wore su* an air ( afflu5ce1 t a tax ( eightp5ce 9 ! p\nd 0 laid ^u all clo? made = sale 9 ,engl&4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 spe$ily repeal$1 a v %ort "t s]v+ to po9t out1 t1 ?\gh made = an endurance ( ?ree prosp]\s ye>s1 ! p :o 7 gall$ by a trifl+ impo/ on _! %eep1 w\ld n1 unless "u v fav\rable circum/ances1 submit to impo/s on ! fabrics :i* !y wore4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 ,h5ry ,,viii41 & ,edw>d ,,vi41 an undue pref]5ce 0 giv5 to graz+4 ,acts 7 fram$ to put a /op to ?is mismanagem5t1 :i* 0 fa/ ru9+ ! c\ntry1 by driv+ p f x4 ,h5ry ,,vii4 exempt$ ,norwi* f ! p5alties ( ! law1 on acc\nt ( ! decay ( manufactures f ! want ( h&s2 & %ortly aft] ! :ole c\nty ( ,norfolk obta9$ a l exemption 9 reg>d to "s bran*es ( ! wooll5 trade4 ,! practice ( depopulat+ ! c\ntry1 by ab&on+ tillage1 & ?r[+ ! l&s into pa/urage1 _h run to s great an ext5t 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 t an enactm5t 0 made1 :]eby ! k+ became entitl$ to half ! r5ts ( ! l& :]e any f>m-h\ses 7 all[$ to fall to decay4 ,! numb] ( %eep 9 a flock 0 at ! same "t limit$ to two ?\s&4 ,hume conjectures1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 t unskilful husb&ry 0 probably ! cause :y ! proprietors f\nd no pr(it 9 tillage2--?us lead+ a f>m] to keep a flock sometimes ( tw5ty-f\r ?\s& z express$ 9 ! /atute4 ,?is _h ! effect ( increas+ ! price ( mutton1 a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 :i* p>liam5t attributes to ! commodity hav+ gott5 into few h&s1 ?\gh ,hume ascribes x to ! daily increase ( money1 ?9k+ x almo/ impossible t su* an article c\ld be engross$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 ! p 7 /ill sadly defici5t 9 a k ( agriculture--a pr(ession1 :i*1 z ,hume wisely rem>ks1 ( all employm5ts1 requires ! mo/ reflection & exp]i5ce4 ,a great dem& hav+ aris5 = wool bo? at home & abroad1 :ole e/ates 7 laid wa/e1 :ile ! t5ants1 reg>d$ z a useless burd51 7 expell$ _! habitations1 & ! cottag]s depriv$ ev5 ( ! commons on :i* !y f$ _! c[s2 no wond] !re 0 a decay ( ! p6 7#dg47 ,wool ,trade enc\rag$ by ,elizabe?4--,elizabe? ext5d$ h] protection to ! ,prote/ants :o fl$ f ! p]secutions ( ! ,duke ( ,alva 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ! wooll5 manufactories became m fl\ri%+ ?an ev]--s mu* s1 t1 al?\gh 9 #aeeb1 a l>ge quantity ( raw mat]ial 0 export$1 yet 9 less ?an ?irty ye>s1 ! p ( ,g]many1 ,pol&1 ,france1 ,fl&]s1 ,d5m>k1 & ,sw$51 7 cov]$ ) ,briti% clo?s2 two hundr$ ?\s& pieces be+ annually export$1 ?\gh ! price 0 ne>ly tripl$4 ,at t "t ! processes by :i* wooll5s are r5d]$ beautiful 7 unkn[n 9 ,engl&1 & z our exports consi/$ 9 :ite undress$ clo?1 ! pr(its ^u dye+ & f9i%+1 am\nt+ to ne>ly a million a ye>1 7 lo/4 ,?is 0 attempt$ to be rem$i$ by prohibit+ ! exportation ( :ite clo?s1 b ! ,dut* & ,g]mans1 :o b5efitt$ by ! dye+ processes1 =bade ! entrance ( any ,engli% wooll5s dy$ 9 ! piece1 into _! t]ritories1 & ! export consequ5tly fell imm$iately f #bjj1jjj to sixty pieces4 ,!n ! re/riction 0 tak5 (f4 ,x 0 at ?is crisis t ! fabrication ( m$ley clo?s1 or mixtures ( wool dy$ ( diff]5t col\rs & wr\ght into ! same web1 0 comm5c$4 7#dh47 ,wooll5 ,clo? monopoliz$ by ! m]*ant adv5tur]s4--,?\gh n9e-t5?s ( ! comm]ce ( ! k+dom consi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,james ,i4 ( wooll5 goods1 wool 0 all[$ to be export$ till ! n9ete5? ye> ( 8 reign1 :5 x 0 =bidd5 by proclamation1 b nev] /rictly en=c$4 ,! clo? 0 v little admir$ ev5 at home1 & ?\gh x 0 ! /aple commodity ( ! realm1 a company ( m]*ant adv5tur]s 7 all[$ by a pat5t1 to possess ! sole disposal ( x4 ,elizabe? at "o "t attempt$ to rescue ?is important trade f ! h&s ( ^! m]*ants1 b !y in/antly conspir$1 & ceas$ to make pur*ases ( clo?1 :5 ! que5 0 necessitat$ to re/ore ! pat5t4 ,a bo>d ( trade 0 br\ght toge!r by ,james ,i4 9 #afbb1 & "o ( ! purposes contemplat$ 0 to rem$y ! l[ price ( wool1 :i* 0 lead+ ! p to compla9 ( ! decay ( ! wooll5 manufacture2 b ,hume supposes1 & ) e appe>ance ( probability1 t ?is fall ( prices proce$$ f an increase ( wool4 7#di47 ,engli% consumption ( ,wool increas$4--,till ! fifte5? c5tury our wool 0 sold 9 ! fleece to su* z came to buy x4 ,among ! pr9cipal ( our cu/om]s 7 numb]$ ! ,flem+s1 & ,brabant]s1 & 9 p>ticul> ! m]*ants ( ,gh5t1 & ,l\va91 :o took (f va/ quantities = ! supply ( two manufactories1 t _h fl\ri%$ 9 ^? cities f ! t5? c5tury1 & _h furni%$ ! great] "p ( ,europe1 & ev5 ,engl& itself1 ) e k9d ( wooll5 clo?4 ,?us !y might h cont9u$1 to ! great loss ( our isl&1 _h n ! democratic h&s employ$ 9 ^? manufactories repeat$ly revolt$1 ow+ to _! det]m9ation to resi/ a tax on looms1 & be+ at l5g? puni%$ & disp]s$1 f\nd _! way 9 no long "t to ,holl&4 ,:ile 9 ! la/ place1 ! _s ( s$ition /ill be+ dom9ant1 c]ta9 ( _! p>ty attack$ & kill$ "s ( ! civil au?orities1 = :i* !y _h to make a precipitate flight to ,engl&1 :]e !y settl$ z peaceful citiz5s1 & in/ruct$ our p 9 ! work+ ( wool4 ,?is occurr$ 9 #adbj1 f :i* "t nei!r skill1 money1 nor enactm5ts1 h be5 sp>$ to enable u to reta9 s valuable a trade4 ,9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 e pack ( ,engli% wool 0 liable :5 export$ to a cu/om ( #ejs41 a goodly sum 9 ^? days1 & "o :i* br\ght a ye>ly rev5ue ( ,l #bej1jjj4 ,?is excessive cu/om1 almo/ am\nt+ to a prohibition1 add$ to ! above m5tion$ opportunities1 9 a mann] compell$ ! p to manufacture = !mselves1 & 9 ?is !y succe$$ s well1 t by ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 ! exportation ( live %eep & wool 0 prohibit$ on pa9 ( hav+ ! "r h& /ruck (f4 ,x does n appe> t ?is enactm5t 0 ev] repeal$1 ?\gh suppos$ to be s by ! #ab? ( ,*>les ,,ii4 cap4 #cb1 see4 #c1 :i*1 )\t tak+ away ! p5alties impos$ by =m] /atutes1 imposes a new p5alty2--#bjs4 = e %eep export$1 or attempt$ to be export$1 toge!r ) ! =feiture ( ! %eep4 7#ej47 ,sev]ity ( prohibitory enactm5ts reprobat$4--,by ! #ad? ( ,*>les ,,ii4 *ap4 #ah ! exportation ( wool 0 deem$ felony1 & puni%$ accord+ly4 ,?is t5d$ 9 no slight degree to ! defeat ( ! ends int5d$1 by h9d]+ all :o 7 n cold-blood$ f br++ to ju/ice ! actors 9 s trifl+ an (f5ce4 ,?is 0 soon h[ev] se5 ?r\gh1 & correct$1 by ! #g? & #h? ( ,william ,,iii4 *ap4 #bh1 sec4 #d1 9 :i* x 0 decl>$1 t ,:]eas ! /atute ( ! #ac? & #ad? ( ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii41 made aga9/ ! exportation ( wool1 among o!r ?+s 9 ! said act m5tion$1 do? enact ! same to be deem$ felony1 by ! sev]ity ( :i* p5alty ! prosecution ( (f5d]s ha? n be5 s effectually put into execution2 be x !re=e enact$1 by ! au?ority a=esaid1 t s mu* ( ! said act1 :i* relates to ! mak+ ! said (f5ce felony1 be repeal$ & made void4 ,adam ,smi?1 :5 comm5t+ 9 8 ,weal? ( ,nations1 on ! laws relat+ to wool1 reprobates sev]ely ! ill-judg$ compliance ( our gov]nm5t1 9 yield+ to ! solicitation ( our m]*ants1 & all[+ !m to sway ) iron rule ! comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,! sev]ity ( _m ( ! laws :i* h be5 enact$ = ! security ( ! rev5ue1 is v ju/ly compla9$ (1 z impos+ heavy p5alties ^u actions1 :i*1 antec$5t to ! /atutes t decl>$ !m to be crimes1 _h always be5 und]/ood to be innoc5t4 ,b ! cruele/ ( our rev5ue laws1 ,i w v5ture to affirm1 are mild & g5tle 9 comp>ison to "s ( ^? :i* ! clam\r ( our m]*ants & manufactur]s has extort$ f ! legislature1 = ! support ( _! own absurd & oppressive monopolies4 ,l ! laws ( ,draco1 ^! laws may be said to be all writt5 9 blood4 ,none ( ! laws1 h[ev]1 7 effectual1 n ev5 ! "o pass$ 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 by :i* ! (f5ce 0 r5d]$ capital4 ,9 spite ( ! vigilance ( our gov]nm5t1 a contrab& trade 9 wool 0 long c>ri$ on betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% coa/s1 especially ^? ( ,sussex1 by a class ( m5 call$ ,owl]s1 f _! only v5tur+ abroad 9 ! night1 & :o 7 tempt$ to despise ! p5alty1 ) an intrepidity a/oni%+ to ! re/ ( ,europe1 by ! high prices t 7 sure to be af=d$ to !m 9 ! ,gallic m>ket4 ,aga91 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 l>ge quantities ( wool 7 con/antly smuggl$ f ,irel& to ,france1 by :i* our trad+ int]e/s 7 consid]ably injur$1 & ! plans = suppress+ exportation %[n to be worse ?an useless4 7#ea47 ,prosp]ity ( ! ,dut* ,manufactur]s4--,! wooll5 manufactures ( ! ,holl&]s 7 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 #afcf1 or #afcg1 by "o hundr$ & =ty ,engli% families1 :o w5t f ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 to settle at ,leyd51 & ,alkma]4 ,! ,dut* manufacture ( f9e wooll5 clo?s 01 h[ev]1 comm5c$ mu* e>li]1 or ab\t #afbd1 at :i* "t !y began to int]f]e ) ! ,engli% trade 9 ! ,ne!rl&s2 insomu* t1 9 ! tw5ty-second ye> ( ! reign ( ,james ,i41 a c]tificate 0 giv5 to ! ,p>liam5t ( #be1jjj clo?s hav+ be5 made t ye> 9 ,holl&4 ,^u ?is ! ,h\se ( ,commons resolv$1 #a/1 ,t ! m]*ant adv5tur]s sett+ impo/ ^u our clo?1 is a grievance1 & ought n to be cont9u$2 & t all o!r m]*ants promiscu\sly1 z well z t company1 may transport ev]y:]e nor!rn & we/]n k]sies1 & new drap]ies4 #b;dly4 ,t o!r m]*ants1 besides ! ,m]*ant ,adv5tur]s' ,company1 may freely trade ) dy$ & dress$ clo?s1 & all sorts ( col\r$ clo?s1 into ,g]many & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,mu* annoyance appe>s to h result$ to ?is isl&1 f ! progress :i* ! manufactur]s 9 ,holl& /ill cont9u$ to make1 & "s curi\s speculations 7 ( c\rse =m$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! +5i\s4 ,9 #afea1 a s*eme 0 laid be=e ! ,engli% commonweal?1 = obta9+ f ! c\rt ( ,spa9 an exclusive "r to pur*ase all ! ,spani% wool2 or1 9 o!r words1 to ru9 ! ,holl& m>ket1 by /opp+ ! supplies4 ,! projector obs]v$1 ,t ?is propos$ preemption w\ld totally dissolve ! wooll5 manufacture ( ,holl&1 :i*1 by means ( t wool 7,spani%71 ha? ( late ye>s mightily increas$1 to ! de/ruction ( ! v5t ( all f9e clo?s1 ( ,engli% manufacture1 9 ,holl&1 ,france1 & ! ea/ c\ntry2 & ha? drawn f u consid]able numb]s ( weav]s1 dy]s1 & clo? work]s1 n[ settl$ at ,leyd51 & o!r t[ns 9 ,holl&1 by ^: help !y h v mu* improv$ _! skill 9 clo?1 & h made 9 t "o prov9ce 7"o ye> ) ano!r7 #bd1jjj or #bf1jjj clo?s ye>ly4 ,t ! ,holl&]s h ( late ye>s b\ght & export$ f ,biscay1 f\r-fif? p>ts at lea/ ( all _! wools1 & h sold !re proportionally ( _! own c\ntry /uffs4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly a novel me?od ( accompli%+ an end by a sweep+ monopoly2 b ! !ory 0 too f9e-spun ev] to be r$ucible to practice4 7#eb47 ,fluctuat+ ,/ate ( ! ,trade betwe5 #afce & #afic4--;,by ! great act ( tonnage & p\ndage1 pass$ 9 #affj1 on ! re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii41 taxes 7 impos$1 among o!r ?+s1 on ! exportation ( wooll5 manufactures1 & x 0 n till ! reign ( ,william1 t ! wret*$ policy ( su* regulations 0 discov]$1 & a law 0 pass$ 9 #agjj1 by :i* ! duties on wooll5s 7 aboli%$1 because 9 ! words ( ! act 7ll #ab ,william ,,iii4 *ap4 #bj71 ! weal? & prosp]ity ( ! k+dom do?1 9 a great measure1 dep5d on ! improvem5t ( its wooll5 manufactures1 & ! pr(itable trade c>ri$ on by ! exportation !re(4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii41 an act 0 pass$ = ! erection ( manufactories 7,p>4 ,i1 ,sess4 ,i1 ,cap4 #dj71 by :i* x is enact$1 t no native or /rang] is to export wool nor sk9s ) wool ^u !m1 until made into "w1 or put to ! be/ advantage1 "u ! pa9 ( fir/ value !re(1 half to ! k+1 & half to ! in=m]4 ,x is also1 9 ?is act1 ord]$1 t none =e/all ! m]cat ( wooll1 nor keep up ! same to a de>?1 "u ! pa9 aga9/ regrators & =e/all]s1 & t = es*ew+ ! deceit ( putt+ /ones1 or ! l /uffs !re91 no wooll be wrapt up 9 ! fleece1 "u ! pa9 ( confiscation1 half to ! k+1 & half to ! discov]] & pursu]1 decl>+ always t ! ,ex*equ] may lic5ce ! export ( wool & sk9s1 z !y %all see cause4 ,! ,fr5* refugees1 9 #afce1 br\ght money & tal5t into ,engl&1 & contribut$ greatly to ! erection ( manufactories = slight /uffs1 & o!r ,fr5* fabrics1 nev] be=e made 9 ,engl&4 ,! =m] law = bury+ 9 wooll5 n be+ well obs]v$1 x 0 repeal$ by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 9 ! ?irtie? ye> ( t k+ 7cap4 #c471 :i* enact$ a regi/] to be kept 9 e p>i%1 by ! incumb5t or 8 sub/itute1 t e ?+ ab\t ! corpse ( ! deceas$ 0 made ( %eep's wool1 ( :i* an affidavit 0 to be made by ! relation ( ! deceas$1 & lodg$ ) ! incumb5t1 "u ! p5alty ( ,l#e1 a moiety ( :i* w5t to ! poor ( ! p>i%2 ! re/ to ! in=m]4 ,b ?is 0 a sorry *eck1 z vanity 0 s pr$om9ant among ! ri*1 t !y paid ! p5alty r ?an want ! pleasure ( adorn+ _! dep>t$ relatives ) lace & l954 ,9 #affg1 ,france supplant$ ,engl& 9 _m =eign m>kets1 ow+ to ! c>e t ,colb]t at t "t took to br+ ! ,fr5* wooll5s to p]fection4 ,! ,engli% imm$iately turn$ _! att5tion to o!r manufactures1 9 :i*1 z 9 t ( pap]1 !y quickly excell$1 & ?us compell$ ! ,fr5* to ab&on m>kets1 9 :i* !y _h long rema9$ )\t a rival4 ,9 #afih1 a problem 0 />t$ conc]n+ ! manufactures ( ! c\ntry--:e!r or n a g5]al l95 manufacture w\ld prove b5eficial to ,engl&8 ,z ,london at ?is "t ab\nd$ ) new projects & s*emes1 all promis+ z usual a ho>d ( weal?1 ! "q caus$ mu* excitem5t4 ,x 0 at la/ det]m9$ t a novelty ( ?is k9d w\ld lead to ! s[+ ( a great quantity ( flax 9 ,engl&1 & ! neglect ( ! wooll5 manufacture1 :i* w\ld foll[1 might probably l[] ! price ( l&2 =1 z !y said at ! "t1 x requires ab\t tw5ty acres ( l& to bre$ wool1 = sett+ on "w ! same numb] ( h&s :i* "o acre ( flax w\ld employ2 & yet1 9 ! end1 ! wooll5 manufacture w be f\nd to employ by f> ! greate/ numb] ( h&s1 & yield ! mo/ pr(it to ! public1 z well z to ! manufactur]s4 7#ec47 ,iri% ,manufactures disc\rag$4--,9 ! same ye> 7#afih71 ! ,engli% h\se ( ,pe]s address$ ,k+ ,william ) ! view ( induc+ him to disc\rage ! wooll5 manufactures ( ,irel&1 :i*1 9 spite ( _m re/rictions1 /ill cont9u$ to cause mu* vexation to ! monopoliz]s ( ,engl&4 ,! address ran ?us3--,! gr[+ manufacture ( clo? 9 ,irel&1 bo? by ! *eapness ( all sorts ( ! necess>ies ( life1#g & ! goodness ( mat]ials = mak+ all mann] ( clo?1 do? invite 8 subjects ( ,engl&1 ) _! families & s]vants1 to leave _! habitation to settle !re1 to ! increase ( ! wooll5 manufacture 9 ,irel&1 :i* makes 8 loyal subjects 9 ?is k+dom v appreh5sive1 t ! fur!r gr[? ( x may greatly prejudice ! said manufacture "h2 & pray+1 t 8 ,maje/y w\ld be pleas$1 9 ! mo/ public & effectual way t may be1 to decl>e to all 8 subjects ( ,irel&1 t ! gr[? & increase ( ! wooll5 manufacture !re1 ha? long1 & w ev] be1 look$ ^u ) great jeal\sy by all 8 subjects ( ?is k+dom4 ,a simil> address 0 pres5t$ by ! ,commons1 & ?is mo/ lib]al & enlight5$ mon>* 0 pleas$ to answ]1 ,g5tlem51 ,i w d all t 9 me lies to disc\rage ! wooll5 manufacture ( ,irel&4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly altoge!r a /range proce$+1 especially :5 view$ 9 conjunction ) ! cruel prohibitions ( =m] p]iods4#h ,_! =eign trade is said by "s to h be5 mu* dim9i%$ by ?is coolness2 b mu* ( ! poignancy & cru%+ animosity ( ! reque/ are lo/ :5 we consid] t enc\ragem5t 0 at ! same "t giv5 by ,engl& to ! mak+ ( ,iri% l951 8 ,maje/y be+ desir$ 9 ! same address1 to =w>d t manufacture1 pursuant to ! dictates ( an act pass$ 9 #afif4 ,nay1 "s are ( op9ion t ^! measures result$ f ! s\nde/ views ( ! relative situations ( ! c\ntries1 & t ! prud5t t5or ( ,engli% enactm5ts 0 nev] bett] exhibit$1 ?an 9 ! disc\ragem5t ( ! wooll5 & enc\ragem5t ( ! l95 manufactures ( ,irel&4 #g ,! p ( ,irel& produc$ wor/$ & wooll5 y>n at a *eap] rate ?an we c\ld1 ow+ to _! poor be+ able to "w on l[] t]ms ?an ^? ( ,engl&4 ,?is 0 ow+ to ! r5t ( l& be+ less 9 ,irel& ?an 9 ,engl&4 #h ,by ! #ah? ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ! importation f ,irel& into ,engl& ( great cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 beef1 pork & bacon1 & %ortly aft] ( mutton1 lamb1 butt]1 & *eese1 0 decl>$ a common nuisance1 & =bidd5 on pa9 ( =feiture4 ,?us1 ! pr9cipal res\rce ( a poor c\ntry 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a ri* "o1 0 unfeel+ly d5i$ to x1 till ! reign ( ,george ,,iii41 :5 ! hat$ edict 0 repeal$4 7#ed47 ,briti% ,trade 9 #afii4--;,9 #afii !re 7 #ab1jjj1jjj %eep & lambs 9 ,brita91 & ! ye>ly increase 0 suppos$ to be ab\t #c1fjj1jjj4 ,! value ( ea* %eep1 besides ! sk91 0 #gs4 #d;d4 ,! /ock 0 valu$ at ,l#d1djj1jjj4 ,! value ( ! wool ye>ly %orn1 at #cs4 #d;d4 p] fleece1 came to ab\t ,l#b1jjj1jjj4 ,! wooll5s manufactur$ 9 ,brita9 am\nt$ 9 value to ,l#e1jjj1jjj p] annum1 :ile our ye>ly exports ( ! same 7 valu$ at ,l#b1jjj1jjj4 ,_m 7 at t "t afraid ( ! s9k+ ( ! wooll5 manufacture1 because ! acc\nts ( ! f9e drap]ies export$ 7 l>g] ?an usual2 b1 says an anonym\s essayi/ ( ! p]iod1 su* d n contemplate1 t1 ?\gh ! old may be less5$1 :at is commonly call$ ! new drap]ies h increas$1 consi/+ 9 bays1 s]ges1 & /uffs4 ,s t ^u ! :ole1 inf9itely m ( ! mat]ial ( wool has ( late ye>s be5 wr\ght up = =eign use1 ?an 9 =m] times2 & h]e9 our m]*ants h be5 only =c$ to foll[ ! modes & hum\rs ( ^? p ) :om !y deal1 & ! c\rse !y h pursu$ has hi!rto n be5 detrim5tal to ! public4 99 99 99 ',tw]e bett]1 inde$1 t ! call f abroad 7 only = ! f9e drap]ies1 because !n we %\ld be 9 a mann] )\t a rival2 no c\ntry1 b ,engl&1 & ,irel&1 hav+ a sw>d or turf t w re> %eep1 produc+ ! wool ( :i* mo/ ( our drap]ies are made4 ',tis true ! wool ( ,spa9 is f9e above all o!rs2 b 'tis ! we> only ( ! ri*] sort1 & ( ,spani% clo?s n above n9e ?\s& pieces are s5t abroad1 "o ye> ) ano!r4 7#ee47 ,briti% ,wooll5s rivall$ by ^? ( ,sw$54--,be=e ! peace ( ,utre*t 9 #agac1 we _h no rival 9 ! wooll5 trade b ! ,dut*1 ov] :om we _h _m natural advantages1 su* z situation1 goodness ( our ports1 & excell5ce ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( ! manufacture4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to furni% !mselves ) ! mat]ials at second-h&4 ,:5 ! trade 9 wooll5s 0 prop]ly set a-foot 9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! long & happy reign ( ,elizabe?1 ! int]e/ ( money 0 pretty mu* ! same 9 bo? c\ntries2 b ! ,dut* 7 engag$ 9 a haz>d\s & bloody w>1 & 9 e/abli%+ _! ,commonweal?1 & ,ea/ ,india trade2 &1 !re=e1 _h n mu* "t to ?9k ( improv+ any manufacture4 ,ow+ to ^! circum/ances1 we came into possession ( all ! pr9cipal m>ts = wooll5s1 bo? 9 ,asia & ,europe1 & reta9$ !m till ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ) ,france & ,spa92 we !n prohibit$ trade ) bo? ^! c\ntries4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agbj1 our exportations to ,sw$51 ( clo?1 /uffs1 & o!r wooll5 manufactures1 am\nt$ to ,l#ej1jjj4 ,! ,sw$es1 h[ev]1 ?\gh situat$ 9 a sev]e climate1 tri$ exp]im5ts ) ,engli% %eep1 & ) s great success1 t1 9 #agfe1 !y c\ld boa/ ( wool little inf]ior to t ( ,engl&4 ,!y !n erect$ manufactories1 & we 7 compell$ to rel9qui% a m>ket1 :i* we _h long held to our pr(it & advantage4 7#ef47 ,regulations f #agdj to #agdb4--;,9 ! #ab? ye> ( ,k+ ,george ,,ii4 x 0 enact$ by a /atute 7cap4 #ba71 ,t :]eas ! tak+ (f ! duties ^u wooll5 or bay y>n import$ f ,irel&1 may be a means to prev5t ! exportation ( wool1 & ( wooll5 manufactures1 f ,irel& to =eign p>ts1 & may also be ( use to ! manufactur]s ( ,great ,brita91 t f ! fir/ ( ,may1 #agdj1 ! same %all be no long] payable2 except+ only ! duties ^u wor/$ y>n ( two or m ?reads twi/$ or ?r[n1 or on crewel import$ f ,irel&4 ,at ?is "t m ?an #a1ejj1jjj p]sons 7 employ$ on wooll5 articles1 & 7 suppos$ to e>n1 "o ) ano!r1 sixp5ce a-day = #cac work+ days1 am\nt+ 9 all to ,l#aa1gcg1ejj ye>ly4 ,9 #agdb1 ! ,engli% poor suff]$ mu* f ! contempt ) :i* home manufactures 7 reg>d$ by ! nobility1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! latt] 7 spe$ily ! los]s4 ,! importation ( wooll5 broad-clo?1 ( ! manufacture ( ,france1 into ports ( ! ,levant1 on behalf ( ,briti% subjects1 be+ n only prejudicial by disc\rag+ ! wooll5 manufactures ( ,brita91 b likewise a means ( af=d+ relief to an enemy1 & discov]ies hav+ be5 made ( ,briti% subjects fraudul5tly %ipp+ f ,leghorn quantities ( ,fr5* wooll5 goods = ,turkey1 "u ! d5om9ation ( ,briti%1 to ! great detrim5t ( ,engli% wooll5s2 an act 0 pass$ 9 ! #bc;d ye> ( ,k+ ,george ,,ii4 by :i* provision 0 made aga9/ ^! & o!r fraudul5t practices4 7#eg47 ,improvem5ts 9 ! manufactur+ ( ,wooll5s4--,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ! wooll5 manufactures advanc$ ) a rapidity almo/ unp>allel$ 9 mod]n times z reg>ds o!r bran*es ( trade4 ,till ab\t ! ye> #aggj mo/ ( ! processes 7 conduct$ by h&4 ,! wool 0 spun by v>i\s p]sons at scatt]$ resid5ces1 ! manufactur]s receiv+ ! y>n p]iodically f ! num]\s sp9n]s4 ,?is arrangem5t caus$ mu* loss ( "t1 & gave rise to frequ5t squabbles betwe5 ! ma/]s & _! workm54 ,9 fact1 all ! op]ations 7 t>dy 9 ! extreme4 ,b at ?is p]iod1 ! _s ( public & private inquiry 0 happily direct$ to our defici5cies 9 ! ma*9]y ( manufactures4 ,inv5tions ( great beauty & +5uity 7 sl[ly br\ght =w>d to facilitate our comm]cial acquirem5ts4 ,human lab\r has ?us be5 light5$ & abridg$1--a great] numb] ( h&s h be5 pr(itably employ$1 & an excell5t lesson af=d$ to ! lov]s ( use & wont1 :i* w n spe$ily be =gott54 ,by ^! improv$ means ! clo? is possess$ ( great] ev5ness1 less injury is su/a9$ 9 ! dress+ & %e>+1 & great] beauty is imp>t$ to its appe>ance4 ,a great advantage is also obta9$ by ! ma/] kn[+ ! exact duration ( ea* process1 s t he c "t 8 goods = any h\r1 or m>ket1 & is enabl$ to circulate 8 capital ) a degree ( c]ta9ty1 & despat*1 =m]ly look$ ^u z q impossible4 ,a few ye>s ago ! late ,sir ,john ,?rockmorton sat d[n to d9n]1 dress$ 9 a coat1 ! wool ( :i*1 on ! same morn+1 0 on ! %eep's back4 ,! animals 7 %e>$1 ! wool wa%$1 c>d$1 spun1 & wov52 ! clo? 0 sc\r$1 full$1 %e>$1 dy$ & dress$1 & !n made into a coat4 ,all ^! complex op]ations 7 gone ?r\gh )\t hurry1 & )\t d$uct+ f ! "w any "p ( ! "t usually devot$ to simil> fabrics4 ,s great 0 ! advantage d]iv$ f ?is application ( ma*9]y1 t 9 ! ye> #ahjj ! produce 0 ?ree times l>g] ?an 9 ! ye> #agci1 ?\gh ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 0 ! same 9 ! "o ye> z 9 ! o!r4 7#eh47 ,duty impos$ on import$ ,wool4--,= ?ree c5turies a free importation ( =eign wool 0 p]mitt$ by our gov]nm5t1 & x 0 n till #ahjc t any "o ?\ght ( lay+ a duty ^u x4 ,?is duty 0 at fir/ comp>atively light1 am\nt+ only to a halfp5ny a-p\nd1 & x cont9u$ "u a p5ny a-p\nd1 till #ahai1 :5 ,mr ,vansitt>t rais$ x to six-p5ce4 ,! impolicy ( ?is measure is evid5t1 :5 we consid]1 t we 7 los+ our asc5dancy 9 ?is manufacture1 t our export ( wooll5 goods _h be5 decl9+ = ?ree ye>s previ\s to #ahai1 & t ! competition 0 becom+ e mom5t m sev]e4 ,?is tax 0 mu* dread$ by our m]*ants1 :o1 cle>ly p]ceiv+ ! /ate ( matt]s1 w>n$ ,mr ,vansitt>t1 by repres5t+ to him1 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms1 ! fatal influ5ce x w\ld h ^u our trade4 ,its effects are be/ exhibit$ by its disa/r\s influ5ce on ! =eign trade 9 wooll5s1 :i* fell (f ab\t a f\r? 9 value1 almo/ imm$iately aft] ! imposition4 ,! foll[+ table places ?is 9 ! cle>e/ po9t ( view3-- ,decl>$ value ( wooll5s export$4 #ahaf1 ,l#i1chg1dee #ahag1 #g1hdg1bhj #ahah1 #g1agg1cce #ahai1 #h1ade1cbg #ahbj1 7duty increas$7 #e1ihi1fbb #ahba1 7ditto7 #e1ehg1geh #ahbb1 7ditto7 #f1dfe1ihh #ahbc1 7ditto7 #f1dij1ded #ahbd1 7ditto7 #e1fce1ggf #ahbe1 7ditto7 #f1jde1bdj ,! op9ions ( our m]*ants ought to h =m$ ! be/ ( all beacons 9 po9t+ ! c\rse to be pursu$ by ,mr ,vansitt>t2 b1 ev5 if !y _h be5 sil5t on ! subject1 ! evid5ce ( ,mr ,ba9bridge1 be=e ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 appo9t$ 9 #ahbj1 to inquire into ! /ate ( ! =eign trade ( ! c\ntry1 might h in=m$ him ( ! true position ( ! wool trade1 & direct$ him 9 s haz>d\s an und]tak+4 ,:5 ,mr ,b4 0 ask$ :e!r he ?\ght t an increase 9 ! means ( pay+ = our manufactures w\ld produce an increas$ consumption ( !m 9 ,russia1 ,sw$51 & ,prussia1 he repli$3--,i believe ! wooll5 manufactures 9 ,prussia are 9 su* a /ate z to be able to compete ) u completely2 ,i speak ( x p>ticul>ly1 because we are 9 ! habit ( hav+ transactions ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 & ,i f9d t a v consid]able proportion ( f9e wooll5s1 & /uffs1 are absolutely %ipp$ f ! ,ne!rl&s1 & f ports contigu\s1 "p ( :i* ,i und]/& to come f ! int]ior ( ,g]many1 & f ,saxony 9 p>ticul>2 s t a portion ( ! trade1 :i* we h be5 9 ! habit ( transact+ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is f9d+ its way f ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,i1 !re=e1 conceive1 t _! manufactures are compet+ ) ! manufactures ( ?is c\ntry1 &1 consequ5tly1 !y w\ld n come to u to receive a supply ( ^? articles :i* !y c pur*ase f _! own manufactur]s at home4 ,9 #ahbe1 at ! e>ne/ & obvi\sly well-f\nd$ repres5tations ( ! manufactur]s1 ,mr ,huskisson rev]t$ to ! old sy/em3 & x 0 !n wisely enact$1 t all =eign wool import$ = home consumption1 ( ! value ( #as4 a-p\nd & upw>ds1 %\ld pay a duty ( #a;d4 a-p\nd1 b :5 ! value ( =eign wool 0 "u #as41 ! duty 0 r$uc$ to a halfp5ny p] p\nd4 ,a boon 0 at ! same "t conf]r$ ^u ! agriculturi/s1 by ! introduction ( a new sy/em ) respect to ! exportation ( ,briti% wool1 ! gr[]s ( :i* 7 all[$1 = ! fir/ "t1 to s5d x to =eign m>kets1 on paym5t ( a p5ny p] p\nd4 7#ei47 ,removal ( ! ,re/rictions on ,=eign ,wool4--,! importation ( wool 01 by ^! r$uctions1 spe$ily increas$1 & ) x ! consumption ( our wooll5s by =eign nations4 ,! wool ( our own gradually augm5t$ flocks be+ inadequate to ! dem&1 & t ( ,spa9 hav+ be5 absorb$ by our manufactories1 l>ge quantities 7 import$ f ,prussia1 ,saxony1 & _m p>ts ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 f :i*1 antec$5t to ?is run1 little _h be5 drawn4 ,! av]age annual import ( wool dur+ #agfe-ff-fg 0 #d1bda1cfd p\nds--! av]age annual export ( wooll5s dur+ ! same p]iod 0 ,l#d1fcj1chd2 :ile ! av]age annual import ( wool = ! ye>s #ahbb-bc-bd 0 #ah1hhd1hgf p\nds1 & ! av]age annual export ( wooll5s dur+ ! same "t1 am\nt$ to ,l#f1bjj1edh1 %[+ t ! importation ( =eign wool 0 absolutely necess>y = ! well-be+ ( our manufactures4 ,! importation ( =ty-f\r millions ( p\nds weight1 9 ! ye> end+ #e? ,janu>y1 #ahbf1 mu/ be ascrib$ z mu* to ! _s ( ov]-trad+1 :i* !n affect$ e bran* ( indu/ry1 z to ! r$uction ( ! duty2 b ! l>ge importations dur+ #ahbg1 af=d$ an additional pro( ( ! necessity ( =eign wool to ! successful =mation ( a mo/ important article ( comm]ce4 ,mr ,gott ( ,le$s1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,lords' ,committee1 on be+ ask$ if he c\ld c>ry on to ! same ext5t z at pres5t1 if he manufactur$ 8 clo? ( ,briti% wool1 repli$1 t1 9 c]ta9 descriptions ( clo?1 he c\ld n make an article t w\ld be m]*antable at all = ! =eign m>ket1 or ev5 = ! home m>ket1 except ( =eign wool4 ,he !n proce$s to /ate1 t ?\gh ! competition is v /rong 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! manufacture1 yet t =eign]s are decid$ly sup]ior to u 9 "s description ( l[ clo?s4 ,! foll[+ "q 0 !n put1 & pla9ly & emphatically answ]$3--,speak+ ( ! f9] clo?s1 is ! competition su* z to r5d] an additional duty on ! importation ( =eign wool likely to injure ! export trade8 ,i h no d\bt1 speak+ on my oa?1 t x w\ld be fatal to ! =eign clo? trade ( ! c\ntry4 ,i w\ld fur!r say1 t x w\ld be equally injuri\s to co>se manufactures ( all k9ds made ( ,engli% wool4 ,! competition n[ ) =eign]s is z ne>ly balanc$ z possible1 & ! di/urb+ op]ation ( attacks ( t description w\ld necess>ily enable ! =eign] to buy 8 wool *eap] ?an we %\ld d x 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! result w\ld be1 t =eign]s w\ld1 by su* a premium1 be enabl$ to ext5d _! manufactures to ! exclusion ( ,briti% manufactures ( all descriptions4 ,9 ano!r "p ( 8 evid5ce ,mr ,gott says1 ,if two pieces ( clo? at #ajs4 a-y>d 7 put be=e a cu/om]1 "o made ( ,briti% wool1 ! o!r ( =eign wool2 "o w\ld be sold1 & ! o!r w\ld rema9 on h&2 ,i c\ld n execute an ord] ) x4 ,if any p]son s5t to me = clo? at #gs4 or #hs4 a-y>d1 & if x 7 made ( ,engli% wool x w\ld be s5t back to me1 & ,i mu/ resort to =eign wool1 or =eign mix$ ) ,briti%1 to execute t ord]4 ,9 f9e1 ! ,briti% wool c\ld n be got rid ( )\t a copi\s importation ( =eign wool to aid ! manufactur] 9 8 disposal ( x1 z f9e clo?s are s mu* bett] & m durable 9 _! we> ?an co>se clo?s1 t !y are com+ m & m into dem&1 to ! almo/ total exclusion ( ! latt]4 ,moreov]1 ! good old cu/om ( mak+ home-spun clo? is reviv+ among our f>m]s1 & z x is excell5tly suit$ = "w-day we>1 ?\gh necess>ily ( an inf]ior gloss1 co>se clo?s w1 to a consid]able ext5t1 cease to be ! conc]n ( our manufactur]s4 ,! only clo?1 inde$1 :i* ! bulk ( ! p w require1 w be a f9] mat]ial to =m ! g>b = ,sunday & holiday recreation4 7#fj47 ,c\ntries f :i* we d]ive our ,wool4--,our m>kets are suppli$ ) =eign wool pr9cipally f ! foll[+ places3--,au/ralia1 ,van ,dieman's ,l&1 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,p]u1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 & ,russia4 ,! ,tasmanian fleeces are pref]r$ to ! ,au/ralian1 & fet*1 9 g5]al1 high] prices1 ow+ to _! be+ fit = comb+1 :ile ! latt]1 ?\gh mak+ consid]able advances 9 f95ess1 are /ill ( %ort /aple4 ,bo? are fav\rites ) our manufactur]s1 f _! be+ firm 9 ! pile1 a quality result+ f ! con/ant good heal? ( ! animal 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,! ,g]man wool takes prec$5ce ( ! ,spani%1 & has done s s9ce #ahai or #ahbj4 ,! ,k+ ( ,spa91 ab\t ! ye> #ahjj1 pres5t$ ! ,elector ( ,saxony ) a small m]9o flock1 &1 f t p]iod1 our importations f ,spa9 h dim9i%$1 z ^? f ,g]many h increas$4 ,f ! p]iod ( its fir/ introduction into ,g]many1 till #ahad1 :5 peace once m fell to ! lot ( ,europe1 ^! %eep 7 gradually spread ov] ! k+dom ( ,saxony1 & :51 by ! ev5ts ( #ahae1 ! cont95tal trade 0 ?r[n completely op51 ! ,saxon deal]s1 p]ceiv+ ! value ( ?is new comm]cial article1 comm5c$ a regul> trade 9 x ) ,engl&4 ,by ?is new supply1 ! ,spani% wool1 z "h %[n1 0 sl[ly beat5 f its hold on ! ,briti% manufactur]s4 ,importations into ,engl& ( ,wool f ,spa9 & ,g]many1 at ?ree sep>ate p]iods4 #ahjj4 #ahad4 #ahbg4 ,g]many1 #dba1hej lbs4 #c1eie1adf lbs4 #bb1jjg1aih lbs4 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 #g1gid1geh lbs4 #i1bcd1iia lbs4 #d1cdi1fdc lbs4 ,at ^! p]iods ! ports ( ^! c\ntries 7 op5 to ,briti% m]*&ize1 s t we h "h a conv9c+ pro(1 t ! wool gr[]s ( ,spa9 d n owe _! losses1 z suppos$ by "s1 to ! ho/ile incursions ( ! ,fr5*1 b to ! fri5dly competition ( a neighb\r+ /ate4 ,wool1 bo? ( co>se & f9e quality1 is daily becom+ a m & m important export f ! ,black ,sea1 ow+ to ! great range ( pa/urage 9 ,s\!rn ,russia4 ,! ord9>y wools are v co>se1 & ! fleeces dirty & full ( grass se$s4 ,?\gh n subject to export duty1 x is n suppos$ t x w ev] turn out a lucrative article = ! ,briti% manufactur]4 7#fa47 ,wool ,trade f #ahjj to #ahcj4--,! late/ tabul> acc\nts on :i* mu* reliance c be plac$1 are to be f\nd 9 ,m',cullo*'s ,comm]cial ,diction>y1 b ( ^! ,i am compell$ to (f] only an abridgm5t1 & 9 g5]al no?+ b ! sum total ( 8 detail$ /atem5ts4 ,! numb] ( %ort-wooll$ %eep 9 ,engl& 9 #ahjj 0 #ad1hed1bii2 ! numb] ( long-wooll$ %eep 9 ,engl& 9 ! same ye> 0 #d1aec1cjh4 ,! quantity ( ,briti% wool 9 #ahjj am\nt$ to #cbe1bfi packs2 :ile 9 #ahjh x _h increas$ to #dad1ejb packs4 ,! %eep & lambs' wool import$ into ,great ,brita9 f =eign p>ts 9 #ahaj 0 #aj1iad1acg lbs42 9 #ahae1 #ac1fdj1cge lbs42 9 #ahbj1 #i1ghi1jbj lbs42 9 #ahbe1 #dc1gie1bha lbs42 9 #ahcj1 #cb1cac1jei lbs4 ,! increase "h obs]vable 9 #ahbe is acc\nt$ = above 9 our notice ( ! /ate ( ! taxes be=e & at t p]iod4 ,! exports ( ,briti% %eep & lambs' wool 9 #ahcj am\nt$ to #b1iea1ajj lbs42 ^? ( wooll5 & wor/$ y>n to #a1ajh1jbc lbs4 ,by f> ! l>g] proportion ( ^! exports 0 int5d$ = ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! manufacture is e/imat$ at f #dhj1jjj to #ejj1jjj1 & _! wages at ,l#i1fjj1jjj4 ,! value ( ! raw mat]ial is calculat$ at ,l#f1jjj1jjj2 ! total value ( ! manufactur$ articles at ,l#ah1jjj1jjj 7z wool is suppos$ 9 g5]al to be trebl$ 9 value by pass+ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! manufactur]72 & ! int]e/ on capital1 sum to replace we> & te>1 & manufactur]s' pr(its at ,l#b1djj1jjj4 7#fb47 ,wool ,trade 9 #ahcb & #ahce4--,! total numb] ( p\nds ( %eep & lambs' wool import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 #ahcb1 0--=eign1 #bh1abh1igc2 produce ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 #ac1eaf2 quantity reta9$ = home consumption1 *>g$ #a;d4 p] lb4 duty1 #bc1fai1ija2 ditto #a_/b;d41 #a1ega1cbh2 ditto #f;d4 7r$ wool71 #a1acj2 duty free 7produce ( ,briti% possessions71 #b1dgc1iia2 total reta9$ = home consumption1 #bg1fff1cej2 total quantity re-export$1 #eee1jad4 ,quantity ( =eign wool w>eh\s$ "u bond1 #e? ,janu>y1 #ahcc1 #c1afe1fea4 ,! total quantity ( ,briti% wool & wooll5 y>n export$ f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahcb 01 ( ! =m]1 #d1aii1hbe lb42 ( ! latt]1 #b1bjd1dfd lb4 ,! exportation ( ,briti% wooll5 manufactures 9 #ahcb 0 z foll[s3--,clo?s ( all sorts1 #cif1ffa pieces2 napp$ c\nt+s1 d(fels1 c41 #bc1dec pieces2 k]seym]es1 #dj1ihd pieces2 baizes1 #cd1hgd pieces2 /uffs1 wooll5 or wor/$1 #a1hjj1gad pieces2 flannel1 #b1cjd1gej y>ds2 blankets & blanket+1 #a1fha1hdj y>ds2 c>pets & c>pet+1 #fij1jdb y>ds2 wooll5s mix$ ) cotton1 #a1ccd1jgb y>ds2 /ock+s1 wooll5 or wor/$1 #aeb1haj doz5 pairs4 ,sundries1 viz41 hosi]y1 rugs1 cov]lids1 tapes1 & smallw>es1 ,l#ee1ddc #as4 #h;d4 value4 ,decl>$ value ( ,briti% wooll5 manufactures export$1 ,l#e1bdd1dgh #ajs4 #aj;d4#i #i ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 ,no4 #bd4 ,! total quantity ( wool import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 ! ye> #ahce1 0 by weight #db1bjh1idi p\nds1 :i* is r m ?an #d1jjj1jjj p\nds "u ! importation ( #ahcd2 b on ! #e? ,janu>y1 #ahce1 #f1did1bff p\nds rema9$ w>eh\s$ "u bond2 :]eas1 on ! #e? ,janu>y1 #ahcf1 !re 7 no m ?an #b1hdf1jad p\nds s lock$ up4 ,?is is an important diff]5ce ( /ock on h&1 :i*1 no d\bt1 has t5d$1 & w t5d1 to keep up ! price ( ! article4 ,! c\ntry f :i* we import ! greate/ quantity ( wool is ,g]many4 ,9 #ahce1 ! am\nt 0 ne>ly #bd1jjj1jjj p\nds weight4 ,f ,russia1 to :i* our exports ( manufactur$ wooll5s is comp>atively small1 we import$ upw>ds ( #d1jjj1jjj p\nds2 f ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,van ,dieman's ,l&1 tak5 toge!r1 ab\t #bji1jjj p\nds weight m ?an f ,russia4 ,! next l>ge/ importations are f ,spa91 ,turkey1 & ,italy1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 supply u ) ne>ly #d1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,portugal furni%es #fhc1jjj p\nds2 ,holl&1 #bja1jjj p\nds2 & ,belgium1 #bca1jjj p\nds4 ,( ! =eign wool :i* we h import$1 we re-export$ 9 its unmanufactur$ /ate #d1aja1gjj p\nds dur+ #ahce4 ,& ( ! total quantity import$ 9 #ahce1 we reta9$ = manufacture #da1gah1ead p\nds4 ,?is is ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj p\nds m ?an 0 tak5 up by ! manufactur]s 9 ! prec$+ ye>4 ,! :ole am\nt ( ,briti% wool export$ 9 #ahce1 0 #d1fdb1fjd p\nds1 & ( ?is #c1jjj1jjj p\nds 7 s5t to ,belgium1 & #a1ejj1jjj p\nds to ,france4 ,9 #ahce1 ! 'decl>$ value' 7:i*1 be x obs]v$1 is a real ?+1 & v diff]5t f ! '(ficial value1' :i* is ( no use except z an indication ( quantity7--! total decl>$ value 0 ,l#f1hdj1eaa2 & ( ?is am\nt upw>ds ( ,l#b1fjj1jjj wor? ( wooll5 goods w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone4 ,next aft] ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! scale ( our cu/om]s = wooll5s comes ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,*9a4 ,to ^! we s5d ! value ( upw>ds ( ,l#hjj1jjj2 to our ,nor? ,am]ican colonies ! value ( ,l#dah1jjj2 & to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,l#aad1bjj wor?4 ,9 ,europe1 our be/ cu/om] is ,g]many1 :i*1 9 #ahce1 took ,l#fca1jjj wor?4 ,besides ! m fully manufactur$ goods1 ,g]many took f u1 9 ! same ye>1 #a1aia1jjj p\nds weight ( wooll5 y>n4 ,( ,european cu/om]s1 next aft] ,g]many come ,portugal1 :i* took1 9 #ahce1 to ! am\nt ( ,l#cfh1jjj2 ,holl&1 ,l#bde1fbi2 ,italy1 ,l#bdc1ehb2 & ,belgium1 ,l#abc1gbg4 ,russia took only ,l#ic1jbe wor? ( wooll5 goods4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates beg9 to be good cu/om]s2 ,brazil took1 9 #ahce1 ,l#ccg1ghh wor?1 & ,mexico & o!r ,/ates1 ,l#cef1gjj wor?4 ,look+ at ! aggregate1 ! export ( #ahce 0 fully a million /]l+ 9 value above t ( #ahcd2 b z ! price 0 high] 9 #ahce1 ?is is no c]ta9 guide to ! proportion ( increase 9 quantity4 ,9 ! ye> #ahce1 we export$ to ,france only ,l#fh1jjj wor? ( wooll5 manufactures4 ,we h already /at$ ! exports ( wooll5 goods to ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates 9 #ahce2 ! import ( unmanufactur$ wool f ^! ,/ates 9 ! same ye> 0 ,l#b1agf1jjj p\nds2 f ,france x 0 #ajd1jjj p\nds4 ,we h only to add1 z fiscal in=mation connect$ ) ! =ego+ analysis1 t ( ! wool import$ 9 #ahce1 #bf1hgg1ghj p\nds paid to ! rev5ue a duty ( a p5ny p] p\nd2 #aj1aih1ebf p\nds paid "o halfp5ny p] p\nd2 & #f1cig p\nds ( 'r$ wool' paid sixp5ce p] p\nd4 ,! wool import$ f ,briti% possessions does n pay duty4 ,( t !re 71 9 #ahce1 #d1fce1haa p\nds import$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,! ,,bre$s4 7#fc47 ,?is subject requires = its due consid]ation "s slight atta9m5ts 9 anatomy & physiology1 b z su* atta9m5ts1 slight ?\gh !y may be1 are z r>ely met ) z requir$ among ! bulk ( mank9d1 s ! want ( !m may be ! less regrett$1 see+ x is possible to r5d] ev5 ! intricacies ( ! /udy pla9 & simple1 by an appeal to facts ( e-day occurr5ce2 :i*1 hav+ attract$ ! notice ( ! mo/ un?9k+1 w s]ve z hooks on :i* ,i %all try to hang ! bett] "p ( an int]e/+ inquiry4 7#fd47 ,e>ly ,improv]s ( ,%eep4--,!re _c be a m c]ta9 sign ( ! rapid advances ( a p 9 civilization & prosp]ity1 ?an increas+ att5tion to ! improvem5t ( live-/ock4 ,x tells ( a population limit$ 9 reg>d to soil1 & mak+ e ef=t to rem$y ! want1 by an economical d\bl+ ( ! return = ! usual outlay3 =1 :ile a tribe w&]s at l>ge1 rema9+ at a p>ticul> place only s long z prov5d] holds out1 &1 /rik+ ! t5t1 dep>ts = "s f>-(f field1 s long w _! flocks be suff]$ to roam neglect$1 & fl\ri% or decay1 z *ance directs4 ,f ! "t ( ,jacob1 ! possibility ( det]m9+ ! nature ( ! (fspr+1 by impressions on ! p>5ts1 has be5 app>5t to all2 & ! be/ means ( p]petuat+ a good quality1 or remov+ a bad "o1 h cont9u$ f "t to "t1 to occupy ! att5tion ( patriotic individuals4 ,z mu* appe>s to h be5 kn[n ab\t %eep two ?\s& ye>s ago z at pres5t1 s true is x1 t no?+ new is to be met )2 yet1 t does n rob our mod]n improv]s ( _! m]its1 = ?\gh !y des]ve little z inv5tors1 !y are to be admir$ = t /r5g? ( m9d1 & det]m9$ p]sev]ance1 :i* enabl$ !m to r\se _! fell[s f _! le?>gy1 & compel !m to become 9 turn1 b5efactors ( _! c\ntry1 & !mselves4 ,! signs ( a good ram are concisely laid d[n by ,v>ro1 by ,virgil 9 8 ?ird ,georgic1 & by ,columella2 &1 ?\gh ! ,spani% nobility 7 look$ ^u ) wond]1 7till eclips$ by our own extravagance17 9 giv+ two hundr$ ducats1 or fifty p\nds = a ram2 yet ,/rabo assures u1 t 9 8 day 7"u ,tib]ius71 !y gave m ?an ?ree times t sum = "o ( ! bre$ ( ! ,coraxi1 a ,pontic nation1 believ$ to h ! f9e/ fleece 9 ! _w4 ,! greate/ record$ improv]s ( ! %eep 9 anci5t times 7 ,lucius ,columella1 & 8 uncle ,m>cus ,columella1 ,spani>ds ( di/9ction1 :o remov$ to ,rome 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 & made agriculture ! /udy & bus9ess ( _! lives4 ,! =m] comm5c$ 8 celebrat$ treatise on husb&ry dur+ ! reigns ( ,tib]ius1 & ,caligula1 & appe>s to h f9i%$ x ,a4,d4 #ee4 ,x is a "w :i* may be read ) advantage ev5 at pres5t1 z x ab\nds ) mu* t is valuable1 & is accessible to all ?r\gh its ,engli% translation4#aj #aj ,i allude to ?is1 z ! au?or ( ! "w on ,%eep1 publi%$ by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 at page #abc ( t book1 lam5ts ! want ( an ,engli% translation ( ,columella4 ,an excell5t qu>to translation ( 8 twelve books on ,husb&ry1 & "o on ,trees1 0 publi%$ at ,london1 9 #agde4 7#fe47 ,mod]n ,bre$]s4--,x is only )9 a v rec5t p]iod1 t ! mode ( improv+ live-/ock by skilful bre$+1 has be5 prop]ly att5d$ to4 ,! p]fection ( bre$+ =m]ly1 0 to h c[s 9 calf once a-ye>1 & re> calves on z little milk z possible2 &1 ev5 yet1 !re are only a scatt]$ few :o devote to x ! att5tion x requires4 ,! fir/1 9 mod]n times1 :o arriv$ at any ?+ l em95ce 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 0 ,joseph ,allom1 ( ,clifton1 :o rais$ himself by d9t ( indu/ry1 f a pl\ghboy1 & = a long "t contriv$ to keep 8 me?ods secret1 be+ suppos$ by _m to h b\ght 8 ewes 9 ,l9coln%ire1 at ! v "t he 0 con/antly br++ !m f ! ,melton qu>t] ( ,leice/]%ire4 ,?\gh possess+ tal5t1 he does n appe> to h _h education en\gh to avail himself ( x1 & accord+ly nev] ga9$ ! ext5sive popul>ity :i* fell to ! lot ( 8 successors4 ,z ! introduc]s ( new & important plans ( managem5t 9 agriculture1 are always rew>d$ by l>ge pr(its1 & ! gratitude ( _! c\ntrym51 s none 7 ev] m g5]\sly dealt ) 9 ei!r respect1 ?an ,mr ,rob]t ,bakewell1 ( ,di%ley1 & ,mr ,ellman1 ( ,glynde4 ,! =m]1 :o may be said to h creat$ a v>iety1 consid]$ t a t5d5cy to acquire fat 0 ! fir/ quality to be look$ to 9 an animal de/9$ = ! food ( man2 & on ?is1 ) him a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 0 bas$ ! :ole ( 8 proce$+s4 ,diff]5t op9ions w ( c\rse be held on ! m]its ( ! !ory on :i* he act$ b all mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t we are indebt$ to 8 skill & exp]i5ce1 = ! ex]tions :i* h be5 subsequ5tly made to improve ! qualities ( live-/ock1 9 e di/rict ( ! k+dom4 ,x 0 by 8 example1 9 fact1 t ! f>m]s all ov] ! c\ntry 7 /imulat$ to ex]tion1 & be ! sy/em bad or good1 x ought to h our v5]ation1 see+ t x 0 ! comm5cem5t ( a new & mo/ important agricultural era4 ,john ,ellman d]ives 8 well-e>n$ fame1 f ! zeal\s mann] 9 :i* he improv$ ! ,s\?d[n %eep1 & spread !m ?r\gh ! empire4 ,till he direct$ 8 att5tion to ! subject1 e ?+ connect$ ) ! managem5t ( ! flock 0 left to *ance1 or at lea/ to ! guidance ( f>m-s]vants1 ) :om1 ( c\rse1 x c\ld n be a matt] ( int]e/ to select1 or sort1 suitable animals = ! cont9uance ( ! race4 ,he spe$ily1 h[ev]1 correct$ ?is mismanagem5t1 & aid$ by ! introduction ( turnip-fe$+1 9 no long "t1 & )\t any admixture ( =eign blood1 mat]ially improv$ ! bre$4 ,ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago1 improvem5ts also comm5c$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,till !n1 9 _m p>i%es1 no f>m] c\ld keep %eep ?r\gh ! w9t]1 & no place 0 reckon$ s fatal to ^! animals z ! undra9$1 & un%elt]$ p>i% ( ,eskdale-,muir1 9 ,dumfries%ire4 ,at la/ "o ,william ,bryd5 r5t$ ! f>m ( ,ab]losk1 & soon1 by ! orig9al plan ( dra9+1 & build+ /one enclosures1 made x1 to use ! words ( 8 able biograph]1 ,mr ,scot ( ,selkirk%ire1 l ! l& ( ,go%51 good = cattle :i* x is to ?is day4 7#ff47 ,v>ieties among ,animals4--,all organiz$ matt] is subject to v>iety4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r1 s9ce ! creation ( ! _w1 !re h ev] occurr$1 ei!r at ! same1 or at sep>ate p]iods1 two individuals 9 e respect p]fectly alike4 ,a plant1 or an animal1 may resemble ! re/ ( its species 9 *emical con/itution1 & 9 ! numb] & situation ( its organs1 b is sure to diff] f all 9 size1 g5]al configuration1 & disposition ( its p>ts3 ,^! %ades ( diff]5ce1 endless ?\gh !y are1 may be ref]r$ to two lead+ causes--climate & desc5t2 ! =m] embrac+ deviations induc$ by temp]ature & res\rces ( subsi/5ce2 ! latt] includ+ *anges occasion$ by managem5t1 modes ( bre$+1 & influ5ce ( sex4 7#fg47 ,v>ieties induc$ by ,temp]ature4--,! influ5ce ( temp]ature ext5ds *iefly to ! col\r & developm5t ( animals4 ,9 cold regions ! sk9 ( ! human race is fair1 & ! p]son squat & /unt$1 b z we approa* ! equator1 ! hue becomes deep] & deep]1 till x is jetty black1 :ile at ! same "t1 ! /ature atta9s ne>] & ne>] to ! talle/ proportions to :i* mank9d seem naturally entitl$4 ,! animals ( ! arctic regions are1 = ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 cov]$ ) a clo?+ ( ! pure/ :ite1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 9 _m ( !m1 ab&on$ = "o ( deep] t9ts z ! sol> heat beg9s to ga9 ! asc5dant4 ,b h[ v diff]5t d we n f9d ! col\rs ( int]tropical animals4 ,!re vivid t9ts1 & an almo/ metallic lu/re1 p]vade animat$ be+s1 f ! coral 9 its subm>9e abode1 to ! gall9ace\s birds1 ! coxcombs ( ! =e/4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( nature1 ! mo/ beautiful h>mony1 or1 9 o!r words1 a union ( :at is pleas+ to ! eye1 & suit$ = ! com=t ( ! creature1 e :]e prevails4 ,! col\r ( an animal envelope is nev] at v>iance ) ! t9ts ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,a pa9t]1 = example1 w\ld n place a fl[] or animal ( brilliant hue amid/ ! monoton\s aspect ( an arctic l&scape2 nei!r w\ld he picture ! fa9tly-t9t$ be+s ( a pol> latitude1 z surr\nd$ by ! w>m & fla%y col\r+ *>act]i/ic ( an ori5tal climate4 ,z temp]ature1 !n1 det]m9es 9 a m>k$ degree ! col\r & dim5sions ( e animal1 su* v>iations r5d] ! division ( liv+ be+s into races & v>ieties1 a matt] ( necessity4 ,?us all human be+s belong only to "o species1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 be divid$ into five races1 & ^! aga9 into an inf9ity ( v>ieties4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 a race & a v>iety are1 t ! latt] is a subdivision ( ! =m]1 & t 9 ! =m] ! modifications are m pr(\nd1 ! *anges n be+ conf9$ to ! surface1 b ext5d+ to ! frame-"w ( ! body2 :]eas1 to con/itute a v>iety1 no?+ m is necess>y ?an ! sup]ficial influ5ce ( heat & light on ! sk91 & its app5dages ! hairs4 ,! ,negro & ! ,abyss9ian are precisely simil> 9 col\r1 yet !y are by no means ( ! same race1 z _! diff]5t features w di/9ctly prove2 ! ,abyss9ian approa*+ z mu* 9 ca/ ( c\nt5ance to ! ,european1 z ! negro does to ! high] ord]s ( ! ape4 ,! same may be notic$ among %eep1 b ?is is suffici5t = ! pres5t4 ,! *anges induc$ by climate1 result f ! work+ ( a p[] inh]5t 9 mo/ animals & vegetables1 by :i* !y are suit$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 = be>+ up aga9/ removal f _! ord9>y localities1 & assum+ a diff]5t ca/1 z ! place ( _! exile may diff] 9 degree f t :i* !y h left4 ,?is gradual adaptation to circum/ances by an accommodat+ p[] is t]m$1 9 philosophical language1 acclimation4 7#fh47 ,adaptation ( ! ,%eep to ,climate4--,no animal v>ies m ?an ! %eep1 & none s spe$ily adapts itself to climate2 x w\ld almo/ appe> t nature1 conv9c$ ( its great utility1 _h be/[$ ^u x a con/itution s pliant1 z to enable x to accommodate itself to any po9t 9 a wide scale ( temp]ature2 = ?\gh its natural situation z a wool-be>+ animal1 l t ( man appe>s to be ! w9e c\ntries1 yet ) him1 x has spread to e qu>t] ( ! globe1 becom+ impress$ at e *ange ) "s peculi>ity1 alt]able only by a *ange ( situation1 & v>y+1 we might almo/ affirm1 ) ! wea!r2 =1 :]e ! temp]ature is equable1 !re does ! animal pres]ve un*ang$ an atmosph]ic /amp1 & defies our ef=ts to alt] ! bre$2 :ile "u a fluctuat+ sky we c model x at w1 ?\gh 9 ?is case1 cont9u$ ex]tions are requir$ to secure !m = any l5g? ( "t 9 an undeviat+ c\rse4 7#fi47 ,*anges produc$ by ,climate4--,! wond]ful p[] ( temp]ature 9 effect+ *anges ^u animals1 is well illu/rat$ by ! ,portuguese1 :o1 aft] a resid5ce ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 ,india1 are said to be at pres5t almo/ z black z ,caffres4 ,bi%op ,heb]1 speak+ ( ,india1 says1 ,x is rem>kable to obs]ve h[ surely all ^! classes ( m5 7:ites--,p]sians1 ,greeks1 ,t>t>s1 ,turks1 & ,arabians71 9 a few g5]ations1 ev5 )\t any int]-m>riage ) ! ,h9doos1 assume ! deep olive t9t1 little less d>k ?an a negro1 :i* seems natural to ! climate4 ,bu*anan also 9 8 travels ?r\gh ! same c\ntry1 alludes to a tribe ( black ,jews :o h1 9 all probability1 be5 settl$ 9 ! di/rict ev] s9ce ! p]iod ( ! captivity "u ,nebu*adnezz>1 #cjjj ye>s ago1 & :o reta9 all ! national peculi>ities ( _! race1 ) ! exception ( _! col\r1 :i* is n[ z d>k z t ( ! surr\nd+ tribes4 ,^! examples1 h[ev]1 x may be affirm$1 are n to ! po9t1 z embrac+ !ories 9 reg>d to peculi> *anges 9 an animal diff]5t f ! %eep1 b su* objections are p]fectly gr\ndless1 z :at w affect col\r 9 mank9d1 w lead to *anges ev5 ( a m wond]ful nature 9 ! %eep1 see+ t x is ab&on$ m entirely to su* an influ5ce4 7#gj47 ,temp]ature pref]r$ by ,%eep4--,%eep1 ?\gh capable ( ?riv+ 9 a great v>iety ( climates1 seem to pref] su* z are temp]ate1 & 9 ^! only d !y arrive at p]fection4 ,!y are common on ! ,cordill]as at an elevation ( f #ccjj to #hbjj feet1 )9 :i* limits !y propagate readily )\t any c>e2 b ! rev]se is ! case 9 hott] regions1 x be+ difficult to re> lambs 9 ! pla9s ( ,meta1 & no %eep are to be met ) f ! riv] to ! foot ( ! ,cordill]as1 ?\gh _! sk9s1 f be+ 9 dem& = mak+ p>*m5t1 sell z high z ^? ( ! ox4 ,%eep 7 at "o "t1 accord+ to ,?unb]g1 ! sc>ce/ articles 9 ,batavia1 z _! woolly coat r5d]$ ! heat ( ! climate q insupportable2 b ?is inconv5i5ce 0 at la/ rem$i$ by s5d+ !m1 on _! arrival f ! ,cape1 fur!r up ! c\ntry1 to ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 :]e ! air is sev]al degrees cold]4 ,! "q !n naturally occurs1 if an elevation ( temp]ature is1 z 9 ?is in/ance1 fatal to ^! animals1 h[ d !y happ5 to h spread ov] a va/ tract ( c\ntry 9 spite ( su* extremes8 ,simply = ! reason1 t :5 an animal is left to ! ex]cise ( its own free w1 & ! dom9ion ( its in/9cts1 x w n subject itself to ! dang] ( an extreme 9 any ?+4 ,x w n trav]se sev]al hundr$ miles 9 a s+le season1 & ?us expose itself to sudd5 *anges4 ,! natural disp]sion ( all animals is gradual1 s t _! con/itutions are enabl$1 f ! sl[ness ( ! transition1 to accommodate !mselves1 by an alt]ation 9 cov]+ & habit1 to surr\nd+ circum/ances1 :i* w\ld1 7 ! v>iations abrupt1 spe$ily de/roy x4 ,! reason :y a race ( animals occasionally ?rives s well 9 a c\ntry to :i* x may be remov$1 appe>s to lie 9 its be+ suit$1 ,i may say1 accid5tally1 by peculi> con=mation1 to ! temp]ature to :i* x is transplant$4 ,!re are "s happy climates :]e1 introduce :at animals y w1 no matt] h[ /unt$ !y are1 or h[ diff]5t ! degree ( w>m? may be1 _! (fspr+ w ?rive1 prov+ l>ge & vigor\s1 & e way wor?y ( be+ plac$ at ! head ( its species4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 cases :]e ! transition is f an extreme ( heat or cold to a temp]ate atmosph]e4 ,witness :at ,mr ,dawson1 ! manag] ( ! ,au/ralian ,agricultural ,company1 says 9 8 private j\rnal 7quot$ 9 ,cunn+ham's ,new ,s\? ,wales74 ,bo? ! climate & ! soil appe> by nature int5d$ to produce f9e wool1 & f9e animals too1 ev5 f ! wor/ beg9n+s4 ,! latt] seems a p>adox4 ,! ext5sive range af=d$ to e animal keeps x 9 good condition1 &1 p]haps1 ! natural grasses may h m ( good 9 !m ?an _! appe>ance indicates4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! climate cle>ly has a wond]ful effect on ! size ( all animals1 ev5 ^u man1 :o is univ]sally tall "h1 ?\gh born ( dim9utive p>5ts4 ,f ?is ,i am l$ to believe1 t ! climate gov]ns *iefly1 & ?us e bre$+ animal introduc$ "h w atta9 a size n kn[n 9 ,europe4 7#ga47 ,ext5t ( ! ,alt]ations produc$ by ,climate4--,*anges occasion$ by climate are always limit$ to ! fleece1 horns1 & disposal ( ! fat1 & nev] ext5d to ^? p>ts1 on ! p]man5ce ( :i* ! animal dep5ds = its /ation 9 ! scale ( be+1 z ! feet1 tee?1 & dige/ive organs4 ,9 tropical c\ntries we f9d ! fleece approa*+ m to hair ?an wool1 z 9 ! %eep ( ,?ibet1 s celebrat$ = ! silky nature ( _! coat4 ,bur*ell rem>ks1 t ! sk9s he br\ght f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 7 (t5 tak5 = ^? ( an unkn[n quadrup$1 f ! furry nature ( _! wool1 if su* x c be call$1 & ?9ks x is ow+ z mu* to ! pa/ure1 :i* is well adapt$ = giv+ ^! animals a s(t & useful fur1 ?\gh n suit$1 l ,new ,s\? ,wales1 = ! gr[? ( ! f9e/ wool1 & t ! colony might turn ?is to great advantage4 ,9 cold regions ! hairy cov]+ is m develop$ & fully co>s]1 b always m+l$ ) a proportion ( h>d r\gh wool4 ,! influ5ce ( climate on portions ( ! fleece & sk9 is well illu/rat$ by circum/ances :i* h occurr$ 9 ,gall[ay1 ev5 )9 ! limits ( our tradition>y writ+s4#aa ,! native %eep ( ! ,highl&s ( t di/rict is suppos$ to h be5 a small1 h&some1 :ite-fac$ bre$2 at lea/ s ?9ks ,john ,mac,lellan1 :o wrote an acc\nt ( ,gall[ay 9 #afej1 f ! wool be+ mu* prais$1 & eag]ly b\ght up by m]*ants1 :i* w\ld n h be5 ! case if tak5 f ! black-fac$ animal2 yet h[ happ5s x t at pres5t ! native bre$ exi/s only 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ,kirkcudbright%ire1 ! high c\ntry exhibit+ black-fac$ %eep1 :i*1 aft] e trial1 h be5 f\nd be/ adapt$ to ! climate1 & pa/ure ( ! moors & ,highl&s2 :ile ,*alm]s owns t x has n be5 asc]ta9$ :5 or :5ce ?is h>dy bre$ 7 br\ght to _! pres5t locality8 ,:y1 x is tol]ably pla91 t ?\gh ! :ite-fac$ %eep might be plac$ !re orig9ally1 yet !y w\ld spe$ily lose e trace ( _! orig91 & become black-fac$ :5 plac$ on a hilly c\ntry1 & subject$ to ! sl[ b c]ta9 influ5ce ( peculi> food & climate4 #aa ,*alm]s' ,cal$onia--,article1 ,gall[ay4 ,mr ,culley imag9es1 t ! dun-fac$ %eep 7 ! e>lie/ t5ants ( ! ,scotti% hills1 b s f> z my rese>*es ext5d1 t supposition is entirely contradict$4 ,*alm]s rem>ks1 t ! black-fac$ animals sup]s$$ ! goats1 :i* 7 at "o "t a s\rce ( subsi/5ce to ! f>m]s1 & x is exce$+ly probable1 t z ! old :ite-fac$ began to *ange _! appe>ance1 & became gradually able to )/& ! rig\rs ( a m\nta9 f>e1 & w9t] "u a dun sk91 & %ort r\gh wool1 s w\ld !y recomm5d !mselves z ! be/ ( all /ock to ! h>d-driv5 agriculturali/4 7#gb47 ,increase ( ! ,numb] ( ! ,horns4--,z mu* wond] is sure to be excit$ by ! fact1 t bony prom95ces are subject$ ) z great c]ta9ty to ! modell+ h& ( climate z s(t] p>ts1 ,i give ! foll[+ f a rec5t "w1 entitl$1 ,g>d5s & ,m5ag]ie ( ! ,zoological ,society ,del9eat$1 premis+1 h[ev]1 t1 9 my op9ion1 temp]ature has a va/ deal m to d ) alt]ations 9 ! horns ?an dome/ication or cultivation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s modifications produc$ by cultivation 9 ! dome/icat$ %eep consi/s 9 ! augm5tation ( ! numb] ( its horns2 two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r supplem5t>y app5dages ( ?is description be+ occasionally produc$ 9 addition to ! normal numb]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! additional horns usually occupy ! upp] & =e "p ( ! head1 & are ( a m sl5d] %ape1 & take a m upright direction ?an ! o!rs1 ?us approa*+ 9 "* to ^? ( ! goats1 :ile ! true horns reta9 m or less ( ! spiral curve t di/+ui%es ^? ( ! %eep4 ,!re exi/s a /rong t5d5cy to ! propagation ( ?is mon/rosity1 :i* is extremely frequ5t 9 ! ,asiatic races1 b is also met ) 9 a bre$ t is common 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 & is said to h be5 orig9ally d]iv$ f ,icel&1 & ! ,f]oe ,isl&s4 ,9 ?is case x is unconnect$ ) any o!r anomaly1 b 9 ! flocks ( ! nomad hordes ( ,t>t>y1 x is usually comb9$ ) an enl>gem5t ( ! tail1 & adjac5t p>ts1 by ! deposition ( fat1 frequ5tly to an enorm\s ext5t4 7#gc47 ,causes ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ,horn4--,horns are seldom met ) 9 ! %eep ( hot climates1 occurr+ m frequ5tly 9 cold & temp]ate regions2 ?us foll[+ closely ! developm5t ( ! o!r cov]+s1 to :i*1 z be=e /at$ 7#ai71 !y are /rictly analog\s4 ,! fleece consi/s ( two portions--hair & wool1 ! "o pr$om9at+ m or less ov] ! o!r1 z ! climate may direct4 ,! =m ( ! horns is always 9 unison ) ! "* ( ! fleece3 ?us1 if ! animal is cov]$ ) hair1 z 9 ! goat1 ! horns w be /raight2 b if x is clo!d ) wool1 z 9 ! %eep1 ! horns w be curv$4 ,! same holds good 9 o!r animals4 ,! reason ( ?is appe>s to lie 9 ! t5d5cy :i* ! hair or wool1 con/itut+ ! horny %ea?1 has to model ! =m ( ! support+ bone4 ,! fibre ( hair is ne>ly /raight2 t ( wool is1 on ! o!r h&1 rem>kable = ! numb] ( tuft$ curls1 or small spiral r+lets1 into :i* x naturally contracts2 s t a ,m]9o ram1 = example1 w nev] be f\nd ) rectil9e> horns1 nor a true goat ) twi/$ ones4 ,! tru? ( ^! rem>ks is borne out by obs]vations on animals on ^: heads m ?an two horns are occasionally met )4 ,we always 9 su* in/ances notice1 t ! additional horns are /raight1 ?us indicat+ ! pres5ce ( a consid]able quantity ( hair among ! wool4 ,! curve w be m decid$1 & ! twi/s m num]\s1 9 proportion z ! fibre comes ne>] & ne>] to a p]fect wool--evid5ce ( :i* we h 9 ! beautifully-tuft$ & spiral horns ( ! ,m]9o ram1 :i* are z opposite 9 ?is respect to ^? ( ! goat1 z is its fleece to ! hairy coat ( ! latt]4 ,f ^! consid]ations ,i am l$ to believe1 t ! =m ( ! horn1 :5 pres5t1 is an excell5t guide to ! nature & quality ( ! o!r cov]+s1 & an index to e gradation :i* c possibly occur betwe5 wool & hair4 7#gd47 ,! prop] ,temp]ature requir$ = ,%eep4--,regul> w>m? is absolutely necess>y = ! production ( a good animal & a f9e fleece1 & is only to be obta9$ by att5d+ to ! dra9+ & cle>+ ( l&1 s z to dissipate moi/ure1 & all[ curr5ts ( air to play freely across ! c\ntry4#ab ,an atmosph]e :i* holds susp5d$ a l>ge quantity ( wat]y vap\r1 is always extremely *ill+ to an animal body4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! well-kn[n fact1 t a moi/ air1 be+ a bett] conductor ( caloric ?an a dry "o1 robs an animal m quickly ( heat4 ,?us1 9 pass+ f ! dry air ( ! hills into ! vap\r ( ! valleys 9 a w9t] morn+1 we feel z if ! transition _h be5 f a temp]ate to an icy region4 ,h5ce "o ( ! reasons :y %eep ?rive be/ 9 a r elevat$ situation4 ,moi/ air1 h[ev]1 is exce$+ly oppressive 9 hot wea!r1 because evaporation1 f ! surface ( ! body1 is to a great ext5t dim9i%$2 & x is only by ! p]spiration be+ all[$ to escape rapidly1 & to convey away ! heat$ p>ticles1 t we c manage to be 9 any degree com=table dur+ ! heat ( summ]4 ,?is free evaporation we endeav\r 9 e way to obta91 & (t5 9 a mann] t ignorant p w\ld consid] z ! rev]se ( s5sible4 ,x is well kn[n t draughts ( cold liquids are v f> f answ]+ ! purpose ( l[]+ our temp]ature :5 above a pleasant /&>d2 b we f9d t a bas9 ( hot s\p1 or tea1 w spe$ily br+ ab\t ! desir$ end1 by produc+ a copi\s det]m9ation ( fluid to ! sk94 ,yet1 if ! air conta9$ no moi/ure1 we %\ld exp]i5ce s5sations j z unpleasant z ^? already m5tion$2 = evaporation f our bodies w\ld proce$ at su* a rate1 t we w\ld soon be p>*$4 ,x is to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy ( dry air t ! ,am]icans are 9 ! habit ( plac+ a small vessel ( wat] on _! /oves1 by :i* contrivance a quantity ( vap\r is diffus$ ?r\gh ! ap>tm5t1 suffici5t to balance ! loss f ! arid w>m? ( ! fire4 #ab ,x is to secure equality ( temp]ature t ! ,spani% flocks are twice 9 ! ye> expos$ to ! haz>d ( an ov]l& j\rney ( #djj miles1 t !y may pass ! summ] 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! nor?1 & ! w9t] 9 ! s\!rn pla9s4 ,t an equable temp]ature is only to be obta9$ by dra9+ & cle>+ a m>%y & wood$ c\ntry1 is suffici5tly au!nticat$4 ,9 ! ?ickly wood$ & swampy t]ritories ( ,guiana1 ra9 falls cont9ually dur+ ne>ly eight mon?s ( ! ye>2 & ! cold is s int5se1 t fires are necess>y 9 ! h\ses ?r\gh\t ! night4 ,b 9 ,cay5ne & its neighb\rhood1 :i* 7 cle>$ ( wood ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 ! increase ( temp]ature is n[ s great1 t dur+ ! night ! p are annoy$ by ! w>m?1 & ! ra9s are nei!r s frequ5t nor s heavy z 9 ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,p>is & ,quebec are ne>ly "u ! same latitude2 yet ! air ( ! latt] is mu* cold] ?an t ( ! =m]1 evid5tly f its be+ surr\nd$ by =e/s s d5se & umbrage\s1 t sun & w9d are alike d5i$ access to ! e>?4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a cle>$ & an uncle>$ c\ntry1 9 reg>d to wool1 is well illu/rat$1 by contra/+ ,nor? ,am]ica1 its heavy woods & /agnant atmosph]e1 ) ! ?9ly timb]$ surface & con/antly r5ovat$ air ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t ,canada has be5 enabl$ to compete ) ,brita9 9 ! article ( wool1 & t ! %eep1 :i* 7 ( ! co>se/ k9d1 h be5 s improv$ z to d away ) ! prejudices aga9/ _! mutton4 ,au/ralia1 on ! o!r h&1 has1 f its e>lie/ colonization1 figur$ z a %eep-re>+ c\ntry ( ! fir/ importance2 & no?+ has conduc$ s mu* to ?is z its fre$om f closely plant$ trees1 by ! abs5ce ( :i* ! settl] is enabl$ at once to /ock 8 f>m ) ! be/ ( %eep4 ,nature1 9 fact1 c\ld nev] h int5d$ %eep to pa/ure 9 a wood$ c\ntry1 z is cle>ly ev9c$ by _! coat1 to :i* e ?+ 9 ! %ape ( bu% or tree is 9 ! highe/ degree inimical4 7#ge47 ,geographical limits ( ! ,%eep4--,e plant & animal has c]ta9 geographical limits1 out ( :i* x _c exi/4 ,) ! exception ( man & ! dog1 no animal has a wid] range ?an ! %eep1 ext5d+ z x does f ,icel& almo/ to ! equator1 & f a few degrees s\? ( t to ! pol> extremity ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b ?\gh exi/+ "u s great a v>iety ( exposures1 x mu/ n be inf]r$ t x c come to p]fection 9 !m all4 ,on ! contr>y1 x r delights 9 ! temp]ate zones1 & c evid5tly only be rais$ to its highe/ po9t ( excell5ce 9 ! c\ntries ( ! v9e4 ,! we/]n p>ts ( cont95ts produce bett] %eep ?an ! ea/]n1 & ! s\!rn hemisph]e bett] ?an ! nor!rn2 z 9 ! =m] situations ! temp]ature is m ne>ly equable ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,! same may be said ( m>itime di/ricts1 z comp>$ ) su* z are inl&4 ,temp]ature is affect$ 9 ! same way by elevation z by nor!rn or s\!rn position--! mean heat dim9i%+ 9 ! same ratio :5 asc5d+ a m\nta91 z 9 rec$+ f ! equator4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,humboldt comp>$ ! e>? to two m\nta9s ) _! bases at ! equator1 & _! summits at ! poles4 ,! mean temp]ature1 :5 result+ f ! height ( ! place above ! level ( ! sea1 is at ! same "t influ5c$ by ! nature ( ! aspect1 z we notice 9 ! ,alps1 :]e ! ,glaci] exi/s on ! nor!rn side1 at ! same elevation at :i* ! v9ey>d yields a p]fect fruit ^u ! s\!rn4 7#gf47 ,p>ticul> =ms induc$ by c]ta9 limits4--,! "* :i* a pr$om9ance ( heat1 or cold1 impresses on ! animal z a :ole1 ext5ds also to individual p>ts ( ! body4 ,! %eep ( ,s\? ,africa are1 z all ! _w "k1 rem>kable = ! magnitude ( ! tail1 :i* =ms an imm5se fatty app5dage4 ,! %eep ( ,p]sia1 ,t>t>y1 & ,*9a1 are di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! tail =m+ a d\ble globe ( fat4 ,! ,nor? ( ,europe1 & ,nor? ( ,asia1 are ov]run by a bre$ 9 :i* ! tail is almo/ want+1 :ile t ( ,s\!rn ,russia1 ,india1 & ,gu9ea1 /&s pre-em95t f ! elongation ( ! tail1 &1 9 respect to t ( ! two la/ nam$ places1 also ( ! legs4 7#gg47 ,influ5ce ( vegetation on =m & disposition4--,vegetation influ5ces1 to a great ext5t1 ! =m & disposition ( ! animal4 ,su* *anges may be br\ght ab\t ei!r by ! pl5ty1 or sc>c5ess1 ( ! h]bage2 or by ! nature ( ! c\ntry on :i* t h]bage is produc$4 ,animals f\nd on hilly c\ntries are always widely diff]5t f ^? ( ! pla9s4 ,_! bodies are light1 _! legs long1 & _! habits ( t unquiet k9d :i* r5d]s !m ho/ile to any ?+ l re/ra9t4 ,x is = ^! reasons1 t :5 once a flock atta*es itself to a range ( hills1 & becomes suit$ to ! means ( subsi/5ce1 x may pres]ve itself = ages ap>t f neighb\r+ v>ieties1 & pres5t1 aft] a long s]ies ( ye>s1 ^? qualities 9 _! native purity = :i* x 0 not$ by ! e>lie/ obs]v]s4 ,! %eep ( a level c\ntry are di/+ui%$1 on ! contr>y1 by heavy bodies1 %ort legs1 & easy temp]s4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 con/ruct$ on ,dut* proportions1 & are imbu$1 z a natural consequ5ce1 ) ^? imp]turbable & /eady-go+ habits s *>act]i/ic ( ! bulb\s bottom$ ,holl&]4 ,subdu$ z !y are by ! nature ( _! locality1 !y readily submit to man1 :o tutors !m at w1 & works on !m ^? pr(itable *anges f :i* h orig9at$ our improv$ v>ieties4 ,z connect$ ) ! unquiet dispositions ( hill %eep1 ,i may m5tion ! preval5ce ( a notion1 t dome/icat$ %eep _c by any possibility become wild4 ,f all t ,i h se51 & read1 ,i am l$ to believe1 ?\gh ! %eep1 accord+ to ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,ori5tal philosoph]s1 0 ! fir/ animal dome/icat$1 t :5 at lib]ty x w soon return to its primitive & in/9ctive habits4 ,bonnyca/le1 9 8 "w on ,spani% ,am]ica1 rem>ks1 t %eep are f\nd 9 a /ate ( nature1 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,new ,spa91 hav+ multipli$ to an extraord9>y degree 9 ! wide-spread pla9s1 & savannahs4 ,9 asc5d+ our ,scotti% m\nta9s1 e "o mu/ obs]ve ! /ate bord]+ ^u wildness1 9 :i* ! %eep appe>1 rov+ 9 deta*$ b well-l$ p>ties2 b\nd+ away to ! mo/ inaccessible places on ! approa* ( dang]1 & pe]+ f ! em95ces 9 all ! pride ( scornful indep5d5ce4 ,pr(essor ,blum5ba* at "o "t d\bt$ ! possibility ( dome/ic %eep ev] becom+ wild2 b 8 op9ion 0 *ang$ on p]us+ ! "w ( ,v9c5tius1 :]e !re occurs a rem>kable passage1 9 :i* ,ne>*us1 :5 speak+ ( ! des]t isl& ( ,cataia1 on ! coa/ ( ,c>amania1 says1 t ! inhabitants ( ! neighb\r+ isl&s ye>ly c>ri$ ?i!r %eep1 z (f]+s to ,v5us & ,m]cury1 & t1 9 c\rse ( "t1 !y became wild 9 ! des]ts4#ac ,con/ant att5dance is1 !re=e1 call$ = on ! "p ( man1 to ensure t untr\bl$ reliance on 8 c>e s conducive to ! welf>e ( ! flock1 = ev5 on a tempor>y cessation ( 8 protection1 ^? in/9cts1 :i* c be subdu$ b n eradicat$1 are br\ght into op]ation1 & _! pres5ce w g f> to ret>d ! advancem5t ( ^? qualities1 on ! p]fection ( :i* a pr(it c alone be hop$ =4 #ac ,ed94 ,philosophical ,j\rnal4 7#gh47 ,bre$s requir$ = ,brita94--,( ! num]\s bre$s at pres5t 9 our isl&1 a few only are indisp5sably necess>y = ! cont9uance ( its prosp]ity4 ,^! /&1 accord+ to ,m>%all1 ?us3--,a v long-wooll$ %eep1 z ! ,l9coln%ire1 or ,teeswat]1 = ! ri*e/ grass l&s1 & f9e/ wor/$ manufactures--! ,new ,leice/]1 = less f]tile grass l&1 & = ri* enclos$ arable l&1 on :i* ! fold is n us$2 int5d$ to supply co>s] wor/$1 /ock+s1 co>se clo?s1 blankets1 & c>pets--a middle-wooll$ bre$1 z ! ,wilt%ire1 ! ,norfolk1 or ! ,s\?d[n1 = arable l&s on :i* fold+ is practis$1 & = clo?s ( middle qualities--a f9e-wooll$1 z ! ,ryel&1 = ! f9e/ clo?s2 & a h>dy race = hea?y m\nta9s4 ,"s argue1 & rightly1 t only ?ree bre$s are necess>y = ,scotl&1 inasmu* z only ?ree are requir$ by ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,scotl& may be reg>d$1 9 an agricultural po9t ( view1 z divid$ into highl&1 upl&1 & pla94 ,! highl& consi/s ( primitive rocks1 cov]$ by peaty soil & hea?1 on :i* ^! indefatigable glean]s1 ! black-fac$ %eep1 alone c ga9 a subsi/5ce4 ,! upl& is =m$ by ! transition s]ies ( rocks1 cov]$ ) grass2 & to x ! ,*eviots appe> indig5\s4 ,! pla9 is =m$ by alluvial deposits1 cov]$ ) ri* pa/ure1 & capable ( support+ races ( l>ge %eep1 z ! ,leice/]s4 ,%eep are ! only k9d ( live-/ock :i* ought to be kept 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts1 especially :5 gre5 crop _c be cultivat$4 ,%eep-f>m+ mu/ necess>ily prevail 9 ! ,highl&s1 :]e !re are few tracts suit$ = ! pa/urage ( black cattle3 ,! value ( its adaptation to ! natural circum/ances ( t di/rict is prov$ by ! rapid progress :i* x made1 & ! pr(its :i* result$ to ! individuals ) :om x orig9at$4 ,places :i* =m]ly 7 n ( ! slighte/ utility1 n[ yield$ heavy r5ts4 ,! spots among ! m\nta9s1 susceptible ( cultivation1 7 f\nd to be advantage\sly kept 9 grass1 to s]ve z pa/ure = ! flock dur+ ! rig\r ( w9t]1 & x 0 well asc]ta9$ t m ?an d\ble r5t might be paid by /ock+ ) %eep 9 pref]5ce to cattle4 ,! ,di%ley %eep are excell5t specim5s ( :at may be done ) ! =m ( an animal1 :5 ! endeav\rs ( ! bre$] are second$ by a pa/ure suitable = ! int5d$ bre$4 ,!y are admirably adapt$1 z e bre$ ought to be1 to ! soil & situation :]e !y 7 call$ into exi/5ce2 & _! crosses are n[ spread ov] mo/ "p ( ! c\ntry2 pr9cipally ! corn di/ricts1 z !y are suppos$ to be ! mo/ pr(itable k9d on f>ms :]e ! be/ tillage crops are comb9$ ) ! fatt5+ ( live/ock1 ?\gh ,m>%all supposes !y w only be reckon$ pr(itable s long z o!r bre$s ( long-wooll$ %eep rema9 ) ?9 *9es1 & loose mutton2 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re are pl5ty ( k9ds :i* w\ld prove equal1 if n sup]ior1 to ! pres5t1 if !y only receiv$ ! same /udi$ att5tion4 7#gi47 ,v>i$ nature ( ! food ( ,%eep4--,%eep w take1 sometimes f *oice1 sometimes f necessity1 to food ( a directly opposite nature to :at !y h be5 us$4 ,! mutton1 says ! ,rev4 ,george ,l[1 writ+ ( ,orkney1 is "h 9 g5]al b ord9>y1 ow+ to ! %eep fe$+ mu* on sea-w>e1 to procure :i* ^! creatures %[ a wond]ful sagacity1 = no soon] has ! tide ( ebb begun to run1 b !y1 ?\gh at a great di/ance1 imm$iately betake !mselves full spe$1 "o & all1 to ! %ore1 :]e !y cont9ue till x beg9s to fl[4 ,! %eep ( ,icel& are cont5t dur+ sev]e w9t]s to fe$1 & be pres]v$1 on messes ( *opp$ fi%-bones1 be+ all t ! +5uity ( _! ma/]s c provide 9 ! way ( a prec>i\s su/5ance4 ,dur+ ! long cont9uance ( sn[-/orms1 :5 ! h]bage is beyond ! rea* ( _! utmo/ ef=ts1 %eep are kn[n to dev\r ! wool on ea* o!r's backs1 &1 9 "s in/ances to acquire a reli% = ?is unnatural food1 :i* adh]es to !m ?r\gh life4 ,?is1 ?\gh on fir/ ?\ghts h>dly cr$ible1 is sc>cely m wond]ful ?an ! p>tiality :i* c[s display1 :5 in/igat$ by ! deprav$ appetites creat$ by pregnancy1 = blankets1 & any simil> dome/ic articles :i* may be expos$ to ! gratification ( _! long+s4 ,! ,puruk %eep ( ,ladusk1 9 ! ,himalaya m\nta9s1 is1 z describ$ by ,mr ,moorecraft1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society1 9 respect to ! v>i$ nature ( its food1 a mo/ rem>kable animal4 ,! ,puruk %eep1 if p]mitt$1 ?ru/s its head into ! cook+ pot1 picks up crumbs1 is eag] to dr9k ! rema9s ( a cup ( bro?1 & exam9e ! h& ( its ma/] = b>ley1 fl\r1 or a cleanly pick$ bone1 :i* x disda9s n to nibble2 a leaf ( lettuce1 a peel+ ( turnip1 ! sk9 ( ! apricot1 give a luxury2 & ! indu/ry is indefatigable ) :i* ?is animal detects1 & appropriates sub/ances1 s m9ute & un9vit+ z w\ld be unse5 & neglect$ by ord9>y %eep2 p]haps ! dog ( ! cottag] is n s completely dome/icat$ z x is4 ,t ,mr ,moorecraft is correct 9 ?is /atem5t ( its omnivor\s prop5sities1 !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt1 z any f>m] c te/ify f :at he has se5 ( lambs re>$ by *ildr5 = amusem5t4 ,! celebrat$ ,john ,hunt] %[$1 t a pigeon might be made to live on fle%1 & t its /oma* became adapt$ to ! nature ( ?is food3 & ,i h some:]e read ( a %eep1 :i*1 aft] be+ long on %ip-bo>d1 & accu/om$1 f sc>city ( vegetables1 to an animal diet1 c\ld nev] aft] be prevail$ ^u to take to grass4 ,nor ne$ ^! circum/ances excite surprise1 s9ce ! food ( e liv+ creature is1 = a c]ta9 p]iod at ! comm5cem5t ( exi/5ce1 limit$ to su* z is purely animal4 ,b to keep to our subject4 ,^? 9 ! habit ( op5+ ! /oma*s ( %eep1 mu/ h rem>k$ ! erod$ appe>ance :i* ! inn] coat occasionally pres5ts4 ,?is ph5om5on is ow+ to ! action ( ! ga/ric juice1 :i*1 if compet5t to turn at once f ! food ) :i* x is m+l$ to attack ! texture :i* has secret$ x1 w also be1 dur+ life1 capable ( dige/+ ) tol]able ease1 su* dead animal matt] z may be br\ght into contact ) x4 ,9 reg>d to vegetable food1 !y w1 :5 necess>y1 dev\r su* z is ev5 ( an acrid nature1 & calculat$ to poison any animals b !mselves4 ,?unb]g1 :ile 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 frequ5tly notic$ %eep eat+1 ) impunity1 ! ,mortimia acris1 ! ,rhus lucidum1 & ! ,lycium afrum1 :i* are all ( a poison\s nature2 &1 9 ?is c\ntry1 hemlock is kn[n to be q innocu\s to %eep4 ,:at is poison to "o animal (t5 con/itutes a :olesome food = o!rs1 & t :i* w1 :5 giv5 9 imm$iate l>ge doses1 de/roy an animal1 w1 :5 tak5 9 a gradually-increas+ all[ance1 prove extremely salut>y4 7#hj47 ,influ5ce ( ! food on ! quality ( ,mutton4--,diet has a p[]ful influ5ce on ! con/itu5ts ( ! body4 ,a rank succul5t pa/ure ta9ts ! fle%1 or r5d]s x insipid & unpleasant1 :ile a dry aromatic h]bage communicates a delightful flav\r1 & enables p v]s$ 9 ! pleasures ( ! table easily to discrim9ate betwe5 turnip-f$ & grass-f$ mutton2 & aga91 betwe5 ! latt]1 & t :i* has sp5t its exi/5ce on ! hills4 ,9 ,t\*wood's ,syllabus ( ,cul9>y ,lectures1 app5d$ to ! ,cook & ,h\sewive's ,manual1 by ,mi/ress ,dods1 we are briefly in=m$1 t ! black-fac$1 or %ort-%eep1 are be/ = ! table1 ?\gh m dep5ds on ! pa/ure ?an ! bre$4 ,m1 9 fact1 dep5d+ on fe$+ & managem5t1 ?an on ! v>iety ( ! animal1 ?\gh ?is ( c\rse is n to be neglect$4 ,a notion has be5 advanc$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 t artificial pa/ures are less nutriti\s ?an natural ones1 & t ! animals :i* are rais$ ^u !m are1 consequ5tly1 ( a lax] fibre1 & ! fle% less :olesome1 z well z less sav\ry4 ,?is1 ,i h no d\bt1 is p]fectly correct1 z _m diseases may be trac$ to su* improp] food1 & :at is calculat$ to produce 9 "s cases actual disease1 _c fail to prove at all times capable ( ret>d+ ! advancem5t ( ! animal4 ,^! s(t succul5t pa/ures appe> n to be positively poison\s1 b to be negatively s f _! defici5cy 9 sal9e matt]2 ! rapid gr[? ( ! plant prev5t+ ! elim9ation & absorption1 ( _m ( ^! +r$i5ts ) :i* ! soil ab\nds4 ,?is is prov$ by ! great] necessity :i* exi/s = ! use ( salt 9 ! food ( ! h]bivor\s animals ( hot climates1 ?an 9 t ( su* z inhabit temp]ate1 or cold latitudes2 vegetation be+ 9 ! =m] m rapid 9 its details1 & 9 c]ta9 /ates ( ! atmosph]e hurri$ 9 ! extreme1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! process proce$s ) t leisure :i* enables ! plant to make good ! measure ( its con/itu5ts1 z x increases 9 size4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica x is well kn[n1 t1 at c]ta9 seasons1 ! wild animals make eag]ly = ! salt licks2 &1 foll[+ up ?is h9t1 ! settl]s easily induce _! ox5 to keep ne> _! dwell+s1 by s]v+ !m p]iodically ) salt4 ,:5 ! wild cattle ( ,s\? ,am]ica _h greatly increas$1 x 0 discov]$ t !y c\ld n exi/ unless !y _h access to /reams :i* _h acquir$ bracki% p>ticles f ! soil4 ,if salt1 9 places devoid ( x1 0 n furni%$ to !m by man1 !y became /unt$1 unfruitful1 & ! h]ds soon disappe>$4 ,ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! free use ( salt is f\nd to be highly b5eficial to our dome/ic animals1 prev5t+ ! occurr5ce ( _m ( ^? diseases :i* are o!rwise sure to foll[ ! use ( food su* z is m5tion$ above1 & ensur+ t s\nd heal? :i* is s conducive to ! accumulation ( fat4 7#ha47 ,diff]5ces 9 ! quality ( ,mutton4--,i %all n[ ent] a little into ! mann] 9 :i* ! quality ( ! fle% may be affect$1 & ! me?ods ( judg+ ( ! diff]5t /ates or conditions1 9 :i* x may be f\nd "u v>i\s circum/ances2 premis+ t x requires mu* exp]i5ce1 to enable a p]son to pron\nce ) confid5ce1 z to ! value ( ! muscul> p>ts1 f ! inspection ( a liv+ animal3--,! fle% ( diff]5t specim5s ( ! same animal1 v>ies n s mu* f bre$ or desc5t1 z f age1 fe$+1 & ex]cise4 ,t ( ! "y is s(t & gelat9\s1 ! fibres be+ small1 weak1 & mu* int]sp]s$ ) a sub/ance t]m$1 f its loose appe>ance1 cellul> tissue4 ,?is tissue exhibits 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! muscles 7lay]s ( fle%7 small masses ( delicate fat4 ,! great] bulk ( ! latt] is situat$ imm$iately b5ea? ! sk91 & occasions t beautiful rotundity s mu* admir$ 9 *ildr54 ,z ! animal advances 9 life1 ! fibres become firm]1 l>g]1 & m approximat$1 ! cellul> tissue disappe>s to a great ext5t1 ! fat %ifts f ! outw>d to ! inw>d p>ts1 all[+ ! outl9e ( ! muscles to be di/9ctly se51 b giv+ at ! same "t to ! figure t portly symptom ( good keep+1 s unpleasant to ! eye :5 c>ri$ to ! ext5t ( ,ald]manic dignity4 ,all ^! appe>ances are1 h[ev]1 v>i$ by ex]cise1 :i* t5ds1 9 a m>k$ degree1 to increase ! muscul> p>ts at ! exp5se ( ! fat--! =m] becom+1 :5 employ$ )9 prop] limits1 l>ge1 & unyield+ to ! t\*1 :ile at ! same "t ! col\r is height5$ f a pale or purple hue1 to ! bright v]milion s ju/ly reli$ ^u by h\sewives1 z a gu>antee = ! sup]ior qualities ( ! article4 ,! wild horses 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ,indian diet1 are said by ^! epicures to be mu* improv$ = ! table by g5tle lab\r1 & to be q on a p> :5 ?us c>$ =1 ) "s ( our be/ beef4 ,?is plan is1 h[ev]1 only pursu$ = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! fle% ( _! horses mod]ately firm2 b :]e an opposite effect is desir$ x is readily1 ?\gh cruelly1 produc$ by putt+ ! animal to a l+]+ dea?2 examples ( :i* practice are to be met ) 9 ! annals ( mo/ civiliz$ nations2 z 9 ! ,g]man mode ( :ipp+ pigs1 & ! ,engli% cu/om ( bait+ bulls2#ad bo? t5d+ to ! same end1 by s exhau/+ vital contractibility z to prev5t its la/ & fa9t display 9 ! /iff5+ ( ! c>cass4 #ad ,by ! old ,engli% law1 no bull beef c\ld be sold unless ! bull _h be5 bait$4 ,m>%all1 :o t\*es v slightly on ! subject1 says1 ,! fle% ( %eep :5 slaught]$ is well kn[n to be ( v>i\s qualities3 "s is compos$ ( l>ge co>se gra9s1 int]sp]s$ ) wide empty pores1 l a sponge2 o!rs ( l>ge gra9s1 ) wide pores fill$ ) fat2 o!rs ( f9e close gra9s ) small] pores fill$ ) fat2 & a f\r? ( close gra9s )\t any mixture ( fatness4 ,! fle% ( %eep :5 dress$ is equally well kn[n to possess a v>iety ( qualities3 "s mutton is co>se1 dry1 & insipid1--a dry sponge af=d+ little or no gravy ( any col\r4 ,ano!r sort is some:at firm]1 imp>t+ a light-col\r$ gravy only4 ,a ?ird plump1 %ort1 & palatable1 af=d+ a mixture ( :ite & r$ gravy4 ,a f\r? likewise plump1 & well-flav\r$1 b dis*>g+ r$ gravy only1 & ?is 9 v>i\s quantities4 ,x is likewise obs]vable t "s mutton1 :5 dress$1 appe>s cov]$ ) a ?ick1 t\gh1 p>*m5t-l integum5t2 o!rs ) a membrane comp>atively f9e & flexible4 ,?is membrane ought to be r ?9 ?an ?ick1 z1 :5 ( ! latt] texture1 y may safely affirm t ! animal 0 ag$4 ,loos5ess is reckon$ a bad quality ( ! fle% ( %eep dur+ life1 z indicat+ a co>se-gra9$ por\s mutton1 & z equally exceptionable ) t ( h>dness3 :ile mell[ness1 & firmness1 are mu* to be desir$1 z =m+ a happy mixture1 deem$ by "s ! po9t ( p]fection4 ,! t5d5cy to become fat at an e>ly age1 ?\gh a valuable "o 9 "s po9ts1 is n s 9 o!rs4 ,premature decay is always ! result1 %[+ ) c]ta9ty t a heal?y action has n be5 go+ on4 ,an animal :5 load$ ) fat _c be look$ ^u o!rwise ?an z 9 a diseas$ /ate1 & liable to emb>assm5t ( _m organs1 especially ( ! he>t & bra94 ,sudd5 dea? on any hurri$ ex]tion is f> f r>e1 & life1 f ! difficulty ( enjoy+ x1 is any ?+ b desirable4 7#hb47 ,abuses 9 ,fe$+4--,! cu/om ( ov]-fe$+ 0 c>ri$ to an absurd ext5t on ! promulgation ( ,bakewell's me?od1 no?+ less be+ aspir$ to ?an ! glory ( lay+ sev5 or eight in*es ( fat on ! ribs ( %eep4 ,?is folly h[ev] _h its day3 ! ridicul\s p>ts ( ! sy/em h to a great ext5t disappe>$1 :ile att5tion to ! production ( an increas$ quantity ( mutton1 )\t too great an abundance ( fat1 has rema9$ to prove to ! _w ! value ( ! b5efits :i* ! ,engli% f>m] conf]r$ ^u 8 c\ntry4 ,ov]gr[n %eep are inde$ good = no?+ save 9 ! words ( ,meg ,dods1 to obta9 premiums at cattle %[s1 & deluge dripp+-pans ) liquid fat2 & 9 ?is e "o w agree1 except+ always bo>d+-s*ool cooks1 & o!rs :o dep5d = _! pr9cipal p]quisites on ! ov]-roa/+ ( oily meat6 ,! fat1 ?\gh n reckon$ z (fal 9 ! slaught]-h\se1 w spe$ily %[ itself z su* 9 ! kit*51 by ! wa/e dur+ ! cook+ process1 ev5 9 ,engl& :]e fat meat is s mu* admir$2 & x is surely absurd to pay ! price ( good mutton = tall[1 :5 if ! latt] 7 really want$1 x c\ld be procur$ at a *eap] rate by itself1 ?an :5 =m+ "p ( a de> commodity4 ,! only way 9 :i* ov]-fat meat c at all be reckon$ pr(itable1 is 9 its application to ! wants ( ! work+ classes1 ^: bodily lab\r enables !m to enjoy :at w\ld to o!rs prove displeas+ 9 ! extreme1 & to dige/ & assimilate ) ease1 food :i* to ! sons ( slo? w\ld prove a poison4 ,s f> z ^! wants h be5 suppli$1 ! attempt ( ,bakewell has be5 att5d$ ) ! happie/ results1 z he & 8 disciples h plac$ by _! well-sp5t ex]tions mu* good food )9 ! rea* ( ! poor] classes1 :i* !y mu/ o!rwise h gone )\t2 :ile 9 _m in/ances x has driv5 bacon f ! m>ket1 be+ a *eap] & m palatable commodity1 :i* _c b contribute to ! heal? ( ! p1 see+ ! cont9u$ use ( salt$ meat is calculat$ to injure ! body1 & r5d] x liable to _m diseases4 ,m>%all rem>ks1 t fat1 l *>ity1 cov]s a multitude ( faults3 & he is "r1 = an ill-%ap$ animal if well f$1 has all its angles spe$ily effac$1 & if its ugl9ess has n am\nt$ to absolute de=mity1 x acquires t rotundity ( cont\r s pleas+ to ! eye1 & s apt to mislead u4 ,! rapidity is v>i\s ) :i* animals take on fat1 mu* dep5d+ on h]$it>y pr$isposition1 & ! nature ( ! food2 & mu* also on ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & quiet habits2 a moi/ & r w>m air t5d+ greatly to ! advancem5t ( ! process1 "s birds becom+ fat 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( wet wea!r4 ,*ildr5 t h be5 emaciat$ by diseases (t5 resume _! orig9al plump condition 9 a few days2 & animals t h be5 fami%$1 z hogs1 aft]w>ds fatt5 v rapidly4 ,mod]ate & repeat$ ble$+s1 mild f>9ace\s diet1 & emasculation conjo9$1 t5d to ! repletion ( ! body1 & to ! spe$y deposition ( fat2 yet x w\ld appe>1 t :5 acquir$ 9 ?is rapid mann]1 x nev] possesses ! value 9 a cul9>y po9t ( view1 t is yield$ to su* z has be5 sl[ly =m$1 :51 z "o may say1 ! wor?less p>ticles h _h "t to be remov$1 & ! rema9+ "p to become a firm & heal?y deposit4 ,x is p>tly ow+ to ?is1 t animals are nev] at _! be/ :5 =c$ to take on fat at an e>ly age1 b are mo/ e/eem$ by ! g\rm& :5 !y1 z 9 ! case ( ! %eep1 h liv$ f ?ree to f\r ye>s4 7#hc47 ,t5d5cy to acquire ,fat4--,a disposition to e>ly obesity1 z well z a t5d5cy to t =m :i* indicates a prop5sity to fatt51 is mat]ially promot$ by a good supply ( ri* food1 :ile ! animal is 9 a gr[+ /ate4 ,! ,spani% %eph]ds are s well aw>e ( ?is1 t half ( ! lambs are annually kill$1 t ! survivors may obta9 e indulg5ce 9 ! way ( milk4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 nev] to place animals sudd5ly on food mu* sup]ior 9 fe$+ qualities to :at !y h left4 ,v lean %eep are nev] put to full turnips 9 w9t]1 nor to ri* pa/ures 9 summ]1 b are prep>$ = turnips on good grass l&s1 & kept on second ye>s' leys1 & aft]w>ds giv5 a mod]ate all[ance ( turnips if !y are to be fatt$ on pa/ures4 ,x is an inv>iable rule ) all good manag]s1 nev] to all[ ?is or any o!r animal1 re>$ solely = ! %ambles1 to lose fle% f its e>lie/ age till x is s5t to ! but*] z m food is necess>y to br+ x to a c]ta9 condition ?an to keep x at x4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,di%leys1 x is cu/om>y to keep all 9 a /ate ( fatness1 except ^? int5d$ = bre$+1 & aft] full fe$+ on turnips dur+ w9t] & spr+1 to f9i% !m on ! fir/ ye>'s clov] e>ly 9 summ]1 :5 ! prices ( meat are usually ! highe/2 s t ?is v>iety is always fit = m>ket at eighte5 mon?s1 :ile ! ,highl& bre$s1 ?\gh prep>$ by means ( turnips1 a ye> at lea/1 soon] ?an 9 =m] times1 d n usually g to ! %ambles till f ?ree to f\r ye>s old4 7#hd47 ,frequ5t *ange ( ,pa/ure necess>y4--,%eep ought nev] to be p]mitt$ to rema9 too long on "o pa/ure3--,great b5efit w be d]iv$ f _! removal f "t to "t to diff]5t p>ts ev5 ( ! same f>m1 by :i* arrangem5t a *ange ( h]bage w be ensur$4 ,no animal c be kept = any l5g? ( "t 9 heal?1 if re/rict$ to "o unv>y+ r\t9e ( diet4 ,?is has be5 satisfactorily prov$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,maj5die1 :o f\nd t heal? c\ld n be su/a9$ on "o or ev5 two k9ds ( food beyond ! ?irtie? day4 ,n[1 ?\gh su* imm$iate injury _c result to a flock f ret5tion on a p>ticul> pa/ure1 ow+ to ! v>iety ( su/5ance be+ consid]able1 yet proportional h>m w ensue suffici5t to induce u n to repeat ! risk4 ,nature1 ! be/ ( guides 9 all t relates to ! protection ( h] creatures1 is no :]e m po9t$ 9 h] directions ?an on ?is head4 ,a necessity = a v>iety ( food1 & a desire to secure x1 are implant$ 9 ! disposition ( e animal2 & :]e is ! creature m prone to ext5sive rambles ?an ! %eep8 ,we limit x to a paltry pa/ure-gr\nd ( roods & acres1 b does x n %[1 by its det]m9ation to transgress our b>ri]s1 t su* is n ! treatm5t nature has design$ = x8 ,!re is some?+ m ?an wildness ( "*1 & re/less disposition1 9 ! p[]ful attempts x cont9ually makes to defy our artificial b\nd>ies4 ,!re is 9 ^! ef=ts a long+ = fre% fields & o!r h]bage1 an in/9ctive feel+ t all is n z x ought to be2 & yet we att5d n to ! h9t6 ,no?+ w conduce s mu* to ! heal? ( ! %eep1 & to ! spe$y tak+ on ( fat1 z ! frequ5t %ift+ ( ! flock4 ,disease w d\btless /ill affect ! animals1 b illness w be r>e1 & mortality dim9i%$1 if by ! c>e ( _! rul]s1 !y are enabl$ to obta9 :at in/9ct tells !m is ! be/ ( m$ic9e4 7#he47 ,v>ieties induc$ by app>5tly trivial causes4--,surr\nd$ 9 a civiliz$ /ate1 by all t c m9i/] to ! supply ( wants1 :e!r real or suppos$1 man is n on t acc\nt to be imag9$ z always s situat$4 ,look to savage nations1 & rem>k _! de/itute condition1 _! dep5d5ce on ! unc]ta9 proce$s ( ! *ase1 & _! reliance on modes ( agriculture z unpr(itable z !y are unmatur$4 ,c\ntries !re are c]ta9ly to be f\nd1 :]e ! elem5ts ( temp]ature1 are s =tunately balanc$ & comb9$ z to produce only good effects1 & 9 :i* ! rude inhabitants reap ! fruits ( a spontane\s pl5ty2 b ^! =m only a small proportion ( ! globe1 & 9 mo/ regions man mu/ give 8 unceas+ endeav\rs to ! cultivation ( a plant or animal1 be=e he c raise x f ! m9iature condition 9 :i* he f9ds x1 to su* a size & ri*ness z w satisfy 8 wants4 ,nor ne$ we g f> = illu/rations4 ,! crab has be5 trans=m$ into ! apple1 & ! sloe into ! plum4 ,none ( our c]eal grasses1 z n[ cultivat$1 are to be met ) 9 a wild /ate2 !y h evid5tly be5 br\ght to _! pres5t fulness by ! c>e ( ages4 ,! r$ cabbage & ! caulifl[] are ! alt]$ desc5dants ( a widely diff]5t sea-side plant4 ,! diff]5t races ( cabbages are examples ( a wond]ful deviation f ! natural type1 & !y all require mu* nicety 9 cultivation to prev5t !m assum+ ! *>act]s ( ! orig9al /ock1 z1 :5 p]mitt$ to gr[ wild1 especially on a /]ile soil z t ( ! sea coa/1 !y are sure 9 no long "t to become exact c\nt]p>ts ( _! orig9als4 ,cultivation1 also1 ?\gh tak5 9 r a diff]5t s5se1 influ5ces to a great ext5t ! =m & features ( animals4 ,9 pro( ( ?is may be adduc$ ! diff]5ces t exi/ betwe5 diff]5t ranks ( inhabitants 9 almo/ all c\ntries4 ,buffon says1 t 9 ,france y may di/+ui% by _! aspect n only ! nobles f ! peasantry1 b ! sup]ior ord]s ( nobility f ! inf]ior--^! f citiz5s1 & citiz5s f peasants4 ,! ,african field-slaves 9 ,am]ica1 are extremely diff]5t f ! dome/ic s]vants ( ! =m] nation1 reta9+ z !y d _! orig9al peculi>ities f poor liv+ & degrad+ duties2 :ile ! latt] h ne>ly approa*$ to ! habits & modes ( ?9k+ ( _! ma/]s1 f liv+ ) !m1 & be+ well treat$ "u ! same ro(4 ,! ,s\? ,sea isl&]s1 says ,dr ,elliotson1 :o appe> to be all ( "o family1 v>y accord+ to _! degree ( cultivation4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s1 = example1 are savages1 & *iefly black2 ! ,new ,holl&]s half civiliz$1 & *iefly tawny2 ! ,fri5dly isl&]s are m advanc$1 & n q s d>k2 sev]al are light] ?an olive col\r1 & hundr$s ( ,european faces are f\nd among !m4 ,inde$ ! examples are almo/ endless :i* ,i c\ld br+ =w>d to aid my explanations2 b ^! x w\ld be ne$less to give1 s9ce x is 9 ! p[] ( e "o to /udy ! diff]5ces 9 =m & features ( ! classes ( society 9 our own isl&1 & by s do+ und]/& ! influ5ce ( o!rwise trivial & unimportant circum/ances1 on an animal at all times s easily m\ld$ to situation z ! %eep4 7#hf47 ,v>ieties f mode ( ,bre$+4--,*anges are wr\ght = ! mo/ "p by att5tion to ! mode ( propagation ( ! plant or animal1 by ! plan ( cross+2 & by c>eful selection ( ! p>5t /ock4 ,e "o mu/ be /ruck ) ! v>ieties con/antly occurr+ 9 ! vegetable _w3 ,fl[]s *ange _! col\rs1 & become d\ble2 & ^! *>act]s c be p]petuat$ by se$4 ,h$ge-r[ plants may be obs]v$ to v>y ev5 9 ! limits ( an ord9>y walk1 & to be cont9u$ z v>ieties s long z !y rema9 9 ! same locality4 ,! foll[+ /rik+ example ( ! ext5t to :i* plants may be made to v>y by alt]+ _! circum/ances1 is relat$ by ,mr ,h]b]t 9 ! ,horticultural ,transactions1 vol4 iv3--,i rais$ f ! natural se$ ( an umbel ( a highly manur$ r$ c[slip1 a primrose1 a c[slip1 oxlips ( ! usual & o!r col\rs1 a black polyan?us1 a hose-9-hose c[slip1 & a natural primrose be>+ its fl[] on a polyan?us /alk4 ,f ! se$ ( t v hose-9-hose c[slip1 ,i h s9ce rais$ a hose-9-hose primrose4 ,i !re=e consid] all ^! to be only local v>ieties1 dep5d+ ^u soil & situation4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 says ,buffon 7writ+ 9 #agdi71 our pot-h]bs consi/$ ( a s+le species ( succory1 & two ( lettuce1 bo? v bad2 b we h n[ m ?an fifty k9ds ( lettuce & succory1 all ( :i* are good4 ,our be/ fruits & nuts1 :i* are s diff]5t f ^? =m]ly cultivat$ t !y h no resemblance b 9 ! "n1 mu/ likewise be ref]r$ to a v mod]n date4 ,9 g5]al1 sub/ances rema91 & names *ange ) times3 b 9 ?is case names rema91 & sub/ances are *ang$4 ,our pea*es1 our apricots1 our pe>s1 are new productions ) anci5t names4 ,to remove e d\bt ^u ?is subject1 we h only to comp>e our fl[]s & fruits ) ! descriptions1 or r notices ( !m transmitt$ to u by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,all _! fl[]s 7 s+le1 & all _! fruit-trees 7 wild /ocks1 & _! species v ill-*os54 ,_! fruits ( c\rse1 7 small1 dry1 s\r1 & _h nei!r ! flav\r nor ! beauty ( ours4 ,^! new & good species orig9ally sprung f ! wild k9ds2 b h[ _m times h _! se$s be5 s[n be=e ?is happy effect 0 produc$8 ,x 0 only by s[+ & re>+ an inf9ite numb] ( vegetables ( ! same species1 t "s individuals 7 recogniz$ to be> bett] & m succul5t fruit ?an o!rs2 & ?is fir/ discov]y1 :i* supposes mu* c>e & obs]vation1 w\ld h rema9$ = ev] useless if a second _h n be5 made1 :i* implies an equal degree ( g5ius z ! fir/ requir$ ( pati5ce--,i mean ! mode ( multiply+ by engraft+ ^? preci\s individuals :i* un=tunately _c propagate or transmit _! excell5t qualities to _! po/]ity4 99 99 99 ,9 ! animal k+dom1 mo/ ( ^? qualities :i* appe> to be individual are propagat$ & transmitt$ 9 ! same mann] z _! specific qualities4 ,x 0 !re=e m easy = man to h influ5ce ^u ! nature ( animals ?an ^u t ( vegetables4 ,p>ticul> races 9 any species ( animals1 are only con/ant v>ieties1 :i* are p]petuat$ by g5]ation4 ,b 9 ! vegetable k+dom !re are no races1 no v>ieties s con/ant z to be p]petuat$ by reproduction4 ,9 ! species ( ! h5 & pigeon1 a great numb] ( races h be5 v lately produc$1 all ( :i* propagate _! k9ds4 ,9 o!r species1 we daily re> & improve races by cross+ ! bre$s4 7#hg47 ,bre$+ 9-&-94--,?\gh !re are sev]al me?ods pursu$ by bre$]s = ! improvem5t ( flocks1 ! "o mo/ 9 vogue is1 t ( *oos+ individuals ( ! same family1 & bre$+ 9-&-94 ,x is h[ev] a plan requir+1 = ! safety ( ! flock1 ei!r v great skill 9 select+ ! males & females1 or only to be foll[$ to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,no subject ev] call$ =? s mu* r&om controv]sy1 & no evil has ev] s cle>ly %[n itself z su*2 yet x is only rec5tly1 t p h op5$ ! intellectual eye to ! dang]s ( a practice1 aga9/ :i* ! able/ p5s 7 long & va9ly blunt$4 ,! object ( bre$+ 9-&-9 is to /r5g!n good qualities & get rid ( bad ones1 z spe$ily z possible2 & x is pla91 t if we happ5 to select animals ) slight imp]fections1 ^! imp]fections w become h]$it>y1 & w g on assum+ a worse & worse type till ! bre$ be de/roy$4 ,culley1 h[ev]1 0 ( op9ion1 t less risk is run by bre$+ 9-&-9 ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 & in/ances ! wild cattle 9 ,*ill+ham ,p>k1 9 ! c\nty ( ,nor?umb]l&1 :i*1 hav+ be5 conf9$ = sev]al hundr$ ye>s )\t int]mixture1 mu/ h br$ f ! ne>e/ aff9ities1 & yet are j z !y 7 five hundr$ ye>s s9ce4 ,) all due def]5ce1 h[ev]1 to ! op9ion ( ! late ,mr ,culley1 ,i mu/ ass]t1 t ,i _c p]ceive 9 :at mann] wild cattle c be made to illu/rate ! case 9 po9t1 z x mu/ be evid5t1 t animals 9 a /ate ( nature diff] ess5tially f ^? 9 *>ge ( man1 9 reg>d to ! propagation ( infirmities1 z ! =m]1 if born ) a radical defect1 w1 t5 to "o1 nev] see ! age :i* suits !m = reproduction2 :ile ! latt]1 f ! c>e be/[$ ^u !m1 w1 ev5 :5 v delicate1 9 _m in/ances be bol/]$ up till !y h entail$ ^u po/]ity an accumulation ( _! already aggravat$ maladies4 ,! sy/em ( bre$+ 9-&-9 proves1 9 fact1 z de/ructive to flocks1 z m>riages ( ne> relations to ! human k9d4 ,we w\ld n witness an e-day entailm5t ( diseases1 if p w\ld =ego _! unnatural love ( money1 & cease _! endeav\rs to keep x 9 ! family1 by =m+ matrimonial alliances ) ^? :o are ne> ( k94 ,! law ( ,god =bids u to w$ ^? :o /& 9 c]ta9 degrees ( prop9quity2 b1 if we & our desc5dants avail ourselves ( ! limits ( ?is law1 & m>ry on its v]ge a c]ta9 numb] ( times1 mis]y mu/ infallibly be ! lot ev5 ( ! t5? g5]ation2 & in/ead ( be+ fa!rs ( a mighty p1 few & full ( sorr[ w be ! days ( our *ildr52 :ile 9 place ( reta9+ 9 _! possession our d>l+ weal?1 x w1 ere long1 pass into ! h& ( ! /rang]4 7#hh47 ,oppon5ts ( 9-&-9 bre$+4--,diff]5t individuals at v>i\s times1 & 9 widely sep>ate places1 h by _! obs]vations r5d]$ ! crim9al absurdity ( ?is sy/em p]fectly app>5t to all1 :o1 unbias$ by p>ty pr9ciple1 are anxi\s = a k ( ! tru?4 ,a few ( ^! ,i %all m5tion4 ,ezra ,l',homm$ieu1 ,vice-presid5t ( ! ,agricultural ,society ( ,new ,york1 collect$1 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 a great _m obs]vations on ! bre$+ ( %eep1 & came to ! conclusion1 t *ang+ & cross+ ! bre$ ( ! animals is a matt] ( great importance1 9 prev5t+ a dw9dl+ & deg5]acy ( ! flock4 ,dr ,cov5try1 9 8 pamphlet on ,live-,/ock1 gives x z 8 op9ion1 t ,! mo/ p]fect race ( animals may be debas$ by improp] mixture1 or injur$ by improp] treatm5t4 ,indiscrim9ate mat*es 9 bre$+1 & inatt5tive managem5t 9 re>+1 are alike capable ( produc+ a wor?less prog5y4 ,"h ! matt] is made v pla91 f comp>+ an evil1 ! progress ( :i* is insidi\s1 ) ! injuri\s consequ5ces1 :i* ! mo/ unobs]v+ c easily trace to a p>allel neglect4 ,mr ,dick ( ,ed9burgh1 s well kn[n = ! valuable & tru/wor?y in=mation he has accumulat$1 has be5 in=m$ by em95t f>m]s1 t cattle br$ 9-&-91 are v subject to cly]s 9 ! ?roat aft] !y h atta9$ _! fir/ ye>4 ,by cly]s are meant enl>g$ lymphatic gl&s1 :i* are a sure sign ( :at is t]m$ a scr(ul\s habit1 a break+ up ( ! con/itution1 :i*1 ?\gh produc$ by a v>iety ( causes1 is yet frequ5tly ! result ( an owr sib connection4 ,^! are1 ,i may say1 ! accid5tal op9ions ( m5 :o _h no po9t to make good1 9 :i* _! cr$it 0 at all at /ake1 & :o are n endeav\r+ to support ! crude op9ions ( =m] ye>s4 ,= ^! reasons1 !y possess a value :i* ought to give !m a proportional weight 9 an inve/igation l ! pres5t4 ,mr ,bakewell succe$$ 9 br++ 8 %eep to great p]fection z reg>ds =m1 & rapidity ( fatt5+1 by bre$+ 9 ! same family = a great _m ye>s2 b x 0 att5d$ ) consid]able det]ioration 9 ! quality ( ! wool1 & eng5d]$ a liability to disease1 suffici5t to det] any "o f proce$+ a simil> l5g? 9 ! same track1 to :at is s dubi\sly call$ improvem5t4 ,see :at ,mr ,dickson says to ?is effect1 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture4 ,! evil ( bre$+ 9-&-91 or 9 o!r words1 produc+ too great ref9em5t ( tone1 is manife/$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by a t5d]ness ( con/itution2 ! animals n be+ able to )/& ! extremes ( heat & cold1 ra9 & dr\ght4 ,if ! evil is prolong$ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations1 ! =ms ( ! animals become affect$1 ! bone becomes v small1 ! neck droops1 ! sk9 ( ! head becomes tight & scantily cov]$ ) hair1 ! expression ( ! eye indicates extreme s5sibility1 ! hair on ! body becomes ?9 & %ort1 & ! sk9 z ?9 z pap]2 ! po9ts cont9ue good1 & pr$isposition to fatness increases1 b ! :ole c>cass becomes mu* dim9i%$ 9 size1 ?\gh reta9+ its plumpness1 & beautiful symmetry4 ,! evil1 h[ev]1 does n t]m9ate 9 ! production ( ^! symptoms4 ,int]nal diseases ensue1 su* z disorganization ( ! liv]1 or rot1 polypi 9 ! tra*ea1 cly]s1 mal=mation ( ! bones ( ! neck & legs1 & g5]al de=mity4 ,?is position1 h[ev]1 w be /r5g!n$ by draw+ att5tion to insulat$ portions ( our race1 :]e ! effects ( su* a sy/em are exhibit$ on a consid]able scale4 ,! ,memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds 71 at "o "t1 suppos$ to be ( all o!rs ! lea/ subject to insanity2 b ! v rev]se is ! case2 be+1 f ! limit$ nature ( _! sect1 driv5 to frequ5t int]m>riages1 & to a consequ5t det]ioration ( ! mo/ active "p ( ! human frame--! bra94 ,x is = ! same reason1 t almo/ e royal family conta9s a l>ge proportion ( idiots1 or1 at ! be/1 p]sons ( v weak intellect2 &1 su* w cont9ue to occur1 till legislators fall on "s plan ( /rik+ at ! gr\ndwork ( ! mis*ief4 ,if ! laws ( ,god & man def9e to u s cle>ly ! evils ( int]m>ry+ ) relatives2 & if1 z all animals are con/ruct$ on "o gr& plan1 we admit ! proximity ( ! %eep to ! human race1 x foll[s1 t :at is de/ructive1 9 ?is respect1 to ! "o1 is de/ructive to ! o!r2 & t we %\ld seek1 by a ne>ly simil>1 if n wid]1 range ( rules1 to obviate _m ( ^? diseases ( :i*1 :5 "u our protection1 !y are s frequ5tly ! subjects4 7#hi47 ,bre$+ f diff]5t families ( ! same race4--,mr ,culley1 ?\gh believ+ t no great h>m c result f bre$+ 9-&-91 yet appe>s to h 9 a mann] pref]r$ ! pref]able practice ( bre$+ f diff]5t families ( ! same race2 z he1 = _m ye>s1 hir$ 8 rams f ,mr ,bakewell1 at a "t :5 o!r bre$]s 7 pay+ a lib]al price = 8 own valuable animals4 ,?is is ( all me?ods des]v$ly ! be/1 z ! males1 :i* are int]-*ang$1 h always _h %ades ( diff]5ce impress$ ^u !m1 by v>i\s soils & treatm5t1 s t ! defects ( ea* family h a good *ance to be c\nt]act$ by ! p]fections ( ! o!r4 ,by ?is means ! bad po9ts are gradually exhau/$1 & _! valuable prop]ties z gradually height5$4 ,bre$]s h be5 mu* aid$ 9 ! fur!rance ( ?is desirable plan1 by ! re>+ ( sup]ior rams hav+ become1 ( late ye>s1 a sep>ate pursuit4 ,! lett+ ( !m out to di/ant p>ts ( ! c\ntry has long be5 a bran* ( ?is speculation2 diffus+ "s ( ! mo/ valuable po9ts ( p>ticul> bre$s1 & lead+ to a _s ( competition4 ,! practice has be5 reprobat$1 b1 ,i presume1 r ha/ily2 = ) all its att5dant evils1 su* z lead+ to deception1 by :at is t]m$ ! mak+ up ( rams1 x possesses excell5cies :i* w1 ,i hope1 lead to its cont9uance4 7#ij47 ,cross+4-,! only o!r me?od ( improv+ a bre$ is by cross+ two di/9ct races1 "o ( :i* possesses ! prop]ties x is desirable to acquire1 & wants ! defects we wi% to remove4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a measure n to be recomm5d$1 & only to be resort$ to :5 nei!r ( ! o!rs w d2 = x is sc>cely possible to obta9 ! desirable prop]ties )\t at ! same "t imp>t+ qualities suffici5t to neutralize !m2 & ) :i*1 9 fact1 we w\ld r disp5se4 ,to cross1 z ,mr ,cleghorn rem>ks1 any m\nta9 bre$ ) ,leice/] rams1 ) a view to obta9 a prop5sity to fatt5 at an e>ly age1 w\ld be att5d$ ) an enl>gem5t ( size1 :i* ! m\nta9 pa/ure c\ld n support1 & ! prog5y w\ld be a mongrel race1 n suit$ to ! pa/ures ( ei!r ( ! p>5t bre$s4 ,! folly ( su* a proce$+ is beautifully %[n 9 ! failure ( ! attempts made1 "s ye>s ago1 to bett] ! fleece ( ! m\nta9 %eep1 9 ! ,s\? ( ,scotl&4 ,to effect ?is desirable end1 rams 7 br\ght f ! ,*eviot range ( hills1 & ! consequ5ces 71 z describ$ by ,mr ,william ,hogg1 ( ,/obbo1 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 j :at a prelim9>y consid]ation ( ! exi/+ circum/ances w\ld h prov$ to be unavoidable4 ,! indep5d5t habits ( ! m\nta9 flocks 7 lo/1 & a mongrel prog5y1 ( a clumsy figure1 occupi$ ! l[e/ & w>me/ ( ! pa/ures4 ,z !y 7 v improp] subjects to bre$ f1 !y 7 (t5 a drug 9 ! m>ket3 b ! /ore-ma/] _h no o!r res\rce1 b to /ruggle on aga9/ ! opposition :i* ! animal itself made to ! *ange1 &1 also1 aga9/ ! influ5ce ( bad seasons1 9 ord] to get ! influ5ce ( ! ,*eviot bre$ fully e/abli%$4 99 99 99 ,) its %aggy coat ! animal lo/ its bold indep5d5t look1 its /\t %ape1 its unvitiat$ ta/e1 & its s\nd con/itution4 ,a c\rse ( sev]e w9t]s too occurr$ dur+ ! "t ( *ang+1 :ile e prop]ty calculat$ to resi/ privation & fatigue 0 unconfirm$ 9 ! prog5y2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! ravages by rot1 & pov]ty1 among ! flocks t occupi$ s(t pa/ures 7 imm5se4 ,h[ did x happ51 t ! /ore-ma/] _h no o!r res\rce b to p]sev]e 9 an unpr(itable c\rse8 ,0 he oblig$ to /rive aga9/ natural ob/acles1 :i* ev5 a %ort exp]i5ce might h taught him 71 9 t mann]1 insurm\ntable8 ,:y n recur at once to ! old mode ( managem5t1 r ?an injure himself by kick+ aga9/ ! pricks4 ,sundry /ore-ma/]s 7 n aw>e1 says ,mr ,hogg1 t _! old bre$ w\ld s ob/9ately resi/ ! impression ( ! ,*eviot blood1 nor did !y ev] dream t ! mongrel issue w\ld be s easily subdu$ by ! h>d%ips & cold ( w9t]3 ?us f9d+ _! s*eme oppos$1 at po9ts :]e !y anticipat$ little resi/ance1 !y gave up ! exp]im5t ere x 0 half complet$1 & introduc$ m\nta9 rams to ! mongrel issue4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 has be5 said to prove t ?is plan ought n to be pursu$3 let me n[ say a few words z to ! reasons :i* %\ld det] u f its adoption4 ,to take a famili> illu/ration3--,h[ w\ld "o ( ! wor%ipful company ( ,ald]m51 or a dignit>y ( ! ,*ur*1 manage to keep up an appe>ance1 if sudd5ly transport$ f ! luxuri\s pl5ty :i* surr\nds him1 to ! meagre f>e1 & *urli% climate1 ( our ,highl&s8 ,w\ld _! (fspr+1 :i* t5 to "o w\ld be prone to rapid gr[?1 &1 !re=e1 requir+ at ! lea/ a l>ge supply ( porridge & milk2 w\ld !y1 ,i ask1 arrive at a heal?y maturity1 if support$ only on ! oat5 cake1 & :ang ( skimm$-milk *eese1 ( ! h>dy ,nor!rn8 ,! answ] is1 !y w\ld n4 ,!y w\ld1 d\btless1 be> ! climate2 b ! habit ( body impr9t$ on !m1 by ! full liv+ ( ! p>5ts1 w\ld require a m nutriti\s food to br+ x to ! adult age1 ?an :at might be necess>y = ! su/5ance ( any *ild desc5d$ f ! possessors ( ! soil4 ,if su* !n is ! case ) ! "y ( an animal %ield$ f inclem5cy on e h&1 h[ c we expect ! prog5y ( a r heavy v>iety ( a def5celess creature l ! %eep to ?rive1 9 defiance ( e ?+ ung5ial1 on a pa/ure :i* requires = its collection1 9 any quantity1 a degree ( exp]i5ce & activity1 ! result ( "t & well-tra9$ in/9ct4 ,! mongrel is n unfitt$ = ! locality1 z ,mr ,hogg w\ld h x1 by a weakness result+ f ! con/ant & cont9u$ ex]tions ( ! two bloods1 ! "o endeav\r+ to ov]p[] ! o!r1 !re is no w> wag+ 9 ! prog5y betwe5 ! blood ( sire & dam2 ! secret lies 9 ! animal be+ unsuit$ = ! pa/ure :]e x is produc$4 ,place x 9 a c\ntry possess+ a h]bage some?+ betwe5 t ( ! ,highl& & ,*eviot hills1 & x w d pass+ well2 b d n ascribe ! want ( success to a natural hatr$ ( ! bre$s4 ,aga91 d n fall into ! error1 t ! figure1 wool1 & o!r qualities1 ( ! ,*eviot ram1 are mo/ conspicu\s 79 ?is cross7 9 ! smalle/ & feeble/ ( ! prog5y1 :ile ! prop]ties ( ! m\nta9 bre$ are m fully exhibit$ 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/ robu/ lambs1 a circum/ance :i*1 un=tunately1 induc$ _m ( ! /ore-f>m]s to ?r[ aside ! be/ ( ! lambs1 & select ^? to bre$ f1 :i* _h app>5tly mo/ ( ! ,*eviot figure2 or1 9 o!r words1 d n suppose1 z ,mr ,hogg /rangely en\gh inf]s1 t only ! weak animals took on ! ,*eviot =m1 & only ! /rong ones assum$ ! ,highl& "*4 ,! correct explanation is1 t su* z _h mo/ ,*eviot blood 7 sure to become puny1 f be+ unadapt$ to a h]bage on :i* ^? t resembl$ ! m\nta9 /ock ?rove tol]ably well4 ,/r5g? & feebl5ess 71 9 ?is in/ance1 m]e second>y matt]s4 7#ia47 ,?+s to be att5d$ to 9 ,cross+4--,! fact is1 t1 if y wi% to h a p>ticul> k9d ( %eep1 y mu/ fir/ ( all be 9 possession ( a pa/ure suitable = ! new com]s4 ,y mu/ consid] ! influ5ce ( ! individual p>5ts on ! prog5y1 ! size ( ! animals1 _! habits & dispositions1 & _! peculi>ities 9 reg>d to ! "t ( _! maturity1 & fatt5+ prop]ties2 &1 hav+ anticipat$ ^! app>5tly trifl+ affairs1 y mu/ see t ! surface ( y\r f>m1 its degree ( exposure1 & ! quantity & quality ( its productions1 are calculat$ = ! pr(itable ma9t5ance ( ! animal 9 view4 ,f> too little att5tion is be/[$1 at ! comm5cem5t ( su* an und]tak+1 on ^! all-sway+ matt]s4 ,f>m]s ent] ^u ?is1 ! mo/ ardu\s ( all pr(essions1 ) ! settl$ conviction1 t no?+ is s simple z ! engraft+ ( a race ( animals on a p>ticul> "p ( a c\ntry4 ,!y h read1 or he>d1 ( o!rs :o h ga9$ fame1 & a =tune1 by successful endeav\rs ( ! k9d1 & !y ?9k t no?+ is easi] ?an to foll[ _! example2 b !y =get ! ?\ghtful h\rs1 & irksome duties1 ^! m5 _h to tol]ate1 be=e !y c\ld speak ( any ?+ l success4 ,no animal c be made to =ego at once a long us$ food1 an anci5t locality1 peculi>ity ( clime & season1 & ! in/9ctive habits t h be5 long nurtur$ by ^!1 )\t bo? x & its prog5y suff]+ f ! *ange3--,nature _c ?us be made to b5d to human int5tion2 x w give way 9 ! attempt4 ,9 cross+ !re are sev]al important ?+s to be att5d$ to4 ,well =m$ p>5ts ought to be select$1 &1 if enl>gem5t ( ! c>cass be want$1 ! issue %\ld be bett] f$ ?an its orig9ators1 :i* ought to be ( a size r "u1 ?an above :at ! pa/ure is capable ( support+4 ,! size ( ! p>5ts %\ld n be mu* disproportion$ at fir/1 z nature abhors sudd5 extremes1 & does e ?+ 9 ! mo/ gradual mann]4 ,x is bett]1 :5 "s increase has be5 atta9$1 to br+ ! bre$ to ! requir$ size by "o or two cross+s4#ae ,9 *oos+ a bre$1 we %\ld adopt t :i* af=ds ! greate/ quantity ( m>ket produce1 9 return = ! food consum$2#af & a p>ticul> bre$ ought always to be pref]r$ to ! %eep ( a di/rict4 ,we mu/ n imag9e1 t :51 by d9t ( cross+1 we h obta9$ ! v>iety want$1 t x w rema9 9 ! condition to :i* we h br\ght x1 )\t ! slighte/ liability to alt]4 ,_m f>m]s believe !y h done all t is requir$1 if !y subject _! /ock to ?ree or f\r cross+s ) a bre$ ( ackn[l$g$ excell5ce4 ,!y ?9k t ! improv$ animals !y h obta9$ w support _! acquir$ *>act]s1 un9flu5c$ by extrane\s ag5cy4 ,n[ no?+ c be m faulty ?an ?is mode ( managem5t1 z is prov$ by a comp>ison ( /ock s treat$1 ) flocks :i* h un9t]rupt$ly receiv$ t undeviat+ att5tion1 :i* c alone ensure a cont9uance ( ! prop]ties desir$4 ,su* m5 =get1 t ! climate is op]at+ ) z great c]ta9ty on ! animals z on ! rocks ar\nd2 & t z ! h]bage is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! adjac5t rocks1 s are ! peculi>ities ( ! %eep influ5c$ by ! h]bage2 & t if !y manage to *ange ! *>act]s ( ! bre$1 x c1 9 a majority ( cases1 be only = a "t1 unless ! t5d5cies ( ! surr\nd+ elem5ts are c\nt]act$1 by a con/ant recurr5ce to ! orig9ators ( ! flock4 ,i am sorry1 says ,little1 9 8 valuable practical obs]vations1 to say1 t !re are too _m examples ( ^?1 :o ?\ght !mselves at ! head ( improvem5t 9 /ock1 relax+ _! ex]tions1 & keep+ by _! own /ock2 & ! consequ5ce has be51 t su* /ocks h deg5]at$1 become delicate1 t5d]1 & dim9utive 9 size2 & f no o!r cause b t ! same pa9s h n be5 tak5 to pres]ve ! improvem5t1 t 0 tak5 to effect x4 ,i c\ld m5tion _m improv]s :o 7 ( ! fir/ class =m]ly1 b :o are n[ only 9 ! second4 ,*anges1 9 fact1 by cross+ are n to be effect$ 9 a %ort space ( "t2 y mu/ look =w>d to sev]al ye>s ( con/ant ex]tion1 be=e y c hope1 9 ?is mann]1 to alt] y\r /ock4#ag ,!n1 aga91 we mu/ be aw>e ( ! t5d5cy :i* nature1 9 num]\s in/ances1 displays to p]petuate diseases1 dispositions1 & ab]rations f ! normal /ructure4 ,_m qualities & diseases1 are kn[n1 9 man1 to be h]$it>y2 ( ! =m]1 ,i may in/ance peculi>ities 9 walk+1 & writ+2 a passion = intoxicat+ liquors1 & o!r habits too trivial to m5tion2 & ( ! latt]1 g\t1 pulmon>y consumption1 & bl9dness f cat>act1 :i* are well kn[n to h>ass a family = g5]ations4 ,features1 9 l mann]1 may rema9 = ages ( ! same undeviat+ ca/2 ?us ! ,jews ( to-day are ! v c\nt]p>ts ( ! ,jews ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s back1 &1 9 all likelihood1 w s rema9 till ! end ( "t4 ,a pr$isposition to _m diseases is eng5d]$ 9 ! %eep1 by too great a ref9em5t 9 bre$+1 :i* t5ds to dim9i% ! size ( ! animal1 prev5ts !m fe$+ to p]fection1 de/roys _! fecundity1 & imp>ts great t5d]ness ( con/itution4 ,accid5tal deviations f ! natural type may1 also1 be h]$it>y1 z is se5 9 ^? races ( dogs :i* h a sup]num]>y toe on ! h9d foot1 & t>sal bones to correspond4 ,9 ! human race also sev]al g5]ations ( a p>ticul> family h be5 di/+ui%$1 by hav+ six f+]s & six toes1 on _! h&s & feet4 ,x is 9 l mann] to an accid5tal mal=mation1 t ! ,am]icans are indebt$ = _! ,ott] bre$ ( %eep4 ,mr ,liv+/on1 :o wrote 9 #ahaa1 ?us describes !m3 ,! ,ott] %eep 7 fir/ discov]$ on "s isl&1 on ! ea/]n coa/1 & h spread to ! adjo9+ /ates4 ,! %eep are long-bodi$ r ?an l>ge1 & weigh ab\t #ae lbs4 a qu>t]4 ,_! wool is ( a m$ium f95ess1 & a m$ium l5g?2 b t :i* p>ticul>ly *>act]izes ^! %eep is ! l5g? ( _! bodies1 & ! %ortness ( _! legs1 :i* are1 also1 turn$ out 9 su* a mann] z to appe> rickety4 ,!y _c run1 or jump1 & !y ev5 walk ) "s difficulty4 ,!y appe> z if _! legs _h be5 brok5 & set by "s awkw>d surgeon4 ,!y c sc>cely exi/ 9 a deep c\ntry1 & !y _c possibly be driv5 to a di/ant pa/ure or m>ket4 ,dr ,dwight1 9 8 travels 9 ,new ,engl&1 rem>ks ( ?is curi\s v>iety1 t ! =e legs are rem>kably %ort1 & b5t inw>d1 s z di/9ctly to resemble :at are call$ club-feet4#ah ,i believe ?is to be ! only in/ance :]e man has avail$ himself ( a defect 9 ! animal k+dom1 & turn$ x to 8 advantage4 ,att5tion ought also to be be/[$ on ! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal are subject$ to *anges dur+ cross+4 ,^!1 accord+ to ,dr ,/urm1 ! late/ obs]v] on ?is head1 are fir/ exhibit$ 9 ^? p>ts t possess a p[] ( be+ reproduc$1 z ! hair1 horns1 & ho(s4 ,! fle%y p>ts *ange sl[ly1 9 proportion z ! "m has mu* ( ! blood ( ! orig9al race4 ,! fir/ *anges take place 9 ! head1 & are gradually develop$ t[>ds ! h9d qu>t]s4 ,la/ly1 look to ! condition 9 :i* y\r %eep are z reg>ds fatness4 ,if fat1 !y w be av]se to becom+ pregnant1 & consid]able annoyance w1 9 all likelihood1 be exp]i5c$4 ,a mod]ately l[ diet is mo/ suitable = ewes1 = "s "t be=e ! ram is admitt$1 9 ! same way t fruit trees1 :5 unproductive 9 a ri* soil1 are r5d]$ f]tile by plac+ /raw & /ones betwe5 _! roots & ! too nutriti\s e>?4 ,a r poor diet1 also1 dur+ pregnancy1 w be f\nd to obviate _m ( ^? risks :i* are sure to be incurr$ f repletion dur+ ?is p]iod4 #ae ,dr ,cl9e1 9 a communication to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 obs]ves on ?is po9t3 ,exp]i5ce has prov$1 t cross+ has only succe$$ 9 an em95t degree1 9 ^? in/ances 9 :i* ! females 7 l>g]1 ?an 9 ! usual proportion ( females to males1 & t x has g5]ally fail$ :5 ! males 7 proportionally l>ge4 #af ,x 0 ow+ to a peculi> view tak5 ( ?is maxim1 t s enorm\s sums 7 ask$ & giv51 = ! hire ( rams1 at ! "t ,mr ,bakewell br\ght ! new ,leice/] to p]fection4 ,t g5tleman w\ld nev] h obta9$ #abjj gu9eas = ! hire ( ?ree rams if ! speculators _h n int5d$ to procure ne>ly simil> prices = ! use ( ! (fspr+ ( ^! animals2 & x may be pretty safely affirm$1 t ?is traffic 0 ultimately ! cause ( mu* mis*ief to ! bre$ 9 "q1 by induc+ _m to speculate on :at 0 likely to prove a fa%ionable article1 )\t c>+ mu* = ! endurance ( ! really valuable po9ts4 #ag ,dr ,/urm1 pr(essor ( ,agriculture1 at ,bonn1 says1 t a new race may be produc$ 9 ! same numb] ( ye>s z are requir$ = p]fect+ ! tee?4 #ah ,%eep are z liable to di/ortions ( ! skeleton z o!r animals4 ,! ,museum ( ,guy's ,hospital conta9s a v good specim5 ( di/ort$ sp9e tak5 f a %eep4 7#ib47 ,*oice ( ,p>5ts4--,h[ev] faulty %eep may be1 "s are always to be f\nd surpass+ _! fell[s1 & ^! x ought to be ! aim ( e bre$] to discov]4 ,)\t ackn[l$ge ( an animal's po9ts1 x is 9 va9 t ! bre$] c hope = improvem5t4 ,he may by accid5t make a lucky hit1 b1 unless he has /udi$ 8 bus9ess f ! bottom1 he _c foll[ up & avail himself ( an advantage1 :i* a m kn[+ individual w\ld1 f previ\s tra9+1 turn at once to a pr(itable acc\nt4 ,mu* may be done by lett]-press description2 & ?is ,i %all endeav\r to a*ieve2 b m w be accompli%$ by a close & att5tive exam9ation ( a few well-select$ animals1 :i* x is n[ no difficult matt] to get a view (1 z1 ?anks to ! spirit$ ex]tions ( ! ,highl& ,society1 valuable specim5s are f> f r>e4 ,9 bre$+ & re>+ rams1 two divisions ( ^! animals are recognis$1--ram gett]s1 & w$d] gett]s1--! =m]1 f _! f95ess1 be+ kept = ! procreation ( animals l !mselves1 :ile ! latt]1 f _! co>s5ess1 are set aside z fitt$ only = p>5t /ock = grazi]'s %eep1 ! m]e grazi] lik+ a ram no worse = hav+ a massy frame1 & be+ less scrupul\s ab\t 8 =m ?an ! ram bre$]1 ^: gr& object is f95ess1 & :o tru/s to ! ewes = giv+ ! (fspr+ size & sub/ance4 ,! pr9cipal ram-bre$]s are guid$ 9 ! *oice ( _! ram-lambs1 m by blood or p>5tage1 ?an by =m1 on :i*1 at s e>ly an age1 little dep5dance c be plac$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,di%leys1 !y all[ !m e indulg5ce1 f ! "t ( wean+ till t ( %e>+1 z !y pu% !m =w>d ) ! int5t ( lett+ !m ! fir/ season1 :ile yet ye>l+s4 ,x is ?is e>ly arrival at maturity1 :i* is1 ) tru?1 suppos$ by "s to occasion _! e>ly fall+ (f2 = by a law ( ! animal economy1 premature adult age is always succe$$ by premature decay2 life appe>+ to be dat$ f ! "t ! animal ent]s on ! fulfilm5t ( ! ends = :i* x 0 creat$4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,bakewell1 ! %ape :i* %\ld be ! crit]ion ( a %eep1 is t ( a hog%ead or firk91 truly circul>1 ) small & z %ort legs z possible3 ^u ! pla9 pr9ciple1 t ! value lies 9 ! b>rel1 n 9 ! legs2 & all bre$s ! backs ( :i* rise 9 ! lea/ ridge are bad4 ,_! bodies %\ld be z true b>rels z c be se51 _! backs r\nd & broad1 & _! legs n mu* exee$+ six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! foll[+ is a measurem5t ( a ?ree-ye>s' old ram ( ,mr ,bakewell1 ,feet4 ,in*es4 ,gir?1 #e #aj ,height1 #b #e ,bread? ( ,coll>1 #a #d ,bread? ( %\ld]s1 #a #aa-a_/b ,bread? across ! ribs1 #a #aj-a_/b ,bread? across ! hips1 #a #i-a_/b ,a mo/ unusual pro( ( k9dly fe$+ 9 ! animals ( ?is %ape1 is _! feel+ q fat1 j )9 _! =e legs1 on ! rib2 a po9t 9 :i* %eep are seldom exam9$1 f common bre$s nev] c>ry+ fat !re4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ by ! lightness ( ! (fal1 ! bones be+ "o-half small] ?an 9 "s o!r bre$s1 & ! meat proportionally ?ick]1 :ile ! pelt is ?91 & ! head small--a ?+ ( "s consequ5ce 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl&1 :]e t ,scotti% luxury1 %eep-head bro?1 is s cordially despis$4 ,! be/ =m = a *eviot ram is ?us describ$ by ,mr ,cully1 9 8 excell5t "w on ,live-,/ock3 ,8 head %\ld be f9e & small2 8 no/rils wide & exp&$2 8 eyes prom95t1 & r bold or d>+2 e>s ?92 8 coll> full f 8 brea/ & %\ld]s1 b tap]+ gradually all ! way to :]e ! neck & head jo91 :i* %\ld be v f9e & graceful1 be+ p]fectly free f any co>se lea!r hang+ d[n2 ! %\ld]s broad & full1 :i* mu/ at ! same "t jo9 s easy to ! coll> =w>d & *9e backw>d1 z to leave n ! lea/ holl[ 9 ei!r place2 ! mutton ^u 8 arm or =e-?igh mu/ come q to ! knee2 8 legs upright1 ) a clean f9e bone1 be+ equally cle> f sup]flu\s sk9 & co>se hairy wool f ! knee & h\gh d[nw>ds2 ! brea/ broad & well =w>d1 :i* w keep 8 =elegs at a prop] wid5ess2 8 gir? or *e/ full & deep1 & in/ead ( a holl[ beh9d ! %\ld]s1 t "p by "s call$ ! =e-flank1 %\ld be q full2 ! back & lo9s broad1 flat1 & /raight1 f :i* ! ribs mu/ rise 9 a f9e circul> ar*2 8 belly /raight2 ! qu>t]s long & full1 ) ! mutton q d[n to ! h\gh1 :i* %\ld nei!r /& 9 nor out2 8 twi/ deep1 wide & full1 :i*1 ) ! broad brea/1 w keep 8 f\r legs op5 & upright2 ! :ole body cov]$ ) a ?9 pelt1 & t ) bright s(t wool4 ,! ne>] any bre$ comes up to ! above description1 ! ne>] !y approa* t[>ds excell5ce ( =m4 ,z an amus+ contra/ to ?is well drawn picture1 ,i give an extract f ! "w ( t anci5t agriculturi/ ,columella4 ,!re=e1 ! way to judge & approve ( a ram1 is n only t ( obs]v+ if he is clo!d ) a :ite fleece1 b also if 8 palate & tongue are ( ! same col\r ) 8 wool2 = :5 ^! p>ts ( 8 body are black or spott$1 !re arises a black or speckl$ (fspr+4 ,& ?is1 among o!r ?+s1 ! same poet ,i m5tion$ above1 7,virgil1 ,georg4 ,lib4 iii47 has excell5tly po9t$ out 9 su* numb]s z ^!3 ,reject him1 ?o' ! ram himself be :ite1 ,"u ^: ousy palate lies conceal$ ,a black or spott$ tongue2 = ) black spots ,he'll /a9 ! fleeces ( 8 future race4 ,aft] "s amus+ rem>ks on ! same subject1 deliv]$ 9 a v qua9t way1 he concludes 8 description ) ! m5tion ( twi/$ horns1--n because ?is la/ is m useful1 7= a ram )\t horns is bett]17 b because horns t are twi/$ & b5d$ inw>ds are n at all s hurtful z ^? t are set upright & exp&$4 ,nev]!less1 9 "s c\ntries :]e ! climate is wet & w9dy1 we w\ld wi% = he-goats & rams ev5 ) ! v l>ge/ horns2 because1 :5 !y are high & ext5d$1 !y def5d ! greate/ "p ( ! head f ! /orm4 ,x is ?us t among "s ( 8 mo/ beautiful rem>ks1 we h g5]ally a some?+ occurr+ :i* upsets ! gravity ( ! :ole by its *ildi% absurdity4 7#ic47 ,influ5ce ( ,sex4--,9 e>ly ages1 ! great] %>e ( att5tion appe>s to h be5 be/[$ on male dome/icat$ animals1 on acc\nt ( ! m num]\s (fspr+ ( :i* !y w\ld become ! p>5ts2 & f ?is1 z ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,b]ry1 ( ,acton ,beau*amp1 ,worce/]%ire1 supposes1 79 a valuable essay on ! bre$+ ( live /ock1 publi%$ 9 ! ,briti% ,f>m]'s ,magaz9e17 has orig9at$ ! preval5t idea1 t ! male has a m decid$ influ5ce1 ?an ! female1 on ! =m ( ! prog5y4 ,! ideas ent]ta9$ respect+ ! useful qualities ( an animal w\ld 79 =m] times7 be v simil>1 & lead to ! adoption ( a g5]al /&>d ( excell5ce1 t[>ds :i* x w\ld be requir$ t ea* male %\ld approximate2 & ?us !re w\ld exi/1 among :at may be t]m$ fa%ionable sires1 a correspond+ =m & "*1 diff]5t f1 & sup]ior to1 ^? ( ! g5]al /ock ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is =m & "* w\ld1 9 mo/ in/ances1 h be5 acquir$ by p]sev]ance 9 bre$+ f animals :i* possess$ ! important or fanci$ requisites1 & might1 !re=e1 be said to be almo/ confirm$ 9 su* individuals4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 /rik+ results w\ld d\btless foll[ ! introduction ( ^! sires to a common /ock2 results :i* w\ld lead sup]ficial obs]v]s to rem>k1 t individual sires possess$ prop]ties z males1 :i*1 9 fact1 7 only assignable to !m z improv$ animals4 ,9 g5]al1 ! qualities ( ! male & female p>5ts are visible to an equal ext5t 9 ! (fspr+1 z is well exemplifi$ among horses1 9 ! mixture ( ! blood & c>t bre$1 :]e ! great diff]5ce 9 =m & "* is nicely bl5d$2 b1 occasionally1 ! peculi>ities ( ! male1 or female1 are visible only on "s p>ticul> "p ( ! (fspr+1 z 9 ! cross+ ( ! ,m]9o ram ) ! ,ryel& ewe1 :5 ! =m] affects ! fleece1 & ! latt] ! c>cass4 ,?\gh !re are _m op9ions z to ! comp>ative influ5ce ( ! sexes on ! prog5y1 yet1 z be=e /at$1 ! majority ( voices repres5t ! male z ! m influ5tial4 ,mr ,boswell1 9 8 essay on ?is subject1 publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 & 9 ! ,f>m]'s ,magaz9e1 is decid$ly ( ?is op9ion1 ,be+ fully conv9c$ ( ! p[] ( ! male on ! (fspr+1 ,i h always acc\nt$ x z a loss to put a bad male to a high br$ female1 & h nev] done s4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 obs]v$1 :]e ! c\ntry p h pur*as$ high br$ %eep at any sale ( m9e1 & br$ f !m ) ! ord9>y rams1 t ! bre$ v quickly got bad3 :]eas1 :5 a ,bakewell ram _h be5 pur*as$1 ,i h se5 a mo/ rem>kable *ange on ! quality ( ! %eep2 &1 9 sev]al in/ances1 :]e ! ewes 7,highl&]s7 _h be5 tol]able f :i* !y _h br$1 ! cross 0 s ne>ly resembl+ a new ,leice/]1 z to deceive any "o :o 0 n a ?or\gh judge4 ,bewick1 ! natural hi/orian1 supports ?is op9ion :5 speak+ ( ! orig9al bre$ ( wild cattle1 /ill to be f\nd 9 a few ,engli% & ,scotti% p>ks4 ,!y are uni=mly pure :ite1 ) black or r$ e>s & noses4 ,he says1 t c[s1 :5 9 season1 us$ (t5 to be turn$ into ! p>k at ,*ill+ham ,ca/le1 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 & t1 :5 cov]$ by ! wild bull1 all _! produce 0 uni=mly :ite1 ) r$ e>s & noses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! female is1 also1 preval5tly believ$ to h "s %>e 9 ! matt]1 & mu* may be adduc$ z evid5ce ( its p[] ov] ! =m ( ! (fspr+1 equally au!ntic ) ! =m]4 ,mr ,f]guson1 9 a pap] on live-/ock1 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 relates ! foll[+ apposite & amus+ /ory3-- ,naturali/s are1 ,i believe1 ne>ly agre$1 t ! influ5ce ( ! male exce$s t ( ! female 9 communicat+ qualities to ! (fspr+1 & a v provid5tial arrangem5t x is1 9 respect t good po9ts may be ?us diffus$ ) f> m rapidity ?an c\ld o!rwise occur4 ,! *oice ( ! female is by no means1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & x is only by due att5tion to bo? t p]fection c be look$ =4 ,i recollect sev]al ye>s ago1 at a di/+ui%$ bre$]'s 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 meet+ ) a %rewd ,scotti% bord]]1 7inde$1 if report be true1 ! orig9al & id5tical ,d&y ,d9mont17 :o1 aft] admir+1 ) a consid]able spice ( national pique1 a v f9e %ort-horn bull1 dem&$ anxi\sly to see ! dam4 ,! c[ hav+ be5 accord+ly produc$1 & hav+ und]gone a regul> survey1 ,d&y vocif]at$1 ) *>act]i/ic pi?1 ',i ?9k nae?+ o' y\r bull n[1 wi' sic a caumb2' &1 unque/ionably1 ! m\ld or 'caumb' mu/ h its own %>e 9 produc+ %apes1 ?\gh 9 8 ha/e to detract1 7z he ?\ght17 f ! m]its ( ! bull1 poor ,d&y totally ov]look$ ! additional complim5t paid to ! judgm5t ( ! ',s\?ron4' ,x is 9 g5]al suppos$1 t if ! female be by desc5t small1 t ! l5g? ( ! legs ( ! issue w n be influ5c$ by ! male4 ,! weight ( ! c>cass is a good deal affect$ by ! male1 b n s mu* z by ! female4 ,! impressions ( "o or o!r1 especially ( ! male1 d n cease on ! bir? ( ! fruits ( a connection1 = ?\gh he may h no fur!r meet+ ) t female1 yet are ! succe$+ (fspr+ t+$ ) 8 peculi> col\r1 or modell$ aft] 8 =m4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by a fact :i* came "u ! notice ( ! ,e>l ( ,morton4 ,8 lord%ip br$ f a male quagga & a m>e ( sev5-eights ,arabian blood1 a female hybrid1 display+ 9 =m & col\r h] mix$ orig94 ,! m>e 0 !n giv5 to ,sir ,gore ,ouseley1 :o br$ f h] fir/ a filly & aft]w>ds a colt1 by a f9e black ,arabian horse1 b bo? ^!1 9 _! col\r & 9 ! hair ( _! manes1 /rongly resembl$ ! quagga4 ,?is isolat$ fact w\ld be1 h[ev]1 b ( small value if unsupport$ by o!rs1 :i* are luckily n[ ( common occurr5ce1 among :i* ! foll[+ t5ds /rongly to its corroboration3--,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahba1 ,dr ,wolla/on relates t ,d4 ,giles1 ,esq41 _h a s[ ( ! black & :ite k9d1 :i*1 aft] litt]+ by a *e/nut bo> ( ! wild bre$1 0 put1 "s "t aft] ! dea? ( ?is1 to bo>s ( q a diff]5t v>iety1 yet ! (fspr+ 7 cov]$ ) *e/nut m>ks1 s z closely to resemble ! long-dep>t$ animal4 ,! prog5y ( mo/ dome/icat$ animals (t5 be> a /rik+ resemblance to ! gr&mo!r or gr&fa!r1 & x is well kn[n t ! desir$ *anges _c be effect$ on a bre$1 or t ! desir$ bre$ _c be produc$1 till ! ?ird1 f\r?1 or ev5 ! fif? cross+1 s t ! importance ( hav+ few defects 9 a /ock w be readily admitt$1 see+ _! debas+ consequ5ces are c>ri$ ?r\gh :ole g5]ations1 & t ?\gh abs5t 9 "o remove1 yet t !y may appe> 9 ! next4 ,bo? sire & dam %\ld be *os5 z free f defects z possible1 a ?+ (t5 neglect$ 9 re>+ dome/ic animals1 especially horses1 :]e ! op9ion is 9 vogue1 t no matt] h[ debilitat$ & worn out may be ! dam1 yet t if c\pl$ ) a "y & p]fect sire1 a heal?y h&some (fspr+ w be ! issue2 ?an :i* idea no?+ c be m absurd1 z su* animals1 if left to nature1 w\ld seldom or nev] come 9 contact1 ow+ to ! "o p>ty nev] atta9+ a decrepit age1 b p]i%+ on its v]ge4 7#id47 ,! sex ( ! prog5y is suppos$ to be ! result ( ! relative ages ( ! p>5ts2 ?us1 issue f a "y male & an old female w 9 g5]al be fem99e1 :ile t f an old male & a "y female w g5]ally be mascul9e2 & x has be5 propos$ to turn ?is1 app>5tly a law ( nature1 to acc\nt1 9 ! managem5t ( flocks1 z x mu/ (t5 be ( consequ5ce to obta91 at w1 a consid]able increase ( ! sex mo/ want$4 ,on ?is subject !re w be f\nd an int]e/+ pap] 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 entitl$1 ,a me?od ( obta9+ a great] numb] ( ,"o ,sex at ! option ( ! ,proprietor1 9 ! ,bre$+ ( ,live-,/ock1 & f ?is ,i extract ! foll[+3-- ,9 ! ,annales de l',agriculture ,francaise1 ,vols4 xxxvii4 & xxxviii41 "s v int]e/+ exp]im5ts are record$1 :i* h lately be5 made 9 ,france1 on ! bre$+ ( live-/ock4 ,m4 ,*>les ,gir\ de ,buz>e+ues propos$1 at a meet+ ( ! ,agricultural ,society ( ,sev]ac1 on ! #c;d ( ,july1 #ahbf1 to divide a flock ( %eep into two equal p>ts1 s t a great] numb] ( males or females1 at ! *oice ( ! proprietor1 %\ld be produc$ f ea* ( !m4 ,two ( ! memb]s ( ! society (f]$ _! flocks to become ! subjects ( 8 exp]im5ts1 & ! results h n[ be5 communicat$1 :i* are 9 accordance ) ! au?or's expectations4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t 0 conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,he recomm5d$ v "y rams to be put to ! flock ( ewes f :i* ! proprietor wi%$ ! great] numb] ( females 9 _! (fspr+ & also1 t dur+ ! season :5 ! rams 7 ) ! ewes1 !y %\ld h m abundant pa/ure ?an ! o!r2 :ile to ! flock f :i* ! proprietor wi%$ to obta9 male lambs *iefly1 he recomm5d$ him to put /rong & vigor\s rams1 f\r or five ye>s old4 ,! foll[+ tabul> view conta9s ! result ( 8 exp]im5t3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,flock = female lambs4 ,flock = male lambs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,age ( ! mo!rs4 ,sex ( ! ,age ( ! mo!rs4 ,sex ( ! ,lambs4 ,lambs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,males4 ,fem4 ,males4,fem4 ,two ye>s1 #ad #bf ,two ye>s1 #g #c ,?ree ye>s1 #af #bi ,?ree ye>s1 #ae #ad ,f\r ye>s1 #e #ba ,f\r ye>s1 #cc #ad -- -- -- -- ,total1 #ce #gf ,total1 #ee #ca ,five ye>s & old]1 #ah #h ,five ye>s & old]1 #be #bd -- -- -- -- ,total1 #ec #hd ,total1 #hj #ee ,n4,b4--,!re 7 ?ree tw9-bir?s,n4,b4--,!re 7 no tw9-bir?s 9 ?is flock4 ,two rams 9 ?is flock4 ,two /rong s]v$ x2 "o fifte5 mon?s1 rams1 "o f\r1 ! o!r five ! o!r ne>ly two ye>s old4 ye>s old1 s]v$ x4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! g5]al law1 z f> z we are able to detect x1 seems to be1 t :5 animals are 9 good condition1 pl5tifully suppli$ ) food1 & kept f bre$+ z fa/ z !y might d1 !y are mo/ likely to produce females4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 :5 a race ( animals is 9 circum/ances fav\rable = its increase1 ,nature produces ! greate/ numb] ( t sex :i*1 9 animals t d n pair1 is mo/ effici5t = increas+ ! numb] ( ! race4 ,b if !y are 9 a bad climate1 or on a /9t$ pa/ure1 or if !y h already giv5 bir? to a num]\s (fspr+1 !n ,nature1 sett+ limits to ! increase ( ! race1 produces m males ?an females4 ,yet1 p]haps1 x may be premature to attempt to d$uce any law f exp]im5ts :i* h n yet be5 suffici5tly ext5d$4 ,m4 ,gir\ is dispos$ to ascribe mu* ( ! effect to ! age ( ! ram1 indep5d5t ( ! condition ( ! ewe4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,%eep4 7#ie47 ,^? :o h att5d$ to ! subject are well aw>e1 t ! pr(itable managem5t ( live/ock is ! mo/ difficult dep>tm5t 9 ! bus9ess ( a f>m4 ,s mu* dep5ds on ! nature ( ! locality :]e %eep are kept1 & on its situation 9 reg>d to m>kets = ! disposal ( its produce1 t little b :at is ( g5]al application ne$ be writt5 on ?is head4 ,precise rules = agricultural conduct c seldom be laid d[n ) any probability ( _! be+ foll[$1 z x mu/ necess>ily v>y less or m ) ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! e/ate1 & mu/1 !re=e1 to a great ext5t1 be tru/$ to ! intellig5ce ( ! f>m]4 ,all1 !re=e1 t ,i %all aim at 9 treat+ ( ?is division1 w be ! giv+ an outl9e ( ! m important matt]s connect$ ) %eep-husb&ry1 leav+ ! tyro to use x z circum/ances may po9t out4 ,= obvi\s reasons1 a natural arrangem5t ( ! subject is ! be/2 & to ?is1 !re=e1 ,i %all1 z mu* z possible1 adh]e4 7#if47 ,putt+ ,tups to ,ewes4 ,! middle ( ,novemb] is ! "t at :i* ?is is usually done1 b ! season is anticipat$ or delay$ accord+ z ! spr+ prov5d] is expect$ to be e>ly or late1 pl5tiful or sc>ce4 ,:5 ! %eep are spread ov] a wide track1 "o ram is 9 g5]al allott$ to ?irty ewes2 b :5 ! latt] are on a limit$ range ( pa/ure1 ! proportion ( "o to fifty may be reckon$ ample4 ,! rams ought n to be left ) ! ewes above f\r or five weeks1 z x does n d to h lambs dropp$ aft] ! middle ( ,may2 inde$ mu* tr\ble w be sav$ to ! %eph]d if he c contrive to h all ! lambs yean$ ab\t ! same "t1 z ! flock w1 f its numb]s be+ ( a simil> /&+1 be heal?i]1 & e way easi] to manage1 ?an "o 9 :i* !re is a great div]sity ( ages4 ,su* ewes1 !re=e1 z h n ev9c$ an incl9ation = ! male1 ought1 be=e ! above p]iod has elaps$1 to be driv5 into a b>n or small inclosure1 & made to run ab\t till !y h become a little heat$1 aft] :i*1 :5 ! ram is introduc$1 ! desir$ effect w d\btless foll[4 ,delay w 9 _m cases be unavoidable1 ow+ to ! ewes be+ 9 too high condition2 b ?is ! %eph]d %\ld try to obviate1 by adm9i/]+ "o or two doses ( ,epsom salts1 :i*1 by r$uc+ ! ple?ora1 w increase ! activity ( ! animal1 & r5d] x 9 _m ways m prone to pregnancy4 ,z x is an object ( "s importance to ret>d ! yean+ ( gimm] hogs till ! spr+ be well advanc$1 ! rams are nev] s5t to !m till a =tnight aft] !y h be5 put to ! old] ewes4 ,mu* nicety is always requir$ 9 *oos+ ! "t at :i* rams m\ld be put to gimm]s1 z !y are 9 g5]al sorry nurses1 & sure1 9 bad seasons1 to lose _m lambs4 ,:5 a f>m is provid$ ) suitable enclosures1 c>eful selection ( bo? ewes & rams %\ld always be att5d$ to1 tak+ c>e to make ! good po9ts ( ! "o rem$y ! defects ( ! o!r2 b :]e a f>m is de/itute ( su* accommodation1 ! next be/ plan is to s5d ! f9e/ rams to ! ewes = a few days be=e ! re/ ( ! males are admitt$4 ,great ewes ought always to be well look$ aft]4 ,! drie/ & be/ %elt]$ fields %\ld be set ap>t = !m1 & turnips1 :5 =m+ "p ( _! food1 %\ld1 :5 !y are ab\t to yean1 always be c>t$ to _! pa/ure4 ,:5 !y roll awald1 & _c rega9 _! feet1 prompt assi/ance %\ld be af=d$ !m1 else !y w soon die4 ,dea? 9 ?is case occurs f suffocation1 ?\gh ! morbid appe>ances exhibit$ by ! c>cass are frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ^? ( braxy4 ,udd] lock+ ought nev] to be attempt$1 z x (t5 leads to abortion1 & is1 besides1 n ( ! slighte/ utility4 7#ig47 ,e>ly ,lambs4 ,?\gh 9 ! great] numb] ( our bre$s ! arrival ( ! rutt+ season is fix$ & regul>1 yet !re are sev]al 9 :i* pregnancy may1 by prop] managem5t1 be induc$ at any p]iod4 ,( ^! ! ,dorset%ire & ,wickl[ v>ieties are ! mo/ not$1 & are on ?is acc\nt select$ = ! re>+ ( h\se-lambs 9 ! vic9ity ( t[ns1 ! inhabitants ( :i* are opul5t en\gh to create a dem& = s exp5sive an article4 ,! beg9n+ ( ,june is ! "t *os5 = ! admission ( ! rams1 s t by ! mon? ( ,janu>y ! great] proportion ( ! ewes h yean$4 ,accord+ to ! plan pursu$ 9 ,middlesex1 ,! %eep1 :i* beg9 to lamb ab\t ,mi*aelmas1 are kept 9 ! close dur+ ! day1 & 9 ! h\se dur+ ! night1 until !y h produc$ tw5ty or ?irty lambs4 ,^! lambs are !n put into a lamb-h\se1 :i* is kept con/antly well litt]$ ) clean :eat /raw2 & *alk1 bo? 9 lump & 9 p[d]1 is provid$ = !m to lick1 9 ord] to prev5t loos5ess1 & !reby pres]ve ! lambs 9 heal?4 ,z a prev5tion aga9/ gnaw+ ! bo>ds1 or eat+ ea* o!r's wool1 a little :eat /raw is plac$1 ) ! e>s d[nw>ds1 9 a rack )9 _! rea*1 ) :i* !y amuse !mselves1 & ( :i* !y eat a small quantity4 ,9 ?is h\se !y are kept ) great c>e & att5tion until fit = ! but*]4 ,! mo!rs ( ! lambs are turn$1 e night at eight o'clock1 into ! lamb-h\se to _! (fspr+4 ,at six o'clock 9 ! morn+ ^! mo!rs are sep>at$ f _! lambs1 & turn$ into ! pa/ures2 &1 at eight o'clock1 su* ewes z h lo/ _! own lambs1 & ^? ewes ^: lambs are sold1 are br\ght 9 & held by ! head till ! lambs by turns suck !m clean3 !y are !n turn$ into ! pa/ure2 & at twelve o'clock1 ! mo!rs ( ! lambs are driv5 f ! pa/ure into ! lamb-h\se = an h\r1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* "t ea* lamb is suckl$ by its "m4 ,at f\r o'clock1 all ! ewes t h n lambs ( _! own are aga9 br\ght to ! lamb-h\se1 & held = ! lambs to suck2 & at eight1 ! mo!rs ( ! lambs are br\ght to !m = ! night4 ,?is me?od ( suckl+ is cont9u$ all ! ye>4 ,! bre$]s select su* ( ! lambs z become fat en\gh1 & ( prop] age 7ab\t eight weeks old7 = slaught]1 & s5d !m to ! m>ket dur+ ,decemb] & ?ree or f\r succe$+ mon?s1 at prices :i* v>y f "o gu9ea to f\r1 & ! re/ ( ! ye> at ab\t two gu9eas ea*4 ,?is is sev]e "w = ! ewes1 & "s ( !m die f exhau/ion4 ,h[ev]1 c>e is tak5 t !y h pl5ty ( food2 = :5 gre5 food 7viz4 turnips1 cole1 rye1 t>es1 clov]1 c47 beg9s to fail1 brew]s' gra9s are giv5 !m 9 tr\ghs1 & second-crop hay 9 racks1 z well to support ! ewes z to supply ! lambs ) pl5ty ( milk2 = if t %\ld n be abundant1 ! lambs w\ld become /unt$1 9 :i* case no food w\ld fatt5 !m4 ,a lamb-h\se to suckle f "o hundr$ & sixty to "o hundr$ & eighty lambs at a "t1 %\ld be sev5ty feet long & eighte5 feet broad1 ) ?ree coops ( diff]5t sizes at ea* end1 & s con/ruct$ z to divide ! lambs accord+ to _! ages4#ai #ai ,middlesex ,report1 p4 #cee4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,wickl[ x is ! practice to divide ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs by f\r equal p]iods1 & to fe$ ! lambs ) ewe's milk & c['s milk alt]nately4 ,:5 comm5c+ ) c['s milk1 a qu>t] ( a p9t is giv51 twice a-day1 to ea* lamb1 & ?is is gradually increas$ to a p9t1 exclusive ( ! milk f ! ewe4 ,?is me?od ( fe$+ has be5 cavill$ at1 b ,i ?9k unju/ly1 z ! ewe is ?us sav$ f ! bad effects ( exhau/ion1 & ! lambs are fit = ! but*] :5 six weeks old1 or soon]4 7#ih47 ,lamb+ "t4 ,:5 ! ewes beg9 to drop _! lambs1 a "t :i* ord9>ily happ5s 9 ! fir/ or second week ( ,april1 b :i*1 9 o!r modes ( managem5t1 mu/ be dat$ tw5ty-two weeks aft] ! tupp+ season1 ! %eph]d has _m calls ^u 8 skill & wat*fulness4 ,9 bad seasons1 %eep are apt to prove unk9d to _! (fspr+1 & none m s ?an ! ,*eviots4 ,9 ?is ev5t1 ! be/ pa/ures %\ld be select$ = !m1 or turnips may be c>t$ to !m2 b z gimm] hogs are (t5 q incapable ( furni%+ ! necess>y quantity ( milk1 ! %eph]d ought always to be provid$ ) a bottle ( milk1 :i* he %\ld drop f 8 own m\? into t ( any lambs :i* may require x4 ,su* mo!rs z appe> to suff] 9 br++ =?1 %\ld be reliev$ ) ! utmo/ g5tl5ess2 & :5 a misc>riage occurs1 if ! wea!r be at ! same "t unfav\rable1 ! dam ought to receive ! %elt] ( a ro(4 ,:5 ! ewe is lo/ 9 yean+1 h] lamb1 if x survive h]1 mu/ be re>$ by ano!r dam4 ,"s little artifice is always necess>y to induce a ewe to adopt ! (fspr+ ( ano!r4 ,cov]+ ! lamb ) ! sk9 ( h] own dead "o1 is sometimes resort$ to1 b ?is is h>dly requir$1 z any dam w take to ano!r's (fspr+ if ! p>ties be %ut up = "s "t toge!r4 ,ewes t are late 9 lamb+ %\ld be collect$ toge!r1 s z to be m "u ! c>e ( ! %eph]d1 & ought to be well f$1 = ! sake ( br++ =w>d _! lambs4 ,^? lambs :i* are v f> beh9d ! re/ mu/ be prep>$ = ! but*]1 z !y w\ld make b a poor figure at ! ,lammas sales4 7#ii47 ,wa%+4 ,! "t = clipp+ v>ies mu*1 be+ e>li] 9 seasons :i* h be5 prec$$ by fav\rable wea!r & an un/9t$ all[ance ( food1 ?an 9 su* z h foll[$ a rigor\s w9t]1 disease1 or any o!r cause calculat$ to arre/ ! gr[? ( wool4 ,! season may be said to be limit$ by ! middle ( ,may & ! middle ( ,july2 b ?is %\ld n be tak5 z a rule ( conduct1 ! be/ guide be+ ! /ate ( ! new coat1 :i* ought always to be well above ! sk9 be=e %e>+ is attempt$4 ,! wool1 unless among "s m\nta9 flocks1 is always1 9 ?is c\ntry1 wa%$ prior to its removal f ! %eep's back2 b 9 ,spa9 t op]ation is always def]r$ till ! fleeces h be5 collect$1 :5 !y are subject$ to a ?or\gh sc\r+1 9 public build+s appropriat$ to ! purpose1 & t]m$ lavatories4 ,?is is a plan 9 _m respects sup]ior to ours4 ,its adoption by our f>m]s has be5 recomm5d$ by ,dr ,p>ry4 ,!re _c be a d\bt ( its be+ ! pref]able mode z reg>ds ! sav+ x w\ld effect 9 ! lives ( %eep2 b z x is well kn[n t %e>+ is mu* facilitat$ by wa%+1 & t on ! neatness ) :i* ! clipp+ is accompli%$ ! quality ( ! succe$+ crop 9 a great measure dep5ds1 "s little "t w be necess>y to det]m9e ! comp>ative value ( ei!r mode4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales x is cu/om>y to make ! %eep swim across a /ream = two or ?ree morn+s be=e be+ wa%$1 by :i* means ! yolk is s(t5$1 & ! removal ( grease & dirt mu* promot$2 b ?is1 ?\gh a good plan 9 t mild & ev5 climate1 c\ld n be look$ ^u z safe 9 a temp]ature s v>iable z t ( ,brita94 ,9 cases h[ev]1 :]e great nicety is requir$1 ! plan 9 vogue 9 ! =m] c\ntry1 t ( dipp+ ea* %eep1 be=e wa%+1 into a caldron ( w>m wat]1 might be b5eficially adopt$4 ,m\nta9 %eep are clean$ by be+ =c$ to swim across a pool1 b ! f9] or l[l& bre$s are wa%$ entirely by ! h&4 ,! latt] me?od alone dem&s a %ort explanation4 ,dry1 &1 if possible1 sunny wea!r1 is select$ = ! op]ation1 on ! morn+ ( :i* ! lambs are sep>at$ f ! flock1 & ! latt] is convey$ to ! m>g9 ( "s pebbly-bottom$ pool4 ,"h !y are p5n$ or o!rwise kept toge!r1 :ile !y are seiz$1 "o by "o1 by a man /&+ mid-?igh deep ne> ! wat]-edge1 & turn$ back d[nw>ds1 ! head alone be+ above ! surface4 ,plate ,v4 fig4 #a4bj ,x is !n turn$ f side to side1 & mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 s z to make ! wool cat* ^u ! /ream & wave ab\t4 ,:5 ! fir/ wa%] has held x = a few m9utes1 & p>tially cleans$ ! fleece1 he passes x up ! riv] to ! next1 :o goes ?r\gh ! same r\t9e1 &1 on be+ conv9c$ t ! sk9 is free f fil?1 compels ! %eep to l& by swimm+ 9 an oblique direction up ! wat]4 ,?ree & ev5 f\r m5 are sometimes employ$ 9 wa%+ %eep1 b two1 z "h describ$1 w1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 be f\nd suffici5t4 ,! bank on :i* ! dripp+ %eep are collect$1 %\ld h a clean & firm turf1 & ! flock %\ld1 till fairly dry & fit = %e>+1 be kept on heavy grass l&1 or1 :at is bett]1 9 /raw-b$d$ folds4 #bj ,= ! figures #a1 #b & #c 9 ,plate ,v4 ,i am indebt$ to ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture = #ahcb1 p4 #hfi4 7#ajj47 ,%e>+4 ,aft] all[+ eight days1 (f or on1 to elapse f ! "t ( wa%+1 s z to p]mit ! wool to ga9 a fre% supply ( yolk1 & along ) x lu/re & ela/icity1 ! %eep may be /ripp$ ( its fleece4 ,z !re is no sav+ 9 employ+ an unskilful clipp]1 e enc\ragem5t %\ld be giv5 to induce s]vants to cut close1 smoo?ly & ev5ly1 & to avoid injur+ ! sk91 or go+ twice ov] ! same "p4 ,!re are two ways 9 ?is c\ntry ( depriv+ %eep ( _! wool4 ,9 ! fir/1 or co>s] me?od1 :i* is only adopt$ 9 ! case ( ,*eviot & hea? %eep1 ! op]ator sits ^u ! gr\nd1 & plac+ ! animal on its back betwe5 8 knees1 %e>s ! wool fir/ f ! belly & legs1 & !n1 aft] ty+ ! latt]1 proce$s to cle> ! back4 ,9 ! second me?od1 ! legs are nev] ti$1 z ! disposition ( ! %eep is su* z to r5d] x unnecess>y4 ,! animal is plac$ z 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,v41 & ! %e>] clips fir/ "o side1 cutt+ f ! middle ( ! belly to t ( ! back1 d[n to ! lo9s4 ,x is !n plac$ on its side1 z 9 ,fig1 #c1 ,plate ,v41 ! knee ( ! op]ator press+ on its neck1 & ! wool is remov$ f ! legs & buttocks4 ,! fleece is next roll$ up1 ) ! cut side outw>ds1 comm5c+ at ! tail1 & us+ ! wool ( ! o!r extremity z a fa/5+ = ! bundle4 ,a cool dry ap>tm5t %\ld be select$ 9 :i* to /ore ! wool1 always rememb]+ t heat & damp are equally injuri\s to x1 & t ! great] ! p]fection 9 :i* x reta9s its natural oily moi/ure1 ! m valuable w x prove bo? to ! gr[] & ! manufactur]4 7#aja47 ,wean+1 :]e milk+ is n practis$1 ought to be set ab\t 9 ! end ( ,july or beg9n+ ( ,augu/4 ,9 "s places ! ewe lambs are nev] spean$1 b all[$ to g at l>ge ) _! mo!rs2 & ?\gh by ?is plan ! dam is apt to be kept 9 poor condition1 yet is ?is c\nt]balanc$ by ! comp>ative fre$om ( ! hogs f braxy4 ,z an improvem5t1 h[ev]1 ! gimm] lambs may be )held = a =tnight f _! mo!rs1 & at ! end ( t "t may be p]mitt$ to pa/ure ) !m4 ,9 ! few places :]e ! f>m] cont9ues to manufacture ewe-milk *eese & butt]1 spean+ is c>ri$ into effect some:at e>li]1 & is ( c\rse att5d$1 9 ! long run1 ) no little detrim5t to ! /ock & its proprietor4 ,! soon] t ! practice be laid aside ! bett]2 = ?\gh ewe-milk *eese is pretty univ]sally reli%$ & admir$1 yet ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! sc5es :i* happ5 at ! bughts1 "k well t ! *eese itself _c b conta9 mu*1 ! m]e m5tion ( :i* w\ld pall at once ! appetite ev5 ( ! lea/ fa/idi\s4 ,9 addition to ?is1 a great wa/e ( grass is occasion$ by ! %eep go+ to & f ! bught1 :ile ! inconv5i5ces !y are on e h& expos$ to1 at a season :5 !y are peculi>ly liable to disease & accid5t1 ought ( !mselves to lead to ! abolition ( ! practice4 ,:5 ! udd]s ( ! ewes appe>1 aft] _! sep>ation f ! lambs1 to be mu* di/5d$1 !y may be once or twice milk$1 to prev5t bad consequ5ces2 b x is mu* bett] to obviate ! necessity = ?is1 by r$uc+ _! all[ance ( food = a few days4 ,:5 ! animal seems to suff] mu* irritation ab\t ! udd]1 x w always be safe to give a brisk dose ( any ( ! common sal9e purgatives4 ,! /ore lambs are at ?is p]iod s5t to good pa/ure1 or1 :]e ! f>m _c af=d x1 are summ]$ at a di/ance2 t is to say1 ! f>m] pays s mu* a head = p]mission to fe$ 8 flock1 dur+ a c\ple ( mon?s1 on ano!r p]son's gr\nd1 at ! end ( :i* p]iod !y are turn$ ^u ! pa/ure :i* has j be5 vacat$ by ! gimm]s1 !y hav+ be5 s5t to jo9 ! old] ewes4 7#ajb47 ,sme>+1 9 ^? places :]e x is /ill c>ri$ on1 is p]=m$ 9 two ways1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! wool4 ,slipp+1 z ! "o me?od is t]m$1 is only employ$ 9 high1 wet di/ricts1 :]e ! %eep are cov]$ ) long wool2 :ile roll+1 z ! o!r is usually call$1 is only requir$ = su* z1 9 dry situations1 are surr\nd$ by a %ort close pile4 ,9 pursu+ ! =m] plan1 ! sme>] takes up ! mixture on ! =ef+] ( 8 "r h&1 & :ile hold+ ! locks ( wool ap>t ) 8 arms & left h&1 all[s ! salve to drop into ! groove or %$1 along :i* x is spread by ! o!r f+]s4 ,9 roll+1 a small quantity only ( sme>+ /uff is rais$ on ! po9t ( ! =ef+]1 ) :i* x is laid ev5ly ^u ! sk94 ,?is is by f> ! neat] way ( salv+1 z less ( ! o9tm5t is p]mitt$ to get ^u ! wool2 b z x is altoge!r a t>di] process1 x is n s frequ5tly resort$ to4 ,novemb] is ! mon? usually *os5 = ?is op]ation1 b z x _c be prop]ly done unless ! day fix$ ^u has be5 prec$$ by dry wea!r1 ! "t ought r to be select$ by ! aspect ( ! season4 ,! composition ( sme>+ /uffs is s v v>i\s1 t x is q beyond my p[] to give ! read] ev5 a li/ ( ! ord9>y +r$i5ts & _! proportions2 nor ne$ ,i recomm5d any ( !m 9 p>ticul> to ! att5tion ( ! %eph]d1 kn[+1 z ,i d1 ! bigot$ op9ions :i* are held ^u ! subject1 & ! av]sion ) :i* e "o reg>ds a mixture n ( _! own compos+4 ,i c only obs]ve1 t :]e t> is employ$1 x ought to be well dilut$ ) grease1 s z to enable two ,engli% qu>ts ( x to be spread ov] six %eep4 ,9 ?is way x w be less liable to adh]e to ! wool1 & w be mu* m readily laid ^u ! sk94 ,:5 %eep are salv$ )\t due att5tion to ! ev5 spread+ ( ! mixture1 ! insects ) :i* ! sk9 is infe/$ are1 in/ead ( be+ de/roy$1 all[$ "h & !re a re/+ place2 & z ! sev]ity ( _! attack is 9 proportion to ! limit$ nature ( _! range1 ! sk9 at ^! po9ts soon becomes cru/$ ) scabs4 ,! small] ! quantity ( t> employ$1 z consi/5t ) ! keep+ d[n ( v]m91 s mu* ! bett]1 z ! wool is ( m value to ! manufactur]1 ! %eep is sav$ ! discom=t ( hav+ its fleece pla/]$ & matt$1 & ! %eph]d is sp>$ ! vexation ( los+ lambs ?r\gh _! inability to rea* an udd] surr\nd$ by locks ( h>d & tangl$ wool4 7#ajc47 ,fatt+4 ,! age at :i* %eep are prep>$ = ! but*] dep5ds ^u ! bre$1 its situation1 & its prop5sity to take on fat4 ,! hea? %eep may be consid]$ z requir+ to be ! greate/ l5g? ( "t 9 ! h&s ( ! f>m]1 & ! ,leice/]s z ! rev]se2 we!rs ( ! =m] v>iety be+ usually dispos$ (f :5 f ?ree to f\r ye>s old1 & ewes :5 f f\r to five2 :ile we!rs ( ! latt] k9d are fit = m>ket (t5 at eighte5 mon?s1 & ! ewes are 9 g5]al f$ (f aft] ! ?ird ye>4 ,%eep1 9 spr+ & autumn1 are peculi>ly liable to diseases ( ! inte/9es1 a circum/ance ma9ly to be ascrib$ to ! *anges :i* are1 9 ^! seasons1 con/antly occurr+ 9 ! nature ( _! food4 ,mu* ( ?is is ow+ to c>eless managem5t 9 ! economy ( ! pa/ures1 & to re/rict+ !m = great l5g?s ( "t to "o k9d ( prov5d]1 a ?+ gu>d$ aga9/ by all good bre$]s4 ,sudd5 transitions1 h[ev]1 f a poor to a nutritive pa/ure1 & ! rev]se1 are always bad1 & !re=e to be avoid$2 b *ange ( fe$+ gr\nd1 ) ^! re/rictions1 _c be too mu* inculcat$--x is1 9 fact1 ! s\l ( %eep husb&ry4 ,! bleake/ portions ( a f>m %\ld be pa/ur$ (f 9 autumn1 s z to res]ve ! %elt]$ spots = w9t] use4 ,! ca/ ewes may !n be draft$ (f to fe$ on a m succul5t h]bage1 previ\s to be+ p5n$ on turnips4 ,mo/ ( ! po9ts wor?y ( att5tion 9 %eep fe$+ hav+ already be5 detail$ 9 ! article on ,cross+1 ,i %all only add a few p>ticul>s 9 reg>d to managem5t on turnips4 ,:5 %eep are f$ on turnips1 !y are 9 g5]al conf9$ to a p>ticul> portion ( ! field by nets or hurdles4 ,! latt]1 :5 made ( ,scot* fir1 co/ ab\t a %ill+ ea*2 b1 :5 con/ruct$ ( l>*1 ! price is f\rte5-p5ce4 ,^? made ( l>* are by f> ! m durable1 & w la/ ?ree ye>s if kept "u cov] dur+ summ]4 ,two m5 are requir$ to set !m up1 besides a horse & c>t to take !m to ! field1 on :i* acc\nt nets h a decid$ pref]5ce1 be+ easy ( transportation1 & requir+ little h\se-room4 ,?\gh valuable 9 w9dy situations1 nets _c be us$ to enclose horn$ %eep1 z _! heads become entangl$ ) ! cords4 ,!y w seldom s]ve = m ?an ?ree ye>s1 b z !y co/ only ?reep5ce p] y>d1 !y may be consid]$ z e way *eap] ?an hurdles4 ,:5 ! turnips allott$ to ! %eep1 :i* seldom exce$ a week's supply1 are consum$1 ano!r portion ( ! field is enclos$2 :ile ! %ells are torn up ) a two-prong$ hook1 & ei!r left !re to be consum$ by ! flock1 or c>t$ to ano!r field = ! use ( %eep n !n int5d$ to be fatt5$4 ,a fre% supply %\ld always be af=d$ !m be=e ! old "o is eat5 clean1 o!rwise _! fatt5+ w be mu* ret>d$4 ,x is usual to all[ !m at ! same "t pl5ty ( salt1 plac$ up & d[n ! field 9 tr\ghs or boxes1#ba & ab\t a ton ( hay 9 ! t5 or f\rte5 days1 to e hundr$ %eep2 ?\gh t numb]1 if suppli$ ) :at1 & p]mitt$ to run ab\t1 w consume t quantity 9 a week4 ,9 spr+1 f half a p\nd to a p\nd ( oil cake is giv5 daily to ea* ( !m1 along ) turnips4 #ba ,old casks1 want+ ends1 =m ! be/ ( all contrivances = hold+ salt = %eep1 z :5 laid on _! sides1 & reta9$ 9 t position by /akes1 !y all[ ! %eep free admission1 at ! same "t t ! salt is def5d$ f ra94 ,9 places :]e ! cold dur+ spr+ is any way sev]e1 ! ,sw$i% turnip ought always to be pref]r$ = fe$+ %eep1 z f ! =mation ( ! upp] "p ( ! bulb1 wat] _c collect )9 x z x does 9 o!r v>ieties1 to _! s]i\s injury :5 fro/ sets 94 ,turnips mu/ be cut = su* %eep z are %$d+ _! tee?4 ,! m\?s ( ^? t refuse to eat !m %\ld be exam9$1 t 9 ! ev5t ( a too? be+ loose or brok5 x may be remov$4 ,occasionally a %eep w be unable to gnaw a turnip1 ow+ to a peculi> =mation ( ! head1 ! l[] jaw be+ s v %ort z to give ! pr(ile "s resemblance to t ( a pig4 ,su* de=m$ animals are said 9 ?is qu>t] to be grun-7gr\nd7-m\!d3 ,i believe f ! elongation ( ! nose suit+ !m bett] = pok+ 9 ! e>? ?an = fe$+ 9 ! usual way4 ,! fatt5+ ( %eep on turnips is mu* promot$ by _! hav+ access to a grass field1 m especially if x happ5 to conta9 :9s or hea!r4 ,x is f want ( att5tion to ?is t %eep are s liable to disease :5 eat+ turnips1 =1 ap>t f ! b5efit t accrues to !m f a dry lair1 !y are enabl$ to turn _! food to bett] acc\nt :5 consum+ bitt] h]bs4 ,x is no unusual ?+ = turnip-f$ %eep & cattle to become q lean1 z ! f>m]s say1 almo/ at ! lift+1 = no o!r reason ?an t !y h be5 conf9$ too /rictly to "o article ( diet4 ,!y h be5 d5i$ access to plants conta9+ ( all ?+s ! "o mo/ necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( _! heal?--bitt] extractive matt]--z x is call$ by *emi/s--)\t a due proportion ( :i* ! mo/ nutriti\s sub/ances _c be turn$ to acc\nt4 ,z an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 ! prov5d] ( h]bivor\s animals1 x may1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ z a fact1 t its importance is 9 an inv]se ratio ) ! nutritive p[]s ( ! food4#bb ,?us acc\nt+ = ! l5g? ( "t t %eep w cont9ue to ?rive on turnips alone4 #bb ,p>is's ,ph>macologia1 six? edition1 vol4 i4 p4 #adg4 ,) all ! advantages1 h[ev]1 :i* accrue to ! %eep :5 on turnips1 f ! quantity ( nutritive matt] :i* ^! roots conta91 its progress :5 re/rict$ to !m frequ5tly falls v f> %ort ( ! expectations ( ! own]4 ,9 ! great] numb] ( in/ances1 also1 f>m]s are unable to acc\nt = _! want ( success 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 s t ,i may be excus$ = endeav\r+ to po9t out1 at "s l5g?1 ! causes ( _! failure4 ,to proce$3-- ,! po9t 9 %eep managem5t 9 :i* our f>m]s are mo/ defici5t1 is turnip-fe$+2 "o ^u :i* mo/ w pique !mselves z be+ p]fect1 ?\gh1 speak+ gu>d$ly1 h>dly "o man 9 tw5ty und]/&s ! rudim5t>y pr9ciples on :i* %eep-fe$+ %\ld be conduct$4 ,!y are unacqua9t$ ) ! habits ( ! wild animal1 &1 unlike any o!r class ( m51 int]e/ !mselves little 9 ! fundam5tal /udy ( _! call+4 ,!re is n a %[man1 or a bird-fanci]1 b kn[s to a tittle ! peculi>ities ( ! creature t he has 9 *>ge1 & endeav\rs1 to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 to provide su* food z its in/9cts crave4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) ! /ore-f>m]4 ,he c>es n to inquire :e!r ! %eep is naturally calculat$ to subsi/ on "o k9d ( nutrim5t2 & if s1 :e!r !y w1 :5 left to ! ex]cise ( in/9ct1 resort to turnips ( _! own accord2 :e!r ! %eep is usually re/rict$ to conf9$ localities simil> to our fields1 or is ! unre/ra9$ rov] ov] an ext5sive pa/ure4 ,yet x is f inve/igations ( ?is k9d t we are to d]ive our mode ( treat+ %eep1 & are to =m plans b5eficial to ourselves1 f _! be+1 9 a mann]1 improvem5ts ^u nature4 ,we f9d1 f a p]usal ( ! works ( travell]s1 & f ! anatomical peculi>ities ( ! %eep1 t x is fitt$ = resid5ce 9 c\ntries precipit\s 9 surface1 & scantily suppli$ ) h]bage2 consequ5tly1 x mu/ range ov] a va/ ext5t ( gr\nd = a subsi/5ce1 & its food mu/1 ow+ to ! v>i$ features ( ! c\ntry1 consi/1 n ( "o or ( a few plants1 b ( a mo/ ext5sive mixture ( h]bage4 ,exp]im5t also po9ts out t ! d$uctions f ^! obs]vations are correct4 ,%eep1 9 fact1 consume a great] numb] ( plants ?an any o!r dome/ic animal4 ,l9naeus1 9 exam9+ into ?is subject1 f\nd1 by (f]+ fre% plants to su* animals1 9 ! ord9>y mode ( fe$+1 t horses ate #bfb species1 & refus$ #bab2 cattle ate #bgf species1 & refus$ #bah2 :ile %eep took #chg species1 & only refus$ #ada4 ,we f9d1 too1 great difficulty 9 prev5t+ %eep f spr++ ov] ! dykes & h$ges t we place z b\nd>ies to _! rambl+ habits1 yet h[ seldom d we see ! true cause ( _! det]m9ation to set !m at defiance4 ,we may p>tly acc\nt = x by consid]+ _! analogy to ! goat1 & _! prop5sity to scale rugg$ em95ces2 b ,i ?9k ^! movem5ts r indicate an anxiety to *ange a pa/ure already exhau/$ ( v>iety1 = fre% fields1 & h]bage ab\nd+ 9 t miscellane\s provision :i* nature app>5tly reckons ess5tial = !m4 ,%eph]ds own z mu*1 & w tell y t frequ5t *ange ( pa/ure is ! s\l ( %eep husb&ry1 ?\gh !y see no reason :y %eep %\ld n be kept = _m successive weeks on a pat* ( turnips4 ,!y admit ! necessity ( a frequ5t %ift+ 9 ! "o case1 b d5y x 9 ! o!r4 ,mag5die1 a celebrat$ ,fr5* physiologi/1 has %[n1 by exp]im5t1 t x is impossible to keep an animal 9 a heal?y /ate long] ?an six weeks on "o article ( diet1 dea? frequ5tly tak+ place ev5 be=e ! end ( t p]iod2 b our %eep-f>m]s1 9 happy ignorance ( ! fact1 conf9e _! flocks = mon?s to turnips only4 ,& :at1 may ,i ask !m1 is ! consequ5ce ( ! practice8 ,:y1 t x is n unusual to meet ) %eep-own]s :o lose at lea/ "o out ( e fifte51 & all ow+1 z may easily be prov$1 to ?is mode ( managem5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! turnip is a k9d ( food entirely =eign to ! nature ( ! %eep1 & "o to :i*1 at fir/1 !y ev9ce great repugnance4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( %eep incapable ( fe$+ on turnips1 ow+ to ! =m ( ! face1 ! upp]-jaw project+ consid]ably pa/ ! l[]1 h9d]+ ! *isel-%ap$ tee? f be+ br\ght to be> ^u ! root4 ,none ( our ,briti% bre$s c]ta9ly h ?is z a regul> feature1 nev]!less !y are liable to x2 & !re are few f>m]s t h n1 sev]al times 9 _! lives1 met ) grun-m\!d %eep1 z !y are call$ 9 ,scotl&1 f _! pr(ile resembl+ t ( ! pig1 & suit+ !m = pok+ 9 e>?1 r ?an = eat+ 9 ! usual way4 ,aga91 if ! /ructure ( ! %eep's m\? proves t x is n adapt$ = eat+ turnips1 ! composition ( ! turnip no less satisfactorily %[s t x is n calculat$ z food = %eep4 ,bitt]ness is ess5tially necess>y 9 ! food ( all h]bivor\s animals2 )\t x1 inde$1 !y soon] or lat] fall into ill heal?4 ,?is prop]ty is %[n by *emi/s to reside 9 ! extractive matt] ( plants1 :i* has1 !re=e1 be5 call$ bitt] extractive4 ,! quantity is also f\nd to be 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! nutritive p[]s ( ! plant2 t is to say1 :]e ! plant ab\nds 9 alim5t>y matt]1 ! proportion ( bitt] extractive is small1 comp>$ ) :at x is :]e ! =m] is defici5t4 ,turnips conta9 a l>ge quantity ( matt] capable ( af=d+ n\ri%m5t to ! body1 b !y yield little or none ( ! bitt] pr9ciple4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 %eep acquire fat rapidly = a "t1 :5 plac$ on turnips2 b1 exp]i5c+ a want ( ! m$ic9al bitt]1 beg9 ) equal rapidity to lose ! advantages !y s rec5tly ga9$4 ,_! appetite becomes deprav$1 &1 f be+ %ut out f access to ! /oma*ic int5d$ = !m by nature1 !y take to dev\r+ e>?1 or any sub/ance capable ( s]v+ z a sub/itute = x4 ,) reg>d to ! natural use ( bitt] extractive1 x may be laid d[n z a tru?1 t x /imulates ! /oma*1--corrects putrefy+ & un:olesome nutrim5t1--promotes t>dy dige/ion1--increases ! nutritive p[]s ( ^? vegetable sub/ances to :i* x is unit$1--& furni%es a natural rem$y = ! d]ang$ functions ( ! /oma* 9 p>ticul>1 & ?r\gh ! sympa!tic m$ium ( t organ1 = ! atony ( remote p>ts 9 g5]al4#bc ,all1 inde$1 concur 9 sett+ a high value on ?is con/itu5t ( plants--all1 ) ! exception ( ^? ^: int]e/s are mo/ deeply conc]n$ 9 a k ( its importance4 ,f>m]s1 9 g5]al1 _c p]ceive ! utility ( att5d+ to conc]ns app>5tly s trifl+1 ?\gh 9 ! "r conduct ( ^! !y dep5d mat]ially = success4 ,nay1 ,i h kn[n m5 argu+1 t 9 six weeks !y h giv5 ord9>y %eep an excell5t coat+ ( fat1 by keep+ !m on turnips only2 ?\gh1 on /rict inquiry be+ made into ! nature ( ! field 9 :i* !y _h be5 p5n$1 x has always turn$ out t ! %eep _h access to o!r ?+s1 _! own]s hav+ wilfully %ut _! eyes to ! true circum/ances ( ! case4 ,dep5d on x1 no %eep w cont9ue 9 heal? dur+ six weeks on turnips alone1 mu* less w x cont9ue ?r\gh\t t "t to take on fat4 ,mu* ( ! mis*ief att5d+ a want ( bitt] matt] is obviat$ by ! plan ( all[+ ! %eep corn1 salt1 oilcake1 & hay1 :i*1 s]ve1 especially ! la/1 z tol]able sub/itutes = x4 ,good hay ought always to be pl5tifully suppli$ to %eep on turnips1 z1 f ! v>iety ( ! plants compos+ x1 x conta9s mu* t is n to be f\nd 9 turnips4 ,besides1 "o ( ! mo/ useful bitt]s ) :i* we are acqua9t$ 7! ,bogbean--,m5yan!s ,trifoliata7 occurs 9 mead[ hay1 & is a plant suffici5t ( itself to save ! animal f ! consequ5ces ( neglect4 ,:5ev] y he> ( rem>kable in/ances ( %eep becom+ quickly fat on turnips1 y may safely believe !y h _h lib]ty to nibble some?+ 9 addition to ! ord9>y prov5d]4 ,!y h _h access to broom or :9s1 p]haps only to bu%es t are laid z a def5ce on dykes1 or only to ! scanty pick+s on ! edges ( fields--/ill !y h by su* means 9 a mann] satisfi$ ! crav+ = bitt] alim5t1 & enabl$ _! /oma*s to turn to bett] acc\nt ! o!rwise unpr(itable turnips4 ,broom is at all times an excell5t m$ic9e = %eep1 & "o :i* !y are p>tial to1 & :i* ought1 !re=e1 to be plac$1 if possible1 )9 _! rea*4 #bc ,p>is's ,ph>macologia1 vol4 i4 p4 #adf4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,accid5ts ,,& ,,op]ations4 7#ajd47 ,%eep be+ ab\t z liable z o!r animals to a v>iety ( accid5ts1 x is necess>y t ! %eph]d %\ld possess a compet5t k ( ! means :i* art af=ds = ! rem$y ( ^? mi%aps4 ,x is f a want ( su* k t f>m]s are frequ5tly l$ to slaught] valuable %eep1 ?\gh only lab\r+ "u ! effects ( "s commonplace disease or accid5t4 ,if ! animal is att5d$ by a pr(essional p]son1 an exp5se is sure to be incurr$ ne>ly equal to ! wor? ( ! pati5t1 & 9 s f> z !y endeav\r to obviate ?is1 by kill+ ! %eep1 !y are free f blame2 b :y n r contrive to save ! co/ ( vet]9>y att5dance1 by mak+ !mselves conv]sant ) its diseases1 & able to prescribe = _! own flocks1 9 :i* !re c be no difficulty1 z ! rem$ies are1 9 ! majority ( cases1 few1 simple1 & ( easy application4 ,9 ! surgical & m$ical managem5t ( flocks1 mu* my/]y has1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 all along exi/$2 b t fanta/ic age is well nigh its close1 & ?anks to ! _s ( c&id inquiry n[ abroad1 we may hope ere long to boa/ ( valuable in=mation 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! spread ( correct ideas reg>d+ ! nature & treatm5t ( accid5ts & diseases1 has f fir/ to la/ be5 prev5t$ by ! diffus5ess ( ^? :o h writt5 on ! subject1 & by _! s clo?+ x 9 a mass ( v]biage1 z to r5d] sc>cely intelligible :at w\ld o!rwise be easy ( acquirem5t4 ,to obviate ! liability to a simil> *>ge1 ! foll[+ obs]vations are giv5 z briefly z is consi/5t ) a due reg>d to ! importance ( ! subject4 7#aje47 ,w\nds4 ,all ! w\nds :i* c be inflict$ may be class$ "u ! heads ( incis$1 punctur$1 & lac]at$4 ,an incis$ w\nd is "o made by a cutt+ in/rum5t1 su* z a knife or a piece ( glass4 ,punctur$ w\nds are ^? produc$ by %>p po9t$ bodies1 su* z p9s or ?orns4 ,lac]at$ w\nds are ^? occasion$ by blunt bodies1 z ! tee? ( ! dog1 te>+ r ?an cutt+ ! fle%4 ,:5 a %eep has receiv$ any ( ^! injuries1 ! foll[+ rules ought to be att5d$ to1 & 9 ! ord] "h recomm5d$3-- #a/4 ,arre/ ! ble$+1 if pr(use1 & likely to endang] life4 #b;d4 ,clip away ! wool = a few in*es ar\nd ! injur$ "p4 #c;d4 ,remove dirt or o!r =eign body f ! w\nd4 #d?4 ,br+ ! sep>at$ p>ts z ne>ly toge!r z circum/ances w at ! mom5t p]mit1 & reta9 !m !re by suitable app>atus4 7#ajf47 ,to /op ,ble$+4 ,ble$+ w1 if no l>ge art]ies are divid$1 cease on ! free exposure ( ! surface = a few m9utes to ! air2 b :5 a l>ge vessel has be5 cut1 m det]m9$ means mu/ be _h rec\rse to4 ,pressure on ! ble$+ surface & its neighb\rhood w 9 _m cases succe$1 b ?is or any simil> me?od is f> inf]ior to t ( secur+ ! op5 vessel by a ?read4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! m\? ( ! ve9 or art]y mu/ be slightly drawn out f ! contigu\s surface1 by means ( a small hook1 call$ by surgeons a t5aculum1 & easily procur$ f any blacksmi?4 ,:ile ! m\? ( ! vessel is ?us held expos$1 an assi/ant mu/ surr\nd x ) a noose ( ?read1 :i*1 on be+ secur$ ) a d\ble knot1 w effectually close x4 ,! ?read ought to be ( :ite silk1 ?\gh any undy$ ?read1 :i* is firm1 r\nd1 & capable ( /&+ a pull1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to place ! ?read1 be=e ty+ x1 fairly beh9d ! po9t ( ! t5aculum1 s z to avoid includ+ ! in/rum5t )9 ! ligature1 a circum/ance :i* w\ld lead to ! slipp+ ( ! noose & failure ( ! op]ation4 ,! hook is n[ to be )drawn1 & "o end ( ! ligature cut (f by sciss>s )9 a little ( ! noose4 ,! rema9+ ?reads are all[$ to hang out ( ! w\nd1 s z to admit ( _! removal :5 !y become loose1 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 take place till ! t]m9ation ( ! fir/ f\r days1 & !y are frequ5tly reta9$ = a mu* long] p]iod4 ,at ea* "t ! w\nd is dress$1 aft] ! f\r? day1 ! ligatures %\ld be g5tly pull$1 or1 :i* is pref]able1 twi/$1 to dis5gage !m1 if at all loose1 s t ! w\nd may be m spe$ily clos$4 ,be=e proce$+ to any op]ation :]e ble$+ is expect$1 ! op]ator %\ld provide himself ) a few well-wax$ ?reads1 ea* twelve in*es long1 s t no delay may ensue on a division ( l>ge vessels4 7#ajg47 ,removal ( ,extrane\s ,matt]4 ,dirt is be/ remov$ by wa%+ ) a sponge or old l95 rag & w>m wat]4 ,o!r =eign bodies may 9 g5]al be extract$ by ! f+] & ?umb4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x may be necess>y to dilate or enl>ge ! w\nd ) a f9e-edg$ knife1 9 ord] to facilitate ! removal ( sub/ances :i*1 f _! %ape or situation1 _c be o!rwise displac$4 7#ajh47 ,closure ( a ,w\nd4 ,! la/ ?+ to be done is to br+ ! edges ( ! w\nd into z accurate contact z ! /ate ( ! p>ts w at ! mom5t p]mit1 )\t1 h[ev]1 us+ any =ce4 ,?is1 ) a little c>e1 is readily accompli%$1 ! only difficulty be+ to reta9 !m 9 ! desir$ position4 ,!y may be held 9 contact ei!r by /it*es1 7sutures17 pla/]s1 or b&ages1 or by a union ( ! ?ree4 ,/it*es are only requir$ :5 ! w\nd gapes to a consid]able ext5t1 z x w always d :5 runn+ across a muscle4 ,!y may be appli$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,transfix "o side ( ! w\nd ) a curv$ ne$le 7arm$ ) a well wax$ ?read7 =c+ ! ne$le f )\t obliquely t[>ds ! bottom ( ! w\nd1 !n c>ry x ?r\gh ! opposite side f )91 tak+ c>e to br+ x out ab\t ! same di/ance f ! edge z t at :i* x ent]$ on ! o!r m>g94 ,! ne$le mu/ n[ be remov$1 by cutt+ ! ?reads close to its eye1 & :ile ! ends are all[$ to hang loose1 ! same op]ation %\ld be repeat$1 at ! di/ance ( an in* or an in* & a half f ! fir/ /it*1 z (t5 z ! l5g? ( ! w\nd may r5d] necess>y4 ,y\r assi/ant w n[ br+ ! sides ( ! w\nd toge!r z accurately z possible1 & reta9 !m !re till y h ti$ ! correspond+ ends ( ! ?reads 9 a d\ble knot4 7#aji47 ,b&ag+4 ,adhesive pla/] is 9 "s in/ances ( s]vice1 b ^u ! :ole ought r to be disp5s$ )1 be+ ( difficult application1 & moreov] t5d+ to ! accumulation ( fil? & ! discom=t ( ! animal4 ,no?+ w be f\nd to s]ve ! purpose ( support+ ! p>ts s well z a prop]ly adju/$ b&age1 :i* is useful 9 e in/ance1 & sure to /ay on if sew$ "h & !re to ! fleece4 ,! b&age %\ld nev] be omitt$ :]e ! w\nd has any t5d5cy to gape1 z too great a /ra9 ^u ! /it*es _c b lead to delay 9 ! heal+ process4 ,9 b&ag+ a limb or "p ( a limb1 comm5ce always at ! foot1 & proce$ upw>ds2 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body beg9 :]e y f9d x mo/ conv5i5t4 ,be=e apply+ a b&age to an injur$ surface1 a c\ple ( pieces ( old l95 ( cotton rag %\ld be fold$ into pads or compresses1 & laid "o on ea* side ( ! cut1 & ov] ^! ! b&age %\ld be roll$1 ev5ly & ) mod]ate & uni=m firmness4 ,by ?is plan ! sep>at$ surfaces are support$ & pres]v$ 9 close juxtaposition1 especially at ! bottom ( ! w\nd1 a ?+ ( "s importance :]e ! cavity is deep4 ,transv]se cuts ( ! limbs ( %eep require m c>eful & m complicat$ treatm5t ?an cuts 9 o!r p>ts1 z !re is a con/ant t5d5cy ( ! edges to retract4 ,?is retraction ( ! edges may be 9 "s degree obviat$ by ! application ( a spl9t1 :i* may be made ( a slip ( /iff lea!r 7su* z is us$ = saddle flaps7 well wett$1 s z to be easily adapt$ to ! =m ( ! limb4 ,x is int5d$ to imp$e ! motion ( ! leg1 :i* occasions ! gap+ ( ! w\nd1 & mu/ !re=e be made to pass ov] "o or m jo9ts z circum/ances may require4 ,t[ mu/ be laid along ! surface 7a s\nd "o if possible7 on :i* ! lea!r is to be plac$1 & a b&age !n roll$ ov] x s z to make all secure4 7#aaj47 ,clean cuts1 z e "o kn[s1 heal readily 9 a heal?y animal1 seldom dem&+ above ?ree dress+s2 lac]ations1 on ! o!r h&1 require a long] p]iod = _! rep>ation1 inasmu* z ! process :i* nature goes ?r\gh is m complicat$4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! p>ts are spe$ily glu$ toge!r1 s soon almo/ z 9 contact1 & ! union is g5]ally complete )9 ! fir/ ?irty-six h\rs4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) ! latt]4 ,"h ! p>ts are bruis$1 torn1 & p]haps to a consid]able ext5t awant+4 ,"s ( ! bruis$ portions may die1 & are ( c\rse to be r5ew$4 ,?is is a process requir+ a great ef=t on ! "p ( ! vital p[]s1 :i* are (t5 inadequate to ! task1 & on ?is acc\nt we ought1 :5 ! injury is sev]e1 to sacrifice ! animal r ?an run ! risk ( its dy+ dur+ ! process ( ! attempt$ cure4 ,to replace ! lo/ "p1 suppuration1 or ! =mation ( matt] comm5ces2 :ile "u cov] ( ?is1 a crop ( fle%y p>ticles 7granulations7 rise to fill ! vacancy4 ,granulations are be/ promot$ by w>m emolli5t applications1 su* z p\ltices ( oatmeal1 l9se$-meal1 or b>ley-fl\r1 :i* ought to be frequ5tly r5ew$ to prev5t _! becom+ cold or dry4 ,:5 ! granulations become too luxuriant1 & rise1 z !y are apt to d1 above ! level ( ! sk91 ! p\ltices mu/ be laid aside1 ! sore wa%$ once or twice a-day ) a solution ( sulphate ( copp] 7made by dissolv+ two or ?ree dra*ms ( blue vitriol 9 an ,engli% p9t ( s(t wat]71 & cov]$ c>efully ov] ) a pl$get ( f9e t[1 spread ) l>d1 or any simple o9tm5t1 by :i* means1 conjo9$ ) cleanl9ess1 a cure w easily be accompli%$4 7#aaa47 ,punctur$ ,w\nds4 ,! orifice be+ small 9 ^!1 & ! dep? consid]able1 ! sides are apt to adh]e irregul>ly1 & prev5t ! free escape ( matt]1 :i* is c]ta9 to collect at ! bottom4 ,to avoid su* occurr5ces1 x is 9 _m cases prop] to conv]t a punctur$ into an incis$ w\nd4 ,:51 f neglect+ ?is1 ! matt] is d5i$ an outlet1 an incision mu/ be made to all[ x to escape1 o!rwise mu* h>m w ensue f its burr[+ betwe5 ! diff]5t textures4 ,fom5tations w also "h be s]viceable1 & %\ld be pref]r$ to p\ltices4 ,to apply !m1 place well-boil$ mead[ hay1 :5 v hot & moi/1 )9 a fold ( old blanket or wooll5 clo?1 & lay x on ! injur$ p>ts1 tak+ c>e to r5ew ! heat frequ5tly1 by dipp+ ! bundle 9 ! hot decoction4 7#aab47 ,bruises & ,spra9s4 ,^!1 unless sev]e1 ne$ n be int]f]$ )4 ,:5 ! %eph]d1 h[ev]1 consid]s x necess>y to make any application1 he _c d bett] ?an fom5t ! "p = an h\r or s ) mead[ hay1 9 ! same mann] z recomm5d$ = punctur$ w\nds4 7#aac47 ,w\nds ( ,jo9ts4 ,su* w\nds are highly dang]\s & apt to baffle ! mo/ exp]i5c$4 ,! gr& object 9 e case1 h[ev]1 :]e a cure is attempt$1 is to produce a spe$y union ( ! w\nd1 z direct$ 9 7#ajh7 to 7#aji74 ,if ! injury be ext5sive1 ! be/ ?+ ! f>m] c d is to slaught] ! animal4 7#aad47 ,poison$ ,w\nds4 ,x is said t %eep are sometimes bitt5 by snakes1 & /range /ories are told ( _! milk be+ suck$ by ^! reptiles4 ,9 su* a case b small dep5d5ce c be plac$ on any inw>d treatm5t1 beyond ! adm9i/ration ( "o or two full doses ( ca/or oil4 ,if ! bite c be discov]$1 ! "p %\ld be frequ5tly fom5t$ ) a decoction ( mead[ hay & foxglove 7fairy-cap ( ! ,iri%1 & bluidy-f+] ( ! ,scot*74 7#aae47 ,fractures4 ,if !re be no w\nd ( ! s(t p>ts1 ! bone be+ simply brok51 ! treatm5t is extremely easy4 ,apply a piece ( wet lea!r1 z recomm5d$ at 7#aji71 tak+ c>e to ease ! limb :5 swell+ sup]v5es4 ,:5 ! swell+ is consid]able1 & fev] pres5t1 y _c d bett] ?an op5 a ve9 ( ! head or neck1 all[+ a quantity ( blood to escape1 proportion$ to ! size & condition ( ! animal & ! urg5cy ( ! symptoms4 ,! exhibition ( purgatives %\ld nev] be neglect$4 ,epsom salt1 9 "o ounce doses1 giv5 ei!r z a gruel or a dr5*1 w be f\nd to answ] ! purpose well4 ,if ! brok5 bones are kept /eady1 ! cure w be complete 9 f ?ree weeks to a mon?1 ! process ( reunion always proce$+ fa/] 9 a "y ?an 9 an old %eep4 ,%\ld ! s(t p>ts be injur$ to any ext5t1 or ! ends ( ! bone protrud+1 recov]y is v unc]ta91 & x w become a "q :e!r x w\ld n be bett] at once to conv]t ! animal into mutton2 inde$1 removal ( portions ( bone & amputation1 ( :i* "s well kn[n writ]s on ! surg]y ( ! %eep speak s le>n$ly & confid5tly1 may be view$1 z1 9 ?is case1 *im]ical1 if n absurd4 ,,op]ations4 7#aaf47 ,cutt+ ,lambs4 ,poll$ %eep %\ld be ca/rat$ ab\t ! t5? day aft] bir?1 b ! end ( ! fif? week is soon en\gh = horn$ %eep1 z e>ly ca/ration has always a t5d5cy to spoil ! beauty ( ! horns4 ,! risk is always 9 proportion to ! age1 !re=e no great l5g? ( "t ought ev] to elapse f ! p]iod ( bir? to t ( ! op]ation4 ,a l>ge flock ( ewes & lambs %\ld nev] be collect$ prep>atory to cutt+1 z ! latt]1 f ! excitem5t & cr[d+1 are less likely to recov] f ! op]ation4 ,x is mu* bett] to take up a small numb] s soon z !y are ready4 ,in/ead ( driv+ !m ab\t 9 attempts to secure !m1 x w be saf] to /ation a p]son at a division ( ! fold1 :o may lay hold ( !m individually z !y are made to pass ?r\gh sl[ly4 ,! be/ me?od ( cutt+ is to grasp ! bag conta9+ ! te/icles ) ! left h&1 s z to tight5 ! sk91 & pu% !m =w>d1 aft] :i* an incision may be made ?r\gh ! sk9 at ! end ( ! bag1 l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! /ones to pass4 ,!y may !n be remov$ ei!r by cutt+ or te>+2 ! latt] plan1 h[ev]1 is ! bett]1 z !re is little risk ( ble$+1 :i* is almo/ sure to prove tr\blesome if ! =m] be adopt$4 ,at ?is "t a portion ( ! tail ought to be remov$1 if x has n be5 done at an e>li] p]iod1 z a rem$y = p9d+4 ,! ble$+ w s]ve to less5 ! dang] consequ5t on ! previ\s op]ation4 ,:5 all h be5 op]at$ on1 ! ewes may be all[$ to f9d _! lambs1 & ! :ole conduct$ quietly to _! pa/ure4 7#aag47 ,blood-lett+4 ,9 describ+ ?is op]ation1 too mu* /ress is always laid on ! importance ( op5+ p>ticul> ve9s1 or divisions ( a ve91 9 c]ta9 diseases4 ,su* directions are altoge!r unnecess>y1 z x matt]s n f :at "p ( ! animal ! blood be drawn1 provid$ x be tak5 quickly4 ,no?+ t5ds s mu* to ! recov]y ( an animal f a disease 9 :i* ble$+ is requir$1 z ! rapid fl[ ( ! blood f a l>ge orifice4 ,little impression c be made on an acute disease by ! sl[ removal ( ev5 a l>ge quantity ( blood1 z ! organs h "t to accommodate !mselves to ! loss1 :i* might1 = any good x w d1 z well be disp5s$ )4 ,ei!r ble$ rapidly or n at all4 ,! ne>] ! comm5cem5t ( an ailm5t1 9 :i* y employ ble$+1 ! op]ation is resort$ to1 ! great] ! *ance ( its do+ good2 no "t ought1 !re=e1 to be lo/ 9 us+ ! lancet1 :5 once x is kn[n to be requir$4 ,ble$+ by nick+ ! "u surface ( ! tail does v well :]e no great deal ( blood is requir$1 b x is n to be ?\ght ( if ! ve9s ( ! face or neck c possibly be op5$4 ,^! are to be tak5 9 pref]5ce to a ve9 on ! leg1 z !y are mu* m readily got at4 ,! facial ve9 7f4v4 ,fig4 #c4 ,pl4 ,,iii47 comm5ces by small bran*es on ! side ( ! face1 & runs d[nw>ds & backw>ds to ! base ( ! jaw1 :]e x may be felt )9 two in*es ( ! angle1 or opposite ! middle gr9d+ too?4 ,x is "h t ! orifice mu/ be made1 ! ?umb ( ! left h& be+ held aga9/ ! ve91 s z to prev5t ! fl[ ( blood t[>ds ! he>t1 w make x rise4 ,"s pref] op5+ ! jugul> ve9 7j4v4 ,fig4 #c4 ,p#a471 :i* comm5ces beh9d ! eye & runs d[n ! side ( ! neck4 ,?is vessel is1 h[ev]1 m difficult to op5 ?an ! =m]1 be+ bett] cov]$ ) wool1 & n s easily expos$ or made to swell4 ,/r++ is ! mode commonly resort$ to = ?is end2 t is to say a cord is drawn tightly r\nd ! neck1 close to ! %\ld]1 s z to /op ! circulation ?r\gh ! ve91 & r5d] x p]ceptible to ! f+]4 ,a lancet is ! in/rum5t g5]ally us$ 9 ble$+1 ?\gh a well-po9t$ p5 knife w d at a p9*4 ,! op5+ mu/ always be made obliquely1 9 ! direction m>k$ 9 ! cut2 b be=e attempt+ ?is1 ! animal mu/ be secur$1 by plac+ x betwe5 ! op]ator's legs1 ) its cr\p aga9/ a wall4 ,! select$ ve9 is !n fix$ by ! f+]s ( ! op]ator's left h&1 s z to prev5t x roll+ or slipp+ be=e ! lancet4 ,hav+ fairly ent]$ ! ve91 ! po9t ( ! in/rum5t mu/ be elevat$1 at ! same "t t x is pu%$ a little =w>d1 by :i* motion x w be lift$ f or cut its way out ( ! ve94 ,a prescrib$ quantity ( blood %\ld nev] be drawn1 = ! simple reason t ?is c nev] be precisely /at$4 ,if ! symptoms are urg5t1 z 9 all likelihood !y w1 y\r be/ plan is n to /op ! fl[ ( blood till ! animal fall or is ab\t to fall4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 run a p9 ?r\gh ! edges ( ! orifice1 & f9i% by twi/+ r\nd x a lock ( wool4 7#aah47 ,removal ( ,hydatids f )9 ! head4 ,?is animal1 & ! symptoms :i* x causes1 ,i h fully describ$ at 7#afi74 ,_! removal has be5 attempt$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 b ! simple/ me?od1 & "o mo/ likely to succe$1 is t foll[$ 9 ?is qu>t]4 ,a c\ple ( incisions1 =m+ :5 complet$ ! lett] ,t1 are made 9 ! integum5t cov]+ ! s(t "p ( ! bone "u :i* ! hydatid is suppos$ to be4 ,two flaps are 9 ?is way m>k$ out1 & are dissect$ back s z to expose ! skull4 ,! yield+ portion ( ! latt] is !n p>$ away1 :i* br+s ! sac into view4 ,?is w be se5 alt]nately to s9k & rise1 foll[+ 9 ?is respect ! motions ( ! bra94 ,a mod]ate-siz$ ne$le1 slightly curv$ & fill$ ) ?read1 is n[ pass$ ?r\gh ! expos$ portion ( ! cy/1 & ! ?read all[$ to rema94 ,! fluid is ?us p]mitt$ sl[ly to escape1 & at ! same "t ! sac becomes collaps$1 aft] :i* x is easily remov$ by pull+ g5tly at ! ?read ) :i* x is connect$4 ,z good a hold %\ld be tak5 ) ! /r+ z possible1 & all ! wat] %\ld be all[$ to fl[ out be=e any attempt is made to extract ! rema9s ( ! hydatid4 ,to conclude ! op]ation1 lay d[n ! flaps ( sk9 9 _! orig9al position1 cov]+ !m ) a small piece ( fold$ l95 sme>$ ) l>d1 & ov] all apply a cap4 ,nev] try to save ! bone :i* y cut1 by turn+ x back 9 ! =m ( a lid1 = by s do+ y w only endang] ! life ( ! animal1 :i* is o!rwise 9 little jeop>dy4 ,x w (t5 happ5 t ! hydatid1 f be+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! bra91 w n be br\ght into view by ! removal ( a portion ( ! skull4 ,9 ?is case ! bra9 mu/ be punctur$ 9 ord] to rea* ! sac & evacuate its cont5ts4 ,:5 ! skull above ! eye is v ?91 ! disease may be at once end$ by cauti\sly ?ru/+ a %ort1 /\t1 %>p-po9t$ piece ( /eel wire ?r\gh ! sk9 & bone d[n t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! bra91 tak+ c>e to pull ! sk9 a little to "o side be=e mak+ ! puncture1 s t on lett+ x loose ! op5+s 9 ! skull & integum5t w n be opposite to "o ano!r4 ,?is plan is mu* sup]ior to t ( ?ru/+ a ne$le up ! no/ril1 9 ! mann] devis$ by ,mr ,hogg1 z 9 8 way we are always pok+ 9 ! d>k1 9 ignorance ( ! situation ( ! in/rum5t1 & are 9 all probability do+ s mu* injury to ! delicate p>ts )9 ! nose z to preclude ! possibility ( recov]y4 ,inde$1 ,i "s "t ago exam9$ a head on :i* ,mr ,hogg's op]ation _h be5 twice unsuccessfully p]=m$1 & f\nd traces ( inflammation at ! upp] "p ( ! no/ril sev]e en\gh ( itself to h occasion$ dea?4 ,! ne$le _h n ent]$ ! bra91 b ! e?moid 0 v mu* injur$4 ,i believe ! in/rum5t is v seldom pu%$ m ?an half way ?r\gh ! bone1 at lea/ x nev] rea*es ! hydatid1 :i* w\ld appe> to be de/roy$ r by ! inflammatory process :i* foll[s ! attempt1 unfitt+ ! bra9 = supply+ x ) ! secretions on :i* x lives1 ?an by any direct injury done to x by ! ne$le4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,%eep4 7#aai47 ,!re is no dep>tm5t 9 ! managem5t ( %eep s little und]/ood z ! nature & treatm5t ( _! diseases4 ,e "p ( ! %eep itself has be5 us$1 at "o "t or ano!r1 9 ?is c\ntry1 z m$ic9e = man1 a folly /ill prevail+ among ! boors ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 :o1 accord+ to ,?unb]g1 employ ! inn] coat ( ! /oma*1 dri$ & p[d]$1 z a safe emetic4 ,quacki% absurdities ( s gl>+ a nature h1 h[ev]1 long be5 scorn$ 9 civiliz$ society4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 :5 ! %eep is ! object ( treatm5t4 ,sci5tific innovations h be5 sl[ 9 rea*+ x1 & specim5s ( b>b>ian usage are f> f r>e4 ,we may feel = ! b5ight$ cr$ulity :i* c\ld place reliance1 = a rescue f mortal ailm5t1 on ! secretions or excretions ( a %eep2 b we are compell$ to laugh on read+1 9 ! ,family ,diction>y1 publi%$ 9 #ageb1 ! foll[+3-- ,9 g5]al1 'tis affirm$ t ! belly ( a %eep boil$ 9 wat] & w9e1 & giv5 ! %eep to dr9k1 cures sev]al diseases incid5t to !m4 ,only fancy a f>m] dos+ a %eep ) mutton bro?1 & add+1 = its /oma*'s sake1 a little w9e6 ,i suspect ! prescrib] 01 9 ?is in/ance1 putt+ himself1 9 po9t ( intellect1 f> bel[ ! level ( 8 pati5t4 ,?anks to him1 h[ev]1 = ! b5efit he has ?us unwitt+ly conf]r$1 by hold+ ignorance up to ! d]ision x s ri*ly m]its2 no means be+ s p[]ful z broadly-drawn c>icatures 9 expos+ ! ext5t ( su* delusions4 ,?\gh fai? has long s9ce ceas$ to be repos$ 9 ! m$ic9al virtues ( mutton bro?1 a v>iety ( no/rums h f "t to "t appe>$1 ! composition & application ( :i* are invaluable = ! am\nt ( negative in=mation !y are calculat$ to convey4 ,fur!r notice ( ^! tra%y recipes x is n my int5tion to take1 z a li/ ( !m alone w\ld make a volume2--!y are 9 ! h&s ( e "o4 7#abj47 ,cautions 9 prescrib+4 ,great reliance is 9 g5]al plac$ ^u prescriptions1 :i* pr(ess to suit diseases 9 e /age & circum/ance4--,?an ?is1 h[ev]1 sc>cely any ?+ c be m absurd4 ,x is an op9ion eng5d]$ n s mu* by ignorance z by laz9ess1 a det]m9ation n to be put ab\t by ?9k+ ( a rem$y = ! evils :i* surr\nd u1 b1 :ile we contrive to soo! ourselves by do+ some?+1 to leave e ?+ to ! hit-or-miss practice ( *>latans4#bd ,!re are _m1 :o on be+ in=m$ ( ! pres5ce ( disease 9 a neighb\r's flock1 confid5tly advise ! employm5t ( a fav\rite no/rum1 on ! empirical supposition t because x cur$1 or 0 ?\ght to cure1 "o flock1 x w cure ano!r4 ,no?+ is tak5 into acc\nt sav+ t1 9 bo? cases1 ! affect$ animals are %eep2 & x is at once conclud$1 t :at b5efit$ "o w b5efit ano!r4 ,! _m niceties 9 prescrib+ are nev] ?\ght (3 oh no1 t w\ld be ( no use6 ( c\rse x c be ( no importance to give a mom5t's att5tion to age & sex1 pa/ure & situation1 or to leanness or fatness1 or to ! pres5ce ( pregnancy6 ,^! are ( trifl+ mom5t1 & only to be despis$ by a p]son arm$ ) a recipe1 :i* "s "o has %[n to be capable ( walk+ l a con/able ?r\gh ! body1 & be>+ (f ! intrud]6 ,b en\gh ( ?is2 suffici5t has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 said to prove ! utt] folly ( confid+ 9 ?+s ( ! above nature or int5tion1 & to %[ t su* confid5ce c lead to no?+ b a wa/e ( life & capital4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! rem$y is a h>mless "o1 x ought 7unless calculat$ f kn[n p[]s to arre/ ! disease7 to be view$ ) di/ru/1 z incurr+ a loss ( "t1 dur+ :i* o!r & bett] measures might h be5 resort$ to4 #bd ,:5ev] we he> a p]son recomm5d+ a m$ic9e ( univ]sal virtues1 we may safely set him d[n ei!r = a fool or an impo/or4 ,?+s :i* are good = e ?+ are good = no?+4 7#aba47 ,classification ( diseases4#be ,z ! acquirem5t ( correct ideas reg>d+ ! treatm5t ( diseases is mu* facilitat$ by a simple arrangem5t ( ! diseases !mselves1 num]\s attempts h be5 made to accompli% x1 & 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! be/ ( ^! tabul> views ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is ! "o laid be=e ! ,highl& ,society "s ye>s ago1 by ,mr ,/ev5son1 :o appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to publi% any ?+ l a satisfactory classification4 ,8 arrangem5t is1 h[ev]1 defective 9 sev]al po9ts1 m especially z x necessitates ! plac+ 9 ! same division diseases ( organs ess5tially diff]5t4 ,?us he is compell$ to admit "u ,diseases ( ! head ,scabs on ! m\? side by side ) ,/urdy1 & ,l\p+ ill3 9 ?is way m+l+ affections ( ! sk9 ) diseases ( totally diff]5t organs--! bra9 & sp9al m>r[--& caus+ mu* emb>assm5t to ! read]4 ,to obviate ?is inconv5i5ce1 z well z to r5d] ! remembrance ( ! rem$ies an easy matt]1 ,i h adopt$ ! above arrangem5t1 9 :i* ea* disease is plac$ opposite ! textures x invades4 #be ,diseases affect+ ,bl[n or ,bla/4 ,braxy1 ,sickness1 or ,blood4 ,! ,/oma* & ,p9+1 ,dais+1 ,v9qui% or ,vanqui%4 ,inte/9es4 ,/agg]s4 ,di>rhoea or ,ru%4 ,dys5t]y1 ,cl+1 ,breck%aw or ,breck%ua*4 ,scab or ,it*4 ,erysipelas or ,wild-fire4 ,r$ ,wat]4 ,leg ,evil or ,black-leg4#bf ,! ,sk9 & ,inflammatory #a4 ,maggot4 ,ho(s4 appe>ances #b4 ,k$4 caus$ by ! #c4 ,tick4 #d4 ,o,estrus bovis4 ,sore ,teats4 ,foot-rot4 ,inflammation #a4 ,o,estrus ovis4 ,! ,air ,passages4 caus$ #b4 ,p5ta/oma4 by ! #c4 ,/rongylus fil>ia4 ,coryza4 ,gl&ul> tissues1,rot4 --viz4 ! ,lungs1 ,jaundice4 ,liv]1 ,kidney4 ,dropsy4 ,/urdy1 #a4 ,hydatids or ,bloba4 ,gid or ,dizzy1 #b4 ,hydrocephalus1 or ,! ,bra9 & caus$ by ,wat] 9 ! ,head4 ,sp9al ,m>r[4 ,trembl+1 ,?w>t] or ,leap+-ill4 ,wood ,evil4 ,! ,eye4 ,oph?almia4 ,s(t ,canc]4 #bf ,leg evil ought prop]ly to be class$ ) diseases ( ! vascul> sy/em1 be+ 9 _m in/ances m]ely a symptom ( disease 9 ! he>t or great vessels2 b z ! same results are arriv$ at by plac+ x "u ! pres5t head1 nic] di/9ctions w\ld only t5d to create confusion4 7#abb47 ,bl[n or ,bla/4 ,c sc>cely be reckon$ a disease z x is b a symptom caus$ by a me*anical imp$im5t to respiration & circulation4 ,:5 a %eep has be5 br\ght f a poor pa/ure to a ri* "o x is prone to gorge itself to an ext5t :i* may endang] life4 ,! l[] end ( ! gullet becomes ob/ruct$1 ! gases :i* accumulate 9 ! paun* are h9d]$ f escap+1 & ! latt] becomes s enorm\sly di/5d$ z spe$ily to suffocate ! animal by be+ =c$ into ! *e/4 7#abc47 ,treatm5t#bg ( ,bl[n4 ,if ! difficulty 9 brea?+ be only slight1 keep ! %eep mov+ g5tly up & d[n z ! air w ?us h a *ance ( escap+ f ! /oma*4 ,if ! symptoms are m al>m+1 pass ! ela/ic tube employ$ 9 ! same compla9t 9 cattle d[n ! ?roat1 or if t _c be procur$ use a cane ) an ivory or wood5 bullet at ! end ( x4 ,nev] /ick ! animal1 z recov]y by ?is plan is almo/ hopeless4 ,if y _c obta9 ! a=esaid in/rum5ts1 ble$ ! animal till x becomes v fa9t1 & if ?is is ( no avail proce$ to kill x4 ,%eph]ds (t5 prescribe a purgative dose aft] ?is occurr5ce4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x is n requir$4 ,to prev5t a flock becom+ bl[n1 always :51 = ! fir/ "t on ri* pa/ure1 make ! dog move leisurely among !m s z to prev5t !m fe$+ ha/ily4 #bg ,9 speak+ ( rem$ial measures1 ! ^w treatm5t ought to be us$ 9 pref]5ce to cure :i* figures at ! head ( ! m$ical advice 9 vet]9>y works4 ,x is %e] nons5se to blazon su* a ^w 9 pages hav+ any pret5tions to c&\r1 = h[ seldom are we able consci5ti\sly to affirm t our endeav\rs w be foll[$ by a cure4 ,all we c d is to pursue ! treatm5t be/ adapt$ = ! atta9m5t ( s desirable an end4 7#abd47 ,braxy or ,sickness4 ,six or eight species ( braxy are enum]at$ by %eph]ds1 b z !y all be> a /rik+ resemblance "o to ano!r1 9 _! orig9 & progress1 x is pref]able to treat ( !m z "o disease4 ,inde$ wire-drawn di/9ctions1 ?\gh occasionally s]viceable 9 cattle-m$ic9e1 ought 9 mo/ in/ances to be avoid$1 z !y are ( b little avail1 & 9 ?is disease /raw-splitt+ c only s]ve to tantalize ! f>m]1 by giv+ rise to ideas ( f9ical modes ( treatm5t1 :i* be=e ! ,*apt] ends are r$uc$ to ! simple/ aids :i* m$ic9e af=ds4 ,:atev] may be ! seat or seats ( ! disease1 ! id5tically same res\rces are employ$ 9 all3--:y !re=e ought ! read] to be tr\bl$ ) a hundr$ trifl+ phases1 :i*1 n be+ ess5tial to ! malady1 c only t5d to p]plex him 9 8 se>* = ! little t is practically available4 7#abe47 ,symptoms ( ,braxy4 ,9 ^? r>e cases :]e ! animal is se5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! disease1 x w appe> uneasy1 ly+ d[n & ris+ up repeat$ly1 loa?+ food1 & dr9k+ frequ5tly4 ,9 a little :ile ! symptoms become m decid$1 & fev] %[s itself4 ,! wool is clapp$1 ! sk9 hot1 ! pulse quick & /rong1 respiration is rapid & labori\s1 :ile ! blood is ?ick & black1 issu+ f ! orifice1 9 attempts at ble$+1 drop by drop4 ,sometimes ! he>t beats irregul>ly3 ! m\? is p>*$1 & ! eyes are r$1 languid1 p>tly clos$1 & wat]y4 ,! head is d[n1 ! back drawn up1 & ! belly swoll52 !re is sc>cely any passage ?r\gh ! b[els1 ! ur9e is small 9 quantity1 high col\r$1 & sometimes bloody4 ,! %eep %uns ! flock1 sl[ly dragg+ itself to "s retir$ spot1 :]e convuls$ & scream+ x %ortly dies4 ,dea? may occur 9 a few h\rs1 or may1 9 "s r>e cases1 be delay$ = a week4 ,a fatal t]m9ation is n s sudd5 z "s h fanci$1 s9ce ! animal is 9 g5]al s]i\sly ill = _m h\rs be=e x is discov]$4 7#abf47 ,appe>ances on dissection4 ,?\gh _m p>ts are commonly implicat$ 9 ! sickness1 !re is e reason = believ+ ! re$ to be prim>ily affect$4 ,inflammatory appe>ances1 & mortification1 ! usual result ( viol5t inflammation 9 ?is qu>t]1 are visible on its coats1 especially at ! pyloric extremity 7,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #b1 py47 ,! inn] coat pres5ts a blacki%-r$1 & gelat9\s appe>ance1--! entire b[el be+ s(t1 pulpy1 & easily p]meable to ! f+]4 ,! inte/9es1 kidneys1 & bladd]1 w1 9 all probability1 exhibit simil> *anges1 :ile ! l9+ membrane ( ! abdom5 7! p]itoneum7 is frequ5tly affect$3 :5 ?is membrane has be5 mu* inflam$1 ! inte/9es are glu$ toge!r1 are surr\nd$ ) bloody or flocul5t s]um1 occasion+ be=e dea? tumidity ( ! "u "p ( ! belly1 & communicat+1 :5 /ruck1 a feel+ ( fluctuation to a h& plac$ at a di/ance f ! bl[4 ,! muscles 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body frequ5tly p>ticipate 9 ! disease1 bloody s]um be+ infiltrat$ betwe5 ! lay]s4 ,z ! bra91 9 sev]e cases1 exhibits symptoms ( oppression1 s on dissection x w be f\nd r$ & turgid1 enabl+ u to acc\nt = ! convulsive movem5ts dur+ ! t]m9ation ( ! malady4 ,! :ole body1 m p>ticul>ly ! abdom51 gives out a fetid gangr5\s od\r1 :i* has procur$ = braxy ! pa/oral appellation ( /9k+ ill & r5d]s ! dissection f> f pleasant4 ,aft] dea? putrefaction goes on ) great rapidity1 especially 9 moi/ wea!r1 h5ce ! necessity ( te/+ ! solidity ( ! c>cass by giv+ x1 z is cu/om>y 9 "s p>ts1 ?ree %akes be=e proce$+ to prep>e x = h\sehold use6 7#abh47 ,causes ( ,braxy4 ,:atev] t5ds to con/ipate ! b[els may be reckon$ a pr$ispos+ cause4 ,:5ev] con/ipation occurs1 especially if on a sickrife pa/ure1 ! %eep may be look$ ^u z ripe = ! disease4 ,any crude indige/ible sub/ance1 tak5 into ! /oma* :5 ! animal is 9 ?is /ate1 w h a t5d5cy to k9dle braxy1 & ! liability to x w n only be height5$1 b ! *ances ( recov]y w also be less5$1 by ! animal be+ 9 high condition4 ,w$d] hogs are peculi>ly its victims1 b only :5 hirsl$1 z :5 all[$ to pa/ure ) _! mo!rs !y are less liable to x4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! fact1 t hirsl$ hogs are comp>atively dull1 n be+ famili> ) ! prop] times = fe$+1 & incapable ( select+ ! suitable h]bage1 f hav+ want$ ! tutor+ ( ! "m4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] till ! middle ( ,m>*1 sickness commits its greate/ ravages1 especially among hea? %eep1 f _! be+ m conf9$ ?an o!rs to dry b9d+ prov5d]4 ,froz5 grass is also a common excit+ cause1 rapidly induc+ inflammation by l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! /oma*s s v mu* z to arre/ dige/ion1 & lead to its act+ z an irritant4 ,! succul5t grass 9 ! %elt]$ holl[s ( m\nta9s is m liable to fro/ ?an a sapless h]bage1 & to x1 ow+ to its moi/ure1 ! "y %eep resort1 dev\r+ x eag]ly to assuage _! ?ir/4 ,braxy1 h[ev]1 may arise f o!r & m obvi\s causes4 ,! %eep1 p]haps :5 heat$ by ra% dogg+1 is sudd5ly *ill$ by exposure to a %[]1 or a plunge 9 a morass1 & if ! b[els be at ! "t any way b\nd up1 imm$iate mis*ief _c b ensue4 ,"o ( ! r>e/ accid5ts to :i* x has be5 attribut$ is ! prev5tion ( ! passage ( ! faeces by a knot1 or intussusception1 =m+ on ! inte/9es1 b ?is occurr5ce w\ld be ( difficult discov]y1 & ev5 if made kn[n1 our treatm5t1 ?\gh n diff]+ mu* f t ( braxy1 c\ld h>dly be successful4 7#abh47 ,treatm5t ( ,braxy4 ,recov]y is 9 _m in/ances almo/ hopeless1 ow+ to ! l5g? ( "t :i* 9 g5]al elapses betwe5 ! onset ( ! disease & ! %eph]d's discov]y ( ! animal4 ,nev]!less1 ! be/ treatm5t ought 9 e in/ance to h a prop] trial1 z life may (t5 be sav$ :5 su* a result is lea/ expect$4 ,_m plans h be5 resort$ to1 b none are f\nd to suit s well z t ( ble$+ & purg+4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be attempt$ is ! procur+ ( a copi\s fl[ ( blood1 b1 z be=e m5tion$1 ?is is a difficult matt]1 ow+ to ! /agnant /ate ( ! circulation at ! surface ( ! body4 ,its ab/raction may1 h[ev]1 be r5d]$ easy1 by plac+ ! %eep 9 a tub ( w>m wat]1 or1 :]e ?is _c be procur$1 by roll+ a blanket wrung out ( hot wat] r\nd ! body ( ! animal4 ,! tub ( wat] %\ld always be pref]r$1 & ! mom5t ! %eep is plac$ 9 x1 ! tail %\ld be nick$1 & "o or bo? jugul> ve9s op5$4 ,reta9 ! %eep 9 ! ba? = half an h\r1 add+ hot wat] f "t to "t1 s z to su/a9 ! orig9al temp]ature4 ,?is ( itself w alleviate ! suff]+s ( ! animal4 ,:5 a copi\s fl[ ( blood has be5 obta9$1 remove ! %eep f ! tub1 & adm9i/] two ounces ( ,glaub]'s or ,epsom salt1 dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]1 sub/itut+ a h&ful ( common salt :5 ^! ca?>tics _c be procur$4 ,x is ne$less to give a purgative )\t ble$+1 z1 till ?is is done1 x w n op]ate4 ,:5 9 spite ( ?is ! b[els cont9ue ob/9ately con/ipat$1 give a gly/] ( tobacco decoction1 made by boil+ a dra*m ( ! leaf 7! full ( a pipe w d7 = a few m9utes 9 a p9t ( wat]4 ,half ( ?is only %\ld be inject$1 us+ ! o!r if circum/ances require x4 ,place ! %eep 9 a h\se1 or any com=table situation1 b$ x ) /raw1 ?r[ a horse-rug ov] x1 & promote ! purg+ by w>m gruels4 ,:5 out ( dang] supply x ) mod]ate quantities ( laxative prov5d]1 & keep x = t5 days ap>t f its fell[s1 by :i* "t x w1 9 all likelihood1 be well recruit$4 7#abi47 ,prev5tion ( ,braxy4 ,*ange ( pa/ure w at once sugge/ itself4 ,let x be to a succul5t "o1 on :i* old %eep h be5 = "s "t fe$+2 ! hogs w ?us be h9d]$ f fill+ _! paun*es too rapidly4 ,b1 if hea?y food is ! /aple prov5d]1 all[ y\r %eep f\r or five h\rs ( turnips 9 ! tw5ty-f\r1 p]mitt+ at ! same "t free access to common salt4 ,^!1 f _! laxative effects1 w s]ve z antidotes to ! dry sapless grasses1 :i* h l$ to ! disease4 ,su* places z mossy soils1 ab\nd+ 9 ev]gre5 plants1 w also s]ve ! purpose4 ,burn y\r ley hea!r1 z no?+ is m decid$ly prejudicial1 n only f its con/ipat+ qualities1 b also f be+ surr\nd$ by a grass1 :i* is s mu* reli%$ by ! %eep1 t !y resort to ! spot long aft] x has be5 eat5 to ! quick1 & dev\r 9 _! eag]ness mu* t is f\l & un:olesome f frequ5t puddl+4 ,y ?us obta9 a good supply ( spr\ts1 z invaluable = op5+ qualities1 z ! old hea!r is to be dread$ = its a/r+5cy4 ,f9ally1 be aw>e t c>eful h]d+ is n ! lea/ efficaci\s ( prev5tives2 a quiet1 ev5-temp]$1 & ?\ghtful %eph]d1 be+ "h ( f> m value ?an ! /ores ( ! apo!c>y4 7#acj47 ,p9+4 ,symptoms & ,causes4 ,! "n has aris5 f ! rapid wa/+1 :i* is a prom95t symptom 9 ?is compla9t4 ,a f>m c h>dly be subject to a m ru9\s di/emp]1 z ! same %eep w be affect$ by x ye> aft] ye>1 & if a ewe be attack$ dur+ autumn x is t5 to "o %e w n h a lamb 9 ! ensu+ season4 ,p9+ only seizes on ?riv+ %eep1 pref]r+ "y ones1 ^? m especially ( ! l>g] bre$s1 & is conf9$ to f>ms :]e ! l& is pr9cipally micace\s & cov]$ ) occasional /ripes ( b5ty grasses4 ,a :ole flock sick5s at once1 _! usual alacrity appe>s to h des]t$ !m1 _! eyes are dull1 & ! :ole animal seems we>y & languid4 ,at a m advanc$ /age ! wool acquires a blui% t+e1 ! blood becomes ?ick1 dim9i%+ 9 quantity1 & ! muscles assume a pale & bloodless appe>ance4 ,! b[els are con/ipat$1 & to ?is ! fev]i% symptoms app>5tly owe _! orig94 ,if ! disease progress1 dea? w ensue 9 ab\t a mon?4#bh #bh ,a gradual wa/+ ( ! animal1 simil> to :at occurs 9 p9+1 may result f ! irritation consequ5t on swall[+ po9t$ bodies1 z p9s or ne$les4 ,i h 9 my possession a v /\t ne$le1 giv5 me by ,mr ,wilk9 ( ,t9wald ,d[ns1 :i* 0 f\nd buri$ 9 ! coats ( ! /oma* ( a "y %eep :i* di$ "u ! above symptoms1 hav+ be5 ill ab\t ?ree mon?s4 7#aca47 ,treatm5t & ,prev5tion4 ,! fir/ object is to obta9 a free dis*>ge f ! b[els by means ( purgatives1 z1 :5ev] a flux appe>s1 ! animal is safe4 ,two ounces ( ,ca/or oil giv5 9 a gruel1 or ! same quantity ( ,epsom salts1 w d1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! purg+ be c>ri$ to "s l5g?4 ,removal to a ri* pa/ure is ! only prev5tive4 ,t pa/ure %\ld be pref]r$ :i* conta9s a good proportion ( bitt] plants1 = ! emaciation appe>s to be ow+ 9 a consid]able degree to torpor ( ! b[els occasion$ by long ab/95ce f ^! necess>ies4 7#acb47 ,/agg]s4 ,! symptoms ne>ly resemble ^? ( /urdy1 :i* ,i h aft]w>ds to describe1 & ) :i* inde$ ,i might h class$ x1 7 x n t x appe>s to be m]ely ! result ( a poison\s plant be+ tak5 into ! /oma*4 ,x is r>ely se5 h]eab\ts2 ,i %all1 !re=e1 quote ! acc\nt ( x pres5t$ to ! ,highl& ,society by ,mr ,/ev5son3--,?is is a disease seldom or nev] affect+ ! %eep 9 ?is c\ntry1 ^? except$ :i* fe$ 9 =e/s1 or among/ plant+4 ,! symptoms ( x are m viol5t ?an ^? ( /urdy1 dur+ ! "t ( _! cont9uance4 ,! animal1 aft] /agg]+ = "s "t1 falls on ! gr\nd1 :5 a g5]al trembl+ comes on ov] ! limbs2 !y are viol5tly convuls$1 & q ins5sible to e ?+4 ,dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! p>oxysm !y ?r[ ! body into v>i\s positions1 & sometimes roll to a consid]able di/ance4 ,! fit cont9ues = a qu>t]1 sometimes half an h\r1 or an h\r4 ,:5 !y rise1 !y seem p]fectly bewild]$1 till !y rega9 ! flock1 :5 !y cont9ue to fe$ well1 till ano!r p>oxysm sup]v5es4 ,?is disease appe>s 9 ,autumn1 & v>i\s causes are said to produce x4 ,improp] food1 ! leaves ( ! oak1 f _! a/r+5t quality1 cobwebs spr9kl$ ) dew1 h all be5 reckon$ z causes4 ,i am incl9$1 h[ev]1 to suppose1 t x arises f ! action ( a poison\s grass 7,lolium temul5tum71 :i* is ! only "o ( t description 9 ?is c\ntry1 & gr[s only 9 ^? situations :]e /agg]s prevail4 ,:at effect ^! causes h on ! bra9 to produce ?is disease1 ,i _c expla94 ,:5 x cont9ues = any "t on ! same individual1 x is apt to be fatal4 ,*ange ( pa/ure is ! only effectual cure = x4 7#acc47 ,di>rhoea4 ,by ?is is meant a con/ant purg+1 affect+ ! y\ng] portions ( ! flock betwe5 ,april & ,june1 lead+ to great emaciation1 & proce$+ f "o ( ! foll[+ causes4 #a/4 ,eat+ a s(t ta?y pa/ure1 p>ticul>ly if f\l$ by ! inundations ( ! previ\s w9t]4 #b;d4 ,fe$+ on too ri* a pa/ure1 or a sudd5 *ange f an h]bage defici5t 9 nutritive qualities1 to "o t is mu* sup]ior4 #c;d4 ,transitions f heat to cold4 #d?4 ,weakness & relaxation ( ! b[els4 7#acd47 ,treatm5t ( ,di>rhoea4 ,:5 ei!r ( ! fir/ two causes has giv5 rise to purg+1 a mod]ate all[ance ( good hay w gradually /op x4 ,?is may be discont9u$ :5 ! %eep has tak5 ) its alt]$ f>e4 ,:5 di>rhoea has be5 occasion$ by exposure to damp1 or sudd5 transitions f heat to cold1 x may be arre/$ by keep+ ! animal 9 a h\se = a few days1 & fe$+ x on any dry alim5t1 b :5 crude tra%y matt] has be5 swall[$1 & keeps up irritation by its pres5ce1 m$ic9e mu/ be resort$ to4 ,adm9i/] an ounce ( ca/or oil 9 gruel1 add+ tw5ty drops ( ,laudanum if !re has be5 /ra9+ or evid5ces ( pa94 ,:5 ! b[els h be5 ?or\ghly cle>$ by ?is ca?>tic1 x w be prop]1 if ! dis*>ge /ill cont9ue1 to *eck x by a/r+5ts4 ,! m$ic9e f\nd by exp]i5ce to answ] be/1 is prep>$ z foll[s3-- ,take ( ,logwood f\r ounces1 ,extract ( ,cate*u 7,japan e>?7 "o dra*m1 ,c9namon two dra*ms1 ,wat] ?ree ,engli% p9ts4 ,boil = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 /ra91 & !n add sixty drops ( ,laudanum4 ,adm9i/] half an ,engli% p9t ( ?is night & morn+ s long z ! flux cont9ues4 ,di>rhoea seldom proves fatal1 & is inde$ an easily manag$ disease2 b z x is frequ5tly only a symptom ( "s o!r affection1 or a critical ef=t ( ! con/itution to w>d (f "s m s]i\s mis*ief1 ! attempts at /opp+ x %\ld always be cauti\sly conduct$4 7#ace47 ,dys5t]y4--,symptoms4 ,! pulse is quick & ! respirations hurri$4 ,! sk9 is h>% & hot1 & ! wool 9 g5]al clapp$4 ,! m\? is dry1 ! eyes r$ & languid1 & ! e>s droop+4 ,food is tak5 only 9 small quantities & rum9ation is /opp$4 ,! dis*>ges f ! b[els are frequ5t1 slimy1 sometimes gre51 & a little fur!r on 9 ! disease are mix$ ) blood4 ,! belly is drawn t[>ds ! back4 ,x is knott$ & lumpy to ! t\* & a rumbl+ noise 7borborygmus7 is he>d )9 x4 ,z a c>eless obs]v] might h "s difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ dys5t]y f di>rhoea ! foll[+ diagno/ic summ>y1 drawn up by ,pr(essor ,duncan1 w be f\nd ( s]vice4 #a4 ,di>rhoea attacks *iefly hogs & weak gimm]s & d9monts2 :]eas dys5t]y is frequ5t among old] %eep4 #b4 ,di>rhoea almo/ always occurs 9 ! spr+1 & ceases ab\t ,june1 :5 dys5t]y only comm5ces4 #c4 ,9 di>rhoea !re is no fev] or t5esmus1 or pa9 be=e ! /ools1 z 9 dys5t]y4 #d4 ,9 di>rhoea ! faeces are loose1 b 9 o!r respects natural1 )\t any blood or slime2 :]eas 9 dys5t]y1 ! faeces consi/s ( h>d lumps pass$ occasionally )\t any blood or slime4 #e4 ,!re is n t degree ( foetor 9 ! faeces 9 di>rhoea :i* takes place 9 dys5t]y4 #f4 ,9 dys5t]y1 ! appetite is totally gone1 9 di>rhoea x is r %>p] ?an usual4 #g4 ,9 dys5t]y1 ! animal wa/es rapidly1 b by di>rhoea only a tempor>y /op is put to its ?riv+1 aft] :i* x makes rapid advances to /r5g?1 vig\r & proportion4 ,if dys5t]y cont9ue to advance x w t]m9ate fatally )9 a =tnight4 ,dea? is g5]ally prec$$ by ! black sc\r1 :i* is only an aggravation ( ! purg+1 ! /ools be+ mix$ ) %r$s ( d>k gangr5\s matt] f ! decompos$ int]ior ( ! inte/9es4 7#acf47 ,causes ( ,dys5t]y4 ,_m absurd op9ions h gone abroad reg>d+ ! contagi\s nature ( ?is affection4 ,contagion1 h[ev]1 has no?+ to d ) ! matt]1 ! spread ( ! disease dep5d+ entirely on ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e & ! nature ( ! locality4 ,:5 dys5t]y occurs ! wea!r is usually sultry1 ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! flock has be5 go+1 f\l1 & ! managem5t ( ! %eep s improp]1 z to be suffici5t ( itself to produce ! disease v g5]ally4 ,!re is 9 fact only "o pro( ( a disease be+ infecti\s1 viz41 its imm$iate occurr5ce on ! introduction ( an affect$ animal among su* z are 9 good heal?1 on s\nd food1 & 9 easy circum/ances4 ,?is pro(1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to dys5t]y has nev] be5 e/abli%$1 & no m$ical p]son w n[ affirm t x is contagi\s4 ,"s ?9k t x travels f flock to flock 9 ! direction ( ! w9d1 b its appe>+ simultane\sly 9 _m folds ought r to be *>g$ to ! fact ( ! pr$ispos+ causes be+ ne>ly simil> 9 all4 7#acg47 ,treatm5t ( ,dys5t]y4 ,ble$ freely if ! disease has cont9u$ only = a few days1 b mod]ately if a long] "t has un=tunately elaps$4 ,/ov+1 by :i* is meant %utt+ ! animal 9 a wa%-h\se1 & all[+ ! ap>tm5t to become fill$ ) /eam1 ?\gh urg$ by "s writ]s1 _c "h be recomm5d$4 ,! int5d$ object is ! promotion ( p]spiration1 by excit+ ! action ( ! sk91 b ?is may be br\ght ab\t by means mu* m conducive to ! safety ( ! animal4 ,aft] ! ble$+ imm]se ! %eep 9 a tub ( hot wat]1 & reta9 x !re = tw5ty m9utes2 !n adm9i/] an ounce ( ,ca/or oil1 ) ?irty drops ( ,laudanum1 & cov] ! %eep up 9 a snug corn]4 ,aft] ! oil has op]at$1 ?9 well-boil$ fl\r-porridge1 giv5 at int]vals1 9 small quantities1 w help to def5d ! ulc]at$ b[els1 soo? ! pa91 & /op ! purg+4 ,if ^! fail1 y may use ! a/r+5t mixture recomm5d$ 9 di>rhoea at page #age1 & 9 ! same mann]1 add+ to ea* dose a gra9 ( ipecacuanha4 ,:5 ! appetite returns1 & ! /ools beg9 to acquire consi/5cy1 spe$y recov]y may be progno/icat$4 ,dur+ recov]y "p ( ! wool always falls (f4 7#ach47 ,prev5tion ( ,dys5t]y4 ,if y wi% y\r %eep to take ! disease1 d z "s wiseacres recomm5d--put t> ^u _! tails1 & noses2 y w ?us r5d] !m fev]i%1 & uncom=table1 & e way fit = an attack4 ,ga!r+ %eep into conf9$ places is always bad1 no?+ w t5d m to w>d (f dys5t]y ?an an op5 frequ5tly-*ang$ easy-ly+ pa/ure1 comb9$ ) g5tle usage on ! "p ( ! %eph]d4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 7#aci47 ,scab1 or ,it*4--,symptoms & ,causes4 ,^! are s well kn[n t !y h>dly m]it a description4 ,little :ite specks appe> ^u ! wool1 & are soon foll[$ by a small pu/ule at ! root4 ,! pu/ules are produc$ by a m9ute insect burr[+ 9 ! sk91 :i* acc\nts = "o ext]nal application ( any active sub/ance be+ suffici5t to eradicate ! malady4 ,! infect$ %eep is re/less1 te>+ (f ! wool ) its tee?1 & rubb+ itself aga9/ e resi/+ body4 ,! sk9 is r$ & frett$1 dis*>g+ an i*or :i* h>d5s into cru/s4 ,^! gradually ext5d1 induc+ a premature failure ( ! wool4 ,if ! %eep be n reliev$1 x s9ks "u its accumulat$ mis]ies4 ,scab 0 little kn[n any :]e1 b 9 ! ,highl&s1 & ! s\? ( ,engl&1 till ! good old cu/om ( sme>+ ) t> & butt] gave way be=e ! elegant mod]n innovations4 ,into flocks ano9t$ 9 ! old mann] x may be c>ri$ by infection1 b w seldom or nev] arise spontane\sly among !m4 ,x usually comm5ces 9 spr+ among hogs1 mak+ its fir/ appe>ance among ! rams1 especially ^? ( ! f9e-wooll$ bre$s1 & is suppos$ to be induc$ by ov]heat+1 want1 or ev5 excess ( nutrim5t1 or pa/ur+ on wet l&s 9 ra9y seasons4 7#adj47 ,treatm5t ( ,it*4 ,subject ! flock to a m9ute exam9ation :5ev] ! movem5ts ( any animal excite suspicion1 & remove e "o t is 9 ! lea/ affect$4 ,place !m 9 a sep>ate enclosure1 & apply ei!r ( ! foll[+ recipes4 ,take ( ,m]curial ,o9tm5t f\r p\nds1 ,v5ice ,turp5t9e half a p\nd1 ,oil ( ,turp5t9e "o p9t3 mix ?or\ghly4 ,sep>ate ! wool f ! head to ! tail & draw ! =e f+] load$ ) a portion ( ! o9tm5t1 along ! bottom ( ! groove4 ,!n make l9es f ! middle ( ! back d[n ea* leg & score !m 9 ! same mann]1 ?us conclud+ ! op]ation4 ,"s f>m]s pref] rubb+ ! size ( a walnut ( ! o9tm5t into ! delicate sk9 inside ! ?igh4 ,! =m] plan is1 h[ev]1 ! bett] ( ! two1 & is ! "o recomm5d$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 :o communicat$ ! recipe to ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,comm]ce1 9 ! #g? volume ( ^: transactions x 0 publi%$4 ,a mo/ important b5efit to be d]iv$ f ! application ( ! m]curial o9tm5t1 is ! security x af=ds ! %eep f ! attack ( ! %eep fag or k$ 7,hippobosca ov9a74 ,! wool ( %eep annoy$ by ?is fly always conta9s jo9ts or knots1 ow+ to ! occasional /oppage ( its gr[? consequ5t on ! frett+ ( ! irritat$ animal4 ,on ?is acc\nt deal]s 9 wool are said to give a high] price = fleeces hav+ ! m]curial t+e1 z !y are suppos$ to be s\nd 9 ! pile f hav+ be5 exempt$ f ! fly4 ,! next prescription is "o ( v great efficacy :]e ! disease has rea*$ ! l5g? ( scabs1 & has1 ) _m v>iations1 gone ! r\nd ( almo/ e agricultural publication4 ,! =m ,i pref] is "o submitt$ to me by ,mr ,wilk9 ( ,t9wald ,d[ns1 ne> ,dumfries1 :o at "o "t1 sev]al ye>s ago1 appli$ x ) imm$iate good effects1 to six hundr$ infect$ %eep4 ,take ( ,tobacco scrap+s "o p\nd1 ,/rong decoction ( ,broom six gallons3 boil = half an h\r1 & !n add ?ree ,engli% p9ts ( _s ( t>4 ,?is quantity is suffici5t to cov] two doz5 ( %eep4 ,! scabs1 if l>ge1 %\ld be rais$ a little ) a knife to p]mit ! free contact ( ! fluid1 & no m ( x %\ld be appli$ ?an is "h direct$2 = ?\gh x be 9 ?is dose comp>atively h>mless1 a v small addition w de/roy ! animal4 ,a v good ,fr5* rem$y is made by melt+ a p\nd ( fat or suet1 & mix+ ) x 7:5 (f ! fire7 a f\r? "p ( oil ( turp5t9e4 ,rub x into ! affect$ p>ts4 ,:atev] outw>d means may be employ$1 laxative m$ic9es ought nev] to be neglect$4 ,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ g5]ally us$1 consi/s ( a tea-spoonful ( fl\r ( sulphur1 giv5 = two or ?ree successive nights 9 d\ble ! quantity ( molasses4 ,if ill-condition$ %eep are ! victims ( it*1 convey !m to a bett] pa/ure1 b :]e ! animals are fat1 r$uce _! diet1 & give ea* a dose ( ,epsom salts4 7#ada47 ,prev5tion ( ,it*4 ,d n turn a heal?y flock on to pa/ure1 f :i* it*y %eep h rec5tly be5 driv54 ,if ! disease occasionally breaks out on y\r gr\nd1 apply ! m]curial o9tm5t at clipp+ "t3 &1 :5 y salve1 add a p\nd ( sulphur to e tub ( sme>+ composition :atev] x may be4 7#adb47 ,erysipelas or wild-fire4 ,?is is an inflammatory affection ( ! sk91 sometimes accompani$ by blebs or bli/]s1 occurr+ 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 & spread+ rapidly ?r\gh a flock4 ,?\gh !re is consid]able ambiguity 9 ! employm5t ( ^! t]ms1 ,i believe !y are synonym\s ) r$-wat]1 ! disease ( :i* ,i h next to treat4 7#adc47 ,r$-wat]4 ,! occurr5ce ( ?is disease among %eep is v r>e4 ,its nature & treatm5t are h[ev] all[$1 by ^? :o h se5 x1 to be admirably describ$ by ,mr ,/ev5son1 9 ! #c;d vol4 ( ! ,highl& ,society's ,transactions4 ,?is disease commonly makes its appe>ance ab\t ! beg9n+1 or end ( w9t]1 & fir/ affects ab\t ! brea/ & belly1 al?\gh at times x spreads itself ov] o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,x consi/s 9 an inflammation ( ! sk91 t raises x into bli/]s :i* conta9 a ?91 r$di%1 & wat]y fluid4 ,^! cont9ue = a %ort "t1 break1 dis*>ge _! matt]1 & are foll[$ by a blacki% scab4 ,:5 ! %eep are expos$ to cold or wetness1 ! sk9 be+ frett$ makes ! bli/]s rise1 or !y (t5 arise f cold1 affect+ ! animal int]nally1 ?us produc+ a slight fev]1 :i* ?r[s out ^! vesicles on ! body1 simil> to ! scabby eruptions1 :i* appe> ab\t ! face1 & m p>ticul>ly ! m\? ( ^? p]sons affect$ ) cold4 ,! blood 9 ?is disease is b little affect$1 ?\gh a little ( x oozes into ! vesicles on ! sk91 & communicates to !m t r$di% t+e1 :i* gives orig9 to ! "n4 ,r$-wat] is a disease t b seldom appe>s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is almo/ nev] fatal4 ,9 cases :]e ! disease is viol5t1 a little blood %\ld be tak54 99 99 99 99 ,! %eep %\ld be plac$ 9 a fold by itself1 99 99 99 99 & ! foll[+ m$ic9e may be giv5 = ?ree or f\r morn+s successively3-- ,take ( ,fl\r ( ,sulphur two ounces1 ,molasses ?ree ounces3 mix !m1 & divide !m into six doses1 ( :i* "o may be giv5 e morn+1 9 half a p\nd 7half a mut*k97 ( w>m wat]4 ,if ?is is f\nd unsuccessful1 half an ounce ( nitre1 mix$ ) ! =ego+ recipe1 w be att5d$ ) good effects2 aft] :i*1 a dose ( salts may be giv51 & ! body wa%$ ) lime-wat] ^u ! "p affect$4 7#add47 ,leg ,evil4--,symptoms & ,causes4 ,l _m o!r diseases1 ?is is usually suppos$ to be contagi\s1 m]ely because x (t5 spreads quickly ?r\gh a flock2 ! obvi\s fact ( ! exposure ( ! animals compos+ x to ! same causes1 su* z peculi> diet & atmosph]ic v>iations1 be+ entirely ov]look$2 b1 z ,i h already rem>k$ 9 p>agraph 7#acf71 ! only pro( ( a disease be+ contagi\s1 is its spread+ rapidly on ! introduction1 f a di/ance1 ( an infect$ individual into a previ\sly-heal?y flock4 ,%eep :i* acquire fat at an e>ly age1 are peculi>ly liable to ?is disease3 a suffici5t argum5t1 if all o!rs 7 want+1 aga9/ ! unnatural & fooli% practice ( accumulat+ a load ( grease on ! bodies ( "y animals4 ,by s do+1 ! action ( ! he>t & lungs is mat]ially emb>rass$1 &1 on ! animal be+ *ill$1 or ! balance ( its circulation o!rwise accid5tally d]ang$1 mortification 7leg evil7 is almo/ c]ta9 to occur4 ,ev5 simple scrat*es are (t5 fatal 9 ^! ov]-fat animals1 f induc+ gangr5e4 ,! fir/ intimation ! %eph]d has ( ! approa* ( leg evil1 is ! occurr5ce ( fev] & lam5ess1 accompani$ by blue or livid pat*es on ! leg1 g5]ally ab\t ! upp] "p ( ! ho( or knee4 ,! sk9 on ! affect$ p>ts1 9 a few days1 exhibits scatt]$ vesicles1 n unlike ! blebs :i* =m 9 erysipelas2 x !n gives way1 & ! p>ts b5ea? are se5 ( a d>k] t+e1 s(t1 pulpy1 & completely gangr5\s4 ,leg evil may prove fatal 9 a few days1 or n = sev]al weeks1 mu* dep5d+ on ! ext5t ( ! sl\gh+ portions1 :i* may include ! entire leg1 or legs1 or may be limit$ to a s+le pat*4 7#ade47 ,treatm5t ( ,leg ,evil4 ,:5 ! animal is 9 high condition1 & ! disease has aris5 spontane\sly1 ble$+ is ! fir/ ?+ to be ?\ght (4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be conduct$ cauti\sly1 x be+ bett] to use ! lancet a second "t1 ?an1 by )draw+ too mu* blood1 to r$uce ! vital p[]s bel[ ! /&>d :i* is necess>y = replac+ ! gangr5\s portions4 ,%\ld a leg be affect$ to any ext5t1 ! %eep mu/ be at once de/roy$1 z !re is sc>cely a possibility ( its surviv+1 )\t a degree ( c>e & nicety 9 ! treatm5t1 :i* x is beyond ! p[] ( unpr(essional p]sons to be/[4 ,:]e ! livid spots are limit$1 rags dipp$ 9 _s ( turp5t9e1 :i* has be5 heat$ by imm]s+ ! bottle conta9+ x 9 hot wat]1 may be laid ^u ! sk92 b :5 dead portions h begun to sep>ate1 ! be/ application is ei!r a w>m p\ltice1 made ( c>rots1 :i* h be5 boil$ & ma%$1 or "o made ( boil$ oatmeal1 :i* has be5 f]m5t$ by add+ to x a table-spoonful ( yea/1 & plac+ x = an h\r be=e a fire4 ,:5 ! sore is becom+ clean1 & ! granulations are ris+ freely1 pursue ! me?ods recomm5d$ 9 p>agraph 7#aaj74 7#adf47 ,prev5tion ( ,leg ,evil4 ,remove ! diseas$ animals f ! flock1 &1 9 dress+ _! sores1 nev] use a sponge1 or any ?+ :i*1 f its value1 is apt to be pres]v$1 &1 p]haps1 appli$ 9 no long "t to ! cuts or scrat*es ( a heal?y animal2 =1 ?\gh leg evil is n communicable by ord9>y means1 yet is x readily excit$ by inoculation1 or ! application ( putrid matt] to a brok5 surface4 ,if ! od\r f ! affect$ p>ts is any way (f5sive1 wa% !m )1 & spr9kle r\nd ! fold1 ei!r a weak solution ( *loride ( lime1 or ! dis9fect+ liquid ( ,lab>raque1 articles :i* may n[ be procur$ f e prov9cial apo!c>y4 ,f9ally1 let ! %eph]d wa% 8 h&s c>efully be=e go+ f diseas$ to heal?y %eep1 us+1 if ne$ be1 a little ( ei!r ( ^! solutions2 & let him look well to any injuries :i* 8 *>ges may receive 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 = ^! are ! mon?s mo/ fav\rable to ! occurr5ce ( leg evil4 7#adg74 ,inflammation caus$ by ,maggots4 ,! insects pass+ "u ! "n ( ,fly1 ?\gh mo/ tr\blesome 9 ,augu/1 attack ! %eep f ! mon? ( ,may to ,septemb]1 inclusive1 deposit+ _! eggs among ! wool1 9 g5]al ab\t ! tail1 ! roots ( ! horns1 or any "p :i* af=ds1 f its fil?y appe>ance1 a prospect ( suitable provision = ! maggot4 ,:5 ^! eggs are hat*$1 a process :i* is1 9 sultry wea!r1 almo/ in/antane\s1 ! maggot erodes ! sk91 & spe$ily br+s ! adjac5t p>ts into a fit condition = ! reception ( succe$+ numb]s ( its species4 ,! backs ( long-wooll$ %eep are1 f _! exposure1 m liable to be select$ by ! flies1 z a receptacle = _! eggs1 ?an ! correspond+ p>ts 9 su* z are cov]$ by a %ort ?ick fleece4 ,no soon] has ! maggot begun its op]ations1 ?an ! %eep becomes uneasy & re/less1 rubb+ itself on /ones & trees1 & endeav\r+1 by e means 9 its p[] to free itself f ! annoyance4 ,teaz$ by ! con/ant irritation1 fev] soon sets 91 &1 if ! %eep be unreliev$ by ! %eph]d's aid1 dea? ensues 9 f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs4 ,x is only lately t att5tion has be5 paid to ! hi/ory ( ! insect pe/s :i* orig9ate ! mis*ief1 s little damage d !y appe> to h occasion$ 9 =m] p]iods4 ,9 a valuable pap]1 conta9+ ! result ( obs]vations made on ?is subject 9 ! ,highl&s1 & publi%$ 9 ! second numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 !y are ?us describ$3-- ,! fly :i* is ! imm$iate cause ( ?is disease1 seems1 z f> z my obs]vations c\ld ext5d1 to consi/ ( f\r species1 viz4--! ,musca ,ceas>1 ,cadav]9a1 ,vomitoria1 & ,c>n>ia1 ( ,l9naeus4 99 99 99 ,m4 ,ceas> is ( a %9+ gre5 col\r4 ,m4 ,cadav]9a1 ! ?orax %9+ blui%1 ! abdom5 gre51 l ! ,ceas>4 ,m4 ,vomitoria1 ?orax black1 or d>k-blue grey1 abdom5 d>k glossy blue4 ,?is is ! common ,blue-,bottle or ,fle%-fly4 ,m4 ,c>n>ia1 grey2 ! ?orax has ?ree black longitud9al m>k+s on ! upp] surface2 ! abdom5 is *ecqu]$1 9 "s positions %9+ :iti%4 ,9 all ^? in/ances 9 :i* ,i obs]v$ !m1 ! gre5 flies 7 ! fir/ to attack1 & ?is is ! common op9ion among ! %eph]ds4 ,aft] a "t1 :5 ! l>vae 7maggots7 comm5c$ gnaw+ ! fle%1 ! putrid /5*1 :i* 0 !reby occasion$1 attract$ num]\s o!r species4 ,! ,vomitoria 7blue-bottle7 0 v common1 m num]\s ?an bo? ! =m] species1 & p]haps contribut$ mo/ to accel]ate ! dea? ( ! animal1 aft] ! o!rs _h comm5c$4 ,! ,c>n>ia 0 r>e4 ,i obs]v$ b few ( !m1 & ^! seem$ n conc]n$2 :i* is ! m rem>kable1 z 9 ! f5ny c\nties ( ,engl& x is said to be mo/ tr\blesome4 ,all ! species ( ?is g5us resemble "o ano!r closely1 bo? 9 appe>ance & mode ( life4 ,!y are exce$+ly voraci\s1 fe$+ ^u c>casses & fil? ( e description4 ,9 five days aft] be+ hat*$ !y arrive at full gr[?1 provid$ !y h pl5ty ( food2 !y !n cease to eat1 & seek to assume ! pupa /ate1 crawl+ "u gr\nd two or ?ree in*es4 ,"h !y rema9 ab\t f\rte5 days1 :5 ! %ell cracks1 & ! imago1 or fly1 appe>s4 ,9 ?is la/ /ate1 !y fe$ also on putrid juices1 suck+ !m ?r\gh _! probosces4 ,! correctness ( ?is description ( _! trans=mations ,i c atte/1 f hav+ wat*$ _! habits dur+ my anatomical pursuits 9 ! summ] mon?s4 7#adh47 ,treatm5t ( ,fly-bl[n ,%eep4 ,:5 ! %eep is fly-bl[n1 dislodge ! maggots ) a knife1 & %ake a little p[d]$ :ite lead into ! w\nd4 ,d n apply t> to ! abrad$ surface1 z1 f its caut]iz+ effects1 ! w\nd w be enl>g$1 & a repetition ( ! visit spe$ily ensur$4 ,to w>d (f ! onset ( ! flies1 v>i\s sub/ances noxi\s to !m are rubb$ or p\r$ ^u ! wool4 ,t>1 9 small quantities1 & ( pung5t quality1 is by "s daub$ ^u ! e>s1 horns1 & tail4 ,o!rs pref] rubb+ a little melt$ butt]1 ?ick5$ by fl\r ( sulphur1 along ! %eep's back3 ?is is an effectual prev5tive4 ,"s1 aga91 pref] dress+ ! %eep1 :5 9 l[ situations1 ) ! foll[+ recipe1 :i* ,i take ! lib]ty ( copy+ f ,mr ,ma!r's pap] on ! fly1 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 ,no4 ,,xxiv4 ,take ( ,ars5ic1 f9ely p\nd$1 "o p\nd ,pota% twelve ounces1 ,common yell[ soap six ounces1 ,ra9 or riv] wat] ?irty gallons4 ,boil ! +r$i5ts toge!r = fifte5 m9utes4 99 99 99 99 ,! liquid is 9 no degree injuri\s to wool4 ,x cleans & dries ! (f5sive p]spiration ( ! %eep1 & de/roys ! smell caus$ by ! dew 9 ! morn+s1 or by damp hot wea!r4 ,9 mo/ situations1 "o dress+ 9 ,july & ano!r 9 ,augu/ w suffice2 b z ! exp5se is trifl+1 & ! process simple1 x may be bett] to apply x m frequ5tly1 especially 9 l[ & damp situations4 ,! liquid is appli$ only 9 dry wea!r4 ,a teapot1 or any vessel ( a simil> =m1 is fill$ ) x1 & "o p]son p\rs x on ! wool1 :ile ano!r rubs ! fleece to facilitate ! passage ( ! fluid4 ,at ! times ( us+ ! solution1 all sup]flu\s wool ought to be %orn f ! buttocks1 b n too closely4 ,:5 ! insects are v tr\blesome1 drive ! %eep if possible to high] gr\nd4 ,exam9e c>efully all w\nds & ulc]s1 h[ev] trifl+1 & dress !m ) any simple o9tm5t conta9+ a small proportion ( sulphur1 m]cury1 or :ite-lead4 ,la/ly1 bury all useless c>casses z spe$ily z possible1 by :i* means y w keep d[n ! numb] ( ! flies4 7#adi47 ,! ,%eep-,fag or ,k$ 7,hippobosca ov9a7 & ,! ,tick 7,ac>us r$uvius71 are de/roy$ or /opp$ 9 _! attacks by ! same rem$ies & prev5tives detail$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs on ! fly4 7#aej47 ,inflammation produc$ by ! ,o,estrus bovis4 ,?is insect infe/s n only cattle b also %eep & goats1 deposit+ its eggs on ! back ( ! animal1 :]e x =ms a small tum\r1 9 :i* ! l>vae rema9 f autumn till ! comm5cem5t ( ! ensu+ summ]4 ,only ! fatte/ & mo/ vigor\s animals are attack$1 & ! l>vae are v difficult to de/roy4 ,fis*] f\nd1 f num]\s exp]im5ts1 t ev5 spirits1 & a /rong solution ( salt1 c\ld n affect !m4 ,! fumes ( burn+ sulphur alone seem$ to annoy !m1 & to x !y spe$ily fell victims4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a rem$y :i* _c be appli$ to ! sk9 ( ! %eep1 s t our only res\rce is ! repeat$ application ( turp5t9e to ! tum\rs on ! back1 tak+ c>e to slit !m up s z to facilitate its action4 7#aea47 ,sore ,teats4 ,:5 a ewe is obs]v$ to h9d] ! lamb f suck+1 its teats %\ld be exam9$4 ,if mu* inflam$1 a p\ltice %\ld be appli$1 & ! lamb plac$ "u ! *>ge ( ano!r nurse4 ,suppuration w ?us be promot$1 & ! matt] may be all[$ to escape by mak+ an op5+ = x at ! place x po9ts4 ,if !re is only a little t5d]ness ( ! sk91 all t is requir$ is ! wa%+ x ) a solution ei!r ( sug> ( lead or sulphate ( z9c1 eight gra9s to ! ounce ( wat]4 7#aeb47 ,foot-rot4 ,no disease occasions m acute suff]+ to ! %eep1 & annoyance to ! f>m]1 ?an foot-rot1 & no disease has l$ to long] argum5ts z to its contagi\s or non-contagi\s nature4 ,?anks1 h[ev]1 to ,mr ,dick ( ,ed9burgh1 ^! disputes are clos$ = ev]1 z any "o may be conv9c$1 by p]us+ 8 clev] & s>ca/ic pap] at page #heb1 ,vol4 ii4 ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture4 ,8 excell5t rem>ks on ! popul> ideas ( ! infecti\s nature ( foot-rot1 ,i h n space to quote1 b %all lay be=e ! read] 8 views z to ! situations & circum/ances :i* give orig9 to ! disease4#bi #bi ,to enable ! read] m easily to und]/& ,mr ,dick's views ( ?is disease1 ,i h add$ a draw+ ( ! foot ( ! %eep1 :i* x may be well to consult be=e ent]+ on ! subject4 ,fig4 #d4 ,plate4 ,i4 ,section ( a toe3--c4c4 ,cru/ ( ! ho(2 s4 ,sole2 g4g4 ,gl& :i* secretes ! ho(4 7#aec47 ,causes ( ,foot-rot4 ,:at d we ga91 says ,mr ,dick1 by entic+ ! %eep f 8 native & natural haunts to ! ri*] pa/urage ( our mead[s or lawns8 ,!re ! animal enjoys a m luxuriant repa/2 x fatt5s to a l>g] size1 & w1 9 ?is respect1 repay ! increas$ all[ance :i* has be5 made to x4 ,b in/ead ( mov+ ab\t 9 small troops1 ) ! alacrity ( ! wild k9ds1 ! %eep are se5 9 flocks ( ?\s&s1 mov+ sl[ly ov] _! pa/ures1 & gorg+ !mselves to an ext5t :i* cuts %ort ! ?read ( life1 by ! advancem5t ( v>i\s diseases4 ,in/ead ( w&]+ f ! summit ( "o peak to ano!r1 9 que/ ( a scanty subsi/5ce1 or in/ead ( be+ compell$ to desc5d f ! summits ( ! m\nta9 9 ! morn+1 & asc5d aga9 9 ! ev5+1 !y are compell$1 9 _m cases1 to rema9 )9 a few y>ds ( a p>ticul> spot = weeks toge!r1 & !re engorge !mselves to satiety4 ,b :at1 x may be ask$1 has ?is to d ) ! foot-rot8 ,m1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 ?an is g5]ally imag9$4 ,! ho(s ( ! %eep be+ int5d$ to receive a degree ( friction f h>d surfaces1 are n act$ ^u :5 ! animal is plac$ "u su* circum/ances2 & ! necess>y consequ5ce is an ov]gr[? ( ! ho(4 ,! cru/1--! "p naturally int5d$ to support ! weight ( ! animal1 & to endure ! greate/ %>e ( fatigue1--is "h all[$ to gr[ out ( all due b\nds1 because ! s(tness ( ! pa/urages1 ^u :i* x n[ moves1 pres5ts little1 if any1 ( t r\gh friction to :i* ! feet ( ! animal is naturally int5d$ to be expos$4 ,! cru/1 !re=e1 gr[s unre/ra9$1 until x ei!r laps ov] ! sole1 l ! loose sole ( an old %oe1 & s]ves to reta9 & accumulate e>? & fil?1 or is brok5 (f 9 deta*$ p>ts1 9 "s cases expos+ ! quick1 or op5+ new pores1 into :i* ! p>ticles ( e>? or s& =ce _! way1 until rea*+ ! quick1 an inflammation is set up1 :i*1 9 its progress1 alt]s or de/roys ! :ole foot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! f9e/ & ri*e/ old pa/ures & lawns are p>ticul>ly liable to ?is disease2 s(t1 m>%y1 & luxuriant mead[s are equally s2 & x is also f\nd 9 light1 s(t or s&y di/ricts4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! x is p]haps mo/ preval5t 9 a moi/ season1 & 9 ! latt] 9 a dry "o2 9 %ort1 x exi/s to a great] or less ext5t 9 e situation :i* has a t5d5cy to increase ! gr[? ( ! ho(s )\t we>+ !m away1 & m especially :]e !y are kept s(t by moi/ure4 ,x is s preval5t 9 f9e lawns & pleasure gr\nds1 t !y are1 9 _m in/ances1 r$uc$ 9 value to a m]e trifle z a pa/ure = %eep2 !y are said to be infect$ ) ?is disease1 & hav+ once become s1 ! vicissitudes ( sev5 seasons are sc>cely suffici5t to de/roy ! contagion6 ,a luxuriant h]bage1 on s(t pa/ures1 is equally subject to x2 &1 9 bo? cases1 ! disease is increas$ 9 a wet season4 ,! reason :y1 9 ^! situations1 %eep are s liable to ! disease1 is q obvi\s4 ,!y are g5]ally br\ght f l&s :]e _! range ( pa/urage 0 great] ?an 9 ^! situations4 ,9 _! =m] /ate1 f ! ex]cise :i* ! animal took1 & ! nature ( ! gr\nds on :i* x pa/ur$1 ! ho( 0 worn d[n z x grew2 b1 "u ! /ate 9 "q1 ! ho(s n only cont9ue to gr[1 b1 :]e ! l& is moi/1 t gr[? is greatly increas$2 & ! animal does n tread ^u h>d gr\nd1 nor has x ex]cise to we> !m d[n4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( man himself1 :5 ! nails ( 8 f+]s or toes exce$ ! prop] l5g?1 !y break1 or give him su* uneas9ess z to induce him to p>e !m4 ,& ! same takes place ) ! ho( ( %eep4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 t :5 _! ho( once breaks1 z ! animal has n ! p[] ( p>+ x1 ! "p ?us brok5 mu/ cont9ue a w\nd4 ,"s p>ts gr[ out ( _! natural & prop] proportions2 ! cru/ ( ! ho( 7c4c47 gr[s too long2 & ! ov]gr[n p>ts ei!r break (f 9 irregul> r5ts & unnatural =ms1 or1 by ov]-%oot+ ! sole 7s471 all[ small p>ticles ( s& or e>? to ent] into ! pores ( ! ho(4 ,^! p>ticles rea* ! quick1 & set up an inflammation1 :i* is foll[$ by ! de/ructive effects :i* are too well kn[n to require description4 ,simil> effects are produc$ on s(t1 wet gr\nds4 ,! feet1 9 su* a situation1 are n only n subject to a prop] degree ( friction to we> d[n ! ho(s1 b ! gr[? ( ! ho(s is mat]ially increas$ by ! s(t & moi/ /ate 9 :i* !y are kept4 ,& ?is /ate r5d]s ! feet ! m liable to ! disease1 z x op5s up ! pores ( ! horn1 & all[s ! e>? or s& to p5etrate1 & w\nd ! quick1 9 ! mann] ,i h already /at$4 ,on s(t s&y gr\nd1 ( a dry nature1 ! same circum/ances may occur4 ,! s(t s& gives way by ! weight ( ! animal1 & ! cru/ ( ! ho( is n worn d[n4 ,! s& p5etrates betwe5 ! sole & ! cru/1 z has be5 already expla9$1 & produces inflammation4 ,! disease1 h[ev]1 is n s common on s& z 9 ! o!r situations to :i* ,i h allud$1 ! s& seldom be+ f\nd 9 su* a loose /ate4 ,ano!r v>iety ( foot-rot is produc$ by ! friction ( long grass betwe5 ! ho(s1 b is mo/ly conf9$ to hill %eep1 :5 fir/ pa/ur$ on l[l& di/ricts4 ,^! animals1 f hav+ be5 accu/om$ to collect _! food on ext5sive ranges ( b>e pa/ure1 are m expos$ ?an heavy bre$s to ?is frequ5t excit+ cause ( ! compla9t4 ,! rubb+ ( ! grass frets ! sk9 9 ! cleft ( ! ho(1 ! gl& 9 t situation swells1 becomes enl>g$1 & suppurates1 & 9 no long "t ! animal is compell$ to re/ ^u its knees4#cj ,?is compla9t is1 h[ev]1 m readily rem$i$ ?an ! =m]1 & does n cause ne>ly s mu* suff]+ to ! %eep4 #cj ,fig4 #e4 ,plate4 ,i4 ,gives a view ( ! inn] surface ( ! toe ( a %eep1 ) ! int]digital gl& laid op54 g4 ,! gl&4 d4 ,! duct ( ! gl&1 op5+ ^u ! ant]ior surface ( ! leg4 ,:5 ! int]digital gl& is mu* enl>g$1 x becomes necess>y to cut x out4 ,?is ought to be a la/ res\rce1 z ! "p appe>s to be ( too mu* importance to be easily disp5s$ )4 7#aed47 ,treatm5t & ,prev5tion ( ,foot-rot4 ,z foot-rot1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 is an attempt on ! "p ( nature to get rid ( a portion ( ! ho(1 :i* ought1 9 ! prop] c\rse ( ?+s1 to h be5 worn away z fa/ z x appe>$1 ! prev5tion & treatm5t ( ! fir/ /age ( ! compla9t w naturally sugge/ !mselves4 ,z ?is disease1 says ,mr ,dick1 at ! conclusion ( ! a=em5tion$ pap]1 arises 9 consequ5ce ( ! ho(s n be+ expos$ to suffici5t friction to we> !m d[n1 or keep !m 9 _! prop] /ate1 or :]e _! natural gr[? is increas$ by ! nature & moi/ure ( ! gr\nd1 ! ho(s ( all ! flock %\ld be regul>ly rasp$ or p>$ at %ort int]vals1 say f eight days to a =tnight1 accord+ to ! rapidity ) :i* a p>ticul> pa/ure produces ! disease4 ,9 c]ta9 situations1 !y might be made to travel ^u a h>d surface1 simil> to natural %eep tracts1 or be fold$ 9 a place purposely prep>$1 ^u :i* !y c\ld move ab\t & we> _! ho(s4 ,= t purpose1 !y %\ld be plac$ 9 x e day4 ,:5 foot-rot has fairly comm5c$1 p>e ! ho( f ! affect$ "p1 & trim away any ragg$ portions1 wa% ! foot ) soap & wat]1 & place ! animal 9 a situation :]e z few irritat+ ?+s z possible w be 9 ! way ( ! t5d] surface1 & give a purgative4 ,if n prop]ly att5d$ to1 ! suppuration soon t]m9ates 9 mortification4 ,cleanl9ess 9 e /age & v>iety ( foot-rot1 is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,_m corrosive prep>ations are recomm5d$ = ! cure ( ?is disease1 b ,i h decid$ objections to "o & all ( !m4 ,:5 ! foot is clean1 endeav\r1 by frequ5t applications ( soap & wat]1 to keep & treat ! ulc]s z direct$ 9 p>agraph #aaj4 7#aee47 ,inflammation produc$ by ,insects 9 ! ,air ,passages4 ,mu* annoyance is caus$ to ! %eep by ! pres5ce ( animals 9 ! air passages4 ,! ,o,estrus ovis deposits its eggs on ! m>g9 ( ! no/ril 9 autumn2 ^! are soon hat*$1 & ! l>vae imm$iately f9d _! way up ! int]ior ( ! nose1 till !y arrive at ! frontal s9us1 a cavity situat$ betwe5 ! lay]s ( ! frontal bone1 & ( consid]able size 9 ! %eep4 ,"h !y rema9 till ! foll[+ spr+1 :5 !y quit _! hold1 become w+$ insects1 & ent] ^u ! c>e] ( torm5t s ably gone ?r\gh by _! pr$ecessors4 ,! ,p5ta/oma1 an animal suppos$ at "o "t only to exi/ 9 ! frontal s9us & lungs1 & on ! surface ( ! liv]1 ( ! dog1 wolf1 & horse1 z well z 9 "s reptiles1 has be5 discov]$ by an able naturali/1 my fri5d ,mr ,rh9d ( ,ed9burgh1 9 ! frontal s9us ( ! %eep4 ,x sp5ds its :ole exi/5ce !re1 & is di/+ui%$ f o!r entozoa by hav+ ! m\? betwe5 two pores on ea* side1 ?r\gh :i* a spicul> process comes out4 ,figure #c1 ,plate ,,vii4 is tak5 f a draw+ k9dly furni%$ by ,mr ,rh9d4 7#aef47 ,removal ( ,insects f ! ,no/ril4 ,! ,o,estrus ovis occasions mu* di/ress to ! %eep at ! mom5t ( deposit+ its eggs )9 ! no/ril4 ,! animal on feel+ ! movem5ts ( ! fly1 rubs its nose aga9/ ! gr\nd1 or1 c>ry+ x l[1 d>ts (f at a rapid pace1 va9ly endeav\r+ to escape f its torm5tor4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 a ?9 limpid fluid di/ils f ! no/rils1 lead+ a c>eless obs]v] to conf\nd ! symptoms ) ^? :i* accompany ,coryza4 ,9 g5]al ! irritation is n[ t]m9at$1 z1 :ile 9 ! l>vae /ate1 ! insects are incapable ( (f5sive measures4 ,if !y are clu/]$ 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! frontal s9uses1 !y w d\btless lead to great suff]+1 p>allel to :at is record$ to h foll[$ ! ne/l+ ( insects 9 ! same situation 9 ! human be+2 & x is1 !re=e1 advisable1 :5 ! cause ( /urdy 7p>agraph #afi7 is 9 any way d\btful1 fir/ to apply ^? sub/ances to ! no/ril1 :i* are calculat$ to de/roy bo? ^! l>vae & ! p5ta/oma1 %\ld !y happ5 to be !re4 ,tobacco smoke is ! only available rem$y1 & a v good "o1 be+ easily br\ght 9 contact ) ! worms1 &1 :5 prop]ly adm9i/]$1 c]ta9 9 its effects4 ,"o p]son secures ! %eep hold+ ! head 9 a conv5i5t position1 :ile ano!r1 hav+ half fill$ a pipe ) tobacco1 & k9dl$ x 9 ! usual mann]1 places "o or two folds ( a h&k]*ief ov] ! op5+ ( ! b[l1 !n passes ! tube a good way up ! no/ril1 applies 8 m\? to ! cov]$ b[l1 & bl[s vigor\sly ?r\gh ! napk94 ,:5 ?is has cont9u$ = a few seconds1 ! pipe is )drawn1 & ! op]ation repeat$ on ! o!r no/ril4 ,! r\nd hair-worm 7/rongylus fil>ia7 has be5 f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! tra*ea & bron*ii ( calves by ,camp]1 & ( ! %eep by ,daubeuton4 ,x has also be5 f\nd 9 ! re$ & duod5um ( ! latt] animal by ,rudolphi4 ,two o!r species ( ! g5us ,/rongle1 ! ,s4 contortus & ,s4 filicollis1 h be5 detect$ 9 ! %eep1 ! =m] 9 ! belly1 ! latt] 9 ! small inte/9es4 ,!y all appe> to orig9ate only 9 su* %eep z are expos$ to ! sapp+ influ5ce ( l[ damp situations1 comb9$ ) /9t$ diet4 ,^? occur+ 9 ! air tubes give rise to irritation1 & a consequ5t h>ass+ c\gh1 :i* is only to be arre/$ by remov+ ! %eep to a dry airy locality1 & a nutriti\s pa/ure4 ,unless portions ( ! worms are ?r[n up dur+ c\gh+1 !y _c be pron\nc$ ) confid5ce to exi/1 z ! symptoms :i* !y produce are v simil> to ^? :i* accompany ! two foll[+ diseases4 7#aeg47 ,coryza4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 ?is affection is ( v frequ5t occur5ce among %eep2 b heal? is only 9 a few in/ances s]i\sly affect$4 ,x is br\ght on by ! exposure ( ! animal to int5se cold1 or to sudd5 *ills1 aft] x has be5 heat$4 ,9 slight cases1 ! only annoyance to :i* ! %eep is subject$1 is f matt] accumulat+ 9 ! no/ril1 & plugg+ up ! orifice1 s t ! poor creature is compell$ to raise its head e ?ree or f\r m9utes1 & lab\r h>d = brea?4#ca ,:5 ! inflammation ext5ds fur!r d[n ! air tubes1 ! symptoms assume a sev]] type1 & dea? soon occurs1 9 g5]al f suffocation4 ,if ! inflammation ( ! bron*ial tubes becomes *ronic1 t is to say1 if x goes on 9 a mild =m = a l5g? ( "t1 pulmon>y consumption 7rot7 w 9 all probability succe$1 & de/roy ! %eep 9 a m l+]+ mann]4 #ca ,! %eep is m inconv5i5c$ by ,coryza ?an o!r animals1 ow+ to ! naturally small calibre ( ! no/rils1 ! inf]ior turb9at$ bone be+ ( l>ge dim5sions1 & occupy+ ! great] "p ( ! nasal cavity4 ,x is f ?is peculi> =mation ( ! nose1 t %eep are s v easily bl[n1 :5 made to ex]t !mselves 9 runn+4 7#aeh47 ,treatm5t ( ,coryza4 ,%\ld ?is disease prevail 9 a l5i5t =m among y\r %eep1 removal to a %elt]$ field1 & a dose ( purgative m$ic9e1 are all t is requir$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! fev]i% symptoms are sev]e1 besides giv+ a purgative1 ble$ at ! outset ( ! disease1 & adm9i/] t5 gra9s ( ! foll[+ fev] p[d]1 dissolv$ 9 a tea-cupful ( w>m wat]3-- ,take ( p[d]$ ,digitalis 7,foxglove7 half a dra*m4 ,t>t>iz$ ,antimony fifte5 gra9s ,nitre two dra*ms4 ,rub !m well toge!r1 & divide ! mixture into fifte5 p>ts or p[d]s4 ,half an h\r aft] ! p[d] is swall[$1 give ! %eep a bas9 ( w>m gruel1 & repeat ! p[d] at ! end ( six h\rs1 if ! symptoms are n consid]ably abat$4 ,:5 ! %eep is recov]+1 keep x on juicy food1 & d n expose x to inclem5t wea!r1 z x w be v liable to ano!r & m sev]e attack4 ,^? %eep :i* are subject to c\gh on slight *anges ( temp]ature1 %\ld always be pick$ out1 fatt5$ = ! m>ket1 & dispos$ ( at ! e>lie/ opportunity1 z !y w1 9 all probability1 soon] or lat]1 fall victims to ! foll[+ disease4 7#aei47 ,rot4 ,e animal1 f ! s]p5t up to man1 t is to say1 e animal possess$ ( lungs1 is liable to rot4 ,! inelegance ( ! t]m might be ov]look$1 provid$ a precise mean+ 7 atta*$ to x4 ,e "o1 h[ev]1 seems to place "s peculi> signification1 & to hang "s fav\rite !ory1 ^u x1 s t little wond] ne$ be express$ ei!r at ! v>y+ t5or ( ! treatm5t1 or at ! unsatisfactory conclusions :i* h be5 drawn reg>d+ x4 ,! ^w rot1 :5 employ$ 9 speak+ ( man1 implies :at1 9 popul> language1 is call$ consumption1 & is appli$ to t disease only :5 x affects ! lungs4 ,?us ! =k-gr9d]s ( ,%effield1 :o1 f ! nature ( _! employm5t1 are mu* expos$ to ! excit+ causes ( consumption1 & :o1 at an e>ly age1 fall victims to x1 are said1 by ! p ( t t[n1 to die ( rot4 ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 s f> z x has yet be5 us$ 9 relation to ! %eep1 has figur$ z ! repres5tative ( a ho/ ( diseases1 &1 9 becom+ /&>d f frequ5t usage1 has only r5d]$ confusion worse conf\nd$4 ,rot1 says ! late ,pr(essor ,cov5try1 9 8 ,introductory ,disc\rses1 is a ^w :i* has be5 employ$ to express a v>iety ( disord]s affect+ ?is animal1 ) no small confusion & detrim5t4 ,inde$1 9 few in/ances has s5seless indiscrim9ation done m mis*ief2 = means inapt & injuri\s h be5 _h rec\rse to1 :]e skilful & timely int]f]5ce w\ld h _h ! happie/ effects4 ,%eep are sometimes said to h ! rot1 :5 !y lab\r "u ph?isis pulmonalis 7consumption ( ! lungs71 :i* !y d b r>ely2 or "u disord]s ( ! liv]1 z hepatitis *ronica1 & t /ate ( ! same organ produc$1 or att5d$ by ! fasciolae hepaticae 7fluke worms71 hydatides1 c41 :i* affections ( ! liv] are n unfrequ5t4 ,b ! mo/ common rot is /ill ano!r & v di/9ct disord]1 resembl+1 9 _m po9ts1 & probably ! v same 9 its nature )1 scorbutus 7scurvy7 9 ! human species1 or t mis]&a lues1 t direful ru9 ( ! g5]al heal? & con/itution1 :i* sil5tly sup]v5es f defici5t or deprav$ alim5t2 & f :i*1 z num]\s obs]vations te/ify1 e flock1 e suff]]1 may be recov]$ by simple means seasonably us$2 b aga9/ :i*1 9 its advanc$ /age1 all rem$ies prove ( no avail4 ,p]haps1 z ! la/ symptoms ( debility are v simil>1 & are mo/ tak5 notice ( by ord9>y obs]v]s1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( rot might conv5i5tly en\gh pass "u ! names ( pulmonic1 hepatic1 & g5]al rot4 ,sett+ aside1 = ! mom5t1 ! inaccuracy ( "p ( ! above obs]vations1 ,i %all only rem>k1 t1 ?\gh ,dr ,cov5try1 9 ?us call+ att5tion to ! conflict+ /ate ( op9ions on ! subject1 has accompli%$ mu* 9 reconcil+ discrepancies1 he has /ill left some?+ to be done 9 simplify+ ! matt]2 :ile he has1 at ! same "t1 r5d]$ t some?+ difficult ( execution1 f 8 own high au?ority be+ associat$ ) ! blund]4 ,! only way1 !re=e1 to rem$y ! ?+1 is to quit = ! pres5t ! views ( t le>n$ g5tleman1 :ile ,i endeav\r to give a pla9 acc\nt ( ! disease1 its causes1 & effects4 7#afj47 ,symptoms ( ,rot4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* indicates ! pres5ce ( ! disease1 is ! unwill+ness ( ! affect$ animal to move ab\t4 ,x lags beh9d ! flock1 asc5ds a slope ) difficulty1 & has a li/less1 heavy1 pi?less appe>ance4 ,c\gh v>y+ 9 frequ5cy & viol5ce1 b extremely h>ass+1 is pres5t at e p]iod ( ! disease1 & is always increas$ on ! slighte/ ex]tion4#cb ,at fir/ ?is is accompani$ by expectoration ( ! mucus ( ! air tubes2 b 9 no long "t purul5t matt]1 indicative ( m ext5sive inroads on ! con/itution1 beg9s to be c\gh$ up1 & goes on increas+ 9 quantity & becom+ worse 9 quality till ! t]m9ation ( ! disease4 ,! wool becomes f9e1 :ite1 ?91 & brittle 9 ! pile1 & is easily br\ght away 9 masses by ! slighte/ pull4 ,! appetite is1 ?r\gh\t ! disease1 voraci\s1 & ?\gh all ! bad symptoms may be pres5t1 /ill ! animal keeps up an appe>ance ( plumpness4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is holl[ & deceitful1 & ! rapid loss ( fle% :i* imm$iately succe$s1 %[s ) :at insidi\s c]ta9ty ! malady has be5 progress+4 ,ow+ to ! fall+ (f 9 fle% & 9 fat1 ! neck appe>s to h acquir$ additional l5g?1 & ! eyes to h sunk )9 ! head4 ,soon] or lat] ! sk9 b5ea? ! neck becomes di/5d$ ) s]\s fluid1 & f ?is ! disease has acquir$ ! "n ( ,poke4 ,! ^w1 h[ev]1 is f> f applicable1 z x might1 ) equal propriety1 /& = any o!r disease att5d$ ) dropsical accumulations4 ,viol5t purg+ soon t]m9ates ! disease1 dea? be+ g5]ally prec$$ by ! evacuation ( a quantity ( blacki% matt]4 #cb ,x is q possible t a %eep may die ( true pulmon>y consumption & yet h sc>cely any c\gh4 7#afa47 ,appe>ances on ,dissection4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* /rikes a p]son on view+ ! c>cass ( a %eep :i* has di$ ( rot1 is its leanness4 ,9 conduct+ ! exam9ation1 ! fell appe>s ( a blui% :ite1 ! muscles are pale & wa/$1 & fat h>dly to be met )4 ,:]e x once exi/$1 a t\gh yell[ sub/ance alone rema9s1 :i* is s de/itute ( all pret5tions to ! "n ( suet1 t x _c1 ev5 :5 ?r[n ^u a fire1 be made to blaze4 ,dropsical accumulations are f\nd 9 ! legs1 *e/1 neck1 & belly4 ,on op5+ ! *e/1 ! lungs are (t5 se5 adh]+ at int]vals to ! l9+ membrane ( ! ribs1 & h always a %runk1 dim9utive appe>ance4 ,^! adhesions are frequ5tly se5 :]e !re are no tub]cles1 & are 9 t case simply ! result ( exposure to cold2 b :]e !y are co9cid5t ) tub]cles1 !y may be ascrib$ ei!r to ! animal hav+ be5 expos$ to cold1 or to ! inflammatory action set up by ! tub]cles !mselves4 ,! lungs are always ! pr9cipal1 & ,i may also1 f my own exp]i5ce1 add1 ! prim>y seat ( ! affection4 ,:5 exam9$ 9 ! e>ly /age ( rot1 !y h a h>d lumpy feel1 especially at ! upp] "p or lobe1 & at ?is "t a great numb] ( irregul> yell[i% :ite1 pat*y-look+ bodies 7,plate ,,vi4 fig4 #b471 w be se5 %9+ ?r\gh ! membrane1 pleura1 :i* surr\nds ! organ4 ,^! tub]cles1 z ! h>d :ite bodies are call$1 v>y 9 size f t ( a mu/>d se$ to t ( a pea4 ,!y are spr9kl$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! lung1 & w 9 e dissection1 be f\nd 9 a v>iety ( /ages1 f ! firm condition 9 :i* !y 7 deposit$1 to ! s(t5$ /ate :i* d5otes _! spe$y expectoration4 ,ea* tub]cle1 h[ev] small1 usually holds a p>ticle ( calc>e\s matt] 9 its c5tre4 ,! lungs1 9 ! advanc$ /age ( rot1 w be full ( cells or cav]ns1 ow+ to ! de/ruction ( its texture by suppuration 9 ^? p>ts :]e tub]cles exi/$4 ,! cells or sacs are ( all sizes1 f t ( a bean to t ( a goose egg2 b if ! animal has be5 tak5 c>e ( dur+ ! progress ( ! compla9t1 & l+]$ long1 ! abscesses w be s num]\s1 & s closely situat$1 z to give ! rema9s ( ! lung ! appe>ance ( a l>ge bag4 ,extreme cases ( ?is nature are1 h[ev]1 r>e2 z ! %eep1 9 g5]al1 ei!r falls be=e ! knife1 or is kill$ f exposure to cold long ere ! disease has rea*$ its f>!/ limit4 ,^! sacs conta9 purul5t matt]1 ( all %ades & od\rs1 & id5tical ) t :i* ! animal c\gh$ up4 ,tub]cles1 & all _! concomitants z above detail$1 are also met ) 9 ! liv]1 ?\gh n s frequ5tly z 9 ! lungs4 ,!y con/antly occur 9 ! cly>s 7mes5t]ic or lacteal gl&s7 :i* on ?is acc\nt are mu* above _! usual size1 & are occasionally f\nd 9 o!r p>ts2 b ,i ne$ n proce$ 9 _! description1 z suffici5t has be5 said ab\t !m to enable ! unpr(essional read] to und]/& _! relation to ! compla9ts4 ,fluke worms & hydatids are almo/ con/ant att5dants on rot1 & seem+ly mo/ important ones1 especially ! =m]1 :i* h1 ,i may say1 kept a great bulk ( ! le>n$ & unle>n$ = _m ye>s 9 a p]petual bu/le1 & h s effectually hoodw9k$ writ]s on ?is subject1 z to prev5t !m see+ ! truly important po9ts 9 ! disease4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i hold !m wor?y ( p>ticul> description2 z x is only by becom+ acqua9t$ ) _! hi/ory & habits t we c =m correct ideas ei!r ( _! mode ( orig9 or ( _! suppos$ ability to cause rot4 7#afb47 ,! ,liv] ,fluke 7fasciola hepatica or di/oma hepaticum1 ,fig4 #f4 ,plate ,i47 d]ives its "n f ! resemblance x be>s to ! plaice or fl\nd]1 ?\gh its %ape has be5 m aptly comp>$ to t ( a melon se$4 ,x is flat & oval1 ( a br[ni%-yell[ col\r1 & v>ies 9 size f t ( a p9-head to "o in* 9 l5g?1 & half an in* 9 bread?4 ,ea* worm is bisexual or h]maphrodite1 on :i* acc\nt !y multiply ) great rapidity4 ,! g5]ic "n--di/oma--signifies hav+ two pores1 a4b4 ,fig4 #f1 ,plate ,i41 & is = ?is reason appli$ to x4 ,! nipple-l body at ! extremity a4 conta9s ! orifice ( ! pore or op5+ lead+ to ! female division ( ! g5]ative app>atus1 situat$ betwe5 a4 & b4 ,9 ?is cavity are =m$ ! eggs1 :i* are at int]vals protrud$1 to be hat*$ :5 float+ 9 ! %eep's bile4 ,! male organ is situat$ 9 front ( ! v5tral pore4 ,! ant]ior op5+ b4 is equival5t to a m\?1 & leads inw>ds & backw>ds1 communicat+ ) ! inte/9al canals c41 :i* are easily made out 9 ! rec5t animal1 f _! conta9+ d>k bile1 & :i*1 z 9 o!r creatures l[ 9 ! scale ( be+1 s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( a dige/ive & circulatory app>atus2 t is to say1 ! /oma* fir/ prep>es a fluid :i* is equival5t to blood1 & !n di/ributes x ?r\gh\t ! body4#cc #cc ,! exam9ation ( fluke worms is mu* facilitat$ by plac+ sev]al ( v>i\s sizes flat ^u a slip ( glass1 & all[+ !m to dry 9 ?is position4 ,on hold+ ! glass betwe5 a bright light & a l5s1 & look+ ?r\gh ! latt]1 ! di/ribution ( ! vessels1 & ! position & =m ( ! eggs1 are beautifully display$4 ,flukes are nev] f\nd 9 ! art]ies ( ! liv]1 z has be5 errone\sly /at$ by "s writ]s1 _! abode be+ limit$ to ! gall bladd] & its ducts4 ,9 ^! !y are (t5 pres5t 9 su* numb]s z to cause great di/5tion ( ! sac & tubes1 & 9 "s in/ances ! irritation produc$ by !m leads to ! ?ick5+ ( ! walls ( ! gall bladd]1 & to a deposition ( calc>e\s matt] betwe5 its coats2 frequ5tly also to complete oblit]ation ( portions ( ! ducts4 ,h5ce ! crackl+ s\nd sometimes p]ceiv$ :5 h&l+ ! liv] ( a rott5 %eep4 7#afc47 ,! ,hydatid or ,blob 7,cy/ic]cus tumicollis1 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,vii47 s frequ5tly f\nd 9 %eep1 is 9 =m "o ( ! simple/ ( ! entozoa 7lit]ally dwell]s )971 be+ little m ?an a bag conta9+ a quantity ( fluid4 ,z relates to outl9e1 ?is hydatid be>s no small resemblance to a ,flor5ce flask4 ,x is said to h a head1 h4--a neck1 n4--a body1 b4-- & a po/]ior or caudal vesicle1 c4v4 ,its claims to ! title ( an animal h be5 mu* disput$1 b z x has be5 se5 to move spontane\sly1 & z ! conta9$ fluid is always ess5tially diff]5t f t by :i* ! hydatid is surr\nd$1 ! "q may be look$ ^u z set at re/4#cd #cd ,! prop]ty ( act+ on organiz$ matt]1 s z to conv]t x into sub/ances simil> to ^? :i* con/itute ! ag5t1 is *>act]i/ic ( a vital p[]4 ,! me?od ( _! reproduction is 9 unison ) _! /ructure1 simple 9 ! extreme4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 v precise is kn[n ab\t ! process4 ,! vesicle :i* acts z he>t & /oma* s]ves also z ! reproductive cavity1 b h[ or by :at means x is fecundat$ w\ld be difficult to det]m9e4 ,! "y hydatids are f\nd adh]+ to ! inn] surface ( ! p>5t cavity4 ,:5 !y h atta9$ maturity1 ! p>5t dies & %rivels1 & ! "y ones beg9 to elim9ate _! n\ri%m5t f ! juices ( ! quadrup$ :i* !y infe/4 ,^! entozoa are f\nd 9 g5]al on ! surface ( ! inte/9es1 betwe5 !m & _! out] membrane 7p]itoneum71 & on ! ext]ior ( ! lungs & liv]4 ,!y are always includ$ 9 a cy/1 to ! inn] surface ( :i* !y adh]e by means ( two hook-%ap$ processes project+ f ! head4 ,^! cy/s are always on ! surface ( ! diff]5t visc]a ( ! %eep1 & 9 ?is way may be di/+ui%$ f ano!r sacul> animal1 or r suppos$ animal1 t]m$ acephalocy/ or headless bag1 :i* is sometimes f\nd 9 clu/]s 9 ! sub/ance ( ! lungs1 liv]1 c4 & is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! true hydatid4 7#afd47 ,causes ( ,rot4 ,if any "o _h be5 ask$1 ?irty ye>s ago1 ! cause or r causes ( ! appe>ances :i* pass "u ! "n ( rot1 he c\ld n h enum]at$ !m ev5 9 a day1 = at t "t ea* symptom 0 a disease1 & z su* 0 reckon$ wor?y ( a sep>ate & proximate cause4 ,nor c\ld any p]son h _h ! c\rage to promulgate a common-s5se op9ion on ! subject2 = simple views reg>d+ ! diseases ( dome/ic animals 7 !n ei!r n deem$ wor?y ( a mom5t's notice1 or1 if consid]$1 7 swept at once1 by ! /rong curr5t ( prejudice1 into ! f\l ocean ( pr$et]m9$ disapproval4 ,op9ions 9 cattle m$ic9e 7 at t "t valu$ accord+ to ! prolixity ( _! detail2 & ! m improbable ! dep5d5ce ( ! effects ^u ! cause assign$1 s mu* m 0 its discov]] laud$1 & 9 l proportion 0 ! *im]ical fabric he _h rais$ admir$4 ,times are1 h[ev]1 n[ happily *ang$2 t pot5t oculi/1 ! m>* ( intellect1 has cle>$ ! film f ! public eye1 & no "o ne$1 at pres5t1 be afraid to /ate ! unaspir+ fact1 t tub]cles are ! sole & proximate cause ( ! disease call$ rot4 ,! obs]vations ( ! late ,dr ,cov5try1 already quot$1 w\ld lead u to suppose t tub]cles are ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ! lungs ( %eep1 b 9 refutation ( ?is ass]tion1 ,i ne$ only reque/ ! read] to take a ramble ?r\gh a but*]-m>ket1 & he w p]ceive1 ev5 on cursory inspection1 ! fallacy ( ?is conclusion4 ,:at ! /ate ( ! liv] is :i* is att5d$ ) flukes & hydatids1 he has left u to make out4 ,*ronic hepatitis1 :i* accompanies tub]cles 9 ! liv]1 goes = no?+ z a disease ( %eep1 & !re=e does n require a notice2 besides1 x is n rot1 & is q incompet5t ( itself to cause x4 ,z = ! scurvy ( :i* he speaks1 he evid5tly means ! disease n[ g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ,p9+1 b :i*1 z x has no connexion ) rot1 & has only become preval5t )9 ! la/ sixte5 ye>s1 c\ld n be v well kn[n to him4 ,! foll[+ que/ions w naturally occur to _m ( my read]s4 ,:at gives rise to ^! tub]cles8 :at are ! pr$ispos+ causes :i* lead to _! =mation8 &1 :5 =m$1 h[ d ^! app>5tly unirritat+ bodies produce effects s baneful8 ,qu]ies l ^!1 h[ev]1 _c %ortly be repli$ to1 lead+1 z !y d1 to discussions :i* embrace _m curi\s !ories2 b z ! negative mode ( tea*+ is (t5 ( avail :]e ! positive or m direct w\ld fail to br+ conviction1 ,i %all1 be=e proce$+ to allude to :at ! causes are1 endeav\r to /ate :at !y are n4 ,imag9>y ,causes ( ,rot4 ,! liv]-fluke has long be5 look$ ^u z ! orig9 ( rot1 & ?is op9ion has n[ become s deeply root$1 & tak5 s fa/ a hold ( ! public m9d1 t if ,i 7 to contradict x by pla9 ass]tion1 ,i %\ld only be /riv+ to buffet s+ly a tide ( opposition4 ,! be/ way1 !re=e1 w be to exam9e a few ( ! !ories suppos$ to be confirmatory ( ! notion t fluke worms are ! beg9n+ ( ! mis*ief1 & !n see :e!r _! support]s h manag$ to make good ! po9t4 ,i4 ,! fluke is suppos$ to get into ! liv] ( ! %eep by be+ swall[$1 & ?is1 accord+ to our !ori/s1 may be br\ght ab\t 9 "s ( ! foll[+ ways3-- #a4 ,! eggs may be float+ 9 ! air1 & ?us accid5tally rea* _! de/9ation4 ,?is is ! view tak5 by ! celebrat$ ,clat]2 b if he _h be51 9 ?is in/ance1 a man ( exp]im5t1 r ?an ( idle conjecture1 he w\ld h f\nd1 z any "o readily may1 t ! eggs ( ! fluke worm s9k 9 wat]1 &1 consequ5tly1 t !y _c float 9 air4#ce #ce ,to obta9 ! eggs ( ! fluke worm = exam9ation1 hold a sauc] "u ! gall bladd]1 make an op5+ 9 x ) scissors1 & ! bile conta9+ ! eggs w fl[ into ! di%4 ,pick out any fluke worms t may be 9 ! fluid1 !n dilute x ) ab\t twelve times its bulk ( wat]1 agitate = a few m9utes1 & filt]4 ,! eggs w be f\nd 9 ! corn] ( ! filt]+ pap]4 #b4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr ,s+]1 to :om ,scotl& at l>ge1 & ,dumfries-%ire 9 p>ticul>1 is mu* indebt$ = num]\s & valuable pap]s on agricultural subjects1 /ates1 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ,highl& ,society's ,transactions1 page #dgh1 t ,! spawn or eggs ( ! liv] fluke are mo/ probably convey$ ^u ! grass by summ] wat]+1 & aft]w>ds tak5 into ! /oma* ) x4 ,a few l9es fur!r on1 he speaks ( ! eggs be+ waft$ ?i!r by h>ve/ wat]+s4 ,n[1 z ! fluke is only produc$ )9 ! %eep1 ,i ne$ only put ! unansw]able que/ions--,h[ are !y convey$ to ! grass8 & f :5ce are !y waft$8 to refute at once ?is ha/y notion4 #c4 ,! eggs may be void$ by ! %eep1 may fall ^u ! h]bage1 & !re rema9 till !y are eat54 ,su* is ! supposition publi%$ by ,mr ,k+ ( ,hamm]smi?1 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 ,no4 ,,xxxi4 p4 #cca1 9 :i*1 aft] %[+ ! va/ numb] ( eggs :i* mu/ fall ^u ! grass1 he says1 ,we mu/ cease to wond] t s _m %eep die ( rot2 ! miracle is1 t e %eep does n die ( x46 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 = my "p1 see a miracle 9 ! matt]1 = ! simple reason1 t ! eggs ( ! entozoa are n capable ( reta9+ _! vitality :5 abs5t ev5 = a v %ort "t f ! place ( _! nativity1 & !re=e may be eat5 ) impunity4 ,,ii4 ,suppos+ ! eggs to h rea*$ ! %eep's /oma* 9 a condition to all[ ( _! be+ hat*$1 !y1 accord+ to popul> voice1 f9d _! way into ! gall bladd] by "o ( two r\tes4 #a4 ,mr ,k+1 ! g5tleman above spok5 (1 conjectures1 9 ! same pap]1 t ! fluke1 aft] leav+ ! egg 9 ! /oma* ( ! %eep1 makes its way up ! gall vessels4 ,?is is1 ,i am sorry to say1 a v idle conjecture1 z1 f ! valvul> nature ( ! op5+ ( ! gall duct into ! duod5um1 an entrance f t inte/9e to ! gall bladd] is p]fectly impracticable to any ( ! entozoa4#cf #cf ,! notion t rot is occasion$ by animalcules gett+ into ! liv] is n conf9$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,leake1 9 8 travels 9 ! ,morea1 alludes to an op9ion preval5t !re1 t ! vidhela 7rot7 is caus$ by ! %eep fe$+ 9 m>%y places 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 :5 x is imag9$ t an insect f ! plants f9ds its way into ! bili>y vessels4 #b4 ,! eggs are believ$ by a writ] 9 ! ,lett]s ( ! ,ba? ,society ( ,agriculture1 = #agha1 to be tak5 into ! blood along ) ! *yle f ! small inte/9es1 & to be arre/$ 9 ! liv] by ! secretory ducts4 ,?is1 x mu/ be cle> to e "o1 is ! mo/ absurd ( all ! notions2 = if a globule ( blood1 :i* we mu/ suppose to be ! l>ge/ body capable ( be+ absorb$ f ! inte/9e1 is only ab\t #a_/cjjj ( an in* 9 diamet]1 h[ c ! egg ( a fluke worm pass ?r\gh ! same *annel1 :5 ,mr ,k+ has1 by c>eful obs]vation1 %[n x to be #a_/cjj an in* 9 its %orte/ measurem5t4 ,aga91 all[+ t !y are tak5 into ! blood1 w\ld !y n frequ5tly be hat*$ !re1 & w\ld !y n also be f\nd 9 o!r qu>t]s besides ! liv]4 ,b d we ev] f9d !m 9 ! blood8 ,d we ev] see !m 9 o!r organs8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,n "o ( ^! !ories w\ld ev] h be5 broa*$ _h _! au?ors be5 aw>e ( two important circum/ances4 #a4 ,t ,m4 ,s*reib]1 ! director ( ! ,museum at ,vi5na1 has prov$ t worms & _! ova are n capable1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ( resi/+ ! action ( ! dige/ive organs1 &1 !re=e1 t !y _c be introduc$ into ! body by ?is *annel4 ,dur+ six mon?s1 he f$ a pole-cat almo/ exclusively on v>i\s k9ds ( inte/9al worms1 & _! eggs mix$ up ) milk2 & on kill+ & exam9+ x1 at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 n a s+le worm ( any k9d 0 f\nd 9 x4#cg ,! read] may p]haps object to ?is illu/ration1 on ! gr\nd t !re is s va/ a diff]5ce betwe5 a %eep & a pole-cat1 t a comp>ison 9 reg>d to _! dige/ive habits _c possibly hold good1 b if he w turn to p>agraph 7#if71 he w see t ! /oma* ( a %eep is z well fitt$ z t ( a c>nivor\s quadrup$ = ! dige/ion ( animal matt]s4 #b;dly1 ! fluke worm has be5 f\nd by ,fromm5 9 ! foetus ( ! %eep1 into :i* x c\ld n h be5 convey$ by transmission f ! "m1 z !re is no direct vascul> communication betwe5 ! foetal & mat]nal side4 #cg ,cyclop$ia ( ,practical ,m$ic9e1 ,vol4 iv4 p4 #ebd4 ,f a consid]ation ( all ^! data1 ! conclusion mu/ at once be drawn1 t z liv+ flukes _c rea* ! liv] f )\t1 !y mu/ ( a necessity be produc$ only 9 p>ticul> /ates ( ! animal !y inhabit4 ,h[ !y orig9ate we _c ( c\rse det]m9e1 & ?is is n ! place to haz>d physiological conjectures2 b x w be f\nd t _! appe>ance 9 ! bile is always prec$$ by tub]cul\s deposits 9 ! lungs or liv]4 ,?is ,i h prov$ by num]\s dissections1 9 :i* ,i h occasionally f\nd tub]cles )\t flukes1 b nev] met ) flukes :]e ,i did n at ! same "t discov] tub]cles4 ,fluke worms1 !re=e1 c nev] be reg>d$ z a cause ( rot1 !y mu/ be look$ ^u m]ely z a symptom4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 say t tub]cles give rise to ! liv]-fluke1 = tub]cles are (t5 pres5t 9 cases :]e flukes are abs5t2 & if ! latt] 7 ! effect ( ! =m]1 _! pres5ce "u su* circum/ances w\ld 9 all probability be con/ant4 ,,iii4 ,p>ticul> plants h be5 said to cause rot1 b ! pro(s ( _! evil t5d5cies be+ 9 e in/ance ab\t z logically support$ z ! fluke !ories already m5tion$1 ,i ne$ n tr\ble myself or ! read] by proce$+ to details4 ,real ,causes ( ,rot4 ,ev]y?+ t has a t5d5cy to weak5 ! animal1 w be m or less liable to lead to rot4 ,exposure to cold & wet1 mi%aps at lamb+ "t1 food bad 9 quality or defici5t 9 quantity1 & ov]-driv+1 w all pr$ispose ! con/itution to ! deposition ( tub]cles4 ,x is f ! causes be+ 9 ?is way common to ! :ole flock1 t contagi\s prop]ties h be5 ascrib$ to rot1 x hav+ be5 obs]v$1 f ! "t ( ,virgil1 to break out 9 _m animals at once4#ch #ch ,nor (t5] are ! floods di/urb'd ) w9d ,?an %eep ) rots2 nor do? ! sickness f9d ,"o to de/roy1 b sudd5ly do? fall ,on root & bran*1 /ock & orig9al4 ,virgil's ,georgics1 ,lib4 ,,iii4 ,! reason ( s _m diff]5t ?+s hav+1 f fir/ to la/1 be5 reckon$ capable ( produc+ ?is disease1 appe>s to lie 9 ! kn[n fact1 t if a %eep be expos$ to any ( ! above depress+ ag5ts1 rot1 if ! animal be z yet unta9t$1 w n1 at ! mom5t1 %ew itself2 b a *a9 ( morbid actions w 9 all probability !n comm5ce1 &1 be+ beyond ! k5 ( ord9>y obs]v]s1 w pass unhe$$1 till "s slight mismanagem5t 9 food or %elt]1 ha/5s _! progress1 & r5d]s !m app>5t to ! pla9e/ und]/&+4 ,! f9al symptoms ( rot may ?us occur on any k9d ( pa/ure1 & ! sc5e ( ! cata/rophe w incur a /igma :i* ought to be atta*$ to h]bage :i* ! %eep h consum$ at "s di/ant place or date4 ,bad food is ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ common causes ( rot1 & ranks1 9 my e/imation1 next to cold & wet1 9 its p[] ( produc+ x4 ,i %all only rem>k1 on ?is po9t1 t ( all ! food on :i* %eep c possibly be kept1 none is kn[n to act s delet]i\sly z grass :i* has spr\t$ quickly4 ,rot is well kn[n to occur mo/ frequ5tly on l& :i* has be5 irrigat$ dur+ summ]1 = at ?is season any excess ( moi/ure is peculi>ly injuri\s to ! economy ( a plant4 ,:5 plants by heat & moi/ure are /imulat$ to increas$ ex]tion on a poor soil1 !y acquire bulk )\t hav+ x 9 _! p[] to obta9 at ! same "t ^? sal9e matt]s :i* con/itute a heal?y plant1 becom+ 9 fact1 to ! eye ( an inexp]i5c$ p]son1 ?riv+ vegetables1 :ile to ! palate !y prove w]% & wat]y4 ,! same result may foll[ f a diff]5t process4 ,! sal9e matt] may n be tak5 up1 ev5 :5 ! soil is ri* 9 su* +r$i5ts1 f ! functional d]angem5t into :i* ! roots or dige/ive organs h be5 ?r[n by ! unnatural circum/ances 9 :i* x has be5 plac$4 ,a plant is compos$1 l all organiz$ bodies1 ( a c]ta9 numb] ( proximate pr9ciples1 :i* are m or less num]\s 9 diff]5t k9ds4 ,^! are comb9$ ) v>y+ quantities ( potass1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 & iron1 :i*1 ?\gh =m]ly suppos$ to be too trifl+ 9 quantity mat]ially to affect ! quality ( ! plant1 h yet be5 rec5tly & satisfactorily prov$ completely to *ange ! "* ( ! comp\nd1 ev5 :5 ! excess or defici5cy am\nts only to a #a_/ajjjj? "p s t1 suppos+ an animal to ?rive on plants :i* conta9 salts ( any or all ( ! above bodies1 x w soon fall (f if ^! plants are 9 any way depriv$ ( a s+le adjunct2 = by ! removal ( t "o salt1 _! nature has be5 entirely alt]$4 ,! c]ta9ty & rapidity ) :i* ,bakewell c\ld rot 8 %eep1 by pa/ur+ !m1 9 ,autumn1 on l& ov] :i* wat] _h be5 all[$ to fl[ dur+ ! previ\s summ]1 may seem to controv]t :at ,i h above /at$1 z to "t & frequ5t *ange ( pa/ure (t5 int]v5+ betwe5 ! orig9 ( ! disease1 & its t]m9ation2 b :5 x is recollect$ t he pursu$ ! de/ructive sy/em ( bre$+ 9 & 91 ( itself suffici5t to induce a tub]cul\s pr$isposition1 ! read] w p]ceive t 8 %eep 71 9 all likelihood1 m or less ta9t$1 & !re=e1 sure to fall victims to ! disease ! mom5t !y 7 subject$ to ! delet]i\s influ5ce ( an un:olesome pa/ure4#ci #ci ,:5 p>cels ( ,mr ,bakewell's be/ %eep became1 f any defect1 uns]viceable to him1 he us$ to fatt5 !m = ! but*]4 ,b z !re 0 a probability ( _! becom+ valuable 9 o!r h&s1 he always gave !m ! rot be=e he sold !m6 ,an example1 :i*1 ,i hope1 = ! sake bo? ( man & %eep1 nev] to see foll[$4 ,ov]-driv+ & hurry+ ( e k9d1 is1 9 my op9ion1 a fruitful s\rce ( rot1 n only f ! fatigue x causes1 or ! risk x leads to ( tak+ cold1 b also f ! injury1 :i* 9 _m cases results1 to ! delicate texture ( ! lungs4 ,z %[n 9 ! note to p>agraph 7#aeg71 no animal is m easily put out ( brea? by runn+1 ?an ! %eep4 ,:5ev] ! brea?+ is hurri$1 ! circulation ?r\gh ! lungs is quick5$ also4 ,if ! tissue ( ! lungs be 9 any way delicate1 ! =ce ) :i* ! blood is propell$ is sure to make x yield1 & 9 ?is mann] ! animal is (t5 suffocat$ by ! l>ge quantity ( blood1 :i* issues into ! air tubes at once f _m po9ts4 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,vi4 exhibits a good illu/ration ( ?is tak5 f a %eep4 ,num]\s r$ po9ts are se5 spr9kl$ ov] ! surface ( ! section1 indicat+ t blood has be5 effus$ f _m m9ute torn vessels4 ,n[1 if ?is animal _h surviv$1 ea* speck ( blood w\ld h =m$ a c5tre1 r\nd :i* tub]cul\s matt]1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,vi4 w\ld h be5 secret$1 & dea? f rot1 at "s ult]ior p]iod1 w\ld1 9 all probability1 h be5 ! result4#dj #dj ,pa?ologi/s diff] z to :e!r tub]cle is ! cause or consequ5ce ( hemoptysis1 z ?is effusion ( blood into ! tissue ( ! lungs is t]m$4 ,&ral1 h[ev]1 is decid$ly ( op9ion t hemoptysis is "o ( ! excit+ causes1 &1 9 dome/ic animals1 ,i believe x to prec$e tub]cle m frequ5tly ?an is g5]ally imag9$4 7#afe47 ,treatm5t ( ,rot4 ,z reason & exp]i5ce h taught u t ta?y h]bage is a common cause ( ?is compla9t1 we %\ld1 :5 x %[s itself1 at once remove ! animals to a bett] pa/ure1 :]e !y %\ld be exempt$ f teaz+ ( e k9d4 ,salt appe>s1 aft] e trial1 to be ! be/ m$ic9e1 & to ?is !y %\ld h1 at all times1 ready access4 ,%\ld ! disease be r f> advanc$1 ! brea?+ hurri$1 & ! c\gh annoy+1 occasional doses ( ! foll[+ infusion w be ( s]vice1 9 enabl+ ! f>m] to keep d[n ! disease1 till su* "t z he c conv5i5tly dispose ( ! animal4 ,take ( ,leaves ( ,foxglove two ounces1 ,boil+ wat] two ,engli% p9ts3 p\r ! wat] on ! leaves1 cov] up ! vessel1 & keep x 9 a w>m place = six or eight h\rs1 !n /ra94 ,two tea-spoonfuls morn+ & ev5+ may be giv5 to a %eep1 b z ! plant is an active poison1 & ! /r5g? ( its infusion liable to v>y1 a c\ple ( days %\ld always int]v5e betwe5 e six doses4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahjj1 a notion prevail$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 t an effectual rem$y = rot _h be5 discov]$ by ! ,dut*1 b ?is 0 q unf\nd$1 no cure ev] hav+ be5 hit ^u = ?is sweep+ malady2 inde$1 a cure is fairly out ( ! "q3 its prev5tion & palliation1 b n its eradication1 be+ all t we c hope =4 ,sundry plausible plans ( treatm5t h1 h[ev]1 at "o "t or ano!r be5 contriv$1 "s ( !m1 9 all consci5ce1 h>mless en\gh1 b o!rs aga9 z well adapt$ = ! de/ruction ( ! animal1 z ! removal ( ! disease4 ,z fluke worms h usually be5 reckon$ ! cause ( rot1 s ! treatm5t has pr9cipally consi/$ 9 attempts to effect _! ext]m9ation4 ,) ?is view1 ,sir ,george ,/eu>t ,mack5zie ( ,c\le1 9 defiance ( all preconceiv$ m$ical op9ion1 advocat$1 9 8 "w on ,%eep1 publi%$ 9 #ahji1 ! employm5t ( m]cury to /ay ! progress ( rot1 & 9 ! same "w1 or "o v l x1 z lately publi%$ anonym\sly by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 "u ! title ( ! ,m\nta9 ,%eph]d's ,manual1 ! utility ( ?is dang]\s proc$ure is z firmly ma9ta9$4 ,at ! same "t ,sir ,george1 ?\gh r 9 ! d>k z to ! real nature ( ! disease1 admits1 9 bo? editions1 t tub]cles exi/ 9 rot1 especially 9 ! lungs4 ,n[1 if he _h inquir$ ( any m$ical p]son :at drug ought1 :5 tub]cles are pres5t1 ( all o!rs to be avoid$1 he w\ld h f\nd t m$ic9e to be m]cury4 ,! adm9i/ration ( x !re=e 9 rot1 no matt] :at may be ! =m or mode 9 :i* x is exhibit$1 w to a c]ta9ty aggravate ! symptoms1 & %ort5 life4 ,if1 = ! sake ( do+ some?+1 y w endeav\r to remove ! worms1 ,*ab]t's animal oil w be f\nd a safe & efficaci\s rem$y2 b1 if my op9ion c h any weight1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! f>m] to all[ !m to rema94 ,%eep1 :5 display+ symptoms ( rot1 %\ld always be kept dry & w>m4 ,if !y mu/ be reta9$ ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 good s\nd solid food1 su* z well made hay or oats1 %\ld be af=d$ !m1 & ! %elt] ( a /raw y>d %\ld if possible be obta9$4 ,a lib]al supply ( salt %\ld be giv5 ) all _! prov5d]2 & if !y d n seem to reli% x1 give !m occasionally a small quantity 9 wat] z a dr5*4 7#aff47 ,prev5tion ( ,rot4 ,on ?is head ,i ne$ d little m ?an rem>k t att5tion to ! causes w g a great way to po9t out ! necess>y means = its prev5tion4 ,admission ( ! %eep to rank s(t grass1 heavy /ock+1 %ort all[ance ( food dur+ w9t]1 e ?+ 9 fact :i* leads to ! exposure ( ! animal %\ld be scrupul\sly avoid$4 ,! /ronge/ con/itution _c ) impunity be tamp]$ )1 & ! s\nde/ habit w fall be=e ! m9+ attacks ( want & wea!r4 ,keep y\r /ock always 9 z high heal? z possible1 = su* is ! sure/ prev5tion ( tub]cul\s disease4 ,z rot is h]$it>y1#da ! importance ( we$+ out ewes f ! flock on _! fir/ exhibit+ appe>ances ( uns\ndness1 is ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,_m ways h be5 po9t$ out = detect+ ! incipi5t symptoms1 b none pla9] & bett] ?an ^? writt5 by ! late ,mr ,beattie ( ,muckl$ale1 & publi%$ 9 ! #c;d vol4 ( ! ,highl& ,society's ,transactions4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be obs]v$1 says ,mr ,beattie1 is 9 ! spr+1 :5 !y are dropp+ _! lambs4 ,a s\nd ewe1 9 good ord]1 drops a lamb cov]$ ) a ?ick & yell[ slime1 :i* ! ewe licks (f x1 & ! rule is1 ! s\nd] & ! high] ! condition ! ewe is 91 ! d>k] & ?ick] w be ! slime2 b :5 !y obs]ve a ewe drop a lamb cov]$ ) ?9 wat]y bubbles1 & v :ite1 !y note h] d[n z uns\nd4 #da ,,mm4 ,dupuy & ,&ral h se5 tub]cles 9 ! foetus ( ! %eep4 ,ab\t ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 :5 !y int5d to dispose ( _! draught ewes1 !y put all _! %eep into a fold1 & draw !m by ! h&1 t is1 !y cat* !m all1 viz4 ! ewes !y design to sell any (1 & clapp+ _! h& ^u ! small ( ! back1 !y rub ! fle% backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 _! f+]s & ?umb & ! ends ( ! %ort ribs3 if ! fle% be solid & firm1 !y consid] h] z s\nd2 if !y f9d x s(t & flabby1 & if1 :5 !y rub x aga9/ ! %ort ribs1 x ripples1 z we t]m x1 t is1 a sort ( crackl+ is p]ceiv$1 z if !re 7 wat] or blubb] 9 x1 !y are c]ta9 %e is uns\nd4 ,?is is ! mo/ c]ta9 ( all symptoms1 b is n to be disc]n$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty b by an exp]i5c$ h&2 = al?\gh1 z ,i h "h relat$ x1 x seems a v simple affair1 & easily acquir$1 yet x is well kn[n t _m %eph]ds1 :o h foll[$ %eep all _! lives1 nev] arriv$ at any ?+ l c]ta9ty 9 judg+ by ! h&1 :il/ m5 ( sup]ior skill w seldom be mi/ak51 & w draw by no o!r rule4 ,yet /ill x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! se$s ( ?is disease w sometimes lie s occult1 z to baffle all skill1 & t no man c ) absolute c]ta9ty draw a /ock ta9t$ ) ! rot4 ,!re is ano!r me?od1 to :i* m5 ( inf]ior skill resort1 :i* is m easily acquir$4 ,!y take a %eep's head betwe5 _! h&s1 & press d[n ! eyelids1 !y !reby make ! %eep turn its eyeball s t !y get a view ( ! vessels 9 :i* ! eyeball rolls3 if ^! are ?91 r$1 & free ( matt]1 !y consid] ! %eep z s\nd2 b if !y are ?ick1 ( a dead :ite col\r1 & seem z if !re 0 "s :ite matt] 9 !m1 !y are confid5t %e is rott54 ,?is is a pretty g5]al rule1 & easily disc]n$2 b ,i ?9k x is n s c]ta9 z :5 !y are judg$ by ! back2 = 9 firm heal?y l&s ! eye ( a %eep is f> r$d] ?an x is 9 %eep ^u grassy l&s4 ,& 9 "s boggy l&s ! eye is nev] v r$1 be ! %eep ev] s s\nd1 s t !re y _c s well judge by ! eye2 b :5 y see ! eye ( a %eep a good deal :it] & ?ick]1 & m matt] 9 x 7,i mean ! vessels 9 :i* ! eyeball rolls7 ?an ! run ( ! flock among/ :i* x fe$s1 y h reason to suspect x is n s\nd4 ,!re is ano!r me?od by :i* ,i h se5 "s m5 attempt to judge ( ! s\ndness ( %eep4 ,x is a well kn[n fact1 t :5 %eep are rott5 ! lungs swell to a great] size2 !y !re=e lay ! %eep d[n ^u its broad side1 & press+ ! sk9 9 at ! flank1 up bel[ ! ribs1 pret5d to feel ! lungs4 ,b if !re is any?+ to be le>n$ by ?is ,i c\ld nev] p]ceive x1 & h se5 "s m51 :o pret5d$ to "k mo/ by x1 v (t5 mi/ak54 ,^! are ! pr9cipal rules by :i* ! ,highl& f>m]s draw _! /ocks2 & !y relate all to ewe /ocks2 = z to w$d]s1 !y are g5]ally all sold (f :5 !y are ?ree ye>s old1 & ^? t buy !m = fe$+ mo/ly buy !m by ! condition !y appe> outw>dly to be 9 at ! "t1 & ! "* ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* !y 7 br$4 7#afg47 ,jaundice4 ,i h nev] se5 ?is disease 9 ! %eep1 & h he>d almo/ no?+ ( x2 inde$ x is v r>e1 few hav+ ev] witness$ cases ( x4 ,x is consequ5tly v imp]fectly und]/ood1 e "o :o has writt5 ab\t x assign+ = its occurr5ce a diff]5t cause4 ,! pr9cipal symptoms to be dep5d$ on1 accord+ to ^? :o h treat$ x1 are a yell[ness ( ! eyes1 & an ob/9ate sluggi%ness ( ! animal1 almo/ am\nt+ to sleep4 ,copi\s ble$+ & two ounce doses ( ,glaub] salts h be5 recomm5d$ = ! treatm5t1 :i* mu/ be gone ab\t promptly1 z ! disease is said to be quickly fatal4 ,reason+ f :at is kn[n ab\t jaundice 9 man1 ,i w\ld1 7 a case to occur to me 9 ! %eep1 give a good dose ( calomel1 say #ae gra9s1 9 conjunction ) ! salts1 unless ! disease _h sup]v5$ on rot1 :5 ,i w\ld sub/itute t5 gra9s ( ipecacuanha = ! m]cury4 7#afh47 ,dropsy4 ,:5 x is ! conclud+ symptom ( a disease1 x may be reckon$ "p ( ! compla9t itself1 & treat$ accord+ly4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 x is ! fir/ ?+ :i* attracts ! att5tion ( ! %eph]d1 & :5 su* is ! case x w usually be trac$ to long exposure to cold & wet4 ,9 ?is ev5t ! be/ plan is to ble$ l>gely1 & give two or ?ree sm>t doses ( ,epsom salts4 ,:5 x occurs 9 "y lambs1 sweet _s ( nitre1 giv5 9 ! quantity ( a tea-spoonful twice a-day1 is f\nd to be att5d$ ) ! happie/ effects4 ,tapp+1 or1 z x is popul>ly t]m$1 /abb+1 or /ick+1 to p]mit ! escape ( ! wat]1 is ! cure resort$ to 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :5 x appe>s 9 old %eep1 aft] exposure to ra92 b ?is ought nev] to be resort$ to unless "u ! guidance ( a m$ical p]son4 ,x w\ld be mu* bett] at once to kill ! %eep4 7#afi47 ,/urdy4 ,z %[n 9 ! tabul> view ( ! diseases1 9 foot-note to p>agraph 7#aba71 ?is affection may be ! result ei!r ( pressure on ! bra9 f an animal gr[?1 or f ! accumulation ( a fluid4 ,s]um is 9 bo? cases ! me*anical cause ( ! symptoms1 b 9 ! =m] x is elim9at$ f neighb\r+ p>ts by a hydatid1 :ile 9 ! latt] x is m]ely deposit$ 9 "s ( ! natural cavities 7! v5tricles7 ( ! bra91 ow+ to a conge/$ /ate ( ! sp9al m>r[1 ! result ( cont9u$ cold ^u ! back4 ,figure #b1 ,plate ,,vii41 tak5 f ,rudolphi1 exhibits a view ( ! animal :i* gives rise to ! fir/ v>iety ( /urdy4 ,x is ! _m-head$ hydatid ( ! bra91 ,co5urus ,c]ebralis ( naturali/s4 ,l ! ,cy/ic]cus t5uicollis1 already describ$ "u ! head ( ,rot1 x consi/s ( a ?9 membran\s cy/1 full or o!rwise ( s]\s fluid2 b1 unlike ! a=em5tion$ animal is /udd$ ov] ) gr\ps ( little velvety app5dages or heads1 ea* ( :i* has a s]ies ( b>bs project+ r\nd ! m\?4 ,figure #b1 a1 ,plate ,,vii41 is a highly magnifi$ repres5tation ( two ( ^! heads4 ,a good idea ( ! hydatid1 z x exi/s 9 ! %eep1 may be d]iv$ f an inspection ( ,fig #a4 ,pl4 ,,viii41 :i* has be5 engrav$ f a sket* k9dly furni%$ to me by my fri5d ,dr ,kirk ( ,deal4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! bra9 ( a %eep two ye>s old1 :i* has be5 affect$ ) /urdy4 ,! "r lobe1 a1 ( ! c]ebellum or less] bra91 is mu* di/5d$ ) fluid1 :i* is enclos$ 9 a membrane\s bag1 z %[n at b1 :]e an incision has be5 made to expose x1 & at c1 :]e x is %9+ ?r\gh "o ( ! cov]+s ( ! bra91 ! pia mat]4 ,! hydatid is f\nd ( all sizes1 f t ( a pea to t ( ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,vii4 ,l>ge ones are f> f r>e1 & ! v5tricle is frequ5tly enorm\sly di/5d$4 ,! hydatid 9 ! bra9 f :i* ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,viii4 0 tak51 ?\gh n fill$ to repletion1 conta9$ t5 dra*ms ( s]um4 ,! v5tricle 0 consequ5tly mu* dilat$1 z %[n at a 9 t figure1 & ! usual c\rse & size ( ! convolutions completely alt]$4 ,in/ead ( be+ fold$1 l ! inte/9es1 ^u !mselves1 !y proce$$1 z se5 at b b1 f back to front ( ! bra92 :ile ! furr[s betwe5 !m1 :i* are1 9 ! heal?y animal1 usually too %all[ to be measur$1 7 9 sev]al places z deep z ! l5g? ( ! l9es at c d4 ,?is excessive accumulation ( fluid )9 ! bra9 leads1 z might be expect$1 to ! dilatation ( ! skull1 & to ! absorption ( its walls1 :5 ! bones1 "y ?\gh ! animal be :5 affect$ ) /urdy1 c no long] be made to yield4 ,= ?is reason ! skull1 t[>ds ! t]m9ation ( ! disease1 g5]ally becomes ?9 & s(t 9 front ( ! root ( ! horn1 & 9 ?is way (f]s a spot :i*1 f its be+ easily pi]c$1 is frequ5tly made ! seat ( surgical op]ations4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! skull also und]go consid]able ?9n+1 m s inde$ ?an 9 front ( ! horn4 ,! att5tion ( ! f>m] has h>dly1 if ev]1 be5 call$ to ?is fact1 ?\gh ,i believe t1 = "o in/ance 9 :i* p]=ation occurs 9 ! frontal bone1 x w be notic$ a score ( times on ! sides ( ! head4 ,9 a head ) :i* ,i 0 fav\r$ by ,mr ,grieve1 ,branxholm braes1 ea* temple1 exactly b5ea? ! sup]ior extremity ( ! upright bran* ( ! l[] jaw1 display$ a circul> op5+ entirely ?r\gh ! bone1 wide en\gh to p]mit ! passage ( an ounce bullet4 ,:atev] may produce pressure on ! bra91 ! symptoms :i* indicate x are ne>ly always ! same4 ,! %eep has a dull1 /upid look1 turns v (t5 r\nd & r\nd1 & w1 :5 wat] is 9 its way1 /& />+ at x till at la/1 giddy & confus$1 x plumps fairly 94 ,if1 :5 ! symptoms are v unpromis+1 convulsive movem5ts %\ld occur1 !y may be tak5 z a fav\rable sign1 z !y indicate a dim9ution ( ! pressure on ! bra94 ,a m9ute description ( ! morbid appe>ances 9 hydrocephalus c\ld s]ve no good purpose1 ,i !re=e pass on to ! prev5tion ( /urdy4 7#agj47 ,treatm5t & ,prev5tion ( ,/urdy4 ,! v>iety caus$ by hydatids c only be prev5t$ by ! use ( dry1 well gr[n1 :olesome food4 ,dr ,j5n] f\nd t he c\ld cause hydatids to =m 9 rabbits at w1 by fe$+ !m on gre5 succul5t provision2 & x is well kn[n t ?is =m ( /urdy prevails among %eep *iefly 9 m>%y places1 z ! f5s ( ,l9coln%ire4 ,wat] 9 ! head is g5]ally induc$1 z fir/ po9t$ out by ! ,ettrick ,%eph]d1 9 ! ,f>m]'s ,magaz9e = #ahab1 by ! back ( ! animal be+ *ill$1 z is evid5t f ! foll[+ facts3-- #a4 ,x is always mo/ g5]al aft] a w9dy & sleety w9t]4 #b4 ,x is always mo/ de/ructive on f>ms t are ill-%elt]$1 & on :i* ! %eep are mo/ expos$ to ^? bla/s & %[]s4 #c4 ,x preys only on %eep ris+ _! fir/ ye>1 ! wool ( :i* sep>ates above1 leav+ ! back q expos$ to ! wet & cold4 #d4 ,if a piece ( clo? or hide is sew$ to ! wool1 s z to cov] ! back1 su* a %eep w n be affect$ ) ! disease4 ,bratt+ is !re=e ! be/ prev5tive1 & x is z *eap z x is effectual4 ,"o pair ( old blankets1 wor? only "s f\r or five %ill+s1 w furni% cov]+s = =ty hogs1 & if laid c>efully aside 9 spr+1 !y w cont9ue s]viceable = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,an op]ation c avail no?+--slaught]+ ! %eep is !re=e ! only exp$i5t4 ,:5 ! exi/5ce ( a hydatid ne> ! surface ( ! bra9 is d5ot$ by ! skull yield+1 at "s p>ticul> spot1 to ! firm pressure ( ! ?umb1 its extraction mu/ be set ab\t 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#aah71 :]e ,i h also giv5 my objections to ! common modes ( op]at+4 7#aga47 ,trembl+4 ,sev]al affections are includ$ "u ! "n ( trembl+ or leap+-ill1 all hav+1 9 common1 m or less ( ! symptoms :i* ^! names d5ote4 ,!y may be consid]$ z aris+ f exposure to cold & damp1 especially on long fatigu+ j\rnies1 z 9 br++ %eep f ! ,highl&s to ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 :5 x frequ5tly prevails to s great an ext5t1 on rea*+ ! l[ c\ntry1 z to oblige ! %eph]d to leave eight or t5 beh9d him at e /age4 ,injuries ( ! lo9s1 ei!r inflict$ by !mselves 9 jump+ & runn+1 or by o!rs f r\gh usage 9 ! fold1 are common causes ( ! disease2 b 9 ?is v>iety ! h9d qu>t]s only are p[]less4 ,ano!r species is ow+ to oppression ( ! bra9 f conge/ion1 9 ?is way resembl+ incipi5t /urdy1 & occurr+ only 9 v fat %eep4 7#agb47 ,treatm5t ( ,trembl+4 ,! fir/ v>iety is be/ met by re/1 %elt]1 & a supply ( nutriti\s food2 b z ! animal is incapable1 9 _m cases1 ( collect+ x1 ! %eph]d mu/ lift x f "o ri* "p ( ! field to ano!r1 s soon z x has cle>$ away ! grass )9 its rea*4 ,9 ! second k9d1 z caus$ by accid5t1 ! %eep mu/ be slaught]$1 z1 %\ld a cure be attempt$1 ! treatm5t w be too t$i\s & complicat$ to succe$ 9 ord9>y h&s4 ,copi\s blood-lett+1 & doses ( ,epsom salts1 w be f\nd ( mo/ advantage 9 ! ?ird species2 b if ! %eep c be dispos$ ( s mu* ! bett]1 z ?is k9d ( trembl+ is almo/ c]ta91 unless combat$ by en]getic depletion1 to end 9 /urdy4 7#agc47 ,wood ,evil is no?+ m ?an a cramp ( ! h9d legs1 ow+ to wat] dripp+ ^u !m f trees aft] a %[] ( ra91 & is be/ treat$ by envelop+ !m 9 flannel1 wrung out ( hot wat]2 b if ! %eep is at ! "t v *ill1 g5tle friction mu/ fir/ be us$1 else dang]\s consequ5ces w ensue4 ,rubb+ ) w>m turp5t9e has be5 recomm5d$1 & is app>5tly wor?y ( a trial4 7#agd47 ,inflam$ ,eyes4 ,! poll5 ( fl[]s gett+ into ! eyes :ile fe$+1 is a common cause ( ?is annoyance1 :i* ne$ n be describ$1 z1 f be+ visible1 x is kn[n to all4 ,exam9e ! eyes1 & remove any irritat+ body4 ,!n1 if ! disease be ( rec5t date1 ble$ ! animal l>gely f ! jugul> ve91 & give x sev]al doses ( ,epsom1 or ,glaub]'s salt4 ,aft] ! inflammation is subdu$1 or %\ld x be 9 ! suppurat+ /age :5 fir/ notic$1 hold ! lids asund]1 & drop ^u ! eye1 ?ree or f\r times a day1 a solution ( :ite vitriol1 five gra9s to ! ounce ( wat]4 ,:]e ?is _c be _h1 pure cold wat] da%$ aga9/ ! eyes & head sev]al times a day w s]ve z a sub/itute4 ,?\gh %eep are n s mu* incommod$ by bl9dness z o!r animals1 f ! in/9ctive c>e usually tak5 ( ! suff]] by ! re/ ( ! flock1 /ill su* a mi%ap %\ld always be prev5t$ by en]getic treatm5t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! symptoms4 7#age47 ,s(t ,canc] ( ! ,eye1 or1 z x is also call$ by m$ical m51 ,fungus ,hematodes1 is ( v r>e occurr5ce among %eep1 & inde$ w\ld n h des]v$ a notice "h1 7 x n t1 f be+ a malignant disease1 x might be look$ ^u z q incurable4 ,i c only describe x z a s(t1 spongy tum\r1 ris+ f ! bottom ( ! eye1 involv+ all ! textures ( t organ1 s z to r5d] !m sc>cely recognizable1 & ble$+ on ! slighte/ t\*4 ,x is readily remov$ by pass+ a /\t ?read ?r\gh ! front ( ! eye ) a ne$le1 s z to af=d ! op]ator a hold by :i* to pull x outw>ds ) ! left h&1 :ile1 ) ! "r1 he cuts r\nd x ) a n>r[-blad$ knife4 ,! op]ation is att5d$ only ) slight pa91 b mu/ n be consid]$ ! sole curative means2 ! %eep mu/ h1 at ! same "t1 a frequ5t *ange ( pa/ure1 to prev5t a recurr5ce ( ! tum\r4 ,!re is a v l>ge tum\r ( ?is description at pres5t 9 ! museum ( ,guy's ,hospital1 tak5 f a %eep :i* recov]$ p]fectly4 ,,app5dix ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,%eep ,,9 ,,au/ralia4 ,z ! prec$+ pages 7 n writt5 s mu* = ! well-educat$ f>m]1 z = ^? :o practise %eep-husb&ry )\t previ\s tra9+1 x may n be consid]$ amiss1 consi/5tly ) ! plan ( ! "w1 to sum up ! *ief po9ts to be att5d$ to 9 ! managem5t ( %eep 9 ,au/ralia4 ,?is ,i %all d f ! be/ au?orities1 & guid$ by ! direct advice ( ext5sive %eep proprietors :o h long resid$ !re1 & _h e exp]i5ce 9 ! subject4 ,?\gh x 0 = "s "t1 accord+ to ,dr ,lang1#db a matt] ( controv]sy 9 ! colony1 :e!r ! ,m]9o or ! ,saxon ,m]9o produc$ ! f9] wool or 0 m pr(itable = ! %eep-f>m]2 ! pref]5ce is n[ giv5 to ! ,saxon bre$1 z !y n only yield an excell5t fleece1 b are mu* sup]ior 9 c>cass to ! pure ,m]9o4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 ( ,au/ralia hav+ be5 consid]$1 f its e>lie/ colonization1 z unrivall$ by any c\ntry 9 ! quality ( its wool1 goes f> to prove t1 ) ord9>y c>e1 almo/ any v>iety may be br\ght to yield a v sup]ior produce4 ,! mildness ( ! climate1 ! ext5sive range ( pa/ure1 ! /eady supply ( food1 & ! consequ5t unv>y+ heal? ( ! animal1 give ! poore/ bre$s a sup]iority :i* c\ld h>dly be atta9$ 9 any o!r qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,inde$1 z notic$ at p>agraph 7#gj471 ,au/ralia appe>s by nature int5d$ to produce f9e wool1 & f9e animals1 ev5 f ! wor/ beg9n+s4 #db ,hi/ory ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,vol4 i4 p4 #cji4 ,great1 h[ev]1 z ! capabilities ( ! colony are = ! gr[? ( ! f9e/ wools1 ! int5d+ emigrant mu/ n suppose t he w obta9 !m )\t devot+ to ! subject a p>ticul> portion ( 8 reg>d4 ,mild w>m air1 & abundant diet1 w g f> t[>ds putt+ him 9 possession ( a sup]ior flock2 b )\t e>ne/ att5tion to ! m9or details requir$ 9 ! managem5t ( 8 %eep1 ! mo/ fav\rable locality w avail him little4 ,let ,au/ralia be ev] s mu* prais$1 z be+ peculi>ly adapt$ = ! re>+ ( %eep1 !y h !re1 9 common ) e k9d ( animal 9 e "p ( ! _w1 a c]ta9 liability to disease4 ,) all its boa/$ /ead9ess ( climate1 bad seasons occasionally occur1 & lead to sickness among ! flocks1 & 9 addition to ! usual *ances ( loss aris+ f ?is cause 9 o!r c\ntries1 !re is1 9 "s p>ts ( x1 a /ill m dread$ mis*ief result+ almo/ unavoidably f ! moral con/itution ( its society4 ,a convict-s]vant :o has a pique at 8 ma/]1 has x (t5 entirely 9 8 own p[] to subject ! flocks "u 8 *>ge to "s "o or o!r ( ! s]i\s diseases to :i* %eep 9 all c\ntries are peculi>ly liable4 ,he may pa/ure !m on an improp] spot1 & ?us induce di>rhoea1 or ev5 rot2 or he may drive !m a few miles f _! usual fe$+ gr\nd1 z ,dr ,lang rem>ks1 :5 !re is nobody pres5t to take cognizance ( ! fact1 & !reby br+ !m into contact ) a scabb$ flock4 ,! *ief s\rce ( ! weal? & prosp]ity ( ! colony1 says ,dr ,lang1 is ?us1 9 great measure1 at ! m]cy ( ! mo/ wor?less ( m52 & s mu* is ?is ! case1 t a highly respectable & intellig5t magi/rate1 obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort conv]sation ,i _h ) him be=e emb>k+ = ,engl&1 t if !re %\ld n be a l>ge annual importation ( free emigrant %eph]ds f ! "m c\ntry into ! colony1 ! own]s ( %eep ?r\gh\t ! t]ritory w 9 future be "u ! necessity ( r$uc+1 or r ( prev5t+ ! increase (1 _! flocks4 ,?us circum/anc$1 ! ,au/ralian settl] has surely suffici5t reasons = induc+ him to make himself famili> ) ! managem5t & diseases ( ! animal1 on :i* he is plac+ 8 pr9cipal dep5d5ce4 ,:5 ! c\ntry is de/itute ( timb]1 ! %eep are v easily manag$1 & s _m z a ?\s& may be tru/$ to a s+le %eph]d2 b 9 g5]al1 !y are divid$ into flocks ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ bre$+ ewes1 or f\r hundr$ we!rs4 ,e flock1 says ,mr ,cunn+ham1 has a %eph]d1 :o takes 8 %eep out to graze be=e sunrise 9 ! morn+1 & br+s !m 9 aft] sunset at night4 ,he keeps always be=e ! flock to *eck ! =w>d among !m f runn+ onw>ds1 & we>+ out ! old1 sick1 & lame2 mak+ all ?us fe$ quietly1 s z to keep !m 9 good condition4 ,9 summ]1 he sees too t !y h wat] dur+ ! heat ( ! day2 & 9 draw+ up "u a tree = %ade1 :5 x is too hot = fe$+1 he passes occasionally g5tly among !m1 spreads !m out & makes !m take a fre% position 9 z small gr\ps z possible1 "u ano!r tree2 because :5 !y rema9 too long toge!r 9 "o place1 !y are apt to become brok5 w9d$4 ,x is a rule t %eep %\ld nev] rema9 9 "o spot s long z to paddle ! gr\nd mu* ) _! feet2 & h5ce1 9 rid+ r\nd y\r %eep /ations1 y h some?+ :]eby to judge :e!r or n y\r in/ructions are att5d$ to4 ,! %eph]d takes out 8 victuals ) him1 & is requir$ to be on ! al]t all day long1 to prev5t ! %eep f be+ lo/ 9 ! woods1 or ! native dogs f p\nc+ 9 among !m4 ,!y mu/ always be driv5 sl[ly to pa/ure1 & if y p]ceive t ! %eph]d c walk quietly among !m1 )\t di/urb+ !m1 y may set him d[n z a g5tle & c>eful man2 = if he uses 8 flock h>%ly1 !y w be naturally t]rifi$ by him4 ,?ree flocks are always p5n$ toge!r "u ! *>ge ( a wat*man1 :o c\nts ea* regul>ly 9 at night1 & ! %eph]ds aga9 c\nt !m out 9 ! morn+2 s t !y =m a regul> *eck ^u ea* o!r1 & prev5t losses f c>elessness or depr$ation4 ,! wat*man has a small wea!r-pro( wat*-box to sleep 91 & is assi/$ by a wat*-dog2 he keeps up a good fire1 :i* g5]ally det]s all native dogs f approa*+ ! fold4 ,! hurdles are made ( light swamp oak1 iron b>k1 or gum1 measur+ sev5 feet long1 ) five b>s1 s close toge!r t a "y lamb _c creep ?r\gh1 & usually co/ ab\t #as4 #f;d4 a-piece4 ,!y are %ift$ to fre% gr\nd daily1 be+ slop$ outw>ds1 & propp$ toge!r by means ( =k$ /icks1 driv+ a /ake ?r\gh betwe5 ! b>s "h & !re to keep ! hurdles firm1 & prev5t ! w9d f bl[+ !m ov]1 little support be+ d]iv$ f _! feet1 :i* are press$ b slightly into ! gr\nd4 ,all bran*es ( trees are c>efully remov$ f ! hurdl$ gr\nds be=e ! %eep are driv5 91 to prev5t any ( ! latt] be+ /ak$2 ! hurdles too are nev] pit*$ :]e ant hills are1 or "u a tree ) rott5 b\ghs ^u x1 :ile ! trees ) black b>k are c>efully d5ud$ !re(1 to prev5t discol\ration ( ! wool4 ,bells are atta*$ to ! necks ( ! /\te/ lead]s1 to keep ! flock toge!r1 & give w>n+ ( any ?+ go+ wrong )9 ! fold4 ,! bre$+ season is1 9 "s in/ances1 at ! comm5cem5t ( summ]1 9 o!rs1 at ! comm5cem5t ( w9t]1 b 9 g5]al x is 9 ,m>* or ,april1 ! rams hav+ be5 put to ! ewes 9 ,octob]4 ,?is deviation f our practice ( spr+ lamb+1 is ow+1 accord+ to ,mr ,cunn+ham1 to ! bre$]s f9d+ t ! pa/ure is p>ticul>ly good 9 ! autumn1 f a sort ( second spr+ tak+ place1 :ile ! lambs /& ! cold bett] ?an ! heat1 & are less annoy$ by ! gad-flies4 ,! %eep usually d\ble _! numb] e f\r ye>s4 ,%eep-%e>+ takes place at ! beg9n+ ( summ]4 ,! usual plan ( wa%+ is previ\sly _h rec\rse to 7see p>agraph #ii471 b ( late x has become cu/om>y1 ) "s proprietors1 to wa% !m ) a sp\t4 ,?is is done by br++ !m "o by "o "u a /ream ( wat]1 fall+ f a mod]ate height2 b x is n likely t x w ev] be g5]ally adopt$1 z x requires v peculi> facilities 9 reg>d to wat]1 & is besides a plan fraught ) dang] to ! %eep4 ,x ought to be kept 9 m9d1 t a /ream ( wat] play+ on ! body1 produces a v /unn+ effect1 :i* may de/roy life 9 an inconsid]able "t1 & has1 9 ?is way1 be5 (t5 employ$ = putt+ crim9als to dea?4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! ,au/ralian %eep-f>m]s h d\btless be5 l$ to resort to ! sp\t1 ow+ to ! fleeces be+ s full ( fil? z to be clean$ ) difficulty 9 ! common way4 ,! f9] ! wool1 ! m abundant is ! yolk or viscid secretion on ! sk91 & ! great]1 consequ5tly1 is ! quantity ( fil? :i* /icks to x4 ,! dirt9ess ( ! wool becomes1 9 ?is way1 no mean te/ ( ! value ( ! %eep4 ,"s ( ! fleeces lose fully ?ree-fif?s ( _! weight by wa%+4 ,! av]age weight ( ! fleeces f ! improv$ bre$s1 is f two to two-&-a-half p\nds4 ,! ewe fleece seldom exce$s "o p\nd & a half4 ,! wool is pack$ 9 bales1 wrapp$ 9 canvass1 & =w>d$ = exportation to ,sydney1 on drays drawn by ox54 ,"s ( ! m ext5sive %eep-f>m]s s5d home _! wool direct to _! ag5ts 9 ,london1 :]e x is sold accord+ to its quality1 at f "o to ?ree %ill+s1 7! freight to ,london be+ only ?ree-halfp5ce7 a p\nd4#dc #dc ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 by ,john ,dunmore ,lang1 ,d4,d41 ,vol4 i4 p4 #cej4 ,! highe/ prices yet obta9$ = "s ( ! pick$ p>ts ( ! f9e/ fleeces1 are #ajs4 #f;d4 p] p\nd4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has be5 giv5 only once4 ,! quantity ( wool %ipp$ 9 #ahce1 0 #c1ggf1aia lbs41 & 0 valu$ at ,l#chj1jjj /]l+4 ,?ree acres are requir$ on an av]age = ! support ( ea* %eep1 b on acc\nt ( ! mildness ( ! climate1 !re is no necessity = provid+ w9t] food4 ,! range ( pa/ure is s ext5sive t ! %eep are liable to comp>atively few diseases4 ,! great dryness ( ! climate1 keeps ! fleece always 9 s com=table a /ate1 t !y are almo/ nev] /ruck by ! fly :i*1 z expla9$ at 7#adg471 always deposits its eggs on ! moi/e/ "p ( ! sk94 ,mr ,cunn+ham once obs]v$ summ]-dropt lambs ) milk blot*es1 become fly bl[n1 b ?is 0 9 wet wea!r4 ,scab1 or it*1 is ! mo/ common disease1 b ( x ,i ne$ n say any ?+ "h4 ,x nev] pres5ts mu* v>iety1 & is a disease bett] und]/ood ?an almo/ any o!r4 ,ample directions = its treatm5t are giv5 at 7#adj474 ,x is easily *eck$ if ! job is gone ab\t ) det]m9ation4 ,! great po9ts are to take x 9 h& ! mom5t x appe>s--= :5 x ga9s gr\nd1 all *ances ( a wool-crop are at an end = t ye> at lea/--& to use tobacco-juice mo/ lib]ally1 z x n only leads to ! imm$iate dea? ( ! it* insect1 b appe>s to h a specific effect 9 lead+ to ! re/oration ( ! wool4 ,! balm ( ,columbia1 :i* is at pres5t s laud$ = accel]at+ ! gr[? ( hair1 is suppos$1 on good gr\nds1 to be an incognito prep>ation ( tobacco-juice4 ,rot is ! only o!r important %eep-disease 9 ! colony4 ,x 0 unkn[n till #ahbg1 :5 x broke out 9 a wet ly+ "p ( ! ,ba?ur/ di/rict1 & succe$$1 z ,cunn+ham says1 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry sc\rg$ by x1 to a long fall ( heavy ra9s1 :i* sup]saturat$ ! blades ( grass4 ,= ! me?od ( treat+ ?is disease1 =tunately r>e 9 ,au/ralia1 ,i mu/1 9 conclusion1 ref] to ! body ( ! "w4