,transcriber's notes 3 7#a7 ,typos1     
spelling mistakes and punctuation errors
 have been corrected4 7#b7 ,italic text 
is marked with underlining2 bold text is
 marked with equals signs4 7#c7         
,footnotes are marked as ,a1 ,b and so  
on1 placed at the end of the relevant   
paragraph4  ,illustration3 ,,mr4        
,,baucher1 upon ,partisan4              
,,new ,,method                     ,,of 
,,horsemanship1                         
,,including ,,the        ,,breaking     
,,and ,,training ,,of ,,horses1         
,,with      ,,instructions ,,for        
,,obtaining ,a ,,good ,,seat4           
,,illustrated4                   ,by ,f4
 ,,baucher4    ,translated from the     
,ninth ,paris ,edition4                 
,,new ,,york3         ,,albert          
,,cogswell1 ,,publisher1           ,,no4
 #aci ,,eighth ,,street4                
,,translator',s ,,preface4   ,the       
author's introduction to his ,method of 
,horsemanship is omitted in this        
edition1 because containing much that   

would be uninteresting to the ,american 
reader4 ,it mentions the great          
difficulties he had in attracting the   
attention of the public to his system1  
and the complete success with which it  
was crowned when once this attention was
 attracted4 ,one paragraph from it1     
which contains the principle upon which 
his whole method is founded1 is here    
given3  ,however favored by nature the  
horse may be1 he requires a preparatory 
exercise to enable his forces to afford 
each other mutual assistance2 without   
this everything becomes mechanical and  
hazardous1 as well on his part as on    
that of the rider4  ,what musician could
 draw melodious sounds from an          
instrument without having exercised his 
fingers in handling it8 ,he would       
certainly1 if he attempted such a thing1
 produce only false discordant sounds2  
and the same thing occurs in            
horsemanship when we undertake to make a
 horse execute movements for which he   
has not been prepared4  ,m4 ,baucher    

presents the official documents upon the
 subject of the introduction of his     
method into the ,french army with the   
following introductory remarks3  ,since 
the first publication of my method1     
indisputable facts have attested the    
truth of the principles therein         
contained4 ,field-,marshal the ,minister
 of ,war has appointed a commission1    
presided over by ,lieutenant-,general   
the ,marquis ,oudinot1 to examine into  
its advantages4,a  ,fifty horses1 some  
from the troop1 and others belonging to 
officers1 which had not yet commenced   
their education1 or which were          
considered difficult to manage1 or      
vicious1 were subjected to the          
experiment1 which commenced on the #bast
 ,march1 #ahdb4 ,the demands of the     
service of the garrison of ,paris       
permitting only a small number of       
cuirassiers1 municipal guards1 and      
first-class lancers to be put at the    
disposition of the commission1 nearly   
all the horses were intrusted to riders 

who were by no means intelligent1 or    
else whose education was not very much  
advanced4 ,the riders themselves        
exercised their horses4 ,on the #ith of 
,april--that is to say1 after fifteen   
lessons--,field-,marshal the ,minister  
of ,war wished to witness the results of
 the system he had ordered to be tried4 
,his ,excellency was accompanied by the 
members of the committee of cavalry1 and
 many other general officers4 ,the men  
being completely armed and equipped1 and
 the horses caparisoned1 they executed1 
individually and in troop1 at all the   
paces1 movements that1 up to this time1 
had only been required of horses that   
had been exercised for five or six      
months under experienced riders4 ,the   
,minister of ,war followed all the      
trials with the greatest interest1 and  
before retiring expressed his complete  
satisfaction1 and announced his         
intention of having a general           
application of it made in the army4     
,a ,the commission was composed of      

,lieutenant-,general ,oudinot1          
,col4 ,carrelet1 ,commander of the      
,municipal ,guard1 the ,chef            
d',escadrons ,de ,novital1 commanding   
the ,cavalry ,riding-,school1           
and the ,captain-instructors de,gues1 of
 the #eth ,cuirassiers1         and ,de 
,mesanges1 of the #c;d ,lancers4  ,among
 the official documents in favor of     
,baucher's method is a letter from ,m4  
,champmontant1 ,lieutenant-,colonel of  
the ,staff1 ,secretary of the ,committee
 of ,cavalry1 in which he requests ,m4  
,baucher to fix a convenient time to    
appear before the committee and explain 
his system more completely1 that they   
may consider its adoption in the army2  
another from ,lieutenant-,general       
,marquis ,oudinot to ,m4 ,baucher4 ,in  
this letter the ,general informs ,m4    
,baucher that the ,minister of ,war has 
decided that a series of experiments    
shall be made upon his method of        
breaking new horses and such as were    
considered difficult to manage4  ,then  

follows the report upon the trials of   
,baucher's method1 and a recapitulation 
of the daily operations by the ,chef    
d',escadrons de ,novital1 commanding the
 ,royal ,school at ,saumur4 ,the        
complete success of the trial is        
mentioned above1 and an extract only    
from the report will be here given3     
,but1 it may be objected1 will not this 
species of captivity to which the new   
method will subject the horse1 prevent  
his lasting8 ,will it not be the source 
of his premature decay8 ,to this it is  
easy to answer by a comparison1 which to
 us appears conclusive4 ,when all the   
wheel work of a machine fits well       
together1 so that each part furnishes   
its share of action1 there is harmony1  
and consequently need of a less force2  
so when1 in an organized body1 we are   
enabled to obtain suppleness and        
pliability in all the parts1 the        
equilibrium becomes easy1 there is      
suppleness and lightness1 and in        
consequence1 a diminution of fatigue4   

,far from injuring the horse1 the new   
method has the advantage of being a     
great auxiliary in developing the       
muscles1 particularly in a young        
subject4  ,extract from the report to   
,lieutenant-,general ,oudinot1 by ,m4   
,carrelet1 ,colonel of the ,municipal   
,guard of ,paris3  ,to shorten this     
narration1 ,i would say that the        
officers of the ,municipal ,guard are   
unanimous in their approval of ,m4      
,baucher's proceedings1 applied to the  
breaking of young horses4  ,we have     
assisted at the education of forty troop
 horses1 all more or less difficult to  
manage2 and we are convinced that1 by   
,baucher's system1 they have been more  
advanced in fifteen days than they would
 have been in six months1 by the        
proceedings we have been accustomed to  
follow4  ,i am so convinced of the      
efficiency of the means practised by ,m4
 ,baucher1 that ,i am going to subject  
to them all the horses of my five       
squadrons4  ,extract from the report of 

,lieutenant-,general ,marquis ,oudinot  
to his ,excellency the ,marshal the     
,minister of ,war3  ,that the system of 
,m4 ,baucher may produce in the army all
 the advantages expected from it1 it    
would be necessary to have a certain    
number of instructors initiated in it as
 completely as possible1 that they may  
be able to teach it afterwards4  ,in    
consequence of which1 ,i have the honor 
to propose to you to order3  #ast4 ,that
 upon the return to ,saumur of the      
commanding officer of the riding-school1
 the young horses be broken after       
,baucher's method1 and observations made
 upon the advantages or disadvantages   
that it presents4  #b;d4 ,that in the   
,fifth ,cuirassiers and the ,third      
,lancers1 the application of this method
 be continued4  #c;d4 ,that the         
different bodies of cavalry within a    
circle of twenty-five leagues around    
,paris detach1 for about two months1    
their captain-instructor and one        
officer1 who should come to study the   

system of ,m4 ,baucher4  ,the ,minister 
of ,war immediately issued these three  
orders1 and also three additional ones3 
#dth4 ,m4 ,baucher1 ,jr41 will repair to
 the camp at ,luneville and sojourn     
there during the months of ,june1 ,july 
and ,august4 ,the captain-instructors   
and one lieutenant from the troops of   
horse stationed in the neighborhood of  
,paris will be ordered to ,luneville    
during those months to study the        
,baucher system4  #eth4 ,m4 ,baucher1   
,jr41 will receive an indemnity of five 
hundred francs a month4  #fth4 ,each of 
the bodies of troops of horse and       
establishments of unbroken horses will  
receive two copies of the work entitled 
',a ,new ,method of ,horsemanship1 by   
,m4 ,baucher4'  ,extract from the report
 of the ,chef d',escadrons ,grenier1    
appointed to the command of the officers
 detached to ,paris1 by ministerial     
decision of the #bjth of ,may1 #ahdb1 to
 study the method of horsemanship of ,m4
 ,baucher3  ,the officers detached to   

,paris were of the number of twenty-two1
 the captain-instructor and a lieutenant
 from each regiment4 99 99 99 ,they     
exercised for thirty-nine days4 99 99 99
 ,these officers did not all arrive at  
,paris with the belief that they could  
be taught anything4 ,one-half were      
captain-instructors1 the rest1          
lieutenants1 intended to become the     
same4 ,thus1 in the beginning1 there was
 very little confidence1 on the part of 
the officers1 in their new professor1   
sometimes even opposition1 but always   
zeal and good will4  ,little by little1 
confidence came1 opposition disappeared2
 but only at the end of the first month1
 after about twenty-five lessons1 did   
all the officers1 without exception1    
understand the method and recognize the 
superiority of ,m4 ,baucher's principles
 over those previously known4  ,before  
leaving1 they all approved of the new   
method1 and desired its application in  
their regiments4  ,the method of        
horsemanship of ,m4 ,baucher is positive

 and rational2 it is easy to understand1
 especially when studied under the      
direction of some one who knows it4 ,it 
is attractive to the rider1 gives him a 
taste for horses and horsemanship1 tends
 to develop the horse's qualities1      
especially that of lightness1 which is  
so delightful to discover in a          
saddle-horse4 99 99 ,applied to the     
breaking of young horses1 it develops   
their instinct1 makes them find the     
domination of the rider easy and        
pleasant2 it preserves them from the    
premature ruin that an improper breaking
 often brings with it2 it may shorten   
the time devoted to the education of the
 horse2 and it interests the riders     
employed in it4  ,m4 ,desondes1         
,lieutenant of the ,ninth ,cuirassiers1 
winds up a long and highly favorable    
report upon the breaking of young horses
 for the army with the words1 ,to       
,baucher the cavalry is grateful4       
,extracts from the sixth and last report
 upon the trials of the new method of   

horsemanship of ,m4 ,baucher3  ,the     
first trials are concluded4 ,the        
principal movements of the platoon-drill
 on horseback1 the running at the head  
and charging1 have completed the        
exercises4 ,thus1 thirty-five lessons   
have sufficed to perfect the instruction
 of the tractable as well as the        
intractable horses confided to me4 ,the 
first rough work with the horse--that is
 to say1 the exercises with the snaffle 
prescribed by the orders--used to take  
up as much time as this1 and then we    
scarcely dared to touch the curb-rein4  
,in this view1 the new system is of     
great utility for cavalry4  ,but the    
promptness with which we can put new    
horses in the ranks is not the only     
advantage the new method presents2 it   
guarantees1 besides1 the preservation of
 the horse2 it develops his faculties   
and his powers2 these increase by the   
harmony and proper application of the   
forces among themselves and by their    
rational and opportune use4 ,it is not  

the immoderate employment of force which
 conquers a rebellious horse1 but the   
well-combined use of an ordinary force4 
,the ,baucher system ought to be        
considered eminently preservative1 since
 the breaking1 being well graduated and 
well combined1 cannot have an injurious 
influence upon the horse's physique2 and
 his forces being at the disposition of 
the rider1 it is he1 the absolute       
dispenser of these forces1 who is       
responsible for their duration or       
premature destruction4 99 99 99 ,i      
repeat it1 that the new method would be 
a great benefit1 an indisputable        
improvement for cavalry4 99 99 99 ,i    
pray then for its adoption1 and ardently
 desire its prompt introduction into the
 cavalry4 7,signed7                     
,,de ,,novital4  ,extract from the      
,spectateur ,militaire3  ,passionately  
fond of a science that1 from his        
childhood1 has been the object of       
studies as productive as they were      
persevering1 ,m4 ,baucher1 after having 

obtained from the horse a submission    
almost magical1 has not been willing to 
be the only one to profit by his        
meditations2 he has put them cleverly   
together1 and his written method is now 
in the hands of all those who occupy    
themselves with horsemanship4 99 99 99  
,the division of dragoons1 and the      
instructors of the different bodies of  
troops of horse that composed a part of 
the camp of ,luneville1 intended to     
execute1 after the principles of the new
 method1 and in the presence of their   
royal highnesses1 the ,dukes of ,orleans
 and ,nemours1 equestrian exercises that
 would have had thousands of spectators4
 ,the mournful event that deprived      
,france of the prince royal did not     
allow of this performance having the    
eclat that was intended4 ,nevertheless1 
,m4 the ,duke de ,nemours1 wishing to   
judge for himself of the results1 has   
had part of these exercises performed in
 his presence4  ,the death of the ,duke 
of ,orleans1 and the indifference and   

afterwards opposition of the ,duke de   
,nemours1 were the principal causes of  
the system of ,m4 ,baucher not being    
adopted for the whole cavalry of the    
,french army4 ,the former was an ardent 
admirer of the system1 while the latter 
was an equally ardent admirer of a rival
 professor of horsemanship4  ,extract   
from a letter of ,m4 de ,gouy1 ,colonel 
of the ,first ,hussars1 to ,m4 ,baucher3
  ,so far from the muscular power being 
lessened by the repetition of the       
flexions1 is it not increased by having 
all the advantage of exercise over      
repose1 of work over indolence8 ,does   
not the muscular system1 in reason1     
develop itself1 physiologically         
speaking1 in proportion to these        
conditions8 ,will not address and vigor 
be the result of these gymnastics8 ,has 
the habitual difference between the     
forces of the right and left arm any    
other cause than the difference in the  
daily use of the one to the prejudice of
 the other8  ,baucher says3 ,to prove   

the complete success of my mission to   
,saumur1 ,i will back1 according to my  
custom1 my assertions by positive facts4
 ,the officers present at my course of  
instruction were of the number of       
seventy-two2 of this number sixty-nine  
have sent in reports favorable to my    
method4 ,there were but three dissenting
 voices4  ,this statement is followed by
 letters from ,general ,prevost1 ,de    
,novital1 etc41 all highly commending   
the system4  ,baucher's method has been 
reprinted in ,belgium and translated    
into ,dutch and ,german4 ,in the latter 
language1 several different translations
 have been written1 one by ,m4 ,ritgen1 
,lieutenant of the ,fourth ,regiment of 
,houlans 7,prussian71 and the other by  
,m4 de ,willisen1 ,lieutenant-,colonel  
of the ,seventh ,cuirassiers            
7,prussian74  ,the translator will give 
some extracts from the preface to ,m4 de
 ,willisen's translation1 as it shows   
that some of the difficulties met with  
by the former were not altogether       

escaped by his ,german confrere4  ,after
 the most positive results had proved to
 me most convincingly that1 of all      
existing methods1 that of ,m4 ,baucher  
was the best1 ,i thought that it would  
be useful to translate it4 ,this        
translation seemed at first much easier 
than it proved in the sequel2 above all1
 it was actually impossible for me to   
render in ,german1 as ,i wished1 such   
technical ,french expressions as        
attaques1 acculement1 assouplissement1  
ramener1 rassembler1 etc41 retaining    
their clearness and conciseness4 ,in    
,german ,i could only find expressions  
that were incomplete4 ,on this account  
,i have put all the words for which ,i  
could not find a clear equivalent in    
,german in the original ,french4        
,horses may be broken with much success 
upon other principles--they have been   
broken before ,m4 ,baucher's time--but  
no work has thrown so much light upon   
horse education2 no other method has    
taught such simple and sure means1 nor  

presented a like result with certainty4 
,he who would ride with safety and      
satisfaction1 ought to be completely    
master of an obedient and correct horse4
 ,to obtain this result1 ,m4 ,baucher   
gives the surest means and points out   
the shortest road3  ,the exact knowledge
 of the obstacles that the horse        
presents to dispose him to obey easily2 
the simple manner1 easy to understand   
and easy to execute1 of making these    
obstacles disappear1 distinguish this   
method from all preceding ones1 and     
render it of the greatest importance to 
all riders4  ,the close relations that  
are established between rider and horse 
give the former such a certainty of hand
 and legs1 and the latter such          
suppleness and obedience1 that a like   
result has never previously been        
obtained4  ,until now1 no horseman has  
ever had such clear and sure means for  
breaking a horse given him1 even        
approximatively1 as are contained in    
this book4 ,the trial will give the most

 convincing proofs of this when we      
undertake to apply the principles       
therein contained2 but that can only be 
considered a trial when made by         
following strictly what is prescribed in
 the method4 ,there is no other method  
that can put the horse so certainly in  
the hand and in the legs of the rider2  
no other method succeeds in developing  
so much address and assurance in horse  
or rider3 the horse feels at his ease1  
the rider is absolute master of him1 and
 both are at their ease4 99 99 99 ,this 
new method teaches1 further1 what is of 
very great importance1 the most certain 
means of making the rider perfectly in  
harmony with his horse1 so that they can
 understand and mutually trust one      
another1 in such a way that the horse   
obeys as punctually as the rider guides 
him skilfully4 ,in place of being       
obliged to break every horse after our  
own particular fashion1 we will only1   
thanks to this method1 have to occupy   
ourselves with one horse1 for it teaches

 us that the same means are applicable  
to all horses4 ,it is unnecessary to    
enumerate the advantages the instruction
 of the rider gains from it1 for he     
escapes the martyrdom of the lessons    
being given him on awkward1 badly-broken
 horses4 ,riders will sooner become     
masters of these managed horses1 and    
will acquire in six weeks a seat that   
will come of itself1 and their touch    
will be developed much more quickly4    
,finally1 men learn very quickly to put 
in practice means that are applied on   
foot1 and there is a great advantage in 
it2 it is that they can see better the  
moment that the neck becomes flexible   
and the jaw without contraction2 besides
 this1 their hand becomes much more     
delicate than it would have become in a 
much greater space of time1 if the      
application took place in the saddle4   
,until now1 only men of great talent    
were able to break horses2 now1 by      
practising this new method1 which       
demonstrates clearly the means of       

breaking1 every rider1 in a very short  
time1 can acquire the knowledge         
necessary to render a horse fit for use4
 99 99 99 ,a person commencing to learn 
this method1 and who is obliged to work 
from the book1 ought to proceed slowly  
and cautiously in the application of    
principles that are not familiar to him4
 ,he ought first to endeavor to perfect 
his seat1 his position1 his touch1 the  
obedience of his horse1 and his paces2  
he will thus make great progress in the 
breaking1 and be enabled to undertake   
the application of the new method4      
,,de ,,willisen1                        
,lieut4-,col4 of the ,seventh           
,cuirassiers4   ,m4 ,baucher received   
from the ,king of ,prussia a magnificent
 snuff-box of elegantly carved gold1 as 
a token of the satisfaction of his      
majesty with our author's system4  ,if  
anybody has read all this1 they will be 
pleased to hear that there will be no   
more proofs of the excellence of the    
system brought from across the          

,atlantic4 ,in consequence of the       
opposition mentioned above1 ,baucher's  
system was discontinued in the ,french  
army1 in spite of the almost unanimous  
wish of the officers4 ,but he has gained
 a name as the first horseman of this or
 any other age--the first who could not 
only manage horses himself1 but teach   
others to do so equally well4 ,this has 
been proved under the translator's own  
eyes4  ,a gentleman of ,philadelphia    
purchased a horse1 four years old1 long1
 gangling1 ewe-necked2 such a brute as  
no one but a confident disciple of      
,baucher would have had anything to do  
with4 ,had he hunted the country for a  
horse with but one merit1 that of       
soundness1 and possessing that only     
because nothing had ever been done to   
injure it1 he could not have been better
 suited4 ,mounted upon this animal1 it  
was painful to see a good rider in such 
a quandary2 but a quiet1 confident smile
 showed what was intended to come of it4
  ,in six weeks from that time1 without 

the horse ever having crossed the       
threshold of the stable-yard1 the writer
 saw him splendid1 with his neck arched 
like the steed in ,holy ,writ1 his      
haunches well under him1 obedient to the
 lightest touch of hand or heel1 ready  
to do anything that was demanded of him1
 because he had been put in a position  
that enabled him to do it4  ,since that1
 the same person has broken two other   
horses of greater natural capabilities1 
and the success was proportionately     
greater4  ,every one who takes any      
interest in horses recollects the horse 
,may-fly1 when first introduced to an   
,american audience1 by ,sands1 of       
,welsh's circus4 ,this horse1 a         
thoroughbred1 belonging to the racing   
stud of ,baron ,rothschild1 was so      
vicious that he had to be brought upon  
the race-course in a van1 so that he    
could see nothing till the moment to    
start arrived4 ,with even this and      
similar precautions1 he was considered  
dangerous and unmanageable4 ,the master 

hand was required1 and1 under its       
influence1 all such things as vice and  
being unmanageable disappeared4 ,instead
 of violent force on the part of man1   
which would only have produced more     
violent force on the part of the brute1 
,baucher sought out the sources of these
 resistances1 and conquered them in     
detail4  ,is it not worth a few weeks'  
pleasant labor with your horse to be    
able to make him move with the grace1   
elegance and majesty of this one1 or of 
those we have since seen ridden by      
,derious1 and that ,french ,amazon1     
,caroline ,loyo8 ,it is within the power
 of every one to do this to a certain   
extent2 and as the education of the man 
as a rider advances progressively with  
that of the horse1 there are1 as        
,baucher himself says1 no limits to the 
progress of horsemanship1 and no        
performance1 equestrianly possible1 that
 a horseman1 who will properly apply his
 principles1 cannot make his horse      
execute4                                

,,baucher',s           ,,new ,,method   
,,of ,,horsemanship4                    
---------------------------             
,,chapter ,i4         ,,new ,,means ,,of
 ,,obtaining ,a ,,good ,,seat   ,it may 
undoubtedly be thought astonishing that1
 in the first editions of this work1    
having for its object the horse's       
education1 ,i should not have commenced 
by speaking of the rider's seat4 ,in    
fact1 this1 so important a part of      
horsemanship1 has always been the basis 
of classical works on this subject4     
,nevertheless1 it is not without a      
motive that ,i have deferred treating of
 this question until now4 ,had ,i had   
nothing new to say on this subject1 ,i  
might very easily have managed1 by      
consulting old authors1 by transposing a
 sentence here and changing a word      
there1 to have sent forth into the      
equestrian world another inutility4 ,but
 ,i had other ideas2 ,i wished to make a
 thorough reform4 ,my system for giving 
a good seat to the rider1 being also an 

innovation1 ,i feared lest so many new  
things at one time should alarm even the
 best intentioned amateurs1 and give a  
hold to my adversaries4 ,they would not 
have failed to say that my means of     
managing a horse were impracticable1 or 
that they could not be applied without  
recourse to a seat still more           
impracticable4 ,but now ,i have proved  
the contrary--that1 upon my plan1 horses
 have been broken by troops without     
regard to the men's seat4 ,to give more 
force to my method1 and render it more  
easily comprehensible1 ,i have divested 
it of all accessories1 and said nothing 
about those new principles that concern 
the rider's seat4 ,i reserved these last
 until after the indisputable success of
 the official trials4 ,by means of these
 principles1 added to those ,i have     
published upon the art of               
horse-breaking1 ,i both shorten the     
man's work1 and establish a system not  
only precise1 but complete in these two 
important parts of horsemanship1        

hitherto so confused4  ,by following my 
new instructions relating to the man's  
seat on horseback1 we will promptly     
arrive at a certain result2 they are as 
easy to understand as to demonstrate4   
,two sentences are sufficient to explain
 all to the rider1 and he will get a    
good seat by the simple advice of the   
instructor4  ,the seat of the           
rider4--,the rider will expand his chest
 as much as possible1 so that each part 
of his body rests upon that next below  
it1 for the purpose of increasing the   
adhesion of his buttocks to the saddle2 
the arms will fall easily by the sides4 
,the thighs and legs must1 by their own 
strength1 find as many points of contact
 as possible with the saddle and the    
horse's sides2 the feet will naturally  
follow the motion of the legs4  ,you see
 by these few lines how simple the      
rider's seat is4  ,the means which ,i   
point out for quickly obtaining a good  
seat1 remove all the difficulties which 
the plan pursued by our predecessors    

presented4 ,the pupil used to understand
 nothing of the long catechism1 recited 
in a loud voice by the instructor1 from 
the first word to the last1 consequently
 he could not execute it4 ,here one word
 replaces all those sentences2 but we   
previously go through a course of       
supplings4 ,this course will make the   
rider expert1 and consequently          
intelligent4 ,one month will not elapse 
without the most stupid and awkward     
recruit being able to seat himself      
properly without the aid of the word of 
command4  ,preparatory lesson 7the      
lesson to last an hour1 two lessons a   
day for a month74--,the horse is led    
upon the ground1 saddled and bridled4   
,the instructor must take two pupils2   
one will hold the horse by the bridle1  
all the while watching what the other   
does1 that he may be able to perform in 
his turn4 ,the pupil will approach the  
horse's shoulder and prepare to mount2  
for this purpose he will lay hold of and
 separate1 with the right hand1 a       

handful of mane1 and pass it into the   
left hand1 taking hold as near the roots
 as possible1 without twisting them2 he 
will seize the pommel of the saddle with
 the right hand1 the four fingers in1   
and the thumb outside2 then springing   
lightly1 will raise himself upon his    
wrists4 ,as soon as his middle is the   
height of the horse's withers1 he will  
pass the right leg over the croup1      
without touching it1 and place himself  
lightly in the saddle4 ,this vaulting   
being very useful in making the man     
active1 he should be made to repeat it  
eight or ten times1 before letting him  
finally seat himself4 ,the repetition of
 this will soon teach him what he is    
able to do1 using the powers of his arms
 and loins4  ,exercise in the           
saddle4--7,this is a stationary exercise
 on horseback2 an old1 quiet horse to be
 chosen in preference2 the reins are    
knotted1 and hang on his neck47 ,the    
pupil being on horseback1 the instructor
 will examine his natural position1 in  

order to exercise more frequently those 
parts which have a tendency to give way 
or stiffen4 ,the lesson will commence   
with the chest4 ,the instructor will    
make use of the flexions of the loins1  
which expand the chest1 to straighten   
the upper part of the pupil's body2 he  
whose loins are slack will be made to   
hold himself in this position for some  
time1 without regard to the stiffness   
which this will bring along with it the 
first few times4 ,it is by the exertion 
of force that the pupil will become     
supple1 and not by the abandon so much  
and so uselessly recommended4 ,a        
movement at first obtained by great     
effort1 will1 after a while1 not require
 so much1 for he will then have gained  
skill1 and skill1 in this case1 is but  
the result of exertions combined and    
employed properly4 ,what is first done  
with twenty pounds of force1 reduces    
itself afterwards to fourteen1 to ten1  
to four4 ,skill will be the exertion    
reduced to four pounds4 ,if we commenced

 by a less1 we would not attain this    
result4 ,the flexions of the loins will 
be often renewed1 allowing the pupil    
often to let himself down into his      
natural relaxed position1 in order to   
make him properly employ the force that 
quickly gives a good position to the    
chest4 ,the body being well placed1 the 
instructor will pass3 #ast4 ,to the     
lesson of the arm1 which consists in    
moving it in every direction1 first     
bent1 and afterwards extended2 #b;d4 ,to
 that of the head2 this must be turned  
right and left without its motions      
reacting on the shoulders4  ,when the   
lessons of the chest1 arms1 and head    
give a satisfactory result1 which ought 
to be at the end of four days 7eight    
lessons71 they will pass to that of the 
legs4  ,the pupil will remove one of his
 thighs as far as possible from the     
quarters of the saddle2 and afterwards  
replace it with a rotatory movement from
 without inwards1 in order to make it   
adhere to the saddle by as many points  

of contact as possible4 ,the instructor 
will watch that the thigh does not fall 
back heavily2 it should resume its      
position by a slowly progressive motion1
 and without a jerk4 ,he ought1         
moreover1 during the first lesson1 to   
take hold of the pupil's leg and direct 
it1 in order to make him understand the 
proper way of performing this           
displacement4 ,he will thus save him    
fatigue1 and obtain the result more     
quickly4  ,this kind of exercise1 very  
fatiguing at first1 requires frequent   
rests2 it would be wrong to prolong the 
exercise beyond the powers of the pupil4
 ,the motions of drawing in 7adduction1 
which makes the thigh adhere to the     
saddle71 and putting out 7abduction1    
which separates it from the saddle71    
becoming more easy1 the thighs will have
 acquired a suppleness which will admit 
of their adherence to the saddle in a   
good position4 ,then comes the flexion  
of the legs4  ,flexion of the           
legs4--,the instructor will watch that  

the knees always preserve their perfect 
adherence to the saddle4 ,the legs will 
be swung backward and forward like the  
pendulum of a clock2 that is1 the pupil 
will raise them so as to touch the      
cantle of the saddle with his heels4    
,the repetition of these flexions will  
soon render the legs supple1 pliable and
 independent of the thighs4 ,the        
flexions of the legs and thighs will be 
continued for four days 7eight lessons74
 ,to make each of these movements more  
correct and easier1 eight days 7or      
sixteen lessons71 will be devoted to it4
 ,the fifteen days 7thirty lessons71    
which remain to complete the month1 will
 continue to be occupied by the exercise
 of stationary supplings2 but1 in order 
that the pupil may learn to combine the 
strength of his arms1 and that of his   
loins1 he will be made to hold at arm's 
length1 progressively1 weights of from  
ten to forty pounds4 ,this exercise will
 be commenced in the least fatiguing    
position1 the arm being bent1 and the   

hand near the shoulder1 and this flexion
 will be continued to the full extent of
 the arm4 ,the chest should not be      
affected by this exercise1 but be kept  
steady in the same position4  ,of the   
knees4--,the strength of pressure of the
 knees will be judged of1 and even      
obtained1 by the aid of the following   
method3 this1 which at first sight will 
perhaps appear of slight importance1    
will1 nevertheless1 bring about great   
results4 ,the instructor will take a    
narrow piece of leather about twenty    
inches long2 he will place one end of   
this strap between the pupil's knee and 
the side of the saddle4 ,the pupil will 
make use of the force of his knees to   
prevent its slipping1 while the         
instructor will draw it towards him     
slowly and progressively4 ,this process 
will serve as a dynamometer to judge of 
the increase of power4  ,the strictest  
watch must be kept that each force which
 acts separately does not put other     
forces in action2 that is to say1 that  

the movement of the arms does not       
influence the shoulders2 it should be   
the same with the thighs1 with respect  
to the body2 the legs1 with respect to  
the thighs1 etc41 etc4 ,the displacement
 and suppling of each part separately1  
being obtained1 the chest and seat will 
be temporarily displaced1 in order to   
teach the rider to recover his proper   
position without assistance4 ,this will 
be done as follows3 the instructor being
 placed on one side1 will push the      
pupil's hip1 so that his seat will be   
moved out of the seat of the saddle4    
,the instructor will then allow him to  
get back into the saddle1 being careful 
to watch that1 in regaining his seat1 he
 makes use of his hips and knees only1  
in order to make him use only those     
parts nearest to his seat4 ,in fact1 the
 aid of the shoulders would soon affect 
the hand1 and this the horse2 the       
assistance of the legs would have still 
worse results4 ,in a word1 in all the   
displacements1 the pupil must be taught 

not to have recourse in order to direct 
the horse1 to the means which keep him  
in his seat1 and1 vice versa1 not to    
employ1 in order to keep his seat1 those
 which direct the horse4  ,here1 but a  
month has elapsed1 and these equestrian 
gymnastics have made a rider of a       
person1 who at first may have appeared  
the most unfit for it4 ,having mastered 
the preliminary trials1 he will         
impatiently await the first movements of
 the horse1 to give himself up to them  
with the ease of an experienced rider4  
,fifteen days 7thirty lessons7 will be  
devoted to the walk1 trot and gallop4   
,here the pupil should solely endeavor  
to follow the movements of the horse2   
therefore1 the instructor will oblige   
him to occupy himself only with his     
seat1 and not attempt to guide the      
horse4 ,he will only exact that the     
pupil ride1 at first1 straight before   
him1 then in every direction1 one rein  
of the snaffle in each hand4 ,at the end
 of four days 7eight lessons71 he may be

 made to take the curb-rein in his left 
hand4  ,the right hand1 which is now    
free1 must be held alongside of the     
left1 that he may early get the habit of
 sitting square 7with his shoulders on a
 level72 the horse will trot equally to 
the right and to the left4 ,when the    
seat is firmly settled at all the paces1
 the instructor will explain simply1 the
 connection between the wrist and the   
legs1 as well as their separate effects4
  ,education of the horse4--,here the   
rider will commence the horse's         
education1 by following the progression 
,i have pointed out1 and which will be  
found farther on4 ,the pupil will be    
made to understand all that there is    
rational in it1 and what an intimate    
connection exists between the education 
of the man and that of the horse4       
,recapitulation and progression4--      
,days4 ,lessons4      #a4 ,flexion of   
the loins to expand the     chest       
#d     #h      #b4 ,extending and       
replacing of the     thighs1 and flexion

 of the legs            #d     #h       
#c4 ,general exercise of all the parts  
in     succession                       
#h    #af      #d4 ,displacement of the 
man's body1     exercise of the knees   
and arms with     weights in the hands  
#ae    #cj      #e4 ,position of the    
rider1 the horse being     at a walk1   
trot and gallop1 in order     to fashion
 and settle the seat at these           
different paces                         
#ae    #cj      #f4 ,education of the   
horse by the rider    #ge   #aej        
----  ----      ,total                  
#aba   #bdb                             
,,chapter ,,ii4        ,,of ,,the       
,,forces ,,of ,,the ,,horse4   ,of their
 causes and effects4--,the horse1 like  
all organized beings1 is possessed of a 
weight and a force peculiar to himself4 
,the weight inherent to the material of 
which the animal is composed1 renders   
the mass inert1 and tends to fix it to  
the ground4 ,the force1 on the contrary1
 by the faculty it gives him of moving  

this weight1 of dividing it1 of         
transferring it from one of his parts to
 another1 communicates movement to his  
whole being1 determines his equilibrium1
 speed and direction4 ,to make this     
truth more evident1 let us suppose a    
horse in repose4 ,his body will be in   
perfect equilibrium1 if each of its     
members supports exactly that part of   
the weight which devolves upon it in    
this position4 ,if he wishes to move    
forward at a walk1 he must first        
transfer that part of the weight resting
 on the leg he moves first to those that
 will remain fixed to the ground4 ,it   
will be the same thing in other paces1  
the transfer acting from one diagonal to
 the other in the trot1 from the front  
to the rear1 and reciprocally in the    
gallop4 ,we must not then confound the  
weight with the force2 the latter       
determines1 the former is subordinate to
 it4 ,it is by carrying the weight from 
one extremity to the other that the     
force puts them in motion1 or makes them

 stationary4 ,the slowness or quickness 
of the transfers fixes the different    
paces1 which are correct or false1 even 
or uneven1 according as these transfers 
are executed with correctness or        
irregularity4  ,it is understood that   
this motive power is subdivided ad      
infinitum1 since it is spread over all  
the muscles of the animal4 ,when the    
latter himself determines the use of    
them1 the forces are instinctive2 ,i    
call them transmitted when they emanate 
from the rider4 ,in the first case1 the 
man governed by his horse remains the   
plaything of his caprices2 in the       
second1 on the contrary1 he makes him a 
docile instrument1 submissive to all the
 impulses of his will4 ,the horse1 then1
 from the moment he is mounted1 should  
only act by transmitted forces4 ,the    
invariable application of this principle
 constitutes the true talent of the     
horseman4  ,but such a result cannot be 
attained instantaneously4 ,the young    
horse1 in freedom1 having been          

accustomed to regulate his own          
movements1 will1 at first1 submit with  
difficulty to the strange influence     
which comes to take the entire control  
of them4 ,a struggle necessarily ensues 
between the horse and his rider1 who    
will be overcome unless he is possessed 
of energy1 patience1 and1 above all1 the
 knowledge necessary to gain his point4 
,the forces of the animal being the     
element upon which the rider must       
principally work1 first to conquer1 and 
finally to direct them1 it is necessary 
he should fix his attention upon these  
before anything else4 ,he will study    
what they are1 whence they spring1 the  
parts where they contract the most for  
resistance1 the physical causes which   
occasion these contractions4 ,when this 
is discovered1 he will proceed with his 
pupil by means in accordance with his   
nature1 and his progress will then be   
rapid4  ,unfortunately1 we search in    
vain in ancient or modern authors1 on   
horsemanship1 ,i will not say for       

rational principles1 but even for any   
data in connection with the forces of   
the horse4 ,all speak very prettily     
about resistances1 oppositions1         
lightness and equilibrium2 but none of  
them have known how to tell us what     
causes these resistances1 how we can    
combat them1 destroy them1 and obtain   
this lightness and equilibrium they so  
earnestly recommend4 ,it is this gap    
that has caused the great doubts and    
obscurity about the principles of       
horsemanship2 it is this that has made  
the art stationary so long a time2 it is
 this gap that1 ,i think1 ,i am able to 
fill up4  ,and first1 ,i lay down the   
principle that all the resistances of   
young horses spring1 in the first place1
 from a physical cause1 and that this   
cause only becomes a moral one by the   
awkwardness1 ignorance and brutality of 
the rider4 ,in fact1 besides the natural
 stiffness peculiar to all these        
animals1 each of them has a peculiar    
conformation1 the more or less of       

perfection in which constitutes the     
degree of harmony that exists between   
the forces and the weight4 ,the want of 
this harmony occasions the              
ungracefulness of their paces1 the      
difficulty of their movements2 in a     
word1 all the obstacles to a good       
education4 ,in a state of freedom1      
whatever may be the bad structure of the
 horse1 instinct is sufficient to enable
 him to make such a use of his forces as
 to maintain his equilibrium2 but there 
are movements it is impossible for him  
to make until a preparatory exercise    
shall have put him in the way of        
supplying the defects of his            
organization by a better combined use of
 his motive power4 ,a horse puts himself
 in motion only in consequence of a     
given position2 if his forces are such  
as to oppose themselves to this         
position1 they must first be annulled1  
in order to replace them by the only    
ones which can lead to it4  ,now1 ,i    
ask1 if before overcoming these first   

obstacles1 the rider adds to them the   
weight of his own body1 and his         
unreasonable demands1 will not the      
animal experience still greater         
difficulty in executing certain         
movements8 ,the efforts we make to      
compel him to submission1 being contrary
 to his nature1 will they not find in it
 an insurmountable obstacle8 ,he will   
naturally resist1 and with so much the  
more advantage1 that the bad            
distribution of his forces will of      
itself be sufficient to paralyze those  
of the rider4 ,the resistance then      
emanates1 in this case1 from a physical 
cause3 which becomes a moral one from   
the moment when1 the struggle going on  
with the same processes1 the horse      
begins of his own accord to combine     
means of resisting the torture imposed  
on him1 when we undertake to force into 
operation parts which have not          
previously been supplied4  ,when things 
get into this state1 they can only grow 
worse4 ,the rider1 soon disgusted with  

the impotence of his efforts1 will cast 
back upon the horse the responsibility  
of his own ignorance2 he will brand as a
 jade an animal possessing the most     
brilliant resources1 and of whom1 with  
more discernment and tact1 he could have
 made a hackney as docile in character1 
as graceful and agreeable in his paces4 
,i have often remarked that horses      
considered indomitable are those which  
develop the most energy and vigor1 when 
we know how to remedy those physical    
defects which prevent their making use  
of them4 ,as to those which1 in spite of
 their bad formation1 are by a similar  
system made to show a semblance of      
obedience1 we need thank nothing but the
 softness of their nature2 if they can  
be made to submit to the simplest       
exercises1 it is only on condition that 
we do not demand anything more of them1 
for they would soon find their energy   
again to resist any further attempts4   
,the rider can then make them go along  
at different paces to be sure2 but how  

disconnected1 how stiff1 how ungraceful 
in their movements1 and how ridiculous  
such steeds make their unfortunate      
riders look1 as they toss them about at 
will1 instead of being guided by them6  
,this state of things is all perfectly  
natural1 unless we destroy the first    
cause of it3 the bad distribution of    
their forces1 and the stiffness caused  
by a bad conformation4  ,but1 it is     
objected1 since1 you allow that these   
difficulties are caused by the formation
 of the horse1 how is it possible to    
remedy them8 ,you do not possibly       
pretend to change the structure of the  
animal and reform the work of nature8   
,undoubtedly not2 but while ,i confess  
that it is impossible to give more      
breadth to a narrow chest1 to lengthen  
too short a neck1 to lower too high a   
croup1 to shorten and fill out long1    
weak1 narrow loins1 ,i do not the less  
insist that if ,i prevent the different 
contractions occasioned by these        
physical defects1 if ,i supply the      

muscles1 if ,i make myself master of the
 forces so as to use them at will1 it   
will be easy for me to prevent these    
resistances1 to give more action to the 
weak parts1 and to moderate those that  
are too vigorous1 and thus make up for  
the deficiencies of nature4  ,such      
results1 ,i do not hesitate to say1 were
 and still are forever denied to the old
 methods4 ,but if the science of those  
who follow the old beaten track finds so
 constant an obstacle in the great      
number of horses of defective formation1
 there are1 unfortunately1 some horses  
who1 by the perfection of their         
organization1 and the consequent        
facility of their education1 contribute 
greatly to perpetuate the impotent      
routines that have been so unfavorable  
to the progress of horsemanship4 ,a well
 constituted horse is one1 all of whose 
parts being regularly harmonized1 induce
 the perfect equilibrium of the whole4  
,it would be as difficult for such a    
subject to leave this natural           

equilibrium1 and take up an improper    
position for the purpose of resistance1 
as it is at first painful for the badly 
formed horse to come into that just     
distribution of forces1 without which no
 regularity of movement can be hoped    
for4  ,it is then only in the education 
of these last that the real difficulties
 of horsemanship consist4 ,with the     
others the breaking ought to be1 so to  
say1 instantaneous1 since all the       
springs being in their places1 there is 
nothing to be done but to put them in   
motion2 this result is always obtained  
by my method4 ,yet the old principles   
demand two or three years to reach this 
point1 and when by feeling your way     
without any certainty of success1 the   
horseman gifted with some tact and      
experience1 ends by accustoming the     
horse to obey the impressions           
communicated to him1 he imagines that he
 has surmounted great difficulties1 and 
attributes to his skill a state so near 
that of nature that correct principles  

would have obtained it in a few days4   
,then as the animal continues to display
 in all his movements the grace and     
lightness natural to his beautiful      
formation1 the rider does not scruple to
 take all the merit to himself1 thus    
showing himself as presumptuous in this 
case as he was unjust when he would make
 the badly formed horse responsible for 
the failure of his attempts4  ,if we    
once admit these truths3  ,that the     
education of the horse consists in the  
complete subjection of his powers2      
,that we can only make use of his powers
 at will by annulling all resistances2  
,and that these resistances have their  
source in the contractions occasioned by
 physical defects2  ,the only thing will
 be to seek out the parts where these   
contractions operate1 in order to       
endeavor to oppose and destroy them4    
,long and conscientious observations    
have shown me that1 whatever be the     
fault of formation that in the horse    
prevents a just distribution of his     

forces1 it is always in the neck that   
the most immediate effect is felt4      
,there is no improper movement1 no      
resistance that is not preceded by the  
contraction of this part of the animal2 
and as the jaw is intimately connected  
with the neck1 the stiffness of the one 
is instantly communicated to the other4 
,these two points are the prop upon     
which the horse rests1 in order to annul
 all the rider's efforts4 ,we can easily
 conceive the immense obstacle they must
 present to the impulsions of the       
latter1 since the neck and head1 being  
the two principal levers by which we    
direct the animal1 it is impossible to  
obtain anything from him until we are   
master of these first and indispensable 
means of action4 ,behind1 the parts     
where the forces contract the most for  
resistance1 are the loins and the croup 
7the haunches74  ,the contractions of   
these two opposite extremities are1     
mutually the one to the other1 causes   
and effects1 that is to say1 the        

stiffness of the neck induces that of   
the haunches1 and reciprocally4 ,we can 
combat the one by the other2 and as soon
 as we have succeeded in annulling them1
 as soon as we have re-established the  
equilibrium and harmony that they       
prevented between the fore and          
hind-parts1 the education of the horse  
will be half finished4 ,i will now point
 out the means of infallibly arriving at
 this result4                           
,,chapter ,,iii4                 ,,the  
,,supplings4   ,this work being an      
exposition of a method which upsets most
 of the old principles of horsemanship1 
it is understood that ,i only address   
men already conversant with the art1 and
 who join to an assured seat a          
sufficiently great familiarity with the 
horse1 to understand all that concerns  
his mechanism4 ,i will not1 then1 revert
 to the elementary processes2 it is for 
the instructor to judge if his pupil    
possesses a proper degree of solidity of
 seat1 and is sufficiently a part of the

 horse2 for at the same time that a good
 seat produces this identification1 it  
favors the easy and regular play of the 
rider's extremities4  ,my present object
 is to treat principally of the         
education of the horse2 but this        
education is too intimately bound up in 
that of the rider1 for him to make much 
progress in one without the other4 ,in  
explaining the processes which should   
produce perfection in the animal1 ,i    
will necessarily teach the horseman to  
apply them himself2 he will only have to
 practise tomorrow what ,i teach him    
today4 ,nevertheless1 there is one thing
 that no precept can give2 that is1 a   
fineness of touch1 a delicacy of        
equestrian feeling that belongs only to 
certain privileged organizations1 and   
without which1 we seek in vain to pass  
certain limits4 ,having said this1 we   
will return to our subject4  ,we now    
know which are the parts of the horse   
that contract the most in resistances1  
and we feel the necessity of suppling   

them4 ,shall we then seek to attack1    
exercise and conquer them all at once8  
,no2 this would be to fall back into the
 old error1 of the inefficiency of which
 we are convinced4 ,the animal's        
muscular power is infinitely superior to
 ours2 his instinctive forces1 moreover1
 being able to sustain themselves the   
one by the others1 we will inevitably be
 conquered if we set them in motion all 
at once4 ,since the contractions have   
their seat in separate parts1 let us    
profit by this division to combat them  
separately1 as a skillful general       
destroys1 in detail1 forces which1 when 
together1 he would be unable to resist4 
,for the rest1 whatever the age1 the    
disposition1 and the structure of my    
pupil1 my course of proceeding at the   
start will be always the same4 ,the     
results will only be more or less prompt
 and easy1 according to the degree of   
perfection in his nature1 and the       
influence of the hand to which he has   
been previously subjected4 ,the         

suppling1 which will have no other      
object in the case of a well-made horse 
than that of preparing his forces to    
yield to our impulsions1 will           
re-establish calm and confidence in a   
horse that has been badly handled1 and  
in a defective formation will make those
 contractions disappear1 which are the  
causes of resistances1 and the only     
obstacles to a perfect equilibrium4 ,the
 difficulties to be surmounted will be  
in proportion to this complication of   
obstacles1 and will quickly disappear   
with a little perseverance on our part4 
,in the progression we are about to     
pursue in order to subject the different
 parts of the animal to suppling1 we    
will naturally commence with the most   
important parts1 that is to say1 with   
the jaw and neck4  ,the head and neck of
 the horse are at once the rudder and   
compass of the rider4 ,by them he       
directs the animal2 by them1 also1 he   
can judge of the regularity and         
precision of his movements4 ,the        

equilibrium of the whole body is        
perfect1 its lightness complete1 when   
the head and neck remain of themselves  
easy1 pliable and graceful4 ,on the     
contrary1 there can be no elegance1 no  
ease of the whole1 when these two parts 
are stiff4 ,preceding the body of the   
horse in all its impulsions1 they ought 
to give warning1 and show by their      
attitude the positions to be taken1 and 
the movements to be executed4 ,the rider
 has no power so long as they remain    
contracted and rebellious2 he disposes  
of the animal at will1 when once they   
are flexible and easily handled4 ,if the
 head and neck do not first commence the
 changes of direction1 if in circular   
movements they are not inclined in a    
curved line1 if in backing they do not  
bend back upon themselves1 and if their 
lightness is not always in harmony with 
the different paces at which we wish to 
go1 the horse will be free to execute   
these movements or not1 since he will   
remain master of the employment of his  

own forces4  ,from the time ,i first    
noticed the powerful influence that the 
stiffness of the neck exercises on the  
whole mechanism of the horse1 ,i        
attentively sought the means to remedy  
it4 ,the resistances to the hand are    
always either sideways1 upward or       
downward4 ,i at first considered the    
neck alone as the source of these       
resistances1 and exercised myself in    
suppling the animal by flexions1        
repeated in every direction4 ,the result
 was immense2 but1 although1 at the end 
of a certain time1 the supplings of the 
neck rendered me perfectly master of the
 forces of the fore-parts of the horse1 
,i still felt a slight resistance which 
,i could not at first account for4 ,at  
last ,i discovered that it proceeded    
from the jaw4 ,the flexibility ,i had   
communicated to the neck even aided this
 stiffness of the muscles of the lower  
jaw1 by permitting the horse in certain 
cases to escape the action of the bit4  
,i then bethought me of the means of    

combating these resistances in this1    
their last stronghold2 and1 from that   
time1 it is there ,i always commence my 
work of suppling4  ,first exercise on   
foot4--,means of making the horse come  
to the man1 of making him steady to     
mount1 etc41 etc4  ,before commencing   
the exercises of flexions1 it is        
essential to give the horse a first     
lesson of subjection1 and teach him to  
recognize the power of man4 ,this first 
act of submission1 which might appear   
unimportant1 will have the effect of    
quickly rendering him calm1 of giving   
him confidence1 and of repressing all   
those movements which might distract his
 attention1 and mar the success of the  
commencement of his education4  ,two    
lessons1 of a half hour each1 will      
suffice to obtain the preparatory       
obedience of every horse4 ,the pleasure 
we experience in thus playing with him  
will naturally lead the rider to        
continue this exercise for a few moments
 each day1 and make it both instructive 

to the horse and useful to himself4 ,the
 mode of proceeding is as follows3 the  
rider will approach the horse1 his whip 
under his arm1 without roughness or     
timidity2 he will speak to him without  
raising the voice too much1 and will pat
 him on the face and neck2 then with the
 left hand will lay hold of the         
curb-reins1 about six or seven inches   
from the branches of the bit1 keeping   
his wrist stiff1 so as to present as    
much force as possible when the horse   
resists4 ,the whip will be held firmly  
in the right hand1 the point towards the
 ground1 then slowly raised as high as  
his chest1 in order to tap it at        
intervals of a second4 ,the first       
natural movement of the horse will be to
 withdraw from the direction in which   
the pain comes2 it is by backing that he
 will endeavor to do this4 ,the rider   
will follow this backward movement      
without discontinuing the firm tension  
of the reins1 nor the little taps with  
the whip on the breast1 applying them   

all the time with the same degree of    
intensity4 ,the rider should be         
perfectly self-possessed1 that there may
 be no indication of anger or weakness  
in his motions or looks4 ,becoming tired
 of this constraint1 the horse will soon
 seek by another movement to avoid the  
infliction1 and it is by coming forward 
that he will arrive at it2 the rider    
will seize this second instinctive      
movement to stop and caress the animal  
with his hand and voice4 ,the repetition
 of this exercise will give the most    
surprising results1 even in the first   
lesson4 ,the horse having discovered and
 understood the means by which he can   
avoid the pain1 will not wait till the  
whip touches him1 he will anticipate it 
by rushing forward at the least gesture4
 ,the rider will take advantage of this 
to effect1 by a downward force of the   
bridle hand1 the depression of the neck1
 and the getting him in hand2 he will   
thus early dispose the horse for the    
exercises that are to follow4  ,this    

training1 besides being a great         
recreation1 will serve to make the horse
 steady to mount1 will greatly abridge  
his education and accelerate the        
development of his intelligence4 ,should
 the horse1 by reason of his restless or
 wild nature1 become very unruly1 we    
should have recourse to the cavesson1 as
 a means of repressing his disorderly   
movements1 and use it with little jerks4
 ,i would add that it requires great    
prudence and discernment to use it with 
tact and moderation4  ,flexion of the   
jaw4--,the flexions of the jaw1 as well 
as the two flexions of the neck which   
follow1 are executed standing still1 the
 man on foot4 ,the horse will be led on 
the ground saddled and bridled1 the     
reins on his neck4 ,the man will first  
see that the bit is properly placed in  
the horse's mouth1 and that the         
curb-chain is fastened so that he can   
introduce his finger between the links  
and the horse's chin4 ,then looking the 
animal good-naturedly in the eyes1 he   

will place himself before him near his  
head1 holding his body straight and     
firm1 his feet a little apart to steady 
himself1 and dispose himself to struggle
 with advantage against all             
resistances4,b      ,b ,i have divided  
all the flexions into two parts1 and1 in
         order to facilitate the        
understanding of the text1 ,i have added
         to it plates representing the  
position of the horse at the            
moment the flexion is about to commence1
 and at the moment it         is        
terminated4  #ast4 ,in order to execute 
the flexion to the right1 the man will  
take hold of the right curb-rein with   
the right hand1 at about six inches from
 the branch of the bit1 and the left    
rein with the left hand1 at only three  
inches from the left branch4 ,he will   
then draw his right hand towards his    
body1 pushing out his left hand so as to
 turn the bit in the horse's mouth4 ,the
 force employed ought to be entirely    
determined by and proportioned to the   

resistance of the jaw and neck only1 in 
order not to affect the aplomb1 which   
keeps his body still4 ,if the horse     
backs to avoid the flexion1 the         
opposition of the hands should still be 
continued4 ,if the preceding exercise   
has been completely and carefully       
practised1 it will be easy by the aid of
 the whip to prevent this retrograde    
movement1 which is a great obstacle to  
all kinds of flexions of the jaw and    
neck4 7,plate ,i47  #b;d4 ,as soon as   
the flexion is obtained1 the left hand  
will let the left rein slip to the same 
length as the right1 then drawing the   
two reins equally will bring the head   
near to the breast1 in order to hold it 
there oblique and perpendicular1 until  
it sustains itself without assistance in
 this position4 ,the horse by champing  
the bit will show his being in hand as  
well as his perfect submission4 ,the    
man1 to reward him1 will cease drawing  
on the reins immediately1 and after some
 seconds will allow him to resume his   

natural position4 7,plate ,,ii47        
,illustration3 ,plates ,i4 and ,,ii4    
,the flexion of the jaw to the left is  
executed upon the same principles and by
 inverse means to the flexion to the    
right1 the man being careful to pass    
alternately from one to the other4  ,the
 importance of these flexions of the jaw
 is easily understood4 ,the result of   
them is to prepare the horse to yield   
instantly to the lightest pressure of   
the bit1 and to supple directly the     
muscles that join the head to the neck4 
,as the head ought to precede and       
determine the different attitudes of the
 neck1 it is indispensable that the     
latter part be always in subjection to  
the other1 and respond to its           
impulsions4 ,that would be only         
partially the case with the flexibility 
of the neck alone1 which would then make
 the head obey it1 by drawing it along  
in its movements4 ,you see1 then1 why at
 first ,i experienced resistances1 in   
spite of the pliability of the neck1 of 

which ,i could not imagine the cause4   
,the followers of my method to whom ,i  
have not yet had an opportunity of      
making known the new means just         
explained1 will learn with pleasure that
 this process not only brings the       
flexibility of the neck to a greater    
degree of perfection1 but saves much    
time in finishing the suppling4 ,the    
exercise of the jaw1 while fashioning   
the mouth and head1 brings along with it
 the flexion of the neck1 and           
accelerates the getting the horse in    
hand4  ,this exercise is the first of   
our attempts to accustom the forces of  
the horse to yield to ours4 ,it is      
necessary1 then1 to manage it very      
nicely1 so as not to discourage him at  
first4 ,to enter on the flexion roughly 
would be to shock the animal's          
intelligence1 who would not have had    
time to comprehend what was required of 
him4 ,the opposition of the hands will  
be commenced gently but firmly1 not to  
cease until perfect obedience is        

obtained1 except1 indeed1 the horse     
backs against a wall1 or into a corner2 
but it will diminish or increase its    
effect in proportion to the resistance1 
in a way always to govern it1 but not   
with too great violence4 ,the horse that
 at first will1 perhaps1 submit with    
difficulty1 will end by regarding the   
man's hand as an irresistible regulator1
 and will become so used to obeying it1 
that he will soon obtain1 by a simple   
pressure of the rein1 what at first     
required the whole strength of our arms4
  ,at each renewal of the lateral       
flexions some progress will be made in  
the obedience of the horse4 ,as soon as 
his first resistances are a little      
diminished1 we will pass to the         
perpendicular flexions or depression of 
the neck4  ,depression of the neck by   
the direct flexion of the jaw4--  #a4   
,the man will place himself as for the  
lateral flexions of the jaw2 he will    
take hold of the reins of the snaffle   
with the left hand1 at six inches from  

the rings1 and the curb-reins at about  
two inches from the bit4 ,he will oppose
 the two hands by effecting the         
depression with the left and the proper 
position with the right4 7,plate ,,iii47
  #b4 ,as soon as the horse's head shall
 fall of its own accord and by its own  
weight1 the man will instantly cease all
 kind of force1 and allow the animal to 
resume his natural position4 7,plate    
,,iv47  ,illustration3 ,plates ,,iii4   
and ,,iv4  ,this exercise being often   
repeated1 will soon bring about the     
suppling of the elevating muscles of the
 neck1 which play a prominent part in   
the resistances of the horse1 and will  
besides facilitate the direct flexions  
and the getting the head in position1   
which should follow the lateral         
flexions4 ,the man can execute this1 as 
well as the preceding exercise1 by      
himself2 yet it would be well to put a  
second person in the saddle1 in order to
 accustom the horse to the exercise of  
the supplings with a rider4 ,this rider 

should just hold the snaffle-reins1     
without drawing on them1 in his right   
hand1 the nails downward4  ,the flexions
 of the jaw have already communicated   
suppleness to the upper part of the     
neck1 but we have obtained it by means  
of a powerful and direct motive power1  
and we must accustom the horse to yield 
to a less direct regulating force4      
,besides1 it is important that the      
pliability and flexibility1 especially  
necessary in the upper part of the neck1
 should be transmitted throughout its   
whole extent1 so as to destroy its      
stiffness entirely4  ,the force from    
above downward1 practised with the      
snaffle1 acting only by the headstall on
 the top of the head1 often takes too   
long to make the horse lower his head4  
,in this case1 we must cross the two    
snaffle-reins by taking the left rein in
 the right1 and the right rein in the   
left hand1 about six or seven inches    
from the horse's mouth1 in such a way as
 to cause a pretty strong pressure upon 

the chin4 ,this force1 like all the     
others1 must be continued until the     
horse yields4 ,the flexions being       
repeated with this more powerful agent1 
will put him in a condition to respond  
to the means previously indicated4 ,if  
the horse responded to the first        
flexions represented by ,plate ,,iv41 it
 would be unnecessary to make use of    
this one4 7,plate ,v47  ,illustration3  
,plate ,v4  ,we can act directly on the 
jaw so as to render it prompt in moving4
 ,to do this1 we take the left curb-rein
 about six inches from the horse's mouth
 and draw it straight towards the left  
shoulder2 at the same time draw the left
 rein of the snaffle forward1 in such a 
way that the wrists of the person       
holding the two reins shall be opposite 
and on a level with each other4 ,the two
 opposed forces will soon cause a       
separation of the jaws and end all      
resistance4 ,the force ought to be      
always proportioned to that of the      
horse1 whether in his resistance1 or in 

his lightness4 ,thus1 by means of this  
direct force a few lessons will be      
sufficient to give a pliability to the  
part in question that could not have    
been obtained by any other means4       
7,plate ,,vi47  ,illustration3 ,plate   
,,vi4  ,lateral flexions of the neck4-- 
#a4 ,the man will place himself near the
 horse's shoulder as for the flexions of
 the jaw2 he will take hold of the right
 snaffle-rein1 which he will draw upon  
across the neck1 in order to establish  
an intermediate point between the       
impulsion that comes from him and the   
resistance the horse presents2 he will  
hold up the left rein with the left hand
 about a foot from the bit4 ,as soon as 
the horse endeavors to avoid the        
constant tension of the right rein by   
inclining his head to the right1 he will
 let the left rein slip so as to offer  
no opposition to the flexion of the     
neck4 ,whenever the horse endeavors to  
escape the constraint of the right rein 
by bringing his croup around1 he will be

 brought into place again by slight     
pulls of the left rein4 7,plate ,,vii47 
#b4 ,when the head and neck have        
entirely yielded to the right1 the man  
will draw equally on both reins to place
 the head perpendicularly4 ,suppleness  
and lightness will soon follow this     
position1 and as soon as the horse      
evinces1 by champing the bit1 entire    
freedom from stiffness1 the man will    
cease the tension of the reins1 being   
careful that the head does not take     
advantage of this moment of freedom to  
displace itself suddenly4 ,in this case1
 it will be sufficient to restrain it by
 a slight support of the right rein4    
,after having kept the horse in this    
position for some seconds1 he will make 
him resume his former position by       
drawing on the left rein4 ,it is most   
important that the animal in all his    
movements should do nothing of his own  
accord4 7,plate ,,viii47  ,illustration3
 ,plates ,,vii4 and ,,viii4  ,the       
flexion of the neck to the left is      

executed after the same principles1 but 
by inverse means4 ,the man can repeat   
with the curb what he has previously    
done with the snaffle-reins2 but the    
snaffle should always be employed first1
 its effect being less powerful and more
 direct4  ,when the horse submits       
without resistance to the preceding     
exercises1 it will prove that the       
suppling of the neck has already made a 
great step4 ,the rider can1             
henceforward1 continue his work by      
operating with a less direct motive     
power1 and without the animal's being   
impressed by the sight of him4 ,he will 
place himself in the saddle1 and        
commence by repeating with the full     
length of the reins1 the lateral        
flexions1 in which he has already       
exercised his horse4  ,lateral flexions 
of the neck1 the man on horseback4--    
#a4 ,to execute the flexion to the      
right1 the rider will take one          
snaffle-rein in each hand1 the left     
scarcely feeling the bit2 the right1 on 

the contrary1 giving a moderate         
impression at first1 but which will     
increase in proportion to the resistance
 of the horse1 and in a way always to   
govern him4 ,the animal1 soon tired of a
 struggle which1 being prolonged1 only  
makes the pain proceeding from the bit  
more acute1 will understand that the    
only way to avoid it is to incline the  
head in the direction the pressure is   
felt4 7,plate ,,ix47  #b4 ,as soon as   
the horse's head is brought round to the
 right1 the left rein will form         
opposition1 to prevent the nose from    
passing beyond the perpendicular4 ,great
 stress should be laid on the head's    
remaining always in this position1      
without which the flexion would be      
imperfect and the suppleness incomplete4
 ,the movement being regularly          
accomplished1 the horse will be made to 
resume his natural position by a slight 
tension of the left rein4 7,plate ,x47  
,illustration3 ,plates ,,ix4 and ,x4    
,the flexion to the left is executed in 

the same way1 the rider employing       
alternately the snaffle and curb-reins4 
,i have already mentioned that it is of 
great importance to supple the upper    
part of the neck4 ,after mounting1 and  
having obtained the lateral flexions    
without resistance1 the rider will often
 content himself with executing them    
half-way1 the head and upper part of the
 neck pivoting upon the lower part1     
which will serve as a base or axis4     
,this exercise must be frequently       
repeated1 even after the horse's        
education is completed1 in order to keep
 up the pliability1 and facilitate the  
getting him in hand4  ,it now remains   
for us1 in order to complete the        
suppling of the head and neck1 to combat
 the contractions which occasion the    
direct resistances1 and prevent your    
getting the horse's head in a           
perpendicular position4  ,direct        
flexions of the head and neck1 or       
ramener4,c--      ,c ,ramener means to  
place the horse's head in a             

perpendicular position4--,,translator4  
#a4 ,the rider will first use the       
snaffle-reins1 which he will hold       
together in the left hand as he would   
the curb-reins4 ,he will rest the outer 
edge of the right hand 7see ,plate      
,,xi47 on the reins in front of the left
 hand in order to increase the power of 
the right hand2 after which he will     
gradually bear on the snaffle-bit4 ,as  
soon as the horse yields1 it would      
suffice to raise the right hand to      
diminish the tension of the reins and   
reward the animal4 ,as the hand must    
only present a force proportioned to the
 resistance of the neck1 it will only be
 necessary to hold the legs rather close
 to prevent backing4 ,when the horse    
obeys the action of the snaffle1 he will
 yield much more quickly to that of the 
curb1 the effect of which is so much    
more powerful4 ,the curb1 of course1    
needs more care in the use of it than   
the snaffle4 7,plate ,,xi47  #b4 ,the   
horse will have completely yielded to   

the action of the hand1 when his head is
 carried in a position perfectly        
perpendicular to the ground2 from that  
time the contraction will cease1 which  
the animal will show1 as in every other 
case1 by champing his bit4 ,the rider   
must be careful not to be deceived by   
the feints of the horse--feints which   
consist in yielding one-fourth or       
one-third of the way1 and then          
hesitating4 ,if1 for example1 the nose  
of the horse having to pass over a curve
 of ten degrees to attain the           
perpendicular position 7,plate ,,xi471  
should stop at the fourth or sixth and  
again resist1 the hand should follow the
 movement and then remain firm and      
immovable1 for a concession on its part 
would encourage resistance and increase 
the difficulties4 ,when the nose shall  
descend to ,no4 #aj1 the perpendicular  
position will be complete and the       
lightness perfect4 ,the rider can then  
cease the tension of the reins1 but so  
as to keep the head in this position1 if

 it should offer to leave it4 ,if he    
lets it return at all to its natural    
situation1 it should be to draw it in   
over again1 and to make the animal      
understand that the perpendicular       
position of the head is the only one    
allowed when under the rider's hand4 ,he
 should1 at the outset1 accustom the    
horse to cease backing at the pressure  
of the legs1 as all backward movements  
would enable him to avoid the effects of
 the hand or create new means of        
resistance4 7,plate ,,xii47             
,illustration3 ,plates ,,xi4 and ,,xii4 
,this is the most important flexion of  
all2 the others tended principally to   
pave the way for it4 ,as soon as it is  
executed with ease and promptness1 as   
soon as a slight touch is sufficient to 
place and keep the head in a            
perpendicular position1 it will prove   
that the suppling is complete1          
contraction destroyed1 lightness and    
equilibrium established in the          
fore-hand4 ,the direction of this part  

of the animal will1 henceforward1 be as 
easy as it is natural1 since we have put
 it in a condition to receive all our   
impressions1 and instantly to yield to  
them without effort4  ,as to the        
functions of the legs1 they must support
 the hind-parts of the horse1 in order  
to obtain the ramener1 in such a way    
that he may not be able to avoid the    
effect of the hand by a retrograde      
movement of his body4 ,this complete    
getting in hand is necessary to drive   
the hind-legs under the centre4 ,in the 
first case1 we act upon the fore-hand2  
in the second1 upon the hind-parts2 the 
first serves for the ramener1 the second
 for the rassembler1 or gathering the   
horse4,d      ,d ,the full meaning of   
the word rassembler will be             
understood after reading the chapter1   
further on in this work1         under  
that head4 ,with regard to the other    
word1 ramener1         to avoid the     
constant circumlocution of saying1      
placing the         horse's head in a   

perpendicular position1 it will be used 
in         future wherever it           
occurs4--,,translator4  ,combination of 
effects4--,i published four editions of 
my ,method1 without devoting a special  
article to the combination of effects4  
,although ,i myself made a very frequent
 use of it1 ,i had not attached         
sufficient importance to the great      
necessity of this principle in the case 
of teaching2 later experiments have     
taught me to consider it of more        
consequence4  ,the combination of       
effects means the continued and exactly 
opposed force of the hand and legs4 ,its
 object should be to bring back again   
into a position of equilibrium all the  
parts of the horse which leave it1 in   
order to prevent him from going ahead1  
without backing him1 and vice versa3    
finally1 it serves to stop any movement 
from the right to the left1 or the left 
to the right4 ,by this means1 also1 we  
distribute the weight of the mass       
equally on the four legs1 and produce   

temporary immobility4 ,this combination 
of effects ought to precede and follow  
each exercise within the graduated limit
 assigned to it4 ,it is essential when  
we employ the aids 7i4e4 the hand and   
legs71 in this1 that the action of the  
legs should precede the other1 in order 
to prevent the horse from backing       
against any place1 for he might find1 in
 this movement1 points of support that  
would enable him to increase his        
resistance4 ,thus1 all motion of the    
extremities1 proceeding from the horse  
himself1 should be stopped by a         
combination of effects2 finally1        
whenever his forces get scattered1 and  
act inharmoniously1 the rider will find 
in this a powerful and infallible       
corrective4  ,it is by disposing all the
 parts of the horse in the most exact   
order1 that we will easily transmit to  
him the impulsion that should cause the 
regular movements of his extremities2 it
 is then also that we will address his  
comprehension1 and that he will         

appreciate what we demand of him2 then  
will follow caresses of the hand and    
voice as a moral effect2 they should not
 be used1 though1 until after he has    
done what is demanded of him by the     
rider's hand and legs4  ,the horse's    
resting his chin on his                 
breast4--,although few horses are       
disposed by nature to do this1 it is not
 the less necessary1 when it does occur1
 to practise on them all the flexions1  
even the one which bends down the neck4 
,in this position1 the horse's chin     
comes back near the breast and rests in 
contact with the lower part of the neck2
 too high a croup1 joined to a permanent
 contraction of the muscles that lower  
the neck1 is generally the cause of it4 
,these muscles must then be suppled in  
order to destroy their intensity1 and   
thereby give to the muscles that raise  
the neck1 their antagonists1 the        
predominance which will make the neck   
rest in a graceful and useful position4 
,this first accomplished1 the horse will

 be accustomed to go forward freely at  
the pressure of the legs1 and to        
respond1 without abruptness or          
excitement1 to the touch of the spurs   
7attaques72 the object of these last is 
to bring the hind legs near the centre1 
and to lower the croup4 ,the rider will 
then endeavor to raise the horse's head 
by the aid of the curb-reins2 in this   
case1 the hand will be held some        
distance above the saddle1 and far from 
the body,e2 the force it transmits to   
the horse ought to be continued until he
 yields by elevating his head4 ,as these
 sorts of horses have generally little  
action1 we must take care to avoid      
letting the hand produce an effect from 
the front to the rear1 in which case it 
would take away from the impulse        
necessary for movement4 ,the pace       
commencing with the walk1 must be kept  
up at the same rate1 while the hand is  
producing an elevating effect upon the  
neck4 ,this precept is applicable to all
 the changes of position that the hand  

makes in the head and neck2 but is      
particularly essential in the case of a 
horse disposed to depress his neck4     
,e ,this position of the hand at a      
distance from the saddle and         the
 body will be criticised2 but let the   
rider be reassured1         eight or ten
 lessons will suffice to make the horse 
change the         position of his head1
 and allow the hand to resume its normal
         position4  ,it should be       
remembered that the horse has two ways  
of responding to the pressure of the    
bit2 by one1 he yields but withdraws    
himself at the same time by shrinking   
and coming back to his former position2 
this kind of yielding is only injurious 
to his education1 for if the hand is    
held too forcibly1 if he does not wait  
till the horse changes of his own accord
 the position of his head1 the backward 
movement of his body would precede and  
be accompanied by a shifting of the     
weight backwards4 ,in this case1 the    
contraction of his neck remains all the 

while the same4 ,the second kind of     
yielding1 which contributes so greatly  
to the rapid and certain education of   
the horse1 consists in giving a half or 
three-quarter tension to the reins1 then
 to sustain the hand as forcibly as     
possible without bringing it near the   
body4 ,in a short time the force of the 
hand1 seconded by the continued pressure
 of the legs1 will make the horse avoid 
this slight but constant pressure of the
 bit1 but by means of his head and neck 
only4 ,then the rider will only make use
 of the force necessary to displace the 
head4 ,it is by this means that he will 
be able to place the horse's body on a  
level1 and will obtain that             
equilibrium1,f the perfect balance of   
which has not hitherto been appreciated4
      ,f ,the word equilibrium1 so often
 repeated in the course of this         
work1 must be categorically explained4  
,people have never rightly              
understood what it means1 this true     
equilibrium of a horse1         which   

serves as the basis of his education1   
and by which he         takes instantly1
 at the rider's will1 such a pace1 or   
such a         change or direction4     
,it is not here a question of the       
equilibrium which prevents the          
horse from falling down1 but of that    
upon which depends his                  
performance1 when it is prompt1 graceful
 and regular1 and by         means of   
which his paces are either measured or  
extended at         will4               
,equilibrium of ,baucher4               
,croup----------------------------------
--------------,head4          ,here the 
weight and the forces are equally       
distributed4 ,by means         of this  
just distribution the different         
positions1 the different         paces1 
and the equilibriums that belong to     
them1 are obtained         without      
effort on the part of man or horse4     
,resuming what we have just explained in
 the case of a horse who rests his chin 
on his breast1 we repeat that it is by  

producing one force from the rear to the
 front with the legs1 and another from  
below upwards with the hand1 that we    
will soon be enabled to improve the     
position and movements of the horse4 ,so
 that whatever may be his disposition at
 first1 it is by first causing the      
depression of the neck that we will     
quickly gain a masterly and perfect     
elevation of it4  ,i will close this    
chapter by some reflections on the      
supposed difference of sensibility in   
horses' mouths1 and the kind of bit     
which ought to be used4  ,of the horse's
 mouth and the bit4--,i have already    
treated this subject at length in my    
,comprehensive ,dictionary of           
,equitation2 but as in this work ,i make
 a complete exposition of my method1 ,i 
think it necessary to repeat it in a few
 words4  ,i cannot imagine how people   
have been able so long to attribute to  
the mere difference of formation of the 
bars1,g those contrary dispositions of  
horses which render them so light or so 

hard to the hand4 ,how can we believe   
that1 according as a horse has one or   
two lines of flesh1 more or less1       
between the bit and the bone of the     
lower jaw1 he should yield to the       
lightest impulse of the hand1 or become 
unmanageable in spite of all the efforts
 of two vigorous arms8 ,nevertheless1 it
 is from remaining in this              
inconceiveable error1 that people have  
forged bits of so strange and various   
forms1 real instruments of torture1 the 
effect of which is to increase the      
difficulties they sought to remove4     
,g ,the bars are the continuations of   
the two bones of the         lower jaw  
between the masticating and the front   
teeth4 ,it is on         these that the 
bit rests4  ,had they gone back a little
 further to the source of the           
resistances1 they would have discovered 
that this one1 like all the rest1 does  
not proceed from the difference of      
formation of a feeble organ1 like the   
bars1 but from a contraction            

communicated to the different parts of  
the body1 and1 above all1 to the neck1  
by some serious fault of constitution4  
,it is1 then1 in vain that we attach to 
the reins1 and place in the horse's     
mouth a more or less murderous          
instrument2 he will remain insensible to
 our efforts as long as we do not       
communicate suppleness to him1 which    
alone can enable him to yield4  ,in the 
first place1 then1 ,i lay down as a     
fact1 that there is no difference of    
sensibility in the mouths of horses2    
that all present the same lightness when
 in the position called ramener1 and the
 same resistances in proportion as they 
recede from this position4 ,there are   
horses hard to the hand2 but this       
hardness proceeds from the length or    
weakness of their loins1 from a narrow  
croup1 from short haunches1 thin thighs1
 straight hocks1 or 7a most important   
point7 from a croup too high or too low 
in proportion to the withers2 such are  
the true causes of resistances2 the     

contractions of the neck1 the closing of
 the jaws are only the effects2 as to   
the bars1 they are only there to show   
the ignorance of self-styled equestrian 
theoricians4 ,by suppling the neck and  
the jaw1 this hardness completely       
disappears4 ,experiments a hundred times
 repeated give me the right to advance  
this principle boldly2 perhaps it may1  
at first1 appear too arbitrary1 but it  
is none the less true4  ,consequently1  
,i only allow one kind of bit1 and this 
is the form and the dimensions ,i give  
it1 to make it as simple as it is easy4 
,the branches straight and six inches   
long1 measuring from the eye of the bit 
to the extremity of the branch2         
circumference of the canon1,h two inches
 and a half2 port1 about two inches wide
 at the bottom1 and one inch at the top4
 ,the only variation to be in the width 
of the bit1 according to the horse's    
mouth4      ,h ,the mouth-piece of the  
bit consists of three parts3 the port1  
to         give freedom to the tongue1  

and the two canons1 which are the       
parts that come in contact with the     
bars4--,,translator4  ,i insist that    
such a bit is sufficient to render      
passively obedient all horses that have 
been prepared by supplings2 and ,i need 
not add that1 as ,i deny the utility of 
severe bits1 ,i reject all means not    
coming directly from the rider1 such as 
martingales1 piliers1 etc4              
,,chapter ,,iv4          ,,continuation 
,,of ,,supplings4   ,the                
hind-parts4--,in order to guide the     
horse1 the rider acts directly on two of
 his parts3 the fore-parts and the      
hind-parts4 ,to effect this1 he employs 
two motive powers3 the legs1 which give 
the impulse by the croup2 and the hand1 
which directs and modifies this impulse 
by the head and neck4 ,a perfect harmony
 of forces ought then to exist always   
between these two motive powers2 but the
 same harmony is equally necessary      
between the parts of the animal they are
 intended particularly to impress4 ,in  

vain would be our labor to render the   
head and neck flexible1 light1 obedient 
to the touch of the hand2 incomplete    
would be the results1 the equilibrium of
 the whole imperfect1 as long as the    
croup remained dull1 contracted and     
rebellious to the direct governing      
agent4  ,i have just explained the      
simple and easy means of giving to the  
fore-parts the qualities indispensable  
to a good management thereof3 it remains
 to tell how we will fashion1 in the    
same way1 the hind-parts1 in order to   
complete the suppling of the horse1 and 
bring about a uniform harmony in the    
development of all his moving parts4    
,the resistances of the neck and croup  
mutually aiding one another1 our labor  
will be more easy1 as we have already   
destroyed the former4  ,the flexions of 
the croup1 and making it movable4--  #a4
 ,the rider will hold the curb-reins in 
the left hand1 and those of the snaffle1
 crossed1 in the right1 the nails of the
 right hand held downward2 he will first

 bring the horse's head into a          
perpendicular position1 by drawing      
lightly on the bit2 after that1 if he   
wishes to execute the movement to the   
right1 he will carry the left leg back  
behind the girths and fix it near the   
flanks of the animal1 until the croup   
yields to this pressure4 ,the rider will
 at the same time make the left         
snaffle-rein felt1 proportioning the    
effect of the rein to the resistance    
which is opposed to it4 ,of these two   
forces transmitted thus by the left leg 
and the rein of the same side1 the first
 is intended to combat the resistance1  
and the second1 to determine the        
movement4 ,the rider should content     
himself in the beginning with making the
 croup execute one or two steps only    
sideways4 7,plate ,,xiii47  #b4 ,the    
croup having acquired more facility in  
moving1 we can continue the movement so 
as to complete to the right and the left
 reversed pirouettes4,i ,as soon as the 
haunches yield to the pressure of the   

leg1 the rider1 to cause the perfect    
equilibrium of the horse1 will          
immediately draw upon the rein opposite 
to this leg4 ,the motion of this1 slight
 at first1 will be progressively        
increased until the head is inclined to 
the side towards which the croup is     
moving1 as if to look at it coming4     
7,plate ,,xiv47      ,i ,see note1 page 
#fc4  ,illustration3 ,plates ,,xiii4 and
 ,,xiv4  ,to make this movement         
understood1 ,i will add some            
explanations1 the more important as they
 are applicable to all the exercises of 
horsemanship4  ,the horse1 in all his   
movements1 cannot preserve a perfect and
 constant equilibrium1 without a        
combination of opposite forces1         
skillfully managed by the rider4 ,in the
 reversed pirouette1 for example1 if    
when the horse has yielded to the       
pressure of the leg1 we continue to     
oppose the rein on the same side as this
 leg1 it is evident that we will shoot  
beyond the mark1 since we will be       

employing a force which has become      
useless4 ,we must then establish two    
motive powers1 the effect of which      
balances1 without interfering2 this1 the
 tension of the rein on the opposite    
side from the leg will produce in the   
pirouette4 ,so1 we will commence with   
the rein and the leg of the same side1  
until it is time to pass to the second  
part of the work1 then with the         
curb-rein in the left hand1 and finally1
 with the snaffle-rein opposite to the  
leg4 ,the forces will then be kept in a 
diagonal position1 and in consequence1  
the equilibrium natural1 and the        
execution of the movement easy4 ,the    
horse's head being turned to the side   
where the croup is moving1 adds much to 
the gracefulness of the performance1 and
 aids the rider in regulating the       
activity of the haunches1 and keeping   
the shoulders in place4 ,for the rest1  
tact alone will be able to show him how 
to use the leg and the rein1 in such a  
way that their motions will mutually    

sustain1 without at any time            
counteracting one another4  ,i need not 
remind you that during the whole of this
 exercise1 as on all occasions1 the neck
 should remain supple and light2 the    
head in position 7perpendicular7 and the
 jaw movable4 ,while the bridle hand    
keeps them in this proper position1 the 
right hand1 with the aid of the snaffle1
 is combating the lateral resistances1  
and determining the different           
inclinations1 until the horse is        
sufficiently well broken to obey a      
simple pressure of the bit4 ,if1 when   
combating the contraction of the croup1 
we permitted the horse to throw its     
stiffness into the fore-parts1 our      
efforts would be vain1 and the fruit of 
our first labors lost4 ,on the contrary1
 we will facilitate the subjection of   
the hind-parts1 by preserving the       
advantages we have already acquired over
 the fore-parts1 and by keeping         
separated those contractions we have yet
 to combat4  ,the leg of the rider      

opposite to that which determines the   
rotation of the croup1 must not be kept 
off during the movement1 but remain     
close to the horse and keep him in      
place1 while giving from the rear       
forward an impulse which the other leg  
communicates from right to left1 or from
 left to right4 ,there will thus be one 
force which keeps the horse in position1
 and another which determines the       
rotation4 ,in order that the pressure of
 the two legs should not counteract one 
another1 and in order to be able to use 
them both together1 the leg intended to 
move the croup will be placed farther   
behind the girths than the other1 which 
will remain held with a force equal to  
that of the leg that determines the     
movement4 ,then the action of the legs  
will be distinct1 the one bearing from  
right to left1 the other from the rear  
forwards4 ,it is by the aid of the      
latter that the hand places and fixes   
the fore legs4  ,to accelerate these    
results1 at first1 a second person may  

be employed who will place himself at   
the height of the horse's head1 holding 
the curb-reins in the right hand1 and on
 the side opposite to which we wish the 
croup to go4 ,he will lay hold of the   
reins at six inches from the branches of
 the bit1 so as to be in a good position
 to combat the instinctive resistances  
of the animal4 ,the one in the saddle   
will content himself with holding       
lightly the snaffle-reins1 acting with  
his legs as ,i have already shown4 ,the 
second person is only useful when we    
have to deal with a horse of an         
intractable disposition1 or to aid the  
inexperience of the one in the saddle2  
but1 as much should be done without     
assistance as possible1 in order that   
the practitioner may judge by himself of
 the progress of his horse1 seeking all 
the while for means to increase the     
effects of his touch4  ,even while this 
work is in an elementary state1 he will 
make the horse execute easily all the   
figures of the manege de deux pistes4,j 

,after eight days of moderate exercise1 
he will have accomplished1 without      
effort1 a performance that the old      
school did not dare to undertake until  
after two or three years' studying and  
working at the horse4      ,j ,la piste 
is an imaginary line upon which the     
horse is         made to walk4 ,when the
 hind legs follow the same line as the  
fore ones1 the horse is said to go d'une
 piste1 or on one         line4 ,he goes
 de deux pistes1 or on two lines1 when  
his hind         legs pass along a line 
parallel to that traced by the fore     
legs4--,baucher's ,dictionnaire         
d',equitation4  ,when the rider has     
accustomed the croup of the horse to    
yield promptly to the pressure of the   
legs1 he will be able to put it in      
motion1 or fix it motionless at will1   
and can1 consequently1 execute ordinary 
pirouettes4,k ,for this purpose he will 
take a snaffle-rein in each hand1 one to
 direct the neck and shoulders towards  
the side to which we wish to wheel1 the 

other to second the opposite leg1 if it 
is not sufficient to keep the croup     
still4 ,at the beginning1 this leg      
should be placed as far back as         
possible1 and not be used until the     
haunches bear against it4 ,by careful   
and progressive management the results  
will soon be attained2 at the start1 the
 horse should be allowed to rest after  
executing two or three steps well1 which
 will give five or six halts in the     
complete rotation of the shoulders      
around the croup4     ,k ,the pirouette 
is executed on the fore or hind legs1 by
 making         the horse turn round    
upon himself1 in such a way1 that the   
leg         on the side he is going1    
acts as a pivot1 and is the principal   
support around which the other three    
legs move4--,baucher's                  
,dictionnaire d',equitation4            
,pirouettes are either ordinary or      
reversed4 ,in the ordinary              
pirouette1 one of the hind legs is the  
pivot on which the horse         moves2 

in the reversed1 one of the fore        
legs4--,,translator4  ,here the         
stationary exercises cease4 ,i will now 
explain how the suppling of the         
hind-parts will be completed1 by        
commencing to combine the play of its   
springs with those of the fore-parts4   
,backing4--,the retrograde movement1    
otherwise called backing1 is an         
exercise1 the importance of which has   
not been sufficiently appreciated1 and  
which yet ought to have a very great    
influence upon his education4 ,when     
practised after the old erroneous       
methods1 it would have been without     
success1 since the thread of exercises  
that ought to precede it were unknown4  
,backing properly differs essentially   
from that incorrect backward movement   
which carries the horse to the rear with
 his croup contracted and his neck      
stiff2 that is1 backing away from and   
avoiding the effect of the reins4       
,backing correctly supples the horse1   
and adds grace and precision to his     

natural motions4 ,the first of the      
conditions upon which it is to be       
obtained1 is to keep the horse in hand2 
that is to say1 supple1 light in the    
mouth1 steady on his legs1 and perfectly
 balanced in all his parts4 ,thus       
disposed1 the animal will be able with  
ease to move and elevate equally his    
fore and hind legs4  ,it is here that we
 will be enabled to appreciate the good 
effects and the indispensable necessity 
of suppling the neck and haunches4      
,backing1 which at first is tolerably   
painful to the horse1 will always lead  
him to combat the motions of our hand1  
by stiffening his neck1 and those of our
 legs1 by contracting his croup2 these  
are the instinctive resistances4 ,if we 
cannot obviate the bad disposition of   
them1 how will we be able to obtain that
 shifting and re-shifting of weight1    
which alone ought to make the execution 
of this movement perfect8 ,if the       
impulsion which1 to back him1 ought to  
come from the fore-parts1 should pass   

over its proper limits1 the movement    
would become painful1 impossible in     
fact1 and occasion1 on the part of the  
animal1 sudden1 violent movements which 
are always injurious to his             
organization4  ,on the other hand1 the  
displacements,l of the croup1 by        
destroying the harmony which should     
exist between the relative forces of    
fore and hind-parts1 would also hinder  
the proper execution of the backing4    
,the previous exercise to which we have 
subjected the croup will aid us in      
keeping it in a straight line with the  
shoulders1 in order to preserve the     
necessary transferring of the forces and
 weight4      ,l ,these displacements of
 the croup mean sideway                 
displacements1 or the horse's croup not 
being in a line with the                
shoulders4--,,translator4  ,to commence 
the movement1 the rider ought first to  
assure himself that the haunches are on 
a line with the shoulders1 and the horse
 light in hand2 then he will slowly     

close his legs1 in order that the action
 they will communicate to the hind-parts
 of the horse may make him lift one of  
his hind legs1 and prevent the body from
 yielding before the neck4 ,it is then  
that the immediate pressure of the bit1 
forcing the horse to regain his         
equilibrium behind1 will produce the    
first part of the backing4 ,as soon as  
the horse obeys1 the rider will         
instantly give the hand to reward the   
animal1 and not to force the play of his
 fore-parts4 ,if his croup is displaced1
 the rider will bring it back by means  
of his leg1 and if necessary1 use for   
this purpose the snaffle-rein on that   
side4  ,after having defined what ,i    
call the proper backing 7reculer71 ,i   
ought to explain what ,i understand by  
backing so as to avoid the bit          
7l'acculement74 ,this movement is too   
painful to the horse1 too ungraceful1   
and too much opposed to the right       
development of his mechanism1 not to    
have struck any one who has occupied    

himself at all with horsemanship4 ,we   
force a horse backwards in this way1    
whenever we crowd too much his forces   
and weight upon his hind-parts2 by so   
doing we destroy his equilibrium1 and   
render grace1 measure and correctness   
impossible4 ,lightness1 always          
lightness6 this is the basis1 the       
touchstone of all beautiful execution4  
,with this1 all is easy1 as much for the
 horse as the rider4 ,that being the    
case1 it is understood that the         
difficulty of horsemanship does not     
consist in the direction to give the    
horse1 but in the position to make him  
assume--a position which alone can      
smooth all obstacles4 ,indeed1 if the   
horse executes1 it is the rider who     
makes him do so2 upon him then rests the
 responsibility of every false movement4
  ,it will suffice to exercise the horse
 for eight days 7for five minutes each  
lesson71 in backing1 to make him execute
 it with facility4 ,the rider will      
content himself the first few times with

 one or two steps to the rear1 followed 
by the combined effect of the legs and  
hand1 increasing in proportion to the   
progress he makes1 until he finds no    
more difficulty in a backward than in a 
forward movement4  ,what an immense step
 we will then have made in the education
 of our pupil6 ,at the start1 the       
defective formation of the animal1 his  
natural contractions1 the resistances we
 encountered everywhere1 seemed as if   
they might defy our efforts forever4    
,without doubt they would have been     
vain1 had we made use of a bad course of
 proceeding1 but the wise system of     
progression that we have introduced into
 our work1 the destruction of the       
instinctive forces of the horse1 the    
suppling1 the separate subjection of all
 the rebellious parts1 have soon placed 
in our power the whole of the mechanism 
to such a degree as to enable us to     
govern it completely1 and to restore    
that pliability1 ease1 and harmony of   
the parts1 which their bad arrangement  

appeared as if it would always prevent4 
,as ,i shall point out hereafter in     
classing the general division of the    
labor1 it will be seen that eight or ten
 days will be sufficient to obtain these
 important results4  ,was ,i not right  
then in saying that if it is not in my  
power to change the defective formation 
of a horse1 ,i can yet prevent the evil 
effect of his physical defects1 so as to
 render him as fit to do everything with
 grace and natural ease1 as the better  
formed horse8 ,in suppling the parts of 
the animal upon which the rider acts    
directly1 in order to govern and guide  
him1 in accustoming them to yield       
without difficulty or hesitation to the 
different impressions which are         
communicated to them1 ,i have1 by so    
doing1 destroyed their stiffness and    
restored the centre of gravity to its   
true place1 namely1 to the middle of the
 body4 ,i have1 besides1 settled the    
greatest difficulty of horsemanship3    
that of subjecting1 before everything   

else1 the parts upon which the rider    
acts directly1 in order to prepare for  
him infallible means of acting upon the 
horse4  ,it is only by destroying the   
instinctive forces1 and by suppling the 
different parts of the horse1 that we   
will obtain this4 ,all the springs of   
the animal's body are thus yielded up to
 the discretion of the rider4 ,but this 
first advantage will not be enough to   
make him a complete horseman4 ,the      
employment of these forces thus         
abandoned to him1 demand1 in order to   
execute the different paces1 much study 
and skill4 ,i will show in the          
subsequent chapters the rules to be     
observed4 ,i will conclude this one by a
 rapid recapitulation of the progression
 to be followed in the supplings4       
,stationary exercise1 the rider on foot4
 ,fore-parts4--  #a4 ,flexions of the   
jaw to the right and left1 using the    
curb-bit4  #b4 ,direct flexions of the  
jaw1 and depression of the neck4  #c4   
,lateral flexions of the neck with the  

snaffle-reins and with the curb4        
,stationary exercise1 the rider on      
horseback4--  #a4 ,lateral flexions of  
the neck with the snaffle-reins1 and    
with the curb-reins4  #b4 ,direct       
flexions of the head or placing it in a 
perpendicular position with the snaffle1
 and with the curb-reins4               
,hind-parts4--  #c4 ,lateral flexions1  
and moving the croup around the         
shoulders4  #d4 ,rotation of the        
shoulders around the haunches4  #e4     
,combining the play of the fore and hind
 legs of the horse1 or backing4  ,i have
 placed the rotation of the shoulders   
around the haunches in the nomenclatere 
of stationary exercise4 ,but the        
ordinary pivoting1 or pirouettes1 being 
a pretty complicated movement1 and one  
difficult for the horse1 he should not  
be completely exercised in it until he  
has acquired the measured time of the   
walk1 and of the trot1 and will easily  
execute the changes of direction4       
,,chapter ,v4        ,,of ,,the         

,,employment ,,of ,,the ,,forces ,,of   
,,the ,,horse                       ,,by
 ,,the ,,rider4   ,when the supplings   
have subjected the instinctive forces of
 the horse1 and given them up completely
 into our power1 the animal will be     
nothing more in our hand than a passive1
 expectant machine1 ready to act upon   
the impulsion we choose to communicate  
to him4 ,it will be for us1 then1 as    
sovereign disposers of all his forces1  
to combine the employment of them in    
correct proportion to the movements we  
wish to execute4  ,the young horse1 at  
first stiff and awkward in the use of   
his members1 will need a certain degree 
of management in developing them4 ,in   
this1 as in every other case1 we will   
follow that rational progression which  
tells us to commence with the simple1   
before passing to the complicated4 ,by  
the preceding exercise1 we have made our
 means of acting upon the horse sure4   
,we must now attend to facilitating his 
means of execution1 by exercising all   

his forces together4 ,if the animal     
responds to the aids of the rider by the
 jaw1 the neck and the haunches2 if he  
yields by the general disposition of his
 body to the impulses communicated to   
him1 it is by the play of his           
extremities that he executes the        
movement4 ,the mechanism of these parts 
ought then to be easy1 prompt and       
regular2 their application1 well        
directed in the different paces1 will   
alone be able to give them these        
qualities1 indispensable to a good      
education4,m      ,m ,it must not be    
forgotten that the hand and legs have   
their         vocabulary also2 and a    
very concise one4 ,this mute1 laconic   
language consists of these few words4   
,you are doing badly2 this         is   
what you should do2 you do well now4 ,it
 is sufficient for         the rider to 
be able to translate1 by his mechanism1 
the meaning         of these three      
remarks1 to possess all the equestrian  
erudition1         and share his        

intelligence with his horse4  ,the      
walk4--,this pace is the mother of all  
the other paces2 by it we will obtain   
the cadence1 the regularity1 the        
extension of the others4 ,but to obtain 
these brilliant results1 the rider must 
display as much knowledge as tact4 ,the 
preceding exercises have led the horse  
to bear the combined effect of hand and 
legs1 which could not have been done    
previously to the destruction of the    
instinctive resistances2 we have now    
only to act on the inert resistances    
which appertain to the animal's weight2 
upon the forces which only move when an 
impulse is communicated to them4        
,before making the horse go forward1 we 
should first assure ourselves of his    
lightness2 that is to say1 of his head  
being perpendicular1 his neck flexible1 
his hind-part straight and plumb4 ,the  
legs will then be closed lightly1 to    
give the body the impulse necessary to  
move it4 ,but we should not1 in         
accordance with the precepts of the old 

method1 give the bridle hand at the same
 time2 for then the neck1 being free    
from all restraint1 would lose its      
lightness2 would contract1 and render   
the motion of the hand powerless4 ,the  
rider will remember that his hand ought 
to be to the horse an insurmountable    
barrier1 whenever he would leave the    
position of ramener4 ,the animal will   
never attempt it1 without pain2 and only
 within this limit will he find ease and
 comfort4 ,by the application of my     
method1 the rider will be led to guide  
his horse all the time with the reins   
half tight1 except when he wishes to    
correct a false movement1 or determine a
 new one4  ,the walk1 ,i have said1     
ought to precede the other paces1       
because the horse having three supports 
upon the ground1 his action is less1 and
 consequently easier to regulate than in
 the trot and gallop4 ,the first        
exercises of the supplings will be      
followed by some turns in the           
riding-house at a walk1 but only as a   

relaxation1 the rider attending less to 
animating his horse than to making him  
keep his head1 while walking in a       
perpendicular position4 ,little by      
little he will complicate his work1 so  
as to join to the lightness of the horse
 that precision of movement             
indispensable to the beauty of all his  
paces4  ,he will commence light         
oppositions of the hand and legs to make
 the forces of the fore and hind-parts  
work together in harmony4 ,this         
exercise1 by accustoming the horse      
always to yield the use of his forces to
 the direction of the rider1 will be    
also useful in forming his intelligence1
 as well as in developing his powers4   
,what delights the expert horseman will 
experience in the progressive           
application of his art6 ,his pupil at   
first rebellious will insensibly yield  
himself to his every wish2 will adopt   
his character1 and end by becoming the  
living personification of him4 ,take    
care1 then1 rider6 ,if your horse is    

capricious1 violent1 fantastic1 we will 
have the right to say that you yourself 
do not shine by the amenity of your     
disposition1 and the propriety of your  
proceedings4  ,in order to keep the     
measure and quickness of the walk equal 
and regular1 it is indispensable that   
the impulsive and governing forces which
 come from the rider1 should themselves 
be perfectly in harmony4 ,we will       
suppose1 for example1 that the rider to 
move his horse forward1 should make use 
of a force equal to twenty pounds1      
fifteen for the impulse forward1 and    
five to bring his head into position4   
,if the legs increase their motion      
without the hands increasing theirs in  
the same proportion1 it is evident that 
the surplus of communicated force will  
be thrown into the neck1 cause it to    
contract1 and destroy all lightness4    
,if1 on the contrary1 it is the hand    
which acts with too much violence1 it   
will be at the expense of the impulsive 
force necessary to move the horse       

forward2 on this account1 his forward   
movement will be slackened and          
counteracted1 at the same time that his 
position will lose its gracefulness and 
power4  ,this short explanation will    
suffice to show the harmony that should 
exist between the legs and hands4 ,it is
 understood that their motion should    
vary according as the formation of the  
horse renders it necessary to support   
him more or less before or behind2 but  
the rule is the same1 only the          
proportions are different4  ,as long as 
the horse will not keep himself supple  
and light in his walk1 we will continue 
to exercise him in a straight line2 but 
as soon as he acquires more ease and    
steadiness1 we will commence to make him
 execute changes of direction to the    
right and left1 while walking4  ,changes
 of direction4--,the use of the wrists1 
in the changes of direction1 is so      
simple that it is unnecessary to speak  
of it here4 ,i will only call attention 
to the fact1 that the resistances of the

 horse ought always to be anticipated by
 disposing his forces in such a manner  
that they all concur in putting him in  
the way of moving4 ,the head will be    
inclined in the direction we wish to go 
by means of the snaffle-rein of that    
side1 the curb will then complete the   
movement4 ,general rule3 the lateral    
resistances of the neck are always to be
 opposed by the aid of the snaffle1     
being very careful not to commence to   
wheel until after destroying the        
obstacle that opposed it4 ,if the use of
 the wrists remains very nearly the same
 as formerly1 it is not so with the     
legs2 their motion will be diametrically
 opposite to that given them in the old 
style of horsemanship4 ,this innovation 
is so natural a one1 that ,i cannot     
conceive why some one never applied it  
before me4  ,it is by bearing the hand  
to the right1 and making the right leg  
felt1 people have told me1 and ,i have  
myself at first repeated it1 that the   
horse is made to turn to the right4     

,with me1 practice has always taken the 
precedence of reasoning2 and this is the
 way ,i first perceived the             
incorrectness of this principle4        
,whatever lightness my horse had in a   
straight line1 ,i remarked that this    
lightness always lost some of its       
delicacy when moving in small circles1  
although my outside leg came to the     
assistance of the inside one4 ,as soon  
as the hind leg put itself in motion to 
follow the shoulders in the circle1 ,i  
immediately felt a slight resistance4 ,i
 then thought of changing the use of my 
aids1 and of pressing the leg on the    
side opposite to the direction of       
wheeling4 ,at the same time1 in place of
 bearing the hand immediately to the    
right1 to determine the shoulders in    
that direction1 ,i first1 by the aid of 
this hand1 made the opposition necessary
 to render the haunches motionless1 and 
to dispose the forces in such a way as  
to maintain the equilibrium during the  
execution of the movement4 ,this        

proceeding was completely successful2   
and in explaining what ought to be the  
function of the different extremities1  
,i recognize this as the only rational  
way of using them in wheeling4  ,in     
fact1 in wheeling to the right1 for     
example1 it is the right hind leg which 
serves as pivot and supports the whole  
weight of the mass1 while the left hind 
leg and the fore legs describe a circle 
more or less extended4 ,in order that   
the movement should be correct and free1
 it is necessary that this pivot upon   
which the whole turns be not interfered 
with in its action2 the simultaneous    
action of the right hand and the right  
leg must necessarily produce this       
effect4 ,the equilibrium is thus        
destroyed1 and the regularity of the    
wheeling rendered impossible4  ,as soon 
as the horse executes easily the changes
 of direction at a walk1 and keeps      
himself perfectly light1 we can commence
 exercising at a trot4  ,the trot4--,the
 rider will commence this pace at a very

 moderate rate of speed1 following      
exactly the same principles as for the  
walk4 ,he will keep his horse perfectly 
light1 not forgetting that the faster   
the pace1 the more disposition there    
will be on the part of the animal to    
fall back again into his natural        
contractions4 ,the hand should then be  
used with redoubled nicety1 in order to 
keep the head and neck always pliable1  
without affecting the impulse necessary 
to the movement4 ,the legs will lightly 
second the hands1 and the horse between 
these two barriers1 which are obstacles 
only to his improper movements1 will    
soon develop all his best faculties1 and
 with precision of movement1 will       
acquire grace1 extension1 and the       
steadiness inherent to the lightness of 
the whole4  ,although many persons who  
would not take the trouble to examine   
thoroughly my method1 have pretended    
that it is opposed to great speed in    
trotting1 it is not the less proved that
 the well-balanced horse can trot faster

 than the one destitute of this         
advantage4 ,i have given proofs of this 
whenever they have been demanded of me2 
but it is in vain that ,i have tried to 
make people understand what constitutes 
the motions of the trot1 and what are   
the conditions indispensable for        
regularity in executing it4 ,so1 ,i was 
obliged in a race of which ,i was judge1
 to make the bets void1 and to prove    
that the pretended trotters were not    
trotting really1 but were ambling4  ,the
 condition indispensable to a good      
trotter1 is perfect equilibrium of the  
body4 ,equilibrium which keeps up a     
regular movement of the diagonal fore   
and hind feet1 gives them an equal      
elevation and extension1 with such      
lightness that the animal can easily    
execute all changes of direction1       
moderate his speed1 halt1 or increase   
his speed without effort4 ,the          
fore-parts have not1 then1 the          
appearance of towing after them the     
hind-parts1 which keep as far off as    

possible2 everything becomes easy and   
graceful for the horse1 because his     
forces being in perfect harmony1 permit 
the rider to dispose of them in such a  
way that they mutually and constantly   
assist each other4  ,it would be        
impossible for me to count up the number
 of horses that have been sent me to    
break1 and whose paces have been so     
spoiled that it was impossible for them 
to trot a single step4 ,a few lessons   
have always been sufficient for me to   
get them back into regular paces1 and   
these are the means ,i employed4  ,the  
difficulty which the horse experiences  
in keeping himself square in his trot1  
almost always proceeds from the         
hind-parts4 ,whether these be of a      
feeble construction1 or be rendered     
useless by the superior vigor of the    
fore-parts1 the motions of these parts1 
which receive the shock and give the    
bound1 in each case become powerless1   
and in consequence1 render the movement 
irregular4,n ,there is1 then1 weakness  

in one extremity1 or excess of force in 
the other4 ,the remedy in each case will
 be the same1 viz3 the depression of the
 neck1 which by diminishing the power of
 the fore-parts1 restores the           
equilibrium between the two parts4 ,we  
have practised this suppling on foot1 it
 will be easy to obtain it on horseback4
 ,we here see the usefulness of this    
perpendicular flexion1 which allows us  
to place on a level the forces of the   
two opposite extremities of the horse1  
in order to make them harmonious1 and   
induce regularity in their working4 ,the
 horse being thus placed1 can bend and  
extend his fore and hind legs1 before   
the weight of the body forces them to   
resume their support4      ,n ,i am not 
of the opinion of those connoisseurs who
 imagine         that the qualities of  
the horse1 as well as his speed in      
trotting1 depend principally on the     
height of his withers4 ,i         think1
 that for the horse to be stylish and   
regular in his         movements1 the   

croup should be on a level with the     
withers2         such was the           
construction of the old ,english horses4
 ,a certain         kind of horses1 very
 much a la mode1 called steppers1 are   
constructed after an entirely different 
fashion2 they strike out         with   
their fore legs1 and drag their         
hind-parts after them4         ,horses  
with a low croup1 or withers very high  
in proportion to         their croup1   
were preferred by horsemen of the old   
school1 and         are still in favor  
now-a-days among amateur horsemen4 ,the 
,german         horsemen have an equally
 marked predilection for this sort of   
formation1 although it is contrary to   
strength of the croup1 to         the   
equilibrium of the horse1 and to the    
regular play of his         feet and    
legs4 ,this fault of construction 7for  
it is one7 has         been scarcely    
noticed till now2 nevertheless1 it is a 
great one1         and really retards   
the horse's education4 ,in fact1 we are 

obliged1 in order to render his         
movements uniform1 to lower his         
neck1 so that the kind of lever it      
represents1 may serve to         lighten
 his hind-parts of the weight with which
 they are         overburdened4 ,i ought
 also to say1 that this change of       
position1         or of equilibrium1 is 
only obtained by the aid of my          
principles4         ,i explain the cause
 and effect1 and ,i point out the       
remedies4 ,is         this not the      
proper way for an author to proceed8    
,the practice of this and some other    
principles that ,i explain in this work1
 will place in the rank of choice       
horses1 animals whose inferiority caused
 them to be considered jades1 and that  
the old method would never have raised  
from their degradation4 ,it will suffice
 to accustom the horse to trot well1 to 
exercise him at this pace only five     
minutes in each lesson4 ,when he        
acquires the necessary ease and         
lightness1 he can be made to execute    

ordinary pirouettes1 as well as the     
exercise on two lines1 at a walk and a  
trot4 ,i have said that five minutes of 
trotting were enough at first1 because  
it is less the continuance of an        
exercise than its being properly done   
that perfects the execution of it4      
,besides1 as this pace requires a       
considerable displacement of forces1 and
 as the animal will have been already   
subjected to a rather painful exercise1 
it would be dangerous to prolong it     
beyond the time ,i mention4 ,the horse  
will lend himself more willingly to your
 efforts when nicely managed1 and of    
short duration2 his intelligence1       
becoming familiar with this efficient   
progression1 will hasten success4 ,he   
will submit himself calmly and without  
repugnance to work in which there will  
be nothing painful to him1 and we will  
be able thus to push his education to   
the farthest limits1 not only without   
injury to his physical organization1 but
 in restoring to their normal state     

organs that a forced exercise might have
 weakened4 ,this regular development of 
all the organs of the horse will not    
only give him grace1 but also strength  
and health1 and will thus prolong his   
existence1 while increasing a           
hundredfold the delights of the true    
horseman4                               
,,chapter ,,vi4       ,,of ,,the        
,,concentration ,,of ,,the ,,forces ,,of
 ,,the ,,horse                          
,,by ,,the ,,rider4   ,the rider now    
understands that the only means of      
obtaining precision and regularity of   
movement in the walk and trot is to keep
 the horse perfectly light while he is  
exercised at these paces4 ,as soon as we
 are sure of this lightness while going 
in a straight line1 in changes of       
direction1 and in circular movements it 
will be easy to preserve it while       
exercising on two lines4,o      ,o      
,previously explained4  ,i would here   
treat immediately of the gallop2 but    
this pace1 more complicated than the two

 others1 demands an arrangement on the  
part of the horse1 and a power on the   
part of the rider1 that the preceding   
exercises have not yet been able to     
give4 ,the proper placing of the horse's
 head spreads his forces over the whole 
of his body2 it is necessary1 in order  
to perform correctly the different      
exercises at a gallop1 and to enable    
yourself properly to direct the forces  
in energetic movements1 to bring them   
into a common focus--that is1 to the    
centre of gravity of the animal4 ,i am  
about to explain how this is to be done4
  ,the use of the spurs4--,professors of
 equitation and authors upon this       
subject have said that the spurs are to 
punish the horse when he does not       
respond to the legs1 or when he refuses 
to approach an object that frightens    
him4 ,with them1 the spur is not an aid1
 but a means of chastisement4 ,with me  
it is1 on the contrary1 a powerful      
auxiliary1 without which it would be    
impossible to break any horse perfectly4

 ,how6 you exclaim1 you attack with the 
spur1 horses that are sensitive1        
excitable1 full of fire and             
action--horses whose powerful make leads
 them to become unmanageable1 in spite  
of the hardest bits and the most        
vigorous arms6 ,yes1 and it is with the 
spur that ,i will moderate the fury of  
these too fiery animals1 and stop them  
short in their most impetuous bounds4   
,it is with the spur1 aided of course by
 the hand1 that ,i will make the most   
stubborn natures kind1 and perfectly    
educate the most intractable animal4    
,long before publishing my              
,comprehensive ,dictionary of           
,equitation1 ,i was aware of the        
excellent effects of the spur2 but ,i   
abstained from developing my principles1
 being prevented by an expression of one
 of my friends1 whom ,i had shown how to
 obtain results1 which to him appeared  
miraculous4 ,it is extraordinary6 ,it is
 wonderful6 he exclaimed2 but it is a   
razor in the hands of a monkey4 ,it is  

true that the use of the spurs requires 
prudence1 tact1 and gradation2 but the  
effects of it are precious4 ,now that ,i
 have proved the efficacy of my method2 
now that ,i see my most violent         
adversaries become warm partisans of my 
principles1 ,i no longer fear to develop
 a process that ,i consider one of the  
most beautiful results of my long       
researches in horsemanship4  ,there is  
no more difference in sensibility of    
different horses' flanks than in their  
sensibility of mouth--that is to say1   
that the direct effect of the spur is   
nearly the same in them all4 ,i have    
already shown that the organization of  
the bars of the mouth goes for nothing  
in the resistances to the hand4 ,it is  
clear enough that if the nose being     
thrown up in the air gives the horse a  
force of resistance equal to two hundred
 pounds1 this force will be reduced to  
one hundred pounds1 when we bring the   
horse's head half-way towards a         
perpendicular position2 to fifty pounds 

when brought still nearer that position1
 and to nothing when perfectly placed4  
,the pretended hardness of mouth        
proceeds in this case from the bad      
position of the head caused by the      
stiffness of the neck and the faulty    
construction of the loins and haunches  
of the horse4 ,if we carefully examine  
the causes that produce what is called  
sensibility of the flanks1 we will      
discover that they have very much the   
same kind of source4  ,the innumerable  
conjectures to which people have devoted
 themselves1 in attributing to the      
horse's flanks a local sensibility that 
had no existence1 have necessarily      
injured the progress of his education1  
because it was based upon false data4   
,the greater or less sensibility of the 
animal proceeds from his action1 from   
his faulty formation1 and bad position  
resulting therefrom4 ,to a horse of     
natural action1 but with long weak      
loins1 and bad action behind1 every     
motion backward is painful1 and the very

 disposition that leads him to rush     
ahead1 serves him to avoid the pain of  
the spur4 ,he returns to this movement  
whenever he feels the rider's legs touch
 him2 and far from being a spirited     
horse1 he is only scared and crazy4 ,the
 more he feels the spur1 the more he    
plunges out of hand1 and baffles the    
means intended to make him obedient4    
,there is everything to fear from such a
 horse2 he will scare at objects from   
the very ease he possesses of avoiding  
them4 ,now since his fright proceeds1 so
 to say1 from the bad position we allow 
him to take1 this inconvenience will    
disappear from the moment we remedy the 
first cause of it4 ,we must confine the 
forces in order to prevent every        
displacement4 ,we must separate the     
physical from the moral horse1 and force
 these impressions to concentrate in the
 brain4 ,he will then be a furious      
madman whose limbs we have bound to     
prevent him from carrying his frenzied  
thoughts into execution4  ,the best     

proof we have that the promptness of a  
horse in responding to the effect of the
 legs and spurs1 is not caused by a     
sensibility of the flanks1 but rather by
 great action joined to bad formation1  
is that the same action is not so       
manifest in a well-formed horse1 and    
that the latter bears the spur much     
better than one whose equilibrium and   
organization are inferior4  ,but the    
spur is not useful only in moderating   
the too great energy of horses of much  
action2 its effect being equally good in
 combating the dispositions which lead  
the animal to throw its centre of       
gravity too much forward1 or back4 ,i   
would also use it to stir up those that 
are wanting in ardor and vivacity4 ,in  
horses of action1 the forces of the     
hind-parts surpass those of the         
fore-parts4 ,it is the opposite in dull 
horses4 ,we can thus account for the    
quickness of the former2 the slowness   
and sluggishness of the latter4  ,by the
 exercise of suppling1 we have          

completely annulled the instinctive     
forces of the horse4 ,we must now       
reunite these forces in their true      
centre of gravity1 that is1 the middle  
of the animal's body2 it is by the      
properly combined opposition of the legs
 and hands that we will succeed in this4
 ,the advantages we possess already over
 the horse1 will enable us to combat    
from their very birth1 all the          
resistances which tend to make him leave
 the proper position1 the only one in   
which we can successfully practice these
 oppositions4 ,it is also of the first  
importance to put into our proceedings  
tact and gradation1 so that1 for        
example1 the legs never give an impulse 
that the hand is not able to take hold  
of and govern at the same moment4 ,i    
will make this principle more clear by a
 short explanation4  ,we will suppose a 
horse at a walk1 employing a force of   
forty pounds1 necessary to keep the pace
 regular till the moment of the         
opposition of the hands and legs which  

follow4 ,by and by comes a slow and     
gradual pressure of the legs1 which adds
 ten pounds to the impulse of the pace4 
,as the horse is supposed to be         
perfectly in hand1 the hand will        
immediately feel this passage of forces1
 and must then make itself master of    
them to transfer them to the centre4    
,meanwhile the legs will continue their 
pressure1 to the end that these forces  
thus driven back may not return to the  
focus they had left1 which would be but 
a useless ebbing and flowing of forces4 
,this succession of oppositions well    
combined will bring together a great    
quantity of forces in the centre of the 
horse's body1 and the more these are    
increased1 the more the animal will lose
 its instinctive energy4 ,when the      
pressure of the legs becomes            
insufficient to entirely collect the    
forces1 more energetic means must be    
employed1 viz43 the touches of the spur4
  ,the spurring ought to be done1 not   
violently1 and with much movement of the

 legs1 but with delicacy and management4
 ,the rider ought to close his legs so  
gradually1 that before coming in actual 
contact with the horse's flanks1 the    
spur will not be more than a hair's     
breadth off1 if possible4 ,the hand     
should ever be the echo to the light    
touches with which we commence2 it      
should then be firmly held1 so as to    
present an opposition equal to the force
 communicated by the spur4 ,if by the   
time being badly chosen1 the hand does  
not exactly intercept the impulse given1
 and the general commotion resulting    
therefrom1 we should1 before            
recommencing1 gather the horse together1
 and re-establish calm in his motions4  
,the force of the spurring will be      
progressively increased until the horse 
bears it1 when as vigorously applied as 
possible1 without presenting the least  
resistance to the hand1 without         
increasing the speed of his pace1 or    
without displacing himself as long as we
 operate with a firm foot4  ,a horse    

brought thus to bear spurring1 is       
three-fourths broken1 since we have the 
free disposition of all his forces4     
,besides1 his centre of gravity being   
where his forces are all united1 we have
 brought it to its proper place1 viz43  
the middle of the body4 ,all the        
oscillations of the animal will then be 
subordinate to us1 and we will be able  
to transfer the weight with ease1 when  
necessary4  ,it is easy now to          
understand where the resistances have   
their origin2 whether the horse kicks up
 behind1 rears1 or runs away1 the cause 
is always the centre of gravity being in
 the wrong place4 ,this very cause      
belongs to a defective formation that we
 cannot change1 it is true1 but the     
effects of which we can always modify4  
,if the horse kicks up1 the centre of   
gravity is in the shoulders2 in his     
croup when the animal rears1 and too far
 forward when he runs away4 ,the        
principal thought of the rider1 then1   
ought to be to keep the centre of       

gravity in the middle of the horse's    
body1 since he will thereby prevent him 
defending himself1 and bring back the   
forces of the badly formed horse to     
their true place1 which they occupy in  
the finest organizations4 ,it is this   
that makes me assert that a well-formed 
horse will not make resistance nor move 
irregularly1 for to do so requires      
supernatural efforts on his part to     
destroy the harmony of his moving parts1
 and so greatly displace his centre of  
gravity4 ,so1 when ,i speak of the      
necessity of giving the horse a new     
equilibrium1 in order to prevent his    
defending himself1 and also to remedy   
the ungracefulness of his form1 ,i      
allude to the combination of forces of  
which ,i have been treating1 or1 rather1
 of the removal of the centre of gravity
 from one place to another4 ,this result
 obtained1 the education of the horse is
 complete4 ,when the horseman succeeds  
in obtaining it1 his talent becomes a   
truth1 since it transforms ugliness into

 grace1 and gives elegance and lightness
 to movements which were before heavy   
and confused4,p      ,p ,i have often   
proved that horses that were considered 
dull1 or         unable to move their   
shoulders freely1 have not the defect   
that         is supposed2 in other      
words1 that it is very rare that they   
are         paralyzed in their shoulders
 so as to injure the regularity and     
speed of their paces1 principally as    
regards trotting4 ,the         shoulders
 of the horse1 if ,i may use the        
comparison1 resemble         the wings  
of a wind-mill2 the impulse given by the
 hocks         replaces the motive      
force4 ,there undoubtedly exist some    
local         complaints that affect the
 shoulders2 but this is very rare2      
the defect1 if there is one1 has its    
origin in the hind-parts4         ,for  
my part1 ,i have been able to make all  
such horses very free         in their  
movements1 and that after fifteen days  
of exercise1         half an hour a day4

         ,the means1 like all ,i employ1
 are very simple4 ,they consist in      
suppling the neck to get the horse in   
hand1 and then1 by the aid         of   
the legs1 and afterwards slight use of  
the spurs1 in bringing         his      
haunches nearer the centre4 ,then the   
hocks will obtain a         leverage1 by
 which they can propel the mass forward1
 and give         the shoulders a       
freedom that people would not expect4   
,the rider's employment of force1 when  
properly applied1 has a moral effect    
also on the horse1 that accelerates the 
results4 ,if the impulse given by the   
legs finds in the hand the energy and   
apropos necessary to regulate its       
effects1 the pain the animal sustains   
will be always proportioned to his      
resistances1 and his instinct will soon 
make him understand how he can diminish1
 and even avoid altogether this         
constraint1 by promptly yielding to what
 we demand of him4 ,he will hasten then 
to submit1 and will even anticipate our 

desires4 ,but1 ,i repeat1 it is only by 
means of tact and delicate management   
that we will gain this important point4 
,if the legs give too vigorous an       
impulse1 the horse will quickly overcome
 the motion of the hands1 and resume    
with his natural position all the       
advantages it gives him to foil the     
efforts of the rider4 ,if1 on the       
contrary1 the hand presents too great a 
resistance1 the horse will soon overcome
 the legs1 and find a means of defending
 himself by backing4 ,yet these         
difficulties must not be allowed to     
frighten us2 they were only serious ones
 when no rational principle gave the    
means of surmounting them4 ,the         
application of my method will enable    
ordinary horsemen to obtain results that
 otherwise could be obtained only by the
 most favored equestrian organizations4 
,when the animal becomes accustomed by  
means of the spur to such oppositions1  
it will become easy enough to combat    
with the spur all the resistances that  

may afterwards manifest themselves4     
,since the resistances are always caused
 by moving the croup sideways1 or       
getting it too far back1 the spur1 by   
immediately bringing the hind legs      
towards the centre of the body1 prevents
 the support of the hocks1 which were   
able to oppose the proper harmony of    
forces1 and prevent the right           
distribution of the weight4  ,this is   
the means ,i always employ to make the  
horse pass from a swift gallop to a     
halt1 without straining his hocks1 or   
injuring any of the joints of his       
hind-parts4 ,in fact1 since it is the   
hocks which propel the mass forward1 it 
suffices to destroy their motion to stop
 the bound4 ,the spur1 by instantly     
bringing the hind legs under the horse's
 belly1 destroys their power from the   
moment the hand comes in the nick of    
time to fix them in that position4 ,then
 the haunches bend1 the croup is        
lowered2 the weight and forces arrange  
themselves in the order most favorable  

to the free and combined play of each   
part1 and the violence of the shock1    
infinitely decomposed1 is scarce        
perceptible to either horse or rider4   
,if1 on the contrary1 we stop the horse 
by making the hand move first1 the hocks
 remain far in the rear of the          
plumb-line2 the shock is violent1       
painful for the animal1 and especially  
injurious to his physical organization4 
,horses that are thus stopped1 set      
themselves against the bit1 extending   
their neck1 and require an arm of iron  
and a most violent opposing force4 ,such
 is the custom of the ,arabs1 for       
example1 in halting suddenly their      
horses1 by making use of murderous bits 
that break the bars of their horses'    
mouths4 ,thus1 notwithstanding the      
wonderful powers with which nature has  
gifted them1 are these excellent animals
 injured4 ,the use of the spur must not 
be commenced till by gathering him we   
get the horse well in hand2 then the    
first touch of the spur should be made  

felt4 ,we will continue to make use of  
it1 at long intervals1 until the horse1 
after his bound forward1 presents no    
resistance to the hand1 and avoids the  
pressure of the bit1 by bringing in his 
chin towards his chest1 of his own      
accord4 ,this submission once obtained1 
we can undertake the use of the spurs   
with oppositions1 but we must be careful
 to discontinue them when the horse is  
in hand4 ,this means has the double     
advantage of acting morally and         
physically4 ,the first attacks will be  
made with a single spur1 and by bearing 
on the opposite rein2 these transverse  
oppositions will have a better effect   
and give more prompt results4 ,when the 
horse begins to contain himself1 the two
 spurs being used separately1 we can    
make them felt together and with an     
equal gradation4,q      ,q ,i would     
never have thought that this means1     
which serves as         a corrective to 
the processes used by all horsemen1     
would have         aroused the          

sensibility of some amateurs4 ,these    
latter have         preferred to be     
affected by exaggerated or erroneous    
reports1         rather than satisfy    
themselves by observation1 that this    
pretended cruelty is in fact the most   
innocent thing in the         world4    
,must we not teach the horse to respond 
to the spur as         well as to the   
legs and the hand8 ,is it not by this   
spurring1         judiciously applied1  
that we bring in at will the hind legs  
more         or less near the centre of 
gravity8 ,is not this the only way of   
increasing or diminishing the leverage  
of the hocks1 whether for               
extending or raising them in motion1 or 
for the purpose of         halting8  ,to
 the work1 then1 cavaliers6 ,if you will
 follow my principles1 ,i can promise   
you that your purse will be less often  
emptied into the hands of horse-dealers1
 and that you will render the meanest of
 your hacks agreeable4 ,you will charm  
our breeders of horses1 who will        

attribute to their efforts of           
regeneration that elegance and grace    
that your art alone could have given to 
your chargers4  ,lowering the           
hand4--,the lowering the hand consists  
in confirming the horse in all his      
lightness--that is1 in making him       
preserve his equilibrium without the aid
 of the reins4 ,the suppleness given to 
all parts of the horse1 the just        
oppositions of hands and legs1 lead him 
to keep himself in the best possible    
position4 ,to find out exactly whether  
we are obtaining this result1 we must   
have recourse to frequent lowering of   
the hand4 ,it is done in this way3      
,after having slipped the right hand to 
the buckle1 and having assured yourself 
that the reins are even1 you will let go
 of them with the left hand1 and lower  
the right slowly to the pommel of the   
saddle4 ,to do this regularly1 the horse
 must neither increase nor diminish the 
speed of his pace1 and his head and neck
 continue to preserve their proper      

position4 ,the first few times that the 
horse is thus given up to himself1 he   
will perhaps only take a few steps while
 keeping in position1 and at the same   
rate of speed2 the rider ought then to  
make his legs felt first1 and the hand  
afterwards1 to bring him into his       
previous position4 ,the frequent        
repetition of this lowering of the hand1
 after a complete placing of the horse's
 head in a perpendicular position1 will 
give him a most exquisite mouth1 and the
 rider a still greater delicacy of      
touch4 ,the means of guiding employed by
 the latter will immediately be answered
 by the horse1 if his forces have been  
previously disposed in a perfectly      
harmonious state4  ,the lowerings of the
 hand ought to be practised first at a  
walk1 then at a trot1 afterwards at a   
gallop4 ,this semblance of liberty gives
 such confidence to the horse that he   
gives up without knowing it2 he becomes 
our submissive slave1 while supposing   
that he is preserving an entire         

independence4  ,of gathering the horse1 
or rassembler4--,the preceding exercise 
will render easy to the rider that      
important part of horsemanship called   
rassembler4 ,this has been a great deal 
talked about by people1 as they have    
talked about ,providence1 and all the   
mysteries that are impenetrable to human
 perception4 ,if it were allowable for  
us to compare small things to great1 we 
might say that the more or less absurd  
theories that have been put forward upon
 the subject of divine power have not1  
fortunately1 hindered in any way the    
unchangeable march of nature2 but with  
regard to the progress of horsemanship1 
the case is not the same as to what has 
been said and written on the subject of 
the rassembler4 ,the false principles   
propagated on this subject have made the
 horse the plaything and the victim of  
the rider's ignorance4  ,i proclaim it1 
the gathering a horse has never been    
understood or defined before me1 for it 
cannot be perfectly executed without the

 regular application of the principles  
that ,i have developed for the first    
time4 ,you will be convinced of this    
truth when you know that the rassembler 
demands3  #a4 ,the suppling1 partial and
 general1 of the neck and haunches4  #b4
 ,the perfect position that results from
 this suppling4  #c4 ,the entire        
absorption of the forces of the horse by
 the rider4  ,now1 as the means of      
obtaining these different results have  
never been pointed out in any treatise  
on horsemanship1 am ,i not justified in 
saying that the true rassembler has     
never been practised until now8 ,it is1 
nevertheless1 one of the indispensable  
conditions of the horse's education2    
consequently ,i think ,i am right in    
saying that before my method1 horses of 
defective formation have never been     
properly broken4  ,how is the rassembler
 defined in the schools of horsemanship8
 ,you gather your horse by raising the  
hand and closing the legs4 ,i ask1 what 
good can this movement of the rider do  

upon an animal badly formed1 contracted1
 and that remains under the influence of
 all the evil propensities of its       
nature8 ,this mechanical support of the 
hands and legs1 far from preparing the  
horse for obedience1 will only make him 
redouble his means of resistance1 since1
 while giving him notice that we are    
about to demand a movement on his part1 
we remain unable to dispose his forces  
in such a way as to force him to it4    
,the real rassembler consists in        
collecting the forces of the horse in   
his centre in order to ease his         
extremities1 and give them up completely
 to the disposition of the rider4 ,the  
animal thus finds himself transformed   
into a kind of balance1 of which the    
rider is the centre-piece4 ,the least   
touch upon one or other of the          
extremities1 which represent the scales1
 will immediately send them in the      
direction we wish4 ,the rider will know 
that his horse is completely gathered   
when he feels him ready1 as it were1 to 

rise from all four of his legs4 ,the    
proper position first1 and then the use 
of the spurs1 will make this beautiful  
execution of the gathering easy to both 
horse and rider2 and what splendor1     
grace and majesty it gives the animal6  
,if we have been obliged at first to use
 the spurs in pushing this concentration
 of forces to its farthest limits1 the  
legs will afterwards be sufficient to   
obtain the gathering necessary for the  
precision and elevation required in all 
complicated movements4  ,need ,i        
recommend discretion in your demands8 ,i
 think not4 ,if the rider1 having       
reached this stage of his horse's       
education1 cannot comprehend and seize  
that fineness of touch1 that delicacy of
 process indispensable to the right     
application of my principles1 it will   
prove him devoid of every feeling of a  
horseman2 nothing ,i can say can remedy 
this imperfection of his nature4        
,,chapter ,,vii4        ,,of ,,the      
,,employment ,,of ,,the ,,forces ,,of   

,,the ,,horse                       ,,by
 ,,the ,,rider4                         
7,continuation47   ,of the gallop4--,i  
have said that1 until now1 the greater  
part of the resources of horsemanship   
have not been understood1 and had ,i    
need of another proof to support my     
opinion1 ,i would draw it from the      
error1 the suppositions1 the innumerable
 contradictions that have been heaped   
together in order to explain so simple a
 movement as the gallop4 ,what contrary 
opinions upon the means to employ to    
make the horse go off with his right    
foot8 ,it is the support of the rider's 
right leg which determines the movement1
 one pretends2 it is that of the left   
leg1 says another2 it is the equal touch
 of the two legs1 affirms a third2 no1  
some others remark1 very seriously1 you 
must let the horse act naturally4  ,how 
can the truth be made out in the midst  
of this conflict of such contrary       
principles8 ,besides1 they come from    
such respectable sources2 the most of   

their authors were possessed of titles  
and dignities which are generally only  
granted to merit4 ,have they all been   
deceived for a hundred and fifty years8 
,this is not possible2 for many of them 
joined to long practice a perfect       
knowledge of physics1 anatomy1          
mathematics1 etc41 etc4 ,to doubt such  
authorities would be as presumptuous as 
imprudent2 it would have been considered
 a crime of high treason against        
horsemanship4 ,so the riders kept their 
ignorance and the horses their bad      
equilibrium2 and if any one succeeded1  
after two or three years of routine     
labor1 in making certain horses of a    
privileged organization start with the  
desired foot1 and in making them change 
feet finally1 at a fixed point1 the     
difficulty then was to prevent them from
 always repeating this movement at the  
same place4  ,thus it is that the most  
palpable errors gain credit1 and often  
are perpetuated1 until there comes a    
practical mind1 gifted with some amount 

of common sense1 who contradicts by     
practice all the learned theories of its
 predecessors4 ,they try hard at first  
to deny the knowledge of the innovator2 
but the masses who instinctively know   
the true1 and judge from what they see1 
soon range themselves on his side1 turn 
their backs upon his detractors1 and    
leave them to their solitude and vain   
pretensions4  ,to the mass of horsemen  
,i address myself1 when ,i say1 either  
the horse is under the influence of your
 forces1 and entirely submissive to your
 power1 or you are struggling with him4 
,if he gallops off with you1 without    
your being able to modify or direct with
 certainty his course1 it proves that1  
although subject to a certain extent to 
your power in thus consenting to carry  
you about1 he1 nevertheless1 uses his   
instinctive forces4 ,in this case1 there
 is a perpetual fight going on between  
you and him1 the chances of which depend
 on the temperament and caprice of the  
animal1 upon the good or bad state of   

his digestion4 ,changes of foot1 in such
 a state1 can only be obtained by       
inclining the horse very much to one    
side1 which makes the movement both     
difficult and ungraceful4  ,if1 on the  
contrary1 the animal is made submissive 
to a degree that he cannot contract any 
one of his parts without the            
intervention and aid of the rider1 the  
latter can direct at his pleasure the   
whole of his moving parts1 and1         
consequently1 can easily and promptly   
execute changes of feet4  ,we know the  
contraction of any one part of the horse
 reacts on the neck1 and that the       
stiffness of this part prevents the     
proper execution of every movement4 ,if1
 then1 at the moment of setting off on a
 gallop1 the horse stiffens one of his  
extremities1 and consequently his neck1 
of what use in determining him in       
starting with the right foot can be the 
support of one or the other leg of the  
rider1 or even of that of both at once8 
,these means will evidently be          

ineffectual until we go back to the     
source of the resistance1 for the       
purpose of combating and destroying it4 
,here1 as in every other case1 we see   
that suppleness and lightness alone can 
make the execution of the work easy4    
,if1 when we wish to make the horse     
start with the right foot1 a slight     
contraction of one part of the animal   
disposes him to start with the left     
foot1 and we persist in inducing the    
pace1 we must employ two forces on the  
same side1 viz43 the left leg and the   
left hand2 the first to determine the   
movement1 the second to combat the      
contrary disposition of the horse4  ,but
 when the horse1 perfectly supple and   
gathered1 only brings his parts into    
play after the impression given them by 
the rider1 the latter1 in order to start
 with the right foot1 ought to combine  
an opposition of forces proper for      
keeping the horse in equilibrium1 while 
placing him in the position required for
 the movement4 ,he will then bear the   

hand to the left1 and press his right   
leg4 ,here we see that the means        
mentioned above1 necessary when the     
horse is not properly placed1 would be  
wrong when the animal is properly       
placed1 since it would destroy the      
harmony then existing between his       
forces4  ,this short explanation will1  
,i hope1 suffice to make it understood  
that things should be studied thoroughly
 before laying down any principles of   
action4 ,let us have no more systems1   
then1 upon the exclusive use of such or 
such leg to determine the gallop2 but a 
settled conviction that the first       
condition of this or any other          
performance is to keep the horse supple 
and light--that is rassemble2 then1     
after this1 to make use of one or the   
other motive power1 according as the    
animal1 at the start1 preserves a proper
 position1 or seeks to leave it4 ,it    
must also be understood that1 while it  
is the force that gives the position to 
the horse1 it is position alone upon    

which the regularity of movement        
depends4  ,passing frequently from the  
gallop with the right foot to that with 
the left1 in a straight line1 and with  
halts1 will soon bring the horse to make
 these changes of feet by the touch     
without halting4 ,violent effects of    
force should be avoided1 which would    
bewilder the horse and destroy his      
lightness4 ,we must remember that this  
lightness which should precede all      
changes of pace and direction1 and make 
every movement easy1 graceful and       
inevitable1 is the important condition  
we should seek before everything else4  
,it is because they have not understood 
this principle1 and have not felt that  
the first condition to dispose a horse  
for the gallop is to destroy all the    
instinctive forces of the animal 7forces
 that oppose the position the movement  
demands71 that horsemen have laid down  
so many erroneous principles1 and have  
all remained unable to show us the      
proper means to be employed4  ,of       

leaping the ditch and the               
bar4--,although the combinations of     
equestrian science alone cannot give to 
every horse the energy and vigor        
necessary to clear a ditch or a bar1    
there are1 nevertheless1 principles by  
the aid of which we will succeed in     
partly supplying the deficiencies in the
 natural formation of the animal4 ,by   
giving a good direction to the forces1  
we will facilitate the rise and freedom 
of the bound4 ,i do not pretend by this1
 to say1 that a horse of ordinary       
capabilities will attain the same height
 and elegance in this movement as one   
that is well constituted1 but he will1  
at least1 be able to display in it all  
the resources of his organization to    
more purpose4  ,the great thing is to   
bring the horse to attempt this         
performance with good will4 ,if all the 
processes prescribed by me for mastering
 the instinctive forces of the animal1  
and putting him under the influence of  
ours1 have been punctually followed1 the

 utility of this progression will be    
recognized by the facility we have of   
making the horse clear all the objects  
that are encountered in his way4 ,for   
the rest1 recourse must never be had1 in
 case of a contest1 to violent means1   
such as a whip in the hands of a second 
person2 nor should we seek to excite the
 animal by cries2 this could only       
produce a moral effect calculated to    
frighten him4 ,it is by physical means  
that we should before all bring him to  
obedience1 since they alone will enable 
him to understand and execute4 ,we      
should then carry on the contest calmly1
 and seek to surmount the forces that   
lead him to refuse1 by acting directly  
on them4 ,to make the horse leap1 we    
will wait till he responds freely to the
 legs and spur1 in order to have always 
a sure means of government4  ,the bar   
will remain on the ground until the     
horse goes over it without hesitation2  
it will then be raised some inches1     
progressively increasing the height     

until the animal will be just able to   
clear it without too violent an effort4 
,to exceed this proper limit would be to
 risk causing a disgust on the part of  
the horse that should be most carefully 
avoided4 ,the bar having been thus      
gradually raised1 ought to be made fast1
 in order that the horse1 disposed to be
 indolent1 should not make sport of an  
obstacle which would be no longer       
serious1 when the touch of his feet     
sufficed to overturn it4 ,the bar ought 
not to be wrapped in any covering that  
would lessen its hardness2 we should be 
severe when we demand possibilities1 and
 avoid the abuses that always result    
from an ill-devised complaisance4       
,before preparing to take the leap1 the 
rider should hold himself sufficiently  
firm to prevent his body preceding the  
motion of the horse4 ,his loins should  
be supple1 his buttocks well fixed to   
the saddle1 so that he may experience no
 shock nor violent reaction4 ,his thighs
 and legs exactly enveloping the body   

and sides of the horse will give him a  
power always opportune and infallible4  
,the hand in its natural position will  
feel the horse's mouth in order to judge
 of the effects of impulsion4 ,it is in 
this position that the rider should     
conduct the horse towards the obstacle2 
if he comes up to it with the same      
freedom of pace1 a light opposition of  
the legs and hand will facilitate the   
elevation of the fore-hand1 and the     
bound of the posterior extremity4 ,as   
soon as the horse is raised1 the hand   
ceases its effect1 to be again sustained
 when the fore legs touch the ground1   
and to prevent them giving way under the
 weight of the body4  ,we should content
 ourselves with executing a few leaps in
 accordance with the horse's powers1    
and1 above all1 avoid pushing bravado to
 the point of wishing to force the      
animal to clear obstacles that are      
beyond his powers4 ,i have known very   
good leapers that people have succeeded 
in thus disgusting forever1 so that no  

efforts could induce them to clear      
things only half the height of those    
that at first they leaped with ease4    
,of the piaffer4,r--,until now1 horsemen
 have maintained that the nature of each
 horse permits of only a limited number 
of movements1 and that if there are some
 that can be brought to execute a       
piaffer high and elegant1 or low and    
precipitate1 there are a great number of
 them to whom this exercise is for ever 
interdicted4 ,their construction1 they  
say1 is opposed to it2 it is then nature
 that has so willed it2 ought we not to 
bow before this supreme arbiter1 and    
respect its decrees8      ,r ,the       
piaffer is the horse's raising his legs 
diagonally1         as in the trot1 but 
without advancing or                    
receding4--,baucher's                   
,dictionnaire d',equitation4  ,this     
opinion is undoubtedly convenient for   
justifying its own ignorance1 but it is 
none the less false4 ,we can bring all  
horses to piaffer1 and ,i will prove    

that in this particularly1 without      
reforming the work of nature1 without   
deranging the formation of the bones1 or
 that of the muscles of the animal1 we  
can remedy the consequences of its      
physical imperfections1 and change the  
vicious disposition occasioned by faulty
 construction4 ,there is no doubt that  
the horse whose forces and weight are   
collected in one of his extremities will
 be unfit to execute the elegant cadence
 of the piaffer4 ,but a graduated       
exercise1 the completion of which is the
 rassembler1 soon allows us to remedy   
such an inconvenience4 ,we can now      
reunite all these forces in their true  
centre of gravity1 and the horse that   
bears the rassembler perfectly has all  
the necessary qualifications for the    
piaffer4  ,for the piaffer to be regular
 and graceful1 it is necessary that the 
horse's legs1 moved diagonally1 rise    
together and fall in the same way upon  
the ground at as long intervals as      
possible4 ,the animal ought not to bear 

more upon the hand than upon the legs of
 the rider1 that his equilibrium may    
present the perfection of that balance  
of which ,i have spoken in another      
place4 ,when the centre of the forces is
 thus disposed in the middle of the     
body1 and when the rassembler is        
perfect1 it is sufficient1 in order to  
induce a commencement of piaffer1 to    
communicate to the horse with the legs a
 vibration at first slight1 but often   
repeated4 ,by vibration ,i mean an      
invigoration of forces1 of which the    
rider ought always to be the agent4     
,after this first result1 the horse will
 be put at a walk1 and the rider's legs 
gradually brought close1 will give the  
animal a slight increase of action4     
,then1 but only then1 the hand will     
sustain itself in time with the legs1   
and at the same intervals1 in order that
 these two motive powers1 acting        
conjointly1 may keep up a succession of 
imperceptible movements1 and produce a  
slight contraction which will spread    

itself over the whole body of the horse4
 ,this reiterated activity will give the
 extremities a first mobility1 which at 
the beginning will be far from regular1 
since the increase of action that this  
new exercise makes necessary will for   
the moment break the harmonious         
uniformity of the forces4 ,but this     
general action is necessary in order to 
obtain even an irregular mobility1 for  
without it the movement would be        
disorderly1 and there would be a want of
 harmony among the different springs4   
,we will content ourselves1 for the     
first few days1 with a commencement of  
mobility of the extremities1 being      
careful to stop each time that the horse
 raises or puts down his feet1 without  
advancing them too much1 in order to    
caress him1 and speak to him1 and thus  
calm the invigoration that a demand1 the
 object of which he does not understand1
 must cause in him4 ,nevertheless1 these
 caresses should be employed with       
discernment1 and when the horse has done

 well1 for if badly applied they would  
be rather injurious than useful4 ,the   
fit time for ceasing with the hands and 
legs is more important still2 it demands
 all the rider's attention4  ,the       
mobility of the legs once obtained1 we  
can commence to regulate it1 and fix the
 intervals of the cadence4 ,here again1 
,i seek in vain to indicate with the pen
 the degree of delicacy necessary in the
 rider's proceedings1 since his motions 
ought to be answered by the horse with  
an exactness and a propos that is       
unequaled4 ,it is by the alternated     
support of the two legs that he will    
succeed in prolonging the lateral       
balancings of the horse's body1 in such 
way as to keep him longer on one side or
 the other4 ,he will seize the moment   
when the horse prepares to rest his fore
 leg on the ground1 to make the pressure
 of his own leg felt on the same side1  
and add to the inclination of the animal
 in the same direction4 ,if this time is
 well seized1 the horse will balance    

himself slowly1 and the cadence will    
acquire that elevation so fit to bring  
out all its elegance and all its        
majesty4 ,these times of the legs are   
difficult1 and require great practice2  
but their results are too splendid for  
the rider not to strive to seize the    
light variations of them4  ,the         
precipitate movement of the rider's legs
 accelerates also the piaffer4 ,it is   
he1 then1 who regulates at will the     
greater or less degree of quickness of  
the cadence4 ,the performance of the    
piaffer is not elegant and perfect until
 the horse performs it without          
repugnance1 which will always be the    
case when the forces are kept together1 
and the position is suitable to the     
demands of the movement4 ,it is urgent1 
then1 to be well acquainted with the    
amount of force necessary for the       
performance of the piaffer1 so as not to
 overdo it4 ,we should1 above all1 be   
careful to keep the horse rassemble1    
which1 of itself1 will induce the       

movement without effort4                
,,chapter ,,viii4                       
,,division ,,of ,,the ,,work4   ,i have 
developed all the means to be employed  
in completing the horse's education2 it 
remains for me to say how the horseman  
ought to divide his work1 in order to   
connect the different exercises and pass
 by degrees from the simple to the      
complicated4  ,two months of work1      
consisting of two lessons a day of a    
half hour each--that is to say1 one     
hundred and twenty lessons--will be     
amply sufficient to bring the greenest  
horse to perform regularly all the      
preceding exercises4 ,i hold to two     
short lessons a day1 one in the morning1
 the other in the afternoon2 they are   
necessary to obtain good results4  ,we  
disgust a young horse by keeping him too
 long at exercises that fatigue him1 the
 more so as his intelligence is less    
prepared to understand what we wish to  
demand of him4 ,on the other hand1 an   
interval of twenty-four hours is too    

long1 in my opinion1 for the animal to  
remember the next day what he had       
comprehended the day before4  ,the      
general work will be divided into five  
series or lessons1 distributed in the   
following order3  ,first lesson4 ,eight 
days of work4--,the first twenty minutes
 of this lesson will be devoted to the  
stationary exercise for the flexions of 
the jaw and neck2 the rider first on    
foot1 and then on horseback1 will follow
 the progression ,i have previously     
indicated4 ,during the last ten minutes1
 he will make the horse go forward at a 
walk without trying to animate him1 but 
applying himself all the while to       
keeping his head in the position of     
ramener4 ,he will content himself with  
executing a single change of hand1 in   
order to go as well to the right hand as
 to the left4 ,the fourth or fifth day1 
the rider1 before putting his horse in  
motion1 will make him commence some     
slight flexions of the croup4  ,second  
lesson4 ,ten days of work4--,the first  

fifteen minutes will be occupied in the 
stationary supplings1 comprising the    
flexions of the croup performed more    
completely than in the preceding lesson2
 then will begin the backing4 ,we will  
devote the other half of the lesson to  
the moving straight ahead1 once or twice
 taking the trot at a very moderate     
pace4 ,the rider during this second part
 of the work1 without ceasing to pay    
attention to the ramener1 will yet      
commence light oppositions of hands and 
legs1 in order to prepare the horse to  
bear the combined effects1 and to give  
regularity to his paces4 ,we will also  
commence the changes of direction at a  
walk1 while preserving the ramener1 and 
being careful to make the head and neck 
always go first4  ,third lesson4 ,twelve
 days of work4--,six or eight minutes   
only will at first be occupied in the   
stationary flexions2 those of the       
hind-parts should be pushed to the      
completion of the reversed pirouettes4  
,we will continue by the backing2 then  

all the rest of the lesson will be      
devoted to perfecting the walk and the  
trot1 commencing at this latter pace the
 changes of direction4 ,the rider will  
often stop the horse1 and continue to   
watch attentively the ramener during the
 changes of pace or direction4 ,he will 
also commence the exercise de deux      
pistes at a walk1 as well as the        
rotation of the shoulders around the    
haunches4  ,fourth lesson4 ,fifteen days
 of work4--,after five minutes being    
devoted to the stationary supplings1 the
 rider will first repeat all the work of
 the preceding lessons2 he will         
commence1 with a steady foot1 the       
attaques1,s in order to confirm the     
ramener and prepare the rassembler4 ,he 
will renew the attaques while in motion1
 and when the horse bears them          
patiently1 he will commence the gallop4 
,he will content himself in the         
commencement with executing four or five
 lopes only before resuming the walk1   
and then start again with a different   

foot1 unless the horse requires being   
exercised more often on one foot than   
the other4 ,in passing from the gallop  
to the walk1 we should watch with care  
that the horse resumes this latter pace 
as quickly as possible without taking   
short steps on a trot1 all the while    
keeping the head and neck light4 ,he    
will only be exercised at the gallop at 
the end of each lesson4      ,s ,the use
 of the spurs4  ,fifth lesson4 ,fifteen 
days of work4--,these last fifteen days 
will be occupied in assuring the perfect
 execution of all the preceding work1   
and in perfecting the pace of the gallop
 until we can execute easily changes of 
direction1 changes of feet at every     
step1 and passaging4 ,we can then       
exercise the horse at leaping the bar   
and at the piaffer4 ,thus in two months1
 and upon any horse1 we will have       
accomplished a work that formerly       
required years1 and then often gave     
incomplete results4 ,and ,i repeat1     
however insufficient so short a space of

 time may appear1 it will produce the   
effect ,i promise1 if you follow exactly
 all my directions4 ,i have demonstrated
 this upon a hundred different          
occasions1 and many of my pupils are    
able to prove it as well as myself4  ,in
 establishing the above order of work1  
be it well understood that ,i found     
myself on the dispositions of horses in 
general4 ,a horseman of any tact will   
soon understand the modifications that  
he ought to make in their application1  
according to the particular nature of   
his pupil4 ,such a horse1 for example1  
will require more or less persistence in
 the flexions2 another one in the       
backing2 this one1 dull and apathetic1  
will require the use of the spurs before
 the time ,i have indicated4 ,all this  
is an affair of intelligence2 it would  
be to insult my readers not to suppose  
them capable of supplying to the details
 what it is elsewhere impossible to     
particularize4 ,you can readily         
understand that there are irritable1    

ill-disposed horses1 whose defective    
dispositions have been made worse by    
previous bad management4 ,with such     
subjects it is necessary to put more    
persistence into the supplings and the  
walk4 ,in every case1 whatever the      
slight modifications that the difference
 in the dispositions of the subjects    
render necessary1 ,i persist in saying  
that there are no horses whose education
 ought not to be completed by my method 
in the space ,i designate4 ,i mean here1
 that this time is sufficient to give   
the forces of the horse the fitness     
necessary for executing all the         
movements2 the finish of education      
depends finally on the nicety of touch  
of the rider4 ,in fact1 my method has   
the advantages of recognizing no limits 
to the progress of equitation1 and there
 is no performance equestrianly possible
 that a horseman who understands        
properly applying my principles cannot  
make his horse execute4 ,i am about to  
give a convincing proof in support of   

this assertion1 by explaining the       
sixteen new figures of the manege that  
,i have added to the collection of the  
old masters4                            
,,chapter ,,ix4      ,,application ,,of 
,,the ,,preceding ,,principles ,,to     
,,the ,,performance      ,,of ,,the     
,,horses1 ,,partisan1 ,,capitaine1      
,,neptune1 ,,and ,,buridan4   ,the      
persons who systematically denied the   
efficacy of my method ought1            
necessarily1 also to deny the results   
shown to them4 ,they were forced to     
acknowledge that my performance at the  
,cirque-,olympique was new and          
extraordinary1 but attributed it to     
causes1 some more strange than others2  
all the while insisting that the        
equestrian talent of the rider did not  
go for nothing in the expertness of the 
horse4 ,according to some1 ,i was a     
second ,carter1 accustoming my horses to
 obedience by depriving them of sleep   
and food2 according to others1 ,i bound 
their legs with cords1 and thus held    

them suspended to prepare them for a    
kind of puppet-show2 some were not far  
from believing that ,i fascinated them  
by the power of my looks4 ,finally1 a   
certain portion of the public1 seeing   
these animals perform in time to the    
sound of the charming music of one of my
 friends1 ,m4 ,paul ,cuzent1 insisted   
seriously that they undoubtedly         
possessed1 in a very great degree1 the  
instinct of melody1 and that they would 
stop short with the clarionets and      
trombones4 ,so1 the sound of the music  
was more powerful over my horse than ,i 
was myself6 ,the animal obeyed a do or a
 sol nicely touched2 but my legs and    
hands went for nothing in their effects4
 ,would it be believed that such        
nonsense was uttered by people that     
passed for riders8 ,i can comprehend    
their not having understood my means at 
first1 since my method was new2 but     
before judging it in so strange a       
manner1 they ought1 at least1 it seems  
to me1 to have sought to understand it4 

,i had found the round of ordinary feats
 of horsemanship too limited1 since it  
was sufficient to execute one movement  
well to immediately practise the others 
with the same facility4 ,so1 it was     
proved to me that the rider who passed  
with precision along a straight line    
sideways 7de deux pistes7 at a walk1    
trot and gallop1 could go in the same   
way with the head or the croup to the   
wall1 with the shoulder in1 perform the 
ordinary or reversed volts1 the changes 
and counterchanges of hands1 etc41 etc4 
,as to the piaffer1 it was1 as ,i have  
said1 nature alone that settled this4   
,this long and fastidious performance   
had no other variations than the        
different titles of the movements1 since
 it was sufficient to vanquish one      
difficulty to be able to surmount all   
the others4 ,i then created new figures 
of the manege1 the execution of which   
rendered necessary more suppleness1 more
 ensemble1 more finish in the education 
of the horse4 ,this was easy to me with 

my system2 and to convince my           
adversaries that there was neither magic
 nor mystery in my performance at the   
,cirque1 ,i am going to explain by what 
processes purely equestrian1 and even   
without having recourse to piliers1     
cavessons or horse-whips1 ,i have       
brought my horses to execute the sixteen
 figures of the manege that appear so   
extraordinary4  #a4 ,instantaneous      
flexion and support in the air of either
 one of the fore legs1 while the other  
three legs remain fixed to the ground4  
,the means of making the horse raise one
 of his fore legs is very simple1 as    
soon as the animal is perfectly supple  
and rassemble4 ,to make him raise1 for  
example1 the right leg1 it is sufficient
 to incline his head slightly to the    
right1 while making the weight of his   
body fall upon the left side4 ,the      
rider's legs will be sustained firmly   
7the left a little more than the right71
 that the effect of the hand which      
brings the head to the right should not 

react upon the weight1 and that the     
forces which serve to fasten to the     
ground the over-weighted part may give  
the horse's right leg enough action to  
make it rise from the ground4 ,by a     
repetition of this exercise a few times1
 you will succeed in keeping this leg in
 the air as long a time as you wish4    
#b4 ,mobility of the haunches1 the horse
 resting on his fore legs1 while his    
hind legs balance themselves alternately
 the one over the other2 when the hind  
leg which is raised from left to right  
is moved1 and is placed on the ground to
 become pivot in its turn1 the other to 
be instantly raised and to execute the  
same movement4  ,the simple mobility of 
the haunches is one of the exercises    
that ,i have pointed out for the        
elementary education of the horse4 ,we  
can complicate this performance by      
multiplying the alternate contact of the
 legs1 until we succeed in easily       
carrying the horse's croup1 one leg over
 the other1 in such a way that the      

movement from left to right and from    
right to left cannot exceed one step4   
,this exercise is good to give great    
nicety of touch to the rider1 and to    
prepare the horse to respond to the     
lightest effects4  #c4 ,passing         
instantly from the slow piaffer to the  
precipitate piaffer1 and vice versa4    
,after having brought the horse to      
display great mobility of the legs1 we  
ought to regulate the movement of them4 
,it is by the slow and alternated       
pressure of his legs that the rider will
 obtain the slow piaffer4 ,he will make 
it precipitate by multiplying the       
contact4 ,both these piaffers can be    
obtained from all horses2 but as this is
 among the great difficulties1 perfect  
tact is indispensable4  #d4 ,to back    
with an equal elevation of the          
transverse legs1 which leave the ground 
and are placed again on it at the same  
time1 the horse executing the movement  
with as much freedom and facility as if 
he were going forward1 and without      

apparent aid from the rider4  ,backing  
is not new1 but it certainly is new upon
 the conditions that ,i lay down4 ,it is
 only by the aid of a complete suppling 
and ramener that we succeed in so       
suspending the horse's body that the    
distribution of the weight is perfectly 
regular and the extremities acquire     
energy and activity alike4 ,this        
movement then becomes as easy and       
graceful as it is painful and devoid of 
elegance when it is changed into        
acculement4,t      ,t ,acculement and   
reculer have been previously explained2 
one is the horse backing falsely1 the   
other backing correctly4                
--,,translator4  #e4 ,simultaneous      
mobility of the two diagonal legs1 the  
horse stationary4 ,after having raised  
the two opposite legs1 he carries them  
to the rear to bring them back again to 
the place they first occupied1 and      
recommences the same movement with the  
other diagonal4  ,the suppling1 and     
having got the horse in hand1 make this 

movement easy4 ,when he no longer       
presents any resistance1 he appreciates 
the lightest effects of the rider1      
intended in this case to displace only  
the least possible quantity of forces   
and weight necessary to set in motion   
the opposite extremities4 ,by repeating 
this exercise1 it will in a little while
 be rendered familiar to the horse4 ,the
 finish of the mechanism will soon give 
the finish of intelligence4  #f4 ,trot  
with a sustained extension2 the horse1  
after having raised his legs1 carries   
them forward1 sustaining them an instant
 in the air before replacing them on the
 ground4  ,the processes that form the  
basis of my method reproduce themselves 
in each simple movement1 and with still 
more reason in the complicated ones4 ,if
 equilibrium is only obtained by        
lightness1 in return there is no        
lightness without equilibrium2 it is by 
the union of these two conditions that  
the horse will acquire the facility of  
extending his trot to the farthest      

possible limits1 and will completely    
change his original gait4  #g4          
,serpentine trot1 the horse turning to  
the right and to the left1 to return    
nearly to his starting point1 after     
having made five or six steps in each   
direction4  ,this movement will present 
no difficulty if we keep the horse in   
hand while executing the flexions of the
 neck at the walk and trot2 you can     
readily see that such a performance is  
impossible without this condition4 ,the 
leg opposite to the side towards which  
the neck turns ought always to be       
pressed4  #h4 ,instant halt by the aid  
of the spurs1 the horse being at a      
gallop4  ,when the horse1 being         
perfectly suppled1 will properly bear   
the attaques and the rassembler1 he will
 be fit to execute the halt upon the    
above conditions4 ,in the application of
 this we will start with a slow gallop1 
in order to go on successively to the   
greatest speed4 ,the legs preceding the 
hand1 will bring the horse's hind legs  

under the middle of his body1 then a    
prompt effect of the hand1 by fixing    
them in this position1 will immediately 
stop the bound4 ,by this means we spare 
the horse's organization1 which can thus
 be always kept free from blemish4  #i4 
,continued mobility or pawing1 while    
stationary1 of one of the horse's fore  
legs2 the horse1 at the rider's will1   
executing the movement by which he1 of  
his own accord1 often manifests his     
impatience4  ,this movement will be     
obtained by the same process that serves
 to keep the horse's leg in the air4 ,in
 the latter case1 the rider's legs must 
impress a continued support1 in order   
that the force which holds the horse's  
leg raised keep up its effect2 while1   
for the movement now in question1 we    
must renew the action by a quantity of  
slight pressures1 in order to cause the 
motion of the leg held up in the air4   
,this extremity of the horse will soon  
acquire a movement subordinate to that  
of the rider's legs1 and if the time is 

well seized1 it will seem1 so to say1   
that we make the animal move by the aid 
of mechanical means4  #aj4 ,to trot     
backwards1 the horse preserving the same
 cadence and the same step as in the    
trot forwards4  ,the first condition1 in
 order to obtain the trot backwards1 is 
to keep the horse in a perfect cadence  
and as rassemble as possible4 ,the      
second is all in the proceedings of the 
rider4 ,he ought to seek insensibly by  
the combined effects to make the forces 
of the fore-hand exceed those of the    
hind-parts1 without affecting the       
harmony of the movement4 ,thus we see   
that by the rassembler we will          
successively obtain the piaffer         
stationary1 and the piaffer backwards1  
even without the aid of the reins4  #aa4
 ,to gallop backwards1 the time being   
the same as in the ordinary gallop2 but 
the fore legs once raised1 in place of  
coming to the ground1 are carried       
backwards1 that the hind-parts may      
execute the same backward movement as   

soon as the fore-feet are placed on the 
ground4  ,the principle is the same as  
for the preceding performance2 with a   
perfect rassembler1 the hind legs will  
find themselves so brought under the    
centre1 that by raising the fore-hand1  
the movement of the hocks can only be an
 upward one4 ,this performance1 though  
easily executed with a powerful horse1  
ought not to be attempted with one not  
possessing this quality4  #ab4 ,changing
 feet every step1 each time of the      
gallop being done on a different leg4   
,in order to practise this difficult    
performance1 the horse ought to be      
accustomed to execute perfectly1 and as 
frequently as possible1 changing feet at
 the touch4 ,before attempting these    
changes of feet every step1 we ought to 
have brought him to execute this        
movement at every other step4           
,everything depends upon his aptness1   
and above all1 on the intelligence of   
the rider2 with this latter quality1    
there is no obstacle that is not to be  

surmounted4 ,to execute this performance
 with the desirable degree of precision1
 the horse should remain light1 and     
preserve the same degree of action2 the 
rider1 on his part1 should also avoid   
roughly inclining the horse's fore-hand 
to one side or the other4  #ac4         
,ordinary pirouettes on three legs1 the 
fore leg on the side towards which we   
are turning3 remaining in the air during
 the whole time of the movement4        
,ordinary pirouettes should be familiar 
to a horse broken after my method1 and  
,i have above shown the means to make   
him hold up one of his fore feet4 ,if   
these two movements are well executed   
separately1 it will be easy to connect  
them in a single performance4 ,after    
having disposed the horse for the       
pirouette1 we will prepare the mass in  
such a way as to raise the fore leg2    
this once in the air1 we will throw the 
weight on the part opposite to the side 
towards which we wish to turn1 by       
bearing upon this part with the hand and

 leg4 ,the leg of the rider placed on   
the converging side1 will only act      
daring this time so as to carry the     
forces forward1 in order to prevent the 
hand producing a retrograde effect4     
#ad4 ,to back with a halt at each step1 
the right leg of the horse remaining in 
front motionless and held out at the    
full distance that the left leg has     
passed over1 and vice versa4  ,this     
movement depends upon the nicety of     
touch of the rider1 as it results from  
an effect of forces impossible to       
specify4 ,though this performance is not
 very graceful1 the experienced rider   
will do well to often practise it1 in   
order to learn to modify the effects of 
forces1 and acquire all the niceties of 
his art in perfection4  #ae4 ,regular   
piaffer with an instant halt on three   
legs1 the fourth remaining in the air4  
,here1 also1 as for the ordinary        
pirouettes upon three legs1 it is by    
exercising the piaffer and the flexion  
of one leg separately1 that we will     

succeed in uniting the two movements in 
one4 ,we will interrupt the piaffer by  
arresting the contraction of three of   
the legs so as to leave it in one only4 
,it is sufficient1 then1 in order to    
accustom the horse to this performance1 
to stop him while he is piaffing1 by    
forcing him to contract one of his legs4
  #af4 ,change of feet every time at    
equal intervals1 the horse remaining in 
the same place4  ,this movement is      
obtained by the same proceedings as are 
employed for changing feet every time   
while advancing2 only it is much more   
complicated1 since we must give an exact
 impulsion sufficiently strong to       
determine the movement of the legs      
without the body advancing4 ,this       
movement consequently demands a great   
deal of tact on the rider's part1 and   
cannot be practised except on a         
perfectly broken horse1 but broken as ,i
 understand it4  ,such is the vocabulary
 of the new figures of the manege that  
,i have created1 and so often executed  

before the public4 ,as you see1 this    
performance1 which appeared so          
extraordinary that people would not     
believe it belonged to equestrianism1   
becomes very simple and comprehensible  
as soon as you have studied the         
principles of my method4 ,there is not  
one of these movements in which is not  
discovered the application of the       
precepts ,i have developed in this book4
  ,but1 ,i repeat1 if ,i have enriched  
equitation with a new and interesting   
work1 ,i do not pretend to have attained
 the farthest limits of the art2 and one
 may come after me1 who1 if he will     
study my system and practise it with    
intelligence1 will be able to pass me on
 the course1 and add something yet to   
the results ,i have obtained4           
,,chapter ,x4          ,,succinct       
,,exposition ,,of ,,the ,,method ,,by   
,,questions                             
,,and ,,answers4   ,question4 ,what do  
you understand by force8  ,answer4 ,the 
motive power which results from muscular

 contraction4  ,q4 ,what do you         
understand by instinctive forces8  ,a4  
,those which come from the horse--that  
is to say1 of which he himself          
determines the employment4  ,q4 ,what do
 you understand by transmitted forces8  
,a4 ,those which emanate from the rider1
 and are immediately appreciated by the 
horse4  ,q4 ,what do you understand by  
resistances8  ,a4 ,the force which the  
horse presents1 and with which he seeks 
to establish a struggle to his          
advantage4  ,q4 ,ought we first to set  
to work to annul the forces the horse   
presents for resistance1 before         
demanding any other movements of him8   
,a4 ,without doubt1 as then the force of
 the rider1 which should displace the   
weight of the mass1 finding itself      
absorbed by an equivalent resistance1   
every movement becomes impossible4  ,q4 
,by what means can we combat the        
resistances8  ,a4 ,by the methodical and
 separate suppling of the jaw1 the neck1
 the haunches1 and the loins4  ,q4 ,what

 is the use of the flexions of the jaw8 
,a4 ,as it is upon the lower jaw that   
the effects of the rider's hand are     
first felt1 these will be null or       
incomplete if the jaw is contracted or  
closed against the upper one4 ,besides1 
as in this case the displacing of the   
horse's body is only obtained with      
difficulty1 the movements resulting     
therefrom will also be painful4  ,q4 ,is
 it enough that the horse champ his bit 
for the flexion of his jaw to leave     
nothing more to wish for8  ,a4 ,no1 it  
is also necessary that the horse let go 
of the bit--that is to say1 that he     
should separate 7at our will7 his jaws  
as much as possible4  ,q4 ,can all      
horses have this mobility of jaw8  ,a4  
,all without exception1 if we follow the
 gradation pointed out1 and if the rider
 does not allow himself to be deceived  
by the flexion of the neck4 ,useful as  
this is1 it would be insufficient       
without the play of the jaw4  ,q4 ,in   
the direct flexion of the jaw1 ought we 

to give a tension to the curb-reins and 
those of the snaffle at the same time8  
,a4 ,no1 we must make the snaffle       
precede 7the hand being placed as       
indicated in ,plate ,no4 ,,iii471 until 
the head and neck are lowered2          
afterwards the pressure of the bit1 in  
time with the snaffle1 will promptly    
make the jaws open4  ,q4 ,ought we often
 to repeat this exercise8  ,a4 ,it      
should be continued until the jaws      
separate by a light pressure of the bit 
or snaffle4  ,q4 ,why is the stiffness  
of the neck so powerful an obstacle to  
the education of the horse8  ,a4        
,because it absorbs to its profit the   
force which the rider seeks in vain to  
transmit throughout the whole mass4  ,q4
 ,can the haunches be suppled           
separately8  ,a4 ,certainly they can2   
and this exercise is comprised in what  
is called stationary exercise4  ,q4     
,what is its useful object8  ,a4 ,to    
prevent the bad effects resulting from  
the instinctive forces of the horse1 and

 to make him appreciate the forces      
transmitted by the rider without        
opposing them4  ,q4 ,can the horse      
execute a movement without a shifting of
 weight8  ,a4 ,it is impossible4 ,we    
must first seek to make the horse take a
 position which causes such a variation 
in his equilibrium that the movement may
 be a natural consequence of it4  ,q4   
,what do you understand by position8    
,a4 ,an arrangement of the head1 neck   
and body1 previously disposed according 
to the movements of the horse4  ,q4 ,in 
what consists the ramener8  ,a4 ,in the 
perpendicular position of the head1 and 
the lightness that accompanies it4  ,q4 
,what is the distribution of the forces 
and weight in the ramener8  ,a4 ,the    
forces and weight are equally           
distributed through all the mass4  ,q4  
,how do we address the intelligence of  
the horse8  ,a4 ,by the position1       
because it is that which makes the horse
 know the rider's intentions4  ,q4 ,why 
is it necessary that in the backward    

movements of the horse1 the legs of the 
rider precede the hand8  ,a4 ,because we
 must displace the points of support    
before placing upon them the mass that  
they must sustain4  ,q4 ,is it the rider
 that determines his horse8  ,a4 ,no4   
,the rider gives action and position1   
which are the language2 the horse       
answers this demand by the change of    
pace or direction that the rider had    
intended4  ,q4 ,is it to the rider or to
 the horse that we ought to impute the  
fault of bad execution8  ,a4 ,to the    
rider1 and always to the rider4 ,as it  
depends upon him to supple and place the
 horse in the way of the movement1 and  
as with these two conditions faithfully 
fulfilled1 everything becomes regular1  
it is then to the rider that the merit  
or blame ought to belong4  ,q4 ,what    
kind of bit is suitable for a horse8    
,a4 ,an easy bit4  ,q4 ,why is an easy  
bit necessary for all horses1 whatever  
may be their resistance8  ,a4 ,because  
the effect of a severe bit is to        

constrain and surprise a horse1 while it
 ought to prevent him from doing wrong  
and enable him to do well4 ,now1 we     
cannot obtain these results except by   
the aid of an easy bit1 and above all1  
of a skillful hand2 for the bit is the  
hand1 and a good hand is the whole of   
the rider4  ,q4 ,are there any other    
inconveniences connected with the       
instruments of torture called severe    
bits8  ,a4 ,certainly there are1 for the
 horse soon learns to avoid the painful 
infliction of them by forcing the       
rider's legs1 the power of which can    
never be equal to that of this barbarous
 bit4 ,he succeeds in this by yielding  
with his body1 and resisting with his   
neck and jaw1 which misses altogether   
the aim proposed4  ,q4 ,how is it that  
nearly all the horsemen of renown have  
invented a particular kind of bit8  ,a4 
,because being wanting in personal      
science1 they sought to replace their   
own insufficiency by aids or strange    
machines4  ,q4 ,can the horse1 perfectly

 in hand1 defend himself8  ,a4 ,no2 for 
the just distribution of weight that    
this position gives supposes a great    
regularity of movement1 and it would be 
necessary to overturn this order that   
any act of rebellion on the part of the 
horse should take place4  ,q4 ,what is  
the use of the snaffle8  ,a4 ,the       
snaffle serves to combat the opposing   
forces 7lateral7 of the neck1 to make   
the head precede in all the changes of  
direction1 while the horse is not yet   
familiarized with the effects of the    
bit2 it serves also to arrange the head 
and neck in a perfectly straight line4  
,q4 ,in order to obtain the ramener1    
should we make the legs precede the hand
 or the hand the legs8  ,a4 ,the hands  
ought to precede until they have        
produced the effect of giving great     
suppleness to the neck 7this ought to be
 practised in the stationary exercises72
 then come the legs in their turn to    
combine the hind and fore-parts in the  
movement4 ,the continual lightness of   

the horse at all paces will be the      
result of it4  ,q4 ,ought the legs and  
the hands to aid one another or act     
separately8  ,a4 ,one of these          
extremities ought always to have the    
other for auxiliary4  ,q4 ,ought we to  
leave the horse a long time at the same 
pace in order to develop his powers8    
,a4 ,it is useless1 since the regularity
 of movements results from the          
regularity of the positions2 the horse  
that makes fifty steps at a trot        
regularly is much further advanced in   
his education than if he made a thousand
 in a bad position4 ,we must then attend
 to his position1 that is to say1 his   
lightness4  ,q4 ,in what proportions    
ought we to use the force of the horse8 
,a4 ,this cannot be defined1 since these
 forces vary in different subjects2 but 
we should be sparing of them1 and not   
expend them without circumspection1     
particularly during the course of his   
education4 ,it is on this account that  
we must1 so to say1 create for them a   

reservoir that the horse may not absorb 
them uselessly1 and that the rider may  
make a profitable and more lasting use  
of them4  ,q4 ,what good will there     
result to the horse from this judicious 
employment of his forces8  ,a4 ,as we   
will only make use of forces useful for 
certain movements1 fatigue or exhaustion
 can only result from the length of time
 during which the animal will remain at 
an accelerated pace1 and will not be the
 effect of an excessive muscular        
contraction which would preserve its    
intensity1 even at a moderate pace4  ,q4
 ,when should we first undertake to make
 the horse back8  ,a4 ,after the        
suppling of the neck and haunches4  ,q4 
,why should the suppling of the haunches
 precede that of the loins 7the         
reculer78  ,a4 ,to keep the horse more  
easily in a straight line and to render 
the flowing back and forward of the     
weight more easy4  ,q4 ,ought these     
first retrograde movements of the horse 
to be prolonged during the first        

lessons8  ,a4 ,no4 ,as their only object
 is to annul the instinctive forces of  
the horse1 we must wait till he is      
perfectly in hand to obtain a backward  
movement1 a true reculer4  ,q4 ,what    
constitutes a true reculer8  ,a4 ,the   
lightness of the horse 7head            
perpendicular71 the exact balance of his
 body1 and the elevation to the same    
height of the legs diagonally4  ,q4 ,at 
what distance ought the spur to be      
placed from the horse's flanks before   
the attaque commences8  ,a4 ,the rowel  
should not be farther than two inches   
from the horse's flanks4  ,q4 ,how ought
 the attaques to be practised8  ,a4     
,they ought to reach the flanks by a    
movement like the stroke of a lancet1   
and be taken away as quickly4  ,q4 ,are 
there circumstances where the attaque   
ought to be practised without the aid of
 the hand8  ,a4 ,never2 since its only  
object should be to give the impulsion  
which serves for the hand to contain    
7renfermer7 the horse4  ,q4 ,is it the  

attaques themselves that chastise the   
horse8  ,a4 ,no4 ,the chastisement is in
 the contained position that the        
attaques and the hand make the horse    
assume4 ,as the latter then finds       
himself in a position where it is       
impossible to make use of any of his    
forces1 the chastisement has all its    
efficiency4  ,q4 ,in what consists the  
difference between the attaques         
practised after the old principles1 and 
those which the new method prescribed8  
,a4 ,our predecessors 7that we should   
venerate7 practised spurring in order to
 throw the horse out of himself2 the new
 method makes use of it to contain him2 
that is1 to give him that first position
 which is the mother of all the others4 
,q4 ,what are the functions of the legs 
during the attaques8  ,a4 ,the legs     
ought to remain adherent to the horse's 
flanks and in no respect to partake of  
the movements of the feet4  ,q4 ,at what
 moment ought we to commence the        
attaques8  ,a4 ,when the horse supports 

peaceably a strong pressure of the legs 
without getting out of hand4  ,q4 ,why  
does a horse1 perfectly in hand1 bear   
the spur without becoming excited1 and  
even without sudden movement8  ,a4      
,because the skillful hand of the rider1
 having prevented all displacings of the
 head1 never lets the forces escape     
outwards2 it concentrates them by fixing
 them4 ,the equal struggle of the       
forces1 or if you prefer it1 their      
ensemble1 sufficiently explains the     
apparent dullness of the horse in this  
case4  ,q4 ,is it not to be feared that 
the horse may become insensible to the  
legs and lose all that activity         
necessary for accelerated movements8    
,a4 ,although this is the opinion of    
nearly all the people who talk of this  
method without understanding it1 there  
is nothing in it4 ,since all these means
 serve only to keep the horse in the    
most perfect equilibrium1 promptness of 
movement ought necessarily to be the    
result of it1 and1 consequently1 the    

horse will be disposed to respond to the
 progressive contact of the legs1 when  
the hand does not oppose it4  ,q4 ,how  
can we judge whether an attaque is      
regular8  ,a4 ,when1 far from making the
 horse get out of hand1 it makes him    
come into it4  ,q4 ,how ought the hand  
to be supported at the moments of       
resistance on the part of the horse8    
,a4 ,the hand ought to stop1 fix itself1
 and only be drawn sufficiently towards 
the body to give the reins a            
three-quarter tension4 ,in the contrary 
case1 we must wait till the horse bears 
upon the hand to present this           
insurmountable barrier to him4  ,q4     
,what would be the inconvenience of     
increasing the pressure of the bit by   
drawing the hand towards the body in    
order to slacken the horse in his paces 
by getting him in hand8  ,a4 ,it would  
not produce an effect upon a particular 
part1 but would act generally upon all  
the forces1 in displacing the weight    
instead of annulling the force of       

impulsion4 ,we should not wish to       
incline to one side what we cannot stop4
  ,q4 ,in what case ought we to make use
 of the cavesson1 and what is its use8  
,a4 ,we should make use of it when the  
faulty construction of the horse leads  
him to defend himself1 when only simple 
movements are demanded of him4 ,it is   
also useful to use the cavesson with    
restive horses1 as its object is to act 
upon the moral1 while the rider acts    
upon the physical4  ,q4 ,how ought we to
 make use of the cavesson8  ,a4 ,at     
first1 the longe of the cavesson should 
be held at from fifteen or twenty inches
 from the horse's head1 held out and    
supported with a stiff wrist4 ,we must  
watch the proper times to diminish or   
increase the bearing of the cavesson    
upon the horse's nose1 so as to use it  
as an aid4 ,all viciousness that leads  
him to act badly is to be repressed by  
little jerks1 which should be given at  
the very moment of defense4 ,as soon as 
the rider's movements begin to be       

appreciated by the horse1 the longe of  
the cavesson ought no longer to act2 at 
the end of a few days the horse will    
only need the bit1 to which he will     
respond without hesitation4  ,q4 ,in    
what case is the rider less intelligent 
than the horse8  ,a4 ,when the latter   
subjects him to his caprices1 and does  
what he wishes with him4  ,q4 ,are the  
defenses of the horse physical or moral8
  ,a4 ,at first they are physical1 but  
afterwards become moral2 the rider ought
 then to seek out the causes that       
produce them1 and endeavor1 by a        
preparatory exercise1 to re-establish   
the correct equilibrium that a bad      
natural formation prevented4  ,q4 ,can  
the naturally well-balanced horse defend
 himself8  ,a4 ,it would be as difficult
 for a subject uniting all that         
constitutes a good horse to give himself
 up to disorderly movements1 as it is   
impossible for the one that has not     
received the like gifts from nature1 to 
have regular movements1 if art did not  

lend him its aid4  ,q4 ,what do you mean
 by rassembler8  ,a4 ,the reunion of    
forces at the centre of gravity4  ,q4   
,can we rassembler the horse that does  
not contain himself under the attaques8 
,a4 ,this is altogether impossible2 the 
legs would be insufficient to           
counterbalance the effects of the hand4 
,q4 ,at what time ought we to rassembler
 the horse8  ,a4 ,when the ramener is   
complete4  ,q4 ,of what service is the  
rassembler8  ,a4 ,to obtain without     
difficulty everything of a complicated  
nature in horsemanship4  ,q4 ,in what   
does the piaffer consist8  ,a4 ,in the  
graceful position of the body and the   
harmonized precision of movement of the 
legs and feet4  ,q4 ,is there more than 
one kind of piaffer8  ,a4 ,two2 the slow
 and the precipitate4  ,q4 ,which is to 
be preferred of these two8  ,a4 ,the    
slow piaffer1 since it is only when this
 is obtained that the equilibrium is    
perfect4  ,q4 ,ought we to make a horse 
piaffe who will not bear the rassembler8

  ,a4 ,no2 for that would be to step out
 of the logical gradation that alone can
 give certain results4 ,besides1 the    
horse that has not been brought forward 
by this chain of principles would only  
execute with trouble and ungracefully   
what he ought to accomplish with        
pleasure and nobly4  ,q4 ,are all riders
 alike suited to conquer all the        
difficulties and seize all the effects  
of touch8  ,a4 ,as in horsemanship1     
intelligence is the starting point for  
obtaining every result1 everything is   
subordinate to this innate disposition2 
but every rider will have the power to  
break his horse to an extent            
commensurate with his own abilities to  
instruct4                               
,,conclusion4   ,everybody complains    
now-a-days of the degeneration of our   
breeds of horses4 ,apprehensive too late
 of a state of things which threatens   
even the national independence1,u       
patriotic spirits are seeking to go back
 to the source of the evil1 and are     

arranging divers systems for remedying  
it as soon as possible4 ,among the      
causes which have contributed the most  
to the loss of our old breeds1 they     
forget1 it seems to me1 to mention the  
decline of horsemanship1 nor do they    
consider that the revival of this art is
 indispensable in bringing about the    
regeneration of the horse4      ,u ,much
 in this chapter1 though written for    
,france1 applies         with great     
appropriateness to our own country4     
,the difficulties of horsemanship have  
long been the same1 but formerly        
constant practice1 if not taste1 kept it
 up2 these stimulants exist no longer4  
,fifty years ago1 every man of rank was 
expected to be able to handle a horse   
with skill1 and break one if necessary4 
,this study was an indispensable part of
 the education of young people of       
family2 and as it obliged them to devote
 two or three years to the rough        
exercises of the manege1 in the end they
 all became horsemen1 some by taste1 the

 rest by habit4 ,these habits once      
acquired were preserved throughout life2
 they then felt the necessity of        
possessing good horses1 and men of      
fortune spared nothing in getting them4 
,the sale of fine horses thus became    
easy2 all gained by it1 the breeder as  
well as the horse4 ,it is not so now2   
the aristocracy of fortune1 succeeding  
to that of birth1 is very willing to    
possess the advantages of the latter1   
but would dispense with the onerous     
obligations which appertained to an     
elevated rank4 ,the desire of showing   
off in public places1 or motives still  
more frivolous1 sometimes lead gentlemen
 of our times to commence the study of  
horsemanship1 but1 soon wearied of a    
work without satisfactory results1 they 
find only a monotonous fatigue where    
they sought a pleasure1 and are         
satisfied they know enough as soon as   
they can stick passably well in the     
saddle4 ,so insufficient a knowledge of 
horsemanship1 as dangerous as it is     

thoughtless1 must necessarily occasion  
sad accidents4 ,they then become        
disgusted with horsemanship and horses1 
and as nothing obliges them to continue 
the exercise1 they give it up nearly    
altogether1 and so much the more easily 
as they naturally care very little about
 the breeds of horses and their         
perfection4 ,we must then1 as a         
preliminary measure in the improvement  
of horses1 raise up horsemanship from   
the low state into which it has fallen4 
,the government can undoubtedly do much 
here2 but it is for the masters of the  
art to supply1 if necessary1 what it    
leaves undone4 ,let them render         
attractive and to the purpose studies   
which have hitherto been too monotonous 
and often barren2 let rational and true 
principles make the scholar see a real  
progress1 that each of his efforts      
brings a success with it2 and we will   
soon see young persons of fortune become
 passionately fond of an exercise which 
has been rendered as interesting to them

 as it is noble1 and discover1 with     
their love for horses1 a lively         
solicitude for all that concerns their  
qualities and education4  ,but horsemen 
can aim at still more brilliant results4
 ,if they succeed in rendering easy the 
education of common horses1 they will   
make the study of horsemanship popular  
among the masses2 they will put within  
reach of moderate fortunes1 so numerous 
in our land of equality1 the practice of
 an art that has hitherto been confined 
to the rich4 ,such has been the aim of  
the labors of my whole life4 ,it is in  
the hope of attaining this end that ,i  
give to the public the fruit of my long 
researches4  ,but ,i should say1        
however1 that if ,i was upheld by the   
hope of being one day useful to my      
country1 it was the army above all that 
occupied my thoughts4 ,though counting  
many skillful horsemen in its ranks1 the
 system they are made to follow1        
impotent in my eyes1 is the true cause  
of the equestrian inferiority of so     

many1 as well as of their horses being  
so awkward and badly broken4 ,i might   
add that to the same motive is to be    
attributed the little taste for         
horsemanship felt by the officers and   
soldiers4 ,how can it be otherwise8 ,the
 low price allowed by government for    
horses of remount1 causes few horses of 
good shape to be met with in the army1  
and it is only of these that the        
education is easy4 ,the officers        
themselves1 mounted upon a very common  
sort of horses1 strive in vain to render
 them docile and agreeable4 ,after two  
or three years of fatiguing exercise1   
they end by gaining a mechanical        
obedience1 but the same resistances and 
the same faults of construction are     
perpetually recurring4 ,disgusted by    
difficulties that appear insurmountable1
 they trouble themselves no more about  
horses and horsemanship than the demands
 of the service actually require4  ,yet 
it is indispensable that a cavalry      
officer be always master of his horse1  

so much so as to be able1 so to say1 to 
communicate his own thoughts to him2 the
 uniformity of manoeres1 the necessities
 of command1 the perils of the          
battle-field1 all demand it             
imperatively4 ,the life of the rider1   
every one knows1 often depends upon the 
good or bad disposition of his steed2 in
 the same way the loss or the gain of a 
battle often hangs on the degree of     
precision in manoeuvring a squadron4 ,my
 method will give military men a taste  
for horsemanship1 a taste which is      
indispensable in the profession they    
practise4 ,the nature of officers'      
horses1 considered as so defective1 is  
exactly the one upon which the most     
satisfactory results may be obtained4   
,these animals generally possess a      
certain degree of energy1 and as soon as
 we know how rightly to use their powers
 by remedying the physical faults that  
paralyze them1 we will be astonished at 
the resources they will exhibit4 ,the   
rider fashioning the steed by degrees   

will regard him as the work of his hand1
 will become sincerely attached to him1 
and will find as much charm in          
horsemanship as he previously felt ennui
 and disgust4 ,my principles are simple1
 easy in their application1 and within  
the reach of every mind4 ,they can      
everywhere make 7what is now so rare7   
skillful horsemen4 ,i am sure that if my
 method is adopted and well understood  
in the army1 where the daily exercise of
 the horse is a necessary duty1 we will 
see equestrian capacities spring up     
among the officers and sub-officers by  
thousands4 ,there is not one among them 
who1 with an hour a day of study would  
not soon be able to give any horse in   
less than three months the following    
qualities and education3  #a4 ,general  
suppling4  #b4 ,perfect lightness4  #c4 
,graceful position4  #d4 ,a steady walk4
  #e4 ,trot steady1 measured1 extended4 
#f4 ,backing as easily and freely as    
going forward4  #g4 ,gallop easy with   
either foot1 and change of foot by the  

touch4  #h4 ,easy and regular movement  
of the haunches1 comprising ordinary and
 reversed pirouettes4  #i4 ,leaping the 
ditch and the bar4  #aj4 ,piaffer4  #aa4
 ,halt from the gallop1 by the aid of   
first1 the pressure of the legs1 and    
then a light support of the hand4 ,i ask
 all conscientious men3 have they seen  
many horsemen of renown obtain similar  
results in so short a time8  ,the       
education of the men's horses1 being    
less complicated than that of those     
intended for officers1 would on that    
account be more rapid4 ,the principal   
things will be the supplings and the    
backing1 followed by the walk1 the trot 
and the gallop1 while keeping the horse 
perfectly in hand4 ,the colonels will   
soon appreciate the excellent results of
 this exercise1 in consequence of the   
precision with which all the movements  
are made4 ,the important flexions of the
 fore-hand can be executed without      
leaving the stables1 each rider turning 
his horse around in the stall4 ,it is   

not for me to point out to the colonels 
of regiments the exact way of putting my
 method in practice2 it is enough for me
 to lay down my principles and to       
explain them4 ,the instructors will     
themselves supply the details of        
application too long to enumerate here4 
,i must again repeat1 this book is the  
fruit of twenty years of observation    
constantly verified by practice4 ,a long
 and painful work without doubt1 but    
what compensation ,i have found in the  
results ,i have been happy enough to    
obtain4 ,in order to let the public     
judge of the importance of my           
discoveries1 it is sufficient here to   
give their nomenclature1 and ,i present 
these processes as new ones1 because ,i 
can conscientiously say that they never 
were practised before me4 ,i have added 
then successively to the manual of the  
horseman the following principles and   
innovations3  #a4 ,new means of         
obtaining a good seat4  #b4 ,means of   
making the horse come to the man1 and   

rendering him steady to mount4  #c4     
,distinction between the instinctive    
forces of the horse and the communicated
 forces4  #d4 ,explanation of the       
influence of a bad formation upon the   
horse's resistances4  #e4 ,effect of bad
 formations on the neck and croup1 the  
principal focuses of resistance4  #f4   
,means of remedying the faults1 or      
supplings of the two extremities1 and   
the whole of the horse's body4  #g4     
,annihilation of the instinctive forces 
of the horse1 in order to substitute for
 them forces transmitted by the rider1  
and to give ease and beauty of motion to
 the ungraceful animal4  #h4 ,equality  
of sensibility of mouth in all horses2  
adoption of a uniform bit4  #i4         
,equality of sensibility of flanks in   
all horses2 means of accustoming them   
all to bear the spur alike4  #aj4 ,all  
horses can place their heads in the     
position of ramener and acquire the same
 lightness4  #aa4 ,means of bringing the
 centre of gravity in a badly-formed    

horse to the place it occupies in a     
well-formed one4  #ab4 ,the rider       
disposes his horse for a moment1 but he 
does not determine the movement4  #ac4  
,why sound horses often are faulty in   
their paces4 ,means of remedying this in
 a few lessons4  #ad4 ,for changes of   
direction1 use of the leg opposite to   
the side towards which we turn1 so that 
it may precede the other one4  #ae4 ,in 
all backward movements of the horse the 
rider's legs ought to precede the hands4
  #af4 ,distinction between the reculer 
and the acculement2 the good effect of  
the former in the horse's education2 the
 bad effect of the latter4  #ag4 ,the   
use of the spurs as a means of          
education4  #ah4 ,all horses can        
piaffer2 means of rendering this        
movement slow or precipitate4  #ai4     
,definition of the true rassembler2     
means of obtaining it2 of its usefulness
 to produce grace and regularity in     
complicated movements4  #bj4 ,means of  
bringing all horses to step out freely  

at a trot4  #ba4 ,rational means of     
putting a horse at a gallop4  #bb4 ,halt
 at a gallop1 the legs or the spur      
preceding the hand4  #bc4 ,force        
continued in proportion to the forces of
 the horse2 the rider should never yield
 until after having annulled the horse's
 resistances4  #bd4 ,education of the   
horse in parts1 or means of exercising  
his forces separately4  #be4 ,complete  
education of horses of ordinary         
formation in less than three months4    
#bf4 ,sixteen new figures of the manege 
proper for giving the finishing touch to
 the horse's education1 and for         
perfecting the rider's touch4  ,it is   
understood that all the details of      
application appertaining to these       
innovations are new also1 and likewise  
belong to me4                           
,,the ,,end4                            
,,index4     ,backing1 #fd-ajg    ,back 
to1 with a halt1 #aaa    ,bit1 false and
 true1 yielding to the1 #ee        form 
of1 #eg        pressure of the1 #ed     

,breaking1 succinct exposition of the   
method of1 #aac    ,croup1 flexions of  
the1 #ei   ,gallop1 of the1 #ia         
,horse1 concentration by the rider of   
the forces of the1 #gh         education
 of the1 #bc                            
first lesson1 #ajj                      
second lesson1 #aja                     
third       1 #aja                      
fourth      1 #ajb                      
fifth       1 #ajb         employment of
 the forces of the1 by the rider1 #fi   
gathering the1 #hh         how to make  
him come to you1 #ce         of the     
forces of the1 #ce         resting his  
chin on his breast1 #ec                 
education of ,partisan1 ,capitaine1     
,neptune and ,buridan1 #ajd    ,jaw1    
flexion of the1 #cf    ,knees1 flexions 
of the1 #bb    ,leaping1 #id    ,legs1  
flexions of the1 #ba    ,neck1          
depression of the1 #dj        direct    
flexions of the head and1 #dh           
lateral              on foot1 #de       
horseback1 #dg    ,piaffer1 the1 #id    

,riding1 preparatory lessons for1 #ai   
,saddles1 exercises in the1 #ai         
,seat1 new means for obtaining a good1  
#ag        of the rider1 #ah    ,spurs1 
the use of the1 #gh    ,supplings1 the  
head and neck1 #cb-eh                   
,recapitulations1 #fg    ,trot1 the1 #gd
           backward1 #aji               
,,just ,,what ,,every ,,housekeeper     
,,wants                                 
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,,the                   ,,economical    
,,cook ,,book      ,or1 ,how to ,prepare
 ,nice ,dishes at a ,moderate ,cost     
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,,containing        ,,nearly ,,five     
,,hundred ,,carefully ,,tried ,,recipes 
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,fish1 ,oysters1 ,clams                 
,,meats ,,of ,,all ,,kinds1             
,,poultry1 ,,eggs1 ,,vegetables1 ,,sauce
            ,,for ,,meats and           
,,puddings1 ,,bread1                    
,,breakfast ,,cakes1 ,etc42 ,,puddings1 
,,pies1 ,,preserves1                    

,,pickles1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4        ,also1 
a ,chapter on ,cookery for ,invalids4   
,the whole compiled and arranged by a   
practical housekeeper4    ,neatly bound 
,price1 post-paid1 by mail1 #cj cents4  
,,address1             ,,albert         
,,cogswell1 ,publisher1                 
#aci ,,eighth ,,street1 ,n4 ,y4         
-----------------------------           
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,,gentleman',s                ,,perfect 
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,,or1            ,hints and ,helps to   
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,,and ,,instructive ,,guide ,,for ,,the 
,,correspondent1  ,containing a very    
,superior and ,original ,collection of  
,miscellaneous ,business ,letters2      
,business ,letters of ,introduction2    
,letters of ,credit2  ,letters of       
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,letters of          ,recommendation2   
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,,address1                ,,albert      
,,cogswell1 ,publisher1                 
#aci ,,eighth ,,street1 ,n4 ,y4         
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,,or1                          ,,how    
,,to ,,behave                           
,,in ,,society4           ,a ,complete  
,manual for ,ladies and ,gentlemen1     
,,embracing       ,hints on             
,introduction1 ,salutation1             
,conversation1        ,friendly ,visits1

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,wedding ,etiquette1 ,christening1      
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,,address1                 ,,albert     
,,cogswell1 ,publisher1                 
#aci ,,eighth ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4      
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,,hints ,,and ,,helps                   
,,to ,,horsemen               ,a ,handy 
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,,address1                 ,,albert     
,,cogswell1 ,publisher1                 

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,,every ,,horse ,,owner',s              
,,cyclopedia4             ,the ,anatomy 
and ,physiology of a ,horse4            
,,general ,,characteristics4            
,,the ,,points ,,of ,,the ,,horse1      
,,with ,,directions ,,how ,,to ,,choose 
,,him4    ,the ,principles of ,breeding1
 and the ,best ,kind to ,breed ,from4   
,the ,treatment of the ,brood ,mare and 
,foal4 ,raising and       ,breaking the 
,colt4 ,stables and ,stable ,management4
               ,riding1 ,driving1 ,etc41
 ,etc4                ,,diseases ,,and  
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,principal ,medicines1 and the ,doses in
 which they can be ,safely              
,administered2 ,accidents1 ,fractures1  
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,f4,r4,c4,s4 7,stonehenge47             
----------          ,the ,american      
,trotting ,horse1 and ,suggestions on   

the                ,breeding and        
,training of ,trotters4                 
,by ,,ellwood ,,harvey4                 
----------             ,,the ,,turf     
,,and ,,trotting ,,horses ,,of          
,,america4                     ,by      
,,john ,,elderkin4                      
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,,stonehenge4             ,,the ,,horse 
in the ,,stable and the ,,field         
,,his ,,management ,,in ,,health ,,and  
,,disease4                 ,by ,j4 ,h4  
,,walsh1 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,s4                

7,,stonehenge47    ,from the ,last      
,london ,edition1 with an ,essay on the 
,,american          ,,trotting ,,horse1 
and suggestions on the ,breeding        
and ,training of ,trotters1             
,by ,,elwood ,,harvey ,m4 ,d4           
,illustrated with over #hj ,engravings1 
and full-page ,engravings from          
,photographs4      #abmo41 ,cloth extra1
 bev4 bds41 black and gold1    #b4      
----------                              
,,woodruff4                ,the         
,trotting ,horse of ,america4           
,,how ,,to ,,train ,,and ,,drive ,,him1 
,,with ,,reminiscences ,,of ,,the       
,,trotting ,,turf4                      
,by ,,hiram ,,woodruff4                 
,edited by ,,charles ,j4 ,,foster4      
,including an ,introductory ,notice1 by 
,,george ,,wilkes1        and a         
,biographical ,sketch by the ,editor4   
#aith edition1 revised and enlarged1    
with an ,appendix and a copious ,index1 
,,with ,a ,,steel ,,portrait ,,of ,,the 
,,author1        and six engravings on  

wood of celebrated trotters4            
#abmo41 ,cloth extra1 black and gold1   
#b4ej      ,sent free by mail on receipt
 of price4 ,address1                    
,,albert ,,cogswell1                    
#aci ,,eighth ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4      
---------------------------             
,,dogs4             ,their ,management  
in ,health  ,disease1                   
,,by                ,,edward ,,mayhew1  
,m4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s4                     
,containing full instructions for       
,,breeding1 ,,rearing1 and ,,kennelling 
,,dogs4              ,their different   
diseases1 embracing                     
,,distemper1 ,,mouth1 ,,teeth1 ,,tongue1
 ,,gullet1                ,,respiratory 
,,organs1 ,,hepatitis1                  
,,indigestion1 ,,gastritis1 ,,st4       
,,vitus'              ,,dance1 ,,bowel  
,,diseases1 ,,paralysis1                
,,rheumatism1 ,,fits1 ,,rabies1         
,,skin ,,diseases1 ,,canker1 ,,diseases 
,,of ,,the ,,limbs1 ,,fractures1        
,,operations1                           

,,etc41 ,,etc4           ,,how ,,to     
,,detect ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,cure ,,them4
  ,their medicines1 and the doses in    
which they can be safely administered4  
#abmo41 ,cloth extra1 fully             
,illustrated1 ,price1 #a4               
,,sent ,,free ,,by ,,mail ,,on ,,receipt
 ,,of ,,price1                          
,,address1              ,,albert        
,,cogswell1 ,publisher1             #aci
 ,,eighth ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4       
-------------------------------         
,illustration3 ,,hunting ,,the          
,,buffalo4--,from ,how to ,hunt and     
,trap4     ,the most complete work on   
,hunting  ,trapping ever published4     
,,how ,,to ,,hunt ,,and ,,trap1         
,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,batty1 ,hunter            
,taxidermist4                           
,,containing3      ,full ,instructions  
for ,hunting the ,buffalo1 ,elk1 ,moose1
         ,deer1 ,antelope1 ,bear1 ,fox1 
,grouse1 ,quail1           ,geese1      
,ducks1 ,woodcock1 ,snipe1 etc41        
etc42 also1 the localities where        

game abound4                        ,,in
 ,,trapping3    ,tells you all about    
,steel ,traps2 how to make home-made    
traps1 and how to trap the ,bear1 ,wolf1
 ,wolverine1         ,fox1 ,lynx1       
,badger1 ,otter1 ,beaver1 ,fisher1      
,martin1 ,mink1 etc42 ,birds of ,prey2  
,poisoning ,carnivorous        animals2 
with full directions for preparing      
,pelts for market1 etc41 etc4           
,,illustrated ,,by ,,over #bjj ,,life   
,,engravings4           #abmo41 ,extra  
,cloth1 ,price1 #a4ej4         ,sent    
free by mail on receipt of price4       
,,address1             ,,albert         
,,cogswell1 ,publisher1                 
#aci ,,eighth ,,street1 ,n4 ,y4