,wiscons9 ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,birge1 ,director4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,van ,,hise1 ,consult+ ,geologi/4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v4 ,,educational ,,s]ies ,,no4 #a4 ,,! ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,region ,,ab\t ,,devil',s ,,lake ,,& ,,! ,,dalles ,,( ,,! ,,wiscons91 ,) ,"s ,notes on ,its ,surface ,geology4 ,,by ,,roll9 ,d4 ,,salisbury1 ,a4 ,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,geographic ,geology1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,,& ,,wallace ,w4 ,,atwood1 ,b4 ,s41 ,assi/ant 9 ,geology1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,madison1 ,,wis4 ,publi%$ by ! ,/ate4 #aijj4 ,wiscons9 ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,bo>d ,,( ,,commission]s4 ,,edw>d ,,sc(ield1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate4 ,l4 ,d4 ,,h>vey1 ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,,*>les ,k4 ,,adams1 ,presid5t1 ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,edw9 ,e4 ,,bryant1 ,vice-,presid5t1 ,presid5t ( ! ,commission]s ( ,fi%]ies4 ,,*>les ,s4 ,,sli*t]1 ,secret>y1 ,presid5t ( ! ,wiscons9 ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,arts1 & ,lett]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,e4 ,a4 ,,birge1 ,director ( ! ,survey4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,van ,,hise1 ,consult+ ,geologi/4 ,e4 ,r4 ,,buckley1 ,assi/ant ,geologi/4 ,9 *>ge ( ,economic ,geology4 ,s4 ,,weidman1 ,assi/ant ,geologi/4 ,9 *>ge ( ,geology ( ,wausau ,di/rict4 ,l4 ,s4 ,,smi?1 9 *>ge ( ,hydrography4 ,s4 ,v4 ,,peppel1 ,*emi/4 ,f4 ,r4 ,,d5ni/on1 ,arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dalles ,,( ,,! ,,wiscons94 ,,cont5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,topography ,,) ,,"s ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,surface ,,geology4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,geographic ,,features ,i4 ,! ,pla9 ,surr\nd+ ! ,qu>tzite ,ridges4 ,topography ,/ructure ,orig9 ( ! ,s&/one & ,lime/one ,orig9 ( ! ,topography ,,ii4 ,! ,qu>tzite ,ridges ,topography ,! ,/ructure & ,con/itution ( ! ,ridges ,,iii4 ,relations ( ! ,s&/one ( ! ,pla9 to ! ,qu>tzite ( ! ,ridges ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,topography4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,rock ,,=mations ,,:i* ,,%[ ,,!mselves ,,at ,,! ,,surface4 ,i4 ,! ,pre-,cambrian ,hi/ory ( ! ,qu>tzite ,f loose ,s& to ,qu>tzite ,uplift & ,de=mation4 ,dynamic ,metamorphism ,erosion ( ! ,qu>tzite ,?ickness ( ! ,qu>tzite ,,ii4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,paleozoic ,/rata ,! ,subsid5ce ,! ,potsdam ,s&/one 7& ,conglom]ate7 ,! ,l[] ,magnesian ,lime/one ,! ,/4 ,pet]s ,s&/one ,y\ng] ,b$s ,climatic ,conditions ,"t involv$ ,! ,uplift ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,outl9e ,,( ,,ra9 ,,& ,,riv] ,,erosion ,elem5ts ( ,erosion ,wea!r+ ,corrasion ,erosion )\t ,valleys ,! ,beg9n+ ( a ,valley ,! ,c\rse ( a ,valley ,tribut>y ,valleys ,h[ a ,valley gets a ,/ream ,limits ( a ,valley ,a ,cycle ( ,erosion ,effects ( unequal ,h>dness ,falls & ,rapids ,n>r[s ,erosion ( fold$ ,/rata ,base-level ,pla9s & ,p5epla9s ,transportation & ,deposition ,topographic ,=ms result+ f ,/ream ,deposition ,rejuv5ation ( ,/reams ,und]gr\nd ,wat] ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,erosion ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,/rik+ ,,sc5ic ,,features ,e/abli%m5t ( ,dra9age ,/rik+ sc5ic ,features ,! ,b>aboo ,bluffs ,! ,n>r[s 9 ! ,qu>tzite ,gl5s ,natural ,bridge ,! ,dalles ( ! ,wiscons9 ,! ,m\nds & ,ca/le ,rocks ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,! ,drift ,sn[ ,fields & ice ,%eets ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ice ,%eets ,! ,"w ( glaci] ,ice ,erosive ,"w ( ,ice4 ,effect on ,topography ,deposition by ! ,ice4 ,effect on ,topography ,direction ( ice ,movem5t ,effect ( ,topography on ,movem5t ,glacial ,deposits ,! gr\nd ,mora9e ,con/itution ,topography ,t]m9al ,mora9es ,topography ( t]m9al ,mora9es ,! t]m9al ,mora9e ab\t ,devil's ,lake ,! ,mora9e on ! ma9 ,qu>tzite ,range ,con/itution ( ! m>g9al ,ridge ,! ,slope ( ! upp] ,surface ( ! ,ice at ! ,m>g9 ,/ratifi$ ,drift ,its ,orig9 ,glacial ,dra9age ,/ages 9 ! ,hi/ory ( an ,ice ,%eet ,deposits made by extraglacial ,wat]s dur+ ! maximum ,ext5sion ( ! ,ice ,at ! ,edge ( ! ,ice1 on ,l& ,beyond ! ,edge ( ! ,ice1 on ,l& ,deposits at & beyond ! ,edge ( ! ,ice 9 /&+ ,wat] ,deposits made by extraglacial ,wat]s dur+ ! ,retreat ( ! ,ice ,deposits made by extraglacial ,wat]s dur+ ! ,advance ( ! ,ice ,deposits made by subglacial ,/reams ,relations ( /ratifi$ to un/ratifi$ ,drift ,complexity ( ,relations ,classification ( /ratifi$ ,drift on ! ,basis ( ,position ,extraglacial ,deposits ,sup]mora9ic deposits ,! submora9ic 7basal7 ,deposits ,int]mora9ic /ratifi$ ,drift ,*anges 9 ,dra9age effect$ by ! ,ice ,:ile ! ,ice 0 on ,wiscons9 ,lake ,b>aboo ,lake ,devil's ,lake 9 glacial ,times ,aft] ! ,ice _h disappe>$ ,lakes ,exi/+ ,lakes ,*anges 9 ,/reams ,skillett ,creek ,! ,wiscons9 ,! ,driftless ,area ,contra/ betwe5 glaciat$ & unglaciat$ ,areas ,topography ,dra9age ,mantle ,rock ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,plates4 ,plate ,frontispiece4 ,! ,dalles ( ! ,wiscons9 ,i4 ,g5]al map ( ! ,devil's ,lake region ,,ii4 ,local map ( ! ,devil's ,lake region ,,iii4 ,fig4 #a--,ripple m>ks on a slab ( s&/one ,fig4 #b--,piece ( ,potsdam conglom]ate ,,iv4 ,l[] ,n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo ,v4 ,devil's ,lake not* ,,vi4 ,ea/ bluff ( ,devil's ,lake ,,vii4 ,ea/ bluff at ! ,upp] ,n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo ne> ,ableman's ,,viii4 ,v]tical %e> zone face ( ea/ bluff at ,devil's ,lake ,,ix4 ,massive qu>tzite 9 situ 9 road ?r\gh ,upp] ,n>r[s ne> ,ableman's ,x4 ,brecciat$ qu>tzite ,,xi4 ,nor?we/ wall ( ! ,upp] ,n>r[s ,,xii4 ,/eamboat ,rock ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #a--;,a v "y valley ,fig4 #b--;,a valley at lat] /age ( developm5t ,fig4 #c--,"y valleys ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #a--,same valleys z %[n 9 ,pl4 ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #c1 b at a lat] /age ( developm5t ,fig4 #b--,same valleys z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a 9 lat] /age ( developm5t ,,xv4 ,diagram illu/rat+ h[ a h>d incl9$ lay] ( rock becomes a ridge 9 ! process ( degradation ,,xvi4 ,skillett ,falls ,,xvii4 ,a gr\p ( m\nds on ! pla9 nor?we/ f ,camp ,d\glas ,,xviii4 ,ca/le ,rock ne> ,camp ,d\glas ,,xix4 ,fig4 #a--,sket* ( a "y valley ,fig4 #b--,same valleys z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a 9 lat] /age ( developm5t ,,xx4 ,fig4 #a--,sket* ( a "p ( a valley at a /age ( developm5t correspond+ to ! cross section %[n 9 ,figure #ba ,fig4 #b--,sket* ( a section ( ! ,b>aboo valley ,,xxi4 ,cleopatra's ,ne$le ,,xxii4 ,turk's ,head ,,xxiii4 ,devil's ,doorway ,,xxiv4 ,talus slope on ea/ bluff ( ,devil's ,lake ,,xxv4 ,dorw>d's ,gl5 ,,xxvi4 ,natural ,bridge ne> ,d5z] ,,xxvii4 ,! ,navy ,y>d ,,xxviii4 ,*imney ,rock ,,xxix4 ,an isl& 9 ! ,l[] ,dalles ,,xxx4 ,view 9 ,l[] ,dalles ,,xxxi4 ,/& ,rock ,,xxxii4 ,pet5well ,peak ,,xxxiii4 ,nor? ,am]ican ice %eet ,,xxxiv4 ,owl's ,head ,,xxxv4 ,cut 9 glacial drift ,,xxxvi4 ,glaciat$ /ones ,,xxxvii4 ,topographic map ( a small area ab\t ,devil's ,lake ,,xxxviii4 ,di/ort$ lam9ae ( silt & clay ,,figures ,,9 ,,text4 ,figure #a4 ,pr(ile across ! ,b>aboo qu>tzite ranges ?r\gh ,b>aboo #b4 ,pr(ile across ! ,b>aboo ranges ?r\gh ,m]rimac ,transcrib]'s note3 ,!re is no figure #c4 #d4 ,diagram %[+ ! /ructure ( ! qu>tzite #e4 ,diagram %[+ ! relation ( ! ,potsdam s&/one to ! ,b>aboo qu>tzite #f4 ,diagram illu/rat+ effect ( fault+ on outcrop #g4 ,diagram %[+ ! disposition ( s$im5ts ab\t an isl& #h4 ,! same z #g aft] subsid5ce #i4 ,diagram %[+ relation ( ,potsdam conglom]ate to qu>tzite at ,devil's ,lake #aj4 ,cross section ( a delta #aa4 ,! geological =mations ( s\!rn ,wiscons9 #ab4 ,a typical riv] sy/em #ac4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! relations ( gr\nd wat] to /reams #ad4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! %ift+ ( divides #ae4 ,diagram %[+ topography at ! v>i\s /ages ( an erosion cycle #af4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! developm5t ( rapids & falls #ag4 ,sket* look+ nor?we/ f ,camp ,d\glas #ah4 ,diagrammatic cross section ( a "y valley #ai4 ,diagrammatic pr(ile ( a "y valley #bj4 ,diagrammatic cross section ( a valley 9 a lat] /age ( developm5t #ba4 ,! same at a /ill lat] /age #bb4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! topographic effect or rejuv5ation ( a /ream by uplift #bc4 ,normal pr(ile ( a valley bottom #bd4 ,pr(ile ( a /ream rejuv5at$ by uplift #be4 ,diagram illu/rat+ monocl9al %ift+ #bf4 ,diagram %[+ ! relation ( ! ,potsdam s&/one to ! qu>tzite at ! ,upp] ,n>r[s #bg4 ,diagrammatic cross section ( a field ( ice & sn[ #bh4 ,%ape ( an erosion hill be=e glaciation #bi4 ,! same aft] glaciation #cj4 ,diagram %[+ ! effect ( a valley on ! movem5t ( ice #ca4 ,! same "u diff]5t conditions #cb4 ,diagram %[+ ! relation ( drift to ! und]ly+ rock :]e ! drift is ?ick #cc4 ,! same :]e ! drift is relatively ?9 #cd4 ,diagrammatic repres5tation ( ! effect ( a hill on ! edge ( ! ice #ce4 ,! same at a lat] /age ( ! ice advance #cf4 ,map %[+ ! relation ( ! ice lobes dur+ ! ,wiscons9 epo* ( ! glacial p]iod #cg4 ,sket* ( ! t]m9al mora9e topography ea/ ( ,devil's ,lake #ch4 ,cut ?r\gh ! t]m9al mora9e ea/ ( ,kirkl& #ci4 ,cross section ( ! m>g9al ridge ( ! mora9e on ! s\? slope ( ! ,devil's nose #dj4 ,cross section ( ! m>g9al ridge ( ! mora9e on ! cre/ ( ! qu>tzite range #da4 ,mora9ic outwa% pla9 #db4 ,! same 9 o!r relations #dc4 ,skillett ,creek & its peculi>ities #dd4 ,! ,wiscons9 valley ne> ,kilb\rn city #de4 ,dra9age 9 ! driftless area #df4 ,dra9age 9 ! glaciat$ area #dg4 ,section 9 ! driftless region %[+ relation ( ! soil to ! solid rock b5ea? ,,"p ,i4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,! ,,topography4 ,,) ,,"s ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,surface ,,geology4 ,,geography ,,& ,,surface ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,devil',s ,,lake ,,region4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,geographic ,,features4 ,?is report has to d ) ! physical geography ( ! area 9 s\? c5tral ,wiscons91 %[n on ! accompany+ sket* map1 ,plate ,i4 ,! region is ( especial int]e/1 bo? because ( its /rik+ sc5]y1 & because x illu/rates cle>ly _m ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! evolution ( ! geography ( l& surfaces4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! region is an undulat+ pla91 above :i* rise a few notable elevations1 *ief among :i* are ! ,b>aboo qu>tzite ranges1 m>k$ by diagonal l9es on ,plates ,i & ,,ii4 ,^! elevations h (t5 be5 describ$ z two ranges4 ,! ,s\? or ma9 range lies ?ree miles s\? ( ,b>aboo1 :ile ! ,nor? or less] range1 :i* is f> f cont9u\s1 lies j nor? ( ! city4 ,! ma9 range has a g5]al ea/-we/ tr5d1 & rises ) bold & sometimes precipit\s slopes #ejj to #hjj feet above its surr\nd+s4 ,a deep gap ?ree or f\r miles s\? ( ,b>aboo 7,plates ,,ii1 ,v1 & ,,xxxvii7 divides ! ma9 range into an ea/]n & a we/]n portion1 kn[n respectively z ! ,ea/ & ,we/ bluffs or ranges4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! gap lies ,devil's lake 7i1 ,plate ,,ii & ,plate ,,xxxvii71 p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ body ( wat] ( its size 9 ! /ate1 if n 9 ! :ole nor!rn int]ior4 ,a g5]al notion ( ! topography ( a small area 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! lake may be obta9$ f ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,! highe/ po9t 9 ! range is ab\t f\r miles ea/ ( ! lake1 & has an elevation ( m ?an #a1fjj feet above sea level1 m ?an #a1jjj feet above ,lake ,mi*igan1 & ab\t #hjj feet above ! ,b>aboo valley at its nor!rn base4 ,! ea/w>d ext5sion ( ! we/ range 7,plate ,,xxxvii7 ly+ s\? ( ! lake1 & popul>ly kn[n z ! ,devil's nose1 rea*es an elevation ( a little m ?an #a1ejj feet4 ,! less] or ,nor? qu>tzite range 7,plate ,,ii7 rises #cjj feet to #ejj feet above its surr\nd+s4 ,x assumes consid]able prom95ce at ! ,upp] & ,l[] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo 7b & c1 ,plate ,,ii1 c1 ,plate ,,xxxvii & ,plate ,,iv74 ,! ,nor? range is n only l[] ?an ! ,s\? range1 b its slopes are g5]ally less /eep1 &1 z ,plate ,,ii %[s1 x is also less cont9u\s4 ,! less] elevation & ! g5tl] slopes make x f> less conspicu\s4 ,ab\t ?ree miles s\?we/ ( ,portage 7,plate ,,ii7 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ranges jo91 & ! elevation at ! po9t ( union is ab\t #dej feet above ! ,wiscons9 riv] a few miles to ! ea/4 ,! l[] c\ntry above :i* ^! conspicu\s ridges rise1 has an av]age elevation ( ab\t #a1jjj feet above ! sea1 & ext5ds f> beyond ! bord]s ( ! area ) :i* ?is report is conc]n$4 ,! rock und]ly+ x 9 ! vic9ity ( ,b>aboo is *iefly s&/one1 b !re is mu* lime/one f>!r ea/ & s\?1 9 ! area ) :i* ! ,b>aboo region is topographically cont9u\s4 ,bo? ! s&/one & lime/one are mu* less resi/ant ?an ! qu>tzite1 & ?is diff]5ce has _h mu* to d ) ! topography ( ! region4 ,! di/9ctness ( ! qu>tzite ridges z topographic features is indicat$ 9 ,plate ,,xxxvii by ! clos5ess ( ! cont\r l9es on _! slopes4 ,! same features are %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 :i* repres5t pr(iles along two nor?-s\? l9es pass+ ?r\gh ,b>aboo & ,m]rimac respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,i4 ,g5]al map %[+ ! location ( ! *ief po9ts m5tion$ 9 ?is report4 ,! location ( ! area %[n 9 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 c5t]+ ab\t ,b>aboo1 is indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,ii4 ,map ( ,area consid]$ 9 ?is ,report4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,pr(ile along a l9e ext5d+ due nor? & s\? f ,b>aboo across ! nor? & s\? ranges4 ,! dott$ cont9uation nor?w>d1 repres5ts ! ext5sion ( ! pr(ile beyond ! topographic map1 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,pr(ile nor? f ,m]rimac across ! qu>tzite ranges4 ,! dott$ cont9uation nor?w>d repres5ts ! ext5sion ( ! pr(ile beyond ! topographic map1 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,i4 ,,! ,,pla9 ,,surr\nd+ ,,! ,,qu>tzite ,,ridges4 ,topography4--,z se5 f ! top ( ! qu>tzite ridges1 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry appe>s to be an ext5sive pla91 b at clos] range x is se5 to h consid]able relief al?\gh !re are ext5sive areas :]e ! surface is ne>ly flat4 ,! relief ( ! surface is ( two some:at diff]5t types4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! area1 especially 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! tract %[n on ,plate ,,ii1 ! surface is made up ( a succession ( ridges & valleys4 ,! ridges may be brok5 by depressions at frequ5t int]vals1 b ! valleys are n[h]e simil>ly int]rupt$4 ,x w\ld r>ely be possible to walk along a ridge or divide = _m miles )\t desc5d+ into valleys2 b once 9 a valley 9 any "p ( ! area1 x may be desc5d$ )\t int]ruption1 until ! ,b>aboo1 ! ,wiscons91 ! ,mississippi1 & f9ally ! gulf is rea*$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! depressions are cont9u\s1 b ! elevations are n4 ,?is is ! fir/ type ( topography4 ,:]e ?is type ( topography prevails its relation to dra9age is evid5t at a glance4 ,all ! l>g] depressions are occupi$ by /reams cont9u\sly1 :ile ! small] ones conta9 runn+ wat] dur+ "s "p ( ! ye>4 ,! relations ( /reams to ! depressions1 & ! we> :i* ! /reams effect1 :e!r !y be p]man5t or tempor>y1 sugge/ t runn+ wat] is at lea/ "o ( ! ag5cies conc]n$ 9 ! mak+ ( valleys4 ,an idea ( ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! valleys1 z well z _m sugge/ions conc]n+ ! evolution ( ! topography ( ! brok5 pla9 9 :i* !y lie might be ga9$ by ent]+ a valley at its head1 & foll[+ x :]ev] x leads4 ,at its head1 ! valley is relatively n>r[1 & its slopes desc5d promptly f ei!r side 9 su* a mann] t a cross-section ( ! valley is ,v-%ap$4 ,9 places1 z we/ ( ,camp ,d\glas1 ! deep1 /eep-sid$ valleys are f\nd to lead d[n & out f a tract ( l& s slightly roll+ z to be well adapt$ to cultivation4 ,foll[+ d[n ! valley1 its progressive increase 9 wid? & dep? is at once evid5t1 & at ! same "t small tribut>y valleys come 9 f "r & left4 ,at no great di/ance f ! heads ( ! valleys1 /reams are f\nd 9 _! bottoms4 ,z ! valleys increase 9 wid? & dep?1 & z ! tribut>ies become m num]\s & wid]1 ! topography ( :i* ! valleys are a feature1 becomes m & m brok54 ,at fir/ ! tracts betwe5 ! /reams are 9 ! =m ( ridges1 wide if p>allel valleys are di/ant f "o ano!r1 & n>r[ if !y are ne>4 ,! ridges w9d ) ! valleys :i* sep>ate !m4 ,:atev] ! wid? ( ! int]-/ream ridges1 x is cle> t !y mu/ become n>r[] z ! valleys betwe5 !m become wid]1 & 9 foll[+ d[n a valley a po9t is rea*$1 soon] or lat]1 :]e ! valleys1 ma9 & tribut>y1 are ( su* size & s num]\s t _! slopes con/itute a l>ge "p ( ! surface4 ,:]e ?is is true1 & :]e ! valleys are deep1 ! l& is ( little indu/rial value except = timb] & graz+4 ,:51 9 desc5d+ a valley sy/em1 ?is sort ( topography is rea*$1 ! roads (t5 foll[ ei!r ! valleys or ! ridges1 h[ev] indirect & crook$ !y may be4 ,:]e ! ridges sep>at+ ! valleys 9 su* a region h consid]able l5g?1 !y are sometimes spok5 ( z hog backs4 ,/ill f>!r d[n ! valley sy/em1 tribut>y valleys ( ! second & l[] ord]s cross ! hog backs1 cutt+ !m into hills4 ,by ! "t ?is sort ( topography is rea*$1 a s]ies ( flats is f\nd bord]+ ! /reams4 ,^! flats may occur on bo? sides ( ! /ream1 or on b "o4 ,! topography & ! soil ( ^! flats are su* z to enc\rage agriculture1 & ! riv] flats or alluvial pla9s are among ! *oice/ f>m+ l&s4 ,) increas+ di/ance f ! heads ( ! valleys1 ^! riv] pla9s are exp&$1 & may be wid5$ s z to occupy ! great] "p ( ! surface4 ,! int]v5+ elevations are !re relatively few & small4 ,_! cre/s1 h[ev]1 (t5 rise to ! same level z t ( ! broad] int]-/ream areas f>!r up ! valleys4 ,! relations ( ! valleys & ! high l&s sep>at+ !m1 is su* z to sugge/ t !re are1 g5]ally speak+1 two sets ( flat surfaces1 ! high] "o repres5t+ ! upl& 9 :i* ! valleys lie1 ! l[] "o repres5t+ ! alluvial pla9s ( ! /reams4 ,! two sets ( flats are at once sep>at$ & connect$ by slopes4 ,at ! head ( a dra9age sy/em1 ! upl& flats pr$om9ate2 9 ! l[] c\rses1 ! riv] pla9s2 9 an int]m$iate /age1 ! slopes are m conspicu\s ?an ei!r upp] or l[] flat4 ,s\?we/ f ,devil's lake & nor?we/ f ,sauk ,city1 9 ! valley ( ,honey creek1 & aga9 9 ! region s\?we/ f ,camp ,d\glas1 ! topography j describ$ is well illu/rat$4 ,9 bo? ^! localities1 z 9 all o!rs :]e ?is type ( topography prevails1 ! intimate relations ( topography & dra9age _c fail to sugge/ t ! /reams :i* are today wid5+ & deep5+ ! valleys ?r\gh :i* !y fl[1 _h mu* to d ) _! orig9 & developm5t4 ,?is hypo!sis1 z appli$ to ! region "u consid]ation1 may be te/$ by ! /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! pla94 ,! second type ( topography affect+ ! pla9 ab\t ! qu>tzite ranges is f\nd ea/ ( a l9e runn+ f ,kilb\rn ,city to a po9t j nor? ( ,prairie du ,sac4 ,?\gh 9 its l>g] features ! area ea/ ( ?is l9e resembles t to ! we/1 its m9or features are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,"h !re are _m depressions :i* h no outlets1 & m>%es1 ponds1 & small lakes ab\nd4 ,n only ?is1 b _m ( ! less] elevations /& 9 no def9ite relation to valleys4 ,! two types ( topography make x cle> t !y 7 develop$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,/ructure4--,exam9ation ( ! c\ntry surr\nd+ ! ,b>aboo ridges %[s t its surface is und]laid at no great dep? by horizontal or ne>ly horizontal b$s ( s&/one & lime/one 7see ,plates ,,xvi1 ,,xxviii1 & ,frontispiece74 ,^! b$s are frequ5tly expos$ on opposite sides ( a valley1 & 9 su* positions ! b$s ( "o side are f\nd to mat* ^? on ! o!r4 ,?is is well %[n along ! n>r[ valley ( ,skillett creek j above ! ,pewit's ne/4 ,"h ! swift /ream is rapidly deep5+ its *annel1 & x is cle> t a few ye>s h5ce1 lay]s ( s&/one :i* are n[ cont9u\s b5ea? ! b$ ( ! creek w h be5 cut ?r\gh1 & _! edges w appe> on opposite sides ( ! valley j z high] lay]s d n[4 ,"h ! mo/ skeptical might be conv9c$ t ! lay]s ( rock on ei!r side ( ! n>r[ gorge 7 once cont9u\s across x1 & may see1 at ! same "t1 ! means by :i* ! sep>ation 0 effect$4 ,betwe5 ! slight sep>ation1 "h1 :]e ! valley is n>r[1 & ! great sep>ation :]e ! valleys are wide1 !re are all gradations4 ,! /udy ( progressively wid] valleys1 comm5c+ ) su* a gorge z t ref]r$ to1 leaves no room = d\bt t ev5 ! wide valleys1 z well z ! n>r[ ones1 7 cut out ( ! s&/one by runn+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,ripple m>ks on a slab ( ,potsdam s&/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,piece ( ,potsdam conglom]ate4 ,! l>g] pebbles are ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! same conclusion z to ! orig9 ( ! valleys may be rea*$ 9 ano!r way4 ,ei!r ! b$s ( rock 7 =m$ ) _! pres5t topography1 or ! valleys h be5 excavat$ 9 !m s9ce !y 7 =m$4 ,_! mode ( orig9 w !re=e help to decide betwe5 ^! alt]natives4 ,orig9 ( ! s&/one & lime/one4--,! s&/one ( ! region1 kn[n z ! ,potsdam s&/one1 consi/s ( m$ium siz$ gra9s ( s&1 cem5t$ toge!r by silice\s1 f]rug9\s1 or calc>e\s cem5t4 ,if ! cem5t 7 remov$1 ! s&/one w\ld be r$uc$ to s&1 9 all respect simil> to t accumulat+ along ! %ores ( seas & lakes today4 ,! surfaces ( ! sep>ate lay]s ( s&/one are (t5 di/9ctly ripple-m>k$ 7,fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,iii71 & ! "* ( ! m>k+s is id5tical 9 all ess5tial respects ) ! ripples :i* affect ! surface ( ! s& along ! %ores ( ,devil's lake1 or s&y bea*es else:]e1 at ! pres5t "t4 ,^! ripple m>ks on ! surfaces ( ! s&/one lay]s mu/ h orig9at$ :ile ! s& 0 movable1 & !re=e be=e x 0 cem5t$ into s&/one4 ,9 ! b$s ( s&/one1 fossils ( m>9e animals are f\nd4 ,%ells1 or ca/s ( %ells ( v>i\s sorts are common1 z are also ! tracks & burr[+s ( animals :i* _h no %ells4 ,among ^! latt] signs ( life may be m5tion$ ! bor+s ( worms4 ,^! bor+s are n n[ always holl[1 b _! fill+s are (t5 s unlike ! surr\nd+ rock1 t !y are /ill cle>ly m>k$4 ,^! worm bor+s1 l ! ripple m>ks1 %[ t ! s& 0 once loose4 ,! basal b$s ( ! s&/one are (t5 conglom]atic4 ,! conglom]atic lay]s are made up ( wat]-worn pieces ( qu>tzite1 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #b1 rang+ 9 size f small pebbles to l>ge b[ld]s4 ,! int]/ices ( ! co>se mat]ial are fill$ by s&1 & ! :ole cem5t$ into solid rock4 ,! conglom]atic phase ( ! s&/one may be se5 to advantage at ,p>frey's gl5 7a1 ,plate ,,xxxvii7 & ,dorw>d's gl51 7b1 same plate7 on ! ,ea/ bluff ( ,devil's lake above ! ,cliff ,h\se1 & at ! ,upp] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo1 ne> ,ablemans4 ,x is also visible at num]\s o!r less accessible & less easily designat$ places4 ,f ^! sev]al facts1 viz43 ! horizontal /rata1 ! ripple-m>ks on ! surfaces ( ! lay]s1 ! fossils1 ! "* ( ! s&1 & ! wat]-worn pebbles & b[ld]s ( ! basal conglom]ate1 positive conclusions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! =mation may be drawn4 ,! arrangem5t 9 def9ite lay]s proves t ! =mation is s$im5t>y2 t is1 t its mat]ials 7 accumulat$ 9 wat] :i!r !y _h be5 wa%$ f ! l& :i* !n exi/$4 ,! ripple-m>ks %[ t ! wat] 9 :i* ! b$s ( s& 7 deposit$ 0 %all[1 = 9 su* wat] only are ripple-m>ks made4#a ,once develop$ on ! surface ( ! s& !y may be pres]v$ by burial "u new deposits1 j z ripple-m>ks on s&y %ores are n[ be+ buri$ & pres]v$4 #a ,ripple m>ks are (t5 se5 on ! surface ( w9d-bl[n s&1 b ! o!r features ( ?is s&/one %[ t ?is 0 n its mode ( accumulation4 ,! conglom]ate b$s ( ! =mation corroborate ! conclusions to :i* ! composition & /ructure ( ! s&/one po9t4 ,! wat]-worn %apes ( ! pebbles & /ones %[ t !y 7 accumulat$ 9 wat]1 :ile _! size %[s t ! wat] mu/ h be5 %all[1 = /ones ( su* sizes are h&l$ only by wat] ( su* slight dep? t waves or /rong curr5ts are effective at ! bottom4 ,fur!rmore1 ! l>ge b[ld]s %[ t ! s\rce ( supply 7qu>tzite7 mu/ h be5 close at h&1 & t !re=e l& compos$ ( ?is rock mu/ h exi/$ n f> f ! places :]e ! conglom]ate is f\nd4 ,! fossils likewise are ! fossils ( aquatic life4 ,n only ?is1 b !y are ! fossils ( animals :i* liv$ 9 salt wat]4 ,! pres5ce ( salt wat]1 t is1 ! sea1 9 ?is region :5 ! s& ( ! s&/one 0 accumulat+1 makes ! wide ext5t ( ! =mation rational4 ,f ! con/itution & /ructure ( ! s&/one1 x is !re=e inf]r$ t x accumulat$ 9 %all[ sea wat]1 & t1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,devil's lake1 !re 7 l& masses 7isl&s7 ( qu>tzite :i* furni%$ ! pebbles & b[ld]s f\nd 9 ! conglom]ate b$s at ! base ( ! =mation4 ,?is be+ ! orig9 ( ! s&/one1 x is cle> t ! lay]s :i* n[ appe> on opposite sides ( valleys mu/ once h be5 cont9u\s across ! depressions2 = ! s& accumulat$ 9 %all[ wat] is nev] deposit$ s z to leave valleys betwe5 ridges4 ,x is deposit$ 9 b$s :i* are cont9u\s ov] consid]able areas4 ,)9 ! area "u consid]ation1 lime/one is mu* less widely di/ribut$ ?an s&/one4 ,?9 b$s ( x alt]nate ) lay]s ( s&/one 9 ! upp] portion ( ! ,potsdam =mation1 & m massive b$s lie above ! s&/one on "s ( ! high] elevations ( ! pla9 ab\t ! qu>tzite ridge4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! s\!rn & s\?we/]n p>ts ( ! region %[n on ,plate ,,ii4 ,! lime/one imm$iately ov]ly+ ! s&/one is ! ,l[] ,magnesian lime/one4 ,! b$s ( lime/one1 l ^? ( ! s&/one b5ea?1 are horizontal or ne>ly s1 & ! upp] =mation lies con=mably on ! l[]4 ,! lime/one does n conta9 wat]-worn pebbles1 & ! surfaces ( its lay]s are r>ely if ev] ripple-m>k$2 yet ! arrangem5t ( ! rock 9 di/9ct lay]s :i* c>ry fossils ( m>9e animals %[s t ! lime/one1 l ! s&/one b5ea?1 0 laid d[n 9 ! sea4 ,! be>+ ( ?is orig9 ( ! lime/one on ! developm5t ( ! pres5t valleys is ! same z t ( ! s&/one4 ,orig9 ( ! topography4--,! topography ( ! pla9 surr\nd+ ! qu>tzite ridges1 especially t "p ly+ we/ ( ,devil's lake1 is !n an erosion topography1 develop$ by runn+ wat]4 ,its *ief *>act]i/ic is t e depression leads to a l[] "o1 & t ! =m ( ! elevations1 hills or ridges1 is det]m9$ by ! valleys4 ,! valleys 7 made2 ! hills & ridges left4 ,if ! mat]ial c>ri$ away by ! /reams c\ld be return$1 ! valleys w\ld be fill$ to ! level ( ! ridges :i* b\nd !m4 ,7 ?is done1 ! re/or$ surface w\ld be ess5tially flat4 ,x is ! sculptur+ ( su* a pla91 *iefly by runn+ wat]1 :i* has giv5 rise to ! pres5t topography4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is topography ! m resi/ant lime/one has s]v$ z a capp+1 t5d+ to pres]ve ! hills & ridges4 ,?us _m ( ! hills1 especially 9 ! s\?we/ portion ( ! area %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii1 are f\nd to h caps ( ! ,l[] ,magnesian =mation4 ,su* hills usually h flat tops & /eep or ev5 precipit\s slopes d[n to ! base ( ! capp+ lime/one1 :ile ! s&/one bel[1 wea!r+ m readily1 gives ! l[] portions ( ! hills a g5tl] slope4 ,! elevations ( ! hills & ridges above ! axes ( ! valleys or1 9 o!r words1 ! relief ( ! pla9 is1 on ! av]age1 ab\t #cjj feet1 only a few ( ! m prom95t hills exce$+ t figure4 ,! topography ea/ ( ! l9e betwe5 ,kilb\rn ,city & ,prairie du ,sac is n ( ! unmodifi$ erosion type1 z is made evid5t by m>%es1 ponds & lakes4 ,! dep>ture f ! erosion type is due to a mantle ( glacial drift :i* masks ! topography ( ! b$d$ rock b5ea?4 ,its nature1 & ! topographic modifications :i* x has produc$1 w be m fully consid]$ 9 a lat] "p ( ?is report4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,iv4 ,! ,l[] ,n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo f a po9t on ! ,s\? range4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,qu>tzite ,,ridges4 ,topography4--,! ,s\? or ma9 qu>tzite range1 ab\t #bc miles 9 l5g? & "o to f\r miles 9 wid?1 rises #ejj feet to #hjj feet above ! surr\nd+ s&/one pla94 ,its slopes are g5]ally too /eep = cultivation1 & are clo!d = ! mo/ "p ) a heavy gr[? ( timb]1 ! banks ( =e/ be+ brok5 "h & !re by cultivat$ fields1 or by ! purple grey ( ! rock esc>pm5ts too /eep = trees to ga9 a foo?old4 ,) ! possible exception ( ! ,blue m\nds s\?we/ ( ,madison1 ?is qu>tzite range is ! mo/ obtrusive topographic feature ( s\!rn ,wiscons94 ,z approa*$ f ! s\?1 "o ( ! /rik+ features ( ! range is its ne>ly ev5 cre/4 ,ext5d+ = miles 9 an ea/-we/ direction1 its summit gives a sky-l9e ( long & g5tle curves1 9 :i* ! highe/ po9ts are b little above ! l[e/4 ,view$ f ! nor?1 ! ev5ness ( ! cre/ is n less di/9ct1 b f ?is side x is se5 to be int]rupt$ by a notable break or not* at ,devil's lake 7,plates ,v & ,,xxxvii74 ,! pass across ! range makes a "r-angl$ turn 9 cross+ ! range1 & = ?is reason is n se5 f ! s\?4 ,! ,nor? or less] qu>tzite range ly+ nor? ( ,b>aboo is bo? n>r[] & l[] ?an ! s\? range1 & its cre/ is frequ5tly int]rupt$ by not*es or passes1 "s ( :i* are wide4 ,ne> its ea/]n end occurs ! /rik+ gap kn[n z ! ,l[] n>r[s 7,plate ,,iv7 ?r\gh :i* ! ,b>aboo riv] escapes to ! nor?w>d1 fl[+ !nce to ! ,wiscons94 ,at ?is n>r[s ! qu>tzite bluffs rise abruptly #ejj feet above ! riv]4 ,at a & b1 ,plate ,,ii1 !re are simil> ?\gh small] breaks 9 ! range1 also occupi$ by /reams4 ,! connection betwe5 ! passes & /reams is !re=e close4 ,!re are _m small valleys 9 ! sides ( ! qu>tzite ranges 7especially ! ,s\? range7 :i* d n ext5d back to _! cre/s1 & !re=e d n occasion passes across !m4 ,! n>r[ valleys at a & b 9 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 kn[n z ,p>frey's & ,dorw>d's gl5s1 respectively1 are s+ul>ly beautiful gorges1 & m]it m5tion z well f ! sc5ic z f ! geologic po9t ( view4 ,wid] valleys1 ! heads ( :i* d n rea* ! cre/1 occur on ! flanks ( ! ma9 range 7z at d & e1 ,plate ,,ii7 at _m po9ts4 ,"o su* valley occurs ea/ ( ! nor? end ( ! lake 7x1 ,plate ,,xxxvii71 ano!r we/ ( ! s\? end 7y1 ,plate ,,xxxvii71 ano!r on ! nor? face ( ! we/ bluff we/ ( ! nor? end ( ! lake & betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,sauk roads1 & /ill o!rs at great] di/ances f ! lake 9 bo? directions4 ,x is manife/ t if ! valleys 7 ext5d$ headw>d 9 ! direction ( _! axes1 !y w\ld int]rupt ! ev5 cre/4 ,_m ( ^! valleys1 unlike ! gl5s m5tion$ above1 are v wide 9 proportion to _! l5g?4 ,9 "s ( ^! capaci\s valleys !re are b$s ( ,potsdam s&/one1 %[+ t ! valleys exi/$ be=e ! s& ( ! s&/one 0 deposit$4 ,! /ructure & con/itution ( ! ridges4--,! qu>tzite ( ! ridges is no?+ m nor less ?an alt]$ s&/one4 ,its orig9 dates f t "p ( geological "t kn[n to geologi/s z ! ,upp] ,huronian p]iod4 ,! popul> local belief t ! qu>tzite is ( igne\s orig9 is )\t ! slighte/ w>rant4 ,x appe>s to h _h its basis 9 ! notion t ,devil's lake occupies an ext9ct volcanic crat]4 ,7 ?is ! fact1 igne\s rock %\ld be f\nd ab\t x4 ,qu>tzite is s&/one 9 :i* ! int]granul> spaces h be5 fill$ ) silica 7qu>tz7 br\ght 9 & deposit$ by p]colat+ wat] subsequ5t to ! accumulation ( ! s&4 ,! conv]sion ( s&/one into qu>tzite is b a cont9uation ( ! process :i* conv]ts s& into s&/one4 ,! ,potsdam or any o!r s&/one =mation might be conv]t$ into qu>tzite by ! same process1 & x w\ld !n be a metamorphic rock4 ,l ! s&/one1 ! qu>tzite is 9 lay]s4 ,?is is p]haps n[h]e s di/9ctly %[n on a l>ge scale z 9 ! bluffs at ,devil's lake1 & at ! ea/ end ( ! ,devil's nose4 ,on ! ,ea/ bluff ( ! lake1 ! /ratification is mo/ di/9ctly se5 f ! middle ( ! lake1 f :i* po9t ! photograph reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,vi 0 tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,v4 ,! ,not* 9 ! ,s\? qu>tzite range1 at ,devil's ,lake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,vi4 ,! ea/ bluff ( ,devil's lake1 %[+ ! dip ( qu>tzite 7to ! left71 & talus above & bel[ ! level :]e ! b$s are %[n4 ,unlike ! s&/one & lime/one1 ! b$s ( qu>tzite are n horizontal4 ,! dep>ture f horizontality1 te*nically kn[n z ! dip1 v>ies f po9t to po9t 7,fig4 #d74 ,9 ! ,ea/ bluff ( ! lake z %[n 9 ,plate ,,vi1 ! dip is ab\t #ad deg4 to ! nor?4 ,at ! ,upp] & ,l[] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo 7b & c1 ,plate ,,ii7 ! b$s are ess5tially v]tical1 t is1 !y h a dip ( ab\t #ij deg44 ,betwe5 ^! extremes1 _m int]m$iate angles h be5 not$4 ,plate ,,vii repres5ts a view ne> ,ablemans1 9 ! ,upp] n>r[s1 :]e ! ne>ly v]tical b$s ( qu>tzite are well expos$4 ,! position ( ! b$s 9 ! qu>tzite is n always easy ( recognition4 ,! difficulty is occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( num]\s cleavage planes develop$ 9 ! rock aft] its conv]sion into qu>tzite4 ,"s ( ^! second>y cleavage planes are s regul> & s ne>ly p>allel to "o ano!r z to be easily confus$ ) ! b$d+ planes4 ,?is is especially liable to make det]m9ations ( ! dip difficult1 s9ce ! true b$d+ 0 (t5 obscur$ :5 ! cleavage 0 develop$4 ,9 spite ( ! difficulties1 ! orig9al /ratification c usually be det]m9$ :]e !re are good exposures ( ! rock4 ,at "s po9ts ! surfaces ( ! lay]s c>ry ripple m>ks1 & :]e !y are pres5t1 !y s]ve z a ready means ( id5tify+ ! b$d+ planes1 ev5 ?\gh ! /rata are n[ on edge4 ,lay]s ( small pebbles are sometimes f\nd4 ,!y 7 horizontal :5 ! s&s ( ! qu>tzite 7 accumulat+1 & :]e !y are f\nd !y are suffici5t to indicate ! orig9al position ( ! b$s4 ,aside f ! position ( ! b$s1 !re is abundant evid5ce ( dynamic action#b 9 ! qu>tzite4 ,along ! railway at ,devil's lake1 half a mile s\? ( ! ,cliff ,h\se1 ?9 zones ( s*i/ose rock may be se5 p>allel to ! b$d+ planes4 ,^! zones ( s*i/ose rock a few in*es 9 ?ickness 7 develop$ f ! qu>tzite by ! slipp+ ( ! rock on ei!r side4 ,?is slipp+ presumably occurr$ dur+ ! adju/m5t ( ! heavy b$s ( qu>tzite to _! new positions1 at ! "t ( tilt+ & fold+1 = no ?ick s]ies ( rock c be fold$ )\t m or less slipp+ ( ! lay]s on "o ano!r4 ,! slipp+ 7adju/m5t7 takes place along ! weak] zones4 ,su* zones ( movem5t are sometimes kn[n z %e> zones1 = ! rock on ! "o side has be5 %e>$ 7slipp$7 ov] t on ! o!r4 #b ,irv+3 ,! ,b>aboo ,qu>tzite ,ranges4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,geology ( ,wiscons91 pp4 #ejd-eai4 ,van ,hise3 ,"s ,dynamic ,ph5om5a ,%[n by ! ,b>aboo ,qu>tzite ,ranges ( ,c5tral ,wiscons94 ,j\r4 ( ,geol41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cdg-cee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,diagram made by plott+ ! diff]5t dips n[ at h& along a section f ,a to ,b1 ,plate ,,ii1 & connect+ !m s z to %[ ! /ructure indicat$ by ! kn[n data4 ,! full l9es1 oblique or v]tical1 repres5t ! b$s ( qu>tzite4 ,! cont9u\s l9e above !m repres5ts ! pres5t surface ( ! qu>tzite1 :ile ! dott$ l9es sugge/ ! cont9uation ( ! b$s :i* complet$ ! great folds ( :i* ! pres5t exposures appe> to be remnants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,a diagrammatic section %[+ ! relation ( ! s&/one to ! qu>tzite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,vii4 ,! ,ea/ ,bluff at ! ,upp] ,n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo ne> ,ablemans1 %[+ ! v]tical position ( ! b$s ( qu>tzite4 ,9 ! l[] "r-h& corn]1 above ! bridge1 appe>s "s breccia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,viii4 ,v]tical %e> zone 9 face ( ea/ bluff at ,devil's lake4 ,ne> ! %e> zones p>allel to ! b$d+ planes1 !re is "o di/9ct v]tical %e> zone 7,plate ,,viii7 ?ree to f\r feet 9 wid?4 ,x is expos$ to a height ( fully tw5ty-five feet4 ,along ?is zone ! qu>tzite has be5 brok5 into angul> fragm5ts1 & at places ! cru%+ ( ! fragm5ts has produc$ a friction clay4 ,slipp+ along v]tical zones w\ld be no necess>y "p ( fold+1 ?\gh x might accompany x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x might h prec$$ or foll[$ ! fold+4 ,s*i/ose /ructure probably does n always d5ote %e>+1 at lea/ n ! %e>+ :i* results f fold+4 ,extreme pressure is likely to develop s*i/osity 9 rock1 ! cleavage planes be+ at "r angles to ! direction ( pressure4 ,x is n always possible to say h[ f> ! s*i/osity ( rock at any giv5 po9t is ! result ( %e>1 & h[ f> ! result ( pressure )\t %e>4 ,s*i/ose /ructure :i* does n appe> to h result$ f %e>1 at lea/ n f ! %e> involv$ 9 fold+1 is well se5 9 ! isolat$ qu>tzite m\nd ab\t f\r miles s\?we/ ( ,b>aboo on ! ,we/ ,sauk road 7f1 ,plate ,,ii74 ,^! qu>tzite s*i/s are to be look$ on z metamorphos$ qu>tzite1 j z qu>tzite is metamorphos$ s&/one4 ,at ! ,upp] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo also 7b1 ,plate ,,ii71 evid5ce ( dynamic action is pat5t4 ,movem5t along b$d+ planes ) att5dant developm5t ( qu>tz s*i/ has occurr$ "h z at ! lake 7,plate ,,ix74 ,besides ! s*i/ose belts1 a wide zone ( qu>tzite expos$ 9 ! bluffs at ?is locality has be5 cru%$ into angul> fragm5ts1 & aft]w>ds re-cem5t$ by :ite qu>tz deposit$ f solution by p]colat+ wat]s 7,plate ,x74 ,?is qu>tzite is said to be brecciat$4 ,)9 ?is zone !re are spots :]e ! fragm5ts ( qu>tzite are s well r\nd$ z to simulate wat]-worn pebbles4 ,_! =ms appe> to be ! result ( ! we> ( ! fragm5ts on "o ano!r dur+ ! movem5ts :i* foll[$ ! cru%+4 ,conglom]ate orig9at+ 9 ?is way is friction conglom]ate or ,reibungsbreccia4 ,! cru%+ ( ! rock 9 ?is zone probably took place :ile ! b$s 7 be+ fold$2 b ! brecciat$ qu>tzite =m$ by ! re-cem5tation ( ! fragm5ts has itself be5 fractur$ & brok5 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t ! =mation has suff]$ at lea/ "o dynamic movem5t s9ce ! developm5t ( ! breccia4 ,t ^! movem5ts 7 sep>at$ by a consid]able int]val ( "t is %[n by ! fact t ! re-cem5tation ( ! fragm5tal products ( ! fir/ movem5t prec$$ ! second4 ,:at has be5 said expresses ! belief ( geologi/s z to ! orig9 ( qu>tzite & qu>tz s*i/s2 b because ( popul> misconception on ! po9t x may "h be add$ t nei!r ! *ang+ ( ! s&/one into qu>tzite1 nor ! subsequ5t trans=mation ( ! qu>tzite to s*i/1 0 due prim>ily to heat4 ,heat 0 d\btless g5]at$ 9 ! me*anical action involv$ 9 ^! *anges1 b x 0 subord9ate 9 importance1 z x 0 second>y 9 orig94 ,igne\s rock is associat$ ) ! qu>tzite at a few po9ts4 ,at g & h1 ,plate ,,ii !re are consid]able masses ( porphyry1 su/a9+ su* relations to ! qu>tzite z to indicate t !y 7 intrud$ into ! s$im5t>y b$s aft] ! deposition ( ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,ix4 ,a mass ( qu>tzite 9 situ1 9 ! road ?r\gh ! ,upp] ,n>r[s ne> ,ableman's4 ,! b$d+1 :i* is ne>ly v]tical1 is indicat$ by ! %ad+1 :ile ! second>y cleavage approa*es horizontality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,x4 ,brecciat$ qu>tzite ne> ,ablemans 9 ! ,upp] ,n>r[s4 ,! d>k] p>ts are qu>tzite1 ! light] p>ts ! cem5t+ qu>tz4 ,,iii4 ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,s&/one ,,( ,,! ,,pla9 ,,to ,,! ,,qu>tzite ,,( ,,! ,,ridges4 ,! horizontal b$s ( ,potsdam s&/one may be trac$ up to ! bases ( ! qu>tzite ranges1 :]e !y may frequ5tly be se5 to abut aga9/ ! tilt$ b$s ( qu>tzite4 ,n only ?is1 b isolat$ pat*es ( s&/one lie on ! truncat$ edges ( ! dipp+ b$s ( qu>tzite well up on ! slopes1 & ev5 on ! cre/ ( ! ridge itself4 ,9 ! =m] position !y may be se5 on ! ,ea/ bluff at ,devil's lake1 :]e horizontal b$s ( conglom]ate & s&/one re/ on ! lay]s ( qu>tzite :i* dip #ad deg4 to ! nor?4 ,! /ratigraphic relations ( ! two =mations are %[n 9 ,fig4 #e :i* repres5ts a diagrammatic section f ,a to ,b1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,plate ,,xi is reproduc$ f a photograph tak5 9 ! ,upp] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo ne> ,ablemans1 & %[s ! relations z !y appe> 9 ! field4 ,! qu>tzite lay]s are "h on edge1 & on !m re/ ! horizontal b$s ( s&/one & conglom]ate4 ,simil> /ratigraphic relations are %[n at _m o!r places4 ,?is is ! relation%ip ( uncon=mity4 ,su* an uncon=mity z t betwe5 ! s&/one & ! qu>tzite ( ?is region %[s ! foll[+ sequ5ce ( ev5ts3 7#a7 ! qu>tzite b$s 7 fold$ & lift$ above ! sea 9 :i* ! s& compos+ !m 0 orig9ally deposit$2 7#b7 a long p]iod ( erosion foll[$1 dur+ :i* ! cre/s ( ! folds 7 worn (f2 7#c7 ! l& !n sank1 all[+ ! sea to aga9 advance ov] ! region2 7#d7 :ile ! sea 0 "h1 s& & gravel d]iv$ f ! adjac5t l&s :i* rema9$ unsubm]g$1 7 deposit$ on its bottom4 ,^! s&s became ! ,potsdam s&/one4 ,?is sequ5ce ( ev5ts means t betwe5 ! deposition ( ! qu>tzite & ! s&/one1 ! old] =mation 0 di/urb$ & erod$4 ,ei!r ( ^! ev5ts w\ld h produc$ an uncon=mity2 ! two make x m pron\nc$4 ,t ! di/urbance ( ! old] =mation took place be=e ! lat] s&/one 0 deposit$ is evid5t f ! fact t ! latt] =mation 0 n involv$ 9 ! movem5ts :i* di/urb$ ! =m]4 ,al?\gh ! s&/one appe>s 9 pat*es on ! qu>tzite ranges1 x is prim>ily ! =mation ( ! surr\nd+ pla9s1 occupy+ ! broad valley betwe5 ! ranges1 & ! t]ritory surr\nd+ !m4 ,! qu>tzite1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! =mation ( ! ridges1 ?\gh x outcrops at a few po9ts 9 ! pla94 7,comp>e ,plates ,,ii & ,,xxxvii47 ,! /rik+ topographic contra/s betwe5 ! pla9s & ! ridges is ?us se5 to be closely relat$ to ! rock =mations involv$4 ,x is ! h>d & resi/ant qu>tzite :i* =ms ! ridges1 & ! less resi/ant s&/one :i* =ms ! l[l&s ab\t !m4 ,t qu>tzite und]lies ! s&/one ( ! pla9 is indicat$ by ! occasional outcrops ( ! =m] rock on ! pla91 & f ! fact t bor+s = deep wells h sometimes rea*$ x :]e x is n expos$4 ,! s&/one ( ! pla9 & ! qu>tzite ( ! ridges are n ev]y:]e expos$4 ,a deep b v>iable cov]+ ( loose mat]ial or mantle rock 7drift7 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ea/]n "p ( ! area1 b x does n ext5d f> we/ ( ,b>aboo4 ,?is mantle rock is s ?ick & s irregul>ly dispos$ t x has giv5 orig9 to small hills & ridges4 ,^! elevations are sup]impos$ on ! erosion topography ( ! und]ly+ rock1 %[+ t ! drift came into ! region aft] ! s&/one1 lime/one1 & qu>tzite _h _! pres5t relations1 & ess5tially _! pres5t topography4 ,fur!r consid]ation w be giv5 to ! drift 9 a lat] "p ( ?is report4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xi4 ,! nor!a/ wall ( ! ,upp] ,n>r[s1 nor? ( ,ableman's1 %[+ ! horizontal ,potsdam s&/one & conglom]ate ly+ uncon=mably on ! qu>tzite1 ! b$s ( :i* are v]tical4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,topography4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,rock ,,=mations ,,:i* ,,%[ ,,!mselves ,,at ,,! ,,surface4 ,i4 ,,! ,,pre-,,cambrian ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,qu>tzite4 ,f loose s& to qu>tzite4--,to und]/& ! geography ( a region x is necess>y to und]/& ! nature ( ! mat]ials1 ! sculpture ( :i* has made ! geography4 ,x has already be5 indicat$ t ! ,huronian qu>tzite ( :i* ! mo/ prom95t elevations ( ?is region are compos$1 0 once loose s&4 ,ev5 at ! risk ( repetition1 ! /eps 9 its hi/ory are "h rec\nt$4 ,! s\rce ( ! s& 0 probably ! /ill old] rocks ( ! l& 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,wiscons94 ,br\ght d[n to ! sea by riv]s1 or wa%$ f ! %ores ( ! l& by waves1 ! s& 0 deposit$ 9 horizontal or ne>ly horizontal b$s at ! bottom ( ! %all[ wat] :i* !n cov]$ c5tral & s\!rn ,wiscons94 ,lat]1 p]haps :ile x 0 /ill b5ea? ! sea1 ! s& 0 conv]t$ into s&/one1 ! *ange be+ effect$ p>tly by compression :i* made ! mass ( s& m compact1 b *iefly by ! cem5tation ( its con/itu5t gra9s into a coh]5t mass4 ,! wat] conta9$ 9 ! s& :ile consolidation 0 9 progress1 held 9 solution "s slight am\nt ( silica1 ! same mat]ial ( :i* ! gra9s ( s& !mselves are compos$4 ,little by little ?is silica 9 solution 0 deposit$ on ! surfaces ( ! s& gra9s1 enl>g+ !m1 & at ! same "t b9d+ !m toge!r4 ,?us ! s& became s&/one4 ,cont9u$ deposition ( silica betwe5 & ar\nd ! gra9s f9ally fill$ ! int]/itial spaces1 & :5 ?is process 0 complet$1 ! s&/one _h be5 conv]t$ into qu>tzite4 ,:ile qu>tzite is a metamorphic s&/one1 x is n to be und]/ood t s&/one _c be metamorphos$ 9 o!r ways4 ,uplift & de=mation4 ,dynamic metamorphism4--,aft] ! deposition ( ! s&s :i* lat] became ! qu>tzite1 ! b$s 7 uplift$ & de=m$1 z _! pres5t positions & relations %[4 ,x is n possible to say h[ f> ! process ( trans=mation ( s& into qu>tzite 0 c>ri$ :ile ! =mation 0 /ill b5ea? ! %all[ sea 9 :i* x 0 deposit$4 ,! s& may h be5 *ang$ to s&/one1 & ! s&/one to qu>tzite1 be=e ! sea bottom 0 conv]t$ into l&1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! =mation may h be5 9 any /age ( *ange f s& to qu>tzite1 :5 t ev5t occurr$4 ,if ! process ( *ange 0 !n incomplete1 x may h be5 cont9u$ aft] ! sea retir$1 by ! p]colat+ wat]s d]iv$ f ! ra9fall ( ! region4 ,ei!r :5 fir/ conv]t$ into l&1 or at "s lat] "t1 ! b$s ( rock 7 fold$1 & suff]$ su* o!r *anges z att5d pr(\nd dynamic movem5ts4 ,! conv]sion ( ! s&/one into qu>tzite probably prec$$ ! de=mation1 s9ce _m ph5om5a indicate t ! rock 0 qu>tzite & n s&/one :5 ! fold+ took place4 ,= example1 ! cru%+ ( ! qu>tzite 7n[ re-cem5t$ into brecciat$ qu>tzite7 at ,ablemans probably dates f ! orog5ic movem5ts :i* fold$ ! qu>tzite1 & ! fractur$ bits ( rock (t5 h corn]s & edges s %>p z to %[ t ! rock 0 ?or\ghly qu>tzitic :5 ! cru%+ took place4 ,! uplift & de=mation ( ! b$s 0 probably accompli%$ sl[ly1 b ! v]tical & highly tilt$ /rata %[ t ! *anges 7 pr(\nd 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,! dynamic metamorphism :i* accompani$ ?is pr(\nd de=mation has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! fold+ ( ! b$s involv$ ! slipp+ ( "s on o!rs1 & ?is result$ 9 ! developm5t ( qu>tz s*i/ along ! l9es ( sev]e/ movem5t4 ,*anges effect$ 9 ! texture & /ructure ( ! rock "u su* conditions con/itute dynamic metamorphism4 ,9 g5]al1 ! metamorphic *anges effect$ by dynamic action are mu* m pr(\nd ?an ^? br\ght ab\t 9 o!r ways1 & mo/ rocks :i* h be5 pr(\ndly metamorphos$1 7 *ang$ 9 ?is way4 ,dynamic action g5]ates heat1 b contr>y to ! popul> notion1 ! heat involv$ 9 pr(\nd metamorphism is usually second>y1 & ! dynamic action fundam5tal4 ,at ! same "t t qu>tz s*i/ 0 locally develop$ f ! qu>tzite1 cru%+ probably occurr$ 9 o!r places4 ,?is is demorphism1 r ?an metamorphism4 ,erosion ( ! qu>tzite4--,:5 ! ,huronian b$s 7 rais$ to ! e/ate ( l&1 ! processes ( erosion imm$iately began to "w on !m4 ,! heat & ! cold1 ! plants & ! animals1 ! w9ds1 & especially ! ra9 & ! wat] :i* came f ! melt+ ( ! sn[1 produc$ _! appropriate effects4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! ag5cies ! surface ( ! rock 0 loos5$ by wea!r+1 valleys 7 cut 9 x by runn+ wat]1 & we> & degradation w5t on at all po9ts4 ,! antagoni/ic processes ( uplift & degradation w5t on = unnumb]$ c5turies1 long en\gh = ev5 ! sl[ processes involv$ to effect /up5d\s results4 ,degradation 0 cont9u\s aft] ! region became l&1 ?\gh uplift may n h be54 ,on ! :ole1 elevation exce$$ degradation1 = "s p>ts ( ! qu>tzite f9ally came to /& high above ! level ( ! sea1--! level to :i* all degradation t5ds4 ,fig4 #d conveys "s notion ( ! am\nt ( rock :i* 0 remov$ f ! qu>tzite folds ab\t ,b>aboo dur+ ?is long p]iod ( erosion4 ,! s\? range w\ld seem to repres5t ! /ub ( "o side ( a great anticl9al fold1 a l>ge "p ( :i* 7repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9es7 0 c>ri$ away1 :ile ! nor? range may be ! core ( ano!r fold1 n[ expos$ by erosion4 ,"s idea ( ! geography ( ! qu>tzite at ! close ( ?is p]iod ( erosion may be ga9$ by imag9+ ! "w ( lat] times undone4 ,! y\ng] b$s cov]+ ! qu>tzite ( ! pla9s h a ?ickness v>y+ f z]o to sev]al hundr$ feet1 & effectually mask ! irregul>ities ( ! surface ( ! subjac5t qu>tzite4 ,c\ld !y be remov$1 ! topography ( ! qu>tzite w\ld be disclos$1 & f\nd to h mu* great] relief ?an ! pres5t surface2 t is1 ! v]tical di/ance betwe5 ! cre/ ( ! qu>tzite ridge1 & ! surface ( ! qu>tzite "u ! surr\nd+ l[l&s1 w\ld be great] ?an t betwe5 ! same cre/ & ! surface ( ! s&/one4 ,b ev5 ?is does n give ! full measure ( ! relief ( ! qu>tzite at ! close ( ! long p]iod ( erosion :i* foll[$ its uplift1 = all[ance mu/ be made = ! am\nt ( erosion :i* ! cre/s ( ! qu>tzite ranges h suff]$ s9ce t "t4 ,! pres5t surface !re=e does n give an adequate conception ( ! irregul>ity ( ! surface at ! close ( ! p]iod ( erosion :i* foll[$ ! uplift & de=mation ( ! qu>tzite4 ,s high 7 ! cre/s ( ! qu>tzite ranges above _! surr\nd+s at t "t1 t !y may well be ?\ght ( z m\nta9\s4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! qu>tzite ranges ( today are ! p>tially buri$ m\nta9s ( ! pre-,potsdam l& ( s\? c5tral ,wiscons94 ,:5 ! extreme h>dness ( ! qu>tzite is rememb]$ & also ! ext5t ( ! erosion :i* affect$ x 7,fig4 #d7 be=e ! next succe$+ =mation 0 deposit$1 x is safe to conclude t ! p]iod ( erosion 0 v long4 ,?ickness ( ! qu>tzite4--,! ?ickness ( ! qu>tzite is n kn[n1 ev5 approximately4 ,! great ?ickness 9 ! s\? range sugge/$ by ! diagram 7,fig4 #d7 may p]haps be an exagg]ation4 ,fault+ :i* has n be5 discov]$ may h occurr$1 caus+ repetition ( b$s at ! surface 7,fig4 #f71 & s an exagg]at$ appe>ance ( ?ickness4 ,aft] all all[ances h be5 made1 x is /ill evid5t t ! ?ickness ( ! qu>tzite is v great4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,paleozoic ,,/rata4 ,! subsid5ce4--,foll[+ ! long p]iod ( erosion1 ! irregul> & almo/ m\nta9\s area ( c5tral ,wiscons9 0 depress$ suffici5tly to subm]ge l>ge areas :i* _h be5 l&4 ,! subsid5ce 0 probably sl[1 & z ! sea advanc$ f ! s\?1 x cov]$ fir/ ! valleys & l[l&s1 & lat] ! l[] hills & ridges1 :ile ! high] hills & ridges ( ! qu>tzite /ood z isl&s 9 ! ris+ sea4 ,/ill lat]1 ! highe/ ridges ( ! region 7 !mselves probably subm]g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,a diagrammatic cross-section1 %[+ h[1 by fault+1 ! app>5t ?ickness ( ! qu>tzite w\ld be increas$4 ,! ,potsdam s&/one 7& conglom]ate74--,s soon z ! sea began to ov]spread ! region1 its bottom became ! site ( deposition1 & ! deposition cont9u$ z long z ! subm]g5ce la/$4 ,x is to ! s$im5ts deposit$ dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ?is subm]g5ce t ! "n ,potsdam is giv54 ,! s\rces ( ! s$im5ts are n f> to seek4 ,z ! =m] l& 0 depress$ b5ea? ! sea1 its surface 0 d\btless cov]$ ) ! products ( rock decay1 consi/+ ( e>?s1 s&s1 small bits & l>g] masses ( qu>tzite4 ,^! mat]ials1 or at lea/ ! f9] p>ts1 7 h&l$ by ! waves ( ! %all[ wat]s1 = !y 7 at fir/ %all[1 & assort$ & re-di/ribut$4 ,?us ! residu>y products on ! subm]g$ surface1 7 "o s\rce ( s$im5ts4 ,f ! %ores also1 s long z l& areas rema9$1 ! waves d]iv$ s$im5ts4 ,^! 7 compos$ 9 "p ( ! wea!r$ products ( ! rock1 & 9 "p ( ! undecompos$ rock aga9/ :i* ! waves beat1 aft] ! loose mat]ials _h be5 worn away4 ,^! s$im5ts d]iv$ f ! %ore 7 %ift$1 & f9ally m+l$ ) ^? d]iv$ f ! subm]g$ surface4 ,s long z any "p ( ! old] l& rema9$ above ! wat]1 its /reams br\ght s$im5ts to ! sea4 ,^! also 7 %ift$ by ! waves & %ore curr5ts1 & f9ally deposit$ ) ! o!rs on ! erod$ surface ( ! qu>tzite4 ,?us s$im5ts d]iv$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b inh]5tly ess5tially simil>1 ent]$ into ! new =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,diagram to illu/rate ! !oretical disposition ( s$im5ts ab\t an isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,same z ,fig4 #g1 except t ! l& has be5 depress$4 ,! fir/ mat]ial to be deposit$ on ! surface ( ! qu>tzite z x 0 subm]g$1 0 ! co>se/ "p ( ! s$im5t4 ,( ! s$im5t d]iv$ by ! waves f ! coa/s1 & br\ght d[n to ! sea by riv]s1 ! co>se/ w\ld at ea* /age be left ne>e/ ! %ore1 :ile ! f9] 0 c>ri$ progressively f>!r & f>!r f x4 ,?us at ea* /age ! s& 0 deposit$ f>!r f ! %ore ?an ! gravel1 & ! mud f>!r ?an ! s&1 :]e ! wat] 0 s deep t ! bottom 0 subject to little agitation by waves4 ,! !oretical di/ribution ( s$im5ts ab\t an isl& z x 0 depress$1 is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ diagrams1 ,figs4 #g & #h4 ,x w be se5 t ! surface ( ! qu>tzite is imm$iately ov]la9 by conglom]ate1 b t ! conglom]ate ne> its top is y\ng] ?an t ne> its base4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is natural di/ribution ( s$im5ts1 ! basal b$s ( ! ,potsdam =mation are (t5 conglom]atic 7,fig4 #i1 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,plate ,,xxv74 ,?is may (t5e/ be se5 ne> ! qu>tzite ridges1 = "h only is ! base ( ! =mation commonly expos$4 ,! pebbles & l>g] masses ( ! conglom]ate are qu>tzite1 l t ( ! subjac5t b$s1 & demon/rate ! s\rce ( at lea/ "s ( ! mat]ial ( ! y\ng] =mation4 ,t ! pebbles & b[ld]s are ( qu>tzite is significant1 = x %[s t ! old] =mation _h be5 *ang$ f s&/one to qu>tzite1 be=e ! deposition ( ! ,potsdam s$im5ts4 ,! s& associat$ ) ! pebbles may well h come f ! break+ up ( ! qu>tzite1 ?\gh "s ( x may h be5 wa%$ 9 f o!r s\rces by ! wat]s 9 :i* ! deposition took place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,sket* %[+ relation ( basal ,potsdam conglom]ate & s&/one to ! qu>tzite1 on ! ,ea/ bluff at ,devil's lake1 beh9d ! ,cliff h\se4 ,! basal conglom]ate may be se5 at _m places1 b n[h]e ab\t ,devil's lake is x s well expos$ z at ,p>frey's gl5 7a1 ,plate ,,xxxvii71 :]e ! r\nd$ /ones ( :i* x is compos$ v>y f pebbles1 ! size ( a pea1 to b[ld]s m ?an ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,o!r localities :]e ! conglom]ates may be se5 to advantage are ,dorw>d's gl5 7b1 ,plate ,,xxxvii71 ! ,ea/ bluff at ,devil's lake j above ! ,cliff h\se1 & at ! ,upp] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo1 above ,ablemans4 ,:ile ! base ( ! ,potsdam is conglom]atic 9 _m places1 ! ma9 body ( x is s g5]ally s&/one t ! =mation z a :ole is commonly kn[n z ! ,potsdam s&/one4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! s$im5tation :i* foll[$ subm]g5ce 0 to ev5 up ! irregul> surface ( ! qu>tzite1 = ! depressions 9 ! surface 7 ! fir/ to be subm]g$1 & ! fir/ to be fill$4 ,z ! body ( s$im5t ?ick5$1 x buri$ ! l[] hills & ! l[] p>ts ( ! high] ones4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! ,potsdam =mation buri$ ! ma9 ridge may nev] be kn[n4 ,x may h buri$ x completely1 = z already /at$ pat*es ( s&/one are f\nd ^u ! ma9 range4 ,^! pat*es make x cle> t "s =mation y\ng] ?an ! qu>tzite once cov]$ ess5tially all ( ! high] ridge4 ,o!r evid5ce to be adduc$ lat]1 confirms ?is conclusion4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 n be5 demon/rat$ t ! high-level pat*es ( s&/one are ,potsdam4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t ! subsid5ce :i* let ! ,potsdam seas 9 ov] ! erod$ surface ( ! ,huronian qu>tzite 0 gradual4 ,"o l9e ( evid5ce is f\nd 9 ! cross-b$d+ ( ! s&/one 7,plate ,,xii7 especially well exhibit$ 9 ! ,dalles ( ! ,wiscons94 ,! b$s ( s&/one are ess5tially horizontal1 b )9 ! horizontal b$s !re are (t5 second>y lay]s :i* dep>t _m degrees f horizontality1 ! maximum be+ ab\t #bd deg44 ,plates ,,xxvii & ,,xii give a bett] idea ( ! /ructure "h ref]r$ to ?an v]bal description c4 ,! explanation ( cross-b$d+ is to be f\nd 9 ! v>y+ conditions "u :i* s& 0 deposit$4 ,cross-b$d+ d5otes %all[ wat]1 :]e waves & %ore curr5ts 7 effective at ! bottom :]e deposition is 9 progress4 ,= a "t1 b$s 7 deposit$ (f %ore at a c]ta9 angle1 mu* z 9 ! build+ ( a delta 7,fig4 #aj74 ,!n by subsid5ce ( ! bottom1 o!r lay]s ) l /ructure 7 deposit$ ov] ! fir/4 ,by ?is sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 ! dip ( ! second>y lay]s %\ld be t[>d ! op5 wat]1 & 9 ?is region _! dip is g5]ally to ! s\?4 ,at any /age ( deposition ! waves eng5d]$ by /orms 7 liable to erode ! surface ( ! deposits already made1 & new lay]s1 discordant ) ^? bel[1 7 likely to be laid d[n ^u !m4 ,! subord9ate lay]s ( ea* deposit might dip 9 any direction4 ,if ?is process 7 repeat$ _m times dur+ ! subm]g5ce1 ! exi/+ complexity w\ld be expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xii4 ,/eamboat rock1--an isl& 9 ! ,dalles ( ! ,wiscons94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,a diagrammatic cross-section ( a delta4 ,! maximum kn[n ?ickness ( ! ,potsdam s&/one 9 ,wiscons9 is ab\t #a1jjj feet1 b its ?ickness 9 ?is region is mu* less4 ,:]e n capp$ by "s y\ng] =mation1 its upp] surface has suff]$ ext5sive erosion1 & ! pres5t ?ickness !re=e falls %ort ( ! orig9al4 ,! figures giv5 above may n be too great = ! latt]4 ,! ,l[] ,magnesian lime/one4--,! conditions ( s$im5tation f9ally *ang$ 9 ! area "u consid]ation4 ,:5 ! s& ( ! s&/one 0 be+ deposit$1 adjac5t l&s 7 ! s\rce :5ce ! s$im5ts 7 *iefly d]iv$4 ,! evid5ce t ! region 0 s9k+ :ile ! s& 0 be+ deposit$ %[s t ! l& masses :i* 7 supply+ ! s&1 7 becom+ progressively small]4 ,ultimately ! s& ceas$ to be wa%$ out to ! region "h describ$1 ei!r because ! wat] became too deep#c or because ! s\rce ( supply 0 too di/ant4 ,:5 ^! relations 7 br\ght ab\t1 ! conditions 7 favorable = ! deposition ( s$im5ts :i* 7 to become lime/one4 ,^! s$im5ts consi/$ *iefly ( ! %ells ( m>9e life1 toge!r ) an unkn[n am\nt ( lime c>bonate precipitat$ f ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,! lime/one conta9s no co>se1 & b little f9e mat]ial d]iv$ f ! l&1 & ! surfaces ( its lay]s are r>ely if ev] ripple-m>k$4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* x is made mu/ !re=e h be5 laid d[n 9 quiet wat]s :i* 7 ess5tially free f l&-d]iv$ s$im5ts4 ,! dep? ( ! wat] 9 :i* x 0 deposit$ 0 n1 h[ev]1 great1 = ! fossils are n ! rema9s ( animals :i* liv$ 9 abysmal dep?s4 #c ,a few hundr$ feet w\ld suffice4 ,! deposition ( lime/one s$im5ts foll[+ ! deposition ( ! ,potsdam s&s1 does n necess>ily mean t !re 0 m or diff]5t m>9e life :ile ! y\ng] =mation 0 mak+1 b only t ! %ells1 etc41 :i* be=e _h be5 m+l$ ) ! s&1 mak+ fossilif]\s s&/one1 7 n[ accumulat$ ess5tially free f l&-d]iv$ s$im5t1 & !re=e made lime/one4 ,l ! s&/one b5ea?1 ! lime/one =mation has a wide di/ribution outside ! area "h "u discussion1 %[+ t conditions simil> to ^? ( c5tral ,wiscons9 7 widely di/ribut$ at ?is "t4 ,! b$s ( lime/one are con=mable on ^? ( ! s&/one1 & ! con=mable relations ( ! two =mations indicate t ! deposition ( ! upp] foll[$ t ( ! l[]1 )\t int]ruption4 ,! ?ickness ( ! ,l[] ,magnesian lime/one v>ies f less ?an #ajj to m ?an #bjj feet1 b 9 ?is region its ?ickness is ne>] ! less] figure ?an ! l>g]4 ,! lime/one is n[ pres5t only 9 ! ea/]n & s\!rn p>ts ( ! area1 ?\gh x orig9ally cov]$ ! :ole area4 ,! ,/4 ,pet]s s&/one4--,ov]ly+ ! ,l[] ,magnesian lime/one at a few po9ts1 are se5 remnants ( ,/4 ,pet]s s&/one4 ,! con/itution ( ?is =mation %[s t conditions ( s$im5tation _h aga9 *ang$1 s t s& 0 aga9 deposit$ :]e ! conditions _h be5 favorable to ! deposition ( lime/one b a %ort "t be=e4 ,?is =mation has be5 recogniz$ at b two places 7d & e7 )9 ! area %[n on ,plate ,,xxxvii1 b ! relations at ^! two po9ts are su* z to lead to ! conclusion t ! =mation may once h cov]$ ! entire region4 ,?is s&/one =mation is v l ! s&/one bel[4 ,its mat]ials d\btless came f ! l&s :i* !n exi/$4 ,! =mation is relatively ?91 rang+ f some:at bel[ to some:at above #ajj feet4 ,! *ange f ! deposition ( lime/one s$im5ts to s& may well h result$ f ! %oal+ ( ! wat]s1 :i* all[$ ! s& to be c>ri$ f>!r f %ore4 ,rise ( ! l& may h accompani$ ! %oal+ ( ! wat]s1 & ! high] l&s w\ld h furni%$ m & co>s] s$im5ts to ! sea4 ,y\ng] b$s4--,t =mations y\ng] ?an ! ,/4 ,pet]s s&/one once ov]laid ?is "p ( ,wiscons9 is almo/ c]ta91 ?\gh no remnants ( !m n[ exi/4 ,evid5ce :i* _c be "h detail$#d indicates t s$im5tation ab\t ! qu>tzite ridges w5t on n only until ! irregul>ities ( surface 7 ev5$ up1 b until ev5 ! highe/ peaks ( ! qu>tzite 7 buri$1 & t =mations z high 9 ! s]ies z ! ,niag>a lime/one once ov]lay _! cre/s4 ,be=e ?is condition 0 rea*$1 ! qu>tzite ridges _h ( c\rse ceas$ to be isl&s1 & at ! same "t _h ceas$ to be a s\rce ( supply ( s$im5ts4 ,! aggregate ?ickness ( ! ,paleozoic b$s 9 ! region1 z fir/ deposit$1 0 probably n less ?an #a1ejj feet1 & x may h be5 mu* m4 ,?is ?ickness w\ld h buri$ ! cre/s ( ! qu>tzite ridges "u sev]al hundr$ feet ( s$im5t 7see ,fig4 #aa74 #d ,j\r4 ( ,geol41 ,vol4 ,,iii 7pp4 #fee-fg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,! geological =mations ( s\!rn ,wiscons9 9 ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce4 ,n all ( ^! are f\nd ab\t ,devil's lake4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t s\? c5tral ,wiscons9 0 cont9u\sly subm]g$ :ile ?is ?ick s]ies ( b$s 0 be+ deposit$4 ,inde$1 !re is good reason to believe t !re 0 at lea/ "o p]iod ( em]g5ce1 foll[$1 aft] a consid]able lapse ( "t1 by re-subm]g5ce & r5ew$ deposition1 be=e ! ,paleozoic s]ies ( ! region 0 complete4 ,^! movem5ts1 h[ev]1 _h little effect on ! geography ( ! region4 ,f9ally ! long p]iod ( subm]g5ce1 dur+ :i* sev]al *anges 9 s$im5tation _h tak5 place1 came to an end1 & ! area "u discussion 0 aga9 conv]t$ into l&4 ,"t involv$4--,?\gh x _c be r$uc$ to num]ical t]ms1 ! "t involv$ 9 ! deposition ( ^! sev]al =mations ( ! ,paleozoic mu/ h be5 v long4 ,x is probably to be reckon$ 9 millions ( ye>s1 r ?an 9 d5om9ations ( a l[] ord]4 ,climatic conditions4--,little is kn[n conc]n+ ! climate ( ?is long p]iod ( s$im5tation4 ,!oretical consid]ations h usually be5 ?\ght to lead to ! conclusion t ! climate dur+ ?is "p ( ! e>?'s hi/ory 0 uni=m1 moi/1 & w>m2 b ! conclusion seems n to be s well f\nd$ z to comm& great confid5ce4 ,! uplift4--,aft] s$im5tation _h proce$$ to "s su* ext5t z indicat$1 ! sea aga9 retir$ f c5tral ,wiscons94 ,?is may h be5 because ! sea bottom ( ?is region rose1 or because ! sea bottom 9 o!r places 0 depress$1 ?us draw+ (f ! wat]4 ,! topography ( ?is new l&1 l ! topography ( ^? portions ( ! sea bottom :i* are simil>ly situat$1 mu/ h be5 = ! mo/ "p level4 ,l[ swells & broad undulations may h exi/$1 b no consid]able prom95ces1 & no sudd5 *ange ( slope4 ,! surface 0 probably s flat t x w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a level surface _h x be5 se54 ,! height to :i* ! uplift c>ri$ ! new l& surface at ! outset mu/ ev] rema9 a matt] ( conjecture4 ,"s e/imate may be made ( ! am\nt ( uplift :i* ! region has suff]$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is uplift1 b x is unkn[n h[ mu* took place at ?is "t1 & h[ mu* 9 lat] p]iods ( geological hi/ory4 ,! new l& surface at once became ! site ( new activities4 ,all processes ( l& erosion at once attack$ ! new surface1 9 ! ef=t to c>ry its mat]ials back to ! sea4 ,! sculptur+ ( ?is pla91 :i*1 ) "s int]ruption1 has cont9u$ to ! pres5t day1 has giv5 ! region ! *ief elem5ts ( its pres5t topography4 ,b be=e consid]+ ! special hi/ory ( erosion 9 ?is region1 x may be well to consid] briefly ! g5]al pr9ciples & processes ( l& degradation4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,outl9e ,,( ,,ra9 ,,& ,,riv] ,,erosion4 ,elem5ts ( erosion4--,! g5]al process ( suba]ial erosion is divisible into ! sev]al sub-processes ( wea!r+1 transportation1 & corrasion4#e #e ,!re is an admirable exposition ( ?is subject 9 ,gilb]t's ,h5ry ,m\nta9s4 ,wea!r+ is ! t]m appli$ to all ^? processes :i* dis9tegrate & disrupt expos$ surfaces ( rock4 ,x is accompli%$ *iefly by solution1 *anges 9 temp]ature1 ! w$ge-"w ( ice & roots1 ! bor+s ( animals1 & su* *emical *anges z surface wat] & air effect4 ,! products ( wea!r+ are transport$ by ! direct action ( gravity1 by glaci]s1 by w9ds1 & by runn+ wat]4 ,( ^! ! la/ is ! mo/ important4 ,corrasion is accompli%$ *iefly by ! me*anical we> ( /reams1 aid$ by ! h>d fragm5ts su* z s&1 gravel & b[ld]s1 :i* !y c>ry4 ,! solution effect$ by ! wat]s ( a /ream may also be reg>d$ z a "p ( corrasion4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances solution by /reams is relatively unimportant1 b :]e ! rock is relatively soluble1 & :]e conditions are n favorable = abrasion1 solution may be m important ?an me*anical we>4 ,s soon z sea bottom is rais$ to ! e/ate ( l&1 x is attack$ by ! sev]al processes ( degradation4 ,! processes ( wea!r+ at once beg9 to loos5 ! mat]ial ( ! surface if x be solid2 w9ds %ift ! f9] p>ticles ab\t1 & ) ! fir/ %[] transportation by runn+ wat] beg9s4 ,wea!r+ prep>es ! mat]ial = transportation & transportation leads to corrasion4 ,s9ce ! goal ( all mat]ial transport$ by runn+ wat] is ! sea1 suba]ial erosion means degradation ( ! surface4 ,erosion )\t valleys4--,9 ! "w ( degradation ! valley becomes ! site ( greate/ activity1 & 9 ! foll[+ pages especial att5tion is giv5 to ! developm5t ( valleys & to ! phases ( topography to :i* _! developm5t leads4 ,if a new l& surface 7 to come into exi/5ce1 compos$ ( mat]ials :i* 7 p]fectly homog5e\s1 ) slopes ( absolute uni=mity 9 all directions1 & if ! ra91 ! w9ds & all o!r surface ag5cies act$ uni=mly ov] ! entire area1 valleys w\ld n be develop$4 ,t portion ( ! ra9fall :i* 0 n evaporat$ & did n s9k b5ea? ! surface1 w\ld fl[ (f ! l& 9 a %eet4 ,! we> :i* x w\ld effect w\ld be equal 9 all directions f ! c5t]4 ,if ! angle ( ! slope 7 con/ant f c5t] to %ore1 or if x increas$ %orew>d1 ! we> effect$ by ?is %eet ( wat] w\ld be greate/ at ! %ore1 because "h ! %eet ( fl[+ wat] w\ld be deepe/ & swifte/1 & !re=e mo/ effective 9 corrasion4 ,! beg9n+ ( a valley4--,b l& masses z we "k !m d n h equal & uni=m slopes to ! sea 9 all directions1 nor is ! mat]ial ov] any consid]able area p]fectly homog5e\s4 ,dep>ture f ^! conditions1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ degree1 w\ld lead to v diff]5t results4 ,t ! surface ( newly em]g$ l& masses w\ld1 z a rule1 n be r\gh1 is evid5t f ! fact t ! bottom ( ! sea is usually r smoo?4 ,mu* ( x inde$ is s ne>ly plane t if ! wat] 7 )drawn1 ! eye w\ld sc>cely detect any dep>ture f plan5ess4 ,! topography ( a l& mass newly expos$ ei!r by its own elevation or by ! )drawal ( ! sea1 w\ld ord9>ily be simil> to t :i* w\ld exi/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nec$ah & ea/ ( ,camp ,d\glas1 if ! few lone hills 7 remov$1 & ! v %all[ valleys fill$4 ,?\gh su* a surface w\ld seem to be mod]ately uni=m z to its slopes1 & homog5e\s z to its mat]ial1 nei!r ! uni=mity nor ! homog5eity are p]fect1 & ! ra9 wat] w\ld n run (f 9 %eets1 & ! we> w\ld n be equal at all po9ts4 ,let x be suppos$ t an area ( %all[ sea bottom is rais$ above ! sea1 & t ! elevation proce$s until ! l& has an altitude ( sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,s soon z x appe>s above ! sea1 ! ra9 fall+ ^u x beg9s to modify its surface4 ,"s ( ! wat] evaporates at once1 & has little effect on ! surface2 "s ( x s9ks b5ea? ! surface & f9ds its way und]gr\nd to ! sea2 & "s ( x runs (f ov] ! surface & p]=ms ! "w *>act]i/ic ( /reams4 ,s f> z conc]ns modifications ( ! surface1 ! run-(f is ! mo/ important "p4 ,! run-(f ( ! surface w\ld t5d to ga!r 9 ! depressions ( ! surface1 h[ev] slight !y may be4 ,?is t5d5cy is %[n on almo/ e hillside dur+ & aft] a consid]able %[]4 ,! wat] conc5trat$ 9 ! depressions is 9 excess ( t fl[+ ov] o!r p>ts ( ! surface1 & !re=e fl[s fa/]4 ,fl[+ fa/]1 x erodes ! surface ov] :i* x fl[s m rapidly1 & z a result ! initial depressions are deep5$1 & wa%es or gullies are />t$4 ,%\ld ! run-(f n f9d irregul>ities ( slope1 x w\ld1 at ! outset1 fail ( conc5tration2 b %\ld x f9d ! mat]ial m easily erod$ along c]ta9 l9es ?an along o!rs1 ! l9es ( easi] we> w\ld become ! sites ( great] erosion4 ,?is w\ld lead to ! developm5t ( gullies1 t is1 to irregul>ities ( slope4 ,ei!r inequality ( slope or mat]ial may !re=e det]m9e ! location ( a gully1 & "o ( ^! conditions is indisp5sable4 ,once />t$1 ea* wa% or gully becomes ! cause ( its own gr[?1 = ! gully develop$ by ! wat] ( "o %[]1 det]m9es great] conc5tration ( wat] dur+ ! next4 ,great] conc5tration means fa/] fl[1 fa/] fl[ means m rapid we>1 & ?is means correspond+ enl>gem5t ( ! depression ?r\gh :i* ! fl[ takes place4 ,! enl>gem5t effect$ by successive %[]s affects a gully 9 all dim5sions4 ,! wat] com+ 9 at its head c>ries ! head back into ! l& 7head erosion71 ?us l5g!n+ ! gully2 ! wat] com+ 9 at its sides we>s back ! lat]al slopes1 ?us wid5+ x2 & ! wat] fl[+ along its bottom deep5s x4 ,?us gullies gr[ to be rav9es1 & f>!r enl>gem5t by ! same processes conv]ts rav9es into valleys4 ,a riv] valley !re=e is (t5 b a gully gr[n big4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xiii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,a v "y valley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,a valley 9 a lat] /age ( developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,"y valleys4 ,! c\rse ( a valley4--,9 ! l5g!n+ ( a gully or valley headw>d1 ! gr[? w be 9 ! direction ( greate/ we>4 ,?us 9 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #a1 if ! wat] com+ 9 at ! head ( ! gully effects mo/ we> 9 ! direction a1 ! head ( ! gully w advance 9 t direction2 if !re be mo/ we> 9 ! direction b or c1 ! head w advance t[>d "o ( ^! po9ts4 ,! direction ( greate/ we> w be det]m9$ ei!r by ! slope ( ! surface1 or by ! nature ( ! surface mat]ial4 ,! slope may lead to ! conc5tration ( ! ent]+ wat]s along "o l9e1 & ! surface mat]ial may be less resi/ant 9 "o direction ?an 9 ano!r4 ,if ^! factors favor ! same direction ( head-gr[?1 ! l5g!n+ w be m rapid ?an if b "o is favorable4 ,if !re be m rapid gr[? along two l9es1 z b & c1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #a1 ?an betwe5 !m1 two gullies may develop 7,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #b74 ,! frequ5t & tortu\s w9d+s common to rav9es & valleys are !re=e to be expla9$ by ! inequalities ( slope or mat]ial :i* affect$ ! surface :ile ! valley 0 develop+4 ,tribut>y valleys4--,foll[+ out ?is simple conception ( valley gr[?1 we h to inquire h[ a valley sy/em 7a ma9 valley & its tribut>ies7 is develop$4 ,! conditions :i* det]m9e ! location & developm5t ( gullies 9 a new l& surface1 det]m9e ! location & developm5t ( tribut>y gullies4 ,9 fl[+ ov] ! lat]al slopes ( a gully or rav9e1 ! wat] f9ds ei!r slope or surface mat]ial fail+ ( uni=mity4 ,bo? conditions lead to ! conc5tration ( ! wat] along c]ta9 l9es1 & conc5tration ( fl[ on ! slope ( an erosion depression1 be x valley or gully1 leads to ! developm5t ( a tribut>y depression4 ,9 its gr[?1 ! tribut>y repeats1 9 all ess5tial respects1 ! hi/ory ( its ma94 ,x is l5g!n$ headw>d by wat] com+ 9 at its upp] end1 is wid5$ by side wa%1 & deep5$ by ! d[nw>d cutt+ ( ! wat] :i* fl[s along its axis4 ,! factors controll+ its developm5t are ! same z ^? :i* controll$ ! valley to :i* x is tribut>y4 ,!re is "o peculi>ity ( ! c\rses ( tribut>ies :i* des]ves m5tion4 ,tribut>ies1 z a rule1 jo9 _! ma9s ) an acute angle up /ream4 ,9 g5]al1 new l& surfaces1 su* z are n[ "u consid]ation1 slope t[>d ! sea4 ,if a tribut>y gully 7 to />t back f its ma9 at "r angles1 m wat] w\ld come 9 on ! side away f ! %ore1 on acc\nt ( ! seaw>d slope ( ! l&4 ,?is w\ld be true ( ! head ( ! gully z well z ( o!r portions1 & ! effect w\ld be to turn ! head m & m t[>d p>allelism ) ! ma9 valley4 ,local irregul>ities ( surface may1 & frequ5tly d1 int]f]e ) ^! normal relations1 s t ! g5]al c\rse ( a tribut>y is occasionally at "r angles to its ma94 ,/ill m r>ely does ! g5]al c\rse ( a tribut>y make an acute angle ) its ma9 on ! d[n /ream side4 ,local irregul>ities ( surface det]m9e ! w9d+s ( a tribut>y1 s t _! c\rses = long] or %ort] di/ances may be 9 violation ( ! g5]al rule 7c1 ,fig4 #dc72 b on ! :ole1 ! valleys ( a sy/em ^: hi/ory has n be5 int]rupt$ 9 a region :]e ! surface mat]ial is n notably het]og5e\s1 foll[ ! c\rse indicat$ above4 ,?is is %[n by ne>ly e dra9age sy/em on ! ,atlantic ,coa/al pla9 :i* repres5ts m ne>ly ?an any o!r portion ( our cont95t1 ! conditions "h "u consid]ation4 ,fig4 #ab repres5ts ! dra9age sy/em ( ! ,mullica riv] 9 s\!rn ,new ,j]sey & is a type ( ! ,coa/al pla9 riv] sy/em4 ,h[ a valley gets a /ream4--,valleys may become some:at deep & long & wide )\t possess+ p]man5t /reams1 ?\gh f _! inception !y h tempor>y /reams1 ! wat] = :i* is furni%$ by %[]s or melt+ sn[4 ,yet soon] or lat]1 valleys come to h p]man5t /reams4 ,h[ are !y acquir$8 ,does ! valley f9d ! /ream or ! /ream ! valley8 ,= ! answ] to ^! que/ions1 a brief digression w be helpful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,a typical riv] sy/em ( ! ,coa/al pla9 type4 ,9 cultivat$ regions1 wells are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,9 a flat region ( uni=m /ructure1 ! dep? at :i* well wat] may be obta9$ is ess5tially con/ant at all po9ts4 ,if holes 7wells #a & #b1 ,fig4 #ac7 be excavat$ bel[ ?is level1 wat] seeps into !m1 & 9 a s]ies ( wells ! wat] /&s at a ne>ly common level4 ,?is means t ! sub-/ructure is full ( wat] up to t level4 ,^! relations are illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ac4 ,! diagram repres5ts a v]tical section ?r\gh a flat region f ! surface 7s s7 d[n bel[ ! bottom ( wells4 ,! wat] /&s at ! same level 9 ! two cells 7#a & #b71 & ! plane ?r\gh !m1 at ! surface ( ! wat]1 is ! gr\nd wat] level4 ,if 9 su* a surface a valley 7 to be cut until its bottom 0 bel[ ! gr\nd wat] level1 ! wat] w\ld seep into x1 z x does into ! wells2 & if ! am\nt 7 suffici5t1 a p]man5t /ream w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! l9e ,a ,a repres5ts ! gr\nd wat] level1 & ! level at :i* ! wat] /&s 9 ! wells1 "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,! bottom ( ! valley is bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd wat]1 & ! wat] seeps into x f ei!r side4 ,its t5d5cy is to fill ! valley to ! level ,a ,a4 ,b in/ead ( accumulat+ 9 ! op5 valley z x does 9 ! enclos$ wells1 x fl[s away1 & ! gr\nd wat] level on ei!r h& is drawn d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! relations ( gr\nd wat] to /reams4 ,! level ( ! gr\nd wat] fluctuates4 ,x is depress$ :5 ! season is dry 7,a' ,a'71 & rais$ :5 precipitation is abundant 7,a'' ,a''74 ,:5 x is rais$1 ! wat] 9 ! wells rises1 & ! /ream 9 ! valley is swoll54 ,:5 x falls1 ! gr\nd wat] surface is depress$1 & ! wat] 9 ! wells becomes l[]4 ,if ! wat] surface s9ks bel[ ! bottom ( ! wells1 ! wells g dry2 if bel[ ! bottom ( ! valley1 ! valley becomes = ! "t be+1 a dry run4 ,:5 a well is bel[ ! l[e/ gr\nd-wat] level its supply ( wat] nev] fails1 & :5 ! valley is suffici5tly bel[ ! same level1 its /ream does n cease to fl[1 ev5 9 p]iods ( dr\ght4 ,on acc\nt ( ! free evaporation 9 ! op5 valley1 ! valley depression mu/ be some:at bel[ ! level necess>y = a well1 9 ord] t ! fl[ may be con/ant4 ,x w be se5 t int]mitt5t /reams1 t is1 /reams :i* fl[ 9 wet seasons & fail 9 dry1 are int]m$iate betwe5 /reams :i* fl[ aft] %[]s only1 & ^? :i* fl[ )\t int]ruption4 ,9 ! figure ! /ream w\ld become dry if ! gr\nd wat] level sank to ,a' ,a'4 ,x is to be not$ t a p]man5t /ream does n normally prec$e its valley1 b t ! valley1 develop$ ?r\gh gully-hood & rav9e-hood to valley-hood by means ( ! tempor>y /reams suppli$ by ! run-(f ( occasional %[]s1 f9ds a /ream1 j z digg]s ( wells f9d wat]4 ,! case is n alt]$ if ! /ream be f$ by spr+s1 = ! valley f9ds ! spr+1 z truly z ! well-digg] f9ds a ve9 ( wat]4 ,limits ( a valley4--,s soon z a valley acquires a p]man5t /ream1 its developm5t goes on )\t ! int]ruption to :i* x 0 subject :ile ! /ream 0 int]mitt5t4 ,! p]man5t /ream1 l ! tempor>y "o :i* prec$$ x1 t5ds to deep5 & wid5 its valley1 &1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 to l5g!n x z well4 ,! means by :i* ^! enl>gem5ts are affect$ are ! same z be=e4 ,!re are limits1 h[ev]1 9 l5g?1 dep?1 & wid?1 beyond :i* a valley may n g4 ,no /ream c cut bel[ ! level ( ! wat] into :i* x fl[s1 & x c cut to t level only at its outlet4 ,up /ream f t po9t1 a g5tle gradi5t w be e/abli%$ ov] :i* ! wat] w fl[ )\t cutt+4 ,9 ?is condition ! /ream is at grade4 ,its *annel has rea*$ baselevel1 t is1 ! level to :i* ! /ream c we> its b$4 ,?is grade is1 h[ev]1 n necess>ily p]man5t1 = :at 0 baselevel = a small /ream 9 an e>ly /age ( its developm5t1 is n necess>ily baselevel = ! l>g] /ream :i* succe$s x at a lat] "t4 ,wea!r+1 wa%1 & lat]al corrasion ( ! /ream cont9ue to wid5 ! valley aft] x has rea*$ baselevel4 ,! bluffs ( valleys are ?us =c$ to rec$e1 & ! valley is wid5$ at ! exp5se ( ! upl&4 ,two valleys wid5+ on opposite sides ( a divide1 n>r[ ! divide betwe5 !m1 & may ultimately we> x out4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 ! two valleys become "o4 ,! limit to :i* a valley may wid5 on ei!r side is !re=e its neighbor+ valley1 & s9ce1 aft] two valleys h become "o by ! elim9ation ( ! ridge betwe5 !m1 !re are /ill valleys on ei!r h&1 ! f9al result ( ! wid5+ ( all valleys mu/ be to r$uce all ! area :i* !y dra9 to baselevel4 ,z ?is process goes =w>d1 ! upp] flat into :i* ! valleys 7 cut is be+ re/rict$ 9 area1 :ile ! l[] flats develop$ by ! /reams 9 ! valley bottoms are be+ enl>g$4 ,?us ! l[] flats gr[ at ! exp5se ( ! high]4 ,!re are also limits 9 l5g? :i* a valley may n exce$4 ,! head ( any valley may rec$e until "s o!r valley is rea*$4 ,! recession may n /op ev5 !re1 = if1 on opposite sides ( a divide1 erosion is unequal1 z betwe5 #a;,a & #a;,b1 ,fig4 #ad1 ! divide w be mov$ t[>d ! side ( less rapid erosion1 & x w cease to rec$e only :5 erosion on ! two sides becomes equal 7#d;,a & #d;,b74 ,9 homog5e\s mat]ial ?is w be :5 ! slopes on ! two sides are equal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,diagram %[+ ! %ift+ ( a divide4 ,! slopes #a;,a & #a;,b are unequal4 ,! /eep] slope is worn m rapidly & ! divide is %ift$ f #a to #d1 :]e ! two slopes become equal & ! migration ( ! divide ceases4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! l5g!n+ ( a valley headw>d is n normally ! "w ( ! p]man5t /ream1 = ! p]man5t /ream beg9s "s di/ance bel[ ! head ( ! valley4 ,at ! head1 !re=e1 erosion goes on z at ! beg9n+1 ev5 aft] a p]man5t /ream is acquir$4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! valley may be l5g!n$ at its deb\*ure4 ,if ! detritus c>ri$ by x is deposit$ at its m\?1 or if ! sea bottom beyond t po9t rise1 ! l& may be ext5d$ seaw>d1 & ov] ?is ext5sion ! /ream w f9d its way4 ,?us at _! l[]1 z well z at _! upp] ends1 bo? ! /ream & its valley may be l5g!n$4 ,a cycle ( erosion4--,if1 along ! bord]s ( a new-born l& mass1 a s]ies ( valleys 7 develop$1 ess5tially p>allel to "o ano!r1 !y w\ld con/itute depressions sep>at$ by elevations1 repres5t+ ! orig9al surface n yet notably affect$ by erosion 7see ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #a74 ,^! int]-valley areas might at fir/ be wide or n>r[1 b 9 process ( "t !y w\ld necess>ily become n>r[1 =1 once1 a valley is />t$1 all ! wat] :i* ent]s x f ei!r side helps to we> back its slopes1 & ! we>+ back ( ! slopes means ! wid5+ ( ! valleys on ! "o h& & ! n>r[+ ( ! int]-valley ridges on ! o!r4 ,n only w\ld ! wat] runn+ ov] ! slopes ( a valley we> back its walls1 b _m o!r processes conspire to ! same end4 ,! wett+ & dry+1 ! freez+ & ! ?aw+1 ! roots ( plants & ! bor+s ( animals1 all t5d to loos5 ! mat]ial on ! slopes or walls ( ! valleys1 & gravity helps ! loos5$ mat]ial to desc5d4 ,once 9 ! valley bottom1 ! runn+ wat] is likely to c>ry x (f1 l&+ x f9ally 9 ! sea4 ,?us ! gr[? ( ! valley is n ! result ( runn+ wat] alone1 ?\gh ?is is ! mo/ important s+le factor 9 ! process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xiv4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! same valleys z %[n 9 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #c1 9 a lat] /age ( developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,same valleys z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 9 a /ill lat] /age ( developm5t4 ,ev5 if valleys develop$ no tribut>ies1 !y w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 wid5 to su* an ext5t z to ne>ly oblit]ate ! int]v5+ ridges4 ,! surface1 h[ev]1 w\ld n easily be r$uc$ to p]fect flatness4 ,= a long "t at lea/ !re w\ld rema9 some?+ ( slope f ! c5tral axis ( ! =m] int]-/ream ridge1 t[>d ! /reams on ei!r h&2 b if ! process ( erosion w5t on = a suffici5tly long p]iod ( "t1 ! int]-/ream ridge w\ld be br\ght v l[1 & ! result w\ld be an ess5tially flat surface betwe5 ! /reams1 mu* bel[ ! level ( ! old "o4 ,! fir/ valleys :i* />t$ on ! l& surface 7see ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #c7 w\ld be almo/ sure to develop num]\s tribut>ies4 ,into tribut>y valleys wat] w\ld fl[ f _! sides & f _! heads1 & z a result !y w\ld wid5 & deep5 & l5g!n j z _! ma9s _h done be=e !m4 ,by l5g!n+ headw>d !y w\ld "w back f _! ma9s "s "p1 or ev5 all ( ! way across ! divides sep>at+ ! ma9 valleys4 ,by ?is process1 ! tribut>ies cut ! divides betwe5 ! ma9 /reams into %ort] cross-ridges4 ,) ! developm5t ( tribut>y valleys !re w\ld be _m l9es ( dra9age in/ead ( two1 work+ at ! area betwe5 two ma9 /reams4 ,! result w\ld be t ! surface w\ld be br\ght l[ mu* m rapidly1 = x is cle> t _m valleys )9 ! area betwe5 ! ma9 /reams1 wid5+ at ! same "t1 w\ld dim9i% ! aggregate area ( ! upl& mu* m rapidly ?an two alone c\ld d4 ,! same ?+ is made cle> 9 ano!r way4 ,x w be se5 7,plate ,,xiv1 ,figs4 #a & #b7 t ! tribut>ies w\ld pres5tly dissect an area ( uni=m surface1 t5d+ to cut x into a s]ies ( %ort ridges or hills4 ,9 ?is way ! am\nt ( slop+ surface is greatly increas$1 & z a result1 e %[] w\ld h mu* m effect 9 wa%+ loose mat]ials d[n to l[] levels1 :5ce ! /reams c\ld c>ry !m to ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,cross-sections %[+ v>i\s /ages ( erosion 9 "o cycle4 ,! successive /ages 9 ! process ( l[]+ a surface are sugge/$ by ,fig4 #ae1 :i* repres5ts a s]ies ( cross-sections ( a l& mass 9 process ( degradation4 ,! upp]mo/ section repres5ts a level surface cross$ by "y valleys4 ,! next l[] repres5ts ! same surface at a lat] /age1 :5 ! valleys h gr[n l>g]1 :ile ! ?ird & succe$+ sections repres5t /ill lat] /ages 9 ! process ( degradation4 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #c1 & ,plate ,,xiv1 ,figs4 #a & #b1 repres5t 9 ano!r way ! successive /ages ( /ream "w 9 ! g5]al process ( degradation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xv4 ,diagram illu/rat+ h[ a h>d incl9$ lay] ( rock becomes a ridge 9 ! process ( degradation4 ,9 ?is mann] a s]ies ( riv]s1 op]at+ = a suffici5tly long p]iod ( "t1 might r$uce ev5 a high l& mass to a l[ level1 sc>cely above ! sea4 ,! new level w\ld be develop$ soone/ ne> ! sea1 & ! areas f>!/ f x w\ld be ! la/--o!r ?+s be+ equal--to be br\ght l[4 ,! "t necess>y = ! developm5t ( su* a surface is kn[n z a cycle ( erosion1 & ! result+ surface is a base-level pla91 t is1 a pla9 z ne> sea level z riv] erosion c br+ x4 ,at a /age %ortly prec$+ ! base-level /age ! surface w\ld be a p5epla94 ,a p5epla91 !re=e1 is a surface :i* has be5 br\ght t[>d1 b n to base-level4 ,l& surfaces are (t5 spok5 ( z "y or old 9 _! erosion hi/ory accord+ to ! /age ( advancem5t :i* has be5 made t[>d base-level+4 ,?us ! ,colorado canyon1 deep & impressive z x is1 is1 9 t]ms ( erosion1 a "y valley1 = ! riv] has done b a small "p ( ! "w :i* mu/ be done 9 ord] to br+ its bas9 to baselevel4 ,effects ( unequal h>dness4--,! process ( erosion ?us sket*$ w\ld ultimately br+ ! surface ( ! l& d[n to base-level1 & 9 case ! mat]ial ( ! l& 7 homog5e\s1 ! la/ po9ts to be r$uc$ w\ld be ^? mo/ remote f ! axes ( ! /reams do+ ! "w ( level+4 ,b if ! mat]ial ( ! l& 7 ( unequal h>dness1 ^? p>ts :i* 7 h>de/ w\ld resi/ ! action ( erosion mo/ effectively4 ,! areas ( s(t] rock w\ld be br\ght l[1 & ! outcrops ( h>d rock 7,plate ,,xv7 w\ld con/itute ridges dur+ ! lat] /ages ( an erosion cycle4 ,if !re 7 bodies ( h>d rock1 su* z ! ,b>aboo qu>tzite1 surr\nd$ by s&/one1 su* z ! ,potsdam1 ! s&/one on ei!r h& w\ld be worn d[n mu* m readily ?an ! qu>tzite1 & 9 ! c\rse ( degradation ! latt] w\ld come to /& out prom95tly4 ,! region 9 ! vic9ity ( ,devil's lake is 9 t /age ( erosion 9 :i* ! qu>tzite ridges are conspicu\s 7,plate ,,xxxvii74 ,! less resi/ant s&/one has be5 remov$ f ab\t !m1 & erosion has n advanc$ s f> s9ce ! isolation ( ! qu>tzite ridges z to greatly l[] _! cre/s4 ,! h>d] /rata are at a level :]e surface wat] c /ill "w effectively1 ev5 ?\gh sl[ly1 ^u !m1 & 9 spite ( _! great resi/ance !y w ultimately be br\ght d[n to ! common level4 ,x w be se5 t1 f ! po9t ( view ( suba]ial erosion1 a base-level pla9 is ! only l& surface :i* is 9 a condition ( approximate /ability4 ,falls & rapids4--,if 9 l[]+ its *annel a /ream crosses "o lay] ( rock mu* h>d] ?an ! next und]ly+1 ! deep5+ w g on m rapidly on ! less resi/ant b$4 ,:]e ! /ream crosses f ! h>d] to ! less h>d1 ! gradi5t is likely to become /eep1 & a rapids is =m$4 ,^! conditions are sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #af :i* repres5ts ! successive pr(iles 7a b1 a c1 d e1 f e1 g e1 & h e7 ( a /ream cross+ f a h>d] to a s(t] =mation4 ,bel[ ! po9t a ! /ream is fl[+ ov] rock :i* is easily erod$1 :ile above t po9t its c\rse is ov] a h>d] =mation4 ,j bel[ a 7pr(ile a b7 ! gradi5t has become s /eep t !re are rapids4 ,"u ^! conditions1 erosion is rapid j beyond ! cross+ ( ! h>d lay]1 & ! gradi5t becomes high] & high]4 ,:5 ! /eep slope ( ! rapids approa*es v]ticality1 ! rapids become a fall 7pr(ile a c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,diagram to illu/rate ! developm5t ( a rapid & fall4 ,! upp] lay] is h>d] ?an ! /rata bel[4 ,! successive pr(iles ( ! /ream bel[ ! h>d lay] are repres5t$ by ! l9es a b1 a c1 d e1 f e1 g e1 & h e4 ,z ! wat] falls ov] ! precipit\s face & /rikes ^u ! s(t] rock bel[1 "p ( x reb\nds aga9/ ! base ( ! v]tical face 7,fig4 #af74 ,! result ( we> at ?is po9t is ! und]m9+ ( ! h>d lay] above1 & soon] or lat]1 portions ( x w fall4 ,?is w occasion ! recession ( ! fall 7pr(ile d e & f e74 ,z ! fall rec$es1 x gr[s less & less high4 ,:5 ! recession has rea*$ ! po9t i1 or1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! gradi5t ( ! /ream bel[ ! fall crosses ! junction ( ! b$s ( unequal h>dness1 z x ultimately mu/1 effective und]m9+ ceases1 & ! end ( ! fall is at h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xvi4 ,skillett ,falls1 9 ! ,potsdam =mation1 ?ree miles s\?we/ ( ,b>aboo4 ,! sev]al small falls are occasion$ by slight inequalities 9 ! h>dness ( ! lay]s4 ,:5 ! effective und]cutt+ ceases because ! s(t] b$ is no long] accessible1 ! po9t ( maximum we> is transf]r$ to ! top ( ! h>d b$ j :]e ! wat] beg9s to fall 7g1 ,fig4 #af74 ,! we> "h is no great] ?an be=e1 ?\gh x is great] relatively4 ,! relatively great] we> at ?is po9t de/roys ! v]ticality ( ! face1 conv]t+ x into a /eep slope4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! fall is a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & rapids succe$4 ,) cont9u$ fl[ ! b$ ( ! rapids becomes less & less /eep1 until x is f9ally r$uc$ to ! normal gradi5t ( ! /ream 7h e71 :5 ! rapids disappe>4 ,:5 ?9 lay]s ( rock 9 a /ream's c\rse v>y 9 h>dness1 s(t] b$s alt]nat+ ) h>d] ones1 a s]ies ( falls su* z %[n 9 ,plate ,,xvi1 may result4 ,z !y "w up /ream1 ^! falls w be oblit]at$ "o by "o4 ,?us x is se5 t falls & rapids are n p]man5t features ( ! l&scape4 ,!y belong to ! y\ng] p]iod ( a valley's hi/ory1 r ?an to ! old]4 ,!y are m>ks ( topographic y\?4 ,n>r[s4--,:]e a /ream crosses a h>d lay] or ridge ( rock ly+ betwe5 s(t] ones1 ! valley w n wid5 s rapidly 9 ! h>d rock z above & bel[4 ,if ! h>d b$s be v]tical1 s t _! outcrop is n %ift$ z ! degradation ( ! surface proce$s1 a notable con/riction ( ! valley results4 ,su* a con/riction is a n>r[s4 ,! ,upp] & ,l[] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo 7,plate ,,iv7 are good examples ( ! effect ( h>d rock on ! wid5+ ( a valley4 ,erosion ( fold$ /rata4--,! processes ( riv] erosion w\ld n be ess5tially diff]5t 9 case ! l& mass ^u :i* erosion op]at$ 7 made ( tilt$ & fold$ /rata4 ,! folds w\ld1 at ! outset1 det]m9e ! position ( ! dra9age l9es1 = ! ma9 /reams w\ld fl[ 9 ! tr\ghs 7syncl9es7 betwe5 ! folds 7anticl9es74 ,once develop$1 ! /reams w\ld l[] _! b$s1 wid5 _! valleys1 & l5g!n _! c\rses1 & 9 ! long process ( "t !y w\ld br+ ! area dra9$ ne>ly to sea-level1 j z 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,x 0 "u su* conditions t ! g5]al processes ( suba]ial erosion op]at$ 9 s\? c5tral ,wiscons91 aft] ! uplift ( ! qu>tzite & be=e ! deposition ( ! ,potsdam s&/one4 ,x 0 !n t ! pr9cipal features ( ! topography ( ! qu>tzite 7 develop$4 ,9 regions ( fold$ /rata1 c]ta9 b$s are likely to be m resi/ant ?an o!rs4 ,:]e h>d] b$s alt]nate ) s(t]1 ! =m] f9ally come to /& out z ridges1 :ile ! outcrops ( ! latt] m>k ! sites ( ! valleys4 ,su* alt]nations ( b$s ( unequal resi/ance give rise to v>i\s peculi>ities ( dra9age1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\rses ( tribut>ies4 ,^! peculi>ities f9d no illu/ration 9 ?is region & are n "h discuss$4 ,base-level pla9s & p5epla9s4--,x is important to notice t a plane surface 7base-level7 develop$ by /reams c\ld only be develop$ at elevations b slightly above ! sea1 t is1 at levels at :i* runn+ wat] ceases to be an effective ag5t ( erosion2 = s long z a /ream is actively deep5+ its valley1 its t5d5cy is to r\gh5 ! area :i* x dra9s1 n to make x smoo?4 ,! ,colorado riv]1 fl[+ ?r\gh high l&1 makes a deep gorge4 ,all ! /reams ( ! we/]n plateaus h deep valleys1 & ! manife/ result ( _! action is to r\gh5 ! surface2 b giv5 "t en\gh1 & ! /reams w h cut _! b$s to l[ gradi5ts4 ,!n1 ?\gh deep5+ ( ! valleys w cease1 wid5+ w n1 & in* by in* & %[] by %[] ! elevat$ l&s betwe5 ! valleys w be r$uc$ 9 area1 & ultimately ! :ole w be br\ght d[n ne>ly to ! level ( ! /ream b$s4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xvii4 ,a gr\p ( m\nds on ! pla9 s\?we/ f ,camp ,d\glas4 ,! base-level surface is well %[n1 & above x rise ! remnants ( ! high] pla9 f :i* ! l[] 0 r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xviii4 ,ca/le ,rock ne> ,camp ,d\glas4 ,9 ?is view ! relation ( ! erosion remnant to ! ext5sive base-level$ surface is well %[n4 ,x is important to notice fur!r t if ! orig9al surface on :i* erosion began is level1 !re is no /age int]m$iate betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( an erosion cycle1 :5 ! surface is aga9 level1 or ne>ly s1 ?\gh 9 ! /age ( a cycle next prec$+ ! la/--! p5epla9 /age 7f\r? pr(ile1 ,fig4 #ae7--! surface approa*es flatness4 ,x is also important to notice t :5 /reams h cut a l& surface d[n to ! level at :i* !y cease to erode1 t surface w /ill possess "s slight slope1 & t to seaw>d4 ,no def9ite degree ( slope c be fix$ ^u z m>k+ a base-level4 ,! angle ( slope :i* w\ld practically /op erosion 9 a region ( slight ra9fall w\ld be great en\gh to all[ ( erosion if ! precipitation 7 great]4 ,all t c be said1 !re=e1 is t ! angle ( slope mu/ be l[4 ,! ,mississippi has a fall ( less ?an a foot p] mile = "s hundr$s ( miles above ! gulf4 ,a small /ream 9 a simil> situation w\ld h ceas$ to l[] its *annel be=e s l[ a gradi5t 0 rea*$4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to a base-level$ region )9 ! area "h "u consid]ation is 9 ! vic9ity ( ,camp ,d\glas & ,nec$ah 7see ,plate ,i74 ,?is is inde$ "o ( ! be/ examples ( a base-level$ pla9 kn[n4 ,"h ! broad pla91 ext5d+ 9 "s directions z f> z ! eye c rea*1 is z l[ z x c\ld be r$uc$ by ! /reams :i* develop$ x4 ,! erosion cycle :i* produc$ ! pla9 01 h[ev]1 n complet$1 = above ! pla9 rise a few conspicu\s hills 7,plates ,,xvii & ,,xviii1 & ,fig4 #ag71 & to ! we/ ( x lie ! highl&s m>k+ ! level f :i* ! l[ pla9 0 r$uc$4 ,:]e a region has be5 cle>ly base-level$1 isolat$ masses or ridges ( resi/ant rock may /ill /& out conspicu\sly above x4 ,! qu>tzite hill at ,nec$ah is an example4 ,su* hills are kn[n z monadnocks4 ,?is "n 0 tak5 f ,m\nt ,monadnock :i* owes its orig9 to ! removal ( ! surr\nd+ less resi/ant b$s4 ,! "n has n[ become g5]ic4 ,_m ( ! isolat$ hills on ! p5epla9 ea/ ( ,camp ,d\glas are p]haps due to sup]ior resi/ance1 ?\gh ! rock ( :i* !y are compos$ belongs to ! same =mation z t :i* has be5 remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,sket*1 look+ nor?we/ f ,camp ,d\glas4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,valleys ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,/ages ,,( ,,developm5t4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( its developm5t a depression made by erosion has /eep lat]al slopes1 ! exact "* ( :i* is det]m9$ by _m consid]ations4 ,its normal cross-section is usually describ$ z ,v-%ap$ 7,fig4 #ah74 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( its developm5t1 especially if 9 unconsolidat$ mat]ial1 ! slopes are normally convex inw>d4 ,if cut 9 solid rock1 ! cross section may be ! same1 ?\gh _m v>iations are likely to appe>1 due especially to ! /ructure ( ! rock & to inequalities ( h>dness4 ,if a /ream be swift en\gh to c>ry (f n only all ! detritus desc5d+ f its slopes1 b to abrade its b$ effectively besides1 a /eep-sid$ gorge develops4 ,if x becomes deep1 x is a canyon4 ,= ! developm5t ( a canyon1 ! mat]ial ( ! walls mu/ be su* z is capable ( /&+ at a high angle4 ,a canyon always indicates t ! d[n-cutt+ ( a /ream keeps well ahead ( ! wid5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,diagrammatic cross-section ( a "y valley4 ,( "y valleys 9 loose mat]ial 7drift7 !re are _m examples 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! area "h describ$4 ,%all[ canyons or gorges 9 rock are also f\nd4 ,! gorge ( ,skillett creek at & above ! ,pewit's ne/ ab\t ?ree miles s\?we/ f ,b>aboo1 ! gorge ( ,dell creek two miles s\? ( ,kilb\rn ,city1 & ! ,dalles ( ! ,wiscons9 at ,kilb\rn ,city may s]ve z illu/rations ( ?is type ( valley4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,diagrammatic pr(ile ( a "y valley4 ,! pr(ile ( a valley at ! /age ( its developm5t correspond+ to ! above section is repres5t$ diagrammatically by ! curve ,a ,b 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! sket* 7,pl4 ,,xix1 ,fig4 #a7 repres5ts a bird's-eye view ( a valley 9 ! same /age ( developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,diagrammatic cross-section ( a valley at a /age correspond+ ) t %[n 9 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #b4 ,at a /age ( developm5t lat] ?an t repres5t$ by ! ,v-%ap$ cross-section1 ! correspond+ section is ,u-%ap$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! same =m is sket*$ 9 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is repres5ts a /age ( developm5t :]e detritus desc5d+ ! slopes is n all c>ri$ away by ! /ream1 & :]e ! valley is be+ wid5$ fa/] ?an x is deep5$4 ,its slopes are !re=e becom+ g5tl]4 ,! pr(ile ( ! valley at ?is /age w\ld be mu* ! same z t 9 ! prec$+1 except t ! gradi5t 9 ! l[] portion w\ld be l[]4 ,/ill lat] ! cross section ( ! valley assumes ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 & 9 p]spective ! =m sket*$ 9 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is trans=mation is effect$ p>tly by erosion1 & p>tly by deposition 9 ! valley4 ,:5 a /ream has cut its valley z l[ z conditions all[1 x becomes sluggi%4 ,a sluggi% /ream is easily turn$ f side to side1 &1 direct$ aga9/ its banks1 x may und]cut !m1 caus+ !m to rec$e at ! po9t ( und]cutt+4 ,9 its me&]+s1 x und]cuts at v>i\s po9ts at v>i\s times1 & ! aggregate result is ! wid5+ ( ! valley4 ,by ?is process alone ! /ream w\ld develop a flat grade4 ,at ! same "t all ! dra9age :i* comes 9 at ! sides t5ds to c>ry ! walls ( ! valley f>!r f its axis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,diagrammatic cross-section ( a valley at a /age lat] ?an t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,a sluggi% /ream is also g5]ally a deposit+ /ream4 ,its deposits t5d to aggrade 7build up7 ! flat :i* its me&]+s develop4 ,:5 a valley bottom is built up1 x becomes wid] at ! same "t1 = ! valley is1 z a rule1 wid] at any giv5 level ?an at any l[] "o4 ,?us ! ,u-%ap$ valley is f9ally conv]t$ into a valley ) a flat bottom1 ! flat be+ due 9 l>ge "p to erosion1 & 9 small] "p to deposition4 ,"u exceptional circum/ances ! relative importance ( ^! two factors may be rev]s$4 ,x w be se5 t ! cross-section ( a valley af=ds a clue to its age4 ,a valley )\t a flat is "y1 & increas+ age is indicat$ by increas+ wid?4 ,valleys illu/rat+ all /ages ( developm5t are to be f\nd 9 ! ,devil's lake region4 ,! valley ( ,honey creek s\?we/ ( ,devil's lake may be tak5 z an illu/ration ( a valley at an int]m$iate /age ( developm5t1 :ile examples ( old valleys are f\nd 9 ! flat c\ntry ab\t ,camp ,d\glas & ,nec$ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xix4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,sket* ( a valley at ! /age ( developm5t correspond+ to ! cross section %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,sket* ( a valley at ! /age ( developm5t correspond+ to ! cross section %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xx4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,sket* ( a "p ( a valley at ! /age ( developm5t correspond+ to ! cross section %[n 9 ,fig #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,sket* ( a section ( ! ,b>aboo valley4 ,transportation & ,deposition4 ,s$im5t is c>ri$ by /reams 9 two ways3 7#a7 by be+ roll$ along ! bottom1 & 7#b7 by be+ held 9 susp5sion4 ,dissolv$ m9]al matt] 7:i* is n s$im5t7 is also c>ri$ 9 ! wat]4 ,by means ( t roll$ along ! bottom & c>ri$ 9 susp5sion1 especially ! =m]1 ! /ream z already /at$ abrades its b$4 ,! transport+ p[] ( a /ream ( giv5 size v>ies ) its velocity4 ,increase 9 ! declivity or ! volume ( a /ream increases its velocity & !re=e its transportive p[]4 ,! transportation effect$ by a /ream is influ5c$ 7#a7 by its transport+ p[]1 & 7#b7 by ! size & am\nt ( mat]ial available = c>riage4 ,f9e mat]ial is c>ri$ ) a less exp5diture ( en]gy ?an an equal am\nt ( co>se4 ,) ! same exp5diture ( en]gy !re=e a /ream c c>ry a great] am\nt ( ! =m] ?an ( ! latt]4 ,s9ce ! transportation effect$ by a /ream is dep5d5t on its gradi5t1 its size1 & ! size & am\nt ( mat]ial available1 x foll[s t :5 ^! conditions *ange s z to decrease ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! riv]1 deposition w foll[1 if ! /ream 0 previ\sly fully load$4 ,9 o!r words1 a /ream w deposit :5 x becomes ov]load$4 ,ov]load+ may come ab\t 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7#a7 ,by decrease 9 gradi5t1 *eck+ velocity & !re=e c>ry+ p[]2 7#b7 by decrease 9 am\nt ( wat]1 :i* may result f evaporation1 absorption1 etc42 7#c7 by *ange 9 ! %ape ( ! *annel1 s t ! friction ( fl[ is increas$1 & !re=e ! =ce available = transportation less5$2 7#d7 by lat]al dra9age br++ 9 m s$im5t ?an ! ma9 /ream c c>ry2 7#e7 by *ange 9 ! "* ( ! mat]ial to :i* ! /ream has access2 = if x becomes f9]1 ! co>se mat]ial previ\sly c>ri$ w be dropp$1 & ! f9e tak52 & 7#f7 by ! *eck+ ( velocity :5 a /ream fl[s into a body ( /&+ wat]4 ,topographic =ms result+ f /ream deposition4--,! topographic =ms result+ f /ream deposition are v>i\s4 ,at ! bottoms ( /eep slopes1 tempor>y /reams build alluvial cones or fans4 ,along its flood-pla9 portion1 a /ream deposits m or less s$im5t on its flats4 ,! "p play$ by deposition 9 build+ a riv] flat has already be5 allud$ to4 ,a deposit+ /ream (t5 w&]s ab\t 9 an app>5tly aimless way across its flood pla94 ,at ! b5ds 9 its c\rse1 cutt+ is (t5 tak+ place on ! outside ( a curve :ile deposition is go+ on 9 ! inside4 ,! valley ( ! ,b>aboo illu/rates ?is process ( cutt+ & build+4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xx1 is bas$ ^u ! features ( ! valley )9 ! city ( ,b>aboo4 ,besides deposit+ on its flood-pla91 a /ream (t5 deposits 9 its *annel4 ,any ob/ruction ( a *annel :i* *ecks ! curr5t ( a load$ /ream occasions deposition4 ,9 ?is way b>s are =m$4 ,once />t$1 ! b> increases 9 size1 = x becomes an ob/acle to fl[1 & s ! cause ( its own gr[?4 ,x may be built up ne>ly to ! surface ( ! /ream1 & 9 l[ wat]1 x may become an isl& by ! depression ( ! surface wat]4 ,9 "s p>ts ( its c\rse1 z ab\t ,m]rimac1 ! ,wiscons9 riv] is m>k$ by su* isl&s at l[ wat]1 & by a mu* l>g] numb] ( b>s4 ,at _! deb\*ures1 /reams give up _! loads ( s$im5t4 ,"u favorable conditions deltas are built1 b delta-build+ has n ent]$ into ! physical hi/ory ( ?is region to any notable ext5t4 ,rejuv5ation ( ,/reams4 ,aft] ! developm5t ( a base-level pla91 its surface w\ld suff] little *ange 7except t effect$ by und]gr\nd wat]7 s long z x ma9ta9$ its position4 ,b if1 aft] its developm5t1 a base-level pla9 7 elevat$1 ! old surface 9 a new position w\ld be subject to a new s]ies ( *anges id5tical 9 k9d ) ^? :i* _h gone be=e4 ,! elevation w\ld give ! e/abli%$ /reams great] fall1 & !y w\ld reassume ! *>act]i/ics ( y\?4 ,! great] fall w\ld accel]ate _! velocities2 ! increas$ velocities w\ld entail increas$ erosion2 increas$ erosion w\ld result 9 ! deep5+ ( ! valleys1 & ! deep5+ ( ! valleys w\ld lead to ! r\gh5+ ( ! surface4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! rejuv5at$ /reams w\ld h cut _! valleys z l[ z ! new altitude ( ! l& p]mitt$1 t is1 to a new base-level4 ,! process ( deep5+ w\ld !n /op1 & ! limit ( v]tical relief :i* ! /reams 7 capable ( develop+1 w\ld be atta9$4 ,b ! valleys w\ld n /op wid5+ :5 !y /opp$ deep5+1 & z !y wid5$1 ! int]v5+ divides w\ld become n>r[]1 & ultimately l[]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !y w\ld be de/roy$1 giv+ rise to a new level surface mu* bel[ ! old "o1 b develop$ 9 ! same position :i* ! old "o occupi$ :5 x orig9at$2 t is1 a position b little above sea level4 ,if at "s int]m$iate /age 9 ! developm5t ( a second base-level pla91 say at a "t :5 ! /reams1 rejuv5at$ by uplift1 _h br\ght half ! elevat$ surface d[n to a new base-level1 ano!r uplift 7 to occur1 ! half complet$ cycle w\ld be br\ght to an end1 & a new "o begun4 ,! /reams w\ld aga9 be quick5$1 & z a result !y w\ld promptly cut new & deep] *annels 9 ! bottoms ( ! great valleys :i* _h already be5 develop$4 ,! topography :i* w\ld result is sugge/$ by ! foll[+ diagram 7,fig4 #bb7 :i* illu/rates ! cross-section :i* w\ld be f\nd aft] ! foll[+ sequ5ce ( ev5ts3 7#a7 ,! developm5t ( a base-level1 ,a ,a2 7#b7 uplift1 rejuv5ation ( ! /reams1 & a new cycle ( erosion half complet$1 ! new base-level be+ at ,b ,b2 7#c7 a second uplift1 br++ ! second 7incomplete7 cycle ( erosion to a close1 & by rejuv5at+ ! /reams1 inaugurat+ ! ?ird cycle4 ,z repres5t$ 9 ! diagram1 ! ?ird cycle has n progress$ f>1 be+ repres5t$ only by ! n>r[ valley ,c4 ,! base-level is n[ #b-b1 & ! valley repres5t$ 9 ! diagram has n yet rea*$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,diagram 7cross-section71 illu/rat+ ! topographic effect ( rejuv5ation by uplift4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,normal pr(ile ( a valley bottom 9 a non-m\nta9\s region4 ,! rejuv5ation ( a /ream %[s itself 9 ano!r way4 ,! normal pr(ile ( a valley bottom 9 a non-m\nta9\s region is a g5tle curve1 concave upw>d ) gradi5t increas+ f deb\*ure to s\rce4 ,su* a pr(ile is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,fig4 #bd1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! pr(ile ( a rejuv5at$ /ream4 ,! valley once _h a pr(ile simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,bel[ ,b its =m] cont9uation is m>k$ by ! dott$ l9e ,b ,c4 ,s9ce rejuv5ation ! /ream has deep5$ ! l[] "p ( its valley1 & e/abli%$ !re a pr(ile 9 h>mony ) ! new conditions4 ,! upp] end ( ! new curve has n yet rea*$ beyond ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,pr(ile ( a /ream rejuv5at$ by uplift4 ,und]gr\nd ,wat]4 ,9 :at has prec$$1 ref]5ce has be5 made only to ! results accompli%$ by ! wat] :i* runs (f ov] ! surface4 ,! wat] :i* s9ks b5ea? x is1 h[ev]1 ( no small importance 9 r$uc+ a l& surface4 ,! enorm\s am\nt ( m9]al matt] 9 solution 9 spr+ wat] be>s witness to ! effici5cy ( ! gr\nd wat] 9 dissolv+ rock1 = s9ce ! wat] did n conta9 ! m9]al matt] :5 x ent]$ ! soil1 x mu/ h acquir$ x bel[ ! surface4 ,by ?is means alone1 areas ( m soluble rock are l[]$ bel[ ^? ( less solubility4 ,fur!rmore1 ! wat] is /ill active z a solv5t ag5t aft] a surface has be5 r$uc$ to s l[ a gradi5t t ! run-(f ceases to erode me*anically4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,erosion ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,/rik+ ,,sc5ic ,,features4 ,! uplift foll[+ ! p]iod ( ,paleozoic deposition 9 s\? c5tral ,wiscons91 inaugurat$ a p]iod ( erosion :i*1 ) "s int]ruptions1 has cont9u$ to ! pres5t day4 ,! processes ( wea!r+ began z soon z ! surface 0 expos$ to ! wea!r1 & corrasion by runn+ wat] began ) ! fir/ %[] :i* fell ^u x4 ,! s$im5t worn f ! l& 0 c>ri$ back to ! sea1 !re to be us$ 9 ! build+ ( /ill y\ng] =mations4 ,! rate ( erosion ( a l& surface dep5ds 9 l>ge measure ^u its height4 ,z a rule1 x is erod$ rapidly if high1 & b sl[ly if l[4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ! l&s ( c5tral ,wiscons9 rose to slight or to great heights at ! close ( ! p]iod ( ,paleozoic s$im5tation4 ,x is !re=e n kn[n :e!r ! erosion 0 at ! outset rapid or sl[4 ,if ! l& ( s\!rn ,wiscons9 rema9$ l[ = a "t aft] ! uplift :i* br\ght ! ,paleozoic s$im5tation to a close1 wea!r+ w\ld h exce$$ transportation & corrasion4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! ra9fall w\ld h sunk b5ea? ! surface1 & f\nd its way to ! sea by subt]ranean r\tes4 ,loos5+ ( mat]ial by alt]nate wett+ & dry+1 expansion & contraction1 freez+ & ?aw+1 & by solution1 might h gone on /eadily1 b s long z ! l& 0 l[1 !re w\ld h be5 little run-(f1 & t little w\ld h fl[$ ov] a surface ( g5tle slopes1 & transportation w\ld h be5 at a m9imum4 ,on ! :ole1 ! degradation ( ! l& "u ^! conditions c\ld n h advanc$ rapidly4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! l& 0 rais$ promptly to a consid]able height1 erosion w\ld h be5 vigor\s at ! outset4 ,! surface wat]s w\ld soon h develop$ valleys :i* ! /reams w\ld h wid5$1 deep5$ & l5g!n$4 ,bo? transportation & corrasion w\ld h be5 active1 & :atev] mat]ial 0 prep>$ = transportation by wea!r+1 & br\ght into ! valleys by side-wa%1 w\ld h be5 hurri$ on its way to ! sea1 & degradation w\ld h proce$$ rapidly4 ,e/abli%m5t ( dra9age4--,valleys 7 develop$ 9 ?is new l& surface accord+ to ! pr9ciples already set =?4 ,betwe5 ! valleys !re 7 divides1 :i* became high] z ! valleys became deep]1 & n>r[] z ! valleys wid5$4 ,ultimately ! ridges 7 l[]$1 & _m ( !m f9ally elim9at$ 9 ! mann] already outl9$4 ,! di/ance bel[ ! orig9al surface & t at :i* ! fir/ s]ies ( new flats 7 develop$ is conjectural1 b x w\ld h dep5d$ on ! height ( ! l&4 ,s f> z c n[ be inf]r$1 ! new base-pla9 t[>d :i* ! /reams cut may h be5 #djj or #ejj feet bel[ ! cre/s ( ! qu>tzite ridges4 ,x 0 at ?is level t ! olde/ base-pla9 ( :i* ?is imm$iate region %[s evid5ce1 0 develop$4 ,_h ! qu>tzite ranges n be5 completely buri$ by ! ,paleozoic s$im5ts1 !y w\ld h appe>$ z ridges on ! new l& surface1 & w\ld h _h a m>k$ influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! dra9age ( ! newly em]g$ surface4 ,b z ! ranges 7 probably completely buri$1 ! dra9age l9es 7 e/abli%$ reg>dless ( ! position ( ! h>d1 b buri$ ridges4 ,:5 9 ! process ( degradation ! qu>tzite surfaces 7 rea*$1 ! /reams enc\nt]$ a =mation f> m resi/ant ?an ! surr\nd+ s&/one & lime/one4 ,z ! less resi/ant /rata 7 worn away1 ! old qu>tzite ridges1 long buri$1 aga9 became prom95t topographic features4 ,9 ?is condition !y 7 resurrect$ m\nta9s4 ,if1 :5 erosion on ! uplift$ surface ( ,paleozoic rocks began1 a valley _h be5 locat$ directly ov] ! buri$ qu>tzite ridge1 & along its c\rse1 x w\ld h be5 deep5$ normally until its bottom rea*$ ! cre/ ( ! h>d =mation4 ,!n1 in/ead ( s9k+ its valley v]tically d[nw>d into ! qu>tzite1 ! /ream w\ld h %ift$ its *annel d[n ! slope ( ! range along ! junction ( ! s(t] & h>d] rock 7,fig4 #be74 ,su* *anges occasion$ by ! nature & position ( ! rock conc]n$1 are kn[n z adju/m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! hypo!tical case ( a /ream work+ d[n ! slope ( ! qu>tzite range4 ,! successive sections ( ! valley are sugge/$ by ! l9es ae1 be1 ce & de4 ,/reams :i* cross$ ! qu>tzite ridges on ! ov]ly+ /rata might h held _! c\rses ev5 aft] _! valleys 7 l[]$ to ! level ( ! qu>tzite4 ,su* /reams w\ld h develop$ n>r[s at ! cross+ ( ! qu>tzite4 ,9 s f> z !re 7 passes 9 ! qu>tzite range be=e ! deposition ( ! ,paleozoic b$s1 !y 7 fill$ dur+ ! long p]iod ( s$im5tation1 to be aga9 cle>$ out dur+ ! subsequ5t p]iod ( erosion4 ,! gap 9 ! ,s\? range n[ occupi$ by ! lake 0 a n>r[s 9 a valley :i* exi/$1 ?\gh p]haps n to its pres5t dep?1 be=e ! ,potsdam s&/one 0 deposit$4 ,x 0 fill$ :5 ! s$im5ts ( t =mation 7 laid d[n1 to be aga9 op5$1 & p]haps deep5$1 9 ! p]iod ( erosion :i* foll[$ ! deposition ( ! ,paleozoic s]ies4 ,dur+ ! e>lie/ p]iod ( erosion ( :i* !re is positive evid5ce1 aft] ! uplift ( ! ,paleozoic b$s1 ! s(t] =mations ab\t ! qu>tzite 7 worn d[n to a level #djj or #ejj feet bel[ ! cre/s ( ! ,s\? qu>tzite range4 ,at ?is l[] level1 an approximate pla91 a p5epla91 0 develop$1 ! level ( :i* is %[n by num]\s hills1 ! summits ( :i* n[ rea* an elevation ( f #a1jjj to #a1ajj feet above ! sea4 ,at ! "t ( its developm5t1 ?is p5epla9 0 b little above sea level1 = ?is is ! only elevation at :i* runn+ wat] c develop su* a pla94 ,above ! g5]al level ( ?is pla9 rose ! qu>tzite ranges z elongate monadnocks1 ! highe/ p>ts ( :i* 7 fully #ejj feet above ! pla94 ,a few o!r po9ts 9 ! vic9ity fail$ to be r$uc$ to ! level ( ! p5epla94 ,! #a1cbj foot hill 7d1 ,plate ,,xxxvii71 "o & "o-half miles s\!a/ ( ! ,l[] n>r[s1 & ,gibralt> ,rock 7e1 same ,plate71 two miles s\!a/ ( ,m]rimac1 rose z prom95ces above x4 ,x is possible t ^! cre/s are remnants ( a base-level pla9 old] ?an t ref]r$ to above4 ,if :ile ! qu>tzite rema9$ mu* z n[1 ! valleys 9 ! s&/one bel[ #a1jjj or #a1ajj feet 7 fill$1 ! result w\ld correspond 9 a g5]al way to ! surface :i* exi/$ 9 ?is region :5 ! fir/ di/9ctly recognizable cycle ( erosion 0 br\ght to a close4 ,above ! undulat+ pla9 develop$ 9 ! s&/one & lime/one1 ! ma9 qu>tzite ridge w\ld h ris5 z a conspicu\s ridge #djj to #ejj feet4 ,?is cycle _h n be5 complet$1 t is1 ! "w ( base-level+ _h n be5 altoge!r accompli%$1 :5 ! p5epla9 0 elevat$1 & ! cycle1 ?\gh /ill incomplete1 br\ght to a close4 ,by ! uplift1 ! /reams 7 rejuv5at$1 & sunk _! valleys into ! elevat$ p5epla94 ,?us a new cycle ( erosion 0 begun1 & ! uplift$ p5epla9 0 dissect$ by ! quick5$ /reams :i* sank _! valleys promptly into ! slightly resi/ant s&/one4 ,at _! new base-level1 !y ultimately develop$ new flats4 ,?is cycle ( erosion appe>s to h advanc$ no f>!r ?an to ! developm5t ( wide flats along ! pr9cipal /reams1 su* z ! ,wiscons9 & ! ,b>aboo1 & n>r[ ones along ! subord9ate wat] c\rses1 :5 x 0 int]rupt$4 ,along ! ma9 /reams ! new flats 7 at a level :i* is n[ f #hjj to #ijj feet above ! sea1 & #gjj to #hjj feet bel[ ! ,s\? qu>tzite range4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! pla9s ab\t ,camp ,d\glas & ,nec$ah1 already ref]r$ to1 7 develop$4 ,dur+ ?is second incomplete cycle1 ! qu>tzite ranges1 resi/+ erosion1 came to /& up /ill m prom95tly ?an dur+ ! fir/4 ,! int]ruption ( ?is cycle 0 caus$ by ! adv5t ( ! glacial p]iod :i* di/urb$ ! normal c\rse ( erosion4 ,?is p]iod 0 accompani$ & foll[$ by slight *anges ( level :i* also _h _! influ5ce on ! /reams4 ,! consid]ation ( ! effects ( glaciation & ( subsequ5t riv] erosion are po/pon$1 b x may be /at$ t )9 ! area :i* 0 glaciat$ ! po/-glacial /reams h be5 l>gely occupi$ 9 remov+ ! drift deposit$ by ! ice f ! preglacial valleys1 or 9 cutt+ new valleys 9 ! drift4 ,! /reams outside ! area ( glaciation 7 less s]i\sly di/urb$4 ,at levels o!r ?an ^? indicat$1 p>tial base-levels are sugge/$1 & al?\gh less well m>k$ 9 ?is region1 !y might1 9 ! /udy ( a broad] area1 br+ out a mu* m complicat$ erosion hi/ory4 ,z already sugge/$1 "o cycle may h prec$$ t ! remnants ( :i* n[ /& #a1jjj-a1ajj feet above sea level1 & ano!r may h int]v5$ betwe5 ?is & t m>k$ by ! #hjj to #ijj foot level4 ,f ! =ego+ x is cle> t ! topography ( ! region is1 on ! :ole1 an erosion topography1 save = c]ta9 details 9 its ea/]n portion4 ,! valleys diff] 9 =m & 9 size1 ) _! age1 & ) ! nature ( ! mat]ial 9 :i* !y are cut2 :ile ! hills & ridges diff] ) v>y+ relations to ! /reams1 & ) ! nature ( ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,/rik+ ,sc5ic ,features4 ,9 a region s devoid ( /rik+ sc5]y z ! c5tral portion ( ! ,mississippi bas91 topographic features :i* w\ld be pass$ )\t special notice 9 regions ( great] relief1 become ! objects ( int]e/4 ,b 9 s\? c5tral ,wiscons9 !re are v>i\s features :i* w\ld attract att5tion 9 any region :]e ! sc5]y is n m\nta9\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxi4 ,cleopatra's ,ne$le4 ,we/ ,bluff ( ,devil's ,lake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxii4 ,turk's ,head4 ,we/ ,bluff ( ,devil's ,lake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxiii4 ,devil's ,doorway4 ,ea/ ( ,devil's ,lake4 ,on ! bluffs at ,devil's lake !re are _m m9or features :i* are sure to attract ! att5tion ( visitors4 ,su* are ,cleopatra's ,ne$le 7,plate ,,xxi71 ,turk's ,head 7,plate ,,xxii71 & ! ,devil's ,doorway 7,plate ,,xxiii74 ,^! p>ticul> =ms h result$ f ! peculi> wea!r+ ( ! qu>tzite4 ,! rock is affect$ by sev]al sy/ems ( v]tical or ne>ly v]tical jo9t planes 7cracks71 :i* divide ! :ole =mation into a s]ies ( v]tical columns4 ,!re are also horizontal & oblique planes ( cleavage divid+ ! columns1 s t ! great qu>tzite pile may be said to be made up ( a s]ies ( blocks1 :i* are g5]ally 9 contact ) "o ano!r4 ,! isolat$ pill>s & columns :i* h receiv$ special names h be5 left z !y n[ /& by ! fall+ away ( ! blocks :i* once surr\nd$ !m4 ,!y !mselves mu/ soon foll[4 ,! great talus slopes at ! base ( ! bluffs1 su* z ^? on ! we/ side ( ! lake & on ! ,ea/ bluff ne> its s\!a/ corn]1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 are sil5t witnesses ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is process has already gone4 ,! blocks ( rock ( :i* !y are compos$ h be5 loos5$ by freez+ wat]1 by ! roots ( trees1 & by expansion & contraction due to *ang+ temp]ature1 & h fall5 f _! =m] positions to ^? !y n[ occupy4 ,_! desc5t1 effect$ by gravity directly1 is1 x w be not$1 ! fir/ /ep 9 _! j\rney to ! sea1 ! f9al re/+ place ( all products ( l& degradation4 ,! ,b>aboo bluffs4--,n[h]e 9 s\!rn ,wiscons91 or inde$ 9 a l>ge area adjac5t to x1 are !re elevations :i* s ne>ly approa* m\nta9s z ! ranges ( qu>tzite 9 ! vic9ity ( ,b>aboo & ,devil's lake4 ,s mu* has already be5 said ( _! hi/ory t !re is ne$ = little fur!r description4 ,plate ,,iv gives "s idea ( ! appe>ance ( ! ranges4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ranges1 already outl9$1 involves ! foll[+ /ages3 7#a7 ,! deposition ( ! s&s 9 ,huronian "t2 7#b7 ! *ange ( ! s& to s&/one & ! s&/one to qu>tzite2 7#c7 ! uplift & de=mation ( ! b$s2 7#d7 igne\s intrusions1 fault+1 cru%+1 & %o>+1 ) ! developm5t ( s*i/s accompany+ ! de=mation2 7#e7 a prolong$ p]iod ( erosion dur+ :i* ! folds ( qu>tzite 7 l>gely worn away1 ?\gh consid]able ridges1 ! ,huronian m\nta9s ( e>ly ,cambrian times1 /ill rema9$ high above _! surr\nd+s2 7#f7 ! subm]g5ce ( ! region1 f9ally involv+ ev5 ! cre/s ( ! ridges ( qu>tzite2 7#g7 a protract$ p]iod ( deposition dur+ :i* ! ,potsdam s&/one & sev]al lat] ,paleozoic =mations 7 laid d[n ab\t1 & f9ally ov]1 ! qu>tzite1 bury+ ! m\nta9\s ridges2 7#h7 ! elevation ( ! ,paleozoic sea-bottom1 conv]t+ x into l&2 7#i7 a long p]iod ( erosion1 dur+ :i* ! upp] ,paleozoic b$s 7 remov$1 & ! qu>tzite re-discov]$4 ,be+ mu* h>d] ?an ! ,paleozoic rocks1 ! qu>tzite ridges aga9 came to /& out z prom95t ridges1 z ! surr\nd+ b$s ( relatively slight resi/ance 7 worn away4 ,!y are resurrect$ m\nta9s1 ?\gh n ) ! full height :i* !y _h 9 pre-,cambrian "t1 = !y are /ill p>tially buri$ by y\ng] b$s4 ,! n>r[s 9 ! qu>tzite4--,!re are f\r n>r[s or passes 9 ! qu>tzite ridges1 all ( :i* are r /rik+ features4 ,"o ( !m is 9 ! ,s\? range1 "o 9 ! ,nor? range ne> its ea/]n end1 :ile ! o!rs are 9 an isolat$ area ( qu>tzite at ,ablemans :i* is really a cont9uation ( ! ,nor? range4 ,two ( ^! n>r[s are occupi$ by ! ,b>aboo riv]1 "o by ,n>r[s creek1 & ! f\r? by ,devil's lake4 ,f ,ablemans to a po9t sev]al miles ea/ ( ,b>aboo1 ! ,b>aboo riv] fl[s ?r\gh a capaci\s valley4 ,:]e x crosses ! ,nor? range1 six miles or m nor? ( ea/ ( ,b>aboo1 ! broad valley is abruptly con/rict$ to a n>r[ pass ) precipit\s sides1 ab\t #ejj feet high 7c1 ,plate ,,xxxvii74 ,?is con/riction is ! ,l[] n>r[s1 conspicu\s f _m po9ts on ! ,s\? range1 & f ! pla9s to ! nor?4 ,beyond ! qu>tzite1 ! valley aga9 op5s out into a broad flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxiv4 ,talus slope on ! ea/ bluff ( ,devil's lake4 ,se5 f a di/ance1 ! n>r[s has ! appe>ance ( an abrupt not* 9 ! high ridge 7,plate ,,iv74 ,se5 at clos] range1 ! gap is /ill m impressive4 ,x is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! o!r n>r[s 9 t !re are no talus accumulations at ! bases ( ! /eep slopes1 & 9 t ! slopes are relatively smoo? & altoge!r free f ! curi\s details ( sculpture se5 9 ! o!r gaps :]e ! slopes are equally /eep4 ,! ,upp] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo at ,ablemans 7b1 ,plate ,,ii7 is 9 "s ways simil> to ! ,l[]1 ?\gh less conspicu\s because less deep4 ,its slopes are m rugg$1 & piles ( talus lie at _! bases z at ,devil's lake4 ,?is n>r[s also diff]s f ! ,l[] 9 t ! qu>tzite on "o side is cov]$ ) ,potsdam conglom]ate1 :i* ov]lies ! truncat$ edges ( ! v]tical lay]s ( qu>tzite ) uncon=mable contact4 ,s cle> an example ( uncon=mity is n (t5 se54 ,potsdam s&/one is also se5 to re/ aga9/ ! qu>tzite on ei!r side ( ! n>r[s 7,fig4 #bf71 ?us emphasiz+ ! uncon=mity4 ,! beauty & int]e/ ( ?is n>r[s is enhanc$ by ! qu>tzite breccia 7 :i* appe>s on its walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,a g5]aliz$ diagrammatic cross-section at ! ,upp] n>r[s1 to %[ ! relation ( ! s&/one to ! qu>tzite4 ,"o & "o-half miles we/ ( ,ablemans 7a1 ,plate ,,ii7 is ! ?ird pass 9 ! nor? qu>tzite ridge4 ,?is pass is n>r[] ?an ! o!rs1 & is occupi$ by ,n>r[s creek4 ,its walls are ne>ly v]tical & possess ! same rugg$ beauty z ^? at ,ablemans4 ,z at ! ,upp] n>r[s1 ! b$s ( qu>tzite "h are ess5tially v]tical4 ,!y are inde$ ! cont9uation ( ! b$s expos$ at t place4 ,! f\r? n>r[s is across ! ,s\? range 7i1 ,plate ,,ii74 ,x is n n[ occupi$ by a /ream1 ?\gh l ! o!rs x 0 cut by a /ream1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds %ut out f x4 ,because ( its dep?1 #fjj feet1 & ! rugg$ness ( its slopes1 & because ( its occupancy by ! lake1 ?is pass is ! c5t] ( int]e/ = ! :ole region4 ,s mu* has already be5 said conc]n+ x 9 o!r portions ( ?is report t fur!r description is "h omitt$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! pass 0 robb$ ( its /ream w be discuss$ lat]4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! sev]al n>r[s1 up to ! "t ( ! glacial p]iod may n[ be summ>iz$4 ,s9ce remnants ( ,potsdam s&/one are f\nd 9 "s ( !m1 x is cle> t !y exi/$ 9 pre-,cambrian "t1#f & !re is no reason to d\bt t !y are ! "w ( ! /reams ( ^? anci5t days1 work+ z /reams n[ "w4 ,foll[+ ! pre-,cambrian p]iod ( erosion dur+ :i* ! not*es 7 cut1 came ! subm]g5ce ( ! region1 & ! gaps 7 fill$ ) s& & gravel1 & f9ally ! ridges !mselves 7 buri$4 ,uplift & a second p]iod ( erosion foll[$1 dur+ :i* ! qu>tzite ranges 7 aga9 expos$ by ! removal ( ! b$s :i* ov]lay !m1 & ! n>r[s clean$ out & deep5$1 & aga9 occupi$ by /reams4 ,?is condition ( ?+s la/$ up to ! "t :5 ! ice invad$ ! region4 #f ,x is n "h ass]t$ t ^! not*es 7 z deep z n[1 9 pre-,cambrian "t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ! qu>tzite 0 deeply erod$1 previ\s to ! deposition ( ! ,potsdam s&/one4 ,gl5s4--,no enum]ation ( ! special sc5ic features ( ?is region w\ld be complete )\t m5tion ( ,p>frey's & ,dorw>d's gl5s 7a & b1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 & ,plate ,,xxv74 ,att5tion has already be5 direct$ to !m z illu/rations ( "y valleys1 & z places :]e ! ,potsdam conglom]ate is well %[n1 b !y are attractive f ! sc5ic po9t ( view4 ,_! frequ5t m5tion 9 e>li] p>ts ( ?is report makes fur!r ref]5ce to !m at ?is po9t unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxv4 ,9 ,dorw>d's ,gl54 ,! basal conglom]ate ( ! ,potsdam =mation is %[n at ! l[] "r-h& corn]1 & is ov]la9 by s&/one4 7,photograph furni%$ by ,mr4 ,wilfr$ ,dorw>d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxvi4 ,natural bridge ne> ,d5z]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxvii4 ,navy ,y>d4 ,dalles ( ! ,wiscons94 ,p9e ,holl[ 7k1 ,plate ,,ii7 is ano!r attractive gorge on ! s\? flank ( ! great] qu>tzite range4 ,! rock at ?is po9t is especially well expos$4 ,?is gorge is beyond ! drift-cov]$ portion ( ! range1 & !re=e dates f ! pre-glacial "t4 ,! ,pewit's ne/1 ab\t ?ree miles s\?we/ ( ,b>aboo 7m1 ,plate ,,ii71 is ano!r po9t ( int]e/4 ,above ! ne/1 ,skillett creek fl[s ?r\gh a n>r[ & picturesque gorge 9 ! ,potsdam s&/one4 ,! orig9 ( ?is gorge is expla9$ else:]e4 ,natural ,bridge4--,ab\t two miles nor? & a little we/ ( ! village ( ,d5z] 7,sec4 #ag1 ,t4 #aj ,n41 ,r4 #e ,e471 is a small natural bridge1 :i* has result$ f ! unequal wea!r+ ( ! s&/one 7see ,plate ,,xxvi74 ,! bridge is curi\s1 r ?an beautiful or impressive4 ,! ,dalles ( ! ,wiscons94--,! dalles is ! t]m appli$ to a n>r[ canyon-l /ret* ( ! ,wiscons9 valley sev5 miles 9 l5g?1 ne> ,kilb\rn ,city 7see frontispiece74 ,! dep? ( ! gorge is f #ej to #ajj feet4 ,! "p above ! bridge at ,kilb\rn ,city is ! ,upp] dalles2 t bel[1 ! ,l[] dalles4 ,)9 ?is /ret* ( ! valley are p]haps ! mo/ picturesque features ( ! region4 ,! sides ( ! gorge are ne>ly v]tical mu* ( ! way1 & at _m po9ts are s /eep on bo? sides t l&+ w\ld be impossible4 ,betwe5 ^! s&/one walls fl[s ! deep & swift ,wiscons9 riv]4 ,su* a rock gorge is 9 itself a ?+ ( beauty1 b 9 ! dalles !re are _m m9or features :i* enhance ! *>m ( ! :ole4 ,"o ( ! features :i* des]ves especial m5tion is ! peculi> cr5ate =m ( ! walls at ! banks ( ! riv]4 ,?is is p]haps be/ se5 9 t "p ( ! dalles kn[n z ! ,navy ,y>d4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,! s&/one is affect$ by a s]ies ( v]tical cracks or jo9ts4 ,f wea!r+1 ! rock along ^! jo9ts becomes s(t5$1 & ! runn+ wat] we>s ! s(t5$ rock at ! jo9t planes m readily ?an o!r p>ts ( its bank1 & s develops a re5trant at ^! po9ts4 ,ra9 wat] desc5d+ to ! riv] f9ds & foll[s ! jo9t planes1 & ?us wid5s ! cracks4 ,z a result ( /ream & ra9 & wea!r+1 deep re5trant angles are produc$4 ,! projections betwe5 are r\nd$ (f s t ! banks ( ! /ream h assum$ ! cr5ate =m %[n 9 ,plate ,,xxviii1 & ,frontispiece4 ,:5 ?is process ( wea!r+ at ! jo9ts is c>ri$ suffici5tly f>1 columns ( rock become isolat$1 & /& out on ! riv] bluffs z *imneys 7,plate ,,xxviii74 ,at a /ill lat] /age ( developm5t1 decay ( ! rock along ! jo9t planes may leave a l>ge mass ( rock completely isolat$4 ,/eamboat rock 7,plate ,,xii7 & ,sug> b[l 7,plate ,,xxix7 are examples ( isl&s ?us =m$4 ,! walls ( s&/one wea!r 9 a peculi> mann] at "s po9ts 9 ! ,l[] dalles1 z %[n on ,plate ,,xxx4 ,! little ridges /& out because !y are h>d] & resi/ wea!r+ bett] ?an ! o!r p>ts4 ,?is is due 9 "p at lea/ to ! pres5ce ( iron 9 ! m resi/ant portions1 cem5t+ !m m firmly4 ,9 ! process ( segregation1 cem5t+ mat]ials are (t5 di/ribut$ unequally4 ,! effect ( diff]5ces 9 h>dness on erosion is also %[n on a l>g] scale & 9 o!r ways4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration is ,/& rock 7,plate ,,xxxi71 b mo/ ( ! innum]able & picturesque irregul>ities on ! rock walls are to be acc\nt$ = by su* diff]5ces4 ,m9or valleys tribut>y to ! ,wiscons91 su* z ,wit*'s gul* & ,cold ,wat] canyon des]ve m5tion1 bo? because ( _! beauty1 & because !y illu/rate a type ( erosion at an e>ly /age ( valley developm5t4 ,9 "* !y are comp>able to ! l>g] gorge to :i* !y are tribut>y4 ,9 ! d[nw>d cutt+1 :i* f> exce$s ! side we> 9 ^! tribut>y canyons1 ! wat] has excavat$ l>ge b[l or jug-l =ms4 ,9 ,wit*'s gul* su* =ms are n[ be+ excavat$4 ,!y are develop$ j bel[ falls1 :]e ! wat] c>ry+ debris1 eddies1 & ! jugs or pot-holes are ! result ( ! we> effect$ by ! eddies4 ,! ,devil's jug & _m simil> holl[s are ?us expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxviii4 ,*imney ,rock4 ,dalles ( ! ,wiscons94 ,cross-b$d+ well %[n 9 =egr\nd ne> bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxix4 ,an ,isl& 9 ! ,l[] ,dalles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxx4 ,view 9 l[] ,dalles %[+ peculi> honeycomb wea!r+4 ,! m\nds & ca/le rocks4--,9 ! vic9ity ( ,camp ,d\glas & ov] a l>ge area to ! ea/1 are /ill o!r /rik+ topographic =ms1 :i* owe _! orig9 to diff]5t conditions1 ?\gh !y 7 fa%ion$ by ! same =ces4 ,"h !re are _m t[] or ca/le rocks1 :i* rise to heights v>y+ f #ge to #aij feet above ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,!y are remnants ( b$s :i* 7 once cont9u\s ov] ! l[ l&s above :i* ! hills n[ rise4 ,9 ,plates ,,xvii & ,,xviii ! g5]al "* ( ^! hills is %[n4 ,! rock ( :i* !y are compos$ is ,potsdam s&/one1 ! same =mation :i* und]lies mo/ ( ! area ab\t ,b>aboo4 ,! effect ( ! v]tical jo9ts & ( horizontal lay]s ( unequal h>dness is well %[n4 ,ra9s1 w9ds1 fro/s1 & roots are /ill work+ to compass ! de/ruction ( ^! picturesque hills1 & ! talus ( s& bord]+ ! ca/le is a rem9d] ( ! fate :i* awaits !m4 ,^! hills are ! m conspicu\s & ! m in/ructive s9ce ! pla9 out ( :i* !y rise is s flat4 ,x is inde$ "o ( ! be/ examples ( a base-level pla9 to be f\nd on ! cont95t4 ,! cre/s ( ^! hills rea* an elevation ( betwe5 #a1jjj & #a1ajj feet4 ,!y appe> to correspond ) ! level ( ! fir/ p5epla9 recogniz$ 9 ! ,devil's lake region4 ,x 0 9 ! second cycle ( erosion1 :5 _! surr\nd+s 7 br\ght d[n to ! new base-level1 t ^! hills 7 left4 ,we/ ( ,camp ,d\glas1 !re are /ill high] elevations1 :i* seem to mat* ,gibralt> rock4 ,! ,fri5d%ip m\nds nor? ( ,kilb\rn ,city1 ! ca/ellat$ hills a few miles nor?we/ ( ! same place1 & ,pet5well peak on ! banks ( ! ,wiscons9 7,plate ,,xxxii71 are fur!r examples ( ! same class ( hills4 ,all are ( ,potsdam s&/one4 ,9 addition to ! ca/le rocks & base-level pla9 ab\t ,camp ,d\glas1 o!r features %\ld be m5tion$4 ,no o!r portion ( ! area t\*$ ^u 9 ?is report af=ds su* f9e examples ( ! diff]5t types ( erosion topography4 ,9 ! base-level pla9 are f\nd old-age valleys1 broad & %all[1 ) ! /ream me&]+ 9 a wide flood-pla94 ,travel+ up su* a valley1 ! topography becomes y\ng] & y\ng]1 & ! v>i\s /ages m5tion$ e>li] 9 ! text1 & sugge/$ 9 ,plate ,,xix1 ,figs4 #a & #b1 & ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #a1 are "h illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxxi4 ,/& ,rock4 ,upp] end ( ! ,upp] ,dalles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxxii4 ,pet5well ,peak4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ! area ) :i* ?is report deals1 is cov]$ ) a mantle ( drift :i*1 z already po9t$ out1 has greatly modifi$ ! details ( its topography4 ,to ! consid]ation ( ! drift & its hi/ory att5tion is n[ turn$4 ,! drift4--,! drift consi/s ( a body ( clay1 s&1 gravel & b[ld]s1 spread out z a cov] ( unequal ?ickness ov] ! rock =mations b5ea?4 ,^! v>i\s classes ( mat]ial may be confus$ly comm+l$1 or !y may be m or less di/9ctly sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,:5 comm+l$1 all may be 9 approximately equal proportions1 or any "o may pr$om9ate ov] any or all ! o!rs to any ext5t4 ,x 0 long s9ce recogniz$ t ! mat]ials ( ! drift did n orig9ate :]e !y n[ lie1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 !y su/a9 no g5etic relation%ip to ! /rata on :i* !y re/4 ,long be=e ! drift receiv$ any special att5tion f geologi/s1 x 0 well kn[n t x _h be5 transport$ f "s o!r locality to t :]e x n[ occurs4 ,! e>ly conception 0 t x _h be5 drift$ into its pres5t position f "s outside s\rce by wat]4 ,x 0 ?is conception ( its orig9 :i* gave x ! "n ( drift4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! drift 0 deposit$ by glaci] ice & ! wat]s :i* arose f its melt+1 b ! old "n is /ill reta9$4 ,cle>ly to und]/& ! orig9 ( ! drift1 & ! me?od by :i* x atta9$ its pres5t di/ribution1 x may be well to consid] "s elem5t>y facts & pr9ciples conc]n+ climate & its effects1 ev5 at ! risk ( repeat+ :at is already famili>4 ,sn[ fields & ice %eets4--,! temp]ature & ! sn[fall ( a region may /& 9 su* a relation to ea* o!r t ! summ]'s heat may b>ely suffice to melt ! w9t]'s sn[4 ,if "u ^! circum/ances ! annual temp]ature 7 to be r$uc$1 or ! fall ( sn[ increas$1 ! summ]'s heat w\ld fail to melt all ! w9t]'s sn[1 & "s portion ( x w\ld endure ?r\gh ! summ]1 & ?r\gh successive summ]s1 con/itut+ a p]5nial sn[-field4 ,7 ?is process once inaugurat$1 ! dep? ( ! sn[ w\ld increase f ye> to ye>4 ,! area ( ! sn[-field w\ld be ext5d$ at ! same "t1 s9ce ! sn[-field w\ld s f> r$uce ! surr\nd+ temp]ature z to increase ! proportion ( ! annual precipitation :i* fell z sn[4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & "u favorable conditions1 ! area ( ! sn[-field w\ld atta9 great dim5sions1 & ! dep? ( ! sn[ w\ld become v great4 ,z 9 ! case ( exi/+ sn[ fields ! l[] "p ( ! sn[ mass w\ld ev5tually be conv]t$ into ice4 ,sev]al factors w\ld conspire to ?is end4 #a4 ,! pressure ( ! ov]ly+ sn[ w\ld t5d to compress ! l[] portion1 & sn[ r5d]$ suffici5tly compact by compression w\ld be reg>d$ z ice4 #b4 ,wat] aris+ f ! melt+ ( ! surface sn[ by ! sun's heat1 w\ld p]colate ?r\gh ! sup]ficial lay]s ( sn[1 &1 freez+ bel[1 take ! =m ( ice4 #c4 ,on /&+1 ev5 )\t pressure or p>tial melt+1 sn[ appe>s to und]go *anges ( cry/allization :i* r5d] x m compact4 ,9 ^! & p]haps o!r ways1 a sn[-field becomes an ice-field1 ! sn[ be+ re/rict$ to its surface4 ,ev5tually ! increase 9 ! dep? ( ! sn[ & ice 9 a sn[-field w give rise to new ph5om5a4 ,let a sn[ & ice field be assum$ 9 :i* ! dep? ( sn[ & ice is greate/ at ! c5t]1 ) dim9ution t[>d its edges4 ,! field ( sn[1 if re/+ on a level base1 w\ld h "s su* cross-section z t repres5t$ 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,:5 ! ?ickness ( ! ice has become consid]able1 x is evid5t t ! pressure ^u its l[] & m>g9al p>ts w be great4 ,we are wont to ?9k ( ice z a brittle solid4 ,if 9 its place !re 7 "s pla/ic sub/ance :i* w\ld yield to pressure1 ! weight ( ! ice w\ld cause ! m>g9al p>ts to ext5d !mselves 9 all directions by a sort ( fl[+ motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,diagrammatic cross-section ( a field ( ice & sn[ 7c7 re/+ on a level base ,a-,b4 ,"u great pressure1 _m sub/ances :i* o!rwise appe> to be solid1 exhibit ! *>act]i/ics ( pla/ic bodies4 ,among ! sub/ances exhibit+ ?is prop]ty1 ice is p]haps be/ kn[n4 ,brittle & resi/ant z x seems1 x may yet be mold$ into almo/ any desirable =m if subject$ to suffici5t pressure1 /eadily appli$ ?r\gh long int]vals ( "t4 ,! *anges ( =m ?us produc$ 9 ice are br\ght ab\t )\t visible fracture4 ,conc]n+ ! exact nature ( ! movem5t1 physici/s are n agre$2 b ! result appe>s to be ess5tially su* z w\ld be br\ght ab\t if ! ice 7 capable ( fl[+1 ) extreme sl[ness1 "u great pressure cont9u\sly appli$4 ,9 ! assum$ ice-field1 !re are ! conditions = great pressure & = its cont9u\s application4 ,if ! ice be capable ( mov+ z a pla/ic body1 ! weight ( ! ice w\ld induce gradual movem5t outw>d f ! c5t] ( ! field1 s t ! area surr\nd+ ! region :]e ! sn[ accumulat$ w\ld gradually be encroa*$ ^u by ! spread+ ( ! ice4 ,obs]vation %[s t ?is is :at takes place 9 e sn[-field ( suffici5t dep?4 ,motion ?us br\ght ab\t is glaci] motion1 & ice ?us mov+ is glaci] ice4 ,once 9 motion1 two factors w\ld det]m9e ! limit to :i* ! ice w\ld ext5d itself3 7#a7 ! rate at :i* x advances2 & 7#b7 ! rate at :i* ! advanc+ edge is wa/$4 ,! rate ( advance w\ld dep5d ^u sev]al conditions1 "o ( :i*1 9 all cases1 w\ld be ! pressure ( ! ice :i* />t$ & :i* p]petuates ! motion4 ,if ! pressure be increas$ ! ice w advance m rapidly1 & if x advance m rapidly1 x w advance f>!r be=e x is melt$4 ,o!r ?+s rema9+ con/ant1 !re=e1 increase ( pressure w cause ! ice-%eet to ext5d itself f>!r f ! c5t] ( motion4 ,increase ( sn[fall w increase ! pressure ( ! sn[ & ice field by increas+ its mass4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! precipitation ov] a giv5 sn[-field be increas$ = a p]iod ( ye>s1 ! ice-%eet's m>g9al motion w be accel]at$1 & its area enl>g$4 ,a decrease ( precipitation1 tak5 9 connection ) un*ang$ wa/age w\ld decrease ! pressure ( ! ice & ret>d its movem5t4 ,if1 :ile ! rate ( advance dim9i%$1 ! rate ( wa/age rema9$ con/ant1 ! edge ( ! ice w\ld rec$e1 & ! sn[ & ice field be contract$4 ,! rate at :i* ! edge ( ! advanc+ ice is wa/$ dep5ds l>gely on ! climate4 ,if1 :ile ! rate ( advance rema9s con/ant1 ! climate becomes w>m]1 melt+ w be m rapid1 & ! ratio betwe5 melt+ & advance w be increas$4 ,! edge ( ! ice w !re=e rec$e4 ,! same result w foll[1 if1 :ile temp]ature rema9s con/ant1 ! atmosph]e becomes dri]1 s9ce ?is w increase wa/age by evaporation4 ,7 ! climate to become w>m] & dri] at ! same "t1 ! rate ( recession ( ! ice w\ld be great] ?an if b "o ( ^! *anges occurr$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! temp]ature ov] & ab\t ! ice field be l[]$1 melt+ w be dim9i%$1 & if ! rate ( movem5t be con/ant1 ! edge ( ! ice w advance f>!r ?an "u ! e>li] conditions ( temp]ature1 s9ce x has m "t to advance be=e x is melt$4 ,an increase 9 ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e1 :ile ! temp]ature rema9s con/ant1 w produce ! same result1 s9ce increas$ humidity ( ! atmosph]e dim9i%es evaporation4 ,a decrease ( temp]ature1 decreas+ ! melt+1 & an increase ( humidity1 decreas+ ! evaporation1 w\ld cause ! ice to advance f>!r ?an ei!r *ange alone1 s9ce bo? *anges decrease ! wa/age4 ,if1 at ! same "t t conditions s *ange z to increase ! rate ( movem5t ( ! ice1 climatic conditions s *ange z to r$uce ! rate ( wa/e1 ! advance ( ! ice be=e x is melt$ w be great] ?an :]e only "o set ( conditions is alt]$4 ,if1 in/ead ( favor+ advance1 ! two s]ies ( conditions conspire to cause ! ice to rec$e1 ! recession w likewise be great] ?an :5 b "o set ( conditions is favorable !reto4 ,gre5l& af=ds an example ( ! conditions "h describ$4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! half million or m squ>e miles :i* ?is body ( l& is e/imat$ to conta91 is cov]$ by a va/ %eet ( sn[ & ice1 ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ?is field ( sn[ & ice1 !re is cont9u\s ?\gh sl[ movem5t4 ,! ice creeps sl[ly t[>d ! bord]s ( ! isl&1 advanc+ until x rea*es a position :]e ! climate is su* z to wa/e 7melt & evaporate7 x z rapidly z x advances4 ,! edge ( ! ice does n rema9 fix$ 9 position4 ,!re is reason to believe t x alt]nately advances & retreats z ! ratio betwe5 movem5t & wa/e increases or decreases4 ,^! oscillations 9 position are d\btless connect$ ) climatic *anges4 ,:5 ! ice edge retreats1 x may be because ! wa/e is increas$1 or because ! sn[fall is decreas$1 or bo?4 ,9 any case1 :5 ! ice edge rec$es f ! coa/1 x t5ds to rec$e until its edge rea*es a position :]e ! melt+ is less rapid ?an 9 its =m] position1 & :]e ! advance is c\nt]balanc$ by ! wa/e4 ,?is repres5ts a condition ( equilibrium s f> z ! edge ( ! ice is conc]n$1 & "h ! edge ( ! ice w\ld rema9 s long z ! conditions 7 un*ang$4 ,:5 = a p]iod ( ye>s ! rate ( melt+ ( ! ice is dim9i%$1 or ! sn[fall increas$1 or bo?1 ! ice edge advances to a new l9e :]e melt+ is m rapid ?an at its =m] edge4 ,! edge ( ! ice w\ld t5d to rea* a position :]e wa/e & advance balance4 ,"h its advance w\ld cease1 & "h its edge w\ld rema9 s long z climatic conditions 7 un*ang$4 ,if ! conditions det]m9+ melt+ & fl[age be cont9ually *ang+1 ! ice edge w n f9d a position ( equilibrium1 b w advance :5 ! conditions are favorable = advance1 & retreat :5 ! conditions are rev]s$4 ,n only ! edge ( ! ice 9 ,gre5l&1 b ! ends ( exi/+ m\nta9 glaci]s z well1 are subject to fluctuation1 & are delicate indices ( v>iations 9 ! climate ( ! regions :]e !y occur4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ice %eet4--,9 an area nor? ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ano!r we/ ( ,hudson ,bay x is believ$ t ice %eets simil> to t :i* n[ cov]s ,gre5l& began to accumulate at ! beg9n+ ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,f ^! areas z c5t]s1 ! ice spread 9 all directions1 p>tly z ! result ( accumulation1 & p>tly z ! result ( movem5t induc$ by ! weight ( ! ice itself4 ,! ice %eets spread+ f ^! c5t]s came toge!r s\? ( ,hudson's bay1 & invad$ ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a s+le %eet1 :i*1 at ! "t ( its greate/ developm5t1 cov]$ a l>ge "p ( our c\ntry 7,plate ,,xxxiii71 its area be+ kn[n by ! ext5t ( ! drift :i* x left beh9d :5 x 0 melt$4 ,9 ! ea/1 x buri$ ! :ole ( ,new ,engl&1 mo/ ( ,new ,york1 & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania4 ,f>!r we/1 ! s\!rn m>g9 ( ! ice cross$ ! ,ohio riv] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,c9c9nati1 & pu%$ out ov] ! upl&s a few miles s\? ( ! riv]4 ,9 ,indiana1 except at ! extreme ea/1 its m>g9 fell consid]ably %ort ( ! ,ohio2 9 ,ill9ois x rea*$ well t[>d t riv]1 atta9+ "h its mo/ s\!rly latitude4 ,we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 ! l9e :i* m>ks ! limit ( its advance curves to ! nor?w>d1 & foll[s1 9 a g5]al way1 ! c\rse ( ! ,miss\ri riv]4 ,! total area ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ice %eet1 at ! "t ( its maximum developm5t1 has be5 e/imat$ to h be5 ab\t #d1jjj1jjj squ>e miles1 or ab\t t5 times ! e/imat$ area ( ! pres5t ice-field ( ,gre5l&4 ,)9 ! g5]al area cov]$ by ! ice1 !re is an area ( sev]al ?\s& squ>e miles1 ma9ly 9 s\?we/]n ,wiscons91 :]e !re is no drift4 ,! ice1 = "s reason1 fail$ to cov] ?is driftless area ?\gh x ov]:elm$ ! t]ritory on all sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxxiii4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,ice ,%eet1 at ! "t ( maximum developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxxiv4 ,view f ! nor? ( ! ,owl's ,head1 a hill two miles nor? ( ea/ ( ,m]rimac1 :i* has be5 %ap$ by ! ice4 ,! side to ! left is ! /one side4 ,plate ,,ii %[s ! limit ( ice advance 9 ! area "h describ$4 ,! region may h be5 affect$ by ! ice ( m ?an "o glacial epo*1 b ! *ief results n[ obs]vable 7 effect$ dur+ ! la/1 & ! o!rs ne$ n be consid]$4 ,! ,"w ( ,glaci] ,ice4 ,z ! edge ( an ice %eet1 or z ! end ( a glaci]1 retreats1 ! l& :i* x has previ\sly cov]$ is laid b>e1 & ! effects :i* ! passage ( ! ice produc$ may be se54 ,9 "s cases "o may actually g back a %ort di/ance b5ea? ! ice n[ 9 motion1 & see its mode ( "w & ! results x is effect+4 ,! b$s ( liv+ glaci]s1 & ! b$s :i* glaci]s h rec5tly ab&on$1 are f\nd to pres5t id5tical features4 ,because ( _! great] accessibility1 ! latt] (f] ! bett] facilities = det]m9+ ! effects ( glaciation4 ,! conspicu\s ph5om5a ( ab&on$ glaci] b$s fall into two classes1 7#a7 ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! b$ rock ov] :i* ! ice mov$1 & 7#b7 ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! drift left by ! ice4 ,erosive "w ( ! ice4--,effect on topography4--,! lead+ features ( ! rock b$ ov] :i* glaci] ice has mov$1 are easily recogniz$4 ,its surface is g5]ally smoo!d & poli%$1 & frequ5tly m>k$ by l9es 7/riae7 or grooves1 p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,an exam9ation ( ! bottom ( an active glaci] discloses ! me?od by :i* ! poli%+ & scor+ are accompli%$4 ,! l[] surface ( ! ice is ?ickly set ) a quantity ( clay1 s&1 & /ony mat]ial ( v>i\s grades ( co>s5ess4 ,^! e>?y & /ony mat]ials 9 ! base ( ! ice are ! tools ) :i* x works4 ,?us arm$1 ! glaci] ice moves sl[ly =w>d1 re/+ d[n ^u ! surfaces ov] :i* x passes ) ! :ole weight ( its mass1 & ! gr9d+ action betwe5 ! /ony lay] at ! base ( ! ice & ! rock b$ ov] :i* x moves1 is effective4 ,if ! mat]ial 9 ! bottom ( ! ice be f9e1 l clay1 ! rock b$ is poli%$4 ,if co>s] mat]ials1 h>d] ?an ! b$-rock1 be m+l$ ) ! f9e1 ! rock b$ ( ! glaci] w be scrat*$ z well z poli%$4 ,if !re are b[ld]s 9 ! bottom ( ! ice !y may cut grooves or gorges 9 ! und]ly+ rock4 ,! grooves may subsequ5tly be poli%$ by ! passage ov] & ?r\gh !m ( ice c>ry+ clay or o!r f9e1 e>?y matt]4 ,all ^! phases ( rock we> may be se5 ab\t ! t]m9i ( rec$+ glaci]s1 on t]ritory :i* !y h b rec5tly ab&on$4 ,!re c ?us be no possible d\bt z to ! orig9 ( ! poli%+1 plan+ & scor+4 ,!re are o!r peculi>ities1 less easily def9$1 :i* *>act]ize ! surface ( glaci] b$s4 ,! we> effect$ is n conf9$ to ! m]e m>k+ ( ! surface ov] :i* x passes4 ,if prom95ces ( rock exi/ 9 its pa?1 z is (t5 ! case1 !y oppose ! movem5t ( ! ice1 & receive a correspond+ measure ( abrasion f x4 ,if !y be suffici5tly resi/ant !y may =ce ! ice to yield by pass+ ov] or ar\nd !m2 b if !y be weak1 !y are likely to be de/roy$4 ,z ! ice ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ice %eet advanc$1 seem+ly m rigid :5 x enc\nt]$ yield+ bodies1 & m yield+ :5 x enc\nt]$ resi/ant ones1 x d5ud$ ! surface ( its loose & movable mat]ials1 & c>ri$ !m =w>d4 ,?is accumulation ( e>?y & /ony debris 9 ! bottom ( ! ice1 gave x a r\gh & gr9d+ l[] surface1 :i* enabl$ x to abrade ! l& ov] :i* x pass$ mu* m effectively ?an ice alone c\ld h done4 ,e hill & e m\nd :i* ! ice enc\nt]$ conte/$ its advance4 ,e suffici5tly resi/ant elevation compell$ ! ice to pass ar\nd or ov] x2 b ev5 9 ^! cases ! ice left its m>ks ^u ! surface to :i* x yield$4 ,! p[]ful pressure ( pure ice1 :i* is relatively s(t1 ^u firm hills ( rock1 :i* are relatively h>d1 w\ld effect little4 ,! hills w\ld we> ! ice1 b ! effect ( ! ice on ! hills w\ld be slight4 ,b :]e ! ice is suppli$ ) e>?y & /ony mat]ial d]iv$ f ! rock itself1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! ice1 yield+ only "u great pressure & z little z may be1 rubs its rock-%od base ov] e oppos+ surface1 & ) greate/ sev]ity :]e x meets ) greate/ resi/ance4 ,its action may be comp>$ to t ( a huge flexible-rasp fitt+ d[n snugly ov] hills & valleys alike1 & work+ "u enorm\s pressure4 ,! abrasion effect$ by a mov+ body ( ice "u su* conditions w\ld be great4 ,e in* ( ice advance w\ld be likely to be att5d$ by loss to ! surface ( any ob/acle ov] or ar\nd :i* x is compell$ to move4 ,! %>p summits ( ! hills1 & all ! angul> rugosities ( _! surfaces w\ld be fil$ (f1 & ! hills smoo!d d[n to su* =ms z w (f] progressively less & less resi/ance4 ,if ! process ( abrasion be cont9u$ long en\gh1 ! =ms1 ev5 ( ! l>ge hills1 may be greatly alt]$1 & _! dim5sions greatly r$uc$4 ,among ! results ( ice we>1 !re=e1 w be a l[]+ ( ! hills1 & a smoo?+ & s(t5+ ( _! cont\rs1 :ile _! surfaces w be> ! m>ks ( ! tools :i* fa%ion$ !m1 & w be poli%$1 /riat$ or groov$1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial :i* ! ice press$ d[n ^u !m dur+ its passage4 ,figs4 #bh & #bi %[ ! topographic effects :i* ice is likely to produce by erosion4 ,plate ,,xxxiv is a hill two miles nor!a/ ( ,m]rimac1 :i* %[s h[ p]fectly ! we> actually p]=m$ corresponds to t :i* might be inf]r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,a hill be=e ! ice passes ov] x4 ,a rock hill 0 sometimes left )\t cov]+ ( drift aft] hav+ be5 sev]ely worn by ! ice4 ,su* a hill is kn[n z a ro*e m\tonnee4 ,an example ( ?is type ( hill occurs ?ree miles nor? ( ea/ ( ,b>aboo at ! po9t m>k$ z on ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,?is hill1 compos$ ( qu>tzite1 is less symmetrical ?an ^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #bh & #bi4 ,its :ole surface1 n its /oss side only1 has be5 smoo!d & poli%$ by ! ice4 ,?is hill is ! mo/ accessible1 ! mo/ easily designat$1 &1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ example ( a ro*e m\tonnee 9 ! region1 ?\gh _m o!r hills %[ some?+ ( ! same =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,! same hill aft] x has be5 erod$ by ! ice4 ,a ! /oss side4 ,b ! lee side4 ,x 0 n ! hills alone :i* ! mov+ ice affect$4 ,:]e x enc\nt]$ valleys 9 its c\rse !y likewise suff]$ modification4 ,:]e ! c\rse ( a valley 0 p>allel to ! direction ( ! ice movem5t1 ! ice mov$ ?r\gh x4 ,! dep? ( mov+ ice is "o ( ! det]m9ants ( its velocity1 & because ( ! great] dep? ( ice 9 valleys1 its motion "h 0 m rapid ?an on ! upl&s above1 & its abrad+ action m p[]ful4 ,"u ^! conditions ! valleys 7 deep5$ & wid5$4 ,:]e ! c\rses ( ! valleys 7 transv]se to ! direction ( ice movem5t1 ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,! ice 0 too visc\s to span ! valleys1 & !re=e fill$ !m4 ,9 ?is case x is evid5t t ! great] dep? ( ! ice 9 ! valley w n accel]ate its motion1 s9ce ! ice 9 ! valley-tr\gh & t above x are 9 a measure oppos$4 ,if left to itself1 ! ice 9 ! valley w\ld t5d to fl[ 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! valley4 ,b 9 ! case "u consid]ation1 ! ice :i* lies above ! valley depression is 9 motion at "r angles to ! axis ( ! valley4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ?ree cases might arise3 7#a7 ,if ! movem5t ( ! ice %eet ov] ! valley 7 able to pu% ! valley ice up ! f>!r slope1 & out on ! opposite highl&1 ?is "w w\ld ret>d ! movem5t ( ! upp] ice1 s9ce ! resi/ance to movem5t w\ld be great4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ?ickness ( ! ice is n directly & simply a det]m9ant ( its velocity4 ,"u ^! conditions ! bottom ( ! valley w\ld n suff] great erosion1 s9ce ice did n move along x2 b t slope ( ! valley aga9/ :i* ! ice movem5t 0 project$ w\ld suff] great we> 7,fig4 #cj74 ,! valley w\ld !re=e be wid5$1 & ! slope suff]+ greate/ we> w\ld be r$uc$ to a l[] angle4 ,%all[ valleys1 & ^? possess+ g5tle slopes1 favor ?is phase ( ice movem5t & valley we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,diagram %[+ effect on valley ( ice mov+ transv]sely across x4 7#b7 ,! ice 9 ! valley might become /ation>y1 9 :i* case x might s]ve z a bridge = ! upp] ice to cross on 7,fig4 #ca74 ,9 ?is case also ! total ?ickness ( ice w n be a det]m9ant ( its velocity1 = x is ! ?ickness ( ! mov+ ice only1 :i* influ5ces ! velocity4 ,9 ?is case ! valley w\ld n suff] mu* we>1 s long z ?is condition ( ?+s cont9u$4 ,valleys :i* h great dep? relative to ! ?ickness ( ! ice1 & valleys ^: slopes are /eep1 favor ?is phase ( movem5t4 7#c7 ,9 valleys ^: c\rses are transv]se to ! direction ( ice movem5t1 transv]se curr5ts ( ice may exi/1 foll[+ ! direction ( ! valleys4 ,if ! ?ickness ( ! ice be mu* great] ?an ! dep? ( ! valley1 if ! valley be capaci\s1 & if "o end ( x be op5 & mu* l[] ?an ! o!r1 ! ice fill+ x may move along its axis1 :ile ! upp] ice cont9ues 9 its orig9al c\rse at "r angles to ! valley4 ,9 ?is case ! valley w\ld be deep5$ & wid5$1 b ?is effect w\ld be due to ! movem5t along its c\rse1 r ?an to t transv]se to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca--;,diagram to illu/rate case :]e ice fills a valley 7,c7 & ! upp] ice !n moves on ov] ! fill+4 ,if ! c\rse ( a valley 7 oblique to ! direction ( ice movem5t1 its effect on ! movem5t ( ice w\ld be int]m$iate betwe5 t ( valleys p>allel to ! direction ( movem5t1 & ^? at "r angles to x4 ,x foll[s f ! =ego+ t ! corrasive effects ( ice ^u ! surface ov] :i* x pass$1 7 locally dep5d5t on pre-exi/5t topography1 & its relation to ! direction ( ice movem5t4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ef=t 0 to cut d[n prom95ces1 ?us t5d+ to level ! surface4 ,b :5 x enc\nt]$ valleys p>allel to its movem5t !y 7 deep5$1 ?us locally increas+ relief4 ,:e!r ! r$uction ( ! hills exce$$ ! deep5+ ( ! valleys1 or :e!r ! rev]se 0 true1 s f> z corrasion alone is conc]n$1 is unc]ta94 ,b :atev] ! effect ( ! erosive effect ( ice action ^u ! total am\nt ( relief1 ! effect ^u ! cont\rs 0 to make !m m g5tle4 ,n only 7 ! %>p hills r\nd$ (f1 b ev5 ! valleys :i* 7 deep5$ 7 wid5$ z well1 & 9 ! process _! slopes became m g5tle4 ,a riv]-erosion topography1 modifi$ by ! we>+ 7n ! deposit+7 action ( ! ice1 w\ld be notably diff]5t f ! orig9al1 by reason ( its g5tl] slopes & s(t] cont\rs 7,figs4 #bh & #bi74 ,deposition by ! ice4 ,effect on topography4--,on melt+1 glaci] ice leaves its b$ cov]$ ) ! debris :i* x ga!r$ dur+ its movem5t4 ,_h ?is debris be5 equally di/ribut$ on & 9 & b5ea? ! ice dur+ its movem5t1 & _h ! conditions ( deposition be5 ev]y:]e ! same1 ! drift w\ld con/itute a mantle ( uni=m ?ickness ov] ! und]ly+ rock4 ,su* a mantle ( drift w\ld n greatly alt] ! topography2 x w\ld simply raise ! surface by an am\nt equal to ! ?ickness ( ! drift1 leav+ elevations & depressions ( ! same magnitude z be=e1 & su/a9+ ! same relations to "o ano!r4 ,b ! drift c>ri$ by ! ice1 9 :atev] position1 0 n equally di/ribut$ dur+ transportation1 & ! conditions "u :i* x 0 deposit$ 7 n uni=m1 s t x produc$ m or less notable *anges 9 ! topography ( ! surface on :i* x 0 deposit$4 ,! unequal di/ribution ( ! drift is readily und]/ood4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! drift transport$ by ! ice 0 c>ri$ 9 its basal portion2 b s9ce ! surface ov] :i* ! ice pass$ 0 v>iable1 x yield$ a v>iable am\nt ( debris to ! ice4 ,:]e x 0 hilly1 ! friction betwe5 x & ! ice 0 great] ?an :]e x 0 pla91 & ! ice c>ri$ away m load4 ,f areas :]e ! surface 0 ov]spread by a great dep? ( loose mat]ial favorably dispos$ = removal1 m debris 0 tak5 ?an f areas :]e mat]ial 9 a condition to be readily transport$ 0 meag]4 ,because ( ! topographic div]sity & li?ological het]og5eity ( ! surface ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* x pass$1 "s portions ( ! ice c>ri$ mu* m drift ?an o!rs1 & :5 ! ice f9ally melt$1 great] dep?s ( drift 7 left 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs4 ,n all ( ! mat]ial transport$ by ! ice 0 c>ri$ =w>d until ! ice melt$4 ,"s ( x 0 probably c>ri$ b a %ort di/ance f its orig9al position be=e x lodg$4 ,drift 0 ?us accumulat+ at "s po9ts b5ea? ! ice dur+ its onw>d motion4 ,at su* po9ts ! surface 0 be+ built up2 at o!r po9ts1 abrasion 0 tak+ place1 & ! surface 0 be+ cut d[n4 ,! drift mantle ( any region does n1 !re=e1 repres5t simply ! mat]ial :i* 0 on & 9 & b5ea? ! ice ( t place at ! "t ( its melt+1 b x repres5ts1 9 addition1 all t lodg$ b5ea? ! ice dur+ its movem5t4 ,! con/ant t5d5cy 0 = ! ice to c>ry a consid]able "p ( its load =w>d t[>d its ?9n$ edge1 & !re to leave x4 ,x foll[s t if ! edge ( ! ice rema9$ con/ant 9 position = any consid]able p]iod ( "t1 l>ge quantities ( drift w\ld h accumulat$ "u its m>g9al portion1 giv+ rise to a belt ( relatively ?ick drift4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! long] ! "t dur+ :i* ! position ( ! edge 0 /ation>y1 ! great] ! accumulation ( drift4 ,c]ta9 ridge-l belts :]e ! drift is ?ick] ?an on ei!r h&1 are confid5tly believ$ to m>k ! position :]e ! edge ( ! ice-%eet /ood = consid]able p]iods ( "t4 ,because ( ! unequal am\nts ( mat]ial c>ri$ by diff]5t p>ts ( ! ice1 & because ( ! unequal & incon/ant conditions ( deposition "u ! body ( ! ice & its edge1 ! mantle ( drift has a v v>iable ?ickness2 & a mantle ( drift ( v>iable ?ickness _c fail to modify ! topography ( ! region x cov]s4 ,! ext5t ( ! modification w dep5d on ! ext5t ( ! v>iation4 ,?is am\nts 9 ! aggregate1 to hundr$s ( feet4 ,! cont95tal ice %eet1 !re=e1 modifi$ ! topography ( ! region x cov]$1 n only by ! we> x effect$1 b also by ! deposits x made4 ,9 "s places x *anc$ t ! great] ?icknesses ( drift 7 left 9 ! positions =m]ly m>k$ by valleys4 ,locally ! body ( drift 0 s great t valleys 7 completely fill$1 & !re=e completely oblit]at$ z surface features4 ,less frequ5tly1 drift n only fill$ ! valleys b rose ev5 high] ov] _! =m] positions ?an on ei!r side4 ,9 o!r places ! great] dep?s ( drift1 in/ead ( be+ deposit$ 9 ! valleys1 7 left on pre-glacial elevations1 build+ !m up to /ill great] heights4 ,9 %ort1 ! mantle ( drift ( unequal ?ickness 0 laid d[n ^u ! rock surface 9 su* a mann] t ! ?ick] p>ts sometimes re/ on hills & ridges1 sometimes on slopes1 sometimes on pla9s1 & sometimes 9 valleys4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,diagrammatic section %[+ relation ( drift to und]ly+ rock1 :]e ! drift is ?ick relative to ! relief ( ! rock4 a & b repres5t ! location ( po/-glacial valleys4 ,^! relations are sugge/$ by ,figs4 #cb & #cc4 ,f !m x w be se5 t 9 regions :]e ! ?ickness ( ! drift is great1 relative to ! relief ( ! und]ly+ rock1 ! topography may be completely *ang$4 ,n only may "s ( ! valleys be oblit]at$ by be+ fill$1 b "s ( ! hills may be oblit]at$ by hav+ ! l[] l& betwe5 !m built up to _! level4 ,9 regions :]e ! ?ickness ( ! drift is slight1 relative to ! relief ( ! rock b5ea?1 ! hills _c be buri$1 & ! valleys _c be completely fill$1 s t ! relative positions ( ! pr9cipal topographic features w rema9 mu* ! same aft] ! deposition ( ! drift1 z be=e 7,fig4 #cc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,diagrammatic section %[+ relation ( drift to und]ly+ rock :]e ! drift is ?9 relative to ! relief ( ! und]ly+ rock4 ,9 case ! pre-glacial valleys 7 fill$ & ! hills buri$1 ! new valleys :i* ! surface wat]s w 9 "t cut 9 ! drift surface w h b little correspond5ce 9 position ) ^? :i* exi/$ be=e ! ice incursion4 ,a new sy/em ( valleys1 & !re=e a new sy/em ( ridges & hills1 w be develop$1 9 "s measure indep5d5t ( ! old4 ,^! relations are illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #cb4 ,inequalities 9 ! ?ickness ( drift lead to a /ill fur!r modification ( ! surface4 ,x frequ5tly happ5$ t 9 a plane or ne>ly plane region a slight ?ickness ( drift 0 deposit$ at "o po9t1 :ile all ab\t x mu* great] ?icknesses 7 left4 ,! area ( ?9 drift w\ld !n con/itute a depression1 surr\nd$ by a high] surface built up by ! ?ick] deposits4 ,su* depressions w\ld at fir/ h no outlets1 & are !re=e unlike ! depressions %ap$ by ra9 & riv] erosion4 ,! pres5ce ( depressions )\t outlets is "o ( ! m>ks ( a drift-cov]$ 7glaciat$7 c\ntry4 ,9 ^! depressions wat] may collect1 =m+ lakes or ponds1 or 9 "s cases only m>%es & bogs4 ,,direction ,,( ,,ice ,,movem5t4 ,! direction 9 :i* glaci] ice mov$ may be det]m9$ 9 v>i\s ways1 ev5 aft] ! ice has disappe>$4 ,! %apes ( ! rock hills ov] :i* ! ice pass$1 ! direction f :i* ! mat]ials ( ! drift came1 & ! c\rse ( ! m>g9 ( ! drift1 all %[ t ! ice ( s\? c5tral ,wiscons9 0 mov+ 9 a g5]al s\?we/ direction4 ,9 ! rock hills1 ?is is %[n by ! great] we> ( _! nor!a/ 7/oss7 sides 7,plate ,,xxxiv74 ,f ! c\rse ( ! drift m>g91 ! g5]al direction ( movem5t may be inf]r$ :5 x is rememb]$ t ! t5d5cy ( glaci] ice on a plane surface is to move at "r angles to its m>g94 ,= ! exact det]m9ation ( ! direction ( ice movem5t1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! /riae on ! b$-rock4 ,7 ! /riat$ rock surface p]fectly plane1 & 7 ! /riae ev5 l9es1 !y w\ld only tell t ! ice 0 mov+ 9 "o ( two directions4 ,b ! rock surface is n usually p]fectly plane1 nor ! /riae ev5 l9es1 & betwe5 ! two directions :i* l9es alone might sugge/1 x is usually possible to decide4 ,! m9or prom95ces & depressions 9 ! rock surface 7 %ap$ accord+ to ! same pr9ciples t gov]n ! %ap+ ( hills 7,fig4 #bi7 & valleys 7,fig4 #cj72 t is1 ! /oss sides ( ! m9or prom95ces1 & ! di/al sides ( small depressions suff]$ ! m we>4 ,) a good compass1 ! direction ( ! /riae may be measur$ to )9 a fraction ( a degree1 & ?us ! direction ( ice movem5t 9 a p>ticul> place be def9itely det]m9$4 ,! /riae :i* h be5 det]m9$ ab\t ,b>aboo are %[n on ,plate ,,ii4 ,effect ( topography on movem5t4--,! effect ( glaciation on topography has be5 sket*$1 b ! topography 9 turn ex]t$ an important influ5ce on ! direction ( ice movem5t4 ,! extreme degree ( topographic influ5ce is se5 9 m\nta9 regions l ! ,alps1 :]e mo/ ( ! glaci]s are conf9$ /rictly to ! valleys4 ,z an ice %eet invades a region1 x advances fir/ & f>!/ along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,9 a r\gh c\ntry ) great relief1 tongues or lobes ( ice w\ld pu% =w>d 9 ! valleys1 :ile ! hills or o!r prom95ces w\ld t5d to hold back or divide ! onw>d mov+ mass4 ,! edge ( an ice %eet 9 su* a region w\ld be irregul>4 ,! m>g9al lobes ( ice occupy+ ! valleys w\ld be sep>at$ by re-entrant angles m>k+ ! sites ( hills & ridges4 ,if ! ice cross$ a plane surface above :i* rose a notable ridge or hill1 ! fir/ effect ( ! hill w\ld be to ind5t ! ice4 ,! ice w\ld move =w>d on ei!r side1 & if its ?ickness became suffici5tly great1 ! p>ts mov+ =w>d on ei!r side w\ld aga9 unite beyond x4 ,a hill ?us surr\nd$ by ice is a nunatak4 ,lat]1 z ! advanc+ mass ( ice became ?ick]1 x might completely cov] ! hill2 b ! ?ickness ( ice pass+ ov] ! hill w\ld be less ?an t pass+ on ei!r side by an am\nt equal to ! height ( ! hill4 ,x foll[s t z ice enc\nt]s an isolat$ elevation1 ?ree /ages 9 its conte/ ) ! ob/ruction may be recogniz$3 7#a7 ! /age :5 ! ridge or hill acts z a w$ge1 divid+ ! mov+ ice into lobes1 ,fig4 #cd2 7#b7 ! nunatak /age1 :5 ! ice has pu%$ =w>d & reunit$ beyond ! hill1 ,fig4 #ce2 7#c7 ! /age :5 ! ice has become suffici5tly deep to cov] ! hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,diagrammatic repres5tation ( ! effect ( a hill on ! edge ( ! ice4 ,aft] ! ice has disappe>$1 ! influ5ce ( ! ob/ruction might be f\nd 9 ! disposition ( ! drift4 ,if recession began dur+ ! fir/ /age1 t is1 :5 ! ice edge 0 sep>at$ into lobes1 ! m>g9 ( ! drift %\ld be lobate1 & w\ld loop back ar\nd ! ridge f its advanc$ position on ei!r side4 ,if recession began dur+ ! second /age1 t is1 :5 ! lobes _h become conflu5t & completely surr\nd$ ! hill1 a driftless area w\ld appe> 9 ! mid/ ( drift4 ,if recession began dur+ ! ?ird /age1 t is1 aft] ! ice _h mov$ on ov] ! ob/ruction1 ! evid5ce ( ! sequ5ce might be oblit]at$2 b if ! ice mov$ b a %ort di/ance beyond ! hill1 ! ?9n] ice ov] ! hill w\ld h advanc$ less f> ?an ! ?ick] ice on ei!r side 7,fig4 #ce71 & ! m>g9 ( ! drift w\ld %[ a re-entrant po9t+ back t[>d ! hill1 ?\gh n rea*+ x4 ,all ^! conditions are illu/rat$ 9 ! ,devil's lake region4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,same z ,fig4 #cd1 :5 ! ice has advanc$ f>!r4 ,limit ( ! ,ice4 ,! region "u description is p>tly cov]$ ) drift1 & p>tly free f x4 ,! limit ( ! ice1 at ! "t ( its maximum expansion is well def9$ at _m po9ts1 & ! nature & position ( ! drift limit are s unique z to m]it att5tion 7see ,plates ,,ii & ,,xxxvii74 ,!y illu/rate _m ( ! pr9ciples already discuss$4 ,! ice :i* cov]$ ! region 0 ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! ,gre5 ,bay lobe 7,fig4 #cf7 ( ! la/ cont95tal ice %eet4 ,its limit 9 ?is region is m>k$ by a ridge-l accumulation ( drift1 ! t]m9al mora9e1 :i* "h has a g5]al nor?-s\? direction4 ,! region may h be5 affect$ by ! ice ( m ?an "o epo*1 b s9ce ! ice ( ! la/ epo* advanc$ z f> to ! we/ 9 ?is region z t ( any e>li] epo*1 ! mora9e is on ! bord] betwe5 ! glaciat$ c\ntry to ! ea/1 & ! driftless area to ! we/ 7,plates ,i & ,,ii74 ,t "p ( ! mora9e :i* lies we/ ( ! ,wiscons9 riv] foll[s a some:at s9u\s c\rse f ,kilb\rn ,city to a po9t a %ort di/ance nor? ( ,prairie du ,sac4 ,! dep>tures f ?is g5]al c\rse are especially significant ( ! behavior ( glaci] ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,map %[+ relations ( lobes ( ice dur+ ! ,wiscons9 ice epo*1 to ! driftless area4 ,9 ! great depression betwe5 ! qu>tzite ranges1 ! mora9e b5ds we/w>d1 %[+ t ! ice advanc$ f>!r on ! l[l&s ?an on ! ridges4 ,z ! mora9e ( ?is l[ area approa*es ! s\? range1 x curves to ! ea/4 ,at ! po9t s\?we/ ( ,b>aboo :]e ! ea/]ly curve beg9s to %[ itself1 ! mora9e lies at ! nor? base ( ! qu>tzite range2 b z x is trac$ ea/w>d1 x is f\nd to lie high] & high] on ! slope ( ! range1 until x rea*es ! cre/ ne>ly sev5 miles f ! po9t :]e ! ea/w>d c\rse 0 assum$4 ,at ?is po9t x crosses ! range1 &1 once across ! cre/1 x turns promptly to ! we/w>d on ! l[] l& to ! s\?4 ,"h ! ice advanc$ up ! valley betwe5 ! ,ea/ bluff 7ea/ ( ! lake7 & ! ,devil's nose 7,plate ,,xxxvii71 aga9 illu/rat+ ! fact t l[l&s favor ice advance4 ,! valley betwe5 ! ,devil's nose & ! ,ea/ bluff is a n>r[ "o1 & ! ice advanc$ ?r\gh x ne>ly to ! pres5t site ( ! lake4 ,mean:ile ! re/ra9+ influ5ce ( ! nose 0 mak+ itself felt1 & ! m>g9 ( ! ice curv$ back f ! bottom ( ! bluff ne> ,kirkl&1 to ! top ( ! bluff at ! end ( ! nose4 ,"h ! edge ( ! ice cross$ ! po9t ( ! nose1 & aft] r\nd+ x1 turn$ abruptly to ! we/4 ,!nce its edge lay along ! s\? slope ( ! ridge1 desc5d+ f ! cre/ ( ! ridge at ! nose1 to ! base ( ! ridge two miles f>!r we/4 ,"h ! ice rea*$ its limit on ! l[l&1 & its edge1 z m>k$ by ! mora9e1 turn$ s\?w>d1 rea*+ ! ,wiscons9 riv] ab\t a mile & a half above ,prairie du ,sac4 ,! c\rse ( ! t]m9al mora9e across ! ridges is su* z ! m>g9 ( ! ice w\ld normally h :5 x advanc$ into a region ( great relief4 ,! great loop 9 ! mora9e ) its ea/]n extremity at k1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 is expla9$ by ! pres5ce ( ! qu>tzite ridge :i* ret>d$ ! advanc+ ice :ile x mov$ =w>d on ei!r side4 ,! m9or loop ar\nd ! ,devil's nose is expla9$ 9 ! same way4 ,bo? ! ma9 loop1 & ! small] "o on ! nose1 illu/rate ! po9t made e>li] 9 ! text4 ,! n>r[ & curi\s loop at m1 is ( a slightly diff]5t orig91 ?\gh 9 pr9ciple ! same4 ,x is 9 ! lee ( a high po9t 9 ! qu>tzite ridge4 ,! ice surm\nt$ ?is po9t1 & desc5d$ its we/]n slope2 b ! ?ickness ( ! ice pass+ ov] ! summit 0 s slight t x advanc$ b a %ort di/ance d[n ! slope be=e its =ce 0 exhau/$1 :ile ! ?ick] ice on ei!r side advanc$ f>!r be=e x 0 melt$4 ,glacial ,deposits4 ,be=e especial ref]5ce is made to ! drift ( ?is p>ticul> region1 x w be well to consid] ! "* ( drift deposits 9 g5]al4 ,:5 ! ice ( ! cont95tal glaci] began its motion1 x c>ri$ none ( ! /ony & e>?y debris :i* con/itute ! drift4 ,^! mat]ials 7 d]iv$ f ! surface ov] :i* ! ice mov$4 ,f ! me?od by :i* x 0 ga!r$1 x is evid5t t ! drift ( any locality may conta9 fragm5ts ( rock ( e v>iety :i* occurs along ! r\te foll[$ by ! ice :i* rea*$ t locality4 ,:]e ! ice _h mov$ f>1 & :]e !re 7 frequ5t *anges 9 ! "* ( ! rock con/itut+ its b$1 ! v>iety ( mat]ials 9 ! drift is great4 ,! het]og5eity ( ! drift aris+ f ! div]se nature ( ! rocks :i* contribut$ to x is li?ological het]og5eity--a t]m :i* implies ! comm+l+ ( mat]ials d]iv$ f diff]5t rock =mations4 ,?us x is common to f9d pieces ( s&/one1 lime/one1 qu>tzite1 granite1 gneiss1 s*i/1 etc41 intimately comm+l$ 9 ! drift1 :]ev] ! ice :i* produc$ x pass$ ov] =mations ( ^! sev]al sorts ( rock4 ,li?ological het]og5eity is "o ( ! notable *>act]i/ics ( glacial =mations4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! drift is its physical het]og5eity4 ,z fir/ ga!r$ f ! b$ ( mov+ ice1 "s ( ! mat]ials ( ! drift 7 f9e & "s co>se4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! ice 9 all cases 0 to r$uce its load to a /ill f9] condition4 ,"s ( ! s(t] mat]ials1 su* z s(t %ale1 7 cru%$ or gr\nd to p[d]1 =m+ :at is kn[n 9 common p>lance z clay4 ,clayey 7f9e7 mat]ial is likewise produc$ by ! gr9d+ action ( ice-c>ri$ b[ld]s ^u ! rock-b$1 & ^u "o ano!r4 ,o!r sorts ( rock1 su* z s(t s&/one1 7 r$uc$ to ! physical condition ( s&1 in/ead ( clay1 & f s& to b[ld]s all grades ( co>s5ess & f95ess are repres5t$ 9 ! glacial drift4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxxv4 ,cut 9 drift1 %[+ its physical het]og5eity4 ,s9ce ! ice does n assort ! mat]ial :i* x c>ries1 z wat] does1 ! clay1 s&1 gravel & b[ld]s w n1 by ! action ( ! ice1 be sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,!y are !re=e n /ratifi$4 ,z left by ! ice1 ^! physically het]og5e\s mat]ials are confus$ly comm+l$4 ,! f9] p>ts con/itute a matrix 9 :i* ! co>s] are emb$d$4 ,physical het]og5eity 7,plate ,,xxxv71 !re=e1 is ano!r *>act]i/ic ( glacial drift4 ,x is n to be und]/ood t ! proportions ( ^! v>i\s physical elem5ts1 clay1 s&1 gravel1 & b[ld]s1 are con/ant4 ,locally any "o ( !m may pr$om9ate ov] any or all ! o!rs to any ext5t4 ,s9ce li?ological & physical het]og5eity are *>act]i/ics ( glacial drift1 !y toge!r af=d a crit]ion :i* is (t5 ( s]vice 9 di/+ui%+ glacial drift f o!r surface =mations4 ,x foll[s t ?is d\ble het]og5eity con/itutes a feature :i* c be utiliz$ 9 det]m9+ ! =m] ext5sion ( exi/+ glaci]s1 z well z ! =m] exi/5ce ( glaci]s :]e glaci]s d n n[ exi/4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( glacial drift1 & "o :i* cle>ly di/+ui%es x f all o!r =mations ) :i* x might be conf\nd$1 is easily und]/ood f its me?od ( =mation4 ,if ! ice 9 its motion holds d[n rock debris ^u ! rock surface ov] :i* x passes ) su* pressure z to poli% & /riate ! b$-rock1 ! mat]ial c>ri$ w itself suff] we> comp>able to t :i* x inflicts4 ,?us ! /ones1 l>ge & small1 ( glacial drift1 w be smoo!d & /riat$4 ,?is sort ( we> on ! transport$ blocks ( rock1 is effect$ bo? by ! b$-rock react+ on ! b[ld]s transport$ ov] x1 & by b[ld]s act+ on "o ano!r 9 & "u ! ice4 ,! we> ( b[ld]s by b[ld]s is effect$ :]ev] adjac5t ones are c>ri$ along at diff]5t rates4 ,s9ce ! rate ( motion ( ! ice is diff]5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! glaci]1 ! mutual abrasion ( transport$ mat]ials is a process con/antly 9 op]ation4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! transport$ /one & blocks ( rock may ?us ev5tually become /riat$4 ,f ! nature ( ! we> to :i* ! /ones are subject$ :5 c>ri$ 9 ! base ( ! ice1 x is easy to und]/& t _! %apes mu/ be diff]5t f ^? ( wat]-worn mat]ials4 ,! latt] are roll$ ov] & ov]1 & ?us lose all _! angles & assume a m or less r\nd$ =m4 ,! =m]1 held m or less firmly 9 ! ice1 & press$ aga9/ ! und]ly+ rock or rock debris z !y are c>ri$ sl[ly =w>d1 h _! faces plan$ & /riat$4 ,! planation & /riation ( a /one ne$ n be conf9$ to its "u surface4 ,on ei!r side or above x o!r /ones1 mov+ at diff]5t rates1 are made to abrade x1 s t its top & sides may be plan$ & scor$4 ,if ! ice-c>ri$ /ones %ift _! positions1 z !y may "u v>i\s circum/ances1 new faces w be worn4 ,! new face ?us plan$ (f may meet ^? develop$ at an e>li] "t at %>p angles1 altoge!r unlike any?+ :i* wat]-we> is capable ( produc+4 ,! /one ?us act$ ^u %[s a surface b\nd$ by planes & m or less bevel$1 in/ead ( a r\nd$ surface su* z wat] we> produces4 ,we f9d1 !n1 9 ! %ape ( ! b[ld]s & small] /ones ( ! drift1 & 9 ! m>k+s ^u _! surfaces1 additional crit]ia = ! id5tification ( glaci] drift 7,plate ,,xxxvi74 ,! *>act]i/ics ( glacial drift1 s f> z conc]ns its con/itution1 may !n be enum]at$ z1 7#a7 its li?ological1 & 7#b7 physical het]og5eity2 7#c7 ! %apes1 & 7#d7 ! m>k+s ( ! /ones ( ! drift4 ,9 /ructure1 ! drift :i* is /rictly glacial1 is un/ratifi$4 ,9 ! broade/ s5se ( ! t]m1 all deposits made by glaci] ice are mora9es4 ,^? made b5ea? ! ice & back f its edge con/itute ! gr\nd mora9e1 & are di/+ui%$ f ! consid]able m>g9al accumulations :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 are accumulat$ at or ne> ! m>g94 ,^! m>g9al accumulations are t]m9al mora9es4 ,associat$ ) ! mora9es :i* are ! deposits ( ! ice directly1 !re are consid]able bodies ( /ratifi$ gravel & s&1 ! /ructure ( :i* %[s t !y 7 laid d[n by wat]4 ,?is is to be especially not$1 s9ce lack ( /ratification is popul>ly suppos$ to be ! especial m>k ( ! =mations to :i* ! ice gave rise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxxvi4 ,glaciat$ /ones1 %[+ bo? =m & /riae4 7,matz47 ,^! deposits ( /ratifi$ drift lie p>tly beyond ! t]m9al mora9e1 & p>tly )9 x4 ,!y (t5 su/a9 v complicat$ relations bo? to ! gr\nd & t]m9al mora9es4 ,! drift z a :ole is !re=e p>tly /ratifi$ & p>tly un/ratifi$4 ,/ructurally ! two types are ?or\ghly di/9ct1 b _! relations are (t5 mo/ complex1 bo? horizontally & v]tically4 ,a full] consid]ation ( ^! relations w be f\nd on a lat] page4 ,! ,gr\nd ,mora9e4 ,! gr\nd mora9e con/itutes ! great body ( ! glacial drift4 ,b[ld] clay1 a t]m descriptive ( its con/itution 9 "s places1 & till1 are o!r t]ms (t5 appli$ to ! gr\nd mora9e4 ,! gr\nd mora9e consi/s ( all ! drift :i* lodg$ b5ea? ! ice dur+ its advance1 all t 0 deposit$ back f its edge :ile its m>g9 0 f>!/ s\?1 & mo/ ( t :i* 0 deposit$ :ile ! ice 0 retreat+4 ,f ?is mode ( orig9 x is readily se5 t ! gr\nd mora9e %\ld be ess5tially z widespread z ! ice itself4 ,locally1 h[ev]1 x fail$ ( deposition4 ,s9ce x con/itutes ! l>g] "p ( ! drift1 ! *>act]i/ics already enum]at$ z belong+ to drift 9 g5]al are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! till4 ,:]ev] ob/acles to ! progress ( ! ice lay 9 its pa?1 !re 0 a *ance t ^! ob/acles1 ris+ some:at into ! l[] "p ( ! ice1 w\ld con/itute b>ri]s aga9/ :i* debris 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ice w\ld lodge4 ,x might happ5 also t ! ice1 "u a giv5 set ( conditions favor+ erosion1 w\ld ga!r a great] load ( rock-debris ?an c\ld be transport$ "u ! *ang$ conditions into :i* its advance br\ght x4 ,9 ?is case1 "s "p ( ! load w\ld be dropp$ & ov]-ridd54 ,especially ne> ! m>g9 ( ! ice :]e its ?ickness 0 slight & dim9i%+1 ! ice mu/ h f\nd itself unable to c>ry =w>d ! loads ( debris :i* x _h ga!r$ f>!r back :]e its action 0 m vigor\s4 ,x w be readily se5 t if n e>li] deposit$1 all mat]ial ga!r$ by ! "u surface ( ! ice w\ld ultimately f9d itself at ! edge ( ! glaci]1 = giv5 "t en\gh1 ablation w wa/e all t "p ( ! ice occupy+ ! space betwe5 ! orig9al position ( ! debris1 & ! m>g9 ( ! ice4 ,"u ! ?9n$ m>g9 ( ! ice1 !re=e1 consid]able accumulations ( drift mu/ h be5 tak+ place :ile ! ice 0 advanc+4 ,:ile ! edge ( ! ice %eet 0 advanc+ into t]ritory be=e un9vad$1 ! mat]ial accumulat$ b5ea? its edge at "o "t1 f\nd itself mu* f>!r f ! m>g9 at ano!r & lat] "t4 ,"u ! m =cible ice action back f ! m>g91 ! e>li] accumulations1 made "u ! ?9 edge1 7 p>tially or :olly remov$ by ! ?ick] ice ( a lat] "t1 & c>ri$ d[n to or t[>d ! new & m advanc$ m>g94 ,"h !y 7 deposit$1 to be 9 turn di/urb$ & transport$ /ill f>!r by ! f>!r advance ( ! ice4 ,s9ce 9 its f9al retreat ! m>g9 ( ! ice mu/ h /ood at all po9ts once cov]$ by x1 ^! subm>g9al accumulations ( drift mu/ h be5 made ov] ! :ole c\ntry once cov]$ by ! ice4 ,! deposits ( drift made b5ea? ! m>g9al "p ( ! ice dur+ its retreat1 w\ld ei!r cov] ! deposits made "u ! body ( ! ice at an e>li] "t1 or be left alongside !m4 ,! con/itution ( ! two phases ( till1 t deposit$ dur+ ! advance ( ! ice1 & t deposit$ dur+ its retreat1 is ess5tially ! same1 & !re is no?+ 9 _! relative positions to %>ply diff]5tiate !m4 ,!y are class$ toge!r z subglacial till4 ,subglacial till 0 "u ! pressure ( ! ov]ly+ ice4 ,9 keep+ ) ^! conditions ( accumulation1 ! till (t5 possesses a firmness sugge/ive ( great compression4 ,:]e its con/itution is clayey x is (t5 rem>kably t\gh4 ,:]e ?is is ! case1 ! quality "h ref]r$ to has giv5 rise to ! sugge/ive "n h>d pan4 ,:]e ! con/itution ( ! till is s&y1 r ?an clayey1 ?is firmness & t\ghness are less develop$1 or may be altoge!r want+1 s9ce s& _c be compress$ into coh]5t masses l clay4 ,con/itution4--,! till is compos$ ( ! m or less comm9ut$ mat]ials d]iv$ f ! l& across :i* ! ice pass$4 ,! soil & all ! loose mat]ials :i* cov]$ ! rock ent]$ into its composition4 ,:]e ! ice 0 ?ick & its action vigor\s1 x n only c>ri$ away ! loose mat]ial :i* x f\nd 9 its pa?1 b1 arm$ ) ?is mat]ial1 x abrad$ ! und]ly+ rock1 we>+ d[n its surface & deta*+ l>ge & small blocks ( rock f x4 ,x foll[s t ! con/itution ( ! till at any po9t is dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( ! soil & rock f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,if s&/one be ! =mation :i* has contribut$ mo/ l>gely to ! till1 ! matrix ( ! till w be s&y4 ,:]e lime/one in/ead ( s&/one made ! lead+ contribution to x1 ! till has a m e>?y or clayey matrix4 ,any sort ( rock :i* may be v g5]ally r$uc$ to a f9e /ate ( division "u ! me*anical action ( ! ice1 w give rise to clayey till4 ,! nature & ! numb] ( ! b[ld]s 9 ! till1 no less ?an ! f9] p>ts1 dep5d on ! "* ( ! rock ov]ridd54 ,a h>d & resi/ant rock1 su* z qu>tzite1 w give rise to m b[ld]s 9 proportion to ! total am\nt ( mat]ial furni%$ to ! ice1 ?an w s(t] rock4 ,%ale or s(t s&/one1 possess+ relatively slight resi/ance1 w be mu* m completely cru%$4 ,!y w1 !re=e1 yield proportionately few] b[ld]s ?an h>d] =mations1 & m ( ! f9] con/itu5ts ( till4 ,! b[ld]s tak5 up by ! ice z x advanc$ ov] "o sort ( rock & ano!r1 possess$ diff]5t degrees ( resi/ance4 ,! s(t] ones 7 worn to small] dim5sions or cru%$ ) relative ease & spe$4 ,b[ld]s ( s(t rock are1 !re=e1 n commonly f\nd 9 any abundance at great di/ances f _! s\rces4 ,! h>d] ones yield$ less readily to abrasion1 & 7 c>ri$ mu* f>!r be=e be+ de/roy$1 ?\gh ev5 su* mu/ h suff]$ con/ant r$uction 9 size dur+ _! subglacial j\rney4 ,9 g5]al x is true t b[ld]s 9 ! till1 ne> _! p>5t =mations1 are l>g] & less worn ?an ^? :i* h be5 transport$ great di/ances4 ,! ice :i* cov]$ ?is region _h come a great di/ance & _h pass$ ov] rock =mations ( _m k9ds4 ,! till !re=e conta9s elem5ts d]iv$ f v>i\s =mations2 t is1 x is li?ologically het]og5e\s4 ,?is het]og5eity _c fail to attract ! att5tion ( "o exam9+ any ( ! _m exposures ( drift ab\t ,b>aboo at road grad+s1 or 9 ! cuts along ! railway4 ,among ! /ones 9 ! drift at ^! exposures are lime/one1 s&/one1 qu>tzite1 diabase1 gabbro1 gneiss1 granite1 s*i/1 & porphyry1 toge!r ) pieces ( fl9t & *]t4 ,su* an array may be f\nd at any ( ! exposures )9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,devil's lake4 ,to ! nor?1 & a few miles to ! s\? ( ! ,b>aboo ranges1 ! qu>tzite f ^! bluffs1 & ! porphyry f ! po9t m>k$ h 9 ,plate ,,ii1 are want+1 ?\gh o!r v>ieties ( porphyry are pres5t4 ,! ice mov$ 9 a g5]al we/-s\?we/ direction 9 ?is region1 & ! qu>tzite 9 ! drift1 s f> z d]iv$ f ! local =mation1 is !re=e re/rict$ to a n>r[ belt4 ,! physical het]og5eity may be se5 at all exposures1 & is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,! l>g] /ones ( ! drift are usually ( "s h>d v>iety ( rock4 ,ne> ! ,b>aboo ranges1 ! local qu>tzite (t5 pr$om9ates among ! b[ld]s1 & s9ce su* b[ld]s h n be5 c>ri$ f>1 !y are (t5 little worn4 ,away f ! ranges1 ! b[ld]s are g5]ally ( "s cry/all9e rock1 su* z granite & diabase4 ,b[ld]s ( ^! sorts ( rock are f a mu* m di/ant s\rce1 & are usually well worn4 ,9 g5]al ! till ( any locality is made up l>gely ( mat]ial d]iv$ f ! =mations close at h&4 ,?is fact seems to af=d suffici5t w>rant = ! conclusion t a consid]able am\nt ( deposition mu/ h gone on b5ea? ! ice dur+ its movem5t1 ev5 back f its m>g94 ,to take a concrete illu/ration1 x w\ld seem t ! drift ( s\!a/]n ,wiscons9 %\ld h _h a l>g] contribution ?an x has ( mat]ial d]iv$ f ,canadian t]ritory1 if mat]ial once tak5 up by ! ice 0 all or *iefly c>ri$ d[n to its ?9n$ edge be=e deposition4 ,! fact t s little ( ! drift came f ^! di/ant s\rces w\ld seem to prove t a l>ge "p ( ! mat]ial mov$ by ! ice1 is mov$ a relatively %ort di/ance only4 ,! ice mu/ be conceiv$ ( z cont9ually deposit+ p>ts ( its load1 & p>ts :i* x has c>ri$ b a %ort di/ance1 z x takes up new mat]ial f ! t]ritory newly invad$4 ,9 keep+ ) ! "* ( till 9 g5]al1 t ab\t ,devil's lake 0 d]iv$ l>gely f ! s&/one1 lime/one & qu>tzite ( ! imm$iate vic9ity1 :ile a mu* small] "p ( x came f m di/ant s\rces4 ,?is is especially noticeable 9 ! f9e mat]ial1 :i* is made up mo/ly ( ! comm9ut$ products ( ! local rock4 ,topography4--,! topography ( ! gr\nd mora9e is 9 g5]al ! topography already describ$ 9 consid]+ ! modification ( preglacial topography effect$ by ice deposition4 ,z left by ! ice1 its surface 0 undulat+4 ,! undulations did n take ! =m ( hills & ridges ) int]v5+ valleys1 b ( swells & depressions /&+ 9 no ord]ly relation%ip to "o ano!r4 ,undra9$ depressions are f\nd 9 ! gr\nd mora9e1 b !y are1 z a rule1 broad] & %all[] ?an ! kettles common to t]m9al mora9es4 ,x is 9 ! broad1 %all[ depressions ( ! gr\nd mora9e t _m ( ! lakes & m ( ! m>%es ( s\!a/]n ,wiscons9 are locat$4 ,! roll+1 undulat+ topography *>act]i/ic ( gr\nd mora9es is well %[n ab\t ! ,city ( ,b>aboo & betwe5 t po9t & ! lake1 & at _m less easily designat$ po9ts ab\t ,m]rimac4 ,9 ?ickness ! gr\nd mora9e rea*es at lea/ #afj feet1 ?\gh its av]age is mu* less--too little to oblit]ate ! great] topographic features ( ! rock b5ea?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 responsible = _m ( ! details ( ! surface4 ,t]m9al ,mora9es4 ,! m>g9al portion ( ! ice %eet 0 m heavily load$--c]ta9ly m heavily load$ relative to its ?ickness--?an any o!r4 ,t[>d its m>g9 ! ?9n$ ice 0 con/antly los+ its transportive p[]1 & at its edge ?is p[] 0 altoge!r gone4 ,s9ce ! ice 0 cont9ually br++ drift d[n to ?is position & leav+ x !re1 ! rate ( drift accumulation mu/ h be5 great]1 on ! av]age1 b5ea? ! edge ( ! ice ?an else:]e4 ,:5ev]1 at any /age 9 its hi/ory1 ! edge ( ! ice rema9$ ess5tially con/ant 9 position = a long p]iod ( "t1 ! correspond+ subm>g9al accumulation ( drift 0 great1 & :5 ! ice melt$1 ! =m] site ( ! /ation>y edge w\ld be m>k$ by a broad ridge or belt ( drift1 ?ick] ?an t on ei!r side4 ,su* ?ick5$ belts ( drift are t]m9al mora9es4 ,x w be se5 t a t]m9al mora9e does n necess>ily m>k ! t]m9us ( ! ice at ! "t ( its greate/ advance1 b r its t]m9us at any "t :5 its edge 0 /ation>y or ne>ly s4 ,f ! conditions ( _! developm5t x w be se5 t ^! subm>g9al mora9es may be made up ( mat]ials id5tical ) ^? :i* con/itute ! gr\nd mora9e1 & su* is (t5 ! case4 ,b wat] aris+ f ! melt+ ( ! ice1 play$ a mu* m important role at its m>g9 ?an f>!r back b5ea? x4 ,"o result ( its great] activity may be se5 9 ! great] co>s5ess :i* g5]ally *>act]izes ! mat]ial ( ! t]m9al mora9e z comp>$ ) t ( ! adjac5t gr\nd mora9e4 ,?is is p>tly because ! wat] c>ri$ away su* ( ! f9] con/itu5ts z x 0 able to transport1 leav+ ! co>s] beh9d4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ! great activity ( wat] ne> ! m>g9 ( ! ice is to be se5 9 ! relatively l>ge am\nt ( assort$ & /ratifi$ s& & gravel associat$ ) ! t]m9al mora9e4 ,su* mat]ials z 7 c>ri$ on ! ice 7 dropp$ at its edge :5 ! ice :i* bore !m melt$ f b5ea?4 ,if ! surface ( ! ice c>ri$ _m b[ld]s1 _m w\ld be dropp$ along ! l9e ( its edge :]ev] x rema9$ /ation>y = any consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,a t]m9al mora9e !re=e embraces 7#a7 ! ?ick belt ( drift accumulat$ b5ea? ! edge ( ! ice :ile x 0 /ation>y1 or ne>ly s2 & 7#b7 su* debris z 0 c>ri$ on ! surface ( ! ice & dump$ at its m>g94 ,9 g5]al ! latt] is relatively unimportant4 ,at v>i\s /ages 9 its f9al retreat1 ! ice made m or less protract$ halts4 ,^! halt+ places are m>k$ by m>g9al mora9es ( great] or less size1 dep5d+ on ! duration ( ! /op1 & ! am\nt ( load c>ri$4 ,a t]m9al mora9e is n ! %>p & cont9u\s ridge we are wont to ?9k x4 ,x is a belt ( ?ick drift1 r ?an a ridge1 ?\gh x is (t5 some:at ridge-l4 ,9 wid?1 x v>ies f a fraction ( a mile to sev]al miles4 ,9 ! region "u consid]ation x is r>ely m ?an fifty feet high1 & r>ely less ?an a half mile wide1 & a ridge ( ?is height & wid? is n a conspicu\s topographic feature 9 a region :]e ! relief is s great z t ( ! ,devil's lake region4 ,topography ( t]m9al mora9es4--,! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( a t]m9al mora9e is n its ridge-l "*1 b its peculi> topography4 ,9 g5]al1 x is m>k$ by depressions )\t outlets1 associat$ ) hillocks & %ort ridges comp>able 9 dim5sions to ! depressions4 ,bo? elevations & depressions are1 z a rule1 m abrupt ?an 9 ! gr\nd mora9e4 ,9 ! depressions !re are _m m>%es1 bogs1 ponds & small lakes4 ,! %apes & ! abundance ( r\nd & r\ndi% hills h locally giv5 rise to su* names z ,! ,knobs1 ,%ort ,hills1 etc4 ,else:]e ! mora9e has be5 nam$ ! ,kettle ,range f ! numb] ( kettle-l depressions 9 its surface4 ,x is to be kept 9 m9d t x is ! association ( ! knobs & kettles1 r ?an ei!r feature alone1 :i* is ! di/9ctive m>k ( t]m9al mora9e topography4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,sket* ( t]m9al mora9e topography1 on ! qu>tzite ridge ea/ ( ,devil's lake4 7,matz47 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! topography ( t]m9al mora9es 0 develop$ is wor?y ( note4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ice m>g9 c>ri$ unequal am\nts ( debris4 ,?is alone w\ld h caus$ ! mora9e ( any region to h be5 ( unequal height & wid? at diff]5t po9ts4 ,9 ! second place1 ! m>g9 ( ! ice1 :ile ma9ta9+ ! same g5]al position dur+ ! mak+ ( a mora9e1 0 yet subject to _m m9or oscillations4 ,x d\btless rec$$ to "s slight ext5t because ( increas$ melt+ dur+ ! summ]1 to advance aga9 dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 its recession1 ! ice m>g9 probably did n rema9 exactly p>allel to its =m] position4 ,if "s p>ts rec$$ m ?an o!rs1 ! details ( ! l9e ( its m>g9 may h be5 mu* *ang$ dur+ a tempor>y retreat4 ,:5 ! ice aga9 advanc$1 its m>g9 may h aga9 *ang$ its =m 9 "s slight measure1 s z to be p>allel nei!r ) its =m] advanc$ position1 nor ) its position aft] its tempor>y retreat4 ,) ea* successive oscillation ( ! edge1 ! details ( ! m>g9 may h alt]$1 & at ea* /age ! m>g9al deposits correspond$ ) ! edge4 ,!re might ev5 be consid]able *anges 9 ! edge ( ! ice )\t any g5]al recession or advance1 z exi/+ glaci]s %[4 ,x 0 probably true ( ! m>g9 ( ! ,am]ican ice %eet1 z ( exi/+ glaci]s1 t !re 7 p]iods ( ye>s :5 ! edge ( ! ice rec$$1 foll[$ by l p]iods :5 x rema9$ /ation>y or ne>ly s1 & ^! 9 turn foll[$ by p]iods ( advance4 ,dur+ any advance1 ! deposits made dur+ ! p]iod ( recession w\ld be ov]ridd5 & di/urb$ or de/roy$4 ,if ! ice 7 to retreat & advance repeat$ly dur+ a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 always )9 n>r[ limits1 & if dur+ ?is oscillation ! details ( its m>g9 7 frequ5tly *ang+1 ! result w\ld be a complex or tangle ( m9or mora9ic ridges ( v>iable heights & wid?s4 ,betwe5 & among ! m9or ridges !re w\ld be depressions ( v>i\s sizes & %apes4 ,?us1 x is conceiv$1 _m ( ! peculi> hillocks & holl[s :i* *>act]ize t]m9al mora9es may h aris54 ,"s ( ! depressions probably arose 9 ano!r way4 ,:5 ! edge ( ! ice retreat$1 consid]able deta*$ masses ( ice might be left beyond ! ma9 body4 ,?is might be buri$ by gravel & s& wa%$ out f ! mora9e4 ,on melt+1 ! =m] sites ( su* blocks ( ice w\ld be m>k$ by kettles4 ,9 ! m>g9al accumulations ( drift z fir/ deposit$1 consid]able quantities ( ice 7 d\btless left4 ,:5 ?is melt$1 ! drift settl$ & ! unequal settl+ may h giv5 rise to "s ( ! topographic irregul>ities ( ! drift4 ,! t]m9al mora9e ab\t ,devil's lake4--,on ! l[] l&s1 ! t]m9al mora9e ( ! ,devil's lake region has ! features *>act]i/ic ( t]m9al mora9es 9 g5]al4 ,x is a belt ( ?ick drift v>y+ 9 wid? f half a mile or less to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile or m4 ,its surface is m>k$ by num]\s hills & %ort ridges1 ) int]v5+ depressions or kettles4 ,"s ( ! depressions among ! hills conta9 wat]1 mak+ ponds or m>%es1 ?\gh ! r loose texture ( ! drift ( ?is region is n favorable to ! ret5tion ( wat]4 ,! mora9e belt1 z a :ole1 is high] ?an ! l& on ei!r side4 ,x is !re=e some:at ridge-l1 & ! small1 %ort hills & ridges :i* m>k its surface1 are b con/itu5t p>ts ( ! l>g]1 broad] ridge4 ,approa*$ f ! we/1 t is f ! driftless side1 ! mora9e on ! l[] l&s is a some:at prom95t topographic feature1 (t5 appe>+ z a ridge ?irty1 =ty or ev5 fifty feet 9 height4 ,approa*$ f ! opposite direction1 t is1 f ! gr\nd mora9e1 x is notably less prom95t1 & its inn] limit :]ev] locat$1 is m or less arbitr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,cut ?r\gh ! t]m9al mora9e j ea/ ( ,kirkl&1 p>tially diagrammatic4 ,a deep1 fre% railway cut 9 ! mora9e s\!a/ ( ,devil's lake illu/rates its complexity ( /ructure1 a complexity :i* is probably no great] ?an t at _m o!r po9ts :]e exposures are n se54 ,! section is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! /ratifi$ s& to ! "r reta9s ev5 ! ripple-m>ks :i* 7 develop$ :5 x 0 deposit$4 ,to ! left1 at ! same level1 !re is a body ( till 7un/ratifi$ drift71 ov] :i* is a b$ ( /oneless & app>5tly /ructureless clay4 ,9 a depression j above ! clay ) till bo? to ! "r & left1 is a body ( loam :i* possesses ! *>act]i/ics ( normal loess4 ,x also conta9s calc>e\s concretions1 ?\gh no %ells h be5 f\nd4 ,?is occurr5ce ( loess is ! m notewor?y1 s9ce loess is r>ely f\nd 9 association ) drift ( ! la/ glacial epo*4#g #g ,an acc\nt ( loess 9 connection ) ! drift ( ! la/ glacial epo* is giv5 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,geology1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ibi-ihg4 ,= a g5]al acc\nt ( loess1 see ,six? ,annual ,report ( ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,! mora9e on ! ma9 qu>tzite range4--,9 trac+ ! mora9e ov] ! great] qu>tzite range1 x is f\nd to possess a unique feature 9 ! =m ( a n>r[ b %>ply def9$ ridge ( drift1 =m$ at ! extreme m>g9 ( ! ice at ! "t ( its maximum advance4 ,= fully elev5 miles1 ) b "o decid$ break1 & two %ort /ret*es :]e its developm5t is n /rong1 ?is unique m>g9al ridge sep>ates ! drift-cov]$ c\ntry on ! "o h&1 f ! driftless area on ! o!r4 ,9 its c\rse ! ridge lies n[ on slopes1 & n[ on summits1 b 9 bo? situations pres]ves its id5tity4 ,:]e x re/s on a pla91 or ne>ly pla9 surface1 its wid? at base v>ies f six to fifte5 rods1 & its av]age height is f tw5ty to ?irty feet4 ,its cre/ is n>r[1 (t5 no m ?an a s+le rod4 ,:]e x lies on a slope1 x is asymmetrical 9 cross section 7see ,fig4 #ci71 ! %ort] slope hav+ a v]tical range ( t5 to ?irty-five feet1 & its long] a range ( =ty to "o hundr$ feet4 ,?is asymmetrical =m p]si/s ?r\gh\t all t portion ( ! ridge :i* lies on an incl9$ surface1 ! slope ( :i* does n correspond ) ! direction ( ! mora9e4 ,:]e x lies on a flat surface1 or an incl9$ surface ! slope ( :i* corresponds 9 direction ) ! c\rse ( ! ridge itself1 its cross section is m ne>ly symmetrical 7see ,fig4 #dj74 ,9 all ess5tial *>act]i/ics ?is m>g9al ridge corresponds ) ! ,end-,mora5e ( ! ,g]mans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,diagrammatic cross-section ( ! m>g9al ridge z x occurs on ! s\? slope ( ! ,devil's ,nose4 ,! slope bel[1 ?\gh glaciat$1 is ne>ly free f drift4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,diagrammatic cross-section ( ! m>g9al ridge z x appe>s :5 its base is n a slop+ surface4 ,= ! sake ( br++ out "s ( its especially significant features1 ! ridge may be trac$ 9 detail1 comm5c+ on ! s\? side ( ! we/ range4 ,:]e ! mora9e leaves ! l[l&s s\? ( ! ,devil's nose1 & beg9s ! asc5t ( ! prom95ce1 ! m>g9al ridge fir/ appe>s at ab\t ! #idj-;foot cont\r 7f1 ,plate ,,xxxvii74 ,?\gh at fir/ its developm5t is n /rong1 few rods h be5 pass$ be=e its cre/ is fifte5 to tw5ty feet above ! driftless area imm$iately to ! nor? 7see ,fig4 #ci7 & f =ty to "o hundr$ feet above its base to ! s\?1 d[n ! slope4 ,9 g5]al ! ridge becomes m di/9ct ) increas+ elevation1 & except = two or ?ree n>r[ po/-glacial erosion breaks1 is cont9u\s to ! v summit at ! end ( ! nose 7g74 ,! ridge 9 fact con/itutes ! upp]mo/ =ty or =ty-five feet ( ! cre/ ( ! nose1 :i* is ! highe/ po9t ( ! we/ range )9 ! area %[n on ! map4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is c\rse ! m>g9al ridge lies on ! s\? slope ( ! nose1 & has ! asymmetrical cross section %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,above 7nor? (7 ! ridge at mo/ po9ts n a b[ld] ( drift occurs4 ,s %>ply is its out] 7nor?7 m>g9 def9$1 t at _m po9ts x is possible to locate x )9 ! space ( less ?an a y>d4 ,at ! cre/ ( ! nose 7g7 ! m>g9al ridge1 )\t a break1 sw+s nor?w>d1 & 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( a mile turns aga9 to ! we/4 ,be>+ to ! nor? x pres5tly rea*es 7at h7 ! edge ( ! precipit\s bluff1 bord]+ ! great valley at ! s\? end ( ! lake4 ,betwe5 ! two arms ( ! loop ?us =m$1 ! surface ( ! nose is s ne>ly level t x c\ld h (f]$ no notable opposition to ! progress ( ! ice1 & yet x fail$ to be cov]$ by x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxxvii4 ,topographic map 7cont\r int]val #ajj feet7 ( a small area ab\t ,devil's lake1 tak5 f ! ,b>aboo %eet ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,ea* cont\r l9e connects po9ts ( ! same elevation1 & ! figures ^u !m give ! heights above sea level4 ,:]e cont\r l9es lie close toge!r1 !y indicate /eep slopes4 ,9 ! great valley betwe5 ! nose & ! ea/ bluff1 ! m>g9al ridge does n appe>4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! valley ! mora9e takes on its normal =m1 & ! slopes ( ! qu>tzite ridges on ei!r h& are mu* too /eep to all[ any body ( drift1 or loose mat]ial ( any sort1 to lodge on !m4 ,asc5d+ ! ea/ bluff a little ea/ ( ! po9t :]e ! drift ridge drops (f ! we/ bluff1 ! ridge is aga9 f\nd 7at i7 9 *>act]i/ic developm5t4 ,= "s di/ance x is locat$ at ! edge ( ! precipit\s s\? face ( ! bluff4 ,f>!r on x be>s to ! nor?1 & soon crosses a col 7j7 9 ! ridge1 build+ x up _m feet above ! level ( ! b$-rock4 ,f ?is po9t ea/w>d = ab\t ?ree miles ! m>g9al ridge is cle>ly def9$1 ! slopes ab\t equal on ei!r side1 & ! cre/ z ne>ly ev5 z ! topography ( ! und]ly+ surface p]mits4 ,! topographic relations 9 ?is "p ( ! c\rse are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,at k1 ?is m>g9al ridge atta9s its maximum elevation1 #a1fbj feet4 ,at ?is great elevation1 ! ridge turns %>ply to ! nor?we/ at an angle ( m ?an #ij deg44 ,foll[+ ?is direction = little m ?an half a mile1 x turns to ! we/4 ,at "s po9ts 9 ?is vic9ity ! ridge assumes ! normal mora9ic habit1 b ?is is true = %ort di/ances only4 ,f>!r we/1 at l1 x turns abruptly to ! nor!a/ & is %>ply def9$4 ,x "h loops ab\t a n>r[ area less ?an sixty rods wide1 & ov] half a mile 9 l5g?1 ! %>pe/ loop 9 its :ole c\rse4 ,! driftless tract enclos$ by ! arms ( ?is loop is l[] ?an ! drift ridge on ei!r h&4 ,! ice on ei!r side w\ld ne$ to h advanc$ no m ?an ?irty rods to h cov]$ ! :ole ( x4 ,f ! m9or loop j m5tion$1 ! m>g9al ridge is cont9u$ we/w>d1 be+ well develop$ = ab\t a mile & a half4 ,at ?is po9t ! mora9e sw+s s\? to ! nor? end ( ,devil's lake1 loses ! unique m>g9al ridge :i* has *>act]iz$ its out] edge across ! qu>tzite range = s _m miles1 & assumes ! topography normal to t]m9al mora9es4 ,at no o!r po9t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s f> z kn[n to ! writ]s1 is !re s %>ply m>k$ a m>g9al ridge associat$ ) ! t]m9al mora9e1 = s long a di/ance4 ,f ,plate ,,ii x w be se5 t ! mora9e z a :ole makes a great loop to ! ea/w>d 9 cross+ ! qu>tzite range4 ,f ! detail$ description j giv5 ( ! c\rse ( ! m>g9al ridge1 x w be se5 t x has ?ree di/9ct loops2 "o on ! ,devil's nose 7we/ ( g1 ,plate ,,xxxvii72 "o on ! ma9 ridge 7we/ ( k7 & a m9or "o on ! nor? side ( ! la/ 7s\?we/ ( m74 ,! fir/ & ?ird are b m9or irregul>ities on ! sides ( ! great loop1 ! head ( :i* is at k4 ,! significant fact 9 connection ) ^! irregul>ities 9 ! m>g9 ( ! mora9e is t ea* loop /&s 9 a def9ite relation to a prom95ce4 ,! mean+ ( ?is relation is at once pat5t4 ,! great qu>tzite range 0 a b>ri] to ! advance ( ! ice4 ,act+ z a w$ge1 x caus$ a re-entrant 9 ! advanc+ m>g9 ( ! glaci]4 ,! ext5t & position ( ! re-entrant is %[n by ! c\rse ( ! mora9e 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,?us ! great loop 9 ! mora9e1 ! head ( :i* is at k1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 0 caus$ by ! qu>tzite range itself4 ,! m9or loops on ! sides ( ! major are to be expla9$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,nor!a/ ( ! m9or loop on ! nor? side ( ! l>g] "o 7m7 !re are two consid]able hills1 rea*+ an elevation ( ne>ly #a1ejj feet4 ,?\gh ! ice advanc+ f ! ea/-nor!a/ ov]rode !m1 !y mu/ h act$ l a w$ge1 to divide x into lobes4 ,! ice :i* rea*$ _! summits _h sp5t its en]gy 9 s do+1 & 0 unable to move =w>d d[n ! slope ahead1 & ! ?ick] bodies ( ice :i* pass$ on ei!r side ( !m1 fail$ to unite 9 _! lee 7comp>e ,figs4 #cd & #ce74 ,! application ( ! same pr9ciple to ! loop on ! ,devil's nose is evid5t4 ,con/itution ( ! m>g9al ridge4--,! mat]ial 9 ! m>g9al ridge1 z se5 :]e erosion has expos$ x1 is till1 abnormal1 if at all1 only 9 ! l>ge p]c5tage ( widely transport$ b[ld]s :i* x conta9s4 ,?is is especially true ( ! surface1 :]e 9 "s places #ij p] c5t4 ( ! l>ge b[ld]s are ( v di/ant orig91 & t 9 spite ( ! fact t ! ice :i* deposit$ !m _h j ris5 up ov] a /eep slope ( qu>tzite1 :i* c\ld easily h yield$ abundant b[ld]s4 ,9 o!r places ! proportion ( =eign b[ld]s is small1 no m ?an "o 9 t54 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 b[ld]s ( di/ant orig9 pr$om9ate ov] ^? d]iv$ close at h&4 ,! slope ( ! upp] surface ( ! ice at ! m>g94--,! m>g9al ridge on ! s\? slope ( ,devil's nose leads to an inf]5ce ( especial int]e/4 ,its c\rse lies along ! s\? slope ( ! nose1 f its summit on ! ea/ to its base on ! we/4 ,?r\gh\t ?is c\rse ! ridge m>ks ) exactness ! position ( ! edge ( ! ice at ! "t ( its maximum advance1 & its cre/ mu/ !re=e repres5t ! slope ( ! upp] surface ( ! ice at its m>g94 ,! we/]n end ( ! ridge 7f1 ,plate ,,xxxvii7 has an altitude ( #idj feet1 & its ea/]n end 7g7 is j above ! #a1ejj-;foot cont\r4 ,! di/ance f ! "o po9t to ! o!r is "o & ?ree-f\r?s miles1 & ! diff]5ce 9 elevation1 #efj feet4 ,^! figures %[ t ! slope ( ! ice along ! s\? face ( ?is bluff 0 ab\t #cbj feet p] mile4 ,?is1 s f> z kn[n1 is ! fir/ det]m9ation ( ! slope ( ! edge ( ! cont95tal ice %eet at its extreme m>g94 ,x is to be especially not$ t ^! figures are = ! extreme edge ( ! ice only4 ,! angle ( slope back f ! edge 0 d\btless mu* less4 ,/ratifi$ ,drift4 ,:ile x is true t glaci] ice does n di/9ctly /ratify ! deposits :i* x makes1 x is /ill true t a v l>ge "p ( ! drift = :i* ! ice ( ! glacial p]iod 0 directly or indirectly responsible is /ratifi$4 ,t ?is %\ld be s is n /range :5 x is rememb]$ t mo/ ( ! ice 0 ultimately conv]t$ into runn+ wat]1 j z ! glaci]s ( today are4 ,! relatively small portion :i* disappe>$ by evaporation 0 probably m ?an c\nt]balanc$1 at lea/ ne> ! m>g9 ( ! ice1 by ! ra9 :i* fell ^u x4 ,x _c be consid]$ an exagg]ation1 !re=e1 to say t ! total am\nt ( wat] :i* op]at$ on ! drift1 fir/ & la/1 0 h>dly less ?an ! total am\nt ( ! ice itself4 ,! drift deposit$ by ! m>g9al "p ( ! ice 0 affect$ dur+ its deposition1 n only by ! wat] :i* arose f ! melt+ ( ! ice :i* did ! deposit+1 b by mu* wat] :i* arose f ! melt+ ( ! ice f> back f ! m>g94 ,! g5]al mobility ( ! wat]1 z contra/$ ) ice1 all[$ x to conc5trate its activities along ^? l9es :i* favor$ its motion1 s t diff]5t portions ( ! drift 7 n affect$ equally by ! wat] ( ! melt+ ice4 ,all 9 all x w be se5 t ! wat] mu/ h be5 a v important factor 9 ! deposition ( ! drift1 especially ne> ! m>g9 ( ! ice4 ,b ! ice %eet _h a m>g9al belt ?r\gh\t its :ole hi/ory1 & wat] mu/ h be5 active & effective along ?is belt1 n only dur+ ! decad5ce ( ! ice %eet1 b dur+ its gr[? z well4 ,x is fur!r to be not$ t any region ( drift /ood good *ance ( be+ op]at$ ^u by ! wat] aft] ! ice _h dep>t$ f x1 s t 9 regions ov] :i* topography direct$ dra9age aft] ! )drawal ( ! ice1 ! wat] _h ! la/ *ance at ! drift1 & modifi$ x 9 su* a way & to su* an ext5t z circum/ances p]mitt$4 ,its orig94--,!re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* /ratifi$ drift may arise 9 connection ) glaci] deposits4 ,x may come into exi/5ce by ! op]ation ( wat] alone2 or by ! co-op]ation ( ice & wat]4 ,:]e wat] alone 0 imm$iately responsible = ! deposition ( /ratifi$ drift1 ! wat] conc]n$ may h ow$ its orig9 to ! melt+ ice1 or x may h exi/$ indep5d5tly ( ! ice 9 ! =m ( lakes4 ,:5 ! s\rce ( ! wat] 0 ! melt+ ice1 ! wat] may h be5 runn+1 :5 x 0 actively conc]n$ 9 ! deposition ( /ratifi$ drift2 or x may h be5 /&+ 7glacial lakes & ponds71 :5 x 0 passively conc]n$4 ,:5 ice co-op]at$ ) wat] 9 ! developm5t ( /ratifi$ drift ! ice 0 g5]ally a passive p>tn]4 ,glacial dra9age4--,! body ( an ice %eet dur+ any glacial p]iod is probably melt+ m or less at "s horizons all ! "t1 & at all horizons "s ( ! "t4 ,mo/ ( ! wat] :i* is produc$ at ! surface dur+ ! summ] s9ks b5ea? x4 ,"s ( x may congeal be=e x s9ks f>1 b mu* ( x rea*es ! bottom ( ! ice )\t refreez+4 ,x is probable t melt+ is mu* m ne>ly cont9u\s 9 ! body ( a mov+ ice %eet ?an at its surface1 & t "s ( ! wat] ?us produc$ s9ks to ! bottom ( ! ice )\t refreez+4 ,at ! base ( ! ice1 s long z x is 9 movem5t1 !re is d\btless m or less melt+1 due bo? to friction & to ! heat receiv$ by conduction f ! e>? bel[4 ,?us 9 ! ice & "u ! ice !re mu/ h be5 m or less wat] 9 motion ?r\gh\t ess5tially all ! hi/ory ( an ice %eet4 ,if x be safe to base conclusions on ! ph5om5a ( exi/+ glaci]s1 x may be assum$ t ! wat]s b5ea? ! ice1 & to a less ext5t ! wat]s 9 ! ice1 organiz$ !mselves to a great] or less degree into /reams4 ,= long] or %ort] di/ances ^! /reams fl[$ 9 ! ice or b5ea? x4 ,ultimately !y escap$ f its edge4 ,! subglacial /reams d\btless fl[$1 9 "p1 9 ! valleys :i* affect$ ! l& surface b5ea? ! ice1 b !y 7 probably n all 9 su* positions4 ,! c\rses ( well-def9$ subglacial /reams 7 tunnels4 ,! bases ( ! tunnels 7 ( rock or drift1 :ile ! sides & tops 7 ( ice4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t _! c\rses ne$ n h correspond$ ) ! c\rses ( ! valleys b5ea? ! ice4 ,!y may sometimes h foll[$ l9es m or less indep5d5t ( topography1 mu* z wat] may be =c$ ov] elevations 9 clos$ tubes4 ,x is n to be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 t ! subglacial /reams 7 altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! sub-ice topography4 ,! tunnels 9 :i* ! wat] ran probably _h too _m leaks to all[ ! wat] to be =c$ up ov] great elevations4 ,?is1 at lea/1 mu/ h be5 ! case :]e ! ice 0 ?9 or affect$ by crevasses4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! topography ( ! l& surface mu/ h be5 ! controll+ elem5t 9 det]m9+ ! c\rse ( ! subglacial dra9age4 ,:5 ! /reams issu$ f b5ea? ! ice ! conditions ( fl[ 7 m or less radically *ang$1 & f _! po9t ( issue !y foll[$ ! usual laws gov]n+ riv] fl[4 ,if ! /reams ent]$ /atic wat] z !y issu$ f ! ice1 & ?is 0 true :]e ! ice edge rea*$ ! sea or a lake1 ! /atic wat] modifi$ ! results :i* ! fl[+ wat]s w\ld o!rwise h produc$4 ,/ages 9 ! hi/ory ( an ice %eet4--,! hi/ory ( an ice %eet :i* no long] exi/s involves at lea/ two di/9ct /ages4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! p]iod ( gr[?1 & 7#b7 ! p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,if ! latt] does n beg9 z soon z ! =m] is complete1 an int]v5+ /age1 repres5t+ ! p]iod ( maximum ice ext5sion1 mu/ be recogniz$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ice %eets ( ! glacial p]iod1 ea* ( ^! /ages 0 probably m or less complex4 ,! g5]al p]iod ( gr[? ( ea* ice %eet is believ$ to h be5 m>k$ by tempor>y1 b by m or less ext5sive int]vals ( decad5ce1 :ile dur+ ! g5]al p]iod ( decad5ce1 x is probable t ! ice 0 subject to tempor>y1 b to m or less ext5sive int]vals ( recrudesc5ce4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity1 ! effects ( ^! oscillations ( ! edge ( ! ice w be neglect$ at ! outset1 & ! "w ( ! wat] accompany+ ! two or ?ree pr9cipal /ages ( an ice %eet's hi/ory w be outl9$ z if int]ruptions 9 ! advance & 9 ! retreat1 respectively1 _h n occurr$4 ,z !y n[ exi/1 ! deposits ( /ratifi$ drift made at ! edge ( ! ice or beyond x dur+ ! p]iod ( its maximum ext5sion pres5t ! simple/1 & at ! same "t mo/ %>ply def9$ ph5om5a1 & are !re=e consid]$ fir/4 ,deposits ,made by ,extraglacial ,wat]s ,dur+ ! ,maximum ,ext5sion ( ! ,ice4 ,! deposits made by ! wat] at ! "t ( ! maximum ext5sion ( ! ice & dur+ its f9al retreat1 7 nev] di/urb$ by subsequ5t glaci] action4 ,s f> z n de/roy$ by subsequ5t erosion1 !y /ill reta9 ! =m & /ructure :i* !y _h at ! outset4 ,su* drift deposits1 because !y lie at ! surface1 & because !y are m or less di/9ct topographically z well z /ructurally1 are bett] kn[n ?an ! /ratifi$ drift ( o!r /ages ( an ice %eet's hi/ory4 ,( /ratifi$ drift made dur+ ! maximum ext5sion ( ! ice1 & dur+ its f9al retreat1 !re are sev]al types4 ,a4 ,at ! edge ( ice1 on l&4--,if ! subglacial /reams fl[$ "u head1 ! pressure 0 reliev$ :5 !y escap$ f ! ice4 ,) ?is relief1 !re 0 dim9ution ( velocity4 ,) ! dim9ution ( velocity1 deposition ( load w\ld be likely to take place4 ,s9ce ^! *anges w\ld be likely to occur at ! imm$iate edge ( ! ice1 "o class ( /ratifi$ drift deposits w\ld be made 9 ?is position1 9 imm$iate contact ) ! edge ( ! ice1 & _! =m w\ld be influ5c$ by x4 ,at ! /ation>y m>g9 ( an ice %eet1 !re=e1 at ! "t ( its maximum advance1 ice & wat] mu/ h co-op]at$ to br+ into exi/5ce consid]able quantities ( /ratifi$ drift4 ,! edge ( ! ice 0 probably ragg$1 z ! ends ( glaci]s are today1 & z ! wat]s issu$ f b5ea? x1 !y mu/ frequ5tly h left consid]able quantities ( su* debris z !y 7 c>ry+1 aga9/ its irregul> m>g91 & 9 its re-entrant angles & m>g9al crevasses4 ,:5 ! ice aga9/ :i* ?is debris 0 fir/ lodg$ melt$1 ! m>g9al accumulations ( gravel & s& (t5 assum$ ! =m ( kames4 ,a typical kame is a hill1 hillock1 or less commonly a %ort ridge ( /ratifi$ drift2 b sev]al or _m are (t5 associat$1 giv+ rise to gr\ps & areas ( kames4 ,kames are (t5 associat$ ) t]m9al mora9es1 a relation :i* emphasizes ! fact ( _! m>g9al orig94 ,s f> z ! sup]ficial /reams :i* fl[$ to ! edge ( ! ice c>ri$ debris1 ?is 0 subject to deposition z ! /reams desc5d$ f ! ice4 ,su* drift w\ld t5d to increase ! body ( m>g9al /ratifi$ drift f subglacial s\rces4 ,m>g9al accumulations ( /ratifi$ drift1 made by ! co-op]ation ( runn+ wat] & ice1 mu/ h _h _! mo/ ext5sive developm5t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 :]e ! m>g9 ( ! ice 0 longe/ 9 "o position1 & :]e ! /reams 7 heavily load$4 ,! deposits made by wat] at ! edge ( ! ice diff] f ^? ( ! next class--made beyond ! edge ( ! ice--9 t !y 7 influ5c$ 9 _! disposition & pres5t topography1 by ! pres5ce ( ice4 ,9 ! ,devil's lake region isolat$ & well-def9$ kames are n ( common occurr5ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 at _m po9ts hills :i* h some?+ ( a kame-l "*4 ,!re is su* a hill a mile s\!a/ ( ! ,c\rt h\se at ,b>aboo1 at ! po9t m>k$ p1 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,9 ?is hill !re are good exposures :i* %[ its /ructure4 ,!re are _m hillocks ( a g5]al kame-l habit associat$ ) ! t]m9al mora9e s\? ( ! ma9 qu>tzite range1 & nor? ( ! ,wiscons9 riv]4 ,_m ( !m occur some:at )9 ! t]m9al mora9e a few miles nor?we/ ( ,m]rimac4 ,b4 ,beyond ! edge ( ! ice1 on l&4--,z ! wat]s escap+ f ! ice fl[$ f>!r1 deposits ( /ratifi$ drift 7 made q beyond ! edge ( ! ice4 ,! =ms assum$ by su* deposits are v>i\s1 & dep5d$ on v>i\s conditions4 ,:]e ! wat]s issu+ f ! edge ( ! ice f\nd !mselves conc5trat$ 9 valleys1 & :]e !y possess$ suffici5t load1 & n too great velocity1 !y aggrad$ ! valleys ?r\gh :i* !y fl[$1 develop+ fluvial pla9s ( gravel & s&1 :i* (t5 ext5d$ f> beyond ! ice4 ,su* fluvial pla9s ( gravel & s& con/itute ! valley tra9s :i* ext5d beyond ! un/ratifi$ glacial drift 9 _m ( ! valleys ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are f\nd especially 9 ! valleys lead+ out f ! /\t] t]m9al mora9es ( late glacial age4 ,f ^! mora9es1 ! m ext5sive valley tra9s take _! orig91 ?us emphasiz+ ! fact t !y are deposits made by wat] beyond a /ation>y ice m>g94 ,valley tra9s h all ! *>act]i/ics ( alluvial pla9s built by rapid wat]s c>ry+ heavy loads ( detritus4 ,n[ & !n _! surfaces pres5t slight v>iations f plan5ess1 b !y are m9or4 ,l all pla9s ( simil> orig9 !y decl9e gradually1 & ) dim9i%+ gradi5t1 d[n /ream4 ,!y are ( co>s] mat]ial ne> _! s\rces1 & ( f9] mat]ial f>!r away4 ,valley tra9s con/itute a di/9ct topographic z well z g5etic type4 ,a p]fect example ( a valley tra9 does n occur )9 ! region "h discuss$4 ,!re is su* a tra9 />t+ at ! mora9e :]e x crosses ! ,wiscons9 riv] above ,prairie du ,sac1 & ext5d+ d[n t valley to ! ,mississippi1 b at its head ?is valley tra9 is wide & has ! appe>ance ( an ov]wa% pla91 r ?an a valley tra94 ,f>!r f ! mora9e1 h[ev]1 x n>r[s1 & assumes ! normal *>act]i/ics ( a valley tra94 ,x is ! gravel & s& ( ?is =mation :i* und]lies ,sauk ,prairie1 & its topographic cont9uation to ! we/w>d4 ,:]e ! subglacial /reams did n foll[ subglacial valleys1 !y did n always f9d valleys :5 !y issu$ f ! ice4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ea* heavily load$ /ream com+ out f b5ea? ! ice mu/ h t5d$ to develop a pla9 ( /ratifi$ mat]ial ne> its po9t ( issue--a sort ( alluvial fan4 ,:]e sev]al su* /reams came out f b5ea? ! ice ne> "o ano!r1 _! sev]al pla9s1 or fans1 7 likely to become cont9u\s by lat]al gr[?4 ,su* bord] pla9s ( /ratifi$ drift diff] f valley tra9s p>ticul>ly 7#a7 9 be+ mu* less elongate 9 ! direction ( dra9age2 7#b7 9 be+ mu* m ext5d$ p>allel to ! m>g9 ( ! ice2 & 7#c7 9 n be+ conf9$ to valleys4 ,su* pla9s /ood an especially good *ance ( developm5t :]e ! edge ( ! ice rema9$ con/ant = a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 = x 0 "u su* conditions t ! issu+ wat]s _h opportunity to d mu* "w4 ,?us arose ! type ( /ratifi$ drift v>i\sly kn[n z ov]wa% pla9s1 outwa% pla9s1 mora9ic pla9s1 & mora9ic aprons4 ,^! pla9s sometimes skirt ! mora9e = _m miles at a /ret*4 ,ov]wa% pla9s may sometimes dep>t f plan5ess by tak+ on "s measure ( undulation1 ( ! sag & swell 7kame7 type1 especially ne> _! mora9e edges4 ,! same is (t5 true ( ! heads ( valley tra9s4 ,! heads ( valley tra9s & ! inn] edges ( ov]wa% pla9s1 x is to be not$1 occupy ! g5]al position 9 :i* kames are likely to be =m$1 & ! undulations :i* (t5 affect ^! p>ts ( ! tra9s & pla9s1 respectively1 are probably to be attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ice itself4 ,valley tra9s & ov]wa% pla9s1 !re=e1 at _! upp] ends & edges respectively1 may take on "s ( ! features ( kames4 ,inde$1 ei!r may head 9 a kame area4 ,good examples ( ov]wa% or outwa% pla9s may be se5 at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! vic9ity ( ,b>aboo4 ,! pla9 we/ ( ! mora9e j s\? ( ! ma9 qu>tzite ridge has be5 ref]r$ to "u valley tra9s4 ,9 ,sauk ,prairie1 h[ev]1 its *>act]i/ics are ^? ( an outwa% pla91 r ?an ^? ( a valley tra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,! mora9ic or outwa% pla9 bord]+ ! t]m9al mora9e4 ,! figure is diagrammatic1 b repres5ts1 9 cross section1 ! normal relation z se5 s\? ( ! qu>tzite range at ! ea/ edge ( ,sauk ,prairie1 nor? ( ! ,b>aboo riv] & at "s po9ts betwe5 ! ,s\? range & ! ,b>aboo4 ,a good example ( an outwa% pla9 occurs s\?we/ ( ,b>aboo1 flank+ ! mora9e on ! we/ 7,fig4 #da74 ,se5 f ! we/1 ! mora9e j nor? ( ! s\? qu>tzite range /&s up z a conspicu\s ridge tw5ty to =ty feet above ! mora9ic pla9 :i* abuts aga9/ x4 ,trac$ nor?w>d1 ! edge ( ! outwa% pla91 z x abuts aga9/ ! mora9e1 becomes high]1 & 9 ,section #d1 ,t[n%ip #aa ,n41 ,range #f ,e41 ! mora9e edge ( ! pla9 rea*es ! cre/ ( ! mora9e 7,fig4 #db74 ,f ?is po9t nor? to ! ,b>aboo riv] ! mora9e sc>cely rises above ! edge ( ! outwa% beyond4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,! outwa% pla9 is built up to ! cre/ ( ! mora9e4 ,! figure is diagrammatic1 b ?is relation is se5 at ! po9t m>k$ ,w1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,nor? ( ! ,b>aboo riv] ! mora9e is aga9 di/9ct & ! ov]wa% pla9 to ! we/ well develop$ mu* ( ! way f ! ,b>aboo to ,kilb\rn ,city4 ,a portion ( x is kn[n z ,web/]'s ,prairie4 ,locally1 ! outwa% pla9s ( ?is region h be5 mu* dissect$ by erosion s9ce _! deposition1 & are n[ affect$ by _m small valleys4 ,9 composition ^! pla9s are ne>ly ev]y:]e gravel & s&1 ! co>s] mat]ial be+ ne>] ! mora9e4 ,! loose mat]ial is 9 places cov]$ by a lay] ( loam sev]al feet deep1 :i* greatly improves ! "* ( ! soil4 ,?is is especially true ( ,sauk ,prairie1 "o ( ! ri*e/ agricultural tracts 9 ! /ate4 ,:5 ! wat]s issu+ f ! edge ( ! ice 7 sluggi%1 :e!r !y 7 9 valleys or n1 ! mat]ials :i* !y c>ri$ & deposit$ 7 f9e in/ead ( co>se1 giv+ rise to deposits ( silt1 or clay1 in/ead ( s& or gravel4 ,at _m po9ts ne> ! edge ( ! ice dur+ its maximum /age ( advance1 !re probably issu$ small quantities ( wat] n 9 ! =m ( well-def9$ /reams1 be>+ small quantities ( detritus4 ,^! small quantities ( wat]1 ) _! correspond+ly small loads1 7 unable to develop consid]able pla9s ( /ratifi$ drift1 b produc$ small pat*es in/ead4 ,su* pat*es h receiv$ no special designation4 ,9 ! deposition ( /ratifi$ drift beyond ! edge ( ! ice1 ! latt] 0 conc]n$ only 9 s f> z its activity help$ to supply ! wat] ) ! necess>y mat]ials4 ,c4 ,deposits at & beyond ! edge ( ! ice 9 /&+ wat]4--,! wat]s :i* issu$ f ! edge ( ! ice sometimes met a diff]5t fate4 ,! ice 9 its advance (t5 mov$ up riv] valleys4 ,:5 at ! "t ( its maximum ext5sion1 x fill$ ! l[] "p ( a valley1 leav+ ! upp] "p free1 dra9age ?r\gh ! valley /ood good *ance ( be+ block$4 ,:]e ?is happ5$ a m>g9al valley lake 0 =m$4 ,su* a lake 0 =m$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,b>aboo :5 ! edge ( ! ice lay :]e ! mora9e n[ is 7,plate ,,ii74 ,! wat]s :i* 7 held back by ! ice dam1 re9=c$ by ! dra9age f ! ice itself1 soon develop$ a lake above ! po9t ( ob/ruction4 ,?is ext9ct lake may be nam$ ,b>aboo lake4 ,9 ?is lake deposits ( lam9at$ clay 7 made4 ,!y are n[ expos$ 9 ! brick y>ds we/ ( ,b>aboo1 & 9 occasional gullies & road cuts 9 ! flat bord]+ ! riv]4 ,at ! po9t m>k$ s 7,plate ,,xxxvii7 !re 01 9 glacial times1 a small lake hav+ an orig9 some:at diff]5t f t ( ,b>aboo lake4 ,! =m] site ( ! lake is n[ m>k$ by a notable flat4 ,excavations 9 ! flat %[ t x is made up ( /ratifi$ clay1 silt1 s& & gravel1 to ! dep? ( _m feet1--locally m ?an sixty4 ,^! lacu/r9e deposits are well expos$ 9 ! road cuts ne> ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! flat1 & 9 wa%es at "s o!r po9ts4 ,plate ,,xxxviii %[s "s ( ! silt & clay1 ! lam9ae ( :i* are mu* di/ort$4 ,deltas mu/ h be5 =m$ :]e well-def9$ /reams ent]$ ! lakes1 & subaque\s ov]wa% pla9s :]e deltas became cont9u\s by lat]al gr[?4 ,! accumulation ( /ratifi$ drift along ! ice-w>d %ores ( su* lakes mu/ h be5 rapid1 because ( ! abundant supply ( detritus4 ,^! mat]ials 7 probably %ift$ ab\t m or less by waves & %ore curr5ts1 & "s ( !m may h be5 widely di/ribut$4 ,out f ! bord]s ( su* lakes1 f9e silts & clays mu/ h be5 9 process ( deposition1 at ! same "t t ! co>se mat]ials 7 be+ laid d[n ne>] %ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiscons9 ,,geol4 ,,& ,,nat4 ,,hi/4 ,,survey4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 ,v41 ,,pl4 ,,xxxviii4 ,di/ort$ lam9ae ( silt & clay4 ,good examples ( deltas & subaque\s ov]wa% pla9s d n appe> to exi/ 9 ! region1 al?\gh conditions = _! developm5t seem to h be5 pres5t4 ,?us 9 ! lake :i* occupi$ ! valley ( ! ,b>aboo1 conditions w\ld seem to h be5 ideal = ! developm5t ( su* features2 t is1 ! ov]wa% pla9s previ\sly describ$ %\ld1 !oretically1 h be5 subaque\s ov]wa% pla9s2 b if ?is be _! "*1 _! di/9ctive m>ks h be5 de/roy$ by subsequ5t erosion4 ,dur+ ! maximum ext5sion ( an ice %eet1 !re=e1 !re 0 *ance = ! developm5t1 at its edge or beyond x1 ( ! foll[+ types ( /ratifi$ drift3 7#a7 kames & kame belts1 at ! edge ( ! ice2 7#b7 fluvial pla9s or valley tra9s1 9 virtual contact ) ! ice at _! heads2 7#c7 bord] pla9s or ov]wa% pla9s1 9 virtual contact ) ! ice at _! upp] edges2 7#d7 ill-def9$ pat*es ( /ratifi$ drift1 co>se or f9e ne> ! ice2 7#e7 subaque\s ov]wa% pla9s & deltas1 =m$ ei!r 9 ! sea or lakes at or ne> ! edge ( ! ice2 7#f7 lacu/r9e & m>9e deposits ( o!r sorts1 ! mat]ials = :i* 7 furni%$ by ! wat]s aris+ f ! ice4 ,s f> z ?is region is conc]n$1 all ! deposits made 9 /&+ wat] 7 made 9 lakes4 ,deposits ,made by ,extraglacial ,wat]s ,dur+ ! ,retreat ( ! ,ice4 ,dur+ ! retreat ( any ice %eet1 disreg>d+ oscillations ( its edge1 its m>g9 )drew /ep by /ep f ! position ( extreme advance to its c5t]4 ,:5 ! process ( dissolution 0 complete1 ea* portion ( ! t]ritory once cov]$ by ! ice1 _h at "s /age 9 ! dissolution1 f\nd itself 9 a m>g9al position4 ,at all /ages 9 its retreat ! wat]s issu+ f ! edge ( ! ice 7 work+ 9 ! mann] already outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs4 ,two po9ts ( diff]5ce only ne$ be especially not$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! deposits made by wat]s issu+ f ! retreat+ ice 7 laid d[n on t]ritory :i* ! ice _h occupi$1 & _! subjac5t /ratum 0 (t5 glacial drift4 ,s f> z ?is 0 ! case1 ! /ratifi$ drift 0 sup]-mora9ic1 n extra-mora9ic4 ,9 ! second place ! edge ( ! ice 9 retreat did n give rise to su* %>ply m>k$ =mations z ! edge ( ! ice :i* 0 /ation>y4 ,! processes :i* _h giv5 rise to valley tra9s1 ov]wa% pla9s1 kames1 etc41 :ile ! ice edge 0 /ation>y1 7 /ill 9 op]ation1 b ! l9e or zone ( _! activity 7! edge ( ! ice7 0 cont9ually retreat+1 s t ! =ego+ types1 m or less dep5d5t on a /ation>y edge1 7 r>ely well develop$4 ,z ! ice )drew1 !re=e1 x all[$ to be spread ov] ! surface x _h e>li] occupi$1 _m incipi5t valley tra9s1 ov]wa% pla9s1 & kames1 & a multitude ( ill-def9$ pat*es ( /ratifi$ drift1 ?ick & ?91 co>se & f9e4 ,:]ev] ! ice halt$ 9 its retreat1 ^! v>i\s types /ood *ance ( bett] developm5t4 ,su* deposits did n cov] all ! surface discov]$ by ! ice 9 its retreat1 s9ce ! issu+ wat]s1 ?anks to _! great mobility1 conc5trat$ _! activities along ^? l9es :i* favor$ _! motion4 ,nev]!less ! aggregate area ( ! deposits made by wat] outside ! ice z x retreat$1 0 great4 ,x is to be not$ t x 0 n /reams alone :i* 7 op]ative z ! ice retreat$4 ,z its edge )drew1 lakes & ponds 7 cont9ually be+ dra9$1 z _! outlets1 hi!rto *ok$ by ! ice1 7 op5$1 :ile o!rs 7 com+ into exi/5ce z ! depressions 9 ! surface j fre$ f ice1 fill$ ) wat]4 ,lacu/r9e deposits at ! edge ( ! ice dur+ its retreat 7 9 all ess5tial respects id5tical ) ^? made 9 simil> situations dur+ its maximum ext5sion4 ,disreg>d+ oscillations ( ! ice edge at ^! /ages1 ! deposits made by extraglacial wat]s dur+ ! maximum ext5sion ( an ice %eet1 & dur+ its retreat1 7 always left at ! surface1 s f> z ! "w ( t ice %eet 0 conc]n$4 ,! /ratifi$ drift laid d[n by extraglacial wat]s 9 ^! /ages ( ! la/ ice %eet :i* affect$ any region ( our cont95t /ill rema9 at ! surface 9 mu* ! condition 9 :i* !y 7 deposit$1 except = ! erosion !y h s9ce suff]$4 ,x is because ( _! position at ! surface t ! deposits ref]able to ^! /ages ( ! la/ ice %eet ( any giv5 region h receiv$ mo/ att5tion & are !re=e mo/ famili>4 ,deposits ,made by ,extraglacial ,wat]s ,dur+ ! ,advance ( ! ,ice4 ,dur+ ! advance ( an ice %eet1 if its edge =g$ /eadily =w>d1 ! wat]s issu+ f x1 & fl[+ beyond1 7 effect+ simil> results4 ,!y 7 />t+ valley tra9s1 ov]wa% pla9s1 kames1 & small ill-def9$ pat*es ( /ratifi$ drift :i* ! ice did n all[ !m to complete be=e pu%+ ov] !m1 ?us mov+ =w>d ! zone ( activity ( extraglacial wat]s4 ,unlike ! deposits made by ! wat]s ( ! retreat+ ice1 ^? made by ! wat]s ( ! advanc+ /age 7 laid d[n on t]ritory :i* _h n be5 glaciat$1 or at lea/ n by ! ice %eet conc]n$ 9 _! deposition4 ,if ! ice halt$ 9 its advance1 !re 0 at su* "t & place opportunity = ! bett] developm5t ( extraglacial /ratifi$ drift4 ,lakes z well z /reams 7 conc]n$ 9 ! mak+ ( /ratifi$ b$s ( drift1 dur+ ! advance ( ! ice4 ,m>g9al lakes 7 oblit]at$ by hav+ _! bas9s fill$ ) ! advanc+ ice1 :i* displac$ ! wat]4 ,b new ones 7 =m$1 on ! :ole1 z rapidly z _! pr$ecessors became ext9ct1 s t lacu/r9e deposits 7 mak+ at int]vals along ! m>g9 ( ! advanc+ ice4 ,deposits made 9 advance ( a gr[+ ice %eet1 by wat]s issu+ f x1 7 subsequ5tly ov]ridd5 by ! ice1 to ! limit ( its advance1 & 9 ! process1 suff]$ de/ruction1 modification1 or burial1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 s t n[ !y r>ely appe> at ! surface4 ,deposits ,made by ,subglacial ,/reams4 ,be=e _! issuance f b5ea? ! ice1 subglacial wat]s 7 n idle4 ,_! activity 0 sometimes erosive1 & at su* times /ratifi$ deposits 7 n made4 ,b :]e ! sub-glacial /reams f\nd !mselves ov]load$1 z seems frequ5tly to h be5 ! case1 !y made deposits along _! l9es ( fl[4 ,:]e su* wat]s 7 n conf9$ to def9ite *annels1 _! deposits probably took on ! =m ( irregul> pat*es ( silt1 s&1 or gravel2 b :]e deposit+ /reams 7 conf9$ to def9ite *annels1 _! deposits 7 correspond+ly conc5trat$4 ,:5 subglacial /reams 7 conf9$ to def9ite *annels1 ! same may h be5 con/ant 9 position1 or may h %ift$ m or less f side to side4 ,:]e ! latt] happ5$ !re 0 a t5d5cy to ! developm5t ( a belt or /rip ( /ratifi$ drift hav+ a wid? equal to ! ext5t ( ! lat]al migrations ( ! "u-ice /ream4 ,:]e ! *annel ( ! subglacial /ream rema9$ fix$ 9 position1 ! deposition 0 m conc5trat$1 & ! b$ 0 built up4 ,if ! /ream held its c\rse = a long p]iod ( "t1 ! measure ( build+ may h be5 consid]able4 ,9 s f> z ^! *annel deposits 7 made ne> ! edge ( ! ice1 dur+ ! "t ( its maximum ext5sion or retreat1 !y 7 likely to rema9 undi/urb$ dur+ its melt+4 ,! aggrad$ *annels !n came to /& out z ridges4 ,^! ridges ( gravel & s& are kn[n z os>s or esk]s4 ,x is n to be inf]r$ t esk]s nev] orig9at$ 9 o!r ways1 b x seems cle> t ?is is "o me?od1 & probably ! pr9cipal "o1 by :i* !y came into exi/5ce4 ,esk]s e>ly attract$ att5tion1 p>tly because !y are relatively r>e1 & p>tly because !y are (t5 r /rik+ topographic features4 ,! ess5tial conditions1 !re=e1 = _! =mations1 s f> z !y are ! product ( subglacial dra9age1 are 7#a7 ! conf9+ ( ! subglacial /reams to def9ite *annels2 & 7#b7 a suffici5t supply ( detritus4 ,"o esk] only has be5 f\nd 9 ! region "u consid]ation4 ,x is locat$ at ! po9t m>k$ j1 ,plate ,,ii1 sev5 & "o-half miles nor!a/ ( ,m]rimac & "o & "o-half miles s\? ( ,alloa 7g1 ,plate ,,ii74 ,! esk] is fully a qu>t] ( a mile long1 ab\t ?irty feet high1 & f\r rods wide at its base4 ,subglacial deposits ( /ratifi$ drift 7 sometimes made on un/ratifi$ drift 7till7 already deposit$ by ! ice be=e ! location ( ! /ream1 & sometimes on ! rock surfaces on :i* no cov]+ ( glaci] drift _h be5 spread4 ,x is to be kept 9 m9d t subglacial dra9age 0 op]ative dur+ ! advance ( an ice %eet1 dur+ its maximum ext5sion1 & dur+ its retreat1 & t dur+ all ^! /ages x 0 effect+ its appropriate results4 ,x w be readily se51 h[ev]1 t all deposits made by subglacial wat]s1 7 subject to modification or de/ruction or burial1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ice1 & t ^? made dur+ ! advance ( ! ice 7 less likely to escape ?an ^? made dur+ its maximum ext5sion or retreat4 ,,relations ,,( ,,/ratifi$ ,,to ,,un/ratifi$ ,,drift4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t extraglacial & subglacial wat]s 7 active at all /ages ( an ice %eet's hi/ory1 giv+ rise1 or t5d+ to give rise to all ! phases ( /ratifi$ drift enum]at$ above2 :5 x is rememb]$ t ! ice ( sev]al epo*s affect$ mu* ( ! drift-cov]$ c\ntry2 & :5 x is rememb]$ fur!r t ! edge ( ! ice bo? dur+ advance & retreat 0 subject to oscillation1 & t ea* advance 0 likely to bury ! /ratifi$ drift la/ deposit$1 b5ea? un/ratifi$1 x w be se5 t ! /ratifi$ drift & ! un/ratifi$ _h abundant opportunity to be associat$ 9 all relation%ips & 9 all degrees ( intimacy1 & t ! relations ( ! "o class ( drift to ! o!r may come to be v complex4 ,z a result ( edge oscillation1 x is evid5t t /ratifi$ drift may alt]nate ) un/ratifi$ _m times 9 a =mation ( drift deposit$ dur+ a s+le ice epo*1 & t two b$s ( till1 sep>at$ by a b$ ( /ratifi$ drift1 d n necess>ily repres5t two di/9ct glacial epo*s4 ,! ext5t ( individual b$s ( /ratifi$ drift1 ei!r b5ea? ! till or int]-b$d$ ) x1 may n be great1 ?\gh _! aggregate area & _! aggregate volume is v consid]able4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t ! ice1 9 _m places1 d\btless de/roy$ all ! /ratifi$ drift deposit$ 9 advance on ! t]ritory :i* x occupi$ lat]1 & t 9 o!rs x may h left only pat*es ( once ext5sive %eets4 ,?is may help to expla9 :y x s frequ5tly happ5s t a section ( drift at "o po9t %[s _m lay]s ( /ratifi$ drift1 :ile ano!r section close by1 ( equal dep?1 & 9 simil> relation%ips1 %[s no /ratifi$ mat]ial :atsoev]4 ,su* deposits z 7 made by sup]glacial /reams dur+ ! advance ( ! ice mu/ likewise h be5 deliv]$ on ! l& surface1 b w\ld h be5 subsequ5tly de/roy$ or buri$1 becom+ 9 ! latt] case1 submora9ic4 ,?is w\ld be likely to be ! fate ( all su* sup]glacial gravels z rea*$ ! edge ( ! ice up to ! "t ( its maximum advance4 ,/reams desc5d+ f ! surface ( ! ice into crevasses also mu/ h c>ri$ d[n s& & gravel :]e su* mat]ials exi/$ on ! ice4 ,^! deposits may h be5 made on ! rock :i* und]lies ! drift1 or !y may h be5 made on /ratifi$ or un/ratifi$ drift already deposit$4 ,9 ei!r case !y 7 liable to be cov]$ by till1 ?us rea*+ an int]-till or sub-till position4 ,englacial /reams probably d little deposit+1 b x is altoge!r conceivable t !y might accumulate su* trivial pockets ( s& & gravel z are f\nd n infrequ5tly 9 ! mid/ ( till4 ,! int]-till position w\ld be ! result ( subsequ5t burial aft] ! /ratifi$ mat]ial rea*$ a re/+ place4 ,complexity ( relations4--,f ! =ego+ x becomes cle> t !re are div]se ways by :i* /ratifi$ drift1 aris+ 9 connection ) an ice %eet1 may come to be int]b$d$ ) till1 :5 due recognition is made ( all ! halts & oscillations to :i* ! edge ( a cont95tal glaci] may h be5 subject dur+ bo? its advance & retreat4 ,,classification ,,( ,,/ratifi$ ,,drift ,,on ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,position4 ,9 g5]al ! conditions & relations :i* !oretically %\ld prevail are ^? :i* are actually f\nd4 ,on ! basis ( position /ratifi$ drift deposits may be classifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,extraglacial deposits1 made by ! wat]s ( any glacial epo* if !y fl[$ & deposit$ beyond ! f>!/ limit ( ! ice4 #b4 ,sup]mora9ic deposits1 made *iefly dur+ ! f9al retreat ( ! ice f ! locality :]e !y occur1 b sometimes by extraglacial /reams or lakes ( a mu* lat] "t4 ,locally too1 /ratifi$ deposits ( an e>ly /age ( a glacial epo*1 ly+ on till1 may h fail$ to be buri$ by ! subsequ5t passage ( ! ice ov] !m1 & s rema9 at ! surface4 ,9 orig91 sup]mora9ic deposits 7 = ! mo/ "p extraglacial 7includ+ m>g9al71 s f> z ! ice %eet call+ !m into exi/5ce 0 conc]n$4 ,less commonly !y 7 subglacial1 & fail$ to be cov]$1 & less commonly /ill sup]glacial4 #c4 ,! submora9ic 7basal7 deposits 7 made *iefly by extraglacial wat]s 9 advance ( ! fir/ ice :i* affect$ ! region :]e !y occur4 ,!y 7 subsequ5tly ov]ridd5 by ! ice & buri$ by its deposits4 ,submora9ic deposits1 h[ev]1 may h aris5 9 o!r ways4 ,subglacial wat]s may h made deposits ( /ratifi$ drift on surfaces :i* _h be5 cov]$ by ice1 b n by till1 & su* deposits may h be5 subsequ5tly buri$4 ,! retreat ( an ice %eet may h left rock surfaces free f till cov]+1 on :i* ! m>g9al wat]s ( ! ice may h made deposits ( /ratifi$ drift4 ,^! may h be5 subsequ5tly cov]$ by till dur+ a re-advance ( ! ice 9 ! same epo* or 9 a succe$+ "o4 ,/ill aga91 ! till left by "o ice %eet may h be5 expos$ to erosion to su* an ext5t z to h be5 completely worn away be=e ! next ice advance1 s t /ratifi$ deposits connect$ ) a second or lat] advance may h be5 made on a driftless surface1 & subsequ5tly buri$4 #d4 ,int]mora9ic /ratifi$ drift may h orig9at$ at ! outset 9 all ! ways 9 :i* sup]mora9ic drift may orig9ate4 ,x may h become int]mora9ic by be+ buri$ 9 any "o ( ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! /ratifi$ drift may become submora9ic4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,dra9age ,,effect$ ,,by ,,! ,,ice4 ,:ile ! ,ice ,0 on4 ,z ! cont95tal ice %eet invad$ a region1 ! valleys 7 fill$ & dra9age 0 !reby s]i\sly di/urb$4 ,diff]5t /reams 7 affect$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,:]e ! entire bas9 ( a /ream 0 cov]$ by ice1 ! /reams ( t bas9 71 = ! "t be+1 oblit]at$4 ,:]e ! valley ( a /ream 0 p>tially fill$ ) ice1 ! valley depression 0 only p>tially oblit]at$1 & ! rema9+ portion became ! sc5e ( v>i\s activities4 ,:]e ! ice cov]$ ! l[] c\rse ( a /ream b n ! upp]1 ! ice block$ ! dra9age1 giv+ rise to a lake4 ,:]e ! ice cov]$ ! upp] c\rse ( a /ream1 b n its l[]1 ! l[] portion 0 flood$1 & ?\gh ! riv] held its position1 x assum$ a new phase ( activity4 ,/reams issu+ f ! ice usually c>ry great quantities ( gravel & s&1 & make deposits along _! l[] c\rses4 ,long cont9u$ glacial dra9age usually results 9 a l>ge measure ( aggradation4 ,?is 0 true ( ! /reams ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,:]e a /ream fl[$ p>allel or approximately p>allel to ! edge ( ! advanc+ ice x 0 sometimes %ift$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! ice 0 mov+1 keep+ p>allel to ! front ( ! ice4 ,all ( ^! classes ( *anges took place 9 ?is region4 ,wiscons9 lake4--,ref]5ce has already be5 made to c]ta9 lakes :i* exi/$ 9 ! region :5 ! ice 0 !re4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! lakes 0 t :i* result$ f ! block+ ( ! ,wiscons9 riv]4 ,! ice cross$ its pres5t c\rse at ,kilb\rn ,city1 & its edge lay to ! we/ ( ! riv] f t po9t to ,prairie du ,sac 7see ,plate ,i74 ,! wat]s f ! area n[ dra9+ into ! ,wiscons9 mu/ ei!r h f\nd an av5ue ( escape b5ea? ! ice1 or h accumulat$ 9 a lake we/ ( ! edge ( ! ice4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! latt] 0 :at happ5$1 & t a great lake cov]$ mu* ( ! l[ l& we/ ( ! ,wiscons9 riv] above & bel[ ,kilb\rn ,city4 ,! ext5sive gravel b$s on ! nor? flank ( ! qu>tzite bluff at ,nec$ah1 & ! wat]-worn pebbles ( local orig9 on ! slope ( ,pet5well peak 7,plate ,,xxxii71 z well z ! gravels at o!r po9ts1 are presumably ! "w ( t lake4 ,! wat]s 9 ?is lake1 z 9 t 9 ! ,b>aboo valley1 probably rose until ! l[e/ po9t 9 ! rim ( ! bas9 0 rea*$1 & !re !y _h _! outlet4 ,! position ( ?is outlet has n be5 def9itely det]m9$1 b x has be5 ?\ght to be ov] ! divide ( ! ,black riv]4#h ,x is possible1 s f> z n[ kn[n1 t ?is lake 0 connect$ ) t ( ! ,b>aboo valley4 ,until topographic maps ( ?is region are made1 ! connections w n be easily det]m9$4 #h ,*amb]l93 ,geology ( ,wiscons91 ,vol4 #a4 ,ev5 aft] ! ice _h retreat$ pa/ ! ,wiscons91 op5+ up ! pres5t l9e ( dra9age1 ! lakes did n disappe> at once1 = ! ice _h left consid]able deposits ( drift 9 ! ,wiscons9 valley4 ,?us at ,f1 ,plates ,,ii & ,,xxxvii1 & p]haps at o!r po9ts1 ! ,wiscons9 has made cuts ( consid]able dep? 9 ! drift4 ,7 ^! cuts fill$1 z !y mu/ h be5 :5 ! ice melt$1 ! dra9age w\ld be pond$1 ! wat]s /&+ at ! level ( ! dam4 ,?is drift ob/ruction at ,f w\ld !re=e h prolong$ ! hi/ory ( ! lake :i* _h come into exi/5ce :5 ! ice block$ ! dra9age ( ! ,wiscons94 ,z ! drift ( ! valley 0 remov$ ! level ( ! lake sank & f9ally disappe>$4 ,b>aboo lake4--,ano!r lake :i* exi/$ 9 ?is region :5 ! ice 0 "h1 occupi$ ! valley ( ! ,b>aboo & its tribut>ies :5 ! ice block$ ! valley at ,b>aboo4 ,?is lake occupi$ n only ! valley ( ! ,b>aboo1 b ext5d$ up ! l[] c\rse ( e tribut>y1 presumably ris+ until x f\nd ! l[e/ po9t 9 ! rim ( ! dra9age bas94 ,! location ( ?is po9t1 & !re=e ! height ( ! lake :5 at its maximum1 are n c]ta9ly kn[n1 ?\gh meag] data on ?is po9t h be5 collect$4 ,at a po9t ?ree miles s\!a/ ( ,ablemans on ! surface ( a s&/one slope1 wat]-worn gravel occurs1 ! pebbles ( :i* 7 d]iv$ f ! local rock4 ,on ! slope bel[ ! gravel1 ! surface is cov]$ ) loam :i* has a sugge/ion ( /ratification1 :ile above x1 ! soil & subsoil appe> to be ! product ( local rock decomposition4 ,?is wat]-worn gravel ( local orig9 on a /eep slope fac+ ! valley1 probably repres5ts ! "w ( ! waves ( ?is lake1 p]haps :5 x /ood at its maximum height4 ,?is gravel is ab\t #abe feet 7an]oid measurem5t7 above ! ,b>aboo riv] to ! nor?4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( a %ore l9e has be5 f\nd at ! po9t m>k$ ,t1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,at ?is place wat]-worn gravel ( ! local rock occurs 9 mu* ! same relation%ip z t already m5tion$1 & at ! same elevation above ! ,b>aboo riv]4 ,at a po9t two & "o-half miles s\?we/ ( ,ablemans !re is local wat]-worn gravel1 ) :i* is m+l$ glacial mat]ial 7pieces ( porphyry & diabase7 :i* c\ld h rea*$ ?is po9t only by be+ c>ri$ ?i!r by float+ ice f ! glaci]4 ,! level ( ?is mix$ local & glacial mat]ial is 7accord+ to an]oid measurem5t7 approximately ! same z t ( ! o!r localities4 ,:5 ! ice melt$1 an outlet 0 op5$ via ! ,l[] n>r[s1 & ! wat] ( ! lake dra9$ (f to ! ,wiscons9 by ?is r\te4 ,_h ! ice left no drift1 ! lake w\ld h be5 promptly dra9$ :5 ! ice melt$2 b ! lake did n entirely disappe> imm$iately aft] ! ice retreat$1 = ! drift :i* ! ice left ob/ruct$ dra9age to ! ea/4 ,! mora9e1 h[ev]1 0 n s high z ! outlet ( ! lake :ile ! ice 0 on1 s t1 z ! ice retreat$1 ! wat] fl[$ ov] ! mora9e to ! ea/1 & drew d[n ! level ( ! lake to ! level ( ! l[e/ po9t 9 ! mora9e4 ,! po/glacial cut ?r\gh ! mora9e is ab\t n9ety feet deep4 ,besides be+ ob/ruct$ :]e cross$ by ! t]m9al mora9e1 ! valley ( ! ,b>aboo 0 clogg$ to a less ext5t by drift deposits betwe5 ! mora9e & ! ,l[] n>r[s4 ,at "o or two places ne> ! ,city ( ,b>aboo1 su* ob/ructions1 n[ remov$1 appe> to h exi/$4 ,j above ! ,l[] n>r[s 7c1 ,plate ,,xxxvii7 !re is positive evid5ce t ! valley 0 *ok$ ) drift4 ,"h 9 subsequ5t "t1 ! riv] has cut ?r\gh ! drift-fill+ ( ! preglacial valley1 develop+ a passage ab\t tw5ty rods wide & ?irty-five feet deep4 ,if ?is passage 7 fill$ ) drift1 reproduc+ ! surface left by ! ice1 ! broad valley above x w\ld be flood$1 produc+ a %all[ lake4 ,! retreat ( ! ice !re=e left two well def9$ drift dams 9 ! valley1 "o l[ "o j above ! ,l[] n>r[s1 & a high] "o1 ! mora9e dam1 j we/ ( ,b>aboo4 ,disreg>d+ ! influ5ce ( ! ice1 & consid]+ ! ,b>aboo valley only1 ^! two dams w\ld h giv5 rise to two lakes1 ! upp] "o beh9d ! high] dam be+ deep] & broad]1 & cov]+ a mu* l>g] area2 ! l[] "o beh9d ! l[] dam1 be+ bo? small & %all[4 ,up to ! "t t ! ice retreat$ pa/ ! ,l[] n>r[s1 ! wat]s ( ! upp] & l[] lakes 7 unit$1 held up to a common level by ! ice :i* block$ ?is pass4 ,aft] ! ice retreat$ pa/ ! ,l[] n>r[s1 ! level ( ! ,b>aboo lake did n s9k promptly1 = n until ! ice _h retreat$ pa/ ! site ( ! ,wiscons9 0 ! pres5t dra9age e/abli%$4 ,meantime ! wat]s ( ! ,b>aboo lake jo9$ ^? ( ,wiscons9 lake ?r\gh ! ,l[] n>r[s4 ,if ! lakes _h be5 be=e connect$ at "s po9t f>!r we/1 ?is connection ?r\gh ! n>r[s w\ld n h *ang$ ! level ( ei!r4 ,if !y 7 n be=e connect$1 & if ! ,wiscons9 lake 0 l[] ?an ! ,b>aboo1 ?is connection w\ld h drawn d[n ! level ( ! latt]4 ,s9ce ! dra9age f ! ,b>aboo w5t to ! ,wiscons91 ! ,b>aboo lake 0 n at fir/ l[]$ bel[ ! level ( ! highe/ ob/ruction 9 ! valley ( ! ,wiscons9 ev5 aft] ! ice _h retreat$ beyond t /ream4 ,z ! drift ob/ructions ( ! ,wiscons9 valley 7 l[]$1 ! levels ( all ! lakes above 7 correspond+ly br\ght d[n4 ,:5 ! level ( ! wat]s 9 ^! lakes 0 br\ght d[n to ! level ( ! mora9e dam above ,b>aboo1 ! "o ,b>aboo lake ( e>li] times became two4 ,! level ( ! upp] ( ^! two lakes 0 det]m9$ by ! mora9e above ,b>aboo1 t ( ! l[] by ! highe/ ob/ruction bel[ ! mora9e 9 ei!r ! ,b>aboo or ,wiscons9 valley4 ,! drift ob/ructions 9 ! ,b>aboo valley 7 probably remov$ ab\t z fa/ z ^? 9 ! ,wiscons91 & s9ce ! ob/ructions 7 ( drift1 & ! /reams /rong1 ! removal ( ! dams 0 probably rapid4 ,bo? ! upp] & l[] ,b>aboo lakes1 z well z ! ,wiscons91 _h probably be5 r$uc$ to small proportions1 if n be5 completely dra9$1 be=e ! glacial p]iod 0 at an end4 ,devil's lake 9 glacial times4--,:ile ! ice edge 0 /ation>y 9 its position ( maximum advance1 its position on ! nor? side ( ! ma9 qu>tzite range 0 j nor? ( ,devil's lake 7,plate ,,xxxvii74 ,! high ridge ( drift a few rods nor? ( ! %ore is a well def9$ mora9e1 & is "h m cle>ly m>k$ ?an f>!r ea/ or we/1 because x /&s betwe5 l[] l&s on ei!r side1 in/ead ( be+ bank$ aga9/ ! qu>tzite ridge4 ,nor? ( ! lake x rises ab\t #ge feet above ! wat]4 ,:5 ! ice edge lay 9 ?is position on ! nor? side ( ! range1 its front betwe5 ! ,ea/ bluff & ! ,devil's nose lay a half mile or s f ! s\? end ( ! lake4 ,9 ?is position also !re is a well def9$ mora9e4 ,:ile ! ice 0 at its maximum /&1 x rose above ^! mora9e ridges at ei!r end ( ! lake4 ,betwe5 ! ice at ^! two po9ts !re 0 !n a notable bas91 comp>able to t ( ! pres5t lake except t ! b>ri]s to ! nor? & s\!a/ 7 high] ?an n[4 ,! melt+ ( ! ice suppli$ abundant wat]1 & ! lake rose above its pres5t level4 ,! height :i* x atta9$ is n kn[n1 b x is kn[n to h ris5 at lea/ #ij feet above its pres5t level4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( a few drift b[ld]s on ! ,we/ bluff ( ! lake at ?is height4 ,!y repres5t ! "w ( a b]g or b]gs :i* at "s /age float$ out into ! lake ) b[ld]s atta*$4 ,b[ld]s dropp$ by b]gs might be dropp$ at any level l[] ?an ! highe/ /& ( ! lake4 ,o!r lakes4--,ano!r glacial lake on ! ,ea/ qu>tzite bluff has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,l ! ,devil's lake 9 glacial "t1 its bas9 0 an enclosure betwe5 ! ice on ! "o h&1 & ! qu>tzite ridge on ! o!r4 ,! location ( ?is lake is %[n on ,plate ,,xxxvii 7s74 ,"h ! edge ( ! ice1 z %[n by ! position ( ! mora9e1 0 affect$ by a re-entrant curve1 ! two ends ( :i* re/$ aga9/ ! qu>tzite ridge4 ,betwe5 ! ice on ! "o h& & ! qu>tzite ridge on ! o!r1 a small lake 0 =m$4 ,its position is m>k$ by a notable flat4 ,) ! exception ( ! nor? side1 & a n>r[ op5+ at ! nor?we/ corn]1 ! flat is surr\nd$ by high l&s4 ,:5 ! ice occupi$ ! region1 its edge held ! position %[n by ! l9e m>k+ ! limit ( its advance1 & con/itut$ an ice b>ri] to ! nor?4#i ,! area ( ! flat 01 !re=e1 almo/ %ut 91 ! only outlet be+ a n>r[ "o at t1 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,if ! fill+ ( /ratifi$ drift :i* und]lies ! flat 7 remov$1 ! bottom ( ! area w\ld be mu* l[] ?an at pres5t1 & mu* l[] ?an ! outlet at t4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t :5 ! ice _h tak5 its position along ! nor? side ( ! flat1 an enclos$ bas9 mu/ h exi/$1 prop]ly situat$ = receiv+ & hold+ wat]4 ,s9ce ?is lake _h b a %ort life & became ext9ct be=e ! ice retreat$1 its hi/ory is "h giv54 #i ,! mora9e l9e on ! map repres5ts ! cre/ ( ! m>g9al ridge r ?an its out] limit1 :i* is slightly ne>] ! lake m>g94 ,/ratifi$ drift ( ! nature ( ov]wa% also int]v5es at po9ts betwe5 ! mora9e & ! lake bord]4 ,at fir/ ! lake _h no outlet & ! wat] rose to ! level ( ! l[e/ po9t 7t7 9 ! rim ( ! bas91 & !nce ov]fl[$ to ! we/4 ,mean:ile ! s$im5ts borne 9 by ! glacial dra9age 7 be+ deposit$ 9 ! lake 9 ! =m ( a subaque\s ov]wa% pla91 ! co>s] p>ts be+ left ne> ! %ore1 :ile ! f9] 7 c>ri$ fur!r out4 ,cont9u$ dra9age f ! ice cont9u$ to br+ s$im5t into ! lake1 & ! subaque\s ov]wa% pla9 ext5d$ its delta-l front f>!r & f>!r into ! lake1 until its bas9 0 completely fill$4 ,) ! fill+ ( ! bas9 ! lake became ext9ct4 ,! lat] dra9age f ! ice foll[$ ! l9e ( ! outlet1 ! level ( :i* corresponds ) ! level ( ! fill$ lake bas94 ,?is little ext9ct lake is ( int]e/ z an example ( a glacial lake :i* became ext9ct by hav+ its bas9 fill$ dur+ glacial times1 by s$im5ts wa%$ out f ! ice4 ,ne> ! nor?we/ corn] ( ?is flat1 an exposure 9 ! s$im5ts ( ! old lake b$ %[s ! curi\sly contort$ lay]s ( s&1 silt1 & clay repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,! lay]s %[n 9 ! figure are b a few feet bel[ ! level ( ! flat :i* m>ks ! site ( ! lake4 ,x w be se5 t ! contort$ lay]s are betwe5 two s]ies ( horizontal ones4 ,! mat]ial ?r\gh\t ! section is made up ( f9e-gra9$ s&s & clays1 well assort$4 ,t ^! p>ticul> lay]s %\ld h be5 s mu* di/urb$1 :ile ^? bel[ & above rema9$ horizontal1 is /range en\gh4 ,! gr\nd+ ( an iceb]g on ! surface be=e ! ov]ly+ lay]s 7 deposit$1 ! action ( lake ice1 or ! effect ( expansion & contraction due to freez+ & ?aw+1 may h be5 responsible = ! s+ul> ph5om5on4 ,contort$ lam9ae are r *>act]i/ic ( ! deposits ( /ratifi$ drift4 ,aft] ! ,ice ,_h ,disappe>$4 ,z has already be5 indicat$1 ! irregul> deposition ( glacial drift gave rise to _m depressions )\t outlets 9 :i* surface wat]s collect$ aft] ! ice _h disappe>$1 =m+ ponds or lakes4 ,s abundant are lakes & ponds & m>%es 9 rec5tly glaciat$ regions & s r>e else:]e1 t !y con/itute "o ( ! m easily recogniz$ *>act]i/ics ( a glaciat$ region4 ,aft] ! ice _h melt$1 ! mantle ( drift :i* x left 0 sometimes s dispos$ z to completely oblit]ate preglacial valleys4 ,m commonly x fill$ preglacial valleys at c]ta9 po9ts only4 ,9 /ill o!r cases a valley 0 n fill$ completely at any po9t1 ?\gh p>tially at _m4 ,9 ?is la/ case1 ! p>tial fill+s at v>i\s po9ts con/itut$ dams above :i* dra9age 0 pond$1 mak+ lakes4 ,if ! dams 7 n high en\gh to ?r[ ! dra9age out ( ! valley1 ! lakes w\ld h _! outlets ov] !m4 ,! drift dam be+ unconsolidat$ w\ld be quickly cut d[n by ! outfl[+ wat]1 & ! lake level l[]$4 ,:5 ! dam 0 remov$ or cut to its base1 ! lake disappe>$ & dra9age foll[$ its preglacial c\rse4 ,9 case ! valley 0 completely fill$1 or completely fill$ at po9ts1 ! case 0 v diff]5t4 ,! dra9age on ! drift surface 0 e/abli%$ ) ref]5ce to ! topography :i* obta9$ :5 ! ice dep>t$1 & n ) ref]5ce to ! preglacial valleys4 ,:]ev] ! preglacial valleys 7 completely fill$1 ! po/glacial dra9age foll[$ l9es :i* 7 altoge!r indep5d5t ( !m4 ,:5 preglacial valleys 7 fill$ by ! drift 9 spots only1 ! po/glacial /reams foll[$ !m :]e !y 7 n fill$1 only to leave !m :]e ! block+ occurr$4 ,9 ! =m] case ! pres5t dra9age is ?r\gh valleys :i* are preglacial 9 "s places1 & po/glacial 9 o!rs4 ,?us ! dra9age *anges effect$ by ! drift aft] ! ice 0 gone1 conc]n$ bo? lakes & riv]s4 ,9 ?is region !re are sev]al illu/rations ( ^! *anges4 ,lakes4--,! lake bas9s ( drift-cov]$ regions are ( v>i\s types4 ,"s ( !m are altoge!r 9 drift1 "s p>tly 9 drift & p>tly 9 rock1 & "s :olly 9 rock4 ,bas9s 9 ! drift 7 likely to be develop$ :5ev] heavy deposits surr\nd$ ?9 ones4 ,!y are especially common 9 ! depressions ( t]m9al mora9es4 ,ano!r class ( lake bas9s occurs 9 valleys1 ! bas9s be+ p>tly rock & p>tly drift4 ,if a ?ick deposit ( drift be made at "o po9t 9 a valley1 :ile above !re is little or none1 ! ?ick deposit w =m a dam1 above :i* wat]s may accumulate1 =m+ a pond or lake4 ,aga91 a ridge ( drift may be deposit$ 9 ! =m ( a curve ) its ends aga9/ a rock-ridge1 ?us giv+ rise to a bas94 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! lakes & ponds 9 ! depressions made or occasion$ by ! drift w be de/roy$ by dra9age4 ,rememb]+ h[ valleys develop x is readily und]/ood t ! heads ( ! valleys w soon] or lat] f9d ! lakes1 & dra9 !m if _! bottoms be n too l[4 ,dra9age is ho/ile to lakes 9 ano!r way4 ,e /ream :i* fl[s into a lake br+s 9 m or less s$im5t4 ,9 ! /&+ wat] ?is s$im5t is deposit$1 ?us t5d+ to fill ! lake bas94 ,bo? by fill+ _! bas9s & by l[]+ _! outlets1 riv]s t5d to ! de/ruction ( lakes1 & giv5 "t en\gh1 !y w accompli% ?is result4 ,9 view ( ?is d\ble ho/ility ( /reams1 x is n too mu* to say t riv]s are ! mortal enemies ( lakes4 ,! de/ruction ( lakes by /reams is commonly a gradual process1 & s x comes ab\t t ! abundance & ! condition ( ! undra9$ areas 9 a drift-cov]$ region is 9 "s s5se an index ( ! l5g? ( "t1 reckon$ 9 t]ms ( erosion1 :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! drift 0 deposit$4 ,9 ?is region !re 7 few lakes :i* la/$ long aft] ! ice disappe>$4 ,! bas9s ( ! ,b>aboo & ,wiscons9 lakes 7 p>tly ( ice1 & s soon z ! ice disappe>$1 ! bas9s 7 s ne>ly de/roy$1 & ! drift dams t rema9$ s easily erod$1 t ! lakes _h b a brief hi/ory1--a hi/ory t 0 glacial1 r ?an po/glacial4 ,! hi/ory ( ! little lake on ! ,ea/ qu>tzite bluff z already po9t$ out1 came to an end :ile ! ice 0 /ill pres5t4 ,! b$s ( at lea/ two o!r ext9ct ponds or small lakes above ! level ( ! ,b>aboo are kn[n4 ,^! are at v & w1 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,!y ow$ _! orig9 to depressions 9 ! drift1 b ! outfl[+ wat]s h l[]$ _! outlets suffici5tly to br+ !m to ! condition ( m>%es4 ,bo? 7 small 9 area & nei!r 0 deep4 ,exi/+ lakes4--,relatively few lakes n[ rema9 9 ?is imm$iate region1 ?\gh !y are common 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntry cov]$ by ! ice %eet :i* ov]spread ?is region4 ,devil's lake only is well kn[n4 ,! lake :i* /ood 9 ?is position :ile ! ice 0 on1 has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,aft] ! ice _h melt$ away1 ! drift :i* x _h deposit$ /ill left an enclosure suitable = hold+ wat]4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is bas9 calls = special m5tion4 ,at ! nor? end ( ! lake1 & aga9 9 ! capaci\s valley lead+ ea/ f its s\? end1 !re are massive t]m9al mora9es4 ,foll[$ s\?w>d1 ?is valley ?\gh block$ by ! mora9e a half mile bel[ ! lake1 leads (f t[>ds ! ,wiscons9 riv]1 & is probably ! c\rse ( a l>ge preglacial /ream4 ,beyond ! mora9e1 ?is valley is occupi$ by a small tribut>y to ! ,wiscons9 :i* heads at ! mora9e4 ,to ! nor? ( ! lake1 ! head ( a tribut>y ( ! ,b>aboo comes )9 eighty rods ( ! lake1 b aga9 ! t]m9al mora9e int]v5es4 ,f data d]iv$ f wells x is kn[n t ! drift bo? at ! nor? & s\? ends ( ! lake ext5ds _m feet bel[ ! level ( its wat]1 & at ! nor? end1 ! base ( ! drift is kn[n to be at lea/ fifty feet bel[ ! level ( ! bottom ( ! lake4 ,! dra9+ ( ,devil's lake to ! ,b>aboo riv] is !re=e prev5t$ only by ! drift dam at its nor!rn end4 ,x is ne>ly c]ta9 also1 t1 7 ! mora9e dam at ! s\? end ( ! lake remov$1 all ! wat] w\ld fl[ out to ! ,wiscons91 ?\gh ! data = ! demon/ration ( ?is conclusion are n to be _h1 z already /at$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! gorge betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ bluffs 0 orig9ally ! "w ( a pre-,cambrian /ream1 ?\gh ! dep? ( ! pre-,cambrian valley may n h be5 s great z t ( ! pres5t4 ,lat]1 ! valley1 s f> z !n excavat$1 0 fill$ ) ! ,cambrian 7,potsdam7 s&/one1 & re-excavat$ 9 po/-,cambrian & preglacial "t4 ,devil's lake !n occupies an unfill$ portion ( an old riv] valley1 isolat$ by great mora9ic dams f its surface cont9uations on ei!r h&4 ,betwe5 ! dams1 wat] has accumulat$ & =m$ ! lake4 ,*anges 9 ,/reams4 ,9 almo/ e region cov]$ by ! ice1 ! /reams :i* e/abli%$ !mselves aft] its dep>ture foll[ m or less anomal\s c\rses4 ,?is region is no exception4 ,illu/rations ( *anges :i* ! deposition ( ! drift effect$ h already be5 giv5 9 "o connection or ano!r 9 ?is report4 ,skillett creek4--,an illu/ration ( ! sort ( *ange :i* drift effects is furni%$ by ,skillett creek1 a small /ream tribut>y to ! ,b>aboo1 s\?we/ ( ! city ( t "n4 ,= "s di/ance f its head 7a to b1 ,fig4 #dc7 its c\rse is ?r\gh a capaci\s preglacial valley4 ,! l[] "p ( ?is valley 0 fill$ ) ! wat]-laid drift ( ! ov]wa% pla94 ,on rea*+ ! ov]wa% pla9 ! creek !re=e %ift$ its c\rse s z to foll[ ! bord] ( t pla91 & along ?is r\te1 irrespective ( mat]ial1 x has cut a new *annel to ! ,b>aboo4 ,! po/glacial portion ( ! valley 7b to c7 is ev]y:]e n>r[1 & especially s :]e cut 9 s&/one4 ,! c\rse & relations ( ?is /ream sugge/ ! foll[+ explanation3 ,be=e ! ice came into ! region1 ,skillett creek probably fl[$ 9 a g5]al nor!a/]ly direction to ! ,b>aboo1 ?r\gh a valley comp>able 9 size to ! preglacial "p ( ! pres5t valley4 ,z ! ice advanc$1 ! l[] "p ( ?is valley 0 occupi$ by x1 & ! creek 0 compell$ to seek a new c\rse4 ,! only c\rse op5 to x 0 to ! nor?1 j we/ ( ! advanc+ ice1 &1 %ift+ we/w>d z fa/ z ! ice advanc$1 x ab&on$ altoge!r its =m] l[] c\rse4 ,dra9age f ! ice !n c>ri$ out & deposit$ beyond ! same1 great quantities ( gravel & s&1 mak+ ! ov]wa% pla94 ,?is =c$ ! /ream /ill f>!r we/1 until x f9ally rea*$ its pres5t position across a s&/one ridge or pla91 mu* high] ?an its =m] c\rse4 ,into ?is s&/one x has s9ce cut a notable gorge1 a good illu/ration ( a po/glacial valley4 ,! s]ies ( *anges %[n by ?is creek is illu/rative ( ! *anges und]gone by /reams 9 simil> situations & relations all along ! m>g9 ( ! ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,skillett ,creek1 illu/rat+ ! po9ts m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,! picturesque gl5s 7,p>frey's & ,dorw>d's7 on ! s\? face ( ! ,ea/ bluff are ! "w ( po/-glacial /reams4 ,! preglacial valleys ( ?is slope 7 oblit]at$ by be+ fill$ dur+ ! glacial epo*4 ,! ,wiscons94--,! preglacial c\rse ( ! ,wiscons9 riv] is n kn[n 9 detail1 b x 0 c]ta9ly diff]5t f ! c\rse :i* ! /ream n[ foll[s4 ,on ,plate ,i ! relations ( ! pres5t /ream to ! mora9e 7& =m] ice-front7 may be se54#aj ,z ! ice approa*$ x f ! ea/1 ! preglacial valley )9 ! area "h "u consid]ation 0 affect$ fir/ by ! ov]wa% f ! mora9e1 & lat] by ! ice itself1 f ! latitude ( ,kilb\rn ,city to ,prairie du ,sac4 #aj ,! preglacial c\rse 0 probably ea/ ( ! pres5t 9 ! vic9ity ( ,kilb\rn ,city4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! ice probably damm$ ! riv]1 & t a lake 0 =m$ above ,kilb\rn ,city1 rea*+ ea/ to ! ice & we/ ov] ! l[l& tribut>y to ! riv]1 ! wat] ris+ till x f\nd an outlet1 p]haps d[n to ! ,black riv] valley4 ,:5 ! ice retreat$1 ! old valley _h be5 p>tly fill$1 & ! l[e/ l9e ( dra9age did n ev]y:]e correspond ) x4 ,:]e ! /ream foll[s its old c\rse1 x fl[s ?r\gh a wide capaci\s valley1 b :]e x 0 displac$1 x f\nd a new c\rse on ! broad flat :i* bord]$ its preglacial c\rse4 ,displacem5t ( ! /ream occurr$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,kilb\rn ,city1 &1 =c$ to f9d a new l9e ( fl[ we/ ( its =m] c\rse1 ! /ream has cut a new *annel 9 ! s&/one4 ,to ?is displacem5t ( ! riv]1 & its subsequ5t cutt+1 we are indebt$ = ! f>-fam$ ,dalles ( ! ,wiscons94 ,b n all ! pres5t r\te ( ! riv] ?r\gh ! dalles has be5 foll[$ ?r\gh\t ! entire po/glacial hi/ory ( ! /ream4 ,9 ,fig4 #dd1 ! depression ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 0 =m]ly ! c\rse ( ! /ream4 ,! pres5t c\rse betwe5 ,d & ,e is !re=e ! y\nge/ portion ( ! valley1 & f its less] wid? is kn[n z ! n>r[s4 ,dur+ high wat] 9 ! spr+1 ! riv] /ill s5ds "p ( its wat]s s\?w>d by ! old] & long] r\te4 ,! preglacial c\rse ( ! ,wiscons9 s\? ( ! dalles has nev] be5 det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty1 b rational conjectures z to its position h be5 made4 ,! great gap 9 ! ma9 qu>tzite range1 a "p ( :i* is occupi$ by ,devil's lake1 0 a n>r[s 9 a preglacial valley4 ,! only /reams 9 ! region suffici5tly l>ge to be ?\ght ( z compet5t to produce su* a gorge are ! ,b>aboo & ! ,wiscons94 ,if ! ,b>aboo 0 ! /ream :i* fl[$ ?r\gh ?is gorge 9 preglacial "t1 ! comp>able n>r[s 9 ! nor? qu>tzite range--! ,l[] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo--is to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! /ream :i* occupi$ "o ( ^! gorges probably occupi$ ! o!r1 = !y are 9 e way comp>able except 9 t "o has be5 modifi$ by glacial action1 :ile ! o!r has n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,! ,wiscons9 valley ne> ,kilb\rn ,city4 ,! ,b>aboo riv] fl[s ?r\gh a gorge--! ,upp] n>r[s--9 ! nor? qu>tzite range at ,ablemans1 n9e miles we/ ( ,b>aboo4 ,?is gorge is mu* n>r[] ?an ei!r ! ,l[] n>r[s or ! ,devil's lake gorge1 sugge/+ ! "w ( a less] /ream4 ,x seems on ! :ole probable1 z sugge/$ by ,irv+1#aa t 9 preglacial "t ! ,wiscons9 riv] fl[$ s\? ?r\gh :at is n[ ! ,l[] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo1 !nce ?r\gh ! ,devil's lake gorge to its pres5t valley to ! s\?4 ,if ?is be true1 ! ,b>aboo mu/ at t "t h jo9$ ?is l>g] /ream at "s po9t ea/ ( ! city ( ! same "n4 #aa ,irv+4 ,geology ( ,wiscons91 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! ,driftless ,area4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! fact t ! we/]n "p ( ! area "h describ$ is driftless1 & ! l9e m>k+ ! limit ( ice advance has be5 def9$4 ,beyond ?is l9e1 gravel & s&1 c>ri$ beyond ! ice by wat]1 ext5ds "s di/ance to ! we/4 ,b a l>ge area 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ! /ate is ess5tially free f drift1 ?\gh x is cross$ by two belts ( valley drift 7valley tra9s7 along ! ,wiscons9 & ,mississippi riv]s4 ,! driftless area includes1 besides ! s\?we/]n portion ( ,wiscons91 ! adjo9+ corn]s ( ,m9nesota1 ,i[a & ,ill9ois4 ,9 ! e>li] epo*s ( ! glacial p]iod ?is area 0 completely surr\nd$ by ! ice1 b 9 ! la/ or ,wiscons9 epo* x 0 n surr\nd$1 s9ce ! lobes did n come toge!r s\? ( x z 9 e>li] times4 7,comp>e ,plate ,,xxxiii & ,fig4 #cf47 ,v>i\s sugge/ions h be5 made 9 ! attempt to expla9 ! driftless area4 ,! foll[+ is p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory3#ab #ab ,*amb]l9 & ,irv+4 ,geology ( ,wiscons91 ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii4 ,! adjac5t highl&s ( ! upp] p59sula ( ,mi*igan1 are bord]$ on ! nor? by ! capaci\s valley ( ,lake ,sup]ior lead+ (f to ! we/1 :ile to ! ea/ lies ! valley ( ,lake ,mi*igan lead+ to ! s\?4 ,^! lake valleys 7 presumably n s broad & deep 9 preglacial times z n[1 ?\gh p]haps ev5 !n consid]able valleys4 ,:5 ! ice %eet1 mov+ 9 a g5]al s\?w>d direction f ! ,canadian t]ritory1 rea*$ ^! valleys1 !y l$ (f two great tongues or lobes ( ice1 ! "o to ! s\? ?r\gh ! ,lake ,mi*igan depression1 ! o!r to ! s\? ( we/ ?r\gh ! ,lake ,sup]ior tr\gh4 7,fig4 #cf47 ,! highl& betwe5 ! lake valleys conspir$ ) ! valleys to ! same end4 ,x act$ z a w$ge1 div]t+ ! ice to ei!r side4 ,x (f]$ su* resi/ance to ! ice1 t ! ?9 & relatively feeble %eet :i* succe$$ 9 surm\nt+ x1 did n advance f> to ! s\? be=e x 0 exhau/$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ice foll[+ ! valleys ( ,lakes ,sup]ior & ,mi*igan respectively1 fail$ to come toge!r s\? ( ! highl& until ! latitude ( nor!rn ,i[a & ,ill9ois 0 rea*$4 ,! driftless area !re=e lies s\? ( ! highl&s1 beyond ! limit ( ! ice :i* surm\nt$ x1 & betwe5 ! ,sup]ior & ,mi*igan glacial lobes above _! po9t ( union4 ,! great depressions1 toge!r ) ! int]v5+ highl&1 are !re=e believ$ to be responsible = ! abs5ce ( glaciation 9 ! driftless area4 ,contra/ ,betwe5 ,glaciat$ & ,unglaciat$ ,areas4 ,! glaciat$ & unglaciat$ areas diff] notably 9 7#a7 topography1 7#b7 dra9age1 & 7#c7 mantle rock4 #a4 ,topography4--,! driftless area has long be5 expos$ to ! processes ( degradation4 ,x has be5 cut into valleys & ridges by /reams1 & ! ridges h be5 dissect$ into hills4 ,! *>act]i/ic features ( a topography fa%ion$ by runn+ wat] are su* z to m>k x cle>ly f surfaces fa%ion$ by o!r ag5cies4 ,riv]s end at ! sea 7or 9 lakes74 ,g5]ally speak+1 e po9t at ! bottom ( a riv] valley is high] ?an any o!r po9t 9 ! bottom ( ! same valley ne>] ! sea1 & l[] ?an any o!r po9t correspond+ly situat$ f>!r f ! sea4 ,?is foll[s f ! fact t riv]s make _! own valleys = ! mo/ "p1 & a riv]'s c\rse is necess>ily d[nw>d4 ,9 a region ( erosion topography !re=e1 tribut>y valleys lead d[n to _! ma9s1 second>y tribut>ies lead d[n to ! fir/1 & s on2 or1 to /ate ! same ?+ 9 rev]se ord]1 9 e region :]e ! surface configuration has be5 det]m9$ by ra9 & riv] erosion1 e gully & e rav9e desc5ds to a valley4 ,! small] valleys desc5d to l>g] & l[] ones1 :i* 9 turn lead to ^? /ill l>g] & l[]4 ,! l[e/ valley ( a sy/em ends at ! sea1 s t ! valley :i* jo9s ! sea is ! la/ memb] ( ! s]ies ( erosion *annels ( :i* ! rav9es & gullies are ! fir/4 ,x w ?us be se5 t all depressions 9 ! surface1 worn by riv]s1 lead to l[] ones4 ,! surface ( a region sculptur$ by riv]s is !re=e m>k$ by valleys1 ) int]v5+ ridges & hills1 ! slopes ( :i* desc5d to !m4 ,all topographic features are "h det]m9$ by ! wat] c\rses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,dra9age 9 ! driftless area4 ,! abs5ce ( ponds & m>%es is to be not$4 ,! relief features ( ! glaciat$ area1 on ! o!r h&1 lack ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ^? ( ! unglaciat$ t]ritory1 & /ream valleys are n ! controll+ elem5ts 9 ! topography4 #b4 ,dra9age4--,! surface ( ! driftless area is well dra9$4 ,ponds & lakes are ess5tially abs5t1 except :]e /reams h be5 ob/ruct$ by human ag5cy4 ,! dra9age ( ! drift-cov]$ area1 on ! o!r h&1 is usually imp]fect4 ,m>%es1 ponds & lakes are ( common occurr5ce4 ,^! types are %[n by ! accompany+ maps1 ,figs4 #de & #df1 ! "o f ! driftless area1 ! o!r f ! drift-cov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,dra9age 9 a glaciat$ region4 ,walwor? & ,wauke%a c\nties1 ,wiscons91 %[+ abundance ( m>%es & lakes4 #c4 ,mantle rock4--,! unglaciat$ surface is ov]spread to an av]age dep? ( sev]al feet by a mantle ( soil & e>? :i* has result$ f ! decomposition ( ! und]ly+ rock4 ,?is e>?y mat]ial sometimes conta9s fragm5ts & ev5 l>ge masses ( rock l t b5ea?4 ,^! fragm5ts & masses escap$ dis9tegration because ( _! great] resi/ance :ile ! surr\nd+ rock 0 de/roy$4 ,?is mantle rock grades f f9e mat]ial at ! surface d[n ?r\gh co>s]1 until ! solid rock is rea*$1 ! upp] surface ( ! rock be+ (t5 ill-def9$ 7,fig4 #dg74 ,! ?ickness ( ! mantle is approximately con/ant 9 l topographic situations :]e ! und]ly+ rock is uni=m4 ,! residual soils are made up *iefly ( ! insoluble p>ts ( ! rock f :i* !y are d]iv$1 ! soluble p>ts hav+ be5 remov$ 9 ! process ( dis9tegration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,section 9 a driftless area1 %[+ relation ( ! mantle rock to ! solid rock b5ea?4 ,) ^! residu>y soils ( ! driftless area1 ! mantle rock ( glaciat$ tracts is 9 %>p contra/4 ,"h1 z already po9t$ out1 ! mat]ial is div]se1 hav+ come f v>i\s =mations & f widely sep>at$ s\rces4 ,x conta9s ! soluble z well z ! insoluble p>ts ( ! rock f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,9 x !re is no sugge/ion ( uni=mity 9 ?ickness1 no regul> gradation f f9e to co>se f ! surface d[nw>d4 ,! av]age ?ickness ( ! drift is also mu* great] ?an t ( ! residual e>?s4 ,fur!r1 ! contact betwe5 ! drift & ! und]ly+ rock surface is usually a def9ite surface4 7,comp>e ,figs4 #cb & #dg47 ,,po/glacial ,,*anges4 ,s9ce ! ice melt$ f ! region1 ! *anges 9 its geography h be5 slight4 ,small lakes & ponds h be5 dra9$1 ! /reams ^: valleys _h be5 p>tly fill$1 h be5 re-excavat+ !m1 & erosion has be5 go+ on at all po9ts 9 ! sl[ way 9 :i* x normally proce$s4 ,! mo/ /rik+ example ( po/glacial erosion is ! dalles ( ! ,wiscons91 & ev5 ?is is b a small gorge = s l>ge a /ream4 ,! slight am\nt ( erosion :i* has be5 accompli%$ s9ce ! drift 0 deposit$1 indicates t ! la/ retreat ( ! ice1 measur$ 9 t]ms ( geology & geography1 0 v rec5t4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ at #g1jjj to #aj1jjj ye>s1 ?\gh too great confid5ce is n to be plac$ 9 ?is1 or any o!r num]ical e/imate ( po/-glacial "t4 ,,index4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,pages ,ablemans #ff1fg ,b>aboo ,lake #acj ,b>aboo ,qu>tzite ranges #b1 #fe ,con/itution ( #ad ,dynamic action 9 #ae1 #ag1 #ah ,gaps 9-- ,devil's ,lake ,gap #c1 #ac ,l[] ,n>r[s #e1 #ac1 #fg ,n>r[s ,creek #ff ,upp] ,n>r[s #e1 #aj1 #ag1 #ai1 #fg ,igne\s rock 9 #ah ,/ructure ( #ae ,topography ( #e1 #ac ,base-level #dg ,base-level pla9s #ej ,b[ld] clay #ig ,breccia #ah ,ca/le ,rock #ga ,cleopatra's ,ne$le #fe ,cold ,wat] ,canyon #gj ,conglom]ate #aj1 #bh ,basal 7,potsdam7 #bi ,corrasion #cf ,cross-b$d+ #cj ,cycle ( erosion #dd1 #dg ,dalles ( ! ,wiscons9 #fi ,orig9 ( #ec ,sc5]y ( #fi1 #adj ,dell ,creek #ec ,deltas #cj1 #ef1 #abj ,deposits-- ,by extra-glacial wat]s #aae-abc ,by ice #he1 #id ,by riv]s #ee1 #ef ,by subglacial /reams #abd ,( drift classifi$ #abg ,devil's ,doorway #fe ,devil's ,lake #acb ,hi/ory ( #acb ,9 glacial times #acb ,location #c1 #i ,orig9 ( #acb ,devil's ,nose #e1 #aaj ,divides1 ,%ift+ ( #dd ,dorw>d's ,gl5 #aj1 #ad1 #bi1 #fh ,drift #gc ,*>act]i/ics ( #if ,con/itution ( #id ,deposits classifi$ #abg ,effect on topography #he1 #hh ,relation ( /ratifi$ to un/ratifi$ #abe ,/ratifi$ #aaa ,topography ( #aja1 #ajc ,driftless area #gi1 #adb ,dra9age-- ,adju/m5t ( #fb ,*anges 91 effect$ by ! ice #abh1 #adb ,e/abli%m5t ( #fa ,glacial #aac ,( drift-cov]$ area #add ,( driftless area #add ,po/glacial *anges 9 #adf ,endmora5e #ajh ,erosion-- ,by ra91 & riv]s1 g5]al outl9e ( #cf-eh ,elem5ts ( #cf ,( fold$ /rata #ej ,( rocks ( unequal h>dness #dg ,( ! qu>tzite #be ,preglacial #fj ,topography #ab ,)\t valleys #cg ,esk]s #abd ,falls #dh ,fossils-- ,9 lime/one #ab ,9 s&/one #i1 #aa ,fri5d%ip m\nds #ga ,geographic features1 g5]al #c-bj ,glacial dra9age #aac ,glaciat$ area #gh1 #ia1 #adc ,glaci] ice-- ,deposition by #he ,direction ( movem5t #hh ,erosive "w ( #gi-hd ,=mation ( #gd ,movem5t (1 affect$ by topography #hi ,gl5s #fh ,gre5 ,bay lobe #ia ,gibralt> rock #fc ,gr\nd ,mora9e-- ,con/itution ( #ii ,location ( #ig ,topography ( #aja ,gr\ndwat] level #da ,ice %eets-- ,=mation ( #gd ,hi/ory ( #aad ,movem5t ( #ge1 #hh ,nor? ,am]ican ice %eet #gh ,igne\s rock #ah ,int]mitt5t /reams #db ,kames #aae ,lakes-- ,wiscons9 ,lake #abi ,b>aboo ,lake #acj ,devil's ,lake #c1 #i1 #acb1 #acg ,lime/one1 see ,l[] ,magnesian4 ,l[] ,magnesian lime/one-- ,fossils ( #ab ,hi/ory ( #ca-cb ,occurr5ce ( #aa ,orig9 ( #aa ,position ( #ab ,/ructure ( #h ,l[] ,n>r[s #e1 #ac1 #fg ,mantle rock #bj1 #add ,metamorphism #ad1 #bd ,monadnocks #ea ,mora9es 7see t]m9al mora9e & gr\nd mora9e74 ,mora9ic aprons #aai ,n>r[s #di ,9 qu>tzite #ff1 #fg ,natural bridge #fi ,navy ,y>d #fi ,niag>a lime/one #cc ,nor? ,am]ican ice %eet #gh ,nunatak #hi ,os>s 7see ,esk]s74 ,outwa% pla9s #aah1 #abj ,ov]wa% pla9s #aah1 #abj ,p>frey's ,gl5 #aj1 #ad1 #bi1 #fh ,p5epla9 #dg1 #ej ,pewit's ne/ #i1 #ec1 #fi ,p9e ,holl[ #fi ,po/glacial *anges #adf ,potsdam s&/one-- ,fossils ( #i1 #aa ,hi/ory ( #bg-ca ,orig9 ( #i-aa ,relation to qu>tzite #ai ,/ructure ( #h ,qu>tzite 7see also ,b>aboo qu>tzite ranges7-- ,dynamic ,metamorphism ( #bd ,erosion ( #be ,orig9 ( #bc ,subm]g5ce ( #bg ,?ickness ( #bf ,uplift ( #bd ,rapids #dh ,rejuv5ation ( /reams #ef ,ripple m>ks #i1 #ae ,ro*es m\tonnee #ha ,s&/one 7see ,potsdam & ,/4 ,pet]s74 ,sauk ,pr>ie #aag1 #aah1 #aai ,skillett ,creek #h1 #ec1 #ach ,slope ( upp] surface ( ice #aaa ,sn[ fields #gd ,soil #g1 #add1 #adf ,/& rock #gj ,/eamboat rock #gj ,/4 ,pet]'s s&/one #cb ,/ratifi$ drift #aaa-aab1 #abe ,/reams1 *anges 9 #ach ,subaque\s ov]wa% pla9s #abj ,subglacial till 7gr\nd mora9es7 #ii ,sug> ,b[l #gj ,talus slopes #fe ,t]m9al mora9es-- ,across ! ,unit$ ,/ates #gh ,developm5t ( #ajb ,9 ,devil's ,lake region #aje ,b\nd>ies ( #ajf ,location ( #ib1 #ic1 #ajh ,on ! ma9 qu>tzite range #ajg ,wid? ( #ajf ,topography ( #ajc ,till #ig ,topography-- ,effect (1 on ice movem5t #hi ,erosion topography #ab ,( drift-cov]$ c\ntry #h1 #adc ,( driftless area #f1 #g1 #ab1 #adc ,( pla9 surr\nd+ qu>tzite ridge #f ,( qu>tzite ridges #e ,transportation by /reams #ee ,tribut>y valleys #ci ,turk's ,head #fe ,uncon=mity #ai ,und]gr\nd wat] #eh ,unglaciat$ areas #gi1 #adb1 #adc ,un/ratifi$ drift #ii1 #ajb1 #abe ,upp] ,n>r[s #e1 #aj1 #ag1 #ai1 #fg ,valley1 !-- ,beg9n+ ( #cg ,*>act]i/ics (1 at v>i\s /ages #eb-ed ,c\rse ( #ci ,h[ a valley gets a /ream #dj ,limits ( #dc ,valley tra9s #aaf ,wat]falls #dh ,wea!r+ #cf ,web/]'s ,pr>ie #aai ,wiscons9 ,lake #abi ,wiscons9 ,riv] #aci ,wit*'s ,gul* #gj