,,cornell ,,/udies ,,9 ,,philosophy ,no4 #aa ,,john ,,dewey',s ,,logical ,,!ory ,,by ,,delton ,,?omas ,,h[>d1 ,a4,m4 ,,=m]ly ,,fell[ ,,9 ,,! ,,sage ,,s*ool ,,( ,,philosophy ,a ,,!sis ,,pres5t$ ,,to ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,! ,,graduate ,,s*ool ,,( ,,cornell ,,univ]sity ,,9 ,,p>tial ,,fulfilm5t ,,( ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,! ,,degree ,,( ,,doctor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,new ,,york ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,co4 #aiai ,,press ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,era ,,pr9t+ ,,company ,,lanca/]1 ,,pa4 ,,preface ,x seems unnecess>y to (f] an apology = an hi/orical treatm5t ( ,pr(essor ,dewey's logical !ories1 s9ce functionalism glories 9 ! g5etic me?od4 ,to be sure1 c]ta9 m extreme radicals are oppos$ to a g5etic int]pretation ( ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 b ?is is inconsi/5t4 ,at any rate1 ! hi/orical me?od employ$ 9 ! foll[+ /udy may escape c5sure by reason ( its simple "*1 = x is little m ?an a critical review ( ,pr(essor ,dewey's writ+s 9 _! hi/orical ord]1 ) no discussion ( influ5ces & connections1 & ) little insi/5ce ^u rigid l9es ( developm5t4 ,x is propos$ to foll[ ! lead ( ! subject-matt] z f> z possible2 to discov] :at topics int]e/$ ,pr(essor ,dewey1 h[ he dealt ) !m1 & :at conclusions he arriv$ at4 ,?is plan has an especial advantage :5 appli$ to a body ( doctr9e :i*1 l ,pr(essor ,dewey's1 does n possess a sy/ematic =m ( its own1 s9ce x avoids ! di/ortion :i* a m rigid me?od w\ld be apt to produce4 ,x has n be5 possible1 )9 ! limits ( ! pres5t /udy1 to take note ( all ( ,pr(essor ,dewey's writ+s1 & no ref]5ce has be5 made to "s :i* are ( und\bt$ int]e/ & importance4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ especially 8 books & pap]s on educational topics & a numb] ( 8 e?ical writ+s4 ,att5tion has be5 devot$ almo/ exclusively to ^? writ+s :i* h "s important be>+ ^u 8 logical !ory4 ,! division into *apt]s is p>tly arbitr>y1 al?\gh ! p]iods indicat$ are q cle>ly m>k$ by ! diff]5t directions :i* ,pr(essor ,dewey's int]e/s took f "t to "t4 ,x w be se5 t !re is consid]able *ance = error 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! important & ! unimportant1 & 9 select+ ! essays :i* lie 9 ! natural l9e ( ! au?or's developm5t4 ,b1 valeat quantum1 z ,william ,james w\ld say4 ,! criticisms & comm5ts :i* h be5 made f "t to "t1 z seem$ appropriate1 may be consid]$ p]t95t or irrelevant accord+ to ! views ( ! read]4 ,x is hop$ t !y are n entirely aside f ! m>k1 & t !y d n int]f]e ) a fair pres5tation ( ! au?or's views4 ,! la/ *apt] is devot$ to a direct criticism ( ,pr(essor ,dewey's functionalism1 ) "s comm5ts on ! g5]al nature ( philosophical me?od4 ,s9ce ?is !sis 0 writt51 ,pr(essor ,dewey has publi%$ two or ?ree books & num]\s articles1 :i* are p]haps m important ?an any ( 8 previ\s writ+s4 ,! volume ( ,essays 9 ,exp]im5tal ,logic 7#aiaf7 is a di/9ct advance ^u ,! ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy & ,o!r ,essays1 publi%$ six ye>s e>li]4 ,mo/ ( ^! essays1 h[ev]1 are consid]$ "h 9 _! orig9al =m1 & ! new mat]ial1 :ile int]e/+1 pres5ts no vital *ange ( /&po9t4 ,x might be well to call att5tion to ! excell5t introductory essay :i* ,pr(essor ,dewey has provid$ = ?is new volume4 ,"s m5tion might also be made ( ! volume ( essays by eight repres5tative pragmati/s1 :i* appe>$ la/ ye> 7#aiag7 "u ! title1 ,creative ,intellig5ce4 ,my comm5ts on ,pr(essor ,dewey's contribution to ! volume h be5 pr9t$ else:]e4#a ,x has n seem$ necess>y1 9 ! abs5ce ( significant developm5ts1 to ext5d ! !sis beyond its orig9al limits1 & x goes to press1 !re=e1 sub/antially z writt5 two ye>s ago4 ,i wi% to express my gratitude to ! memb]s ( ! faculty ( ! ,sage ,s*ool ( ,philosophy = _m valuable sugge/ions & k9dly enc\ragem5t 9 ! c\rse ( my "w4 ,i am mo/ deeply indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,erne/ ,albee = 8 pati5t guidance & helpful criticism4 ,_m ( 8 sugge/ions1 bo? z to plan & detail1 h be5 adopt$ & embodi$ 9 ! !sis1 & ^! h contribut$ mat]ially to su* logical coh]5ce & te*nical accuracy z x may possess4 ,! p>ticul> views express$ are1 ( c\rse1 my own4 ,i wi% also to ?ank ,pr(essor ,j4 ,e4 ,creighton especially = 8 fri5dly int]e/ & = _m sugge/ions :i* assi/$ ! progress ( my "w1 z well z = 8 k9dness 9 look+ ov] ! pro(s4 ,d4 ,t4 ,,h[>d4 ,,evan/on1 ,,ill9ois1 ,june1 #aiah4 ,,footnote3 #a ,! ,pragmatic ,me?od1 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 #aiah1 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #adi-aef4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,psy*ology z ,philosophic ,me?od #a ,,ii4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,psy*ological ,/&po9t #ae ,,iii4 ,moral ,!ory & ,practice #cc ,,iv4 ,functional ,psy*ology #dg ,v4 ,! ,evolution>y ,/&po9t #ei ,,vi4 ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory #gb ,,vii4 ,! ,polemical ,p]iod #hh ,,viii4 ,lat] ,developm5ts #aje ,,ix4 ,conclusions #aai ,,*apt] ,i ,,psy*ology ,,z ,,philosophic ,,me?od ,dewey's e>lie/ /&po9t 9 philosophy is pres5t$ 9 two articles publi%$ 9 ,m9d 9 #ahhf3 ,! ,psy*ological ,/&po9t1 & ,psy*ology z ,philosophic ,me?od4#b ,^! articles appe> to h be5 writt5 9 connection ) 8 ,psy*ology1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 & :i* repres5ts ! same g5]al po9t ( view z appli$ to ! /udy ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,= ! purposes ( ! pres5t /udy att5tion may be conf9$ to ! two articles 9 ,m9d4 ,dewey beg9s 8 argum5t1 9 ,! ,psy*ological ,/&po9t1 ) a ref]5ce to ,pr(essor ,gre5's rem>k t ! psy*ological /&po9t is :at m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 transc5d5talism & ,briti% empiricism4 ,dewey takes exception to ?is view1 & ass]ts t ! two s*ools hold ?is /&po9t 9 common1 &1 fur!rmore1 t ! psy*ological /&po9t has be5 ! /r5g? ( ,briti% empiricism & des]tion ( t /&po9t its weakness4 ,%adwor? ,hodgson's comm5t on ?is proposal te/ifies to its audacity4 ,9 a review ( ,dewey's article1 he says3 ,if = in/ance we are told by a compet5t writ]1 t ,absolute ,idealism is n only a tru? ( exp]i5ce b "o atta9$ directly by ! me?od ( exp]i5tial psy*ology1 we %\ld n all[ our a/oni%m5t to prev5t our exam9+ ! argum5ts1 by virtue ( :i* ,engli% psy*ology atta9s ! results ( ,g]man transc5d5talism )\t quitt+ ! gr\nd ( exp]i5ce4#c ,dewey def9es 8 psy*ological /&po9t z foll[s3 ,we are n to det]m9e ! nature ( reality or ( any object ( philosophical inquiry by exam9+ x z x is 9 itself1 b only z x is an elem5t 9 our k1 9 our exp]i5ce1 only z x is relat$ to our m9d1 or is an 'idea'4444 ,or1 9 ! ord9>y way ( putt+ x1 ! nature ( all objects ( philosophical inquiry is to be fix$ by f9d+ out :at exp]i5ce says ab\t !m4#d ,! implications ( ?is def9ition d n appe> at fir/ sight1 b !y become cle>] z ! discussion proce$s4 ,locke1 ,dewey cont9ues1 des]t$ ! psy*ological /&po9t because he did n1 z he propos$1 expla9 ! nature ( su* ?+s z matt] & m9d by ref]5ce to exp]i5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 he expla9$ exp]i5ce ?r\gh ! assumption ( ! two unkn[able sub/ances1 matt] & m9d4 ,b]keley also des]t$ ! psy*ological /&po9t1 9 effect1 by hav+ rec\rse to a purely transc5d5t ,_s4 ,ev5 ,hume des]t$ x by assum+ z ! only reals c]ta9 unrelat$ s5sations1 & by try+ to expla9 ! orig9 ( exp]i5ce & k by _! comb9ation4 ,^! reals 7 suppos$ to exi/ 9 indep5d5ce ( an organiz$ exp]i5ce1 & to con/itute x by _! association4 ,x might be argu$ t ,hume's s5sations are f\nd 9 exp]i5ce by analysis1 & ?is w\ld probably be true4 ,b ! s5sations are no?+ ap>t f ! consci\sness 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,su* a s5sation1 ,dewey says1 a s5sation :i* exi/s only )9 & = exp]i5ce1 is n "o :i* c be us$ to acc\nt = exp]i5ce4 ,x is b "o elem5t 9 an organic :ole1 & c no m acc\nt = ! :ole1 ?an a giv5 dige/ive act c acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( a liv+ body4#e ,s f> ,dewey is m]ely re/at+ ! criticism ( ,engli% empiricism t _h be5 made by ,gre5 & 8 foll[]s4 ,reality1 z exp]i5c$1 is a :ole ( organically relat$ p>ts1 n a me*anical comp\nd ( elem5ts4 ,:atev] is to be expla9$ mu/ be tak5 z a fact ( exp]i5ce1 & its mean+ w be reveal$ 9 t]ms ( its position & function )9 ! :ole4 ,b :ile ,dewey employs ! language ( idealism1 x is d\btful :e!r he has grasp$ ! full significance ( ! concrete univ]sal ( ! ,hegelian s*ool4 ,! foll[+ passage illu/rates ! difficulty3 ,! psy*ological /&po9t z x has develop$ itself is ?is3 all t is1 is = consci\sness or k4 ,! bus9ess ( ! psy*ologi/ is to give a g5etic acc\nt ( ! v>i\s elem5ts )9 ?is consci\sness1 & !reby fix _! place1 det]m9e _! validity1 & at ! same "t %[ def9itely :at ! real & et]nal nature ( ?is consci\sness is4#f ,consci\sness 7us$ "h z id5tical ) 'exp]i5ce'7 is app>5tly int]pret$ z a /ructure made up ( elem5ts relat$ 9 a det]m9able ord]1 & hav+1 consequ5tly1 a 'real & et]nal nature4' ,! result is a '/ructural' view ( reality1 & ! type ( idealism = :i* ,dewey /&s may fitt+ly be call$ '/ructural' idealism4 ,?is type ( idealism does1 9 fact1 hold a position int]m$iate betwe5 ,engli% empiricism & ,g]man transc5d5talism4 ,b x w\ld n commonly be consid]$ a syn!sis ( ! be/ *>act]i/ics ( ! two s*ools4 ',/ructural' idealism is1 hi/orically consid]$1 a rev]sion to ,kant :i* reta9s ! me*anical elem5ts ( ! ,critique1 b fails to reckon ) ! truly organic mode ( int]pretation 9 :i* x culm9ates4 ,z exp]i5ce1 f ,kant's undevelop$ position1 is a /ructure ( s5sations & =ms1 s ,dewey's 'consci\sness' is a comp\nd ( sep>ate elem5ts or exi/5ces relat$ 9 a 'real & et]nal' ord]4 ,dewey illu/rates 8 me?od1 9 ! discussion :i* foll[s1 by employ+ x1 or %[+ h[ x %\ld be employ$1 9 ! def9ition ( c]ta9 typical objects ( philosophical inquiry4 ,! fir/ to be consid]$ are subject & object4 ,9 deal+ ) ! relation ( subject to object1 ! psy*ological me?od w attempt to %[ h[ consci\sness diff]5tiates itself1 or 'specifies' itself1 into subject & object4 ,^! t]ms w be view$ z relat$ t]ms )9 ! :ole ( 'consci\sness1' r ?an z elem5ts exi/+ prior to or 9 indep5d5ce ( ! :ole 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,!re is a type ( realism :i* illu/rates ! opposite or ontological me?od4 ,x is l$1 ?r\gh a /udy ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! m9d ^u ! organism1 to a position 9 :i* subject & object fall ap>t1 out ( relation to ea* o!r4 ,! sep>ation ( ! two leads to ! posit+ ( a ?ird t]m1 an unkn[n x1 :i* is suppos$ to unite !m4 ,! psy*ological me?od w\ld hold t ! two objects h _! union1 n 9 an unkn[n 'real1' b 9 ! 'consci\sness' 9 :i* !y appe>4 ,! individual consci\sness z subject1 & ! objects ov] aga9/ x1 are elem5ts at once di/+ui%$ & relat$ )9 ! :ole4 ,all ! t]ms are facts ( exp]i5ce1 & none are to be assum$ z ontological reals4 ,subjective idealism1 ,dewey cont9ues1 makes a simil> error 9 fail+ to discrim9ate betwe5 ! ego1 or individual consci\sness1 & ! ,absolute ,consci\sness )9 :i* ego & object are diff]5tiat$ elem5ts4 ,x fails to see t subject & object are complem5ts1 & inexplicable except z relat$ elem5ts 9 a l>g] :ole4 ,! individual consci\sness1 aga91 & ! univ]sal ',consci\sness1' are to be def9$ by ref]5ce to exp]i5ce4 ,x is n to be assum$ at ! />t1 z ! subjective ideali/s assume1 t ! nature ( ! individual consci\sness is kn[n4 ,! ego is to be def9$1 n assum$1 & ?is is ! ess5ce ( ! psy*ological me?od4 ,s f>1 two factors 9 ,dewey's /&po9t are cle>ly disc]nible4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all n\m5a & transc5d5t reals are to be reject$ z means ( explanation1 & def9ition is to be :olly 9 t]ms ( exp]i5c$ elem5ts1 z exp]i5c$4 ,9 ! second place1 exp]i5ce is to be reg>d$ z a rational sy/em ( relat$ elem5ts1 :ile explanation is to consi/ 9 trac+ out ! relations :i* any elem5t be>s to ! :ole4 ,! univ]sal ',consci\sness' is ! :ole1 & ! individual m9d1 aga91 is an elem5t )9 ! :ole1 to be expla9$ by trac+ out ! relations :i* x be>s to o!r elem5ts & to ! :ole sy/em4 ,x is n easy to avoid ! conclusion t ,dewey conceives ( 'consci\sness' z a con/ruct ( exi/5tially di/9ct t]ms4 ,dewey does n actually treat subject & object1 individual & univ]sal consci\sness1 9 ! empirical mann] = :i* he cont5ds4 ,he m]ely outl9es a me?od2 &1 :ile ?is has a negative be>+ z aga9/ transc5d5t modes ( explanation1 x has little cont5t ( its own4 ,b 9 spite ( ,dewey's lack ( explicitness1 x is evid5t t he t5ds to view 8 'objects ( philosophical inquiry' z s _m concrete p>ticul> exi/5ces or ?+s4 ,! idea t !y c be empirically m>k$ out & inve/igat$ seems to imply ?is4 ,b subject1 object1 individual1 & univ]sal are c]ta9ly n r$ucible to p>ticul> s5sations1 ev5 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t !y h a ref]5ce to p>ticul>s4 ,^! ab/ract concepts _h be5 a s\rce ( difficulty to ! empirici/s1 because !y _h n be5 able to r$uce !m to p>ticul> impressions1 & ,dewey's propos$ me?od appe>s to involve ! same difficulty4 ,9 8 second article1 on ,psy*ology z ,philosophic ,me?od1 ,dewey proposes to %[ t 8 /&po9t is practically id5tical ) t ( transc5d5tal idealism4 ,?is is made possible1 he believes1 ?r\gh ! fact t1 s9ce exp]i5ce or consci\sness is ! only reality1 psy*ology1 z ! sci5tific acc\nt ( ?is reality1 becomes id5tical ) philosophy4 ,9 ma9ta9+ 8 position1 ,dewey f9ds x necess>y to criticise ! t5d5cy1 f\nd 9 c]ta9 ideali/s1 to treat psy*ology m]ely z a special sci5ce4 ,?is view ( psy*ology is atta9$1 ,dewey obs]ves1 by reg>d+ man "u two arbitr>ily det]m9$ aspects4 ,tak5 z a f9ite be+ act+ amid f9ite ?+s1 a kn[+1 will+1 feel+ ph5om5on1 man is said to be ! object ( a special sci5ce1 psy*ology4 ,b 9 ano!r aspect man is inf9ite1 ! univ]sal self-consci\sness1 & z su* is ! object ( philosophy4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ! two aspects ( man's nature1 ,dewey believes1 _c be ma9ta9$4 ,z a di/9ction1 x mu/ arise )9 consci\sness1 & x mu/ !re=e be a psy*ological di/9ction4 ,psy*ology _c limit itself to any?+ less ?an ! :ole ( exp]i5ce1 & _c1 !re=e1 be a special sci5ce dep5d5t1 l o!rs1 ^u philosophy = its work+ concepts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! me?od ( psy*ology mu/ be ! me?od ( philosophy4 ,dewey rea*es ?is result q easily1 because he makes psy*ology ! sci5ce ( reality to beg9 )4 ,! univ]se1 he says1 except z realiz$ 9 an individual1 has no exi/5ce4444 ,self-consci\sness means simply an individualiz$ univ]se2 & if ?is univ]se has n be5 realiz$ 9 man1 if man be n self-consci\s1 !n no philosophy :atev] is possible4 ,if x has be5 realiz$1 x is 9 & ?r\gh psy*ological exp]i5ce t ?is realization has occurr$4 ,psy*ology is ! sci5tific acc\nt ( ?is realization1 ( ?is individualiz$ univ]se1 ( ?is self-consci\sness4#g ,x is difficult to und]/& exactly :at ^! expressions meant = ,dewey4 ,grant+ t ! human m9d is bo? individual & univ]sal1 :at objection c\ld be rais$ aga9/ ! /udy ( its individual or f9ite aspects z ! special subject-matt] ( a p>ticul> sci5ce8 ,all ! sci5ces1 z ,dewey 0 aw>e1 are ab/ract 9 me?od4 ,dewey's position appe>s to be t ! univ]sal & individual aspects ( consci\sness are no?+ ap>t f ea* o!r1 & mu/ be /udi$ toge!r4 ,b 'consci\sness' 9 ,dewey's view is1 9 fact1 two consci\snesses4 ,reality z a :ole is a ,consci\sness1 & ! individual m9d is ano!r consci\sness4 ,a problem arises1 !re=e1 z to _! connection4 ,dewey affirms t1 unless !y are unit$1 unless ! univ]sal is giv5 9 ! individual consci\sness1 !re c be no sci5ce ( ! :ole1 & !re=e no philosophy4 ,! epi/emological problem ( ! relation ( ! m9d to reality becomes1 accord+ly1 ! raison d'etre ( 8 me?od4 ,! problem 0 an inh]itance f subjective idealism4 ,x may be po9t$ out t !re is "s simil>ity betwe5 ,dewey's /&po9t & ,b]keley's4 ,bo? conceive ( consci\sness z a con/ruct ( elem5ts1 & ,dewey's ',consci\sness 9 g5]al' holds mu* ! same relation to ! f9ite consci\sness t ! ,div9e ,m9d holds to ! individual consci\sness 9 ,b]keley's sy/em4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! two /&po9ts mu/ n be ov]emphasiz$1 b x is none ! less sugge/ive & int]e/+4 ,9 attempt+ to det]m9e ! prop] /atus ( psy*ology z a sci5ce1 ,dewey is l$ into a m detail$ exposition ( 8 /&po9t4 ,8 position 9 g5]al is well indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,9 %ort1 ! real esse ( ?+s is nei!r _! p]cipi1 nor _! intelligi alone2 x is _! exp]iri4#h ,! sci5ce ( ! intelligi is logic1 & ( ! p]cipi1 philosophy ( nature4 ,b ^! are ab/ractions f ! exp]iri1 ! sci5ce ( :i* is psy*ology4 ,if x be d5i$ t ! exp]iri1 self-consci\sness 9 its :ol5ess1 c be ! subject-matt] ( psy*ology1 !n ! possibility ( philosophy is also d5i$4 ,if man1 z matt] ( fact1 does n realise ! nature ( ! et]nal & ! univ]sal )9 himself1 z ! ess5ce ( 8 own be+2 if he does n at "o /age ( 8 exp]i5ce consci\sly1 & 9 all /ages implicitly1 lay hold ( ?is univ]sal & et]nal1 !n x is m]e matt] ( words to say t he c give no acc\nt ( ?+s z !y univ]sally & et]nally are4 ,to d5y1 !re=e1 t self-consci\sness is a matt] ( psy*ological exp]i5ce is to d5y ! possibility ( any philosophy4#i ,dewey assures u aga9 t 8 me?od alone w solve ! epi/emological problem4 ,self-consci\sness1 z t )9 :i* ?+s exi/ sub specie aet]nitatis & 9 ord9e ad univ]sum1 mu/ be ! object ( psy*ology4 ,! refusal to take self-consci\sness z an exp]i5c$ fact1 ,dewey says1 results 9 su* failures z are se5 9 ,kant1 ,hegel1 & ev5 ,gre5 & ,caird1 to give any adequate acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! ,absolute4 ,kant1 = purely logical reasons1 d5i$ t self-consci\sness c\ld be an object ( exp]i5ce1 al?\gh he admitt$ conceptions & p]ceptions z matt]s ( exp]i5ce4 ,z a result ( 8 attitude1 conception & p]ception 7 nev] br\ght into organic connection2 ! self-consci\s1 et]nal ord] ( ! _w 0 ref]r$ to some?+ back ( exp]i5ce4 ,dewey attributes ,kant's failure to 8 logical me?od1 :i* l$ him away f ! psy*ological /&po9t 9 :i* he w\ld h f\nd self-consci\sness z a directly pres5t$ fact4 ,?is criticism ( ,kant's 'logical me?od' fails to take acc\nt ( ! transitional nature ( ,kant's /&po9t4 ,look+ backw>d1 x is easy en\gh to ask :y ,kant did n beg9 ) ! organic view ( exp]i5ce at :i* he f9ally arriv$4 ,b ! answ] mu/ be t ! organic /&po9t did n exi/ until ,kant1 by 8 'logical me?od1' _h br\ght x to light4 ,! ,kantian int]pretation ( exp]i5ce1 9 :i*1 z ,dewey ass]ts1 conception & p]ception 7 nev] br\ght into organic relation1 is a half-way /age betwe5 me*anism & organism4 ,b h[ does ,dewey propose to improve ^u ,kant's position8 ,he w fir/ ( all put ,kant's n\m5al self back into exp]i5ce1 z a fact 9 consci\sness4 ,b h[ w ?is help to br+ p]ception & conception into clos] union8 ,!re seems to be no answ]4 ,dewey's view appe>s to be t organic relations are a*iev$ :5ev] an object is made a "p ( exp]i5ce & s br\ght into connection ) o!r exp]i5c$ facts4 ',organic relation' is int]pret$ z equival5t to 'm5tal relation4' ,b m5tal relations are n organic because !y are m5tal4 ,x w\ld be z easy to ass]t t !y are me*anical4 ,! te/ lies 9 ! nature ( ! relations :i* are actually f\nd 9 ! m5tal sph]e & ! fitness ( ! organic categories to express !m4 ,dewey's 'consci\sness1' z has be5 said be=e1 appe>s to be a /ructure1 n an organism4 ,its p>ts are ext]nal to ea* o!r1 h[ev] closely !y may be relat$4 ,an organic view ( exp]i5ce w\ld beg9 ) a d5ial ( ! actuality ( b>e facts or s5sations1 & w\ld n wav] 9 ma9ta9+ t /&po9t to ! end4 ,hegel's advance ^u ,kant1 ,dewey cont9ues1 consi/$ ess5tially 9 %[+ t ,kant's logical /&>d 0 errone\s1 & t1 z a matt] ( logic1 ! only true crit]ion or /&>d 0 ! organic notion1 or ,begriff1 :i* is a sy/ematic totality1 & accord+ly able to expla9 bo? itself & also ! simpl] processes & pr9ciples4#aj ,! logical re=mation :i* ,hegel accompli%$ 0 mo/ important1 b ! "w ( ,kant /ill ne$$ to be complet$ by %[+ self-consci\sness z a fact ( exp]i5ce1 z well z p]ception ?r\gh organic =ms & ?9k+ ?r\gh organic pr9ciples4#aa ,?is elem5t is lat5t 9 ,hegel1 ,dewey believes1 b ne$s to be br\ght out4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 comes "u ! same criticism4 ,he foll[$ ,kant's logical me?od1 & z a consequ5ce arriv$ at ! same negative results4 ,! nature ( self-consci\sness rema9s unkn[n to ,gre52 he c affirm its exi/5ce1 b _c describe its nature4 ,dewey quotes t passage f ! ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics 9 :i* ,gre5 says3#ab ,z to :at t consci\sness 9 itself or 9 its complet5ess is1 we c only make negative /atem5ts4 ,t !re is su* a consci\sness is impli$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! _w2 b :at x is we only "k ?r\gh its s f> act+ 9 u z to enable u1 h[ev] p>tially & int]rupt$ly1 to h k ( a _w or an intellig5t exp]i5ce4 ,if1 ,dewey obs]ves1 ,gre5 _h begun ) ! latt] po9t ( view1 & _h tak5 self-consci\sness z at lea/ p>tially realiz$ 9 f9ite m9ds1 he w\ld h be5 able to make "s positive /atem5ts ab\t x4 ,dewey1 h[ev]1 has n giv5 ! mo/ adequate int]pretation ( ,gre5's ',spiritual ,pr9ciple 9 ,nature4' ,?is 0 evid5tly1 = ,gre51 a symbol ( ! intelligibility ( ! _w z organically conceiv$1 an ord] :i* c\ld n be compreh5d$ by ! me*anical categories1 b :i* 0 nev]!less real4 ,z ,gre5 t5d$ to hypo/atize ! organic conception1 s ,dewey w\ld make x a concrete reality1 ) ! fur!r specification t x mu/ be some?+ giv5 to psy*ological obs]vation4 ,! *ief po9t ( ,dewey's criticism ( ! ideali/s is t !y fail to e/abli% self-consci\sness z an exp]i5c$ fact2 &1 ,dewey ma9ta9s1 x mu/ be s e/abli%$ if x is to be any?+ real & g5u9e4 ,if x is any?+ t c be discuss$ at all1 x mu/ be an elem5t 9 exp]i5ce2 & if x is 9 exp]i5ce1 x mu/ be ! subject-matt] ( psy*ology4 ,x is inevitable1 f ,dewey's /&po9t1 t transc5d5talism %\ld adopt 8 psy*ological me?od4 ,9 ! fur!r developm5t ( 8 /&po9t1 ,dewey consid]s 7#a7 ! relations ( psy*ology to ! special sci5ces1 & 7#b7 ! relation ( psy*ology to logic4 ,dewey's conception ( ! relation ( psy*ology to ! special sci5ces is well illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,ma!matics1 physics1 biology exi/1 because consci\s exp]i5ce reveals itself to be ( su* a nature1 t "o may make virtual ab/raction f ! :ole1 & consid] a "p by itself1 )\t damage1 s long z ! treatm5t is purely sci5tific1 t is1 s long z ! implicit connection ) ! :ole is left undi/urb$1 & ! attempt is n made to pres5t ?is p>tial sci5ce z metaphysic1 or z an explanation ( ! :ole1 z is ! usual fa%ion ( our uncritical s-call$ 'sci5tific philosophies4' ,nay m1 ?is ab/raction ( "s "o sph]e is itself a liv+ function ( ! psy*ologic exp]i5ce4 ,x is n m]ely some?+ :i* x all[s3 x is some?+ :i* x does4 ,x is ! analytic aspect ( its own activity1 :]eby x deep5s & r5d]s explicit1 realizes its own nature4444 ,! analytic movem5t con/itutes ! special sci5ces2 ! syn!tic con/itutes ! philosophy ( nature2 ! self-develop+ activity itself1 z psy*ology1 con/itutes philosophy4#ac ,! special sci5ces are reg>d$ z ab/ractions f ! c5tral or psy*ological po9t ( view1 b !y are legitimate ab/ractions1 con/itut$ by a prop] analytic movem5t ( ! total self-consci\sness1 :i* specifies itself into ! special bran*es ( k4 ,if we beg9 ) any special sci5ce1 & drive x back to its fundam5tals1 x reveals its ab/ractness1 & ?\ght is l$ =w>d into o!r sci5ces1 & f9ally into philosophy1 z ! sci5ce ( ! :ole4 ,b philosophy1 fir/ appe>+ z a special sci5ce1 turns out to be sci5ce2 x is presuppos$ 9 all ! special sci5ces1 & is _! basis4 ,b :]e does psy*ology /& 9 ?is classification8 ,at fir/ sight psy*ology appe>s to be a special sci5ce1 ab/ract l ! o!rs4 ,z to sy/ematic obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 conclusion & v]ification1 x c diff] 9 no ess5tial way f any "o ( !m4#ad ,b psy*ology1 l philosophy1 turns out to be a sci5ce ( ! :ole4 ,ea* special sci5ce inve/igates a special sph]e ( consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,f "o sci5ce to ano!r we g1 ask+ = "s explanation ( consci\s exp]i5ce1 until we come to psy*ology4444 ,b ! v process t has made necess>y ?is new sci5ce reveals also t ea* ( ! =m] sci5ces exi/$ only 9 ab/raction f x4 ,ea* dealt ) "s "o phase ( consci\s exp]i5ce1 & = t v reason c\ld n deal ) ! totality :i* gave x its be+1 consci\sness4#ae ,philosophy & psy*ology !re=e ma9ly co9cide1 & ! me?od ( psy*ology1 prop]ly develop$1 becomes ! me?od ( philosophy4 ,if psy*ology is to be id5tifi$ ) philosophy 9 ?is fa%ion1 ! m]e *ange ( "n w\ld seem to be sup]flu\s4 ,!re w\ld be no reason = ma9ta9+ psy*ology z a sep>ate discipl9e4 ,p]haps ,dewey did n int5d t x %\ld be ma9ta9$ sep>ately4 ,9 t case1 ! total effect ( 8 argum5t w\ld be to prescribe c]ta9 me?ods = philosophy4 ,x seems necess>y to suppose t ,dewey propos$ to m]ge philosophy 9 psy*ology1 & make x an exact sci5ce :ile reta9+ its univ]sality4 ,sci5ce1 he argu$1 is ! sy/ematic acc\nt1 or reason ( fact2 ,psy*ology is ! complet$ sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! ultimate fact1 :i*1 z fact1 reveals itself z reason4444#af ,self-consci\sness 9 its ultimate nature is conceiv$ ( z a special fact1 ov] & above :at x includes 9 ! way ( p>ticul>s4 ,psy*ology1 z ! sci5ce ( ?is ultimate fact1 mu/ at ! same "t be philosophy4 ,! id5tification ( ! two discipl9es dep5ds ^u tak+ ! ':ol5ess' ( reality z a 'fact1' :i* c be br\ght "u obs]vation4 ,?is is a natural conclusion f ,dewey's /ructural view ( reality4 ,9 tak+ up ! subject ( ! relation ( psy*ology to logic1 ,dewey rem>ks t 9 philosophy matt] & =m _c be sep>at$4 ,self-consci\sness is ! f9al tru?1 & 9 self-consci\sness ! =m z organic sy/em & ! cont5t z organiz$ sy/em are exactly equal to ea* o!r4#ag ,logic ab/racts f ! :ole1 gives u only ! =m1 or intelligi ( reality1 & is !re=e only "o mom5t 9 philosophy4 ,s9ce logic is an ab/raction f ,nature1 we _c get f logic back to ,nature1 by means ( logic4 ,we d1 z a matt] ( fact1 make ! transition 9 philosophy1 because ! facts =ce u back to ,nature4 ,j z 9 ,hegel's logic1 ! category ( quality1 :5 press$1 reveals itself z inadequate to express ! facts1 & is compell$ to pass into ! category ( quantity1 s does logic z a :ole1 :5 press$1 reveal its inadequacy to express ! :ole ( reality4 ,! transition f category to category 9 ! ,hegelian logic is n an unfold+ ( ! =ms z =ms1 b results f a compulsion ex]t$ by ! facts1 :5 ! categories are us$ to expla9 !m4 ,logic is1 & mu/ rema91 ab/ract 9 all its processes1 & its outcome 7) ,hegel1 ,gei/7 may ass]t ! ab/ract necessity ( "o self-consci\s :ole1 b _c give ! reality4 ,logic _c rea*1 h[ev] mu* x may po9t to1 an actual individual4 ,! ga!r+ up ( ! univ]se into "o self-consci\s individuality x may ass]t z necess>y1 x _c give x z reality4#ah ,tak5 z an ab/ract me?od1 logic is apt to result 9 a pan!ism1 :]e ! only real is ! ,idee1 & :]e all its factors & mom5ts1 includ+ _s & nature1 are real only at diff]5t /ages or phases ( ! ,idee1 b vani% z imp]fect ways ( look+ at ?+s 444 :5 we rea* ! ,idee4#ai ,dewey has 9 m9d logic z a sci5ce ( ! =ms ( reality tak5 9 ab/raction f _! cont5t4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !re c be no logic ( concepts ap>t f _! concrete application4 ,hegel c]ta9ly nev] believ$ t x 0 possible to ab/ract ! logical =ms f reality & /udy !m 9 _! isolation4 ,z aga9/ a purely =mal logic1 if su* a ?+ 7 possible1 ,dewey's criticism w\ld be valid1 b ! transc5d5tal logic ( 8 "t 0 n =mal 9 ?is s5se4 ,! psy*ological me?od :i* ,dewey (f]s z a sub/itute = ! logical me?od escapes1 he believes1 ! difficulties ( ! latt] me?od4 ,at ! same "t x pres]ves1 9 8 op9ion1 ! ess5tial _s ( ! ,hegelian me?od4 ,dewey's comm5ts %[ t he conceives 8 me?od to be a re/atem5t1 9 improv$ =m1 ( ! doctr9e ( ! 'concrete univ]sal4' ,b ! 'psy*ological me?od' & ! me?od ( idealism are1 if any?+1 anti!tical4 ,an excell5t summ>y ( ,dewey's !ory is af=d$ by ! foll[+ passage3 ,only a liv+ actual ,fact c pres]ve )9 its unity t organic sy/em ( diff]5ces 9 virtue ( :i* x lives & moves & has its be+4 ,x is ) ?is fact1 consci\s exp]i5ce 9 its entirety1 t psy*ology z me?od beg9s4 ,x ?us br+s to cle> light ( day ! presupposition implicit 9 e philosophy1 & !reby af=ds logic1 z well z ! philosophy ( nature1 its basis1 ideal & surety4 ,if we h det]m9$ ! nature ( reality1 by a process ^: cont5t equals its =m1 we c %[ ! mean+1 wor? & limits ( any "o mom5t ( ?is reality4#bj ,x w\ld be useless to speculate ^u ! v>i\s possible int]pretations t might be giv5 ( ,dewey's psy*ological me?od4 ,! mo/ critical exam9ation ( ! text w n dispel its vagu5ess1 nor af=d an answ] to ! _m que/ions t arise4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 ?r[ an int]e/+ light on c]ta9 t5d5cies 9 ,dewey's own ?9k+4 ,dewey's attempt to %[ t ,engli% empiricism & transc5d5talism h a common psy*ological basis mu/ be reg>d$ z a failure4 ,t ! nature ( ! attempt reveals a misund]/&+1 or fatal lack ( appreciation1 on ! "p ( ,dewey1 ( ! critical philosophy & ! lat] developm5t ( idealism by ,hegel1 has already be5 sugge/$4 ,he does n appe> to h grasp$ ! significance ( ! movem5t f ,kant to ,hegel4 ,kant1 ( c\rse1 believ$ t ! a priori =ms ( exp]i5ce c\ld be det]m9$ by a process ( critical analysis1 :i* w\ld reveal !m 9 _! purity4 ,! con/itutive relations ( exp]i5ce 7 suppos$ by him to be limit$ to ! pure =ms ( s5sibility1 space & "t1 & ! twelve categories ( ! und]/&+1 :i*1 be+ impos$ ^u ! manifold ( s5sations1 z organiz$ by ! productive imag9ation1 det]m9$ once & = all ! ord] ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,8 logic1 !re=e1 z an acc\nt ( ! =ms ( exp]i5ce1 w\ld repres5t logic ( ! type :i* ,dewey criticiz$4 ,b ) ! rejection ( ,kant's n\m5al _w1 ! critical me?od assum$ a diff]5t import4 ,x 0 no long] to be suppos$ t reality1 z kn[able1 0 organiz$ "u ! =ms ( a det]m9ate numb] ( categories1 :i* c\ld be sep>at$ out & classifi$4 ,kant's idea t exp]i5ce 0 an intelligible sy/em 0 reta9$1 b its intelligibility 0 n suppos$ to be :olly compris$ 9 man's me?ods ( kn[+ x4 ,! in/rum5tal "* ( ! categories 0 recogniz$4 ,criticism 0 direct$ ^u ! categories1 ) ! object ( det]m9+ _! validity1 sph]es ( relevance1 & prop] place 9 ! sy/em ( k4 ,su* a criticism1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 c\ld n deal ) ! =ms ( ?\ght 9 ab/raction f _! application4 ,direct ref]5ce to exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 became a necess>y elem5t 9 idealism4 ,at ! same "t1 philosophy became a 'criticism ( categories4' ,! me?od is empirical1 b nev] psy*ological4 ,dewey recogniz$ ! ne$ ( an empirical me?od 9 philosophy1 b fail$ to %[ specifically h[ psy*ology c\ld deal ) philosophical problems4 ,he appe>s to h conceiv$ t s5sation & mean+1 facts & =ms1 7 pres5t 9 exp]i5ce or ',consci\sness1' z if ?is 7 "s total und]/&+ :i* reta9$ ! elem5ts 9 a fix$ union & ord]4 ,:ile1 accord+ to 8 me?od1 ! =ms ( ?is univ]sal consci\sness c\ld n be consid]$ ap>t f ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* !y inh]$1 !y might be /udi$ by a survey ( exp]i5ce1 a direct appeal to consci\sness1 9 :i* '=m & cont5t are equal4' ,he seems to h held t tru? is giv5 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,a /udy ( reality z imm$iately giv51 !re=e1 to psy*ological obs]vation1 w\ld provide an acc\nt ( ! et]nal nature ( ?+s1 z !y /& 9 ! univ]sal m9d4 ,dewey did n attempt a criticism ( ! categories & me?ods :i* psy*ology mu/ employ 9 su* a task4 ,_h he done s1 ! advantages ( a critical me?od might h occurr$ to him4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #a-ai2 pp4 #aec-agc4 #c ,illusory ,psy*ology1 ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #ahhf1 p4 #dgh4 #d ,! ,psy*ological ,/&po9t1 ,m9d1 #ahhf1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #b4 #e ,ibid41 p4 #g4 #f ,op4 cit41 p4 #h f4 #g ,psy*ology z ,philosophic ,me?od1 ,m9d1 #ahhf1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #aeg4 #h ,ibid41 p4 #afj4 7,obs]ve t ?is is a direct ref]5ce to ,b]keley47 #i ,op4 cit4 #aj ,op4 cit41 p4 #afa4 #aa ,ibid4 #ab ,?ird ,edition1 p4 #ed4 #ac ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #aff f4 #ad ,ibid41 p4 #aff4 #ae ,ibid4 #af ,op4 cit41 p4 #agj4 #ag ,ibid4 #ah ,op4 cit41 p4 #agb4 #ai ,ibid4 #bj ,op4 cit4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,/&po9t ,! psy*ological me?od1 z s f> pres5t$1 is an outl9e :i* mu/ be develop$ 9 detail be=e its philosophical import is reveal$4 ,= sev]al ye>s foll[+ ! publication ( 8 fir/ articles 9 ,m9d ,dewey 0 occupi$ ) ! task ( work+ out 8 me?od 9 great] detail1 & giv+ x m concrete =m4 ,8 ?\ght dur+ ?is p]iod foll[s a fairly regul> ord] ( developm5t1 :i* is to be sket*$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,9 #ahhg ,dewey publi%$ 9 ,m9d an article entitl$ ,k z ,idealisation4#ba ,?is article is1 9 effect1 a consid]ation ( "o ( ! special problems ( ! psy*ological me?od4 ,if reality is an et]nal & all-inclusive consci\sness1 9 :i* s5sations & mean+s are ord]$ accord+ to a rational sy/em1 :at mu/ be ! nature ( ! f9ite ?\ght-process :i* appreh5ds ?is reality8 ,9 8 previ\s articles ,dewey _h propos$ ! psy*ological me?od z an actual mode ( inve/igation1 & que/ions conc]n+ ! nature ( ! human ?\ght-process naturally =c$ !mselves ^u 8 att5tion4 ,! ?\ght-process is1 to beg9 )1 a relat+ activity :i* gives mean+ to exp]i5ce4 ,says ,dewey3 ,:5 ,psy*ology recognizes t ! relat+ activity ( m9d is "o n ex]cis$ ^u s5sations1 b "o :i* supplies relations & !reby makes mean+ 7makes exp]i5ce1 z ,kant said71 ,psy*ology w be 9 a position to expla91 & ?us to become ,philosophy4#bb ,?is /atem5t raises ! m specific "q1 :at is mean+8 ,e idea1 ,dewey rem>ks1 has two aspects3 exi/5ce & mean+4 ,recogniz+ t e psy*ical fact does h ^! two aspects1 we %all1 = ! pres5t1 conf9e ourselves to ask+ ! nature1 function & orig9 ( ! aspect ( mean+ or significance--! cont5t ( ! idea z oppos$ to its exi/5ce4#bc ,! mean+ aspect ( ! idea _c be r$uc$ to ! c5trally excit$ image exi/5ces :i* =m a "p ( ! exi/5ce-aspect ( ! idea4 ,i repeat1 z exi/5ce1 we h only a clu/]+ ( s5su\s feel+s1 /rong] & weak]4#bd ,b ! ?+ is n p]ceiv$ z a clu/]+ ( feel+s2 ! s5sations are imm$iately int]pret$ z a significant object4 ,p]ceiv+1 to re/ate a psy*ological commonplace1 is int]pret+4 ,! cont5t ( ! p]ception is :at is signifi$4#be ,dewey's treatm5t ( s5sations1 at ?is po9t1 is some:at unc]ta94 ,if x be a manifold t is giv5 to ! act ( int]pretation1 ,kant's difficulty is aga9 pres5t$4 ,! b>e s5sations tak5 by !mselves mean no?+1 & yet ev]y?+ does mean some?+ 9 be+ appreh5d$4 ,! conclusion %\ld be t !re is no su* ?+ z m]e exi/5ce4 ,dewey's judgm5t is undecid$ on ?is issue4 ,x is true en\gh1 he says1 t )\t ! idea z exi/5ce !re w\ld be no exp]i5ce2 ! s5su\s clu/]+ is a condition s9e qua non ( all1 ev5 ! highe/ spiritual1 consci\sness4 ,b x is none ! less true t if we c\ld /rip any psy*ical exi/5ce ( all its qualities except b>e exi/5ce1 !re w\ld be no?+ left1 n ev5 exi/5ce1 = our intellig5ce4444 ,if we take out ( an exp]i5ce all t x means1 z di/+ui%$ f :at x is--a p>ticul> occurr5ce at a c]ta9 "t1 !re is no psy*ical exp]i5ce4 ,! b>e/ fragm5t ( consci\sness t c be hit ^u has mean+ z well z be+4#bf ,an int]pretation ( reality z truly organic w\ld treat me*anical s5sation z a pure fiction4 ,b ,dewey cl+s to 'exi/5ce' z a necess>y 'aspect' ( ! psy*ical fact4 ,! t]ms & relations nev] entirely fuse1 al?\gh !y are indisp5sable to ea* o!r4 ,!re is dang] t ! result+ view ( exp]i5ce w be some:at angul> & /ructural4 ,at "o po9t1 inde$1 ,dewey ass]ts t !re is no su* ?+ z a m]ely imm$iate psy*ical fact1 at lea/ = our exp]i5ce4 ,s f> is x f be+ true t we "k only :at is imm$iately pres5t 9 consci\sness1 t x %\ld r be said t :at is imm$iately pres5t is nev] kn[n4#bg ,b 9 ! next p>agraph ,dewey rem>ks3 ,t :i* is imm$iately pres5t is ! s5su\s exi/5ce2 t :i* is kn[n is ! cont5t convey$ by ?is exi/5ce4#bh ,! s5sation is n kn[n1 & !re=e probably n exp]i5c$4 ,9 ?is case ,dewey is dep>t+ f 8 own pr9ciples1 by introduc+ non-exp]i5c$ factors into 8 int]pretation ( exp]i5ce4 ,! language is ambigu\s4 ,if no?+ is imm$iately giv51 !n ! s5su\s cont5t is n s giv54 ,! 's5su\s exi/5ces' assum$ by ,dewey are ! gho/s ( ,kant's 'manifold ( s5sation4' ,! difficulty comes out cle>ly 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,x is indiff]5t to ! s5sation :e!r x is int]pret$ z a cl\d or z a m\nta92 a dang] signal1 or a signal ( op5 passage4 ,! auditory s5sation rema9s un*ang$ :e!r x is int]pret$ z an evil _s urg+ "o to murd]1 or z intra-organic1 due to disord]$ blood-pressure4444 ,x is n ! s5sation 9 & ( itself t means ?is or t object2 x is ! s5sation z associat$1 compos$1 id5tifi$1 or discrim9at$ ) o!r exp]i5ces2 ! s5sation1 9 %ort1 z m$iat$4 ,! :ole wor? ( ! s5sation = intellig5ce is ! mean+ x has by virtue ( its relation to ! re/ ( exp]i5ce4#bi ,!re is an obvi\s p>allel betwe5 ?is view ( exp]i5ce & ,kant's4 ,kant1 inde$1 transc5d$ ! notion t exp]i5ce is a /ructure ( s5sations set 9 a frame-"w ( ?\ght =ms2 b ! fir/ ,critique und\bt$ly leaves ! av]age read] ) su* a conception ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is unju/ to ,kant1 h[ev]1 to take ! me*anical aspect ( 8 ?\ght z its mo/ important phase4 ,he /&s1 9 ! op9ion ( mod]n critics1 at a half-way /age betwe5 ! me*anism ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! organic logic ( ! n9ete5?1 & 8 works po9t ! way f ! l[] to ! high] po9t ( view4 ,?is 0 recogniz$ by ,hegel & by 8 foll[]s 9 ,engl&4 ,h[ does x happ51 !n1 t ,dewey1 :o 0 well-read 9 ! philosophical lit]ature ( ! day1 %\ld h p]si/$ 9 a view ( exp]i5ce :i* appe>s to assume ! ext]nally organiz$ manifold ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason8 ,or1 to put ! "q m explicitly1 :y did he reta9 z a fundam5tal assumption ,kant's 'manifold ( s5sations'8 ,s f>1 ,dewey has be5 conc]n$ ) ! nature ( mean+4 ,he n[ turns to k1 & ! kn[+ process z t :i* gives mean+ to exp]i5ce4 ,k1 or sci5ce1 he says1 is a process ( foll[+ out ! ideal elem5t 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! idealisation ( sci5ce is simply a fur!r developm5t ( ?is ideal elem5t4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 only r5d]+ explicit & def9ite ! mean+1 ! idea1 already conta9$ 9 p]ception4#cj ,b if p]ception is already organiz$ by ?\ght1 ! s5sations mu/ h be5 relat$ 9 a 'productive imag9ation4' ,dewey1 h[ev]1 does n recognize su* a necessity4 ,! factor ( mean+ is ideal1 he cont9ues1 because x is n pres5t z s mu* imm$iate cont5t1 b is pres5t z symboliz$ or m$iat$4 ,b ! "q may be ask$1 ,:5ce come ! ideal elem5ts :i* give to exp]i5ce its mean+8 ,no answ] c be giv5 except by psy*ology1 z an inquiry into ! facts1 z contra/$ ) ! logical necessity ( exp]i5ce4 ,s5sations acquire mean+ ?r\gh be+ id5tifi$ ) & discrim9at$ f o!r s5sations to :i* !y are relat$4 ,b x is n z m]e exi/5ces t !y are comp>$ & relat$1 b z already ideas or mean+s4 ,! id5tification is ( ! mean+ ( ! pres5t s5sation ) "s mean+ previ\sly exp]i5c$1 b :i*1 al?\gh previ\sly exp]i5c$1 /ill exi/s because x is mean+1 & n occurr5ce4#ca ,! exi/5ces to :i* mean+s atta* come & g1 & are new = e new appe>ance ( ! idea 9 consci\sness2 b ! mean+s rema94 ,! exp]i5ce1 z an exi/5ce at a giv5 "t1 has =ev] vani%$4 ,its mean+1 z an ideal quality1 rema9s z long z ! m9d does4 ,inde$1 its rema9+ is ! rema9+ ( ! m9d2 ! cons]vation ( ! ideal quality ( exp]i5ce is :at makes ! m9d a p]man5ce4#cb ,x is n possible1 ,dewey says1 to imag9e a primitive /ate 9 :i* unmean+ s5sations exi/$ alone4 ,mean+ _c arise out ( t :i* has no mean+4 ,s5sations _c revive ea* o!r except z memb]s ( "o :ole ( mean+2 & ev5 if !y c\ld1 we %\ld h no beg9n+ ( significant exp]i5ce4 ,significance1 mean+1 mu/ be already !re4 ,intellig5ce1 9 %ort1 is ! "o indisp5sable condition ( intellig5t exp]i5ce4#cc ,?9k+ is an act :i* idealizes exp]i5ce by trans=m+ s5sations into an intelligible :ole4 ,x works by seiz+ ^u ! ideal elem5t :i* is already !re1 cons]v+ x1 & develop+ x4 ,x produces k by supply+ relations to exp]i5ce4 ,dewey realizes t 8 act ( intellig5ce is simil> to ,kant's 'app]ceptive unity4' ,he says3 ,! m5tion ( ,kant's "n sugge/s t bo? 8 /r5g? & 8 weakness lie 9 ! l9e j m5tion$4 ,x is 8 /r5g? t he recognizes t an app]ceptive unity int]pret+ s5sations ?r\gh categories :i* con/itute ! syn!tic cont5t ( self-consci\sness is indisp5sable to exp]i5ce4 ,x is 8 weakness t he conceives ?is cont5t z purely logical1 & h5ce z =mal4#cd ,kant's error 0 to treat ! self z =mal & held ap>t f its mat]ial4 ,! self does n "w ) a priori =ms ^u an a po/]iori mat]ial1 b intellig5ce z ideal 7or a priori7 con/itutes exp]i5ce 7or ! a po/]iori7 z hav+ mean+4#ce ,dewey's /&po9t "h seems to be simil> to t ( ,gre54 ,b z ,kant's unity ( app]ception became = ,gre5 m]ely a symbol ( ! _w's inh]5t intelligibility1 ! latt] did n reg>d x z an actual process ( syn!sis4 ,dewey fails to make a di/9ction1 :i* might h be5 useful to him1 betwe5 ,kant's unity ( app]ception & 8 productive imag9ation4 ,x is ! latt] :i* ,dewey reta9s1 & he t5ds to id5tify x ) ! empirical process ( ! und]/&+4 ,kn[+1 psy*ologically consid]$1 is a syn!tic process4 ,& ?is is to say t exp]i5ce gr[s z intellig5ce adds out ( its own ideal cont5t ideal quality4444 ,! gr[? ( ! p[] ( comp>ison implies n a =mal gr[?1 b a syn!tic int]nal gr[?4#cf ,dewey1 ( c\rse1 views und]/&+ z an integral "p ( reality's processes r ?an z a process ap>t1 b x is = him a v special activity1 :i* builds up ! mean+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,k might be indiff]5tly describ$1 !re=e1 z a process ( idealisation ( exp]i5ce1 or ( realisation ( intellig5ce4 ,x is ea* ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,ultimately ! gr[? ( exp]i5ce mu/ consi/ 9 ! developm5t out ( itself by intellig5ce ( its own implicit ideal cont5t ^u occasion ( ! solicitation ( s5sation4#cg ,! difficulties ( ,dewey's orig9al position are num]\s4 ,! relation ( ! self1 z a syn!tic activity1 to ! ,et]nal ,consci\sness1 9 :i* mean+ already exi/s 9 a complet$ =m1 is especially p]plex+4 ,does ! self m]ely trace out ! mean+ already pres5t 9 reality1 or is x a factor 9 ! creation ( mean+8 ,x is cle> t if ! ?9k+ process is a g5u9ely syn!tic activity1 impos+ mean+ on s5sations1 x lit]ally 'makes ! _w' ( our exp]i5ce4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if mean+ is giv5 to ?\ght1 z a "p ( its data1 ! self m]ely reproduces 9 a subjective exp]i5ce ! ?\ght :i* exi/s objectively 9 ! et]nal m9d4 ,! dilemma arises z a result ( ,dewey's initial conception ( reality z a /ructure ( s5sations & mean+s4 ,?is conception ( reality mu/ be giv5 up1 if ! notion ( ?\ght z a process ( idealization is to be reta9$4 ,9 #ahhh1 ,dewey's ,leibniz's ,new ,essays ,conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+ appe>$1 & dur+ ! two ye>s foll[+ he appe>s to h become int]e/$ 9 e?ical !ory1 ! results ( 8 /udy beg9n+ to appe> 9 #ahij4 ,dewey's e?ical !ories h s important a be>+ ^u 8 logical !ory z to dem& special att5tion4 ,!y w be res]v$1 !re=e1 = a sep>ate *apt]1 & att5tion w be giv5 "h to ! m /rictly logical /udies ( ! p]iod4 ,! ?ree ye>s :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! publication ( ! essay on ,k z ,idealisation & ! appe>ance ( an article ,on ,"s ,curr5t ,conceptions ( ! t]m ',self1' 9 ,m9d 7#ahij71ch did n s]ve to div]t ,dewey's att5tion f ! inquiries 9 :i* he _h previ\sly be5 int]e/$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! lat] article %[s h[ p]si/5tly 8 m9d mu/ h dwelt ^u ! problems connect$ ) ! notion ( ! self z a syn!tic activity 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! imm$iate occasion = ! article on ! ,self 0 ! appe>ance ( ,pr(essor ,&rew ,se?'s "w1 ,hegelianism & ,p]sonality 7#ahhi74 ,dewey appe>s to h be5 influ5c$ by ,se? at an ev5 e>li] p]iod1#ci & he n[ f\nd ! lectures on ,hegel /imulat+ 9 connection ) 8 own problems ab\t ?\ght & reality4 ,x w n be necess>y to g into ! details ( ,dewey's criticism ( ! ?ree ideas ( ! self pres5t$ by ,se?4 ,s9ce x is ,dewey's own position t is 9 "q1 x is bett] to beg9 ) 8 acc\nt ( ! hi/orical orig9 ( ^! def9itions1 *iefly z f\nd 9 ,kant1 incid5tally 9 ,hegel z relat$ to ,kant4#dj ,dewey turns to ! ',transc5d5tal ,d$uction1' & foll[s ,kant's description ( ! syn!tic unity ( app]ception4 ,its gi/1 he says1 9 ! second edition ( ! ,k4d4r4,v41 is ! pro( t ! id5tity ( self-consci\sness involves ! syn!sis ( ! manifold ( feel+s ?r\gh rules or pr9ciples :i* r5d] ?is manifold objective1 & t1 !re=e1 ! analytic id5tity ( self-consci\sness involves an objective syn!tic unity ( consci\sness4#da ,to say t self-consci\sness is id5tical is a m]ely analytical proposition1 &1 z x /&s1 unfruitful4 ,b if we ask h[ we "k ?is sam5ess or id5tity ( consci\sness1 ! b>r5 pr9ciple becomes wond]fully fruitful4#db ,9 ord] to "k reality z m9e1 n only mu/ ! consci\sness t x is m9e accompany ea* p>ticul> impression1 b ea* mu/ be kn[n z an elem5t 9 "o consci\sness4 ,! sole way ( acc\nt+ = ?is analytic id5tity ( consci\sness is ?r\gh ! activity ( consci\sness 9 connect+ or 'putt+ toge!r' ! manifold ( s5se4#dc ,9 ! ',d$uction' ( ! fir/ ,critique1 ,dewey cont9ues1 ,kant beg9s ) ! consci\sness ( objects1 r ?an ) ! id5tity ( self-consci\sness4 ,"h also consci\sness implies a unity1 :i* is n m]ely =mal1 b "o :i* actually connects ! manifold ( s5se by an act4 ,:e!r1 !n1 we inquire :at is involv$ 9 m]e sam5ess ( consci\sness1 or :at is involv$ 9 an objective _w1 we get ! same answ]3 a consci\sness :i* is n =mal or analytic1 b :i* is syn!tic ( s5se1 & :i* acts univ]sally 7accord+ to pr9ciples7 9 ?is syn!sis4#dd ,! t]m ',self1' z ?us employ$ by ,kant1 ,dewey says1 is ! correlative ( ! intelligible _w4 ,x is ! transc5d5tal self look$ at z '!re1' z a product1 in/ead ( z an activity or process4#de ,?is1 h[ev]1 by no means exhau/s :at ,kant means by ! self1 = :ile he proce$s 9 ! ',d$uction' z if ! manifold ( s5se & ! syn!tic unity ( ! self 7 /rictly correlative1 he assumes a diff]5t attitude else:]e4 ,! manifold ( s5se is some?+ 9 relation to ! ?+-9-itself1 & ! =ms ( ?\ght h a ref]5ce beyond _! m]e application to ! manifold4 ,9 ! o!r connections ! self appe>s z some?+ purely =mal2 some?+ ap>t f its manife/ation 9 exp]i5ce4 ,9 view ( ! wid] mean+ ( ! self1 ,dewey asks1 ,c ! result ( ! transc5d5tal d$uction /& )\t fur!r int]pretation8 ,x w\ld appe> t ! cont5t ( ! self is n ! same z ! cont5t ( ! kn[n _w4 ,! self is too great to exhau/ itself 9 relation to s5sation4 ,s5se is1 z x 71 inadequate to ! relations :i* con/itute self-consci\sness1 & ?us !re mu/ also rema9 a surplusage 9 ! self1 n ent]+ into ! make-up ( ! kn[n _w4#df ,?is foll[s f ! fact t1 :ile ! self is uncondition$1 ! manifold ( s5sation is condition$1 z giv51 by ! =ms ( space & "t4 ,exp]i5ce c nev] be complete en\gh to h a cont5t equal to t ( self-consci\sness1 = exp]i5ce c nev] escape its limitation ?r\gh space & "t4 ,self-consci\sness is real1 & n m]ely logical2 x is ! gr\nd ( ! reality ( exp]i5ce2 x is wid] ?an exp]i5ce1 & yet is unkn[n except s f> z x is reflect$ ?r\gh its own det]m9ations 9 exp]i5ce1--?is is ! result ( our analysis ( ,kant1 ! ,d+-an-,si* be+ elim9at$ b ! ,kantian me?od & all presuppositions n involv$ 9 ! notion ( ! ,d+-an-,si* be+ reta9$4#dg ,dewey's int]pretation ( ,kant's doctr9e z pres5t$ 9 ! ',d$uctions' is no d\bt ess5tially correct4 ,b grant+ t ,kant f\nd x necess>y to introduce a syn!sis 9 imag9ation to acc\nt = ! unity ( exp]i5ce & ju/ify our k ( its relations1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ?is necessity foll[$ f ! nature ( 8 presuppositions4 ,if ! primal reality is a 'manifold ( s5sations1' proce$+ f a n\m5al s\rce1 & lack+ mean+ & relations1 x foll[s t ! manifold mu/ be ga!r$ up into a unity be=e ! exp]i5ce :i* we actually appreh5d c be acc\nt$ =4 ,b if reality is exp]i5ce1 possess+ ord] & coh]5ce 9 its own nature1 ! productive imag9ation is r5d]$ sup]flu\s4 ,dewey1 h[ev]1 cl+s to ! notion t ?\ght is a syn!tic activity :i* makes exp]i5ce1 & draws support f ,kant = 8 doctr9e4 ,dewey n[ inquires :at relation ?is revis$ ,kantian conception ( ! self be>s to ! view advanc$ by ,se?1 viz41 t ! idea ( self-consci\sness is ! highe/ category ( ?\ght & explanation4 ,kant _h tri$ to discov] ! diff]5t =ms ( syn!sis1 by a me?od some:at artificial to be sure1 & _h f\nd twelve ( !m4 ,:ile ,hegel's indep5d5t d]ivation & indep5d5t plac+ ( ! categories mu/ be accept$1 x does n foll[ t ! idea ( self-consci\sness c be includ$ 9 ! li/1 ev5 if x be consid]$ ! highe/ category4 ,= x is impossible z long z we reta9 ,kant's fundam5tal presupposition--! idea ( ! p>tial det]m9ation ( s5sation by relation to p]ception1 ap>t f its relation to conception--to employ self-consci\sness z a pr9ciple ( expla9+ any fact ( exp]i5ce4#dh ,x _c be said ( ! self ( ,kant t x is simply an hypo/atiz$ category4 ,x is m1 because ! self ( ,kant 444 is m ?an any category3 x is a real activity or be+4#di ,hegel1 ,dewey cont9ues1 develops only "o aspect ( ,kant's ,critique1 t is1 ! logical aspect1 & consequ5tly does n fulfil ,kant's entire purpose4 ,?is is1 ,i repeat1 n an imman5t 'criticism ( categories' b an analysis ( exp]i5ce into its aspects & really con/itu5t elem5ts4#ej ,dewey1 z usual1 %[s 8 opposition to a 'm]ely logical' me?od 9 philosophy4 ,he pla9ly indicates 8 dissatisfaction ) ! ,hegelian developm5t ( ,kant's /&po9t4 ,he is unfair to ,hegel1 h[ev]1 9 attribut+ to him a 'm]ely logical' me?od4 ,kant's self 01 z ,dewey ass]ts1 some?+ m ?an a category ( ?\ght1 b x is sc>cely illum9at+ to say ( ,kant t 8 purpose 0 ! analysis ( exp]i5ce into its 'con/itu5t elem5ts4' ,kant did1 inde$1 analyze exp]i5ce1 b ?is analysis mu/ be reg>d$ z incid5tal to a l>g] purpose4 ,no criticism ne$ be made ( ,dewey's pref]5ce = ! psy*ological1 z oppos$ to ! logical aspects ( ,kant's "w4 ,! only comm5t to be made is t ?is attitude is n 9 l9e ) ! mod]n developm5t ( idealism4 ,! "q :i* f9ally em]ges1 z ! result ( ,dewey's inquiry1 is ?is3 ,:at is ! nature ( ?is self-activity :i* is m ?an ! m]e category ( self-consci\sness8 ,z long z s5sation 0 reg>d$ z giv5 by a ?+-9-itself1 x 0 possible to =m a conception ( ! self :i* did n id5tify x ) ! _w4 ,b :5 s5se is reg>d$ z hav+ mean+ only because x is '!re' z det]m9$ by ?\ght1 j z ?\ght is '!re' only z det]m9+ s5se1 x w\ld seem ei!r t ! self is j _! syn!tic unity 7?us equall+ ! _w7 or t x mu/ be ?ru/ back ( exp]i5ce1 & become a ?+-9-itself4 ,! activity ( ! self c h>dly be a ?ird some?+ di/9ct f ?\ght & f s5se1 & x _c be _! syn!tic union4 ,:at1 !n1 is x8#ea ,gre51 ,dewey says1 attempt$ to solve ! difficulty by 8 idea ( a completely realiz$ self mak+ an animal organism ! vehicle ( its own reproduction 9 "t4#eb ,?is attempt 0 at lea/ 9 ! "r direction1 ackn[l$g+ z x did ! fact t ! self is some?+ m ?an ! highe/ category ( ?\ght4 ,dewey admits 8 difficulties 9 a way t makes ext5d$ comm5t unnecess>y4 ,he does n *all5ge ! validity ( ! ,hegelian developm5t ( ! ,kantian categories1 b proposes to make m ( ! self ?an ! ,hegelians ord9>ily d4 ,?is syn!tic self-activity mu/ reveal itself z a concrete process2 t is "o ( ! dem&s ( 8 psy*ological /&po9t4 ,x is impossible to =esee :at ?is process w\ld be z an actual fact ( exp]i5ce4 ,al?\gh ! next article :i* is to be consid]$ does n (f] a direct answ] to ! problems :i* h s f> be5 rais$1 x nev]!less indicates ! g5]al direction :i* ,dewey's ?\ght is to take4 ,?is article1 on ,! ,pres5t ,position ( ,logical ,!ory1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,moni/ 9 #ahia4ec ,dewey appe>s at ?is "t z ! *ampion ( ! transc5d5tal1 or ,hegelian logic1 9 opposition to =mal & inductive logic4 ,8 attitude t[>d ,hegel und]goes a m>k$ *ange at ?is p]iod4 ,dewey's g5]al objection to =mal logic is well express$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,x is assum$1 9 f9e1 t ?\ght has a nature ( its own indep5d5t ( facts or subject-matt]2 t ?is ?\ght1 p] se1 has c]ta9 =ms1 & t ^! =ms are n =ms :i* ! facts !mselves take1 v>y+ ) ! facts1 b are rigid frames1 into :i* ! facts are to be set4 ,n[ all ( ?is conception--! notion t ! m9d has a faculty ( ?\ght ap>t f ?+s1 ! notion t ?is faculty is con/ruct$1 9 & ( itself1 ) a fix$ framework1 ! notion t ?9k+ is ! impos+ ( ?is fix$ framework on "s unyield+ matt] call$ p>ticul> objects1 or facts--all ( ?is conception appe>s to me z highly s*ola/ic4#ed ,! inductive logic1 ,dewey says1 /ill cl+s to ! notion ( ?\ght z a faculty ap>t f its mat]ial1 op]at+ ) b>e =ms ^u s5sations4 ,kant _h be5 guilty ( ?is sep>ation & nev] ov]came x successfully4 ,because =mal logic views ?\ght z a process ap>t f ! matt] ) :i* x has to deal1 x c nev] be ! logic ( sci5ce4 ,= if sci5ce means any?+1 x is t our ideas1 our judgm5ts may 9 "s degree reflect & report ! fact itself4 ,sci5ce means1 on "o h&1 t ?\ght is free to attack & get hold ( its subject-matt]1 &1 on ! o!r1 t fact is free to break ?r\gh into ?\ght2 free to impress itself--or r to express itself--9 intellig5ce )\t vitiation or deflection4 ,sci5tific m5 are true to ! in/9ct ( ! sci5tific _s 9 fight+ %y ( a di/9ct a priori factor suppli$ to fact f ! m9d4 ,apriorism ( ?is sort mu/ seem l an ef=t to cramp ! fre$om ( intellig5ce & ( fact1 to br+ !m "u ! yoke ( fix$1 ext]nal =ms4#ee ,9 opposition to ?is =mal1 &1 z he calls x1 subjective /&po9t 9 logic1 ,dewey /&s = ! transc5d5tal logic1 :i* supposes t !re is "s k9d ( vital connection betwe5 ?\ght & fact2 t ?9k+1 9 %ort1 is no?+ b ! fact 9 its process ( translation f brute impression to luc5t mean+4#ef ,hegel holds ?is view ( logic4 ,?is1 !n1 is :y ,i conceive ,hegel--entirely ap>t f ! value ( any special results--to repres5t ! qu9tess5ce ( ! sci5tific _s4 ,he d5ies n only ! possibility ( gett+ tru? out ( a =mal1 ap>t ?\ght1 b he d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any faculty ( ?\ght :i* is o!r ?an ! expression ( fact itself4#eg ,at ano!r place ,dewey expresses 8 view ( ,hegel z foll[s3 ,relations ( ?\ght are1 to ,hegel1 ! typical =ms ( mean+ :i* ! subject-matt] takes 9 its v>i\s progressive /ages ( be+ und]/ood4#eh ,dewey's def5ce ( ! transc5d5tal logic is vigor\s4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! disrespect into :i* ! transc5d5tal logic _h fall51 0 due to ! fact t ! popul> compreh5sion ( ! transc5d5tal movem5t _h be5 arre/$ at ,kant1 & _h nev] gone on to ,hegel4 ,! objection made to ,kant's /&po9t is t x treat$ ?\ght z a process ov] aga9/ exp]i5ce1 impos+ its =ms ^u x f )\t4 ,kant nev] dreams1 = a mom5t1 ( que/ion+ ! exi/5ce ( a special faculty ( ?\ght ) its own peculi> & fix$ =ms4 ,he /ates & re/ates t ?\ght 9 itself exi/s ap>t f fact & occupies itself ) fact giv5 to x f )\t4#ei ,:ile ,kant gave ! dea? bl[ to a m]ely =mal conception ( ?\ght1 indirectly1 & op5$ up ! way = an organic int]pretation1 he did n a*ieve ! high] /&po9t himself4 ,rema9+ at ! /&po9t ( ,kant1 !re=e1 ! critic ( ! transc5d5tal logic has mu* to compla9 (4 ,sci5tific m5 deal ) facts1 look to !m = guidance1 & mu/ suppose t ?\ght & fact pass into ea* o!r directly1 & )\t vitiation or deflection4 ,!y are correct 9 oppos+ a conception :i* w\ld int]pose conditions betwe5 ?\ght on ! "o h& & ! facts on ! o!r4 ,b ,hegel is true to ! sci5tific _s4 ,:5 ,hegel calls ?\ght objective he means j :at he says3 t !re is no special1 ap>t faculty ( ?\ght belong+ to & op]at$ by a m9d exi/+ sep>ate f ! out] _w4 ,:at ,hegel means by objective ?\ght is ! mean+1 ! significance ( ! fact itself2 & by me?ods ( ?\ght he und]/&s simply ! processes 9 :i* ?is mean+ ( fact is evolv$4#fj ,if ,hegel is true to ! sci5tific _s2 if 8 logic presupposes t !re is an intr9sic connection ( ?\ght & fact1 & views sci5ce simply z ! progressive realization ( ! _w's ideality1 !n ! only que/ions to be ask$ ab\t 8 logic are que/ions ( fact conc]n+ 8 treatm5t ( ! categories4 ,is ! _w su* a connect$ sy/em z he holds x to be8 ,&1 if a sy/em1 does x1 9 p>ticul>1 pres5t su* phases 7su* relations1 categories7 z ,hegel %[s =?8#fa ,^! que/ions are :olly objective4 ,su* a logic z ,hegel's c\ld sc>cely make headway :5 x 0 fir/ produc$1 because ! significance ( ! _w1 its ideal "*1 _h n be5 br\ght to light ?r\gh ! sci5ces4 ,we are n[ rea*+ a /age1 h[ev]1 :]e sci5ce has br\ght ! ideality ( ! _w into ! =egr\nd1 :]e x may become z real & objective a mat]ial ( /udy z molecules & vibrations4 ,?is appreciation ( ,hegel w\ld seem to indicate t ,dewey has f9ally grasp$ ! significance ( ,hegel's developm5t ( ! ,kantian /&po9t4 ,a close read+ ( ! article1 h[ev]1 dispels ?is impression4 ,dewey believes t he has f\nd 9 ,hegel a support = 8 own psy*ological me?od 9 philosophy4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ,hegel's /&po9t 0 any?+ b psy*ological4 ,dewey has already giv5 up ,kant2 he w pres5tly des]t ,hegel4 ,a psy*ological int]pretation ( ! ?\ght-process 9 its relations to reality is n compatible ) ! critical me?od 9 philosophy4 ,9 ! next article to be exam9$1 ,! ,sup]/ition ( ,necessity1 9 ! ,moni/ 7#ahic71fb ,dewey beg9s to atta9 ! psy*ological description ( ?\ght at :i* he _h be5 aim+4 ,?is article 0 sugge/$1 z ,dewey indicates 9 a foot-note1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,pi]ce's article1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,necessity ,exam9$1 9 ! ,moni/ 7#ahib74fc ,al?\gh ,dewey ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to ,pi]ce = c]ta9 sugge/ions1 ! two articles h little 9 common4 ,dewey _h consi/5tly ma9ta9$ t ?\ght is a syn!tic activity ?r\gh :i* reality is idealiz$ or takes on mean+4 ,x is f ?is /&po9t t he approa*es ! subject ( necessity4 ,! foll[+ passage reveals ! connection betwe5 8 =m] position & ! "o t he is n[ approa*+3 ,! :ole1 al?\gh fir/ 9 ! ord] ( reality1 is la/ 9 ! ord] ( k4 ,! complete /atem5t ( ! :ole is ! goal1 n ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,we beg91 !re=e1 ) fragm5ts1 :i* are tak5 = :oles2 & x is only by piec+ toge!r ^! fragm5ts1 & by ! trans=mation ( !m involv$ 9 ?is comb9ation1 t we arrive at ! real fact4 ,!re comes a /age at :i* ! recognition ( ! unity beg9s to dawn ^u u1 & yet1 ! tradition ( ! _m di/9ct :oles survives2 judgm5t has to comb9e ^! two contradictory conceptions2 x does s by ! !ory t ! dawn+ unity is an effect necess>ily produc$ by ! int]action ( ! =m] :oles4 ,only z ! consci\sness ( ! unity gr[s /ill m is x se5 t in/ead ( a gr\p ( indep5d5t facts1 held toge!r by 'necess>y' ties1 !re is "o reality1 ( :i* we h be5 appreh5d+ v>i\s fragm5ts 9 succession & attribut+ to !m a spuri\s :ol5ess & indep5d5ce4 ,we le>n 7b only at ! end7 t in/ead ( discov]+ & !n connect+ toge!r a numb] ( sep>ate realities1 we h be5 engag$ 9 ! progressive def9ition ( "o fact4#fd ,dewey adds to 8 idea t our k ( reality is a progressive developm5t ( its implicit ideality ?r\gh a syn!tic ?\ght-process1 ! specification t ! process ( idealization occurs 9 connection ) p>ticul> crises & situations4 ,!re comes a /age1 he says1 :5 unity beg9s to dawn & mean+ em]ges4 ,necessity is a t]m us$ 9 connection ) ^! transitions f p>tial to great] realization ( ! _w's total mean+4 ,necessity is a middle t]m1 or g-betwe54 ,x m>ks a critical /age 9 ! developm5t ( k4 ,no necessity atta*es to a :ole1 z su*4 ,qua :ole1 ! fact simply is :at x is2 :ile ! p>ts1 in/ead ( be+ necessitat$ ei!r by "o ano!r or by ! :ole1 are ! analyz$ factors con/itut+1 9 _! complete circuit1 ! :ole4#fe ,b :5 ! orig9al :ole breaks up1 ?r\gh its inability to compreh5d new facts "u its unity1 a process ( judgm5t occurs :i* aims at ! e/abli%m5t ( a new unity4 ,! judgm5t ( necessity1 9 o!r words1 is exactly & solely ! transition 9 our k f unconnect$ judgm5ts to a m compreh5sive syn!sis4 ,its value is j ! value ( ?is transition2 z negat+ ! old p>tial & isolat$ judgm5ts--9 its backw>d look--necessity has mean+2 9 its =w>d look--) ref]5ce to ! result+ completely organiz$ subject-matt]--x is itself z false z ! isolat$ judgm5ts :i* x replaces4#ff ,we say t ?+s mu/ be s1 :5 we d n "k t !y are s2 t is1 :ile we are 9 c\rse ( det]m9+ :at !y are4 ,necessity has its value exclusively 9 ?is transition4 ,dewey attempts to %[1 9 a discussion :i* ne$ n be foll[$ 9 detail1 t !re is no?+ radical 9 8 view1 & t x f9ds support among ! ideali/s & empirici/s alike4 ,?9k]s ( bo? s*ools 7he quotes ,caird & ,v5n7 admit t ! process ( judgm5t involves a *ange 9 objects1 at lea/ z !y are = u4 ,!re is a trans=mation ( _! value & mean+4 ,?is po9t be+ held 9 common1 bo? s*ools mu/ agree t ! progress ( judgm5t is equival5t to a *ange 9 ! value ( objects--t objects z !y are = u1 z kn[n1 *ange ) ! developm5t ( our judgm5ts4#fg ,dewey proposes to give a m specific description ( ?is process ( trans=mation1 & especially1 to %[ h[ ! idea ( necessity is involv$ 9 x4 ,! process ( trans=mation is occasion$ by practical necessity4 ,m5 h a t5d5cy to take objects z j s mu* & no m2 to atta* to a giv5 subject-matt] ^! pr$icates1 & no o!rs4 ,!re is a pr9ciple ( in]tia1 or economy1 9 ! m9d1 :i* leads x to ma9ta9 objects 9 _! /atus quo z long z possible4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! reluctance ( ! m9d to give up an object once made lies deep 9 its economies4444 ,i wi% "h to call att5tion to ! fact t ! =m+ ( a numb] ( di/9ct objects has its orig9 9 practical ne$s ( our nature4 ,! analysis & syn!sis :i* is fir/ made is t ( mo/ practical importance4444#fh ,we t5d to reta9 su* objects z we h1 & x is n until ! orig9al subject-matt] has be5 ov]load$ ) v>i\s & oppos+ pr$icates t we ?9k ( d\bt+ ! correctness ( our fir/ judgm5ts1 ( putt+ our fir/ objects "u suspicion4#fi ,once ! ,ptolemaic sy/em is well e/abli%$1 cycles & epicycles are add$ )\t numb]1 r ?an recon/ruct ! orig9al object4 ,:51 f9ally1 we are compell$ to make "s *ange1 we t5d to inv5t "s new object to :i* ! pr$icates c atta*4 ,:5 qualities arise s incompatible ) ! object already =m$ t !y _c be ref]r$ to t object1 x is easi] to =m a new object on _! basis ?an x is to d\bt ! correctness ( ! old4444#gj ,let u suppose1 !n1 t "u /ress ( practical ne$1 we ref] ! new pr$icates to "s new object1 & h1 z a consequ5ce1 two objects4 7,dewey illu/rates ?is situation by specific examples47 ,?is sep>ation ( ! two objects _c cont9ue long1 be=e we beg9 to discov] t ! two objects are relat$ elem5ts 9 a l>g] :ole4 ,! wall ( p>tition betwe5 ! two sep>ate 'objects' _c be brok5 at "o attack2 !y h to be worn away by ! attrition aris+ f _! sl[ movem5t into "o ano!r4 ,x is ! 'necess>y' influ5ce :i* "o ex]ts ^u ! o!r t f9ally rubs away ! sep>at5ess & leaves !m reveal$ z elem5ts ( "o unifi$ :ole4#ga ,! concept ( necessity has its validity 9 su* a movem5t ( judgm5t z has be5 describ$4 ,necessity1 z ! middle t]m1 is ! mid-wife :i*1 f ! dy+ isolation ( judgm5ts1 deliv]s ! unifi$ judgm5t j com+ into life--x be+ und]/ood t ! sep>at5ess ( ! orig9al judgm5ts is n z yet q negat$1 nor ! unity ( ! com+ judgm5t q atta9$4#gb ,! judgm5t ( necessity connects itself ) c]ta9 facts 9 ! situation :i* are imm$iately conc]n$ ) our practical activities4 ,^! are facts :i*1 be=e ! crisis arises1 h be5 neglect$2 !y are elem5ts 9 ! situation :i* h be5 reg>d$ z uness5tial1 z n yet mak+ up a "p ( ! orig9al object4 ,al?\gh aft] our desire has be5 met !y h be5 elim9at$ z accid5tal1 z irrelevant1 yet :5 ! exp]i5ce is aga9 desir$ _! integral memb]%ip 9 ! real fact has to be recogniz$4 ,?is is done "u ! guise ( consid]+ !m z means :i* are necess>y to br+ ab\t ! end4#gc ,we h ! if s1 !n s situation4 ,if we are to rea* an end we mu/ take c]ta9 means2 :ile s f> z we want an undef9$ end1 an end 9 g5]al1 conditions :i* accompany x are m]e accid5ts4#gd ,! end ( ?is process ( judgm5t 9 :i* necessity appe>s z a half-way /age1 is ! unity ( reality2 a :ole into :i* ! =m]ly discordant factors c be ga!r$ toge!r4 ,only a detail$ /udy ( ! orig9al text1 ) its c>eful illu/rations1 c furni% a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ,dewey's position4 ,en\gh has be5 said1 h[ev]1 to %[ t ?is psy*ological acc\nt ( ! judgm5t process is a natural outgr[? ( 8 =m] views1 & t1 z x /&s1 x is /ill 9 con=mity ) 8 orig9al idealism4 ,! article z a :ole m>ks a half-way /age 9 ,dewey's philosophical developm5t4 ,look+ backw>d1 x is a p>tial fulfilm5t ( ! dem&s ( ,! ,psy*ological ,/&po9t4 ,x is a psy*ological description ( ! processes :]eby self-consci\sness specifies itself into p>ts :i* are /ill relat$ to ! :ole4 ,look+ =w>d1 x =eca/s ! functional !ory ( k4 ,we h1 to beg9 )1 objects giv5 z famili> or kn[n exp]i5ces4 ,s long z ^! are n put "u suspicion or exam9$1 !y simply are !mselves1 or are non-cognitionally exp]i5c$4 ,b on ! occasion ( a conflict 9 exp]i5ce betwe5 oppos$ facts & _! mean+s1 a process ( judgm5t arises1 ^: function is to re/ore unity4 ,x is 9 ?is process ( judgm5t z an op]ation 9 ! int]e/s ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce1 t ! concepts1 necessity & cont+5cy1 h _! valid application & use4 ,!y are in/rum5ts = effect+ a trans=mation ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! root idea ( functional in/rum5talism4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 t ,dewey's lat] functionalism result$ f ! natural gr[? & developm5t ( ! psy*ological /&po9t :i* he adopt$ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 philosophical c>e]4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #chb-cif4 #bb ,ibid41 p4 #cid4 #bc ,op4 cit41 p4 #chc4 #bd ,ibid4 #be ,ibid41 p4 #chd4 #bf ,ibid4 #bg ,op4 cit41 p4 #che4 #bh ,ibid4 #bi ,ibid41 p4 #chh4 #cj ,op4 cit41 p4 #cij4 #ca ,ibid41 p4 #cib4 #cb ,op4 cit4 #cc ,ibid41 p4 #cic4 #cd ,ibid41 p4 #cid4 #ce ,ibid41 p4 #cie4 #cf ,op4 cit4 #cg ,ibid41 p4 #cif4 7,! la/ s5t5ce =eca/s ,dewey's lat] cont5tion t kn[+ is a specific act op]at+ ^u ! occasion ( ne$47 #ch ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #eh-gd4 #ci ,see ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #ahhf1 p4 #agj4 #dj ,ibid41 p4 #fc4 #da ,ibid4 #db ,ibid41 p4 #fd4 #dc ,op4 cit4 #dd ,ibid41 p4 #fe4 #de ,ibid4 #df ,op4 cit41 p4 #fg4 #dg ,ibid41 p4 #fh4 #dh ,op4 cit41 p4 #gj4 #di ,ibid41 p4 #ga4 #ej ,ibid4 #ea ,op4 cit41 p4 #gc4 #eb ,ibid4 #ec ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-ag4 #ed ,op4 cit41 p4 #d4 #ee ,ibid41 p4 #ab4 #ef ,ibid41 p4 #c4 #eg ,ibid41 p4 #ad4 #eh ,ibid41 p4 #ac4 #ei ,op4 cit41 p4 #aa4 #fj ,ibid41 p4 #ab f4 #fa ,op4 cit41 p4 #ad4 #fb ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cfb-cgi4 #fc ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cba-ccg4 #fd ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #ahic1 p4 #cfd4 #fe ,ibid41 p4 #cfc4 #ff ,op4 cit4 #fg ,ibid41 p4 #cfd f4 #fh ,ibid41 p4 #cfg4 #fi ,ibid41 p4 #cff4 #gj ,op4 cit41 p4 #cfg4 #ga ,ibid41 p4 #cfh4 #gb ,ibid41 p4 #cfc4 #gc ,op4 cit41 p4 #cgb4 #gd ,ibid4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,moral ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,dewey's e?ical !ory1 z has already be5 indicat$1 /&s 9 close relation to 8 g5]al !ory ( k4 ,s9ce x has be5 f\nd exp$i5t to treat ! e?ical !ory sep>ately1 x w be necess>y to g back "s two ye>s & trace x f its beg9n+s4 ,! ord] ( arrangem5t t has be5 *os5 is =tunate 9 ?is respect1 s9ce x br+s into close connection two articles :i* are really companion pieces1 9 spite ( ! two-ye> int]val :i* sep>ates !m4 ,^! are ,! ,sup]/ition ( ,necessity1 :i* 0 consid]$ at ! close ( ! la/ *apt]1 & ,moral ,!ory & ,practice1 an article publi%$ 9 ,! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahia4ge ,?is latt] article1 n[ to be exam9$1 is "o ( ,dewey's fir/ s]i\s und]tak+s 9 ! field ( e?ical !ory1 & probably repres5ts "s ( ! results ( 8 /udy 9 connection ) 8 text-book1 ,outl9es ( a ,critical ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 publi%$ 9 ! same ye> 7#ahia74 ,! imm$iate occasion = ! article is expla9$ by ,dewey 9 8 introductory rem>ks3 ,9 ! fir/ numb] ( ?is j\rnal f\r writ]s t\* ^u ! same "q1--! relation ( moral !ory to moral practice4#gf ,! f\r writ]s m5tion$ 7 ,sidgwick1 ,adl]1 ,bosanquet1 & ,salt]4 ,none ( !m1 accord+ to ,dewey1 _h directly discuss$ ! relation ( moral !ory to practice4 ,b1 he says1 f9d+ ! subject t\*$ ^u 444 9 s _m ways1 ,i 0 l$ to attempt to cle> up my own ideas4#gg ,!re seems to exi/1 ,dewey cont9ues1 ! idea t moral !ory is some?+ o!r ?an1 or some?+ beyond1 an analysis ( conduct1--! idea t x is n simply & :olly '! !ory ( practice4'#gh ,x is (t5 def9$1 = in/ance1 z an inquiry into ! metaphysics ( morals1 :i* has no?+ to d ) practice4 ,b1 ,dewey believes1 !re mu/ be "s intr9sic connection betwe5 ! !ory ( morals & moral practice4 ,su* intr9sic connection may be d5i$ on ! gr\nd t practice exi/$ long be=e !ory made its appe>ance4 ,codes ( morality 7 9 exi/5ce be=e ,plato1 ,kant1 or ,sp5c] rose to speculate ^u !m4 ,?is raises ! "q1 ,:at is !ory8 ,moral !ory is no?+ m ?an a propos$ act 9 idea4 ,x is insight1 or p]ception ( ! relations & be>+s ( ! contemplat$ act4 ,x is all "o ) moral insight1 & moral insight is ! recognition ( ! relation%ips 9 h&4 ,?is is a v tame & prosaic conception4 ,x makes moral insight1 & !re=e moral !ory1 consi/ simply 9 ! ev]yday work+s ( ! same ord9>y intellig5ce t measures drygoods1 drives nails1 sells :eat1 & inv5ts ! telephone4#gi ,! nature ( !ory z idea is m def9itely describ$4 ,x is ! con/ruction ( ! act 9 ?\ght aga9/ its outw>d con/ruction4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! do+1--! act itself1 9 its em]g+4#hj ,!ory is practice 9 idea1 or z =ese52 x is ! p]ception ( :at ought to be done4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is :at moral !ory is4 ,dewey's dem& t fact & !ory mu/ h "s intr9sic connection1 unsatisfi$ 9 ! articles review$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 is met "h by discov]+ a connect+ l9k 9 action4 ,!ory is ! do+1--! act itself 9 its em]g+4 ,! r$uction ( ?\ght to t]ms ( action1 "h impli$1 is a s]i\s /ep4 ,x m>ks a new t5d5cy 9 ,dewey's speculation4 ,dewey does n claim1 9 ! pres5t article1 t 8 rem>ks hold good = all !ory4 ,physical sci5ce1 he rem>ks1 does deal ) ab/ractions1 ) hypo!sis4 ,x says1 ',if ?is1 !n t4' ,x deals ) ! relations ( conditions & n ) facts1 or individuals1 at all4 ,x says1 ',i h no?+ to d ) y\r concrete fall+ /one1 b ,i c tell y ?is1 t x is a law ( fall+ bodies t1 etc4'#ha ,b moral !ory is compell$ to deal ) concrete situations4 ,x mu/ be a !ory :i* c be appli$ directly to ! p>ticul> case4 ,moral !ory _c exi/ simply 9 a book4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 !re is no su* ?+ z !ory 9 ! ab/ract1 !re c be no ab/ract !ory ( morals4 ,!re c be no difficulty1 ,dewey believes1 9 und]/&+ moral !ory z action 9 idea4 ,all action t is intellig5t1 all conduct1 t is1 involves !ory4 ,= any act 7z di/9ct f m]e impulse7 !re mu/ be '!ory1' & ! wid] ! act1 ! great] its import1 ! m exig5t ! dem& = !ory4#hb ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 answ] ! "q h[ any p>ticul> moral !ory1 ! ,kantian1 ! ,h$oni/ic1 or ! ,hegelian1 is relat$ to action4 ,^! sy/ems pres5t1 n 'moral ideas' z expla9$ above1 b 'ideas ab\t morality4' ,:at relation h ideas ab\t morality to specific moral conduct8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is to be obta9$ ?r\gh an und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! moral situation4 ,if an act is moral1 x mu/ be intellig5t2 z moral conduct1 x implies insight into ! situation at h&4 ,?is insight is obta9$ by an exam9ation & analysis ( ! concrete situation4 ,?is is evid5tly a "w ( analysis4 ,l e analysis1 x requires t ! "o mak+ x be 9 possession ( c]ta9 work+ tools4 ,i _c resolve ?is practical situation :i* faces me by m]ely look+ at x4 ,i mu/ attack x ) su* in/rum5ts ( analysis z ,i h at h&4 ,:at we call moral rules are precisely su* tools ( analysis4#hc ,! ,gold5 ,rule is su* an in/rum5t ( analysis4 ,tak5 by itself1 x (f]s no direct in=mation z to :at is to be done4 ,! rule is a c\nsel ( p]fection2 x is a w>n+ t 9 my analysis ( ! moral situation 7t is1 ( ! conditions ( practice7 ,i be imp>tial z to ! effects on me & !e4'#hd ,e rule :i* is ( any use at all is employ$ 9 a simil> fa%ion4 ,b ?is is n1 s f>1 a /atem5t ( ! nature ( moral !ory1 s9ce only p>ticul> rules h be5 consid]$4 ,e?ical !ory1 9 its wid] significance1 is a reflective process 9 :i*1 z "o might say1 ! 'tools ( analysis' are %ap$ & adapt$ to _! "w4 ,^! rules are n fix$ ?+s1 made once & = all1 b ( su* a nature t !y pres]ve _! effectiv5ess only z !y are con/antly r5ew$ & re%ap$4 ,e?ical !ory br+s ! ,gold5 ,rule toge!r ) o!r g5]al ideas1 con=ms !m to ea* o!r1 & 9 ?is way gives ! moral rule a great scope 9 practice4 ,all moral !ory1 !re=e1 is f9ally l9k$ up ) practice4 ,x be>s mu* ! same relation to ! p>ticul> rule z ?is to ! special case4 ,x is a tool = ! analysis ( its mean+1 & !reby a tool = giv+ x great] effect4#he ,9 e?ical !ory we f9d moral rules 9 ! mak+4 ,ideas ab\t morals are simply moral ideas 9 ! c\rse ( be+ =m$4 ,dewey pres5ts "h an in/rum5tal !ory ( k & concepts4 ,b x diff]s widely f ! in/rum5talism ( ! ,neo-,hegelian s*ool bo? 9 its =m & d]ivation4 ,dewey rea*es 8 in/rum5talism ?r\gh a psy*ological analysis ( ! judgm5t process4 ,he f9ds t !ory is relat$ to fact ?r\gh action1 & s9ce he _h be5 unable to give a concrete acc\nt ( ?is relation%ip at a previ\s "t1 ! conclusion may be reg>d$ z a discov]y ( consid]able mom5t = 8 philosophical me?od4 ,dewey's in/rum5talism re/s ^u a v special psy*ological int]pretation1 :i* puts action fir/ & ?\ght second4 ,unable to discov] an ov]t connection betwe5 fact & ?\ght1 he delves und]gr\nd = x1 & f9ds x 9 ! activities ( ! n]v\s organism4 ,?is discov]y1 he believes1 solves once & = all ! anci5t riddle ( ! relation ( ?\ght to reality4 ,9 ! conclud+ "p ( ! article ,dewey takes up ! consid]ation ( moral obligation4 ,:at is ! relation ( k1 ( !ory1 to t ,ought :i* seems to be ! v ess5ce ( moral conduct8#hf ,! answ] anticipates 9 "s measure ! position :i* 0 tak5 lat]1 z has be5 se51 9 reg>d to necessity4 ,! concept ( obligation1 l t ( necessity1 ,dewey believes1 has relevance only = ! judgm5t situation4 ,b1 ,dewey says1 limit+ ! "q z be/ ,i c1 ,i %\ld say 7fir/7 t ! 'ought' always rises f & falls back into ! 'is1' & 7secondly7 t ! 'ought' is itself an 'is1'--! 'is' ( action4#hg ,obligation is n some?+ add$ to ! conclusion ( a judgm5t1 some?+ :i* gives a moral aspect to :at _h be5 a coldly intellectual matt]4 ,! 'ought' f9ds an integral place 9 ! judgm5t process4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 say+1 '?is act is ! "o to be done1 444' & say+1 ',! act ought to be done1' is m]ely v]bal4 ,! analysis ( action is f ! fir/ an analysis ( :at is to be done2 h[1 !n1 %\ld x come out except+ ) a '?is %\ld be done'8#hh ,! peculi>ity ( ! 'ought' is t x applies to conduct or action1 :]eas ! 'is' applies to ! facts4 ,x has ref]5ce to do+1 or act+1 z ! situation dem&s4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! relation ( moral !ory & practice4 ,!ory is ! cross-section ( ! giv5 /ate ( action 9 ord] to "k ! conduct t %\ld be2 practice is ! realization ( ! idea ?us ga9$3 9 is !ory 9 action4#hi ,! p>allel betwe5 ?is article & ,! ,sup]/ition ( ,necessity is too obvi\s to require =mulation1 & ! same criticism t applies to ! "o is applicable to ! o!r4 ,! ,sup]/ition ( ,necessity is m detail$ & concrete 9 its treatm5t ( ! judgm5t process ?an ?is e>li] article1 z might be expect$1 b ! fundam5tal position is ess5tially ! same4 ,! syn!tic activity ( ! self1 ! ?\ght-process1 f9ally appe>s z ! s]vant ( action1 or1 m exactly1 z itself a special mode ( organic activity 9 g5]al4 ,f ! basis ( ! /&po9t :i* he _h n[ atta9$ ,dewey attempt$ a criticism ( ,gre5's moral !ory1 9 two articles 9 ! ,philosophical ,review1 9 #ahib & #ahic4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 entitl$ ,gre5's ,!ory ( ! ,moral ,motive1#ij appe>$ almo/ two ye>s aft] ! article on ,moral ,!ory & ,practice4 ,! cont9uity ( ,dewey's ?\ght dur+ ! int]v5+ p]iod1 h[ev]1 is indicat$ by ! fact t ! fir/ f\r pages ( ! article to be consid]$ are giv5 ov] to an introductory discussion :i* repeats 9 almo/ id5tical t]ms ! position tak5 9 ,moral ,!ory & ,practice4 ,dewey himself calls att5tion to ?is fact 9 a foot-note4 ,!re mu/ be1 ,dewey aga9 ass]ts1 "s vital connection ( !ory ) practice4 ,e?ical !ory mu/ be a g5]al /atem5t ( ! reality involv$ 9 e moral situation4 ,x mu/ be action /at$ 9 its m g5]ic t]ms1 t]ms s g5]ic t e individual action w fall )9 ! outl9es x sets =?4 ,if ! !ory agrees ) ^! requirem5ts1 !n we h = use 9 any special case a tool = analyz+ t case2 a me?od = attack+ & r$uc+ x1 = lay+ x op5 s t ! action call$ = 9 ord] to meet1 to satisfy x1 may readily appe>4#ia ,dewey argues t moral !ory _c possibly give directions = e concrete case1 b t x by no means foll[s t !ory c /& aside f ! specific case & say3 ,:at h ,i to d ) !e8 ,?\ art empirical1 & ,i am ! metaphysics ( conduct4 ,dewey's prelim9>y rem>ks are introductory to a consid]ation ( ,gre5's e?ical !ory4 ,8 !ory w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 ,dewey says1 be commonly reg>d$ z ! be/ ( ! mod]n attempts to =m a metaphysic ( e?ic4 ,i wi%1 us+ ?is z type1 to po9t out ! inadequacy ( su* metaphysical !ories1 on ! gr\nd t !y fail to meet ! dem& j made ( truly e?ical !ory1 t x l5d itself to translation into concrete t]ms1 & !reby to ! guidance1 ! direction ( actual conduct4#ib ,dewey recognizes t ,gre5 is bett] ?an 8 !ory1 b says t ! !ory1 tak5 9 logical /rictness1 _c meet individual ne$s4 ,dewey makes a special dem& ( ,gre5's !ory4 ,he dem&s1 t is1 t x supply a body ( rules1 or guides to action :i* c be employ$ by ! moral ag5t z tools ( analysis 9 cases requir+ moral judgm5t4 ,x is evid5t 9 advance t ,gre5's !ory 0 built ^u a diff]5t plan1 & c n meet ! conditions :i* ,dewey prescribes4 ,! g5]al nature ( ,gre5's inquiry is well /at$ 9 ! foll[+ summ>y by ,pr(essor ,?illy3 ,! tru? 9 ,gre5's ?\ght is ?is3 ! purpose ( all social devotion & re=m is1 aft] all1 ! p]fection ( man on ! spiritual side1 ! developm5t ( m5 ( "* & ideals4444 ,! f9al purpose ( all moral endeavor mu/ be ! realization ( an attitude ( ! human s\l1 ( "s =m ( noble consci\sness 9 human p]sonalities4444 ,x is well en\gh to fe$ & h\se human bodies1 b ! p>am\nt "q w always be3 ,:at k9ds ( s\ls are to dwell 9 ^! bodies8#ic ,to put ! matt] 9 m te*nical t]ms1 ,gre5 is conc]n$ ) ends & values4 ,8 "q is n1 ,:at is ! be/ means ( accompli%+ a giv5 purpose1 b1 ,:at end is wor? atta9+8 ,su* an inquiry has no imm$iate relation to action4 ,x may lead to conclusions :i* become det]m9+ factors 9 action1 b ! process ( inquiry has no direct ref]5ce to conduct4 ,dewey1 hav+ r$uc$ ?\ght to a function ( activity1 mu/ proce$1 by logical necessity1 to c>ry ! same r$uction into ! field ( !ory 9 g5]al4 ,?is he does 9 ?or\gh /yle4 ,8 dem& t moral !ory %all conc]n itself ) concrete & 'specific' situations is a result ( ! same t5d5cy4 ,s9ce action c only be describ$ z response to a 'situation1' ?\ght1 z a function ( activity1 mu/ likewise be direct$ ^u a 'situation4' ,conduct 9 g5]al & values 9 g5]al become impossible "u 8 sy/em1 because !re is no su* ?+ z an activity-9-g5]al ( ! organism4 ,ends1 9 o!r words1 exi/ only = ?\ght1 :5 ?\ght is int]pret$ z transc5d+ action1 & be+1 9 "s s5se1 self-conta9$4 ,:5 ?\ght is int]pret$ z a k9d ( 'indirect activity1' its capacity = metaphysical inquiry vani%es along ) its indep5d5ce4 ,x w\ld h be5 m 9 keep+ ) s\nd criticism _h ,dewey himself tak5 note ( ! important div]g5ce 9 aim & int5t betwe5 8 "w & ,gre5's4 ,z a consequ5ce ( 8 failure to d s1 he fails1 necess>ily1 to d ju/ice to ,gre5's /&po9t4 ,! criticism :i* he directs aga9/ ,gre5's moral !ory may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s4 ,gre5 t5ds to repeat ! ,kantian sep>ation ( ! self z reason f ! self z want or desire4 ,! dualism betwe5 reason & s5se is giv5 up1 inde$1 b only to be replac$ by a dualism betwe5 ! end :i* w\ld satisfy ! self z a unity or :ole1 & t :i* satisfies x 9 ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( actual conduct4#id ,z a consequ5ce ( ! sep>ation ( ! ideal f ! actual1 no action c satisfy ! :ole self1 & ?us no action c be truly moral4 ,no ?or\gh-go+ !ory ( total depravity ev] made righte\sness m impossible to ! natural man ?an ,gre5 makes x to a human be+ by ! v con/itution ( 8 be+4444#ie ,dewey traces ?is sep>ation ( ! self z reason f ! self z desire ?r\gh ^? passages 9 :i* ,gre5 describes ! moral ag5t z "o :o di/+ui%es himself f 8 desires 7,book ,,ii1 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics74 ,! process ( moral exp]i5ce involves1 !re=e1 a process 9 :i* ! self1 9 becom+ consci\s ( its want1 objectifies t want by sett+ x ov] aga9/ itself2 di/+ui%+ ! want f self & self f want4444 ,n[ ?is !ory s f> might be develop$ 9 ei!r ( two directions4#if ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! self-di/+ui%+ process may be an activity by means ( :i* ! self specifies its own activity & satisfaction4 ,! p>ticul> desires & ends w\ld be ! modes 9 :i* ! self reliev$ itself ( its ab/ractness1 its undevelop$ "*1 & assum$ concrete exi/5ce4444 ,! unity ( ! self w\ld /& 9 no opposition to ! p>ticul>ity ( ! special desire2 on ! contr>y1 ! unity ( ! self & ! manifold ( def9ite desires w\ld be ! syn!tic & analytic aspects ( "o & ! same reality1 nei!r hav+ any advantage metaphysical or e?ical ov] ! o!r6#ig ,b ,gre51 un=tunately1 does n develop 8 !ory 9 ?is concrete direction4 ,! self does n specify itself 9 ! p>ticul>s1 b rema9s ap>t f !m4 ,! objectification is n ( ! self 9 ! special end2 b ! self rema9s beh9d sett+ ! special object ov] aga9/ itself z n adequate to itself4444 ,! unity ( ! self sets up an ideal ( satisfaction = itself z x )draws f ! special want1 & ?is ideal set up ?r\gh negation ( ! p>ticul> desire & its satisfaction con/itutes ! moral ideal4 ,x is =ev] unrealizable1 because x =ev] negates ! special activities ?r\gh :i* alone x might1 aft] all1 realize itself4#ih ,9 complet+ ?is argum5t ,dewey ref]s to c]ta9 well-kn[n passages 9 ! ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 9 :i* ,gre5 /ates t ! moral ideal is nev] completely atta9able4 ,gre5's ab/ract conception ( ! self z t :i* =ev] sets itself ov] aga9/ its desires is1 ,dewey argues1 n only useless z an ideal = action1 b positively oppos$ to moral /riv+4 ,x sup]v5es1 n z a p[] active 9 its own satisfaction1 b to make u realize ! unsatisfactor9ess ( su* seem+ satisfactions z we may happ5 to get1 & to keep u /riv+ = some?+ :i* we c nev] get6#ii ,! mo/ t c be made ( ,gre5's moral ideal is to conceive x z ! b>e =m ( unity 9 conduct4 ,employ$ z a tool ( analysis1 z a moral rule1 x might tell u1 ,:atev] ! situation1 seek = its unity4 ,b x c sc>cely g ev5 z f> z ?is 9 ! direction ( concret5ess1 = x says3 ,no unity c be f\nd 9 ! situation because ! situation is p>ticul>1 & !re=e set ov] aga9/ ! unity4#ajj ,mo/ /ud5ts ( ,gre5 w\ld und\bt$ly say t ?is acc\nt ( 8 moral !ory is entirely "o-sid$1 & fails to reckon ) c]ta9 elem5ts :i* %\ld prop]ly be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,gre5 is def9+ ! moral ag5t z he f9ds him1 & is report+ :at seems to him a fact :5 he says t ! moral ideal is too high to be realiz$ 9 ?is life4 ,hav+ a spiritual nature1 man fails to f9d satisfaction 9 ! goods ( natural life4 ,dewey %\ld address himself to ! facts 9 refut+ ,gre5's analysis ( human nature4 ,9 ! second place1 ) respect to ,gre5's sep>ation ( ! self z unity f ! self z a manifold ( desires1 ,dewey's criticism may be flatly reject$4 ,gre5 raises ! "q himself3 ',d y mean1' x may be ask$1 'to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( a my/]i\s ab/ract entity :i* y call ! self ( a man1 ap>t f all 8 p>ticul> feel+s1 desires1 & ?\ghts--all ! exp]i5ce ( 8 inn] life8'#aja ,gre5 takes "t to /ate 8 position z cle>ly z possible4 ,he repudiates ! idea ( an ab/ract self ap>t f desire4 ,! foll[+ passage is typical ( 8 rem>ks3 ,j z we hold t our desires1 feel+s1 & ?\ghts w\ld n be :at !y are--w\ld n be ^? ( a man--if n relat$ to a subject :i* di/+ui%es itself f ea* & all ( !m2 s we hold t ?is subject w\ld n be :at x is1 if x 7 n relat$ to ! p>ticul> feel+s1 desires1 & ?\ghts1 :i* x ?us di/+ui%es f & pres5ts to itself4#ajb ,x w be rememb]$ also1 t 9 moral action ! ag5t id5tifies himself ) 8 desires1 or adopts !m z 8 own1 & ! ability to d ?is is ! *ief m>k ( human intellig5ce4 ,b man c\ld n id5tify himself ) 8 desires1 or 'specify himself 9 !m1' z ,dewey says1 did he n at ! same "t h ! capacity to diff]5tiate himself f !m4 ,dewey's fur!r rem>ks on ,gre5's ideal ne$ n be foll[$ 9 detail1 s9ce !y re/ ^u a misappreh5sion ( ,gre5's purpose1 & add little to :at he has already said4 ,tak+ ! moral ideal z some?+ t c nev] be realiz$ 9 ?is life1 ,dewey inquires :at use c be made ( x4 ,he consid]s ?ree modes 9 :i* ,gre5 might h giv5 cont5t to ! ideal1 z a work+ pr9ciple1 & f9ds t x _c be made1 9 any ( ^! ways1 to s]ve z a tool ( analysis4 ,gre5 0 n prep>$ to meet ^! 'pragmatic' requirem5ts4 ,he did n propose 8 ideal z a pr9ciple ( conduct1 9 ,dewey's s5se2 he /at$ t1 z a matt] ( fact1 man is m ?an natural1 & t1 z su* a be+1 8 ideals c nev] be completely met by natural objects4 ,h[ man is to act1 9 view ( 8 spiritual nature1 is a fur!r "q3 b ! realization :i* ! individual has ( 8 own spiritual nature mu/ ( necessity be a l>ge factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( 8 conduct4 ,! ',spiritual ,nature1' 9 ,gre5's t]m9ology1 meant a 'n-natural' nature1 & 'n-natural' 9 turn meant a nature t is n def9able 9 me*anical or biological t]ms4 ,dewey's criticism1 !re=e1 w5t wide ( ! m>k4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahic1 ,dewey foll[$ 8 criticism ( ,gre5's moral motive by a second article 9 ! ,philosophical ,review on ,self-realization z ! ,moral ,ideal4#ajc ,x cont9ues ! criticism :i* has already be5 made ( ,gre51 b f a diff]5t po9t ( dep>ture4 ,! idea ( self-realization 9 e?ics1 ,dewey beg9s1 may be helpful or h>mful accord+ to ! way 9 :i* ! ideas ( ! self & its realization are work$ out 9 ! concrete4 ,! m]e idea ( a self to be realiz$ is1 ( c\rse1 ab/ract2 x is m]ely ! /atem5t ( a problem1 :i* ne$s to be work$ out & giv5 cont5t4 ,by way ( introduc+ 8 own idea ( self-realization1 ,dewey proposes to criticize a c]ta9 conception ( ! self :i* he f9ds 9 curr5t discussion4 ,! notion :i* ,i wi% to criticize1 he says1 is t ( ! self z a presuppos$ fix$ s*ema or outl9e1 :ile realization consi/s 9 ! fill+ up ( ?is s*ema4 ,! notion :i* ,i w\ld sugge/ z sub/itute is t ( ! self z always a concrete specific activity2 &1 !re=e1 7to anticipate7 ( ! id5tity ( self & realization4#ajd ,su* a presuppos$ fix$ self is to be f\nd 9 ,gre5's ,et]nally complete ,consci\sness4 ,! idea ( self-realization implies capacities or possibilities4 ,to translate capacity into actuality1 z ! conception ( ! fix$ self seems to d1 is to vitiate ! :ole idea ( possibility4 ,!re mu/1 !n1 be "s conception ( unrealiz$ p[]s :i* w meet ?is difficulty4 ,! way to a valid conception is ?r\gh ! realization t capacities are always specific4 ,! capacities ( a *ild1 = example1 are n simply ( a *ild1 n ( a man1 b ( ?is *ild1 n ( any o!r4#aje ,:atev] else capacity may be1 :e!r inf9ite or n1 x mu/ be an elem5t 9 an actual situation4 ,z specific ?+s1 moreov]1 capacities reside 9 activities1 :i* are n[ go+ on4 ,! capacity ( a *ild to become a musician consi/s 9 ?is fact3 ,ev5 n[ he has a c]ta9 quickness1 vividness1 & pla/icity ( vision1 a c]ta9 deftness ( h&1 & a c]ta9 motor coord9ation by :i* 8 h& is /imulat$ to "w 9 h>mony ) 8 eye4#ajf ,h[ d ^! specific1 actual activities come to be call$ capacities8 ,!re is a peculi> psy*ological reason = ?is :i* ,james has po9t$ out1 9 8 /atem5t t ess5ce is t :i* is s important = my int]e/s t1 comp>atively1 o!r prop]ties may be omitt$4#ajg ,:5 we pay att5tion to any activity1 !re is a natural t5d5cy to select only t portion ( x t is ( imm$iate int]e/1 & to exclude ! re/ z irrelevant4 ,9 ! act ( vision1 = example1 ,dewey tells u1 ! ?+ t seems ne>e/ u1 t :i* claims cont9u\sly our att5tion1 is ! eye itself4 ,we ?us come to ab/ract ! eye f all special acts ( see+2 we make ! eye ! ess5tial ?+ 9 sight1 & conceive ( ! circum/ances ( vision z inde$ circum/ances2 z m or less accid5tal concomitants ( ! p]man5t eye4#ajh ,!re is no eye 9 g5]al2 ! eye is always giv5 along ) o!r circum/ances :i* 9 _! totality make up a concrete see+ situation4 ,nev]!less1 we ab/ract ! eye f o!r circum/ances & set x up z ! ess5ce ( see+4 ,b we _c reta9 ! eye 9 absolute ab/raction1 because ! concrete circum/ances ( vision =ce !mselves ^u ! att5tion4 ,s we lump ^! toge!r on ! o!r side z a new object1 & take z _! ess5ce ! vibrations ( e!r4 ,! eye n[ becomes ! capacity ( see+2 ! vibrations ( e!r1 conditions requir$ = ! ex]cise ( ! capacity4#aji ,we keep ! two ab/ractions1 b try to re/ore ! unity ( ! situation ?r\gh tak+ "o z capacity & ! o!r z ! condition ( ! ex]cise ( capacity4 ,b we _c /op ev5 ) ?is d\ble ab/raction4 ,! eye 9 g5]al & ! vibrations 9 g5]al d n1 ev5 9 _! unity1 con/itute ! act ( vision4 ,a multitude ( o!r factors are includ$4#aaj ,pres]v+ ! orig9al 'core' z capacity1 we t5d to treat all ! att5dant circum/ances :i* occur frequ5tly en\gh to require tak+ acc\nt (1 z conditions :i* help realize ! ab/ract$ reality call$ capacity4 ,! discussion "h is v mu* l t 9 ,! ,sup]/ition ( ,necessity 7publi%$ 9 ! same ye>71 :i* 0 review$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,dewey calls att5tion to ?is connection 9 a foot-note1 rem>k+ t he has already develop$ at great] l5g? ! idea t necessity & possibility are simply ! two correlative ab/ractions into :i* ! "o reality falls ap>t dur+ ! process ( our consci\s appreh5sion ( x4#aaa ,! dang]1 ,dewey says1 is t ! m]ely relative "* ( a giv5 capacity may be ov]look$1 & t x may be ontologiz$ into a fix$ entity4 ,?is is ! error1 he ?9ks1 into :i* ,gre5 fell4 ,! ideal self1 z t :i* capacity may realize1 is ontologiz$ into an already exi/5t fact4 ,!n we get a sep>ation betwe5 ! pres5t self1 z capacity1 & ! ideal self :i* is to be realiz$4 ,! self already realiz$ is oppos$ to ! self z yet ideal4 ,?is 'realiz$ self' is no reality by itself2 x is simply our p>tial conception ( ! self erect$ into an entity4 ,recogniz+ its incomplete "*1 we br+ 9 :at we h left out & call x ! 'ideal self4' ,!n by way ( deal+ ) ! fact t we h n two selves "h at all1 b simply a less & a m adequate insight into ! same self1 we ins]t ! idea ( "o ( ^! selves realiz+ ! o!r4#aab ,x is 9 ?is mann] t error arises4 ,b :at is ! correct attitude t[>d ! self8 ,fir/ ( all1 ! self mu/ be conceiv$ z a work+1 practical self1 c>ry+ )9 ! rhy?m ( its own process bo? 'realiz$' & 'ideal' self4 ,! curr5t e?ics ( ! self 444 are too apt to /op ) a metaphysical def9ition1 :i* seems to solve problems 9 g5]al1 b at ! exp5se ( ! practical problems :i* alone really dem& or admit solution4#aac ,! fir/ po9t ( ! argum5t is t ! self activity is individual1 concrete1 & specific1 "h & n[1 & ! second po9t is t if ! self is to be talk$ ( 9 an intellig5t way x mu/ be tak5 z some?+ empirically giv54 ,! :ole po9t is express$ :5 we say t no possible future activities or conditions h any?+ to d ) ! pres5t action except z !y enable u to take deep] acc\nt ( ! pres5t activity1 to get beyond ! m]e sup]ficies ( ! act1 to see x 9 its totality4#aad ,! phrase1 'realize y\rself1' is a direction = k2 x means1 see ! wid] consequ5ces ( y\r act1 realize its wid] be>+s4 ,dewey says3 ,! fix$ ideal is z di/9ctly ! bane ( e?ical sci5ce today z ! fix$ univ]se ( m$iaevalism 0 ! bane ( ! natural sci5ce ( ! ,r5asc5ce4#aae ,?is is a /rong /atem5t1 :i* indicates h[ wide 0 ! gulf :i* n[ sep>at$ ,dewey f ,gre51 :om he =m]ly ackn[l$g$ z 8 ma/]4 ,dewey's int]pretation ( ,gre5's ideal self is f> f satisfactory1 l>gely because ( its lack ( insight & appreciation4 ,! r$uction ( ?\ght to a '=m ( activity' r5d]s a purely !oretical inquiry impossible4 ,! 'pres5t activity1' ! biological situation1 becomes ! measure ( all ?+s1 ev5 ( ?\ght4 ,ideals1 9 8 own words1 h no?+ to d ) pres5t action1 except z !y enable u to take deep] acc\nt ( ! pres5t activity4 ,dewey's self & ,gre5's are incomm5surable4 ,! =m] is ! biological organism1 ) a capacity = indirect activity call$ ?9k+2 ! latt] is a n-natural be+1 ^: reality escapes ! logic ( descriptive sci5ce1 because ( ! fulness ( its cont5t4 ,dewey's failure to und]/& ?is diff]5ce is significant4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ,gre5 seems to h be5 =mal f ! beg9n+1 nev] intimate1 & ! articles j review$ m>k ! end ( ,dewey's ideali/ic disciple%ip4 ,8 psy*ological idealism1 9 fact1 0 fundam5tally anti!tical to ! ,neo-,hegelianism :i* he _h s\ght to esp\se1 & ! developm5t ( 8 own /&po9t br\ght out ! vital diff]5ces :i* _h be5 hidd5 f 8 e>li] und]/&+4 ,! idealism :i* seeks to view reality toge!r & z a :ole is =ev] incompatible ) a me?od :i* seeks to int]pret ! :ole 9 t]ms ( "o ( its p>ts4 ,,footnotes3 #ge ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ahf-bjc4 #gf ,ibid41 p4 #ahf4 #gg ,ibid4 #gh ,op4 cit41 p4 #ahg4 #gi ,ibid41 p4 #ahh4 #hj ,ibid4 #ha ,ibid41 p4 #aia f4 #hb ,op4 cit41 p4 #ahi4 #hc ,ibid41 p4 #aid4 ,au?or's ,italics4 #hd ,ibid4 #he ,op4 cit41 p4 #aie4 #hf ,ibid41 p4 #aih4 #hg ,op4 cit4 #hh ,ibid41 p4 #bjb4 #hi ,ibid41 p4 #bjc4 #ij ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahib1 pp4 #eic-fab4 #ia ,op4 cit41 p4 #eif4 #ib ,ibid41 p4 #eig4 #ic ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 p4 #eee4 #id ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahib1 p4 #eih4 #ie ,ibid4 #if ,ibid41 p4 #eii4 #ig ,ibid4 ,comp>e ) ! passage 9 ,psy*ology z ,philosophic ,me?od1 ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #i4 #ih ,op4 cit41 p4 #fjj4 #ii ,ibid41 p4 #fja4 #ajj ,ibid41 p4 #fjb4 #aja ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ?ird ed41 p4 #ajc4 #ajb ,ibid41 p4 #ajd4 #ajc ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #feb-ffd4 #ajd ,ibid41 p4 #fec4 #aje ,ibid41 p4 #fee4 #ajf ,op4 cit41 p4 #fef4 #ajg ,ibid41 p4 #feg4 #ajh ,ibid4 #aji ,ibid41 p4 #feh4 ,au?or's italics4 #aaj ,ibid4 #aaa ,op4 cit41 note4 #aab ,ibid41 p4 #ffc4 #aac ,ibid4 #aad ,op4 cit41 p4 #fei4 #aae ,ibid41 p4 #ffd4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,functional ,,psy*ology ,x n[ becomes necess>y to review t p]iod ( ,dewey's philosophical c>e] :i* is m>k$ by ! def9ite ab&onm5t ( ! ideali/ic /&po9t1 & ! adoption ( ! me?od ( in/rum5tal pragmatism4 ,x has already be5 se5 t !re is a close connection betwe5 ! functionalism :i* n[ beg9s to appe>1 & ! ,psy*ological ,/&po9t set =? 9 ! prec$+ pages ( ?is review4 ,x is n possible1 h[ev]1 to acc\nt = all ! elem5ts :i* contribute to ?is developm5t4 ,dewey 0 active 9 _m fields & receiv$ sugge/ions f _m s\rces4 ,x seems be/1 9 deal+ ) ?is p]iod1 to foll[ ! lead ( ! subject-matt] & avoid a priori speculation on ! factors :i* det]m9$ ! precise =m ( ,dewey's mature /&po9t 9 philosophy4 ,dewey _h always kept 9 m9d ! idea t ! syn!tic activity :]eby self-consci\sness evolves ! ideality ( ! _w mu/ op]ate ?r\gh ! human organism4 ,he _h frequ5tly ref]r$ to ,gre5's say+ t ! ,et]nal ,self-,consci\sness reproduces itself 9 man1 & to simil> notions 9 ,caird & ,kant2 b he _h nev] consid]$1 9 a detail$ way1 h[ ! organism might s]ve z ! vehicle = su* a process4 ,8 e?ical !ory1 ) its analysis ( individuality into capacity & environm5t1 t5d$ to br+ ! body-_w relation%ip into ! =egr\nd1 & ! idea t !ory is relative to action t5d$ to emphasize /ill m ! relation ( ?\ght to ! bodily processes4 ,dewey f9ally discov]s ! basis ^u :i* ! syn!tic activity ( ! self1 ! ?\ght process1 may be describ$ empirically & concretely4 ,organism-9-relation-to-environm5t becomes ! key-/one ( 8 !ory ( k4 ,?\ght is int]pret$ z a function ( ! organism1 biologically consid]$1 & ! biological psy*ology :i* results f ?is mode ( int]pretation is commonly kn[n z 'functional psy*ology4' ,! functional psy*ology is pres5t$ 9 a s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,philosophical ,review & ! ,psy*ological ,review1 publi%$ betwe5 #ahid & #ahih4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ,! ,reflex ,arc ,concept 9 ,psy*ology1 publi%$ 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review 9 #ahif4aaf ,s9ce x is ! only article 9 ! s]ies :i* gives a complete view ( ! !ory1 x w be made ! basis = ! discussion ( ! functional !ory ( psy*ology4 ,! reflex arc concept 9 psy*ology1 ,dewey says1 recognizes t ! s5sory-motor arc is to be tak5 z ! unit ( n]ve /ructure1 & ! type ( n]ve function4 ,b psy*ologi/s d n avail !mselves ( ! full value ( ?is conception1 because !y /ill reta9 9 connection ) x c]ta9 di/9ctions :i* 7 us$ 9 ! old] psy*ology4 ,! old] dualism betwe5 s5sation & idea is repeat$ 9 ! curr5t dualism ( p]iph]al & c5tral /ructures & functions2 ! old] dualism ( body & s\l f9ds a di/9ct e*o 9 ! curr5t dualism ( /imulus & response4#aag ,^! rigid di/9ctions mu/ be set aside1 & ! sep>at$ elem5ts mu/ be view$ z elem5ts 9 "o s5sory-motor coord9ation4 ,ea* is to be def9$1 n z some?+ exi/+ by itself1 b z an elem5t function+ 9 a concrete :ole ( activity4 ,?us1 if we are to /udy vision1 we mu/ fir/ take vision z a s5sory-motor coord9ation1 ! act ( see+1 & )9 ! :ole we may !n be able to di/+ui% c]ta9 elem5ts1 s5sations1 or movem5ts1 & def9e !m accord+ to _! function 9 ! total act ( see+4 ,! reflex arc idea1 z commonly employ$1 takes s5sation z /imulus1 & movem5t z response1 z if !y 7 actually sep>ate exi/5ces1 ap>t f a coord9ation4 ,response is said to foll[ s5sation1 b x is =gott5 t ! s5sation :i* prec$$ 0 correlat$ ) a response1 & t ! response :i* foll[s is also correlat$ ) s5sation4 ,s\nd1 = in/ance1 is n a m]e s5sation 9 itself1 ap>t f s5sory-motor coord9ation4 ,he>+ is an act1 & :ile s\nd may1 = purposes ( /udy1 be ab/ract$ f ! total1 x is n1 9 itself1 indep5d5t ( ! total act ( he>+4 ,b1 9 spite ( all ?is1 x w be urg$1 !re is a di/9ction betwe5 /imulus & response1 betwe5 s5sation & motion4 ,precisely2 b we ought n[ to be 9 a condition to ask ( :at nature is ! di/9ction1 in/ead ( tak+ x = grant$ z a di/9ction someh[ ly+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! facts !mselves4#aah ,! di/9ction :i* is to be made betwe5 !m mu/ be made on a teleological basis4 ,! fact is t /imulus & response are n di/9ctions ( exi/5ce1 b teleological di/9ctions1 t is1 di/9ctions ( function1 or "p play$1 ) ref]5ce to rea*+ or ma9ta9+ an end4#aai ,!re are two k9ds ( teleological di/9ction t c be made betwe5 /imulus & response1 or r1 ! teleological int]pretation has two phases4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be assum$ t all ( man's activity fur!rs "s g5]al end1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ma9t5ance ( life4 ,!n man's activity may be view$ z a sequ5ce ( acts1 :i* t5d to fur!r ?is end1 & on ?is basis we may sep>ate out /imulus & response4 ,x is only :5 we reg>d ! sequ5ce ( acts z if !y 7 adapt$ to rea* "s end t x occurs to u to speak ( "o z /imulus & ! o!r z response4 ,o!rwise1 we look at !m z a m]e s]ies4#abj ,9 ^! cases ! /imulus is z truly an act z ! response1 & :at we h is a s]ies ( s5sory-motor coord9ations4 ,look+1 = in/ance1 is a s5sory-motor coord9ation :i* is ! /imulus or antec$5t ( ano!r coord9at$ act1 runn+ away4 ,! fir/ coord9ation passes into ! second1 & ! second may be view$ z a modification or recon/itution ( ! fir/4 ,b ?is ext]nal teleological di/9ction betwe5 s5sation & response is n s important z ! di/9ction n[ to be made4 ,s f> only fix$ coord9ations1 habitual modes ( action1 h be5 consid]$4 ,b !re are situations 9 :i* habitual responses & fix$ modes ( action fail3 situations 9 :i* new habits are =m$4 ,9 ^! situations !re arises a special di/9ction betwe5 /imulus & response1 = 9 ^! =mative situations ! /imuli & responses are consci\sly pres5t 9 exp]i5ce z su*4 ,! circle is a coord9ation1 "s ( ^: memb]s h come into conflict ) ea* o!r4 ,x is ! tempor>y dis9tegration & ne$ ( recon/itution :i* occasions1 :i* af=ds ! g5esis (1 ! consci\s di/9ction into s5sory /imulus on "o side & motor response on ! o!r4#aba ,! di/9ction :i* arises betwe5 /imulus & response is a di/9ction ( function )9 ! problematical situation4 ,suppose t a s\nd is he>d1 ! "* ( :i* is unc]ta91 & :i*1 z a coord9ation1 does n readily pass into its foll[+ coord9ation1 or habitual response4 ,! s\nd is puzzl+1 & moves into ! c5t] ( att5tion4 ,x is fix$ ^u1 ab/ract$1 /udi$ on its own acc\nt4 ,9 t ev5t1 ! s\nd may be spok5 ( z a s5sation4 ,z a s5sation1 x is ! datum ( a reflective process ( ?\ght1 or consci\s inf]5ce1 ^: aim is to con/itute ! s\nd a /imulus1 or1 9 o!r words1 to f9d :at response belongs to x4 ,:5 ?is response is det]m9$ ! problem is done ) & s5sory-motor unity is a*iev$4 ,! /imulus1 9 ^! cases1 is simply t phase ( activity requir+ to be def9$ 9 ord] t a coord9ation may be complet$4#abb ,x is n any p>ticul> exi/5ce1 & is n to be tak5 z an elem5t ap>t f o!rs1 hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,b ! consci\s process ( att5d+ to ! s5sation & f9d+ a response to x arises only :5 coord9ation is di/urb$ by conflict+ factors1 & ! sep>ation ( /imulus f response arises only z a means = br++ unity into ! coord9ation4 ,! s5sation1 !n1 is t elem5t :i* is to be att5d$ to2 ^u :i* fur!r response dep5ds4 ,?is phase ( ! teleological int]pretation def9es ea* elem5t by ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! reflective process4 ,if ?is brief summ>y ( ! article is difficult to compreh5d1 a read+ ( ! orig9al text w d little t[>ds mak+ x m intelligible4 ,! doctr9e pres5t$ !re1 h[ev]1 is simple & coh]5t en\gh :5 its be>+s & purpose are once und]/ood1 &1 at ! risk ( be+ ov]-elaborate1 x seems advisable to attempt "s rem>ks on ! g5]al be>+ & applications ( ! !ory4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,dewey is seek+ an int]pretation ( ! ?\ght process :i* %all reveal x z an actual fact ( exp]i5ce4 ,a ?\ght :i* is ap>t f exp]i5ce & n 9 x1 :i* is %ut up to ! contemplation ( its own m5tal /ates is1 by its def9ition1 non-exp]i5c$4 ,x is1 l ,kant's 'productive imag9ation1' =mative ( exp]i5ce1 b n a "p ( x4 ,dewey holds to ! belief t exp]i5ce mu/ be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( itself2 he w\ld d away ) all transc5d5tal factors 9 ! explanation ( reality4 ,b mod]n psy*ological !ory1 ,dewey believes1 t5ds to %ut ?\ght 9 to ! contemplation ( its own subjective /ates1 & ?us gives x an extra-exp]i5tial /atus4 ,a /imulus is said to /rike ^u an end organ1 :i* s5ds an impulse to ! cortex & !re gives rise to a s5sation :i*1 z ! effect ( a /imulus1 is repres5tative ( ! real1 b n real 9 itself4 ,?\ght1 aga91 int]prets ! s5sation1 & s5ds out a motor impulse appropriate to ! situation4 ,^! m5tal /ates & ! ?\ght :i* int]prets !m are1 9 ,dewey's m9d1 :olly fictiti\s4 ,! problem1 !n1 is to give an acc\nt ( ! p]ceptual processes :i* %all elim9ate ! artificial /ates ( m9d & pres5t m5tal op]ations z natural processes4 ,! difficulty ) cu/om>y psy*ological explanation is t x breaks ! reflex arc ( ! n]v\s sy/em into ?ree p>ts ^: relations are successive & causal r ?an simultane\s & organic4 ,!re is n fir/ a /imulus1 !n p]ception1 !n response2 ^! processes are supplem5t>y1 n sep>ate4 ,or1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 psy*ological explanation mu/ beg9 ) a :ole process :i*1 :5 analyz$1 is se5 to conta9 ! ?ree mom5ts or phases3 /imulus1 s5sation1 & response4 ,! :ole process is prim>y & actual1 ! ab/ract$ phases are second>y & d]ivative4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( ! me*anical int]pretation ( ! p]ceptual process1 m5tal /ates vani%4 ,repres5tative p]ceptionism is ?us done away )1 toge!r ) all ! problems :i* x g5]ates4 ,! position ( consci\s1 or reflective ?\ght1 9 ,dewey's s*eme1 is especially int]e/+4 ,?is mode ( ?\ght is n con/antly op]ative1 b arises only 9 situations ( /ress & /ra91 :5 habitual modes ( response break d[n4 ,a dualism is e/abli%$ betwe5 reflective ?\ght & ! habitual life processes4 ,dewey does n take ! gr\nd t ^! processes are supplem5t>y1 z he _h done 9 ! case ( /imulus1 s5sation1 & response4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,dewey _h def9$ judgm5t1 9 8 logical & e?ical writ+s ( an e>li] p]iod1 z a special activity op]at+ 9 critical situations4 ,?is conception ( judgm5t is n[ c>ri$ ov] into 8 psy*ology1 & giv5 a biological basis4 ,x is wor? not+ t ?is view ( judgm5t 0 work$ out 9 logical t]ms be=e x 0 re9=c$ by biological data4 ,nev]!less1 x is ?r\gh biology t ,dewey is able to give 8 int]pretation ( ! ?\ght process t empirical concret5ess :i* he dem&$ f ! beg9n+1 b a*iev$ v sl[ly4 ,! value ( ! functional psy*ology1 consid]$ m]ely z psy*ology1 is und5iable4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a natural & almo/ inevitable /ep 9 ! developm5t ( psy*ological !ory4 ,dewey's a*ievem5t consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( an organic mode ( int]pretation 9 psy*ology1 int5d$ to displace ! me*anical int]pretation4 ,! me*anical causal s]ies is displac$ by an organic sy/em ( int]nally relat$ p>ts4 ,dewey1 h[ev]1 does n display any int]e/ 9 ! logical aspects ( 8 doctr9e4 ,he takes ! biological situation lit]ally1 z a fact empirically giv51 & to be accept$ )\t criticism4 ,a discussion ( ! p]iod n[ "u consid]ation w\ld n be complete )\t ref]5ce to c]ta9 articles :i* supplem5t ! essay discuss$ above4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is an article on ,! ,psy*ology ( ,ef=t1 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,review 9 #ahig4abc ,x is n propos$ to foll[ ! argum5t ( ?is article 9 detail1 b to c5t] att5tion ^u ^? p>ts ( x1 especially ! conclud+ pages1 :i* h a special int]e/ 9 connection ) ! subject "u discussion4 ,dewey returns1 9 ?is article1 to ! situation ( ef=t at adju/m5t2 to ! situation 9 :i* an ef=t is made to det]m9e ! prop] response to a /imulus4 ,! op5+ pages are devot$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to a discussion ( ! di/9ction betwe5 consci\s ef=t & ! m]e exp5diture ( en]gy or ef=t z x appe>s to an outsid]1 &1 9 ! second place1 to ma9ta9+1 by means ( examples1 ! proposition t ! s5se ( ef=t is s5sationally m$iat$4 ,h[ !n does1 say1 a case ( p]ception ) ef=t diff] f a case ( 'easy' or ef=tless p]ception8 ,! diff]5ce1 ,i repeat1 %all be :olly 9 s5sory quale2 b 9 :at s5sory quale8#abd ,! consci\s s5se ( ef=t arises1 ,dewey answ]s1 :5 !re is a rivalry or conflict betwe5 two s5sational elem5ts 9 exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! case ( felt ef=t1 c]ta9 s5sory quales1 usually fus$1 fall ap>t 9 consci\sness1 & !re is an alt]nation1 an oscillation1 betwe5 !m1 accompani$ by a disagreeable tone :5 !y are ap>t1 & an agreeable tone :5 !y become fus$ aga94#abe ,^! two sets ( s5sory elem5ts h ea* a significance 9 t]ms ( adju/m5t2 "o ( !m is a correlate ( a habit1 or fix$ mode ( response1 & ! o!r is an intrud] :i* resi/s absorption into1 or fusion )1 ! dom9ant images ( ! curr5t habit or purpose4 ,! same idea ( a natural t5d5cy to p]si/ 9 a habitual mode ( reg>d+ ?+s 0 met ) 9 ! la/ two *apt]s1 & is qualifi$ "h by ! addition ( ! idea t ea* s5sory elem5t repres5ts a typical mode ( response on ! "p ( ! organism4 ,dewey illu/rates 8 notion by ! case ( le>n+ to ride a bicycle4 ,be=e "o m\nts "o has p]haps a pretty def9ite visual image ( himself 9 balance & 9 motion4 ,?is image p]si/s z a desirability4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re comes into play at once ! consci\sness ( ! famili> motor adju/m5ts1--= ! mo/ "p1 relat$ to walk+4 ,! two sets ( s5sations refuse to co9cide1 & ! result is an am\nt ( /ress & /ra9 relevant to ! mo/ s]i\s problems ( ! univ]se4#abf ,9 ano!r passage1 :i* br+s out ev5 m cle>ly ! rivalry ( ! two sets ( s5sations1 he says3 ,x means t ! activity already go+ on 7&1 !re=e1 report+ itself s5sationally7 resi/s displacem5t1 or trans=mation1 by or into ano!r activity :i* is beg9n+1 & ?us mak+ its s5sational report4#abg ,! s5se ( ef=t1 !n1 r$uces itself to an aw>5ess ( conflict betwe5 two s5sational elem5ts & _! motor correlates4 ,practically /at$1 ?is means t ef=t is no?+ m1 & also no?+ less1 ?an t5sion betwe5 means & ends 9 action1 & t ! s5se ( ef=t is ! aw>5ess ( ?is conflict4#abh ,! important aspect ( ,dewey's argum5t1 = ! pres5t discussion1 is t aw>5ess r$uces to ^! s5sational elem5ts & _! attributes4 ,?r\gh\t ! article ,dewey is oppos+ 8 s5sational view ( ! s5se ( ef=t to :at he calls ! 'spiritual' or non-s5sational view1 :i* supposes t ! s5se ( ef=t is some?+ purely psy*ical1 :i* accompanies ! exp5diture ( physical en]gy4 ,! consci\sness ( ef=t1 ,dewey says1 is n some?+ add$ to ! ef=t1 b is itself a c]ta9 condition exi/+ 9 ! s5sory quales4 ,?is provision w\ld make x necess>y to id5tify consci\sness1 &1 !re=e1 consci\s inf]5ce1 ) ! t5sional situation :i* has be5 describ$4 ,?is be+ grant$1 all t p]ta9s to consci\s inf]5ce1 all ! me?ods & categories ( sci5ce1 w\ld be applicable only 9 su* situations ( /ress & /ra92 !y w\ld appe> simply z in/rum5ts = effect+ a readju/m5t2 !y w\ld be employ$ exclusively 9 ! int]e/s ( action4 ,?is is ! direction 9 :i* ,dewey is t5d+4 ,no criticism ( ?is treatm5t ( judgm5t ne$ be made at ?is "t1 beyond po9t+ out t x pres5ts itself1 at fir/ sight1 z an awkw>d & indirect mode ( describ+ ! relations betwe5 organic activity & intellig5ce1 & betwe5 psy*ology & logic4 ,no?+ has s f> be5 said ( ! hi/orical s\rces ( ,dewey's !ory1 & ^! may be briefly consid]$4 ,!re are at lea/ two s\rces :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt3 ! ,james-,lange !ory ( ! emotions1 & ! ,neo-,hegelian e?ical !ory4 ,! latt] has already be5 consid]$ to "s ext5t1 z x manife/s itself 9 ,dewey's own e?ical !ory1 b its relation to 8 psy*ology has n be5 indicat$4 ,9 8 text-book1 ! ,outl9es ( a ,critical ,!ory ( ,e?ics 7#ahia71 ,dewey advanc$ c]ta9 ideas = :i* he claim$ orig9ality1 at lea/ 9 treatm5t4 ,among ^! 0 ! analysis ( individuality into function includ+ capacity & environm5t4#abi ,bradley appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ among ,engli% philosoph]s to introduce t syn!sis ( ! int]nal & ext]nal1 ( ! intuitional & utilit>ian modes ( judg+ conduct1 :i* became *>act]i/ic ( ,neo-,hegelian e?ics4 ,! syn!sis1 ( c\rse1 is ,hegelian 9 temp]1 & ! ,e?ical ,/udies are mu* m sugge/ive1 9 g5]al me?od1 ( ! ,philosophie des ,re*ts ?an ( any previ\s ,engli% "w4 ,utilit>ianism t5d$ to judge ! moral act by its ext]nal1 de facto results2 intuitionism1 on ! contr>y1 attribut$ morality to ! w ( ! ag5t4 ,! =m] f\nd morality to consi/ 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( affairs1 ! latt] 9 a c]ta9 int]nal attitude4 ,accord+ to ! syn!tic po9t ( view1 ^! oppos$ e?ical sy/ems are "o-sid$ repres5tations ( ! moral situation1 ea* be+ true 9 its own way4 ,to /ate ! matt] 9 ano!r =m1 ! moral act has a cont5t z well z a purpose4 ,let u expla91 says ,bradley4 ,! moral _w1 z we said1 is a :ole1 & has two sides4 ,!re is an out] side1 sy/ems & in/itutions1 f ! family to ! nation2 ?is we may call ! body ( ! moral _w4 ,& !re mu/ also be a s\l1 or else ! body goes to pieces2 e "o kn[s t in/itutions )\t ! _s ( !m are dead4444 ,we mu/ nev] let ?is out ( our sight1 t1 :]e ! moral _w exi/s1 y h & y mu/ h ^! two sides4#acj ,dewey expresses ! same idea 9 a m detail$ fa%ion4 ,:at d we mean by individuality8 ,we may di/+ui% two factors--or bett] two aspects1 two sides--9 individuality4 ,on "o side x means special disposition1 temp]am5t1 gifts1 b5t1 or incl9ation2 on ! o!r side x means special /ation1 situation1 limitations1 surr\nd+s1 opportunities1 etc4 ,or1 let u say1 x means specific capacity & specific environm5t4 ,ea* ( ^! elem5ts ap>t f ! o!r1 is a b>e ab/raction1 & )\t reality4 ,nor is x /rictly correct to say t individuality is contribut$ by ^! two factors toge!r4 ,x is1 r1 z intimat$ above1 t ea* is individuality look$ at f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 f )9 & f )\t4#aca ,x is a fact1 empirically demon/rable1 accord+ to ,dewey1 t body & object1 int5tion & =ese5 consequ5ce1 int]e/ & environm5t1 attitude & objectivity1 are p>ts ( "o ano!r & ( ! :ole moral situation4 ,ea* is relative to ! o!r4 ,x is n1 !n1 ! environm5t z physical ( :i* we are speak+1 b z x appe>s to consci\sness1 z x is affect$ by ! make-up ( ! ag5t4 ,?is is ! practical or moral environm5t4#acb ,:5 ?is relation ( ! inn] to ! out] is tak5 lit]ally & univ]sally1 we h ! ess5ce ( ! functional psy*ology4 ,organism-9-relation-to-environm5t becomes ! cat*-^w ( in/rum5tal pragmatism4 ,! o!r s\rce ( ,dewey's psy*ology1 :i* is n[ to be consid]$1 is ! ,james-,lange !ory ( ! emotions4 ,! connection "h is m obvi\s1 b p]haps n s vital1 z 9 ! case ( ! e?ical !ory4 ,f ! num]\s ref]5ces :i* ,dewey made to ,james's ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7#ahij71 x is evid5t t he 0 mu* impress$ ) ?is "w4 ,! !ory ( emotion !re pres5t$ seems to h _h a special int]e/ = him2 s mu* s t he made x ! subject ( two articles 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review1 9 #ahid & #ahie1 "u ! g5]al title1 ,! ,!ory ( ,emotion4#acc ,^! /udies be> a v close relation to ! article on ,! ,reflex ,arc ,concept 9 ,psy*ology 7#ahif71 ! /&po9t be+ ess5tially ! same1 al?\gh develop$ 9 ref]5ce to a te*nical problem4 ,"s indications may be giv5 "h ( ! relation%ips :i* !y be> to ! ,james-,lange !ory on ! "o side1 & functional psy*ology on ! o!r4 ,! ,james-,lange !ory is itself conc]n$ ) ord] & connection betwe5 emotional /ates1 p]ceptions1 & responses4 ,james says3 ,our natural way ( ?9k+ ab\t ^! co>s] emotions is t ! m5tal p]ception ( "s fact excites ! m5tal affection call$ ! emotion1 & t ?is latt] /ate ( m9d gives rise to ! bodily expression4 ,my !ory1 on ! contr>y1 is t ! bodily *anges foll[ directly ! p]ception ( ! excit+ fact1 & t our feel+ ( ! same *anges z !y occur ,,is ! emotion4#acd ,x is all a "q1 ,james says1 ( ! ord] & sequ5ce ( ^! elem5ts1 & 8 cont5tion is t ! bodily *anges %\ld be int]pos$ betwe5 ! two m5tal /ates4 ,?is is ! "q ) :i* ,dewey's functional psy*ology is also conc]n$1 ! relation ( response to /imulus1 & ! mann] 9 :i* a /imulus is det]m9$ by a reaction 'into x4' ,dewey's !ory rises s naturally out ( ,james's !ory ( ! emotions z to seem b little m ?an its univ]sal application4 ,?is connection is reveal$ 9 sev]al passages 9 ,dewey's /udy ( ! emotions4 ,x is said1 = in/ance1 t ! emotional situation mu/ be tak5 z a :ole1 z a /ate1 = in/ance1 ( 'be+ angry4' ,! sev]al con/itu5ts ( ! /ate ( ang]1 idea or object1 affect or emotion1 & mode ( expression or behavior1 are n to be tak5 sep>ately1 b all toge!r z elem5ts 9 "o :ole4#ace ,ano!r *>act]i/ic doctr9e appe>s 9 ! affirmation t ! emotional attitude is to be di/+ui%$ f o!r attitudes by c]ta9 special features :i* x possesses4 ,p>ticul>ly1 x involves a special relation ( /imulus to response4#acf ,aga91 !re is a t5d5cy to translate mean+ 9 t]ms ( project$ activity4 ,! consci\sness ( our mode ( behavior z af=d+ data = o!r possible actions con/itutes an objective or ideal cont5t4#acg ,x is en\gh1 p]haps1 to reveal ^! two s\rces z probable factors 9 ! developm5t ( ,dewey's psy*ological me?od4 ,no speculation ^u !m is necess>y4 ,at mo/1 !y 7 m]ely contributory to ,dewey's ?\ght1 & by fitt+ 9 ) 8 previ\s ideas enabl$ him to give a m concrete pres5tation ( 8 psy*ological !ory ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 possible4 ,,footnotes3 #aaf ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ceg-cgj4 #aag ,ibid41 p4 #ceg4 #aah ,op4 cit41 p4 #cfe4 #aai ,ibid4 #abj ,ibid41 p4 #cff1 note4 #aba ,op4 cit41 p4 #cgj4 #abb ,ibid41 p4 #cfh4 #abc ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #dc-ef4 #abd ,op4 cit41 p4 #df4 #abe ,ibid41 p4 #dh4 #abf ,op4 cit41 p4 #ej4 #abg ,ibid41 p4 #eb4 #abh ,ibid41 p4 #ea4 #abi ,op4 cit41 p4 viii4 #acj ,e?ical ,/udies1 p4 #afj f4 #aca ,outl9es ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ig4 #acb ,ibid41 p4 #ii4 #acc ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eec-efi2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ac-cb4 #acd ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ddi4 #ace ,psy4 ,rev41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ae f4 #acf ,ibid41 p4 #bd f4 #acg ,ibid41 p4 #bd4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,evolution>y ,,/&po9t ,dewey's psy*ology is l9k$ up ) 8 logical !ory1 z has already be5 sugge/$1 ?r\gh ! int]pretation ( ! ?\ght-process z a mode ( adju/m5t involv+ inf]5ce4 ,?is conception ( ?\ght implies1 ( c\rse1 t ?\ght is an in/rum5t ( adaptation1 & ?is 9 turn sugge/s t ! organ ( reflection is a product ( evolution>y =ces op]at+ on ! individual & on ! race4 ,9 ! p]iod n[ to be review$ ,dewey1 = ! fir/ "t 9 8 c>e]1 displays an active & int5se int]e/ 9 evolution>y !ory1 especially z appli$ 9 ! fields ( e?ics & psy*ology4 ,an article publi%$ 9 ! ,moni/1 9 #ahih1 on ,evolution & ,e?ics1#ach des]ves special att5tion4 ,! c5tral ?\ght ( ! article is to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,! belief t natural selection has ceas$ to op]ate 9 ! human sph]e re/s ^u ! assumption t !re is only "o =m ( su* selection3 t :]e improvem5t is indirectly effect$ by ! failure ( species ( a c]ta9 type to cont9ue to reproduce2 c>ry+ ) x z its correlative t c]ta9 v>iations cont9ue to multiply1 & f9ally come to possess ! l&4 ,?is ordeal by dea? is an extremely important phase ( natural selection1 s call$4444 ,h[ev]1 to id5tify ?is proc$ure absolutely ) selection1 seems to me to indicate a some:at gross & n>r[ vision4 ,n only is "o =m ( life z a :ole select$ at ! exp5se ( o!r =ms1 b "o mode ( action 9 ! same individual is con/antly select$ at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,!re is n only ! trial by dea?1 b !re is ! trial by ! success or failure ( special acts--! c\nt]p>t1 ,i suppose1 ( physiological selection s call$4#aci ,we h "h a ref9em5t ^u ! doctr9e ( natural selection4 ,! keynote ( ,dewey's new psy*ology is a process ( selection con/antly occurr+ )9 ! individual organism4 ,he po9ts out t1 9 deal+ ) man1 we h a highly adaptable1 n m]ely a highly adapt$ animal4 ,x is c]ta9ly impli$ 9 ! idea ( natural selection t ! mo/ effective modes ( v>iation %\ld !mselves be f9ally select$4#adj ,! capacity to v>y1 or adapt1 is highly develop$ 9 man4 ,?r\gh ^! v>iations1 ! organism is able to react aga9/ ! environm5t1 *ang+ its "* q completely4 ,! environm5t ( ! mod]n human is trem5d\sly complicat$ by 8 reaction ^u x4 ,! gr[? ( sci5ce1 its application 9 inv5tion to indu/rial life1 ! multiplication & accel]ation ( means ( transportation & int]communication1 h creat$ a peculi>ly un/able environm5t4#ada ,"u ^! conditions1 ! ability ( ! individual to adapt himself to *ang+ circum/ances is l>gely det]m9$ by 8 degree ( flexibility 9 ! selection ( "r acts & responses4 ,9 ! pres5t environm5t1 flexibility ( function1 ! enl>gem5t ( ! range ( uses to :i* "o & ! same organ1 grossly consid]$1 may be put1 is a great1 almo/ ! supreme1 condition ( success4#adb ,! human m9d is to be int]pret$ z a highly develop$ organ ^: special function is to make adaptation m flexible & response m v>i$ & discrim9at+4 ,t :i* 0 't5d5cy to v>y' 9 ! animal is consci\s =esight 9 man4 ,t :i* 0 unconsci\s adaptation & survival 9 ! animal1 tak+ place by ! 'cut & try' me?od until x work$ itself out1 is ) man consci\s delib]ation & exp]im5tation4#adc ,?is view ( consci\sness is work$ out on ! basis ( an evolution>y metaphysics4 ,man is view$ z an organism1 plac$ amid ! *ang+ :irl ( ?+s1 /imulat$ into action by 8 ne$s & wants1 adapt+ himself to conditions1 mak+ ! situation ov]1 or meet+ x habitually :]e he c & suff]+ ! consequ5ces :]e he _c make ! necess>y adju/m5t4 ,if ?is be tak51 z w\ld seem1 = ! ultimate tru? ab\t reality & man's place 9 x1 x mu/ be call$ a metaphysics4 ,aga9/ ?is backgr\nd ,dewey's logical !ory is develop$4 ,! mo/ important result1 f ! /&po9t ( ! /ud5t ( m9d & _s1 is ! r$uction ( self-consci\s reflection to ! position ( a n]v\s function ( ! organism4 ,! purely !oretical evid5ce by :i* ?is position is su/a9$ %\ld be subject$ to clos] scrut9y ?an c be und]tak5 9 ?is limit$ space4 ,! purpose ( reflection1 !n1 is to enable man to adapt himself to 8 environm5t1 und]/&+ by ! environm5t ! :ole ( ! reality :i* surr\nds him4 ,! te/ ( ! m9d & its newly project$ modes ( response ideas lies 9 its ability to meet ! dem&s ( ! situation4 ,! capacities & limits ( m9d are det]m9$ by ! purpose = :i* x 0 evolv$2 x c enable a man to deal m effectively ) 8 environm5t2 x c d no?+ else4 ,x _c speculate on ! nature ( reality z su*1 nor voyage on long j\rneys 9 se>* ( tru?6 ,its bus9ess is practical1 "h & n[4 ,its problems are always set = x by circum/ances1 & ^! circum/ances are concrete & specific4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z adaptation at l>ge or 9 g5]al4 ,! bus9ess ( m9d is to h1 & to cont9ually recon/ruct1 useful habits4 ,s ,dewey assures ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association 9 #ahii1 9 an address on ,psy*ology & ,social ,practice4#add ,we mu/ recognize1 he says1 t ! exi/+ ord] is det]m9$ nei!r by fate nor by *ance1 b is bas$ on law & ord]1 on a sy/em ( exi/+ /imuli & modes ( reaction1 ?r\gh k ( :i* we c modify ! practical outcome4#ade ,psy*ology un9t]pret$1 he says1 w nev] provide ready-made mat]ials & prescriptions = ! e?ical life4 ,b sci5ce1 bo? physical & psy*ological1 makes kn[n ! conditions ^u :i* c]ta9 results dep5d1 & !re=e puts at ! disposal ( life a c]ta9 me?od ( controll+ !m4#adf ,^! /atem5ts %[ ! ext5t to :i* ,dewey's view ( k has come to be controll$ by biological conceptions4 ,! evolution>y me?od is inve/igat$ 9 consid]able detail 9 ! next article to be consid]$1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 two p>ts 9 ! ,philosophical ,review1 #aijb1 "u ! title1 ,! ,evolution>y ,me?od z ,appli$ to ,morality4#adg ,! fact t "s philosoph]s d5y ! importance ( ! evolution>y me?od = e?ics1 hold+ t morality is purely a matt] ( value1 & t ! evolution>y me?od t5ds only to obscure diff]5ces ( value1 makes x necess>y to inquire into ! import & nature ( ?is me?od4 ,anyway1 ,dewey says1 be=e we ei!r abuse or recomm5d g5etic me?od we ought to h "s answ]s to ^! que/ions3 ,j :at is x8 ,j :at is to come ( x & h[8#adh ,! exp]im5tal me?od 9 sci5ce has at lea/ "s ( ! traits ( a g5etic me?od4 ,! nature ( wat]1 = in/ance1 _c be det]m9$ by simply obs]v+ x4 ,b exp]im5t br+s to light ! exact conditions "u :i* x came into be+ & !re=e expla9s x4 ,?r\gh g5]at+ wat] we s+le out ! precise & sole conditions :i* h to be fulfill$ t wat] may pres5t itself z an exp]i5c$ fact4 ,if ?is case be typical1 !n ! exp]im5tal me?od is entitl$ to rank z g5etic me?od2 x is conc]n$ ) ! mann] or process by :i* any?+ comes into exp]i5c$ exi/5ce4#adi ,"s w\ld d5y ?is1 on ! gr\nd t a g5u9ely hi/orical ev5t occupies a p>ticul> place 9 a hi/orical s]ies1 f :i* x is insep>able1 :ile 9 exp]im5tal sci5ce ! sets or pairs ( t]ms are n limit$ to any p>ticul> place 9 a hi/orical s]ies1 b occur & recur4 ,wat] is made ov] & ov] aga91 &1 s to speak1 at any date 9 ! cosmic s]ies4 ,?is deprives any acc\nt ( x ( g5u9ely hi/oric quality4#aej ,aga91 x might be said 9 opposition to treat+ ! exp]im5tal me?od z a g5etic me?od1 t x is int]e/$ 9 individual cases n z su*1 b z samples or in/ances4 ,! p>ticul> case is only an illu/ration ( ! g5]al relation :i* is be+ s\ght4 ,x w turn out 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion1 ,dewey says1 t1 al?\gh sci5ce deals ) orig9s1 x is n1 9 /rictness1 a hi/orical discipl9e4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! hi/orical & o!r sci5ces is bas$ on an ab/raction1 :i* has be5 introduc$ = ! sake ( m adequate control4 ,x is only by ab/raction t we get ! pairs ( facts t may %[ up at any "t1 & by ab/raction we attribute to !m a g5]aliz$ "*4 ,! facts1 9 !mselves1 are hi/oric4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z wat] 9 g5]al1 b wat] is j ?is wat]1 at ?is "t1 9 ?is place1 & x nev] %[s itself twice1 nev] recurs4 ,! sci5ti/ mu/ deal1 !re=e1 ) p>ticul> hi/oric cases ( wat]1 & ) _! specific orig9s4 ,exp]im5t has to d ) ! conditions ( production ( a specific am\nt ( wat]1 at a specific "t & place1 "u specific circum/ances3 9 a ^w1 x mu/ deal ) j ?is wat]4 ,! conditions :i* def9e its orig9 mu/ be /at$ ) equal def9it5ess & circum/antiality4#aea ,! in/ance has z def9ite a place 9 an hi/orical s]ies z has ,julius ,caes>4 ,b ! diff]5ce 9 treatm5t ( ! wat] & ,caes> is due to ! diff]5ce 9 int]e/4 ,julius ,caes> s]v$ a purpose :i* no o!r individual1 at any o!r "t1 c\ld h s]v$4 ,!re is a peculi> flavor ( human mean+ & accompli%m5t ab\t him :i* has no sub/itute or equival5t4 ,n s ) wat]4 ,:ile ea* portion is absolutely unique 9 its occurr5ce1 yet "o lot w s]ve our intellectual or practical ne$s j z well z any o!r4#aeb ,= ?is reason ! specific case ( wat] is n dealt ) on its own acc\nt1 b only z giv+ insight into ! processes ( its g5]ation 9 g5]al4 ,9 ?is way ! diff]5ce arises betwe5 ! g5]aliz$ /atem5ts ( physical sci5ce & ! individualiz$ =m dem&$ 9 hi/orical sci5ce4 ,! ab/ract "* ( ! physical result is recogniz$ by ! hypo!tical =m ( judgm5t 9 mod]n logic2 if c]ta9 conditions1 !n c]ta9 consequ5ces4 ,b ! c\nt]p>t ( ?is mu/ n be =gott51 t e categorical proposition applies to an individual4 ,exp]im5tal propositions1 !re=e1 h an hi/orical value4 ,!y take _! rise 91 & !y f9d _! application to1 a _w ( unique & *ang+ ?+s3 an evolution>y univ]se4#aec ,! recognition ( ! hi/orical "* ( exp]im5tal sci5ce does n 9 any way d]ogate f its value1 b1 prop]ly und]/ood1 gives a deep] insight into its significance4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t "h also ,dewey treats ?\ght1 hypo!sis1 z com+ 'aft] some?+1 & = ! sake ( some?+4' ,?is attempt to ju/ify ! hi/orical me?od by %[+ t x is impli$ 9 physical exp]im5t is ( dubi\s value4 ,its net result w\ld seem to be ! conclusion t e fact may be dealt ) ei!r z a hi/orical fact or z a datum = physical sci5ce4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ,dewey slurs ov] c]ta9 difficulties :i* dem& close scrut9y4 ,! treatm5t ( individuality is mo/ unsatisfactory4 ,:ile ea* portion or in/ance ( wat] is itself1 & has its own unque/ionable uniqu5ess1 no case is a m]e p>ticul>1 b ea* is a true individual1 :i* means t x is1 z x occurs1 an in/ance ( a g5]al ph5om5on4 ,:ile ! sci5ti/ mu/ deal ) specific cases ( wat]1 he has no reg>d = _! p>ticul>ity1 b *ooses !m z in/ances1 & is f fir/ to la/ occupi$ ) _! typical *>act]i/ics4 ,! hi/orian1 also1 selects relevant & repres5tative in/ances1 9 s f> z 8 hi/ory is int]pretative & n m]e n>rative4 ,a m]ely factual acc\nt ( a s]ies ( ev5ts is n sci5ce1 & nev] c\ld be4 ,dewey n[ turns to ! e?ical field1 ) ! purpose ( %[+ t ! hi/orical me?od 9 e?ics does = ?is sci5ce precisely :at ! exp]im5tal me?od does = o!r sci5ces4 ,hi/ory (f]s to u ! only available sub/itute = ! isolation & = ! cumulative recomb9ation ( exp]im5t4 ,! e>ly p]iods pres5t u 9 _! relative crud5ess & simplicity ) a sub/itute = ! artificial op]ation ( an exp]im5t3 foll[+ ! ph5om5on into ! m complicat$ & ref9$ =m :i* x assumes lat]1 is a sub/itute = ! syn!sis ( ! exp]im5t4#aed ,hydrog5 & oxyg5 are ! hi/orical antec$5ts ( wat]1 ^: syn!sis ! sci5ti/ obs]ves1 & s ! m primitive =ms ( conduct are ! elem5ts :i* ! morali/ traces 9 _! process ( becom+ fus$ into ! pres5t social fabric4 ,primitive social practices _c be artificially isolat$1 l ! physical elem5ts1 b !y c be trac$ to _! hi/orical orig9s1 & _! int]weav+ t[>ds pres5t complex conditions c be obs]v$4 ,! hi/orical me?od is subject to two misund]/&+s1 ,dewey says1 "o by ! empirici/s & mat]iali/s1 ! o!r by ! ideali/s4 ,! =m]1 hav+ isolat$ ! primitive facts1 suppose !m to h a sup]ior logical & exi/5tial value4 ,! e>li] is reg>d$ z someh[ m 'real' ?an ! lat]1 or z furni%+ ! quality 9 t]ms ( :i* ! reality ( all ! lat] mu/ be /at$4#aee ,! lat] is look$ ^u z simply a recomb9ation ( ! e>li] exi/5ces4 ,writ]s :o ought to "k bett] tell u t if we only _h an adequate k ( ! 'primitive' /ate ( ! _w1 if we only _h "s g5]al =mula by :i* to circumscribe x1 we c\ld d$uce d[n to its la/ detail ! entire exi/+ con/itution ( ! _w1 life1 & society4#aef ,! primitive elem5ts1 h[ev]1 take on new qualities on ent]+ into new comb9ations4 ,wat] is m ?an hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,!re is a simil> process int]v5+ betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] 9 ! moral field1 ( :i* ! primitive /ate & ! pres5t are m]ely end t]ms4 ,actual /udy mu/ take acc\nt ( ! :ole process4 ,! ideali/ic fallacy is ( ! opposite nature4 ,x takes ! f9al t]m ( ! process to be exclusively real4 ,! lat] reality is1 !re=e1 to him ! p]si/5t reality 9 contra/ ) :i* ! fir/ =ms are1 if n illusions1 at lea/ poor excuses = be+4444 ,x is en\gh = pres5t purposes to note t we h "h simply a p>ticul> case ( ! g5]al fallacy j discuss$--! emphasis ( a p>ticul> t]m ( ! s]ies at ! exp5se ( ! process op]ative 9 ref]5ce to all t]ms4#aeg ,! true reality is ! :ole process1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 empiricism only by ! primitive t]ms1 & 9 idealism only by ! end t]ms4 ,only a hi/orical me?od c deal ) x 9 its entirety4 ,9 summ+ up ! advantages ( ! hi/orical me?od1 ,dewey says t x gives a complete acc\nt ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( e?ical ideas1 op9ions1 beliefs1 & practices4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ! orig9 & developm5t ( ^! cu/oms & ideas2 & ) ! "q ( _! mode ( op]ation aft] !y h aris54 ,! describ$ facts--yes2 b among ! facts describ$ is precisely c]ta9 conditions "u :i* v>i\s norms1 ideals1 & rules ( action h orig9at$ & function$4#aeh ,dewey f9ds x irritat+ t ! facts ?us s+l$ out %\ld be treat$ z m]e facts1 ap>t f _! significance4 ,! hi/orical me?od employs description1 to be sure1 b x also aims at int]pretation4 ,! hi/oric me?od is a me?od1 fir/1 = det]m9+ h[ specific moral values 7:e!r 9 ! way ( cu/oms1 expectations1 conceiv$ ends1 or rules7 came to be2 & second1 = det]m9+ _! significance z indicat$ 9 _! c>e]4#aei ,x is true1 z ,dewey holds1 t ! hi/orical me?od may furni% a basis = int]pretation1 z well z description4 ,b ! m]e scrut9y ( :at has happ5$ w n reveal ! elem5ts1 nor det]m9e _! significance4 ,! hi/orian mu/ approa* 8 mat]ial ) some?+ m ?an 8 eyes4 ,b !re are _m hi/orical me?ods4 ,:i* %all be us$ 9 deal+ ) ! developm5t ( morals8#afj ,*emi/ry1 = in/ance1 9 int]pret+ ! fusion ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 into wat]1 employs a sy/em ( atoms relat$ to ea* o!r 9 a ma!matical ord]1 & some?+ simil>ly def9ite mu/ und]lie ! /udy ( morals4 ,! hi/orical me?od1 9 g5]al1 ne$s no def5ce1 b s9ce x takes _m =ms1 great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 its application4 ,dewey seems to ignore ^! difficulties4 ,dewey's argum5t n[ leads him to a comp>ison ( ! evolution>y me?ods ) ! intuitional & empirical me?ods 9 e?ics4 ,9 mak+ ! comp>ison1 he does n propose to raise ! "q ( fact conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( intuitions4 ,! "q to be confront$ is r a logical "o1 conc]n+ ! validity ( beliefs4 ,"u :at conditions alone1 & 9 :at measure or degree1 are we ju/ifi$ 9 argu+ f ! exi/5ce ( moral intuitions z m5tal /ates & acts to facts tak5 to correspond to !m8#afa ,! answ] is t ! exi/5ce ( a belief argues no?+ z to its validity4 ,! intuitioni/ takes 8 belief z a brute fact1 unrelat$ to objective conditions4 ,! 'inexpugnable' "* ( ! belief _c e/abli% its validity1 because ! life ( a s+le individual occupies b a brief span 9 ! cont9uity ( ! social life 9 :i* ! belief is emb$d$4 ,beliefs la/ = g5]ations1 & !n v (t5 disappe>4 ,:at gu>antee h we t our pres5t 'intuitions' h m validity ?an hundr$s ( pa/ ideas t h %[n !mselves by pass+ away to be empty op9ion or indurat$ prejudice8#afb ,intuitionism has no way ( gu>antee+ its beliefs4 ,! evolution>y me?od1 on ! o!r h&1 is able to det]m9e ! validity ( beliefs4 ,! wor? ( ! intuition dep5ds ^u g5etic consid]ations4 ,9 s f> z we c /ate ! intuition 9 t]ms ( ! conditions ( its orig91 developm5t1 & lat] c>e]1 9 s f> we h "s crit]ion = pass+ judgm5t ^u its pret5sions to validity4444 ,b if we _c f9d su* hi/oric orig9 & function+1 ! intuition rema9s a m]e /ate ( consci\sness1 a halluc9ation1 an illusion1 :i* is n made m wor?y by simply multiply+ ! numb] ( p :o h p>ticipat$ 9 x4#afc ,c]ta9 savage races1 = in/ance1 possess$ moral intuitions :i* made ! practice ( infanticide an obligation4 ,b ! fact t x 0 univ]sally held does n e/abli% its validity4 ,x mu/ be condemn$ or ju/ifi$ by ! results to :i* x l$4 ,dewey's criticism ( intuitionism sc>cely does ju/ice to t me?od1 :atev] may be its inh]5t weakness4 ,!re d\btless h be5 ?9k]s :o held t tru? is reveal$ to ! reason ( man 9 its nak$ purity1 9 ! %ape ( apodictic intellectual pr9ciples4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( s extreme a position z t ( ,kant1 !re are important qualify+ consid]ations to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t moral judgm5t1 z ,kant conceiv$ x1 0 exclud$ f ! consid]ation ( relevant data1 su* z ! k ( actual effects produc$ by giv5 c\rses ( conduct4 ,8 position seems to h be51 n t moral judgm5t lack$ specific cont5t1 b t reason took some?+ ) x to ! moral situation4 ,! intuitioni/s may h ov]-e/imat$ ! orig9al end[m5t ( ! m9d1 b x mu/ be admitt$ ) !m t ! m9d :i* approa*es ! moral situation empty ( concepts _c make moral decisions4 ,if man is to hold no beliefs except ^? prov$ valid by exp]i5ce1 h[ c !re be any to validate8 ,intellig5ce mu/ h ! capacity to frame beliefs 9 ! light ( its pa/ k1 & its acts ( judgm5t1 consequ5tly1 presuppose a te/ ( ! validity ( ideas :i* belongs to intellig5ce z su*1 & n to hi/ory tak5 ab/ractly4 ,beliefs are adapt$ to _! objects 9 ! mak+1 & on ?is acc\nt are usually f\nd to h _h "s ju/ification1 ev5 :]e set aside4 ',a pr9ciple t is suitable = univ]sal legislation already presupposes a cont5t4' ,dewey next consid]s ! relation ( ! evolution>y me?ods to empiricism4 ,empiricism1 he says1 is no m hi/oric 9 "* ?an is intuitionalism4 ,empiricism is conc]n$ ) ! moral idea or belief z a gr\p+ or association ( v>i\s elem5t>y feel+s4 ,x reg>ds ! idea simply z a complex /ate :i* is to be expla9$ by resolv+ x into its elem5t>y con/itu5ts4 ,by its logic1 bo? ! complex & ! elem5ts are isolat$ f an hi/oric context4444 ,! empirical & ! g5etic me?ods ?us imply a v diff]5t relation%ip betwe5 ! moral /ate1 idea1 or belief1 & objective reality4444 ,! empirical !ory holds t ! idea arises z a reflex ( "s exi/+ object or fact4 ,h5ce ! te/ ( its objectivity is ! fai?fulness ) :i* x reproduces t object z copy4 ,! g5etic !ory holds t ! idea arises z a response1 & t ! te/ ( its validity is f\nd 9 its lat] c>e] z manife/$ ) ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( ! situation t evok$ x4#afd ,only a me?od t takes ! _w z a *ang+1 hi/orical ?+1 c deal ) ! adaptation ( morality to new conditions4 ,bo? empiricism & intuitionalism1 ?\gh 9 v diff]5t ways1 d5y ! cont9uity ( ! moraliz+ process4 ,!y set up timeless1 & h5ce absolute & disconnect$1 ultimates2 !reby !y sev] ! problems & movem5ts ( ! pres5t f ! pa/1 rob ! pa/1 ! sole object ( calm1 imp>tial1 & g5u9ely objective /udy1 ( all in/ruct+ p[]1 & leave our exp]i5ce to =m undirect$1 at ! m]cy ( circum/ance & arbitr>9ess1 :e!r t ( dogmatism or scepticism4#afe ,9 evaluat+ ! article z a :ole1 x mu/ be said t ,dewey's /udy is n productive ( def9ite results4 ,! hi/ory ( ! pa/ c und\bt$ly (f] to ! /ud5t a mass ( data t is int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,! importance ( ?is or t belief1 or its value1 c be gaug$ by ! results :i* x is kn[n to h produc$4 ,b :51 9 ?is day & age1 ! morali/ sets out to f9d ! pr9ciples :i* %all guide 8 own conduct1 ! hi/ory ( morals is ( no m importance ?an ! obs]vations ( e day life1 :i* reveal ! consequ5ces ( conduct 9 ! lives ( m5 ab\t him4 ,b m p>ticul>ly1 x %\ld be add$1 an e/imate ( pres5t moral action dep5ds1 n ^u tru? utt]$ by ! pa/1 b ^u tru? discov]$ & int]pret$ by an intellig5ce :i* surveys ! pa/ & makes x mean+ful4 ,! pa/ 9 itself is no?+2 ?\ght alone c create real hi/ory4 ,ano!r article1 publi%$ by ,dewey 9 ! ,philosophical ,review 9 #aijj1 ,"s ,/ages ( ,logical ,?\ght1 illu/rates ! employm5t ( ! g5etic me?od 9 a m specific way4#aff ,9 8 introductory rem>ks1 ,dewey says3 ,i wi% to %[ h[ a v>iety ( modes ( ?9k+1 easily recognizable 9 ! progress ( bo? ! race & ! individual1 may be id5tifi$ & arrang$ z successive species ( ! relation%ip :i* d\bt+ be>s to assurance2 z v>i\s ratios1 s to speak1 :i* ! vigor ( d\bt+ be>s to m]e acquiesc5ce4 ,! presumption is t ! function ( que/ion+ is "o :i* has cont9ually gr[n 9 int5sity & range1 t d\bt is cont9ually *as$ back1 &1 be+ corn]$1 fights m desp]ately1 & ?us cle>s ! gr\nd m ?or\ghly4#afg ,dewey f9ds f\r /ages ( relation%ip betwe5 que/ion+ & dogmatism3 dogmatism1 discussion1 pro(1 & empirical sci5ce2 & he seeks to %[ h[ ea* /age involves a high] degree ( free inquiry4 ,mod]n sci5tific proc$ure1 z j set =?1 seems to def9e ! ideal or limit ( ?is process4 ,x is inquiry emancipat$1 univ]saliz$1 ^: sole aim & crit]ion is discov]y1 & h5ce x makes ! t]m9us ( our description4 ,x is idle to conceal f ourselves1 h[ev]1 t ?is sci5tific proc$ure1 z a practical und]tak+1 has n z yet reflect$ itself into any coh]5t & g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ?9k+4444#afh ,x is n necess>y to comm5t on ,dewey's /ages ( ?\ght4 ,! simil>ity ( ?is division to ,comte's !ological1 metaphysical & sci5tific /ages ( explanation w be app>5t4 ,dewey's rem>ks on ! logic ( ! sci5tific /age1 h[ev]1 are int]e/+4 ,! simple fact ( ! case is1 he says1 t !re are at lea/ ?ree rival !ories on ! gr\nd1 ea* claim+ to furni% ! sole prop] int]pretation ( ! actual proc$ure ( ?\ght4#afi ,!re is ! ,ari/otelian logic1 ) its fix$ =ms2 ! empirical logic1 :i* holds t only p>ticul> facts are self-support+1 & t ! au?ority all[$ to g5]al pr9ciples is d]ivative & second h&2#agj & f9ally !re is ! transc5d5tal logic1 :i* claims1 by analysis ( sci5ce & exp]i5ce1 to ju/ify ! conclusion t ! univ]se itself is a con/ruction ( ?\ght1 giv+ evid5ce ?r\gh\t ( ! p]vasive & con/itutive action ( reason2 & holds1 consequ5tly1 t our logical processes are simply ! read+ (f or com+ to consci\sness ( ! inh]5tly rational /ructure already possess$ by ! univ]se 9 virtue ( ! pres5ce )9 x ( ?is p]vasive & con/itutive action ( ?\ght4#aga ,none ( ^! logics1 ,dewey f9ds1 is capable ( deal+ ) ! actual proc$ure ( sci5ce1 because none ( !m treats ?\ght z a d\bt-inquiry process1 b r z some?+ fix$ & limit$ by conditions :i* det]m9e its op]ations 9 advance4 ,dewey asks3 ,does n an acc\nt or !ory ( ?9k+1 bas+ itself on mod]n sci5tific proc$ure1 dem& a /atem5t 9 :i* all ! di/9ctions & t]ms ( ?\ght--judgm5t1 concept1 inf]5ce1 subject1 pr$icate & copula ( judgm5t1 etc4 ad indef9itum--%all be int]pret$ simply & entirely z di/9ctive functions or divisions ( labor )9 ! d\bt-inquiry process8#agb ,sev5 ye>s be=e1 ,dewey _h be5 an ard5t *ampion ( ! transc5d5tal logic1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 progressive1 & he contra/$ x mo/ favorably ) ! =mal logics :i* treat ?\ght z a self-conta9$ process4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 he has a new insight4 ,logic mu/ be re9t]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! evolution>y or biological me?od4 ,we %all see h[ ?is is accompli%$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ,dewey's treatm5t ( ! g5etic & hi/orical me?ods mu/ seem s]i\sly inadequate4 ,! ideali/1 moreov]1 w feel t ,dewey %\ld h tak5 note1 9 8 criticism ( ! ideali/ic /&po9t1 ( ! fact t ,hegelianism 0 f fir/ to la/ a hi/orical me?od2 t ! ,g]man ideali/s gave ! impulse to mod]n hi/orical rese>*1 & provok$ a /udy ( ! hi/orical me?od ^: results are /ill felt4 ,b 9 turn+ away f idealism1 ,dewey has no ^w ( appreciation = ?is aspect ( ! ,hegelian philosophy4 ,:5 ! tru? is boil$ d[n1 x appe>s t ,dewey's hi/orical me?od1 9 s f> z he _h "o1 0 bas$ on biological evolutionism4 ,he _h no int]e/ 9 any o!r =m ( hi/orical int]pretation4 ,,footnotes3 #ach ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #cba-cda4 ,! article is a criticism ( ,huxley's essay ) ! same title4 #aci ,ibid41 p4 #ccg4 ,italics m9e4 #adj ,op4 cit41 p4 #cch4 #ada ,ibid41 p4 #cdj4 #adb ,ibid4 #adc ,ibid4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?is conclusion is rea*$ on a purely !oretical basis4 #add ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 #aijj1 pp4 #aje-abd4 #ade ,ibid41 p4 #abc4 #adf ,ibid41 p4 #abd4 #adg ,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #ajg-abd2 #cec-cga4 #adh ,ibid41 p4 #ajh4 #adi ,ibid41 p4 #aji4 #aej ,ibid4 #aea ,op4 cit41 p4 #aaj4 #aeb ,ibid41 p4 #aaa4 #aec ,op4 cit41 p4 #aab4 #aed ,ibid41 p4 #aac4 #aee ,op4 cit41 p4 #aad4 #aef ,ibid41 p4 #aaf4 #aeg ,ibid41 p4 #aah4 #aeh ,op4 cit41 p4 #cee4 #aei ,ibid41 p4 #cef4 #afj ,see ,bosanquet's ,logic1 second edition1 ,*apt] ,,vii1 & especially page #bdj4 #afa ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #ceg4 #afb ,ibid41 p4 #cfj4 #afc ,ibid41 p4 #ceh4 #afd ,op4 cit41 p4 #cfd f4 #afe ,op4 cit41 p4 #cgj4 #aff ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #dfe-dhi4 #afg ,op4 cit41 p4 #dfe4 #afh ,ibid41 p4 #dhf f4 #afi ,ibid41 p4 #dhg4 #agj ,ibid4 #aga ,ibid4 #agb ,op4 cit41 p4 #dhi4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,/udies ,,9 ,,logical ,,!ory ,9 #aijc a volume entitl$ ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 consi/+ ( essays on logical topics by ,dewey & 8 colleagues & pupils1 0 publi%$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,9 a review ( ?is volume1 ,pr(essor ,pr+le-,pattison rem>ks3 ,x is1 inde$1 mo/ unusual to f9d a s]ies ( philosophical pap]s by diff]5t writ]s 9 :i* 7)\t repetition or duplication7 !re is s mu* unity 9 ! po9t ( view & h>mony 9 results4 ,t ?is is s is a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! m\ld+ influ5ce ( ,pr(essor ,dewey ^u 8 pupils & coadjutors 9 ! ,*icago ,s*ool ( ,philosophy4#agc ,x w\ld be a ne$less task to review ! :ole volume1 & att5tion w be conf9$ to ! essays :i* con/itute ,dewey's special contribution to ! und]tak+4 ,^! con/itute ! fir/ f\r *apt]s ( ! volume1 & are devot$ to a critical exam9ation ( ,lotze's logic4#agd ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ,dewey pres5ts 9 complete =m ! logical !ory :i* /&s z ! goal ( 8 previ\s endeavors1 & m>ks ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] z a pragmati/4#age ,! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,/udies is devot$ to a g5]al consid]ation ( ! nature ( logical !ory4 ,dewey beg9s 8 discussion ) an acc\nt ( ! naive view ( ?\ght1 ! view ( ! man ( affairs or ( ! sci5ti/1 :o employs ideas & reflection b has nev] become critical ( 8 m5tal processes2 :o has nev] reflect$ ^u reflection4 ,if we 7 to ask1 he says1 ! ?9k+ ( naive life to pres5t1 ) a m9imum ( !oretical elaboration1 its conception ( its own practice1 we %\ld get an answ] runn+ n unlike ?is3 ,?9k+ is a k9d ( activity :i* we p]=m at specific ne$1 j z at o!r ne$ we engage 9 o!r sorts ( activity4#agf ,:ile ! /&po9t ( ! naive man is usually h>d to det]m9e1 !re appe>s to be consid]able ju/ification = ,dewey's /atem5t4 ,! common man does t5d to view ?9k+ z a special k9d ( activity1 p]=m$ by an organ :i* c be 'tra9$1' & he is incl9$ to speak ( education z a process ( 'tra9+ ! m9d4'#agg ,dewey f9ds a l>ge measure ( tru? 9 ?is naive view ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght appe>s to be d]ivative & second>y4 ,x comes aft] some?+ & out ( some?+1 & = ! sake ( some?+4#agh ,x is employ$ at ne$1 & ceases to op]ate :5 n ne$$4 ,tak+ "s "p ( ! univ]se ( action1 ( affection1 ( social con/ruction1 "u its special *>ge1 & hav+ busi$ itself !re) suffici5tly to meet ! special difficulty pres5t$1 ?\ght releases t topic & ent]s ^u fur!r m direct exp]i5ce4#agi ,!re is a rhy?m ( practice & ?\ght2 man acts1 ?9ks1 & acts aga94 ,! bus9ess ( ?\ght is to solve practical difficulties1 su* z arise 9 connection ) ! conduct ( life4 ,! purpose = :i* ?\ght int]v5es is to enable action to get ahead by discov]+ a way out ( ! giv5 difficulty4 ,ord9>ily1 ! transition f ?\ght to action & ! rev]se is accompli%$ )\t break or difficulty4 ,occasions arise1 h[ev]1 :5 ?\ght is balk$ by a situation ) :i* x is unable to deal1 aft] repeat$ attempts4 ,critical reflection is !n direct$ ^u ?\ght itself1 & logical !ory is ! result4 ,! g5]al !ory ( reflection1 z ov] aga9/ its concrete ex]cise1 appe>s :5 occasions = reflection are s ov]:elm+ & s mutually conflict+ t specific adequate response 9 ?\ght is block$4#ahj ,! purpose ( logical !ory is !re=e a practical "o1 & logical !ory1 l ord9>y reflection1 is direct$ t[>d ! removal ( difficulties :i* /& 9 ! way ( ! a*ievem5t ( practical ends4 ,?is description ( ?\ght & ( ! nature ( logical !ory invites suspicion by its v simplicity4 ,nobody w\ld d5y t ?\ght is l9k$ up ) practice1 t ! processes ( life l9k up into "o :ole organic process1 & t x w\ld be a mi/ake to treat ! cognitive processes z if !y 7 sep>ate f ! :ole4 ,b ,dewey's acc\nt ( ?\ght seems to fall into ! v ab/ractness :i* he is s anxi\s to avoid4 ,exp]i5ce is repres5t$ z a s]ies ( acts1 attitudes1 or functions1 :i* foll[ "o ano!r 9 succession4 ,?9k+ foll[s1 we w say1 /riv+1 & do+ foll[s ?9k+4 ,ea* 9 ! fulfilm5t ( its own function inevitably calls out its successor4#aha ,! functions are di/9ct1 b are unit$ to ea* o!r1 end to end1 l l9ks 9 a *a94 ,!y pass into & out ( "o ano!r1 b are n simultane\s4 ,?is description gives rise1 z ,bosanquet obs]ves1#ahb to a k9d ( dualism betwe5 ?9k+ & ! o!r processes ( life1 :i* is made deep] because ?9k+ is reg>d$ z a v special activity1 :i* passes judgm5t ^u bo? ! processes & cont5ts ( o!r functions1 & ^: aim & "w is di/9ctively recon/ructive or trans=matory4#ahc ,dewey's description ( ! processes ( exp]i5ce is und\bt$ly plausible1 b %\ld n be accept$ )\t close scrut9y ( ! facts4 ,x has be5 held1 9 opposition to su* a view1 t ! cognitive processes are s b\nd up ) p]ception1 feel+1 will+1 & do+1 t !y _c be sep>at$ f ! complex4#ahd ,or x might be held t ?9k+ & do+ are simultane\s & complem5t>y processes1 r ?an successive & supplem5t>y4 ,dewey does n conc]n himself ) ^! possibilities1 seem+ to take x = grant$ t 8 int]pretation is ! 'natural' "o4 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t ,dewey's description ( ?\ght z a process is by no means obvi\s & simple2 ?\ght is n easy to describe4 ,:5 we turn to logical !ory1 ,dewey says1 !re are two directions :i* may be tak54 ,! g5]al features ( logical !ory are indicat$ by its orig94 ,:5 ord9>y ?9k+ is imp$$1 an exam9ation ( ! ?9k+ function is und]tak51 ) ! purpose ( discov]+ its bus9ess & its mode ( op]ation4 ,! object ( ! exam9ation is practical2 to enable ?9k+ to be c>ri$ on m effectively4 ,if ^! conditions are kept 9 m9d1 logical !ory w be guid$ into its prop] *annels3 x w be assum$ t e process ( reflection arises ) ref]5ce to "s specific situation1 & has to subs]ve a specific purpose dep5d5t ^u ! occasion :i* calls x =?4 ,logical !ory w det]m9e ! conditions :i* ar\se ?\ght1 ! mode ( its op]ation1 & ! te/+ ( its results4 ,su* a logic1 be+ true to ! problems set = x by practical ne$s1 is 9 no dang] ( be+ lo/ 9 g5]alities4 ,b !re is ano!r direction :i* logical !ory sometimes takes1 unm9dful ( ! conditions impos$ by its orig94 ,?is is ! epi/emological direction4 ,epi/emological logic conc]ns itself ) ! relation ( ?\ght at l>ge to reality at l>ge4 ,x assumes t ?\ght is a self-conta9$ activity1 hav+ no vital connection ) ! _w :i* is to be kn[n4 ,su* a logic c nev] be fruitful1 = x has lo/ sight ( its purpose 9 ! =mulation ( its problem4 ,dewey is q "r 9 oppos+ a conception ( ?\ght :i* makes x a self-conta9$ activity1 hav+ no vital connection ) o!r life processes4 ,few rec5t ?9k]s h be5 guilty ( t error4 ,lotze1 to be sure1 made ! mi/ake ( sep>at+ ?\ght f ! reality to be kn[n1 & !re=e s]ves z a ready foil = ,dewey's criticism4 ,b ,lotze's age is pa/ & gone4 ,:5 ! ab/ract conception ( ?\ght is set aside1 & x is agre$ t ?\ght mu/ be treat$ z a process among ! processes ( exp]i5ce1 !re is /ill room = div]g5ce ( op9ion z to ! exact mann] 9 :i* ?\ght is relat$ to o!r functions4 ,dewey's logical !ory1 z outl9$ above1 dep5ds ^u a v special int]pretation ( ! place :i* ?\ght occupies 9 exp]i5ce4 ,= ?is reason he consid]s logic to be insep>able f psy*ology4 ,psy*ology 444 is indisp5sable to logical evaluation1 ! mom5t we treat logical !ory z an acc\nt ( ?9k+ z a mode ( adaptation to its own g5]at+ conditions1 & judge its validity by ref]5ce to its effici5cy 9 meet+ its problems4#ahe ,psy*ology1 9 o!r words1 mu/ sub/antiate ,dewey's acc\nt ( ?\ght1 else 8 'logic' has no f\ndation4 ,b if x 7 held t ! cognitive processes _c be sep>at$ 7except by ab/raction = psy*ological purposes7 f o!r processes1 !re c\ld manife/ly be no su* logical problem z ,dewey has posit$4 ,logic w\ld be fre$ f reliance ^u psy*ology4 ,9 ?is case1 logical inquiry w\ld be direct$ to ! /udy ( concepts1 =ms ( judgm5t1 & me?ods ( k1 ) ! purpose ( det]m9+ _! relations1 prop] applications1 & sph]es ( relevance4 ,logic w\ld be a 'criticism ( categories' r ?an a criticism ( ! function ( ?9k+4 ,dewey recognizes t su* a /udy ( me?od might be useful1 b holds t x w\ld be subsidi>y to ! l>g] problems ( logic4 ,! di/9ctions & classifications t h be5 accumulat$ 9 '=mal' logic are relevant data2 b !y dem& int]pretation f ! /&po9t ( use z organs ( adju/m5t to mat]ial antec$5ts & /imuli4#ahf ,x w be se5 t ! treatm5t ( ! =ms ( ?\ght z organs ( adju/m5t makes logic subsidi>y to psy*ology1 necess>ily & completely4 ,all foll[s1 h[ev]1 f ! orig9al assumption t ?\ght is a special activity1 cle>ly di/+ui%able f o!r exp]i5c$ processes1 & possess+ a special function ( its own4 ,9 8 fur!r analysis ( logical !ory1 ,dewey /ates t x has two phases1 "o g5]al & "o specific4 ,! g5]al problem conc]ns ! relations ( ! v>i\s functions ( exp]i5ce to "o ano!r2 h[ !y give rise to ea* o!r1 & :at is _! ord] ( succession4 ,?is wid] logic is id5tifi$ ) philosophy 9 g5]al4#ahg ,! specific phase ( logic1 logic prop]1 conc]ns itself ) ! function ( kn[+ z su*1 inquir+ into its typical behavior1 occasion ( op]ation1 divisions ( labor1 cont5t1 & successful employm5t4 ,dewey indicates ! dang] ( id5tify+ logic ) ei!r ( ^! to ! exclusion ( ! o!r1 or ( suppos+ t !y c be f9ally isolat$ f "o ano!r4 ,x is necess>y to "w back & =? betwe5 ! l>g] & ! n>r[] fields4#ahh ,:y is x necess>y to make su* a di/9ction at all8 ,& :y necess>y to move back & =? betwe5 ! two provisional /&po9ts8 ,dewey might answ] by ! foll[+ analogy3 ,! ?\ght function may be /udi$1 fir/ ( all1 z a special organ1 z an anatomi/ might /udy ! /ructure ( any special organ ( ! body2 b 9 ord] to und]/& ! "p play$ by ?is memb] 9 ! organism z a :ole1 x w\ld be necess>y to adopt a wid] view1 s t its place 9 ! sy/em c\ld be det]m9$4 ,?is is probably :at ,dewey means by 8 two /&po9ts4 ,he says3 ,we keep our pa?s /raight because we d n confuse ! sequ5tial1 effici5t1 & functional relation%ip ( types ( exp]i5ce ) ! contemporane\s1 correlative1 & /ructural di/9ctions ( elem5ts )9 a giv5 function4#ahi ,! fir/ objection to be made to ?is treatm5t ( ?\ght is t x makes kn[+ ! activity ( a special organ1 l liv] or lungs4 ,if ?is objection is surm\nt$1 !re rema9s ano!r f ! side ( g5]al me?od4 ,! biologi/ n only /udies ! p>ticul> organs z to _! /ructure & _! relation%ips )9 ! body1 b he has a view ( ! body z a :ole1 ( its g5]al end & purpose4 ,8 /udy ( ! p>ticul> organ is 9 "p det]m9$ by 8 k ( ! relations betwe5 body & environm5t4 ,b exp]i5ce z a :ole _c be treat$ l a body1 because x has no environm5t4 ,! analogy betwe5 body & its processes & exp]i5ce & its processes breaks d[n1 !re=e1 at a vital po9t4 ,dewey's g5etic int]pretation ga9s 9 plausibility :5 ! human body1 & n ! :ole ( exp]i5ce1 is tak5 z ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! 'functions' are to be expla9$1 = ! body has an environm5t & purposes 9 relation to t environm5t4 ,exp]i5ce z a :ole possesses no su* ext]nal ref]5ce4 ,x w be se5 t ,dewey's int]pretation ( ! function ( kn[+ is n z empirical z x proposes to be4 ,its und]ly+ conceptions are biological 9 "*1 & ^! conceptions are br\ght ready-made to ! /udy ( ?\ght4 ,logical !ory does n arise naturally & spontane\sly f a /udy ( ! facts ( m9d1 b ! facts are align$ & int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( categories select$ 9 advance4 ,empiricism develops its !ories 9 connection ) facts1 b rationalism 79 ! bad s5se ( ! ^w7 fits ! facts into prep>$ !ories4 ,dewey's treatm5t ( ?\ght is1 aft] all1 m rationali/ic ?an empirical4 ,to sum up ,dewey's conclusions s f>3 ,logic is ! /udy ( ! function ( kn[+ 9 relation to ! o!r functions ( exp]i5ce4 ,! wid] logic di/+ui%es ! function ( kn[+ f o!r activities1 & discov]s its g5]al purpose2 ! n>r[] logic exam9es ! function ( kn[+ 9 itself1 ) ! object ( det]m9+ its /ructure & op]ation4 ,! aim ( logic z a :ole is to und]/& ! op]ations ( ! concrete activity call$ kn[+1 ) ! purpose ( r5d]+ x m effici5t4 ,?is concrete treatm5t ( ?\ght contra/s %>ply ) ! 'epi/emological' me?od1 :i* sets ?\ght ov] aga9/ ! concrete processes ( exp]i5ce1 & ?us g5]ates ! false problem ( ! relation ( ?\ght 9 g5]al to reality 9 g5]al4 ,hav+ /at$ 8 position1 we might expect ,dewey1 9 ! c\rse ( ! next ?ree *apt]s1 to ent] ^u a consid]ation ( "o phase or o!r ( 8 logic4 ,on ! contr>y1 he proposes to take up "s ( ! consid]ations t lie on ! bord]l& betwe5 ! l>g] & ! n>r[] conceptions ( logical !ory4#aij ,fir/1 he w consid] ! antec$5t conditions & cues ( ! ?\ght-process2 ! conditions :i* lead up to & into ! function ( kn[+4 ,^! conditions lie betwe5 ! ?\ght-process & ! prec$+ function 79 ord] ( "t71 & are !re=e on ! bord]l& betwe5 ! wid] & n>r[] sph]es ( logic4 ,9 def9+ ! conditions :i* prec$e & evoke ?\ght1 ,dewey says3 ,!re is always z antec$5t to ?\ght an exp]i5ce ( "s subject-matt] ( ! physical or social _w1 or organiz$ intellectual _w1 ^: p>ts are actively at w> ) ea* o!r--s mu* s t !y ?reat5 to disrupt ! entire exp]i5ce1 :i* accord+ly = its own ma9t5ance requires delib]ate re-def9ition & re-relation ( its t5sional p>ts4#aia ,?\ght is always call$ into action by ! :ole concrete situation 9 :i* x occurs1 n by any p>ticul> s5sation1 idea1 or feel+4 ,! opposite int]pretation ( ! nature ( ! antec$5ts ( ?\ght is furni%$ by ,lotze1 :o makes !m consi/ 9 b>e impressions1 'moods ( ourselves1' m]e /ates ( consci\sness4 ,dewey is q "r 9 call+ ^! b>e impressions purely fictiti\s1 ?\gh ! obs]vation is by no means orig9al4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* he approa*es ! /udy ( ! antec$5ts ( ?\ght x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ,dewey has some?+ 9 common ) ,lotze4 ,! functional !ory1 t is1 all[s a c]ta9 initial deta*m5t ( ?\ght f reality1 :i* mu/ be bridg$ ov] by an empirical demon/ration ( its natural connection ) prec$+ processes4 ,dewey is :olly ju/ifi$1 aga91 9 ma9ta9+ t ?\ght is n a faculty set ap>t f reality1 & t :at is 'giv5' to ?\ght is a coh]5t _w1 n a mass ( unmean+ s5sations4 ,he recognizes 8 sub/antial agreem5t ) ! mod]n ideali/s 9 ^! matt]s4#aib ,b ! ideali/s1 he believes1 hold a con/itutive conception ( ?\ght :i* is 9 conflict ) ! empirical description ( ?9k+ z a concrete activity 9 "t4 ,reality1 accord+ to ?is conception1 is a va/ sy/em ( s5sations br\ght into a rational ord] by logical =ms1 & f9ite ?\ght1 9 its op]ations1 simply appreh5ds or discov]s ! inf9ite ord] ( ! cosmos4 ,h[ does x happ51 ,dewey asks1 t ! absolute con/itutive & intuitive ,?\ght does su* a poor & bungl+ job t x requires a f9ite discursive activity to pat* up its products8#aic ,aga9/ ,lotze1 su* an indictm5t has consid]able =ce1 b its applicability to mod]n idealism is n s obvi\s4 ,mod]n idealism has insi/$ ^u an empirical treatm5t ( ?\ght1 & has def9itely surr5d]$ ! ab/ract s5sations ( ! old] psy*ologies4 ,nor does idealism t5d to treat f9ite ?\ght z a process :i* m]ely 'copies' an et]nally pres5t nature4 ,! issue betwe5 ,dewey & ! ideali/s is ?is3 ,does functionalism r5d] an accurate empirical acc\nt ( ! nature ( ?\ght z a concrete process8 ,9 8 ?ird *apt] ,dewey discusses ,?\ght & its ,subject-matt]3 ,! ,datum ( ,?9k+4 ,! t5sional situation passes into a ?\ght situation1 & reflection ent]s ^u its "w ( re/or+ ! equilibrium ( exp]i5ce4 ,c]ta9 *>act]i/ic processes att5d ! op]ation ( ?\ght4 ,! conflict+ situation inevitably pol>izes or di*otomizes itself4 ,!re is some:at :i* is unt\*$ 9 ! cont5tion ( incompatibles4 ,!re is some?+ :i* rema9s secure1 unque/ion$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are elem5ts :i* are r5d]$ d\btful & prec>i\s4#aid ,! unque/ion$ elem5t is ! datum2 ! unc]ta9 elem5t1 ! ideatum4 ,ideas are impressions1 sugge/ions1 guesses1 !ories1 e/imates1 etc41 ! facts are crude1 raw1 unorganiz$1 brute4#aie ,!re is an approximation to b>e mean+ on ! "o h&1 & b>e exi/5ce on ! o!r4 ,! fir/ di*otomy passes into a second4 ,once m1 & briefly1 bo? datum & ideatum may 444 break up1 ea* = itself1 into physical & psy*ical4#aif ,! datum1 or s5se mat]ial1 is all1 someh[1 matt] & real1 b "o "p ( x turns out to h a psy*ical1 ano!r a physical =m4 ,simil>ly1 ! ideatum divides into :at is m]e fancy1 ! psy*ical1 & :at is objectively valid1 ! physical4 ,^! di/9ctions are divisions ( labor )9 ! ?\ght-process4 ,all ! di/9ctions ( ! ?\ght-function1 ( conception z ov] aga9/ s5se-p]ception1 ( judgm5t 9 its v>i\s modes & =ms1 ( inf]5ce 9 its va/ div]sity ( op]ation--all ^! di/9ctions come )9 ! ?\ght situation z gr[+ out ( a *>act]i/ic antec$5t typical =mation ( exp]i5ce4444#aig ,great confusion results 9 logical !ory1 ,dewey believes1 :5 x is =gott5 t ^! di/9ctions are valid only )9 ! ?\ght process4 ,_! ord] ( occurr5ce )9 ! ?\ght process mu/ also be obs]v$1 if confusion is to be prev5t$4 ,datum & ideatum come fir/1 psy*ical & physical next 9 ord]4 ,?us ! di/9ction betwe5 subjectivity & objectivity is n "o betwe5 mean+ z su* & datum z su*4 ,x is a specification t em]ges1 correspond5tly1 9 bo? datum & ideatum1 z affairs ( ! direction ( logical movem5t4 ,t :i* is left beh9d 9 ! evolution ( accept$ mean+ is *>act]iz$ z real1 b only 9 a psy*ical s5se2 t :i* is mov$ t[>d is reg>d$ z real 9 an objective1 cosmic s5se4#aih ,dewey does well to call att5tion to ! limitations ( ^! categories1 :i* _c1 inde$1 be treat$ z absolute )\t s]i\s error4 ,x may be que/ion$1 h[ev]1 :e!r _! limitations are ( ! precise nature :i* he describes4 ,all dep5ds ^u ! initial conception ( ! nature ( ?\ght4 ,f ,dewey's /&po9t1 ^! categories are 'tools ( analysis' :i* function only )9 ! ?9k+ process2 b 8 description ( ! function ( kn[+ may be que/ion$1 9 :i* case 8 in/rum5tal view ( ! concepts is r5d]$ mean+less4 ,a logical1 z di/9ct f a psy*ological1 treatm5t ( ! concepts m5tion$1 w\ld %[ t _! validity is limit$ to a c]ta9 'sph]e ( relevance2' t !y are applicable )9 a c]ta9 context & to a p>ticul> subject-matt]4 ,! dang] ( indiscrim9ate use ( ! categories w\ld be avoid$ by ! logical criticism ev5 bett]1 p]haps1 ?an by ,dewey's me?od4 ,! discussion 9 ,dewey's f\r? & la/ *apt]1 conc]n+ ,! ,cont5t & ,object ( ,?\ght1 h+es ^u a detail$ criticism ( ,lotze's position1 :i* _c be pres5t$ "h4 ,! g5]al be>+ ( ! discussion1 h[ev]1 may be indicat$4 ,to reg>d1 says ,dewey1 ! ?\ght-=ms ( conception1 judgm5t1 & inf]5ce z qualifications ( 'pure ?\ght1 ap>t f any diff]5ce 9 objects1' in/ead ( z successive dispositions 9 ! progressive organization ( ! mat]ial 7or objects7 is ! fallacy ( rationalism4#aii ,pure ?\ght1 ( c\rse1 _c be def5d$4 ,at ! same "t1 ,dewey1 l ,lotze1 t5ds to reg>d ?\ght z a special function ) a 'cont5t' ( its own4 ,if ?\ght is reg>d$ z a special k9d ( process1 hav+ its own cont5t 9 ! way ( in/rum5tal concepts1 ! "q inevitably arises3 ,h[ %all ^! =ms be employ$ to rea* tru?8 ,h[ apply !m correctly to ! matt] 9 h&8 ,dewey answ]s t ! =ms & hypo!ses ( ?\ght1 l ! tools & scaffold+s = its op]ations1 are especially design$ = ! labor :i* !y h to p]=m4 ,!re is no miracle 9 ! fact t tool & mat]ial are adapt$ to ea* o!r 9 ! process ( rea*+ a valid conclusion4444 ,ea* has be5 sl[ly evolv$ ) ref]5ce to its fit employ 9 ! entire function2 & ?is evolution has be5 *eck$ at e po9t by ref]5ce to its own correspond5t4#bjj ,x is no d\bt true t e/abli%$ conceptions1 no less ?an tempor>y hypo!ses1 h be5 evolv$ 9 connection )1 z a feature or "p (1 ! subject-matt] to :i* !y p]ta94 ,b x is q ano!r ?+ to say t ^! evolv$ =ms belong to ?\ght1 if by ?\ght be meant ! functional activity ( ,dewey's description4 ,dewey /resses ! relevance ( ^! =ms to ! ?\ght-process1 r ?an _! relevance to a p>ticul> sph]e ( disc\rse4 ,8 purpose is to %[ t di/9ctions :i* are valid )9 ! process ( kn[+ are n valid else:]e1 & ! net result is to limit ! faculty ( ?\ght z a :ole1 z well z ! =ms ( ?\ght4 ,?is result reveals itself mo/ cle>ly 9 8 discussion ( ! te/ ( tru?4 ,9 t s5se ! te/ ( reality is beyond ?\ght1 z ?\ght1 j z at ! o!r limit ?\ght orig9ates out ( a situation :i* is n reflectional 9 "*4 ,int]pret ?is be=e & beyond 9 a hi/oric s5se1 z an affair ( ! place occupi$ & role play$ by ?9k+ z a function 9 exp]i5ce 9 relation to o!r functions1 & ! int]m$iate & in/rum5tal "* ( ?\ght1 its dep5d5ce ^u unreflective antec$5ts = its exi/5ce1 & ^u a consequ5t exp]i5ce = its te/ ( f9al validity1 becomes significant & necess>y4#bja ,?is notion t ! te/ ( ?\ght mu/ be ext]nal to ?\ght dep5ds directly ^u ! doctr9e t ?\ght is a special activity ( ! k9d h]et(ore describ$4 ,x results f ! occasionalism attribut$ by ,dewey to ! ?9k+ process4 ,if ! tru? or falsity ( an idea is n discov]$ by ?\ght1 !n by :at faculty might x be discov]$8 ,p]haps by exp]i5ce z a :ole or 9 g5]al4 ,dewey1 on occasion1 speaks z foll[s3 ,exp]i5ce is cont9ually integrat+ itself into a :ol5ess ( coh]5t mean+ deep5$ 9 significance by pass+ ?r\gh an inn] di/raction 9 :i* by means ( conflict c]ta9 cont5ts are r5d]$ p>tial & h5ce objectively consci\s4#bjb ,p]haps ,dewey means to say t tru? is det]m9$ by ?is cosmic automatism4 ,x is confus+1 h[ev]1 to be told 9 "o mom5t t ?\ght trans=ms exp]i5ce1 & 9 ano!r t exp]i5ce trans=ms itself4 ,exp]i5ce1 n reflection1 is1 !n1 ! te/ ( tru? & ?\ght4 ,su* a /atem5t w\ld n be possible1 except 9 connection ) a psy*ology :i* delib]ately sets exp]i5ce ov] aga9/ reflection1 mak+ ! latt] a peculi>1 al?\gh dep5d5t1 process4 ,lotze1 inde$1 makes ! sep>ation ( ?\ght f exp]i5ce q complete4 ,dewey attempts to br+ !m toge!r by 8 psy*ological me?od1 b does n completely succe$4 ,9 ! meantime mod]n idealism has sugge/$ t ?\ght & exp]i5ce are m]ely p>ts ( "o g5]al process1 con/antly op]at+ 9 conjunction4 ,to "o :o believes t ! v>i\s processes or 'functions' ( exp]i5ce con/itute a s+le organ ( life1 ! proposition t exp]i5ce1 r ?an reflection1 is ! judge ( tru?1 becomes mean+less4 ,9 an essay on ,! ,logical ,conditions ( a ,sci5tific ,treatm5t ( ,morality 9 ano!r volume ( ! ,*icago ,publications ( #aijc1bjc ,dewey pres5ts a positive /atem5t ( 8 logical !ory :i* is an excell5t supplem5t to ! critical /udy ( ,lotze4 ,sci5ce1 ,dewey rem>ks 9 introduc+ ?is essay1 is a sy/ematiz$ body ( k4 ,k may be tak5 ei!r z a body ( facts or z a process ( arrang+ a body ( facts2 z results or ! acquir+ ( results4 ,! latt] phase ( sci5ce is ! m important4 ,z us$ 9 ?is article1 'sci5tific' means regul> me?ods ( controll+ ! =mation ( judgm5ts reg>d+ "s subject-matt]4#bjd ,9 ! sci5tific attitude1 beliefs are look$ ^u z conclusions1 & z conclusions !y look 9 two directions4 ,!y look backw>d t[>ds ! gr\nd f :i* !y are empirically d]iv$1 & :i* r5d]s !m valid1 & !y look =w>d1 z mean+1 to be+ ! gr\nd f :i* fur!r conclusions c be d$uc$4 ,s f> z we engage 9 ?is proc$ure1 we look at our respective acts ( judg+ n z indep5d5t & deta*$1 b z an int]relat$ sy/em1 )9 :i* e ass]tion entitles u to o!r ass]tions 7:i* mu/ be c>efully d$uc$ s9ce !y con/itute its mean+7 & to :i* we are entitl$ only ?r\gh o!r ass]tions 7s t !y mu/ be c>efully se>*$ =74 ',sci5tific' z us$ 9 ?is article ?us means ! possibility ( e/abli%+ an ord] ( judgm5ts su* t ea* "o :5 made is ( use 9 det]m9+ o!r judgm5ts1 !reby secur+ control ( _! =mation4#bje ,?is view ( sci5ce z an ord] ( judgm5ts requires a special treatm5t ( ! g5]ic ideas1 ! 'conclusions1' or univ]sals ( sci5ce4 ,! individual judgm5t1 ',?is1 ,a1 is ,b1' expresses an id5tity4 ,b x is mu* bett] express$ 9 hypo!tical =m4 ,id5tification1 9 o!r words1 is secure only :5 x c be made ?r\gh 7#a7 break+ up ! analyz$4 ,?is ( naive judgm5t into det]m9ate traits1 7#b7 break+ up ! pr$icate into a simil> comb9ation ( elem5ts1 & 7#c7 e/abli%+ uni=m connection betwe5 "s ( ! elem5ts 9 ! subject & "s 9 ! pr$icate4#bjf ,id5tity exi/s amid relevant diff]5ces1 & ! m intimately ! sy/em ( diff]5ts is und]/ood1 ! m positive is ! det]m9ation ( id5tity4 ,?is w be recogniz$ z ! 'concrete univ]sal' ( ! ,hegelian logicians4 ,b1 ,dewey says1 mod]n logicians t5d to disreg>d judgm5t z act1 & pay att5tion to x only z cont5t4 ,! g5]ic ideas are /udi$ 9 indep5d5ce ( _! applications1 z if ?is 7 a matt] ( no conc]n 9 logic4 ,9 tru?1 !re is no su* ?+ z control ( "o cont5t by m]e ref]5ce to ano!r cont5t z su*4 ,to recognize ?is impossibility is to recognize t ! control ( ! =mation ( ! judgm5t is always ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an act by :i* ! respective cont5ts ( bo? ! individual judgm5t & ( ! univ]sal proposition are select$ & br\ght into relation%ip to ea* o!r4#bjg ,! individual act ( judgm5t is necess>y to logical !ory1 because ! act ( ! individual =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! g5]ic idea & ! specific details ( ! situation4 ,!re mu/ be "s means :]eby ! in/rum5tal concept is br\ght to be> ^u its appropriate mat]ial4 ,! logical process includes1 z an organic "p ( itself1 ! selection & ref]5ce ( t p>ticul> "o ( ! sy/em :i* is relevant to ! p>ticul> case4 ,?is individualiz$ selection & adaptation is an integral portion ( ! logic ( ! situation4 ,& su* selection & adju/m5t is cle>ly 9 ! nature ( an act4#bjh ,?is problem ( ! relation ( ! categories to _! subject-matt] is an acute "o = ,dewey1 because ( limitations plac$ ^u ?\ght4 ,he decides t ! idea mu/ be1 9 "s fa%ion1 self-selective1 mu/ signify its own fitness to a giv5 subject-matt]4 ,b x c only be self-selective by be+ itself 9 ! nature ( an act4 ,x turns out t ! g5]ic idea has be5 evolv$ 9 connection ) acts ( judgm5t1 & its own applicability is born 9 x4 ,! activity :i* selects & employs is logical1 n extra-logical1 j because ! tool select$ & employ$ has be5 inv5t$ & develop$ precisely = ! sake ( j su* future selection & use4#bji ,! logic & sy/em ( sci5ce mu/ be embodi$ 9 ! individual4 ,he mu/ be a good logical m$ium1 8 acts mu/ be ord]ly & consecutive1 & g5]ic ideas mu/ h a good motor basis 9 8 organism1 if he is to ?9k successfully4 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( ,dewey's argum5t 9 ! essay "u discussion4 ,! inf]5ce seems to be t logic _c be sep>at$ f biology & psy*ology1 s9ce ! act ( kn[+ & ! ideas :i* x employs h a physiological basis4 ,x is difficult to see1 h[ev]1 h[ su* a /&po9t c\ld prove useful 9 ! practical /udy ( logic4 ,c]ta9ly little headway c\ld be made t[>d a /udy ( ! prop] use & limitations ( ! categories by an inve/igation ( ! human n]v\s sy/em4 ,& to :at ext5t w\ld physiology illum9ate ! problem ( ! relation ( ! g5]ic ideas to _! appropriate objects8 ,al?\gh ,dewey decides t ! relation%ip mu/ h its gr\nd 9 ! motor activities ( ! organism1 8 conclusion has little empirical evid5ce to support x4 ,a practical1 workable conception ( ! relations betwe5 g5]ic ideas & _! objects mu/ be bas$ on consid]ations less obscure4 ,:y n be cont5t to v]ify1 by criticism1 ! tru? t exp]i5ce & ?\ghts ab\t exp]i5ce develop toge!r1 ) ! result t ea* !ory1 hypo!sis1 or me?od is applicable )9 ! sph]e :]e x 0 born8 ,:y wait ^u psy*ology = confirmation ( a tru? s obvi\s & important8 ,bosanquet rem>ks3 ,ei!r "o may speak z if reality 7 relative to ! individual m9d1 a ridicul\s idea 4441 or "o may become int]e/$ 9 trac+ ! g]m9ation & gr[? ( ideas 9 ! individual m9d z typical facts inde$1 b only z "o animal's habits are typical ( ^? ( o!rs1 & we may slur ov] ! prim>y basis ( logic1 :i* is its relation to reality4 ,= m5tal facts unrelat$ to reality are no k1 & !re=e h no place 9 logic4#baj ,bosanquet emphasizes an important tru? neglect$ by ,dewey4 ,logic is n conc]n$ ) ideas z ?+s exi/+ 9 individuals1 nor ) conceptions z individual modes ( response4 ,tru? has little to d ) ! individual z su*1 ?\gh ! individual might well conc]n himself ab\t tru?4 ,tru? is objective1 sup]-individual1 & logic is ! /udy ( ! objective v]ity ( ?\ght4 ,! proposition1 ',all life is f ! liv+1' f9ds no premises 9 ! n]ve tissues ( ! sci5ti/ :o accepts x4 ,h[ does ! proposition squ>e up ) reality or exp]i5ce8 ,t is ! "q1 & x c only be answ]$ by turn+ away f psy*ology to empirical v]ification1 involv+ a critical te/ ( ! applicability ( ! ?\ght to reality4 ,9 ! /rictly e?ical "p ( ! essay1 ,dewey tries to %[ t moral judgm5ts1 at lea/1 involve ! "* ( ! ag5t & 8 specific acts z data4 ,intellectual judgm5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 may disreg>d ! acts ( ! individual2 !y are left out ( acc\nt1 :5 !y are s uni=m 9 _! ex]cise t !y make no diff]5ce ) respect to ! p>ticul> object or cont5t judg$4#baa ,x w be se5 t ! di/9ction betwe5 moral & intellectual judgm5ts is made on ! basis ( _! cont5t4 ,b ,dewey is committ$ to ! doctr9e t judgm5ts are to be diff]5tiat$ z acts1 on a psy*ological basis4 ,9 any case1 if ! "* & acts ( a man are to be judg$1 !y mu/ be treat$ objectively1 & ! relevance ( ! judge's ideas to ! man's actual "* _c be decid$ by a psy*ological analysis ( ! judge's m9d4 ,"r & wrong1 :e!r moral or intellectual1 are n attributes ( ! individual n]v\s sy/em4 ,,footnotes3 #agc ,! ,philosophical ,radicals1 ,dewey's ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 p4 #agi4 ,! essay 0 orig9ally pr9t$ z a critical notice 9 ! ,philosophical ,review1 ,novemb]1 #aijd4 #agd ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 7#aiae-af71 ,dewey's *apt]s h be5 repr9t$ 9 a volume entitl$ ,essays 9 ,exp]im5tal ,logic1 publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press 7,june1 #aiaf74 ,!y are prec$$1 9 ?is new sett+1 by a special introductory *apt]1 & num]\s alt]ations h be5 made :i* d n1 h[ev]1 affect ! fundam5tal /&po9t4 #age ,see ,james's review1 ,! ,*icago ,s*ool1 ,psy*ological ,bullet91 ,vol4 ,i1 #aijd1 pp4 #a-e4 #agf ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 p4 #b4 #agg ,comp>e ,dewey1 ,h[ ,we ,?9k 7#aiaj71 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ,! ,ne$ = ,tra9+ ,?\ght4 #agh ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 p4 #a4 #agi ,ibid41 p4 #b4 #ahj ,op4 cit41 p4 #c f4 #aha ,ibid41 p4 #af4 #ahb ,logic1 second ed41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgj4 #ahc ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 p4 x4 #ahd ,?9k+ or rationality is n limit$ to ! process ( ab/ract cognition1 b x includes feel+ & w1 & 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t c>ries ^! along ) x4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 su* a ?+ z :at we h call$ ab/ract cognition2 b ! diff]5t mom5ts are all unit$ 9 ! concrete exp]i5ce :i* we may "n ! life ( ?\ght4 ,creighton1 ,exp]i5ce & ,?\ght1 ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xv1 #aijf1 p4 #dhg f4 #ahe ,op4 cit41 p4 #ae4 #ahf ,ibid41 p4 #h4 #ahg ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ah-ai4 #ahh ,ibid41 p4 #bc4 #ahi ,ibid41 p4 #ag4 #aij ,op4 cit41 p4 #bc4 #aia ,op4 cit41 p4 #ci f4 ,bradley sugge/s a simil> idea ( ! 't5sional situation4' ,see1 = in/ance1 ,e?ical ,/udies1 p4 #fe1 :]e he rem>ks3 ,we h conflict+ desires1 say ,a & ,b2 we feel two t5sions1 two draw+s 7s to speak7 b we c n actually affirm ourselves 9 bo?4 ,a m complete /atem5t ( ! 't5sional situation' w be f\nd on page #bci ( ! same "w & 9 v>i\s o!r passages4 #aib ,ibid41 pp4 #dc-dd4 #aic ,op4 cit41 p4 #de4 #aid ,ibid41 p4 #ej4 #aie ,ibid41 p4 #eb4 #aif ,op4 cit4 #aig ,ibid41 p4 #dg4 #aih ,ibid41 p4 #ec4 #aii ,op4 cit41 p4 #fa f4 #bjj ,ibid41 p4 #hj4 #bja ,op4 cit41 p4 #he4 #bjb ,ibid4 #bjc ,dec5nial ,publications ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aae-aci4 #bjd ,ibid41 p4 #aae4 #bje ,ibid41 p4 #aaf4 #bjf ,op4 cit41 p4 #abj4 #bjg ,ibid41 p4 #aba4 #bjh ,ibid41 p4 #abb4 #bji ,op4 cit4 #baj ,logic1 second ed41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bcb4 #baa ,dec5nial ,publication ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #abg4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,polemical ,,p]iod ,aft] ! publication ( ! ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 ,dewey ent]$ ^u :at may be call$ ! polemical p]iod ( 8 c>e]4 ,he jo9$ =ces ) ,james & ,s*ill] 9 ! promotion ( ! new movem5t call$ ',pragmatism4' ,! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 in/itut$ at ,columbia ,univ]sity 9 #aijd1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,dewey accept$ a pr(essor%ip 9 t in/itution1 became a conv5i5t m$ium = ! expression ( 8 views1 & e volume ( ?is p]iodical w be f\nd to conta9 notes1 discussions1 & articles by ,dewey & 8 foll[]s1 be>+ on curr5t controv]sy4 ,he also publi%$ _m articles 9 o!r j\rnals1 te*nical & popul>4 ,9 #aiaj1 ! mo/ important ( ^! essays 7 collect$ into a volume1 publi%$ "u ! title1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy1 & ,o!r ,essays4 ,= purposes ( discussion1 ^! essays may be divid$ into two classes3 ^? ( a m con/ructive "*1 sett+ =? ,dewey's own /&po9t1 & ^? :i* are ma9ly polemical1 direct$ aga9/ oppos+ /&po9ts1 *iefly ! ideali/ic4 ,! con/ructive writ+s w be giv5 fir/ consid]ation4 ,! essay on ,! ,po/ulate ( ,imm$iate ,empiricism1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 9 ,july1 #aije1 & lat] repr9t$ 9 ! volume ( collect$ essays1 (f]s a conv5i5t po9t ( dep>ture4 ,dewey obs]ves t _m ( ! difficulties 9 curr5t controv]sy c be trac$ to presuppositions tacitly held by ?9k]s z to :at exp]i5ce means4 ,dewey attempts to make 8 own presuppositions explicit1 ) ! object ( cle>+ up ?is confusion4 ,imm$iate empiricism1 he says1 po/ulates t ?+s--any?+1 ev]y?+1 9 ! ord9>y or non-te*nical use ( ! t]m '?+'--are :at !y are exp]i5c$ z4 ,h5ce1 if "o wi%es to describe any?+ truly1 8 task is to tell :at x is exp]i5c$ z be+4#bab ,! ideali/s1 on ! contr>y1 hold t ?+s 7or1 ultimately1 ,reality1 ,be+7 are only & j :at !y are kn[n to be or t ?+s are1 or ,reality is1 :at x is = a consci\s kn[]--:e!r ! kn[] be conceiv$ prim>ily z a p]ceiv] or z a ?9k] be+ a fur!r1 & second>y1 "q4 ,?is is ! root-p>alogism ( all idealisms1 :e!r subjective or objective1 psy*ological or epi/emological4#bac ,kn[+ is m]ely "o mode ( exp]i5c+1 & ?+s may be exp]i5c$ 9 o!r ways1 z1 = in/ance1 ae/hetically1 morally1 te*nologically1 or economically4 ,?is foll[s ,dewey's famili> division ( ! processes ( exp]i5ce into sep>ate 'functions' or activities4 ,x becomes ! duty ( ! philosoph]1 foll[+ ?is s*eme1 to f9d out :at sort ( an exp]i5ce kn[+ is--or1 concretely h[ ?+s are exp]i5c$ :5 !y are exp]i5c$ z kn[n ?+s4#bad ,dewey fails1 9 ?is essay1 to draw a di/9ction :i* is highly important1 betwe5 k z aw>5ess & k z reflection4 ,?is results 9 "s confusion4 ,= ! pres5t1 he is conc]n$ ) k z aw>5ess4 ,he employs an illu/ration to make 8 mean+ cle>2 ! exp]i5ce ( fright at a noise1 :i* turns out1 :5 exam9$ & kn[n1 to be ! tapp+ ( a w9d[ %ade4 ,:at is orig9ally exp]i5c$ is a frightful noise4 ,if1 aft] exam9ation1 ! 'frightfulness' is classifi$ z 'psy*ical1' :ile ! 'real' fact is said to be h>mless1 !re is no w>rant = read+ ?is di/9ction back into ! orig9al exp]i5ce4 ,! argum5t is direct$ aga9/ t mode ( expla9+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! psy*ical & ! physical :i* employs a subjective m9d or 'kn[]' z ! conta9] ( ! m]ely subjective aspects ( reality4 ,dewey w\ld hold t m9d1 us$ 9 ?is s5se1 is a fiction1 hav+ a small explanatory value1 & creat+ m problems ?an x solves4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 psy*ical & physical is relative1 n absolute4 ,! frightful noise fir/ he>d 0 nei!r psy*ical nor physical2 x 0 :at x 0 exp]i5c$ z1 & ! exp]i5ce conta9$ no su* di/9ction1 nor did x conta9 a 'kn[]4' ,! noise z kn[n1 aft] ! int]v5tion ( an act ( judgm5t1 conta9$ ^! elem5ts 7except ! 'kn[]'71 b ! ?+ is n m]ely :at x is kn[n z4 ,!re is no w>rant = read+ ! di/9ctions made by judgm5t back into a situation :]e judgm5t 0 n op]ative4 ,! orig9al fact 0 precisely :at x 0 exp]i5c$ z4 ,dewey's purpose1 ?\gh n well /at$1 seems to be ! complete rejection ( ! notion ( k z aw>5ess1 or ( ! subjective kn[]4 ,he discov]s at ! same "t an opportunity to sub/antiate 8 own descriptive acc\nt ( kn[+ 7or reflection7 z an occasional function4 ,! two ent]prises1 h[ev]1 %\ld be kept di/9ct4 ,grant+ t ! subjective kn[] ( ! old] epi/emology %\ld be dismiss$ f philosophy1 x does n foll[ t ,dewey's special int]pretation ( ! function ( reflection is ! only sub/itute4 ,! pr9ciple ( imm$iate empiricism1 ,dewey says1 furni%es no positive tru?4 ,x is simply a me?od4 ,n a s+le philosophical proposition c be d$uc$ f x4 ,! application ( ! me?od is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ proposition3 ,if y wi% to f9d out :at subjective1 objective1 physical1 m5tal1 cosmic1 psy*ic1 cause1 sub/ance1 purpose1 activity1 evil1 be+1 quality--any philosophic t]m1 9 %ort--means1 g to exp]i5ce & see :at ! ?+ is exp]i5c$ z4#bae ,?is recipe _c be tak5 lit]ally4 ,dewey probably means t ea* concept has1 or %\ld h1 a positive empirical ref]5ce1 & is significant only 9 t ref]5ce4 ,he is a firm believ]1 h[ev]1 9 ! descriptive me?od4 ,9 a note1 he rem>ks t he w\ld employ 9 philosophy ! direct descriptive me?od t has n[ made its way 9 all ! natural sci5ces1 ) su* modifications1 ( c\rse1 z ! subject itself entails4#baf ,?is rem>k calls = clos] exam9ation ?an c be made "h4 ,x may be said 9 pass+1 h[ev]1 t 'sci5tific description' is by no means s simple a me?od ( proc$ure z ,dewey w\ld seem to indicate4 ',sci5tific description1' z actually employ$1 is a highly elaborat$ & specializ$ me?od ( deal+ ) exp]i5ce4 ,! :ole subject1 inde$1 is involv$1 & requires cauti\s treatm5t4 ,dewey's some:at +5u\s hope1 t ! id5tification ( 8 me?od ) ! me?ods ( sci5ce w add to its impressiv5ess1 is 9 dang]1 un=tunately1 ( be+ vitiat$ ?r\gh ! suspicion t he is1 aft] all1 n 9 close t\* ) ! me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,dewey employs ! descriptive me?od *iefly z a means = sub/antiat+ 8 special int]pretation ( ! judgm5t process4 ,8 use ( ! me?od 9 ?is connection is well illu/rat$ by an article call$ ,! ,exp]im5tal ,!ory ( ,k#bag 7#aijf71 9 :i* he attempts to f9d out :at sort ( an exp]i5ce kn[+ is ?r\gh an appeal to imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,x %\ld be possible1 he says1 to disc]n & describe a kn[+ z "o id5tifies any object1 conc]n1 or ev5t4444 ,:at we want is j some?+ :i* takes itself z k1 rightly or wrongly4#bah ,! difficulty lies n 9 f9d+ a case ( kn[+1 b 9 describ+ x :5 f\nd4 ,dewey selects a case to be describ$1 &1 z usual1 *ooses a simple "o4 ,?is means1 he says1 a specific case1 a sample4444 ,our rec\rse is to an example s simple1 s mu* on its face z to be z innoc5t z may be ( assumptions4444 ,let u suppose a smell1 j a float+ odor4#bai ,! level at :i* ?is illu/ration is tak5 is significant4 ,is x possible to suppose t any?+ s complex1 v>i$1 myriad-sid$ z t some?+ we call k1 c be discov]$ & describ$ )9 ! limits ( s simple an in/ance8 ,dewey employs ! smell 9 ?ree situations1 ! fir/ repres5t+ ! 'non-cognitional1' ! second ! 'cognitive1' & ! ?ird ! g5u9ely 'cognitional' situation4 ,! fir/1 or 'non-cognitional' situation is describ$ z foll[s3 ,b1 let u say1 ! smell is n ! smell ( ! rose2 ! result+ *ange ( ! organism is n a s5se ( walk+ & rea*+2 ! delici\s f9ale is n ! fulfilm5t ( ! movem5t1 &1 ?r\gh t1 ( ! orig9al smell2 'is n1' 9 ea* case mean+ is 'n exp]i5c$ z' su*4 ,we may take1 9 %ort1 ^! exp]i5ces 9 a brutely s]ial fa%ion4 ,! smell1 ,s1 is replac$ 7& displac$7 by a felt movem5t1 ,k1 ?is is replac$ by ! gratification1 ,g4 ,view$ f )\t1 z we are n[ reg>d+ x1 !re is ,s-,k-,g4 ,b f )91 = itself1 x is n[ ,s1 n[ ,k1 n[ ,g1 & s on to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,n[h]e is !re look+ be=e & aft]2 memory & anticipation are n born4 ,su* an exp]i5ce nei!r is1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 a k1 nor does x ex]cise a cognitive function4#bbj ,x w be se5 at once t ?is is n a description ( an actual human exp]i5ce1 b a s*ematic /ory design$ to illu/rate a comp>atively simple po9t4 ,9 ?is situation ! p]son conc]n$ does n delib]ately & consci\sly recognize ! smell z ! smell ( a rose2 he is n aw>e ( any symbolic "* 9 ! smell1 x does n ent] z a middle t]m into a process ( inf]5ce4 ,9 su* a situation1 ,dewey believes1 x w\ld be wrong to read into ! smell a cognitive prop]ty :i* x does n1 z exp]i5c$1 possess4 ,9 ! second1 or 'cognitive' situation1 ! smell z orig9ally exp]i5c$ does n involve ! function ( kn[+1 b turns out aft] ! ev5t1 z reflect$ ^u1 to h _h a significance4 ,9 say+ t ! smell is f9ally exp]i5c$ z mean+ gratification 444 we retrospectively attribute intellectual =ce & function to ! smell--& ?is is :at is signifi$ by 'cognitive4' ,yet ! smell is n cognitional1 because x did n kn[+ly int5d to mean ?is2 b is f\nd1 aft] ! ev5t1 to h meant x4#bba ,! moral is1 z usual1 t ! f9d+s ( reflection mu/ n be read back into ! =m] unreflective exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! truly 'cognitional' exp]i5ce ! smell is !n & !re exp]i5c$ z mean+ or symboliz+ ! rose4 ,an exp]i5ce is a k1 if 9 its quale !re is an exp]i5c$ di/9ction & connection ( two elem5ts ( ! foll[+ sort3 "o means or int5ds ! pres5ce ( ! o!r 9 ! same fa%ion 9 :i* itself is already pres5t1 :ile ! o!r is t :i*1 :ile n pres5t 9 ! same fa%ion1 mu/ become s pres5t if ! mean+ or int5tion ( its companion or yoke-fell[ is to be fulfill$ ?r\gh ! op]ation x sets up4#bbb ,9 ! 'cognitional' situation1 ! smell is !n & !re exp]i5c$ z signify+ ! pres5ce ( a rose 9 ! vic9ity1 & ! rose mu/ be exp]i5c$ z a pres5t fact1 be=e ! mean+ ( ! smell is completely fulfill$ & v]ifi$4 ,x w be se5 at once t ?is description ( kn[+ foll[s ! l9es laid d[n by ,james 9 8 *apt] on ,reason+ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,9 ! process ( reason+ ! situation is analyz$2 "s p>ticul> feature ( x is ab/ract$ & made ! middle t]m 9 an inf]5ce4 ,! smell1 z ?us ab/ract$1 is said to h ! function ( kn[+1 or mean+1 ! rose ^: reality x evid5ces4 ,dewey's treatm5t ( k1 h[ev]1 is f> too simple4 ,! function ( mean+1 symboliz+1 or 'po9t+' does n reside 9 ! ab/ract$ elem5t z su*2 = ! context 9 :i* ! judgm5t occurs det]m9es ! *oos+ ( ! 'middle t]m1' z well z ! direction 9 :i* x %all po9t4 ,! situation z a :ole has a rationality :i* resides 9 ! di/9ctions1 id5tities1 phases ( emphasis1 & discrim9ations ( ! total exp]i5ce4 ,rationality expresses itself 9 ! organiz$ sy/em ( exp]i5ce1 n 9 p>ticul> elem5ts & _! 'po9t+s4' ,tak5 9 ?is s5se1 rationality is pres5t 9 all exp]i5ce4 ,! smell1 9 ,dewey's fir/ situation1 is n 'cognitional' because ! situation z a :ole does n p]mit x to be1 if su* an expression may be us$4 ,! intellectual drift ( ! mom5t drives ! smell away f ! c5tre ( att5tion at "o "t1 j z at ano!r x selects x to s]ve z an elem5t 9 judgm5t4 ,x is only ) ref]5ce to a sy/em ( "s k9d t ?+s c be reg>d$ z symbols at all4 ,?+s d n repres5t "o ano!r at haphaz>d1 b def9itely & concretely2 !y imply an organization ( elem5ts hav+ mutual implications4 ,"o ?+ implies ano!r because bo? are elem5ts 9 a :ole :i* det]m9es _! mutual ref]5ce4 ,?is organization is pres5t 9 all exp]i5ce1 n 9 ! =m ( 'e/abli%$ habits1' b 9 ! =m ( w & purpose4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 fur!r discussion1 :i* ne$ n be foll[$ 9 detail1 ,dewey passes on to a consid]ation ( tru?4 ,tru? is conc]n$ ) ! wor? or validity ( ideas4 ,b1 be=e _! validity c be det]m9$1 !re mu/ be a 'cognitional' exp]i5ce ( ! type describ$ above4 ,be=e ! category ( confirmation or refutation c be introduc$1 !re mu/ be some?+ :i* means to mean some?+ & :i* !re=e c be gu>ante$ or nullifi$ by ! issue4#bbc ,ideas1 or mean+s1 z directly exp]i5c$1 are nei!r true nor false1 b are made s by ! results 9 :i* !y issue4 ,ev5 !n1 ! outcome mu/ be reflect$ ^u1 be=e !y c be designat$ true or false4 ,tru? & falsity pres5t !mselves z significant facts only 9 situations 9 :i* specific mean+s & _! already exp]i5c$ fulfilm5ts & non-fulfilm5ts are int5tionally comp>$ & contra/$ ) ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! wor?1 z to reliability ( mean+1 ( ! giv5 mean+ or class ( mean+s4#bbd ,?is makes ! :ole problem ( tru? a relatively simple affair4 ,! symbol & its 'po9t+' are tak5 z a s+le1 objective fact1 to be te/$1 &1 if v]ifi$1 labell$ 'true4' ,mean+s1 aft] all1 are n s simple z ?is s*eme w\ld imply4 ,z ! intellectual life ( man is m subtle & univ]sal ?an ,dewey repres5ts x to be1 s is tru?1 z t :i* ?\ght seeks to e/abli%1 some?+ deep]-ly+ & m compreh5sive4 ,ideas are n simple & isolat$ facts2 _! tru? is n /rictly _! own1 b is reflect$ into !m f ! objective ord] to :i* !y p]ta94 ,! possibility ( mak+ obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 & ( hav+ ideas1 re/s ^u ! pres5ce 9 & ?r\gh exp]i5ce ( t direct+ influ5ce :i* we call valid k1 or tru?4 ,an idea1 to be true1 mu/ fit 9 ) ?is g5]al body ( tru?4 ,n correspond5ce ) its s+le object1 b correspond5ce ) ! :ole organiz$ body ( k1 is ! te/ ( ! tru? ( an idea4 ,! attempt to describe k z a p>ticul> occurr5ce1 fact1 or function1 is =$oom$ to failure4 ,x %\ld be not$ also t ,dewey's 'description1' ?r\gh\t ?is essay1 is any?+ b a direct1 empirical exam9ation ( ?\ght4 ,he pres5ts a s*ematiz$ picture ( reality :i*1 l an eng9e]'s diagram1 leaves out ! cloy+ details ( ! object x is suppos$ to repres5t4 ,! sceptical & positivi/ic results ( ,dewey's treatm5t ( k are set =? 9 an article entitl$ ,"s ,implications ( ,anti-,intellectualism1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 9 #aiaj4bbe ,?is 0 n includ$ 9 ! volume ( collect$ essays publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 b may be reg>d$ z ( "s importance4 ,aft] "s comm5ts on curr5t anti-intellectuali/ic t5d5cies1 ,dewey proce$s to di/+ui% 8 own anti-intellectualism f t ( o!rs4 ,?is type />ts f acts1 functions1 z prim>y data1 functions bo? biological & social 9 "*2 f organic responses1 readju/m5ts4 ,x treats ! k /&po9t1 9 all its patt]ns1 /ructures1 & purposes1 z evolv+ out (1 & op]at+ 9 ! int]e/s (1 ! guidance & enri*m5t ( ^! prim>y functions4 ,! vice ( intellectualism f ?is /&po9t is n 9 mak+ ( logical relations & functions 9 & = k1 b 9 a false ab/raction ( k 7& ! logical7 f its work+ context4#bbf ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is exaltation ( ! prim>y functions at ! exp5se ( k affects philosophy is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,philosophy is itself a mode ( kn[+1 & ( kn[+ :]e9 reflective ?9k+ is mu* 9 play4444 ,z a mode ( k1 x arises1 l any intellectual und]tak+1 out ( c]ta9 typical p]plexities & conflicts ( behavior1 & its purpose is to help /raight5 ^! out4 ,philosophy may inde$ r5d] ?+s m intelligible or give great] insight into exi/5ce2 b ^! consid]ations are subject to ! f9al crit]ion ( :at x means to acquire insight & to make ?+s intelligible1 i4 e41 namely1 s]vice ( special purposes 9 behavior1 & limit by ! special problems 9 :i* ! ne$ ( insight arises4 ,?is is n to say t in/rum5talism is m]ely a me?odology or an epi/emology prelim9>y to m ultimate philosophic or metaphysical inquiries1 = x involves ! doctr9e t ! orig91 /ructure1 & purpose ( kn[+ are su* z to r5d] nugatory any :olesale inquiries into ! nature ( ,be+4#bbg ,9 ! la/ analysis1 ?is appe>s to be a confession1 r ?an an argum5t4 ,x is ! inevitable outcome ( ! functional analysis ( intellig5ce4 ,?\ght is ?is organ1 ) ^! functions1 & is capable ( s mu* & no m4 ,! limit to its capacity is set by ! description ( its nature4 ,! nature ( ! functionali/ic limitation ( ?\ght is well express$ 9 ! words 'special' & 'specific4' ,s9ce ?\ght is ! s]vant ( ! 'prim>y' modes ( exp]i5ce1 x c only deal ) ! problems set = x by prec$+ non-reflective processes4 ,^! problems are 'specific' because !y are concrete problems ( action1 & are conc]n$ ) p>ticul> aspects ( ! environm5t4 ,dewey's =midable positivism w\ld vani% at once1 h[ev]1 if 8 special psy*ology ( ! ?\ght-process %\ld be f\nd unt5able4 ,?\ght is limit$1 accord+ to ,dewey1 because x is a v special =m ( activity1 op]at+ occasionally 9 ! int]e/ ( ! direct modes ( exp]i5c+4 ,probably e philosoph] recognizes t speculation _c be all[$ to run wild4 ,"s problems are wor? :ile1 o!rs are artificial & trivial1 & "s means mu/ be f\nd = sep>at+ ! s\nd & sub/antial f ! tawdry & s5tim5tal4 ,! "q is1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,dewey's psy*ology furni%es a gr\nd = su* di/9ctions4 ,aga91 x %\ld be not$ t1 9 spite ( ! limitations plac$ ^u ?\ght by its v nature1 z describ$ by ,dewey1 c]ta9 philosoph]s1 by 8 own confession1 are guilty ( :olesale inquiries into ! nature ( ,be+4 ,if ?\ght c deal only ) specific problems1 !n !re c be no "q z to :e!r philosophy ought to be metaphysical4 ,x is a repetition ( ! case ( psy*ological v]sus e?ical h$onism4 ,mod]n ideali/s w\ld res5t ! imputation t !re is any incl9ation on _! "p to d5y ! ne$ = a critical attitude t[>d ! problems & me?ods ( philosophy4 ,kant's criticism ( ! 'dogmati/s' = _! undiscrim9at+ employm5t ( ! categories 9 ! int]pretation ( reality1 e/abli%$ an attitude :i* has be5 /eadily ma9ta9$ by 8 philosophical desc5dants4 ,! ideali/1 9 fact1 has accus$ ,dewey ( laxity 9 ! criticism ( 8 own me?ods & presuppositions4 ,! categories ( description & natural selection by means ( :i* 8 functionalism is e/abli%$1 x is argu$1 are ( little s]vice 9 ! sph]e ( m9d4 ,& :ile ,dewey accepts an evolution>y view ( reality 9 g5]al1 ! ideali/ has f\nd evolutionism1 at lea/ 9 its biological =m1 too limit$ 9 scope to s]ve ! ext5sive int]e/s ( philosophy4 ,dewey is "r 9 oppos+ false problems & fanciful solutions 9 philosophy2 b ^! evils are to be correct$1 n by functional psy*ology1 b by an empirical criticism ( ea* me?od & ea* problem z x arises4 ,x has be5 se5 t1 ev5 9 ^! m con/ructive essays1 ,dewey's position is l>gely def9$ 9 negatives4 ,:at might be expect$1 !n1 ( ! essays :i* are prim>ily critical8 ,p]haps ! be/ answ] w be af=d$ by a close analysis ( "o or m ( !m4 ,idealism1 z has be5 said1 receives mo/ ( ,dewey's att5tion4 ,!re are ?ree essays 9 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy1 :i* be> directly aga9/ idealism4 ,"o1 ,! ,intellectuali/ ,crit]ion ( ,tru?1 is direct$ aga9/ ,bradley2 ano!r1 ,exp]i5ce & ,objective ,idealism1 is a hi/orical discussion ( ideali/ic views4 ,! ?ird1 :i* is broade/ 9 scope1 is entitl$ ,beliefs & ,exi/5ces4 ,?is 0 orig9ally deliv]$ z ! presid5tial address at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association 9 ,decemb]1 #aije1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,review 9 ,m>*1 #aijf1 "u ! title1 ,beliefs & ,realities4 ,dewey beg9s ) a discussion ( ! p]sonal & human "* ( beliefs4 ,beliefs1 he says1 look bo? ways1 t[>ds p]sons & t[>ds ?+s4444 ,!y =m or judge--ju/ify or condemn--! ag5ts :o ent]ta9 !m & :o insi/ ^u !m4444 ,to believe is to ascribe value1 impute mean+1 assign import4#bbh ,beliefs are ent]ta9$ by p]sons2 by m5 z individuals & n z pr(essional be+s4 ,because !y are ess5tially human1 beliefs issue 9 action1 & h _! import 9 conduct4 ,t believ$ bett] is held to1 ass]t$1 affirm$1 act$ ^u4444 ,t believ$ worse is fl$1 resi/$1 trans=m$ into an in/rum5t = ! bett]4#bbi ,beliefs1 !n1 h a human side2 !y belong to p1 & h a "* :i* is express$ 9 ! conduct to :i* !y lead4 ,on ! o!r h&1 beliefs look t[>ds ?+s4 ',reality' naturally in/igates belief4 ,x appraises itself & ?r\gh ?is self-appraisal manages its affairs4444 ,x is int]pretation2 n m]ely exi/5ce aw>e ( itself z fact1 b exi/5ce disc]n+1 judg+ itself1 approv+ & disapprov+4#bcj ,! vital connection betwe5 belief z p]sonal1 & z direct$ ^u ?+s1 _c be disreg>d$4 ,we _c keep connection on "o side & ?r[ x away on ! o!r4 ,we _c pres]ve significance & decl9e ! p]sonal attitude 9 :i* x is inscrib$ & op]ative4444#bca ,to take ! _w z some?+ exi/+ by itself1 is to ov]look ! fact t x is always somebody's _w1 & y %all n h complet$ y\r metaphysics till y h told ^: _w is meant & h[ & :at =--9 :at bias & to :at effect4#bcb ,b philosoph]s h be5 guilty ( error "h4 ,!y h ?r[n aside all consid]ation ( belief z a p]sonal fact 9 reality1 & h tak5 an oa? ( allegiance to ,reality1 objective1 univ]sal1 complete2 made p]haps ( atoms1 p]haps ( s5sations1 p]haps ( logical mean+s4#bcc ,?is ,reality leaves no place = belief2 = belief1 z hav+ to d ) human adv5tures1 c h no place 9 a cut & dri$ cosmos4 ,! se>* = a _w :i* is et]nally fix$ 9 et]nal mean+s has develop$ ! pres5t wondr\s & =midable te*nique ( philosophy4 ,! attempt to exclude ! human elem5t f belief has result$ 9 philosophical errors4 ,philosoph]s h divid$ reality into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* %all alone be good & true ',reality1' 444 :ile ! o!r "p1 t :i* is exclud$1 %all be ref]r$ exclusively to belief & treat$ z m]e appe>ance4444#bcd ,to cap ! climax1 ?is division ( ! _w into two p>ts mu/ be made by "s philosoph] :o1 be+ human1 employs 8 own beliefs1 & classifies ?+s on ! basis ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,c x be done8 ,we are today 9 ! pres5ce ( a revolt aga9/ su* t5d5cies1 ,dewey says2 & he proposes to give "s sket*1 7#a7 ( ! hi/orical t5d5cies :i* h %ap$ ! situation 9 :i* a ,/oic !ory ( k claims metaphysical monopoly1 & 7#b7 ( ! t5d5cies t h furni%$ ! despis$ pr9ciple ( belief opportunity & means ( reass]tion4#bce ,?r\gh\t ?is introduction ,dewey speaks ) consid]able feel+1 z if ! "q 7 a moral "o1 r ?an a disquisition conc]n+ ! be/ me?od ( deal+ ) ! p]sonal aspects ( ?\ght4 ,8 mean+1 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ app>5t4 ,:at does x mean to say t a ,/oic !ory ( k holds a monopoly 9 mod]n philosophy8 ,9 :at s5se has ! philosophy ( ! pa/ be5 misan?ropic8 ,is ,humanism a product ( ! tw5tie? c5tury8 ,dewey's ass]tions are broad & sweep+2 too broad ev5 = a popul> disc\rse1 let alone a philosophical address4 ,p]haps 8 attitude w be m fully express$ 9 ! hi/orical inquiry :i* foll[s4 ,dewey beg9s ?is inquiry ) ! p]iod ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 because x emphasiz$ fai? & ! p]sonal attitude1 seem$ 9 a fair way to d ju/ice to human belief4 ,t ! ultimate pr9ciple ( conduct is affectional & volitional2 t ,god is love2 t access to ! pr9ciple is by fai?1 a p]sonal attitude2 t belief1 surpass+ logical basis & w>rant1 works out ?r\gh its own op]ation its own fulfill+ evid5ce3 su* 0 ! impli$ moral metaphysic ( ,*ri/ianity4#bcf ,b ^! implications _h to be work$ out into a !ory1 & ! only logical or metaphysical sy/ems :i* (f]$ !mselves z a basis = organization 7 ^? ,/oic sy/ems :i* id5tifi$ true exi/5ce ) ! prop] object ( logical reason4 ,ari/otle alone among ! anci5ts gave practical ?\ght its due att5tion1 b he1 un=tunately1 fail$ to assimilate 8 idea ( !oretical to 8 notion ( practical k4#bcg ,9 ! ,greek sy/ems g5]ally1 desir+ reason culm9at+ 9 beliefs relat+ to imp]fect exi/5ce1 /&s =ev] 9 contra/ ) passionless reason function+ 9 pure k1 logically complete1 ( p]fect be+4#bch ,dewey's discussion moves too rapidly "h to be conv9c+4 ,he does n take "t1 = in/ance1 to make a v important di/9ction betwe5 ! ,greek & ,hell5i/ic philosophies4 ,he does n d ju/ice to ! purpose :i* animat$ ! ,greeks 9 _! attempt to put ?\ght on a '!oretical' basis4 ,8 confusion ( ,platonism ) ,neo-,platonism is especially annoy+4 ,&1 mo/ assur$ly1 8 e/imate ( primitive ,*ri/ianity ne$s corroboration4 ,probably ,*ri/ianity1 9 its primitive =m1 did lay great /ress ^u individual beliefs & p]suasions1 b x 0 expect$1 nev]!less1 t ! ,holy ,_s work+ 9 m5 w\ld produce uni=m results 9 ! way ( belief4 ,:5 ! uni=mity fail$ to mat]ialize1 ,*ri/ianity 0 =c$1 9 ! int]e/s ( union1 to fall back ^u "s objective /&>d by :i* belief c\ld be te/$4 ,aft] ?is 0 e/abli%$1 an end 0 made ( individual inspiration4 ,f ! e>lie/ times1 !re=e1 x may be said1 ,*ri/ianity s\ght means = ! suppression ( free inquiry & belief1 a proce$+ utt]ly oppos$ to ! _s ( anci5t ,greece4 ,i ne$ n rem9d y1 ,dewey cont9ues1 h[ ?r\gh ,neo-,platonism1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ! ,s*ola/ic r5aissance1 ^! conceptions became imb$d$ 9 ,*ri/ian philosophy2 & :at a rev]sal occurr$ ( ! orig9al practical pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,belief is h5ce=? important because x is ! m]e antec$5t 9 a f9ite & fall5 _w1 a temporal & ph5om5al _w infect$ ) non-be+1 ( true k to be a*iev$ only 9 a _w ( complet$ ,be+4#bci ,?r\gh ! hundr$s ( ye>s t int]v5$ be=e ! _w's awak5+1 ! ',/oic dogma1' en=c$ by au?ority1 held ! _w 9 ?rall4 ,& /ill ,dewey f9ds ! m$iaeval ,absolutism 9 _m respects m m]ciful ?an ! ,absolutism ( mod]n philosophy4 ,= my "p1 ,i c b ?9k t m$iaeval absolutism1 ) its provision = au?oritative sup]natural assi/ance 9 ?is _w & ass]tion ( sup]natural realization 9 ! next1 0 m logical1 z well z m humane1 !n ! mod]n absolutism1 t1 ) ! same logical premises1 bids man f9d adequate consolation & support 9 ! fact t1 aft] all1 8 /riv+s are already et]nally fulfill$1 8 errors already et]nally transc5d$1 8 p>tial beliefs already et]nally compreh5d$4#bdj ,dewey takes no note ( ! fact t philosophy1 z involv+ really free inquiry1 0 dead dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( m$iaeval pr$om9ance4 ,! mod]n age1 ,dewey cont9ues1 br\ght intellig5ce back to e>? aga91 b only p>tially4 ,fix$ be+ 0 /ill suppos$ to be ! object ( ?\ght4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! inh]5t relation ( ?\ght to be+ 0 pres]v$ intact1 b its practical locus 0 mov$ d[n f ! next _w to ?is4#bda ,ari/otle's mode ( deal+ ) ! ,platonic ideas 0 foll[$1 & ,sp9oza 0 ! great expon5t ( ! /rict correlation ( ! attribute ( matt] ) ! attribute ( ?\ght4 ,b1 aga91 ! mod]n conception ( k fail$ to d ju/ice to belief1 9 spite ( ! compromise t gave ! natural _w to intellig5ce1 & ! spiritual _w to fai?4 ,?is compromise c\ld n endure1 = ,sci5ce encroa*$ ^u ! field ( religi\s belief1 & invad$ ! sph]e ( ! p]sonal & emotional4 ,k1 9 its g5]al !ory1 z philosophy1 w5t ! same way4 ,x 0 pre-committ$ to ! old notion3 ! absolutely real is ! object ( k1 & h5ce is some?+ univ]sal & imp]sonal4 ,s1 :e!r by ! road ( s5sationalism or rationalism1 by ! pa? ( me*anicalism or objective idealism1 x came ab\t t concrete selves1 specific feel+ & will+ be+s1 7 relegat$ ) ! beliefs 9 :i* !y decl>e !mselves to ! 'ph5om5al4'#bdb ,feel+1 volition1 desir+ ?\ght h nev] receiv$ ! ju/ice due !m 9 ! :ole c\rse ( philosophy4 ,?is is ,dewey's conclusion4 ,little c be said 9 praise ( 8 hi/orical survey4 ,!re is sc>cely a /atem5t to :i* exception c\ld n be tak51 = ! hi/ory ( philosophy is n am5able to g5]aliz$ treatm5t ( ?is "*4 ,! read] turns m hopefully t[>d ! ?ird "p ( ! essay1 9 :i* he is promis$ a positive /atem5t ( ! new !ory :i* does full ju/ice to belief4 ,fir/1 !n1 ! v use ( ! k /&po9t1 ! v expression ( ! k preoccupation1 has produc$ me?ods & te/s t1 :5 =mulat$1 intimate a radically diff]5t conception ( k1 & ( its relation to exi/5ce & belief1 ?an ! or?odox "o4#bdc ,b aft] ?is n unpromis+ introduction1 ,dewey falls into ! polemical /ra9 aga94 ,! argum5t ne$ n be foll[$ 9 detail1 s9ce x consi/s l>gely 9 a reass]tion ( ! validity ( belief z an elem5t 9 k4 ,! g5]al conclusion is t mod]n sci5tific inve/igation reveals itself1 :5 exam9$1 z no?+ m t ! r5d]+ into a sy/ematic te*nique1 into an art delib]ately & delightfully pursu$1 ! r\gh] & crud] means by :i* practical human be+s h 9 all ages work$ out ! implications ( _! beliefs1 te/$ !m1 & endeavor$ 9 ! int]e/s ( economy1 effici5cy1 & fre$om1 to r5d] !m coh]5t ) "o ano!r4#bdd ,?is is presumably true4 ,if no m is impli$ ?an is def9itely ass]t$ 9 ?is passage1 ! read] is apt to wond] :o w\ld d5y x4 ,dewey aga9 claims = 8 !ory ! support ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,biology1 psy*ology1 & ! social sci5ces pr(f] an impos+ body ( concrete facts t also po9t to ! rehabilitation ( belief4444#bde ,psy*ology has revis$ its notions 9 t]ms ( beliefs4 ',motor' is writ l>ge on ! face ( s5sation1 p]ception1 conception1 cognition 9 g5]al4 ,biology %[s t ! organic in/rum5ts ( ! intellectual life 7 evolv$ = specifically practical purposes4 ,! hi/orical sci5ces %[ t k is a social in/rum5t = ! purpose ( meet+ social ne$s4 ,?is te/imony is n philosophy1 ,dewey says1 b x has a be>+ on philosophy4 ,! new sci5ces h at lea/ z mu* importance z ma!matics & physics4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! reasons = rul+ psy*ology & sociology & alli$ sci5ces out ( compet5cy to give philosophic te/imony h m significance ?an ! b>e d5ial ( jurisdiction4#bdf ,! ideali/s1 app>5tly1 h be5 ! wor/ (f5d]s 9 ?is connection4 ,"o w\ld be almo/ ju/ifi$ 9 con/ru+ idealism z a ,pickwickian s*eme1 s will+ is x to idealize ! pr9ciple ( intellig5ce at ! exp5se ( its specific und]tak+s1 7 x n t ?is reluctance is ! necess>y outcome ( ! ,/oic basis & t5or ( idealism--its preoccupation ) logical cont5ts & relations 9 ab/raction f _! situs & function 9 consci\s liv+ be+s4#bdg ,9 conclusion1 ,dewey w>ns aga9/ c]ta9 possible misund]/&+s4 ,! pragmatic philosoph]1 he says1 is n oppos$ to objective realities1 & logical & univ]sal ?9k+4 ,aga91 x is n to be suppos$ t sci5ce is any ! less exact by reason ( be+ in/rum5tal to human beliefs4 ,because reason is a s*eme ( work+ out ! mean+s ( convictions 9 t]ms ( "o ano!r & ( ! consequ5ces !y import 9 fur!r exp]i5ce1 convictions are ! m1 n ! less1 am5able & responsible to ! full ex]cise ( reason4#bdh ,& f9ally1 ,dewey assures ! read] t ! outcome ( 8 discussion is n a solution1 b a problem4 ,nobody is apt to dispute t /atem5t4 ,?is v unsatisfactory essay is1 nev]!less1 a fair specim5 ( ! polemical lit]ature :i* 0 produc$ by ,dewey & o!rs dur+ ^! ye>s4 ,pragmatism 0 try+ to make conv]ts1 & ! argum5tum ad hom9em 0 freely employ$4 ,if ! opposition 0 pa9t$ a good deal black] ?an 0 necess>y1 ! end 0 suppos$ to ju/ify ! evid5t exagg]ation4 ,& s1 9 ?is essay1 aft] accus+ 8 contempor>ies ( adh]5ce to t5ets t !y w\ld h indignantly repudiat$1 aft] a :olesale & indiscrim9ate condemnation ( idealism1 ,dewey concludes )--a problem4 ,?is p]iod ( propag&a is n[ q def9itely a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,philosophical discussion1 especially s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! great w>1 has ent]$ ^u a new epo* ( sanity1 &1 p]haps1 ( con/ructive ef=t4 ,,footnotes3 #bab ,! ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy1 p4 #bbg4 #bac ,ibid41 p4 #bbh4 ,9 connection ) ! discussion :i* foll[s see ,bradley ,on ,our ,k ( ,imm$iate ,exp]i5ce1 9 ,essays on ,tru? & ,reality1 ,*apt] ,,vi4 #bad ,ibid41 p4 #bbi4 #bae ,op4 cit41 p4 #bci4 #baf ,ibid41 p4 #bdj4 #bag ,! ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy1 pp4 #gg-aaa4 #bah ,ibid41 p4 #gg4 #bai ,ibid41 p4 #gh4 #bbj ,op4 cit4 #bba ,ibid41 p4 #hd4 #bbb ,op4 cit41 p4 #ij4 ,au?or's italics4 #bbc ,op4 cit41 p4 #hg4 #bbd ,ibid41 p4 #ie4 ,au?or's italics4 #bbe ,vol4 ,,vii4 pp4 #dgg-dha4 #bbf ,ibid41 p4 #dgh4 #bbg ,op4 cit41 p4 #dgi4 #bbh ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy1 p4 #afi4 #bbi ,ibid41 p4 #agj4 #bcj ,ibid41 p4 #aga4 #bca ,ibid4 #bcb ,ibid4 #bcc ,ibid41 p4 #agb4 #bcd ,op4 cit41 p4 #age4 #bce ,ibid41 p4 #agg4 #bcf ,ibid41 p4 #ag84 #bcg ,op4 cit41 p4 #agi4 #bch ,ibid4 #bci ,op4 cit4 #bdj ,ibid41 p4 #ahj4 #bda ,ibid41 p4 #aha4 #bdb ,op4 cit41 p4 #ahc4 #bdc ,ibid41 p4 #ahd4 #bdd ,ibid41 p4 #ahg4 #bde ,ibid41 p4 #ahi4 #bdf ,op4 cit41 p4 #aij4 #bdg ,ibid41 p4 #aia f4 #bdh ,ibid41 p4 #aid4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,lat] ,,developm5ts ,neo-realism began to fl\ri% 9 ?is c\ntry aft] #aijj1 its rise be+ ne>ly contempor>y ) ! spread ( pragmatism4 ,_m neo-reali/s1 inde$1 consid] !mselves foll[]s ( ,james4 ,dewey views ! new realism1 along ) pragmatism & 'naturali/ic idealism1' z "p & p>cel ( a g5]al movem5t ( intellectual recon/ruction4#bdi ,! neo-reali/s1 l ! pragmati/s1 h be5 active 9 ! field ( controv]sy1 & ! pages ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods are fill$ ) ex*anges betwe5 ! repres5tatives ( ! two s*ools1 9 ! =m ( notes1 articles1 discussions1 agreem5ts1 & disclaim]s4 ,dewey has m sympa?y = realism ?an = idealism4 ,he f9ds among ! writ]s ( ?is s*ool1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy t[>d ! epi/emological int]pretation ( ?\ght :i* he s /rongly opposes4 ,an excell5t /atem5t ( 8 e/imate ( realism is furni%$ by 8 ,brief ,/udies 9 ,realism1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 9 #aiaa4bej ,9 beg9n+ ^! /udies ,dewey obs]ves t c]ta9 ideali/ic writ]s 7n nam$7 h be5 employ+ 9 support ( _! idealism c]ta9 facts :i* h an obvi\s physical nature & explanation4 ,su* illusions z t ( ! b5t /ick 9 ! wat]1 ! conv]g+ railway tracks1 & ! d\ble image t occurs :5 ! eye-ball is press$1 h1 z ! reali/s h well prov$1 a physical explanation :i* is entirely adequate4 ,:y is x t ! ideali/s rema9 unimpress$ by ?is demon/ration8 ,!re is a c]ta9 elem5t 9 ! reali/ic explanation :i* und\bt$ly expla9s ! reluctance ( ! ideali/s to be conv9c$4 ,_m reali/s1 9 (f]+ ! type ( explanation adduc$ above1 h treat$ ! cases ( se5 light1 d\bl$ imag]y1 z p]ception 9 a way t ascribes to p]ception an inh]5t cognitive /atus4 ,!y h treat$ ! p]ceptions z cases ( k1 in/ead ( z simply natural ev5ts4444#bea ,dewey draws a di/9ction1 at ?is po9t1 betwe5 naive & pres5tative realism1 employ+1 by way ( illu/ration1 ! '/>' illusion1 :i* turns ^u ! peculi> fact t a /> may be se5 ^u ! e>? long aft] x has ceas$ to exi/4 ,! naive reali/ rema9s 9 ! sph]e ( natural explanation4 ,he acc\nts = ! /> illusion 9 physical t]ms4 ,! a/ronomical /> & ! p]ceiv$ /> are two physical ev5ts )9 a cont9u\s physical ord] or process4 ,b ! pres5tative reali/ ma9ta9s t1 s9ce ! two />s are num]ically sep>ate1 ! a/ronomical /> mu/ be ! 'real' />1 :ile ! p]ceiv$ /> is m]ely m5tal2 ! real /> exi/s 9 indep5d5ce ( a kn[+ subject1 :ile ! p]ceiv$ /> is relat$ to a m9d4 ,! naive reali/ has no ne$ ( ! hypo!sis ( a kn[]1 s9ce he c furni% an adequate physical acc\nt ( ! num]ical duplicity ( ! />4 ,dewey favors ! naive /&po9t1 & affirms t pres5tative realism is ta9t$ by an epi/emological subjectivism4 ,once dep>t1 he says1 f ?is ?or\gh naivete1 & sub/itute = x ! psy*ological !ory t p]ception is a cognitive pres5tation ( an object to a m9d1 & ! fir/ /ep is tak5 on ! road :i* ends 9 an ideali/ic sy/em4#beb ,! pres5tative reali/1 ,dewey cont9ues1 f9ds himself possess$ ( two k9ds ( k1 :5 he comes to take acc\nt ( inf]5ce2 = inf]5ce is 9 ! field z an obvi\s & undisput$ case ( k4 ,!re is ! k ( p]ception by a kn[]1 & ! inf]5tial k :i* passes beyond p]ception4 ,all reality1 consequ5tly1 is relat$1 directly or indirectly1 to ! kn[+ subject1 & idealism is triumphant4 ,b ! real difficulty ( ! reali/'s position is t1 if p]ception is a mode ( kn[+1 x /&s 9 unfavorable contra/ ) k by inf]5ce4 ,h[ c ! inf]r$ reality ( ! /> be e/abli%$1 consid]+ ! subjectivity ( all p]ception8 ,dewey is al]t to ! dang]s :i* result f subjectivism1 b does n di/+ui%1 z c>efully z he might1 betwe5 k z inf]5ce1 & k z p]ceptual aw>5ess4 ,?us1 :ile x might be grant$ t ! subjective m9d is a vici\s ab/raction1 x does n foll[ t ,dewey's p>ticul> int]pretation ( ! function ( inf]5ce is correct4 ,&1 al?\gh ! unw9k+1 unremitt+ eye ( ! subjective kn[] might make exp]i5ce m]ely a m5tal affair1 !re is no reason to believe t ! op]ation ( inf]5ce 9 p]ception w\ld lead to ! same result1 = inf]5ce & aw>5ess are q di/9ct1 9 hi/orical mean+ & function4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a m]e accid5t t inf]5ce & aw>5ess 79 ! subjective s5se7 %\ld bo? be call$ k4 ,9 opposition to pres5tative realism1 ,dewey (f]s 8 'naturali/ic' int]pretation ( k4#bec ,he f9ds t ! function ( inf]5ce1 al?\gh embody+ ! logical relation1 is itself a natural & specifically detectable process among natural ?+s--x is n a non-natural or epi/emological relation1 t is1 a relation to a m9d or kn[] n 9 ! natural s]ies4444#bed ,z has be5 obs]v$1 ,dewey is safe 9 ma9ta9+ t inf]5ce is n an op]ation p]=m$ by a subjective kn[]1 b x does n foll[ f ?is t 8 int]pretation ( inf]5ce is correct4 ,9 fact1 a discussion ( inf]5ce is irrelevant to ! matt]s :i* ,dewey is "h consid]+4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! essay1 ! discussion passes into a ke5 & r clev] recital ( ! difficulties t result f tak+ ! k relation to be 'ubiquit\s4'#bee ,s9ce ?is relation is a con/ant factor 9 exp]i5ce1 x w\ld seem z if x might be elim9at$ f philosophical calculations4 ,! reali/ w\ld be glad to elim9ate x1 b ! ideali/ is n s will+2 =1 s9ce ! po9t at issue is precisely ! /atem5t ( ! mo/ univ]sally def9+ trait ( exi/5ce z exi/5ce1 ! invitation delib]ately to disreg>d ! mo/ univ]sal trait is no?+ m or less ?an an invitation to philosophic suicide4#bef ,x is1 ,dewey says1 z if two philosoph]s %\ld set out to asc]ta9 ! relation :i* holds betwe5 an organism z 'eat]' & ! environm5t z 'food1' & "o %\ld f9d ! ess5tial ?+ to be ! food1 ! o!r ! eat+4 ,! 'foodi/s' w\ld repres5t ! reali/s1 ! 'eat]i/s' ! ideali/s4 ,no advance1 he believes1 c be made on ?is basis4 ,9 opposition to ! epi/emologi/s1 ,dewey w\ld consid] ! k relation n ubiquit\s1 b specific & occasional4 ,z man be>s o!r relations to 8 environm5t ?an t ( eat]1 s is he also some?+ m ?an a kn[]4 ,if ! "o :o is kn[] is1 9 relation to objects1 some?+ else & m ?an _! kn[]1 & if objects are1 9 relation to ! "o :o kn[s !m1 some?+ else & o!r ?an ?+s 9 a k relation1 !re is some:at to def9e & discuss4444#b ,dewey proposes to advance c]ta9 facts to support 8 cont5tion t kn[+ is a relation to ?+s :i* dep5ds ^u o!r & m prim>y connections betwe5 a self & ?+s2 a relation :i* gr[s out ( ^! m fundam5tal connections & :i* op]ates 9 _! int]e/s at specifiable crises4#beg ,?is br+s ! discussion back to famili> gr\nd aga91 & no?+ is add$ to 8 previ\s /atem5ts ( ! functional conception ( k4 ,:ile ! reali/ 7explicitly or implicitly7 conceives ! k relation z obta9+ betwe5 a subject kn[] & ! ext]nal _w1 ,dewey int]prets ! k relation 9 t]ms ( organism & environm5t4 ,! 'ubiquity' ( ! k relation is dispos$ (1 z has be5 se51 by conceiv+ k f an entirely diff]5t /&po9t2 by r$uc+ all k to inf]5ce1 & aboli%+ ! kn[+ subject4 ,dewey is pla9ly "u ! impression t ! only alt]native to ! ubiquit\s kn[] is 8 naturali/ic1 biological int]pretation ( ! processes ( inf]5ce4 ,9 support ( 8 naturali/ic logic1 ,dewey argues z foll[s3 7#a7 ,all p]ception involves ref]5ce to an organism4 ,we might ab\t z well talk ( ! production ( a specim5 case ( wat] z a pres5tation ( wat] to hydrog5 z talk 9 ! way we are only too accu/om$ to talk ab\t p]ceptions & ! organism4#beh 7#b7 ,aw>5ess is only a s+le phase ( exp]i5ce4 ,we '"k' only a small "p ( ! causes :i* affect u z ag5ts4 ,?is means1 ( c\rse1 t ?+s1 ! ?+s t come to be kn[n1 are prim>ily n objects ( aw>5ess1 b causes ( weal & woe1 ?+s to get & ?+s to avoid1 means & ob/acles1 tools & results4#bei 7#c7 ,kn[+ is only a special phase ( ! behav]-enjoy]-suff]] situation1 b v important z hav+ to d ) means = ! practical & sci5tific control ( ! environm5t4 ,9 ! f9al analysis1 x w be se5 t ,dewey refutes ! reali/ by sub/itut+ inf]5ce = :at ! reali/ calls 'consci\sness1' & settl+ ! issue by ?is triumph 9 ! field ( dialectics1 r ?an by an appeal to ! facts4 ,n[h]e does ,dewey d ju/ice to ^? concrete situations :i*1 to ! reali/1 seem to necessitate a def9ition ( consci\sness z aw>5ess4 ,8 attitude t[>d ! reali/s may be summ$ up 9 ! /atem5t t he f9ds 9 mo/ reali/ic sy/ems ! fault to :i* 8 logical !ory is especially oppos$3 ! t5d5cy to def9e ! problem ( logic z t ( ! relation ( ?\ght at l>ge to reality at l>ge1 & to di/+ui% ! cont5t ( m9d f ! cont5t ( ! _w on an exi/5tial r ?an on a functional basis4 ,"o ( ,dewey's m rec5t /udies1 ,! ,logic ( ,judgm5ts ( ,practise1#bfj seems to add some?+ positive to 8 int]pretation ( k4 ,a practical judgm5t1 ,dewey expla9s at ! outset ( ?is /udy1 is diff]5tiat$ f o!rs1 n by hav+ a sep>ate organ & s\rce1 b by hav+ a specific sort ( subject-matt]4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ?+s to be done or situations dem&+ action4 ,he _h bett] consult a physician1 & ,x w\ld be well = y to inve/ 9 ^! bonds1 are examples ( ! practical judgm5t4 ,^! propositions1 z w be se51 are n ca/ 9 :at ! logician calls logical =m1 ) regul> t]ms & copula4 ,:5 put 9 t =m1 !y seem to lose ! direct ref]5ce to action :i*1 ,dewey says1 diff]5tiates !m f ! 'descriptive' judgm5t ( ! =m ,s is ,p4#bfa ,?is app>5tly trivial matt] is really important4 ,al?\gh e /atem5t embodies judgm5t1 "s /atem5ts d n reflect ! gr\nd ^u :i* !y are ass]t$4 ,9 ?is condition !y may be view$ z op9ions1 sugge/ions1 or guesses1 look+ t[>ds judgm5t r ?an reflect+ its results4 ,true judgm5t is occupi$ ) reasons1 pro(s1 & gr\nds1 & does n conc]n itself ) action z action4 ,only :5 tak5 z ! expression ( an individual's attitude1 d ,dewey's practical judgm5ts 7or ass]tions7 possess ! direct ref]5ce to action :i* he selects z _! *ief *>act]i/ic4 ,! /atem5t1 ,y ought to inve/ 9 ^! bonds1 does1 inde$1 sugge/ a specific action1 b 9 s do+ x loses its "* z a judgm5t4 ,put 9 m logical =m1 ,y are "o ( ^? :o %\ld inve/ 9 ^! bonds1 ! proposition is m cle>ly ! expression ( a judgm5t1 & leads back to its premises4 ,att5tion turns f specific action z su* to action z a typical or univ]sal fact4 ,9 %ort1 ,dewey's practical judgm5t is n a true judgm5t2 x w be se5 t x is /udi$1 n z a logical1 b z a psy*ological ph5om5on4 ,9 pursuance ( 8 psy*ological me?od1 ,dewey discov]s sev]al int]e/+ facts ab\t judgm5ts ( practice47#a7 ,^! judgm5ts imply an incomplete situation1--concretely & specifically incomplete2 !y express a ne$4 7#b7 ,! judgm5t is itself a factor 9 assi/+ t[>d ! completion ( ! situation1 s9ce x directs an action necess>y to ! fulfilm5t ( ! ne$4 7#c7 ,! subject-matt] ( ! judgm5t expresses ! fact t "o outcome is to be pref]r$ to ano!r4 ,! elem5t ( pref]5ce is peculi> to ! practical judgm5t1 = x is n f\nd 9 m]ely descriptive judgm5ts1 or ^? 'conf9$ to ! giv54' 7#d7 ,a practical judgm5t implies bo? means & end1 ! act t completes1 & ! complet5ess4 ,x is 9 ?is respect 'b9>y4' 7#e7 ,! judgm5t ( :at is to be done dem&s an accurate /atem5t ( ! c\rse ( action to be pursu$ & ! means to be employ$1 & ^! are to be det]m9$ relatively to ! end 9 view4 7#f7 ,x f9ally appe>s t :at is true ( ! practical judgm5t may be true ( all judgm5ts ( fact2 x may be held t all judgm5ts ( fact h ref]5ce to a det]m9ation ( c\rses ( action to be tri$ & ! discov]y ( means = _! attempt$ realization4#bfb ,?is +5i\s read+ ( functionalism out ( ! practical judgm5t is1 aft] all1 m]ely a draw+ =? ( ! psy*ological implications previ\sly plac$ 9 x4 ,t judgm5t is an in/rum5t = complet+ a situation2 t x is l9k$ up ) action ?r\gh desire & pref]5ce2 t x seeks to det]m9e ! means = effect+ a practical outcome1--^! typically in/rum5tal notions are ( "o piece ) ! sy/em ( belief t l$ ,dewey to hit ^u ! practical judgm5t z ! embodim5t ( a direction to action4 ,x is important to di/+ui% betwe5 ! logical & ! psy*ological aspects ( ^! propositions4 ,action z psy*ological is "o ?+2 z ! subject-matt] ( judgm5t1 x is ano!r4 ,9 com+ to a decision z to h[ to act1 ! ag5t sets 8 propos$ action ov] aga9/ himself1 & consid]s x 9 its univ]sal & typical "*4 ,8 motor t5d5cies1 8 feel+s1 8 desires factor 9 ! situation psy*ologically consid]$2 b !y d n ent] judgm5t z psy*ological facts1 b r1 if at all1 z data :i* h a significance beyond _! m]e p>ticul>ity4 ,dewey rema9s at ! psy*ological /&po9t1 giv+ no att5tion to ! g5u9ely logical aspects ( 8 'judgm5ts ( practice4' ,f ! /udy ( ! practical judgm5t1 ,dewey passes on to a consid]ation ( judgm5ts ( value1 propos+ to ma9ta9 t value judgm5ts are a species ( practical judgm5ts4#bfc ,!re w be a di/9ct ga9 = moral & economic !ory1 he believes1 9 treat+ value z conc]n$ ) acts necess>y to complete a giv5 ne$-situation4 ,!re is no obvi\s reason :y ,dewey %\ld pass to ! pragmatic !ory ( value ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! practical judgm5t1 s9ce x c\ld be directly consid]$ on its own acc\nt4 ,at any rate1 ! discussion ( value judgm5ts :i* foll[s mu/ /& on its own m]its2 x has no vital relation to :at prec$es4 ,x is1 z usual1 ! psy*ological *>act]i/ics ( ! value judgm5t t attract ,dewey's att5tion4 ,any process ( judgm5t1 accord+ to 8 analysis1 deals ) a specific subject-matt]1 n f ! /&po9t ( any objective quality x may possess1 b ) ref]5ce to its functional capacity4 ,relative1 or comp>ative1 durability1 *eapness1 suitability1 /yle1 e/hetic attractiv5ess e4 g41 9 a suit ( clo!s con/itute value traits4 ,!y are traits ( objects n p] se1 b z ent]+ into a possible & =ese5 complet+ ( ! situation4 ,_! value is _! =ce 9 precisely ?is function4#bfd ,att5tion %\ld n be di/ract$ f ?is int]pretation ( value1 ,dewey w>ns1 ?r\gh confus+ ! value s\ght ) ! price or m>ket value ( ! goods4 ,price values1 l ! qualities & patt]ns ( ! goods1 are data :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 mak+ ! judgm5t1 b !y are n ! values :i* ! judgm5t seeks4 ,! value to be det]m9$ is "h1 is specific1 & mu/ be e/abli%$ by ref]5ce to ! specific or psy*ological situation z x pres5ts itself4 ,x is true1 z ,dewey says1 t 9 judgm5t a value is be+ e/abli%$ :i* has n be5 det]m9$ previ\sly4 ,b x mu/ be insi/$ t ?is value is n e/imat$ by ref]5ce to ! specific situation 9 its limit$ aspects4 ,! weight ( ! pa/ be>s aga9/ ! mom5t2 ! act ( judgm5t bases itself ^u k objective & sub/antial2 ! te/ ( ! value ( ! ?+ is its place & function1 n 9 ! "h & n[1 b 9 ! :ole sy/em ( exp]i5ce4 ,dewey has exclud$ ! ref]5ce ( ! ?+ to objective1 organiz$ reality1 by specify+ t its value %all be decid$ ^u ) ref]5ce to a specific situation4 ,?is limitation ( ! judgm5t situation is impos$ ^u x f )\t1 & f a special po9t ( view1--t ( functional psy*ology4 ,e object & e situation has its quality ( uniqu5ess & p>ticul>ity2 b ! judgm5t1 z judgm5t1 is n conc]n$ ) ?is aspect ( ?+s4 ,judgm5t seizes ^u ! g5]ic aspect ( objects2 ?is k9d ( a suit ( clo!s is ! k9d t is appropriate to ?is type ( situation4 ,! movem5t ( judgm5t is objective & univ]sal1 n subjective & psy*ological4 ,dewey f9ds "o alt]native especially oppos$ to 8 'specific' judgm5t ( value2 t is1 ! proposition t evaluation involves a comp>ison ( ! pres5t object ) "s fix$ /&>d4 ,:5 ! fix$ /&>d is inve/igat$1 x is f\nd to dep5d on some?+ else1 & ?is on some?+ else aga9 9 an inf9ite regress4 ,f9ally1 ! ,summum ,bonum1 z ! absolute end t]m ( su* a regressus1 turns out to be a fiction4 ,dewey is q "r 9 ma9ta9+ t value is n some?+ et]nally fix$4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 remove ! possibility ( 'real' value1 z oppos$ to m]e exp$i5cy4 ,value z e/abli%$1 ,dewey cont9ues1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 mak+ a value judgm5t4 ,at ! same "t1 x w n d to accept ! e/abli%$ value f m]e =ce ( habit4 ,ultimately1 he f9ds1 all g5u9e valuation implies a degree ( revaluation4 ,to _m1 he obs]ves1 x w appe> to be a survival ( an ideali/ic epi/emology1#bfe presumably because x implies a real *ange 9 reality1 z oppos$ to a fix$ & rigid ord] ( ext]nal reality4 ,b practical judgm5ts1 ,dewey says1 z hav+ ref]5ce to propos$ acts1 necess>ily look t[>d "s propos$ *ange :i* ! act is to effect4 ,x is n 9 an epi/emological1 b 9 a practical s5se1 t judgm5t involves a *ange 9 values4 ,! outcome ( ! discussion s f>1 ,dewey believes1 is to %[1 fir/ ( all1 t ! passage ( a proposition into action is n a miracle1 b ! realization ( its own "*--its own mean+ z logical1#bff &1 9 ! second place1 to sugge/ t all judgm5ts1 n m]ely practical ones1 may h _! import 9 ref]5ce to "s diff]5ce to be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh action4 ,9 ! ?ird "p ( ! essay1 ,dewey's discussion leads him back to s5se p]ceptions z =ms ( practical judgm5t4 ,!re is no d\bt1 9 8 m9d1 t _m p]ceptions d h an import = action4 ,n m]ely sign-po/s1 & famili> symbols ( ! k9d1 b _m p]ceptions lack+ ?is obvi\s ref]5ce1 h a significance = conduct4 ,x mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be suppos$ t all p]ception1 at any "o "t1 has cognitive prop]ties2 = "s ( ! p]ceptions h e/hetic1 & o!r non-cognitive prop]ties4 ,only c]ta9 elem5ts ( a situation h ! function ( cognition4 ,dewey goes on to say t c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! use made ( ^! sign-functions 9 connection ) inf]5ce4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 say+ t ! p]ception ( a %ape af=ds an indication ( h[ to act & say+ t ! p]ception ( %ape is itself an inf]5ce4#bfg ,no judgm5t1 ,dewey seems to imply1 is involv$ 9 respond+ to ! motor cue furni%$ by a famili> object4 ,aga91 ! common idea t pres5t p]ception consi/s ( s5sations z imm$iate1 plus inf]r$ images1 implies t e p]ception involves inf]5ce4 ,b ! m]g+ ( s5sations & images 9 p]ception c be expla9$ naturally1 by ! fusion ( n]v\s processes1 & no supplem5t>y 7transc5d5tal7 act ( m9d is ne$$ to expla9 ! integrity ( exp]i5ce4 ,! t5d5cy to take p]ception z ! object ( k1 ,dewey cont9ues1 in/ead ( z simply cognitive1 a t]m 9 k1 is due to two *ief causes4 ,! fir/ is t 9 practical judgm5ts ! po9t+ ( ! ?+ t[>ds action is s univ]sal a trait z to be ov]look$1 & ! second is t signs1 because ( _! importance1 become objects ( /udy on _! own acc\nt1 & 9 ?is condition cease to function directly z cognitive4 ,dewey means1 app>5tly1 t because ! cognitive aspect ( ?+s is nev] att5d$ to except :5 !y are 'kn[n1' or treat$ z objects ( judgm5t1 !re is a t5d5cy to suppose t !y always h ! "* t p]ta9s to !m z 'kn[n' ?+s4 ,aga91 ,dewey says1 p]ception may be translat$ z ! effect ( a cause t produc$ x4 ,b ! cause does n ord9>ily appe> 9 exp]i5ce1 & ! p]ceptions1 z effects1 rema9 isolat$ f ! sy/em ( ?+s4 ,tru? & error !n become matt]s ( ! relation ( ! p]ception to its cause4 ,! difficulties att5dant ^u ?is view c be avoid$ by tak+ s5se p]ceptions z t]ms 9 practical judgm5ts4 ,"h ! 'o!r t]m' :i* is s\ght is ! action propos$ by ! p]ception4 ,to borr[ an illu/ration ( ,pr(essor ,woodbridge's3 ,a c]ta9 s\nd indicates to ! "m t h] baby ne$s att5tion4 ,if !re is error x is n because ! s\nd ought to mean s _m vibrations ( ! air1 :ile z matt] ( fact x doesn't ev5 sugge/ air vibrations1 b because !re is wrong inf]5ce z to ! act to be p]=m$4#bfh ,! idea is te/$1 n by its correspond5ce ) "s =mal reality1 b by its ability to lead up to ! exp]i5ce to :i* x po9ts4 ,f ! consid]ation ( error z cognitive1 ,dewey passes on to consid] its /atus z primitive s5se data4 ,he draws a di/9ction betwe5 s5sation z psy*ological & z logical4 ,ord9>y s5sation1 j z x comes1 is (t5 too confus$ to s]ve z a basis = inf]5ce4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t s5se qualities be+ j :at !y are1 x is illegitimate to introduce su* notions z obscurity or confusion into !m3 a slightly illum9at$ color is j z irretrievably :at x is1 z cle>ly itself1 z an object 9 ! broad gl>e ( noon-day4#bfi ,b :5 a confus$ object is made a datum = inf]5ce1 its confusion is j ! ?+ to be got rid (4 ,x is brok5 up by analysis into simple elem5ts1 & ! psy*ologi/'s s5sations are logical products1 n psy*ological facts4 ,locke writes a my?ology ( ! hi/ory ( k1 />t+ f cle> & di/9ct mean+s1 ea* simple1 well-def9$1 %>ply & unambigu\sly j :at x is on its face1 )\t concealm5ts & complications1 & proce$s by 'natural' comp\nd+s up to ! /ore ( complex ideas1 & ! p]ception ( simple relations ( agreem5t among ideas3 a p]ception always c]ta9 if ! ideas are simple1 & always controllable 9 ! case ( ! complex ideas if we consid] ! simple ideas & connections by :i* !y are rea*$4 ,?us he e/abli%$ ! habit ( tak+ logical discrim9ations z hi/orical or psy*ological primitives--z 's\rces' ( beliefs & k in/ead ( z *ecks ^u inf]5ce4#bgj ,?is way ( treat+ p]ception f\nd its way into psy*ology & into empirical logic4 ,! acceptance ( ! doctr9e t all s5se involves k1 ,dewey believes1 leads to an epi/emological logic2 b all p]ception mu/ involve ?\ght if ! 'giv5' is ! simple s5sation4 ,!re is no?+ especially new 9 ?is critique ( s5sationalism4 ,hi/orically1 s5sationalism _h be5 displac$ by idealism1 & ! idea t reality is a con/ruct ( ideas held toge!r by logical relations 0 giv5 up long be=e functionalism arriv$ on ! sc5e4 ,b if inf]5ce1 or rationality1 is n pres5t 9 all exp]i5ce z ! comb9] ( simple into complex ideas1 x may be pres5t 9 "s o!r =m1 ev5 m vital4 ,dewey1 h[ev]1 does n consid] su* possibilities4 ,f9ally1 9 an article ( slightly e>li] date ?an ! /udies :i* h j be5 consid]$1 ,dewey returns to a consid]ation ( metaphysics1 & ! possibility ( a metaphysical /&po9t 9 philosophy4 ,?is article1 entitl$ ,! ,subject-,matt] ( ,metaphysical ,inquiry1#bga des]ves c>eful notice4 ,! comm5ts ( a numb] ( me*ani/ic biologi/s on vitalism furni% ! po9t ( dep>ture = ,dewey's discussion4 ,^! sci5ti/s hold t1 if ! organism is consid]$ simply z a "p ( ext]nal nature1 z an exi/+ sy/em1 x c be satisfactorily analyz$ by ! me?ods ( physico-*emical sci5ce4 ,b if ! "q ( ultimate orig9s is rais$1 if x be ask$ :y nature exhibits c]ta9 innate pot5tialities = produc+ life1 sci5ce c give no answ]4 ,^! que/ions belong to metaphysics1 & vitali/ic or bioc5tric conceptions may be valid 9 ! metaphysical sph]e4 ,?is raises ! "q ( ! nature ( metaphysical inquiry4 ,dewey says t ! ultimate traits or t5d5cies :i* give rise to life ne$ n necess>ily be consid]$ ultimate 9 a temporal s5se4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y may be view$ z p]man5t1 'irr$ucible traits1' :i* are ultimate 9 ! s5se ( be+ always pres5t 9 reality4 ,! inquiry & se>* = ^! ultimate traits is :at con/itutes valid metaphysics4 ,!y are f\nd equally & indiff]5tly :e!r a subject-matt] 9 "q be dat$ #aiae or t5 million ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,accord+ly1 !y w\ld seem to des]ve ! "n ( ultimate1 or irr$ucible1 traits4 ,z su* !y may be made ! object ( a k9d ( inquiry diff]+ f t :i* deals ) ! g5esis ( a p>ticul> gr\p ( exi/5ces1 a k9d ( inquiry to :i* ! "n metaphysical may be giv54#bgb ,! irr$ucible traits :i* ,dewey f9ds are1 9 ! physical sci5ces1 plurality1 int]action1 & *ange4 ,^! traits h to be begg$ or tak5 9 any case1 = :]ev] & :5ev] we take ! _w1 we mu/ expla9 x z a plurality ( div]se int]act+ & *ang+ exi/5ces4#bgc ,! evolution>y sci5ces add ano!r trait2 t is1 evolution1 or developm5t 9 a direction4 ,= evolution appe>s to be j "o ( ! irr$ucible traits4 ,9 o!r words1 x is a fact to be reckon$ ) 9 consid]+ ! traits ( div]sity1 int]action1 & *ange :i* h be5 enum]at$ z among ! traits tak5 = grant$ 9 all sci5tific subject-matt]4#bgd ,! doctr9e t plurality1 int]action1 *ange1 & evolution are p]man5t traits ( reality ga9s 9 cle>ness :5 contra/$ ) ! oppos$ !ories :i* involve creation1 absolute orig9s1 or temporal ultimates4 ,! t]m 'ultimate orig9s' may be tak5 9 a m]ely relative s5se :i* is valid4 ,! ,fr5* language has an orig9 9 ! ,lat9 tongues1 :i* is an ultimate orig9 = ,fr5*1 b ?is is n an absolutely ultimate orig91 s9ce ! ,lat9 tongues1 9 _! turn1 h orig9s4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 mean+less to inquire into ! ultimate orig9 ( ! _w z a :ole2 & x is equally futile to trace any "p ( ! _w back to an absolute orig94 ,t sci5tific inquiry does n itself deal ) any "q ( ultimate orig9s1 except 9 ! purely relative s5se already indicat$1 is1 ( c\rse1 recogniz$4 ,b x also seems to foll[ f :at has be5 said t sci5tific inquiry does n g5]ate1 or leave ov]1 su* a "q = "s o!r discipl9e1 su* z metaphysics1 to deal )4#bge ,!ories l t ( ,laplace1 = in/ance1 trace ! _w back to an orig9 9 "s undiff]5tiat$ univ]se2 or1 9 ,sp5c]'s t]ms1 "s /ate ( homog5eity4 ,f ?is orig9al /ate ! _w is said to evolve4 ,b ! undiff]5tiat$ mass lacks ! plurality1 int]action1 & *ange :i* are presuppos$ 9 all sci5tific explanation4 ,^! traits mu/ be pres5t be=e developm5t c occur4 ,to get *ange we h to assume o!r /ructures :i* int]act ) x1 exi/5ces n cov]$ by ! =mula4#bgf ,9 %ort1 al?\gh ,dewey only implies ?is1 all sci5tific explanation presupposes a sy/em ( int]act+ p>ts2 no?+ c be expla9$ by ref]5ce to an undiff]5tiat$ _w :i* lacks su* traits4 ,dewey is p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! orig9 ( m9d or intellig5ce4 ,9 deal+ ) m9d1 he says1 we mu/ beg9 ) ! pres5t1 & 9 ! pres5t we f9d t ! _w has an organization1 9 spots1 ( ! k9d we call intellig5ce4 ,?is exi/+ intellig5ce _c be expla9$ by any !ory :i* r$uces x to some?+ inf]ior4 ,! attempt to give an acc\nt ( any occurr5ce involves ! g5u9e & irr$ucible exi/5ce ( ! ?+ dealt )4#bgg ,m9d _c be expla9$ by be+ expla9$ away1 nor c x be expla9$ z a developm5t out ( an orig9al s\rce 9 :i* ! pot5tiality1 or direction ( *ange t[>ds m9d1 0 lack+4 ,! evolution ( ?+s1 ,dewey says1 is a real fact1 & is to be reckon$ )4 ,moreov]1 if ev]y?+ t exi/s *anges1 !n ! evolution ( life & m9d surely h a be>+ on ! nature ( physico-*emical ?+s4 ,!y mu/ h 9 !m ! trait ( direction ( *ange t[>ds life & m9d4 ,to say1 accord+ly1 t ! exi/5ce ( vital1 intellectual1 & social organization makes impossible a purely me*ani/ic metaphysics is to say some?+ :i* ! situation calls =4#bgh ,9 o!r words1 ! _w1 metaphysically consid]$1 mu/ h evolution1 z well z ! physico-*emical traits4 ,)\t a doctr9e ( evolution we might be able to say1 n t matt] caus$ life1 b t matt] "u c]ta9 conditions ( highly complicat$ & int5sifi$ int]action is liv+4 ,) ! doctr9e ( evolution1 we c add to ?is /atem5t t ! int]actions & *anges ( matt] are !mselves ( a k9d to br+ ab\t t complex & int5sifi$ int]action :i* is life4#bgi ,dewey holds t evolution re/s ^u ! reality ( "t3 "t itself1 or g5u9e *ange 9 a specific direction1 is itself "o ( ! ultimate traits ( ! _w irrespective ( date4#bhj ,?is article pres5ts on ! :ole a di/9ct advance ov] ! position tak5 9 ! e>li] essay1 ,"s ,implications ( ,anti-,intellectualism1 :i* 0 review$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,dewey is n n[1 to be sure1 in/itut+ a :olesale inquiry into ! nature ( be+1 b he betrays an int]e/ 9 ! g5]al1 z oppos$ to ! specific traits ( reality4 ,he inquires into ! real nature ( ! _w1 & believes t he discov]s its ultimate traits4 ,?is essay1 ( c\rse1 is incomplete1 & consequ5tly indef9ite 9 c]ta9 important respects4 ,x may be said1 nev]!less1 to give an accurate view ( ! metaphysical back-gr\nd aga9/ :i* all ( ,dewey's !ories are project$4 ,8 metaphysics1 z w\ld be expect$1 are evolution>y ?r\gh\t1 & evolution is conceiv$1 :]e he is at all def9ite1 9 biological t]ms4 ,,footnotes3 #bdi ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy1 ,introduction1 p4 iv4 #bej ,vol4 ,,viii3 ,i4 ,naive ,realism vs4 ,pres5tative ,realism1 pp4 #cic-djj4 ,,ii4 ,epi/emological ,realism3 ,! ,alleg$ ,ubiquity ( ! ,k ,relation1 pp4 #edf-eed4 #bea ,op4 cit41 p4 #cie4 #beb ,ibid41 p4 #cig4 #bec ,9 ?is connection ,dewey's disagreem5ts ) ,pr(essor ,mc,gilvary are ( especial int]e/4 ,see especially ,mc,gilvary's article1 ,pure ,exp]i5ce & ,reality 7,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 #aijg1 pp4 #bff-bhd7 & ,dewey's reply1 toge!r ) ,mc,gilvary's rejo9d] 7,ibid41 pp4 #dai-dbd74 ,mc,gilvary fail$ to und]/& t ,dewey's argum5t 0 conduct$ on a purely 'naturali/ic' basis1 an almo/ inevitable error1 9 view ( ,dewey's practical id5tification ( psy*ology1 biology1 & logic4 #bed ,ibid41 p4 #cii4 #bee ,dewey is "h deal+ ) ! 'epi/emological' reali/s1 among :om he includes su* writ]s z ,b]tr& ,russell4 ,9 an article entitl$ ,! ,exi/5ce ( ! ,_w z a ,problem 7,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 #aiae1 pp4 #ceg-cgj71 ,dewey argues t ,russell1 9 mak+ a problem ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal _w1 implies its exi/5ce 9 8 =mulation ( ! problem4 ,dewey argues t1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ! _w is presuppos$ 9 e su* =mulation1 x _c be call$ 9 "q4 ,?is is l dispos+ ( ,z5o's p>adox on ! gr\nd t arr[s fly anyway4 #bef ,op4 cit41 p4 #edh4 #beg ,ibid4 #beh ,op4 cit4 #bei ,ibid41 p4 #eec4 #bfj ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 #aiae4 ,p>ts ,i & ,,ii1 pp4 #eje-ebc2 ,"p ,,iii1 pp4 #ecc-edc4 #bfa ,ibid41 p4 #ejf4 #bfb ,op4 cit41 p4 #eaa4 #bfc ,op4 cit41 p4 #ead4 #bfd ,ibid41 p4 #eae4 #bfe ,op4 cit41 p4 #eba4 #bff ,op4 cit41 p4 #ebb f4 #bfg ,ibid41 p4 #ecf4 #bfh ,op4 cit41 p4 #ech4 #bfi ,ibid41 p4 #edj4 #bgj ,op4 cit41 p4 #eda4 #bga ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 #aiae1 pp4 #ccg-cde4 #bgb ,op4 cit41 p4 #cdj4 #bgc ,ibid4 #bgd ,ibid41 p4 #cde4 #bge ,op4 cit41 p4 #cci4 #bgf ,ibid41 p4 #cdc4 #bgg ,ibid41 p4 #cdd4 #bgh ,op4 cit41 p4 #cde4 #bgi ,ibid4 #bhj ,ibid4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,conclusions ,dewey's int]e/ z a philosoph] c5tres1 f fir/ to la/1 ^u k & ! kn[+ process4 ,all t is vital 9 8 e?ical1 social1 & educational !ories dep5ds ultimately ^u ! special int]pretation ( ! function ( k :i* con/itutes 8 *ief claim to philosophical di/9ction4 ,dewey's logical !ory1 z has be5 se51 0 ! natural & inevitable outcome ( 8 dem& = an empirical & 'psy*ological' description ( ?\ght z a 'trans=matory' process work+ actual *anges 9 reality4 ,if 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] he f\nd ! problem ( ! nature ( k all-important = 8 own int]e/s1 he came 9 ! end to reg>d x z ! problem ( problems = all philosoph]s4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ,dewey's conviction t ! special int]pretation ( k :i* he advocates op5s ! door to important advances 9 philosophical speculation1 :ile x ends all discussion ( ^? pseudo-problems :i* result f a false1 epi/emological =mulation ( ! function ( k4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ,dewey's ?\ght1 set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 does n pret5d to furni% an adequate e/imate ( 8 philosophical sy/em4 ,! two que/ions1 ( orig9 & wor?1 are1 aft] all1 di/9ct4 ,! g5etic acc\nt ( ,dewey's !ory ( k may s]ve to make its be>+s & implications bett] und]/ood1 may reveal its deep] mean+ & import1 b ! f9al e/imate ( its value z a philosophical hypo!sis dep5ds on o!r consid]ations4 ,9 ?is f9al *apt]1 x is propos$ to deal ) ! "q ( ! positive value ( functionalism z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,?is criticism may also s]ve to ga!r toge!r ! ?reads ( criticism & comm5t :i* run ?r\gh ! previ\s *apt]s1 & reveal ! g5]al gr\nd ^u :i* ! writ]'s opposition to ,dewey's !ory is bas$4 ,!re c be no "q t ,dewey's !ory ( k re/s1 f9ally1 ^u ! doctr9e ( 'imm$iate empiricism2' ^u 8 belief 9 ! necessity ( employ+ 9 philosophy ! direct descriptive me?od t has n[ made its way 9 all ! natural sci5ces4444#bha ,?is doctr9e is cle>ly /at$ 9 ! fir/ essay review$ 9 ?is /udy1 ,! ,psy*ological ,/&po9t 7#ahhf74 ,to quote aga9 f t essay3 ,! psy*ological /&po9t z x has develop$ itself is ?is3 all t is1 is = consci\sness or k4 ,! bus9ess ( ! psy*ologi/ is to give a g5etic acc\nt ( ! v>i\s elem5ts )9 ?is consci\sness1 & !reby fix _! place1 det]m9e _! validity1 & at ! same "t %[ def9itely :at ! real & et]nal nature ( ?is consci\sness is4#bhb ,! descriptive me?od "h advocat$ does n diff]1 z an actual mode ( proc$ure1 f t ( ,dewey's lat] empiricism4 ,x lies at ! basis ( all 8 speculation1 e>li] z well z lat]1 & is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important s+le elem5t 9 8 philosophical sy/em4 ,9 ,! ,psy*ological ,/&po9t ,dewey ascribes ! failure ( ! e>li] empirici/s to _! des]tion ( ! direct descriptive me?od 7a criticism repeat$ frequ5tly 9 lat] essays74 ,locke1 = in/ance1 in/ead ( describ+ exp]i5ce z x actually occurs1 int]prets x 9 t]ms ( c]ta9 assum$ simple s5sations1 ! products ( reflection4 ,^! non-exp]i5c$ elem5ts1 ,dewey believes1 h no place 9 a purely empirical philosophy4 ,b ! empirici/ mu/ deal 9 "s mann] ) ! products ( reflection4 ,! atoms ( *emi/ry & ! elem5ts ( ! psy*ologi/ are n exp]i5c$ facts1 b /ill !y play a valuable1 indisp5sable role 9 ! te*nique ( ! sci5ces4 ,:at is to be done ) !m8 ,x mu/ be made to appe> t !y are valid )9 k1 b invalid else:]e4 ,?is leads to a sep>ation ( kn[+ f o!r modes ( exp]i5c+1 & ! descriptive me?od is dep5d$ ^u to ma9ta9 ! empirical validity ( ! sep>ation4 ,x has be5 se5 h[ ,dewey's attempt to int]pret k l$ gradually to a di/9ction betwe5 ! 'cognitional' & ! 'non-cognitional' processes ( exp]i5ce4 ,! complet$ !ory ( k dep5ds = its validity ^u ! di/9ction ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 kn[+ 7z reflective ?\ght7 & ! practical attitudes ( life4 ,! concepts1 elem5ts1 & o!r app>atus ( reflection are employ$1 x is said1 only :5 !re is ?9k+1--& ?is is only occasionally4 ,!ory is an in/rum5t to be us$ 9 connection ) t special activity1 reflective ?\ght1 ! g5]al aim ( :i* is ! fur!rance ( ! practical ends ( life4 ,"o fairly obvi\s difficulty ) ?is sep>ation ( reflection f ! o!r life activities is t ! 'direct descriptive me?od1' z "h employ$1 is itself reflective4 ,h[ does x come1 !n1 t ?is p>ticul> me?od a*ieves su* an effective hegemony ov] ! o!r modes ( reflection8 ,! 'descriptive me?od1' z ! me?od ( pure exp]i5ce1 is made to det]m9e or supplant all o!r me?ods4 ,x def9es ! limits & aims ( conceptual sy/ems2 x m>ks out ! limits1 aims1 & te/s ( reflective ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,h[1 x may be ask$1 does ! 'direct descriptive me?od' escape ! limitations :i* x imposes ^u ! o!r =ms ( reflective ?\ght8 ,x has be5 se5 t 9 ,dewey's view logic is subsidi>y to psy*ology4 ,b psy*ology 78 psy*ology7 results f ! application ( ! 'descriptive me?od' to exp]i5ce4 ,! 'descriptive me?od1' x may be inf]r$ f ?is1 is n subject to logical criticism4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! basis ( all logic4 ,logic1 z ! criticism ( categories1 is conf9$ to ! /udy ( ! in/rum5tal concepts z function+ )9 ! k exp]i5ce1 & its limits are set by descriptive psy*ology4 ,!re is1 app>5tly1 no means by :i* ! 'direct descriptive me?od' c itself be br\ght "u criticism4 ,dewey says3 ,by our po/ulate1 ?+s are :at !y are exp]i5c$ to be2 &1 unless kn[+ is ! sole & only g5u9e mode ( exp]i5c+1 x is fallaci\s to say t ,reality is j & exclusively :at x is or w\ld be to an all-compet5t all-kn[]2 or ev5 t x is1 relatively & piece-meal1 :at x is to a f9ite & p>tial kn[]4#bhc ,reality is n simply :at x is kn[n z1 = x is exp]i5c$ 9 o!r ways ?an by be+ kn[n4 ,b ,i v5ture to repeat t 444 ! inf]5tial factor mu/ exi/1 or mu/ occur1 & t all exi/5ce is direct & vital1 s t philosophy c pass ^u its nature--z ^u ! nature ( all ( ! re/ ( its subject-matt]--only by fir/ asc]ta9+ :at x exi/s or occurs z4#bhd ,reflection1 !n1 is n design$ to furni% an insight into ! nature ( ?+s4 ,acqua9tance ) reality mu/ be obta9$1 n by reflect+ ^u x1 b by describ+ x z x occurs4 ,:atev] else ?is may mean1 x c]ta9ly aims at demon/rat+ ! sup]iority ( description to ! suppos$ly less effective modes ( ?\ght4 ,x _c be conc$$1 h[ev]1 t 'description1' z employ$ by ,dewey1 is non-reflective1 or sup]-reflective4 ,if ?+s are n :at !y are kn[n z1 !n !y are n :at !y are kn[n z to a describ]4 ,! po9t ( ?is objection w be obvi\s if x is rememb]$ t x is ! me?od ( 'direct description' :i* enables ,dewey to di/+ui% betwe5 ! 'cognitional' & ! 'non-cognitional' activities ( life1 & make ?\ght ! s]vant ( action4 ,if ,dewey's descriptive me?od is n reflective1 !n !re is no su* ?+ z reflection4 ,pass+ = ! mom5t f ?is criticism1 :i* is n apt to be conv9c+ 9 su* ab/ract =m1 x may be well to consid] = a "t ! psy*ology ^u :i* ,dewey's logical !ory is gr\nd$3 ! psy*ology :i* is e/abli%$ by ! 'direct descriptive me?od4' ,f ! /&po9t ( ! n]v\s correlates ( exp]i5ce1 ,dewey's !ory involves two po/ulates3 fir/1 t cu/om>y conduct is c>ri$ on by an habitual set ( n]v\s adju/m5ts1 &1 second1 t reflection is a process :]eby new reactions are e/abli%$ :5 habitual modes ( response fail to meet a critical situation4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly recogniz$ t1 s f> z ! n]v\s sy/em is conc]n$1 ! s*eme is highly speculative4 ,! advance made by physiology t[>ds an analysis & und]/&+ ( ! m9ute & specializ$ p>ts ( ! n]v\s organism has necess>ily be5 sl[ & unc]ta94 ,:atev] plausibility ,dewey's !ory possesses mu/ dep5d1 n ^u ! te*nical results ( neurology1 b ^u ! ext]nal evid5ce :i* seems to ju/ify "s su* s*eme ( n]v\s organization4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is evid5ce %[s t x falls "u two ma9 heads3 7#a7 facts drawn f ! obs]vation ( ! outw>d behavior ( ! organism1 & 7#b7 facts d]iv$ f an introspective analysis ( ! ?\ght-process4 ,! /udy ( behavior %[s t man ?9ks only n[ & !n4 ,mo/ ( 8 conduct is1 lit]ally1 ?\ghtless4 ,x is said t ?\ght is outw>dly manife/$ by a *>act]i/ic attitude1 m>k$ by hesitation & an obvi\s ef=t at adju/m5t4 ,! introspective analysis ( ! ?\ght-process %[s t x alone1 among exp]i5ces1 is accompani$ by analysis1 ab/raction1 & m$iation4 ,aga91 bo? ! int]nal & ext]nal evid5ce %[ t a puzzl+ situation 7^: n]v\s correlate is a conflict ( impulses7 is ! /imulus :i* awak5s ?\ght4 ,^! are important items 9 ! li/ ( evid5ce :i* supports ! functional !ory4 ,x w\ld be a t$i\s & unnecess>y task to subject ea* ( ^! bits ( evid5ce to empirical criticism4 ,x w be bett] to deal ) !m by %[+ t !y d n necess>ily imply functionalism1 s9ce !y are compatible ) a psy*ology directly oppos$ to ! fundam5tal assumptions ( ,dewey's !ory4 ,x is d\btless true t m5 ?9k only occasionally & ) "s reluctance4 ,?is is a common obs]vation4 ,:at is to be made ( ?is int]mittance ( ?\ght8 ,! evid5ce m]ely %[s t man is m wide awake1 en]getic1 & al]t at "s times ?an at o!rs4 ,on ^! occasions e faculty ( ! organism is 9 op]ation1 high] z well z l[] c5tres are pit*$ to a high degree ( responsiv5ess1 n at hap-haz>d1 to be sure1 b apropos--tun$ to ! situation4 ,9 say+ t m5 ?9k only n[ & !n no?+ m is necess>ily impli$ ?an t m5 are = ! mo/ "p sluggi% & indiff]5t1 & ! p]iods ( high int5sification ( ! normal processes contra/ %>ply ) ! habitual le?>gy ( conduct4 ,aga9/ ,dewey1 x w be ma9ta9$ "h t ?\ght _c be def9$ z a special k9d ( activity consid]$ f ! side ( ! organism4 ,! life processes are con/antly weld$ into a s+le unifi$ activity1 :i* may1 z a :ole1 be direct$ ^u diff]5t objects4 ,?us1 f ! side ( its objects1 ?is life activity may be call$ eat+1 runn+1 read+1 & :atev] else "o *ooses4 ,?9k+1 f ?is /&po9t1 may be def9$ z ! direction ( ef=t ^u symbols & ab/ract t]ms4 ,b ?9k+ 9 ?is case w\ld be id5tifi$ on ! basis ( its cont5t1 n 9 t]ms ( special n]v\s activities 9 ! organism4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 ?9k+ signifies t int5se p]iodical activity :i* has be5 not$1 or preoccupation ) a c]ta9 k9d ( subject-matt]1 x 9 no case implies ! op]ation ( a special organic faculty ( ! type describ$ by ,dewey4 ,b1 aga91 x is said t true reflection is m>k$ by a c]ta9 *>act]i/ic bodily attitude1 :i* bespeaks inn] conflict & a se>* = adju/m5t4 ,?is cont5tion seems to h little gr\nd 9 fact4 ,! puzzl$1 hesitat+1 undecid$ expression t is usually suppos$ to betray deep cogitation may 9 fact mean simply hesitation & bewild]m5t1--! ne$ = ?\ght1 r ?an its pres5ce4 ,! expression reveals a c]ta9 degree ( incompet5ce & sluggi%ness 9 ! individual conc]n$1 & signifies a lack ( wide-awak5ess & responsiv5ess4 ,a /ud5t puzzl+ ov] 8 algebra1 a speak] extemporiz+ an argum5t1 a ball-play] us+ all 8 res\rces to defeat ! enemy1 h attitudes s unlike t no analysis c\ld discov] 9 !m a common =m ( expression4 ,& yet x w\ld be madness to d5y t ?9k+ att5ds _! v>i\s p]=mances4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 no evid5ce f ! side ( bodily expression to indicate ! pres5ce 9 man ( a special n]v\s faculty call$ reflection4 ,consid] next ! cont5tion t ! cue to ?\ght is a puzzl+ situation1 involv+ a problem4 ,no problem1 no ?\ght2 no ?\ght1 no problem4 ,?is may mean ei!r t a man f9d+ himself 9 a difficult situation uses all 8 en]gy & res\rce to escape f x1 or1 t he nev] conc]ns himself ) ab/ract symbols except "u ! spur ( necessity4 ,! =m] mean+ conta9s "s tru?1 b ! latt] is :at ,dewey w\ld call a 'd>k say+4' ,if by '?\ght' be meant t p]iod ( high activity ( all ! faculties :i* is only occasional1 x is d\btless true en\gh t a problem is frequ5tly ne$$ to awak5 x4 ,man is cont5t to let life glide along ) a m9imum ( ef=t2 he _c1 if he w\ld1 long ma9ta9 ! /ate ( high activity "h call$ '?9k+4' ,z a consequ5ce ( n ?9k+ :5 he %\ld1 man frequ5tly f9ds himself involv$ 9 situations requir+ ! ex]cise ( all ! en]gy & res\rce he possesses4 ,b ! really effici5t '?9k]' is ! man :o keeps 8 eyes op51 :o sees ahead4 ,he is n effici5t m]ely because ( ! excell5ce ( 8 e/abli%$ modes ( response1 b1 m p>ticul>ly1 because he is alive & al]t4 ,8 ?9k+ is effective 9 prev5t+ difficult situations1 z well z 9 gett+ out ( !m4 ,def9+ '?\ght1' h[ev]1 z ! direction ( activity ^u symbols & conceptions1 !re seems to be little w>rant = ass]t+ t x functions only on ! occasion ( a concrete1 specific problem4 ,"o w\ld say1 on ! contr>y1 t ?is w\ld be an unfavorable occasion = ! /udy ( fundam5tal pr9ciples1 :e!r sci5tific or practical4 ,summ+ up ! ext]nal evid5ce1 !n1 "o w\ld say t x accords z well ) ! hypo!sis t ! life processes con/itute a s+le activity direct$ ^u v>i\s objects1 z ) ! hypo!sis t ?\ght is a v special organic activity1 hav+ a special biological function4 ,at lea/1 ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( su* a special faculty is dubi\s & unc]ta94 ,:at does ! int]nal evid5ce prove8 ,! analysis ( ?\ght conta9$ 9 ,james's *apt] on ,reason+ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology has be5 ! guide = ,dewey & o!r pragmati/s 9 ?is connection4#bhe ,james und]takes to %[ t reason+ is m>k$ (f f o!r processes by ! employm5t ( analysis1 ab/raction1 & ! use ( m$iat+ t]ms4 ,x mu/ be urg$ "h1 n only aga9/ ,james1 b aga9/ a consid]able mod]n tradition1 t ?is acc\nt ( ?9k+ is mislead+ & inaccurate4 ,! "q to be fac$1 ( c\rse1 is :e!r ! processes ( ?\ght diff] radically f ! non-reflective processes 9 k9d1 or :e!r !y are simply ! int5sification ( processes :i* att5d all consci\s life4 ,x %\ld be not$ t no concession is made to ! notion t ?9k+ is a special k9d ( process2 only its subject-matt] is special1 or else ?\ght is simply a p]iod ( wide-awak5ess & al]tness4 ,9 ! latt] s5se1 ?\ght involves an int5sification ( ! p[]s ( obs]vation1 an awak5+ ( memory1 a g5]al /imulation ( all ! faculties4 ,x calls = ! fulle/ possible appreh5sion1 dem&s ! mo/ complete insight into ! nature ( ! situation t ! capacities c provide4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! adequate view ( reality a*iev$ 9 ?is mann] & ! common & inadequate appreh5sion ( ord9>y life is v great1 & might easily lead to ! supposition t ?9k+ 7s und]/ood7 conta9s elem5ts :i* are add$ ?r\gh ! activities ( a special n]ve process4 ,b is x only 9 su* mom5ts t we delib]ately resolve a situation into its elem5ts1 & ab/ract an 'ess5ce' to s]ve z a middle t]m 9 inf]5ce8 ,x is c]ta9 t at su* mom5ts ^! processes are m di/9ct ?an at o!r times2 b ! :ole situation1 = t matt]1 /&s out m cle>ly & di/9ctly4 ,p]ception is ke5]1 memory m def9ite1 feel+ m int5se4 ,9 less degree1 h[ev]1 all att5tion involves analysis & ab/raction4 ,exp]i5ce has always a focus & a m>g92 !re is a con/ant select+ & analyz+ out ( important elem5ts1 :i* 9 turn lead to fur!r conclusions & acts1 ?r\gh associations by contiguity & simil>ity4 ,?is process appe>s 9 an int5sifi$ =m 9 ! high mom5ts ( life4 ,9 %ort1 ?\ght & passive p]ception are diff]5tiat$1 n by ! elem5ts :i* compose !m1 b by ! degree ( en]gy t goes into p]ception1 memory1 feel+1 & discrim9ation4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! evid5ce to %[ t ?9k+ is a special k9d ( activity1 :i* op]ates n[ & !n4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is e reason to hold to ! position t ! life processes are "o & insep>able1 op]at+ cont9ually 9 conjunction4 ,:at %all be said1 !n1 ) ref]5ce to ! ass]tion t ?\ght op]ates 9 ! int]e/s ( ! non-cognitive life processes8 ,t x comes 'aft] some?+ & = ! sake ( some?+1' namely1 'direct' exp]i5ce8 ,s9ce ! sep>ation ( ! activities into v>i\s 'functions' _c be all[$1 by occasional ?\ght mu/ !n be meant ^? mom5ts ( en]getic aliv5ess describ$ above4 ,translat+1 ,dewey's !ory w\ld read some?+ l ?is3 ,man employs 8 faculties to ! fulle/ ext5t only :5 he is compell$ to d s4 ,he gets along habitually1 t is1 ) a m9imum ( ef=t1 z long z he c1 b r\ses himself & makes an e>ne/ ef=t to compreh5d ! _w only :5 8 environm5t pres5ts him ) difficulties :i* dem& solution4 ,! te/ ( man's ?9k+ consi/s 9 its effici5cy 9 gett+ him out ( tr\ble1 & enabl+ him to return to 8 habitual modes ( sub-consci\s conduct ) a m9imum ( annoyance4 ,9 %ort1 ?9k+ is an in/rum5t :i* subs]ves man's natural laz9ess1 & its te/ is ! effici5cy ) :i* x promotes an easy1 or1 at any rate1 a satisfactory mode ( exi/5ce4 ,no d\bt "s m51 p]haps _m m51 d foll[ su* a programme2 b x w\ld n be k9d to ,nature to ass]t t %e plann$ x s4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! activities ( life into sev]al di/9ct processes hav+ ea* a special function looks l a survival ( ! old faculty psy*ology1 aga9/ :i* mod]n ?\ght has prote/$ z mu* z aga9/ any?+ :atev]4 ,! conception ( ! organic processes z sep>ate 9 action has all ! faults ( a m]ely me*anical repres5tation ( consci\sness4 ,d\btless "s advantage is to be obta9$1 = purposes ( inve/igation1 by treat+ ?\ght1 appreciation1 & affection sep>ately2 b x is a s]i\s error to take ?is provisional di/9ction z real4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ,dewey1 ) all 8 opposition to su* modes ( proc$ure1 himself falls into ?is ab/ract way ( treat+ ! 'functions' ( exp]i5ce1 see+ n ! beam t is 9 8 own eye4 ,x is ?is v =m ( treatm5t1 /rangely en\gh1 :i* enables ,dewey to call biology to ! support ( 8 int]pretation ( ! function ( k4 ,accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 survival ( ! species is dep5d5t ^u ! developm5t ( special /ructures & capacities :i* enable ! organism to adju/ itself to its environm5t4 ,dewey f9ds1 foll[+ a famili> argum5t1 t ! l[] animals are adapt$ to _! environm5t by special habits ( reaction :i* are relatively fix$ & inela/ic4 ,man1 on ! contr>y1 has an exce$+ly pla/ic n]v\s sy/em1 :i* enables him to meet *ang+ conditions4 ,man is n only highly adapt$1 b highly adaptable4 ,?is trait ( pla/icity1 or adaptability1 ,dewey believes1 is a product ( natural selection1 &1 ( c\rse1 9 ! f9al analysis1 ?is high degree ( pla/icity is ! ?\ght function4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ?is treatm5t ( ?\ght is highly speculative4 ,dewey (f]s little concrete evid5ce to support 8 position2 inde$1 x w\ld require ! labor ( a ,d>w9 to supply ! ne$$ evid5ce4 ,in/ead ( gr\nd+ 8 !ories ^u ! results ( sci5ce1 ,dewey adapts ! ev] ela/ic 'evolution>y me?od' 7n really t ( biological evolution1 h[ev] indet]m9ate7 to 8 own s*eme ( ?+s4 ,x w\ld be h>d to discov] 9 philosophical lit]ature a me?od m purely !oretical & ev5 dialectical ?an t :]eby ,dewey gives 8 logical !ory ! support ( evolution>y !ory4 ,! ultimately me*anical t5d5cies ( 8 argum5t are conspicu\s1 9 spite ( all disclaim]s4 ,! effect ( 8 analysis is to set pla/icity or adaptability (f by itself1 z a special trait or feature ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! l[] =ms ( life are gov]n$1 we are told1 by fix$ reflexes1 & ! trait ( adaptability appe>s at "s high] /age 9 ! process z a sup]add$ capacity ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 correlat$1 no d\bt1 ) special n]v\s /ructures4 ,evolutionism w\ld n s]ve ,dewey s well1 _h he n previ\sly made ?is sep>ation betwe5 ! organic functions & _! correlat$ /ructures2 b1 giv5 ?is ab/ract treatm5t ( ! life processes1 he is able to make ! doctr9e ( selection contribute to its support4 ,9 opposition to ,dewey's argum5t1 x w\ld be reasonable to cont5d t pla/icity is inh]5t 9 all n]v\s sub/ance4 ,! high] organisms are m adaptable1 because !re is m to be modifi$ 9 !m1--m n]ves & synapses1 m pliability4 ,!re is no s\nd empirical reason = accept+ ,dewey's biological conclusions4 ,tak+ ,dewey's !ory at its face value1--& x w\ld be presumptu\s to se>* = hidd5 mean+s1--its net result is to place ! function ( kn[+ 9 an emb>rass+ situation ) respect to its capacity = giv+ a correct report ( reality4 ,dewey expressly d5ies1 inde$1 t ! purpose ( kn[+ is to give an acc\nt ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,reality1 he ass]ts1 is :atev] x is 'exp]i5c$ z be+1' & x is normally exp]i5c$ 9 o!r ways ?an by be+ kn[n4 ,! nature ( reality is n hidd5 beh9d a veil1 to be se>*$ out2 b is "h & n[1 z x comes & goes 9 ! =m ( pass+ exp]i5ce4 ,kn[+ is design$ to trans=m exp]i5ce1 n to br+ x )9 ! survey ( consci\sness4 ,h[ does x /&1 !n1 ) ,dewey's own acc\nt ( ! k process8 ,he has reflect$ ^u exp]i5ce1 & claims to h giv5 a correct acc\nt ( its nature4 ,dewey's conception ( ! processes ( exp]i5ce is g5u9ely conceptual1 a ?\ght product1 design$ to furni% a solid basis = belief & calculation4 ,b reflection1 by 8 own acc\nt1 is %ut 9 to its own mom5t1 _c appreh5d ! true nature ( 'non-cognitional' exp]i5ces1 & _c1 !re=e1 deal adequately ) any problems except su* z are furni%$ x by o!r 'functions4' ,no wond] t 'anti-intellectualism' %\ld result f su* a conception ( k4 ,philosoph]s h always held t ! purpose ( reflection 7:atev] reflection may be1 psy*ologically7 is ! atta9m5t ( a reliable insight into ! nature ( ! _w4 ,practical consid]ations compel ?is view4 ,ord9>y1 casual obs]vation is sup]ficial & unsy/ematic2 x nev] p5etrates b5ea? ! surface4 ,d\btless reality is1 9 "s degree1 :at x is 9 unreflective mom5ts2 b x is frequ5tly some?+ m1 z man le>ns to 8 sorr[4 ,reflection displaces ! casual1 haphaz>d attitude1 9 ! attempt to get at ! real nature ( ! _w4 ,! results ( reflection1 moreov]1 are cumulative4 ,x t5ds to build up1 by gradual accretions1 a conceptual view ( reality :i* may s]ve z a relatively /able basis = conduct & calculation4 ,?\ght does1 inde$1 possess a trans=m+ function4 ,! reason$ k ( ?+s is gradually ext5d$ beyond ! occasional mom5ts ( inquir+ ?\ght1 supplant+ ! casual view ) a m p5etrat+ insight2 reality becomes m & bett] kn[n1 & less m]ely exp]i5c$4 ,dewey rev]ses ?is view 9 a curi\s mann]4 ,x is 'exp]i5ce' t is built up by ! action ( ?\ght1 n k itself4 ,?is play on t]ms might be innocu\s1 if x 7 n accompani$ by 8 sep>ation ( ! kn[+ function f o!rs4 ,dewey makes 'kn[+' ! s]vant ( 'direct exp]i5ce' by giv+ x ! function ( recon/ruct+ ! habits ( ! organism1 9 ord] t unreflective exp]i5ce may be ma9ta9$ ) a m9imum ( ef=t4 ,! non-reflective exp]i5ce becomes ! valuable exp]i5ce1 & k is made to m9i/] unto x4 ,?is is truly a 'transvaluation ( values4' ,dewey asks3 ,:at is x t makes u live alt]nately 9 a concrete _w ( exp]i5ce 9 :i* ?\ght z su* f9ds n satisfaction1 & 9 a _w ( ord]$ ?\ght :i* is yet only ab/ract & ideal8#bhf ,?is %>p sep>ation ( ?\ght f action is vigor\sly ma9ta9$4 ,foll[+ are "s ( ! t]ms by means ( :i* ! diff]5ce betwe5 direct & reflective exp]i5ce is express$3 'direct practice1' 'd]iv$ !ory2' 'prim>y con/ruction1' 'second>y criticism2' 'liv+ appreciation1' 'ab/ract description2' 'active endeavor1' 'pale reflection4'#bhg ,?is casual1 easy di/9ction escapes criticism because x seems h>mless & unimportant4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is n real4 ,x does n correspond to ! simple facts ( life4 ,?9k+1 f> f be+ 'pale reflection1' is (t5 a /r5u\s & en]getic 'activity4' ,reflection1 n 'direct exp]i5ce1' is (t51 at lea/1 at ! high mom5t ( life4 ,exp]i5ce becomes unmean+ on any o!r basis4 ',liv+ appreciation' & 'prim>y con/ruction' involve ?\ght 9 a high degree2 'pale reflection' is lazy contemplation1 lack+ ! sp>k ( life t *>act]izes true ?\ght4 ,!re is no escape f ,dewey's ne$lessly al>m+ conclusions1 except by ma9ta9+ t ?\ght accompanies all consci\s life1 9 great] or less degree1 & t ! mom5t ( real1 e>ne/ ?9k+ is at ! high tide ( life1 :5 all ! p[]s are awake & op]at+4 ,?\ght mu/ be made integral ) all o!r activities1 a feature ( ! total life organization1 r ?an an isolat$ ph5om5on4 ,man is a ?9k+ organism1 n an organism ) a ?9k]4 ,x is n to be suppos$ = a mom5t t by '?\ght' is "h meant ! activity ( a m]ely subjective kn[]4 ,dewey does1 inde$1 deal effectively ) ! subjective ego1 & ) repres5tative p]ceptionism4 ,b by '?\ght' is "h meant reflection1 judgm5t1 inf]5ce2 & 9 ?is s5se ?\ght is said to be pres5t 9 all exp]i5ce4 ,!re c be no "q ( ! relation ( ?\ght1 s und]/ood1 to reality2 = ! reason t x has be5 s integrat$ ) exp]i5ce z to be insep>able f x4 ,sett+ aside kn[+ z ! aw>5ess ( a consci\s subject1 !re rema9s an issue ) ,dewey conc]n+ ! actual place ( ?\ght1 z an empirical process1 9 exp]i5ce1 & ! issue mu/ be settl$ on def9ite & really empirical gr\nds4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = 'functionalism' & its psy*ology4 ,some?+ %\ld be said1 be=e clos+ ?is discussion1 conc]n+ philosophical me?ods 9 g5]al1 s9ce ,dewey's psy*ological approa* to ! problems ( philosophy mu/ be held responsible = 8 anti-intellectuali/ic results1 ) _! sceptical implications4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]1 z has be5 se51 ,dewey adopt$ ! 'psy*ological me?od1' & he has adh]$ to x consi/5tly ev] s9ce4 ,?is initial attitude1 al?\gh he 0 n aw>e ( x = _m ye>s1 cut him (f f ! community ( und]/&+ t exi/s among mod]n ideali/s conc]n+ ! prop] aims & purposes ( philosophical inquiry4 ,al?\gh at fir/ a pr(ess$ foll[] ( ,gre5 & ,caird1 ,dewey's me?od 0 n reconcilable ) ideali/ic proc$ure1 & 9 a v real s5se he nev] 0 an ideali/4 ,! virul5ce ( 8 lat] attacks on 'intellectualism' may be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( 8 reaction aga9/ a philosophical me?od :i* int]f]$ ) ! developm5t ( 8 own 'naturali/ic' t5d5cies4 ,! me?od ( idealism1 or speculative philosophy1 is logical2 b x may p]fectly well be empirical at ! same "t4 ,to ! anti-intellectuali/ empirical logic is an anomaly1 a r$ blue-bird1 s to speak4 ,! philosophical logician is repres5t$ z "o :o evolves reality out ( 8 own consci\sness2 :o labors ) ! concepts :i* h _! abode 9 ! m5tal sph]e1 &1 by means ( ! pr9ciple ( contradiction1 =ces !m into h>mony until !y provide a p]fectly consi/5t repres5tation ( ! ext]nal _w :i*1 because ( its p]fect rationality1 mu/ someh[ correspond ) ! cosmic reality4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t no man possesses1 at lea/ 9 a sane condition1 ! m5tal equipm5t requisite = su* a p]=mance1 c]ta9 critics h n hesitat$ to impute ?is k9d ( logical proc$ure to ! ideali/s4 ,to quote f ,dewey himself3 ,= mod]n philosophy is1 z e college s5ior recites1 epi/emology2 & epi/emology1 z p]haps our books & lectures sometimes =get to tell ! s5ior1 has absorb$ ,/oic dogma4 ,passionless imp]turbability1 absolute deta*m5t1 complete subjection to a ready-made & f9i%$ reality 444 is its pr(ess$ ideal4444 ,philosophy has dream$ ! dream ( a k :i* is o!r ?an ! propiti\s outgr[? ( beliefs t %all develop a=etime _! ult]ior implications 9 ord] to reca/ !m 4441 ! dream ( a k t has to d ) objects hav+ no nature save to be kn[n4#bhh ,?is *>ge aga9/ mod]n idealism has little f\ndation4 ,speculative philosophy repudiat$1 long ago1 ! 'epi/emological /&po9t' z def9$ by ,dewey4 ,ideali/s h n fo/]$ ! conception ( a kn[+ subject %ut 9 to its own /ates1 seek+ in=mation ab\t an imp]sonal reality ov] aga9/ itself4 ,note1 = example1 ?is comm5t ( ,pr+le-,pattison on ,kant1 made ov] ?irty-five ye>s ago3 ,! di/9ction betwe5 m9d & ! _w1 :i* is valid only f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 he took z an absolute sep>ation4 ,he took x1 to use a curr5t phrase1 ab/ractly--t is to say1 z a m]e fact1 a fact /&+ by itself & true 9 any ref]5ce4 ,& ( c\rse :5 two ?+s are completely sep>ate1 !y c only be br\ght toge!r by a bond :i* is me*anical1 ext]nal1 & accid5tal to ! real nature ( bo?4#bhi ,dewey himself nev] condemn$ 'epi/emology' m effectively4 ,b x is useless to cite in/ances1 = any s]i\s /ud5t famili> ) ! lit]ature ( mod]n philosophy ought to "k t 'idealism' has nev] really be5 'epi/emological' 9 ! s5se meant by ,dewey & 8 disciples4 ,subjectivism is n idealism1--! /olid dogmatism ( neo-realism to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,idealism holds1 speak+ m positively1 t philosoph]s mu/ submit ! conceptions & me?ods :i* !y employ to a prelim9>y imman5t criticism1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! limits )9 :i* !y may be validly appli$4 ,e g5u9e category or me?od is valid )9 a c]ta9 sph]e ( relevance1 & ! bus9ess ( criticism is to det]m9e by empirical inve/igation or by 'ideal exp]im5t' 7:i* means mu* ! same ?+7 :at concrete significance ! conception is capable ( be>+4 ,dewey1 f ! /&po9t ( idealism1 is guilty ( a some:at uncritical use ( ! categories ( 'description' & 'evolution4' ,are ! categories ( biology fitt$ to expla9 m9d & _s8 ,in/ead ( in/itut+ an inquiry design$ to answ] t "q1 ,dewey accepts 'evolutionism' z f9al1 & attempts to =ce all ph5om5a into con=mity ) 8 result+ logical s*eme4 ,he misses ! valuable *ecks ^u ?\ght :i* are furni%$ by ! 'critical me?od1' & is none too s5sitive to ! te*nical results ( ! special sci5ces4 ,! logical approa* to philosophy /rictly involves c]ta9 implications :i* h be5 ov]look$ by _m ( its critics4 ,x may well be admitt$ t our real categories are n fix$ & f9al1 b are p]petually 9 process ( recon/ruction4 ,! process ( criticism inevitably makes manife/ ! human & empirical "* ( ! p>ticul> =ms ( reflective ?\ght4 ,x recognizes ! fact ( developm5t1 bo? 9 k & 9 reality1 & by ?is v recognition ! value ( k is enhanc$4 ,x is =c$1 by ! v nature ( its me?od1 to recognize ! concrete & practical be>+s ( ?\ght4 ,inde$1 !re is a s5se 9 :i* idealism w\ld decl>e t !re is no ?\ght--:5 ?\ght1 t is1 is tak5 to mean an isolat$ fact out ( relation to ! _w4 ,x is n possible to make ?is retort ^u ! critics ( idealism )\t recogniz+ t !re has be5 a va/ misjudgm5t1 am\nt+ almo/ to misrepres5tation1 ( ! intellectual ideals ( mod]n speculative philosophy4 ,to conclude1 x is nei!r by ab/ract logical processes1 nor yet by ! dogmatic employm5t ( sci5tific categories1 t philosophy makes progress1 b by an empirical process :i* unites criticism & exp]im5t4 ,9 speak+ ( ! developm5t ( mod]n idealism1 ,bosanquet says3 ,all difficulties ab\t ! g5]al possibility--! possibility 9 pr9ciple--( appreh5d+ reality 9 k & preception 7 flung aside z antiquat$ lumb]4 ,:at 0 und]tak5 0 ! direct adv5ture ( kn[+2 ( %ap+ a view ( ! univ]se :i* %\ld include & express reality 9 its complet5ess4 ,! te/ & crit]ion 7 n any speculative assumption ( any k9d :atev]4 ,!y 7 ! direct "w ( ! function ( k 9 exhibit+ :at c\ld & :at c\ld n ma9ta9 itself :5 all ! facts 7 confront$ & set 9 ! ord] !y !mselves dem&$4 ,! me?od ( inquiry 0 ideal exp]im5t4#bij ,:5 all has be5 said1 ?is me?od rema9s ! natural & normal "o4 ,dewey's 'psy*ological me?od1' by contra/1 seems /ra9$ & f>-fet*$1 an artificial & ext]nally motiv$ attempt to guide ! intellect1 :i* only by dep5d+ ^u its own res\rces & its own increas+ insight c hope to atta9 ! di/ant & difficult1 b nev] really =eign goal4 ,,footnotes3 #bha ,! ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy1 p4 #bdj4 #bhb ,op4 cit41 ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #h f4 #bhc ,! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od1 ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy1 p4 #bbh4 #bhd ,! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od1 ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy1 p4 #bdj4 #bhe ,see ! review ( ,dewey's essay1 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od1 9 ,*apt] ,,vii ( ?is /udy1 p4 #ia ff4 #bhf ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 p4 #d4 #bhg ,ibid41 p4 #b4 #bhh ,beliefs & ,exi/5ces1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,philosophy1 p4 #agb f4 #bhi ,! ,philosophical ,radicals1 p4 #big4 ,! essay 9 :i* x occurs1 ,philosophy z a ,criticism ( ,categories1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahhc1 9 ! volume ,essays on ,philosophical ,criticism4 #bij ,realism & ,metaphysics1 ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 #aiag1 p4 #h4