99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! orig9al docum5t has be5 pres]v$4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,= a complete li/1 please see ! end ( ?is docum5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,socialism4 ,,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,=tnightly ,review4 ,,*icago4 ,,bel=ds1 ,,cl>ke ,,co4 ,,mdccclxxix4 ,,manufactur$ ,,by ,,donohue ,,h5neb]ry4 ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,,prelim9>y ,,notice4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #ahfi t1 impress$ ) ! degree 9 :i*1 ev5 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 :5 ! _w seem$ s :olly occupi$ ) o!r matt]s1 ! sociali/ ideas ( speculative ?9k]s _h spread among ! work]s 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,mill =m$ ! design ( writ+ a book on ,socialism4 ,conv9c$ t ! inevitable t5d5cies ( mod]n society mu/ be to br+ ! que/ions involv$ 9 x always m & m to ! front1 he ?\ght x ( great practical consequ5ce t !y %\ld be ?or\ghly & imp>tially consid]$1 & ! l9es po9t$ out by :i* ! be/ speculatively-te/$ !ories might1 )\t prolongation ( suff]+ on ! "o h&1 or unnecess>y di/urbance on ! o!r1 be appli$ to ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s4 ,he !re=e plann$ a "w :i* %\ld g exhau/ively ?r\gh ! :ole subject1 po9t by po9t2 & ! *apt]s n[ pr9t$ are ! fir/ r\gh drafts ?r[n d[n t[>ds ! f\ndation ( t "w4 ,^! *apt]s might n1 :5 ! "w came to be completely writt5 out & !n re-writt51 accord+ to ! au?or's habit1 h appe>$ 9 ! pres5t ord]2 !y might h be5 incorporat$ into diff]5t p>ts ( ! "w4 ,x has n be5 )\t hesitation t ,i h yield$ to ! urg5t wi% ( ! editor ( ?is ,review to give ^! *apt]s to ! _w2 b ,i h compli$ ) 8 reque/ because1 :ile !y appe> to me to possess great intr9sic value z well z special application to ! problems n[ =c+ !mselves on public att5tion1 !y w n1 ,i believe1 detract ev5 f ! m]e lit]>y reputation ( _! au?or1 b w r =m an example ( ! pati5t labor ) :i* good "w is done4 ,,hel5 ,,taylor4 ,janu>y1 #ahgi4 ,,socialism4 ,,introductory4 ,9 ! great c\ntry beyond ! ,atlantic1 :i* is n[ well-nigh ! mo/ p[]ful c\ntry 9 ! _w1 & w soon be indisputably s1 manhood suffrage prevails4 ,su* is also ! political qualification ( ,france s9ce #ahdh1 & has become t ( ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation1 ?\gh n ( all ! sev]al /ates compos+ x4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! suffrage is n yet s widely ext5d$1 b ! la/ ,re=m ,act admitt$ )9 :at is call$ ! pale ( ! ,con/itution s l>ge a body ( ^? :o live on weekly wages1 t z soon & z (t5 z ^! %all *oose to act toge!r z a class1 & ex]t = any common object ! :ole ( ! electoral p[] :i* our pres5t in/itutions give !m1 !y w ex]cise1 ?\gh n a complete asc5d5cy1 a v great influ5ce on legislation4 ,n[ ^! are ! v class :i*1 9 ! vocabul>y ( ! high] ranks1 are said to h no /ake 9 ! c\ntry4 ,( c\rse !y h 9 reality ! greate/ /ake1 s9ce _! daily bread dep5ds on its prosp]ity4 ,b !y are n engag$ 7we may call x brib$7 by any peculi> int]e/ ( _! own1 to ! support ( prop]ty z x is1 lea/ ( all to ! support ( inequalities ( prop]ty4 ,s f> z _! p[] rea*es1 or may h]eaft] rea*1 ! laws ( prop]ty h to dep5d = support ^u consid]ations ( a public nature1 ^u ! e/imate made ( _! conduciv5ess to ! g5]al welf>e1 & n ^u motives ( a m]e p]sonal "* op]at+ on ! m9ds ( ^? :o h control ov] ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x seems to me t ! greatness ( ?is *ange is z yet by no means completely realiz$1 ei!r by ^? :o oppos$1 or by ^? :o effect$ our la/ con/itutional re=m4 ,to say ! tru?1 ! p]ceptions ( ,engli%m5 are ( late some:at blunt$ z to ! t5d5cies ( political *anges4 ,!y h se5 s _m *anges made1 f :i*1 :ile only 9 prospect1 va/ expectations 7 ent]ta9$1 bo? ( evil & ( good1 :ile ! results ( ei!r k9d t actually foll[$ seem$ f> %ort ( :at _h be5 pr$ict$1 t !y h come to feel z if x 7 ! nature ( political *anges n to fulfil expectation1 & h fall5 into a habit ( half-unconsci\s belief t su* *anges1 :5 !y take place )\t a viol5t revolution1 d n mu* or p]man5tly di/urb 9 practice ! c\rse ( ?+s habitual to ! c\ntry4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is b a sup]ficial view ei!r ( ! pa/ or ( ! future4 ,! v>i\s re=ms ( ! la/ two g5]ations h be5 at lea/ z fruitful 9 important consequ5ces z 0 =etold4 ,! pr$ictions 7 (t5 errone\s z to ! sudd5ness ( ! effects1 & sometimes ev5 z to ! k9d ( effect4 ,we laugh at ! va9 expectations ( ^? :o ?\ght t ,ca?olic emancipation w\ld tranquilize ,irel&1 or reconcile x to ,briti% rule4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! ,re=m ,act ( #ahcb1 few cont9u$ to ?9k ei!r t x w\ld remove e important practical grievance1 or t x _h op5$ ! door to univ]sal suffrage4 ,b five-&-tw5ty ye>s m ( its op]ation _h giv5 scope = a l>ge developm5t ( its indirect work+1 :i* is mu* m mom5t\s ?an ! direct4 ,sudd5 effects 9 hi/ory are g5]ally sup]ficial4 ,causes :i* g deep d[n into ! roots ( future ev5ts produce ! mo/ s]i\s p>ts ( _! effect only sl[ly1 & h1 !re=e1 "t to become a "p ( ! famili> ord] ( ?+s be=e g5]al att5tion is call$ to ! *anges !y are produc+2 s9ce1 :5 ! *anges d become evid5t1 !y are (t5 n se51 by cursory obs]v]s1 to be 9 any peculi> mann] connect$ ) ! cause4 ,! remot] consequ5ces ( a new political fact are seldom und]/ood :5 !y occur1 except :5 !y h be5 appreciat$ be=eh&4 ,?is timely appreciation is p>ticul>ly easy 9 respect to t5d5cies ( ! *ange made 9 our in/itutions by ! ,re=m ,act ( #ahfg4 ,! great increase ( electoral p[] :i* ! ,act places )9 ! rea* ( ! work+ classes is p]man5t4 ,! circum/ances :i* h caus$ !m1 ?us f>1 to make a v limit$ use ( t p[]1 are ess5tially tempor>y4 ,x is kn[n ev5 to ! mo/ inobs]vant1 t ! work+ classes h1 & are likely to h1 political objects :i* conc]n !m z work+ classes1 & on :i* !y believe1 rightly or wrongly1 t ! int]e/s & op9ions ( ! o!r p[]ful classes are oppos$ to !irs4 ,h[ev] mu* _! pursuit ( ^! objects may be = ! pres5t ret>d$ by want ( electoral organization1 by diss5sions among !mselves1 or by _! n hav+ r$uc$ z yet _! wi%es into a suffici5tly def9ite practical %ape1 x is z c]ta9 z any?+ 9 politics c be1 t !y w be=e long f9d ! means ( mak+ _! collective electoral p[] effectively in/rum5tal to ! proportion ( _! collective objects4 ,& :5 !y d s1 x w n be 9 ! disord]ly & ineffective way :i* belongs to a p n habituat$ to ! use ( legal & con/itutional ma*9]y1 nor w x be by ! impulse ( a m]e in/9ct ( levell+4 ,! in/rum5ts w be ! press1 public meet+s & associations1 & ! return to ,p>liam5t ( ! greate/ possible numb] ( p]sons pl$g$ to ! political aims ( ! work+ classes4 ,! political aims w !mselves be det]m9$ by def9ite political doctr9es2 = politics are n[ sci5tifically /udi$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! work+ classes1 & op9ions conceiv$ 9 ! special int]e/ ( ^? classes are organiz$ into sy/ems & cre$s :i* lay claim to a place on ! plat=m ( political philosophy1 by ! same "r z ! sy/ems elaborat$ by previ\s ?9k]s4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t all reflect+ p]sons %\ld take into e>ly consid]ation :at ^! popul> political cre$s are likely to be1 & t e s+le article ( !m %\ld be br\ght "u ! fulle/ light ( inve/igation & discussion1 s t1 if possible1 :5 ! "t %all be ripe1 :atev] is "r 9 !m may be adopt$1 & :at is wrong reject$ by g5]al cons5t1 & t in/ead ( a ho/ile conflict1 physical or only moral1 betwe5 ! old & ! new1 ! be/ p>ts ( bo? may be comb9$ 9 a r5ovat$ social fabric4 ,at ! ord9>y pace ( ^? great social *anges :i* are n effect$ by physical viol5ce1 we h be=e u an int]val ( ab\t a g5]ation1 on ! due employm5t ( :i* x dep5ds :e!r ! accommodation ( social in/itutions to ! alt]$ /ate ( human society1 %all be ! "w ( wise =esight1 or ( a conflict ( opposite prejudices4 ,! future ( mank9d w be gravely imp]ill$1 if great que/ions are left to be f\ght ov] betwe5 ignorant *ange & ignorant opposition to *ange4 ,& ! discussion t is n[ requir$ is "o t mu/ g d[n to ! v fir/ pr9ciples ( exi/+ society4 ,! fundam5tal doctr9es :i* 7 assum$ z inconte/able by =m] g5]ations1 are n[ put aga9 on _! trial4 ,until ! pres5t age1 ! in/itution ( prop]ty 9 ! %ape 9 :i* x has be5 h&$ d[n f ! pa/1 _h n1 except by a few speculative writ]s1 be5 br\ght s]i\sly into "q1 because ! conflicts ( ! pa/ h always be5 conflicts betwe5 classes1 bo? ( :i* _h a /ake 9 ! exi/+ con/itution ( prop]ty4 ,x w n be possible to g on long] 9 ?is mann]4 ,:5 ! discussion includes classes :o h next to no prop]ty ( _! own1 & are only int]e/$ 9 ! in/itution s f> z x is a public b5efit1 !y w n all[ any?+ to be tak5 = grant$--c]ta9ly n ! pr9ciple ( private prop]ty1 ! legitimacy & utility ( :i* are d5i$ by _m ( ! reason]s :o look out f ! /&-po9t ( ! work+ classes4 ,^? classes w c]ta9ly dem& t ! subject1 9 all its p>ts1 %all be reconsid]$ f ! f\ndation2 t all proposals = do+ )\t ! in/itution1 & all modes ( modify+ x :i* h ! appe>ance ( be+ favorable to ! int]e/ ( ! work+ classes1 %all receive ! fulle/ consid]ation & discussion be=e x is decid$ t ! subject mu/ rema9 z x is4 ,z f> z ?is c\ntry is conc]n$1 ! dispositions ( ! work+ classes h z yet manife/$ !mselves ho/ile only to c]ta9 outly+ portions ( ! propriet>y sy/em4 ,_m ( !m desire to )draw que/ions ( wages f ! fre$om ( contract1 :i* is "o ( ! ord9>y attributions ( private prop]ty4 ,! m aspir+ ( !m d5y t l& is a prop] subject = private appropriation1 & h comm5c$ an agitation = its resumption by ! ,/ate4 ,) ?is is comb9$1 9 ! spee*es ( "s ( ! agitators1 a d5unciation ( :at !y t]m usury1 b )\t any def9ition ( :at !y mean by ! "n2 & ! cry does n seem to be ( home orig91 b to h be5 caught up f ! int]c\rse :i* has rec5tly comm5c$ ?r\gh ! ,labor ,congresses & ! ,int]national ,society1 ) ! cont95tal ,sociali/s :o object to all int]e/ on money1 & d5y ! legitimacy ( d]iv+ an income 9 any =m f prop]ty ap>t f labor4 ,?is doctr9e does n z yet %[ signs ( be+ widely preval5t 9 ,great ,brita91 b ! soil is well prep>$ to receive ! se$s ( ?is description :i* are widely scatt]$ f ^? =eign c\ntries :]e l>ge1 g5]al !ories1 & s*emes ( va/ promise1 in/ead ( inspir+ di/ru/1 are ess5tial to ! popul>ity ( a cause4 ,x is 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l& t anti-prop]ty doctr9es 9 ! wide/ s5se h drawn l>ge bodies ( work+ m5 to rally r\nd !m4 ,9 ^! c\ntries ne>ly all ^? :o aim at re=m+ society 9 ! int]e/ ( ! work+ classes pr(ess !mselves ,sociali/s1 a designation "u :i* s*emes ( v div]se "* are compreh5d$ & conf\nd$1 b :i* implies at lea/ a remodell+ g5]ally approa*+ to abolition ( ! in/itution ( private prop]ty4 ,& x w\ld probably be f\nd t ev5 9 ,engl& ! m prom95t & active lead]s ( ! work+ classes are usually 9 _! private cre$ ,sociali/s ( "o ord] or ano!r1 ?\gh be+1 l mo/ ,engli% politicians1 bett] aw>e ?an _! ,cont95tal bre?r5 t great & p]man5t *anges 9 ! fundam5tal ideas ( mank9d are n to be accompli%$ by a c\p de ma91 !y direct _! practical ef=ts t[>ds ends :i* seem )9 easi] rea*1 & are cont5t to hold back all extreme !ories until !re has be5 exp]i5ce ( ! op]ation ( ! same pr9ciples on a p>tial scale4 ,:ile su* cont9ues to be ! "* ( ! ,engli% work+ classes1 z x is ( ,engli%m5 9 g5]al1 !y are n likely to ru% head-long into ! reckless extremities ( "s ( ! =eign ,sociali/s1 :o1 ev5 9 sob] ,switz]l&1 proclaim !mselves cont5t to beg9 by simple subv]sion1 leav+ ! subsequ5t recon/ruction to take c>e ( itself2 & by subv]sion1 !y mean n only ! annihilation ( all gov]nm5t1 b gett+ all prop]ty ( all k9ds out ( ! h&s ( ! possessors to be us$ = ! g5]al b5efit2 b 9 :at mode x w1 !y say1 be "t en\gh aft]w>ds to decide4 ,! av[al ( ?is doctr9e by a public newspap]1 ! organ ( an association 7,la ,solid>ite publi%$ at ,neu*atel71 is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s signs ( ! times4 ,! lead]s ( ! ,engli% work+-m5--^: delegates at ! congresses ( ,g5eva & ,bale contribut$ mu* ! greate/ "p ( su* practical common s5se z 0 %[n !re--are n likely to beg9 delib]ately by an>*y1 )\t hav+ =m$ any op9ion z to :at =m ( society %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 ! room ( ! old4 ,b x is evid5t t :atev] !y d propose c only be prop]ly judg$1 & ! gr\nds ( ! judgm5t made conv9c+ to ! g5]al m9d1 on ! basis ( a previ\s survey ( ! two rival !ories1 t ( private prop]ty & t ( ,socialism1 "o or o!r ( :i* mu/ necess>ily furni% mo/ ( ! premises 9 ! discussion4 ,be=e1 !re=e1 we c usefully discuss ?is class ( que/ions 9 detail1 x w be advisable to exam9e f _! f\ndations ! g5]al "q rais$ by ,socialism4 ,& ?is exam9ation %\ld be made )\t any ho/ile prejudice4 ,h[ev] irrefutable ! argum5ts 9 favor ( ! laws ( prop]ty may appe> to ^? to :om !y h ! d\ble pre/ige ( immemorial cu/om & ( p]sonal int]e/1 no?+ is m natural ?an t a work+ man :o has begun to speculate on politics1 %\ld reg>d !m 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,hav+1 aft] long /ruggles1 atta9$ 9 "s c\ntries1 & ne>ly atta9$ 9 o!rs1 ! po9t at :i* = !m1 at lea/1 !re is no fur!r progress to make 9 ! dep>tm5t ( purely political rights1 is x possible t ! less =tunate classes among ! adult males %\ld n ask !mselves :e!r progress ought to /op !re8 ,not)/&+ all t has be5 done1 & all t seems likely to be done1 9 ! ext5sion ( fran*ises1 a few are born to great ri*es1 & ! _m to a p5ury1 made only m grat+ by contra/4 ,no long] enslav$ or made dep5d5t by =ce ( law1 ! great majority are s by =ce ( pov]ty2 !y are /ill *a9$ to a place1 to an occupation1 & to con=mity ) ! w ( an employ]1 & deb>r$ by ! accid5t ( bir? bo? f ! enjoym5ts1 & f ! m5tal & moral advantages1 :i* o!rs inh]it )\t ex]tion & indep5d5tly ( des]t4 ,t ?is is an evil equal to almo/ any ( ^? aga9/ :i* mank9d h hi!rto /ruggl$1 ! poor are n wrong 9 believ+4 ,is x a necess>y evil8 ,!y are told s by ^? :o d n feel x--by ^? :o h ga9$ ! prizes 9 ! lott]y ( life4 ,b x 0 also said t slav]y1 t despotism1 t all ! privileges ( olig>*y 7 necess>y4 ,all ! successive /eps t h be5 made by ! poor] classes1 p>tly won f ! bett] feel+s ( ! p[]ful1 p>tly extort$ f _! fe>s1 & p>tly b\ght ) money1 or atta9$ 9 ex*ange = support giv5 to "o section ( ! p[]ful 9 its qu>rels ) ano!r1 _h ! /ronge/ prejudices oppos$ to !m be=eh&2 b _! acquisition 0 a sign ( p[] ga9$ by ! subord9ate classes1 a means to ^? classes ( acquir+ m2 x consequ5tly drew to ^? classes a c]ta9 %>e ( ! respect accord$ to p[]1 & produc$ a correspond+ modification 9 ! cre$ ( society respect+ !m2 :atev] advantages !y succe$$ 9 acquir+ came to be consid]$ _! due1 :ile1 ( ^? :i* !y _h n yet atta9$1 !y cont9u$ to be deem$ unwor?y4 ,! classes1 !re=e1 :i* ! sy/em ( society makes subord9ate1 h little reason to put fai? 9 any ( ! maxims :i* ! same sy/em ( society may h e/abli%$ z pr9ciples4 ,consid]+ t ! op9ions ( mank9d h be5 f\nd s wond]fully flexible1 h always t5d$ to consecrate exi/+ facts1 & to decl>e :at did n yet exi/1 ei!r p]nici\s or impracticable1 :at assurance h ^? classes t ! di/9ction ( ri* & poor is gr\nd$ on a m imp]ative necessity ?an ^? o!r anci5t & long-e/abli%$ facts1 :i*1 hav+ be5 aboli%$1 are n[ condemn$ ev5 by ^? :o =m]ly pr(it$ by !m8 ,?is _c be tak5 on ! ^w ( an int]e/$ p>ty4 ,! work+ classes are entitl$ to claim t ! :ole field ( social in/itutions %\ld be re-exam9$1 & e "q consid]$ z if x n[ arose = ! fir/ "t2 ) ! idea con/antly 9 view t ! p]sons :o are to be conv9c$ are n ^? :o owe _! ease & importance to ! pres5t sy/em1 b p]sons :o h no o!r int]e/ 9 ! matt] ?an ab/ract ju/ice & ! g5]al good ( ! community4 ,x %\ld be ! object to asc]ta9 :at in/itutions ( prop]ty w\ld be e/abli%$ by an unprejudic$ legislator1 absolutely imp>tial betwe5 ! possessors ( prop]ty & ! non-possessors2 & to def5d & to ju/ify !m by ! reasons :i* w\ld really influ5ce su* a legislator1 & n by su* z h ! appe>ance ( be+ got up to make out a case = :at already exi/s4 ,su* rights or privileges ( prop]ty z w n /& ?is te/ w1 soon] or lat]1 h to be giv5 up4 ,an imp>tial he>+ ought1 moreov]1 to be giv5 to all objections aga9/ prop]ty itself4 ,all evils & inconv5i5ces atta*+ to ! in/itution 9 its be/ =m ought to be frankly admitt$1 & ! be/ rem$ies or palliatives appli$ :i* human intellig5ce is able to devise4 ,& all plans propos$ by social re=m]s1 "u :atev] "n designat$1 = ! purpose ( atta9+ ! b5efits aim$ at by ! in/itution ( prop]ty )\t its inconv5i5ces1 %\ld be exam9$ ) ! same c&or1 n prejudg$ z absurd or impracticable4 ,,sociali/ ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,ord] ,,( ,,society4 ,z 9 all proposals = *ange !re are two elem5ts to be consid]$--t :i* is to be *ang$1 & t :i* x is to be *ang$ to--s 9 ,socialism consid]$ g5]ally1 & 9 ea* ( its v>ieties tak5 sep>ately1 !re are two p>ts to be di/+ui%$1 ! "o negative & critical1 ! o!r con/ructive4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! judgm5t ( ,socialism on exi/+ in/itutions & practices & on _! results2 & secondly1 ! v>i\s plans :i* x has prop\nd$ = do+ bett]4 ,9 ! =m] all ! diff]5t s*ools ( ,socialism are at "o4 ,!y agree almo/ to id5tity 9 ! faults :i* !y f9d ) ! economical ord] ( exi/+ society4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t also !y ent]ta9 ! same g5]al conception ( ! rem$y to be provid$ = ^? faults2 b 9 ! details1 not)/&+ ?is g5]al agreem5t1 !re is a wide disp>ity4 ,x w be bo? natural & conv5i5t1 9 attempt+ an e/imate ( _! doctr9es1 to beg9 ) ! negative portion :i* is common to !m all1 & to po/pone all m5tion ( _! diff]5ces until we arrive at t second "p ( _! und]tak+1 9 :i* alone !y s]i\sly diff]4 ,?is fir/ "p ( our task is by no means difficult2 s9ce x consi/s only 9 an enum]ation ( exi/+ evils4 ,( ^! !re is no sc>city1 & mo/ ( !m are by no means obscure or my/]i\s4 ,_m ( !m are ! v]ie/ commonplaces ( morali/s1 ?\gh ! roots ev5 ( ^! lie deep] ?an morali/s usually attempt to p5etrate4 ,s v>i\s are !y t ! only difficulty is to make any approa* to an exhau/ive catalogue4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves = ! pres5t ) m5tion+ a few ( ! pr9cipal4 ,& let "o ?+ be rememb]$ by ! read]4 ,:5 item aft] item ( ! enum]ation passes be=e him1 & he f9ds "o fact aft] ano!r :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to include among ! necessities ( nature urg$ z an accusation aga9/ social in/itutions1 he is n entitl$ to cry unfairness1 & to prote/ t ! evils compla9$ ( are inh]5t 9 ,man & ,society1 & are su* z no arrangem5ts c rem$y4 ,to ass]t ?is w\ld be to beg ! v "q at issue4 ,no "o is m ready ?an ,sociali/s to admit--!y affirm x inde$ mu* m decid$ly ?an tru? w>rants--t ! evils !y compla9 ( are irrem$iable 9 ! pres5t con/itution ( society4 ,!y propose to consid] :e!r "s o!r =m ( society may be devis$ :i* w\ld n be liable to ^? evils1 or w\ld be liable to !m 9 a mu* less degree4 ,^? :o object to ! pres5t ord] ( society1 consid]$ z a :ole & :o accept z an alt]native ! possibility ( a total *ange1 h a "r to set d[n all ! evils :i* at pres5t exi/ 9 society z "p ( _! case1 :e!r ^! are app>5tly attributable to social arrangem5ts or n1 provid$ !y d n fl[ f physical laws :i* human p[] is n adequate1 or human k has n yet le>n$1 to c\nt]act4 ,moral evils & su* physical evils z w\ld be rem$i$ if all p]sons did z !y ought1 are fairly *>geable aga9/ ! /ate ( society :i* admits ( !m2 & are valid z argum5ts until x is %[n t any o!r /ate ( society w\ld involve an equal or great] am\nt ( su* evils4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,sociali/s1 ! pres5t arrangem5ts ( society 9 respect to ,prop]ty & ! ,production & ,di/ribution ( ,weal?1 are z means to ! g5]al good1 a total failure4 ,!y say t !re is an enorm\s mass ( evil :i* ^! arrangem5ts d n succe$ 9 prev5t+2 t ! good1 ei!r moral or physical1 :i* !y realize is wret*$ly small comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( ex]tion employ$1 & t ev5 ?is small am\nt ( good is br\ght ab\t by means :i* are full ( p]nici\s consequ5ces1 moral & physical4 ,fir/ among exi/+ social evils may be m5tion$ ! evil ( ,pov]ty4 ,! in/itution ( ,prop]ty is upheld & comm5d$ pr9cipally z be+ ! means by :i* labor & frugality are insur$ _! rew>d1 & mank9d enabl$ to em]ge f indig5ce4 ,x may be s2 mo/ ,sociali/s all[ t x has be5 s 9 e>li] p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,b if ! in/itution c d no?+ m or bett] 9 ?is respect ?an x has hi!rto done1 its capabilities1 !y affirm1 are v insignificant4 ,:at proportion ( ! population1 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries ( ,europe1 enjoy 9 _! own p]sons any?+ wor? nam+ ( ! b5efits ( prop]ty8 ,x may be said1 t b = prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( _! employ]s !y w\ld be )\t daily bread2 b1 ?\gh ?is be conc$$1 at lea/ _! daily bread is all t !y h2 & t (t5 9 insuffici5t quantity2 almo/ always ( inf]ior quality2 & ) no assurance ( cont9u+ to h x at all2 an imm5se proportion ( ! indu/ri\s classes be+ at "s p]iod or o!r ( _! lives 7& all be+ liable to become7 dep5d5t1 at lea/ tempor>ily1 on legal or volunt>y *>ity4 ,any attempt to depict ! mis]ies ( indig5ce1 or to e/imate ! proportion ( mank9d :o 9 ! mo/ advanc$ c\ntries are habitually giv5 up dur+ _! :ole exi/5ce to its physical & moral suff]+s1 w\ld be sup]flu\s "h4 ,?is may be left to philan?ropi/s1 :o h pa9t$ ^! mis]ies 9 colors suffici5tly /rong4 ,suffice x to say t ! condition ( numb]s 9 civiliz$ ,europe1 & ev5 9 ,engl& & ,france1 is m wret*$ ?an t ( mo/ tribes ( savages :o are kn[n to u4 ,x may be said t ( ?is h>d lot no "o has any reason to compla91 because x befalls ^? only :o are out/ripp$ by o!rs1 f inf]iority ( en]gy or ( prud5ce4 ,?is1 ev5 7 x true1 w\ld be a v small alleviation ( ! evil4 ,if "s ,n]o or ,domitian 0 to require a hundr$ p]sons to run a race = _! lives1 on condition t ! fifty or tw5ty :o came 9 h9dmo/ %\ld be put to dea?1 x w\ld n be any dim9ution ( ! inju/ice t ! /ronge/ or nimble/ w\ld1 except ?r\gh "s unt[>d accid5t1 be c]ta9 to escape4 ,! mis]y & ! crime w\ld be t !y 7 put to dea? at all4 ,s 9 ! economy ( society2 if !re be any :o suff] physical privation or moral degradation1 ^: bodily necessities are ei!r n satisfi$ or satisfi$ 9 a mann] :i* only bruti% creatures c be cont5t )1 ?is1 ?\gh n necess>ily ! crime ( society1 is pro tanto a failure ( ! social arrangem5ts4 ,& to ass]t z a mitigation ( ! evil t ^? :o ?us suff] are ! weak] memb]s ( ! community1 morally or physically1 is to add insult to mis=tune4 ,is weakness a ju/ification ( suff]+8 ,is x n1 on ! contr>y1 an irresi/ible claim ^u e human be+ = protection aga9/ suff]+8 ,if ! m9ds & feel+s ( ! prosp]\s 7 9 a "r /ate1 w\ld !y accept _! prosp]ity if = ! sake ( x ev5 "o p]son ne> !m 01 = any o!r cause ?an volunt>y fault1 exclud$ f obta9+ a desirable exi/5ce8 ,"o ?+ !re is1 :i* if x c\ld be affirm$ truly1 w\ld relieve social in/itutions f any %>e 9 ! responsibility ( ^! evils4 ,s9ce ! human race has no means ( enjoyable exi/5ce1 or ( exi/5ce at all1 b :at x d]ives f its own labor & ab/95ce1 !re w\ld be no gr\nd = compla9t aga9/ society if e "o :o 0 will+ to und]go a fair %>e ( ?is labor & ab/95ce c\ld atta9 a fair %>e ( ! fruits4 ,b is ?is ! fact8 ,is x n ! rev]se ( ! fact8 ,! rew>d1 in/ead ( be+ proportion$ to ! labor & ab/95ce ( ! individual1 is almo/ 9 an inv]se ratio to x3 ^? :o receive ! lea/1 labor & ab/a9 ! mo/4 ,ev5 ! idle1 reckless1 & ill-conduct$ poor1 ^? :o are said ) mo/ ju/ice to h !mselves to blame = _! condition1 (t5 und]go mu* m & sev]] labor1 n only ?an ^? :o are born to pecuni>y indep5d5ce1 b ?an almo/ any ( ! m highly remun]at$ ( ^? :o e>n _! subsi/5ce2 & ev5 ! inadequate self-control ex]cis$ by ! indu/ri\s poor co/s !m m sacrifice & m ef=t ?an is almo/ ev] requir$ f ! m favor$ memb]s ( society4 ,! v idea ( di/ributive ju/ice1 or ( any proportionality betwe5 success & m]it1 or betwe5 success & ex]tion1 is 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society s manife/ly *im]ical z to be relegat$ to ! regions ( romance4 ,x is true t ! lot ( individuals is n :olly indep5d5t ( _! virtue & intellig5ce2 ^! d really tell 9 _! favor1 b f> less ?an _m o!r ?+s 9 :i* !re is no m]it at all4 ,! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! det]m9+ circum/ances is bir?4 ,! great majority are :at !y 7 born to be4 ,"s are born ri* )\t "w1 o!rs are born to a position 9 :i* !y c become ri* by "w1 ! great majority are born to h>d "w & pov]ty ?r\gh\t life1 numb]s to indig5ce4 ,next to bir? ! *ief cause ( success 9 life is accid5t & opportunity4 ,:5 a p]son n born to ri*es succe$s 9 acquir+ !m1 8 own indu/ry & dext]ity h g5]ally contribut$ to ! result2 b indu/ry & dext]ity w\ld n h suffic$ unless !re _h be5 also a concurr5ce ( occasions & *ances :i* falls to ! lot ( only a small numb]4 ,if p]sons are help$ 9 _! worldly c>e] by _! virtues1 s are !y1 & p]haps q z (t51 by _! vices3 by s]vility & sycophancy1 by h>d-he>t$ & close-fi/$ selfi%ness1 by ! p]mitt$ lies & tricks ( trade1 by gambl+ speculations1 n seldom by d[nright knav]y4 ,en]gies & tal5ts are ( mu* m avail = success 9 life ?an virtues2 b if "o man succe$s by employ+ en]gy & tal5t 9 some?+ g5]ally useful1 ano!r ?rives by ex]cis+ ! same qualities 9 out-g5]all+ & ru9+ a rival4 ,x is z mu* z any morali/ v5tures to ass]t1 t1 o!r circum/ances be+ giv51 hone/y is ! be/ policy1 & t ) p>ity ( advantages an hone/ p]son has a bett] *ance ?an a rogue4 ,ev5 ?is 9 _m /ations & circum/ances ( life is que/ionable2 any?+ m ?an ?is is out ( ! "q4 ,x _c be pret5d$ t hone/y1 z a means ( success1 tells = z mu* z a diff]5ce ( "o s+le /ep on ! social ladd]4 ,! connection betwe5 =tune & conduct is ma9ly ?is1 t !re is a degree ( bad conduct1 or r ( "s k9ds ( bad conduct1 :i* suffices to ru9 any am\nt ( good =tune2 b ! conv]se is n true3 9 ! situation ( mo/ p no degree :atev] ( good conduct c be c\nt$ ^u = rais+ !m 9 ! _w1 )\t ! aid ( =tunate accid5ts4 ,^! evils1 !n--great pov]ty1 & t pov]ty v little connect$ ) des]t--are ! fir/ gr& failure ( ! exi/+ arrangem5ts ( society4 ,! second is human misconduct2 crime1 vice1 & folly1 ) all ! suff]+s :i* foll[ 9 _! tra94 ,=1 ne>ly all ! =ms ( misconduct1 :e!r committ$ t[>ds ourselves or t[>ds o!rs1 may be trac$ to "o ( ?ree causes3 ,pov]ty & its temptations 9 ! _m2 ,idl5ess & desoeuvrem5t 9 ! few ^: circum/ances d n compel !m to "w2 bad education1 or want ( education1 9 bo?4 ,! fir/ two mu/ be all[$ to be at lea/ failures 9 ! social arrangem5ts1 ! la/ is n[ almo/ univ]sally admitt$ to be ! fault ( ^? arrangem5ts--x may almo/ be said ! crime4 ,i am speak+ loosely & 9 ! r\gh1 = a m9ut] analysis ( ! s\rces ( faults ( "* & errors ( conduct w\ld e/abli% f> m conclusively ! filiation :i* connects !m ) a defective organization ( society1 ?\gh x w\ld also %[ ! reciprocal dep5d5ce ( t faulty /ate ( society on a backw>d /ate ( ! human m9d4 ,at ?is po9t1 9 ! enum]ation ( ! evils ( society1 ! m]e levell]s ( =m] times usually /opp$2 b _! m f>-sight$ successors1 ! pres5t ,sociali/s1 g f>!r4 ,9 _! eyes ! v f\ndation ( human life z at pres5t con/itut$1 ! v pr9ciple on :i* ! production & rep>tition ( all mat]ial products is n[ c>ri$ on1 is ess5tially vici\s & anti-social4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( individualism1 competition1 ea* "o = himself & aga9/ all ! re/4 ,x is gr\nd$ on opposition ( int]e/s1 n h>mony ( int]e/s1 & "u x e "o is requir$ to f9d 8 place by a /ruggle1 by pu%+ o!rs back or be+ pu%$ back by !m4 ,sociali/s consid] ?is sy/em ( private w> 7z x may be t]m$7 betwe5 e "o & e "o1 especially fatal 9 an economical po9t ( view & 9 a moral4 ,morally consid]$1 its evils are obvi\s4 ,x is ! p>5t ( envy1 hatr$1 & all un*>itabl5ess2 x makes e "o ! natural enemy ( all o!rs :o cross 8 pa?1 & e "o's pa? is con/antly liable to be cross$4 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em h>dly any "o c ga9 except by ! loss or disappo9tm5t ( "o or ( _m o!rs4 ,9 a well-con/itut$ community e "o w\ld be a ga9] by e o!r p]son's successful ex]tions2 :ile n[ we ga9 by ea* o!r's loss & lose by ea* o!r's ga91 & our greate/ ga9s come f ! wor/ s\rce ( all1 f dea?1 ! dea? ( ^? :o are ne>e/ & %\ld be de>e/ to u4 ,9 its purely economical op]ation ! pr9ciple ( individual competition receives z unqualifi$ condemnation f ! social re=m]s z 9 its moral4 ,9 ! competition ( labor]s !y see ! cause ( l[ wages2 9 ! competition ( produc]s ! cause ( ru9 & bankruptcy2 & bo? evils1 !y affirm1 t5d con/antly to increase z population & weal? make progress2 no p]son 7!y conceive7 be+ b5efit$ except ! great proprietors ( l&1 ! hold]s ( fix$ money incomes1 & a few great capitali/s1 ^: weal? is gradually enabl+ !m to und]sell all o!r produc]s1 to absorb ! :ole ( ! op]ations ( indu/ry into _! own sph]e1 to drive f ! m>ket all employ]s ( labor except !mselves1 & to conv]t ! labor]s into a k9d ( slaves or s]fs1 dep5d5t on !m = ! means ( support1 & compell$ to accept ^! on su* t]ms z !y *oose to (f]4 ,society1 9 %ort1 is travell+ onw>d1 accord+ to ^! speculators1 t[>ds a new feudality1 t ( ! great capitali/s4 ,z ,i %all h ample opportunity 9 future *apt]s to /ate my own op9ion on ^! topics1 & on _m o!rs connect$ ) & subord9ate to !m1 ,i %all n[1 )\t fur!r preamble1 exhibit ! op9ions ( di/+ui%$ ,sociali/s on ! pres5t arrangem5ts ( society1 9 a selection ( passages f _! publi%$ writ+s4 ,= ! pres5t ,i desire to be consid]$ z a m]e report] ( ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,h]eaft] x w appe> h[ mu* ( :at ,i cite agrees or diff]s ) my own s5tim5ts4 ,! cle>e/1 ! mo/ compact1 & ! mo/ precise & specific /atem5t ( ! case ( ! ,sociali/s g5]ally aga9/ ! exi/+ ord] ( society 9 ! economical dep>tm5t ( human affairs1 is to be f\nd 9 ! little "w ( ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc1 ,organisation du ,travail4 ,my fir/ extracts1 !re=e1 on ?is "p ( ! subject1 %all be tak5 f t treatise4 ,competition is = ! p a sy/em ( ext]m9ation4 ,is ! poor man a memb] ( society1 or an enemy to x8 ,we ask = an answ]4 ,all ar\nd him he f9ds ! soil preoccupi$4 ,c he cultivate ! e>? = himself8 ,no2 = ! "r ( ! fir/ occupant has become a "r ( prop]ty4 ,c he ga!r ! fruits :i* ! h& ( ,god rip5s on ! pa? ( man8 ,no2 =1 l ! soil1 ! fruits h be5 appropriat$4 ,c he hunt or fi%8 ,no2 = t is a "r :i* is dep5d5t ^u ! gov]nm5t4 ,c he draw wat] f a spr+ enclos$ 9 a field8 ,no2 = ! proprietor ( ! field is1 9 virtue ( 8 "r to ! field1 proprietor ( ! f\nta94 ,c he1 dy+ ( hung] & ?ir/1 /ret* out 8 h&s = ! *>ity ( 8 fell[-creatures8 ,no2 = !re are laws aga9/ begg+4 ,c he1 exhau/$ by fatigue & )\t a refuge1 lie d[n to sleep ^u ! pavem5t ( ! /reets8 ,no2 = !re are laws aga9/ vagabondage4 ,c he1 dy+ f ! cruel native l& :]e ev]y?+ is d5i$ him1 seek ! means ( liv+ f> f ! place :]e life 0 giv5 him8 ,no2 = x is n p]mitt$ to *ange y\r c\ntry except on c]ta9 conditions :i* ! poor man _c fulfil4 ,:at1 !n1 c ! unhappy man d8 ,he w say1 ',i h h&s to "w )1 ,i h intellig5ce1 ,i h y\?1 ,i h /r5g?2 take all ?is1 & 9 return give me a morsel ( bread4' ,?is is :at ! work+-m5 d say4 ,b ev5 "h ! poor man may be answ]$1 ',i h no "w to give y4' ,:at is he to d !n8 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at is competition f ! po9t ( view ( ! workman8 ,x is "w put up to auction4 ,a contractor wants a workman3 ?ree pres5t !mselves4--,h[ mu* = y\r "w8--,half-a-cr[n2 ,i h a wife & *ildr54--,well2 & h[ mu* = y\rs8--,two %ill+s3 ,i h no *ildr51 b ,i h a wife4--,v well2 & n[ h[ mu* = y8--,"o & eightp5ce are en\gh = me2 ,i am s+le4 ,!n y %all h ! "w4 ,x is done2 ! b>ga9 is /ruck4 ,& :at are ! o!r two workm5 to d8 ,x is to be hop$ !y w die quietly ( hung]4 ,b :at if !y take to ?iev+8 ,nev] fe>2 we h ! police4 ,to murd]8 ,we h got ! hangman4 ,z = ! lucky "o1 8 triumph is only tempor>y4 ,let a f\r? workman make 8 appe>ance1 /rong en\gh to fa/ e o!r day1 & 8 price w run d[n /ill l[]2 !n !re w be a new outca/1 a new recruit = ! prison p]haps6 ,w x be said t ^! melan*oly results are exagg]at$2 t at all ev5ts !y are only possible :5 !re is n "w en\gh = ! h&s t seek employm5t8 ,b ,i ask1 9 answ]1 ,does ! pr9ciple ( competition conta91 by *ance1 )9 itself any me?od by :i* ?is murd]\s disproportion is to be avoid$8 ,if "o bran* ( indu/ry is 9 want ( h&s1 :o c answ] = x t1 9 ! confusion creat$ by univ]sal competition1 ano!r is n ov]/ock$8 ,& if1 out ( ?irty-f\r millions ( m51 tw5ty are really r$uc$ to !ft = a liv+1 ?is w\ld suffice to condemn ! pr9ciple4 ,b :o is s bl9d z n to see t "u ! sy/em ( unlimit$ competition1 ! cont9ual fall ( wages is no exceptional circum/ance1 b a necess>y & g5]al fact8 ,has ! population a limit :i* x _c exce$8 ,is x possible = u to say to indu/ry--indu/ry giv5 up to ! accid5ts ( individual egotism & f]tile 9 ru9--c we say1 ',?us f> %alt ?\ g1 & no f>!r8' ,! population increases con/antly3 tell ! poor "m to become /]ile1 & blaspheme ! ,god :o made h] fruitful1 = if y d n1 ! li/s w soon become too n>r[ = ! combatants4 ,a ma*9e is inv5t$3 comm& x to be brok51 & ana!matize sci5ce1 = if y d n1 ! ?\s& workm5 :om ! new ma*9e deprives ( "w w knock at ! door ( ! neighbor+ work%op1 & l[] ! wages ( _! companions4 ,?us sy/ematic l[]+ ( wages1 end+ 9 ! driv+ out ( a c]ta9 numb] ( workm51 is ! inevitable effect ( unlimit$ competition4 ,x is an indu/rial sy/em by means ( :i* ! work+-classes are =c$ to ext]m9ate "o ano!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if !re is an und\bt$ fact1 x is t ! increase ( population is mu* m rapid among ! poor ?an among ! ri*4 ,accord+ to ! ,/ati/ics ( ,european ,population1 ! bir?s at ,p>is are only "o-?irty-second ( ! population 9 ! ri* qu>t]s1 :ile 9 ! o!rs !y rise to "o-tw5ty-six?4 ,?is disproportion is a g5]al fact1 & ,m4 de ,sismondi1 9 8 "w on ,political ,economy1 has expla9$ x by ! impossibility = ! workm5 ( hopeful prud5ce4 ,^? only :o feel !mselves assur$ ( ! morr[ c regulate ! numb] ( _! *ildr5 accord+ to _! income2 he :o lives f day to day is "u ! yoke ( a my/]i\s fatality1 to :i* he sacrifices 8 *ildr5 z he 0 sacrific$ to x himself4 ,x is true ! workh\ses exi/1 m5ac+ society ) an inundation ( begg>s--:at way is !re ( escap+ f ! cause8444 ,x is cle> t any society :]e ! means ( subsi/5ce increase less rapidly ?an ! numb]s ( ! population1 is a society on ! br9k ( an abyss4444 ,competition produces de/itution2 ?is is a fact %[n by /ati/ics4 ,de/itution is fe>fully prolific2 ?is is %[n by /ati/ics4 ,! fruitfulness ( ! poor ?r[s ^u society unhappy creatures :o h ne$ ( "w & _c f9d x2 ?is is %[n by /ati/ics4 ,at ?is po9t society is r$uc$ to a *oice betwe5 kill+ ! poor or ma9ta9+ !m gratuit\sly--betwe5 atrocity or folly4#a ,s mu* = ! poor4 ,we n[ pass to ! middle classes4 ,accord+ to ! political economi/s ( ! s*ool ( ,adam ,smi? & ,leon ,say1 *eapness is ! ^w 9 :i* may be summ$ up ! advantages ( unlimit$ competition4 ,b :y p]si/ 9 consid]+ ! effect ( *eapness ) a view only to ! mom5t>y advantage ( ! consum]8 ,*eapness is advantage\s to ! consum] at ! co/ ( introduc+ ! se$s ( ru9\s an>*y among ! produc]s4 ,*eapness is1 s to speak1 ! hamm] ) :i* ! ri* among ! produc]s cru% _! poor] rivals4 ,*eapness is ! trap into :i* ! d>+ speculators entice ! h>d-work]s4 ,*eapness is ! s5t5ce ( dea? to ! produc] on a small scale :o has no money to inve/ 9 ! pur*ase ( ma*9]y t 8 ri* rivals c easily procure4 ,*eapness is ! great in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( monopoly2 x absorbs ! small manufactur]1 ! small %opkeep]1 ! small proprietor2 x is1 9 "o ^w1 ! de/ruction ( ! middle classes = ! advantage ( a few indu/rial olig>*s4 ,ought we1 !n1 to consid] *eapness z a curse8 ,no "o w\ld attempt to ma9ta9 su* an absurdity4 ,b x is ! specialty ( wrong pr9ciples to turn good into evil & to corrupt all ?+s4 ,"u ! sy/em ( competition *eapness is only a provisional & fallaci\s advantage4 ,x is ma9ta9$ only s long z !re is a /ruggle2 no soon] h ! ri* competitors driv5 out _! poor] rivals ?an prices rise4 ,competition leads to monopoly1 = ! same reason *eapness leads to high prices4 ,?us1 :at has be5 made use ( z a weapon 9 ! conte/ betwe5 ! produc]s1 soon] or lat] becomes a cause ( impov]i%m5t among ! consum]s4 ,& if to ?is cause we add ! o!rs we h already enum]at$1 fir/ among :i* mu/ be rank$ ! inord9ate increase ( ! population1 we %all be compell$ to recognize ! impov]i%m5t ( ! mass ( ! consum]s z a direct consequ5ce ( competition4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is v competition :i* t5ds to dry up ! s\rces ( dem&1 urges production to ov]-supply4 ,! confusion produc$ by ! univ]sal /ruggle prev5ts ea* produc] f kn[+ ! /ate ( ! m>ket4 ,he mu/ "w 9 ! d>k1 & tru/ to *ance = a sale4 ,:y %\ld he *eck ! supply1 especially z he c ?r[ any loss on ! workman ^: wages are s pre-em95tly liable to rise & fall8 ,ev5 :5 production is c>ri$ on at a loss ! manufactur]s /ill (t5 c>ry x on1 because !y w n let _! ma*9]y1 c41 /& idle1 or risk ! loss ( raw mat]ial1 or lose _! cu/om]s2 & because productive indu/ry z c>ri$ on "u ! competitive sy/em be+ no?+ else ?an a game ( *ance1 ! gambl] w n lose 8 *ance ( a lucky /roke4 ,?us1 & we _c too (t5 insi/ ^u x1 competition necess>ily t5ds to increase supply & to dim9i% consumption2 its t5d5cy !re=e is precisely ! opposite ( :at is s\ght by economic sci5ce2 h5ce x is n m]ely oppressive b fooli% z well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& 9 all ?is1 9 ord] to avoid dwell+ on tru?s :i* h become commonplaces1 & s\nd declamatory f _! v tru?1 we h said no?+ ( ! frightful moral corruption :i* indu/ry1 organiz$1 or m prop]ly speak+1 disorganiz$1 z x is at ! pres5t day1 has introduc$ among ! middle classes4 ,ev]y?+ has become v5al1 & competition invades ev5 ! doma9 ( ?\ght4 ,! factory cru%+ ! work%op2 ! %[y e/abli%m5t absorb+ ! humble %op2 ! artisan :o is 8 own ma/] replac$ by ! day-labor]2 cultivation by ! pl[ sup]s$+ t by ! spade1 & br++ ! poor man's field "u disgraceful homage to ! money-l5d]2 bankruptcies multipli$2 manufactur+ indu/ry trans=m$ by ! ill-regulat$ ext5sion ( cr$it into a sy/em ( gambl+ :]e no "o1 n ev5 ! rogue1 c be sure ( w9n+2 9 %ort a va/ confusion calculat$ to ar\se jeal\sy1 mi/ru/1 & hatr$1 & to /ifle1 little by little1 all g5]\s aspirations1 all fai?1 self-sacrifice1 & poetry--su* is ! hide\s b only too fai?ful picture ( ! results obta9$ by ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( competition4#b ,! ,f\ri]i/s1 ?r\gh _! pr9cipal organ1 ,m4 ,consid]ant1 enum]ate ! evils ( ! exi/+ civilisation 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- #a4 ,x employs an enorm\s quantity ( labor & ( human p[] unproductively1 or 9 ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! army1 :i* 9 ,france1 z 9 all o!r c\ntries1 absorbs ! heal?ie/ & /ronge/ m51 a l>ge numb] ( ! mo/ tal5t$ & intellig5t1 & a consid]able "p ( ! public rev5ue4444 ,! exi/+ /ate ( society develops 9 its impure atmosph]e innum]able outca/s1 ^: labor is n m]ely unproductive1 b actually de/ructive3 adv5tur]s1 pro/itutes1 p ) no ackn[l$g$ means ( liv+1 begg>s1 convicts1 sw9dl]s1 ?ieves1 & o!rs ^: numb]s t5d r to increase ?an to dim9i%4444 ,to ! li/ ( unproductive labor fo/]$ by our /ate ( ,society mu/ be add$ t ( ! judicature & ( ! b>1 ( ! c\rts ( law & magi/rates1 ! police1 jail]s1 execution]s1 c41--functions indisp5sable to ! /ate ( society z x is4 ,also p ( :at is call$ 'good society'2 ^? :o pass _! lives 9 do+ no?+2 idl]s ( all ranks4 ,also ! numb]less cu/om-h\se (ficials1 tax-ga!r]s1 bailiffs1 excise-m52 9 %ort1 all t army ( m5 :i* ov]looks1 br+s to acc\nt1 takes1 b produces no?+4 ,also ! labors ( sophi/s1 philosoph]s1 metaphysicians1 political m51 work+ 9 mi/ak5 directions1 :o d no?+ to advance sci5ce1 & produce no?+ b di/urbance & /]ile discussions2 ! v]biage ( advocates1 plead]s1 witnesses1 c4 ,& f9ally all ! op]ations ( comm]ce1 f ^? ( ! bank]s & brok]s1 d[n to ^? ( ! groc] beh9d 8 c\nt]4#c ,secondly1 !y ass]t t ev5 ! indu/ry & p[]s :i* 9 ! pres5t sy/em are devot$ to production1 d n produce m ?an a small portion ( :at !y might produce if bett] employ$ & direct$3-- ,:o ) any good-w & reflection w n see h[ mu* ! want ( coh]5ce--! disord]1 ! want ( comb9ation1 ! p>cell+ out ( labor & leav+ x :olly to individual action )\t any organization1 )\t any l>ge or g5]al views--are causes :i* limit ! possibilities ( production1 & de/roy1 or at lea/ wa/e1 our means ( action8 ,does n disord] give bir? to pov]ty1 z ord] & good managem5t give bir? to ri*es8 ,is n want ( comb9ation a s\rce ( weakness1 z comb9ation is a s\rce ( /r5g?8 ,& :o c say t indu/ry1 :e!r agricultural1 dome/ic1 manufactur+1 sci5tific1 arti/ic1 or comm]cial1 is organiz$ at ! pres5t day ei!r 9 ! /ate or 9 municipalities8 ,:o c say t all ! "w :i* is c>ri$ on 9 any ( ^! dep>tm5ts is execut$ 9 subord9ation to any g5]al views1 or ) =esight1 economy1 & ord]8 ,or1 aga91 :o c say t x is possible 9 our pres5t /ate ( society to develop1 by a good education1 all ! faculties be/[$ by nature on ea* ( its memb]s2 to employ ea* "o 9 functions :i* he w\ld l1 :i* he w\ld be ! mo/ capable (1 & :i*1 !re=e1 he c\ld c>ry on ) ! greate/ advantage to himself & to o!rs8 ,has x ev5 be5 s mu* z attempt$ to solve ! problems pres5t$ by v>ieties ( "* s z to regulate & h>monize ! v>ieties ( employm5ts 9 accordance ) natural aptitudes8 ,alas6 ,! ,utopia ( ! mo/ ard5t philan?ropi/s is to tea* read+ & writ+ to tw5ty-five millions ( ! ,fr5* p6 ,& 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s we may defy !m to succe$ ev5 9 t6 ,& is x n a /range spectacle1 too1 & "o :i* cries out 9 condemnation ( u1 to see ?is /ate ( society :]e ! soil is badly cultivat$1 & sometimes n cultivat$ at all2 :]e man is ill lodg$1 ill clo!d1 & yet :]e :ole masses are cont9ually 9 ne$ ( "w & p9+ 9 mis]y because !y _c f9d x8 ,( a tru? we are =c$ to ackn[l$ge t if ! nations are poor & />v+ x is n because nature has d5i$ ! means ( produc+ weal?1 b because ( ! an>*y & disord] 9 our employm5t ( ^? means2 9 o!r words1 x is because society is wret*$ly con/itut$ & labor unorganiz$4 ,b ?is is n all1 & y w h b a fa9t conception ( ! evil if y d n consid] t to all ^! vices ( society1 :i* dry up ! s\rces ( weal? & prosp]ity1 mu/ be add$ ! /ruggle1 ! discord1 ! w>1 9 %ort "u _m names & _m =ms :i* society *]i%es & cultivates betwe5 ! individuals t compose x4 ,^! /ruggles & discords correspond to radical oppositions--deep-seat$ ant9omies betwe5 ! v>i\s int]e/s4 ,exactly 9 s f> z y are able to e/abli% classes & categories )9 ! nation2 9 s f>1 also1 y w h opposition ( int]e/s & int]nal w>f>e ei!r av[$ or secret1 ev5 if y take into consid]ation ! indu/rial sy/em only4#d ,"o ( ! lead+ ideas ( ?is s*ool is ! wa/efulness & at ! same "t ! immorality ( ! exi/+ arrangem5ts = di/ribut+ ! produce ( ! c\ntry among ! v>i\s consum]s1 ! enorm\s sup]fluity 9 po9t ( numb] ( ! ag5ts ( di/ribution1 ! m]*ants1 deal]s1 %opkeep]s & _! innum]able1 employes1 & ! deprav+ "* ( su* a di/ribution ( occupations4 ,x is evid5t t ! int]e/ ( ! trad] is oppos$ to t ( ! consum] & ( ! produc]4 ,has he n b\ght *eap & "u-valu$ z mu* z possible 9 all 8 deal+s ) ! produc]1 ! v same article :i*1 vaunt+ its excell5ce1 he sells to y z de> z he c8 ,?us ! int]e/ ( ! comm]cial body1 collectively & individually1 is contr>y to t ( ! produc] & ( ! consum]--t is to say1 to ! int]e/ ( ! :ole body ( society4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! trad] is a g-betwe51 :o pr(its by ! g5]al an>*y & ! non-organization ( indu/ry4 ,! trad] buys up products1 he buys up ev]y?+2 he owns & deta9s ev]y?+1 9 su* sort t3-- #a/ly4 ,he holds bo? ,production & ,consumption "u 8 yoke1 because bo? mu/ come to him ei!r f9ally = ! products to be consum$1 or at fir/ = ! raw mat]ials to be work$ up4 ,comm]ce ) all its me?ods ( buy+1 & ( rais+ & l[]+ prices1 its innum]able devices1 & its hold+ ev]y?+ 9 ! h&s ( middle-m51 levies toll "r & left2 x despotically gives ! law to ,production & ,consumption1 ( :i* x ought to be only ! subord9ate4 #bndly4 ,x robs society by its enorm\s pr(its--pr(its levi$ ^u ! consum] & ! produc]1 & altoge!r out ( proportion to ! s]vices r5d]$1 = :i* a tw5tie? ( ! p]sons actually employ$ w\ld be suffici5t4 #crdly4 ,x robs society by ! subtraction ( its productive =ces2 tak+ (f f productive labor n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( ! ag5ts ( trade :o are m]e p>asites4 ,?us1 n only does comm]ce rob society by appropriat+ an exorbitant %>e ( ! common weal?1 b also by consid]ably dim9i%+ ! productive en]gy ( ! human beehive4 ,! great majority ( trad]s w\ld return to productive "w if a rational sy/em ( comm]cial organization 7 sub/itut$ = ! inextricable *aos ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 #d?ly4 ,x robs society by ! adult]ation ( products1 pu%$ at ! pres5t day beyond all b\nds4 ,& 9 fact1 if a hundr$ groc]s e/abli% !mselves 9 a t[n :]e be=e !re 7 only tw5ty1 x is pla9 t p w n beg9 to consume five times z _m groc]ies4 ,h]eupon ! hundr$ virtu\s groc]s h to dispute betwe5 !m ! pr(its :i* be=e 7 hone/ly made by ! tw5ty2 competition obliges !m to make x up at ! exp5se ( ! consum]1 ei!r by rais+ ! prices z sometimes happ5s1 or by adult]at+ ! goods z always happ5s4 ,9 su* a /ate ( ?+s !re is an end to good fai?4 ,inf]ior or adult]at$ goods are sold = articles ( good quality :5ev] ! cr$ul\s cu/om] is n too exp]i5c$ to be deceiv$4 ,& :5 ! cu/om] has be5 ?or\ghly impos$ ^u1 ! trad+ consci5ce consoles itself by say+1 ',i /ate my price2 p c take or leave2 no "o is oblig$ to buy4' ,! losses impos$ on ! consum]s by ! bad quality or ! adult]ation ( goods are incalculable4 #e?ly4 ,x robs society by accumulations1 artificial or n1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* va/ quantities ( goods1 collect$ 9 "o place1 are damag$ & de/roy$ = want ( a sale4 ,f\ri] 7,?4 des ,quat4 ,m\v41 p4 #ccd1 #a/ ed47 says3 ',! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! comm]cial sy/ems1 t ( leav+ full lib]ty to ! m]*ants1 gives !m absolute "r ( prop]ty ov] ! goods 9 :i* !y deal3 !y h ! "r to )draw !m altoge!r1 to )hold or ev5 to burn !m1 z happ5$ m ?an once ) ! ,ori5tal ,company ( ,am/]dam1 :i* publicly burnt /ores ( c9namon 9 ord] to raise ! price4 ,:at x did ) c9namon x w\ld h done ) corn2 b = ! fe> ( be+ /on$ by ! populace1 x w\ld h burnt "s corn 9 ord] to sell ! re/ at f\r times its value4 ,inde$1 x actually is ( daily occurr5ce 9 ports1 = provisions ( gra9s to be ?r[n into ! sea because ! m]*ants h all[$ !m to rot :ile wait+ = a rise4 ,i myself1 :5 ,i 0 a cl]k1 h _h to sup]9t5d ^! infam\s proce$+s1 & 9 "o day caus$ to be ?r[n into ! sea "s =ty ?\s& bu%els ( rice1 :i* might h be5 sold at a fair pr(it _h ! )hold] be5 less gre$y ( ga94 ,x is society t be>s ! co/ ( ?is wa/e1 :i* takes place daily "u %elt] ( ! philosophical maxim ( full lib]ty = ! m]*ants4' #f?ly4 ,comm]ce robs society1 moreov]1 by all ! loss1 damage1 & wa/e t foll[s f ! extreme scatt]+ ( products 9 millions ( %ops1 & by ! multiplication & complication ( c>riage4 #g?ly4 ,x robs society by %ameless & unlimit$ usury--usury absolutely appall+4 ,! trad] c>ries on op]ations ) fictiti\s capital1 mu* high] 9 am\nt ?an 8 real capital4 ,a trad] ) a capital ( twelve hundr$ p\nds w c>ry on op]ations1 by means ( bills & cr$it1 on a scale ( f\r1 eight1 or twelve ?\s& p\nds4 ,?us he draws f capital :i* he does n possess1 usuri\s int]e/1 out ( all proportion ) ! capital he actually owns4 #h?ly4 ,x robs society by innum]able bankruptcies1 = ! daily accid5ts ( our comm]cial sy/em1 political ev5ts1 & any k9d ( di/urbance1 mu/ u%] 9 a day :5 ! trad]1 hav+ incurr$ obligations beyond 8 means1 is no long] able to meet !m2 8 failure1 :e!r fraudul5t or n1 mu/ be a sev]e bl[ to 8 cr$itors4 ,! bankruptcy ( "s entails t ( o!rs1 s t bankruptcies foll[ "o ^u ano!r1 caus+ widespread ru94 ,& x is always ! produc] & ! consum] :o suff]2 = comm]ce1 consid]$ z a :ole1 does n produce weal?1 & inve/s v little 9 proportion to ! weal? :i* passes ?r\gh its h&s4 ,h[ _m are ! manufactures cru%$ by ^! bl[s6 h[ _m f]tile s\rces ( weal? dri$ up by ^! devices1 ) all _! disa/r\s consequ5ces6 ,! produc] furni%es ! goods1 ! consum] ! money4 ,trade furni%es cr$it1 f\nd$ on little or no actual capital1 & ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! comm]cial body are 9 no way responsible = "o ano!r4 ,?is1 9 a few words1 is ! :ole !ory ( ! ?+4 #i?ly4 ,comm]ce robs society by ! indep5d5ce & irresponsibility :i* p]mits x to buy at ! epo*s :5 ! produc]s are =c$ to sell & compete ) "o ano!r1 9 ord] to procure money = _! r5t & necess>y exp5ses ( production4 ,:5 ! m>kets are ov]/ock$ & goods *eap1 trade pur*ases4 ,!n x creates a rise1 & by ?is simple manoeuvre despoils bo? produc] & consum]4 #aj?ly4 ,x robs society by a consid]able draw+ (f ( capital1 :i* w return to productive indu/ry :5 comm]ce plays its prop] subord9ate "p1 & is only an ag5cy c>ry+ on transactions betwe5 ! produc]s 7m or less di/ant7 & ! great c5tres ( consumption--! communi/ic societies4 ,?us ! capital engag$ 9 ! speculations ( comm]ce 7:i*1 small z x is1 comp>$ to ! imm5se weal? :i* passes ?r\gh its h&s1 consi/s nev]!less ( sums enorm\s 9 !mselves71 w\ld return to /imulate production if comm]ce 0 depriv$ ( ! int]m$iate prop]ty 9 goods1 & _! di/ribution became a matt] ( adm9i/rative organization4 ,/ock-jobb+ is ! mo/ odi\s =m ( ?is vice ( comm]ce4 #aa?ly4 ,x robs society by ! monopolis+ or buy+ up ( raw mat]ials4 ',=' 7says ,f\ri]1 ,?4 des ,quat4 ,m\v41 p4 #cei1 #a/ ed471 '! rise 9 price on articles t are b\ght up1 is borne ultimately by ! consum]1 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ place by ! manufactur]s1 :o1 be+ oblig$ to keep up _! e/abli%m5ts1 mu/ make pecuni>y sacrifices1 & manufacture at small pr(its 9 ! hope ( bett] days2 & x is (t5 long be=e !y c repay !mselves ! rise 9 prices :i* ! monopolis] has compell$ !m to support 9 ! fir/ in/ance4444 ,9 %ort1 all ^! vices1 besides _m o!rs :i* ,i omit1 are multipli$ by ! extreme complication ( m]cantile affairs2 = products d n pass once only ?r\gh ! gre$y clut*es ( comm]ce2 !re are "s :i* pass & repass tw5ty or ?irty times be=e rea*+ ! consum]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! raw mat]ial passes ?r\gh ! grasp ( comm]ce be=e rea*+ ! manufactur] :o fir/ works x up2 !n x returns to comm]ce to be s5t out aga9 to be work$ up 9 a second =m2 & s on until x receives its f9al %ape4 ,!n x passes into ! h&s ( m]*ants1 :o sell to ! :olesale deal]s1 & ^! to ! great retail deal]s ( t[ns1 & ^! aga9 to ! little deal]s & to ! c\ntry %ops2 & ea* "t t x *anges h&s1 x leaves some?+ beh9d x4 444 ,"o ( my fri5ds :o 0 lately explor+ ! ,jura1 :]e mu* work+ 9 metal is done1 _h occasion to ent] ! h\se ( a peasant :o 0 a manufactur] ( %ovels4 ,he ask$ ! price4 ',let u come to an und]/&+1' answ]$ ! poor labor]1 n an economi/ at all1 b a man ( common s5se2 ',i sell !m = #h;d4 to ! trade1 :i* retails !m at #as4 #h;d4 9 ! t[ns4 ,if y c\ld f9d a means ( op5+ a direct communication betwe5 ! workman & ! consum]1 y might h !m = #as4 #b;d41 & we %\ld ea* ga9 #f;d4 by ! transaction4'#e ,to a simil> effect ,ow51 9 ! ,book ( ! ,new ,moral ,_w1 "p #b1 *ap4 iii4 ,! pr9ciple n[ 9 practice is to induce a l>ge portion ( society to devote _! lives to di/ribute weal? ^u a l>ge1 a m$ium1 & a small scale1 & to h x convey$ f place to place 9 l>g] or small] quantities1 to meet ! means & wants ( v>i\s divisions ( society & individuals1 z !y are n[ situat$ 9 cities1 t[ns1 villages1 & c\ntry places4 ,?is pr9ciple ( di/ribution makes a class 9 society ^: bus9ess is to buy f "s p>ties & to sell to o!rs4 ,by ?is proce$+ !y are plac$ "u circum/ances :i* induce !m to endeavor to buy at :at appe>s at ! "t a l[ price 9 ! m>ket1 & to sell aga9 at ! greate/ p]man5t pr(it :i* !y c obta94 ,_! real object be+ to get z mu* pr(it z ga9 betwe5 ! sell] to1 & ! buy] f !m1 z c be effect$ 9 _! transactions4 ,!re are innum]able errors 9 pr9ciple & evils 9 practice :i* necess>ily proce$ f ?is mode ( di/ribut+ ! weal? ( society4 #a/4 ,a g5]al class ( di/ribut]s is =m$1 ^: int]e/ is sep>at$ f1 & app>5tly oppos$ to1 t ( ! individual f :om !y buy & to :om !y sell4 #bnd4 ,?ree classes ( di/ribut]s are made1 ! small1 ! m$ium1 & ! l>ge buy]s & sell]s2 or ! retail]s1 ! :olesale deal]s1 & ! ext5sive m]*ants4 #crd4 ,?ree classes ( buy]s ?us creat$ con/itute ! small1 ! m$ium1 & ! l>ge pur*as]s4 ,by ?is arrangem5t into v>i\s classes ( buy]s & sell]s1 ! p>ties are easily tra9$ to le>n t !y h sep>ate & oppos+ int]e/s1 & diff]5t ranks & /ations 9 society4 ,an inequality ( feel+ & condition is ?us creat$ & ma9ta9$1 ) all ! s]vility & pride :i* ^! unequal arrangem5ts are sure to produce4 ,! p>ties are regul>ly tra9$ 9 a g5]al sy/em ( deception1 9 ord] t !y may be ! m successful 9 buy+ *eap & sell+ de>4 ,! small] sell]s acquire habits ( injuri\s idl5ess1 wait+ (t5 = h\rs = cu/om]s4 ,& ?is evil is exp]i5c$ to a consid]able ext5t ev5 among/ ! class ( :olesale deal]s4 ,!re are1 also1 by ?is arrangem5t1 _m m e/abli%m5ts = sell+ ?an are necess>y 9 ! villages1 t[ns1 & cities2 & a v l>ge capital is ?us wa/$ )\t b5efit to society4 ,& f _! numb] oppos$ to ea* o!r all ov] ! c\ntry to obta9 cu/om]s1 !y endeavor to und]sell ea* o!r1 & are !re=e cont9ually endeavor+ to injure ! produc] by ! e/abli%m5t ( :at are call$ *eap %ops & w>eh\ses2 & to support _! "* ! ma/] or 8 s]vants mu/ be cont9ually on ! wat* to buy b>ga9s1 t is1 to procure weal? = less ?an ! co/ ( its production4 ,! di/ribut]s1 small1 m$ium1 & l>ge1 h all to be support$ by ! produc]s1 & ! great] ! numb] ( ! =m] comp>$ ) ! latt]1 ! great] w be ! burd5 :i* ! produc] has to su/a92 = z ! numb] ( di/ribut]s increases1 ! accumulation ( weal? mu/ decrease1 & m mu/ be requir$ f ! produc]4 ,! di/ribut]s ( weal?1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 are a dead weight ^u ! produc]s1 & are mo/ active demoralis]s ( society4 ,_! dep5d5t condition1 at ! comm5cem5t ( _! task1 tea*es or induces !m to be s]vile to _! cu/om]s1 & to cont9ue to be s z long z !y are accumulat+ weal? by _! *eap buy+ & de> sell+4 ,b :5 !y h secur$ suffici5t to be :at !y imag9e to be an indep5d5ce--to live )\t bus9ess--!y are too (t5 fill$ ) a mo/ ignorant pride1 & become insol5t to _! dep5d5ts4 ,! arrangem5t is altoge!r a mo/ improvid5t "o = society1 ^: int]e/ x is to produce ! greate/ am\nt ( weal? ( ! be/ qualities2 :ile ! exi/+ sy/em ( di/ribution is n only to )draw great numb]s f produc+ to become di/ribut]s1 b to add to ! co/ ( ! consum] all ! exp5se ( a mo/ wa/eful & extravagant di/ribution2 ! di/ribution co/+ to ! consum] _m times ! price ( ! orig9al co/ ( ! weal? pur*as$4 ,!n1 by ! position 9 :i* ! sell] is plac$ by 8 creat$ desire = ga9 on ! "o h&1 & ! competition he meets ) f oppon5ts sell+ simil> productions on ! o!r1 he is /rongly tempt$ to det]iorate ! articles :i* he has = sale2 & :5 ^! are provisions1 ei!r ( home production or ( =eign importation1 ! effects ^u ! heal?1 & consequ5t com=t & happ9ess ( ! consum]s1 are (t5 mo/ injuri\s1 & productive ( mu* premature dea?1 especially among ! work+ classes1 :o1 9 ?is respect1 are p]haps made to be ! greate/ suff]]s1 by pur*as+ ! inf]ior or l[-pric$ articles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! exp5se ( ?us di/ribut+ weal? 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 includ+ transit f place to place1 & all ! ag5ts directly & indirectly engag$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 is1 p]haps1 little %ort ( "o hundr$ millions annually1 )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! det]ioration ( ! quality ( _m ( ! articles con/itut+ ?is weal?1 by c>riage1 & by be+ divid$ into small quantities1 & kept 9 improp] /ores & places1 9 :i* ! atmosph]e is unfavorable to ! keep+ ( su* articles 9 a tol]ably good1 & mu* less 9 ! be/1 condition = use4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ! contr>iety ( int]e/s betwe5 p]son & p]son1 class & class1 :i* p]vades ! pres5t con/itution ( society1 ,m4 ,consid]ant adds3-- ,if ! w9e-gr[]s wi% = free trade1 ?is fre$om ru9s ! produc] ( corn1 ! manufactur]s ( iron1 ( clo?1 ( cotton1 &--we are compell$ to add--! smuggl] & ! cu/oms' (fic]4 ,if x is ! int]e/ ( ! consum] t ma*9es %\ld be inv5t$ :i* l[] prices by r5d]+ production less co/ly1 ^! same ma*9es ?r[ out ( "w ?\s&s ( workm5 :o d n "k h[ to1 & _c at once1 f9d o!r "w4 ,"h1 !n1 aga9 is "o ( ! innum]able vici\s circles ( civilisation 444 = !re are a ?\s& facts :i* prove cumulatively t 9 our exi/+ social sy/em ! introduction ( any good br+s always along ) x "s evil4 ,9 %ort1 if we g l[] d[n & come to vulg> details1 we f9d t x is ! int]e/ ( ! tailor1 ! %oemak]1 & ! hatt] t coats1 %oes1 & hats %\ld be soon worn out2 t ! glazi] pr(its by ! hail-/orms :i* break w9d[s2 t ! mason & ! ar*itect pr(it by fires2 ! lawy] is enri*$ by law-suits2 ! doctor by disease2 ! w9e-sell] by drunk5ness2 ! pro/itute by debau*]y4 ,& :at a disa/] x w\ld be = ! judges1 ! police1 & ! jail]s1 z well z = ! b>ri/]s & ! solicitors1 & all ! lawy]s' cl]ks1 if crimes1 (f5ces1 & law-suits 7 all at once to come to an end6#f ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! c>d9al po9ts ( ?is s*ool3-- ,add to all ?is1 t civilisation1 :i* s[s diss5sion & w> on e side2 :i* employs a great "p ( its p[]s 9 unproductive labor or ev5 9 de/ruction2 :i* fur!rmore dim9i%es ! public weal? by ! unnecess>y friction & discord x introduces into indu/ry2 add to all ?is1 ,i say1 t ?is same social sy/em has = its special *>act]i/ic to produce a repugnance = "w--a disgu/ = labor4 ,ev]y:]e y he> ! labor]1 ! artisan1 ! cl]k compla9 ( 8 position & 8 occupation1 :ile !y long = ! "t :5 !y c retire f "w impos$ ^u !m by necessity4 ,to be repugnant1 to h = its motive & pivot no?+ b ! fe> ( />vation1 is ! great1 ! fatal1 *>act]i/ic ( civilis$ labor4 ,! civilis$ workman is condemn$ to p5al s]vitude4 ,s long z productive labor is s organiz$ t in/ead ( be+ associat$ ) pleasure x is associat$ ) pa91 we>9ess & dislike1 x w always happ5 t all w avoid x :o are able4 ,) few exceptions1 ^? only w cons5t to "w :o are compell$ to x by want4 ,h5ce ! mo/ num]\s classes1 ! artific]s ( social weal?1 ! active & direct creators ( all com=t & luxury1 w always be condemn$ to t\* closely on pov]ty & hung]2 !y w always be ! slaves to ignorance & degradation2 !y w cont9ue to be always t huge h]d ( m]e bea/s ( burd5 :om we see ill-gr[n1 decimat$ by disease1 b[$ d[n 9 ! great work%op ( society ov] ! pl[ or ov] ! c\nt]1 t !y may prep>e ! delicate food1 & ! sumptu\s enjoym5ts ( ! upp] & idle classes4 ,s long z no me?od ( attractive labor has be5 devis$1 x w cont9ue to be true t '!re mu/ be _m poor 9 ord] t !re may be a few ri*2' a mean & hateful say+1 :i* we he> e day quot$ z an et]nal tru? f ! m\?s ( p :o call !mselves ,*ri/ians or philosoph]s4 ,x is v easy to und]/& t oppression1 trick]y1 & especially pov]ty1 are ! p]man5t & fatal appanage ( e /ate ( society *>act]iz$ by ! dislike ( "w1 =1 9 ?is case1 !re is no?+ b pov]ty t w =ce m5 to labor4 ,& ! pro( ( ?is is1 t if e "o ( all ! work]s 7 to become sudd5ly ri*1 n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( all ! "w n[ done w\ld be ab&on$4#g ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,f\ri]i/s1 ! t5d5cy ( ! pres5t ord] ( society is to a conc5tration ( weal? 9 ! h&s ( a comp>atively few imm5sely ri* individuals or companies1 & ! r$uction ( all ! re/ ( ! community into a complete dep5d5ce on !m4 ,?is 0 t]m$ by ,f\ri] la jeodalite indu/rielle4 ,?is feudalism1 says ,m4 ,consid]ant1 w\ld be con/itut$ z soon z ! l>ge/ "p ( ! indu/rial & t]ritorial prop]ty ( ! nation belongs to a m9ority :i* absorbs all its rev5ues1 :ile ! great majority1 *a9$ to ! "w-b5* or labor+ on ! soil1 mu/ be cont5t to gnaw ! pittance :i* is ca/ to !m4#h ,?is disa/r\s result is to be br\ght ab\t p>tly by ! m]e progress ( competition1 z sket*$ 9 our previ\s extract by ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc2 assi/$ by ! progress ( national debts1 :i* ,m4 ,consid]ant reg>ds z mortgages ( ! :ole l& & capital ( ! c\ntry1 ( :i* les capitali/es preteurs become1 9 a great] & great] measure1 co-proprietors1 receiv+ )\t labor or risk an increas+ portion ( ! rev5ues4 ,,! ,,sociali/ ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,ord] ,,( ,,society ,,exam9$4 ,x is impossible to d5y t ! consid]ations br\ght to notice 9 ! prec$+ *apt] make out a frightful case ei!r aga9/ ! exi/+ ord] ( society1 or aga9/ ! position ( man himself 9 ?is _w4 ,h[ mu* ( ! evils %\ld be ref]r$ to ! "o1 & h[ mu* to ! o!r1 is ! pr9cipal !oretic "q :i* has to be resolv$4 ,b ! /ronge/ case is susceptible ( exagg]ation2 & x w h be5 evid5t to _m read]s1 ev5 f ! passages ,i h quot$1 t su* exagg]ation is n want+ 9 ! repres5tations ( ! able/ & mo/ c&id ,sociali/s4 ,?\gh mu* ( _! allegations is unansw]able1 n a little is ! result ( errors 9 political economy2 by :i*1 let me say once = all1 ,i d n mean ! rejection ( any practical rules ( policy :i* h be5 laid d[n by political economi/s1 ,i mean ignorance ( economic facts1 & ( ! causes by :i* ! economic ph5om5a ( society z x is1 are actually det]m9$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is unhappily true t ! wages ( ord9>y labor1 9 all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 are wret*$ly insuffici5t to supply ! physical & moral necessities ( ! population 9 any tol]able measure4 ,b1 :5 x is fur!r alleg$ t ev5 ?is insuffici5t remun]ation has a t5d5cy to dim9i%2 t !re is1 9 ! words ( ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc1 une baisse cont9ue des salaires2 ! ass]tion is 9 opposition to all accurate in=mation1 & to _m notori\s facts4 ,x has yet to be prov$ t !re is any c\ntry 9 ! civiliz$ _w :]e ! ord9>y wages ( labor1 e/imat$ ei!r 9 money or 9 articles ( consumption1 are decl9+2 :ile 9 _m !y are1 on ! :ole1 on ! increase2 & an increase :i* is becom+1 n sl[]1 b m rapid4 ,!re are1 occasionally1 bran*es ( indu/ry :i* are be+ gradually sup]s$$ by some?+ else1 &1 9 ^?1 until production accommodates itself to dem&1 wages are depress$2 :i* is an evil1 b a tempor>y "o1 & w\ld admit ( great alleviation ev5 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( social economy4 ,a dim9ution ?us produc$ ( ! rew>d ( labor 9 "s p>ticul> employm5t is ! effect & ! evid5ce ( increas$ remun]ation1 or ( a new s\rce ( remun]ation1 9 "s o!r2 ! total & ! av]age remun]ation be+ undim9i%$1 or ev5 increas$4 ,to make out an appe>ance ( dim9ution 9 ! rate ( wages 9 any lead+ bran* ( indu/ry1 x is always f\nd necess>y to comp>e "s mon? or ye> ( special & tempor>y depression at ! pres5t "t1 ) ! av]age rate1 or ev5 "s exceptionally high rate1 at an e>li] "t4 ,! vicissitudes are no d\bt a great evil1 b !y 7 z frequ5t & z sev]e 9 =m] p]iods ( economical hi/ory z n[4 ,! great] scale ( ! transactions1 & ! great] numb] ( p]sons involv$ 9 ea* fluctuation1 may make ! fluctuation appe> great]1 b ?\gh a l>g] population af=ds m suff]]s1 ! evil does n weigh heavi] on ea* ( !m individually4 ,!re is mu* evid5ce ( improvem5t1 & none1 t is at all tru/wor?y1 ( det]ioration1 9 ! mode ( liv+ ( ! labor+ population ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe2 :5 !re is any appe>ance to ! contr>y x is local or p>tial1 & c always be trac$ ei!r to ! pressure ( "s tempor>y calamity1 or to "s bad law or unwise act ( gov]nm5t :i* admits ( be+ correct$1 :ile ! p]man5t causes all op]ate 9 ! direction ( improvem5t4 ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc1 !re=e1 :ile %[+ himself mu* m enlight5$ ?an ! old] s*ool ( levell]s & democrats1 inasmu* z he recognizes ! connection betwe5 l[ wages & ! ov]-rapid increase ( population1 appe>s to h fall5 into ! same error :i* 0 at fir/ committ$ by ,mal?us & 8 foll[]s1 t ( suppos+ t because population has a great] p[] ( increase ?an subsi/5ce1 its pressure ^u subsi/5ce mu/ be always gr[+ m sev]e4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! e>ly ,mal?usians ?\ght ?is an irrepressible t5d5cy1 :ile ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc ?9ks t x c be repress$1 b only "u a sy/em ( ,communism4 ,x is a great po9t ga9$ = tru? :5 x comes to be se5 t ! t5d5cy to ov]-population is a fact :i* ,communism1 z well z ! exi/+ ord] ( society1 w\ld h to deal )4 ,& x is mu* to be rejoic$ at t ?is necessity is admitt$ by ! mo/ consid]able *iefs ( all exi/+ s*ools ( ,socialism4 ,ow5 & ,f\ri]1 no less ?an ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc1 admitt$ x1 & claim$ = _! respective sy/ems a pre-em95t p[] ( deal+ ) ?is difficulty4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 exp]i5ce %[s t 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( society ! pressure ( population on subsi/5ce1 :i* is ! pr9cipal cause ( l[ wages1 ?\gh a great1 is n an increas+ evil2 on ! contr>y1 ! progress ( all t is call$ civilization has a t5d5cy to dim9i% x1 p>tly by ! m rapid increase ( ! means ( employ+ & ma9ta9+ labor1 p>tly by ! increas$ facilities op5$ to labor = transport+ itself to new c\ntries & unoccupi$ fields ( employm5t1 & p>tly by a g5]al improvem5t 9 ! intellig5ce & prud5ce ( ! population4 ,?is progress1 no d\bt1 is sl[2 b x is mu* t su* progress %\ld take place at all1 :ile we are /ill only 9 ! fir/ /age ( t public movem5t = ! education ( ! :ole p1 :i* :5 m advanc$ mu/ add greatly to ! =ce ( all ! two causes ( improvem5t specifi$ above4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 op5 to discussion :at =m ( society has ! greate/ p[] ( deal+ successfully ) ! pressure ( population on subsi/5ce1 & on ?is "q !re is mu* to be said = ,socialism2 :at 0 long ?\ght to be its weake/ po9t w1 p]haps1 prove to be "o ( its /ronge/4 ,b x has no j claim to be consid]$ z ! sole means ( prev5t+ ! g5]al & gr[+ degradation ( ! mass ( mank9d ?r\gh ! peculi> t5d5cy ( pov]ty to produce ov]-population4 ,society z at pres5t con/itut$ is n desc5d+ into t abyss1 b gradually1 ?\gh sl[ly1 ris+ out ( x1 & ?is improvem5t is likely to be progressive if bad laws d n int]f]e ) x4 ,next1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ,sociali/s g5]ally1 & ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$ ( !m1 h a v imp]fect & "o-sid$ notion ( ! op]ation ( competition4 ,!y see half its effects1 & ov]look ! o!r half2 !y reg>d x z an ag5cy = gr9d+ d[n e "o's remun]ation--= oblig+ e "o to accept less wages = 8 labor1 or a less price = 8 commodities1 :i* w\ld be true only if e "o _h to dispose ( 8 labor or 8 commodities to "s great monopoli/1 & ! competition 7 all on "o side4 ,!y =get t competition is a cause ( high prices & values z well z ( l[2 t ! buy]s ( labor & ( commodities compete ) "o ano!r z well z ! sell]s2 & t if x is competition :i* keeps ! prices ( labor & commodities z l[ z !y are1 x is competition :i* prev5ts !m f fall+ /ill l[]4 ,9 tru?1 :5 competition is p]fectly free on bo? sides1 its t5d5cy is n specially ei!r to raise or to l[] ! price ( articles1 b to equalize x2 to level inequalities ( remun]ation1 & to r$uce all to a g5]al av]age1 a result :i*1 9 s f> z realiz$ 7no d\bt v imp]fectly71 is1 on ,sociali/ic pr9ciples1 desirable4 ,b if1 disreg>d+ = ! "t t "p ( ! effects ( competition :i* consi/s 9 keep+ up prices1 we fix our att5tion on its effect 9 keep+ !m d[n1 & contemplate ?is effect 9 ref]5ce solely to ! int]e/ ( ! labor+ classes1 x w\ld seem t if competition keeps d[n wages1 & s gives a motive to ! labor+ classes to )draw ! labor m>ket f ! full influ5ce ( competition1 if !y c1 x mu/ on ! o!r h& h cr$it = keep+ d[n ! prices ( ! articles on :i* wages are exp5d$1 to ! great advantage ( ^? :o dep5d on wages4 ,to meet ?is consid]ation ,sociali/s1 z we said 9 our quotation f ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc1 are r$uc$ to affirm t ! l[ prices ( commodities produc$ by competition are delusive & lead 9 ! end to high] prices ?an be=e1 because :5 ! ri*e/ competitor has got rid ( all 8 rivals1 he comm&s ! m>ket & c dem& any price he pleases4 ,n[1 ! commone/ exp]i5ce %[s t ?is /ate ( ?+s1 "u really free competition1 is :olly imag9>y4 ,! ri*e/ competitor nei!r does nor c get rid ( all 8 rivals1 & e/abli% himself 9 exclusive possession ( ! m>ket2 & x is n ! fact t any important bran* ( indu/ry or comm]ce =m]ly divid$ among _m has become1 or %[s any t5d5cy to become1 ! monopoly ( a few4 ,! k9d ( policy describ$ is sometimes possible :]e1 z 9 ! case ( railways1 ! only competition possible is betwe5 two or ?ree great companies1 ! op]ations be+ on too va/ a scale to be )9 ! rea* ( individual capitali/s2 & ?is is "o ( ! reasons :y bus9esses :i* require to be c>ri$ on by great jo9t-/ock ent]prises _c be tru/$ to competition1 b1 :5 n res]v$ by ! ,/ate to itself1 ought to be c>ri$ on "u conditions prescrib$1 &1 f "t to "t1 v>i$ by ! ,/ate1 = ! purpose ( insur+ to ! public a *eap] supply ( its wants ?an w\ld be af=d$ by private int]e/ 9 ! abs5ce ( suffici5t competition4 ,b 9 ! ord9>y bran*es ( indu/ry no "o ri* competitor has x 9 8 p[] to drive out all ! small] ones4 ,"s bus9esses %[ a t5d5cy to pass out ( ! h&s ( _m small produc]s or deal]s into a small] numb] ( l>g] ones2 b ! cases 9 :i* ?is happ5s are ^? 9 :i* ! possession ( a l>g] capital p]mits ! adoption ( m p[]ful ma*9]y1 m effici5t by m exp5sive processes1 or a bett] organiz$ & m economical mode ( c>ry+ on bus9ess1 & ?us enables ! l>ge deal] legitimately & p]man5tly to supply ! commodity *eap] ?an c be done on ! small scale2 to ! great advantage ( ! consum]s1 & !re=e ( ! labor+ classes1 & dim9i%+1 pro tanto1 t wa/e ( ! res\rces ( ! community s mu* compla9$ ( by ,sociali/s1 ! unnecess>y multiplication ( m]e di/ributors1 & ( ! v>i\s o!r classes :om ,f\ri] calls ! p>asites ( indu/ry4 ,:5 ?is *ange is effect$1 ! l>g] capitali/s1 ei!r individual or jo9t /ock1 among :i* ! bus9ess is divid$1 are seldom1 if ev]1 9 any consid]able bran* ( comm]ce1 s few z t competition %all n cont9ue to act betwe5 !m2 s t ! sav+ 9 co/1 :i* enabl$ !m to und]sell ! small deal]s1 cont9ues aft]w>ds1 z at fir/1 to be pass$ on1 9 l[] prices1 to _! cu/om]s4 ,! op]ation1 !re=e1 ( competition 9 keep+ d[n ! prices ( commodities1 includ+ ^? on :i* wages are exp5d$1 is n illusive b real1 &1 we may add1 is a gr[+1 n a decl9+1 fact4 ,b !re are o!r respects1 equally important1 9 :i* ! *>ges br\ght by ,sociali/s aga9/ competition d n admit ( s complete an answ]4 ,competition is ! be/ security = *eapness1 b by no means a security = quality4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 produc]s & consum]s 7 less num]\s1 x 0 a security = bo?4 ,! m>ket 0 n l>ge en\gh nor ! means ( publicity suffici5t to enable a deal] to make a =tune by cont9ually attract+ new cu/om]s3 8 success dep5d$ on 8 reta9+ ^? t he _h2 & :5 a deal] furni%$ good articles1 or :5 he did n1 ! fact 0 soon kn[n to ^? :om x conc]n$1 & he acquir$ a "* = hone/ or di%one/ deal+ ( m importance to him ?an ! ga9 t w\ld be made by *eat+ casual pur*as]s4 ,b on ! great scale ( mod]n transactions1 ) ! great multiplication ( competition & ! imm5se increase 9 ! quantity ( bus9ess compet$ =1 deal]s are s little dep5d5t on p]man5t cu/om]s t "* is mu* less ess5tial to !m1 :ile !re is also f> less c]ta9ty ( _! obta9+ ! "* !y des]ve4 ,! l[ prices :i* a tradesman adv]tises are kn[n1 to a ?\s& = "o :o has discov]$ = himself or le>n$ f o!rs1 t ! bad quality ( ! goods is m ?an an equival5t = _! *eapness2 :ile at ! same "t ! mu* great] =tunes n[ made by "s deal]s excite ! cupidity ( all1 & ! gre$ ( rapid ga9 sub/itutes itself = ! mode/ desire to make a liv+ by _! bus9ess4 ,9 ?is mann]1 z weal? increases & great] prizes seem to be )9 rea*1 m & m ( a gambl+ _s is introduc$ into comm]ce2 & :]e ?is prevails n only are ! simple/ maxims ( prud5ce disreg>d$1 b all1 ev5 ! mo/ p]il\s1 =ms ( pecuni>y improbity receive a t]rible /imulus4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( :at is call$ ! int5sity ( mod]n competition4 ,x is fur!r to be m5tion$ t :5 ?is int5sity has rea*$ a c]ta9 height1 & :5 a portion ( ! produc]s ( an article or ! deal]s 9 x h resort$ to any ( ! modes ( fraud1 su* z adult]ation1 giv+ %ort measure1 c41 ( ! increase ( :i* !re is n[ s mu* compla9t1 ! temptation is imm5se on ^! to adopt ! fraudul5t practises1 :o w\ld n h orig9at$ !m2 = ! public are aw>e ( ! l[ prices fallaci\sly produc$ by ! frauds1 b d n f9d out at fir/1 if ev]1 t ! article is n wor? ! l[] price1 & !y w n g on pay+ a high] price = a bett] article1 & ! hone/ deal] is plac$ at a t]rible disadvantage4 ,?us ! frauds1 begun by a few1 become cu/oms ( ! trade1 & ! morality ( ! trad+ classes is m & m det]iorat$4 ,on ?is po9t1 !re=e1 ,sociali/s h really made out ! exi/5ce n only ( a great evil1 b ( "o :i* gr[s & t5ds to gr[ ) ! gr[? ( population & weal?4 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t society has nev] yet us$ ! means :i* are already 9 its p[] ( grappl+ ) ?is evil4 ,! laws aga9/ comm]cial frauds are v defective1 & _! execution /ill m s4 ,laws ( ?is description h no *ance ( be+ really en=c$ unless x is ! special duty ( "s "o to en=ce !m4 ,!y are specially 9 ne$ ( a public prosecutor4 ,x is /ill to be discov]$ h[ f> x is possible to repress by means ( ! crim9al law a class ( misde$s :i* are n[ seldom br\ght be=e ! tribunals1 & to :i*1 :5 br\ght1 ! judicial adm9i/ration ( ?is c\ntry is mo/ unduly l5i5t4 ,! mo/ important class1 h[ev]1 ( ^! frauds1 to ! mass ( ! p1 ^? :i* affect ! price or quality ( articles ( daily consumption1 c be 9 a great measure ov]come by ! in/itution ( co-op]ative /ores4 ,by ?is plan any body ( consum]s :o =m !mselves into an association = ! purpose1 are enabl$ to pass ov] ! retail deal]s & obta9 _! articles direct f ! :olesale m]*ants1 or1 :at is bett] 7n[ t :olesale co-op]ative ag5cies h be5 e/abli%$71 f ! produc]s1 ?us free+ !mselves f ! heavy tax n[ paid to ! di/ribut+ classes & at ! same "t elim9ate ! usual p]petrators ( adult]ations & o!r frauds4 ,di/ribution ?us becomes a "w p]=m$ by ag5ts select$ & paid by ^? :o h no int]e/ 9 any?+ b ! *eapness & goodness ( ! article2 & ! di/ributors are capable ( be+ ?us r$uc$ to ! numb]s :i* ! quantity ( "w to be done really requires4 ,! difficulties ( ! plan consi/ 9 ! skill & tru/wor?9ess requir$ 9 ! manag]s1 & ! imp]fect nature ( ! control :i* c be ex]cis$ ov] !m by ! body at l>ge4 ,! great success & rapid gr[? ( ! sy/em prove1 h[ev]1 t ^! difficulties are1 9 "s tol]able degree1 ov]come4 ,at all ev5ts1 if ! b5eficial t5d5cy ( ! competition ( retail]s 9 promot+ *eapness is =e-gone1 & has to be replac$ by o!r securities1 ! mis*iev\s t5d5cy ( ! same competition 9 det]iorat+ quality is at any rate got rid (2 & ! prosp]ity ( ! co-op]ative /ores %[s t ?is b5efit is obta9$ n only )\t detrim5t to *eapness1 b ) great advantage to x1 s9ce ! pr(its ( ! conc]ns enable !m to return to ! consum]s a l>ge p]c5tage on ! price ( e article suppli$ to !m4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ?is class ( evils is conc]n$1 an effectual rem$y is already 9 op]ation1 :i*1 ?\gh sugge/$ by & p>tly gr\nd$ on sociali/ic pr9ciples1 is consi/5t ) ! exi/+ con/itution ( prop]ty4 ,) reg>d to ^? great] & m conspicu\s economical frauds1 or malpractices equival5t to frauds1 ( :i* s _m deplorable cases h become notori\s--committ$ by m]*ants & bank]s betwe5 !mselves or betwe5 !m & ^? :o h tru/$ !m ) money1 su* a rem$y z above describ$ is n available1 & ! only res\rces :i* ! pres5t con/itution ( society af=ds aga9/ !m are a /]n] reprobation by op9ion1 & a m effici5t repression by ! law4 ,nei!r ( ^! rem$ies has _h any approa* to an effectual trial4 ,x is on ! occurr5ce ( insolv5cies t ^! di%one/ practices usually come to light2 ! p]petrators take _! place1 n 9 ! class ( malefactors1 b 9 t ( insolv5t debtors2 & ! laws ( ?is & o!r c\ntries 7 =m]ly s savage aga9/ simple insolv5cy1 t by "o ( ^? reactions to :i* ! op9ions ( mank9d are liable1 insolv5ts came to be reg>d$ ma9ly z objects ( compassion1 & x seem$ to be ?\ght t ! h& bo? ( law & ( public op9ion c\ld h>dly press too lightly ^u !m4 ,by an error 9 a contr>y direction to ! ord9>y "o ( our law1 :i* 9 ! puni%m5t ( (f5ces 9 g5]al :olly neglects ! "q ( rep>ation to ! suff]]1 our bankruptcy laws h = "s "t treat$ ! recov]y = cr$itors ( :at is left ( _! prop]ty z almo/ ! sole object1 sc>cely any importance be+ atta*$ to ! puni%m5t ( ! bankrupt = any misconduct :i* does n directly int]f]e ) t prim>y purpose4 ,= ?ree or f\r ye>s pa/ !re has be5 a slight c\nt]-reaction1 & m ?an "o bankruptcy act has be5 pass$1 some:at less indulg5t to ! bankrupt2 b ! prim>y object reg>d$ has /ill be5 ! pecuni>y int]e/ ( ! cr$itors1 & crim9ality 9 ! bankrupt himself1 ) ! exception ( a small numb] ( well-m>k$ (f5ces1 gets (f almo/ ) impunity4 ,x may be confid5tly affirm$1 !re=e1 t1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 society has n ex]t$ ! p[] x possesses ( mak+ m]cantile di%one/y dang]\s to ! p]petrator4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a gambl+ trick 9 :i* all ! advantage is on ! side ( ! trick/]3 if ! trick succe$s x makes 8 =tune1 or pres]ves x2 if x fails1 he is at mo/ r$uc$ to pov]ty1 :i* 0 p]haps already imp5d+ :5 he det]m9$ to run ! *ance1 & he is class$ by ^? :o h n look$ closely into ! matt]1 & ev5 by _m :o h1 n among ! infam\s b among ! un=tunate4 ,until a m moral & rational mode ( deal+ ) culpable insolv5cy has be5 tri$ & fail$1 comm]cial di%one/y _c be rank$ among evils ! preval5ce ( :i* is insep>able f comm]cial competition4 ,ano!r po9t on :i* !re is mu* misappreh5sion on ! "p ( ,sociali/s1 z well z ( ,trades ,unioni/s & o!r p>tisans ( ,labor aga9/ ,capital1 relates to ! proportions 9 :i* ! produce ( ! c\ntry is really %>$ & ! am\nt ( :at is actually div]t$ f ^? :o produce x1 to enri* o!r p]sons4 ,i =be> = ! pres5t to speak ( ! l&1 :i* is a subject ap>t4 ,b ) respect to capital employ$ 9 bus9ess1 !re is 9 ! popul> notions a great deal ( illusion4 ,:51 = in/ance1 a capitali/ inve/s ,l#bj1jjj 9 8 bus9ess1 & draws f x an income ( 7suppose7 ,l#b1jjj a ye>1 ! common impression is z if he 0 ! b5eficial own] bo? ( ! ,l#bj1jjj & ( ! ,l#b1jjj1 :ile ! labor]s own no?+ b _! wages4 ,! tru?1 h[ev]1 is1 t he only obta9s ! ,l#b1jjj on condition ( apply+ no "p ( ! ,l#bj1jjj to 8 own use4 ,he has ! legal control ov] x1 & might squ&] x if he *ose1 b if he did he w\ld n h ! ,l#b1jjj a ye> also4 ,z long z he d]ives an income f 8 capital he has n ! option ( )hold+ x f ! use ( o!rs4 ,z mu* ( 8 inve/$ capital z consi/s ( build+s1 ma*9]y1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( production1 are appli$ to production & are n applicable to ! support or enjoym5t ( any "o4 ,:at is s applicable 7includ+ :at is laid out 9 keep+ up or r5ew+ ! build+s & in/rum5ts7 is paid away to labor]s1 =m+ _! remun]ation & _! %>e 9 ! division ( ! produce4 ,= all p]sonal purposes !y h ! capital & he has b ! pr(its1 :i* x only yields to him on condition t ! capital itself is employ$ 9 satisfy+ n 8 own wants1 b ^? ( labor]s4 ,! proportion :i* ! pr(its ( capital usually be> to capital itself 7or r to ! circulat+ portion ( x7 is ! ratio :i* ! capitali/'s %>e ( ! produce be>s to ! aggregate %>e ( ! labor]s4 ,ev5 ( 8 own %>e a small "p only belongs to him z ! own] ( capital4 ,! portion ( ! produce :i* falls to capital m]ely z capital is measur$ by ! int]e/ ( money1 s9ce t is all t ! own] ( capital obta9s :5 he contributes no?+ to production except ! capital itself4 ,n[ ! int]e/ ( capital 9 ! public funds1 :i* are consid]$ to be ! be/ security1 is at ! pres5t prices 7:i* h n v>i$ mu* = _m ye>s7 ab\t ?ree & "o-?ird p] c5t4 ,ev5 9 ?is inve/m5t !re is "s little risk--risk ( repudiation1 risk ( be+ oblig$ to sell out at a l[ price 9 "s comm]cial crisis4 ,e/imat+ ^! risks at #a_/c p] c5t41 ! rema9+ #c p] c5t4 may be consid]$ z ! remun]ation ( capital1 ap>t f insurance aga9/ loss4 ,on ! security ( a mortgage #d p] c5t4 is g5]ally obta9$1 b 9 ?is transaction !re are consid]ably great] risks--! unc]ta9ty ( titles to l& "u our bad sy/em ( law2 ! *ance ( hav+ to realize ! security at a great co/ 9 law *>ges2 & liability to delay 9 ! receipt ( ! int]e/ ev5 :5 ! pr9cipal is safe4 ,:5 m]e money indep5d5tly ( ex]tion yields a l>g] income1 z x sometimes does1 = example1 by %>es 9 railway or o!r companies1 ! surplus is h>dly ev] an equival5t = ! risk ( los+ ! :ole1 or "p1 ( ! capital by mismanagem5t1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,brighton ,railway1 ! divid5d ( :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 #f p] c5t4 p] annum1 sunk to f no?+ to #a-a_/b p] c5t41 & %>es :i* _h be5 b\ght at #abj c\ld n be sold = m ?an ab\t #dc4 ,:5 money is l5t at ! high rates ( int]e/ "o occasionally he>s (1 rates only giv5 by sp5d-?rifts & ne$y p]sons1 x is because ! risk ( loss is s great t few :o possess money c be induc$ to l5d to !m at all4 ,s little reason is !re = ! outcry aga9/ usury z "o ( ! griev\s bur!ns ( ! work+-classes4 ,( ! pr(its1 !re=e1 :i* a manufactur] or o!r p]son 9 bus9ess obta9s f 8 capital no m ?an ab\t #c p] c5t4 c be set d[n to ! capital itself4 ,if he 7 able & will+ to give up ! :ole ( ?is to 8 labor]s1 :o already %>e among !m ! :ole ( 8 capital z x is annually reproduc$ f ye> to ye>1 ! addition to _! weekly wages w\ld be inconsid]able4 ,( :at he obta9s beyond #c p] c5t4 a great "p is insurance aga9/ ! manifold losses he is expos$ to1 & _c safely be appli$ to 8 own use1 b requires to be kept 9 res]ve to cov] ^? losses :5 !y occur4 ,! rema9d] is prop]ly ! remun]ation ( 8 skill & indu/ry--! wages ( 8 labor ( sup]9t5d5ce4 ,no d\bt if he is v successful 9 bus9ess ^! wages ( 8 are extremely lib]al1 & q out ( proportion to :at ! same skill & indu/ry w\ld comm& if (f]$ = hire4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 he runs a worse risk ?an t ( be+ out ( employm5t2 t ( do+ ! "w )\t e>n+ any?+ by x1 ( hav+ ! labor & anxiety )\t ! wages4 ,i d n say t ! drawbacks balance ! privileges1 or t he d]ives no advantage f ! position :i* makes him a capitali/ & employ] ( labor1 in/ead ( a skill$ sup]9t5d5t lett+ out 8 s]vices to o!rs2 b ! am\nt ( 8 advantage mu/ n be e/imat$ by ! great prizes alone4 ,if we subtract f ! ga9s ( "s ! losses ( o!rs1 & d$uct f ! balance a fair comp5sation = ! anxiety1 skill1 & labor ( bo?1 gr\nd$ on ! m>ket price ( skill$ sup]9t5d5ce1 :at rema9s w be1 no d\bt1 consid]able1 b yet1 :5 comp>$ to ! entire capital ( ! c\ntry1 annually reproduc$ & disp5s$ 9 wages1 x is v mu* small] ?an x appe>s to ! popul> imag9ation2 & 7 ! :ole ( x add$ to ! %>e ( ! labor]s x w\ld make a less addition to t %>e ?an w\ld be made by any important inv5tion 9 ma*9]y1 or by ! suppression ( unnecess>y di/ributors & o!r p>asites ( indu/ry4 ,to complete ! e/imate1 h[ev]1 ( ! portion ( ! produce ( indu/ry :i* goes to remun]ate capital we mu/ n /op at ! int]e/ e>n$ out ( ! produce by ! capital actually employ$ 9 produc+ x1 b mu/ include t :i* is paid to ! =m] own]s ( capital :i* has be5 unproductively sp5t & no long] exi/s1 & is paid1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! produce ( o!r capital4 ,( ?is nature is ! int]e/ ( national debts1 :i* is ! co/ a nation is bur!n$ ) = pa/ difficulties & dang]s1 or = pa/ folly or pr(ligacy ( its rul]s1 m or less %>$ by ! nation itself4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! int]e/ on ! debts ( l&[n]s & o!r unproductive consum]s2 except s f> z ! money borr[$ may h be5 sp5t 9 remun]ative improvem5t ( ! productive p[]s ( ! l&4 ,z = l&$ prop]ty itself--! appropriation ( ! r5t ( l& by private individuals--,i res]ve1 z ,i h said1 ?is "q = discussion h]eaft]2 = ! t5ure ( l& might be v>i$ 9 any mann] consid]$ desirable1 all ! l& might be decl>$ ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! "r ( prop]ty 9 any?+ :i* is ! product ( human labor & ab/95ce4 ,x seem$ desirable to beg9 ! discussion ( ! ,sociali/ "q by ^! rem>ks 9 abatem5t ( ,sociali/ exagg]ations1 9 ord] t ! true issues betwe5 ,socialism & ! exi/+ /ate ( society might be correctly conceiv$4 ,! pres5t sy/em is n1 z _m ,sociali/s believe1 hurry+ u into a /ate ( g5]al indig5ce & slav]y f :i* only ,socialism c save u4 ,! evils & inju/ices suff]$ "u ! pres5t sy/em are great1 b !y are n increas+2 on ! contr>y1 ! g5]al t5d5cy is t[>ds _! sl[ dim9ution4 ,moreov] ! inequalities 9 ! di/ribution ( ! produce betwe5 capital & labor1 h[ev] !y may %ock ! feel+ ( natural ju/ice1 w\ld n by _! m]e equalisation af=d by any means s l>ge a fund = rais+ ! l[] levels ( remun]ation z ,sociali/s1 & _m besides ,sociali/s1 are apt to suppose4 ,!re is n any "o abuse or inju/ice n[ prevail+ 9 society by m]ely aboli%+ :i* ! human race w\ld pass out ( suff]+ into happ9ess4 ,:at is incumb5t on u is a calm comp>ison betwe5 two diff]5t sy/ems ( society1 ) a view ( det]m9+ :i* ( !m af=ds ! greate/ res\rces = ov]com+ ! inevitable difficulties ( life4 ,& if we f9d ! answ] to ?is "q m difficult1 & m dep5d5t ^u intellectual & moral conditions1 ?an is usually ?\ght1 x is satisfactory to reflect t !re is "t be=e u = ! "q to "w itself out on an exp]im5tal scale1 by actual trial4 ,i believe we %all f9d t no o!r te/ is possible ( ! practicability or b5eficial op]ation ( ,sociali/ arrangem5ts2 b t ! intellectual & moral gr\nds ( ,socialism des]ve ! mo/ att5tive /udy1 z af=d+ 9 _m cases ! guid+ pr9ciples ( ! improvem5ts necess>y to give ! pres5t economic sy/em ( society its be/ *ance4 ,,! ,,difficulties ,,( ,,socialism4 ,among ^? :o call !mselves ,sociali/s1 two k9ds ( p]sons may be di/+ui%$4 ,!re are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^? ^: plans = a new ord] ( society1 9 :i* private prop]ty & individual competition are to be sup]s$$ & o!r motives to action sub/itut$1 are on ! scale ( a village community or t[n%ip1 & w\ld be appli$ to an entire c\ntry by ! multiplication ( su* self-act+ units2 ( ?is "* are ! sy/ems ( ,ow51 ( ,f\ri]1 & ! m ?\ghtful & philosophic ,sociali/s g5]ally4 ,! o!r class1 :o are m a product ( ! ,cont95t ?an ( ,great ,brita9 & may be call$ ! revolution>y ,sociali/s1 propose to !mselves a mu* bold] /roke4 ,_! s*eme is ! managem5t ( ! :ole productive res\rces ( ! c\ntry by "o c5tral au?ority1 ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,& ) ?is view "s ( !m av[ z _! purpose t ! work+ classes1 or somebody 9 _! behalf1 %\ld take possession ( all ! prop]ty ( ! c\ntry1 & adm9i/] x = ! g5]al b5efit4 ,:atev] be ! difficulties ( ! fir/ ( ^! two =ms ( ,socialism1 ! second mu/ evid5tly involve ! same difficulties & _m m4 ,! =m]1 too1 has ! great advantage t x c be br\ght into op]ation progressively1 & c prove its capabilities by trial4 ,x c be tri$ fir/ on a select population & ext5d$ to o!rs z _! education & cultivation p]mit4 ,x ne$ n1 & 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s w\ld n1 become an eng9e ( subv]sion until x _h %[n itself capable ( be+ also a means ( recon/ruction4 ,x is n s ) ! o!r3 ! aim ( t is to sub/itute ! new rule = ! old at a s+le /roke1 & to ex*ange ! am\nt ( good realis$ "u ! pres5t sy/em1 & its l>ge possibilities ( improvem5t1 = a plunge )\t any prep>ation into ! mo/ extreme =m ( ! problem ( c>ry+ on ! :ole r\nd ( ! op]ations ( social life )\t ! motive p[] :i* has always hi!rto work$ ! social ma*9]y4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ^? :o w\ld play ?is game on ! /r5g? ( _! own private op9ion1 unconfirm$ z yet by any exp]im5tal v]ification--:o w\ld =cibly deprive all :o h n[ a com=table physical exi/5ce ( _! only pres5t means ( pres]v+ x1 & w\ld brave ! frightful blood%$ & mis]y t w\ld ensue if ! attempt 0 resi/$--mu/ h a s]5e confid5ce 9 _! own wisdom on ! "o h& & a recklessness ( o!r p's suff]+s on ! o!r1 :i* ,robespi]re & ,/4 ,j1 hi!rto ! typical in/ances ( ^? unit$ attributes1 sc>cely came up to4 ,nev]!less ?is s*eme has great elem5ts ( popul>ity :i* ! m cauti\s & reasonable =m ( ,socialism has n2 because :at x pr(esses to d x promises to d quickly1 & holds out hope to ! en?usia/ic ( see+ ! :ole ( _! aspirations realis$ 9 _! own "t & at a bl[4 ,! peculi>ities1 h[ev]1 ( ! revolution>y =m ( ,socialism w be mo/ conv5i5tly exam9$ aft] ! consid]ations common to bo? ! =ms h be5 duly weigh$4 ,! produce ( ! _w c\ld n atta9 any?+ approa*+ to its pres5t am\nt1 nor support any?+ approa*+ to ! pres5t numb] ( its inhabitants1 except ^u two conditions3 abundant & co/ly ma*9]y1 build+s1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( production2 & ! p[] ( und]tak+ long op]ations & wait+ a consid]able "t = _! fruits4 ,9 o!r words1 !re mu/ be a l>ge accumulation ( capital1 bo? fix$ 9 ! implem5ts & build+s1 & circulat+1 t is employ$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! labor]s & _! families dur+ ! "t :i* elapses be=e ! productive op]ations are complet$ & ! products come 94 ,?is necessity dep5ds on physical laws1 & is inh]5t 9 ! condition ( human life2 b ^! requisites ( production1 ! capital1 fix$ & circulat+1 ( ! c\ntry 7to :i* has to be add$ ! l&1 & all t is conta9$ 9 x71 may ei!r be ! collective prop]ty ( ^? :o use x1 or may belong to individuals2 & ! "q is1 :i* ( ^! arrangem5ts is mo/ conducive to human happ9ess4 ,:at is *>act]i/ic ( ,socialism is ! jo9t own]%ip by all ! memb]s ( ! community ( ! in/rum5ts & means ( production2 :i* c>ries ) x ! consequ5ce t ! division ( ! produce among ! body ( own]s mu/ be a public act1 p]=m$ accord+ to rules laid d[n by ! community4 ,socialism by no means excludes private own]%ip ( articles ( consumption2 ! exclusive "r ( ea* to 8 or h] %>e ( ! produce :5 receiv$1 ei!r to enjoy1 to give1 or to ex*ange x4 ,! l&1 = example1 might be :olly ! prop]ty ( ! community = agricultural & o!r productive purposes1 & might be cultivat$ on _! jo9t acc\nt1 & yet ! dwell+ assign$ to ea* individual or family z "p ( _! remun]ation might be z exclusively !irs1 :ile !y cont9u$ to fulfil _! %>e ( ! common labors1 z any "o's h\se n[ is2 & n ! dwell+ only1 b any ornam5tal gr\nd :i* ! circum/ances ( ! association all[$ to be atta*$ to ! h\se = purposes ( enjoym5t4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ,socialism is n t all ?+s are 9 common1 b t production is only c>ri$ on ^u ! common acc\nt1 & t ! in/rum5ts ( production are held z common prop]ty4 ,! practicability !n ( ,socialism1 on ! scale ( ,mr4 ,ow5's or ,m4 ,f\ri]'s villages1 admits ( no dispute4 ,! attempt to manage ! :ole production ( a nation by "o c5tral organization is a totally diff]5t matt]2 b a mix$ agricultural & manufactur+ association ( f two ?\s& to f\r ?\s& inhabitants "u any tol]able circum/ances ( soil & climate w\ld be easi] to manage ?an _m a jo9t /ock company4 ,! "q to be consid]$ is1 :e!r ?is jo9t managem5t is likely to be z effici5t & successful z ! managem5ts ( private indu/ry by private capital4 ,& ?is "q has to be consid]$ 9 a d\ble aspect2 ! effici5cy ( ! direct+ m9d1 or m9ds1 & t ( ! simple workpeople4 ,& 9 ord] to /ate ?is "q 9 its simple/ =m1 we w suppose ! =m ( ,socialism to be simple ,communism1 i4e4 equal division ( ! produce among all ! %>]s1 or1 accord+ to ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc's /ill high] /&>d ( ju/ice1 apportionm5t ( x accord+ to diff]5ce ( ne$1 b )\t mak+ any diff]5ce ( rew>d accord+ to ! nature ( ! duty nor accord+ to ! suppos$ m]its or s]vices ( ! individual4 ,!re are o!r =ms ( ,socialism1 p>ticul>ly ,f\ri]ism1 :i* d1 on consid]ations ( ju/ice or exp$i5cy1 all[ diff]5ces ( remun]ation = diff]5t k9ds or degrees ( s]vice to ! community2 b ! consid]ation ( ^! may be = ! pres5t po/pon$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! motive p[]s 9 ! economy ( society "u private prop]ty & "u ,communism w\ld be greate/ 9 ! case ( ! direct+ m9ds4 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em1 ! direction be+ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! p]son or p]sons :o own 7or are p]sonally responsible =7 ! capital1 ! :ole b5efit ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! be/ adm9i/ration & ! wor/ "u :i* ! bus9ess c cont9ue to be c>ri$ on accrues to ! p]son or p]sons :o control ! adm9i/ration3 !y reap ! :ole pr(it ( good managem5t except s f> z _! self-int]e/ or lib]ality induce !m to %>e x ) _! subord9ates2 & !y suff] ! :ole detrim5t ( mismanagem5t except s f> z ?is may cripple _! subsequ5t p[] ( employ+ labor4 ,?is /rong p]sonal motive to d _! v be/ & utmo/ = ! effici5cy & economy ( ! op]ations1 w\ld n exi/ "u ,communism2 z ! manag]s w\ld only receive out ( ! produce ! same equal divid5d z ! o!r memb]s ( ! association4 ,:at w\ld rema9 w\ld be ! int]e/ common to all 9 s manag+ affairs z to make ! divid5d z l>ge z possible2 ! inc5tives ( public _s1 ( consci5ce1 & ( ! honor & cr$it ( ! manag]s4 ,! =ce ( ^! motives1 especially :5 comb9$1 is great4 ,b x v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t p]sons1 & is mu* great] = "s purposes ?an = o!rs4 ,! v]dict ( exp]i5ce1 9 ! imp]fect degree ( moral cultivation :i* mank9d h yet rea*$1 is t ! motive ( consci5ce & t ( cr$it & reputation1 ev5 :5 !y are ( "s /r5g?1 are1 9 ! majority ( cases1 mu* /rong] z re/ra9+ ?an z impell+ =ces--are m to be dep5d$ on = prev5t+ wrong1 ?an = call+ =? ! fulle/ en]gies 9 ! pursuit ( ord9>y occupations4 ,9 ! case ( mo/ m5 ! only inducem5t :i* has be5 f\nd suffici5tly con/ant & unflagg+ to ov]come ! ev]-pres5t influ5ce ( indol5ce & love ( ease1 & induce m5 to apply !mselves unrelax+ly to "w = ! mo/ "p 9 itself dull & unexcit+1 is ! prospect ( bett]+ _! own economic condition & t ( _! family2 & ! clos] ! connection ( e increase ( ex]tion ) a correspond+ increase ( its fruits1 ! m p[]ful is ?is motive4 ,to suppose ! contr>y w\ld be to imply t ) m5 z !y n[ are1 duty & honor are m p[]ful pr9ciples ( action ?an p]sonal int]e/1 n solely z to special acts & =be>ances respect+ :i* ^? s5tim5ts h be5 exceptionally cultivat$1 b 9 ! regulation ( _! :ole lives2 :i* no "o1 ,i suppose1 w affirm4 ,x may be said t ?is inf]ior efficacy ( public & social feel+s is n inevitable--is ! result ( imp]fect education4 ,?is ,i am q ready to admit1 & also t !re are ev5 n[ _m individual exceptions to ! g5]al infirmity4 ,b be=e ^! exceptions c gr[ into a majority1 or ev5 into a v l>ge m9ority1 mu* "t w be requir$4 ,! education ( human be+s is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( all arts1 & ?is is "o ( ! po9ts 9 :i* x has hi!rto be5 lea/ successful2 moreov] improvem5ts 9 g5]al education are necess>ily v gradual because ! future g5]ation is educat$ by ! pres5t1 & ! imp]fections ( ! tea*]s set an inv9cible limit to ! degree 9 :i* !y c tra9 _! pupils to be bett] ?an !mselves4 ,we mu/ !re=e expect1 unless we are op]at+ ^u a select portion ( ! population1 t p]sonal int]e/ w = a long "t be a m effective /imulus to ! mo/ vigor\s & c>eful conduct ( ! indu/rial bus9ess ( society ?an motives ( a high] "*4 ,x w be said t at pres5t ! gre$ ( p]sonal ga9 by its v excess c\nt]acts its own end by ! /imulus x gives to reckless & (t5 di%one/ risks4 ,?is x does1 & "u ,communism t s\rce ( evil w\ld g5]ally be abs5t4 ,x is probable1 inde$1 t ent]prise ei!r ( a bad or ( a good k9d w\ld be a defici5t elem5t1 & t bus9ess 9 g5]al w\ld fall v mu* "u ! dom9ion ( r\t9e2 ! r1 z ! p]=mance ( duty 9 su* communities has to be en=c$ by ext]nal sanctions1 ! m ne>ly ea* p]son's duty c be r$uc$ to fix$ rules1 ! easi] x is to hold him to its p]=mance4 ,a circum/ance :i* increases ! probability ( ?is result is ! limit$ p[] :i* ! manag]s w\ld h ( indep5d5t action4 ,!y w\ld ( c\rse hold _! au?ority f ! *oice ( ! community1 by :om _! function might at any "t be )drawn f !m2 & ?is w\ld make x necess>y = !m1 ev5 if n s requir$ by ! con/itution ( ! community1 to obta9 ! g5]al cons5t ( ! body be=e mak+ any *ange 9 ! e/abli%$ mode ( c>ry+ on ! conc]n4 ,! difficulty ( p]suad+ a num]\s body to make a *ange 9 _! accu/om$ mode ( work+1 ( :i* *ange ! tr\ble is (t5 great1 & ! risk m obvi\s to _! m9ds ?an ! advantage1 w\ld h a great t5d5cy to keep ?+s 9 _! accu/om$ track4 ,aga9/ ?is x has to be set1 t *oice by ! p]sons :o are directly int]e/$ 9 ! success ( ! "w1 & :o h practical k & opportunities ( judgm5t1 might be expect$ on ! av]age to produce manag]s ( great] skill ?an ! *ances ( bir?1 :i* n[ s (t5 det]m9e :o %all be ! own] ( ! capital4 ,?is may be true2 & ?\gh x may be repli$ t ! capitali/ by inh]itance c also1 l ! community1 appo9t a manag] m capable ?an himself1 ?is w\ld only place him on ! same level ( advantage z ! community1 n on a high] level4 ,b x mu/ be said on ! o!r side t "u ! ,communi/ sy/em ! p]sons mo/ qualifi$ = ! managem5t w\ld be likely v (t5 to hang back f und]tak+ x4 ,at pres5t ! manag]1 ev5 if he be a hir$ s]vant1 has a v mu* l>g] remun]ation ?an ! o!r p]sons conc]n$ 9 ! bus9ess2 & !re are op5 to 8 ambition high] social positions to :i* 8 function ( manag] is a /epp+-/one4 ,on ! ,communi/ sy/em none ( ^! advantages w\ld be possess$ by him2 he c\ld obta9 only ! same divid5d out ( ! produce ( ! community's labor z any o!r memb] ( x2 he w\ld no long] h ! *ance ( rais+ himself f a receiv] ( wages into ! class ( capitali/s2 & :ile he c\ld be 9 no way bett] (f ?an any o!r labor]1 8 responsibilities & anxieties w\ld be s mu* great] t a l>ge proportion ( mank9d w\ld be likely to pref] ! less on]\s position4 ,?is difficulty 0 =ese5 by ,plato z an objection to ! sy/em propos$ 9 8 ,republic ( community ( goods among a gov]n+ class2 & ! motive on :i* he reli$ = induc+ ! fit p]sons to take on !mselves1 9 ! abs5ce ( all ! ord9>y inducem5ts1 ! c>es & labors ( gov]nm5t1 0 ! fe> ( be+ gov]n$ by worse m54 ,?is1 9 tru?1 is ! motive :i* w\ld h to be 9 ! ma9 dep5d$ ^u2 ! p]sons mo/ compet5t to ! managem5t w\ld be prompt$ to und]take ! (fice to prev5t x f fall+ into less compet5t h&s4 ,& ! motive w\ld probably be effectual at times :5 !re 0 an impression t by incompet5t managem5t ! affairs ( ! community 7 go+ to ru91 or ev5 only decid$ly det]iorat+4 ,b ?is motive c\ld n1 z a rule1 expect to be call$ into action by ! less /r+5t inducem5t ( m]ely promot+ improvem5t2 unless 9 ! case ( inv5tors or s*em]s eag] to try "s device f :i* !y hop$ = great & imm$iate fruits2 & p]sons ( ?is k9d are v (t5 unfitt$ by ov]-sangu9e temp] & imp]fect judgm5t = ! g5]al conduct ( affairs1 :ile ev5 :5 fitt$ = x !y are precisely ! k9d ( p]sons aga9/ :om ! av]age man is apt to ent]ta9 a prejudice1 & !y w\ld (t5 be unable to ov]come ! prelim9>y difficulty ( p]suad+ ! community bo? to adopt _! project & to accept !m z manag]s4 ,communi/ic managem5t w\ld ?us be1 9 all probability1 less favorable ?an private managem5t to t /rik+ out ( new pa?s & mak+ imm$iate sacrifices = di/ant & unc]ta9 advantages1 :i*1 ?\gh seldom unatt5d$ ) risk1 is g5]ally indisp5sable to great improvem5ts 9 ! economic condition ( mank9d1 & ev5 to keep+ up ! exi/+ /ate 9 ! face ( a cont9ual increase ( ! numb] ( m\?s to be f$4 ,we h ?us f> tak5 acc\nt only ( ! op]ation ( motives ^u ! manag+ m9ds ( ! association4 ,let u n[ consid] h[ ! case /&s 9 reg>d to ! ord9>y work]s4 ,^!1 "u ,communism1 w\ld h no int]e/1 except _! %>e ( ! g5]al int]e/1 9 do+ _! "w hone/ly & en]getically4 ,b 9 ?is respect matt]s w\ld be no worse ?an !y n[ are 9 reg>d to ! great majority ( ! produc+ classes4 ,^!1 be+ paid by fix$ wages1 are s f> f hav+ any direct int]e/ ( _! own 9 ! effici5cy ( _! "w1 t !y h n ev5 t %>e 9 ! g5]al int]e/ :i* e work] w\ld h 9 ! ,communi/ic organization4 ,accord+ly1 ! ineffici5cy ( hir$ labor1 ! imp]fect mann] 9 :i* x calls =? ! real capabilities ( ! labor]s1 is matt] ( common rem>k4 ,x is true t a "* = be+ a good workman is f> f be+ )\t its value1 z x t5ds to give him a pref]5ce 9 employm5t1 & sometimes obta9s = him high] wages4 ,!re are also possibilities ( ris+ to ! position ( =eman1 or o!r subord9ate adm9i/rative po/s1 :i* are n only m highly paid ?an ord9>y labor1 b sometimes op5 ! way to ult]ior advantages4 ,b on ! o!r side is to be set t "u ,communism ! g5]al s5tim5t ( ! community1 compos$ ( ! comrades "u ^: eyes ea* p]son works1 w\ld be sure to be 9 favor ( good & h>d work+1 & unfavorable to laz9ess1 c>elessness1 & wa/e4 ,9 ! pres5t sy/em n only is ?is n ! case1 b ! public op9ion ( ! workman class (t5 acts 9 ! v opposite direction3 ! rules ( "s trade societies actually =bid _! memb]s to exce$ a c]ta9 /&>d ( effici5cy1 le/ !y %\ld dim9i% ! numb] ( labor]s requir$ = ! "w2 & = ! same reason !y (t5 viol5tly resi/ contrivances = economis+ labor4 ,! *ange f ?is to a /ate 9 :i* e p]son w\ld h an int]e/ 9 r5d]+ e o!r p]son z indu/ri\s1 skilful1 & c>eful z possible 7:i* w\ld be ! case "u ,communism71 w\ld be a *ange v mu* = ! bett]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be consid]$ t ! pr9cipal defects ( ! pres5t sy/em 9 respect to ! effici5cy ( labor may be correct$1 & ! *ief advantages ( ,communism 9 t respect may be obta9$1 by arrangem5ts compatible ) private prop]ty & individual competition4 ,consid]able improvem5t is already obta9$ by piece-"w1 9 ! k9ds ( labor :i* admit ( x4 ,by ?is ! workman's p]sonal int]e/ is closely connect$ ) ! quantity ( "w he turns out--n s mu* ) its quality1 ! security = :i* /ill has to dep5d on ! employ]'s vigilance2 nei!r does piece-"w c>ry ) x ! public op9ion ( ! workman class1 :i* is (t51 on ! contr>y1 /rongly oppos$ to x1 z a means ( 7z !y ?9k7 dim9i%+ ! m>ket = labor]s4 ,& !re is really good gr\nd = _! dislike ( piece-"w1 if1 z is alleg$1 x is a frequ5t practice ( employ]s1 aft] us+ piece-"w to asc]ta9 ! utmo/ :i* a good workman c d1 to fix ! price ( piece-"w s l[ t by do+ t utmo/ he is n able to e>n m ?an !y w\ld be oblig$ to give him z day wages = ord9>y "w4 ,b !re is a f> m complete rem$y ?an piece-"w = ! disadvantages ( hir$ labor1 viz41 :at is n[ call$ indu/rial p>tn]%ip--! admission ( ! :ole body ( labor]s to a p>ticipation 9 ! pr(its1 by di/ribut+ among all :o %>e 9 ! "w1 9 ! =m ( a p]c5tage on _! e>n+s1 ! :ole or a fix$ portion ( ! ga9s aft] a c]ta9 remun]ation has be5 all[$ to ! capitali/4 ,?is plan has be5 f\nd ( admirable efficacy1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad4 ,x has enli/$ ! s5tim5ts ( ! workm5 employ$ on ! side ( ! mo/ c>eful reg>d by all ( !m to ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! conc]n2 & by its jo9t effect 9 promot+ zeal\s ex]tion & *eck+ wa/e1 x has v mat]ially increas$ ! remun]ation ( e description ( labor 9 ! conc]ns 9 :i* x has be5 adopt$4 ,x is evid5t t ?is sy/em admits ( indef9ite ext5sion & ( an indef9ite increase 9 ! %>e ( pr(its assign$ to ! labor]s1 %ort ( t :i* w\ld leave to ! manag]s less ?an ! ne$ful degree ( p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! success ( ! conc]n4 ,x is ev5 likely t :5 su* arrangem5ts become common1 _m ( ^! conc]ns w\ld at "s p]iod or ano!r1 on ! dea? or retirem5t ( ! *ief's pass1 by arrangem5t1 into ! /ate ( purely co-op]ative associations4 ,x ?us appe>s t z f> z conc]ns ! motives to ex]tion 9 ! g5]al body1 ,communism has no advantage :i* may n be rea*$ "u private prop]ty1 :ile z respects ! manag+ heads x is at a consid]able disadvantage4 ,x has also "s disadvantages :i* seem to be inh]5t 9 x1 ?r\gh ! necessity "u :i* x lies ( decid+ 9 a m or less arbitr>y mann] que/ions :i*1 on ! pres5t sy/em1 decide !mselves1 (t5 badly en\gh b spontane\sly4 ,x is a simple rule1 & "u c]ta9 aspects a j "o1 to give equal paym5t to all :o %>e 9 ! "w4 ,b ?is is a v imp]fect ju/ice unless ! "w also is apportion$ equally4 ,n[ ! _m diff]5t k9ds ( "w requir$ 9 e society are v unequal 9 h>dness & unpleasantness4 ,to measure ^! aga9/ "o ano!r1 s z to make quality equival5t to quantity1 is s difficult t ,communi/s g5]ally propose t all %\ld "w by turns at e k9d ( labor4 ,b ?is involves an almo/ complete sacrifice ( ! economic advantages ( ! division ( employm5ts1 advantages :i* are inde$ frequ5tly ov]-e/imat$ 7or r ! c\nt] consid]ations are "u-e/imat$7 by political economi/s1 b :i* are nev]!less1 9 ! po9t ( view ( ! productiv5ess ( labor1 v consid]able1 = ! d\ble reason t ! co-op]ation ( employm5t enables ! "w to di/ribute itself ) "s reg>d to ! special capacities & qualifications ( ! work]1 & also t e work] acquires great] skill & rapidity 9 "o k9d ( "w by conf9+ himself to x4 ,! arrangem5t1 !re=e1 :i* is deem$ indisp5sable to a j di/ribution w\ld probably be a v consid]able disadvantage 9 respect ( production4 ,b fur!r1 x is /ill a v imp]fect /&>d ( ju/ice to dem& ! same am\nt ( "w f e "o4 ,p h unequal capacities ( "w1 bo? m5tal & bodily1 & :at is a light task = "o is an insupportable bur!n to ano!r4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t !re %\ld be a disp5s+ p[]1 an au?ority compet5t to grant exemptions f ! ord9>y am\nt ( "w1 & to proportion tasks 9 "s measure to capabilities4 ,z long z !re are any lazy or selfi% p]sons :o l bett] to be work$ = by o!rs ?an to "w1 !re w be frequ5t attempts to obta9 exemptions by favor or fraud1 & ! fru/ration ( ^! attempts w be an affair ( consid]able difficulty1 & w by no means be always successful4 ,^! inconv5i5ces w\ld be little felt1 = "s "t at lea/1 9 communities compos$ ( select p]sons1 e>ne/ly desir\s ( ! success ( ! exp]im5t2 b plans = ! reg5]ation ( society mu/ consid] av]age human be+s1 & n only !m b ! l>ge residuum ( p]sons greatly bel[ ! av]age 9 ! p]sonal & social virtues4 ,! squabbles & ill-blood :i* c\ld n fail to be eng5d]$ by ! di/ribution ( "w :5ev] su* p]sons h to be dealt )1 w\ld be a great abatem5t f ! h>mony & unanimity :i* ,communi/s hope w\ld be f\nd among ! memb]s ( _! association4 ,t concord w\ld1 ev5 9 ! mo/ =tunate circum/ances1 be mu* m liable to di/urbance ?an ,communi/s suppose4 ,! in/itution provides t !re %all be no qu>rell+ ab\t mat]ial int]e/s2 individualism is exclud$ f t dep>tm5t ( affairs4 ,b !re are o!r dep>tm5ts f :i* no in/itutions c exclude x3 !re w /ill be rivalry = reputation & = p]sonal p[]4 ,:5 selfi% ambition is exclud$ f ! field 9 :i*1 ) mo/ m51 x *iefly ex]cises itself1 t ( ri*es & pecuni>y int]e/1 x w\ld betake itself ) great] int5sity to ! doma9 /ill op5 to x1 & we may expect t ! /ruggles = pre-em95ce & = influ5ce 9 ! managem5t w\ld be ( great bitt]ness :5 ! p]sonal passions1 div]t$ f _! ord9>y *annel1 are driv5 to seek _! pr9cipal gratification 9 t o!r direction4 ,= ^! v>i\s reasons x is probable t a ,communi/ association w\ld frequ5tly fail to exhibit ! attractive picture ( mutual love & unity ( w & feel+ :i* we are (t5 told by ,communi/s to expect1 b w\ld (t5 be torn by diss5sion & n unfrequ5tly brok5 up by x4 ,o!r & num]\s s\rces ( discord are inh]5t 9 ! necessity :i* ! ,communi/ pr9ciple involves1 ( decid+ by ! g5]al voice que/ions ( ! utmo/ importance to e "o1 :i* on ! pres5t sy/em c be & are left to individuals to decide1 ea* = 8 own case4 ,z an example1 take ! subject ( education4 ,all ,sociali/s are /rongly impress$ ) ! all-importance ( ! tra9+ giv5 to ! "y1 n only = ! reasons :i* apply univ]sally1 b because _! dem&s be+ mu* great] ?an ^? ( any o!r sy/em ^u ! intellig5ce & morality ( ! individual citiz51 !y h ev5 m at /ake ?an any o!r societies on ! excell5ce ( _! educational arrangem5ts4 ,n[ "u ,communism ^! arrangem5ts w\ld h to be made = e citiz5 by ! collective body1 s9ce individual p>5ts1 suppos+ !m to pref] "s o!r mode ( educat+ _! *ildr51 w\ld h no private means ( pay+ = x1 & w\ld be limit$ to :at !y c\ld d by _! own p]sonal tea*+ & influ5ce4 ,b e adult memb] ( ! body w\ld h an equal voice 9 det]m9+ ! collective sy/em design$ = ! b5efit ( all4 ,"h1 !n1 is a mo/ fruitful s\rce ( discord 9 e association4 ,all :o _h any op9ion or pref]5ce z to ! education !y w\ld desire = _! own *ildr51 w\ld h to rely = _! *ance ( obta9+ x ^u ! influ5ce !y c\ld ex]cise 9 ! jo9t decision ( ! community4 ,x is ne$less to specify a numb] ( o!r important que/ions affect+ ! mode ( employ+ ! productive res\rces ( ! association1 ! conditions ( social life1 ! relations ( ! body ) o!r associations1 c41 on :i* diff]5ce ( op9ion1 (t5 irreconcilable1 w\ld be likely to arise4 ,b ev5 ! diss5sions :i* might be expect$ w\ld be a f> less evil to ! prospects ( humanity ?an a delusive unanimity produc$ by ! pro/ration ( all individual op9ions & wi%es be=e ! decree ( ! majority4 ,! ob/acles to human progression are always great1 & require a concurr5ce ( favorable circum/ances to ov]come !m2 b an indisp5sable condition ( _! be+ ov]come is1 t human nature %\ld h fre$om to exp& spontane\sly 9 v>i\s directions1 bo? 9 ?\ght & practice2 t p %\ld bo? ?9k = !mselves & try exp]im5ts = !mselves1 & %\ld n resign into ! h&s ( rul]s1 :e!r act+ 9 ! "n ( a few or ( ! majority1 ! bus9ess ( ?9k+ = !m1 & ( prescrib+ h[ !y %all act4 ,b 9 ,communi/ associations private life w\ld be br\ght 9 a mo/ unexampl$ degree )9 ! dom9ion ( public au?ority1 & !re w\ld be less scope = ! developm5t ( individual "* & individual pref]5ces ?an has hi!rto exi/$ among ! full citiz5s ( any /ate belong+ to ! progressive bran*es ( ! human family4 ,already 9 all societies ! compression ( individuality by ! majority is a great & gr[+ evil2 x w\ld probably be mu* great] "u ,communism1 except s f> z x might be 9 ! p[] ( individuals to set b\nds to x by select+ to belong to a community ( p]sons l-m9d$ ) !mselves4 ,f ^! v>i\s consid]ations ,i d n seek to draw any inf]5ce aga9/ ! possibility t ,communi/ic production is capable ( be+ at "s future "t ! =m ( society be/ adapt$ to ! wants & circum/ances ( mank9d4 ,i ?9k t ?is is1 & w long be an op5 "q1 ^u :i* fre% light w cont9ually be obta9$1 bo? by trial ( ! ,communi/ic pr9ciple "u favorable circum/ances1 & by ! improvem5ts :i* w be gradually effect$ 9 ! work+ ( ! exi/+ sy/em1 t ( private own]%ip4 ,! "o c]ta9ty is1 t ,communism1 to be successful1 requires a high /&>d ( bo? moral & intellectual education 9 all ! memb]s ( ! community--moral1 to qualify !m = do+ _! "p hone/ly & en]getically 9 ! labor ( life "u no inducem5t b _! %>e 9 ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! association1 & _! feel+s ( duty & sympa?y t[>ds x2 intellectual1 to make !m capable ( e/imat+ di/ant int]e/s & ent]+ into complex consid]ations1 suffici5tly at lea/ to be able to discrim9ate1 9 ^! matt]s1 good c\nsel f bad4 ,n[ ,i reject altoge!r ! notion t x is impossible = education & cultivation su* z is impli$ 9 ^! ?+s to be made ! inh]itance ( e p]son 9 ! nation2 b ,i am conv9c$ t x is v difficult1 & t ! passage to x f our pres5t condition c only be sl[4 ,i admit ! plea t 9 ! po9ts ( moral education on :i* ! success ( communism dep5ds1 ! pres5t /ate ( society is demoraliz+1 & t only a ,communi/ic association c effectually tra9 mank9d = ,communism4 ,x is = ,communism1 !n1 to prove1 by practical exp]im5t1 its p[] ( giv+ ?is tra9+4 ,exp]im5ts alone c %[ :e!r !re is z yet 9 any portion ( ! population a suffici5tly high level ( moral cultivation to make ,communism succe$1 & to give to ! next g5]ation among !mselves ! education necess>y to keep t high level p]man5tly ,if ,communi/ associations %[ t !y c be durable & prosp]\s1 !y w multiply1 & w probably be adopt$ by successive portions ( ! population ( ! m advanc$ c\ntries z !y become morally fitt$ = t mode ( life4 ,b to =ce unprep>$ populations into ,communi/ societies1 ev5 if a political revolution gave ! p[] to make su* an attempt1 w\ld end 9 disappo9tm5t4 ,if practical trial is necess>y to te/ ! capabilities ( ,communism1 x is no less requir$ = ^? o!r =ms ( ,socialism :i* recognize ! difficulties ( ,communism & contrive means to surm\nt !m4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! is ,f\ri]ism1 a sy/em :i*1 if only z a specim5 ( intellectual +5uity1 is highly wor?y ( ! att5tion ( any /ud5t1 ei!r ( society or ( ! human m9d4 ,!re is sc>cely an objection or a difficulty :i* ,f\ri] did n =see1 & aga9/ :i* he did n make provision be=eh& by self-act+ contrivances1 gr\nd$1 h[ev]1 ^u a less high pr9ciple ( di/ributive ju/ice ?an t ( ,communism1 s9ce he admits inequalities ( di/ribution & individual own]%ip ( capital1 b n ! arbitr>y disposal ( x4 ,! great problem :i* he grapples ) is h[ to make labor attractive1 s9ce1 if ?is c\ld be done1 ! pr9cipal difficulty ( ,socialism w\ld be ov]come4 ,he ma9ta9s t no k9d ( useful labor is necess>ily or univ]sally repugnant1 unless ei!r excessive 9 am\nt or devoid ( ! /imulus ( companion%ip & emulation1 or reg>d$ by mank9d ) contempt4 ,! work]s 9 a ,f\ri]i/ village are to class !mselves spontane\sly 9 gr\ps1 ea* gr\p und]tak+ a diff]5t k9d ( "w1 & ! same p]son may be a memb] n only ( "o gr\p b ( any numb]2 a c]ta9 m9imum hav+ fir/ be5 set ap>t = ! subsi/5ce ( e memb] ( ! community1 :e!r capable or n ( labor1 ! society divides ! rema9d] ( ! produce among ! diff]5t gr\ps1 9 su* %>es z x f9ds attract to ea* ! am\nt ( labor requir$1 & no m2 if !re is too great a run ^u p>ticul> gr\ps x is a sign t ^? gr\ps are ov]-remun]at$ relatively to o!rs2 if any are neglect$ _! remun]ation mu/ be made high]4 ,! %>e ( produce assign$ to ea* gr\p is divid$ 9 fix$ proportions among ?ree elem5ts--labor1 capital1 & tal5t2 ! "p assign$ to tal5t be+ aw>d$ by ! suffrages ( ! gr\p itself1 & x is hop$ t among ! v>iety ( human capacities all1 or ne>ly all1 w be qualifi$ to excel 9 "s gr\p or o!r4 ,! remun]ation = capital is to be su* z is f\nd suffici5t to induce sav+s f individual consumption1 9 ord] to increase ! common /ock to su* po9t z is desir$4 ,! numb] & +5uity ( ! contrivances = meet+ m9or difficulties1 & gett+ rid ( m9or inconv5i5cies1 is v rem>kable4 ,by means ( ^! v>i\s provisions x is ! expectation ( ,f\ri]i/s t ! p]sonal inducem5ts to ex]tion = ! public int]e/1 in/ead ( be+ tak5 away1 w\ld be made mu* great] ?an at pres5t1 s9ce e increase ( ! s]vice r5d]$ w\ld be mu* m c]ta9 ( lead+ to increase ( rew>d ?an x is n[1 :5 accid5ts ( position h s mu* influ5ce4 ,! effici5cy ( labor1 !y !re=e expect1 w\ld be unexampl$1 :ile ! sav+ ( labor w\ld be prodigi\s1 by div]t+ to useful occupations t :i* is n[ wa/$ on ?+s useless or hurtful1 & by disp5s+ ) ! va/ numb] ( sup]flu\s di/ributors1 ! buy+ & sell+ = ! :ole community be+ manag$ by a s+le ag5cy4 ,! free *oice ( individuals z to _! mann] ( life w\ld be no fur!r int]f]$ ) ?an w\ld be necess>y = ga9+ ! full advantages ( co-op]ation 9 ! indu/rial op]ations4 ,altoge!r1 ! picture ( a ,f\ri]i/ community is bo? attractive 9 itself & requires less f common humanity ?an any o!r kn[n sy/em ( ,socialism2 & x is mu* to be desir$ t ! s*eme %\ld h t fair trial :i* alone c te/ ! workabl5ess ( any new s*eme ( social life4#i ,! result ( our review ( ! v>i\s difficulties ( ,socialism has l$ u to ! conclusion t ! v>i\s s*emes = manag+ ! productive res\rces ( ! c\ntry by public in/ead ( private ag5cy h a case = a trial1 & "s ( !m may ev5tually e/abli% _! claims to pref]5ce ov] ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 b t !y are at pres5t workable only by ! elite ( mank9d1 & h yet to prove _! p[] ( tra9+ mank9d at l>ge to ! /ate ( improvem5t :i* !y presuppose4 ,f> m1 ( c\rse1 may ?is be said ( ! m ambiti\s plan :i* aims at tak+ possession ( ! :ole l& & capital ( ! c\ntry1 & beg9n+ at once to adm9i/] x on ! public acc\nt4 ,ap>t f all consid]ation ( inju/ice to ! pres5t possessors1 ! v idea ( conduct+ ! :ole indu/ry ( a c\ntry by direction f a s+le c5tre is s obvi\sly *im]ical1 t nobody v5tures to propose any mode 9 :i* x %\ld be done2 & x c h>dly be d\bt$ t if ! revolution>y ,sociali/s atta9$ _! imm$iate object1 & actually _h ! :ole prop]ty ( ! c\ntry at _! disposal1 !y w\ld f9d no o!r practicable mode ( ex]cis+ _! p[] ov] x ?an t ( divid+ x into portions1 ea* to be made ov] to ! adm9i/ration ( a small ,sociali/ community4 ,! problem ( managem5t1 :i* we h se5 to be s difficult ev5 to a select population well prep>$ be=eh&1 w\ld be ?r[n d[n to be solv$ z be/ x c\ld by aggregations unit$ only by locality1 or tak5 indiscrim9ately f ! population1 includ+ all ! malefactors1 all ! idle/ & mo/ vici\s1 ! mo/ incapable ( /eady indu/ry1 =e?\ght1 or self-control1 & a majority :o1 ?\gh n equally degrad$1 are yet1 9 ! op9ion ( ,sociali/s !mselves z f> z reg>ds ! qualities ess5tial = ! success ( ,socialism1 pr(\ndly demoralis$ by ! exi/+ /ate ( society4 ,x is say+ b little to say t ! introduction ( ,socialism "u su* conditions c\ld h no effect b disa/r\s failure1 & its apo/les c\ld h only ! consolation t ! ord] ( society z x n[ exi/s w\ld h p]i%$ fir/1 & all :o b5efit by x w\ld be involv$ 9 ! common ru9--a consolation :i* to "s ( !m w\ld probably be real1 = if appe>ances c be tru/$ ! animat+ pr9ciple ( too _m ( ! revolution>y ,sociali/s is hate2 a v excusable hatr$ ( exi/+ evils1 :i* w\ld v5t itself by putt+ an end to ! pres5t sy/em at all co/s ev5 to ^? :o suff] by x1 9 ! hope t out ( *aos w\ld arise a bett] ,kosmos1 & 9 ! impati5ce ( desp]ation respect+ any m gradual improvem5t4 ,!y are unaw>e t *aos is ! v mo/ unfavorable position = sett+ out 9 ! con/ruction ( a ,kosmos1 & t _m ages ( conflict1 viol5ce1 & tyrannical oppression ( ! weak by ! /rong mu/ int]v5e2 !y "k n t !y w\ld plunge mank9d into ! /ate ( nature s =cibly describ$ by ,hobbes 7,levia?an1 ,"p ,i4 *4 xiii471 :]e e man is enemy to e man3-- ,9 su* condition !re is no place = indu/ry1 because ! fruit !re( is unc]ta91 & consequ5tly no culture ( ! e>?1 no navigation1 no use ( ! commodities t may be import$ by sea1 no commodi\s build+1 no in/rum5ts ( mov+ & remov+ su* ?+s z require mu* =ce1 no k ( ! face ( ! e>?1 no acc\nt ( "t1 no arts1 no lett]s1 no society2 &1 :i* is wor/ ( all1 cont9ual fe> & dang] ( viol5t dea?2 & ! life ( man solit>y1 poor1 na/y1 bruti%1 & %ort4 ,if ! poore/ & mo/ wret*$ memb]s ( a s-call$ civilis$ society are 9 z bad a condition z e "o w\ld be 9 t wor/ =m ( b>b>ism produc$ by ! dissolution ( civilis$ life1 x does n foll[ t ! way to raise !m w\ld be to r$uce all o!rs to ! same mis]able /ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is by ! aid ( ! fir/ :o h ris5 t s _m o!rs h escap$ f ! g5]al lot1 & x is only by bett] organization ( ! same process t x may be hop$ 9 "t to succe$ 9 rais+ ! rema9d]4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,private ,,prop]ty ,,n ,,fix$ ,,b ,,v>iable4 ,! prec$+ consid]ations appe> suffici5t to %[ t an entire r5ovation ( ! social fabric1 su* z is contemplat$ by ,socialism1 e/abli%+ ! economic con/itution ( society ^u an entirely new basis1 o!r ?an t ( private prop]ty & competition1 h[ev] valuable z an ideal1 & ev5 z a prophecy ( ultimate possibilities1 is n available z a pres5t res\rce1 s9ce x requires f ^? :o are to c>ry on ! new ord] ( ?+s qualities bo? moral & intellectual1 :i* require to be te/$ 9 all1 & to be creat$ 9 mo/2 & ?is _c be done by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 b mu/ be1 on ! mo/ favorable supposition1 a "w ( consid]able "t4 ,= a long p]iod to come ! pr9ciple ( individual prop]ty w be 9 possession ( ! field2 & ev5 if 9 any c\ntry a popul> movem5t 7 to place ,sociali/s at ! head ( a revolution>y gov]nm5t1 9 h[ev] _m ways !y might violate private prop]ty1 ! in/itution itself w\ld survive1 & w\ld ei!r be accept$ by !m or br\ght back by _! expulsion1 = ! pla9 reason t p w n lose _! hold ( :at is at pres5t _! sole reliance = subsi/5ce & security until a sub/itute = x has be5 got into work+ ord]4 ,ev5 ^?1 if any1 :o _h %>$ among !mselves :at 0 ! prop]ty ( o!rs w\ld desire to keep :at !y _h acquir$1 & to give back to prop]ty 9 ! new h&s ! sacr$ness :i* !y _h n recognis$ 9 ! old4 ,b ?\gh1 = ^! reasons1 individual prop]ty has presumably a long t]m be=e x1 if only ( provisional exi/5ce1 we are n1 !re=e1 to conclude t x mu/ exi/ dur+ t :ole t]m unmodifi$1 or t all ! rights n[ reg>d$ z app]ta9+ to prop]ty belong to x inh]5tly1 & mu/ endure :ile x endures4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is bo? ! duty & ! int]e/ ( ^? :o d]ive ! mo/ direct b5efit f ! laws ( prop]ty to give imp>tial consid]ation to all proposals = r5d]+ ^? laws 9 any way less on]\s to ! majority4 ,?is1 :i* w\ld 9 any case be an obligation ( ju/ice1 is an injunction ( prud5ce also1 9 ord] to place !mselves 9 ! "r aga9/ ! attempts :i* are sure to be frequ5t to br+ ! ,sociali/ =ms ( society prematurely into op]ation4 ,"o ( ! mi/akes (t5e/ committ$1 & :i* are ! s\rces ( ! greate/ practical errors 9 human affairs1 is t ( suppos+ t ! same "n always /&s = ! same aggregation ( ideas4 ,no ^w has be5 ! subject ( m ( ?is k9d ( misund]/&+ ?an ! ^w prop]ty4 ,x d5otes 9 e /ate ( society ! l>ge/ p[]s ( exclusive use or exclusive control ov] ?+s 7& sometimes1 un=tunately1 ov] p]sons7 :i* ! law accords1 or :i* cu/om1 9 t /ate ( society1 recognizes2 b ^! p[]s ( exclusive use & control are v v>i\s1 & diff] greatly 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 diff]5t /ates ( society4 ,= in/ance1 9 e>ly /ates ( society1 ! "r ( prop]ty did n include ! "r ( beque/4 ,! p[] ( dispos+ ( prop]ty by w 0 9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe a r late in/itution2 & long aft] x 0 introduc$ x cont9u$ to be limit$ 9 favor ( :at 7 call$ natural heirs4 ,:]e beque/ is n p]mitt$1 individual prop]ty is only a life int]e/4 ,& 9 fact1 z has be5 s well & fully set =? by ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e 9 8 mo/ in/ructive "w on ,anci5t ,law1 ! primitive idea ( prop]ty 0 t x belong$ to ! family1 n ! individual4 ,! head ( ! family _h ! managem5t & 0 ! p]son :o really ex]cis$ ! propriet>y rights4 ,z 9 o!r respects1 s 9 ?is1 he gov]n$ ! family ) ne>ly despotic p[]4 ,b he 0 n free s to ex]cise 8 p[] z to defeat ! co-proprietors ( ! o!r portions2 he c\ld n s dispose ( ! prop]ty z to deprive !m ( ! jo9t enjoym5t or ( ! succession4 ,by ! laws & cu/oms ( "s nations ! prop]ty c\ld n be ali5at$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! male *ildr52 9 o!r cases ! *ild c\ld by law dem& a division ( ! prop]ty & ! assignm5t to him ( 8 %>e1 z 9 ! /ory ( ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,if ! association kept toge!r aft] ! dea? ( ! head1 "s o!r memb] ( x1 n always 8 son1 b (t5 ! elde/ ( ! family1 ! /ronge/1 or ! "o select$ by ! re/1 succe$$ to ! managem5t & to ! manag+ rights1 all ! o!rs reta9+ !irs z be=e4 ,if1 on ! o!r h& ! body broke up into sep>ate families1 ea* ( ^! took away ) x a "p ( ! prop]ty4 ,i say ! prop]ty1 n ! inh]itance1 because ! process 0 a m]e cont9uance ( exi/+ rights1 n a creation ( new2 ! manag]'s %>e alone laps$ to ! association4 ,!n1 aga91 9 reg>d to propriet>y rights ov] immovables 7! pr9cipal k9d ( prop]ty 9 a rude age7 ^! rights 7 ( v v>y+ ext5t & duration4 ,by ! ,jewi% law prop]ty 9 immovables 0 only a tempor>y concession2 on ! ,sabbatical ye> x return$ to ! common /ock to be r$i/ribut$2 ?\gh we may surmise t 9 ! hi/orical times ( ! ,jewi% /ate ?is rule may h be5 successfully evad$4 ,9 _m c\ntries ( ,asia1 be=e ,european ideas int]v5$1 no?+ exi/$ to :i* ! expression prop]ty 9 l&1 z we und]/& ! phrase1 is /rictly applicable4 ,! own]%ip 0 brok5 up among sev]al di/9ct p>ties1 ^: rights 7 det]m9$ r by cu/om ?an by law4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 "p own]1 hav+ ! "r to a heavy r5t4 ,anci5t ideas & ev5 anci5t laws limit$ ! gov]nm5t %>e to "s p>ticul> fraction ( ! gross produce1 b practically !re 0 no fix$ limit4 ,! gov]nm5t might make ov] its %>e to an individual1 :o !n became possess$ ( ! "r ( collection & all ! o!r rights ( ! /ate1 b n ^? ( any private p]son connect$ ) ! soil4 ,^! private rights 7 ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! actual cultivators or su* ( !m z _h be5 long settl$ on ! l&1 _h a "r to reta9 possession2 x 0 held unlawful to evict !m :ile !y paid ! r5t--a r5t n 9 g5]al fix$ by agreem5t1 b by ! cu/om ( ! neighborhood4 ,betwe5 ! actual cultivators & ! /ate1 or ! sub/itute to :om ! /ate _h transf]r$ its rights1 !re 7 int]m$iate p]sons ) rights ( v>i\s ext5t4 ,!re 7 (fic]s ( gov]nm5t :o collect$ ! /ate's %>e ( ! produce1 sometimes = l>ge di/ricts1 :o1 ?\gh b\nd to pay ov] to gov]nm5t all !y collect$1 aft] d$uct+ a p]c5tage1 7 (t5 h]$it>y (fic]s4 ,!re 7 also1 9 _m cases village communities1 consi/+ ( ! reput$ desc5dants ( ! fir/ settl]s ( a village1 :o %>$ among !mselves ei!r ! l& or its produce accord+ to rules e/abli%$ by cu/om1 ei!r cultivat+ x !mselves or employ+ o!rs to cultivate x = !m1 & ^: rights 9 ! l& approa*$ ne>] to ^? ( a l&$ proprietor1 z und]/ood 9 ,engl&1 ?an ^? ( any o!r p>ty conc]n$4 ,b ! propriet>y "r ( ! village 0 n individual1 b collective2 inali5able 7! rights ( individual %>]s c\ld only be sold or mortgag$ ) ! cons5t ( ! community7 & gov]n$ by fix$ rules4 ,9 m$iaeval ,europe almo/ all l& 0 held f ! sov]eign on t5ure ( s]vice1 ei!r milit>y or agricultural2 & 9 ,great ,brita9 ev5 n[1 :5 ! s]vices z well z all ! res]v$ rights ( ! sov]eign h long s9ce fall5 into disuse or be5 commut$ = taxation1 ! !ory ( ! law does n ackn[l$ge an absolute "r ( prop]ty 9 l& 9 any individual2 ! fulle/ l&$ proprietor kn[n to ! law1 ! freehold]1 is b a t5ant ( ! ,cr[n4 ,9 ,russia1 ev5 :5 ! cultivators ( ! soil 7 s]fs ( ! l&$ proprietor1 8 propriet>y "r 9 ! l& 0 limit$ by rights ( !irs belong+ to !m z a collective body manag+ its own affairs1 & ) :i* he c\ld n int]f]e4 ,& 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( cont95tal ,europe :5 s]fage 0 aboli%$ or w5t out ( use1 ^? :o _h cultivat$ ! l& z s]fs rema9$ 9 possession ( rights z well z subject to obligations4 ,! great l& re=ms ( ,/e9 & 8 successors 9 ,prussia consi/$ 9 aboli%+ bo? ! rights & ! obligations1 & divid+ ! l& bodily betwe5 ! proprietor & ! peasant1 in/ead ( leav+ ea* ( !m ) a limit$ "r ov] ! :ole4 ,9 o!r cases1 z 9 ,tuscany1 ! metay] f>m] is virtually co-proprietor ) ! l&lord1 s9ce cu/om1 ?\gh n law1 gu>antees to him a p]man5t possession & half ! gross produce1 s long z he fulfils ! cu/om>y conditions ( 8 t5ure4 ,aga93 if rights ( prop]ty ov] ! same ?+s are ( diff]5t ext5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 s also are !y ex]cis$ ov] diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 all c\ntries at a =m] "t1 & 9 "s c\ntries /ill1 ! "r ( prop]ty ext5d$ & ext5ds to ! own]%ip ( human be+s4 ,!re has (t5 be5 prop]ty 9 public tru/s1 z 9 judicial (fices1 & a va/ multitude ( o!rs 9 ,france be=e ! ,revolution2 !re are /ill a few pat5t (fices 9 ,great ,brita91 ?\gh ,i believe !y w cease by op]ation ( law on ! dea? ( ! pres5t hold]s2 & we are only n[ aboli%+ prop]ty 9 army rank4 ,public bodies1 con/itut$ & end[$ = public purposes1 /ill claim ! same inviolable "r ( prop]ty 9 _! e/ates :i* individuals h 9 !irs1 & ?\gh a s\nd political morality does n ackn[l$ge ?is claim1 ! law supports x4 ,we ?us see t ! "r ( prop]ty is diff]5tly int]pret$1 & held to be ( diff]5t ext5t1 9 diff]5t times & places2 t ! conception ent]ta9$ ( x is a v>y+ conception1 has be5 frequ5tly revis$1 & may admit ( /ill fur!r revision4 ,x is also to be notic$ t ! revisions :i* x has hi!rto und]gone 9 ! progress ( society h g5]ally be5 improvem5ts4 ,:51 !re=e1 x is ma9ta9$1 rightly or wrongly1 t "s *ange or modification 9 ! p[]s ex]cis$ ov] ?+s by ! p]sons legally recognis$ z _! proprietors w\ld be b5eficial to ! public & conducive to ! g5]al improvem5t1 x is no good answ] to ?is m]ely to say t ! propos$ *ange conflicts ) ! idea ( prop]ty4 ,! idea ( prop]ty is n "s "o ?+1 id5tical ?r\gh\t hi/ory & incapable ( alt]ation1 b is v>iable l all o!r creations ( ! human m9d2 at any giv5 "t x is a brief expression d5ot+ ! rights ov] ?+s conf]r$ by ! law or cu/om ( "s giv5 society at t "t2 b nei!r on ?is po9t nor on any o!r has ! law & cu/om ( a giv5 "t & place a claim to be /]eotyp$ = ev]4 ,a propos$ re=m 9 laws or cu/oms is n necess>ily objectionable because its adoption w\ld imply1 n ! adaptation ( all human affairs to ! exi/+ idea ( prop]ty1 b ! adaptation ( exi/+ ideas ( prop]ty to ! gr[? & improvem5t ( human affairs4 ,?is is said )\t prejudice to ! equitable claim ( proprietors to be comp5sat$ by ! /ate = su* legal rights ( a propriet>y nature z !y may be dispossess$ ( = ! public advantage4 ,t equitable claim1 ! gr\nds & ! j limits ( x1 are a subject by itself1 & z su* w be discuss$ h]eaft]4 ,"u ?is condition1 h[ev]1 society is fully entitl$ to abrogate or alt] any p>ticul> "r ( prop]ty :i* on suffici5t consid]ation x judges to /& 9 ! way ( ! public good4 ,& assur$ly ! t]rible case :i*1 z we saw 9 a =m] *apt]1 ,sociali/s are able to make out aga9/ ! pres5t economic ord] ( society1 dem&s a full consid]ation ( all means by :i* ! in/itution may h a *ance ( be+ made to "w 9 a mann] m b5eficial to t l>ge portion ( society :i* at pres5t enjoys ! lea/ %>e ( its direct b5efits4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,l\is ,blanc1 ,organisation du ,travail1 #dme edition1 pp4 #f1 #aa1 #ec1 #eg4 #b ,see ,l\is ,blanc1 ,organisation du ,travail1 pp4 #eh-fa1 #fe-ff1 #dme edition4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 #c ,see ,consid]ant1 ,de/9ee ,sociale1 tome i4 pp4 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #cme ed4 ,p>is1 #ahdh4 #d ,see ,de/9ee ,sociale1 p> ,v4 ,consid]ant1 tome i4 pp4 #ch-dj4 #e ,see ,consid]ant1 ,de/9ee ,sociale1 tome i4 pp4 #dc-ea1 #cme4 edition1 ,p>is1 #ahdh4 #f ,consid]ant1 ,de/9ee ,sociale1 tome i41 pp4 #ei1 #fj4 #g ,consid]ant1 ,de/9ee ,sociale1 tome i41 pp4 #fj1 #fa4 #h ,consid]ant1 ,de/9ee ,sociale1 tome i41 p4 #acd4 #i ,! pr9ciples ( ,f\ri]ism are cle>ly set =? & p[]fully def5d$ 9 ! v>i\s writ+s ( ,m4 ,victor ,consid]ant1 especially t entitl$ ,la ,de/9ee ,sociale2 b ! curi\s inquir] w d well to /udy !m 9 ! writ+s ( ,f\ri] himself2 :]e he w f9d unmi/akable pro(s ( g5ius1 mix$1 h[ev] ) ! wilde/ & mo/ unsci5tific fancies respect+ ! physical _w1 & mu* int]e/+ b ra% speculation on ! pa/ & future hi/ory ( humanity4 ,x is prop] to add t on "s important social que/ions1 = in/ance on m>riage1 ,f\ri] _h peculi> op9ions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z he himself decl>es1 are q indep5d5t (1 & sep>able f1 ! pr9ciples ( 8 indu/rial sy/em4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,typographical errors correct$ 9 text3 ,page #ad3 f\nddation replac$ ) f\ndation ,page #ae3 ,congressses replac$ ) ,congresses ,page #bb3 moreev] replac$ ) moreov] ,page #bh3 ,dom9itian replac$ ) ,domitian ,page #db3 monoply replac$ ) monopoly ,page #dd3 ext5tion replac$ ) ext5sion ,page #hd3 conditon replac$ ) condition ,page #hf3 occassionally replac$ ) occasionally ,page #id3 wisdon replac$ ) wisdom ,page #if3 reciev$ replac$ ) receiv$ ,page #abc3 ,,fn #i3 ,consid]ant replac$ ) ,consid]ant ,page #abc3 ,,fn #i3 ,de/9ee replac$ ) ,de/9ee ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99