,,bridge ,,axioms ,,and ,,laws ,,with ,,the ,,change ,,the ,,suit ,,call ,,revised ,,and ,,explained ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,elwell ,author of ,elwell on ,bridge1 ,advanced ,bridge1 ,bridge ,tournament ,hands1 ,bridge ,lessons1 etc4 ,illustration3 spade symbol ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company #ca ,,west ,,twenty-,,third ,,street #aijg ,copyright1 #aijg ,,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,co4 ,the ,plimpton ,press ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,illustration3 ,bridge ,axioms ,we not for you our ink on axioms spend1 ,they're but harmless barbs directed at your friend4 ,,bridge ,,axioms ,the best ,bridge players are undoubtedly those who can draw inferences quickly and correctly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observation is an art enabling one to discover what other people's play conceals--as well as reveals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observation always infers1 and one inference will lead to another4 99 99 99 99 99 ,each card played speaks through its silence1 and its language must be understood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to converse intelligently through the medium of the cards1 each must be seen as it falls with eyes that grasp its meaning4 99 99 99 99 99 ,failure to note the play of a card is not lack of memory1 but lack of heed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,situations are kaleidoscopic and constant1 and success may only be achieved by being perpetually alert to note them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all time at ,bridge should be devoted earnestly to what confronts a player1 not to what is past4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is better not to play at all1 than to play without earnestness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one careful game is worth any number of slipshod1 careless efforts which are disconcerting to your partner1 and the delight of your adversaries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bridge abounds with situations which must be learned4 99 99 99 99 99 ,promptness in making a conclusion is a mental inspiration as well as an aid to expeditious play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hap-hazard play1 first from one suit and then from another1 will not induce a successful campaign in ,bridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,haste and waste are anti-types in ,bridge1 as they are in everything4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to improve your ,bridge1 theory and practice must go hand in hand4 ,bridge is a game of which much is learned through the mistakes made and heeded4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not fail to profit in future games by the mistakes that you discover in present play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when you see clever plays that are new to you1 analyse the motives that underlie them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the soundest play will sometimes lose1 and the worst will sometimes win4 99 99 99 99 99 ,uniform good play1 no matter what the luck may be1 will ultimately triumph over bad play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tricks heedlessly lost mar the successful enjoyment of ,bridge4 ,that you happily did not lose on a hand1 is no palliation for the bad play of which you may have been guilty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not overlook the tricks which may be gained by the use of a little card strategy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,memory is simply a matter of observation and practice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,careful ,bridge cultivates memory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what is done with a hand cannot be undone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a successful partnership game must be based on perfect faith and confidence between partners4 ,combined play in ,bridge is absolutely essential to success4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when you accept a partner1 you accept him as he is1 not as you might wish him to be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a trust in your partner's ,bridge ability will overcome many obstacles in the way of drawing inferences4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if your partner objects to moving1 do not advise him to change4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not begin by abusing your partner for the make2 you practically say your hand is weak and the situation hopeless4 99 99 99 99 99 ,your partner will play a better game if he does not fear your adverse criticism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not tell your partner1 after seeing all the cards1 what he should have done2 but think what you would have done in your partner's place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the chronic complainant is a pessimistic partner and a peevish adversary4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one grain of encouragement is worth a pound of scolding in ,bridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if you take advantage of your partner's breach of etiquette1 you lay yourself open to adverse criticism4 ,the moment that you show subserviency you admit superiority4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cards do not carry with them a license to be unfair or rude4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is more important to inform your partner than to deceive your adversary4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be generous with your praise of a well played hand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,play the weak hands as interestedly as the strong4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not criticise at all2 but--if you must--criticise fairly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,never call attention to the score after the cards have been dealt4 ,no matter how cleverly the cards are managed1 the player who underestimates the attention the state of the score demands will unnecessarily lose many a rubber4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the necessity for keeping the score constantly in mind grows upon all players as their experience in ,bridge increases4 99 99 99 99 99 ,know the requisite number of tricks to be taken1 both to win and to save the game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when you are a game behind1 do not hesitate to gamble4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when you are a game to the good1 make none but a conservative and sound declaration4 ,when the score is #ah to nothing against you on the first game1 or when you are a game to the good1 avoid a doubtful declaration which may enable the adversaries to win the game on your deal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when the make is passed to you at a score of #bd all on the rubber game1 declare your best suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when the game is saved1 but cannot possibly be won1 the seventh trick should be the objective point4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when you cannot reach game1 never hazard the odd trick in an attempt to win two odd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many times the game can only be won or saved in case the cards lie in a certain position4 ,assume that the cards are favourably placed and play the hand accordingly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when the game is seemingly lost1 take the one chance of finding in your partner's hand the cards that will save it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is surprising how often a desperate expedient will overcome a desperate situation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to force luck is to attempt to make it--a most idle task4 99 99 99 99 99 ,human nature tempts mortals to lose more than they can win1 sometimes more than they can afford4 ,press good fortune while it lasts and do not linger when it refuses to smile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if you win with invincible cards1 your victory is cheap4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not ascribe to bad luck the result of bad play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,whoever is favoured by luck may usually take all manner of chances and succeed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,more rubbers are lost by bad makes than by bad plays4 99 99 99 99 99 ,often the result of one hand1 which proves nothing1 will encourage the tendency toward unsound makes4 ,the question ,what will be the probable make if ,i pass8 is of great assistance in determining the declaration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is remarkable how many passed no-trumpers go astray2 and the number proves the necessity for more cautious passed makes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a good player can take more chances with the make because of his ability to play the cards properly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no-trump play is an effort to establish and bring in small cards of a long suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many a hand is ruined by careless and hasty play at the first trick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not play your adversary's game for him1 lend him no aid in establishing his suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,take all your finesses against the player who holds an established suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if1 as dealer1 you wish to make four tricks in a suit with but three in sight1 give the adversaries a chance to discard4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when there are tricks that the adversaries must win1 try to make this necessity a benefit to your hand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rid yourself of any high card which may interrupt the continuation of your partner's suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the dealer's main plan of a trump hand should be to exhaust trumps and bring in a suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be cognisant of what you should accomplish and then decide how best to do it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pitfalls in the form of false leads1 false cards and clever under-play should be dug for your adversaries at every opportunity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,too much haste in showing ability to ruff in the weak trump hand frequently brings disaster4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when you are reasonably assured of every trick but one1 lead your remaining trump4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as a rule avoid an inclination to ruff in the strong trump hand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,remember that the partner who doubles usually has trump strength1 and do not strew his pathway with obstructions by forcing him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is unusually bad play to double when you need only an odd trick to win the game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the card led by your partner is a message of his holding in that suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many a rubber is lost which the prompt lead of a high card might have saved4 ,it is too late to force when the adversaries hold the remaining trumps and an established suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ruffing with a commanding trump rarely loses a trick and often gains one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the temptation to over-trump should frequently be resisted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,clear your long suit before you part with your card of re-entry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cultivate uniformity in your style of play1 let there be no remarkable haste or hesitation in making or passing1 and look as cheerful as possible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hesitation and mannerisms in ,bridge should be carefully avoided4 ,emphasise no play of your own1 and show no pleasure or displeasure at any play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,superiority of skill is shown by the play of the cards1 not by mannerisms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,continued hesitancy and nervous indecision are serious faults in ,bridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,make up your mind to do your best with the cards that have been dealt you4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the occupant of the high-chair usually has a monopoly for giving advice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let your manner be uniformly such that no one can tell from it whether you are winning or losing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,play ,bridge with an eloquent silence2 it will command both respect and admiration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an occasional mistake is preferable to an irritating delay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,slow play is1 more or less1 a habit4 ,its effect amounts to a fault4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when there is an unusual distribution of the cards1 remarks are superfluous4 99 99 99 99 99 ,indecision may tell your adversaries exactly what they are most eager to know4 ,deliberation at the beginning of a hand is permissible and should be encouraged4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the player who interrupts the game to discuss the play should be ostracised from the card room4 99 99 99 99 99 ,make no overt remarks during the play which may tend to give the adversaries information4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is usually the inexperienced player who offers an astonishing amount of gratuitous and un-sought-for advice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is often difficult to refrain from showing pleasure at the accomplishment of a desired purpose1 but consider that undue elation is most aggravating to the adversaries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,post-mortems have their interest and1 as a rule1 are unmistakably convincing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not venture upon a post-mortem unless you are certain of what the scalpel is going to reveal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not continue to talk of harassing details when another hand is awaiting play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,general rules are formulated as an assistance to intelligent play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many brilliant plays are made in contravention to rules4 99 99 99 99 99 ,certain laws that govern the technicalities are absolute1 but rules in general are not the masters of ,bridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rules should be considered second to circumstances and to the fall of the cards4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are hands in ,bridge which may be said to play themselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ,bridge penalties should be strictly enforced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you gather the cards when your partner takes the first trick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not ask to have the cards placed unless it is solely for your own information4 ,a player has not the right to have the cards placed after they have been touched for the purpose of gathering them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is unfair to revoke purposely1 or to make a second revoke in order to conceal the first4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the revoking side cannot win the game on that hand1 nor score more than #bh points4 99 99 99 99 99 ,clubs is a safer declaration1 holding four with two honours1 than spades1 when but one or two are held without an honour4 99 99 99 99 99 ,luck is a false friend and only stays with you until you are in trouble4 ,a poor player is most a poor player when he knows not that he is a poor player4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lost tricks yield a crop of experience attained at the expense of rubbers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,inattention is a companion that will never travel alone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,people who find it easy to decide for friends find it hard to decide for themselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,people who have lots of advice to give dislike to take any4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the man who plays ,bridge when he is angry is sure to make a mistake4 ,there is some hope for the player who discovers he can be mistaken4 99 99 99 99 99 ,improvement comes from avoiding other people's mistakes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he who plays the best talks the least of what he is doing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,don't spend time grieving over a lost rubber that should be used in playing the next4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sometimes one hasty play will overthrow the results of a carefully planned game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,discouragement should make the player more resolute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,preserve us from the bore who insists on turning conversation into argument4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is the critical who are most sensitive to criticism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the best way to deal with bad luck is to bear it gracefully4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the best players are always patient with the novice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are those who teach one ,bridge because they play so badly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many people are so busy playing that they don't pause to think how they are playing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many call bad luck that which is only neglect to improve opportunity4 ,he who is too busy to consider his faults will never take time to mend them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,those who think the least have the most time to criticise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the expertness of the player who is at the pains to announce it may be doubted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some people ask for criticism but grow angry if it is adverse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is not so much your ,bridge knowledge1 but the use you make of it1 that counts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the novice plays before he thinks1 the expert thinks before he plays4 ,the silent player1 like the dog that bites without growling1 gets the best hold on the game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are people so absorbed in their own ,bridge perfection that it is impossible for them to see merit in anyone else4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a good way to succeed in ,bridge is to observe what is most successful with others4 ,illustration3 ,if perchance a friend you crush 'neath the arrow's weight1 ,then swiftly to the author blame your undeserved fate4 ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,bridge ,revised #aijg ,,the ,,rubber ,the partners first winning two games win the rubber4 ,if the first two games be won by the same partners1 the third game is not played4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scoring ,a game consists of thirty points obtained by tricks alone1 exclusive of any points counted for honours1 ,chicane1 or ,slam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,every hand is played out1 and any points in excess of thirty points necessary for the game are counted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,each trick above six counts two points when spades are trumps1 four points when clubs are trumps1 six points when diamonds are trumps1 eight points when hearts are trumps1 and twelve points when there are no trumps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,honours are ace1 king1 queen1 knave1 and ten of the trump suit2 or the aces when no-trump is declared4 99 99 99 99 99 ,honours are credited to the original holders and are valued as follows3 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,declaration ,s,c,d,h ,no ,trumps ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,each ,trick above ,six #b #d #f #h #ab #c ,honours444444 #d #h #ab #af #cj #d 444444 #h #af #bd #cb #dj ,,honours #d 7,all in one hand7 #af #cb #dh #fd #ajj #e 444444 #aj #bj #cj #dj -- #e 7#d in one hand7 #ah #cf #ed #gb -- #e 7,all in one hand7 #bj #dj #fj #hj -- ,chicane44444 #d #h #ab #af -- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,rubber #ajj1 ,grand ,slam #dj1 ,little ,slam #bj1 ---------------------------------------- --------------- 7,sspades_/,cclubs_/,ddiamonds_/,hhearts 4 ,note of etext transcriber47 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a player and his partner make thirteen tricks1 independently of any tricks gained by the revoke penalty1 they score ,grand ,slam and add forty points to their honour count4 99 99 99 99 99 ,little ,slam is twelve tricks similarly scored1 and adds twenty points to the honour count4 ,chicane 7one hand void of trumps7 is equal in value to three honours1 i4e41 if partner of player having ,chicane scores honours he adds the value of three honours to his honour score1 while1 if the adversaries score honours1 it deducts an equal value from their honour score4 ,double ,chicane 7a player and his partner both void of trumps7 is equal in value to four honours1 and the value thereof may be deducted from the total honour score of the adversaries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the value of honours1 ,slam1 ,little ,slam1 or ,chicane1 is in no wise affected by doubling or re-doubling4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at the conclusion of a rubber the scores for tricks1 honours1 ,chicane1 and ,slam1 obtained by each side1 are added1 and one hundred points are added to the score of the winners of the rubber4 ,the difference between the completed scores is the number of points won or lost by the winners of the rubber4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if an erroneous score affecting tricks be proven1 such mistake must be corrected prior to the conclusion of the game in which it has occurred1 and such game shall not be considered as concluded until the following deal has been completed and the trump declared1 unless it be that the game is the last one of the rubber1--then the score is subject to inquiry until an agreement between the sides 7as to the value of the rubber7 shall have been reached4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if an erroneous score affecting honours1 ,chicane1 or ,slam be proven1 such mistake may be corrected at any time before the score of the rubber has been made up and agreed upon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cutting ,in cutting1 the ace is the lowest card and1 as between cards of otherwise equal value1 the lowest is the heart1 next the diamond1 next the club1 and highest the spade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in all cases every player must cut from the same pack4 ,should a player expose more than one card1 he must cut again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,forming ,,tables ,the prior right of playing is with those first in the room4 ,if there are more than four candidates for seats at a table1 the privilege of playing is decided by cutting4 ,the four who cut the lowest cards play first4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after the table is formed1 the players cut to decide on partners2 the two lowest play against the two highest4 ,the lowest is the dealer1 who has choice of cards and seats1 and who1 having once made his selection1 must abide by it4 ,six players constitute a full table1 and no player shall have a right to cut into a game which is complete4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when there are more than six candidates1 the right to succeed any player who may retire is acquired by announcing the desire to do so1 and such announcement shall constitute a prior right to the first vacancy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cutting ,,out ,at the end of a rubber1 should admission be claimed by one or two candidates1 the player or players having played a greater number of consecutive rubbers shall withdraw2 but when all have played the same number1 they must cut to decide upon the outgoers2 the highest are out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rights ,,of ,,entry ,a candidate desiring to enter a table must declare such wish before any player at the table cuts a card1 either for the purpose of beginning a new rubber or of cutting out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the formation of new tables1 those candidates who have neither belonged to nor played at any other table have the prior right of entry4 ,those who have already played decide their right of admission by cutting4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a player who cuts into one table while belonging to another shall forfeit his prior right of re-entry into the latter1 unless by doing so he enables three candidates to form a fresh table4 ,in this event he may signify his intention of returning to his original table1 and his place at the new one can be filled4 99 99 99 99 99 ,should any player quit the table during the progress of a rubber1 he may1 with the consent of the other three players1 appoint a substitute during his absence2 but such appointment shall become void with the conclusion of the rubber1 and shall not in any way affect the substitute's rights4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if anyone break up a table1 the remaining players have a prior right to play at other tables4 ,,shuffling ,the pack must neither be shuffled below the table nor so the face of any card be seen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the dealer's partner must collect the cards for the ensuing deal and he has the first right to shuffle the cards4 ,each player has the right to shuffle subsequently4 ,the dealer has the right to shuffle last1 but should a card or cards be seen during his shuffling1 or whilst giving the pack to be cut1 he must re-shuffle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,each player1 after shuffling1 must place the cards properly collected and face downward to the left of the player next to deal4 ,,the ,,deal ,each player deals in his turn2 the order of dealing goes to the left4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the player on the dealer's right cuts the pack1 and in dividing it he must not leave fewer than four cards in either packet2 if in cutting or in replacing one of the two packets a card be exposed1 or if there be any confusion of the cards or a doubt as to the exact place in which the pack was divided1 there must be a fresh cut4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when the player whose duty it is to cut has once separated the pack he can neither re-shuffle nor re-cut the cards4 ,should the dealer shuffle the cards1 after the pack is cut1 the pack must be cut again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the fifty-two cards shall be dealt face downward4 ,the deal is not completed until the last card has been dealt face downward4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,there ,,is ,,no ,,misdeal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,deal ,there must be a new deal-- a ,if the cards be not dealt into four packets1 one at a time1 and in regular rotation1 beginning at the dealer's left4 b ,if1 during a deal1 or during the play of a hand1 the pack be proven incorrect or imperfect4 c ,if any card be faced in the pack4 d ,if any player have dealt to him a greater number of cards than thirteen4 e ,if the dealer deal two cards at once and then deal a third before correcting the error4 f ,if the dealer omit to have the pack cut and the adversaries call attention to the fact prior to the conclusion of the deal and before looking at their cards4 g ,if the last card do not come in its regular order to the dealer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there may be a new deal-- a ,if the dealer or his partner expose a card4 ,the eldest hand may claim a new deal4 b ,if either adversary expose a card4 ,the dealer or his partner may claim a new deal4 c ,if1 before fifty-one cards are dealt1 the dealer should look at any card4 ,his adversaries have the right to see it1 and the eldest hand may exact a new deal4 d ,if1 in dealing1 one of the last cards be exposed by the dealer or his partner1 and the deal is completed before there is reasonable time for the eldest hand to decide as to a new deal4 ,but in all other cases such penalties must be claimed prior to the completion of the deal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the claim for a new deal by reason of a card exposed during the deal may not be made by a player who has looked at any of his cards4 ,if a new deal does not take place1 the card exposed during the deal cannot be called4 99 99 99 99 99 ,should three players have their right number of cards1 and should the fourth1 not being dummy1 have less than thirteen and not discover such deficiency until he has played any of his cards1 the deal stands good2 should he have played1 he is answerable for any revoke he may have made as if the missing card or cards had been in his hand4 ,the other pack may be searched for the missing card or cards4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if during the play of a deal a pack be proven incorrect or imperfect1 such proof renders only the current deal void1 and does not affect any prior score4 ,the dealer must deal again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,any one dealing with the adversaries' cards must be corrected before the play of the first card1 otherwise the deal stands good4 ,if any one deals when it is the turn of an adversary1 such error must be corrected before the cards are dealt for the following deal4 ,a player can neither shuffle1 cut1 nor deal for his partner without the permission of his adversaries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,declaring ,,trumps ,the trump is declared4 ,no card is turned4 a ,the dealer may either make the trump or pass the declaration to his partner4 b ,if the declaration be passed to partner1 he must make the trump4 99 99 99 99 99 ,should the dealer's partner make the trump without receiving permission from the dealer1 the eldest hand may demand1 #ast4 ,that the trump shall stand1 or #b;d4 ,that there shall be a new deal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but if any declaration as to doubling1 or not doubling1 shall have been made1 or if a new deal be not claimed1 the declaration wrongly made shall stand4 ,the eldest hand is the player on the left of the dealer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,should the dealer's partner pass the declaration to the dealer1 it shall be the right of the eldest hand to claim a new deal or to compel the offending player to declare the trump2 provided1 that no declaration as to doubling has been made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if either of the dealer's adversaries make or pass the declaration1 the dealer may1 after looking at his hand1 either claim a new deal or proceed as if no declaration had been made4 ,a declaration once made cannot be altered4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,doubling1 ,,re-,,doubling1 ,,etc4 ,the effect of doubling1 re-doubling1 and so on1 is that the value of each trick above six is doubled1 quadrupled1 and so on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after the trump declaration has been made by the dealer or his partner1 their adversaries have the right to double4 ,the eldest hand has the first right4 ,if he does not wish to double1 he may ask his partner1 ,may ,i lead8 ,his partner shall answer1 ,yes1 or ,i double4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if either of their adversaries elect to double1 the dealer and his partner have the right to re-double4 ,the player who has declared the trump shall have the first right4 ,he may say1 ,i re-double or ,satisfied4 ,should he say the latter1 his partner may re-double4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if the dealer or his partner elect to re-double1 their adversaries shall have the right to again double4 ,the original doubler has the first right4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if the right-hand adversary of the dealer double before his partner has asked ,may ,i lead8 the declarer of the trump shall have the right to say whether or not the double shall stand4 ,if he decide that the double shall stand1 the process of re-doubling may continue as described above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the process of re-doubling may be continued indefinitely4,a ,the first right to continue the re-doubling on behalf of a partnership belongs to that player who has last re-doubled4 ,should he1 however1 express himself satisfied1 the right to continue the re-doubling passes to his partner4 ,should any player re-double out of turn1 the adversary who last doubled shall decide whether or not such double shall stand4 ,if it is decided that the re-double shall stand1 the process of re-doubling may continue as described in this and foregoing laws4 ,if any double or re-double out of turn be not accepted1 there shall be no further doubling in that hand4 ,any consultation between partners as to doubling or re-doubling will entitle the maker of the trump or the eldest hand1 without consultation1 to a new deal4 ,a ,in some clubs1 doubling ceases whenever the value of the odd trick exceeds one hundred points2 in other clubs the limit is placed at two hundred points4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if the eldest hand lead before the doubling be completed1 his partner may re-double only with the consent of the adversary who last doubled2 but such lead shall not affect the right of either adversary to double4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when the question1 ,may ,i lead8 has been answered in the affirmative1 or when the player who has the last right to continue the doubling expresses himself satisfied1 the play shall begin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,should the eldest hand lead without asking permission1 his partner may double1 but only if the maker of the trump consent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,should the right-hand adversary of the dealer ask permission to lead1 the eldest hand does not thereby lose his right to double4 ,should the right-hand adversary of the dealer double before his partner has asked ,may ,i lead8 the maker of the trump shall have the right to say whether or not the double shall stand4 ,if he decide that the double shall stand1 the process of re-doubling may continue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if the right-hand adversary of the dealer lead out of turn1 the maker of the trump may call a suit from the eldest hand1 who may only double if the maker of the trump consent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a declaration as to doubling or re-doubling once made cannot be altered4 ,,dummy ,as soon as the eldest hand has led1 the dealer's partner shall place his cards face upward on the table1 and the duty of playing the cards from that hand shall devolve upon the dealer1 unassisted by his partner4 ,before exposing his cards1 the dealer's partner has all the rights of a player1 but after his cards have been shown the dealer's partner takes no part whatever in the play1 except that he has the right---- a ,to ask the dealer whether he has none of the suit in which he may have renounced4 b ,to ask the dealer when called upon to play his highest or lowest card whether he has conformed to the penalty4 c ,to call the dealer's attention to the fact that a trick has not been completed4 d ,to correct the claim of either adversary to a penalty to which the latter is not entitled4 e ,to call attention to the fact that a trick has been erroneously taken by either side4 f ,to participate in the discussion of any disputed question of fact which may arise between the dealer and either adversary4 g ,to correct an erroneous score4 99 99 99 99 99 ,should the dealer's partner call attention to any other incident of the play1 in consequence of which any penalty might be exacted1 the fact of his so doing precludes the dealer exacting such penalty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if the dealer's partner1 by touching a card or otherwise1 suggest the play of a card from dummy1 either of the adversaries may1 but without consultation1 call upon the dealer to play or not to play the card suggested4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dummy is not liable to the penalty for a revoke2 and if he should revoke and the error be not discovered until the trick is turned and quitted1 the trick stands good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a card from the dealer's hand is not played until actually quitted2 but should the dealer name or touch a card from the dummy hand1 such card is considered as played1 unless the dealer in touching the card or cards says1 ,i arrange1 or words to that effect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cards ,,exposed ,,before ,,play ,if1 after the deal has been completed and before the trump declaration has been made1 either the dealer or his partner expose a card from his hand1 the eldest hand may1 without consulting with his partner1 claim a new deal4 ,if1 after the deal has been completed and before a card is led1 any player shall expose a card1 his partner shall forfeit any right to double or re-double which he otherwise would have been entitled to exercise2 and in case of a card being so exposed by the leader's partner1 the dealer may either call the card or require the leader not to lead the suit of the exposed card4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cards ,,exposed ,,during ,,play ,all cards exposed by the dealer's adversaries are liable to be called1 and such cards must be left face upward on the table4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following are exposed cards3 #ast4 ,two or more cards played at once4 #b;d4 ,any card dropped with its face upward1 or in any way exposed on or above the table1 even though snatched up so quickly that no one can name it4 #c;d4 ,every card so held by a player that his partner can see any portion of its face4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a card dropped on the floor or elsewhere below the table is not an exposed card4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if two or more cards be played at once1 by either of the dealer's adversaries1 the dealer shall have the right to call which one he pleases to the current trick1 and the other card or cards shall remain face upward on the table and may be called at any time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if1 without waiting for his partner to play1 either of the dealer's adversaries should play on the table the best card1 or lead one which is a winning card1 as against the dealer and dummy1 or should continue 7without waiting for his partner to play7 to lead several such cards1 the dealer may demand that the partner of the player in fault win1 if he can1 the first1 or any other of these tricks1 and the other cards thus improperly played are exposed cards4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if either or both of the dealer's adversaries throw his or their cards on the table face upwards1 such cards are exposed and are liable to be called2 but if either adversary retain his hand he cannot be forced to abandon it4 ,if1 however1 the dealer should say1 ,i have the rest1 or any other words indicating that the remaining tricks are his1 the adversaries of the dealer are not liable to have any of their cards called should they expose them1 believing the dealer's claim to be true1 should it subsequently prove false4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a player who has rendered himself liable to have the highest or lowest of a suit called fail to play as directed1 or if1 when called on to lead one suit1 lead another1 having in his hand one or more cards of the suit demanded1 or1 if called upon to win or lose a trick1 fail to do so when he can1 he is liable to the penalty for revoke1 unless such play be corrected before the trick is turned and quitted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,leads ,,out ,,of ,,turn ,if either of the dealer's adversaries lead out of turn1 the dealer may call the card erroneously led1 or may call a suit when it is the turn of either adversary to lead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if the dealer lead out of turn1 either from his own hand or dummy1 he incurs no penalty2 but he may not rectify the error after the second hand has played4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if any player lead out of turn and the other three follow him1 the trick is complete and the error cannot be rectified2 but if only the second1 or second and third1 play to the false lead1 their cards may be taken back2 there is no penalty against anyone except the original offender1 who1 if he be one of the dealer's adversaries1 may be penalised as provided above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in no case can a player be compelled to play a card which would oblige him to revoke4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the call of an exposed card may be repeated at every trick until such card has been played4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a player called on to lead a suit have none of it1 the penalty is paid4 ,,cards ,,played ,,in ,,error ,should the third hand not have played and the fourth play before his partner1 the latter 7not being dummy or dealer7 may be called upon to play his highest or lowest card of the suit played1 or to win or lose the trick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if anyone1 not being dummy1 omit playing to a former trick and such error be not corrected until he has played to the next1 the adversaries may claim a new deal2 should they decide that the deal stands good1 the surplus card at the end of the hand is considered to have been played to the imperfect trick1 but does not constitute a revoke therein4 ,if anyone 7except dummy7 play two cards to the same trick1 or mix a card with a trick to which it does not belong1 and the mistake be not discovered until the hand is played out1 he is answerable for any consequent revokes he may have made4 ,if during the play of the hand the error be detected1 the tricks may be counted face downward1 in order to ascertain whether there be among them a card too many2 should this be the case1 the trick which contains a surplus card may be examined and the card restored to its original holder1 who 7not being dummy7 shall be liable for any revoke he may meanwhile have made4 ,,the ,,revoke ,a revoke occurs when a player 7other than dummy71 holding one or more cards of the suit led1 plays a card of a different suit4 ,the penalty for a revoke takes precedence of all other counts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a revoke is established if the trick in which it occurs be turned and quitted1 i4e41 the hand removed from the trick after it has been gathered and placed face downward on the table2 or if either the revoking player or his partner1 whether in his right turn or otherwise1 have led or played to the following trick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the penalty for a revoke is three tricks taken from the revoking player and added to those of the adversaries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the penalty is applicable only to the score of the game in which it occurs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,under no circumstances can the revoking side score game1 in that hand4 ,whatever their previous score may have been1 the side revoking cannot attain a higher score toward game than twenty-eight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a player may ask his partner whether he has not a card of the suit which he has renounced2 should the question be asked before the trick is turned and quitted1 subsequent turning and quitting does not establish a revoke1 and the error may be corrected unless the question be answered in the negative or unless the revoking player or his partner has led or played to the following trick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a player correct his mistake in time to save a revoke1 any player or players who have followed him may withdraw their cards and substitute others1 and the cards so withdrawn are not exposed cards4 ,if the player in fault be one of the dealer's adversaries1 the card played in error is an exposed card1 and the dealer can call it whenever he pleases2 or he may require the offender to play his highest or lowest card of the suit to the trick in which he has renounced4 ,if the player in fault be the dealer1 the eldest hand may require him to play the highest or lowest card of the suit in which he has renounced1 provided both adversaries of the dealer have played to the current trick2 but this penalty cannot be exacted against the dealer when he is fourth in hand1 nor can it be enforced at all from dummy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at the end of a hand the claimants of a revoke may search all the tricks4 ,if the cards have been mixed the claim may be urged and proved if possible2 but no proof is necessary1 and the revoke is established if1 after it has been claimed1 the accused player or his partner mix the cards before they have been sufficiently examined by the adversaries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a revoke must be claimed before the cards have been cut for the following deal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,should the players on both sides subject themselves to the revoke penalty neither can win the game by that hand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the revoke penalty may be claimed for as many revokes as occur during a hand2 but the accumulated penalty shall in no event exceed thirteen tricks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,general ,,rules ,there should not be any consultation between partners as to the enforcement of penalties4 ,if they do so consult1 the penalty is paid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,once a trick is complete1 turned1 and quitted1 it must not be looked at until the end of the hand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,any player during the play of a trick1 or after the four cards are played and before they are touched for the purpose of gathering them together1 may demand that the cards be placed before their respective players4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if either of the dealer's adversaries1 prior to his partner's playing1 should call attention to the trick1 either by saying it is his1 or1 without being requested so to do1 by naming his card or drawing it toward him1 the dealer may require that opponent's partner to play his highest or lowest card of the suit led1 or to win or lose the trick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,either of the dealer's adversaries may call his partner's attention to the fact that he is about to lead out of turn1 but if he make any unauthorised reference to any incident of the play the dealer may call a suit from the adversary whose turn it is next to lead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in all cases where a penalty has been incurred1 the offender is bound to give reasonable time for the decision of his adversaries2 but if a wrong penalty be demanded none can be enforced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the partner of the eldest hand may inform him that their adversaries have incurred a penalty1 but may not give any further information4 ,should he suggest the penalty1 or demand the enforcement of it1 such action shall be deemed a consultation1 and no penalty can be enforced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,cards ,unless a pack be imperfect1 no player shall have the right to call for one new pack4 ,if fresh cards are demanded1 two packs must be furnished and paid for by the player who has demanded them4 ,if they are furnished during a rubber1 the adversaries shall have their choice of new cards4 ,if it is the beginning of a new rubber1 the dealer1 whether he or one of his adversaries be the party calling for the new cards1 shall have the choice4 ,new cards must be called for before the pack is cut for a new deal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a card or cards torn or marked must be replaced by agreement or new cards furnished4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bystanders ,while a bystander1 by agreement among the players1 may decide any question1 yet he must on no account say anything unless appealed to2 and if he make any remark which calls attention to an oversight affecting the score1 or to the exaction of a penalty1 he is liable to be called on by the players to pay the stakes on that rubber4 ,,spade ,,convention ,i4--,where players agree not to play spades the rule is1 that if the spade make is not doubled1 the hand shall be played where either side is #bj or over4 ,,ii4--,if the third hand player ask1 ,shall ,i play8 or should he lead out of turn1 or should the eldest hand lead without asking permission to play1 the spade maker may take two on the score or may call a lead and require the hand to be played out4 ,,iii4--,should the third hand player double before his partner asks permission to play1 the spade maker may decide whether the double shall stand or not2 but the hand must be played out4 ,,etiquette ,it has been truthfully said that there is no game in which slight intimations can convey so much information as that of ,bridge4 ,in justice to those who1 by their manner1 give information1 it may be stated that most of the apparent unfairness at the ,bridge table is unintentional4 ,hesitation and mannerisms1 however1 cannot be too carefully avoided2 such a breach of etiquette is an offence for which the adversaries have no redress except perhaps a refusal to continue the play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is obviously a greater fault to take advantage of information thus given4 ,a play in your judgment may be perfectly sound1 but you leave yourself open to criticism if it is in any way contingent on information obtained from your partner's manner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cultivate uniformity in your style of play2 let there be no remarkable haste or hesitation in making or passing2 try always to use the same formula of words1 and do not call attention to the score after the cards have been dealt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,remember that any undue hesitancy in regard to doubling will deprive a fair-minded partner of the privilege of so doing4 ,such delays are too frequent at spade declarations4 ,emphasise no play of your own and show no pleasure or displeasure at any other play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not ask to have the cards placed unless it is solely for your own information4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is an offence either to revoke purposely or to make a second revoke in order to conceal the first4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the dealer's partner should not call attention to the score nor to any card or cards that he or the other players hold1 and neither should he leave his seat for the purpose of watching his partner's play4 ,,the ,,declaration ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,holding ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,four ,aces ,three ,aces ,two ,aces and a ,guarded ,king or ,queen ,one ,ace and a ,guarded ,king or ,queen in three other suits4 ,declare ,no-,trump4 ,one ,established ,black ,suit 7,ace ,king ,queen ,x ,x ,x7 and one other ,ace ,with a hand protected in three suits1 provided it is a ,king or an ,ace stronger than an average hand4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,holding ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,holding six cards with an honour ,usually declare ,holding five cards with two a ,red honours ,trump ,holding four cards with three good honours ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,avoid a weak diamond make at a love score or when behind on the game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,declare clubs at a score of #ah or more when reasonably assured of the game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,declare spades at a score of #bd or more when reasonably assured of the game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,passed ,,makes ,be cautious about declaring no-trumps when weak in the red suits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,avoid all weak red makes on partner's pass4 ,declare clubs instead of spades when you hold but one or two spades and a club suit of four or more cards including two honours4 99 99 99 99 99 ,declare your best suit at a score of #bd all on the rubber game4 ,,original ,,leads ,,against ,a ,,declared ,,trump ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,lead ,,from ---------------------------------------- ------ ,ace ,ace and others ,ace1 ,king only ---------------------------------------- ------ ,king ,ace1 ,king1 ,queen ,ace1 ,king ,x ---------------------------------------- ------ ,queen ,queen1 ,jack1 ten ,queen1 ,jack1 nine ---------------------------------------- ------ ,jack ,jack1 ten ,x ,jack ,x ---------------------------------------- ------ ,ten ,king1 ,jack1 ten ,ten ,x ---------------------------------------- ------ ,nine ,nine ,x ---------------------------------------- ------ ,top ,card ,all short suits except ,king ,x ,x or ,queen ,x ,x ---------------------------------------- ------ #dth ,best ,all other combinations ---------------------------------------- ------ ,x indicates others4 ,,the ,,original ,,lead ,,at ,,no-,,trump ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,lead ,,holding ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,ace ,ace1 ,queen1 ,jack1 and others1 with a re-entry card4 ,ace1 with #g or more others4 ,ace1 ,queen1 with #e others4 ,ace1 ,jack1 with #e others4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,king ,ace1 ,king1 ,queen1 and others4 ,ace1 ,king1 ,jack1 and others4 ,ace1 ,king1 ten1 and #c others1 with a re-entry card4 ,ace1 ,king1 and #e or more others4 ,king1 ,queen1 ,jack1 and others4 ,king1 ,queen1 ten1 and others4 ,king1 ,queen1 and #e others4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,queen ,queen1 ,jack1 ten1 and others4 ,queen1 ,jack1 nine1 and others4 ,ace1 ,queen1 ,jack1 and others4 ,no card of re-entry4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,jack ,jack1 ten1 nine1 and others4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,ten ,king1 ,jack1 ten1 and others4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,highest or ,a weak long suit containing no ,second honour higher than ten4 ,best ---------------------------------------- ------------ #dth ,best ,form other combinations4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,unblocking ,,at ,,no-,,trump ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,holding ,,on ,,partner',s ,,play ,,lead ,,of ---------------------------------------- ------ ,king ,x ,ace ,king ---------------------------------------- ------ ,ace ,x ,king ,ace ---------------------------------------- ------ ,king ,x ,queen ,king ---------------------------------------- ------ ,queen ,x ,x ,king and ,ace ,queen on ,ace ---------------------------------------- ------ ,king1 ,queen ,x ,ace ,queen ---------------------------------------- ------ ,queen1 ,jack ,x ,ace ,jack ---------------------------------------- ------ ,queen1 ,jack ,x ,king ,jack ---------------------------------------- ------ ,king1 ,queen ,x ,jack ,queen ---------------------------------------- ------ ,jack1 six1 five1,king ,five two ---------------------------------------- ------ ,queen1 nine1 ,king ,seven seven1 three1 two ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,the ,,change ,,the ,,suit ,,call ,what is new in the game of ,bridge8 is a reiterated question of the day1 and the invariable answer is ,nothing1 nor does the lack of innovation tend to simplify the play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ,bridge players have experienced the agony of being forced to discard a great suit1 thoroughly established1 on the dealer's lead1 owing to the fact that the partner has made two efforts to establish the suit he originally opened4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many times this continuation is sound3 the leader holds a re-entry card1 and he has secured no information as to his partner's strength from the early development of the game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is essential to good play that the dealer's adversaries should each gain definite knowledge of the others' holding4 ,any information that a play can convey is of inestimable help to them and of little or no benefit to the dealer1 who is the master of his own two hands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we all sympathise with that constantly uttered regret1 ,oh1 partner1 if ,i had only known that you had that suit1 and ,bridge players the world over have felt the need of some conventional play that would indicate to the original leader an adequate reason for a change of suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,change the ,suit ,call is a new convention designed to overcome this difficulty1 one that will save countless tricks and rubbers1 and one that will tend to minimise the dealer's acknowledged advantage in playing the two hands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the convention is as follows3 ,when the original leader's partner has a great suit1 one that is established or one that may be established by a single lead through the dummy hand1 an echo should be made in the suit led by the dealer4 ,in other words1 an echo in the adversary's suit is a command to the original leader to abandon his own unestablished suit and to switch to his partner's declared strength4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the idea is of course based on the call for trumps in ,whist1 in which game an echo in any plain suit is a command to the partner to lead trumps4 ,in ,bridge it is used principally at no-trump and its application is limited to an echo on the dealer's lead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the reader will naturally ask1 ,how1 when but two suits have been led1 can ,i determine which of the two remaining to choose8 ,the cards in the leader's hand combined with those in the dummy will usually simplify the selection4 ,should the leader hold a re-entry in one of the remaining suits it is obvious that he has been asked to lead the other4 ,when it happens that both the leader and the dummy are weak in both suits1 the preference should usually be given to the one in which the combined hands contain the fewer number of cards4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this convention may1 moreover1 be used to great advantage by the original leader4 ,how frequently he finds his suit hopelessly against him4 ,perhaps he holds no re-entry and the dealer in winning the first trick false cards4 ,it is then that the original leader can use this echo to effect1 to suggest that his suit should not be returned4 ,the ,change the ,suit ,call may also be employed to some advantage on the dealer's trump or plain suit lead1 to show great strength in one of the remaining suits1 or by the original leader to indicate that the suit first led is not to be returned2 but its main importance is in the no-trump application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,change the ,suit ,call is an absolutely sound trick-gaining proposition1 and the successful results obtained from its use must rapidly establish it as a recognised convention of the game4