,,lecture ,,on ,,artificial ,,flight ,,giv5 ,,by ,,reque/ ,,at ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ces ,,at ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 ,augu/ #g?1 #ahgf1 ,,by ,,wm4 ,g4 ,,krueg] ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,a ,,model ,,( ,,8 ,,own ,,inv5tion4 ,,index4 ,no4 ,page4 #a ,introduction #a #b ,hi/ory & ,fable #b #c ,discov]y ( ! ,balloon #g #d ,not$ ,air ,voyages #h #e ,abs5ce ( ,dang] #aa #f ,*>m ( ,a,erial ,travel #ab #g ,a,erial ,voyages ,heal? ,promot+ #ae #h ,p>a*utes #af #i ,! ,kite #ag #aj ,balloons ,impracticable #ah #aa ,reasons :y ! ,problem has rema9$ ,unsolv$ #ba #ab ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples 9 ,flight #bc #ac ,weight #bd #ad ,surface #bf #ae ,p[] #bh #af ,fly+ ,creatures1 _! ,proportions1 ,movem5ts #ca #ag ,me*anical ,practicability ( ,flight #cd #ah ,fly+ ,ma*9es ( ! ,pres5t1 _! defects #cg #ai ,! ,practical ,air ,%ip ( ! ne> ,future #dc #bj ,:at ,a,erostation w ,accompli% #dh #ba ,clos+ ,rem>ks #ej 99 99 99 99 99 ,,errata4 ,page #d1 l9e #d1 read "o f ,ko5igsb]g1 = ,ko5igsb]g4 ,page #d1 l9e #ah1 read aft]w>d1 = ago4 ,,sail+ ,,9 ,,! ,,air4 ,i4--,,introduction4 ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,academy3 ,! problem ( artificial flight is ( su* great importance to civilization2 s int]e/+ & fasc9at+1 n only to ! /ud5t1 b to e "o2 & x all[s u to indulge 9 su* a wide field = speculation z to ! great *anges :i* w be wr\ght by ! practical solution ( x 9 ! social1 political & comm]cial _w1 t ,i mu/ beg ( y to consid] only my good int5tions 9 appe>+ be=e y1 & p>don my %ortcom+s z a lectur]4 ,x is my fir/ attempt1 & is simply und]tak5 to br+ ! subject m und]/&+ly be=e ! public1 t !y may assi/1 morally1 & pecuni>ily1 ! sev]al inv5tors :o are wre/l+ ) x m or less successfully--"s r less4 ,if only "o inv5tor 9 a hundr$ %\ld meet ) flatt]+ results1 ! att5tion be/[$ ^u all w be repaid a ?\s& fold by t "o's success4 ,! idea ( sail+ ?r\gh ! air 9 a fly+ ma*9e is n new1 nor su* an absurd "o z is g5]ally suppos$2 & x is inde$ important to inve/igate & lay x be=e ! public m directly ?an has be5 done h]et(ore ?r\gh ! m$ium ( great1 mu/y & long-w9d$ volumes4 ,if f\nd to seem practicable & feasible1 x is = y1 g5tlem51 to see t ! future great ,/ate ( ,cali=nia %all also be ahead 9 ?is--"o ( ! greate/ & mo/ important inv5tions ( ! age--z %e is1 & has be5 9 _m o!r ?+s be=e4 ,! subject has really be5 tak5 hold ( 9 a ?or\gh & sci5tific mann] only ! la/ few ye>s2 b ) su* e>ne/ness & sci5tific k & intellig5ce1 n only by ! =emo/ & pr9cipal society = ! advancem5t ( ! art--! ,a]onautic ,society ( ,great ,brita9--to :om1 really1 ! mo/ cr$it mu/ fall--b 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry2 & s mu* has be5 done already to prove1 n only ! possibility b ! absolute c]ta9ty ( an e>ly practical solution ( ! problem1 t soon we w see ! air trav]s$ 9 all directions1 by aspir+ man4 ,_m seem+ impossibilities ( ! pres5t1 ne$ only "t & ef=t to become realities 9 ! ne> future4 ,,ii4--,,hi/ory ,,& ,,fable4 ,9 turn+ our ?\ghts to ,hi/ory1 rea*+ back ev5 into ! mazy & wond]ful ages ( fable1 we f9d t f "t immemorial ! great sci5ce ( a]o/ation has occupi$ ! m9ds ( philosoph]s & inv5tors4 ,!re c be little d\bt t x 0 kn[n & made use ( 9 old5 times 9 isolat$ cases1 b 0 aga9 lo/1 l _m o!r important inv5tions4 ,we are furni%$ ) _m int]e/+ pro(s ( ?is4 ,old ,*9ese1 ,arabian & ,h9du fables give "s beautiful descriptions ( a]ial *>iots1 9 :i* wiz>ds1 pr9ces & fairies sp$ ov] ! f]tile & popul\s pla9s ( _! native c\ntry1 disburs+ good or evil1 accord+ to _! disposition1 to ! poor devils crawl+ 9 ! du/ b5ea? !m4 ,! ,jews _h _! *]ubim4 ,! ,assyrians h left u _! w+$ bulls2 ! ,greeks1 _! ,sph9xes2 :ile ! ,roman writ]s describe h[ t my?ical p]sonage1 ,da$alus1 a fam\s ,a!nian artific]1 & build] ( ! ,cretan labyr9?1 con/ruct$ w+s ) :i* he flew across ! ,a,egian ,sea1 to escape ! res5tm5t ( ,m9os4 ,b 8 son1 ,ic>us1 und\bt$ly ( 8 /r5g? giv+ out1 fell into ! wat] & 0 dr[n$4 ,_! nation has bequea!d to u v>i\s bas-reliefs1 illu/rative ( :at appe> well-proportion$ w+s4 ,ar*ytos1 ! great geometrician1 made a wood5 dove t flew l a natural "o1 & ! fam\s ,g]man a/ronom]1 ,john ,muell]1 :o di$ sudd5ly 9 ,rome1 at ! age ( =ty1 9 #adgf1 & ^: memory 0 celebrat$ la/ mon? 9 ,g]many1 con/ruct$ an artificial eagle1 :i* flew out to greet ! ,emp]or1 ,*>les ,v1 :5 he visit$ ,nuremb]g4 ,?is ,muell] 0 m widely kn[n by ! assum$ "n ( ,regiomontanus1--! ,k+%ill]--t is1 "o f ,ko5igsb]g1 a small village 9 ! he>t ( ,g]many2 ! cu/om ( ! times be+ = le>n$ m5 to adopt ! lat9 "n ( _! bir?place4 ,he inv5t$ ! almanac1 & prep>$ ! fir/ a/ronomical tables1 by ! aid ( :i* m>9]s1 :o1 up to t late day c\ld only make coa/+ voyages1 7 enabl$ to tru/ !mselves to ! op5 sea1 ) "s degree ( assurance2 & ,columbus 0 among ! e>lie/ to use ^! tables1 tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 on 8 fir/ discov]y voyage to ,am]ica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r ,g]man1 a "y wat*mak]'s appr5tice1 con/ruct$ a fly+ ma*9e1 ) :i* he1 :5 %[+ ! same to 8 ignorant t[nspeople1 flew away to escape mobb+4 ,8 bones & pieces ( ! ma*9e 7 f\nd "s ye>s aft]w>d 9 a wild & isolat$ "p ( ! ,black ,=e/4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,giovanni ,batti/a ,dantes1 ( ,p]ugia1 flew sev]al times ov] ! ,?rasim5ian ,sea2 he c]ta9ly mu/ h be5 at a consid]able elevation1 = he fell on a *ur* /eeple & broke a leg4 ,ano!r acc\nt1 p>ticul>ly notic$ 9 hi/ory1 is t ( a man :o flew high 9 ! air 9 ! ,city ( ,rome1 "u ! reign ( ,n]o1 b lo/ 8 life 9 ! desc5t4 ,9 ,a/ra ,ca/ra1 we read t soon aft] ,bacon's "t1 projects 7 in/itut$ to tra9 up *ildr5 9 ! ex]cise ( fly+ ) artificial w+s1 & consid]able progress 0 made2 by ! comb9$ ef=t ( runn+ & fly+ !y 7 enabl$ to skim ov] ! surface1 z x 71 ) incr$ible spe$4 ,?is same ,rog] ,bacon1 an em95t philosoph] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & possess$ ( ! v highe/ g5ius & ability1 ^: ideas & k1 l ,frankl9's1 7 _m hundr$ ye>s ahead ( 8 age1 descants1 9 "o ( 8 works1 9 gl[+ language1 on ! practicability ( con/ruct+ eng9es t c\ld navigate ! air4 ,he accompli%$ wond]ful ?+s 9 8 day1 & 0 accus$ ( hold+ communion ) ! devil1 :o 0 q an important p]sonage 9 ^? times4 ,8 writ+s 7 int]dict$1 & himself lock$ up to prev5t clos] acqua9tance%ip ( 8 read]s ) ! a=esaid fri5d4 ,ab\t ! ,confessor's "t1 a monk1 ,elmirus1 9 ,spa91 flew (t51 by means ( a pair ( w+s1 _m miles f high elevations4 ,cup]us1 9 8 treatise on ,! ,excell5cy ( ,man1 cont5ds t x is practicable = human be+s to atta9 ! faculty ( fly+4 ,he ass]ts t ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ! great pa9t] ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 & o!r highly priz$ works ( art1 practic$ x successfully4 ,! reason+ ( ! great ,john ,wilk9s1 ,"l ,bi%op ( ,*e/]1 :o di$ 9 #afgb1 embodies ! s5tim5ts & pr9ciples ( all ^! on ! subject ev5 /rong]4 ,9 8 "w on ,me*anical ,motion1 he treats expressly on artificial flight1 & conceives1 9 ! six? *apt]1 ! fram+ ( su* volitant automata v easy2 & says t ! "t w come :5 m5 w call = _! w+s :5 ab\t to make a j\rney1 z !y d n[ = _! boots & spurs4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,savans1 ( ! #ab? ( ,septemb]1 #afgh1 an acc\nt is giv5 ( "o ,besni]1 a locksmi? ( ,sable1 ,france1 :o succe$$ 9 fly+4 ,b z 8 ma*9e 0 extremely primitive--! w+s consi/+ only ( f\r rectangul> surfaces1 "o at ! end ( ea* ( two poles1 :i* pass$ ov] ! %\ld] ( ! op]ator1 & 7 work$ alt]nately up & d[n--! inv5tor c\ld only avail himself ( _! aid 9 progressively rais+ himself f "o hight to ano!r1 until an elevat$ position 0 rea*$1 :5 he c\ld glide ?r\gh ! air a long di/ance4 ,_m m cases c\ld be cit$4 ,"s end$ disa/r\sly2 o!rs1 because ( ! apa?y1 di/ru/1 ignorance1 & sup]/ition ( ! p1 7 lo/ sight ( aga92 :ile "s1 p]haps ! mo/ practical ones & ( :i* we f9d _m indications 9 old writ+s1 7 nev] made kn[n = selfi% reasons4 ,su* has be5 ! fate ( ?is--"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems--almo/ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,we 71 p]haps1 n prep>$ suffici5tly1 to receive ! great boon4 ,we _h to h ! pr9t+ press1 /eam1 & electricity fir/1 be=e we c\ld attempt ?is next great /ep t[>ds a high] civilization4 ,,iii4--,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,balloon4 ,al?\gh x is well und]/ood n[ by mo/ sci5tific m51 t ! pr9ciples ^u :i* balloon+ re/s1 w sc>cely =m any "p 9 ! solution ( ! problem ( a]ial navigation2 yet1 :51 9 #aghb1 ! bro!rs1 ,mongolfi]1 9 ,france1 made ! fir/ successful exp]im5ts ) small pap] balloons1 fill$ ) heat$ air1 x 0 ?\ght t ! key to t wond]ful art _h be5 f\nd2 _m appli$ !mselves to its improvem5t2 & ! next ye> already saw gas balloons on a mu* l>g] scale4 ,! fir/ pass5g]s1 :o _h ! honor ( be+ s5t up into ! realms ( space1 7 a %eep1 a cock & a duck2 & z _! safe desc5t prov$ highly satisfactory1 ! well-kn[n ,fr5* savan1 ,pilatre de ,rozi]1 tri$ ! same exp]im5t %ortly aft]w>ds ) great success1 rea*+ a hight ( ne>ly two miles4 ,! gl[+ description ( 8 exp]i5ce rais$ ! excitem5t ( all classes to fev] heat4 ,num]\s day & night asc5sions 7 made by diplomats1 di/+ui%$ naturali/s1 pr(essors ( note1 sci5tific wom5 & gymna/ic aspirants1 & _! j\rneys soon became m d>+ & ext5d$ to wid] fields4 ,,iv4--,,not$ ,,air ,,voyages4 ,blan*>d1 ! suppos$ inv5tor ( ! p>a*ute1 ) ! ,am]ican1 ,dr4 ,jeffries1 7 ! fir/ to cross ! *annel f ,engl& to ,france4 ,m4 ,*>les1 ! inv5tor ( ! gas balloon1 & "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ en?usia/ic advocates ( a]o/ation1 made ext5sive voyages4 ,madame ,?ible1 ( ,lyons1 0 ! fir/ ( h] sex :o tru/$ h]self to ! ela/ic elem5t4 ,crosbie1 :o pass$ ov] ! sea f ,irel& to ,engl&1 came ne> los+ 8 life2 =1 ! balloon1 be+ /ruck ) great =ce by an adv]se curr5t ( air1 & mo/ ( ! gas escap+1 tore ov] ! rag+ wat]s at a fe>ful spe$1 until ! c\rage\s man 0 rescu$1 ne> ! ,engli% coa/1 by a %ip happ5+ 9 8 way4 ,b ! view :i* he _h enjoy$1 see+ bo? c\ntries at once1 0 sublime beyond description1 & comp5sat$ him = all ! dang]4 ,he _h be5 at su* a hight t1 al?\gh ! ,july sun melt$ ev]y?+ bel[1 8 ink 0 a lump ( ice1 & ! quicksilv] 9 ! in/rum5ts _h sunk almo/ out ( sight4 ,! battle ( ,fleurus1 9 #agid1 0 won by ! ,fr5* ov] ! ,au/rians pr9cipally ?r\gh ! aid ( balloon reconnoit]+2 & simil> s]vice 0 occasionally p]=m$ by ! balloon 9 our own w>4 ,! favorably kn[n ,italian1 ,c\nt ,zambecc>i1 :o add$ _m improvem5ts to ?is art1 & creat$ great int]e/ 9 ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe1 made an asc5sion1 9 #ahjc1 ) two fri5ds1 at ,bologna4 ,! ?ree alight$ 9 ! ,adriatic sea & 7 pick$ up by fi%]m51 :ile ! balloon1 free f weight1 rose aga9 & 0 c>ri$ by ! w9d to ! ,turki% =t ,vihacz1 :]e ! comm&]1 believ+ x a pres5t s5t f heav51 _h x cut up 9 small pieces & divid$ among/ 8 fri5ds z amulets4 ,b q a rev]se op9ion 0 g5]ally ent]ta9$ by mo/ ( ! ignorant ,*ri/ian c\ntry p1 :5 ! huge mon/] happ5$ to fall among/ !m = ! fir/ "t2 & _! comp>ison ( x to ! evil "o is excusable :5 we consid] ! peculi> smell ( ! escap+ gas1 aft] _! attack ^u x ) pit*=ks & simil> agricultural implem5ts4 ,among o!r rem>kable asc5sions is t ( ,guy ,lussac1 :o rea*$ ! prodigi\s hight ( ne>ly f\r & a half miles4 ,?is 0 exce$$1 ?\gh1 by ano!r sci5tific a]onaut1 ,james ,glai%]1 9 #ahfb1 :o1 ) a companion1 m\nt$ ! great altitude ( sev5 miles--ov] #cf1jjj feet2 b z he 0 ins5sible = "s m9utes aft] rea*+ ! elevation ( #bi1jjj feet1 ! highe/ ev] atta9$ by human be+s1 _! calculations c\ld only be approximat$4 ,! m]cury 9 ! hygromet]--a delicate in/rum5t = measur+ ! moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e--_h fall5 bel[ ! scale1 :ile !y 7 ris+ m ?an #ajjj feet p] m9ute4 ,!re are in/ances ( balloons t h %ot upw>ds at ! rate ( fifty feet p] second1 or mu* ov] half a mile p] m9ute2 b1 g5]ally1 ev5 tw5ty feet p] second is a r>e occurr5ce4 ,& "h might be m5tion$ t1 s9ce ! late s]i\s loss ( sev]al ,fr5* sci5ti/s by asphyxia1 or cold on _! un=tunate asc5sion1 ! problem ( ma9ta9+ life 9 ! highe/ regions ( ! atmosph]e has be5 solv$ 9 ,france4 ,) a c]ta9 app>atus1 man c\ld manage to live com=tably ne>ly t5 miles above ! level ( ! sea1 :ile1 ord9>ily1 two miles is ! mo/4 ,z to horizontal spe$1 p]haps ! fa/e/ "t on record 0 made by ,g>n]9 & ,sn[don1 f ,london to ,col*e/]1 "s eighty miles1 9 "o h\r1 or ab\t #aaj feet p] second1 almo/ swift] ?an an eagle flies2 & ano!r balloon w5t f ,p>is across ! ,alps1 to ! vic9ity ( ,rome1 9 tw5ty-two h\rs1 mak+ ov] fifty miles p] h\r1 consid]+ its zig-zag travel4 ,! reason = su* great spe$ is1 t ! diff]5t air curr5ts travel f> fa/] 9 ! upp] regions ?an bel[1 :]e ! velocity ( ! w9d is seldom ov] tw5ty miles p] h\r2 & yet1 7 x n = ! cont9ually *ang+ sc5]y1 ! a]onaut w\ld imag9e himself /ation>y4 ,! %orte/ trip1 p]haps1 9 ! annals ( ?is art1 bo? z to hight & di/ance1 0 made1 a few ye>s ago1 by a gymna/1 at ,woodw>d's ,g>d5s1 t mo/ beautiful pleasure resort 9 ?is city4 ,! little disoblig+ mon/] w5t lazily1 & ) great difficulty1 ov] ! f5ce & capsiz$ promptly on ! o!r side1 leav+ ! trapeze-man hang+1 by ! seat ( 8 unm5tionables1 on ! top ( x 9 an uncom=table position1 b no bones 7 brok54 ,v4--,,abs5ce ,,( ,,dang]4 ,x is errone\s to suppose t a]ial voyages are fraught ) ev5 ord9>y dang]2 on ! contr>y1 travel by sea & l& is f> m s2 =1 al?\gh ?\s&s ( ass5sions h be5 made1 b v few p]sons h met ) accid5ts1 9 fact1 a less numb] by f> comp>atively1 ?an by any o!r pr(ession or mode ( locomotion2 &1 :5ev] su* has happ5$1 gross c>elessness or ignorance 0 (t5 ! cause4 ,dur+ ! late ,franco-,g]man w>1 ov] sixty balloons1 _m b indiff]5tly con/ruct$1 left ,p>is1 dur+ ! siege1 ) "s "o hundr$ & eighty p]sons & ne>ly ?ree millions ( lett]s4 ,all rea*$ a po9t ( safety4 ,pr(essor ,wise1 ! mo/ not$ ,am]ican a]onaut1 has made1 dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s1 ne>ly five hundr$ voyages1 & "o 9 p>ticul>1 9 #ahei1 ( ne>ly #abjj miles--p]haps ! longe/ on record--) ?ree companions1 f ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 to ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,?is trip 0 made p>tly 9 ! mid/ ( a tornado1 :ile above ,lake ,erie1 dur+ :i* "t "s tw5ty sail+ crafts succumb$ to ! effects ( ! /orm1 yet ! intrepid a]onauts alight$ 9 safety4 ,m4 ,gre51 :o 0 ! fir/ to use coal gas1 in/ead ( pure hydrog51 & has also made hundr$s ( successful asc5sions1 0 c>ri$ f ,london to ,weilburg1 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,g]many1 ab\t sev5 hundr$ miles 9 eight h\rs1 )\t ! slighte/ mi%ap4 ,la/ly1 ,arban1 cross$ ! ,alps f ,m>seilles to ,tur91 f\r hundr$ miles1 9 /ormy wea!r dur+ ! night4 ,mont ,blanc to ! left1 on a level ) ! top ( :i* he 01 resembl$ an imm5se block ( cry/al--sp>kl+ ) a ?\s& fires2 :ile ! moon occasionally seem$ to h borr[$ ! light ( ! sun4 ,,vi4--,,*>m ,,( ,,a]ial ,,travel4 ,no?+ c equal ! beauty ( an a]ial voyage1 t mo/ wond]ful1 easy & luxuri\s mode ( locomotion1 ) its entire abs5ce ( dizz9ess--?is s5sation be+ lo/ ) ! sep>ation f e>?1 z soon z ! la/ cord1 :i* unites u ) ! _w bel[1 is cut4 ,9 ris+ f ! gr\nd1 ! feel+s are absorb$ 9 ! novelty & magnific5ce ( ! spectacle pres5t$1 :ile ! e>s are salut$ ) ! buzz ( di/ant s\nd until ! cl\ds are rea*$1 :5 all is /ill z dea?4 ,! sc5e is sublime4 ,ar\nd & b5ea?1 ! cl\ds roll 9 magnific5t gr&eur4 ,!y =m pyramids1 ca/les1 reefs1 iceb]gs1 %ips & t[]s1 & aga9 dissolve into *aos4 ,! half obscur$ sun %$d+ 8 mell[ light ^u ! picture1 gives x a ri* & dazzl+ lu/re4 ,rev]5ce = ! "w ( nature1 ! solemn /illness1 an admiration indescribable1 all comb9$1 seem to make a s\nd ( praise4 ,! e>?1 :i* is nev] lo/ sight ( at any hight1 except cl\ds int]f]e or night sets 91 seems to be concave1 l ! inside ( a flatti% holl[ globe1 in/ead ( ! outside1 z w\ld naturally be suppos$4 ,! reason = ?is optical delusion is1 t ! horizon appe>s on a level ) ! a]onaut1 :ile ! di/ance d[nw>ds rema9s unalt]$1 mak+ ! surface bel[ appe> l a valley4 ,! e>? pres5ts ! panoramic view ( an imm5se map1 su* z ! en*ant$ ,alladd9 mu/ h enjoy$4 ,! color+1 designat+ ! v>i\s products ( ! soil1 is lively & exquisite4 ,v>iegat$ grass-plats1 ! gold5 t+e ( wav+ gra9 fields1 ! m sombre foliage ( ! trees1 ! glossy surface ( ! wat] dazzl+ 9 ! sunbeams1 ) occasional :ite specks = sail+ craft2 ! innum]able villages1 ) ta/efully decorat$ & t9ny1 toy-l h\ses1 ! num]\s roads tortu\sly spread+ ov] ! surface & look+ l *alk l9es on a gaudy c>pet1 fairy-l c>riages seem+ly drawn by mice & guid$ by liliputian little ?+s4 ,su* is ! beauty ( ?is glori\s e>?4 ,yet1 :5 m\nta9s appe> l ant hills1 & ,niag>a a neat little cascade 9 a pleasure g>d5--in/ead ( ! rag+ gr&eur1 only a fro?y bubble--man mu/ be =cibly rem9d$ t he is b ! m9ute/ animalcule1 & n ( s mu* importance z he presumes himself to be4 ,no less impressive is ! sc5e at night4 ,! sublime exhibition 9 ! va/ solitude & d>kness ( night creates ! mo/ /up5d\s effect ^u ! lonely a]onaut4 ,! e>?'s surface1 z f> z ! eye c rea*1 absolutely teems ) ! scatt]$ fires ( a wat*ful population1 & exhibits a />ry spectacle bel[1 t rivals 9 brilliancy ! lu/re ( ! firmam5t above4 ,a city loom+ up 9 ! di/ant horizon gradually appe>s to blaze l a va/ conflagration4 ,on draw+ ne>1 e /reet is m>k$ out by its p>ticul> l9e ( fires2 ! =ms & positions ( ! !atres1 squ>es & m>kets are indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( l>g] & m irregul> accumulations ( light1 & ! fa9t murmurs ( a busy population /ill actively engag$ 9 ! pursuits ( pleasure or ! avocation ( ga92 all toge!r comb9$ =m a picture1 :i*1 = beauty & effect1 c n be conceiv$4 ,aga91 high] up1 or :5 cl\ds int]v5e1 ! sky1 at all times d>k] :5 view$ f an elevation1 seems almo/ black ) ! int5sity ( night2 :ile1 by contra/1 ! />s r$\bl$ 9 _! lu/re1 %9e l sp>ks ( ! :ite/ silv]1 scatt]$ ^u ! jetty dome ar\nd4 ,no?+ c exce$ ?is d5sity ( night4 ,n a s+le object ( t]re/rial nature c any:]e be di/+ui%$1 & an unfa?omable abyss ( d>kness visible encompasses "o on e side4 ,x seems l cleav+ ! way ?r\gh an int]m9able mass ( black m>ble1 & a light l[]$ f ^! dizzy hights appe>s to absolutely melt its way d[n into ! froz5 bosom ( ! surr\nd+ ink9ess4 ,! cold is "h int5se4 ,,vii4--,,a]ial ,,voyages ,,heal? ,,promot+4 ,b :ile ! *>m ( float+ 9 ! air is s fasc9at+ ^! delightful asc5sions w be ev5 m b5eficial 9 sanit>y respects4 ,atmosph]ic pressure1 ex]t+ ne>ly #cj1jjj p\nds ^u a human be+ ( full gr[?1 has mu* to d ) ! me*anical functions ( life4 ,at a mod]ate elevation1 "o-t5? ( ?is weight c be reliev$1 & at great] hights1 ev5 "o-?ird1 z balloon exp]im5ts h suffici5tly prov54 ,?is pressure1 !n1 dim9i%+ ^u ! muscul> sy/em1 all[s x to exp&4 ,! lungs at once become m volum9\s & brea?+ pur] air2 ! fre$om ) :i* all ! circulat+ fluids ( ! sy/em are all[$ to act 9 ! r>e atmosph]e1 int5sely quick5 ! animal & m5tal faculties2 ! novelty ( ! voyage1 & ! mo/ sublime gr&eur op5+ to ! eye & m9d ( ! invalid2 all assi/ to promote heal?1 imp>t new life1 inspire ideas & invigorate s\l & body4 ,,viii4--,,p>a*utes4 ,?is simple contrivance (t5 =ms an adjunct to balloons4 ,its appe>ance is g5]ally t ( a huge family umbrella ( revolution>y times4 ,x is likewise concave und]nea?1 because su* =m1 above all o!rs1 cond5ses a column ( atmosph]e m rapidly & ret>ds its velocity 9 ! desc5t imm5sely4 ,! ribs are g5]ally ( :ale-bone or bamboo cov]$ ) /rong dome/ic musl91 & a light wick] basket is fa/5$ "s twelve feet und]nea? = ! a]onaut1 :o may cut himself loose f ! balloon ) p]fect safety at any hight1 & desc5d sl[ly to ! gr\nd1 if ! p>a*ute is /rongly made & p]haps f\rte5 feet across :5 op54 ,by giv+ x a slight incl9ation1 x c be made to desc5d1 slid+-l1 a long di/ance f ! v]tical po9t2 & "s ( ! fly+ ma*9es we read ( h likely be5 only a modifi$ =m ( ! p>a*ute4 ,! nautilus on ! ocean moves on ! pr9ciple ( x1 ! poll5 ( plants is c>ri$ f "o place to ano!r by ?is mode2 s ! fly+ squirrel moves 9 p>abolic curves f tree to tree & ev5 crosses riv]s :5 ! nut crop fails2 z also ! fly+ tree-frog slants d[n long di/ances f high trees4 ,?is animal has a consid]able expansion ( sk91 connect+ ! toes only1 & :i* looks z if on its f\r legs 7 fa/5$ ^? %ort1 broad & light sn[-%oes1 kn[n z ,webfeet1 us$ 9 our nor!rn ,t]ritories 9 w9t]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 call$ a webfoot frog1 b f :i* mu/ n be inf]r$ t x is an ,oregonian1 = x is enc\nt]$ s f> only 9 ,borneo4 ,,ix4--,,! ,,kite4 ,e "o is und\bt$ly acqua9t$ ) ! exce$+ly simple me*anism--inv5t$ :5 boys comm5c$ to exi/--= ! enjoym5t ( "o ( ! mo/ pleasant pa/imes--kite fly+4 ,x is indulg$ 9 mo/ly dur+ ! fall1 &1 p]haps1 a trifle m s 9 ! rural di/ricts ?an 9 ! cities1 because ( ! great] fre$om ( room :i* /ubble fields & mead[s all[4 ,b att5tion has also be5 giv5 to ! employm5t ( ?is k9d ( a]o/ation z a means ( support & conveyance2 & kites h be5 made z mu* z ?irty feet high1 look+ m l buoyant sails ?an boyi% play?+s1 & ex]t+ an imm5se p[] ( waftage4 ,load$ wagons h be5 drawn ov] turnpikes2 p]sons h frequ5tly be5 c>ri$ up 9 ! air by huge kites2 &1 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 exp]im5ts h be5 made to signal & save %ipwreck$ p on dang]\s coa/s1 prov+ suffici5tly t ! kite c be made1 ev5 9 its pres5t primitive /ate1 to be q useful4 ,9 ?is connection x may n be amiss to /ate t ! fir/ p]son kn[n to h asc5d$--"s eighty ye>s ago1 z ! ,hi/ory ( ,kite ,c>riage in=ms u1 0 a ,miss--a "y lady ( "s "o hundr$ & tw5ty-six p\nds1 avoirdupois4 ,%e 0 seat$ 9 a *air und]nea? ! gigantic /ructure :i* weigh$ ne>ly ?irty p\nds1 _h a surface ( ab\t sixty squ>e feet1 & rose mo/ maje/ically to a hight ( six hundr$ feet--an incontrov]tible in/ance ( ! sup]ior c\rage ( ! g5tl] sex ov] man4 ,! kite is ma9ta9$ 9 ! air by two oppos+ =ces3 ! impell+ p[] ( ! w9d--lift+ x by /rik+ aga9/ x at an angle1 & ! re/ra9+ p[]s ( ! /r+--motive-=ce & gravitation comb9$2 s t 9 ! kite1 above all1 we possess 9 a crude =m1 ! ?ree pr9ciples requisite = artificial flight3 ! pla91 weight & propell+ =ce4 ,by improv+ ^u ! kite1 !re=e1 we w arrive at ! practical solution ( ! problem ( artificial flight4 ,x4--,,balloons ,,impracticable4 ,x is n cr$itable to ! pres5t age t ! problem ( a]ial navigation has n be5 solv$4 ,b "o ( ! causes has und\bt$ly be5 ! discov]y ( ! balloon1 :i* has ret>d$ ?is sci5ce = ne>ly a c5tury by mislead+ m5's m9ds1 & caus+ !m to look = a solution ( ! problem by ! aid ( a ma*9e light] ?an air1 & :i* has no analogue 9 nature4 ,weight is "o ( ?ree ess5tial factors 9 flight1 = a light body _c be propell$ ?r\gh a heavi] "o4 ,h5ce all attempts at driv+ & guid+ ! balloons h signally fail$4 ,?is arises f ! va/ ext5t ( surface :i* x necess>ily pres5ts1 r5d]+ x a fair conque/ to e breeze t bl[s1 & because ! p[] :i* animates x is a m]e lift+ p[]1 :i* acts 9 a v]tical l9e4 ,! balloon1 consequ5tly1 rises ?r\gh ! air 9 opposition to ! law ( gravity1 by :i* all fly+ creatures are gov]n$1 v mu* z a dead bird falls d[nw>d 9 accordance ) x4 ,hav+ no hold ^u ! air1 ?is _c be employ$ z a fulcrum = regulat+ its movem5ts1 & h5ce ! c>d9al difficulty ( balloon+ z an art ( locomotion & its unc]ta9ty1 because ! air-curr5ts _c be regulat$4 ,a balloon />t+ f ,san ,francisco might be int5d$ = ,new ,york1 b1 aga9/ ! desire ( ! pass5g]s1 alight 9 ,*9a or ! ,canibal ,isl&s1 :i* w\ld be r disagreeable4 ,x is simply a/oni%+ to he> ( p try+1 ye> aft] ye>1 to propel elongat$ or cig>-%ap$ balloons ) a c> und]nea?1 & a screw-propell]1 ( c\rse--an exp]im5t :i* 0 tri$1 unsuccessfully1 =ty ye>s ago4 ,b ?is is g5]ally ! fir/ conceiv$ project ( an aspirant = fame :o comm5ces to ?9k on ! subject1 & soon fancies himself ! happy possessor ( ! secret2 yet :at a v small am\nt ( sci5ce is necess>y to %[ its fallacy4 ,9 fact1 all k9ds ( propositions = ! propulsion ( balloons h be5 advanc$ & exp]im5t$ ^u1 b sc>cely any improvem5ts h be5 made s9ce ! fir/ five ye>s aft] its inv5tion2 prov+1 p]haps1 m conclusively ?an any?+ else1 t ! practical propulsion ( balloons is an impossibility4 ,! mo/ rem>kable idea 9 ?is respect1 0 und\bt$ly t ( ,teissol4 ,he flatt]$ himself to be able to tra9 geese or o!r birds to pull a balloon by be+ hit*$ to x1 :ile ! conductor1 9 a c> und]nea?1 0 to direct _! movem5ts by ! aid ( a long pole4 ,al?\gh ! tra9+ ( birds is n s ridicul\s z x may seem1 yet he f\nd t geese1 if n too t\gh1 answ] ! purpose ( a good roa/ mu* bett]4 ,& ano!r g5ius1 /ill m unique1 long be=e balloons 7 inv5t$1 conceiv$ ! idea t air1 l wat]1 mu/ h a def9$ limit1 & t x 0 possible to sail on its surface l %ips on ! ocean4 ,he did n /ate h[ to get up !re1 b lo/ no "t 9 induc+ ! ,k+ ( ,portugal to =bid ev]yone1 "u p5alty ( dea?1 to use said inv5tion4 ,s f>1 no "o has come 9 conflict ) t law4 ,yet1 al?\gh ! balloon is impracticable z a means ( transportation1 x %\ld by no means be disc>d$1 = x c be made v useful = sci5tific & o!r obs]vations1 to give pleasure to ?\s&s ( p by fanciful asc5sions1 & n ! lea/1 to s]ve1 z /at$ be=e1 sanit>y purposes1 :5 captive & well secur$4 ,b in/ead ( l[]+ & elevat+ x cont9ually1 z is be+ done at pres5t1 & :i* occasions dang] & great loss ( "t & money1 a contrivance %\ld be made by :i* p]sons c\ld safely1 & )\t int]ruption1 be c>ri$ up & d[n und]nea? p>a*utes4 ,,xi4--,,reasons ,,:y ,,! ,,problem ,,has ,,rema9$ ,,unsolv$4 ,! sl[ progress made1 & ! unsatisfactory /ate ( ! "q1 not)/&+ ! l>ge & univ]sal %>e ( att5tion be/[$ ^u ! subject f e>lie/ times1 mu/ be attribut$ to a v>iety ( causes1 ! mo/ prom95t ( :i* are-- ,! great difficulty ( ! problem4 ,! incapacity on ! "o h&1 or !oretical t5d5cies on ! o!r1 ( ^? :o h devot$ !mselves to its elucidation4 ,! lack ( means ( inv5tors g5]ally1 & ! difficulty ( obta9+ ! same to exp]im5t & c>ry out _! ideas ev5 aft] ! completion ( _! inv5tion4 ,h5ce s _m failures among/ ?is class1 :ile m5 ( g5ius 9 ! lit]>y or mo/ o!r fields require b little pecuni>y outlay to succe$4 ,! /olid indiff]5ce ( an un?9k+ community1 :i* s (t5 proves ! dea?bl[ to ! m9d ( ! philosophical inquir]1 & ^: aim is condemn$ & pron\nc$ z 'vision>y1' absurd & incapable ( realization1 in/ead ( receiv+ t support & enc\ragem5t :i* is s necess>y to success4 ,flight has !re=e be5 unusually un=tunate 9 its vot>ies4 ,x has be5 cultivat$ on ! "o h& by pr(\nd ?9k]s1 especially ma!maticians1 :o h work$ out innum]able !orems1 b h nev] submitt$ !m to te/ ( exp]im5t2 & on ! o!r by ei!r un$ucat$ *>latans :o1 despis+ ! ab/ractions ( sci5ce entirely1 h made ! mo/ wild & ridicul\s attempts at a practical solution ( ! problem2 or inv5tors1 :o1 desir\s to triumph ov] "s ( ! ackn[l$g$ difficulties ( propulsion & navigation1 b = want ( organization or pecuni>y support1 or be+ unacqua9t$ ) prec$+ failures 9 ! same direction1 or ignorant ( "s "o condition dem&$ by ! peculi> nature ( ! exp]im5t1 b :i* is absolutely necess>y to success1 h also fail$1 ?us caus+ /ill great] d\bt 9 ! public m9d1 &1 consequ5tly1 less support to inv5tors 9 ! same direction aft]w>ds4 ,a common error prevails1 t models are ess5tial to help ! inv5tor4 ,! prov9ce ( ! model is to expla9 ! inv5tion to o!rs aft] x has be5 made1 & n to assi/ ! inv5tor4 ,except 9 v re/rict$ limits !y h be5 f\nd to be almo/ useless1 & mo/ ( our valuable discov]ies h be5 made & c>ri$ out )\t _! aid4 ,watt's fir/ cond5s+ eng9e _h a cyl9d] ( eighte5 in*es diamet]1 or ab\t ! av]age size n[ 9 use4 ,x is s ) agricultural & o!r practical inv5tions & applies p>ticul>ly to fly+ ma*9es4 ,models (t5 signally prove failures on a small scale1 yet w\ld be successful on a l>g]4 ,! problem is n an unphilosophical phantom1 b a ma!matically demon/rat$ tru?1 :i* ne$s only actual realization to revolutionize ! _w = ! bett]4 ,t ! air is navigable c no long] be d5i$4 ,,xii4--,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,flight4 ,9 contemplat+ ! b\ndless atmosph]e1 we p]ceive x to be t5ant$ by a multitude ( creatures ( v>i$ =m & size1 :o move & direct !mselves ) m>vell\s ease & skill4 ,^! be+s1 s diff]5t 9 _! nature1 =m & con/ruction--f ! pr\d eagle to ! blood-?ir/y mosquito--resemble "o ano!r 9 ! possession ( ?ree important fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* con/itute ! p[] ( flight4 ,^! are--weight or gravity1 surface or resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e aga9/ x1 & =ce or p[] ( projection4 ,! m$ium 9 :i* ! ph5om5on ( flight is produc$--! air--is an invisible1 impalpable1 comp>atively impond]able fluid1 & its d5sity is ne>ly #hjj times less ?an t ( wat]4 ,h5ce a movem5t ?r\gh x c be made f> m rapidly ?an ?r\gh its si/] m$ium4 ,nev]!less1 if agitat$1 x is capable ( ex]t+ great pressure1 z ! tempe/u\s /orms1 ov]turn+ f5ces1 unro(+ h\ses1 uproot+ trees1 & c>ry+ ev5 l>ge animals into ! air1 tea* u4 ,h]eon !n1 t is1 ! prop] manipulation pr9cipally 9 creat+ artificial curr5ts ( air1 h+es ! secret ( flight1 because ?is ph5om5on is reproduc$ 9 a mann] id5tical1 if a surface is mov$ aga9/ x1 z we see 9 ! w+s ( fly+ creatures4 ,,xiii4--,,weight4 ,weight is absolutely indisp5sible 9 flight1 x adds mom5tum & assi/s ! propell+ p[]--) great] =ce comp>atively 9 heavi] bodies4 ,a wood5 cannon ball c fly only a fraction ( ! di/ance ( an iron "o2 & an equal weight ( musket balls1 propell$ by ! same *>ge ( p[d]1 w n rea* ne> s f> z ! cannon ball1 because ( its consolidation 9 "o body2 & a fea!r or little toy balloon c n only n be propell$1 b w actually recoil if attempt$4 ,h5ce1 all fly+ animals are _m hundr$ times heavi] ?an air1 & ! heavie/ are g5]ally ! be/ fly]s1 yet require ! lea/ am\nt ( surface & =ce 9 proportion4 ,! sympa?y exi/+ betwe5 weight & p[] is v great4 ,weight acts 9 flight ^u ! oblique surfaces ( ! w+s 9 conjunction ) ! p[] exp5d$1 & !reby husb&+ ! latt] imm5sely4 ,?us only are ! d5iz5s ( ! air enabl$ to p]=m long j\rneys1 :ile o!rwise !y c\ld reta9 _! position 9 ! upp] region b a v brief "t1 z _! /r5g? is no great] ?an t ( o!r animals & w\ld soon give out4 ,weight acts on fly+ creatures 9 a simil> mann] z we see x 9 ! clock1 :]e weight is ! mov+ p[]1 & ! p5dulum m]ely regulates its movem5ts4 ,( c\rse1 ! belief ( _m1 t birds h l>ge air cells 9 _! int]ior1 t ^? cavities conta9 heat$ air1 & t ?is heat$ air 9 "s my/]i\s mann] contributes to1 if x does n actually produce1 flight1 falls to ! gr\nd ^u ! lea/ reflection4 ,no argum5t c\ld be m fallaci\s4 ,! bird is a heavy1 compact1 by no means bulky body1 & t trifle ( heat$ air1 or gas1 if su* 7 ! case1 b is n1 :i* possibly might help elevation1 w\ld be b du/ 9 ! scale4 ,a small balloon ( two feet diamet]--a l>g] body ?an any bird--c lift only ab\t a qu>t] ( a p\nd4 ,b1 besides1 _m admirable fly]s1 su* z bats1 h no air cells2 :ile _m animals1 nev] int5d$ to fly1 are provid$ ) !m4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be reasonably conclud$ t flight is 9 no way connect$ ) air cells1 & ! be/ pro( t c be adduc$ is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t x c be p]=m$ to p]fection 9 _! abs5ce4 ,,xiv4--,,surface4 ,! next ( ! ?ree prop]ties necess>y = flight1 is ! ext5sion ( ! locomotive organs 9 w+$ be+s--! planes4 ,al?\gh ! w+s 9 ! diff]5t animals diff] mu* 9 _! =m1 texture1 con/ruction1 numb]1 & ! matt] :i* composes !m1 yet !y resemble "o ano!r 9 ! expansion & developm5t ( _! surfaces1 be+ /ret*$ on ea* side ( ! body1 & play+ ! "p ( a p>a*ute4 ,! animal1 !re=e1 _c fall l a /one1 9 ob$i5ce to ! accel]at$ =ce ( gravity1 b x desc5ds ) a sl[ velocity2 con/ant regul>1 & consid]ably abat$4 ,?is influ5ce1 !n1 ex]cis$ by ! flat surface on ! fall ( masses1 is se5 9 a %eet ( pap] ( ! same weight z a gra9 ( lead1 x w fall mu* m sl[ly4 ,b if we make ! pap] a compact ball1 & flatt5 ! lead into a broad1 ?9 %eet1 ! rev]se result w be produc$1 & ! pap] rea* ! gr\nd be=e ! lead4 ,!re=e1 bodies 9 ! air are light or heavy 9 proportion to _! surfaces1 & ! heavie/ may become light by an alt]ation ( =m4 ,= successful flight1 !n1 a j proportion ( surface & weight is necess>y2 because1 z /at$1 ! air be+ ela/ic1 its resi/ance is mu* m effectual ) light bodies ?an heavy ones2 & ?is proportion is su* t ! ext5t ( surface is always 9 an inv]se ratio to ! weight ( ! w+$ animal4 ,! pr9ciple 9 ! fall ( flat surfaces is /rictly applicable to ! bird4 ,its weight1 t5d+ d[nw>ds1 & be+ situat$ bel[ ! pla9 ( susp5sion1 keeps x well balanc$1 s t x _c fall head ov] heels1 nor rapidly4 ,if ! w+s are incl9$ at an angle ) ! horizon1 ! bird w n desc5d v]tically1 b glide along an incl9$ plane ) mu* great] swiftness1 because ! v]tical di/ance rema9s unalt]$ 9 ! same space ( "t4 ,h5ce _! imm5se horizontal velocity1 )\t comp>atively any ef=t4 ,?is is 9 ob$i5ce to two =ces--gravity1 or weight1 & resi/ance ( surface4 ,,xv4--,,p[]4 ,b = actual flight a ?ird =ce is requir$--! propell+ p[]1 ! necess>y am\nt ( :i* has greatly be5 ov]rat$ by _m ma!maticians4 ,borelli e/imat$ ! p[] ( a ?ree p\nd bird to be ov] "o hundr$ & ?irty horses relatively4 ,b1 ,navi]1 m reasonably1 calculat$ a =ce ( five horses suffici5t = ! flight ( a pigeon4 ,c\lomb1 aga91 (fset ?is great lib]ality by demon/rat+ t ! surface to support a man mu/ be two miles long & two hundr$ feet wide1 ) ! p[] ( a ,corliss eng9e to propel su* a fifty acre ran*4 ,n[1 facts prove t man c1 )\t dang]1 desc5d f an high elevation "u a surface ( mu* less ?an fifte5 feet diamet]2 & ! =ce to lift himself1 z w be %[n h]eaft]1 is also comp>atively small4 ,he c walk up /airs1 & likewise m\nt ^u air1 :i*1 prop]ly manipulat$1 becomes suffici5tly solid4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ beyond a d\bt1 t ! heavie/ fly+ animals require ! smalle/ am\nt ( surface & p[] 9 proportion4 ,! surface is less1 because ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e is mu* great] t[>d "o unbrok5 body ?an all ! p>ts !re( if deta*$4 ,h5ce a /ork1 weigh+ eight times z mu* z a pigeon1 ne$s only five squ>e feet ( surface1 :ile ! eight pigeons1 ) ne>ly "o squ>e foot ea*1 possess toge!r ov] sev5 squ>e feet2 & ! common fly1 if magnifi$ to ! size ( ! crane1 w\ld %[ a surface sixty times z l>ge4 ,! heavie/ fly]s require ! lea/ am\nt ( p[]1 because weight1 z /at$ be=e1 itself is p[]1 :i* increases 9 a c]ta9 ratio4 ,h5ce we f9d ! muscul> =ce ( ! small] be+s1 :o possess little weight1 to be enorm\s2 ?is is p>ticul>ly s ) insects1 :o are ! /ronge/ 9 creation4 ,a /ag-beetle1 ( :i* two hundr$ weigh only "o p\nd1 c lift f\rte5 ounces2 crickets leap eighty times _! own l5g?1 & ! lively flea c jump ?r\gh space e/imat$ at ev5 two hundr$ times ! l5g? ( its body--:i* acc\nts = ! difficulty ( cat*+ x4 ,if a m\se w\ld simply reproduce ! gait ( a horse1 its progress w\ld be ab\t tw5ty in*es p] m9ute only1 & cats w\ld soon f9d !mselves out ( employm5t4 ,nature has wisely e/abli%$ a comp5sation to make am5ds = ! dim9utiv5ess ( organs by rapidity ( movem5t1 & has1 consequ5tly1 furni%$ ! animal ) ! necess>y p[] to produce ?is rapidity4 ,! =ce necess>y = lift+ 9 all w+$ be+s is n ne> s great z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! fall ( a body1 cont9ually accel]at+1 is sev5te5 feet p] second1 & a v great =ce w\ld be necess>y inde$ to (fset ?is gravitation1 if t second 7 all[$ to expire )\t a c\nt]-movem5t2 b :5 t body is provid$ ) a p>a*ute-l arrangem5t1 !re is no su* rapid fall ( sev5te5 feet p] second2 & :51 besides1 ! =ce is appli$ con/antly1 !reby c\nt]act+ ev5 a fraction ( ! fall1 ! p[] ne$$ to accompli% ?is is b a trifle2 x is ! pr9ciple1 to use a homely phrase1 t a /it* 9 "t saves n9e4 ,:at extra /r5g? ! animal possesses has to be us$ 9 pursuit or escape1 f ! p[]ful eagle to ! m9ute/ insect2 !y mu/ be prep>$ to ex]t at a giv5 mom5t all ! /r5g? t nature has giv5 to !m 9 /ore4 ,_! /r5g? is no great] ?an t ( fi%es or quadrup$s2 all possess surplus p[] greatly above ! ne$ ( _! av]age use1 & ! /r5g? exhibit$ !re=e by fly+ creatures %[s only t b a small portion ( x is us$ = lift+ & propell+ purposes4 ,eagles h be5 kn[n to c>ry (f small de]1 lambs1 h>es1 & ev5 "y *ildr54 ,_m ( ! fi%+ birds1 z pelicans & h]ons1 c likewise c>ry consid]able loads1 :ile ! small] birds are capable ( transport+ comp>atively l>ge twigs = build+ purposes4 ,a swall[ c trav]se #ajjj miles at a s+le j\rney1 & ! swift1 ! fa/e/ ( all1 is kn[n to h made ne>ly #ahj miles an h\r4 ,! albatross1 despis+ compass & l&-m>k1 tru/s himself boldly = weeks toge!r to ! m]cy or fury ( ! mighty ocean2 & ! huge condor ( ! ,&es1 z ,humboldt1 ,d>w91 ,orton1 & o!rs in=m u1 lifts himself to a hight :]e no s\nd is he>d1 & f an unse5 po9t surveys1 9 solit>y gr&eur1 ! wide range ( pla9 & m\nta9 bel[4 ,he has be5 se5 fly+ ov] ! ,*imborazo1 & atta9s1 on occasions1 an altitude ( six miles4 ,,xvi4--,,fly+ ,,creatures1 ,,_! ,,proportions1 ,,movem5ts4 ,! great common *>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5t w+$ be+s are ! same ?r\gh\t all ! modifications ( detail4 ,^! are1 z /at$1 weight1 ext5sion ( surface1 & ! me*anical application ( ! propell+ =ce2 s t ! animal is a glid+ plane1 "p ( :i* is fix$ & ! o!r moveable1 & ! :ole be+ ma9ta9$ 9 /able equilibrium by ! weight ( ! body1 plac$ a little bel[ ! plane ( susp5sion4 ,by comp>+ ! diff]5t species x is f\nd1 by ,m4 de ,lucy & o!rs1 t ! ext5t ( surface is 9 inv]se ratio to ! weight1 ! det]m9ation ( ?is ratio be+ bas$ ^u c]ta9 consid]ations4 ,! pro( ( ?is is ov]:elm+4 ,suppos+ all fly+ creatures ( ! same weight1 say "o p\nd1 x is f\nd t !3 ,gnat possesses #ej ,common fly #bb ,bee #e ,beetle #d ,sp>r[ #c ,pigeon #a-b_/c ,/ork ne>ly #a ,vulture #c_/d ,crane ne>ly #a_/b ,squ>e feet ( surface p] p\nd4 ,?us we f9d ! gnat1 ( :i* #afj1jjj make "o p\nd1 & :i* weighs f\r hundr$ & sixty times less ?an ! beetle1 has ?irte5 times m surface1 comp>atively4 ,! sp>r[ weighs ab\t t5 times less ?an ! pigeon1 & has twice z mu* surface 9 proportion4 ,! ,au/ralian crane--"o ( ! heavie/ birds1 x weighs ov] tw5ty p\nds1 or almo/ ?ree million times z mu* z ! gnat--possesses ! lea/ surface--n q t5 squ>e feet1 or "o hundr$ & tw5ty times less ?an t insignificant b =midable animal4 ,yet its flight is1 glid+ s(tly on ! air1 )\t ef=t or fatigue1 ) b little ex]tion1 ! longe/ ma9ta9$1 & x c1 ) few exceptions1 elevate itself ! highe/4 ,9 reg>d to ! movem5ts ( ! w+s1 !re is a simil> ratio2 =1 :ile ! mosquito makes ov] two hundr$ w+ /rokes p] second1 ! sp>r[ makes only ?irte51 ! buzz>d ?ree1 & s on1 cont9ually decreas+ ) heavi] bodies4 ,a ^w ab\t bats & fly+ fi%4 ,al?\gh bats pres5t no real resemblance :atev] to birds or insects1 b are mu* m l ourselves1 !y mu/ be class$ among/ ! creatures ( ! air1 because !y are con/antly mov+ 9 x1 & gov]n$ by ! same laws4 ,_! flight1 be+ some:at flutt]+1 b o!rwise p[]ful1 true & p]fect1 is und\bt$ly caus$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! night1 :5 fe$+1 by _! d>t+ "r & left aft] ! almo/ invisible num]\s insects1 :i* !y dev\r at once4 ,! w+ ( ! bat is1 l t ( ! bird1 concavo-convex1 & also m or less twi/$ ^u itself1 b x diff]s 9 s f> t its arm is n cov]$ ) fea!rs1 b a v delicate membrane1 :i* =ms ! p>a*ute-l w+4 ,_! nocturnal1 & !re=e disreputable habits1 ) our dislike = ! blood-suck+ prop5sity ( a l>ge specie1 ! vampire1 has kept our int]e/ 9 ^! o!rwise h>mless & clean creatures at r freez+ po9t4 ,b !y c be tam$ easily1 & are capable ( giv+ consid]able pleasure4 ,! flight ( a %oal ( fly+-fi% z !y %oot =? f ! d>k gre5 wave 9 a glitt]+ ?rong1 gleam+ brightly 9 ! sun%9e1 is a *>m+ sight4 ,b ^! fi% c sc>cely be class$ ) ! creatures ( ! air1 because true flight1 t is ! manipulation ( ! w+s1 is lack+4 ,!y are m5tion$ because !y repres5t1 l ! kite1 ! fir/ /ep t[>d t true flight :i* all o!r creatures 9 ! air possess4 ,!y are capable ( mov+ ?r\gh ! air f #ejj to #fjj feet1 & z mu* z #bj feet above ! wat]4 ,! fi% fir/ acquires initial velocity by a prelim9>y ru% ?r\gh ! wat]1 :5 x ?r[s itself sudd5ly into ! air1 &1 at ! same mom5t1 spreads out1 kite-l1 at a slight incl9ation upw>ds1 its extraord9>ily l>ge pectoral f9s4 ,x keeps up ! great spe$ until its mom5tum is exhau/$1 :5 ! same p]=mance is repeat$4 ,! fact 9 favor ( me*anical flight is c]ta9ly incontrov]tible t less surface & less p[] is requir$ & flight ma9ta9$ ! longe/1 9 proportion to heavi] bodies4 ,x mu/ be conv9c+1 !re=e1 t x is possible = man to apply ! laws ( flight to indu/rial purposes 9 ! same mann] z he has be5 able1 9 ^! days1 to apply all ! o!r gr& physical laws t he has tak5 ! tr\ble to /udy & fa?om4 ,! law ( surface & =ce reigns 9 ! mo/ absolute & exact mann] ov] all fly+ animals4 ,x does n /op "h4 ,nature1 ^: laws are g5]al & univ]sal1 has n creat$ ?is "o only = ! re/rict$ compass ( ! w+$ animate be+s4 ,! law :i* su/a9s on ! wat] ! leaf & ! /raw is ! same = ! gigantic ,great ,ea/]n2 & ! me*anical law ( ! =ces :i* drives ! :eelb>r[ also conducts on its iron l9e ! locomotive & its endless tra94 ,,xvii4--,,me*anical ,,practicability ,,( ,,artificial ,,flight4 ,liv+ be+s h be51 9 e age1 comp>$ to ma*9es1 b x is only 9 ! pres5t day t ! be>+ & ju/ice ( ?is comp>ison are fully compreh5sible4 ,mod]n eng9e]s h creat$ ma*9es :i* execute m difficult & v>i\s op]ations ?an animate be+s are capable (2 yet x is always f nature fir/ t man has to draw 8 inspirations4 ,( ! diff]5t functions ( animal me*anism1 t ( locomotion is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+2 & z we h br\ght ?is art on l& & wat]1 by successfully imitat+ ! natural movem5ts ( walk+ & swimm+1 to q a high /ate ( p]fection1 ! next great problem1 equally possible1 because flight is a natural movem5t1 rema9s to be solv$4 ,( c\rse1 z diff]5t z ! :eel ( ! locomotive is f ! limb ( ! quadrup$1 & ! screw ( a /eam%ip f ! f9 ( a fi%1 s w ! com+ fly+ ma*9e diff] f ! con/ruction ( bird1 bat or insect4 ,walk+1 swimm+ & fly+ are modifications (1 & m]g+ into1 ea* o!r by ins5sible gradations2 & ! modifications1 result+ !refrom1 are necessitat$ by ! am\nt ( support af=d$ on1 & 9 ! diff]5t m$iums--e>?1 wat]1 air4 ,al?\gh flight is1 indisputably1 ! f9e/ ( ! diff]5t animal movem5ts1 yet x does n ess5tially diff] f ! o!r two1 z ! mat]ial & =ces employ$ are lit]ally ! same z ^? 9 walk+ & swimm+4 ,flight is1 !re=e1 a purely me*anical problem1 & 9 compliance ) ! law ( decrease1 z /at$ be=e1 ! surface requisite to transport bodies 9 ! air1 is f\nd to be ab\t "o-half1 proportionately1 to twelve times ! weight4 ,apply+ ?is obs]vation to an app>atus (1 say #bjj lbs41 we f9d t ! surface ( a bird ( #ah lbs4--ab\t "o-twelf? ( said #bjj lbs4--to be #aj squ>e feet2 multiply+ ?is by twelve1 its weight1 we h #abj squ>e feet ( surface1 & ( :i* "o-half accord+ly1 #fj squ>e feet1 is en\gh = ! support ( #bjj p\nds4 ,su* a ma*9e1 al?\gh possess+ mu* less surface ?an p>a*utes g5]ally d1 is 9 ! =m ( incl9$ planes ( prop] con/ruction1 fully suffici5t = man to slide d[n safely ?r\gh ! air1 )\t ex]tion1 f an elevation at lea/ t5 times ! v]tical di/ance1 t is1 f ! top ( ! ,palace ,hotel to ! foot ( ,baldw9's4 ,z to ! =ce requir$1 al?\gh impossible to give datas1 ! law ( decrease ) great] weight reigns absolute "h also4 ,man's muscul> p[] = tol]ably swift horizontal flight is f> great] ?an necess>y2 &1 ) prop]ly con/ruct$ contrivances1 he w be able to travel1 at an incl9e upw>ds ( "o 9 ?irty1 at lea/ tw5ty miles an h\r1 by manual p[] alone4 ,a c>ri] pigeon flies1 = a %ort "t1 at ! rate ( "o hundr$ miles an h\r1 & "s birds mu* fa/]4 ,b 9 employ+ any ( ! _m excell5t motive p[]s at comm& n[1 & ) l>g] ma*9es1 we w be able to surpass ! swifte/ birds4 ,z = ! objection1 t ! fury ( ! w9d w h9d] artificial flight1 x is refut$ by obs]v+ t ev5 a hurricane1 :i*1 travel+ ov] eighty miles an h\r1 occurs b r>ely1 does h>dly prev5t ! flight ( fa/ birds1 & /ill less w\ld t ( a compact & solid fly+ ma*9e1 because ( its great] weight & mom5tum4 ,& ev5 if an occasional /orm %\ld be dang]\s1 ! ma*9e1 by its great] swiftness1 c\ld be turn$ above1 bel[ or sideways1 out ( ! pa? ( de/ruction1 or x ne$ n travel at su* r>e times4 ,besides1 ! effect ( ! /orm ^u a body )9 its own m$ium is insignificant to :at x is :5 t body (f]s resi/ance by be+ atta*$ to ano!r m$ium1 z %ips on ! wat]1 or h\ses & f5ces on l&4 ,,xviii4--,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t1 ,,_! ,,defects4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t no m>k$ improvem5ts c\ld be made 9 balloons1 ! m advanc$ ?9k]s1 turn+ _! att5tion 9 an opposite direction1 comm5c$ to ju/ly reg>d ! w+$ be+ z ! true model = fly+ ma*9es2 & exp]im5ts are n[ be+ made1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 ( :i* all g to prove t flight is f> m a "q ( me*anical adaptation1 con/ruction & manipulation1 ?an ( enorm\s p[]1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 9 any exp]im5t1 mu/ prove unavailable1 if improp]ly appli$4 ,"s ( ! motive eng9es1 lately exhibit$ 9 ,engl&1 produc$ su* rem>kable p[] z c]ta9ly no bird possesses4 ,"o ( f\r-horse p[] weigh$ #dj p\nds1 & occupi$ b a few cubic feet2 ano!r ( #ac p\nds ex]t$ ov] "o-horse p[]2 &1 at "s exp]im5ts 9 ,france la/ ye>1 a /eam eng9e ( two & a half horse p[] weigh$ #hj lbs42 &1 be+ appli$ to a ma*9e ) two v]tical screw propell]s ( #ab ft4 diamet] ea*1 x rais$ #abj lbs4 ( ! :ole weight ( #afj lbs4 ,b1 z f> z kn[n1 ^! diff]5t motive p[]s h be5 employ$ s f> only to elevate & propel ma*9es by v]tical fan-l contrivances--helicopt]ics or by a]oplanes1 pu%$ =w>d & upw>d by screw propell]s2 ei!r q z irrational z balloon+1 because ! rigid plane1 w$g$ =w>d & upw>d at a giv5 angle1 9 a /raight l9e1 or 9 a circle1 does n embody ! pr9ciples c>ri$ out 9 nature4 ,h5ce1 ! sev]al advocates ( ! a]oplane & helicopt]ic h met ) b indiff]5t success4 ,p]haps ! be/ repres5tative model ( a fly+ ma*9e on ! pr9ciples ( incl9$ planes1 0 t ( ,mr4 ,/r+fell[1 exhibit$ 9 ,london1 9 #ahfh1 & :i* occasionally c\ld rise4 ,x _h ?ree a]oplanes1 sup]impos$ z advocat$ by ,w5ham1 ! frames ( :i* 7 made ( light wood1 ) clo? drawn ov] x tightly1 l rigid kites1 fix$ p>allel "o above ! o!r1 ) a tail atta*$ to ! middle "o4 ,x _h a small box und]nea? = ! motive p[]1 & a light screw propell] beh9d = pu%+ x =w>d4 ,by giv+ ! ma*9e an upw>d angle1 ! planes /rike cont9ually ^u new lay]s ( air1 & s cause a rise1 l a kite pu%$ f beh9d4 ,! :ole /ructure _h ab\t ?irty-six squ>e feet ( surface1 & weigh$1 includ+ ! /eam eng9e1 :i* ex]t$ ne>ly "o-half horse p[]1 "u #ab p\nds4 ,x prov$ conclusively t1 :ile ! incl9$ plane1 9 a practical & diff]5t =m1 is necess>y = a]o/ation1 ! secret ( solv+ ! problem lays f> m 9 ! me*anical application ( c]ta9 laws gov]n+ ! art ( flight1 ?an 9 enorm\s p[]4 ,^! kite-=m ma*9es did n succe$1 9 spite ( _! great motive p[] & lightness1 because ! support+ planes 7 n active & flexible1 b pres5t$ passive or dead surfaces1 )\t p[] to accommodate !mselves to alt]$ circum/ances4 ,^! planes 7 made to /rike ! air at a giv5 angle1 in/ead ( cont9ually *ang+ to suit ! ela/ic m$ium1 & 9 :i* respect ! ord9>y kite is a bett] fly+ ma*9e4 ,if n driv5 ) great velocity1 su* a ma*9e c n support itself 9 ! atmosph]e2 besides1 on acc\nt ( its great surface expos$1 a /rong w9d c easily capsize x2 :ile natural w+s1 on ! contr>y1 pres5t small fly+ surfaces1 & _! great spe$ conv]ts ! space ?r\gh :i* !y are driv51 into a solid basis = support4 ,?is arrangem5t enables w+s to seize & utilize ! air1 & r5d]s !m sup]ior to ! adv]se curr5ts1 n ( _! =m+4 ,9 ?is respect !y entirely diff] f balloons1 & all =ms ( fix$ a]oplanes4 ,! diff]5t small helicopt]ic models1 rely+ entirely on ! aid ( ! screw1 made f "t to "t1 7 also lack+1 z /at$ be=e1 9 "s ( ! true pr9ciples ( flight2 al?\gh "s ( ^! models c\ld n only rise1 b also c>ry a c]ta9 am\nt ( freight1 z 0 %[n by ! delicately con/ruct$ clockwork models ( ,m4 ,nad>1 a prom95t ,fr5* sci5ti/1 & o!rs4 ,"o rem>kable model1 exhibit$ "s ye>s ago1 0 t ( ,m4 ,phillips4 ,x 0 made entirely ( metal1 weigh$ two p\nds1 _h f\r two-blad$ fans incl9$ to ! horizon at an angle ( tw5ty degrees1 & made to revolve 9 opposite directions ) imm5se en]gy4 ,! motive p[] employ$ 0 obta9$ f ! combu/ion ( *>coal1 nitre & gypsum1 ! products ( combu/ion mix+ ) wat] 9 ! boil] & =m+ gas-*>g$ /eam1 :i* 0 deliv]$ at a high pressure f ! extremities ( ! arms ( ! fans1 on ! pr9ciple discov]$ by ,h]o1 ( ,alex&ria4 ,! production ( flight by artificial w+s is ! mo/ anci5t me?od propos$1 & w1 und\bt$ly1 9 a greatly modifi$ =m1 & 9 comb9ation ) o!r contrivances1 solve ! problem2 b to exactly imitate natural w+s w be f\nd z impossible z ! production by ! o!r diff]5t me?ods propos$ s f>4 ,( ! m rec5t attempts at ! solution ( ! problem by means ( artificial w+s1 work$ by /eam p[]1 ! p]haps mo/ det]m9$ 0 t ( ,mr4 ,kauffman1 ( ,glasg[4 ,! ma*9e _h sup]impos$ a]oplanes1 simil> to ^? us$ by ,/r+fell[4 ,! two w+s 7 ( great l5g?1 n>r[1 po9t$ t[>ds ! end1 & 7 made to flap up & d[n some:at l ! w+s ( a bird4 ,! model exhibit$ weigh$1 complete1 #db lbs41 b ! dim5sions = a l>ge ma*9e 7 to be3 l5g?1 ab\t #cj ft42 hight1 #e ft42 wid?1 #f ft42 l5g? ( ea* w+1 #fj ft42 surface ( ea*1 #djj ft42 total weight ( ma*9e1 #hjjj lbs42 nom9al p[]1 #abj horses2 int5d$ spe$1 #fj miles p] h\r2 ) wat] supply = five h\rs & oil z fuel = t5 h\rs4 ,besides1 a p5dule1 weigh+ #he lbs41 & #dj ft4 9 l5g?1 0 atta*$1 :i* c\ld1 telescope-l1 be drawn up :5 necess>y4 ,! model 0 made exactly1 to %[ ! inv5tor's !ory1 & to asc]ta9 if ! connection to ! w+s c\ld be made /rong en\gh to )/& ! viol5t twi/+ & b5d+ /ra9s to :i* !y 7 expos$4 ,:5 /eam at a pressure ( ov] #aej lbs4 0 turn$ on1 ! w+s made a %ort s]ies ( furi\s flaps & broke4 ,! exp]im5t fail$1 because1 to exactly imitate ! movem5ts ( ! long & delicate w+s ( fa/-fly+ birds on a l>ge scale1 is impossible2 ! lev]age to flap up & d[n #fj ft4 long w+s be+ simply enorm\s beyond computation1 & no mat]ial c be f\nd /rong en\gh to )/& x4 ,ano!r ma*9e1 ! propulsion ( :i* 0 also to be effect$ by means ( artificial w+s1 0 exhibit$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,engl&4 ,x diff]$ entirely f ! o!r 9 ?is respect1 t x 0 v light1 weigh+ sc>cely #cj lbs41 & 0 int5d$ = a man to fly by 8 own muscul> p[]4 ,x _h ab\t #gj squ>e feet ( surface1 two %ort w+s1 & ! ribs 7 made ( p>agon wire1 su* z is us$ 9 umbrellas1 & cov]$ ) silk4 ,by a prelim9>y quick run1 ! inv5tor c\ld take %ort1 jump-l flights ( m ?an #ajj feet2 b ?is ma*9e 0 also 9 a v crude /ate ( p]fection4 ,^! diff]5t practical exp]im5ts1 al?\gh m or less unsuccessful1 & o!rs simil>1 b ( :i* _m models 7 f> m +5i\s ?an practical1 h at lea/ e/abli%$ ! c]ta9 prospect & c]ta9ty ( an e>ly solution ( ! problem4 ,& 7 x n t b v few1 comp>atively1 ( ! great numb] ( !ories1 :i* h be5 propos$ f "t to "t = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is great object1 h be5 submitt$ to any?+ resembl+ ev5 ! remote/ approa* to practical te/s1 & t ! lack ( means is g5]ally ! insurm\ntable b>ri] 9 exp]im5t+1 a]ial navigation w\ld to-day be an e/abli%$ fact4 ,,xix4--,,! ,,practical ,,fly+ ,,%ip ,,( ,,! ,,ne> ,,future4 ,possess+ !n1 all ! datas possible on ! subject1 x is1 p]haps1 n s v difficult z is g5]ally suppos$1 to arrive at a satisfactory result2 &1 l o!r great inv5tions be=e1 ! com+ air %ip w also be a r simple affair4 ,:ile x w n likely possess su* prodigi\s weight z #hjjj to #aj1jjj p\nds1 ) a hundr$ & tw5ty horse-p[] /eam eng9e--suffici5t almo/ = a man ( w>1 x w nei!r be z light z a fea!r1 comp>atively1 b hold ! gold5 middle4 ,! incl9$ planes1 9 a greatly modifi$ =m1 w by no means be disc>d$1 z 9 fact no fly+ ma*9e c\ld be built o!rwise4 ,b1 z /at$ be=e1 ?is is only "o pr9ciple long recogniz$1 ! ,a ,b ,c1 s to speak1 t[>ds ! solution ( ! problem4 ,^! planes1 9 w$g+ =w>d1 = c]ta9 reasons1 %\ld be ela/ic1 9 "s mann]1 & :i* has n be5 attempt$ by any inv5tor yet4 ,! frames & cov]+ ( all models1 built s f>1 h be5 rigid & immoveable1 & yet1 ev5 ) ^! great defects1 p>tial success has be5 obta9$ already4 ,! fan or screw nev] w be us$ z ! only means 9 propell+1 b w be v effective 9 do+ s]vice z a "p ( ! :ole1 ) o!r contrivances 9 driv+ & guid+4 ,b _! =m & /yle mu/ be consid]ably diff]5t f any?+ kn[n at pres5t4 ,a modifi$ & peculi> =m & /yle ( w+s1 z m5tion$ "h be=e1 mu/ also be employ$ 9 comb9ation ) ! planes & fans1 to s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( driv+ & lift+4 ,by ! manipulation ( ^! w+s ! accumulat+ & compress$ air is ?r[n und]nea? ! ma*9e1 !reby urg+ ! same 9 a =w>d & upw>d direction1 & by :i* ! planes 9 front are made to cont9ually rise ^u new lay]s ( ! ela/ic m$ium1 l a kite :5 ! boy runs =w>d4 ,! planes mu/ be fix$ 9 su* a mann] t !y c be set at diff]5t angles ) ! horizon1 9 ord] t ! ma*9e may rise soon] :5 ! angle is greate/1 because ( ! great] resi/ance ( ! air aga9/ a l>g] surface expos$2 & to glide ?r\gh ! atmosph]e swift]1 aft] elevation has be5 atta9$1 :5 ! angle ( ! planes is mo/ acute1 !reby (f]+ ! lea/ am\nt ( surface to ! horizontally oppos+ air4 ,no fly+ creature rises 9 ! air v]tically1 b asc5ds at an incl9e4 ,a swall[1 "o ( ! v be/ fly]s1 lifts itself ) difficulty f ! gr\nd4 ,an eagle1 p>ticul>ly aft] eat+1 has to run "s di/ance flapp+ its w+s vigor\sly be=e x c rise4 ,an insect1 possess+ consid]able spr+-p[] 9 its limbs1 always takes a good jump at ! mom5t its w+s are spread out = elevation1 at an upw>d angle =w>d4 ,) simil> contrivances = ! purpose mu/ a practical fly+ ma*9e be provid$4 ,x %\ld1 9 comb9ation ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( spr+ p[]1 to enable x to rise ) great] ease at ! f9al mom5t1 & also to r$uce ! %ock 9 alight+ to a m9imum1 h :eels to run ov] ! gr\nd1 until suffici5t =ce & mom5tum has be5 atta9$ to laun* x into ! b\ndless realms ( space4 ,to be ?or\ghly practical1 ! ma*9e mu/ be "u p]fect control1 & be made to desc5d ^u any spot desir$ ) absolute safety & ease4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by ! comb9$ ef=t ( ! propellors & w+s4 ,by ex]t+ ! p[] ( ^! contrivances 9 opposite directions ! di/urb$ atmosph]e is ?r[n 9 volumes und]nea? ! ma*9e1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its simil>ity to a p>a*ute1 al?\gh ( a greatly diff]5t =m1 c be made to desc5d v]tically & v sl[4 ,! d\bt express$ by _m1 t ! guidance ( an air %ip is possible1 is easily refut$4 ,all bodies1 possess+ ! propell+ =ce )9 !m1 c guide !mselves 9 an ela/ic m$ium4 ,( ?is we h millions ( examples be=e u 9 all fly+ creatures4 ,f9ally1 a practical %ape & prop] size & weight w =m "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial elem5ts 9 a successful fly+ ma*9e1 & :i* has be5 disreg>d$ m or less s f>4 ,( c\rse1 x is impossible to calculate already1 be=e an actual ma*9e has be5 built & datas c be fix$1 ! limits ( ^! factors 9 ! av]age a]ial /ructure4 ,my impressions are1 t ! weight ( a s+le c>riage w be f #djj to #ejj lbs41 inclusive2 a motive =ce ( #c to #e horse p[]4 ,x w h a total l5g? ( f =ty to fifty feet1 by ab\t ! same 9 wid?1 f tip to tip2 & a surface ( f #ejj to #fjj squ>e feet w be m ?an suffici5t to su/a9 a total weight ( #ajjj lbs42 = su* a ma*9e w be capable to c>ry f ?ree to f\r p]sons1 or its equival5t weight ( express matt]1 lett]s1 newspap]s1 & o!r light freight4 ,( c\rse1 free mail facilities = our wise solons w1 p]haps1 un=tunately h to be b>r$ out4 ,:5 ! novelty & excitem5t ( ?is /yle ( travel w h subsid$1 we may take ! next /ep 9 a]o/ation by c>ry+ a mu* great] numb] ( pass5g]s & heavi] freight2 n 9 a s+le ma*9e1 b by mak+ two or m to support incl9$ planes ( c]ta9 con/ruction betwe5 !m4 ,^! planes1 9 swift horizontal flight1 c\ld be made to c>ry1 9 suitable c>s und]nea?1 mu* m ?an _! own weight1 because ! p[] ( support :i* ! air af=ds to incl9$ planes at a great spe$ is simply enorm\s1 am\nt+ to #ej lbs4 p] squ>e ft4 9 a pressure ( #ajj miles p] h\r4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! mann] ( plac+ ^! a]oplanes "o above ! o!r1 z propos$ by ,mr4 ,w5ham _m ye>s ago1 w\ld be practical to "s ext5t4 ,! great swiftness ) :i* ^! ma*9es are expect$ to travel1 seems at fir/ to r\se fe> 9 u to tru/ our m or less valuable lives into su* a wond]ful /ructure2 & x possibly /agg]s our belief t su* great spe$ c be p]=m$ ) any degree ( safety to brittle bone & brea?+ valve4 ,b all ^! objections are easily refut$4 ,! a]ial travel] sits securely inside ! /rong ma*9e1 9 no dang] ( cat*+ a cold f ! /rong air-curr5t ru%+ by1 v mu* l ! pass5g] 9 a railroad c>2 & if ( an inquisitive turn ( m9d = ! beauty ( ! surr\nd+ panorama1 he has suitable w9d[s = obs]vation4 ,if ! air pass5g] suff]s f g\t1 rheumatism1 or is susceptible to sea-sickness1 he w exp]i5ce no inconv5i5ce1 because !re is no jogg+1 no rumbl+ ov] cobble-/ones or brok5 rails1 or rid+ on a heavy sea2 he w feel no motion at :atev] hight he may be1 b w glide voluptu\sly--)\t p]ception almo/--l a summ] cl\d ?r\gh ! va/ ocean ( ! a]ial fluid4 ,! ma*9e be+ "u p]fect control1 c be made to travel v sl[ :5 t[>ds ! po9t ( de/9ation1 & may be /opp$ at any hight to rema9 /ation>y or leisurely desc5d4 ,& la/ly1 spe$ appe>s greatly dim9i%$ :5 ! object is view$ f a di/ance1 z we c obs]ve on a railroad tra94 ,a telegraph pole /&+ ne> ! track w flit by l a fla% ( lightn+1 s to speak2 b if any consid]able di/ance (f1 x disappe>s v sl[4 ,b :5 an object is foll[$ by ! eye f a consid]able elevation1 ?is fact is /ill m /rik+4 ,! eye c comm& at a glance almo/ hundr$s ( miles ( c\ntry1 & a city c be se5 at a di/ance ( at lea/ fifty miles 9 advance1 giv+ ! a]onaut ample "t = prep>+ a desc5t1 if s desir$4 ,( c\rse1 he mu/ be well acqua9t$ ) l&m>ks1 to "k :at "p ( c\ntry he is 92 b ?is k w be acquir$ mu* easi] ?an wat] navigation4 ,su* ab\t w be ! com+ fly+-ma*9e ( ! ne> future4 ,! natural elem5ts1 s f> f pres5t+ b>ri]s & ob/acles1 z !y d to a great ext5t on l& & ocean navigation1 seem to be peculi>ly invit+ to a]o/ation4 ,previ\s to ne>ly e great discov]y1 difficulties h be5 ?\ght to exi/ :i* its completion dissolv$4 ,9 ! days ( /age-coa*+1 ! expectations held out by ^? int]e/$ 9 /eam transport 7 consid]$1 ev5 by mo/ compet5t & intellig5t m51 z :olly *im]ical2 yet ! locomotive f> surpasses ! race-horse 9 spe$ & endurance4 ,:5 practice prov$ & datas c\ld be fix$1 t smoo? tires met all ! requirem5ts on railroads--9 place ( cog:eels to ge> into racks--h[ easy all calculations on adhesive =ce & friction !n became4 ,s ) flight4 ,,xx4--,,:at ,,! ,,*anges ,,= ,,! ,,bett] ,,w ,,be4 ,x is impossible to ov]e/imate ! b5efits :i* w accrue to mank9d f su* a creation4 ,fly+ w become a /udi$ art1 an amusem5t1 an accompli%m5t1 & inconv5i5ce f sultry heat1 or freez+ cold1 or deadly epidemics w no long] be suff]$4 ,fly+ w become a bus9ess1 a trade1 & ! advantages d]iv$ f x = indu/rial purposes w be wond]fully great4 ,new *annels ( employm5t w be op5$ to ?\s&s1 yes1 millions ( />v+ fell[-be+s4 ,a new era w be inaugurat$ 9 hi/ory2 & great z has be5 ! de/9y ( our race1 x w be q outlu/r$ by ! gr&eur & magnitude ( com+ ev5ts4 ,travel+ at a spe$ ( ov] "o hundr$ miles an h\r1 di/ance w become comp>atively annihilat$4 ,cutt+ ?r\gh ! air f ,san ,francisco to ,new ,york1 = in/ance1 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 at "o-six? 9 co/ & "t2 f> saf]1 because ( no irregulations nor ob/ructions ( road1 no sn[-blockades or unnecess>y delays2 f> *eap]1 because ( no great exp5se = outfit or ma9t5ance1 ! a]ial c>riage w soon become ! great means ( travel ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! va/ un9habit$ b productive regions ( ?is globe w be populat$ f ov]cr[d$ & impov]i%$ communities1 because ( ! extraord9>y *eap1 safe1 & rapid travel by fly+ ma*9es4 ,new life w aga9 be imp>t$ to ent]prise1 speculation & labor2 & l&s w be cultivat$ & great cities be built 9 regions :]e ! foot ( human be+ has n trod = ages4 ,! ,&es & ,rocky ,m\nta9s w become z famili> to u z ! hills ( our own city2 & m9+ & o!r discov]ies w foll[ ea* o!r ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,! vex+ & exp5sive explorations 9 ! int]iors ( ,africa & ,au/ralia1 & t[>ds ! ,nor? ,pole1 w soon be br\ght to a spe$y & satisfactory conclusion2 & "s ( ! wilde/ dreams ( m5 be realiz$4 ,,xxi4--,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,! accompli%m5t ( a]ial navigation1 !n1 is )9 rea*2 its practicability c no long] be d5i$4 ,x w be "o ( ! mo/ glori\s & fruitful conque/s1 & ( ! highe/ value & importance to civiliz$ nations4 ,b all inv5tions1 & p>ticul>ly an und]tak+ ( su* gigantic nature1 require pecuni>y assi/ance4 ,?is %\ld n1 9 our age ( progress1 be lack+ = a s+le mom5t2 because1 if = no o!r reason1 ! fir/ promot]s ( x w reap su* great f9ancial b5efits !refrom z mu/ be beyond _! calculation4 ,s+]1 ,h[e1 ,colt1 ,mc,cormick1 & hundr$s ( o!rs1 all1 ) ?\s&s ( fri5ds s imm5sely weal?y1 be> out ?is ass]tion4 ,let n ?is enlight5$ age look ^u a great inv5tion z 0 done 9 ,rob]t ,fulton's "t1 :5 he propos$ ! /eam%ip to ,napoleon 9 #ahja4 ,! plan 0 laid be=e a sci5tific commission1 & ^! le>n$ m5 report$ x z vision>y & impracticable4 ,su* 0 ! reception :i* /eam navigation1 t has a*iev$ su* imm5se results1 fir/ receiv$ at ! h&s ( philosophy & capital2 b ,france lo/ !reby1 indirectly1 ! control ( ,europe1 & ,napoleon 8 cr[n2 :ile ano!r nation--,am]ica--m wise1 t5 ye>s lat] comm5c$ to reap ! b5efits emanat+ f ,fulton's g5ius4 ,means1 !n1 be+ necess>y = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is great object1 let !m be =?com+ at once1 t ,cali=nia may enjoy ! honor & ! fir/ fruits ( ?is great inv5tion4 ,9 conclusion1 let me ?ank y = ! k9d att5tion y h be/[$ ^u a weak expon5t ( a great subject4 ,transcrib] ,notes ,passages 9 italics 7 indicat$ by und]scores4 ,small caps 7 replac$ ) ,,all ,,caps4 ,?r\gh\t ! docum5t1 ! oe ligature 0 replac$ ) oe4 ,errors 9 punctuations & inconsi/5t hyph5ation 7 n correct$ unless o!rwise not$ bel[3 ,on page #d1 ,ko5igsb]g 0 replac$ ) "o f ,ko5igsb]g1 & "s days ago 0 replac$ ) "s days aft]w>d1 bo? p] ! ,errata page4 ,on page #g1 gass 0 replac$ ) gas4 ,on page #aj1 nade 0 replac$ ) made4 ,on page #ab1 ! comma aft] ,m 0 replac$ ) a p]iod4 ,on page #ac1 indiscribable 0 replac$ ) indescribable4 ,on page #ac a]onaut 0 replac$ ) a]onaut4 ,on page #ad1 ! semicolon aft] eye c rea* 0 replac$ ) a comma4 ,on page #ad1 posititons 0 replac$ ) positions ,on page #ae1 int5sily 0 replac$ ) int5sely4 ,on page #af a]onaut 0 replac$ ) a]onaut4 ,on page #bb1 *>letans 0 replac$ ) *>latans4 ,on page #be1 /r5ght 0 replac$ ) /r5g?4 ,on page #bh1 ,,xi 9 ! *apt] title 0 replac$ ) ,,xv4 ,on page #ca1 ,,xvi4-- 0 add$ 9 ! *apt] title4 ,on page #ca1 by 0 replac$ ) fly4 ,on page #cd1 opp]ations 0 replac$ ) op]ations4 ,on page #ce1 meahanism 0 replac$ ) me*anism4 ,on page #cf1 ! lb b> symbol 7call$ ! p\nd sign7 0 replac$ ) lb4 ,sometimes1 ?r\gh ! book1 ! au?or us$ ! lb b> symbol & o!r times ! au?or us$ lbs4 ,on page #ci1 aeora/ation 0 replac$ ) a]o/ation4 ,on page #dd1 horrizontally 0 replac$ ) horizontally4 ,on page #de1 air-%ip 0 replac$ ) air %ip4 ,on page #di1 anihilat$ 0 replac$ ) annihilat$4