,,w9d ,,& ,,wea!r ,illu/ration3 ,logo ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york 4 ,,bo/on 4 ,,*icago 4 ,,dallas ,,atlanta 4 ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london 4 ,,bombay 4 ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,w9d ,,ruffles ,,! ,,top ,,( ,a ,,fog ,,bank ,frontispiece ,,w9d ,,& ,,wea!r ,,by ,,alex&] ,mc,a,d,i,e ,a4 ,lawr5ce ,rot* ,pr(essor ( ,meteorology1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity & ,director ( ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aibb ,all rights res]v$ ,copyright1 #aibb1 ,by ,,alex&] ,mc,a,d,i,e4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aibb4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,h[ ,,! ,,w9d ,,ruffles ,,! ,,top ,,( ,a ,,fog ,,bank ,frontispiece ,,page ,,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,! ,,w9ds #ac #b4 ,,boreas--,,! ,,nor? ,,w9d #ai #c4 ,,kaikias--,,! ,,nor!a/ ,,w9d #bc #d4 ,,apheliotes--,,! ,,ea/ ,,w9d #bi #e4 ,,euros--,,! ,,s\!a/ ,,w9d #cc #f4 ,,notos--,,! ,,s\? ,,w9d #cg #g4 ,,lips--,,! ,,s\?we/ ,,w9d #da #h4 ,,all ,,/orms ,,lead ,,to ,,new ,,engl& #de #i4 ,,zephyros--,,! ,,we/ ,,w9d #di #aj4 ,,pa?s ,,( ,,high ,,& ,,l[1 ,,janu>y1 #aibb #ee #aa4 ,,skiron--,,! ,,nor?we/ ,,w9d #ei #ab4 ,,! ,,idealiz$ ,,/orm #fc #ac4 ,,turn+ ,,( ,,w9d ,,) ,,altitude #fg #ad4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,summ] ,,& ,,w9t] ,,w9ds #gc #ae4 ,,blue ,,hill ,,obs]vatory ,,9 ,,an ,,ice ,,/orm #gi ,,w9d ,,& ,,wea!r ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,! ,,w9ds ,9 ,a!ns on ! nor? side & ne> ! base ( ! hill on :i* ! upp] city--! ,acropolis--is built1 !re is a small temple /ill /&+1 al?o its walls 7 complet$ tw5ty-two c5turies ago4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds2 b z a matt] ( fact1 ! citiz5s ( ,a!ns us$ x to tell ! h\r ( ! day & ! seasonal position ( ! sun4 ,x 0 a public timepiece4 ,x s]v$ z a huge sun dial4 ,wat] f a spr+ on ! hillside fill$ ! bas9s ( a wat] clock 9 ! basem5t ( ! ,t[]4 ,& s1 :e!r ! day 0 cle> or cl\dy ! measure ( ! outfl[ ( wat] indicat$ ! "t elaps$4 ,also !re 7 m>k+s or dials on ea* ( ! eight walls ( ! temple1 & ! position ( ! %ad[ ( a m>k] indicat$ ! seasonal advance or retreat ( ! sun z x mov$ nor? f ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice & !n s\? aft] ! summ] sol/ice4 ,! sun is n an accurate "t keep] & no "o to-day runs 8 bus9ess or keeps engagem5ts on sun "t4 ,b ! old ,a!nians 7 q cont5t to d s2 & _! ,t[] s]v$ excell5tly = _! ne$s4 ,& !y did :at we mod]ns fail to d1 namely1 give di/9ctive names to ! w9ds4 ,!y repres5t$ figuratively ! *>act]i/ics ( ! wea!r z ! w9d blew f ea* ( ! eight c>d9al directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,! ,,w9ds ,erect$ 9 ,a!ns1 on ! nor? side ( ! ,acropolis1 ,b4 ,c4 #aej ,! allegorical figures ( ! w9ds us$ 9 ?is little book are reproductions ( ! eight bas-reliefs 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 plac$ !re by ! late ,pr(essor ,a4 ,lawr5ce ,rot*4 ,!y are copi$ f ! frieze ( ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds at ,a!ns4 ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,w9ds ,boreas1 ! nor? w9d1 is p]haps ! mo/ important ( all w9ds4 ,at ,a!ns ?is a cold1 boi/]\s w9d f ! m\nta9s ( ,?race4 ,! noise ( ! gu/s is s l\d t ! ,greek sculptor symboliz$ ! tumult by plac+ a con* %ell 9 ! m\? ( ,boreas4 ,8 mod]n namesake1 ! ,bora ( ! ,adriatic1 is ! same noisy1 blu/]+1 cold w9d-ru% f ! nor?4 ,! nor!a/ w9d ,kaikias is a trifle m pleasant look+ ?an ,boreas1 b /ill n mu* to brag ab\t4 ,ma/] ( ! squall & ?und]/orm1 he c>ries 9 8 %ield an ample supply ( hail/ones1 ready to spill !m on def5seless humanity4 ,he might well s]ve z ! patron sa9t ( air raid]s dropp+ _! bombs on helpless humans bel[4 ,apheliotes1 ! ea/ w9d1 is a graceful y\?1 ) arms full ( fl[]s1 fruit & :eat4 ,naturally ?is 0 a favorite w9d1 bl[+ 9 f ! sea1 ) frequ5t light %[]s4 ,"s ( u :o dwell on ! ,atlantic ,coa/1 9 m nor!rn latitudes ?an ,a!ns1 d n always reg>d ) favor ! ea/ w9d1 associat+ x ) *illy1 damp & sombre wea!r4 ,yet x is ! h>b+] ( good--temp]+ ! cold ( w9t] & ! heat ( summ]4 ,x is an angel ( m]cy 9 mid-summ] :5 ! temp]ature is above ! n9eties & !re is no air /irr+4 ,!n x is1 t we all welcome ! refre%+ w9d f ! sea4 ,euros1 ! s\!a/ w9d1 & neighbor to ,apheliotes1 is a cross old fell[1 int5t on ! bus9ess ( cl\d mak+4 ,he alone ( all ! w9ds c>ries no?+ 9 8 h&s4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t he becomes ,euroclydon1 w9d ( ! waves4 ,he is no fri5d ( ! sailor2 & ! seasick travel] prays to be rid ( 8 company4 ,! figure on ! s\? face ( ! t[]1 ,notos1 is ! ma/] ( ! w>m ra94 ,he c>ries ) him a wat] j> :i* has j be5 empti$4 ,comp>e 8 light fl[+ robes & half-clad neck & arms ) ! close fitt+ jacket ( old ,boreas4 ,at 8 %r9e1 hydraulic eng9e]s well might wor%ip4 ,next1 ! ,m>9]'s w9d1 ,lips1 ! s\?we/ favor+ breeze br++ ! %ips spe$ily into h>bor2 yes1 into t ,piraeus1 fam$ 9 classic hi/ory4 ,incid5tally x is ! s\?we/ w9d :i* diff]5tiates ! climate ( ,great ,brita9 f t ( ,labrador4 ,?is w9d makes ,nor?we/ ,europe habitable2 :ile on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic1 9 simil> latitudes1 b "u ! influ5ce ( prevail+ nor?we/ w9ds1 we f9d ,labrador--a section c]ta9ly misnam$1 = x is n ! abode ( f>m]s1 z ! "n implies--b b>r5 & bleak4 ,:at a diff]5ce x w\ld make ?ru\t ?is region if ! ,gulf ,/ream cont9u$ nor?1 close to ! %ore1 & ! prevail+ w9ds 7 f ! ea/4 ,our ,nor? ,atlantic ,coa/ w\ld !n be ! l& ( zephyrs1 us+ ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( pleasant1 g5tle w9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,boreas--,,! ,,nor? ,,w9d ,zephyros1 ! we/ w9d1 is repres5t$ z a graceful y\?1 scantily clad1 ) 8 arms fill$ ) fl[]s4 ,9 ,greece ?is w9d trav]s$ ! ,ionian ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,cor9? be=e rea*+ ,a!ns4 ,x is q unlike our we/ w9d :i* bl[s across a cont95t1 & is cont9u\sly robb$ ( its wat] vapor on ! long passage4 ,! ,ionian w9d is pleasantly moi/ & refre%+4 ,la/ ( all1 b by no means lea/ important1 is ,skiron1 "l ( gu/y nor?we/ gales4 ,freez+ 9 w9t]1 p>*+ 9 summ]1 he c>ries ) him a braz5 fire basket & spills a g5]\s /ream ( hot air on all bel[4 ,8 husky ,highness might n inappropriately adorn legislative halls & editorial sanctums4 ,he w\ld displace ! bl9dfold$ lady hold+ scales v mu* out ( balance4 ,?9k ( ! deep significance ( 8 pres5ce4 ,9 our c\ntry ! nor?we/ is ( all w9ds1 except ! we/1 mo/ p]si/5t4 ,= #afjj h\rs 9 a ye>1 ?is w9d is ) u4 ,jo9+ =ces ) ! we/ w9d1 ^! directions prevail "o ?ird ( ! "t4 ,^! nor?we/-we/ w9ds also h ! greate/ spe$ & gu/9ess4 ,! climate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ess5tially det]m9$ by ! preval5ce ( ! nor?1 nor?we/ & we/ w9ds4 ,,=eca/+ ,,! ,,wea!r ,9 old days1 ! h>uspices 7= ?is is :at ! ,romans call$ wea!r m5 9 ! days ( ,caes>7 proclaim$ ! w ( ! gods by consult+ ! entrails ( "s fre%ly kill$ animal4 ,evid5tly ^! h>uspices did n always make correct =eca/s2 = !re 7 "s ,romans :o op5ly que/ion$ _! wor?4 ,cato1 ! ,c5sor1 is on record z say+ t he wond]$ h[ "o h>uspex c\ld look ano!r 9 ! face )\t laugh+6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,kaikias--,,! ,,nor!a/ ,,w9d ,! mod]n pr(essional =eca/] w\ld scorn to consult ! entrails4 ,!re are h[ev] _m amateur =eca/]s :o =etell wea!r by _! a*es & rheumatic pa9s4 ,probably !re is a high correlation factor betwe5 body s5sations & dampness2 & "s individuals are q s5sitive to *anges 9 bo? relative & absolute humidity4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n always mean t a /orm is approa*+4 ,humidity or dampness is only "o factor & may be q local1 :]eas mo/ /orms are wide-spread4 ,,! ,,wea!r ,,map ,! (ficial =eca/] consults a daily wea!r map & c]ta9 auxili>y maps :i* %[ *anges 9 pressure & temp]ature = twelve h\rs or m4 ,he exam9es closely ! cont\rs ( pressure z %[n on ! map4 ,! synoptic map1 z x is call$1 because x is a glance at wea!r conditions ov] a l>ge area at "o & ! same mom5t1 is a map on :i* are plott$ pressure1 temp]ature1 w9d direction1 velocity & ra9fall4 ,! l9es ( equal pressure or isob>s g5]ally curve & inclose :at is kn[n z a cyclonic c5tre1 or depression or ,,l[4 ,! arr[s po9t 91 b n exactly t[>d ! c5tre ( ! depression4 ,on ! map !re w probably appe> also an area ( high pressure :]e ! surface air fl[s leisurely outw>d & away f ! place ( highe/ pressure4 ,su* an area is call$ an anticyclone1 a ^w fir/ us$ by ,sir ,francis ,galton 9 #ahfc to designate n only high pressure1 b g5]al fl[ ( ! air 9 a rev]s$ or opposite direction to t ( ! l[ area or cyclone4 ,! ^w cyclone 0 fir/ us$ by ,pidd+ton 9 #ahdc 9 describ+ ! fl[ ( ! air 9 ! typhoons ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,seas4 ,x is f ! ,greek & lit]ally means ! coils ( a s]p5t4 ,! ^w cyclone mu/ possess "s special m]it 9 ! m9ds ( j\rnali/s = x is q commonly misus$ = tornado 9 descriptions ( ! small] & m de/ructive /orm4 ,,! ,,l[ ,cyclone is simply ! g5]ic "n = a l>ge rotat+ air mass4 ,x is a b>ometric depression or ,,l[ & is *>act]iz$ by a fl[ ( air inw>d & ar\nd a mov+ c5tre4 ,! air circulation is c\nt]-clockwise 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e & clockwise 9 ! s\?4 ,p]haps if ! e>? /opp$ rotat+ & !re 0 no planet>y circulation1 ) ! great we/-mov+ trades & ea/-mov+ we/]lies1 ! arr[s on ! wea!r map w\ld all po9t directly t[>d ! c5tre ( ! ,,l[2 b1 z ?+s are1 !re are "s v good reasons :y air c n move directly into a ,,l[1 t is at "r angles to ! isob>s4 ,moreov]1 ! wea!r map does n indicate ! true fl[ ( ! air1 = obs]vations ( ! w9d made at ! gr\nd tell only a "p ( ! /ory ( ! balance :i* ! fl[+ air mu/ ma9ta9 "u ! action ( v>i\s =ces1 su* z gravitation1 rotational deflection1 c5trifugal t5d5cy1 & ! v>i\s expansion & compression =ces4 ,! w9ds ne> ! gr\nd are modifi$ bo? 9 velocity & direction by friction4 ,! free fl[ is (t5 int]f]$ ) by topography4 ,,! ,,true ,,air ,,fl[ ,"o mu/ rise above ! gr\nd "s di/ance to get ! true air fl[1 or :at is kn[n z ! gradi5t w9d1 ! fl[ :i* balances ! gradi5t1 i4e4 a fl[ along ! isob>s4 ,! gradi5t velocity is f\nd ab\t #cjj metres above ! gr\nd1 & ! gradi5t direction a little high]4 ,! l[] cl\ds z a rule indicate true w9d values v well2 & s1 x is desirable 9 /udy+ w9ds to use cl\d directions & velocities r ?an surface values4 ,9 cl\d "w a nephoscope is ess5tial4 ,! unaid$ eye1 unless prop]ly %ield$1 suff]s f ! gl>e ( a sunlit sky2 & moreov]1 !re are no fix$ po9ts or ref]5ces4 ,a black mirror1 ) suitable sight+ rods & measur+ devices1 enables an obs]v] to foll[ ! cl\d1 e/imate its height & det]m9e ) accuracy ! direction f :i* x is mov+4 ,!re is an av]age diff]5ce ( #cj degrees betwe5 ! cl\d direction & ! surface w9d2 ! upp] direction be+ m to ! "r4 ,at times ! directions may be opposite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,apheliotes--,,! ,,ea/ ,,w9d ,x may seem surpris+ b few ( u1 except at sunrise & sunset1 really see :at is go+ on 9 cl\d l&4 ,"s meteorologi/s hold t ! circulation ( air #cjjj to #ejjj metres above ! gr\nd controls ! pa? & p]haps ! int5sity ( /orms4 ,x is !re=e important to "k some?+ ( ! fl[ at high levels if we w\ld improve ! =eca/s4 ,,limitations ,,( ,,map ,! wea!r map fails to indicate :at %ifts ( direction & *anges 9 velocity are likely to occur4 ,! =eca/] tries to anticipate ^!1 b he bases 8 conclusions *iefly ^u an expect$ movem5t ( ! l[ area2 us+ ! accumulat$ records ( ! pa?s ( pa/ /orms4 ,b ea* /orm is 9 reality a law unto itself2 & :ile we "k some?+ ( ! relations betwe5 pressure & fl[ ( ! air2 z yet we "k v little ab\t ! relations ( w9d & wea!r4 ,! problem is complicat$ by ! behavior ( ! load ( wat] vapor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,euros--,,! ,,s\!a/ ,,w9d ,! ,*ief ,=eca/] ( "o ( ! great national wea!r s]vices rec5tly wrote3 ,despite ! fact t maps h n[ be5 drawn day by day = ov] half a c5tury1 we may safely say t no two maps h be5 id5tical4 ,x is p]haps un=tunate t s mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! cyclone or depression or ,,l[1 & comp>atively little to ! ,,high or anticyclone4 ,= we are n[ beg9n+ to und]/& t :ile !re may seem at fir/ to be no?+ specially notewor?y ab\t a mass ( air :]e ! pressure v>ies f #ajbj to #ajdj kilob>s1 t is1 #b to #d p] c5t above a /&>d atmosph]e1 ) isob>s irregul>ly curv$ & feeble surface w9ds1 yet ! anticyclone is m important ?an ! cyclone 9 det]m9+ wea!r sequ5ce2 = ! progressive motion ( ! cyclone dep5ds l>gely ^u ! /r5g? ( ! anticyclone4 ,,ocean ,,/orms ,sir ,napi] ,%aw1 :o has writt5 mu* on ! wea!r ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 may be quot$ "h4 ,anyone :o is int]e/$ 9 ! wea!r is always on ! look\t = 'l[s' & is v ke5 to "k :e!r he is go+ to be on ! s\? ( ! c5tre or ! nor? ( x4 ,he is1 ( c\rse1 int]e/$ 9 ! anticyclone too1 because z long z an anticyclone is !re1 !re _c be a depression2 b x is ! depression :i* has ! life & movem5t ab\t x1 giv+ x a claim to ! att5tion ( ev]ybody :o wants to "k :at ! wea!r & its *anges are go+ to be4 ,?is has be5 recogniz$ f ! v e>lie/ days ( wea!r maps ) isob>s4 ,! depressions :i* pass ov] our %ores 7,great ,brita97 mo/ly come f ! we/4 ,"s ( !m come all ! way f ,am]ica2 "o or two h be5 trac$ f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa & s h cross$ ! ,atlantic twice1 fir/ to ! we/w>d & !n to ! ea/w>d4 ,"s h come all ! way f a sort ( p>5t 'l[' 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific ,ocean4 ,s g5]al is ! t5d5cy = 'l[s' to g ea/w>d t x 0 ?\ght at "o "t1 p>ticul>ly by ! ',new ,york ,h]ald1' t _! dep>ture f ! ,am]ican ,coa/ & subsequ5t arrival on our own %ores c\ld be notifi$ by cable1 & we 7! ,briti%7 might ?us be =ew>n$ ( _! approa*1 "s ?ree or f\r days 9 advance4 ,! attempt 0 made by ! ',new ,york ,h]ald' act+ 9 co-op]ation ) ! ,meteorological ,(fices ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ,france4 ,b a depression keeps to no beat5 track2 x has z _m pa?s = its c5tre z !re are l9es 9 a bundle ( hay4 ,?\gh gr\ps c be pick$ out !re are _m /rays1 &1 moreov]1 ! depression *anges its %ape & int5sity :ile x travels1 s t if y lose sight ( x = a day y _c be at all sure ( its id5tity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,notos--,,! ,,s\? ,,w9d ,,transcont95tal ,,/orms ,if !re is s mu* unc]ta9ty 9 =eca/+ ! pa? ( a di/urbance at sea1 h[ mu* m unc]ta9 mu/ x be on l&8 ,elaborate /ati/ics ( ! av]age daily movem5t ( v>i\s types ( /orms h be5 (ficially publi%$4 ,! av]age spe$ ( /orms 7n w9d spe$s7 across ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #aa metres p] second or #be miles an h\r4 ,/orms travel m rapidly 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 ab\t half aga9 z fa/2 t is1 summ] /orms travel #bj miles1 & w9t] /orms #cj miles1 an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,lips--,,! ,,s\?we/ ,,w9d ,! pa?s v>y widely2 f ! ,gulf /orms mov+ nor!a/ & ,we/ ,indian hurricanes recurv+ on ! s\!rn coa/1 to ! /orms f ,alb]ta & ! we/ :i* move s\? & ea/4 ,t5 types ( /orms1 classifi$ accord+ to ! place ( orig91 are recogniz$ by ! (ficial =eca/]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! are ,nor? ,pacific1 ,alb]ta1 ,nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta91 ,colorado1 ,c5tral1 ,s\? ,pacific1 ,texas1 ,ea/ ,gulf1 ,s\? ,atlantic & ,we/ ,indian ,hurricanes4 ,a bett] nom5clature w\ld be 7#a7 ,alb]ta1 7#b7 ,wa%+ton1 7#c7 ,koot5ay1 7#d7 ,utah1 7#e7 ,kansas1 7#f7 ,cali=nia1 7#g7 ,texas1 7#h7 ,l\isiana1 7#i7 ,florida1 & 7#aj7 ,hurricanes4 ,,hurricanes ,type #aj is ! g5]al class ( tropical /orms occurr+ *iefly 9 ! summ] & fall :i*1 drift+ we/1 sl[ly "w nor?w>d4 ,simil> /orms are ! typhoons & baguios ( ! ,ea/ ,indian & ,*9a ,seas4 ,! pa? & po9t ( recurvature w be det]m9$ by ! position ( ! ,b]muda ,hyp]b>1 t is1 ! seasonal anticyclone ( ! ,atlantic4 ,?is acc\nts = ! sw++ ea/ & nor? ( ^! tracks z ! season progresses2 = ! hyp]b> is sl[ly displac$ ea/1 ! maximum displacem5t occurr+ 9 ,septemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,base ,,map ,,by ,,goode ,,fig4 #h4 ,,all ,,/orms ,,lead ,,to ,,new ,,engl& ,individual anticyclones also influ5ce individual hurricanes4 ,?us a hurricane pass+ we/ ov] ,havana1 w g f>!r we/ if a vigor\s high is spread+ s\!a/ ov] ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,& :5 ?is high passes seaw>d1 ! hurricane w "w ar\nd ! s\?we/ quadrant ( ! high1 recurv+ & mov+ nor!a/4 ,,/orm ,,r5dezv\s ,al?o /orms orig9ate or are fir/ detect$ 9 n9e diff]5t sections1 x is a fact wor? m5tion+ t !y all leave ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! vic9ity ( ,new ,engl& or ,nova ,scotia4 ,"s ( ! s\!rn depressions />t+ ne> ! coa/1 pass to sea s\? ( ,new ,york1 b 9 g5]al an obs]v] /&+ on ,plym\? ,rock c virtually encompass )9 a radius ( #ejj kilometres1 #cjj miles1 ! pa?s ( n9ety p] c5t ( ! /orms t trav]se ! c\ntry4 ,?us a /orm t orig9ates 9 ,texas 7#g7 w probably pass close to ,cape ,cod4 ,likewise1 types 7#c7 & 7#e72 :ile ! o!r types may pass a little to ! nor? or s\?4 ,see ,*>t1 ,pa?s ( ,/orms4 ,,/orm ,,pa?s ,=eca/+ !n w\ld seem to be v easy2 = "o w\ld only h to "k ! place ( orig9 ( ! /orm & ! rate ( travel1 to =etell exactly ! "t ( arrival4 ,un=tunately ^! are only ! av]age pa?s2 & z ) mo/ mean values1 repres5t a value n (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 fact4 ,^! pa?s !n are n pa?s :i* any giv5 /orm w foll[4 ,"o mu/ recall ! /ory ( ! op]at+ surgeon :o gave ! av]age age ( 8 pati5ts 9 ! op]at+ room z #ce4 ,!re 7 b two pati5ts1 "o #fi ye>s old & ! o!r #a ye> old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,zephyros--,,! ,,we/ ,,w9d ,z a matt] ( fact ! pa? ( any individual depression dep5ds ^u sev]al factors1 "s ( :i* are3--! prevail+ ea/w>d drift ( ! air2 ! ext5t & motion ( "s anticyclone advanc+ be=e ! ,,l[2 ! duration & spe$ ( relatively dry cold tongues ( air f ! nor?2 & ! supply ( wat] vapor br\ght f s\!rn wat]s by s\? w9ds4 ,a depression c make little headway if to ! nor? or ea/ ! normal pa? is block$ by :at is kn[n z a /agnant ,,high4 ,s !re=e1 if ! anticyclone is a sl[ mov]1 a ,texas /orm1 :i* w\ld normally pass n f> f s\!rn ,new ,engl&1 may be deflect$ f>!r nor? ?an :5 ! ,,high mov$ rapidly ea/4 ,s too1 ) ! /orms :i* orig9ate 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,a sl[ mov+ ,,high w prev5t ! ,,l[ foll[+ x1 f mov+ ea/ at a normal rate along ! usual pa?4 ,anticyclones !n1 are ! real wea!r controls4 ,!re are v>i\s types1 b all drift f ! nor? or we/4 ,occasionally !y ent] ! c\ntry f ! ,pacific1 b ! great majority come f ,alb]ta & move leisurely s\!a/1 (t5 rea*+ ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,/ates2 b m frequ5tly recurv+ & pass+ to ! nor?4 ,,/agnant ,,highs ,,highs are sometimes re9=c$ & ?is results 9 :at is call$ a /agnant ,,high4 ,a good illu/ration ( su* a sl[ mov+ ,,high & its consequ5ces occurr$ dur+ ! la/ week ( ,janu>y1 #aibb4 ,a surge ( cold air f ,alb]ta or f>!r nor? rea*$ ! int]national b\nd>y ,janu>y #ba/ & spread sl[ly ea/w>d1 rea*+ ! ,great ,lakes on ! #bd? & ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,valley two days lat]4 ,!n seem+ly x halt$ or mov$ sl[ly we/w>d1 retrograd+4 ,9 ?ree days1 t is1 on ! #bi?1 ! c5tre ( ! ,,high 0 app>5tly #ejj miles we/ ( :]e x _h be5 on ! #bg?4 ,aft] ! #bi? x foll[$ a normal track1 mov+ sl[ly s\!a/1 rea*+ ! ,atlantic ne> ,long ,isl&4 ,mean:ile a depression on ! s\? coa/ ( ,texas on ! #be?1 mov$ across ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 pass+ ov] ,s\!rn ,florida on ! #bg? & advanc$ /eadily nor!a/1 rea*+ ,cape ,hatt]as 9 #bd h\rs4 ,ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ! anticyclone ref]r$ to above1 ! depression recurv$ (f ,hatt]as4 ,! result 0 a memorable sn[ /orm 9 ,nor!rn ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&4 ,at #h p4m4 ,janu>y #bg?1 !re _h be5 a fall ( #e cms4 7#b in*es74 ,)9 ! foll[+ tw5ty h\rs ! av]age dep? 9 ! city ( ,wa%+ton 0 #ff cms4 7#bf in*es74 ,! weight ( ! sn[ caus$ ! collapse ( ! ro( ( ! ,knick]bock] ,!atre & ! dea? ( #ig p]sons4 ,! total sn[fall 9 v>i\s coa/ cities 03 ,raleigh #bd cms499 ,ri*mond #dh ,wa%+ton #ga ,baltimore #fg ,wilm+ton #df ,philadelphia #ca ,tr5ton #bg ,new ,york #ah ,new ,hav5 #h ,bo/on #a 99,note3 ,to conv]t to in*es multiply by #j4d4 ,! table %[s cle>ly h[ ! sn[ 0 =m$4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! ,,l[ a /ream ( air1 relatively w>m1 c>ri$ a load ( wat] vapor1 approximately #ac grams 9 ea* cubic metre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,base ,,map ,,by ,,goode ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,pa?s ,,( ,,high ,,& ,,l[1 ,,great ,,sn[ ,,/orm ,,( ,,janu>y #bg-bh1 #aibb ,?is curr5t 0 /e]$ ar\nd ! nor? side ( ! ,,l[ & met ! nor?-nor!a/ w9d4 ,"u ! new conditions ! air saturat$ c\ld hold only #b or #c grams2 & s cond5sation & heavy precipitation result$4 ,! region ( maximum sn[fall 0 ne> ,wa%+ton1 & x w be se5 t !re is a proportional decrease nor? & s\?4 ,! sn[fall at ,wa%+ton 0 ! heavie/ ev] kn[n at t city4 ,unlike mo/ /orms1 !re 0 no /rong cold nor?we/ w9d bl[+ into ! depression4 ,! temp]ature rose sl[ly4 ,x 0 less a contra/ ( w9ds ?an a /eady sl[ outw>d pu% ( ! anticyclone1 & ! consequ5t turn+ ( ! pa? ( ! cyclone ea/w>d4 ,,laws ,,( ,,=eca/+ ,buys ,ballot's ,law4 ,if y /& ) y\r back to ! w9d ! pressure decreases t[>d y\r left1 & increases t[>d y\r "r4 ,= navigators1 ?is law is m g5]ally express$ 9 ! words ( ! ,hydrographic ,(fice on ,cyclonic ,/orms4 ,s9ce ! w9d circulates c\nt]-clockwise 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! rule 9 t hemisph]e is to face ! w9d1 & ! /orm c5tre w be at ! "r h&4 ,if ! w9d travel$ 9 exact circles1 ! c5tre w\ld be eight po9ts 7#ij degrees7 to ! "r :5 look+ directly 9 ! w9d's eye4 ,b ! w9d foll[s a m or less spiral pa? inw>d :i* br+s ! c5tre f eight to twelve po9ts 7#ij to #ace degrees71 to ! "r ( ! w9d4 ,! c5tre w be> m ne>ly eight po9ts f ! direction ( ! l[] cl\ds ?an f ! surface w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,skiron--,,! ,,nor?we/ ,,w9d ,! law giv5 on ! prec$+ page is nam$ aft] ,c4 ,h4 ,d4 ,buys ,ballott1 a ,dut* meteorologi/4 ,x 0 ann\nc$ 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,comptes r5dus 9 #aheg4 ,two ,am]ican writ]s on ! ,w9ds1 ,j4 ,h4 ,c(f9 & ,william ,f]rell1 _h h[ev] e>li] f\nd ! law to hold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile mo/ ( u /udy /orms f a w9d[ at home & are n call$ ^u to h&le a %ip 9 a /orm1 yet x may n be out ( place to include "h ! diagram ( ! w9ds 9 an ideal /orm & give ! rules = maneuv]+4 ,see ,figure #ab4 ,! ,w9ds 9 an ,idealiz$ ,/orm4 ,! rules apply only to /orms 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,"r or dang]\s semicircle1--,/eam]s3 ,br+ ! w9d on ! />bo>d b[1 make z mu* way z possible1 & if oblig$ to heave-to1 d s head to sea4 ,sail+ vessels3 ,keep close-haul$ on ! />bo>d tack1 make z mu* way z possible1 & if oblig$ to heave-to1 d s on ! />bo>d tack4 ,left or navigable semicircle1--,/eam & sail+ vessels3 ,br+ ! w9d on ! />bo>d qu>t]1 note ! c\rse & hold x4 ,if oblig$ to heave-to1 /eam]s may d s /]n to sea2 sail+ vessels on ! port tack4 ,on ! /orm track 9 front ( c5t]1--,/eam & sail+ vessels3 ,br+ ! w9d two po9ts on ! />bo>d qu>t]1 note ! c\rse & hold x1 & run = ! left semicircle1 & :5 9 t semicircle manoeuvre z above4 ,on ! /orm track1 9 re> ( c5t]1--,avoid ! c5t] by ! be/ practicable r\te1 hav+ due reg>d to ! t5d5cy ( cyclones to recurve to ! s\?w>d & ea/w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,hydrographic ,,(fice ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,! ,,w9ds ,,9 ,,an ,,idealiz$ ,,/orm ,,w9d ,,& ,,altitude ,! law ( ! turn+ ( ! w9d ) altitude4 ,a casual obs]vation ( ! l[] cl\ds :]e no means ( measur+ small angles is available w n usually %[ any diff]5ce betwe5 ! motion ( ! cl\ds & ! surface w9d2 b ) ! upp] cl\ds ! case is diff]5t1 & "o readily detects a diff]5ce4 ,sev]al ?\s& obs]vations ) v>i\s ag5cies1 su* z kites & pilot balloons & m especially measurem5ts made ) !odolites & nephoscopes1 %[ t !re is a def9ite twi/ to ! "r ) elevation4 ,! am\nt ( ! deflection is %[n 9 ,figure #ac4 ,turn+ ( ! ,w9d ) ,altitude4 ,"h ! av]age ye>ly values are giv5 = directions & velocities4 ,?us if ! mean w9d direction at ,blue ,hill is f a po9t a little to ! nor? ( we/1 #cjf grads or #bge degrees1 & ! mean velocity #g metres p] second2 ! cl\ds at #ajjj metres elevation w move f #cab or #bhj degrees & at a spe$ ( approximately #aa metres p] second 7#bd miles an h\r74 ,^! h[ev]1 are av]age values4 ,9 individual cases ! diff]5ce betwe5 surface w9ds & /ratus cl\ds may be consid]ably great]4 ,x may be z mu* z #ahj degrees2 t is1 ! cl\d may move directly opposite to ! w9d4 ,9 g5]al !re w be a diff]5ce ( #aj to #bj degrees4 ,,w9d ,,& ,,ra9 ,! law ( w9d direction1 approximate cool+ & ra94 ,:5 ! l[] cl\ds are mov+ f ! nor? or nor?we/1 )\t %>ply def9$ edges1 ! ,,l[ is ea/ or nor!a/ ( ! obs]v]2 & ra9 or sn[ is n likely unless !re is a rapidly fall+ temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,turn+ ,,( ,,w9d ,,) ,,altitude1 ,,blue ,,hill ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,turn+ ,,( ,,w9d ,,) ,,altitude ,:5 a /ream ( w>m air ) a high absolute humidity fl[s nor? on ! ea/ side ( a ,,l[1 & a cold nor?we/ w9d foll[s quickly aft] ! ,,l[1 ra9 or sn[ may be expect$4 ,any rapid *ill+ ( w>m1 moi/ air produces cl\d9ess & ra9 or sn[2 b a cold /ream bl[+ into a w>m area w n produce z mu* ra9 z a w>m /ream bl[+ into a cold area4 ,,duration ,,( ,,w9d ,! av]age duration ( w9d f v>i\s directions is z foll[s3 ,f ! nor? ab\t #af h\rs ea* week2 f ! nor!a/1 ! same2 f ! ea/1 #aa h\rs2 f ! s\!a/1 #aj h\rs2 f ! s\?1 #bd h\rs2 f ! s\?we/1 #bg h\rs2 f ! we/1 #cc h\rs2 & f ! nor?we/ #ca h\rs4 ,dur+ an individual di/urbance la/+ ab\t #cf h\rs1 we may h #h h\rs ( s\?we/ w9d2 #d h\rs ( we/ w9d1 back+ dur+ ! next #d h\rs to s\?2 #b h\rs ( s\? w9d2 #b h\rs ( s\!a/ w9d2 #b h\rs ( ea/ w9d2 #h h\rs nor!a/ w9d & #d h\rs nor? w9d1 #b h\rs nor?we/1 :5 x may be consid]$ t a new pressure di/ribution prevails4 ,! above values hold only = a /orm mov+ ) normal velocity4 ,,l[s are (t5 block$ by sl[ mov+ ,,highs 9 advance4 ,9 su* cases ! duration ( ea/ w9ds is great]4 ,,! ,,w9ds ,,( ,a ,,ye> ,! foll[+ table %[s ! m>k$ increase 9 ! preval5ce ( nor?we/ & we/ w9ds dur+ w9t] mon?s1 ! decrease 9 nor? w9ds dur+ ,july1 ! increase 9 nor!a/ w9ds 9 ,may1 also 9 ea/ w9ds2 ! increase ( s\? & s\?we/ w9ds 9 ,july2 & ! fall+ (f ( s\!a/ w9ds 9 ,decemb]4 ,see ,table1 page #gb4 ,9 cities ne> ! ,atlantic ,coa/1 a cont9uance ( nor!a/ w9d1 especially 9 ! fall & w9t] mon?s1 results 9 frequ5t al?o n necess>ily heavy ra9s4 ,on ! o!r h& a p]iod ( cont9u$ nor?we/ & we/ w9d is a dry p]iod4 ,9 summ]1 s\!a/ & ea/ w9ds br+ fog & cool] wea!r2 :ile s\?we/ w9ds are favorable = ! developm5t ( ?und]/orms4 ,,w9ds ,,( ,a ,,ye> ,,table ,i4--,numb] ( ,h\rs ! ,w9d ,bl[s f ,diff]5t ,directions4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,jan4 ,m>4 ,may ,july ,sept4 ,nov4 ,ye> ,feb4 ,apr4 ,june ,aug4 ,oct4 ,dec4 ,boreas 7,n7 #ih #gd #ga #gj #fj #dj #ei #ei #fg #hj #hb #if #hej ,kaikias 7,,ne7 #da #df #fe #id #aja #ee #gi #gi #gg #ia #dh #cj #hai ,apheliotes 7,e7 #cd #cg #eb #eh #fc #dh #ea #ea #eb #eh #cd #ca #egf ,euros 7,,se7 #cg #cg #de #da #ed #de #fb #fb #eb #de #ci #cd #ecd ,notus 7,s7 #hb #ff #ie #ii #adc #aee #abh #abh #aah #ic #ha #fe #abde ,lips 7,,sw7 #aab #gg #ha #gi #aah #agj #ace #ace #acc #ajh #aai #aca #adjb ,zephyros 7,w7 #ahj #agg #aee #abe #ajg #acg #abe #abe #ajh #aca #afi #aid #agcb ,skiron 7,,nw7 #afj #afb #ahc #aed #ih #id #aje #aje #aac #ach #adh #afc #afjg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,summ] ,,& ,,w9t] ,,w9ds ,,9 ,,metres ,,p] ,,second ,,! ,,sea ,,breeze ,:5 ! wea!r has be5 cle> & mod]ately w>m = two or m days1 & ! w9ds are light & v>iable1 !re may occur on ! ?ird day a mod]ate w9d f ! ea/1 kn[n z ! sea-breeze4 ,?is occurs dur+ anticyclonic conditions4 ,prec$+ ! sea-breeze1 ! w9ds are v light1 !re are no cl\ds1 & ! temp]ature rises rapidly dur+ ! =5oon4 ,?is heat+ is due to a sl[ dynamic compression z ! air sl[ly desc5ds & ! surface air does n fl[ away4 ,!re is no cool+ because !re is no evaporation due to air movem5t4 ,! absolute humidity is l[1 (t5 less ?an t5 grams p] cubic metre4 ,cumulus cl\ds d n =m because !re is no uplift ( ! l[] air & consequ5tly no *ance = cond5sation ( :atev] wat] vapor may be pres5t4 ,no ?und]-heads =m not)/&+ ! heat4 ,! heat1 :ile dry1 is nev]!less extremely try+ to m5 & animals4 ,relief comes 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! aft]noon by ! arrival ( ! sea-breeze4 ,! usual explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! sea-breeze is t ! l& be+ excessively w>m1 ! air ov] a relatively cool ocean moves 9 to take ! place ( ! w>m & !re=e light] air1 :i* x is assum$ has ris54 ,un=tunately = ?is explanation1 ! air ov] ! l& has n ris52 b on ! contr>y is fall+ sl[ly4 ,aga9 ! sea-breeze does n beg9 at ! place :]e ! temp]ature contra/ is greate/1 namely1 j inside ! %ore l9e2 b comes 9 f ! sea4 ,nor does ! fl[ ext5d f> inl&1 :i* w\ld be ! case if !re 7 up-ris+ curr5ts4 ,! sea-breeze is v %all[1 g5]ally n ext5d+ upw>d m ?an #bjj metres1 & (t5 n above #ajj metres4 ,x does n p5etrate f> inl&1 z a rule n m ?an #ae kilometres1 #i miles4 ,! sea-breeze is probably caus$ by a sl[ desc5t ( dry1 w>m air1 on an incl9e slop+ f nor!a/ to s\?we/4 ,z x rea*es ! surface x is twi/$ m to ! "r2 t is1 becomes an ea/ w9d4 ,x c>ries inl& ) x "s ( ! air ov] ! ocean :i* is mu* cool] & heavily saturat$4 ,,muggy ,,days ,!re are c]ta9 days1 m noticeable 9 summ] ?an at o!r times1 :5 ! air is heavily lad5 ) wat] vapor2 & !re is little or no cool+ ( ! body due to evaporation4 ,we p]spire freely b z ! sweat does n evaporate1 !re is a con/antly increas+ am\nt ( wat] on ! sk94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,blue ,,hill ,,obs]vatory ,,dur+ ,,ice ,,/orm1 ,,novemb] #bi-cj1 #aibb ,x is n altoge!r a "q ( temp]ature1 = ano!r day may h z high or ev5 high] temp]ature4 ,x is ess5tially a matt] ( v5tilation4 ,on muggy days we are some:at 9 ! condition ( ! un=tunate prison]s 9 ! ,black ,hole at ,calcutta4 ,!y did n die by poison+1 z has g5]ally be5 accept$1 t is1 lack ( suffici5t oxyg5 & an excess ( c>bon dioxide2 b because !y 7 unable to keep ! sk9 suffici5tly cool4 ,!re 0 no v5tilation2 no movem5t ( ! air & ! body became ov]-heat$ & exhau/ion foll[$4 ,no matt] h[ mu* wat] !re may be on ! sk9 if ! surr\nd+ space is saturat$1 "o feels oppress$4 ,a vigor\s fann+ ( ! air helps evaporation & cools u4 ,t is :y a brisk nor?we/ w9d r\ts a muggy condition4 ,,ca/ilian ,,days ,john ,hay wrote ( su* days sp5t 9 ,spa94 ,we :o live 9 a l& :]e ! w9ds are m boi/]\s1 occasionally exp]i5ce :at we call a p]fect day4 ,su* days h ea/]ly w9ds ( two metres p] second or less ?an five miles an h\r4 ,! temp]ature is midway betwe5 freez+ & normal body temp]ature or ab\t #gj deg4 ,f4 ,! relative humidity is approximately #ge & ! absolute humidity #ab grams p] cubic metre4 ,! table on page #gb expla9s ! paucity ( p]fect days4 ,! gu/y1 boi/]\s w9ds1 ,skiron & ,zephyros1 bl[ too frequ5tly4 ,p]haps c]ta9 ( our national *>act]i/ics may be traceable to ?is fl[ ( ! air & our climatic environm5t4