-------------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,note4 ,hyphenation has been standardized4 -------------------------------------- ,,the ,,tomato ,,the ,,tomato ,by ,,paul ,,work ,professor of ,vegetable ,crops1 ,cornell ,university ,editor of ,market ,growers ,journal ,,illustrated ,illustration3 ,printer's ,logo ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,publishing ,,company1 ,,inc4 #aide ,,copyright1 #aidb1 ,,by ,,orange ,,judd ,,publishing ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,this book or any part thereof1 may not be reproduced without permission of the publishers1 except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine or newspaper4 ,copyright ,under the ,articles of the ,copyright ,convention of the ,pan ,american ,republics and the ,united ,states ,august #aa1 #aiaj ,illustration3 ,,frederick ,j4 ,,pritchard #ahgd-aica ,originator of tomato varieties of improved type and resistant to disease ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,,introduction #aa ,i4 ,,the ,,tomato ,,is ,a ,,great ,,food ,,and ,,crop ,,plant #ac ,,ii4 ,,choose ,,the ,,soil ,,and ,,feed ,,the ,,plant #be ,,iii4 ,,the ,,best ,,in ,,seed ,,is ,,none ,,too ,,good #ch ,,iv4 ,,strong ,,plants ,,for ,,early ,,maturity ,,and ,,heavy ,,crop #ec ,v4 ,,good ,,culture ,,favors ,,good ,,returns #ga ,,vi4 ,,to ,,train ,,them ,,up ,,or ,,let ,,them ,,spread #gi ,,vii4 ,,the ,,eternal ,,battle ,,with ,,insects ,,and ,,diseases #he ,,viii4 ,,skillful ,,selling ,,crowns ,,the ,,enterprise #ic ,,ix4 ,,operating ,,in ,,the ,,red ,,or ,,in ,,the ,,black #aaf ,,references #aai ,,index #acc ,,illustrations ,f4 ,j4 ,pritchard ,frontispiece ,,figure #a4 ,the tomato is the leader among greenhouse vegetables #ai #b4 ,the tomato flower #bb #c4 ,long section of tomato flower #bc #d4 ,how nitrate nitrogen affects tomato growth #bg #e4 ,effect of omission of phosphorus from complete fertilizer #cc #f4 ,cultivating and side-dressing tomatoes #cf #g4 ,types of tomato interiors #dc #h4 ,the ,earliana tomato #de #i4 ,marglobe plant #dh #aj4 ,marglobe fruit #di #aa4 ,a good small greenhouse for plant growing #eh #ab4 ,plants for the early crop #fa #ac4 ,tin can prepared for sowing tomato seed #fd #ad4 ,plants that have been crowded and overgrown #fi #ae4 ,tomatoes pruned and trained with post1 wire and twine #hj #af4 ,fine clusters on trained plants #ha #ag4 ,resistance to fusarium wilt #hg #ah4 ,diseases of the tomato #hi #ai4 ,packing tomatoes on a farm #ii #bj4 ,a ,california packing house #aja #ba4 ,puffiness is a common defect in tomatoes #ajb #bb4 ,the lug box #ajd #bc4 ,lug boxes as loaded in car #aje #bd4 ,the square braid basket #ajf #be4 ,the ,connecticut half bushel box #ajg #bf4 ,repacked tomatoes #ajh #bg4 ,cellulose film is used for repacked tomatoes #aji ,,introduction ,why should there be a book on tomatoes8 ,the world is full of bulletins of experiment stations1 of articles in periodicals and of general books on vegetables which include discussion of tomatoes4 ,an incomplete set of tomato bulletins includes over #cej documents4 ,many of these are no longer available4 ,many are of no great value but contribute this or that small item4 ,the task of a book like this is to offer between two covers1 a summary of what seem the most significant facts and opinions about the third most important vegetable crop in the ,united ,states4 ,the tomato is one of the most rewarding crops for the home garden4 ,a little space yields heavily1 from half a peck to a peck per plant without difficulty4 ,it grows well practically everywhere in the ,states1 affording high nutritional values whether used fresh or canned4 ,and people do like tomatoes1 whether as salad1 cooked vegetable1 or condiment4 ,competition among growers and among districts makes three elements necessary for commercial success3--quality in the goods1 economy in production1 and effectiveness in marketing4 ,the grower must know his plant1 what it is like and how it behaves under various conditions and treatments4 ,then1 he needs an understanding of the economic factors that surround his enterprise4 ,conditions in various sections and production for various purposes are so diverse that dogmatic statement and general advice are precluded4 ,the aim is rather by means of available information to help the reader to an understanding that will enable him to answer his own questions for his own conditions and this far better than any broad prescription could possibly do4 ,principles1 possible practices and examples of field programs are offered as guides for self-help for home1 school1 hobby as well as commercial production4 ,a person who studies on this basis will not be thwarted by a sudden shift of weather or market but will have at hand the necessary facts and ideas to adjust his plan to changed conditions4 ,no attempt has been made toward complete citation of reference4 ,those given will lead to others making possible a full survey of the extensive literature4 ,the ,tomato ,i ,,the ,,tomato ,,is ,a ,,great ,,food ,,and ,,crop ,,plant ,vegetable1 ,fruit or ,berry1--what is the tomato8 ,a standard query this is and many an argument has raged about it4 ,the answer is easy4 ,it is all three4 ,by culture and use1 it is a vegetable2 botanically it is a fruit and among the fruits1 it is a berry being indehiscent 7non-shedding71 pulpy1 with one or more seeds that are not stones4 ,and they say the tomato is more truly a berry than the raspberry4 ,but that doesn't make much difference4 ,the thing that matters is that people like the tomato4 ,it is easy to grow and nearly every home garden has it4 ,it is good to look upon--shapely1 colorful and of glossy sheen4 ,a trained single stem plant with ripening fruit is a genuine ornament in the garden4 ,it is most gratifying to the palate1 fresh or cooked2 soft and grainy1 smooth and juicy in texture1 sweet and tart and with an appealing flavor all of its own that few fail to relish4 ,as juice or cocktail1 adding color and flavor to soup1 as condiment or as side dish with the entree1 as salad freshly sliced or in jell1 it is welcome with almost every course and some ingenious chef or1 more likely1 some clever housewife will1 one of these days1 fashion from it the dessert supreme4 ,nor have we exhausted the list of forms in which the tomato may be served4 ,in addition to its simplest cooked form1 stewed or turned hot from the can1 it may also be baked1 stuffed or not1 or it may be escalloped and cooked with rice1 spaghetti or other foods4 ,fried1 before fully ripe1 and served with brown gravy1 it is most popular in many a home4 ,ketchup or catsup is one of our most widely used condiments and chili sauce many like even better4 ,green tomato pickles1 chow chow1 piccalilli carry the piquant tang of the tomato to enliven the winter table4 ,and tomato juice1 plain or dressed up with spices1 vinegar or lemon juice has become a great staple of our groceries1 a standard send-off for any meal from breakfast snatched on the morning sprint to work on through to the most elaborate of banquets4 ,the tomato1 by reason of its natural acidity1 is readily sterilized and so can be preserved easily in glass or tin4 ,it ranks first among the big three canned vegetables2 the other two being sweet corn and peas4 ,by far the great bulk that goes to the factory is put up with the addition of nothing more than salt4 ,in addition to the condiments1 puree and paste are manufactured in commercial quantities4 ,the ,italians dry tomatoes extensively in the sun1 slicing the fruits1 and later flavoring them to taste for various winter uses4 ,though the tomato was not recognized as a valuable food until about a century ago1 its merit is now universally accepted4 ,bob ,adams used to call it the poor man's orange for it is rich in vitamins and in malic and citric acid1 possessing besides1 a fine appetizing flavor which is as truly a value in nutrition as it is a pleasure4 ,actually1 the tomato is mostly water1 of rather low protein and carbohydrate content but this does not detract1 for other foods are dependable for these staples of nutrition and most of us eat too much of them4 ,the tomato is a youngster among the vegetables4 ,in contrast to the onion of ,egyptian lore and the cucumber reputed to have been used in ,western ,asia many centuries ago1 the tomato is not reported until the herbalists of the #afth century recorded its culture in ,italy and ,england--but with little of the esteem now accorded4 ,the name seems to be of ,aztec origin and two distinct wild forms--one corresponding to our cherry or currant varieties and the other to our larger1 flatter1 less regular fruits of many cells1--are to be found wild in ,latin ,america4 ,its ,american origin is generally accepted4 ,commercially1 the tomato is a great crop4 ,among the vegetables1 it is outranked only by the potato and the sweet potato4 ,the following table gives a few figures on the tomato crop3 ,acres ,value ,thousands ,million dollars #aibi-ch-------------------------------- -- ,average #aibi-ch #aiciaidj;,average#aiciaidj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,u4,s4 for canning #cfi #ceh #chf #ai #bd #bd for fresh market #agg #baj #bjd #bd #cd #bi ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #edf #efh #eij #dc #eh #ec ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,average yield for market is about #aaf bushels per acre and the average price #a4bf per bushel4 ,the government reckons a bushel at #ec pounds1 or about #ch bushels per ton4 ,the average cannery yield for #aibi-ch was #d4ae tons2 for #aici1 #e4eh tons2 and #aidj1 #e4ci tons4 ,this shows a material increase4 ,the average cannery price for #aibi-ch was #ab4ed per ton4 ,yields by states varied widely in #aidj from #b4g tons per acre in ,arkansas with ,indiana at #e4e to #g4e in ,california4 ,in northeastern states1 it is considered that about a seven ton yield is necessary for the farmer to break even4 ,in ,new ,york1 it costs about #fj4jj to grow an acre of tomatoes to first picking4 ,with a good yield1 picking and delivery costs about #c4jj a ton4 ,leading market states are ,texas1 #dj1jjj acres2 ,florida1 #ca1jjj and ,california1 #bb1jjj4 ,tomatoes are grown in a very large number of states--#bc or #bd states showing #a1jjj acres or more for market4 ,leading cannery states are ,indiana1 #gd1jjj acres2 ,california1 #eb1jjj2 ,maryland1 #ea1jjj2 and ,new ,jersey1 #cc1jjj4 ,california1 also ,pennsylvania and ,ohio have shown recent large gains4 ,large quantities grown in town and country home gardens are not included in these figures and probably also many grown on small scale for market4 ,after all1 however1 the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture estimated per capita consumption of fresh tomatoes at #ag4g pounds1 about one medium sized fruit per week per person4 ,consumption of canned tomatoes is less than a third of the fresh consumption4 ,these figures include estimates for rural and urban home gardens4 ,so1 we can hardly be said to be gluttons for tomatoes nor even to meet a fair health standard1 even considering all vegetables together4 ,after all1 it does not have to be tomatoes even though their high nutritional value is recognized4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #a4--,the tomato is the leader among greenhouse vegetables4 ,in commercial greenhouses1 the tomato has replaced lettuce as the principal crop and it is likely to remain an important under-glass crop until such time as the ,south finds practical means of getting it to market with first-class quality--perhaps1 harvesting the fruit when it first shows color4 ,solution ,culture ,the tomato has been widely used in experiments in solution-culture of plants1 sometimes called hydroponics4 ,the method has been in use for decades for research purposes1 but has been widely publicized of recent years as a possible method of commercial culture4 ,a high degree of control of factors governing growth is undertaken and difficulties are proportionately increased4 ,hence no extensive commercial development has occurred4 ,a good presentation of the method has been offered by ,hoagland and ,arnon4#a ,the ,tomato ,plant ,to manage a crop1 one must needs know the plant4 ,to know the various characters of the tomato helps one to master its culture4 ,the tomato belongs to the night shade family1 the ,solanaceae of the botanist1 along with the potato1 tobacco1 petunia1 pepper1 eggplant1 night shade1 jimson weed and many other plants useful and noxious4 ,the tomato is a warm-season crop1 sensitive to frost but reasonably resistant to heat and drought1 thriving under a wide range of climate and soil4 ,a frost free season of seventy-five to ninety days will mature home garden tomatoes in useful quantities if good plants are set but over #abj days are needed for economical commercial production4 ,plant growing requires six to eight weeks previous to setting out-of-doors4 ,each fruit requires about six weeks from blossom to ripeness4 ,the fruit ripens best for yield1 color and quality when the weather is warm and sunny4 ,low temperatures without frost are not favorable for growth and prolonged conditions of this sort may check the plant and retard the response when higher temperatures come4 ,the tomato is sensitive to extreme day-length1 setting fruit at #g to #ai hours but not at #e or #bd hours4#b ,the tomato responds readily to fertilizers and to moisture1 coming quickly into vigorous growth after unfavorable conditions1 unless too badly stunted4 ,as long as moisture and nutrients are available and other conditions are favorable1 a tomato plant will continue to branch and blossom and make fruit almost indefinitely4 ,a pruned single stem plant in a greenhouse at ,cornell once reached a length of over #dj feet during a year and a half of growth4 ,thus1 it is really a herbaceous perennial grown in northern climates as an annual4 ,the plant branches freely at leaf joints but fruit clusters are formed along the bare stem1--a habit not common among plants4 ,some varieties are determinate in habit1 sometimes miscalled self-pruning1 as branches only attain limited length4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #b4--,the tomato flower4 ,varieties differ in protrusion of pistil beyond the stamen column4 ,if style is too short1 pollination may fail2 also1 if too long4 ,a long pistil increases danger of damage from heat and drying out4 ,hot1 dry winds often damage floral parts and the blossoms drop without setting fruit4 ,smith#c has shown that pollen grains germinate best at #he deg4 ,f41 almost as well at #gj deg4 ,f41 poorly at #ej deg4 ,f4 and very poorly at #ajj deg4 ,f4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #c4--,long section of tomato flower4 ,the flowers of the tomato are borne in simple racemes or1 in some varieties1 in compound clusters4 ,the flowers are normally on the plan of #e but cultivated varieties may have six or eight sepals and petals4 ,sepals are narrow and may be as much as an inch long4 ,petals are united at the base4 ,stamens are united by the anthers surrounding the style and stigma4 ,the ovary or little tomato is above the calyx but1 as it grows1 it carries corolla and stamens outward until they1 with stigma and style1 drop off4 ,length of style is a fairly important character in its bearing on pollination and on susceptibility to heat and wind injury4 ,seedless ,fruits ,recent experiments by several workers have demonstrated the possibilities of inducing development of fruits without pollination 7parthenocarpy7 by means of certain chemical compounds1 notably indolebutyric acid1 although others are effective4#d ,this method yields seedless fruits and promises to be of value in insuring a yield of fruits under conditions unfavorable for natural setting4 ,,ii ,,choose ,,the ,,soil ,,and ,,feed ,,the ,,plant ,almost anywhere that other things will grow1 the tomato thrives--so far as soil type is concerned4 ,florida grows tomatoes on coral soils that appear too poor to produce any useful crop4 ,the fields of ,south ,jersey are very sandy but tomatoes do well despite costly control of moisture and fertility4 ,in some canning sections1 clay loams and even clay soils are used4 ,the ideal is a medium sandy loam1 well supplied with humus for good water holding capacity4 ,lighter soils are generally earlier4 ,tomatoes on drouthy soils are likely to suffer from blossom end rot as well as from poor growth4 ,good drainage is required4 ,muck or peat soils will grow tomatoes but they are not commonly used for commercial production4 ,liming is not important for tomatoes even on fairly acid soils1 assuming1 of course1 that the very small actual calcium requirement of the plant is met4 ,this is generally confirmed by experiments but it does not preclude the merit of lime in favoring green manure crops which1 in turn1 make the soil more suitable for tomatoes4 ,the dominant element in most sound tomato fertility programs is phosphorus with nitrogen second and potash third4 ,recommendations of general application are not possible but each need must be met before other beneficial additions can be fully effective4 ,in the home garden1 a program that keeps up fertility for other crops will suffice for tomatoes4 ,in commercial production1 especially for canning1 where prices received are usually low1 the program must be neatly cut to fit the soil1 the crop system1 the value of the tomatoes and the costs of materials4 ,a canning crop in those sections where yields are almost bound to be low1 will not justify heavy investment in fertilizer4 ,where much is spent for irrigation1 plant growing1 staking and pruning1 one cannot afford to curtail the fertilizer investment that will bring maximum return4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #d4--;,how nitrate nitrogen affects tomato growth4 ,plants1 grown in quartz sand1 with plenty of other nutrients1 received definite amounts of nitrate1 in one application4 ,a#d1 ,none4 ,d#e1 #h grams4 ,f#b1 #cb grams4 ,j#d1 #bef grams4 ,n#d1 ,soil and manure4 7#a ounce about #bh grams74 ,the task of this chapter is not to tell the grower how best to provide fertilizer for tomatoes but to help him in making his own plan for his own need4 ,research results and practical experience both contribute4 ,one may well consult neighbors1 county agent and extension specialist1 as well as the many books and bulletins that are available4 ,nitrogen ,nitrogen is very important to insure the growth of vine without which a good crop may not be expected4 ,lands vary more widely in nitrogen content than in phosphorus and potash4 ,sandy soils are commonly deficient in this element and often difficult to keep supplied4 ,here liberal applications are needed4 ,up to a hundred pounds#e of actual nitrogen may prove profitable where other conditions justify4 ,heavier soils1 well managed and manured during rotation1 require less nitrogen and fair results may be obtained with no fertilizer where investment must be kept to a minimum4 ,form of nitrogen to be used is largely a matter of economy though nitrate for part of it may be desirable early in the season when soil is cold and nitrification slow4 ,nitrate is desirable for side dressing but even here ammonia and other forms are now considered suitable when the soil is warm4 ,failure to ,set ,fruit ,why do tomatoes sometimes run to vine with failure to set fruit8 ,this is an old1 old query and1 since #aiah1 has been1 directly or indirectly1 the occasion of more research projects than any other horticultural topic4 ,kraus and ,kraybill#f set the ball a-rolling with a paper which called attention first to the observations of ,klebs in ,germany in which he emphasized the fact that external conditions influence conditions within the plant which in turn influence performance--a veritable chain of causation4 ,kraus and ,kraybill then undertook to relate performance 7vegetative growth and fruitfulness7 to internal conditions1 chiefly carbohydrate and nitrogen content of the plant tissues4 ,these1 in turn1 were traced back to treatments applied to the soil4 ,they suggested four combinations of vegetation and fruitfulness in plants as follows3 #a4 ,non-vegetative and non-fruitful4 ,plants whose carbohydrate supply has been cut off1 say by removal of leaves which make carbohydrates4 ,these plants were low in carbohydrate and high in nitrogen4 #b4 ,vegetative and non-fruitful4 ,these plants were well supplied with both carbohydrates and nitrogen4 ,they were of the sort we describe as having run to vine4 #c4 ,vegetative and fruitful4 ,these plants were well supplied with carbohydrates1 but not so liberally supplied with nitrogen1 thus1 providing a balance between the two that was favorable for a good crop4 #d4 ,non-vegetative and non-fruitful4 ,these plants had ample opportunity for carbohydrate making1 but were underfed with nitrogen and so could not perform well in either vegetation or fruit-making4 ,kraus and ,kraybill conclude that there are certain balances between these two groups of compounds--nitrogenous and carbohydrate--which determine the nature of the plant's performance--whether there will be too little vegetative growth to permit a crop1 whether the plants will run to vine or whether they will show good growth of both foliage and fruit4 ,from experiments in the same field1 using definite amounts of nitrate of soda per plant1 ,work#g concluded that while adequate carbohydrate supply is necessary for fruiting1 excess carbohydrate did not1 in itself1 occasion unfruitfulness but was more likely to represent an accumulation of material unused by reason of deficiency in some other factor--often nitrogen4 ,it was shown that nitrate of soda does not injure tomatoes until a concentration in the soil is attained which is strong enough to plasmolyze the cells1 that is to withdraw water from them by osmosis4 ,nor were a wide variety of nitrogen and moisture and manure treatments sufficient to induce the ,bonny ,best variety to run to vine4 ,some varieties are subject to this trouble1 mostly of the large1 late types4 ,murneek#h has shown that the fruitfulness of a plant may greatly affect its internal condition1 its vegetative performance and its later setting of fruit4 ,a heavy load of developing fruit1 with limited soil resources1 tends to limit growth and setting4 ,removal of fruit induces renewal of vegetative growth and of fruit setting4 ,failure to set fruit favors vigorous vine growth4 ,this failure may be traceable to various causes4 7#a7 ,to damage to floral parts as the blasting of the pistil by heat and drouth4 ,flowers of some varieties show tendency toward elongation of pistils with subsequent failure to develop normal fruit4 ,smith and ,howlett have shown that environmental conditions as well as heredity influence this elongation4 7#b7 ,to injury by insects as thrips4 7#c7 ,to the character of the variety used1 the ,bonny group being very slightly susceptible to failure from over feeding with nitrogen while some late sorts readily run to vine4 7#d7 ,shortage of nutrient elements as nitrogen or phosphorus or others4 7#e7 ,lack of adequate light or short day4 ,in such cases1 there may be excess of nitrogen for current need with resultant over-development of leafage4 ,thus1 excess vegetative growth may be a result as well as a cause of poor setting4 ,phosphorus ,fertilizer experiments fairly generally point to the frequency with which phosphorus is the limiting factor among nutrients in tomato production4 ,mac,gillivray#i has studied the phosphorus content of the various parts of the plant1 concluding that this element is important throughout and not alone in seed making or in rapidly growing parts as has been believed4 ,hepler and ,kraybill#aj found some years ago and others more recently have confirmed the influence of liberal phosphorus treatments upon earliness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #e4--;,effect of omission of phosphorus from complete fertilizer in ,western ,new ,york4 ,potash ,the potash requirement of the tomato has not been as thoroughly studied as the requirement for the other two major elements4 ,it is thought that potash has a part in building up sugars into more complex carbohydrates4 ,the consensus of fertilizer experiments suggests that potash is less important on most soils than phosphorus and nitrogen but that if these elements are in good supply1 increased yields from potash are likely4 ,lanham in ,texas was unable to find a relation between potash fertilization and resistance to shipping hazards4 ,stable ,manure ,stable manure has long been recognized as useful for tomatoes4 ,it is generally considered better to apply it to the preceding crop or at least the preceding fall than to use it just before setting of plants4 ,if spring application is necessary1 it is better to use well rotted manure4 ,stable manure is low in phosphorus4 ,an approximate statement would be that #aj tons of manure is roughly equivalent to one ton of a #f-c-f fertilizer4 ,thus1 #a1jjj pounds of #ah superphosphate would bring the analysis to #f-ab-f which would be generally regarded as a good balance4 ,a recent publication#aa from ,pennsylvania emphasizes the value of manures and of phosphorus4 ,placement and ,side ,dressing ,recent experiments have shown the desirability of placing fertilizer close to but not in contact with the roots of the young plants4 ,when newly set and before new roots have developed is the time when nutrient material close at hand is needed to give the plant a vigorous send-off4 ,transplanters have been devised with attachments to place the fertilizer in bands at each side of the row of tomatoes and about two inches deep4 ,recent experiments1 notably by ,sayre#ab of ,new ,york1 have shown the advantage of dissolving fertilizer materials in the water used for transplanting tomatoes4 ,one combination of materials consists of ammo-phos1 #ad-dh1 #b parts and potassium nitrate1 #a part4 ,five to eight pounds of this mixture are dissolved in #ej gallons of water and about #a_/d pint or #a_/b cup is applied to each plant1 usually by the transplanting machine4 ,there are other suitable mixtures of nutrients for this purpose4 ,a very small investment in starter solutions has shown material increase in total yield4 ,the practice places immediately available nutrients in the soil at the time and place to be of maximum usefulness to plants that have been severely root-pruned and have not yet had opportunity to rebuild the root system4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy ,campbell ,soup ,co4 ,,figure #f4--;,cultivating and side-dressing tomatoes4 ,another critical stage in tomato growth comes when much fruit has been set in the clusters and demands upon plant and soil are especially heavy4 ,at this stage1 side dressing with nitrogen is helpful in maintaining plant growth and providing resources for growth and maturing of fruit4 ,on sandy or nutrient-deficient soils1 more than one side dressing may be advisable4 ,sodium nitrate is commonly used but other materials are suitable after the soil has warmed up4 ,side dressing with fertilizer in solution has been recommended recently by ,tiedjens of ,new ,jersey4 ,,iii ,,the ,,best ,,in ,,seed ,,is ,,none ,,too ,,good ,a tomato crop may be much poorer than the seed from which it grows but it can be no better4 ,the tomato seed is short-oval and flattened in shape1 covered thickly with short silky hairs4 ,the embryo or baby plant is coiled in a spiral and imbedded in the endosperm 7reserve food supply74 ,three or four years is generally given as the life of the seed but it often remains viable much longer--up to #aj or #ab years in extreme cases4 ,good seed should germinate #he to #ij4 ,tomato seed sprouts readily1 requiring fairly warm temperature1 say1 #gj deg4 to #ge deg4 ,f4 for best results4 ,it germinates very slowly at #dj deg4 to #ej deg4 ,f4 ,breeding ,being a major vegetable crop1 the tomato has received much attention from plant breeders4 ,objectives sought include good cannery type1 resistance to the fusarium wilt and other diseases1 better greenhouse forms1 improved general market and home garden sorts1 and varieties adapted for arduous conditions such as hot and dry summers or very short growing seasons4 ,the tomato is largely but not wholly self pollinated and pollen is not carried far4 ,thus1 it is not difficult to breed to practically a pure-line condition4 ,tomatoes for seed are usually ground up and the seed and fine pulp are separated from the skins and coarse material by screening4 ,the juice1 fine pulp and seeds are allowed to ferment from #bd to #dh hours1 or until the jelly-like pulp is readily washed away4 ,after washing1 the seed is dried in thin layers and stored4 ,a bushel of tomatoes may be expected to yield #b-a_/b to #d ounces of seed and an acre of tomatoes1 from #ajj to #bbe pounds4 ,these vary greatly according to varieties and conditions4 ,wellington#ac and others have shown that first generation seed from crosses of suitable varieties show a marked increase of vigor 7heterosis or hybrid vigor7 over either parent or over the later generations4 ,this fact would seem to offer possibilities in practical use1 but it has not thus far proved of value4 ,selection ,methods ,many growers find it profitable to save their own tomato seed4 ,the plant is an annual1 the important characters are quite readily observed and natural crossing is not serious4 ,for these reasons1 the enterprise is not as difficult as with most vegetables1 although1 if done well1 it makes heavy demands in labor and care at a time when the grower has much else to do4 ,the first step in selection is to establish clearly the ideal to be sought1 recording it in detail on paper for future reference4 ,selections should be made on the basis of the plant1 not of the individual fruit4 ,it is the plant that is reproduced and the seed from crown clusters is no earlier than seed from later settings4 ,the field should be searched soon after blooming time and plants that appear promising should be marked4 ,these plants should be examined three or four times as the season advances1 and markers pulled from plants that do not measure up to the desired standard4 ,suppose ten plants remain2 all fruits from each of these may be saved1 keeping the seed of each plant separate4 ,all or part of the seed may be planted in separate rows the next year for further selection and to note which parents best transmit their excellent points4 ,if only a small amount of seed is required1 direct selections may be made for use in planting for the general crop4 ,if a larger amount of seed is required1 seed from one or two of the best plants should be planted in multiplication plats4 ,off-type plants should be removed from such plantings1 but otherwise all the seed may be saved for use4 ,repeated selection results in constant improvement until the stock becomes a pure line or practically so4 ,lindstrom of ,iowa has led in research on the genetics of tomatoes1 chromosome relations and mode of inheritance4 ,many scientific papers deal with inheritance methods and results4 ,the ,yearbook of ,agriculture 7,u4,s4,d4,a47 for #aicg contains a valuable chapter on tomato breeding4 ,it may also be had as ,yearbook ,separate #aeha4 ,certification ,as with certain other kinds of seeds1 certification service for tomatoes has now been set up in several states4 ,certification is a most useful incentive toward care in breeding and handling and affords valuable assurance to the buyer4 ,it is necessary to know just what is guaranteed by the certificate4 ,it is at the same time wise to be informed as to the inclusiveness and methods of the certification4 ,the ,ideal ,variety ,in breeding for better varieties of tomatoes1 the following are some of the characters to be sought3 7#a7 ,a vigorous vine which is necessary to produce abundant fruit and to protect from sunscald4 7#b7 ,resistance to disease especially to fusarium4 7#c7 ,high productiveness with moderate number of fruits per cluster--say1 #e to #h4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #g4--,types of tomato interiors4 #a1 #e4 ,small fruited sorts4 #b1 #f1 #i4 ,bonny ,best4 #c1 #g1 #aj4 ,chalk ,jewel4 #c1 #g1 #aa4 ,stone4 #d1 #h4 ,earliana4 #ab4 ,ponderosa4 7#d7 ,evenness of maturity4 ,this is somewhat out of line with the nature of the tomato but much could be accomplished toward the goal of varieties that make their crop and are gone1 eliminating long picking periods and the drag of inferior fruit toward the end of the season4 ,the so-called determinate habit of some varieties such as ,pritchard is a step in this direction4 7#e7 ,size suitable for expected use and for market demand4 ,greenhouse tomatoes are generally smaller than those for cannery4 ,uniformity of size is increasingly important with wide-spread use of the lug-box pack and of small consumer cartons4 7#f7 ,globular to oblong shape is desirable for market but is less important for cannery4 ,form should be symmetrical1 even and smooth4 7#g7 ,color should be deep and rich1 fully and evenly developed1 inside and out4 ,red is generally preferred to pink4 ,the difference between red and pink tomatoes does not reside in the flesh but in the presence of yellow pigment in the skin of the former while the skin of the latter is without pigment4 ,yellow tomatoes are also extant4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #h4--,the ,earliana tomato4 ,a picture of a single fruit cannot adequately describe a variety4 #a-c4 ,rough types1 common in older strains4 #d4 ,typical interior4 #e1 #f4 ,stem end4 #g-i4 ,good type resulting from selection4 #aj-ab4 ,pointed-round type occurring frequently in improved strains4 ,a4 ,unusually large cluster4 ,b4 ,typical ,earliana cluster showing compound branching4 ,c4 ,unbranched cluster of ,bonny ,best for comparison4 7#h7 ,skin should be thick and tough4 ,this safeguards against damage on the way to market and favors ease of peeling4 ,those saladists who serve sliced tomatoes with skins unremoved1 may call for a thin1 tender skin but this practice finds no encouragement from discriminating partakers4 7#i7 ,flesh should be abundant in thick walls with a minimum of watery pulp surrounding seeds4 ,in general1 a structure of many small cells is desirable4 ,varieties ,earliana4--,the earliness of this old and popular variety outweighs its demerits where this character is required4 ,the past ten years have seen material improvement4 ,earliana is early1 of small vine1 with small leaves and leaflets4 ,clusters are compoundly branched1 with many fruits4 ,the fruits are of medium size1 deep oblate1 cross section often elliptical rather than circular4 ,there are many rough irregular fruits1 varying in this respect with breeding and conditions of growth4 ,color is red1 not too deep and tending to be poorly developed at the stem end4 ,interior consists of many small cells with thin walls4 ,bison4--represents a group of varieties bred for rigorous climates of our most northerly states4 ,a4 ,f4 ,yeager formerly of ,north ,dakota1 later of ,michigan1 now of ,new ,hampshire has led in this development4 ,victor4--is a new variety bred originally by ,yeager but introduced by ,k4 ,c4 ,barrons of ,michigan4 ,it affords smoother1 deeper and better colored fruits about as early as ,earliana4 ,it is determinate in habit and shy in foliage1 increasing danger of sunscald4 ,rich soil and ample moisture are needed for its best development4 ,bounty and ,home ,garden are similar4 ,penn ,state4--,penn ,state1 developed by ,c4 ,e4 ,myers of ,pennsylvania1 is not as early as ,earliana4 ,it is similar in fruit characters though distinctly better in color and shape4 ,it is marked by short branches 7determinate habit7 and is designed to give an early crop to be followed by prompt abandonment of the planting4 ,it is not to be confused with ,penn ,state ,earliana4 ,bonny ,group4--,this group embraces our leading second early varieties widely used for home garden1 greenhouse1 market and cannery in the north4 ,it includes ,bonny ,best1 ,john ,baer and ,chalk ,jewel with many additional names and with much confusion of characters among them4 ,bonny ,best is second early and of medium plant growth4 ,fruits are deep oblate to flattened globe1 even and smooth1 of good red color1 with few large1 thick-walled cells4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #i4--,marglobe plant4 ,varieties and strains of this group vary in growth and yield1 in size1 shape and earliness of fruit and in suitability for greenhouse1 market1 cannery and juice4 ,stokesdale and ,scarlet ,dawn are meritorious newer names in the group4 ,marglobe4--,this variety was developed by the late ,dr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,pritchard from a cross between ,marvel1 a ,french variety lending resistance to fusarium and ,globe1 an old variety of fine size and shape4 ,it is widely used1 north and south1 for market--green or ripe1 for cannery and to some extent1 for forcing4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aj4--,marglobe fruit4 ,marglobe is a midseason variety1 with large vine and foliage1 resistant to fusarium and nailhead spot4 ,fruits are nearly globular1 shapely and smooth1 medium to large1 scarlet red1 with medium number of thick walled cells4 ,marglobe is rather subject to deep radial cracks4 ,pritchard is of the general type of ,marglobe but is earlier1 with short branching habit and resistance to nailhead rust and to fusarium1 and1 perhaps1 is less subject to cracking4 ,greater ,baltimore is used chiefly for canning in long-season districts4 ,it is late1 with large vine1 large flat fruits of excellent scarlet red1 outside and in1 with many thick walled cells4 ,indiana ,baltimore is a variant widely grown in the mid-west for cannery4 ,rutgers was developed by ,l4 ,g4 ,schermerhorn at the ,new ,jersey ,experiment ,station for fine juice and canning characters--color1 flavor and substance4 ,growth is vigorous and yields are heavy2 fruits are large1 flattened and well colored4 ,gulf ,state ,market is a second early shipping tomato1 generally harvested green4 ,it is flattened in shape1 of well developed pink color and good interior4 ,comet ,group4--,these trace mostly to ,english or other ,european origin and are increasingly used for greenhouse and for staking out-of-doors4 ,comet is small1 flattened1 slightly corrugated about the stem1 of fine even red color1 very firm and solid1 with few very thick walled cells4 ,other names are ,sunrise1 and ,lord ,roberts4 ,several ,american forcing strains have been developed with at least one parent of this group--,ideal1 ,grand ,rapids ,forcing1 ,field ,station ,comet1 ,trellis1 ,michigan ,state ,forcing1 ,lloyd ,forcing1 ,blair ,forcing and others4 ,king ,humbert and ,san ,marzano represent the small ,italian oblong tomatoes that are prized for their thick walls1 fine color and suitability for puree1 paste and soup4 ,ponderosa is popular for home garden1 a beef-steak tomato of very large size1 irregular shape1 flat1 pink1 with many small cells and of very mild sub-acid flavor4 ,it is best grown to single stem4 ,oxheart is large1 heart shaped1 pink and very meaty4 ,others of this general type may be had in red1 yellow and orange flesh4 ,in general1 the whole group lacks in prolificacy4 ,oddities4--,tomato fanciers often plant seed of ,red and ,yellow ,pear1 ,cherry1 ,currant1 ,peach with its fuzzy skin1 ,plum and others4 ,they are prized for preserves and for decoration4 ,ground ,cherry or ,husk ,tomato is not a true tomato but belongs to a different genus 7,physalis74 ,it makes excellent preserves4 ,well do ,i remember sneaking off from the other kids for solitary plunder of the little row that was usually in ,grandma's garden4 ,comprehensive descriptions of leading varieties of tomatoes have been published by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture in ,miscellaneous ,publication #afj1 the result of statistical and verbal notations over several years at five widely scattered stations of the country4 ,,iv ,,strong ,,plants ,,for ,,early ,,maturity ,,and ,,heavy ,,crop ,one of the ways to make money from tomatoes is to mature them early1 selling while the price is still high4 ,there is a big difference between 4#aj a pound and 4#aj a basket4 ,shipped and ripened green wrap tomatoes cannot be very cheap on northern markets even though ,southern growers may realize little for them4 ,another way to profit is to grow good plants to sell4 ,judging by the spindling1 crowded1 soft or over-hardened plants so common in stores1 there should be great opportunity here and1 as a matter of fact1 many market gardeners do well in this business realizing welcome returns when other income is negligible4 ,to market ten-cent-a-pound tomatoes from out-doors requires good plants--plants that have passed through their youth nearly or fully up to blossoming time with benefit of heat and shelter and that are ready to keep up vigorous growth in face of the demands of fruiting4 ,a few scattering fruits matured early do not suffice4 ,even for cannery1 good plants are required4 ,in most regions1 plants are not as good as they should be4 ,all too often1 outdoor seed bed plants are set where cold frame or at least cloth cover should be employed4 ,further north1 cold frame plants or second run or other inferior plants are used instead of the best4 ,that is why many canning companies have greenhouses and grow plants for their farmers4 ,and in the home garden1 the quality of vine ripened fruit along with the satisfaction of early maturity are goals worth striving for4 ,plant growing is a game of skill4 ,it calls for keen observation1 constant and faithful attention to small details1 and a high order of workmanship in the various operations4 ,furthermore1 when a considerable number of plants are to be grown1 it calls for good organization and rapid work if costs are not to be unduly increased4 ,a transplanter who makes three motions where two will suffice is likely to turn profit into loss1 for the loss of a second when repeated thousands of times makes many hours4 ,the grower who is producing tomatoes for first-early maturity wants a plant that will withstand the rigors of transplanting and of inclement weather which may follow1 that will start immediately into growth1 and that will mature fruit in good quantity at the earliest possible date4 ,this usually means a plant about ten inches tall1 with heavy1 firm1 dark-colored stem 7though not over-hardened71 a heavy body of dark1 healthy foliage1 and a cluster of blossoms1 with possibly a fruit or two already set4 ,if the buds in the axils of the leaves have begun growth1 no harm will be done4 ,many growers are doubtful whether it is well to have fruit set on plants when they are transplanted in the field1 as they claim that the little tomatoes are often lost and in any case the progress of the plant is retarded4 ,such plants must be handled with great skill4 ,if they are severely checked when taken to the field1 other and less advanced plants may do as well4 ,there is danger in having plants too far advanced1 and an unexpected delay in field setting may result in spindling and over-hardening that may prove disastrous4 ,a vigorous and properly hardened plant that is younger will do better under such circumstances4 ,some growers protect themselves by having plants of more than one sort4 ,open-bed ,plant ,growing ,with favorable conditions and careful methods1 good plants can be grown in open beds but they must be grown and used where the season is long or be grown in the south and shipped north4 ,soil should be free of disease and nematodes1 of good physical character1 full of humus and nutrients4 ,seed may be sowed a week or two after average date of last killing frost which may be learned from county agent or weather bureau4 ,further south planting times are gauged by the time tomatoes are to be set and by experience as to safe or reasonably safe sowing dates4 ,rows are usually a foot apart1 more or less4 ,good plants call for sowing thinly1 #f to #ab seeds per foot1 but several seeds per inch are not unusual4 ,one may expect a million plants per acre with close planting or #dj1jjj plants per pound of seed4 ,southern ,plants ,many millions of tomato plants are grown in open fields in the south to be sent to home gardeners in small parcels on seedsmen's orders1 to be sold to commercial growers or to be delivered on contract to canners4 ,a suitable climate and soil1 good seed1 freedom from disease and insects and good handling and packing are all required for satisfactory results4 ,in far too many cases1 these requirements have been sadly neglected and a good deal of distrust has been engendered4 ,here1 as in buying seed1 one must discriminate among good and poor growers4 ,canners who order in millions can send men south to investigate and supervise with good results4 ,georgia now has a certification service for plants that helps greatly to build up and maintain high standards4 ,growing ,early ,plants in the ,north ,varied programs of plant growing are in vogue in the temperate and cooler regions4 ,a simple cold frame with or without transplanting may be employed4 ,seedlings may be started in hotbed or greenhouse and then transplanted to cold frames to finish the job4 ,some sow seed early1 transplant once in the greenhouse at #a-a_/b or #b inches each way and then again to cold frame with wide spacing say1 #d x #d inches or using pots or dirt bands4 ,for this method1 as much as twelve weeks may be allowed but if space permits1 excellent results may be achieved in seven or eight weeks transplanting but once to pots or to #d x #d inches in flat or bed4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aa4--;,a good small greenhouse for plant growing4 ,the ,place to ,grow ,plants ,for northern climates1 greenhouses are practically required4 ,canneries or other large growers1 have wide houses similar to those used for winter maturing crops4 ,a market gardener may have a little house of #aj' x #bj' to #bj' x #fj' or larger as needed4 ,if one does not object to some inconvenience and discomfort1 a hotbed may be used--heated with hot water or electricity1 or as in years past1 with fermenting manure4 ,cold frames may be covered with glass sash as in the case of hotbeds1 or cloth may be used4 ,there are also materials consisting of wire cloth filled with cellulose film4 ,special mats of straw or of quilted burlap may be used for extra cover and large growers often employ coarse manure1 straw or marsh hay4 ,many a tomato gets its start in life in a small flat in a kitchen window--perhaps1 in a cigar box4 ,such seedlings may then be carried forward in hot bed or cold frame4 ,beds1 ,flats and ,pots ,growing plants directly in ground beds in the greenhouse and directly in the soil in the hotbeds or cold frames1 is rather common4 ,however1 the use of flats or plant boxes in plant growing offers a number of advantages as compared with planting in the bed4 ,transplanting can be done at benches under conditions of comfort and convenience which make for efficiency4 ,moisture can be more precisely controlled and flats can be shifted if some plants grow faster than others4 ,plants can be moved with more dirt on the roots1 and this is a great advantage when plants are sold and hauled some distance1 though1 of course1 pulled plants are handled more cheaply4 ,on the other hand1 the first cost1 and the maintenance and storage of the flats must be considered4 ,flats may be set on the ground in the greenhouse without use of benches4 ,flats are of many dimensions1 ordinarily six to ten per sash or about #ah x #bb inches or #ac x #ah inches outside measure4 ,they may be made of lumber from used boxes1 but they ought to be uniform in size and made to fit beds without loss of space4 ,the more durable kinds of wood1 cypress or chestnut are preferred4 ,some growers make the bottoms of the flats of square-mesh galvanized screen 7hardware cloth71 about five or six meshes to the inch4 ,this allows roots to penetrate the soil of the beds1 permits root pruning by shifting1 and there is no wooden bottom to rot4 ,some growers use clay pots for plants which are receiving special care4 ,their cost is an obstacle though they are used repeatedly4 ,such pots also hold less soil for the area occupied than flats or square dirt bands4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ab4--,plants for the early crop4 #a4 ,shows plants in paper bands of excellent proportion and thrift but not yet in bloom4 #b4 ,in blossom but fruit has not yet set4 #c4 ,similar to #b but a little further advanced and has actually set fruit4 ,paper pots are used to some extent4 ,organisms decomposing the paper may use and so render unavailable some of the nitrogen of the soil thus hindering the growth of the plants4 ,this may be corrected by seeing that abundant nitrogen is present in the soil either when made up or by later application of nitrate sowed upon the soil while plants are dry or applied in solution in watering4 ,dirt bands of veneer are used and are very satisfactory4 ,blocking as practiced by many growers is a cheap and effective way of attaining much the same results4 ,the ,blocking ,system ,when the cold frame is prepared for the last transplanting1 two inches of fairly well-rotted manure is laid down and two or three inches of prepared soil is placed on top4 ,plants are set about four inches apart each way4 ,about a week before field setting1 a butcher knife1 or a hoe which has been straightened and sharpened1 is run between rows both ways4 ,this cuts the roots whereupon the plant at once begins to form new feeders within the block thus reducing1 to some extent at least1 the damage which might be caused by transplanting4 ,the method is also used with flats4 ,soil ,soil for plant growing should be free of disease and nematodes1 friable1 not readily forming a crust1 receiving and retaining moisture well1 but drying off quickly on the surface after watering and well supplied with nutrients4 ,a sandy loam base with good humus content is desirable4 ,it may be prepared1 beginning a year or two ahead by growing and plowing under well fertilized green manure crops4 ,or a compost heap may be prepared with successive layers of soil and manure or other humus making material4 ,in either case1 it is usually mixed a time or two by shoveling over or by passing through a shredding machine or a coarse screen4 ,if trouble is likely to be experienced from damping-off fungi1 the soil may be heated to #bjj deg4 ,f4 and held there for an hour1 using oven or electric or steam sterilizer4 ,seed may also be treated with red copper oxid or semesan4 ,seed and ,seed ,sowing ,tomato seed runs about #abe1jjj to #aej1jjj per pound4 ,an ounce of seed is usually depended upon for plants for an acre4 ,for growing seedlings1 seed may be sowed up to #ajj or more per foot of row4 ,for a maximum number of strong seedlings from a small amount of seed1 thinner sowing is desirable4 ,rows are usually about two inches apart1 and a quarter of an inch is sufficient cover4 ,the seedlings break ground in a week or ten days4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ac4--,tin can prepared for sowing tomato seed4 ,uniformity of depth of rows and of covering is important4 ,otherwise1 seedlings will come up unevenly and there will be considerable waste4 ,care of ,seedlings ,water and heat should be provided to permit a steady and moderate rate of growth in plants4 ,over-watering and high temperature yield soft and spindling plants and also plants that are overgrown and that are liable to severe checking before field setting4 ,under-watering and low temperature give stunted plants4 ,the thermometer at the earlier stages of growth may well stand around #gj to #ge degrees by day and #aj degrees lower at night4 ,a reasonable range of temperature and moisture gives opportunity for the skillful grower to forward or retard his plants as seems best4 ,great care should be exercised to water evenly4 ,it is necessary to watch the plants constantly to detect the slightest variations in growth4 ,the watering may then be modified and even progress insured4 ,ventilation finds its chief significance as a means of controlling temperature and humidity1 though actual change of air may be a factor4 ,high soil moisture1 high humidity1 high temperature1 and faulty ventilation1 all favor the ravages of the various damping-off fungi mentioned above which cause little plants to rot off near the ground4 ,transplanting ,the main advantage of transplanting plants before they are set in the field is to give them increased space1 or1 in other words1 to conserve space in greenhouses and frames4 ,other advantages have been claimed1 but in many instances the gains have resulted from more space rather than from the actual shift4 ,transplanting checks growth through breakage and disturbance of the root system4 ,loomis#ad finds that the immediate effect of transplanting is a reduction in the water supply1 and the immediate and long-time results are dependent upon the severity and duration of such reduction4 ,transplanting has little effect upon very young plants and a shift at the age of six or eight weeks checks the plant about as much as two earlier transplantings4 ,the tomato falls in the group of plants that stand transplanting well1 roots being rapidly replaced4 ,transplanting breaks roots and so results in the growth of branches which are shorter than the members of the old system4 ,the new system is accordingly less severely damaged in later transplantings4 ,to insure efficiency1 the work of transplanting merits careful attention4 ,carelessness as to details means loss through unevenness of plants4 ,for example1 if soil is not carefully packed at the edges and corners of the flats1 irregular water supply and irregular growth result4 ,if much transplanting is to be done1 it pays to divide up the work1 as is done in a factory4 ,have a good place for doing the work--a warm1 light1 and comfortable room4 ,tired workers are not efficient4 ,spotting boards are of service if properly made and correctly used4 ,soil should always contain just the right degree of moisture to allow holes to stand open4 ,care must be taken that the workers in setting plants do not double the roots or close the holes at the top leaving the roots dangling in an open space below4 ,it is said that a good worker will prick out #aj1jjj plants per day1 though everything must be convenient to accomplish this and many growers regard #f1jjj plants as a good day's work4 ,pruning ,young ,plants ,pruning of tops injures rather than helps the plant1 for it destroys leaves which are the machines that make carbohydrates1 the principal material for growth4 ,pruning to cure legginess is bad4 ,proper management of time1 temperature and water will provide adequate control and if plants should become leggy1 it is better to plant them by laying them down in a trench with a few inches of top above ground than it is to prune them4 ,nipping out the growing point with the first cluster of flower buds is sometimes practiced to encourage branching and a heavier yield of early fruit4 ,if this is done1 ample space and nutrients must accompany careful management4 ,otherwise1 the plant finds itself with inadequate resources to do a big job4 ,hardening ,tomato plants cannot be made frost proof1 but low temperature1 reduced moisture supply1 partial starvation1 and crowding all tend to make plants more resistant to cold1 to drying winds1 to heat1 to mechanical injury such as breakage of leaves and stems1 and even to cut-worm attacks4 ,plants can be hardened appreciably in a short time--say a week4 ,it is now generally accepted that moisture control is more useful than reduced temperature as a means of hardening4 ,starving and crowding are not desirable methods4 ,plants can be kept on the dry side if glass or other water-shedding cover is available4 ,great care must be exercised to avoid over-hardening of tomato plants1 for in this way a check in growth is incurred from which they recover slowly1 and perhaps never fully4 ,much study has been given to the changes in plants which underlie the hardening process1 and papers by ,harvey1 ,rosa1 ,loomis1 and others should be consulted in this connection4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ad4--,plants that have been crowded and overgrown1 probably undernourished and over-hardened4 ,plants like this are very often set in the field4 ,they are definitely slow in starting growth4 ,watts#ae has shown that adverse conditions1 especially low temperature and water deficiency prevailing at the time when fruit clusters are barely beginning to form1 commonly occasion the development of misshapen fruits4 ,faithful spraying or dusting with ,bordeaux in the plant bed has proved a useful means of forestalling destructive leaf blights which often devastate whole fields4 ,v ,,good ,,culture ,,favors ,,good ,,returns ,the tomato is not especially exacting as to care after it has been set out-of-doors4 ,it will do business if given half a chance4 ,at the same time1 much can be done to favor earliness1 good yield and high quality4 ,time of ,planting ,in general1 tomatoes are set in field or garden as soon as danger of frost is reasonably past4 ,suppose ,may #ast is average date of last killing frost4 ,growers would make general plantings from ,may #ahth to #beth though1 in rare instances1 frost might occur as late as ,may #bhth or #cjth4 ,the last week of ,may is planting time over a vast area of the ,north4 ,venturesome souls will set home garden plants as early as ,may #ajth1 standing ready to replant if necessary4 ,there is little gain in rushing the season too much1 however1 for the tomato is not only sensitive to frost but it does not thrive under what people call raw1 mean1 chilly weather4 ,such conditions may also be responsible for misshapen fruits4 ,a grower for local market not infrequently risks a share of his plants before safe setting time in the hope that warm weather may give the crop a good start toward early ripe fruit to sell at high prices4 ,delayed planting and use of plants that do not start quickly into vigorous growth is the cause of heavy losses in the north1 especially among cannery growers4 ,better quality and heavier yields are attained if the bulk of the crop matures before cool weather in the fall4 ,in the south1 it is necessary to get good plant development and a full set of fruit before hot weather which often destroys the blossoms4 ,plant ,protectors ,many forms of plant protectors are on the market--of paper and of other materials4 ,these act as little greenhouses for the individual plant1 protecting against frost and promoting growth4 ,plants may be set out-of-doors a couple of weeks earlier by their use4 ,the most common forms are of translucent paper reinforced by pasted strips of paper or by wire4 ,the trick is to devise one that is cheap1 that will admit maximum light and that will withstand the weather4 ,for tomatoes1 they need to be tall1 which makes the problem of wind resistance more serious4 ,for emergencies1 opaque cover1 baskets upside down or even newspaper may be used4 ,many a field has been saved by burying the plants when frost threatened1 carefully uncovering when danger is past4 ,spacing ,untrained tomatoes are set at distances from #c-a_/b feet each way to #g x #g feet or even more4 ,the extreme width is found on rich irrigated lands in ,california where plants make tremendous growth4 ,the closer spacings are found on lighter soils where humus1 plant food1 and moisture are not too abundant4 ,the variety should also be considered4 ,sixteen square feet per plant is about average4 ,check row planting is common1 though it is not feasible where transplanters are used4 ,wider spacing between the rows than between plants is desirable as it permits later cultivation one way and leaves a better passage for pickers with less damage to plants and fruits4 ,thus1 #c-a_/b x #d-a_/b feet might be preferred to #d x #d feet4 ,rows for single stem1 staked and pruned plants may be as close as three feet and plants may be as close as eighteen or even twelve inches1 though some growers contend that two feet is close enough4 ,methods of ,planting ,the essential point in field setting is to pack the soil firmly about the roots1 thus establishing maximum contact for moisture absorption4 ,whatever the method of planting1 the aim should be to get the plants from the old home to the new with as little delay and check in growth as possible4 ,for the first-early crop1 they should be moved so that they never know it4 ,with bands1 pots or blocking in flats or beds1 it is feasible to avoid practically all disturbance of roots4 ,the tomato will1 under ordinary favorable conditions1 take hold and grow even if shaken quite free of earth4 ,plants1 however1 should be dug loose rather than pulled1 to prevent undue breakage of roots4 ,plants ought to be watered well some hours before transplanting4 ,transplanting machines and hand planters of the ,masters type give a little shot of water at the root1 thus helping to establish contact with the soil4 ,starter solutions are discussed on page #ce4 ,these machines are commonly used for cannery setting and1 to some extent1 for market tomatoes4 ,blocked plants can be set pretty fast by hand with much less disturbance of roots4 ,some manage to set potted or blocked plants by machine1 keeping a ball of earth about the roots4 ,the rows are usually marked out fairly deeply1 plants are dropped in fours between rows and it is a very short job to pack soil about the clod of earth in which the plant is growing4 ,another method is for one worker to make an opening with a spade4 ,a second places the plant in the wedge-like opening and the first steps on the soil to firm it solidly about the roots4 ,plants are generally set a little deeper than in the plant bed4 ,cultivation ,the old idea about cultivation was the more1 the better4 ,more recent experiments notably those by ,thompson have shown that little need be done beyond controlling weeds4 ,he found that stirring the soil gave no significant increase in yield over mere scraping sufficient to destroy weeds4 ,it is pretty hard to convince many old time gardeners of this4 ,the value of dust mulch for conservation of moisture has been pretty well discredited by experimental comparisons4 ,irrigation ,irrigation is not essential for tomato production in humid climates and is seldom provided except under market garden conditions4 ,water is occasionally an asset in a dry season and1 of course1 the grower who waters at such times reaps a harvest in higher prices as well as in increased yield4 ,the advantage of irrigation is especially marked if dry weather retards plant growth and delays maturity of the first of the crop1 for the high prices of the early market are involved4 ,judicious irrigation will sometimes continue production for late fall market4 ,yet gardeners seldom plan permanent overhead equipment for tomatoes4 ,the movable lines that are now used to a considerable extent serve well for the tomato crop4 ,the furrow method of irrigating tomatoes is the most common in the ,west4 ,this plan allows the water to make its way down the rows1 slowly soaking in all along the line4 ,the tomato stands drouth better than many of our crops1 especially if the soil holds moisture fairly well1 either naturally or through a liberal humus content4 ,excessive moisture is doubtless a factor in causing the plants to run to vine and drop their blossoms4 ,hence1 in western sections1 it is customary to water thoroughly just before or just after setting the plants and then to avoid applications until the setting of fruit is well advanced4 ,thorough soaking is better than frequent light waterings1 as it encourages a better development of root system4 ,an ,idaho bulletin suggests three irrigations4 ,late irrigations tend to delay ripening of fruit1 but this object is sought in the late fall shipping districts of ,california which find their best markets after eastern crops have been nipped by frost4 ,irrigation must be handled with care to avoid cracking of fruit1 which occurs when soil becomes rather dry and then is heavily watered4 ,watering late in the season is said to make fruit watery and of poor quality4 ,mulching ,r4 ,a4 ,emerson#af in #aijc reported results of careful comparisons between vegetables that were cultivated and others that were mulched with straw4 ,these results indicate that mulching gives good results with tomatoes1 both as to yield and quality4 ,however1 frost injury was more severe on mulched plats1 and ,emerson points out that the mulch should not be applied until the plants are well established4 ,mulching is recommended by a good many writers and growers and it seems to be practiced to some extent in ,missouri4 ,the advantages claimed are conservation of moisture and clean1 fine quality fruit4 ,l4 ,w4 ,purdum and ,sons of ,virginia use #d-e tons per acre of wheat straw1 staking their plants and irrigating4 ,they report unusually heavy returns per acre under these methods4 ,the ,missouri people apply as much as sixteen tons per acre1 making the cover five or six inches thick4 ,the practice of mulching1 however1 is not common1 and the cost will likely prevent its general use4 ,,vi ,,to ,,train ,,them ,,up ,,or ,,let ,,them ,,spread ,growers attending conventions will often stay up half the night to argue about training and pruning tomatoes and to debate the details of their favorite procedures4 ,for home garden1 the method is strongly commended4 ,many market gardeners follow the practice and it has gained materially of recent years in ,new ,england4 ,some market reports quote staked tomatoes separately and at a materially higher level than fruit from unpruned plants4 ,most of the southern shipping sections follow the practice and it is practically universal in greenhouses4 ,one way is to drive a stake by each plant tying at several points along the stem with cheap twine4 ,the other plan1 recently gaining in favor1 is to set posts every #be feet or so1 string a heavy wire on top1 and another a foot from the ground4 ,cheap jute twine is strung between wires and the tomato plants are merely twisted around the string4 ,tying is not required4 ,some omit the lower wire1 tying a non-slipping bowline loop around the plant near the ground4 ,in either case1 plants are kept trimmed to a single stem though occasionally an extra branch is allowed to grow4 ,in southern ,illinois1 plants are tied to a short stake without pruning4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ae4--,tomatoes pruned and trained with post1 wire and twine4 ,this is the trellis system of ,new ,england4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #af4--;,fine clusters on trained plants4 ,pro and ,con ,the advantages claimed for pruning and training are3 ,earliness4 ,high yield per acre4 ,ease of cultivating and spraying4 ,ease of picking4 ,no injury from snails and wire worms4 ,quality of fruit3--size1 color1 smoothness and cleanliness4 ,crop finished earlier4 ,less sunscald4 ,the disadvantages claimed are3 ,many plants required4 ,reduced yield4 ,more blossom-end rot4 ,higher cost of labor4 ,cost and care of stakes and wire4 ,the validity of each of these points varies greatly with conditions2 in fact1 the answer to the whole question depends largely upon the location and the ideas of the grower4 ,in trying to reach a conclusion1 it is well to realize that training makes certain radical changes in the plant4 ,it loses leaves through pruning1 it is supported from the ground1 and it is spaced differently4 ,since the leaves manufacture the basic substance for themselves1 and for the rest of the plant1 removal of leaves reduces the resources of the plant4 ,h4 ,c4 ,thompson#ag has found that the root system is reduced about in proportion to leaf reduction4 ,it is fairly clear that single-stem training greatly reduces the yield per plant1 and other methods result similarly in proportion to the severity of pruning4 ,when plants are spaced closely enough together the yield may be brought up to that of areas unpruned and unstaked4 ,idaho experiments indicate that staking alone does not affect the total yield1 but that it does favor early maturity under the different pruning systems4 ,the disadvantages of training are largely economic4 ,will the marketing conditions justify the extra cost of staking and pruning8 ,experiments have shown pretty clearly that sunscald1 blossom-end rot and cracking are worse on trained plants4 ,using varieties of good foliage will help the first trouble while uniform and adequate water supply achieved by selection of suitable land1 by building humus content of the soil and by irrigation will solve the latter two problems4 ,thompson found increased yield of early fruit4 ,other evidence is somewhat conflicting but1 in general1 it supports ,thompson4 ,it is generally agreed that pruned plants yield larger1 cleaner and more perfectly formed and colored fruits4 ,ease of spraying or dusting and of picking is important4 ,for pruned plants1 #c-a_/b feet between rows and #a-a_/b-b feet between plants is about right4 ,to train or not to train is a question that one must answer for himself as the controlling factors vary too widely--costs of stakes1 wire and labor1 prices of early tomatoes and possibility of cultivating a more or less fancy trade4 ,,vii ,,the ,,eternal ,,battle ,,with ,,insects ,,and ,,diseases ,the tomato1 in most regions1 is not one of our most pestered crops4 ,although over thirty diseases of tomatoes are discussed in books and bulletins1 most of them are only occasionally serious or are subject to definite control methods4 ,enemies are generally worse in the warmer climates4 ,most home garden tomatoes and many commercial crops are grown without benefit of spray or dust4 ,if trouble arises1 county agent or college specialist can usually advise1 suggesting methods suitable for local conditions4 ,experience must1 of necessity1 be the guide in shaping a program and costs must be carefully balanced against results4 ,the principal measures that are widely used are seed treatment against damping off1 use of resistant strains against fusarium wilt and application of bordeaux mixture against leaf blights4 ,as with all plants1 thoroughness must be the watchword in spraying or dusting4 ,timeliness1 choice of weather conditions so far as possible1 and covering all surface lightly rather than throwing on heavy blotches of spray or dust all require careful attention4 ,fusarium ,wilt 7,fusarium lycopersici7 is perhaps the most serious of all the tomato diseases although it occasions little trouble in the more northerly states4 ,it is troublesome as far north as ,new ,jersey to ,iowa4 ,the fungus winters in the soil1 enters through the roots and blocks the water passages of the plant causing wilting1 yellowing1 and finally1 death4 ,water vessels in the stem are discolored1--another means of identifying the disease4 ,spraying or dusting are of no service since the fungus is within4 ,long time rotation and use of the many resistant strains are effective means of control4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ag4--,resistance to fusarium wilt4 ,row on left center is planted to an ordinary variety1 row on right with one of ,f4 ,j4 ,pritchard's wilt-resistant selections4 ,insert shows plant attacked by wilt fungus4 ,leaf ,spot1 ,septoria ,blight 7,septoria lycopersici7 causes heavy loss by destroying the foliage and so the fruit-making power of the plant4 ,it also opens the fruits to sunscald4 ,the spots appear as small dark water soaked areas which enlarge but little though they increase in number and turn brown4 ,tiny black dots1 the fruiting bodies of the fungus1 appear4 ,the spores germinate only on moist leaves and the disease is spread by wind1 rain1 workers and the like4 ,it winters on refuse of the tomato and related plants4 ,fall plowing helps to control4 ,bordeaux spraying beginning in the seed bed and carried faithfully through the season will usually hold the trouble in check4 ,late ,blight 7,phytophthora infestans7 is the same fungus as the late blight of potatoes1 affecting both foliage and fruit4 ,it is often troublesome the first few weeks after plants are set out-of-doors4 ,clean soil in seed bed and bordeaux spraying are helpful4 ,western ,blight1 ,yellows1 ,curly ,top1--cause unknown1--is prevalent in ,california4 ,leaves roll and become thickened and brittle1 later turning a sulfury yellow4 ,veins become purplish4 ,the trouble prevails in hot weather4 ,the cause is likely a virus1 similar to or identical with the curly top of beets4 ,it is apparently spread by leaf hoppers4 ,no satisfactory control has been devised though there is some promise in resistant strains4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ah4--;,diseases of the tomato4 #a4 ,septoria or leaf spot4 #b4 ,mosaic4 #c4 ,mosaic1 filiform4 ,mosaic4--,no organism has been definitely connected with the mosaic diseases of tomatoes1 but they are highly infectious1 being spread by means of what is called a virus1 which passes the finest filters4 ,it is spread by insects1 notably aphids1 which carry plant juice1 and in the handling of plants1 but it does not persist in seeds or in litter4 ,it is wintered on horse nettles and three species of ground cherries4 ,control suggestions include roguing affected plants1 eliminating weeds1 and controlling carrying insects4 ,the symptoms are widely various1 the most common being mottling of leaves1 stunting and malformation of leaflets1 which sometimes become fine ribbons or threads1 curling1 appearance of small brown dead areas1 and spots and cracks on fruits4 ,damping off is caused by various fungi in the seed bed which attack the stem near the surface of the soil and cause the plant to drop over and die4 ,clean soil1 heating of soil1 commonly called sterilization1 and care in watering are all helpful4 ,it is now common practice to dust seed with formaldehyde dust1 or with red copper oxid or with an organic mercury disinfectant4 ,if trouble is serious1 a watering with semesan just before seedlings emerge may be helpful4 ,a government bulletin on ,market ,diseases of ,tomatoes 7,miscellaneous ,publication #aba1 #aicb7 is an excellent summary with colored plates to help in recognizing the various troubles4 ,insects ,the ,fruit ,worm 7,chloridea obsoleta7 is probably the worst of the tomato insects1 but is not prevalent in the ,north4 ,it is the same as the corn ear-worm or the cotton boll-worm1 and bores into green or ripening fruits4 ,it winters in the soil and fall plowing is recommended for its control4 ,planting corn as a trap crop is also suggested4 ,the ,virginia ,truck ,experiment ,station finds that the addition of two pounds of calcium arsenate to #ej gallons of the ,bordeaux used for disease control helps materially4 ,cut-worms 7various species of the family ,noctuidae7 cause severe losses at the time of field setting4 ,they winter in the soil and are worse when sod has been plowed under1 or following other host plants4 ,poison bran mash is commonly used to combat them1 using a spoonful to each plant4 ,hand picking and the use of paper collars are resorted to on a small scale4 ,well-hardened plants seem less subject to injury by these pests than tender plants4 ,colorado ,potato ,beetle 7,leptinotarsa decemlineata7 can cause a world of damage to young plants4 ,arsenical spray or dust will ordinarily control them4 ,the old-fashioned potato bug 7family ,meloidae71 is reported as troublesome in ,missouri4 ,when they appear in droves1 the only control is to drive them with brush4 ,arsenical spray or dust is of some value4 ,flea ,beetles 7family ,chrysomelidae7 are the little black jumping fellows that perforate leaves in plant beds and in the field4 ,they are also accused of injuring blossoms and reducing the set of fruit4 ,their attacks upon young plants are sometimes ruinous4 ,bordeaux with arsenical serves as a repellant4 ,dusting with nicotine sulphate dust is also suggested4 ,green ,tomato ,worms1 or ,horn ,worms 7,phlegethontius sexta7 are big1 green fellows and have a great capacity for tomato foliage4 ,hand-picking and arsenical spray or dust are usual means of combat4 ,the stalk-borer 7,papaipema nitela7 is a slender caterpillar which is reported as serious in ,indiana4 ,no satisfactory control is suggested except clean culture around fields and pinching the stems to destroy the pest4 ,,viii ,,skillful ,,selling ,,crowns ,,the ,,enterprise ,the most skillful production is in vain if marketing is not done well4 ,at the same time1 the quality of the goods is the principal factor in making the price and in moving the goods4 ,even then1 if costs in production and marketing are too high1 the enterprise is a failure4 ,the differences between high and low quotations on the same market the same day1 are usually fairly wide1--say1 #a4ge to #b4ej2 or #j4ge to #a4be2 or #j4bj to #j4be per basket4 ,these differences are sufficient to make the difference between profit and loss4 ,small differences in quality of the product1 in handling and dress-up of the market pack and skill in finding buyers may easily result in price differences as great or greater than those indicated4 ,harvesting ,picking in the field calls for the closest care and supervision to prevent damage to the fruits and vines4 ,stems should be removed to avoid punching other fruits1 and long finger-nails do great harm by cutting the skin and admitting infection4 ,containers should not be too large to be handled conveniently4 ,round half-bushel stave baskets and galvanized pails are excellent4 ,baskets made of quarter-inch staves rather than veneer are smooth and durable1 but the investment is rather heavy unless dumping is resorted to4 ,in practice1 all sorts of boxes and crates are used1 often the package that is used for marketing4 ,no container as deep as a bushel basket should be used4 ,the stage of ripeness at which tomatoes are picked depends upon the time and distance to market4 ,for home use or local market1 fruit may range from the first turn to almost fully colored4 ,a few growers pick at the turn and use ripening rooms to prepare for local selling4 ,in this way cracking1 injury by soil1 by insects1 and by uneven coloring are avoided4 ,fruits are wiped and handled with less loss and may even be washed if need be4 ,fully ripened fruit will not stand handling and hauling and will quickly deteriorate1 reaching the consumer in bad condition4 ,for cannery1 full ripening is desired with even coloring4 ,mac,gillivray#ah has shown that success in this is largely a matter of care in picking4 ,cracking and slight softening are not serious defects for this purpose1 but molds and bacteria in broken places are serious as they throw the product out of grade or occasion rejection4 ,picking ,green ,most tomatoes for long distance shipment1 are picked before color appears1--at the mature-green stage4 ,one of the great difficulties is to judge this stage correctly2 to train ordinary labor to pick by maturity and not by size4 ,immature-green tomatoes ripen slowly and do not achieve good appearance or table quality4 ,it is almost impossible to describe the ear marks of a mature-green tomato4 ,most of those usually cited are of doubtful value--glossy surface1 whitish cast of color and the dark ring at the stem scar4 ,the jelly-like or mucilaginous material in the seed cells has sufficiently developed in a mature green tomato so that the fruit may be sliced without cutting seeds4 ,of course1 the tomato is ruined but the method can be used to check one's judgment based on the exterior4 ,also1 one can learn by laying aside tomatoes judged mature-green and immature-green to ripen4 ,some efforts have recently been made in ,florida to pick tomatoes at the turn1 that is1 at the first show of color1 a practice suggested by ,sando#ai some years ago4 ,this should provide fruits of uniform degree of maturity1 that would be about ready to sell on arrival and it would eliminate the serious problem of immature-greens4 ,it would require more frequent picking of fields and there could be no delay in packing4 ,there would1 doubtless1 also be problems of temperature and ventilation in transit4 ,results of tests thus far have been rather encouraging4 ,ripening ,green wrap tomatoes are received at terminal markets by produce houses that have special ripening rooms where temperature is kept at about #gj deg41 with high humidity to prevent wilting or shriveling4 ,ethylene gas is used by some to hasten ripening4 ,it does not change the nature of the process1 merely speeding it up4 ,some of these repackers have elaborate equipment for sorting and packing4 ,the tomatoes1 on arrival1 are shaken out of their paper wraps4 ,any that have ripened in transit are taken out and packed while the greens go into the ripening rooms4 ,they may have to be sorted over two or three times as ripening progresses4 ,the ripening process in tomatoes has been rather thoroughly studied4 ,sando found that tomatoes ripen uniformly1 regardless of size1 at a certain age1 dating from the setting of the fruit4 ,this time1 which1 of course1 varies according to weather conditions1 was eight weeks when the studies were made4 ,ripening is accompanied by an increase in moisture1 acids and sugars1 with decrease of solids1 nitrogen1 starch1 pentisans1 crude fibre and ash4 ,sugars increase from about a quarter to about half of the dry weight4 ,chemical analysis did not show differences sufficient to account for the difference in quality between vine-ripened fruit and green fruit ripened in the laboratory4 ,lack of ventilation seems to be detrimental4 ,it is commonly held that tomatoes chilled without freezing will not ripen satisfactorily afterward4 ,this belief is discounted by results of ,wright and associates and of ,platenius who found little effect of low temperatures upon later ripening4 ,wright#bj and ,platenius#ba have both found that tomatoes should not be stored at low temperatures1 #ej deg4 to #fj deg4 ,f4 being best4 ,storage is not likely to be satisfactory for more than a month4 ,waxing ,waxing of tomatoes by immersion in a dilute water emulsion of paraffine and carnauba waxes is being tried out with very promising results4 ,waxes are also dissolved in volatile hydrocarbons and sprayed on4 ,moisture loss and shriveling are materially retarded1 and interference with the ripening process is negligible4 ,the wax coating is very thin1 adds an attractive gloss and is entirely harmless4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ai4--,packing tomatoes on a farm in ,connecticut4 ,boys in the background are wiping and sorting4 ,the others are packing in half-bushel boxes4 ,the top slats are put on before packing and the bottom is nailed on at the finish of the job4 ,a board which is turned over with the box keeps tomatoes from falling out4 ,grading ,it is generally true that at market the poorest products in a given lot tend to fix the price4 ,when the buyer finds a few inferior specimens he assumes there are many more4 ,imperfect and diseased specimens infect others4 ,grading enhances the appearance of the pack4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy ,tripak ,mach4 ,service ,,figure #bj4--;,a ,california packing house with elaborate machinery and fully organized4 ,of course1 the grower who picks marketable tomatoes and leaves unmarketable fruits on the vine is engaged in a form of grading--informal and subconscious4 ,methods may range from this simple practice to the elaborate schemes adopted in large packing houses4 ,there is no difficulty in adopting methods for the farm that are easily managed and perfectly practical4 ,in general1 two grades to sell represent a good plan1 leaving culls at home unless prices are high and there is good demand for them4 ,the set-up may involve no more than a worker at a table with three baskets--one with tomatoes from the field2 another for #a's and a third for #b's4 ,the worker may well use a cotton flannel glove or cloth to wipe the tomatoes and the fruits should be placed in layers to bring the package to a good face4 ,with some practice1 this slows the operation but very little4 ,shed packing should be more common than it is though the practice seems to be gaining4 ,shippers scattered from ,cuba and ,california to ,new ,york state have packing houses set up to all degrees of elaborateness4 ,some have machines and conveyors that wash1 sort for size1 provide for hand sorting for grade and deliver to bins for packing4 ,experienced packers advance with the season from ,florida to ,lake ,erie4 ,these workers become almost incredibly expert and speedy4 ,it is not uncommon for a worker to pick up1 wrap and place in the lug box #fj or #gj tomatoes per minute--not as a show-off but in course of regular work4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ba4--,puffiness is a common defect in tomatoes1 especially when grown in the winter in the ,south4 ,the federal government has worked out and published standards for the grades of tomatoes along with most other vegetables4 ,these standards are practical and have found wide acceptance as furnishing common language between seller and buyer1 especially for long distance shipment4 ,the one who grades may1 however1 set up a standard of his own to meet the needs of his conditions and market4 ,u4,s4 ,standards for cannery tomatoes are widely used as a basis of payment to the grower and this practice is to be commended4 ,packaging ,the lug box has almost wholly replaced the older #f-;basket carrier and #d-;basket flat for shipment of tomatoes4 ,it is in almost every respect1 a good package for tomatoes4 ,it is built with solid board ends1 with veneer or sawed sides1 bottom and cover4 ,cleats on the ends serve to raise the lids so that a bulge pack will not be injured by pressure4 ,veneer covers and bottoms are held together by stitched veneer cross pieces4 ,the lug box is packed in three layers and holds about #cj pounds net of tomatoes though it is often over-packed to carry considerably more4 ,the bulge pack is desirable only so far as it is necessary to insure a tight pack and to take up the small shrinkage that takes place in transit4 ,ordinarily1 it goes beyond this4 ,it results in delivery of more tomatoes than are paid for1 and in bruising because the top center is too high4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy ,southern ,arkansas ,growers ,association ,,figure #bb4--,the lug box is the most widely used of all tomato packages4 ,this is well packed and labeled but shows too much bulge making for difficulty in loading and handling and increasing danger of bruising the upper fruits4 ,the late ,m4 ,r4 ,ensign in ,florida1 was working with a wire-bound lug to carry #bj pounds of tomatoes in two layers without bulge4 ,the lug box is packed in three layers and the size of fruits is designated by the number of tomatoes each way1--#f x #f1 #f x #g1 and #g x #g being the commonest sizes4 ,each tomato is wrapped in a square of tissue paper which may or may not be printed4 ,the principal advantage of the paper is to cushion the pack and protect the tomatoes against rubbing and abrasion4 ,where tomatoes are small1 ,u4,s4 ,standards provide for bridge pack or partial extra layers1 for extra rows and for double wraps or two tomatoes in one paper4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bc4--,lug boxes as loaded in car4 ,lug boxes were formerly loaded lengthwise of the car but are now generally loaded crosswise1--that is1 the side of the box is crosswise throwing the heavy endwise thrust against the substantial end of the box4 ,thin strips are nailed between layers1 butting against the sides of the car to prevent shifting of the load and closing of ventilation channels4 ,refrigerated cars are generally used but icing is not usual4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bd4--,the square braid basket is widely used as a local market package for tomatoes4 ,the faced pack looks better and is easily put up4 ,covers permit stacking six or eight high4 ,a few shipping sections1 notably ,new ,jersey1 still use the #ab-quart climax basket for tomatoes4 ,local markets use various containers for tomatoes1--the ,boston bushel box2 a half bushel of the same depth also used in ,new ,england2 lug boxes2 the ,jersey tomato crate2 and very commonly1 #h and #ab-quart square braid veneer market baskets4 ,peach baskets and bushel baskets are now used but little1 being too deep for good carrying4 ,the diamond market basket of earlier years has about disappeared--being too flexible and not suited for stacking4 ,the square braid with suitable cover may be stacked very satisfactorily in trucks but is hardly substantial enough for rail shipment4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #be4--,the ,connecticut half bushel box4 ,figure #ai shows how this is packed4 ,hot house tomatoes travel in square braid1 climax or paper fibre baskets1 now rather commonly1 the latter4 ,the ,cleveland section sells some millions of baskets of #h-quart capacity but carrying #h pounds of tomatoes in two layers1 usually with stems on1 usually wrapped and sometimes with a paper divider between layers4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bf4--,repacked tomatoes4 ,southern tomatoes go to wholesale houses that specialize in ripening and repacking4 ,many kinds of packages are used4 ,the flat #aj-pound box is one of the popular packs especially in the ,boston area4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bg4--;,cellulose film is used for repacked tomatoes4 ,cannery tomatoes move in field crates belonging to the canner or1 in ,jersey1 in #e_/h bushel baskets1 about as awkward a container as could be readily devised unless it should be the ,jersey tomato crate with its two cover strips permanently fastened4 ,repack tomatoes are sometimes replaced in lugs or in half lugs4 ,ten pound corrugated cartons are widely used1 newer and fancier packs being but one layer deep4 ,fruits are wrapped with paper or cellulose film4 ,an increasing proportion of repacks are now put up in one-pound cartons with a window of cellulose film1 carrying four or five tomatoes4 ,a variation is a paper tray wrapped with cellulose film4 ,good marketing calls for a good label for whatever package is used4 ,these are usually pasted on the package4 ,paper containers are often printed directly but the problem of misuse of second hand packages is coming to the fore4 ,selling ,success in selling demands in the producer the qualities which we ordinarily expect in the business man4 ,the good grower is a business man if he succeeds1 and this will be more true in the future than in the past1 as competition increases4 ,it is necessary to judge the men one deals with1 forming estimates as to reliability and character4 ,mutual confidence is essential to satisfactory dealings4 ,it is worth while to study the produce business and to learn its ins and outs1 reading a trade paper1 talking with dealers1 and making trips to markets4 ,shipments are made on f4o4b4 or track sale1 on consignment1 or on joint account4 ,the first plan of outright sale is the most desirable and is possible where there is enough business at a given point to attract buyers or where grades and business standing are well enough established to assure the purchaser of what he is getting4 ,when the quality of the product is uncertain or when markets are glutted1 consignment must be resorted to4 ,under this plan1 the shipper owns the goods until the receiver makes a sale and all the risks up to this point are his4 ,there are many consignment houses of high character if the shipper will take the trouble to find them instead of shipping to any one who writes a good letter1 and there is vigorous competition in the trade4 ,these factors make it possible to secure fairly good service most of the time4 ,joint account selling1 where shipper and receiver agree on how returns shall be divided1 is sometimes undertaken where mutual acquaintance justifies it4 ,selling on distant markets is more complex and difficult than local selling for many reasons4 ,shoving crates off the wagon into the car and forgetting them is not selling4 ,co-operative organization has helped many communities through pooling of resources1 standardizing1 grading and packing the product1 encouraging better field practices1 and securing the services of able managers and salesmen4 ,local ,selling ,a very small amount of produce is sold by producers directly to the consumer at his home1 but the roadside market has greatly developed retail activity by growers4 ,here fine quality1 attractive appearance1 moderate prices1 and fair dealing are effective in building business4 ,stands that plan to fleece them as they pass do not last long4 ,it is the return business that counts4 ,the bulk of local selling is done directly to retailers--grocers or hucksters--either at market or store-door4 ,the costliness of this system is being realized and local commission business is growing1 in many cases through the establishment of commission houses co-operatively owned and managed by growers1 as in ,providence1 ,cleveland1 ,chicago and other markets4 ,some effort has been made to increase the use of tomatoes as has been successfully done with oranges and bananas4 ,these efforts have been sporadic and results have been hardly more consistent than the efforts4 ,co-operative publicity1 especially at times when large quantities are to be moved1 would seem to offer fine possibilities4 ,growers of some crops are finding chain store groups very ready to help in moving out large volumes of produce when the supply is large4 ,cannery ,selling ,cannery sales are generally made at a stipulated price on contracts closed in advance of planting4 ,these contracts have usually devoted more words to protecting the interests of the packer than those of the grower1 largely because the grower has accepted the canner's initiative with little question4 ,farseeing companies have been fair in enforcement of terms and liberal in their dealings1 realizing that prosperity must be mutual for the highest success4 ,a few canners have contract provisions that enable the grower to share in prices realized for the packed product when they rise beyond a certain figure4 ,too many canners have lacked vision1 however1 and have taken all they could get4 ,farmers have known little about costs and so have frequently been lured by the prospect of cash return even though they see no money until the packed tomatoes are actually sold4 ,during recent years1 much has been learned about the business side of growing for cannery purposes and the knowledge has been made available through extension channels4 ,growers have shown some tendency to organize and some canners welcome this movement as helping them to set their affairs on a plane of definite understanding4 ,canners have suffered sadly through failure of growers to live up to contracts if it suited them better to evade the terms1 and organization helps greatly to develop the producer's sense of responsibility4 ,indiana has formed a federation of locals1 but an organization movement in another state failed1 more because the directors and members did not live up to their duties than through opposition of certain hostile canners4 ,co-operation in this field has the same possibilities1 requirements and dangers as in other fields4 ,with time and experience1 co-operation will be an increasing and beneficial factor in the business4 ,in some sections1 most of the cannery tomatoes are sold on open market1 and in others1 the early part of the crop is free for local sale or shipment4 ,this arrangement would seem to have possibilities for further development by the use of good plants and good culture4 ,,ix ,,operating ,,in ,,the ,,red ,,or ,,in ,,the ,,black ,happily1 the home gardener does not need to keep books with his tomatoes4 ,if he likes the culture and the product1 he need not inquire further4 ,not so with the commercial grower4 ,after all skill has been exercised in growing and selling1 the books must show black and not red4 ,this calls for good management and judgment not only as to what is best for the tomatoes and for the consumer but also how much one can afford to spend to gain a given advantage4 ,fortunately1 quality1 yield and economy generally go hand in hand4 ,one of the best ways to achieve low unit cost is to win a high yield per acre4 ,for the cannery crop1 conditions are sometimes such that one cannot afford to apply1 say1 optimum fertilizer because some other factor not readily controlled may limit the returns and so make heavy feeding uneconomical4 ,yield4--,the average yield per acre of cannery tomatoes for the ,united ,states was1 in #aidj1 #e4ci tons per acre and the #aj-year average1 to #aich1 was #d4ae tons per acre4 ,for tomatoes for fresh market1 the average yield for #aidj was #adh bushels per acre1 #ad bushels above the #aj-year average4 ,of course1 these yields would not satisfy a grower who calls himself successful4 ,in the canning sections of ,new ,york1 it takes about #g tons per acre to cover costs of production4 ,some years ago a survey in ,arkansas recorded costs as low as #cf per acre4 ,however1 the same survey showed cost per ton as #ac4fd4 ,cannery contracts that year averaged about #ab4ge per ton4 ,that does not yield much money to bank even if ten or twenty acres are grown4 ,rarely yields run to #be tons per acre4 ,it is accordingly necessary to keep costs down and to bring yields up4 ,each item of cost must be scrutinized and adjusted to bring lowest cost per ton or per package4 ,in counting costs1 it is necessary to include every element4 ,the following summary from #aah ,western ,new ,york farms for #aicd for cannery tomatoes illustrates the various items3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,per cent of total ,growing costs3 ,land #g4ff #i4ag ,manure #c4ia #d4fh ,commercial fertilizer #h4ba #i4hc ,plants #ae4ee #ah4fb ,plowing #c4db #d4aj ,fitting #c4hc #d4ei ,applying fertilizer #a4fe #a4ih ,setting #e4da #f4dh ,cultivating #f4ch #g4fd ,all other growing costs #b4ad #b4ef --------------------- ,total growing costs per acre #eh4af #fi4fe ,harvesting and delivering 7#h4b tons7 #be4cd #cj4ce --------------------- ,total costs #hc4ej #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,all too often1 growers think they are counting costs when such important items as interest1 use of truck and machinery or others are omitted4 ,one sometimes sees such figures in print4 ,one good way to view returns is in terms of cents per hour for labor4 ,cost accounts in ,new ,york have showed that a group of farmers who raised cannery tomatoes the nine years up to #aicg and whose records were studied1 realized #j4cd per hour for their time given to tomatoes1 #j4ea for potatoes1 #j4bd for wheat1 and #j4aa for oats4 ,,selected ,,references ,this book is not a monograph in the scientific sense and no attempt has been made to cite references for all statements4 ,this list is intended to include the publications that are likely to prove most useful to one who wishes to read further about tomatoes4 ,there are many others of great value1 most of them being included in bibliographies in the works cited below4 ,unless otherwise stated1 references are to publications of the state experiment stations1 addresses of which may be obtained by writing ,office of ,experiment ,stations1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,general ,beattie1 ,w4 ,r4 ,tomatoes as a truck crop4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,farmers ,bul4 #acch4 #aibc4 ,snyder1 ,g4 ,b4 and ,dempsey1 ,p4 ,w4 ,tomato production in ,massachusetts4 ,mass4 ,ext4 ,leaf4 #ea4 ,may1 #aicg4 ,porter1 ,d4 ,r4 and ,mac,gillivray1 ,john ,h4 ,the production of tomatoes in ,california4 ,calif4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #ajd4 #aicg4 ,cochran1 ,h4 ,l4 ,improved methods of tomato production in ,georgia4 ,ga4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bjf4 #aidj4 ,huelsen1 ,w4 ,a4 ,growing tomatoes in ,illinois4 ,ill4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #dea4 #aicf4 ,balch1 ,w4 ,b4 ,growing tomatoes in ,kansas4 ,kan4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #agb4 #aicc4 ,seaton1 ,h4 ,l4 ,tomato growing in ,michigan4 ,mich4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #aef4 #aicf4 ,allen1 ,e4 ,j4 and ,talbert1 ,t4 ,j4 ,tomato culture in ,missouri4 ,mo4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #agc4 #aicd4 ,schermerhorn1 ,l4 ,g41 ,tiedjens1 ,v4 ,a41 et al4 ,questions and answers relative to tomato production4 ,n4,j4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #agd4 #aicf4 ,raleigh1 ,g4 ,j4 ,growing tomatoes for market4 ,cornell ,ext4 ,bul4 #cgg4 #aicg4 ,tracy1 ,w4 ,tomato culture4 ,orange ,judd ,co4 #aijg4 ,work1 ,paul4 ,tomato production4 ,orange ,judd ,co4 #aibf4 ,pellett1 ,f4 ,c4 and ,m4 ,a4 ,practical tomato culture4 ,a4 ,t4 ,de ,la ,more ,co4 #aicj4 ,food ,value ,atwater1 ,w4 ,o41 and ,woods1 ,c4 ,d4 ,the chemical composition of ,american food materials4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr41 ,office of ,expt4 ,stas4 ,bul4 #bh4 #ahif4 ,sherman1 ,h4 ,c4 ,food products4 ,macmillan4 #aibd4 ,miller1 ,elna4 ,tomatoes1 their value and uses4 ,utah ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #dg4 #aicb4 ,ellis1 ,eliz4 ,e4 ,using tomatoes in family meals4 ,n4,h4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #bbe4 #aidj4 ,cannery ,beattie1 ,j4 ,h4 ,tomatoes for canning and manufacturing4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,farmers ,bul4 #abcc4 ,rev4 #aicj4 ,lancashire1 ,e4 ,r41 ,parks1 ,t4 ,h4 and ,pierstorff1 ,a4 ,l4 ,tomatoes for canning4 ,ohio ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aad4 #aice4 ,hester1 ,j4 ,b4 ,good1 fair or poor tomatoes from your soil4 ,campbell ,soup ,co41 ,bul4 #b4 #aidj4 ,cruess1 ,w4 ,v4 ,commercial fruit and vegetable products4 ,mc,graw-,hill4 #aibd4 ,pederson1 ,c4 ,s4 ,preparation of tomato products4 ,n4,y4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #agh4 #aicg4 ,gaylord1 ,f4 ,c4 and ,fawcett1 ,k4 ,l4 ,a study of grade1 quality and price of canned tomatoes sold at retail in ,indiana4 ,ind4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #dch4 #aici4 ,saywell1 ,l4 ,g4 and ,cruess1 ,w4 ,v4 ,the composition of canning tomatoes4 ,calif4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ede4 #aicb4 ,mac,gillivray1 ,j4 ,h4 and ,ford1 ,o4 ,w4 ,tomato quality as influenced by the relative amount of outer and inner wall region4 ,ind4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cbg4 #aibh4 ,mac,gillivray1 ,j4 ,h4 ,tomato color as related to quality in the tomato canning industry4 ,ind4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cej4 #aica4 ,gaylord1 ,f4 ,c4 and ,mac,gillivray1 ,j4 ,h4 ,tomato quality studies4 ,field and harvest factors affecting grade4 ,ind4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cid4 #aicd4 ,hauck1 ,c4 ,w4 ,marketing cannery tomatoes on grade in ,ohio4 ,ohio ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ejd4 #aicb4 ,greenhouse ,beattie1 ,j4 ,h4 ,greenhouse tomatoes4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,farmers ,bul4 #adca4 ,rev4 #aici4 ,hoffman1 ,i4 ,c4 ,growing of greenhouse tomatoes4 ,ohio ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #dii4 #aicb4 ,burk1 ,e4 ,f4 and ,roberts1 ,r4 ,h4 ,growing greenhouse tomatoes4 ,wisc4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #dah4 #aica4 ,gilbert1 ,b4 ,e4 and ,pember1 ,f4 ,r4 ,relative efficiency of various organic supplements in the growth of greenhouse tomatoes4 ,r4,i4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bcf4 #aicb4 ,gilbert1 ,b4 ,e4 and ,pember1 ,f4 ,r4 ,economical amounts of nitrate of soda to apply in the greenhouse for the growth of tomatoes4 ,r4,i4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #beb4 #aice4 ,bouquet1 ,a4 ,g4 ,p4 ,an analysis of the characters of the inflorescence and fruiting habit of some varieties of greenhouse tomatoes4 ,cornell ,exp4 ,sta4 ,memoir #aci4 #aicb4 ,biblio4 ,seaton1 ,h4 ,l4 and ,gray1 ,g4 ,f4 ,histological study of tissues from greenhouse tomatoes affected by blotchy ripening4 ,jour4 ,agr4 ,research 7,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr471 ,vol4 #eb1 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #bag-bbd4 #aicf4 ,breeding and ,varieties ,boswell1 ,v4 ,r4 ,improvement and genetics of tomatoes1 peppers1 and eggplant4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,yearbook4 #aicg4 pp4 #agf-bjf4 ,full biblio4 ,boswell1 ,v4 ,r41 et al4 ,description of ,american varieties of tomatoes4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,misc4 ,publ4 #afj4 #aicc4 ,muller1 ,c4 ,h4 ,a revision of the genus ,lycopersicon4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,misc4 ,publ4 #chb4 #aidj4 ,morrison1 ,gordon4 ,tomato varieties4 ,mich4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,spec4 ,bul4 #bij4 #aich4 ,myers1 ,c4 ,e4 and ,lewis1 ,m4 ,t4 ,the effect of selection in the tomato4 ,penn4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bdh4 ,rev4 ,may #b1 #aicj4 ,yeager1 ,a4 ,f4 ,tomato breeding4 ,n4,d4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bgf4 #aicc4 ,pritchard1 ,f4 ,j4 ,development of wilt-resistant tomatoes4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,bul4 #ajae4 #aibb4 ,wellington1 ,richard4 ,comparison of first generation tomato crosses and their parents4 ,minn4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #f4 ,rev4 #aibc4 ,groth1 ,b4 ,h4 ,a4 ,the ,f#a hereditary of size1 shape1 and number in tomato fruits4 ,n4,j4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bdb4 #aiab4 ,lindstrom1 ,e4 ,w4 ,hereditary correlation of size and color characters in tomatoes4 ,iowa ,exp4 ,sta4 ,research ,bul4 #ic4 #aibf4 ,porte1 ,w4 ,s4 and ,wellman1 ,f4 ,l4 ,development of interspecific tomato hybrids4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,cir4 #ehd4 #aida4 ,babb1 ,m4 ,f4 and ,kraus1 ,j4 ,e4 ,results of tomato variety tests in the great plains region4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,cir4 #ecc4 #aici4 ,anon4 ,a haploid marglobe tomato4 ,jour4 of ,heredity1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,vol4 #bg1 ,no4 #aa1 #aicf4 ,huelsen1 ,w4 ,a4 ,new wilt-resistant tomato varieties for field and greenhouse4 ,ill4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #ddh4 #aicf4 ,plants for ,transplanting ,nissley1 ,c4 ,h4 ,plant growing and plant growing structures4 ,n4,j4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #ea4 #aibf4 ,tussing1 ,e4 ,b4 and ,lancashire1 ,e4 ,r4 ,growing vegetable plants4 ,ohio ,ext4 ,bul4 #ajc4 #aicj4 ,raleigh1 ,g4 ,j4 ,starting vegetable plants4 ,cornell ,ext4 ,bul4 #ddh4 ,oct4 #aidj4 ,crist1 ,j4 ,w4 ,ultimate effect of hardening tomato plants4 ,mich4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #hi4 #aibh4 ,harvey1 ,r4 ,b4 and ,wright1 ,r4 ,c4 ,frost injury to tomatoes4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,bul4 #ajii4 #aibb4 ,seaton1 ,h4 ,l4 and ,strong1 ,m4 ,c4 ,southern-grown vs4 locally grown tomato plants4 ,mich4 ,quarterly ,bul4 ,vol4 #bj1 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #aca-ada4 #aich4 ,alexander1 ,l4 ,j41 ,young1 ,h4 ,c4 and ,kiger1 ,c4 ,m4 ,the causes and control of damping-off of tomato seedlings4 ,ohio ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #dif4 #aica4 ,van ,haltern1 ,frank4 ,control of tomato seedbed diseases of southern plants4 ,ga4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ahg4 #aice4 ,fertilizers ,work1 ,paul4 ,tomato fertilizer experiments in ,chautauqua ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,cornell ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #dfg4 #aibh4 ,hartman1 ,j4 ,d41 ,work1 ,paul ,wessels1 ,p4 ,h4 ,tomato fertilizer experiments on ,long ,island4 ,cornell ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fgf4 #aicg4 ,mack1 ,w4 ,b41 ,stout1 ,g4 ,j4 and ,rahn1 ,e4 ,m4 ,fertilizer experiments with tomatoes4 ,penna4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cic4 #aidj4 ,sayre1 ,c4 ,b4 ,effects of fertilizers and rotation on earliness and total yields of tomatoes4 ,n4,y4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fai4 #aicc4 ,sayre1 ,c4 ,b4 ,starter solutions4 ,farm ,research 7,n4,y4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,geneva7 ,vols4 #e1 #f1 and #g1 ,no4 #b4 ,april #aici1 '#dj1 '#da4 ,parker1 ,m4 ,m4 ,tomato fertilization4 7#a7 ,the effect of different fertilizer ratios on the yield to tomatoes4 ,va4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hj4 #aicc4 ,carolus1 ,r4 ,l4 ,tomato fertilization4 7#b7 ,the effect of different fertilizer ratios on the chemical composition of tomatoes4 ,va4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ha4 #aicc4 ,thomas1 ,r4 ,p4 ,effect of fertilizer treatments of a soil on the quality and yield of tomatoes4 ,md4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #chf4 #aice4 ,friend1 ,w4 ,h4 ,tomato varieties and fertilizers for the lower ,rio ,grande valley of ,texas4 ,texas ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #dch4 #aica4 ,comin1 ,donald and ,bushnell1 ,john4 ,fertilizers for early cabbage1 tomatoes1 cucumbers1 and sweet corn4 ,ohio ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #dbj4 #aibh4 ,hepler1 ,j4 ,r4 and ,kraybill1 ,h4 ,r4 ,effect of phosphorus upon the yield and time of maturity of the tomato4 ,n4,h4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #bh4 ,rev4 #aibf4 ,hester1 ,j4 ,b4 ,soil fertility in tomato production4 ,campbell ,soup ,co4 ,bul4 #c4 #aida4 ,cultural ,practices ,thompson1 ,h4 ,c4 ,pruning and training tomatoes4 ,cornell ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ehj4 #aicd4 ,watts1 ,v4 ,m4 ,pruning and training tomatoes in ,arkansas4 ,ark4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bib4 #aicc4 ,hibbard1 ,r4 ,p4 ,the various effects of frost protectors on tomato plants4 ,mich4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #abd4 #aicb4 ,thompson1 ,h4 ,c4 ,experimental studies of the effects of cultivation of certain vegetable crops4 ,cornell ,expt4 ,sta4 ,memoir #ajg4 #aibg4 ,physiology ,kraus1 ,e4 ,j4 and ,kraybill1 ,h4 ,r4 ,vegetation and reproduction with special reference to the tomato4 ,ore4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #adi4 #aiah4 ,biblio4 ,work1 ,paul4 ,nitrate of soda in the nutrition of the tomato4 ,cornell ,exp4 ,sta4 ,memoir #ge4 #aibd4 ,arthur1 ,j4 ,m41 ,guthrie1 ,j4 ,d4 and ,newell1 ,john ,m4 ,some effects of artificial climates on the growth and chemical composition of plants4 ,amer4 ,jour4 of ,botany1 #ag3 #daf-dhb4 #aicj4 ,murneek1 ,a4 ,e4 ,physiology of reproduction in horticultural plants4 7#a7 ,reproduction and metabolic efficiency in the tomato4 ,mo4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,research ,bul4 #ij4 #aibf4 ,murneek1 ,a4 ,e4 ,effects of correlation between vegetative and reproductive functions in the tomato4 ,plant ,physiology1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a4 #aibf4 ,nightingale1 ,g4 ,t4 ,the chemical composition of plants in relation to photo-periodic changes4 ,wis4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,research ,bul4 #gd4 #aibg4 ,porter1 ,a4 ,m4 ,effect of light intensity on the photosynthetic efficiency of tomato plants4 ,plant ,physiology1 ,vol4 #ab3 pp4 #bbe-beb4 #aicg4 ,nightingale1 ,g4 ,t4 ,effects of temperature on metabolism in tomato4 ,botanical ,gazette1 ,vol4 #ie1 ,no4 #a4 #aicc4 ,phillips1 ,t4 ,g41 ,smith1 ,t4 ,o4 and ,hepler1 ,j4 ,r4 ,some effects of potassium and nitrogen on the composition of the tomato plant4 ,n4,h4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #gc4 #aici4 ,mac,gillivray1 ,j4 ,h4 ,effect of phosphorus on the composition of the tomato plant4 ,jour4 of ,agr4 ,research4 ,vol4 #cd1 ,no4 #b4 pp4 #ig-abg4 #aibg4 ,janssen1 ,g41 ,bartholomew1 ,r4 ,r4 and ,watts1 ,v4 ,m4 ,some effects of nitrogen1 phosphorus1 and potassium on the composition and growth of tomato plants4 ,ark4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #caj4 #aicd4 ,eckerson1 ,sophia ,h4 ,influence of phosphorus deficiency on metabolism of the tomato4 ,contribs4 of ,boyce ,thompson ,institute4 ,vol4 #c1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #aig-bah4 #aica4 ,fisher1 ,p4 ,l4 ,responses of the tomato in solution cultures with deficiencies and excesses of certain essential elements4 ,md4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cge4 #aice4 ,howlett1 ,f4 ,s4 ,effect of carbohydrate deficiency upon formation of sex cells in tomato4 ,ohio ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ecb4 #aicd4 ,howlett1 ,f4 ,s4 ,the modification of flower structure by environment in varieties of ,lycopersicum esculentum4 ,jour4 of ,agr4 ,research1 ,vol4 #eh1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #gi-aag4 #aici4 ,watts1 ,v4 ,m4 ,some factors which influence growth and fruiting of the tomato4 ,ark4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bfg4 #aica4 ,watts1 ,v4 ,m4 ,growth and fruiting responses to pruning and defloration of tomato plants4 ,ark4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cdg4 #aicg4 ,smith1 ,ora4 ,pollination and life-history studies of the tomato 7,lycopersicon esculentum mill47 ,cornell ,exp4 ,sta4 ,memoir #ahd4 #aice4 ,smith1 ,ora4 ,relation of temperature to anthesis and blossom drop of the tomato together with a histological study of the pistils4 ,jour4 of ,agr4 ,research4 ,vol4 #dd1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #ahc-aij4 #aicb4 ,smith1 ,ora and ,cochran1 ,h4 ,l4 ,effect of temperature on pollen germination and tube growth in the tomato4 ,cornell ,exp4 ,sta4 ,memoir #age4 #aice4 ,smith1 ,ora4 ,effects of light on carotenoid formation in tomato fruits4 ,cornell ,exp4 ,sta4 ,memoir #ahg4 #aicf4 ,reid1 ,mary ,e4 ,growth of tomato cuttings in relation to stored carbohydrate and nitrogenous compounds4 ,amer4 ,jour4 of ,botany1 ,vol4 #ac3 pp4 #edh-egd4 #aibf4 ,foster1 ,a4 ,c4 and ,tatman1 ,e4 ,c4 ,influence of certain environment conditions of congestion of starch in tomato plant stems4 ,jour4 of ,agr4 ,research4 ,vol4 #ef1 ,no4 #ab1 pp4 #hfi-hhb4 #aich4 ,diseases and ,insects ,chupp1 ,chas4 ,manual of vegetable-garden diseases4 ,macmillan4 #aibe4 ,kadow1 ,k4 ,j4 and ,shropshire1 ,l4 ,h4 ,tomato diseases and insect pests4 7,identification and control47 ,ill4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #dbh4 #aice4 ,weber1 ,g4 ,f4 and ,kelbert1 ,d4 ,g4 ,a4 ,seasonal occurrence of tomato diseases in ,florida4 ,fla4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cde4 #aidj4 ,samson1 ,r4 ,w4 and ,thomas1 ,h4 ,rex4 ,tomato diseases in ,indiana4 ,ind4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #beg4 #aidj4 ,strong1 ,m4 ,c4 ,tomato diseases in ,michigan4 ,mich4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 ,bul4 #aci4 #aicb4 ,young1 ,p4 ,a41 ,harrison1 ,a4 ,l4 and ,altstatt1 ,g4 ,e4 ,common diseases of tomatoes4 ,texas ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #hf4 #aidj4 ,horsfall1 ,j4 ,g41 ,magie1 ,r4 ,o4 and ,suit1 ,r4 ,f4 ,bordeaux injury to tomatoes and its effect on ripening4 ,n4,y4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,geneva4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #bea4 #aich4 ,ramsey1 ,g4 ,b4 and ,link1 ,g4 ,k4 ,k4 ,market diseases of fruits and vegetables3 ,tomatoes1 peppers1 eggplants4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,misc4 ,pub4 #aba4 #aicb4 ,marketing ,parsons1 ,f4 ,e4 ,preparation of fresh tomatoes for market4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,farmers' ,bul4 #abia4 ,rev4 #aicj4 ,wright1 ,r4 ,c4 and ,gorman1 ,e4 ,a41 ,jr4 ,ripening and repacking of mature green tomatoes4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,cir4 #eff4 #aidj4 ,sando1 ,charles ,e4 ,the process of ripening in the tomato1 considered especially from the commercial standpoint4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,bul4 #hei4 #aibj4 ,wright1 ,r4 ,c41 ,pentzer1 ,w4 ,t4 et al4 ,effect of various temperatures on the storage and ripening of tomatoes4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #bfh4 #aica4 ,frazier1 ,w4 ,a4 ,cracks in tomato fruits4 ,american ,soc4 for ,hort4 ,sci4 ,vol4 #cb1 pp4 #eai-ebc4 #aicd4 ,brown1 ,h4 ,d4 and ,price1 ,c4 ,v4 ,effect of irrigation1 degree of maturity and shading upon yield and degree of cracking of tomatoes4 ,amer4 ,soc4 for ,horti4 ,sci4 ,vol4 #cb1 pp4 #ebd-ebh4 #aicd4 ,yarnell1 ,s4 ,h41 ,friend1 ,w4 ,h4 and ,wood1 ,j4 ,f4 ,factors affecting the amount of puffing in tomatoes4 ,texas ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #eda4 #aicg4 ,le,crone1 ,freddie and ,haber1 ,e4 ,s4 ,changes in the pectic constituents of tomatoes in storage4 ,iowa ,state ,college ,jour4 of ,sci4 ,vol4 #ab1 ,no4 #d4 pp4 #dfg-dgf4 #aicc4 ,good biblio4 ,work1 ,paul4 ,ethylene ripening of tomatoes in relation to stage of maturity4 ,amer4 ,soc4 for ,hort4 ,sci4 #aibh4 pp4 #fa-fd4 ,mac,gillivray1 ,j4 ,h4 ,tomato color as related to quality in the tomato canning industry4 ,ind4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cej4 #aica4 ,vogele1 ,a4 ,c4 ,effect of environmental factors upon the color of the tomato and the watermelon4 ,plant ,physiology1 ,vol4 #ab1 pp4 #ibi-iee4 #aicg4 ,lanham1 ,w4 ,b4 ,effect of potash fertilizer on the carrying quality of tomatoes4 ,texas ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ceg4 #aibg4 ,wardlaw1 ,c4 ,w41 and ,mc,guire1 ,l4 ,p4 ,the storage of tropically-grown tomatoes4 7,low ,temp4 ,sta41 ,imperial ,college of ,tropical ,agr4 ,trinidad1 ,b4,w4,i47 ,e4,m4,b4 #ei4 #aicb4 ,rosa1 ,j4 ,t4 ,ripening and storage of tomatoes4 #aibf ,proceedings of the ,american ,soc4 for ,hort4 ,sci4 pp4 #a-aj4 ,haber1 ,e4 ,s4 ,acidity and color changes in tomatoes under various storage temperatures4 ,iowa ,state ,college ,jour4 of ,sci4 ,vol4 #e1 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #aga-ahd4 #aica4 ,diehl1 ,h4 ,c4 ,the chilling of tomatoes4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agri4 ,dept4 ,cir4 #cae4 #aibd4 ,some problems in marketing tomatoes grown in the lower ,rio ,grande ,valley of ,texas4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agri4 ,marketing ,information ,series ,g4,c4,m4#d4 #aich4 ,costs and ,economics ,campbell1 ,c4 ,e4 ,an economic study of tomato production for canning in ,arkansas4 ,ark4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bbe4 #aibh4 ,walker1 ,w4 ,p4 ,an economic study of the production of tomatoes in ,maryland4 ,md4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cjd4 #aibi4 ,montgomery1 ,t4 ,m4 ,jr41 and ,efferson1 ,j4 ,n4 ,a cost of production study of tomatoes in ,north ,louisiana1 #aici4 ,la4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cbi4 #aida4 ,carncross1 ,j4 ,w41 ,cathcart1 ,c4 ,s4 et al4 ,economic review of ,new ,jersey ,agriculture4 ,ext4 ,service ,no4 #gb4 pp4 #hi-if4 #aica4 ,carncross1 ,j4 ,w4 and ,nissley1 ,c4 ,h4 ,new ,jersey ,can-house tomato production4 ,costs and recommendations for #aicb4 ,n4,j4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #if4 #aicb4 ,hawthorne1 ,h4 ,w4 ,cost of production of tomatoes 7#bj states #aiac-aicd7 ,mimeo4 ,bul4 of ,agr4 ,eco41 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr41 ,nov4 #aicf4 ,,index ,ammo-phos1 #ce ,aphis1 #ij ,arnon1 ,d4 ,i41 #bj ,arthur1 ,j4 ,m41 #ba ,barrons1 ,k4 ,c41 #dg ,bison1 #df ,blight1 #hf1 #hh ,blocking plants1 #fb ,blossom end rot1 #hc ,bonny ,best1 #dg ,botany1 #bj ,bounty1 #dg ,breeding1 #ch ,cannery1 #ad1 #ed1 #ajh1 #aac1 #aag ,carbohydrate1 #bi ,car loading1 #aje ,certification1 plants1 #eg ,certification1 seeds1 #da ,chalk ,jewel1 #dg ,chili sauce1 #ad ,chromosomes1 #da ,climate1 #bj1 #ga ,cochran1 ,h4 ,l41 #bc ,cold frames1 #eg ,comet1 #ej ,composition1 #ae ,compost1 #fc ,condiments1 #ad ,costs1 #ag1 #aag ,cracking1 #hc ,crown ,seed1 #dj ,cultivation1 #ge ,curly top1 #hh ,cut worms1 #ia ,damping off1 #fe1 #ij ,description of tomato1 #bj ,determinate habit1 #bb ,dirt bands1 #eg1 #fb ,diseases1 #he ,earliana1 #df ,earliness1 #cc1 #ec ,economics1 #aa1 #af1 #aaf ,embryo1 #ch ,emerson1 ,r4 ,a41 #gh ,fertilization1 #be ,field containers1 #id ,flats for plants1 #fj ,flea beetles1 #ib ,floral characters1 #bb ,forcing1 #ah ,fruitfulness1 #bi ,fruit worm1 #ia ,fusarium1 #ch1 #db1 #di1 #ej1 #hf ,geography1 #ag ,germination1 #ch ,grading1 #ajj ,greater ,baltimore1 #ej ,green wraps1 #if ,greenhouse culture1 #ah ,greenhouses for plant growing1 #eh ,ground cherry1 #ea ,gulf ,state ,market1 #ej ,guthrie1 ,j4 ,d41 #ba ,hardening1 #fh ,harvesting1 #ic ,harvey1 ,r4 ,b41 #fi ,hepler1 ,j4 ,h41 #cc ,heterosis1 #ci ,history1 #ae ,hitchcock1 ,a4 ,e41 #bd ,hoagland1 ,d4 ,r41 #bj ,home garden1 #aa1 #bf1 #ed1 #gi ,home ,garden1 variety1 #dg ,horn worms1 #ib ,hot beds1 #eg ,howlett1 ,f4 ,s41 #bd ,husk tomato1 #ea ,hybrid vigor1 #ci ,ideal variety1 #db ,immature green1 #ie ,insects1 #ia ,internal nutrition1 #bi ,irrigation1 #gf ,jamison1 ,f4 ,s41 #ih ,john ,baer1 #dg ,juice1 #ad ,ketchup1 #ad ,king ,humbert1 #ea ,klebs1 #bi ,kraus1 ,e4 ,j41 #bi ,kraybill1 ,h4 ,r41 #bi1 #cc ,lanham1 ,w4 ,b41 #cd ,leaf blight1 #hf1 #hh ,lime1 #be ,lindstrom1 ,e4 ,w41 #da ,longevity1 #ch ,loomis1 ,w4 ,e41 #ff1 #fi ,lug box1 #ajc ,mac,gillivray1 ,j4 ,h41 #cc1 #ie ,mack1 ,w4 ,b41 #ce ,manure1 animal1 #cd ,marglobe1 #dh ,market diseases1 #ij ,marketing1 #ic ,mature green1 #ie ,maturity1 #id ,mosaic1 #hh ,mulch1 #gf1 #gh ,murneek1 ,a4 ,e41 #ca ,myers1 ,c4 ,e41 #dg ,newell1 ,j4 ,m41 #ba ,nitrogen1 #bf1 #bh1 #cg ,nutritive value1 #aa1 #ae1 #ah ,packing1 #ajc ,parthenocarpy1 #bd ,penn ,state1 #dg ,per capita consumption1 #ah ,phosphorus1 #bf1 #cb1 #ce ,physalis1 #ea ,placement of fertilizer1 #ce ,plant beds1 open1 #ef ,plants for transplanting1 #ec ,pollination1 #bc1 #ci ,ponderosa1 #ea ,potash1 #bf1 #cd ,potassium nitrate1 #ce ,potato beetle1 #ia ,pots1 clay1 #fj ,pots1 paper1 #fj ,price1 #af ,pritchard1 variety1 #ej ,pritchard1 ,f4 ,j41 ,frontispiece1 #dh1 #hg ,protectors1 #gb ,pruning1 #fg1 #gi ,puffiness1 #ajb ,purdum1 ,l4 ,w41 ,sons1 #gh ,puree and paste1 #ad ,rahn1 ,e4 ,m41 #ce ,references1 #aa1 #ab1 #aai ,requirements1 #bj ,ripening1 #if ,roadside selling1 #aab ,rosa1 ,j4 ,t41 #fi ,running to vine1 #bi ,rutgers1 #ej ,sando1 ,c4 ,e41 #if ,san ,marzano1 #ea ,saving seed1 #ci1 #dj ,sayre1 ,c4 ,b41 #ce ,scarlet ,dawn1 #dh ,seed1 #ch ,seed ,sowing1 #ef1 #fc ,seed treatment1 #fc ,seedless fruits1 #bd ,selection1 #dj ,selling1 #ic1 #aaj ,septoria1 #hf ,setting fruit1 #bi ,side dressing1 #ce1 #cg ,smith1 ,ora1 #bc ,soil1 field1 #be ,soil1 plant growing1 #fc ,solution culture1 #ah ,southern plants1 #ef ,spacing in field1 #gc ,staking1 #gi ,stalk borer1 #ib ,starter solutions1 #ce1 #ge ,statistics1 #af ,sterilizing soil1 #fc1 #ij ,stokesdale1 #dh ,stout1 ,g4 ,j41 #ce ,sunscald1 #hc ,temperature for plant growing1 #fe ,thompson1 ,h4 ,c1 #hb1 #hc1 #ih ,tiedjens1 ,v4 ,h41 #cg ,training1 #gi ,transplanters1 #gd ,transplanting1 #ff1 #gd ,trellis system1 #gi ,uses1 #ad ,varieties1 #df ,vegetation and fruitfulness1 #bi ,victor1 #dg ,virus1 #hh ,water culture1 #ah ,watering1 #gd ,watering plants1 #fe ,watts1 ,v4 ,m41 #gj ,wellington1 ,richard1 #ci ,work1 ,paul1 #ca ,wright1 ,r4 ,c41 #ih ,yeager1 ,a4 ,f41 #df1 #dg ,yellows 7,see also fusarium71 #hh ,yield1 #af1 #ag1 #aag ,zimmerman1 ,p4 ,w41 #bd ,,footnotes3 #a ,hoagland1 ,d4 ,r4 and ,arnon1 ,d4 ,i4 ,the water culture method for growing plants without soil4 ,calif4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #cdg4 ,dec4 #aich4 #b ,arthur1 ,j4 ,m41 ,guthrie1 ,j4 ,d4 and ,newell1 ,j4 ,m4 ,some effects of artificial climates on the growth and chemical composition of plants4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,bot4 #ag3daf-dhb4 #aicj4 #c ,smith1 ,ora and ,cochran1 ,h4 ,l4 ,effect of temperature on pollen germination and tube growth in the tomato4 ,cornell ,memoir #age4 #aice4 #d ,howlett1 ,f4 ,s4 ,use of chemicals to stimulate fruitfulness in tomatoes4 ,veg4 ,growers ,asso4 of ,america ,rept4 #aida1 pp4 #bjc-bad4 #aida4 ,zimmerman1 ,p4 ,w4 and ,hitchcock1 ,a4 ,e4 ,formative effects induced with ,b-,naphthoxyacetic acid4 ,contribution from ,boyce ,thompson ,inst4 ,vol4 #ab #a1 ,april-,june1 #aida4 #e ,fertilizer recommendations are best given in form of pounds per acre of nitrogen 7,n71 phosphoric acid 7,p#b,o#e7 and potash 7,k#b,o74 ,these figures are then translated into pounds per acre of materials or of mixed fertilizers4 #f ,kraus1 ,e4 ,j4 and ,kraybill1 ,h4 ,r4 ,vegetation and reproduction with special reference to the tomato4 ,oreg4 ,bul4 #adi4 #aiah4 #g ,work1 ,paul4 ,nitrate of ,soda in the nutrition of the tomato4 ,cornell ,memoir #ge4 #aibd4 #h ,murneek1 ,a4 ,e4 ,the effects of fruit on vegetative growth in plants4 ,amer4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,rpt4 #aibd1 pp4 #bgd-bgf4 #i ,mac,gillivray1 ,j4 ,h4 ,effect of phosphorus on the composition of the tomato plant4 ,jour4 ,agr4 ,res4 #cd3 #ig-abg4 #aibg4 #aj ,hepler1 ,j4 ,h4 and ,kraybill1 ,h4 ,r4 ,effect of phosphorus upon yield and maturity of the tomato4 ,n4 ,h4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #bh4 #aibe4 #aa ,mack1 ,w4 ,b41 ,stout1 ,g4 ,j41 and ,rahn1 ,e4 ,m4 ,fertilizer experiments with tomatoes4 ,penn4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cic4 #aidj4 #ab ,sayre1 ,c4 ,b4 ,starter ,solutions4 ,farm ,research 7,n4,y4 ,expt4 ,sta47 ,vols4 ,v1 ,,vi1 and ,,vii1 ,no4 #b1 ,april1 #aici1 #aidj1 and #aida4 #ac ,wellington1 ,richard4 ,comparison of first generation tomato crosses and their parents4 ,minn4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #f4 #aibb4 #ad ,loomis1 ,w4 ,e4 ,studies in the transplanting of vegetable plants4 ,cornell ,memoir #hg4 #aibe4 #ae ,watts1 ,v4 ,m4 ,factors affecting production of wrinkled tomato fruits4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #cj3 #eac-eag4 #aicd4 #af ,emerson1 ,r4 ,a4 ,experiments in mulching garden vegetables4 ,neb4 ,bul4 #hj4 #aijc4 #ag ,thompson1 ,h4 ,c4 ,pruning and training tomatoes4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ehj4 #aicd4 #ah ,mac,gillivray1 ,j4 ,h4 ,tomato color as related to quality in canning4 ,ind4 ,bul4 #cej4 #aica4 #ai ,sando1 ,c4 ,e4 ,the process of ripening in the tomato1 considered especially from the commercial standpoint4 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bul4 #hei4 #aibj4 #bj ,wright1 ,r4 ,c4 et al4 ,effect of various storage temperatures on storage and ripening of tomatoes4 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #bfh4 #aica4 #ba ,platenius1 ,h41 ,jamison1 ,f4 ,s41 and ,thompson1 ,h4 ,c4 ,studies on cold storage of vegetables4 ,cornell ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fjb4 #aicd4