file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #chjdf-;h4htm or #chjdf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#chjdf_/pg#chjdf-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#ch jdf_/chjdf-;h4zip7 ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face 7bold74 ,due to the constraints of a plain text file1 not all letters can be represented as originally printed4 ,these letters are represented as follows3 x letter with tack above 7xx two letters with a breve above xx two letters with a macron above x3 a letter with an umlaut or diaeresis below 7y letter with a breve above x letter with a macron below x letter with a slash through it ,,business ,,english ,a ,practice ,book by ,,rose ,,buhlig ,tilden ,high ,school1 ,chicago ,d4 ,c4 ,heath ,co41 ,publishers ,boston ,new ,york ,chicago ,copyright1 #aiad1 ,by ,d4 ,c4 ,heath ,co4 #b;,,fi ,,preface ,,the author of this book and the writer of this preface have never met4 ,their respective fields of labor are a thousand miles apart4 ,yet such is the force of ideas that many of their thoughts and sympathies are common4 ,business ,english6 ,the very name is an anomaly4 ,from a literary point of view there is no such thing4 ,english is ,english whether it be used to express the creations of our imagination1 our aesthetic appreciations1 or our daily wants4 ,there is no magical combination of words1 phrases1 and sentences that is peculiar and distinctive to business transactions4 ,business ,english as used in these pages means effective communication1 both oral and written4 ,the author's aim throughout has been to teach the art of using words in such a way as to make people think and act4 ,to do this she has applied the principles of literary composition to the highly complex and ever increasing problems of our business life4 ,she realizes that business is vital1 and that the problems of commerce are not to be met and handled with dead forms and stereotyped expressions of legal blanks4 ,to use our language effectively it is necessary to have an understanding of its elements4 ,thus the author has very wisely devoted much space to word-study and ,english grammar4 ,this is a field commonly neglected in books on the subject4 ,the people engaged in business are1 on the whole1 woefully weak in the grammar of our language4 ,it is believed that the treatment herein will be a great aid in correcting this deficiency4 ,if we have ideas1 we must express them in words1 and our words should be so chosen and arranged as not to offend1 but to please and interest4 ,this result can be secured by a systematic study of ,part ,i4 ,part ,,ii deals with oral and written composition4 ,here the author has arranged her subjects in such a way as to give the whole a cumulative effect4 ,the method throughout is inductive1 and sufficient examples are always given to warrant the conclusions drawn4 ,most textbooks on ,business ,english neglect the subject of oral ,english4 ,this book regards the spoken word as important as the written word4 ,if there be any one feature in this textbook more to be commended than another1 it is the exposition in ,part ,,iii4 ,the situations arising in many different kinds of business are here analyzed4 ,the author believes that the way to become a good business correspondent is1 first1 to learn what the situation demands and1 second1 to practice meeting the demands4 ,we must know before we write4 ,given a knowledge of the subject1 we must have much practice in expressing ourselves in such a way as to make our composition effective4 ,the author meets this need by supplying many and varied exercises for practice4 ,these exercises are live1 practical1 and up-to-date4 ,the problems to be solved are real1 not imaginary4 ,thus the power to be gained in meeting these situations and solving these problems will prove a real asset to those who contemplate a business career4 ,it is confidently hoped that both teachers and pupils will find in this work material which will help them to prepare themselves to meet the many problems and demands of our growing commercial needs4 ,,daniel ,b4 ,,duncan ,,columbia ,,university ,january1 #aiad4 ,,contents ,,part ,i--,,word ,,study ,,and ,,grammar ,,chapter ,,page ,i ,,interesting ,,words #a ,,ii ,,pronunciation #g ,,iii ,,spelling ,,rules #ah ,,iv ,,word ,,analysis #bi ,v ,,the ,,sentence ,,and ,,its ,,elements #da ,,vi ,,the ,,noun ,,and ,,the ,,pronoun #eg ,,vii ,,the ,,adjective ,,and ,,the ,,adverb #ge ,,viii ,,the ,,verb #hc ,,ix ,,the ,,preposition ,,and ,,the ,,conjunction #aaf ,,part ,,ii--,,composition3 ,,oral ,,and ,,written ,x ,,oral ,,english #abg ,,xi ,,choosing ,,subjects #adf ,,xii ,,punctuation #aeh ,,xiii ,,the ,,clear ,,sentence #aii ,,xiv ,,the ,,paragraph #bae ,,xv ,,business ,,letters #bbi ,,part ,,iii--,,composition3 ,,business ,,practice ,,xvi ,,manufacture #bgj ,,xvii ,,distribution #bhb ,,xviii ,,advertising #cjh ,,xix ,,real ,,estate ,,and ,,insurance #cba ,,xx ,,banking #ccb ,,xxi ,,the ,,corporation #cec ,,index #cfi ,,business ,,english ,,part ,i--,,word ,,study ,,and ,,grammar ,,chapter ,i ,,interesting ,,words ,,business ,english is the expression of our commercial life in ,english4 ,it is not synonymous with letter writing4 ,to be sure1 business letters are important1 but they form only a part of one of the two large divisions into which the subject naturally falls4 ,first1 there is oral expression1 important because so many of our business transactions are conducted personally4 ,thousands of salesmen daily move from place to place over the entire country1 earning their salaries by talking convincingly of the goods that they have to sell4 ,a still greater number of clerks1 salesmen1 managers1 and officials orally transact business in our shops1 stores1 offices1 and banks4 ,complaints are adjusted2 difficulties are disentangled2 and affairs of magnitude are consummated in personal interviews1 the matter under discussion often being thought too important to be entrusted to correspondence4 ,in every business oral ,english is essential4 ,second1 there is written expression4 ,this takes account of the writing of advertisements1 circulars1 booklets1 and prospectuses1 as well as of letters4 ,and in the preparation of these oral ,english is fundamental4 ,it precedes and practically includes the written expression4 ,for example1 we say colloquially that a good advertisement talks4 ,we mean that the writer has so fully realized the buyer's point of view that the words of the advertisement seem to speak directly to the reader1 arousing his interest or perhaps answering his objection4 ,oral ,english is fundamental1 too1 in the writing of letters1 for most letters are dictated and not written4 ,the correspondent dictates them to his stenographer or to a recording machine in the same tone1 probably1 that he would use if the customer were sitting before him4 ,but in taking this point of view1 we should not minimize the importance of written business ,english4 ,in a way1 it is more difficult to write well than it is to talk well4 ,in talking we are not troubled with the problems of correct spelling1 proper punctuation1 and good paragraphing4 ,we may even repeat somewhat1 if only we are persuasive4 ,but in writing we are confronted with the necessity of putting the best thoughts into the clearest1 most concise language1 at the same time obeying all the rules of spelling1 punctuation1 and grammar4 ,the business man must be sure of these details in order to know that his letters and advertising matter are correct4 ,the stenographer1 especially1 must be thoroughly familiar with them1 so that she may correctly transcribe what has been dictated4 ,business ,english is much the same as any other ,english4 ,it consists in expression by means of words1 sentences1 and paragraphs4 ,moreover1 they are much the same kind of words1 sentences1 and paragraphs that appear in any book that is written in what is commonly called the literary style4 ,in a business letter the words are largely those of every day use1 and but few are technical4 ,it is the manner in which the words are put together1 the idea back of the sentence1 that makes the only difference4 ,we shall begin the study of business ,english with a study of words1 for in all expression1 whether oral or written1 a knowledge of words1 of their meaning and suggestive power1 is fundamental4 ,on the choice of words depends not only the correctness but also the effectiveness of expression--the courtesy of a letter1 the appeal of an advertisement1 the persuasiveness of a salesman's talk4 ,a mastery of words cannot be gained at once4 ,every time one speaks1 he must consider what words will best convey his idea4 ,in this chapter only the barest beginning of such study can be made4 ,the exercises show the value of the subject4 ,the study of words is interesting because words themselves are interesting4 ,sometimes the interest consists in the story of the derivation4 ,as an example1 consider the word italic4 ,many words in this book are written in italic to draw attention to them4 ,literally the word means relating to ,italy or its people4 ,it is now applied to a kind of type in which the letters slope toward the right4 ,the type was called italic because it was dedicated to the states of ,italy by the inventor1 ,manutius1 about the year #aejj4 ,an unabridged dictionary will tell all about the word4 ,the word salary tells a curious story4 ,it is derived from a ,latin word1 salarium1 meaning salt money4 ,it was the name of the money that was given to the ,roman soldiers for salt1 which was a part of their pay4 ,finally1 instead of signifying only the salt money1 it came to mean the total pay4 ,practically all of this information a good dictionary gives4 ,in other words1 a dictionary is a story book containing not one1 but hundreds of thousands of stories4 ,whenever possible it tells what language a word came from1 how it got its different meanings1 and how those meanings have changed in the course of time4 ,for it is natural that words should change just as styles change1 names of ancient things being lost and names for new things being made4 ,as the objects themselves have gone out of use1 their names have also gone4 ,when a word has gone entirely out of use1 it is marked obsolete in the dictionary4 ,on the other hand1 new inventions must be named4 ,thus new words are constantly being added to the language and the dictionary because they are needed4 ,there is a large class of words that we shall not have time to consider4 ,they are called technical4 ,every profession1 business1 or trade has its distinctive words4 ,the technical words that a printer would use are entirely different from those which a dentist1 a bookkeeper1 or a lawyer would use4 ,you will learn the technical terms of your business most thoroughly after you enter it and see the use for such terms4 ,none of the words1 therefore1 that you will be asked to search out in the dictionary are1 strictly speaking1 technical4 ,it is evident that it will do you no good to search out the words in the dictionary1 unless you learn them--unless you use them correctly in speaking and writing4 ,there is pleasure in thus employing new material1 as everybody knows4 ,use your eyes and ears4 ,when you hear a new word1 or read one1 focus the mind upon it for a moment until you can retain a mental picture of its spelling and of its pronunciation4 ,then as soon as possible look it up in the dictionary to fix its spelling1 pronunciation1 and definition4 ,do this regularly1 and you will have reason to be proud of your vocabulary4 ,an excellent way to increase the number of words that you know is to read the right kind of books4 ,the careful study of the words used in the speeches and addresses of noted men is good practice4 ,the conditions that called forth the speech were probably important1 and the speech itself interesting1 or it would not be preserved4 ,when a man has an interesting or important message to give1 he usually gives it in clear1 exact1 simple language4 ,therefore the vocabulary that he uses is worth copying4 ,as for stories1 there is a kind that furnishes a wealth of material that modern authors are constantly using or referring to1 and this is found in stories of the ,bible1 stories of ,greek and ,northern gods and goddesses1 stories of the ,iliad1 the ,odyssey1 the neid1 stories of chivalry--all old stories4 ,every one should know them well1 because they are the basis of many allusions in which a single word oftentimes suggests a whole story4 ,the meaning of the word herculean1 for instance1 is missed if you do not know the story of ,hercules and know that he was famous for his strength4 ,exercise #a ,atlas is an interesting word4 ,originally it was the name of a ,greek god1 who carried the world on his shoulders4 ,then it is supposed that in the sixteenth century the famous geographer ,mercator prefixed his collection of maps with the picture of ,atlas supporting the world4 ,thus a collection of maps in a volume came to be called an atlas4 ,consult an unabridged dictionary for the origin of each of the following3 rival fortune cereal boycott dollar finance china derrick bankrupt milliner java mercury cash pullman cashmere colossal mint grocer macadam turbine ,exercise #b ,the days of the week and the months of the year are interesting in their derivation4 ,monday1 for example1 represents the day sacred to the ,moon as a deity4 ,explain the origin of each of the following3 ,sunday ,saturday ,may ,october ,tuesday ,january ,june ,november ,wednesday ,february ,july ,december ,thursday ,march ,august ,friday ,april ,september ,exercise #c ,look up the derivation of the following3 cancel bead ambition hospital pecuniary paper influence pavilion cheat book virtue mackintosh speculation bayonet peevish chapel phaton tawdry disaster omnibus ,exercise #d ,explain the origin of each of the following3 curfew tulip turquoise good-bye pompadour aster amethyst dismal hyacinth dunce tantalize titanic dandelion humor umbrella volcano dahlia villain sandwich tangle begonia echo lunatic babble ,exercise #e ,name the image that each of the following suggests to you3 howl sputter rasping munch skim prance clatter trickle squeal click wheeze shuffle moan thud trudge bulge squeak patter chuckle gobble squawk spatter toddling swish ,exercise #f ,bring to class a list of words which1 because they are the names of modern inventions1 have come into the language in modern time4 ,exercise #g ,how many words can you name which might be called the technical terms of school life1 words which always carry with them a suggestion of the school room8 ,bring in a list of twenty such words4 ,exercise #h ,how many words can you name which are used only in the business world8 ,bring in a list of twenty such words4 ,exercise #i ,how many words can you name which apply particularly to money and the payment or non-payment of money8 ,bring in a list of twenty or more such words4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,pronunciation ,,we are judged by our speech4 ,if we clip syllables1 run words together1 or pronounce them incorrectly1 we shall merit the criticism of being careless or even ignorant4 ,yet clear enunciation and correct pronunciation are sometimes difficult4 ,we learn most words by hearing others say them1 and1 if we do not hear the true values given to the different syllables1 we shall find it hard to distinguish the correct from the incorrect forms4 ,children whose parents speak a foreign language usually have to watch their speech with especial care2 ,germans1 for example1 find difficulty in saying th and ,irish people in saying oi as in oil4 ,the exercises in this chapter are given for the purpose of correcting such habits4 ,the words in the exercises should be pronounced repeatedly1 until the correct forms are instinctive4 ,train the ear to hear the difference between sounds1 as in just and in jest4 ,don't slide over the final consonant in such words as going and reading4 ,watch words containing wh4 ,the dictionary tells us that where was originally written hwar1 the h coming before the w2 and we still pronounce it so1 although we write the w before the h4 ,the word whether is of the same kind4 ,the dictionary tells us that it was first spelled hweder4 ,such words should be carefully noted and their pronunciation practiced4 ,then there is the habit of slurring syllables4 ,we may understand what is meant by the expression ,c'm' on or ,waja say81 but most of us would prefer not to be included in the class of people who use either4 ,correct speech cannot be mastered without an effort4 ,in the following exercises watch every vowel and every consonant so that you may give each one its full value4 ,exercise #aj--;,diacritical ,marks ,although an a is always written a1 it is not always given the same quality or length of sound4 ,when we discover a new word1 it is important that we know exactly the quality to give each of the vowels in it4 ,for this purpose diacritical marks have been invented4 ,they are illustrated in the following list from ,webster's ,international ,dictionary4 as in te1 fte1 lbor a senate1 delicate1 aerial cre1 shre1 prent m1 dd1 rndom rm1 fr1 fther sk1 grss1 pss1 dnce a final1 infant1 guidnce a3 a3ll1 a3we1 swa3rm1 ta3lk ve1 mte1 serne e event1 depend1 society nd1 mt1 xcuse1 fface frn1 hr1 rmine1 evr e recent1 decency1 prudence ce1 tme1 sght1 inspre i idea1 tribunal1 biology ll1 pn1 pty1 admt ld1 nte1 ver1 prpose o obey1 tobacco1 sorrow rb1 lrd1 rder1 abhr dd1 nt1 trrid1 ccur se1 pre1 dty1 assme u unite1 actuate1 education rde1 rmor1 intrde fll1 pt1 flfill p1 tb1 stdy rn1 fr1 concr 7y pit7y1 injur7y1 divinit7y oo fool1 food1 moon 7oo f7oot1 w7ool1 b7ook ou out1 thou1 devour oi oil1 noisy1 avoid is called long a1 and is marked with the macron is called short a1 and is marked with the breve is called caret a1 and is marked with the caret is called ,italian a1 and is marked with the diaeresis is called short ,italian a1 and is marked with the dot is called tilde e1 and is marked with the tilde or wave ,exercise #aa--,vowels ,of the twenty-six letters in the alphabet1 how many are vowels8 ,name them4 ,what are the other letters called8 ,compare the in hat and the in hate4 ,which has more nearly the sound of a in the alphabet8 ,this is called the natural or long sound of the vowel4 ,the other is called the short sound4 ,drop the e from hate4 ,explain the result4 ,name other monosyllables ending in e and containing the long a sound4 ,explain the difference in pronunciation between ,pete1 pet1 ripe1 rip1 hope1 hop1 cube1 cub4 ,find other monosyllables ending in e and containing a long vowel that becomes short if the e is dropped4 ,monosyllables ending in silent e usually contain a long vowel sound1 which becomes short when the final e is dropped4 ,exercise #ab ,pronounce carefully the following words containing the short ,italian a3 advnce clss lnce plster advntage contrst lst pstor fter enchnt msk prnce bsket ,frnce mster rfter brnch glnce mstiff shft brss glss pss surpss chff grss pst tsk ,exercise #ac ,pronounce the following carefully1 noting each a that is marked3 hlf ide clm audcious pth cn't pricot ghst sk ctch mdrs lgebr fther vaction gile forbde dnce extr cst trnce lss csket grnt vition ,exercise #ad ,pronounce the vowel o in the following very carefully4 ,don't give the sound feller or fella when you mean fellow4 fellow swallow theory borrow potato follow position heroism window original factory donkey pillow evaporate ivory memory chocolate mosquito licorice oriental ,exercise #ae ,the vowel u needs particular attention4 ,when it is long1 it is sounded naturally1 as it is in the alphabet4 ,do not say redooce for reduce4 reduce picture educate figure produce stupid judicial duty conducive student calculate accumulate endure genuine curiosity ,tuesday duration induce regular particular singular avenue tune institute nutriment constitution culinary ,january revenue introduce opportunity manufacture ,exercise #af ,using diacritical marks indicate the value of the vowels in the following4 ,try marking them without first consulting a dictionary4 ,after you have marked them1 compare your markings with those used in a dictionary4 pupil different diacritical gigantic alphabet several radiating gymnasium natural letter ,wyoming system result eraser typical merchant ,exercise #ag ,pronounce carefully1 noting that in each word at least one consonant is silent1 and sometimes a vowel as well4 ,draw an oblique line through the silent letter or letters in each4 through chasten sword island although often fasten daughter wrong soften calf might yacht subtle hasten bouquet gnaw almond naughty honest psalm glisten thumb palm whistle salve should knack salmon chestnut knowledge castle answer folks listen thigh knot right debt honor ,exercise #ah ,pronounce the following1 paying particular attention to the vowels4 ,distinguish between the meanings of the words in each group4 accept bile least prevision except boil lest provision affect carol eleven poor effect coral leaven pure addition descent neither radish edition dissent nether reddish assay emerge pasture sentry essay immerge pastor century baron ,francis pillar sit barren ,frances pillow set been jest point wrench bean just pint rinse gist ,exercise #ai ,enunciate the consonant sounds carefully in the following4 ,distinguish between the meanings of the words in each group4 acts close treaties rows ax clothes treatise rouse advice crossed princes rues advise across princess ruse alms formerly prince either elms formally prints ether bodice grays price running bodies grace prize ruin cease lose recent walking seize loose resent walk in chance plaintive sects weather chants plaintiff sex whether does pair news worst dose payer noose worsted 7yarn7 doze ,exercise #bj ,pronounce the following1 making sure that each syllable is correct4 ,guard against slurring the words in the last column4 been such barrel ,did you8 gone put faucet ,don't you8 to with suburb ,go on4 for tiny hearth ,our education aunt and nothing ,you are far poem office ,you're not our catch peril ,we're coming kept toward forbade ,they're coming says donkey spirit ,what did you say8 rid again semi ,where are you going8 since against scared ,where have you been8 sleek honest saucy ,i want to go4 creek savage turnip ,i'm going to go4 where swept roof ,to-morrow morning boil velvet proof ,next month hoist direct hydrant ,last ,saturday ,exercise #ba ,enunciate carefully3 salary gentleman supple gymnasium because library subtle perspiration ideal wrestle italic clapboards suite vessel insect cupboard thirty friendship orchid archangel tomato judgment hovel candelabra grimy cowardice several extraordinary patron miserable pumpkin civilization omelet guarantee accurate horseshoe hundred gelatine guardian laboratory coupon glycerine delinquent tenacious awkward paraffine secretary measure hurrah portrait audacious ,february pigeon mercantile conquer cellar history juvenile conquest perfect diamond thousand congress grandmother asylum overalls licorice generally ,exercise #bb ,be especially careful of the sounds th and wh4 ,add no syllable to a word and omit none4 ,consult a dictionary for any word below about which you are not certain3 when length diphthong generally where strength diphtheria forget while height anesthetic recognize wharf width betrothal hungry which depth theory geography wheel there theme instead wheeze them arithmetic isolated why eleventh bathe writing whiff twelfth lathe kettle whence thought believe language whet throat bronchitis leisure what wreaths government volume whale paths courteous column wheat months different always wheedle mouths engine once whelp myths ,english twice whimper breadths surprise arctic whip moths deaf ,italian whit bath children picture whither earth cruel often ,exercise #bc--;,homonyms ,a homonym is a word having the same sound as another but differing from it in meaning4 ,use each of the following in a sentence to show its meaning4 aloud draft fowl principal allowed draught foul principle ascent faint gate peal assent feint gait peel aught canvas great quire ought canvass grate choir bad cereal hew seen bade serial hue scene bale cession kernel soul bail session colonel sole berry cite leased strait bury site least straight boy coarse lesser stair buoy course lessor stare by compliment mite sweet buy complement might suite council feign miner there counsel fain minor their current flour need wood currant flower knead would ,exercise #bd ,do the same with the following3 aisle clause kill sail isle claws kiln sale awl climb key ring all clime quay wring base draught lie serge bass draft lye surge blew dew medal sole blue due meddle soul bough done peer shone bow dun pier shown bread dual pore steel bred duel pour steal bear flue profit stationary bare flew prophet stationery bridal freeze quarts wade bridle frieze quartz weighed capital guilt rest wave capitol gilt wrest waive ceiling heard root wrap sealing herd route rap ,exercise #be--,syllabication ,what is a syllable8 ,choose a word and notice that every vowel sound in it makes a syllable4 ,therefore1 you never have two vowels in one syllable unless the two are pronounced as one sound4 ,in pronouncing notice carefully to which syllable a consonant belongs2 as in dif-fer-ent1 beau-ti-fy1 dai-sy4 ,divide the following words into syllables4 ,if you cannot decide with which syllable a consonant belongs1 consult a dictionary4 paper grocer rotate mystery tomato erect repeat regular vinegar polish general arithmetic ,if a syllable1 especially an accented syllable1 ends in a vowel1 what is usually the length of the vowel8 ,if the syllable ends in a consonant1 what is usually the length of the vowel of the syllable8 ,when a consonant is doubled1 the division is usually made between the two letters2 as1 blot-ter skip-ping remit-tance neces-sary throt-tle span-ning ,as a rule1 a prefix constitutes one syllable2 as1 pro-long pre-fer con-stant de-fect ad-mit re-ceive se-lect dis-trust e-merge im-merse ,as a rule1 a suffix constitutes one syllable2 as1 labor-er soft-ly beauti-fy selec-tion mole-cule revolution-ist percent-age fanat-ic ,when two or more letters together give one sound1 they must not be divided2 as1 math-ematics ex-change paragraph-ing abolish-ing bow-ing toil-ing nation-al gra-cious ,can a word of one syllable be divided8 ,do not divide a syllable of one letter from the rest of the word4 ,the division ever-y is wrong4 ,exercise #bf ,divide the following words into syllables1 using the suggestions given in the preceding exercise3 accountant dissatisfaction manufacturer reference advertisement economy material repeatedly anecdote employment mechanical salesman annually energetic neighborhood security application environment occupation separate automobile especially opportunity signature beginning establishment organized specification collection expenditure permanent stenography comparison factory preparation suburban competent furniture president superintend confirmation illustration quotation systematic consequence impression realize telephone correspondence improvement receptacle treasurer counterfeit judgment recognition unanimous customer machinist recommend unusual ,exercise #bg--;,accent ,what is accent8 ,divide into syllables1 indicate the accent1 and pronounce the following3 expand volume defect interesting mischievous usually incomparable theatre exquisite tedious hospitable generally column inquiry impious ,in the following words the meaning changes with the accent4 ,use each word in a sentence to show its meaning4 object subject contrast desert ob-ject insult protest extract torment essay conflict compact tor-ment transfer compound survey minute 7notice the vowel change7 refuse 7notice the consonant change7 ,bring to class a list of words that you have heard mispronounced in your classes4 ,be sure that you can pronounce them correctly4 ,exercise #bh ,the following words are frequently mispronounced4 ,divide them into syllables1 mark the accent1 and pronounce carefully4 municipal exquisite champion accurately interesting gondola inquiry ,genoa influence finance inexplicable alias illustrate deficit despicable expert inventory pretense mischievous impious alternate dirigible perfume detail ,,chapter ,,iii ,,spelling ,,rules ,exercise #bi--,plurals of ,nouns 7a7 dress1 dresses 7b7 chair1 chairs splash1 splashes wave1 waves business1 businesses book1 books church1 churches pencil1 pencils fox1 foxes paper1 papers ,the usual way of forming the plural of ,english nouns is illustrated by the words in column 7b7 above4 ,what is it8 ,if you add s to the singular form dress1 could you distinguish the pronunciation of the plural from the pronunciation of the singular8 ,does this suggest a reason for adding es to form the plural8 ,how many syllables must you use to pronounce the plural of fox8 ,does this suggest another reason for adding es to form the plural8 ,every word that ends in a sibilant or hissing sound 7ch1 s1 sh1 ss1 x1 z7 forms its plural like fox4 ,give several illustrations4 ,rule #a4--,nouns regularly form the plural by adding s1 but those ending in a sibilant must addes4 ,exercise #cj 7a7 lady1 ladies 7b7 valley1 valleys ally1 allies alley1 alleys soliloquy1 soliloquies journey1 journeys ,name five words belonging to group 7a7 above4 ,does a vowel or a consonant precede the y in each case8 ,name other words belonging to the group 7b7 above4 ,does a vowel or a consonant precede the y in each case8 ,rule #b4--,nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant 7and nouns ending in quy7 form the plural by changing y to i and adding es4 ,exercise #ca--,words ending in o 7a7 potato1 potatoes hero1 heroes mulatto1 mulattoes tomato1 tomatoes buffalo1 buffaloes cargo1 cargoes negro1 negroes echo1 echoes motto1 mottoes 7b7 solo1 solos piano1 pianos memento1 mementos halo1 halos lasso1 lassos canto1 cantos zero1 zeros quarto1 quartos soprano1 sopranos stilletto1 stillettos ,the older ,english words ending in o form the plural by adding es1 as in potatoes2 those more recently taken into the language form the plural by adding s1 as in quartos4 ,exercise #cb--,nouns in f and fe leaf1 leaves calf1 calves wife1 wives loaf1 loaves sheaf1 sheaves shelf1 shelves half1 halves wolf1 wolves elf1 elves life1 lives beef1 beeves wharf1 wharves 7or wharfs7 self1 selves knife1 knives ,with the exception of the words given above1 nouns ending in an f sound form the plural in the regular way2 as1 hoof1 hoofs scarf1 scarfs beliefs1 beliefs chief1 chiefs reef1 reefs grief1 griefs ,exercise #cc--;,irregular ,plurals ,some nouns form their plural by a change of vowel2 as1 man men foot feet woman women tooth teeth goose geese mouse mice ,a few words retain the old time plural en2 as1 brother brethren child children ox oxen ,a few words are the same in both singular and plural2 as1 sheep1 trout1 deer ,some nouns have two plurals which differ in meaning2 as1 ,singular ,plural brother brothers brethren penny pennies pence pea peas pease die dies dice ,consult a dictionary for the difference in meaning between the two plurals of each word4 ,exercise #cd--;,compound ,nouns ,singular ,plural brother-in-law brothers-in-law father-in-law fathers-in-law court-martial courts-martial commander-in-chief commanders-in-chief man-of-war men-of-war major general major generals goose quill goose quills bill of fare bills of fare spoonful spoonfuls cupful cupfuls ,rule #c4--;,compound nouns usually add the sign of the plural to the fundamental part of the word4 ,,note4--,in spoonfuls the thought is of one spoon many times full4 ,plural of ,letters and ,figures ,rule #d4--,letters and figures form the plural by adding the apostrophe 7'7 and s2 as1 a a's #c #c's w w's #e #e's ,the same rule applies to the plural of words which ordinarily have no plural2 as1 ,don't use so many and's and if's4 ,exercise #ce--;,foreign ,plurals ,some nouns derived from foreign languages retain their original plural4 ,the following are in common use4 ,consult a dictionary for their pronunciation and definition4 ,singular ,plural ,singular ,plural crisis crises stratum strata thesis theses radius radii hypothesis hypotheses parenthesis parentheses focus foci synopsis synopses datum data basis bases alumnus alumni automaton automata alumna alumnae analysis analyses oasis oases nucleus nuclei axis axes phenomenon phenomena genus genera ,some words admit of two plurals1 one the foreign plural1 and one the regular ,english plural2 as1 ,singular ,plural beau beaux beaus formula formulae formulas vertex vertices vertexes index indices indexes cherub cherubim cherubs seraph seraphim seraphs bandit banditti bandits ,consult a dictionary to see whether there is any difference of meaning between the two plurals of these words4 ,exercise #cf--,the ,formation of ,participles ,rap1 rapping1 rapped ,reap1 reaping1 reaped ,rap is a monosyllable ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel4 ,the final consonant in such words is doubled before a suffix beginning with a vowel is added4 ,in reap the final consonant is not doubled because it is preceded by two vowels4 ,make the participles of the following verbs3 chat lap suit step cheat leap sit steep rot train sop trot root trim soap treat ,trap1 trapping1 trapped ,track1 tracking1 tracked ,why is the final consonant in trap doubled before ing or ed is added8 ,the final consonant in track is not doubled because track ends with two consonants4 ,pin1 pinning ,pine1 pining ,pine drops the silent e because the tendency in ,english is to drop endings that are not needed for pronunciation before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel4 ,form the participles of the following verbs3 knot rob flop note robe elope deal swim quit 7u is not here a vowel7 clap strike crawl 7w is here a vowel7 stop oil wax 7x equals cks7 peal rush bow 7w is here a vowel7 ,exercise #cg ,exercise #cf applies also to words of more than one syllable accented on the last syllable1 if they retain the accent on the same syllable after the suffix is added4 ,thus we have ,rule #e4--,monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable1 ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel1 double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel4 ,form participles from the following words that are accented on the last syllable3 prefer intervene escape expel refer reveal acquire contain occur repeal secure forbid permit pursue conceal incur interfere erase arrange forget retain control acquit repel ,form participles from the following words not accented on the last syllable3 benefit travel marvel shelter revel answer exhibit render quarrel profit shovel limit ,words in which the accent changes do not double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel2 as1 confer conference infer inference refer reference prefer preferable ,explain why the final consonant is not doubled in each of the following words3 neglect neglecting lean leaning prefer preference select selecting creep creeping receipt receipting wonder wondering answer answering ,exercise #ch ,rule #f4--;,in forming the present participle of verbs ending in y1 retain the y before adding ing2 as1 study studying obey obeying carry carrying convey conveying pity pitying ,in forming the perfect participle1 if in the present tense the y is preceded by a consonant1 the y is changed to i and ed added2 if the y is preceded by a vowel1 the y is retained2 as1 study studied carry carried pity pitied but obey obeyed convey conveyed ,compare with ,rule #b4 ,exercise #ci ,rule #g4--;,in words containing a long e sound spelled either ie or ei1 ei follows c2 ie follows one of the other consonants2 as1 ei ie deceive relieve siege perceive believe yield receive belief grief conceive chief field conceit priest piece receipt niece wield reprieve lien ,exceptions4--,either1 neither1 weird1 seize1 leisure4 ,the following couplet may help in remembering when to write ie and when to write ei3 ,when the letter c you spy1 ,put the e before the i4 ,exercise #dj--,the ,pronunciation of c and g ,the letter c is pronounced sometimes like s and sometimes like k4 ,what sound does c have before a8 ,illustrate4 ,before e8 ,illustrate4 ,before i8 ,illustrate4 ,before o8 ,illustrate4 ,before u8 ,illustrate4 ,before y8 ,illustrate4 ,if c is pronounced like k1 it is called hard and is marked c4 ,if c is pronounced like s1 it is called soft and is marked 4 ,the mark used to indicate the soft c is called the cedilla4 ,make a statement telling when c is hard and when it is soft4 ,what sound does g have before each of the vowels1 as in game1 gone1 gymnasium1 ,gunther1 gentle8 ,rule #h4--;,c and g usually are soft before e1 i1 and y4 ,exercise #da ,words ending in silent e1 according to ,rule #e1 drop the e before a suffix beginning with a vowel4 ,exceptions occur when the e is needed to preserve the soft sound of c and g4 ,tell why e is dropped in encouraging and retained in courageous4 ,in words containing dg1 as in judge and lodge1 the d gives the g the soft sound1 and there is no need to retain the e before adding a suffix1 as in judgment4 ,rule #i4--,words ending in silent e usually drop the e before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel1 unless the e is needed to preserve the pronunciation2 as after soft c and g1 when the suffix begins with a or o4 ,tell why the e is retained before the suffix in the following3 noticeable damageable pronounceable outrageous courageous peaceable serviceable manageable ,tell why the e is dropped before adding the suffix in the following3 managing curable erasure besieging admirable realization receiving obliging precedence perseverance ,the fact that c has two different sounds causes a slight peculiarity in words ending in c4 ,final c has the sound of k4 ,when words end in c1 the letter k is usually added before a suffix beginning with either e1 i1 or y1 to show that c is not pronounced like s2 as1 frolic frolicked frolicking ,if the k is not added1 the c changes its pronunciation2 as1 public publicity ,exercise #db ,it follows by inference from ,rule #i that words ending in silent e retain the e before a suffix beginning with a consonant2 as1 move movement disgrace disgraceful defense defenseless fate fateful arrange arrangement fierce fiercely noise noiseless manage management severe severely rude rudeness ,exceptions4--,truly1 duly1 wisdom1 awful1 wholly4 ,bring to class a list of twenty words that retain the final e before a suffix beginning with a consonant4 ,exercise #dc ,what spelling rule does each of the following words illustrate8 advantageous gigantic boxes admittance mimicking piece libraries occurrence arrangement receipt keys acquittal ,exercise #dd--;,abbreviations ,write abbreviations for the months of the year4 ,are there any that should not be abbreviated8 ,the abbreviations for the states and territories are3 ,alabama1 ,ala4 ,maryland1 ,md4 ,arizona1 ,ariz4 ,massachusetts1 ,mass4 ,arkansas1 ,ark4 ,michigan1 ,mich4 ,california1 ,cal4 ,minnesota1 ,minn4 ,colorado1 ,colo4 ,mississippi1 ,miss4 ,connecticut1 ,conn4 ,missouri1 ,mo4 ,delaware1 ,del4 ,montana1 ,mont4 ,district of ,columbia1 ,d4,c4 ,nebraska1 ,nebr4 ,florida1 ,fla4 ,nevada1 ,nev4 ,georgia1 ,ga4 ,new ,hampshire1 ,n4,h4 ,idaho1 ,idaho ,new ,mexico1 ,n4 ,mex4 ,illinois1 ,ill4 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,indiana1 ,ind4 ,new ,jersey1 ,n4,j4 ,iowa1 ,ia4 ,north ,carolina1 ,n4,c4 ,kansas1 ,kans4 ,north ,dakota1 ,n4 ,dak4 ,kentucky1 ,ky4 ,ohio1 ,o4 ,louisiana1 ,la4 ,oklahoma1 ,okla4 ,maine1 ,me4 ,oregon1 ,ore4 ,pennsylvania1 ,pa4 ,utah1 ,utah ,philippine ,islands1 ,p4,i4 ,vermont1 ,vt4 ,porto ,rico1 ,p4,r4 ,virginia1 ,va4 ,south ,carolina1 ,s4,c4 ,washington1 ,wash4 ,south ,dakota1 ,s4,d4 ,wisconsin1 ,wis4 ,tennessee1 ,tenn4 ,west ,virginia1 ,w4 ,va4 ,texas1 ,tex4 ,wyoming1 ,wyo4 ,,note4--,it is much better to write the full name rather than the abbreviation whenever the former would make the address clearer1 especially as regards similar abbreviations1 such as ,cal4 and ,colo4 ,exercise #de--;,abbreviations of ,commercial ,terms ,a #a1 first class doz41 dozen 1 at ,e4 ,o4,e41 errors and omissions excepted acct41 account ea41 each adv41 advertisement e4g41 for example agt41 agent etc41 and so forth a4m41 forenoon exch41 exchange amt41 amount ft41 foot app41 appendix f4o4b41 free on board atty41 attorney gal41 gallon av41 average i4e41 that is avoir41 avoirdupois imp41 imported bal41 balance in41 inches bbl41 barrel inst41 this month 7instant7 ,b_/,l1 bill of lading ,jr41 junior bldg41 building kg41 keg ,b_/,s1 bill of sale lb41 pound bu41 bushel ltd41 limited ,c4,b41 cash book mdse41 merchandise ,c41 hundred mem41 memorandum coll41 collection1 collector mo41 month ,co41 company ,m4,s4 7,,mss741 manuscript ,c4,o4,d41 cash on delivery mtg41 mortgage cr41 creditor ,n4,b41 take notice cwt41 hundredweight no41 number ,d41 five hundred ,o4,k41 all right dept41 department per1 by disc41 discount p4m41 afternoon do41 ditto 1 per cent dr41 debtor1 debit ,st41 street pkg41 package str41 steamer pp41 pages ult41 last month pr41 pair ,u4,s4,m41 ,united ,states ,mail pc41 piece viz41 namely pk41 peck vol41 volume prox41 next month ,w_/,b1 way bill pt41 pint wt41 weight ,sr41 senior ,,chapter ,,iv ,,word ,,analysis ,to learn ,english words thoroughly we must spend some thought on the way in which they are made up1 on the language from which they have been derived1 and on the changes in meaning made by adding prefixes and suffixes4 ,three important influences in building the ,english have been the ,anglo-,saxon1 the ,greek1 and the ,latin languages4 ,the simplest words in the language are ,anglo-,saxon4 ,the following exercises illustrate how words have been multiplied by ,anglo-,saxon prefixes and suffixes4 ,exercise #df ,name as many words as you can that make use of each of the following prefixes4 ,give only such as are recognizable ,english words without the prefix4 a--aboard mis--misjudge be--becalm un--unknown fore--foretell up--uproot ,give the meaning of each of the prefixes used above4 ,what part of speech does each prefix make8 ,exercise #dg ,using the following ,teutonic suffixes1 form ,english words4 ,be careful that the root taken alone is an ,english word4 dom--kingdom ness--goodness hood--manhood ship--friendship ,what does each suffix mean8 ,what part of speech does it make8 ,exercise #dh ,as above1 form words using the following suffixes3 en--darken ful--fearful en--golden ly--smoothly ish--sweetish like--childlike less--fearless some--lonesome ,define each suffix4 ,what part of speech does it make8 ,exercise #di--;,greek ,roots ,below is given a list of common ,greek roots with the ,english meaning of each4 ,form words using one or more of the roots for each word1 and define the words you make4 ,for instance1 give the meaning of telephone1 telegraph1 and monarch4 ,greek ,english ,greek ,english phon--hear chron--time tele--far cycl--circle graph--write geo--earth scop--see polit--government micro--small cra--rule mono--one demo--people arch--chief hydro--water metr--measure poly--many baro--pressure1 weight pluto--riches ,how many names of modern inventions have you made8 ,exercise #ej ,what words belonging to your vocabulary end in the following suffixes8 ,choose only such as have an ,english word for the root4 ,adjective ,suffixes #a4 able1 ible--able to be1 fit to be ,readable1 fit to be read4 #b4 al1 eal1 ial--relating to1 having to do with #c4 ant1 ent--being1 inclined to #d4 ate--having the quality of1 inclined to #e4 ic--like1 relating to #f4 ive--relating to1 of the nature of1 belonging to #g4 ory1 ary--relating to #h4 ous--full of1 abounding in ,verb ,suffixes #a4 ate--to make #b4 fy1 ify--to make #c4 ise1 ize--to make ,noun ,suffixes #a4 age--condition1 act1 collection of #b4 ance1 ancy1 ence1 ency--state of being #c4 ary1 ory--one who1 place where1 that which #d4 ant1 ent--one who #e4 ist1 ite--one who #f4 ion1 sion1 tion--act of1 state of being #g4 ity1 ty--quality of being #h4 ment--that which1 act or state of being #i4 or1 er1 ar--one who #aj4 try--state of #aa4 tude1 itude--condition of being #ab4 ure--condition of being1 that which ,exercise #ea ,the following is a list of the more commonly used ,latin prefixes3 #a4 a1 ab--away from #af4 intro--toward the inside #b4 ad--toward #ag4 mono--one #c4 ante--before #ah4 non--not #d4 anti--against #ai4 ob--in the way of1 against #e4 bi--two1 twice #bj4 per--through #f4 circum--around #ba4 pre--before #g4 con--together with1 against #bb4 post--after #h4 contra--against #bc4 pro--before #i4 de--from1 apart from1 down from #bd4 re--again1 back #aj4 dis--apart1 not #be4 semi--half1 partly #aa4 dia--through #bf4 se--away from #ab4 ex--out of #bg4 sub--under1 below #ac4 in1 en--into #bh4 super--above1 more than en--to cause to be #bi4 trans--across #ad4 in1 un--not #cj4 uni--one #ae4 inter--between ,exercise #eb ,analyze the following words1 telling prefix1 root1 suffix1 part of speech1 and meaning3 business package truthfulness unsuccessful useless anteroom workmanlike agreement prefix monotone nervousness uniformity beautify breakage disrespectful misguidance semicircle pleasant perfection crystallize kingship sameness progressive precaution incase subway undeniable imaginary enrich disown displeasure supernatural pianist readmit endurance melodious bicycle adjuster reaction interlineal ,exercise #ec ,when the prefixes ad1 con1 and in are used to form ,english words1 the final consonant of each is often changed to the initial consonant of the root to which it is joined4 ,ad assumes the forms ab1 ac1 af1 ag1 al1 an1 ap1 ar1 as1 at1 assimilating the d with the first letter of the word to which it is prefixed2 as1 ab-breviate al-literation ar-rest ac-cept al-lot as-sign ac-cumulate an-nex as-sist af-fect an-nounce at-tract af-flict ap-position at-tribute ag-gregate ap-prove at-tune ,con assumes the forms col1 cor1 com1 by assimilation2 it takes the form com before p2 and it drops the n before a vowel2 as1 col-lateral com-mercial com-pose col-lect cor-relate co-operate com-mission cor-respond co-ordinate ,in assumes the forms il1 im1 ir1 by assimilation and takes the form of im before p4 il-lusion im-migrate ir-ruption im-port ,exercise #ed--,peculiar ,adjective ,endings ,the suffixes able and ible are sometimes troublesome because it is difficult to know which ending to write4 ,as a rule1 if the new word was made from another ,english word1 the ending is able1 as blamable4 ,the words ending in ible are derived from the ,latin1 and1 as a rule1 the ending cannot easily be separated from the root and still leave the latter an ,english word4 ,examples are3 divisible intelligible digestible audible visible permissible flexible incredible possible terrible horrible indelible ,the suffixes ant and ent must also be carefully noted4 ,no rule can be given for using one rather than the other4 ,whenever in doubt1 consult a dictionary4 ,note the following3 ant ent important independent pleasant convalescent triumphant competent luxuriant convenient stagnant confident ,the endings eous and ious1 where e and i are often confused1 are illustrated in the following3 eous ious hideous delirious miscellaneous impious courteous studious ,the endings cious and tious are shown in the following3 cious tious conscious fictitious precious superstitious delicious cautious gracious ambitious suspicious nutritious ,the endings gious and geous are illustrated in the following3 gious geous religious courageous ,exercise #ee--,peculiar ,noun and ,verb ,endings ,nouns in ance and ence3 ance ence acceptance intelligence appearance reference annoyance patience acquaintance negligence remittance diligence ignorance residence ,nouns in sion1 cion1 and tion3 sion cion tion exclusion coercion acquisition aversion suspicion precaution ,verbs in ise1 yze1 and ize3 ise yze ize advise analyze baptize supervise paralyze recognize ,verbs in ceed1 sede1 and cede3 ceed sede cede exceed supersede concede proceed intercede succeed precede ,exercise #ef ,what other words can you form from the following8 ,explain what prefixes or suffixes you use in each case and what part of speech you form4 success consider real change please doubt publish attend occur apply regular satisfy emphasize industry operate assess second busy practice resist expense distribute organ define depend locate work sense attract install desire preside effect vital count sign ,exercise #eg ,there are many words the meanings of which are easily confused4 ,the spelling and the definitions of such must be mastered4 ,analysis in this exercise and in the one following does not require separation into prefix1 root1 and suffix1 but it necessitates a careful study of the words1 first1 to note the difference in spelling2 second1 to consult a dictionary1 if necessary1 for the difference in meaning4 ,define each word clearly4 ,use each in a sentence to illustrate its meaning4 accept--except common--mutual add--annex complementary--complimentary advice--advise continual--continuous affect--effect contraction--abbreviation after--afterward contradiction--denial ascend--assent currant--current assure--promise defective--deficient attain--obtain deprecate--depreciate benefit--advantage effective--efficient brief--concise eligible--illegible center--middle eminent--prominent claim--maintain expect--hope combine--combination intelligent--intelligible ,exercise #eh ,as above1 define each word carefully and use it in a sentence to illustrate its meaning4 healthful--healthy proficient--efficient inventory--invoice proscribe--prescribe invite--invitation purpose--propose last--latest quiet--quite later--latter recommend--recommendation liable--likely--apt refer--allude loose--lose repair--fix need--want requirement--requisite--requisition perspective--prospective respectfully--respectively positive--definite scarcely--hardly practicable--practical stationary--stationery precede--proceed therefore--accordingly principal--principle #ejj ,,spelling ,,words ,lesson #a business losing surprising height receive loosely ,saturday depth believe across ,wednesday eighth wholly whether excellent daily obliged describe exercise earnest ,lesson #b attached decision probable seize attacked buying usable siege gentlemen studying salable friend although relying desirable ,messrs4 thoroughly occasion honorable nickel ,lesson #c disappoint knew acquittal stopped disappear design occurrence referred disapprove forty compelling planned disagree fourth beginning swimming anxious purpose permitted submitted ,lesson #d all right persuade ,norwegian variety already pursued possession prairie tongue prepared accumulate neighbor separate repaired dissatisfy soldier crystal necessary dissolve shoulder ,lesson #e their awkward opportunity scheme advise mucilage development schedule advice familiar statistics accurately laboratory peculiar accidental efficient until similar competent ,spaniard ,lesson #f policy patient merchandise conscious rough ancient mercantile precious disease partial scarcity suspicion balance facial indebted physician decease ambitious estimate caution ,lesson #g ascend noticeable vengeance emergency assent serviceable address compliance minute manageable salary reference conceal exchangeable currency apparel immense advantageous withhold typical ,lesson #h edition especially appreciate imitate addition pamphlet essential initial identify illustrate eligible official illegal ,february legible curtain nuisance punctual illegible adjacent ,lesson #i later crystallize lieutenant lenient latter neutralize anthracite naphtha weighed conceit bituminous liquid destroy catarrh rheumatism gauge indelible colonel influential sieve ,lesson #aj duly interfered analyze attorneys durable transferred analysis specialty mutual reconcile paralyze sympathy bargain accidental banana campaign misspell irregular molasses mattress ,lesson #aa ached designate vicinity recognize social available guardian technical forfeit adequately celebrate hygiene opposite subordinate porcelain angel parallel sufficient poultice angle ,lesson #ab society associate rumored remittance sirloin definitely courtesy remuneration laborer spherical obstinacy restaurant visitor commercial financial government souvenir permissible sapphire acquaintance ,lesson #ac quite appropriate convenient knowledge least distinguish exaggerate principal1 a written mysterious confidential stationary1 a among appearance endeavoring judgment psalm conference immediately implement ,lesson #ad assure greatly embarrassment auxiliary expect grateful organization conciliate prompt deserve advertisement principle1 n eliminate bureau assessment stationery1 n illuminate deficient accommodate parenthesis ,lesson #ae coupon indispensable measure proprietor length innumerable condemn transient vehicle investigate security persistent customer incandescent liniment signature costumer effervescent mosquito mischievous ,lesson #af canal company's repetition sulphur channel real estate abbreviated benefited liquid equivalent unabridged unanimous recent assignment assurance itemize trough extravagant pneumatic calcimine ,lesson #ag precede freight authority leisure proceed achieve mortgage neuralgia procession between specimen dyspepsia precision imagine solicitor substantial extinguish autumn coperates passenger ,lesson #ah merely mechanical preliminary omitted cashier permanent miscellaneous omission urgent prominent subscription committee hesitate precaution incredible commission anchored interval anticipation precisely ,lesson #ai specify preparation athletics deceit equity coincidence excursion receipt accrue irresolute suggestion obstacle concrete vaccination courageous promissory summary glycerine concession compulsory ,lesson #bj deficit sceptical anniversary rhythm mansion conscience presumption rhubarb mention interruption guaranteed fatigue reckoned approximately prejudice synopsis license avoirdupois privilege emphatic ,lesson #ba scholar ,elkhart industrious collision scissors ,memphis hideous delusion career ,niagara artificial oxygen sincere ,raleigh cantaloupe martyr chiffonier ,oregon unscrupulous apology ,lesson #bb receipt ,cincinnati sovereign chemical welfare ,des ,moines committee frontier feigned ,decatur ingredients fulfilled chord ,dubuque counterfeit facsimile scythe ,alleghany responsible identical ,lesson #bc exceed ,paducah foreign ,cheyenne succeed ,eau ,claire solemnity metallic secede ,peoria assassinate nauseated immigrant ,savannah pneumonia invariably emigrant ,manila diphtheria injurious ,lesson #bd adoption ,minneapolis fraudulent mahogany scientific ,indianapolis negligence corduroy guidance ,syracuse diligence ,schenectady syllable ,milwaukee ridiculous duplicate ,fort ,wayne ,valparaiso comparative renforce ,lesson #be ,duluth ,massachusetts preferable periodical ,missouri ,connecticut preferred insertion ,wisconsin enthusiastic publicity excursion luxurious acknowledgment prevailing plateau twelfth professional damageable tragedy ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,sentence ,,and ,,its ,,elements ,in the preceding chapters we have seen words as they are used singly4 ,we studied their pronunciation and the way in which they were formed to express a definite meaning4 ,in this chapter we shall begin a review of grammar1 a study of words not according to their pronunciation or their definition1 but according to their use as they are arranged with other words to express complete ideas4 ,the simplest group into which words are thus arranged is the sentence1 consisting of two important parts1 the subject and the predicate4 ,the subject is the part about which something is told1 and the predicate is the part that tells about the subject2 as1 ,subject ,predicate ,the sun shines brightly ,there are several different kinds of sentences1 named according to the meaning which they express4 ,they are as follows3 ,the declarative sentence states a fact4 ,the interrogative sentence asks a question4 ,the imperative sentence commands or entreats4 ,the exclamatory sentence expresses deep feeling4 ,illustrations ,declarative3 ,john closed the door4 ,interrogative3 ,did ,john close the door8 ,imperative3 ,close the door4 ,exclamatory3 ,what a noise the door made6 ,sentences are classified1 also1 according to their structure or form4 ,if a sentence has one subject and one predicate1 it is a simple sentence4 ,if it is made up of two independent parts1 it is a compound sentence4 ,if it has one independent part and one or more dependent parts1 each of which contains a subject and a predicate of its own1 the sentence is complex4 ,the independent part of the sentence is called a principal clause1 and the dependent part is called a subordinate clause4 ,a phrase is also a dependent part of a sentence1 but it differs from a subordinate clause in that it contains no subject or predicate4 ,both phrases and subordinate clauses are used as parts of speech1 as nouns1 adjectives1 or adverbs4 ,thus we have the following definitions3 ,a simple sentence contains one principal clause4 ,a compound sentence contains two or more principal clauses4 ,a complex sentence contains one principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses4 ,a phrase is a group of related words used as a part of speech4 7,see ,exercises #fh and #fi47 ,a clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate4 ,a subordinate clause is used as a part of speech4 ,it usually has an introductory word to distinguish it from a principal clause4 7,see ,exercise #ga47 ,illustrations ,simple sentence3 ,to-day most of the world's big questions are business questions4 ,complex sentence3 ,the view that business is only humdrum routine and sordid money-making needs revising1 since most of the world's big questions are business questions4 ,compound sentence3 ,many people still belittle business1 calling it humdrum routine and sordid money-making1 but this view needs revising4 ,phrase3 7a7 of the world's big questions4 7b7 calling it humdrum routine and sordid money-making4 ,subordinate clause3 7a7 that business is only humdrum routine and sordid money-making4 7b7 since most of the world's big questions are business questions4 ,exercise #ei ,write two of each of the following kinds of sentences3 a4 ,declarative1 b4 ,interrogative1 c4 ,imperative1 d4 ,exclamatory4 ,examine each of the sentences below and tell a4 ,whether it is simple1 complex1 or compound4 b4 ,its subject and its predicate4 c4 ,its phrases and its subordinate clause 7if there are any74 #a4 ,your subscription expires with this issue4 #b4 ,this special offer will continue until the tenth of ,november4 #c4 ,the last shipment of castings that you made to us is decidedly unsatisfactory4 #d4 ,your imitation typewritten letters have greatly assisted us in the sale of our property1 and we thank you for calling our attention to them4 #e4 ,the advertised poster was sent to you to-day in a special tube4 #f4 ,without doubt you will be interested in the booklet which we enclose4 #g4 ,the machine which is standing there has just been repaired4 #h4 ,the wheel that holds the type may be changed in an instant by the operator4 #i4 ,whenever he wishes1 the operator may write in different sizes of type on the same sheet of paper4 #aj4 ,many of our styles have been copied exactly from the best designs that have recently been displayed in the ,parisian exhibits4 #aa4 ,why are the department stores acquiring motor wagons8 #ab4 ,one reason is the economy of the motor wagon4 #ac4 ,economy does not entirely explain the keenness which department stores are displaying in acquiring motor wagons4 #ad4 ,in such establishments the quick delivery of merchandise is a necessity4 #ae4 ,the best means of transportation must be employed1 or a loss of trade will follow4 #af4 ,any one can cite examples that prove that faults in delivery cause a loss of trade4 #ag4 ,machine service develops fewer errors than horse service 7develops74 #ah4 ,the area which department stores serve is being greatly increased from year to year1 and not even the establishment of the parcel post has avoided the necessity for sending package merchandise too far distant for conveyance by horses4 #ai4 ,electric machines usually make the house-to-house package deliveries1 and gasoline trucks1 besides hauling furniture1 transfer large loads from the store or warehouse to the distributing stations4 #bj4 ,in one store each transfer truck is loaded twice daily with fifty trunks containing parcels4 ,exercise #fj--,sentence ,errors ,s4 #a4 ,,the ,,baby ,,blunder4--,in writing1 one of the most elementary forms of correctness is shown in the proper division into sentences4 ,the ability instinctively to end a sentence at the right place is called the sentence sense4 ,students who do not possess it or who have not learned the difference between sentences1 subordinate clauses1 and phrases frequently make the mistake of setting off too much or too little for one sentence4 ,for example1 they run two sentences together as one2 as1 ,wrong3 ,motor wagons are economical1 department stores of all large cities are acquiring them4 ,the sentence1 as written above1 contains one form of the sentence error--one of the worst possible mistakes in writing4 ,it is sometimes called the comma fault or the baby blunder4 ,for brevity we shall call it ,s #a 7sentence error number one74 ,motor wagons are economical is a principal clause4 ,department stores of all large cities are acquiring them is also a principal clause4 ,two such clauses may not stand in the same sentence separated only by a comma4 ,to correct1 divide into two sentences2 as1 ,right3 ,motor wagons are economical4 ,department stores of all large cities are acquiring them4 ,sometimes the thought in the two principal clauses is closely connected4 ,in that case they may be put into the same sentence1 provided they are properly connected or separated4 ,use a comma plus a cordinate conjunction 7as and1 or1 but7 to connect them1 or a semicolon 727 to separate them4 ,be particularly careful of the conjunctive adverbs so1 then1 therefore1 thus1 also1 still1 otherwise1 however1 hence1 consequently1 moreover1 nevertheless4 ,when they are used to join the principal clauses of a compound sentence1 a comma is not sufficient punctuation between the clauses4 ,a semicolon or a comma and a cordinate conjunction must be used4 ,wrong3 ,he had been a good customer1 so they were sorry to lose his trade4 ,right3 ,he had been a good customer2 so they were sorry to lose his trade4 ,right3 ,he had been a good customer1 and so they were sorry to lose his trade4 ,s4 #b4--,the first form of the sentence error 7,s #a7 is made by using too much for one sentence4 ,the second form 7,s #b7 is made by using too little4 ,it consists in writing a subordinate clause or a phrase as a sentence2 as1 #a4 ,wrong3 ,i told her ,i would attend to the matter at my earliest convenience4 ,probably on my way from work in the evening4 #b4 ,wrong3 ,his doctor advised him to go to ,arizona4 ,which he decided to do4 ,exercise #fa ,each sentence should express one complete thought4 ,some of the following are really two sentences 7,s #a71 and some are only parts of sentences 7,s #b74 ,correct each1 naming the mistake4 #a4 ,you will find the booklet interesting it is also instructive4 #b4 ,up to last ,january he was a salesman for ,colgate ,co4 since then he has opened a business of his own4 #c4 ,i didn't know you had come1 when did you arrive8 #d4 ,did any one take the newspaper1 ,i left it here only a moment ago4 #e4 ,i shall take my vacation in ,september have you had yours8 #f4 ,i must go now good-bye ,i'll see you on ,saturday4 #g4 ,the opening sentence held the man's attention1 he read it again and again4 #h4 ,i'll have to run to catch the train1 otherwise ,i shall be late for work4 #i4 ,the advertisement is attractive1 still it has not paid well4 #aj4 ,we wished to reduce office drudgery therefore we installed adding and addressing machines4 #aa4 ,these problems all require a knowledge of square root for example1 take the fourth4 #ab4 ,do you expect to come home for ,christmas or shall you stay in ,new ,york ,i don't remember now which you said4 #ac4 ,first ,i read a statement that recommended the bonds then ,i read an article that condemned them without question the result was that ,i didn't know what to do4 #ad4 ,one-half of the statements are here1 the others are in the safe4 #ae4 ,if your name is not correct on this envelope1 please notify us we wish to insure your receiving our bulletin regularly4 #af4 ,the supply of fruit was greater than the demand1 that is why fruit was cheap4 #ag4 ,flies are dangerous4 ,especially in a sick room from which they carry germs to others4 #ah4 ,in the country the trees were loaded with fruit1 their branches had to be propped so that they would not break4 #ai4 ,when he was twenty-three years of age1 ,richard ,t4 ,crane1 the late millionaire head of the immense ,crane ,manufacturing ,company1 came to ,chicago1 he started a brass foundry1 which grew into the present giant establishment4 #bj4 ,we spent last summer in the ,bitter ,root ,valley we camped within view of ,willoughby ,falls4 #ba4 ,i want to congratulate you on your appointment ,i heard of it only yesterday4 #bb4 ,it surely was not ,i whom you saw ,i wonder who it could have been4 #bc4 ,not one of us has a salary of three thousand dollars so we do not worry over the income tax4 #bd4 ,please send me the booklet you offered in the ,business ,magazine1 ,i'd also like particulars of your advertised discount sale of typewriters4 #be4 ,sooner or later shingles are sure to warp and curl1 thus they pull out the nails and allow the rain to beat in1 furthermore1 shaded shingles soon rot and allow the water to soak through4 #bf4 ,this sealing and stamping machine is endorsed by business men in all our large cities nevertheless it is not expensive4 #bg4 ,if you wish to prove the excellence of our paper1 just tear off a corner of this sheet then tear off a corner of your present letterhead with a magnifying glass examine both torn edges4 #bh4 ,the superior paper will show long1 linen fibers the poorer1 on the other hand1 will have short1 woody fibers4 #bi4 ,when a ,german army is on the march1 it stops every twenty minutes for a rest4 ,experiments having shown that a soldier can cover more ground when he is given this period of relaxation4 #cj4 ,two thousand convicts will be released according to a plan worked out by the governor2 five hundred will be given their freedom at once1 and1 if the plan is a success one thousand five hundred others will be released4 ,one-half their wages of fifty cents a day to go to their families and one-half to the penitentiary fund4 ,if they leave the state or commit any crime while they are on parole1 to serve the balance of their term and an extension of time4 ,they will be put to work on roads and bridges the counties need several thousand such laborers but cannot pay union prices4 ,exercise #fb ,rewrite the following1 dividing into sentences3 #a ,dear ,sir3 ,there is no safer way to invest money than in a good first mortgage on city real estate by a good mortgage we mean one that is properly drawn and with such security as absolutely insures the holder against loss we have made a specialty of first mortgage loans1 and we offer investors the benefit of our wide experience in such matters we investigate properties frequently and keep investors informed on their investment we look after all details and collections without extra charge you will find it to your interest to consult us4 ,yours truly1 #b ,stick to your legitimate business do not go out into outside operations few men have brains enough for more than one business to dabble in stocks1 to put a few thousand dollars into a mine1 a few more into a manufactory1 and a few more into an invention is enough to ruin any man be content with fair returns do not become greedy do not think that men are happy in proportion as they are rich and therefore do not aim too high be content with moderate wealth make friends a time will come when all the money in the world will not be worth to you as much as one staunch friend4 #c ,sacramento ,city is a great commercial center its wholesale and jobbing business extends hundreds of miles to the north1 south1 west1 and east it is fast becoming a substantial manufacturing center large six and eight story buildings are rapidly taking the place of the old two story structures a new city hall has just been completed which cost #aej1jjj and a new court house #a1jjj1jjj the city has recently issued bonds amounting to #hjj1jjj for new schools scarcely a week passes without recording some new enterprise all the main highways are macadamized so that automobile travel is possible every day of the year and the farmer can haul his produce to market at a minimum cost market conditions are good and any class of produce finds ready sale at remunerative prices4--7,from an advertisement47 ,classify the sentences that you have formed in the foregoing exercise3 #a4 ,according to meaning4 #b4 ,according to form4 ,exercise #fc--,parts of ,speech ,there are eight different kinds of words called parts of speech1 which are used to make sentences4 ,they are as follows3 ,noun3 ,the horse is brown4 ,pronoun3 ,he is the best horse of all4 ,verb3 ,he galloped to town4 ,adjective3 ,the brown horse is my favorite4 ,adverb3 ,he runs swiftly4 ,preposition3 ,we shall ride to town4 ,conjunction3 ,the night is clear and cold4 ,interjection3 ,oh6 ,my horse stumbled4 ,thus a noun names something4 ,a word that stands for a noun is a pronoun4 ,sometimes a different part of speech is used like a noun1 and for the time being it becomes a noun4 ,the verb is a very important part of speech1 since without it there can be no sentence4 ,the verb makes an assertion1 asks a question1 or gives a command4 ,adjectives are words that belong to or describe nouns or pronouns4 ,adverbs go with or modify verbs1 adjectives1 or other adverbs4 ,prepositions and conjunctions connect4 ,prepositions join their objects to other words in the sentence2 conjunctions join words1 phrases1 or clauses4 ,an interjection1 such as the exclamation oh1 is used without having grammatical relation to any other word in the sentence4 ,a preposition always takes an object1 the preposition and its object making a phrase4 ,grouping this information1 we have3 ,nouns are names of persons and things4 ,pronouns are substitutes for nouns4 ,verbs make assertions1 ask questions1 or give commands4 ,adjectives modify nouns and pronouns4 ,,parts ,,of ,,speech ,adverbs modify verbs1 adjectives1 and adverbs4 ,they usually answer the questions how8 when8 where8 why8 to what degree8 ,prepositions join object nouns or pronouns to other words in the sentence4 ,conjunctions join words1 phrases1 and clauses4 ,interjections are independent words used as exclamations4 ,a word is not always the same part of speech4 ,we may say1 ,did you starch the clothes8 in which case starch is a verb4 ,a grocer may say1 ,the starch in these packages is always clean4 ,in this sentence starch is a noun4 ,the part of speech depends entirely on the way the word is used4 ,in the following1 name the part of speech of each word in italic4 ,judge by the way the word is used in the sentence4 #a4 ,the desks have green pads4 #b4 ,green is a restful color4 #c4 ,in the valley is a mill1 which grinds flour4 ,it is a flour mill4 #d4 ,i saw him stretch out his hand4 #e4 ,the stretch of waste land amazed him4 #f4 ,europeans say that ,americans waste more than they use4 #g4 ,one of our great problems is how to lessen waste4 #h4 ,after the stormy night1 the day dawned bright and clear4 #i4 ,he has been working night and day4 #aj4 ,the old man went home sad and weary4 #aa4 ,home is the best place in the world4 #ab4 ,we must fine you for such an offense4 #ac4 ,your fine is five dollars4 #ad4 ,we use fine sand in our concrete4 #ae4 ,i can talk better than ,i can write4 #af4 ,john wrote the better circular4 #ag4 ,talking will not better the matter4 #ah4 ,young people should learn to respect their betters4 #ai4 ,suddenly there was a pause in the music4 #bj4 ,did you see those men pause8 #ba4 ,he was our guide for he knew the ins and outs of the place4 #bb4 ,have you ever been in the house8 #bc4 ,where are you going--in or out8 #bd4 ,good apples are expensive4 #be4 ,the good of the people is our first consideration4 #bf4 ,i shall not go if it rains4 #bg4 ,what is the use of saying if8 #bh4 ,i like to see her just like this1 for in like mood ,i do not know her like4 #bi4 ,little drops of water make the mighty ocean4 #cj4 ,i can do little of the work until the typewriter is repaired4 #ca4 ,do not belittle your work4 #cb4 ,she studies too little4 ,exercise #fd ,each of the following may be used as different parts of speech4 ,write sentences illustrating as many uses as possible for each word4 sound paper dress ring light shoe box dawn ride long ink curb iron warm walk use hear cold rule cement ,exercise #fe ,tell which of the words in italic are adjectives and which are adverbs4 ,remember that an adjective goes with a noun or pronoun2 an adverb with another adverb1 an adjective1 or a verb1 and usually answers the question how8 when8 where8 why8 how much8 or how long8 #a4 ,you are walking too fast4 #b4 ,send perishable articles by fast freight4 #c4 ,he has been a well man since he has stopped working indoors4 #d4 ,he writes very well4 #e4 ,the fire is bright4 #f4 ,it burns brightly4 #g4 ,that is a very poor reason4 #h4 ,the berries look good1 but they taste sour4 #i4 ,they are not good berries4 #aj4 ,the sun shone brilliant above us4 7,compare with brilliantly47 #aa4 ,the bookkeeper looks angry4 #ab4 ,he looked at us angrily4 #ac4 ,the flowers are sweet4 #ad4 ,they smell sweet4 7,may we say1 ,the flowers smell sweetly87 #ae4 ,act frankly1 speak gently4 #af4 ,let your actions be frank1 your speech gentle4 #ag4 ,laborers complain that they have to work too hard4 ,exercise #ff ,change the following adjectives to adverbs4 ,in each case use both parts of speech in sentences4 cold sure polite courteous smooth exact precise easy bitter bad extreme nice loud general honest glad ,exercise #fg ,tell which of the ,words in italic are prepositions and which are adverbs4 ,remember that a preposition begins a phrase4 ,it must be followed by an object4 #a4 ,he is the best man in the office4 #b4 ,john was leaving as ,i came in this evening4 #c4 ,he did not have his coat on4 #d4 ,it was hanging over his arm4 #e4 ,he stood on the top step several minutes1 wondering whether he should wear the coat4 #f4 ,the handle fell off as ,i took the cup off the shelf4 #g4 ,the aeroplane flies over the city4 #h4 ,i am going over to the factory4 ,write sentences using above1 across1 down1 up1 underneath both as adverbs and as prepositions4 ,exercise #fh--,prepositional ,phrases ,illustrations ,adjective3 ,the opinions of some people must be taken with caution4 ,adverb3 ,we shall return within a year4 ,noun3 ,from ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco is a long trip4 ,what part of speech is each of the italicized phrases below8 ,remember that an adjective modifies a noun2 an adverb modifies a verb1 an adjective1 or an adverb4 #a4 ,the waves are rolling in1 white with foam4 #b4 ,a million dollars was invested in the business4 #c4 ,i will abide on thy right side and keep the bridge with thee4 #d4 ,in summer milk soon turns sour4 #e4 ,i have come for help4 #f4 ,the people on the bridge cheered for hours4 #g4 ,he threw up his hat for joy4 #h4 ,on the table before them stood a deer roasted whole4 #i4 ,we shall stay here until spring4 #aj4 ,we came in sight of the king's palace4 #aa4 ,we drove to the factory today with the superintendent4 #ab4 ,he works from sunrise to sunset4 ,exercise #fi ,the phrase introduced by a preposition is the most common4 ,a list of prepositions follows4 ,they should be learned4 about before except toward above behind for under aboard below from underneath across beneath in until after beside into up against between of upon along betwixt on with amid beyond over within amidst but 7except7 past without among by through to the extent of around concerning throughout from under athwart down till according to at during to except for ,write three sentences containing prepositional adjective phrases4 ,prepositional adverbial phrases may express the following ideas3 ,time1 telling when something happened4 ,place1 telling where something happened4 ,manner1 telling how something happened4 ,means1 telling how something happened4 ,cause or purpose1 telling why something happened4 ,degree1 telling how long something lasted2 how far it went2 how much it cost1 etc4 ,agent1 telling by whom it was done4 ,accompaniment1 telling with whom it was done4 ,write a sentence containing a prepositional phrase telling3 #a4 when #f4 how far #b4 where #g4 how much #c4 why #h4 by whom #d4 in what way #i4 with whom #e4 how long #aj4 by what means ,exercise #gj ,name all the prepositional phrases in ,exercise #agi1 explaining whether they are adjective or adverbial4 ,exercise #ga--,the ,clause ,a subordinate clause1 like a phrase1 is a group of words used as a part of speech1 the chief difference being that a clause must have a subject and a predicate4 ,clauses are introduced #a4 ,by relative pronouns3 who1 whose1 whom1 which1 what1 that #b4 ,by subordinate conjunctions3 when because than unless where since provided till while if whereas until as as soon as wherever before as if as long as whether after though in order that why for although lest that whenever ,illustrations ,a lamp that smokes ,,adjective3 is a torture to a student4 ,a smoking lamp ,when she was good she was very1 very good4 ,sometimes ,,adverb3 ,when she was bad she was horrid4 ,sometimes ,does the clause or the simple adverb give the more definite idea8 where he lives4 ,,noun3 ,i know the house4 ,write three sentences illustrating adjective clauses1 three illustrating adverbial clauses1 and three illustrating noun clauses4 ,exercise #gb ,name all the clauses in ,exercises #agi1 #ahe1 and #ahf4 ,explain the use of each4 ,exercise #gc ,write sentences using each of the following words to introduce a phrase1 and to introduce a clause4 #a4 after #c4 for #e4 until #b4 before #d4 since ,remember that just as a preposition must be followed by an object to form a phrase1 a conjunction must be followed by a subject to form a clause4 ,illustration ,christmas4--,,object4 ,i have not seen him since he went away4--,,subject4 ,exercise #gd ,name the complete subject in the following4 ,then name the simple subject1 explaining by what elements--words1 phrases1 or clauses--it is modified4 ,name the complete predicate4 ,then name the simple predicate1 explaining by what elements the verb is modified4 #a4 ,modern business cannot be carried on by old-fashioned methods4 #b4 ,when a man engages in business1 he buys or sells4 #c4 ,the great routes of trade have changed from time to time4 #d4 ,your order will be filled within a few days4 #e4 ,both blanks were properly filled out at the time4 #f4 ,means of travel have developed from the slowly moving caravan to the palatial railway coach4 #g4 ,commerce originated when one human being demanded something which had to be supplied by some one else4 #h4 ,the latest ,american and ,european styles will be displayed in our new millinery department1 which will be formally opened on the first of ,march4 #i4 ,the prosperity of nations rests very largely on the six inches of soil between the surface and the subsoil of the territory4 #aj4 ,one of the greatest losses to the ,ohio farm lands in the floods of #aiac came about because the water took off the top soil from the hillside and valleys and carried the vegetable material with it4 #aa4 ,the conserving of the top soil is one of the greatest problems in national prosperity4 #ab4 ,we trust that shipment about ,september #h will be satisfactory to you1 as it is the best that we can do under the circumstances4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,noun ,,and ,,the ,,pronoun ,,for the plural of nouns see ,chapter ,,iii4 ,the classes to which nouns belong are distinguished as follows3 ,a common noun is the name given to an object to denote the class to which it belongs2 as1 book1 man4 ,a proper noun is the name given to a particular object to distinguish it from others of the same class2 as1 ,mary1 ,republicans1 ,england4 ,proper nouns should always be capitalized4 ,a collective noun is a name which in the singular denotes a collection4 ,it is usually plural in idea but singular in use2 as1 congregation1 crowd4 ,an abstract noun is the name denoting a quality of an object2 as1 power1 purity1 strength4 ,a verbal noun is the name of an action4 ,as its name suggests1 it is made from a verb2 as1 ,sweeping is good exercise4 ,exercise #ge ,in the following sentences supply necessary capital letters4 ,explain why the same word in one expression needs a capital and in another does not4 #a4 ,i have just taken out an endowment policy in the northwestern mutual life insurance company4 #b4 ,there are many mutual life insurance companies in the country4 #c4 ,his refusing the terms was practically a declaration of independence4 #d4 ,on the fourth of ,july we celebrate the signing of the declaration of independence1 the first step in the revolutionary war4 #e4 ,mexico has had many revolutionary wars4 #f4 ,and king ,arthur said1 ,the king who fights his people fights himself4 #g4 ,when does the bank close8 #h4 ,i have an account with the first national bank4 #i4 ,this is the first national bank that was ever established in this country4 ,explain to which class each noun in the foregoing sentences belongs4 ,be particularly careful to distinguish between common and proper nouns4 ,exercise #gf--,pronouns ,the different classes of pronouns are distinguished as follows3 ,the personal pronoun is used in place of the name of a person or thing4 ,the pronoun of the first person indicates the speaker1 the pronoun of the second person indicates the person spoken to1 and the pronoun of the third person indicates the person spoken of4 ,they are declined as follows3 ,first person ,singular ,plural ,nom4 ,i we ,poss4 my1 mine our1 ours ,obj4 me us ,second person ,nom4 you 7thou7 you 7ye7 ,poss4 your1 yours 7thy1 thine7 your1 yours ,obj4 you 7thee7 you ,in modern usage you is used for both the singular and the plural1 but the verb that goes with you is always plural4 ,third person ,singular ,plural ,masc4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 he she it they ,poss4 his her1 hers its their1 theirs ,obj4 him her it them ,,note4--,the forms mine1 thine1 yours1 hers1 ours1 theirs1 and sometimes his are possessive case in form1 but nominative or objective case in use4 ,that pencil is mine really means1 ,that pencil is my pencil4 ,mine is used as a substitute for a possessive pronoun and the noun it modifies4 ,the personal pronouns compounded with self are of two kinds3 #a4 ,emphatic pronouns2 as1 ,the buyer himself told me4 #b4 ,reflexive pronouns1 referring back to the subject and at the same time being in the objective case2 as1 ,john slipped and hurt himself4 ,the relative pronoun is so called because it relates or refers to another word1 called its antecedent1 to which it joins the clause that it introduces4 ,the relative pronouns are who1 which1 what1 that2 and the compound relatives are whoever1 whosoever1 whichever1 whichsoever1 whatever1 whatsoever4 ,they are declined as follows3 ,singular and ,plural ,nom4 who which whoever whosoever ,poss4 whose of which whosever whosesoever ,obj4 whom which whomever whomsoever ,that1 what1 whichever1 whichsoever1 whatever1 and whatsoever are not declined4 ,they have the same form in the nominative and objective cases1 and are not used in the possessive case4 ,what is peculiar in that it never has an antecedent expressed1 but itself stands for both antecedent and relative4 ,it is called the double relative4 ,compare the following3 ,i did not hear the words that he said4 ,i did not hear that which he said4 ,i did not hear what he said4 ,that is called the restrictive relative1 because it limits or restricts its antecedent to the meaning expressed in the clause introduced by that4 ,a restrictive clause is one1 therefore1 that is needed to make the meaning of the sentence clear4 ,compare the following3 ,non-restrictive3 ,john ,brown1 who has no disease1 needs no physician4 ,restrictive3 ,he that hath no disease needs no physician4 ,notice that a restrictive1 or necessary1 clause is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas4 ,who and which are sometimes used with restrictive force2 as1 #a4 ,those who have finished their work may leave4 7,not everybody47 #b4 ,have you read the book which he recommended8 7,he recommended but one47 ,interrogative pronouns are used in asking questions4 ,they are who1 which1 what4 ,who refers to persons2 which refers to persons or things1 and is used to distinguish one object from another2 what refers to things4 ,they are declined as follows3 ,singular and ,plural ,nom4 who which what ,poss4 whose 7of which7 7of what7 ,obj4 whom which what ,the interrogative pronouns which and what are frequently used as adjectives4 ,in this case they are called pronominal adjectives4 ,compare3 ,pronoun3 ,which of these hats do you prefer8 ,adjective3 ,which hat do you prefer8 ,the demonstrative pronouns are this and that with their plurals these and those4 ,they are always used to point out1 or demonstrate1 the noun to which they refer4 ,this and these are used for objects near at hand1 or recently named2 that and those are used for objects far away1 or not recently named4 ,the demonstrative pronouns are frequently used as adjectives2 as1 ,pronoun3 ,that is my book4 ,adjective3 ,that book is mine4 ,indefinite pronouns refer to objects or persons1 but do not define or limit them4 ,the indefinite pronouns are each1 every1 either1 neither1 one1 none1 other1 another1 few1 all1 many1 several1 some1 each other1 one another1 and the compounds any one1 some one1 every one1 something1 nothing4 ,indefinite pronouns are frequently used as adjectives4 ,each1 every1 either1 one1 another1 any one1 some one1 every one1 whether they are used as pronouns or as adjectives1 are singular in number4 ,if another pronoun is used to refer to one of them1 it must be in the singular number4 ,exercise #gg--;,classes of ,pronouns ,in the following sentences1 explain which pronouns represent the person speaking1 which represent the person spoken to1 and which represent the person spoken of4 ,tell which pronouns ask questions2 which are used as adjectives2 which are used to connect subordinate clauses to the word for which they stand4 ,if the antecedent is expressed1 point it out4 #a4 ,who is talking8 #b4 ,the man who is speaking is the head of the credit department4 #c4 ,if you are going1 get ready4 #d4 ,which is the better piece of cloth8 #e4 ,this is the better piece of cloth4 #f4 ,the one who wishes to succeed must exercise great care in his work4 #g4 ,he that would succeed must work4 #h4 ,many men fail because of laziness4 #i4 ,what did you say8 #aj4 ,can you guess whom ,i saw8 #aa4 ,he himself told us4 #ab4 ,a cousin of ours is coming to town4 #ac4 ,the man whose life is above criticism need fear no one4 #ad4 ,whoever lives the truth need fear no criticism4 #ae4 ,i wish you would remove those files4 #af4 ,ink that is thick makes illegible writing4 #ag4 ,what paper should ,i destroy8 #ah4 ,i cannot understand what any one is saying4 #ai4 ,this is not my umbrella4 ,it is yours4 #bj4 ,no friend of his would talk in that way4 #ba4 ,this is no book of theirs2 it belongs to us4 #bb4 ,whatsoever he saith unto you1 do it4 #bc4 ,i shall ask whomever ,i see4 #bd4 ,each of us has his work assigned4 #be4 ,every boy has his work assigned4 ,exercise #gh ,in the following sentences he1 his1 they1 their1 them1 it1 or its should be inserted4 ,give the reason for your choice4 #a4 ,no man is allowed to leave ---- desk untidy4 #b4 ,every one must put ---- tools away before leaving the shop4 #c4 ,every office worker is required to be in ---- place at eight-thirty every morning4 #d4 ,in my business a person must learn to make up ---- mind quickly4 #e4 ,it was cold this morning4 ,every one wore ---- wraps4 #f4 ,every clerk must do ---- own work4 #g4 ,if an employee has ideas for the improvement of the business1 ---- is requested to report ---- suggestions to the superintendent4 #h4 ,the superintendent is anxious to have every workman feel that ---- 7has1 have7 a definite place in the organization1 and that if ---- 7does not1 don't7 do ---- work1 the business will suffer4 #i4 ,no goods will be accepted unless ---- 7are1 is7 in good condition4 #aj4 ,every newspaper is anxious to increase ---- classified advertising4 #aa4 ,no one cares to see ---- friends frown4 #ab4 ,every one must agree that ---- 7has1 have7 ---- faults4 #ac4 ,not one of the banks had ---- deposits decreased4 #ad4 ,will any one let me take ---- umbrella8 #ae4 ,every one says that ---- had a delightful evening4 #af4 ,who was it said ,i had ---- book8 #ag4 ,does each state pay over a part of ---- taxes to the federal government8 #ah4 ,every one will find in the current publications a wealth of information applicable to ---- specific needs1 much of which ---- will wish to file for easy reference1 no matter in what department of the world's work ---- interest centers4 #ai4 ,if any one could tell beforehand when ---- opportunities would arrive1 ---- might be ready to grasp each as ---- came4 #bj4 ,if every one here would follow the directions that ----7has1 have7 received1 ---- would make fewer mistakes in shipments4 #ba4 ,any one who wishes may give ---- opinion4 #bb4 ,no one need expect to leave before ---- work is finished4 #bc4 ,every one in the office took ---- vacation early this year except me4 #bd4 ,each of the twenty banks sent ---- representative to the meeting4 #be4 ,on applying for a position1 each man is given a blank that ---- must fill out carefully1 making ---- answers as definite as possible4 ,some of the following are right1 and some are wrong4 ,correct those that are wrong1 explaining why they are wrong4 #a4 ,neither one of them know what they are expected to do4 #b4 ,applicant after applicant handed in their names4 #c4 ,if any one has a complaint to make1 he should report it in writing to the superintendent4 #d4 ,have either of the stenographers finished their letters8 #e4 ,i wish everybody would do their own work and let me do mine4 #f4 ,each man did his work faithfully4 #g4 ,has neither the carpenter nor the plumber yet brought his tools8 #h4 ,every one of the clerks must hand their report to the head bookkeeper before five o'clock4 #i4 ,one of them must have neglected to hand in his report4 #aj4 ,man after man yesterday promised me that they'd be on hand to work this morning1 and not one of them showed themselves4 ,exercise #gi ,in the following exercise1 tell which of the italicized pronouns introduce restrictive1 and which introduce non-restrictive clauses3 #a4 ,this is the best bargain that we have ever offered4 #b4 ,this is ,mr4 ,burton1 whose work ,i recommended to you4 #c4 ,the city that ,i enjoyed most was ,quebec4 #d4 ,i enjoyed walking on the old wall that still surrounds the town4 #e4 ,the club to which ,i belong will hold a meeting next week4 #f4 ,the club that ,i belong to will hold a meeting next ,monday4 #g4 ,all those whose daily work showed an improvement were given an increase in salary4 #h4 ,the horse that ran away belonged to my partner4 #i4 ,the greatest man is he who feels himself the least4 #aj4 ,an old story tells us that when ,caesar1 who was a great ,roman emperor1 returned from a conquest which has ever since been famous1 he brought back to ,rome a formula that has revolutionized the world4 ,it was a formula for making soap1 and was considered one of the greatest treasures that was captured during the campaign4 ,caesar immediately saw the value that it would have in the eyes of the world1 and he forced the soap-makers to reveal their secret4 #aa4 ,the garrison is a handful of invalid soldiers1 whose principal duty is to guard some of the outer towers4 #ab4 ,this is the gentleman whom we met in ,boston4 #ac4 ,mr4 ,carter1 who was a member of our ,boston firm1 will take charge of our city sales4 #ad4 ,we honestly believe that our latest ,style ,book1 which goes with this letter1 offers you more for every dollar that you spend than you can get elsewhere4 ,exercise #hj--;,case ,case is that modification of a noun or a pronoun which denotes its relation to other words in the sentence4 ,there are three cases3 the nominative1 the objective1 and the possessive4 ,although nouns are used in all three cases1 no change of form occurs except in the possessive case4 ,the nominative case is used in the following ways3 #a4 ,the principal use of the nominative case is as subject of the sentence2 as1 ,noun3 ,the business is prosperous4 ,pronoun3 ,it has been established for five years4 #b4 ,sometimes a noun or pronoun is used to complete the meaning of such verbs as be1 become1 seem1 appear1 taste1 feel4 ,such a noun is in the nominative case1 and is called a predicate nominative1 or a subjective complement2 as1 ,noun3 ,mr4 ,brown is the manager4 ,he seems a gentleman4 ,pronoun3 ,i think it is she4 #c4 ,a noun in apposition with another noun in the nominative case is also in the nominative case2 as1 ,mr4 ,brown1 the manager1 is very capable4 ,the man to whom you should apply is ,mr4 ,brown1 the manager4 #d4 ,sometimes a noun or a pronoun is used in direct address or in an exclamation1 without having any grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence4 ,it is then said to be nominative independent2 as1 ,mr4 ,brown1 a gentleman wishes to speak to you4 ,a strike6 ,why are they declaring a strike8 ,you6 ,i thought you were in ,south ,america4 #e4 ,sometimes a noun or pronoun is used with a participle to express an adverbial relation4 ,such a noun is in the nominative case1 and is called nominative absolute1 because it has no grammatical relation to any other part of the sentence2 as1 ,mr4 ,brown having gone1 we told the gentleman to see ,mr4 ,jones4 ,he being the guide1 we asked no questions4 ,it is much better to use a clause to express such an idea2 as1 ,as ,mr4 ,brown had gone1 we told the gentleman to see ,mr4 ,jones4 ,write a sentence containing a noun and one containing a pronoun in each of the following uses of the nominative case3 #a4 ,subject4 #b4 ,predicate ,nominative4 ,write a sentence containing a noun used #a4 ,in direct address4 #b4 ,in exclamation4 #c4 ,in apposition with another noun in the nominative case4 ,exercise #ha--,the ,objective ,case ,a noun or a pronoun may be used in the objective case in the following ways3 #a4 ,direct object of a transitive verb2 as1 ,i have a good position4 ,do you know him8 #b4 ,object of a preposition2 as1 ,i have just returned from the library4 ,bring the book to me4 #c4 ,indirect object of such verbs as ask1 give1 teach1 showing the person for whom or to whom the action is done2 as1 ,she brought her mother some flowers4 ,i gave her singing lessons4 #d4 ,a noun as second object after verbs of making1 choosing1 calling1 electing2 as1 ,they chose ,john secretary4 #e4 ,a noun in apposition with another objective2 as1 ,send your report to the secretary1 ,john ,wilson4 #f4 ,adverbial modifier2 as1 ,we are going home4 ,write a sentence containing a noun and one containing a pronoun in each of the following uses of the objective case3 #a4 ,direct object of a transitive verb4 #b4 ,indirect object4 #c4 ,object of a preposition4 ,write a sentence containing a noun used as #a4 ,adverbial objective4 #b4 ,second object4 #c4 ,appositive of another noun in the objective case4 ,exercise #hb--,the ,possessive ,case ,to form the possessive case of nouns add an apostrophe and s to all singular nouns1 and to all plural nouns that do not end in s2 if a plural noun ends in s add only an apostrophe2 as1 child's1 children's1 boys'4 ,exception4--,when1 in long words1 the additional s in the singular would cause a disagreeable sound1 some writers use only the apostrophe2 as1 ,we awaited the princess's decision4 ,we awaited the princess' decision4 ,it is often better in such cases to use a phrase2 as1 ,we awaited the decision of the princess4 ,thus1 an of phrase may be used instead of the possessive case4 ,in speaking of an inanimate object one should use it instead of the apostrophe and s2 as1 the top of the mountain4 ,however1 we use such expressions as last year's prices4 ,when1 as in the name of a firm1 two or more nouns are taken together with the idea of common possession1 the sign of the possessive is added to the last noun only4 ,if separate possession is implied1 the sign of the possessive is added to each noun2 as1 ,have you seen ,wilson ,king's new building8 ,this is ,mary and ,helen's room4 ,is this ,mary's or ,helen's coat8 ,a noun or pronoun is in the possessive case before a verbal noun2 as1 ,i prefer to have ,john's studying done before dinner4 ,i prefer to have his studying done before dinner4 ,write sentences expressing relation between the words in the following pairs4 ,use one of them in the possessive case or use an of phrase1 whichever seems better4 the manager1 desk city1 harbor desk1 top drawer proprietor1 private office book1 cover typewriter1 keys city1 mayor ledger1 first page ,bring to class five incorrect possessive phrases taken from advertisements4 ,explain and correct the mistakes4 ,exercise #hc ,which of the italicized words would you use8 ,why8 #a4 ,have you heard of ,mr4 ,bennett1 ,mr4 ,bennett's being appointed chairman of the meeting8 #b4 ,it will probably delay him1 his coming here4 #c4 ,i don't understand him1 his refusing to accept the position4 #d4 ,we have heard a great deal of him1 his making a success of photography4 #e4 ,the man's industry has resulted in him1 his gaining fame4 #f4 ,will you sign this permit for us1 our visiting the factory8 #g4 ,what do you say to us1 our making some candy8 #h4 ,i am very sorry that me1 my interrupting you yesterday delayed your work4 #i4 ,the machine is in excellent condition4 ,there is no reason for it1 its needing any repair4 #aj4 ,everybody1 everybody's being on time is absolutely necessary4 ,exercise #hd ,each of the following sentences is incorrect because the sign of the possessive case has been omitted4 ,insert the apostrophe or the apostrophe and s1 wherever either is needed4 #a4 ,there is a new boys school in our town4 #b4 ,james brother ,john is our new bookkeeper4 #c4 ,for entrance to this course three years work in mathematics and one years work in ,german are required4 #d4 ,this new building will be occupied by ,j4 ,m4 ,hopkins mail order department4 #e4 ,the superintendents inspection was thorough4 #f4 ,the trouble will be in ,john agreeing to the proposition4 #g4 ,all applications for help should be made to the ,womens ,committees4 #h4 ,the employees rest rooms are on the sunny side of the building4 #i4 ,our fifteen years experience in selling bonds has convinced us that investments paying a low rate of interest are the safest4 #aj4 ,in to-days mail ,i received a very large order from ,graham ,moore's successors4 #aa4 ,jones ,brothers new store is on the corner of ,madison ,street4 #ab4 ,last month sales show an increase of two thousand dollars4 #ac4 ,everybodys business is nobodys business4 #ad4 ,it is when to-morrows burden is added to the burden of to-day that the weight is more than a man can bear4 #ae4 ,the present governor was the peoples choice4 #af4 ,i prefer ,tennysons poems to ,longfellows4 #ag4 ,i have read both ,longfellow and ,tennysons poems4 #ah4 ,i bought the book at ,barlow and ,companys new store4 #ai4 ,we are going to insist on ,mary taking a long vacation this year4 #bj4 ,i have had the pleasure of staying at both your friends houses4 ,exercise #he--,the ,apostrophe ,some of the following sentences are right1 and some are wrong4 ,correct those that are wrong1 explaining why they are wrong4 #a4 ,the man who's coming this way is ,mr4 ,burton4 #b4 ,whose coat is that8 #c4 ,the man who's place you are taking has been with this firm for twenty years4 #d4 ,the next one whose to give a report is the treasurer4 #e4 ,the next one whose report we must hear is the treasurer4 #f4 ,don't you think it's too early to start8 #g4 ,he is a ladies tailor4 #h4 ,remember your to let us know at once who's elected4 #i4 ,its too late now to change its wording4 #aj4 ,mr4 ,jones' house is being repaired4 #aa4 ,the ,joneses' house is being repaired4 #ab4 ,there coming as fast as their horse will bring them4 #ac4 ,i think you're typewriter needs cleaning4 #ad4 ,your coming too1 are'nt you8 #ae4 ,every business has it's problems4 #af4 ,the ,bon ,ton has a big sale in mens' and womens' coat's4 #ag4 ,why1 it's ,march6 ,no wonder their having a sale4 #ah4 ,we shall give you a special discount if you will send your dealer's name4 #ai4 ,most of the dealer's advertise very little4 #bj4 ,it's just a year ago since we received your last order4 #ba4 ,its not willingness we lack2 it's time4 #bb4 ,if you use our safety device1 you may leave you're window open with security1 and you will arise refreshed1 ready for a big days work4 #bc4 ,lets take our vacation when they take their's4 #bd4 ,i think we shall have to take our's in ,august4 ,two of us must stay during ,july1 for the work will not do it's self1 you know4 #be4 ,in any explanation it should be the writers purpose to so describe his good's that the reader will desire them4 ,a good salesman never shows a necktie in a box4 ,he takes it out and with a deft twist forms it's length into a four-in-hand over his finger4 ,the customer then sees not only the scarf1 it's color and its weave1 but he sees it in it's relation to himself1 as it will look when it's tied4 ,exercise #hf ,supply who or whom3 #a4 ---- did you take me for8 #b4 ,the shipping clerk1 ---- ,i consider responsible for the mistake1 must go4 #c4 ,the shipping clerk1 ---- ,i feel certain is responsible for the mistake1 must go4 #d4 ---- is it8 #e4 ---- shall ,i say called8 #f4 ---- do you wish to see8 #g4 ---- did you say was elected8 #h4 ,he is the one ---- every one thought should be elected4 #i4 ,choose the one ---- you think will give the best service4 #aj4 ,choose the one ---- you think you can trust4 #aa4 ,she asked me ---- did it4 #ab4 ---- do you think is the best salesman in the firm8 #ac4 ---- do you regard as the best salesman in the firm8 #ad4 ---- was that ---- you were talking to8 #ae4 ,he is the one ---- ,i was speaking about4 #af4 ---- do we play next week8 #ag4 ,he is a workman ---- can be trusted4 #ah4 ,he is a workman upon ---- you can depend4 #ai4 ,this letter comes from ,robert1 ---- we all know very well4 #bj4 ,this letter comes from ,robert1 ---- we all know writes good letters4 #ba4 ---- do you consider to be most capable8 ,the subject of the infinitive to be must be in the objective case4 #bb4 ,this booklet was written by the man ---- ,mr4 ,bardon considers to be the best correspondent in our office4 #bc4 ,he is the one ---- every one believes to be worthy of the highest honors4 #bd4 ,the critic ---- every one thought gave the most truthful account of the performance is a man of great culture4 ,supply whoever or whomever3 #a4 ,give the book to ---- needs it4 #b4 ,give it to ---- you think best4 #c4 ---- ,i send can be trusted4 #d4 ,send me ---- is there4 #e4 ,send me ---- you find there4 #f4 ---- reaches the line first will receive the cup4 #g4 ,the cup will be given to ---- reaches the lines first4 #h4 ,in the country lane he spoke to ---- he met4 #i4 ---- you choose may compete for the prize4 #aj4 ---- you bring is welcome4 ,exercise #hg ,read the following sentences1 using one of the forms in italic4 ,be able to give a reason for your choice4 #a4 ,he--him and ,i--me are going camping next summer4 #b4 ,it is a question that refers to you and ,i--me4 #c4 ,it is a question between you and ,i--me4 #d4 ,i am sure that it was she--her4 #e4 ,i am sure that we saw you and he--him4 #f4 ,we--us boys are going camping4 #g4 ,will you go camping with we--us boys8 #h4 ,they--them and their cousins are going camping4 #i4 ,we bought a large piece of ground so that my brother and ,i--me could have a garden4 #aj4 ,it was bought for he--him and ,i--me4 #aa4 ,is that he--him entering the gate8 ,yes1 that is he--him4 #ab4 ,who--whom should ,i meet at the station but old ,mr4 ,mc,gregor1 who--whom ,i had not seen for several years4 #ac4 ,if ,i were he--him1 ,i should start at once4 #ad4 ,there is no need of him--his staying any longer4 #ae4 ,he does not work so rapidly as ,i--me4 #af4 ,mary and she--her work in the same office4 #ag4 ,there is no danger of me--my failing4 #ah4 ,please let she--her and ,i--me do the work together4 #ai4 ,there is no use of us--our trying any more4 #bj4 ,us--our giving up now will spoil everything4 #ba4 ,my mother objected to me--my going4 #bb4 ,why did you insist upon us--our coming to-day8 #bc4 ,i hardly think it is he--him who--whom is to blame4 #bd4 ,i should like to be she--her4 #be4 ,they--them that do wrong shall be punished4 #bf4 ,they--them that do wrong ,i shall punish4 #bg4 ,he--him that is your friend you can call upon in your hour of need4 #bh4 ,he--him that is your friend will respond to your call4 #bi4 ,the manager praised both the bookkeepers and we--us girls4 #cj4 ,was it you who called8 ,yes1 it was ,i--me4 #ca4 ,it surely was not ,i--me whom you saw4 #cb4 ,he reproved us both but ,i--me more than she--her4 #cc4 ,are you sure it's ,i--me whom he appointed8 #cd4 ,if it's really ,i--me who was appointed1 ,i'm sure ,i should have been notified4 #ce4 ,i'm sure it can't be ,i--me4 ,exercise #hh--,same as a ,pronoun ,one of the worst constructions found in business letters of today is the use of same as a pronoun4 ,the word may be an adjective or a noun but never a pronoun4 ,wrong3 ,will you please fill out the enclosed blank and return same as soon as possible8 ,right3 ,will you please fill out the enclosed blank and return it as soon as possible8 ,in each of the following sentences substitute a noun or a pronoun for same3 #a4 ,will you not send us a check by ,friday so that we may use same for our pay roll on ,saturday8 #b4 ,do you wish to bid for our cinder output this year8 ,we have a sample car that we shall be glad to have you inspect if you think you will have any use for same4 #c4 ,we have no use for the material this year1 but we thank you for giving us an opportunity to bid for same4 #d4 ,if you are dissatisfied with the machine1 return same at our expense4 #e4 ,you state that you sent us an order on ,june #aj1 but we cannot find any trace of same4 #f4 ,we are in the market for two dozen ,standard clothes wringers1 and we should be glad to receive your lowest price on same4 #g4 ,we have given you credit for this amount and desire to thank you for your promptness in sending same4 #h4 ,we have your letter of ,november #f and thank you for same4 #i4 ,if you think you can use this type of machine1 we shall be glad to send you same on ten days' trial4 #aj4 ,we have decided to use your machine if you will give us a satisfactory guarantee as to strength1 efficiency1 and freedom from leaks4 ,as soon as possible let us hear from you in regard to same4 ,exercise #hi--,nouns and ,pronouns ,incorrectly ,used ,wrong ,right #a4 ,we saw lots of curious things4 ,we saw a number of curious things4 #b4 ,do you know that party8 ,do you know that man8 #c4 ,i stayed at home the balance ,i stayed at home the rest of of the day4 the day4 #d4 ,what business have you to go8 ,what right have you to go8 #e4 ,the dress will be done in a ,the dress will be done in a couple of days4 few days4 #f4 ,i'll walk a piece with you4 ,i'll walk a short distance with you4 #g4 ,did you get a raise in pay8 ,did you get an increase in pay8 #h4 ,i'll send you a postal4 ,i'll send you a postal card4 #i4 ,christmas is still a long ways ,christmas is still a long way off4 off4 #aj4 ,what line of business are you ,what kind of business are you in now8 in now8 #aa4 ,if you expect to open a grocery1 ,if you expect to open a grocery1 let me give you a little let me give you a little advice along that line4 advice on the subject4 #ab4 ,have you anything new in the ,have you any new neckwear8 neckwear line8 #ac4 ,i have a date with the dentist4 ,i have an appointment with the dentist4 #ad4 ,have you a date for this evening8 ,have you an engagement for this evening8 #ae4 ,he always does his work in good ,he always does his work well4 shape4 #af4 ,that is a good write-up on the ,that is a good article on the tariff4 tariff4 #ag4 ,yourself and friends are invited4 ,you and your friends are invited4 #ah4 ,don't they have street cars in ,are there no street cars in your town8 your town8 #ai4 ,it said in this morning's paper ,this morning's paper said that that the traffic men would the traffic men would strike4 strike4 #bj4 ,the book what he advised is not ,the book that he advised is fiction4 not fiction4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,adjective ,,and ,,the ,,adverb ,,as a rule1 adverbs present more difficulty than do adjectives4 ,careless pupils frequently use an adjective when an adverb is necessary2 as1 ,wrong3 ,he solved the problem very quick4 ,right3 ,he solved the problem very quickly4 ,wrong3 ,this is real good candy4 ,right3 ,this is really 7or very7 good candy4 ,until the habit of correct usage is formed1 every sentence must be watched4 ,when a word modifies a verb1 an adjective1 or an adverb1 another adverb must be used1 and an adjective may not correctly be substituted4 ,as a rule1 adverbs express the following ideas3 ,time3 ,we arrived early4 ,place3 ,we have been here since ,january4 ,manner3 ,he walked steadily onward4 ,cause3 ,why did you refuse the offer8 ,degree3 ,i am very much surprised4 ,number3 ,i did it once not twice4 ,assertion3 ,denial3 ,i do not agree4 ,adverb modifying a verb3 ,see how slowly the man walks6 ,adverb modifying an adjective3 ,the weather has been extremely warm4 ,adverb modifying an adverb3 ,he dictates very rapidly4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that verbs of the senses--taste1 feel1 look1 smell1 sound1 and the like--are sometimes almost equal in meaning to the verb be4 ,in that case1 they are followed by adjectives and not by adverbs2 as1 ,adjective3 ,he looked angry4 ,adverb3 ,he looked angrily at us4 ,exercise #ij ,name the adjectives in the following selection1 explaining with what noun each belongs4 ,name the adverbs1 explaining what part of speech each modifies4 ,since #aijd the number of live cattle exported from this country has been steadily growing smaller4 ,exports of dressed beef have also shrunk to such insignificant proportions that the ,united ,states is no longer an important factor in the foreign markets for beef4 ,often has it been said that the competition of cheap ,argentine beef has deprived us of foreign markets4 ,it would be more nearly true to say that foreigners buy the inferior article only because we cannot supply them with all they want of the best grade4 ,take1 for instance1 the ,englishman's willingness to pay considerably more for ,american corn-fed beef than for ,argentine4 ,the raising of cattle is important1 also1 from the standpoint of the leather business4 ,obviously1 with a #ba per cent increase in population in each decade1 many more shoes are necessary4 ,automobile and other industries are making constantly increasing demands for leather4 ,shoes cannot become cheaper in the face of increased demand and diminished supply4 ,too much depends upon the cattle industry for us to allow it to wane4 ,exercise #ia ,which of the italicized words should you use in the following1 and why8 #a4 ,why do you walk so slow--slowly8 #b4 ,speak louder--more loudly4 #c4 ,i cannot explain why he spoke so gentle--gently4 #d4 ,the automobile was going very swift--swiftly4 #e4 ,the well has been dug very deep--deeply4 #f4 ,he is not near--nearly so tall as you are4 #g4 ,are you cutting that even--evenly8 #h4 ,she does pen and ink sketches beautiful--beautifully4 #i4 ,why can't ,i grow quicker--more quickly8 #aj4 ,i feel bad--badly this morning4 #aa4 ,can you do all ,i have asked8 ,easy--easily4 #ab4 ,she does her work good--well4 #ac4 ,she does her work fine--finely4 #ad4 ,i am real--very much surprised to see you4 #ae4 ,he became real--very angry4 #af4 ,i'm afraid it's not near--nearly big enough4 #ag4 ,she works twice as quick--quickly as you do4 #ah4 ,he sure--surely is a good speaker4 ,he seems sure--surely of himself4 #ai4 ,are you going8 ,sure--surely8 #bj4 ,he says he is near--nearly starved4 #ba4 ,he worked steady--steadily all morning4 ,the others did not work near--nearly so hard4 #bb4 ,i am speaking as serious--seriously as ,i can4 #bc4 ,the orange tastes bitter--bitterly4 #bd4 ,don't you think he has been acting queer--queerly8 #be4 ,the coat is finished nice--nicely4 ,exercise #ib ,explain the proper position of the italicized adverbs in the following sentences4 ,remember that an adverb must stand as closely as possible to the word that it modifies1 but remember also that an infinitive1 although made up of two parts1 is one word and should not be split by an adverb4 #a4 ,i merely want the ,milwaukee list of customers4 #b4 ,you almost write like her4 #c4 ,your writing is like hers almost4 #d4 ,i can not find one of the papers ,i had on the desk4 #e4 ,he told me to carefully add the figures in the column4 #f4 ,i expect to quickly finish my dictation4 #g4 ,i don't even understand the first problem in the lesson4 #h4 ,don't say you don't ever expect to go to school again4 #i4 ,all the statements are not on my desk4 #aj4 ,he promised to quickly settle the matter4 #aa4 ,i wish you to clearly understand the situation4 #ab4 ,i only have two more items to enter4 #ac4 ,i only expect to take a short vacation this year4 #ad4 ,he only spoke of two causes of the loss in trade4 #ae4 ,i only decided to take the ,western instead of the ,eastern trip at the last moment4 ,exercise #ic--;,comparison ,adjectives are compared so as to express different degrees of quality4 ,there are three degrees of comparison1 the positive1 the comparative1 and the superlative4 ,when the object modified or described by the adjective is not compared with another1 the first or positive degree is used4 ,when two objects are compared1 the second or comparative degree is used to denote more or less of the quality expressed by the adjective4 ,when several objects are compared1 the superlative degree of the adjective is used to express the highest or the lowest possible degree of the adjective4 ,the usual method of comparing an adjective is to add er to the positive to form the comparative1 and est to form the superlative4 ,frequently1 however1 especially for an adjective of two or more syllables1 the comparative is formed by prefixing more or less to the positive1 and the superlative by prefixing most or least4 ,besides the adjectives in these two classes there are some which do not follow any regular method and must1 therefore1 be watched a little more closely4 ,the following table illustrates the different methods of comparison3 ,positive ,comparative ,superlative bright brighter brightest dangerous more dangerous most dangerous beautiful more beautiful most beautiful good better best bad worse worst ill worse worst ,be careful to avoid using a double sign for the comparative degree2 as1 ,wrong3 ,this writing is more neater than yours4 ,some adverbs are also compared2 as1 ,positive ,comparative ,superlative well better best quickly more quickly most quickly ,some adjectives and adverbs cannot be compared because the positive degree in itself expresses a complete or absolute meaning2 as1 absolute1-ly eternal perfect sufficient circular extreme perpendicular supreme continual faultless perpetual unanimous dead full right unique decisive impossible round universal empty incurable square white ,compare those of the following adjectives that may be compared4 ,explain why some do not admit of comparison4 great spotless expensive wise tall dear parallel high desirable east old new honorable early exclusive blank ,exercise #id ,in the following exercise1 select the correct one of the two italicized forms4 ,remember that the comparative degree is used in comparing two objects1 the superlative in comparing three or more4 #a4 ,i had three pens4 ,i have lost the better--best one4 #b4 ,i have two clerks4 ,john is the older--oldest4 #c4 ,of the two colors1 ,i think the tan is the more--most becoming to you4 #d4 ,you are the taller--tallest of all the boys4 #e4 ,of two professions1 choose the more--most honorable4 #f4 ,he is the faster--fastest workman in the shop4 #g4 ,which of your hands is the cleaner--cleanest8 #h4 ,which do you like better--best1 skating or sleighing8 #i4 ,which of your eyes has the better--best vision8 #aj4 ,of all the shops1 she likes ,leslie's better--best4 #aa4 ,which is more--most durable1 serge or broadcloth8 #ab4 ,which tree lives longer--longest1 the poplar or the elm8 #ac4 ,which is the best--better policy1 honesty or dishonesty8 #ad4 ,he is the wittier--wittiest one in the class4 #ae4 ,he is the wittier--wittiest boy in the class4 ,there is only one boy in the class besides him4 #af4 ,of our twenty salesmen1 he is considered better--best because he is quicker--quickest witted than any other4 #ag4 ,you should not mention the two men in one breath4 ,the former--first is famous and the latter--last infamous4 #ah4 ,which of you two do you think deserves more--most praise8 #ai4 ,which of you two deserves less--least praise8 #bj4 ,which of you two can run the faster--fastest8 ,exercise #ie ,remember that the double negative is wrong2 as1 ,wrong3 ,i haven't no paper4 ,right3 ,i have no paper4 ,correct any of the following sentences that contain this mistake3 #a4 ,none of them didn't come4 #b4 ,i couldn't do the problem neither4 #c4 ,this paper isn't very good1 ,i don't think4 #d4 ,couldn't you find no better pen8 #e4 ,i didn't choose none of them4 #f4 ,i don't see nothing to complain of4 #g4 ,he couldn't hardly see across the street4 #h4 ,we didn't find the paper nowhere4 #i4 ,they can't scarcely believe the report4 #aj4 ,she couldn't stay with us only a few minutes4 ,exercise #if--;,fewer1 ,less ,fewer refers to a smaller number by counting1 less refers to a smaller quantity by measuring4 ,insert the correct word3 #a4 ,you are making ---- mistakes each day4 #b4 ,i am having ---- difficulty in writing shorthand4 #c4 ,there are ---- houses on this street than ,i had thought4 #d4 ,the farther inland we went the ---- signs of habitation we saw4 #e4 ,each year there is ---- opportunity for an uneducated man to rise4 #f4 ,each year there are ---- opportunities for the uneducated man to rise4 ,most1 ,almost ,most refers to quantity or number2 almost means not quite4 ,insert the correct word3 #g4 ---- people enjoy their work4 #h4 ,i have ---- finished the course in stenography4 #i4 ---- ,european cities are beautiful4 #aj4 ---- all ,european cities are beautiful4 ,real1 ,very ,real is an adjective meaning actual2 very is an adverb of degree4 ,insert the correct word3 #aa4 ,i'm ---- glad to see you4 #ab4 ,is your comb ---- amber8 #ac4 ,the men of the ,titanic were ---- heroes4 #ad4 ,he is a ---- good soloist4 #ae4 ,she is ---- entertaining in conversation2 it was a ---- pleasure to meet her4 ,exercise #ig--;,adjectives and ,adverbs ,incorrectly ,used ,wrong ,right #a4 ,i don't like those kind of pens4 ,i don't like that kind of pens4 #b4 ,what sort of a course are you ,what sort of course are you taking8 taking8 #c4 ,his statements made me mad4 ,his statements made me angry4 #d4 ,yours respectively4 ,yours respectfully4 7,consult a dictionary for the correct use of respectively7 #e4 ,do you want in8 ,do you want to come in8 #f4 ,go some place with me4 ,go somewhere with me4 #g4 ,my father is some better4 ,my father is somewhat better4 #h4 ,he comes every once in a while4 ,he comes occasionally4 #i4 ,did you recognize the girl who ,did you recognize the girl who drove past8 drove by8 #aj4 ,the two are both alike4 ,the two are alike4 #aa4 ,he is liable to come any ,he is likely to come at any minute4 minute4 #ab4 ,that ring has a funny design4 ,that ring has an odd design4 #ac4 ,i'd sooner stay at home4 ,i'd rather stay at home4 #ad4 ,are you most ready8 ,are you almost ready8 #ae4 ,i'm kind of sleepy4 ,i'm rather sleepy4 #af4 ,what size hat do you wear8 ,what sized hat do you wear8 #ag4 ,this here book is the one ,this book is the one ,i wish4 ,i wish4 #ah4 ,he spoke angry like4 ,he spoke angrily4 #ai4 ,his ideas are no good4 ,his ideas are worthless 7or not good74 #bj4 ,he seldom ever makes a mistake4 ,he seldom 7hardly ever7 makes a mistake4 #ba4 ,i didn't work any last night4 ,i didn't work at all last night4 #bb4 ,i walked this far yesterday4 ,i walked as far as this yesterday4 #bc4 ,i want to see you badly4 ,i want to see you very much4 #bd4 ,he sells insurance on the side4 ,in addition to his other business he sells insurance4 #be4 ,don't talk out loud4 ,don't talk aloud4 #bf4 ,she is very disappointed4 ,she is very much disappointed4 7,before a perfect participle too or very may not be used without the addition of the adverb much7 #bg4 ,she is a cute 7or cunning7 ,she is a pretty child4 child4 7,look up the words cute and cunning in a dictionary7 #bh4 ,he was lying face down on ,he was lying face downward on the grass4 the grass4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,verb ,,verbs may be transitive or intransitive4 ,a verb is transitive when it needs an object to complete its meaning2 that is1 when the action passes over 7,latin1 transire1 to pass over7 from the subject or doer to the object or receiver2 as1 ,he hit the ball4 ,a verb is intransitive when it needs no object to complete its meaning2 as1 ,the crowd cheered4 ,some intransitive verbs require a predicate noun or pronoun in the nominative case1 or an adjective1 to complete their meaning4 ,they are the verbs be1 become1 appear1 seem1 feel1 taste1 look1 smell2 as1 ,adjective3 ,the berries taste sour4 ,noun3 ,john is my brother4 ,pronoun3 ,it is ,i4 ,such verbs are sometimes called copulatives4 ,exercise #ih ,tell whether each verb in the following sentences is transitive or intransitive and whether it is followed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative or the objective case or by a complementary adjective4 #a4 ,primitive people have left traces of very early commercial relations4 #b4 ,explorers visited the ,ohio valley and found articles of remote manufacture4 #c4 ,checks and drafts are great conveniences to the business man4 #d4 ,the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court made a decision that labor unions are punishable under trust penalties4 #e4 ,a labor union is different from a trust4 #f4 ,this is the opinion of the labor leader4 #g4 ,what is your opinion8 #h4 ,the total value of merchandise sent to ,latin-,america from the ,united ,states exceeds that supplied by any other single country4 ,write three sentences illustrating transitive verbs4 ,write three sentences illustrating intransitive verbs4 ,write three sentences illustrating copulative verbs4 ,exercise #ii--,voice ,voice is that property of the verb that shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon4 ,if the subject acts1 the verb is in the active voice4 ,if the subject is acted upon1 the verb is in the passive voice4 ,every sentence containing a transitive verb must have the following parts3 ,agent7doer7 ,action ,receiver ,the runaway horse injured ,john4 ,when the sentence is in the order shown above1 the subject is the agent1 and the verb expresses the action of the agent4 ,when the sentence is written in this order1 the verb is said to be in the active voice4 ,however1 without changing the meaning of the sentence1 we may change the order of the ideas2 thus1 ,receiver ,action ,agent ,john was injured by the runaway horse4 ,the receiver of the action has become the subject1 and the agent has become part of the predicate1 being expressed in the phrase by the runaway horse4 ,when the sentence is expressed in this order1 the subject receiving or suffering the action1 the verb is said to be in the passive voice4 ,only transitive verbs1 therefore1 may be changed to the passive voice4 ,,note4--,there are certain intransitive verbs that sometimes have a preposition so closely connected with them that the two are treated almost like a transitive verb1 and may be made passive2 as1 ,active3 ,the audience laughed at the speaker4 ,passive3 ,the speaker was laughed at by the audience4 ,write five sentences in the active voice4 ,change them to the passive voice4 ,in the sentences that you have written1 is the active form of the verb or the passive form better8 ,which is more direct in its wording8 ,which1 then1 is the better form to use regularly8 ,exercise #ajj--,number and ,person ,the number of the verb is decided by the number of the subject4 ,if the subject is a singular noun1 or a pronoun that stands for a singular noun1 it requires a singular verb2 if the subject is plural1 it requires a plural verb4 ,as a rule1 there is no difference between the singular and the plural forms of the verb except in the form for the third person singular2 as1 ,i say ,we say ,you say ,you say ,he says ,they say ,but as the third person of the verb is the one most often used1 it must be carefully noted4 ,the following subjects of verbs are singular and require a singular verb to accompany them3 #a4 ,a collective noun that denotes a group of objects acting as one thing2 as1 ,the crowd is scattering4 #b4 ,a group of words which1 like a collective noun1 is plural in form but singular in meaning2 as1 ,thirty dollars is what ,i paid for the ring4 #c4 ,a singular noun modified by every1 each1 one1 no1 many a2 or the pronouns each1 everybody1 either1 neither1 and none when it means not one2 as1 ,each of us has his lesson4 ,many an opportunity has been wasted4 ,everybody is here now4 #d4 ,singular#a nouns or pronouns joined by or1 either--or1 neither--nor2 as1 ,either ,john or his father is coming4 #e4 ,two nouns joined by and1 denoting one person or thing2 as1 ,the bookkeeper and stenographer is an expert4 ,,note4--,if two persons are meant1 the article should be repeated before the second noun4 ,the following subjects of verbs are plural and require plural verbs3 #a4 ,a collective noun denoting plurality2 that is1 referring to the individuals that compose the group2 as1 ,the class are all studious4 #b4 ,a compound subject joined by and1 when the objects joined are different2 as1 ,the door and the window are both open4 #c4 ,the pronoun you1 though it may denote only one person2 as1 ,right3 ,you were right4 ,wrong3 ,you was right4 ,exercise #aja ,in the following sentences1 decide which of the italicized forms is correct4 ,give the reason for your choice4 #a4 ,two dollars is--are too much for you to pay4 #b4 ,bread and butter is--are what ,i prefer to eat4 #c4 ,bread and butter is--are both sold here4 #d4 ,his opinion and mine is--are different4 #e4 ,the majority of the class is--are present4 #f4 ,the class is--are dismissed4 #g4 ,the congregation is--are asked to remain a few minutes after the close of the service4 #h4 ,the community is--are rapidly changing4 #i4 ,a few of the books was--were given to me4 #aj4 ,there was--were forty people present4 #aa4 ,the secretary and treasurer was--were asked to read his--their report4 #ab4 ,one-third of the office was--were late this morning because the cars were not running4 #ac4 ,he don't--doesn't understand what ,i mean4 #ad4 ,if the quality and the price is--are right1 buy4 #ae4 ,there come--comes a crowd of people4 #af4 ,the library with its thousands of books was--were destroyed by fire4 #ag4 ,there don't--doesn't seem to be much difference between the two4 #ah4 ,the whole system of filing and indexing is--are wrong4 #ai4 ,safety as well as success is--are at stake4 #bj4 ,the state of public affairs calls--call for quick action4 #ba4 ,many a man has--have neglected golden opportunities4 #bb4 ,many men has--have neglected golden opportunities4 #bc4 ,the committee has--have given its--their report4 #bd4 ,our team was--were beaten4 #be4 ,one of us surely is--are mistaken4 #bf4 ,every one was--were happy when ,tom was elected president4 #bg4 ,tom and ,james is--are going skating4 #bh4 ,tom with his brother ,james is--are going skating4 #bi4 ,the only thing ,i have not prepared for dinner is--are the potatoes4 #cj4 ,fifty feet of sidewalk was--were laid to-day4 #ca4 ,none of the boys is--are studying stenography4 #cb4 ,neither ,tom nor his brother is--are studying stenography4 #cc4 ,both ,tom and his brother is--are stenographers4 #cd4 ,every one is--are interested in the cost of living4 ,in the last sentence above substitute one of the following for every one1 using the correct form of the verb with each3 each of us2 everybody2 all of us2 several people2 both of the men2 neither of the men2 neither ,mary nor ,john2 ,mary and ,john2 our club2 our class2 the nation2 not only ,europe but ,america2 ,europe as well as ,america2 the nation as well as several of the larger cities ,exercise #ajb--,tense ,the tense of the verb indicates the time of the action4 ,there are three primary tenses1 indicating action in the present1 the past1 and the future4 ,each of these tenses has also a perfect tense1 which1 represents the action as being perfect or complete in the present1 the past1 and the future4 ,the present tense is the simplest form4 ,it denotes that the action takes place now2 as1 ,i write ,we write ,you write ,you write ,he writes ,they write ,to be more exact1 we may indicate that the action is continuing in the present time1 and then we say1 ,i am writing ,we are writing ,you are writing ,you are writing ,he is writing ,they are writing ,this is called the present progressive tense4 ,it may be that you wish to be emphatic1 and you say1 ,i do write ,we do write ,you do write ,you do write ,he does write ,they do write ,this is called the emphatic present tense4 ,the past tense indicates that the action took place in past time2 as1 ,i wrote ,we wrote ,you wrote ,you wrote ,he wrote ,they wrote or1 the past progressive2 as1 ,i was writing ,we were writing ,you were writing ,you were writing ,he was writing ,they were writing or1 the past emphatic2 as1 ,i did write ,we did write ,you did write ,you did write ,he did write ,they did write ,the emphatic form is used only in the present and the past tenses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the future tense denotes that the action will take place at some future time4 ,it is formed by using shall or will with the simplest form of the verb2 as1 ,i shall write ,we shall write ,you will write ,you will write ,he will write ,they will write ,the progressive form is not common4 ,it is ,i shall be writing ,we shall be writing ,you will be writing ,you will be writing ,he will be writing ,they will be writing ,the three perfect tenses are formed by using the verb have with the perfect participle of the verb4 ,the present perfect tense denotes that the action is complete at the present time4 ,it is formed by the present tense of have and the perfect participle of the verb2 as1 ,i have written ,we have written ,you have written ,you have written ,he has written ,they have written ,the progressive form is1 ,i have been writing ,we have been writing ,you have been writing ,you have been writing ,he has been writing ,they have been writing ,the past perfect denotes that the action was completed in past time4 ,it is formed by using the past tense of have and the perfect participle of the verb2 as1 ,i had written ,we had written ,you had written ,you had written ,he had written ,they had written ,the progressive form is1 ,i had been writing ,we had been writing ,you had been writing ,you had been writing ,he had been writing ,they had been writing ,the future perfect tense denotes that the action will be completed at some future time4 ,it is formed by the future of have and the perfect participle of the verb2 as1 ,i shall have written ,we shall have written ,you will have written ,you will have written ,he will have written ,they will have written ,the progressive form is rarely used4 ,it is ,i shall have been writing ,we shall have been writing ,you will have been writing ,you will have been writing ,he will have been writing ,they will have been writing ,giving all forms singular and plural1 first1 second1 and third persons of each tense constitutes the conjugation of a verb4 ,giving one person in each tense constitutes the synopsis of the conjugation4 ,the following is a synopsis of all the tenses of the active voice in the first person singular number of the verb write3 ,,active ,,voice ,i write 7simple form7 ,present ,i am writing 7progressive form7 ,i do write 7emphatic form7 ,primary ,i wrote 7simple7 ,past ,i was writing 7progressive7 ,i did write 7emphatic7 ,i shall write 7simple7 ,future ,i shall be writing 7progressive7 ,,tense ,i have written 7simple7 ,present ,perfect,i have been writing 7progressive7 ,perfect ,i had written 7simple7 or ,past ,perfect ,i had been writing 7progressive7 ,secondary ,i shall have written 7simple7 ,future ,perfect ,i shall have been writing 7progressive7 ,exercise #ajc ,conjugate the following in the active voice3 #a4 ,simple past tense of walk4 #b4 ,present progressive tense of walk4 #c4 ,present perfect of drive4 7,see ,exercise #ajh for the principal parts47 #d4 ,present perfect progressive of drive4 #e4 ,future progressive of ride4 #f4 ,past of ride4 #g4 ,present progressive of ride4 #h4 ,past emphatic of ride4 #i4 ,past perfect of ride4 #aj4 ,present perfect progressive of ride4 ,give a synopsis of the progressive tenses of begin1 using he as the subject4 ,exercise #ajd--,shall and ,will ,the auxiliary verbs used to form the future tenses are shall and will4 ,the two must be carefully distinguished because they denote different ideas1 according to the person with which they are used4 ,the rule is1 to express simple future time1 use shall in the first person1 will in the second and third persons4 ,the future tense of the verb walk is conjugated as follows3 ,i shall walk ,we shall walk ,you will walk ,you will walk ,he will walk ,they will walk ,this is the form to use when you expect the action to take place naturally4 ,on the other hand1 instead of letting things take their natural course as they do in the simple future1 you may force them to take place4 ,you may1 for example1 be determined to walk1 or determined to make some one else walk4 ,in that case the use is reversed2 as1 ,i will walk ,we will walk ,you shall walk ,you shall walk ,he shall walk ,they shall walk ,this form is used whenever the speaker has authority to bring about the action indicated by the verb4 ,in questions of the first person always use shall4 ,in questions of the second and third persons use the same form that you expect in the answer2 as1 ,shall you be at home to-morrow8 ,i shall4 ,in the following sentences insert shall or will1 giving the reason for your choice3 #a4 ,i ---- finish the work by three o'clock1 ,i think4 #b4 ,to-morrow he ---- feel sorry for this2 ,i vow it4 #c4 ,i am sorry1 but ,i ---- not be able to finish the work before next week4 #d4 ---- you finish your business course in ,february or in ,june8 ,i ---- finish in ,june1 ,i think4 #e4 ---- he finish in ,february8 ,no1 he ---- finish in ,june4 #f4 ,the foreman declares he ---- not have another chance4 #g4 ,he ---- see his mistake when it is too late4 #h4 ,they ---- surely be at the station to meet me4 #i4 ,i'm afraid you ---- be kicked if you go near that horse4 #aj4 ,if he doesn't take the examination1 he ---- fail4 #aa4 ,i am determined that ,i ---- win4 #ab4 ,i ---- sail probably on the fifteenth4 #ac4 ,he ---- be twenty-one to-morrow4 #ad4 ,i ---- go in spite of him4 #ae4 ---- you go by train1 do you think8 #af4 ,i ---- be greatly obliged if you ---- send the book at once4 #ag4 ,i promise you ,john ---- know his lesson to-morrow4 #ah4 ---- you be at home this evening8 #ai4 ---- the train be on time8 #bj4 ---- the store be open this evening8 ,conjugate the future and future perfect tenses of the following verbs3 drive see go run sweep ride choose sing eat sell ,exercise #aje--,should and ,would ,should and would are the past tenses of shall and will and1 in general1 express the same ideas as do shall and will1 except that should sometimes means ought2 as1 ,you should not speak in that way4 ,would1 also1 sometimes indicates an action that occurs frequently2 as1 ,she would often sit at the window all the morning4 ,the use of should and would in indirect statements and questions is sometimes puzzling4 ,first of all1 decide whether shall or will would be used in the direct form of the sentence4 ,if the direct form uses shall1 use should in the indirect2 if the direct uses will1 use would in the indirect2 as1 ,direct3 ,the market will improve4 ,indirect3 ,he said that the market would improve4 ,in conditional clauses 7if71 use should for all persons4 ,insert should or would4 #a4 ,if ,i knew his address1 ,i ---- send him a telegram4 #b4 ,he promised that he ---- not make the mistake again4 7,the direct form would read1 ,i will not ---- 7 #c4 ,i promised that ,i ---- not make the mistake again4 #d4 ,you promised that you ---- not make the mistake again4 #e4 ,do you think that ,i ---- go8 #f4 ,i ---- if ,i were you4 #g4 ,i ---- think he ---- know better than to apply for that position4 #h4 ,john said that1 no matter what we thought1 he ---- not go4 #i4 ,if you ---- decide to accept the offer1 let me know at once4 #aj4 ,i am sorry he did that4 ,he ---- not1 of course4 #aa4 ,if ,i ---- see him1 ,i'd let him know4 #ab4 ,if he ---- come during my absence1 ask him to wait4 #ac4 ,i ---- think you would be more careful4 #ad4 ,let me know if you ---- not be able to come4 ,exercise #ajf ,change the italicized verbs to past tense1 future1 present perfect1 past perfect1 future perfect4 ,wherever necessary1 add sufficient to make the meaning of the tense clear2 as1 ,present3 ,the manager is now in his office4 ,past3 ,the manager was in his office a few minutes ago4 ,future3 ,the manager will be in his office to-morrow at ten o'clock4 ,present ,perfect3 ,the manager has been in his office all the morning4 7,it is still morning47 ,past ,perfect3 ,the manager had been in his office only a few moments when the president arrived4 ,future ,perfect3 ,in about five minutes the manager will have been in the president's office exactly three hours4 #a4 ,the cashier opens the safe in the morning4 #b4 ,the mechanic earns good wages4 #c4 ,the buyer leaves to-night4 #d4 ,the bookkeeper makes out the statements4 #e4 ,the correspondent writes the booklets4 #f4 ,the advertising manager approves the copy4 #g4 ,the adding machine is broken4 #h4 ,the chief clerk attends to the incoming mail4 #i4 ,the superintendent visits the factory every day4 #aj4 ,the salesman is selling five thousand dollars' worth of goods a week4 ,exercise #ajg ,the present tense is used to indicate general truths--things true in past time and still true4 ,omit the incorrect form in the following sentences3 #a4 ,what did you say is--was the meaning of the term bona fide8 #b4 ,what was--is the name of that book that you enjoyed so much8 #c4 ,didn't you know that the lion is--was called the king of beasts8 #d4 ,they told me that the legal rate of interest at present is-was six per cent4 #e4 ,have you ever heard him try to prove that black is--was white8 #f4 ,what is--was the name of the banker who lectured to us yesterday8 #g4 ,i never could remember what the important products of my county are--were4 #h4 ,the advocate of ,equal ,suffrage argued that mothers need--needed the ballot to protect their children4 #i4 ,she said that a democracy is--was a government of the people1 by the people1 and for the people1 and that women are-were people as well as men4 #aj4 ,the speaker asserted that this country needs--needed a tariff to protect home industries4 ,exercise #ajh--,principal ,parts ,no one can be certain of using the correct form of a verb unless he knows the principal parts4 ,some verbs are regular2 that is1 they form their past tense and their perfect participle by adding ed to the present tense2 as1 ,present ,past ,perfect ,participle walk walked walked ,some verbs1 however1 are very irregular1 having a different form for each of the principal parts4 ,a list of such verbs follows3 ,present ,past ,perfect ,participle arise arose arisen awake awoke or awaked awaked be was been bear 7carry7 bore borne beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bid bade bidden bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen come came come do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden forsake forsook forsaken freeze froze frozen give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hide hid hidden know knew known lie 7to rest7 lay lain ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run see saw seen shake shook shaken show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk sing sang sung slay slew slain slide slid slidden sow sowed sown speak spoke spoken spring sprang sprung steal stole stolen strive strove striven swear swore sworn swell swelled swelled1 swollen swim swam swum take took taken tear tore torn throw threw thrown wear wore worn weave wove woven write wrote written ,exercise #aji ,some verbs1 though irregularly formed1 have the past tense and perfect participle alike4 ,a list of such verbs follows3 ,present ,past ,perfect ,participle bend bent bent behold beheld beheld beseech besought besought bind bound bound bleed bled bled bless blessed1 blest blessed1 blest bring brought brought build built built burn burned1 burnt burned1 burnt buy bought bought catch caught caught cling clung clung clothe clothed1 clad clothed1 clad creep crept crept deal dealt dealt dig dug dug dream dreamed1 dreamt dreamed1 dreamt dwell dwelt dwelt flee fled fled grind ground ground hang hung1 hanged hung1 hanged have had had hear heard heard hold held held kneel knelt knelt lay laid laid lead led led leap leapt leapt lend lent lent pay paid paid say said said shine shone shone sit sat sat sleep slept slept sling slung slung speed sped sped spin spun spun stand stood stood sting stung stung strike struck struck string strung strung sweep swept swept swing swung swung teach taught taught think thought thought weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound wring wrung wrung ,exercise #aaj ,some verbs have all three forms alike4 ,a list of such follows3 ,present ,past ,perfect ,participle bet bet bet burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt knit knit knit let let let put put put rid rid rid set set set shed shed shed spread spread spread sweat sweat sweat wet wet wet ,,footnote3 #a ,if one of the words so joined is plural1 the verb should be plural4 ,exercise #aaa ,choose the correct form of the italicized words below1 and give the reason for your choice4 #a4 ,if it don't--doesn't fit you1 we shall alter it4 #b4 ,i knew--knowed ,i was right4 #c4 ,aren't--ain't you glad we came8 #d4 ,ain't--isn't he well8 #e4 ,we done--did the right thing4 #f4 ,let--leave the book on the table4 #g4 ,let--leave me do as ,i planned4 #h4 ,mary has broke--broken her arm4 #i4 ,my mother has gone--went to ,boston4 #aj4 ,where was--were you yesterday8 #aa4 ,when the dinner bell rang--rung1 we all come--came running in4 #ab4 ,he don't--doesn't know what you said4 #ac4 ,to what hospital have they taken--took him8 #ad4 ,i saw--seen him a few minutes ago4 #ae4 ,i saw--seen him yesterday4 #af4 ,i should have--of brought my book4 #ag4 ,my winter coat is wore--worn out4 #ah4 ,have you ever rode--ridden in an aeroplane8 #ai4 ,i have shown--showed you all the styles ,i have4 #bj4 ,don't--doesn't it seem odd that he don't--doesn't come8 #ba4 ,she don't--doesn't remember you4 #bb4 ,we began--begun the work yesterday4 #bc4 ,i'm afraid my foot is froze--frozen4 #bd4 ,we ran--run all the way4 #be4 ,i've shook--shaken him three times1 but he don't--doesn't awake4 #bf4 ,the bell rang--rung just before you entered4 #bg4 ,she sang--sung very well4 #bh4 ,he swam--swum all yesterday morning4 #bi4 ,why don't--doesn't some one tell ,john that his coat is tore--torn8 #cj4 ,don't--doesn't mother know that the vase is broke--broken8 ,exercise #aab--,troublesome ,verbs ,lie1 ,lay ,lie is intransitive2 lay is transitive4 ,lie signifies to rest2 lay1 to place4 ,insert the correct form in the following3 #a4 ,he told me to ---- the book on the table4 ,it ---- there now4 #b4 ,i ---- all day waiting for help to arrive4 #c4 ,where did you ---- the purse8 #d4 ,i ---- it on your desk4 #e4 ,i have ---- the letters on your desk4 #f4 ,they told me to ---- down4 ,i ---- down for about two hours4 #g4 ,as ,i wished to bleach the clothes1 ,i ---- them on the grass4 #h4 ---- the bundle down and listen to me4 #i4 ,you will probably find your cap ----ing where it has ----since you dropped it4 #aj4 ,they let the field ---- fallow4 #aa4 ,how long has it ---- fallow8 #ab4 ,yesterday he ---- on the grass almost all day4 #ac4 ,the hunter ---- still and watched4 #ad4 ,he ---- his gun beside him and waited4 #ae4 ,it will ---- undisturbed till morning4 #af4 ---- down awhile before dinner4 #ag4 ,i don't know how long he has ---- here4 #ah4 ,he let his tools ---- in the rain4 ,exercise #aac--,troublesome ,verbs ,sit1 ,set ,sit is intransitive and signifies to rest4 ,set is transitive and means to place4 ,insert the correct form3 #a4 ,i have ---- the ferns in the rain4 #b4 ---- down for a few minutes4 #c4 ,she drew up a chair and ---- down1 while we were ----ting down the probable expenses of the new house4 #d4 ,why don't you ---- us a good example8 #e4 ----ting the table is not strenuous enough for one who has been ----ting all day4 #f4 ,the hen is ----ting on her eggs4 #g4 ,the man is ----ting out trees4 #h4 ---- still2 ,i'll go4 ,fly1 ,flow1 ,flee ,remember that birds fly2 rivers flow2 hunted creatures flee4 #i4 ,still the river ---- on its accustomed course4 #aj4 ,every autumn the birds ---- south4 #aa4 ,the birds have not yet ---- away4 #ab4 ,the deer ---- before the dogs4 ,rise1 ,raise ,rise is intransitive2 raise is transitive4 #ac4 ,i have been trying all morning to ---- this window4 #ad4 ,i set the bread to ----4 #ae4 ,he will surely ---- in his profession4 ,teach1 ,learn #af4 ,will you ---- me how to play tennis8 #ag4 ,i thought you had ---- how to play tennis4 #ah4 ,i ---- 7past tense7 her the new system of filing4 ,may1 ,can ,may signifies permission2 can denotes possibility4 #ai4 ---- ,i use your book8 #bj4 ---- you write shorthand8 #ba4 ---- ,i go with you8 #bb4 ,my mother says that ,i ---- go with you4 ,might1 ,could ,might is the past tense of may1 and could is the past tense of can4 #bc4 ,he said that ,i ---- go4 #bd4 ,he ---- do the work if he wished4 #be4 ,did you say ,i ---- use your typewriter8 ,exercise #aad--;,accept1 ,except ,accept means to receive4 ,except as a verb means to exclude2 as a preposition it means with the exception of4 ,insert the correct form in the following3 #a4 ,did you ---- the position8 ,yes1 no one applied for it ---- me4 #b4 ,i have no other reason for not ----ing your invitation ---- that ,i shall not be in the city4 #c4 ---- ,mary all ----ed the invitation4 #d4 ,he would not ---- the money ---- on one condition4 #e4 ,why do you ---- him from the general offer that you are making8 #f4 ,i agree with you ---- on one point4 #g4 ,he ----ed the rebuke in silence4 #h4 ,we were forced to ---- their conditions4 #i4 ,he said he would not ---- the money ---- that he knew he could return it4 #aj4 ,you have answered everything ---- what ,i asked you4 ,exercise #aae--;,affect1 ,effect ,affect means to influence4 ,it is always a verb4 ,effect as a verb means to bring to pass2 as a noun it means result4 ,insert the correct form in the following sentences3 #a4 ,his opinion does not ---- the case4 #b4 ,how does war ---- trade8 #c4 ,his walking has had a good ---- upon his health4 #d4 ,the ruling did not ---- the wholesale dealers1 but it had a big ---- upon us4 #e4 ,what ---- did the loss have upon him8 #f4 ,the failure of the bank ----ed the small depositors but had no ---- upon the big business men4 #g4 ,the ---- of the law has been startling because of the number of people ----ed by it4 #h4 ,they ----ed the consolidation1 but thereby produced a bad ---- upon the price of their stock4 #i4 ,the accident seriously ----ed his nervous system4 ,in fact1 the ---- of the fall is only gradually disappearing4 #aj4 ,did the celebrated physician really ---- a cure8 ,exercise #aaf--,lose1 ,loose ,lose is a verb1 while loose is usually an adjective4 ,the two should be carefully distinguished4 ,insert the correct form3 #a4 ,i have a note book with ---- leaves4 #b4 ,aren't you afraid you will ---- some of the ---- leaves of that book8 #c4 ,be careful that you don't ---- that ---- bolt4 #d4 ,do you remember that you had warned me that ,i'd ---- the ---- button on my coat8 ,i did ---- it not five minutes afterward4 #e4 ,one of the hinges of the door has become ----4 #f4 ,do not ---- the ---- change in that pocket4 #g4 ,he will ---- the parcel as the cord is ----4 #h4 ,did you ---- the ---- leaf journal8 #i4 ,she may ---- the money1 as the clasp of her purse is ----4 #aj4 ,i keep my ---- journal paper together by a rubber band so that there will be no chance of ----ing it4 ,exercise #aag--;,had ought ,wrong3 ,we had ought to go4 ,right3 ,we ought to go4 ,wrong3 ,we had ought to have gone4 ,right3 ,we ought to have gone4 ,correct the following sentences3 #a4 ,i had ought to have studied harder4 #b4 ,you ought to do it1 hadn't you8 #c4 ,hadn't you ought to have gone8 #d4 ,yes1 ,i had ought to have gone yesterday4 #e4 ,do you think ,i had ought to have accepted8 #f4 ,he had ought to come to-morrow4 #g4 ,the tickets had ought to have come from the printer's yesterday4 #h4 ,we had not ought to stay out so late4 #i4 ,you had ought to wear your coat4 #aj4 ,he had ought to have become naturalized4 #aa4 ,you had ought to have washed the dishes before you went out4 #ab4 ,you had ought to take an umbrella4 #ac4 ,you had ought to have heard what she said4 #ad4 ,we hadn't ought to disagree4 #ae4 ,you ought to have invested1 hadn't you8 ,exercise #aah ,conjugation of the verb be in the ,,indicative ,,mode ,present ,tense ,singular ,plural ,i am ,we are ,you are ,you are ,he is ,they are ,past ,tense ,i was ,we were ,you were ,you were ,he was ,they were ,future ,tense ,i shall be ,we shall be ,you will be ,you will be ,he will be ,they will be ,present ,perfect ,tense ,i have been ,we have been ,you have been ,you have been ,he has been ,they have been ,past ,perfect ,tense ,i had been ,we had been ,you had been ,you had been ,he had been ,they had been ,future ,perfect ,tense ,i shall have been ,we shall have been ,you will have been ,you will have been ,he will have been ,they will have been ,the verb be is used to form the progressive tenses of the active voice 7,see ,exercise #ajb7 and the simple tenses of the passive voice2 as1 ,,passive ,,voice ,present ,tense ,singular ,plural ,i am followed ,we are followed ,you are followed ,you are followed ,he is followed ,they are followed ,past ,tense ,i was followed ,we were followed ,you were followed ,you were followed ,he was followed ,they were followed ,future ,tense ,i shall be followed ,we shall be followed ,you will be followed ,you will be followed ,he will be followed ,they will be followed ,present ,perfect ,tense ,i have been followed ,we have been followed ,you have been followed ,you have been followed ,he has been followed ,they have been followed ,past ,perfect ,tense ,i had been followed ,we had been followed ,you had been followed ,you had been followed ,he had been followed ,they had been followed ,future ,perfect ,tense ,i shall have been followed ,we shall have been followed ,you will have been followed ,you will have been followed ,he will have been followed ,they will have been followed ,if we add the progressive form wherever it may be used1 we have the following synopsis of the indicative mood3 ,,passive ,,voice ,present ,i am followed 7simple7 ,i am being followed 7progressive7 ,primary ,past ,i was followed 7simple7 ,i was being followed 7progressive7 ,tenses ,future ,i shall be followed ,present ,perfect ,i have been followed ,perfect ,past ,perfect ,i had been followed ,future ,perfect ,i shall have been followed ,exercise #aai ,conjugate the following in the passive voice3 #a4 ,simple present of pay4 #b4 ,progressive past of pay4 #c4 ,present perfect of throw4 #d4 ,future of praise4 #e4 ,past perfect of forget4 #f4 ,progressive present of choose4 #g4 ,past progressive of choose4 #h4 ,future of choose4 #i4 ,future perfect of choose4 #aj4 ,past perfect of choose4 ,exercise #abj ,supply the verb forms indicated4 ,use the active unless the passive is definitely called for4 #a4 ,the vegetables 7present perfect of lie7 in water all the morning4 #b4 ,rumors 7past progressive passive of spread7 far and wide that ,germany would fight ,england4 #c4 ,i thought the gingham 7past perfect passive of shrink7 before the dress 7past passive of made74 #d4 ,i am afraid my ear 7present progressive of freeze74 #e4 ,is it true that your ring 7present perfect passive of steal78 #f4 ,a sudden storm 7past of arise7 yesterday afternoon1 and a little boy 7past passive of drown7 in the river where he and several of his companions 7past perfect progressive of swim7 since noon4 #g4 ,i 7present perfect of speak7 of the matter to no one4 #h4 ,i suppose that it 7present perfect passive of break74 #i4 ,i must 7present perfect of show7 him twenty different styles1 but he 7past of choose7 none of them1 for as soon as ,i 7past of show7 him one1 he 7past of shake7 his head4 #aj4 ,she 7past progressive of wring7 out the clothes when the door bell 7past of ring74 #aa4 ,i am afraid my purse 7present passive of lose74 #ab4 ,the knight 7past of say7 that he 7past perfect of decide7 7infinitive of follow7 the quest4 #ac4 ,i thought ,i 7past perfect of bring7 you the morning paper4 #ad4 ,he 7past of swim7 the river twice yesterday4 #ae4 ,there he stood 7present participle of ring7 the dinner bell4 #af4 ,his coat 7present perfect passive of wet7 through more than once4 #ag4 ,the trip 7past of cost7 him a hundred dollars4 #ah4 ,i 7past of see7 the superintendent yesterday1 but he said that there 7present of be7 no vacancies at present4 #ai4 ,they 7past of lay7 the clippings on the desk1 and then they 7past of sit7 down4 #bj4 ,as he 7past of speak71 he 7past progressive of shake7 from head to foot4 #ba4 ,the clouds 7past of lie7 low on the horizon4 #bb4 ,the building in which ,i work 7present perfect passive of burn74 #bc4 ,your employer 7present perfect deal7 fairly with you4 #bd4 ,i 7present perfect of have7 the same position for three years4 #be4 ,i 7future of lend7 him no money4 #bf4 ,the floor 7past passive of lay7 by an expert workman4 #bg4 ,the beads 7past passive of string7 on a waxed thread4 #bh4 ,he 7present perfect of throw7 the whole office into confusion4 #bi4 ,before he came forward1 he 7past of set7 the child down4 #cj4 ,after the storm1 leaves and twigs 7past progressive of lie7 thick upon the roads4 #ca4 ,he 7past of drive7 to town yesterday4 ,he 7future of go7 again to-morrow4 #cb4 ,the dictionary 7present progressive of lie7 on the table where you 7past of lay7 it4 #cc4 ,the dog 7past of lay7 the bone down1 and then he 7past of lie7 down4 #cd4 ,he 7past of set7 the chair by the window and then 7past of sit7 down4 #ce4 ,i think we 7future of see7 him as we pass1 for he usually 7present of lie7 on a couch by the window4 #cf4 ,the snow 7past perfect progressive of fall7 for several hours and now 7past of lie7 deep on every path4 #cg4 ,everything 7present perfect passive of lay7 in readiness4 #ch4 7,present participle of lie7 in the hammock1 he soon fell asleep4 #ci4 ,i saw the man 7present participle of lie7 on the ground4 #dj4 ,after he 7past perfect of lie7 there a few minutes1 he suddenly 7past of sit7 up4 #da4 ,the biplane1 which 7past perfect progressive of lie7 in the hangar since it 7past perfect passive of raise7 from the water in which it 7past perfect of lie7 for two weeks1 7past of rise7 up over the city4 #db4 ,large crowds 7past progressive of sit7 on the fields1 7present participle of wait7 for the aeroplane 7infinitive of rise74 #dc4 ,many people 7past perfect of set7 tents on the field during the night and now 7past progressive of get7 a good view of the flight4 #dd4 ,all eyes 7past progressive of turn7 toward the aeroplane1 which 7past progressive of rise7 steadily4 #de4 ,the biplane 7past of rise7 until it 7past perfect of rise7 about five hundred feet above the tallest building2 then it 7past passive of raise7 about fifty feet more to get it out of an air current that 7past progressive of raise7 one end of it4 ,exercise #aba--;,infinitives and ,participles ,infinitives are verb forms that are used as nouns1 as adjectives1 or as adverbs4 ,participles are verb forms that are used as adjectives4 ,thus at the same time each acts as two parts of speech4 ,as verbs both have the meaning of the verbs from which they are made2 both have tense and voice2 both may be modified by adverbial expressions2 and1 if they are made from transitive verbs1 both may take objects4 ,the ,participle ,the tenses and voices of the participle are as follows3 ,,active ,,voice ,present ,simple ,progressive selling ---- ,perfect having sold having been selling ,,passive ,,voice ,present being sold ---- ,perfect having been sold ---- ,the participle frequently introduces a phrase4 ,usually the phrase is used like an adjective2 occasionally it is used like a noun 7sometimes called the gerund phrase74 ,adjective3 ,seeing your perplexity1 ,i'll offer a suggestion4 7,notice the punctuation47 ,noun7,gerund73 ,playing tennis is good exercise4 ,the ,infinitive ,the infinitive is distinguished by the word to1 either expressed or understood4 ,the tenses and voices of the infinitive are as follows3 ,,active ,,voice ,present ,simple ,progressive to sell to be selling ,perfect to have sold to have been selling ,,passive ,,voice ,present to be sold ---- ,perfect to have been sold ---- ,the infinitive is often used to introduce a phrase2 as1 ,noun3 ,to get to the top of the hill was a difficult matter4 ,adverb3 ,i went to buy the sugar4 ,adjective3 ,it's a drawing to be proud of4 ,grouping all the facts that we have thus far learned about phrases1 and expressing them in diagram form1 we have the following3 ,phrases may be classified3 ,according to ,form ,according to ,use ,prepositional ,adverbial ,participial 7,gerund7 ,adjective ,infinitive ,noun ,the prepositional and infinitive phrases may have all three uses2 the participial phrase has two--adjective and noun 7gerund74 ,variety of ,expression#b ,phrases are important because1 like clauses1 they help us to vary the form of our sentences4 ,they help us1 above all1 to avoid the childish so habit4 ,thus1 instead of ,they wished to make the ice smooth so they flooded the pond1 we may use1 for example3 ,subordinate clause3 ,because 7as1 since7 they wished to make the ice smooth1 they flooded the pond4 ,participial phrase3 ,wishing to make the ice smooth1 they flooded the pond4 ,infinitive phrase3 ,to make the ice smooth1 they flooded the pond4 ,gerund phrase3 ,flooding the pond made the ice smooth4 ,prepositional phrase modifying noun subject3 ,the flooding of the pond made the ice smooth4 ,recast each of the following sentences in at least two of the ways shown above3 #a4 ,they wished to finish the work so they stayed till six o'clock4 #b4 ,john hoped to arrive before the others so he started early4 #c4 ,he saw that the cars were not running so he walked so he would be on time4 #d4 ,they needed some gasoline so they had to stop at a garage4 #e4 ,he wished to make a tool chest so he bought some lumber4 #f4 ,they saw that he liked to read so they gave him several books4 #g4 ,she wished to make a good appearance at the party so she bought a new dress4 #h4 ,he was in a hurry so he walked fast4 #i4 ,we were afraid that we'd be late so we ran4 #aj4 ,the campers thought they'd like a fire so they gathered a quantity of dry leaves and wood4 #aa4 ,i was very tired when ,i reached home so ,i couldn't go to the lecture4 #ab4 ,the work was difficult so it took three hours to finish it4 #ac4 ,the clock needed repairing so he took it to a jeweler's4 #ad4 ,the coat did not fit so she sent it back4 #ae4 ,she didn't know where to take the train so she asked a policeman4 ,exercise #abb--,mode ,mode is the form of the verb that indicates the manner of expressing the thought4 ,the modes1 or moods1 that every one should be able to distinguish are the indicative and the subjunctive4 ,if the verb indicates a fact1 we say it is in the indicative mode2 if it expresses a supposition1 a doubt1 a statement contrary to fact1 or a wish1 we say it is in the subjunctive mode4 ,you are good4 7,a fact--indicative47 ,i wish ,i were good4 7,contrary to fact1 a wish--subjunctive47 ,in form the indicative and the subjunctive differ in the present and the past tenses of the verb to be1 as follows3 ,indicative of be ,present ,past ,i am ,we are ,i was ,we were ,you are ,you are ,you were ,you were ,he is ,they are ,he was ,they were ,subjunctive of be ,present ,past ,if ,i be ,if we be ,if ,i were ,if we were ,if you be ,if you be ,if you were ,if you were ,if he be ,if they be ,if he were ,if they were ,other verbs in the subjunctive mode do not end in s in the third person singular number1 but use the same form as the other persons in the singular number2 as1 if he go1 if she walk4 ,if1 though1 although1 or lest usually introduce the subjunctive form4 ,in modern ,english1 the use of the subjunctive is becoming rare except in the past and past perfect tenses in statements contrary to fact1 and in wishes1 which are really statements contrary to fact2 as1 #a4 ,if ,i were a king 7but ,i'm not71 ,i'd see that my laws were obeyed4 #b4 ,i wish ,i were a king6 7but ,i'm not74 #c4 ,if ,i had been careful1 my work would be good4 7,i was not careful47 #d4 ,i wish ,i had been careful6 7,i was not47 ,notice that the verb is in the past or in the past perfect tense4 ,there are some careful writers who still use the present subjunctive to show a possibility2 as1 ,lest he start too late1 remind him again that he must meet the #d3ae train4 ,in the following sentences1 which form is better8 ,may any of the sentences use either form8 #a4 ,i wish ,i was--were rich4 #b4 ,if ,i was--were you1 ,i should go at once4 #c4 ,if his work was--were exact1 he would have no trouble in holding a position4 #d4 ,if it was--were true1 why didn't you say so8 #e4 ,if he was--were a millionaire1 he could not have been more lavish4 #f4 ,if such a thing was--were possible1 our government would be no government4 #g4 ,if the election was--were postponed1 we should have been informed4 ,exercise #abc ,insert was or were in each of the following sentences1 in each case giving a reason for your choice4 ,remember that the indicative was is used to denote a statement of fact in the past time1 and the subjunctive were 7singular and plural7 is used to denote a possibility1 something that is supposed to be true1 or a statement entirely contrary to fact1 as in a wish4 #a4 ,i wish ,i ---- going with you4 #b4 ,as he ---- not well1 he could not go4 #c4 ,if he ---- well1 he could go4 #d4 ,if he ---- attentive in class1 he would not fail4 #e4 ,they treated me as if ,i ---- one of the family4 #f4 ,when ,i ---- in the ,south ,i visited ,new ,orleans4 #g4 ,suppose she ---- your guest1 how would you entertain her8 #h4 ,he would appear very tall ---- it not for the breadth of his shoulders4 #i4 ,we decided that if it ---- still raining by seven o'clock1 we should not go4 #aj4 ,if our strawberries ---- ripe1 ,i'd give you some4 #aa4 ,if the package ---- left yesterday1 as you say1 it must have been while ,i ---- not at home4 #ab4 ,if he ---- late yesterday1 he must start earlier to-day4 #ac4 ,if every man ---- honest1 business life would be very pleasant4 #ad4 ,i saw that he ---- not interested4 #ae4 ,if he ---- not interested1 he surely looked as if he ----4 #af4 ---- ,i certain that the bonds ---- safe1 ,i should invest in them4 #ag4 ,as the tablecloth ---- stained1 we laid it on the grass to bleach it4 #ah4 ,if that stained tablecloth ---- mine1 ,i'd try bleaching it4 #ai4 ,if ,i ---- as interested in farming as you are1 ,i'd buy a farm4 #bj4 ,if her work ---- best1 why didn't she get the higher salary8 ,exercise #abd--,verbs ,incorrectly ,used ,wrong ,right #a4 ,let the book on the table4 ,leave the book on the table4 #b4 ,leave me go with you4 ,let me go with you4 #c4 ,don't blame it on me4 ,don't accuse me4 #d4 ,do you carry stationery8 ,do you sell stationery8 #e4 ,the child aggravates me4 ,the child irritates me4 #f4 ,please except my invitation4 ,please accept my invitation4 #g4 ,where have you located8 ,where have you settled8 7,locate is a transitive verb47 #h4 ,i expect you are very busy4 ,i suppose you are very busy4 #i4 ,i disremember seeing him4 ,i don't remember seeing him4 #aj4 ,do you mind where you saw it8 ,do you remember where you saw it8 #aa4 ,where are you stopping8 ,where are you staying8 #ab4 ,did you extend an invitation ,did you invite him8 to him8 #ac4 ,this clock needs fixing4 ,this clock needs repairing4 #ad4 ,i should admire to go4 ,i should like to go4 #ae4 ,i'd love to go4 ,i'd like to go4 #af4 ,he didn't show up on time4 ,he didn't appear on time4 #ag4 ,i had a strange thing happen ,a strange thing happened to me to me yesterday4 yesterday4 #ah4 ,i didn't get to go4 ,i was unable to go4 #ai4 ,loan me your pencil4 ,lend me your pencil4 7,may ,i borrow your pencil8 is correct4 ,loan is a noun47#c #bj4 ,i can't seem to understand ,i seem unable to understand that problem4 that problem4 #ba4 ,i don't take any stock in ,i have no confidence in such such schemes4 schemes4 #bb4 ,how do you size up the ,what do you think of the situation8 situation8 #bc4 ,i beg to state4 4 4 4 ,omit4 7,this expression has been so overdone in business letters that it should be avoided7 #bd4 ,he dove off the pier4 ,he dived off the pier4 #be4 ,he claims that he was ,he asserts 7maintains7 that he deceived4 was deceived4 #bf4 ,can ,i take your pencil8 ,may ,i take your pencil8 #bg4 ,we expect to get up a club4 ,we expect to organize a club4 #bh4 ,did you notice how that show ,did you notice how that show window was got up8 window was decorated8 #bi4 ,it is going on ten o'clock4 ,it is almost ten o'clock4 #cj4 ,he said to go at once4 ,he said that we should go at once4 ,,note4--,the secretary's daily report will be found an excellent means of securing variety of expression in pupils' writing4 ,a different pupil is elected each ,monday to act as the secretary of the class for the ensuing week1 his duty being to report each day the doings of the class on the preceding day4 ,the conditions are that not more than one and be used in each report and not more than one sentence begin with the subject4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,see note on page #aae4 #c ,loan for lend1 though common in the ,united ,states1 is not in approved use except sometimes in financial language4--,webster's ,new ,international ,dictionary4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,preposition ,,and ,,the ,,conjunction ,prepositions ,,it is important in the study of prepositions to observe that there are certain words that are followed by certain prepositions4 ,to change the preposition is to convey a different meaning from the one that the speaker intended1 or to convey no meaning at all4 ,a partial list of such words with their appropriate prepositions follows3 accompanied with anything having no life accompanied by anything having life acquit of accuse of adapted to a thing adapted for a course1 because of one's nature adapted from an author agree to a plan or proposition agree with a person agree upon something that must be decided angry at a thing angry with a person compare with to bring out similar qualities compare to without analyzing comply with confer on meaning to give to confer with meaning to talk to confide in meaning to put faith in confide to meaning to commit to one's keeping conform to correspond to1 with a thing1 denoting similarity correspond with meaning to write to different from dependent on a person dependent for a thing independent of disappointed in employed at a certain place or salary employed in a certain kind of business employed by a certain person or company enter upon duties enter at a door followed by influence over1 upon expect of participate in profit by remonstrate against a thing remonstrate with a person ,exercise #abe ,insert the correct preposition in the following3 #a4 ,i shall comply ---- your request4 #b4 ,the chairman came upon the platform accompanied ---- the speaker4 #c4 ,he took a walk accompanied ---- his dog4 #d4 ,the lecture will be accompanied ---- stereopticon views4 #e4 ,strikes are usually accompanied ---- riots4 #f4 ,the years of prosperity were followed ---- years of famine4 #g4 ,he was accused ---- theft1 but was acquitted ---- the accusation4 #h4 ,she is well adapted ---- the position that is open4 #i4 ,an electric iron is especially adapted ---- summer use4 #aj4 ,the selection was adapted ---- ,irving4 #aa4 ,this cloth is well adapted ---- summer clothing because it is very light in weight4 #ab4 ,i agree ---- you that the plan is impracticable4 #ac4 ,let us agree now ---- a place to spend our summer vacation4 #ad4 ,that is not a proposition ---- which ,i shall agree4 #ae4 ,it is silly to be angry ---- an inanimate object4 #af4 ,don't be angry ---- a person because he tells you your faults4 #ag4 ,his report corresponds in all respects --- yours4 #ah4 ,mr4 ,giles suggested that you would be glad to have us correspond ---- you concerning our new bond issues4 #ai4 ,i shall confer ---- my lawyer4 #bj4 ,the public has conferred a great honor ---- him4 #ba4 ,one should always profit ---- his experiences4 #bb4 ,the new device is entirely different ---- the old4 #bc4 ,i am employed ---- a fairly large salary ---- a business that is growing daily4 #bd4 ,all employees must conform ---- the rules4 #be4 ,i am confiding ---- you because ,i know that ,i can trust you4 #bf4 ,she confided her child ---- the care of her brother4 #bg4 ,she is dependent ---- her brother ---- support4 #bh4 ,you can have an influence for good ---- him4 #bi4 ,i have remonstrated ---- the change several times4 #cj4 ,perhaps he will change his plans if we remonstrate ---- him at once4 ,exercise #abf--,prepositions ,incorrectly ,used ,each of the incorrect sentences given below contains an unnecessary preposition4 ,when the meaning of ,where are you going8 is entirely clear1 there is nothing gained by saying ,where are you going to8 ,omit such superfluous prepositions4 ,wrong ,right #a4 ,i took it off of the shelf4 ,i took it off the shelf4 #b4 ,i shall accept of your ,i shall accept your hospitality4 hospitality4 #c4 ,where are you at8 ,where are you8 #d4 ,where are you going to8 ,where are you going8 #e4 ,it is a building of from ,it is a building twenty to thirty twenty to thirty stories in stories in height4 height4 #f4 ,look out of the window4 ,look out the window4 #g4 ,john copies after his father ,john copies his father in everything4 in everything4 #h4 ,i am wondering about what ,i am wondering what ,i should do4 ,i should do4 #i4 ,i shall consult with my ,i shall consult my lawyer4 lawyer4 #aj4 ,he sat opposite to me4 ,he sat opposite me4 #aa4 ,i shall leave later on4 ,i shall leave later4 and for to #ab4 ,i shall try and go4 ,i shall try to go4 of for have #ac4 ,i might of gone4 ,i might have gone4 ,the wrong preposition #ad4 ,he fell in the water4 ,he fell into the water4 #ae4 ,she died with diphtheria4 ,she died of diphtheria4 #af4 ,divide the work between the ,divide the work among the four four of us4 of us4 7,between may be used in speaking of only two persons or things7 #ag4 ,it will be done inside of an ,it will be done within an hour4 hour4 #ah4 ,are you angry at me8 ,are you angry with me8 ,preposition must be used #ai4 ,it's no use to try4 ,it's of no use to try4 #bj4 ,my sister stayed home4 ,my sister stayed at home4 #ba4 ,why do you act that way8 ,why do you act in that way8 #bb4 ,we left the third of ,june4 ,we left on the third of ,june4 ,exercise #abg ,the object of a preposition is always in the objective case4 ,some people have great difficulty in recognizing that in such expressions as for you and me1 the pronoun me is as much the object of the preposition for as the pronoun you4 ,both words must be in the objective case4 ,it is incorrect to say for you and ,i4 ,in the following sentences omit the incorrect italicized form3 #a4 ,the invitation is for father and ,i--me4 #b4 ,every one has finished his work except he--him and ,i--me4 #c4 ,it's a question that you and ,i--me must decide2 it refers to you and ,i--me alone4 #d4 ,girls like you and she--her should have a good influence over the others4 #e4 ,all but you and ,i--me have left4 #f4 ,he did it for you and ,i--me4 #g4 ,no one objected but they--them and we--us4 #h4 ,she sat opposite you and ,i--me4 #i4 ,they were sitting near you and ,i--me4 #aj4 ,we expect you to return with mother and ,i--me4 #aa4 ,he wanted my brother and ,i--me to go into business with his brother and he--him4 #ab4 ,neither she--her nor her sister have ,i seen for several months4 #ac4 ,my companion and ,i--me took up the trail of the bear at once4 ,for some distance it led he--him and ,i--me over the soft1 yielding carpet of moss and pine needles1 and the footprints were quite easily made out4 #ad4 ,he--him and ,i--me had1 of course1 to keep a sharp lookout ahead and around for the grizzly4 #ae4 ,all are going on the excursion except he--him and ,i--me4 #af4 ,he--him and ,i--me went fishing4 #ag4 ,the rule applies to we--us all--the manager1 they--them who keep books1 you1 and ,i--me4 #ah4 ,she beckoned to my companion and ,i--me4 #ai4 ,the letter was to be read by the president or ,i--me4 #bj4 ,he did it for the sake of my father and ,i--me4 #ba4 ,we study ,shakespeare with her sister and she--her4 #bb4 ,she--her and her sister went to the lecture with my sister and ,i--me4 #bc4 ,they sent for she--her and ,i--me1 not you and he--him4 #bd4 ,the program was arranged by the president and ,i--me4 #be4 ,they found that his father and he--him had already left4 #bf4 ,mother is going to buy a birthday present to-day for she--her and ,i--me4 #bg4 ,the play is interesting not only to you older people but to we--us younger ones also4 #bh4 ,they expected the work to be done by she--her and ,i--me4 #bi4 ,the dispute between his neighbor and he--him over their lot line was settled by the surveyors this morning4 #cj4 ,he wants to speak to you and ,i--me4 ,exercise #abh--,than1 as ,than and as are not prepositions but conjunctions4 ,they are used to introduce subordinate clauses4 ,usually the clause is incomplete1 but the omitted part is easily understood from the preceding clause and must be supplied to show the case of the noun or the pronoun that is expressed2 as1 ,right3 ,she is as tall as ,i am4 ,right3 ,she is taller than he is4 ,right3 ,i should invite you rather than her than ,i should invite her4 ,use the correct one of the italicized pronouns in the following sentences3 #a4 ,i'll agree that he is richer than ,i--me1 but riches are not everything4 #b4 ,i shall send her rather than he--him4 #c4 ,no one felt sorrier than she--her4 #d4 ,no one knows more about an automobile than he--him4 #e4 ,you are more capable of doing the work than he--him4 #f4 ,we were nearer the goal than you or he--him4 #g4 ,you finished the work almost as quickly as she--her4 #h4 ,she writes fully as well as he--him4 #i4 ,the manager said he would rather send me than he--him4 #aj4 ,i secured a position sooner than she--her4 #aa4 ,it seems to me that they ought to go rather than we--us4 #ab4 ,i am surprised that you arrived sooner than they--them4 #ac4 ,they should have elected him rather than ,i--me4 #ad4 ,i am not so well-fitted as he--him to hold the position4 #ae4 ,you are more popular than he--him4 ,exercise #abi--;,correlatives ,there are certain conjunctions1 called correlatives1 that are used in pairs4 ,they are both--and as--as1 so--as either--or not only--but also neither--nor whether--or so--that such--as ,illustrations ,both--and ,he has both skill and energy4 ,either--or ,i shall leave either ,monday or ,tuesday4 ,neither--nor ,i can neither sing nor play4 ,so--that ,it rained so hard that we stayed at home4 ,as--as ,we shall come as early as we can4 ,so--as ,she is not so tall as you are4 7,used in negative expressions47 ,not only--but also ,we saw not only ,mr4 ,brown but his wife also4 ,whether--or ,whether ,i return to work or stay at home depends on my mother's health4 ,such--as ,we shall buy only such goods as we think we can sell4 ,be very careful not to use the correlative so as incorrectly for so that4 ,so as is used in negative expressions of comparison2 so that is used to express result4 ,wrong3 ,we went early so as we could get good seats4 ,right3 ,we went early so that we could get good seats4 ,in the illustrations given above1 notice that the correlatives always join two similar or cordinate expressions4 ,it is important that they be placed each immediately before one of the two cordinate expressions4 ,wrong3 ,i neither can sing nor play4 ,right3 ,i can neither sing nor play4 ,recast the following sentences1 placing the correlative conjunctions before cordinate expressions3 #a4 ,either you ordered it late or not at all4 #b4 ,he said he neither had money nor time4 #c4 ,we not only bought the books you wished but the games also4 #d4 ,we like the place in which we live both on account of its quietness and its pleasant surroundings4 #e4 ,i shall either go to ,quebec or ,montreal4 #f4 ,either he must spray his trees or expect no fruit4 #g4 ,i neither like the appearance of the shop nor the attitude of the clerks4 #h4 ,they did it both for the sake of your brother and you4 #i4 ,this sample not only is much darker but heavier also4 #aj4 ,they are barred who neither can read nor write4 ,exercise #acj--;,either--or1 ,neither--nor ,these conjunctions are correctly used in speaking of two things only4 ,care must be taken to use or with either and nor with neither4 ,in comparing three or more things use any of them1 none of them1 or no4 ,in the following sentences use only the correct italicized forms3 #a4 ,neither effort nor--or money was spared in the undertaking4 #b4 ,i have considered planting maple1 oak1 and elm trees1 but neither--none of them seems to grow well in this climate4 #c4 ,we do not believe in either enduring oppression nor--or killing the oppressor4 ,we believe in arbitration4 #d4 ,he has no--neither time1 patience1 nor--or energy4 #e4 ,if you ask me which of the three ,i prefer1 ,i'll be frank and tell you ,i like neither--none of them4 #f4 ,three courses will be given in the subject this year2 you may take either--any one of them4 #g4 ,i had already passed three branch roads1 but neither--none of them had looked familiar to me4 #h4 ,i hardly think he accepted any--either of the two offers he received4 #i4 ,neither the doctor or--nor his wife was at home4 #aj4 ,both the books look shop-worn4 ,i'll take neither--none4 ,exercise #aca--;,except1 ,without1 ,unless ,except and without are prepositions1 and are used1 therefore1 to introduce phrases2 unless is a conjunction1 and is used to introduce a clause4 ,in the following sentences insert the correct form1 giving a reason for your choice3 #a4 ---- you leave at once1 you will miss your train4 #b4 ,i cannot learn to swim1 ---- some one teaches me4 #c4 ,i cannot learn to swim ---- a teacher4 #d4 ,no one could do the work ---- me4 #e4 ,john expects to learn ---- studying4 #f4 ,john will discover that he cannot win promotion ---- he works hard4 #g4 ,no one can learn how to spell ---- first learning how to observe4 #h4 ,no one will learn to spell ---- he learns to observe4 #i4 ,no one will succeed ---- he has energy and patience4 #aj4 ,no one will succeed ---- energy and patience4 #aa4 ,you cannot succeed in any way ---- by seizing each opportunity as it comes4 #ab4 ,it is impossible to grow beautiful flowers ---- the soil is good4 ,exercise #acb--,like1 as ,like is followed by a noun or pronoun in the objective case4 ,as is a conjunction and introduces a clause1 and is therefore followed by a verb4 ,like is not a conjunction and therefore may not be substituted for as or as if4 ,wrong3 ,i wish ,i could play like you can4 ,right3 ,i wish ,i could play as you can4 ,insert the correct word in the following sentences3 #a4 ,the picture looks just ---- you4 #b4 ,i haven't a voice ---- my brother's4 #c4 ,i cannot sing ---- my brother can4 #d4 ,he walks just ---- you do4 #e4 ,i hope you will all enjoy the trip ---- ,i did4 #f4 ,for pleasure and exercise ,i think there is no game ----tennis4 #g4 ,he said that the town looked just ---- it had when he was a boy4 #h4 ,i cut the paper just ---- you said ,i should4 #i4 ,he talks ---- his father4 #aj4 ,he has the same sort of drawl ---- his father has4 #aa4 ,she was there ---- you said she would be4 #ab4 ,they worked ---- beavers4 #ac4 ,he looked ---- a tramp4 #ad4 ,to give the stitch the proper twist throw the thread over the needle ---- ,i do4 #ae4 ,he walks ---- he were lame4 ,exercise #acc--;,as--as1 ,so--as ,use as--as in stating equality2 use so--as in negative comparisons4 #a4 ,you will find the new clerks fully ---- courteous as were the old4 #b4 ,you will not find the new clerks ---- courteous as were the old4 #c4 ,elms do not grow ---- well in this climate as do poplars4 #d4 ,we did not carry ---- much advertising this year as we did last year1 and we find that our receipts are smaller4 #e4 ,under our system of individual instruction a student may advance ---- rapidly as his ability permits4 #f4 ,you are not ---- tall as your sister4 #g4 ,i do not seem to learn languages ---- easily as mathematics4 #h4 ,this house is not ---- large as the other4 #i4 ,he is ---- active as he was twenty years ago4 #aj4 ,he is not ---- active as he was twenty years ago4 ,exercise #acd--,miscellaneous ,blunders ,to1 ,too1 ,two ,to is a preposition2 too is an adverb1 and means excessively or also2 two is a numeral adjective4 ,insert the correct form in each of the following sentences3 #a4 ,the ---- sisters discovered that it was ---- late for the #d3ae train4 #b4 ,it is ---- dark in that corner2 come ---- the light4 #c4 ,he spends ---- much time in dreaming1 ---- little in working4 #d4 ,he would have done better if he had not given ---- little heed ---- the advice of his ---- older brothers4 #e4 ---- more hours were passed in the all ---- weary task of waiting4 #f4 ,it was ---- cold ---- stay out more than ---- hours4 #g4 ,you may go ----1 but don't stay ---- long4 #h4 ---- stay there for ---- weeks would be ---- tiresome4 #i4 ,the doctor said that the ---- men were ---- sick ---- go home alone1 and ,i thought so ----4 #aj4 ,about ---- hours ago ,i met ,mary who said that she was going ---- the country ----4 ,there1 ,their #aa4 ---- are seven brothers in ---- family4 #ab4 ---- books are ---- on the table4 #ac4 ---- is no doubt that ---- knowledge of mathematics is greater than ---- knowledge of ,english4 ,were1 ,where #ad4 ---- have you been8 #ae4 ---- you ever on a farm ---- alfalfa is grown8 #af4 ---- ---- you when the report was read8 #ag4 ,i was just ---- you ----4 ,of1 ,have #ah4 ,you should ---- read more distinctly4 #ai4 ,i could ---- done the work if ,i had had more ---- the necessary tools4 #bj4 ,if ,i had tried harder1 ,i might ---- done the work better4 ,,part ,,ii--,,composition3 ,,oral ,,and ,,written ,,chapter ,x ,,oral ,,english ,exercise #ace ,,retell a story that you know or one that the instructor has read to you4 ,see if you can tell the whole story in fairly long sentences without using a single and4 ,you will be allowed to use three and's4 ,as soon as you say the third1 you must take your seat4 ,let the class keep count4 ,the story may be an anecdote1 a fable1 or any other short incident that can easily be told in one or two minutes4 ,you probably have read many such or have heard your father and your mother tell them4 ,a joke that can be told in two or three sentences will not be long enough4 ,the excessive use of and spoils the telling of many stories4 ,it is a mistake to think that the gap between the end of one sentence and the beginning of the next appears as great to the listener as it does to us as we are deliberating what to say next4 ,to avoid the gap we bridge the two sentences with and4 ,its use in this way is hardly ever necessary if we think out a sentence to the end before we begin to speak it4 ,when we have finished the thought1 we should finish the sentence without trying to bind it artificially to the next one4 ,the sentences will be bound together if the thought of one grows out of the thought of the preceding one4 ,if the unfolding of the idea does not seem sufficient to tie the parts1 there are better expressions to use than and4 ,there are short expressions like in this way1 likewise1 moreover1 thus1 therefore1 besides1 as might be expected1 and too4 ,another way to avoid and is to change the form of the sentence3 7#a7 better than the form1 ,i opened the window and saw1 is1 ,opening the window1 ,i saw2 7#b7 better than ,i am going to the store and buy some sugar1 is1 ,i am going to the store to buy some sugar2 7#c7 better than ,there was a boy and his name was ,john1 is1 ,there was a boy whose name was ,john2 7#d7 better than ,i reached home and found that my cousin had arrived1 is1 ,when ,i reached home1 ,i found that my cousin had arrived4 ,in place of and1 therefore1 we may use 7#a7 participles1 7#b7 infinitives1 7#c7 relative pronouns1 and 7#d7 subordinate conjunctions4 ,above all1 avoid and everything1 as in1 ,i washed the dishes and swept the floor and everything4 ,to try thus to complete an idea that is already complete shows childishness4 ,exercise #acf ,very likely in telling the story as suggested above you found yourself frequently using the word so to connect two sentences4 ,perhaps1 too1 you used why to begin sentences4 ,now tell one of your own experiences1 being careful not to use and1 so1 or why4 ,introduce as much conversation as possible4 ,what1 if any1 is the advantage of telling a story in the first person8 ,why is it good to introduce conversation8 ,in your conversation make use of several of the following words3 replied whispered spoke inquired answered agreed cried explained asked exclaimed shouted remarked questioned repeated continued suggested promised maintained objected rejoined interrupted quoted returned added ,exercise #acg ,far too many boys and girls pay but little regard to the matter of choosing the word that will give the exact meaning that they wish to convey4 ,in order to lend force to their words they have formed the habit of speaking in superlatives2 like the girl who said1 ,we had a perfectly grand time1 but ,i'm so beastly tired now that ,i'm nearly dead1 and yet she showed no evidence of suffering4 ,isn't it a pity that our beautiful ,english language should be so degraded in common usage that it loses all its force and meaning8 ,instead of convincing people that she really was tired1 the girl quoted above made herself ridiculous by her exaggeration4 ,yet isn't the quotation a fair example of the speech of many boys and girls8 ,surely everything about us is not either grand or beastly4 ,the habit thus formed is difficult to break1 but it must be broken if we wish to speak our language correctly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,make a list of the slang phrases that you have acquired4 ,for each one substitute a good ,english expression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the reason we must watch our oral ,english closely is that it is in our conversation that our habits of speech are formed4 ,the expressions we use then we unconsciously employ when we are writing or talking to the class4 ,if we are accustomed to use considerable slang when we speak1 we shall have difficulty in eliminating it from our writing or in finding a good word to express the idea for which we usually use slang4 ,as a rule1 slang and extravagant expressions of all kinds are used to serve such a variety of meanings that the use of them tends to limit the vocabulary to these expressions4 ,consider slang something undesirable and stop using it4 ,exercise #ach ,look up the words in each of the following groups4 ,you will notice that there is a resemblance of meaning between all the words of each group1 but that there is also a shade of difference in meaning that distinguishes each word from its companions4 ,discover that shade of difference4 ,use each word in a sentence4 #a4 ,lovely1 beautiful1 pretty1 handsome4 #b4 ,awful1 terrible1 horrible1 dreadful1 fearful4 #c4 ,nice1 pleasant1 delightful1 dainty1 fine1 agreeable4 #d4 ,grand1 imposing1 splendid1 impressive4 #e4 ,love1 like1 adore1 admire1 revere4 #f4 ,smart1 clever1 bright1 quick-witted4 #g4 ,fierce1 ferocious1 wild4 #h4 ,guess1 think1 suppose1 imagine4 #i4 ,hate1 dislike1 despise1 abhor1 detest4 #aj4 ,scholar1 student1 pupil4 ,exercise #aci ,carelessness in speaking frequently results in wordiness1 since the speaker in an effort to be clear or forceful repeats the idea two or three times4 ,such speech is tiresome4 ,in each of the following sentences there are too many words to express the idea4 ,see how many you can omit and yet preserve the meaning4 ,sometimes the sentence needs revision4 #a4 ,i haven't got any time4 #b4 ,where does he live at8 #c4 ,don't stand up2 there's a chair4 #d4 ,the woman she had an accident4 #e4 ,you had ought to take more exercise4 #f4 ,i was just going to go4 #g4 ,i excuse you because you are a new beginner4 #h4 ,i can finish the work in three days' time4 #i4 ,the offices are both alike in all respects4 #aj4 ,he engaged the both of us4 #aa4 ,we applied to ,mr4 ,abbot1 he being the manager4 #ab4 ,my mind often reverts back to the time when ,i began in business4 #ac4 ,that high building that is going up on ,twelfth ,street is going to be twenty stories high when it is finished4 #ad4 ,from his appearance he looked to be in very poor circumstances4 #ae4 ,he is afraid of the results that will ensue if he follows the course that he has planned4 #af4 ,the present state of affairs that is now confronting the public has become what it now is because the citizens are not public spirited4 #ag4 ,the reason why ,i was not at work yesterday was because ,i was not feeling as well as ,i might4 #ah4 ,i shall never forget the terrible sights that ,i saw the time that ,i witnessed the street car collision4 #ai4 ,i have been debating in my mind whether ,i ought to accept the offer4 #bj4 ,he was a mere little child when he first began to work in the mine4 #ba4 ,mix together both the butter and the sugar1 and rub the two of them to a cream4 #bb4 ,the two pieces of cloth are just exactly the same in every way4 #bc4 ,you will find this chair equally as comfortable as the other4 #bd4 ,he said that when he started in his business that he had almost no capital at all4 #be4 ,it was the office of ,morgan ,son where ,i got my experience4 #bf4 ,china is undergoing a vast change at the present time4 #bg4 ,at about the age of fourteen years he left his home town4 #bh4 ,they did it gladly and willingly4 #bi4 ,he always shows great deference and respect when he speaks to those who are in authority4 #cj4 ,he is the proprietor and owner of the ,news4 #ca4 ,you can easily get the training that will make you a competent and efficient high-salaried trained man4 #cb4 ,for sale1 a large1 commodious house1 arranged with every convenience to make it comfortable4 #cc4 ,we are making all the necessary improvements that are needed4 #cd4 ,i went to high school to take up stenography4 ,exercise #adj--,making a ,speech ,one of the most profitable exercises to cultivate clear thinking and consequent clear expression is the making of speeches1 usually spoken of as oral themes4 ,in this exercise a pupil stands before the class to talk upon a subject about which he has thought1 but upon which he has written nothing4 ,he has two objects in view4 ,first1 he must choose those facts that will make his subject clear and interesting to his audience4 ,second1 he must deliver them well2 that is1 he must stand in a good position before the class1 use good grammar1 no slang1 and enunciate so that every one in the room can understand him4 ,if his speech is to be longer than one paragraph1 he should have an outline prepared1 in which each division is clearly indicated1 as well as the important details within each division4 ,in making a speech1 the best way is to start with a clear statement of the subject4 ,suppose you take 7#i7 below4 ,you might begin1 ,i am going to talk of a street car transfer4 ,first1 ,i shall tell you how it looks2 and second1 how it is used4 ,then first1 a street car transfer--7describe it fully74 ,in the second place1 it is used--7give details74 ,after you have explained fully1 to show that you have said all you intend to say1 finish with a sentence of conclusion4 ,therefore1 consequently1 for these reasons1 thus we may see1 are instances of words which may be used to begin a sentence of conclusion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,use each of the following questions as the subject for a speech4 ,answer each question clearly and completely4 ,use illustrations to show exactly what you mean4 #a4 ,what does it mean to be a hero8 #b4 ,what does it mean to be successful8 #c4 ,what does it mean to be unfortunate8 #d4 ,what does it mean to be generous8 #e4 ,what does it mean to be lenient8 #f4 ,what does it mean to be mercenary8 #g4 ,what does it mean to be diffident8 #h4 ,what does it mean to be penurious8 #i4 ,what is a street car transfer8 ,how does it look and how is it used8 #aj4 ,what occupation do you wish to follow1 and why8 ,what preparations are you making8 #aa4 ,why do we have a smoke ordinance8 #ab4 ,why must buildings have fire escapes8 #ac4 ,why do the farmers of ,kansas insure their barns against cyclones8 #ad4 ,what is fire insurance8 #ae4 ,why is ventilation important8 #af4 ,why do so many immigrants come to this country8 #ag4 ,why do cities grow8 #ah4 ,why was the steam engine an important invention8 #ai4 ,why was the telephone an important invention8 #bj4 ,what is the principle of vaccination8 #ba4 ,what is the principle of anti-toxin8 #bb4 ,of what good is the trade union to the laborer8 #bc4 ,why does the employer object to the union8 #bd4 ,what is a monopoly8 #be4 ,what is meant by a corner in wheat8 ,exercise #ada ,in your neighborhood you have frequently noticed a lawn and a garden that are very poorly kept1 the garden needing weeding and the lawn both weeding and mowing4 ,imagine that you go to the owner to make him a proposition4 ,you know the man slightly1 and you have heard that he has a quick temper4 ,know exactly what work you will offer to do and how often you will do it4 ,be careful of your first sentences4 ,let them be especially courteous1 so that you may not offend the gentleman by suggesting that he does not take care of his property4 ,tell him frankly that you would like to earn some money4 ,in this exercise the class will represent the owner4 ,moreover1 they will watch carefully so that they may point out to the speaker wherein his speech was not quite courteous or not quite clear4 ,exercise #adb ,from one of the newspapers cut an advertisement of a position for which you think you can apply4 ,bring the advertisement with you and convince the class that you are fitted for the position4 ,in this exercise you must be exact4 ,choose an advertisement for a kind of work about which you know something4 ,if you have ever had any experience that would fit you for the position1 do not fail to tell of it1 since experience counts for much in the employer's estimate of an applicant4 ,let the class judge whether the speaker has been convincing and whether he has shown the properly courteous attitude toward an employer4 ,let them ask themselves such questions as3 ,is he alert in his manner8 ,does he make one feel that he is capable8 ,does he stand and talk as if he has confidence in himself8 ,is he too meek8 ,does he seem over-confident8 ,let each be able to offer suggestions for improvement4 ,exercise #adc ,imagine that you are an agent4 ,choose an article that is especially useful to housekeepers4 ,try to sell it to the class1 or choose an individual member to whom you wish to sell it4 ,bring a sample with you for the purpose of demonstrating its usefulness4 ,as in the preceding exercise the speaker must strive to be convincing4 ,he must know all there is to be known about the article that he is demonstrating4 ,if it is at all possible1 he should have used it in order that he may explain exactly how it is operated and why it is better than a similar article that the housekeeper probably is at present using4 ,exercise #add ,you wish to start a business and need a certain amount of money4 ,try to convince the instructor or a selected pupil that you need it4 ,be sure that you are able to tell definitely the kind of business for which you wish the money1 where you will start the business1 why you think that this particular location is good1 when you will be able to return the money1 and what security you can give4 ,don't make the mistake of choosing something too big for a boy or a girl to carry through4 ,perhaps the following will be suggestive3 #a4 ,a newspaper stand4 #b4 ,a miniature truck farm in the empty lot next door4 #c4 ,a pop corn wagon4 #d4 ,a fruit cart or stand4 #e4 ,a shoe shining stand4 #f4 ,raising ferns or flowers for sale4 #g4 ,buying vegetables from a farmer and selling them to housewives4 #h4 ,printing business cards and blotters on a small press4 #i4 ,making place cards4 #aj4 ,making valentines4 #aa4 ,painting holiday postal cards or fancy cards for ,christmas1 ,easter1 ,thanksgiving1 and the like4 #ab4 ,printing on postal cards pretty scenes that you have photographed perhaps in your town or at a summer resort4 #ac4 ,making and selling cakes1 doughnuts1 and the like4 #ad4 ,selling crocheted or embroidered articles4 ,exercise #ade--;,elements of ,success ,prepare a short speech on each of the following4 ,wherever possible make your statements clear and forceful by using illustrations or examples4 #a4 ,cheerfulness helps to bring success4 #b4 ,the habit of neatness is an asset4 #c4 ,the habit of punctuality is a necessity4 #d4 ,he was not promoted because he watched the clock4 #e4 ,he was not promoted because his excuse was always1 ,i forgot4 #f4 ,he was not promoted because he learned nothing from his mistakes4 #g4 ,he was not promoted because he was always grumbling4 #h4 ,he was not promoted because he was content to be a second-rate man4 #i4 ,he was not promoted because he ruined his ability by half-doing things4 #aj4 ,he was not promoted because he did not learn to act on his own judgment4 #aa4 ,one to-day is worth two to-morrows4 #ab4 ,experience is an expensive teacher4 #ac4 ,be not simply good--be good for something4 #ad4 ,not failure1 but low aim1 is crime4 #ae4 ,to be successful one must have confidence in himself4 ,exercise #adf ,as in the preceding exercise prepare a speech on each of the following3 #a4 ,a dishonest person cannot succeed4 #b4 ,there is no excuse for discouragement4 #c4 ,you may secure a position through another's influence1 but you keep it through your own merit4 #d4 ,there is always room at the top4 #e4 ,there is no such thing as luck4 #f4 ,the proper attitude toward an employer is one of deference4 #g4 ,a business woman should dress simply4 #h4 ,perseverance is the key to success4 #i4 ,to accomplish much one must work systematically4 #aj4 ,it is possible to cultivate a good memory4 #aa4 ,the ability to converse is a business asset4 #ab4 ,the habit of exaggeration is dangerous4 ,exercise #adg--,successful ,men and ,women ,how can one measure the success of men or women8 ,is it by the money they make8 the land they acquire8 the fame they win8 the good they do8 ,by what means have they won success8 ,was it through favorable circumstances8 strength of character8 favoritism8 physical strength8 mental energy8 daring8 doing what they thought was right in spite of opposition8 or simply doing nothing and waiting for success to come8 ,study the life and character of one or more of the following4 ,have they gained what you consider success8 ,what qualities of character do you recognize in them8 ,would you care to be like any of them8 ,make a list of the habits that you recognize in their life and in the way they worked4 ,make a list of the characteristics of the ones that you study4 ,florence ,nightingale ,frances ,willard ,bismarck ,david ,maydole ,ella ,flagg ,young ,gladstone ,r4 ,l4 ,stevenson ,helen ,gould ,shepard ,marshall ,field ,booker ,t4 ,washington ,jane ,addams ,carnegie ,captain ,scott ,napoleon ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan ,mary ,antin ,franklin ,edison ,daniel ,boone ,lincoln ,roosevelt ,mary ,lyon ,nathan ,hale ,goethals ,exercise #adh--;,debating ,a very great asset in business is the ability to see the truth or the falsity of a statement1 and to advance proofs for or against it4 ,this ability we shall try to acquire through the practice of debating2 that is1 through the making of speeches in which students take opposite sides of the same subject1 trying by the presentation of facts and illustrations to prove that the side which they represent is the correct one4 ,the statement that is thus argued is called a proposition4 ,debating is excellent practice because it teaches not only clear-cut reasoning1 but also forceful expression4 ,if a debater fails to make any of his several arguments convincing1 if he introduces irrelevant matter1 or1 though he has prepared strong proofs1 if he expresses them in incorrect ,english1 the result will be poor4 ,in working out a debate1 therefore1 observe the following carefully3 #a4 ,know your subject thoroughly4 ,if you have insufficient knowledge1 you cannot be convincing4 #b4 ,understand your point of view exactly and explain it clearly4 ,if you and your opponent have different ideas of the word trust1 for example1 you can never argue on a subject that concerns the trusts4 ,define your position first of all4 #c4 ,after you have gathered your facts1 study them as a whole4 ,what three arguments1 let us say1 stand out clearly in your mind as being irrefutable because of the strong proofs you have to back them8 ,these are the ones that you should use2 the rest will probably be of little value4 ,plan to give the weakest of the three first1 so that your argument will gain force as you advance4 #d4 ,work out the details of each argument4 ,a mere statement of each is not enough4 ,it must be supported by many facts and illustrations4 #e4 ,prepare an outline4 ,it will show you whether your arguments follow each other clearly1 whether you have so arranged them as to secure climax4 7,see ,exercise #aeb47 #f4 ,in talking1 follow the plan explained in ,exercise #adj1 being especially careful in conclusion to summarize the proofs that you have presented4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the conclusions that you reach in your arguments must be based upon statements that are true4 ,in the following1 some of the statements are false1 and therefore the conclusions based upon them are false4 ,point out wherein the falsity consists4 ,in others of the following1 irrelevant matter has been introduced4 ,point it out1 explaining why it is irrelevant4 #a4 ,we shall forget a great many facts that we learn at school4 ,therefore it is useless to learn them4 #b4 ,oil should be used instead of water in sprinkling our streets1 because oil does not evaporate so quickly as water1 and so does not allow the dust to rise4 ,moreover1 as the street must be cleaned before the oil is laid1 there is less dust to rise4 ,when the oil lies on the streets1 it is very sticky1 and clings to everyone's shoes4 ,in this way it is tracked into the houses and stores1 making everything dirty4 ,therefore ,i think the streets should be oiled instead of being watered4 #c4 ,half of the keys would not work on the typewriter that ,i used yesterday4 ,this machine will work no better1 as it is made by the same company4 #d4 ,last year ,september was very warm1 and the winter was extreme4 ,this year ,september has been very warm1 and therefore the winter will be extreme4 #e4 ,my cousin never went to high school1 and when he went to work he earned eight dollars a week4 ,i have gone to high school for one year4 ,therefore ,i shall receive more than eight dollars a week when ,i go to work4 #f4 ,when you are working1 your employer will never ask you the definition of a noun4 ,therefore it is unnecessary to know any grammar4 #g4 ,every one should be punctual in doing his work4 ,if he is punctual1 he will be promoted and earn a larger salary4 ,money is a very important item in this world1 but it is not everything4 ,a person must be satisfied with his work so that he can do it cheerfully2 otherwise he will not succeed4 ,therefore ,i think every one ought to be on time4 #h4 ,the day is either sunny or it is not sunny4 ,to-day is not sunny2 therefore it is sunny4 #i4 ,it always rains when ,i wear new shoes4 ,i am wearing new shoes2 therefore it will rain to-day4 ,exercise #adi ,find three reasons for each of the following propositions4 ,state them concisely1 reserving the strongest for the last4 ,as above1 find three reasons against each of the following4 ,expand one of the reasons that you advanced for one of the propositions given below4 ,using your statement as the opening sentence1 develop it into a paragraph by explanations and illustrations4 #a4 ,the high school should have the same session as the grades4 #b4 ,the high school session should begin at eight o'clock and close at one1 with no recess for luncheon4 #c4 ,final examinations shall be abolished4 #d4 ,every high school should teach manual training4 #e4 ,every high school should offer business courses4 #f4 ,every high school pupil should receive a business training4 #g4 ,stenography 7or bookkeeping7 is a more important study than wood-working4 #h4 ,if a pupil fails in the first semester of a subject1 he should be allowed to try the second without repeating the first4 #i4 ,a pupil should not be expected to learn a lesson that he does not enjoy4 #aj4 ,moving picture shows do more harm than good4 ,exercise #aej ,let three or four pupils write upon the blackboard three arguments in support of the same one of the following propositions4 ,then let the class choose from all the arguments given those three or four that they think are best1 giving in each case reasons for their choice4 ,in the same way let them work out the negative of the same proposition4 #a4 ,every city should have a public park in the business district4 #b4 ,the large department stores should be abolished and smaller stores1 selling only one kind of commodity1 established4 #c4 ,the mail order house should be abolished4 #d4 ,it is bad business policy to conduct cut-price sales4 #e4 ,the newspapers are the greatest educators of the time4 #f4 ,billboard advertisements destroy the beauty of a city4 #g4 ,women should be allowed to vote4 #h4 ,labor unions are a benefit to the public4 #i4 ,all government should be conducted on the civil service plan4 #aj4 ,underselling a competitor ruins trade4 ,exercise #aea ,one or two weeks in advance let the class choose three members for each side of one of the following propositions4 ,on the day of the debate let the rest of the class act as judges to decide which side has presented the most convincing arguments in the best ,english4 #a4 ,it is better to be a farm hand than a factory employee4 #b4 ,every girl should prepare herself to earn her own living4 #c4 ,trusts should be regulated1 not abolished4 #d4 ,strikes should be considered illegal4 #e4 ,advertising has increased the cost of living4 7,see ,exercise #aeb47 #f4 ,communism would lower the cost of living4 #g4 ,the business of a city should not be centralized4 #h4 ,labor troubles are brought about because the poor ape the rich4 #i4 ,contentment is better than wealth4 #aj4 ,tariff increases the cost of living4 ,exercise #aeb--,outline for a ,debate ,choose two or four members of the class to develop each side of the following debate4 ,wherever possible1 definite figures should be used4 ,resolved1 ,,that ,,advertising ,,has ,,increased ,,the ,,cost ,,of ,,living4 ,affirmative ,i4 ,modern advertising is world-wide in extent4 7a7 ,practically all classes of articles are now extensively advertised4 7#a7 ,food stuffs2 e4g41 breakfast foods4 7#b7 ,clothing2 e4g41 men's suits4 7#c7 ,luxuries2 e4g41 automobiles4 7#d7 ,investments2 e4g41 real estate4 7b7 ,every possible medium is used4 7#a7 ,newspapers4 7#b7 ,magazines4 7#c7 ,billboards and street cars4 7#d7 ,circulars and booklets4 ,,ii4 ,an enormous amount of money is spent in advertising4 7a7 ,the use of advertising agencies is growing more widespread4 7#a7 ,one agency has made the statement that it has nine men whose salaries amount to #bbg1jjj annually4 7b7 ,more and more companies are engaging advertising managers4 7#a7 ,they draw large salaries4 7x7 ,in many cases1 #aj1jjj annually4 7c7 ,advertising rates are very high2 for example1 7#a7 ,the rate for a certain magazine is #ajjj a page per issue4 7#b7 ,metropolitan newspapers charge as high a rate as #ejj a page per issue4 7d7 ,many advertisers use each issue of a number of mediums1 making the cost run to an enormous total2 for example1 7#a7 ,cream of ,wheat is advertised in every issue of almost every magazine4 ,,iii4 ,the consumer pays for the advertising4 7a7 ,the price that the consumer pays for an article must cover the cost of production and the expense of distribution1 leaving fair margins of profit1 since 7#a7 ,the manufacturer will no longer produce if his profit ceases4 7#b7 ,he is not willing to take the cost of advertising from his profit in manufacturing4 7#c7 ,the dealer will not take the advertising cost from his own profit4 ,,iv4 ,advertising increases prices4 7a7 ,the cost of manufacture and the expense of distribution have been steadily lowered1 and yet prices of articles have steadily advanced2 therefore 7#a7 ,the rise is not due to the cost of manufacture4 7#b7 ,nor to the expense of distribution4 7b7 ,competition necessitates an increased amount of advertising4 7#a7 ,if one firm begins to advertise1 its competitors1 for self-protection1 must follow suit4 7c7 ,competitive advertising raises expenses above the point where there is a fair profit at the old price4 7#a7 ,for a given kind of goods there is usually a certain volume of business1 which grows with population4 7#b7 ,if all the firms competing in those goods increase their expenses by advertising1 they must raise prices to make the same profit as previously4 7d7 ,advertised articles cost more than the unadvertised4 7#a7 ,bulk rolled oats vs4 package rolled oats4 7#b7 ,bulk pickles and relishes vs4 advertised brands4 7#c7 ,bulk macaroni vs4 package goods4 ,negative ,i4 ,the present increased advertising is the result of normal growth4 7a7 ,multiplied manufactures necessarily multiply advertisements4 7#a7 ,every day new products are being put on the market4 7#b7 ,no product has the chance of a sale until it is known4 7#c7 ,in the present scope of community life the advertisement is the most convenient means of acquainting consumers with new products4 7b7 ,any unusual increase in advertising has a reasonable explanation4 7#a7 ,automobile advertising has increased as the automobile has replaced the wagon and carriage1 because of 7x7 ,greater convenience4 7y7 ,lower operating cost4 7#b7 ,prepared breakfast food advertising has increased as these foods have replaced cooked foods1 because of 7x7 ,greater convenience4 ,,ii4 ,increased advertising is done on the scale of old prices4 7a7 ,merchants dare not raise prices to make the consumer pay for the advertising1 since 7#a7 ,they must compete with manufacturers who do not advertise and who have no overhead advertising expense4 7b7 ,the most widely advertised articles are the inexpensive necessary accessories4 7#a7 ,food products4 7#b7 ,soaps and soap powders4 7#c7 ,toilet articles4 7c7 ,they have not advanced in price4 7#a7 ,quaker ,oats4 7#b7 ,ivory ,soap2 ,sapolio4 7#c7 ,mennen's ,talcum ,powder4 ,,iii4 ,widespread advertising works to the advantage1 not the disadvantage1 of the consumer4 7a7 ,it gives new opportunities 7#a7 ,to compare values4 7#b7 ,to buy to the best advantage2 for example1 7x7 ,in advertised bargain sales4 7b7 ,it reduces the cost of production and the selling expense1 thus tending to lower the price4 7#a7 ,by increasing sales1 it reduces the cost per article4 7x7 ,maximum purchasing power means minimum cost to the manufacturer4 7#b7 ,in taking the place of salesmen1 it reduces expenses1 thus lowering the price2 for example1 7x7 ,in mail order firms4 7#c7 ,therefore the advertising expense is unimportant in influencing a higher price4 ,,iv4 ,the most marked price advances have been in the unadvertised necessaries of life4 7a7 ,in breadstuffs4 7#a7 ,less in quantity for higher prices than formerly4 7b7 ,in meats and poultry4 7#a7 ,an advance of from #be per cent to #ajj per cent and more4 7c7 ,in butter and eggs4 7#a7 ,an advance similar to that shown in meats and poultry4 ,exercise #aec--;,additional ,subjects for ,debates #a4 ,the wages of women should be the same as those of men in the same occupation4 #b4 ,the government should grant old age pensions4 #c4 ,employers should be liable for the life and health of employees4 #d4 ,the boycott is a legitimate method of obtaining employees' demands4 #e4 ,national expositions do not benefit the cities in which they are held4 #f4 ,railroad combination lowers rates4 #g4 ,piece-work should be prohibited by law4 #h4 ,national party lines should be discarded in municipal elections4 #i4 ,city governments should be allowed to decide their problems without intervention of the state legislature4 #aj4 ,municipal offices should be appointive and not elective4 #aa4 ,the commission form of government is best for large cities4 #ab4 ,immigration is the cause of municipal evils4 #ac4 ,a personal property tax cannot be levied with fairness4 #ad4 ,the ,united ,states should not further extend its colonial dependencies4 #ae4 ,the ,president should be elected by a direct vote of the people4 #af4 ,ex-presidents of the ,united ,states should become life members of the ,senate4 #ag4 ,the ,president and the ,vice-,president should be prohibited from taking part in political campaigns4 #ah4 ,the ,united ,states should subsidize a merchant marine4 #ai4 ,foreign-built ships1 owned by ,americans1 should be granted the privilege of ,american register4 #bj4 ,the governors of states should not have the power to pardon4 #ba4 ,a three-fourths vote of a jury should be sufficient to render a verdict in criminal cases4 #bb4 ,the coast defenses of the ,united ,states should be increased4 #bc4 ,the farmer is to blame for the high prices4 #bd4 ,the results of ,arctic explorations have not justified the cost4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,choosing ,,subjects ,,in ,chapter ,x definite subjects were assigned for talks4 ,getting a subject for yourself sometimes seems difficult2 you are likely to think that there is no topic upon which you can say more than a few sentences4 ,isn't it true that when you are talking to your friends you seldom are at a loss for something to say8 ,of course1 what your companion says often suggests an idea on which you give your opinion4 ,you speak about things that interest you1 and the words come fairly easily4 ,why not apply the same principle to more formal composition1 whether oral or written8 ,unless a subject interests you1 do not use it4 ,but be careful that you do not reject it as uninteresting until you have thought about it carefully1 considering it from all sides4 ,often one subject will suggest another akin to it1 but more interesting to you because you know more about it4 ,for this reason choose very simple subjects1 and become thoroughly familiar with them by thinking or reading about them1 before you attempt to explain them4 ,sometimes1 again1 you will find that the subject you have chosen is not good because it is not definite enough4 ,you hardly know where or how to begin to explain it1 because it suggests no definite ideas4 ,perhaps1 for instance1 you have decided to write on the automobile and can think of nothing to say until you remember that you once saw an automobile race about which you can tell several interesting details2 or you have seen an automobile accident and can write on the topic ,a ,runaway ,electric4 ,if you can speak or write on a topic taken from your own observation1 your composition will probably be good4 ,you know the facts1 you have an interest in the subject1 and you will very likely say something of interest to others4 ,subjects taken from school life or neighborhood happenings1 especially such things as you yourself have seen1 are excellent4 ,perhaps on your way to school you noticed that several old houses are being torn down4 ,you remember that you heard that a candy factory is to be erected4 ,at once several suggestions for themes will come to you2 as1 ,why the ,factory is ,being ,erected in this ,neighborhood1 ,how ,neighborhoods ,change in a ,large ,city1 ,the ,work the ,wrecking ,company ,carries on4 ,perhaps your father owns property in the neighborhood1 and you could write on ,how ,real ,estate ,values have ,changed in this ,neighborhood4 ,next to your own experience1 the best source from which to draw subjects is your reading4 ,this may be divided into 7#a7 books1 7#b7 magazines and newspapers4 ,recall one of the books that you read in the grammar grades1 perhaps ,the ,courtship of ,miles ,standish4 ,drawing your material from this source1 you can write ,a ,picture of ,early ,plymouth ,days1 or a sketch of ,miles ,standish's character1 using the title ,practice ,what ,you ,preach4 ,but to try to tell the whole story to any one in two or three minutes would result in failure1 for it would be a subject entirely too big to treat in so short a time4 ,all the interesting details would have to be omitted1 and1 if the details are omitted1 the story loses its vitality4 ,it is the newspaper or the magazine1 however1 that offers us the most available source of subjects4 ,practically all that we know of the modern world and of the wonderful progress being made in invention and discovery1 as well as of the accidents and disasters that take place1 we have learned first from the newspaper and have verified later by the articles in magazines4 ,every issue of a newspaper or of a magazine contains suggestions for many subjects4 ,such magazines as ,the ,world's ,work1 ,system1 ,the ,outlook1 ,the ,technical ,world1 and other magazines that deal with technical subjects in a popular way are excellent for this work4 ,a third important source of subjects is the studies that you are now pursuing4 ,every new study affords a new point of view1 which should suggest many topics for oral and written themes4 ,sometimes a good subject is the comparison of two of your studies by which you try to show1 perhaps1 how the one depends on the other4 ,the subject1 of course1 is but the beginning of the composition4 ,developing the subject is fully as important as having a subject to develop4 ,the ability to develop a subject clearly is very important in the business world4 ,a business man sells his goods either by talking or by writing2 by the salesman or by the letter and the advertisement4 ,unless the salesman talks in a convincing way1 he probably will sell few goods4 ,he must know not only what to say1 but how to say it4 ,exercise #aed--,the ,subject as a ,whole ,first1 you must see your subject in its entirety1 as one thing4 ,ask yourself1 ,just what does my title mean8 and if you have not as yet selected a title1 study your subject from all sides until you can see how to narrow it to certain definite dimensions4 ,now you have set a sort of fence around your subject4 ,nothing outside must enter1 but nothing inside must escape4 ,the length of the composition you are to write usually helps you decide on the limits of your subject4 ,if you are writing a book on ,africa1 you might include all that the title suggests to you of exploration1 colonization1 civilization1 and ,christianization4 ,but if you are writing a very short theme--not over three pages--it is evident that the subject must be narrowed4 ,would ,the ,transvaal be good8 ,the ,jungles of ,africa8 ,roosevelt in ,africa8 ,african ,mission ,stations8 ,when ,i think of ,africa ,i think of ,stanley8 99 99 99 99 99 ,which of the following subjects would be good for short compositions1 either oral or written8 ,the oral theme should occupy two or three minutes1 the written perhaps three pages4 ,what is the objection to a one word subject8 #a4 ,manufacturing4 #aa4 ,the dead letter office4 #b4 ,household uses of electricity4 #ab4 ,the clearing house4 #c4 ,the ,constitution of the ,united #ac4 ,business4 ,states4 #ad4 ,honesty in business4 #d4 ,why we celebrate the ,fourth of #ae4 ,physicians should ,july4 advertise4 #e4 ,the destruction of our forests4 #af4 ,paper4 #f4 ,europe4 #ag4 ,how an electric bell works4 #g4 ,the westernizing of ,china4 #ah4 ,electrifying the railroads4 #h4 ,how railroads build cities4 #ai4 ,how to make candy4 #i4 ,the fire drill at school4 #bj4 ,vocational education in #aj4 ,education4 ,germany4 ,exercise #aee--,the ,divisions of the ,subject ,after you have selected your subject1 decide into what divisions it naturally falls4 ,if it is of the proper length1 it probably will divide itself into two or three divisions4 ,each of these will constitute one-half or one-third of your composition1 and within each division illustrations1 reasons1 and explanatory details will appear4 ,arrange the divisions in the order in which they naturally come1 according to their relative time of happening or according to their relative importance1 reserving the most important for the last4 ,sometimes this sort of division is difficult to make1 because a subject can frequently be treated from different points of view1 the point of view deciding the divisions4 ,sometimes you will find that you have made a number of small divisions1 in each of which you can say only one or two sentences4 ,this will at once suggest that you have not found the main parts of the subject1 but have made unimportant divisions4 ,again1 it may seem that you cannot divide your subject into satisfactory parts4 ,in that case1 you probably do not know enough about it4 ,think about it again1 and1 if you find that you really cannot divide it1 choose another4 99 99 99 99 99 ,choose one of the following subjects4 ,is the title definite and clear8 ,if it is not1 change it so that it will be4 ,for example1 ,photography 7#e7 is not a definite title4 ,no one could attempt to explain the entire subject of photography in a few minutes4 ,a better title for a theme would be one of the following3 ,how to ,develop a ,negative2 ,how to ,intensify or reduce a ,negative2 ,our ,camera ,club2 ,the ,photography ,exhibit at the ,art ,museum2 ,kinematography2 ,flash ,light ,pictures without ,smoke or ,odor2 ,the ,conditions ,necessary for a ,good ,snap ,shot ,picture2 ,the ,advantages of ,using a ,developing ,machine2 ,how ,my ,camera ,helped ,pay for ,my ,vacation4 ,can you suggest still others8 ,after having selected your title1 decide into what divisions the subject naturally falls4 ,for example1 let us take 7#b7 below4 ,a ,ball ,game is not a definite title4 ,instead1 let us choose ,last ,saturday's ,football ,game4 ,as stated above1 a subject may be treated from different points of view1 the point of view deciding the divisions4 ,thus1 in treating ,last ,saturday's ,football ,game1 we may divide3 a ,,last ,,saturday',s ,,football ,,game ,i4 ,the first quarter4 ,,ii4 ,the second quarter4 ,,iii4 ,the third quarter4 ,,iv4 ,the fourth quarter4 b ,,last ,,saturday',s ,,football ,,game ,i4 ,the excitement for a week before the game4 ,,ii4 ,the tension during the struggle4 ,,iii4 ,the celebration after the game4 c ,,the ,,two ,,decisive ,,plays ,,in ,,saturday',s ,,game ,i4 ,the long forward pass4 ,,ii4 ,the end run to the five-yard line4 ,still other divisions may be made if we consider the subject from the point of view of the teams or the players themselves4 ,can you suggest any such divisions8 ,in the same way choose one of the subjects given below4 ,change it1 if necessary4 ,then write out the topic of each division in as few words as possible4 #a4 ,an important electrical device4 #b4 ,a ball game4 #c4 ,getting dinner4 #d4 ,the aeroplane4 #e4 ,photography4 #f4 ,how styles change4 #g4 ,the back-to-the-farm movement4 #h4 ,why oriental rugs are expensive4 #i4 ,wireless telegraphy4 #aj4 ,the business course in this school4 ,exercise #aef--,the ,outline ,if your theme consists of more than one division1 before you begin to speak or write you should prepare a definite working plan or outline4 ,it should include enough to suggest the first sentence of each division and the more important details within each4 ,the outline will help you in speaking or writing to arrange the topics so that they will follow one another clearly4 ,if you have an outline1 there will be much less danger of including details which do not belong to the subject and of omitting details which should appear4 ,in the following very simple outlines notice the use of indentation3 #a ,,the ,,problem ,,of ,,keeping ,,our ,,cities ,,clean ,i4 ,the cleaning of streets4 7a7 ,in summer4 7#a7 ,the cost of sprinkling4 7b7 ,in winter4 7#a7 ,the cost of removing snow4 ,,ii4 ,the cleaning of alleys4 7a7 ,the disposal of garbage4 ,,iii4 ,the smoke nuisance4 7a7 ,smoke consumers4 7b7 ,smoke inspection4 #b ,,public ,,gymnasiums ,i4 ,definition of a public gymnasium4 7a7 ,location4 7b7 ,equipment4 7c7 ,management4 ,,ii4 ,benefits to the public4 7a7 ,keeps children off the streets4 7#a7 ,congested districts4 7b7 ,develops them physically4 7c7 ,affords them pleasure4 7#a7 ,outdoor and indoor games4 7#b7 ,bathing at beaches connected with gymnasiums4 ,one more suggestion is in place here4 ,in writing an outline1 be careful that you express similar subdivisions of a topic by similar grammatical elements4 ,for example1 in the first outline above1 7a7 under ,i is a phrase2 7b7 under ,i should be a similar phrase4 ,it would be incorrectly worded ,winter or ,what the winter problem is4 ,what is the advantage of such similarity8 99 99 99 99 99 ,using the divisions you made for one of the subjects under ,exercise #aee1 develop an outline for a theme4 ,exercise #aeg ,choose one of the following subjects2 restrict it or expand it1 if necessary2 select a proper title2 write an outline2 and then write or deliver your composition1 following your outline closely4 ,notice that the shorter your title the more it includes1 and therefore the longer your composition must be to deal adequately with the subject4 #a4 ,giving talks before a class develops self-reliance4 #b4 ,most inventors would not have succeeded without perseverance4 #c4 ,the more training a man has1 the better chance he has to succeed4 #d4 ,most rich men learned to save early4 #e4 ,the value of courtesy in a retail business4 #f4 ,the dangers of football4 #g4 ,the various methods of heating a house4 #h4 ,the sporting page often sells the newspaper4 #i4 ,educational features of the modern newspaper4 #aj4 ,our national game4 #aa4 ,baseball is a better game than football4 #ab4 ,the use of machinery has lowered the cost of manufactured articles4 #ac4 ,how to prevent taking colds4 #ad4 ,athletic contests develop courage4 #ae4 ,qualities essential to good salesmanship4 #af4 ,our debate with ----4 #ag4 ,the qualities of a good street car advertisement4 #ah4 ,a good cartoon4 #ai4 ,learning to swim4 #bj4 ,the trials of washing day4 #ba4 ,birds as money savers4 #bb4 ,birds as destroyers4 #bc4 ,open air as a cure for tuberculosis4 #bd4 ,making a raft4 #be4 ,every one should open a savings account4 #bf4 ,laziness4 #bg4 ,tennis is better than baseball4 #bh4 ,our respiratory system4 #bi4 ,the bad effects of ridicule4 #cj4 ,the good effects of ridicule4 ,exercise #aeh ,recall one of the books that you have read recently4 ,name two subjects that it suggests to you and that you can talk about4 ,write a careful outline for each of them1 and be prepared to speak on one4 ,exercise #aei ,name a subject taken from one of your studies1 history for example4 ,let it be definite enough so that you can tell all the details that you know about it in a speech lasting two or three minutes4 ,use examples and illustrations to make the subject interesting and clear4 ,prepare an outline4 ,exercise #afj ,reproduce an article that you have read in a current magazine4 ,be careful that you make the material your own before attempting to retell it4 ,do not under any circumstances try to memorize the article4 ,understand fully what it says1 make an outline of the facts that you wish to reproduce1 and then give them as if they were your own ideas4 ,at the beginning of your speech tell the name and date of the magazine from which you are taking the facts4 ,exercise #afa ,as has been said1 most of us get our ideas of what is taking place in the world from the articles that we read in current newspapers and magazines4 ,we cannot always form our opinion from what one newspaper on one day says of a particular event4 ,we must read what it says on successive days and1 if possible1 consult other newspapers on the same subject1 for it is well known that not all newspapers are non-partisan4 ,if one in the city is known to be so1 that is the paper to read for the material for this exercise4 ,then1 if we can read what one of the magazines says on the same subject1 our knowledge will probably be more definite and more nearly true4 ,let the class be divided into different sections1 representing different kinds of news2 for example1 national1 local1 foreign1 and business news4 ,under national news1 you can perhaps find articles on national politics1 legislative measures being discussed at ,washington1 rumors of war1 immigration2 under local news1 anything pertaining to the city or the state in which you live2 under foreign news1 anything of interest to any of the other countries of the world2 under business news1 the prices of food products1 strikes1 panics1 and their effect on business conditions4 ,these are but suggestions4 ,such topics change so rapidly that nothing more definite can here be given4 ,when you have been assigned to one of these divisions1 prepare a talk on a topic that you understand thoroughly4 ,begin your talk with a clear statement of your subject1 as explained in ,exercise #adj2 amplify it by details or illustrations2 and end with a sentence of conclusion1 forecasting the future of your topic or restating what you have proved4 ,exercise #afb ,for a week follow the same current event as recorded in the newspaper1 taking notes as you read4 ,then choose from all your material only those facts that belong strictly to one topic4 ,write an outline1 setting forth the facts in logical order4 ,deliver the speech1 following your outline closely4 ,exercise #afc ,let the class choose four or six members one week in advance1 who are to prepare a debate on a topic of current interest4 ,let the other members of the class act as judges or volunteer on either side1 as the instructor may see fit4 ,such debates should occur as often as possible4 ,exercise #afd ,about once a month devote a day to the production of a class paper4 ,let the class choose a name4 ,during the first year let the items be developed into paragraphs4 ,longer compositions should be reserved for the second year4 ,,suggestions ,,for ,,articles ,,for ,,the ,,paper #a4 ,a column of interesting business items clipped from leading papers4 #b4 ,an important news item that would make a good story4 #c4 ,original editorials on one or more of the following3 a4 ,needs or improvements in city1 school1 or home4 b4 ,recent city news4 c4 ,business news4 d4 ,state news4 e4 ,national news4 f4 ,foreign news4 #d4 ,personal experiences1 amusing incidents1 or anecdotes1 preferably of the business world4 #e4 ,for sale advertisements1 or want ads that the class would understand4 ,exercise #afe ,criticise the following outlines4 ,each topic is supposed to represent a division in thought4 #a ,,the ,,wheat ,,harvest #a4 ,a group of reapers4 #b4 ,their costumes4 #c4 ,the field4 #d4 ,starting the harvest4 #e4 ,carting the sheaves to the barn4 #f4 ,the stacks4 #g4 ,the field after the harvest4 #b ,,the ,,tongue #a4 ,what it is4 #b4 ,it is a good thing4 #c4 ,it instructs4 #d4 ,evils done by the tongue4 #e4 ,especially slander4 #f4 ,conclusion4 #c ,,the ,,newspaper ,,strike #a4 ,the cause4 7a7 ,strikers want higher wages4 7b7 ,poverty of the families of the strikers4 7c7 ,police have to protect newsboys against strikers4 #b4 ,disadvantages4 7a7 ,newspapers are losing business4 7b7 ,newsboys sympathize with strikers4 #c4 ,riots4 7a7 ,newsboys hurt and newspapers burned4 7b7 ,police cannot watch all sections of city4 #d4 ,conclusion4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,punctuation ,,when we speak1 we make our meaning clear by the expression that we put into our words and sentences4 ,some sentences we say all in one breath and with not much change in emphasis from one word to the next4 ,we may be pretty sure that such a sentence is short and simple1 with all its elements arranged in their natural order4 ,in this respect compare the sentences given below4 ,notice that the following sentence is spoken as one word group3 ,steam and electricity are making one commercial community of all nations4 ,a part that is subordinate in idea is subordinate in tone2 as1 ,steam and electricity1 which are the greatest of all discoveries1 are making one commercial community of all nations4 ,in the usual order of the sentence the subject comes first4 ,sometimes for emphasis a participial phrase or an adverbial clause precedes the subject4 ,such inversion is always indicated2 as1 ,if the grape crop is large1 the price of grapes is low4 ,sometimes a word or phrase is thrust into the sentence to give clearness or force2 as1 ,if1 on the other hand1 the season is poor1 the price of grapes is high4 ,what1 then1 determines the price of grapes8 ,we cannot become good speakers until we learn to subordinate in tone those groups of words that are subordinate in idea1 and to bring out clearly those groups which1 for one reason or another1 are emphatic4 ,the same thing is true in music4 ,we cannot become good musicians until we learn phrasing2 that is1 until we learn to group the notes to form distinct musical ideas4 ,but when we write our thoughts1 we cannot indicate the tone in which the words are spoken4 ,we must show in some other way which groups of words belong together1 which are important1 and which are subordinate in idea4 ,for this purpose punctuation marks have been invented4 ,when we write1 we unconsciously speak the thoughts to ourselves2 we hear the divisions between the parts of ideas2 and1 if we understand punctuation1 we indicate the divisions4 ,questions #a4 ,why in writing and printing do we separate one word from the next8 ,in ancient writing this was not done4 #b4 ,why do we separate one sentence from the next8 #c4 ,we use punctuation marks for the same reason4 ,explain4 #d4 ,the word to keep in mind in punctuation is separate4 ,if two words belong together in idea1 the two making one idea1 allow them to stand unseparated4 ,if they give two ideas1 separate them by a mark of punctuation4 ,what is the difference in thought in the two sentences that follow8 7a7 ,she is a pretty1 energetic girl4 7b7 ,she is a pretty energetic girl4 ,exercise #aff--,the ,apostrophe 7'7 ,the apostrophe 7'7 is used-- #a4 ,to show the possessive case of nouns 7,see ,exercise #hb72 as1 ,the boy's writing is excellent4 #b4 ,to indicate the omission of one or more letters2 as1 ,i'll attend to the matter4 #c4 ,to show the plural of letters1 figures1 and words that usually have no plural2 as1 ,your #c's are too much like your #e's1 your a's like your u's4 ,don't use so many and's4 ,write sentences in each of which you use one of the following words correctly3 you're we're who's they're your were whose there it's he's don't their its his doesn't ,explain why the apostrophe is used in the following3 #a4 ,i've received no reply4 #b4 ,this month's sales exceed last month's by one thousand dollars4 #c4 ,politics doesn't affect the matter very much4 #d4 ,the mistake was caused by his making his #g's like his #i's4 #e4 ,have you received the treasurer's report8 ,no1 ,i haven't4 ,point out the mistakes in the following3 #a4 ,for sale1 ,a ladies fur coat4 #b4 ,the boy's have gone skating4 #c4 ,we wo'nt worry over the political situation4 #d4 ,lets decide now where were to spend our vacation4 #e4 ,dot your is and not your us4 #f4 ,is this book your's or her's8 ,exercise #afg--;,capitals ,capitals are used for-- #a4 ,the first word of every sentence4 #b4 ,the first word of every line of poetry4 #c4 ,the first word of a quotation 7,see ,exercise #afi74 #d4 ,the first word of a formal statement or resolution2 as1 ,resolved1 ,that women shall be given the right to vote4 #e4 ,the first word of every group of words paragraphed separately in an itemized list1 as in an order for merchandise4 #f4 ,the pronoun ,i and the interjection ,o 7not oh74 #g4 ,the words ,bible and ,scripture1 the books of the ,bible1 all names applied to the ,deity1 and all personal pronouns referring to ,him4 #h4 ,all proper nouns1 proper adjectives1 and words that are considered proper nouns2 as1 a4 ,names of the days of the week1 holidays1 and months of the year1 but not names of the seasons4 b4 ,north1 ,south1 etc41 when they refer to sections of the country1 but not when they refer to a direction or a point of the compass4 c4 ,official titles or titles of honor when they are used in connection with names1 but not when they are used without names2 as1 ,vice-,president ,roosevelt1 ex-,president ,roosevelt4 ,nominations are now in order for vice-president4 d4 ,names of political parties4 e4 ,names of religious sects4 f4 ,names of important events or documents2 as1 ,the ,revolution1 ,the ,declaration of ,independence4 g4 ,the salutation in a letter2 as1 ,dear ,sir1 ,gentlemen4 h4 ,words indicating relationship1 when they are used in connection with a proper name1 or when used alone as a name1 but not when used with a possessive pronoun2 as1 ,we expect ,aunt ,ellen at four o'clock4 ,i expect my mother at four o'clock4 #i4 ,the important words in the title of a book1 play1 or composition4 ,prepositions1 articles1 and conjunctions are not capitalized2 as1 ,the ,call of the ,wild4 #aj4 ,such words as ,paragraph1 ,article1 or ,section1 when accompanied with a number2 as1 ,paragraph #bf1 ,article #c4 #aa4 ,see ,exercise #ge4 ,exercise #afh ,the period 747 is used-- #a4 ,to indicate the end of a declarative sentence2 as1 ,the business is prosperous4 #b4 ,to indicate an abbreviation2 as1 ,the firm of ,clark ,bros4 has opened a new office at #add ,pleasant ,st41 ,erie1 ,pa4 ,the interrogation mark 787 is used-- ,to indicate the end of a sentence that asks a question2 as1 ,when did you order the goods8 ,the exclamation mark 767 is used-- ,to indicate the end of a sentence or other expression that shows strong feeling2 as1 ,such demands are inhuman6 ,frequently1 all that shows exactly how the writer wished his thought to be understood is the punctuation4 ,the same words may express different ideas according to the mark of punctuation that follows them4 ,read the following to show the meaning that the writer wished to convey by each4 ,explain the circumstances under which each might have been spoken4 #a4 ,the price is too high4 #b4 ,the price is too high6 #c4 ,the price is too high8 #d4 ,the crop will not be good4 ,there'll be no corn4 #e4 ,corn6 ,there'll be no corn6 #f4 ,you didn't tell him that4 #g4 ,you didn't tell him that6 #h4 ,you didn't tell him that8 #i4 ,you are enjoying yourself4 #aj4 ,you are enjoying yourself8 #aa4 ,you are enjoying yourself6 ,exercise #afi--,quotation ,marks 7 7 #a4 ,when a speaker's words are quoted exactly1 they should be enclosed in quotation marks4 ,this is called a direct quotation4 ,he said1 ,the business is growing4 ,notice that the word said is followed by a comma1 and that the quotation begins with a capital letter4 #b4 ,if the quotation itself is a question1 although it forms part of a declarative sentence1 it requires an interrogation mark before the quotation mark2 as1 ,have you been waiting long8 ,she opened the door and said1 ,have you been waiting long8 #c4 ,the same applies to a quotation that requires an exclamation mark2 as1 ,look6 ,he cried1 ,look6 #d4 ,when the words of explanation follow the quoted words1 the punctuation is as follows3 7a7 ,when the quotation is a declarative sentence1 put a comma after the quotation and begin the words of explanation with a small letter2 as1 ,the business is growing1 he said4 7b7 ,when the quotation is a question1 conclude it with an interrogation mark1 and begin the words of explanation with a small letter2 as1 ,have you been waiting long8 she asked4 7c7 ,when the quotation is an exclamation1 conclude it with an exclamation mark1 and begin the words of explanation with a small letter2 as1 ,look6 he cried4 #e4 ,when the author's words of explanation interrupt the speaker's words1 the punctuation is as follows3 7a7 ,when the interrupted parts are not naturally separated by any punctuation mark1 the comma is used as follows3 ,i do not believe that the report is true4 ,i do not believe1 he said1 that the report is true4 ,notice in what way the quotation marks show that the words he said do not belong to the quoted words4 7b7 ,whatever mark of punctuation would naturally appear between the interrupted parts must be used2 as1 7#a7 ,i shall buy the ,boston ferns2 they seem to require but little care4 ,i shall buy the ,boston ferns1 she said2 they seem to require but little care4 7#b7 ,oh6 ,the flames are higher6 ,oh6 she cried4 ,the flames are higher6 #d4 ,division into sentences is made within a quotation just as elsewhere4 ,when the thought ends1 the sentence must end4 ,the different sentences1 however1 must not be divided by quotation marks2 as1 ,the train came in1 said he1 half an hour ago4 ,i do not see them in the waiting room4 ,i think they did not come4 #e4 ,when a quotation is very long1 consisting of several paragraphs1 quotation marks should be placed at the beginning of the quotation1 at the beginning of each succeeding paragraph1 and at the end of the quotation--not at the end of each paragraph4 #f4 ,when a quotation occurs within a quotation1 the one within is distinguished by single marks2 as1 ,john explained1 ,after ,i had told ,mr4 ,brown how ,i thought the work could be done more easily1 he said1 ',thank you for your suggestion4' #g4 ,any words quoted from a book or article1 or any words quoted with a special significance1 such as slang1 should be enclosed in quotation marks2 as1 ,the day of the salesman who is satisfied with the good old way is fast passing4 #h4 ,a formal question1 statement1 or resolution for a debate is not enclosed in quotation marks2 as1 ,the question we are to discuss is1 ,shall women vote8 ,exercise #agj ,punctuate the following1 dividing into sentences wherever the sense demands division3 #a4 ,thank you for your suggestion said ,mr4 ,brown #b4 ,mr4 ,brown said thank you for your suggestion #c4 ,thank you said ,mr4 ,brown for your suggestion #d4 ,if you will ask the shipping clerk ,i volunteered ,i think you can get definite information #e4 ,how can we enforce the law asked the man #f4 ,the law cried the man how can we enforce the law #g4 ,tell me said the man how we can enforce the law #h4 ,tell me this said the man how can we enforce the law #i4 ,the question before us is how can we enforce the law #aj4 ,john whispered did you hear his mother say yes you may go #aa4 ,as ,i was walking along the river he continued ,i heard a voice cry help #ab4 ,halt shouted the captain the bridge is down #ac4 ,the captain shouted halt the bridge is down #ad4 ,we cannot cross said the captain the bridge is down #ae4 ,the bridge is down said the captain and ,i fear there is no other way to cross #af4 ,is the bridge down asked the captain does no one know another way to cross #ag4 ,the captain said the bridge is down do you know another way to cross #ah4 ,what shall we do asked a soldier if the bridge is down #ai4 ,do cried the captain swim that's what we'll do #bj4 ,as we were riding along spoke up one of the soldiers ,i heard a farmer shout you fellows better try the bridge lower down ,exercise #aga--;,indirect ,discourse ,in the preceding exercise we saw different forms of direct quotations1 or direct discourse4 ,in each case1 the speaker's words were quoted exactly4 ,when the substance of the thought is given in slightly different form1 we have an indirect quotation1 or indirect discourse1 in which no quotation marks are used4 ,an indirect quotation is usually a subordinate clause depending on a word of thinking1 saying1 telling1 or the like4 ,indirect statements are usually introduced by that1 and indirect questions by when1 where1 why1 whether1 if1 who1 which1 what1 and the like4 ,when a sentence is changed from direct to indirect discourse1 the person and usually the tense of the direct quotation are changed2 as1 ,direct3 ,he said1 ,i do not believe the report4 ,indirect3 ,he said that he did not believe the report4 ,direct3 ,he said1 ,germany is over-populated4 ,indirect3 ,he said that ,germany is over-populated4 7,see ,exercise #ajg47 ,direct3 ,she said1 ,i did my work before ,i went to school4 ,indirect3 ,she said that she had done her work before she went to school4 ,direct3 ,i have finished my work1 said the girl4 ,indirect3 ,she says that she has finished her work4 ,direct3 ,why didn't he succeed8 ,i asked4 ,indirect3 ,i asked why he had not succeeded4 ,direct3 ,when may ,i go8 she inquired4 ,indirect3 ,she inquired when she might go4 ,in the following change the italicized parts to direct quotations4 ,do not change the paragraphing4 #a ,,the ,,seal',s ,,lesson ,the baby seal said that he could not swim4 ,his mother answered that he could try4 ,the little fellow persisted that he could never learn4 ,his mother looked at him sternly1 and said that every seal must learn to swim4 ,he replied that the water was cold and that he liked the sand better1 but because his mother insisted1 he slid into the water whimpering4 ,after he had gone a short distance1 he turned around and called out that the water was much pleasanter than the sand4 ,his mother said that she knew that it would be so4 ,she said that young people must do as they are told because they have not had enough experience to judge for themselves4 #b ,a ,,faithful ,,servant ,a certain old time king said that he needed a servant who could be depended upon4 ,he said he knew that such a man is difficult to secure1 and in the hope of getting the right one1 he would hire two4 ,when he had engaged them1 he took them to a well and1 showing them a large basket1 told them to fill it with water4 ,he said that he would return at night to see what they had done4 ,the men were very much in earnest when they began the work1 but1 after pouring five or six bucketfuls of water into the basket1 one of them stopped and said that he did not see any use in doing that because1 as soon as he poured the water in1 it ran out again1 and his time was lost4 ,his companion replied that the kind of work that their master gave them was no concern of theirs2 that they were paid to do the work2 and1 whether it seemed useful to them or not1 they ought to do it4 ,the first speaker said that the other man could do as he pleased1 but1 as for him1 he did not expect to waste his time on such foolish work4 ,throwing his bucket down1 he walked off4 ,the one that was left continued at the work until about sunset1 when he had nearly emptied the well4 ,looking into the basket1 he saw something glittering4 ,stooping to look more closely1 he found in the basket a ring of great value which his bucket had scooped up from the mud at the bottom of the well4 ,he said that now he knew why the king had wanted the water poured into the basket4 ,shortly afterward1 when the king came up with some of his officers and saw the ring in the basket1 he knew that the man had obeyed him1 and he said that he knew he could trust him1 and as a reward for obedience he would make him master over other servants4 ,exercise #agb--,the ,paragraph in ,dialogue ,in conversation the words of each speaker1 together with the author's words of explanation1 form one paragraph4 ,whenever the speaker changes1 the paragraph changes2 as1 ,mimer1 boldly said the god ,odin to the gray old guardian of the well where wit and wisdom lie hidden1 ,mimer1 let me drink of the waters of wisdom4 ,truly1 ,odin1 answered ,mimer1 it is a great treasure that you seek and one which many have sought before but who1 when they knew the price of it1 turned back4 ,then replied ,odin1 ,i would give my right hand for wisdom willingly4 ,nay1 rejoined the remorseless ,mimer1 it is not your right hand1 but your right eye1 you must give4--,keary3 ,the ,heroes of ,asgard4 ,however1 when one speaker talks at length1 what he says is formed into paragraphs according to the divisions into which it falls4 7,see ,chapter ,,xiv47 ,when a short quotation is simply part of a paragraph1 it is punctuated as follows3 ,this1 however1 was of use to me1 the impression continuing on my mind4 ,often when ,i was tempted to buy some unnecessary thing1 ,i said to myself1 ,don't give too much for the whistle1 and ,i saved my money4 ,paragraph the following3 #a ,on the next morning we had gone but a mile or two when we came to an extensive belt of woods1 through the midst of which ran a stream1 wide1 deep1 and of an appearance particularly muddy and treacherous4 ,in plunged the cart1 but midway it stuck fast4 ,then approached the long team and heavy wagon of our friends1 but it paused on the brink4 ,now my advice is1-- began the captain1 who had been anxiously contemplating the muddy gulf4 ,drive on6 cried ,r4 ,but ,wright1 the muleteer1 apparently had not as yet decided the point in his own mind4 ,he sat still in his seat on one of the shaft-mules1 whistling in a low1 contemplative strain to himself4 ,my advice is1 resumed the captain1 that we unload2 for ,i'll bet any man five pounds that if we try to go through1 we shall stick fast4 ,by the powers1 we shall stick fast6 echoed ,jack1 the captain's brother1 shaking his large head with an air of conviction4 ,drive on6 drive on6 petulantly cried ,r4 ,well1 observed the captain1 turning to us as we sat looking on1 ,i can only give my advice2 and if people won't be reasonable1 why1 they won't1 that's all6--,parkman3 ,the ,oregon ,trail4 #b ,rebecca walked up the lane and went to the side door4 ,there was a porch there4 ,seated in a rocking-chair1 husking corn1 was a good-looking young man4 ,rebecca was a trifle shy at this encounter1 but there was nothing to do except explain her presence2 so she asked1 ,is the lady of the house at home84 ,i am the lady of the house at present1 said the stranger with a whimsical smile4 ,what can ,i do for you8 ,have you ever heard of the--would you like--er ,i mean1 do you need any soap8 queried ,rebecca4 ,do ,i look as if ,i do8 he responded unexpectedly4 ,rebecca dimpled4 ,i didn't mean that2 ,i have some soap to sell2 ,i mean ,i would like to introduce to you a very remarkable soap1 the best now on the market4 ,it is called the-- ,oh6 ,i must know that soap1 said the gentleman genially4 ,made out of pure vegetable fats1 isn't it8 ,the very purest1 corroborated ,rebecca4 ,no acid in it8 ,not a trace4 ,and yet a child could do the ,monday washing with it and use no force8 ,a babe1 corrected ,rebecca4 ,oh6 a babe1 eh8 ,that child grows younger every year1 instead of older--wise child6--,wiggin3 ,rebecca of ,sunnybrook ,farm4 ,change the following from indirect to direct discourse and paragraph3 ,when ,whittier went on his first fishing trip1 it was a day in early summer4 ,the long afternoon shadows lay cool on the grass4 ,the boy said that the flowers seemed brighter and the birds merrier than ever before4 ,when they came to a bend in the river1 his uncle said that this was a good place to try4 ,he told the boy to throw out his line as he had seen others do and move it on the surface of the water in imitation of the leap of a frog4 ,the boy did as he was told1 but he caught no fish4 ,his uncle said that he should try again4 ,suddenly the bait sank out of sight1 and the boy cried out that he had caught a fish at last4 ,as he spoke1 he pulled up a tangle of weeds4 ,his uncle said that he should try again1 because fishermen must have patience4 ,in a moment the boy felt something tug at his line1 and as he jerked it up1 he saw a fine pickerel wriggling in the sun4 ,in uncontrollable excitement he called out to his uncle1 telling him to look at the big pickerel4 ,his uncle said that the boy didn't have it yet1 and as he spoke there was a splash in the water1 and the boy's hook hung empty4 ,his uncle assured him that there were more fish in the river1 but the boy would not be comforted4 ,his uncle smiled shrewdly and told ,whittier to remember never to brag of catching a fish until it was on dry land4 ,he said that he had seen older people doing that in more ways than one1 and so making fools of themselves4 ,he said that it was better not to boast of doing a thing until it was done4 ,exercise #agc--,the ,comma 717 ,rule #a4--,the comma is used to separate a direct quotation from the words of explanation4 ,for illustration see the foregoing exercises4 ,write the following from dictation2 then compare your version with the original3 ,literature1 the ministry1 medicine1 the law1 and other occupations are hindered for want of men to do the work4 ,to test this statement thoroughly you need only hunt up a first-class editor1 reporter1 business manager1 foreman of a shop1 mechanic1 or artist in any branch of industry and try to hire him4 ,you will find that he is already hired4 ,he is sober1 industrious1 capable1 reliable1 and always in demand4 ,he cannot get a day's holiday except by courtesy of his employer1 or of his city1 or of the great general public4 ,but if you need idlers1 shirkers1 half-instructed1 unambitious1 and comfort-seeking editors1 reporters1 lawyers1 doctors1 and mechanics apply anywhere4--,mark ,twain4 ,rule #b4--,the comma is used to separate the members of a series4 ,exercise #agd ,divide the following into sentences and supply the necessary commas3 ,abraham ,lincoln was a tall strong powerfully built boy he could lift a load cut down a tree or build a fence more quickly than any one else in the neighborhood his perseverance in his boyhood helps us to appreciate the firm true steady hand that guided our country through its great crisis ,lincoln unceasingly showed his wise brain his great courage and his kindness of heart his character was not made in a day nor a month nor a year it was built up after years of yearning years of striving and years of hard work4 ,in the above point out the instances where the comma is used-- #a4 ,when several nouns follow one another1 all being in the same case4 #b4 ,when several adjectives follow one another1 all modifying the same noun4 #c4 ,when a succession of phrases modifies the same noun4 ,this kind of succession is called a series4 ,each new member gives a new idea1 the comma being used to help the reader to separate one from the next with ease4 ,notice that the comma is used between the last two members before the cordinate conjunction as well as between the other members4 #b ,dear ,sir3#a ,you can make no mistake in buying ,,bcl ,power ,co4 bonds now the company supplies power to mines and towns of ,colorado ,utah and ,idaho it furnishes electric light and power to ,ophir ,ouray ,ames ,pandora and other towns in ,colorado in ,utah it supplies light to ,mescal ,eureka ,provo ,logan and ,bingham it also furnishes power for the street railway systems of ,salt ,lake ,city ,farmington and ,ogden4 ,the bonds offer such good security good interest and ready convertibility that we expect our allotment to be heavily oversubscribed will you therefore send us your order before ,monday4 ,yours truly1 #c ,imagine the scene3 a little hollow in the prairie forming a perfect amphitheater the yellow grass and wild oats grazed short a herd of horses staring from the slope ,i myself standing in the middle like a ring-master in a circus and this wonderful horse performing at his own free will4 ,he trotted powerfully he galloped gracefully he thundered at full speed he lifted forelegs to welcome he flung out hind legs to repel he leaped as if springing over bayonets he pranced and curvetted as if he were the pretty plaything of a girl and finally he trotted up and snuffed about me--just out of reach4 #d ,dear ,madam3#d ,our ,style ,book shows you the best of the season's styles for ladies misses and children it contains illustrations of the latest kinds of long coats of skirts in the most fashionable cuts and materials of hats that are new and particularly becoming and of dresses with the newest sleeves and collars we are especially sure that you will like our waists they are artistic in design stylish in cut and excellent in workmanship they are selected from the leading fashion centers are the creations of the best costumers and always have individuality twenty years of selling goods by mail have given us experience skill and knowledge that make it certain we can please you4 ,the enclosed coupon is good for fifty cents on a five dollar order one dollar and twenty-five cents on a ten dollar order and two dollars on an order for fifteen dollars or more this offer expires ,september #cj4 ,yours truly1 #e ,increased wages shorter hours and perhaps lower efficiency for the hours worked have done more to raise the cost of living than almost anything else this higher cost of production we see on the farm in the factory in transportation in merchandising and even in domestic service we cannot double the cost of excavating brick-laying plumbing and decorating and expect not to double the rents that we must pay the cost of building has increased as the demands of laborers increased as their hours of work decreased and as their wages advanced the materials that go into a building the transportation of that material the labor of assembling it and the labor of fashioning it into a building have all advanced in price4 ,moreover1 high living has a great deal to do with the high cost of living because it has made most of us think that we must have more conveniences more luxuries more clothes and more amusements than our fathers had with a return to the thrift of our fathers with a return to their desire for work we shall no longer feel the grip of the high cost of living there is a real danger to our nation in our extravagance in our indifference to cost in our sweep toward ease and idleness and in our growing antipathy for work4 ,exercise #age ,write five sentences illustrating series of words2 five illustrating series of phrases2 and five illustrating series of clauses4 ,exercise #agf ,write the following from dictation3 #a ,,the ,,government',s ,,laundry ,some of the paper money in circulation is so dirty that one feels the need of gloves in handling it1 and the suspicion that it is germ laden might well be verified4 ,it has often been said that money spreads contagious diseases1 nor can such a statement be questioned when one remembers that money goes into every kind of home and is handled by many infected persons4 ,the government has long felt that something should be done to lessen this means of spreading disease1 and a machine has finally been invented that will wash and iron the dirtiest bills until they look almost as fresh as new ones4 ,the entire cost of operating the device is hardly fifty cents for each thousand bills1 but it is estimated that it will save the government as much as a million dollars a year4 #b ,,luck ,,and ,,labor ,luck is ever waiting for something to turn up2 labor with keen eyes and strong will turns something up4 ,luck lies in bed and wishes the postman would bring him news of a fortune2 labor turns out at six o'clock and with busy pen or ringing hammer lays the foundation of a competence4 ,luck whines2 labor whistles4 ,luck relies on chance2 labor on character4--,cobden4 ,the selections given above illustrate the compound sentence4 ,notice the thought expressed in these sentences4 ,there is usually an idea of balance or contrast1 and the two halves of the sentence express the two halves of the idea4 ,the two members are usually distinct enough to require a comma before the conjunction4 ,if the conjunction is omitted1 a semicolon must separate the two members1 as in the second selection above4 ,rule #c4--,the comma is used before the cordinate conjunction in a compound sentence4 ,if the conjunction is omitted1 a semicolon must be used4 ,exercise #agg ,separate the following into compound sentences and punctuate3 #a ,sawdust as a fire extinguisher sounds absurd but recent experiments in ,boston have proved it to be successful in quenching fires in tanks of oil and other inflammable liquids the ,boston experiments were conducted with tanks of burning varnish but the same principles seem to apply to tanks of burning oil the floating sawdust forms a blanket that shuts off the air from the flames and the lack of oxygen causes the fire to die out the experiments were tried with both wet and dry sawdust and the dry material seemed to extinguish the fire as quickly as the wet4 #b ,select the kind of business that suits your natural inclination and temperament some men are naturally mechanics others have a strong aversion to machinery because they do not understand it some men are imaginative others are purely practical some prefer active work others like sedentary employment all should select those occupations that suit them best4 #c ,certain ,western railroads have long felt the need of a new material for sleepers and they have been experimenting for some time past with cocobolo or ,japanese oak the wood is so hard that it is almost impossible to drive spikes into it and screwed spikes in bored holes are used these sleepers will cost a trifle more than those made from ,american oak but they are expected to last twenty-five or thirty years the reason for experimenting with foreign woods is that native oak is becoming scarce and it is deemed wise to search in time for a substitute4 #d ,dear ,sir3 ,we wrote you on the third but as yet no word has come of your decision in regard to the investment you were considering at #dge ,second ,avenue let us have your order and we shall at once prepare the contract of sale the building is an especially attractive offering at #i1ejj and we feel sure that you will find the return from it unusually large4 ,yours very truly1 ,exercise #agh ,when an adverbial clause or a participial adjective phrase is put at the beginning of a sentence to secure emphasis1 it is called an initial clause or participial phrase4 ,a comma separates it from the independent clause to help the reader to see where the subordinate idea ends and where the main idea begins4 ,rewrite the following from dictation1 noticing the punctuation of initial elements3 ,if a city is to be kept in good condition1 every citizen must pay his share of the expense4 ,if the dreadful epidemics are to be exterminated1 there must be a good board of health to see that everything is kept sanitary4 ,when the health officers do their work well1 the health of the city improves4 ,in order that the decrees of the health department and of the courts may be enforced1 there must be a good police department4 ,besides having these advantages1 cities need good streets and good schools4 ,because all of these good things cost a great deal of money1 high taxes must be levied to pay for them4 ,rule #d4--;,an initial clause or participial phrase must be set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma4 ,exercise #agi ,punctuate the following3 #a ,although cotton seed used to be considered worse than rubbish there now come from it every year millions of dollars in profit4 ,formerly if it was not hauled away to rot it was usually dumped into a neighboring stream and there it did much harm even if we had the space it would be impossible to explain all the products now made from the seed paper and an excellent meal for cattle may be made from the hulls but the most important products are made from the kernels besides making meal for cattle they are readily converted into crude oil according to the degree of refining that it receives this oil may appear as oil for miner's lamps lard compounds or salad oils as an illustration of the way in which modern manufacturers utilize former waste products the cotton seed is supreme4 #b ,when you sell your old clothes to the ragman do you know that they come back to you as writing paper because the metal buttons buckles and hooks that are often left on the garments cannot be converted into paper they used to be a source of annoyance to the papermaker although the cloth sorters tried to remove them before the garments went into the pulp vats some were overlooked if any found their way into the pulp they tore holes in the paper and often damaged the rollers in order that such danger may be avoided the pulp is now passed through a series of magnetized rakes as the rakes are passed to and fro every bit of metal clings to them when a quantity of such bits of iron is collected it is sent to the foundry to return to us in many new forms4 #c ,dear ,sir3 ,investigating your complaint of the fifth instant we found that the furniture which you ordered on the tenth of last month left our factory on the fifteenth if all had gone well you would have received the articles on or about the twentieth as you surmised the delay in the arrival of the goods is due to a mistake on the part of the railroad company although the goods were properly billed to you they were allowed to go on to ,columbus if you do not receive them within ten days' time let us hear from you again4 ,yours truly1 #d ,dear ,sir3 ,complying with your request of the #ajth inst4 ,i am sending you particulars of the property which ,i wish to sell as ,i told you when ,i was in your office last week the price at which ,i am holding the building is #bj1jjj if the buyer prefers not to assume the mortgage of #aj1jjj ,i think ,i can get the mortgagee to agree to accept present payment for the note that he holds against me unless the buyer agrees to pay the unpaid taxes for last year and the assessments levied for improvements already made ,i shall not consider a sale4 ,after all preliminary arrangements are made if you will prepare a contract of sale and forward it to me ,i will have the abstract brought down to date and secured by a guaranty policy4 ,since ,i presume that the prospective purchaser has examined the property and is satisfied to pay the price for it in its present condition ,i would suggest that you do nothing more toward securing bids for rebuilding the porches4 ,yours very truly1 ,exercise #ahj ,write five sentences containing initial participial phrases4 ,write five sentences containing initial adverbial clauses4 ,exercise #aha ,the comma is used to separate the month from the year1 the city from the county or state1 the company from the place in which it is operated1 or the like2 as1 ,in ,december1 #aiab1 ,i wrote to you from ,seattle1 ,washington4 ,this use of the comma indicates that words have been omitted1 the sentence above really meaning1 ,in ,december of the year #aiab ,i wrote to you from ,seattle in the state of ,washington4 ,the same use is shown in such sentences as1 ,of the three stenographers ,mary received fifteen dollars a week2 ,ellen1 twelve2 ,susan1 ten4 ,rule #e4--,the comma is used to indicate the omission of words4 ,supply the necessary commas in the following3 #a4 ,the bonds will be taken over on or before ,october #a #aicd4 #b4 ,on ,january #a #aiac the company had outstanding #d1jjj1jjj of stock of the par value of one dollar a share4 #c4 ,the offices are at ,salt ,lake ,city ,utah4 #d4 ,the transaction was officially conducted between the ,power ,bond ,share ,co4 ,new ,york and the ,pacific ,power ,co4 ,tacoma ,washington4 #e4 ,a late announcement of the ,census ,bureau tells us that the center of population of the ,united ,states is four and one-quarter miles south of ,unionville ,monroe ,county ,indiana4 #f4 ,many mechanical devices in common use may be traced to the patterns furnished by nature4 ,thus the hog suggests the plow2 the butterfly the ordinary hinge2 the toadstool the umbrella2 the duck the ship2 the fungus growth on trees the bracket4 #g4 ,the per capita saving in the banks of the ,united ,states in #ahbj was twelve cents2 in #ahcj fifty-four cents2 in #ahdj eighty-two cents2 in #ahej #a4hg2 in #ahfj #d4ge2 in #ahgj #ad4bf2 in #ahhj #af4cc2 in #ahij #bd4ge2 in #aijj #ca4gh2 in #aiaj #de4je2 and it is still increasing4 #h4 ,the population in #ahbj was #aj1jjj1jjj and in #aiaj #ij1jjj1jjj4 #i4 ,mexico draws about #ee of her imports from the ,united ,states2 ,nicaragua about #ej2 the other ,central ,american states from #ce to #ge2 ,venezuela #ca2 ,cuba #eb4 #aj4 ,in one decade ,germany's exports to ,latin-,america have shown an increase of #bbb2 those of the ,united ,kingdom an increase of #aae2 and those of the ,united ,states an increase of #acj4 ,write five sentences illustrating ,rule #e4 ,exercise #ahb--;,explanatory ,expressions ,there are a number of expressions--words1 phrases1 and clauses--which are inserted into the sentence for clearness or emphasis4 ,they add a bit of explanation but are not absolutely necessary4 ,in other words1 they might be omitted1 and the sentence would still be clear4 ,these may be of various kinds but are all similar in use4 ,they should be set off by commas so that the reader will easily see that they are subordinate to the main idea of the sentence4 ,a4 ,the appositive is a word or a group of words inserted lo explain the noun that it follows4 7,see ,exercise #hj47 ,explain the use of the commas in the following sentences3 #a4 ,william ,e4 ,curtis1 one of the world's ablest newspaper correspondents1 in his will expressed the hope that his grandson would continue his life-work1 a recital of the good that men had done and not of the crimes they had committed4 #b4 ,the new device1 the adding machine1 has greatly lessened office drudgery4 #c4 ,wall street1 the great center of business life1 fixes stock prices4 #d4 ,the people in moderate circumstances1 the excellent middle class of a country1 suffer most from the strain of high prices4 #e4 ,the ,montreal ,tramways ,company1 the first company to introduce pay-as-you-enter cars1 started its business in the winter of #ahfa with a very simple equipment1 two horse-drawn sleighs4 #f4 ,the ,early ,gem musk melon1 one of the best shipping melons grown1 is a cross between the ,rocky ,ford and the ,emerald ,green varieties4 #g4 ,in making up our collections and bargain offers for this year1 we have arranged to put up a ,surprise ,box1 one hundred packages of selected vegetable and flower seeds4 #h4 ,the ,chinese ,giant1 a new variety of sweet pepper1 produces branching plants about two feet in height4 #i4 ,amundsen1 the discoverer of the south pole1 is a native of ,norway4 ,rule #f4--,the comma is used to separate an appositive from the rest of the sentence4 ,write five sentences illustrating the use of the comma to set off an appositive4 ,exercise #ahc--;,explanatory ,expressions ,similar in use to appositives are-- ,b4 ,words1 phrases1 or clauses that separate the subject from the predicate verb1 the verb from its object1 or the like4 ,in the natural order of the sentence the verb immediately follows the subject and the object follows the verb4 ,when1 for the purpose of explanation1 something is inserted between the two1 it should be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas4 ,words that are thus inserted are called appositive or parenthetical expressions and are illustrated in the following3 ,in ,ohio and ,kentucky enterprising individuals1 evidently taking the suggestion from the popular rural delivery service1 have established ice cream routes4 ,ice cream wagons travel the country roads at stated times so that1 with no more trouble than is required to answer the postman's whistle1 dwellers on the farms can now secure the hot weather luxury at reasonable prices4 ,the plan1 so far as one can tell from present indications1 gives promise of meeting with great success4 ,rule #g4--,parenthetical expressions should be set off by commas4 ,punctuate the following3 #a ,the politics of the city as well as those of the nation must be kept clean4 ,the most intelligent men of the community not the least intelligent should make our political speeches and be our political leaders4 ,the very opposite we must confess is what we see too often4 ,many business men steadily pursuing their own ends during the day feel that they cannot devote time to politics4 ,we need not search far to discover that too many of them even if they have the time do not care to give it4 ,at election the most influential business and professional men either through lack of interest or through laziness stay at home instead of going to the polls4 ,the men who are elected in nine cases out of ten are not fit to hold office4 ,the blame belongs every one will agree to those who do not vote4 #b ,england as most people know is becoming vastly interested in the production of cotton in the ,soudan4 ,this state of affairs for more reasons than one is a matter of interest to the ,american manufacturer as well as to the ,american cotton planter4 ,egyptian cotton ranking next to our own sea-island in length and strength of fiber is wanted because of the brilliant finish it gives4 ,for the manufacture of fine goods including sateens ,india linens and mercerized goods as well as for mixing with silk it has been found very valuable4 ,cotton growers expect that the enlargement of the ,assouan dam will eventually redeem about a million acres from the desert in ,lower ,egypt and although not more than half will probably be planted to cotton it will increase ,egypt's output about twenty-five per cent4 ,our ,department of ,agriculture after having experimented for years has developed and acclimated in ,california a variety of ,egyptian cotton superior several experts say to the real ,egyptian4 ,it now rests with the planters any one can see to decide whether ,american manufacturers will get their fine cotton at home or abroad4--,the ,wall ,street ,journal4 #c ,for several reasons some of them certainly unworthy people on both sides of the ,atlantic are talking of the perils of a yellow invasion4 ,it is true that in the past various invasions have been attended with evil but civilization has passed on into an age when migrations even the mightiest that the world has seen are taking place silently and steadily for the good of all4 ,there is no reason to suppose that the overflow and interflow of nations heretofore synonymous with the progress of humanity should bring to us anything but good4 ,commerce is to lead the van in the new movement of the nations as it has in the past and the merchant consciously or unconsciously is going to anticipate and guide the statesman4--,the ,commercial and ,financial ,chronicle4 #d ,the prevailing spirit at least among a certain class of young business men seems to be that the saving of little things in the course of the day consumes time entirely out of proportion to the value of the things saved but like all general rules it is carried too far by young men who could hardly employ their time to better advantage than in saving good though minor materials that would otherwise be lost4 ,the man who originated the idea probably found it correct for himself but like all principles catering to indifference regarding details the idea is too readily adopted by many young men who can ill afford its practice4 ,no one wishes a man to be parsimonious but he should not allow anything to be wasted which can with a reasonable exercise of effort be saved4 ,exercise #ahd--;,explanatory ,expressions ,c4 ,independent elements are words1 phrases1 or clauses that have no direct grammatical relation with any other word in the sentence4 ,they are really a kind of parenthetical expression1 but have less connection with the sentence than those given under ,b4 ,the following is an argument against the trusts4 ,the italicized expressions are independent elements4 ,what different kinds do you discover8 ,gentlemen1 the big problem before us to-day1 therefore1 is the trusts4 ,shall the people control the trusts1 or shall the trusts control the people8 ,to state the question differently1 shall we all continue to keep a voice in government1 or shall we turn our power over into the hands of a few and let their word be law8 ,this centralizing of power1 by the way1 was the evil men tried to remedy by forming republics1 and shall we ,americans1 do you think1 be willing to sacrifice all that has been gained for us of liberty8 ,the answer being self-evident1 let us proceed4 ,it seems that the little violator of law can be punished2 the big violator cannot be1 or1 at any rate1 is not punished4 ,the trusts1 most people know1 are formed to destroy competition4 ,their reason for destroying competition1 evidently1 is to swell profits by charging all that the trade will bear4 ,the trust1 finally1 is not a method of doing business1 but a scheme for levying tribute4 ,rule #h4--;,independent elements are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas4 ,punctuate the following3 #a ,,new ,,york1 ,may #ab1 #ai--4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,r4 ,stevenson1 #ejaj ,prospect ,ave41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,dear ,sir3 ,you are no doubt now planning your summer vacation before you make any new plans however consider the opportunity that we are offering you to see a new and marvelously beautiful world for little more very likely than the cost of an ordinary vacation at the summer hotel to which you usually go4 ,the idea of summer travel in the ,tropics it may be is new to you comparatively few people unfortunately have yet awakened to its possibilities they do not realize at least not fully that the climate in ,jamaica ,panama and the ,central and ,south ,american countries is practically the same throughout the year moreover the transportation rates are much lower than they are in the ,north and the incidental expenses of travel such as carriage fare and the cost of curios are considerably less rough weather too is almost unknown in the summer4 ,possibly as you live on the shores of ,lake ,michigan you have been considering a week's cruise of the great lakes at an expense certainly of #dj or more and along coasts that you have seen doubtless many times before we offer a number of trips varying in length from twelve to twenty-four days and in cost from #ej to #acj to ,jamaica ,panama and ,central and ,south ,america thus for ten dollars more you may sail twice as long pass shores much more beautiful visit cities far more strange and return with a new almost magical store of memories4 ,you are wondering perhaps how it is that we can offer these remarkably low rates the reason briefly told is that our ships carry an exceptionally large amount of freight however do not think merely because our ships carry freight that they are not splendidly equipped for passenger travel on the other hand they are so luxuriously furnished that they are especially fitted for tropical cruises you are missing an unusual opportunity we assure you if you do not more fully investigate our offer4 ,yours very truly1 #b ,we are learning year by year that as a rule financial independence cannot be secured by most men except by saving the savings bank is of course the first place to invest savings because it will receive small sums and pay an interest on them when a man's savings however have reached #ajjj for example what shall he do with his money he has not the time or the knowledge probably to watch his investments he wishes therefore to put his money where it will be safe where it will earn a fair rate of interest and if possible where he can on short notice convert it into cash4 #c ,a man is an investor usually at least by virtue of his savings a woman on the other hand invests because she has received a legacy this may take the form of course of property securities cash or life insurance it is the function of sound investment most people know to surround funds of this nature with strong security the selection of conservative investments it is evident must be made with care those companies naturally that deal in conservative securities are the ones a prospective investor should consult4 #d ,not long ago the editor of a financial journal received a letter of inquiry from a woman she had she said only two thousand dollars if she invested it as some of her friends had advised her to do in a well-known security she could not live on the proceeds she had consequently made a connection with a brokerage house and was making a living by buying and selling speculative stocks her list by the way showed a profit of #ejj in four months what she wanted to know of course was how she could make the gain a second time in effect she was told to take her profits and run as fast as she could she will not in all probability take the advice and in a few months possibly weeks she will write again for help in rescuing her last few hundred dollars she will have learned at last that the way to keep her money is to save it but she will not by that time in all likelihood have any money to save4 ,exercise #ahe--;,explanatory ,expressions ,d4 ,the explanatory relative clause4 ,similar to the appositive is the explanatory relative clause4 ,like an appositive1 it is inserted into the sentence for the purpose of explanation and is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas4 ,because of this similarity1 it is sometimes called an appositive relative clause4 ,great care must be taken in punctuation to distinguish a clause that may be omitted from the sentence without destroying the meaning from one that may not be omitted4 ,the appositive clause may be omitted4 ,a restrictive clause1 because it restricts the meaning of the word it modifies1 may not be omitted4 ,because it is needed for the sake of clearness1 it is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas4 ,to distinguish an appositive clause from a restrictive clause1 the former is called a non-restrictive clause4 ,notice the difference between the following3 #a4 ,the ,commonwealth ,edison ,company1 which controls the electric light and power supply of ,chicago1 was organized in #aijg by the consolidation of the ,chicago ,edison ,company and the ,commonwealth ,electric ,company4 ,the sentence makes complete sense without the relative clause4 #b4 ,the concern that controls the electric light and power supply of ,chicago is the ,commonwealth ,edison ,company4 ,the relative clause must be used to understand the sentence4 ,in 7#a7 the relative clause gives an additional idea4 ,in 7#b7 it limits or restricts the meaning of the concern4 ,the non-restrictive clause is shown in 7#a71 the restrictive clause in 7#b74 ,dictation to illustrate non-restrictive clauses3 ,it is estimated that ,chicago annually uses #ic1dej1jjj gallons of milk1 for which it pays over #bh1jjj1jjj4 ,to supply this amount #abj1jjj cows are needed1 which are owned by #ab1jjj dairy farms4 ,health officers conduct a systematic dairy farm inspection1 which has for its purpose the exclusion of diseased milk4 ,farm owners1 who formerly objected to the inspection1 now see that cleanliness is profitable4 ,authorities have discovered that milk1 which easily absorbs germs1 is dangerous except when produced under sanitary conditions1 and now dairies are allowed to sell only clean1 pure milk1 which is milk given by a healthy cow4 ,phrases as well as clauses may be restrictive4 ,in the following sentences decide whether the italicized expressions are restrictive or non-restrictive4 ,state whether they are phrases or clauses4 ,do any of the sentences need commas8 #a4 ,the man wearing the brown coat is my brother4 #b4 ,my brother bought a new coat which is brown4 #c4 ,the lesson that ,i take at nine o'clock is ,english4 #d4 ,in ,english which ,i take at nine o'clock we are studying punctuation4 #e4 ,i am going to work in every city that ,i visit4 #f4 ,i am going to work in any city where ,i can find employment4 #g4 ,i am going to work in ,denver where my uncle lives4 #h4 ,the house on the hill is the oldest in town4 #i4 ,the house that is the oldest in town is used as a museum4 #aj4 ,the ,franklin ,museum which occupies the oldest house in town is a very interesting place4 #aa4 ,the town museum is the place that ,i like to visit4 #ab4 ,the chimney that was blown down last night in the storm should have been mended long ago4 #ac4 ,the old ruined tower which has long been a picturesque sight in the village was blown down last night4 #ad4 ,we counted ten chimneys that were blown down last night4 #ae4 ,the stenography system that ,i studied is ,munson's4 #af4 ,i think she uses ,munson's which she considers a good system of stenography4 #ag4 ,last year ,i pursued a course in stenography which ,i enjoyed very much4 #ah4 ,the book that we use in class has a brown cover4 #ai4 ,the only milk that is fit to drink comes from a clean dairy4 #bj4 ,systematic inspection has been carried on which has resulted in securing better milk4 ,rule #i4--;,a non-restrictive clause should be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas4 ,exercise #ahf ,punctuate the following3 #a4 ,we have an enormous crop of cotton the value of which is estimated at one billion dollars4 #b4 ,the root of the mail order evil is the idea which the retail mail order houses have been able somehow to instill into the minds of the buying public that the local merchants ask too much for their goods4 #c4 ,mr4 ,hilton who was sales manager at that time induced the company to adopt this system4 #d4 ,the lecture will be delivered by ,mr4 ,brenton who is the head of the advertising department of ,whitlock ,co4 #e4 ,our dog whose fur was wet by his plunge into the lake came running toward us4 #f4 ,genevieve who had always been the leader in the games was not present4 #g4 ,a late product of the brain of ,george ,westinghouse who was the inventor of the air brake and numerous electrical devices is an air spring for automobiles4 ,this little article has been patented by ,mr4 ,westinghouse who has the sole ownership4 ,the spring which has already proved popular with automobile owners fits over the end of the regular spring and makes good roads out of bad ones4 #h4 ,careful selection of investments upon which the safety of your money depends is often difficult4 ,careful watching of investments which is fully as essential is much harder4 ,let us tell you about our ,investment ,service which does this watching for you and keeps you fully protected4 #i4 ,as a direct result of the conference between the railroad and steamship interests of the ,south-,atlantic and ,gulf cotton ports which was held recently at ,hot ,springs ,va4 an organization which will be known as the ,south ,atlantic and ,steamship ,cotton ,inspection ,bureau has been created4 ,the bureau will have a chief inspector who will supervise the conduct of its business at all ports and will arrange for the employment of the inspectors4 ,according to the rules and regulations copies of which have been received by the cotton agencies and the export departments of the various ,new ,orleans firms any bale that shows external damage from water mud bad bagging or other causes must be condemned and its condition noted and reported4 #aj4 ,how would you like to wear a hat that has been handed down through six generations in each of which it was a treasured possession8 ,the ,italian peasants who love finery are proud to do that very thing4 ,very few of the poorer people who live in ,italy own a hat4 ,when you see a beautifully woven ,leghorn hat which is also very dirty on the head of a little peasant child you may be pretty sure that she is celebrating her birthday by wearing the family heirloom4 ,these hats which are sometimes willed to a favorite relative and which in some instances go the round of the family are considered almost priceless4 ,it is a frequent sight along the dusty roads outside the little towns to see untidy old women who are sauntering along twisting twine as they go all vanity under the flopping brim of an antiquated hat4 ,this is almost the only souvenir that tourists' money cannot buy4--,the ,chicago ,tribune4 ,exercise #ahg--;,explanatory ,expressions ,e4 ,when the subordinate element that comes at or near the close of the sentence gives an additional idea1 following the more or less complete idea in the rest of the sentence1 it should be set off by a comma2 as1 ,a signature clerk will easily recognize any alteration in a signature1 although thousands of checks pass through his hands daily4 ,he gave a statement of the affairs of the company1 explaining that he wished to make a loan4 ,rule #aj4--;,a terminal adverbial clause or participial phrase giving an additional idea should be set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma4 ,punctuate the following3 #a4 ,popular-priced goods are the safest for a retail stock however you consider the subject4 #b4 ,a sheriff seldom finds large quantities of popular-priced goods on hand when he comes to take possession of any retail store although he usually finds expensive articles4 #c4 ,they bring higher prices relatively than the heavier things even when they are disposed of under forced sale4 #d4 ,the catalogue houses have little fear for five-and-ten-cent stores because sixty-eight per cent of their business is in big goods such as furniture vehicles sewing-machines clothing and relatively expensive things4 ,they do not wish to increase the sale of popular-priced articles although their catalogue may be full of them because it costs them more to pack one hammer or trowel than the profits can stand4 #e4 ,steel conditions remain about as they have been for several weeks excepting that the price of rails has been advancing for the last few days4 #f4 ,steel men are of the opinion that to increase prices too rapidly would spoil a good market because most of the mills are so filled up with orders that they would not be able to take advantage of increased quotations for some time to come4 #g4 ,the steel business for the last three months has been very encouraging as it shows that railroads are dropping their policy of waiting until the last minute to buy4 ,it will probably mean more normal operation of mills instead of spasmodic workings as has been the case for the last few years4 #h4 ,boraxated soap chips will benefit your tableware and your hands making dishwashing a pleasure instead of a task4 #i4 ,the man who works to the limit of his physical powers is as foolish as the manufacturer who immediately invests all his profits in his business neglecting to have a reserve fund for unexpected demands4 #aj4 ,a wide-awake manager tries plan after plan testing and re-testing them until he can apply them to his company's needs4 ,write four sentences illustrating ,rule #aj4 ,exercise #ahh ,punctuate the following letters1 supplying a heading and an introduction for each3 #a ,dear ,madam3 ,we wish to acknowledge your letter of recent date assuring you that we thank you for the opportunity you have given us of opening a monthly charge account in your name4 ,we shall spare no effort to make every transaction as satisfactory as possible hoping thus to merit a liberal share of your patronage4 ,our bills are rendered on the first of each month being payable between that date and the fifteenth4 ,yours very truly1 #b ,dear ,mr4 ,warner3 ,in reply to your inquiry ,i am sending the following information assuring you that ,i am glad to be of service to you4 ,the ,lancaster ,company has apparently abandoned its plan of erecting a new building this year difficulties having arisen it is said in their securing a suitable location4 ,about two years ago the firm purchased a site on the corner of ,harrison and ,second streets but they sold it again last year taking advantage of a decided rise in real estate values4 ,it is understood we believe that the company will build in the near future even now having two or three possible sites under consideration4 ,sincerely yours1 #c ,dear ,sir3 ,we offer you the benefits and privileges of our ,special ,charge ,account whereby purchases may be paid for in weekly or monthly installments4 ,you will find this a most convenient arrangement because it permits you to have a charge account without the usual hardship of payment at a fixed time4 ,moreover a ,special ,charge ,account costs you nothing since our prices are the same whether you pay cash or have purchases charged4 ,please fill out the enclosed application blank mailing it to us to-day4 ,you will no doubt enjoy reading the enclosed booklet as it gives much interesting information on fashion tendencies4 ,the illustrations too are unusually attractive although they hardly do justice to the beautiful garments that we sell4 ,yours truly1 ,exercise #ahi ,study the punctuation in the following selections from ,the ,wall ,street ,journal2 then write them from dictation3 #a ,,trouble ,,in ,,introducing ,,steel ,strange as it now seems1 said one of ,carnegie's young men1 now the vice-president of a large and prosperous corporation in ,new ,york1 in the early days of the steel industry we had the greatest difficulty in the world in weaning the old manufacturers away from the use of wrought iron1 though they admitted the superiority of steel4 ,they would look at it1 test it1 and agree that it seemed to possess all the desirable qualities claimed for it1 but it was more or less untried by time1 and they preferred to stick to the old wrought iron1 with which they were familiar4 ,i remember one old chap with whom ,i had wrestled long1 but in vain1 coming into my office and picking up a long1 soft steel rivet1 which had been bent double and hammered flat4 ',how many did you break in making this8' he asked1 picking it up and examining it curiously4 ',that's the first one we hammered over1 and1 what is more to the point1 we can do it with all steel of that type1' ,i replied4 ,the polite incredulity in his face stirred my professional pride1 and ,i said1 ',if ,i let you go to the mills1 pick out a dozen of those rivets just as they come from the rolls1 and hammer them with your own hands1 will you use that steel hereafter1 if it comes up to the test8' ,he said he would1 and the rest was easy1 for it is much easier not to break than to break that kind of steel4 ,before long the old man came back with perspiration dripping from the end of his nose but with the light of conviction shining in his eye4 ,the firm had a new customer4 #b ,,conservation ,leslie ,m4 ,shaw1 former ,secretary of the ,treasury1 was in ,new ,york1 attending a meeting of a board of which he is a member4 ,something was said about the present-day discussion of money power1 and ,shaw said that it reminded him of a speech he had made in ,seattle in the campaign of #ahif4 ,i was speaking to a filled hall and had almost finished1 said ,shaw1 when a long-whiskered man arose about the middle of the hall and held up his hand1 saying he wanted to ask a question4 ',go ahead1' ,i said4 ',how1 then1 ,mr4 ,speaker1 do you explain the unequal distribution of wealth8' was his question4 ,when ,i answered him with1 ',in the same way that ,i explain the unequal distribution of whiskers1' bedlam broke loose4 ,as soon as ,i could get quiet restored1 ,i said3 ',now don't think ,i returned the answer ,i did to make fun of your whiskers4 ,you will observe that ,i have no whiskers1 as ,i dissipate them by shaving them off4 ,nature gives me abundance of whiskers1 and1 if ,i conserved them as you do1 ,i also should be abundantly supplied4 ,now1 it is the same way with money4 ,the man who conserves his money has more than his share1 as with whiskers2 while the man who dissipates his money is without his allotment4' ,exercise #aij--,the ,semicolon 727 ,the semicolon is used between the propositions of a compound sentence when no cordinate conjunction is used4 7,see ,exercise #agf1 #b47 ,it is not work that kills men2 it is worry4 ,it is important not to overdo this use of the semicolon4 ,do not use it unless the two principal clauses of the sentence taken together easily form one idea4 ,especial care must be taken not to confuse cordinate conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs4 ,the following are conjunctive adverbs3 then1 therefore1 consequently1 moreover1 however1 so1 also1 besides1 thus1 still1 otherwise1 accordingly4 ,when they are used to join principal clauses1 they should be preceded by a cordinate conjunction or a semicolon2 as1 ,fruit was plentiful1 and therefore the price was low4 ,fruit was plentiful2 therefore the price was low4 ,when there is a series of phrases or clauses1 each of which is long and contains commas within itself1 the sentence becomes clearer if the members of the series are separated by semicolons instead of by commas2 as1 ,you know how prolific the ,american mind has been in invention2 how much civilization has been advanced by the steamboat1 the cotton-gin1 the sewing-machine1 the reaping-machine1 the typewriter1 the electric light1 the telephone1 the phonograph4 ,write the following from dictation3 #a ,no man can deny that the lines of endeavor have more and more narrowed and stiffened2 no one who knows anything about the development of industry in this country can fail to have observed that the larger kinds of credit are more and more difficult to obtain1 unless you obtain them upon the terms of uniting your efforts with those who already control the industries of the country2 and nobody can fail to observe that any man who tries to set himself up in competition with any process of manufacture which has been taken under the control of large combinations of capital will presently find himself either squeezed out or obliged to sell and allow himself to be absorbed4--,woodrow ,wilson3 ,the ,new ,freedom4 #b ,if the total amount of savings deposited in the savings banks were equally divided among the population of the country1 the amount apportioned to each person in #ahbj would have been twelve cents2 in #ahcj1 fifty-four cents2 in #ahdj1 eighty-two cents2 in #ahej1 #a4hg2 in #ahfj1 #d4ge2 in #ahgj1 #ad4bf2 in #ahhj1 #af4cc2 in #ahij1 #bd4ge2 in #aijj1 #ca4gh2 in #aiaj1 #de4je1 and it is steadily increasing4 ,remember the fact that the population had increased from #aj1jjj1jjj in #ahbj to over #ij1jjj1jjj in #aiaj2 the rainy day money1 therefore1 assumes gigantic proportions4 #c ,in ,germany1 says ,the ,scientific ,american1 wood is too expensive to be burned1 and it is made into artificial silk worth two dollars a pound and bristles worth four dollars a pound2 into paper1 yarn1 twine1 carpet1 canvas1 and cloth4 ,parquet flooring is made from sawdust2 the materials may be bought by the pound and then mixed1 so that the householder can lay his own hardwood floors according to his individual taste and ingenuity4 #d ,the country gentlemen and country clergymen had fully expected that the policy of these ministers would be directly opposed to that which had been almost constantly followed by ,william2 that the landed interest would be favored at the expense of trade2 that no addition would be made to the funded debt2 that the privileges conceded to ,dissenters by the late king would be curtailed1 if not withdrawn2 that the war with ,france1 if there must be such a war1 would1 on our part1 be almost entirely naval2 and that the government would avoid close connections with foreign powers and1 above all1 with ,holland4--,macaulay4 ,exercise #aia--,the ,colon 737 ,the colon is always used to indicate that something of importance follows1 usually an enumeration or a list of some kind1 or a quotation of several sentences or paragraphs2 as1 #a4 ,three things are necessary3 intelligence1 perseverance1 and tact4 #b4 ,the buffalo supplies them with almost all the necessities of life3 with habitation1 food1 and clothing2 with strings for their bows2 with thread1 cordage1 and trail-ropes for their horses2 with coverings for their saddles2 and with the means of purchasing all that they desire from traders4 #c4 ,quoting from the current number of the ---- ,magazine1 he read3 7four paragraphs74 ,punctuate3 #a4 ,for the first fifty miles we had companions with us ,troche a little trapper and ,rouville a nondescript in the employ of the fur company4 #b4 ,about a week previous four men had arrived from beyond the mountains ,sublette ,reddick and two others4 #c4 ,reynal was gazing intently he began to speak at last ,many a time when ,i was with the ,indians ,i have been hunting gold all through the ,black ,hills there's a plenty of it here you may be certain of that ,i have dreamed about it fifty times etc4 #d4 ,objects familiar from childhood surrounded me crags and rocks a black and sullen brook that gurgled with a hollow voice among the crevices a wood of mossy distorted trees4 ,exercise #aib ,the colon is used after thus1 as follows1 the following1 or similar expressions2 as1 ,name the adverbs in the following3 ,he left hurriedly rather early in the morning4 ,the colon is not used after namely1 as1 that is1 for example1 for instance1 and the like4 ,such expressions are preceded by the semicolon and followed by the comma4 ,punctuate the following3 #a4 ,the ,christmas presents that he wants are the following a toy train a toy automobile a toy circus and a printing press4 #b4 ,do the exercise thus first lunge to the left second raise the arms forward and third wind the wand4 #c4 ,we are offering for sale three residences of the size that you wish namely #dch ,bishop ,ave #afad ,winchester ,st and #bjae ,logan ,square4 #d4 ,the following are the two that we liked best #dch ,bishop ,ave and #bjae ,logan ,square4 #e4 ,one use of the comma is to set off an appositive for example ,mr ,kearne the buyer has left the city4 #f4 ,the comma is used to set off an independent adverb as ,we have not yet decided however when we shall leave4 #g4 ,the plan is this ,i'll do the work and you pay for the materials4 #h4 ,the officers are as follows ,edward ,lawrence for ,president ,john ,kelly for ,secretary and ,fred ,morrison for ,treasurer4 ,exercise #aic--,the ,dash7--7 ,the dash is used to set off parenthetical expressions that have very little connection with the rest of the sentence2 as1 ,in ,new ,york the ,harlem ,river tunnel was comparatively a simple one1 but the first ,east ,river tunnels--the two subway tubes from the ,battery to ,brooklyn--presented all the difficulties known to subaqueous construction4 ,these tunnels extend on under the great ,pennsylvania terminal building--another of the same decade's accomplishments--to ,east ,thirty-fourth ,street4 ,the dash is also used to indicate a sudden change or break in the thought2 as1 #a4 ,when the millennium comes--if it ever does--all of our problems will be solved4 #b4 ,i believe-- began the lawyer4 ,believe6 interrupted his client4 ,i don't want you to believe4 ,i want you to know4 ,the dash is used before a word that summarizes the preceding part of the sentence2 as1 ,he had robbed himself of the most precious thing a man can have in business--his friends4 ,after a comma the dash has the effect of lengthening the separation2 as1 ,one thing the ,puritans desired1--freedom to worship ,god4 ,exercise #aid--,parenthesis ,marks 77 ,parenthesis marks are used to enclose explanatory expressions that are not an essential part of the sentence2 as1 ,the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture estimates that the receipts of cattle at the six leading markets 7,chicago1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,kansas ,city1 ,south ,omaha1 ,st4 ,joseph1 and ,sioux ,city7 from ,january #a to ,august #a of this year are #ae per cent less than they were in the corresponding period of last year4 ,wrong4--,do not use parenthesis marks to cancel a word or a passage4 ,a line should be drawn through a word that is wrong4 ,bring to class five sentences that illustrate the correct use of parenthesis marks4 ,exercise #aie--,the ,hyphen 7-7 ,the hyphen is used when a word has been divided4 ,it is always used at the end of the line and never at the beginning4 ,when several short words are taken together to form one word1 they are hyphenated2 as1 a one-hundred-pound bag of coffee ,as a rule1 when two words taken together are each accented1 they must be written with the hyphen4 ,when only one is accented1 no hyphen is used2 as1 follow-up1 first-class1 self-reliant1 railroad1 steamship ,as a rule1 nouns which are compounded of a participle and a noun use the hyphen2 as1 talking-machine1 driving-wheel ,when fractions are written out1 the hyphen is used2 as1 one-third1 three-fifths ,in other numerals expressing a compound number the hyphen is also used2 as1 twenty-one1 sixty-six ,exercise #aif ,punctuate the following letters1 supplying a heading and an introduction for each3 #a ,gentlemen3 ,we are glad to tell you that contrary to the fears expressed in your last letter there are no present indications of sudden changes at least no indications of drops in prices4 ,with the exception of two fruits and one vegetable grapes cantaloupes and cauliflower all commodities sold on the wholesale fruit and produce markets here were quoted yesterday at the prices announced last ,friday4 ,the change in grape prices affected the ,red ,peru variety in which the supply has almost stopped the price being raised from #a4je to #a4be a box4 ,if one may trust the forecast of local merchants the price will probably remain at this higher point until the supply is exhausted4 ,cantaloupes seem to be a trifle scarce especially the pineapple variety the price of which was raised from #a4aj to #a4cj a crate4 ,cauliflower was raised to #a4ce a dozen heads the staple price probably for the rest of the season4 ,excepting these items we shall be glad to receive any orders at ,friday's quotations4 ,yours truly1 #b ,gentlemen3 ,your order of the #bjth instant forwarded from our ,trenton office came this morning4 ,we regret to say however that we do not carry the ,sanito brand of canned goods as we do not consider the grade first-class4 ,if the ,monsoon brand which is generally acknowledged to be excellent will serve your purpose we can fill your order at once4 ,we are now in a position to supply the trade with ,mrs4 ,keller's coffee of which we have fortunately secured several thousand packages at a very low price4 ,if you wish any at #b4ej per dozen packages less than half the retail price you will notice let us hear from you at once4 ,yours truly1 #c ,dear ,sir3 ,we acknowledge your letter of ,october #e but we regret that as yet we have no information in regard to the excess charge of #a4jb which you were obliged to pay on the express shipment of one piece #bg yds4 of plaid silk chiffon4 ,we have taken up the matter with the mill however and as soon as we receive their report we shall write you again4 ,asking your indulgence meanwhile we are ,yours truly1 ,,footnote3 #d ,supply heading and introduction 7see page #bcb74 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,clear ,,sentence ,,business men like to talk of brevity4 ,they tell you that a talk or a letter must be brief4 ,what they really mean is that the talk or the letter must be concise2 that it must state the business clearly in the fewest possible words4 ,don't omit any essential fact when you write1 but don't repeat4 ,if you can express an idea in ten words1 don't use twenty4 ,in a later exercise we shall meet the sentence1 ,the size of the crops is always important1 and it is especially so to the farmer1 and this is because he has to live by the crops4 ,the writer of that sentence was very careless4 ,he had a good idea and thought that1 if he kept repeating it1 he would make it stronger4 ,just the reverse is true4 ,the sentence may be expressed in a very few words3 ,the size of the crop is vitally important to the farmer4 ,if you wish to secure conciseness of expression1 be especially careful to avoid joining or completing thoughts by these expressions3 and1 so1 why1 that is why1 this is the reason1 and everything4 ,in this chapter we shall consider some of the larger faults that should be avoided in sentences4 ,exercise #aig--,unity of the ,sentence ,give the definition of a sentence4 ,how many thoughts may one sentence express8 ,what is likely to happen when two thoughts are joined by and8 ,what1 then1 is the danger in using the compound sentence8 ,the compound sentence is good to use to express certain ideas1 especially contrast2 as1 ,it is not work that kills men2 it is worry4 ,it is not the revolution that destroys the machinery1 but the friction but it is the friction4 ,the sentences which most clearly and easily give us one thought are the simple and the complex sentences4 ,compare the following sentences4 ,which of them leave one idea in your mind8 ,the tongue is a sharp-edged tool4 ,a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener with constant use4 ,a sharp tongue is like an edged tool1 and it grows keener with constant use4 ,exercise #aih ,the following is wordy4 ,rewrite it1 condensing as much as possible4 ,use simple and complex sentences rather than compound1 expressing in each only one thought4 ,in the early summer the corn crop frequently seems to be very poor1 and so reports begin to circulate that corn will be high in the autumn1 but when the autumn really comes1 ,wall ,street1 that great center of business life1 begins to see that the reports have been greatly exaggerated and that crops really will be very good1 and so business begins to pick up4 ,the size of the crop largely settles the volume of the next season's business1 because so great a part of the world's business activity is made up of buying and selling the actual potatoes and corn and wheat and cattle or the products made from these1 and when the crop is poor there are a great many people concerned1 because they will be poor just as the crops are poor1 and this applies to the farmer as well as to the dealer4 ,the size of the crops is always important1 and is especially so to the farmer1 and this is because he has to live by the crops4 ,a man may be living in the city and working for a salary and begin to see that his work is not supporting him1 and if he is an ambitious man1 he will change his occupation4 ,this the farmer cannot do because he has made an enormous investment2 in the first place1 he has invested in his land1 and then in his seed and farm implements1 and this investment often means all the available money the farmer has1 and often it means a mortgage on his farm4 ,he puts the mortgage on his farm in hope of getting a good crop1 and when his hope is not realized1 he is in trouble1 because he may lose his whole farm if he cannot pay the installments of interest due on his mortgage2 but then1 on the other hand1 if we consider the other side of the question1 when the crop is large1 the situation is altogether different4 ,even if the farmer has put a mortgage on his farm1 he gets enough money from his produce to pay the debt of that mortgage1 and he need not worry how he is to live during the next winter4 ,the town merchants depend on a good crop1 because1 if the farmer has not a good return from his fields1 he will have almost no ready money1 and so he cannot buy much clothing or household furnishings4 ,in ,iowa1 for instance1 there is a little town in the center of a corn-raising community1 and it is here that the farmers congregate to do their buying1 and in this town there is quite a large department store1 and it is run by a woman4 ,she does most of her buying in the autumn and she prefers to do it personally1 and so she likes to make a trip to ,new ,york for the purpose1 but she never sets out until she knows that the corn crop is good4 ,and the reason for this is that she knows that it will cost her hundreds of dollars to make the trip ,east1 to stay at a good hotel1 and to spend the requisite length of time choosing her purchases at the different wholesale houses1 and she knows that if there is no corn crop she will sell very few coats and hats and lace curtains1 and it will never pay her to run up her expenses into the hundreds of dollars1 but she will buy as best she can from the drummers1 and buy only a little1 and thus the size of the crop determines how much the farmer can buy1 and1 therefore1 how much the wholesale and retail dealers can sell4 ,exercise #aii--,subordination in the ,sentence ,sentences containing compound predicates may be made more direct in thought if one of the verbs is changed to a participle or an infinitive1 because the predicate will then express only one action2 as1 #a4 ,the carpenter threw down his hammer and walked out of the shop4 #b4 ,throwing down his hammer1 the carpenter walked out of the shop4 #c4 ,i went downtown and applied for the position4 #d4 ,i went downtown to apply for the position4 ,change the following sentences so that one action is denoted by the predicate of each3 #a4 ,a teamster drove out of the alley east of the theater and swung his horses directly in front of a ,madison street car4 #b4 ,the tongue struck the front of the car and bored a hole in the fuse box4 #c4 ,the fire spread and burned the roof of the car4 #d4 ,the half dozen passengers were badly frightened and got out quickly4 #e4 ,several people ran and turned in a fire alarm4 #f4 ,in a few minutes the fire engines arrived and began to fight the flames4 #g4 ,crowds came from all directions and silently watched the flames4 #h4 ,the people poured out of the theater and cheered the firemen4 #i4 ,the half dozen passengers soon recovered and stood on the curbstone in the crowd4 #aj4 ,the firemen did their work quickly and departed amid the cheers of the crowd4 ,exercise #bjj--;,combination of ,short ,sentences ,sometimes short sentences are bad because two or three of them are needed to express one complete thought4 ,if that is the case1 they should be combined1 the most important detail being put into the principal clause1 and the other details into modifiers1 as in the preceding exercise4 ,make use of-- #a4 ,adjectives4 #b4 ,adverbs4 #c4 ,participial phrases4 #d4 ,infinitives4 #e4 ,relative pronouns4 #f4 ,subordinate conjunctions4 ,below1 the first and second sentences together make one thought1 which is expressed in the third4 ,john is a good reporter4 ,that is why he earns a good salary4 ,because ,john is a good reporter1 he earns a good salary4 ,combine the sentences of each group below into a single sentence1 either simple or complex1 omitting as many words as possible but no ideas3 #a4 ,we stayed at home for two reasons3 first of all1 we thought ,baltimore might be unpleasantly warm4 ,then1 the other reason was that we thought we ought to economize4 #b4 ,in ,china the wedding takes place at the bridegroom's house4 ,this has been decorated with strips of bright red paper1 and they have the word ,hsi on them4 ,this means ,live in happiness4 #c4 ,first in the procession come the standard bearers4 ,they are hired for the occasion4 ,these men have red coats put on over their dirty clothes4 ,the men they hire are usually beggars4 #d4 ,six years ago ,i went sailing on ,lake ,george with my father4 ,i was ten years old at that time4 ,two other men went along with us4 ,the boat that we went in belonged to my father and these men4 #e4 ,the wind was high and it would come in gusts4 ,this made it hard to sail4 ,it shifted the sails so quickly that it would throw the boat over on one side4 #f4 ,several times the boat leaned over at an angle of forty degrees4 ,this let the water come in on that side4 ,when this happened1 we all had to jump to the other side4 ,we did this so that the boat would right itself4 #g4 ,the heart is the most important organ in the body4 ,this is because if the heart stops beating1 you cannot live4 ,besides1 all the other organs are connected with it4 ,it is something like the main spring in a watch4 #h4 ,this is a good machine4 ,and since that's the case1 ,i don't see why it is that it doesn't work as it should4 #i4 ,in every business there are many bad debts4 ,some can be collected and others cannot be4 ,this is because the men who made them were given credit1 and they didn't have any money4 #aj4 ,the night was dark1 and there were no stars4 ,the fishermen stood on the shore1 and they gazed at the wild sea4 ,a storm had arisen1 and they could not go out in their boats4 ,exercise #bja ,as in the preceding exercise1 rewrite the following1 omitting as many words as possible1 but no ideas4 ,use shorter1 simpler expressions wherever possible4 #a ,uncle ,sam now has an aerial navy1 but it's a small one1 and foundations of it were recently laid4 ,this was done when contracts were signed for the delivery of three aeroplanes and they are the first aeroplanes that the ,united ,states bought4 ,these aeroplanes are of the latest development4 ,they are all capable of rising from land or water4 ,they are able also to land on water or on the deck of a ship1 and they can carry at least one passenger and are equipped with wireless outfits4 ,two of them are ,curtis machines and the third is a ,wright1 and they ranged in price from #b1gjj to #e1ejj4 #b ,the ,united ,states produces more steel than any two ,european countries1 and it is continuing to produce more4 ,moreover1 it has the productive capacity to produce more than any other three or four countries put together4 ,this capacity is being still further increased4 ,at the present time1 there is one very important steel company4 ,it is very large1 and seems to wish to monopolize the entire iron and steel industry4 ,even at this time it owns half the principal plants that are now producing steel and iron1 and controls half the trade of the entire steel and iron industry1 and when such a thing happens1 it is a matter of international concern4 #c ,condense the following into a single sentence1 either simple or complex3 ,the iron and steel industry is very important1 and it includes a great deal4 ,first1 the ore has to be mined1 and then the work includes everything up to making the finest wire for musical instruments4 ,or1 to put it another way1 you can say from smelting the ore to building a battle ship4 ,this is a very interesting occupation and1 as said before1 very important4 ,there is hardly anything more interesting or important except agriculture4 ,exercise #bjb--;,dangling ,expressions ,sometimes a sentence is not clear because it contains a participle which does not modify anything in the sentence4 ,a participle is part verb and part adjective4 ,as a verb1 it expresses the idea of the verb from which it is derived4 ,as an adjective1 it must modify a noun or a pronoun4 ,the important point is that this noun or pronoun must be expressed in the sentence and not lie in the mind of the writer1 as it does in the following3 ,riding from ,saugatuck to ,holland last year1 the country showed unmistakable signs of lack of rain4 ,here the writer means1 ,we saw that the country1 etc41 but he says that the country rode from ,saugatuck to ,holland4 ,again1 an expression may be used which is really an incomplete clause4 ,do not use such a clause1 unless the understood subject is the same as the subject expressed in the independent proposition4 ,wrong3 ,when almost exhausted1 the camp was reached4 ,right3 ,when almost exhausted1 we reached the camp4 ,recast the following sentences1 correcting the dangling expressions3 #a4 ,you should not stop studying your lessons until thoroughly prepared4 #b4 ,in talking to the postman yesterday1 he said that his route had been changed4 #c4 ,owing two months' rent1 the foreman laid me off4 #d4 ,before becoming a physician1 the law sets a very severe examination4 #e4 ,having eaten our luncheon very hastily1 the typewriters were soon clicking merrily again4 #f4 ,the difficulty could easily be settled1 going about it in the right way4 #g4 ,although determined to get my money1 the task was harder than ,i had expected4 #h4 ,having installed an adding machine1 our office work could be done in half the time4 #i4 ,on entering the car1 the first thing that caught my attention was the sign at the end4 #aj4 ,silk should be washed with warm water and a mild soap1 being careful not to rub it4 #aa4 ,the house was redecorated1 making it clean and homelike4 #ab4 ,the book should be carefully studied1 reviewing each chapter after it is read4 #ac4 ,going to work this morning1 an accident happened4 #ad4 ,having entered college1 ,mr4 ,brown watched his son's progress with pride4 #ae4 ,soon after abandoning the boat1 it sank4 #af4 ,they say he will be lame1 caused by a fall on the ice while skating4 #ag4 ,while trying to break the half mile record1 his back was injured4 #ah4 ,many people object to football1 because in tackling the boys' hearts are weakened4 #ai4 ,he did not wish to take up an extra study1 thus lessening his chance of being eligible for athletics4 #bj4 ,while a child1 my father often told me stories of ,indian days4 #ba4 ,absorbed all day in superintending his work1 in the evening the newspaper brought him political news enough to fill the hours between dinner and bed-time4 #bb4 ,discussing the happenings in the ward with an old crony1 his daughter would often sit near him listening4 #bc4 ,he is failing in his work1 caused by his laziness4 #bd4 ,although a good tonic1 ,i did not gain weight while taking it4 #be4 ,in the new telephone1 upon lifting the receiver1 a ticking sound is heard4 #bf4 ,leaving the window open when she went to lunch1 of course the papers were disarranged on her return4 #bg4 ,dictionaries must be returned to the desk after using4 ,exercise #bjc--,pronouns with ,uncertain ,antecedents ,sometimes the meaning of a sentence is not clear because the pronouns have uncertain antecedents4 #a4 ,sometimes a pronoun may refer to either of two antecedents2 as1 ,wrong3 ,he gave his brother ,john the umbrella and then he left4 ,right3 ,he gave the umbrella to his brother ,john1 who then left4 #b4 ,sometimes the sentence must be entirely recast and a direct quotation used before the pronouns can be made clear2 as1 ,wrong3 ,tom told his father that his suit case was lost4 ,right3 a4 ,tom said1 ,father1 your suit case is lost4 b4 ,tom said1 ,father1 my suit case is lost4 #c4 ,sometimes the pronoun refers to a word that has not been expressed or to an idea4 ,in that case1 the antecedent must be supplied2 as1 ,wrong3 ,if any one wishes to contribute to the cause1 let him send it in the enclosed envelope4 ,right3 ,if any one wishes to contribute to the cause1 let him send his contribution in the enclosed envelope4 ,wrong3 ,i wouldn't wear mittens4 ,nobody does that nowadays4 ,right3 ,i wouldn't wear mittens4 ,nobody wears them nowadays4 #d4 ,a sentence containing an indefinite they or it is corrected thus3 ,wrong3 ,don't they have street cars where you live8 ,right3 ,are there no street cars where you live8 ,recast the following3 #a4 ,she asked her mother if she could go1 and she said she thought she ought to stay at home4 #b4 ,john told ,james he was sure he did not know the office that he meant4 #c4 ,george told his father his watch had stopped4 #d4 ,the manager asked the clerk to bring his book4 #e4 ,a light touch is important in a typewriter1 because it makes it easy to write upon it4 #f4 ,the size of the crops is important to the farmers1 because they have to live by them4 #g4 ,they decided to reorganize the company1 which is always a difficult task4 #h4 ,they went into the hands of a receiver1 which is an indication that the affairs of the company had been poorly managed4 #i4 ,there is a boat on the lake over which there is a pleasant view1 in which there is a club for working girls4 #aj4 ,he stole some money which brought about an investigation4 #aa4 ,she asked her aunt how old she was4 #ab4 ,john is famous for telling anecdotes1 and he got it by remembering every story he reads4 #ac4 ,the sleighing party last night was a success1 which is not always the case4 #ad4 ,he told a lie1 which is a bad thing to do4 #ae4 ,they engaged a gardener1 which doubled their monthly expenses4 #af4 ,why don't you get some of that new fur trimming for your blue dress8 #ag4 ,they had an accident on the street car this morning4 #ah4 ,in the newspaper it said that the lecture would begin at #h3ae4 #ai4 ,they don't find iron in ,illinois1 do they8 #bj4 ,do they have the original paintings in our art gallery8 #ba4 ,it says ,closed on that door4 #bb4 ,it doesn't mention a bank draft in this book4 #bc4 ,they have a great many foreigners in ,new ,york ,city4 #bd4 ,john accompanied his brother to the city where he bought a typewriter4 #be4 ,i had expected to take the #i3cj train1 but ,i couldn't do it4 #bf4 ,going up to the horse he put a lump of sugar into his mouth4 #bg4 ,in letter writing one should always be exact and arrange them in the customary form4 #bh4 ,those hooks are not rust-proof because the back of my dress is stained with it4 #bi4 ,the telephone is a great convenience to all4 ,they are now used in almost every house4 #cj4 ,as we came down the road1 it sounded like a train1 which1 as we approached1 grew louder and louder4 ,exercise #bjd--,misplaced ,modifiers ,sometimes a sentence is not clear because a modifier does not stand close to the word it modifies4 ,wrong3 ,i can't even do the first problem4 ,right3 ,i can't do even the first problem4 ,change the order of words in the following sentences1 placing each modifier as closely as possible to the word which it modifies4 ,some of the sentences are incorrect because they contain split infinitives4 7,see ,exercise #ib47 #a4 ,i only waited for him about ten minutes4 #b4 ,she stood at the window1 trying to close it with a troubled face4 #c4 ,the city is supplied with water from cold springs which flow nearly a hundred million gallons of the purest liquid that ever burst from the earth1 daily4 #d4 ,the famous ,s4 ,f4 ice cream is made in this factory containing fifty per cent pure cream4 #e4 ,a man should not be allowed to cast a vote1 who cannot read and write4 #f4 ,after taking the medicine for a short time1 the appetite is improved1 and a desire is created for food1 that has not existed before4 #g4 ,in real value1 this magazine towers head and shoulders over all others to the woman who is in charge of her home4 #h4 ,there are pages of fashion news and embroidery hints and news articles of the day that will appeal to the husband and father as the others do to the wife and daughter as well as departments for the children4 #i4 ,the number of the sewing machine is #cg;,a with a drop head4 #aj4 ,they neither are gentle nor well-mannered4 #aa4 ,i only heard about the trouble yesterday4 #ab4 ,he left the same station at which1 thirty years before1 he had arrived very humbly1 in his own special car4 #ac4 ,he urged his brother to buy a home in his letter4 #ad4 ,the lighting system has been developed to a really remarkable degree of perfection for the trains4 #ae4 ,the dynamo is so arranged that when the train is standing still or only traveling twenty miles an hour1 the lamps are lighted from a storage battery4 #af4 ,the batteries must be large enough during the run to carry the entire lighting load4 #ag4 ,please send me #f ,dining ,tables ,no4 #df that extend to ten feet as soon as possible4 #ah4 ,large trees grow on each side of the house which is a rambling affair shutting out the light4 #ai4 ,they decided to give a bonus to the one doing the best work1 amounting to fifty dollars4 #bj4 ,we had almost got to the corner before we saw the fire4 #ba4 ,i don't ever remember having seen so big a fire4 #bb4 ,remember to thoroughly oil the machine4 #bc4 ,do you need to in any way alter the machine8 #bd4 ,if we expect to completely fill the order to-day1 we need more help4 ,exercise #bje--,omission of ,necessary ,words ,sometimes a sentence is not clear because a word has been omitted that is necessary to the sense2 as1 ,wrong3 ,the two officers that they elected are the president and secretary4 ,right3 ,the two officers that they elected are the president and the secretary4 ,wrong3 ,his writing is as good or better than yours4 ,right3 ,his writing is as good as or better than yours4 ,wrong3 ,the library is where we go to read4 ,right3 ,the library is the place where we go to read4 ,state the difference between the following typewriter ribbons3 #a4 ,a red and blue and black ribbon4 #b4 ,a red and a blue and black ribbon4 #c4 ,a red and blue and a black ribbon4 #d4 ,a red and a blue and a black ribbon4 ,supply the omitted part in each of the following3 #a4 ,i always have and ,i'm sure ,i always shall be considerate of others' feelings4 #b4 ,they have a stenographer and bookkeeper1 who are kept busy all day4 #c4 ,i believe he has already or will soon begin the work4 #d4 ,the cushions of the rocker are much softer than the armchair4 #e4 ,the arrangement of your flat is much more convenient than our house4 #f4 ,the number of shelves in your sideboard is just the same as our china closet4 #g4 ,i think the articles you ordered will arrive as soon or sooner than you expect4 #h4 ,she is as tall or taller than you4 #i4 ,when your message arrived1 ,i had already or at least had decided to begin cutting the goods4 #aj4 ,it may not be better but it is fully as good as the other article4 #aa4 ,i think you cook fully as well if not better than your sister4 #ab4 ,his poems hold a place in our hearts second only to the ,bible4 #ac4 ,your idea is as good if not better than mine4 #ad4 ,we decided to make the change both for the sake of health and economy4 #ae4 ,you will find the armchair fully as comfortable1 if not more so1 than the rocker4 #af4 ,the river is where we had the most fun4 #ag4 ,i know you better than ,mary4 #ah4 ,she went to the park but ,i didn't care to4 #ai4 ,we didn't object to the scheme as much as you4 #bj4 ,a conservatory is where there are all kinds of flowers4 ,exercise #bjf--,shift in ,construction ,sometimes the meaning of the sentence is obscure because there has been a shift in construction4 ,do not change subject1 person1 tense1 or any grammatical form without a good reason4 ,remember that and is a cordinate conjunction4 ,if there is an adjective before and1 there must be an adjective after it4 ,if a clause precedes1 a clause must follow4 ,in other words1 and joins two members of exactly the same structure4 ,and may not join one word and a phrase1 nor may it join a prepositional and a participial phrase4 ,both members must be alike4 ,in the following extract1 parallel constructions are used correctly4 ,be able to tell what kinds of elements are used and how they are parallel4 ,to eat your cake and keep it too2 to wear a gown with the air of originality and distinction1 and keep a full purse2 to have your house display taste and refinement1 and be praised as an economical housewife2 to dress your children daintily1 and save money for their education--use ,,abc transfer patterns4 ,by their aid you can make an inexpensive waist look like a ,french blouse1 have table linen of unrivaled elegance1 and dress your babies in the most approved style4 ,these patterns cost1--some ten1 some fifteen cents4 ,they cover the entire field of dress1--waists1 tunics1 panels1 infants' clothes1 underwear1 men's apparel1 and neckwear2 and of household articles1--towels1 table-linen1 and pillow tops4 ,recast the following sentences1 correcting the shift of construction in each3 #a4 ,in the large department stores every clerk is to report on her way to lunch and coming back4 #b4 ,when one hears a cry of ,fire1 your first thought is to run4 #c4 ,he seemed fond of his work and to have skill in doing it quickly4 #d4 ,i decided on taking the trip and to keep my expenses within fifty dollars if possible4 #e4 ,x ,y ,z ,cleaner is good for softening water and other household uses4 #f4 ,because of the rise in the price of meats and owing to the fact that grocers charge more for butter and eggs1 people find it hard to live4 #g4 ,the office is well-heated and with plenty of light4 #h4 ,the crowds began to watch the fire and cheering loudly4 #i4 ,i heard the opera last year and have gone again this year4 #aj4 ,it was wonderful to see how fast they worked and their accuracy4 #aa4 ,i can't decide whether to take up stenography or if bookkeeping is better4 #ab4 ,he taught us the principles of letter writing1 and somewhat of advertising was taken up4 #ac4 ,hoping that the work progressed1 and unless a landslide occurred1 the ,americans expected to remove #e1jjj1jjj cubic yards each year4 #ad4 ,the study of the earth has always been stimulated by two fundamental passions of humanity--a desire for wealth and because of their curiosity4 #ae4 ,he insists on our taking the trip and to go without further delay4 #af4 ,in reviewing1 it is well to go over each part of the course carefully1 and you should make a note of every point which you do not understand1 and let each ask those questions which he himself cannot answer4 #ag4 ,mr4 ,fitzmorris is a man of great technical skill and who has handled the situation capably4 #ah4 ,it will cost her hundreds of dollars to make the trip ,east and spending the requisite length of time choosing her purchases at the different wholesale houses4 #ai4 ,he had assumed control of the office1 planned the advertising1 and the finances were also directed by him4 #bj4 ,we have decided to go on the excursion to the ,capitol and at the same time visiting ,uncle ,john4 ,exercise #bjg ,what prevents clearness in the following8 #a4 ,the ,federal ,government began an investigation into fire conditions in ,europe in #aijg1 through our consuls4 #b4 ,it cost #b4ci a year for fire in the ,united ,states between #aija and #aiaj1 for every man1 woman1 and child1 and ,germany does not even pay nineteen cents4 #c4 ,the number of our fires is increasing1 which is worse4 #d4 ,in ten years our population has increased #gc per cent and #acd per cent is the increase in fires4 #e4 ,having considered the details1 the conclusion is easily drawn that fire is a disgrace4 #f4 ,he only gets to the office at ten o'clock4 #g4 ,having settled the plan of attack1 the rest was simple4 #h4 ,the manager warned him not to make the mistake again and adding that mistakes are costly4 #i4 ,to keep flannels from shrinking1 wash in the following way1 and you will find it very satisfactory4 #aj4 ,to open a fruit jar run a knife under the edge and it comes off easily4 #aa4 ,i didn't even finish half the questions4 #ab4 ,electric lights are economical1 clean1 and give more light than gas4 #ac4 ,you should buy your suit now1 both for the sake of economy and style4 #ad4 ,if in doubt as to the best word1 a book of synonyms should be consulted4 #ae4 ,the comma fault is where1 two principal clauses are run together without a cordinate conjunction4 ,rewrite the following so that it will be correct1 concise1 and clear3 ,the ,europeans were anxious for trade with the ,east1 for they were dependent upon them for spices and luxuries4 ,the three routes were through the ,mediterranean ,sea1 over the ,suez ,peninsula1 down the ,red ,sea1 and across to ,india4 ,another was through the ,mediterranean and then through ,arabia4 ,the other was from the ,mediterranean and then through the ,black ,sea and then by land to ,india4 ,it became necessary to seek a new route because the ,turks held ,constantinople1 and all vessels had to pass through the ,mediterranean1 and the ,turks held this by pirates4 ,the first explorers were working under the leadership of the ,king of ,portugal1 and they solved the problem by going around ,africa and then to the ,indies1 but this was too long1 and so explorers tried other ways1 and the result was the discovery of ,america4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,paragraph ,the sentences developing each of the divisions of a composition make one paragraph4 ,a paragraph1 therefore1 is the treatment of one of the natural divisions of a subject4 ,the length depends on the topic to be treated4 ,two cautions may be given3 #a4 ,do not write paragraphs containing only one sentence4 ,such paragraphs do not represent divisions of the subject4 ,they are simply statements which have not been expanded as they deserve1 or they are sentences that should be placed with the preceding or succeeding sentences in order to make a good paragraph4 ,some business men in their letters and advertisements use the one-sentence paragraph too frequently to concentrate the attention of the reader4 ,a writer divides his composition into paragraphs in order to aid the reader to follow the thoughts he is presenting4 ,when the reader sees the indentation that indicates a new paragraph1 he thinks that the writer has said all that he intends to say on the topic in hand and now intends to open a new topic4 ,it is confusing to find that the new paragraph is simply another sentence on the same topic as the preceding paragraph4 ,notice the jerky effect of the following extract from a letter3 ,we are sending you a copy of our latest catalogue1 which gives illustrations and prices of all our stock4 ,the illustrations are all made from actual photographs and are faithful in representing the shoe described4 ,bear ,brand ,shoes are shipped in special fiber cases1 thus lessening freight bills and eliminating the annoyance of shortage claims because they cannot be opened without immediate detection4 ,errors of any kind should be reported without delay4 ,imperfect or damaged goods must be returned for our inspection2 otherwise no allowance will be made4 #b4 ,do not go to the other extreme1 writing paragraphs of great length4 ,much depends1 of course1 on the matter to be treated1 but1 as a rule1 in a student's theme a paragraph should be not longer than one page4 ,if one of the divisions of your subject is necessarily long1 subdivide it1 allowing a paragraph to treat each of the subdivisions4 ,whether it is to be long or short1 a paragraph must treat but one topic2 from the first sentence to the last1 it should be the development of one idea4 ,moreover1 this topic must be revealed to the reader in no unmistakable way4 ,sometimes the subject is so simple that the topic may easily be gathered from the details given1 but usually it is well to have one sentence that in a brief or general way states the topic4 ,this is called the topic sentence4 ,it may be at or near the beginning2 in this case the rest of the paragraph defines or illustrates what it states4 ,it may1 however1 be found at almost any point in the paragraph1 not infrequently acting as a sentence of conclusion1 summing up the details that have been presented4 ,a paragraph that begins with a topic sentence sometimes ends with a sentence of conclusion4 ,the first sentence states the topic1 the following sentences explain or illustrate it1 and the last sentence summarizes or otherwise indicates that the topic has been completed4 ,this form has been called the hammock paragraph1 because it has a solid post at each end with a mass of details swinging between4 ,it is a good form to use in writing paragraphs on given subjects1 when each paragraph is to stand alone1 complete in itself1 not forming part of a longer composition4 ,the practice of writing such paragraphs induces clear1 forceful thinking4 ,exercise #bjh ,study the following paragraphs for-- #a4 ,topic sentence1 if there is one4 #b4 ,development of the topic4 #c4 ,sentence of conclusion1 if there is one4 #a ,the problem in many large firms is how to develop office efficiency to the highest possible degree4 ,in this respect the monthly examination scheme has been found a great success4 ,the examination consists of a list of questions about merchandise and business procedure4 ,the questions are given out on the last ,saturday of the month1 and the answers are returned for criticism on the following ,wednesday4 ,the employees are told that they may consult as many authorities as they wish1 but each man must write his own paper4 ,a poor percentage in three of these tests usually means dismissal4 ,thus the inefficient are dropped1 and the ambitious who have studied are recognized4 ,the vice-president of one concern that uses this system says that it is a strong reminder to his men that they must make themselves worthy of the organization4 ,besides maintaining an even standard of efficiency1 the plan has resulted in developing a number of valuable executives1 whose latent powers were brought out by the rigidness of the tests4 #b ,every month the department head in one big eastern concern1 watch in hand1 times a large force of typists individually1 testing how rapidly they can write a letter of #bjj words from their shorthand notes4 ,rapidity1 punctuation1 spelling1 and neatness are carefully recorded4 ,this plan has had a desirable influence in bringing stenographers up to grade in their daily work1 because a good examination mark is reduced one-half by careless daily work1 and a poor examination mark correspondingly raised by excellent daily work4 ,when both examination average and daily average are excellent1 the stenographer's salary is increased2 when both are below good1 the stenographer is dismissed4 ,in this way the standard of stenographic work is kept high4 #c ,in his effort to succeed many a young business man overlooks the detail of business courtesy4 ,he does not realize the value that a buyer places upon that commodity4 ,the more experienced man1 however1 knows that courtesy does more to hold a buyer than do bargain sales4 ,in our large cities merchants have incurred great expense to fit up rest rooms where customers may spend an idle hour1 write letters on stationery that is provided1 and read the latest magazines4 ,in the rural districts1 where such luxuries are often impossible1 the merchant provides chairs for his customers and a place for stationing their teams4 ,the country merchant1 however1 can often accomplish his object more quickly than the city dealer by spending an hour gossiping with his customers4 ,he recognizes the fact that buyers are flattered when the proprietor himself takes the time to say a few words to them4 ,he knows just as well as his city competitor does1 that if a buyer feels at home in his store1 sales are practically guaranteed4 #d ,the rural landscape of ,norway1 on the long easterly slope that leads up to the watershed among the mountains on the western coast1 is not unlike that of ,vermont or ,new ,hampshire4 ,the railway from ,christiania to the ,randsfjord carried us through a hilly country of scattered farms and villages4 ,wood played a prominent part in the scenery4 ,there were dark stretches of forest on the hilltops and in the valleys2 rivers filled with floating logs2 sawmills beside the waterfalls2 wooden farmhouses painted white2 and rail-fences around the fields4 ,the people seemed sturdy1 prosperous1 independent4 ,they had the familiar habit of coming down to the station to see the train arrive and depart4 ,we might have fancied ourselves on a journey through the ,connecticut valley if it had not been for the soft sing-song of the ,norwegian speech and the uniform politeness of the railway officials4 --,van ,dyke3 ,fisherman's ,luck4 #e ,the plan of the ,spectator must be allowed to be both original and eminently happy4 ,every valuable essay in the series may be read with pleasure separately2 yet the five or six hundred essays form a whole1 and a whole which has the interest of a novel4 ,it must be remembered1 too1 that at that time no novel1 giving a lively and powerful picture of the common life and manners of ,england1 had appeared4 ,richardson was working as a compositor4 ,fielding was robbing birds' nests4 ,smollett was not yet born4 ,the narrative1 therefore1 which connects together the ,spectator's essays gave to our ancestors their first taste of an exquisite and untried pleasure4 ,that narrative was1 indeed1 constructed with no art or labor4 ,the events were such events as occur every day4 ,sir ,roger comes up to town to see ,eugenio1 as the worthy baronet always calls ,prince ,eugene1 goes with the ,spectator on the water to ,spring ,gardens1 walks among the tombs in the ,abbey1 and is frightened by the ,mohawks1 but conquers his apprehension so far as to go to the theater when the ,distressed ,mother is acted4 ,the ,spectator pays a visit in the summer to ,coverley ,hall1 is charmed with the old house1 the old butler1 and the old chaplain1 eats a jack caught by ,will ,wimble1 rides to the assizes1 and hears a point of law discussed by ,tom ,touchy4 ,at last a letter from the honest butler brings to the club the news that ,sir ,roger is dead4 ,will ,honeycomb marries and reforms at sixty4 ,the club breaks up1 and the ,spectator resigns his functions4 ,such events can hardly be said to form a plot2 yet they are related with such truth1 such grace1 such wit1 such humor1 such pathos1 such knowledge of the human heart1 such knowledge of the ways of the world that they charm us on the hundredth perusal4 ,we have not the least doubt that if ,addison had written a novel on an extensive plan1 it would have been superior to any that we possess4 ,as it is1 he is entitled to be considered not only as the greatest of the ,english essayists1 but as the forerunner of the great ,english novelists4 --,macaulay3 ,essay on ,addison4 ,exercise #bji ,prepare a paragraph developing each of the following topic sentences3 #a4 ,the kitchen was a cheerful place4 7,tell all the details that will explain the word cheerful47 #b4 ,in the kitchen the preparations for the feast went on merrily4 7,give the details that will help one get the picture47 #c4 ,examinations are helpful to the student4 7,in what ways are they helpful8 ,if possible1 use examples to illustrate the point47 #d4 ,winter is more enjoyable than summer4 7,contrast the pleasures of the one with those of the other1 showing that those of winter are more enjoyable47 #e4 ,riding a motorcycle is apt to make a boy reckless4 7,develop by using examples47 #f4 ,a man must like his work if he is to succeed in it4 #g4 ,farm lands vary in price4 #h4 ,the farmer feeds the world4 #i4 ,every department store should have regular fire drills4 #aj4 ,every sale ought to be an advertisement4 ,exercise #baj ,paragraph the following so that the paragraphs will represent the divisions in thought4 ,if there are any topic sentences1 underline them4 #a ,i have often noticed that every one has his own individual small economies1 careful habits of saving fractions of pennies in some one peculiar direction1 any disturbance of which annoys him more than spending shillings or pounds on some real extravagance4 ,an old gentleman of my acquaintance1 who took the intelligence of the failure of a ,joint ,stock ,bank1 in which some of his money was invested1 with a stoical mildness1 worried his family all through a long summer's day because one of them had torn 7instead of cutting7 out the written leaves of his now useless bankbook4 ,of course1 the corresponding pages at the other end came out as well1 and this little unnecessary waste of paper 7his private economy7 chafed him more than all the loss of his money4 ,envelopes fretted his soul terribly when they came in4 ,the only way in which he could reconcile himself to such a waste of his cherished article was by patiently turning inside out all that were sent to him1 and so making them serve again4 ,even now1 though tamed by age1 ,i see him casting wistful glances at his daughters when they send a whole inside of a half-sheet of note paper1 with the three lines of acceptance to an invitation written on only one of the sides4 ,i am not above owning that ,i have this human weakness myself4 ,string is my foible4 ,my pockets get full of little hanks of it1 picked up and twisted together1 ready for uses that never come4 ,i am seriously annoyed if any one cuts a string of a parcel instead of patiently and faithfully undoing it fold by fold4 ,how people can bring themselves to use ,india-rubber bands1 which are a sort of deification of string1 as lightly as they do ,i cannot imagine4 ,to me an ,india-rubber band is a precious treasure4 ,i have one which is not new--one that ,i picked up off the floor nearly five years ago4 ,i have really tried to use it1 but my heart failed me1 and ,i could not commit the extravagance4 ,small pieces of butter grieve others4 ,they cannot attend to conversation because of the annoyance occasioned by the habit which some people have of invariably taking more butter than they want4 ,have you ever seen the anxious look 7almost mesmeric7 which such persons fix on the article8 ,they would feel it a relief if they might bury it out of their sight by popping it into their own mouths and swallowing it down2 and they are really made happy if the person on whose plate it lies unused suddenly breaks off a piece of toast 7which he does not want at all7 and eats up his butter4 ,they think that this is not waste4 ,now1 ,miss ,matty ,jenkins was chary of candles3 ,we had many devices to use as few as possible4 ,in the winter afternoons she would sit knitting for two or three hours--she could do this in the dark or by firelight--and when ,i asked if ,i might not ring for candles to finish stitching my wristbands1 she told me to keep blind man's holiday4 ,they were usually brought in with tea1 but we burnt only one at a time4 ,as we lived in constant preparation for a friend who might come in any evening 7but who never did71 it required some contrivance to keep our two candles of the same length1 ready to be lighted1 and to look as if we burnt two always4 ,the candles took it in turns2 and then1 whatever we might be talking of or doing1 ,miss ,matty kept her eyes habitually fixed upon the candle1 ready to jump up and extinguish it and light the other before they had become too uneven in length to be restored to equality in the course of the evening4 --,adapted from ,mrs4 ,gaskell's ,cranford4 #b ,dear ,madam3 ,we are sorry to say that we have no more house coats ,no4 ,,sp#fb in size #ch at #d4ej4 ,as we advertised1 ,,sp#fb is not a regular stock number1 but represents a collection of #e1 #f1 and #g4ej coats remaining after the holiday sales and reduced to insure their being sold before spring4 ,at the opening of the sale there were only a few coats in size #ch1 and they were sold almost at once4 ,in our catalogue1 pages #fh to #ga inclusive1 you will find descriptions of all our stock house coats4 ,on page #fh you will see ,no4 #dej;,,hc1 our regular #d4ej coat4 ,if you would like us to send you one of these in size #ch1 we shall forward it to you at once4 ,however1 if you would like a #e1 #f1 or #g4ej coat1 you will1 no doubt1 send us the difference in price on receipt of this letter4 ,of course1 the more expensive garments are made of better materials1 but all our coats show the same excellent workmanship4 ,the best way for you to get the exact shade of trimming that you wish is to send us a sample of the goods that you would like to match4 ,we assure you that we shall take all possible care to send you the proper color4 ,yours truly1 ,exercise #baa ,paragraphs may be developed in different ways4 ,for example1 if you were going to write on the process of making a layer cake1 you would explain in detail the different ingredients in the mixture1 the proportion of each1 and the steps in the process before the product could be sold as a layer cake4 ,by the use of explanatory details develop the following3 #a4 ,making a kite4 #b4 ,making a baseball4 #c4 ,making fudge4 #d4 ,how to play checkers4 #e4 ,the manufacture of soap 7or any article in a grocery74 #f4 ,the manufacture of a tin can4 #g4 ,the manufacture of pins4 #h4 ,every man must have an ambition4 #i4 ,why ,i intend to enter business4 #aj4 ,the greatest modern invention4 ,by the use of examples to illustrate your point develop the following3 #a4 ,electricity is making housework easy and pleasant4 #b4 ,many sons of poor parents have won great wealth4 #c4 ,the wireless apparatus has saved many lives4 #d4 ,a boy can show that he is a good citizen4 #e4 ,young ,americans have little respect for authority4 ,by the use of comparison and contrast develop the following3 #a4 ,improvements in modern lighting systems4 #b4 ,improvements in modern heating systems4 #c4 ,improvements in modern means of locomotion4 #d4 ,two kinds of work1 pleasure1 or study4 #e4 ,why ,i intend to have a business of my own4 #f4 ,the study that ,i like best4 ,by explaining cause and effect develop the following3 #a4 ,the advantages of public gymnasiums4 #b4 ,the success of loose leaf devices4 #c4 ,the objections to football4 ,exercise #bab ,develop the following into paragraphs2 in each case be able to show what method or methods you have employed3 #a4 ,a man who cannot read and write ,english should not be allowed to vote4 #b4 ,postal savings banks inspire the savings habit4 #c4 ,women--the mothers of children--should vote4 #d4 ,women should not vote because they do not read the newspaper4 #e4 ,the effect of school slang is bad4 #f4 ,i wish ,i had seen the coronation of ,george ,v4 ,every fairy story ,i had ever read would suddenly have become real4 #g4 ,canada would gain by reciprocity with the ,united ,states4 #h4 ,the ,united ,states would gain by reciprocity with ,canada4 #i4 ,our forests should be preserved4 #aj4 ,the waste of lumber by forest fires results from carelessness4 #aa4 ,the waste of lumber in cutting railroad ties is too great4 #ab4 ,the rotation of crops enriches the soil4 #ac4 ,apples are more easily gathered than cherries4 #ad4 ,efforts should be made to keep the birds in our city parks4 #ae4 ,every boy should learn a trade4 #af4 ,peddlers should not be allowed to call their wares4 #ag4 ,great crowds gathered in the city during aviation week 7or any celebration74 #ah4 ,the electric toaster is good for hurry-up breakfasts4 #ai4 ,ironing with an electric iron is more convenient than with the old-fashioned kind4 #bj4 ,the wireless apparatus makes sea voyages safer than before4 #ba4 ,a mixed diet is best4 #bb4 ,cats should be exterminated because they spread disease4 #bc4 ,the parcel post will decrease the profits of the express companies4 #bd4 ,a good book is opened with expectation and closed with profit4 #be4 ,merchants should charge for delivering purchases4 #bf4 ,the object of the ,child ,welfare ,exhibit is to promote the best interests of children4 #bg4 ,one of the best enactments of our time is the ,child ,labor ,law4 ,exercise #bac--,smooth ,connection ,we may as well confess at the beginning that smooth connection between sentences and paragraphs is a hard thing to learn4 ,primarily1 it depends on clear thinking4 ,in ,exercise #ace we saw that the idea of one sentence must grow out of the idea of the preceding one4 ,it is the same with paragraphs4 ,the thought must develop gradually from one to the next4 ,each paragraph1 we know1 represents a unit within the larger unit of the composition2 each represents a division of thought4 ,not infrequently the thought of one division differs considerably from the thought of the next4 ,the tying together of such units is sometimes hard4 ,it may be done in one of the following ways3 #a4 ,by repeating at the beginning of the new paragraph or sentence part of the preceding paragraph or sentence4 #b4 ,by using pronouns to refer to what has gone before4 #c4 ,by using connecting links1 sometimes called transition words because they indicate the transition from one division to the next4 ,besides those mentioned in ,exercise #ace1 we may use a numeral connection1 as1 in the first place1 in the second place2 or an expression much like a numeral1 as1 furthermore1 in the next place2 or an expression showing that an adverse idea is to be presented1 as1 on the other hand1 however1 in spite of this1 nevertheless4 ,but whatever you do1 choose the right link1 especially if you use such a one as possibly1 probably1 perhaps1 certainly1 surely4 ,use the one that expresses your idea exactly4 ,have none rather than the wrong one4 ,in the following the first and second paragraphs are connected according to 7#a7 above2 the second and third are connected according to 7#c7 above4 ,there comes to every prosperous man a time when he wishes to know the best way of securing a steady income from his accumulated savings without the burden of responsibility of managing some property in order to gain his income4 ,the merchant may not wish to put back into the business all the earnings he gets from it1 and yet he wishes to prepare for his old age4 ,the farmer may wish to give up active work1 but he realizes how soon his broad acres may deteriorate through soil-robbery when he rents his property on shares4 ,with such a problem before him the thoughtful man makes an effort to learn how to act to secure a good income all his life4 ,one of the first things he learns1 if he studies the situation carefully1 is that there is a wide difference between an income derived from one's business ability1 such as the profit secured from running a store1 factory1 jobbing house1 or farm1 and the income which is derived as the result of money working by itself4 ,in the first case1 a man must of necessity keep up his business responsibilities2 in the other1 once he has selected a safe investment1 practically all he has to do is to collect his income from time to time as it falls due4 ,there is in the latter no depreciation of land1 buildings1 machinery1 or the like2 no insurance payments to worry about2 no crop failures to consider4 ,it is evident1 then1 that if one wishes to put surplus money away--say the proceeds from the sale of a business or a farm--and get a steady income from it without bother or worry1 the most important thing to consider is how to go about it to select something which1 once purchased1 will turn out to be a safe investment4 ,exercise #bad ,in the following paragraphs taken from ,robert ,louis ,stevenson's ,the ,philosophy of ,nomenclature1 point out all the transition words that join 7#a7 sentence to sentence1 and 7#b7 paragraph to paragraph3 ,to begin1 then3 the influence of our name makes itself felt from the very cradle4 ,as a schoolboy ,i remember the pride with which ,i hailed ,robin ,hood1 ,robert ,bruce1 and ,robert le ,diable as my name-fellows2 and the feeling of sore disappointment that fell on my heart when ,i found a freebooter or a general who did not share with me a single one of my numerous praenomina4 ,look at the delight with which two children find they have the same name4 ,they are friends from that moment forth2 they have a bond of union stronger than exchange of nuts and sweetmeats4 ,this feeling1 ,i own1 wears off in later life4 ,our names lose their freshness and interest1 become trite and indifferent4 ,but this1 dear reader1 is merely one of the sad effects of those shades of the prison house which come gradually betwixt us and nature with advancing years2 it affords no weapon against the philosophy of names4 ,in after life1 although we fail to trace its working1 that name which careless godfathers lightly applied to your unconscious infancy will have been moulding your character and influencing with irresistible power the whole course of your earthly fortunes4 ,but the last name is no whit less important as a condition of success4 ,family names1 we must recollect1 are but inherited nicknames2 and if the sobriquet were applicable to the ancestor1 it is most likely applicable to the descendant also4 ,you would not expect to find ,mr4 ,m',phun acting as a mute or ,mr4 ,m',lumpha excelling as a professor of dancing4 ,therefore1 in what follows1 we shall consider names1 independent of whether they are first or last4 ,and to begin with1 look what a pull ,cromwell had over ,pym--the one name full of a resonant imperialism1 the other mean1 pettifogging1 and unheroic to a degree4 ,who would expect eloquence from ,pym--who would read poems by ,pym--who would bow to the opinions of ,pym8 ,he might have been a dentist1 but he should never have aspired to be a statesman4 ,i can only wonder that he succeeded as he did4 ,pym and ,habakkuk stand first upon the roll of men who have triumphed1 by sheer force of genius1 over the most unfavorable appellations4 ,but even these have suffered2 and1 had they been more fitly named1 the one might have been ,lord ,protector and the other have shared the laurels with ,isaiah4 ,in this matter we must not forget that all our great poets have borne great names4 ,chaucer1 ,spenser1 ,shakespeare1 ,milton1 ,pope1 ,wordsworth1 ,shelley--what a constellation of lordly words6 ,not a single commonplace name among them--not a ,brown1 not a ,jones1 not a ,robinson2 they are all names that one would stop and look at on a door-plate4 ,now1 imagine if ,pepys had tried to clamber somehow into the enclosure of poetry1 what a blot would that name have made upon the list6 ,the thing is impossible4 ,in the first place1 a certain natural consciousness that men have would have held him down to the level of his name1 would have prevented him from rising above the ,pepsine standard1 and so haply withheld him altogether from attempting verse4 ,next1 the booksellers would refuse to publish1 and the world to read them1 on the mere evidence of the fatal appellation4 ,and now1 before ,i close this section1 ,i must say one word as to punnable names1 names that stand alone1 that have a significance and life apart from him that bears them4 ,these are the bitterest of all4 ,one friend of mine goes bowed and humbled through life under the weight of this misfortune2 for it is an awful thing when a man's name is a joke1 when he cannot be mentioned without exciting merriment1 and when even the intimation of his death bids fair to carry laughter into many a home4 ,so much for people who are badly named4 ,now for people who are too well named1 who go topheavy from the font1 who are baptized into a false position1 and who find themselves beginning life eclipsed under the fame of some of the great ones of the past4 ,a man1 for instance1 called ,william ,shakespeare could never dare to write plays4 ,he is thrown into too humbling an apposition with the author of ,hamlet4 ,his own name coming after is such an anti-climax4 ,the plays of ,william ,shakespeare8 says the reader--,o no6 ,the plays of ,william ,shakespeare ,cockerill1 and he throws the book aside4 ,in wise pursuance of such views1 ,mr4 ,john ,milton ,hengler1 who not long since delighted us in this favored town1 has never attempted to write an epic1 but has chosen a new path and has excelled upon the tight-rope4 ,a marked example of triumph over this is the case of ,mr4 ,dante ,gabriel ,rosetti4 ,on the face of the matter1 ,i should have advised him to imitate the pleasing modesty of the last-named gentleman1 and confine his ambition to the sawdust4 ,but ,mr4 ,rosetti has triumphed4 ,he has even dared to translate from his mighty name-father2 and the voice of fame supports him in his boldness4 ,exercise #bae ,turn back to ,exercise #baj1 #a4 ,how are the different paragraphs that you have made connected8 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,business ,,letters ,,not long ago the head of one of the biggest mail order firms in this country said3 ,business needs the boys and the girls4 ,do not let them think they can be but cogs in the great system of wheels4 ,more to-day than at any previous time the world needs men and women who can speak and write themselves into ,english4 ,four hundred million dollars is wasted every year in unprofitable advertising alone1 and as much more in bad handling of good prospects and loss of customers through inefficient letters4 ,we look to the future generation to conserve a part of this enormous loss4 ,if a single page advertisement in a single issue costs #gejj1 what you say on that page is important4 ,look into any current magazine1 and you will be tremendously impressed with the importance of ,english in this branch alone1 not to mention its importance in letter writing4 ,there is no greater power in business to-day than the ability to use convincing ,english in correspondence and in advertising4 ,any one who can write good letters1 letters that the reader feels he must answer1 has success ahead of him1 because the market of a good letter is practically unrestricted4 ,wherever a letter can penetrate1 it may create desire for an article and make sales4 ,but what is a good letter8 ,nothing more than a bit of good ,english4 ,can you write clear1 direct1 crisp1 yet fluent ,english8 ,then you can write good letters--but not till then4 ,in modern business the letter has become the advertiser1 the salesman1 the collector1 and the adjuster of claims4 ,an advertisement must be attractive2 it must arouse the interest of the one who sees it4 ,a salesman must understand human nature2 he must forestall objections by showing the customer how he will gain by buying4 ,the collector and the adjuster of claims must be courteous and at the same time shrewd4 ,if a letter is to meet all of these requirements it cannot be dashed off at a moment's notice4 ,it must be thought out in detail and written carefully to include all that should be expressed4 ,this means1 especially in a sales letter3 #a4 ,an unusually worded opening that puts the writer's affairs in the background and the reader's gain in the foreground4 ,begin with you1 not we4 ,the reader is interested in himself1 his own progress1 his own troubles1 and not in the possessions of the writer1 except as the writer can show that those possessions affect him4 #c4 ,a clear1 simply worded explanation of the purpose of the letter4 #c4 ,proof of advantages to the reader4 #d4 ,persuasion or inducement to act now4 #e4 ,conclusion1 making this action easy4 ,above all1 if a letter is to be good1 it must not be too short4 ,in the pursuit of brevity too many pupils in business ,english make the mistake of writing altogether too little to get the reader's attention2 and if his attention is not aroused1 the letter fails4 ,the letter should be long enough to suggest interest in the welfare of the reader and enthusiasm for the subject under discussion4 ,enthusiasm in business involves knowledge both of your project and of your customer4 ,you cannot attempt to write a letter of any kind unless you know the facts that require it4 ,perhaps it is a complaint that you must try to settle4 ,without a knowledge of the facts1 of the truth or the untruth of the claim1 how can you write the letter8 ,sometimes it requires both time and study to gather the necessary details1 but they must be gathered4 ,when you have your details and begin writing1 be sincere4 ,you must be so absolutely in earnest that the reader will at once feel and begin to share your enthusiasm4 ,knowledge of the person to whom you are writing is fully as important as knowledge of your subject4 ,you must get his point of view1 understand his character1 and appeal to the qualities that you recognize in it1 to the desires or ambitions1 that it shows4 ,to a certain extent all of us are alike4 ,there are certain fundamental interests that we all possess2 these may safely be appealed to at almost all times4 ,but our employment1 our habits of life1 our ways of thinking make us different4 ,the same argument1 probably1 will not always bring satisfactory replies from a manufacturer1 a farmer1 a judge1 a minister or priest1 a carpenter1 and a woman4 ,some people like to receive a long letter that goes carefully into detail2 others will not take the time to read such a letter4 ,each customer must be studied4 ,this is so difficult a matter that no one can expect to learn it all at once4 ,finally1 from the first word to the last be courteous4 ,no matter how righteous your indignation1 be courteous4 ,you cannot afford to lose your temper4 ,courtesy does not imply flattery nor a lack of truth4 ,your letter can be strong and yet polite in tone4 ,lose your temper1 and your letter will probably fail4 ,keep your temper1 show thoughtfulness for the reader's interest1 and your letter will more likely fulfill its purpose4 ,exercise #baf--,the ,form of the ,letter ,before we look at some actual letters to judge of their effectiveness1 we must learn the conventional form of a letter1 the parts which many years of use have shown to be necessary4 ,there are six parts to a formal or business letter3 #a4 ,the heading1 which includes the writer's address and the date4 #b4 ,the introduction1 which includes the name and the address of the one to whom you are writing4 #c4 ,the salutation2 for example1 ,dear ,sir3 #d4 ,the body of the letter1 the important part4 #e4 ,the courteous close2 for example1 ,yours truly1 #f4 ,the signature4 ,each part ends with a period except the salutation1 which ends with a colon1 and the courteous close1 which ends with a comma4 ,the various groups of words within the heading and the introduction are separated by commas4 ,why does the salutation end with a colon8 ,why does the courteous close end with a comma8 ,the ,arrangement ,in the following1 notice the spacing4 ,if the heading is short1 it is put on one line2 as1 ,heading ,hilliard1 ,fla41 ,june #cj1 #aiad4 ,introduction ,mr4 ,thomas ,barrett1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,salutation ,dear ,sir3 ,body 444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 4444444444444444444444 ,courteous close ,yours truly1 ,signature ,samuel ,garth ,if the heading is long1 arrange it in one of the following ways3 #a #ccd ,lexington ,ave41 ,chicago1 ,may #ai1 #aiae4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,barrett1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,dear ,sir3 #b #ccd ,lexington ,ave41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,may #ai1 #aiae4 #c #ccd ,lexington ,ave41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,may #ai1 #aiae4 #d #ccd ,lexington ,ave41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,may #ai1 #aiae4 ,the superscription on the envelope is arranged and punctuated like the introduction in the letter1 except that the punctuation may be omitted from the end of lines4 ,there is a growing tendency to block the different parts of a letter2 that is1 to begin each item of each part directly below the first1 with no indentation4 ,there is also a tendency to use no abbreviations 7except for titles like ,mr471 the name of the month and of the state and the word street1 avenue1 or building being spelled out4 ,,note4--,the punctuation as shown in the examples given above is that in more prevalent use4 ,certain writers1 however1 advocate the omission from the formal parts of the letter of commas at the end of lines and of periods 7except to show abbreviations74 ,arrange the following headings1 supplying capitals and punctuation marks3 #a4 #ee water st mobile ala june #af #ai-- #b4 calmar iowa september #a #ai-- #c4 #dec marquette building chicago ill jan #e #ai-- #d4 #abc salem st springfield mass june #bc #ai-- #e4 highland park grand haven mich may #c #ai-- #f4 #bbj broadway new york n y february #ae #ai-- #g4 #gh main street portland oregon december #aj #ai-- #h4 #cb lincoln st kansas city mo oct #b #ai-- #i4 room #ae #acba pennsylvania ave washington d c sept #b #ai-- #aj4 #be chestnut st philadelphia pa april #ad #ai-- #aa4 #bab tribune building new york n y march #b #ai-- #ab4 #ih dorchester ave boston mass feb #ab #ai-- #ac4 #bd milk st boston mass ,june #ad #ai-- #ad4 #bca west #cith st new york city march #d #ai-- #ae4 #cde newark ave jersey city n j 7supply date7 #af4 #dd fifth ave detroit mich sept #a #ai-- #ag4 #ajb west #db;d st denver colorado 7date7 #ah4 ,explain the difference between 7#af7 and 7#ag74 ,notice that the name of the street in each case is a numeral4 ,why is it spelled out in 7#af7 and not in 7#ag78 ,exercise #bag ,supplying the name of the firm and the business engaged in1 write letter heads using the items given in ,exercise #baf4 ,for example3 ,,barrett1 ,,brown ,,co4 ,groceries #ee ,water ,street ,decorah1 ,iowa1 -- #ai ,when may be used8 ,what is the advantage of using a letter head8 ,in making letter heads1 imagine you are a printer4 ,arrange the items so that they may show to the best advantage4 ,let your lines of printing or writing be of different lengths4 ,add any details that you wish1 such as trade-mark designs or the names of officers4 ,arrange and punctuate3 #a4 citronelle business mens association citronelle alabama may #b #ai-- mr john harvey #ai e monroe st rochester n y dear sir #b4 #agc broadway new york ,june #aj #ai-- mr walter thomas #aia e main st waltham mass dear sir #c4 #be broad st maplewood n h messrs hausen ottman #ah la salle station chicago ill gentlemen 7supply date7 #d4 john randolph co druggist #ad jefferson st charleston s c jan #h #ai-- gerhard mennen co newark n j gentlemen 7letter head7 #e4 #dc south #eth ave madison wis aug #h #ai-- the white mountain freezer co nashua n h gentlemen ,address an envelope for each of the above1 using the following as a model4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,barrett1 ,brown ,co41 #ee ,water ,street1 ,decorah1 ,iowa4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,exercise #bah--;,cautions ,the ,heading ,always date your letters4 ,give your full address1 even if you are certain that the one to whom you are writing knows it4 ,the ,introduction ,the person addressed must always be given a title4 ,if you address one man1 use ,mr42 if a firm1 use ,messrs42 if a woman1 ,miss or ,mrs4 ,if a man has a title like ,professor or ,doctor1 it should be used1 and ,mr41 of course1 omitted4 ,hon4 7,honorable7 is used for a person who holds1 or who has held1 a public office4 ,it is a very formal title4 ,esq47,esquire7 is a legal form used by some correspondents in addressing any man4 ,it is an ,english usage4 ,it always follows the name1 and1 if it is used1 ,mr4 is omitted4 ,in this country ,mr4 is preferable4 ,in writing to a man in his official capacity1 the following form is correct when there is no street number or when the title is short4 ,notice that ,mr4 is omitted4 ,g4 ,n4 ,fratt1 ,cashier1 ,first ,national ,bank1 ,racine1 ,wis4 ,the following is correct when the title is long3 ,mr4 ,john ,frederick ,pierce1 ,ass't4 ,engineer of ,bridges and ,buildings1 #fjg ,white ,building1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,notice that in the last example1 the city and the state are put on the same line as the street in order to make the three lines of about the same length4 ,four lines might have been used4 ,the ,salutation ,if you address one man1 the salutation is ,dear ,sir2 as1 ,mr4 ,john ,pierce1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,dear ,sir3 ,if you address a firm1 the salutation is ,gentlemen2 as1 ,messrs4 ,brownleigh ,king1 ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,gentlemen3 ,if you address a woman1 married or single1 the salutation in business letters is ,dear ,madam2 as1 #a4 ,mrs4 ,john ,pierce1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,dear ,madam3 #b4 ,miss ,florence ,pierce1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,dear ,madam3 ,a more familiar form of salutation is either of the following3 #a ,miss ,florence ,pierce1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,my dear ,miss ,pierce3 #b ,miss ,florence ,pierce1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,dear ,miss ,pierce3 ,in using ,hon41 the salutation is usually ,sir4 ,the ,courteous ,close ,the courteous close corresponds in tone to the salutation4 ,if the salutation is ,dear ,sir1 ,gentlemen1 or ,dear ,madam1 the courteous close should be one of the following3 ,yours truly1 ,yours very truly1 ,very truly yours1 ,respectfully yours1 ,yours respectfully1 ,sincerely yours1 ,very sincerely yours1 ,if the salutation is ,sir1 the courteous close should be ,respectfully yours or ,yours respectfully4 ,if the body of the letter and the courteous close do not agree in tone1 the effect is often ridiculous4 ,suppose1 for instance1 that the courteous close of 7#b7 under ,exercise #bbj were ,yours respectfully4 ,what would be the effect8 ,the ,signature ,if an unmarried woman is signing a business letter1 she should avoid confusion by prefixing 7,miss7 to her name4 ,a married woman should sign her own name1 as1 ,alice ,pierce2 she should indicate her title1 as ,mrs4 ,john ,f4 ,pierce1 either below the other or at one side4 ,no other title should be prefixed to a signature4 ,if a letter is signed by the name of a firm1 the signature of the one who dictated the letter is usually added2 as1 ,yours very truly1 ,smith ,lumber ,co4 by ---- ,this sort of signature gives a letter the personal touch4 ,explain4 ,folding a ,letter ,business letter paper is about eight by ten inches4 ,in folding a letter sheet1 7#a7 turn the lower edge up to about one-eighth of an inch from the top2 press the fold firmly1 keeping the edges even2 7#b7 turn the paper so that the folded edge is at your left hand2 7#c7 fold from you a little less than one-third the width of the sheet2 7#d7 fold the upper edge down toward you so that it projects a trifle beyond the folded edge4 ,without turning it over1 pick it up and insert it in the envelope1 putting in first the edge that was folded last4 ,write the address and the salutation for3 #a4 ,a business house in your town4 #b4 ,mr4 ,john ,r4 ,tobin1 president of the ,detroit ,state ,bank1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 #c4 ,miss ,mabel ,gunther1 ,shullsburg1 ,wis4 #d4 ,professor ,c4 ,m4 ,watson1 ,harvard ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 #e4 ,john ,f4 ,campbell1 ,manager ,bond ,department1 ,first ,trust and ,savings ,bank1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #f4 ,taylor and ,critchfield1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 #g4 ,mrs4 ,thomas ,d4 ,mac,donald1 #abf ,e4 ,second ,street1 ,washington1 ,ia4 ,write the courteous close and the signature for3 #a4 ,a letter from a business house in your town signed by ,f4 ,r4 ,wilson4 #b4 ,a letter from ,miss ,mabel ,gunther 7#b above74 #c4 ,a letter from ,professor ,c4 ,m4 ,watson 7#d above74 #d4 ,a letter signed by ,john ,f4 ,campbell 7#e above74 #e4 ,a letter from ,taylor and ,critchfield signed by you yourself4 #f4 ,a letter from ,mrs4 ,thomas ,d4 ,mac,donald 7#g above74 ,exercise #bai--,ordering ,goods ,if an order includes a number of separate items1 it is usually written on a separate sheet of paper4 ,firms often supply blanks for this purpose4 ,if the order is short1 it forms part of the letter4 ,in any case1 each item is placed on a separate line1 so that the items may be checked as the order is filled4 ,in the following1 notice the arrangement and the punctuation3 ,hamilton1 ,montana1 ,feb4 #af1 #aiad4 ,messrs4 ,mac,bride ,dickens1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,gentlemen3 ,at your earliest convenience please ship me the following via the ,northern ,express ,co4 from ,st4 ,paul3 #f doz4 ,a #fh assorted sizes ,men's ,black ,caps #a4ej #i4jj #e doz4 ,d #ga ,men's ,cotton ,handkerchiefs 4#fj #c4jj #e doz4 ,x #cj ,men's ,linen ,handkerchiefs #b4jj #aj4jj ------ #bb4jj ,enclosed find a draft on ,new ,york for twenty-two dollars4 ,yours truly1 ,s4 ,d4 ,jensen ,write the letters outlined below3 #a4 ,order fifty copies of the ,business ,arithmetic that you are using4 ,how shall you pay for them8 #b4 ,clip from a newspaper an advertisement of groceries4 ,imagine that you are a housekeeper1 and spend ten dollars to the best advantage1 ordering several articles4 #c4 ,bring in an advertisement of household necessities--linens1 tinware1 etc4 ,spend five dollars1 buying several articles4 #d4 ,bring in an advertisement of furniture4 ,write a letter ordering enough to furnish a parlor or a dining room4 ,have the amount charged to your account4 #e4 ,a magazine offers one of several books as a premium with a year's subscription4 ,answer the advertisement4 ,exercise #bbj--,the ,tone of the ,letter ,undue familiarity or an evidence of loss of temper will at once frustrate the object of a letter4 ,a dignified letter never shows either4 ,just what constitutes a dignified letter is hard to define but fairly easy to feel4 ,this much is certain3 it must be simple in structure1 direct in its wording1 and so sincere in feeling that no one will doubt its truth4 ,any extravagance of language1 therefore1 has no place in a dignified letter4 ,study the following to see whether they show dignity3 #a ,tuesday1 #e ,p4,m4 ,miss ,sarah ,howard1 ,denver1 ,colorado4 ,dear ,madam3 ,i have a great piece of ,,confidential news for you4 ,take advantage of the remarkable offer our company is making to you1 and it will mean thousands of ,,dollars in your pocket4 ,understand that this offer is not open to every one4 ,you have been especially selected4 ,you are the only one in your town who will hear of this remarkable offer4 #b ,elsworth1 ,brown ,co41 #abj ,jefferson ,ave41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,gentlemen3 ,what is the matter with our last order8 ,have you people gone out of business1 or are you asleep8 ,if we don't get that order by the third1 you'll never hear from us again4 #c ,a letter to ,mrs4 ,bixby1 written ,nov4 #ba1 #ahfd4 ,dear ,madam3 ,i have been shown in the file of the ,war ,department a statement of the ,adjutant ,general of ,massachusetts that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle4 ,i feel how weak and fruitless must be any words of mine which should beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming4 ,but ,i cannot refrain from tendering to you the consolation that may be found in the thanks of the republic they died to save4 ,i pray that our ,heavenly ,father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement1 and leave you only the cherished memory of the loved and lost and the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom4 ,yours very sincerely and respectfully1 ,abraham ,lincoln ,exercise #bba ,in writing the following letters1 be definite and courteous3 #a4 ,you have advertised your eight-room1 furnace-heated house for sale for #c1ejj4 ,a letter of inquiry desires particulars4 ,answer it4 #b4 ,you live on a side street1 which for the last week has not been lighted4 ,write to the editor of the paper1 or to a town official1 whichever you think would remedy the matter4 ,be courteous4 ,a letter to an editor is begun3 ,to the ,editor of ----4 #c4 ,the cars on which you ride every day are very dirty4 ,write to the mayor4 ,he is addressed3 ,hon4 ----4 #d4 ,you wish to have a telephone installed4 ,make application4 #e4 ,two weeks ago you wrote 7#d74 ,still you have no telephone4 ,write again1 stating the substance of 7#d7 and asking the reason for the delay4 #f4 ,write the telephone company's reply4 ,be very courteous4 ,what good reason could you give for the delay8 #g4 ,you understand that your ,congressman has the privilege of recommending a young man for the entrance examinations of your state university4 ,write to him1 asking that he recommend you4 ,remember that he is a stranger to you4 ,what should you tell him8 ,exercise #bbb4--,mistaken ,ideas in ,letter ,writing ,it is too bad that1 to a number of people1 the term business letter conveys the idea of a colorless1 stilted composition full of trite and almost meaningless business formulas4 ,no one reads such a letter unless he has to1 and surely that is not the kind one should practice writing4 ,below are given a few of the expressions that should be avoided4 ,i4 ,sometimes a writer tries to impress a reader with the volume of business he is doing by showing haste in his correspondence2 as1 in #a4 ,omitting the subject2 as1 ,wrong3 ,in reply to your question will say ---- ,right3 ,in reply to your question ,i will say ---- #b4 ,omitting articles and prepositions2 as1 ,wrong3 ,direct package care ,western ,canning ,co4 ,right3 ,direct the package in care of the ,western ,canning ,co4 #c4 ,using abbreviations a4 ,of the introduction4 ,write out the introduction in detail1 both name and address4 ,abbreviating this part of the letter is highly discourteous4 b4 ,in the body of the letter2 as1 ,wrong3 ,the ,co4 sent a no4 of large orders last year4 c4 ,of the courteous close2 as1 ,wrong3 ,yours etc4 ,wrong3 ,yours resp'y4 #d4 ,using a phrase as a sentence2 as1 ,wrong3 ,yours of the #fth at hand and contents noted4 ,it is much better to refer indirectly to the receipt of a letter2 as1 ,in the order you sent us on ,aug4 #e ---- ,the same sort of mistake is seen in the all too frequent closing3 ,wrong3 ,hoping that we hear from you soon1 ,yours truly1 ,right3 ,hoping that we hear from you soon1 we are ,yours truly1 ,why use such an expression at all8 ,avoid hoping1 trusting1 awaiting1 or any other artificial closing4 ,,ii4 ,sometimes a writer makes an effort to be extremely courteous1 but fails because he uses hackneyed wording2 as1 #a4 ,kindly4--,a good word in itself but greatly abused4 #b4 ,we beg to state4--,never use beg in this sense4 ,you have no right to beg attention2 earn it4 #c4 ,your favor1 your esteemed favor1 your valued favor4--,say1 ,your letter4 #d4 ,will you be so good as to4--,belongs in the class with beg to state4 ,make your requests courteously1 but directly4 #e4 ,would say4--,avoid this expression4 ,,iii4 ,sometimes in an effort to be clear a writer uses same as a pronoun2 as1 ,wrong3 ,if the books are not satisfactory1 return same4 ,this is one of the worst of the distinctly business blunders4 ,same is never a pronoun4 ,write to a man as you talk to him and you will not use same in this way4 7,see ,exercise #hh47 ,,iv4 ,sometimes in order to get attention a writer will use a liberal sprinkling of dashes and capitals1 probably in imitation of advertising copy4 ,better than such artificial means is the attraction of a well worded letter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,criticise the following letters1 pointing out all the expressions that should be improved4 ,rewrite the letters4 #a ,gentlemen3 ,we beg to acknowledge your esteemed favor of ,apr4 #f4 ,in regard to shoes received by you in poor shape as per complaint1 would say that on receipt of same will try to locate cause of trouble4 ,if due to defect in manufacture1 will credit you with value of same4 ,hoping this is satisfactory to you1 ,yours truly1 #b ,dear ,sir3 ,yours of ,march #ah at hand4 ,referring to matter of short weight1 ,i beg to call your attention to ,c ,a car #hgcbd1 which you loaded for us ,march #g at your ,auburn mine1 gross weight #aba1djj lbs4 ,this car was check weighed at ,peoria ,march #aa on your company's scales and showed gross weight #aac1bjj lbs4 or shortage #h1bjj lbs4 ,having investigated car1 ,i find same was in good order and no indication of leakage1 and it would appear to be a case of carelessness at time of loading4 ,therefore will request you to kindly send me cr4 memo1 on #h1bjj lbs4 ,yours truly1 ,exercise #bbc--,the ,sales ,letter ,the object of the sales letter is to make the reader buy4 ,how can you do it8 ,to begin with1 get his point of view--that of the user4 ,then imagine that he is present and talk to him on paper4 ,get his interest with your opening sentence4 ,explain what you have to sell4 ,show him that he needs it4 ,whet his desire to possess it1 and1 finally1 make it easy and imperative for him to order today4 ,the opening paragraph is all-important4 ,it may make or mar a letter4 ,if it is stilted or lacks directness1 if it hasn't the personal1 natural tone that makes the reader feel you are talking to him1 or if it is stereotyped in its wording1 the letter will probably go to the waste-basket4 ,contrast the two letters that follow4 ,both were written to accompany a catalogue4 ,notice that the first begins and ends in a stereotyped way2 has too few details to arouse interest2 asks for an order but has no inducement to give one now2 and1 throughout1 lacks the personal1 convincing tone that makes the second a good selling letter4 ,notice that the second begins with you1 not with we1 and keeps the same you attitude to the end4 ,turn back to the five essentials of a letter given on page #bcj4 ,see if you can differentiate the five in the second letter4 #a ,dear ,sir3 ,in compliance with your request of recent date we are sending you our latest general catalogue1 inasmuch as we do not know which department catalogue you wish4 ,we also have specialized books for jewelry1 furniture1 hardware1 and drygoods4 ,on request we shall be glad to send any one of these also4 ,we carry the biggest line of ,variety ,store ,leaders in the country1 and our goods are always of the best4 ,we take particular pains to acquaint our customers with the latest thing in the trade1 and to give business-getting suggestions4 ,our ,co-operative ,bureau cheerfully answers all inquiries4 ,trusting we shall hear from you with an order1 we are ,yours truly1 #b ,dear ,sir3 ,under separate cover you will receive a copy of our latest general catalogue1 published especially for owners of ,variety ,stores4 ,we are sending you the general catalogue because we do not know whether you are interested in a particular department4 ,however1 if your business specializes in any one class of goods--such as jewelry1 furniture1 hardware1 or drygoods--we shall be glad to supply you with the departmental book you need4 ,on the enclosed postal card simply check the one you wish1 and mail the card to-day4 ,we shall forward the catalogue at once4 ,you may know that we always have on hand between two hundred and two hundred and fifty different ,variety ,store ,leaders1 affording you a wide selection of high-class goods of the finest materials1 the neatest workmanship1 and the latest styles at very low prices4 ,after glancing over the catalogue you will agree with us that in every department of our huge business a dollar has full purchasing power4 ,a unique feature of our business1 moreover1 is the ,co-operative ,bureau1 which you will find a decided help in building up your business4 ,each week the ,bureau sends out a ,bulletin1 acquainting our customers with important business events in the larger trade centers1 with suggestions for new advertising and selling methods1 with notices of new stock additions that make especially good leaders1 and with advice how best to display them4 ,the ,bureau invites correspondence and sends customers1 absolutely free of charge1 advice on new store arrangements1 window decorations1 and advertising plans4 ,your first order makes you a co-operating member and entitles you to all the privileges of the ,bureau and the services of an institution with wide experience and with a recognized reputation for square-dealing4 ,fill out the enclosed order blank1 mail it to-day1 and receive this week's ,bulletin by return mail4 ,it contains several splendid suggestions for novel1 inexpensive advertising4 ,yours truly1 ,the letter given above is personal and yet dignified4 ,usually that is the best style to use1 and the one that we wish to practice writing4 ,sometimes1 however1 results can best be obtained by using the colloquial or even jocular tone illustrated in the following letter sent to a retailer in ,ottumwa1 ,iowa3 ,dear ,sir3 ,we sell cheese1 a new brand1 the finest kind you ever tasted1 put up in the most attractive package1 to sell at the most attractive price4 ,called ,par ,excellence ,creme1 wrapped in silver foil with a gold label1 it sells for fifteen cents and costs you ten4 ,ever hear a better proposition8 ,better buy now before your rival gets ahead of you4 ,everybody's calling for it4 ,why8 ,because we're advertising everywhere4 ,it has been out only one month1 and yet sales have trebled our highest expectations4 ,half the sales of a new cheese depend on the package and the price2 the other half depend on the quality4 ,all three are right in ,par ,excellence ,creme4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,r4 ,king1 our ,iowa representative1 tried to see you last week1 but1 unfortunately1 he was unable to find you in4 ,now1 he carries a full line of our samples1 and it's worth the time it takes just to see how good they look1 even if you don't care to buy4 ,how about it8 ,don't you want to see them8 ,mr4 ,king will be in ,ottumwa next ,wednesday4 ,yours truly1 ,this style is commonly called snappy4 ,it has its advantage1 but should be used only rarely4 ,above all1 if you do use it1 avoid the dash4 ,notice how the dash spoils the following3 ,dear ,sir3 ,have you ever eaten that king of nuts--the budded or grafted paper shell pecan--the nut whose kernel is as nutritious as beef and as sweet and delicious as honey--the nut that is so delightfully palatable and so wholesome1 the discriminating epicures of two continents have set their seal of approval on it--creating a demand that literally cannot be supplied--even at prices ranging as high as a dollar a pound4 ,to use the dash in this way seems to imply that you do not understand punctuation or sentence structure4 ,if the paragraph is rewritten1 removing the dashes and dividing into sentences1 we get a much stronger appeal4 ,the dash makes for weakness rather than for strength because it suggests hysterics4 ,dear ,sir3 ,have you ever eaten the king of nuts1 the budded or grafted paper shell pecan8 ,the kernel is as nutritious as beef and as sweet as honey4 ,it is so wholesome and so delicious that discriminating epicures of two continents have set their approval on it1 creating a demand that literally cannot be supplied1 even at prices ranging as high as a dollar a pound4 ,a very good way to open a sales letter is to get the attention by a bit of narration containing direct quotations1 as shown in the following3 ,dear ,sir3 ,it saves seven per cent4 ,so said ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,samuels1 a manufacturer of ,birmingham1 ,ala4 ,he had watched his bookkeepers at their work1 and it seemed to him that their main business was turning and flattening the springy pages of the bulgy ledger4 ,ten seconds were wasted1 he said1 every time a page was turned--almost every time an entry was made--and hardly more than two minutes were needed to make the entry4 ,that was enough4 ,each of his twenty men was wasting seven per cent of his time4 ,try hinged paper1 suggested the head bookkeeper4 ,accordingly1 ,mr4 ,samuels tried several kinds of hinged paper1 only to find that the hinged section tore1 broke1 or cracked4 ,the time that the clerks now saved in flattening the leaves they wasted in rewriting the pages that had torn out4 ,he had no more faith in hinged papers by the time that he saw the advertisement of the ,benton hinge4 ,as strong as the rest of the paper6 he scoffed4 ,we'll see about this6 ,send me a sample1 he wrote us4 ,if your ad tells the truth1 you get my order4 ,we sent it4 ,he tested it4 ,he pulled it1 crumpled it1 ruled on it1 erased it on both sides1 and even creased it4 ,but it did not break4 ,very cautiously and doubtingly he tried the paper in one ledger for one month4 ,he found that the book rolled flat whenever it was opened1 that no hinge tore1 and that every page could be used from binder to outer edge4 ,it does the work1 he told our salesman at the end of the month4 ,it saves seven per cent4 ,send me a consignment4 ,if you1 too1 are paying seven per cent of your bookkeepers' salaries for waste motion1 let us send you a sample4 ,it will cut down your expenses as it cut down ,mr4 ,samuels'4 ,remember that you put yourself under no obligation to us4 ,you take no risks4 ,simply promise to use the paper if we send it free4 ,yours truly1 ,exercise #bbd ,study the following letters and letter openings for good and bad qualities3 #a ,dear ,sir3 ,people who have not had much of what the world calls good luck find it hard to believe an opportunity when it comes--they don't feel sure about it--on the other hand1 people who have had many opportunities have a natural confidence that every opening presented is intended for them and they grasp it with an assurance that begets success4 ,you may be one of those who have not had many chances to do what you would like to do and therefore not sure that my offer is an opportunity4 ,for that reason let us again go over the points of advantage4444 #b ,dear ,sir3 ,i am taking the liberty of writing you again because ,i fear you do not fully realize the value of the proposition ,i am offering you4 ,why1 man1 it's the opportunity of a life-time6444 7extended for three pages47 #c ,dear ,sir3 ,if we wanted to know just what kind of person you are1 do you know where we'd go to find out8 ,we'd ask your old friends and neighbors1 who know all about you from close association4 ,if you want to find out about us--what we are doing and what improvements we are making in southern ,florida--the best place to get this information is from the people of ,florida1 who know the facts from first-hand observation4 ,the enclosed clipping is an editorial expression--not a paid advertisement--from the ,ft4 ,meyers ,press4 ,the editor is under no obligation to us and is merely expressing the opinion of the people here4 4 4 4 #d ,new ,york1 ,right ,now4 ,a ,,deal ,,of ,,importance ,it affects ,,you6 ,it is so important ,i must forego the pleasure of a personal letter in order to write #e1jjj people to-day--#ejj of whom--the wide-awake ones who read this letter through--will be able to coin it into dollars--real money--money you can spend4 ,what we now offer you has never before been offered by any body in the world4 ,it is a combination we are fortunate enough1 just at this time1 to be able to offer you1 because of an important deal we have just closed--a deal that may easily spell dollars to you4 ,read every word of this letter--it may be--possibly is--the only thing to make you a successful and wealthy man4 4 4 4 #e ,r ,f ,d #d ,logansport1 ,ind4 #h-bf-aa4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,smith1 etc4 ,dear ,sir3 ,i acknowledge getting your telegram over the telephone yesterday1 and if ,i had been in funds would have answered by return telegram1 but such is life4 ,i accommodated a friend by loaning him #gej1 which will probably be paid the last week of never4 ,i thank you for the offer1 and when ,i am in funds will call on you either personally or by letter4 ,very truly yours1 ,exercise #bbe--,opening an ,account ,imagine that you are manager of a wholesale dry goods house4 ,you have received an order from ,p4 ,h4 ,powley1 #bc ,water street1 ,franklin1 ,mich4 ,as you do not know ,mr4 ,powley1 write him1 stating in as courteous a way as possible that1 since this is his first order1 he must either furnish references or send a remittance4 ,make your letter direct and personal4 ,include some good selling talk4 ,the exercise above illustrates the method that might be adopted in case of a small order4 ,if ,mr4 ,powley had sent a large order1 the wholesale house would no doubt consult a financial agency to discover his financial condition2 his rating1 it is called4 ,if his name were not found in the book of the agency1 the wholesale house would require ,mr4 ,powley to send a correct account of his financial standing2 that is1 a list of his assets and liabilities4 ,if he refused1 they would not do business with him4 ,why8 ,the principal financial agencies are ,bradstreet and ,dun4 ,besides these1 there are many mercantile agencies4 ,they give any information that is required concerning a business man4 ,all such information is confidential4 ,in connection with this exercise study the letters that follow3 ,,request ,,to ,,open ,,an ,,account ,madison1 ,wis41 ,sept4 #af1 #aiae4 ,wilson1 ,brighton1 ,co41 #fh ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,gentlemen3 ,until recently ,i was in the employ of ,samuel ,stratton ,co4 of ,milwaukee1 but ,i have now started a business of my own1 for which ,i should like to open an account with your house4 ,as to my business ability and financial standing1 ,i refer you to my late employers1 ,samuel ,stratton ,co4 of ,milwaukee1 and to the ,madison ,state ,bank of this city4 ,if on investigation you decide to accept me as a customer1 will you please send the goods on the enclosed order1 deducting your usual discount for cash8 ,upon receipt of the goods and of the invoice1 ,i shall at once forward a sight draft on the ,broadway ,national ,bank of your city4 ,respectfully yours1 ,george ,r4 ,scott ,,reply ,,no4 #a ,dear ,sir3 ,in seeking information through the usual outside channels for basing credit for you1 we find our reports have not been sufficient in detail to permit us to arrange this matter satisfactorily4 ,these reports all speak very highly of you in a personal way1 but do not give us the required information financially4 ,we assume you want our goods for your ,christmas trade4 ,it is imperative1 therefore1 that we ship immediately4 ,we suggest that on this order you send us a draft1 in consideration of which we shall be pleased to allow you a special discount of #d4 ,understand that we suggest these terms on this first order only1 as we feel confident that we can easily arrange a credit basis for future shipments4 ,we sincerely trust you will take no offense at the above suggestion1 as we have made it in your interest4 ,yours very truly1 ,,reply ,,no4 #b ,dear ,sir3 ,thank you for the order you sent us yesterday4 ,its size confirms the belief we have always held that ,d---- is a rapidly growing business center1 the right place for a retailer to settle and prosper4 ,after careful consideration of your letter1 however1 we have decided to hold back your order for a short time4 ,you cannot regret this more than we do4 ,we do not like to lose your account1 and yet1 under the circumstances1 we feel we cannot send you the order4 ,we hope you can sell the property you mentioned in your letter and thus clear up the balances against you4 ,then we shall gladly open an account for you4 ,we are especially sorry we cannot send the order at once1 as you no doubt need your fall stock now4 ,don't you think it would be the best solution if you would send us your remittance for #bej now1 so that we may send the goods8 ,we know what it means to buy in the open market so late in the season4 ,we assure you that on receipt of a remittance the order will go through immediately4 ,yours truly1 ,exercise #bbf #a4 ,order from the ,grand ,rapids ,furniture ,co41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich41 #e mahogany rockers1 #a ,turkish rocker1 #b brass beds1 #ab dining room chairs1 #b dining room tables4 ,supply catalogue numbers and give shipping directions4 #b4 ,the ,grand ,rapids ,furniture ,co4 replies1 acknowledging the receipt of the above order 7give date7 but stating that you did not mention how you would pay for the goods4 ,on receipt of a certified check to cover the amount1 or of the names of two reliable references1 they will be pleased to send you the order4 ,make this a good sales letter4 ,exercise #bbg #a4 ,you are a florist of ,rockford1 ,ill4 ,write to ,s4 ,m4 ,porter ,son1 #aee ,s4 ,state ,street1 ,chicago1 saying that this fall you are opening a new department of ,landscape ,gardening4 ,judging by advance orders1 you will need approximately #bjj shade trees1 maples and poplars2 #bjj fruit trees of various kinds2 and several hundred flowering shrubs4 ,you will probably duplicate the order in the spring4 ,ask for terms1 saying that you would like to open an account4 ,give two references4 #b4 ,s4 ,m4 ,porter ,son reply1 acknowledging your order1 and saying that they will be pleased to do business with you on sixty days' credit1 terms #ej and #e4 ,if this is satisfactory1 they will add your name to their books4 ,make it a sales letter4 ,exercise #bbh #a4 ,samuel ,radford of ,douglas1 ,mich41 wishes to buy a motor boat4 ,he orders of the ,modern ,steel ,boat ,co41 manufacturers of high grade motor boats1 ,detroit1 ,mich41 boat ,no4 #agb4 page #dbe1 catalogue ,no4 #aj4 ,the price as listed is #aib4 ,he accepts the offer they made him ---- 7date71 of ---- 7terms7 and encloses a certified check for the amount4 ,he gives full shipping directions4 7,be sure you can do this47 ,he asks how cheaply he can obtain cushions for the boat4 #b4 ,the company reply3 ,they have shipped the boat4 7,is this sufficiently detailed87 ,a set of new cushions to fit the boat costs #be4 ,they have a set of secondhand cushions in excellent condition for #ae4 ,if ,radford desires either of these1 he should wire at once at their expense4 #c4 ,telegraph his decision4 ,exercise #bbi #a4 ,messrs4 ,lee and ,watkins1 druggists of ,gallon1 ,ohio1 wish to open an account with ,pierce1 ,king ,co41 #ag ,s4 ,albany ,st41 ,baltimore1 ,md41 for the purchase of large orders on ninety days' credit4 ,they say they do a very large business as they have the only drug store within a radius of several miles4 ,they give several names as references4 ,write the letter4 #b4 ,you are a traveling salesman for ,pierce1 ,king ,co4 ,they write you at the ,union ,hotel1 ,columbus1 telling you of the foregoing letter1 a copy of which they enclose1 and asking you to investigate the standing of ,messrs4 ,lee and ,watkins4 ,reply that you visited the drug store in question on a ,tuesday 7give date71 because in your experience the early part of the week is very quiet in the business of small towns4 ,say that two clerks were kept busy constantly and that several people spoke of the enormous business done on ,saturdays and market days4 ,the firm has good credit in the town4 ,you are satisfied that the gentlemen in question are reliable4 #c4 ,write from ,pierce1 ,king ,co4 to ,messrs4 ,lee and ,watkins1 acknowledging the receipt of their letter ---- 7date7 and expressing pleasure in being able to enter their name on the firm's books4 ,write as courteous a letter as you can4 #d4 ,imagine that the salesman's reply 7#b7 had been unfavorable4 ,write to ,messrs4 ,lee and ,watkins1 refusing them credit but trying to get their cash business4 ,exercise #bcj--,letters ,requesting ,payment ,it is better not to make threats in a collection letter except as a last resort1 and then the threat should be carried out4 ,it is advisable in a first letter of the kind to take for granted that a customer is honest and that the failure to pay is an oversight4 ,if some inducement for further purchases is included in the letter in the form of good selling talk1 a remittance will probably be sent1 and perhaps another order as well4 ,if the customer1 however1 takes no notice of the first letter1 a second1 making the request for payment more urgent1 may follow4 ,the tone of the second letter and subsequent letters will depend on the value that you put on the customer's trade4 ,finally1 if he ignores all of these letters1 dally no longer4 ,say that if payment is not made by a certain date1 you will draw on him at sight4 ,if he does not honor the draft1 put the matter in the hands of your attorney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,study the following letters4 ,select from them those that you think would make a good series3 #a ,dear ,sir3 ,ten days ago we mailed you a statement of your account1 which was due at that time4 ,as we have heard nothing from you1 we have concluded that the letter must have miscarried4 ,we are1 therefore1 enclosing a duplicate of the former statement4 ,we trust that it will reach you safely and have your prompt attention4 ,yours very truly1 #b ,dear ,sir3 ,evidently you1 too1 are experiencing the increase in business that our customers in general are reporting4 ,in the rush of orders you probably have overlooked the fact that your account with us is three weeks over-due4 ,your remittances hitherto have been very prompt1 and we trust that this reminder will be treated equally promptly4 ,by the way1 have you found that the ,holeless ,socks are coming up to our guarantee8 ,from all parts of the country we are getting flattering reports in the form of big orders4 ,we feel that they merit their popularity1 and with the extensive advertising campaign that we have inaugurated they are bound to continue in favor4 ,we are especially prepared at present to give you an attractive price1 enabling you to realize large profits on these socks4 ,if you need more of them1 we can make shipment at once4 ,yours very truly1 #c ,dear ,sir3 ,in looking over our accounts1 we find that your purchases have lately been increasing considerably and that your payments have been few and unimportant4 ,statements have been sent regularly1 we believe1 but have probably been overlooked because of the stress of your other affairs4 ,such things1 of course1 can happen with any of us1 especially when we have many other matters to look after4 ,we have always valued your account1 and we greatly desire our pleasant relations to continue4 ,as the amount that you owe us is now long over-due1 we would appreciate your returning the enclosed bill to be receipted during the next few days4 ,yours very truly1 #d ,dear ,sir3 ,your attention has twice been called to your account for ----1 but for some reason you do not reply to our letters4 ,our terms1 as you know1 are thirty days1 and we cannot allow a longer extension except by special arrangement4 ,we have borne the matter very patiently1 realizing that unusual conditions sometimes prevent one's doing as he desires4 ,at the same time1 it is entirely out of reason that your account should still be owing at this time4 ,may we not expect your remittance by return mail8 ,should we not hear from you by the #aeth1 we shall draw on you1 and1 if you have not remitted in the meantime1 please provide for our draft upon its arrival4 ,yours truly1 #e ,dear ,sir3 ,on ,march #ae we drew on you for #bej4 ,our draft has been returned to us by the ,blank ,bank1 unpaid4 ,your account is long past due1 and1 although we are willing to do almost anything to accommodate our customers1 we feel that in your case the time for concessions has passed4 ,we desire your check at once for the balance due us4 ,you are credited with using considerable money in your business1 and it would seem that you should without difficulty be able to take care of amounts such as you owe us4 ,if we do not hear from you by ,april #a1 we shall send a second draft4 ,if you permit this to be returned unpaid1 we shall be compelled to take action to force collection4 ,we wish to express the hope1 however1 that you will not allow this to be done4 ,yours truly1 ,exercise #bca ,letter 7#b7 above is written primarily to get a check for the over-due account and incidentally to get another order4 ,suppose that the customer sends an order and no money4 ,you do not wish to extend further credit until the old balance is paid4 ,write a tactful letter1 saying that you will hold back the order until you receive a check to pay the over-due account4 ,exercise #bcb ,write the letters in the following transaction3 #a4 ,j4 ,f4 ,brookmeyer1 ,peru1 ,ind41 is a dealer in shoes4 ,he opened an account with you a month ago4 ,he has purchased shoes to the amount of #bej4 ,you rendered an account on the first of the month1 two weeks ago4 ,write a letter saying that you do not carry over accounts from month to month1 as your small margin of profit makes it impossible for you to carry an irregular account4 ,make it a courteous sales letter as well as a collection letter4 #b4 ,j4 ,h4 ,brookmeyer sends a certified check for the full amount1 apologizing for the delay4 ,exercise #bcc #a4 ,john ,r4 ,phillips1 #cb ,new ,york ,building1 ,seattle1 ,washington1 owes you #dgj4 ,write him1 saying that you need the money4 ,give a good reason4 ,make it a courteous1 friendly letter4 #b4 ,mr4 ,phillips has not answered 7#a74 ,write him again1 saying that if you do not get a remittance by ----1 you will draw on him at sight4 #c4 ,your bank notifies you that your draft has been returned unpaid4 ,write ,phillips1 asking for an explanation4 ,say that unless you hear by ----1 you will bring suit4 #d4 ,phillips writes an apologetic letter1 giving illness as the reason for his non-payment4 ,he says he was in the hospital and did not receive letters 7#a7 and 7#b74 ,he encloses fifty dollars and promises to pay at least half the balance next month1 the full amount within sixty days4 ,write his letter4 #e4 ,accept this offer4 ,exercise #bcd--;,answering ,complaints #a4 ,a mail order house discovered that its files contained the names of #aj1jjj people who had once been customers but who had not bought anything for the last two or three years4 ,write a letter in the name of the manager frankly asking why the customer has stopped buying4 ,advertise the stock4 #b4 ,one correspondent in reply demands a return of #af1 which he had paid for a coat that was not worth a cent4 ,how would you reply to this letter so that the one making the complaint would send in an order8 ,write the letter4 ,in connection with this exercise study the following letter3 ,dear ,sir3 ,we wish to acknowledge your letter of ,april #af1 in which you say that on ,april #ad you received a bill for five ,s ,q ,railway bonds1 which ,mr4 ,wensley had sold you on the #aath at #ajj and interest2 that you sent us your check for the amount on the same day2 and that on the #afth1 two days afterward1 you received a letter from us1 offering a new block of these bonds at #ii and interest4 ,this complication was brought about through a peculiar chain of circumstances1 an explanation of which1 we feel1 is only just both to you and to us4 ,when ,mr4 ,wensley came to the office on ,saturday1 the #abth1 he told us that he had your order for five of these bonds at #ajj and interest4 ,the market price was then #ajj and interest1 and we were very glad to give you the benefit of the more favorable price4 ,at that time we had no intimation that more of these bonds were coming on the market4 ,quite unexpectedly on ,monday we received notice from our ,boston office that they had in view a new block of the bonds4 ,even at that time we did not know definitely that we would get them4 ,on ,tuesday1 again quite unexpectedly1 we were instructed by our ,boston office that the bonds had been secured and were to be offered immediately at #ii and interest4 ,so suddenly did the entire transaction take place that we were unable to prepare a new circular1 and on ,tuesday night we merely sent out a letter1 telling our customers that we had an additional block of these bonds4 ,in fact1 the new circular will not be ready until about noon of to-morrow4 ,we realize that you should have been informed of the new price4 ,the bonds1 however1 came on the market so quickly and in taking care of the details of the offering we were so busy that the matter1 unfortunately1 was overlooked4 ,we are glad1 therefore1 to make adjustment of the price now by having our banking department send you our check for #ej4 ,it is unnecessary for us to say1 we presume1 that we regret this occurrence and to assure you that had we known of the new bonds on ,saturday we would have advised you to hold off your purchase until the offering was ready4 ,we feel that you know us and the policy of our house well enough to be sure that we would not willfully take advantage of you in this way4 ,we trust that the arrangement that we have made satisfactorily straightens out the matter4 ,yours very truly1 ,exercise #bce #a4 ,what is the advantage of the policy shown in the following suggestion from ,system8 ,the manager of a retail establishment says3 ,we never refuse to refund money4 ,if a dissatisfied customer returns a purchase1 before we ask what the trouble is we refund his money gladly4 ,when he is free to walk out of the store with his money1 we try to find the source of the trouble4 ,generally we can adjust the difficulty and make a sale4 #b4 ,state the advantage in the policy of a large clothing concern which follows the sale of every suit or overcoat with a letter to the customer1 asking him whether the purchase is proving satisfactory4 #c4 ,write such a letter4 ,exercise #bcf #a4 ,conrad ,h4 ,harwood of #abb ,winter ,street1 ,vandalia1 ,ill41 writes to ,wilson1 ,black ,co41 manufacturers of shoes1 #ajj ,second ,street1 ,lynn1 ,mass41 asking why they are not sending his order of ---- 7the goods ordered7 of ---- 7date74 ,he is losing sales because of the delay4 ,if the goods are not received before ----1 ,harwood will cancel the order4 #b4 ,wilson1 ,black ,co4 acknowledge the receipt of ,harwood's letter and say that this is the first notice they have received of such an order4 ,the first letter must have miscarried4 ,they have shipped the goods4 ,be very courteous4 ,exercise #bcg #a4 ,c4 ,f4 ,gardner1 a merchant of #dcb ,puyallup ,ave41 ,tacoma1 ,wash41 has received notice from the ,c4,m4 ,p4,s4,r4,r4 freight office that a box of goods has arrived from ,messrs4 ,fiske ,jones1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,gardner ordered the goods a month ago4 ,he writes ,messrs4 ,fiske ,jones that he refuses to accept the goods because of the delay4 ,he has bought elsewhere in the meantime4 #b4 ,fiske ,jones apologize for the delay and explain that it was due to the unreliability of one of their shipping clerks1 who has since been discharged4 ,they had known nothing of the matter until ,gardner's letter of complaint arrived4 ,they assure him that he will never suffer another such inconvenience4 #c4 ,fiske ,jones telegraph the ,c4,m4 ,p4,s4,r4,r4 to return the goods at ,fiske ,jones's expense4 ,write the telegram4 ,exercise #bch--,letters of ,application ,a letter of application usually has three parts4 ,in writing such a letter1 first1 tell where you saw the advertisement and apply for the position2 second1 tell your qualifications and give your references2 third1 end the letter appropriately1 possibly asking for an interview4 ,this is a difficult kind of letter to write4 ,not only should it be neat in appearance and clearly written1 but it should also be so carefully worded that it will show enough of the writer's individuality to distinguish it from a form4 ,be neither hesitant nor bold1 but tell your qualifications in a simple1 straightforward way4 ,study the following letters4 ,are they convincing8 ,do they show the personality of the writers1 or are they mere forms8 #a ,gentlemen3 ,your advertisement in to-day's ,record for a salesman who knows the tea and coffee business interests me4 ,i should like you to consider my application for the position4 ,since my graduation from the ,blank ,high ,school1 four years ago1 ,i have been employed as salesman for the ,economy ,wholesale ,coffee ,co41 a firm doing business in this city and its outlying districts4 ,during these four years ,i have gathered a wide knowledge of the principles of the buying and selling of coffees and teas and of the grades and blends of both1 just the training1 it seems to me1 that you wish to secure4 ,you may depend upon my taking an active interest in your business1 because ,i have an intense desire to advance4 ,i myself vouch for my honesty and earnestness1 and ,mr4 ,robert ,brown of the firm mentioned above has assured me that he will supply you with any information that you may wish as to my character or ability4 ,he endorses my desire to secure a broader opportunity4 ,if the position that you have to offer is one in which there is a real future for an energetic1 capable man1 ,i should like to have an interview with you4 ,yours very respectfully1 #b ,dear ,sir3 ,i am answering your advertisement in to-day's ,record for a clerk because ,i wish to get started in the wholesale dry goods business1 my idea being to work into the sales department4 ,if the position that you advertise affords such an opportunity1 ,i wish to apply for it4 ,i have had a little experience in the retail dry goods business1 having worked as clerk for ,mr4 ,amos ,jones of this city during the past two summers4 ,what ,i have seen and learned of the business makes me feel that ,i have ability as a dry goods salesman4 ,i shall be glad to work hard in a clerical position if only ,i get a chance to learn and to advance4 ,i am eighteen years of age and have just graduated from the ,blank ,high ,school1 where ,i took the four-year commercial course4 ,this1 as you know1 includes business arithmetic1 bookkeeping1 and some business practice4 ,during the last two years ,i was business manager of the high school paper4 ,this position gave me considerable experience in handling details rapidly and in soliciting advertising4 ,it is this latter experience that makes me feel that ,i would have success in selling4 ,i am confident that ,i can please you1 and ,i should be grateful if you will grant me an interview4 ,mr4 ,amos ,jones1 #hae ,e4 #dgth ,st41 will be glad to give you any information that you may wish as to my work1 and if you desire ,i can furnish other references4 ,yours respectfully1 ,exercise #bci ,apply for the following positions3 #a4 ,,office ,,man--who can handle correspondence and general office work for growing ,north side manufacturing company4 ,good opportunity for the right man4 ,state experience and salary expected4 ,address ,a4 ,h4 ,stanton1 #ag ,elm ,st4 #b4 ,,mail ,,order ,,man--up-to-date1 experienced2 must have ability and be capable of handling a large volume of correspondence2 must also be a pusher and systematizer4 ,in reply give references1 age1 and detailed experience4 ,address ,x4 ,w4 #bia ,news4 #c4 ,,ambitious ,,young ,,men--who are willing to start at the bottom to learn steel and iron business2 must be high school or college graduates1 or have equivalent education1 and furnish exceptional references2 very good opportunity for the future4 ,address ,a4 ,f4 #cfa ,times4 #d4 ,,bright ,,young ,,man--for office work in large manufacturing plant1 ,northwest side2 must be neat1 quick1 and accurate at figures4 ,state age1 experience1 and salary expected4 ,address ,j4 ,f4 ,holtz ,co41 #cbj ,w4 ,exchange ,st4 #e4 ,,office ,,clerk--a girl who can write a plain1 rapid1 legible hand2 desirable1 permanent position1 and excellent chance for advancement4 ,give age1 experience1 if any1 and where formerly employed4 ,salary #f4jj to start4 ,address ,t4 ,p4 #ead ,chronicle4 #f4 ,,help ,,wanted--salesman having established trade on rubber or leather footwear in ,michigan1 northern ,indiana1 northwest ,ohio1 or eastern ,wisconsin4 ,good chance to become connected with live middle-western jobbing house4 ,give late experience4 ,address ,g#gbd ,boot and ,shoe ,recorder1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,exercise #bdj--;,contract for ,painting ,iron ,work #a4 ,james ,w4 ,walker ,co41 #cbe ,second ,st41 ,pittsburgh1 are receiving bids for painting the iron work of the bridge to be constructed over the ,cheesequake ,creek at ,morgan ,station1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the ,barnard ,emerson ,co41 of ,harrisburg1 ,pa41 write saying they would like to figure on the work4 ,they ask ,james ,w4 ,walker ,co2 to send plans and specifications4 ,write the letter sent by the ,barnard ,emerson ,co4 #b4 ,james ,w4 ,walker ,co4 reply that they are sending plans and specifications4 ,they say that bids must be in by ,march #aj4 ,write the letter4 #c4 ,the ,barnard ,emerson ,co4 write that page two1 line four1 of the specifications for the bridge to be constructed 7state in detail7 reads and paint all beams underneath two coats of dark green1 and page four1 line ten1 reads all upright beams above and underneath to be painted two coats of light green between shades three and four4 ,they ask which is correct4 ,write the letter4 ,be exact4 #d4 ,james ,w4 ,walker ,co4 reply that page two1 line four1 is correct4 ,explain in detail4 #e4 ,the ,barnard ,emerson ,co4 agree to do the work on 7repeat exactly what bridge you mean7 for three thousand dollars4 ,they guarantee to finish the work by ,april #cj1 according to the specifications4 ,they will forfeit fifty dollars for every day after that date until the bridge is finished4 ,write the proposal or bid4 #f4 ,james ,w4 ,walker ,co4 write1 saying that they accept the bid above and that they enclose duplicate contracts1 one of which they have signed and which the ,barnard ,emerson ,co4 is to keep4 ,the other the ,barnard ,emerson ,co4 is to sign and return to ,james ,w4 ,walker ,co4 ,exercise #bda--;,contract for the ,delivery of ,property #a4 ,the ,arlington ,coal ,company1 ,old ,colony ,building1 ,chicago1 ,ill41 write to the ,red ,rock ,coal ,company1 ,auburn1 ,ill41 saying that they need several cars of egg coal per week throughout the year4 ,they ask if the ,red ,rock ,coal ,co4 wish to offer some on contract4 ,if so1 they must state how the coal is screened1 and give their lowest price4 ,write the letter4 #b4 ,the ,red ,rock ,coal ,co4 reply that they will offer egg coal for shipment at the rate of two cars per week throughout the year1 at #a4ae per net ton1 cars f4o4b4 mines4 ,if a contract were drawn up for three or more cars per week1 they would give the coal for #a4ab per net ton4 ,they say their egg is an excellent steam producing coal and gives general satisfaction4 ,it is shipped from the ,red ,rock mine via the ,chicago ,alton ,railroad1 freight rate being #hb per ton4 ,write the letter4 #c4 ,the ,arlington ,coal ,co4 write that the ,red ,rock ,coal ,co4 may send a one year contract drawn in triplicate for three cars of egg coal per week at #a4ab per net ton1 cars f4o4b4 mines4 ,of course it is understood that the usual clauses regarding accidents or other unavoidable happenings on either side will be inserted4 ,write the letter4 ,exercise #bdb--;,contract for ,construction ,,news ,,item4--,bids will be received until ,dec4 #ab by the ,chairman of the ,board of ,public ,works1 ,north ,bend1 ,washington1 for the construction of a solid concrete bridge over the ,snoqualmie ,river at ,north ,bend2 double arch1 with one pier in the river2 span of arch #ib feet2 width of bridge #ej feet4 ,plans may be had by addressing the ,chairman4 ,the ,mc,claine ,construction ,co41 of ,spokane1 ,wash41 send in a bid for #be1jjj1 guaranteeing to use ,atlas ,portland cement1 crushed rock for the coarse aggregate1 and torpedo sand for the fine aggregate1 the concrete to be reinforced with the ,kahn system of reinforcement as set forth in the specifications4 ,the company specify1 further1 that they shall be paid extra for excavation1 on the scale of #be a yard for earth1 #ge a yard for loose rock and hard pan1 and #a4jj a yard for solid rock4 ,write the letter that they send4 ,exercise #bdc--;,form ,letters ,it frequently happens in business that you receive a number of letters requiring practically the same answer4 ,in such cases1 the best plan is to have one letter that is as good a letter of its kind as you can write4 ,use that as an answer to all those to which it can be made to apply4 ,you may have to add a bit of information or change a word here and there1 but1 practically1 you are using the same form for all the letters4 ,when you have mastered the form1 the answering of letters of this class will be a simple matter4 ,the letter accompanying a catalogue may easily be a form4 7,see the second letter in ,exercise #bbc47 ,the danger1 however1 is that the use of form letters tends to make work mechanical4 ,when letters are different1 they must receive different replies4 ,a form letter should never be used just because it is easy to use when it does not really apply4 ,mandel ,bros41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 announce their annual sale of silk remnants4 ,make this a good advertisement that will reach several classes of customers4 ,have in it as one item white wash silk of heavy quality1 #cf inches wide1 at #dg cents a yard4 #a4 ,make out a sales letter for the above4 #b4 ,several mail orders have been received in excess of the supply4 ,make out a form letter that could be sent when the money is returned4 ,what is the advantage of a form letter in this case8 ,exercise #bdd--;,circular and ,follow-up ,letters ,there is a class of letters that usually originates in the advertising department of a firm4 ,they are not sent out to answer inquiries1 but to solicit new customers and to keep old ones4 ,such letters are printed in large numbers in imitation of typewriting1 and the introduction and the salutation are afterward carefully filled in on the typewriter4 ,the intention1 of course1 is to make the recipient feel that he has received a personal letter4 ,firms are generally careful to fill in the signature in pen and ink4 ,these are called circular letters4 7,see the last letter in ,exercise #bbc47 ,these letters are very important and each year more numerous4 ,frequently a series of them is written1 each one expanding one argument in a series of arguments4 ,if all the letters are read1 one after the other1 you have a complete list of reasons why you should buy the particular article which the letters advertise4 ,these letters are sent out regularly1 so that the effect of one may not quite wear off before the next arrives4 ,it is frequently the case that not until the third or fourth letter is sent out does any reply come4 ,such letters should be definitely planned in order to present arguments that are true and attractive4 ,they must be simply and clearly written4 ,they are called follow-up letters4 ,the following series of follow-up letters was intended to be sent to women who keep no maids4 ,the series was planned to contain five letters4 ,write two more1 using different appeals from those in the letters here given4 #a ,dear ,madam3 ,do you remember the fairy tale of ,little ,two-,eyes8 ,a fairy1 out of pity for the child's hunger1 spread a table before her each day as she was watching the goat in the field1 and when her appetite was satisfied all the child had to say was1 ,table clear yourself1 and the dishes magically disappeared4 ,this is a beautiful way to keep house1 was ,two-,eyes' verdict1 and every woman1 thinking of her own distaste of dirty dishes1 will agree4 ,how ,i hate dishwashing6 ,you have said it hundreds of times--after every meal1 probably4 ,i like to cook and bake1 you declare4 ,they are really interesting4 ,there is fun in trying new recipes--but the dishes6 ,you enjoy giving luncheon and dinner parties4 ,it is a delightful way of meeting one's friends4 ,moreover1 you are justly proud of your skill in cooking1 and you like to show your beautiful china4 ,but what a damper it is on your spirit of good-fellowship1 after the guests are gone1 to have to spend an hour or more washing the dishes4 ,then you would like to say1 with the child in the story1 ,dishes wash yourselves6 ,wouldn't you8 ,well1 you may4 ,for thirty days--ninety meals--we will put the ,fairy ,dishwasher in your home1 without charging you a penny4 ,the machine is simplicity itself4 ,wheel the cabinet into your dining room1 alongside your serving table1 and1 as a course is finished1 without rising from your place1 stack the dishes into the washer4 ,when you have finished the meal1 wheel the cabinet into your kitchen1 make the connection1 and turn the switch4 ,in a few minutes the dishes are washed and dried4 ,having friends in to dinner is fun when the ,fairy washes the dishes4 ,let the ,fairy do yours4 ,simply return this letter to us in the enclosed envelope1 making sure that your name and address are correct1 and we'll send you the ,fairy4 ,use it three times a day for thirty days4 ,then if you think you can get along as well without the machine1 all that you need to do is to send us a postal card1 telling us so4 ,we'll take back the ,fairy and ask no questions4 ,but send to-day4 ,yours very truly1 #b ,dear ,madam3 ,did you ever envy another woman's smooth1 white hands8 ,you looked at hers1 and then you looked at yours2 you sighed and thought1 ,it's dishwashing4 ,but what can you do8 ,haven't you tried everything to make dishwashing less drudgery8 ,haven't you tried patent soaps and tepid water1 only to find that the dishes were not clean8 ,haven't you tried dish mops1 scrapers1 and rubber gloves1 only to find that the mop and the scraper saved but one hand8 ,as for rubber gloves1 as likely as not1 the first time you used them they were caught on the prong of a fork and were thereafter useless4 ,yes1 you've tried everything2 haven't you8 ,no1 you haven't4 ,you have not tried the only sure help that there is4 ,stop your drudgery and let the ,fairy wash your dishes4 ,for thirty days--ninety trials--we will put the ,fairy ,dishwasher in your home1 absolutely free of charge1 guaranteed to wash and sterilize your dishes in boiling water1 without a touch of your hand4 ,do your manicuring while the ,fairy does the dishes4 ,pay no money1 but send the enclosed postal card to-day4 ,it will bring the ,fairy at once4 ,very truly yours1 #c ,dear ,madam3 ,an extra hour of leisure every day6 ,what is it worth to you8 ,think what you could do if some one would give you an extra hour of leisure every day4 ,there's the book you would like to read1 the call you ought to make1 the embroidery you wish you could finish4 ,there are the thousand and one things that a housekeeper continually wishes she could do--but where can she get the time8 ,and yet you waste at least an hour each day washing dishes when the ,fairy ,dishwasher will not only save you the time but rid you of a distasteful task4 ,you pay #af-b_/c cents a day for five months and the ,fairy does your dishes every day2 you buy yourself an extra hour every day1--you are an hour ahead every day for the rest of your life4 ,is it worth the price8 ,remember that we allow you to use the ,fairy for thirty days--ninety meals--before you pay a penny4 ,then for five months you send us five dollars a month1 and we guarantee that you will declare it the best twenty-five dollars that you ever spent4 ,send the enclosed postal card to-day4 ,it will bring the ,fairy and a booklet of full directions4 ,very truly yours1 ,exercise #bde ,you have bought a big tract of land in ,alabama4 ,you wish to sell a part uncleared1 to set out a part in pecan trees1 and to devote a part to truck farms4 ,write three letters to the same man1 making each one stronger than the one before4 ,keep in mind the five essentials of a good letter4 7,see page #bcj47 #a4 ,offer the uncleared land at a very low price4 ,offer as many inducements as you can1 such as desirability of location1 fertility of the soil1 and comparison in price with other land in the same neighborhood4 #b4 ,you received no response from 7#a74 ,try to sell the section in which you are planting pecan trees4 ,what inducements could you offer that might reach a man who was not affected by 7#a78 #c4 ,you received no response from 7#a7 or 7#b74 ,try to sell a truck farm4 ,what inducements could you offer that might lead a man to buy a truck farm when he had no interest in either uncleared land or pecan trees8 ,exercise #bdf #a4 ,the ,modern ,magazine offers a set of ,mark ,twain's complete works absolutely free if you subscribe for one year for the ,modern ,magazine and the ,household ,magazine at the regular price of #b for the ,modern ,magazine and #a4ej for the ,household ,magazine4 ,this offer expires ---- 7date74 ,write the letter4 #b4 ,you have not responded4 ,the ,modern ,magazine feels that you could not have understood its offer4 ,these are no cheap books4 ,to prove this1 the firm is willing to send you the books to allow you to examine them before you send any money4 ,if you accept them1 pay the express agent2 if not1 return the books at the expense of the ,modern ,magazine4 ,remember that this offer expires ---- 7date74 #c4 ,you have not responded4 ,the magazine extends the time4 ,give a reason for the extension of the time4 ,what criticism can you make on 7#c78 ,exercise #bdg ,a druggist was obliged to move from his corner store four doors east on a side street4 ,he decided to advertise by sending a series of follow-up letters embodying the following ideas3 #a4 ,change of location because ----4 #b4 ,stick to your druggist because he holds the key to your health4 #c4 ,what is the reason that my trade is staying with me8 7,prizes for the best answer47 #d4 ,the reasons why trade stays with me--what my patrons say4 #e4 ,the pure food question--why we must handle only fresh drugs4 #f4 ,we are registered pharmacists--what this means to you4 #g4 ,why our sales expense is smaller now than formerly--how you profit4 ,exercise #bdh ,a furniture house selling goods on monthly payments decides to advertise by sending a series of follow-up letters1 using the following reasons why you should buy1 one in each letter3 #a4 ,variety of stock2 assurance that they can please1 no matter what you wish4 ,amplify4 #b4 ,reliability of the firm4 #c4 ,the small profit on which they run their business gives you an excellent opportunity of buying good values at low prices4 #d4 ,buying on the easy payment plan enables you to have the use of your furniture while you are still paying for it4 ,why is 7#d7 a poor argument8 ,exercise #bdi ,write a series of letters to sell an electric washing machine1 using the following items3 #a4 ,the machine is ball bearing2 therefore very easy to work4 ,you can sit down while you do your week's washing4 ,the only work required is hanging the clothes out of doors4 #b4 ,it saves laundry bills4 #c4 ,summary of 7#a7 and 7#b74 ,the investment required is not large4 ,special plans for payment4 #d4 ,the machine is durable4 #e4 ,summary of the above4 ,the following figures show that during the time that has elapsed since 7#a7 was received the machine might have been paid for out of the money spent for laundry bills4 ,,part ,,iii--,,business ,,practice ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,manufacture ,,the following chapters will furnish exercises in composition1 both oral and written1 based upon the various phases of business4 ,they are intended to show the application of the principles underlying manufacturing1 buying1 and selling4 ,of course1 we cannot expect to go into great detail in any one of the divisions4 ,that must be reserved for future study1 perhaps reserved until the time that you enter a particular business4 ,we must remember that our first consideration is the study of ,english1 the problem of clear-cut expression4 ,underlying clear-cut expression is clear-cut thinking4 ,it cannot be repeated too often that without a definite thought there can be no definite wording of the thought4 ,to say1 ,i know1 but ,i don't know how to tell it1 shows a lazy brain4 ,learn to exercise your thinking powers so that you can force them to stay upon a subject until you have thought it out carefully and can express it4 ,all of the oral exercises in the following chapters require careful preparation4 ,this does not mean that they should be written out before the recitation1 but it does mean that they must be carefully thought out4 ,the preparation need not take a particular form4 ,the main thing is that you know exactly the points that you wish to make before you begin to speak4 ,if the exercise calls for a paragraph1 have clearly in mind the plan by which you expect to expand your thought4 ,perhaps you expect to begin with1 or to lead up to1 a topic sentence4 ,remember that this may be done in several ways4 ,choose whichever plan seems best4 ,if the exercise does not call for a particular form1 such as a paragraph or a debate1 you are left free to develop your thought in the way that you think fits your subject best and to the length which you think it demands4 ,there are many different kinds of businesses4 ,we shall not attempt to consider any except the most common and fundamental4 ,some1 like farming or mining1 consist in bringing forth certain products from the ground4 ,such products are called raw materials1 of which an example is wheat4 ,some raw materials are sold and used unchanged1 but most of them go through the process of manufacture in order to be directly usable4 ,the miller is an example of a manufacturer1 because from wheat he makes flour4 ,in this chapter we shall study the principles underlying manufacture4 ,the exercises do not by any means exhaust the subject4 ,each one is to be considered as a nucleus about which others are to be grouped4 ,if you live in a manufacturing district1 other subjects will easily suggest themselves4 ,if you have studied ,industrial ,history or ,commercial ,geography1 you probably have in mind a number of topics for discussion4 ,if you know but little about raw materials1 read some of the books suggested in ,exercise #beg4 ,at all events let your work be definite4 ,whatever statements you make be able to substantiate by an illustration of something that you have seen or heard or read4 ,exercise #bej--,manufacture ,almost all the things we eat1 wear1 and use every day are manufactured articles4 ,each one of them requires its own particular process in the making1 involving the necessity in most cases of complex and expensive machinery1 of expert workmen1 and of still more expert management4 ,take1 for example1 the shoes we wear1 in the manufacture of which an amazing number of complicated machines and of expert workmen is necessary4 ,according to the ,united ,states ,department of ,labor1 men's rough shoes go through eighty-four distinct processes performed by skilled workmen and automatic machines4 ,no less amazing is the amount of work turned out by these machines4 ,it has been estimated that the ,mc,kay machine1 which attaches the soles to the uppers1 sews up in about one hour and a half one hundred pairs1 an amount which it would take ninety-eight hours1 or about eleven whole working days1 to sew by hand4 ,each manufacturing business has peculiarities1 machinery1 methods1 and even a language of its own2 sometimes men must spend years in the study of the technicalities of certain manufacturing businesses before they become expert in them4 ,it is evident that we cannot take up any one of them here except in so far as the principles of one apply to all1 and these can be set down only very briefly4 ,the first essential to successful manufacturing is correct buying4 ,in fact1 in some businesses this is so essential that the buyer gets a larger salary than the manager himself4 ,we can see the reason for this when we consider that a good buyer must understand not only the materials that he buys1 but also the manufacturing processes1 so that1 knowing the process through which the raw materials will go in his particular business1 he will buy those materials that will make the most profitable manufactured articles4 ,the next essential1 and in most cases the most important one from the manufacturing standpoint1 is a management capable of producing the best product at the least cost4 ,the managers decide what shall be produced and how2 they hire the workmen and decide what each shall do2 they decide what shall be done by hand and what by machinery2 and they choose the machines4 ,sometimes they go even so far as to determine exactly the method in which each task shall be done1 and whenever they see that it would be advantageous to install a machine1 they do so4 ,pursuing this policy1 a ,chicago yeast concern not long ago put in three machines for wrapping the small yeast cakes1 eliminating the services of #adj girls and cutting the cost of wrapping to three-fifths of what it had been4 ,in the steel business the early success of ,andrew ,carnegie and the famous ,bill ,jones was largely due to the fact that on several occasions they did not hesitate to break up half a million dollars' worth of machinery and replace it with newer and more efficient kinds4 ,the third essential to manufacturing success is aggressive marketing of the product4 ,from the standpoint of money success this is probably the most important consideration2 so important is it1 in fact1 that it will be more fully discussed in the chapter following4 ,exercise #bea--,manufactured ,articles ,oral #a4 ,define the word industry4 ,when is a business called an industry8 7,consult an unabridged dictionary47 #b4 a4 ,name several raw materials4 b4 ,name some industries whose business it is to produce raw materials4 #c4 ,name some companies or industries whose business it is1 or whose principal function it is1 to manufacture from raw materials4 #d4 ,name some companies or groups of companies that make articles more useful by transporting them to places where they are needed4 #e4 ,name some wholesale houses4 ,in what does their business consist8 #f4 ,name several kinds of retail businesses4 ,in what does their business consist8 #g4 ,name some companies that manufacture only one article4 #h4 ,name some companies that manufacture more than one article1 but all of the same class4 ,this is the largest group4 #i4 ,name some companies that manufacture several different kinds of articles4 #aj4 ,name some companies which1 in manufacturing one product1 make a secondary or by-product4 #aa4 ,name a number of by-products and what they are by-products of4 ,oral or ,written ,in each of the following emphasize the labor involved1 not the machinery used2 prepare outlines3 #a4 ,select any manufactured article that you have seen on a grocer's shelves1 and trace it through 7#b71 7#c71 7#d71 7#e71 and 7#f7 above1 from the raw material until the product is in the housekeeper's hands4 ,if possible make your information exact by visiting a factory in which the article is made4 ,the information contained in advertisements of well-known articles may help you4 #b4 ,trace the labor that is necessary to put a loaf of bread on the table4 #c4 ,trace the changes that the mineral undergoes to be suitable for the making of edged tools1 such as knives or axes4 #d4 ,trace the changes that cotton must undergo before it is suitable for wearing as a dress or a pair of stockings4 #e4 ,trace the changes that wool undergoes before it can be worn as a sweater or a winter coat4 #f4 ,trace the changes that the skins of animals undergo before they can be worn as a muff4 #g4 ,trace the changes that silk undergoes before it can be worn as a neck-tie4 #h4 ,trace the changes that hemp undergoes before it can be used as a rope4 #i4 ,trace the changes that hides undergo before they can be worn as shoes4 #aj4 ,trace wood from the tree to a piece of fine furniture or to the case of a musical instrument4 #aa4 ,trace the steps in the process of making maple sugar4 #ab4 ,trace the steps in making a piece of glazed pottery4 #ac4 ,trace clay to bricks4 #ad4 ,trace flax to a tablecloth4 #ae4 ,trace the steps necessary to make a five dollar gold piece4 ,exercise #beb ,subjects for ,themes1 ,oral or ,written ,the following are suggestions for theme subjects on manufacture4 ,develop one or more as the teacher directs4 #a4 ,household uses for asbestos4 #b4 ,making turpentine from wood4 #c4 ,a convenient electrical device4 #d4 ,the advantages of the fireless cooker4 #e4 ,the advantages of concrete as a building material4 #f4 ,the way to make a plaster cast4 #g4 ,how iron castings are made4 #h4 ,artificial flowers from feathers1 paper1 or cloth4 #i4 ,how a suction sweeper works4 #aj4 ,the safety match4 #aa4 ,the uses of wood pulp4 #ab4 ,patent roofing4 #ac4 ,the manufacture of plate glass4 #ad4 ,utilizing cotton seed4 #ae4 ,the advantages and the disadvantages of using baking powder4 ,exercise #bec ,suggestions for ,debates #a4 ,the average young man has a better chance to succeed in business than in a profession4 #b4 ,a manufacturing business offers a better opportunity for a young man at the present time than a mercantile business4 #c4 ,manufacturing industries would suffer if immigration were restricted4 #d4 ,the labor union should be abolished4 #e4 ,the labor union has no right to restrict the number of apprentices4 #f4 ,the profit-sharing plan produces greater efficiency in the working-force4 ,exercise #bed ,imagine that you are ,stanley ,m4 ,benner1 #aga ,south ,st41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 proprietor of a factory making men's shirts and collars4 #a4 ,write an order to ,the ,american ,printing ,mill1 #ajch ,canal ,st41 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j41 for several bolts each of percale1 madras1 corded madras1 and silk striped madras4 ,use catalogue numbers4 #b4 ,write another order to ,the ,trescott ,silk ,mill1 #igf ,river ,st41 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j41 for several bolts each of ,no4 #fb1 ,no4 #ad1 and ,no4 #bj shirting silks1 ,no4 #fb being a striped silk and the others figured4 ,be definite in ordering the colors that you wish4 #c4 ,you have received an order from ,spencer ,mitchell1 #aibe ,pearl ,st41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,write a letter1 thanking them for the order and explaining when and how the goods will be sent4 #d4 ,you have received an order from ,william ,f4 ,atwood1 #eij ,jackson ,st41 ,wilmington1 ,del41 for a certain style of collar on which there has been a run4 ,write a letter1 explaining that it will take about three weeks to fill the orders that you now have for this collar and that you therefore cannot send ,mr4 ,atwood's goods before the end of the month4 #e4 ,the goods have arrived from ,the ,trescott ,silk ,mill4 ,you find1 however1 that two bolts of ,no4 #ad are badly soiled4 ,write a letter1 saying that you are returning the bolts and asking to have the matter adjusted4 #f4 ,a4 ,w4 ,trescott1 ,president of ,the ,trescott ,silk ,mill1 replies1 expressing regret that the goods were soiled and saying that two clean bolts of ,no4 #ad are being sent at once4 ,write his letter4 #g4 ,you have on hand about #ej gross men's striped madras collars1 for which there is no longer a call4 ,write to ,markham ,bros41 wholesale jobbers1 #agfe ,greenwich ,st41 ,new ,york ,city1 asking what price they will offer for the lot4 #h4 ,accept their offer of #a4ej a gross for the collars4 #i4 ,a customer sends a cash order for goods at last year's prices1 #aj below present prices4 ,write a politic reply4 #aj4 ,owing to the mildness of the winter1 you fear that you will not sell your stock of men's flannel shirts4 ,write a circular letter1 offering the shirts in lots of #be dozen each1 assorted sizes and colors1 at a #ce reduction in price4 ,address one letter to4 ,frederick ,h4 ,howard1 a dealer at #gge ,cedar ,st41 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 #aa4 ,a teamsters' strike has delayed your shipments4 ,you have received so many complaints of the non-arrival of goods that you decide to prepare a form letter that will answer all the complaints4 ,address one letter to ,william ,a4 ,spaulding1 #bicg ,waterman ,st41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 #ab4 ,miss ,sarah ,mac,comb has a small dry goods store in ,norwich1 ,conn4 ,she has owed you #abe for six months4 ,you have been lenient with ,miss ,mac,comb because you know that she has had difficulty in meeting her bills4 ,however1 you feel that she should pay at least a part of her indebtedness to you4 ,write a courteous letter1 longer and more persuasive than if it were to go to a man1 demanding payment but retaining the customer's good will4 ,this is a difficult letter to write4 ,prepare it carefully4 ,exercise #bee #a4 ,you have been manager of the ,forsyth ,furniture ,co41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,you have financial backing for #be1jjj and are looking for a location for a factory of your own4 ,write the same letter to the ,secretary of the ,chamber of ,commerce of ,great ,falls1 ,mont42 ,memphis1 ,tenn42 ,houston1 ,texas2 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,ask the ,secretary to tell you the prospects for such a factory in his city1 and what inducements the city will offer you4 7,by writing to different cities1 the teacher can obtain their booklets and their special offers to manufacturers47 #b4 ,investigate the conditions in one of the cities mentioned above and reproduce the letter that the ,secretary wrote4 #c4 ,of the four cities1 ,great ,falls appeals to you as the best location for your factory4 ,write again1 asking the ,secretary especially about the water power facilities offered and the rates charged for electrical power4 #d4 ,he replies that ,great ,falls has the most extensive power in the ,united ,states1 the hydro-electric power being ready for delivery in any quantity at exceptionally low rates4 ,he tells of the many factories that are already located in ,great ,falls because of its water power facilities4 #e4 ,great ,falls is your choice4 ,after your factory is built and your machinery installed1 write to the ,secretary of the ,sand ,point ,lumber ,co41 ,sand ,point1 ,idaho1 asking him to submit figures for a contract for supplying all your fir lumber4 ,tell him you think you will use about a million board feet a year4 #f4 ,the ,secretary replies1 offering you a contract on the following terms3 ,for all amounts under #bej1jjj feet a year1 a rate of #ab cents a foot2 under #ejj1jjj1 #aa cents2 over #ejj1jjj1 #aj cents4 ,all goods are to be billed at the highest rate and rebates made at the end of the year1 terms of payment being #ij days1 #e for #cj days4 #g4 ,write to the ,central ,american ,supply ,co41 ,tehuantepec1 ,mexico1 ordering #ej1jjj feet ,no4 #a ,mahogany ,veneer4 ,have it charged to your account1 which you have previously opened4 #h4 ,write to ,gregory ,bros41 wholesale dry goods merchants1 #abada ,nicollet ,ave41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn41 ordering #ae bolts ,no4 #g ,green ,denim2 #aj bolts ,no4 #ji ,green ,panne ,velvet2 #ej yds4 ,no4 #baf ,tapestry2 #ej yds4 ,no4 #af ,tapestry2 #ajj bolts ,green and #ajj bolts ,brown ,no4 #e ,guimpe4 ,instruct them to ship the goods at once and draw on you at sight through the ,first ,national ,bank of ,great ,falls4 7,see page #cdd47 #i4 ,write to the ,excelsior ,varnish ,co41 ,merchants' ,national ,bank ,building1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 ordering articles such as varnish1 stains1 oils1 enamels1 and finishing wax4 #aj4 ,write an order to a ,st4 ,louis firm for leather4 #aa4 ,write an order to a ,spokane firm for springs4 #ab4 ,find out where a ,great ,falls merchant would buy oak and birch1 and write an order for each4 #ac4 ,write to the ,hanover ,national ,bank of ,new ,york ,city 7because you happen to know the cashier of that bank71 explaining that you are having a very decided increase in your business and that1 in order to take care of the demand1 you require a loan of #aj1jjj4 ,explain further that the rates are too high in ,great ,falls for you to take a loan there4 ,say that you are enclosing a statement of your assets and liabilities4 #ad4 ,a dealer in ,portland1 ,ore41 writes1 complaining that he has not yet received the goods that he ordered ten days ago4 ,write an appropriate reply4 #ae4 ,you receive an order1 one item of which is #c doz4 oil mops1 which you do not carry4 ,reply that you have referred the matter to ---- a firm which you can recommend highly4 ,exercise #bef ,topics for ,investigation and ,discussion ,principles involved in manufacture3 #a4 ,the location of a factory4 a4 ,where necessary raw materials can be obtained easily and cheaply4 b4 ,where land is not expensive4 c4 ,where the coal or water supply will make power inexpensive4 d4 ,where transportation facilities are good4 #b4 ,the advantages of using machinery in manufacture4 a4 ,relative amount of work turned out4 b4 ,relative cost of work turned out4 c4 ,relative cleanliness of work turned out4 d4 ,relative uniformity of work turned out4 #c4 ,the number of working hours4 ,some factories have made the experiment of reducing the number of working hours from ten to eight without reducing the wages of the workers4 ,they have found that the quantity of work turned out is increased and the quality improved4 ,can you explain why8 #d4 ,the advantages of the profit-sharing plan1 both for employer and for employee4 ,this is a plan by which a certain per cent of the profits of the business is divided annually among the employees4 7,see a very interesting article in ,system for ,march1 #aiaa1 or read ,profit-sharing between ,employer and ,employee by ,n4 ,p4 ,gilman47 #e4 ,specialized labor4 ,there was a time when a man made all the parts of a pair of shoes4 ,why in modern factories does he make only one part8 ,which system tends to make shoes of uniform workmanship8 ,is uniformity a good quality in manufacture8 ,this principle applies to any kind of factory4 #f4 ,special products4 ,suppose that you manufactured a large number of styles of millinery1 or novelty1 footwear4 ,would you expect your profits on these to be larger or smaller than on your staple styles8 ,give reasons and illustrations4 #g4 ,why is there a struggle between labor and capital8 #h4 ,what is the cause of strikes8 #i4 ,are strikes a good thing for manufacture8 #aj4 ,a visit to a shoe factory 7or any other factory74 ,exercise #beg ,books that will ,suggest ,topics for ,talks ,if you have access to a public library1 you can probably obtain some of the following books4 ,they are all simple and interesting1 and any of them will suggest several topics for talks4 ,,allen1 ,n4 ,b41 ,industrial ,studies4 ,,baker1 ,r4 ,s41 ,boys' ,books of ,inventions4 ,,barnard1 ,,charles1 ,tools and ,machines4 ,,carpenter1 ,f4 ,g41 ,how the ,world is ,fed2 ,how the ,world is ,clothed2 ,how the ,world is ,housed2 ,geographical ,readers4 ,,chamberlain1 ,j4 ,f41 ,how ,we are ,fed2 ,how ,we are ,clothed4 ,,chase1 ,a4 and ,,clow1 ,e41 ,stories of ,industries 7two volumes74 ,,cochrane1 ,c4 ,h41 ,the ,wonders of ,modern ,mechanism4 ,,cochrane1 ,,robert1 ,romance of ,industry and ,invention4 ,,doubleday1 ,,russell1 ,stories of ,invention4 ,,forman1 ,s4 ,e41 ,useful ,inventions4 ,,gibson1 ,c4 ,r41 ,the ,romance of ,modern ,manufacture4 ,,lane1 ,m4 ,a4 ,l41 ,industries of ,to-day4 ,,little ,,chronicle ,,co41 ,industries of a ,great ,city4 ,,mowry1 ,w4 ,a4 and ,,mowry1 ,a4 ,m41 ,inventions and ,inventors4 ,,parton1 ,j41 ,captains of ,industry 7two series74 ,,rocheleau1 ,w4 ,f41 ,products of the ,soil2 ,minerals2 ,manufactures4 ,,towle1 ,g4 ,m41 ,heroes and ,martyrs of ,invention4 ,,williams1 ,a41 ,how it is ,made4 ,exercise #beh ,study the punctuation of the following2 then write from dictation3 #a ,it is stated that practical experience with gas mantles made of artificial silk--that is1 silk made from wood pulp--has proved them to be far superior to those made of cotton1 especially where the mantles are exposed to excessive vibration4 ,several ,german towns are said to be obtaining exceptionally good results from these new mantles used in conjunction with pressure gas1 and it is asserted that the mantles are in good condition after being used for seven or eight weeks4 ,artificial silk1 according to reports1 has also been used experimentally by several manufacturers of incandescent gas mantles in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the reports are all very encouraging1 except that there seems to be one difficulty that is purely mechanical--the knitting of the artificial silk4 ,the knots and other imperfections in the yarn cause a considerable amount of waste4 ,however1 the knitting-machine makers are experimenting to overcome it4--,daily ,consular and ,trade ,report4 #b ,as the production of wool in this country1 although approximating #cbj1jjj1jjj pounds a year1 does not begin to meet the demands for the raw material1 there is a yearly importation of from #aef1jjj1jjj to over #cjj1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,when each new census reveals the fact that there are fewer sheep of shearing age in the country than there were ten years before1 the question of wool production becomes one of still greater importance4 ,a solution may be found in a ,peruvian product4 ,a variety of cotton grows in ,peru whose long1 rough1 crinkly fiber mixes so readily with wool that manufacturers use it in connection with wool in manufacturing all wool goods4 ,it grows on a small tree that yields two or three crops a year for seven or eight years4 ,the area1 however1 in which it is being successfully cultivated in ,peru is so limited that the annual output is only about #af1jjj1jjj pounds1 of which the ,united ,states takes approximately #e1ejj1jjj pounds4 ,as the region in which it thrives is practically rainless1 perhaps a way may be found to persuade the rough ,peruvian to make a home for itself in the hot and arid regions of our ,southwest4 ,it would be a triumph of agriculture1 certainly1 to raise vegetable wool in regions not fitted for real sheep4--,the ,wall ,street ,journal4 #c ,,the ,,casting ,,of ,,metals ,as is well known1 some metals are unsuitable for casting1 while others1 like iron1 can readily be cast into any desired shape4 ,the property of casting well1 it is said1 depends upon whether the metal contracts or expands in solidifying from the liquid form4 ,iron1 like water1 expands in solidifying1 and hence the solid metal may be seen floating in the liquid iron about it4 ,the expansion causes it to fill the die into which it is poured1 and so it can be cast easily4 ,gold and silver contract in cooling1 and are1 therefore1 not suitable for casting4--,harper's ,weekly4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,distribution ,,correct buying and the most efficient methods of manufacture play a large part in the successful carrying on of a business1 but the most important consideration is the successful marketing or distributing of the product after it has been manufactured or bought4 ,very few products are so superior in quality that they sell themselves purely on merit4 ,competition in business to-day is so keen that1 in order to find a market for his product1 a merchant must create a demand for it4 ,thus at its very foundation1 distribution is merely a process of creating a demand and then filling that demand4 ,for instance1 the retail merchant is concerned with bringing the customers to his store rather than to his competitor's across the street4 ,the wholesale merchant is concerned with having the retailers handle his goods rather than those of another firm4 ,the mail order merchant is concerned with getting the farmer's business before some other dealer gets it4 ,the salesman is concerned with writing the order before a rival from another house writes it4 ,in the first place1 the merchant must handle those things that his customers consider necessary or desirable4 ,overcoats cannot be sold in ,august1 ashsifters on the equator1 nor electric fans in ,iceland4 ,different peoples1 different times1 and different conditions create different demands1 and it is the merchant's business to study those demands and to fill them4 ,in the second place1 he must leave no stone unturned in endeavoring to make his product more desirable than that of his competitors4 ,this may mean extensive advertising campaigns1 expensive displays1 outlay for costly catalogues and booklets1 the expenditure of money for inducements to bring customers1 or the hiring of expert salesmen4 ,in fact1 thousands of plans are carried out every year in this endeavor to increase trade4 ,the getting of new and additional business1 however1 is only one of the important considerations that the merchant must always have in mind4 ,he must also keep what business he already has by maintaining the standard of his goods and by giving his customers satisfactory service4 ,one of the first essentials in this question of service is promptness and exactness of delivery4 ,in this the merchant must depend very largely on the transportation companies1 and therefore a brief study of these facilities will be especially in place at this point4 ,transportation ,transportation is an essential item in the problem of distribution4 ,if you wished to drink a cup of coffee and found that none could be had except in ,brazil1 you would begin to realize how much the steamship company and the railroad company have done in transporting and hauling it where you might buy it4 ,the same is true of our oranges from ,california and ,florida1 our apples from ,washington and ,oregon1 and our grain from the ,middle ,states4 ,in fact1 in the case of many products the most important item is not growing them1 but bringing them to market1 since the transportation charges are often much greater than the actual cost of producing4 ,thousands of barrels of apples rot on the ground every year because their quality does not warrant the high transportation charges1 the lack of transportation rendering them useless4 ,in a smaller measure1 the delivery wagons in our cities and towns are essential to us because they save us the trouble of carrying our purchases about4 ,thus1 the element of transportation enters into our lives every day1 saving us inconvenience1 bringing to us necessities that we demand and luxuries that we like1 and1 at the same time1 increasing the price of commodities4 ,common carriers1 as transportation companies are called1 are of two general classes3 #a4 ,those operating on water--the steamship companies4 #b4 ,those operating on land--the railroad companies4 ,,the ,,steamship ,,company ,steamship companies operate three general kinds of lines3 7#a7 lines consisting of the largest and fastest steamers which carry only passengers1 mail1 and valuable parcels2 7#b7 lines using slower steamers which carry both passengers and freight2 and 7#c7 lines employing vessels--steamers1 sailing vessels1 and barges--which carry only freight4 ,the cost of hauling cargoes by water is in every case less per mile than that of carrying the same quantity of goods on land4 ,it costs1 for example1 over four times as much to carry a bushel of wheat from ,chicago to ,new ,york by rail as it does to carry it across the ,atlantic4 ,it is for this very reason that the traffic on our navigable rivers1 the ,ohio and the ,mississippi1 and on the ,great ,lakes is so heavy4 ,whenever a cargo can be shipped as well by water as by rail and there is no hurry for delivery1 it is shipped by water4 ,however1 because so much of our freight must be rushed from place to place1 the railroads get the bulk of the inland traffic4 ,,the ,,railroad ,,company ,the services of the railroad company embrace the hauling of freight1 the carrying of passengers1 and the transporting of express and of mail4 ,the hauling of freight is the most important item in the railroad business1 about three-quarters of the total income being derived from this source4 ,each year over one billion tons of freight are turned over by shippers to the railroads1 who use almost two and one-half million freight cars to carry it4 ,about one-half of this tonnage is minerals1 mainly ore and coal2 about one-seventh consists of manufactured articles2 and one-twelfth of agricultural products4 ,commodities are grouped into from ten to fourteen classes1 on each one of which the freight rate is different from that of the others4 ,by freight rate is meant the cost of shipping a certain unit1 usually #ajj pounds or a ton1 from one place to another2 it is dependent on the distance4 ,there are certain bulky commodities like coal1 livestock1 lumber1 grain1 and cement1 which are almost always handled in carload lots4 ,they are not included in the freight classification1 but have a special ex-class freight rate4 ,freight rates depend also on whether the goods are shipped by slow or local freight or by fast or through freight4 ,there are a hundred different kinds of papers used in carrying on the railroad freight business4 ,only four of the most important will be considered here4 ,when a shipper turns over his goods to the railroad company at its freight depot1 he gets from the agent a receipt for freight1 which is merely a receipt for the goods he has turned over4 ,in the ordinary course of business these receipts are exchanged at the company's office for a bill of lading in triplicate4 ,the original and one copy are given to the shipper4 ,the second copy is kept by the railroad4 ,this bill of lading may be of two kinds1 straight or order4 ,if a straight bill of lading is given1 the original is sent to the person to whom the goods are shipped1 who is called the consignee1 who on the presentation of the bill of lading is entitled to the goods after paying the charges4 ,an order bill of lading is much like a check1 in that it can be assigned to another person4 ,like the straight bill it states the name of the consignee or the person for whom the goods are intended and his address1 but the consignee cannot get possession of the goods until he has paid for them4 ,to collect payment1 the shipper attaches to the order bill of lading a draft for the amount of the goods and the freight1 and through his bank and the bank of the consignee the amount is collected4 ,the consignee then gets possession of the order bill of lading1 which entitles him to possession of the goods4 ,this is more fully explained on page #cdd4 ,the railroad's most important paper is the way bill1 which shows the conductor or the agent of the company just what articles are included in the shipment1 so that it can be checked when unloaded4 ,when the goods arrive at their destination1 the consignee is notified and is sent a freight bill showing the freight charges4 ,when he presents his bill of lading and pays the charges1 the freight bill is receipted and the goods are his4 ,in quoting prices on goods1 manufacturers and distributors usually designate whether they will pay the freight or whether it is to be paid by the consignee4 ,in the latter case the price is quoted f4 o4 b4 at the place from which the goods are shipped1 which means freight on board at that point4 ,that is to say1 if a distributor located at ,detroit quotes his automobiles f4 o4 b4 ,detroit1 he means that he will see that the goods get into the railroad company's hands at ,detroit1 but that the consignee pays the freight from ,detroit to the destination4 ,the latter is the common practice in shipping4 ,in the following exercises we shall treat the subject of distribution under four heads3 ,i4 ,the ,retail ,merchant4 ,,ii4 ,the ,wholesale ,merchant4 ,,iii4 ,the ,mail ,order ,merchant4 ,,iv4 ,the ,salesman4 ,i4--,,the ,,retail ,,merchant ,exercise #bei ,oral ,you are opening a grocery store4 ,remember that your object is to sell the largest possible amount of goods4 ,develop each of the following suggestions3 #a4 ,what kind of location would you desire8 #b4 ,how would you have the front of your store painted8 ,would you try to make it stand out from the rest8 #c4 ,do you think it would pay you to have the interior newly and brightly redecorated8 ,to put in the best and brightest lights8 #d4 ,what quality of stock would you select8 ,the same for all neighborhoods8 ,give your reasons4 ,would advertised brands bring you more trade8 #e4 ,do you think window display would pay8 ,would you recommend freak or ordinary displays8 ,price-marked or non-price-marked8 ,give your reasons4 #f4 ,does the delivery wagon pay8 ,would it be advisable to buy a new wagon and a good horse8 ,what other considerations would enter8 #g4 ,would you sometimes cut the price of some necessity to draw people8 ,give reasons for your answer4 #h4 ,is it a good thing to have a general cut-price-sale to bring customers to your store8 ,even if you lose money by it8 #i4 ,would you give credit8 ,would the class of people you served come into consideration8 #aj4 ,is the use of trading stamps and premiums good policy8 #aa4 ,why do you often find a meat market in connection with a grocery8 #ab4 ,there are two kinds of retail meat markets3 7#a7 the one that sells goods which can be retailed at a low price1 and 7#b7 the one that sells superior goods at a higher price4 ,which policy would you follow and why8 #ac4 ,could a retailer combine the two spoken of in 7#ab78 ,consider cost1 space1 satisfaction of the customer4 #ad4 ,would you advertise by means of handbills8 ,by circular letters8 #ae4 ,what would you do if another grocery opened across the street from yours8 ,exercise #bfj ,written #a4 ,you have bought ,burton ,sanders' grocery at ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,send out a circular letter advertising the new ,white ,front ,grocery and telling what the policy of the new management will be4 ,explain that the opening sale will begin next ,monday and that a special feature of the sale will1 be twenty pounds of granulated sugar for eighty cents with a two dollar order4 #b4 ,at the same time have an article appear in a local newspaper1 telling that ,burton ,sanders have sold their store to you and that you are making extensive improvements1 especially in sanitary means of handling provisions4 ,in addition1 let the article give an account of your business career in another town4 ,would such an article be of value to you8 ,write it4 #c4 ,write to ,peabody1 ,harper ,co41 ,rush ,street ,bridge1 ,chicago1 ,ill41 saying that you would like to open an account with them4 ,give as references a bank in your town and one in ,logansport1 where you used to live4 ,ask ,peabody1 ,harper ,co4 what terms they can offer you4 #d4 ,you have decided to advertise in a local paper4 ,write to the advertising manager1 asking him for yearly rates for a half-column every evening and a quarter-page every ,friday4 #e4 ,find out what are the advertising rates of a paper in your town and answer 7#d74 #f4 ,reproduce a letter that a woman living in town sends1 ordering two dollars' worth of groceries and requesting that you send1 in addition1 the twenty pounds of sugar you advertise in 7#a74 ,she encloses a check for #b4hj4 #g4 ,you are in receipt of a letter from ,peabody1 ,harper ,co41 answering your inquiry in 7#c7 and offering you sixty days' credit and #b discount for payment within ten days4 ,write the letter4 #h4 ,send an order to ,peabody1 ,harper ,co4 for #bjj worth of groceries4 ,among the items let there be #f cases of canned tomatoes1 first quality1 at #a4ge a case4 ,ask them to send the goods by the ,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r4 #i4 ,your business is increasing and you need another clerk1 7a7 ,write an advertisement for one4 7b7 ,apply for the position4 #aj4 ,write a short circular advertising an inexpensive novelty that a grocer might sell4 ,these circulars are to be wrapped with purchases4 #aa4 ,peabody1 ,harper ,co4 write1 confirming your order in 7#h7 and enclosing a straight bill of lading4 #ab4 ,when the goods arrive1 you find no tomatoes among them4 ,write a complaint to the wholesale house4 #ac4 ,peabody1 ,harper ,co4 reply to your letter in 7#ab71 apologizing for the mistake1 explaining how it occurred 7supply an explanation71 and telling you that they have sent one case by express at their expense4 ,the rest will follow by freight4 #ad4 ,the tomatoes sent by freight do not arrive4 ,write to the grocery company1 asking the latter to send out a tracer2 that is1 to request the railroad company to trace the goods on its lines4 #ae4 ,the grocery company telephones the railroad company1 requesting the latter to trace the goods and to report4 ,the grocery company also writes a letter confirming its request4 ,write the letter4 #af4 7a7 ,the railroad company reports that by mistake the goods were carried through to ,lima1 but that they are being returned to ,fort ,wayne4 7b7 ,the grocery company informs you of the developments and hopes that the delay has caused you no great inconvenience4 ,write both letters4 ,exercise #bfa #a4 ,you wish to get a partner to open a meat market in connection with your grocery4 ,write to a friend in ,lafayette1 ,ind41 who you think will be interested1 proposing the plan4 ,tell him of the opportunities1 as you see them1 of business in ,fort ,wayne and the surrounding country4 ,tell him that with #d1jjj additional capital you and he could set up a much larger establishment1 invest in a motor wagon1 and thus secure the trade of the outlying districts4 #b4 ,your friend replies that the proposal appeals strongly to him1 but that he has only #b1jjj in cash4 ,however1 he holds a mortgage for #b1jjj on ---- 7state the location of the house7 in ,lafayette1 and1 if he can sell the mortgage1 he will be glad to avail himself of the offer4 #c4 ,after the partnership is formed1 your partner writes to ,orr ,locket1 #ad ,w4 ,randolph ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ordering the following to be shipped by ,pennsylvania ,r4,r43 #a ,refrigerator ,no4 #cfa2 #b ,meat ,blocks ,no4 #c2 #a ,scale ,no4 ,m4 #cj2 #a_/f doz4 ,saws ,no4 #cc 7#af in472 #a_/f doz4 ,saws ,no4 #cc 7#bb in472 #a_/d doz4 ,knives ,no4 #iee2 #a_/d doz4 ,knives ,no4 #dij2 #a_/f doz4 ,steels ,no4 #hb2 #a_/f doz4 ,cleavers ,no4 #ji2 #a_/d doz4 ,block ,scrapers4 ,he explains that he is the same man who formerly had a meat market in ,lafayette4 #d4 ,orr ,locket acknowledge the receipt of the order1 enclose the invoice1 and offer him #e discount for payment within #cj days4 ,write the letter4 #e4 ,a ,detroit manufacturer sends you f4o4b4 prices on his motor wagons4 ,investigate the prices and write the letter4 #f4 ,order one of them4 7,remember the f4o4b4 item47 #g4 ,he writes confirming your order1 saying that the car is now in the shipper's hands and that his bank has sent the order bill of lading with draft attached to the ,first ,national ,bank of your city4 ,write the letter4 7,see page #cdd47 #h4 ,at the same time the shipper's bank sends a letter to the ,first ,national ,bank of your city enclosing the order bill of lading with draft drawn on you for collection4 ,a copy of this letter is also mailed to you4 ,write it4 #i4 ,you telephone your bank to draw on your account for the amount of the draft and to send you the bill of lading4 ,you confirm this understanding by a letter4 ,write it4 #aj4 ,your bank writes1 confirming the telephone conversation and enclosing the bill of lading and a receipt for the correct amount4 ,you present your bill of lading1 pay the freight charges1 and get your motor wagon4 ,write the letter the bank sends4 #aa4 ,the automobile manufacturer has meanwhile received through his bank a credit for the amount you paid for the car and writes acknowledging its receipt4 ,write the letter4 ,exercise #bfb ,choose four or six members of the class1 one-half of whom are to argue in favor of the policy indicated in the plan outlined below and one-half of whom are to argue against it4 ,a certain grocer opened a store with the determination of doing a strictly cash business1 and of making no deliveries unless the purchaser paid for the delivery4 ,this was his plan as suggested by ,system3 #a4 ,to those who would carry their own purchases he sold everything for cash much lower than any other grocer in town sold it4 #b4 ,if the customer bought very bulky goods1 or if he did not wish to be his own delivery man1 the grocer charged him for delivery a certain percentage of the total of his cash purchases4 ,yet the customer bought more cheaply than he could buy in any other grocery in town4 #c4 ,those who wished to pay once a month instead of at every visit he advised to deposit a certain sum of money with him as banker and to buy against that1 paying cash prices and receiving #c interest on the amount left on deposit4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,wholesale ,,merchant ,exercise #bfc ,oral ,each of the following should be developed into a paragraph3 #a4 ,you are a manufacturer and wholesale distributor with a factory on the outskirts of a town2 would you have a warehouse in the center of the town8 ,give reasons for your answer4 #b4 ,what would be the advantage of having your warehouse near the railroad freight depots8 ,near the docks8 #c4 ,what would be the advantage of being located in a large city with many railroads and with water transportation facilities--,chicago1 for example8 #d4 ,speed gets orders4 ,with this in view1 what would you recommend with respect to the equipment for handling8 ,what would you suggest about the number of people through whose hands the order would have to go before being shipped8 #e4 ,if you were looking for big trade in a big city1 what kind of stock would you carry8 ,musical instruments8 ,clothing8 #f4 ,would it be a good plan to make a specialty of certain brands for leaders and to quote a special price on them8 #g4 ,if you were just starting a wholesale hardware or grocery business1 state which you think would be the better policy3 7#a7 to concentrate on one kind of goods in one territory and to take on other kinds and territories later1 or 7#b7 to work all kinds of goods as widely as possible from the very beginning4 ,explain fully4 #h4 ,would you bear part of the expense of retailers' advertising1 especially of window displays1 provided they handled your goods8 #i4 ,would it be good business for the salesmen of the firm to suggest selling methods to retailers and to plan window displays for them8 ,give your reasons4 #aj4 ,do you think it would increase sales to offer a money prize to the retailer selling the largest amount of a certain kind of your goods1 the sale of which you wished materially to increase8 #aa4 ,tell which you think would be the better policy3 7#a7 to undersell your competitors for a time and then1 when you had the trade1 to raise your prices1 or 7#b7 to set one price and maintain it from the beginning4 ,give your reasons4 #ab4 ,if you were getting out a new brand of carpenters' tools1 where would you advertise8 ,would you conduct an extensive national campaign8 #ac4 ,if you were bringing out a new soap or washing powder1 where would you advertise8 ,would you conduct an extensive national advertising campaign8 ,what would your answer be if you were introducing a new brand of crackers8 #ad4 ,would bringing out novelties from time to time help the sale of your staple articles8 ,explain4 #ae4 ,do you think it would pay to send circulars to the housewives of a certain locality to get the local grocers' trade8 ,after you had the local grocers' trade8 ,exercise #bfd ,written #a4 ,you are ,thos4 ,h4 ,peabody of ,peabody1 ,harper ,co4's wholesale grocery4 ,prepare a circular letter1 announcing your removal to a new building4 ,the letter will be printed in imitation of typewriting and the introduction filled in later on the typewriter4 ,remember you are seeking patronage4 ,address one letter to ,walter ,t4 ,barth1 #cej ,e4 ,water ,st41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 #b4 ,write an advertisement to appear in the ,january number of ,the ,grocer and ,country ,merchant1 a grocers' trade journal4 ,it will announce your change of location4 #c4 ,you receive an order from a retailer in which he asks for a certain brand of coffee that you do not carry4 ,write a letter telling him you do not handle that brand and offering him another4 ,make the letter as courteous as possible4 #d4 ,write an advertisement for 7#a7 a bookkeeper2 7#b7 a stenographer4 #e4 ,answer 7#a7 or 7#b7 above4 #f4 ,write an advertisement for a traveling salesman4 #g4 ,answer 7#f7 telling why you think you could sell groceries although you have had no experience4 #h4 ,write a circular letter to send to the trade setting forth the merits of a new brand of canned fruit4 ,say that you are offering the brand at a very attractive price in the expectation that retailers will make it a leader4 ,write to ,mr4 ,barth 7#a74 #i4 ,you have made a contract with the manufacturers of the canned fruit mentioned in 7#h71 by which you secure the exclusive sale but take the responsibility of advertising4 ,write to an advertising agency1 saying that you are considering a three months' advertising campaign4 ,explain that you do not wish the expense to exceed five thousand dollars4 #aj4 ,the advertising agency replies that1 as five thousand dollars is a comparatively small sum for a campaign1 it would suggest that the advertising be confined to one class3 street car1 billboard1 newspaper1 or magazine4 ,write the letter4 #aa4 ,notify the agency of your choice1 giving your reasons4 #ab4 ,write a series of three letters to send to housewives1 advertising the canned fruit1 with the purpose of having them ask for this brand at their grocers'3 7#a7 ,telling the name of the canned fruit1 its excellence1 its price1 and where it may be bought2 7#b7 ,asking if the housewife has as yet bought any1 and if she has not1 telling her she can get a sample at her grocer's on presentation of this letter2 7#c7 ,asking how she liked the fruit and quoting a letter of recommendation received from ,mrs4 ,a41 who lives in the neighborhood4 ,urge her to buy1 but not too abruptly4 ,a letter to a woman should be fairly long4 7,see page #bfe47 ,exercise #bfe #a4 ,for two months you have been without a credit man4 ,you wish to be very careful in your choice because of the importance of the position4 ,j4 ,b4 ,wright of #dci ,russell ,ave41 ,indianapolis1 is a personal friend of yours4 ,he has heard that you need a credit man and he recommends ,joseph ,haddon1 who worked for him three years in that capacity until a year ago when he went to ,colorado because of the ill-health of his wife4 ,meanwhile1 ,mr4 ,wright's son has been acting as his credit man4 ,mrs4 ,haddon has now recovered1 and her husband is anxious to get another position4 ,reproduce ,mr4 ,wright's letter4 #b4 ,write the letter ,mr4 ,wright sends ,mr4 ,haddon in ,colorado1 suggesting that the latter apply for the position4 #c4 ,at the same time ,joseph ,haddon writes1 applying for the position4 ,write the letter of application4 #d4 ,write ,mr4 ,haddon's letter thanking ,mr4 ,wright for his interest4 ,remember that the two men know each other4 #e4 ,joseph ,haddon1 whom you have engaged1 is proving to be a very alert credit man4 ,he has made a study of your credit files and has discovered that you have a great many accounts of long standing that ought to be collected4 ,he prepares a courteous letter to send to the debtors1 telling them that he has just been made credit man and that he personally would like to get into closer touch with their particular situation to find out how soon he might expect a remittance from them1 so that he could plan the future of his department4 ,write the letter4 7,see page #bed47 #f4 ,a number of retailers remit the amount that they owe4 ,some explain their situation in detail1 but a great many do not respond to 7#e74 ,write another letter1 still courteous1 but more emphatic than 7#e71 to those who did not respond4 7,see page #bee47 #g4 ,still a number do not respond4 ,write a third letter1 saying that you will place the matter in the hands of your attorney unless you receive a remittance within ten days4 #h4 ,mr4 ,haddon discovers that there are about a hundred retailers who used to be customers1 but who have bought nothing for about two years4 ,he reports this to the sales manager1 ,mr4 ,james ,woodworth1 who writes a letter to the retailers to induce them to send another order1 using the canned fruit spoken of in 7#h7 of ,exercise #bfd as a means of interesting them4 #i4 ,nathaniel ,sears1 a dealer in general merchandise at ,joplin1 ,mo41 writes to you asking for an open account4 ,he says that he did a #aj1jjj business last year and that1 apparently1 sales this year will be larger4 ,he gives no references4 ,you refer the matter to ,mr4 ,haddon1 who looks up ,mr4 ,sears in ,bradstreet and then writes to one of your salesmen at ,st4 ,louis1 asking him to investigate the financial standing of ,mr4 ,sears4 ,write to the salesman4 #aj4 ,after three days the salesman reports that ,mr4 ,sears seems to be doing a good business1 but he thinks the dealer is living beyond his means4 ,he owes two wholesale houses #ejj and #hej respectively2 his property in ,joplin is heavily mortgaged1 and yet he is making extensive improvements on his residence2 his son and his daughter are at expensive boarding schools4 ,write the letter4 ,be exact in your information4 #aa4 ,as ,mr4 ,woodworth1 write ,mr4 ,sears a courteous letter1 refusing him credit but attempting to secure his cash business4 #ab4 ,charles ,freeman1 #ada ,park ,place1 ,newark1 ,ohio1 writes in answer to 7#e7 saying that he is unable to pay his account of #ejj4 ,after the harvest his outstanding bills will be paid by the farmers1 and then he can remit4 ,he says he is willing to give his #ij day note for the amount he owes4 #ac4 ,mr4 ,haddon writes1 accepting the note4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,mail ,,order ,,merchant ,exercise #bff ,oral #a4 ,suppose you were starting a mail order business4 ,would it make any difference in possible profits if your center of operations were in a large or a small city8 ,give your reasons4 #b4 ,would you try to be near good transportation8 #c4 ,what kind of stock would you advertise principally3 bulky articles or those easily handled8 expensive goods or those of more moderate price8 #d4 ,your catalogue is your salesman4 ,what would this statement suggest about the cost of running your business as compared with that of ,peabody1 ,harper ,co41 who employ five salesmen8 #e4 ,how would you bring special attention to your leaders in your catalogue8 #f4 ,why is it advisable not to give your catalogue away free1 but to charge a nominal sum for it8 #g4 ,would you sell as cheaply as you could or would you try to sell for as high a price as possible even if you sold less8 #h4 ,is it profitable for a mail order merchant to sell one spool of thread or one pocket-knife8 ,consider the handling and the packing4 #i4 ,why can the mail order merchant sell more cheaply than the country dealer8 #aj4 a4 ,how is the parcel post favorable to the mail order dealer8 b4 ,why did the country merchant object so strenuously to the passage of the parcel post law8 #aa4 ,some distributors who handle only one kind of article sometimes pay the freight4 ,would this plan be advisable for a mail order house to adopt8 #ab4 ,since the purchaser pays the freight1 is it advisable for him to buy a large or a small order at one time8 ,exercise #bfg ,written #a4 ,a customer who wishes to buy some furniture complains that he can purchase what he wishes from another firm that will pay the freight4 ,write a letter meeting his objection4 #b4 ,you have just added a new clothing department and have published a special clothing catalogue1 which you will be glad to send to your customers free of charge4 ,write a letter telling of the new department and drawing special attention to your three-piece serge suit for #ae4 ,enclose a sample of the cloth4 #c4 ,write1 especially to farmers1 saying that with the facilities now offered by the parcel post you are able to supply their wants quickly2 as1 for example1 for a broken part of a piece of farm machinery4 ,write a fairly long letter in a friendly tone4 #d4 ,in the fall write a letter1 addressing the farmers' wives1 saying that1 as winter is at hand1 it would be well for them to put in a supply of groceries when prices are reasonable4 ,enclose a folder giving some attractive bargains4 ,write the folder4 #e4 ,write a letter1 saying that you have just put up a new building4 ,invite your customer to come to see it4 ,explain that every afternoon from #b to #d o'clock there will be a band concert in your large visitors' hall4 ,exercise #bfh #a4 ,let one pupil be chosen to dictate to the class each of the letters outlined below4 ,he is to use no notes4 ,the class will represent stenographers4 #b4 ,discuss and improve the letters that have been dictated4 #a4 ,borroughs ,brown1 a mail order firm at ,n4 #aath and ,callowhill ,streets1 ,philadelphia1 send you their catalogue and an advertising letter4 ,write the letter4 #b4 ,write1 stating that in their catalogue ,no4 #f1 page #fgc1 ,borroughs ,brown list a washing machine such as you wish1 called the ,pride ,swing washing machine1 ,no4 #d-;,a-#dei4 ,the measurements as listed are3 depth #ac inches1 diameter #ba inches4 ,the price is #e4be4 ,this is too small for your purpose4 ,ask if they can supply you with the same style #cj inches in diameter4 ,ask the price4 #c4 ,borroughs ,brown write that they have no such machine in stock1 but1 since there have been many requests lately for a larger machine1 they have decided to consult the factory1 and if it is advisable1 they will reproduce the ,pride ,swing machine in larger size4 7,letter head47 #d4 ,borroughs ,brown1 ,dept4 #ah1 ,house ,furnishings1 write to the ,w4 ,f4 ,wiggins ,mfg4 ,co41 ,saginaw1 ,mich41 stating that they have had several orders for a larger ,pride ,swing washing machine which the ,wiggins ,company manufacture4 ,burroughs ,brown ask concerning a #cj-;inch machine4 ,write the letter4 #e4 ,the ,w4 ,f4 ,wiggins ,mfg4 ,co4 telegraph ,borroughs ,brown that before they can state a price on a #cj-;inch ,pride ,swing machine1 they must make samples1 calculating cost of materials and workmanship4 ,write the telegram4 ,confirm by letter4 ,write the letter4 #f4 ,borroughs ,brown write you1 giving the information contained in 7#e7 above4 #g4 ,the ,w4 ,f4 ,wiggins ,mfg4 ,co4 write ,borroughs ,brown1 stating that after several experiments they find that the coil springs by which the ,pride ,swing machine is operated are too weak for the larger sized tub4 ,the manufacture of suitable springs will cause some delay in their final report4 #h4 ,ten days later4 ,telegram4 ,the ,w4 ,f4 ,wiggins ,mfg4 ,co4 to ,borroughs ,brown1 stating that they have now perfected a ,pride ,swing ,special machine2 width #cj inches1 depth #ah inches2 price #h1 with a discount of #ej4 #i4 ,borroughs ,brown write you that they have perfected a ,pride ,swing ,special washing machine1 ,no4 #d-;,b-#dei1 #cj inches in diameter1 #ah inches in depth1 price #g4 ,add a courteous close4 #aj4 ,order five machines4 ,give full shipping directions4 ,say that you will pay according to the offer made on page #be1 catalogue ,no4 #f2 viz41 #bj upon receipt of the goods and #e per month until they are paid for4 ,give two references4 #aa4 ,borroughs ,brown telegraph the ,w4 ,f4 ,wiggins ,mfg4 ,co4 ordering #ajj machines1 five of which are to be sent directly to you4 ,write1 confirming the telegram4 #ab4 ,two weeks later than letter 7#aj7 write again1 explaining that you have not received the machines you ordered4 ,ask the reason for the delay4 #ac4 ,two weeks later than 7#aa7 write a telegram from ,borroughs ,brown to the ,w4 ,f4 ,wiggins ,mfg4 ,co41 asking why the machines have not been sent4 #ad4 ,send a telegram from the ,w4 ,f4 ,wiggins ,mfg4 ,co4 to ,borroughs ,brown1 saying that1 owing to a teamsters' and shipping clerks' strike1 they have not been able to fill any of their orders for the last two weeks4 ,the machines have been sent4 7,state how and when47 ,write a letter1 confirming the telegram4 #ae4 ,borroughs ,brown write to inform you that the strike was the cause of the delay in the shipment of the machines you ordered ----4 ,the machines were shipped ----4 ,add a courteous close4 ,exercise #bfi ,conduct a transaction of your own1 using the above as a model1 except in the method of payment4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,salesman ,salesmanship is a branch of distribution about which many volumes have been written4 ,we cannot consider it minutely from the personal view of the salesman1 but can only touch upon it from the point of view of distribution4 ,the salesman is merely a force in distribution like correspondence1 circulars1 and advertising4 ,but the salesman has the advantage over these in that he is able to bring his personality to bear in the problem of getting business4 ,it is by means of his personality that the salesman gets the attention and confidence of the customer1--a thing which is extremely hard to do in a letter1 a circular1 or an advertisement4 ,securing a buyer's confidence is very important1 because no suspicious customer has ever yet bought anything4 ,in addition to a pleasing personality a good salesman must have a wide and thorough knowledge of his wares4 ,if he does not know his goods1 the sale drags2 whereas1 if he knows everything good there is to be known about them1 his enthusiasm instills enthusiasm into the customer4 ,after bringing his knowledge and his enthusiasm into play1 he must next call on his perseverance and his tact2 perseverance to keep at the customer until he gets the order1 and tact to know in each case just how to go about getting the order and just when to stop4 ,many salesmen talk too much2 many more do not talk enough4 ,exercise #bgj ,oral ,in talking on any of the following subjects be sure you know just what you are going to say before you begin1 and then say it clearly and convincingly4 ,don't say too much and don't say too little4 ,just exactly how much you should say no one can tell you4 ,you must watch your audience4 ,if they look puzzled1 give more details2 if they look bored1 try shorter1 more concise sentences1 or bring your talk to a close4 ,after you have explained all your points1 sum them up briefly at the end4 ,remember that your talk must1 first1 attract attention2 second1 hold the interest2 and third1 create enthusiasm and desire to buy4 ,to supplement what facts you get from observation1 study advertisements and catalogues to get material for 7#i7 to 7#bj7 below3 #a4 ,get up a talk to persuade a freshman or a group of freshmen to subscribe to the school paper4 #b4 ,to persuade girls to contribute to a fund to be used to buy suits for the football team4 #c4 ,to induce particularly uninterested freshmen to buy tickets for a school activity2 for example1 a debate4 #d4 ,as a real estate agent induce a classmate to establish a home in your neighborhood4 #e4 ,try to sell the manager of the baseball team a new line of athletic goods4 #f4 ,try to sell a set of ,dickens' 7or any other author's7 works to a boy who is not fond of reading4 ,you must enjoy the books that you recommend4 #g4 ,try to sell the class or the teacher a new kind of loose leaf note book for science or ,english work4 #h4 ,as an agent for the publishers try to sell this text book to your ,english class or to your ,english teacher4 #i4 ,you are trying to sell an automobile to a farmer4 ,by means of concrete examples develop the following items into a talk3 a4 ,the business opportunities to be gained4 b4 ,the social opportunities to be gained4 #aj4 ,get up a talk to sell a runabout to a physician who has a small practice4 ,suppose that he owns a horse and a buggy4 ,be tactful4 #aa4 ,you are a salesman for an automobile house and are trying to sell a gasoline car to a man who is partial to an electric car4 ,meet the objections to the gasoline car and put forward its advantages4 #ab4 ,you are trying to sell an electric runabout to a woman4 ,develop the following into a talk3 a4 ,ease of operation4 b4 ,noiselessness and comfort4 c4 ,elegant appearance4 #ac4 ,you are trying to sell the manager of a local express company a motor truck4 ,gather all the data you can and present it in a talk on why he should replace his horses and wagons with motor trucks4 ,be as specific as possible4 #ad4 ,get up a talk showing why a man with considerable means should trade his two year old car as part payment for the latest model4 #ae4 ,get up a talk to sell a phonograph4 #af4 ,to sell an electric washing machine4 #ag4 ,to sell a piano4 #ah4 ,to sell a vacuum cleaner4 #ai4 ,to sell a subscription to a magazine4 #bj4 ,to obtain an order for groceries or teas and coffees4 ,the offer of premiums might add to the effectiveness of your talk4 ,exercise #bga ,the following paragraph was adapted from ,william ,c4 ,freeman's ,advertising ,talks4 ,george ,washington's ,cherry ,tree ,story has served a good purpose through all of these years4 ,i cannot tell a lie is a phrase that has been used in every schoolroom in ,america to impress upon young minds the importance of truth telling4 ,the phrase is also serving its purpose outside the schoolroom4 ,in all professions and in all kinds of business1 men know that in order to make good they must tell the truth4 ,there never was1 in all the history of the country1 a greater movement than now toward universal truth telling4 ,there is not even that winking at white lies that used to prevail4 ,the man who does not make a direct statement1 who does not earn a reputation for being honest1 has no chance of succeeding4 ,time was when the trickster was regarded as shrewd and was accepted in the community as being right both socially and commercially4 ,to-day the man who has money without a reputation for integrity is a bankrupt1 as far as real friends and public opinion are concerned4 ,the expression ,i cannot tell a lie has been changed to-day to ,i will not tell a lie even if the lie seems more expedient than the blunt truth4 ,so ,george ,washington's ,cherry ,tree ,story is as good to-day as it ever was4 ,prepare paragraphs on the following suggestions1 expanding each by examples3 #a4 ,as a salesman1 be honest with your customers4 #b4 ,cultivate tact4 #c4 ,cultivate a conscience4 #d4 ,learn to avoid friction4 #e4 ,acknowledge your mistakes4 #f4 ,don't criticise4 #g4 ,don't procrastinate4 #h4 ,don't boast4 #i4 ,don't buy your clothes on time4 #aj4 ,don't borrow from fellow clerks4 #aa4 ,don't think your employer can't see whether you are working4 #ab4 ,don't sell a merchant a larger order than he can move4 #ac4 ,study the duties of the man ahead of you4 #ad4 ,new ideas count with your employer4 #ae4 ,he can who thinks he can4 ,exercise #bgb ,written #a4 ,a request has come in from your territory for your automobile catalogue4 ,write a letter to accompany the catalogue1 inviting the inspection of your cars4 ,make it as personal as possible4 #b4 ,you have just been talking with a prospective buyer4 ,drive home some of the strong points of your car in a letter exploiting strength1 reliability1 and speed4 ,use the following as a basis of your letter3 ,the ,up-to-the-minute car breaks the record from ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco1 making the trip in ten days1 fifteen hours1 and thirteen seconds4 #c4 ,you have just shown your motor truck to a business man4 ,strengthen the impression you made on him by writing him a letter summing up the important advantages of the motor truck4 ,use the following extract from a letter3 ,it has not missed a single trip since ,i have had it1 and it takes the place of three wagons and twelve horses4 ,my route from ,waltham is so long that a pair of horses going over it one day has to be laid off the next4 ,this truck makes three trips each day4 ,i have had it on the road nearly four months and have covered over four thousand 7#d1jjj7 miles with no expense for repairs4 #d4 ,a prospective customer has lost interest4 ,try to arouse him once more by telling him of a particularly good sale recently made1 or of a new model just received1 or of a new device lately perfected4 ,your object is to get him to inspect your cars again4 #e4 ,write a letter to a wealthy man who bought one of your cars two years ago1 offering him half of what he paid for the car in exchange for a new model4 ,make him see that it would be to his advantage to accept the offer4 #f4 ,write an advertisement to appear in a local newspaper asking for an automobile salesman4 #g4 ,answer the advertisement1 telling why you think you could sell cars1 although you have had no experience4 #h4 ,write a letter to a friend telling him you have been offered the agency for the ,up-to-the-minute car4 ,ask him to be your partner1 and try to show him why you will succeed4 ,he will be expected to bear half the office expenses1 and he will get half the commissions4 ,exercise #bgc--,suggestions for ,debates #a4 ,the mail order house ruins the trade of the country merchant4 #b4 ,the giving of free samples does not attract desirable purchasers4 #c4 ,the use of trading stamps should be abolished4 #d4 ,the motor wagon is more advantageous for the average grocer than the horse and wagon4 #e4 ,all manufactured food products should be sold in sanitary1 sealed packages4 ,exercise #bgd ,oral or ,written ,prepare paragraphs on the following3 #a4 ,a merchant must know his neighborhood before he buys his stock4 #b4 ,selling by weight rather than by measure benefits dealer and consumer4 #c4 ,giving short weights does not prove profitable4 #d4 ,the price of a certain kind of goods1 or of an article1 that is going out of style should be reduced to move it quickly4 #e4 ,if merchants did not deliver purchases1 goods would be cheaper4 #f4 ,hard work and patience spell the merchant's success4 #g4 ,the middle man gets the bulk of the profit4 #h4 ,the telegraph is a great aid to the business man4 #i4 ,there is a difference between day and night telegraphic rates4 #aj4 ,money may be sent by telegraph4 #aa4 ,the night letter is very useful to the merchant4 #ab4 ,the parcel post is a great help to the farmer4 #ac4 ,the parcel post tends to increase the business of the mail order firms4 #ad4 ,the object of an automobile exhibit is to sell cars4 #ae4 ,the five-and-ten-cent stores have succeeded because ----4 ,exercise #bge ,prepare paragraphs on the following3 #a4 ,the importance of transportation facilities to the farmer4 #b4 ,the importance of transportation facilities to the manufacturer4 #c4 ,the steamship in international trade4 #d4 ,transportation before the days of the railroad4 #e4 ,the influence of the railroad in the advance of civilization4 #f4 ,electrifying the railroads4 #g4 ,speed1 the cause of railroad accidents4 #h4 ,the observation car4 #i4 ,the care of food in the refrigerator car4 #aj4 ,the work of the railroad repair-shop4 #aa4 ,the advantage of railroad transportation over water transportation4 #ab4 ,the advantage of water transportation over railroad transportation4 #ac4 ,why the larger railroads in our country run east and west4 #ad4 ,the advantages of the pay-as-you-enter car4 #ae4 ,the importance of the interurban electric railroads in country trade4 #af4 ,the disadvantages of the elevated system in large cities4 #ag4 ,congestion in the business district of a large city4 #ah4 ,the underground system as a solution for congested traffic4 #ai4 ,the work of a transfer company4 #bj4 ,the motor truck decreases the business of the express companies4 #ba4 ,the automobile decreases railroad suburban business4 ,exercise #bgf ,topics for ,investigation and ,discussion #a4 ,the work of the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission4 #b4 ,how railroads control other railroads4 #c4 ,railroad earnings4 #d4 ,different kinds of railroad traffic4 #e4 ,the relation between the express companies and the railroads4 #f4 ,railroad rates and rebates4 #g4 ,government ownership of railroads4 #h4 ,the influence of the ,panama canal in the growth of business in the southern states4 #i4 ,the influence of the canal in the growth of business in the central ,west4 #aj4 ,the influence of the canal in the growth of business in ,south ,america4 #aa4 ,the deep water way4 #ab4 ,the parcel post zones4 ,exercise #bgg ,books that will ,suggest ,topics for ,talks ,,bolton1 ,s4 ,k41 ,successful ,women4 ,,chamberlain1 ,j4 ,f41 ,how ,we ,travel4 ,,drysdale1 ,w41 ,helps for ,ambitious ,boys2 ,helps for ,ambitious ,girls4 ,,fowler1 ,n4 ,c41 ,practical ,salesmanship2 ,starting in ,life4 ,,hale1 ,e4 ,e41 ,what ,career8 ,,higinbotham1 ,h4 ,n41 ,the ,making of a ,merchant4 ,,laselle1 ,m4 ,a4 and ,,wiley1 ,k4 ,e41 ,vocations for ,girls4 ,,lundgren1 ,,charles1 ,the ,new ,salesmanship4 ,,lyde1 ,l4 ,w41 ,man and his ,markets4 ,,mallon1 ,i4 ,a4 ,s41 ,the ,business ,girl4 ,,manson1 ,g4 ,j41 ,ready for ,business4 ,,marsden1 ,o4 ,s41 ,the ,secret of ,achievement2 ,the ,young ,man ,entering ,business4 ,,mitten1 ,g4 ,e41 ,the ,book of the ,railway4 ,,moody1 ,w4 ,d41 ,men ,who ,sell ,things4 ,,reed1 et al41 ,careers for the ,coming ,men4 ,,rocheleau1 ,w4 ,f41 ,transportation4 ,,rollins1 ,f4 ,w41 ,what can a ,young ,man do8 ,,stockwell1 ,h4 ,g41 ,essential ,elements of ,business ,character4 ,,stoddard1 ,w4 ,o41 ,men of ,business4 ,,the ,,vocation ,,bureau1 ,boston1 ,vocations for ,boys4 7,pamphlets on ,the ,grocer1 ,the ,machinist1 ,the ,architect1 etc47 ,,white1 ,s4 ,j41 ,business ,openings for ,girls4 ,exercise #bgh ,write the following from dictation3 #a ,transportation is a great business as well as manufacturing or farming4 ,history tells us that very early people did not have a settled home1 but1 when the grass began to give out in one part of the country1 several members of the community1 perhaps whole tribes1 took their belongings on their backs and sought for a new place to settle4 ,it is reasonable to suppose that they wished to keep up some sort of intercourse with their friends4 ,at once difficulties arose1 since hostile tribes lived between them and their old home4 ,it was a brave man1 indeed1 who ventured to encounter the dangers of the trip between the settlements4 ,such a set of men arose in the peddlers1 who set out alone or in caravans with articles of produce or manufacture and braved the dangers even of a desert to exchange what they carried for the produce of the old home4 ,this is the earliest form of transportation4 ,compare this simple form with the modern railroad1 steamship1 and express service4 #b ,,capturing ,,the ,,latin ,,american ,,trade ,no empty iteration of the ,monroe doctrine1 no reservation of canal privileges1 will capture the trade of ,latin ,america4 ,this will be accomplished only by efforts to produce and to sell those countries the kind of goods that they want2 measured1 labeled1 and packed their way2 offered in the language that they understand2 and1 moreover1 sold at attractive prices4 ,our consuls abroad report that in all these essentials ,american dealers are deficient and that ,british1 ,french1 and ,german manufacturers fill the ,south ,american markets4 ,to these rivals must be added another1 for1 in spite of old ,south ,american prejudices against ,spain and ,spanish goods1 the ,spaniards are quietly regaining their footing in those republics of whose trade a century ago the home country enjoyed the monopoly4 ,her advantages1 we know1 are a common language and familiarity with the ways of life and the tastes of the buyers4 ,spain produces just the kind of wine1 olive oil1 and canned goods that ,south ,america wants2 she turns out the kind of paper1 the patterns of cotton goods1 the styles of tools and implements1 the clothing1 shoes1 and weapons used in ,latin ,america2 and the result is that she gets the trade4 ,one-sixth1 at least1 of her entire exports goes to her former possessions4 #c ,south ,africa has been successfully operating an agricultural parcel post4 ,by its instrumentality gold1 diamonds1 minerals1 wool1 feathers1 saddlery1 boots and shoes1 confectionery1 fruit1 plants1 seed1 butter and eggs suitably packed1 and other farm products are transported1 and the producer and consumer have been brought together4 ,from the report of the ,department of ,posts and ,telegraphs we learn that the scheme has worked well1 is a recognized and popular feature of the postal system1 and is entirely feasible4 ,the sparse settlements and widely scattered population have not operated to bar its success1 as was feared at the time of its introduction4 #d ,the duty of applying the remedy for wrecks rests1 primarily1 with the railroad managers4 ,and what is the remedy1 and how is it to be applied8 ,it would seem that there can be but one answer3 there must be stern discipline for taking risks4 ,there must be thorough instruction as to what risks are and how to avoid them1 just such instruction as the safety first movement is leading up to1 but extended to every man in every department of every road4 ,in addition1 the promise that no engineman will be censured for losing or not making up time or for not running fast when it is not considered safe to do so must be changed to the positive1 unequivocal statement that there will be a substantial penalty for every case of running fast when it is not safe to do so4--,railway ,age ,gazette4 #e ,more and more attention1 each year1 is being given by the railroad managers to the locating of new kinds of industry along their lines4 ,the roads in the ,west and the ,south nearly all have efficient industrial departments1 land departments1 or immigration departments4 ,their men seek out new industries1 meet the steamers to tempt immigrants into their region1 arrange for the purchase or rental of lands1 and get together reports of the soil1 the products1 and the advantages of any desired location4 ,perhaps the greatest effort1 however1 is bent upon the location of new factories along the route4 ,in one year one southern railroad induced more than seven hundred men to establish industries along its lines1 after the railroads had made complete and painstaking investigation of all the conditions that would confront the prospective manufacturers4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,advertising ,,advertising is one of the most vital forces in the problem of distribution4 ,every advertisement is a salesman and is written and sent out with the idea of doing the work of one4 ,it may bring in actual orders or it may merely do missionary work2 that is1 it may introduce a certain article or product and educate the people to see its advantages so that when next they desire that particular sort of article1 they will order the one that they have seen advertised4 ,many an article that has had practically no sale has by means of an effective advertising campaign been brought to a point of wide distribution and ready sale4 ,how many safety razors would the manufacturers sell if they had never advertised their product8 ,very few4 ,but when day after day1 everywhere a man looks--in street cars1 newspapers1 magazines1 and on billboards--he sees staring at him a reason why he should use a safety razor1 he soon comes to feel that he needs one4 ,it is just the same as though the country were covered with salesmen who were constantly after every one to get him to see the advantage of the safety razor4 ,the advertised articles may in themselves be no better than the unadvertised brands1 but advertising has created a demand for the one over the other4 ,the secret of selling success is creating a demand4 ,the importance of advertising is demonstrated by an experience which the city of ,chicago had on ,wednesday1 ,march #b1 #aiaa4 ,on the afternoon before1 a dispute arose between two newspapers and their printers1 ending in a temporary strike of the printers4 ,as a result1 all papers published on ,march #b contained only four pages each1 in contrast to the usual twenty-four1 because they contained not a single advertisement4 ,fortunately1 the strike lasted only one day1 as the local printers were at once reprimanded by the ,international ,typographical ,union4 ,but the losses that newspapers and retail business men suffered on this one day convinced them of the power of advertising4 ,street cars1 downtown streets1 and department stores were almost empty4 ,to be sure1 billboards still proclaimed their wares1 but1 as soon as newspaper advertising ceased1 the great mass of shopping stopped4 ,exercise #bgi ,oral #a4 ,what are some of the advertising methods used in a retail business8 #b4 ,what are some of the advertising methods used in a wholesale business8 ,where are the advertisements published8 #c4 ,what is the principal advertising medium of the mail order house8 ,explain why it is effective4 #d4 ,what is classified advertising8 ,why are newspapers anxious to increase it8 ,name several reasons4 #e4 ,what is display advertising as distinguished from classified8 ,what is the principal medium of this kind of advertising8 #f4 ,give several instances of advertising by means of the distribution of novelties1 such as calendars4 ,is such advertising effective8 #g4 ,is the distribution of samples good advertising8 ,be specific in your answer4 #h4 ,is it a good thing to have a trade-mark8 ,name some trade-marks that you think are good advertising4 #i4 ,is a bargain table good advertising8 ,what is its advantage in a retail store8 #aj4 ,what class of advertising is done in the classified columns of a newspaper8 #aa4 ,what class of articles and products is advertised in the street cars and trains8 ,expensive or inexpensive8 ,things you use every day or not8 #ab4 ,are articles advertised by billboards usually widely advertised articles or not8 #ac4 ,what kind of articles would you advertise in3 #a4 ,the newspaper rather than the magazine8 #b4 ,the magazine rather than the newspaper8 #c4 ,the street car rather than on the billboard8 #d4 ,the trade papers rather than the newspapers8 #ad4 ,suppose you were bringing out a new soap and you could use only one of the following mediums3 7#a7 newspapers2 7#b7 local and trade magazines2 7#c7 street cars2 7#d7 billboards and posters4 ,which would you choose and why8 ,would your answer be the same if you had real estate to sell8 ,a new machine8 ,if you were producing a new play8 #ae4 ,,news ,,item4--,the ,university of ,wisconsin has issued a bulletin1 stating that of all the money spent for food1 shelter1 and clothing #ij is spent by women4 ,would the following be good advertising for a magazine3 ,the women of the country read this paper8 ,give reasons for your answer4 #af4 ,do handbills suggest cheapness to you8 ,exercise #bhj ,oral ,discuss the value of each of the following as forms of advertising3 #a4 ,location4 #b4 ,furnishings of the office or the store4 #c4 ,letter headings4 #d4 ,window displays4 #e4 ,electric 7or other7 signs4 #f4 ,moving electric signs4 #g4 ,colors 7especially reds1 greens1 and yellows7 as against black and white4 #h4 ,white lettering on a black background4 ,exercise #bha ,fundamentally1 the same principles apply to the advertisement as apply to the sales letter 7,see page #bcj74 ,first of all1 you must look at your goods from the standpoint of the user2 see his gain in buying rather than your profit in selling4 ,your products1 then1 will probably fall into one of the following general classes3 #a4 ,something entirely new for which you must create a demand by showing its advantage to the buyer1 arousing his sense of need and1 consequently1 his desire to possess4 #b4 ,something new but filling a long-felt need--,just what you've been looking for--the value of which will appeal to the buyer almost as soon as the product is explained4 ,comparison with the article that now imperfectly fills the want suggests itself4 #c4 ,a new brand of an old staple1 like crackers1 of which the superiority must be dwelt upon to induce buyers to ask for it4 ,even after the article is selling well1 continuous advertising is necessary to keep the name before the public4 ,a paying advertisement appeals to a large class of people or1 better still1 to several classes4 ,for a moment let us analyze a few of the appeals to which almost every one responds2 let us consider the reasons back of our purchases4 ,why do we buy one article and not another8 ,we buy it first1 perhaps1 because we need it or think we need it2 second1 because we think it will taste good or be comfortable or good-looking or because it will afford us amusement2 third1 because we think it is better1 though possibly more expensive1 than any other brand on the market1 and our pride or our desire to emulate responds to it2 fourth1 because we think it is good for our health or our safety2 and1 fifth1 because we shall save money or make money thereby4 ,summing up1 we may say that the motives to which appeals may safely be made are3 #a4 ,need1 conscious or unconscious 7usefulness1 quality1 or durability74 #b4 ,comfort1 amusement1 or appetite4 #c4 ,pride1 desire to emulate1 or vanity4 #d4 ,safety 7of health or personal possessions74 #e4 ,economy or gain4 ,clip from magazines and bring to class good advertisements that appeal to the motives named above4 ,try to find those advertisements that make an appeal to only one motive in one advertisement4 ,exercise #bhb ,the following catch phrases have been taken from advertisements in various places4 ,tell 7#a7 whether their appeal is general2 7#b7 whether they induce one to buy2 and 7#c7 if they do1 which of the motives given above have been used by the advertiser4 ,frequently more than one motive is used in one advertisement4 #a4 ,for a delicatessen store3 ,good things to eat4 #b4 ,for a chewing gum3 ,the taste lasts4 #c4 ,for a motor washer3 ,two cents a week pays your washing bill4 #d4 ,for a refrigerator3 ,are you poisoning your family8 #e4 ,for a summer drink3 ,it's wet4 #f4 ,for stockings3 ,wear like #fj1 look like #ej1 cost but #be4 #g4 ,for a shaving soap3 ,comfort for your face1 economy for your purse4 #h4 ,for a liniment3 ,don't rub--it penetrates4 #i4 ,for a hair tonic3 ,what does your mirror say8 #aj4 ,for a clothing store3 ,exclusive styles for exclusive women4 #aa4 ,for an inexpensive scouring powder3 ,why pour money down the sink8 #ab4 ,for canned goods3 ,when company comes4 #ac4 ,for a varnish3 ,water won't hurt it4 #ad4 ,for bread3 ,the human hand never touches it4 #ae4 ,for a fountain pen3 ,it can't leak4 ,exercise #bhc ,bring to class two advertisements containing catch phrases that you think are good4 ,to which of the motives given above does each appeal8 ,exercise #bhd ,bring in two advertisements of articles that have suggestive names4 ,what is the value of a suggestive name8 ,exercise #bhe--;,good and ,bad ,headlines ,a good headline has the following qualities3 ,first1 it should be short4 ,professor ,walter ,dill ,scott determined by experiments that the average person can ordinarily attend to only about four visual objects at the same time--four letters1 four words1 four simple pictures1 or four geometrical figures4 ,as the headline of an advertisement is intended to be taken in at one glance1 it should1 therefore1 be not longer than four words--preferably less1 provided the interest of the phrase is the same4 ,short words1 too1 can be taken in more readily than long words4 ,second1 the best headline is a command4 ,people instinctively obey a command1 unless it is so worded that they rebel against the manner of expression4 ,third1 a good headline is suggestive4 ,it touches upon the things that the reader is thinking about4 ,it shows that the article that is offered for sale has a close connection with the interests that absorb the reader's mind4 ,it is a direct answer to his thoughts1 feelings1 hopes1 or worries4 ,the following headlines were taken from the advertisements in one issue of a magazine4 ,judge of their effectiveness1 using the three principles given above as a basis for your decision3 #a4 ,get ,that ,job6 #b4 ,foot ,comfort4 #c4 ,ventilate1 but ,don't ,catch ,cold6 #d4 ,a ,new ,filing ,cabinet4 #e4 ,are ,you ,open to ,conviction8 #f4 ,low ,priced ,envelope ,sealer4 #g4 ,shave for #a;c ,without ,stropping4 #h4 ,what a ,wonderful ,trip6 #i4 ,save #cj on ,your ,furniture4 #aj4 ,you ,have a ,right to ,independence4 #aa4 ,just ,out6 #ab4 ,get the ,dust ,out of ,your ,home--,it's ,dangerous4 #ac4 ,the ,easiest ,riding ,car in the ,world4 #ad4 ,our ,seeds ,grow4 #ae4 ,that ,raise6 7,sub-heading in smaller type3 ,what ,would a ,raise in ,salary ,mean to ,you87 ,exercise #bhf ,some advertisers choose headlines merely for the purpose of attracting attention1 forgetting that the headline should suggest what the following illustration and text explain4 ,a few years ago a well-known automobile company ran an advertisement with the headline #ajjj ,worth of ,folly4 ,the headline was followed by a picture of the automobile4 ,the advertisement was intended to convey the idea that1 as this car might be bought for #cjjj1 any one paying #djjj for an automobile was foolishly squandering #ajjj4 ,as a matter of fact1 the only suggestion that the reader got from the advertisement was that any one who paid #ajjj for the illustrated car would be a fool4 #a4 ,bring to class an advertisement in which the headline has no connection with the rest of the advertisement1 being used merely to catch the attention4 #b4 ,find an advertisement in which the headline suggests the opposite of what the advertisement is intended to convey4 #c4 ,how might either advertisement be improved8 ,exercise #bhg ,still-life advertisements are not interesting4 ,the picture of a furnace1 or a typewriter1 or a house attracts less attention than the same objects with human beings represented moving in the picture4 ,bring to class two advertisements of the same kind of article1 in one of which a still-life illustration is used and in the other of which human beings are used to center the attention upon the article that is offered for sale4 ,exercise #bhh ,bring to class 7#a7 an advertisement that is not good because it contains too much--lacks a center upon which the attention naturally focuses2 and 7#b7 an advertisement that is good because it has a definitely defined center of attraction4 ,exercise #bhi ,bring to class an advertisement in which the principle of balance is used to advantage1 two illustrations1 one on each side of the text1 being used to convey one impression4 ,exercise #bij ,in writing the following1 try to embody the principles that have been brought out in previous exercises3 #a4 ,an entertainment is to be given in the school hall4 ,write an advertisement to appear in the school paper4 #b4 ,write an announcement of the same entertainment--to be posted on the bulletin board4 #c4 ,write an advertisement for a debate4 #d4 ,for a football1 baseball1 or basket-ball game4 #e4 ,for an inter-class contest4 #f4 ,you have permission to secure advertisements to be printed in the program of the entertainment spoken of above4 ,suppose that you are to write the copy for the different advertisements4 ,use one-eighth1 one-quarter1 one-half1 or one page1 as you wish4 ,advertise a grocery4 #g4 ,a meat market4 #h4 ,a dry goods store4 #i4 ,a candy store4 #aj4 ,a bakery4 #aa4 ,a bank4 #ab4 ,a tailor's shop4 #ac4 ,a photographer's studio4 #ad4 ,a barber shop4 #ae4 ,a drug store4 ,exercise #bia #a4 ,write a handbill announcing a #bj discount sale to run three days in your dry goods store4 #b4 ,describe a chair1 table1 or other article of furniture in your own home4 ,the description is to form part of an advertisement to appear in a mail order catalogue4 #c4 ,you are advertising a new brand of coffee in the street car4 ,write the card4 ,would you use an illustration8 ,if so1 of what kind8 #d4 ,as in 7#c7 advertise a new brand of pork and beans4 #e4 ,as in 7#c7 advertise a shoe sale4 #f4 ,advertise a well-known brand of soap in a magazine4 ,use your own idea4 ,would you use an illustration8 #g4 ,how would you advertise an automobile which has proved its merits8 ,remember1 your object is to keep the name before the public4 ,how would you advertise a new make of automobile8 ,how much space would you use in either case8 ,write both advertisements4 #h4 ,a half-page advertisement by the ,hudson ,cereal ,company1 #aaj ,hudson ,st41 ,new ,york1 of their ,nervo-,cereal ,coffee contains the item3 ,can you thread a needle1 holding the thread one inch from the end8 ,if you cannot1 you are nervous4 ,is coffee to blame8 ,exploit the aroma and flavor of the cereal coffee4 #i4 ,the ,central ,packing ,company is running a series of advertisements of their ,premium ,extract of ,beef4 ,this one is to appear just before ,thanksgiving4 ,entitle it ,four ,delicious ,dishes for the ,thanksgiving ,dinner1 and then in as attractive a form as possible give four recipes1 making a point of the necessity of using ,premium ,extract for the right flavor4 ,at the end sum up the merits of ,premium ,extract and mention the silver premiums given with the certificates under the metal caps4 #aj4 ,the ,bay ,city ,mill ,co41 ,bay ,city1 ,mich41 sells fine finished lumber suitable for making furniture at home4 ,prepare an advertisement to show how simple it is to make tables and chairs at home with their plans and their specially cut lumber4 ,illustrate by giving the plans and working directions for making a useful table1 showing how easy it is with their specially cut lumber4 ,set an attractive price on the lumber necessary to make this table4 ,sum up by exploiting a book of plans1 which may be had for the asking4 ,exercise #bib ,the following paragraph is taken from ,professor ,scott's ,theory of ,advertising4 ,what is the subject of the paragraph8 ,is there a topic sentence8 ,by what plan is the paragraph developed8 ,many of those who use illustrations for their advertisements follow the philosophy of the ,irish boy who said that he liked to stub his toe because it felt so good when it stopped hurting4 ,many of us are unable to see how the boy had made any gain after it was all over1 but he was satisfied1 and that was sufficient4 ,the philosophic disciples of the ,irish boy are found in advertisers who have certain things to dispose of which will not do certain harmful things4 ,first they choose an illustration which will make you believe that what they have to sell is just what you do not want1 and then in the text they try to overcome this false impression and to show you that what they have to offer is not so bad after all4 ,most of us are unable to see how the advertiser has gained1 even if he has succeeded in giving us logical proof that his goods are not so bad as we were at first led to think4 ,we are not logically inclined1 and we take the illustration and the text1 and we combine the two4 ,the best that the text can do is to destroy the evil effect of the illustration4 ,of course1 when we read in the text that the illustration does not correctly represent the goods1 we ought to discard the illustration entirely and think only of the text1 but1 unfortunately1 we are not constructed in that way4 ,the impression made by the illustration and that made by the text fuse and form a whole which is the result formed by these two elements4 ,write paragraphs on each of the following3 #a4 ,advertising is essential in modern business4 #b4 ,advertising helps the housewife economize4 #c4 ,the study of advertisements saves the shopper's time and strength4 #d4 ,advertised goods cost more than the unadvertised brands4 7,give the reasons47 #e4 ,trade-marked and advertised goods have increased the cost of living4 #f4 ,increased advertising causes the styles to change quickly4 #g4 ,every advertisement must catch and hold the attention4 ,some accomplish this object by causing a laugh4 7,describe one such47 #h4 ,some advertisements hold the attention because they appeal to our love of the mysterious4 ,one such is ---- 7describe it74 #i4 ,some advertisements succeed because of their clever color scheme4 ,one such is ----4 #aj4 ,every successful advertisement contains a convincing argument4 #aa4 ,mouth to mouth advertising is the best and the cheapest4 #ab4 ,advertised goods are better because they have to be4 #ac4 ,the consumer pays for all the advertising4 #ad4 ,the cost of advertising is paid by the competitors who do not advertise4 #ae4 ,advertising tends to create uniform prices4 #af4 ,the advertising expert is a student of men4 ,exercise #bic ,give your opinion as to the effectiveness of the following advertisements3 #a ,a department store that was anxious to increase its trade on ,mondays and ,wednesdays included the following coupons in its circular advertisement one week3 ,,this ,,coupon ,,and #ai;c ,,this ,,coupon ,,and #ej;c ,monday only ,wednesday only good for good for #f ,spools ,j4 ,p4 ,coats' ,misses' or ,children's ,best #f ,cord ,machine ,white ,canvas ,pumps ,thread #b strap model1 heavy or light soles1 ,regular #cj;c value trimmed with dainty bow on vamp4 ,all sizes up to #b4 #a4ej value #b #aj1jjj ,,in ,,cash ,,to ,,charity ,we ask our customers to decide by their votes the #bej institutions that shall receive this amount4 ,each ten cents' worth purchased entitles the purchaser to one vote4 #c ,the following appeared in the center of a page otherwise blank4 ,on the opposite page appeared the advertisement of a well-known article4 ,the announcement on the following page is so important that we have decided to leave this page blank4 #d ,the following was part of a circular3 ,following our annual custom we will again this year give away absolutely free a beautiful silk flag to every customer making a purchase of #a or over1 ,tuesday and ,wednesday1 ,july #b and #c4 #e ,the following appeared in a newspaper3 ,a ,,word ,,of ,,appreciation ,we have now been in our new location somewhat over a month4 ,our business has been all that we expected2 in some departments1 indeed1 there is an increase1 notably in the neckwear1 ready-to-wear clothes1 hats1 and tailoring departments4 ,naturally1 we had an abundance of faith in our new location2 nevertheless1 we must confess that there were times when we had anxious moments4 ,we discovered1 however1 that our moving was at the psychological moment2 we soon learned that in the minds of the people there was but one thought--success for ,michigan ,avenue4 ,we have always felt that there was a closer bond of sympathy between our customers and us than is usually the case between buyer and seller4 ,the unusual interest taken in our new store and in our success has more than confirmed us in this impression4 ,our experience during the last forty days has really made life worth living4 ,the minds of hundreds of our customers have reverted to the beginning of our business in our old ,dearborn ,street store1 twenty years ago1 and they have made comparisons between that and the wonderful establishment we now possess2 they have done it in a way that would almost suggest that it was their business that they were talking of rather than ours4 ,it made us feel that1 although we have made our mistakes1 nevertheless we must have served the public well1 and we insert this article in the hope that a few of our well-wishers may read it and understand that we appreciate and are grateful4 ,exercise #bid ,books that will ,suggest ,topics for ,talks ,,balmer1 ,,edwin1 ,the ,science of ,advertising4 ,,bellamy1 ,,francis 7ed71 ,effective ,magazine ,advertising4 ,,bridgewater1 ,,howard1 ,advertising1 or ,the ,art of ,making ,known4 ,,calkins1 ,e4 ,e4 and ,,holden1 ,r41 ,modern ,advertising4 ,,cherington1 ,,paul ,t41 ,advertising as a ,business ,force4 ,,deland1 ,l4 ,f41 ,imagination in ,business4 ,,de ,,weese1 ,,truman ,a41 ,advertising 7,the ,business ,man's ,library1 ,vol4 vii74 ,,edgar1 ,,albert ,e41 ,how to ,advertise a ,retail ,store4 ,,fowler1 ,n4 ,c41 ,building ,business4 ,,scott1 ,w4 ,d41 ,the ,theory of ,advertising4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,real ,,estate ,,and ,,insurance ,lands1 buildings1 and houses are called real property or real estate1 and the business pertaining to them1 the real estate business4 ,every one of us has more or less to do with this business4 ,if we do not own property1 we pay rent4 ,rent is the money paid for the use of a piece of land1 or a building1 or part of a building1 and is usually paid at certain stated intervals of time--monthly1 for example4 ,the owner of the building is called the landlord2 the one who rents1 the tenant4 ,sometimes there is no condition as to how long a tenant shall remain in one place and pay rent1 but1 as a rule1 the landlord requires the tenant to sign a lease4 ,this is a contract between the landlord and the tenant1 stating that in consideration of the landlord's furnishing the tenant a place in which to live with certain conveniences--such as heat1 hot water1 and other services--the tenant agrees to pay rent for a certain length of time1 usually a year or more4 ,if the tenant moves out before his lease expires and refuses to pay the rent1 he breaks the contract and1 as is usually the case when a contract is broken1 a lawsuit may follow4 ,in large cities where land is in some places very valuable1 owners may not care to sell the property on which others wish to build1 but lease it to the builders for a certain term of years1 usually ninety-nine years4 ,suppose you no longer wish to pay rent1 but to own the house in which you live4 ,if you buy a piece of property from ,john ,smith and pay him your money for it1 you wish to be assured that after a few months ,john ,smith will not come to you and claim the property as his4 ,to protect you ,john ,smith gives you a deed to the property4 ,a deed is a contract between the buyer and the seller of the property4 ,it states that1 in consideration of the buyer's paying a certain stipulated sum of money1 the seller releases and conveys the property to the buyer4 ,this deed shows that you now own the property4 ,at the same time you should receive a clear title to the property2 that is1 you wish to be sure that no one else has a claim on the property4 ,if ,john ,smith guarantees that the title is clear1 he gives you a warranty deed for the property1 in which he will warrant and defend the same against all lawful claims whatsoever4 ,if1 however1 he simply turns over the property to you as it stands1 he gives you a quitclaim deed1 in which he relinquishes or quits all his interest in it4 ,if you have no debts on the property1 you own it in fee simple4 ,very often in buying property1 the purchaser pays only a part of the purchase price himself1 paying for the balance by borrowing the necessary amount from a third party4 ,for example1 if the house you bought from ,john ,smith cost #f1jjj and you had only #d1jjj1 you would be forced to borrow the other #b1jjj to pay ,john ,smith4 ,you would then go to your bank or to some person who had money to invest and would borrow the required amount1 and to guarantee that you would pay the money back1 you would give a mortgage on the property4 ,a mortgage is a contract which states that1 in consideration of one party's giving the second party a certain sum of money1 the second party agrees to pay interest on that money at a stipulated rate1 and at the end of a certain length of time agrees to pay the money back2 and that1 in case the second party does not pay back the amount at the end of the time1 the first party is empowered to take possession of the property1 to sell it1 and to get the amount due him4 ,this last procedure is called foreclosing the mortgage4 ,it is a common practice to mortgage property2 almost all the property in a city is mortgaged4 ,some men and firms make a special business of transferring property1 buying and selling it for others1 making leases1 and collecting rents4 ,they are called real estate agents1 and for their services get a commission1 which is a certain percentage of the purchase or the selling price and a certain percentage of the amount of rent collected4 ,this percentage varies according to whether the amount of money involved is large or small1 the percentage being larger when small sums of money are involved than when large sums are involved4 ,exercise #bie ,oral #a4 ,what is a lease8 #b4 ,explain why owners of valuable property lease it4 #c4 ,what is a deed8 ,explain the two kinds4 #d4 ,what is meant by a clear title8 #e4 ,what is meant by fee simple8 #f4 ,why is it important to be careful about the title8 #g4 ,what is a mortgage8 #h4 ,explain why property is often mortgaged4 ,does the mortgage benefit the owner8 ,explain4 #i4 ,what is meant by foreclosing8 #aj4 ,what is an agent8 ,how is he usually paid8 #aa4 ,why do people employ real estate agents to take care of renting8 ,to sell their property8 #ab4 ,why is property near a railroad valuable8 ,for what8 #ac4 ,why is a corner lot worth more than an inside lot8 #ad4 ,why is property on a car line more valuable than on a side street8 #ae4 ,what effect would the building of a new street car line have on the value of adjacent property8 ,why8 ,exercise #bif ,oral #a4 ,suppose that you are a landlord and that in your lease no mention is made of giving your tenants janitor service1 but you yourself take care of the furnace4 ,other landlords in the block supply janitor service4 ,after one of your tenants has moved in1 he demands that the back porch be scrubbed once a week and the garbage emptied daily4 ,what would you do8 ,consider the points for and against4 #b4 ,suppose some boys playing ball on the street break a plate glass window in the store you own4 ,would you expect your tenant to pay for repairs8 ,written #c4 ,write to ,francis ,l4 ,russell1 a real estate agent1 asking his terms for collecting the rent of ---- 7tell the location of the house1 the number of the tenants1 and the rent you receive74 #d4 ,as if you were ,francis ,l4 ,russell write a reply1 saying that you will undertake the collection for a commission of #e4 #e4 ,imagine you are a tenant in the same building4 ,the kitchen sink cannot be used in your flat because of a stoppage in the plumbing4 ,you have told the agent once4 ,write him 7see #c7 again1 stating that unless he sends a plumber you will not pay your next month's rent4 7,is there any reason for writing this1 rather than telephoning it87 #f4 ,the plumber has submitted a bill of #e4ih for the repairs suggested in 7#e74 ,the agent writes to the landlord1 enclosing a check for the rent that he has collected1 less the amount of the plumber's bill and his commission4 #g4 ,you are a lawyer4 ,write to the landlord1 informing him that the mortgage which your client holds against the landlord's property expires in thirty days4 ,ask the landlord whether he expects to pay the money or whether he wishes a renewal of the loan for three years4 ,your client is willing to give such a renewal4 #h4 ,the landlord replies that he is enclosing #ajj to pay the interest due on the mortgage and that he desires a renewal of the loan4 ,if the lawyer will prepare the papers1 he will come to sign them at the specified time4 ,write the letter4 #i4 ,you are an insurance agent4 ,write to the landlord that the fire insurance on his property expires in sixty days4 ,ask him to allow you to write a new policy4 ,inform him that the rate now will be #c-c_/d instead of if #a-c_/d as it was formerly1 because a garage has been erected one door north of his property4 7,why should the rate be higher87 #aj4 ,one of the tenants has paid no rent for two months4 ,you decide that he never will be able to pay4 ,as landlord you make out and deliver to him a ,five days' notice of removal4 ,at the same time1 you write a letter to your lawyer1 explaining the state of affairs and asking him to take charge of enforcing the notice4 7,this means that if the tenant does not move1 the case must come up in court4 ,if it is decided in the landlord's favor1 the tenant must move4 ,if he refuses1 the lawyer engages a constable to eject him47 ,write the letter4 #aa4 ,francis ,l4 ,russell writes three short advertisements1 offering for sale 7#a7 a large #ab room residence1 mortgage #f1jjj1 price #ae1jjj2 7#b7 a #c apartment building1 clear1 price #af1jjj2 7#c7 a large #ab apartment building1 mortgage #be1jjj1 price #da1jjj1 terms to suit4 ,where would you advertise8 ,write the advertisements4 #ab4 ,you get inquiries about all of the above4 ,write answers describing the buildings more fully1 and make appointments with the writers to inspect the property4 #ac4 ,a man is interested in the #ab flat building1 but he has only #aj1jjj4 ,offer him the property for #dj1jjj on these terms3 #aj1jjj down1 a first mortgage for #bj1jjj to run #aj years at #e1 and a second mortgage for #aj1jjj to run #e years at #e1 #b1jjj to be paid each year with interest4 ,make it as attractive as possible4 ,tell him you will arrange for the mortgages4 #ad4 7a7 ,write to your bank1 the ,first ,national1 and explain that1 although the first mortgage on the #ab flat building for #be1jjj still has #c years to run1 you would like to arrange for a #aj year mortgage for #bj1jjj1 if your prospective buyer takes the property4 7b7 ,write to ,george ,r4 ,scott1 who owns the building1 offering him the second mortgage4 ,explain that although it is a second mortgage the fact that #b1jjj of the principal is paid each year makes it attractive4 7,how would the owner benefit if the buyer failed to make his payments after #b years87 ,sign yourself ,francis ,l4 ,russell4 #ae4 ,you have put through the deal4 ,write to the new owner1 offering to take care of the renting for a commission equal to #b of the amount collected4 ,exercise #big--;,farm ,lands #a4 ,you own a large tract of land in the ,south1 ,west1 or ,southwest4 ,choose your own locality4 ,prepare a pamphlet setting forth the advantages of this particular spot in a series of paragraphs3 7#a7 scenery1 7#b7 climate and healthfulness1 7#c7 crops1 7#d7 profits from the crops1 7#e7 price of labor1 7#f7 chances for pleasure1 e4g41 hunting1 fishing1 etc41 7#g7 transportation facilities1 7#h7 price of the land4 ,use a firm name and address4 #b4 ,arrange and punctuate3 ,nov4 #a1 #ai-- ,for the introduction supply the same firm name used in 7#a74 ,gentlemen ,i have just returned from an extended trip through 7the district spoken of above7 with reference to the forty acres ,i purchased from you ,i desire to say that ,i am convinced that it will prove a paying investment ,i am so pleased that ,i shall certainly try to induce several of my friends to purchase near my site while on the property ,i carefully inspected the farm worked by ,mr ,s ,r ,jackson ,i must say what he is accomplishing the immense crop of vegetables and fruit he is marketing amazed me no doubt what he is doing ,i may do for ,i made sure by careful examination that the soil on my land is exactly like his you may depend upon it that within the next two months ,i shall move my family upon the land for ,i am eager to develop it sincerely yours ,f ,w ,farrell ,what advantage would there be in including such a letter as 7#b7 in the booklet spoken of in 7#a78 #c4 ,to prove the possibilities of the land spoken of in 7#a71 you intend to start a model farm4 ,advertise for a farmer4 ,your plan is to give him #fj acres to develop for himself1 in return for which he shall demonstrate the possibilities of the land4 #d4 ,write a letter applying for the position4 ,you must have farming experience1 some money1 a knowledge of crops1 and a good deal of enthusiasm4 #e4 ,write an advertisement of your land for a big newspaper4 ,exploit its most striking features1 especially the price4 ,study such advertisements before you write yours4 #f4 ,reproduce a letter you received in answer to 7#e71 asking for more information concerning the lands4 #g4 ,write the reply to 7#f74 ,say you are enclosing the booklet spoken of in 7#a72 tell of the model farm being established 7#c72 and induce the inquirer to become a purchaser4 #h4 ,prepare a series of three follow-up letters to be sent out to prospective purchasers who write as in 7#f7 but who do not answer your letter in 7#g74 ,make each letter set forth one of the following advantages of buying a piece of your land3 7#a7 ,the profits from the crops are large2 7#b7 ,the conditions are ideal--mention climate1 water1 neighbors1 transportation2 7#c7 ,it is a good investment1 since the land will certainly rise in value--tell of other land in the neighborhood that has risen in value within the last year4 ,arrange the letters in the order that you think will be most effective4 ,exercise #bih ,topics for ,investigation and ,discussion #a4 ,the cause of changes in city real estate values4 #b4 ,the price of downtown property in your town4 #c4 ,the rise in property values in the last few years4 #d4 ,the causes of the rise4 #e4 ,stove heated or steam heated property--which is the better income producer8 #f4 ,the ,mortgage4--7a7 ,why people mortgage their property2 7b7 ,why people loan money on mortgages4 #g4 ,the increase in the total value of farm lands during the last ten years4 #h4 ,the decrease in the value of farm lands in the ,east4 #i4 ,the reasons for the growth of the ,west4 #aj4 ,will the ,south be a new ,west8 #aa4 ,the reclamation of swamp lands4 #ab4 ,the success of irrigation4 ,exercise #bii--;,insurance ,an exposition of the subject of insurance is hardly in place here1 especially as every one1 to a certain extent at least1 is acquainted with the fundamental reasons why insurance is purchased4 ,the questions below should be used as a rudimentary review that will prepare for the letters that follow4 ,oral #a4 ,what is the object of insurance8 #b4 ,what is meant by a policy8 #c4 ,by the premium8 #d4 ,by the beneficiary8 #e4 ,by life insurance8 #f4 ,by fire insurance8 #g4 ,by accident insurance8 #h4 ,by marine insurance8 #i4 ,what is the difference between a straight life and a #bj year endowment policy8 #aj4 ,between the above and a #bj year pay policy8 #aa4 ,between the above and a term policy8 #ab4 ,why is it that the mortgagee1 and not the owner1 holds the fire insurance policy8 ,why must the amount of insurance equal or exceed the amount of the mortgage8 ,written #a4 ,you are an insurance agent4 ,a man came to your office to-day to inquire about a life insurance policy4 ,write him a letter1 repeating what you told him1 advocating his taking out a straight life policy4 #b4 ,a new building has just been erected in your neighborhood4 ,write to the owner1 soliciting him to let you write the fire insurance policy4 #c4 ,write to a man who rides downtown on the train every day4 ,convince him that he needs to take out an accident insurance policy4 ,point out that the premium is only #be a year4 ,if the man is injured he will receive #be weekly2 if he is killed by accident1 his beneficiary will receive #e1jjj2 if he is killed on a train or in an elevator1 #aj1jjj4 #d4 ,write to one of your clients1 informing him that the premium on his life insurance policy falls due in ten days4 #e4 ,write to another of your clients1 informing him that the insurance on his property runs out in ten days4 ,inform him that1 if he wishes the policy renewed1 he should let you know at once and remit the premium4 #f4 ,from the client mentioned in 7#e7 you receive a letter in which he explains that the paint store which formerly adjoined his property has been replaced by a grocery4 ,he would like a new policy at a lower rate4 ,reproduce the letter4 ,a paint store is insured at the highest1 or hazard1 rate4 ,the rate on property adjoining a paint store would also be very high4 #g4 ,you investigate the matter and find that the facts are as stated in 7#f74 ,write your client1 offering him a rate of #a and enclosing a bill for #de4 #h4 ,he replies that1 since the risk of fire is now so much less1 he wishes to take only #b1jjj worth of insurance4 ,he asks you to write such a policy1 and he encloses his check for #cj4 ,write the letter4 #i4 ,a man writes to you1 saying that he wishes to take out an endowment policy for his fifteen year old daughter1 who has already been examined4 ,he wishes to give the insurance to her as a birthday present4 ,he encloses a check for the premium and asks you to send the contract to her on her birthday 7,name the date74 ,write the father's letter4 #aj4 ,write a letter to accompany the birthday present4 ,remember you do not know the daughter4 ,exercise #cjj ,write the following from dictation3 #a ,,must ,,reform ,,our ,,farming ,the average yield of wheat in the ,united ,states for the five years ending in #aiaj was eight-tenths of a bushel per acre more than in the five years ending in #aije1 but it was less than four-tenths of a bushel more than for the ten ending in #aijj4 ,the average corn product for the ten years ending in #aiaj was a little less than for the ten years ending in #ahge4 ,thirty-five years had not advanced us a step4 ,european countries--,great ,britain1 ,france1 ,germany--with inferior soils and less favorable climate produce crops practically double our own4 ,in our studies of conservation we find no waste comparable1 either in magnitude or importance1 to this4 ,the farm will fail1 and the foundations of our prosperity be undermined1 unless agriculture is reformed4 ,the percentage of our people actively engaged in farming had fallen from #dg4cf in #ahgj to an estimated #cb in #aiaj4 ,every man on the farm to-day must produce food for two mouths against one forty years ago4 --,j4 ,j4 ,hill4 #b ,,the ,,farming ,,specials ,one of the latest and most successful activities of the railroads is the practice of carrying knowledge of the best farming methods to the farmers by means of special trains equipped like agricultural colleges4 ,these trains1 bearing experts and all the equipment for exhibiting the new methods of agriculture1 bring the knowledge to the farmers free1 and the railroads are glad to give it1 for every bit of knowledge comes back to them in a hundred fold profit in freight4 ,in the summer eager audiences all over the country listen to the preaching of better methods and larger crops4 ,dozens of special trains travel through the agricultural regions disseminating information4 ,the ,breakfast ,bacon ,special has been run to encourage ,iowa farmers to raise more hogs to take advantage of the high price of bacon4 ,the ,cotton ,belt ,route southwest of ,st4 ,louis runs the ,squealer ,special to prove to the ,arkansas and ,panhandle farmers the money-making advantages of blooded hogs over the razor-back variety4 ,down the ,mississippi ,valley the ,illinois ,central sends the ,boll ,weevil ,special to conduct a campaign against that pest4 ,the ,harriman lines have six trains operating in ,california every year4 ,in one year they visited more than seventy-five thousand people4 ,better farming specials run in practically every state south of the ,ohio and ,potomac and west of the ,mississippi4 ,the ,new ,york ,central also has two trains in operation in ,new ,york4--,the ,business ,almanac4 #c ,a large proportion of farmers give little or no attention to the selection of seed2 yet it has been demonstrated that a careful selection would add hundreds of millions of dollars to the total value of the crops4 ,if1 for example1 a variety of wheat were developed capable of producing one more kernel to the head1 it would mean an addition1 so ,burbank says1 of #ae1jjj1jjj bushels to our average wheat crop4 ,it is possible1 however1 to do even more than this4 ,at the ,minnesota station a variety1 selected for ten years according to a definite principle1 yielded twenty-five per cent more than the parent variety4 ,applied to our average crop1 that increase would amount to #ahe1jjj1jjj bushels1 worth about #adj1jjj1jjj4 ,as for corn1 it has been officially stated that our average yield could easily be doubled4 ,after exhaustive experiments the ,department of ,agriculture says that by merely testing individual ears of seed corn and rejecting those of low vitality an average yield of nearly fourteen per cent could be secured1 adding about #bjj1jjj1jjj to the value of the crop4 ,does scientific seed selection seem worth while8--,the ,wall ,street ,journal4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,banking ,,imagine that you are a druggist in a small town4 ,suppose that a woman comes in to buy two ounces of camphor and in exchange gives you three eggs4 ,in a few moments1 perhaps1 a man enters to buy a safety razor and brings with him wheat enough to pay the bill4 ,another1 again1 wishes to trade a turkey for a fountain pen4 ,you can readily see the inconvenience to which you would be put in such exchange of actual commodities2 yet this was the method used in primitive times1 a method called barter4 ,to overcome the inconvenience of barter1 as civilization advanced1 it became necessary to establish a common medium of exchange1 which could be accepted for anything one had to sell and with which one could buy anything he wished4 ,this is what we call money4 ,to meet the requirements1 money must not be bulky1 must be durable1 and must not readily change in value4 ,in civilized countries gold and silver are the bases of exchange4 ,but gold and silver are heavy and inconvenient to carry about in large1 or for that matter in small1 quantities1 and for convenience the following kinds of paper money have been established3 #a4 ,gold ,certificates are issued with the government's guarantee that there is gold deposited in the ,treasury equal to the amount of the face of the bill4 ,at any time the one holding such a bill may demand of the ,treasury that he receive gold for it4 #b4 ,silver ,certificates are similar to gold certificates1 except that silver is deposited in the ,treasury instead of gold4 #c4 ,united ,states ,treasury ,notes are promissory notes of the government to pay the sum indicated4 ,they are not payable on demand4 #d4 ,national ,bank ,notes are promissory notes issued by the national banks and are payable on demand of the bearer4 ,before a national bank may issue such notes1 it must own ,united ,states government bonds of at least the amount for which it issues notes4 ,these bonds are held by the ,treasurer of the ,united ,states as security that the bank will pay its notes4 ,according to the ,owen ,glass ,bill1 passed in ,december of #aiac1 national bank notes may at the option of the banks be gradually withdrawn from circulation4 ,credit ,credit is a promise to pay at some future time for a thing which you receive now4 ,its use is probably as old as the practice of exchange and quite as important4 ,the simplest and most extensive form of credit is book credit1 such as you get at the grocer's or butcher's or at the department store4 ,to explain a little more complex kind of credit3 ,suppose you owe ,smith one hundred dollars4 ,at the same time ,smith owes ,jones one hundred dollars4 ,because you owe ,smith1 he may give ,jones an order to collect the money from you4 ,with this order ,jones may pay his lawyer1 let us say4 ,perhaps the lawyer has bought a bill of goods from you4 ,he pays you with the same order4 ,you destroy the note1 and thus four actual transactions have been taken care of without the use of any money4 ,the business institution which deals especially with credits is the bank4 ,banks ,a bank which fulfills every banking function must have these three departments3 7#a7 the commercial department1 7#b7 the savings department1 7#c7 the trust department4 ,some institutions specialize in one department more than in either of the others1 and thus1 taking the name from their principal function1 banks are known as follows3 7i7 commercial banks or banks of deposit1 7#b7 savings banks1 7#c7 trust companies4 ,banks of ,deposit ,illustration ,banks of deposit or commercial banks are business men's banks4 ,their two principal functions are 7#a7 receiving money for safe-keeping on deposit1 and 7#b7 loaning money to business men at interest4 ,the deposit function is based on confidence and credit4 ,the business man takes his money to the bank not only because it is convenient for him to do so1 but also because he has confidence that the money will be more carefully protected than if he kept it in his own possession4 ,in depositing his money in the bank1 the business man uses a deposit slip such as the one illustrated here4 ,the teller puts down the amount in the bank book of the depositor1 who is credited with that amount on the bank's books4 ,he is entitled to draw just that much actual cash or that much credit in the form of checks4 7,see page #cci47 ,most firms do not deposit a sum of money and then promptly draw it out again in the form of checks to pay current liabilities1 but maintain a fairly steady balance in the bank4 ,on large average monthly balances most banks allow interest1 varying from one per cent on balances of one thousand dollars to three per cent on balances of ten thousand dollars or more4 ,discount ,because a large bank has many depositors1 the aggregate of all the balances makes a considerable sum of money4 ,bankers have learned by experience just what proportion of their deposits they can depend on to remain steadily on deposit as a balance1 and thus they know what proportion of their deposits it is safe to use for the purpose of discount4 ,the simplest case of the discount function is the discount of a promissory note4 ,in the note shown in the illustration after ninety days ,john ,h4 ,blodgett will receive from ,lucius ,thomas five hundred dollars with interest4 ,but perhaps ,blodgett cannot wait ninety days for his money4 ,in this case1 he takes the note to his banker1 who will pay him the five hundred dollars less a certain percentage or discount1 which is the bank's profit on the transaction4 ,the bank then collects the note when it becomes due4 ,illustration3 ,,promissory ,,note ,collateral ,instead of cashing a note held by one of its customers1 the bank may itself loan money at interest for a short period of thirty1 sixty1 or ninety days1 taking the note of the business man to whom the money is loaned4 ,in most cases1 however1 unless the bank knows the business man well1 a certain amount of collateral is demanded as an assurance that the borrower will pay the loan when it becomes due4 ,the amount of collateral deposited with the bank is usually #aj to #be in excess of the amount loaned1 and it may take the form of stocks or bonds2 mortgages on real estate2 liens on stock1 fixtures1 or personal property2 or warehouse receipts4 ,when the amount borrowed is paid1 the collateral is returned2 if it is not paid within a reasonable time1 the collateral is sold1 and the amount loaned1 with interest to date1 is taken from the proceeds4 ,there are1 of course1 other functions of banks of deposit practised quite generally by all banks1 and these will be explained later4 ,the functions just described1 however1 distinguish banks of deposit in a general way from the other two classes4 ,savings ,banks ,a savings bank accepts from its depositors small amounts of money which are not subject to withdrawal by check1 but on which it pays a low rate of interest4 ,as a general rule1 an account may be opened with one dollar2 and when the initial deposit is made1 the depositor is furnished with a pass book1 similar to the bank book1 in which further deposits1 interest credits1 and withdrawals are recorded4 ,interest is compounded every four or six months1 and money must1 as a general rule1 remain on deposit until an interest payment date before the depositor receives any interest on it4 ,the usual rate of interest is three per cent1 although four is often paid4 ,frequently1 before banks allow deposits to be withdrawn1 they demand a certain number of days' notice1 usually thirty4 ,it is well to investigate the conditions under which the depositor places his money in the safe-keeping of the bank1 because the withdrawal requirements are often stringent4 ,because of the stability of this class of deposit1 banks are always anxious to increase their savings accounts1 as a large proportion of the funds may be used for loans4 ,a form of the savings bank established in the ,united ,states in #aiaa is the postal savings bank1 in which the post-office is made the depository for savings4 ,the post-office in the town deposits its funds in the local national or state bank1 which1 as security for safe-keeping1 must deposit with the ,treasurer of the ,united ,states bonds at least equal in value to the amount of savings deposited in the bank4 ,postal savings banks are practically absolutely safe1 because1 if the bank which takes care of the funds should fail1 the bonds may be sold1 so that the savers will receive their money4 ,from deposits made in the postal savings bank1 the return to the depositor is only two per cent1 whereas the return from deposits made in the bank's own savings department is three1 three and a half1 and sometimes four per cent4 ,trust ,companies ,the ,richards' ,baby ,stocking ,fund ,a miner named ,richards was killed in an accident in an ,alaska mine4 ,among his possessions were found a number of letters and a baby stocking containing a little gold dust4 ,the letters told that ,richards had a little six-year-old daughter1 who was now left destitute4 ,the rough miners made up a fund of #b1ejj in gold dust1 depositing it with the ,united ,states ,commissioner of the ,territory of ,alaska1 to be held by him until the proper disposition of it could be made4 ,a committee was appointed1 who agreed that one hundred dollars a year for ten years should be used to give the child a common school education1 and then five hundred dollars each year to give her a college education4 ,a legal guardian was appointed1 and the ,kansas ,city ,trust ,company asked to act as co-guardian to invest the money and make the required remittances4 ,the funds were first deposited by the commissioner in a bank in ,portland1 which sent them to the ,kansas ,city ,trust ,company4 ,correspondence was of course carried on at the same time1 the ,kansas ,city ,trust ,company agreeing to accept the trust without remuneration4 ,they have invested the money in five per cent bonds1 thus increasing the fund yearly4 ,this is called a trust because the money is entrusted for safe-keeping and investment to the bank1 which is called the trustee4 ,a bank may also become the trustee for property left at the death of a person1 both when there is a will and when there is none4 ,when there is no will and the bank takes charge of the affairs of the deceased1 the bank is called the administrator2 when there is a will1 the executor4 ,another important function of the trust company is acting as receiver for a company which has failed2 that is1 adjusting the company's affairs in the way fairest both to the stockholders and to the company's creditors4 ,the trust company often acts1 also1 as agent for its clients' property1 performing the same duties as a real estate agent4 ,form of ,remittance ,banks as a class are distinguished one from the other according as they specialize in one or more of the functions described above4 ,however1 there are certain services that all banks perform and certain facilities that they all offer in connection with the payment of money from one person to another4 ,these concern the forms of remittance4 ,if you have studied business arithmetic or bookkeeping1 you very likely know the definite forms that are used4 ,at all events1 you know that currency should never go through the mails4 ,the following is a brief review of the more important forms that may be used4 ,study the illustrations carefully1 noticing particularly the similarity of form in all4 ,uniformity in such matters is desirable because it saves time as well as misunderstandings4 ,the forms we shall consider are3 #a4 ,the check a4 ,personal b4 ,certified #b4 ,the money order a4 ,express b4 ,postal #c4 ,the bank draft #d4 ,the time draft #e4 ,the sight draft ,check4--,a check is a written order on a bank1 signed by a depositor1 directing the bank to pay a certain person a certain sum of money4 ,when the bank pays the order1 it deducts the amount from the depositor's account4 ,the one who signs the check is called the drawer or maker2 the person to whom or to whose order a check is made payable is called the payee2 the bank on which a check is drawn is called the drawee4 ,illustration3 ,,check ,,and ,,stub ,of course1 before you could write a check for one hundred dollars1 you must have deposited at least one hundred dollars in the bank on which the check is drawn4 ,the bank supplies you with a check book1 consisting of blank checks1 each attached to a stub4 ,when you write a check1 you put the same information on the stub to be kept for reference4 ,then you tear off the check through the perforated line1 using it to pay for whatever you may have purchased4 ,certified ,check4--,suppose1 however1 that you are writing this check to pay a debt to a stranger who lives in another city4 ,he may hesitate to accept it as money4 ,that he may have no cause to doubt your ability to pay the check1 you take it to your bank to have the cashier investigate your account4 ,if he finds that you have sufficient funds1 he writes or stamps ,accepted or ,certified on the check and signs his name4 ,at the same time the amount of the check is deducted from your account4 ,such a check is accepted without question when the holder is properly identified4 ,endorsement4--,if ,a gives you his check for twenty-five dollars1 you could not receive the money until you had endorsed the check2 that is1 put your name on the back1 which is1 in effect1 giving a receipt for the money4 ,you may do this in various ways4 ,you may endorse3 #a4 ,in blank2 that is1 merely write your name across the back4 #b4 ,in full1 by saying1 ,pay to the order of ---- and signing your name4 #c4 ,by restricting the payment to a particular person2 as1 ,pay to ---- ,this check cannot now be cashed by anyone except the one named in the endorsement4 ,illustration3 ,,express ,,money ,,order ,express ,money ,order4--,an express money order is much like a check1 except that it is drawn on an express company instead of on a bank and reads1 for example3 ,continental ,express ,company agrees to transmit and pay to the order of ---- 7the one to whom you are sending the money7 ---- 7the amount74 ,the order is signed by the treasurer of the company and countersigned by the agent who sells it4 ,you can buy such an order at any express office4 ,it may be endorsed like a check4 ,illustration3 ,,postal ,,money ,,order ,postal ,money ,order4--,the other form of money order1 the postal1 is an agreement signed by the postmaster of one city that the postmaster of another city will pay the amount of money named in the order to the person named in the order4 ,bank ,draft4--,a bank draft is very much like a check1 except that instead of two individuals dealing with each other two banks conduct the transaction1 their places of business being in different cities or villages4 ,a bank draft is sometimes called a bank check1 because in the case of both a draft and a check one party draws upon another with whom the first has funds deposited4 ,as a general rule1 banks and business houses require that remittances be sent to them by drafts drawn on ,new ,york or ,chicago banks1 as there is a charge called exchange made in the collection of checks drawn on local banks4 ,in the draft that follows1 the ,state ,bank of ,utah1 of which ,henry ,t4 ,mc,ewan is ,assistant ,cashier1 makes out the draft4 ,the bank which is ordered to pay the money is the ,national ,park ,bank of ,new ,york4 ,the money is to be paid to ,henry ,l4 ,fowler4 ,the ,state ,bank of ,utah is called the drawer2 the ,national ,park ,bank of ,new ,york1 on whom the draft is drawn1 is the drawee2 ,henry ,l4 ,fowler is the payee4 ,illustration3 ,,bank ,,draft ,illustration3 ,,endorsement ,the payment indicated above was probably made without actually sending the money from ,salt ,lake ,city to ,new ,york4 ,it was done in this way3 ,henry ,l4 ,fowler of ,salt ,lake ,city owes one hundred dollars to a man living in an ,eastern city1 let us say ,charles ,emery of ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,fowler goes to the ,state ,bank of ,utah in ,salt ,lake ,city and buys a draft on ,new ,york1 made payable to himself4 ,the bank makes out the above1 charging ,mr4 ,fowler one hundred dollars plus a fraction of one per cent for its trouble4 ,mr4 ,fowler endorses it in full to ,mr4 ,emery of ,rochester and sends the draft to the latter4 ,he has the draft made payable to himself so that the endorsement will constitute a full record of the transaction4 ,mr4 ,emery takes the draft to his own bank in ,rochester1 endorses it in blank1 and receives the one hundred dollars4 ,thus ,mr4 ,fowler has paid out the money and ,mr4 ,emery has received it4 ,the way the banks conduct the transaction is as follows3 ,there are certain big money centers in the country2 e4g41 ,new ,york1 ,chicago1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,san ,francisco4 ,important banks in other places have money on deposit in at least one bank in each of these centers4 ,the banks which thus deal with one another are called correspondents4 ,the ,national ,park ,bank is the correspondent of the ,state ,bank of ,utah4 ,when ,mr4 ,emery cashes the draft at his ,rochester bank1 the latter sends it to its ,new ,york correspondent1 and at the same time charges the correspondent one hundred dollars4 ,the correspondent presents the draft to the ,national ,park ,bank1 which pays the money and charges the same amount to the ,state ,bank of ,utah4 ,explain how this settles the transaction4 ,time ,draft4--,a time draft is much like a bank draft1 in that two banks conduct the principal part of the transaction for two individuals1 but no money is actually paid at the time the draft is drawn4 ,the details of a transaction of this kind are explained on the following page4 ,illustration3 ,,time ,,draft ,horace ,prang of #ajjh ,elm ,street1 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 owes ,loetzer ,co4 five hundred dollars1 due ,august #bg1 #aiae4 ,loetzer ,co4 make out the draft above and deposit it in the ,bank of ,buffalo4 ,the latter sends the draft to its correspondent in ,columbus1 which presents the draft to ,horace ,prang4 ,if he is willing to pay the note when it falls due1 he writes across the face of it1 ,accepted adds the date1 and signs his name4 ,it is now returned to the ,bank of ,buffalo4 ,the ,bank of ,buffalo will then discount the draft for ,loetzer ,co4 ,sight ,draft4--,a sight draft is much like a time draft1 except that the amount is paid by the person on whom it is drawn as soon as it is presented1 instead of after a stipulated length of time4 ,illustration3 ,,sight ,,draft ,suppose the ,empire ,elevator ,co4 of ,buffalo has sold #dbj worth of grain to the ,smith ,milling ,co4 of ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,when the grain is loaded on the cars1 the railroad company gives the ,empire ,elevator ,co4 a bill of lading4 ,now1 the ,smith ,milling ,co4 must possess this bill of lading before it can take the grain from the cars at ,springfield4 ,the ,empire ,elevator ,co4 deposits the bill of lading with the above draft in the ,marine ,national ,bank of ,buffalo4 ,this bank sends both to its correspondent in ,springfield4 ,the ,springfield bank presents the draft to the ,smith ,milling ,co41 who may take the grain from the cars on payment of the draft4 ,in case of non-payment1 both draft and bill of lading are returned to the ,marine ,national ,bank of ,buffalo1 and the ,empire ,elevator ,co4 must make arrangements for the return or the disposal of the grain4 ,exercise #cja #a4 ,f4 ,r4 ,thompson1 sales manager of the ,new ,york ,trust and ,savings ,bank1 sends a circular letter to a number of banks1 saying that he is enclosing a booklet that describes a number of bonds suitable for the security of postal savings deposits1 the legality of which has been carefully investigated4 ,in his letter he mentions especially ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 ,school #d bonds1 price to net #d4dj2 ,seattle1 ,washington1 ,harbor #e bonds1 price to net #d2 and ,hoquiam1 ,washington1 ,bridge #e bonds1 price to net #e4 ,reproduce the letter1 addressing it to ,w4 ,w4 ,fallows1 ,cashier of the ,mercantile ,national ,bank of ,pueblo1 ,colorado4 #b4 ,mr4 ,fallows answers1 saying that his knowledge of the postal savings law is vague and that he would be glad if ,mr4 ,thompson would give him definite information on the subject4 #c4 ,mr4 ,thompson replies that he is enclosing a copy of the postal savings law4 ,he assures ,mr4 ,fallows that he can serve the latter both in buying the proper securities and in depositing them with the ,treasurer of the ,united ,states4 ,application for such deposits must be made by the bank itself4 ,mr4 ,thompson will gladly inform him if ,mr4 ,fallows does not know the steps to be taken or the report to be submitted4 #d4 ,punctuate1 using a letterhead3 ,mercantile ,trust ,company ,new ,york ,city ,dec #b #ai-- manager the bank of ,scotland #c;c bishop ,e ,c ,london ,england dear sir we are sending you herewith advice of the issuance of our circular letter of credit ,no4 #bfb in favor of ,miss ,helen ,jackson for #cjj pounds sterling ,miss ,jackson is at present in ,paris ,france and the letter of credit has been forwarded to ,messrs ,thomas ,cooke and ,son #a ,place de l',opera ,paris we have requested ,messrs ,thomas ,cooke and ,son to forward to you two specimens of ,miss ,jacksons signature which we have signed and forwarded to ,messrs ,thomas ,cooke and ,son for that purpose so that you may have these signatures before any drafts against the letter of credit are presented to you yours very truly ,james ,r ,hudson treasurer4 ,what is a letter of credit8 ,how did ,miss ,jackson get it8 ,the ,bank of ,scotland is the correspondent of the ,mercantile ,trust ,company4 ,explain4 ,why should the ,new ,york bank forward ,miss ,jackson's signature8 #e4 ,write the letter that the ,mercantile ,trust ,company sends to ,messrs4 ,thomas ,cooke and ,son4 #f4 ,write the letter that ,messrs4 ,thomas ,cooke and ,son send to the ,bank of ,scotland4 #g4 ,w4 ,t4 ,randall1 cashier of the ,milwaukee ,trust and ,savings ,bank1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 writes a letter1 the purpose of which is to secure savings accounts4 ,a club of #ejj members is to be formed4 ,each member is to buy a share by paying one dollar and to pay one dollar per week per share1 the amount to draw interest at #c4 ,after forty-eight weeks he gets credit for fifty dollars per share1 thus securing over #e interest on his money4 ,make the offer attractive4 #h4 ,some time ago a bank in your city discounted a note held by ,george ,carpenter1 signed by ,martin ,kugerman4 ,the note falls due in ten days4 ,as cashier write to ,mr4 ,kugerman1 telling him that you hold the note and that you hope he will be able to remit on the day of maturity4 #i4 ,your bank loaned ,clarence ,wentworth #ejj for ninety days1 taking as security #gjj worth of collateral4 ,the note falls due in a week4 ,write to ,mr4 ,wentworth1 reminding him that the note falls due and asking him whether he wishes to pay it off or whether he wishes it extended4 #aj4 ,john ,elsworth1 who has an account with you1 writes1 saying that by registered mail he is sending you certificates of #bj shares ,union ,pacific common stock1 #ej shares ,national ,biscuit ,co4 preferred stock1 #e 7bonds7 ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph convertible #d's1 #c 7bonds7 ,new ,york and ,east ,river ,gas ,co4 first mortgage #e's4 ,he asks you to take care of them and collect dividends and interest when they are due1 crediting them to his account4 #aa4 ,your correspondent1 the ,first ,national ,bank of ,janesville1 ,wis41 writes1 asking you to forward by registered mail #e1jjj in currency4 ,exercise #cjb #a4 ,mr4 ,henry ,carroll of ,wausau1 ,wis41 writes to ,mr4 ,randall 7,exercise #cja1 #g71 asking him to buy #aj shares of ,c4 ,n4 ,w4 ,r4 ,r4 preferred stock at #acd or better4 ,when they are bought1 he adds1 they can be sent through any bank in ,wausau4 #b4 ,mr4 ,randall replies by sending the #aj shares of stock to the bank's correspondent in ,wausau1 the ,first ,national ,bank1 telling the latter to deliver them to ,mr4 ,henry ,carroll on payment of the enclosed draft for #acdj with exchange4 ,write the letter4 #c4 ,a dressmaker in ,south ,bend1 ,ind41 has applied to ,marshall ,field ,co41 ,retail1 ,state and ,washington ,streets1 ,chicago1 for a charge account4 ,the department store makes inquiries concerning her at her bank1 the ,commercial and ,savings ,bank of ,south ,bend4 ,write the letter4 #d4 ,the bank replies that she has maintained a small but steady balance1 that she has never overdrawn her account1 and that in their opinion her credit would be good up to #ajj monthly4 ,write the letter4 #e4 ,theodore ,buchanan of ,st4 ,louis sends ,philip ,newborg of your city a check for #ajj with which he pays a debt to ,charles ,springer of ,minneapolis4 ,springer endorses it and deposits it in the ,security ,national ,bank4 ,the check is returned marked ,n4,s4,f41 and the ,security ,national ,bank notifies ,springer of the situation and of the fact that his account has been charged with #ajd1 the amount of the draft plus expenses4 #f4 ,one of the depositors of the ,milwaukee ,trust and ,savings ,bank brings to the ,cashier a note which is about due1 and asks the bank to collect it4 ,the maker of the note is ,william ,t4 ,adams of ,seattle4 ,the ,cashier writes to the bank's correspondent in ,seattle1 the ,scandinavian ,american ,bank1 asking the latter to collect4 ,write the letter4 7,see ,exercise #cja1 #g47 #g4 ,the ,scandinavian ,american bank writes to ,william ,t4 ,adams1 telling him that it holds a note signed by him1 due ----1 and asking him to make prompt payment4 ,write the letter4 #h4 ,mr4 ,adams pays the note4 ,the ,seattle ,bank notifies the ,milwaukee ,bank1 enclosing a draft for the amount4 ,write the letter4 #i4 ,see ,exercise #cja1 #aj4 ,as ,john ,elsworth's banker send the coupons for the ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph bonds to your correspondent in ,new ,york1 the ,national ,city ,bank1 because the interest is payable in ,new ,york4 ,ask the bank to make the collection4 ,write the letter4 #aj4 ,the ,national ,city ,bank makes the collection and informs you by means of a printed form that it has credited you with the amount1 #aab4ej4 ,the form is just like a letter except that it is already printed with blanks left for the name and the address and for itemizing the coupons collected4 ,write such a form4 #aa4 ,one of your depositors has overdrawn his account4 ,notify him of the fact4 ,do this courteously so that the depositor may have no reason to withdraw his account4 #ab4 ,in your city there is a real estate dealer who often has large sums of money idle for a short time because1 when he sells one piece of property1 he does not always have another immediately in view4 ,he is not a depositor in your bank4 ,write to him1 inducing him to take out a ,certificate of ,deposit at such times and telling him that the advantages of such a certificate are that he will get #c interest on the money deposited and that he may draw out the money at any time4 #ac4 ,one of your depositors has written to you1 asking for a loan of #e1jjj for nine months4 ,write to him1 saying that it is not your practice to make time loans for definite periods longer than six months1 as it is not a good plan thus to tie up your deposits4 ,explain that as most of a bank's deposits are payable on demand1 you would suggest his taking out a demand loan for #e1jjj1 payable on the demand of the bank4 ,under ordinary business conditions such a loan might easily run for nine months4 #ad4 ,r4 ,f4 ,marsden1 ,president of the ,truesdale ,cotton ,mill1 ,birmingham1 ,ala41 has written to you1 asking whether he can secure a loan next fall on the cotton in the mill as collateral4 ,reply that you feel certain that satisfactory arrangements could be made if the cotton were stored in an accredited warehouse1 so that you could accept the warehouse receipt as collateral4 ,exercise #cjc ,punctuate and paragraph the following letter1 which explains one function of a trust company3 ,dear sir as you are one of our clients you are familiar with the reputation of this bank for sound banking and conservative investments you may not however be aware that we have a fully equipped trust department prepared to act in any of the numerous capacities in which the services of trust companies have proved of special value at this time we wish to call your particular attention to the service which this department is prepared to render as trustee under agreement it is natural that one who has accumulated property should desire to superintend or direct its disposition formerly this was done by will now however as the complex laws of the various states frequently necessitate the payment of double or triple inheritance taxes it is becoming a more and more common practice for a man during his lifetime to administer his own estate so to speak this may be accomplished through the establishment of a trust with respect to either a part or all of one's property it can be accomplished not only with absolute safety to the donor but with entire secrecy as well the terms of the trust being regarded as absolutely confidential furthermore the donor has the satisfaction of disposing of his property during his lifetime in accordance with his desires the life of a trust company unlike that of any individual is of perpetual duration death does not interfere with its management of the trust estate its financial responsibility and the safeguards thrown around trust estates by the state laws insure the safety of a trust fund if you are interested in this subject let us discuss it with you either in person or by correspondence when this bank is named in a trust capacity no charge is made for service or advice in connection with the drafting of the trust instruments yours truly ,before writing the following1 re-read ,the ,richards' ,baby ,stocking ,fund1 page #ccg4 #a4 ,suppose that you were a newspaper correspondent in ,alaska at the time ,richards was killed4 ,for your home paper write an account of the finding of the baby stocking4 ,in what ways would this account differ from a magazine article on the same subject8 #b4 ,as if you were the ,united ,states ,commissioner of the ,territory of ,alaska1 write to a ,portland bank saying that you are sending the #b1ejj to them1 and asking them to put the funds in the care of a reliable trust company4 #c4 ,the ,portland bank writes to the ,kansas ,city ,trust ,company1 asking if the latter will accept the trust4 ,write the letter4 #d4 ,the ,kansas ,city ,trust ,company replies that it will accept the trust without remuneration4 ,write the letter4 #e4 ,the ,portland bank informs the ,united ,states ,commissioner of the ,territory of ,alaska of the disposition of the funds4 ,write the letter4 ,exercise #cjd ,topics for ,investigation and ,discussion #a4 ,the panic of #aijg and some of its lessons4 #b4 ,future banking reform4 #c4 ,government supervision of banks4 #d4 ,unscrupulous banking companies4 #e4 ,clearing house certificates4 #f4 ,postal savings banks4 #g4 ,the work of the clearing house4 #h4 ,the need of banks in a community4 #i4 ,the development of real estate firms into banks4 #aj4 ,the ,owen ,glass ,currency ,bill4 ,exercise #cje ,books that will ,suggest ,topics for ,talks ,,crocker1 ,u4 ,h41 ,the ,cause of ,hard ,times4 ,,fonda1 ,,arthur ,j41 ,honest ,money4 ,,gibbs1 ,h4 ,c41 ,a ,bimetallic ,primer4 ,,mcadams1 ,,graham1 ,an ,alphabet in ,finance4 ,,newcomb1 ,,simon1 ,the ,a ,b ,c of ,finance4 ,,norton1 ,s4 ,f41 ,ten ,men of ,money ,island1 or ,the ,primer of ,finance4 ,,reeves1 ,,john1 ,the ,rothschilds3 ,the ,financial ,rulers of ,nations4 ,,white1 ,,horace1 ,money and ,banking4 ,exercise #cjf ,write the following from dictation3 #a ,,the ,,daily ,,routine ,,of ,,the ,,clearing ,,house ,each bank sends two clerks to the ,clearing ,house3 a delivering clerk and a settling clerk4 ,there are three rows of seats running through the clearing room lengthwise1 one in the center and one on each side parallel with it4 ,the settling clerks occupy these seats and each one has a sufficient amount of desk room in front of him to do his work on1 his space being separated from his neighbors' by a wire screen4 ,the delivery clerks1 with their packages of checks in separate envelopes1 stand in the open space in front of the settling clerks4 ,at two minutes before #aj o'clock the manager1 whose station is an elevated open space at the extreme end of the room1 strikes a bell4 ,the movement has all the precision of a military drill4 ,when the second bell sounds1 at exactly #aj o'clock1 each delivery clerk takes one step forward1 hands the proper package to the settling clerk of the bank next to him1 drops the accompanying ticket showing the amount into an aperture like a letter box1 and places before the settling clerk his schedule1 on which the latter places his initials4 ,thus the procession moves uninterruptedly until each delivery clerk has presented to each settling clerk the proper package and ticket4 ,usually this part of the operation is completed in ten minutes4 ,meanwhile the proof clerk1 who occupies a desk near the manager1 has entered the claims of each bank under the head ,bank ,cr4 on a broad sheet of paper4 ,inasmuch as the amount of each bank's claim against the ,clearing ,house 7entered under the head ,banks ,cr47 is the sum of all the tickets which its delivery clerk has pushed into the letter boxes of the other banks1 it follows that all the tickets of all the banks should equal all the entries under that head4 ,the next step in the operation is for each settling clerk to arrange the amounts of all the tickets in his letter box in a column1 add it up1 and send the amount to the proof clerk1 who transcribes and arranges it according to the bank's number under the head ,banks ,dr41 so that the debit of ,bank ,a shall be on the same line with its credit4 ,then the difference between the two will show how much the bank owes the ,clearing ,house or how much the ,clearing ,house owes the bank4 ,the time occupied by the settling clerks in arranging their tickets and adding up the columns is about half an hour4 ,as fast as these footings are completed1 they are sent to the proof clerk1 who puts them in the debit column opposite the credits of the banks1 respectively4 ,when all are completed1 if no error has been made1 the footings of the credit and debit columns must be exactly equal and the footings of the two other columns1 which show the differences1 must be exactly equal4 ,then these differences are read off slowly and in a distinct tone by the manager1 so that each settling clerk can write down the sum that his bank has to pay or to receive4 ,as time is money at the ,clearing ,house1 a fine is exacted for every error and every delay in making footings1 for every disobedience of the orders of the manager1 or for every instance of disorderly conduct4--,horace ,white3 ,money and ,banking4 #b ,the ,treasury1 in connection with its money washing1 has asked national banks to exercise more care in sending in money for redemption4 ,banks frequently put into the same bundle1 good notes1 bad notes1 and notes of different denominations4 ,when they are mixed in this way1 it requires a good deal of work to separate the money4 ,the ,treasury thinks that the banks could do this work1 so that1 when the money reaches ,washington1 it could easily be separated by packages instead of each package having to be separated first4 ,the ,assistant ,secretary says he believes that1 when he gets the subject worked out in detail1 new washed money will be returned to the bank in any denomination desired on the same day that it is received2 that money unfit for laundering will be destroyed and new money issued4 ,this expeditious handling of money sent in for redemption cannot1 however1 be attained1 he admits1 without the co-operation of the banks4 ,in a short time1 he believes1 all banks will see that it is to their benefit to do this4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,the ,,corporation ,,the study that we have thus far made of the various kinds of businesses would be incomplete did we not briefly outline the different types of organization by which modern business is conducted4 ,this will naturally lead us to a discussion of stocks and bonds1 which are of great importance in every big business and of interest to individuals as means of investment4 ,however1 as the subjects are probably outside the experience of most students1 we shall treat them as simply as possible1 letting the chapter stand rather for the information it contains than for its application to the study of ,english expression4 ,business to-day is carried on in three different ways2 viz41 by individuals1 by partnerships1 and by corporations4 ,the grocer1 the butcher1 the baker1 or any one man who carries on a business is an example of the first4 ,if1 however1 the grocer and the butcher1 or the grocer and the baker1 combine their businesses for the good of both1 they form a partnership4 ,when the amount of capital necessary for carrying on the business becomes so large that the money of many people is needed1 a corporation is formed4 ,the amount of money which any one individual invests in the company is represented by a certain number of shares of the capital stock of the company1 entitling him to his portion of the dividends1 or interest on the money he has invested4 ,these shares of the capital stock are transferable and can be bought and sold like an automobile or a house4 ,since there is no time limit as to how long a corporation may do business1 a change in the ownership of part of the stock1 or the death of a stockholder1 is not accompanied by the same result as in a partnership1 where the death of one of the partners sometimes breaks up the business4 ,furthermore1 in a partnership each one of the partners is personally liable for any debts made by any of the partners in behalf of the business1 whereas the personal possessions of a stockholder in a corporation cannot be held as security for any debts incurred by the corporation4 ,these are two of the more important advantages of corporate organization over partnership4 ,the ,finances of a ,corporation ,it has been estimated that if one were to count money1 dollar by dollar1 one dollar every second for eight hours six days a week1 it would take him six weeks to count one million dollars1 and over one hundred years to count a billion dollars4 ,this may help us to appreciate the sums of money spoken of in the following3 ,in #aiad the market value of the ,commonwealth ,edison ,company of ,chicago was over #hc1jjj1jjj4 ,the valuation placed on the properties of the ,chicago ,railways ,company in #aiad exceeded #gi1jjj1jjj4 ,the ,union ,pacific ,railroad ,company had invested in its properties in #aiad approximately #ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,the capital obligations of the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation in #aiad were over #a1ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,there are hundreds of such organizations in our country1 the investments in which run to and beyond #ej1jjj1jjj each4 ,it must be plain that1 except in a very few cases1 these vast amounts of money do not represent the investment of one1 or of a few1 but of many persons4 ,in uniting their capital1 these persons decrease the cost of making or distributing the product and so increase their profits4 ,stocks ,when a large company of this kind is organized1 a certain amount of money is agreed upon to be the capital of the company1 and it is divided into small portions1 ordinarily #ajj each1 called shares4 ,the total of the shares is called the authorized capital stock4 ,these shares are sold1 the purchasers of the shares being called shareholders1 or stockholders1 of the company4 ,the number of shares a person holds determines what part of the profits he is entitled to4 ,for example1 if a company is organized for #ajjj shares of #ajj each1 or a capital stock of #ajj1jjj1 and you owned #ajj shares1 you would be entitled to one-tenth of the divided profits of the company4 ,such profits of the company1 divided proportionately among the stockholders1 constitute the dividends4 ,often the capital stock is of two kinds1 preferred and common1 as in the case of the ,union ,pacific ,r4 ,r41 which has #bjj1jjj1jjj of authorized preferred stock and #bif1agh1gjj of authorized common stock4 ,as the names signify1 preferred stock is ordinarily better than common stock1 the dividends on preferred stock being paid before any dividends are paid on common stock and usually at a stated rate of interest2 as1 #d1 #e1 or #f per cent4 ,in the case of the ,union ,pacific1 this rate is #d per cent4 ,if the company earns only enough profits to pay the dividends on the preferred stock1 the common gets no dividends4 ,on the other hand1 if the profits are enormous1 the common occasionally gets more than the preferred4 ,par and ,market ,value ,the par value of a stock is the face value of one share of stock1 indicated on the face of the certificate4 ,this may be #aj or #ej or #ajj1 whatever the amount agreed upon for one share when the company is organized4 ,the amount most commonly used as par is #ajj4 ,the market value of the stock1 however1 need not be this amount1 but may be greater or less1 dependent on how successful the company is and what rate of dividends it pays4 ,if a company's standing is very good and the dividends are high 7over #f per cent71 the stock will probably sell on the market above par4 ,if the company's finances are in a doubtful condition and there are evidences that the company will pay small dividends1 if any at all1 the market price of the stock will fall below par4 ,for example1 in ,january1 #aiad1 ,union ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 common stock sold for about #aeh per share1 because the finances of the company were in good condition and the company had paid #aj per cent dividends steadily each year since ,july #a1 #aijg4 ,if1 however1 any occasion should arise to make the public doubt the payment of future dividends at the same rate1 the stock would probably decline4 ,to go to the other extreme1 in the same month ,wabash ,r4 ,r4 common stock sold as low as #h per share1 although the par is #ajj4 ,this was because for some years the company had paid no dividends and was then in the hands of receivers4 ,to take a middle case in the same month and year1 ,erie ,r4 ,r4 first preferred stock sold at about #de per share1 notwithstanding the fact that since #aijg no dividends had been paid4 ,the reason for this seemingly high price was that the company had for some time been reconstructing its property1 had gradually increased its business1 had earned a #i1jjj1jjj surplus in #aiac1 and had a good outlook to a dividend in the near future4 ,these are not the only influences that affect the price of stocks4 ,the old factor of supply and demand has a great influence on price4 ,if1 for example1 a financier decides to buy a large block of some stock1 the market will almost immediately be affected1 and that stock will go up4 ,one example will suffice4 ,in #aija ,e4 ,h4 ,harriman set out to buy #aee1jjj1jjj worth of ,northern ,pacific stock in the open market to gain control of the ,northern ,pacific railroad4 ,of course1 the market felt the demand1 and the price of the stock rose from a little above par until it touched #a1jjj a share before it started back to normal4 ,when ,mr4 ,harriman unloaded that same stock in #aijf1 because he failed to gain control1 the market went down so considerably that he lost #aj1jjj1jjj and almost caused a panic4 ,often the stocks of a company sell below par because the stock is watered2 that is1 the company has issued more stock than there is value invested in the property4 ,many of our railroads1 for example1 were built on borrowed money--that is1 from the proceeds of the sale of bonds--and1 to make the bonds sell more readily1 stocks were given away with them4 ,this1 of course1 increased the capitalization greatly without increasing the value4 ,the temptation in forming new companies1 especially in mining schemes and wildcat ventures1 is to water the stock heavily by voting a large block of stock gratis to the organizers4 ,before one invests in any of these companies1 he should thoroughly investigate them4 ,sometimes companies water their stocks when their dividends have become very large and they wish to bring the rate down to that commonly paid4 ,the ,wells ,fargo ,express ,company did this in #aiaj1 presenting their stockholders with #af1jjj1jjj worth of new stock without any new investment in the property4 ,bonds ,suppose that ,a owns a house with a store in it1 and in the store he carries on a grocery business4 ,suppose that by enlarging his store and putting in a bigger stock of goods he can make more money4 ,the improvements will cost #a1jjj1 but he hasn't the money4 ,he goes to ,b to ask ,b to lend him #a1jjj for five years1 offering ,b the house as security4 ,b gives ,a the #a1jjj and in return gets a certain amount of interest each year and ,a's mortgage note against the property4 ,this means that1 if at the end of five years ,a cannot pay the #a1jjj1 ,b has the right to sell ,a's house and collect the money due him4 ,when a corporation borrows money to extend its properties1 plants1 or rights1 the transaction is really the same1 although the form is somewhat different4 ,just as all the capital stock of a corporation is divided into shares owned by a number of people1 so1 when the corporation borrows money1 the amount borrowed is divided into smaller parts of #ejj or #a1jjj each1 called bonds1 which the corporation sells through its bankers to people who have idle money to invest4 ,twice each year1 as stated in the bond1 the corporation pays interest on the borrowed money at the rate1 probably1 of #d1 #d1 #e1 or #f per cent4 ,after a definite number of years1 as stated in the bond1 the corporation is obliged to pay back the amount of money that it borrowed4 ,this is called redeeming the bonds4 ,to show that it intends to pay back the amount borrowed at the end of the time stated1 or redeem the bonds when they become due1 the corporation puts a mortgage on its real estate1 buildings1 machinery1 and equipment4 ,when the bonds become due--or mature1 as it is called--if the corporation does not pay back the amount borrowed1 the holders of the bonds may take possession of the company's real estate1 buildings1 machinery1 and equipment on which the company has placed the mortgage and may sell them to recover the money they have loaned4 ,thus1 while the stockholders of a corporation have no assurance that they will ever get their money back or will ever get any interest on it1 the holders of carefully selected bonds are reasonably sure of getting a certain amount of interest each year and of getting their money back when the bonds mature4 ,shares of stock represent the investment made by the stockholders who own the company1 whereas bonds represent the investment of those who loan money to the company4 ,we can readily see1 then1 that the stockholders take the greater risk4 ,for this reason it is expected that stocks should yield a higher profit than bonds1 and this is usually the case4 ,the greater portion of the bonds that are issued by corporations run for long periods--twenty1 forty1 fifty1 and even one hundred years4 ,at times when money rates are high1 corporations that need funds are reluctant to pay a high rate for so many years1 and so they issue short time bonds to run from two to five years1 in the hope that at the end of the time money rates will be lower and more favorable to their issuing long time bonds4 ,many companies1 especially industrial corporations and railroads1 have issued obligations to pay1 notes running from six months to five years4 ,they are not usually secured by a mortgage on the property but are merely the company's promise to pay1 the interest and the principal taking precedence over the dividends on the preferred and the common stocks4 ,corporate ,organization ,before a corporation can carry on its business1 it must obtain a charter from one of the states of the ,united ,states1 whose laws it must obey4 ,the laws of some states are more lenient than those of others1 allowing the corporations more privileges4 ,new ,jersey is thus lenient2 consequently we find many large corporations--such as the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation1 the ,american ,sugar ,refining ,company1 and others--organized under the laws of ,new ,jersey4 ,after the charter is granted and the stock bought by the stockholders1 the latter have a meeting1 at which they elect a small number of men to be directors1 who1 as the name signifies1 conduct the business of the company for the stockholders4 ,they choose a president1 one or more vice-presidents1 a treasurer1 a secretary1 and any other officers necessary to carry on the business under the control of the directors4 ,the term of office of the directors is usually so fixed that the term of a part of them expires each year1 so that each year the stockholders have an annual meeting at which they elect new directors or re-elect the old ones whose term has expired4 ,the ,railroad ,corporations divide themselves into three large groups2 viz41 railroad companies1 public utility corporations1 and industrial corporations4 ,of these1 the group composed of the largest and most powerful corporations is the railroad group4 ,railroads have two general sources of income1 the larger being the revenue received from operating trains1 both freight and passenger2 and the smaller being the return from investments in other companies1 from real estate1 and from the rental of lines1 terminals1 stations1 and cars to other railroads4 ,to carry on the second or smaller part of its business1 the company needs an organization much like any other business1 but to conduct the first part it requires a special organization4 ,this divides itself into four departments1 usually with a vice-president at the head of each3 7#a7 the traffic department1 7#b7 the operating department1 7#c7 the finance and accounting department1 and 7#d7 the legal department4 ,it is the duty of the traffic department to get the business for the company and adjust all traffic claims4 ,in short1 it does everything to increase the business and the earnings4 ,this department naturally divides into the freight traffic and passenger traffic departments1 with a superintendent or manager at the head of each4 ,after the traffic department has solicited the business for the company1 it is the duty of the operating department to render the services required by the traffic department4 ,the work is done by four large divisions3 7#a7 the engineering or construction department1 whose duty it is to build the roads over which the company may operate2 7#b7 the maintenance-of-way department1 whose duty it is to see that the roadbed and rails are kept in good order and repair2 7#c7 the equipment department1 whose duty it is to see that the company is supplied with proper locomotives and cars and to see that such equipment is kept in repair2 and 7#d7 the transportation department1 which has to do with the operating of the trains4 ,the financial policy of a railroad is usually in charge of one of the vice-presidents1 who must be a man of experience in financial matters and who acts with the approval of the directors4 ,the accounting department is more important than may appear at first sight4 ,railroads are now under the supervision and regulation of the government1 and one of the rights that the government has is to examine the books of the company at any time and to require all companies to submit a monthly report to the government4 ,the legal department of a railroad is especially important for two reasons3 7#a7 ,in performing its services1 the company has business dealings with a large number of persons1 and in the adjustment of claims against the railroad1 expert legal advice is constantly necessary4 7#b7 ,the railroad1 as stated above1 is under the regulation and control of the state and the national governments1 and the enforcement of this regulation makes the railroad a party to numerous proceedings in the courts and before the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission4 ,the large railroads operate in from ten to twenty states4 ,it can thus easily be seen that the legal department has a great deal more to do than if the railroad operated under but one political power4 ,public ,utility ,corporations ,public utility corporations supply services without which the people of to-day could not very well live4 ,they are those supplying water1 light1 heat1 power1 telephones1 local transportation1 gas1 etc4 ,they may properly be called public necessity corporations4 ,the nature of these businesses practically gives them a monopoly in their locality2 this is the reason that they have grown so enormously during the last thirty years4 ,the ,commonwealth ,edison ,company1 which supplies a large part of ,chicago with light and power1 began in #ahhg with a capital of #ejj1jjj and in #aiad its capital obligations had a market value of over #hc1jjj1jjj4 ,the ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company began in #ahhe with #ab1jjj1jjj of capital stock and in #aiad had practically #cdj1jjj1jjj4 ,the other public service corporations have kept pace1 according to the growth of the locality they serve4 ,in the depression of #aijg this class of corporation kept steadily increasing the volume of its business when all others went back a step4 ,since these corporations are dependent on the local community for their business1 if the community grows the company must grow1 and usually faster than the community4 ,for this reason the stocks and bonds of these companies are usually a good investment4 ,it is a common practice for municipalities to demand a share of the profits of the company1 by way of a fixed sum1 a certain percentage of the gross profits1 or a share of the net profits4 ,for example the city of ,chicago receives1 from the ,commonwealth ,edison ,company each year #c per cent of its gross receipts from the sale of current and #aj per cent of its gross receipts from the rental of conduit space1 amounting in #aiac to more than #cjj1jjj1 quite a considerable sum4 ,the ,chicago ,railways ,company and the ,chicago ,city ,railway ,company1 the two large street car companies of ,chicago1 after deductions for expenses and charges and #e per cent on the amount invested are made from the gross income1 pay to the city #ee per cent of the surplus earnings1 keeping for themselves #de per cent4 ,whenever these companies pay part of their earnings to the municipality1 they are really under municipal supervision1 and their books and accounts are open to examination by the city at any time4 ,these companies are called quasi-municipal corporations4 ,industrial ,corporations ,as the name indicates1 industrial corporations are those that carry on our industries4 ,they are by far the largest class of corporations and have among their number some very powerful companies1 whose assets run up toward the billions4 ,this class of corporations has not had the gradual1 steady growth of the public utility corporations1 but in the case of the most successful1 the growth has been amazing4 ,the ,standard ,oil ,company for many years prior to its dissolution had paid dividends on its capital stock of about #ajj1jjj1jjj at the rate of #dj per cent a year4 ,the ,steel ,corporation is said to have produced a thousand millionaires and is still producing them4 ,this class of corporations has not been so closely under the supervision of the federal and municipal authorities as the railroads and public utility corporations1 and their financing has been carried on in a looser fashion than that of the other two classes4 ,for this reason the securities of these corporations are not generally regarded as highly as those of the other two4 ,however1 the federal government has taken and is taking steps to regulate these corporations1 and this will tend to bring them eventually to the standards of the railroad and public utility corporations4 ,exercise #cjg ,oral ,explain carefully3 #a4 ,what is a corporation8 #b4 ,what is a share of stock8 #c4 ,what is a bond8 a security8 #d4 ,explain the difference between par and market values4 #e4 ,why do stocks and bonds vary in value8 #f4 ,what is the difference between preferred and common stock8 #g4 ,what are dividends8 #h4 ,what is meant by watered stock8 #i4 ,what are the advantages of a corporation over a partnership8 #aj4 ,the following was copied from a morning paper4 ,explain it4 ,the ,canadian ,westinghouse ,company1 ,ltd41 declared its regular quarterly dividend of #a and an extra dividend of #a on its stock1 both payable ,jan4 #aj4 #aa4 ,explain the following bond quotations3 ,,municipal ,,bonds ,security ,maturity ,yield per cent about ,albany1 ,ga41 #e's ,nov4 #a1 #aida #d4ge ,king ,co41 ,wash41 #d's ,nov4 #a1 #aica #d4ej ,,railroad ,,bonds ,atchison1 ,topeka1 ,santa ,f1 general ,oct4 #a1 #aiie #d4bj mortgage1 #d's ,louisville and ,nashville1 unified ,feb4 #a1 #aidf #d4ce mortgage1 #d's ,,public ,,service ,,corporation ,,bonds ,new ,york ,telephone ,co41 #d's ,nov4 #a1 #aici #d4ge ,chicago ,railways1 first mortgage1 #e's ,feb4 #a1 #aibg #d4ii #ab4 ,why are the bonds of successful public utility corporations a good investment8 #ac4 ,which company do you think would grow faster1 a light and power company or a gas company8 ,what effect would the growth or the failure to grow have on the price of the stocks of each8 #ad4 ,should a street car company pay part of its earnings to the city8 #ae4 ,if the population of a city doubled1 what effect would there be on the price of public utility stocks8 ,exercise #cjh ,topics for ,investigation and ,discussion #a4 ,harnessing our streams to secure electric power4 #b4 ,the growth of the ,interurban4 #c4 ,in your own town3 a4 ,have gas rates increased or decreased8 ,can you explain the change8 b4 ,have electric light rates increased or decreased8 ,can you explain the change8 #d4 ,street railway1 electric light1 and gas company franchises4 #e4 ,the earnings of the street car company in your city4 #f4 ,municipal ownership of public utility corporations4 #g4 ,the effect of mergers and consolidations of big corporations4 #h4 ,the effect of a trust on competition4 #i4 ,trusts and prices4 #aj4 ,government suits against trusts4 #aa4 ,the tariff and the steel industry1 the wool industry1 and the sugar industry4 #ab4 ,railroad rate increases4 ,exercise #cji ,write the following from dictation3 #a ,in ,new ,london1 ,connecticut1 stands the oldest grist mill in the country4 ,it is a picturesque building1 having a water wheel like the one that it originally used when ,new ,london was first settled4 ,the town was in the center of an agricultural community1 and a mill to grind corn was a need that soon manifested itself to the settlers4 ,accordingly1 in #afej at a town meeting1 six men were chosen to build a mill4 ,john ,winthrop and his heirs were granted the right to carry on the grist mill as long as they maintained the building placed in their charge4 ,this is one of the first monopolies recorded in ,new ,england history4 #b ,the same standards by which a farming or a manufacturing investment may be judged are not applicable to a mining investment4 ,a farmer may earn eight per cent on his capital1 and with care his investment may increase in value4 ,a manufacturer may earn eight per cent on his investment1 and1 if he keeps up his machinery1 his business may be as valuable ten years1 or even twenty years1 hence2 but a mine1 after each dividend is paid1 is that much nearer its end4 ,now1 it is well known among mining men that the average life of a gold or silver mine is under1 rather than over1 ten years4 ,there are exceptions to this rule1 of course1 but1 granting that the life of a certain gold or silver mine is to be ten years1 then1 in order to pay back both principal and interest1 dividends of at least sixteen per cent should be distributed4 ,copper mining1 of which the statistics have been most accurately kept in ,new ,york and ,boston1 offers many inducements to the investor2 but too much care cannot be taken in the matter of selection1 for copper stocks1 in not a few instances1 have been boosted out of all reason4 ,as with gold and silver mines1 so it is with copper mines4 ,they have so much ore to begin with1 and after each dividend are that much nearer to the day when they will close down4 ,for such mines1 provided they have a good lease of life1 eight per cent or even ten per cent may be regarded as only moderate returns4 ,these are merely samples of some general principles to be followed4--,roger ,w4 ,babson4 #c ,dear ,sir3 ,at the close of a year which has presented many perplexing problems1 not only to investors and dealers in bonds1 but also to borrowing municipalities and corporations1 there are several factors in the situation which in our opinion offer strong encouragement to every one in any way interested in bond investments4 ,of special significance is the marked change in sentiment which has recently taken place4 ,there is every indication that this country enters the new year with an unusually substantial feeling of confidence4 ,while a notable increase in the demand for bonds would undoubtedly bring out a large amount of new financing1 on the other hand1 there has been an accumulation of funds during the period of depressed markets1 and it is generally understood that investment dealers are carrying comparatively small amounts of bonds4 ,january has an almost unbroken record of higher average bond prices than the average prices in ,december4 ,it is not our intention to predict an advance this ,january1 although there are unquestionably many reasons for anticipating at least a moderate improvement2 but1 viewing the question in its broader aspects1 we find many convincing arguments in favor of the purchase of bonds at this time4 ,it is recognized that the decline in prices has been due to a variety of causes1 which1 except in a few individual cases1 are not the result of any depreciation in real values4 ,basic conditions are admittedly sound4 ,we1 accordingly1 not only recommend the judicious purchase of bonds for the investment of surplus funds1 but also suggest consideration of the advisability in some cases of converting short time securities into long time bonds4 ,what conditions could be more favorable from the standpoint of the purchaser of bonds than an extremely low level of prices2 a wide-spread belief that fundamental conditions are sound2 a general feeling of confidence that the problems which have tended to disturb business during the past year have been1 or are being1 solved2 and a conviction that we are entering upon a period of probable ease in money rates8 ,very truly yours1 ,,index ,,numbers ,,refer ,,to ,,pages ,a1 ,italian1 #i4 ,abbreviation1 objectionable1 of the introduction of a letter1 #bdb2 of the courteous close1 #bdb4 ,abbreviations1 of states1 #bf-bg2 of commercial terms1 #bg-bh2 of titles in letters1 #bce2 objectionable in the body of the letter1 #bdb4 ,able and ible1 #cc4 ,absolute use of the nominative case1 #fe4 ,abstract noun1 defined1 #eg4 ,accent1 indication of1 #ag2 words changing meaning with change of1 #ag4 ,accept and except1 #ajb4 ,account1 opening an1 #bej2 letters for opening an1 #bej ff4 ,accounting department of a railroad1 work of the1 #cfj-cfa4 ,active voice of verbs1 defined1 #hd2 conjugation of1 #hh ff4 ,ad1 prefix1 #cb4 ,adjective1 the1 defined1 #di2 and the adverb1 #ge ff42 following verbs of the senses1 #ge2 clause1 #ed2 comparison of1 #gh4 ,adjective endings1 peculiar1 #cc ff4 ,adjective modifiers1 #di4 ,adjective pronouns1 use of1 #fa4 ,adjectives and adverbs1 confused1 #ea2 incorrectly used1 #ha-hb2 real and very1 #ha2 most and almost1 #ha4 ,adjectives1 punctuation of series of1 #aga ff4 ,adjectives to be distinguished1 #hj-ha2 fewer and less1 #hj2 almost and most1 #ha4 ,adverb modifiers1 #di4 ,adverb1 the1 defined1 #di2 and the adjective1 #ge ff4 ,adverbial1 clause1 #ed2 modifier1 case of1 #ff4 ,adverbs1 conjunctive1 #de2 and adjectives confused1 #ea2 and prepositions confused1 #eb2 ideas denoted by1 #ge2 modifying different parts of speech1 #ge2 correct position of1 #gg2 absolute use of1 #gi2 incorrectly used1 #ha-hb4 ,advertised articles1 classes of1 #caa4 ,advertisements1 motives appealed to in1 #caa2 catch phrases used in1 #cab2 suggestive names used in1 #cac2 good and bad headlines for1 #cac2 of still-life1 #cad2 without a definite center1 #cae2 illustrating the principle of balance1 #cae2 exercises to write1 #cae ff42 paragraph topics dealing with1 #cag ff42 some examples of1 #cah ff4 ,advertising1 #cjh ff42 importance of1 #cjh2 different forms of1 #cji-caj2 fundamentals of1 #caj-caa2 outline for debate on1 #ada ff42 bibliography for1 #cbj4 ,affect and effect1 #ajb-ajc4 ,affirmative of debate on advertising1 #ada ff4 ,after1 as preposition and conjunction1 #ee4 ,agent1 #acd1 #bii-cjj2 commission of1 #cbc4 ,agreement1 grammatical1 #ga-gb1 #he ff4 ,amusement1 motive appealed to in advertising1 #caa4 ,analysis1 word1 #bi ff4 ,ance and ence1 #cd4 ,and1 in compound sentence1 #de1 #agc ff42 in series1 punctuation with1 #aga ff42 used in joining parallel expressions1 #baa ff42 for to1 #aai2 excessive use of1 #abg-abh4 ,anglo-,saxon prefixes and suffixes1 #bi ff4 ,answering complaints1 letters to be used in1 #beg ff4 ,ant and ent1 #cc4 ,antecedents1 uncertain1 #bjg ff4 ,apostrophe1 the1 used to form the possessive case1 #fg1 #fi1 #aei2 used to indicate the omission of letters1 #afj2 to show plural of letters and figures1 #afj4 ,appeals made in advertisements1 #caa-cab4 ,application1 letters of1 #bei ff4 ,appositives1 case of1 #fe1 #ff2 punctuation with1 #agi-ahj4 ,article1 incorrect omission of in business letters1 #bdb4 ,as1 case following1 #aba2 a conjunction1 #abd2 followed by an understood verb1 #abd2 punctuation with1 #aie4 ,as--as1 used in expressions stating equality1 #abe4 ,as follows1 punctuation with1 #aie4 ,atlas1 story of the derivation of1 #e4 ,authorized capital stock1 #cee4 ,baby blunder1 #dd4 ,balance1 principle of1 used in advertisements1 #cae4 ,bank draft1 #cda-cdc4 ,banking3 inconvenience of barter1 #ccb2 kinds of paper money1 #ccb-ccc2 credit1 #ccc2 discount1 #cce2 collateral1 #cce2 promissory note1 #ccf2 forms of remittance1 #cch ff42 letters pertaining to1 #cde ff42 topics for investigation and discussion1 #cdi-cej2 bibliography for1 #cej2 dictation exercises on1 #cej ff4 ,banks1 departments of1 #ccc2 of deposit1 #ccd ff42 savings1 #ccd1 #ccf ff42 trust companies1 #ccd1 #ccg ff4 ,be1 conjugation1 indicative1 #ajd2 subjunctive1 #aab2 used to form progressive tenses1 #hh ff41 #aje2 used to form passive voice1 #aje ff4 ,before1 used as preposition and conjunction1 #ee4 ,beg to state1 #bdc4 ,bibliography1 on manufacture1 #bhj2 on distribution1 #cjd-cje2 on advertising1 #cbj2 on banking1 #cej4 ,bill of lading1 #bhe2 straight or order1 #bhe4 ,blunder1 baby1 #dd4 ,body of the letter1 #bcb4 ,bonds1 #ceg ff42 redemption of1 #ceh2 maturity of1 #ceh2 long period1 #ceh2 short time1 #ceh4 ,breve1 #i4 ,brevity in business letters1 mistaken for conciseness1 #aii4 ,business letters1 #bbi ff42 essentials of1 #bcj2 the form of1 #bca2 the arrangement of1 #bcb2 cautions in writing1 #bce ff42 directions for folding1 #bch2 to order goods1 #bci2 the tone of1 #bdj2 mistaken ideas in writing1 #bda ff42 to make sales1 #bdd2 to accompany a catalogue1 #bde ff42 to open an account1 #bej2 to make collections1 #bec ff42 to answer complaints1 #beg ff42 applying for positions1 #bei ff42 form1 #bfd2 circular and follow-up1 #bfd ff4 ,business news1 to suggest topics for talks1 #aee4 ,business thinking1 importance of1 #b4 c and g1 pronunciation of1 #bd4 ,can and may1 #ajb4 ,capital stock1 explained1 #cec2 preferred1 #cee2 common1 #cee2 par and market values of1 #cee ff4 ,capitals1 use of1 #afj ff4 ,caret1 the1 #i4 ,carriers1 common1 #bhd4 ,case1 defined1 #fd2 nominative1 #fd ff42 objective1 #fd1 #ff2 possessive1 #fd1 #fg2 exercise in1 #gj ff42 following prepositions1 #ff1 #aai4 ,cause and effect1 paragraphs developed by1 #bbc4 ,caution1 its appeal in advertising1 #caa-cab4 ,cautions in writing business letters1 #bce ff4 ,cede1 ceed1 sede1 #cd4 ,certificate1 the gold1 #ccb2 the silver1 #ccb4 ,certified check1 the1 #cci-cdj4 ,check1 the1 #cch ff42 personal1 #cci2 certified1 #cci-cdj4 ,choosing subjects1 suggestions for1 #adf ff4 ,cion1 sion1 tion1 #cd4 ,cious1 tious1 #cc4 ,circular letters1 #bfd ff4 ,class paper1 suggestions for a1 #aef4 ,classes of advertisements1 #caa4 ,clause1 the1 defined1 #db2 principal1 #db2 subordinate1 #db2 incorrectly used as a sentence1 #de2 introductory words for1 #ed2 adjective1 #ed2 adverb1 #ed2 noun1 #ed2 modifiers1 #ed2 introduced by than or as1 #aba2 initial1 punctuation of1 #agf2 restrictive and non-restrictive1 #ei-fj2 punctuation of relative1 #ahe ff42 coming at the end of the sentence1 punctuation of1 #ahh-ahi2 incomplete1 #bje-bjf2 misplaced1 #bji ff4 ,clauses1 punctuation of series of1 #aga ff4 ,clear title to property1 explained1 #cbb4 ,clearing house1 daily routine of1 #cej-cea4 ,clearness of the sentence1 mistakes that prevent3 dangling expressions1 #bje ff42 pronouns with uncertain antecedents1 #bjg ff42 misplaced modifiers1 #bji-baj2 omission of necessary words1 #baj-baa2 shift of construction1 #baa ff4 ,close1 courteous1 of business letters1 #bcb1 #bcg4 ,coherence between sentences1 #abg-abh2 #bbd ff42 between paragraphs1 #bbd ff4 ,collateral1 #cce-ccf4 ,collection letters1 #bec ff4 ,collective noun1 defined1 #eg4 ,colon1 use of the1 #aid4 ,colonization1 #cjg4 ,combination of short sentences to secure unity1 #bjb ff4 ,comfort1 its appeal in advertising1 #caa-cab4 ,comma fault1 the1 #dd ff4 ,comma1 use of the1 in direct quotations1 #afc ff42 in series1 #aga ff42 in compound sentences1 #de1 #agc ff42 to set off initial clauses or participial phrases1 #age ff42 to separate the month from the year1 etc41 #agh2 to indicate the omission of words1 #agh2 to set off appositives1 #agi ff42 to set off parenthetical expressions1 #ahj ff42 to set off independent elements1 #ahb ff42 to set off non-restrictive clauses1 #ahe ff42 to set off modifiers coming at the end of the sentence1 #ahh ff4 ,command used in good headlines of advertisements1 #cac4 ,commercial department of a bank1 #ccc4 ,commercial terms1 abbreviations of1 #bg-bh4 ,commission1 agent's1 #cbc4 ,common carriers1 #bhd4 ,common noun1 defined1 #eg4 ,common stock1 #cee4 ,companies1 kinds of1 #bgc4 ,company1 the steamship1 #bhd2 the railroad1 #bhd ff4 7,see ,corporation1 #cec ff47 ,comparative degree1 of adjectives1 #gh2 of adverbs1 #gi4 ,comparison and contrast1 paragraphs developed by1 #bbc4 ,comparison1 of adjectives1 #gh2 of adverbs1 #gi2 negative1 #abe4 ,complaint1 letters answering1 #beg ff4 ,complement1 subjective1 #fe4 ,complex sentence1 defined1 #db4 ,composition1 oral and written1 #abg ff4 ,compound nouns1 plural of1 #bj4 ,compound relatives1 #ei4 ,compound sentence1 defined1 #db2 punctuation of1 #de1 #agc ff4 ,con1 prefix1 #cb4 ,conciseness of expression1 #aii4 ,condensation to secure clearness1 #bjj4 ,conjugation1 of write1 active voice1 #hh ff42 of be1 #ajd ff42 of follow1 passive voice1 #aje ff4 ,conjunction1 and the preposition1 #aaf ff4 ,conjunctions4 ,cordinate1 #de2 punctuation with1 #de1 #agc ff42 distinguished from conjunctive adverbs1 #de4 ,subordinate1 list of1 #ed2 than and as1 #aba4 ,correlative1 #abb4 ,conjunctive adverbs1 #de2 distinguished from cordinate conjunctions1 #de2 punctuation with1 #de4 ,connection1 smooth1 #abg-abh1 #bbd ff42 methods of securing1 #bbd ff4 ,conservation1 #aia-aib4 ,consignee1 #bhe4 ,consonant1 final1 doubling of1 #bb2 silent1 words containing1 #aa4 ,construction1 letters dealing with contract for1 #bfc2 shift of1 #baa4 ,contract1 letters dealing with1 for painting iron-work1 #bfb2 for the delivery of property1 #bfc2 for construction1 #bfc4 ,contraction1 apostrophe used with1 #afj4 ,cordinate conjunctions1 #de2 punctuation with1 #de1 #agc ff4 ,cordinate expressions1 #abb ff4 ,copulative verbs1 defined1 #hc4 ,corporate organization1 #cei4 ,corporation1 the1 #cec ff42 finances of1 #ced2 capital stock of1 #ced ff42 dividends of1 #cee2 stockholders of1 #cee2 bonds of1 #ceg ff42 organization of1 #cei2 directors of1 #cei2 railroad1 #cfj-cfa2 public utility1 #cfa-cfb2 industrial1 #cfc2 topics for investigation and discussion on1 #cfe2 dictation exercises on1 #cfe ff4 ,correlatives1 defined1 #abb2 correct position of with cordinate expressions1 #abb-abc2 either--or and neither--nor1 #abc4 ,cost of living1 paragraph on1 #agc4 ,cotton seed1 paragraph on1 #agf4 ,cotton in the ,soudan1 paragraph1 #aha4 ,could and might1 #ajb4 ,courteous close1 in business letters1 #bcb1 #bcg4 ,courtesy in business letters1 #bca1 #bdj4 ,credit1 #ccc4 ,credit letters1 #bej ff4 ,currency1 bill1 #ccc2 legislation1 #ccc1 #cdi4 ,current events1 to suggest subjects for talks1 #aee4 ,dangling expressions1 #bje ff4 ,dash1 use of1 #aie ff42 too free use of in business letters1 #bdc1 #bdg4 ,dead letter sale1 #aij4 ,debate1 outline for a1 #ada ff42 subjects for1 #aci ff41 #add2 on manufacture1 suggestions for1 #bge2 on distribution1 #bij1 #cjb4 ,debating1 #acg ff42 proposition for1 #acg2 six rules for1 #acg ff42 false conclusions in1 #ach2 irrelevant matter in1 #ach4 ,declarative sentence1 defined1 #da4 ,declension of pronouns1 personal1 #eh2 relative1 #ei2 interrogative1 #fj4 ,deed1 #cbb4 ,degrees of comparison1 #gh-gi4 ,demonstrative pronouns1 #fj4 ,departments1 of banks1 #ccc2 of railroads1 #cfj4 ,deposit1 banks of1 #ccd2 slip1 #ccd4 ,details1 explanatory1 necessary to secure interest1 #adg2 paragraphs developed by1 #bbb4 ,development of paragraphs1 methods of1 #bbb-bbc4 dg1 words containing1 #be4 ,diacritical marks1 #h1 #aj4 ,diaeresis1 #i4 ,dialogue1 paragraphing in1 #afh ff4 ,dictation exercises1 for series1 #aga2 for compound sentences1 #agc-agd2 for initial clauses or participial phrases1 #agf2 for parenthetical expressions1 #ahj-aha2 for independent elements1 #ahb-ahc2 for non-restrictive relative clauses1 #ahf2 for the semicolon1 #aic-aid2 on manufacture1 #bhj-bha2 on distribution1 #cje ff42 on real estate1 #cbi ff42 on banking1 #cej ff42 on corporations1 #cfe ff4 ,direct discourse1 #afc ff42 use of comma in1 #agj4 ,directors of corporations1 #cei4 ,discount1 #cce4 ,discourse1 direct1 #afc ff42 indirect1 #aff ff4 ,discussion and investigation topics1 on manufacture1 #bgh-bgi2 on distribution1 #cjd2 on real estate1 #cbg2 on banking1 #cdi-cej2 on the corporation1 #cfe4 ,dishwasher1 letters to sell a1 #bfe ff4 ,distribution4 ,transportation an essential element1 #bhc ff42 the steamship company1 #bhd2 the railroad company1 #bhd ff42 the retail merchant1 #bhf ff42 the wholesale merchant1 #bia ff42 the mail order merchant1 #bie ff42 the salesman1 #bih ff42 suggestions for debates1 #cjb2 subjects for paragraphs1 #cjc ff42 topics for investigation and discussion1 #cjd2 bibliography1 #cjd ff42 dictation exercises1 #cje ff4 ,dividends1 #cee4 ,dividing a subject into its natural divisions1 #adi ff4 ,dot1 #i4 ,double relative1 #ei4 ,doubling final consonants1 rule for1 #bb4 ,draft1 bank1 #cda ff42 time1 #cdc-cdd2 sight1 #cdd-cde4 ,dropping of final e1 #bb1 #be4 ,druggist1 outline of advertising letters sent by1 #bfh-bfi4 ,durability1 its appeal in advertising1 #caa-cab4 ,e1 final1 retained1 #be4 ,each1 every1 #fb1 #hf 7#c7 ,economy1 its appeal in advertising1 #caa-cab4 ,effect and affect1 #ajb4 ,efficiency1 office1 #bag2 stenographic1 #bag4 ei or ie1 #bd4 ,either--or1 #abc4 ,electric washing machine1 outline of letters to sell1 #bfi4 ,elements1 independent1 case of1 #fe2 punctuation of1 #ahb4 ,emphatic pronouns1 #ei4 ,emulation1 its appeal in advertising1 #caa-cab4 ence and ance1 #cd4 ,endings1 peculiar adjective1 #cc2 peculiar noun and verb1 #cd4 ,endorsing a check1 methods of1 #cdj4 ,english1 oral1 #a1 #abg ff42 written1 #a4 7,see ,punctuation1 ,the ,clear ,sentence1 ,business ,letters47 ent1 #cc4 ,enthusiasm in business1 #bcj4 eous1 #cc4 ,essentials1 of a sales letter1 #bcj2 in manufacture1 #bgb-bgc2 of an advertisement1 #caj-caa4 ,every1 number of1 #hf4 ,examples and illustrations1 paragraphs developed by1 #bbb4 ,examples of advertisements1 #cah ff4 ,except1 a preposition1 #abd2 incorrectly used as a conjunction1 #abd4 ,except and accept1 #ajb4 ,exclamation mark1 use of1 #afb4 ,exclamatory sentence1 defined1 #da4 ,explanatory details1 paragraphs developed by1 #bbb4 ,explanatory expressions1 punctuation of1 #agi ff4 ,appositives1 #agi2 parenthetical expressions1 #ahj2 independent elements1 #ahb2 explanatory relative clauses1 punctuation of1 #ahe2 subordinate elements coming at the end of the sentence1 #ahh4 ,exports in cattle1 paragraph on1 #gf4 ,express money order1 #cdj-cda4 ,expression1 conciseness of1 #aii2 variety of1 #aaa4 f1 and fe1 plurals of nouns ending in1 #ai4 ,false conclusions in debating1 #acg-ach4 ,farm lands1 #cbe ff42 outline of letters to sell1 #bfg-bfh2 letters pertaining to1 #cbe ff42 topics for investigation and discussion on1 #cbg2 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letters to sell1 #bfh4 ,success1 elements of1 #ace4 ,successful men and women1 #acf4 ,suffix1 usually constituting a syllable1 #af2 ,anglo-,saxon1 #bi2 adjective1 #cj2 verb1 #ca2 noun1 #ca2 able and ible1 #cc2 ant and ent1 #cc4 ,suggestions for debates1 #aci ff41 #add2 on manufacture1 #bge2 on distribution1 #bij1 #cjb4 ,suggestive names in advertisements1 #cac2 headlines1 #cac-cad4 ,superlative degree1 of adjectives1 #gh2 of adverbs1 #gi4 ,superlatives1 to be avoided1 #abi4 ,syllabication1 #ae4 ,syllables1 slurred1 #g2 division of words into1 #ae ff4 ,synopsis of write1 active voice1 #ia4 ,teach and learn1 #aja4 ,technical words1 #d4 ,tense1 defined1 #hh2 of participle1 #aji2 of infinitive1 #aaj4 ,tenses1 distinguished1 #hh ff4 7,see ,present tense1 ,past tense1 ,perfect tenses47 ,than and as1 case following1 #aba4 ,that1 restrictive relative1 #ei ff4 ,that is1 punctuation with1 #aie4 ,the following1 punctuation with1 #aie4 ,themes1 oral1 #abg ff4 7,see ,oral themes47 ,there1 their1 #abf4 ,thinking1 business1 #b4 ,thus1 punctuation with1 #aie4 ,tilde1 #i4 ,time draft1 #cdc-cdd4 ,tion1 sion1 cion1 #cd4 ,tious1 troublesome ending1 #cc4 ,title1 clear1 to property1 #cbb4 ,titles1 #aej2 of officials and of honor1 #afa2 of books and plays1 #afb4 ,to1 too1 two1 distinguished1 #abe-abf4 ,tone1 of the letter1 #bdj4 ,topic sentence1 in the paragraph1 #baf ff4 ,topics for investigation and discussion1 on manufacture1 #bgh-bgi2 on distribution1 #cjd2 on real estate1 #cbg2 on banking1 #cdi-cej2 on the corporation1 #cfe4 ,trade1 ,latin-,american1 #cjf4 ,traffic department of railroad1 #cei4 ,transitive verb1 followed by objective case1 #ff2 defined1 #hc4 ,transportation1 #bhc4 ,troublesome verbs1 #ajj ff42 lie and lay1 #ajj ff42 sit1 set1 #aja2 fly1 flow1 flee1 #aja2 rise1 raise1 #aja2 teach1 learn1 #aja2 may1 can1 #ajb2 might1 could1 #ajb2 accept1 except1 #ajb2 affect1 effect1 #ajb ff42 lose1 loose1 #ajc4 ,trust companies1 #ccd1 #ccg4 ,trust department of a bank1 #ccb4 ,uncertain antecedents1 pronouns with1 #bjg ff4 ,united ,states treasury notes1 #ccc4 ,unity1 in the sentence1 #aii2 in the paragraph1 #baf4 ,unless1 a conjunction1 #abd4 ,until1 as preposition and conjunction1 #ee4 ,usefulness1 its appeal in advertising1 #caa4 ,utility corporations1 public1 #cf ff4 ,value1 par of stock1 #cee ff42 market1 #cee ff4 ,vanity1 its appeal in advertising1 #caa4 ,variety of expression1 #aaa4 ,verb1 the1 #hc ff42 defined1 #di2 transitive1 #ff1 #hc2 intransitive1 #hc2 copulative1 #hc2 active voice of1 #hd2 passive voice of1 #hd2 number of1 #he2 person of1 #he2 singular with certain words1 #he ff42 plural with certain subjects1 #hf2 tense of1 #hh ff42 shall and will1 #ib2 should and would1 #ic2 conjugation of be1 #ajd ff42 be used to make progressive tenses1 #aje2 be used to make passive voice1 #aje ff42 the participle1 #aji2 the infinitive1 #aaj2 mode1 #aab ff42 conjugation of write1 active voice1 #hh ff42 follow1 passive voice1 #aje ff42 synopsis of write1 active voice1 #ia2 synopsis of follow1 passive voice1 #ajf4 ,verbal noun1 defined1 #eg2 possessive case with1 #fg ff4 ,verbs1 incorrectly used1 #aad2 participles of verbs in y1 #bc2 taking two objects1 #ff2 taking indirect and direct objects1 #ff2 principal parts of irregular1 #ie ff42 troublesome1 #ajj ff42 lie1 lay1 distinguished1 #ajj2 sit and set1 distinguished1 #aja2 fly1 flow1 flee1 distinguished1 #aja2 rise and raise1 distinguished1 #aja2 teach and learn1 distinguished1 #aja2 may and can1 distinguished1 #ajb2 might and could1 distinguished1 #ajb2 accept and except1 distinguished1 #ajb2 affect and effect1 distinguished1 #ajb2 lose and loose1 distinguished1 #ajc2 had ought1 incorrectly used1 #ajc2 certain prepositions used with1 #aaf ff4 ,very and real1 distinguished1 #ha ,voice1 active and passive1 defined1 #hd2 of the participle1 #aji2 of the infinitive1 #aaj4 ,vowels1 pronunciation of1 #i2 length of1 in monosyllables ending in e1 #i2 words containing silent1 #aa4 ,warranty deed1 #cbb4 ,washed money1 #cea-ceb4 ,washing machine1 letters to sell1 outline1 #bfi4 ,watered stock1 #ceg4 ,way-bill1 railroad1 #bhf4 ,were1 where1 distinguished1 #abf4 ,what1 double relative1 #ei4 ,who1 and which1 used restrictively1 #fj4 ,who and whom1 #gj ff4 ,whoever and whomever1 #ga4 ,wholesale merchant1 the1 #bia ff4 ,why1 childish use of1 #abh4 ,will and shall1 #hi1 #ib ff4 ,will you be so good as to1 #bdc4 ,wish1 subjunctive to express1 #aac4 ,without1 a preposition1 #abd2 incorrectly used as conjunction1 #abd4 ,word analysis1 #bi ff4 ,words1 interesting1 #a ff42 obsolete1 #c2 technical1 #d2 similarly pronounced #ad1 #ae2 frequently mispronounced1 #ac1 #ag2 containing dg1 #be2 ending in silent e1 retain or drop e1 #be2 analysis of1 #cb2 easily confused1 list of1 #ce ff42 #ejj for spelling1 #cf ff42 used as different parts of speech1 #ea2 omission of1 punctuation to show1 #agh4 ,wordiness1 #acj ff1 #bjj-bja4 ,would and should1 #ic ff4 ,would say1 to be avoided1 #bdc4 ,write1 conjugation of1 active voice1 #hh ff42 synopsis of1 passive voice1 #ia4 ,writing advertisements1 exercises in1 #cae-caf4 ,written composition1 #a1 #abg ff4 ,written expression1 #a1 #abg ff4 ,y1 nouns ending in1 plural of1 #ai4 ,yellow invasion1 paragraph on the1 #ahb4 ,you attitude1 the1 in letter writing1 #bdd4 ,yze1 ize1 ise1 #cd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,text uses both to-day and today4 ,obvious punctuation errors were corrected4 ,pages #aaf-aag1 entry for confide was originally placed after correspond4 ,it was relocated to be in the correct alphabetical order4 ,pages #aga-agb1 the examples were placed out of order4 ,the section beginning reporter1 business manager to the end of the paragraph was originally located after a space following the ,abraham ,lincoln paragraph4 ,the first part of the ,abraham ,lincoln paragraph originally ended with nor a year it4 ,the rest of that paragraph was originally located at the top of the next page4 ,these paragraphs have been adjusted to read correctly4 ,copies of the original pages may be seen in the trascriber's notes for the ,,html version of this text4 ,page #bde1 foward changed to forward 7,we shall forward7 ,page #ccg1 committe changed to committee 7,a committee was appointed7 ,page #cei1 natually changed to naturally 7will naturally lead us7