file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #chjcf-;h4htm or #chjcf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #chjcf_/pg#chjcf-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#chjc f_/chjcf-;h4zip7 ,idaho ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,s]vice ,bullet9 #cif ,june1 #aifb ,t-#a ,,electricity ,,= ,,! #d-;,h ,,sci5ti/ ,safety ,uses ,economy ,division ,i #d-;,h ,electric ,univ]sity ,( ,idaho ,college ( ,agriculture ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,?is ,,book ,,9 ,,fulfill+ ,,! ,,goals ,,( ,,! #d-;,h ,,electric ,,project ,,= ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,succe$+ ,,ye>s ,! m9imum goals = cr$it 9 ! #d-;,h ,electric project v>y accord+ to ! #d-;,h memb]'s age & ! numb] ( ye>s he or %e has tak5 ! electric project4 ,= example1 if y are a #d-;,h memb] beg9n+ ! #d-;,h ,electric project at ! age ( #aj1 y w n be requir$ to e>n z _m cr$it po9ts z a #ad-ye>-old #d-;,h memb] beg9n+ ! #d-;,h ,electric project4 ,h[ev]1 if y are a #ab-ye>-old 9 y\r second ye> ( electricity y mu/ e>n z _m cr$it po9ts 9 t ye> z a #ad-ye>-old does 9 8 or h] fir/ ye>4 ,ea* lesson or goal has be5 designat$ a c]ta9 numb] ( cr$it po9ts4 ,^! are %[n ne> ! title ( ea* lesson or goal4 ,y decide on ! lessons y want to /udy1 li/ !m1 & add up ! cr$it po9ts4 ,= a full ye>'s #d-;,h project cr$it1 ! total ( y\r cr$it po9ts %\ld be at lea/ z _m z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,examples ( read+ ! table bel[ are z foll[s3 7a7 ,an #aa-ye>-old memb] is requir$ to complete #ac cr$it po9ts ! fir/ ye>1 7b7 ,a #ad-ye>-old is requir$ to complete #ag cr$it po9ts 8 fir/ ye>1 7c7 ,a #ad-ye>-old tak+ ! electric project = ! ?ird ye> mu/ complete #af cr$it po9ts t ye>4 ,we recomm5d t1 if y are tak+ ! #d-;,h ,electric project1 y />t ) ! fir/ lesson 9 ! book & g on ?r\gh to ! back ( ! book 9 advanc$ ye>s4 ,b y may skip ! less important or less int]e/+ p>ts s long z y le>n ! basic lessons4 ,a way to f9d out :e!r y "k ! basic lessons is to read !m ?r\gh & try to answ] all que/ions "u ! head+ ,:at ,did ,y ,le>n4 ,if y c answ] ^! que/ions y may n wi% to sp5d ! "t do+ ! ?+s li/$ "u ,:at ,to ,d4 ,m9imum ,numb] ( ,cr$it ,po9ts ,requir$ = ,ea* ,ye>'s ,"w 9 ! #d-;,h ,electric ,project #d-;,h ,memb]'s #d-;,h ,memb]'s ,ye> 9 #d-;,h ,electric ,project ,age #a/ ,ye> #bnd ,ye> #crd ,ye> #d? or ,lat] ,ye>s #aj-aa #ac #ae #ab-ac #ae #ag #ai #bj #ad-ae #ag #ai #ba #ba #af ov] #ai #ba #ba #ba ,?is sy/em ( cr$it po9ts makes x possible = y to d ! ?+s y want to d ) electricity & get cr$it = !m 9 ! #d-;,h ,electric project4 #d-;,h ,electric1 ,division ,i ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,lesson ,cr$it ,page ,numb] ,title ,po9ts ,numb] ,h[ to ,use ,?is ,book #a ,b-#a ,gett+ ,acqua9t$ ,) ,electricity #c #b ,b-#b ,tools = ,electricians #d #g ,b-#c ,rewire a ,lamp--,be a ,lamp ,detective #c #aa ,b-#d ,make a ,tr\ble ,light #c #ae ,b-#e ,:at ,makes ,motors ,run #e #ah ,b-#f ,tak+ ,c>e ( ,electric ,motors #c #bc ,b-#g ,read+ ! ,electric ,met] #d #bf ,b-#h ,iron+ is ,fun #c #cj ,b-#i ,let's ,be ,fri5ds ,) ,electricity #b #ce ,b-#aj ,h[ ,electric ,bells ,"w--,= ,y #c #ci ,b-#aa ,fir/ ,aid = ,electrical ,injuries #b #dc ,b-#ab ,h[ ,electricity ,heats #c #dg ,b-#ac ,my/]i\s ,magnetism #b #ej ,b-#ad ,give ,y\r ,appliances & ,lights a ,squ>e ,meal #b #ed ,b-#ae ,y ,c ,measure ,electricity #d #eh ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,idaho ,,college ,,( ,,agriculture ,,agricultural ,,ext5sion ,,s]vice ,eric ,b4 ,wilson1 ,ext5sion ,agricultural ,eng9e] #aifb ,publi%$ & di/ribut$ 9 fur!rance ( ! ,acts ( ,may #h & ,june #cj1 #aiad1 by ! ,univ]sity ( ,idaho ,ext5sion ,s]vice1 ,james ,e4 ,kraus1 ,director2 & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,co-op]at+4 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-l ,cr$it ,po9ts #c ,,gett+ ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,,electricity ,electricity s]ves y be/ :5 y und]/& h[ x works & use x prop]ly4 ,z a #d-;,h memb]1 y %\ld "k ab\t electricity & help to %[ o!rs ! way to obta9 its trem5d\s "w-sav+ b5efits z well z h[ to use x ) safety4 ,a good way to ?9k ( electricity is to comp>e x ) wat]4 ,x acts a lot l wat]4 ,h[ev] x is made ( t9y p>ts ( atoms call$ electrons4 ,:5 !re are m ?an ! normal numb] ( electrons 9 any?+1 x is said to be negatively *>g$2 :5 !re is a %ortage ( electrons1 x is positively *>g$4 ,z wat] fl[s d[nhill1 seek+ x's level1 electrons fl[ f negative to positive1 seek+ to balance ! *>ge4 ,electrical ,conductors ,ev5 if y're nev] go+ to repair a lamp or make a *ick brood]1 y %\ld "k ab\t conductors & insulators4 ,?is is because y happ5 to be a fairly good conductor ( electricity4 ,electricity w pass easily ?r\gh y to o!r conductors--! gr\nd1 = in/ance4 ,:5 ?is happ5s y may get a %ock1 burn1 or s]i\s injury4 ,b x doesn't ev] h to happ51 if y le>n to und]/& y\r fri5d1 electricity4 ,silv]1 copp]1 iron1 alum9um & _m o!r metals are v good conductors4 ,wat]1 acids1 & salts are too4 ,electricity passes ov] or ?r\gh !m v easily4 ,l wat] pipes1 ! l>g] ! conductor1 ! m electricity x c c>ry4 ,:5 conductors are too small = ! am\nt ( electrons try+ to move ov] !m1 !y get hot1 melt1 may />t fires4 ,t's :y wire size is important4 ,electrical ,insulators ,insulators are ! opposite ( conductors4 ,electricity has tr\ble pass+ ?r\gh "s mat]ials4 ,rubb]1 mo/ pla/ics1 dry wood1 oils & glass are "s ( ! good insulators4 ,x's ! am\nt & k9d ( insulation t c\nts4 ,if x has en\gh =ce1 electricity c pass ?r\gh j ab\t any?+--ev5 jump gaps6 ,electricity1 l wat]1 fl[s along ! easie/ pa?s4 ,x is always try+ to get to ! gr\nd4 ,! e>? attracts x4 ,x /ays on ! wires unless a p]son1 a wet bran*1 or "s o!r conductor gives x a pa? to ! gr\nd4 ,d n t\* any wire :i* might be c>ry+ electricity4 ,play ,x ,safe ,if y %\ld t\* a hot wire accid5tally & are /&+ on a dry piece ( wood1 ! conduct+ pa?way to ! gr\nd is n good & ! electricity may keep runn+ along its wire4 ,b d n t\* "s o!r conductor ) ano!r "p ( y\r body4 ,?is w\ld complete a circuit ?r\gh y\r body & w\ld be v dang]\s4 ,always make sure !re is pl5ty ( good insulation mat]ial or pl5ty ( di/ance betwe5 y & any?+ :i* might be c>ry+ electricity4 ,rememb]1 too1 insulation is ( little use :5 x is wet4 ,dew1 mi/1 ra91 cond5sation1 a damp floor c *ange ! :ole picture4 ,if y und]/& electricity & h[ x acts1 y'll be safe en\gh1 because y won't take *ances or expose y\rself to injury4 ,electrical ,t]ms ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t--,usually ref]r$ to z ,,ac1 alt]nat+ curr5t is curr5t :i* rev]ses its direction ( fl[ at regul> int]vals1 #fj times a second4 ,direct ,curr5t--,,dc curr5t fl[s only 9 "o direction4 ,batt]y curr5t is ,,dc4 ,amp]e--,amp]es are units by :i* ! rate ( fl[ ( electrical curr5t 7electrons7 is measur$4 ,an amp]e is #f4c billion electrons pass+ "o po9t 9 a circuit1 9 "o second4 ,?is comp>es ) ! way ! fl[ ( wat] is measur$ 9 gallons p] second4 ,volts--,a volt is a unit to measure ! t5d5cy ( electrons to move :5 !y are %ov$4 ,voltage is ! am\nt ( pu% beh9d ! electrons4 ,x's l wat] pressure 9 a pipe4 ,home p[] l9es c>ry #aae volts 7#aaj to #abj volts74 ,= appliances su* z electric /oves1 wa%]s & dri]s1 a second #aae-volt l9e %\ld be add$1 giv+ #bcj volts 7#bbj to #bdj volts74 ,watts--,watts equal volts times amp]es4 ,light bulbs1 electric irons & o!r appliances are usually m>k$ ) ! voltage !y require & ! numb] ( watts4 ,kil[atts--,y\r electric bill usually reads 9 kil[att h\rs4 ,a kil[att is #ajjj watts4 ,a kil[att h\r equals #ajjj watts us$ = #a h\r4 ,"o kil[att equals ab\t #a-a_/c horsep[]4 ,a kil[att is usually indicat$ by kw & a kil[att h\r by k:4 ,circuits--,a clos$ circuit is "o 9 :i* ! electricity is fl[+1 light+ a light1 runn+ a motor1 or "s o!r appliance4 ,! circuit runs all ! way f ! place ! electricity is be+ g5]at$ to y\r home1 ?r\gh ! appliance or light bulb1 & back to ! g5]ator4 ,circuits are op5$ & clos$ by swit*es4 ,:5 ! circuit is op5$1 ! electricity /ops at ! swit*4 ,be=e work+ on a swit*1 socket1 fuse1 or any "p ( ! wir+ be sure to op5 ! ma9 swit*4 ,! ma9 swit* is usually at ! fuse box or ne> x4 ,appliances %\ld be disconnect$ :5 y "w on !m4 ,ev]yone 9 ! family %\ld "k :]e ! ma9 swit* is s x c be pull$ 9 case ( accid5ts1 fire1 flood1 or w9d/orm damage4 ,fuses & ,circuit ,break]s--,^! are ! safety valves ( y\r electrical sy/em4 ,! diff]5t electrical circuits 9 y\r home are meant to c>ry only c]ta9 am\nts ( electricity4 ,"s c>ry only #ae amps1 o!rs c c>ry #bj or m4 ,!y are m>k$ to %[ capacity4 ,:5 a fuse burns out or a circuit break] op5s1 look = an ov]load ( lights & appliances on ! circuit be=e y try to replace ! fuse or close ! circuit break]4 ,)\t ^! safegu>ds1 ! ov]load$ electric l9e w heat up & may />t a fire4 ,ev5 if no fire />ts1 electricity w be wa/$ & ! home[n] w be pay+ = electricity t's do+ no good4 ,rememb]3 ,if y ev] h to replace a fuse1 pull ! ma9 swit* fir/4 ,keep a fla%light h&y 9 y\r h\se4 ,x seems t fuses usually bl[ at night1 & x doesn't pay to /umble or fumble ar\nd electric wires 9 ! d>k4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d3 ,make ,a ,circuit ,bo>d ,s t y c %[ o!rs h[ electricity travels f "h to !re1 & h[ x behaves "u diff]5t conditions1 make an electric circuit bo>d4 ,mat]ials ,ne$$3 ,piece ( #c_/d bo>d ab\t #d x #f l-l_/#b-volt ,no4 #f dry cell batt]y ,two pieces ( bell wire1 ea* #bd long1 "o black1 "o :ite ,two #aj-p5ny box nails 7#c7 ,?ree #c-p5ny box nails 7#a7 ,two small screws or c>pet tacks ,two #b-;in* rubb] b&s ,two m9iature sockets ) sold] t]m9als ,two l-l_/#b-volt fla%light bulbs ,tools ,ne$$3 ,rul]1 p5cils1 hamm]1 pli]s or vise4 ,mak+ ! ,bo>d3 #a4 ,lay out ! bo>d ) a p5cil & rul] z indicat$ 9 ,figure #a4 #b4 ,b5d ! ?ree-in* nail z %[n 9 ,figure #b1 us+ pli]s1 vise & hamm]4 #c4 ,p\nd ! "o-in* nails into ! bo>d = a half-in* at po9ts ,a1 ,c1 & ,d4 ,use ! ?ree-in* nail to make a hole a half-in* deep at ,b4 ,put ! crank nail 9 ?is hole & p\nd 9 a little f>!r4 ,atta* ! lamp socket brackets at ,e & ,f4 ,/ret* ! rubb] b& z 9 ,figure #c4 #d4 ,lay out ! electricity pa?1 ! circuit 7,figure #c74 ,use ! black wire = ! positive side ( ! circuit 7! c5t] pole ( batt]y74 ,twi/ x ar\nd ! swit* crank ,b1 & ! c5t] pole ( batt]y4 ,run ano!r piece to ! outside t]m9al ( bulb socket at ,e4 ,run :ite piece to negative pole ( batt]y f ! o!r t]m9al at ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a 7,circuit ,bo>d7 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b 7,swit*7 #e4 ,close ! swit*4 ,! rubb] b& %\ld hold ! swit* nail tightly aga9/ nail at ,c4 ,does ! bulb light8 ,if x doesn't1 *eck ! connections4 ,n[ y h a circuit--a clos$ circuit :5 ! electricity runs all ! way f ! positive pole to ! negative pole4 ,! black wire is ! hot side1 ! live wire1 because x c>ries ! full load ( ! batt]y up to ! bulb4 ,rememb]1 batt]y curr5t is direct curr5t1 ,,dc4 ,9 ! case ( alt]nat+ curr5t1 ,,ac1 su* z mo/ homes & build+s use1 ! electricity fl[s 9 fir/ "o direction & !n ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c 7,clos$ ,circuit7 ,p>allel ,wir+ ,to make ?is circuit hookup1 atta* ano!r :ite wire to ! negative pole ( batt]y & a t]m9al ( ! second fla%light bulb4 ,run a black wire f ! o!r t]m9al to ! swit* t]m9al at ,c 7,figure #d74 ,close swit*4 ,bo? bulbs w light4 ,trace ! circuit4 ,electricity is go+ equally to ea* bulb1 ! same am\nt t w5t to ! s+le bulb4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! batt]y w la/ only half z long4 ,x's l a pail ( wat] ) two op5 spigots4 ,! pail empties twice z fa/ z x w\ld ) j "o spigot op54 ,?is type ( wir+ is call$ p>allel wir+4 ,if "o bulb is unscrew$1 ! o!r w /ay lit4 ,figure #d 7,p>allel ,wir+7 ,s]ies ,wir+ ,to d ?is1 run ! negative wire to "o t]m9al ( ! second bulb & atta* a wire f ! o!r t]m9al to a t]m9al ( ! fir/ bulb4 ,! o!r t]m9al connects ) ! swit* at ,c 7,figure #e74 ,?is is s]ies wir+4 ,if "o bulb is unscrew$1 ! o!r w fail to light because ! circuit is brok5 = bo?4 ,any?+ t breaks ! circuit has ! effect ( op5+ ! swit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e 7,s]ies ,wir+7 ,%[ !re is a circuit ?r\gh ! bulb by screw+ & unscrew+ x4 ,also1 jump ! socket by runn+ ! wire f ,c to ! o!r t]m9al ( ! bulb at ,e :ile x is unscrew$4 ,bulb at ,f w light4 ,trace ?is circuit4 ,,sugge/$ ,,demon/rations ,us+ ! ,circuit ,bo>d1 y c give _m demon/rations ( ! way electricity fl[s1 works & behaves4 ,wat] ,& ,electricity ,to help o!rs und]/& electricity bett]1 draw a wat] sy/em on an electric circuit bo>d p>allel+ ! circuit4 ,= ! batt]y %[ a wat] tank1 pipes in/ead ( wires1 faucets in/ead ( swit*es4 ,some:]e on ! bo>d pa/e a comp>ison ( electrical t]ms ) t]ms us$ 9 describ+ wat]1 su* z ! foll[+3 ,wire equals ,pipe ,volts equal ,pressure ,amp]es equal ,rate ( ,fl[ - gallons p] second ,watts equal ,pressure times ,rate ( ,fl[ ,swit* equals ,faucet ,curr5t equals ,fl[+ ,wat] ,%[ h[ to figure ! wattage t a circuit protect$ by a #ae amp]e fuse c h&le4 ,d x ) actual ?+s or cut-out pictures ( light bulbs1 irons1 toa/]s1 c(fee-mak]s1 etc4 ,y "k t ,amp]es times ,volts equal ,watts4 ,if ! voltage is #aae1 a #ae amp circuit c h&le #aae volts times #ae amps1 or #agbe watts4 ,! "n plates on electric motors indicate ! amp]age at full load4 ,y c conv]t ?is to watts1 ( c\rse1 by multiply+ amp]age by ! l9e voltage4 ,motors require an additional am\nt ( electricity :5 !y />t4 ,y ne$ to all[ = ?is fact1 s fuses w n bl[ or circuits trip :5 a motor is turn$ on4 ,y w le>n m ab\t ?is :5 y /udy electric motors4 ,= ,m ,in=mation ,y\r lead] has _m o!r s\rces ( in=mation ab\t electricity & demon/rations y c p]=m4 ,ask him4 ,also1 libr>ies h _m books ab\t electricity & its hi/ory1 :i* are v int]e/+ & useful4 ,maybe y c f9d an electrician1 someone f y\r p[] suppli]1 or an equipm5t deal] :o w talk to y\r club on electricity or electrical safety4 ,:at ,did ,y ,le>n8 7,und]l9e ! correct answ]s !n discuss 9 ! gr\p47 #a4 ,9 a wat] pipe sy/em wat] fl[s4 ,9 an electrical circuit 7electrons7 7atoms7 7*>ges7 fl[4 #b4 ,electricity or electrons fl[ 7easi]7 7h>d]7 7ab\t ! same7 9 a conductor ?an 9 an insulator4 #c4 ,rubb] is a good 7conductor7 7insulator7 7gr\nd74 #d4 ,! mo/ common mat]ial us$ z an electrical conductor is 7glass7 7silv]7 7copp]74 #e4 ,! unit ( electrical pressure or pu% is ! 7amp]e7 7volt7 7watt74 #f4 ,! rate ( fl[ ( electricity is measur$ 9 7gallons7 7amp]es p] m9ute7 7amp]es74 #g4 ,volts times amp]es equals 7watts7 7kil[att h\rs7 7alt]nat+ curr5t74 #h4 ,a dry cell batt]y 7/ores7 7makes7 7uses7 electrical en]gy4 #i4 ,9 a p>allel circuit ! electricity has 7"o7 7two or m7 7no7 pa?s to travel4 #aj4 ,9 a s]ies circuit ) two bulbs & a swit* ! bulbs are 7bright]7 7dimm]7 7! same7 z :5 !y 7 9 ! p>allel circuit4 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#b ,cr$it ,po9ts #d ,,tools ,,= ,,electricians ,:o goe? a borr[+ ,goe? a sorr[+ ,few l5d 7b fools7 ,_! work+ tools ,tuss] #aebd-aehj ,:5ev] a job comes up1 x saves "t & tr\ble :5 y h ! "r tools & !y are all :]e y c f9d !m4 ,electrical "w takes "s special tools & "s ev]yday tools4 ,if y h ev] wat*$ a good electrician at "w1 y've se5 h[ neatly he /ores 8 tools 9 a box s e "o ( !m is h&y4 ,:5 a l9eman climbs a pole1 he has 8 regul> tools 9 a hol/] on 8 belt4 ,special tools are kept 9 a box 9 racks 9 ! repair truck1 all ready = in/ant use4 ,w\ldn't y l to h electrician's tools all h&y1 ready = use1 & "k h[ to use !m prop]ly8 ,basic ,tools = ,electrical ,"w ,knife ,a good knife ) a %>p blade is "o ( ! mo/ useful tools4 ,a camp]'s or electrician's type knife is probably be/ because x has o!r useful p>ts besides ! cutt+ blades--a screwdriv] or pun*1 = in/ance4 ,( c\rse1 y'll nev] use ! cutt+ blades z a screwdriv]4 ,?is knife %\ld be kept clean1 dry1 %>p1 & free f ru/4 ,put a little oil on ! jo9ts f "t to "t4 ,rememb]1 ,nev] :ittle t[>d y & y'll nev] cut y\rself4 ,pli]s ,a pair ( electrician's pli]s %\ld be "p ( y\r kit4 ,wrap ! h&les ) pla/ic insulat+ tape4 ,ev5 ?\gh y're n go+ to "w on hot electric l9es1 x pays to play safe4 ,lat] on1 z y le>n m ab\t electricity1 y'll want a pair ( ne$le-nose pli]s = ! f9e "w4 ,screwdriv]s ,y'll want a screwdriv] :i* has true corn]s4 ,a #d to #f in* pla/ic h&l$ screwdriv] ) a n>r[ blade is be/4 ,y'll probably ne$ m ?an "o size to fit ! v>i\s size screws y'll be turn+4 ,screwdriv]s are easily damag$ if y try to use !m z *isels & pry b>s1 or use !m 9 screw slots :i* are too l>ge = ! blade4 ,y c be hurt by ! screwdriv] if y try to screw or unscrew ?+s y are hold+ 9 y\r h&4 ,keep y\r free h& away f ! end ( ! screwdriv]4 ,place ! "w on a b5* or :]e x c be h&l$ easily4 ,sold]+ ,iron ,a good #ajj to #bej-watt electric sold]+ iron w be useful4 ,lat] on y may want to buy a sold]+ gun1 b unless y are do+ a lot ( sold]+ x won't be necess>y4 ,a supply ( res9-core electrician's sold] w be ne$$4 ,acid-core sold] reacts ) copp] & 9 "t causes a bad splice4 ,tape ,once x 0 necess>y to use two types ( tape on splices--rubb] tape ) friction tape ov] x4 ,n[ !re is a pla/ic tape on ! m>ket :i* takes ! place ( bo? & has good insulat+ quality4 ,x is call$ electrical tape1 or pla/ic tape1 & resi/s wat]1 oils 7:i* w\ld damage rubb] tape71 & acids4 ,y'll ne$ a lot ( tape 9 y\r electrical "w1 s keep a roll on h&4 ,o!r ,tools & ,equipm5t ,z y g along 9 electrical "w1 y'll be add+ tools & o!r equipm5t1 su* z a tr\ble light & maybe an ammet] or voltmet]4 ,o!r tools y'll want to add w be a ,phillips screwdriv]1 op5 end wr5*es1 a cresc5t wr5*1 small hack saw1 h& drill & bits4 ,y'll also be us+ "s regul> c>p5t]'s tools su* z hamm]s1 saws1 & s on4 ,unless y use !m frequ5tly1 y don't ne$ to keep !m 9 y\r electrical kit4 ,x's a good idea to />t acquir+ a supply ( electrical p>ts--l5g?s ( wire1 fuses1 swit*es1 sockets1 plugs1 & o!r items t w come 9 h&y4 ,!re are p>ts y c salvage f old lamps1 motors1 & o!r equipm5t4 ,su* a collection c be a real treasure *e/ :5 y ne$ a "p 9 a hurry4 ,b be sure to ?r[ away all faulty p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,complet$ tool *e/4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d3 ,build a ,tool ,*e/ ,to keep y\r tools always ready = use1 a tool *e/ w be v h&y4 ,x's ! #d-;,h way to "w4 ,y'll be surpris$ h[ mu* easi] x makes a job :5 y h y\r tools1 v>i\s p>ts & repair equipm5t all 9 "o place4 ,y c make ! *e/ 7,figure #a7 ) a saw1 plane1 screwdriv]1 p5cil1 rul] or c>p5t]'s squ>e1 & hamm]4 ,mat]ials ,y'll ,ne$3 ,a piece ( lumb] #a by #aj by #h feet long4 7#a lumb] is actually only #c_/d ?ick--?is is ! ?ickness y'll be work+ )47 #b small h+es1 ) wood screws #a small hasp1 ) wood screws #b small h&les ) wood screws1 or "o l>ge h&le #a small *a91 #aj to #ab long ,"s ,no4 #f p5ny f9i%+ nails or wood screws ab\t ! same l5g? ,mak+ ,! ,*e/3 #a4 ,cut y\r lumb] into ! foll[+ pieces3 #a piece #aj x #ah = top #a piece #h-a_/b x #af-a_/b = bottom #b pieces #f x #h-a_/b = two ends #b pieces #f x #ah = front & back #b4 ,lay out pieces z %[n 9 ,figure #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b ,!n1 set up ! two end pieces & nail to bottom section4 ,ref] back to ,figure #a z y g along to see t box is %ap+ up z %[n4 ,nail ! front & back sections to ! ends along ! bottom4 ,wood screws c be us$ in/ead ( nails4 #c4 ,lay ! top 9 place & atta* h+es to ! back side1 ab\t two in*es 9 f ea* end4 #d4 ,atta* "o "p ( hasp to ! top1 & ! o!r "p to front bo>d 9 c5t]4 ,fa/5 ! h&les to ea* end4 #e4 ,atta* *a9 to ! top & front s ! top w /ay op5 :5 *a9 is fully ext5d$4 ,n[ y c inv5t y\r own improvem5ts = y\r *e/4 ,y c pa9t x1 put y\r "n on x1 & y\r club emblem & "n if y wi%4 ,y c put a rack on ! inside ( ! cov] to hold y\r "w %eets & o!r booklets & mat]ials4 ,y c in/all special slots or /raps to hold ea* tool 9 its place along ! sides ( ! box4 ,maybe y w want to put "s p>titions 9 ! box to sep>ate v>i\s electrical equipm5t su* z wires1 fuses1 swit*es1 & plugs4 ,a ,work+ ,kit ,an accessory :i* y may want to add to y\r tool *e/ is an apron or hol/] to we> :5 y are mov+ ar\nd on ! job4 ,an apron c be made ( a size ( clo? ab\t #ah by #bj in*es4 ,x %\ld be fold$ up f ! bottom1 & sewn to fit ! numb] & size ( tools y h4 ,figure #c %[s su* an apron4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,apron4 ,y c make a l9eman's hol/] 9 ! same way1 us+ pla/ic or s(t lea!r4 ,m]ely make belt loops by cutt+ on ! dott$ l9es4 ,a snap fa/5] w hold ! flap ov] ! tools s !y won't fall out4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,l9eman's ,hol/]4 ,demon/rations ,y ,c ,give ,%[ & tell o!rs ! prop] h&l+1 c>e & use ( tools4 ,%[ & tell h[ to build an electrician's tool kit4 ,= ,fur!r ,in=mation ,ask y\r p[] suppli] or an electrician to tell ! club ab\t ! v>i\s tools ( ! electrician's trade & demon/rate !m4 ,ask y\r lead] h[ to get exhibit mat]ial or in=mation ab\t electrical tools & _! use & !n tell ! club ab\t !m4 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#c ,cr$it ,po9ts #c ,,rewire ,a ,,lamp--,,be ,a ,,lamp ,,detective ,illu/ration3 ,! ,l9e-,up ,( ,lamp ,suspects ,"o ( ! duties ( a law (fic] is to prev5t crime4 ,x's t way ) ! lamp detective4 ,y c become "o4 ,9 ! av]age home !re are lamps ab\t to commit ! crime ( %ock+ p1 />t+ fires1 & /eal+ electricity4 ,"s are refus+ to d _! job well & "s are no-goods1 sitt+ 9 closets or attics1 do+ no?+4 ,y c put ^! lamps to work+ aga9 safely & well4 ,become ! lamp exp]t 9 y\r family4 ,:at's ,9 ,a ,lamp8 ,a lamp gives light = com=table & conv5i5t use 9 ! home4 ,x consi/s normally ( a /&1 swit*1 cord1 lamp%ade hold]1 & %ade4 ,"s lamps h diffus+ b[ls :i* r$uce gl>e & %ad[s4 ,! mo/ common fault f\nd 9 an old lamp is 9 ! cord1 b sometimes ! swit* or ! wir+ 9 ! lamp is bad4 ,look ov] all ! lamps 9 y\r home & f9d ! ones ne$+ to be fix$4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d--,rewire ,a ,lamp ,some:]e ar\nd y\r h\se y c probably f9d a lamp t is no long] us$ or ne$s repair+4 ,y c make x useful aga9 & at ! same "t le>n h[ to wire a lamp4 ,mat]ials ,ne$$3 ,tools3 ,pocket knife1 small or m$ium screwdriv]1 & pli]s 7electrician type is be/74 ,new ,lamp ,cord3 ,= ea* lamp to be rewir$1 y'll ne$ #f feet ( cord plus ! l5g? ( wire )9 ! lamp /&4 ,lamp cord wire comes 9 two sizes1 ,no4 #ah & ,no4 #af ,,awg 7,am]ican ,wire ,gauge74 ,no4 #ah is small] ?an ,no4 #af1 b is adequate = mo/ lamps4 ,cords are made ) surface cov]+s ( sev]al diff]5t mat]ials3 braid$ cotton1 rayon or silk1 & mold$ rubb] or pla/ic4 ,braid$ cord is decorative1 b rubb] or pla/ic is easi] to "w ) & is usually m desirable4 ,swit*3 ,if ! swit* is bad1 get a new "o4 ,socket swit*es are made ) pu%-?r\gh1 turn-knob1 or pull-*a9 controls4 ,! pull-*a9 type is seldom us$ on mod]n table or floor lamps4 ,y\r lamp may h a sep>ate pu%-swit* 9 ! base4 ,9 ?is case1 get ! same k9d = replacem5t4 ,"s swit*es are #c-;circuit swit*es = use ) high1 m$ium1 & l[-light bulbs4 ,plug3 ,plugs are made ( v>i\s mat]ials1 mo/ly h>d rubb] or mold$ pla/ic4 ,"s h a %ank or h&le = bett] grasp+4 ,?is type is m desirable4 ,! plug on ! old cord may be good1 & if s1 may be us$ on ! new cord4 ,h[ ,to ,d ,x3 #a4 ,if ! plug on ! old cord is good & y plan to use x1 remove x f ! old cord4 #b4 ,measure & cut a new lamp cord equal to ! l5g? ( ! cord )9 ! lamp1 plus #f feet4 #c4 ,pass "o end ( ! new cord ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! plug4 ,/rip #b in*es ( ! fabric insulation (f cord1 or 9 case ( a rubb] cord1 split cord back two in*es4 ,be sure no b>e wire %[s 9 long split section 7,figure #a74 #d4 ,use knife to /rip insulation (f wire = #c_/d on end ( ea* cord4 ,be c>eful4 ,don't cut y\rself4 ,don't cut wires4 ,use a light t\*1 slope ! knifeblade & slice ) knife edge away f y 7,figure #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a 7,ready to ,wire ,plug7 #e4 ,twi/ expos$ /r&s ( ea* wire tightly to make a good conductor1 & place ea* conductor ar\nd its prop] t]m9al 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! screw tight5s 7,figure #b74 #f4 ,tight5 screws on t]m9al po/s4 ,pull cord until slack is out4 ,lay aside until ready to atta* to lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b 7,atta*+ ,cord to ,plug7 #g4 ,remove lamp %ade1 %ade-hold]1 bulb1 & diffus+ b[l1 if !re is "o4 #h4 ,sep>ate ! metal %ell ( socket f its cap by press+ on %ell at place m>k$ press1 & pull socket f cap4 #i4 ,pull on socket body to get "s slack 9 lamp cord4 ,loos5 screws & deta* cord4 ,pull cord out ?r\gh base ( lamp4 ,y c splice new cord to ! old "o & use ! latt] to /r+ ! new wire4 #aj4 ,pass ! new cord up ?r\gh ! lamp base & socket cap1 tie a simple half-hit* knot 9 ! cord to prev5t /ra9 on ! t]m9als1 & atta* wires to ! t]m9als on ! socket 7,figure #c74 ,if !re is likely to be any /ra9 on cord1 use an ,und]writ]s' knot4 ,twi/ /r&s & atta* wire 9 direction 9 :i* screw tight5s4 #aa4 ,pull slack out ( cord 9 lamp s t socket re/s 9 socket cap1 replace %ell & reconnect cap4 ,be sure ! fib] insulator is 9 ! %ell4 ,y'll feel or he> a click :5 ! not*es 9 %ell are lock$ to ! projections 9 ! cap4 #ab4 ,replace bulb1 inspect c>efully1 & te/4 7,9 floor lamps :]e ! cord runs ?r\gh ! c5t] po/ & out "u ! base1 ! cord w la/ long] if x is fa/5$ ) tape s x doesn't rub edge ( lamp base :5 lamp is mov$47 #ac4 ,if ! lamp has a porcela9 socket1 simply disconnect ! wires at ! t]m9als1 remove ! old wire & connect ! new "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c 7,socket & ,swit* ,assembly7 ,:at ,did ,y ,le>n8 ,und]l9e correct answ]s !n discuss 9 ! gr\p4 7,!re may be m ?an "o correct answ]47 #a4 ,! "p ( ! lamp t usually we>s out fir/ is 7! socket7 7! cord7 7! plug74 #b4 ,lamps t wa/e electricity are ^? :i* h 7bad wir+7 7fray$ cords7 7dirty %ades or bulb74 #c4 ,to unplug a lamp y %\ld grasp 7cord7 7plug7 firmly & pull4 #d4 ,wire 9 lamp cord usually comes 9 sizes #af or #ah4 ,size #af is ! small] 7true7 7false74 #e4 ,9 fa/5+ wire ar\nd a t]m9al po/ x %\ld g ar\nd 9 a 7clockwise7 7c\nt]-clockwise7 direction4 #f4 ,:5 ! swit* on a lamp is turn$ (f1 ! electricity only goes z f> z 7! wall plug7 7! swit*74 #g4 ,an ,und]writ]s' knot %\ld be us$ 7only :5 !re is room = x 9 ! plug7 7:5ev] !re is likely to be /ra9 on ! cord1 ev5 if y h to replace ! plug ) a l>g] "o74 ,,sugge/$ ,,demon/rations ,%[ h[ to inspect a lamp & its cord4 ,y might tie tags on ! cord & lamp at po9ts ( dang] or failure--at ! plug1 we> po9ts next to lamp base1 bad sockets4 ,demon/rate ! process ( repair+ a lamp cord1 socket & plug4 ,make a bo>d display ( ! p>ts ( ! lamp socket %[+ cord atta*$4 ,make a display ( ! types ( lamp cords & plugs 9 common use4 ,us+ two lamps1 "o ) clean bulb & %ade1 ! o!r du/y1 %[ h[ ! =m] gives m light4 ,= ,m ,in=mation ,lamps h an int]e/+ hi/ory4 ,look x up 9 y\r local libr>y4 ,ask someone f y\r p[] suppli] or electric deal] to talk to ! club ab\t ! diff]5t k9ds ( lamps4 ,y\r lead] has or c get additional in=mation on lamps1 if y wi%4 ,illu/ration ,:at ,did ,y ,exhibit ,:at ,did ,y ,demon/rate ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#d ,cr$it ,po9ts #c ,,make ,a ,,tr\ble ,,light4 ,a h&y piece ( equipm5t 9 ! home & on ! f>m is a heavy-duty ext5sion cord ) a %ield$ light & a side outlet on x4 ,:5 y want to "w on ! c> or tractor 9 ! y>d at night1 ! tr\ble light is bett] ?an a fla%light4 ,y c use x bo? = light & z an ext5sion cord4 ,x is saf] ?an mat*es or a lant]n1 especially ar\nd ! g>age or b>n4 ,x is easy to make a tr\ble light1 & x gives y good practice 9 electrical "w4 ,( c\rse y c buy "o1 b y w\ldn't h ! fun ( mak+ x nor w\ld x suit y\r ne$s4 ,tr\ble lights are n = p]man5t use--!y're = em]g5cy use & to provide light or electricity 9 places :]e !y are seldom ne$$4 ,:5 y f9d a tr\ble light be+ us$ z p]man5t wir+1 t's ! place to in/all an outlet4 ,:at ,size ,cord8 ,*oose ! "r k9d ( cord4 ,:at l5g? w be be/ = y\r v>i\s uses8 ,a cord too long may be bo!rsome to use & /ore4 ,:at w be ! heavie/ load y are likely to put on ! cord1 9 amp]es8 ,*eck appliances y may want to connect to x4 ,no4 #af wire c c>ry #aj amp]es safely = a di/ance ( #ej feet1 :ile ,no4 #ah c c>ry only up to #g amp]es = a di/ance ( #dj feet4 ,y'll want a h>d s]vice cord1 call$ ,s1 ,,/1 or ,,s-type cord by electricians4 ,junior h>d s]vice cords1 kn[n z ,,sj1 ,,sjt1 or ,,sjo1 are f9e = light] duty4 ,cord1 ,plug & ,gu>d ,a rubb]-h&l$ socket %\ld be us$ = safety & to )/& h>d knocks4 ,x %\ld h a swit* on x1 pref]ably a pu% swit* 9 a recess 9 ! h&le4 ,! connector or atta*m5t plug %\ld be ( rubb] or solid pla/ic & h a metal cord grip fa/5$ to x4 ,?is grip w hold ! cord firmly & prev5t /ra9 on ! t]m9al connections4 ,illu/ration3 ,f9i%$ ,tr\ble ,light ,get a good lamp gu>d4 ,if ! wire is too light1 x may b5d & break ! bulb :5 hit or dropp$4 ,= ! lamp itself1 get a r\gh s]vice lamp4 ,an ord9>y lamp won't la/ long ) r\gh usage4 ,h[ to ,make ! ,tr\ble ,light ,tools ,ne$$3 ,y\r #d-;,h electrician's kit or screwdriv]1 knife & sold]+ iron ,mat]ials ,ne$$3 #a4 ,ab\t #bj feet ( #b-wire1 ,no4 #af heavy duty 7h>d s]vice7 #b4 ,a rubb]-h&l$ socket ) swit* & a side outlet #c4 ,a %ield$ lamp gu>d ,illu/ration3 ,mat]ials ,ne$$ #d4 ,a good connector plug cap1 pref]ably ) a clamp-type grip = ! cord #e4 ,a r\gh s]vice lamp bulb #f4 ,sold] & flux ,/eps to ,take3 #a4 ,remove ab\t #b in*es ( ! out] cov]+ ( cord at "o end4 #b4 ,sep>ate ! wires & cut away ! fill] mat]ial4 #c4 ,remove #c_/d in* ( ! conductor insulation f ! end ( ea* wire & tightly twi/ ! /r&s toge!r to =m a firm conductor4 ,be c>eful n to cut any ( ! f9e wires4 ,ends may be sold]$4 #d4 ,slide ! plug 9 position on ! cord4 #e4 ,if !re is no cord grip1 tie ! und]writ]s' knot 7,figure #a74 ,if !re isn't room en\gh1 make an ,s loop by pass+ ! wires ar\nd ! prongs be=e fa/5+ !m to ! t]m9al screws z expla9$ 9 ! next /ep4 #f4 ,loop ! b>e "p ( ! wire ar\nd ! screw 9 ! direction ! screw is turn$ to tight5 7clockwise direction74 ,?is w prev5t ! wires f be+ =c$ out f "u ! head ( ! screw z x is tight5$4 ,n[ repeat ) ! second wire1 wrapp+ x ar\nd ! o!r prong ( ! plug4 ,connect+ ! socket4 #a4 ,sep>ate ! p>ts ( rubb]-h&l$ socket 7,figure #b74 #b4 ,prep>e ! o!r end ( ! cord z 9 /eps #a1 #b1 & #c above4 #c4 ,ins]t ! cord ?r\gh ! rubb] h&le & socket gu>d4 #d4 ,tie ! hold+ knot 7und]writ]s' knot7 z expla9$ 9 ,/ep #e4 #e4 ,connect wires to t]m9al screws & assemble ! rubb]-h&l$ socket4 #f4 ,screw 9 ! r\gh s]vice lamp & te/ y\r cord4 #g4 ,put ! %ield$ lamp gu>d on ! socket & tight5 ! hold+ clamp until x is firmly 9 place4 ,y are n[ ready to use or demon/rate y\r tr\ble light4 #h4 ,aft] y've made y\r tr\ble light1 decide on a good place to keep x :]e x w be h&y = use4 ,loop x c>efully & hang x ov] a wood5 d[el r ?an a nail4 ,x w la/ long]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a ,ty+ an ,und]writ]'s ,knot ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b ,disassembl$ ,light ,:at ,did ,y ,le>n8 7,und]l9e correct answ]7 #a4 ,a ,junior ,h>d ,s]vice ,cord is kn[n z an 7,,s-,type7 7,,sjo-,type7 cord4 #b4 ,y disconnect a cord by 7j]k+ x f ! socket7 7grasp+ plug & pull+ x out74 #c4 ,brass sockets are unsafe because 7!y break too easily7 7! expos$ metal c cause %ort circuits74 #d4 ,rubb]-cov]$ cord is saf] = em]g5cy cords ?an fabric because 7x w /ret*7 7x w insulate & protect ! wires inside74 #e4 ,9 a tr\ble light 7any k9d ( bulb w d7 7a r\gh s]vice bulb is be/74 ,ideas = ,demon/rations & ,exhibits #a4 ,%[ h[ to make y\r tr\ble light & a me?od ( /or+ x4 #b4 ,%[ a safe tr\ble light1 & an unsafe tr\ble light ) dang] po9ts m>k$4 #c4 ,%[ cutaway pieces ( diff]5t types ( cord4 ,= ,m ,in=mation ,ask y\r p[] suppli]1 c\nty highway eng9e]1 police (ficial or lead] to tell y ab\t v>i\s types ( portable em]g5cy lights & _! uses4 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#e ,cr$it ,po9ts #e ,,:at ,,makes ,,motors ,,run ,:at makes an electric motor run8 ,c y make an electric motor t w run8 ,c]ta9ly y c1 & by do+ s y'll le>n :y x runs4 ,x won't be my/]i\s any m & y'll be ahead ( all ! millions ( p :o use motors e day & nev] "k :y or h[ ! motor conv]ts electrical en]gy into useful p[]4 ,illu/ration ,motors ,are ,magnets ,y "k h[ "o end ( a compass ne$le always po9ts to ,nor?4 ,no matt] h[ y turn ! compass1 ! same end ( ! ne$le always sw+s to ! ,nor?4 ,! e>? itself & t small compass are bo? magnets 7,figure #a74 ,ea* has a ,nor? pole & a ,s\? pole4 ,ar\nd ! poles ( ea* !re are magnetic fields1 invisible l9es ( =ce t attract & repel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,! same end ( ! compass ne$le always po9ts to ! e>?'s magnetic ,nor? ,pole4 ,! ,n poles repel ea* o!r & s d ! ,s poles4 ,! ,n & ,s poles attract ea* o!r4 ,9 o!r words1 opposite poles attract2 poles t are alike repel ea* o!r4 ,lay #b b> magnets on a table side-by-side4 ,if bo? ,n poles are at "o end1 !y'll repel ea* o!r & almo/ flip ar\nd until !re's a ,n pole ly+ next to a ,s pole 7,figure #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,small b> magnets laid side by side move s t ! ,nor? pole ( "o is ne> ! ,s\? pole ( ! o!r4 ,n[ suppose we place "o ( ! b> magnets on ! table4 ,! o!r1 we'll fix on a pivot s x c sp9 ar\nd4 ,?is "o we'll move s its ,n pole almo/ t\*es ! fix$ magnet's ,n pole4 ,z soon z we release x1 ! movable magnet w sp9 ar\nd s its ,s pole w be ne> ! ,n pole ( ! /ation>y magnet4 ,t's an electric motor--almo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,a movable b> magnet pivots s its ,s\? pole is ne> ! ,nor? pole ( a /ation>y magnet4 ,x's n q a motor because ! rotat+ magnet w j move z f> z x has to 9 ord] to get ! opposite poles toge!r4 ,y might be able to cause ! movable b> magnet to make turn aft] turn4 ,y c\ld d ?is by turn+ ! fix$ magnet quickly end = end4 ,?is w\ldn't be v practical z a motor4 ,we ,c ,improve ,x ,if we c\ld *ange ! pole on "o end ( ! rotat+ magnet j z soon z x rea*es ! attract+ pole1 x c\ld make a complete circle4 ,9 do+ t1 ! pole at ! ne> end ( ! rotat+ magnet w\ld be repell$ by ! /ation>y magnet & pu%$ away4 ,z soon z ! opposite end ( ! rotat+ magnet w\ld come into ! magnetic field1 x w\ld be drawn to ! /ation>y magnet4 ,9 ord] to keep ! motor runn+1 we w\ld h to con/antly *ange ! poles at ea* end on e half revolution4 ,we ,ne$ ,an ,electromagnet ,we c't rev]se ! poles on simple b> magnets1 b we c on electromagnets4 ,we c make "o by wrapp+ a wire sev]al times ar\nd an iron core to =m a coil4 ,?is magnet w also h a ,n & a ,s pole :5 connect$ to electrical curr5t4 ,! big diff]5ce is t ! poles c be *ang$ in/antly by rev]s+ ! curr5t 9 ! wire4 ,swit*+ ,poles ,automatically ,! rotat+ electromagnet w h to be connect$ to ! #b wires ?r\gh :i* we pass ! curr5t4 ,s9ce x's rotat+ on a c5t] %aft1 we c't h a solid connection4 ,in/ead we h to ext5d ! wires f ! coil out along ! %aft & let ! electric contact be made ) bru%es :i* t\* ! wires along ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,a rotat+ electromagnet *anges poles z contacts are made fir/ "o way1 !n ! o!r4 ,?is is a simple way to rev]se ! curr5t 9 ! coil ( ! electromagnet4 ,increas+ ,effici5cy ,in/ead ( us+ only "o pole ( a /ation>y magnet1 we c use bo?4 ,?is is done by %ap+ ! /ation>y magnet ar\nd ! pa? ( ! rotat+ electromagnet4 ,?is way we h ! b5efit ( ! attract+ & repell+ =ces f bo? poles4 ,! effect is d\bl$4 ,we c also wrap wires ar\nd ?is circul> iron & make an electromagnet ( x4 ,b :5 we wire ?is magnet we use no bru%es because we want ! curr5t to fl[ 9 "o direction only4 ,! /ation>y electromagnet is call$ ! field4 ,! rotat+ electromagnet is ! armature4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d3 ,make ,a ,motor ,tools ,ne$$3 ,pocket knife1 hamm]1 vise 7or #b pairs ( pli]s74 ,mat]ials ,ne$$3 #a roll ( ,no4 #bd enamel$ wire #a roll ( electrician's tape #c - #d 7#bj-p5ny7 nails #d - #b-a_/b 7#h-p5ny7 nails #d - #c brads 7#aj p5ny7 ,wood bo>d = motor base #b /aples or #d small brads #b tacks #b - #c volt dry cell batt]ies 7or a #f volt trans=m]74 ,/ep ,no4 #a-;,armature ,wrap ab\t #a-a_/b ( a #d nail ) two lay]s ( tape4 ,?is w be ! %aft4 ,! iron core w be made ( two pairs ( #b-a_/b nails4 ,wrap tape ar\nd ea* pair ) heads & po9ts alt]nat$4 ,c5t] bo? pairs on ea* side ( ! %aft4 ,place !m ab\t #a f ! head ( ! %aft nail4 ,wrap !m toge!r ) two lay]s ( tape f tip to tip4 ,/>t at ! %aft & w9d ,no4 #bd enamel$ wire to "o end & back4 ,!n d ! same on ! o!r end4 ,always w9d 9 ! same direction4 ,leave #f ( sp>e wire at />t & f9i%4 ,/ep ,no4 #b-;,commutator ,scrape all insulation (f ! ends ( ! wire4 ,b5d ! b>e ends back & =? z %[n4 ,lay !m flat ov] ! tap$ %aft-"o on ea* side ( ! %aft4 ,hold ! commutator d[n ) n>r[ /rips ( tape4 ,wrap tightly ne> ! core & at ! opposite end4 ,/ep ,no4 #c-;,field ,make ! core by b5d+ two #d nails 9 ! middle at "r angles4 ,space ! heads ab\t #c ap>t to =m a horse%oe4 ,wrap toge!r ) two lay]s ( tape4 ,w9d ab\t #djj turns ( wire ar\nd ! c5t]4 ,leave #d ( sp>e wire at />t & f9i%4 ,atta* to wood base ) /aples at ea* end ( ! wire4 ,small brads1 b5t ov]1 w d j z well4 ,/ep ,no4 #d--;,armature ,supports & ,bru%es ,scrape ! insulation f ! ends ( two #f pieces ( wire4 ,tack !m to ! base & b5d !m z %[n to make bru%es4 ,drive two pairs ( #c brads into ! base ab\t #c-a_/d ap>t & 9 a l9e midway betwe5 ! field poles4 ,wrap wire ar\nd ! supports to =m armature be>+s4 ,scrape insulation (f ends ( wire f ! field4 ,connect "o end to a bru% wire4 ,assemble ,z ,%[n ,adju/ ! position ( commutator & t5sion ( bru%es aga9/ x = be/ op]ation4 ,take ! armature (f ! motor & connect ! commutator wires to a dry cell batt]y4 ,te/ ! pol>ity ( ea* end ( ! armature ) a compass4 ,swit* ! connections on ! commutator & te/ aga94 ,see h[ ! compass ne$le *anges direction8 ,) ! armature /ill (f1 connect ! field coil directly to ! dry cell4 ,te/ ! pol>ity ( ea* end ( ! field ) ! compass4 ,h[ c y rev]se ! pol>ity8 ,try x4 ,x's easy4 ,reassemble ! motor aga9 & />t x4 ,pu% ! field poles slightly out ( alignm5t ) ! turn+ armature4 ,:at happ5s to ! motor's spe$8 ,c y tell :y8 ,?is "t1 pu% ! field poles completely out ( ! way4 ,te/ ! pol>ity ( ! armature z y sl[ly turn x by h&4 ,d y see :at happ5s & :y x does8 ,try to rev]se ! direction ( rotation ( y\r motor by rev]s+ ! connections at ! batt]y4 ,:at happ5s8 ,c y expla9 :y8 ,demon/rations ,y ,c ,give ,make a display bo>d %[+ ! p>ts ( ! toy motor & expla9 h[ ea* "p works comp>$ ) ! p>ts ( a comm]cial motor4 ,= ,fur!r ,in=mation ,!re are sev]al o!r types ( toy motors y c build4 ,y\r club lead] or p[] suppli] c help y f9d in=mation ab\t !m4 #a4 ,did y\r toy motor run8 #b4 ,did y\r motor spe$ up or sl[ d[n :5 y pu%$ ! field poles out ( l9e8 ,:y8 #c4 ,:at happ5s to ! magnetic pol>ity ( ! armature :5 y turn x sl[ly by h& & *eck x ) a compass8 #d4 ,h[ c y rev]se ! direction ( rotation ( y\r toy motor8 ,is !re ano!r way too8 ,:at is x8 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#f ,cr$it ,po9ts #c ,,tak+ ,,c>e ,,( ,,electric ,,motors ,?r\gh ! magic ( electric motors1 mu* ( our "w is done fa/] & bett] at l[] co/ ?an we c\ld d x )\t ! help ( ! electric motor4 ,p :o use motors & treat !m prop]ly h mu* m "t = o!r "w & = leisure "t activities4 ,a #a_/d-;horsep[] motor runn+ quietly & /eadily h\r aft] h\r w d ! "w ( "o man1 & op]ate all day = ab\t #e c5ts )\t tir+4 ,on _m jobs x w "w )\t sup]vision1 turn+ on & (f automatically1 z requir$4 ,x does ?is on wat] pumps1 9 heat+ & cool+ units1 & on fans & simil> appliances4 ,all t a motor ne$s to d its "w is electricity & a little c>e4 ,let's see :at y c d to give prop] c>e to motors 9 y\r home & on y\r f>m4 ,y'll ,ne$ ,a light oil 7,,sae #aj7 = motors ( less ?an "o horsep[] & a slightly heavi] oil 7,,sae #bj7 = l>g] motors4 ,see if y ne$ grease = cups :i* may be on l>ge motors4 ,if s1 be sure y use ball-be>+ grease & n ord9>y cup grease4 ,cotton wa/e or clean rags w be ne$$ = wip+ (f ! motors1 & a tire pump or vacuum clean] = bl[+ out ! du/ or dirt4 ,illu/ration3 ,"s motors h in/ructions = oil+ on ! "n-plate4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d #a4 ,fir/1 make a li/ ( all ! electric motors t "w = y\r home4 ,y may wi% to make a sep>ate li/ = y\r f>m build+s4 ,y'll probably be surpris$ at h[ _m !re are4 ,don't =get ! sew+ ma*9e1 ! refrig]ator1 ! freez]1 ! vacuum clean] & o!r small b important motors4 ,don't t\* any motor t is runn+4 ,disconnect !m be=e y t\* !m4 #b4 ,make a motor s]vice *>t ) columns head$3 ,use1 ,location1 ,horsep[]1 ,volts1 ,amp]es1 ,s]vice ,requir$1 ,date ,s]vic$ & ,:at 0 ,done4 7,see sample7 ,!n li/ all ! motors t require any s]vic+4 ,"s w h ! in/ructions on ! motor or appliance2 ! in/ruction booklet t came ) ! motor or appliance w also tell :at s]vic+ is requir$4 ,/ep #a4 ,plan ! job4 ,/>t ) ! motors 9 ! home4 ,!n y c c>e = ! motors on ! f>m4 ,/ep #b4 ,be sure t any motor on :i* y are go+ to "w is disconnect$4 ,!n wipe ! outside case clean ) a clo?4 ,if ! motor has op5+s 9 ! end1 use a vacuum clean] to suck out du/1 dirt or *aff4 ,a tire pump may also be us$ to bl[ out ?is dirt4 ,if y use compress$ air1 be sure ! pressure is n high z x may damage wir+ inside ! motor4 ,du/-pro( motors %\ld be us$ 9 du/y or dirty places4 ,/ep #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,if !re are oil holes1 oil accord+ to ! manufactur]'s in/ructions4 ,if !re are no in/ructions1 rememb] a little oil goes a long way z f> z motors are conc]n$4 ,motors ( less ?an "o horsep[] require only #c or #d drops 7n squirts7 ( oil e #c or #d mon?s if ! motor is us$ frequ5tly4 ,too mu* oil c damage ! motor4 ,x spoils ! insulation4 ,if !re are no oil holes or grease cups on ! motor1 x is probably lubricat$ by means ( grease seal$ 9 ! be>+s at ! factory1 or x may use greaseless be>+s1 & does n ne$ to be oil$ or greas$ p]iodically4 ,indicate on y\r *>t all motors :i* ne$ p]iodic c>e & see t x is giv5 accord+ to s*$ule4 ,wipe away any excess oil or grease4 ,be sure oil holes are capp$ or cov]$4 ,/ep #d4 ,reconnect motor & run = a mom5t4 ,/ep #e4 ,record on ! *>t ! date y s]vic$ ! motor & :at 0 done4 ,:at ,did ,y ,le>n8 ,h[ _m motors are !re 9 y\r home8 ,on ! f>m8 ,h[ _m motors ne$ regul> oil+ or grease8 ,h[ _m are less ?an "o-horsep[]8 ,,sae ,oil is us$ to oil motors up to #a_/b horsep[]4 ,h[ mu* oil8 ,,sae ,oil is us$ = l>g] motors4 ,demon/rations ,y ,c ,give #a4 ,%[ h[ to clean a small motor4 #b4 ,expla9 prop] lubrication ( motors4 #c4 ,us+ ! *>t prep>$ 9 ?is "w %eet1 give a talk ab\t ! motors t "w = y-! job ea* "o does1 :i* ones ne$ oil or grease1 :i* ne$ no att5tion1 & :y1 etc4 #d4 ,use a homemade toy motor to expla9 :at makes motors run4 #e4 ,%[ prop] way to replace worn cord on a small motor4 ,= ,fur!r ,in=mation ,ask y\r c\nty ,ext5sion ag5t or #d-;,h lead] = m lit]ature on motors4 ,!y c help y obta9 a film or a speak] su* z a p[] suppli]1 a local electric deal]1 or electrical contractor to discuss motors4 ,also visit y\r public libr>y & see a sci5ce tea*] = m in=mation on motors4 ,,electric ,,motors ,,s]vice ,,*>t ,sample ,use a table l ! foll[+ to li/ ! motors ar\nd y\r f>m & home4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,motor ,location ,h4,p4,volt ,amp ,s]vice ,date ,s]vic$ & ,use ,ne$$ :at 0 done ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,food ,kit*5 #a_/f #abj #d4d ,clean ,oil2 #i_/a-;,clean$ ,mix] cord ne$s w_/clo?4 ,repair repair ,oil$ w_/#aj ,oil2 repair$ cord ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,tool ,f>m #a_/d #abj #e4h ,cle>1 oil+2 #aj_/f-;,clean$ ,gr9d] ,%op ,h swit* w_/vacuum ,oil$ #aj ,h swit* oil4 #aj_/bj-;,_h repair$ swit* repair$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pump ,pump #a_/c #abj #g4b ,oil+1 #i_/bf-;,clean$ h\se clean+ w_/tire pump2 oil$ w_/#aj oil ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#g ,cr$it ,po9ts #d ,,read+ ,,! ,,electric ,,met] ,!re is no "q b :at electricity is "o ( ! l[e/ co/ s]vices 9 ! home & on ! f>m4 ,a few p5nies wor? ( electricity w provide ! p[] to run ma*9es t take ! place ( a man or ( sev]al m5 work+ all day4 ,h[ev]1 we all l to "k :at ?+s co/4 ,sometime y may h to decide betwe5 diff]5t me?ods--man1 horse1 gasol9e eng9e or electric motor p[]4 ,!n y'll want to "k h[ to figure ! co/ ( electricity1 z well z ! co/ ( ! orig9al equipm5t4 ,fir/ ( all1 y %\ld "k h[ to read an electric met]4 ,read+ a ,met] ,electric met]s read 9 kil[att h\rs1 j z a wat] met] reads 9 gallons & a gas met] 9 cubic feet4 ,a kil[att h\r is ! electrical en]gy consum$ by #ajjj watts ( electricity us$ = "o h\r4 ,t5 #ajj-watt light bulbs burn+ = "o h\r w\ld use "o kil[att-h\r--"o k:4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,"s met]s give ! read+ directly1 l ! mileage total on a spe$omet]4 ,"s met]s are read directly1 z %[n 9 ,figure #a4 ,! m common type has f\r dials :i* are read f "r to left--j ! opposite f ! way ?+s are usually read4 ,! h& on ! extreme "r turns clockwise1 ! next h& turns c\nt]-clockwise1 ! next clockwise2 ! la/ h& on ! left turns c\nt]-clockwise4 ,! fir/ dial on ! "r c regi/] up to #aj kil[att-h\rs2 ! second up to #ajj k:2 ! ?ird1 to #ajjj k:2 ! f\r?1 to #aj1jjj k:4 ,aft] t1 ! met] />ts ov] aga94 ,to take a read+ y mu/ read all f\r dials ( ! met]1 f "r to left4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,met] dials are read f "r to left4 ,to read ea* dial1 y use ! numb] la/ pass$ by ! dial h&4 ,?is may n be ne>e/ ! h&4 ,= in/ance1 if ! po9t] has pass$ #f & is almo/ on #g1 y read x z #f4 ,write d[n ! figures 9 ! same ord] y read ! dial1 f "r to left4 ,practice read+ ! met]s %[n 9 ,figure #c on ! foll[+ page4 ,:at's ,y\r ,electric ,bill8 ,met]s ar5't set back ea* mon? :5 ! met] read] comes ar\nd4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! read+s f "o mon? to ! next %[s h[ _m kil[att-h\rs h be5 us$4 ,if y "k y\r electric rates1 y c figure y\r bill by y\rself4 ,y\r p[] suppli] w furni% y ) a rate s*$ule on reque/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,see if y c read ! above correctly4 ,! answ]s are %[n 9 a box on ! next page4 ,x w be int]e/+ to y to f9d out h[ mu* x co/s to op]ate ! v>i\s electric appliances 9 y\r home4 ,a sample rate s*$ule is %[n 9 ,figure #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,sample rate s*$ule4 ,note t z ! use ( electricity increases1 ! av]age co/ p] k: is r$uc$4 ,e/imat+ ,op]at+ ,co/s ,to f9d ! co/ ( op]at+ any s+le appliance1 ?ree /eps are necess>y3 #a4 ,le>n ! wattage ( ! appliance4 #b4 ,e/imate h[ _m h\rs ! appliance is us$4 #c4 ,f9d its op]at+ co/4 ,to ,f9d ,wattage3 ,watts1 y "k1 are ! measure ( electrical p[]4 ,!y are ! product ( voltage 7pressure7 times amp]es 7rate ( fl[74 ,volts times ,amps equals ,watts4 ,! nameplate on ! appliance w give ! voltage requir$ = prop] op]ation z well z ei!r amp]age or watts4 ,if x gives wattage1 y h ! in=mation y want4 ,o!rwise y mu/ multiply volts times amps to get ! wattage4 ,:5 voltage is giv5 z #aaj-abj1 use #abj z y\r voltage4 #abj volts is nom9al today4 ,h[ ,mu* ,w ,y ,use8 ,n[ t y "k ! wattage ( ! appliance1 multiply ?is figure by numb] ( h\rs ! equipm5t op]ates 9 "o day4 ,divide ?is by #ajjj to get ! k:4 ,n[ multiply ! result by ! numb] ( days ! appliance is us$ ea* mon?4 ,?is tells y ! numb] ( k: us$ by ! appliance dur+ ! mon?4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,example ,no4 #a ,y>d ,light3 #cjj-watt lamp ,am\nt ( use3 #c h\rs p] night4 ,multiply lamp wattage times h\rs ( use p] night to get watt-h\rs p] night4 #cjj times #c #ijj watt-h\rs p] night4 ,divide watt-h\rs by #ajjj to get k: p] night4 #ijj divid$ by #ajjj 4#i k: p] night4 ,multiply k: p] night times #cj to get k: p] mon?4 4#i times #cj #bg k: p] mon?4 ,if ! y>d light is us$ #c h\rs p] night1 x consumes #bg k: p] mon?4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,example ,no4 #b ,c(fee ,mak]3 #abj volts1 #eej watts 7f nameplate7 ,am\nt ( use3 #a_/b h\r p] day4 ,multiply wattage ( c(fee mak] times h\rs ( use p] day to get watt-h\rs p] day4 #eej times #a_/b h\r #bge watt-h\rs p] day4 ,divide watt-h\rs by #ajjj to get k: p] day4 #bge divid$ by #ajjj 4#bge k: p] day4 ,multiply k: p] day times #cj to get k: p] mon?4 4#bge times #cj #g4bej k: p] mon?4 ,if ! c(fee mak] is us$ l_/#b h\r daily1 x consumes #g4be k: p] mon?4 ,calculate ,op]at+ ,co/ ,p] ,mon? ,n[ t y "k ! numb] ( kil[att h\rs an appliance uses1 g to y\r rate s*$ule & y\r electric bill to see :at ! av]age k: co/s4 ,f9d ! av]age co/ ( #a k: by divid+ ! am\nt ( y\r bill by ! total numb] ( k: us$ 9 a mon?4 ,example3 #daj k: us$4 #ad4ce total mon?ly bill ,av]age co/ p] k: equals #ad4ce divid$ by #daj k:-#c-a_/b c5ts p] k:4 ,!re=e1 ! co/ ( op]at+ ! c(fee mak] = a mon? w\ld be #c-a_/b c5ts times #g4be k:--#be4d or #be c5ts4 ,co/ ( op]at+ ! y>d light w\ld h be5 #id4e or #ie c5ts a mon?4 7a7 #fceg 7b7 #aifc 7c7 #hiif ,correct answ]s to ! met] read+s %[n on ! prec$+ page4 ,add+ ,l[ ,co/ ,help]s ,y c see1 by look+ at y\r rate s*$ule1 t ! av]age co/ p] k: gets l[] z y use m electricity4 ,to f9d ! co/ ( op]at+ additional electrical equipm5t1 ! co/ p] kil[att h\r is f\nd f ! la/ /ep 9 ! bill--! l[e/ co/ p] k: ( ! electricity y're n[ us+4 ,sometimes p[] suppli]s give special rates = su* equipm5t z electric wat] heat]s4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d3 ,f9d ! ,co/ ( ,op]at+ ,electrical ,equipm5t ,make & fill 9 ! blanks ( a *>t %[+ ! electrical equipm5t y h & ! op]at+ co/s p] mon?4 ,make a *>t = ! home 7ref] to *>t "o74 ,%[ ! probable op]at+ co/ ( equipm5t y might add to :at y n[ h4 ,demon/rations ,y ,c ,give ,%[ h[ to read a met]1 mak+ "o ) plywood or c>dbo>d4 ,dials c be pa9t$ on ! ma9 bo>d4 ,arr[s c be atta*$ s !y w revolve to give diff]5t read+s4 ,%[ h[ to f9d ! wattage ( v>i\s types ( equipm5t4 ,%[ h[ to figure ! co/ ( ! av]age k: 9 a home4 ,= ,fur!r ,in=mation ,y\r lead] c get additional mat]ial = y or y may want to h someone f y\r p[] suppli] talk to y\r club1 tell+ ab\t met]s1 h[ !y "w & h[ !y are regul>ly *eck$ = accuracy4 ,*>t ,"o-,,! ,,home ,column ,no4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ,item ,wattage ,h\rs ,,k: p] ,co/ p] ,rat+ ,us$ ,mon? ,mon? p] 7col4 #ax#b7_/ 7,col4 #c x av4 ,rem>ks ,mon? #ajjj k: co/7 ,electric ,iron #aajj #cj #cc 4#hj ,/ove #hhj #fj #eb4h #a4ba 7,special rate7 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#h ,cr$it ,po9ts #c ,,iron+ ,,is ,,fun ,,) ,,! ,,mod]n ,,h& ,,iron ,:5 y are gett+ ready to g to s*ool or to a p>ty1 x probably gives y a good feel+ to put on a clean1 fre%ly-iron$ skirt1 bl\se or dress4 ,b did y ev] ?9k ab\t ! electric iron t helps s mu* to give y t well-dress$ feel+8 ,:5 y 7 y\ng]1 y may h _h a play iron & pret5d$ to iron y\r doll's dresses4 ,n[ y are old en\gh to le>n ab\t real irons--! diff]5t k9ds ( irons1 h[ ! iron heats1 ! k9d ( cord ne$$1 ! type ( outlet necess>y1 h[ to use safety rules :5 y iron1 & ev5 h[ to help ) ! iron+4 ,important ,?+s to ,"k ,!re are _m diff]5t irons1 b ! two k9ds mo/ important = y to "k ab\t n[ are ! regul> dry iron & ! comb9ation /eam-&-dry iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,! !rmo/at keeps ! iron at an ev5 temp]ature4 ,x isn't weight alone t makes an iron d its job1 b ! heat ( ! iron4 ,! heat is giv5 (f 9 ! sole plate4 ,! automatic iron has :at is call$ a !rmo/atic control :i* holds ! temp]ature ( ! iron at ! heat y want4 ,"s clo!s ne$ to be iron$ ) a v hot iron1 :ile o!rs ne$ only to be press$ lightly ) a cool iron4 ,! !rmo/at keeps ! iron at an ev5 temp]ature aft] y set x = ! heat y want4 ,! !rmo/at is ! he>t ( ! iron4 ,take a look at ! iron us$ 9 y\r home4 ,x isn't heavy to lift1 & has a h&le t fits y\r h& easily4 ,x looks graceful & has a smoo? bottom1 call$ ! sole plate4 ,& x may h a n>r[1 po9t$ tip :i* is helpful 9 iron+ pleats1 corn]s & ga!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,y\r iron has a smoo? bottom call$ ! sole plate4 ,! ,iron & ,safety ,if y are go+ to le>n to d "s iron+ y\rself1 ! mo/ important ?+ = y to rememb] is ,,safety4 ,y %\ld read all ab\t ! iron fir/ 9 ! in/ructions :i* came ) x4 ,nev] use an iron c>elessly4 ,rememb] ! safety rules3 #a4 ,an iron %\ld nev] be left ev5 = a few m9utes )\t be+ disconnect$4 ,turn (f by remov+ ! plug f ! outlet1 or by turn+ ! control lev] to (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,take hold ( ! plug--n ! cord--:5 y disconnect x f ! outlet4 #b4 ,let ! iron cool be=e putt+ x away4 #c4 ,wrap ! cord c>efully ar\nd ! iron aft] x is cold4 #d4 ,always /& ! iron :]e x w n fall (f on a *ild or pet or y\r own toes4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d3 ,le>n ,ab\t ,y\r ,iron ,mat]ials ,ne$$3 ,an automatic iron1 "s old play clo!s1 t[els1 napk9s or h&k]*iefs1 & an iron+ bo>d4 ,/eps to ,take3 #a4 ,wat* an exp]i5c$ p]son iron4 #b4 ,ask que/ions ab\t :at clo!s ne$ to be spr9kl$4 #c4 ,/udy ! !rmo/at sett+s on ! dial or indicator4 ,illu/ration3 ,mo/ irons h a dial to set = ! prop] heat = diff]5t fabrics4 #d4 ,ask ab\t ! k9d ( fabric ea* piece ( clo?+ is--cotton1 l951 silk1 nylon1 etc4--& :y ! iron %\ld be at high heat = "s1 cool] = o!rs4 #e4 ,set ! !rmo/at = ! am\nt ( heat ne$$1 & ) an old] p]son wat*+ y1 iron "s h&k]*iefs1 napk9s1 ba? t[els1 & a pair ( play %orts or blue jeans4 #f4 ,dur+ a mon? iron "s ( ^! articles = y\r family1 keep+ a record ( h[ _m y d & :at !y 74 #g4 ,take c>e ( y\r iron4 ,be responsible = /or+ x4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ,/ore ,iron ,prop]ly ,date ,articles ,iron$ ,type ( ,article 7*eck7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,iron+ ,,is ,,fun #a4 ,i 7use7 7d n use7 an adju/able iron+ ,bo>d at home4 ,if ,i d1 ,i adju/ x to ! height t j cle>s my knees easily z ,i sit 9 a com=table *air4 ,yes ,no #b4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( irons usually us$--dry iron1 /eam iron or a comb9ation /eam or dry iron4 ,i use a ---- iron4 #c4 ,i 7h7 7d n h7 ! in/ruction book4 7,if y d1 read ab\t ! iron47 ,i "k ! iron's p>ts by _! correct names4 ,!y are----4 #d4 ,i disconnect ! iron if ,i leave x ev5 = only a m9ute4 ,?is is a safety measure z fires h be5 kn[n to />t f irons left connect$4 ,yes ,no #e4 ,i take hold ( ! plug--n ! cord--:5 disconnect+ ! iron4 ,yes ,no #f4 ,i wait until ! iron is cold be=e wrapp+ ! cord ar\nd ! h&le & /or+ ! iron because----4 #g4 ,mo/ irons h a !rmo/atic control4 ,! iron ,i am us+ has sett+s =----4 #h4 ,! purpose ( ! !rmo/at is----4 #i4 ,^! fabrics ne$ high temp]ature4---- ,^! fabrics ne$ m$ium temp]ature4---- ,^! fabrics ne$ l[ temp]ature4---- #aj4 ,^! fabrics ne$ spr9kl+4---- #aa4 ,! heat & smoo?ness ( ! sole plate smoo!s ! wr9kles4 ,pu%+ d[n on ! h&le or mov+ ! iron rapidly only makes iron+ h>d "w4 ,i w iron sl[ly & /eadily arrang+ & mov+ ! g>m5t ) ! left h& :ile guid+ ! iron ) ! "r h&4 7,or ! o!r way = ! left h&$47 ,yes ,no #ab4 ,i h wat*$ an exp]i5c$ p]son iron4 ,yes ,no #ac4 ,i h practic$ on h&k]*iefs1 napk9s & pill[ cases4 #ad4 ,"h is my record ( iron+ = "o mon?4 ,mon? ---- ,y\r ,"n ---- ,date ,i h iron$3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,demon/rations ,y ,c ,give #a4 ,%[ a dry iron & a /eam-&-dry iron4 ,tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & :5 ea* is to be us$4 #b4 ,display g>m5ts t look nice because !y h be5 iron$ prop]ly1 & ^? t h be5 iron$ improp]ly4 ,expla9 ab\t ! heat1 !rmo/at1 type ( iron & :y results diff]4 ,= ,m ,in=mation ,at a club meet+ ask a p>5t to give a demon/ration ( iron+ diff]5t articles4 ,"s p[] suppli]s or deal]s h p :o w demon/rate ! prop] way to iron1 & h[ to c>e = irons4 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#i ,cr$it ,po9ts #b ,,let',s ,,be ,,fri5ds ,,) ,,electricity ,plan a ,haz>d ,hunt ,electricity c be y\r important lifelong fri5d & help]1 s y w want to "k all y c ab\t x & h[ to treat x prop]ly4 ,h[ev]1 c>eless & improp] use ( electricity c d a lot ( h>m4 ,us$ prop]ly1 & treat$ ) respect1 electricity c d wond]ful ?+s to help y e day 9 _m ways4 ,= safe & prop] use ( electricity1 all wir+1 fitt+s1 insulation1 cords & plugs mu/ be 9 good condition4 ,y c be a detective & track d[n defects 9 any su* type ( electrical equipm5t t y may be us+ 9 y\r home or on y\r f>m4 ,:5 y f9d any?+ t is wrong1 & "k :]e x is1 & "k :at to d ab\t x1 y c v likely correct ! condition y\rself1 su* z replac+ a worn ext5sion cord ) a new "o4 ,if y f9d defects 9 p]man5t wir+1 or "s places :]e wires are b>e or t]m9als are ne$$1 y %\ld tell y\r p>5ts ab\t !m4 ,,safety ,,fir/1 rememb]1 %\ld always be on y\r m9d :5 work+ ) any?+ electrical4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d3 #a4 ,h ,a ,haz>d ,hunt ,g on a ,haz>d ,hunt to see h[ _m electrical haz>ds y c f9d4 ,look = defects su* z brok5 insulation1 worn cords1 splices t are n prop]ly sold]$ & tap$1 loose connections1 or swit*es t ar5't work+ prop]ly4 ,!re are _m ways to h a ,haz>d ,hunt4 ,*oose ! me?od t w be ! mo/ fun4 ,use ! ,haz>d ,hunt ,guide 9 ?is outl9e to *eck y\r home1 & o!r build+s4 ,maybe y'll want to h a fri5d help *eck y\r home1 !n y help him *eck 84 ,or1 :y n give ea* memb] ( y\r family a ,haz>d ,hunt ,guide & h a conte/8 ,p>5ts may want to team up aga9/ y & o!r y\ng] memb]s ( y\r family to see :i* team c f9d ! mo/ electrical haz>ds 9 "s set "t--say #cj m9utes4 ,h a ,haz>d ,hunt ,committee 9 y\r club *eck all memb]'s homes & build+s & report its f9d+s at ! next club meet+4 ,to ,make ,x ,m ,fun #a4 ,put a haz>d tag1 l ! "o %[n1 7,figure #a7 by ea* haz>d t is f\nd4 ,leave x until ! haz>d is correct$4 ,h ano!r conte/ to see :i* memb] ( ! family corrects ! mo/ haz>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a #b4 ,report on y\r ,haz>d ,hunt at ! next club meet+4 ,tell ab\t ! ,haz>ds f\nd1 & :at y h done or plan to d ab\t !m4 #c4 ,sugge/ t ! entire club h an ,electric ,haz>d ,hunt at y\r club meet+ places or any community build+4 ,?is c\ld be "p ( "o meet+4 #d4 ,h a conte/ betwe5 two teams 9 ! club to see :i* team c get ! mo/ homes 9 y\r community *eck$ by ! ,haz>d ,hunt ,guide4 ,los]s c\ld give a p>ty = ! w9n]s4 #b4 ,get ,o!rs ,int]e/$ ,promote a community ,electric ,haz>d ,hunt4 ,enli/ ! support ( p[] suppli]s1 electric supply & equipm5t deal]s1 s*ools1 newspap]s1 radio & television /ations4 ,:at ,to ,look ,= ,make a complete t\r ( y\r home & o!r build+s & see h[ _m haz>ds y c locate4 ,:5 y f9d a haz>d1 put a tag ne> x to m>k x4 ,,safety ,,tips ,put haz>d tags ne> ! haz>d b n directly on brok5 or fray$ wires1 insulators1 fitt+s1 or o!r wir+ equipm5t4 ,d n t\* !m ei!r4 ,badly-fray$ wires %\ld be disconnect$ imm$iately f ! p[] supply4 ,9 ?is way1 y w n expose y\rself to %ock by accid5tally t\*+ an expos$ live wire t may be c>ry+ curr5t4 #d-;,h ,electric ,haz>d ,hunt ,guide ,wir+ & ,protective ,devices #a4 ,cable or conduit splices n 9 boxes---- #b4 ,cable or conduit n securely clamp$ 9 boxes---- #c4 ,conduit or armor$ cable n prop]ly gr\nd$---- #d4 ,crack$ or brok5 insulators 7,figure #b7---- #e4 ,wire n completely cov]$ ) insulation---- #f4 ,worn insulation on wire---- ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b #g4 ,old unus$ wir+ n yet remov$---- #h4 ,outlets1 junction & swit* boxes n securely fa/5$ & cov]s n 9 place---- #i4 ,swit*es n work+ prop]ly 7sp>ks fly z swit* is flipp$7 7,figure #c7---- #aj4 ,fuses n ( prop] amp]e rat+ = circuit---- #aa4 ,ext5sion cord us$ 9 place ( p]man5t wir+---- #ab4 ,pull *a9 socket )\t an insulat+ l9k 9 ! *a9---- #ac4 ,pull *a9 socket ne> plumb+ fixtures or :]e h&s may be wet or "o may /& 9 wat]---- ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c #ad4 ,no moi/ure-pro( cords = outside wea!r conditions or heavy rubb] cords = motors & motor driv5 appliances ,light+ #a4 ,fixtures 9 f>m build+s in/all$ s t !y might be easily damag$ #b4 ,lights 9 haym[s & o!r du/y locations n protect$ by du/pro( globes #c4 ,outside sockets n wat]pro( #d4 ,heat lamps n prop]ly support$ by non-curr5t c>ry+ wire1 *a9s1 or brackets 7,figure #d7 #e4 ,light bulbs n fro/$1 %ad$1 or plac$ s t light is diffus$ to prev5t gl>e ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d ,auxili>y ,wir+ #a4 ,outlets ov]load$--9 o!r words1 octopus wir+ #b4 ,ext5sion cords plac$ "u rugs #c4 ,ext5sion cords run ?r\gh doorways 7,figure #e7 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e #d4 ,ext5sion cords or lamp cords %\ld use und]writ]s' knot 7,figure #f7 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f #e4 ,plug connections fuzzy 7,figure #g7 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g #f4 ,ext5sion cords run ov] heat]s or radiators #g4 ,ext5sion cords1 or appliance or lamp cords1 worn or fray$ #h4 ,heat+ appliances )\t regul> asbe/os cov]$ wire #i4 ,op5 sockets or outlets :]e a baby or small *ild might /ick a f+] or metal toy #aj4 ,brok5 plugs 7,figure #h7---- #aa4 ,loose prongs on appliance or lamps plugs---- ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h ,h[ ,_m ,haz>ds ,did ,y ,f9d8 ,make a *>t li/+ ! haz>ds1 _! locations & :at y did ab\t !m4 ,make y\r own *>t & li/ :at y f9d4 ,demon/rations ,y ,c ,give ,%[ & tell o!rs h[ to h a ,haz>d ,hunt4 ,= ,fur!r ,in=mation ,*eck ) y\r lead]1 !n ask y\r p[] suppli] or a local electrician to tell y ab\t safe electrical wir+1 connections & fixtures4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,haz>d ,location ,:at ,i ,did ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,loose prong on lamp plug,liv+ ,room ,replac$ ) new plug ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,crack$ insultor on ,back ( h\se,notifi$ p[] s]vice wire 9 h\se suppli] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,conduit n securely ,basem5t by ,notifi$ p>5ts clamp$ to box fuse box ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ext5sion cord1 old & ,basem5t1 by ,replac$ ) new worn wa%+ rubb]-cov]$ "o & ma*9e protect$ x f wat] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#aj ,cr$it ,po9ts #c ,,h[ ,,electric ,,bells ,,"w--,,= ,,y ,:5 0 ! la/ "t y want$ to get a simple message l ,y're want$ on ! telephone1 ,!re's someone "h to see y1 or ,!re's a c> 9 ! driveway1 to someone ar\nd y\r place8 ,did y h to walk or run "s di/ance & p]haps %\t1 too1 to be he>d by ! o!r p]son8 ,p]haps y _h to /op "s o!r "w1 or int]rupt y\r favorite k9d ( fun1 to d ?is bit ( mess5g] "w4 ,if ! nature ( ! message is l "o ( ^? m5tion$1 & ! numb] ( p 9 he>+ is n too great1 !n p]haps y c use bells or buzz]s or bo? to d "s ( y\r mess5g] "w = y4 ,ev5 ?\gh a bell or a buzz] c't talk1 x c convey a message4 ,:at to ,d #a4 ,le>n h[ bells & buzz]s "w1 & le>n ab\t ! _m diff]5t k9ds4 #b4 ,plan & in/all a bell sy/em = y\r home or f>m4 ,bells & ,buzz]s ,c ,tell a ,lot ,electric bells & buzz]s use ! same basic pr9ciple z ! telegraph sy/em1 inv5t$ by ,samuel ,morse 9 #ahdj4 ,al?\gh n z important today z x 0 be=e radio1 telephone1 & teletype became common1 ! telegraph is /ill 9 use4 ,bells & buzz]s1 h[ev]1 are v common & h _m uses4 ,!y are mo/ (t5 se5 9 ! =m ( doorbells1 & r>e is ! new home t does n h "o or m4 ,s]vice /ations h bell sy/ems to let ! op]ator "k t a c> is wait+ at ! gas pumps4 ,a clock signal rem9ds ! homemak] :5 ! cook+ "t is complet$4 ,*ildr5 are call$ to & releas$ f s*ool classes by means ( bells & buzz]s4 ,also1 v>i\s al>ms employ+ bells & buzz]s w>n u :5 x's "t to get up1 or ev5 t ! place is on fire1 or t a burgl> is try+ to break 96 ,let's f9d out h[ bells & buzz]s "w1 :at diff]5t k9ds !re are1 ! diff]5t ways y c control !m1 & h[ y c put !m to "w = y4 ,y'll f9d t buzz]s & bells c help y ) y\r #d-;,h projects1 & ) ! prop] controls1 c be y\r eyes & voice 9 a doz5 places at once4 ,:y ,!y ,buzz or ,r+--,electromagnetism ,if we 7 to look at an electric bell ) ! cov] (f1 we'd f9d t x w\ld be v mu* l ,figure #a4 ,a pu% on ! button1 :i* is j a swit* t is normally held op5 or (f by means ( a spr+1 s5ds ! curr5t f ! batt]y or trans=m] ?r\gh ! circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a ,y w see t ! curr5t passes fir/ ?r\gh two small coils ( wire1 & ea* coil has at its c5t] a piece ( s(t iron call$ ! core4 ,:5 ! curr5t is on1 ! core becomes magnetiz$ & attracts ano!r piece ( iron call$ ! armature ) its clapp] atta*$4 ,?is action r+s ! bell1 b x also breaks ! curr5t by pull+ ! spr+ away f ! screw on its return to ! p[] supply4 ,) ! p[] (f1 ! electromagnet lets ! spr+ return ! armature to its normal position1 contact is made aga91 & ! cycle />ts all ov] aga9--j z long z y cont9ue to pu% on ! button4 ,buzz]s "w exactly ! same way1 except t !y d n h a bell & dep5d in/ead on ! vibration ( ! armature = a noise t's n z l\d or z musical4 ,gongs or *imes1 t /rike only once :5 ! button is pu%$1 are made by connect+ ! armature ) ! screw by means ( a flexible wire4 ,a ,special ,k9d ( ,electricity ,mo/ buzz]s & bells "w on a mu* l[] voltage ?an y normally f9d 9 ! wires 9 y\r h\se4 ,"s are made to "w at #f volts1 o!rs at #aj volts1 & /ill o!rs at slightly high] voltages4 ,y c get ^! l[ voltages by us+ "o or m batt]ies1 or by us+ a trans=m] connect$ to y\r h\se curr5t4 ,mo/ bells & buzz]s are n[ p[]$ ?r\gh trans=m]s4 ,h[ to ,control ,!m ,! pu% button is ! mo/ common means ( control4 ,y c use "o button to control sev]al bells1 or sev]al buttons to control "o bell1 or h sev]al buttons control sev]al bells4 ,because l[ voltage is us$1 add+ extra buttons is simple1 inexp5sive1 & safe4 ,buzz]s & bells c also be controll$ by3 clocks1 z 9 ! int]val tim] on an electric range or 9 a s*ool class bell sy/em2 temp]ature detectors1 z 9 a fire al>m or freez] al>m2 door & w9d[ trips1 z 9 a "o-man repair %op or 9 a burgl> al>m2 & treadles1 z 9 ! driveway ( a s]vice /ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b ,pick ! ,"r ,bell or ,buzz] ,"s ( ! _m diff]5t types ( bells1 & v>i\s ways ( controll+ !m are sugge/$ 9 ! table bel[4 ,j rememb] t no matt] :at ! job or conditions1 y c probably f9d a bell or buzz] & controls t suit y\r ne$4 ,,"s ,,typical ,,jobs ,,= ,,bells ,,buzz]s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,numb] & ,type ( location ,numb] & bell or ( bells ,type ( location ,job buzz] & buzz]s control ( controls ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,summon o!rs ,9 ! h\se-- ,en\gh to ,pu%- ,"o at ! to ! small to cov] all buttons telephone telephone m$ium buzz]s usual "w & ea* ,9 locations ext5sion outbuild+s-- phone m$ium to l>ge bells ,outdoors-- l>ge wea!rpro( bell ,all trans=m]- p[]$ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,notify club ,m$ium to l>ge ,"o may be ,hose ,"o--9 memb] t bell-- en\gh--if diaphragm ! c> is at 8 trans=m]- m\nt$ on driveway produce /& p[]$ ! back ( ----------------------- ! /& 7,complete driveway includ+ control1 are available1 ready to plug 947 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,w>n ( p[] ,batt]y-p[]$ ,"o ne> ,relay1 ,"o1 at failure to buzz]1 m$ium ! held op5 ma9 incubator or size p\ltryman's z long z swit* ( brood] b$room p[] is on1 hat*]y clos$ by or spr+ if brood] int]ruption h\se occurs ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,w>n ( ,batt]y-p[]$ ,"o1 9 or ,temp]ature ,"o1 ) dang]\sly buzz]1 m$ium ne> ! detector bulb w>m size kit*5 7s5sitive inside temp]ature !rmo/at7 freez] 9 freez] ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,h[ to ,plan ,y\r ,sy/em ,to save y\r "t & /eps :5 ! telephone r+s = someone else 9 y\r family :o is "s di/ance away1 y c in/all a simple bell or buzz] sy/em to summon t p]son4 ,fir/1 y mu/ plan :at y are go+ to d4 ,on a l>ge %eet ( pap]1 draw to scale 7r\ghly7 a plan ( y\r h\se & gr\nds1 includ+ ^? places :]e phones are locat$4 ,x w help if y rule (f y\r pap] 9 #a_/h or #a_/d squ>es & let ea* squ>e equal "o foot4 ,%[ ! location ( poles support+ y\r wir+4 ,next1 pick out ^? areas :]e y or o!rs w\ld likely be :5 someone else w\ld answ] ! phone & want to call y to x4 ,aft] y h ?\ght ab\t ?is1 & talk$ x ov] ) memb]s ( y\r family1 %[ locations on y\r plan :]e y ?9k y w\ld l to h buzz]s or bells1 & %[ a button beside ea* telephone4 7,g5]ally1 y %\ld h a bell or buzz] ne> ea* phone1 also47 ,figure #c %[s diagrams ( v>i\s types ( sy/ems1 & w help y det]m9e ! numb] ( wires y w h to in/all to connect ! buttons & bells t y h plann$4 ,inside1 y w connect y\r trans=m] & ! v>i\s buttons & bells ) ord9>y indoor bell wire4 ,outdoors1 h[ev]1 y %\ld use wea!rpro( #b-wire or #c-wire telephone twi/4 ,%[ on y\r plan ! di/ances t mu/ be trav]s$ by ea* type ( wire1 & %[ ! numb] ( conductors 9 ea*4 ,don't ov]look ! v]tical di/ances 7"o floor to ano!r74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c ,mat]ials ,y'll ,ne$ ,because no two situations are j alike1 x w be necess>y = y to make y\r own li/ ( mat]ials4 ,z a guide1 h[ev]1 "h is a li/ ( typical mat]ials1 ) ! quantities left blank1 = y to fill 9 z y\r own requirem5ts & measurem5ts dictate4 #aj-volt trans=m] --- ,door buzz]s --- ,doorbells --- ,wea!rpro( outdoor type bells --- ft4 indoor bell wire --- ft4 #b-wire wea!rpro( telephone twi/ --- ft4 #c-wire wea!rpro( telephone twi/ --- lbs4 /aples 7insulat$7 --- entrance insulators 7= atta*+ wea!rpro( to build+s & poles7 ,because y\r trans=m] mu/ be wir$ into y\r regul> h\se curr5t1 y %\ld h "s help on ?is f an electrician or o!r qualifi$ p]son4 ,also1 y %\ld get t p]son to review y\r plans & mat]ials li/ be=e y place an ord]4 ,in/all ,accord+ to ,y\r ,plan ,) ! aid ( an electrician or o!r qualifi$ p]son1 in/all y\r trans=m]1 & te/ x4 ,y may !n g ahead & complete y\r signal sy/em1 *eck+ c>efully ) y\r plan1 & mak+ sure t y\r in/allations are bo? electrically & me*anically secure4 ,te/ y\r sy/em 9 all possible ways t x might be us$4 ,demon/rations ,y ,c ,give ,build a demon/ration bo>d incorporat+ a f>m or home lay\t1 ) pu%buttons or o!r controls & bells & buzz]s appropriately locat$4 ,%[ & tell h[ ! sy/em w\ld save "t & en]gy4 ,%[ & tell h[ "s ( ^! "w1 & _! value3 p[]-(f al>m1 freez] al>m1 fire al>m1 driveway al>m4 ,= ,m ,in=mation ,ask y\r p[] suppli] or y\r ne>e/ electrical supply h\se = catalogs or lit]ature on v>i\s types ( signal sy/ems1 or ask a deal] to %[ y equipm5t he has 9 /ock4 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#aa ,cr$it ,po9ts #b ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,= ,,electrical ,,injuries ,:at w\ld y d if y saw someone :o _h be5 hurt by electricity8 ,did y "k t y c\ld save 8 life1 if y _h tak5 ! "t to le>n & practice a few simple rules ( electrical fir/ aid8 ,fir/ aid tra9+ equips y to "k :at to d & :at n to d = ! injur$ until m$ical help c be obta9$4 ,:ile ! ma9 b5efits are = y & y\r family1 no "o c call himself a good citiz5 if he fails to help a /rang] :o has be5 hurt4 ,! in=mation giv5 "h is only = electrical injuries4 ,p]haps :at y le>n w inspire y to take a complete c\rse 9 fir/ aid4 ,:at to ,d ,le>n h[ to prev5t electrical accid5ts1 & :at to d if an electrical accid5t occurs4 #a4 ,make an electrical haz>d hunt 9 y\r home or on y\r f>m4 ,po9t out to y\r p>5ts ev]y?+ t %\ld be repair$ or replac$ = safety's sake4 #b4 ,read ! fir/ aid sugge/ions t foll[4 ,le>n !m4 #c4 ,get to "k ! six /eps t are outl9$ = m\?-to-m\? rescue brea?+4 ,practice !m on y\r bro!r1 si/]1 or p>5ts4 ,tea* ! entire family h[ to d x4 ,electricity ,c ,kill ,9 ?is day ( hundr$s ( uses ( electricity1 y %\ld "k ab\t electrical dang]s4 ,electrocution c occur f ei!r l[ voltage 7h\sehold type7 or high voltage curr5ts4 ,sometimes h\sehold voltages are m haz>d\s because p und]e/imate ! dang]s involv$4 ,a fraction ( an amp]e pass+ ?r\gh y\r he>t muscles c be fatal4 ,y\r body (f]s "s resi/ance to ! fl[ ( electricity to gr\nd4 ,if y are /&+ on wet gr\nd or 9 wat]1 or if y\r sk9 is damp1 ?is resi/ance is greatly r$uc$4 ,wire cables )9 walls & cords on appliances are all insulat$ ) a %ock pro( cov]+4 ,cont9u$ use1 age1 or damage may expose a b>e wire & create a haz>d4 ,! po9t ( exposure ne$ be only a fraction ( an in*4 ,cords are (t5 us$ & abus$4 ,expos$ wires & signs ( we> are dang] signals4 ,always be w>y ( ov]head wires4 ,p h be5 injur$ or kill$ :5 kite /r+s1 model plane control l9es1 irrigation pipe1 & wat] well equipm5t h come 9 contact ) ! p[] suppli]'s or _! own ov]head wir+4 ,prev5t ,accid5ts ,und]writ]s' ,laboratories 7,,ul7 h tak5 /eps to see t m9imum safety /&>ds are met 9 ! manufacture ( electrical equipm5t4 ,look = ! ,,ul label :5 y buy cords or appliances4 ,nev] place cords "u c>pets or furniture1 or drape !m ov] a nail4 ,replace or repair worn cords )\t delay4 ,be especially c>eful :5 op]at+ electric devices 9 ! ba?room4 ,keep 9 m9d ! dang]s ( a wet floor1 gr\nd$ metal pipes1 & wet sk94 ,turn+ on an ,,ac radio :ile y are tak+ a ba? is ask+ = real tr\ble4 ,!re may be %orts 9 electric devices4 ,keep y\r h&s dry :5 us+ !m1 & d n t\* !m along ) gr\nd$ metal objects4 ,if y ev] get a slight %ock1 s\nd ! dang] signal & d some?+ ab\t x4 ,?9k1 ,!n ,act ,y\r fir/ ?\ght 9 rescu+ a victim f an electrical accid5t %\ld be y\r own safety4 ,spe$ is also important1 because a few seconds or m9utes may save a life4 ,! fir/ "q y %\ld ask y\rself is ,c ,i quickly turn (f ! p[]8 ,?is w\ld be easi] to d 9 ! home ?an outside4 ,9 ! case ( a victim trapp$ 9 a ba?tub f a radio accid5tally knock$ into ! wat]1 x might mean simply remov+ ! plug f ! wall outlet4 ,if a victim is f\nd grasp+ %ort$1 p]man5tly in/all$ equipm5t & _c let g1 ! ma9 swit* might be us$ = quick release ( ! curr5t4 ,outdoors1 especially ) high t5sion wires1 y\r dang] 9 rescue is mu* great]4 ,to h&le ! victim1 t\* him only ) a long dry /ick1 dry rope1 or a long l5g? ( dry clo?4 ,be sure y\r h&s are dry & t y are /&+ on a dry bo>d4 ,a broom might be a good lev] to pry a victim f a high t5sion wire b nev] use a gre5 /ick conta9+ sap4 ,fir/ ,aid ,once ! rescue has be5 made & ! victim is free ( fur!r dang]1 *eck to see if brea?+ has /opp$4 ,if s1 />t artificial respiration imm$iately & s5d someone = a doctor4 ,artificial respiration mu/ be />t$ z soon z possible aft] normal brea?+ ceases4 ,mo/ p]sons w die )9 #f m9utes or less if brea?+ /ops completely unless !y are giv5 artificial respiration4 ,preci\s m9utes may h pass$ be=e y get to ! victim4 ,s9ce ! victim may be )9 seconds ( dea? by ! "t y are able to t\* 8 body1 y %\ld seek to obta9 an air fl[ to & f ! lungs imm$iately4 ,! victim may seem /iff z an effect ( ! curr5t1 s don't give up easily4 ,cont9ue ! proc$ure = sev]al h\rs4 ,if transportation is necess>y1 rememb] t !re may be int]nal injury1 fractures1 or sev]e burns4 ,m\?-,to-,m\? ,rescue ,brea?+ ,!re are v>i\s effective ways to give artificial respiration1 ea* ) its advantages & disadvantages4 ,! m\?-to-m\? me?od is recomm5d$ z a good "o to ma/]4 ,x c be us$ on victims ( dr[n+1 suffocation1 & asphyxiation1 too4 ,p h be5 kn[n to save lives ) less exposure to ! correct proc$ure ?an y are gett+ by read+ ?is4 ,s1 pay att5tion & rememb] :at y read4 ,/ep #a4 ,turn ! victim on 8 back4 ,wipe out victim's m\? quickly4 ,turn 8 head to ! side4 ,use y\r f+]s to get rid ( mucus1 food1 s&1 & o!r matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,head ,position ,/ep #b4 ,/raight5 victim's head & tilt back s t *9 po9ts up4 ,pu% or pull 8 jaw up into jutt+ out position to keep 8 tongue f block+ air passage4 ,?is position is ess5tial = keep+ ! air passage op5 ?r\gh\t ! proc$ure4 ,illu/ration3 ,pu% ,jaw ,up ,illu/ration3 ,p9* ,no/rils ,/ep #c4 ,take a deep brea?1 place y\r m\? tightly ov] victim's m\?1 & p9* no/rils clos$ to prev5t air leakage4 ,= a baby1 cov] bo? nose & m\? tightly ) y\r m\?4 7,brea?+ ?r\gh h&k]*ief or clo? plac$ ov] victim's m\? or nose w n greatly affect ! ex*ange ( air47 ,illu/ration3 ,brea! ,/ep #d4 ,brea! into victim's m\? or nose until y see 8 *e/ rise4 7,air may be bl[n ?r\gh victim's tee?1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be cl5*$47 ,/ep #e4 ,remove y\r m\? & li/5 = ! s\nd ( return+ air4 ,if !re is no air ex*ange1 re*eck jaw & head position4 ,if y /ill d n get air ex*ange1 turn victim on side & slap him on back betwe5 %\ld] blades to dislodge matt] t may be 9 ?roat4 ,aga91 wipe 8 m\? to remove =eign matt]4 ,/ep #f4 ,repeat brea?+1 remov+ m\? ea* "t to all[ air to escape4 ,= an adult1 brea! ab\t #ab times p] m9ute4 ,= a *ild1 take relatively %all[ brea?s1 ab\t #bj p] m9ute4 ,cont9ue until victim brea!s = himself4 ,:at ,did ,y ,le>n8 ,true or ,false #a4 ,a brok5 arm %\ld be spl9t$ be=e artificial respiration is appli$ to a victim :o is n brea?+4 #b4 ,a p]son :o has be5 sev]ely %ock$ ) an electric curr5t %\ld lie d[n4 #c4 ,a doctor %\ld be call$ ev5 ?\gh y successfully h reviv$ a victim's brea?+4 #d4 ,a fraction ( an amp]e ?r\gh ! human he>t muscles c be fatal4 #e4 ,a copp] wire w\ld provide a bett] pa? ?an y\r body = /ray curr5ts1 !re=e all appliances %\ld be gr\nd$ if possible4 #f4 ,outside wires are nev] a haz>d because !y are cov]$ ) insulation :5 !y are in/all$4 #g4 ,cords ne$ n be repair$ until y c see b>e wires4 #h4 ,tun+ 9 an ,,ac radio :ile y are ba?+ is always dang]\s1 ev5 ?\gh y\r h&s are dry4 #i4 ,9 an em]g5cy1 a broom is an acceptable tool = pry+ a victim (f a high t5sion wire4 #aj4 ,9 m\?-to-m\? brea?+1 an adult's lungs %\ld be fill$ #ab times p] m9ute & a *ild's #bj4 ,demon/rations ,y ,c ,give ,%[ h[ to deal ) an electrical fir/ aid problem giv5 to y by y\r lead]4 ,= ,m ,in=mation ,ask y\r lead] to h a fir/ aid exp]t put on a demon/ration4 7,_m indu/rial plants & p[] suppli]s h su* p47 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#ab ,cr$it ,po9ts #c ,,h[ ,,electricity ,,heats ,9 anci5t times1 p ?\ght t heat 0 a mat]ial j z air is4 ,!y call$ x caloric4 ,:5 some?+ got w>m1 !y said1 caloric fl[$ into x4 ,:5 some?+ cool$ (f1 caloric fl[$ out ( x4 ,x did n bo!r !m t !y c\ld n see caloric4 ,!y c\ld n see air ei!r6 ,n[ we "k t heat is n a mat]ial4 ,x does n take up space4 ,x does n weigh any?+4 ,in/ead1 x is a =m ( en]gy4 ,& :5 we say t heat is a =m ( en]gy1 we mean t x c be us$ to d "w4 ,:at to ,d #a4 ,make a simple resi/ance heat]4 #b4 ,make "s popcorn by3 7a7 conduction 7b7 convection 7c7 radiation ,resi/ance ,makes ,heat ,!re are at lea/ f\r ways t electricity c make heat4 ,! "o t we'll cov] "h is resi/ance heat+4 7,! o!rs are3 dielectric heat+1 :]e ! l9es ( =ce ( an electro/atic field pass ?r\gh a non-conductive mat]ial & heat x2 ! heat pump1 :i* is a refrig]ator 9 rev]se2 & electronic heat+1 :i* uses high frequ5cy waves simil> to radio waves to create high spe$ movem5t ( ! molecules or t9y p>ticles :i* rub toge!r to make heat47 ,resi/ance heat+ occurs because e conductor ( electricity opposes ! fl[ ( curr5t ?r\gh x4 ,"s conductors resi/ m ?an o!rs4 ,:5 !y d1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( w>m+ takes place4 ,! m resi/ance t is (f]$1 ! m heat+ !re is4 ,"s mat]ials1 l silv]1 copp]1 & alum9um1 (f] little resi/ance4 ,we say !y are good conductors4 ,o!r mat]ials1 l iron1 (f] m resi/ance4 ,!y are /ill conductors1 b n z good z ! o!rs m5tion$4 ,! size ( ! conductor1 & its l5g? are ! o!r two ?+s t affect its resi/ance4 ,! small] x is1 ! great] its resi/ance4 ,also1 ! long] x is1 ! great] its resi/ance4 ,!re=e1 :5 we only want to move electricity f place to place1 we want relatively l>ge1 good conductors4 ,"h1 we d n want to make heat4 ,9 fact1 we want to avoid x1 because too mu* heat 9 ! wrong place c cause a fire4 ,b :5 we want heat1 we *oose relatively small1 poor conductors1 & ! m heat we want1 ! long] !y mu/ be4 ,if y w ?9k ( ! filam5t inside a lamp bulb2 y may recall t x is a v f9e wire1 coil$ s z to get a maximum l5g?1 & made ( tung/5 :i* has a high resi/ance4 ,because ( all ^! factors1 ?is filam5t gl[s at a :ite heat1 & is a s\rce ( bo? light & heat4 ,make a ,simple ,resi/ance ,heat] ,mat]ials y w ne$3 #a dry cell batt]y #a foot iron picture wire ,pli]s ,use a %ort /r& ( iron picture wire & hook ! ends to ! t]m9als ( a dry cell batt]y4 ,use pli]s s t y d n burn y\r f+]s4 ,disconnect ! wires z soon z !y become hot4 ,tell :y ! wires heat4 ,conduction is ,t\*+ ,heat ,conduction occurs :5 y set a pan conta9+ food "r on a heat+ elem5t4 ,an egg cook+ 9 a hot fry+ pan is a good example ( conduction at "w4 ,?is me?od is ! mo/ effici5t s+le way ( us+ electric heat = cook+4 ,convection ,dep5ds on ,air ,convection w>ms food 9 pans t are n actually t\*+ ! heat+ elem5t4 ,x uses ! hot air ar\nd ! elem5t to c>ry heat to ! pan4 ,y\r ov5 9 y\r range works by convection4 ,mo/ h\ses are w>m$ 9 w9t] 9 ! same way4 ,! heat produc$ 9 a furnace w>ms ! air z x circulates ?r\gh4 ,?is air 9 turn keeps y\r body w>m4 ,radiation is ,l ! ,sun ,radiation heat+ is m difficult to expla94 ,x results :5 heat or en]gy waves /rike an object & are conv]t$ into heat4 ,! en]gy we receive f ! sun is a good example4 ,:5 y are we>+ d>k clo!s on a *illy day1 y may become uncom=tably hot4 ,! sun%9e w>ms y ev5 ?\gh ! air ar\nd y has n be5 heat$4 ,radiant en]gy has a way ( be+ absorb$ by d>k objects & reflect$ by light color$ or %9y surfaces4 ,did y ev] notice h[ sn[ melts fa/] on a black top road ?an x does on a concrete road8 ,! electric heat lamp is "o ( ! mo/ famili> s\rces ( radiant heat4 ,o!r examples are panels & cables t are built into ! walls & ceil+s ( homes to provide heat4 ,make ,popcorn #c ,ways ,h[ d y make popcorn8 ,did y "k t y c d ?is k9d ( a heat+ job ?ree diff]5t ways8 ,mat]ials ,ne$$ ,popcorn ,cook+ oil or %ort5+ ,salt & butt] #d-qt4 saucepan1 ) cov]4 7,a glass cov] is pref]r$47 ,po?old] ,electric range #b #bej-watt heatlamps #b spr+ clamp type lamphold]s ,wire me% corn popp+ basket or wire me% kit*5 /ra9] 7improvise a scre5 wire cov]7 ,fir/1 make popcorn ! way y usually d4 ,set a front surface unit control on ! range at m$ium high4 ,p\r en\gh oil to v lightly cov] ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,:5 ! pan is hot1 p\r 9 en\gh popcorn to cov] ! bottom ) "o lay] ( k]nels4 ,use ! po?old] 9 "o h& to hold ! cov] on1 & ) ! o!r move ! pan back & =? across ! unit4 ,:5 ! popp+ /ops1 remove f ! heat4 ,h[ did ! heat get to ! popcorn8 ,second1 make popcorn 9 ! ov54 ,add ! oil to ! pan1 cov] x & put x 9 ! ov54 ,turn ! ov5 on1 ) ! automatic control set at #djj deg4 ,:5 ! ov5 indicator light goes (f1 ?is means t ! prop] temp]ature has be5 rea*$4 ,) ! po?old]1 remove ! pan & add "o lay] ( popcorn k]nels4 ,replace ! pan 9 ! ov54 ,:5 ! popp+ /ops 7li/5 = x7 remove ! pan4 ,:at k9d ( heat+ took place "h8 ,?ird1 make popcorn ) ! heat lamps4 ,clamp ! lamphold]s to ! back ( a *air or o!r v]tical support4 ,!y %\ld be #f to #h in*es ap>t & po9t$ directly at ea* o!r4 ,put ab\t #b tablespoonfuls ( popcorn 9 ! ,wire basket or /ra9]4 ,d n add oil4 ,hold ! basket midway betwe5 ! two lamps4 ,:5 ! popp+ /ops1 turn (f ! lamps4 ,:at k9d ( heat+ 0 ?is8 ,n[1 butt] & salt ! popcorn y h made & %>e x ) o!rs4 ,:at ,did ,y ,le>n8 #a4 ,h[ is heat transf]r$ f "o body to ano!r8 #b4 ,c\ld *icks or pigs receive w>m? f a heat lamp )\t ! air 9 ! p5s becom+ w>m8 ,expla94 #c4 ,h[ does a broil] unit 9 a range cook meat8 #d4 ,h[ does an ov5 bake food8 #e4 ,tell :y iron picture wire 0 us$ in/ead ( copp] wire = y\r heat+ demon/ration4 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#ac ,cr$it ,po9ts #b ,,my/]i\s ,,magnetism ,9 anci5t times1 p f\nd c]ta9 rocks t clung toge!r 9 bun*es4 ,^! rocks 7 v my/]i\s4 ,p didn't und]/& !m & _m sup]/itions grew up ab\t lode/ones1 z ^! rocks 7 call$4 ,lode/one 7sometimes spell$ load/one7 means lead+ /one4 ,p ev5 told ,columbus n to sail out ( sight ( l& because a giant lode/one 0 j ov] ! horizon wait+ to pull all ! nails out ( 8 %ips4 ,! ,*9ese 7 ! fir/ to use magnets4 ,!y f\nd t if y hung a lode/one by a /r+1 "o end ( ! /one w\ld always po9t 9 ! direction ( ! ,nor? ,/>4 ,!y _h ! fir/ magnetic compasses4 ,an artificial magnet c be made by /rok+ or g5tly rubb+ a piece ( /eel ) a lode/one4 ,?is piece ( /eel !n c be us$ to magnetize ano!r piece ( /eel4 ,?is c be cont9u$ on & on4 ,lode/ones are n always available b y c get ! same results ) an electric curr5t4 ,s1 magnetism & electricity are v closely relat$4 ,:at to ,d ,le>n ab\t magnetism by do+ ! exp]im5ts t foll[4 ,see+ is believ+6 ,mat]ials ,y ,w ,ne$ #b dry cell batt]ies 7#ije7 ,a few feet ( ,no4 #ah bell wire #c /eel knitt+ ne$les or simil> h>d /eel #b ft4 ( light ?read ,%eet ( light c>dbo>d or /iff pap] ,p]man5t magnet 7b> or horse%oe7 ,compass #a or m l>ge nails or spikes ,r$ & black *9a-m>k+ p5cils or crayons ,iron fil+s ,wire cutt]s ,c>pet tacks 7,iron fil+s usually c be f\nd "u ! gr9d+ :eel 9 a %op4 ,if y c't f9d any1 rub "s /eel wool pads toge!r to produce bits ( metal t w d47 ,see a ,magnetic ,field ,cov] ! p]man5t magnet ) ! c>dbo>d or pap]4 ,spr9kle iron fil+s on ! pap]4 ,tap ! pap] & note ! patt]n =m$4 ,/r+s or l9es ( fil+s pass f "o pole ( ! magnet to ! o!r4 ,! area cov]$ by ! fil+s is ! c5t] ( ! magnetic field4 ,to rememb] ?is1 y might comp>e ! magnetic l9es ( =ce t arrange ! iron fil+s to ! cont\r /rips 9 a f>m]'s field4 ,?is magnetic field is "o ( ! important ?+s 9 our ev]yday life ) electricity4 ,if x 7 n = ! magnetic field1 we w\ld n h electric motors4 ,telephones1 radios1 television1 & _m o!r ?+s we use e day also dep5d on ?is magnetic field4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a ,make an ,electro-,magnet ,y c make magnetism "w = y by w9d+ sev]al turns ( insulat$ wire ar\nd "o or m l>ge nails or spikes 7s(t iron74 ,connect "o end ( ! wire to ! batt]y4 ,t\* ! o!r end ( ! wire to ! o!r t]m9al = a few seconds & see h[ _m tacks y c pick up4 ,repeat ! exp]im5t us+ z _m turns z possible4 ,h[ _m m tacks 7 y able to pick up8 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b ,y h made :at we call an electromagnet4 ,:5 y disconnect ! wire1 ! nails fall (f4 ,?is is "o ( ! advantages ( an electromagnet4 ,we c turn magnetism on & (f z we wi%4 ,picture a crane op]ator ?r[+ ! swit* & pick+ up scrap iron & /eel4 ,!n he op5s ! swit* to drop ! scrap metals4 ,s(t iron c be magnetiz$ easily z y h j se51 b loses its magnetism 9 a %ort "t4 ,/eel is h>d] to magnetize b holds its magnetism almo/ indef9itely4 ,make a ,p]man5t ,magnet ,wrap ! insulat$ bell wire ar\nd ! /eel knitt+ ne$le4 ,! wire %\ld be wrapp$ ! full l5g? ( ! ne$le4 ,"o end ( ! wire is connect$ to ! batt]y4 ,! o!r end ( ! wire is !n t\*$ = j a few seconds to ! o!r t]m9al4 ,?is %\ld make ! ne$le into a p]man5t b> magnet4 ,if y did n get results1 try two batt]ies 9 s]ies1 w9d m turns ( wire on ! ne$le1 & leave x connect$ a little long]4 ,d ! same ?+ ) ! second knitt+ ne$le4 ,9 ! same way1 y c magnetize a screwdriv]1 s t y c use x to pick up & hold /eel screws4 ,don't d x unless y want y\r screwdriv] to be magnetiz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c ,see ,h[ ,!y ,attract & ,repel ,take "o ( ! magnetiz$ ne$les & hang x ) a ?read4 ,a ?read /irrup 7,figure #d7 w help keep x level4 ,be sure x is n ne> o!r l>ge pieces ( /eel4 ,wat* ! ne$le4 ,does x settle d[n1 po9t+ 9 "o direction8 7,*eck to see if ?is is ! same direction z y\r compass74 ,if x does1 y h made a compass4 ,! tip ( ! ne$le po9t+ nor? is call$ ! ,nor? ,pole 7,nor?-seek+ pole74 ,! o!r end is call$ ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,m>k ! ,nor? ,pole ) a /roke ( ! r$ m>k+ p5cil4 ,m>k ! ,s\? ,pole black4 ,d ! same ?+ ) ! second ne$le4 ,y c %[ ?is ) a sew+ ne$le1 & a not*$ cork1 & a b[l ( wat]4 ,re/ ! ne$le 9 ! not*$ cork1 & float x on ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d ,hold ! compass ne> ! ,nor? ,pole ( ! ne$le4 ,:at happ5s8 ,does ! ,s\? ,pole ( ! ne$le attract ! ,nor? or ,s\? ,pole ( ! compass8 ,try ?is ) ! second magnetiz$ ne$le4 ,see if y c prove ! rule t l poles repel 7drive away7 & unlike poles attract4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e ,connect "o end ( a wire loop to ! batt]y & run ! wire directly ov] ! compass4 ,t\* ! o!r end ( ! wire to ! batt]y4 ,:i* way does ! compass po9t n[8 ,if y get "s motion out ( ! compass ne$le1 ?is proves !re is a magnetic field ar\nd ! wire :5 curr5t is fl[+4 ,?is relation betwe5 electricity & magnetism is ! ?+ t makes electric motors & g5]ators "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f ,make ,_m ,f ,"o ,lay ! ?ird ne$le 7unmagnetiz$7 on a table & /roke x ) "o ( ! magnetiz$ ne$les4 7,see diagram7 ,always /roke x 9 ! same direction4 ,raise ! magnetiz$ ne$le at lea/ two in*es on ea* return /roke4 ,?us y c magnetize ! ne$le by us+ ! o!r ne$le4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g ,use ! wire cutt]s to cut ! fir/ magnetiz$ ne$le 9 %ort l5g?s4 7,cov] ! ne$le ) a clo? to keep ! pieces f fly+47 ,c y %[ by us+ ! compass t ea* piece is a complete magnet8 ,hold "o end1 !n ! o!r1 ( ea* piece to a compass4 ,does ea* piece h bo? a ,nor? ,pole & a ,s\? ,pole8 ,magnetism & ,animals ,! ?+s y h done %[ t electricity & magnetism are relat$ 9 _m ways4 ,magnetism is my/]i\s1 & !re are /ill ?+s to discov] ab\t x4 ,x is ?\ght t animals & birds are aid$ 9 _! s5se ( direction by magnetism4 ,x is commonly kn[n t :5 a p]son gets lo/ 9 ! woods1 he t5ds to g ar\nd 9 circles4 ,possibly ?is is caus$ by ! e>?'s magnetic field4 ,:at ,did ,y ,le>n8 #a4 ,:]e are natural magnets obta9$8 #b4 ,h[ c artificial magnets be made8 #c4 ,:at mat]ial is ne$$ = a p]man5t magnet8 ,= a tempor>y magnet8 #d4 ,h[ c y f9d out :i* is ! ,nor? ,pole ( an unm>k$ magnet8 #e4 ,h[ _m poles does a magnet h8 #f4 ,:i* magnetic poles attract ea* o!r8 #g4 ,:y c\ldn't y make a compass out ( a /rip ( pla/ic8 #h4 ,:at causes ! compass to *ange direction :5 a wire c>ry+ batt]y curr5t is held ov] ! ne$le8 #i4 ,li/ ! mat]ials y w\ld ne$ & tell h[ y w\ld build a homemade compass4 #aj4 ,tell :at y enjoy$ mo/ ab\t becom+ acqua9t$ ) my/]i\s magnetism4 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#ad ,cr$it ,po9ts #b ,give y\r appliances & lights a squ>e meal ,w\ld y say t hav+ en\gh to eat 0 pretty important 9 ! home t y "k8 ,! food = y\r appliances & lights is electricity1 & l y !y mu/ be f$ en\gh4 ,:at to ,d #a4 ,li/ ! appliances & lights 9 y\r home4 #b4 ,see if any ( !m are />v+ = ! electricity !y ne$4 #c4 ,le>n h[ ! electricity gets to :]e x's us$4 #d4 ,make a *>t ( ! electrical circuits 9 y\r home4 #e4 ,make sure t ea* circuit is protect$ ) ! "r fuse or circuit break]4 ,c\nt ,y\r ,electrical ,bless+s ,_m p 9 mu* ( ! re/ ( ! _w wi% t !y c\ld trade places ) u1 because we h s _m electrical appliances 9 our homes4 ,( c\rse1 we h n always _h z _m appliances z !re are today4 ,:5 electricity fir/ came along1 p us$ x only = lights4 ,!n1 !y began to add flatirons1 wa%+ ma*9es1 refrig]ators1 c(fee p]colators1 & radios4 ,!n m & m electrical ?+s 7 made = p to use & enjoy4 ,n[ we h doz5s & doz5s ( uses = electricity 9 our homes4 ,h[ _m diff]5t uses = electricity are !re 9 y\r home today8 ,ask y\r p>5ts h[ _m !re 7 :5 y\r home 0 built or fir/ wir$4 ,h[ _m 7 common :5 y\r p>5ts began to keep h\se8 ,"s ,homes ,are ,beh9d ,times ,_m old] homes 7 built be=e electricity 0 available1 & 7 wir$ lat]4 ,& l !m1 "s old] homes t 7 wir$ z !y 7 built _h only en\gh wir+ = lights & a few o!r appliances1 because ^? 7 ! only uses t 7 kn[n at t "t4 ,b p kept on liv+ 9 ^! homes1 & kept add+ to ! uses !y made ( electricity )\t add+ to _! wir+4 ,:at has ?is meant8 ,well1 if electricity 7 l c>s & trucks1 y c\ld say t "s p are try+ to put turnpike traffic ?r\gh a back-c\ntry dirt road6 ,wat* = ,signs ( ,/>vation ,( c\rse1 z y\r /ate has done ) its highways1 "s p h exp&$ & mod]niz$ _! wir+4 ,b _m o!rs h n yet se5 ?is ne$1 or if !y h1 !y may h to d x aga94 ,"h's :y3 ,y\r p[] suppli] deliv]s curr5t to y at ! "r voltage or electrical pressure4 ,if ! wires 9 y\r h\se are l>ge en\gh1 !y w pass ?is full voltage on to ! appliances4 ,b if y\r wir+ is too small1 ! electricity arrives at ! appliances s weak t !y c't "w prop]ly1 & mu* ( :at y pay = is wa/$4 ,"h are "s ?+s y c wat* = 9 y\r own home4 ,!y w tell y :e!r y\r appliances are gett+ en\gh electrical food or n4 #a4 ,a %r9k+ ,,tv picture--,if x draws 9 f ! sides ( ! scre51 fades1 loses contra/1 or if ! s\nd becomes di/ort$1 y may h l[ voltage4 #b4 ,too mu* fuse bl[+ or circuit break] tripp+4 #c4 ,heat+ appliances are sl[ to d _! jobs4 #d4 ,lights dimm+1 :5 motors or o!r appliances are turn$ on4 ,!re ,%\ld ,be ,en\gh ,ways to ,get ,appliance-,food ,ar\nd ,if appliances 9 y\r home %[ ^! />vation signs1 !n y may n h en\gh ways = ! electricity to get to :]e x's us$4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( ^! electrical highways or circuits1 & y\r home %\ld h en\gh ( ea*3 #a4 ,g5]al purpose circuits--,^! s]ve lights all ov] ! h\se1 & conv5i5ce outlets ev]y:]e except 9 ! kit*51 laundry1 & d9+ areas4 ,a rule-(-?umb is3 ,!re %\ld be at lea/ "o g5]al purpose circuit = ea* #ejj sq4 ft4 ( floor space4 #b4 ,small appliance circuits--,^! are n us$ = lights1 b in/ead !y supply conv5i5ce outlets 9 ! kit*51 laundry1 & d9+ areas :]e portable appliances are mo/ us$4 ,e home %\ld h at lea/ two small-appliance circuits4 #c4 ,individual or special-purpose circuits--,"o ( ^! is ne$$ = ea*3 electric range1 di%wa%]1 wat] heat]1 freez]1 automatic wa%]1 clo!s dry]1 air condition]1 pump1 & h\se heat+ equipm5t4 ---------------------------------------- - ,actual ,size ---------------------------------------- - ,gauge ,size #ad #ab #aj #h #f ---------------------------------------- - ,fuse or ,break] #ae #bj #cj #dj #ee ---------------------------------------- - ,max4 ,watts at #aae ,v4 #agbe #bcjj #cdej #dfjj #fcbe ---------------------------------------- - ,max4 ,watts at #bcj ,v4 #cdej #dfjj #fijj #ibjj #abgej ---------------------------------------- - ,illu/ration3 ,wire sizes commonly us$ 9 homes ,ea* ,circuit ,big ,en\gh ,! capacity ( ea* circuit is limit$ by ! size ( its wires4 ,! *>t above %[s y ! actual sizes ( wires commonly us$ 9 p]man5t home wir+1 & :at ea* w c>ry4 ,notice t ea* size is giv5 a numb]1 & ! small] ! numb]1 ! bigg] ! wire4 ,also notice t a giv5 size ( wire w c>ry twice z _m watts at #bcj volts z x w at #aae volts4 7,watts are figur$ by multiply+ amps times volts47 ,g5]al purpose circuits usually are ei!r ,numb] #ad or ,numb] #ab wire1 at #aae volts4 ,:at is ! capacity ( ea*1 9 watts8 7,numb] #ab wire is recomm5d$ = all new g5]al purpose circuits47 ,small appliance circuits are requir$ to be at lea/ ,numb] #ab wire4 ,individual circuits are always siz$ accord+ to ! appliance !y s]ve4 ,f9d ! size wire t %\ld be us$ = a #aj1 #jjj-watt1 #bcj-volt range2 a #aejj-watt1 #aae-volt di%wa%]2 a #dejj-watt1 #bcj-volt clo!s dry]4 ,only ,"o ,fuse ,size ,"r ,a fuse 9 an electrical circuit is l an al]t traffic policeman--/opp+ ev]y?+ if !re's dang]4 ,a circuit break] s]ves ! same purpose1 & ! "r size is in/all$ :5 ! wir+ is done4 ,a policeman uses 8 bra9 to tell him :5 to bl[ 8 :i/le1 b a fuse dep5ds on ! size ( ! little fusible 7meltable7 metal l9k t y see "u ! glass4 ,if too great an electrical load is add$ to a circuit1 ?is l9k w melt & prev5t a dang]\s ov]load4 ,if y put 9 a fuse ) too heavy a l9k1 x w n melt 9 "t1 & ! wir+ & equipm5t may be damag$4 ,!re=e ! "r size ( fuse is v important1 & is some?+ t y %\ld *eck 9 y\r own home4 ,see ! *>t above = ! "r fuse = ea* size wire4 ,make a ,circuit ,*>t ,at "o or m places 9 y\r home !re is a box or panel conta9+ ! fuses or break]s = ! v>i\s circuits4 ,atta*$ to ! inside ( ! door ( ea* su* panel %\ld be a *>t some?+ l ?is3 ,illu/ration ------------------------------------- ,no4 ,description ,fuse size ------------------------------------- #a ,range #dj ------------------------------------- #b ,kit*5 ,outlets #bj ------------------------------------- #c ,d9+ ,room ,outlets #bj ------------------------------------- #d ,liv+ ,room ,outlets #ae ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,notice t 9 our *>t we h made columns = a description ( :at ea* circuit s]ves1 its numb] or position 9 ! panel1 & ! prop] size fuse = x4 ,because mo/ su* *>ts leave out ?is la/ v important bit ( in=mation1 y %\ld make a complete new *>t1 l ! "o %[n4 ,provide z _m l9es z !re are fuse positions4 ,pa/e or tape x to ! inside ( ! panel door4 ,!n1 ask p]mission ( y\r p>5ts to disconnect all ! circuits by unscrew+ ! fuses or flipp+ ! circuit break]s4 ,d n t\* any?+ b ! fuse rim4 ,!n reconnect !m1 "o at a "t1 to f9d out :at ea* circuit s]ves4 ,turn on z _m lights z y c1 to help y 9 y\r detective "w4 ,use a te/ lamp at ^? outlets t d n h a light connect$ to !m4 ,write two or ?ree words describ+ ea* circuit on ! prop] l9e on y\r *>t4 ,on a sep>ate %eet1 keep track ( ! appliances & lights t are on ea* circuit1 & add up ! watts4 7,if ! "n-plate ( any appliance gives amp]es1 amps1 or ,a in/ead ( watts1 j rememb] t amps times volts equals watts47 ,?is w tell y if any ( !m are ov]load$4 ,%[ ?is %eet to y\r p>5ts4 ,*eck ! ,wire ,sizes ,disconnect ! ma9 swit*1 & det]m9e ! size ( ! wires 9 ea* circuit4 ,don't include ! insulation 9 y\r measurem5t4 ,,be ,,c>eful6 ,ev5 ?\gh y h disconnect$ ! ma9 swit*1 ! wires com+ into x are /ill live4 ,s1 d n t\* any wires4 ,in/ead hold ! wire size *>t ne> !m s t y c tell :i* gauge ea* "o is4 ,write 9 ! prop] size fuse = ea* circuit on y\r *>t4 ,replace ,any ,wrong-,size ,fuses ,d ! fuse sizes y h writt5 on y\r *>t agree ) ! ones t are 9 place 9 ! panel8 ,get ! "r size fuses & replace any t are wrong4 ,make sure t y h a res]ve supply ( ! "r sizes1 & t !y are h&y = future use4 ,talk x ,ov] ,) ,y\r ,p>5ts ,d y ?9k t y\r home has en\gh ( ! prop] size circuits8 ,if n1 talk x ov] ) y\r p>5ts4 ,!y may want to ask an electrician to g ov] ! wir+ & make ! necess>y *anges4 ,:at ,did ,y ,le>n8 7,und]l9e ! "r answ]47 #a4 ,a 7television set1 radio7 is v s5sitive to *anges 9 voltage4 #b4 ,dimm+ lights mean 7/atic 9 ! wires1 an electrical ov]load74 #c4 ,wires t become w>m f ov]load make x 7m exp5sive1 *eap]7 to op]ate ! equipm5t4 #d4 ,a home ( #b1jjj sq4 ft4 %\ld h at lea/ 7?ree1 f\r7 g5]al purpose circuits4 #e4 ,"o solution to l[ voltage symptoms is 7heavi] fuses1 m circuits74 #f4 ,full capacity = a ,numb] #ad wire circuit at #aae volts is 7#agbe watts1 #cjjj watts74 #g4 ,a room air condition] %\ld be on 7a g5]al purpose1 an individual7 circuit4 #h4 ,! purpose ( a fuse is to 7let y disconnect ! circuit1 automatically prev5t ov]load+ ! circuit74 #i4 ,! "r size fuse is det]m9$ by 7wire size1 ! /ore :]e y buy x74 #aj4 ,a circuit *>t %\ld give 7circuit description & fuse size1 ! mak]'s "n74 ,demon/rations ,y ,c ,give ,ask y\r lead] to help y plan a demon/ration4 ,y c %[ h[ lights dim :5 too _m o!r appliances are connect$1 h[ a fuse protects aga9/ ov]load+1 & ! dang] ( us+ too l>ge a fuse4 ,= ,m ,in=mation ,ask y\r ,ext5sion ag5t1 p[] suppli]1 or electrician = additional help4 ,,lesson ,,no4 ,b-#ae ,cr$it ,po9ts #d ,,y ,,c ,,measure ,,electricity ,in/rum5ts t c detect or measure ! fl[ ( electricity h help$ to make possible ! wond]s ( electricity z we "k !m today4 ,sci5ti/s 9 laboratories mu/ h measur+ devices = exp]im5ts lead+ to new uses ( electricity4 ,p[] suppli]s mu/ h in/rum5ts t tell :at ! g5]at+ equipm5t is do+ & to measure ! am\nt ( electricity be+ sold to us]s4 ,factories ne$ in/rum5ts t keep tab on electrical equipm5t to make sure electricity is be+ us$ effici5tly4 ,9 fact1 almo/ any:]e y f9d electric p[] at "w y'll f9d electrical in/rum5ts--ev5 9 y\r home4 ,! "o y "k be/ measures ! am\nt ( electricity us$4 ,ano!r1 9 ! family c>1 %[s :e!r ! g5]ator is *>g+ ! batt]y or if ! batt]y is dis*>g+4 ,:at to ,d #a4 ,make a simple k9d ( direct-curr5t met] t w %[ y t !re's a magnetic field ar\nd a wire c>ry+ an electric curr5t & t w detect a v t9y curr5t4 #b4 ,make a m ref9$ ,d4,c4 in/rum5t 7galvanoscope7 & measure ! voltage ( diff]5t sizes ( dry batt]ies1 & %[ h[ an electric curr5t c be induc$4 ,tools & ,mat]ials ,y'll ,ne$3 ,pair ( pli]s1 knife1 small hamm] #cj feet ( ,no4 #bd bell or magnet wire ,compass ,two co9s--a p5ny & a dime ,f9e s&pap] ,blott+ pap] ,pla/ic or cellophane tape ,wood5 blocks 7,see ,figure #d7 ,glue #b small nails ,"o #ije dry cell1 a p5light batt]y1 & two regul> fla%light batt]ies ,table salt ,dr9k+ glass #b pap] clips ,two ma*9e bolts ,h[ ,!y ,"w ,l _m electrical ?+s1 mo/ electrical in/rum5ts dep5d on ! action ( magnetism creat$ by an electric curr5t4 ,!re is a magnetic field or l9es ( =ce ar\nd any wire c>ry+ an electric curr5t4 ,if ?is field is controll$ & made to react on a s5sitive device1 l an easily mov$ po9t]1 we h an electrical in/rum5t4 ,detect a ,magnetic ,field ,fir/1 let's prove t !re is a magnetic field ar\nd any wire c>ry+ an electric curr5t4 ,take a piece ( wire ab\t two feet long & scrape (f ab\t an in* ( insulation f ea* end4 ,connect "o end to a batt]y t]m9al4 ,make a loop ( wire t crosses ! face ( y\r compass1 nor? to s\?4 ,n[ t\* ! o!r end ( ! wire to ! o!r batt]y t]m9al4 7,,d ,,n attempt to sub/itute alt]nat+ curr5t1 z f a model railroad trans=m] because its alt]nat+ curr5t w cause ! compass ne$le to sw+ rapidly f "o side to ! o!r47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,put y\r "r h& b5ea? ! wire s t y\r f+]s po9t ! way ! ne$le deflects1 & y\r ?umb w po9t 9 ! direction t ! curr5t is fl[+4 ,:at happ5s8 ,y\r compass ne$le %\ld move to "o side because x is v s5sitive to magnetic influ5ces4 ,?is prov$ t ! wire creat$ a magnetic field or l9es ( =ce :5 we pass$ electricity ?r\gh x4 7,figure #a7 ,detect a ,t9y ,curr5t ,h[ s5sitive is y\r simple electric met]8 ,take ab\t five feet ( wire & wrap x ar\nd y\r compass z 9 ,figure #b1 keep+ ! turns bun*$ toge!r z mu* z y c4 ,leave ab\t six in*es at bo? ends ( ! wire ext5d$ = leads4 ,scrape ! insulation (f ! la/ in* ( bo?4 ,rotate ! coil & compass until ! ne$le & coil are p>allel1 bo? po9t+ nor? & s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b ,take a copp] p5ny & a dime1 & clean (f any corrosion or film on ! co9 faces ) a bit ( f9e s&pap]4 ,n[ take a piece ( blott+ pap] ab\t ! size ( ! p5ny & dip x into /rong salt wat]4 ,place ! damp blott+ pap] betwe5 ! p5ny & ! dime4 ,place "o ( y\r compass coil leads aga9/ ! dime1 & ! o!r aga9/ ! p5ny z %[n 9 ,figure #c4 ,be sure y h good metal-to-metal contact betwe5 ! wires & ! co9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c ,at ! in/ant t y squeeze ! leads aga9/ ! co9s1 wat* :at is happ5+ to ! compass ne$le4 ,x %\ld move = an in/ant f ! nor? position ea* "t y press ! leads aga9/ ! two co9s4 ,obvi\sly1 ! little co9 batt]y y h j made produces a v weak electrical curr5t4 ,ev5 s1 y\r in/rum5t %\ld be able to detect x4 ,make a ,simple ,galvanoscope ,n[ let's make a met] t is a little m practical to use4 ,broadly speak+1 a galvanoscope is an in/rum5t t detects ! pres5ce ( electric curr5ts4 ,x s\nds complicat$ b x is really q simple4 ,x is nam$ 9 honor ( an ,italian pr(essor nam$ ,galvani :o made important e>ly exp]im5ts ) electricity4 ,a ref9em5t ( ! galvanoscope is today's galvanomet]4 ,o!r relat$ in/rum5ts are ! voltmet] & ammet]4 ,^! are v important in/rum5ts to ! electrical eng9e]4 ,us+ a glass or any?+ ?ree to f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 w9d ab\t #bj turns ( wire 9 a bun*$ coil z 9 ,figure #d4 ,wrap ! coil at sev]al po9ts ) cellophane or pla/ic tape to keep x f unw9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d ,make a wood base = y\r coil z %[n 9 ,figure #d4 ,! compass support blocks c be ?9 wood slats4 ,d n atta* !m ) /eel nails or tacks4 ,use glue in/ead4 ,hold ! coil 9 ! slot betwe5 ! blocks ) glue or melt$ wax or use copp] /aples4 ,place ! compass on ! supports & rotate ! base s t ! compass ne$le & coil are p>allel1 po9t+ nor? & s\?4 ,measure ! ,voltage ( ,batt]ies ,d y "k :at diff]5ce ! size ( dry cell batt]y makes 9 ! voltage x supplies8 ,y\r met] c tell y4 ,to te/ ! voltage ( batt]ies we mu/ be able to control our galvanoscope4 ,to d ?is1 connect a glass ( /rong salt wat] 9 s]ies ) ! batt]y z %[n 9 ,figure #e4 ,make sure ! wire ends imm]s$ 9 ! salt wat] are scrap$ free ( enamel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e ,) "o ( ! batt]ies connect$1 move ! wires 9 ! salt wat] fir/ clos]1 !n f>!r ap>t 7keep+ !m p>allel to ea* o!r7 :ile wat*+ y\r compass ne$le4 ,:5 ! ne$le /ays #ae to #bj degrees (f nor?1 lock ! wires 9 ! salt solution 9 place ) pap] clips4 ,n[ disconnect ! batt]y y h be5 us+ & connect a small] batt]y4 ,if bo? batt]ies are fre%1 ! compass ne$le %\ld return to almo/ ! same spot4 ,?is proves t bo? batt]ies reg>dless ( size put out ! v same voltage4 ,! l>g] ones1 h[ev]1 are design$ to la/ long]4 ,measure ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,s]ies & ,p>allel ,us+ ! salt solution z 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t1 connect two fla%light batt]ies 9 s]ies z %[n 9 ,figure #f4 ,! compass ne$le %\ld move ab\t twice z f> z x did ) "o batt]y connect$4 ,?is %[s t :5 y connect batt]ies ?is way y d\ble _! voltage4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f ,n[ place y\r batt]ies side by side & connect ! two top t]m9als & ! two bases z %[n 9 ,figure #g4 ,! compass ne$le %\ld move only z mu* z x did = "o batt]y4 ,?is is call$ a p>allel connection4 ,y c see t ?is arrangem5t does n d\ble ! voltage1 ev5 ?\gh y us$ two batt]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g ,:ile y h ?is hookup1 try rev]s+ ! position ( ! leads connect$ to y\r batt]ies4 ,notice t rev]s+ ! direction ( curr5t fl[ 9 ! coil causes ! compass ne$le to sw+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,te/ = ,induc$ ,curr5t ,make a simple coil by w9d+ ab\t #ej turns ( wire ar\nd a ma*9e bolt core4 ,! bolt %\ld be #a_/d to #a_/b 9 diamet] & ab\t two in*es long4 ,connect ! coil to y\r galvanoscope z %[n 9 ,figure #h4 ,pass ! coil back & =? close to ! end ( a p]man5t magnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h ,notice a slight deflection ( ! compass ne$le ) ea* pass4 ,y h %[n t electricity c be induc$ 9 a wire coil by mov+ x ?r\gh a magnetic field4 ,curr5ts g5]at$ 9 ?is way are call$ induc$ curr5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i ,n[ make ano!r coil & core j l ! fir/ "o & arrange !m & a connection z %[n 9 ,figure #i4 ,if y make & break ! curr5t to ! second coil1 y w build up & collapse a magnetic field ar\nd ! fir/ coil & aga9 induce a curr5t 9 x4 ,y w see ! compass ne$le sw+ back & =? aga94 ,^! la/ two exp]im5ts give y a crude idea ( h[ an electric g5]ator works1 produc+ electric curr5t by induction z a coil-w\nd rotor revolves )9 a magnetic field4 ,:at ,did ,y ,le>n8 ,:at does e curr5t-c>ry+ wire h ar\nd x8 ,h[ does ?is help u to measure electricity8 ,h[ s5sitive are electrical in/rum5ts8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 voltage betwe5 7a7 a l>ge & a small dry cell8 7b7 batt]ies connect$ 9 s]ies & 9 p>allel8 7c7 y\r orig9al connection & ! rev]se ( x8 ,:at simil>ity does ! te/ = induc$ curr5t %[ betwe5 movem5t ?r\gh a magnetic field & ! mak+ & break+ ( a direct curr5t8 ,demon/rations ,y ,c ,give ,%[ o!rs h[ y\r galvanoscope c detect3 :e!r a batt]y is produc+ curr5t1 :i* way ! curr5t is fl[+1 & :e!r a curr5t is /rong or weak4 ,demon/rate h[ a curr5t c be g5]at$ us+ magnetism4 ,= ,m ,in=mation ,ask y\r p[] suppli] repres5tative to %[ y "s ( ! in/rum5ts us$ by 8 organization1 & to give y a brief explanation ( h[ !y "w4 ,ask him or an electrician to give y a demon/ration ( a split-core ammet]4