,,dw>f ,,fruit ,,trees ,,o!r ,,books ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,illu/ration ,,l&scape ,,g>d5+ ,,plums ,,& ,,plum ,,culture ,,fruit ,,h>ve/+1 ,,/or+1 ,,m>ket+ ,,sy/ematic ,,pomology ,illu/ration3 ,,dw>f ,,*]ry ,,tree ,two ye>s plant$ ,,dw>f ,,fruit ,,trees ,,_! ,,propagation1 ,,prun+1 ,,& ,,g5]al ,,managem5t1 ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,canada ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,waugh ,,illu/rat$ ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,company #aijf ,,copyright1 #aijf ,,by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,,preface ,! comm]cial int]e/s h s cont9u\sly & completely held ! horticultural /age 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! la/ two decades t x has be5 impossible = amateur horticulture to get 9 a ^w edgewise4 ,any public speak] or writ] has _h to talk ab\t sev]al acres at a "t or he w\ld n be li/5$ to4 ,he has be5 oblig$ to insi/ t 8 s*eme w\ld pay on a comm]cial scale be=e anyone w\ld he>1 mu* less consid]1 :at he _h to tell4 ,b n[ a *ange is com+4 ,diff]5t conditions are already ^u u4 ,a ?\s& signs indicate ! new era4 ,) hundr$s--yes ?\s&s--( m5 & wom5 n[ horticulture is an avocation1 a pa/ime4 ,!y gr[ trees l>gely = ! pleasure ( x2 & _! g>d5s are built amid/ surr\nd+s :i* w\ld make comm]cial pomology laugh at itself4 ,& s ,i und]take to (f] ! fir/ ,am]ican fruit book 9 a qu>t] c5tury :i* c boldly decl>e its indep5d5ce ( ! pr(essional elem5t 9 fruit gr[+4 ,i am confid5t t dw>f fruit trees h "s comm]cial possibilities1 b !y are ( f> great] importance to ! small h\sehold]1 ! own] ( ! private e/ate1 ! village dwell]1 ! suburbanite & ! commut]4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ,i hope t all good p w be int]e/$ 9 dw>f fruit trees & t "s ( !m w %>e ! en?usiasm ( :i* ?is book is begott51 ,i d n want anyone to ?9k t ,i h issu$ any gu>anty1 express$ or impli$1 t dw>f trees w op5 a pay+ comm]cial ent]prise4 ,because ! argum5t t a ?+ pays has be5 s long ! only recomm5dation (f]$ = any horticultural s*eme1 _m p]sons h =m$ ! habit ( assum+ t e sort ( praise /&s on ?is "o f\ndation4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,waugh4 ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college1 #aijf4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,i4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations #a ,,ii4 ,advantages & ,disadvantages #h ,,iii4 ,propagation #bb ,,iv4 ,prun+ #cc ,v4 ,special ,=ms #da ,,vi4 ,g5]al ,managem5t #ea ,,vii4 ,dw>f ,apples #fc ,,viii4 ,dw>f ,pe>s #gf ,,ix4 ,dw>f ,pea*es #hc ,x4 ,dw>f ,plums #ij ,,xi4 ,bu% ,fruits #ii ,,xii4 ,fruit ,trees 9 ,pots #ajf ,,xiii4 ,p]sonalia #aab ,index #abe ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,dw>f ,*]ry ,tree ,frontispiece ,,fig4 ,,page #a ,dw>f ,apple ,trees 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york #c #b ,tra9$ ,cordon ,apple ,trees #e #c ,bism>ck ,apple #g #d ,pe> ,tree ,tra9$ z an ,espali] #i #e ,bu% ,apple ,tree #aa #f ,plums z ,upright ,cordons #ag #g ,p>adise ,apple ,/ocks 9 ,e>ly ,spr+ #be #h ,! ,we/]n ,s& ,*]ry #cj #i ,upright ,cordon ,plum #ca #aj ,bu% ,apple #cd #aa ,bu% ,apple1 ,?ree ,ye>s ,old1 ,be=e ,prun+ #cg #ab ,bu% ,apple1 ,same ,tree1 ,aft] ,prun+ #cg #ac ,cordon ,pe>s ,be=e ,prun+ #ci #ad ,cordon ,pe>s ,aft] ,prun+ #ci #ae ,pe>s 9 ,d\ble ,u ,=m #dc #af ,pe>s 9 ,u ,=m #de #ag ,apricots 9 ,u ,=m #dg #ah ,pe> 9 ,espali] #dh #ai ,old ,espali] ,pe>s on ,f>m ,h\se ,wall #di #bj ,horizontal ,cordon ,apple & ,o!r ,dw>f ,trees #eb #ba ,design = a ,back ,y>d ,fruit ,g>d5 #ec #bb ,dw>f ,fruit ,g>d5 #ee #bc ,fruit ,g>d5+ & ,l&scape ,g>d5+ ,comb9$ #ei #bd ,a ,fruit ,g>d5 ,conta9+ ,_m ,dw>f ,trees #fa #be ,dw>f ,apples on ,pr(4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,f>m1 ,new ,york #fe #bf ,upright ,cordon ,apples #fg #bg ,horizontal ,cordon ,apple ,trees #ga #bh ,"y ,or*>d ( ,dw>f ,pe> 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york #gf #bi ,dw>f ,pe> 9 ! ,old & ,pr(itable ,yeomans ,or*>d1 ,new ,york #gg #cj ,or*>d ( ,dw>f ,du*ess ,pe>1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 #gi #ca ,pyramid ,pe>s 9 a ,g]man ,or*>d #hj #cb ,dw>f ,pea* 9 ,nurs]y #hd #cc ,espali] ,pea*1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 #he #cd ,pea* 9 ,fan ,espali] on ,wall--,engl& #hg #ce ,pea* ,trees ,tra9$ ,"u ,glass #hh #cf ,plum ,trees ,tra9$ z ,upright ,cordons #ia #cg ,burbank ,plums on ,upright ,cordons ,tra9$ to ,trellis #ie #ch ,currants z ,fan ,espali]s on ,trellis #ajj #ci ,gooseb]ry ,fan ,espali] #ajb #dj ,tree ,=m ,gooseb]ry #ajd #da ,a ,fruit+ ,pea* 9 ,pot #ajh #db ,a ,fig ,tree 9 a ,pot #aaj #dc ,dw>f ,pe> #aag #dd ,*5ango ,apples 9 ,pr(4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,or*>d #aba ,,dw>f ,,fruit ,,trees ,i ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations ,a dw>f fruit tree is simply "o :i* does n rea* full size4 ,x is n s l>ge z x might be expect$ to be4 ,x is small] ?an a normal tree ( ! same v>iety & age4 ,!re are inde$ "s trees :i* are normally dw>f1 s to speak4 ,!y nev] rea* a consid]able size4 ,!y are small] ?an o!r bett] kn[n & relat$ species4 ,= example1 ! species ,prunus pumila besseyi is sometimes call$ ! dw>f s& *]ry1 simply because x is always notably small] ?an relat$ species4 ,! ,p>adise apple is spok5 ( z a dw>f because x nev] atta9s ! /ature :i* o!r apples atta94 ,b 9 ! te*nical s5se1 z ! t]m is us$ by nurs]ym5 & pomologi/s1 a dw>f tree is "o :i* is made1 by "s artificial means1 to gr[ small] ?an normal trees ( ! same v>iety4 ,^! artificial means us$ = mak+ dw>f trees are *iefly ?ree3 7#a7 propagation on dw>f+ /ocks1 7#b7 repressive prun+1 & 7#c7 tra9+ to "s prescrib$ =m4 ,,dw>f+ ,,/ocks ,! mo/ common & important means ( secur+ dw>f trees is t ( propagat+ !m on dw>f+ /ocks4 ,^! are simply su* roots z make a sl[] & weak] gr[? ?an ! trees f :i* cions are tak54 ,?is w be und]/ood bett] f a concrete example4 ,! qu9ce tree normally gr[s sl[] ?an ! pe>1 & usually rea*es ab\t half ! size at maturity4 ,n[ pe> cions w unite readily ) qu9ce roots & w gr[ 9 good heal? = _m ye>s4 ,b :5 a pe> tree is ?us dep5d5t = daily food on a qu9ce root x f>es l ,oliv] ,twi/4 ,x nev] gets en\gh4 ,x is always />v$4 ,x makes consid]ably less annual gr[?1 & nev] 7or at lea/ seldom7 rea*es ! size :i* x might h rea*$ if x _h be5 gr[+ on a pe> root4 ,?is is1 some:at r\ghly /at$1 ! :ole !ory ( dw>f+ fruit trees by graft+ !m on sl[-gr[+ /ocks4 ,! tree top is always "u-n\ri%$ & ?us re/ra9$ 9 its ambiti\s gr[? ( bran*es1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,:ile ! tree is made ?us small] by be+ graft$ on a re/ra9+ root1 x is n affect$ 9 its o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,at lea/ !oretically x is n4 ,x /ill be>s ! same k9d ( fruit & foliage4 ,b>tlett pe> trees budd$ on qu9ce roots yield fruit true to "n4 ,! pe>s are /ill ,b>tletts1 & c n be told f ^? gr[n on an ord9>y tree4 ,sometimes ! fruit f dw>f trees seems to be bett] color$ or bett] flavor$ ?an t f /&>d trees2 b su* diff]5ces are v delicate & usually receive slight ?\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--;,,dw>f ,,apple ,,trees ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,new ,,york ,dw>f fruit trees h n be5 v l>gely gr[n 9 ,am]ica1 b h be5 mu* m widely us$ 9 ,europe4 ,?is /atem5t holds good ei!r = comm]cial plantations or = private fruit g>d5s4 ,!y are com+ into m common use 9 ?is c\ntry because1 9 bo? m>ket or*>ds & amateur g>d5s1 our pomology is com+ to be some:at m l t ( ,europe4 ,our conditions are approa*+ ^? ( ! ,old ,_w1 ev5 ?\gh !y w always be v diff]5t f ^? ( ,europe 9 horticultural matt]s4 ,dw>f fruit trees are p>ticul>ly valuable 9 small g>d5s2 & small g>d5s are becom+ con/antly m popul> among our urban1 & especially our suburban1 population4 ,?is matt] is discuss$ m fully 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,fruit ( f9] quality c be gr[n on dw>f trees1 z a g5]al rule1 ?an c usually be gr[n on /&>d trees4 ,e ye> !re are m p 9 ,am]ica :o are will+ to take any necess>y pa9s to secure fruit ( extra quality4 ,?is rem>k applies p>ticul>ly to amateur fruit gr[]s & to own]s ( private e/ates :o gr[ fruit = _! own tables1 b x is no less true ( a c]ta9 class ( fruit buy]s1 especially 9 ! ri*] cities4 ,al?\gh #c a b>rel is /ill a high price = ord9>y good apples1 sales ( fancy apples at #c a doz5 fruits are by no means infrequ5t 9 ! city m>kets e w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--,,tra9$ ,,cordon ,,apple ,,trees ,f ,loebn]'s ,zw]gob/baeume ,9 ?is respect also we are approa*+ ,european conditions4 ,9 ! m>kets ( ! cont95tal capitals 9 p>ticul> fancy fruits are frequ5tly sold at prices :i* seem almo/ incr$ible to an ,am]ican4 ,s+le apples sometimes br+ #ej c5ts to a doll>1 & pea*es an equal price4 ,j rec5tly a /ory has be5 go+ ! r\nds ( ! newspap]s t ! cat]] = ! ,cz>'s table sometimes pays z high z #ae apiece = pea*es = ! royal table4 ,h]eupon a solemn ,am]ican editor rem>k$ t if ! :ole royal family %\ld live ^u no?+ b pea*es x w\ld /ill be *eap] ?an c>ry+ on ! ,japanese w>4 ,n[ if !re is any:]e )9 rea* a m>ket = apples or pea*es at #c a doz5 specim5s--& !re unque/ionably is--!n x w pay to gr[ fancy fruits ) special c>e to meet ?is dem&4 ,?is k9d ( fruit c be gr[n bett] ^u dw>f trees ?an ^u /&>ds 9 _m cases1 if n 9 mo/4 ,at lea/ su* is ! conviction ( ! pres5t writ]4 ,moreov] ?is has be5 ! exp]i5ce 9 ! old c\ntry4 ,) su* facts 9 view !re seems to be a possible future = dw>f fruit trees1 ev5 = comm]cial purposes4 ,_! pres5t utility 9 amateur g>d5s & on weal?y private e/ates c n be que/ion$4 ,^! v>i\s amateur & comm]cial adaptations ( dw>f trees w h to be m c>efully analyz$ & discuss$ 9 a future *apt]1 & ! subject may !re=e be dropp$ = ! pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c--;,,bism>ck ,,apple1 ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,,plant$ #bb in*es high2 be>+ #d fruits ,,ii ,,advantages ,,& ,,disadvantages ,x is a good prejudice :i* expects e man :o writes any?+ to be en?usia/ic ov] 8 subject4 ,su* en?usiasm d\btless leads a writ] _m times to ov]-/ate 8 case1 & to claim m ?an ! calm judgm5t ( ! multitude w ratify4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 read]s usually tacitly disc\nt ! /atem5ts ( any man :o writes ab\t any matt] 9 :i* he is pla9ly int]e/$4 ,! pres5t writ] kn[s t he is also "u ! ban1 & t ! read] firmly expects him to claim m = dw>f fruit trees ?an _! m]its w fairly w>rant4 ,?is expectation ! writ] hopes to disappo9t4 ,x w be en\gh to set d[n "h ! obvi\s advantages & disadvantages :i* ! horticulturi/ w meet 9 h&l+ dw>f fruit trees4 ,^! /atem5ts are mo/ly ( matt]s ( common exp]i5ce & !y ne$ no color+ to make !m s]ve _! pres5t purpose4 ,we may fairly set d[n ! foll[+ good po9ts /&+ m or less g5]ally to ! cr$it ( dw>f fruit trees3 #a4 ,e>ly be>+4--,?is is a suffici5tly obvi\s advantage4 ,! ,alex&] apple w be> ! second ye> aft] plant+ :5 gr[n z a dw>f1 :ile x requires six to t5 ye>s to come into be>+ z a /&>d4 ,?is habit ( e>ly be>+ proves valuable 9 _m ways4 ,x enc\rages m5 to plant trees4 ,! dis9cl9ation ( old m5 to plant trees re/s ^u ! sl5d]ness ( ! *ance t !y w ev] ga!r ( ! fruit4 ,b a man may plant dw>f trees :5ev] 8 expectation ( life is two ye>s or m4 ,su* trees w\ld s]ve octog5>ians1 consumptives & ^? s5t5c$ to be hang$ = murd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d--,,pe> ,,tree1 ,,tra9$ ,,z ,,an ,,espali] ,e>ly be>+--to return to ! subject--makes dw>f trees valuable to t l>ge & un=tunately gr[+ class ( citiz5s :o r5t ! premises :]e !y live4 ,!y d n expect to /ay m ?an five or six ye>s 9 any "o place4 ,9 t l5g? ( "t ord9>y trees w\ld n beg9 to yield any fruit4 ,b ) dw>f trees !re is excell5t probability ( see+ some?+ rip54 ,!n aga9 e>ly be>+ is a great advantage :5 "o is te/+ new or old v>ieties4 ,x is a great advantage :5 a comm]cial or*>d is design$ & :5 dw>f trees are us$ = fill]s z expla9$ bel[4 #b4 ,small size4--,! v smallness ( ! dw>f trees has _m advantages 9 x4 ,! trees are easi] to rea* & to c>e =4 ,!y are easi] to prune & to spray4 ,?is facility 9 spray+ is :at has *iefly recomm5d$ small] fruit trees to comm]cial fruit gr[]s 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ^? places :]e ! ,san ,jose scale is a p]5nial problem a v l>ge tree becomes an impossibility1 & ! small] ! trees c be ! bett] x suits4 ,! small size ( dw>f trees p]mits ! plant+ ( l>g] numb]s on a giv5 area4 ,?is is specially wor? :ile to ! amateur :o has a small g>d5 :]e only ?ree or f\r /&>d trees c\ld gr[1 b :]e he c com=tably h&le =ty or fifty dw>fs4 ,yet x is also wor? ! consid]ation ( ! comm]cial fruit gr[] :o is try+ to e>n a pr(it on exp5sive l&4 ,if he c increase ! numb] ( be>+ trees on ea* acre1 especially dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( e/abli%+ 8 or*>d1 x almo/ c]ta9ly means increas$ income4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e--;,,bu% ,,apple ,,tree1 ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,,plant$ #c4 ,high quality4--,x is n p]fectly c]ta9 t e k9d ( fruit c be produc$ 9 high] quality on dw>f trees ?an on /&>ds1 b su* is ! g5]al rule4 ,?is is notably true ( c]ta9 pe>s1 z ,bu]re ,giff>d & ,doy5ne du ,comice1 & x is g5]ally ! case ) all apples t c be successfully gr[n on ,p>adise roots4 ,"o c secure size1 color1 flavor & f9i% on an ,alex&] or a ,rib/on ,pipp91 = example1 :i* c nev] be secur$ on a /&>d tree4 ,"o :o has n se5 ?is ?+ done w h>dly und]/& x2 ^? :o h w n ne$ m argum5t4 ,su* plums z we h fruit$ on dw>f trees h %[n simil> improvem5t 9 quality1 be+ always di/9ctly sup]ior to ! same v>ieties gr[n on /&>d trees4 ,! significance ( ^! facts w appe> at once to any "o famili> ) ! c\rse ( ! fruit m>kets 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re are great] rew>ds await+ ! fruit gr[] :o c produce fruit ( sup]ior quality ?an ! "o :o succe$s m]ely 9 increas+ ! quantity ( 8 output4 ,,special ,,uses ,,= ,,dw>f ,,trees ,^! v>i\s items ( advantage recomm5d dw>f fruit trees = sev]al specific purposes1 "s ( :i* are wor? po9t+ out 9 detail4 #a4 ,= suburban places4--,a l>ge & increas+ p]c5tage ( our population n[ lives ! suburban life--9 t zone :]e city & c\ntry meet4 ,!y h small tracts ( l&1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y too (t5 lease in/ead ( own+4 ,on ^! !y d m or less g>d5+1--usually m1 9 proportion to ! size ( _! hold+s4 ,= !m dw>f fruit trees are a preci\s boon4 ,x is possible to plant ?ree hundr$ to five hundr$ dw>f fruit trees on a qu>t] ( an acre1 :]e less ?an a doz5 /&>d trees w\ld fl\ri%4 ,?is gives ! opportunity to exp]im5t ) all sorts & v>ieties ( fruits1 a privilege v de> to ! he>t ( ! commut]4 ,! dw>f fruit trees also "w m readily into a s*eme ( m or less ornam5tal g>d5+1 :]e fruits are comb9$ ) vegetables & fl[]s4 ,especially if "s sort ( =mal g>d5+ is attempt$1 ! cordons1 espali]s & pyramids exactly suit ! dem&s4 ,!n ! fact1 already m5tion$1 t ! dw>f trees come into be>+ mu* soon]1 is a consid]ation ( ! highe/ value to ! suburban g>d5]4 ,he fully expects to move f "o home to ano!r at lea/ once 9 t5 ye>s1 if n once 9 five4 ,) ! be/ ( int5tions & ! mo/ favorable ( opportunities he c h>dly expect to settle d[n any:]e = life4 ,! suburbs !mselves *ange too rapidly = t2 & ! place :i* today is away (f 9 ! c\ntry may be all cov]$ ) factories five ye>s f n[4 ,x is t]ribly disc\rag+1 "u su* circum/ances1 to plant a tree kn[+ t t5 ye>s mu/ pass be=e any consid]able fruitage c be expect$ f x4 ,x is altoge!r ano!r feel+ ) :i* "o plants a tree :i* promises fruit )9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,s t1 :atev] ! drawbacks to ! plant+ ( dw>fs1 !y are ! salvation ( ! suburban g>d54 ,= su* circum/ances !y c be freely recomm5d$1 )\t exception or res]vation4 #b4 ,= or*>d fill]s4--,z comm]cial or*>d+ becomes m ref9$1 "u ! /ress ( mod]n competition1 & z good or*>d l& increases 9 value1 up to "o hundr$1 two hundr$1 or ev5 ?ree hundr$ doll>s an acre1 new me?ods mu/ be adopt$ ) a view to increas+ ! returns4 ,?is opportunity looms especially l>ge = ! fir/ few ye>s aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! comm]cial or*>d1 m p>ticul>ly ! apple or*>d4 ,:5 /&>d trees are plant$ ?irty-five to ! acre1 :i* is n[ ! usual practice1 ! l& is n m ?an "o-f\r? occupi$ = ! fir/ five ye>s1 & n m ?an half occupi$ = ! fir/ t5 ye>s4 ,inde$ x is full tw5ty ye>s f ! "t ( plant+ be=e ! ?irty-five apple trees w use ! :ole acre4 ,& s9ce a good f>m] c n af=d to let exp5sive l& lie idle he has be=e him a v pretty problem to det]m9e h[ ! space betwe5 ! /&>d trees %all be utiliz$ dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! or*>d's gr[?4 ,sev]al diff]5t me?ods are 9 vogue = ! solution ( ?is problem2 b probably ! be/ "o is t sy/em :i* supplies fill]s or tempor>y trees betwe5 ! /&>d or p]man5t ones4 ,9 an or*>d ( /&>d apple trees ^! fill]s may v prop]ly be dw>f apple trees2 or betwe5 /&>d pe>s dw>f pe>s may be plant$4 ,if !re are ?irty-five /&>d apple trees to an acre1 & if a dw>f tree is plac$ half way betwe5 ea* two /&>ds 9 e direction1 includ+ ! diagonal direction1 ?is w make "o hundr$ & five dw>f trees1 or "o hundr$ & =ty trees 9 all1 in/ead ( ! ?irty-five trees ) :i* ! acre ( apple or*>d l& is m commonly furni%$4 ,! dw>f apple trees w be be>+ good crops at ! end ( five ye>s at mo/2 & !y c be kept on ! l& = five ye>s long] at ! lea/1 be=e !y w beg9 to cr[d ! p]man5t /&>ds4 ,dur+ ^! five ye>s1 if ! or*>d has a pay+ managem5t at all1 !y w easily pay all ! exp5ses ( ! ent]prise1 & %\ld leave a sub/antial balance ( pr(it4 ,z ?is sy/em ( fill+1 or int]plant+1 comm]cial or*>ds is becom+ m & m common1 ! suitability ( dw>f trees1 = ?is purpose1 becomes m g5]ally evid5t4 #c4 ,= s*ool g>d5s4--,?us f> s*ool g>d5s 9 ,am]ica h be5 mo/ly tempor>y & exp]im5tal affairs4 ,b we are already satisfi$ t !y h come to /ay1 & t g>d5+ 9 "s =m w be a p]man5t feature ( ! curriculum 9 _m ( our be/ s*ools4 ,z soon z a s*ool g>d5 becomes a p]man5t in/itution1 ) gr\nd ( its own to be held 9 use ye> aft] ye>1 ! dep5d5ce on annual crops w give way to ! use ( v>i\s p]5nial plants1 %rubs & trees4 ,& among ^! dw>f fruit trees w naturally be "o ( ! fir/ introductions4 ,_! small size adapts !m to ! s*ool premises1 _! habit ( e>ly be>+ aga9 s]ves to recomm5d !m mo/ /rik+ly1 & ! special opportunity :i* !y (f] to pupils to obs]ve details ( prun+ & o!r items ( tree managem5t1 make !m almo/ a fir/ necessity 9 ! p]man5t s*ool g>d54 #d4 ,= cov]+ walls & f5ces4--,!re are _m places ab\t e f>m1 suburban e/abli%m5t1 or ev5 ab\t _m city homes1 :]e back walls & f5ces c\ld be put out ( sight v agreeably by almo/ any sort ( foliage4 ,v>i\s ornam5tal climb]s & creep]s are 9 vogue = ?is s]vice2 b a c]ta9 numb] ( su* unattractive walls & f5ces c\ld be treat$ q z acceptably1 f ! e/hetic po9t ( view1 ) tra9$ fruit trees1 & ! result w\ld be m satisfactory 9 "s o!r ways4 ,apples or pe>s tra9$ z cordons or espali]s1 or pea*es1 nect>9es1 or *]ries 9 fan =ms1 w ?rive on almo/ any brick or wood5 wall1 except ^? ) a nor!rn front4 ,x is necess>y only to supply a prop] soil1 to plant s\nd trees ( prop] sorts1 & to give !m ! prescrib$ c>e4 ,! result is n only a ?+ ( beauty b "o ( practical utility z well4 ,!re are _m places :]e ! own] ( a city or suburban lot c secure ! fun & ! sub/antial b5efits belong+ to ! fruit gr[] on l& t w\ld be o!rwise wa/$1 if he w only build a wov5 wire f5ce on ! prop]ty l9e betwe5 him & 8 n-too-agreeable neighbor1 us+ ?is f5ce z a support = a r[ ( cordon plums1 pe>s or apples4 ,if he has "t & incl9ation to d a little m "w ) ! trees he c bett] plant ,u-=m pea*es1 nect>9es or apricots1 or he c gr[ plums 9 ,u-=m1 or he c h fan-=m *]ry trees1 or apples or pe>s 9 ,v]ri]-palmettes4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & productive lots 9 ! au?or's dw>f fruit g>d5 is a r[ ( plum trees on su* a wov5 wire trellis4 ,! trees 9 ?is r[ /& two feet ap>t1 & =m a p]fect scre54 7,fig4 #f47 ,! majority ( ! trees :i* 7 necess>ily tak5 = plant+ ?is r[ 7 n propagat$ on suitable /ocks1 & _m v>ieties 7 introduc$ = exp]im5tal purposes :i* 7 obvi\sly unadapt$ to ?is mode ( tra9+1 b nev]!less ! net result has be5 highly satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f--,,plums ,,z ,,upright ,,cordons1 ,,set ,,two ,,feet ,,ap>t ,9 a v simil> mann] apple1 pe> or plum trees may be tra9$ s z to =m an ar*$ arbor way4 ,9 ?is k9d ( make-up !y pres5t a mo/ agreeable novelty4 ,an example ( ?is k9d ( tra9+ is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 page #e4 ,= ?is purpose cordon trees are usually be/2 ?\gh pea* or apricot trees 9 ,u-=m or d\ble ,u-=m w answ] v well4 ,ev5 apple trees or pe>s =m$ z palmettes-,v]ri] c be c>ri$ up ov] an ar*$ trellis4 ,mr4 ,geo4 ,buny>d 9 ,! ,fruit ,g>d5 tells ( c>ry+ apple trees up ov] ! slate ro( ( an outbuild+1 ) m>k$ success4 ,! fruit-be>+ portion ( ! trees1 ly+ !re on ! slate ro( beautifully expos$ to ! sun above1 & assi/$ by ! heat absorb$ & radiat$ by ! slate1 yield$ l>ge crops ( apples ( v sup]ior quality4 ,,"s ,,disadvantages ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 "s disadvantages 9 gr[+ dw>f fruit trees1 & ^! %\ld be exam9$ ) z mu* c>e z ! advantages4 ,! m important ones are z foll[s3 #a4 ,great] exp5se4--,! trees are some:at h>d] to propagate1 & !re=e co/ m4 ,!re is no g5]al dem& = !m 9 ,am]ica1 s t !y are c>ri$ by only a few nurs]ies & are n look$ ^u z /aple goods ev5 ) ^? deal]s2 & on ?is acc\nt ! price is necess>ily increas$4 ,?us ea* tree co/s m ?an a simil> tree ( ! same age & v>iety propagat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,b ! greate/ increase ( exp5se comes f ! fact t _m m trees are requir$ to plant ! same area4 ,!re is (t5 an advantage1 z already argu$1 9 plant+ m trees to ! acre1 b x co/s some?+ to ga9 ?is advantage4 ,an acre ( gr\nd c be plant$ ) ?irty-five /&>d apple trees set ?irty-five feet ap>t ea* way1 & ^! trees w co/1 r\ghly e/imat+ retail prices at #ab a hundr$1 #d4bj4 ,to plant an acre to dw>f apple trees1 sett+ !m six feet ap>t ea* way1 :i* is ab\t z ?ick z ^! trees %\ld ev] be plant$1 w require #a1baj trees4 ,e/imat+ ! retail price r\ghly at #ae a hundr$ ?is w\ld make ! fir/ co/ #aha4ej--;a consid]ably great] initial inve/m5t 9 ! or*>d4 #b4 ,! trees are %ort] liv$4--,?is /atem5t is true = c]ta9 k9ds ( dw>f trees1 b n = o!rs4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties ( pe>s1 = example1 :i* d n unite well ) ! qu9ce root1 naturally make %ort liv$ trees4 ,on ! o!r h& o!r v>ieties ( pe>s appe> to live z long & ?rive fully z well on qu9ce roots z on pe> roots4 ,!re is a common belief1 especially 9 ,engl&1 t apples work$ on ,fr5* p>adise roots are apt to be %ort-liv$4 ,! nurs]ym5 :o hold ?is belief cont5d1 h[ev]1 t ! s-call$ ,engli% ,p>adise1 m prop]ly call$ ,d\c91 supplies a /ock on :i* apples w live to z great an age z on any o!r /ock :atev]4 ,!re is "s evid5ce to %[ t vigor\s v>ieties ( plums work$ on ,am]icana roots or on dw>f s& *]ry are %ort] liv$ ?an ! same v>ieties on fre] gr[+ /ocks4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 dw>f trees live z long z /&>ds2 & 9 almo/ all cases !y live long en\gh4 #c4 ,!y require m c>e4--,?is objection /&s p>ticul>ly aga9/ ! dw>f trees tra9$ 9 special & intricate =ms4 ,su* trees und\bt$ly d require m c>eful att5tion1 m frequ5t go+-ov]1 & m h& "w 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,x is probably n true t apples1 pe>s1 plums or pea*es 9 bu% or pyramid =ms require any m labor or att5tion ?an /&>d trees to secure equally good results4 ,on ! o!r h& x mu/ n be =gott51 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 t :atev] c>e may be requir$ is mu* m easily giv5 ! dw>f trees ?an ! /&>ds4 #d4 ,!y are n a comm]cial success4--,?is /atem5t1 too1 ?\gh und\bt$ly hav+ "s tru? 9 x1 c n /& )\t qualification4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t no "o c\ld gr[ ord9>y v>ieties ( apples1 l ,baldw9 or ,b5 ,davis = in/ance1 on dw>f trees 9 competition ) m5 :o are gr[+ ! same v>ieties on /&>ds4 ,x is probably true t fancy v>ieties ( apples c be gr[n ) pr(it on dw>f trees1 b ev5 ?is c n be /rongly urg$4 ,s f> z apples are conc]n$ ! *ief value ( dw>f trees = mod]n comm]cial ent]prises 9 ,am]ica w come ?r\gh _! use z fill]s betwe5 r[s ( /&>d trees4 ,9 ! case ( pe>s ! situation is some:at m favorable to dw>f trees4 ,!re are a numb] ( or*>ds 9 ?is c\ntry :]e pe>s h be5 successfully gr[n = m>ket1 ^! _m ye>s1 on dw>f trees4 ,! fam\s & ev]y:]e plant$ ,b>tlett succe$s admirably on ! qu9ce /ock :]ev] ! soil is suit$ to x4 ,no successful comm]cial or*>ds ( dw>f pea*es or plums c be cit$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 individual trees ( ^! k9ds ev5 be+ extremely r>e2 yet !re is good reason to suppose t "u favorable conditions dw>f pea*es & plums may h "s comm]cial value4 ,su* value may be m 9 ! way ( supplem5t+ /&>d trees ?an 9 sup]s$+ !m1 b x is /ill wor? consid]ation4 ,s t1 aft] all1 :5 we say t dw>f fruit trees are n a comm]cial success we mean m]ely t !y w n take ! place ( /&>d trees4 ,! l>ge m>ket or*>ds mu/ always cont9ue to be made up ( /&>d trees2 b 9 _! own way ! dw>f trees w f9d a limit$ place ev5 9 comm]cial op]ations1 & ?is use ( !m seems de/9$ to be m g5]al 9 ! future ?an x has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,,iii ,,propagation ,! propagation ( dw>f fruit trees is 9 "s s5ses a m critical & int]e/+ problem ?an ! propagation ( ord9>y nurs]y /ock4 ,! successful production ( a dw>f fruit tree dep5ds prim>ily on its propagation4 ,! selection ( /ocks = dw>f+ purposes is necess>ily a complicat$ matt]4 ,"u ! t]ms ( ! problem x is impossible t ! /ock & ! cion :i* are w$d$ toge!r %\ld be v closely relat$4 ,! /ock mu/ be di/9ctly diff]5t & pron\nc$ly dw>f] 9 8 habit ( gr[?4 ,x is n always an easy matt] to f9d a /ock :i* is ?us di/9ctly diff]5t f ! tree :i* x is desir$ to gr[ & :i* w at ! same "t =m ) x a vigor\s & long liv$ union4 ,x is necess>y fur!r t ! propagation c be c>ri$ on ) ease & ) a fair degree ( success 9 comm]cial nurs]ies4 ,if difficult me?ods ( graft+ are requir$1 or if only a small /& ( nurs]y trees c be secur$1 ! und]tak+ becomes too exp5sive f ! nurs]yman's po9t ( view4 ,! me?ods ( propagat+ dw>f trees are = ! mo/ "p ! same z ^? us$ 9 reproduc+ ! same k9ds ( fruit on /&>d /ocks4 ,z a matt] ( fact ne>ly all dw>f trees are propagat$ by budd+4 ,apples1 pe>s1 & plums c be readily graft$1 b budd+ is simpl]1 spe$i]1 & usually ! *eap] process 9 ! nurs]y4 ,9 ! upp] ,mississippi ,valley1 :]e plums are some:at ext5sively work$ on ,am]icana plum roots1 graft+ is r common4 ,! side graft & ! :ip graft are ! =ms mo/ us$4 ,! !ory ( ! production ( a dw>f fruit tree by ! re/ra9+ ( its gr[? has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,! dw>f /ock simply supplies less food ?an is requir$ = ! normal gr[? ( ! v>iety "u propagation1 & ! tree is1 9 a s5se1 />v$ or /unt$ into its dw>f /ature4 ,z ! selection ( prop] /ocks--! adaptation ( /ock to cion--is "o ( ! fundam5tal problems 9 dw>f fruit gr[+1 we may n[ address ourselves to t4 ,we w take up ! diff]5t classes ( fruit 9 ord]4 ,,! ,,apple ,ev]yone :o has obs]v$ ! wild or native apples :i* gr[ 9 ,new ,engl& pa/ures mu/ frequ5tly h notic$ c]ta9 dw>f & sl[-gr[+ specim5s4 ,x x n difficult to f9d su* :i* d n rea* a height ( five feet 9 t5 ye>s ( unob/ruct$ gr[?4 ,if ! cions ( ord9>y v>ieties ( apples l ,gre5+ & ,w9esap %\ld be graft$ ^u ^! /ocks1 ! result w\ld be a dw>f ,gre5+ or ,w9esap4 ,if ^! dw>f wild apples c\ld be produc$ ) c]ta9ty & at a l[ price1 !y w\ld furni% a s\rce ( supply = dw>f apple /ocks4 ,! ,p>adise apple s-call$ 7,fig4 #g7 is simply "o ( ^! dw>f v>ieties :i* c be reproduc$ freely & *eaply4 ,?is reproduction is secur$ ne>ly always by means ( m\nd lay]age4 ,z ! v>iety does n come true to se$1 any m ?an su* v>ieties z ,k+ or ,hubb>d/on d1 "s su* me?od ( propagation is necess>y4 ,?is ,p>adise apple is naturally incl9$ to /ool out some:at f ! roots4 ,?is habit is enc\rag$ by cutt+ ! plants back to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! "y %oots are ?r[n up !y are bank$ up ) a hoe or by pl[+ furr[s up aga9/ ! r[s ( plants4 ,! "y %oots !n =m roots at ! base & ^! root$ %oots or lay]s are remov$ :5 "o ye> old4 ,!y are !n plant$ 9 nurs]y r[s 9 ! spr+1 :]e !y are usually budd$ ! foll[+ ,july or ,augu/4 ,^! ,p>adise /ocks are l>gely gr[n 9 ,france4 ,practically all ! supply comes f t c\ntry4 ,! nurs]ym5 :o gr[ dw>f apple trees 9 ,am]ica import _! /ocks f ,france dur+ ! w9t]1 plant !m 9 nurs]y r[s e>ly 9 ! spr+1 bud ! /ocks ! foll[+ ,july or ,augu/1 & h ! dw>f apple trees = sale ! second ye> foll[+4 ,?is ,p>adise is ! dw>fe/ /ock kn[n = apples4 ,its effect on ne>ly all v>ieties is v m>k$1 caus+ !m to =m v small trees & to be> v e>ly4 ,"s ( ! m vigor\s v>ieties1 l ,nor!rn ,spy = in/ance1 d n submit k9dly to su* treatm5t4 ,= ?is1 or possibly = m recondite reasons1 a few v>ieties d n succe$ well on ,p>adise roots4 ,! writ] w\ld be glad to give a li/ ( su* v>ieties :i* are n adapt$ to ! ,p>adise /ock1 b confesses he is unable to d s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g--,,p>adise ,,apple ,,/ocks ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,spr+ ,! ,d\c9 /ock is simply ano!r v>iety ( dw>f apple4 ,x is m vigor\s & l>g] gr[+ ?an ! ,p>adise1 &1 !re=e1 produces a tree1 :5 ord9>y v>ieties are graft$ ^u x1 ab\t midway 9 size betwe5 ! ord9>y /&>d apple & ! same v>iety gr[+ ^u ,p>adise4 ,?is ,d\c9 is sometimes call$ ! ,engli% or ,broad-,leav$ ,p>adise1 b ?is "n is mislead+4 ,x w be well to rememb] ?is 9 buy+ /ocks or 9 buy+ trees 9 ,engl&4 ,dw>f apples are l>gely propagat$ 9 ,engl&1 b ! trees :i* are said to be on ,p>adise roots are (t5 on ,d\c94 ,?is confusion comes ab\t f ! ,engli%man's habit ( call+ ,d\c9 ! ,broad-,leav$ ,p>adise4 ,! ,d\c9 is p]haps bett] = ! free-gr[+ bu% =m trees1 especially :]e excessive dw>f+ is n ne$$4 ,= or*>d plant+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is ,d\c9 /ock w\ld be likely to suit _m gr[]s bett] ?an ,p>adise4 ,= trees :i* are to be kept )9 v n>r[ b\nds1 or ^? :i* are to be tra9$ 9 p>ticul> =ms1 ! ,p>adise /ock is bett]4 ,= all sorts ( cordon apple trees1 ! ,p>adise is ess5tial4 ,,! ,,pe> ,dw>f pe>s are always propagat$ on qu9ce roots4 ,any k9d ( a qu9ce may be us$ z a /ock = pe>s1 b ! "o commonly employ$ by nurs]ym5 is ! ,ang]s qu9ce1 nam$ aft] ,ang]s1 ,france1 f :i* place ! supply l>gely comes4 ,almo/ all ! qu9ce /ocks us$ by nurs]ym5 9 ,am]ica are import$ f ,france4 ,z 9 deal+ ) apple /ocks1 ! importation is made dur+ ! w9t]1 ! /ocks are plant$ 9 nurs]y r[s 9 ! e>ly spr+1 & are usually budd$ 9 ,july or ,augu/ ( ! same ye>4 ,a few v>ieties ( pe>s d n make good unions ) ! qu9ce4 ,9 "s cases ?is antipa?y is ov]come by ! exp$i5t ( d\ble-work+4 ,! qu9ce root is fir/ budd$ ) "s v>iety :i* unites well ) x4 ,aft] ?is pe> cion has gr[n "o ye>1 ! refractory v>iety is budd$ ^u ?is pe> %oot4 ,! complete tree1 :5 x leaves ! nurs]y1 consi/s ( ?ree pieces1--a qu9ce root bel[1 a pe> top above1 & a %ort section ( only "o or two in*es 9 l5g? ( "s o!r v>iety ( pe> :i* simply holds toge!r ! two ess5tial p>ts ( ! tree4 ,?is practise ( d\ble-work+ is sometimes und]tak5 ) o!r k9ds ( fruit = special purposes4 ,!re are no o!r cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* x becomes a g5]ally recogniz$ comm]cial practise4 ,,! ,,pea* ,! pea* is dw>f$ by budd+ x ^u almo/ any k9d ( a plum root1 especially ^u ! small] gr[+ species ( plums4 ,! /ock mo/ us$ is ! ord9>y ,myrobalan plum4 ,?is is simply because ! ,myrobalan /ock is common] & *eap]4 ,! ,/4 ,juli5 plum probably furni%es a bett] dw>f+ /ock = pea*es1 b x is m exp5sive & h>d] to "w4 ,! ,am]icana plum1 n[ some:at l>gely gr[n = /ocks 9 ! ,/ates ( ! upp] ,mississippi valley1 furni%es a good dw>f+ /ock = ! pea*4 ,accord+ to ! writ]'s exp]i5ce ! ,am]icana /ock gives bett] results ) pea*es ?an ei!r ,myrobalan or ,/4 ,juli54 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?is /ock requires budd+ r e>ly 9 ! season4 ,! dw>f s& *]ry1 :i* is fur!r discuss$ bel[ "u plums1 also makes a good /ock = pea*es4 ,z ?is /ock is v dw>f1 x produces ! smalle/ possible pea* tree4 ,! pea* cion rapidly ov]gr[s ! /ock & ! tree c h>dly be expect$ to be long liv$4 ,! gr[? is v vigor\s & satisfactory dur+ e>ly ye>s1 h[ev]4 ,i h n _h an opportunity to det]m9e h[ long pea*es w live & ?rive on ?is /ock4 ,nect>9es c be gr[n 9 dw>f =m 9 exactly ! same mann] employ$ = pea*es4 ,,! ,,plum ,9 all ! old books x is said t dw>f plum trees are secur$ by work+ on ,myrobalan /ocks4 ,?is /atem5t is h>dly true accord+ to our pres5t /&>ds1 & is c]ta9ly f> f satisfactory4 ,?is rule came into vogue at ! "t :5 only l>ge gr[+ ,dome/ica plums 7 propagat$ 9 ?is c\ntry & ! /ocks us$ 7 mo/ly ei!r horse plums or ,myrobalan4 ,! ,myrobalan /ock does give a some:at small] tree ?an ! old fa%ion$ horse plums2 b ?is ,myrobalan /ock has be5 = _m ye>s ! "o pr9cipally us$ = propagat+ all k9ds ( plums 9 ,am]ica4 ,x has come to be look$ ^u z a /&>d r ?an a dw>f /ock4 ,:5 we ?9k ( dw>f trees1 !re=e1 we expect to see some?+ small] ?an :at w gr[ "u ord9>y circum/ances on a ,myrobalan root4 ,! ,am]icana plum1 already m5tion$1 is a fir/-rate /ock 9 ne>ly all respects except t x c n be b\ght s *eaply z ! ,myrobalan4 ,x is n[ gr[n to a consid]able ext5t by nurs]ym5 9 ,m9nesota1 ,i[a & ! neighbor+ ,/ates4 ,if graft$1 or budd$ e>ly1 all v>ieties ( plums take well ^u x4 ,! trees on ,am]icana roots make a good gr[? 9 ! nurs]y & are easily transplant$4 ,! tree produc$ on ?is /ock is only mod]ately dw>f4 ,/ill ?is dw>f+ effect is always well m>k$1 ?is result be+ %[n by ! ov]gr[+ ( ! cion4 ,! top ?us appe>s to outgr[ ! root1 & su* trees are apt to bl[ ov] dur+ w9d /orms4 ,suitable precautions %\ld be tak5 to gu>d aga9/ damage ( ?is sort4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,t4 ,erw9 ( ,i[a writes on ?is subject z foll[s3 ,reg>d+ ! ,am]icana z a plum /ock1 ,i w\ld /ate t we are us+ x by ! ?\s&s out "h2 9 fact1 h ab\t quit us+ any?+ else4 ,z a /ock = ! ,european & ,japanese sorts1 x does dw>f !m1 & ! cion t5ds to outgr[ ! /ock at ! po9t ( union1 caus+ an enl>gem5t4 ,! union is also n v cong5ial1 & !y frequ5tly break (f on acc\nt ( high w9ds4 ,h[ev]1 9 my exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 ?is is n ! case :5 ! ,am]icana is us$ z a /ock = ,am]icana v>ieties4 ,x does n dw>f ! trees s]i\sly & ! union is spl5did4 ,x is by all odds ! be/ /ock we h = plums1 & s9ce we d n gr[ any?+ b ,am]icana v>ieties1 x works fir/ rate4 ,x does t5d to spr\t "s1 ?\gh !re is little tr\ble 9 ?is reg>d aft] ! trees come into be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,,! ,,we/]n ,,s& ,,*]ry ,prunus pumila besseyi ,! s& *]ry seems to be ! dw>f+ /ock p> excell5ce = ! plum4 ,?is s& *]ry is a het]og5e\s species1 or z "s botani/s ?9k1 is ?ree species1 rang+ ?r\gh\t ! ,nor!rn ,/ates f ,ma9e to ,colorado4 ,! n>r[ leaf upright =m gr[+ ab\t five feet tall1 kn[n z ,prunus pumila1 is f\nd along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! broad leaf$ dw>f] =m kn[n z ,prunus pumila besseyi or ,p4 besseyi1 is f\nd 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,ano!r r>] =m ( m irregul> gr[? kn[n z ,prunus pumila cuneata1 or z ,p4 cuneata1 is f\nd 9 ! ,nor? ,c5tral ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i--,,upright ,,cordon ,,plum ,) buds set into ! nak$ trunk ,all ( ^! diff]5t =ms may be us$ = propagat+ plums or pea*es4 ,! we/]n =m 7,p4 besseyi7 7,fig4 #h7 is 9 "s respects ! be/1 produc+ ! dw>fe/ & app>5tly ! be/ trees4 ,9 our exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 ne>ly all v>ieties ( plums & pea*es give a bett] /& ( trees :5 budd$ on ,p4 pumila4 ,prunus cuneata is inf]ior to ! o!rs4 ,! ea/]n =m1 ,p4 pumila1 has ano!r advantage f ! /&po9t ( ! nurs]yman 9 t x is m easily propagat$ f cutt+s4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! we/]n s& *]ry is propagat$ f se$4 ,bo? =ms c be propagat$ f lay]s4 ,,nurs]y ,,managem5t ,dw>f trees are manag$ 9 ! nurs]y v mu* ! same z /&>ds ( ! same v>ieties4 ,!re are no special po9ts to be obs]v$ except 9 ! =mation ( ! tops4 ,we/]n ,new ,york nurs]ym51 :o n[ gr[ ! pr9cipal supply ( dw>f apple & pe> trees1 h ! cu/om ( =m+ _! nurs]y /ock ) high heads4 ,t is1 ! heads are =m$ at a height ( eighte5 in*es to ?ree feet f ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is matt] ! patt]n is tak5 aft] ! usual /yle ( /&>d trees4 ,?is is q wrong4 ,( c\rse1 "s plant]s might l to h dw>f trees ) trunks two or ?ree feet tall1 b ! be/ =m has a mu* %ort] /em4 ,at any rate ! buy] ( dw>f trees ought to be at lib]ty to =m ! head )9 ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! gr\nd if he s desires4 ,?is becomes v difficult if ! tree is once prun$ up to a height ( two or ?ree feet4 ,9 ord] t ! plant] may rea* 8 own ideal p]fectly 9 ?is matt]1 x is sometimes necess>y to buy "o ye> old trees1 :at ! ,engli% nurs]ym5 call maid5s4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 enables ! tree plant] to =m ! head :]ev] he desires4 ,,iv ,,prun+ ,,dw>f ,,fruit ,,trees ,! prun+ ( dw>f fruit trees is a matt] ( ! greate/ consequ5ce1 = on prop] prun+ dep5d bo? ! =m & ! productivity ( ! trees4 ,"s ( ! details ( managem5t w be expla9$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s1 deal+ ) ! p>ticul> k9ds ( fruits1 b a few g5]al /atem5ts %\ld be set d[n "h4 #a4 ,! trees are sev]ely head$ 94 ,?is applies m p>ticul>ly to bu% & pyramid =ms4 ,by ! t]m head+ 9 we ref] to ! %ort5+ ( ! lead]s4 ,su* %ort5+ is usually giv5 at ! spr+ prun+1 :ile ! trees are dormant4 ,! lead]s may be head$ 9 at times1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! gr[+ season1 9 ,july4 ,su* /opp+ ( gr[+ lead]s w be practis$ m (t5 on "y trees j com+ into be>+ ?an on old trees4 7,fig4 #aj74 ,con/ant head+ back ( "s sort1 h[ev]1 is requir$ 9 ne>ly all cases1 if ! tree is to be reta9$ 9 its dw>f =m4 ,! mi/ake has (t5 be5 made ( ?9k+ t a tree propagat$ on a dw>f root w\ld take c>e ( itself4 #b4 ,summ] prun+ is ess5tial4 ,9 mo/ ,am]ican or*>d practise "o annual prun+ 7sometimes "o prun+ e five ye>s67 is consid]$ suffici5t1 & sy/ematic summ] prun+ is seldom or nev] giv54 ,n[ summ] prun+ t5ds mu* m to repress ! gr[? ( a tree ?an w9t] prun+ does4 ,9 fact1 heavy w9t] prun+ leads r to increas$ vegetative vigor4 ,aside f any special sy/em ( prun+1 !re=e1 ?is rule is to be rememb]$1 t summ] prun+ is desirable1 on g5]al pr9ciples1 = dw>f fruit trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj--;,,bu% ,,apple1 ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,,old ,%[+ /rong lead]s =m$ dur+ ! summ] #c4 ,side %oots usually ne$ p9*+ dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,lead]s are m frequ5tly all[$ to gr[ un*eck$ ?r\gh\t ! season1 or are /opp$ only late 9 _! p]iod ( developm5t4 ,9 ! pomace\s fruits1 :i* =m di/9ct fruit spurs1 ! *eck+ ( ^! side %oots helps t[>d ! production ( fruit buds4 ,z long z e bud is all[$ to pu% out into a /rong %oot no fruit spurs c become e/abli%$4 ,?us ! summ] p9*+ ( ! side %oots on apples & pe>s has ! purpose ( enc\rag+ ! =mation ( fruit spurs4 ,on pea* & plum trees equally di/9ct fruit spurs d n =m2 b if ! side %oots are all[$ to pu% =? unre/rict$ !y are apt to *oke "o ano!r4 ,!re w be too _m ( !m1 !y w n get light en\gh1 _! gr[? w be weak & sappy1 & !y w n =m fruit buds4 ,good fruit buds on a pea* tree1 = example1 =m on /rong1 clean1 heal?y %oots ( ?is ye>'s gr[? = next ye>'s crop ( fruit4 ,x is se51 !re=e1 t 9 ne>ly all sorts ( dw>f fruit trees ! summ] prun+ is especially direct$ to ! suppression or regulation ( ! gr[? ( side %oots4 ,?is "p ( ! treatm5t becomes ( prime importance 9 deal+ ) cordons & espali]s4 #d4 ,! control ( ! fruit spurs or ( ! side %oots "h contemplat$ requires t ! trees be gone ov] m ?an once dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,9 fact1 f\r successive exam9ations ( ! tree are usually requir$4 ,old trees c sometimes be manag$ ) two or ?ree1 b "y ones1 on ! o!r h&1 w sometimes require six or m4 ,( c\rse1 !re are usually only a few %oots t ne$ att5tion at ea* succe$+ visit1 & ! "w c be v rapidly p]=m$4 ,! fir/ prun+1 or p9*+1 falls ab\t ?ree weeks aft] ! trees h />t$ into gr[?4 ,! next "o comes t5 days lat]1 ! next "o t5 days lat] aga91 & ! f\r? prun+ two weeks aft] ! ?ird4 ,f ?is "t onw>d ! int]vals l5g!n4 ,^! specifications1 ( c\rse1 are only approximate & sugge/ive4 ,"s judgm5t is requir$ to select j ! prop] mom5t = p9*+ back a %oot & ev5 m to select ! "t = a g5]al summ] prun+4 ,^? trees :i* enjoy ! sympa!tic pres5ce ( ! g>d5] e day are sure to f>e be/4 ,! bulk ( ?is prun+ c be done ) ! ?umb nail & =ef+]1 b ,i f9d a light pair ( prun+ scissors pleasant] to "w )4 #e4 ,root prun+ is sometimes advisable4 ,s9ce ! :ole program is arrang$ to *eck ! gr[? ( ! dw>f tree1 root prun+ w\ld naturally fit well ) ! o!r practises recomm5d$4 ,root prun+ *ecks ! gr[? ( a tree ab\t z positively z any treatm5t t c be devis$4 ,:5 dw>f pe> or apple trees seem to be mak+ too mu* wood gr[? & n en\gh fruit1 !y c be tak5 up1 z = transplant+1 dur+ ! dormant season & set "r back into place4 ,?is digg+ up & replant+ is always accompani$ by "s cutt+ ( roots4 ,! :ole root sy/em is di/urb$ & has to re-e/abli% itself be=e ! top vegetates v /rongly once m4 ,su* root prun+ ought to be done late 9 ! fall4 ,x is a special practice1 suit$ to refractory cases1 & ! g>d5] is n recomm5d$ to indulge 9 x too freely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa--;,,bu% ,,apple ,?ree ye>s old1 be=e prun+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab--;,,bu% ,,apple ,same tree aft] prun+ #f4 ,a c]ta9 equilibrium betwe5 vegetative gr[? & fruit be>+ %\ld be e/abli%$ at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t1 & %\ld be ma9ta9$ !reaft]4 ,( c\rse1 "s su* equilibrium is s\ght 9 ! managem5t ( a /&>d tree2 b x is secur$ e>li] 9 ! life ( ! dw>f tree & %\ld be mu* m accurately ma9ta9$4 ,! tree mu/ make a c]ta9 am\nt ( gr[? ea* ye>1 b ?is mu/ be only en\gh to keep x 9 good heal?1 & to furni% foliage en\gh to mature ! fruit4 ,beyond ?is wood gr[? ! tree %\ld be> a c]ta9 am\nt ( fruit e ye>1 = annual be>+ is n only an ideal b a rule 9 ! managem5t ( dw>f trees4 ,?is equilibrium once e/abli%$ mu/ be ma9ta9$ n by haphaz>d prun+1 b by "s suitable sy/em4 ,if !re is ! prop] balance betwe5 summ] prun+ & w9t] prun+1 comb9$ ) prop] control ( cultivation & f]tilization1 !n ! balance betwe5 vegetation & fruitage c be kept up4 ,x is a delicate bus9ess1 l c\rt+ two girls at once1 b x c be c>ri$ out successfully4 #g4 ,! tra9+ ( trees into ma!matical =ms is l>gely a me*anical process4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! trees are %ap$ :ile !y are gr[+4 ,! "y %oots are twi/$ & b5t to ! desir$ positions1 & are ti$ into place until ! /ems become h>d5$4 ,!re are _m clev] little tricks = exp$it+ ?is sort ( "w & = mak+ ! results m sure1 b a rehe>sal ( !m "h w\ld be t$i\s4 ,! mo/ important rule to rememb] is t con/ant att5tion mu/ be giv5 ! %oots :ile !y are gr[+4 ,mi/akes are correct$ ) difficulty aft] an undesirable =m has be5 all[$ to h>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac--;,,cordon ,,pe>s ,be=e prun+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad--;,,cordon ,,pe>s ,aft] prun+ ,v ,,special ,,=ms ,,= ,,tra9$ ,,trees ,we h already expla9$ ! connection betwe5 dw>f trees & ! practise ( tra9+ !m 9 special =ms4 ,x is true t ?is practise looks *ildi% to ,am]ican eyes4 ,x seems to be only a k9d ( play1 & a r juv5ile sport at t4 ,nev]!less we %\ld und]/& t 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w x is a real & pr(itable comm]cial und]tak+4 ,we %\ld consid] also t 9 o!r places1 :]e fruit ( v high quality is bett] appreciat$1 p]haps1 ?an x is 9 ,am]ica1 ! extra tr\ble is ?\ght to be wor? :ile = ! sup]ior quality :i* x gives ! fruit4 ,z ?is matt] is com+ to be ( m importance 9 ,am]ica also1 & z ! int]e/ 9 amateur fruit gr[+ is enorm\sly increas+1 we may fairly beg9 to talk ab\t ^! me?ods4 ,! =mation ( trees into bu%es & pyramids1 by means ( sy/ematic prun+ accord+ to a def9ite plan1 z expla9$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s1 :ile app>5tly simpl] & m reasonable to our ,am]ican eyes1 x is /ill a me?od ( tra9+ ! tree4 ,! fruit+ bran*es are plac$ at def9ite po9ts & ! fruit spurs are enc\rag$ to gr[ 9 regul> succession4 ,x is n a v great /ep f ?is to a di/ribution ( ! bran*es into a m precise =m4 ,! diff]5t =ms :i* are us$ mo/ commonly are nam$ & classifi$ 9 ! foll[+ outl9e3 ,a4--,=ms ( ?ree dim5sions3 a4 ,vase or bu% b4 ,pyramid c4 ,w+$ pyramid1 etc4 ,b4--,=ms ( two dim5sions3 a4 ,v>i\s espali]s b4 ,palmette-,v]ri] c4 ,fans or ,fan-espali]s d4 ,u-=m & d\ble ,u-=m ,c4--,tra9$ to a s+le /em3 a4 ,upright cordon b4 ,oblique cordon c4 ,horizontal cordon 7) "o arm7 7) two arms7 d4 ,s]p5t9e cordon1 etc4 ,among ! =ms ( ?ree dim5sions none is ( mu* practical importance besides ! pyramid & bu% or vase =m4 ,^! are suffici5tly expla9$ 9 ! *apt]s on pe>s & apples4 ,"h we ne$ only to def9e !m4 ,! pyramid tree is "o :i* has a /raight c5tral /em ) bran*es radiat+ !refrom4 ,x is especially adapt$ to upright gr[+ v>ieties ( pe>s4 ,! bu% or vase =m has sev]al ma9 arms or bran*es1 all /&+ out f approximately ! same po9t & gr[+ upw>d at a m or less acute angle1 ?us =m+ r\ghly a vase4 ,! second>y bran*es put out f ^!1 be>+ fruit+ wood1 z ! g>d5] may ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae--,,pe>s ,,9 ,,d\ble ,u-,,=m ,f ,loebn]'s ,zw]gob/baeume ,! fly+ pyramid or w+$ pyramid1 describ$ 9 all ,european books1 is consid]ably diff]5t f ! ord9>y pyramid & is m precise 9 its design4 ,usually six arms are br\ght out at ! base ( ! tree4 ,^! are gr[n 9 a direction approximately horizontal until !y rea* a conv5i5t l5g?1--say two to ?ree feet4 ,!y are !n sudd5ly b5t upw>d & inw>d & are conduct$ along wires set = ?is purpose until !y meet 9 a common po9t ) ! ma9 /em ( ! tree "s f\r to eight feet above :]e ! bran*es put out4 ,!re is ?us =m$ a precise ma!matical pyramid4 ,along ^! ma9 arms fruit+ spurs are all[$ to gr[1 b no bran*es are expect$ to develop4 ,sometimes ! fly+ pyramid is made m elaborate by b5d+ ! arms into a spiral =m4 ,o!r m or less complex modifications are practis$ to "s ext5t4 ,all ( !m are to be reg>d$ m]ely z curiosities & z ( no practical value4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( espali]s & fan-%ap$ trees h _! special & legitimate uses4 ,x may be said "h t ! ,palmette-,v]ri] is reg>d$ g5]ally z be+ ! mo/ successful = ! l>ge/ numb] ( v>ieties ( fruits4 ,x is a safe rule also t ! simpl] =ms are g5]ally ! bett]4 ,) r>e exceptions a tree conf9$ to a mod]ately small space is m satisfactory ?an "o tra9$ ov] a l>ge space4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 =m+ ^! trees4 ,if ! geometrical /yle ( tra9+ is und]tak5 at all1 x %\ld be c>ri$ out ) consid]able precision4 ,if "o arm happ5s to be plac$ a little high]1 or at a little m mod]ate angle1 or o!rwise m favorably ?an ! correspond+ arm1 x w v soon div]t to its own use ! major portion ( food suppli$ by ! top4 ,x w outgr[ its mate & ! =m :i* ! g>d5] design$ w ev5tually be lo/4 ,x w be se5 at once t ?is condition makes ! same c>e & precision necess>y 9 all =ms ( tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af--,,pe>s ,,9 ,u-,,=m ,sometimes call$ two-arm upright cordons ,! ,u-=m classifies some:]e betwe5 ! cordon & ! espali]4 ,x consi/s ( two upright bran*es jo9$ to a s+le trunk bel[ by an arc ( a circle4 ,! fruit is all borne on ! two p>allel /ems :i* are treat$ ess5tially ! same z upright cordons4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,! d\ble ,u-=m is made by gr[+ two ,u's f ! same tree4 ,! /em is fir/ divid$ ne> ! gr\nd into two bran*es & ea* ( ^! is imm$iately divid$ into two m4 ,! tree ?us provides f\r p>allel & equally spac$ upright & fruit+ /ems equal to f\r upright cordons1 except t !y are all support$ f a s+le trunk4 ,! ,u- & d\ble ,u-=ms are employ$ mo/ly = plums1 apricots1 pea*es & nect>9es4 ,"o occasionally sees mu* m elaborate s*emes ( tra9+ ?an any "h m5tion$4 ,!re are complex geometrical designs1 ev5 pictorial figures--birds1 dogs1 & be]-/e9s--& sometimes ! initials ( ! g>d5]1 or ! "n ( 8 k+ly & imp]ial maje/y4 ,9 e case ! me?od ( produc+ ^! =ms is practically ! same4 ,a frame is built ( wood or wire 9 ! =m :i* x is desir$ to give ! tree4 ,bran*es are develop$ at suitable po9ts on ! tree & ^! are ti$ out :ile !y are gr[+ to ! wood5 or metal =m4 ,x does n require any special c>e or +5uity to produce ! mo/ elaborate designs 9 ?is me?od4 ,x is ess5tially a job ( c>p5try4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag--;,,apricots ,,9 ,u-,,=m ,we come n[ to ! cordons4 ,if we take ! simple/ =m1 namely ! upright cordon1 we h :at we may call a tree ( "o dim5sion only4 ,! upright cordon has no?+ b height1 es*ew+ bo? bread? & ?ickness4 ,a cordon is simply a tree tra9$ to a s+le /em & ?is /em may be plac$ 9 any position4 ,! position or direction ( ! /em classifies ! cordon4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 besides ! upright cordon1 o!rs :i* are oblique1 t is1 :i* make an angle ) ! horizontal1 ^? :i* are horizontal1 & ^? :i* are b5t into v>i\s =ms4 ,! s]p5t =m is "o ( ! simple/ ( ^!4 ,?is =m ( cordon is simply b5t back & =? aga9/ a trellis =m+ a s]ies ( ,s's "o above ano!r4 ,! horizontal cordons are ( two v>ieties1 namely "o-arm & two-arm =ms4 ,x is altoge!r a matt] ( conv5i5ce :i* "o ( ^! =ms is *os54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah--,,pe> ,,9 ,,espali] ,?is tree is c>ry+ ov] #bjj fruits ,9 conclusion x may be po9t$ out t ! sl[] gr[+ trees1 pe>s & apples1 are ! bett] suit$ to ! m elaborate =ms ( tra9+4 ,! m free & rapid gr[+ species1 su* z pea*es1 nect>9es1 *]ries1 & ,japanese plums1 are bett] manag$ 9 some:at simpl] =ms1 pref]ably ! fan4 ,su* trees d well1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,u-=m or d\ble ,u-=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai--,,old ,,espali] ,,pe>s ,,on ,,f>m ,,h\se ,,wall ,,vi ,,g5]al ,,managem5t ,! g5]al managem5t ( dw>f trees is naturally v mu* l ! managem5t ( ord9>y /&>d trees4 ,z dw>f trees are gr[n m (t5 9 g>d5s r ?an 9 or*>ds !y w receive g>d5 treatm5t4 ,heavy tools & ext5sive me?ods ( culture w h>dly f9d application4 ,good soil culture may be reg>d$ z ess5tial4 ,:atev] "s ,am]ican fruit gr[]s may be say+ ab\t ! propriety ( gr[+ apple or*>ds 9 sod1 no "o has yet und]tak5 to adapt ! sod sy/em into ! kit*5 g>d54 ,! close plant+ :i* is cu/om>y ) dw>f trees makes culture comp>atively difficult1 yet n unreasonably s4 ,apple & pe> trees plant$ six feet ap>t ea* way c be work$ = sev]al ye>s ) a s+le horse & cultivator4 ,9 fact if ! trees are kept c>efully head$ 91 ! "t ne$ nev] come :5 ! cultivator w h to be ab&on$4 ,:5 cordons or espali]s are plant$ 9 a g>d5 l>ge en\gh to w>rant horse cultivation "u ord9>y circum/ances !n ! r[s ( tra9$ trees %\ld be set six feet ap>t1 :i* w be en\gh to p]mit ! cont9u$ use ( ! horse & cultivator betwe5 ! r[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj--;,,horizontal ,,cordon ,,apple ,,& ,,o!r ,,dw>f ,,trees ,) cov] crop ( hairy vet* ,h[ev]1 ! horse cultivator is c]ta9 to be def9itely cr[d$ out ( "s dw>f fruit g>d5s4 ,_m ( ! m5 :o h greate/ reason = gr[+ dw>f fruit trees are ^? ^: backy>d g>d5s 7 nev] l>ge en\gh to ju/ify ! pres5ce ( a horse or horse tools4 ,9 su* cases ! spad+ =k & ! h& cultivator are ! ready & prop] sub/itutes4 ,our ext5sive me?ods ( f>m+ 9 ,am]ica h br$ a /rong prejudice aga9/ all sorts ( h& labor l ?is1 b exp]i5ce w %[ t "u "s conditions x is q wor? :ile4 ,a v common mi/ake 9 all k9ds ( agriculture is to all[ prejudice to rule exp]i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba--;,,design ,,= ,a ,,back ,,y>d ,,fruit ,,g>d5 #ej ,,ft4 ,,squ>e ,nor? f5ce 7top ( map71 pea* espali] 7#d72 ,r[ #a1 bu% apple 7#g72 ,r[ #b1 pyramid pe> 7#g72 ,r[ #c1 currants & gooseb]ries 7#aa72 ,r[ #d & #e1 horizontal cordon apples1 ) grass walk betwe52 ,r[ #f1 raspb]ry bu%es 7#g72 ,r[ #g1 /rawb]ries2 ,r[ #h1 plums 9 bu% =m 7#g72 ,r[ #i1 apples 9 horizontal cordons 7#d72 ,ea/ f5ce1 apples z upright cordons 7#ca72 ,we/ f5ce1 pe>s 9 espali]4 ,g>d5 culture means n only good tillage ( ! soil1 b good treatm5t 9 o!r respects4 ,x means good fe$+ & good spray+4 ,z = spray+ we ne$ make only two obs]vations4 ,fir/1 ! treatm5t to be giv5 is almo/ precisely ! same z t :i* is giv5 to /&>d trees ( ! same species2 second1 ! "w is mu* m easily p]=m$ because ! trees are small]4 ,if "o happ5s to h a consid]able block ( dw>f trees closely plant$4 ,!re may be difficulty1 x is true1 9 driv+ 9 ) a spray pump4 ,?is difficulty is ov]come by hav+ long runs ( hose on ! spray pump1 s t ! c>t may /& on ! bord]s ( ! g>d5 :ile ! op]ator c>ries ! nozzle 9 among ! trees4 ,9 case ( l>ge plant+s ( dw>f trees alley-ways %\ld be left e "o hundr$ feet1 or bett]1 e eighty feet1 betwe5 ! blocks4 ,^! alleys w be useful = o!r purposes besides spray+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb--;,,dw>f ,,fruit ,,g>d5 #aaa ,,by #add ,,feet ,f ,lucas' ,h&bu* des ,ob/baues ,9 ! managem5t ( a small g>d5 ! g>d5] is expect$ to be lib]al 9 8 all[ance ( f]tiliz]s4 ,:ile x is true t dw>f fruit trees %\ld be lib]ally f$ !re is a possibility ( ov]do+ x4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ t ! dw>f+ ( ! tree dep5ds 9 a c]ta9 way on its well-regulat$ />vation4 ,if ! tree top c\ld get all ! food :i* its nature calls = x w\ld n be dw>f$4 ,! rule 9 fe$+ dw>f fruit trees !re=e %\ld be to give en\gh f]tiliz] to keep !m 9 p]fect heal? & 9 good gr[+ condition1 b n en\gh to =ce unnecess>y gr[?4 ,f]tiliz] ri* 9 nitrog5 %\ld be especially avoid$1 &1 z ! object 9 view is to secure an e>ly maturity ( ! tree & to produce fruit always 9 pref]5ce to wood1 a l>g] proportion ( pota% w\ld naturally be sub/itut$ = ! dim9i%$ proportion ( nitrog54 ,( c\rse ! am\nts & proportions ( ! diff]5t elem5ts 7nitrog51 pota% & phosphoric acid7 to be appli$ w v>y greatly ) diff]5t conditions1--) ! nature ( ! soil1 ! age ( ! trees1 etc4 ,z a sort ( /&>d we may say t "u normal conditions ( good soil ) dw>f apple & pe> trees 9 be>+ !re %\ld be giv5 annually = ea* acre3 #djj p\nds gr\nd bone #djj p\nds muriate ( pota% #ajj p\nds ,p]uvian guano ,pea*es & plums require m nitrog5 dur+ e>ly gr[?1 & m pota% :5 9 full be>+4 ,= a new plantation ( ^! trees ! foll[+ am\nts %\ld be giv5 annually = ea* acre3 #cjj p\nds gr\nd bone #djj p\nds muriate ( pota% #aej p\nds nitrate ( soda ,= pea* & plum trees 9 be>+1 ! foll[+ =mula may be sugge/$3 #djj p\nds gr\nd bone #ejj p\nds muriate ( pota% #ajj p\nds ,p]uvian guano ,inasmu* z _m own]s ( dw>f fruit trees w h s mu* less ?an an acre = treatm5t x w be be/ to repeat ^! =mulas1 r$uc+ !m to a small] unit4 ,mak+ ?is r$uction some:at freely1 9 ord] to avoid long & useless decimals1 we may compute ! quantity ne$$ annually = ea* "o hundr$ squ>e feet ( l& z foll[s3 ,,= ,,apples ,,& ,,pe>s ,,9 ,,be>+ #a p\nd gr\nd bone #a p\nd muriate ( pota% #a_/d p\nd ,p]uvian guano ,,= ,,pea*es ,,& ,,plums ,,newly ,,plant$ #c_/d p\nd gr\nd bone #a p\nd muriate ( pota% #c_/h p\nd nitrate ( soda ,,= ,,pea*es ,,& ,,plums ,,9 ,,be>+ #a_/d p\nd ,p]uvian guano #a-a_/d p\nd muriate ( pota% #a p\nd gr\nd bone ,*]ries %\ld be treat$ l plums2 gooseb]ries1 currants1 & mo/ o!r fruits1 l apples4 ,9 ! home ( dw>f tree culture1 t is1 9 ,europe1 tra9$ trees are ext5sively gr[n ^u walls4 ,! g>d5]s utilize = ?is purpose n only ! walls ( /ables & outbuild+s1 & ( ! enclos$ g>d5s1 b long ranges ( brick are built = ! special & exclusive purpose ( accommodat+ fruit trees4 ,9 s\!rn ,g]many1 9 ,switz]l&1 9 ,belgium1 9 ,france1 & especially 9 ! neighborhood ( ,p>is1 !re are hundr$s ( miles ( ^! walls4 ,! walls may run nor? & s\? or ea/ & we/4 ,bo? sides ( ! walls are us$1 ev5 :5 "o side faces ! nor?4 ,currants & gooseb]ries are expect$ to ?rive on nor? walls4 ,we/ walls are consid]$ especially favorable = pe>s & plums4 ,! walls are ne>ly always built ( brick4 ,!y %\ld h a height ( t5 to f\rte5 feet4 ,ea* wall usually has a cop+ at ! top ) a projection ( t5 to eighte5 in*es1 :i* %$s ! ra91 protect+ bo? ! wall & ! fruit trees4 ,:]e extreme pa9s are sp5t on ! culture ( fancy table fruits !re are curta9s hung f rods along ! out] edge ( ^! cop+s1 & ! curta9s are drawn to protect rip5+ fruit f too hot sun%9e1 or to protect ! blossoms 9 ! spr+ season f late fro/s4 ,brick walls1 ) all _! appurt5ances1 are less important 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe & ! advantages to be expect$ f ?is p>ticul> me?od ( culture are decid$ly less4 ,walls w\ld m probably be useful = pea*es & nect>9es 9 nor!rn latitudes ?an = any o!r fruits4 ,cordons & espali]s require "s sort ( support1 h[ev]1 & :]e walls are n us$ trellises are necess>y4 ,^! may be ( wood or wire4 ,!re is a belief curr5t t ! wood5 trellises are bett] because !y reflect less heat1 b wire is s mu* *eap] & m durable t x w usually be *os54 ,five or six wires are ne$$ to make a good trellis = upright cordons4 ,^! %\ld be plac$ twelve to f\rte5 in*es ap>t1 ) ! l[e/ wire ?irty in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,all wires %\ld be tight1 & to ?is end /\t1 well-set po/s are necess>y4 ,! wires %\ld be loos5$ 9 ! autumn1 be=e freez+ wea!r beg9s1 & %\ld be tight5$ aga9 9 ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc--;,,fruit ,,g>d5+ ,,& ,,l&scape ,,g>d5+ ,,comb9$ ,f ,lucas' ,h&bu* des ,ob/baues ,! entire plant+1 exclusive ( ! bord]s1 is made up ( fruit trees & bu%es4 ,dim5sions1 #geb x #a1cfb feet4 ,= espali]s ! wov5 wire f5ces are bett]4 ,9 fact1 ! wov5 wire f5c+ is excell5t = all sorts ( fruit trellises4 ,p\ltry nett+ makes a *eap & conv5i5t trellis1 b x is nei!r s /rong nor s durable z ! bett] grades ( wov5 wire f5c+4 ,on ! :ole x is v poor economy to buy a *eap trellis or to put x up on poor po/s4 ,^! trellises w ne$ to be comp>atively high4 ,no?+ less ?an eight feet w be satisfactory1 & = upright cordons a trellis t5 to fifte5 feet high w be mu* bett]4 ,( c\rse1 ?is entire height is n ne$$ ! fir/ ye>1 b upright cordon apples w cov] a twelve foot trellis 9 five ye>s4 ,pea*es or ,japanese plums w cov] ! same trellis 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ! selection ( v>ieties = gr[+ 9 a g>d5 ( dw>f fruit trees ! horticulturi/ w naturally be guid$ by pr9ciples altoge!r diff]5t f ^? :i* control him 9 ! selection ( v>ieties = a comm]cial or*>d4 ,he mu/1 ( c\rse1 consid] :i* v>ieties are be/ adapt$ to ! special /ocks on :i* !y h to be propagat$4 ,he mu/ also be> 9 m9d t c]ta9 v>ieties are bett] adapt$ ?an o!rs = ! special =ms 9 :i* he may wi% to tra9 8 dw>f trees4 ,beyond all ?is lies ! great consid]ation t 9 ! v l>ge majority ( cases dw>f fruit trees are gr[n to secure fancy fruit1 n to produce a l>ge quantity = a g5]al m>ket4 ,all v>ieties ( inf]ior quality w\ld !re=e be elim9at$ f consid]ation at ! beg9n+1 no matt] h[ productive !y might be1 nor h[ fam\s = o!r ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd--;,a ,,fruit ,,g>d5 ,,conta9+ ,,_m ,,dw>f ,,trees ,a is ! entrance2 ,b1 well or ci/]n2 ,c1 space to turn a horse & c>t4 ,f ,p4 ,b>ry's ,fruit ,g>d5 ,v>ieties ( specially good flavor w\ld be giv5 special ?\ght1 ev5 ?\gh !y might lack 9 h>d9ess or productivity4 ,! special favorites ( ! man :o owns ! g>d5 %\ld be *os51 no matt] :e!r !y are popul> or n4 ,!n = simil> reasons a comp>atively long li/ ( v>ieties w be *os5 in/ead ( ! v %ort li/ always held to by ! comm]cial gr[]4 ,f fir/ to la/ "o %\ld rememb] t ! gr[+ ( dw>f fruit trees is ess5tially ! ent]prise ( an amateur1 n ( a man :o gr[s fruit = money4 ,,vii ,,dw>f ,,apples ,dw>f apples are ! mo/ int]e/+ & valuable ( dw>f fruits4 ,we h become s ?or\ghly accu/om$ to ! /&>d apple tree 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 & x s fully meets all ! app>5t requirem5ts1 t !re seems to be no call = dw>f apples4 ,nev]!less dw>f trees h "s real advantages "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,"s ( ^! h already be5 po9t$ out 9 ! g5]al discussion 9 previ\s *apt]s1 & "s ( !m w be> reit]ation "h4 ,:]e s mu* int]e/ is tak5 9 apple culture z 9 ,am]ica1 ! advantage :i* dw>f trees (f] = ! rapid te/+ ( new v>ieties _c be ov]look$4 ,/ill m important is ! value ( ! dw>f trees 9 produc+ extra fancy specim5s4 ,?us 9 gr[+ v f9e apples = exhibition or = a p>ticul>ly fa/idi\s m>ket1 "o w\ld naturally *oose ! dw>f trees4 ,inasmu* z dw>f trees are recomm5d$ *iefly to ! amateur & are gr[n g5]ally less = ca% pr(it ?an = o!r consid]ations1 ! great & obvi\s advantages ( /&>d trees quickly disappe>4 ,= m5 :o l to play at fruit gr[+1 no?+ c equal a selection ( apple trees on ,p>adise /ocks4 ,!y are ! mo/ engag+ ( all dw>f trees1 9 fact ( all fruit trees :atsoev]4 ,! g5]al matt] ( select+ /ocks has be5 ref]r$ to "u ! head ( propagation1 b ! /atem5t %\ld be repeat$ "h t ! ,fr5* ,p>adise /ock is pref]able = v dw>f g>d5 trees1 & is almo/ necess>y = cordons & espali]s1 :ile ! ,d\c9 7sometimes call$ ! ,engli% or broad-leav$ ,p>adise7 may be *os5 :]e only a mod]ate am\nt ( dw>f+ is desir$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ exp]t apple gr[]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica are beg9n+ to ?9k t ! ,d\c9 may be requir$ = ! comm]cial or*>ds 9 ! future1 :5 spray+ = ! ,san ,jose scale becomes an e/abli%$ r\t9e & small] trees are an accept$ necessity4 ,dw>f apple trees may be cultivat$ 9 ne>ly all ! artificial =ms ev] giv5 to fruit trees4 ,und\bt$ly ! simple/ is ! bu% or vase =m4 ,?is requires less c>e & att5tion & probably gives z mu* fruit to ! same area z any o!r4 ,! pyramid =m is some:at difficult to produce4 ,x c be secur$ successfully only ) ! v>ieties :i* h a t5d5cy to gr[ /rong1 /raight bran*es1 z = in/ance ,sutton1 ,grav5/e9 & ,nor!rn ,spy4 ,on ! :ole ! pyramid is n to be recomm5d$ = dw>f apples4 ,apples succe$ v well z upright cordons & 9 all ! simpl] modifications ( ?is =m4 ,z ^! trees c be plant$ v close toge!r--z close z fifte5 in*es c]ta9ly--?us occupy+ v little room1 a l>ge numb] ( !m c be plant$ 9 v limit$ areas ( ! city lot or backy>d4 ,!y are especially adapt$ to /& on ! prop]ty l9e :]e !y seem to use no space :atev]1 & :]e 9 fact !y d occupy space :i* o!rwise w\ld be lo/4 ,! upright cordon c be b5t into ! =m ( an ar* 9 ord] to make delightful arbors along ! walks4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #b1 %[s a good example ( ?is sort4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be--;,,dw>f ,,apples ,,on ,,pr(4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey',s ,,f>m1 ,,new ,,york ,ne>ly all v>ieties ( apples--inde$ all z f> z ,i "k--succe$ 9 ?is =m4 ,! trees are n v long-liv$1 h[ev]4 ,t is !y _c be ma9ta9$ 9 good pres5table =m & prolific be>+ indef9itely1 because x is difficult to reproduce ! fruit spurs on ! l[] "p ( ! /em4 ,nev]!less ! trees are inexp5sive & c be *eaply replac$4 ,z !y come into be>+ ! fir/ or second ye> aft] plant+1 ?is task ( replac+ worn-out trees is a small "o4 ,v f9e specim5s ( fruit c be produc$ on ^! upright cordons4 ,inde$ ?is =m is sup]ior to ! bu% =m 9 ?is respect4 ,! apple is ! be/ ( all trees = horizontal cordons4 ,9 ?is =m x becomes ! mo/ ent]ta9+ play?+ 9 ! g>d51 z well z "o ( ! mo/ rew>d+ trees 9 its product ( fruit4 ,ei!r ! s+le arm or ! d\ble arm cordon c be us$ ) success4 ,^! horizontal cordons are naturally us$ along ! bord]s ( walks1 fl[] b$s or plots devot$ to vegetables4 ,!y may sometimes be us$ along f\ndations ( build+s1 :]e x is n desir$ to gr[ upright cordons or espali]s aga9/ ! walls4 ,! fruit produc$ by horizontal cordons is probably sup]ior 9 size1 color & f9i% to t produc$ on any o!r =m ( tree4 ,9 climates :]e ! summ]'s heat & sun%9e are apt to be meag]1 ?is advantage ( ! horizontal cordon w be comp>atively great]4 ,conv]sely x w be less 9 places :]e sun%9e & heat are v abundant dur+ ! summ]4 ,x is probably true t on ! pla9s ( ,arizona & ,texas ! horizontal cordon w n be a brilliant success4 ,dw>f apples ne$ practically ! same c>e & cultivation1 aside f prun+1 z /&>d apples4 ,! soil %\ld be cultivat$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! summ] & all[$ to re/ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ye>4 ,cov] crops may be s[n dur+ ,june or ,july1 accord+ to ! cu/om practis$ 9 ! usual or*>d managem5t2 b ! advantages ( a cov] crop 9 a small g>d5 are less mat]ial ?an 9 a l>ge comm]cial or*>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf--,,upright ,,cordon ,,apples #ah in*es ap>t2 9 au?or's g>d5 ,! =mation ( ! tree is discuss$ "u ano!r head4 ,x rema9s to be said only t c>eful & intellig5t prun+ are requir$ to keep any dw>f apple tree to its "w4 ,! m complicat$ & ! m re/rict$ ! =m ( ! tree1 ! m c>eful & cont9u\s mu/ be ?is prun+4 ,! g5]al sy/em may be outl9$ 9 comp>atively few words1 & may be expla9$ 9 its simple/ =m z appli$ to ! treatm5t ( a horizontal cordon4 ,ea* horizontal cordon1 p]fectly =m$ & full gr[n1 %\ld h fruit spurs ?r\gh\t its horizontal l5g?1 :i* may be f ?ree to fifte5 feet4 ,! upright portion ( ! trunk1 f ! po9t :]e ! graft is set to ! angle made by ! b5d+ d[n ( ! /em1 %\ld be kept clean & b>e4 ,con/ant c>e is requir$ to remove ! spr\ts f ?is portion ( ! tree1 especially su* z come up f ! /ock4 ,at ! fur!r end ( ! horizontal portion !re %\ld be "o1 two1 or ?ree /rong %oots all[$ to pu% =? ea* ye>4 ,^! may be call$ lead]s4 ,!y repres5t ! pr9cipal wood gr[? 9 ea* tree4 ,!y draw up ! sap f ! roots1 _! leaves elaborate ?is sap1 & f !m ! dige/$ mat]ial is s5t back = ! support ( ! tree & ! rip5+ ( ! fruit4 ,!y are all[$ to take an upright or ne>ly upright position & _! gr[? is enc\rag$4 ,on all o!r portions ( ! tree gr[? is /]nly re/rict$1 :5 n altoge!r repress$4 ,!re is a con/ant t5d5cy = /rong %oots to />t into gr[? all along ! horizontal "p ( ! /em & especially ne> ! b5d4 ,if any ( ^! %oots are all[$ to make headway1 ! =m ( ! tree is spoil$4 ,ev5 if !y are cut out aft] a ye>'s gr[?1 ?us reta9+ some:at ! =m ( ! tree1 ! fruit spurs are !reby lo/4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! fruit gr[]1 !re=e1 to p9* back ^! %oots :i* />t along ! horizontal /em1 & ?is p9*+ is done at a comp>atively e>ly /age ( _! gr[?4 ,usually ! fir/ p9*+ %\ld be giv5 :5 ! /ems h gr[n long en\gh s z to h sev5 or eight leaves4 ,^! %oots are !n cut or p9*$ back to ?ree leaves4 ,if ! tree is 9 good vigor\s condition1 ^! %oots w soon />t into gr[? once m4 ,aga9 !y h to be p9*$4 ,?is "t ! p9*+ comes a little e>li]1 tak+ ! %oot :5 x rea*es only ab\t five leaves & ! p9*+ is /ill m sev]e4 ,! %oots may />t into gr[? a ?ird "t or ev5 a f\r? "t1 b ea* "t !y are p9*$ back soon] & m sev]ely ?an be=e4 ,9 mo/ cases two or ?ree p9*+s w suffice4 ,^! con/ant repressions ( gr[? t5d to secure ! =mation ( fruit spurs & fruit buds along ! horizontal trunk ( ! tree4 ,"s slight modifications ( ! plan "h outl9$ w develop !mselves 9 exp]i5ce4 ,9 p>ticul> x w be f\nd t diff]5t v>ieties require slightly diff]5t h&l+4 ,"s =m fruit spurs m readily ?an o!rs4 ,) c]ta9 v>ieties x is v difficult to repress ! rampant habit ( gr[? & to secure a prop] =mation ( fruit buds4 ,^! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 are ( m9or importance z comp>$ ) ! g5]al managem5t ( ! tree4 ,! sy/em j outl9$ has 9 view ! summ] prun+ ( ! horizontal cordon apple4 ,! upright cordon is prun$ 9 almo/ exactly ! same mann]4 ,v>i\s =ms ( espali]s are h&l$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,/rong %oots or lead]s are all[$ to gr[ at ! ends ( ! ma9 bran*es to keep up a prop] circulation & elaboration ( sap1 :ile ! gr[? ( fruit spurs is enc\rag$ along ! sides ( ! /ems by frequ5t & regul> prun+4 ,9 a some:at less precise mann] ! same sy/em ( prun+ c be appli$ to bu% & pyramid =ms4 ,ea* bu%1 = in/ance1 is made up ( a c]ta9 numb] ( fruit+ bran*es4 ,! fruit is borne on spurs on ! sides ( ^! bran*es1 :ile ! woody gr[? is made by ! lead]s appe>+ at ! ends ( ^! bran*es4 ,^! lead]s are annually cut back & ! con/ant =mation ( fruit spurs is enc\rag$ by p9*+ :atev] %oots are on ! sides ( ! ma9 /ems4 ,x w be se5 t ! :ole bus9ess ( prun+ falls into two g5]al categories1 viz41 w9t] prun+ & summ] prun+4 ,! w9t] or spr+ prun+ is giv5 any "t aft] ! /ress ( w9t] is ov] & be=e ! sap />ts runn+ 9 ! spr+4 ,?is is ! "t :5 ! ord9>y fruit trees are cu/om>ily prun$4 ,! "w at ?is season consi/s *iefly 9 cutt+ back lead]s4 ,^! are prun$ (f %ort1 t is ! :ole /em is tak5 (f d[n to )9 two or ?ree buds ( :]e x />t$ gr[? ! previ\s ye>4 ,9 "s cases x is wor? :ile to cut ev5 fur!r back1 go+ into wood two or ?ree ye>s old4 ,at ?is spr+ prun+ ! defective or diseas$ bran*es are ( c\rse remov$ :]ev] !y are f\nd4 ,cases requir+ su* treatm5t always occur ev5 on ! be/ tra9$ cordons & espali]s4 ,:5ev] x becomes necess>y an entire bran*1 sometimes compos+ half ! tree1 is tak5 out4 ,usually su* bran*es c be replac$ )\t great loss ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg--;,,horizontal ,,cordon ,,apple ,,trees ,aft] ?is w9t] or spr+ prun+ comes ! summ] prun+ :i* has be5 outl9$ above4 ,?is usually beg9s ,may #ae-be1 & cont9ues until ,july #be-ca1 diff]+1 ( c\rse1 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,practically all v>ieties ( apples c be gr[n z dw>fs1 ?\gh "s succe$ on ,p>adise roots bett] ?an o!rs4 ,"s v>ieties also are bett] adapt$ = special =ms1 z = cordons1 ?an are o!rs4 ,su* requirem5ts are n v /rict1 & a c>eful g>d5] c gr[ practically any?+ he wants to4 ,patrick ,b>ry1 9 8 ,fruit ,g>d51 recomm5ds tw5ty v l>ge & beautiful sorts = dw>fs1 hav+ 9 m9d ,am]ican conditions1 & especially 8 own exp]i5ce 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,8 li/ is z foll[s3 ,r$ ,a/ra*an ,l>ge ,sweet ,b\gh ,primate ,beauty ( ,k5t ,alex&] ,du*ess ( ,old5burg ,fall ,pipp9 ,williams' ,favorite ,grav5/e9 ,haw?ornd5 ,maid5's ,blu% ,port] ,m5ag]e ,r$ ,bietigheim] ,bailey ,sweet ,canada ,re9ette ,nor!rn ,spy ,"m ,k+ ( ,tompk9s ,c\nty ,tw5ty ,ounce ,wag5] ,9 ,europe1 :]e great] att5tion has be5 paid to ^! matt]s1 ! op9ion has settl$ d[n to a comp>atively limit$ numb]4 ,= example1 ,mr4 ,george ,buny>d 9 ,! ,fruit ,g>d5 recomm5ds ! foll[+ v>ieties = cordons3 ,mr4 ,glad/one ,aug4 ,devon%ire ,qu>r5d5 ,aug4 ,james ,grieve ,sept4 ,weal?y ,oct4 ,m>gil ,oct4 ,k+ ( ,pipp9s ,oct4 ,"m ,oct4 ,calville ,r\ge ,precoce ,oct4 ,cox's ,orange ,pipp9 ,oct41 ,feb4 ,/4 ,edmund's ,pipp9 ,nov4 ,ross ,nonp>eil ,nov4 ,du*ess ( ,old5burg ,aug4 ,pott's ,se$l+ ,sept4 ,"l ,grosv5or ,sept4 ,adams' ,pe>ma9 ,dec4 ,hubb>d's ,pe>ma9 ,dec4 ,all+ton ,pipp9 ,nov41 ,feb4 ,sc>let ,nonp>eil ,jan41 ,feb4 ,norman's ,pipp9 ,jan4 ,"l ,burghley ,feb4 ,duke ( ,devon%ire ,feb4 ,rosem>y ,russet ,feb4 ,/urm] ,pipp9 ,v late ,all5's ,ev]la/+ ,v late ,fe>n's ,pipp94 ,v late ,"l ,d]by ,nov4 ,bism>ck ,dec4 ,lane's ,pr9ce ,alb]t ,jan41 ,m>* ,"l ,suffield ,sept4 ,gr5adi] ,sept41 ,oct4 ,gold5 ,spire ,sept41 ,oct4 ,seaton ,h\se ,sept41 ,oct4 ,s&r+ham ,feb4 ,alfri/on ,feb41 ,m>* ,calville ,mal+re ,feb4 to ,m*4 ,calville ,r\ge ,feb4 to ,m*4 ,! same au?ority recomm5ds ! foll[+ v>ieties to be gr[n on ,p>adise /ocks z bu%es3 ,beauty ( ,ba? ,july1 ,aug4 ,r$ ,qu>r5d5 ,july1 ,aug4 ,lady ,sudeley ,sept4 ,worce/] ,pe>ma9 ,sept41 ,oct4 ,yell[ ,ange/rie ,sept4 ,du*ess' ,favorite ,sept4 to ,oct4 ,k+ ( ! ,pipp9s ,oct4 ,e>ly ,:ite ,transp>5t ,j'ly4 ,"l ,suffield ,aug41 ,sept4 ,pott's ,se$l+ ,aug41 ,sept4 ,"l ,grosv5or ,aug41 ,sept4 ,e>ly ,juli5 ,aug41 ,sept4 ,eckl9ville ,se$l+ ,sept41 ,oct4 ,gr5adi] ,sept41 ,oct4 ,/irl+ ,ca/le ,sept41 ,oct4 ,gold5 ,spire ,sept41 ,oct4 ,cox's ,orange ,pipp9 ,nov41 ,feb4 ,beauty ( ,b>nack ,nov4 ,all+ton ,pipp9 ,dec41 ,feb4 ,gascoigne's ,sc>let ,dec4 ,*ri/mas ,pe>ma9 ,dec4 ,w9t] ,qu>r5d5 ,dec4 ,baumann's ,re9ette ,jan4 ,"l ,d]by ,oct41 ,nov4 ,/one's ,apple ,oct41 ,nov4 ,t[] ( ,glamis ,oct41 ,nov4 ,w>n]'s ,k+ ,oct41 ,nov4 ,bism>ck ,oct41 ,nov4 ,lane's ,pr9ce ,alb]t ,dec41 ,m*4 ,bramley's ,se$l+ ,dec41 ,m*4 ,newton ,wond] ,dec41 ,m*4 ,max ,loeb5] 9 8 book on dw>f fruits recomm5ds ! foll[+ v>ieties = dw>f apples3 ,r$ ,a/ra*an ,july1 ,aug4 ,yell[ ,transp>5t ,aug41 ,sept4 ,*>lam[sky ,aug41 ,sept4 ,transp>5t de ,croncels ,sept41 ,oct4 ,pr9ce ,apple ,sept41 ,jan4 ,danzig ,oct41 ,dec4 ,dean's ,codl9 ,oct4 to ,feb4 ,l&bury ,re9ette ,nov41 ,feb4 ,cox's ,orange ,nov4 to ,m*4 ,requires good soil ,w9t] ,gold ,pe>ma9 ,nov41 ,m>* ,rib/on ,pipp9 ,nov41 ,april ,good w>m soil ,canada ,re9ette4 ,nov41 ,april ,h>dy ,belle de ,boskoop ,nov41 ,may ,virg9ia ,rose ,aug4 ,r$ ,pea* ,summ] ,apple ,aug41 ,sept4 ,"l ,suffield ,aug41 ,oct4 ,cell9i ,sept41 ,nov4 ,alex&] ,oct41 ,dec4 ,grav5/e9 ,oct4 to ,jan4 ,= moi/ soils1 be>s late ,yell[ ,ri*>d ,nov41 ,dec4 ,bism>ck ,nov41 ,feb4 ,yell[ ,bellfl[] ,nov4 to ,april ,requires good position ,baumann's ,re9ette ,dec41 ,may ,inasmu* z ! advantages ( ! dw>f trees apply especially to ! gr[+ ( f9e fruit1 only ! bett] v>ieties %\ld g5]ally be propagat$ 9 ?is way4 ,on ?is basis1 !re=e1 r ?an on ! basis ( adaptation le>n$ f exp]i5ce1 ! foll[+ v>ieties may be sugge/$ among ! well kn[n ,am]ican sorts = gr[+ 9 dw>f =m3 ,baldw9 ,esopus ,"m ,williams' ,favorite ,sutton ,k+ ,nor!rn ,spy ,grimes ,w9esap ,yell[ ,transp>5t ,mc,intosh ,r$ ,a/ra*an ,alex&] ,wolf ,riv] ,rib/on ,pipp9 ,weal?y ,wag5] ,( c\rse1 "o propagat+ dw>f apples w\ld always select 8 own favorites4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t 9 ! li/ giv5 above are "s v>ieties :i* are notable = beauty ( appe>ance r ?an = sup]ior quality4 ,!y are recomm5d$ on ! =m] consid]ation4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties 9 ! li/1 = in/ance ,alex&]1 are kn[n to succe$ especially well z dw>fs4 ,,viii ,,dw>f ,,pe>s ,pe>s are ! fruit mo/ l>gely gr[n 9 dw>f =m 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re are a few well e/abli%$ & successful comm]cial or*>ds ( pe>s1 especially 9 we/]n ,new ,york & ,mi*igan4 ,! pe> is ! fruit mo/ assidu\sly cultivat$ 9 dw>f & tra9$ =ms 9 ,europe4 ,at ! same "t x is ! "o ) :i* ,i confess ,i h _h ! lea/ satisfaction4 ,?is is p]haps because ,i h always exp]im5t$ 9 a c\ntry :]e pe>s d n naturally succe$1 & because1 fur!r1 my fancies h run m to o!r k9ds ( fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh--,,"y ,,or*>d ,,( ,,dw>f ,,pe>s ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,new ,,york ,x is probably true t ! pe> is improv$ m 9 quality ?an any o!r fruit by be+ gr[n 9 dw>f =m & tra9$ z cordons & espali]s on a suitable frame or wall4 ,?is is emphatically true 9 cold & inclem5t climates1 :]e inde$ "s ( ! be/ v>ieties ( pe>s w n succe$ at all unless giv5 ?is advantage4 ,a we/ wall is recomm5d$ z giv+ ! v f9e/ results4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t "s v>ieties d bett] on walls ?an o!rs4 ,^? :i* gr[ vigor\sly 9 bu%1 pyramid1 or /&>d =ms receive comp>atively less b5efit f wall tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi--;,,dw>f ,,pe>s ,,9 ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,pr(itable ,,yeomans ,,or*>d1 ,,new ,,york ,! pe> is ! be/ ( all trees = tra9+ 9 pyramid =m4 ,sometimes v tall slim pyramids are made1 becom+ almo/ pill>s ( foliage & fruit 9 _! old age4 ,^! may be 9 fact upright cordons :i* are tra9$ ) /rong /ems & all[$ to support !mselves )\t a trellis4 ,"s ( ! less upright gr[+ v>ieties are difficult to =m into pyramids1 & su* may be prun$ 9 ! ord9>y bu% or vase =m4 ,9 gr[+ dw>f pe>s comm]cially1 z is sometimes done1 x is probably be/ to give mo/ v>ieties ! bu% =m4 ,! pyramid is r h>d] to ma9ta94 ,! pe> succe$s well z a cordon tree4 ,p]haps ! be/ =m is ! oblique cordon1 "o plac$ at an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees ) ! horizon4 ,! upright & horizontal cordons may also be us$1 ?\gh nei!r ( ^! =ms is specially well adapt$ to pe>s4 ,all ( ! bett] types ( espali]s are suit$ to pe> trees4 ,probably ! ,palmette-,v]ri] is ! be/1 al?\gh ! old fa%ion$ espali]s are (t5 us$4 ,! ,u-=m & ! d\ble ,u-=m also succe$ if well built4 ,! prun+ ( ! pe> tree is sub/antially ! same z t ( ! apple4 ,:]e pe> blight is a factor 9 ! problem1 due all[ance mu/ be made = x4 ,x sometimes happ5s t entire bran*es or arms h to be cut away on acc\nt ( blight+4 ,! sy/em ( prun+ !re=e %\ld furni% a means ( r5ew+ su* memb]s promptly :5 necessity requires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj--,,or*>d ,,( ,,dw>f ,,du*ess ,,pe>s1 ,,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! qu9ce root pref]s a fairly heavy & ev5 moi/ soil4 ,a heavy clay loam is be/1 al?\gh a /rong clay w answ]4 ,light s&y soils or loose gravelly soils w n give su* good results4 ,on ! o!r h& any clay soil :i* holds wat] to a consid]able ext5t w answ]4 ,z ^! are ! requirem5ts = qu9ce roots1 !y become also ! requirem5ts = dw>f pe>s4 ,any attempt to gr[ dw>f pe>s on a light loose soil is almo/ c]ta9 to prove a failure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca--,,pyramid ,,pe>s ,,9 ,a ,,g]man ,,or*>d ,x is (t5 said t dw>f pe>s %\ld be plant$ deep 9 ! gr\nd :5 !y are set out4 ,! rule is to put !m deep en\gh s t ! bud union w be buri$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! soil4 ,) su* treatm5t ! pe> itself (t5 ?r[s out roots & ev5tually e/abli%es a fe$+ sy/em ( its own1 becom+ indep5d5t ( ! qu9ce /ock4 ,x is !n no long] a dw>f tree except by ! au?ority ( ! prun+ knife4 ,x is probably true t _m v>ieties ( dw>f pe>s are long] liv$ :5 treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 plant+1 !re=e1 x becomes a "q :e!r "o desires *iefly a long-liv$ tree or a /rictly dw>f "o4 ,! ease ) :i* dw>f trees are replac$ makes longevity a less important factor ?an 9 comm]cial or*>ds ( /&>d trees4 ,( c\rse1 x is und]/ood t if ! dw>fe/ =m is to be ma9ta9$1 ! tree mu/ be plant$ high en\gh to leave ! union out ( ! gr\nd1 ?us prev5t+ ! pe> f ?r[+ out roots ( its own4 ,! v>ieties pr9cipally gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry z dw>fs are ,ang\leme1 ,b>tlett1 ,anj\1 & ,l\ise ,bonne4 ,9 ,european nurs]ies ! li/ ( pe>s propagat$ on qu9ce roots is mu* l>g]4 ,! foll[+ v>ieties are recomm5d$ = ,engl& by ,mr4 ,ow5 ,?omas1 & are said to be p>ticul>ly good = tra9+ on walls3 ,bu]re ,giff>d ,clapp's ,favorite ,j>gonelle ,williams' 7,b>tlett7 ,bu]re d',amanlis ,fondante d',automne ,triomphe de ,vi5ne ,bu]re ,bosc ,bu]re ,h>dy ,bu]re ,br[n ,comte de ,lamy ,l\ise ,bonne de ,j]sey ,pitma/on ,du*ess ,la ,france ,bu]re d',anj\ ,bu]re de ,jonghe ,doy5ne d',al5con ,gl\ ,morceau ,m>ie ,b5oi/ ,w9t] ,nelis ,bu]re ,diel ,n\velle ,fulvie ,bu]re ,/]ckmans ,ea/] ,bu]re ,le ,lecti] ,olivi] de ,s]res ,seckel ,conf]5ce ,doy5ne du ,comice ,m>ie ,l\ise ,?ompson's ,du*esse d',ang\leme ,passe ,crassane ,ne ,plus ,meuris ,b]gamotte ,esp]5 ,bu]re ,rance ,joseph9e de ,mal9es ,,ix ,,dw>f ,,pea*es ,! pea* z a dw>f tree is almo/ unkn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is n v (t5 gr[n z a dw>f ev5 9 ,europe1 except :5 x is tra9$ on walls or gr[n 9 h\ses4 ,! species1 h[ev]1 is easily dw>f$ & makes a good tree 9 v>i\s =ms :5 well propagat$4 ,! me?ods by :i* dw>f pea*es are propagat$ are fully describ$ 9 ! *apt] devot$ to t subject4 ,pea* trees gr[+ on plum /ocks & =m$ 9 vases or bu%es make excell5t g>d5 trees4 ,naturally !y %\ld be head$ l[1 be/ )9 ?ree to six in*es ( ! gr\nd4 ,!y !n make f9e1 regul>1 well balanc$ tops :i* are easily kept op5$ out 9 ! desir$ vase =m4 ,su* trees usually come into be>+ "o or two ye>s e>li] ?an ^? propagat$ & tra9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,9 a c\ntry l ,new ,engl& :]e pea* gr[+ is l>gely a sy/em ( gambl+ aga9/ cold wea!r1 & :]e ! bus9ess l>gely resolves itself into a race = gett+ a crop be=e ! trees freeze back1 ! small] /ature & ! e>li] be>+ ( ! dw>f tree are obvi\s advantages4 ,x has n yet be5 %[n t ?is may be turn$ to acc\nt on a comm]cial scale1 b !re seem to be possibilities 9 x4 ,9 case ! pea* gr[] und]takes ! me?od ( lay+ d[n 8 pea* trees & cov]+ !m dur+ ! w9t] to save !m f freez+1 ! small] gr[? ( ! dw>f trees w\ld prove a decid$ advantage4 ,?is me?od ( h&l+ pea* trees has prov$ a practical success "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb--;,,dw>f ,,pea* ,,9 ,,nurs]y ,head$ back & =m$ into bu%es ,! pea* does n succe$ z a cordon4 ,! ne>e/ t ?is =m c be successfully approa*$ is ! ,u-=m4 ,! d\ble ,u-=m is probably ev5 bett]4 ,! fan =m ( tra9+ is ! be/ ( all me?ods ( tra9+ = ! pea*4 ,! tree makes wood s rapidly t consid]able space has to be provid$ = ! annual gr[?4 ,! fan =m be+ less def9ite 9 its makeup c be m readily adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( rapid gr[? & sev]e cutt+ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc--;,,espali] ,,pea*1 ,,h>t=d1 ,,conn4 ,on acc\nt ( its m vigor\s gr[? ! pea* dem&s ev5 m dra/ic prun+ ?an t already describ$ = apples & pe>s4 ,! me?od ( manag+ a pea* tree1 h[ev]1 diff]s 9 "s details4 ,!re is n su* a di/9ct e/abli%m5t ( lead]s at ! end ( ! %oot2 & s9ce ! pea* nev] =ms fruit spurs l ^? ( ! apple1 ! prun+ ( ! fruit-be>+ wood is necess>ily diff]5t4 ,! be/ fruit buds are =m$ on ! /rong clean %oots ( ! curr5t season's gr[?4 ,^! mu/ be all[$ to gr[ f> en\gh & vigor\sly en\gh to rip5 good fruit buds4 ,if !y make too mu* gr[?1 h[ev]1 ! side buds />t second>y bran*es & ! fruit+ prospects are r$uc$4 ,! managem5t ( ! tree mu/ be su* z to keep ?is gr[? ( new wood 9 j ! prop] balance4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out ! idea ?us outl9$1 an e>ly spr+ prun+ is giv5 :ile ! trees are dormant1 & sev]al successive prun+s are adm9i/]$ dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,at ! spr+ prun+ a consid]able am\nt ( wood is cut out f all portions ( ! tree1 ! am\nt ?us remov$ be+ mu* great] ?an t f ! pe> or apple trees at ! same season4 ,! old decrepit & diseas$ bran*es are tak5 fir/ = removal1 & !n "o ye> old wood is cut back :]e necess>y1 s z to leave two or ?ree buds at ! base ( ea* bran*4 ,! fir/ summ] prun+ is giv5 ab\t ,may #ae? to #bj?1 aft] ! gr[? has well begun4 ,a vigor\s tree w />t m %oots ?an !re is room =1 & ^! are ?9n$ out until all h suffici5t space4 ,a few ( ! mo/ vigor\s ones are p9*$ back at ?is "t4 ,"o week to t5 days lat] ! trees are gone ov] aga91 at :i* "t ! pr9cipal p9*+ back is done4 ,! %oots :i* are mak+ too mu* gr[?1 especially on ! int]ior ( ! tree or on ! ma9 arms1 are /opp$4 ,a ?ird prun+ is giv5 ab\t ,june fir/1 & consi/s *iefly 9 remov+ weak %oots or ^? :i* are cr[d+ "o ano!r1 & cutt+ back ^? :i* are gr[+ too f>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd--,,pea* ,,9 ,,fan ,,espali] ,,on ,,wall1 ,,engl& ,! pea* usually requires a comp>atively light soil & a w>m exposure4 ,! plum root ^u :i* a dw>f pea* is budd$ w usually succe$ 9 a consid]ably heavi] soil1 & ! me?od ( budd+ on plum is !re=e sometimes practis$ ) ! specific object ( adapt+ ! pea* tree to heavi] soils4 ,inasmu* z v>i\s k9ds ( plums succe$ 9 all soils on :i* any crop c be gr[n1 f light s& to heavy clay1 x is n difficult to meet any reasonable requirem5ts 9 ?is respect4 ,all v>ieties ( pea*es & nect>9es seem to succe$ equally well z dw>fs4 ,^? v>ieties :i* are gr[n z dw>fs 9 ,europe are naturally ! ones :i* are favorites !re4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! favorite v>ieties are almo/ altoge!r diff]5t & we w\ld expect to *oose su* sorts z ,late ,craw=d1 ,fo/]1 ,old ,mixon1 ,belle ( ,georgia1 ,*ampion1 ,waddell1 & o!r *oice ,am]ican v>ieties = our use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce--,,pea* ,,trees ,,tra9$ ,,"u ,,glass ,! nect>9e is 9 l>ge favor 9 ,europe & is mu* m ext5sively gr[n ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,! m]its ( ?is fruit seem to h be5 /rangely ov]look$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 nect>9es are prop]ly gr[n "u glass1 !y are "o ( ! mo/ delici\s & beautiful fruits kn[n 9 ?is _w ( limitations & disappo9tm5ts4 ,! nect>9e is a fruit :i* w 9 g5]al be> m ext5sive cultivation 9 ,am]ica & :i* is to be especially recomm5d$ = dw>f fruit g>d5s4 ,?is is n to say t x %\ld sup]s$e ! pea*1 or ev5 t x %\ld take equal prom95ce1 b simply t x %\ld be well repres5t$ 9 e selection ( fruits = an amateur's collection4 ,x ,,dw>f ,,plums ,mo/ amateur & pr(essional fruit gr[]s are less int]e/$ 9 plums ?an 9 o!r tree fruits4 ,p]haps ,i am prejudic$1 b ,i feel t ?is is n fair to ! plum4 ,plums yield "s pr(it :5 rightly cultivat$ comm]cially1 & no end ( satisfaction :5 cultivat$ = ! g>d5]'s own ent]ta9m5t4 ,! l>ge assortm5t ( v>ieties :i* "o may secure is 9 itself a claim to int]e/1 & a s\rce ( mu* delight to ! collector4 ,! fact t diff]5t types ( plums furni% fruit ( v div]se *>act]s makes ! collection m valuable f e /&po9t4 ,s f> z ! writ] kn[s dw>f plums h seldom be5 gr[n to any ext5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y c]ta9ly h no pres5t claim bas$ on exp]i5ce = recognition 9 comm]cial or*>ds4 ,nev]!less !y h possibilities ev5 = ! gr[+ ( m>ket fruit1 & = cultivation 9 ! g>d51 dw>f trees are altoge!r wor? :ile4 ,9 ! *apt] on propagation1 ref]5ce has be5 made to ! /ocks us$ = plums & t subject ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf--,,plum ,,trees ,,tra9$ ,,z ,,upright ,,cordons ,:5 plum trees h be5 secur$ budd$ on suitable dw>f+ /ocks1 z1 = example1 ,am]icana or s& *]ry1 !y may be tra9$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,probably ! ord9>y bu% =m is ! be/4 ,mo/ v>ieties ( plums d n =m ei!r a satisfactory pyramid or a /rictly vase =m4 ,"s ( ! bett] gr[+ ,japanese v>ieties ( plums approa* ! latt] =m fairly well4 ,r$ ,june1 ,satsuma1 & ,*abot may be m5tion$ z p>ticul> examples4 ,) su* v>ieties a true vase =m c be ma9ta9$ z well z ) pea*es4 ,9 deal+ ) a majority ( v>ieties1 h[ev]1 a simple bu%-l head )\t a ma!matically con/ruct$ frame "w is ab\t ! be/ t c be secur$4 ,9 mo/ cases ! head %\ld be =m$ l[1 pref]ably n m ?an six in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,/ill consid]able latitude has to be all[$ ! g>d5]'s fancy 9 deal+ ) dw>f trees1 & ! writ] c easily imag9e a g>d5 design :i* w\ld require trees to be high head$4 ,x w\ld be practicable & excusable 9 "s cases to =m heads f\r1 five1 or ev5 six feet f ! gr\nd4 ,?is is (t5 done 9 ,engl& & ,g]many ) all sorts ( fruit trees1 ?is =m be+ ref]r$ to z a /&>d4 ,a head c be secur$ at almo/ any po9t on a plum tree ( good gr[?1 by head+ back at ! desir$ height4 ,f\r to six bran*es %\ld be all[$ to gr[ ! fir/ ye> & 9 c\rse ( "t ^! w be increas$ to eight1 twelve1 or ev5 m4 ,t is1 !re w be ?is numb] ( :at we might call ma9 bran*es because !y are all ( approximately equal importance4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ ye> aft] ! tree has be5 head$ back ! ma9 bran*es1 :i* h n[ =m$1 are to be cut back 9 turn4 ,) all /rong-gr[+ v>ieties x is be/ to remove f "o-half to two-?irds ( ! annual gr[? f ^! ma9 bran*es1 if ! tree is to be re/rict$ to a comp>atively n>r[ spread4 ,a consid]able numb] ( /rong %oots w put =? ! next ye>4 ,^! %\ld be ?9n$ out z soon z !y />t to a numb] approximately twice t ( ! ma9 arms4 ,^! new bran*es %\ld be di/ribut$ z symmetrically z possible4 ,! tree top is n[ =m$ & subsequ5t prun+ consi/s ess5tially ( a sev]e head+ 9 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! dormant season1 t is1 ab\t ,m>*1 foll[$ by two1 ?ree1 or f\r summ] prun+s some:at aft] ! mann] describ$ = ! pea*4 ,at ! "t ( ^! summ] prun+s ! "y gr[+ %oots %\ld be ?9n$ out en\gh to prev5t any *ok+ ( ! tree top & %\ld be head$ 9 :]ev] x is necess>y to reta9 ! symmetrical gr[?4 ,! mann] ( =m+ ! fruit buds or spurs is s div]se 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( plums t no g5]al rule c be giv5 = enc\rag+ !m4 ,close obs]vation ( ea* v>iety w soon enable ! g>d5] to direct 8 prun+ 9 su* a way z to assi/ 9 ?is important process ( fruit bud =mation4 ,9 a r\gh g5]al way x may be said t ! ,dome/ica & ,am]icana v>ieties ( plums =m di/9ct fruit spurs along ! sides ( "o & two ye> old bran*es1 & t1 = ! enc\ragem5t ( ^!1 consid]able light %\ld be admitt$ & ! gr[? ( ! int]ior %oots r rigidly *eck$4 ,! ,japanese & ,hortulana v>ieties on ! o!r h& fruit be/ f v %ort spurs or clu/]s ( buds :i* =m along f ! /rong "o & two ye> old bran*es4 ,! ma9 object1 !re=e1 ) ^! latt] v>ieties is to ma9ta9 a succession ( clean1 s\nd1 well matur$ %oots4 ,?is is done by a mod]ate ?9n+ ( ! ma9 %oots e>ly 9 ! ye>1 result+ 9 ! =c+ ( ^? :i* are left4 ,^! /rong gr[+ %oots are *eck$ late 9 ! summ] 9 ord] t !y may rip5 up ?or\ghly1 b ! p9*+ :i* is done to ?is end is delay$ long en\gh s t ! p9*$ %oots w n />t into gr[? aga94 ,moreov]1 ?is p9*+ is done well out to ! ends ( ! %oots4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties ( plums succe$ fairly well z v]tical cordons4 ,! v>ieties lea/ adapt$ to ?is purpose are ! ,hortulana (fspr+ & _! hybrids & a few ( ! rank-gr[+ ,japanese1 l ,hale & ,octob] ,purple4 ,9 ! dw>f tree g>d5 at ! ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college ! writ] has a r[ ( plum trees conta9+ a l>ge assortm5t ( v>ieties & species4 ,^! trees 7 pick$ out at r&om f v>i\s s\rces & v few ( !m 7 propagat$ on dw>f+ /ocks4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! trees 7 set two feet ap>t1 :i* is m ?an is usually recomm5d$ = upright cordons4 ,!y h n[ be5 gr[+ ?ree ye>s1 & !y furni% mu* int]e/+ te/imony reg>d+ ! feasibility ( gr[+ plums 9 ?is =m4 ,contr>y to expectation su* v>ieties z ,r$ ,june1 ,abundance1 & ,burbank h done well "u ?is treatm5t4 ,^! v>ieties all fruit$ ! next ye> aft] plant+4 ,"s v>ieties ( ! ,dome/ica gr\p are be>+ ! ?ird ye> aft] plant+1 :i* is unusually e>ly4 ,all ( !m seem to be fairly well adapt$ to ?is me?od ( treatm5t4 ,v>ieties l ,wildgoose & ,wayl&1 & su* hybrids z ,gonzales1 ,waugh & ,r$ ,may1 c h>dly be controll$ 9 ! re/rict$ space all[$ !m 9 a r[ ( v]tical cordons4 ,!y give v little promise ( success4 ,x is probable t all ^! v>ieties w\ld make a bett] %[+ if !y 7 propagat$ on "s su* /ock z s& *]ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg--;,,burbank ,,plums ,,on ,,upright ,,cordons ,,tra9$ ,,to ,,trellis ,plums are seldom--almo/ nev]--propagat$ z horizontal cordons4 ,i h nev] yet und]tak5 x myself1 b propose to d s at ! fir/ opportunity & ) "s expectation ( mod]ate success ) c]ta9 v>ieties4 ,! sl[ gr[+ sorts l ,gre5 ,gage1 ,italian ,prune1 & ,ag5 seem to (f] special promise4 ,9 ! =m ( espali]s plums are (t5 tra9$ aga9/ walls4 ,inde$ ?is is ! favorite way ( produc+ fancy plums 9 ,engl&1 & ! same practise prevails to a consid]able ext5t on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,9 ?is c\ntry walls are n requir$1 & 9 mo/ cases w\ld be ( no advantage4 ,:]e x is desir$ to cov] back f5ces or sides ( build+s1 h[ev]1 plum trees 9 espali] =m c be confid5tly recomm5d$4 ,! ,dome/ica v>ieties ( highe/ quality su* z ,bavay1 ,jeff]son1 ,victoria1 ,pond1 ,brad%aw1 & ,coe's ,gold5 ,drop w\ld h fir/ *oice4 ,! ,japanese v>ieties c also be gr[n on trellises or walls1 b ! fre] =ms1 su* z ! fan espali] us$ = ! pea*1 are bett] suit$ to _! habits ( gr[?4 ,! foll[+ v>ieties ( plums c be recomm5d$ = dw>f bu% =ms3 ,gre5 ,gage ,jeff]son ,brad%aw ,ag5 ,gr& ,duke ,bavay 7,re9e ,claude7 ,mc,laughlin ,pond ,bleek] ,italian ,prune ,clu/] ,damson 7or o!r ,damsons7 ,su* v>ieties ( ! ,japanese class z ,abundance1 ,*abot1 ,r$ ,june1 ,satsuma1 ,burbank may be gr[n on dw>f /ocks 9 bu% =ms1 b !y are n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,!re are two objections aga9/ !m3 7#a7 ,x is difficult to keep !m 9 re/rict$ b\nds1 su* a result be+ dep5d5t on con/ant & sev]e head+ 94 7#b7 ,!y ov]gr[ ! dw>f /ocks v /rongly & ?us d n h a v firm hold on ! gr\nd4 ,!y are apt to bl[ ov] or break (f aft] a few ye>s1 unless c>efully /ak$ up4 ,! foll[+ v>ieties c be recomm5d$ = upright cordons1 9 :i* =m !y w give mod]ate success if prop]ly manag$3 ,coe's ,gold5 ,drop ,ag5 ,victoria ,gr& ,duke ,abundance ,burbank ,brad%aw ,bavay ,lomb>d ,*abot ,*5ey ,aub]t 7,yell[ ,egg or ,magnum ,bonum7 ,also mo/ ( ! clean-gr[+ ,am]icana v>ieties su* z ,smi?1 ,t]ry1 ,/odd>d1 etc4 ,mr4 ,ow5 ,?omas recomm5ds = gr[+ on walls 9 ,engl& ! foll[+ v>ieties3 ,gre5 ,gage ,br&y ,gage ,d5ni/on's ,sup]b ,gage ,comte d',a!m's ,gage ,transp>5t ,gage ,transp>5t ,late ,gage ,jeff]son ,re9e ,claude ,violette ,brahy's ,gre5 ,gage ,bryan/one ,gage ,oull9's ,gold5 ,gage ,gold5 ,transp>5t ,gage ,re9e ,claude de ,bavay ,coe's ,gold5 ,drop ,kirke's ,blue ,wa%+ton ,,xi ,,bu% ,,fruits ,! bu% fruits1 s f> z ,i "k1 are nev] cultivat$ z dw>fs4 ,to speak m exactly ,i %\ld say t no dw>f /ock is ev] us$ to r$uce ! size to :i* ! plants gr[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bu% fruits are (t5 sy/ematically prun$ back 9 ord] to re/rict _! size1 & are sometimes tra9$ 9 elaborate =ms z dw>f fruit trees are4 ,to ?is ext5t !y are manag$ 9 ! same way & might prop]ly be treat$ 9 ! same g5]al category4 ,:at is m to our purpose1 !y are almo/ always includ$ 9 ! plan ( any private fruit g>d5 on a re/rict$ area1 su* z we h _h *iefly 9 view 9 ?is discussion ( dw>f fruit trees4 ,^! reasons make x appropriate1 if n inde$ ess5tial1 t some?+ %\ld be said reg>d+ ^! fruits "h4 ,all bu% fruits c be gr[n 9 su* =ms z cordons1 espali]s1 etc4 ,any?+ ( ?is sort :i* ! g>d5] wi%es c become a "p ( 8 g>d5 ( little trees4 ,gooseb]ries & currants (f] ! mo/ ent]ta9m5t & remun]ation :5 subject$ to special prun+ & tra9+1 & inde$ !y %\ld n be omitt$ f any g>d5 s*eme ( ?is k9d4 ,raspb]ries are less am5able to ?is k9d ( education & %\ld be introduc$ ) "s c>e4 ,blackb]ries are necess>ily difficult to h&le & no v complicat$ s*emes ( prun+ & tra9+ c be successfully appli$ to !m4 ,su* o!r fruits z ,loganb]ries1 /rawb]ry-raspb]ries1 ,june b]ries1 etc41 may be introduc$ at ! own]'s risk4 ,any ( !m w submit to a c]ta9 am\nt ( correction ) ! prun+ knife1 & may add to ! v>iety ( fruits gr[n 9 ! amateur's g>d54 ,( c\rse1 x is di/9ctly und]/ood t ^! special me?ods ( treatm5t are n comm]cially recomm5d$ = any ( ! bu% fruits 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch--;,,currants ,,z ,,fan ,,espali]s ,,on ,,trellis1 ,,h>t=d1 ,,conn4 ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ & practical way = h&l+ gooseb]ries & currants 9 dw>f fruit g>d5s is ! =m kn[n z /&>ds4 ,?is =m consi/s ( a small r\nd fruit+ top ( almo/ any desir$ v>iety graft$ high ^u a /raight clean trunk or /em4 ,?is /em may h any conv5i5t height f two to t5 feet1 ! mo/ common & practical height be+ ab\t f\r feet4 ,! /ock us$ is ! fl[]+ currant1 ,ribes aureum1 :i* =ms a suffici5tly /rong & upright gr[? = ?is purpose4 ,nev]!less x is almo/ always necess>y to support ^! /&>ds ) a conv5i5t /ake apiece4 ,= ! pres5t ^! /&>d gooseb]ries & currants c be obta9$ only ( ! ,european nurs]ym54 ,at lea/ ! writ] kn[s ( no "o :o propagates !m 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re are sev]al import]s1 h[ev]1 :o make a bus9ess ( supply+ ,european /ock & :o are always glad to import ^! on ord]4 ,! f9] v>ieties are especially *os5 = gr[+ z /&>ds4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to gooseb]ries1 :i* are m widely gr[n & :i* are m highly priz$ 9 ,europe ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! v>ieties gr[n 9 ,europe are usually f9] table fruits ?an ! ,am]ican v>ieties4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t ! f9e/ fruits = eat+ fre% out ( h& are secur$ f ! /&>d gooseb]ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci--;,,gooseb]ry ,,fan ,,espali] ,v>iety ,indu/ry1 tra9$ on wire trellis ,gooseb]ries & currants are also adapt$ easily to ! espali] =m4 ,! mo/ elaborate palmettes & o!r geometrical designs c be work$ out4 ,nev]!less ! simple/ & mo/ practical =m = tra9$ gooseb]ries & currants is ! fan %ape4 ,if a suitable trellis is provid$1 ! v9es may be easily ti$ out ^u x 9 v attractive fan =ms & ^! are f\nd to be q satisfactory1 bo? z reg>ds _! looks & _! product ( fruit4 ,!y are also easily spray$1 :i* is a consid]ation wor? m5tion+ :5 "o has to fight ! currant worm4 ,9 g5]al1 x is be/ 9 our latitude to run ^! espali]s nor? & s\?1 because !y receive too mu* sun :5 ! trellis runs ea/ & we/4 ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 is n absolute4 ,probably ! mo/ conv5i5t & practical way = gr[+ ^! fruits 9 ! dw>f tree g>d5 is to plant /&>ds at regul> int]vals 9 a r[1 say six feet ap>t1 & to plant a c]ta9 numb] ( fan %ap$ bu%es betwe5 ea* pair ( /&>ds 9 ! r[4 ,if ^! /&>ds 7 six feet ap>t1 two plants = fan tra9+ w\ld be en\gh betwe5 ea* pair4 ,! top ( ! trellis on :i* ! fan =ms are ti$1 w\ld n be above f\r feet high1 bett] only ?ree4 ,! heads ( ! /&>ds !n rise well above ! top ( ! trellis4 ,?is furni%es "s support = ! /em ( ! /&>d & economizes space4 ,economy ( space is "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ?is /yle ( g>d5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj--,,tree ,,=m ,,gooseb]ry ,no li/ ne$ be giv5 "h ( ! v>ieties ( gooseb]ries & currants to be recomm5d$ = ?is class ( plant+4 ,x may be said t any ( ! favorite v>ieties ( currants gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 z = example1 ,fay1 ,victoria1 ,r$ ,v]sailles1 etc41 may be *os51 & t ^! are inde$ ! v>ieties usually pref]r$ 9 ,europe4 ,) respect to gooseb]ries x may be rem>k$ t ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man v>ieties are mo/ly v diff]5t f ^? gr[n 9 ,am]ica1 & t :ile !y h "s %ortcom+s 9 our climate1 !y are = ! mo/ "p to be recomm5d$ = ! purposes :i* we "h h 9 view4 ,,xii ,,fruit ,,trees ,,9 ,,pots ,^? :o are us$ to see+ l>ge fruit trees 9 or*>d plantations :]e ea* specim5 has #a1jjj to #b1jjj squ>e feet ( space1 ) unlimit$ opportunities d[nw>d1 f9d a fruit tree 9 a pot a curiosity4 ,x seems rem>kable to see a tree 9 vigor\s heal? & be>+ fruit ) less ?an "o cubic foot ( soil4 ,nev]!less ?is me?od ( h&l+ fruit trees is entirely practicable4 ,9 "s places x is practis$ ext5sively 9 an amateur way1 & occasionally rea*es almo/ comm]cial proportions4 ,= ^? :o gr[ fruit trees = recreation !re c\ld h>dly be a m int]e/+ exp]im5t4 ,! pots mo/ly us$ are ! n9e1 t51 elev5 & twelve in* /&>d e>!nw>e pots4 ,) mo/ trees x is be/ to beg9 ) small sizes & gradually %ift =w>d to ! l>g] ones4 ,a be>+ tree may be ma9ta9$ = sev]al ye>s 9 a twelve in* pot or ev5 9 a t5 in* size4 ,sometimes wood5 tubs are sub/itut$ = pots4 ,^! look bett]1 b are n s good 9 any o!r way4 ,trees may be gr[n 9 pots out ( doors1 al?\gh !re is no p>ticul> advantage 9 do+ ?is4 ,if su* practise is und]tak5 ! pots %\ld be plung$ _! full dep? 9 good g>d5 soil4 ,p]fect dra9age %\ld be secur$ by hav+ "s brok5 brick or co>se c9d]s und]nea?4 ,usually pott$ trees are gr[n "u glass4 ,!y are kept 9 a cool gre5h\se1 t is "o ) little heat4 ,sometimes !y are )\t artificial heat4 ,9 fact ?is is probably ! be/ way4 ,! h\ses :i* are purposely con/ruct$ = fruit trees may h a s+le l9e ( pipe if ?is is conv5i5t1 s t ! *ill may be tak5 (f ! air 9 sev]e cold wea!r4 ,to rea* any?+ l real success1 h\ses mu/ be devot$ exclusively to fruit trees4 ,occasionally trees may be gr[n ) o!r plants1 z 9 cold grap]ies1 b ! results are n ! be/ & (t5 come v close to failure4 ,9 build+ h\ses = fruit trees exclusively1 ! ev5 span con/ruction is ne>ly always us$4 ,h\ses eighte5 or tw5ty feet wide1 & five feet high at ! eaves1 w answ] ! purpose v well4 ,! lead+ gre5h\se design]s are prep>$ to furni% plans = su* h\ses & x is usually be/ to foll[ ! advice ( _! exp]ts4 ,all k9ds ( fruit trees c be gr[n 9 pots4 ,?is includes apples1 pe>s1 pea*es1 plums1 nect>9es1 & *]ries4 ,^? :i* give ! be/ returns are plums & nect>9es4 ,apples 9 pots are v int]e/+ & furni% a sup]ior quality ( fruit :5 gr[n "u glass4 ,apples1 plums & nect>9es take a f9] f9i% & a high] flavor :5 gr[n 9 ?is way ?an :5 gr[n 9 any o!r4 ,all fruit trees to be gr[n 9 pots %\ld be propagat$ on ! dw>fe/ ( dw>f+ /ocks4 ,?is means practically t apples %\ld be on ,p>adise1 pe>s on qu9ce1 pea*es & nect>9es on s& *]ry1 plum on s& *]ry or ,/4 ,juli5 plum1 & *]ries on ,mahaleb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da--;,a ,,fruit+ ,,pea* ,,9 ,,pot ,! trees %\ld be pott$ 9 good ri* soil1 pref]ably ! be/ g>d5 loam4 ,?is %\ld h en\gh s& & gravel 9 x to insure good dra9age4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( dra9age mat]ial %\ld be plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ea* pot4 ,! trees %\ld be repott$ 9 fre% soil annually 9 ,octob] or ,novemb]4 ,trees 9 pots require lib]al fe$+4 ,besides be+ giv5 well enri*$ e>? at ! "t ( repott+1 !y %\ld be suppli$ f "t to "t ) small am\nts ( f]tiliz]4 ,good soluble *emical f]tiliz]s c be appli$ ei!r dry or dissolv$4 ,a good =mula is "o "p nitrate ( soda1 two p>ts ( muriate ( pota%1 two p>ts ( high grade phosphoric acid4 ,a v little spr9kl+1 say a tablespoonful1 ( ?is c be giv5 on ea* pot once a mon? dur+ ! gr[+ season :i* la/s r\ghly f ,decemb] to ,may4 ,9 place ( ?is1 or alt]nately ) ?is1 mod]ate wat]+s ) liquid manure may also be giv54 ,^! small doses ( food are especially useful at ! "t :5 ! fruit is =m+ on ! trees4 ,! trees are usually br\ght into ! h\se at ! "t ( pott+1 say ,novemb] #a4 ,if e>ly fruit is desir$1 !y are kept 9 a h\se ) "s heat4 ,x is necess>y only t ! temp]ature %\ld be kept con/antly & safely above ! freez+ po9t4 ,rapid =c+ ) a high temp]ature is n desirable & is h>dly possible4 ,if kept simply above ! freez+ po9t1 ^! trees w />t into gr[? 9 ,janu>y4 ,!y c !n be kept some:at w>m] dur+ ,febru>y1 ! heat be+ slightly increas$ 9 ,m>*4 ,pea*es & nect>9es w /& fairly high temp]atures aft] ! fruit is well set & especially t[>d rip5+ "t4 ,by ?is me?od ( mild =c+1 plums1 pea*es1 & nect>9es c be br\ght into fruit z e>ly z ! latt] "p ( ,may4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db--;,a ,,fig ,,tree ,,9 ,a ,,pot ,! ma9 crop ( pott$ fruits1 h[ev]1 ne$ n be expect$ until ,june or ,july2 t is n v mu* 9 advance ( ! outdoor crop4 ,! object ( gr[+ fruit "u glass is n s mu* to =ce x ahead ( season z x is to improve ! quality4 ,trees :i* are to be kept 9 a cool h\se )\t heat ne$ no p>ticul> att5tion except to see t !y are wat]$ occasionally & t "s plant food is giv5 aft] gr[? beg9s4 ,ev5 if ! temp]ature goes d[n consid]ably bel[ freez+ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s 9 ?is cold h\se :]e ! pott$ fruit trees are1 no damage ne$ be expect$4 ,( c\rse1 special c>e w be giv5 to prev5t damage f attacks ( fungi or insects :i* occasionally become tr\blesome 9 ! h\ses4 ,! small size ( ^! trees makes su* "w comp>atively easy4 ,! me?ods ( prun+ are ! same z ^? recomm5d$ = pyramid & bu% =m trees4 ,^! =ms are ! mo/ practical = pot culture1 ?\gh pot trees are occasionally tra9$ 9 cordon =ms4 ,,xiii ,,p]sonalia ,_m p]sons h a /rong prejudice 9 favor ( ! concrete4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples !y object to g5]alities4 ,!y *oose r ! specific case4 ,p]sonal exp]i5ce1 !y say1 means m to !m ?an !ory1 ev5 ?\gh ! !ory be ! sublimation ( all exp]i5ce4 ,= ! b5efit ( su* p ,i am go+ to set d[n an acc\nt ( "s ( my own attempts at gr[+ dw>f fruit trees1 & to t ,i w add brief op9ions & exp]i5ces ( "s fri5ds ( m9e4 ,! fir/ dw>f fruit tree t ,i ev] saw1 s f> z ,i rememb]1 0 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,kansas ,/ate ,agricultural ,college :5 ,i 0 a /ud5t !re4 ,?is tree 0 an apple1 on ,p>adise /ock1 & at two ye>s aft] plant+ x bore six or eight v f9e ,yell[ ,transp>5t apples4 ,x 0 "o ( sev]al dw>f apples plant$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,a4 ,pop5oe1 b ! o!r trees did n mu* attract my att5tion4 ,?is p>ticul> specim5 _h a /raight1 clean trunk ( ab\t ?irty in*es1 aft] ! absurd /yle ( head+ dw>f apples practis$ 9 mo/ ,am]ican nurs]ies4 ,b ! cr[n 0 full & symmetrical1 & ! fruit 0 incomp>able4 ,t p>ticul> tree has always be5 a sort ( ideal & inspiration to me4 ,lat]1 :5 ,i plant$ an or*>d 9 ,oklahoma1 ,i put 9 "s dw>f trees1 p>ticul>ly pe>s1 b ,i did n /ay !re long en\gh to see :at came ( !m4 ,! next fruit g>d5 9 :i* ,i became int]e/$ 0 9 ,v]mont4 ,?is _h 9 x "s dw>f pe> trees1 dw>f apples & dw>f plums1 & my own p]sonal exp]i5ce _h fairly begun4 ,! dw>f apples prov$ to be an almo/ complete failure1 = reasons :i* ,i c n n[ satisfactorily expla94 ,a few ye>s lat] ,i plant$ a few dw>f apple trees 9 ano!r ,v]mont g>d51 :]e !y did reasonably well4 ,b1 at any rate1 ! :ole und]tak+ 0 unsatisfactory1 = x did n give me a vital und]/&+ ( ! trees4 ,i nev] got onto t]ms ( real p]sonal goodfell[%ip ) !m2 & until a g>d5] does t 8 "w is "s sort ( a failure4 ,! dw>f pe>s did some:at bett]4 ,!y seem$ to und]/& _! bus9ess1 & !y kept ab\t x )\t mu* att5tion f me4 ,i nev] c>$ mu* = pe>s1 anyway4 ,b ! plums 7 ! brilliant success1 at lea/ ) ref]5ce to my own int]ior p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,e plum tree meant some?+ to me4 ,a /ub ( a root & two scrawny plum bran*es w\ld at any "t ar\se my imag9ation l ! circus po/]s' appeal to a boy4 ,9 ?is ,v]mont g>d5 :i* ,i adopt$ :5 x 0 ab\t f\r ye>s old1 !re 7 v>i\s plum trees1 mo/ly ( dome/ica v>ieties1 gr[+ on ,am]icana roots4 ,!y _h come f ! ,i[a ,/ate ,college1 :]e !y _h be5 educat$ t way4 ,!y _h be5 giv5 ^? ,am]icana roots1 n prim>ily to dw>f !m1 b to insure !m aga9/ damage f ! cold w9t]s4 ,! tops _h n be5 cut back1 & ! :ole treatm5t 0 j su* z w\ld h be5 appli$ to /&>ds4 ,lat] ,i saw ! bad results ( ?is treatm5t1 = sev]al ( ! trees blew ov] 9 high w9ds4 ,f subsequ5t exp]i5ce ,i feel sure t if !y _h be5 head$ l[ at fir/1 if !y _h be5 kept closely head$ back & o!rwise h&l$ l real dw>fs1 !y w\ld h liv$ to a great] age & w\ld h made ev]ybody happi]4 ,at ?is "t also ,i began1 on a some:at compreh5sive plan1 ! propagation ( plums on all sorts ( /ocks1 includ+ ,am]icana1 ,wayl& se$l+s1 ,m9] root cutt+s & s& *]ry1 all m or less effici5t dw>f+ /ocks4 ,by ?is "t ,i 0 into x head ov] e>s1 z f> z ! plums 7 conc]n$4 ,?is hav+ be5 ! l>ge/ *apt] 9 my p]sonal pomological exp]i5ce1 ,i suppose x ought to =m ! l>ge/ portion ( ?is *apt] 9 ! book2 b my plum "w & my exp]im5ts 9 propagation h be5 s (t5 & s fully report$ else:]e t x w\ld be a va9 repetition to g ov] !m aga9 n[4 ,!y are all writt5 d[n 9 ! prop] places :]e !y may be consult$ by ! en?usia/ic or ill-advis$ /ud5t4 ,& !n ,i came to ,massa*usetts2 & "h ! fir/ project1 almo/1 to :i* my h& 0 turn$ 0 ! in/allation ( a g>d5 ( dw>f fruit trees4 ,f ! foll[+ memor&um ( ! trees gr[+ 9 ?is g>d5 any read] may surmise ! enjoym5t ,i h f\nd 9 x4 ,!re is "o r[ ( dw>f plum trees set six feet ap>t & tra9$1 r unsatisfactorily1 into bu% =m4 ,! trees 7 _m ( !m too l>ge :5 !y came f ,france1 &1 ?\gh ,i cut !m back sev]ely1 !y did n =m su* l[ bu%y heads z my ideal species4 ,!y are on ,/4 ,juli5 roots1 :i* s]ve ! purposes 9 h& fairly well4 ,?\gh ! trees _h a h>d trip across ! wat] only "o out ( =ty-six has di$ 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,un=tunately ^! trees h n yet borne fruit1--n "o ( !m4 ,next ye> _m ( !m w be>4 ,e>li] fruitage c c]ta9ly be secur$ on s& *]ry /ocks & "u o!r me?ods ( tra9+4 ,besides ! bu% plums1 ! g>d5 conta9s a r[ ( upright cordons4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 n propagat$ on dw>f /ocks at all1 & 7 n expect$ to suff] any su* dra/ic tra9+ z ,i h put ^u !m4 ,!y 7 tak5 f ! college nurs]y & f ! nurs]ies ( sev]al ( my correspond5ts1 j :]ev] ,i c\ld f9d ! v>ieties ,i want$1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! /ocks on :i* !y 7 gr[+4 ,a few are on ,am]icana /ocks1 sev]al are on pea* roots 7( all ?+s71 & probably a majority are gr[+ on ! usual ,myrobalan roots4 ,^! trees are plant$ two feet ap>t 9 ! r[ & are ti$ up to a trellis ( *ick5 wire4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty v>ieties 9 ! r[1 numb]+ mo/ ( ! diff]5t botanical types m frequ5tly cultivat$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,_m ( ! v>ieties are totally & v obvi\sly unsuit$ to ?is me?od ( treatm5t1 & pres5tly ,i w replace !m ) m am5able v>ieties4 ,b _m ( ! v>ieties h fruit$1 especially ! ,japanese k9ds1 & "s ( !m1 l ,burbank1 h prov$ mo/ unexpect$ly docile4 ,altoge!r ?is r[ ( unsuitably propagat$ & unsuitably select$ v>ieties ( plum trees has be5 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 in/ructive & ent]ta9+ elem5ts 9 my dw>f fruit g>d54 ,next !re comes a trellis be>+ "s espali]s1 includ+ plums1 pe>s1 apples1 pea*es & *]ries2 b ^! h be5 rec5tly plant$1 & z yet !y h done no?+ wor? relat+4 ,!re is "o r[ ( tw5ty-?ree dw>f pe>s1 mo/ly tra9$ 9 pyramid =m4 ,^! h n done well1 b ! reason is n f> to seek4 ,! soil is light & full ( gravel1 & q unsuit$ to pe> or qu9ce4 ,pe>s nev] ?rive on x4 ,sev]al ( ! trees are be>+ a crop ?is ye>1 b "s ( ! trees are also dead1 & ! :ole r[ looks l ! f9i% ( a b>ga9 sale on ! remnant ribbon c\nt]4 ,! r[ ( upright cordon pe>s is a trifle bett]1 b t is only an accid5t1 ,i ?9k4 ,! v>ieties :i* are gr[+ !re seem to be r bett] adapt$ to )/& ! unpropiti\s surr\nd+s4 ,^! trees also are be>+4 ,:5 we come to ! two r[s ( horizontal cordon apples1 ?\gh1 ! real fun has begun4 ,ne>ly all ^! trees are 9 be>+1 & a few ( !m h borne e ye> s9ce !y 7 plant$ out4 ,!y are set only ?ree feet ap>t 9 ! r[1 :i* is n en\gh2 & !y suff]$ t]ribly ! fir/ ye> f a midsumm] attack ( aphides2 & ! prun+ 0 neglect$ to all[ !m to recov] f t sc\rge1 s t ! =m 0 some:at injur$2 b !y h nev] ceas$ to be a joy to me & a wond]m5t to visitors4 ,!y are mo/ly ( ,european v>ieties1 b ,bism>ck is ! %[ie/ & mo/ fruitful "o 9 ! collection1 ?\gh f> f ! be/ to eat4 ,!n !re are /&>d gooseb]ries & currants1 ( :i* !re is little to be said4 ,!y hav5't be5 !re long1 b !y are at home & are go+ to /ay4 ,next ye> ,i am go+ to put 9 "s gooseb]ries & currants 9 espali] =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc--;,,dw>f ,,pe> ,,9 ,,pyramid ,,=m ,two ye>s plant$2 au?or's g>d5 ,v few p]sons "k :at a m$l> is4 ,= ! b5efit ( ! ignorant & to increase ! kaleidoscopic effect on my fruit g>d51 ,i h "s m$l> trees1--,holla5dis*e ,mon/roese1--:i* ,i b\ght ( ,l\is ,spae?1 ,baums*ul5weg1 ,b]l94 ,a wire trellis1 built mu* l a grape trellis1 only high]1 c>ries ! r[ ( upright cordon apples4 ,"s ( ^! bore fruit ! fir/ ye> !y 7 plant$1 & !re has be5 a fair spr9kl+ ( fruit e ye> s9ce !n4 ,?is has be5 "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory lots 9 ! make-up4 ,!re are two r[s conta9+ =ty-six bu%-=m apples on p>adise roots set six feet ap>t4 ,"s ( ^! h borne e ye> s9ce plant+ out1 _m ( !m %[+ a good crop ?is ye>4 ,aga9 ,bism>ck is ! mo/ fruitful1 b ! lea/ pleas+ to eat4 ,alex&] has made a good record1 & ?is ye> ,calville d',automne %[s a v pretty crop4 ,x is cu/om>y ) visitors1 especially ^? already int]e/$ 9 fruit-gr[+ & ^? ( a practical turn ( m9d1 to dep>t ) ! judgm5t t all ^? o!r s*emes are curi\s & int]e/+1 b ! bu% =m apple trees look ! mo/ l bus9ess4 ,i ?9k s too4 ,9 fact my exp]i5ce ) dw>f apples might be summ>iz$ by say+1 bu% trees = bus9ess1 cordons = fun4 ,"o r[ ( pea* trees on ,/4 ,juli5 plum roots set fruit buds 9 abundance ! fir/ ye>1 b !y 7 kill$ by ! freeze ( ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,! second ye> ! exp]i5ce 0 ! same1 except t ! tops froze ) ! fruit buds4 ,new tops 7 gr[n at once1 h[ev]1 & ! foll[+ ye> ne>ly e tree bore a small crop ( fruit4 ,dw>f pea* trees are wor? :ile4 ,?is g>d5 has also a r[ ( *]ry trees1 includ+ ,morello1 ,ri*mond & ,montmor5cy2 b ^! trees 7 set ! second ye> ( ! g>d5 mak+ & h borne only a small crop ( sample *]ries4 ,! la/ plant+ 9 ?is g>d5 consi/s ( "o r[ ( nect>9es1 tw5ty-two trees4 ,?is little g>d51 conta9+ consid]ably less ?an a qu>t] ( an acre ( l&1 has n[ gr[+ ^u x #edh fruit trees ( ! k9ds nam$4 ,& ,i am n yet done plant+4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r ?+s t ,i want to put 91--qu9ces1 apricots1 & p]haps raspb]ries1 dewb]ries1 & o!r bu% fruits4 ,9 fact1 ,i %\ld l to make x a ,p>adise l good old ,g]>de's or ,dodo5s'1 9 :i* all ! fruits good = food or physic might be br\ght toge!r & repres5t$ 9 a little space4 ,x w\ld be q wrong to close ?is exp]i5ce meet+ )\t giv+ ! obs]vations & quot+ ! op9ions ( "s o!r & bett] m54 ,patrick ,b>ry1 9 8 delightful ,fruit ,g>d51 record$ 8 belief t dw>f fruit trees 7 well wor? :ile4 ,! apple1 said he1 work$ on ! ,p>adise1 makes a beautiful little dw>f bu%4 ,we "k ( no?+ m int]e/+ 9 ! fruit g>d5 ?an a r[ or little squ>e ( ^! m9iature fruit trees4 ,!y beg9 to be> ! ?ird ye> f ! bud1 & ! same v>iety is always l>g] & f9] on !m ?an on /&>ds4 ,speak+ ( pe>s1 he said3 ,on ! qu9ce /ock ! trees be> mu* e>li]1 are m prolific1 m manageable1 & consequ5tly pref]able = small g>d5s4 ,! late ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,lodeman1 :o wrote ! mo/ compreh5sive ,am]ican monograph on dw>f apples1 conclud$ 8 essay r pessimi/ically 9 ^! words3 ,f all ! evid5ce :i* ,i h be5 able to collect1 !re=e1 ,i _c advise ! plant+ ( dw>f apple trees = comm]cial rew>ds1 b x seems to me1 nev]!less1 t !y are wor? exp]im5t+ ) = ?is purpose4 ,mr4 ,lodeman record$ & endors$ ! common op9ion t apples gr[n on dw>f trees are h&som] & ( bett] quality ?an ^? gr[n ^u /&>ds2 b he did n seem to consid] t fact ( mu* importance4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ at ! ,lazy ,club 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 & especially ^? :o "k ,bailiwick1 h he>d ( ,pr(essor ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's dw>f apples4 7,fig4 #dd47 ,^! 7 plant$ six or eight ye>s ago1 & mo/ ( !m are n[ 9 be>+4 ,!re are a good _m diff]5t v>ieties1 ne>ly all ,fr5*4 ,my und]/&+ ( ! s*eme is t x 0 z mu* z half int5d$ to be a comm]cial v5ture2 b up to ! pres5t "t little else b confusion & fun h be5 ga!r$ ) ! fruit f ^? dw>f apple trees4 ,:5 la/ ,i ask$ ! proprietor = 8 exp]i5ce ) dw>f apples he said t he 0 hav+ a lot ( exp]i5ce1 only he didn't "k :at x 04 ,dw>f pe>s h be5 plant$ frequ5tly1 especially 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york & ,mi*igan4 ,i ask$ ,pr(essor ,s4 ,a4 ,bea* = 8 obs]vations ( !m1 to :i* he repli$3 ,) reg>d to dw>f pe>s ,i w say t ! v>iety :i* is mo/ g5]ally gr[n 9 comm]cial or*>ds is ,b>tlett4 ,almo/ )\t exception ?is is gr[n z a /&>d4 ,o!r important comm]cial v>ieties are ,seckel1 ,bosc & ,w9t] ,nelis4 ,all ^! are g5]ally gr[n z /&>ds4 ,! v>iety commonly gr[n z dw>f is ,ang\leme4 ,a few fruit gr[]s ( my acqua9tance are mak+ "s money f or*>ds ( dw>f ,ang\leme4 ,! o!r v>ieties :i* are (t5 propagat$ on dw>f /ock z ,clairgeau1 ,anj\ & s =?1 are seldom pr(itable4 ,9 fact ,i h he>d x /at$ t outside ( ,ellwang] & ,b>ry's or*>d !re is n a pr(itable or*>d ( ,anj\ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,f ^! /atem5ts ,i wi% y to d]ive ! conclusion t 9 ,new ,york ,/ate "u pres5t conditions !re is little enc\ragem5t = plant+ dw>f pe>s comm]cially4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd--;,,9 ,,pr(essor ,,bailey',s ,,or*>d ,*5ango apple on ,d\c9 /ocks1 int]plant$ betwe5 /&>d trees ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,wood1 = _m ye>s *airman ( ! fruit committee ( ! ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society1 says t "u ! "r conditions ! dw>f pe> tree is a necessity = comm]cial pe> gr[+4 ,! gr[]s 9 ,rev]e & ,cambridge w\ld feel !y c\ld n get along )\t ! dw>f trees4 ,putt+ ! pe> on ! qu9ce /ock does n *ange ! wants ( ! roots ( ! latt]1 & x is no use sett+ !m on a light1 dry soil1 z ! roots be+ conf9$ to a small area ( unsuitable soil1 w make a feeble gr[? & f9ally die outright2 or1 if 9 an expos$ situation1 bl[ ov]4 ,mo/ all ! v>ieties may be gr[n z dw>fs4 ,! ,ang\leme & ,clairgeau1 bo? good m>ket v>ieties1 _c be successfully gr[n 9 any o!r way4 ,rec5tly ,mr4 ,m4 ,b4 ,waite has writt5 me ! lett] quot$ bel[1 giv+ "s conclusions f 8 exp]i5ce ) dw>f pe>s 9 ,anne ,arundel ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&4 ,he says3 ,i plant$ out #a1jjj dw>f pe> trees n9e ye>s ago4 ,!y 7 l>gely ,du*ess 7,ang\leme71 b !re are "s ,mann+1 ,h[ell1 ,anj\1 ,l\ise ,bonne & ,lawr5ce4 ,i h n be5 entirely satisfi$ ) ! results4 ,we h n _h ! prop] quantity ( fruit4 ,!re has be5 "s fruit e ye> s9ce ! f\r? ye>1 & two ye>s ago !re 0 q a good crop1 b no?+ to comp>e ) ! yield p] acre ( ,kieff]1 ,le,conte & ,g>b]1 = in/ance4 ,( c\rse1 ^! are high]-pric$ fruit & l>ge yields are n requir$ = good returns4 ,only ! ,du*ess & ,mann+1 h[ev]1 h produc$ suffici5t to pay at all1 & ! or*>d has n z yet really paid f9ancially4 ,we h a nice crop ?is ye>1 h[ev]1 m ?an ! total yield up to ?is season1 & p]haps f n[ on we may w9 out4 ,my dw>f pe>s are on a soil too dry & s&y = ! be/ results1 & ,i ?9k we are at ,wa%+ton pretty ne> ! s\!rn limit1 at lea/ at l[ altitudes4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a !y c be gr[n fur!r s\?w>d4 ,!y require a moi/1 pref]ably clay-loam soil ev5 9 _! naturally favor$ di/ricts1 su* z ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york & ,mi*igan1 b su* a soil is /ill m desirable :5 r too f> s\? = _! normal range4 ,!y require high culture1 manur+ & f]tiliz+1 & ?or\gh prun+ & spray+ 9 any locality1 & ^! requirem5ts are /ill m exact+ 9 ,m>yl&4 ,a slight neglect 9 cultivation1 prun+ or spray+ 9 "o season results 9 a mass ( blooms ! next spr+1 b little or no fruit set4 ,( c\rse1 ?is extra att5tion :i* has to be devot$ to dw>f pe>s z comp>$ ) ,ori5tal pe>s1 pea*es1 apples1 etc41 to be pr(itable %\ld result 9 l>g] yields1 b does n usually d s 9 ?is latitude4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may say 9 favor ( ! dw>f pe> t ! qu9ce root is a heal?y1 reliable root = ! pe> tree2 t ! trees atta9 _! seasonal gr[? e>ly1 & !re=e are n z susceptible to pe> blight z /&>d pe>s4 ,fur!rmore1 !y are m easily spray$1 prun$1 & o!rwise h&l$ ?an ! high /&>d trees4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,k]r1 ( ! ,ea/]n ,%ore ( ,m>yl&1 :o owns "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ picturesque or*>ds ( dw>f pe>s ,i ev] saw1 says t ,ang\leme 7,du*ess7 is ! only v>iety t pays = gr[+ 9 t =m4 ,?us ! exp]i5ce ( _m m5 9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica sums up z we began4 ,! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] seems to be ab\t ?is3 ,dw>f fruit trees h n yet play$ any prom95t role 9 ,am]ican comm]cial horticulture2 b !y h be5 pr(itable 9 a few special cases1 & ! probability seems /rong almo/ to ! po9t ( c]ta9ty t1 ) ! developm5t1 ref9em5t & specialization ( our comm]cial fruit gr[+1 a wid] field ( usefulness w be op5$ = dw>f trees4 ,9 ! realm ( amateur fruit gr[+1 on ! o!r h&1--a realm n[ daily wid5+1--dw>f fruit trees are ( capital importance4 ,! own]s & r5t]s ( small gr\nds1 ! cultivators ( little g>d5s--! great majority ( ,am]ican home-mak]s1 9 fact1--w f9d 9 !m an unfail+ s\rce ( pleasure1 inspiration1 & ev5 ( pr(it4 ,,index ,,page ,advantages ( dw>f trees1 #h ,apple1 propagation (1 #bc ,apples1 #fc ,apples1 recomm5d$ v>ieties1 #gb ,bailey1 ,h41 quot$1 #abj ,b>ry's ,fruit ,g>d51 #aai ,bism>ck apple1 #g ,b\nd>y f5ces1 #af ,bu% fruits1 #ii ,comm]cial value1 #bj ,cordon trees1 #df ,currants1 #aja ,def9ition ( dw>f tree1 #a ,designs = fruit g>d5s1 #ec1 #ee1 #ei1 #fa ,disadvantages ( dw>f trees1 #ah ,d\ble-work+1 #bg ,d\c9 apple1 #bf ,dw>f tree1 def9ition1 #a ,e>ly be>+1 #h ,erw91 ,a4 ,t41 quot$1 #bi ,exp5se ( dw>f trees1 #ah ,f]tiliz]s1 #ed ,fill]s 9 or*>ds1 #ac ,=ms = trees1 #da ,gooseb]ries1 #aja ,head+ "y trees1 #cb ,h\ses = dw>f fruits1 #ajg ,j4 ,w4 ,k]r1 quot$1 #abd ,lodeman1 ,e4 ,g41 quot$1 #aai ,longevity ( dw>f trees1 #ai ,managem5t ( dw>f trees1 #ea ,managem5t ( trees 9 pots1 #aji ,nect>9e1 propagation (1 #bh ,nurs]y managem5t1 #ca ,p>adise apple1 #bd ,pea*1 propagation (1 #bg ,pea*es1 #hc ,pe>1 propagation (1 #bf ,pe>s1 #gf ,pe>s1 recomm5d$ v>ieties1 #ha ,p]sonalia1 #aab ,p9*+1 #ce ,plum1 propagation (1 #bh ,plums1 #ij ,plums1 recomm5d$ v>ieties1 #ig ,pots = fruit trees1 #ajf ,propagation1 #bb ,prun+ apple trees1 #fh ,prun+ dw>f trees1 #cc ,prun+ pea* trees1 #hf ,prun+ plum trees1 #ib ,pyramid tree1 #db ,quality ( fruit1 #aj ,root prun+1 #cf ,s& *]ry1 #cj ,san ,jose scale1 #aj ,s*ool g>d5s1 #ae ,selection ( v>ieties1 #fj ,suburban places1 #ab ,tillage1 #ed ,tra9+ 9 special =ms1 #ch ,trellises = trees1 #eh ,u-=m trees1 #dd ,uses = dw>f trees1 #ab ,waite1 ,m4 ,b41 quot$1 #abb ,walls & f5ces1 #ae ,walls = dw>f trees1 #eg ,wood1 ,e4 ,w41 quot$1 #abb 4444444444444 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,9 ! pla9-text v]sion ( ?is ebook italics are indicat$ by und]scores4 ,obvi\s typographical errors 9 spell+ & punctuation h be5 correct$ )\t comm5t4 ,"o example ( an obvi\s typographical error is on page #abd :]e ! ^w an 0 *ang$ to on 9 ! phrase 444 on ! o!r h&4444 ,o!r ?an obvi\s typographical errors1 ! au?or's orig9al spell+1 punctuation1 hyph5ation & use ( acc5ts has be5 left intact ) ! foll[+ ?ree exceptions3 #a4 ,on page #ib a hyph5 0 add$ to ! t]m "o-half4 #b4 ,9 ! ,index 7page #abe7 an acc5t m>k 0 add$ 9 ! t]m3 ,san ,jose scale4 #c4 ,9 ! ,index 7page #abe7 ! entry ,j4 ,w4 ,k]r 0 *ang$ to ,k]r1 ,j4 ,w4 to correspond ) o!r simil> entries4