,libr>ies47       ,,nature ,,& ,,culture
  ,,by  ,,h>vey ,,rice  ,,second        
,,edition  ,,bo/on #ahij  ,,lee ,,&     
,,%ep>d ,,publi%]s #aj ,,milk ,,/4      
,,next ,,! ,,old ,,s\? ,,meet+ ,,h\se   
,,*>les ,t4 ,,dill+ham ,,new ,,york #gah
 ,,& #gbj ,,broadway   ,copyright1      
#ahhi1 ,,by ,,h>vey ,,rice4  ,univ]sity 
,press3 ,,john ,,wilson ,,& ,,son1      
,,cambridge4     ,,note4   ,! fir/      
edition ( ,nature & ,culture 0 publi%$ 9
 #ahge4 ,! degree ( favor ) :i* ! book 0
 receiv$ has induc$ ! au?or to publi% a 
second edition1 9 :i* he has made a few 
*anges & additions ( su* a "* z to r5d] 
! "w1 he tru/s1 /ill wor?i] (           
acceptance4  ,,clevel&1 ,,ohio1 ,augu/  
#bj1 #ahhi4     ,,cont5ts4              
,,page ,,nature ,,& ,,h] ,,lessons      
#aa  ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,masses       
#ec  ,,woman ,,& ,,h] ,,sph]e           
#ic  ,,aim ,,high                       
#aci  ,,am]ica ,,& ,,h] ,,future        
#afc  ,,c>e] ,,( ,,rev4 ,,joseph ,,badg]
       #aig  ,,mission ,,monum5t        

#bbe     ,,nature ,,& ,,h] ,,lessons4   
,,nature ,,& ,,culture4     ,,nature ,,&
 ,,h] ,,lessons4   ,nature decl>es      
h]self 9 h] works4 ,:at exi/s beyond h] 
doma91 if any?+1 becomes necess>ily a   
matt] ( fai? or imag9ation2 & yet !     
orig9 ( ! mat]ial univ]se pres5ts a     
problem :i* nei!r ! vag>ies ( ! anci5ts 
nor ! speculations ( ! mod]ns h be5 able
 to solve 9 a satisfactory mann]4  ,9   
mod]n me?ods ( logic1 we reason f cause 
to effect1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 b 9    
attempt+ to p5etrate ! region ( !       
unkn[n1 we are (t5 left )\t a reliable  
guide4 ,analogy may aid1 b _c assure u4 
,! p[]s ( ! human m9d1 if n inf9ite1 may
 admit ( inf9ite culture4 ,:at is       
suppos$ to be unkn[able may !re=e become
 kn[n4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is no     
div9e injunction :i* prescribes a limit 
to human possibilities4  ,:atev] we may 
?9k or believe1 ! volume ( ,nature      
conta9s no?+ b tru?2 x is a div9e record
 :i* is z inexhau/ible 9 its weal? ( k z
 x is conclusive 9 its logic4 ,m5 (     

sci5ce1 9 attempt+ to read ?is un]r+    
record1 h advanc$ _m plausible !ories 9 
relation to ! processes by :i* ! e>?    
acquir$ its embodim5t1 & took its place 
among ! gold5 orbs ( heav54  ,!re are   
reasons = believ+ t matt] has always    
exi/$ 9 "s =m or o!r1 & t x is inf9ite 9
 ext5t z well z 9 duration4 ,nor ne$ we 
hesitate to inf]1 f ! k we h ( ! v>i\s  
=ms 9 :i* matt] exi/s1 t :at is true ( !
 e>? 9 its processes ( developm5t is    
equally true ( e o!r planet4  ,:e!r !   
e>? 9 its orig9 0 a fragm5t ?r[n (f f "s
 explod$ planet :i* _h fill$ ! measure (
 its de/9y1 or :e!r x arose f ! gradual 
accretion ( elem5t>y sub/ances diffus$ 9
 inf9ite space1 are que/ions :i* _c be  
satisfactorily answ]$4 ,ei!r me?od is n 
only plausible1 b consi/5t ) ! kn[n laws
 & op]ations ( ,nature4  ,x seems q     
probable t ^? erratic bodies kn[n z     
comets are b incipi5t planets1 :i*      
cont9ue1 z !y revolve 9 _! my/ical      
flight1 to accumulate gase\s matt] until
 !y h acquir$ & cond5s$ a suffici5t     

am\nt to become orbs1 or worlds2 :51 by 
! influ5ce ( physical =ces1 !y take _!  
places 9 "s "o or o!r ( ! exi/+ planet>y
 sy/ems4 ,x is ?us p]haps t ! law (     
developm5t con/ructs a _w ) z mu* ease z
 x con/ructs a gra9 ( s&2 nor c we d\bt 
t ! processes ( aggregation &           
dissolution are made reciprocal 9 _!    
relations1 & p]petual 9 _! action4  ,9 a
 philosophical s5se1 life & dea? are b  
conv5tional t]ms1 mean+ no?+ m ?an a    
*ange ( matt] f "o =m ( exi/5ce to      
ano!r4 ,:atev] *anges may take place1   
matt] c nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$4  
,inf9ite space1 be+ an immat]iality1    
c\ld nev] h be5 creat$ & _c !re=e be    
limit$ or annihilat$4 ,9 all probability
 x /ill is1 & always has be51 fill$ ) ! 
elem5ts ( matt]1--too subtile1 p]haps1  
to be p]ceiv$1 yet de/9$ 9 ! c\rse (    
et]nal ages to be wr\ght & re-wr\ght    
into inf9ite v>ieties ( corporeal       
exi/5ces1 m9]al1 vegetal1 & animal1 ev] 
progress+ f ! imp]fect to ! p]fect4 ,?us
 ,nature tea*es u ! lesson t 9 p]fection

 dwells ! c5tral ,life1 ! quick5+ p[] ( 
! univ]se4  ,9 accordance ) ?is view1 we
 may reg>d e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se
 z ! g]m ( a _w4 ,& yet :at are call$   
orig9al elem5ts may be su*1 or may n4   
,suppos$ monads1 or simple unities1 if  
!y exi/ at all1 may be capable (        
analysis by ! application ( physical    
ag5cies or =ces z yet unkn[n to sci5ce4 
,?\gh sci5ce has disclos$ mu* t is      
wond]ful 9 ! me*anism ( ,nature1 !re    
/ill lies be=e u an inf9ite unkn[n4     
,:e!r ultimately ! human m9d w become s 
enl>g$ & ext5d$ 9 its p[]s z to         
compreh5d ! inf9ite1 admits ( no        
positive assurance2 yet 9 ! unreveal$   
design ( ! great future1 su* may be !   
result4  ,x is only 9 mod]n times t     
sci5ce has tak5 ! advanc$ /ep1 & l$     
philosophy into ! beautiful av5ues (    
,nature1 :]e1 amid ! inf9ite1 %e gazes  
at ! univ]se1 li/5s to ! music ( !      
sph]es1 & beholds ! gold5 weal? ( !     
inf9ite display$ on e side4 ,x is ?us t 
philosophy has become inspir$ ) a desire

 to acc\nt = ev]y?+1 & f9ds t ,nature   
has writt5 h] own hi/ory 9 ! hills & 9 !
 rocks1 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 & 9 ! />s (  
heav51 leav+ no?+ = man to d except to  
read ! record1 & accept its tru?ful     
tea*+s4 ,9 fact1 ! mat]ial univ]se may  
be reg>d$ z an outspok5 revelation ( !  
inf9ite4  ,! elem5t>y sub/ances :i*     
compose ! e>? & its atmosph]e are       
ess5tially ! same1 & are n num]\s1 s f> 
z asc]ta9$4 ,! lead+ vital pr9ciple is  
oxyg51 :i* con/itutes at lea/ "o half ( 
all kn[n matt]4 ,! e>?'s cru/ is e/imat$
 to be ab\t fifty miles ?ick4 ,?is      
e/imate is bas$ on ! fact t 9 p5etrat+ !
 e>?1 ! heat uni=mly increases at a rate
 :i* w\ld fuse all m9]al sub/ances at t 
dep?4  ,h5ce1 ! int]ior ( ! e>? is      
believ$ to be a region ( molt5          
sub/ances1 fi]y bill[s t roll impati5t (
 re/ra9t1 & escape "h & !re 9 ! =m (    
volcanic eruptions4 ,volcanoes are1     
!re=e1 b ! outpo/s ( gigantic c5tral    
=ces1 & e>?quakes b ! spasmodic trials (
 _! /r5g?4 ,x w\ld seem1 g :]e we w1 t  

fi]y bill[s lit]ally roll b5ea? our     
feet4 ,:at ,nature's ultimate designs   
are1 x is impossible to pr$ict4 ,b x is 
pretty c]ta9 t h] int]nal fires are     
work+ out "s my/ical problem4 ,a        
sci5tific ,g]man has rec5tly asc]ta9$ t 
! surface ( ! e>? is gradually becom+   
hott]1 & t 9 five hundr$ millions ( ye>s
 x w atta9 to su* a degree ( heat z to  
de/roy human life4 ,& yet !re are o!r   
sci5ti/s equally wise1 p]haps1 :o ass]t 
t ! e>?'s cru/ is gradually cool+ &     
contract+1 & !re=e radiat+ less heat1 ! 
f9al result ( :i* w be ! de/ruction (   
all life & a return ( ! glacial p]iod4  
,geological sci5ce1 z well z revelation1
 impresses u ) ! belief t 9 ! beg9n+ !  
e>? 0 )\t =m1 & void1--a *aos ( atoms   
:i* 7 ga!r$1 comet-l1 f inf9ite space1 &
 made to revolve 9 a globul> mass by    
physical =ces1 until x became1 by !     
cond5sation ( its vapory atmosph]e1     
subm]g$ 9 a flood ( d>k & int]m9able    
wat]s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! action ( !     
wat]s on m9]al sub/ances1 va/ deposits (

 s$im5t accumulat$1 :i*1 ) ! aid (      
pressure & *emical heat1 gradually h>d5$
 into rocks1 /rata ^u /rata1 l solid    
masonry1 & v>y+ 9 ?ickness f ! fraction 
( a mile to ?irty miles or m4 ,nature   
seems to h adopt$ ?is me?od (           
con/ruction z a pr]equisite to !        
sev]ance ( ! l& f ! wat]s4 ,9 effect+   
?is object1 ! explosive =ces1 long      
conf9$ 9 ! e>?'s int]ior1 are suppos$ to
 h bur/ asund] ! walls ( _! prison-h\se1
 sudd5ly upheav+ cont95ts & m\nta9s f ! 
dep?s ( a dismal & %oreless ocean4 ,x 0 
!n t ! dry l& made its fir/ appe>ance1 &
 0 baptiz$ 9 ! pure sunlight ( heav54   
,! virg9 soil ( ! e>?1 :5 ?us expos$ to 
! g5ial influ5ce ( ! sun1 soon produc$  
vegetal life1 & vegetal life animal     
life1--! "o ! food ( ! o!r4 ,?us ,nature
 ev] provides = h] gue/s 9 advance ( _! 
reception4 ,yet 9 h] =mative processes  
%e makes ha/e sl[ly1 ?\gh %e may        
sometimes leap to conclusions4 ,h] "w   
nev] ceases4 ,a million ( ye>s is to h] 
z "o day1 & "o day z a million ( ye>s4  

,h5ce ev]y?+ has its age1 & is lo/ 9 !  
ages4 ,( ?is fact we h reliable evid5ce 
9 ! /rata ( ! rocks1 & 9 ! limit$ field 
( our own obs]vation4 ,!re c be no d\bt 
! e>? has be5 _m times baptiz$ 9 fire & 
wat]1 & its cru/ brok5 into fragm5ts &  
?r[n into /range angles & relations4 ,^!
 gr& upheavals h occurr$ at dates va/ly 
remote f ea* o!r1 & are recogniz$ by    
sci5ce z great geological p]iods4  ,!   
,ages ( ,nature1 s f> z relates to !    
e>?1 may be class$ briefly z3 ! prim>y1 
or reign ( fi%es2 ! second>y1 or reign (
 reptiles2 ! t]ti>y1 or reign ( mammals2
 & ! mod]n1 or reign ( man4 ,ea* ( ^!   
ages con/itutes a gr& *apt] 9 ! e>?'s   
hi/ory1 :i* is easily read & und]/ood by
 ! ma/]s ( geological sci5ce4 ,! same   
ag5cies :i* 7 employ$ 9 con/ruct+ !     
e>?'s cru/ are /ill employ$ 9           
recon/ruct+ x4 ,9 fact1 ! "w ( creation 
is /ill go+ on z 9 ! beg9n+1 if beg9n+  
!re ev] 0 9 ,nature's mat]ial processes4
 ,we see ?is illu/rat$ 9 ! *anges :i*   
are produc$ on ! e>?'s surface 9 our own

 "t by ! action ( ! ra91 ! w9d1 ! fro/1 
! flood1 ! glaci]1 ! volcano1 & !       
e>?quake4  ,x is by ^! ag5cies t ! hills
 & ! m\nta9s are grad$ d[n1 & ! detritus
 deposit$ 9 ! valleys & 9 ! sea2 ?us are
 valleys enri*$ & broad5$1 va/ pla9s &  
deltas creat$1 & cont95ts enl>g$4 ,:5 ! 
pres5t hills & m\nta9s h be5 r$uc$ to   
pla9s1 & ! f]tility ( ! soil exhau/$1 x 
is q probable t ano!r gr& upheaval ( !  
e>?'s f\ndations w occur1--! bir?-p[] by
 :i* new hills & m\nta9s are lift$ up1 &
 cont95ts *ang$ to ocean-b$s1 &         
ocean-b$s to cont95ts4 ,x is ^! mighty  
*anges & ex*anges t prep>e ! way1 & fit 
! e>? = ! production ( high] ord]s (    
plants & animals1 & p]haps a high] ord] 
( man4  ,9 ! c\rse ( unkn[n ages1       
,nature has enri*$ & ext5d$ ! valley ( !
 ,nile hundr$s ( miles into ! sea1 by   
transport+ ?i!r ! pulv]iz$ weal? ( !    
,abyss9ian m\nta9s4 ,?us f]tiliz$1      
,egypt has = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s su/a9$ a   
d5se population4 ,v ju/ly has %e be5    
call$ n only ! cradle ( mank9d1 b !     

gran>y ( ! _w4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,ganges    
transports f ! int]ior ( ,india a       
suffici5t am\nt ( s$im5t annually to    
cov] a t[n%ip five miles squ>e to ! dep?
 ( t5 feet1 & by ?is means has ext5d$ ! 
l& hundr$s ( miles into ! ocean4 ,!     
,hoang-,ho1 a riv] ( ,*9a1 by its       
deposits ( alluvium 9 ! sea has add$ an 
entire prov9ce to t c\ntry1 compris+ an 
area ( n9ety-six ?\s& squ>e miles4      
,inde$1 all riv]s are tribut>ies to !   
sea1 & all seas tribut>ies to ! riv]s4  
,?is ex*ange is effect$ ma9ly by ! ra9s 
& ! sn[s1 ! exhalations & ! wat]sp\ts4  
,! cl\ds are b common c>ri]s2 ?is       
comm]ce is !re=e a matt] ( mutual       
int]e/1 & gr[s out ( ! positive         
necessities ( sea & l&4 ,?\gh ! elem5ts 
appe> to move 9 conflict1 !y really move
 9 p]fect h>mony1 & br+ ord] out ( seem+
 confusion4  ,9 execut+ a gigantic "w1  
no riv] has excell$ ! ,mississippi4 ,?is
 ,fa!r ( ,wat]s has di/9ctly indicat$ 9 
! record ( 8 c>e] ! prehi/orical age ( !
 _w1 & ! equally prehi/orical adv5t (   

man4 ,9 8 m>* to ! sea he has left      
endur+ l&m>ks1 & ) 8 battle-axe not*$   
c5turies long lo/ 9 ! mighty pa/4 ,! l& 
:i* ?is maje/ic riv] has =m$1 by        
deposit+ s$im5t 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1    
comprises an area ( ?irty ?\s& squ>e    
miles4 ,?is deposit or delta has a dep? 
exce$+ "o ?\s& feet2 & ! p]iod requir$ =
 its accumulation has be5 e/imat$ by    
,mr4 ,lyell1 ! r5[n$ geologi/1 at "o    
hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4  ,?is e/imate only    
embraces ! deposits s9ce ! riv] ran 9   
its pres5t *annel4 ,! bluffs along !    
riv] rise 9 _m places two hundr$ & fifty
 feet1 & conta9 %ells1 ) ! rema9s ( !   
ma/odon1 elephant1 tapir1 megalonyx1 &  
o!r huge animals4 ,x is evid5t t ^!     
bluffs mu/ h belong$ to an anci5t pla9  
or valley long ant]ior to ! pres5t      
level4 ,9 sev]al sections ( ! valley z x
 n[ exi/s1 excavations h be5 made deep] 
?an ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & successive     
gr[?s ( cypress-timb] f\nd1 to ! numb] (
 f\r or five di/9ct gr[?s1 ! l[e/ ly+ at
 ! dep? ( six hundr$ feet4 ,"s ( ^!     

trees are t5 feet 9 diamet]1 & h f five 
to six ?\s& annual r+s ( gr[?4  ,z !    
valley ( ! riv] f age to age grew 9     
elevation by deposits ( s$im5t1 a new   
gr[? ( cypress 0 produc$1 & is n[       
sup]v5$ by ! live-oak pla91 s call$1 :i*
 has _h an exi/5ce1 z e/imat$ by !      
annual r+s ( ! oaks1 ( f\rte5 ?\s& ye>s4
  ,9 excavat+ = gas-works at ,new       
,orleans1 a human skull 0 f\nd b5ea? !  
roots ( a cypress belong+ to ! f\r?-=e/ 
level1 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 :ile
 ! o!r bones ( ! skeleton crumbl$ to du/
 on exposure to ! air4 ,! type ( !      
cranium 0 t ( ! aborig9al ,am]ican4 ,n[1
 if we take ! p]iod requir$ to =m !     
live-oak level1 & add x to ! "t requir$ 
to produce ! next ?ree subt]ranean gr[?s
 ( cypress1 :i* ov]lie ! f\r? gr[?1 9   
:i* ! cranium 0 f\nd1 x cle>ly proves t 
! human race exi/$ 9 ! great valley ( ! 
,mississippi m ?an fifty-sev5 ?\s& ye>s 
ago4  ,n only 9 ! valley ( !            
,mississippi h fossil rema9s ( man &    
animals be5 discov]$ at dep?s & 9       

=mations t prove _! remote antiquity1 b 
9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,n _m ye>s ago1 a 
human skull 0 f\nd 9 ,brazil1 emb$d$ 9 a
 s&/one rock ov]gr[n ) l(ty trees4 ,!re 
is /ill pres]v$1 9 ! museum at ,quebec1 
a human skull :i* 0 excavat$ f ! solid  
s*i/-rock on :i* ! citadel n[ /&s4      
,human skeletons h also be5 f\nd 9 !    
isl& ( ,guadel\pe1 emb$d$ 9 a rock said 
to be z h>d z ! f9e/ /atu>y m>ble4 ,ev5 
s rec5tly z ! ye> #ahfh1 :ile s9k+ a    
well at ! ,antelope /ation1 on ! ,union 
,pacific ,railroad1 ! workm5 p5etrat$ a 
rock six feet ?ick1 & at eighty feet    
bel[ ! rock discov]$ a human skeleton 9 
su* a /ate ( pres]vation z to be readily
 recogniz$ z su*4  ,9 ano!r in/ance x is
 said t a human skull 0 discov]$ 9      
,calav]as ,c\nty1 ,cal41 at ! bottom ( a
 %aft :i* _h be5 sunk "o hundr$ & ?irty 
feet bel[ ! surface4 ,x 0 f\nd deposit$ 
9 a b$ ( gravel ) o!r organic rema9s1 & 
b5ea? ! eigh? di/9ct geological lay] (  
e>? & gravel1 :]e x mu/ h la91 accord+  
to ! e/imate ( ,pr(essor ,:itney1 !     

geologi/1 = a p]iod ( at lea/ "o hundr$ 
?\s& ye>s4 ,?is remote antiquity ( man  
is also confirm$ by discov]ies 9 e "p ( 
! _w ( ! fossil rema9s ( dome/ic animals
 z well z ( man1 includ+ implem5ts (    
human inv5tion1 su* z fl9t arr[-heads1  
/one axes1 w>-weapons1 cook+-ut5sils1 9 
localities :i* preclude ! idea ( _!     
belong+ to an age t has a writt5 hi/ory4
  ,x is n unfrequ5t t fossil rema9s (   
human bones & ( animals are f\nd emb$d$ 
9 ! coral-reef lime/one ( ,florida4 ,9  
fact1 says ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 ! :ole   
p59sula ( ,florida has be5 =m$ by       
successive gr[?s ( coral reefs & %ells2 
he e/imates ! =mation ( ! s\!rn half ( !
 p59sula z occupy+ a p]iod ( "o hundr$ &
 ?irty-five ?\s& ye>s4 ,! sea conta9s   
+r$i5ts :i* fe$ innum]able animalcula1  
especially ! polypes1 or coral-build]s1 
:i* h ! p[] ( secret+ calc>e\s matt]4   
,^! myriads ( noiseless ar*itects are   
ev] busy 9 build+ = !mselves fairy      
temples 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 ( ! mo/    
delicate & beautiful workman%ip1 & 9    

erect+ pyramids & isl&s1 & 9 ext5d+     
cont95ts4  ,9 ! mean "t !re are o!r     
ag5cies ( a v diff]5t "* cont9ually at  
"w1 modify+ ! e>?'s surface1 & prep>+ x 
= su/a9+ a /ill high] ord] ( vegetal &  
animal life4 ,z a result ( ^! ag5cies1  
especially ! volcanic1 x (t5 happ5s t   
s]i\s calamities befall ! human family4 
,9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 n less ?an two   
?\s& volcanic eruptions occur on !      
globe1 equal to tw5ty a ye>1 or "o e    
eighte5 days4 ,! :ole numb] ( volcanoes 
kn[n to be active at ! pres5t "t exce$s 
?ree hundr$2 & d\btless _m times t numb]
 h long s9ce become ext9ct4  ,9 ,europe1
 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 !re are     
ext5sive tracts or belts ( c\ntry :i*   
are volcanic 9 _! "*2 & especially is   
?is true ( ! entire ,am]ican-,pacific   
coa/1 & ! ocean-b$ adjo9+ x4 ,(t5 h long
 l9es ( ?is coa/ be5 elevat$ or depress$
 _m feet1 z if ! :ole cont95t 7 afloat1 
& toss+ l a %ip on a /ormy sea4 ,nei!r 9
 ! pa/1 nor 9 ! pres5t1 has ! e>? seem$ 
to re/ on a sure f\ndation4 ,ev5 9      

app>5t security !re is no positive      
safety4  ,nature mu/ & w ex]cise h] /]n]
 z well z h] mild] p[]s4 ,9 a*iev+      
gigantic works1 %e employs gigantic     
p[]s4 ,h] =ces are h] own2 & :5 %e      
directs !m to execute h] m&ates1 %e is  
promptly obey$4 ,%e models & remodels ! 
e>?'s ext]ior & int]ior at pleasure1 b  
nev] )\t a b5efic5t design4 ,e>?quakes  
break up ! e>?'s cru/4 ,int]nal fires   
melt x4 ,explod+ gases lift x4          
,gravitation m\lds x4 ,! atmosph]e cools
 x4 ,! sun & ! ra9 clo! x ) v]dure2 &   
fl[]s cr[n x ) beauty4 ,9 ?is way !     
e>?'s surface seems to h be5 prep>$ = ! 
adv5t ( man1 & its int]ior suppli$ )    
coal-fields & res]voirs ( oil & gas = 8 
use4  ,?\gh ,nature has made = man ample
 provision1 %e requires him n only to   
help himself1 b to take c>e ( himself4  
,nor does %e give him =mal notice to    
keep out ( h>m's way :5 %e wi%es to     
break up ! e>?'s cru/ & re-ca/ x1 b     
proce$s at once4 ,%e may s9k or elevate 
a cont95t at a bl[1 or %e may d x by sl[

 degrees4  ,! e>lie/ writ]s give u      
acc\nts ( t]rific e>?quakes4 ,?ucydides 
alludes to volcanic eruptions :i*       
occurr$ five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian
 era4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( volcanic m\nta9s1 x
 has happ5$ t city aft] city1 9 ! c\rse 
( ages1 has be5 engulf$1 "o ^u ano!r1 9 
molt5 lava1 or c9d]s1 leav+ no record   
beh9d !m ( _! unhappy fate4 ,h]culaneum 
lies buri$ a hundr$ feet deep b5ea? !   
mod]n city ( ,portici2 & b5ea?          
,h]culaneum1 a city /ill m anci5t has   
be5 discov]$1 ^: "n & hi/ory are        
entirely unkn[n4 ,h[ _m o!r cities lie  
buri$ at ! foot ( ! old fire-cr[n$ mon>*
 ( ,italy1 no "o c tell2 b d\btless !re 
are sev]al ( !m4 ,:at induc$ p to occupy
 a locality s p]il\s1 x is difficult to 
say1 unless x 0 ! sup]ior f]tility ( a  
volcanic soil4  ,no "p ( ! _w is exempt 
f sudd5 calamities ( a simil> "*4 ,!    
e>?quake exp]i5c$ by ! city ( ,antio* 9 
,syria1 9 ! ye> #fbf1 de/roy$ two hundr$
 & fifty ?\s& p4 ,! great eruption (    
,m\nt ,etna1 9 #affi1 ov]fl[$ f\rte5    

t[ns1 conta9+ f ?ree to f\r ?\s&        
inhabitants ea*4 ,! /ream ( lava :i*    
issu$ f ! m\nta9 0 half a mile wide &   
=ty feet deep1 & swept ev]y?+ be=e x1   
until lo/ 9 ! sea4 ,! e>?quake at       
,lisbon1 9 #agge1 kill$ sixty ?\s&      
p]sons 9 six m9utes2 ! %ock 0 felt 9    
,switz]l&1 9 ,scotl&1 9 ,massa*usetts1 &
 on ! %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,9 #aghc1 a 
l>ge riv] 9 ,icel& 0 sunk into ! e>? by 
volcanic action1 & entirely oblit]at$4  
,9 #agib1 an e>?quake 9 ! isl& ( ,java  
sunk a tract ( l& fifte5 miles long &   
six miles wide1 c>ry+ d[n ) x =ty small 
villages4 ,9 our own c\ntry & 9 our own 
neighborhood1 9 #ahaa1 sev]al isl&s 9 ! 
,mississippi ,riv]1 ne> ,new ,madrid1 7 
sunk by an e>?quake1 & ! c\rse ( ! riv] 
driv5 back eighte5 miles1 caus+ x to    
ov]fl[ ! adjac5t l&s2 ab\t half ! c\nty 
( ,new ,madrid1 z well z ! village1 0   
subm]g$4 ,sev]al new lakes 7 creat$1 "o 
( :i* 0 sixty miles long & sev]al miles 
wide4 ,! e>?'s surface rose 9           
undulations l ! bill[s ( ! sea1 & )     

t]rific utt]ances1 op5$ yawn+ *asms1 f  
:i* va/ columns ( s& & wat]1 & a        
sub/ance resembl+ coke1 7 ?r[n out4 ,!  
:ole face ( ! c\ntry 9 t region 0       
mat]ially *ang$4 ,&1 :at is a little    
s+ul>1 "o ( ! lakes ?us creat$ by !     
e>?quake ext5d$ to ! riv] at a po9t     
ne>ly opposite ! fam\s ,isl& ,no4 #aj1  
?us af=d+ a natural canal by :i* !      
,union =ces 9 ! late civil w> approa*$ &
 took ! isl&4  ,x is n improbable t !   
entire *a9 ( our great nor?we/]n lakes1 
f ,ont>io to ,sup]ior1 7 creat$ by !    
volcanic collapse ( a m\nta9 range t    
once occupi$ ! same localities4 ,( ?is  
fact !re are plausible1 if n            
irresi/ible1 evid5ces to be se5 9 !     
volcanic "* ( ! rocks at v>i\s po9ts    
along ! entire coa/4 ,nor c x be v well 
d\bt$ t subsequ5t volcanic action has   
elevat$ mu* ( ! coa/ into sev]al        
correspond+ ridges1 f "o to two miles   
ap>t1 :i* di/9ctly m>k ! successive     
b\nd>ies ( ^! inl& seas4  ,nature       
removes m\nta9s1 or creates !m1 at      

pleasure4 ,%e also makes & unmakes lakes
 & riv]s1 to say no?+ ( oceans &        
cont95ts4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 & d\btless 9 o!r
 p>ts ( ! _w1 !re are z _m dead z liv+  
riv]s4 ,! m9]s ( ,cali=nia h already    
discov]$ ! old *annels ( a doz5 or m    
dead riv]s1 z !y call !m1 encas$ & seal$
 up 9 ! v he>t ( ! m\nta9 ranges1 &     
ext5d+ 9 "s in/ances hundr$s ( miles 9 !
 g5]al direction ( ! ranges1 & leap+ f  
m\nta9 to m\nta9 at a common level or   
grade4 ,^! anci5t *annels are fill$ )   
s&1 gravel1 & small b[ld]s1 evid5tly    
worn & poli%$ by long attrition4 ,"s ( !
 *annels are a mile wide1 or m1 & f t5  
to "o hundr$ feet deep4 ,9 ! angles or  
eddies1 ! s&s are f\nd to be exce$+ly   
ri* 9 gold1 sometimes yield+ fifty      
doll>s or m to ! cubic y>d4 ,x is       
e/imat$ t ov] five hundr$ millions (    
doll>s h already be5 tak5 f ! s&s ( ^!  
dead riv]s1 & t !y are n[ yield+ at lea/
 t5 millions a ye>4 ,x is evid5t t ^!   
dead riv]s mu/ h be5 liv+ riv]s long    
be=e ! volcanic era arriv$1 :i* elevat$ 

! anci5t valleys into m\nta9 ranges1 &  
depress$ ! anci5t m\nta9 ranges into    
valleys4  ,9 ! ,s\?-,am]ican e>?quake ( 
,augu/1 #ahfh1 ?irty ?\s& lives 7 lo/1  
sev]al cities entirely oblit]at$1 & ?ree
 hundr$ millions ( doll>s' wor? (       
prop]ty de/roy$4 ,a tidal wave1 m ?an   
=ty feet deep1 swept ov] ! l& &         
deposit$1 high & dry1 & beyond recov]y1 
sev]al fir/-class %ips2 ! effect ( ?is  
e>?quake 0 felt along ! coa/ = a di/ance
 ( six to sev5 ?\s& miles4 ,9 ,octob] ( 
! same ye>1 ! city ( ,san ,francisco 0  
visit$ by an e>?quake1 :i* %att]$ _m    
build+s1 & de/roy$ sev]al lives4 ,x is  
suppos$ t ?is 0 b a prolongation ( !    
,s\?-,am]ican e>?quake4  ,9 "s p>ts (   
,cali=nia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?und] &       
lightn+ seldom occur1 :ile e>?quakes are
 frequ5t2 9 regions l ^!1 e>?quakes w\ld
 seem to be a sub/itute = ?und] &       
lightn+4 ,9 all probability bo? are b   
electrical ph5om5a1 diff]+ only 9 ! fact
 t ! "o is an e>?quake1 ! o!r a         
skyquake4 ,x is 9 pla9s & valleys t     

e>?quakes prove ! mo/ de/ructive4       
,d\btless ! solid mat]ial compos+ !     
m\nta9 ranges af=ds a bett] conductor ( 
electricity ?an ! alluvial soil ( !     
pla9s & ! valleys2 h5ce1 :ile ! "o s]ves
 z a lightn+-rod1 ! o!r becomes !       
battlegr\nd ( conflict+ elem5ts4 ,x may 
be t electrical =ces are g5]at$ 9 !     
e>?'s int]ior1 z well z 9 ! atmosph]e1 &
 t ! e>?quake is b ! %ock produc$ by !  
re/oration ( an equilibrium4 ,! e>? & ! 
atmosph]e are ess5tially ! same 9 _!    
elem5ts1 & are ev] contribut+ ( _!      
sub/ance to ! requisitions ( ea* o!r4   
,:5 physical sci5ce %all be s f> advanc$
 z to expla9 ! true causes ( ! e>?quake1
 if x does n make man ma/] ( !          
situation1 x w d\btless place 9 8 h&s ! 
p[] ( avoid+1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 !    
calamities :i* n[ s (t5 befall life &   
prop]ty4  ,!re c be no d\bt t ! e>? is a
 physical necessity n yet fully         
develop$2 only ab\t "o-f\r? "p ( its    
surface is l&1 ! rema9d] wat]4 ,ne>ly   
?ree times m l& lies nor? ( ! equator   

?an s\? ( x4 ,:y ?is %\ld be s1 is n q  
cle>4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! e>?'s future       
developm5t1 h[ev]1 x is n improbable t  
additional cont95ts & isl&s w appe>1 & !
 wat]s subside into n>r[] & deep]       
*annels1 ?us giv+ to man1 & to l&-life  
g5]ally1 a wid] doma94 ,& yet ! pres5t  
seas 7 n made 9 va91 b h always ab\nd$ )
 plant-life & animal-life1 ?\gh ( an    
inf]ior ord] z comp>$ ) l&-life4 ,life 9
 itself is inf9ite1 & appe>s 9 inf9ite  
v>ieties bo? on l& & 9 ! sea4 ,:e!r man 
ne$s m l& = 8 use & future developm5t1  
is difficult to say4 ,at any rate1      
ev]y?+ t exi/s has its mutual relations1
 & adapts itself to ! ultimate aim (    
,nature1--! p]fection ( man4  ,9 !      
,we/]n ,hemisph]e1 ! m\nta9s take !     
g5]al direction ( nor? & s\?2 9 !       
,ea/]n1 ! g5]al direction ( ea/ & we/4  
,9 ! "o hemisph]e1 ! ranges ess5tially  
accord ) ! l9es ( longitude2 9 ! o!r1 ) 
! l9es ( latitude4 ,^! m\nta9 ranges are
 b cont95tal wat]%$s1 f :i* fl[s !      
elem5tal weal? t enri*es ! pla9s & !    

valleys4 ,! riv]s & _! tribut>ies are ! 
comm]cial ag5ts4 ,! ra9 & ! fro/ are !  
m9]s ^: labors w nev] cease until !     
m\nta9s are levell$4 ,! m\nta9s also    
attract & guide ! /orms & modify _! =ce1
 cond5se ! mi/s1 ! ra9drop1 & ! dewdrop1
 & ?us aid 9 refre%+ ! valleys 9        
connection ) ! heat ( ! sunbeams4 ,9 ?is
 way ! seasons1 z well z ! elem5ts ( !  
soil1 are s modifi$ & vitaliz$ z to give
 to man se$time & h>ve/1 & ne$ful food  
to e liv+ & creep+ ?+4  ,9 addition to !
 _w ( life t is visible1 !re is a _w (  
life t is invisible1--a microscopic     
realm ( animalcula1 :i* live & move & h 
_! be+ 9 e elem5t ( life1 & 9 e life1 & 
yet are s m9ute z to be imp]ceptible to 
! nak$ eye4 ,^! invisibles1 or          
infusoria1 ab\nd ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+4 ,!y
 p]vade ! sea1 ! l&1 ! air4 ,!y sw>m 9 e
 drop ( wat]1 & revel 9 e morsel ( food4
 ,we c nei!r eat nor dr9k )\t infr++ on 
_! doma9 & consign+ myriads ( !m1       
p]haps1 to an unprovok$ de/ruction4 ,!y 
are almo/ z v>i\s 9 grade1 size1 & %ape1

 z !y are num]\s4 ,"s are hide\s1 :ile  
o!rs are comely4 ,!y fe$ on ea* o!r1 !  
sup]ior on ! inf]ior1 & are ev] /ruggl+ 
= life & = ! ma/]y4 ,!y engage 9 !      
battle ( life to su/a9 life1 & hold to !
 doctr9e t to ! victors belong ! spoils4
 ,x is an asc]ta9$ fact t a speck (     
potato-rot1 ! size ( a p9-head1 conta9s 
hundr$s ( ^! little f]oci\s animals1    
fight+ & dev\r+ ea* o!r )\t m]cy & )\t  
cessation4  ,:at seems /ill m surpris+  
is t !y probably h a p]fect             
organization1--he>t1 lungs1 /oma*1      
circulation ( blood1 & are end[$1       
p]haps1 ) all ! five s5ses4 ,inf9ite    
numb]s ( !m1 x is suppos$1 exi/ 9 s     
m9ute a =m t no microscope1 h[ev] great 
its p[]1 c detect !m4 ,nor ne$ we d\bt t
 ev5 ^! liv+ invisibles are beset )     
p>asites va/ly m9ut] ?an !mselves1 :i*  
fe$ & bre$ on _! surfaces4 ,9 ! v       
blood-circulation ( ! m9ute/1 x is n    
improbable t o!r infusoria1 /ill m      
m9ute1 swim & prey ^u ea* o!r4 ,! uses =
 :i* ?is invisible _w ( life 7 creat$1  

?\gh d\btless = a wise purpose1 _c be   
compreh5d$4 ,yet x is evid5t t e liv+   
?+1 h[ev] m9ute1 has a de/9y ( "s sort1 
ev] progress+1 x may be1 f a l[] to a   
high] sph]e1--f ! mat]ial to !          
spiritual1 f ! f9ite to ! inf9ite4      
,all are b p>ts ( "o /up5d\s :ole1      
,^: body ,nature is1 & ,god ! s\l4   ,! 
atmosph]e1 suppos$ to ext5d sixty miles 
9 height1 surr\nds ! e>? l an invisible 
ocean1 & gives to x almo/ entirely its  
life-mat]ial4 ,9 fact1 ! atmosph]e is ! 
great res]voir ( ! vital elem5ts1 f :i* 
is d]iv$ ! pr9cipal "p1 if n all1 !     
mat]ial1 solid or liquid1 :i* ent]s into
 ! composition ( bo? plant & animal1    
:e!r x be a blade ( grass1 a leaf1 or a 
tree2 an insect1 a fi%1 or a man4 ,x is 
true1 h[ev]1 t animal-life is m directly
 ! outgr[? ( plant-life2 & yet ! vital  
=ces ( bo? are d]iv$ f ! air1 & return  
to ! air by sol> ag5cies4 ,x is q c]ta9 
t all matt]1 z se5 embodi$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 
consi/s entirely ( c]ta9 gases cond5s$  
or solidifi$ by *emical laws4 ,!        

atmosph]e itself1 & probably inf9ite    
space1 are fill$ ) matt] 9 ! gase\s =m1 
or 9 "s unkn[n =m1 de/9$ to be cond5s$1 
dissolv$1 & recond5s$ 9 a s]ies ( *anges
 z cont9u\s z ! inf9ite ages4  ,9 ?is   
s5se1 n only ! e>?1 b e o!r planet1     
conta9s )9 itself ! se$s ( its own      
dissolution4 ,yet matt]1 :atev] its =m1 
is /ill inde/ructible1 & w =ev] reta9   
its vital =ces4 ,x w\ld seem t life is !
 s\l ( matt]1 & t electricity is ! s\l (
 life1--immat]ial1 x may be1 & if s1 !n 
immortal4 ,:]e ! mat]ial ends1 or :]e ! 
spiritual beg9s1 x is impossible to say4
 ,we "k t we are end[$ ) ! five s5ses at
 bir?4 ,we also "k t !y are ! m$ia ?r\gh
 :i* we receive all ! impressions &     
p]ceptions ( our environm5t2 x is f _!  
report t we le>n :at is agreeable or    
disagreeable to our physical ne$s4 ,we  
*oose ! agreeable1 & reject !           
disagreeable4 ,"h reason beg9s1 &       
pron\nces judgm5t4 ,memory records facts
 & conclusions4 ,! physical & ! m5tal   
gr[ 9 /r5g? f infancy to manhood2 !y are

 a liv+ unit4 ,! "o is real1 & ! o!r    
ideal4 ,( _s or s\l we "k no?+1 nor c we
 prove _! exi/5ce1 unless we accept !   
pro(s z furni%$ by revelation4 ,x is    
c]ta91 h[ev]1 t our moral "* survives u 
& cont9ues to h an influ5ce 9 ! _w =    
good or = evil accord+ to ! de$s done 9 
! body4 ,?is fact is some?+ :i* we c    
compreh5d z con/itut+ ! ideal ( our     
spiritual exi/5ce4 ,nor ne$ we d\bt t 9 
dis*>g+ our duties to our fell[-m51 we  
dis*>ge our duties to ,god4  ,ev]y:]e   
ab\t u1 & especially 9 atmosph]ic       
ph5om5a1 we see an epitome ( ,nature's  
processes & m>vell\s =mative p[]4 ,n a  
sn[flake falls to ! gr\nd t does n br+ )
 x a cry/allization ( ! mo/ beautiful   
specim5s ( arti/ic embroid]y1 f> excell+
 ! f9e/ ne$le-"w ev] wr\ght by woman's  
h&4 ,! same is true ( ! silv] fro/work  
trac$ on ! w9d[-pane by ! delicate t\* (
 invisible f+]s4 ,9 tru?1 e gem t       
glitt]s 9 ! m9e1 e fl[] ( ! field1 & e  
/> 9 ! sky1 is b a cry/alliz$ expression
 ( ! beautiful1 bl5d$ ) a sil5t love t  

is pure & he>tfelt1 z if ak9 to u4 ,9   
reality !y are our k9dr$1 & we are _!   
k9dr$4  ,nature seems to delight 9      
creat+ ! wond]ful z well z ! beautiful1 
& (t5 comb9es bo? 9 ! same exhibition4  
,h5ce %e ent]ta9s u occasionally ) a    
magnific5t display ( fireworks1 kn[n z  
,nor!rn ,lights2 or ) an app>5t %[] (   
fall+ />s2 or ) ! sudd5 desc5t ( an     
a]olite1 all ablaze1 z if dropp$ f !    
fi]y =ge ( ! sun2 or ) a brilliant      
comet1 :i* ) its long & glitt]+ trail   
sweeps 9 ladylike /yle ! />-du/ f !     
pavem5t ( ! sky4 ,^! s+ul> occurr5ces1  
?\gh sometimes reg>d$ z om9\s1 are b a  
"p ( ,nature's sy/ematic op]ations4 ,!y 
_c ) any f\ndation 9 tru? be attribut$  
to accid5t2 = x is impossible t accid5ts
 %\ld happ5 9 ! work%ops ( ,nature1 or 9
 ! adm9i/ration ( h] gov]nm5t4  ,h[ !   
v>i\s meteors are actually =m$1 or :5ce 
!y come1 is a my/]y :i* has induc$ mu*  
speculation among sci5tific m54 ,"s say 
!y are volcanic fragm5ts ?r[n f ! moon1 
or f "s di/ant planet1 or p]haps f a    

crat] ( ! sun2 :ile o!rs1 ) m reason1   
suppose t !y are g5]at$ 9 space1 or 9 ! 
e>?'s atmosph]e1 & are no?+ m ?an       
cond5s$ gases :i* con/itute ! elem5ts ( 
solid matt]1 & :i* become 9 "s in/ances 
s h>d5$ by *emical action z to assume ! 
solidity ( /one or iron4  ,& h5ce x (t5 
happ5s t ! latt] class ( ^! erratic     
/rang]s fall f ! sky to ! e>? ) a       
t]rific explosion4 ,9 anci5t times _!   
appe>ance 0 reg>d$ z port5t\s ( national
 or individual calamities4 ,! ,*9ese h  
records ( meteoric %[]s1 & ! fall (     
a]olites1 :i* occurr$ m ?an six hundr$ &
 =ty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!       
,greeks & ,romans obs]v$ & record$      
simil> ph5om5a4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ijc &   
#ahcc1 n less ?an n9ete5 p]iodical      
/>-%[]s h be5 record$4 ,! regul> p]iod (
 _! occurr5ce is once 9 e ?irty-?ree    
ye>s1 or !reab\t1 & usually ab\t !      
middle ( ,novemb]4 ,b :at are call$     
sporadic meteors1 or %oot+-/>s1 are (   
frequ5t occurr5ce1 & may be se5 almo/ e 
ev5+ 9 ! ye>4  ,! mo/ brilliant meteoric

 %[] on record is t ( #ahcc1 :5 meteors 
fell at ! rate ( two hundr$ & =ty ?\s&  
p] h\r1 creat+ ! impression t all ! />s 
( heav5 _h be5 unsph]$1 & 7 fall+ l a   
%eet ( fire to ! e>?1 & ?reat5+ a       
univ]sal conflagration4 ,occurr+ z x did
 at midnight1 & cont9u+ = two or m h\rs1
 ?\s&s ( p1 :o witness$ ! sc5e ) fe> &  
trembl+1 suppos$ ! day ( judgm5t _h     
come4 ,9 j ?irty-?ree ye>s aft] ?is1    
,nov4 #ad1 #ahff1 occurr$ ano!r         
p]iodical %[] ( a simil> "*1 :i*1 ?\gh  
less brilliant1 0 se5 on a m ext5d$     
scale 9 ,europe ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  
,:y ?is app>5t /orm ( fire %\ld occur e 
?irty-?ree ye>s1 is a my/]y :i* sci5ce  
has n yet be5 able to expla94 ,x may be 
a "p ( ! ma*9]y ( our planet>y sy/em1 & 
is p]haps z regul> 9 its revolutions z !
 planets2 or x may be a me?od (         
dissipat+ an ov]-accumulation 9 ! e>?'s 
atmosph]e1 or 9 inf9ite space1 (        
inflammable gase\s matt]1 :i* ?us       
ignites spontane\sly1 & pres5ts to ! eye
 ! appe>ance ( burn+ sp>ks fly+ (f1 z x 

71 f ! broad anvil & pond]\s sl$ge      
employ$ 9 ! great work%op ( ,nature4 ,be
 ?is z x may1 meteoric %[]s1 s f> z     
kn[n1 h always prov$ h>mless 9 _!       
results4  ,b ! a]olite assumes a m      
=midable "*4 ,9 outl9e x is a globul>   
mass heat$ to int5sity1 & 9 its approa* 
comes ) a hiss+ s\nd1 & usually explodes
 9 ! atmosph]e or :5 x /rikes ! e>?4    
,its fragm5ts %[ t x is a solid body1   
compos$ mo/ly ( a f]rug9\s mat]ial4 ,!  
illum9ation x creates 9 its passage     
?r\gh ! atmosph]e is sometimes se5 at ! 
di/ance ( five or six hundr$ miles4     
,erratic masses ( ?is k9d h be5 kn[n to 
fall 9 all ages & 9 all c\ntries1 & are 
( frequ5t occurr5ce4  ,s rec5t z ! ye>  
#ahfg1 an a]olite ( l>ge dim5sions fell 
9 ,t5nessee1 p5etrat+ a hillside ( rocky
 =mation to ! dep? ( tw5ty feet4 ,x 0   
se5 at a great di/ance1 & came hiss+ on 
its way l a planet on fire1 & :5 x /ruck
 ! e>?1 produc$ a %ock l t ( an         
e>?quake4 ,s int5sely heat$ 0 x1 t =    
?ree days aft] x fell x g5]at$ & s5t up 

f ! moi/ e>? a d5se column ( /eam1 :i*  
rose & float$ away l a cl\d 9 ! sky4 ,:5
 excavat$1 its mass 0 f\nd to be compos$
 pr9cipally ( iron1 & measur$ sev5 feet 
f apex to base1 & t5 feet 9 circumf]5ce4
 ,fragm5ts ( x h be5 pres]v$1 & may be  
se5 at ,wa%+ton1 & 9 sev]al collections 
( m9]als belong+ to sci5tific           
individuals4 ,b :]e did x come f8 ,did x
 come f ! sun1 ! moon1 ! e>?1 or f "s   
explod$ planet8 or 0 x g5]at$ 9 !       
atmosph]e8 ,?\gh ! "q has n be5         
satisfactorily answ]$1 !re are plausible
 reasons = believ+ t a]olites1 & meteors
 g5]ally1 are ! spontane\s production ( 
atmosph]ical ag5cies4 ,physical =ces are
 at "w all ov] ! e>?1 *>g+ ! atmosph]e )
 ! id5tical mat]ials t compose !        
meteoric /one1 or a]olite4 ,volcanoes   
emit _! gases1 & hurl ) t]rific =ce     
burn+ fragm5ts ( rock into ! dep?s ( !  
sky4 ,! tornado1 or l&-sp\t1 takes up 9 
its grasp s&1 ) o!r solid mat]ial1 &    
rotates x ) su* viol5ce z to produce    
fusion ( ! mass1 giv+ x a globul> =m &  

hurl+ x to an invisible height1 & !n    
leav+ x to gravitate brilliantly &      
rapidly until x rea*es ! e>?4 ,?is !ory 
is confirm$ by _m facts1 & especially by
 ! occurr5ce ( a l&-sp\t ne> ! village (
 ,ossonval 9 ,france1 :]e1 on ! #f? (   
,july1 #ahbb1 "s brok5 cl\ds1 com+ f    
diff]5t directions1 & collect+ ov] ! s&y
 pla91 =m$ a s+le cl\d1 :i* cov]$ !     
heav5s1 :5 an elongat$ ne!r portion ( x 
desc5d$1 pres5t+ its vortex d[nw>d1 &   
hav+ its base 9 ! cl\d4 ,x !n became    
viol5t 9 its revolutions1 & be+ driv5 by
 ! w9d1 ov]turn$ build+s1 uproot$ trees1
 twirl+ !m 9 ! air ) lib]al quantities (
 s& & wat]1 :i* x _h scoop$ up 9 its    
c\rse1 :5 f its c5tre1 amid sulphur\s   
vapors1 globes ( fire 7 se5 to issue1 z 
if project$ f an eng9e ( t]rific p[]1   
att5d$ ) a s\nd l t ( heavy cannon      
dis*>g$ 9 ! di/ance4 ,?r\gh\t its entire
 c\rse x left ! fe>ful traces ( its     
deva/ation4 ,! globes ( fire :i* 7      
project$ f its c5tre1 x may well be     
suppos$1 possess$ all ! *>act]i/ics (   

v]itable a]olites1 & 7 ?us manufactur$  
by electrical heat & fusion out ( !     
e>?-mat]ial lift$ f ! pla94  ,n long    
s9ce1 !re fell ne> ,romney1 ,ind41 an   
a]olite 9 a liquid1 or molt5 /ate1 :i*  
flew into fragm5ts ! mom5t x /ruck !    
e>?'s surface4 ,! spot :]e x fell 0     
deeply ind5t$ & scor*$2 & ! mat]ial (   
:i* x 0 compos$ 0 f\nd scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! 
vic9ity1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( c9d]s1 yet  
m\ld$ into ! =m ( small sph]ical bodies 
v>y+ 9 size f a buck%ot to t ( a        
cannon-ball4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t 9
 subject+ fractur$ portions ( ! c9d]s to
 int5se heat1 no p]ceptible odor 0      
emitt$1 nei!r 0 ! color nor weight      
*ang$4 ,! fact t ^! c9d]s desc5d$ 9     
sph]ical bodies w\ld seem to indicate t 
! p>5t mass approa*$ ! e>? 9 a /ate (   
fusion1 project+ f its surface1 z x     
revolv$1 deta*$ fragm5ts1 :i*1 tak+ a   
rotatory impulse1 became its att5dant   
satellites 9 accordance ) planet>y laws4
  ,among _m o!r a]olites t h fall5 9    
diff]5t p>ts ( our c\ntry1 "o (         

consid]able magnitude 0 se5 to fall ne> 
,concord1 ,musk+um ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 on !  
#a/ ( ,may1 #ahfj2 x approa*$ ! e>? ) a 
brilliancy z vivid z ! sun1 & explod$ :5
 x /ruck4 ,sev]al fragm5ts ( x 7        
excavat$ :ile q hot1 "o ( :i*1 weigh+   
elev5 p\nds1 has be5 deposit$ 9 !       
,hi/orical ,rooms at ,clevel&4 ,x is    
compos$ ( f]rug9\s matt]1 & seems almo/ 
z heavy z pure iron4  ,x is impossible =
 u to compreh5d1 f ! /&po9t we occupy 9 
?is life1 our real relations ei!r to !  
pa/ or to ! pres5t1 mu* less to !       
future4 ,e>? has h] manifold wond]s1 yet
 !y are b few :5 comp>$ ) ! inf9ite     
wond]s ( ! heav5s4 ,va/ z our sol> sy/em
 truly is1 x may /ill be reg>d$ z b a   
*&eli] susp5d$ 9 ! entrance-hall (      
,nature's great temple4 ,:5 we consid] t
 inf9ite space has nei!r c5tre nor      
circumf]5ce1 & t x is fill$ ) />s1 & t e
 /> is a _w inhabit$ l our own1 & t !re 
are /ill inf9ite numb]s ( />s ^: light1 
?\gh travell+ at ! rate ( "o hundr$ &   
eighty-five ?\s& miles a second ev] s9ce

 ! dawn ( creation1 has n yet rea*$ !   
e>?1 we are lo/1--lo/ 9 wond] &         
amazem5t1 lo/ 9 ?\ght1 /ill want+ a     
?\ght broad en\gh & /rong en\gh to grasp
 ! inf9ite4 ,:o is !re t w\ld n1 if he  
c\ld1 explore ! untrodd5 yet brilliant  
doma9s ( inf9ite space1--! g>d5 ( ,god1 
ev] blossom+ ) gold5 fl[]s1--& ?us      
acquire = himself div9e wisdom8 ,if we  
w\ld become z gods1 & walk ) ,god1 we   
mu/ le>n to p>take ! food1 & dr9k !     
bev]age1 ( ! gods4  ,9 physical sci5ce  
!re is mu* t has a direct influ5ce on ! 
gr[? & vigor ( moral sci5ce4 ,9 fact1   
,nature does mu* m = ! welf>e &         
education ( man ?an he does = himself4  
,! m\nta9s elevate 8 ?\ghts1 & tea* him 
moral sublimity4 ,! va/ ocean1 app>5tly 
%oreless1 sugge/s to him ! idea (       
et]nity & a future life4 ,! e>?quake1 ! 
hurricane1 & ! lightn+ inspire him ) a  
belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a supreme ,p[]1 a  
div9e ,gov]nor ( ! univ]se4 ,?us        
impress$ ) a s5se ( 8 own weakness &    
dep5d5ce1 man naturally implores        

protection1 & tru/s 9 ! b5efic5ce & 9 ! 
clem5cy ( ! great ,invisible4 ,h5ce 8   
fai?1 8 hope1 8 aspirations4 ,9 ?is way 
0 laid ! primitive f\ndation ( 8 cre$ & 
religi\s t5d5cies4 ,& yet 8 weake/      
passion w\ld seem to be 8 /ronge/1--a   
desire n only to p]petuate himself      
beyond ?is life1 b to acquire sup]human 
p[]4 ,x is = ?is t he /ruggles1 erects  
alt>s1 & solicits aid f vision>y z well 
z f div9e s\rces4  ,:e!r ! p]fection (  
mank9d be ! end & aim ( ,nature1 ne$ n  
be que/ion$4 ,x is evid5t t %e reg>ds   
man z a favorite1 & = ?is reason        
solicits him to accept ! lessons (      
wisdom :i* are ev] fall+ f h] lips4 ,9 !
 pl5itude ( h] love %e attempts to lead 
him upw>d into a broad] & a holi] sph]e4
 ,if man 0 able to trace 8 desc5t &     
asc]ta9 8 orig91 d y ?9k he w\ld f9d x 9
 ! ape1 z ,d>w9 affirms1 or 9 ! du/ ( ! 
e>?8 ,revelation replies1 ,9 ! du/2 & a 
s\nd philosophy confirms ! fact4        
,nature nev] /ultifies h]self1 nor does 
%e develop a new species ( animal or    

plant f an exi/+ species1 b d\btless    
enc\rages natural selection 9 ! l9e (   
ea* di/9ct species1 & by s do+ promotes 
progress 9 h] gr& s*eme ( atta9+        
p]fection2 nor c x be d\bt$ t f new     
conditions a new species may appe>4 ,9  
fact1 e liv+ ?+ is born ( its           
appropriate conditions1 & w cont9ue to  
propagate its k9d s long z its          
appropriate conditions exi/4 ,:5        
conditions *ange1 results *ange4 ,9 ?is 
way a new species ( plant or animal may 
be1 & p]haps (t5 is1 g5]at$4 ,! process 
is simply "o ( *ange 9 ! relation ( !   
requisite life-elem5ts1--a process :i*  
results f ! unceas+ op]ation ( a great  
natural law4 ,9 ,nature !re is no?+     
con/ant b *ange4  ,life1 9 all its      
v>ieties1 :e!r vegetal or animal1 has a 
rudim5tal orig91 traceable p]haps to a  
m9ute egg1 cell1 or spore1 call x :at y 
w1 f :i* is evolv$ 9 due "t a p]fect    
plant or animal4 ,b if ask$ :5ce is     
d]iv$ ! egg1 cell1 or spore1 we c only  
reply t !y h _! orig9 9 c]ta9 primitive 

life-elem5ts1 :i* are br\ght into       
contact 9 a way s subtile z to elude !  
inve/igations ( sci5ce4 ,?is life-law1  
:atev] x may be1 acts 9 ref]5ce to k9d1 
& produces its k9d4 ,ne>ly all =ms (    
life h resemblances2 & ?\gh we accept ! 
doctr9e ( evolution1 x does n foll[ t   
man 0 develop$ f an ape1 or ! bird f a  
fly+-fi%4  ,ev]y?+ t lives1 :e!r plant  
or animal1 has its lead+ *>act]i/ics4   
,ne>ly all plants1 z well z animals1    
ev9ce a degree ( intellig5ce 9 _! *oice 
( nutrim5t & 9 _! me?ods ( obta9+ x4 ,"s
 plants1 l animals1 %r9k at ! t\*2 :ile 
o!rs h ! p[] ( locomotion4 ,"s seek !   
sunlight2 :ile o!rs pref] ! %ade4 ,"s   
imprison & appropriate insects z food2  
:ile o!rs ext5d !mselves 9 ?is or t     
direction 9 se>* ( favorite             
companion%ip4 ,x is d\btless true t     
plants1 z well z animals1 h[ev] l[ _!   
grade1 h s5sation1 p]haps consci\sness1 
& if s1 a ray ( reason4 ,x w\ld seem t  
m9d is b an outgr[? ( matt]1 & t e liv+ 
?+ has a degree ( intellig5ce4 ,inde$1 e

 p>ticle ( matt]1 organic or inorganic1 
has motive p[]1 & is !re=e end[$ ) a    
liv+ pr9ciple1 h[ev] sluggi% or in]t x  
may appe>4 ,an intellig5t vitality seems
 to p]vade ! entire mat]ial ( ! univ]se4
 ,h5ce x has be5 said ) "s degree (     
plausibility t matt] ?9ks4 ,h[ev] ?is   
may be1 x is c]ta9 t its motive p[] acts
 9 ref]5ce to adapt+ means to ends1 & is
 !re=e controll$ by reason1--a reason t 
is inf9itely sup]ior to human reason4 ,9
 o!r words1 all matt] is ! subject (    
law4 ,! "o is manife/ly ! condition ( ! 
o!r4 ,! law _c exi/ )\t ! matt]1 nor c !
 matt] exi/ )\t ! law4 ,bo? are !re=e   
co-exi/5t1 & d\btless co-et]nal4        
,nature is ev] active 9 work+ wond]s 9 !
 heav5s & 9 ! e>?4 ,h] doma9 includes   
bo?4 ,9 ! beam ( e /> %e s5ds u a       
mess5g] reveal+ ! fact t ! />s are      
con/ruct$ ( ! same mat]ials z ! e>?4 ,9 
l mann] we h assurance t ! same is true 
( ! nebul\s masses1 :i* seem to float1 l
 cont95ts1 9 inf9ite space1 await+ ! sl[
 processes :i* are de/9$ to m\ld !m into

 gold5 orbs4 ,& ?us f ! dep?s ( !       
inf9ite comes _w aft] _w1 sy/em aft]    
sy/em1 ev] sweep+ onw>d 9 ! et]nal      
dances ( ! sky1 until lo/ 9 ! inf9ite4  
,& ?us x is t ! "w ( creation has nei!r 
beg9n+ nor end+1 b is ev] progress+ 9   
its subtile me?ods ( comb9+1 dissolv+1 &
 recomb9+ ! entire matt] ( ! univ]se4   
,ev]y?+1 :e!r orb or atom1 moves 9 a    
circle1 because !re is a div9ity t /irs 
)9 x4  ,philosophize z we may1 x is     
c]ta9 t we are surr\nd$ by ! inf9ite1 & 
are ( ! inf9ite4 ,all t is t]re/rial 9  
u1 all individualities1 are evanesc5t1  
pass+ f "o =m into ano!r4 ,no?+ rema9s  
id5tical4 ,yet 9 h] exp]im5ts1 ,nature  
nev] fails ( success4 ,9 dissolv+ pe>ls1
 %e creates o!rs ( high] value2 9       
ext+ui%+ />s1 %e lights up o!rs ( great]
 brilliancy & magnitude4 ,& yet no?+    
becomes ext9ct2 elem5ts nev] die4 ,e    
plant & e animal is b ! fruitage ( !    
inh]5t life t p]vades ! mat]ial _w4  ,9 
"s =m or o!r we always h exi/$ & always 
w exi/4 ,x has be5 well said t man 9 8  

nature is half du/ & half deity4 ,8 life
 does n beg9 ) 8 bir?1 nor does x end ) 
8 dea?2 he is immortal4 ,& s is ev]y?+1 
:e!r animate or inanimate1 immortal4    
,ev5 dea? survives itself4 ,nor is !re a
 p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se t has n    
liv$ & brea!d2 nor is !re a drop ( wat] 
9 ! ocean t has n slak$ ! ?ir/ ( "s liv+
 ?+4 ,e /> t glitt]s 9 ! fa?omless dep?s
 ( space sw>ms ) life1 & e life a*ieves 
its aim4 ,9 a ^w1 ev]y?+ is inf9ite1 &  
subs]ves an inf9ite purpose4 ,we ne$    
nei!r g nor come to rea* heav54 ,x is   
"h2 x is ev]y:]e1--n a place1 b a /ate4 
,x is only ! moral atmosph]e ( our      
social & individual life t requires     
purification1--a "w t mu/ beg9 9 ! head 
& 9 ! he>t 9 ord] to be effective4 ,:5  
?is purification has be5 a*iev$1 !n )   
our e>?-life w come moral elevation1 & )
 moral elevation1 h>mony ) heav54 ,!    
,god ( ,nature is ! ,god 9 ,nature1 :o n
 only reveals himself 9 h] lessons1 b   
takes u by ! h&1 & ) ! love & pati5ce ( 
a p>5t leads u onw>d & upw>d--          

,along ! l9e ( limitless desires4       
,,education ,,( ,,! ,,masses4   ,x is ! 
welf>e ( society1 r ?an t ( !           
individual1 :i* is s\ght to be promot$  
by a sy/em ( popul> education4 ,e "p ( !
 social fabric %\ld be fitt$ to its     
place1 & g into place l ! mat]ials 9    
,solomon's temple1 )\t ! s\nd ( ! hamm]2
 yet a ref9$ civilization _c be atta9$  
)\t fir/ secur+ a lib]al m5tal culture (
 ! masses4  ,nature1 z if inspir$ by a  
div9e in/9ct1 is ev] engag$ 9 ref9+ h]  
mat]ials4 ,! laws by :i* %e works are z 
applicable to m9d z to matt]4 ,9 man we 
see bo? m9d & matt] comb9$1--two        
natures1 ! intellectual & ! physical4 ,b
 9 ord] to le>n :at we are & :at we %\ld
 be1 we mu/ fir/ und]/& ! relations 9   
:i* we are plac$4 ,9 attempt+ to d ?is1 
we mu/ /udy man z well z ,nature1 &     
advance /ep by /ep1 if we w\ld a*ieve ! 
highe/ atta9m5ts ( :i* we are capable4  
,he only is a man 9 ! true s5se ^:      
m5tal1 moral1 & physical capacities h   
be5 fully develop$4 ,to be tw5ty-"o ye>s

 ( age & six feet high does n ( itself  
con/itute a man4 ,he mu/ atta9 to some?+
 m ?an ?is1--he mu/ h ! head & ! he>t & 
! s\l ( a man4 ,he mu/ appreciate ! true
 "* ( 8 position1 & h ! moral c\rage to 
dis*>ge 8 duties1--9 %ort1 he mu/ live =
 o!rs z well z = himself1 act f g5]\s   
impulses1 & 9 all he does1 yield to !   
div9ity t /irs )9 him1 if he w\ld       
compreh5d ! import ( 8 godlike de/9y4   
,! highway to k1 ?\gh rugg$1 is equally 
free & op5 to all4 ,:oev] w1 may ent] ! 
temple ( ,nature1 int]rogate h] face to 
face1 unlock h] treasures1 appropriate  
h] weal?1 & subject h] subtle ag5cies to
 human s]vice4 ,?is ! n9ete5? c5tury has
 already done to a consid]able ext5t4   
,?us f> x has be5 a bold c5tury1 & has  
tak5 _m bold /eps4 ,x has knock$ holes  
?r\gh ! bl9d walls ( ! la/ t5 c5turies1 
& expos$ to daylight ! moles & ! bats ( 
antiquity2 & /ill x dem&s m light4 ,su* 
is ! _s ( ! age1--a dem& = nak$ tru? 9  
all its beautiful proportions4 ,nev]1   
until ?is n9ete5? c5tury1 h ! masses    

really discov]$ _! mission1--! great    
fact t !y 7 creat$ to ?9k z well z "w1 &
 to gov]n z well z be gov]n$4 ,& yet !  
_w may be reg>d$ z /ill 9 its infancy2  
nor has ! human m9d1 z comp>$ ) its     
possibilities1 em]g$ f its cradle1 or   
ev5 ?r[n (f its swaddl+ g>m5ts4  ,?\gh  
capable ( sublime a*ievem5ts1 man at    
bir? is n only "o ( ! mo/ helpless1 b "o
 ( ! mo/ ignorant1 specim5s ( animal    
exi/5ce4 ,x is said by physiologi/s t an
 infant c nei!r smile nor %$ a te> until
 =ty days old4 ,9 8 infancy ! _w to him 
is b a panorama ( /range objects4 ,9 due
 "t1 h[ev]1 he discov]s t he has ev]y?+ 
to le>n1 & ne$s to le>n ev]y?+ be=e he c
 compreh5d himself or wield ! p[] :i*   
,heav5 has assign$ him4  ,! degree (    
culture requir$ to r5d] man :at he %\ld 
be--godlike 9 8 "*--admits ( no         
compromise ) ignorance1 sup]/ition1 or  
sect>ianism1 b on ! contr>y1 involves ! 
necessity ( e/abli%+ & su/a9+ su* an    
educational sy/em z w be adapt$ to !    
ne$s ( ! masses1 & "w 9 accordance ) !  

laws ( matt] & ( m9d4  ,x is to ! masses
 t our c\ntry mu/ look = h] be/ mat]ial1
 & = h] future intellectual giants4 ,9 e
 age ( ! _w m or less great m5 h be5    
produc$4 ,at a "t :5 mo/ ne$$1 our own  
c\ntry produc$ a ,wa%+ton1 a ,jeff]son1 
& a ,frankl91 :o di/+ui%$ !mselves & !  
age 9 :i* !y liv$1--! age :i* gave bir? 
to human rights4 ,at a lat] p]iod appe>$
 a ,jackson1 a ,clay1 & a ,web/]1--!    
def5d]s ( ! ,con/itution & ( !          
,union1--:o h left beh9d !m a brilliant 
record2 b not)/&+ _! cons]vative ef=ts1 
!re came a _s ( re=m1 s[+ dragon-tee?1  
:i* soon sprang to life & fill$ ! l& )  
arm$ h]oes1 :o bravely met 9 deadly     
conflict & decid$ =ev] ! great "q (     
human fre$om2 & consequ5tly we n[ h1    
in/ead ( a few1 a great _m m5 ( _w-wide 
r5[n1 :o h made = !mselves & = _! c\ntry
 a pr\d hi/ory4  ,9 ord] to pres]ve our 
lib]ties we mu/ h m5 ( l>ge he>ts & wise
 heads1--m5 :o c we> ! armor ( giants   
because !y are giants4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/  
recognize ! great fact t e *ild 9 ! l&  

has a ,god-giv5 "r to an education1--a  
"r :i* no p>5t %\ld be all[$ to sell = a
 mess ( pottage4 ,our national wat*word 
%\ld be ,education2 & ! sy/em %\ld be s 
con/ruct$ z to rea* all classes ( y\? by
 me?ods n only effici5t b attractive4   
,x w be said by "s1 p]haps1 t x is q    
impossible to educate ! masses 9 ! high]
 bran*es ( le>n+1 unless !y be )drawn f 
! indisp5sable labors ( ! field & !     
work%op1 & ?us be compell$ to neglect ! 
indu/rial pursuits on :i* !y mu/ dep5d =
 _! physical com=ts1--bread1 raim5t1 &  
%elt]4 ,h[ev] plausible ?is objection   
may seem1 x c]ta9ly does n af=d a       
suffici5t reason :y ! facilities (      
acquir+ a good education %\ld n be      
equally ext5d$ to all classes4  ,manual 
labor & a high degree ( intellig5ce are 
by no means incompatible1 b on !        
contr>y1 mu/ be associat$1 9 ord] to    
a*ieve great or brilliant results4 ,x is
 true1 h[ev]1 t ! physical wants ( man  
mu/ fir/ be suppli$ be=e y c proce$     
successfully ) ! cultivation ( 8        

intellectual p[]s4 ,! fact is e day     
exemplifi$ t bread is mu* easi] ga9$ by 
an intellig5t ?an by an ignorant labor]4
 ,:atev] fai? may d1 x is c]ta9 t sci5ce
 & labor mu/ be comb9$ if we w\ld ei!r  
tunnel or remove m\nta9s2 & ?\gh native 
tal5t may h be5 di/ribut$ ) m lib]ality 
to "s ?an to o!rs1 all are "u ! highe/  
obligations to improve su* z !y h1 :e!r 
x be "o tal5t or tw5ty tal5ts4  ,! f>m]1
 ! me*anic1 ! m]*ant1 & ev5 ! busy      
h\sewife1 h m or less leisure           
h\rs1--long w9t] ev5+s1 holidays1 &     
sabba? days1 am\nt+ to ne>ly half a     
lifetime1--:i* might ) great pr(it be   
employ$ 9 ! acquisition ( useful k ?r\gh
 ! m$ium ( *oice books & int]*ange (    
?\ght4 ,inde$1 almo/ e "o :o has receiv$
 a common-s*ool education may s improve 
! fragm5ts ( "t :i* fall 9 8 way z to   
acquire 9 ! c\rse ( an ord9>y lifetime a
 pretty ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! sci5ces1 
& ) g5]al lit]ature4  ,?\gh our leisure 
h\rs may seem too few to be wor?        
improv+1 yet x is by sav+ p5nies t we   

accumulate weal?4 ,surpris+ z x may     
seem1 !re are )9 ! allott$ age ( man t5 
ye>s ( sabba?s :5 tak5 9 !              
aggregate1--ample "t1 "o w\ld suppose1 =
 p]fect+1 9 a good degree at lea/1 8    
intellectual & moral culture4 ,if mank9d
 7 z or?odox 9 _! actions z !y pr(ess to
 be 9 _! cre$s1 ! moral reg5]ation ( !  
_w w\ld soon be accompli%$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ 
=midable b>ri]s 9 ! way ( human         
advancem5t is ! fai? we h d]iv$1 n f    
revelation1 b f ! bl9d int]pretation (  
x4 ,a true !ology & a s\nd philosophy c 
nev] come 9 conflict4 ,9 ?is enlight5$  
age1 x is absurd to expect t ,sci5ce w  
conf9e h] inquiries )9 ! circumf]5ce ( a
 circle1 or s modify h] annunciations ( 
tru? z to co9cide ) ! my/ical traditions
 :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u f a remote      
antiquity4  ,z an enc\ragem5t to !      
fri5ds ( popul> education1 ! fact %\ld n
 be ov]look$ t ! masses h be5 to a great
 ext5t reliev$ f ! necessity ( con/ant  
toil by ! introduction ( mod]n ma*9]y4  
,9 fact1 g5ius has conqu]$ "t1 & giv5 "t

 to ! masses4 ,x has brok5 ! fett]s t   
b\nd !m1 & ?us af=d$ !m leisure =       
self-culture1 social int]c\rse1 & !     
inve/igation ( tru?4  ,x is ! magic p[] 
( g5ius :i* has giv5 life & bra9 to     
ma*9]y1 & :i* compels x to p]=m ! h>d "w
 ( ! factory1 ( ! work%op1 ( ! f>m1 & ( 
! h\sehold4 ,9 almo/ e dep>tm5t (       
indu/ry1 ma*9]y does ! h>d "w4 ,x sp9s &
 weaves & knits4 ,x saws & planes &     
wields ! hamm]4 ,x reaps & m[s & ?ra%es4
 ,x *urns & wa%es & plies ! ne$le4 ,9   
fact1 x does ne>ly ev]y?+ else = u1     
except to brea!1 eat1 & dige/ our food4 
,x 0 ! inv5tive g5ius ( our ,nor!rn p--!
 legitimate outgr[? ( our common-s*ool  
sy/em--t produc$1 at ! mom5t :5 want$1  
iron-clads1 mon/] cannon1 & ,greek fire1
 & 9 ! sequel1 sav$ ! ,union1 & ov]aw$ !
 p[]s ( ,europe4 ,x 0 ^! w>like         
inv5tions :i* secur$ u ! elem5ts ( a    
la/+ peace1 & ! respect ( ! civiliz$ _w4
  ,x may be truly said t we n[ live     
long] 9 t5 ye>s ?an our ance/ors did 9  
tw5ty1 & accompli% tw5ty times z mu*4   

,/ill x is n possible = any "o man to "k
 & d ev]y?+4 ,m5 ( g5ius are            
specialties1 seldom or nev]             
univ]salities4 ,h5ce1 a div]sity ( tal5t
 naturally dictates a division ( labor4 
,& yet ,am]ican g5ius1 if n univ]sal1   
mu/ be ackn[l$g$ em95tly inv5tive &     
practical4 ,! ,am]icans h made1 we may  
v5ture to ass]t1 m valuable discov]ies 9
 ! la/ half c5tury ?an all ! _w besides4
 ,! reason :y ?is is s may be attribut$ 
to ! op]ation ( a physical law1 9       
connection ) ! effect ( a lib]al sy/em (
 popul> education4 ,! ,am]icans are a   
mix$ race1 made up ( all nations1 & h   
be5 improv$ & elevat$ z a race by       
transfusion ( blood1 :i* has result$ 9  
produc+ increas$ activity ( bra91 ) new 
modes ( ?\ght & new exhibitions (       
intellectual p[]4  ,b not)/&+ ?is       
peculi>ity ( "*1 !re /ill rema9s1 z x   
seems to me1 "o great & gl>+ error 9 !  
prevail+ sy/em ( ,am]ican education4    
,?is error consi/s 9 our neglect+ to    
develop m fully ! physical man1 ?r\gh ! 

in/rum5talities ( sy/ematic labor comb9$
 ) sy/ematic /udy4 ,9 _m ( ! ,g]man     
,/ates1 if n 9 all1 ! plan ( educat+ y\?
 is mu* m s5sible & philosophical ?an 9 
?is c\ntry4 ,!re !y comb9e daily labor )
 daily /udy2 & ! result is t ! y\? (    
,g]many acquire vigor ( body & vigor (  
m9d at ! same "t4 ,f y\? to manhood !y  
are taught to reg>d labor z honorable1 &
 !y feel t x is s4 ,h5ce ! ,g]mans are  
*>act]iz$ z a race by ! possession ( an 
iron con/itution1 & by a m5tal en]gy :i*
 enables !m to meet ! /]n realities (   
life n only ) =titude1 b ) a _s t nev]  
yields to adv]sity4 ,no c\ntry has ev]  
produc$ a m a?letic or a m endur+ race  
?an ,g]many2 nor has any c\ntry produc$ 
f9] s*ol>s 9 e bran* ( human le>n+1     
especially 9 philosophy & 9 classical   
lit]ature4  ,b 9 ?is c\ntry x may be    
difficult1 p]haps impracticable1 to     
e/abli% an educational sy/em ( ?is "*1  
to any consid]able ext5t1 = ! reason t  
we are = ! mo/ "p an agricultural p1 :o 
d n conc5trate 9 hamlets1 l ! peasantry 

( ,europe1 b pref] to occupy _m acres & 
to di/ribute ourselves ov] a va/ expanse
 ( t]ritory1--& :at is m1 h a way ( our 
own 9 all we d4 ,! tru? is1 ,"y ,am]ica 
does n l "w4 ,he pref]s f9e clo!s & fa/ 
horses1 & apes ! man be=e he is a man4  
,& yet he assumes to "k ev]y?+1 & to d  
ev]y?+1--except "w4 ,^! peculi>ities 9 !
 "* ( ,"y ,am]ica seem to h be5 g5]at$  
by ! _s ( our free in/itutions4 ,:e!r   
too mu* fre$om or too little fre$om is !
 great] evil1 pres5ts a grave "q4       
,:atev] may be ! cause1 x is evid5t t we
 z a p are deg5]at+ into a nation (     
speculators4  ,almo/ e man n[adays seeks
 to acquire weal? by "s gr&             
speculation1--by "s o!r means ?an by !  
hone/ sweat ( 8 br[4 ,ev5 m5tal         
acquisitions are (t5 s\ght z a means (  
speculation1--z a means ( liv+ )\t "w2 &
 h5ce we see ! le>n$ pr(essions cr[d$ to
 ov]fl[+4 ,g into ! ma9 /reets ( our    
cities & villages1 & y w see ! fronts ( 
ne>ly all ! build+s on ei!r side ( ! way
 %+l$ ov] ) ! signs ( lawy]s & doctors1 

:o 9 ! e/imation ( ! populace lead lives
 ( little "w & great dignity4 ,d\btless 
a =eign]1 ) su* an exhibition be=e 8    
eyes1 w\ld ?9k u a nation ( lawy]s &    
doctors1 liv+ on ! mis=tunes ( ea* o!r2 
nor w\ld 8 conclusion be v wide ( ! m>k4
  ,nor c x be d\bt$ t !re are ?\s&s 9 ! 
cl]ical pr(ession :o1 if !y d n subsi/  
on ea* o!r1 subsi/ 9 a my/]i\s way on   
sal>ies entirely inadequate to _!       
support4 ,x w\ld seem t ! supply (      
pr(essional m5 9 ?is c\ntry exce$s !    
dem&4 ,= ?is !re may be no rem$y4 ,yet a
 /ep 9 ! "r direction %\ld be tak5 by   
advanc+ ! /&>d ( pr(essional atta9m5ts s
 z to exclude m$iocrity & %all[ pret5ce 
f regi/ration on ! roll ( honor4 ,wide z
 ! _w is1 x has no room = idl]s or      
pret5d]s4  ,?is ov]-supply ( pr(essional
 m5 n only indicates a false e/imate (  
:at really con/itutes a true manhood1 b 
cle>ly proves t 9 ,am]ican education & 9
 ,am]ican public s5tim5t !re are        
preval5t errors :i* are inconsi/5t ) !  
welf>e ( man & ! democratic "* ( our    

in/itutions4 ,^! errors c be correct$   
only ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a well-direct$  
c\rse ( popul> education2 b no?+ is m   
difficult ?an ! correction ( popul>     
errors4 ,x is a task ! re=m] (t5        
attempts1 b seldom accompli%es4 ,9 mo/  
cases x mu/ be a "w ( "t1 p]haps ( ages4
 ,9 e s*ool !re %\ld be a regul> sy/em (
 physical z well z m5tal ex]cises       
e/abli%$4 ,heal? & /r5g? ( body are     
pre-requisites to heal? & /r5g? ( m9d4  
,9 mo/ ( our colleges & bo>d+-s*ools !  
physical developm5t ( ! pupil receives b
 little att5tion2 & consequ5tly he is   
enfeebl$ 9 body if n 9 m9d1 & is !n s5t 
out into ! _w to endure its h>d%ips )\t 
! physical ability to take c>e (        
himself4 ,all ?is is radically wrong1 & 
calls l\dly = re=m4 ,an exclusive       
culture ( ! m5tal p[]s c nev] produce a 
/rong man or woman4 ,?is fact is        
pa9fully illu/rat$ 9 all our l>ge t[ns &
 cities4 ,! k9d ( education1 !re=e1 :i* 
attempts to ref9e our "y m5 & "y ladies 
by giv+ !m an artificial nature too     

delicate to endure soil$ h&s w nev] d4  
,! co>se z well z ! f9e "w ( practical  
life mu/ be done by somebody4 ,?\gh "s  
may be too pr\d1 none are too good to   
"w1 h[ev] elevat$ may be _! social      
position4 ,!re is really no?+ 9 our     
daily r\t9e ( duty--9 ! co>se "w ( !    
_w--f :i* an enlight5$ m9d %\ld %r9k4   
,x is to be hop$ ! "t w soon come :5 all
 our public s*ools1 colleges1 &         
univ]sities w h _! work%ops & g>d5s1    
af=d+ ! necess>y facilities = in/ruct+  
our y\?1 male & female1 9 "s indu/rial  
art or trade1 z well z 9 books1 & ?us   
give !m a reli% = labor1 & ! physical   
ability to endure x4  ,if su* a me?od 7 
adopt$1 ! wom5 ( our c\ntry w\ld soon   
become practically fitt$ to compete ) ! 
m5 9 _m1 if n all1 ! *annels ( a bus9ess
 life4 ,if x be true t ! wom5 h be5     
depriv$ ( _! rights1 x is c]ta9ly n !   
fault ( ! m51 b a fault ( education1--a 
radical error :i* %\ld be rem$i$4 ,if   
p>5ts w n apply ! rem$y 9 ! e>ly        
education ( _! daught]s1 !n !re is no   

relief4 ,let a c\rse ( education make x 
z fa%ionable = a woman to pursue "s     
indu/rial art or trade z x is to be a   
lily t nei!r toils nor sp9s1 & y w\ld   
soon see ,am]ican wom5 n only capable ( 
tak+ c>e ( !mselves1 b m g5]ally        
solicit$ ?an !y n[ are to assume !      
ende>+ c>es ( _! appropriate sph]e4  ,! 
true mission ( woman is div9e4 ,to h]   
belongs ! po/ ( honor1--t ( a wife &    
"m1--a position :i* %e pref]s to occupy 
:5 yield+ to ! impulses ( h] nature4 ,9 
educat+ h]1 !re=e1 ?is great fact %\ld  
be kept 9 view4 ,!re is no k %e ne$s m  
?an a correct k ( human "*4 ,?is %e c   
only acquire by com+ 9 contact ) ! _w z 
x is1 9 *ildhood z well z 9 womanhood2 9
 ! public s*ool z well z 9 ! social     
circle4 ,! old puritanic idea t ! sexes 
mu/ be s*ool$ sep>ately 9 ord] to secure
 !m f exposure to moral dang]s1 seems to
 me n only errone\s1 b absurd4 ,! public
 s*ool1 :5 made up ( bo? sexes1 is 9    
fact an epitome ( ! _w1 :]e its good &  
its evil are se51 & :]e ! *ild %\ld be  

taught to accept ! good & reject ! evil 
"u ! guidance ( correct moral pr9ciples4
 ,x is 9 a pure home influ5ce1 h[ev]1 t 
a prim>y education %\ld beg94 ,inde$1   
mo!rs mu/ take ! initiatory /ep 9 giv+  
to y\?ful impulse ! "r direction4       
,j z ! twig is b5t1 ! tree's incl9$4    
,b 9 ord] to appreciate ! full import ( 
_! duties & responsibilities1 mo!rs     
!mselves mu/ fir/ be prop]ly educat$4   
,:]e1 !n1 is ?is all-important "w to be 
comm5c$8 ,:]e c x be comm5c$1 except 9  
our common s*ools8 ,x is 9 ! common     
s*ools only t ! masses c be educat$4 ,x 
is to ! common s*ools only t we c look =
 ! prop] education ( ! future fa!rs &   
mo!rs ( ! l&1 & = ! correction ( popul> 
errors4 ,x is to ?is class ( s*ools1 m  
?an to any o!r1 t we mu/ look = our     
future patriots & s*ol>s1 /atesm5 &     
philosoph]s1 & la/1 n lea/1 = our future
 s*ool-tea*]s4  ,! mission ( a          
s*ool-tea*] is truly a mission ( div9e  
import4 ,x is ! s*ool-tea*] :o m\lds !  
y\?ful m9d1 & conv]ts x into a casket ( 

gems2 x is ! s*ool-tea*] :o gives       
direction to budd+ ?\ght1 & awak5s 9 !  
s\l ( y\? ! slumb]+ fires ( g5ius1--9   
%ort1 x is ! s*ool-tea*] :o lays ! broad
 f\ndations ( ! ,republic1 & hews !     
pill>s t su/a9 our civil & religi\s     
in/itutions4 ,! s*ool-tea*] %\ld !re=e  
possess ! qualifications ( a            
ma/]-build]1 be able to plan 8 "w1 &    
execute x ) tact1 ta/e1 & judgm5t4 ,he  
%\ld n only gov]n himself1 b %\ld be    
able to gov]n 8 pupils )\t seem+ to     
gov]n4 ,9 a ^w1 he %\ld be a model "*1 &
 reg>d 8 pr(ession z "o ( honor1 & honor
 8 pr(ession by elevat+ x to ! dignity (
 a le>n$ pr(ession4 ,he %\ld rememb] t  
he is plac$ 9 a position :i* gives him a
 va/ influ5ce1--an influ5ce broad z !   
ocean ( "t2 an influ5ce :i* %\ld be pure
 9 its "*1 & z refre%+ to ! gr[? ( !    
inn] life z ! dews ( heav5 to ! unfold+ 
fl[]s4  ,!re is no means1 p]haps1 m     
effici5t 9 promot+ ! success ( a        
pr(essional tea*] ?an ! in/ruction to be
 d]iv$ f in/itutes1 or normal s*ools1 9 

:i* ! art ( tea*+ is made a specialty4  
,?is class ( s*ools %\ld be made a "p ( 
our s*ool sy/em4 ,at lea/ e             
,congressional di/rict1 if n e c\nty1   
%\ld h its normal s*ool4 ,x is only 9   
?is way t our public s*ools c be suppli$
 ) accompli%$ tea*]s1 & be made wor?y ( 
be+ call$ ! p's colleges4  ,b ! tru? is1
 ! masses are n z yet m ?an half awake  
to _! real int]e/s4 ,9 ! cause ( popul> 
education ! wond] is t educators h done 
s mu*1 & legislators s little4 ,! true  
educator is a philan?ropi/4 ,he sees &  
feels t public s5tim5t ne$s to be       
enlight5$ & lib]aliz$ be=e x w yield its
 sanction to su* a sy/em ( public s*ools
 z ought to be e/abli%$4  ,9 p]fect+ our
 pres5t sy/em1 we ne$ a ,national       
,bureau ( ,education1 au?oriz$ to act z 
a c5tral p[] 9 direct+1 if n 9          
controll+1 ! g5]al educational int]e/s (
 ! entire c\ntry4 ,a dep>tm5t ( ?is k9d1
 x is believ$1 w\ld give effici5cy &    
equality to all public s*ools1 & ?us    
greatly elevate _! g5]al "*4 ,& ) ?is   

view ,congress %\ld be requir$ by !     
,con/itution1 n only to e/abli%1 b      
support 9 ea* ( ! ,/ates at lea/ "o     
national college2 & ^! colleges %\ld    
con/itute a national univ]sity1 9 :i* ! 
cr[n+ /udies %\ld be natural sci5ce1    
milit>y sci5ce1 & ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t4  
,x is d\btless true t educators h       
already become a p[] 9 ! l&4 ,( ?is fact
 !y seem to be aw>e1 & ! dang] is t _!  
influ5ce may be subord9at$ to ! uses (  
political aspirants4 ,e educator has a  
"r1 ( c\rse1 to express 8 own individual
 op9ions2 b he c]ta9ly has n ! "r to    
employ educational in/rum5talities to   
promote ! int]e/s ( a selfi% p>tisan%ip1
 ei!r 9 ,/ate or ,*ur*4 ,:5ev] x is     
attempt$ to s[ t>es ( ?is k9d among !   
:eat1 x is to be hop$ t an indignant    
public s5tim5t w eradicate !m ) an      
unsp>+ h&4  ,x is always pleasant to    
recall our e>ly s*ooldays1 ) _! _m      
delightful & refre%+ memories1 :i* /ill 
l+] ab\t ! old s*ool-h\se :]e we receiv$
 our elem5t>y education1--! de> old     

s*ool-h\se by ! wayside1 ) its noisy    
gr\p1 its sunny spots1 & its h\rs ( fun 
& frolic1 & especially its bir*5        
sceptre1 :i* s (t5 taught u ! doctr9e ( 
passive ob$i5ce4 ,x is unque/ionably    
true t e s*ool-h\se1 to "s ext5t at     
lea/1 reflects its "* 9 ! "* ( its      
pupils4 ,h5ce we %\ld n only look to !  
"* ( our s*ools1 b %\ld build our       
s*ool-h\ses 9 a neat1 if n impos+ /yle2 
= !y1 ?\gh sil5t1 are eloqu5t tea*]s1 ^:
 influ5ce %\ld create su* impressions z 
w t5d to ref9e ! ta/es & elevate !      
aspirations ( ! y\?ful m9d4  ,b no sy/em
 ( education :i* is contract$1 or       
revolves 9 a circle1 c fully meet !     
exig5cies ( ! m9d1 or satisfy ! dem&s ( 
! age4 ,9 mo/ ,am]ican colleges1 z well 
z 9 ! univ]sities ( ,europe1 a def9ite  
c\rse ( /udy is prescrib$ & made a fix$ 
fact1--a k9d ( ,procru/ean b$ on :i* e  
lad is ei!r /ret*$ or abridg$ to fit2 & 
?is is done1 z s*ola/ics tell u1 = !    
purpose ( discipl9+ ! m9d4 ,no two      
p]sons 7 ev] creat$ to ?9k1 act1 or look

 alike 9 e respect2 nor c an educational
 sy/em be prescrib$ by squ>e & compass  
:i* w be alike adapt$ to all m9ds4 ,9 my
 humble judgm5t1 ^? /udies be/ discipl9e
 ! m9d :i* t5d mo/ to enl>ge & lib]alize
 x1 & :i* are ess5tially concordant )   
its native p[]s & capacities4 ,! c\rse (
 education1 !re=e1 :i* w be/ develop !  
peculi> g5ius1 tal5t1 or m>k$ pref]5ce (
 ! pupil1 %\ld be adopt$ s f> z         
practicable4 ,if a "y man1 = in/ance1   
exhibits a native tal5t or ta/e = music1
 pa9t+1 me*anics1 law1 m$ic9e1 !ology1  
agriculture1 or comm]ce1 8 education    
%\ld take ! direction indicat$4 ,if ?is 
plan 7 pursu$ 9 all our colleges & o!r  
s*ools ( a high ord]1 we %\ld soon see1 
in/ead ( "h & !re a />1 a galaxy (      
brilliant m5 & wom5 9 ! sky ( our       
national r5[n1 ^: excell5ce 9 _! sev]al 
specialties w\ld *all5ge ! admiration ( 
mank9d4  ,! tru? is1 our mod]n colleges 
are n mod]n en\gh4 ,!y look to ! anci5ts
 = wisdom1 in/ead ( seek+ x f ,nature & 
! revelations ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 !

 dead languages are /udi$ too mu*2 !    
liv+1 too little4 ,next to ma!matics1 ! 
natural sci5ces %\ld take ! pref]5ce4   
,no man is ?or\ghly educat$ :o is n     
?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 ^! sci5ces1         
especially 9 *emi/ry & geology4 ,e f>m] 
%\ld be famili> ) agricultural *emi/ry1 
& be able to apply its pr9ciples4 ,x is 
! utility1 ! practical good to be d]iv$ 
f an education1 t gives to x value &    
solidity4  ,x is practical1 n fanciful  
k1 :i* ! masses ne$4 ,9 ord] to secure  
_! elevation & social equality1 e ,/ate 
9 ! ,union %\ld be requir$ to ma9ta9 an 
effici5t sy/em ( common s*ools1 9 :i*   
all in/ruction %\ld be giv5 9 ! ,engli% 
language1 & ! s*ools made accessible to 
all classes ( y\?1 & be good en\gh = !  
ri*e/1 & *eap en\gh = ! poore/4 ,9 ord] 
to effect ?is1 ! sy/em %\ld recognize ! 
!ory z an equitable pr9ciple1 t !       
prop]ty ( ! ,/ate is b\nd to educate !  
y\? ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is pr9ciple is c]ta9ly 
a j "o1 s9ce ! man ( prop]ty1 ?\gh he h 
no *ildr51 is z mu* b5efit$ by its      

application z ! man :o has *ildr5 b no  
prop]ty1 = ! reason t ! security (      
prop]ty1 z well z ! rights ( p]sons & ! 
/ability ( ! ,republic1 mu/ ev] dep5d on
 ! degree ( intellig5ce possess$ by ! p4
  ,9 fact1 ea* ,/ate %\ld be reg>d$ z "o
 great s*ool-di/rict1 & all its resid5t 
y\? z ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate1 = ^: common   
education e citiz5 hav+ taxable prop]ty 
is b\nd to contribute 8 proportionate   
%>e4 ,9 ?is way e *ild c be educat$1 &  
elevat$ to ! social position ( a true   
manhood2 & x is only 9 ?is way t a "w ( 
su* magnitude c be accompli%$4 ,9 e po9t
 ( view x is mu* wis] to educate ?an to 
puni%1 mu* wis] to build s*ool-h\ses ?an
 prisons1 mu* wis] to su/a9 s*ool       
libr>ies ?an billi>d-tables4  ,x is a   
matt] ( congratulation1 h[ev]1 t !re is 
n[ mu* m confid5ce plac$ 9 ! !ory (     
common s*ools ?an 9 =m] ye>s4 ,9 mo/ ( !
 ,/ates prejudice has yield$ to         
enlight5$ s5tim5t1 & ! p's colleges h   
come to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ useful &      
influ5tial in/itutions 9 ! l&4 ,all %\ld

 be done t c be to r5d] ^! s*ools       
pleasant & attractive4 ,! s*ool-h\se    
%\ld be built n only 9 good ta/e1 b its 
surr\nd+s %\ld be made z *e]ful & invit+
 z possible by plant+ ab\t x ornam5tal  
trees1 %rubs1 & fl[]s4 ,its int]ior     
walls %\ld be enri*$ ) appropriate maps 
& *>ts1 hi/orical pa9t+s1 & portraits ( 
r5[n$ m5 & wom54 ,9 addition to ?is1 e  
s*ool %\ld be suppli$ ) an ample        
app>atus1 embrac+ specim5 weights &     
measures1 ma!matical figures 9 wood1    
toge!r ) globes & a planet>ium1--n      
omitt+ a cab9et ( ! lead+ m9]als1       
metals1 & co9s4 ,_! uses & *>act]i/ics  
%\ld be expla9$ & illu/rat$ by ! tea*] 9
 a simple /yle ( language1 & 9 ! pres5ce
 ( ! entire s*ool1 at lea/ once or twice
 a week4  ,famili> ex]cises ( ?is k9d   
w\ld deeply int]e/ ! pupils1 & imp>t to 
_! m9ds a degree ( valuable k :i* !y    
w\ld n be likely to obta9 9 any o!r way1
 & :i* might awak51 p]haps1 "s          
unconsci\s g5ius1 :o w\ld 9 aft]-life s 
develop 8 p[]s z to advance ! int]e/s ( 

sci5ce1 & take 8 place among h] pr\de/  
ma/]s4 ,9 ne>ly e in/ance our truly     
great m5 h aris5 f an obscure orig94  ,!
 "t has already arriv$1 ,i am incl9$ to 
?9k1 :5 !re %\ld be add$ to ! usual     
c\rse ( /udies pursu$ 9 our colleges1   
academies1 & high s*ools1 a sy/ematic   
tra9+ 9 milit>y sci5ce & discipl9e1 z a 
means n only ( physical culture1 b z an 
easy me?od ( fitt+ our "y m5 to become  
practical soldi]s & def5d]s ( !         
,republic4 ,we z a p1 9 consequ5ce ( !  
late ,civil ,w> 9 :i* we h be5 involv$1 
are evid5tly und]go+ a transition1 :i*  
has already _h ! effect to *ange 9 a    
good degree our national traits ( "*4   
,if we w\ld h inv9cible m51 we mu/1 l ! 
anci5t ,greeks1 accu/om our sons to     
h>d%ips & manly ex]cises1 give !m muscle
 z well z m9d1 tea* !m to love & def5d  
_! c\ntry1 & if ne$ be1 to die = x1--die
 on ! battle-field1--        ,:]e gory  
sabres rise & fall      ,l %oots ( flame
 on midnight's pall6   ,! attempt :i* we
 are mak+ 9 our public s*ools to educate

 our *ildr5 9 ! %orte/ possible "t is a 
grave error4 ,we ought r to make ha/e   
sl[ly1 if we w\ld d ! "w well4 ,a "w (  
?is "* is "o :i* requires pati5ce &     
p]sev]ance4 ,!re is no %ort way to k1 no
 pat5t "r t c produce x to ord]4 ,x c   
only be obta9$ by /udy1 p]sev]+ /udy1   
aid$ by ! pati5t ef=ts ( compet5t       
tea*]s4 ,x is all-important !re=e t we  
%\ld furni% our *ildr5 ) su* elem5t>y   
books z are be/ adapt$ to _! capacities 
& ne$s1 & ) su* tea*]s z are qualifi$ to
 tea* !m lessons conta9$ n only inside (
 books b outside ( books1--lessons :i*  
ab\nd ev]y:]e1 bo? 9 ! natural & 9 !    
moral _w4 ,we %\ld also furni% !m )     
s*ool libr>ies compos$ ( /&>d works1 &  
includ+ ! be/ curr5t lit]ature ( ! day4 
,a libr>y ( ?is "* %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 e 
s*ool-di/rict1 & be made accessible to e
 citiz54 ,9 ?is way1 & only 9 ?is way1 c
 ! masses be suppli$ ) ! m5tal food :i* 
!y s mu* ne$1 & :i* is indisp5sable to  
_! moral & intellectual elevation4 ,no  
matt] :at ! co/1 public libr>ies always 

pay a lib]al divid5d 9 ! %ape ( m5tal & 
moral p[]1 if n 9 doll>s & c5ts4 ,no    
matt] :at dang]s may ?reat5 our free    
in/itutions1 dep5d ^u x1 a read+ p w    
take c>e ( !mselves4  ,! anci5ts built  
temples = _! gods2 we build s*ool-h\ses 
= our *ildr54 ,?is "o fact exhibits     
p]haps m cle>ly ?an any o!r ! di/9ctive 
"* :i* m>ks ! c>e] ( anci5t & mod]n     
civilization1 & indicates ! great *ange 
:i* has be5 wr\ght 9 ! c\rse ( ages by !
 law ( progress4 ,we may ju/ly reg>d our
 num]\s s*ool-h\ses & *ur*es z ! mirrors
 n only ( moral "*1 b z ! safegu>ds ( ! 
,republic4  ,9 ! pursuit ( k1 x is q    
absurd to suppose t all high atta9m5t 9 
art1 9 lit]ature1 & 9 sci5ce1 mu/ (     
necessity be conf9$ to ! le>n$          
pr(essions1 z !y are call$ by way (     
pre-em95ce4 ,x does n matt] :at a man   
pr(esses to "k1 b ! "q is1 :at does he  
"k1 comp>$ ) :at he might "k8 ,!re %\ld 
nev] be su* a monopoly all[$ to exi/ z a
 monopoly ( k4 ,! le>n$ pr(essions h    
no?+ 9 !m sacr$1 no =bidd5 fruit1--no?+ 

m ?an :at ev]ybody may "k :o *ooses2 nor
 c !re be any good reason :y e employm5t
 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( human indu/ry--e 
trade1 e me*anic art--%\ld n be reg>d$ z
 a le>n$ pr(ession1 & be made a le>n$   
pr(ession1 9 :i* bra9s z well z h&s %\ld
 co-op]ate 9 a*iev+ success & 9 solv+   
new problems4  ,!re is food = ?\ght 9 e 
human pursuit4 ,9 ord] to be successful1
 9 ord] to a*ieve high aims1 ! labor+   
man mu/ n only ?9k1 b be capable ( ?9k+ 
pr(\ndly4 ,inde$1 e man may live l a    
philosoph]1 & be a philosoph]1 if he w4 
,b no man c be a true philosoph] :o is n
 bo? a practical work] & a practical    
?9k]4 ,!re is no?+ ! _w ne$s m ?an      
work]s & ?9k]s to make x a p>adise4 ,!  
masses are work]s1 & if educat$1 w\ld   
become ?9k]s4 ,x is only once or twice 9
 a c5tury1 x is said1 t ,god lets loose 
^u ! e>? a great ?9k]4 ,( ! pa/1 ?is may
 be true1 b n ( ! pres5t4 ,we h scores (
 m5 n[ liv+ :o are great] ?9k]s ?an     
,plato1 ,newton1 or ,frankl91 because   
mod]n sci5ce has introduc$ !m into      

broad] fields ( ?\ght4 ,! *emi/s1       
geologi/s1 inv5tors1 & discov]]s ( !    
pres5t day h nev] be5 excell$ z pr(\nd  
?9k]s4 ,ours is lit]ally an age (       
philosoph]s4  ,tru?1 ?\gh et]nal1 is    
nev] /ation>y2 nor w ! law ( progress   
ev] rea* a /&po9t4 ,!re is always some?+
 to be done1 "s vacuum to be fill$4 ,x  
is said by philosoph]s t ,nature abhors 
a vacuum4 ,i d n d\bt x1 especially if x
 be a vacuum 9 ! human head4 ,x is      
pretty c]ta9 t ! y\?ful head1 if n fill$
 ) s5se at ! prop] "t1 w soon be fill$ )
 nons5se4 ,nei!r errors ( ! head nor    
errors ( ! he>t c be easily eradicat$1  
:5 once implant$4 ,! moral nature ( !   
*ild may be m\ld$ at w2 b ! *]i%$       
op9ions ( age c seldom1 if ev]1 be ei!r 
rev]s$ or ess5tially modifi$4 ,9 ! great
 battle ( life our success z individuals
 mu/ dep5d on ! k9d ( armor 9 :i* we are
 clad1 & ! k9d ( weapons ) :i* we are   
suppli$4 ,= effective s]vice !re is no?+
 :i* c be br\ght into ! field s =midable
 or s irresi/ible z ! artill]y ( logic4 

,intellect is always sure ( becom+ !    
ultimate victor4 ,we read ( giants 9 !  
*ronicles ( ! e>ly ages1--physical      
giants1 :o c\ld ov]?r[ ! pill>s ( !     
pr\de/ temples1 & be> (f m\nta9s ^u _!  
%\ld]s2 yet ( :at value to ! _w 7 _!    
m>vell\s exploits1 if really true1      
comp>$ ) ! a*ievem5ts ( ^? intellectual 
giants :o h appe>$ at diff]5t epo*s1 &  
taught mank9d ! mo/ useful lessons 9 !  
arts1 9 ! sci5ces1 & 9 philosophy8 ,& "h
 let me say to ! "y aspirant = worldly  
honors t if he w\ld a*ieve high aims1 he
 mu/ n only aim high1 b h fai? 9 himself
 z well z 9 a ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,inde$1
 e man1 h[ev] humble1 may become great 9
 8 vocation1 if he w2 yet no man c      
become truly great :o is n truly good4  
,s f> z human p]fection c be def9$1 x   
consi/s 9 ! purity & sublimity ( moral  
action1--a p]fection :i* may be         
approa*$1 if n rea*$1 by all :o are s   
dispos$4 ,h[ truly has x be5 said t we  
are nev] too old or too wise to le>n6   
,nor is any man s ignorant b he may tea*

 a philosoph] some?+4  ,no matt] h[     
cons]vative we may be 9 our cre$s &     
op9ions1 ! _w w cont9ue to move onw>d2  
nor c x /& /ill if x w\ld4 ,! "t is at  
h& :5 errors 9 cre$1 z well z 9         
education1 to :i* we cl+1 w n only be   
expos$1 b explod$4 ,h[ev] hopeless !    
condition ( ! masses may seem1 !y are   
already dem&+ m light & only await an   
opportunity to proclaim _! emancipation 
f m5tal ?raldom4  ,! /ati/ics relat+ to 
! numb]s ( mank9d1 & to ! frail t5ure ( 
human life1 convey lessons :i* ought n  
to be disreg>d$ 9 ! e/imate we make (   
:at man c d to elevate himself4 ,/range 
z x may seem1 x is a fact pretty well   
asc]ta9$ t ! entire population ( ! globe
 nei!r increases nor dim9i%es1 b rema9s 
ess5tially ! same4 ,& yet ! population (
 ! e>? is cont9ually und]go+ *anges f ! 
op]ation ( local causes1 increas+ "h &  
dim9i%+ !re1 z ! ages advance4 ,! law   
involv$ seems bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( a j  
comp5sation = all dim9ution4 ,9 o!r     
words1 ! e>? has a limit$ capacity1 & l 

a cup :5 fill$1 c hold no m1 yet always 
rema9s full4  ,:5 we consid] ! fact t "o
 f\r? ( mank9d die be=e rea*+ sev5 ye>s 
( age2 "o half be=e rea*+ sev5te5 ye>s2 
& t sixty p]sons die e m9ute1--we are   
/ruck ) a/oni%m5t1 & are naturally l$ to
 inquire into ! reasons4 ,! causes :i*  
abridge life may = ! mo/ "p be attribut$
 to popul> ignorance1 or disreg>d (     
physical law1--ei!r 9 ance/or1 p>5t1 or 
*ild4 ,no?+ c be tru] ?an ! fact t ! s9s
 ( ! fa!rs are visit$ ^u _! *ildr5 unto 
! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation1 & ev5 to        
indef9ite g5]ations4 ,x is inde$ a      
fe>ful inh]itance1 :5 life comes to u   
ta9t$ ) con/itutional disease4 ,= ?is   
!re seems to be no rem$y1 except 9 !    
adoption ( su* a popul> sy/em (         
education z w diffuse a practical k ( ! 
laws ( heal?4  ,x may be safely ass]t$ t
 _m p1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 :]e food is
 abundant & ! /yle ( liv+ luxuri\s1 dig 
_! own graves ) _! tee?4 ,am]icans1 z we
 all "k1 are dispos$ to live fa/1 & (   
c\rse die prematurely4 ,9 %ort1 we are a

 sangu9e1 impati5t p2 h morbid          
appetites1 crave ri* vi&s1 seek weal? & 
(fice1 & c>e = little else4 ,9 our      
successes we commit excesses4 ,9 ! pure 
elixir ( life we infuse drops ( poison4 
,yet ,nature pr(f]s u ! gift ( long     
life1 & waits our acceptance ) a pati5t 
_s4 ,?\gh extreme longevity may n be    
desirable1 yet _m m ?an n[ d1 might     
atta9 to ! dignity ( c5t5>ians1 if !y   
w\ld b live 9 ob$i5ce to physical law4  
,9 ! elem5ts ( 8 physical nature1 man is
 truly ( ! e>? e>?y4 ,*emi/s say t a man
 ( ord9>y size is compos$ ( =ty p\nds   
solid matt] & five buckets ( wat]1 all (
 :i* may be conv]t$ into gas4 ,h[ev] ?is
 may be1 man is a delicate piece (      
me*anism1 a comb9ation ( div9e          
inv5tions4 ,= example1 8 eye is a       
telescope1 :i* p5etrates ! my/]ies ( !  
/>s2 8 e> is a drum1 :i* repeats e s\nd 
9 nature2 8 he>t a timepiece1 :i* m>ks1 
) measur$ beat1 ! fleet+ mom5ts ( 8     
life2 8 vocal organs a h>p ) a ?\s&     
/r+s1 :i* is capable ( utt]+ ! div9e/   

music4  ,& yet man 9 8 moral nature1    
?\gh creat$ b a little l[] ?an ! angels1
 is a pr(\nd puzzle4 ,he advances _m    
!ories1 que/ions ev5 div9e tru?1 yet    
believes 9 absurdities4 ,nor ne$ we     
m>vel at ?is1 p]haps1 :5 we recall !    
fact t mank9d speak m ?an ?ree ?\s&     
diff]5t languages1 & pr(ess m ?an "o    
?\s& diff]5t religions4  ,:e!r reg>d$ z 
a common bro!rhood1 or z compos$ (      
di/9ct races1 x is evid5t t ! human     
family h made rapid advancem5t 9 !      
amelioration ( _! condition dur+ ! la/  
c5tury1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5talities ( a     
_w-wide comm]cial int]c\rse1 & !        
consequ5t diffusion ( nobl] inc5tives to
 action4 ,yet ( ! "o ?\s& millions t    
compose ! great family ( man1 m ?an six 
hundr$ millions are /ill grop+ _! way 9 
! d>kness ( a moral midnight1 await+ !  
adv5t ( ! s*ool-ma/] & ! promulgation ( 
a pur] & holi] fai?4 ,ev5 9 ,*ri/ian    
c\ntries1 especially 9 ! ,s\?-,am]ican  
,/ates1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 ! masses 
are almo/ univ]sally illit]ate &        

sup]/iti\s1 & h s long be5 accu/om$ to  
oppression t !y h become q indiff]5t1 if
 n ins5sible1 to _! natural rights2 nor 
d>e !y1 if !y w\ld1 ass]t _! manhood4   
,9 ,italy1 ! l& ( art & ( beauty1 !     
proportion ( ^? :o c read is f tw5ty to 
?irty 9 a hundr$1 :ile among !          
inhabitants )9 a circle ( ?irty miles   
ar\nd ,rome1 !re is n "o 9 a hundr$1 x  
is said1 :o c read4 ,n only 9 ^!        
c\ntries1 b 9 m ?an half ! globe1 !     
masses submit to oppression1 because x  
is ! policy ( _! oppressors to hold !m1 
spell-b\nd1 9 ignorance4 ,if !y are ev] 
elevat$ to ! social & political rank :i*
 ! ,god ( ,nature design$ !m to occupy1 
x mu/ be done by ! s*ool-ma/]1 arm$ ) 8 
text-books & su/a9$ by ! ef=ts ( an     
enlight5$ ,*ri/ian philan?ropy4 ,= ?is  
ultimate object ,god works1 & man %\ld  
"w4  ,!re c be no d\bt b natural sc5]y1 
z well z climate1 ex]cises a decid$     
influ5ce 9 ! =mation ( national "*4     
,:e!r we adv]t to ,pale/9e1 ,switz]l&1  
or ,new ,engl&1 x is easy to discov] t !

 m\nta9s ( ^! c\ntries h by _! sil5t    
eloqu5ce inspir$ ! masses ( ! p1 n only 
) rev]5ce1 b ) a love ( fre$om4 ,9 !    
sublimity ( ! cl\d-capp$ m\nta9s1 !y    
seem to recognize a div9e pres5ce :i*   
has taught !m to look skyw>d1 & to feel 
t !y are de/9$ to asc5d 9 ! scale (     
exi/5ce2 :ile 9 l[ & level c\ntries1    
especially on ! pla9s ( ,russia & ,asia1
 ! inhabitants take horizontal views (  
?+s1 & consequ5tly submit to oppression1
 & nev] d>e1 l m\nta9-br$ m51 to break  
_! fett]s or "q ! decrees ( fate4  ,!   
anci5t ,hebrews1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 7 n   
only brave 9 w>f>e1 b 7 di/+ui%$ above  
all o!r nations z a rev]5tial &         
,god-fe>+ p4 ,_! =m ( gov]nm5t 0        
ess5tially !ocratic4 ,9 ! e>?quake !y   
recogniz$ ! foot/eps ( ,god2 9 ! solemn 
?und] !y he>d 8 voice2 9 ! lightn+'s    
fla% !y saw an expression ( 8 ang]2 9 ! 
ra9b[ !y beheld a tok5 ( 8 promise1--9 a
 ^w1 !y 7 a peculi> p1 :o h1 9 ! record 
( _! exp]i5ces1 transmitt$ to mank9d a  
sacr$ inh]itance4  ,switz]l& is         

emphatically a l& ( m\nta9s & ( h]oes4  
,almo/ e hill & vale )9 h] bord]s has   
its consecrat$ spots & its sanctifi$    
memories4 ,9 ! recesses ( h] m\nta9s !  
love ( fre$om ev] burns ) a pure & a    
holy flame1 because x is a love :i* 0   
born ( ! m\nta9s4  ,9 ,new ,engl& x is  
equally app>5t t ! sil5t gr&eur ( h]    
m\nta9s contributes to inspire h]       
inhabitants ) l(ty s5tim5ts1 & ) a love 
( civil & religi\s lib]ty1--a love :i* c
 nev] be subject$ to ! reign (          
oppression1 nor be misdirect$ 9 its     
action1 except by its own en?usiasm4  ,x
 (t5 happ5s t ! inhabitants :o occupy   
di/9ct portions ( a common c\ntry diff] 
z widely 9 _! s5tim5ts z 9 _! mann]s &  
cu/oms4 ,especially is ?is true ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x is easy to di/+ui% 
! ,ea/]n1 ,we/]n1 & ,s\!rn p f ea* o!r4 
,x may be natural causes1 or x may be   
local int]e/s1 t h creat$ ^! diff]5ces1 
& m>k$ ! p ( ea* region ) ^? peculi>    
p]sonal traits :i* give !m "*4  ,! ,new 
,engl&]s are g5]ally *>act]iz$ z s$ate1 

=mal1 & puritanical1 guess+ at ev]y?+1  
yet pretty %rewd at guess+4 ,!y possess 
g5ius1 are prolific 9 inv5tions1 &      
scrupul\s 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,9 discuss+  
!ological que/ions1 !y split hairs2 9   
mak+ a b>ga91 !y conclude to split !    
diff]5ce4 ,9 all ?+s !y are quick to see
 advantages1 & apt to take advantages4  
,9 :atev] !y und]take1 !y look ahead & g
 ahead4 ,9 e sixp5ce :i* falls )9 _!    
grasp1 !y recognize an elem5t ( p[] :i* 
leads on to =tune2 & :5 !y h acquir$ a  
=tune1 !y are pretty sure to keep x4 ,&1
 z ,halleck ! poet says1--        ,!y   
love _! l& because x is _! own1         
,& scorn to give aught o!r reason :y2   
,w\ld %ake h&s ) a k+ ^u 8 ?rone1       
,& ?9k x k9dness to 8 maje/y2      ,a   
/ubborn race1 fe>+ & natt]+ none4       
,su* are !y nurtur$1 su* !y live & die1 
,all b a few apo/ates1 :o are m$dl+     
,) m]*&ise1 p\nds1 %ill+s1 p5ce1 &      
p$dl+6   ,9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 :]e ,nature
 educates m5 on a lib]al scale by giv+  
!m broad riv]s1 broad lakes1 & broad    

prairies1 we f9d a p *>act]iz$ by broad 
& lib]al views ( ?+s1 l>ge-he>t$ness1   
frank mann]s1 g5]\s sympa?ies2 a        
philan?ropy :i* reg>ds all mank9d z a   
bro!rhood1 & a public s5tim5t :i*       
rebukes intol]ance4 ,9 tru?1 ,we/]n m5  
despise little ?+s & devise lib]al ?+s1 
& w\ld soon] sacrifice _! lives ?an     
yield ob$i5ce to ! m&ates ( ei!r        
political or ecclesia/ical oppression4  
,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ,nature has n z yet  
effect$ mu* 9 ! ex]cise ( h] educational
 influ5ces4 ,9 :atev] %e has attempt$ 9 
?is direction %e seems to h be5 ov]rul$ 
by circum/ances1--by ! diff]5ce 9 races1
 & by ! prejudices ( ca/e4 ,?\gh ! ,s\? 
has produc$ intellectual m5 ( a high    
ord]1 %e has contribut$ comp>atively b  
little ei!r to sci5ce or to /&>d        
lit]ature4 ,yet x mu/ be conc$$ t ! ,s\?
 has always be5 ju/ly di/+ui%$ = h]     
hospitality1 cordiality1 & *ivalric _s4 
,:atev] human in/itutions may a*ieve1 x 
is c]ta9 t ,nature 9 ! manife/ wisdom ( 
h] works contributes l>gely to !        

education ( all classes ( m5 9 all      
c\ntries4 ,9 h] great s*ool1 ev5 !      
unciviliz$ man n unfrequ5tly becomes a  
pr(\nd philosoph]4 ,! co9age ( h] m9t   
has ! true r+ 9 x & passes curr5t       
ev]y:]e4 ,h] light is ! light ( ! _w1   
yet ! masses are too bl9d1 or r too     
ignorant1 to see x4 ,)\t int5d+ ! lea/  
disrespect to ! "o ?\s& diff]5t !ologies
 :i* di/ract mank9d1 x may be ass]t$ t !
 ,book ( ,nature is 9 itself a div9e    
revelation1 :i* has be5 divid$ by h] own
 h& into *apt] & v]se1 & may be read 9 !
 alphabet ( ! fl[]s1 9 ! rocks ( !      
hills1 & 9 ! />s4 ,9 its language x is n
 only beautiful1 b e ^w is sugge/ive2 9 
its doctr9es x is pure & tru?ful2 9 its 
wide range ( ?\ght x treats pr9cipally (
 life1 & ( ! conditions ( life1 &       
assures u t ! sil5t process (           
creation--( et]nal *ange--/ill goes on1 
n[ z ev]2 & t e p>ticle ( matt] 9 !     
univ]se is con/antly active1 a*iev+     
some?+4  ,9 a philosophical s5se1 !re is
 no?+ dead t does n live4 ,matt]        

comb9es1 dissolves1 & re-comb9es4 ,new  
=ms ( life & new conditions ( life appe>
 & disappe>4 ,! v du/ "u our feet has   
liv$ & brea!d1 & w live aga94 ,nature   
waits to be graci\s1 & is ev] ready to  
reveal h] my/]ies z fa/ z man c         
compreh5d !m4 ,& ?\gh %e speaks ) a     
sil5t lip1 %e invites all to %>e h]     
b\nties4 ,h] weal? is inf9ite4  ,9 e />1
 9 e fl[]1 9 e blade ( grass1 9 e gra9 (
 s&1 9 ev]y?+ visible & invisible1 !re  
is life1 light1 & beauty4 ,9 ev]y?+ !re 
is p[]4 ,we _c look at a gra9 ( s&1     
insignificant z x may seem1 )\t see+ 9  
its composition ! mat]ial :i* enables u 
to read ! gold5 record ( ! heav5s4 ,9 ! 
fall+ ra9drop1 :5 conv]t$ into /eam1 we 
recognize ! exi/5ce ( a p[] :i* has     
revolutioniz$ ! _w4 ,9 ! kiss ( !       
sunbeam we discov] a magical influ5ce   
:i* t9ts ! fl[]1 gives color to ev]y?+ 9
 ,nature1 & by its impress pres5ts u )  
an exact & lifelike transcript (        
ourselves & ( our fri5ds4 ,9 ! lightn+'s
 fla% we h a language 9 :i* we c conv]se

 ) our fri5ds ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w1 at 
any mom5t we please4  ,:5 we consid] :at
 has be5 a*iev$ 9 ! way ( sci5tific     
discov]y dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 :o c   
tell :at may n be a*iev$ 9 ! next       
c5tury1 9 ! next t5 c5turies1--:5 !     
great my/]ies ( ,nature %all be m fully 
reveal$1 & :5 new sci5ces1 n[ unkn[n1   
%all disclose new pr9ciples1 new =ces1 &
 /ill subtl] ag5cies8  ,9 h] desire to  
advance human k1 ,nature invokes        
int]pret]s--unborn int]pret]s--:o1 ?\gh 
f> away 9 ! di/ance1 w yet come1 & :5 !y
 d come1 w int]pret 9 accordance ) tru? 
! my/ical language 9 :i* h] undiscov]$  
secrets are writt51 & ?us ext5d ! empire
 ( ?\ght until x becomes inf9ite1--an   
empire 9 :i* man1 /ill ris+ 9 ! scale ( 
intellig5ce1 w acquire div9e p[]s1 &    
assume ! dignity ( a p]fect manhood4    
,,woman ,,& ,,h] ,,sph]e4   ,woman1 l a 
fl[]1 sprang to life 9 a g>d5 (         
fl[]s1--sprang f ! side ( h] "l1 & took 
h] place at 8 side1 z a meet companion  
to %>e 8 e>?-life1 8 joys1 & 8 sorr[s4  

,! ,greeks believ$ t ! gods collect$    
ev]y?+ t is beautiful 9 ,nature1 out (  
:i* !y =m$ ! fir/ woman1 & hav+ cr[n$ h]
 br[ ) sun%9e1 intru/$ h] ) !           
irresi/ible p[] ( fasc9ation4  ,x is    
c]ta9ly n less pleasant ?an natural to  
believe t woman 0 made ( a m ref9$      
mat]ial ?an man2 & x is d\btless true t 
e s9c]e wor%ipp] ( ! beautiful delights 
to reg>d ! angel ( 8 dreams n only z an 
inc>nation ( all t is lovable1 b z a    
div9e spirituality1--a vision f a       
bright] & holi] sph]e4  ,an old writ]   
rem>ks t 9 ord] to make an entirely     
beautiful woman1 x w\ld be necess>y to  
take ! head f ,greece1 ! bu/ f ,au/ria1 
! feet f ,h9do/an1 ! %\ld]s f ,italy1 ! 
walk f ,spa91 & ! complexion f ,engl&4  
,at t rate %e w\ld be a mosaic 9 h]     
composition2 & ! man :o m>ri$ h] might  
well be said to h tak5 up a collection4 
,h[ev] my/ical may be ! orig9 ( woman1 x
 is c]ta9 t we %\ld look to ! moral     
beauty ( h] life1 r ?an to h] p]sonal   
*>ms1 9 e/imat+ ! true value ( h] "*4 ,9

 h] nature woman is a loyali/1--loyal to
 man & loyal to ,god4 ,9 all ages ( !   
_w1 9 all c\ntries & "u all             
circum/ances1 %e has ev] be5 di/+ui%$ = 
h] pati5ce1 h] =titude1 & h] =be>ance1 z
 well z = ^? /ill high] & div9]         
attributes1 h] love & h] devotion4      
,end[$ ) *>ms :i* give h] ! p[] (       
conque/1 woman ev] delights 9 mak+      
conque/s2 & ?\gh %e may sometimes /oop  
to conqu]1 %e nev] fails to elevate !   
conqu]$4 ,) ! smile ( love re/+ on h]   
br[1 %e aims to fulfil h] mission by    
scatt]+ fl[]s along ! pa?way ( life1 &  
inspir+ ! /]n] sex ) rev]5ce = h]       
virtues & = ! angelhood ( h] nature4  ,!
 true woman exhibits a true womanhood 9 
all %e does1 9 all %e says1--9 h]       
he>t-life & 9 h] _w-life4 ,h] love1 once
 be/[$ on him :o is wor?y ( x1 increases
 ) h] ye>s & becomes z endur+ z h]      
life1--        ,9 dea?1 a dea?less      
flame4   ,n only 9 ! s9c]ity ( h] love1 
b 9 all h] sympa?ies1 9 h] quick s5se ( 
duty1 & 9 h] devotion to all t is good1 

"r1 & j1 %e discloses )\t be+ consci\s (
 x ! div9ity ( h] "*4  ,x is 9 sacr$    
hi/ory t we f9d ! e>lie/ record (       
woman's virtues1 acquirem5ts1 &         
a*ievem5ts4 ,x is !re t we read ( wom5  
:o 7 n only di/+ui%$ = _! exalt$ piety &
 exempl>y habits ( life1 b :o (t5       
excell$ ev5 ! great m5 ( r5[n 9 sagacity
 ( purpose & 9 ! ex]cise ( sceptr$ p[]4 
,x is 9 sacr$ hi/ory t we h ! e>lie/    
acc\nt ( ! social & dome/ic relations ( 
! human family1 ! mo/ prom95t ( :i* is !
 in/itution ( m>riage4  ,! fir/ m>riage 
( :i* we h any acc\nt took place 9 a    
g>d51 )\t ! usual prelim9>ies &         
c]emonies :i* h m>k$ its solemnization 9
 subsequ5t p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory2 yet  
we mu/ believe t x 0 ! mo/ augu/ &      
sublime w$d+ t ev] occurr$4 ,! witnesses
 ( ! c]emony 7 none o!r ?an ! angels (  
,god4 ,nature pres5t$ h] *oice/ fl[]s1 &
 ! birds ( ,p>adise sang ! bridal hymn1 
:ile e>? & sky rejoic$ 9 ! consummation 
( ! fir/ mat* made 9 heav54  ,x may be  
presum$1 p]haps1 t all mat*es are made 9

 heav52 yet someh[ or o!r1 sad mi/akes  
occur :5 lea/ expect$4 ,ev5 our fir/    
p>5ts1 ?\gh plac$ 9 a g>d5 ( innoc5ce1  
enc\nt]$ a s]p5t 9 _! pa?way4 ,x ne$ n  
seem v /range1 !re=e1 t ! c\rse ( true  
love nev] did run smoo?4 ,yet !re are b 
few :o w\ld n concur ) ,t5nyson 9 ?9k+--
        ',tis bett] to h lov$ & lo/1    
,?an nev] to h lov$ at all4   ,9 affairs
 ( ! he>t !re is no su* ?+ z acc\nt+ = !
 freaks ( fancy1 or ! *oice ( dissimil> 
ta/es4 ,s+ul> z x may be1 mo/ p admire  
contra/s4 ,9 o!r words1 l pref]s unlike2
 ! tall pref] ! %ort2 ! beautiful !     
unbeautiful2 & ! p]v]se ! rev]se4 ,9 ?is
 way ,nature makes up h] c\nt]p>ts ) a  
view to assimilate h] mat]ials & br+    
h>mony out ( discord4 ,x is f accords & 
discords t we judge ( music & det]m9e   
its degree ( excell5ce4 ,9 w$d$ life ev5
 discords h _! uses1 s9ce a family j> n[
 & !n is (t5 att5d$ ) ! happie/ results1
 by br++ into timely ex]cise a high]    
degree ( mutual =be>ance1 & inspir+ !   
he>t ) a pur]1 s9c]]1 & div9]           

appreciation ( ! silk5 tie4  ,!re is no 
topic1 p]haps1 ( deep] int]e/ to a woman
 ?an t ( w$lock4 ,x is an ev5t1 :5 x    
does occur1 :i* bright5s or bla/s =ev]  
h] fonde/ hopes & h] pure/ affections4  
,! matrimonial "q is !re=e ! great "q ( 
a woman's life4 ,9 decid+ x1 %e takes a 
risk :i* det]m9es ! future ( h]         
he>t-life4 ,:5 ! motive is /amp$ ) !    
imp]ial seal ( ,heav51 x is c]ta9 ! he>t
 w recognize x z g5u9e1 & tru/ 9 x4 ,!  
language ( love speaks = itself1        
sometimes 9 my/]ies1 sometimes 9        
revelations4 ,x is a telegraphic        
language :i* e woman und]/&s1 ?\gh      
writt5 9 hi]oglyphics4 ,h5ce !          
prelim9>ies to w$lock1 usually call$    
c\rt%ips1 are z v>i\s 9 _! me?ods z !   
:ims ( ! p>ties4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ^!   
me?ods are z amus+ z !y are s+ul>4  ,9  
royal families matrimonial alliances are
 controll$ by ,/ate policy1 & !         
negotiations conduct$ ?r\gh ! ag5cies ( 
m9i/]ial confidants4 ,9 "s ,ori5tal     
c\ntries1 p>5ts contract _! sons &      

daught]s 9 m>riage :ile yet 9 _!        
infancy1 nor all[ ! p>ties an int]view  
until ( m>riageable age1 :5 ! w$d+      
c]emonies are p]=m$1 & ! happy pair     
unveil$ to behold ea* o!r = ! fir/ "t4  
,at su* a mom5t a p5ny = _! ?\ghts w\ld 
be *eap en\gh4 ,! philosophy ( ?is      
absurd cu/om seems to be bas$ on !      
classical idea t love is bl9d4 ,?is may 
be true2 yet bl9d ?\gh x be1 ! he>t w   
always h its pref]5ce1 & contrive "s way
 or o!r to express x4  ,9 "s ( !        
,molucca ,isl&s1 :5 a "y man is too     
ba%ful to speak 8 love1 he seizes ! fir/
 opportunity t (f]s ( sitt+ ne> ! object
 ( 8 affection1 & ty+ 8 g>m5ts to h]s4  
,if %e all[s him to f9i% ! knot1 & nei!r
 cuts nor loos5s x1 %e truly gives h]   
cons5t to ! m>riage4 ,if %e m]ely loos5s
 x1 he is at lib]ty to try 8 luck aga9  
at a m propiti\s mom5t2 b if %e cuts !  
knot1 !re is an end ( hope4  ,9 ,lapl& x
 is dea? to m>ry a girl )\t ! cons5t (  
h] fri5ds4 ,:5 a "y man proposes        
m>riage1 ! fri5ds ( bo? p>ties meet to  

witness a race betwe5 !m4 ,! girl is    
all[$1 at />t+1 ! advantage ( a ?ird "p 
( ! race2 if h] lov] does n ov]take h]1 
x is a p5al (f5ce = him ev] to r5ew 8   
(f]s ( m>riage4 ,if ! damsel favors 8   
suit1 %e may run fa/ at fir/1 to try 8  
affection2 b %e w be sure to l+] be=e %e
 comes to ! end ( ! race4 ,9 ?is way all
 m>riages are made 9 accordance )       
incl9ation2 & ?is is ! probable reason (
 s mu* dome/ic cont5tm5t 9 t c\ntry4  ,9
 anci5t times m>riageable wom5 7 !      
subjects ( b>ga9 & sale1 & 7 m g5]ally  
obta9$ by pur*ase ?an c\rt%ip4 ,! prices
 paid 9 "s in/ances seem incr$ible1 if n
 extortionate4 ,( c\rse1 pe>ls ( great  
price 7 n to be _h = ! m]e ask+4 ,jacob 
pur*as$ 8 wife1 ,ra*el1 at a co/ (      
f\rte5 ye>s h>d labor4  ,! ,babylonians1
 :o 7 a practical p1 ga!r$ _!           
m>riageable daught]s once a ye> f e     
di/rict ( _! c\ntry1 & sold !m at       
auction to ba*elors1 :o pur*as$ !m =    
wives1 :ile ! magi/rates presid$ at !   
sales4 ,! sums ( money ?us receiv$ = !  

beautiful girls 7 appropriat$ z d[ries =
 ! b5efit ( ! less beautiful4 ,( c\rse  
ri* ba*elors paid lib]al prices = _!    
*oice1 :ile poor ba*elors1 9 accept+ !  
less beautiful1 g5]ally obta9$ ! be/    
wives1 ) ! addition ( a h&some sum (    
money4 ,9 ?is way all p>ties 7          
accommodat$ :o aspir$ to matrimonial    
felicity4  ,b 9 ^! mod]n times mo/ ( our
 "y m51 in/ead ( pur*as+ _! wives1 pref]
 to sell !mselves at ! highe/ price !   
m>ket af=ds4 ,=tune-hunt+ is !re=e      
reg>d$ z legitimate4 ,9 ! m9d ( a fa/ "y
 man weal? has a magical influ5ce1 :i*  
is sure to inve/ ! possessor1 if a      
m>riageable "y lady1 h[ev] unattractive1
 ) irresi/ible *>ms4 ,if 8 prelim9>y    
inquiry--,is %e ri*8--be answ]$ 9 !     
affirmative1 ! siege comm5ces at once4  
,art is s practis$ z to conceal art1 &  
create1 if possible1 a favorable        
impression4 ,an introduction is s\ght & 
obta9$4 ,int]view foll[s int]view 9     
quick succession4 ,! decl>ation is made2
 ! diamond r+ pres5t$ & graci\sly       

accept$2 cons5t obta9$1 & ! happy day   
set4 ,rumor reports an eligible mat* 9  
high life1 & ! fa%ionable _w is on      
tiptoe ) expectation4  ,b in/ead ( its  
be+ an affair ( ! he>t1 x is really a v 
diff]5t affair1--no?+ b a ha/y          
transaction 9 fancy /ocks4 ,& if !      
(ficiat+ cl]gyman 7 to employ an        
appropriate =mula ( words 9 celebrat+ ! 
nuptials1 he w\ld address ! p>ties      
?us3--  ,romeo1 wilt ?\ h ?is delicate  
con/itution1 ?is bundle ( silks & sat9s1
 ?is crock ( gold1 = ?y w$d$ wife8--,i  
w4 ,juliet1 wilt ?\ h ?is false pret5ce1
 ?is pr(ligate 9 broadclo?1 ?is unpaid  
tailor's bill1 = ?y w$d$ husb&8--,i w4  
,! happy pair are !n pron\nc$ man &     
wife4 ,& :at is ! result8 ,a brief c>e] 
( dissipation1 a spl5did mis]y1 a       
r$uction to pov]ty1 dome/ic diss5sion1  
sep>ation1 & f9ally a divorce4 ,b h[    
diff]5t is ! result :5 an hone/ man1    
actuat$ by pure motives1 m>ries a s9c]e 
woman1 ^: only weal? consi/s 9 h] love &
 9 h] practical good s5se6  ,x is man :o

 degrades woman1 n woman :o degrades    
man4 ,asiatic mon>*s h ev] reg>d$ woman1
 n z a companion1 b z a toy1 a picture1 
a luxury ( ! palace2 :ile m5 ( common   
rank ?r\gh\t ,asia & 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe
 treat h] z a slave1 a drudge1 a hew] ( 
wood & a draw] ( wat]1 & make x h] duty 
to wait1 in/ead ( be+ wait$ on2 to      
att5d1 in/ead ( be+ att5d$4 ,out ( ?is  
sordid idea ( woman's de/9y has gr[n 9  
all probability ! cu/om ( reg>d+ h] z   
prop]ty4 ,influ5c$ by ?is idea1 !re are 
/ill "s p]sons to be f\nd among ! l[]   
classes1 ev5 9 our own c\ntry1 :o d n   
hesitate to sell1 buy1 or ex*ange _!    
wives = a mat]ial consid]ation4 ,"s (   
our ,am]ican =efa!rs1 9 ! e>ly settlem5t
 ( ,jame/[n1 pur*as$ _! wives f ,engl&1 
& paid 9 tobacco1 at ! rate ( "o hundr$ 
& fifty p\nds ea*1 & ?\ght x a fair     
transaction4 ,p]haps ?is is ! reason :y 
ladies are s g5]ally disgu/$ ) ! use ( !
 ,virg9ia we$4  ,b ! doctr9e t woman 0  
creat$ ! inf]ior ( man1 ?\gh v5]able =  
its antiquity1 is n less fallaci\s ?an  

v5]able4 ,x is simply an ass]tion :i*   
does n appe> to be su/a9$ by hi/orical  
facts4 ,x is true t woman is call$ 9    
,scripture ! weak] vessel2 weak] 9      
physical /r5g? %e may be1 b x does n    
foll[ t %e is weak] 9 m9d1 wit1 judgm5t1
 %rewdness1 tact1 or moral p[]4  ,! /]n]
 sex ne$ n flatt] !mselves1 !re=e1 t    
sup]iority ( muscle necess>ily implies  
sup]iority ( m9d4 ,hi/ory suffici5tly   
discloses ! fact t woman has (t5 prov$  
h]self n only a mat*1 b an ov]-mat*1 =  
man1 9 wield+ ! sceptre1 ! sword1 & !   
p51 to say no?+ ( ! tongue4             
,illu/rations ( ?is great fact1 l       
coruscations ( light1 sp>kle along !    
d>k5$ track ( ! ages1 & ab\nd 9 ! liv+  
pres5t4  ,b 9 look+ into ! broad expanse
 ( ! hi/orical pa/1 we _c attempt to d m
 ?an glance "h & !re at a p>ticul> />1  
^: undim9i%$ lu/re has giv5 x a "n & a  
fame1 n only glori\s1 b immortal4 ,z 9  
all ages !re h be5 repres5tative m51 s 9
 all ages !re h be5 repres5tative wom51 
:o cr[n$ ! age 9 :i* !y liv$ ) honor1 & 

gave tone to its s5tim5t & "*4  ,9 !    
c>e] ( ,semiramis1 :o liv$ ab\t two ?\s&
 ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 we h a       
cry/allization ( ^? subtle attributes ( 
female "*1 :i* are n less rem>kable = _!
 div]sity ?an ext5sive 9 _! p[] &       
influ5ce4 ,x w be rememb]$ t %e 0 !     
reput$ *ild ( a goddess1 a f\ndl+ expos$
 9 a des]t1 f$ = a ye> by doves1        
discov]$ by a %eph]d1 & adopt$ by him z 
8 own daught]4 ,:5 gr[n to womanhood1 %e
 m>ri$ ! gov]nor ( ,n9eveh1 & assi/$ him
 9 ! siege & conque/ ( ,bactria4 ,!     
wisdom & tact :i* %e manife/$ 9 ?is     
ent]prise1 & especially h] p]sonal      
beauty1 attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,k+ (   
,assyria1 :o my/]i\sly reliev$ h] ( h]  
husb&1 obta9$ h] h& 9 w$lock1 resign$ to
 h] 8 cr[n1 & decl>$ h] que5 & sole     
empress ( ,assyria4 ,! aspirations (    
,semiramis became at once unb\nd$2 &    
fe>+ h] royal consort might rep5t ! ha/y
 /ep he _h tak51 %e abruptly ext+ui%$ 8 
life1 & soon succe$$ 9 di/+ui%+ h] own4 
,%e levell$ m\nta9s1 fill$ up valleys1  

built aqu$ucts1 comm&$ armies1 conqu]$  
neighbor+ nations1 p5etrat$ into ,arabia
 & ,e?iopia1 amass$ va/ treasures1 f\nd$
 _m cities1 & :]ev] %e appe>$1 spread   
t]ror & con/]nation4 ,"u h] auspices &  
by means ( h] weal?1 ,babylon1 ! capital
 ( h] empire1 became ! mo/ r5[n$ &      
magnific5t city 9 ! _w4 ,h] might 0     
inv9cible2 h] "r %e reg>d$ z co-ext5sive
 ) h] p[]4 ,h] prompt action 0 ! secret 
( h] success4  ,:5 %e 0 in=m$1 on "o    
occasion1 t ,babylon _h revolt$1 %e left
 h] toilet half made1 put h]self at !   
head ( an arm$ =ce1 & in/antly quell$ ! 
revolt4 ,%e 0 a woman ( /rong passions &
 ( /rong m9d1 &1 :at is n[ v uncommon1 (
 /rong n]ves4 ,& yet h] pe]less beauty &
 ! fasc9ation ( h] mann]s appe> to h be5
 z irresi/ible z ! sway ( h] sceptre4 ,!
 fatality ( h] p]sonal *>ms1 h]         
inord9ate love ( p[]1 & ! evils :i*     
arise f ! indulg5ce ( va9 aspirations1  
indicate ! lessons :i* are taught by h] 
c>e]4 ,9 ! tw5ty-fif? ye> ( h] reign1 h]
 life 0 sudd5ly t]m9at$ by ! viol5t h& (

 h] own son4 ,aft] dea? %e 0 trans=m$1 z
 x 0 believ$1 into a dove1 "u ! symbol (
 :i* %e receiv$ div9e honors ?r\gh\t    
,assyria4  ,x w\ld seem t lit]>y wom5 7 
n less kn[n 9 anci5t times ?an at !     
pres5t day4 ,sappho took h] place 9 !   
galaxy ( lit]>y fame six hundr$ ye>s    
be=e ,*ri/4 ,s sublime1 & yet s sweet1 7
 h] lyric /ra9s t ! ,greeks pron\nc$ h] 
! t5? ,muse4 ,long9us cites f h] writ+s 
specim5s ( ! sublime1 & extols h] g5ius 
z unrivall$4 ,b5efic5t z tal5t$1 %e     
in/itut$ an academy ( music = "y maid5s1
 wrote n9e books ( lyric v]se1 & _m o!r 
compositions ( great m]it4 ,b ( all h]  
writ+s1 h[ev]1 only "o or two ( h] odes 
h surviv$4 ,h] fate 0 an unhappy "o4 ,%e
 became viol5tly enam\r$ ( a "y man (   
,mityl5e1 :o 0 s ungallant z n to       
reciprocate h] atta*m5t2 & be+ r$uc$ to 
a /ate ( hopeless despair1 %e           
precipitat$ h]self into ! sea f ! /eep  
cliff ( ,leucate1 ev] s9ce call$ !      
,lov]'s ,leap4  ,9 ?is connection we    
ought n to omit ! "n ( ,aspasia1 :o1 at 

a p]iod two c5turies lat] ?an ,sappho1  
em]g$ l a /> 9 a d>k5$ sky & *>m$ ! age 
9 :i* %e liv$ ) ! fasc9ations ( h]      
rhetoric4 ,%e 0 n less /ately & que5-l 9
 h] p]son ?an accompli%$ 9 h] mann]s4 ,x
 is said ( h]1 t %e possess$ rhetorical 
p[]s :i* 7 unequall$ by ! public orators
 ( h] "t2 %e 0 z le>n$ z eloqu5t4 ,plato
 says %e 0 ! in/ructress ( ,socrates4   
,%e also in/ruct$ ,p]icles 9 ! arts (   
oratory1 & aft]w>ds m>ri$ him4 ,he 0    
l>gely indebt$ to h] = 8 f9i% (         
education & elegance ( mann]s1 = :i* he 
0 s mu* di/+ui%$4  ,s *>m+ 7 ,aspasia's 
conv]sational p[]s t ! ,a!nians s\ght e 
opportunity to introduce _! wives into  
h] pres5ce1 t !y might le>n f h] ! art (
 employ+ an elegant diction4 ,on "o     
occasion :5 ! ,a!nian army _h be5       
di%e>t5$1 %e appe>$ 9 ! public assembly 
( ! p & pron\nc$ an oration1 :i* s      
?rill$ _! brea/s z to inspire new hopes1
 & induce !m to rally & r$eem _! cause4 
,among female sov]eigns b few h ev9c$ m 
tact or tal5t 9 an em]g5cy ?an ,z5obia1 

,que5 ( ,palmyra4 ,%e 0 a native (      
,syria1 a desc5dant ( ,ptolemy2 m>ri$   
,od5atus1 a ,s>ac51 & aft] 8 dea?       
succe$$ to ! ?rone1 ab\t ! ye> ( our ,"l
 #bfg4 ,%e _h be5 highly educat$1 wrote 
& spoke _m diff]5t languages1 _h /udi$ !
 beauties ( ,hom] & ,plato "u ! tuition 
( ,long9us1 & 0 n less r5[n$ = h]       
beauty1 melody ( voice1 & elegance (    
mann]s1 ?an = h] h]oic de$s4 ,9 ! five  
ye>s ( h] reign %e conduct$ _m w>like   
exp$itions1 ext5d$ h] empire1 compell+  
,cappadocia1 ,bi?ynia1 & ,egypt to      
recognize h] au?ority1 & ackn[l$ge h]   
,que5 ( ! ,ea/1--a favorite title :i* %e
 _h assum$4 ,h] p[] _h n[ become s      
ext5d$ z to al>m ! ,roman gov]nm5t = _! 
own safety1 :o s5t ,aurelian ) a        
=midable army to subjugate & r$uce h]   
empire to a prov9ce4 ,z5obia1 aft] be+  
defeat$ 9 two sev]e battles1 retir$ ) h]
 =ces to ,palmyra1 h] capital1 =tifi$ x1
 & resolv$ nev] to surr5d]4 ,aurelian   
inve/$ ! city ) 8 entire army1 & 9 !    
c\rse ( ! siege 0 sev]ely w\nd$ by an   

arr[1 & be+ ?us disabl$1 ! progress ( ! 
siege 0 s f> ret>d$ z to give ! citiz5s 
( ,rome occasion to utt] aga9/ him bitt]
 invectives1 & to "q ! "* ( ! arr[ t _h 
pi]c$ him4 ,9 o!r words1 !y accus$ him (
 complicity4 ,9 8 lett] (               
self-ju/ification to ! s5ate1 he says1  
,! ,roman p speak ) contempt ( ! w> ,i  
am wag+ aga9/ a woman4 ,!y are ignorant 
( ! "* & ! p[] ( ,z5obia4 ,x is         
impossible to enum]ate h] w>like        
prep>ations ( /ones & arr[s1 & e species
 ( missile weapons4 ,! walls ( ! city   
are /rongly gu>d$1 & artificial fires   
are ?r[n f h] milit>y eng9es4 ,! fe> (  
puni%m5t has arm$ h] ) desp]ate c\rage4 
,/ill ,i tru/ 9 ! gods = a favorable    
result4  ,9 ?is lett] ! /]n & pr\d      
,roman g5]al frankly admits ! might (   
woman4 ,feel+ humiliat$ & almo/ despair+
 ( success1 he n[ attempt$ to procure a 
surr5d] ( ! city by negotiation1 & (f]$ 
! mo/ lib]al advantages to ! que54 ,9 h]
 reply %e said to him1 ,x is n by       
negotiation1 b by arms1 t ! submission y

 require ( me c be obta9$4 ,?is laconic 
reply 0 c]ta9ly wor?y ( a h]o9e & a     
que54 ,yet aft] a protract$ & desp]ate  
def5ce1 & f9d+ t h] allies1 in/ead (    
com+ to h] relief z !y promis$1 _h      
accept$ bribes f ! enemy to rema9 at a  
di/ance1 %e saw t all 0 lo/1 & m\nt+ h] 
fleete/ drom$>y1 s\ght to escape into   
,p]sia1 b 0 ov]tak5 on ! banks ( !      
,euphrates & captur$4 ,:5 br\ght into ! 
pres5ce ( h] conqu]or1 & ask$ h[ %e d>$ 
resi/ ! p[] ( ,rome1 %e repli$1 ,because
 ,i recognize ,aurelian alone z my      
sov]eign4  ,z5obia 0 s5t to ,rome to    
grace ! triumph ( ,aurelian4 ,%e ent]$ !
 city on foot1 prec$$ by h] own *>iot1 )
 :i* %e _h design$1 9 ! ev5t ( hav+ won 
! victory1 to make h] gr& entry into    
,rome z ! triumphant ,que5 ( ! ,ea/4 ,b 
! =tunes ( w> subv]t$ h] ambiti\s s*eme1
 & subject$ h] to ! mortification (     
grac+ a ,roman triumph2 yet = ?is       
indignity %e felt t %e 0 some:at        
comp5sat$ 9 kn[+ t h] appe>ance 9 ,rome 
w\ld create a s5sation4 ,9 ! gr&        

procession %e foll[$ h] *>iot1 s lad5 ) 
jewels & *a9s ( gold z to require !     
support ( a slave to prev5t h] f fa9t+  
b5ea? ! weight4  ,aft] enjoy+ !         
satisfaction ( a triumph1 ,aurelian     
treat$ 8 beautiful captive ) k9d        
consid]ation1 & provid$ = h] a          
delightful resid5ce on ! banks ( !      
,tib]1 :]e %e pass$ ! rema9d] ( h] days1
 honor$ by all z a matron ( r>e virtue &
 accompli%m5ts4 ,%e liv$ to educate h]  
daught]s1 & to see !m contract noble    
alliances4 ,h] desc5dants 7 rank$ among 
! fir/ citiz5s ( ,rome1 & did n become  
ext9ct until aft] ! fif? c5tury4  ,ne> !
 comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury !re      
appe>$ 9 ,france a brilliant meteor1--a 
y\?ful maid51 ^: developm5t ( "* 0 z    
my/ical z x 0 h]oic4 ,joan ( ,arc 0 born
 ( obscure p>5ts1 9 an obscure village  
on ! bord]s ( ,lorra9e1 & 0 br$ 9 a     
s*ool ( simplicity4 ,%e possess$ beauty1
 unit$ ) an amiable temp] & g5]\s       
sympa?ies4 ,9 h] religi\s fai? %e 0     
s9c]e1 ev5 angelic4 ,h] love ( c\ntry 0 

ard5t & irrepressible4 ,f9d+ h]         
c\ntry-m5 di/ract$ by a bitt] p>tisan   
feel+1 %e id5tifi$ h]self ) ! patriots1 
& desir$ to secure ! coronation ( ,pr9ce
 ,*>les1 z ! only means1 9 h] belief1 ( 
re/or+ ! au?ority ( ! legitimate        
gov]nm5t4 ,! reign+ k+ _h become        
hopelessly dem5t$1 & an>*y prevail$ 9   
almo/ e "p ( 8 dom9ions4  ,! rival h\ses
 ( ,orleans & ,burgundy 7 cont5d+ = !   
supremacy1 & _h ent]$ ^u a c>e] ( murd] 
& massacre1 in/ead ( adopt+ a regul>    
sy/em ( w>f>e4 ,bo? p>ties invok$ ! aid 
( ! ,engli%1 :o int]f]$ 9 behalf (      
,burgundy2 b in/ead ( af=d+ relief1 _!  
int]f]5ce only impos$ /ill weighti]     
calamities on ! c\ntry4 ,at ?is crisis a
 prophecy became curr5t among ! p1 t a  
virg9 w\ld appe> & rid ,france ( h]     
enemies4 ,?is prophecy rea*$ ! e> (     
,joan ( ,arc1 & inspir$ h] ) ! belief t 
%e 0 ! *os5 "o ( ,heav5 to accompli% !  
"w4  ,9 confirmation ( ?is belief1 %e   
he>d my/]i\s voices :i* came to h] 9 h] 
dreams1 & :i* %e reg>d$ z div9e         

communications1 direct+ h] to ent] ^u h]
 great mission4 ,on conf]r+ ) h] p>5ts 9
 relation to ! matt]1 !y advis$ h] to   
ab&on h] mad s*eme1 & desir$ h] to m>ry 
& rema9 ) !m 9 h] native village2 b %e  
decl9$1 insi/+ t ! curr5t               
pr$iction--,france %all be sav$ by a    
virg9--allud$ to h]4 ,! ,engli% army _h 
already besieg$ ,orleans1 & all hope (  
sav+ ! city seem$ lo/4 ,h] fri5ds1      
reg>d+ h] z end[$ ) sup]natural p[]s1   
provid$ h] ) a w>-horse & a milit>y     
co/ume1 & s5t h] ) an escort to ! c\rt (
 ,pr9ce ,*>les1 :om %e _h nev] se51 b ^:
 cause %e _h esp\s$4  ,he receiv$ h] )  
di/ru/1 ?\gh he desir$ h] pr(f]$        
assi/ance4 ,9 ord] to avoid be+ *>g$ )  
hav+ fai? 9 sorc]y1 he h&$ h] ov] to a  
commission ( ecclesia/ics1 to asc]ta9   
:e!r %e 0 inspir$ ( ,heav51 or in/igat$ 
by an evil _s4 ,among o!r te/s1 !       
ecclesia/ics desir$ h] to p]=m miracles4
 ,%e repli$1 ,br+ me to ,orleans1 & y   
%all witness a miracle2 ! siege %all be 
rais$1 & ,pr9ce ,*>les %all be cr[n$ k+ 

at ,rheims4 ,!y approv$ h] project1 & %e
 receiv$ ! rank ( a milit>y comm&]4  ,%e
 !n dem&$ a my/]i\s sword :i* %e av]r$  
_h be5 conceal$ by a h]o ( ! old5 "t )9 
! walls ( an anci5t *ur*4 ,on se>* be+  
made1 ! sword 0 f\nd & deliv]$ to h]4 ,9
 a %ort "t1 ) ?is my/]i\s sword 9 h&1 %e
 appe>$ at ! head ( an en?usia/ic army1 
)9 sight ( ! besieg$ city ( ,orleans4 ,!
 ,engli% army 0 a/oni%$ at ! novel      
app>ition4 ,%e advanc$1 & dem&$ a       
surr5d] ( ! city1 b 0 indignantly       
refus$2 yet ! citiz5s ( ,orleans 7 elate
 ) joy at ! prospect ( relief4 ,joan    
boldly assault$ ! outpo/s1 & c>ri$ !m4  
,! besieg$ citiz5s1 :o _h escap$ outside
 ! walls1 n[ ralli$ "u h] bann]1 &      
swell$ ! ranks ( h] army4 ,=t aft] =t 0 
captur$4 ,! ,engli% f\ght ) desp]ation4 
,joan1 *e]+ on h] brave =ces1 & call+ on
 !m to foll[1 seiz$ a scal+-ladd]1 &    
asc5d$ ! enemy's brea/works1 :5 %e 0    
pi]c$ ) an arr[ 9 ! %\ld]1 & fell into !
 fosse4 ,h] undaunt$ foll[]s rescu$ h]1 
:5 %e1 see+ h] bann] 9 dang]1 ?\gh fa9t 

& ble$+1 ru%$ =w>d1 seiz$ & bore x (f 9 
triumph4 ,! ,engli% army1 amaz$ at ?is1 
& believ+ h] m ?an human1 became        
panic-/rick51 & retreat$ 9 confusion4 ,9
 _! flight !y lo/ _! comm&] & _m ( _!   
brave/ m54 ,?us1 9 "o week aft] h]      
arrival at ,orleans1 %e compell$ !      
,engli% to ab&on ! siege4 ,9 tru?1 %e _h
 p]=m$ a miracle1 z h] c\ntry-m5        
believ$1 & z %e _h promis$ !            
ecclesia/ics %e w\ld d4 ,= ?is brilliant
 a*ievem5t %e acquir$ ! title1 ,maid (  
,orleans4  ,9 addition to ?is1 %e       
subsequ5tly f\ght sev]al sev]e battles )
 ! ,engli% & defeat$ !m4 ,ev5 ! sight ( 
h] approa*+ bann] (t5 t]rifi$ ! enemy   
into a surr5d]4 ,9 less ?an ?ree mon?s f
 ! comm5cem5t ( h] c>e]1 %e saw ,pr9ce  
,*>les cr[n$ k+ at ,rheims4 ,9 gratitude
 = h] pre-em95t & timely s]vices 9 8    
cause1 ,*>les issu$ 8 royal edict       
ennobl+ h] & h] family4 ,n long aft]    
?is1 ! oppos+ faction ( ,k+ ,*>les      
captur$ ! ,maid ( ,orleans1 z %e 0 n[   
call$1 & imprison$ h] 9 a /rong =tress4 

,%e attempt$ to escape by leap+ ! walls1
 b 0 secur$ & transf]r$ to ! cu/ody ( ! 
,engli%4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 at !    
in/ance ( dom9ant ecclesia/ics1 dem&$ h]
 trial on ! *>ge ( sorc]y & ! assumption
 ( div9e p[]s4 ,! judges1 intol]ant z ! 
prie/s1 condemn$ h] to be burn$ at !    
/ake4 ,h] fri5ds 7 ov]aw$1 & fail$ to   
int]f]e 9 h] behalf4 ,! only condition 9
 h] s5t5ce 0 recantation & ! ackn[l$gm5t
 ( ! supremacy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 view ( s   
t]rific a dea?1 %e recant$2 b he>+ !    
my/]i\s voices ( h] =m] dreams upbraid  
h]1 %e re-ass]t$ h] fai? 9 h] div9e     
mission1 0 aga9 seiz$ at ! in/ance ( !  
prie/hood1 & ! cruel s5t5ce ( dea? at ! 
/ake c>ri$ into execution4  ,nev] did a 
sadd] fate ov]take an innoc5t1          
patriotic1 & noble-he>t$ woman4 ,h] only
 crime 0 h] love = h] c\ntry1 & h]      
contempt = ecclesia/ical assumption4 ,h]
 purity ( life 0 nev] que/ion$4 ,x 0    
said ( h] t %e nev] all[$ a pr(ane ^w to
 be utt]$ 9 h] pres5ce4 ,h] religion 0 a
 religion ( ! he>t1 too exalt$ = ! times

 9 :i* %e liv$4 ,s s9c]e 0 ! belief ( ! 
populace 9 h] sanctity t _m p]sons made 
pilgrimages f e "p ( ! empire to t\* h] 
g>m5ts1 believ+ t if !y c\ld be all[$ ! 
privilege1 !y w\ld be especially ble/1  
bo? 9 ?is life & 9 ! life to come4  ,!re
 0 no woman ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 p]haps1 
:o 0 m conspicu\s or m tal5t$ ?an       
,elizabe?1 ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,highly      
educat$ 9 ! anci5t & mod]n languages1 z 
well z 9 philosophy1 %e embrac$ at an   
e>ly age ! ,prote/ant fai?1 & 9         
consequ5ce ( ! religi\s jeal\sies ( !   
times1 enc\nt]$ great opposition 9 h]   
adv5t to ! ?rone1 & :ile yet 9 h]       
girlhood1 suff]$ a long imprisonm5t 9 ! 
,t[] by ord] ( h] si/] ,m>y1 :o 0 at t  
"t ! reign+ que54 ,b ev5ts :i* transpir$
 9 #aeeh result$ 9 ! elevation (        
,elizabe? to ! ?rone1 at ! age (        
tw5ty-five4 ,s fe>ful 7 ! ,ca?olics ( h]
 influ5ce 9 matt]s ( fai? t !y s5t to h]
 a di/+ui%$ ecclesia/ic1 :o dem&$ f h] a
 decl>ation ( h] religi\s cre$4 ,to ?is 
intrusive dem& %e1 be+ an adept at      

rhym+1 repli$1 impromptu1--        ,*ri/
 0 ! ,^w t spake x2      ,he took !     
bread & brake x2      ,& :at t ,^w did  
make x1      ,t ,i believe & take x4    
,s frank & faultless 0 ?is av[al t x    
conf\nd$ ! artful prie/1 :o1 feel+      
rebuk$1 w5t away z wise z he came1 if n 
a little wis]4  ,9 h] p]sonal appe>ance 
,elizabe? 0 /ately & maje/ic1 b by no   
means rem>kable = h] beauty1 or         
amiabl5ess ( temp]4 ,h] good judgm5t &  
discrim9ation enabl$ h] to call to h]   
aid wise m5 = m9i/]s & c\nsellors4 ,%e  
patroniz$ tal5t & intellect4 ,x 0 dur+  
h] reign t ,sp5s]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,raleigh1
 ,bacon1 & o!r em95t *>act]s fl\ri%$1   
giv+ to h] times & to lit]ature !       
di/9ction ( ! ,elizabe?an age4 ,! lead+ 
ev5ts ( h] reign amply atte/ h] capacity
 to grapple ) em]g5cies 9 su/a9+ h]     
pr]ogatives & 9 ma9ta9+ ! defiant       
attitude ( ,engl&4 ,%e lov$ money z well
 z p[]1 & ?\gh p5uri\s1 wield$ h] p[] ) 
decision1 cru%$ dome/ic rebellion at a  
bl[1 remov$ h] fe>s ( ,m>y1 ,que5 (     

,scots1 by consign+ h] to ! block1 defi$
 ! p[] ( ,spa91 & ) ! timely assi/ance (
 a provid5tial :irlw9d1 sank ! ,spani%  
,armada 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea4  ,?\gh       
unattractive1 h] *>ms induc$ sundry     
propositions ( m>riage1 p>ticul>ly f !  
,k+ ( ,sw$51 f ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 & f a "y  
pr9ce ( ,france1 tw5ty-five ye>s y\ng]  
?an h]self4 ,= ?is "y pr9ce1 x is said1 
%e ent]ta9$ a s9c]e atta*m5t1 & w5t s f>
 z to place publicly on 8 f+] a co/ly   
r+1 z a pl$ge ( _! union1 b be+ tak5    
soon aft]w>ds by "s /range :imsicality1 
dismiss$ him1 & ?us gave him leisure to 
reflect on ! vanity ( human aspirations4
 ,yet1 l mo/ artful wom51 %e delight$ 9 
flirtations1 & always reta9$ 9 h] ret9ue
 a few special favorites1 among :om 7 ! 
,e>ls ( ,leice/] & ( ,essex4 ,on ^! m5  
%e be/[$ (ficial positions ( high rank1 
& evid5tly desir$ to make great m5 ( !m2
 b ,leice/] prov$ to be defici5t 9      
bra9s1 & ,essex turn$ traitor1 & 0      
f9ally execut$4  ,:5 advis$ to m>ry by  
h] c\nsellors1 %e repli$ t %e c\ld n    

indulge su* a ?\ght = a mom5t1 = %e _h  
resolv$ t ! inscription on h] tomb/one  
%\ld be3        ,"h lies a que5 :o liv$ 
& di$ a virg94   ,9 h] sev5tie? ye> %e  
di$ ( grief1 x is said1 = hav+ sign$ !  
dea?-w>rant ( ,essex1 = :om %e ent]ta9$ 
a s9c]e yet untold love4  ,! ev5ts ( h] 
reign wr\ght great *anges 9 ! de/9ies ( 
nations4 ,by h] firm adh]5ce to !       
,prote/ant fai?1 %e contribut$ mu* t[>ds
 enl>g+ & /r5g!n+ ! f\ndations ( civil &
 religi\s lib]ty4 ,%e succe$$ by h]     
wisdom & diplomacy 9 circumv5t+ ! subtle
 ma*9ations ( rival p[]s4 ,9 few words1 
x may be said ( h] t %e 0 a noble       
specim5 ( manly womanhood4  ,ca!r9e ,i41
 ,empress ( ,russia1 0 born ( obscure   
p>5ts1 ne> ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 
,9 girlhood %e 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ,m>?a1  
until %e embrac$ ! ,greek religion1 :5  
h] "n 0 *ang$ to ,ca!r9e4 ,h] fa!r di$  
:5 %e 0 b ?ree ye>s old1 & left h] to ! 
c>e ( an invalid "m 9 r$uc$             
circum/ances4 ,:5 old en\gh to be       
useful1 ,ca!r9e devot$ h] s]vices to !  

c>e & support ( h] "m1 & 9 atta9+ to    
womanhood1 grew to be exce$+ly          
beautiful4 ,h] "m _h in/ruct$ h] 9 !    
rudim5ts ( a common education1 :i* %e   
aft]w>ds p]fect$ "u ! tuition ( a       
neighbor+ cl]gyman4 ,among o!r          
accompli%m5ts1 ,ca!r9e acquir$ a k (    
music & danc+1 & soon became z          
attractive = h] elegance ( mann]s z %e 0
 celebrat$ = h] beauty4  ,9 #agja1 %e   
m>ri$ a ,sw$i% dragoon1 & imm$iately    
accompani$ him to ! milit>y po/ assign$ 
him 9 ! w> :i* _h j brok5 out betwe5    
,sw$5 & ,russia4 ,9 a battle :i* soon   
foll[$1 %e 0 tak5 prison] by !          
,russians4 ,h] p]sonal *>ms soon        
attract$ ! att5tion ( ,pet] ! ,great4   
,:at became ( h] husb& is n kn[n1 b may 
be imag9$4 ,at any rate1 ! emp]or       
succe$$ 9 w9n+ h] affections1 ackn[l$g$ 
h] z 8 wife1 & plac$ ! imp]ial diadem on
 h] head & ! sceptre 9 h] h&4 ,%e soon  
prov$ h]self to be a woman ( wond]ful   
tact1 %rewdness1 & judgm5t1 & obta9$ an 
unb\nd$ influ5ce ov] h] husb&4 ,9 fact1 

h] advice controll$ 8 action2 & 9 foll[+
 x1 he acquir$ ! enviable & la/+ title (
 ,pet] ! ,great4 ,l h]1 ?\s&s ( wom5 h  
made _! husb&s great m51 & (t5 out ( v  
indiff]5t mat]ials4  ,aft] ,pet]'s dea?1
 ,ca!r9e 0 proclaim$ empress & autocrat 
( all ! ,russias4 ,h] reign1 ?\gh %ort1 
0 brilliant4 ,h] frailties1 if %e _h    
any1 7 few1 & ought to be attribut$ to !
 "* ( h] favorites r ?an to h]self4 ,%e 
di$ at ! e>ly age ( =ty-two1 aft] a     
brief reign ( a little less ?an two ye>s
 z sole empress4 ,h] native end[m5ts    
con/itut$ h] brighte/ jewels1--mode/y1  
simplicity1 & beauty2 x 0 ^! angelic    
gifts :i* elevat$ h] f ! obscurity (    
rural life to ! ?rone ( a great empire4 
,"h let u turn f ! ,old ,_w to ! ,new1 &
 look into ! p>lor1 in/ead ( ! palace1 =
 specim5s ( true womanhood4 ,x is 9 !   
private walks ( life1 9 ! dome/ic &     
social circles1 t we mu/ look if we w\ld
 contemplate ! "* ( woman 9 its pure/ & 
pr\de/ developm5t4 ,x is 9 h] daily     
exhibition ( he>t1 s\l1 sympa?y1        

g5]osity1 & devotion t woman atta9s to  
p]fection & cr[ns h]self ) a diadem4    
,ev]y:]e 9 ?is great ,republic are ?\s&s
 ( wom5 ^: excell5ce ( "* *all5ges our  
admiration4 ,among ^? :o h pass$ into ! 
bett] life1 & ^: names are record$ on ! 
tablet ( e ,am]ican he>t1 is ,m>?a      
,wa%+ton4  ,9 h] "* we h ! "* ( an      
accompli%$ ,am]ican lady4 ,few1 if any1 
h ev] excell$ h]4 ,:5 ! w> ( !          
,revolution comm5c$1 %e accompani$ h]   
husb&1 :o _h j be5 appo9t$ comm&]-9-*ief
 ( ! ,am]ican armies1 to ! milit>y l9es 
ab\t ,bo/on1 & witness$ ! siege &       
evacuation ( t city4 ,%e 0 ev] ! gu>dian
 _s ( ! g5]al1 & aid$ him mat]ially 9 8 
milit>y c>e] by h] wise c\nsels & timely
 att5tions4 ,:ile he reason$ logically &
 delib]ately1 %e came to logical        
conclusions in/antly1 )\t seem+ to      
reason1--a faculty ( logic :i*          
*>act]izes almo/ e woman4  ,9 h] figure1
 ,m>?a 0 slight2 9 h] mann]s1 easy &    
graceful2 9 h] temp]1 mild yet *e]ful2 9
 h] conv]sation1 calm yet fasc9at+2 9 h]

 looks beautiful1 especially 9 h] y\?ful
 days4 ,s univ]sally admir$ & respect$ 0
 %e1 t ev]ybody spoke ( h] z ,lady      
,wa%+ton4  ,%e did ! honors ( !         
presid5tial mansion ) poli%$ ease1      
dignity1 & grace4 ,h] connubial life )  
,wa%+ton 0 n less exempl>y ?an x 0      
happy4 ,8 reg>d = h] 0 z pr(\nd z h]    
devotion to him 0 s9c]e4 ,s solicit\s 0 
%e = pres]v+ 8 good "n & fame t         
imm$iately aft] 8 dea?1 %e de/roy$ all !
 dome/ic lett]s :i* he _h address$ to   
h]1 = fe> !y might "s day be publi%$1 & 
be f\nd to conta9 "s ^w or expression ( 
a political nature :i* might be con/ru$ 
to 8 prejudice4  ,fai?ful z a wife1 z a 
fri5d1 & z a ,*ri/ian1 %e prov$ h]self a
 model woman4 ,%e surviv$ h] husb& b two
 ye>s1 & di$ at ! age ( sev5ty4 ,9 life 
%e occupi$ a position :i* que5s might   
envy1 & 9 dea? bequea!d a memory :i* w  
be *]i%$ 9 a nation's he>t1 :5 ! pr\d   
monum5ts ( k+s & que5s h crumbl$ into   
du/ & be5 =gott54  ,if x c\ld be done   
)\t mak+ invidi\s di/9ctions1 x w\ld be 

no less delightful ?an in/ructive to    
ref] specifically to ! names & de$s ( _m
 o!r ,am]ican wom5 :o h grac$ ! age 9   
:i* !y liv$1 & add$ lu/re to ! annals ( 
our ,republic4 ,b we mu/ cont5t         
ourselves by allud+ to !m 9 g5]al t]ms2 
& 9 do+ ?is1 we mu/ admit ! fact t !    
noble de$s & exalt$ virtues ( woman     
occupy a mu* less space 9 ! _w's hi/ory 
?an !y ought4  ,x is suffici5tly evid5t 
to ev]ybody t wom51 9 all ! relations ( 
life1 exhibit a ke5] appreciation ( "r &
 wrong ?an m54 ,h5ce !y are usually !   
fir/ to approve :at is "r1 & ! la/ to   
concur 9 :at is wrong4 ,x 0 ?is devotion
 to pr9ciple :i* induc$ ,am]ican wom5 9 
! days ( ! ,revolution to submit to !   
sev]e/ trials & deprivations1 :ile !y   
enc\rag$ _! sons1 husb&s1 & bro!rs to g 
=? to ! battle-field 9 def5ce ( _!      
c\ntry4 ,9 pro( ( _! patriotism1 ^!     
noble wom51 ) _! own h&s & ) *e]ful     
he>ts1 spun1 wove1 knit1 & bak$ = !     
brave & suff]+ soldi]s1 & ev5 made an   
(f]+ ( _! jewels on ! alt> ( lib]ty1 & r

 ?an see ! enemy enri*$ by traffic &    
unju/ rev5ues1 complac5tly approv$ !    
policy :i* ca/ ri* c>goes ( _! favorite 
bev]age into ! dep?s ( ! sea4  ,x 0 !   
same _s1 ! same patriotism1 :i* inspir$ 
! wom5 ( our own times on a /ill broad] 
scale1 9 ! late /ruggle ( ! ,nor? to    
cru% ! rebellion ( ! ,s\? & su/a9 9 all 
its purity1 its honor1 & its glory1 !   
de> old flag ( ! ,union4 ,?is great "w  
has be5 done manfully & nobly1 & at     
imm5se sacrifices ( treasure & ( blood2 
b x c\ld n h be5 done )\t ! aid &       
enc\ragem5t ( woman4 ,x 0 woman :o held 
! key & unlock$ ! he>ts ( tw5ty millions
 ( p1 & induc$ !m1 by h] plead+ appeals1
 to p\r out _! noble *>ities1 z f       
floodgates1 to supply ! urg5t ne$s ( !  
l>ge/ & brave/ army ! _w ev] beheld4 ,x 
0 woman ^: delicate h& nurs$ ! sick1 !  
w\nd$1 & ! dy+ soldi]1 & ^: sympa?ies & 
pray]s soo!d & *e]$ 8 dep>t+ _s4  ,9 !  
sanit>y commission1 9 ! ,*ri/ian        
commission1 woman 0 ! ma/]-_s1 ! angel (
 m]cy1 ! music ( ^: hov]+ w+s animat$ ! 

we>y m>* ( our gallant volunte]s1 &     
inspir$ _! s\ls ) inv9cible c\rage4 ,x  
is woman :o weaves ! only wrea? ( honor 
:i* a true-he>t$ h]o desires to we> on 8
 br[1 & ! only "o wor?y ( 8 highe/      
aspirations4 ,x is an indisputable fact 
t ! p[]1 ! patriotism1 & ! influ5ce (   
woman con/itute ! great moral elem5ts ( 
our ,republic1 & ( our civil & religi\s 
in/itutions4  ,x is ! educat$ &         
accompli%$ wom5 ( our c\ntry :o h ref9$ 
! m5 z well z ! y\? ( ! l&1 & giv5 tone 
to public s5tim5t4 ,x is ?is class (    
wom5 :o h purifi$ our lit]ature1 & m\ld$
 x to h>monize ) ! pure pr9ciples ( a   
,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,9 ! f9e arts1 &   
ev5 9 ! ab/ruse sci5ces1 wom5 h excell$ 
z well z m54 ,9 ! catalogue ( di/+ui%$  
au?ors !re are to be f\nd1 bo? 9 ?is    
c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 ne>ly z _m wom5 z   
m54 ,f ! facts :i* we h already adduc$1 
x is evid5t en\gh t woman1 9 ! ex]cise (
 intellectual1 if n political p[]1 is   
fully ! equal ( man2 :ile 9 tact &      
%rewdness %e is g5]ally 8 sup]ior4      

,accord+ to ! old b tru?ful say+1 x is  
impossible = a man to outwit a %rewd    
woman2 & in/ead ( ask+1 ,:at c a woman  
d8 we %\ld ask1 ,:at is !re a woman _c  
d8  ,:5ev] wom5 are left to take c>e (  
!mselves 9 ! _w1 z ?\s&s are1 !y %\ld n 
only h ! "r1 b x is _! duty1 to engage 9
 any ( ! indu/rial pursuits = :i* !y are
 fitt$4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 man 
& woman is physical /r5g?2 & = ?is      
reason ! light] employm5ts %\ld be      
assign$ to wom54 ,9 :atev] employm5t m5 
are out ( place1 wom5 %\ld take _!      
place2 especially 9 retail+ fancy goods1
 9 book-keep+1 9 telegraph+1 9          
type-sett+1 9 s*ool-tea*+1 & 9 _m o!r l 
employm5ts2 nor ne$ !y be exclud$ f !   
le>n$ pr(essions4 ,9 fact1 we already h 
lady cl]gym5 & lady physicians2 & "s ?9k
 ! "* ( ! ,b> w\ld be mu* elevat$ by !  
admission ( lady lawy]s4 ,we _c d\bt t  
unm>ri$ ladies1 if admitt$1 w\ld excel 9
 prosecut+ suits comm5c$ by atta*m5t1 b 
9 o!r cases _! success is n assur$1 if  
we may judge f ! foll[+ incid5t3 ,a lady

 lawy] ( presid5tial aspirations1 9     
conduct+ a suit be=e ! late ,judge      
,c>tt] 9 ! di/rict c\rt at ,wa%+ton1 0  
oppos$ by an em95t lawy] ( ! o!r sex1 :o
 rais$ a vex$ legal "q :i* _h n be5     
dream$ ( 9 ! philosophy ( ! lady lawy]1 
& :i* s p]plex$ h] t %e1 9 ! mid/ ( h]  
emb>rassm5t1 appeal$ to ! judge = advice
 z to ! c\rse %e _h bett] pursue4 ,!    
judge1 :o hesitat$ some:at 9 8          
utt]ances1 repli$1 ,i ?9k y _h          
bet-bet-bett] employ a lawy]4  ,if wom5 
*oose to compete ) m5 9 any ( ! le>n$   
pr(essions1 or 9 any o!r pursuit1 & are 
fitt$ to a*ieve success1 !re is no?+ 9 !
 way to prev5t !m2 yet x does n foll[ t 
!y c take ! places ( m5 9 ev]y?+1       
especially 9 ^? employm5ts :i* require  
mascul9e /r5g? & great physical         
endurance4 ,nor does x foll[ t wom5 :o  
pay taxes %\ld !re=e h ! "r ( suffrage4 
,! fact t !y hold prop]ty does n *ange  
_! /atus1 nor does x conf] political    
rights4  ,! "r ( suffrage is a political
 "r & n a natural "r4 ,! ex]cise ( ?is  

political "r c>ries ) x ! law-mak+ p[]1 
! duty ( protect+ p]sons & prop]ty1 &   
consequ5tly ( ma9ta9+ & def5d+ !        
gov]nm5t4 ,!y :o make ! gov]nm5t are    
!re=e b\nd to def5d x4 ,nature nev]     
int5d$ t wom5 %\ld become soldi]s & face
 ! cannon's m\? 9 ! battle-field2 nor   
did %e give !m /r5g? to con/ruct        
railroads1 tunnel m\nta9s1 build        
w>-%ips1 or man !m4 ,yet wom51 prompt$  
by affection or romantic s5tim5t1 h be5 
kn[n to become soldi]s 9 disguise1 &    
p]haps h f\ght bravely 9 ! battle-field4
 ,b ?is1 ( itself1 proves no?+2 x is    
m]ely an exception to a g5]al rule1 or 9
 o!r words1 an ecc5tricity ( "*4 ,9 all 
ages ( ! _w1 z we h %[n1 ! m]e =ce (    
circum/ances has occasionally unsph]$   
woman & plac$ h] 9 unnatural situations1
 9 :i* %e has sometimes a*iev$ a        
brilliant success1--on ! ?rone & (f !   
?rone1 9 peace & 9 w>1 9 political life 
& 9 social life4 ,yet 9 /epp+ out ( h]  
sph]e1 :atev] may be h] success1 e true 
woman feels t %e o'er/eps ! mode/y (    

nature4  ,:5 woman glides into h]       
natural position1--t ( a wife1--x is !n 
only t %e occupies h] appropriate sph]e1
 & exhibits 9 its mo/ attractive =m !   
lovel9ess ( h] "*4 ,m>riage is an       
in/itution z ess5tial to ! /ability &   
h>mony ( ! social sy/em z gravity is to 
! ord] & pres]vation ( ! planet>y sy/em4
 ,9 ! dome/ic circle ! devot$ wife      
becomes ! c5tre ( attraction1 ! angel ( 
! h\sehold4 ,h] _w is h] home2 h] alt>1 
! he>?/one4 ,9 h] daily m9i/rations %e  
makes h]self angelic by mak+ home a     
heav51 & e "o happy :o may come )9 !    
*>m$ circle ( h] k9d c>es & g5]\s       
sympa?ies4 ,9 fact1 !re is no place l   
home1 sweet home1 :5 on its sacr$ alt>  
burns ! bl5d$ inc5se ( h>moni\s s\ls1-- 
,two s\ls ) b a s+le ?\ght2      ,two   
he>ts t beat z "o4   ,x is c]ta9 t man &
 woman 7 nev] creat$ to live indep5d5t (
 ea* o!r4 ,!y are b c\nt]p>ts1 & !re=e  
incomplete until unit$ 9 w$lock4 ,h5ce  
!y :o pref] s+le bless$ness are ju/ly   
*>geable ) ! s9 ( omission1 if n !      

unp>donable s94 ,x is difficult to      
e/imate ! fe>ful responsibilities ( ^?  
fossiliz$ ba*elors :o p]si/ 9 sew+ on _!
 own buttons & 9 m5d+ _! own /ock+s4    
,yet ^! selfi% g5tlem5 frankly admit t  
!re may h be5 su* a ?+ z true love 9 !  
old5 times1 b n[1 !y say1 ! idea has    
become obsolete2 & if a ba*elor 7 to ask
 a "y lady to %>e 8 lot1 %e w\ld        
imm$iately want to "k h[ l>ge ! lot is &
 :at is its value4 ,9 fur!r ju/ification
 !y quote ,socrates1 :o1 be+ ask$ :e!r x
 7 bett] = a man to m>ry or live s+le1  
repli$1 ,let him d ei!r & he w rep5t x4 
,b ?is is n argum5t1 nor is x always    
true1 ev5 9 a sordid m>riage1 z appe>s 9
 ! foll[+ in/ance3 ,n long s9ce1 9 ,new 
,york1 a ba*elor ( tw5ty-two m>ri$ a ri*
 maid5 ( fifty-five1 :o di$ )9 a mon?   
aft] ! nuptials & left him a            
half-million ( doll>s4 ,he says he has  
nev] rep5t$ ! m>riage4  ,! age 9 :i* we 
live is "o ( exp]im5t & ( novel !ories1 
bo? 9 religion & 9 politics4 ,9 mod]n   
spiritualism we h entranc$ wom51 :o give

 u reports f ! dead4 ,9 mod]n crusades  
we h dev\t wom51 :o visit tippl+-h\ses &
 conv]t !m into sanctu>ies ( pray]4 ,9  
politics we h mismat$ & unmat$ wom51 :o 
hold conv5tions1 clamor = ! ballot1 &   
advocate ! doctr9e ( natural selection4 
,x is true t e m>riageable woman has a  
natural "r to select1 if n elect1 a     
husb&2 & ?is %e may & ought to d1 n by  
ballot1 b by ! influ5ce ( h] *>ms & h]  
virtues4 ,if all m>riageable m5 & wom5 7
 b cry/alliz$ into happy families1 e>?  
w\ld soon become a p>adise4 ,yet if ?is 
7 done1 we d\bt n !re w\ld /ill rema9 "s
 /rong-m9d$ wom51 :o w\ld get up a      
conv5tion to re=m p>adise4 ,! tru? is1 !
 wom5 w d pretty mu* z !y please1 & !   
be/ way is to let !m4  ,yet all mu/     
admit t a woman ( ref9em5t is n only a  
rul+ _s1 b a p[] beh9d ! ?rone great]   
?an ! p[] on ! ?rone4 ,h] rights are    
!re=e )9 h] own grasp4 ,among ^! %e has 
! "r1 & to h] belongs ! responsible     
duty1 ( educat+ h] *ildr5 9 fir/        
pr9ciples1 & 9 ^? sanctifi$ lessons :i* 

h be5 reveal$ to man f heav54 ,x is !   
"m's precepts :i* con/itute ! p]man5t   
f\ndation ( ! *ild's future "*4 ,h5ce no
 woman is really compet5t to dis*>ge !  
responsible duties ( a "m z %e ought1   
unless %e has fir/ be5 prop]ly educat$4 
,!re c be no object m des]v+ (          
commis]ation1 p]haps1 ?an a "m :o is    
surr\nd$ by a family ( "y *ildr51 & yet 
is s ignorant z to be unable to in/ruct 
!m 9 ! rudim5ts ( a common-s*ool        
education & 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( a
 ,*ri/ian life4 ,! "* ( e *ild1 x may be
 assum$1 is ess5tially =m$ at sev5 ye>s 
( age4 ,! "m ( ,wa%+ton knew ?is1 & felt
 x1 & 9 ! education ( h] son1 taught him
 at an e>ly age ! lead+ tru?s (         
,*ri/ianity4 ,%e took ! ,bible = h]     
guide1 & taught him to take ! ,bible = 8
 guide4 ,8 subsequ5t c>e] proves t he   
adh]$ to ! in/ructions ( 8 "m4 ,:5 he   
came to pay h] a visit1 at ! close ( !  
w>1 aft] an abs5ce ( sev5 long ye>s1 %e 
receiv$ him ) ! ov]fl[+ he>t ( a "m1 z  
h] dutiful son1 & ?\ght ( him only z a  

dutiful son1 nev] utt]+ a ^w 9 ref]5ce  
to ! honors he _h won z a milit>y       
*iefta94  ,soon aft] ?is1 ,g5]al        
,lafayette1 wi%+ to make ! acqua9tance (
 ! "m ( ,wa%+ton be=e return+ to        
,france1 call$ at h] resid5ce 9         
,virg9ia1 & introduc$ himself4 ,he f\nd 
h] at "w 9 ! g>d51 clad 9 a homespun    
dress1 & h] gray head cov]$ ) a pla9    
/raw hat4 ,%e salut$ him k9dly1 & calmly
 rem>k$1 ,ah1 ,m>quis1 y see an old     
woman2 b come1 ,i c make y welcome 9 my 
poor dwell+ )\t ! p>ade ( *ang+ my      
dress4 ,9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation         
,lafayette complim5t$ h] z ! "m ( a son 
:o _h a*iev$ ! indep5d5ce ( 8 c\ntry1 & 
acquir$ la/+ honors = himself4 ,! old   
lady1 )\t ! lea/ manife/ation ( gratifi$
 pride1 simply respond$1 ,i am n        
surpris$ at :at ,george has done1 = he 0
 always a v good boy4 ,:at a noble      
response1 9 its moral gr&eur1 0 ?is6    
,c]ta9 x is t su* a "m 0 wor?y ( su* a  
son4 ,a monum5t1 pla91 yet expressive 9 
its design1 has be5 erect$ at           

,fr$]icksburg to h] memory4 ,x be>s ?is 
simple1 yet sublime inscription3        
,m>y1 ! ,"m ( ,wa%+ton4   ,! ext5t (    
woman's moral p[] c only be limit$ by ! 
ext5t ( h] capacities4 ,9 e circle1 :e!r
 dome/ic1 social1 or political1 !       
accompli%$ woman is a c5tral            
p[]--imp]ium 9 imp]io2 & ?\gh %e may n  
directly ex]cise ! "r ( suffrage1 yet h]
 influ5ce & h] c\nsels1 ev5 an          
expression ( h] wi%1 enable h] to       
control ! political1 z well z ! social1 
de/9ies ( m5 & ( nations4 ,x is 9 ?is   
way t %e may h h] way4 ,x 0 ! accompli%$
 wife ( ,mr4 ,monroe :o made him        
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,%e 0 !    
fir/ to propose 8 "n z a c&idate4 ,h]   
influ5ce ) memb]s ( ,congress induc$ !m 
to concur 9 advocat+ 8 election2 he 0   
elect$4 ,8 adm9i/ration1 z we all "k1 0 
di/+ui%$ z ! era ( good feel+4  ,!      
preval5t idea t wom5 ne$ less education 
?an m5 is a gross error1 wor?y (        
hea!ndom p]haps1 b entirely unwor?y (   
,*ri/5dom4 ,let wom5 be z g5]ally & z   

lib]ally educat$ z m51 &1 my ^w = x1 !  
"q ( woman's rights w\ld soon settle    
itself4 ,! "r ( wom5 to be ?us educat$  
_c be d\bt$1 because x is a div9e "r1 & 
because ,god has made woman ! mat]nal   
tea*] ( mank9d1 & ! *ief corn]-/one ( ! 
social fabric4 ,yet %e %\ld be educat$ )
 ref]5ce to h] prop] sph]e z woman1--a  
sph]e :i* is high] ?an t ( man 9 !      
economy ( ,nature4 ,h] capacities =     
indu/rial pursuits1 su* z are consi/5t )
 h] physical abilities1 %\ld be develop$
 s t %e may be qualifi$ to provide =    
h]self1 & to su/a9 h]self 9 life's      
battle1 if ne$ be1 )\t ! aid ( a        
companion 9 arms4  ,nev]!less1 m>riage  
is "o ( ,heav5's irrevocable laws4 ,x   
is1 9 fact1 ! great law ( all           
animal-life1 & ev5 ( plant-life4 ,n[h]e 
9 ,nature is !re a s+le in/ance 9 :i*   
?is law is n obey$1 9 due "t1 except 9 !
 case ( mank9d4 ,:y is ?is8 ,x c]ta9ly  
w\ld n be s if x 7 n = "s gr& defect 9  
our social sy/em1--"s false notions     
acquir$ by education1 :i* are peculi> to

 our civilization1 & :i* induce apo/asy 
to tru? & natural ju/ice4 ,man 0 creat$ 
to be ! protector ( woman1 & woman to be
 ! helpmeet ( man4 ,ea* !re=e has an    
appropriate sph]e2 & ! obligations ( ea*
 are mutual1 gr[+ out ( _! mutual int]e/
 & dep5d5ce4 ,! sph]e ( ! "o is j z     
important z ! sph]e ( ! o!r4 ,nei!r c   
live1 nor ought to live1 )\t ! aid1 !   
love1 & ! sympa?y ( ! o!r4 ,:e!r s      
dispos$ or n1 nei!r c commit an         
infraction ( ! o!r's rights1 )\t violat+
 a law ( ,nature4  ,:atev] may be !     
evils ( our pres5t social or political  
sy/em1 x is evid5t t ! "r ( suffrage1 if
 ext5d$ to woman1 c\ld n af=d a rem$y1 b
 on ! contr>y1 w\ld t5d to weak51 r ?an 
/r5g!n1 mutual int]e/s1 by creat+       
unwomanly aspirations & dome/ic         
diss5sions1 ?us sund]+ ! ties ( love &  
affection :i* naturally exi/ betwe5 !   
sexes4 ,9 a ^w1 x w\ld be op5+ ,p&ora's 
box1 & lett+ escape ! imps ( social &   
political discord1 & f9ally result 9    
univ]sal misrule1 if n 9 positive an>*y4

  ,mode/y & delicacy are ! cr[n+        
*>act]i/ics ( a true woman4 ,%e         
naturally %r9ks f ! /orms ( political   
/rife4 ,give h] ! "r ( suffrage1--a boon
 no s5sible woman desires2 place h] 9   
(fice1 9 ! halls ( legislation1 9 !     
,presid5tial *air2 enrobe h] ) !        
judicial erm9e1 or make h] ! executive  
(fic] ( a crim9al tribunal1--& h[ c\ld  
%e assume ! t5d] relations ( a "m1 & at 
! same "t (ficiate 9 any ( ^! high      
places ( public tru/1 9 :i* ! /]ne/ &   
mo/ inflexible duties are (t5 requir$ to
 be p]=m$8  ,x is n possible1 h[ev]1 t !
 erratic comets1 ^: trail+ light        
occasionally fla%es a?w>t our political 
sky1 w ev] acquire suffici5t mom5tum to 
jo/le ! fix$ />s out ( place1 because   
!re is a fix$ law ( ,nature :i* pres]ves
 !m 9 place4 ,!re is also a law (       
,nature :i* makes man n only !          
protector1 b ! wor%ipp]1 ( woman1--a    
wor%ip :i* is z in/9ctively paid z      
reciprocat$1 & :i* is by no means       
inconsi/5t ) ! wor%ip ( ,god1 b 9 tru?  

is a "p ( x4 ,x is ?is k9d ( wor%ip--?is
 natural & holy impulse ( ! he>t--:i*   
con/itutes ! basis ( man's rights & (   
woman's rights1 & %\ld h>monize all _!  
relations 9 life4  ,we see ! in/9ctive  
exhibition ( man's rev]5ce = wom5 almo/ 
e day ( our lives1 & (t5 9 a way t      
proves h[ ridicul\s are mod]n !ories 9  
reg>d to woman's rights1 :5 br\ght to ! 
te/ 9 practical life4 ,n long s9ce1 9 "o
 ( our cities :]e a woman's rights      
conv5tion 0 9 session1 a /rong-m9d$     
female delegate ent]$ a /reet railway   
c>1 :5 an old g5tleman arose to give h] 
8 seat1 b at t mom5t1 suspect+ h] to be 
a delegate1 ask$1 ,be y "o ( ^! wom5's  
right]s8--,i am4 ,y believe a woman %\ld
 h all ! rights ( a man8--,yes1 ,i d4   
,!n /& up & enjoy !m l a man4 ,& /& up  
%e did1--! old g5tleman coolly resum+ 8 
seat1 to ! great amusem5t ( ! o!r       
pass5g]s4  ,:atev] maybe ! pret5sions ( 
agitators1 x is c]ta9 t no woman ( ref9$
 culture1 or ( prop] self-respect1 w    
attempt to /ep outside ( h] appropriate 

sph]e4 ,?is %e _c d if %e w\ld1 )\t do+ 
viol5ce to ! s5sibilities ( h] nature4  
,:5 true to h]self1 woman1 l !          
lily-(-!-valley1 pref]s ! valley1 :]e %e
 c display h] native lovel9ess 9        
comp>ative retirem5t1 secure f !        
inclem5cies ( a fr[n+ sky2 :ile man1    
born ) a m rugg$ nature1 pref]s1 l !    
/urdy oak1 to climb ! hills & ! m\nta9s1
 :]e he delights to brea/ ! assaults (  
/orm & tempe/1 & to fl+ ! %ad[ ( 8      
/ately =m ov] ! valley1 z if to protect 
! e!real beauty ( ! lily f ! too ard5t  
gaze ( ! sun4 ,&1 ?\gh a solit>y fl[]   
may sometimes be se5 climb+ ! m\nta9    
height1 x is only ! mode/               
lily-(-!-valley--! true woman--^: *e]+  
smile man aspires to %>e1 & ^: purity ( 
"* calls into ex]cise 8 rev]5t          
admiration4        ,honor$ be woman6 %e 
beams on ! sight1      ,graceful & fair 
z an angel ( light2      ,scatt]s ar\nd 
h]1 :]ev] %e /rays1      ,hoses ( bliss 
on our ?orn-cov]$ ways2      ,roses (   
p>adise1 s5t f above1      ,to be ga!r$ 

& tw9$ 9 a g>l& ( love6     ,,aim       
,,high4   ,9 address+ y z a graduat+    
class1 p]mit me to sugge/ = y\r         
consid]ation a few ?\ghts on !          
importance ( reg>d+ self-culture n only 
z a duty1 b z ! only means ( elevat+ &  
ennobl+ y\r aspirations 9 life4  ,?\gh y
 h complet$ y\r academical c\rse ) a    
degree ( success :i* does y cr$it1 y    
%\ld rememb] t ! great "w ( education   
/ill lies be=e y1 & t ! =mation ( y\r   
*>act]s & ! %ap+ ( y\r de/9ies are      
committ$ to y\r own h&s4 ,& "h let me   
assure y t x is little r ?an great ?+s  
:i* m>k ! "* ( a true g5tleman4 ,9 fact1
 !re is b "o way 9 :i* a ref9$ education
 c be acquir$1 & t is1 little by little4
  ,x is ?us f day to day1 f ye> to ye>1 
f ev]ybody1 & f ev]y?+1 t y may le>n1 if
 y w1 some?+ new1 some?+ useful2 & ?\gh 
y c>e n to d x1 yet y w1 9 spite (      
y\rselves1 le>n some?+1 good or evil1 j 
z y may *oose to apply x4  ,y c]ta9ly h 
! p[] to *oose betwe5 good & evil1--9   
o!r words1 to a*ieve ! l(tie/ aims4 ,yet

 9 direct+ y\r aspirations1 y mu/ adapt 
means to ends2 collect y\r mat]ials &   
ref9e !m1 & 9 ref9+ !m give !m !        
brilliancy ( co/ly jewels1--jewels :i* y
 c we> ) becom+ grace & dignity :]ev] y 
may g1 & at all times & "u all          
circum/ances4  ,! acquisition ( a m]e   
book-k1 h[ev] desirable1 w avail y b    
little1 unless y acquire at ! same "t   
correct habits & pr9ciples1 unit$ )     
ref9em5t ( mann]s4 ,! _w w be likely to 
take y\r p]sonal appe>ance1 y\r /yle (  
dress & address1 z ! true index ( y\r   
"*1 & :e!r deceiv$ at fir/ view or n1 w 
f9ally e/imate y at y\r true value4 ,9  
p]fect+ y\r education1 x is n to be     
expect$ t y are to ma/] e bran* ( human 
le>n+1 b r t y are to make y\r life a   
life ( ?\ght1 ( /udy1 ( obs]vation1 (   
/rife to excel 9 all t is good1 & 9 do+ 
good4  ,9 attempt+ to a*ieve great ?+s 9
 ! _w1 y mu/ n ov]look little           
?+s1--little att5tions1 little          
civilities due to o!rs ) :om y may come 
9 contact2 = y\r claims to consid]ation 

w be e/imat$ by ! "* ( y\r conduct 9    
social life4 ,!re are c]ta9             
conv5tionalities recogniz$ 9 good       
society :i* y mu/ respect1 & to :i* y   
mu/ con=m1 if y w\ld be well receiv$4   
,y\r mann]s & habits are !re=e ( vital  
importance z elem5ts ( "*4  ,x has be5  
truly said t man is a bundle ( habits4  
,x may be said ) equal tru? t our own   
wor/ enemies are bad habits4 ,we all "k 
t bad habits fa/5 !mselves ^u u1 z x 71 
by /eal?2 & ?\gh we may n p]ceive !     
influ5ce :i* !y ex]t ov] u1 yet o!r     
p]sons p]ceive x1 rem>k x1 & judge u    
accord+ly4 ,! =mation ( correct habits 9
 e>ly life is comp>atively easy1 :ile ! 
correction ( bad habits1 :5 once =m$1 is
 always difficult1 especially 9 m       
advanc$ ye>s4 ,9 a ^w1 if y w\ld become 
model *>act]s1 y mu/ disc>d all bad     
habits1 all odd habits1 all t is        
ungraci\s or ungraceful 9 ^w1 de$1 or   
mann]1 & make x ! lead+ rule ( y\r life 
to obs]ve ! proprieties ( life 9 all    
places & "u all circum/ances4 ,9 ord] to

 a*ieve all ?is1 x is indisp5sable t y  
%\ld /udy y\rselves1 wat* y\rselves1    
criticise y\rselves1 & "k y\rselves z   
o!rs "k y4 ,! value ( self-exam9ation   
has be5 =cibly z well z beautifully     
express$ 9 a s+le /anza by ,rob]t       
,burns1--        ,o wad "s p[] ! giftie 
gie u      ,to see oursel's z i!rs see  
u6      ,x wad frae monie a blund] free 
u1                   ,an' fooli% notion3
      ,:at airs 9 dress an' gait wad    
lea'e u1                   ,an' ev'n    
devotion6   ,x is true t 9 relation to !
 laws ( etiquette _m books h be5 writt51
 :i* are 9 fact m read ?an obs]v$1 & :i*
 are m p]plex+ ?an practical4 ,no lady  
or g5tleman 0 ev] made truly polite1    
truly agreeable1 truly amiable1 by a    
/rict obs]vance ( artificial rules4     
,some?+ m is ne$$2 some?+ mu/ be done4  
,x is 9 ! he>t1 9 ! ex]cise ( all !     
moral & ,*ri/ian virtues1 t true        
polit5ess has its f\ndation4 ,true      
polit5ess is nev] selfi%1 nev]          
o/5tati\s1 b always ov]fl[+ ) k9dness1  

always angelic 9 its attributes4 ,9 ^w &
 de$1 x is always consid]ate1 delicate1 
& graceful2 yet 9 its m9i/rations x     
always pres]ves its own self-respect1   
:ile x manife/s its s9c]e respect = all 
t is good & = all t is m]itori\s4       
,heav5 has impos$ on u ! duty ( acquir+ 
all ! k we c4 ,9 dis*>ge ( ?is          
heav5-born duty1 we %\ld beg9 at once ! 
great "w ( self-culture1--a "w nev] to  
be discont9u$4 ,he :o w\ld build a      
spaci\s & a l(ty temple1 a fit          
dwell+-place = div9ity1 mu/ fir/ lay !  
f\ndations broad & deep1--n 9 s&1 b on a
 rock2 & !n1 ?\gh /orm & tempe/ beat    
aga9/ x1 x _c fall1 because x is f\nd$  
on a rock4  ,b 9 adopt+ a sy/em (       
self-culture1 too mu* c>e _c be be/[$ on
 ! cultivation ( y\r mann]s1 y\r        
attitudes1 y\r /yle ( conv]sation1 & y\r
 expression ( s5tim5t4 ,9 reg>d to      
mann]s1 x is impossible to prescribe    
exact rules4 ,! be/ models = y to copy  
are to be f\nd 9 ! mann]s ( ! model m5 &
 wom5 ( our c\ntry :o give tone to      

society4 ,at any rate1 be gov]n$ by good
 s5se & by ! dictates ( nature1 s       
modifi$ by art z to conceal art4 ,to    
disguise art is ! p]fection ( art4 ,9   
?is lies ! secret p[] ( angelic *>ms1--!
 *>m ( poli%$ womanhood & manhood4  ,9  
y\r social int]c\rse employ a pure &    
unambiti\s /yle ( diction1 & be c>eful  
to ma9ta9 a quiet & unobtrusive         
deportm5t2 & above all ?+s avoid        
s+ul>ities & ecc5tricities1 nor attempt 
to attract att5tion = ! sake ( gratify+ 
an ov]we5+ vanity4 ,& :ile y manife/ a  
due respect = o!rs1 be c>eful to ma9ta9 
y\r own self-respect4 ,nev] indulge 9   
exhibit+ viol5ce ( temp]2 b on all      
occasions control y\r feel+s &          
expressions1 ?\gh provocations arise :i*
 ju/ly excite y\r indignation4  ,if y   
w\ld atta9 to ! highe/ possible /&>d (  
social ref9em5t & moral virtue1 y mu/   
rely on y\rselves1 mu/ look into !      
mirror ( y\r own he>ts & behold y\r own 
defects1 & !n proce$ at once to apply ! 
appropriate rem$ies4 ,to d ?is          

effectively may co/ y mu* labor1 yet !  
task w be f\nd comp>atively easy :5 y h 
resolv$ to execute x4  ,x is n only y\r 
privilege1 b y\r duty1 to acquire k f e 
s\rce1 z ! bee ga!rs honey f e fl[]4    
,collect & comp>e facts2 = 9 e fact1    
:e!r great or small1 !re lies hid a     
lesson ( wisdom1--a logic :i* is n only 
irresi/ible1 b div9e4 ,!ories are ( b   
little value unless atte/$ by facts4    
,all m]e !ories are alike wor?less1 :e!r
 !y relate to ! physical or moral _w4   
,prove all ?+s1 & hold fa/ t :i* is     
good4 ,no bett] rule ?an ?is1 = y\r     
guidance ?r\gh life1 ev] 0 or ev] c be  
giv54 ,facts1 ?\gh /ubborn ?+s1 are nev]
 falsehoods4 ,y may !re=e reg>d facts z 
tru?1 z ! k9d ( m5tal food y %\ld       
acquire1 dige/1 & conv]t into nutrim5t1 
& ?us gr[ /rong & wise1 until y h       
realiz$ ! great fact t man 0 creat$ b a 
little l[] ?an ! angels4  ,= ! purpose (
 self-culture1 9 its highe/ s5se1 an    
ord9>y lifetime seems q too %ort1 ?\gh  
prolong$ to ?reescore ye>s & t54 ,!     

value ( "t _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,if we w\ld
 b consid] h[ _m preci\s mom5ts we      
fritt] away & lose 9 an unpr(itable     
mann]1 we %\ld see t x is ! want ( a due
 reg>d = ! value ( "t1 r ?an a want (   
"t1 ( :i* we %\ld compla94 ,x is n1     
!re=e1 ! fault ( a ,div9e ,provid5ce t  
we h n "t en\gh to p]fect ourselves 9 ! 
arts ( a ref9$ civilization1 & 9 !      
realization ( ! highe/ enjoym5t ( :i*   
our nature is capable4 ,:atev] else y   
may lose1 nev] lose a mom5t ( "t :i* c  
be pr(itably employ$4 ,a mom5t ( "t once
 lo/ c nev] be rega9$4 ,insignificant z 
a mom5t may seem1 y\r de/9y may dep5d on
 ! improvem5t y may make ( x1 on ! de$  
or ?\ght x may prompt4 ,life1 ?\gh long1
 is made up ( mom5ts1 & t]m9ates 9 a    
mom5t2 & all true k is f\nd$ 9 tru?4    
,if y w\ld prolong y\r lives1 & enjoy   
heal? & happ9ess accompani$ ) vigor (   
m9d1 /udy ! laws ( heal? & obey !m4     
,make y\rselves ?or\ghly acqua9t$ )     
y\rselves1 by becom+ acqua9t$ ) !       
physiology ( ! human sy/em1 & by liv+ 9 

compliance ) ! requisitions ( its       
pr9ciples4 ,nature is ! be/ physician y 
c employ1 :atev] may be y\r malady2 b 9 
ord] to be heal$ by h] prescriptions1 y 
mu/ apply to h] 9 "t1 & adopt ! uni=m & 
temp]ate habits ( life :i* h] laws      
require4  ,x is said t ,nature has h]   
favorites4 ,?is may be true4 ,x w\ld    
seem t "s p]sons are born poets1 "s     
philosoph]s1 "s fiddl]s1 "s "o ?+1 & "s 
ano!r4 ,x may be said t su* p]sons are  
speciali/s1 born to accompli% a special 
purpose4 ,!y d\btless subs]ve ! int]e/s 
( mank9d z models1 or /&>ds ( m]it1 9 _!
 respective specialties2 yet to be born 
a g5ius is n 9 itself a matt] ( m]it1 b 
x is ! good "o does 9 ! _w :i* creates  
m]it & cr[ns life ) honors4  ,ne>ly all 
( our truly great m5 are m5 (           
self-culture1 :o h acquir$ bra9s by !   
sl[ process ( a lifelong indu/ry 9 !    
pursuit ( k4 ,?is class ( m5 are n only 
mu* m num]\s ?an born g5iuses1 b mu* m  
useful4 ,!y h a wid] range ( intellect &
 wield a wid] influ5ce4 ,!y are m5 :o   

read1 ?9k1 & dige/ :at !y read4 ,9 _!   
*oice ( books !y select /&>d au?ors4 ,!y
 are n book-worms1 dev\r+ ev]y?+ t is   
publi%$2 nor are !y lit]>y dyspeptics1  
:o fe$ on s5tim5talism & ,fr5* cook]y1 b
 hale1 he>ty m51 :o pref] common-s5se & 
roa/ beef1--c>+ m = ! quality ( _! food 
?an = ! quantity4  ,! _w 9 :i* we live  
is a beautiful _w4 ,he :o made x        
pron\nc$ x good1 & design$ x = !        
resid5ce ( ! good4 ,x is 9 itself a     
p>adise = all :o *oose to make x a      
p>adise4 ,9 a physical s5se1 x is n only
 a beautiful _w1 b a great /oreh\se full
 ( k1 full ( wisdom1 full ( facts1--a   
record ( ! pa/ & ( ! future1 writt5 by a
 div9e h&4 ,9 %ort1 x is ! great ,book (
 ,life--( ,revelation--9 e ^w ( :i* we  
may f9d an outspok5 ?\ght1--            
,tongues 9 trees1 books 9 ! runn+       
brooks1      ,s]mons 9 /ones1 & good 9  
ev]y?+4   ,9 e/imat+ y\r life-"w1 y %\ld
 feel t y\rs is a high de/9y1 & t mu* is
 expect$ ( y4 ,if y w\ld succe$ 9 ! _w1 
y mu/ h fai? 9 y\rselves z well z 9 a   

,div9e ,provid5ce1 & act ^u ! pr9ciple t
 ,god helps ^? :o help !mselves4 ,:]ev] 
y g1 make y\rselves z acceptable & z    
agreeable to all ) :om y come 9 contact 
z possible4 ,if y w\ld be pref]r$1 pref]
 o!rs2 & if y w\ld be belov$1 scatt]    
fl[]s by ! wayside ( life1 b nev] plant 
?orns1 & 9 all y d & say1 unite mode/y )
 simplicity & s9c]ity4  ,!re c be no    
true manhood or womanhood t does n re/  
on "*1 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,9 fact1
 x is ! "* we be> t def9es our social   
position4 ,! =mation ( "* is a "w ( our 
own1 & requires ! ex]cise ( all ! bett] 
& high] p[]s ( our nature4 ,on "* dep5ds
 n only our usefulness 9 life1 b our    
individual happ9ess4 ,"* is ! engrav$   
m>k1 or sign1 by :i* e individual is    
kn[n1 & indicates ! ess5tial traits ( 8 
moral composition1 ! qualities ( 8 head 
& he>t1 z display$ 9 8 aspirations & 9 !
 "w ( 8 life4 ,"* is m endur+ ?an       
reputation4 ,god respects "*2 man       
respects reputation4 ,! "o is z la/+ z  
et]nity2 ! o!r z evanesc5t z ! bubble t 

glitt]s 9 ! sun%9e = a mom5t1 & !n      
disappe>s =ev]4  ,9 =m+ a true "*1 su*  
an "o z cr[ns ! true man ) an imp]i%able
 diadem1 !re are _m ?+s to be consid]$1 
especially ! mat]ials :i* ent] into its 
moral masonry4 ,its f\ndation mu/ be    
solid & immovable1 its sup]/ructure *a/e
 & elegant1 & its proportions h>moni\s &
 beautiful4 ,l a temple built = ! gods1 
x %\ld be wor?y ( ! gods4 ,x %\ld be n  
only beautiful 9 its ext]ior1 b be 9 its
 int]ior ! life-"w ( a truly h]oic s\l4 
,"* repres5ts s\l4 ,z "* is m\ld$ by    
human in/rum5talities1 s is s\l4 ,s\l is
 !re=e ! ess5ce ( a true manhood1 a liv+
 pr9ciple t _c die4 ,x is an influ5ce 9 
itself1 & out ( itself1 felt ev]y:]e &  
=ev]4 ,x is ! moral life & ! et]nal     
life4 ,l a pebble ca/ into ! broad      
ocean1 its impulse is s5sibly felt by ! 
entire ocean2 e p>ticle moves a p>ticle1
 until ! va/ deep is mov$4 ,su* is      
individual influ5ce4 ,if "*1 !n1 be :at 
x %\ld be1 tru?ful1 noble1 div9e1 x w   
necess>ily be godlike1 & ex]t an        

influ5ce 9 h>mony ) ! b5evol5t designs (
 ,heav54  ,& yet !re are ?\s&s :o seem  
to live )\t purpose1--live m]ely to     
vegetate4 ,( c\rse su* p]sons d n live 9
 e>ne/1 & h5ce d no?+ 9 e>ne/4 ,!y h    
life1 b no l(ty aspirations4 ,!y may h  
s\ls2 b if s1 !y rema9 undevelop$4 ,9   
fact1 p]sons ( ?is "* h no "*1 no e>ne/ 
"w1 no significance4 ,& = ?is reason1   
?\gh liv+1 !y are lit]ally dead4 ,if we 
w\ld make ! _w :at x %\ld be1 we mu/    
fir/ make ourselves :at we %\ld be4 ,!  
"w mu/ beg9 at home 9 our own he>ts1 & )
 a view to our own moral ne$s4  ,9 !    
cultivation ( a pure he>t-life1 we %\ld 
beg9 by cultivat+ a consci5ce void (    
(f5ce4 ,if we w\ld unlock ! gate (      
p>adise1 we mu/ look = ! key :]e x is to
 be f\nd4 ,we may re/ assur$ t x _c be  
f\nd 9 an uncultivat$ field ( brambles &
 bri]s1 nor amid ! rubbi% ( a missp5t   
life2 yet to f9d x1 only requires       
dilig5t se>*4 ,?\gh ev]y?+ beautiful1   
ev]y?+ noble1 ev]y?+ sublime1 may lie 9 
! di/ance1 yet x is atta9able2 x is !   

ultimatum t we %\ld seek1--some?+       
sub/antial1 some?+ et]nal4 ,m]e fame is 
no?+ wor?4 ,x is a ?+ ( e>?1 & n (      
heav54  ,!re may be an innate feel+ or  
pr9ciple t con/itutes :at is call$      
consci5ce2 yet x mu/ be conc$$ t        
consci5ce is practically b ! product or 
outgr[? ( education1 & may !re=e be s   
m\ld$ z to become ! j or unju/ judge ( !
 moral que/ions :i* involve bo? our     
pres5t & future welf>e4 ,h[ important1  
!n1 t ?is judge %\ld n only be a        
righte\s1 b an educat$ judge1 famili> ) 
! pr9ciples ( "r & wrong1 & /]n 9 !     
application ( !m6 ,9 a ^w1 consci5ce is 
! c5tral life ( "*1--! sil5t monitor )9 
our own brea/s1 ^: moral influ5ce       
controls our de/9y4  ,! law ( love may  
be reg>d$ z ! great law :i* und]lies all
 law1 because x is div9e4 ,9 fact1 love 
is ! law t p]vades ! univ]se1 & 9 itself
 is suffici5tly indicative ( our moral  
obligations4 ,he :o is gov]n$ by x1 _c  
err4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 :at we d =         
ourselves1 b r :at we d = o!rs1 t c af=d

 ! mo/ sub/antial happ9ess4 ,if y w\ld  
receive1 y mu/ give1 influ5c$ by a k9d &
 g5]\s _s4 ,ov]come evil ) good4 ,9 ?is 
way1 l a moral ,alex&]1 y may conqu] !  
_w4  ,x is d\btless true t consci5ce1   
be+ ess5tially ! outgr[? ( education1 is
 ev] 9 a =mative /ate1 & may !re=e be   
/r5g!n$ & elevat$ 9 its moral p]ceptions
 by culture4 ,! m p]fect its judgm5t1 ! 
m p]fect ! man or woman4 ,!re c be no   
religion )\t consci5ce2 nor c !re be    
consci5ce )\t religion4 ,! "o is a      
c\nt]p>t ( ! o!r2 & equally true is x t 
! "* ( ! "o reflects ! "* ( ! o!r4  ,a  
true religion does n consi/ 9 a m]e     
pr(ession ( fai?1 nor 9 *ur* memb]%ip1 b
 9 t :i* is ! lead+ pr9ciple ( our      
lives2 9 t :i* b9ds u to a*ieve an      
ultimate aim2 9 t :i* calls into ex]cise
 all our moral p[]s1 & h>monizes our    
lives ) ! requisitions ( ! div9e law4   
,yet any religion is bett] ?an none4    
,ev5 ! pagan is n de/itute ( a religion 
( "s sort1 h[ev] debas$ x may be4 ,x is 
simply ! ref9em5t ( a high] civilization

 :i* has made ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pagan 
& ! ,*ri/ian4 ,no?+ c be m important1   
!re=e1 ?an ! k9d ( education :i* is     
be/[$ on u 9 *ildhood1 or ! k9d (       
self-culture :i* we *oose to be/[ on    
ourselves4 ,& ?\gh circum/ances may be  
adv]se to our int]e/s1 x is our duty to 
conqu] circum/ances1 & take into our own
 h&s ! fabrication ( our =tunes4 ,9 ?is 
life e day br+s ) x new lessons2 & ?\gh 
"s ( !m may be p]nici\s1 all ( !m h _!  
value4 ,if !re 7 no?+ evil1 !re w\ld be 
no?+ good1--= ! reason t !re w\ld be no 
contra/1 no /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,& yet    
betwe5 good & evil !re is no halfway    
h\se1 no happy m$ium4  ,9 e "q ( "r &   
wrong !re are b two sides4 ,! "o or !   
o!r we mu/ take1 ei!r directly or       
indirectly4 ,we _c take a neutral /& if 
we w\ld2 nor c we id5tify ourselves )   
bo? sides4 ,s9c]ity & hypocrisy are n   
born ( ! same p>5tage1 & _c !re=e walk  
h& 9 h&1 nor take ! same social         
position4 ,!y are m>k$ by a diff]5t     
sign1 & by _! sign !y are readily       

recogniz$4 ,appe> :]e !y w1 ! "o w be   
respect$1 ! o!r despis$4  ,if y w\ld    
excel 9 any?+1 9 any p>ticul> pursuit1 y
 mu/ fir/ resolve to excel1 & !n        
p]sev]e1 co/ :at x w4 ,if y enc\nt]     
lions 9 y\r pa?1 ext]m9ate !m4 ,9 asc5d+
 m\nta9s1 make difficulties y\r         
/epp+-/ones1 & nev] look back until y   
rea* ! summit1 & c brea! freely 9 a pure
 atmosph]e4 ,if y w\ld rea* ! />s1      
con/ruct y\r own ladd]1 & climb until y 
n only rea* !m1 b are cr[n$ ) !m4 ,! s\l
 nev] becomes truly h]oic until x       
becomes truly godlike 9 its aspirations 
& purposes4  ,x is only 9 ! practice ( !
 c>d9al virtues--prud5ce1 ju/ice1       
temp]ance1 =titude--t we acquire t div9e
 p[] :i* alone c make u div9e4 ,x is    
only 9 ! adoption ( l(ty aims t we c    
expect to rea* a l(ty ideal4 ,ev]y?+ is 
possible to him :o has resolv$ to make x
 possible4 ,9 o!r words1 :]e !re is a w 
!re is a way4 ,! w is ! motive-p[]2 if  
?is be want+1 !n all is want+ t goes to 
make up ! "* ( an h]oic s\l4 ,! _w ne$s 

moral z well z physical h]oes1--h]oes :o
 "k _! duty1 & d>e d x4 ,9 ! battle (   
life none b ! wise & ! valiant c be     
safely intru/$ ) ! comm&4 ,! ho/ile p[]s
 ( d>kness1 ( ignorance1 ( sup]/ition1  
*all5ge ! field1 & _c be ov]come )\t a  
sev]e conflict4 ,! crisis has come4     
,:e!r arm$ or un>m$1 y mu/ meet ! foe2 =
 results y mu/ tru/ 9 y\rselves4 ,x w   
nev] d to tru/ 9 %ields1 9 brea/plates1 
9 fire-arms1 or 9 fai? )\t works4 ,if y 
w\ld conqu]1 y mu/ g into battle inspir$
 ) l(ty aims1 & ) a div9e en?usiasm2 !n 
w victory p]* on y\r /&>d1 & ! eagle (  
fre$om1 fire-ey$1 pi]ce ! sun4  ,& yet y
 %\ld rememb] t 9 y\r attempts to a*ieve
 success1 y mu/ des]ve success4 ,x is   
only 9 sev]e moral discipl9e t y c see  
:at y ne$1 & acquire :at y ne$1--em95t  
virtue1 indu/ry1 & sagacity4 ,9 social  
life1 be social1 amiable1 & accompli%$2 
9 dome/ic life1 be some?+ m1--be k9d1   
consid]ate1 & sympa!tic4 ,:e!r y h "o or
 m tal5ts1 improve !m2 !y w gr[ bright] 
by con/ant use4 ,:atev] may be y\r      

capacities1 nev] indulge 9 va9          
aspirations4 ,h[ev] s$uctive !          
temptations :i* may beset y1 nev]       
compromise y\r integrity4 ,h[ev]        
ambiti\s y may be 9 y\r ultimate aims1  
reg>d a good moral "* z ( inf9ite value4
 ,always true to y\rselves1 be true to  
o!rs4 ,place implicit confid5ce 9 no "o1
 b confide 9 ! /r5g? ( y\r own          
individuality4 ,9 adv]sity be hopeful1 &
 always look on ! bright side ( ?+s4  ,9
 select+ a pr(ession or bus9ess = life1 
be gov]n$ by y\r natural ta/e or        
capacity1--y\r peculi> tal5t = ?is or t 
pursuit4 ,if emb>rass$ by circum/ances1 
nev] yield to !m1 b resolve to excel 9  
:atev] y und]take4 ,p]sev]ance is !     
secret ( success4 ,if born ) ! gift (   
g5ius1 make x available2 d some?+ new2  
inv5t some?+ new2 & 9 ?is way bequea?   
some?+ valuable to mank9d4 ,9 o!r words1
 live = mank9d1 & if ne$ be1 die =      
mank9d4 ,adopt ?is z ! religi\s s5tim5t 
( y\r life1 & act 9 accordance ) x1 &   
y\r works w suffici5tly atte/ ! purity (

 y\r fai?4  ,& yet y are n requir$ to   
crucify y\rselves2 b on ! contr>y1 x is 
y\r duty1 :ile /riv+ to live = o!rs1 to 
live = y\rselves1 & ?us make y\rselves &
 y\r homes z happy z possible4 ,x is n 9
 ! %ade1 b 9 ! sun%9e1 t y %\ld seek to 
live4 ,x is only ! n[ ( life1 ! fleet+  
pres5t1 ( :i* y are c]ta94 ,if1 !n1 y   
w\ld be prosp]\s1 if y w\ld be happy1 if
 y w\ld look to ! future ) a pleas+     
hope1 s live z to feel t y are su/a9$1 9
 all y d1 by an approv+ consci5ce1 & by 
! div9e c\nsels ( ,inf9ite ,wisdom4 ,x  
is only by liv+ ?us t y c make life on  
e>? :at x %\ld be1--a heav5-life4  ,he  
:o made all ?+s has made no di/9ction   
betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,x is man t has made
 ! di/9ction4 ,! natural atmosph]e :i*  
surr\nds ! e>? is pure & heal?ful2 x is 
only ! moral atmosph]e t has become     
impure & delet]i\s4 ,x ne$s no *emical  
ag5cies to purify x2 x mu/ be purifi$1  
if at all1 by moral ag5cies4 ,9 o!r     
words1 we mu/ recognize our obligations 
to our fell[-m51 & obey ! ,gold5 ,rule1 

z prescrib$ by ! law ( love1 if we w\ld 
succe$ 9 mak+ e>? a heav54  ,almo/ e    
,am]ican ( culture has an object 9 view 
= :i* he lives1--"s ultimate aim or     
aspiration :i* /imulates him to ef=t4 ,x
 may be a desire to excel 9 "s "o ( !   
le>n$ pr(essions1 or to become a        
millionnaire1 a h]o 9 ! battle-field1 a 
,solon 9 ! halls ( legislation1 p]haps  
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 attempt+
 a*ievem5ts ( ?is "*1 x %\ld be rememb]$
 t k is ! basis ( success4 ,x is k t    
gives p[]1 & wisdom t %\ld direct u 9   
wield+ x4 ,yet a man may be le>n$1 &    
/ill be a ciph] 9 ! _w4 ,god gave to man
 a div9e outl9e1 & !n left him to p]fect
 himself1 at lea/ 9 a m5tal s5se4 ,?is  
he mu/ d1 or rema9 an animal1 & fe$ on  
husks4  ,ne>ly all our great m5 are     
self-made m54 ,?is is true ( ,wa%+ton1  
,frankl91 ,jeff]son1 & scores ( o!rs :o1
 l !m1 h acquir$ an enviable r5[n4 ,?us1
 9 all ages ( ! _w1 h m5 ( noble        
aspirations rea*$ em95t positions &     
immortaliz$ _! names4  ,x is some:at    

surpris+1 h[ev]1 t mo/ ( our ,am]ican   
graduates look to ! le>n$ pr(essions1 r 
?an to a practical bus9ess life1 z af=d+
 ! wide/ field = ! acquisition ( weal? &
 high social position4 ,?is1 x seems to 
me1 is a great mi/ake4 ,n m ?an "o      
pr(essional man 9 t5 ev] rises above    
m$iocrity 9 8 pr(ession1 ?\gh he may    
prove to be useful1 & succe$ 9 acquir+ a
 com=table livelihood4  ,9 fact1 ! le>n$
 pr(essions h yet to le>n t ! supply    
exce$s ! dem&4 ,& h5ce !re is b little  
use 9 attempt+ to %9e z a /> 9 any ( !  
pr(essions1 unless y h a suffici5t      
brilliancy to take rank z a /> ( ! fir/ 
magnitude4  ,& yet we _c h too _m m5 (  
lib]al education2 ! m ! bett]4 ,!y are  
ne$$ 9 e pursuit 9 life1 & 9 e place4 ,x
 is n ! occupation t dignifies a man1 b 
! man t dignifies ! occupation4 ,:5 y h 
*os5 a pursuit1 :atev] x may be1 aim    
high4 ,yes1--        ,give me a man ) an
 aim1         ,:atev] t aim may be2     
,:e!r x's weal? or :e!r x's fame1       
,x matt]s n to me4        ,let him walk 

9 ! pa? ( "r1        ,& keep 8 aim 9    
sight1      ,& "w & pray 9 fai? alway1  
,) 8 eye on ! glitt]+ height4           
,give me a man :o says1         ',i w d 
some?+ well1        ,& make ! fleet+    
days         ,a /ory ( labor tell4'     
,?\gh aim he has be small1        ,x is 
bett] ?an none at all2      ,) some?+ to
 d ! :ole ye> ?r\gh1        ,he w n     
/umble or fall4       ,b ,satan weaves a
 sn>e         ,= ! feet ( ^? :o /ray    
,) nev] a ?\ght or c>e         ,:]e !   
pa? may lead away4        ,! man :o has 
no aim        ,n only leaves no "n      
,:5 ?is life is done1 b1 t5 to "o1      
,he leaves a record ( %ame4       ,give 
me a man ^: he>t         ,is fill$ )    
ambition's fire2        ,:o sets 8 m>k 9
 ! />t1         ,& keeps mov+ high] &   
high]4        ,bett] to die 9 ! /rife1  
,! h&s ) labor rife1      ,?an to glide 
) ! /ream 9 an idle dream1        ,&    
lead a purposeless life4       ,bett] to
 /rive & climb         ,& nev] rea* !   
goal1        ,?an to drift along ) "t1  

,an aimless1 wor?less s\l4        ,ay1  
bett] to climb & fall1        ,or s[1   
?\gh ! yield be small1      ,?an to ?r[ 
away day aft] day1        ,& nev] /rive 
at all4     ,,am]ica ,,& ,,h] ,,future4 
,!re is some?+ 9 ! v "n ( ,am]ica1 :5   
appli$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* c>ries ) 
x an inspir+ influ5ce1--an ideal (      
fre$om & ( true manhood4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! 
incid5ts ( h] orig91 9 connection ) !   
ev5ts ( h] subsequ5t c>e]1 x w\ld seem t
 ,am]ica is none o!r ?an a *ild ( de/9y4
  ,%e 0 born amid ! /orms ( a           
revolution1 & comm5c$ at bir? to "w out 
! great problems ( civil & religi\s     
lib]ty4 ,%e has an abid+ fai? 9 h]self1 
& believes x to be h] mission to        
orig9ate new views & discov] new        
pr9ciples1 z well z to try new exp]im5ts
 9 ! sci5ce ( popul> gov]nm5t4 ,!       
greate/ peculi>ity 9 h] "* is t h] pa/  
_c be safely accept$ z an index ( h]    
future2 9 o!r words1 h] pa/ is n likely 
to be repeat$4 ,9 fact1 %e does n wi% to
 repeat or p]petuate any?+ t c be       

improv$4 ,h] political cre$ is z simple 
z x is brief1--! greate/ good to !      
greate/ numb]2 & yet x is ! mo/ complex 
cre$1 p]haps1 t ev] exi/$1 involv+      
que/ions :i* h n be51 & _c be1          
satisfactorily settl$4  ,am]ica kn[s :at
 %e has be51 b does n "k :at %e w be4 ,x
 is d\btful if %e kn[s :at %e w\ld be4  
,%e has sev]al favorite wat*words1 su* z
 progress1 fre$om1 & equal rights1 & b  
few1 if any1 settl$ op9ions4 ,h] pres5t 
position1 un/able z x may be1 is h]     
/&po9t ( judgm5t4 ,9 attempt+ to a*ieve 
:at %e mo/ desires1 %e relies on        
exp]im5t r ?an prec$5t4 ,9 h] =eca/     
consi/ h] welf>e & h] political         
sagacity2 yet %e c no m pr$ict ?an      
control h] future4 ,none b a div9e      
intellig5ce c compreh5d ! ext5t or      
gr&eur ( h] future4  ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 ! 
rapidity ( h] c>e] approa*es railway    
spe$4 ,:at imp$im5ts may lie 9 h] track1
 or :at collisions may occur1 x is      
impossible = man to =esee4 ,x w\ld seem1
 h[ev]1 t %e is an in/rum5tality 9 div9e

 h&s2 a nationality1 ^: task x is to "w 
out ! great problem ( a j gov]nm5t1--"o 
9 :i* all political p[] is ve/$ 9 ! p1 &
 ex]cis$ by ! p = ! common purpose (    
secur+ ! greate/ possible good to !     
greate/ possible numb]4 ,! "r to live "u
 su* a gov]nm5t is a natural "r1 & %\ld 
be accord$ to e human be+1 ! _w ov]4  ,9
 all human gov]nm5ts !re are1 & probably
 ev] w be1 m or less imp]fections gr[+  
out ( mi/ak5 !ories1 or aris+ f _!      
practical work+s4 ,?\gh x may n be      
possible by legislation or o!rwise to   
rem$y e imp]fection1 yet !re c be no    
political inequality :i* may n be s f>  
modifi$ z to ext5d to e citiz5 equal    
rights & equal ju/ice4 ,!re is a natural
 love ( fre$om & ( ju/ice implant$ )9 ! 
human brea/1 :i* lies at ! f\ndation1 n 
only ( ! political1 b ( ! social1       
fabric4 ,?is love ( fre$om & ( ju/ice is
 an in/9ctive feel+1 if n an inspir$    
s5tim5t1 :i* ennobles ! patriot1 &      
conv]ts him into a h]o4 ,:5 oppress$1 ! 
true h]o smites 8 oppressor4 ,?is is a  

law ( 8 nature--an attempt to r$ress a  
wrong--& !re=e an elem5t ( human        
gov]nm5t4 ,:5 a civil gov]nm5t has be5  
in/itut$1 positive law becomes ! rule ( 
"r4 ,b :5 nations diff]1 & diplomacy    
fails 9 its mission1 !re rema9s no      
recogniz$ alt]native = adju/m5t b a     
ref]5ce to ! arbitram5t ( ! sword4 ,?is 
f9al me?od ( r$ress+ national wrongs has
 desc5d$ to mod]n times f ! primitive   
ages ( b>b>ism1 & :5 adopt$1 z (t5      
t]m9ates 9 p]petuat+ ! wrong z 9 r$ress+
 x4 ,x is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 a me?od   
:i* is entirely inconsi/5t ) ! ref9$    
civilization ( ! pres5t age4  ,!re seems
 to be no good reason :y an int]national
 code ( laws might n be adopt$ by all   
civiliz$ nations = _! common gov]nm5t 9 
r$ress+ _! grievances4 ,if su* a code   
c\ld be fram$ & accept$1 x w\ld n only  
secure ! j rights ( nations f infraction
 z aga9/ ea* o!r1 b w\ld unite !m 9 _!  
mutual int]e/s & sympa?ies by !         
indissoluble ties ( a common frat]nity4 
,!n all diff]5ces & diss5sions c\ld be  

settl$1 z !y %\ld be1 by negotiation or 
volunt>y submission to arbitration2 & !n
 w>s w\ld cease1 & riv]s ( blood no     
long] fl[4  ,nations1 9 _! relations to 
ea* o!r1 are b individuals1 & %\ld1 z   
su*1 be subject$ to :olesome re/ra9ts by
 "s recogniz$ au?ority4 ,! prop]        
au?ority w\ld seem to be a repres5tative
 ,congress ( ,nations4 ,?is view ( !    
matt] is an ,am]ican idea1 & "o :i* has 
be5 sugge/$ by ,am]ican exp]i5ce4 ,!    
assumption t e nation is an indep5d5t   
sov]eignty1 if n absurd 9 !ory1 is by no
 means true 9 fact4 ,no civiliz$ nation 
c live )9 itself & = itself1 b mu/ & w1 
9 ord] to supply its wants1 hold        
comm]cial int]c\rse ) o!r nations4 ,!   
productions ( ! e>? belong to man1 & are
 ess5tial1 :e!r ( ?is or t clime1 to 8  
heal? & happ9ess1 & w !re=e be s\ght &  
di/ribut$4 ,ev5 ! social relations ( "o 
nation ) ano!r are h>dly less conducive 
to ! g5]al welf>e ?an _! comm]cial      
relations1 especially s9ce /eam-p[] & ! 
telegraph-wire h comp>atively made all  

m5 next-door neighbors4  ,9 ^! mod]n    
times no gov]nm5t :i* is n j 9 its      
adm9i/ration c long survive )\t provok+ 
a revolution4 ,x is only z a la/ resort 
t revolution becomes an elem5t>y "r1 &  
!n x mu/ succe$ 9 ord] to be recogniz$ z
 a "r4 ,nations succe$ ea* o!r z        
naturally z individuals1 soon] or lat]4 
,! int]e/ ( all1 :e!r national or       
individual1 is ! int]e/ ( ea*4 ,h5ce    
mank9d ! _w ov] %\ld be reg>d$ z a      
common bro!rhood1 entitl$ to ! enjoym5t 
( equal rights & equal ju/ice z !       
legitimate sequ5ce ( _! frat]nal        
relation%ip4 ,& yet nei!r 9 anci5t nor 9
 mod]n times d we f9d a p]fect gov]nm5t4
 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t we sometimes speak
 ( our own ,am]ican ,republic z a p]fect
 sy/em ( popul> gov]nm5t2 yet x is no?+ 
m1 9 fact1 ?an an unsatisfactory        
exp]im5t4 ,x is a sy/em :i* grew out (  
circum/ances1 & "o :i* *anges )         
circum/ances4  ,x 0 ne> ! close ( !     
eighte5? c5tury :5 ,am]ica began to lose
 h] affectionate reg>d = h] "m ,engl&4  

,?is *ange 9 h] affections grew out ( ! 
fact t ! "m ev9c$ a s9c]] love = money  
?an = ! welf>e ( h] daught]4            
,remon/rance1 ?\gh calmly utt]$1 prov$  
unavail+4 ,x 0 !n t ,am]ica = ! fir/ "t 
gave indications ( possess+ a pr\d      
puritanic _s t w\ld n brook oppression4 
,! imposition ( ! ,/amp ,act _h incurr$ 
h] displeasure2 nor did an invitation to
 take tea re/ore h] to equanimity4      
,in/ead ( condesc5d+ to take s mu* z a  
sip ( t favorite bev]age1 %e _h !       
audacity to commit :ole c>goes ( x to ! 
voracity ( ! ocean wave4 ,?is (f5ce     
provok$ ,engl& to take an av[$ ho/ile   
attitude4 ,am]ica1 /ill unaw$1 proce$$  
to beat h] pl\gh%>es & prun+-hooks into 
broadswords2 w>1 ) all its horrors1     
ensu$4 ,! result 0 t aft] a sev5-ye>s   
conte/1 lib]ty triumph$1 & ,am]ican     
indep5d5ce became an ackn[l$g$ fact4    
,am]ica _h /atesm5 9 ^? days :o 7 m5 (  
pluck4 ,:5 !y sign$ ! ,decl>ation (     
,am]ican ,indep5d5ce1 & proclaim$ x to !
 civiliz$ _w1 !y took _! lives 9 _! h&s1

 & s f> z human =esight c\ld det]m9e1 7 
z likely to rea* ! gall[s z to ma9ta9 ! 
position !y _h assum$4 ,b =tune favor$ !
 brave1 & in/ead ( asc5d+ ! gall[s1 !y  
asc5d$ ! p9nacle ( fame1 & n[ take rank 
among        ,! few1 ! immortal names   
,t 7 n born to die4   ,x w be recollect$
 t our ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 on l&+ at       
,plym\? ,rock1 ent]$ into a writt5      
compact :i* conta9$ ! g]ms ( a          
republic1--pr9ciples :i* 7 exp&$ 9 !    
subsequ5t articles ( colonial           
conf$]ation1 & f9ally 7 s develop$ &    
enl>g$ 9 _! sweep & compreh5sion z to   
con/itute n only ! framework1 b ! life &
 _s1 ( ! f$]al ,con/itution1 :i* has be5
 accept$ z ! writt5 w ( a free &        
magnanim\s p4 ,9 a republic l ours1 !   
popul> w1 :5 cle>ly express$1 comm&s    
respect & mu/ be obey$4 ,!re is no      
alt]native1 nor %\ld !re be4 ,z         
,am]icans1 we believe 9 ! ,con/itution1 
& 9 ! />s & /ripes1 & w\ld die1 if ne$  
be1 9 _! def5ce4 ,we also believe 9     
ourselves1 & 9 our capacity to take c>e 

( ourselves4 ,?is great fact is         
suffici5tly illu/rat$ 9 our pa/ hi/ory z
 a nation4  ,:5 h] population 0 b a     
small fraction ( :at x n[ is1 ,am]ica n 
only compell$ ,engl& to ackn[l$ge h]    
indep5d5ce1 b also compell$ h]1 9 a     
subsequ5t w>1 to ackn[l$ge ! doctr9e (  
free trade & sailors' rights4  ,ev]     
int5t on enl>g+ ! area ( fre$om1 ,am]ica
 next s5t out h] armies & took          
possession ( ! anci5t palaces ( !       
,montezumas1 & f9ally settl$ diff]5ces  
by accept+ ! gold5 l& ( ,cali=nia1 nor  
?\ght x at ! "t mu* ( a b>ga94 ,& la/1 n
 lea/1 %e suppress$ )9 h] own bord]s1   
despite ! adv]se influ5ces ( ,engl&1 "o 
( ! mo/ =midable rebellions ! _w ev]    
beheld1 & succe$$ 9 re/or+ frat]nal     
h>mony ?r\gh\t ! ,union4  ,9 ! hi/ory ( 
! _w !re h be5 _m =ms ( human gov]nm5t1 
:i* h aris5 at successive p]iods1 & :i* 
may be class$ z ! patri>*al1 !          
mon>*ical1 ! ari/ocratic1 & !           
democratic4 ,! la/ 0 orig9ally a direct 
rule ( ! p1 b f necessity & conv5i5ce   

has n[ become a repres5tative gov]nm5t1 
*os5 by ! p1 & controll$ by _! w &      
action z express$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( !     
ballot-box4 ,! doctr9e t ! majority mu/ 
rule is evid5tly bas$ on ! scriptural   
idea t 9 a multitude ( c\nsellors !re is
 safety2 & yet ?is is n always true4    
,m9orities are (t5 "r1 & majorities     
wrong4 ,:at is "r & :at is wrong1 is a  
matt] ( op9ion1 ev] *ang+ ) ! advance ( 
civilization4  ,take any =m ( gov]nm5t y
 please1 & analyze x1 & y w f9d t its   
vitality & its ability to pres]ve       
itself1 are bas$ on physical p[]1--a p[]
 to co]ce2 & :5 ?is p[] fails1 !        
gov]nm5t fails1 & ei!r an>*y or         
revolution is ! inevitable consequ5ce4  
,yet ! moral p[] ( a gov]nm5t1 ?\gh x   
may n save x1 is n less important ?an   
its physical p[]4 ,:5 bo? are ex]cis$ ) 
no o!r view ?an a s9c]e desire to       
promote ! public welf>e1 ! gov]nm5t is  
pretty c]ta9 ( be+ su/a9$1 & simply = ! 
reason t x is approv$ by a g5]\s &      
heal?ful public s5tim5t4 ,b let public  

s5tim5t become corrupt$ by ! influ5ces (
 aspir+ demagogues1 or by m5 :o av[     
pr9ciples 9 conflict ) ! public int]e/s1
 & no gov]nm5t1 h[ev] pure & j 9 its    
inception1 c long comm& respect1 or     
pres]ve its au?ority4  ,e nation has its
 repres5tative m54 ,am]ica has h]s4     
,cotton ,ma!r 0 a ,puritan & a !ocrat2  
,b5jam9 ,frankl91 a patriot & a         
philosoph]2 ,george ,wa%+ton1 a great   
g5]al & a model man2 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 a
 true democrat & a wise /atesman2 ,&rew 
,jackson1 a h]o at ,new ,orleans1 & a   
,jupit] 9 ! ,presid5tial *air2 &        
,abraham ,l9coln1 a man ( de/9y1 :o     
cru%$ rebellion1 & proclaim$ fre$om to  
f\r millions ( slaves4 ,^! 7 ! m5 ( p[] 
9 ! h&s ( ,div9e ,p[]2 & yet !y did n   
compreh5d ! sequ5ce ( _! mission4 ,_!   
a*ievem5ts m>k$ ! age 9 :i* !y liv$1 & w
 d\btless ex]cise a liv+ influ5ce1 m or 
less controll+1 ?r\gh\t ! com+ ages ( ! 
civiliz$ _w4  ,nations1 z well z        
individuals1 h _! de/9y 9 _! own h&s4 ,x
 is ! "* ( ! individuals con/itut+ !    

nation :i* gives to ! nation its true   
"*4 ,am]ica began h] c>e] by lay+ !     
f\ndations ( h] "*1 n 9 ! s&1 b on !    
rock ( free s*ools1 free *ur*es1 & a    
free public press4 ,)\t ^! in/itutions  
true fre$om c nei!r be acquir$1 nor be  
pres]v$4 ,!y are ! only legitimate      
nurs]ies ( a heal?ful & vigor\s public  
s5tim5t4 ,pres]ve ^! in/itutions1 & !   
nation w cont9ue to be free & prosp]\s &
 happy & p[]ful & glori\s4 ,& yet !re   
may be corrupt+ influ5ces gr[+ out ( !  
mann] 9 :i* a popul> gov]nm5t is        
adm9i/]$1 or gr[+ out ( ! ex]cise &     
ext5t ( ! "r ( popul> suffrage4  ,inde$1
 x has already become a grave "q h[ f> x
 is safe to ext5d ! "r ( suffrage4 ,x _c
 be d5i$ t our ,am]ican population is b 
an int]mixture ( diff]5t nationalities1 
?r[n toge!r by a common desire to become
 free m5 9 a free l&4 ,yet immigrants   
cont9ue to come f ! ,old ,_w1 diff]+ z  
widely 9 _! political & religi\s        
education & pr$ilections z 9 _!         
language1 cu/oms1 & social habits4 ,x is

 ?is =eign elem5t t makes our population
 :at x is1--an assimilat+1 & yet an     
unassimilat$ mass4 ,a five-ye>s         
resid5ce1 "u our pres5t naturalization  
laws1 entitles ali5s to citiz5%ip & ! "r
 ( suffrage4 ,:5 !y h acquir$ citiz5%ip1
 demagogues assume to be _! be/ fri5ds1 
only to deceive !m & advance _! own     
selfi% aspirations4 ,9 ?is way ! orig9al
 peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t nationalities 
are wr\ght into political subs]vi5cy1 & 
employ$ z an elem5t ( p[] 9 secur+ !    
balance ( p[]4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! p are
 fir/ corrupt$1 & !n ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is 9
 ?is way t we1 z a nation1 all[         
demagogues to educate ! masses into a l[
 & degrad+ e/imate ( :at con/itutes a   
popul> gov]nm5t1 & ( :at are its true   
legitimate objects4  ,! "r ( suffrage is
 cle>ly a political1 n a natural1 "r4 ,x
 %\ld be ex]cis$ ) wisdom1 & only )     
ref]5ce to ! greate/ good to ! greate/  
numb]4 ,! ignorant _c ex]cise ?is "r )  
safety1 = ! reason t !y are n           
suffici5tly intellig5t4 ,a c]ta9 degree 

( education %\ld !re=e be reg>d$ z an   
indisp5sable pr]equisite4 ,a m]e        
resid5ce ( five ye>s 9 ! c\ntry1 )\t !  
ability to read & write ! ,engli%       
language1 %\ld n be accept$ z a         
presumptive qualification1 ?\gh /r5g!n$ 
by an oa? ( allegiance4  ,!re are "s    
/atesm51 z well z o!r p]sons1 bo? 9 ?is 
c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 :o are e>ne/ly      
engag$ 9 agitat+ ! "q ( ext5d+ ! "r (   
suffrage to wom51 on ! gr\nd t wom5 are 
citiz5s1 & (t5 own taxable prop]ty1 &   
consequ5tly h ! same int]e/ z m5 9      
secur+ & ma9ta9+ a j & prop]            
adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t "u :i* !y     
live4 ,:ile ?is is true1 x is equally   
true t m5 are end[$ by nature ) m       
physical1 if n m m5tal1 /r5g? ?an wom51 
& h a high] reg>d = ! div9] sex ?an !y h
 = !mselves1 & consequ5tly 7 creat$ to  
be _! protectors & gu>dians4 ,9 fact1 ! 
two sexes are b c\nt]p>ts ( ea* o!r4 ,9 
,nature's ari?metic1 ! two c\nt b "o1 & 
%\ld be b "o 9 he>t & 9 life4 ,b someh[ 
or o!r1 _m ( ^! c\nt]p>ts get /rangely  

mismat*$1 or are nev] mat*$ at all4 ,?is
 is n a fault ( ,nature1 b a defect 9   
our social sy/em4 ,if x 7 consid]$ z    
prop] = wom5 z = m5 to be ! fir/ to     
propose m>riage1 x w\ld d\btless lead to
 ! happie/ results4 ,b tak+ ?+s z !y    
are1 ! ?\ght has occurr$ to me t x w\ld 
be wise = ! ,/ate to limit ! "r (       
suffrage to m>ri$ m51 = ! reason t su*  
m5 w\ld naturally feel ! deepe/ int]e/ 9
 su/a9+ a good gov]nm5t4 ,let ! "r to   
vote & to hold (fice dep5d on m>riage1  
let ! honors ( ,/ate & ( society be     
conf]r$ on none b ^? :o h honor$        
!mselves by assum+ ! duties &           
responsibilities ( w$d$ life1 & ,i d\bt 
n t all m>riageable ba*elors w\ld aspire
 to ! honors ( full citiz5%ip1 :ile     
m>riageable wom5 w\ld soon f9d _! prop] 
places 9 _! prop] sph]e1 & ! gov]nm5t   
become :at x %\ld be1--pure 9 its       
pr9ciples & j 9 its adm9i/ration4       
,am]ica is 9 a transition /ate1 & w 9   
all probability cont9ue to tru/ 9 !     
success ( untri$ exp]im5t1 r ?an rely on

 h] pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,b /ill !re survives  
)9 ! ,am]ican brea/ a popul> s5tim5t1   
:i*1 l ! magnetic ne$le1 ev] po9ts to an
 un]r+ pol> />4 ,x is only amid cl\ds & 
/orms t dang]s arise1 or become al>m+4  
,x is !re=e important t ! %ip ( ,/ate   
%\ld be intru/$ to none b skilful m>9]s4
 ,! pilot %\ld appreciate ! dignity ( 8 
position1 & compreh5d ! ext5t ( 8       
responsibilities4 ,:e!r ! gold5 age (   
,am]ica t]m9at$ ) ! outbreak ( h] great 
,civil ,rebellion1 or comm5c$ at ! date 
( its f9al suppression1 rema9s1 p]haps1 
an undecid$ "q2 yet !re are ?\s&s :o    
believe t h] gold5 age has pass$1 nev]  
to return4 ,?is may or may n be true4   
,x is h>dly to be expect$1 h[ev]1 t a   
happi] age w ev] arrive ?an t :i* exi/$ 
prior to ! ,s\!rn ,rebellion4 ,! p      
g5]ally1 bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 be=e an      
appeal to arms occurr$1 7 *>act]iz$ by a
 g5ial s9c]ity 9 ! expression ( _!      
political views & 9 ! recognition ( _!  
con/itutional obligations1 z well z 9 _!
 ecclesia/ical connections & social     

relations4 ,!y1 9 fact1 felt t !y 7 ak9 
to ea* o!r1 & reg>d$ ea* o!r z a common 
bro!rhood1 hav+ mutual int]e/s 9 su/a9+ 
a common gov]nm5t1--a gov]nm5t :i* _!   
fa!rs _h fram$1 & bequea!d to !m & to   
com+ g5]ations4 ,9 ?is g5ial relation1 =
 ne>ly a c5tury1 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? enjoy$
 un9t]rupt$ peace & prosp]ity2 & ,am]ica
 took h] position z "o ( ! great &      
p[]ful nations ( ! e>?4  ,x is to be    
hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! result ( ! late ,civil 
,w> w prove a bless+ 9 disguise1 ?\gh   
lad5 ) _m unpleasant memories4  ,if we  
_c oblit]ate ! d>k spots 9 ! sunlight ( 
our pa/ hi/ory z a republic1 we c at    
lea/ cultivate fri5dly relations & a    
lib]al _s1 su* z w give to our future   
hi/ory a spotless "*4  ,x n[ becomes a  
grave "q :e!r ! fre$om ( ! emancipat$   
slaves w prove a boon or a curse to !m4 
,z yet !y _c compreh5d _! relative      
position2 nor c !y =esee _! ultimate    
?\gh n di/ant de/9y4 ,z a race1 !y diff]
 widely 9 _! natural *>act]i/ics f !    
,saxon race among :om !y h be5 diffus$4 

,!y belong to ,africa4 ,! two races1 be+
 di/9ct 9 ! conditions ( _! orig9 &     
physical /ructure1 z well z 9 _!        
temp]am5t & ta/es1 c nev] h>monize z "o 
p1 ei!r 9 _! social or political        
relations1 on ! basis ( a p]fect        
equality4 ,! ?+ is impossible1 simply = 
! reason t ! law ( antagonism :i* exi/s 
betwe5 ! two races is f\nd$ 9 ,nature1 &
 is !re=e a div9e law1 :i* c nei!r be   
controll$ nor ess5tially modifi$ by     
legislation or education4 ,9 fact1 a w> 
( races has already become imm95t1 &    
mu/1 :5 x does come1 t]m9ate 9 !        
expulsion1 if n ext9ction1 ( ! ,african 
race4  ,9 ! future ( ,am]ica !re are    
my/ic ev5ts :i* "t only c disclose4     
,onw>d is ! wat*word ( ! liv+ pres5t4 ,e
 ,am]ican believes !re is a tide 9 !    
affairs ( m5 :i*1 tak5 at ! flood1 leads
 on to =tune4 ,! almighty doll> is 8    
lead+ />4 ,ho>ds ( gold & silv] glitt] 9
 ! di/ance4 ,9 acquir+ weal? he acquires
 p[]4 ,he kn[s t weal? is p[]2 & h5ce ! 
acquisition ( weal? has become ! rul+   

passion ( ! age4 ,9 o!r words1 money    
sup]s$es m]it1 :ile moral hone/y is held
 at a disc\nt4 ,lam5table z ! fact may  
be1 x is evid5t t an unscrupul\s desire 
to obta9 weal? & political honors       
p]vades all classes ( ,am]ican society1 
f ! highe/ to ! l[e/4  ,9 ord] to       
facilitate ! accumulation ( weal?1 &    
a*ieve _! ambiti\s aims1 individuals    
consolidate _! capital 9 corporations1 &
 corporations consolidate !mselves into 
ov]gr[n monopolies4 ,9 ?is way almo/ e  
lead+ bran* ( trade & ( manufactures1 z 
well z railroad int]e/s1 %ipp+ int]e/s1 
& telegraph l9es1 are m]g$ 9            
corporations1--9 fact1 ne>ly all t      
rema9s ( individuality is lo/ 9         
corporationality4 ,( c\rse ! m]e        
individual1 h[ev] m]itori\s1 becomes    
lit]ally p[]less unless recogniz$ by a  
corporation4 ,?\gh a trite say+1 x is   
nev]!less true t corporations are       
s\lless1 & !re=e devoid ( human feel+ & 
( human sympa?ies4 ,among ! mo/ =midable
 ( ^! monopolies are ! railroad         

corporations1 ev] busy 9 weav+ _!       
spid]-l webs ov] ! entire cont95t4 ,9   
dis*>g+ _! duties to ! public !y seldom 
subord9ate _! own int]e/s4  ,almo/ e man
 ( weal? 9 ,am]ica is a /ockhold] 9 "o  
or m incorporat$ companies1 & w ( c\rse 
act politically1 z well z individually1 
9 accordance ) 8 int]e/s4 ,bo? !        
comm]cial & f9ancial op]ations ( !      
c\ntry are ess5tially 9 ! h&s (         
corporations4 ,!y 9 fact monopolize !   
bank+ in/itutions2 & if !y d n control1 
!y evid5tly desire to control1 !        
legislation & gov]nm5t ( ! entire       
c\ntry4 ,inde$1 ! "t has already come1  
:5 9 q too _m in/ances ! popul> voice   
yields to ! corporative voice1 :ile     
p]sonal m]it & qualification = (fice    
become que/ions ( second>y importance4  
,x is easy to be se5 t corporative      
int]e/s h become n only gigantic1 b are 
engag$1 ) pick & spade1 9 und]m9+ ! v   
f\ndations ( ! ,republic4 ,if ! p w\ld  
pres]ve _! equal rights1 & enjoy !      
bless+s ( a free gov]nm5t1 !y mu/ n only

 rememb]1 b act on ! pr9ciple1 t et]nal 
vigilance is ! price ( lib]ty4  ,x is   
ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( capital to comb9e its 
productive en]gies t work+-m51 z !y are 
pleas$ to designate !mselves1 conceive !
 idea t capital & labor are antagoni/ic 
9 _! int]e/s4 ,h5ce work+-m51 especially
 m9]s & me*anics1 comb9e aga9/          
capitali/s = ! purpose ( secur+ high]   
rates ( wages4 ,9 do+ ?is1 !y resort to 
/rikes1 violate _! contracts1 & dictate 
_! own prices4 ,if _! t]ms are n        
accept$1 !y refuse to "w1 & ! great     
lead+ indu/ries ( ! c\ntry are crippl$1 
if n susp5d$4 ,a tra9 ( moral & physical
 evils foll[s1 :i* are m s]i\sly felt by
 ! /rik]s ?an by capitali/s4 ,if        
movem5ts ( ?is k9d are cont9u$1 ! obvi\s
 result w be to drive capital out ( !   
c\ntry to seek a m reliable inve/m5t4 ,x
 is labor t produces capital1 & capital 
t furni%es labor4 ,! "o mu/ dep5d on !  
o!r4 ,_! int]e/s are !re=e mutual1 & bo?
 are entitl$ to equal protection2 _!    
relations to ea* o!r mu/ necess>ily be  

regulat$ by ! law ( supply & dem&4 ,!re 
is no o!r law or p[] t c d x4 ,if =ce be
 appli$1 x is c]ta9 to react4 ,yet !    
field is alike op5 to all4 ,! labor] (t5
 becomes a capitali/1 & ! capitali/ a   
labor]4 ,:at are kn[n z /rikes1 !re=e1 c
 effect no la/+ good to any "o4 ,!y are 
b elem5ts ( social discord1 :i*         
demagogues seize & control = _! own     
aggr&izem5t4 ,9 fact1 ,trades ,unions   
are no?+ m nor less ?an organiz$        
conspiracies aga9/ capitali/s & ! be/   
int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,if tol]at$1 !      
gov]nm5t itself is 9 dang] ( be+        
ultimately subv]t$4 ,x is cle> t !      
t5d5cy ( ^! unions is to produce        
disunion4 ,!y h already become s        
=midable 9 numb]s & 9 political influ5ce
 z to r5d] x d\btful :e!r any           
legislation c\ld be obta9$1 or milit>y  
p[] en=c$1 :i* w\ld ei!r control or     
re/ra9 !m 9 _! action & ultimate aims4  
,9 view ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 x w\ld seem t 
! "t has come :5 ! ,am]ican p1 z a      
nation1 %\ld pause & take ! sob] second 

?\ght4  ,x is (t5 said t ! _w is gov]n$ 
too mu*4 ,b s f> z ?is c\ntry is        
conc]n$1 ! rev]se seems mu* ne>] ! tru?4
 ,our gov]nm5t is presum$ to be !       
creature ( public op9ion4 ,9 !ory x is  
s2 b 9 practice we g5]ally f9d t :at is 
call$ public op9ion is manufactur$ by a 
few s*em+ politicians1 ?r\gh !          
in/rum5talities ( pack$ conv5tions & a  
subs]vi5t public press4 ,& h5ce c&idates
 = (fice are select$ ) a view to _!     
availability r ?an = _! kn[n capacity & 
integrity4 ,?is failure to select ! be/ 
m5 ( ! c\ntry to gov]n x1 & adm9i/] its 
laws1 has already result$ 9 degrad+     
,am]ican "* by ! corrupt practices :i* x
 has g5]at$1 if n sanction$1 9 e        
dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t1 :e!r f$]al1 ,/ate1 
or municipal4  ,9 fact1 dang]s lurk on e
 side4 ,!re is no safety1 unless x c be 
f\nd 9 ! virtue & intellig5ce ( ! p4 ,if
 9 ?is respect ! p are defici5t1 x is ! 
fault ( _! education4 ,! rights (       
citiz5%ip %\ld dep5d on education1 & !  
masses1 if ne$ be1 %\ld be educat$ by   

compulsion4 ,z x n[ is1 ! le>n$         
pr(essions are reg>d$ z ! ma9 pill>s t  
su/a9 ! social fabric4 ,!y 9 fact give  
tone to public s5tim5t1 & erect ! /&>d (
 public morals4 ,! masses accept _!     
op9ions1 & seldom "q _! accuracy2 & yet 
! masses are (t5 misl$4 ,! few corrupt !
 _m4 ,h5ce x is t we s (t5 see ! lawy]1 
! doctor1 & ev5 ! cl]gyman1 sway$ 9 _!  
action by political inc5tives2 &        
especially is ?is true ( pr(ess$        
politicians & (ficial dignit>ies4 ,z a  
matt] ( c\rse1 public s5tim5t becomes   
demoraliz$1 & almo/ e species ( fraud & 
corruption comes to be reg>d$ z q       
respectable4 ,if = ?is /ate ( ?+s !re be
 a rem$y1 x is only to be f\nd 9 our    
public s*ools & 9 ! moral tea*+s ( our  
*ur*es4 ,x is "h t ! "w ( re=m mu/ beg91
 ! soon] ! bett]4 ,x %\ld beg9 by       
re-lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! ,republic deep]
 & broad]1 & ) pr9ciples z solid &      
p]man5t z ! masonry ( ! ev]la/+ hills4  
,:5 ?is great radical "w has be5        
accompli%$1 ! ?reat5+ cl\ds :i* n[ ca/  

_! %ad[s ov] our national future        
,w fold _! t5ts l ! ,arabs1      ,& z   
sil5tly /eal away4   ,:ile 9 ! t5d5cies 
( ! age we see mu* to admire1 we also   
see mu* to be regrett$4 ,9 a ^w1 !re is 
too mu* friction 9 ! complicat$ ma*9]y t
 sp9s & weaves ! web & wo( ( ,am]ican   
"*4 ,9 religion1 morals1 & politics1    
wide diff]5ces ( op9ion are to be       
expect$1 yet !y %\ld be hone/4 ,:ile a  
free public press may be reg>d$ 9 !ory z
 ! palladium ( ,am]ican lib]ty1 x seems 
to proce$ practically on ! belief t its 
own int]e/s are ! public int]e/s4       
,especially is ?is true ( ! political   
press4 ,money1 in/ead ( pr9ciple1 is too
 (t5 its guid+ />4 ,by its influ5ce1 m5 
9 (fice & out ( (fice are made & unmade 
at pleasure4 ,& ?is w ev] be ! case s   
long z editorial utt]ances are accept$ z
 oracul>4 ,& yet !re is hope1 & p]haps  
safety1 ev5 9 ! fre$om ( our p>tisan    
pr9ts1 s long z !y cont9ue to expose !  
falsities ( ea* o!r1 :atev] may be _!   
motives4 ,if1 z 9 ,*9a1 ! head ( e      

editor :o kn[+ly publi%es an untru? 7   
dem&$ z a =feit1 x is to be fe>$ t      
g5tlem5 ( ! tripod w\ld soon become few 
& f> betwe5 9 ?is broad l& ( ! free4    
,yet ! newspap] is ! controll+ p[] ( !  
gov]nm5t1 & ! m\?-piece ( public        
s5tim5t4 ,editors %\ld !re=e appreciate 
_! responsibility1 z well z take !      
responsibility4  ,?\gh rotation 9 (fice 
may be reg>d$ z a :olesome pr9ciple 9 ! 
adm9i/ration ( a popul> gov]nm5t1 x is  
evid5t f ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ t frequ5t     
elections t5d to di/urb ! peace & h>mony
 ( society4 ,"o political campaign      
sc>cely ends be=e ano!r beg9s4          
,especially is ?is true ( our           
,presid5tial elections4 ,! _s ( ^!      
elections ext5ds to all our local       
elections1 & (t5 r5d]s !m equally bitt] 
& intol]ant4  ,^! are gr[+ evils :i*    
seem to ?reat5 ! /ability ( ! ,republic1
 & :i* require ! application ( a radical
 rem$y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! "r ( suffrage
 %\ld be made uni=m 9 all ! ,/ates1 &   
ext5d to none except citiz5s :o c read1 

write1 & speak ! ,engli% language4 ,?is 
mu/ be done1 if we w\ld pres]ve our     
,am]ican nationality f a confusion (    
tongues & ! contam9ation ( disloyal     
pr9ciples4 ,9 ! next place1 ! ,presid5t 
%\ld be elect$ by a direct popul> vote =
 a t]m ( eight or t5 ye>s1 & be r5d]$   
ineligible !reaft]4  ,if provisions (   
?is "* 7 incorporat$ into ! f$]al       
,con/itution1 ! ,presid5t w\ld h no o!r 
motive 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 (ficial duties   
?an a desire to make = himself a good   
record2 :ile pr(essional politicians    
w\ld disappe>1 & our c\nty be sav$ f !  
demoraliz+ influ5ces ( a con/ant p>tisan
 w>f>e4  ,9 reg>d to ! ,presid5tial "q1 
! keynote is usually s\nd$ by ! fri5ds (
 ! adm9i/ration1 :o wi% to reta9 its    
patronage1 or by oppon5ts1 :o seek to   
ov]?r[ x = ! sake ( ! spoils4 ,?\gh     
c&idates = (fice cont5d l\dly =         
pr9ciples & re=m1 x is evid5t t ) _m (  
!m ! public treasury is ! c5tre (       
attraction4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t !re are
 "s honorable exceptions1--"s m5 :o are 

influ5c$ by patriotic motives1 :o love  
_! c\ntry & desire to promote its real  
welf>e1 & :o w\ld r d "r ?an be         
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,9 a      
gov]nm5t l ours1 :i* is ess5tially      
p>tisan 9 its "*1 !re exi/s a manife/   
want ( promptitude 9 ! ex]cise ( its    
c5tral p[]4 ,9 o!r words1 x takes a     
republic too long to move & execute 9 a 
crisis4 ,x is prev5t$ f do+ ?is by !    
popul> trammels :i* environ x4 ,& yet x 
is (t5 z difficult to asc]ta9 :at is !  
popul> w z x is to comply ) x4 ,= ?is   
reason x is (t5 a slavi% fe>1 r ?an a   
s5se ( "r1 t controls ! adm9i/ration ( !
 gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 our be/ m51 :5 plac$ 9  
p[]1 become s s5sitive to public op9ion 
t _! moral c\rage oozes out at _! f+]s' 
ends4 ,!y see lions 9 _! pa?1 & !re=e   
fe> to d _! duty4 ,s long z a love (    
(fice1 r ?an a love ( c\ntry1 influ5ces 
! action ( ! politician & ! /atesman1   
!re c be nei!r /r5g? nor /ability 9 !   
framework ( democratic in/itutions4 ,=  
an illu/ration ( ?is1 we ne$ only appeal

 to ! hi/ories ( ,greece & ,rome4       
,am]ica has produc$1 h[ev]1 _m model m51
 & d\btless w produce _m m ( a l "*4 ,x 
is m5 t we want1--m5 ( n]ve & pluck1 z  
well z m5 ( wisdom1 n only to enact our 
laws1 b to adm9i/] !m4 ,all conspiracies
 ( "o class aga9/ ! rights ( ano!r      
class1 or aga9/ ! rights ( individuals1 
%\ld by ,congressional enactm5t be      
decl>$ crimes1 & ! p]petrators promptly 
puni%$1 no matt] by :at "n _!           
associations may be kn[n4 ,x is ! prompt
 en=cem5t ( crim9al law t gives x moral 
=ce & ov]awes ! (f5d]4  ,x is impossible
 to pr$ict ! future1 except z we see x f
 a /&po9t ( ! pres5t4 ,h5ce x is1       
p]haps1 t we appreh5d dang]s :5 !re are 
none4 ,yet we "k t ! elem5ts (          
dissolution are incorporat$ into ! v    
mat]ial t con/itutes ! univ]se4 ,& s x  
is ) ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,! law ( *ange  
is univ]sal4 ,x affects alike bo? !     
moral & ! physical _w4 ,9 8 desires1    
man1 z an individual1 is insatiable2 & s
 are nations4 ,x is a prom95t trait (   

,am]icans to want t]ritory1 & to acquire
 t]ritory4 ,!y mu/ h elb[-room2 b !     
mis=tune is1 !y d n "k :5 !y h en\gh4 ,x
 seems z if !y aspir$ to grasp ! _w & to
 gov]n ! _w4  ,x is d\btless true t we1 
z a nation1 h already acquir$ too mu*   
t]ritory4 ,! result is1 ! gov]nm5t has  
become unwieldly1 & ! dang] great t x w 
break d[n1 soon] or lat]1 ( its own     
weight4 ,s va/ is ! national doma91 & s 
v>i\s is x 9 its climate1 productions1 &
 population1 t its c5tral p[] _c s      
legislate z to d equal ju/ice to all    
int]e/s1 & at ! same "t h>monize !      
conflict ( public s5tim5t4 ,?is /ate (  
?+s _h its influ5ce 9 produc+ ! outbreak
 ( ! late ,rebellion4 ,= grievances (   
?is "* !re w\ld seem to be no o!r rem$y 
?an t ( revolution4  ,we c b hope1      
h[ev]1 t ! ,/ates n[ kn[n z ! ,unit$    
,/ates w cont9ue to increase 9 numb]s1 &
 to h>monize z "o p1 "o nation1 & "o    
gov]nm5t4 ,yet x is q possible t ! "t w 
come :5 !y w sev] into gr\ps & become   
indep5d5t ( _! pres5t f$]al relation to 

ea* o!r1 9 accordance ) _! peculi>      
sectional int]e/s1 peaceably if !y c1   
=cibly if !y mu/4 ,!n1 in/ead ( "o1 we  
%all probably h sev]al indep5d5t        
,am]ican conf$]acies1 ^: future b\nd>ies
 are cle>ly indicat$1 n only by         
diff]5ces ( climate & productions1 b by 
,nature1 z m>k$ by h] great int]v5+     
riv]s1 lakes1 & m\nta9 ranges4 ,^!      
conf$]acies1 :5 organiz$1 w d\btless    
consi/ ( ^? gr\ps ( ,/ates n[ kn[n z !  
,ea/]n1 ,we/]n1 ,s\!rn1 & ,pacific      
,/ates4  ,9 addition to sectional       
int]e/s & geographical diff]5ces1 !re   
are o!r consid]ations t5d+ to induce a  
division ( ! ,union4 ,among ^! are an   
almo/ unlimit$ numb] ( political        
aspirants1 & a rapidly increas+         
population4 ,9 ,europe1 & 9 _m p>ts (   
,asia1 an ov]gr[n population1 9         
connection ) geographical diff]5ces &   
tribal di/9ctions1 is d\btless ! orig9al
 cause :i* l$ to subdivisions ( empire1 
& ! e/abli%m5t ( s _m petty k+doms z n[ 
exi/ 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,! same causes are  

evid5tly at "w on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & 
mu/ ultimately produce simil> results4  
,9 little m ?an a c5tury our population 
has increas$ f sev5 to sixty millions4  
,9 ! next c5tury1 at pres5t rates1 !    
increase f natural gr[? & ! influx f    
=eign emigration w 9 all probability    
approximate two or ?ree hundr$ millions4
 ,europe alone1 judg+ f pres5t          
indications1 w transf] to ?is cont95t )9
 t p]iod a l>ge %>e ( t numb]4 ,if ?is  
be assum$ z wor?y ( cr$5ce1 is x n "t t 
we1 z ,am]ican citiz5s1 %\ld look ahead1
 z well z g ahead1 & if possible1       
pres]ve our national "*8  ,x is true t  
an int]mixture ( =eign blood ) ,am]ican 
blood may t5d to develop a high] ord] ( 
manhood2 yet :5 we g s f> z to p]mit    
=eign languages to be taught 9 our      
public s*ools at ! public exp5se1 z     
ess5tial to an ,am]ican education1 & t1 
too1 at ! dictation ( d5iz5s ^:         
education & pr$ilections are 9 conflict 
) our own1 h we n reason to fe> !       
ultimate results8 ,if ?is insidi\s      

influ5ce ( =eign gr[? be all[$ to       
control our educational sy/em1 x w n be 
long be=e we %all adopt =eign habits &  
s5tim5ts1 & lose =ev] our ,am]ican      
nationality4  ,if ,am]ica w\ld be true  
to h]self1 %e mu/ pres]ve n only !      
purity ( h] pr9ciples1 b ! purity ( h]  
spok5 language4 ,if =eign]s *oose to    
become ,am]ican citiz5s1 !y mu/ expect  
to become ,am]icaniz$ 9 language &      
s5tim5t1 z well z accept our =m (       
gov]nm5t4 ,we want no =eign elem5t      
incorporat$ into our free in/itutions   
:i* does n h>monize ) !m4 ,9 a ^w1 we   
want no union ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 no       
confusion ( tongues 9 our public s*ools1
 no ap+ ( =eign mann]s & habits1 no     
=eign dictation1--no?+ b pure ,am]ican  
fre$om & pure ,am]ican pr9ciples4  ,x is
 9 ?is c\ntry t ,*ur* & ,/ate1 = ! fir/ 
"t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! civiliz$ _w1 h be5    
sep>at$1 & all[$ to conduct _! own      
affairs 9 _! own way1 & indep5d5tly (   
ea* o!r4 ,s f> z exp]i5ce has gone 9 ?is
 respect1 x proves ! wisdom ( ! policy4 

,& yet !re are _m /atesm51 :o1 9 read+ !
 signs ( ! times1 ?9k !re are reasons = 
believ+ t ! prie/hood h inh]it$ _!      
anci5t love ( civil p[]1 & are quietly  
endeavor+1 9 v>i\s ways1 to secure su* a
 degree ( moral p[] ov] ! popul> m9d z  
w1 9 effect if n 9 fact1 transf] to !m !
 control ( ! civil gov]nm5t4  ,if !     
prie/hood are to control ! gov]nm5t1 x  
matt]s b little :e!r x be ! ,ca?olic or 
! ,prote/ant4 ,ca?olicism reg>ds ! ,*ur*
 z supreme & ! ,/ate z subord9ate1      
repudiates public s*ools1 & tra9s h] y\?
 9 ! ,*ur* & = ! ,*ur*1 ?us prep>+ !m to
 become n only adh]5ts to ! fai?1 b     
soldi]s ( ! cross2 :ile ,prote/antism   
asks ! recognition ( ,god 9 !           
,con/itution1 urges a frat]nal union (  
all h] v>i\s d5om9ations1 ) a view to   
conc5trate & direct _! moral =ce1 & ev5 
goes s f> z to discuss politics 9 !     
pulpit1--?us attempt+ to control !      
results ( our popul> elections1         
especially :5 great moral que/ions are  
suppos$ to be involv$4 ,9 all ?is !re   

may be no insidi\s design2 b facts c>ry 
) !m a degree ( significance :i* ought n
 to be disreg>d$4 ,if a religi\s w> mu/ 
come1 x w be a fe>ful conte/1 & "o :i*  
mu/ result 9 ! subv]sion ( free         
gov]nm5t1 & f9ally ext+ui% ! la/ hope ( 
e true philan?ropi/4  ,& yet1 z a p1 we 
ne$ nev] despair ( ! ,republic s long z 
we su/a9 free public s*ools & confide ! 
gov]nm5t to none o!r ?an an enlight5$ & 
philan?ropic /atesman%ip4 ,if ,am]ica   
cont9ues to respect h]self1 %e is       
evid5tly de/9$ to wield1 n only ! moral 
p[] ( ! _w1 b to complete ! civilization
 ( ! _w4 ,inspir$ ) a desire to         
ameliorate ! condition ( mank9d ! _w    
ov]1 %e annually exp5ds millions ( money
 9 advanc+ ! cause ( a true ,*ri/ianity4
 ,s invit+ are h] free in/itutions t %e 
is rapidly becom+ a c5tral nation 9 po9t
 ( weal?1 tal5t1 & population1 z well z 
9 moral & political influ5ce4 ,x %\ld be
 h] pleasure1 z well z aim1 n only to   
p]fect h] own gov]nm5t1 b to diffuse a k
 ( h] lib]al pr9ciples ?r\gh\t ! _w4  ,9

 rev]t+ to ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 we see t   
nations1 l individuals1 h _! c>e]1      
succe$ ea* o!r1 & f9ally become ext9ct4 
,on ?is cont95t ! r$ race has be5       
rapidly succe$$ by ! :ite race4 ,:e!r a 
/ill high] ord] ( man w succe$ ! :ite   
race1 is a "q :i* "t only c det]m9e4    
,nature is provid5t1 & l ,div9e         
,provid5ce1 works 9 my/]i\s ways1 & ) an
 aim to a*ieve ultimate results4 ,:at   
,am]ica n[ is1 we "k2 :at %e w be1 we "k
 n4 ,x is dev\tly to be wi%$1 h[ev]1 t  
h] c>e] may cont9ue to be *>act]iz$ by  
great & noble a*ievem5ts1 & t h]        
/>-spangl$ bann] may =ev] float 9       
triumph        ,o'er ! l& ( ! free & !  
home ( ! brave4     ,,c>e] ,,( ,,rev4   
,,joseph ,,badg]4   ,!re h be5 b few m5 
9 ! cl]ical pr(ession :o h made a wor?i]
 or m exempl>y life-record = !mselves   
?an ,rev4 ,joseph ,badg]4 ,he f\ght =   
lib]ty 9 ! ,revolution1 & = ,*ri/ianity 
9 ! wilds ( ! ,we/]n ,res]ve4 ,9 ! "o   
case he f\ght ) ! musket1 9 ! o!r ) !   
sword ( ! ,_s4 ,:e!r s]v+ z a soldi] or 

z a mission>y1 he prov$ himself s9c]e & 
/eadfa/ 9 8 devotion to duty4  ,rev4    
,joseph ,badg] 0 born at ,wilbraham1    
,mass41 ,feb4 #bh1 #ageg4 ,he 0 a l9eal 
desc5dant ( ,giles ,badg]1 :o emigrat$ f
 ,engl& & settl$ at ,newburyport1 n f> f
 ,bo/on1 ab\t ! ye> #afce4 ,! fa!r (    
,joseph 0 ,h5ry ,badg]1 :o m>ri$ ,m>y   
,l&on4 ,!y 7 bo? dev\tly pi\s1 & equally
 poor 9 ?is _w's goods4 ,!y in/ruct$ _! 
son ,joseph1 at an e>ly age1 9 !        
cate*ism ( ! ,puritan fai?1 & gave him  
su* fur!r elem5t>y education z !y 7 able
 at ! dome/ic fireside4 ,he grew /rong 9
 ! fai? z he grew to manhood1 :5 he     
began to realize t 9 %>+ life ) 8 p>5ts1
 good & k9d z !y 71 he %>$ _! pov]ty4 ,9
 consult+ 8 mirror he 0 (t5 pa9fully    
rem9d$ ( ! fact t 8 g>m5ts1 pat*$ z !y  
71 display$ ab\t z _m colors z ! coat ( 
8 anci5t namesake4 ,inspir$ ) !         
patriotic s5tim5t ( ! times1 & desir+ n 
only to provide = himself1 b to obta9   
suffici5t money to give himself a lib]al
 education1 he enli/$ 9 #agge1 :5 b     

eighte5 ye>s ( age1 9 ! ,revolution>y   
army1 z a common soldi]1 & 0 assign$ to 
! regim5t comm&$ by ,colonel ,patt]son4 
,! regim5t 0 /ation$ at ,=t ,no4 #c1 ne>
 ,le*m]e's ,po9t1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on4 
,at ! battle ( ,bunk] ,hill ?is regim5t 
0 po/$ on ,cobble ,hill1 9 a l9e ) !    
front ( ! ,am]ican batt]y1 & ab\t half a
 mile di/ant1 :]e e man ( ! regim5t c\ld
 see ! fire f ! :ole l9e1 & enjoy !     
pleasure ( see+ ! ,briti% break _!      
ranks1 run d[n ! hill1 & !n reluctantly 
return to ! *>ge4 ,on _! ?ird return1 z 
luck w\ld h x1 !y c>ri$ ! works at !    
po9t ( ! bayonet4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t aft] 
8 enli/m5t t "y ,joseph _h an           
opportunity to smell ! smoke ( ,briti%  
gunp[d]4 ,x 0 "s "t 9 ,septemb] ( ! same
 ye> he enli/$ t ! ,briti% l&$ ?ree or  
f\r hundr$ m5 on ,le*m]e's ,po9t to take
 (f a h]d ( fat cattle4 ,colonel        
,patt]son ord]$ 8 regim5t to attack !   
m>aud]s & prev5t !m f captur+ ! cattle4 
,a %>p conflict ensu$1 9 :i* ,joseph    
te/$ ! virtues ( 8 musket & p\r$ into ! 

enemy n9e or t5 %ots 9 rapid succession 
& ) app>5t effect4 ,sev]al 7 kill$ &    
o!rs w\nd$ on bo? sides4 ,joseph escap$ 
unh>m$4 ,b soon aft] ?is skirmi% he took
 a viol5t cold1 att5d$ ) a sev]e c\gh4  
,8 capta9 advis$ him to return home     
until he c\ld recov]4 ,?is he did1 & )9 
tw5ty days came back & rejo9$ 8 regim5t 
q re/or$ to heal?4  ,! ,briti% evacuat$ 
,bo/on on ! #ag? ( ,m>*1 #aggf4 ,on !   
next day ,colonel ,patt]son's regim5t1 )
 sev]al o!r regim5ts1 0 ord]$ to ,new   
,york1 :]e !y rema9$ = ?ree weeks1 & 7  
!n ord]$ to ,canada4 ,!y 7 transport$ up
 ! ,hudson to ,albany1 & !nce by way (  
,lakes ,george & ,*ampla9 to ,/4 ,johns1
 & !nce to ,la ,prairie on ! banks ( !  
,/4 ,lawr5ce & 9 sight ( ,montreal4 ,on 
! way ! troops suff]$ sev]ely f exposure
 to ra9-/orms & sn[-/orms1 & f want (   
provisions4 ,!y arriv$ at ,la ,prairie  
late 9 ! day1 & 9 a /ate bord]+ on      
/>vation1 :]e !y encamp$ supp]less4 ,!  
next day ea* soldi] receiv$ a ration ( a
 few ounces ( m\ldy bread = breakfa/1 & 

a ?9 slice ( /ale meat = supp]4 ,joseph 
accept$ 8 %>e ( ! da9ty fea/ )\t a      
murmur1 b d\btless ?\ght ! wayf>+ soldi]
 _h a pretty h>d road to travel4 ,a "p (
 ,colonel ,patt]son's regim5t 0 !n ord]$
 up ! riv] to a small =t at ,c$>        
,rapids1 :i* 0 besieg$ by a ,briti%     
capta9 ) "o company ( regul>s & ab\t    
five hundr$ ,indians1 l$ by ,brant1 !   
fam\s ,indian *ief4 ,! ,indians 7 ?ir/+ 
= blood4 ,a fi]ce conflict ensu$1 :i*   
la/$ = an h\r or m1 :5 ! enemy 0        
compell$ to retreat t[>ds ! =t4 ,at ?is 
juncture a p>ley 0 call$1 & ! fir+      
ceas$4 ,a numb] 7 kill$1 & m w\nd$4 ,x s
 happ5$ t ! fif? company1 to :i* ,joseph
 belong$1 did n arrive 9 "t to          
p>ticipate 9 ! fight1 ?\gh !y _h        
approa*$ s ne> ! sc5e z to he> ! fir+ & 
see ! roll+ cl\d ( battle-smoke4 ,joseph
 express$ 8 regret t he _h lo/ s good an
 opportunity to give 8 fl9t-lock a      
second trial4 ,! deta*m5t 0 n[ ord]$ to 
retreat to ,la ,*9e1--a ,fr5* village   
ab\t six miles above ,montreal4 ,"h !y 7

 re9=c$ by ! arrival ( eight hundr$ m51 
"u comm& ( ,g5]al ,arnold4 ,! entire =ce
 advanc$ to ! outlet ( ,bason ,lake1 at 
,/4 ,ann's1 :]e !y emb>k$ on bo>d !     
boats & /e]$ = a c]ta9 po9t ab\t ?ree   
miles di/ant4 ,9 pass+1 ! =ce 0 fir$ ^u 
by ! enemy1 arm$ ) guns & two small     
cannon4 ,a %[] ( %ot seem$ to come f e  
direction1 & z ! boats conta9+ !        
,am]icans 7 ab\t to l& at ! po9t s\ght1 
!y receiv$1 amid hide\s yells f !       
,indians 9 ambu%1 a hail/orm ( bullets t
 rattl$ z !y /ruck ! boats1 & slightly  
injur$ "s ( ! m54 ,! m5 9 ! boats       
return$ ! fire z be/ !y c\ld4 ,x 0      
m>vell\s t none ( ! ,am]icans 7 kill$ or
 s]i\sly injur$4 ,x appe>$ to me1 said  
,joseph1 a wond]ful1 provid5tial escape4
 ,a ,briti% capta9 by ! "n ( ,fo/] 0 %ot
 9 ! ?igh4 ,x 0 n[ ne>ly sunset1 :5     
,g5]al ,arnold ord]$ a retreat4 ,! night
 0 sp5t 9 mak+ prep>ations = ! morr[4 ,x
 0 ne> morn+ :5 ,capta9 ,fo/] came ov]  
to ,g5]al ,arnold & agre$ ) him to a    
c>tel by :i* c]ta9 prison]s 7 ex*ang$4  

,! ,am]ican prison]s 7 return$ 9 a      
de/itute & =lorn condition4 ,! pitiful  
sight deeply excit$ ! g5]\s sympa?ies ( 
! k9d-he>t$ ,joseph1 :o did :at he c\ld 
to com=t !m by divid+ 8 own supplies )  
!m4  ,g5]al ,arnold n[ return$ ) 8      
troops to ,montreal1 ex]cis+ great      
vigilance to avoid fur!r surprise4 ,he  
!n cross$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & encamp$ at   
,/4 ,johns4 ,"h ! small-pox appe>$ 9    
camp4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! sev]ity ( !    
disease1 ,joseph procur$ ! necess>y     
virus & inoculat$ himself ) ! po9t ( a  
ne$le1 :i* produc$ ! desir$ effect4 ,two
 days aft] ! disease _h appe>$ 9 camp1 !
 troops 7 ord]$ to ,*ambly4 ,! ,briti%  
hove 9 sight & began to l& on ! opposite
 side ( ! bay4 ,! invalids 7 num]\s &   
cont9u$ to increase4 ,!y 7 direct$ to   
m>* back to ,/4 ,johns1--a di/ance (    
twelve miles4 ,mo/ ( !m c\ld h>dly c>ry 
gun1 c>tridge-box1 & blanket1 & 7 (t5   
oblig$ to sit d[n & re/ by ! wayside1   
,joseph among ! re/4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few 
days ! sick 7 transport$ to ,isle aux   

,noix1 at :i* place all ! %att]$ army 7 
collect$ "u comm& ( ,g5]al ,hea?4 ,f ?is
 place ! troops1 includ+ ! sick1 proce$$
 amid sundry emb>rassm5ts to ,cr[n      
,po9t1 :]e !y encamp$4 ,"h ! small-pox  
spread among ! m51 & 9 its mo/ aggravat$
 =m1 ) fe>ful rapidity4 ,! sc5e 9 camp  
soon became appall+4 ,! groans & cries (
 ! sick & dy+ 7 he>d night & day )\t    
cessation4 ,z x happ5$1 ! surgeons1 =   
want ( m$ic9es & hospital /ores1 c\ld   
r5d] b little aid4 ,9 "s in/ances z _m z
 ?irty pati5ts di$ 9 a day1 & 7 buri$ 9 
a s+le vault or pit1 = ! reason t !re 7 
n well m5 en\gh to bury !m 9 sep>ate    
graves4  ,! humane & philan?ropic       
,joseph1 :o _h previ\sly inoculat$      
himself ) success1 & ?us avoid$ fur!r   
dang] f ! contagion1 n[ devot$ himself  
to nurs+ & c>+ = 8 sick                 
companions-9-arms ) unwe>i$ assiduity4  
,z soon z ! contagion began to abate1 ! 
sick 7 transf]r$ 9 boats to ,=t ,george1
 :ile ! m5 fit = s]vice 7 ord]$ to ,m\nt
 ,indep5d5ce1 opposite ,ticond]oga1 to  

erect works ( def5ce4 ,! m\nt 0 cov]$ ) 
=e/ trees1 loose rocks1 & d5s infe/$ )  
rattlesnakes1 :i* (t5 crept into camp & 
7 kill$4  ,at ?is "t ,joseph suff]$ =   
want ( ! clo!s he _h lo/ 9 ! retreat f  
,canada1 & _h1 9 fact1 worn ! only %irt 
he _h = six weeks1 & 0 s incommod$ )    
v]m9 t he 0 compell$ to take (f 8 %irt1 
wa% x )\t soap1 wr+ x out1 & put x on   
wet4 ,he 0 also sc\rg$ ) an irritat+    
cutane\s disease1 :i* induc$ him to     
retire "s di/ance f camp1 fire a        
log-heap1 & roa/ himself1 aft] ano9t+ ) 
a mixture ( grease & brim/one4 ,! camp 0
 de/itute ( indisp5sable conv5i5ces1 & !
 hospital 9 :i* lay ! sick _h n a di% ( 
any k9d 9 :i* c\ld be adm9i/]$ a sup (  
gruel1 bro?1 or a dr9k ( wat]4 ,resort 0
 _h to wood5 tr\ghs1 or di%es1 cut out )
 a hat*et or p5knife4 ,! colonel1 9     
pass+ ?r\gh ! hospital1 said1 ,i wi% !re
 0 a man to be f\nd "h :o c turn wood5  
di%es4 ,joseph1 :o und]/ood ! art1      
repli$1 ,furni% me ! tools & ,i w d x4  
,! tools 7 furni%$1 & ,joseph soon turn$

 f ! asp5 popl> an ample supply ( wood5 
cups & tr5*]s4 ,he 0 also (t5 employ$ 9 
mak+ bread1 & 9 fact 0 a sort ( univ]sal
 g5ius & c\ld d almo/ any?+4 ,at !      
in/ance ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton he 0 also     
employ$ at times to aid 9 negotiat+     
treaties ( fri5d%ip ) ! ,indians4 ,b    
aft] be+ transf]r$ sev]al times f "o    
milit>y po9t to ano!r1 & suff]+ m or    
less f h>d%ips1 8 heal? became s impair$
 t ! pr9cipal surgeon gave him a        
dis*>ge1 & he return$ to 8 home 9       
,massa*usetts4 ,he soon aft]w>d s f>    
recov]$ t he re-enli/$ & s]v$ z an      
ord]ly s]geant 9 def5ce ( ! seaport t[ns
 till ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #aggh1 :5 8 "t   
expir$1 & he return$ to 8 fa!r's h\se   
once m1 hav+ be5 9 ! s]vice a little m  
?an ?ree ye>s4 ,he receiv$1 on retir+ f 
! army1 ab\t two hundr$ doll>s 9 pap]   
curr5cy1 :i* 0 s depreciat$ t he c\ld n 
pur*ase ) ! :ole ( x a dec5t coat4 ,he  
!n 7= ! next six mon?s7 engag$ 9 !      
bus9ess ( weav+ on %>es1 & dur+ t "t    
wove sixte5 hundr$ y>ds ( pla9 clo?4    

,?is enabl$ him to clo! himself dec5tly1
 & to sp5d ! ensu+ w9t] 9 improv+ 8     
education4 ,at ?is "t1 z he said1 he _h 
no ,*ri/ian hope1 b cont9u$ to labor &  
/udy dur+ ! ye> #aggi1 :5 a religi\s    
revival occurr$1 & he acquir$ a ,*ri/ian
 hope1 ) a det]m9ation to fit himself = 
! m9i/ry4 ,enc\rag$ by 8 fri5d1 ,rev4   
,mr4 ,day1 he prosecut$ ! requisite     
prelim9>y /udies1 & at ! same "t taught 
a family s*ool 9 ord] to meet 8 exp5ses4
 ,he ent]$ college 9 #agha1 & graduat$ 9
 #aghe4 ,he !n /udi$ !ology1 & 0 lic5s$ 
to prea* 9 #aghf4 ,he soon receiv$ a    
call & 0 orda9$ z pa/or ( ! *ur* at     
,bl&=d1 ,mass4 ,he _h previ\sly m>ri$   
,miss ,lois ,noble1 :o 0 a "y lady (    
ref9em5t & exempl>y piety4 ,9 ,octob]1  
#ahjj1 he resign$ 8 pa/or%ip at ,bl&=d &
 receiv$ a regul> dismissal4  ,!        
,connecticut ,mission>y ,society1 ^:    
c5tral (fice 0 at ,h>t=d1 _h =m$ a high 
e/imate ( ! "* & piety ( ,rev4 ,joseph  
,badg]1 & at once t5d]$ him ! appo9tm5t 
to g1 "u ! auspices ( ! society1 z a    

mission>y to ! ,we/]n ,res]ve4 ,?is 0 ! 
k9d ( ,*ri/ian labor 9 :i* he pref]r$ to
 engage4 ,he !re=e accept$ ! appo9tm5t2 
& leav+ 8 family at home until he c\ld  
explore some:at 8 new field ( s]vice1 he
 took 8 dep>ture on horseback1 ,nov4    
#ae1 #ahjj1 b\nd = ! ,we/]n ,res]ve4 ,he
 took :at 0 !n call$ ! s\!rn r\te1      
cross$ ! ,alleghany m\nta9s 9 ! mid/ ( a
 sn[-/orm1 & aft] a we>y j\rney1 arriv$ 
at ,pittsburgh on ! #ad? ( ,decemb]4 ,"h
 he re/$ = a day or two1 & !n resum$ 8  
j\rney ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 & aft] a we>y 
ride ( ne>ly a hundr$ miles1 rea*$      
,y\ng/[n1 "o ( ! e>lie/ settlem5ts 9 !  
,res]ve1 on ,saturday night at a late   
h\r1 & 0 k9dly receiv$4 ,! next day he  
prea*$ at ,y\ng/[n 8 fir/ s]mon 9 !     
,res]ve4 ,! t[n at t "t consi/$ ( "s    
half-doz5 log cab9s4 ,8 audi5ce includ$ 
ne>ly e s\l 9 t[n1 ?\gh b a h&ful1 :o _h
 assembl$ 9 "o ( ! l>g] cab9s1 & :o     
seem$ pleas$ to receive f 8 lips ! good 
tid+s ( great joy4 ,gratifi$ ) 8        
reception at ,y\ng/[n1 & resolv+ to lose

 no "t 9 exp$it+ 8 mission>y labors1 he 
rode ! next day to ,vi5na1 :]e b "o     
family _h settl$2 !nce to ,h>t=d1 :]e b 
?ree families _h settl$1 & !nce to      
,v]non1 :]e he f\nd b five families4 ,9 
mak+ ^! successive visits he did good   
"w4 ,:ile at ,v]non he 0 in=m$ t ,mr4   
,palm]1 ! head ( ! family settl$ at     
,vi5na1 _h be5 tak5 sudd5ly sick & 0 n  
expect$ to live4 ,!re 0 no doctor resid+
 9 all t region ( c\ntry4 ,rev4 ,mr4    
,badg] ha/5$ at once to ! relief ( !    
sick man1 & nurs$ him = eight days1 :5  
he s f> recov]$ t 8 provid5tial nurse   
c\ld safely leave him4 ,9 ?is way ,rev4 
,mr4 ,badg] visit$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>   
#ahja1 e settlem5t & ne>ly e family     
?r\gh\t ! ,we/]n ,res]ve4 ,9 do+ ?is he 
(t5 rode f five to tw5ty-five or ?irty  
miles a day1 c>ry+ ) him 9 saddlebags a 
scanty supply ( clo?+ & eatables1 & (t5 
trav]s+ pa?less woodl&s amid /orms &    
tempe/s1 swimm+ unbridg$ riv]s1 & suff]+
 f cold & hung]1 & at ! same "t "h & !re
 visit+ lone families1 giv+ !m & _!     

*ildr5 religi\s in/ruction & :olesome   
advice1 & prea*+ at po9ts :]ev] a few   
c\ld be ga!r$ toge!r1 sometimes 9 a log 
cab9 or 9 a b>n1 & sometimes 9 ! op5    
field or 9 a woodl&1 b5ea? ! %ad[s ( !  
trees4 ,at ab\t ?is "t he prea*$ ! fir/ 
s]mon ev] he>d 9 ,clevel&4 ,9 response  
to all ?is b5evol5t "w he _h !          
satisfaction ( kn[+ t he 0 almo/        
univ]sally receiv$ ) a he>tfelt         
appreciation ( 8 s]vices1 & ) a lib]al  
hospitality4 ,?\gh mo/ ( ! e>ly settl]s 
7 poor1 !y *e]fully broke bread ) him1 &
 gave him ! l>g] %>e ( su* luxuries z !y
 happ5$ to h at comm&4 ,ev5 ! ,indians1 
:o 7 q num]\s1 treat$ him k9dly & )     
respect4 ,he took especial pa9s to      
enlight5 & in/ruct !m1 & soon acquir$   
su* a k ( _! language z enabl$ him to   
communicate readily ) !m4  ,9 ,septemb] 
( #ahja1 he j\rney$ on horseback to     
,detroit1 ) a view to ext5d ! field ( 8 
mission>y labors4 ,on rea*+ ! banks ( ! 
,huron ,riv]1 late 9 ! ev5+1 he /opp$ at
 an ,indian hut1 desir+ to rema9 = !    

night4 ,he 0 k9dly receiv$ by !         
inmates1--an ag$ ,indian *ief & 8 squaw4
 ,! squaw cut fodd] f ! cornfield & f$ 8
 horse1 & soon pres5t$ him ) a supp] (  
boil$ /r+-beans1 butt]$ ) be>'s oil1 9 a
 wood5 b[l t 0 cut & c>v$ out f ! knot (
 a tree ) a hat*et & knife4 ,hungry z he
 really 01 he reli%$ ! fea/4 ,%e !n     
spread = him on ! floor a b$ ( be>sk9s &
 clean blankets1 on :i* he enjoy$ a     
refre%+ night's sleep4 ,9 ! morn+ %e    
gave him = breakfa/ a corn-bread cake1  
bak$ 9 ! emb]s4 ,x conta9$ inside a     
spr9kl+ ( black beans1 & resembl$       
plum-cake4 ,:ile he 0 eat+1 he express$ 
8 admiration ( ! bread4 ,! squaw repli$1
 ,eat2 x is good4 ,x is su* bread z ,god
 gives ! ,indians4 ,he !n resum$ 8      
j\rney to ,detroit1 :]e he rema9$ a few 
days4 ,:ile !re1 & :ile on 8 way to & f 
!re1 he held religi\s int]views ) all he
 met :o 7 will+ to conv]se 9 relation to
 _! spiritual welf>e1 :e!r :ite m5 or   
,indians1 b f\nd no "o1 z he said1 9 all
 t region1 :om he c\ld reg>d z a        

,*ri/ian1 except a black man1 :o appe>$ 
pi\s4 ,on 8 return he visit$ ,hudson1   
:]e he f\nd a few pr(essors ( religion4 
,"h he organiz$ a *ur*1 consi/+ ( t5    
males & six females4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ *ur* 
organiz$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,res]ve4 ,! next    
morn+1 ,octob] #be1 he took 8 dep>ture f
 ! ,res]ve1 & return$ by way ( ,buffalo 
to 8 family 9 ,new ,engl&1 prea*+1 z he 
w5t1 at su* settlem5ts z (f]$ a         
favorable opportunity4 ,he arriv$ at    
home ,jan4 #a1 #ahjb1 aft] an abs5ce (  
?irte5 mon?s & fifte5 days4 ,he f\nd 8  
de> family all well1 & l ,david ( old1  
bless$ ! ,"l1 :o _h r$eem$ 8 life f     
de/ruction & cr[n$ him ) lov+-k9dness & 
t5d] m]cies4  ,soon aft] 8 arrival1 he  
visit$ ,h>t=d & report$ to ! mission>y  
society :at he _h done1 & ! "* ( 8 "w1 &
 agre$ to return ) 8 family to ! same   
field ( mission>y labor1 & = su*        
comp5sation z ! society *ose to all[    
him1 :i* 0 b sev5 doll>s p] week4 ,?is 0
 at t "t consid]$ a suffici5t sum to    
meet ! curr5t exp5ses ( himself &       

family4 ,he ex*ang$ 8 =m] home/ead at   
,bl&=d = l& 9 ! ,we/]n ,res]ve4 ,on !   
#bc;d ( ,febru>y1 #ahjb1 he />t$ on 8   
j\rney to ! ,we/]n ,res]ve 9 a wagon    
drawn by f\r horses & load$ ) a few     
h\sehold goods1 8 wife & six *ildr51 &  
himself driv+ ! team4 ,he took ! r\te   
lead+ ?r\gh ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york to     
,buffalo1 & !nce foll[$ ! s\!rly %ore ( 
,lake ,erie to ,au/9burg1 9 ! ,res]ve1  
:]e he & 8 family 7 receiv$ ) a he>ty   
welcome to ! home & hospitalities ( 8   
fri5d1 ,colonel ,eliphalet ,au/94 ,he   
accompli%$ ! j\rney1 a di/ance ( six    
hundr$ miles1 9 sixty days4 ,?is 0      
travell+ at a pretty rapid rate1 z 0 !n 
?\ght4 ,he rem>k$1 :5 he _h rea*$ !     
hospitable home ( 8 fri5d ,au/91 t he & 
8 family seem$ de/9$ to %>e ,god's      
promise to 8 anci5t ,israel3 ,& !y %all 
dwell safely 9 ! wild]ness1 & sleep 9 ! 
woods4  ,he n[ pur*as$ a small lot ( l& 
9 ,au/9burg1 & soon1 ) ! aid ( a few k9d
 settl]s1 erect$ a log cab9 9 :i* to    
%elt] 8 family4 ,he f\nd x difficult to 

procure suffici5t provisions1 b soon    
succe$$ 9 obta9+ a sack ( co>se fl\r 9 !
 vic9ity2 & he>+ ( a b>rel ( pork = sale
 at ,pa9esville1 he s5t a man ) a team  
?irty miles ?r\gh ! woods to pur*ase x1 
& paid tw5ty silv] doll>s = x1 & f\nd on
 op5+ x t x conta9$ ! :ole hog1--feet1  
head1 sn\t & e>s1--& weigh$ b "o hundr$ 
& sev5ty p\nds4 ,?is1 ) ! milk f two c[s
 t 7 pa/ur$ 9 ! woods & sometimes miss$ 
= a day or two1 0 all ! provision he    
c\ld make = 8 family :5 x became        
necess>y = him to leave !m & ent] ^u 8  
mission>y labors 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,res]ve4
 ,he visit$ ,m5tor1 ,*agr91 & o!r       
settlem5ts4 ,at ,euclid he f\nd a family
 by ! "n ( ,burke1 :o _h resid$ 9 a lone
 situation 9 ! woods = ov] ?ree ye>s1 9 
s de/itute a condition t ! wife _h be5  
oblig$ to sp9 cattle's hair & weave x   
into blankets to cov] h] *ildr5's b$ &  
save !m f suff]+ 9 cold wea!r4 ,at      
,newburg he visit$ five families1 ! only
 resid5ts 9 ! place1 b discov]$ to 8    
regret no app>5t piety among any ( !m4  

,!y all seem$ to glory 9 _! infidelity4 
,he cont9u$ visit+ families & prea*+    
?r\gh\t ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,res]ve1 &     
e/abli%+ *ur*es4 ,he call$ on 8 return  
at ,p]k9s' ,/ation 9 ,trumbull ,c\nty1  
:]e an election 0 p5d+ & a goodly numb] 
( vot]s pres5t4 ,he 0 invit$ to d9e )   
!m4 ,all took _! seats & began to help  
!mselves1 :5 he int]rupt$ !m & rem>k$3  
,g5tlem51 if y w att5d ) ,*ri/ian       
dec5cy1 & he> me invoke ! bless+ ( ,god1
 ,i w sit d[n ) y2 o!rwise ,i _c4       
,knives & =ks 7 in/antly laid d[n & a   
bless+ invok$4 ,! d9n] 0 !n discuss$ ) a
 ke5 reli% by ! assemblage1 :o seem$ to 
appreciate ! fact t bless+s sometimes   
come 9 disguise4 ,he !n cont9u$ on 8 way
 home4 ,soon aft] ?is a revival comm5c$ 
9 mo/ ( ! infant settlem5ts1 & 8        
mission>y labors 7 l>gely increas$4  ,9 
"s ( ! settlem5ts ! revival 0 att5d$ )  
miracul\s p[]4 ,9 _m in/ances ! conv]ts 
7 /rick5 d[n 9 convulsions1 groan$ 9    
app>5t agonies1 & tore _! hair2 & 9 o!r 
in/ances !y fell 9 a trance1 saw        

visions1 awoke1 & leap$ = joy1 %\t+ long
 & l\d1 ,glory to ,god6 ,all ?is        
surpris$ ! it9]ant mission>y & pres5t$  
him ) a problem :i* he c\ld n solve2 yet
 be+ a disciple ( ! ,calv9i/ic s*ool1 & 
*>itably incl9$1 he attribut$ !         
spasmodic demon/rations to ! my/]i\s    
work+s ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! p f> & ne>     
p>took ( ! excitem5t & flock$ to he>    
him4 ,on "o occasion he prea*$ to an    
audi5ce ( five hundr$4 ,?\gh "s sc(f$1  
_m pr(ess$ to h exp]i5c$ religion4 ,!   
g5]al impression 0 9 ^? days t conv]sion
 consi/$ 9 exp]i5c+ "s sudd5 & my/]i\s  
%ock1--a puritanic idea t is n[ held to 
be absurd2 yet ?is wild excitem5t       
d\btless produc$ "s good fruit1 if n a  
ri* h>ve/4 ,be ?is z x may1 ,rev4 ,mr4  
,badg] p]sev]$ 9 ext5d+ 8 labors1 &     
betwe5 ,june #ah & ,july #a ( ! ye>     
#ahjb1 rode two hundr$ miles1 prea*$    
eight s]mons1 & adm9i/]$ two sacram5ts4 
,9 rid+ ?r\gh ! d5se woodl&s1 especially
 aft] nightfall1 he 0 (t5 foll[$ by     
hungry wolves & be>s1 manife/+ a desire 

to cultivate a too?some acqua9tance )   
him4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 rid+ ?r\gh a   
d>k & pa?less =e/ late at night1 along !
 banks ( ,gr& ,riv]1 & dr5*$ ) ra91 he  
discov]$ by ! s\nd ( di/9ct foot/eps t  
"s l>ge animal 0 foll[+ him4 ,he /opp$ 8
 horse1 turn$ on ! saddle1 & ) l\d      
vocif]ations & clapp+ ( h&s attempt$ to 
fright5 ! animal away1 b in/ead ( !     
noise hav+ ! desir$ effect1 ! be>1 z x  
prov$ to be1 sprang t[>ds him ) hair /&+
 on end & ) eyes fla%+ fire4 ,at ?is    
critical juncture1 z ,rev4 ,mr4 ,badg]  
/ates 9 8 di>y3 ,i _h no weapon (       
def5ce4 ,i ?\ght be/ to leave ! gr\nd1  
turn$ to ! left1 & walk$ my horse p>tly 
by ! be>1 :5 ! brute /epp$ directly on  
beh9d me & )9 a few paces4 ,by ?is "t x 
_h become s d>k t ,i c\ld see no?+1 n   
ev5 my h& hold+ ! bridle1 & ! be> 0 /ill
 snapp+ 8 tee? & approa*+ ne>]4 ,i _h 9 
my h& a l>ge heavy horse-%oe1 took aim  
by 8 nose1 & ?rew ! %oe1 b effect$ no   
al>m ( ! enemy4 ,to ride away 0         
impossible 9 a pa?less wood1 ?ick ) bru%

 & fall5 timb]4 ,i conclud$ to resort to
 a tree if ,i c\ld f9d "o4 ,i re9$ my   
horse fir/ to ! "r & !n to ! left1 at   
:i* in/ant "s slop+ limbs bru%$ my hat4 
,on feel+ !m1 ,i f\nd !m to be long     
pliable bee* limbs4 ,i re9$ my horse    
aga9 & came ) 8 %\ld] close to ! tree4  
,i ti$ ! bridle to ! limbs1 rais$ myself
 on ! saddle1 & by aid ( ! small limbs  
began to climb4 ,i soon got hold ( a    
limb l>ge en\gh to be> me2 & at ?is     
in/ant ! evil bea/ came to ! tree )     
viol5t snuff+ & snapp+4 ,i fix$ my /& on
 ! limb1 took out a %>p knife1 ! only   
weapon ,i _h1 & prep>$ = battle4 ,b ,i  
soon he>d ! be> snuff+ ne> ! horse's    
nose z he 0 crun*+ ! b\ghs & leaves )9 8
 rea*4 ,i !n asc5d$ ab\t =ty feet1 z ne>
 ! top ( ! tree z ,i ?\ght 0 safe1 f\nd 
a conv5i5t place to sit on a limb1 & !n 
ti$ myself ) a l>ge b&anna to ! tree1 s 
z n to fall if ,i fell into a dr[se4 ,! 
be> cont9u$ smell+ at ! horse until he  
_h pass$ ar\nd him to ! opposite side ( 
! tree2 & all 0 /ill b ! *amp+ ( !      

horse4 ,by ! ro>+ ( ! w9d x appe>$ t a  
heavy gu/ 0 approa*+4 ,x soon began to  
ra9 p[]fully1 ) w9d & heavy peals (     
?und]4 ,at ?is "t ! horse %ook himself1 
:i* />tl$ ! be> to a quick ru% = a few  
rods1 :5 he /opp$ & viol5tly snapp$ 8   
tee?1 & !re rema9$ until a few m9utes   
be=e daylight1 :5 he w5t (f4 ,my horse  
/&+ z he did at ! foot ( ! tree1 )\t    
mov+ a foot f ! place :]e ,i left him1 &
 9 no way fright5$ by ! approa* &       
managem5t ( ! be>1 seem$ to be peculi>ly
 provid5tial4 ,?is 0 ! only "t ,i 0     
di/urb$ 9 camp+ out _m times4 ,z soon z 
,i c\ld see to take my c\rse1 ,i m\nt$  
my horse & arriv$ at my h\se1 ab\t six  
miles f my lodg+-place 9 ! tree1 ) a    
pretty good appetite = breakfa/4 ,hav+ 9
 my saddlebags two volumes ( ! ',ohio   
,/ate ,laws1' x 0 rem>k$ by "s ( my     
fri5ds t ! old be> did n l s ne> a      
'union ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4'  ,rev4 ,mr4    
,badg] cont9u$ 8 mission>y "w ) zeal & )
 highly enc\rag+ prospects4 ,he organiz$
 _m *ur*es & s*ools1 & di/ribut$ _m     

,bibles & s*ool-books1 & (t5 assi/$ !   
settl]s 9 erect+ _! log cab9s & 9 secur+
 _! h>ve/s4 ,9 #ahjd1 ! mission>y       
society r$uc$ 8 comp5sation to six      
doll>s a week1 be+ ! same !y all[$ _!   
mission>ies ne>] home4 ,?is he did n    
reli%1 b accept$ ! r$uc$ pittance1      
rem>k+ t he w\ld g on ) 8 "w & tru/ to  
,him :o fe$s ! rav5s4 ,at ?is "t he 0   
oblig$ to pay at ! rate ( sixte5 doll>s 
a b>rel = salt pork1 ?\gh ! o!r         
provisions 7 comp>atively *eap & pl5ty4 
,e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( #ahji1 8 h\se 0 burn$1 
& no?+ sav$ b two b$s & a few articles (
 clo?+4 ,he at once built a small cab91 
) ! g5]\s aid ( 8 neighbors1 & mov$ 8   
family into x1 )\t b$/ead1 table1 knife1
 =k1 or spoon4 ,9 ,june ( ! same ye> he 
return$ to ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 & made 
a f9al settlem5t ) ! ,connecticut       
,mission>y ,society1 & receiv$ an       
honorable dis*>ge f fur!r s]vices z a   
mission>y "u its auspices4 ,he !n       
propos$ to engage 9 mission>y "w among !
 ,indians we/ ( ! ,cuyahoga1 kn[n z !   

,wy&ots2 & hav+ )9 a %ort "t receiv$ ca%
 donations f ! ,massa*usetts ,mission>y 
,society to ! am\nt ( ov] a ?\s& doll>s1
 he return$ to ! ,res]ve & comm5c$ 8    
mission>y labors among ! ,indians at    
,upp] ,s&usky1 :i* he reg>d$ z a c5tral 
po9t1 & f :i* he ext5d$ 8 labors 9 !    
region r\nd ab\t s z to include all !   
,indian villages 9 ! vic9ity ( ! lake1 f
 ! we/ side ( ! ,cuyahoga ,riv] to !    
city ( ,detroit4 ,?is mission 0 call$ ! 
,wy&ot ,mission4 ,8 labors 9 ?is        
mission>y field consi/$ ma9ly 9 visit+ !
 ,indians 9 _! lodges1 in/ruct+ !m & _! 
*ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y pr9ciples (         
,*ri/ianity & 9 ! obs]vance ( peaceful  
relations4 ,he also gave !m practical   
lessons 9 agriculture & o!r arts (      
civiliz$ life1 & tri$ to re=m _!        
intemp]ate habits by condemn+ ! use (   
:iskey4 ,he 0 a /an* advocate (         
temp]ance 9 all ?+s1 d5\nc$ slavi%      
habits & also slav]y long be=e ! latt]  
became ! subject ( political agitation4 
,9 #ahab1 he took a deep & active int]e/

 9 ! w>1 & accept$ ! position ( *apla9 9
 ! comm& ( ,g5]al ,h>rison4 ,he also    
ex]cis$ a wide influ5ce ov] ! ,indians 9
 prev5t+ !m f mak+ alliances ) ! enemy4 
,at ! close ( ! w> he resum$ 8 mission>y
 labors4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahah1 8 good wife  
di$1 & left to him ! c>e ( _! *ildr54 ,8
 grief seem$ inconsolable1 b he soon s  
f> ov]came x z to m>ry 9 ,april1 #ahai1 
,miss ,abigail ,ely = a second wife4 ,9 
! foll[+ ,june he took 8 bridal trip )  
h] to 8 old home 9 ,new ,engl&1 & aft] a
 brief b delightful visit1 return$ &    
devot$ himself to prea*+ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( 
! ,res]ve1 :]e he soon settl$ z pa/or ( 
! *ur* at ,au/9burg1--a *ur* :i* he _h  
organiz$1 & :i* _h become s l>ge 9 !    
numb] ( its communicants t x 0 g5]ally  
kn[n z ! "m *ur* ( ! ,res]ve4 ,he       
subsequ5tly (ficiat$ z pa/or ( ! *ur* at
 ,a%tabula = "s ye>s1 !n at ,k+sville1 &
 la/ly at ,gu/avus1 ,trumbull ,c\nty1   
:]e he settl$ 9 #ahbe1 & (ficiat$ n only
 z pa/or ( ! p>i%1 b z po/ma/]1 hav+ be5
 appo9t$ to ! latt] (fice by !          

po/ma/]-g5]al4 ,9 #ahce1 he resign$ 8   
position z pa/or at ,gu/avus1 & prea*$ a
 f>ewell s]mon1 tak+ ! foll[+ words = 8 
text3 ,f9ally1 bre?r51 f>ewell4 ,be     
p]fect1 be ( good com=t1 be ( "o m9d1   
live 9 peace2 & ! ,god ( love & peace   
%all be ) y4 ,! s]mon 0 a ma/]ly "o1 & !
 audi5ce 0 affect$ to te>s4 ,x 0 long   
rememb]$1 & 0 nev] =gott5 by ^? :o he>d 
x4 ,he _h n[ become s enfeebl$ by age z 
to disqualify him = fur!r s]vice z pa/or
 ( a *ur*4 ,f ,gu/avus he w5t to reside 
) 8 m>ri$ daught] 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,pla91   
,wood ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 :]e = eight or n9e 
ye>s1 he devot$ m or less "t1 z he 0    
able1 to mission>y "w 9 ! vic9ity4 ,9   
#ahdd1 he *ang$ 8 resid5ce & w5t to !   
neighbor+ t[n ( ,p]rysburg1 :]e he liv$ 
) 8 m>ri$ gr&daught]1 & :]e he di$ 9    
#ahdf1 at ! advanc$ age ( eighty-n9e    
ye>s4 ,9 six mon?s aft]w>d 8 wife di$4  
,b two ( 8 six *ildr5 surviv$ him4  ,9  
p]sonal appe>ance ,rev4 ,joseph ,badg] 0
 tall1 slim1 erect1 _h blue eyes1 br[n  
hair1 & a pleas+ expression ( face4 ,9  

temp]am5t & action he 0 quick & some:at 
impulsive1 yet he 0 consid]ate & sl[ (  
utt]ance1 r>ely1 if ev]1 utt]+ an       
imprud5t ^w4 ,9 8 social int]c\rse he 0 
s$ate or faceti\s z ! occasion seem$ to 
require4 ,he enjoy$ he>+ & tell+ amus+  
anecdotes4 ,9 8 /yle ( prea*+ he 0      
apo/olic1 pla91 simple1 & logical4 ,9   
cre$ he 0 an or?odox ,presbyt]ian4 ,he  
_h b "o gr& aim 9 life1 & t 0 to d :at  
he c\ld to advance ! moral & spiritual  
welf>e ( mank9d4 ,9 a ^w1 ,rev4 ,joseph 
,badg]1 ?\gh dead1 /ill lives & w ev]   
live 9 memory z ! e>ly we/]n mission>y  
^: lifelong labors 7 prompt$ by ! _s ( a
 true ,*ri/ian philan?ropy4        ,8   
y\? 0 innoc5t1 8 rip] age       ,m>k$ ) 
"s act ( goodness e day2      ,& wat*$  
by eyes t lov$ him1 calm & sage1        
,fad$ 8 late decl9+ ye>s away4          
,*e]ful he gave 8 be+ up1 & w5t      ,to
 %>e ! holy re/ t waits a life well     
sp5t4     ,,mission ,,monum5t4  ,d$icat$
 at ,william/[n1 ,mass41 ,july #bh1     
#ahfg4   ,9 ! accompli%m5t ( great moral

 purposes1 a ,div9e ,provid5ce employs  
human in/rum5talities4 ,( ?is we h ample
 evid5ce1 n only 9 ! hi/ory ( nations1 b
 9 ! c>e] ( individuals4  ,a little m   
?an eighte5 c5turies ago1 a few obscure 
fi%]m51 :ile ca/+ _! nets into ! ,sea ( 
,galilee1 7 call$ to ab&on _! nets1 &   
become fi%]s ( m54  ,a little m ?an     
sixty ye>s ago1 a few obscure "y m51    
:ile pursu+ _! classical /udies 9       
,williams ,college1 7 call$ to g into   
b5ight$ l&s beyond ! sea1 & proclaim !  
div9e doctr9e ( peace on e>? & good-w to
 m54  ,^! /ud5ts1 ?\gh unkn[n to fame1 7
 "y m5 ( ?\ght & ( high moral           
aspirations4 ,influ5c$ by a devotional  
_s1 !y felt t ,god _h a great "w = !m to
 d1 & t x 0 !re=e important = !m to     
compreh5d _! true relations1 bo? to ,god
 & to man4  ,:at 0 ! precise "* ( !     
great "w assign$ !m1 !y did n seem to   
"k2 & = ?is reason !y s\ght = m light1 &
 = guidance f ! ,mighty ,c\nsellor1 ^:  
wisdom is inf9ite1 & :o _c err4 ,9 seek+
 = t k :i* come? f above1 !y 7 accu/om$1

 9 ! mild] mon?s ( ! ye>1 to hold       
occasional pray]-meet+s 9 ! solitudes ( 
,nature1 believ+ t        ,! groves 7   
,god's fir/ temples4   ,& d\btless !y   
felt t ! ,div9e ,pres5ce dwells m       
ess5tially 9 ! sil5t sanctu>ies (       
,nature ?an 9 temples made ) h&s4  ,x 0 
"h1 )9 ! quiet & cool retreat ( !       
maple-grove 9 :i* we are n[ assembl$1 t 
!y _h conv5$ at ! close ( a sultry summ]
 day1 9 ! ye> #ahjf1 to hold ! accu/om$ 
pray]-meet+1 :5 !y 7 ov]tak5 by a sudd5 
%[] ( ra91 & compell$ to seek ! fri5dly 
%elt] af=d$ !m by a neighbor+ hay/ack4  
,! gr\p ( "y evangeli/s :o 7 pres5t at !
 pray]-meet+ on ?is p>ticul> occasion   
consi/$ ( ,samuel ,j4 ,mills1 ,james    
,ri*>ds1 ,francis ,l4 ,robb9s1 ,h>vey   
,loomis1 & ,byram ,gre54 ,protect$ f !  
ra9 by ! hay/ack1 !y cont9u$1 amid !    
conflict ( ! elem5ts1 _! devotional     
ex]cises1 & also discuss$ religi\s      
topics ( deep int]e/ to !mselves & to ! 
_w4 ,x 0 a sublime mom5t = !m & = ! _w4 
,! heav5s 7 d>k5$2 ! lightn+s fla%$2    

dread ?und]s roll$2 ! ra9 fell2 yet amid
 ?is conflict ( ! elem5ts !re came a    
/ill small voice1 z if f ! /orm-cl\d4 ,x
 0 a div9e :isp]1 an inspir$ ?\ght1 :i* 
/irr$ ! life-curr5ts 9 ! he>t ( ,mills1 
& diffus$ ^u 8 br[ a cele/ial radiance4 
,t inspir$ ?\ght1 broad z ! e>? 9 its   
compreh5sion1 ,mills ann\nc$ to 8 dev\t 
companions4 ,!y felt its div9ity1 &     
reg>d$ x z a div9e communication4 ,at ! 
in/ance ( ,mills1 !y knelt 9 pray]1 &   
bes\ght div9e aid & guidance 9 execut+ !
 great "w :i* !y n[ believ$ _h be5      
reveal$ to !m4 ,x 0 no?+ less ?an a     
mission to "s =eign hea!n l&1 & !       
ultimate evangelization ( ! _w4 ,9 (f]+ 
up ! la/ pray] at ?is meet+1 s          
en?usia/ic became ,mills t he invok$ !  
r$ artill]y ( ,heav5 to /rike d[n ! arm 
t %\ld be rais$ aga9/ a h]ald ( ! cross4
  ,& n[1 z ! /orm-cl\d pass$ away1 !    
skies became bright & s]5e2 ! air 0 pure
 & fragrant z balm4 ,! ra9drops1 l      
jewels1 glitt]$ on ! leaves 9 ! grove1 &
 on ! grass & wild-fl[]s 9 ! mead[s4 ,9 

%ort1 ! smile ( ,heav5 0 reflect$ 9 !   
face ( ,nature4 ,& ! sublimity ( ! sc5e1
 z x may be suppos$1 0 height5$ by !    
appe>ance ( a ra9b[ 9 ! ea/1--t glori\s 
emblem ( a div9e love1 :i* is s ample 9 
its "* z to embrace )9 its gold5 circle 
! great _w ( mank9d1 ( e nation1 k9dr$1 
& tongue4  ,z ^! inspir$ "y m5 ( !      
hay/ack w5d$ _! way back to ! college   
halls1 !y pond]$ ^! ?+s 9 _! he>ts &    
communicat$ _! ?\ghts to su* ( _!       
fell[-/ud5ts z !y believ$ w\ld sympa?ize
 ) !m 9 ! desire !y felt to consecrate  
_! lives to ! great "w ( =eign missions1
 & especially a mission to ,india4      
,sev]al ( _! associates became at once  
inspir$ ) a simil> mission>y _s4 ,b z   
yet ! int]e/ felt 9 ?is new ent]prise 0 
re/rict$ to ! circle ( ! ,society (     
,bre?r51 z x 0 designat$4 ,?is society 0
 a secret organization1 compos$ ( su*   
/ud5ts z _h made a pr(ession ( religion1
 & _h = its object ! promotion ( !      
spiritual welf>e ( its memb]s4 ,9       
pursuance ( ?is object1 !y held private 

pray]-meet+s 9 ea* o!rs' rooms1 &       
discuss$ que/ions ( special religi\s    
int]e/1 & (t51 9 ! summ] season1 retir$ 
= ! same purpose to ! neighbor+ groves4 
,9 ?is way 0 s[n ! fir/ gra9 ( mu/>d    
se$1 :i* 0 de/9$ soon to vegetate & gr[ 
to a tree ( gigantic proportions4 ,!    
plant+ ( ?is smalle/ ( all se$s         
con/itut$ a nucleus = m ext5d$ ef=t4    
,consequ5tly o!r societies 7 soon       
organiz$ to promote ! good "w4 ,9 fact1 
new life 0 brea!d into ! dry bones ( e  
valley2 & ,heav5 repeat$ ! comm&1 ,g1   
tea* all nations4  ,! gr& result ( ?is  
day ( small ?+s 0 ! organization at     
,brad=d1 9 #ahaj1 ( ! ,am]ican ,bo>d (  
,commission]s = ,=eign ,missions1--an   
organization :i* "u ! direction & favor 
( a ,div9e ,provid5ce has a*iev$ s mu* =
 ! civilization & evangelization ( !    
b5ight$ races ( mank9d4 ,( ?is we ne$   
adduce no o!r pro( ?an ! lead+ facts (  
its hi/ory4  ,9 its inception1 ?is ,bo>d
 consi/$ ( b few memb]s4 ,at its fir/   
meet+ !re 7 b five memb]s pres5t1 & at  

its second1 b sev54 ,its receipts = !   
fir/ ye> 7 b a ?\s& doll>s4 ,n[ its     
annual receipts exce$ a half-million (  
doll>s1 & its annual meet+s are att5d$  
by ?\s&s ( p4 ,9 ! aggregate1 x has     
collect$ & disburs$ ne>ly twelve        
millions ( doll>s4 ,x has nev] lo/ a    
doll> by ! fraud or embezzlem5t ( any ( 
its (fic]s or ag5ts4 ,s9ce its fir/     
meet+ ( five p]sons1 9 #ahaj1 its       
corporate memb]s h be5 increas$ to two  
hundr$1 & its honor>y memb]s to sev5te5 
?\s&4  ,x has s5t into ! mission>y field
 ?irte5 hundr$ p]sons1 9 v>i\s          
capacities1 includ+ ne>ly five hundr$   
orda9$ mission>ies4 ,x has e/abli%$     
missions 9 almo/ e b5ight$ region ( !   
habitable globe1 especially 9 ! ,ea/]n  
,hemisph]e1--9 ,india1 9 ,*9a1 9 ,p]sia1
 9 ,syria1 9 ,greece1 9 ,turkey1 9      
,africa1 & also 9 sev]al isles ( ! sea1 
includ+ ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,x has m ?an a 
hundr$ mission>y /ations1 & ne>ly two   
hundr$ out-/ations occupi$ by native    
help]s4 ,x has 9 ! native m9i/ry ?ree   

hundr$ ,*ri/ian conv]ts1 ab\t sev5ty (  
:om are pa/ors ( *ur*es4 ,^! native     
,*ri/ian *ur*es h n[ increas$ to two    
hundr$1 9 communion ) :i* m ?an sixty   
?\s& hopeful conv]ts h be5 receiv$4  ,x 
has pr9t+-presses1 :i* h pr9t$ m ?an a  
?\s& millions ( pages ( religi\s &      
educational matt]1 :i* has be5 di/ribut$
 9 =ty-two liv+ languages1 z n[ spok5 9 
pagan & o!r unevangeliz$ l&s4 ,x has    
inv5t$ alphabets1 & r$uc$ eighte5 native
 languages to writ+4 ,x has put 9       
successful op]ation m ?an f\r hundr$    
native s*ools1 9 :i* m ?an twelve ?\s&  
native *ildr5 h be5 taught4 ,all ?is has
 be5 done 9 less ?an sixty ye>s1 & /ill 
! great "w progresses ) increas+ zeal & 
effici5cy4  ,?us has ! ,bo>d prov$      
itself to be1 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god1 a   
great moral p[] 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x  
is ! /> 9 ! ,we/1 :i* fl+s its *e]+     
light into ! ,ea/4 ,! wise m5 h se5 x1 &
 ! %eph]ds h se5 x4 ,l ! /> ( ,be?lehem1
 its err& is div9e1 = x 0 born ( an     
inspir$ ?\ght :i* has n[ become an      

inv9cible elem5t 9 ! moral _w1--a p[]   
:i* mu/ & w d its "w2 & ?\gh opposition 
& disc\ragem5t may come1--        ,tru? 
cru%$ to e>? %all rise aga94   ,yes1    
millions ( ,*ri/ian h]oes w come to !   
rescue1 /ill be>+ al(t ! bann] ( !      
cross1 & %\t+ ! battle-cry ( civil &    
religi\s fre$om4 ,& woman1 fir/ at !    
sepul*re1 fir/ 9 de$s ( *>ity1 fir/ 9 e 
good "w1 w r5ew h] activities 9 ! great 
w>f>e ) moral d>kness1 until ! utt]mo/  
p>ts ( ! e>? h be5 illum9at$ ) ! light (
 div9e tru?4  ,x is expect$1 p]haps1 t  
"s allusion w be made to ! motive :i*   
has induc$ ! erection ( ! monum5t y see 
/&+ be=e y 9 its mode/ yet tru?ful      
significance4 ,! motive 0 simply a      
desire felt 9 common ) _m o!r p]sons to 
see a spot :i* has become sacr$ 9       
mission>y hi/ory commemorat$ by "s      
p]man5t expression ( ,*ri/ian gratitude4
 ,an expression ( ?is k9d seem$ due n   
only to ! great & good cause ( ,am]ican 
,=eign ,missions1 b to ! rev]$ memories 
( ! five "y m5 ( pray]1 :o knelt "h1 "u 

%elt] ( ! hay/ack1 & receiv$ f on high a
 div9e commission4 ,& p]mit me to add t 
! filial reg>d ,i ent]ta9 = my ,alma    
,mat]1 & = my native ,/ate (            
,massa*usetts1 has _h its influ5ce 9    
dispos+ me to make ?is contribution to a
 heav5-born ent]prise1 & 9 remembrance (
 ^? truly good1 & !re=e truly great1 m51
 ^: names are inscrib$ on ! monum5t4 ,! 
plan ( ! monum5t1 z well z its erection 
"h1 x gives me pleasure to /ate1 has    
receiv$ ! cordial approval ( ! ,faculty 
& ,tru/ees ( ! college4 ,! gr& object = 
:i* ! monum5t has be5 erect$1 is !      
commemoration ( ! bir?place ( ,am]ican  
,=eign ,missions2 & to ?is object we n[ 
d$icate x1 9 ! "n ( a ,*ri/ian          
philan?ropy1 ^: field is ! _w4  ,9 its  
"* ! monum5t is n less unique ?an       
emblematical4 ,x /&s on ! id5tical spot 
:]e ! hay/ack /ood4 ,z a specim5 ( f9e  
mat]ial & arti/ic sculpture1 x is       
/rictly a ,b]k%ire production1 compos$ (
 ,b]k%ire m>ble qu>ri$ at ,al=d1 &      
wr\ght 9 ! work%ops ( ,! ,b]k%ire ,m>ble

 ,company4 ,its entire height is twelve 
feet2 its %aft1 cap1 & base1 squ>e2 its 
surface poli%$2 its color a silv]-blue4 
,x is surm\nt$ ) a globe ?ree feet 9    
diamet]1 trac$ 9 geographical l9es4 ,on 
its ea/]n face1 & imm$iately bel[ !     
globe1 are inscrib$ ^! words1 ,! ,field 
is ! ,_w4 ,!n foll[s a similitude ( !   
hay/ack1 sculptur$ 9 bas-relief1 &      
encircl$ ) ^! words1 ,! ,bir?place (    
,am]ican ,=eign ,missions1 #ahjf4 ,&    
b5ea? ?is appe> ! names ( ! five "y m5  
:o held ! pray]-meet+ "u ! %elt] ( !    
hay/ack4 ,! maple-grove1 amid ^: cool   
%ad[s we n[ /&1 is ! same grove f :i* ! 
five heav5ly m9d$ "y m5 7 driv5 by !    
imp5d+ ra9-/orm4  ,?is maple-grove1 :i* 
has n[ become ev] memorable1 is includ$ 
)9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,mission ,p>k4 ,! p>k   
conta9s t5 acres1 & 0 pur*as$ on acc\nt 
( its hi/orical int]e/1 & made "p ( !   
doma9s ( ,williams ,college4 ,x is !    
design ( ! fri5ds ( ! college to        
embelli% ! p>k ) specim5s ( ! trees &   
%rubs & fl[]s ( e =eign l& to :i*       

mission>ies h be5 s5t by ! ,am]ican     
,bo>d1 s f>1 at lea/1 z su* specim5s c  
be successfully acclimat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 
,:5 its embelli%m5ts h be5 p]fect$1     
,mission ,p>k w become a place (        
delightful resort1 full ( sacr$         
memories1 :i* w accumulate & gr[ 9      
int]e/ ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,e ye> w br+ )9  
its invit+ prec9cts hundr$s ( pilgrims1 
& e college comm5cem5t its mission>y    
jubilee4 ,!n w ,mission ,p>k possess1 n 
only an attractive aspect1 b a moral p[]
 :i* w awak5 a r5ew$ zeal 9 behalf (    
missions4 ,& "h may ?is consecrat$      
monum5t1 :i* is s expressive ( a highly 
int]e/+ fact 9 ! hi/ory ( missions1 ev] 
rema9 z an educator ( com+ g5]ations1 & 
z a l&m>k 9 ! pa?way ( ! citiz51 !      
/ud5t1 & ! /rang]6 ,& "h let ! moral h]o
 ( ! pres5t1 & ( ! future1 /ay 8 /eps1 &
 make /ill high] & holi] resolves4 ,nor 
let u ( ! pres5t g5]ation =get t we h a 
great "w /ill to accompli% 9 ! moral    
field1--a field :i* is z broad z ! e>?1 
& 9 :i* we ought to r5ew our            

dilig5ce1--feel+ assur$ t ) ! f9al      
triumph ( tru? w come univ]sal fre$om1  
univ]sal love1 & univ]sal bro!rhood4  ,x
 is due to ,williams ,college to say t  
h] educational & ,*ri/ian influ5ces h   
ev] be5 direct$ by a b5evol5t &         
philan?ropic _s1--a _s t burn$ on !     
pray]ful lips ( ,mills at ! hay/ack1 &  
:i* has inspir$ ) h]oic zeal 9 ! cause (
 tru? ?\s&s ( human s\ls ?r\gh\t our    
,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,humble z ! college  
may h be5 9 its infancy1 "t & ! favor ( 
,heav5 h made x a p[] 9 ! l&4 ,9 e      
dep>tm5t ( lit]ature & ( sci5ce x has   
furni%$ m5tal giants :o h made _! m>k 9 
! _w4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x has s5t =?  
its ?\s&s ( fai?ful work]s1 :o are      
engag$1 f> & ne>1 9 pull+ d[n !         
/rongholds ( error1 & 9 build+ up 9 _!  
/ead t[]s ( /r5g?1 f\nd$ on a ,*ri/ian  
basis4 ,9 its tea*+s ( lit]ature & (    
sci5ce1 x tea*es ^? /ill high] & div9]  
pr9ciples :i* give to man ! graces ( a  
true manhood4 ,9 a ^w1 its ref9+ &      
h>moniz+ influ5ces are felt1 n only by  

its sons1 b by ?\s&s ( o!rs1 ! _w ov]4  
,few inde$ are ! m5 :o h wield$ a m     
ext5sive influ5ce = good1 or contribut$ 
m to ! p]man5t value ( our !ological    
lit]ature1 ?an ! le>n$ & v5]at$         
,presid5t ( ,williams ,college1 ,dr4    
,hopk9s4  ,?\gh ! _w owes mu* m to !    
ef=ts & vigilance ( ! ,faculty &        
,tru/ees ( ,williams ,college ?an x has 
ev] ackn[l$g$1 yet ^! pati5t1 e>ne/1 &  
hopeful m5 w cont9ue to "w on 9 sil5ce1 
/ill inspir$ ) ! belief t 9 ca/+ an     
h&ful ( corn 9 ! e>?1 ^u ! top ( !      
m\nta9s1 ! fruit !re( %all %ake l       
,lebanon4   ,,! ,,end4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,,nature 
,,& ,,culture  ,,by ,,h>vey ,,rice4     
,,second ,,edition      ,,price1 #a4jj4 
,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4   ,!
 au?or has be5 a c>eful read] ( ! sci5ce
 & lit]ature ( ! day1 & has =m$ g5]ally 
intellig5t op9ions ^u ! great que/ions (
 mod]n ?\ght4 ,he is also s*ol>ly 9 8   
use ( language4--,*icago ,tribune4  ,mr4
 ,rice's ideas ^u matt]s :i* he treats  

appe> to u s\nd & practical2 & ! mode/y 
) :i* !y are put 9 8 volume w n detract 
f _! value 9 ! m9ds ( s5sible           
p]sons4--,bo/on ,times4  ,! /yle is     
pure1 & ! ?\ght1 if n new1 is fre%1 & at
 times pres5t$ to ! read] 9 a f9e poetic
 sett+4 ,nature is spok5 ( z by "o :o   
really loves h]1 & :o has se5 h] face to
 face1 & n ?r\gh ! eyes (               
ano!r4--,*ri/ian ,lead]4  ,! collection 
( miscellane\s essays embrac$ 9 ?is     
volume )\t any app>5t bond ( connection 
are wor?y ! att5tion ( intellig5t       
read]s1 f ! ?\ghtfulness ( _! tone1 !   
sobriety ( _! judgm5ts1 & ! naturalness 
( _! /yle4--,new ,york ,tribune4  ,=    
sale by all booksell]s4 ,s5t1 po/paid1  
on receipt ( price4  ,,lee  ,,%ep>d1    
,,publi%]s4  ,,bo/on1 #ahhi4   ,,pione]s
 ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,res]ve4  ,,by ,,h>vey
 ,,rice4  ,,second ,,edition4  ,,price1 
#a4be4  ,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,press4   ,! 
"n & "* ( ,hon4 ,h>vey ,rice are        
suffici5t gu>antee t any?+ :i* comes f 8
 h&s is wor?y ( consid]ation1 & x is )  

?is assurance t 9 ?is "w he has produc$ 
some?+ ( great hi/orical value1 z well z
 ( int]e/ 9 its /yle & incid5t1 t we    
comm5d ! "w )\t hesitation4--,clevel&   
,lead]4  ,! incid5ts ( ! book h n only  
real hi/oric value1 b !y are ( great    
int]e/ z giv+ ! pres5t g5]ation "s idea 
( ! h>d%ips & privations to :i* ! e>ly  
pione]s ( ,ohio 7 subject$4--,sunday    
,gazette1 ,akron1 ,ohio4  ,mr4 ,rice    
tells ! /ory ( ! e>ly /ruggles ( ! e>ly 
settl]s1 _! haps & mi%aps1 & gradual    
developm5t1 9 a mo/ int]e/+ /yle4--,!   
,am]ican1 ,wat]bury1 ,conn4  ,x is      
altoge!r an in/ructive & valuable book1 
& especially int]e/+ to ! p ( our       
hi/oric & noble /ate4--,*ri/ian         
,secret>y1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4  ,!re is mu* t
 is fre% & int]e/+ 9 ! n>rative1 & mu* t
 helps ! mak+ ( hi/ory1 ?\gh x does n   
itself claim to rank z hi/ory4--,bo/on  
,j\rnal4  ,! read]'s int]e/ is su/a9$ by
 rem>kable hi/oric facts1 h]oic         
adv5tures & ?rill+ incid5ts1 :i* ! au?or
 has tak5 pa9s to collect f au?oritative

 s\rces4--,*ri/ian ,intellig5c]1 ,new   
,york4  ,a book on ! e>ly settl]s ( !   
,we/]n ,res]ve t w keep "o awake1 l a   
novel by ,scott or ,dick5s4--,nor?      
,am]ican ,review4   ,s5t1 po/paid1 on   
receipt ( price4  ,,lee  ,,%ep>d1       
,publi%]s4  ,,bo/on1 #ahhi4   ,,select  
,,poems4  ,,by ,,h>vey ,,rice4          
,illu/rat$ edition4 ,price1 #a4jj4      
,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,press4   ',select   
,poems1' rec5tly publi%$ by ,lee        
,%ep>d1 ,bo/on1 pp4 #agd1 #abmo1 are f !
 p5 ( ,hon4 ,h>vey ,rice ( ,clevel&1    
,o41 & au?or ( ',nature & ,culture1'    
publi%$ by ! same firm 9 #ahge1 & :i*   
conta9$ sev]al essays on ^? subjects    
wor?y ( ! deepe/ consid]ation4  ,9 !    
volume n[ be=e u1 ! same love &         
admiration ( all ?+s good1 noble1       
patriotic1 & beautiful1 are to be       
obs]v$2 & we wi% t "s ( our             
magaz9e-writ]s w\ld take patt]n by !    
pla91 almo/ sev]e1 ,saxon v]biage 9 :i* 
! deepe/ ?\ght & mo/ vivid fancy f9d    
expression4--,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce1 ,bo/on4

  ,a second edition indicates ! public  
e/imate ( ^! piquant1 graceful1 &1 9 _m 
reg>ds1 beautiful creations4 ,we /ill   
?9k t ',unwritt5 ,music' rightfully     
fills ! fir/ place4 ,x is simply        
exquisite4--,*ri/ian ,lead]1 ,bo/on4    
,among ! be/ ( ! long poems are ',!     
,my/]y ( ,life1' ',m\nt ,v]non1'        
',ance/ral ,portraits1' ',home ( my     
,y\?1' & ',fre$om4' ,! %ort poems are   
all good1 "s ( !m be+ p]fect            
gems4--,ea/]n ,argus1 ,portl&1 ,me4  ,a 
collection ( orig9al poems1 all ( :i*   
are pleas+ 9 /ructure1 pure & elevat$ 9 
s5tim5t1 vigor\s & ref9$ 9 diction1 &   
faultless 9 numb]s4 ,! religion is t ( !
 natural man1 ! morality t ( works1 !   
sympa?y t5d]1 & ! wit g5]al4 ,! lov]s ( 
good poetry w reli% ! fea/4--,epis4     
,record]1 ,phil4  ,mr4 ,rice writes true
 poetry4--,new ,york ,me?odi/4  ,s5t1   
po/-paid1 on receipt ( price4  ,,lee ,,&
 ,,%ep>d1 ,,publi%]s4  ,,bo/on1 #ahhi4