,,georgius ,,agricola  ,,de ,,re        
,,metallica  ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ 
,,lat9 ,,edition ,,( #aeef  )           
,biographical ,introduction1            
,annotations & ,app5dices ^u !          
,developm5t ( ,m9+ ,me?ods1             
,metallurgical ,processes1 ,geology1    
,m9]alogy  ,m9+ ,law f ! e>lie/ times to
 ! #af? ,c5tury  ,,by  ,,h]b]t ,,cl>k   
,,hoov]  ,a4 ,b4 ,/an=d ,univ]sity1     
,memb] ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+        
,eng9e]s1 ,m9+ & ,metallurgical ,society
 ( ,am]ica1 ,societe des ,+5ieurs       
,civils de ,france1 ,am]ican ,in/itute (
 ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,fell[ ,royal         
,geographical ,society1 etc41 etc4  ,,& 
,,l\ ,,h5ry ,,hoov]  ,a4 ,b4 ,/an=d     
,univ]sity1 ,memb] ,am]ican ,association
 = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,! ,national
 ,geographical ,society1 ,royal ,scotti%
 ,geographical ,society1 etc41 etc4     
#aiej  ,dov] ,publications1 ,inc4  ,,new
 ,,york     ,,to  ,,john ,,casp>        
,,brann] ,ph4,d41  ,! inspiration ( ^:  
tea*+ is no less great ?an 8            

contribution to sci5ce4  ,?is ,new #aiej
 ,edition ( ,,de ,,re ,,metallica is a  
complete & un*ang$ repr9t ( !           
translation publi%$ by ,! ,m9+ ,magaz9e1
 ,london1 9 #aiab4 ,x has be5 made      
available ?r\gh ! k9d p]mission (       
,honorable ,h]b]t ,c4 ,hoov] & ,mr4     
,edg> ,rick>d1 ,au?or & ,publi%]1       
respectively1 ( ! orig9al volume4       
,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,(     
,,am]ica     ,,translators' ,,preface4  
,!re are ?ree objectives 9 translation (
 works ( ?is "*3 to give a fai?ful1     
lit]al translation ( ! au?or's /atem5ts2
 to give ^! 9 a mann] :i* w int]e/ !    
read]2 & to pres]ve1 s f> z is possible1
 ! /yle ( ! orig9al text4 ,! task has   
be5 d\bly difficult 9 ?is "w because1 9 
us+ ,lat91 ! au?or avail$ himself ( a   
m$ium :i* _h ceas$ to exp& a ?\s& ye>s  
be=e 8 subject _h 9 _m p>ticul>s come   
into be+2 9 consequ5ce he 0 9           
difficulties ) a l>ge numb] ( ideas =   
:i* !re 7 no correspond+ words 9 !      
vocabul>y at 8 comm&1 & in/ead ( adopt+ 

into ! text 8 native ,g]man t]ms1 he    
co9$ sev]al hundr$ ,lat9 expressions to 
answ] 8 ne$s4 ,x is ^u ?is rock t mo/   
=m] attempts at translation h be5       
wreck$4 ,except = a v small numb]1 we   
believe we h be5 able to discov] !      
int5d$ mean+ ( su* expressions f a /udy 
( ! context1 assi/$ by a v incomplete   
gloss>y prep>$ by ! au?or himself1 & by 
an exhau/ive inve/igation into !        
lit]ature ( ^! subjects dur+ ! sixte5? &
 sev5te5? c5turies4 ,t discov]y 9 ?is   
p>ticul> has be5 only gradual & obta9$  
aft] mu* lab\r1 may be indicat$ by !    
fact t ! entire text has be5            
re-typewritt5 ?ree times s9ce ! orig9al1
 & "s p>ts m (t52 & fur!r1 t ! pr9t]'s  
pro( has be5 ?rice revis$4 ,we h f\nd "s
 ,engli% equival5t1 m or less           
satisfactory1 = practically all su*     
t]ms1 except ^? ( weights1 ! v>ieties ( 
ve9s1 & a few m9]als4 ,9 ! matt] (      
weights we h introduc$ ! orig9al ,lat91 
because x is impossible to give true    
equival5ts & avoid ! fractions (        

r$uction2 & fur!r1 z expla9$ 9 !        
,app5dix on ,weights x is impossible to 
say 9 _m cases :at scale ! ,au?or _h 9  
m9d4 ,! ,engli% nom5clature to be adopt$
 has giv5 great difficulty1 = v>i\s     
reasons2 among !m1 t _m me?ods &        
processes describ$ h nev] be5 practis$ 9
 ,engli%-speak+ m9+ communities1 & s _h 
no repres5tatives 9 our vocabul>y1 & we 
consid]$ ! introduction ( ,g]man t]ms   
undesirable2 o!r me?ods & processes h   
become obsolete & _! descriptive t]ms ) 
!m1 yet we wi%$ to avoid ! introduction 
( obsolete or unusual ,engli%2 b ( !    
greate/ importance ( all has be5 !      
necessity to avoid rigor\sly su* mod]n  
te*nical t]ms z w\ld imply a great]     
sci5tific und]/&+ ?an ! p]iod possess$4 
,agricola's ,lat91 :ile mo/ly free f    
m$iaeval corruption1 is some:at ta9t$ ) 
,g]man con/ruction4 ,moreov] "s portions
 h n ! cont9u\s fl[ ( su/a9$ ?\ght :i*  
o!rs display1 b ! fact t ! writ+ ( ! "w 
ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1        
suffici5tly expla9s ! consid]able       

v>iation 9 /yle4 ,! te*nical            
descriptions 9 ! lat] books (t5 take !  
=m ( ,h\se-t-,jack-built s5t5ces :i* h  
_h to be at lea/ p>tially brok5 up & !  
subject occasionally re-introduc$4      
,ambiguities 7 also sometimes f\nd :i* x
 0 necess>y to c>ry on into !           
translation4 ,despite ^! criticisms we  
mu/1 h[ev]1 emphasize t ,agricola 0     
inf9itely cle>] 9 8 /yle ?an 8          
contempor>ies ^u su* subjects1 or = t   
matt] ?an 8 successors 9 almo/ any      
language = a c\ple ( c5turies4 ,all ( ! 
illu/rations & display lett]s ( !       
orig9al h be5 reproduc$ & ! type z      
closely approximates to ! orig9al z !   
pr9t]s h be5 able to f9d 9 a mod]n font4
  ,!re are no footnotes 9 ! orig9al     
text1 & ,mr4 ,hoov] is responsible = !m 
all4 ,he has attempt$ 9 !m to give n    
only su* comm5t z w\ld t5d to cl>ify !  
text1 b also su* in=mation z we h be5   
able to discov] ) reg>d to ! previ\s    
hi/ory ( ! subjects m5tion$4 ,we h      
conf9$ ! hi/orical notes to ! "t prior  

to ,agricola1 because to h c>ri$ !m d[n 
to date 9 ! briefe/ mann] w\ld h dem&$ v
 mu* m space ?an c\ld be all[$4 ,9 !    
exam9ation ( su* te*nical & hi/orical   
mat]ial "o is appall$ at ! flood (      
mis-in=mation ) reg>d to anci5t arts &  
sci5ces :i* has be5 let loose ^u ! _w by
 ! h&s ( non-te*nical translators &     
comm5tators4 ,at an e>ly /age we        
consid]$ t we mu/ ju/ify any div]g5ce ( 
view f su* au?orities1 b to limit !     
already al>m+ volume ( ?is "w1 we lat]  
felt compell$ to elim9ate mo/ ( su*     
discussion4 ,:5 ! half-doz5 mo/         
important ( ! anci5t works be>+ ^u      
sci5ce h be5 translat$ by ^? ( "s       
sci5tific exp]i5ce1 su* que/ions w1 no  
d\bt1 be prop]ly settl$4  ,we ne$ make  
no apologies = ,de ,re ,metallica4 ,dur+
 #ahj ye>s x 0 n sup]s$$ z ! text-book &
 guide to m9]s & metallurgi/s1 = until  
,s*luet]'s great "w on metallurgy 9     
#agch x _h no equal4 ,t x pass$ ?r\gh "s
 t5 editions 9 ?ree languages at a p]iod
 :5 ! pr9t+ ( su* a volume 0 no ord9>y  

und]tak+1 is 9 itself suffici5t evid5ce 
( ! importance 9 :i* x 0 held1 & is a   
record t no o!r volume ^u ! same        
subjects has equall$ s9ce4 ,a l>ge      
proportion ( ! te*nical data giv5 by    
,agricola 0 ei!r entirely new1 or _h n  
be5 giv5 previ\sly ) suffici5t detail & 
explanation to h enabl$ a work] 9 ^!    
arts himself to p]=m ! op]ations )\t    
fur!r guidance4 ,practically ! :ole ( x 
mu/ h be5 giv5 f p]sonal exp]i5ce &     
obs]vation1 = ! scant libr>y at 8 s]vice
 c be appreciat$ f 8 own ,preface4      
,consid]+ ! "p :i* ! metallic arts h    
play$ 9 human hi/ory1 ! paucity ( _!    
lit]ature d[n to ,agricola's "t is      
amaz+4 ,no d\bt ! arts 7 jeal\sly gu>d$ 
by _! practition]s z a sort (           
/ock-9-trade1 & x is also probable t ^? 
:o _h k 7 n usually ( a lit]>y turn (   
m9d2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! small army (     
writ]s prior to 8 "t 7 n mu* int]e/$ 9 !
 description ( indu/rial pursuits4      
,moreov]1 9 ^? ?\s&s ( ye>s prior to    
pr9t+1 ! t$i\s & exp5sive transcription 

( manuscripts by h& 0 mo/ly appli$ to   
matt]s ( m g5]al int]e/1 & !re=e _m     
writ+s may h be5 lo/ 9 consequ5ce4 ,9   
fact1 su* 0 ! fate ( ! works (          
,!ophra/us & ,/rato on ^! subjects4  ,we
 h prep>$ a %ort sket* ( ,agricola's    
life & times1 n only to give "s         
indication ( 8 le>n+ & "*1 b also ( 8   
consid]able position 9 ! community 9 :i*
 he liv$4 ,z no appreciation (          
,agricola's /ature among ! f\nd]s (     
sci5ce c be ga9$ )\t consid]ation ( !   
advance :i* 8 works display ov] ^? ( 8  
pr$ecessors1 we !re=e devote "s att5tion
 to ! /ate ( k ( ^! subjects at ! "t by 
giv+ 9 ! ,app5dix a %ort review ( !     
lit]ature !n extant & a summ>y (        
,agricola's o!r writ+s4 ,to s]ve !      
bibliophile we pres5t su* data z we h   
be5 able to collect x ) reg>d to ! v>i\s
 editions ( 8 works4 ,! full titles ( ! 
works quot$ 9 ! footnotes "u simply     
au?ors' names w be f\nd 9 ?is ,app5dix4 
,we feel t x is sc>cely do+ ,agricola   
ju/ice to publi% ,de ,re ,metallica     

only4 ,:ile x is ( ! mo/ g5]al int]e/ ( 
all ( 8 works1 yet1 f ! po9t ( view (   
pure sci5ce1 ,de ,natura ,fossilium &   
,de ,ortu et ,causis are works :i*      
des]ve an equally important place4 ,x is
 un=tunate t ,agricola's own c\ntrym5 h 
n giv5 to ! _w compet5t translations    
into ,g]man1 z 8 "w has too (t5 be5     
judg$ by ! ,g]man translations1 !       
infidelity ( :i* appe>s 9 ne>ly e       
p>agraph4  ,we d n pres5t ,de ,re       
,metallica z a "w ( practical value4 ,! 
me?ods & processes h long s9ce be5      
sup]s$$2 yet surely su* a mile/one on ! 
road ( developm5t ( "o ( ! two mo/ basic
 ( human indu/rial activities is m wor?y
 ( pres]vation ?an ! ?\s&s ( volumes    
devot$ to records ( human de/ruction4   
,to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( _! own      
pr(ession we ne$ make no apologies1     
except = ! long delay 9 publication4 ,= 
?is we put =w>d ! necessity ( active    
endeav\r 9 _m directions2 z ?is book    
c\ld be b a lab\r ( love1 x has _h to   
f9d ! mom5ts = its execution 9 night    

h\rs1 week5ds1 & holidays1 9 all ext5d+ 
ov] a p]iod ( ab\t five ye>s4 ,if ! "w  
s]ves to /r5g!n ! traditions ( "o ( !   
mo/ important & lea/ recogniz$ ( ! _w's 
pr(essions we %all be amply repaid4  ,x 
is our pleasure to ackn[l$ge our        
obligations to ,pr(essor ,h4 ,r4        
,faircl\gh1 ( ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 =      
p]usal ( & sugge/ions ^u ! fir/ *apt]2 &
 to ^? :om we h engag$ f "t to "t = "o  
s]vice or ano!r1 *iefly bibliographical 
"w & collat]al translation4 ,we are also
 s5sibly obligat$ to ! pr9t]s1 ,messrs4 
,fro/  ,sons1 = _! pati5ce & int]e/1 & =
 _! will+ness to b5d "s ( ! canons (    
mod]n pr9t+1 to meet ! dem&s ( ! #af?   
,c5tury4                                
,july #a1 #aiab4      ,! ,r$ ,h\se1     
,hornton ,/reet1 ,london4               
,,introduction4   ,,biography4#a        
,georgius ,agricola 0 born at ,glau*au1 
9 ,saxony1 on ,m>* #bd?1 #adid1 & !re=e 
ent]$ ! _w :5 x 0 /ill ^u ! ?re%old ( ! 
,r5aissance2 ,gut5b]g's fir/ book _h be5
 pr9t$ b =ty ye>s be=e2 ! ,humani/s _h b

 begun t /imulat+ criticism :i* awoke ! 
,re=mation2 ,erasmus1 ( ,rott]dam1 :o 0 
subsequ5tly to become ,agricola's fri5d 
& patron1 0 j complet+ 8 /ud5t days4 ,! 
,re=mation itself 0 yet to come1 b x 0 n
 long delay$1 = ,lu!r 0 born ! ye> be=e 
,agricola1 & ?r\gh him ,agricola's      
homel& became ! cradle ( ! great        
movem5t2 nor did ,agricola escape be+   
drawn into ! conflict4 ,italy1 already  
awake ) ! new classical revival1 0 /ill 
a busy work%op ( antiqu>ian rese>*1     
translation1 /udy1 & publication1 &     
?r\gh h] ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,classics 7   
only n[ available = wide di/ribution4   
,/ud5ts f ! re/ ( ,europe1 among !m at a
 lat] "t ,agricola himself1 flock$ to ! 
,italian ,univ]sities1 & on _! return   
infect$ _! native cities ) !            
newly-awak5$ le>n+4 ,at ,agricola's bir?
 ,columbus _h j return$ f 8 great       
discov]y1 & x 0 only ?ree ye>s lat] t   
,vasco ,da ,gama r\nd$ ,cape ,good      
,hope4 ,?us ^! two =emo/ explor]s _h    
only initiat$ t greate/ p]iod (         

geographical expansion 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 
,a few dates w recall h[ f> ?is         
exploration ext5d$ dur+ ,agricola's     
lifetime4 ,balboa fir/ saw ! ,pacific 9 
#aeac2 ,cortes ent]$ ! ,city ( ,mexico 9
 #aebj2 ,magellan ent]$ ! ,pacific 9 !  
same ye>2 ,piz>ro p5etrat$ into ,p]u 9  
#aebh2 ,de ,soto l&$ 9 ,florida 9 #aeci1
 & ,potosi 0 discov]$ 9 #aedf4 ,omitt+ !
 sporadic settlem5t on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce by
 ,c>ti] 9 #aeda1 ! settlem5t ( ,nor?    
,am]ica did n beg9 = a qu>t] ( a c5tury 
aft] ,agricola's dea?4 ,?us ! revival ( 
le>n+1 ) its tra9 ( ,humanism1 !        
,re=mation1 its /imulation ( exploration
 & ! re-awak5+ ( ! arts & sci5ces1 0    
/ill 9 its infancy ) ,agricola4  ,we "k 
practically no?+ ( ,agricola's antec$5ts
 or 8 y\?4 ,8 real "n 0 ,georg ,bau]    
7peasant71 & x 0 probably ,lat9iz$ by 8 
tea*]s1 z 0 ! cu/om ( ! "t4 ,8 own      
bro!r1 9 receipts pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( 
! ,zwickau ,t[n ,c\ncil1 calls himself  
,bau]1 & 9 !m ref]s to 8 bro!r          
,agricola4 ,he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity (     

,leipsic at ! age ( tw5ty1 & aft] ab\t  
?ree & "o-half ye>s' att5dance !re ga9$ 
! degree ( ,baccalaureus ,artium4 ,9    
#aeah he became ,vice-,pr9cipal ( !     
,municipal ,s*ool at ,zwickau1 :]e he   
taught ,greek & ,lat94 ,9 #aebj he      
became ,pr9cipal1 & among 8 assi/ants 0 
,johannes ,fo]/]1 bett] kn[n z ,lu!r's  
collaborator 9 ! translation ( ! ,bible4
 ,dur+ ?is "t our au?or prep>$ & publi%$
 a small ,lat9 ,gramm>#b4 ,9 #aebb he   
remov$ to ,leipsic to become a lectur] 9
 ! ,univ]sity "u 8 fri5d1 ,petrus       
,mosellanus1 at ^: dea? 9 #aebd he w5t  
to ,italy = ! fur!r /udy ( ,philosophy1 
,m$ic9e1 & ! ,natural ,sci5ces4 ,"h he  
rema9$ = ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 f #aebd to    
#aebf4 ,he visit$ ! ,univ]sities (      
,bologna1 ,v5ice1 & probably ,padua1 &  
at ^! in/itutions receiv$ 8 fir/        
inspiration to "w 9 ! sci5ces1 = 9 a    
lett]#c f ,leon>dus ,casibrotius to     
,erasmus we le>n t he 0 engag$ ^u a     
revision ( ,gal54 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t he 
made ! acqua9tance ( ,erasmus1 :o _h    

settl$ at ,basel z ,editor = ,frob5's   
press4  ,9 #aebf ,agricola return$ to   
,zwickau1 & 9 #aebg he 0 *os5 t[n       
physician at ,joa*im/hal4 ,?is little   
city 9 ,bohemia is locat$ on ! ea/]n    
slope ( ! ,erzgebirge1 9 ! mid/ ( ! !n  
mo/ prolific metal-m9+ di/rict ( ,c5tral
 ,europe4 ,!nce to ,freib]g is b fifty  
miles1 & ! same radius f t city w\ld    
include mo/ ( ! m9+ t[ns s frequ5tly    
m5tion$ 9 ,de ,re ,metallica--,s*neeb]g1
 ,gey]1 ,annab]g & ,alt5b]g--& n f> away
 7 ,m>i5b]g1 ,gottesgab1 & ,platt54     
,joa*im/hal 0 a boom+ m9+ camp1 f\nd$ b 
elev5 ye>s be=e ,agricola's arrival1 &  
already hav+ sev]al ?\s& inhabitants4   
,accord+ to ,agricola's own /atem5t#d1  
he sp5t all ! "t n requir$ = 8 m$ical   
duties 9 visit+ ! m9es & smelt]s1 9     
read+ up 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors all  
ref]5ces to m9+1 & 9 association ) ! mo/
 le>n$ among ! m9+ folk4 ,among ^! 0 "o 
,lor5z ,b]man1 :om ,agricola aft]w>d set
 up z ! le>n$ m9] 9 8 dialogue          
,b]mannus4 ,?is book 0 fir/ publi%$ by  

,frob5 at ,basel 9 #aecj1 & 0 a sort (  
cate*ism on m9]alogy1 m9+ t]ms1 & m9+   
lore4 ,! book 0 app>5tly fir/ submitt$  
to ! great ,erasmus1 & ! publication    
arrang$ by him1 a w>m lett] ( approval  
by him appe>+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! book#e4 ,9
 #aecc he publi%$ ,de ,m5suris et       
,pond]ibus1 ?r\gh ,frob51 ?is be+ a     
discussion ( ,roman & ,greek weights &  
measures4 ,at ab\t ?is "t he began ,de  
,re ,metallica--n to be publi%$ =       
tw5ty-five ye>s4  ,agricola did n conf9e
 8 int]e/ entirely to m$ic9e & m9+1 =   
dur+ ?is p]iod he compos$ a pamphlet ^u 
! ,turks1 urg+ _! ext]m9ation by !      
,european p[]s4 ,?is "w 0 no d\bt       
inspir$ by ! ,turki% siege ( ,vi5na 9   
#aebi4 ,x appe>$ fir/ 9 ,g]man 9 #aeca1 
& 9 ,lat9--9 :i* x 0 orig9ally writt5--9
 #aech1 & pass$ ?r\gh _m subsequ5t      
editions4  ,at ?is "t1 too1 he became   
int]e/$ 9 ! ,god's ,gift m9e at ,ab]?am1
 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #aecj4 ,writ+ 9 #aede1
 he says#f3 ,we1 z a %>ehold]1 ?r\gh !  
goodness ( ,god1 h enjoy$ ! proce$s (   

?is ,god's ,gift s9ce ! v "t :5 ! m9e   
began fir/ to be/[ su* ri*es4  ,agricola
 seems to h resign$ 8 position at       
,joa*im/hal 9 ab\t #aecj1 & to h devot$ 
! next two or ?ree ye>s to travel & /udy
 among ! m9es4 ,ab\t #aecc he became    
city physician ( ,*emnitz1 9 ,saxony1 & 
"h he resid$ until 8 dea? 9 #aeee4 ,!re 
is b little record ( 8 activities dur+ !
 fir/ eight or n9e ye>s ( 8 resid5ce 9  
?is city4 ,he mu/ h be5 engag$ ^u ! /udy
 ( 8 subjects & ! prep>ation ( 8 books1 
= !y came on ) great rapidity soon aft]4
 ,he 0 frequ5tly consult$ on matt]s (   
m9+ eng9e]+1 z1 = in/ance1 we le>n1 f a 
lett] writt5 by a c]ta9 ,johannes       
,hordebor*#g1 t ,duke ,h5ry ( ,brunswick
 appli$ to him ) reg>d to ! me?od =     
work+ m9es 9 ! ,upp] ,h>z4  ,9 #aedc he 
m>ri$ ,anna1 wid[ ( ,mat?ias ,meyn]1 a  
petty ti! (ficial2 !re is "s reason to  
believe f a lett] publi%$ by ,s*mid1#h t
 ,anna 0 8 second wife1 & t he 0 m>ri$ !
 fir/ "t at ,joa*im/hal4 ,he seems to h 
_h sev]al *ildr51 = he comm5ds 8 "y     

*ildr5 to ! c>e ( ! ,t[n ,c\ncil dur+ 8 
abs5ce at ! w> 9 #aedg4 ,9 addition to  
^!1 we "k t a son1 ,!odor1 0 born 9     
#aeej2 a daught]1 ,anna1 9 #aeeb2 ano!r 
daught]1 ,ir5e1 0 buri$ at ,*emnitz 9   
#aeee2 & 9 #aehj 8 wid[ & ?ree          
*ildr5--,anna1 ,val]ius1 & ,lucretia--7 
/ill liv+4  ,9 #aedd began ! publication
 ( ! s]ies ( books to :i* ,agricola owes
 8 position4 ,! fir/ volume compris$    
five works & 0 f9ally issu$ 9 #aedf2 x 0
 subsequ5tly consid]ably revis$1 &      
re-issu$ 9 #aeeh4 ,^! works 73 ,de ,ortu
 et ,causis ,subt]raneorum1 9 five      
books1 ! fir/ "w on physical geology2   
,de ,natura ,eorum quae ,effluunt ex    
,t]ra1 9 f\r books1 on subt]ranean wat]s
 & gases2 ,de ,natura ,fossilium1 9 t5  
books1 ! fir/ sy/ematic m9]alogy2 ,de   
,vet]ibus et ,novis ,metallis1 9 two    
books1 devot$ l>gely to ! hi/ory (      
metals & topographical m9]alogy2 a new  
edition ( ,b]mannus 0 includ$2 & f9ally 
,r]um ,metallic>um ,int]pretatio1 a     
gloss>y ( ,lat9 & ,g]man m9]alogical &  

metallurgical t]ms4 ,ano!r "w1 ,de      
,animantibus ,subt]raneis1 usually      
publi%$ ) ,de ,re ,metallica1 is dat$   
#aedh 9 ! preface4 ,x is devot$ to      
animals :i* live und]gr\nd1 at lea/ "p (
 ! "t1 b is n a v effective basis ( ei!r
 geologic or zoologic classification4   
,despite _m public activities1 ,agricola
 app>5tly complet$ ,de ,re ,metallica 9 
#aeej1 b did n s5d x to ! press until   
#aeec2 nor did x appe> until a ye> aft] 
8 dea? 9 #aeee4 ,b we give fur!r details
 on ! prep>ation ( ?is "w on p4 xv4     
,dur+ ?is p]iod he f\nd "t to prep>e a  
small m$ical "w1 ,de ,pe/e1 & c]ta9     
hi/orical /udies1 details ( :i* appe> 9 
! ,app5dix4 ,!re are o!r works by       
,agricola ref]r$ to by sixte5? c5tury   
writ]s1 b s f> we h n be5 able to f9d !m
 al?\gh !y may exi/4 ,su* data z we h1  
is giv5 9 ! app5dix4  ,z a "y man1      
,agricola seems to h _h "s t5d5cies t[>d
 lib]alism 9 religi\s matt]s1 = :ile at 
,zwickau he compos$ "s anti-,popi%      
,epigrams2 b aft] 8 return to ,leipsic  

he app>5tly nev] wav]$1 & /eadily refus$
 to accept ! ,lu!ran ,re=mation4 ,to _m 
ev5 lib]al s*ol>s ( ! day1 ,lu!r's      
doctr9es appe>$ wild & demagogic4 ,lu!r 
0 n a s*ol>ly man2 8 addresses 7 to !   
masses2 8 ,lat9 0 execrable4 ,nor did ! 
bitt] diss5sions ov] hair-splitt+ !ology
 9 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* aft] ,lu!r's dea? t5d
 to increase respect = ! movem5t among !
 le>n$4 ,agricola 0 a s*ol> ( wide      
atta9m5ts1 a deep-?9k+1 religi\s man1 & 
he rema9$ to ! end a /aun* ,ca?olic1    
despite ! g5]al *ange ( s5tim5t among 8 
c\ntrym54 ,8 lean+s 7 t[>d su* m5 z 8   
fri5d ! humani/1 ,erasmus4 ,t he _h !   
c\rage ( 8 convictions is %[n 9 !       
d$ication ( ,de ,natura ,eorum1 :]e he  
addresses to 8 fri5d1 ,duke ,maurice1 ! 
pi\s advice t ! diss5sions ( ! ,g]mans  
%\ld be compos$1 & t ! ,duke %\ld return
 to ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* ^? :o _h be5 torn 
f h]1 & adds3 ,yet ,i d n wi% to become 
confus$ by ^! turbul5t wat]s1 & be l$ to
 (f5d anyone4 ,x is m advisable to *eck 
my utt]ances4 ,z he became old] he may h

 become less tol]ant 9 religi\s matt]s1 
= he did n seem to %[ z mu* pati5ce 9 ! 
discussion ( ecclesia/ical topics z he  
mu/ h possess$ e>li]1 yet he ma9ta9$ to 
! end ! respect & fri5d%ip ( su* great  
,prote/ants z ,melan*?on1 ,cam]>ius1    
,fabricius1 & _m o!rs4  ,9 #aedf1 :5 he 
0 at ! age ( #eb1 began ,agricola's     
activity 9 public life1 = 9 t ye> he 0  
elect$ a ,burgh] ( ,*emnitz2 & 9 ! same 
ye> ,duke ,maurice appo9t$ him          
,burgoma/]--an (fice :i* he held = f\r  
t]ms4 ,be=e "o c ga9 an insight into 8  
political s]vices1 & incid5tally into ! 
"* ( ! man1 x is necess>y to und]/& !   
politics ( ! "t & 8 "p !re91 & to be> 9 
m9d always t he 0 a /aun* ,ca?olic "u a 
,prote/ant ,sov]eign 9 a ,/ate see?+ )  
militant ,prote/antism4  ,saxony _h be5 
divid$ 9 #adhe betwe5 ! ,pr9ces ,erne/ &
 ,alb]t1 ! =m] tak+ ! ,electoral dignity
 & ! major portion ( ! ,pr9cipality4    
,alb]t ! ,brave1 ! y\ng] bro!r & ,duke (
 ,saxony1 obta9$ ! subord9ate portion1  
embrac+ ,meiss51 b subject to !         

,elector4 ,! ,elector ,erne/ 0 succe$$ 9
 #adhf by ,fr$]ick ! ,wise1 & "u 8      
support ,lu!r made ,saxony ! cradle ( ! 
,re=mation4 ,?is ,elector 0 succe$$ 9   
#aebe by 8 bro!r ,john1 :o 0 9 turn     
succe$$ by 8 son ,john ,fr$]ick 9 #aecb4
 ,( m imm$iate int]e/ to ?is subject is 
! ,alb]tian l9e ( ,saxon ,dukes :o rul$ 
,meiss51 = 9 t ,pr9cipality ,agricola 0 
born & liv$1 & 8 political =tunes 7     
associat$ ) ?is bran* ( ! ,saxon ,h\se4 
,alb]t 0 succe$$ 9 #aeje by 8 son       
,george1 ,! ,be>d$1 & he 9 turn by 8    
bro!r ,h5ry1 ! la/ ( ! ,ca?olics1 9     
#aeci1 :o rul$ until #aeda4 ,h5ry 0     
succe$$ 9 #aeda by 8 ,prote/ant son     
,maurice1 :o 0 ! ,patron ( ,agricola4   
,at ab\t ?is "t ,saxony 0 drawn into !  
/orms :i* rose f ! long-/&+ rivalry     
betwe5 ,francis ,i41 ,k+ ( ,france1 &   
,*>les ,v4 ( ,spa94 ,^! two pot5tates   
came to ! ?rone 9 ! same ye> 7#aeae71 & 
bo? 7 c&idates = ,emp]or ( t loose      
,conf$]ation kn[n z ! ,holy ,roman      
,empire4 ,*>les 0 elect$1 & int]mitt5t  

w>s betwe5 ^! two ,pr9ces arose--fir/ 9 
"o "p ( ,europe1 & !n 9 ano!r4 ,francis 
f9ally =m$ an alliance ) ! ,s*malkald5  
,league ( ,g]man ,prote/ant ,pr9ces1 & )
 ! ,sultan ( ,turkey1 aga9/ ,*>les4 ,9  
#aedf ,maurice ( ,meiss51 al?\gh a      
,prote/ant1 saw 8 be/ int]e/ 9 a secret 
league ) ,*>les aga9/ ! o!r ,prote/ant  
,pr9ces1 & proce$$ 7! ,s*malkald5 ,w>7  
to invade ! doma9s ( 8 sup]ior & c\s91 !
 ,elector ,fr$]ick4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les   
prov$ successful 9 ?is w>1 & ,maurice 0 
rew>d$1 at ! ,capitulation ( ,witt5b]g 9
 #aedg1 by be+ made ,elector ( ,saxony 9
 ! place ( 8 c\s94 ,lat] on1 ! ,elector 
,maurice f\nd ! association ) ,ca?olic  
,*>les unpalatable1 & jo9$ 9 lead+ ! o!r
 ,prote/ant pr9ces 9 w> ^u him1 & on !  
defeat ( ! ,ca?olic p>ty & ! peace (    
,passau1 ,maurice became ackn[l$g$ z !  
*ampion ( ,g]man national & religi\s    
fre$om4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r        
,augu/us 9 #aeec4  ,agricola 0 mu*      
fav\r$ by ! ,saxon ,electors1 ,maurice &
 ,augu/us4 ,he d$icates mo/ ( 8 works to

 !m1 & %[s mu* gratitude = _m fav\rs    
conf]r$ ^u him4 ,duke ,maurice pres5t$  
to him a h\se & plot 9 ,*emnitz1 & 9 a  
lett] dat$ ,june #ad?1 #aedci 9         
connection !re)1 says3 444 t he may     
enjoy 8 life-long a freehold h\se       
unburd5$ by all burgh] rights & o!r     
municipal s]vice1 to be us$ by him &    
inhabit$ z a free dwell+1 & t he may    
also1 = ! necessities ( 8 h\sehold & ( 8
 wife & s]vants1 brew 8 own be] free1 & 
t he may likewise purvey = himself & 8  
h\sehold =eign be] & also w9e = use1 &  
yet he %all n sell any su* be]4444 ,we h
 tak5 ! said ,doctor "u our especial    
protection & c>e = our life-long1 & he  
%all n be summon$ be=e any ,c\rt (      
,ju/ice1 b only be=e u & our            
,c\ncillor4444  ,agricola 0 made        
,burgoma/] ( ,*emnitz 9 #aedf4 ,a       
lett]#aj f ,fabricius to ,meur]1 dat$   
,may #ai?1 #aedf1 says t ,agricola _h   
be5 made ,burgoma/] by ! comm& ( !      
,pr9ce4 ,?is w\ld be ,maurice1 & x is   
all ! m a tribute to ! high respect )   

:i* ,agricola 0 held1 =1 z said be=e1 he
 0 a consi/5t ,ca?olic1 & ,maurice a    
,prote/ant ,pr9ce4 ,9 ?is same ye> !    
,s*malkald5 ,w> broke out1 & ,agricola 0
 call$ to p]sonal att5dance ^u ! ,duke  
,maurice 9 a diplomatic & advisory      
capacity4 ,9 #aedf also he 0 a memb] ( !
 ,diet ( ,freib]g1 & 0 summon$ to       
,c\ncil 9 ,dresd54 ,! next ye> he       
cont9u$1 by ! ,duke's comm&1 ,burgoma/] 
at ,*emnitz1 al?\gh he seems to h be5   
away ^u ,ducal matt]s mo/ ( ! "t4 ,!    
,duke addresses#aa ! ,*emnitz ,c\ncil 9 
,m>*1 #aedg3 ,we h]eby make kn[n to y t 
we are 9 urg5t ne$ ( y\r ,burgoma/]1    
,dr4 ,georgius ,agricola1 ) u4 ,x is1   
!re=e1 our w t y %\ld yield him up &    
=w>d him t he %\ld ) ! utmo/ ha/e set =?
 to u "h ne> ,freib]g4 ,he 0 s5t on     
v>i\s missions f ! ,duke to ! ,emp]or   
,*>les1 to ,k+ ,f]d9& ( ,au/ria1 & to   
o!r ,pr9ces 9 matt]s connect$ ) ! w>--! 
fact t he 0 a ,ca?olic probably ent]+   
into 8 appo9tm5t to su* missions4       
,*emnitz 0 occupi$ by ! troops ( fir/ "o

 side1 !n ! o!r1 despite ! great ef=ts (
 ,agricola to h 8 own t[n specially     
def5d$4 ,9 ,april1 #aedg1 ! w> came to  
an end 9 ! ,battle ( ,muehlb]g1 b       
,agricola 0 app>5tly n reliev$ ( 8      
,burgoma/]%ip until ! succe$+ ye>1 = he 
wrote 8 fri5d ,wolfgang ,meur]1 9       
,april1 #aedh1ab t he 0 n[ reliev$4 ,8  
public duties did n end1 h[ev]1 = he    
att5d$ ! ,diet ( ,leipzig 9 #aedg & 9   
#aedi1 & 0 at ! ,diet at ,torgau 9      
#aeej4 ,9 #aeea he 0 aga9 in/all$ z     
,burgoma/]2 & 9 #aeec1 = ! f\r? "t1 he  
became head ( ! ,municipality1 & dur+   
?is ye> _h aga9 to att5d ! ,diets at    
,leipzig & ,dresd51 repres5t+ 8 city4   
,he app>5tly n[ _h a %ort relief f      
public duties1 = x is n until #aeee1    
%ortly be=e 8 dea?1 t we f9d him aga9   
att5d+ a ,diet at ,torgau4  ,agricola   
di$ on ,novemb] #ba/1 #aeee4 ,a lett]#ac
 f 8 life-long fri5d1 ,fabricius1 to    
,melan*?on1 ann\nc+ ?is ev5t1 /ates3 ,we
 lo/1 on ,novemb] #ba/1 t di/+ui%$      
ornam5t ( our ,fa!rl&1 ,georgius        

,agricola1 a man ( em95t intellect1 (   
culture & ( judgm5t4 ,he atta9$ ! age ( 
#fb4 ,he :o s9ce ! days ( *ildhood _h   
enjoy$ robu/ heal? 0 c>ri$ (f by a      
f\r-days' fev]4 ,he _h previ\sly suff]$ 
f no disease except inflammation ( !    
eyes1 :i* he br\ght ^u himself by untir+
 /udy & insatiable read+4444 ,i "k t y  
lov$ ! s\l ( ?is man1 al?\gh 9 _m ( 8   
op9ions1 m especially 9 religi\s &      
spiritual welf>e1 he diff]$ 9 _m po9ts f
 our own4 ,= he despis$ our ,*ur*es1 &  
w\ld n be ) u 9 ! ,communion ( ! ,blood 
( ,*ri/4 ,!re=e1 aft] 8 dea?1 at ! comm&
 ( ! ,pr9ce1 :i* 0 giv5 to ! ,*ur*      
inspectors & c>ri$ out by ,tettelba* z a
 loyal s]vant1 burial 0 refus$ him1 & n 
until ! f\r? day 0 he borne away to     
,zeitz & int]r$ 9 ! ,ca!dral4444 ,i h   
always admir$ ! g5ius ( ?is man1 s      
di/+ui%$ 9 our sci5ces & 9 ! :ole realm 
( ,philosophy--yet ,i wond] at 8        
religi\s views1 :i* 7 compatible )      
reason1 x is true1 & 7 dazzl+1 b 7 by no
 means compatible ) tru?4444 ,he w\ld n 

tol]ate ) pati5ce t anyone %\ld discuss 
ecclesia/ical matt]s ) him4 ,?is action 
( ! au?orities 9 d5y+ burial to "o ( _! 
mo/ hon\r$ citiz5s1 :o _h be5 ev]       
assidu\s 9 fur!r+ ! welf>e ( !          
community1 seems /rangely out ( jo9t4   
,fur!r1 ! ,elector ,augu/us1 al?\gh a   
,prote/ant ,pr9ce1 0 ,agricola's w>m    
fri5d1 z evid5c$ by 8 lett] ( b a few   
mon?s be=e 7see p4 xv74 ,h[ev]1         
,ca?olics 7 !n few 9 numb] at ,*emnitz1 
& ! feel+ ran high at ! "t1 s possibly !
 ,pr9ce 0 afraid ( public di/urbances4  
,h(mann#ad expla9s ?is occurr5ce 9 !    
foll[+ words3--,! feel+s ( ,*emnitz     
citiz5s1 :o 7 almo/ exclusively         
,prote/ant1 mu/ c]ta9ly be tak5 into    
acc\nt4 ,!y may h rais$ objections to ! 
solemn int]m5t ( a ,ca?olic 9 !         
,prote/ant ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,jacob1 
:i* _h1 p]haps1 be5 dem&$ by 8          
relatives1 & to :i*1 accord+ to ! cu/om 
( ! "t1 he w\ld h be5 entitl$ z         
,burgoma/]4 ,! refusal to sanction !    
int]m5t ar\s$1 m especially 9 ! ,ca?olic

 _w1 a pa9ful s5sation4  ,a brass       
memorial plate hung 9 ! ,ca!dral at     
,zeitz _h already disappe>$ 9 #afhf1 nor
 h ! cities ( 8 bir? or resid5ce ev] %[n
 any appreciation ( ?is man1 ^: "w m    
des]ves _! gratitude ?an does t ( !     
multitude ( soldi]s ^: monum5ts decorate
 e village & city squ>e4 ,x is true t 9 
#ahbb a m>ble tablet 0 plac$ beh9d !    
alt> 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,jacob 9 ,*emnitz1 
b ev5 ?is 0 remov$ to ! ,hi/orical      
,museum lat] on4  ,he left a mode/      
e/ate1 :i* 0 ! subject ( consid]able    
litigation by 8 desc5dants1 due to !    
mismanagem5t ( ! gu>dian4 ,h(mann has   
succe$$ 9 trac+ ! desc5dants = two      
g5]ations1 d[n to #afji1 b ! l9e is     
f9ally lo/ among ! multitude ( o!r      
,agricolas4  ,to d$uce ,georgius        
,agricola's "* we ne$ n se>* beyond !   
discov]y ( 8 /eadfa/ adh]5ce to !       
religion ( 8 fa!rs amid ! bitt] /orm (  
,prote/antism ar\nd him1 & ne$ b to     
rememb] at ! same "t t = tw5ty-five ye>s
 he 0 entru/$ ) elective positions ( an 

increas+ly important "* 9 ?is same      
community4 ,no man c\ld h ?us held !    
respect ( 8 c\ntrym5 unless he 7 devoid 
( bigotry & possess$ ( ! highe/ s5se (  
integrity1 ju/ice1 humanity1 &          
patriotism4   ,,agricola',s             
,,intellectual ,,atta9m5ts ,,&          
,,position ,,9 ,,sci5ce4  ,agricola's   
education 0 ! mo/ ?or\gh t 8 times af=d$
 9 ! classics1 philosophy1 m$ic9e1 &    
sci5ces g5]ally4 ,fur!r1 8 writ+s       
disclose a mo/ exhau/ive k n only ( an  
extraord9>y range ( classical lit]ature1
 b also ( obscure manuscripts buri$ 9 ! 
public libr>ies ( ,europe4 ,t 8 g5]al   
le>n+ 0 held to be ( a high ord] is     
amply evid5c$ f ! correspond5ce ( ! o!r 
s*ol>s ( 8 "t--,erasmus1 ,melan*?on1    
,meur]1 ,fabricius1 & o!rs4  ,our m     
imm$iate conc]n1 h[ev]1 is ) ! advances 
:i* 7 due to him 9 ! sci5ces ( ,geology1
 ,m9]alogy1 & ,m9+ ,eng9e]+4 ,no        
appreciation ( ^! atta9m5ts c be convey$
 to ! read] unless he has "s und]/&+ ( !
 de>? ( k 9 ^! sci5ces prior to         

,agricola's "t4 ,we h 9 ,app5dix ,b giv5
 a brief review ( ! lit]ature extant at 
?is p]iod on ^! subjects4 ,fur!rmore1 no
 appreciation ( ,agricola's contribution
 to sci5ce c be ga9$ )\t a /udy ( ,de   
,ortu et ,causis & ,de ,natura          
,fossilium1 = :ile ,de ,re ,metallica is
 ( mu* m g5]al int]e/1 x conta9s b      
incid5tal ref]5ce to ,geology &         
,m9]alogy4 ,ap>t f ! book ( ,g5esis1 !  
only attempts at fundam5tal explanation 
( natural ph5om5a 7 ^? ( ! ,greek       
,philosoph]s & ! ,al*emi/s4 ,or?odox    
beliefs ,agricola sc>cely m5tions2 ) !  
,al*emi/s he _h no pati5ce4 ,!re c be no
 d\bt1 h[ev]1 t 8 views are greatly     
col\r$ by 8 deep classical le>n+4 ,he 0 
9 f9e to a c]ta9 di/ance a foll[] (     
,ari/otle1 ,!ophra/us1 ,/rato1 & o!r    
lead]s ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool4 ,= t      
matt]1 except = ! muddy curr5t :i* !    
al*emi/s _h introduc$ into ?is already  
tr\bl$ /ream1 ! :ole ?\ght ( ! le>n$ _w 
/ill fl[$ f ! ,greeks4 ,_h he n1 h[ev]1 
radically dep>t$ f ! tea*+s ( !         

,p]ipatetic s*ool1 8 "w w\ld h be5 no   
contribution to ! developm5t ( sci5ce4  
,c]ta9 ( _! tea*+s he repudiat$ ) great 
vig\r1 & 8 lab\r$ & detail$ argum5ts 9  
_! refutation =m ! fir/ battle 9 sci5ce 
ov] ! results ( obs]vation v]sus        
inductive speculation4 ,to use 8 own    
words3 ,^? ?+s :i* we see ) our eyes &  
und]/& by means ( our s5ses are m cle>ly
 to be demon/rat$ ?an if le>n$ by means 
( reason+4#ae ,! bigot$ s*ola/icism ( 8 
times necessitat$ z mu* c>e & detail 9  
refutation ( su* deep-root$ beliefs1 z  
w\ld be dem&$ to-day by an attempt at a 
refutation ( ! !ory ( evolution1 & 9    
consequ5ce 8 works are (t5 b dry read+  
to any b ^? int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t (    
fundam5tal sci5tific !ory4  ,9 giv+ an  
appreciation ( ,agricola's views "h &   
?r\gh\t ! footnotes1 we d n wi% to      
convey to ! read] t he 0 9 all ?+s free 
f error & f ! _s ( 8 times1 or t 8      
!ories1 con/ruct$ long be=e ! atomic    
!ory1 are ( ! cle>-cut ord] :i* t basic 
hypo!sis has r5d]$ possible to lat]     

sci5tific speculation 9 ^! bran*es4 ,8  
/atem5ts are sometimes mu* confus$1 b we
 reit]ate t _! cl>ity is z cry/al to mud
 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors--& (  
mo/ ( 8 successors = ov] two hundr$     
ye>s4 ,z an indication ( 8 grasp ( "s ( 
! wid] aspects ( geological ph5om5a we  
reproduce1 9 ,app5dix ,a1 a passage f   
,de ,ortu et ,causis1 :i* we believe to 
be ! fir/ adequate decl>ation ( ! "p    
play$ by erosion 9 m\nta9 sculpture4 ,b 
( all ( ,agricola's !oretical views ^?  
are ( ! greate/ int]e/ :i* relate to !  
orig9 ( ore deposits1 = 9 ^! matt]s he  
_h ! greate/ opportunities ( obs]vation 
& ! mo/ exp]i5ce4 ,we h on page #ajh    
reproduc$ & discuss$ 8 !ory at          
consid]able l5g?1 b we may repeat "h1 t 
9 8 propositions z to ! circulation (   
gr\nd wat]s1 t ore *annels are a        
subsequ5t creation to ! conta9$ rocks1 &
 t !y 7 fill$ by deposition f circulat+ 
solutions1 he enunciat$ ! f\ndations (  
our mod]n !ory1 & 9 s do+ took a /ep 9  
advance great] ?an t ( any s+le         

subsequ5t au?ority4 ,9 8 cont5tion t ore
 *annels 7 creat$ by erosion (          
subt]ranean wat]s he 0 wrong1 except =  
special cases1 & x 0 n until two        
c5turies lat] t a fur!r /ep 9 advance 0 
tak5 by ! recognition by ,van ,oppel ( !
 "p play$ by fissur+ 9 ^! ph5om5a4 ,nor 
0 x until ab\t ! same "t t ! fill+ ( ore
 *annels 9 ! ma9 by deposition f        
solutions 0 g5]ally accept$4 ,:ile      
,w]n]1 two hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft]     
,agricola1 is g5]ally rev]$ z ! inspir] 
( ! mod]n !ory by ^? ^: read+ has tak5  
!m no f>!r back1 we h no hesitation 9   
ass]t+ t ( ! propositions ( ea* au?or1  
,agricola's 7 v mu* m ne>ly 9 accord )  
mod]n views4 ,moreov]1 ! ma9 result ( ! 
new ideas br\ght =w>d by ,w]n] 0 to /op 
! m>* ( progress = half a c5tury1 in/ead
 ( spe$+ x =w>d z did ^? ( ,agricola4   
,9 m9]alogy ,agricola made ! fir/       
attempt at sy/ematic treatm5t ( !       
subject4 ,8 sy/em c\ld n be o!rwise ?an 
wrongly bas$1 z he c\ld sc>cely see =w>d
 two or ?ree c5turies to ! atomic !ory &

 our va/ fund ( *emical k4 ,h[ev]1 bas$ 
z x is ^u su* prop]ties z solubility &  
homog5eity1 & ^u ext]nal *>act]i/ics su*
 z col\r1 h>dness1 c41 x makes a mo/    
cr$itable advance ^u ,!ophra/us1        
,dioscorides1 & ,alb]tus ,magnus--8 only
 pr$ecessors4 ,he is ! fir/ to ass]t t  
bismu? & antimony are true prim>y       
metals2 & to "s sixty actual m9]al      
species describ$ previ\s to 8 "t he add$
 "s tw5ty m1 & lam5ts t !re are scores  
unnam$4  ,z to ,agricola's contribution 
to ! sci5ces ( m9+ & metallurgy1 ,de ,re
 ,metallica speaks = itself4 ,:ile he   
describes1 = ! fir/ "t1 scores ( me?ods 
& processes1 no "o w\ld cont5d t !y 7   
discov]ies or inv5tions ( 8 own4 ,!y    
repres5t ! accumulation ( g5]ations (   
exp]i5ce & k2 b by him !y 71 = ! fir/   
"t1 to receive detail$ & intellig5t     
exposition4 ,until ,s*luet]'s "w ne>ly  
two c5turies lat]1 x 0 n excell$4 ,!re  
is no measure by :i* we may gauge !     
value ( su* a "w to ! m5 :o foll[$ 9 ?is
 pr(ession dur+ c5turies1 nor ! b5efits 

enjoy$ by humanity ?r\gh !m4  ,t        
,agricola occupi$ a v consid]able place 
9 ! great awak5+ ( le>n+ w be disput$ by
 none except by ^? :o place ! developm5t
 ( sci5ce 9 rank f> bel[ religion1      
politics1 lit]ature1 & art4 ,( wid]     
importance ?an ! details ( 8 a*ievem5ts 
9 ! m]e conf9es ( ! p>ticul> sci5ce to  
:i* he appli$ himself1 is ! fact t he 0 
! fir/ to f\nd any ( ! natural sci5ces  
^u rese>* & obs]vation1 z oppos$ to     
previ\s fruitless speculation4 ,! wid]  
int]e/ ( ! memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession 9
 ! developm5t ( _! sci5ce ?an t (       
geologi/s 9 !irs1 has l$ to !           
aggr&izem5t ( ,p>acelsus1 a contempor>y 
( ,agricola1 z ! fir/ 9 d$uctive sci5ce4
 ,yet no comp>ative /udy ( ! unp>allel$ 
egoti/ical rav+s ( ?is half-g5ius1      
half-al*emi/1 ) ! mode/ sob] logic &    
real rese>* & obs]vation ( ,agricola1 c 
leave a mom5t's d\bt z to ! incomp>ably 
great] position :i* %\ld be attribut$ to
 ! latt] z ! pione] 9 build+ ! f\ndation
 ( sci5ce by d$uction f obs]v$ ph5om5a4 

,sci5ce is ! base ^u :i* is re>$ !      
civilization ( to-day1 & :ile we give   
daily cr$it to all ^? :o toil 9 !       
sup]/ructure1 let none =get ^? m5 :o    
laid its fir/ f\ndation /ones4 ,"o ( !  
greate/ ( ^! 0 ,georgius ,agricola4     
,,de ,,re ,,metallica  ,agricola seems  
to h be5 engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ,de ,re
 ,metallica = a p]iod ( ov] tw5ty ye>s1 
= we fir/ he> ( ! book 9 a lett] f      
,petrus ,plateanus1 a s*oolma/] at      
,joa*im/hal1 to ! great humani/1        
,erasmus1#af 9 ,septemb]1 #aebi4 ,he    
says3 ,! sci5tific _w w be /ill m       
indebt$ to ,agricola :5 he br+s to light
 ! books ,de ,re ,metallica & o!r matt]s
 :i* he has on h&4 ,9 ! d$ication ( ,de 
,m5suris et ,pond]ibus 79 #aecc7        
,agricola /ates t he means to publi%    
twelve books ,de ,re ,metallica1 if he  
lives4 ,t ! appe>ance ( ?is "w 0 eag]ly 
anticipat$ is evid5c$ by a lett] f      
,george ,fabricius to ,val5t9e          
,h]tel3#ag ,) great excitem5t ! books   
,de ,re ,metallica are be+ await$4 ,if  

he treats ! mat]ial at h& ) 8 usual     
zeal1 he w w9 = himself glory su* z no  
"o 9 any ( ! fields ( lit]ature has     
atta9$ = ! la/ ?\s& ye>s4 ,accord+ to ! 
d$ication ( ,de ,vet]ibus et ,novis     
,metallis1 ,agricola 9 #aedf already    
look$ =w>d to its e>ly publication4 ,!  
"w 0 app>5tly f9i%$ 9 #aeej1 = !        
d$ication to ! ,dukes ,maurice & ,augu/ 
( ,saxony is dat$ 9 ,decemb] ( t ye>4 ,!
 eulogi/ic poem by 8 fri5d1 ,george     
,fabricius1 is dat$ 9 #aeea4  ,!        
publication 0 app>5tly long delay$ by ! 
prep>ation ( ! woodcuts2 &1 accord+ to  
,ma!sius1#ah _m sket*es = !m 7 prep>$ by
 ,basilius ,wefr+4 ,9 ! preface ( ,de   
,re ,metallica1 ,agricola does n m5tion 
:o prep>$ ! sket*es1 b does say3 ,i h   
hir$ illu/rators to del9eate _! =ms1 le/
 descriptions :i* are convey$ by words  
%\ld ei!r n be und]/ood by m5 ( our own 
times1 or %\ld cause difficulty to      
po/]ity4 ,9 #aeec ! complet$ book 0 s5t 
to ,frob5 = publication1 = a lett]#ai f 
,fabricius to ,meur] 9 ,m>*1 #aeec1     

ann\nces its dispat* to ! pr9t]4 ,an    
int]e/+ lett]#bj f ! ,elector ,augu/us  
to ,agricola1 dat$ ,janu>y #ah1 #aeee1  
reads3 ,mo/ le>n$1 de> & fai?ful        
subject1 :]eas y h s5t to ! ,press a    
,lat9 book ( :i* ! title is said to be  
,de ,rebus ,metallicis1 :i* has be5     
prais$ to u & we %\ld l to "k ! cont5ts1
 x is our graci\s comm& t y %\ld get !  
book translat$ :5 y h ! opportunity into
 ,g]man1 & n let x be copi$ m ?an once  
or be pr9t$1 b keep x by y & s5d u a    
copy4 ,if y %\ld ne$ a writ] = ?is      
purpose1 we w provide "o4 ,?us y w      
fulfil our graci\s behe/4 ,! ,g]man     
translation 0 prep>$ by ,philip ,be*ius1
 a ,basel ,univ]sity ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e
 & ,philosophy4 ,x is a wret*$ "w1 by "o
 :o knew no?+ ( ! sci5ce1 & :o m        
especially _h no appreciation ( !       
peculi> ,lat9 t]ms co9$ by ,agricola1   
mo/ ( :i* he r5d]$ lit]ally4 ,x is a sad
 comm5t>y on 8 c\ntrym5 t no correct    
,g]man translation exi/s4 ,! ,italian   
translation is by ,mi*elangelo ,florio1 

& is by him d$icat$ to ,elizabe?1 ,que5 
( ,engl&4 ,! title page ( ! fir/ edition
 is reproduc$ lat] on1 & ! full titles (
 o!r editions are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix1    
toge!r ) ! au?or's o!r works4 ,! foll[+ 
are ! %ort titles ( ! v>i\s editions (  
,de ,re ,metallica1 toge!r ) ! "n &     
place ( ! publi%]3--  ,lat9 ,editions4  
,de ,re ,metallica1 ,frob5        ,basel
 ,folio #aeef4                          
#aefa4                   ,ludwig ,ko5ig 
#afba4                   ,emanuel ,ko5ig
           #afeg4  ,9 addition to ^!1   
,leupold1#ba ,s*mid1#bb & o!rs m5tion an
 octavo edition1 )\t illu/rations1      
,s*we9furt1 #afjg4 ,we h n be5 able to  
f9d a copy ( ?is edition1 & are n c]ta9 
( its exi/5ce4 ,! same catalogues also  
m5tion an octavo edition ( ,de ,re      
,metallica1 ,witt5b]g1 #afab or #afad1 )
 notes by ,joanne ,sigfrido2 b we       
believe ?is to be a confusion )         
,agricola's subsidi>y works1 :i* 7      
publi%$ at ?is "t & place1 ) su* notes4 
,g]man ,editions4    ,vom ,b]gkw]ck1    

,frob51 ,folio1 #aeeg4   ,b]gw]ck ,bu*1 
,sigmundi ,feyrab5dt1 ,frank=t-on-,ma91 
folio1 #aehj4                   ,ludwig 
,ko5ig1 ,basel1 folio1 #afba4  ,!re are 
o!r editions ?an ^!1 m5tion$ by         
bibliograph]s1 b we h be5 unable to     
confirm !m 9 any libr>y4 ,! mo/ reliable
 ( su* bibliographies1 t ( ,john        
,f]guson1#bc gives 9 addition to !      
above2 ,b]gw]kbu*1 ,basel1 #afeg1 folio1
 & ,s*we9furt1 #afhg1 octavo4  ,italian 
,edition4  ,l',arte de ,metalli1 ,frob51
 ,basel1 folio1 #aefc4  ,o!r ,languages4
  ,s f> z we "k1 ,de ,re ,metallica 0   
nev] actually publi%$ 9 o!r ?an ,lat91  
,g]man1 & ,italian4 ,h[ev]1 a portion ( 
! acc\nts ( ! firm ( ,frob5 7 publi%$ 9 
#ahhabd1 & !re9 is an entry "u ,m>*1    
#aefj1 ( a sum to "o ,leodig>is         
,grymaldo = "s o!r "w1 & also =         
correction ( ,agricola's ,de ,re        
,metallica 9 ,fr5*4 ,?is may ( c\rse1 be
 an error = ! ,italian edition1 :i*     
appe>$ a little lat]4 ,!re is also      
m5tion#be t a manuscript ( ,de ,re      

,metallica 9 ,spani% 0 se5 9 ! libr>y ( 
! t[n ( ,bej>4 ,an int]e/+ note appe>s 9
 ! gloss>y giv5 by ,sir ,john ,pettus 9 
8 translation ( ,laz>us ,erck]n's "w on 
assay+4 ,he says#bf b ,i _c enl>ge my   
obs]vations ^u any m words1 because !   
pr9t] calls = :at ,i did write ( a      
metallick diction>y1 aft] ,i fir/       
propos$ ! pr9t+ ( ,erck]n1 b int5d+ )9 !
 compass ( a ye> to publi% ,georgius    
,agricola1 ,de ,re ,metallica 7be+ fully
 translat$7 9 ,engli%1 & also to add a  
diction>y to x1 ,i %all res]ve my rema9+
 essays 7if :at ,i h done hi!rto be     
approv$7 till !n1 & s ,i proce$ 9 !     
diction>y4 ,! translation 0 nev] publi%$
 & ext5sive inquiry 9 v>i\s libr>ies &  
among ! family ( ,pettus has fail$ to   
yield any trace ( ! manuscript4         
,,footnotes3  #a ,= ! biographical      
in=mation "h set out we h reli$         
pr9cipally ^u ! foll[+ works3--,petrus  
,alb9us1 ,meissnis*e ,l& ,und ,b]g      
,*ronica1 ,dresd51 #aeij2 ,adam ,daniel 
,ri*t]1 ,um/a5dli*e 444 ,*ronica d]     

,/adt ,*emnitz1 ,leipzig1 #aged2 ,johann
 ,gottfri$ ,well]1 ,altes ,aus ,all5    
,!il5 ,d] ,ges*i*te1 ,*emnitz1 #agff2   
,freidri* ,augu/ ,s*mid1 ,georg         
,agrikola's ,b]mannus1 ,freib]g1 #ahjf2 
,georg ,he9ri* ,jacobi1 ,d] ,m9]alog    
,georgius ,agricola1 ,zwickau1 #ahha2   
,dr4 ,re9hold ,h(mann1 ,dr4 ,georg      
,agricola1 ,go?a1 #aije4 ,! la/ is an   
exhau/ive biographical sket*1 to :i* we 
ref] ^? :o are int]e/$4  #b ,georgii    
,agricolae ,glaucii ,libellus de ,prima 
ac ,simplici ,in/itutione ,grammatica1  
pr9t$ by ,mel*ior ,lot!r1 ,leipzig1     
#aebj4 ,petrus ,mosellanus ref]s to ?is 
"w 7)\t giv+ title7 9 a lett] to        
,agricola1 ,june1 #aebj4  #c ,briefe an 
,desid]ius ,erasmus von ,rott]dam4      
,publi%$ by ,joseph ,fo]/emann & ,otto  
,gu5!r4 ,,xxvii4 ,beiheft zum           
,z5tralblatt fu] ,biblio!kswes51        
,leipzig1 #aijd4 p4 #dd4  #d ,de        
,vet]ibus et ,novis ,metallis4 ,preface4
  #e ,a summ>y ( ?is & ( ,agricola's o!r
 works is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix ,a4  #f ,de 

,vet]ibus et ,novis ,metallis1 ,book ,i4
  #g ,pr9t$ 9 ,f4 ,a4 ,s*mid's ,georg   
,agrikola's ,b]mannus1 p4 #ad1 ,freib]g1
 #ahjf4  #h ,op4 ,cit41 p4 #h4  #i      
,ar*ive #ch1 ,*emnitz ,municipal        
,ar*ives4  #aj ,baumg>t5-,crusius4      
,georgii ,fabricii ,*emnic5sis ,epi/olae
 ad ,w4 ,meur]um et ,alios ,aequales1   
,leipzig1 #ahde1 p4 #bf4  #aa ,h(mann1  
,op4 cit41 p4 #ii4  #ab ,web]1 ,virorum 
,cl>orum ,saeculi ,,xvi4 et ,,xvii4     
,epi/olae ,selectae1 ,leipzig1 #ahid1 p4
 #h4  #ac ,baumg>t5-,crusius4 ,op4 cit41
 p4 #aci4  #ad ,h(mann1 ,op4 cit41 p4   
#abc4  #ae ,de ,ortu et ,causis1 ,book  
,,iii4  #af ,briefe an ,desid]ius       
,erasmus von ,rott]dam4 ,publi%$ by     
,joseph ,fo]/emann  ,otto ,gu5!r4       
,,xxvii4 ,beiheft zum ,z5tralblatt fu]  
,biblio!kswes51 ,leipzig1 #aijd1 p4     
#abe4  #ag ,petrus ,alb9us1 ,meissnis*e 
,l& und ,b]g ,*ronica1 ,dresd51 #aeij1  
p4 #cec4  #ah ,?is /atem5t is conta9$ "u
 #aeef 9 a sort ( *ronicle b\nd up )    
,ma!sius's ,s>epta1 ,nuremb]g1 #aefb4   

#ai ,baumg>t5-,crusius1 p4 #he1 lett]   
,no4 #ic4  #bj ,pr9cipal ,/ate ,ar*ives1
 ,dresd51 ,cop4 #bei1 folio #ajb4  #ba  
,jacob ,leupold1 ,prodromus ,biblio!cae 
,metallicae1 #agcb1 p4 #aa4  #bb ,f4 ,a4
 ,s*mid1 ,georg ,agrikola's ,b]mannus1  
,freib]g1 #ahjf1 p4 #cd4  #bc ,biblio!ca
 ,*emica1 ,glasg[1 #aijf1 p4 #aj4  #bd  
,re*nungsbu* d] ,frob5 und ,episcopius  
,bu*druck] und ,bu*ha5dl] zu ,basel1    
#aeeg-aefd1 publi%$ by ,r4 ,wack]nagle1 
,basel1 #ahha4 p4 #bj4  #be ,colecion   
del ,sr ,monoz t4 #ic1 fol4 #bee ,en la 
,acad4 de la ,hi/4 ,madrid4  #bf ,sir   
,john ,pettus1 ,fleta ,m9or1 ,! ,laws ( 
,art & ,nature1 c41 ,london1 #afcf1 p4  
#aba4     ,illu/ration xix 7,title page 
f fir/ edition7       ,,georgius        
,,fabricius ,,9 ,,libros   ,metallicos  
,,georgii ,,agricolae philosophi        
prae/antissimi4#a  ,,ad ,,lectorem4     
,si iuuat ignita cognosc]e fronte       
,*ima]am1       ,semicanem nympham1     
semib\emque uirum3     ,si c5tum capitum
 ,titanem1 totque f]5tem       ,sublimem

 manibus tela cru5ta ,gyg53     ,si     
iuuat ,a,etneum p5etr>e ,cyclopis 9     
antrum1       ,atque alios1 ,vates quos 
pep]]e1 metus3     ,nunc placeat mecum  
doctos euolu]e libros1       ,+5ium     
,,agricolae quos d$it acre tibi4        
,non hic uana t5et susp5sam fabula      
m5tem3       ,s$ precium1 utilitas      
multa1 leg5tis erit4     ,quidquid t]ra 
s9u1 gremioque recondidit imo1          
,omne tibi multis eruit ante libris3    
,siue flu5s sup]as ultro nitatur 9 oras1
       ,inu5iat facilem seu magis arte  
uiam4     ,p]petui proprijs manant de   
fontibus amnes1       ,e/ grauis        
,albuneae sponte ,mephitis odor4        
,le?ales sunt sponte scrobes            
,dicae>*idis orae1       ,et micat e    
m$ia conditus ignis humo4     ,plana    
,n>iscorum cum tellus arsit 9 agro1     
,t] curua nondum falce resecta ,c]es1   
,nec d$it hoc damnum pa/or1 nec ,iuppit]
 igne3       ,vulcani p] se rup]at ira  
solum4     ,t]rifico aura =as erump5s1  
incita motu1       ,saepe facit montes1 

ante ubi plana uia e/4     ,haec ab/rusa
 cauis1 imoque incognita fundo1         
,cognita natura saepe fu]e duce4        
,arte hom9um1 9 lucem u5iunt quoque     
multa1 manuque       ,t]rae multiplices 
effodiuntur opes4     ,lydia sic nitrum 
pr(]t1 ,isl&ia sulfur1       ,ac modo   
,tyrrh5us mittit alum5 ag]4     ,succ9a1
 qua trifido subit aequor ,vi/ula cornu1
       ,piscantur ,codano corpora s]ua  
s9u4     ,quid memorem regum preciosa   
insignia gemmas1       ,m>moraque       
excelsis /ructa sub a/ra iugis8     ,nil
 lapides1 nil saxa moror3 sunt pul*ra   
metalla1       ,croese tuis opibus cl>a1
 ,mydaque tuis1     ,quaeque ac] ,mac$o 
t]ra ,cr5eide fodit1       ,nom9e       
p]mutans nom9a prisca suo4     ,at nunc 
non ullis c$it ,,g]mania t]ris1         
,t]ra f]ax hom9um1 t]raque diues opum4  
,hic auri 9 u5is locupletibus aura      
refulget1       ,non alio messis c>ior  
ulla loco4     ,auricomum extul]it felix
 ,campania ramum1       ,nec fructu     
nobis defici5te cadit4     ,eruit arg5ti

 solidas hoc tempore massas             
,fossor1 de proprijs armaque miles      
agris4     ,ignotum ,graijs e/          
,hesp]ijsque metallum1       ,quod      
,bisemutum l+ua pat]na uocat4           
,c&idius nigro1 s$ plumbo nigrius albo1 
,no/ra quoque hoc u5a diuite fundit     
humus4     ,funditur 9 torm5ta1 corus   
cum imitantia fulm51       ,a,es1 inque 
ho/iles f]rea massa domos4              
,scribuntur plumbo libri3 quis cr$idit  
ante       ,quam mir&am artem ,teutonis 
ora d$it8     ,nec tam5 hoc alijs1 aut  
illa petuntur ab oris1       ,eruta     
,g]mano cuncta metalla solo4     ,s$    
quid ego haec repeto1 monum5tis tradita 
cl>is       ,,agricolae1 quae nunc docta
 p] ora uolant8     ,hic caussis ortus1 
=mas uiribus addit1       ,et qua]5da   
quibus s9t meliora locis4     ,quae si  
m5te prius legi/i c&idus aequa3         
,da reliquis quoque nunc tempora pauca  
libris4     ,vtilitas sequitur cultorem3
 cr$e1 uoluptas       ,non iucunda m9or1
 r>a leg5tis1 erit4     ,iudicioque     

prius ne quis male damnet iniquo1       
,quae sunt auctoris mun]a mira ,dei3    
,eripit ipse suis primum tela ho/ibus1  
inque       ,mitt5tis torquet spicula   
rapta caput4     ,f]tur equo latro1     
uehitur pirata triremi3       ,ergo     
nec&us equus1 nec fabric&a ratis8       
,visc]ibus t]rae lateant ab/rusa        
metalla1       ,vti opibus nescit quod  
mala turba suis8     ,quisquis es1 aut  
doctis p>eto mon5tibus1 aut te          
,int] hab]e bonos ne fate>e locum4      
,se non 9 pra]upta metallicus abijcit   
audax1       ,vt quondam immisso        
,curtius ac] equo3     ,s$ prius        
ediscit1 quae sunt nosc5da p]ito1       
,quodque facit1 multa doctus ab arte    
facit4     ,vtque gub]nator s]uat cum   
sid]e u5tos3       ,sic m9ime dubijs    
utitur ille notis4     ,iasides nauim1  
currus regit arte ,metiscus3            
,fossor opus p]agit nec m9us arte suum4 
,indagat u5ae spacium1 num]umque1       
modumque1       ,siue obliqua suum1     
rectaue t5dat it]4     ,pa/or ut        

explorat quae t]ra sit apta col5ti1     
,quae b5e lanig]as1 quae male pascat    
oues4     ,en t]rae int5tus1 quid u9cula
 l9ea t5dit8       ,fungitur (ficio iam 
,ptolemaee tuo4     ,vtque suae inu5it  
m5suram iuraque u5ae1       ,9 u>ios    
op]as diuidit inde uiros4     ,iamque   
aggressus opus1 uid5' ut m\et omne quod 
ob/at1       ,assidua ut u]sat /r5uus   
arma manu8     ,ne tibi surdescant f]ri 
t9nitibus aures1       ,ad grauiora ideo
 conspici5da u5i4     ,in/ruit ecce suis
 nunc artibus ille m9ores3              
,s$ulitas nulli non op]osa loco4        
,metiri docet hic u5ae spaciumque       
modumque1       ,vtque regat positis    
f9ibus arua lapis1     ,ne quis         
transmisso uiol5tus limite p]g5s1       
,non sibi concessas1 9 sua u]tat1 opes4 
,hic docet in/rum5ta1 quibus ,plutonia  
regna       ,tutus adit1 saxi p]meat    
atque uias4     ,quanta 7uides7 solidas 
expugnet ma*9a t]ras3       ,ma*9a non  
ullo tempore uisa prius4     ,c$e n\is1 
nulla non inclyta laude uetu/as1        

,po/]itas m]itis e/ quoque grata tuis4  
,tum quia ,g]mano sunt haec inu5ta sub  
axe1       ,si quis es1 inuidiae        
contrahe uela tuae4     ,ausonis ora    
tumet bellis1 t]ra ,attica cultu1       
,g]manum infractus tollit ad a/ra labor4
     ,nec tam5 +5io solet infelicit]    
uti1       ,mite g]at ,phoebi1 seu graue
 ,m>tis opus1     ,tempus ade/1 /ructis 
u5>um montibus1 igne       ,explor>e1   
usum quem sibi u5a f]at1     ,non labor 
+5io c>et hic1 non copia fructu1        
,e/ adap]ta bonae prima f5e/ra spei4    
,ergo in/at porro grauiores f]re        
labores1       ,int5tas op]i nec rem\]e 
manus4     ,vr]e siue locus poscat1 seu 
tund]e u]ras1       ,siue lau>e lacu    
praet] euntis aquae4     ,seu flammis   
it]um modicis torr]e necesse e/1        
,excoqu]e aut fa/is ignibus omne malum1 
,cum fluit aes riuis1 auri arg5tique    
metallum1       ,spes animo fossor uix  
capit ipse suas4     ,arg5tum cupidus   
fuluo sec]nit ab auro1       ,et plumbi 
l5tam demit utrique moram4     ,sep>at  

arg5tum1 lucri /udiosus1 ab a]e1        
,s]uatis1 l9qu5s det]iora1 bonis4       
,quae si cuncta uelim t5ui p]curr]e     
u]su1       ,ante alium reuehat         
,memnonis orta diem4     ,po/remus labor
 e/1 concretos disc]e succos1           
,quos f]t innum]is ,teutona t]ra locis4 
,quo sal1 quo nitrum1 quo pacto fiat    
alum51       ,vsibus artificis cum p>at 
illa manus3     ,nec non *alcantum1     
sulfur1 fluidumque bitum51              
,massaque quo uitri l5ta dol&a modo4    
,suscipit haec hom9um mir&os cura       
labores1       ,paup]iem usque adeo f]re
 famemque graue e/1     ,tantus amor    
uictum p>uis extund]e natis1       ,et  
patriae ciuem non d>e uelle malum4      
,nec manet 9 t]rae fossoris m]sa        
latebris       ,m5s1 s$ f]t dom9o uota  
precesque ,deo4     ,munificae expectat1
 spe pl5us1 mun]a dextrae1              
,extoll5s animum laetus ad a/ra suum4   
,diuitias ,,*ri/us dat noticiamque      
fru5di1       ,cui memori grates pectore
 semp] agit4     ,hoc quoque laudati    

quondam fec]e ,philippi1       ,qui     
uirtutis hab5t cum pietate decus4       
,huc oculos1 huc flecte animum1         
suauissime ,lector1       ,auctoremque  
pia noscito m5te ,deum4     ,,agricolae 
h9c optans op]oso fau/a labori1         
,laudibus eximij c&idus e/o uiri4       
,ille suum extollit patriae cum nom9e   
nom51       ,et uir 9 ore frequ5s       
po/]itatis erit4     ,cuncta cadunt     
le?o1 /udij monum5ta uigebunt1          
,purpurei donec lum9a solis erunt4      
,mis5ae ,m4 ,d4 ,,li4                   
eludo illu/ri4   ,,footnotes3  #a ,=    
complet5ess' sake we reproduce 9 !      
orig9al ,lat9 ! laudation ( ,agricola by
 8 fri5d1 ,georgius ,fabricius1 a lead+ 
s*ol> ( 8 "t4 ,x has b little intr9sic  
value = x is n poetry ( a v high ord]1 &
 to make x acceptable ,engli% w\ld      
require c]ta9 improvem5ts1 = :i* only   
poets h lic5ce4 ,a free translation ( ! 
la/ few l9es indicates its complim5t>y  
"*3--      ,he do? raise 8 c\ntry's fame
 ) 8 own       ,& 9 ! m\?s ( nations yet

 unborn       ,8 praises %all be sung2  
,dea? comes to all       ,b great       
a*ievem5ts raise a monum5t       ,:i*   
%all endure until ! sun gr[s cold4      
,,to ,,! ,,mo/ ,,illu/ri\s    ,,& ,,mo/ 
,,mighty ,,dukes ,,(     ,saxony1       
,l&graves ( ,?ur+ia1 ,m>graves (        
,meiss51      ,imp]ial ,ov]lords (      
,saxony1 ,burgraves ( ,alt5b]g       &  
,magdeburg1 ,c\nts ( ,br5a1 ,lords (    
,pleissn]l&1 ,to ,,maurice ,gr& ,m>%all 
& ,elector ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire     
& to 8 bro!r ,,augu/us1#a               
,,george ,,agricola  ,s4 ,d4     ,mo/   
illu/ri\s ,pr9ces1 (t5 h ,i consid]$ !  
metallic arts z a :ole1 z ,mod]atus     
,columella#b consid]$ ! agricultural    
arts1 j z if ,i _h be5 consid]+ ! :ole (
 ! human body2 & :5 ,i _h p]ceiv$ !     
v>i\s p>ts ( ! subject1 l s _m memb]s ( 
! body1 ,i became afraid t ,i might die 
be=e ,i %\ld und]/& its full ext5t1 mu* 
less be=e ,i c\ld immortalise x 9 writ+4
 ,?is book itself indicates ! l5g? &    
bread? ( ! subject1 & ! numb] &         

importance ( ! sci5ces ( :i* at lea/ "s 
little k is necess>y to m9]s4 ,inde$1 ! 
subject ( m9+ is a v ext5sive "o1 & "o v
 difficult to expla92 no "p ( x is fully
 dealt ) by ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors ^:  
works survive2 & s9ce ! art is "o ( !   
mo/ anci5t1 ! mo/ necess>y & ! mo/      
pr(itable to mank9d1 ,i consid]$ t ,i   
ought n to neglect x4 ,)\t d\bt1 none ( 
! arts is old] ?an agriculture1 b t ( ! 
metals is n less anci5t2 9 fact !y are  
at lea/ equal & coeval1 = no mortal man 
ev] till$ a field )\t implem5ts4 ,9     
tru?1 9 all ! works ( agriculture1 z 9 !
 o!r arts1 implem5ts are us$ :i* are    
made f metals1 or :i* c\ld n be made )\t
 ! use ( metals2 = ?is reason ! metals  
are ( ! greate/ necessity to man4 ,:5 an
 art is s poor t x lacks metals1 x is n 
( mu* importance1 = no?+ is made )\t    
tools4 ,besides1 ( all ways :]eby great 
weal? is acquir$ by good & hone/ means1 
none is m advantage\s ?an m9+2 = al?\gh 
f fields :i* are well till$ 7n to m5tion
 o!r ?+s7 we d]ive ri* yields1 yet we   

obta9 ri*] products f m9es2 9 fact1 "o  
m9e is (t5 mu* m b5eficial to u ?an _m  
fields4 ,= ?is reason we le>n f ! hi/ory
 ( ne>ly all ages t v _m m5 h be5 made  
ri* by ! m9es1 & ! =tunes ( _m k+s h be5
 mu* amplifi$ !reby4 ,b ,i w n n[ speak 
m ( ^! matt]s1 because ,i h dealt ) ^!  
subjects p>tly 9 ! fir/ book ( ?is "w1 &
 p>tly 9 ! o!r "w entitl$ ,de ,vet]ibus 
et ,novis ,metallis1 :]e ,i h refut$ !  
*>ges :i* h be5 made aga9/ metals &     
aga9/ m9]s4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! art ( husb&ry1  
:i* ,i will+ly rank ) ! art ( m9+1      
appe>s to be divid$ into _m bran*es1 yet
 x is n sep>at$ into s _m z ?is art (   
ours1 nor c ,i tea* ! pr9ciples ( ?is z 
easily z ,columella did ( t4 ,he _h at  
h& _m writ]s ^u husb&ry :om he c\ld     
foll[1--9 fact1 !re are m ?an fifty     
,greek au?ors :om ,m>cus ,v>ro          
enum]ates1 & m ?an t5 ,lat9 ones1 :om   
,columella himself m5tions4 ,i h only "o
 :om ,i c foll[2 t is ,c4 ,pl9ius       
,secundus1#c & he exp\nds only a v few  
me?ods ( digg+ ores & ( mak+ metals4 ,f>

 f ! :ole ( ! art hav+ be5 treat$ by any
 "o writ]1 ^? :o h writt5 occasionally  
on any "o or ano!r ( its bran*es h n ev5
 dealt completely ) a s+le "o ( !m4     
,moreov]1 !re is a great sc>city ev5 (  
^!1 s9ce alone ( all ! ,greeks1 ,/rato (
 ,lampsacus1#d ! successor (            
,!ophra/us1#e wrote a book on ! subject1
 ,de ,ma*9is ,metallicis2 except1 p]haps
 a "w by ! poet ,philo1 a small "p ( :i*
 embrac$ to "s degree ! occupation (    
m9+4#f ,ph]ecrates seems to h introduc$ 
into 8 com$y1 :i* 0 simil> 9 title1 m9]s
 z slaves or z p]sons condemn$ to s]ve 9
 ! m9es4 ,( ! ,lat9 writ]s1 ,pl9y1 z ,i 
h already said1 has describ$ a few      
me?ods ( work+4 ,also among ! au?ors ,i 
mu/ include ! mod]n writ]s1 :osoev] !y  
are1 = no "o %\ld escape j condemnation 
:o fails to aw>d due recognition to     
p]sons ^: writ+s he uses1 ev5 v         
slightly4 ,two books h be5 writt5 9 our 
tongue2 ! "o on ! assay+ ( m9]al        
sub/ances & metals1 some:at confus$1 ^: 
au?or is unkn[n#g2 ! o!r ,on ,ve9s1 (   

:i* ,p&ulfus ,anglus#h is also said to h
 writt51 al?\gh ! ,g]man book 0 writt5  
by ,calbus ( ,freib]g1 a well-kn[n      
doctor2 b nei!r ( !m accompli%$ ! task  
he _h begun4#i ,rec5tly ,vannucci       
,bir+uccio1 ( ,si5na1 a wise man        
exp]i5c$ 9 _m matt]s1 wrote 9 v]nacul>  
,italian on ! subject ( ! melt+1        
sep>at+1 & alloy+ ( metals4#aj ,he t\*$ 
briefly on ! me?ods ( smelt+ c]ta9 ores1
 & expla9$ m fully ! me?ods ( mak+ c]ta9
 juices2 by read+ 8 directions1 ,i h    
refre%$ my memory ( ^? ?+s :i* ,i myself
 saw 9 ,italy2 z = _m matt]s on :i* ,i  
write1 he did n t\* ^u !m at all1 or    
t\*$ b lightly4 ,?is book 0 giv5 me by  
,franciscus ,bado>ius1 a ,patrician (   
,v5ice1 & a man ( wisdom & ( repute2 ?is
 he _h promis$ t he w\ld d1 :5 9 !      
previ\s ye> he 0 at ,m>i5b]g1 hav+ be5  
s5t by ! ,v5etians z an ,ambassador to  
,k+ ,f]d9&4 ,beyond ^! books ,i d n f9d 
any writ+s on ! metallic arts4 ,= t     
reason1 ev5 if ! book ( ,/rato exi/$1 f 
all ^! s\rces n "o-half ( ! :ole body ( 

! sci5ce ( m9+ c\ld be piec$ toge!r4    
,see+ t !re h be5 s few :o h writt5 on !
 subject ( ! metals1 x appe>s to me all 
! m wond]ful t s _m al*emi/s h aris5 :o 
w\ld comp\nd metals artificially1 & :o  
w\ld *ange "o into ano!r4 ,h]molaus     
,b>b>us1#aa a man ( high rank & /ation1 
& di/+ui%$ 9 all k9ds ( le>n+1 has      
m5tion$ ! names ( _m 9 8 writ+s2 & ,i w 
pr(f] m1 b only fam\s ones1 = ,i w limit
 myself to a few4 ,?us ,o/hanes has     
writt5 on ,greek3 *ymeutika2 & !re are  
,h]mes2 ,*anes2 ,zosimus1 ! ,alex&rian1 
to 8 si/] ,!osebia2 ,olympiodorus1 also 
an ,alex&rian2 ,aga?odaemon2            
,democritus1 n ! "o ( ,abd]a1 b "s o!r  
:om ,i "k n2 ,orus ,*rysori*ites1       
,pebi*ius1 ,com]ius1 ,joannes1          
,apulejus1 ,petasius1 ,pelagius1        
,africanus1 ,!ophilus1 ,synesius1       
,/ephanus to ,h]acleus ,caes>1          
,heliodorus to ,!odosius1 ,geb]1        
,callides ,ra*aidibus1 ,v]adianus1      
,rodianus1 ,canides1 ,m]l91 ,raymond    
,lully1 ,arnold de ,villa ,nova1 &      

,augu/9us ,pan!us ( ,v5ice2 & ?ree wom51
 ,cleopatra1 ! maid5 ,taphnutia1 & ,m>ia
 ! ,jewess4#ab ,all ^! al*emi/s employ  
obscure language1 & ,johanes ,aurelius  
,augurellus ( ,rim9i1 alone has us$ !   
language ( poetry4 ,!re are _m o!r books
 on ?is subject1 b all are difficult to 
foll[1 because ! writ]s ^u ^! ?+s use   
/range names1 :i* d n prop]ly belong to 
! metals1 & because "s ( !m employ n[ "o
 "n & n[ ano!r1 inv5t$ by !mselves1 ?\gh
 ! ?+ itself *anges n4 ,^! ma/]s tea* _!
 disciples t ! base metals1 :5 smelt$1  
are brok5 up2 also !y tea* ! me?ods by  
:i* !y r$uce !m to ! prim>y p>ts &      
remove :atev] is sup]flu\s 9 !m1 & by   
supply+ :at is want$ make out ( !m !    
preci\s metals--t is1 gold & silv]1--all
 ( :i* !y c>ry out 9 a crucible4 ,:e!r  
!y c d ^! ?+s or n ,i _c decide2 b1 see+
 t s _m writ]s assure u ) all e>ne/ness 
t !y h rea*$ t goal = :i* !y aim$1 x    
w\ld seem t fai? might be plac$ 9 !m2   
yet also see+ t we d n read ( any ( !m  
ev] hav+ become ri* by ?is art1 nor d we

 n[ see !m gr[+ ri*1 al?\gh s _m nations
 ev]y:]e h produc$1 & are produc+1      
al*emi/s1 & all ( !m are /ra9+ e n]ve   
night & day to ! end t !y may heap a    
great quantity ( gold & silv]1 ,i %\ld  
say ! matt] is dubi\s4 ,b al?\gh x may  
be due to ! c>elessness ( ! writ]s t !y 
h n transmitt$ to u ! names ( ! ma/]s :o
 acquir$ great weal? ?r\gh ?is          
occupation1 c]ta9ly x is cle> t _!      
disciples ei!r d n und]/& _! precepts   
or1 if !y d und]/& !m1 d n foll[ !m2 =  
if !y d compreh5d !m1 see+ t ^!         
disciples h be5 & are s num]\s1 !y w\ld 
h by to-day fill$ :ole t[ns ) gold &    
silv]4 ,ev5 _! books proclaim _! vanity1
 = !y inscribe 9 !m ! names ( ,plato &  
,ari/otle & o!r philosoph]s1 9 ord] t   
su* high-s\nd+ inscriptions may impose  
^u simple p & pass = le>n+4 ,!re is     
ano!r class ( al*emi/s :o d n *ange !   
sub/ance ( base metals1 b col\r !m to   
repres5t gold or silv]1 s t !y appe> to 
be t :i* !y are n1 & :5 ?is appe>ance is
 tak5 f !m by ! fire1 z if x 7 a g>m5t  

=eign to !m1 !y return to _! own "*4 ,^!
 al*emi/s1 s9ce !y deceive p1 are n only
 held 9 ! greate/ odium1 b _! frauds are
 a capital (f5ce4 ,no less a fraud1     
w>rant+ capital puni%m5t1 is committ$ by
 a ?ird sort ( al*emi/s2 ^! ?r[ into a  
crucible a small piece ( gold or silv]  
hidd5 9 a coal1 & aft] mix+ !re) fluxes 
:i* h ! p[] ( extract+ x1 pret5d to be  
mak+ gold f orpim5t1 or silv] f t9 & l  
sub/ances4 ,b conc]n+ ! art ( al*emy1 if
 x be an art1 ,i w speak fur!r else:]e4 
,i w n[ return to ! art ( m9+4  ,s9ce no
 au?ors h writt5 ( ?is art 9 its        
entirety1 & s9ce =eign nations & races d
 n und]/& our tongue1 &1 if !y did      
und]/& x1 w\ld be able to le>n only a   
small "p ( ! art ?r\gh ! works ( ^?     
au?ors :om we d possess1 ,i h writt5 ^! 
twelve books ,de ,re ,metallica4 ,( ^!1 
! fir/ book conta9s ! argum5ts :i* may  
be us$ aga9/ ?is art1 & aga9/ metals & !
 m9es1 & :at c be said 9 _! fav\r4 ,!   
second book describes ! m9]1 & bran*es  
into a disc\rse on ! f9d+ ( ve9s4 ,!    

?ird book deals ) ve9s & /r+]s1 & seams 
9 ! rocks4 ,! f\r? book expla9s ! me?od 
( delimit+ ve9s1 & also describes !     
functions ( ! m9+ (ficials4 ,! fif? book
 describes ! digg+ ( ore & ! surveyor's 
art4 ,! six? book describes ! m9]s'     
tools & ma*9es4 ,! sev5? book is on !   
assay+ ( ore4 ,! eigh? book lays d[n !  
rules = ! "w ( roa/+1 cru%+1 & wa%+ !   
ore4 ,! n9? book expla9s ! me?ods (     
smelt+ ores4 ,! t5? book in/ructs ^? :o 
are /udi\s ( ! metallic arts 9 ! "w (   
sep>at+ silv] f gold1 & lead f gold &   
silv]4 ,! elev5? book %[s ! way (       
sep>at+ silv] f copp]4 ,! twelf? book   
gives u rules = manufactur+ salt1 soda1 
alum1 vitriol1 sulphur1 bitum51 & glass4
  ,al?\gh ,i h n fulfill$ ! task :i* ,i 
h und]tak51 on acc\nt ( ! great         
magnitude ( ! subject1 ,i h1 at all     
ev5ts1 endeav\r$ to fulfil x1 = ,i h    
devot$ mu* lab\r & c>e1 & h ev5 gone to 
"s exp5se ^u x2 = ) reg>d to ! ve9s1    
tools1 vessels1 sluices1 ma*9es1 &      
furnaces1 ,i h n only describ$ !m1 b h  

also hir$ illu/rators to del9eate _!    
=ms1 le/ descriptions :i* are convey$ by
 words %\ld ei!r n be und]/ood by m5 (  
our own times1 or %\ld cause difficulty 
to po/]ity1 9 ! same way z to u         
difficulty is (t5 caus$ by _m names :i* 
! ,anci5ts 7because su* words 7 famili> 
to all ( !m7 h h&$ d[n to u )\t any     
explanation4  ,i h omitt$ all ^? ?+s :i*
 ,i h n myself se51 or h n read or he>d 
( f p]sons ^u :om ,i c rely4 ,t :i* ,i h
 nei!r se51 nor c>efully consid]$ aft]  
read+ or he>+ (1 ,i h n writt5 ab\t4 ,! 
same rule mu/ be und]/ood ) reg>d to all
 my in/ruction1 :e!r ,i enjo9 ?+s :i*   
ought to be done1 or describe ?+s :i*   
are usual1 or condemn ?+s :i* are done4 
,s9ce ! art ( m9+ does n l5d itself to  
elegant language1 ^! books ( m9e are    
correspond+ly lack+ 9 ref9em5t ( /yle4  
,! ?+s dealt ) 9 ?is art ( metals       
sometimes lack names1 ei!r because !y   
are new1 or because1 ev5 if !y are old1 
! record ( ! names by :i* !y 7 =m]ly    
kn[n has be5 lo/4 ,= ?is reason ,i h be5

 =c$ by a necessity1 = :i* ,i mu/ be    
p>don$1 to describe "s ( !m by a numb] (
 words comb9$1 & to di/+ui% o!rs by new 
names1--to :i* latt] class belong       
,+e/or1 ,discretor1 ,lotor1 &           
,excoctor4#ac ,o!r ?+s1 aga91 ,i h      
allud$ to by old names1 su* z ! ,cisium2
 = :5 ,nonius ,m>cellus wrote1#ad ?is 0 
! "n ( a two-:eel$ vehicle1 b ,i h      
adopt$ x = a small vehicle :i* has only 
"o :eel2 & if anyone does n approve ( ^!
 names1 let him ei!r f9d m appropriate  
ones = ^! ?+s1 or discov] ! words us$ 9 
! writ+s ( ! ,anci5ts4  ,^! books1 mo/  
illu/ri\s ,pr9ces1 are d$icat$ to y = _m
 reasons1 &1 above all o!rs1 because    
metals h prov$ ( ! greate/ value to y2 =
 ?\gh y\r ance/ors drew ri* pr(its f !  
rev5ues ( _! va/ & weal?y t]ritories1 & 
likewise f ! taxes :i* 7 paid by !      
=eign]s by way ( toll & by ! natives by 
way ( ti!s1 yet !y drew f> ri*] pr(its f
 ! m9es4 ,because ( ! m9es n a few t[ns 
h ris5 into em95ce1 su* z ,freib]g1     
,annab]g1 ,m>i5b]g1 ,s*neeb]g1 ,gey]1 & 

,alt5b]g1 n to m5tion o!rs4 ,nay1 if ,i 
und]/& any?+1 great] weal? n[ lies hidd5
 b5ea? ! gr\nd 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( y\r  
t]ritory ?an is visible & app>5t above  
gr\nd4 ,f>ewell4      ,*emnitz1 ,saxony1
     ,decemb] ,fir/1 #aeej4             
,,footnotes3  #a ,= ,agricola's         
relations ) ^! pr9ces see p4 ix4  #b    
,lucius ,junius ,mod]atus ,columella 0 a
 ,roman1 a native ( ,cadiz1 & liv$ dur+ 
! #a/ ,c5tury4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( ,de ,re  
,ru/ica 9 #ab books4 ,x 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9  
#adgb1 & "s fifte5 or sixte5 editions _h
 be5 pr9t$ be=e ,agricola's dea?4  #c   
,we give a %ort review ( ,pl9y's        
,naturalis ,hi/oria 9 ! ,app5dix ,b4  #d
 ,?is "w is n extant1 z ,agricola duly  
notes lat] on4 ,/rato succe$$ ,!ophra/us
 z presid5t ( ! ,lyceum1 #bhh ,b4,c4  #e
 ,= note on ,!ophra/us see ,app5dix ,b4 
#f ,x appe>s t ! poet ,philo did write a
 "w on m9+ :i* is n extant4 ,s f> z we  
"k ! only ref]5ce to ?is "w is 9        
,a!naeus' 7#bjj ,a4,d47 ,deipnosophi/ae4
 ,! passage z x appe>s 9 ,c4 ,d4        

,yonge's ,translation 7,bonn's ,libr>y1 
,london1 #ahed1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,book ,,vii1
 p4 #ejf7 is3 ,& !re is a simil> fi%    
produc$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea :i* is call$       
,/romateus2 x has gold-col\r$ l9es runn+
 along ! :ole ( 8 body1 z ,philo tells u
 9 8 book on ,m9es4 ,!re is a fragm5t ( 
a poem ( ,ph]ecrates1 entitl$ ,m9]s1 b x
 seems to h little to d ) m9+4  #g ,!   
title giv5 by ,agricola ,de ,mat]iae    
,metallicae et ,metallorum ,exp]im5to is
 difficult to id5tify4 ,x seems likely  
to be ! little ,probi] ,bue*le91 numb]s 
( :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ,g]man 9 ! fir/ half (
 ! #af? ,c5tury4 ,we discuss ?is "w at  
"s l5g? 9 ! ,app5dix ,b on ,anci5t      
,au?ors4  #h ,p&ulfus1 ! ,engli%man1 is 
m5tion$ by v>i\s #ae? & #af? ,c5tury    
writ]s1 & 9 ! preface ( ,ma?ias         
,f>9ator's ,lib] ,moralitatum 444 ,r]um 
,naturalium1 etc41 pr9t$ 9 ,augsburg1   
#adgg1 !re is a li/ ( books among :i*   
appe>s a ref]5ce to a "w by ,p&ulfus on 
ve9s & m9]als4 ,we h n be5 able to f9d !
 book4  #i ,jacobi 7,d] ,m9]alog        

,georgius ,agricola1 ,zwickau1 #ahha1 p4
 #dg7 says3 ,calbus ,freib]gius1 s call$
 by ,agricola himself1 is c]ta9ly no o!r
 ?an ! ,freib]g ,doctor ,ruehle9 von    
,kalbe2 he 01 accord+ to ,moell]1 a     
doctor & burgoma/] at ,freib]g at ! end 
( ! #ae? & ! beg9n+ ( ! #af?            
,c5turies4444 ,! *ronicl] describes him 
z a f9e ma!matician1 :o help$ to survey 
& design ! m9+ t[ns ( ,annab]g 9 #adig &
 ,m>i5b]g 9 #aeba4 ,we w\ld call        
att5tion to ! /atem5t ( ,calbus' views1 
quot$ at ! end ( ,book ,,iii1 ,de ,re   
,metallica 7p4 #ge71 :i* are a/oni%+ly  
simil> to /atem5ts 9 ! ,nuetzli*        
,b]gbue*l91 & leave little d\bt t ?is   
,calbus 0 ! au?or ( t anonym\s book on  
ve9s4 ,= fur!r discussion see ,app5dix  
,b4  #aj ,= discussion ( ,bir+uccio see 
,app5dix ,b4 ,! prop] title is ,de ,la  
,pirote*nia 7,v5ice1 #aedj74  #aa       
,h]molaus ,b>b>us1 accord+ to ,watt     
7,biblio!ca ,britannica1 ,london1       
#ahbd71 0 a lectur] on ,philosophy 9    
,padua4 ,he 0 born 9 #aded1 di$ 9 #adic1

 & 0 ! au?or ( a numb] ( works on       
m$ic9e1 natural hi/ory1 etc41 )         
comm5t>ies on ! old] au?ors4  #ab ,!    
debt :i* humanity does owe to ^!        
self-/yl$ philosoph]s mu/ n be ov]look$1
 = ! sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry comes f ?ree     
s\rces--,al*emy1 ,m$ic9e & ,metallurgy4 
,h[ev] pollut$ ! =m] ( ^! may be1 /ill !
 va/ advance :i* x made by ! discov]y ( 
! pr9cipal acids1 alkalis1 & ! m common 
( _! salts1 %\ld be con/antly recogniz$4
 ,x is obvi\sly impossible1 )9 ! space (
 a footnote1 to give any?+ b ! mo/      
casual notes z to ! p]sonages "h m5tion$
 & _! writ+s4 ,aside f ! classics &     
religi\s works1 ! libr>ies ( ! ,middle  
,ages teem$ ) m mat]ial on ,al*emy ?an  
on any o!r "o subject1 & s9ce t date a  
nev]-end+ /ream ( hi/orical1 critical1 &
 discursive volumes & tracts devot$ to !
 old ,al*emi/s & _! writ+s has be5 p\r$ 
^u ! _w4 ,a collection rec5tly sold 9   
,london1 relat+ to ,p>acelsus alone1    
embrac$ ov] sev5 hundr$ volumes4  ,( _m 
( ! ,al*emi/s m5tion$ by ,agricola      

little is really kn[n1 & no two critics 
agree z to ! commone/ details reg>d+ _m 
( !m2 9 fact1 an endless confusion spr+s
 f ! neglig5t habit ( ! less] ,al*emi/s 
( attribut+ ! au?or%ip ( _! writ+s to m 
e/eem$ memb]s ( _! own ilk1 su* z       
,h]mes1 ,o/hanes1 etc41 n to m5tion !   
palpable spuri\sness ( works "u ! names 
( ! real philosoph]s1 su* z ,ari/otle1  
,plato1 or ,moses1 & ev5 ( ,jesus ,*ri/4
 ,k ( _m ( ! au?ors m5tion$ by ,agricola
 does n ext5d beyond ! fact t ! names   
m5tion$ are app5d$ to v>i\s writ+s1 9 "s
 in/ances to ,,mss yet unpubli%$4 ,!y   
may h be5 actual p]sons1 or !y may n4   
,agricola und\bt$ly _h p]us$ su*        
manuscripts & books 9 "s lead+ libr>y1 z
 ! quotation f ,bo]haave giv5 lat] %[s4 
,%aw 7,a ,new ,me?od ( ,*emi/ry1 etc41  
,london1 #agec4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #be7       
consid]s t ! l>ge numb] ( su*           
manuscripts 9 ! ,european libr>ies at   
?is "t 7 compos$ or transcrib$ by monks 
& o!rs liv+ 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ,alex&ria1 
& ,a!ns1 :o fl$ we/w>d be=e ! ,turki%   

invasion1 br++ _! works ) !m4  ,=       
purposes ( ?is summ>y we gr\p ! names   
m5tion$ by ,agricola1 ! fir/ class be+ (
 ^? :o are kn[n only z names app5d$ to  
,,mss or n id5tifiable at all4 ,possibly
 a m devot$ /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( ,al*emy  
w\ld assign few] names to ?is dep>tm5t (
 oblivion4 ,!y are ,m>ia ! ,jewess1     
,orus ,*rysori*ites1 ,*anes1 ,petasius1 
,pebi*ius1 ,!ophilus1 ,callides1        
,v]adianus1 ,rodianus1 ,canides1 ! maid5
 ,taphnutia1 ,johannes1 ,augu/9us1 &    
,africanus4 ,! la/ ?ree are names s     
common z n to be possible (             
id5tification )\t m p>ticul>s1 ?\gh     
,johannes may be ! ,johannes ,rupeseissa
 7#acge71 an al*emi/ ( "s note4 ,_m ( ^!
 names c be f\nd among ! ,bi%ops &      
,prelates ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 b we 
d\bt if _! own]s w\ld ev] be id5tifi$ ) 
su* indiscretions z op51 av[$ al*emy4 ,!
 ,!ophilus m5tion$ might be !           
metal-work+ monk ( ! #ab? ,c5tury1 :o is
 fur!r discuss$ 9 ,app5dix ,b on ,anci5t
 ,au?ors4  ,9 ! next gr\p fall c]ta9    

names su* z ,o/hanes1 ,h]mes1 ,zosimus1 
,aga?odaemon1 & ,democritus1 :i* h be5 !
 wat*words ( au?ority to ,al*emi/s ( all
 ages4 ,^! c]ta9ly possess$ ! great     
secrets1 ei!r ! philosoph]'s /one or !  
elixir4 ,h]mes ,trismegi/os 0 a leg5d>y 
,egyptian p]sonage suppos$ to h fl\ri%$ 
be=e #a1ejj ,b4,c41 & by "s consid]$ to 
be a corruption ( ! god ,?o?4 ,he is    
suppos$ to h writt5 a numb] ( works1 b  
^? extant h be5 demon/rat$ to date n    
prior to ! second ,c5tury2 he is ref]r$ 
to by ! lat] ,greek ,al*emi/s1 & 0      
believ$ to h possess$ ! secret (        
transmutation4 ,o/hanes 0 also a v %ad[y
 p]sonage1 & 0 consid]$ by "s ,al*emi/s 
to h be5 an ,egyptian prior to ,h]mes1  
by o!rs to h be5 ! tea*] ( ,zoroa/]4    
,pl9y m5tions a magician ( ?is "n :o    
accompani$ ,x]xes' army4 ,lat] !re are  
_m o!rs ( ?is "n1 & ! mo/ probable      
explanation is t ?is 0 a fav\rite       
pseudonym = anci5t magicians2 !re is a v
 old "w1 ( no great int]e/1 9 ,,mss 9   
,lat9 & ,greek1 9 ! ,muni*1 ,go?a1      

,vi5na1 & o!r libr>ies1 by "o ( ?is "n4 
,aga?odaemon 0 /ill ano!r %ad[y "*      
ref]r$ to by ! old] ,al*emi/s4 ,!re are 
,,mss 9 ! ,flor5ce1 ,p>is1 ,escurial1 & 
,muni* libr>ies be>+ 8 "n1 b no?+       
tangible is kn[n z to :e!r he 0 an      
actual man or if ^! writ+s are n ( a mu*
 lat] p]iod ?an claim$4  ,to ! next gr\p
 belong ! ,greek ,al*emi/s1 :o fl\ri%$  
dur+ ! rise & decl9e ( ,alex&ria1 f #bjj
 ,b4,c4 to #gjj ,a4,d41 & we give !m 9  
ord] ( _! dates4 ,com]ius 0 consid]$ by 
8 lat] fell[ pr(essionals to h be5 !    
tea*] ( ! art to ,cleopatra 7#a/ ,c5tury
 ,b4,c471 & a ,,mss ) a title to t      
effect exi/s 9 ! ,biblio!que ,nationale 
at ,p>is4 ,! celebrat$ ,cleopatra seems 
to h /ood v high 9 ! e/imation ( !      
,al*emi/s2 p]haps h] d\btful "* f\nd a  
response among !m2 !re are v>i\s works  
extant 9 ,,mss attribut$ to h]1 b no?+ c
 be kn[n z to _! au!nticity4 ,lucius    
,apulejus or ,apuleius 0 born 9 ,numidia
 ab\t ! #bnd ,c5tury2 he 0 a ,roman     
,platonic ,philosoph]1 & 0 ! au?or ( a  

romance1 ,! ,metamorphosis1 or ! ,gold5 
,ass4 ,synesius 0 a ,greek1 b ( unkn[n  
p]iod2 !re is a ,,mss treatise on !     
,philosoph]'s ,/one 9 ! libr>y at ,leyd5
 "u 8 "n1 & v>i\s pr9t$ works are       
attribut$ to him2 he m5tions wat] (     
saltpetre1 & has1 !re=e1 be5 haz>d$ to  
be ! e>lie/ record] ( nitric acid4 ,! "w
 "h ref]r$ to z ,heliodorus to ,!odosius
 0 probably ! ,,mss 9 ! ,libr>ies at    
,p>is1 ,vi5na1 ,muni*1 etc41 "u ! title 
( ,heliodorus ! ,philosoph]'s ,poem to !
 ,emp]or ,!odosius ! ,great on ! ,my/ic 
,art ( ! ,philosoph]s1 etc4 ,8 p]iod    
w\ld1 !re=e1 be ab\t ! #d? ,c5tury4 ,!  
,alex&rian ,zosimus is m g5]ally kn[n z 
,zosimus ! ,panopolite1 f ,panopolis1 an
 anci5t t[n on ! ,nile2 he fl\ri%$ 9 !  
#e? ,c5tury1 & belong$ to ! ,alex&rian  
,s*ool ( ,al*emi/s2 he %\ld n be confus$
 ) ! ,roman hi/orian ( ! same "n &      
p]iod4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is by ,bo]haave
 7,elem5ta ,*emiae1 ,p>is1 #agbd1 ,*ap4 
,i473--,! "n ,*emi/ry writt5 9 ,greek1  
or ,*emia1 is s anci5t z p]haps to h be5

 us$ 9 ! ant$iluvian age4 ,( ?is op9ion 
0 ,zosimus ! ,panopolite1 ^: ,greek     
writ+s1 ?\gh kn[n z long z be=e ! ye>   
#aeej to ,george ,agricola1 & aft]w>ds  
p]us$ 444 by ,jas4 ,scalig] & ,olaus    
,borri*ius1 /ill rema9 unpubli%$ 9 ! ,k+
 ( ,france's libr>y4 ,9 "o ( ^!1        
entitl$1 ',! ,in/ruction ( ,zosimus !   
,panopolite & ,philosoph]1 out ( ^?     
writt5 to ,!osebia1 etc4444'            
,olympiodorus 0 an ,alex&rian ( ! #e?   
,c5tury1 ^: writ+s 7 l>gely comm5t>ies  
on ,plato & ,ari/otle2 he is sometimes  
accr$it$ ) be+ ! fir/ to describe :ite  
ars5ic 7ars5ical oxide74 ,! full title (
 ! "w /yl$ ,/ephanus to ,h]acleus       
,caes>1 z publi%$ 9 ,lat9 at ,padua 9   
#aegc1 0 ,/ephan ( ,alex&ria1 !         
,univ]sal ,philosoph] & ,ma/]1 8 n9e    
processes on ! great art ( mak+ gold &  
silv]1 address$ to ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius4 
,he1 !re=e1 if au!ntic1 dates 9 ! #g?   
,c5tury4  ,to ! next class belong ^? ( !
 ,middle ,ages1 :i* we give 9 ord] (    
date4 ,! works attribut$ to ,geb] play  

su* an important "p 9 ! hi/ory (        
,*emi/ry & ,metallurgy t we discuss 8   
book at l5g? 9 ,app5dix ,b4 ,late       
criticism indicates t ?is "w 0 n !      
production ( an #h? ,c5tury ,arab1 b a  
compilation ( "s ,lat9 s*ol> ( ! #ab? or
 #ac? ,c5turies4 ,arnold de ,villa      
,nova1 born ab\t #abdj1 di$ 9 #acac1 0  
celebrat$ z a physician1 philosoph]1 &  
*emi/2 8 fir/ works 7 publi%$ 9 ,lyons 9
 #aejd2 _m ( !m h app>5tly nev] be5     
pr9t$1 = ref]5ces may be f\nd to "s #ah 
diff]5t works4 ,raymond ,lully1 a       
,spani>d1 born 9 #abce1 :o 0 a disciple 
( ,arnold de ,villa ,nova1 0 /on$ to    
dea? 9 ,africa 9 #acae4 ,!re are extant 
ov] #ajj works attribut$ to ?is au?or1  
al?\gh aga9 ! habit ( disciples ( writ+ 
"u ! ma/]'s "n may be responsible = mo/ 
( ^!4 ,john ,aurelio ,augurello 0 an    
,italian ,classici/1 born 9 ,rim9i ab\t 
#adec4 ,! "w ref]r$ to1 ,*rysopoeia et  
,g]ontica is a poem on ! art ( mak+     
gold1 etc41 publi%$ 9 ,v5ice1 #aeae1 &  
re-publi%$ frequ5tly !reaft]2 x is mu*  

quot$ by ,al*emi/s4 ,) reg>d to ,m]l91 z
 satisfactory an acc\nt z any ( ?is     
truly ,engli% magician may be f\nd 9    
,m>k ,twa9's ,yankee at ! ,c\rt ( ,k+   
,ar?ur4 ,x is ( "s int]e/ to note t     
,agricola omits f 8 li/ ,avic5na        
7#ihj-ajcg ,a4,d471 ,rog] ,bacon        
7#abad-abid71 ,alb]tus ,magnus          
7#aaic-abhj71 ,basil ,val5t9e 7end #ae? 
c5tury871 & ,p>acelsus1 a contempor>y ( 
8 own4 ,9 ,de ,ortu et ,causis he exp5ds
 mu* ?\ght on refutation ( !ories       
advanc$ by ,avic5na & ,alb]tus1 b ( !   
o!rs we h f\nd no m5tion1 al?\gh _! "w  
is1 f a *emical po9t ( view1 (          
consid]able importance4  #ac            
,+e/or1--,c>ri]2 ,discretor1--,sort]2   
,lotor1--,wa%]2 ,excoctor1--,smelt]4    
#ad ,nonius ,m>cellus 0 a ,roman        
gramm>ian ( ! #d? ,c5tury ,b4,c4 ,8     
extant treatise is entitl$1 ,de         
,comp5diosa ,doctr9a p] ,litt]as ad     
,filium4     ,,book ,i4   ,_m p]sons    
hold ! op9ion t ! metal indu/ries are   
=tuit\s & t ! occupation is "o ( sordid 

toil1 & altoge!r a k9d ( bus9ess requir+
 n s mu* skill z lab\r4 ,b z = myself1  
:5 ,i reflect c>efully ^u its special   
po9ts "o by "o1 x appe>s to be f>       
o!rwise4 ,= a m9] mu/ h ! greate/ skill 
9 8 "w1 t he may "k fir/ ( all :at      
m\nta9 or hill1 :at valley or pla91 c be
 prospect$ mo/ pr(itably1 or :at he %\ld
 leave alone2 moreov]1 he mu/ und]/& !  
ve9s1 /r+]s#a & seams 9 ! rocks#b4 ,!n  
he mu/ be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! _m & v>i$
 species ( e>?s1 juices#c1 gems1 /ones1 
m>bles1 rocks1 metals1 & comp\nds#d4 ,he
 mu/ also h a complete k ( ! me?od (    
mak+ all und]gr\nd works4 ,la/ly1 !re   
are ! v>i\s sy/ems ( assay+#e sub/ances 
& ( prep>+ !m = smelt+2 & "h aga9 !re   
are _m altoge!r div]se me?ods4 ,= !re is
 "o me?od = gold & silv]1 ano!r = copp]1
 ano!r = quicksilv]1 ano!r = iron1 ano!r
 = lead1 & ev5 t9 & bismu?#f are treat$ 
diff]5tly f lead4 ,al?\gh ! evaporation 
( juices is an art app>5tly q di/9ct f  
metallurgy1 yet !y ought n to be        
consid]$ sep>ately1 inasmu* z ^! juices 

are also (t5 dug out ( ! gr\nd          
solidifi$1 or !y are produc$ f c]ta9    
k9ds ( e>? & /ones :i* ! m9]s dig up1 & 
"s ( ! juices are n !mselves devoid (   
metals4 ,aga91 _! treatm5t is n simple1 
s9ce !re is "o me?od = common salt1     
ano!r = soda#g1 ano!r = alum1 ano!r =   
vitriol#h1 ano!r = sulphur1 & ano!r =   
bitum54  ,fur!rmore1 !re are _m arts &  
sci5ces ( :i* a m9] %\ld n be ignorant4 
,fir/ !re is ,philosophy1 t he may      
disc]n ! orig91 cause1 & nature (       
subt]ranean ?+s2 = !n he w be able to   
dig out ! ve9s easily & advantage\sly1 &
 to obta9 m abundant results f 8 m9+4   
,secondly1 !re is ,m$ic9e1 t he may be  
able to look aft] 8 digg]s & o!r workm51
 t !y d n meet ) ^? diseases to :i* !y  
are m liable ?an workm5 9 o!r           
occupations1 or if !y d meet ) !m1 t he 
himself may be able to heal !m or may   
see t ! doctors d s4 ,?irdly foll[s     
,a/ronomy1 t he may "k ! divisions ( !  
heav5s & f !m judge ! direction ( !     
ve9s4 ,f\r?ly1 !re is ! sci5ce (        

,survey+ t he may be able to e/imate h[ 
deep a %aft %\ld be sunk to rea* !      
tunnel :i* is be+ driv5 to x1 & to      
det]m9e ! limits & b\nd>ies 9 ^! work+s1
 especially 9 dep?4 ,fif?ly1 8 k (      
,ari?metical ,sci5ce %\ld be su* t he   
may calculate ! co/ to be incurr$ 9 !   
ma*9]y & ! work+ ( ! m9e4 ,six?ly1 8    
le>n+ mu/ comprise ,ar*itecture1 t he   
himself may con/ruct ! v>i\s ma*9es &   
timb] "w requir$ und]gr\nd1 or t he may 
be able to expla9 ! me?od ( !           
con/ruction to o!rs4 ,next1 he mu/ h k (
 ,draw+1 t he c draw plans ( 8 ma*9]y4  
,la/ly1 !re is ! ,law1 especially t     
deal+ ) metals1 t he may claim 8 own    
rights1 t he may und]take ! duty ( giv+ 
o!rs 8 op9ion on legal matt]s1 t he may 
n take ano!r man's prop]ty & s make     
tr\ble = himself1 & t he may fulfil 8   
obligations to o!rs accord+ to ! law4   
,x is !re=e necess>y t ^? :o take an    
int]e/ 9 ! me?ods & precepts ( m9+ &    
metallurgy %\ld read ^! & o!rs ( our    
books /udi\sly & dilig5tly2 or on e po9t

 !y %\ld consult exp]t m9+ p1 ?\gh !y w 
discov] few :o are skill$ 9 ! :ole art4 
,z a rule "o man und]/&s only ! me?ods (
 m9+1 ano!r possesses ! k ( wa%+#i1     
ano!r is exp]i5c$ 9 ! art ( smelt+1     
ano!r has a k ( measur+ ! hidd5 p>ts ( !
 e>?1 ano!r is skilful 9 ! art ( mak+   
ma*9es1 & f9ally1 ano!r is le>n$ 9 m9+  
law4 ,b z = u1 ?\gh we may n h p]fect$ !
 :ole art ( ! discov]y & prep>ation (   
metals1 at lea/ we c be ( great         
assi/ance to p]sons /udi\s 9 its        
acquisition4  ,b let u n[ approa* !     
subject we h und]tak54 ,s9ce !re has    
always be5 ! greate/ disagreem5t among/ 
m5 conc]n+ metals & m9+1 "s prais+1 o!rs
 utt]ly condemn+ !m1 !re=e ,i h decid$ t
 be=e imp>t+ my in/ruction1 ,i %\ld     
c>efully weigh ! facts ) a view to      
discov]+ ! tru? 9 ?is matt]4  ,s ,i may 
beg9 ) ! "q ( utility1 :i* is a two-fold
 "o1 = ei!r x may be ask$ :e!r ! art (  
m9+ is really pr(itable or n to ^? :o   
are engag$ 9 x1 or :e!r x is useful or n
 to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,^? :o ?9k m9+ ( no 

advantage to ! m5 :o foll[ ! occupation 
ass]t1 fir/1 t sc>cely "o 9 a hundr$ :o 
dig metals or o!r su* ?+s d]ive pr(it   
!refrom2 & aga91 t m9]s1 because !y     
entru/ _! c]ta9 & well-e/abli%$ weal? to
 dubi\s & slipp]y =tune1 g5]ally deceive
 !mselves1 & z a result1 impov]i%$ by   
exp5ses & losses1 9 ! end sp5d ! mo/    
bitt] & mo/ mis]able ( lives4 ,b p]sons 
:o hold ^! views d n p]ceive h[ mu* a   
le>n$ & exp]i5c$ m9] diff]s f "o        
ignorant & unskill$ 9 ! art4 ,! latt]   
digs out ! ore )\t any c>eful           
discrim9ation1 :ile ! =m] fir/ assays & 
proves x1 & :5 he f9ds ! ve9s ei!r too  
n>r[ & h>d1 or too wide & s(t1 he inf]s 
!refrom t ^! _c be m9$ pr(itably1 & s   
works only ! approv$ ones4 ,:at wond] !n
 if we f9d ! incompet5t m9] suff]s loss1
 :ile ! compet5t "o is rew>d$ by an     
abundant return f 8 m9+8 ,! same ?+     
applies to husb&m54 ,= ^? :o cultivate  
l& :i* is alike arid1 heavy1 & b>r51 & 9
 :i* !y s[ se$s1 d n make s great a     
h>ve/ z ^? :o cultivate a f]tile & mell[

 soil & s[ _! gra9 9 t4 ,& s9ce by f> ! 
great] numb] ( m9]s are unskill$ r ?an  
skill$ 9 ! art1 x foll[s t m9+ is a     
pr(itable occupation to v few m51 & a   
s\rce ( loss to _m m4 ,!re=e ! mass (   
m9]s :o are q unskill$ & ignorant 9 ! k 
( ve9s n infrequ5tly lose bo? "t &      
tr\ble#aj4 ,su* m5 are accu/om$ = ! mo/ 
"p to take to m9+1 ei!r :5 ?r\gh be+    
weight$ ) ! fett]s ( l>ge & heavy debts1
 !y h ab&on$ a bus9ess1 or desir+ to    
*ange _! occupation1 h left ! reap+-hook
 & pl\gh2 & s if at any "t su* a man    
discov]s ri* ve9s or o!r ab\nd+ m9+     
produce1 ?is occurs m by good luck ?an  
?r\gh any k on 8 "p4 ,we le>n f hi/ory t
 m9+ has br\ght weal? to _m1 = f old    
writ+s x is well kn[n t prosp]\s        
,republics1 n a few k+s1 & _m private   
p]sons1 h made =tunes ?r\gh m9es & _!   
produce4 ,?is subject1 by ! use ( _m    
cle> & illu/ri\s examples1 ,i h dilat$  
^u & expla9$ 9 ! fir/ ,book ( my "w     
entitl$ ,de ,vet]ibus et ,novis         
,metallis1 f :i* x is evid5t t m9+ is v 

pr(itable to ^? :o give x c>e &         
att5tion4  ,aga91 ^? :o condemn ! m9+   
indu/ry say t x is n 9 ! lea/ /able1 &  
!y glorify agriculture beyond measure4  
,b ,i d n see h[ !y c say ?is ) tru?1 = 
! silv] m9es at ,freib]g 9 ,meiss5 rema9
 /ill unexhau/$ aft] #djj ye>s1 & ! lead
 m9es ( ,gosl> aft] #fjj ye>s4 ,! pro( (
 ?is c be f\nd 9 ! monum5ts ( hi/ory4 ,!
 gold & silv] m9es belong+ to !         
communities ( ,s*emnitz & ,cremnitz h   
be5 work$ = #hjj ye>s1 & ^! latt] are   
said to be ! mo/ anci5t privileges ( !  
inhabitants4 ,"s !n say ! pr(it f an    
individual m9e is un/able1 z if =soo?1 !
 m9] is1 or ought to be dep5d5t on only 
"o m9e1 & z if _m m5 d n be> 9 common _!
 exp5ses 9 m9+1 or z if "o exp]i5c$ 9 8 
art does n dig ano!r ve91 if =tune does 
n amply respond to 8 pray]s 9 ! fir/    
case4 ,! ,new ,s*o5b]g at ,freib]g has  
rema9$ /able beyond ! memory ( man#aa4  
,x is n my int5tion to detract any?+ f !
 dignity ( agriculture1 & t ! pr(its (  
m9+ are less /able ,i w always & readily

 admit1 = ! ve9s d 9 "t cease to yield  
metals1 :]eas ! fields br+ =? fruits e  
ye>4 ,b ?\gh ! bus9ess ( m9+ may be less
 reliable x is m productive1 s t 9      
reckon+ up1 :at is want+ 9 /ability is  
f\nd to be made up by productiv5ess4    
,inde$1 ! ye>ly pr(it ( a lead m9e 9    
comp>ison ) ! fruitfulness ( ! be/      
fields1 is ?ree times or at lea/ twice z
 great4 ,h[ mu* does ! pr(it f gold or  
silv] m9es exce$ t e>n$ f agriculture8  
,:]e=e truly & %rewdly does ,x5ophon#ab 
write ab\t ! ,a!nian silv] m9es3 ,!re is
 l& ( su* a nature t if y s[1 x does n  
yield crops1 b if y dig1 x n\ri%es _m m 
?an if x _h borne fruit4 ,s let ! f>m]s 
h = !mselves ! fruitful fields &        
cultivate ! f]tile hills = ! sake ( _!  
produce2 b let !m leave to m9]s ! gloomy
 valleys & /]ile m\nta9s1 t !y may draw 
=? f ^!1 gems & metals :i* c buy1 n only
 ! crops1 b all ?+s t are sold4  ,!     
critics say fur!r t m9+ is a p]il\s     
occupation to pursue1 because ! m9]s are
 sometimes kill$ by ! pe/il5tial air :i*

 !y brea!2 sometimes _! lungs rot away2 
sometimes ! m5 p]i% by be+ cru%$ 9      
masses ( rock2 sometimes1 fall+ f !     
ladd]s into ! %afts1 !y break _! arms1  
legs1 or necks2 & x is add$ !re is no   
comp5sation :i* %\ld be ?\ght great     
en\gh to equalize ! extreme dang]s to   
safety & life4 ,^! occurr5ces1 ,i       
confess1 are ( exce$+ gravity1 &        
moreov]1 fraught ) t]ror & p]il1 s t ,i 
%\ld consid] t ! metals %\ld n be dug up
 at all1 if su* ?+s 7 to happ5 v        
frequ5tly to ! m9]s1 or if !y c\ld n    
safely gu>d aga9/ su* risks by any      
means4 ,:o w\ld n pref] to live r ?an to
 possess all ?+s1 ev5 ! metals8 ,= he :o
 ?us p]i%es possesses no?+1 b rel9qui%es
 all to 8 heirs4 ,b s9ce ?+s l ?is r>ely
 happ51 & only 9 s f> z workm5 are      
c>eless1 !y d n det] m9]s f c>ry+ on _! 
trade any m ?an x w\ld det] a c>p5t] f  
81 because "o ( 8 mates has act$        
incauti\sly & lo/ 8 life by fall+ f a   
high build+4 ,i h ?us answ]$ ea* argum5t
 :i* critics are wont to put be=e me :5 

!y ass]t t m9+ is an undesirable        
occupation1 because x involves exp5se ) 
unc]ta9ty ( return1 because x is        
*angeable1 & because x is dang]\s to ^? 
engag$ 9 x4  ,n[ ,i come to ^? critics  
:o say t m9+ is n useful to ! re/ (     
mank9d because =soo?1 gems1 metals1 &   
o!r m9]al products are wor?less 9       
!mselves4 ,?is admission !y try to      
extort f u1 p>tly by argum5ts &         
examples1 p>tly by misrepres5tations &  
abuse ( u4 ,fir/1 !y make use ( ?is     
argum5t3 ,! e>? does n conceal & remove 
f our eyes ^? ?+s :i* are useful &      
necess>y to mank9d1 b on ! contr>y1 l a 
b5efic5t & k9dly "m %e yields 9 l>ge    
abundance f h] b\nty & br+s into ! light
 ( day ! h]bs1 vegetables1 gra9s1 &     
fruits1 & ! trees4 ,! m9]als on ! o!r h&
 %e buries f> b5ea? 9 ! dep? ( ! gr\nd2 
!re=e1 !y %\ld n be s\ght4 ,b !y are dug
 out by wick$ m5 :o1 z ! poets say1 are 
! products ( ! ,iron ,age4 ,ovid c5sures
 _! audacity 9 ! foll[+ l9es3--       ,&
 n only 0 ! ri* soil requir$ to furni%  

corn &      due su/5ance1 b m5 ev5      
desc5d$ into ! entrails ( !      e>?1 & 
!y dug up ri*es1 ^? inc5tives to vice1  
:i*      ! e>? _h hidd5 & _h remov$ to !
 ,/ygian %ades4      ,!n de/ructive iron
 came =?1 & gold1 m de/ructive      ?an 
iron2 !n w> came =?4#ac  ,ano!r ( _!    
argum5ts is ?is3 ,metals (f] to m5 no   
advantages1 !re=e we ought n to se>* !m 
out4 ,= :]eas man is compos$ ( s\l &    
body1 nei!r is 9 want ( m9]als4 ,!      
sweete/ food ( ! s\l is ! contemplation 
( nature1 a k ( ! f9e/ arts & sci5ces1  
an und]/&+ ( virtue2 & if he int]e/s 8  
m9d 9 excell5t ?+s1 if he ex]cise 8     
body1 he w be satisfi$ ) ?is fea/ (     
noble ?\ghts & k1 & h no desire = o!r   
?+s4 ,n[ al?\gh ! human body may be     
cont5t ) necess>y food & clo?+1 yet !   
fruits ( ! e>? & ! animals ( diff]5t    
k9ds supply him 9 wond]ful abundance )  
food & dr9k1 f :i* ! body may be        
suitably n\ri%$ & /r5g!n$ & life        
prolong$ to old age4 ,flax1 wool1 & !   
sk9s ( _m animals provide pl5tiful clo?+

 l[ 9 price2 :ile a luxuri\s k9d1 n h>d 
to procure--t is ! s call$ s]ic mat]ial1
 is furni%$ by ! d[n ( trees & ! webs ( 
! silk worm4 ,s t ! body has absolutely 
no ne$ ( ! metals1 s hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( !
 e>? & = ! great] "p v exp5sive4 ,:]e=e 
x is said t ?is maxim ( ,euripides is   
approv$ 9 assemblies ( le>n$ m51 & )    
good reason 0 always on ! lips (        
,socrates3       ,works ( silv] & purple
 are ( use1 n = human life1 b      r =  
,trag$ians4#ad  ,^! critics praise also 
?is say+ f ,timocreon ( ,rhodes3        
,o ,unsee+ ,plutus1 w\ld t ?\ had/ nev] 
appe>$ 9 !      e>? or 9 ! sea or on !  
l&1 b t ?\ did/ h      ?y habitation 9  
,t>t>us & ,a*]on1 = out ( !e arise      
all evil ?+s :i* ov]take mank9d#ae4  ,!y
 greatly extol ^! l9es f ,phocylides3   
,gold & silv] are injuri\s to mortals2  
gold is ! s\rce      ( crime1 ! plague (
 life1 & ! ru9 ( all ?+s4 ,w\ld      t  
?\ 7 n su* an attractive sc\rge6 because
 ( !e      arise robb]ies1 homicides1   
w>f>e1 bro!rs are madd5$      aga9/     

bro!rs1 & *ildr5 aga9/ p>5ts4  ,?is f   
,nauma*ius also pleases !m3       ,gold 
& silv] are b du/1 l ! /ones t lie      
scatt]$ on ! pebbly bea*1 or on ! m>g9s 
( !      riv]s4  ,on ! o!r h&1 !y c5sure
 ^! v]ses ( ,euripides3       ,plutus is
 ! god = wise m52 all else is m]e folly 
& at      ! same "t a deception 9 words4
  ,s 9 l mann] ^! l9es f ,!ognis3       
,o ,plutus1 ?\ mo/ beautiful & placid   
god6 :il/ ,i h      !e1 h[ev] bad ,i am1
 ,i c be reg>d$ z good4  ,!y also blame 
,ari/odemus1 ! ,sp>tan1 = ^! words3     
,money makes ! man2 no "o :o is poor is 
ei!r good or      hon\r$4  ,& !y rebuke 
^! songs ( ,timocles3       ,money is ! 
life & s\l ( mortal m54 ,he :o has n    
heap$ up ri*es = himself w&]s l a dead  
man among/      ! liv+4  ,f9ally1 !y    
blame ,m5&] :5 he wrote3       ,epi*>mus
 ass]ts t ! gods are wat]1 w9d1 fire1   
e>?1      sun1 & />s4 ,b ,i am ( op9ion 
t ! gods ( any use to      u are silv] &
 gold2 = if ?\ wilt set ^! up 9 ?y      
h\se ?\ maye/ seek :atev] ?\ wilt4 ,all 

?+s w fall      to ?y lot2 l&1 h\ses1   
slaves1 silv]-"w2 moreov]      fri5ds1  
judges1 & witnesses4 ,only give freely1 
= ?us ?\      ha/ ! gods to s]ve !e4  ,b
 besides ?is1 ! /ronge/ argum5t ( !     
detractors is t ! fields are deva/at$ by
 m9+ op]ations1 = :i* reason =m]ly      
,italians 7 w>n$ by law t no "o %\ld dig
 ! e>? = metals & s injure _! v f]tile  
fields1 _! v9ey>ds1 & _! olive groves4  
,also !y argue t ! woods & groves are   
cut d[n1 = !re is ne$ ( an endless am\nt
 ( wood = timb]s1 ma*9es1 & ! smelt+ (  
metals4 ,& :5 ! woods & groves are      
fell$1 !n are ext]m9at$ ! bea/s & birds1
 v _m ( :i* furni% a pleasant &         
agreeable food = man4 ,fur!r1 :5 ! ores 
are wa%$1 ! wat] :i* has be5 us$ poisons
 ! brooks & /reams1 & ei!r de/roys ! fi%
 or drives !m away4 ,!re=e ! inhabitants
 ( ^! regions1 on acc\nt ( ! deva/ation 
( _! fields1 woods1 groves1 brooks &    
riv]s1 f9d great difficulty 9 procur+ ! 
necess>ies ( life1 & by reason ( !      
de/ruction ( ! timb] !y are =c$ to      

great] exp5se 9 erect+ build+s4 ,?us x  
is said1 x is cle> to all t !re is      
great] detrim5t f m9+ ?an ! value ( !   
metals :i* ! m9+ produces4  ,s 9 fi]ce  
cont5tion !y clam\r1 %[+ by su* examples
 z foll[ t e great man has be5 cont5t ) 
virtue1 & despis$ metals4 ,!y praise    
,bias because he e/eem$ ! metals m]ely z
 =tune's play?+s1 n z 8 real weal?4 ,:5 
8 enemies _h captur$ 8 native ,pri5e1 & 
8 fell[-citiz5s lad5 ) preci\s ?+s _h   
betak5 !mselves to flight1 he 0 ask$ by 
"o1 :y he c>ri$ away none ( 8 goods )   
him1 & he repli$1 ,i c>ry all my        
possessions ) me4 ,& x is said t        
,socrates1 hav+ receiv$ tw5ty m9ae s5t  
to him by ,ari/ippus1 a grateful        
disciple1 refus$ !m & s5t !m back to him
 by ! comm& ( 8 consci5ce4 ,ari/ippus1  
foll[+ 8 example 9 ?is matt]1 despis$   
gold & reg>d$ x z ( no value4 ,& once :5
 he 0 mak+ a j\rney ) 8 slaves1 & !y1   
lad5 ) ! gold1 w5t too sl[ly1 he ord]$  
!m to keep only z mu* ( x z !y c\ld c>ry
 )\t di/ress & to ?r[ away ! rema9d]#af4

 ,moreov]1 ,anacreon ( ,teos1 an anci5t 
& noble poet1 because he _h be5 tr\bl$  
ab\t !m = two nights1 return$ five      
tal5ts :i* _h be5 giv5 him by           
,polycrates1 say+ t !y 7 n wor? !       
anxiety :i* he _h gone ?r\gh on _!      
acc\nt4 ,9 l mann] celebrat$ & exce$+ly 
p[]ful pr9ces h imitat$ ! philosoph]s 9 
_! scorn & contempt = gold & silv]4 ,!re
 0 = example1 ,phocion1 ! ,a!nian1 :o 0 
appo9t$ g5]al ( ! army s _m times1 & :o1
 :5 a l>ge sum ( gold 0 s5t to him z a  
gift by ,alex&]1 ,k+ ( ,mac$on1 deem$ x 
trifl+ & scorn$ x4 ,& ,m>cus ,curius    
ord]$ ! gold to be c>ri$ back to !      
,samnites1 z did also ,fabricius        
,lusc9us ) reg>d to ! silv] & copp]4 ,& 
c]ta9 ,republics h =bidd5 _! citiz5s !  
use & employm5t ( gold & silv] by law & 
ord9ance2 ! ,lac$aemonians1 by ! decrees
 & ord9ances ( ,lycurgus1 us$ dilig5tly 
to enquire among _! citiz5s :e!r !y     
possess$ any ( ^! ?+s or n1 & !         
possessor1 :5 he 0 caught1 0 puni%$     
accord+ to law & ju/ice4 ,! inhabitants 

( a t[n on ! ,tigris1 call$ ,babytace1  
buri$ _! gold 9 ! gr\nd s t no "o %\ld  
use x4 ,! ,scy?ians condemn$ ! use (    
gold & silv] s t !y might n become      
av>ici\s4  ,fur!r are ! metals revil$2 9
 ! fir/ place p wantonly abuse gold &   
silv] & call !m deadly & nef>i\s pe/s ( 
! human race1 because ^? :o possess !m  
are 9 ! greate/ p]il1 = ^? :o h none lay
 sn>es = ! possessors ( weal?1 & ?us    
aga9 & aga9 ! metals h be5 ! cause (    
de/ruction & ru94 ,= example1           
,polymne/or1 ,k+ ( ,?race1 to obta9     
possession ( 8 gold1 kill$ ,polydorus1 8
 noble gue/ & ! son ( ,priam1 8         
fa!r-9-law1 & old fri5d4 ,pygmalion1 !  
,k+ ( ,tyre1 9 ord] t he might seize    
treasures ( gold & silv]1 kill$ 8 si/]'s
 husb&1 a prie/1 tak+ no acc\nt ( ei!r  
k9%ip or religion4 ,= love ( gold       
,eriphyle betray$ h] husb& ,amphi>aus to
 8 enemy4 ,likewise ,la/h5es betray$ !  
city ( ,olyn?us to ,philip ( ,mac$on4 ,!
 daught] ( ,spurius ,t>peius1 hav+ be5  
brib$ ) gold1 admitt$ ! ,sab9es into !  

citadel ( ,rome4 ,claudius ,curio sold 8
 c\ntry = gold to ,caes>1 ! ,dictator4  
,gold1 too1 0 ! cause ( ! d[nfall (     
,aesculapius1 ! great physician1 :o x 0 
believ$ 0 ! son ( ,apollo4 ,simil>ly    
,m>cus ,crassus1 ?r\gh 8 eag] desire = !
 gold ( ! ,p>?ians1 0 completely ov]come
 toge!r ) 8 son & elev5 legions1 &      
became ! je/ ( 8 enemies2 = !y p\r$     
liquid gold into ! gap+ m\? ( ! sla9    
,crassus1 say+3 ,?\ ha/ ?ir/$ = gold1   
!re=e dr9k gold4  ,b :y ne$ ,i cite "h  
^! _m examples f hi/ory8#ag ,x is almo/ 
our daily exp]i5ce to le>n t1 = ! sake (
 obta9+ gold & silv]1 doors are bur/    
op51 walls are pi]c$1 wret*$ travell]s  
are /ruck d[n by rapaci\s & cruel m5    
born to !ft1 sacrilege1 invasion1 &     
robb]y4 ,we see ?ieves seiz$ & /rung up 
be=e u1 sacrilegi\s p]sons burnt alive1 
! limbs ( robb]s brok5 on ! :eel1 w>s   
wag$ = ! same reason1 :i* are n only    
de/ructive to ^? aga9/ :om !y are wag$1 
b to ^? also :o c>ry !m on4 ,nay1 b !y  
say t ! preci\s metals fo/] all mann] ( 

vice1 su* z ! s$uction ( wom51 adult]y1 
& un*a/ity1 9 %ort1 crimes ( viol5ce    
aga9/ ! p]son4 ,!re=e ! ,poets1 :5 !y   
repres5t ,jove trans=m$ into a gold5 %[]
 & fall+ into ! lap ( ,danae1 m]ely mean
 t he _h f\nd = himself a safe road by !
 use ( gold1 by :i* he might ent] ! t[] 
= ! purpose ( violat+ ! maid54 ,moreov]1
 ! fidelity ( _m m5 is ov]?r[n by ! love
 ( gold & silv]1 judicial s5t5ces are   
b\ght1 & innum]able crimes are          
p]petrat$4 ,= truly1 z ,prop]tius says3 
,?is is inde$ ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,! greate/ 
rew>ds come f      gold2 by gold love is
 won2 by gold is fai? de/roy$2 by gold  
is ju/ice b\ght2 ! law foll[s ! track ( 
gold1 :ile      mode/y w soon foll[ x :5
 law is gone4  ,diphilus says3       ,i 
consid] t no?+ is m p[]ful ?an gold4 ,by
 x all      ?+s are torn asund]2 all ?+s
 are accompli%$4  ,!re=e1 all ! noble/ &
 be/ despise ^! ri*es1 des]v$ly & )     
ju/ice1 & e/eem !m z no?+4 ,& ?is is    
said by ! old man 9 ,plautus3       ,i  
hate gold4 ,x has (t5 impell$ _m p to _m

 wrong      acts4  ,9 ?is c\ntry too1 ! 
poets inveigh ) /++ reproa*es aga9/     
money co9$ f gold & silv]4 ,& especially
 did ,juv5al3       ,s9ce ! maje/y (    
weal? is ! mo/ sacr$ ?+ among u2        
al?\gh1 ,o p]nici\s money1 ?\ do/ n yet 
inhabit a      temple1 nor h we erect$  
alt>s to money4  ,& 9 ano!r place3      
,demoralis+ money fir/ introduc$ =eign  
cu/oms1 &      voluptu\s weal? weak5$   
our race ) disgraceful      luxury4#ah  
,& v _m vehem5tly praise ! b>t] sy/em   
:i* m5 us$ be=e money 0 devis$1 & :i*   
ev5 n[ obta9s among c]ta9 simple        
peoples4  ,& next !y raise a great      
outcry aga9/ o!r metals1 z iron1 ?an :i*
 !y say no?+ m p]nici\s c\ld h be5      
br\ght into ! life ( man4 ,= x is       
employ$ 9 mak+ swords1 javel9s1 spe>s1  
pikes1 arr[s--weapons by :i* m5 are     
w\nd$1 & :i* cause slaught]1 robb]y1 &  
w>s4 ,^! ?+s s mov$ ! wra? ( ,pl9y t he 
wrote3 ,iron is us$ n only 9 h& to h&   
fight+1 b also to =m ! w+$ missiles (   
w>1 sometimes = hurl+ eng9es1 sometimes 

= lances1 sometimes ev5 = arr[s4 ,i look
 ^u x z ! mo/ deadly fruit ( human      
+5uity4 ,= to br+ ,dea? to m5 m quickly 
we h giv5 w+s to iron & taught x to     
fly4#ai ,! spe>1 ! arr[ f ! b[1 or !    
bolt f ! catapult & o!r eng9es c be     
driv5 into ! body ( only "o man1 :ile ! 
iron cannon-ball fir$ ?r\gh ! air1 c g  
?r\gh ! bodies ( _m m51 & !re is no     
m>ble or /one object s h>d t x _c be    
%att]$ by ! =ce & %ock4 ,!re=e x levels 
! highe/ t[]s to ! gr\nd1 %att]s &      
de/roys ! /ronge/ walls4 ,c]ta9ly !     
balli/as :i* ?r[ /ones1 ! batt]+ rams & 
o!r anci5t w> eng9es = mak+ brea*es 9   
walls ( =tresses & hurl+ d[n /rongholds1
 seem to h little p[] 9 comp>ison ) our 
pres5t cannon4 ,^! emit horrible s\nds &
 noises1 n less ?an ?und]1 fla%es ( fire
 bur/ f !m l ! lightn+1 /rik+1 cru%+1 & 
%att]+ build+s1 bel*+ =? flames & k9dl+ 
fires ev5 z lightn+ fla%es4 ,s t ) m    
ju/ice c\ld x be said ( ! impi\s m5 (   
our age ?an ( ,salmoneus ( anci5t days1 
t !y _h snat*$ lightn+ f ,jupit] & wre/$

 x f 8 h&s4 ,nay1 r !re has be5 s5t f ! 
inf]nal regions to ! e>? ?is =ce = !    
de/ruction ( m51 s t ,dea? may snat* to 
himself z _m z possible by "o /roke4  ,b
 because muskets are n[adays r>ely made 
( iron1 & ! l>ge ones nev]1 b ( a c]ta9 
mixture ( copp] & t91 !y conf] m        
mal$ictions on copp] & t9 ?an on iron4  
,9 ?is connection too1 !y m5tion ! braz5
 bull ( ,phal>is1 ! braz5 ox ( ! p (    
,p]gamus1 racks 9 ! %ape ( an iron dog  
or a horse1 manacles1 %ackles1 w$ges1   
hooks1 & r$-hot plates4 ,cruelly rack$  
by su* in/rum5ts1 p are driv5 to confess
 crimes & misde$s :i* !y h nev]         
committ$1 & innoc5t m5 are mis]ably     
tortur$ to dea? by e conceivable k9d (  
torm5t4  ,x is claim$ too1 t lead is a  
pe/il5tial & noxi\s metal1 = m5 are     
puni%$ by means ( molt5 lead1 z ,horace 
describes 9 ! ode address$ to ! ,goddess
 ,=tune3 ,cruel ,necessity ev] goes be=e
 !e be>+ 9 h] braz5 h& ! spikes & w$ges1
 :ile ! awful hook & molt5 lead are also
 n lack+4#bj ,9 _! desire to excite     

great] odium = ?is metal1 !y are n sil5t
 ab\t ! lead5 balls ( muskets1 & !y f9d 
9 x ! cause ( w\nds & dea?4  ,!y cont5d 
t1 inasmu* z ,nature has conceal$ metals
 f> )9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 & because !y are
 n necess>y to human life1 !y are !re=e 
despis$ & repudiat$ by ! noble/1 & %\ld 
n be m9$1 & see+ t :5 br\ght to light !y
 h always prov$ ! cause ( v great evils1
 x foll[s t m9+ is n useful to mank9d1 b
 on ! contr>y h>mful & de/ructive4      
,sev]al good m5 h be5 s p]turb$ by ^!   
trag$ies t !y conceive an int5sely bitt]
 hatr$ t[>d metals1 & !y wi% absolutely 
t metals _h nev] be5 creat$1 or be+     
creat$1 t no "o _h ev] dug !m out4 ,! m 
,i comm5d ! s+ul> hone/y1 innoc5ce1 &   
goodness ( su* m51 ! m anxi\s %all ,i be
 to remove utt]ly & eradicate all error 
f _! m9ds & to reveal ! s\nd view1 :i*  
is t ! metals are mo/ useful to mank9d4 
,9 ! fir/ place !n1 ^? :o speak ill ( ! 
metals & refuse to make use ( !m1 d n   
see t !y accuse & condemn z wick$ !     
,creator ,himself1 :5 !y ass]t t ,he    

fa%ion$ "s ?+s va9ly & )\t good cause1 &
 ?us !y reg>d ,him z ! ,au?or ( evils1  
:i* op9ion is c]ta9ly n wor?y ( pi\s &  
s5sible m54  ,9 ! next place1 ! e>? does
 n conceal metals 9 h] dep?s because %e 
does n wi% t m5 %\ld dig !m out1 b      
because provid5t & sagaci\s ,nature has 
appo9t$ = ea* ?+ its place4 ,%e g5]ates 
!m 9 ! ve9s1 /r+]s1 & seams 9 ! rocks1 z
 ?\gh 9 special vessels & receptacles = 
su* mat]ial4 ,! metals _c be produc$ 9 !
 o!r elem5ts because ! mat]ials = _!    
=mation are want+4 ,= if !y 7 g5]at$ 9 !
 air1 a ?+ t r>ely happ5s1 !y c\ld n f9d
 a firm re/+-place1 b by _! own =ce &   
weight w\ld settle d[n on to ! gr\nd4   
,see+ !n t metals h _! prop] abid+ place
 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 :o does n see t ^!  
m5 d n rea* _! conclusions by good      
logic8  ,!y say1 ,al?\gh metals are 9 ! 
e>?1 ea* locat$ 9 its own prop] place   
:]e x orig9at$1 yet because !y lie ?us  
enclos$ & hidd5 f sight1 !y %\ld n be   
tak5 out4 ,b1 9 refutation ( ^! attacks1
 :i* are s annoy+1 ,i w on behalf ( !   

metals in/ance ! fi%1 :i* we cat*1 hidd5
 & conceal$ ?\gh !y be 9 ! wat]1 ev5 9 !
 sea4 ,inde$1 x is f> /rang] t man1 a   
t]re/rial animal1 %\ld se>* ! int]ior ( 
! sea ?an ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,= z birds   
are born to fly freely ?r\gh ! air1 s   
are fi%es born to swim ?r\gh ! wat]s1   
:ile to o!r creatures ,nature has giv5 !
 e>? t !y might live 9 x1 & p>ticul>ly  
to man t he might cultivate x & draw out
 ( its cav]ns metals & o!r m9]al        
products4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y say t we eat 
fi%1 b nei!r hung] nor ?ir/ is dispell$ 
by m9]als1 nor are !y useful 9 clo?+ !  
body1 :i* is ano!r argum5t by :i* ^! p  
/rive to prove t metals %\ld n be tak5  
out4 ,b man )\t metals _c provide ^? ?+s
 :i* he ne$s = food & clo?+4 ,=1 ?\gh ! 
produce ( ! l& furni%es ! greate/       
abundance ( food = ! n\ri%m5t ( our     
bodies1 no lab\r c be c>ri$ on &        
complet$ )\t tools4 ,! gr\nd itself is  
turn$ up ) pl\gh%>es & h>r[s1 t\gh /alks
 & ! tops ( ! roots are brok5 (f & dug  
up ) a mattock1 ! s[n se$ is h>r[$1 !   

corn field is ho$ & we$$2 ! ripe gra9 ) 
"p ( ! /alk is cut d[n by scy!s & ?re%$ 
on ! floor1 or its e>s are cut (f & /or$
 9 ! b>n & lat] beat5 ) flails & w9n[$ )
 fans1 until f9ally ! pure gra9 is /or$ 
9 ! gran>y1 :5ce x is br\ght =? aga9 :5 
occasion dem&s or necessity arises4     
,aga91 if we wi% to procure bett] & m   
productive fruits f trees & bu%es1 we   
mu/ resort to cultivat+1 prun+1 &       
graft+1 :i* _c be done )\t tools4 ,ev5 z
 )\t vessels we _c keep or hold liquids1
 su* z milk1 honey1 w9e1 or oil1 nei!r  
c\ld s _m liv+ ?+s be c>$ = )\t build+s 
to protect !m f long-cont9u$ ra9 &      
intol]able cold4 ,mo/ ( ! ru/ic         
in/rum5ts are made ( iron1 z pl\gh%>es1 
%>e-beams1 mattocks1 ! prongs ( h>r[s1  
hoes1 planes1 hay-=ks1 /raw cutt]s1     
prun+ %e>s1 prun+ hooks1 spades1 lances1
 =ks1 & we$ cutt]s4 ,vessels are also   
made ( copp] or lead4 ,nei!r are wood5  
in/rum5ts or vessels made )\t iron4 ,w9e
 cell>s1 oil-mills1 /ables1 or any o!r  
"p ( a f>m build+ c\ld n be built )\t   

iron tools4 ,!n if ! bull1 ! we!r1 !    
goat1 or any o!r dome/ic animal is l$   
away f ! pa/ure to ! but*]1 or if !     
p\lt]] br+s f ! f>m a *ick51 a h51 or a 
capon = ! cook1 c\ld any ( ^! animals be
 cut up & divid$ )\t axes & knives8 ,i  
ne$ say no?+ "h ab\t bronze & copp] pots
 = cook+1 because = ^! purposes "o c\ld 
make use ( e>!n vessels1 b ev5 ^! 9 turn
 c\ld n be made & fa%ion$ by ! pott] )\t
 tools1 = no in/rum5ts c be made out (  
wood alone1 )\t ! use ( iron4           
,fur!rmore1 hunt+1 f[l+1 & fi%+ supply  
man ) food1 b :5 ! /ag has be5 ensn>$   
does n ! hunt] transfix him ) 8 spe>8 ,z
 he /&s or runs1 does he n pi]ce him )  
an arr[8 ,or pi]ce him ) a bullet8 ,does
 n ! f[l] 9 ! same way kill ! moor-f[l  
or pheasant ) an arr[8 ,or does he n    
dis*>ge into its body ! ball f ! musket8
 ,i w n speak ( ! sn>es & o!r in/rum5ts 
) :i* ! woodcock1 woodpeck]1 & o!r wild 
birds are caught1 le/ ,i pursue         
unseasonably & too m9utely s+le         
in/ances4 ,la/ly1 ) 8 fi%-hook & net    

does n ! fi%]man cat* ! fi% 9 ! sea1 9 !
 lakes1 9 fi%-ponds1 or 9 riv]s8 ,b !   
hook is ( iron1 & sometimes we see lead 
or iron weights atta*$ to ! net4 ,& mo/ 
fi% t are caught are aft]w>d cut up &   
disemb[ell$ ) knives & axes4 ,b1 m ?an  
en\gh has be5 said on ! matt] ( food4   
,n[ ,i w speak ( clo?+1 :i* is made out 
( wool1 flax1 fea!rs1 hair1 fur1 or     
lea!r4 ,fir/ ! %eep are %e>$1 !n ! wool 
is comb$4 ,next ! ?reads are drawn out1 
:ile lat] ! w>p is susp5d$ 9 ! %uttle "u
 :i* passes ! wool4 ,?is be+ /ruck by ! 
comb1 at l5g? clo? is =m$ ei!r f ?reads 
alone or f ?reads & hair4 ,flax1 :5     
ga!r$1 is fir/ pull$ by hooks4 ,!n x is 
dipp$ 9 wat] & aft]w>d dri$1 beat5 into 
t[ ) a heavy mallet1 & c>d$1 !n drawn   
out into ?reads1 & f9ally wov5 into     
clo?4 ,b has ! artisan or weav] ( ! clo?
 any in/rum5t n made ( iron8 ,c "o be   
made ( wood )\t ! aid ( iron8 ,! clo? or
 web mu/ be cut into l5g?s = ! tailor4  
,c ?is be done )\t knife or scissors8 ,c
 ! tailor sew toge!r any g>m5ts )\t a   

ne$le8 ,ev5 peoples dwell+ beyond ! seas
 _c make a cov]+ = _! bodies1 fa%ion$ ( 
fea!rs1 )\t ^! same implem5ts4 ,nei!r c 
! furri]s d )\t !m 9 sew+ toge!r ! pelts
 ( any k9d ( animals4 ,! %oemak] ne$s a 
knife to cut ! lea!r1 ano!r to scrape x1
 & an awl to p]=ate x be=e he c make    
%oes4 ,^! cov]+s = ! body are ei!r wov5 
or /it*$4 ,build+s too1 :i* protect !   
same body f ra91 w9d1 cold1 & heat1 are 
n con/ruct$ )\t axes1 saws1 & aug]s4  ,b
 :at ne$ ( m words8 ,if we remove metals
 f ! s]vice ( man1 all me?ods ( protect+
 & su/a9+ heal? & m c>efully pres]v+ !  
c\rse ( life are done away )4 ,if !re 7 
no metals1 m5 w\ld pass a horrible &    
wret*$ exi/5ce 9 ! mid/ ( wild bea/s2 !y
 w\ld return to ! acorns & fruits &     
b]ries ( ! =e/4 ,!y w\ld fe$ ^u ! h]bs &
 roots :i* !y pluck$ up ) _! nails4 ,!y 
w\ld dig out caves 9 :i* to lie d[n at  
night1 & by day !y w\ld rove 9 ! woods &
 pla9s at r&om l bea/s1 & inasmu* z ?is 
condition is utt]ly unwor?y ( humanity1 
) its spl5did & glori\s natural end[m5t1

 w anyone be s fooli% or ob/9ate z n to 
all[ t metals are necess>y = food &     
clo?+ & t !y t5d to pres]ve life8       
,moreov]1 z ! m9]s dig almo/ exclusively
 9 m\nta9s o!rwise unproductive1 & 9    
valleys inve/$ 9 gloom1 !y d ei!r slight
 damage to ! fields or none at all4     
,la/ly1 :]e woods & glades are cut d[n1 
!y may be s[n ) gra9 aft] !y h be5 cle>$
 f ! roots ( %rubs & trees4 ,^! new     
fields soon produce ri* crops1 s t !y   
repair ! losses :i* ! inhabitants suff] 
f increas$ co/ ( timb]4 ,moreov]1 ) !   
metals :i* are melt$ f ! ore1 birds )\t 
numb]1 edible bea/s & fi% c be pur*as$  
else:]e & br\ght to ^! m\nta9\s regions4
  ,i w pass to ! illu/rations ,i h      
m5tion$4 ,bias ( ,pri5e1 :5 8 c\ntry 0  
tak51 c>ri$ away out ( ! city none ( 8  
valuables4 ,s /rong a man ) su* a       
reputation = wisdom _h no ne$ to fe>    
p]sonal dang] f ! enemy1 b ?is 9 tru? _c
 be said ( him because he ha/ily took to
 flight2 ! ?r[+ away ( 8 goods does n   
seem to me s great a matt]1 = he _h lo/ 

8 h\se1 8 e/ates1 & ev5 8 c\ntry1 ?an   
:i* no?+ is m preci\s4 ,nay1 ,i %\ld be 
conv9c$ ( ,bias's contempt & scorn =    
possessions ( ?is k9d1 if be=e 8 c\ntry 
0 captur$ he _h be/[$ !m freely on      
relations & fri5ds1 or _h di/ribut$ !m  
to ! v poor1 = ?is he c\ld h done freely
 & )\t "q4 ,:]eas 8 conduct1 :i* !      
,greeks admire s greatly1 0 due1 x w\ld 
seem1 to 8 be+ driv5 out by ! enemy &   
/rick5 ) fe>4 ,socrates 9 tru? did n    
despise gold1 b w\ld n accept money = 8 
tea*+4 ,z = ,ari/ippus ( ,cyr5e1 if he  
_h ga!r$ & sav$ ! gold :i* he ord]$ 8   
slaves to ?r[ away1 he might h b\ght !  
?+s :i* he ne$$ = ! necess>ies ( life1 &
 he w\ld n1 by reason ( 8 pov]ty1 h !n  
be5 oblig$ to flatt] ! tyrant           
,dionysius1 nor w\ld he ev] h be5 call$ 
by him a ,k+'s dog4 ,= ?is reason       
,horace1 speak+ ( ,damasippus :5 revil+ 
,/ab]us = valu+ ri*es v highly1 says3   
,:at resemblance has ! ,grecian         
,ari/ippus to ?is fell[8 ,he      :o    
comm&$ 8 slaves to ?r[ away ! gold 9 !  

mid/ (      ,libya because !y w5t too   
sl[ly1 imp$$ by ! weight (      _!      
burd5--:i* ( ^! two m5 is ! m insane8#ba
  ,insane inde$ is he :o makes m ( ri*es
 ?an ( virtue4 ,insane also is he :o    
rejects !m & consid]s !m z wor? no?+1   
in/ead ( us+ !m ) reason4 ,yet z to !   
gold :i* ,ari/ippus on ano!r occasion   
flung into ! sea f a boat1 ?is he did ) 
a wise & prud5t m9d4 ,= le>n+ t x 0 a   
pirate boat 9 :i* he 0 sail+1 & fe>+ = 8
 life1 he c\nt$ 8 gold & !n ?r[+ x ( 8  
own w into ! sea1 he groan$ z if he _h  
done x unwill+ly4 ,b aft]w>d1 :5 he     
escap$ ! p]il1 he said3 ,x is bett] t   
?is gold itself %\ld be lo/ ?an t ,i    
%\ld h p]i%$ because ( x4 ,let x be     
grant$ t "s philosoph]s1 z well z       
,anacreon ( ,teos1 despis$ gold & silv]4
 ,anaxagoras ( ,clazom5ae also gave up 8
 %eep-f>ms & became a %eph]d4 ,crates ! 
,!ban too1 be+ annoy$ t 8 e/ate & o!r   
k9ds ( weal? caus$ him worry1 & t 9 8   
contemplations 8 m9d 0 !reby di/ract$1  
resign$ a prop]ty valu$ at t5 tal5ts1 & 

tak+ a cloak & wallet1 9 pov]ty devot$  
all 8 ?\ght & ef=ts to philosophy4 ,is x
 true t because ^! philosoph]s despis$  
money1 all o!rs decl9$ weal? 9 cattle8  
,did !y refuse to cultivate l&s or to   
dwell 9 h\ses8 ,!re 7 c]ta9ly _m1 on !  
o!r h&1 :o1 ?\gh afflu5t1 became fam\s 9
 ! pursuit ( le>n+ & 9 ! k ( div9e &    
human laws1 su* z ,ari/otle1 ,cic]o1 &  
,s5eca4 ,z = ,phocion1 he did n deem x  
hone/ to accept ! gold s5t to him by    
,alex&]4 ,= if he _h cons5t$ to use x1 !
 k+ z mu* z himself w\ld h incurr$ !    
hatr$ & av]sion ( ! ,a!nians1 & ^! v p 7
 aft]w>d s ungrateful t[>d ?is excell5t 
man t !y compell$ him to dr9k hemlock4  
,= :at w\ld h be5 less becom+ to ,m>cus 
,curius & ,fabricius ,lusc9us ?an to    
accept gold f _! enemies1 :o hop$ t by  
^! means ^? lead]s c\ld be corrupt$ or  
w\ld become odi\s to _! fell[ citiz5s1  
_! purpose be+ to cause diss5tions among
 ! ,romans & de/roy ! ,republic utt]ly4 
,lycurgus1 h[ev]1 ought to h giv5       
in/ructions to ! ,sp>tans z to ! use (  

gold & silv]1 in/ead ( aboli%+ ?+s good 
9 !mselves4 ,z to ! ,babytac5ses1 :o    
does n see t !y 7 s5seless & envi\s8 ,= 
) _! gold !y might h b\ght ?+s ( :i* !y 
7 9 ne$1 or ev5 giv5 x to neighb\r+     
peoples to b9d !m m closely to !mselves 
) gifts & fav\rs4 ,f9ally1 ! ,scy?ians1 
by condemn+ ! use ( gold & silv] alone1 
did n free !mselves utt]ly f av>ice1    
because al?\gh he is n enjoy+ !m1 "o :o 
c possess o!r =ms ( prop]ty may also    
become av>ici\s4  ,n[ let u reply to !  
attacks hurl$ aga9/ ! products ( m9es4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 !y call gold & silv] ! 
sc\rge ( mank9d because !y are ! cause (
 de/ruction & ru9 to _! possessors4 ,b 9
 ?is mann]1 might n any?+ t we possess  
be call$ a sc\rge to human k9d1--:e!r x 
be a horse1 or a g>m5t1 or any?+ else8  
,=1 :e!r "o rides a spl5did horse1 or   
j\rneys well clad1 he w\ld give occasion
 to a robb] to kill him4 ,are we !n n to
 ride on horses1 b to j\rney on foot1   
because a robb] has once committ$ a     
murd] 9 ord] t he may /eal a horse8 ,or 

are we n to possess clo?+1 because a    
vagabond ) a sword has tak5 a travell]'s
 life t he may rob him ( 8 g>m5t8 ,!    
possession ( gold & silv] is simil>4    
,see+ !n t m5 _c conv5i5tly d all ^!    
?+s1 we %\ld be on our gu>d aga9/       
robb]s1 & because we _c always protect  
ourselves f _! h&s1 x is ! special duty 
( ! magi/rate to seize wick$ & villa9\s 
m5 = torture1 &1 if ne$ be1 = execution4
  ,aga91 ! products ( ! m9es are n      
!mselves ! cause ( w>4 ,?us1 = example1 
:5 a tyrant1 inflam$ ) passion = a woman
 ( great beauty1 makes w> on !          
inhabitants ( h] city1 ! fault lies 9 ! 
unbridl$ lu/ ( ! tyrant & n 9 ! beauty (
 ! woman4 ,likewise1 :5 ano!r man1 bl9d$
 by a passion = gold & silv]1 makes w>  
^u a weal?y p1 we ought n to blame !    
metals b transf] all blame to av>ice4 ,=
 fr5zi$ de$s & disgraceful actions1 :i* 
are wont to weak5 & di%on\r natural &   
civil laws1 orig9ate f our own vices4   
,:]e=e ,tibullus is wrong 9 lay+ ! blame
 = w> on gold1 :5 he says3 ,?is is !    

fault ( a ri* man's gold2 !re 7 no w>s  
:5 bee* goblets 7 us$ at banquets4 ,b   
,virgil1 speak+ ( ,polymne/or1 says t ! 
crime ( ! murd]] re/s on av>ice3        
,he breaks all law2 he murd]s           
,polydorus1 & obta9s gold by            
viol5ce4 ,to :at wilt ?\ n drive mortal 
he>ts1 ?\      accurs$ hung] = gold8  ,&
 aga91 ju/ly1 he says1 speak+ (         
,pygmalion1 :o kill$ ,si*aeus3       ,& 
bl9d$ ) ! love ( gold1 he slew him      
unaw>es )      /eal?y sword4#bb  ,= lu/ 
& eag]ness aft] gold & o!r ?+s make m5  
bl9d1 & ?is wick$ gre$ = money1 all m5 9
 all times & places h consid]$          
di%on\rable & crim9al4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o h
 be5 s addict$ to av>ice z to be its    
slaves h always be5 reg>d$ z mean &     
sordid4 ,simil>ly1 too1 if by means (   
gold & silv] & gems m5 c ov]come !      
*a/ity ( wom51 corrupt ! hon\r ( _m p1  
bribe ! c\rse ( ju/ice & commit         
innum]able wick$nesses1 x is n ! metals 
:i* are to be blam$1 b ! evil passions (
 m5 :i* become inflam$ & ignit$2 or x is

 due to ! bl9d & impi\s desires ( _!    
m9ds4 ,b al?\gh ^! attacks aga9/ gold & 
silv] may be direct$ especially aga9/   
money1 yet inasmu* z ! ,poets "o aft]   
ano!r condemn x1 _! criticism mu/ be    
met1 & ?is c be done by "o argum5t      
alone4 ,money is good = ^? :o use x     
well2 x br+s loss & evil to ^? :o use x 
ill4 ,h5ce1 v rightly1 ,horace says3    
,do/ ?\ n "k ! value ( money2 & :at uses
 x      s]ves8 ,x buys bread1           
vegetables1 & a p9t ( w9e4  ,& aga9 9   
ano!r place3       ,weal? ho>d$ up is ! 
ma/] or slave ( ea* possessor2 x        
%\ld foll[ r ?an lead1 ! 'twi/$         
rope4'#bc  ,:5 +5i\s & clev] m5 consid]$
 c>efully ! sy/em ( b>t]1 :i* ignorant  
m5 ( old employ$ & :i* ev5 to-day is us$
 by c]ta9 uncivilis$ & b>b>\s races1 x  
appe>$ to !m s tr\blesome & labori\s t  
!y inv5t$ money4 ,inde$1 no?+ m useful  
c\ld h be5 devis$1 because a small am\nt
 ( gold & silv] is ( z great value z ?+s
 cumbr\s & heavy2 & s peoples f> di/ant 
f "o ano!r c1 by ! use ( money1 trade v 

easily 9 ^? ?+s :i* civilis$ life c     
sc>cely d )\t4  ,! curses :i* are utt]$ 
aga9/ iron1 copp]1 & lead h no weight ) 
prud5t & s5sible m51 because if ^!      
metals 7 done away )1 m51 z _! ang]     
swell$ & _! fury became unbridl$1 w\ld  
assur$ly fight l wild bea/s ) fi/s1     
heels1 nails1 & tee?4 ,!y w\ld /rike ea*
 o!r ) /icks1 hit "o ano!r ) /ones1 or  
da% _! foes to ! gr\nd4 ,moreov]1 a man 
does n kill ano!r ) iron alone1 b slays 
by means ( poison1 />vation1 or ?ir/4   
,he may seize him by ! ?roat & /rangle  
him2 he may bury him alive 9 ! gr\nd2 he
 may imm]se him 9 wat] & suffocate him2 
he may burn or hang him2 s t he c make e
 elem5t a p>ticipant 9 ! dea? ( m54 ,or1
 f9ally1 a man may be ?r[n to ! wild    
bea/s4 ,ano!r may be sewn up :olly      
except 8 head 9 a sack1 & ?us be left to
 be dev\r$ by worms2 or he may be imm]s$
 9 wat] until he is torn to pieces by   
sea-s]p5ts4 ,a man may be boil$ 9 oil2  
he may be greas$1 ti$ ) ropes1 & left   
expos$ to be /ung by flies & hornets2 he

 may be put to dea? by sc\rg+ ) rods or 
beat+ ) cudgels1 or /ruck d[n by /on+1  
or flung f a high place4 ,fur!rmore1 a  
man may be tortur$ 9 m ways ?an "o )\t !
 use ( metals2 z :5 ! execution] burns !
 gro9s & armpits ( 8 victim ) hot wax2  
or places a clo? 9 8 m\? gradually1 s t 
:5 9 brea?+ he draws x sl[ly into 8     
gullet1 ! execution] draws x back       
sudd5ly & viol5tly2 or ! victim's h&s   
are fa/5$ beh9d 8 back1 & he is drawn up
 little by little ) a rope & !n let d[n 
sudd5ly4 ,or simil>ly1 he may be ti$ to 
a beam & a heavy /one fa/5$ by a cord to
 8 feet1 or f9ally 8 limbs may be torn  
asund]4 ,f ^! examples we see t x is n  
metals t are to be condemn$1 b our      
vices1 su* z ang]1 cruelty1 discord1    
passion = p[]1 av>ice1 & lu/4  ,! "q    
next arises1 :e!r we ought to c\nt      
metals among/ ! numb] ( good ?+s or     
class !m among/ ! bad4 ,! ,p]ipatetics  
reg>d$ all weal? z a good ?+1 & m]ely   
spoke ( ext]nals z hav+ to d ) nei!r !  
m9d nor ! body4 ,well1 let ri*es be an  

ext]nal ?+4 ,&1 z !y said1 _m o!r ?+s   
may be class$ z good if x is 9 "o's p[] 
to use !m ei!r well or ill4 ,= good m5  
employ !m = good1 & to !m !y are useful4
 ,! wick$ use !m badly1 & to !m !y are  
h>mful4 ,!re is a say+ ( ,socrates1 t j 
z w9e is influ5c$ by ! cask1 s ! "* (   
ri*es is l _! possessors4 ,! ,/oics1 ^: 
cu/om x is to argue subtly & acutely1   
?\gh !y did n put weal? 9 ! category (  
good ?+s1 !y did n c\nt x among/ ! evil 
ones1 b plac$ x 9 t class :i* !y t]m    
neutral4 ,= to !m virtue alone is good1 
& vice alone evil4 ,! :ole ( :at rema9s 
is indiff]5t4 ,?us1 9 _! conviction1 x  
matt]s n :e!r "o be 9 good heal? or     
s]i\sly ill2 :e!r "o be h&some or de=m$4
 ,9 %ort3       ,:e!r1 sprung f ,ina*us 
( old1 & ?us ha/ liv$      b5ea? ! sun 9
 weal?1 or ha/ be5 poor & despis$ among 
m51 x matt]s n4  ,= my "p1 ,i see no    
reason :y any?+ t is 9 itself ( use %\ld
 n be plac$ 9 ! class ( good ?+s4 ,at   
all ev5ts1 metals are a creation (      
,nature1 & !y supply _m v>i$ & necess>y 

ne$s ( ! human race1 to say no?+ ab\t _!
 uses 9 adornm5t1 :i* are s wond]fully  
bl5d$ ) utility4 ,!re=e1 x is n "r to   
degrade !m f ! place !y hold among !    
good ?+s4 ,9 tru?1 if !re is a bad use  
made ( !m1 %\ld !y on t acc\nt be       
rightly call$ evils8 ,= ( :at good ?+s c
 we n make an equally bad or good use8  
,let me give examples f bo? classes (   
:at we t]m good4 ,w9e1 by f> ! be/ dr9k1
 if drunk 9 mod]ation1 aids ! dige/ion (
 food1 helps to produce blood1 &        
promotes ! juices 9 all p>ts ( ! body4  
,x is ( use 9 n\ri%+ n only ! body b !  
m9d z well1 = x disp]ses our d>k &      
gloomy ?\ghts1 frees u f c>es & anxiety1
 & re/ores our confid5ce4 ,if drunk 9   
excess1 h[ev]1 x injures & pro/rates !  
body ) s]i\s disease4 ,an intoxicat$ man
 keeps no?+ to himself2 he raves &      
rants1 & commits _m wick$ & infam\s     
acts4 ,on ?is subject ,!ognis wrote "s v
 clev] l9es1 :i* we may r5d] ?us3       
,w9e is h>mful if tak5 ) gre$y lips1 b  
if drunk 9      mod]ation x is          

:olesome4#be  ,b ,i l+] too long ov]    
extrane\s matt]s4 ,i mu/ pass on to !   
gifts ( body & m9d1 among/ :i* /r5g?1   
beauty1 & g5ius occur to me4 ,if !n a   
man1 rely+ on 8 /r5g?1 toils h>d to     
ma9ta9 himself & 8 family 9 an hone/ &  
respectable mann]1 he uses ! gift       
aright1 b if he makes a liv+ out ( murd]
 & robb]y1 he uses x wrongly4 ,likewise1
 too1 if a lovely woman is anxi\s to    
please h] husb& alone %e uses h] beauty 
aright1 b if %e lives wantonly & is a   
victim ( passion1 %e misuses h] beauty4 
,9 l mann]1 a y\? :o devotes himself to 
le>n+ & cultivates ! lib]al arts1 uses 8
 g5ius rightly4 ,b he :o dissembles1    
lies1 *eats1 & deceives by fraud &      
di%one/y1 misuses 8 abilities4 ,n[1 !   
man :o1 because !y are abus$1 d5ies t   
w9e1 /r5g?1 beauty1 or g5ius are good   
?+s1 is unju/ & blasphem\s t[>ds ! ,mo/ 
,high ,god1 ,creator ( ! ,_w2 s he :o   
w\ld remove metals f ! class ( bless+s  
also acts unju/ly & blasphem\sly aga9/  
,him4 ,v true1 !re=e1 are ! words :i*   

c]ta9 ,greek poets h writt51 z ,p9d>3   
,money gli/5s1 adorn$ ) virtue2 x       
supplies ! means by      :i* ?\ maye/   
act well 9 :atev] circum/ances fate may 
h 9 /ore = !e4#bf  ,& ,sappho3          
,)\t ! love ( virtue gold is a dang]\s &
 h>mful      gue/1 b :5 x is associat$ )
 virtue1 x becomes !      s\rce & height
 ( good4  ,& ,callima*us3       ,ri*es d
 n make m5 great )\t virtue2 nei!r d    
virtues !mselves make m5 great )\t "s   
weal?4  ,& ,antiphanes3       ,n[1 by ! 
gods1 :y is x necess>y = a man to gr[   
ri*8      ,:y does he desire to possess 
mu* money unless t he may1 z      mu* z 
possible1 help 8 fri5ds1 & s[ ! se$s ( a
      h>ve/ ( gratitude1 sweete/ ( !    
goddesses4#bg  ,hav+ ?us refut$ !       
argum5ts & cont5tions ( adv]s>ies1 let u
 sum up ! advantages ( ! metals4 ,9 !   
fir/ place1 !y are useful to !          
physician1 = !y furni% lib]ally !       
+r$i5ts = m$ic9es1 by :i* w\nds & ulc]s 
are cur$1 & ev5 plagues2 s t c]ta9ly if 
!re 7 no o!r reasons :y we %\ld explore 

! dep?s ( ! e>?1 we %\ld = ! sake (     
m$ic9e alone dig 9 ! m9es4 ,aga91 !     
metals are ( use to pa9t]s1 because !y  
yield c]ta9 pigm5ts :i*1 :5 unit$ ) !   
pa9t]'s slip1 are injur$ less ?an o!rs  
by ! moi/ure f )\t4 ,fur!r1 m9+ is      
useful to ! ar*itects1 = ?us is f\nd    
m>ble1 :i* is suitable n only = /r5g!n+ 
l>ge build+s1 b also = decoration4 ,x   
is1 moreov]1 helpful to ^? ^: ambition  
urges !m t[>d immortal glory1 because x 
yields metals f :i* are made co9s1      
/atues1 & o!r monum5ts1 :i*1 next to    
lit]>y records1 give m5 9 a s5se        
immortality4 ,! metals are useful to    
m]*ants ) v great cause1 =1 z ,i h /at$ 
else:]e1 ! use ( money :i* is made f    
metals is mu* m conv5i5t to mank9d ?an !
 old sy/em ( ex*ange ( commodities4 ,9  
%ort1 to :om are ! metals n ( use8 ,9 v 
tru?1 ev5 ! works ( art1 elegant1       
embelli%$1 elaborate1 useful1 are       
fa%ion$ 9 v>i\s %apes by ! arti/ f !    
metals gold1 silv]1 brass1 lead1 & iron4
 ,h[ few arti/s c\ld make any?+ t is    

beautiful & p]fect )\t us+ metals8 ,ev5 
if tools ( iron or brass 7 n us$1 we    
c\ld n make tools ( wood & /one )\t !   
help ( metal4 ,f all ^! examples are    
evid5t ! b5efits & advantages d]iv$ f   
metals4 ,we %\ld n h _h ^! at all unless
 ! sci5ce ( m9+ & metallurgy _h be5     
discov]$ & h&$ d[n to u4 ,:o !n does n  
und]/& h[ highly useful !y are1 nay r1  
h[ necess>y to ! human race8 ,9 a ^w1   
man c\ld n d )\t ! m9+ indu/ry1 nor did 
,div9e ,provid5ce w t he %\ld4  ,fur!r1 
x has be5 ask$ :e!r to "w 9 metals is   
hon\rable employm5t = respectable p or  
:e!r x is n degrad+ & di%on\rable4 ,we  
ourselves c\nt x among/ ! hon\rable     
arts4 ,= t art1 ! pursuit ( :i* is      
unque/ionably n impi\s1 nor (f5sive1 nor
 mean1 we may e/eem hon\rable4 ,t ?is is
 ! nature ( ! m9+ pr(ession1 inasmu* z x
 promotes weal? by good & hone/ me?ods1 
we %all %[ pres5tly4 ,) ju/ice1 !re=e1  
we may class x among/ hon\rable         
employm5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !          
occupation ( ! m9]1 :i* ,i mu/ be all[$ 

to comp>e ) o!r me?ods ( acquir+ great  
weal?1 is j z noble z t ( agriculture2  
=1 z ! f>m]1 s[+ 8 se$ 9 8 fields       
injures no "o1 h[ev] pr(itable !y may   
prove to him1 s ! m9] digg+ = 8 metals1 
albeit he draws =? great heaps ( gold or
 silv]1 hurts !reby no mortal man4      
,c]ta9ly ^! two modes ( increas+ weal?  
are 9 ! highe/ degree bo? noble &       
hon\rable4 ,! booty ( ! soldi]1 h[ev]1  
is frequ5tly impi\s1 because 9 ! fury ( 
! fight+ he seizes all goods1 sacr$ z   
well z pr(ane4 ,! mo/ j k+ may h to     
decl>e w> on cruel tyrants1 b 9 ! c\rse 
( x wick$ m5 _c lose _! weal? &         
possessions )\t dragg+ into ! same      
calamity innoc5t & poor p1 old m51      
matrons1 maid5s1 & orphans4 ,b ! m9] is 
able to accumulate great ri*es 9 a %ort 
"t1 )\t us+ any viol5ce1 fraud1 or      
malice4 ,t old say+ is1 !re=e1 n always 
true t ,e ri* man is ei!r wick$ himself1
 or is ! heir to wick$ness4  ,"s1 h[ev]1
 :o cont5d aga9/ u1 c5sure & attack m9]s
 by say+ t !y & _! *ildr5 mu/ ne$s fall 

into p5ury aft] a %ort "t1 because !y h 
heap$ up ri*es by improp] means4        
,accord+ to !m no?+ is tru] ?an ! say+ (
 ! poet ,naevius3    ,ill gott5 ga9s 9  
ill fa%ion slip away4  ,! foll[+ are "s 
( ! wick$ & s9ful me?ods by :i* !y say  
m5 obta9 ri*es f m9+4 ,:5 a prospect (  
obta9+ metals %[s itself 9 a m9e1 ei!r !
 rul] or magi/rate drives out ! rightful
 own]s ( ! m9es f possession1 or a %rewd
 & cunn+ neighb\r p]haps br+s a law-suit
 aga9/ ! old possessors 9 ord] to rob !m
 ( "s "p ( _! prop]ty4 ,or ! m9e        
sup]9t5d5t imposes on ! own]s su* a     
heavy contribution on %>es1 t if !y _c  
pay1 or w n1 !y lose _! rights (        
possession2 :ile ! sup]9t5d5t1 contr>y  
to all t is "r1 seizes ^u all t !y h    
lo/4 ,or1 f9ally1 ! m9e =eman may       
conceal ! ve9 by pla/]+ ov] ) clay t "p 
:]e ! metal ab\nds1 or by cov]+ x ) e>?1
 /ones1 /akes1 or poles1 9 ! hope t aft]
 sev]al ye>s ! proprietors1 ?9k+ ! m9e  
exhau/$1 w ab&on x1 & ! =eman c !n      
excavate t rema9d] ( ! ore & keep x =   

himself4 ,!y ev5 /ate t ! scum ( ! m9]s 
exi/ :olly by fraud1 deceit1 & ly+4 ,=  
to speak ( no?+ else1 b only ( ^?       
deceits :i* are practis$ 9 buy+ & sell+1
 x is said !y ei!r adv]tise ! ve9s )    
false & imag9>y praises1 s t !y c sell !
 %>es 9 ! m9es at "o-half m ?an !y are  
wor?1 or on ! contr>y1 !y sometimes     
detract f ! e/imate ( !m s t !y c buy   
%>es = a small price4 ,by expos+ su*    
frauds our critics suppose all good     
op9ion ( m9]s is lo/4 ,n[1 all weal?1   
:e!r x has be5 ga9$ by good or evil     
means1 is liable by "s adv]se *ance to  
vani% away4 ,x decays & is dissipat$ by 
! fault & c>elessness ( ! own]1 s9ce he 
loses x ?r\gh laz9ess & neglect1 or     
wa/es & squ&]s x 9 luxuries1 or he      
consumes & exhau/s x 9 gifts1 or he     
dissipates & ?r[s x away 9 gambl+3  ,j z
 ?\gh money spr\t$ up aga91 r5ew$ f an  
exhau/$ c(f]1 & 0 always to be obta9$ f 
a full heap4  ,x is !re=e n to be wond]$
 at if m9]s d n keep 9 m9d ! c\nsel giv5
 by ,k+ ,aga?ocles3 ,unexpect$ =tune    

%\ld be held 9 rev]5ce1 = by n do+ s !y 
fall into p5ury2 & p>ticul>ly :5 ! m9]s 
are n cont5t ) mod]ate ri*es1 !y n r>ely
 sp5d on new m9es :at !y h accumulat$ f 
o!rs4 ,b no j rul] or magi/rate deprives
 own]s ( _! possessions2 t1 h[ev]1 may  
be done by a tyrant1 :o may cruelly rob 
8 subjects n only ( _! goods hone/ly    
obta9$1 b ev5 ( life itself4 ,& yet     
:5ev] ,i h inquir$ into ! compla9ts :i* 
are 9 common vogue1 ,i always f9d t !   
own]s :o are abus$ h ! be/ ( reasons =  
driv+ ! m5 f ! m9es2 :ile ^? :o abuse ! 
own]s h no reason to compla9 ab\t !m4   
,take ! case ( ^? :o1 n hav+ paid _!    
contributions1 h lo/ ! "r ( possession1 
or ^? :o h be5 expell$ by ! magi/rate   
out ( ano!r man's m9e3 = "s wick$ m51   
m9+ ! small ve9s bran*+ f ! ve9s ri* 9  
metal1 are wont to invade ! prop]ty (   
ano!r p]son4 ,s ! magi/rate expels ^! m5
 accus$ ( wrong1 & drives !m f ! m9e4   
,!y !n v frequ5tly spread unpleasant    
rum\rs conc]n+ ?is among/ ! populace4   
,or1 to take ano!r case3 :51 z (t5      

happ5s1 a dispute arises betwe5         
neighb\rs1 arbitrators appo9t$ by !     
magi/rate settle x1 or ! regul> judges  
inve/igate & give judgm5t4 ,consequ5tly1
 :5 ! judgm5t is giv51 inasmu* z ea*    
p>ty has cons5t$ to submit to x1 nei!r  
side %\ld compla9 ( inju/ice2 & :5 !    
controv]sy is adjudg$1 inasmu* z !      
decision is 9 accordance ) ! laws       
conc]n+ m9+1 "o ( ! p>ties _c be injur$ 
by ! law4 ,i d n vigor\sly conte/ !     
po9t1 t at times a m9e sup]9t5d5t may   
exact a l>g] contribution f ! own]s ?an 
necessity dem&s4 ,nay1 ,i w admit t a   
=eman may pla/] ov]1 or hide ) a        
/ructure1 a ve9 :]e x is ri* 9 metals4  
,is ! wick$ness ( "o or two to br& ! _m 
hone/ ) fraud & trick]y8 ,:at body is   
suppos$ to be m pi\s & virtu\s 9 !      
,republic ?an ! ,s5ate8 ,yet "s ,s5ators
 h be5 detect$ 9 peculations1 & h be5   
puni%$4 ,is ?is any reason t s hon\rable
 a h\se %\ld lose its good "n & fame8 ,!
 sup]9t5d5t _c exact contributions f !  
own]s )\t ! k & p]mission ( ! ,b]gmei/] 

or ! deputies2 = ?is reason deception ( 
?is k9d is impossible4 ,%\ld ! =em5 be  
convict$ ( fraud1 !y are beat5 ) rods2  
or ( !ft1 !y are hang$4 ,x is compla9$ t
 "s sell]s & buy]s ( ! %>es 9 m9es are  
fraudul5t4 ,i conc$e x4 ,b c !y deceive 
anyone except a /upid1 c>eless man1     
unskill$ 9 m9+ matt]s8 ,inde$1 a wise & 
prud5t man1 skill$ 9 ?is art1 if he     
d\bts ! tru/wor?9ess ( a sell] or buy]1 
goes at once to ! m9e t he may = himself
 exam9e ! ve9 :i* has be5 s greatly     
prais$ or disp>ag$1 & may consid] :e!r  
he w buy or sell ! %>es or n4 ,b p say1 
?\gh su* an "o c be on 8 gu>d aga9/     
fraud1 yet a simple man & "o :o is      
easily cr$ul\s1 is deceiv$4 ,b we       
frequ5tly see a man :o is try+ to       
mislead ano!r 9 ?is way deceive himself1
 & des]v$ly become a laugh+-/ock =      
ev]yone2 or v (t5 ! defraud] z well z ! 
dupe is entirely ignorant ( m9+4 ,if1 = 
in/ance1 a ve9 has be5 f\nd to be       
abundant 9 ore1 contr>y to ! idea ( !   
w\ld-be deceiv]1 !n he :o 0 to h be5    

*eat$ gets a pr(it1 & he :o has be5 !   
deceiv] loses4 ,nev]!less1 ! m9]s       
!mselves r>ely buy or sell %>es1 b      
g5]ally !y h jurati v5ditores#bh :o buy 
& sell at su* prices z !y h be5 in/ruct$
 to give or accept4 ,see+ !re=e1 t      
magi/rates decide disputes on fair & j  
pr9ciples1 t hone/ m5 deceive nobody1   
:ile a di%one/ "o _c deceive easily1 or 
if he does he _c d s ) impunity1 !      
criticism ( ^? :o wi% to disp>age !     
hone/y ( m9]s has !re=e no =ce or       
weight4  ,9 ! next place1 ! occupation (
 ! m9] is objectionable to nobody4 ,=   
:o1 unless he be naturally malevol5t &  
envi\s1 w hate ! man :o ga9s weal? z x 7
 f heav58 ,or :o w hate a man :o to     
amplify 8 =tune1 adopts a me?od :i* is  
free f reproa*8 ,a moneyl5d]1 if he     
dem&s an excessive int]e/1 incurs !     
hatr$ ( m54 ,if he dem&s a mod]ate &    
lawful rate1 s t he is n injuri\s to !  
public g5]ally & does n impov]i% !m1 he 
fails to become v ri* f 8 bus9ess4      
,fur!r1 ! ga9 d]iv$ f m9+ is n sordid1 =

 h[ c x be su*1 see+ t x is s great1 s  
pl5tiful1 & ( s innoc5t a nature4 ,a    
m]*ant's pr(its are mean & base :5 he   
sells c\nt]feit & spuri\s m]*&ise1 or   
puts f> too high a price on goods t he  
has pur*as$ = little2 = ?is reason !    
m]*ant w\ld be held 9 no less odium     
among/ good m5 ?an is ! usur]1 did !y n 
take acc\nt ( ! risk he runs to secure 8
 m]*&ise4 ,9 tru?1 ^? :o on ?is po9t    
speak abusively ( m9+ = ! sake (        
detract+ f its m]its1 say t 9 =m] days  
m5 convict$ ( crimes & misde$s 7 s5t5c$ 
to ! m9es & 7 work$ z slaves4 ,b to-day 
! m9]s receive pay1 & are engag$ l o!r  
workm5 9 ! common trades4  ,c]ta9ly1 if 
m9+ is a %ameful & discr$itable         
employm5t = a g5tleman because slaves   
once work$ m9es1 !n agriculture also w n
 be a v cr$itable employm5t1 because    
slaves once cultivat$ ! fields1 & ev5   
to-day d s among ! ,turks2 nor w        
ar*itecture be consid]$ hone/1 because  
"s slaves h be5 f\nd skilful 9 t        
pr(ession2 nor m$ic9e1 because n a few  

doctors h be5 slaves2 nor w any o!r     
wor?y craft1 because m5 captur$ by =ce (
 arms h practis$ x4 ,yet agriculture1   
ar*itecture1 & m$ic9e are none ! less   
c\nt$ among/ ! numb] ( hon\rable        
pr(essions2 !re=e1 m9+ ought n = ?is    
reason to be exclud$ f !m4 ,b suppose we
 grant t ! hir$ m9]s h a sordid         
employm5t4 ,we d n mean by m9]s only !  
digg]s & o!r workm51 b also ^? skill$ 9 
! m9+ arts1 & ^? :o inve/ money 9 m9es4 
,among/ !m c be c\nt$ k+s1 pr9ces1      
republics1 & f ^! la/ ! mo/ e/eem$      
citiz5s4 ,& f9ally1 we include among/ ! 
ov]se]s ( m9es ! noble ,?ucydides1 !    
hi/orian1 :om ! ,a!nians plac$ 9 *>ge ( 
! m9es ( ,?asos4#bi ,& x w\ld n be      
unseemly = ! own]s !mselves to "w ) _!  
own h&s on ! works or ore1 especially if
 !y !mselves h contribut$ to ! co/ ( !  
m9es4 ,j z x is n undignifi$ = great m5 
to cultivate _! own l&4 ,o!rwise !      
,roman ,s5ate w\ld n h creat$ ,dictator 
,l4 ,qu9tius ,c9c9natus1 z he 0 at "w 9 
! fields1 nor w\ld x h summon$ to !     

,s5ate ,h\se ! *ief m5 ( ! ,/ate f _!   
c\ntry villas4 ,simil>ly1 9 our day1    
,maximilian ,caes> w\ld n h enroll$     
,conrad 9 ! ranks ( ! nobles kn[n z     
,c\nts2 ,conrad 0 really v poor :5 he   
s]v$ 9 ! m9es ( ,s*neeb]g1 & = t reason 
he 0 nicknam$ ! poor man2 b n _m ye>s   
aft]1 he atta9$ weal? f ! m9es ( ,fu]/1 
:i* is a city 9 ,lorra9e1 & took 8 "n f 
,luck4#cj ,nor w\ld ,k+ ,vladislaus h   
re/or$ to ! ,assembly ( ,b>ons1         
,tursius1 a citiz5 ( ,crac[1 :o became  
ri* ?r\gh ! m9es 9 t "p ( ! k+dom (     
,hung>y :i* 0 =m]ly call$ ,dacia4#ca    
,nay1 n ev5 ! common work] 9 ! m9es is  
vile & abject4 ,=1 tra9$ to vigilance & 
"w by night & day1 he has great p[]s (  
endurance :5 occasion dem&s1 & easily   
su/a9s ! fatigues & duties ( a soldi]1 =
 he is accu/om$ to keep long vigils at  
night1 to wield iron tools1 to dig      
tr5*es1 to drive tunnels1 to make       
ma*9es1 & to c>ry burd5s4 ,!re=e1 exp]ts
 9 milit>y affairs pref] ! m9]1 n only  
to a common] f ! t[n1 b ev5 to ! ru/ic4 

,b to br+ ?is discussion to an end1     
inasmu* z ! *ief call+s are ^? ( !      
moneyl5d]1 ! soldi]1 ! m]*ant1 ! f>m]1 &
 ! m9]1 ,i say1 inasmu* z usury is      
odi\s1 :ile ! spoil cruelly captur$ f ! 
possessions ( ! p innoc5t ( wrong is    
wick$ 9 ! sight ( ,god & man1 & inasmu* 
z ! call+ ( ! m9] excels 9 hon\r &      
dignity t ( ! m]*ant trad+ = lucre1 :ile
 x is n less noble ?\gh f> m pr(itable  
?an agriculture1 :o c fail to realize t 
m9+ is a call+ ( peculi> dignity8       
,c]ta9ly1 ?\gh x is b "o ( t5 important 
& excell5t me?ods ( acquir+ weal? 9 an  
hon\rable way1 a c>eful & dilig5t man c 
atta9 ?is result 9 no easi] way ?an by  
m9+4       ,,end ,,( ,,book ,i4         
,,footnotes3  #a ,fibrae--fibres4 ,see  
,note #f1 p4 #gj4  #b ,commissurae      
saxorum--rock jo9ts1 seams1 or cracks4  
,agricola & all ( ! old au?ors laid a   
:olly unw>rant$ geologic value on ^!    
ph5om5a4 ,see description & footnotes1  
,book ,,iii41 pages #dc & #gb4  #c      
,succi--juice1 or succi                 

concreti--solidifi$ juice4 ,g]4 ,trans41
 saffte4 ,! old ,engli% translators &   
m9]alogi/s (t5 use ! ^w juices 9 ! same 
s5se1 & we h adopt$ x4 ,! words         
solutions & salts convey a *emical      
significance n w>rant$ by ! /ate ( k 9  
,agricola's "t4 ,in/ances ( ! =m] use ( 
?is ^w may be se5 9 ,b>ba's ,fir/ ,book 
( ! ,art ( ,metals1 7,trans4 ,e>l       
,s&wi*1 ,london1 #afgd1 p4 #b1 etc417 & 
9 ,pryce's ,m9]alogia ,cornubi5sis      
7,london1 #aggh1 p4 #be1 #cb74  #d ,9   
ord] t ! read] %\ld be able to grasp !  
au?or's po9t ( view z to 8 divisions ( !
 ,m9]al ,k+dom1 we introduce "h 8 own   
/atem5t f ,de ,natura ,fossilium1 7p4   
#ahj74 ,x is also desirable to read !   
footnote on 8 !ory ( ore-deposits on    
pages #dc to #ec1 & ! review ( ,de      
,natura ,fossilium giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4   
,! subt]ranean inanimate bodies are     
divid$ into two classes1 "o ( :i*1      
because x is a fluid or an exhalation1  
is call$ by ^? names1 & ! o!r class is  
call$ ! m9]als4 ,m9]al bodies are       

solidifi$ f p>ticles ( ! same sub/ance1 
su* z pure gold1 ea* p>ticle ( :i* is   
gold1 or !y are ( diff]5t sub/ances su* 
z lumps :i* consi/ ( e>?1 /one1 & metal2
 ^! latt] may be sep>at$ into e>?1 /one 
& metal1 & !re=e ! fir/ is n a mixture  
:ile ! la/ is call$ a mixture4 ,! fir/  
are aga9 divid$ into simple & comp\nd   
m9]als4 ,! simple m9]als are ( f\r      
classes1 namely e>?s1 solidifi$ juices1 
/ones & metals1 :ile ! m9]al comp\nds   
are ( _m sorts1 z ,i %all expla9 lat]4  
,e>? is a simple m9]al body :i* may be  
knead$ 9 ! h&s :5 moi/5$1 or f :i* lute 
is made :5 x has be5 wett$4 ,e>?1       
prop]ly s call$1 is f\nd enclos$ 9 ve9s 
or ve9lets1 or frequ5tly on ! surface 9 
fields & mead[s4 ,?is def9ition is a    
g5]al "o4 ,! h>d] e>?1 al?\gh moi/5$ by 
wat]1 does n at once become lute1 b does
 turn into lute if x rema9s 9 wat] = "s 
"t4 ,!re are _m species ( e>?s1 "s ( :i*
 h names b o!rs are unnam$4  ,solidifi$ 
juices are dry & some:at h>d 7subdurus7 
m9]al bodies :i* :5 moi/5$ ) wat] d n   

s(t5 b liquefy in/ead2 or if !y d s(t51 
!y diff] greatly f ! e>?s by _!         
unctu\sness 7p+ue7 or by ! mat]ial ( :i*
 !y consi/4 ,al?\gh occasionally !y h ! 
h>dness ( /one1 yet because !y pres]ve !
 =m & nature :i* !y _h :5 less h>d1 !y c
 easily be di/+ui%$ f ! /ones4 ,! juices
 are divid$ into 'meagre' & unctu\s     
7mac] et p+uis74 ,! 'meagre' juices1    
s9ce !y orig9ate f ?ree diff]5t         
sub/ances1 are ( ?ree species4 ,!y are  
=m$ f a liquid mix$ ) e>?1 or ) metal1  
or ) a m9]al comp\nd4 ,to ! fir/ species
 belong salt & ,nitrum 7soda72 to !     
second1 *rysocolla1 v]digris1 iron-ru/1 
& azure2 to ! ?ird1 vitriol1 alum1 & an 
acrid juice :i* is unnam$4 ,! fir/ two (
 ^! latt] are obta9$ f pyrites1 :i* is  
numb]$ among/ ! comp\nd m9]als4 ,! ?ird 
( ^! comes f ,cadmia 79 ?is case !      
cobalt-z9c-ars5ic m9]als2 ! acrid juice 
is probably z9c sulphate74 ,to ! unctu\s
 juices belong ^! species3 sulphur1     
bitum51 realg> & orpim5t4 ,vitriol &    
alum1 al?\gh !y are some:at unctu\s yet 

d n burn1 & !y diff] 9 _! orig9 f !     
unctu\s juices1 = ! latt] are =c$ out f 
! e>? by heat1 :]eas ! =m] are produc$  
:5 pyrites is s(t5$ by moi/ure4  ,/one  
is a dry & h>d m9]al body :i* may ei!r  
be s(t5$ by rema9+ = a long "t 9 wat] & 
be r$uc$ to p[d] by a fi]ce fire2 or    
else x does n s(t5 ) wat] b ! heat ( a  
great fire liquefies x4 ,to ! fir/      
species belong ^? /ones :i* h be5       
solidifi$ by heat1 to ! second ^?       
solidifi$ 7lit]ally 'congeal$'7 by cold4
 ,^! two species ( /ones are con/itut$ f
 _! own mat]ial4 ,h[ev]1 writ]s on      
natural subjects :o take into           
consid]ation ! quantity & quality (     
/ones & _! value1 divide !m into f\r    
classes4 ,! fir/ ( ^! has no "n ( its   
own b is call$ 9 common p>lance '/one'3 
to ?is class belong load/one1 jasp] 7or 
blood/one7 & ,aetites 7geodes874 ,!     
second class comprises h>d /ones1 ei!r  
pellucid or ornam5tal1 ) v beautiful &  
v>i$ col\rs :i* sp>kle m>vell\sly2 !y   
are call$ gems4 ,! ?ird comprises /ones 

:i* are only brilliant aft] !y h be5    
poli%$1 & are usually call$ m>ble4 ,!   
f\r? are call$ rocks2 !y are f\nd 9     
qu>ries1 f :i* !y are hewn out = use 9  
build+1 & !y are cut into v>i\s %apes4  
,none ( ! rocks %[ col\r or take a      
poli%4 ,few ( ! /ones sp>kle2 few] /ill 
are transp>5t4 ,m>ble is sometimes only 
di/+ui%able f opaque gems by its volume2
 rock is always di/+ui%able f /ones     
prop]ly s-call$ by its volume4 ,bo? !   
/ones & ! gems are usually to be f\nd 9 
ve9s & ve9lets :i* trav]se ! rocks &    
m>ble4 ,^! f\r classes1 z ,i h already  
/at$1 are divid$ into _m species1 :i* ,i
 w expla9 9 _! prop] place4  ,metal is a
 m9]al body1 by nature ei!r liquid or   
some:at h>d4 ,! latt] may be melt$ by ! 
heat ( ! fire1 b :5 x has cool$ d[n aga9
 & lo/ all heat1 x becomes h>d aga9 &   
resumes its prop] =m4 ,9 ?is respect x  
diff]s f ! /one :i* melts 9 ! fire1 =   
al?\gh ! latt] rega9 its h>dness1 yet x 
loses its pri/9e =m & prop]ties4        
,traditionally !re are six diff]5t k9ds 

( metals1 namely gold1 silv]1 copp]1    
iron1 t9 & lead4 ,!re are really o!rs1 =
 quicksilv] is a metal1 al?\gh !        
,al*emi/s disagree ) u on ?is subject1 &
 bismu? is also4 ,! anci5t ,greek writ]s
 seem to h be5 ignorant ( bismu?1 :]e=e 
,ammonius rightly /ates t !re are _m    
species ( metals1 animals1 & plants :i* 
are unkn[n to u4 ,/ibium :5 smelt$ 9 !  
crucible & ref9$ has z mu* "r to be     
reg>d$ z a prop] metal z is accord$ to  
lead by writ]s4 ,if :5 smelt$1 a c]ta9  
portion be add$ to t91 a booksell]'s    
alloy is produc$ f :i* ! type is made t 
is us$ by ^? :o pr9t books on pap]4 ,ea*
 metal has its own =m :i* x pres]ves :5 
sep>at$ f ^? metals :i* 7 mix$ ) x4     
,!re=e nei!r electrum nor ,/annum is (  
itself a real metal1 b r an alloy ( two 
metals4 ,electrum is an alloy ( gold &  
silv]1 ,/annum ( lead & silv] 7see note 
#cc1 p4 #dgc74 ,& yet if silv] be p>t$ f
 ! electrum1 !n gold rema9s & n         
electrum2 if silv] be tak5 away f       
,/annum1 !n lead rema9s & n ,/annum4    

,:e!r brass1 h[ev]1 is f\nd z a native  
metal or n1 _c be asc]ta9$ ) any surety4
 ,we only "k ( ! artificial brass1 :i*  
consi/s ( copp] t9t$ ) ! col\r ( ! m9]al
 calam9e4 ,& yet if any %\ld be dug up1 
x w\ld be a prop] metal4 ,black & :ite  
copp] seem to be diff]5t f ! r$ k9d4    
,metal1 !re=e1 is by nature ei!r solid1 
z ,i h /at$1 or fluid1 z 9 ! unique case
 ( quicksilv]4 ,b en\gh n[ conc]n+ !    
simple k9ds4  ,i w n[ speak ( ! comp\nds
 :i* are compos$ ( ! simple m9]als      
cem5t$ toge!r by nature1 & "u ! ^w      
'comp\nd' ,i n[ discuss ^? m9]al bodies 
:i* consi/ ( two or ?ree simple m9]als4 
,!y are likewise m9]al sub/ances1 b s   
?or\ghly mix$ & alloy$ t ev5 9 ! smalle/
 "p !re is n want+ any sub/ance t is    
conta9$ 9 ! :ole4 ,only by ! =ce ( !    
fire is x possible to sep>ate "o ( !    
simple m9]al sub/ances f ano!r2 ei!r !  
?ird f ! o!r two1 or two f ! ?ird1 if   
!re 7 ?ree 9 ! same comp\nd4 ,^! two1   
?ree or m bodies are s completely mix$  
into "o new species t ! pri/9e =m ( none

 ( ^! is recognisable4  ,! 'mix$'       
m9]als1 :i* are compos$ ( ^? same simple
 m9]als1 diff] f ! 'comp\nds1' 9 t !    
simple m9]als ea* pres]ves its own =m s 
t !y c be sep>at$ "o f ! o!r n only by  
fire b sometimes by wat] & sometimes by 
h&4 ,z ^! two classes diff] s greatly f 
"o ano!r ,i usually use two diff]5t     
words 9 ord] to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,i  
am well aw>e t ,gal5 calls ! metallic   
e>? a comp\nd :i* is really a mixture1 b
 he :o wi%es to in/ruct o!rs %\ld be/[  
^u ea* sep>ate ?+ a def9ite "n4  ,=     
conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce we may r$uce ! above
 to a diagram z foll[s3    #a4 ,fluids &
 gases4                                 
,e>?s                                7a7
 ,simple    ,solidifi$ juices           
m9]als  ,/ones                          
,metals               ,a4 ,homog5\s     
bodies                                  
7b7 ,comp\nd  ,be+ het]og5e\s mixtures  
m9]als        ( 7a7                 #b4 
,m9]al       bodies                     
,b4 ,mixtures4 ,be+ homog5\s mixtures ( 

7a7  #e ,exp]i5dae--a trial4 ,t actual  
assay+ 9 its te*nical s5se is meant1 is 
suffici5tly evid5t f ,book ,,vii4  #f   
444 plumbum 444 c&idum ac c9]eum vel    
nigrum4 ,lead 444 :ite1 or a%-col\r$1 or
 black4 ,agricola himself co9$ ! t]m    
plumbum c9]eum = bismu?1 no d\bt foll[+ 
! ,roman t]m = t9--plumbum c&idum4 ,!   
foll[+ passage f ,b]mannus 7p4 #dci7 is 
( int]e/1 = x appe>s to be ! fir/       
description ( bismu?1 al?\gh m5tion ( x 
occurs 9 ! ,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*l9 7see    
,app5dix ,b74 ,b]mannus3 ,i w %[ y ano!r
 k9d ( m9]al :i* is numb]$ among/       
metals1 b appe>s to me to h be5 unkn[n  
to ! ,anci5ts2 we call x bisemutum4     
,naevius3 ,!n 9 y\r op9ion !re are m    
k9ds ( metals ?an ! sev5 commonly       
believ$8 ,b]mannus3 ,m1 ,i consid]2 =   
?is :i* j n[ ,i said we call$ bisemutum1
 _c correctly be call$ plumbum c&idum   
7t971 nor nigrum 7lead71 b is diff]5t f 
bo? & is a ?ird "o4 ,plumbum c&idum is  
:it] & plumbum nigrum is d>k]1 z y see4 
,naevius3 ,we see t ?is is ( ! col\r (  

gal5a4 ,ancon3 ,h[ !n c bisemutum1 z y  
call x1 be di/+ui%$ f gal5a8 ,b]mannus3 
,easily2 :5 y take x 9 y\r h&s x /a9s !m
 ) black1 unless x is q h>d4 ,! h>d k9d 
is n friable l gal5a1 b c be cut4 ,x is 
black] ?an ! k9d ( rudis silv] :i* we   
say is almo/ ! col\r ( lead1 & ?us is   
diff]5t f bo?4 ,inde$1 x n r>ely conta9s
 "s silv]4 ,x g5]ally indicates t !re is
 silv] b5ea? ! place :]e x is f\nd1 &   
because ( ?is our m9]s are accu/om$ to  
call x ! 'ro( ( silv]4' ,!y are wont to 
roa/ ?is m9]al1 & f ! bett] "p !y make  
metal2 f ! poor] "p !y make a pigm5t ( a
 k9d n to be despis$4  #g ,nitrum4 ,!   
,anci5ts compris$ _m salts "u ?is head1 
b ,agricola 9 ! ma9 uses x = soda1      
al?\gh sometimes he includes pota%4 ,he 
usually1 h[ev]1 ref]s to pota% z        
lixivium or salt !refrom1 & by o!r      
di/9ctive t]ms4 ,= description ( me?od (
 manufacture & discussion1 see ,book    
,,xii41 p4 #eeh4  #h ,atram5tum         
sutorium--,%oemak]'s black+4 ,see p4    
#egb = description ( me?od ( manufacture

 & hi/orical footnote4 ,9 ! ma9         
,agricola means gre5 vitriol1 b he does 
describe ?ree ma9 v>ieties1 gre51 blue1 
& :ite 7,de ,natura ,fossilium1 p4      
#bai74 ,! blue 0 ( c\rse copp] sulphate1
 & x is fairly c]ta9 t ! :ite 0 z9c     
vitriol4  #i ,lav&i--,wa%+4 ,by ?is t]m 
! au?or includes all ! op]ations (      
sluic+1 buddl+1 & wet conc5tration      
g5]ally4 ,!re is no ,engli% equival5t ( 
su* wide application1 & !re is "s       
difficulty 9 int]pretation )\t go+ fur!r
 ?an ! au?or int5ds4 ,book ,,viii4 is   
devot$ to ! subject4  #aj ,op]am et     
oleum p]dit--loss ( lab\r & oil4  #aa ,9
 ,vet]ibus et ,novis ,metallis1 &       
,b]mannus1 ,agricola /ates t ! m9es (   
,s*emnitz 7 work$ #hjj ye>s be=e t "t   
7#aecj71 or ab\t #gej ,a4,d41 &1 fur!r1 
t ! lead m9es ( ,gosl> 9 ! ,h>tz 7 work$
 by ,o?o ! ,great 7#icf-igc71 & t !     
silv] m9es at ,freib]g 7 discov]$ dur+ !
 rule ( ,pr9ce ,o?o 7ab\t #aagj74 ,to   
cont9ue ! argum5t to-day we c\ld add    
ab\t #cfj ye>s m ( life to ! m9es (     

,gosl> & ,freib]g4 ,see also ,note #af1 
p4 #cf1 & note #ai1 p4 #cg4  #ab        
,x5ophon4 ,essay on ! ,rev5ues ( ,a!ns1 
,i41 #e4  #ac ,ovid1 ,metamorphoses1    
,i41 #acg to #adc4  #ad ,diog5es        
,la]tius1 ,,ii41 #e4 ,! l9es are        
assign$1 h[ev]1 to ,philemon1 n         
,euripides4 7,kock1 ,comicorum          
,atticorum ,fragm5ta ,,ii41 #eab74  #ae 
,we h n consid]$ x ( suffici5t int]e/ to
 cite ! ref]5ces to all ( ! m9or poets &
 ^? ^: pres]v$ works are b fragm5t>y4 ,!
 translations f ! ,greek into ,lat9 are 
n lit]al & suff] aga9 by r5d]+ into     
,engli%2 we h h[ev] consid]$ x our duty 
to translate ,agricola's view ( ! mean+4
  #af ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,,ii4  #ag ,an 
inspection ( ! hi/orical incid5ts       
m5tion$ "h & fur!r on1 indicates t      
,agricola reli$ = su* in=mation on      
,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,plut>*1 ,livy1      
,val]ius ,maximus1 ,pl9y1 & (t5 en\gh on
 ,hom]1 ,horace1 & ,virgil4  #ah        
,juv5al4 ,satires ,i41 l4 #aab1 & ,,vi41
 l4 #bih4  #ai ,pl9y1 ,,xxxiv41 #ci4    

#bj ,horace4 ,odes1 ,i41 #ce1 ll4       
#ag-bj4  #ba ,horace4 ,satires1 ,,ii41  
#c1 ll4 #ii-ajb4  #bb ,virgil4 ,a,eneid1
 ,,iii41 l4 #ee1 & ,i41 l4 #cdi4  #bc   
,horace4 ,satires1 ,i41 l4 #gc2 &       
,epi/le1 ,i41 #aj1 l4 #dg4  #be ,!ognis4
 ,maxims1 ,,ii41 l4 #baj4  #bf ,p9d>4   
,olymp4 ,,ii41 #eh-fj4  #bg ,antiphanes1
 #d4  #bh ,jurati ,v5ditores--,sworn    
brok]s4 787  #bi ,!re is no d\bt t      
,?ucydides _h "s connection ) gold m9es2
 he himself is ! au?ority = ! /atem5t t 
he work$ m9es 9 ,?race4 ,agricola seems 
to h obta9$ 8 idea t ,?ucydides held an 
appo9tm5t f ! ,a!nians 9 *>ge ( m9es 9  
,?asos1 f ,m>cell9us 7,vita1 ,?ucydides1
 #cj71 :o also says t ,?ucydides obta9$ 
possession ( m9es 9 ,?race ?r\gh 8      
m>riage ) a ,?racian woman1 & t x 0 :ile
 resid+ on ! m9es at ,scapte-,hyle t he 
wrote 8 hi/ory4 ,lat] s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 f9d
 little w>rant = ^! ass]tions4 ,! gold  
m9es ( ,?asos--an isl& (f ! ma9l& (     
,?race--are frequ5tly m5tion$ by !      
anci5t au?ors4 ,h]odotus1 ,,vi41 #df-dg1

 says3--,_! 7! ,?asians'7 rev5ue 0 d]iv$
 p>tly f _! possessions ^u ! ma9l&1     
p>tly f ! m9es :i* !y own$4 ,!y 7 ma/]s 
( ! gold m9es ( ,scapte-,hyle1 ! ye>ly  
produce ( :i* am\nt$ to eighty tal5ts4  
,_! m9es 9 ,?asos yield$ less1 b /ill 7 
s prolific t besides be+ entirely free f
 l&-tax !y _h a surplus ( income d]iv$ f
 ! two s\rces ( _! t]ritory on ! ma9l& &
 _! m9es1 9 common ye>s two hundr$ & 9  
be/ ye>s ?ree hundr$ tal5ts4 ,i myself h
 se5 ! m9es 9 "q4 ,by f> ! mo/ curi\s ( 
!m are ^? :i* ! ,pho5icians discov]$ at 
! "t :5 !y w5t ) ,?asos & coloniz$ !    
isl&1 :i* took its "n f him4 ,^!        
,pho5ician work+s are 9 ,?asos itself1  
betwe5 ,co5yra & a place call$ ,a5yra   
ov] aga9/ ,samo?race2 a high m\nta9 has 
be5 turn$ upside d[n 9 ! se>* = ores4   
7,rawl9son's ,trans474 ,! occasion ( ?is
 /atem5t ( ,h]odotus 0 ! relations ( !  
,?asians ) ,d>ius 7#eba-dhf ,b4,c474 ,! 
date ( ! ,pho5ician colonization (      
,?asos is highly nebul>--any:]e f #abjj 
to #ijj ,b4,c4  #cj ,agricola1 ,de      

,vet]ibus et ,novis ,metallis1 ,book    
,i41 p4 #cib1 says3--,conrad1 ^:        
nickname 9 =m] ye>s 0 'paup]1' sudd5ly  
became ri* f ! silv] m9es ( ,m\nt ,jura1
 kn[n z ! ,fir/um4 ,he 0 ennobl$ ) !    
title ( ,graf ,cuntz von ,glueck by !   
,emp]or ,maximilian 7:o 0 ,emp]or ( !   
,holy ,roman ,empire1 #adic-aeai74      
,conrad 0 orig9ally a work+ m9] at      
,s*neeb]g :]e he 0 kn[n z ,arm] ,cuntz  
7poor ,cuntz or ,conrad7 & grew weal?y f
 ! m9es ( ,fu]/ 9 ,leb]?al4 ,?is di/rict
 is locat$ 9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s on !    
bord]s ( ,lorra9e & ,upp] ,alsace4 ,!   
/ory ( ,cuntz or ,conrad von ,glueck is 
m5tion$ by ,alb9us 7,meissnis*e ,l& und 
,b]g ,*ronica1 ,dresd51 #aehi1 p4 #aaf71
 ,ma!sius 7,s>epta1 ,nuremb]g1 #aegh1   
fol4 ,,xvi471 & by o!rs4  #ca           
,vladislaus ,,iii4 0 ,k+ ( ,pol&1       
#adcd-dd1 & also became ,k+ ( ,hung>y 9 
#addj4 ,tursius seems to be a ,lat9iz$  
"n & _c be id5tifi$4     ,,book ,,ii4   
,qualities :i* ! p]fect m9] %\ld possess
 & ! argum5ts :i* are urg$ = & aga9/ !  

arts ( m9+ & metallurgy1 z well z ! p   
occupi$ 9 ! indu/ry1 ,i h suffici5tly   
discuss$ 9 ! fir/ ,book4 ,n[ ,i h       
det]m9$ to give m ample in=mation       
conc]n+ ! m9]s4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is  
indisp5sable t !y %\ld wor%ip ,god )    
rev]5ce1 & t !y und]/& ! matt]s ( :i* ,i
 am go+ to speak1 & t !y take good c>e t
 ea* individual p]=ms 8 duties          
effici5tly & dilig5tly4 ,x is decre$ by 
,div9e ,provid5ce t ^? :o "k :at !y     
ought to d & !n take c>e to d x prop]ly1
 = ! mo/ "p meet ) good =tune 9 all !y  
und]take2 on ! o!r h&1 mis=tune ov]takes
 ! indol5t & ^? :o are c>eless 9 _! "w4 
,no p]son inde$ c1 )\t great & su/a9$   
ef=t & lab\r1 /ore 9 8 m9d ! k ( e      
portion ( ! metallic arts :i* are       
involv$ 9 op]at+ m9es4 ,if a man has !  
means ( pay+ ! necess>y exp5se1 he hires
 z _m m5 z he ne$s1 & s5ds !m to ! v>i\s
 works4 ,?us =m]ly ,sosias1 ! ,?racian1 
s5t into ! silv] m9es a ?\s& slaves :om 
he _h hir$ f ! ,a!nian ,nicias1 ! son ( 
,nic]atus#a4 ,b if a man _c af=d !      

exp5diture he *ooses ( ! v>i\s k9ds (   
m9+ t "w :i* he himself c mo/ easily &  
effici5tly d4 ,( ^! k9ds1 ! two mo/     
important are ! mak+ prospect tr5*es & !
 wa%+ ( ! s&s ( riv]s1 = out ( ^! s&s   
are (t5 collect$ gold du/1 or c]ta9     
black /ones f :i* t9 is smelt$1 or ev5  
gems are sometimes f\nd 9 !m2 ! tr5*+   
occasionally lays b>e at ! grass-roots  
ve9s :i* are f\nd ri* 9 metals4 ,if     
!re=e by skill or by luck1 su* s&s or   
ve9s %all fall into 8 h&s1 he w be able 
to e/abli% 8 =tune )\t exp5diture1 & f  
pov]ty rise to weal?4 ,if on ! contr>y1 
8 hopes are n realiz$1 !n he c desi/ f  
wa%+ or digg+4  ,:5 anyone1 9 an        
endeav\r to increase 8 =tune1 meets !   
exp5diture ( a m9e alone1 x is ( great  
importance t he %\ld att5d to 8 works & 
p]sonally sup]9t5d ev]y?+ t he has ord]$
 to be done4 ,= ?is reason1 he %\ld ei!r
 h 8 dwell+ at ! m9e1 :]e he may always 
be 9 sight ( ! workm5 & always take c>e 
t none neglect _! duties1 or else he    
%\ld live 9 ! neighb\rhood1 s t he may  

frequ5tly inspect 8 m9+ works4 ,!n he   
may s5d ^w by a mess5g] to ! workm5 t he
 is com+ m frequ5tly ?an he really      
int5ds to come1 & s ei!r by 8 arrival or
 by ! intimation ( x1 he s fright5s !   
workm5 t none ( !m p]=m _! duties       
o!rwise ?an dilig5tly4 ,:5 he inspects !
 m9es he %\ld praise ! dilig5t workm5 & 
occasionally give !m rew>ds1 t !y & !   
o!rs may become m zeal\s 9 _! duties2 on
 ! o!r h&1 he %\ld rebuke ! idle &      
dis*>ge "s ( !m f ! m9es & sub/itute    
indu/ri\s m5 9 _! places4 ,inde$1 ! own]
 %\ld frequ5tly rema9 = days & nights 9 
! m9e1 :i*1 9 tru?1 is no habitation = !
 idle & luxuri\s2 x is important t !    
own] :o is dilig5t 9 increas+ 8 weal?1  
%\ld frequ5tly himself desc5d into !    
m9e1 & devote "s "t to ! /udy ( ! nature
 ( ! ve9s & /r+]s1 & %\ld obs]ve &      
consid] all ! me?ods ( work+1 bo? inside
 & outside ! m9e4 ,nor is ?is all he    
ought to d1 = sometimes he %\ld und]take
 actual lab\r1 n !reby demean+ himself1 
b 9 ord] to enc\rage 8 workm5 by 8 own  

dilig5ce1 & to tea* !m _! art2 = t m9e  
is well conduct$ 9 :i* n only ! =eman1 b
 also ! own] himself1 gives in/ruction z
 to :at ought to be done4 ,a c]ta9      
b>b>ian1 accord+ to ,x5ophon1 rightly   
rem>k$ to ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia t ! eye ( !    
ma/] fe$s ! horse1#b = ! ma/]'s         
wat*fulness 9 all ?+s is ( ! utmo/      
importance4  ,:5 sev]al %>e toge!r !    
exp5diture on a m9e1 x is conv5i5t &    
useful to elect f among/ _! own numb] a 
m9e capta91 & also a =eman4 ,=1 s9ce m5 
(t5 look aft] _! own int]e/s b neglect  
^? ( o!rs1 !y _c 9 ?is case take c>e (  
_! own )\t at ! same "t look+ aft] !    
int]e/s ( ! o!rs1 nei!r c !y neglect !  
int]e/s ( ! o!rs )\t neglect+ _! own4 ,b
 if no man among/ !m be will+ or able to
 und]take & su/a9 ! burd5s ( ^! (fices1 
x w be to ! common int]e/ to place !m 9 
! h&s ( mo/ dilig5t m54 ,=m]ly inde$1 ^!
 ?+s 7 look$ aft] by ! m9+ prefect#c1   
because ! own]s 7 k+s1 z ,priam1 :o own$
 ! gold m9es r\nd ,abydos1 or z ,midas1 
:o 0 ! own] ( ^? situat$ 9 ,m\nt        

,b]mius1 or z ,gyges1 or z ,alyattes1 or
 z ,croesus1 :o 0 ! own] ( ^? m9es ne> a
 des]t$ t[n betwe5 ,at>nea & ,p]gamum#d2
 sometimes ! m9es belong$ to a          
,republic1 z1 = in/ance1 ! prosp]\s     
silv] m9es 9 ,spa9 :i* belong$ to       
,c>?age#e2 sometimes !y 7 ! prop]ty (   
great & illu/ri\s families1 z 7 !       
,a!nian m9es 9 ,m\nt ,laurion#f4  ,:5 a 
man owns m9es b is ignorant ( ! art (   
m9+1 !n x is advisable t he %\ld %>e 9  
common ) o!rs ! exp5ses1 n ( "o only1 b 
( sev]al m9es4 ,:5 "o man alone meets ! 
exp5se = a long "t ( a :ole m9e1 if good
 =tune be/[s on him a ve9 abundant 9    
metals1 or 9 o!r products1 he becomes v 
weal?y2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! m9e is poor 
& b>r51 9 "t he w lose ev]y?+ :i* he has
 exp5d$ on x4 ,b ! man :o1 9 common )   
o!rs1 has laid out 8 money on sev]al    
m9es 9 a region r5[n$ = its weal? (     
metals1 r>ely sp5ds x 9 va91 = =tune    
usually responds to 8 hopes 9 "p4 ,= :5 
out ( twelve ve9s 9 :i* he has a jo9t   
int]e/ "o yields an abundance ( metals1 

x n only gives back to ! own] ! money he
 has sp5t1 b also gives a pr(it besides2
 c]ta9ly !re w be = him ri* & pr(itable 
m9+1 if ( ! :ole numb]1 ?ree1 or f\r1 or
 m ve9s %\ld yield metal4 ,v simil> to  
?is is ! advice :i* ,x5ophon gave to !  
,a!nians :5 !y wi%$ to prospect = new   
ve9s ( silv] )\t suff]+ loss4 ,!re are1 
he said1 t5 tribes ( ,a!nians2 if1      
!re=e1 ! ,/ate assign$ an equal numb] ( 
slaves to ea* tribe1 & ! tribes         
p>ticipat$ equally 9 all ! new ve9s1    
und\bt$ly by ?is me?od1 if a ri* ve9 (  
silv] 7 f\nd by "o tribe1 :atev] pr(it 7
 made f x w\ld assur$ly be %>$ by ! :ole
 numb]4 ,& if two1 ?ree1 or f\r tribes1 
or ev5 half ! :ole numb] f9d ve9s1 _!   
works w\ld !n become m pr(itable2 & x is
 n probable t ! "w ( all ! tribes w be  
disappo9t+4#g ,al?\gh ?is advice (      
,x5ophon is full ( prud5ce1 !re is no   
opportunity = x except 9 free & weal?y  
,/ates2 = ^? p :o are "u ! au?ority (   
k+s & pr9ces1 or are kept 9 subjection  
by tyranny1 d n d>e1 )\t p]mission1 to  

incur su* exp5diture2 ^? :o are end[$ ) 
little weal? & res\rces _c d s on acc\nt
 ( insuffici5t funds4 ,moreov]1 among/  
our race x is n cu/om>y = ,republics to 
h slaves :om !y c hire out = ! b5efit ( 
! p#h2 b1 in/ead1 n[adays ^? :o are 9   
au?ority adm9i/] ! funds = m9+ 9 ! "n ( 
! ,/ate1 n unlike private individuals4  
,"s own]s pref] to buy %>es#i 9 m9es    
ab\nd+ 9 metals1 r ?an to be tr\bl$     
!mselves to se>* = ! ve9s2 ^! m5 employ 
an easi] & less unc]ta9 me?od ( increas+
 _! prop]ty4 ,al?\gh _! hopes 9 ! %>es (
 "o or ano!r m9e may be fru/rat$1 !     
buy]s ( %>es %\ld n ab&on ! re/ ( !     
m9es1 = all ! money exp5d$ w be recov]$ 
) int]e/ f "s o!r m9e4 ,!y %\ld n buy   
only high pric$ %>es 9 ^? m9es produc+  
metals1 nor %\ld !y buy too _m 9        
neighb\r+ m9es :]e metal has n yet be5  
f\nd1 le/1 %\ld =tune n respond1 !y may 
be exhau/$ by _! losses & h no?+ ) :i*  
!y may meet _! exp5ses or buy o!r %>es  
:i* may replace _! losses4 ,?is calamity
 ov]takes ^? :o wi% to gr[ sudd5ly ri* f

 m9es1 & in/ead1 !y become v mu* poor]  
?an be=e4 ,s !n1 9 ! buy+ ( %>es1 z 9   
o!r matt]s1 !re %\ld be a c]ta9 limit ( 
exp5diture :i* m9]s %\ld set !mselves1  
le/ bl9d$ by ! desire = excessive weal?1
 !y ?r[ all _! money away4 ,moreov]1 a  
prud5t own]1 be=e he buys %>es1 ought to
 g to ! m9e & c>efully exam9e ! nature (
 ! ve91 = x is v important t he %\ld be 
on 8 gu>d le/ fraudul5t sell]s ( %>es   
%\ld deceive him4 ,inve/ors 9 %>es may  
p]haps become less weal?y1 b !y are m   
c]ta9 ( "s ga9 ?an ^? :o m9e = metals at
 _! own exp5se1 z !y are m cauti\s 9    
tru/+ to =tune4 ,nei!r ought m9]s to be 
altoge!r di/ru/ful ( =tune1 z we see "s 
are1 :o z soon z ! %>es ( any m9e beg9  
to g up 9 value1 sell !m1 on :i* acc\nt 
!y seldom obta9 ev5 mod]ate weal?4 ,!re 
are "s p :o wa% ov] ! dumps f exhau/$ & 
ab&on$ m9es1 & ^? dumps :i* are d]iv$ f 
! dra9s ( tunnels2 & o!rs :o smelt ! old
 slags2 f all ( :i* !y make an ample    
return4  ,n[ a m9]1 be=e he beg9s to m9e
 ! ve9s1 mu/ consid] sev5 ?+s1          

namely3--! situation1 ! conditions1 !   
wat]1 ! roads1 ! climate1 ! "r (        
own]%ip1 & ! neighb\rs4 ,!re are f\r    
k9ds ( situations--m\nta91 hill1 valley1
 & pla94 ,( ^! f\r1 ! fir/ two are ! mo/
 easily m9$1 because 9 !m tunnels c be  
driv5 to dra9 (f ! wat]1 :i* (t5 makes  
m9+ op]ations v labori\s1 if x does n   
/op !m altoge!r4 ,! la/ two k9ds ( gr\nd
 are m tr\blesome1 especially because   
tunnels _c be driv5 9 su* places4       
,nev]!less1 a prud5t m9] consid]s all ^!
 f\r sorts ( localities 9 ! region 9 :i*
 he happ5s to be1 & he se>*es = ve9s 9  
^? places :]e "s torr5t or o!r ag5cy has
 remov$ & swept ! soil away2 yet he ne$ 
n prospect ev]y:]e1 b s9ce !re is a     
great v>iety1 bo? 9 m\nta9s & 9 ! ?ree  
o!r k9ds ( localities1 he always selects
 f !m ^? :i* w give him ! be/ *ance (   
obta9+ weal?4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 m\nta9s 
diff] greatly 9 position1 "s be+ situat$
 9 ev5 & level pla9s1 :ile o!rs are f\nd
 9 brok5 & elevat$ regions1 & o!rs aga9 
seem to be pil$ up1 "o m\nta9 ^u ano!r4 

,! wise m9] does n m9e 9 m\nta9s :i* are
 situat$ on op5 pla9s1 nei!r does he dig
 9 ^? :i* are plac$ on ! summits (      
m\nta9\s regions1 unless by "s *ance !  
ve9s 9 ^? m\nta9s h be5 d5ud$ ( _!      
surface cov]+1 & ab\nd+ 9 metals & o!r  
products1 are expos$ pla9ly to 8        
notice1--= ) reg>d to :at ,i h already  
said m ?an once1 & ?\gh ,i nev] repeat x
 aga91 ,i wi% to emphasize ?is exception
 z to ! localities :i* %\ld n be        
select$4 ,all di/ricts d n possess a    
great numb] ( m\nta9s cr[d$ toge!r2 "s h
 b "o1 o!rs two1 o!rs ?ree1 or p]haps a 
few m4 ,9 "s places !re are pla9s ly+   
betwe5 !m2 9 o!rs ! m\nta9s are jo9$    
toge!r or sep>at$ only by n>r[ valleys4 
,! m9] %\ld n dig 9 ^? solit>y m\nta9s1 
disp]s$ ?r\gh ! pla9s & op5 regions1 b  
only 9 ^? :i* are connect$ & jo9$ )     
o!rs4 ,!n aga91 s9ce m\nta9s diff] 9    
size1 "s be+ v l>ge1 o!rs ( m$ium       
height1 & o!rs m l hills ?an m\nta9s1 ! 
m9] r>ely digs 9 ! l>ge/ or ! smalle/ ( 
!m1 b g5]ally only 9 ^? ( m$ium size4   

,moreov]1 m\nta9s h a great v>iety (    
%apes2 = ) "s ! slopes rise gradually1  
:ile o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 are all        
precipit\s2 9 "s o!rs ! slopes are      
gradual on "o side1 & on ! o!r sides    
precipit\s2 "s are drawn out 9 l5g?2 "s 
are g5tly curv$2 o!rs assume diff]5t    
%apes4 ,b ! m9] may dig 9 all p>ts ( !m1
 except :]e !re are precipices1 & he    
%\ld n neglect ev5 ^! latt] if metallic 
ve9s are expos$ be=e 8 eyes4 ,!re are j 
z great diff]5ces 9 hills z !re are 9   
m\nta9s1 yet ! m9] does n dig except 9  
^? situat$ 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts1 & ev5 v 
r>ely 9 ^?4 ,x is h[ev] v little to be  
wond]$ at t ! hill 9 ! ,isl& ( ,lemnos 0
 excavat$1 = ! :ole is ( a r$di%-yell[  
col\r1 :i* furni%es = ! inhabitants t   
valuable clay s especially b5eficial to 
mank9d#aj4 ,9 l mann]1 o!r hills are    
excavat$ if *alk or o!r v>ieties ( e>?  
are expos$1 b ^! are n prospect$ =4     
,!re are likewise _m v>ieties ( valleys 
& pla9s4 ,"o k9d is enclos$ on ! sides )
 its outlet & entrance op52 ano!r has   

ei!r its entrance or its outlet op5 & ! 
re/ ( x is clos$ 92 bo? ( ^! are prop]ly
 call$ valleys4 ,!re is a ?ird v>iety   
:i* is surr\nd$ on all sides by m\nta9s1
 & ^! are call$ convalles4 ,"s valleys  
aga91 h recesses1 & o!rs h none2 "o is  
wide1 ano!r n>r[2 "o is long1 ano!r     
%ort2 yet ano!r k9d is n high] ?an !    
neighb\r+ pla91 & o!rs are l[] ?an !    
surr\nd+ flat c\ntry4 ,b ! m9] does n   
dig 9 ^? surr\nd$ on all sides by       
m\nta9s1 nor 9 ^? t are op51 unless !re 
be a l[ pla9 close at h&1 or unless a   
ve9 ( metal desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s %\ld    
ext5d into ! valley4 ,pla9s diff] f "o  
ano!r1 "o be+ situat$ at l[ elevation1 &
 o!rs high]1 "o be+ level & ano!r ) a   
slight incl9e4 ,! m9] %\ld nev] excavate
 ! l[-ly+ pla91 nor "o :i* is p]fectly  
level1 unless x be 9 "s m\nta91 & r>ely 
%\ld he m9e 9 ! o!r k9ds ( pla9s4  ,)   
reg>d to ! conditions ( ! locality ! m9]
 %\ld n contemplate m9+ )\t consid]+    
:e!r ! place be cov]$ ) trees or is b>e4
 ,if x be a wood$ place1 he :o digs !re 

has ?is advantage1 besides o!rs1 t !re w
 be an abundant supply ( wood = 8       
und]gr\nd timb]+1 8 ma*9]y1 build+s1    
smelt+1 & o!r necessities4 ,if !re is no
 =e/ he %\ld n m9e !re unless !re is a  
riv] ne>1 by :i* he c c>ry d[n ! timb]4 
,yet :]ev] !re is a hope t pure gold or 
gems may be f\nd1 ! gr\nd c be turn$ up1
 ev5 ?\gh !re is no =e/1 because ! gems 
ne$ only to be poli%$ & ! gold to be    
purifi$4 ,!re=e ! inhabitants ( hot     
regions obta9 ^! sub/ances f r\gh & s&y 
places1 :]e sometimes !re are n ev5     
%rubs1 mu* less woods4  ,! m9] %\ld next
 consid] ! locality1 z to :e!r x has a  
p]petual supply ( runn+ wat]1 or :e!r x 
is always devoid ( wat] except :5 a     
torr5t suppli$ by ra9s fl[s d[n f !     
summits ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! place t ,nature 
has provid$ ) a riv] or /ream c be made 
s]viceable = _m ?+s2 = wat] w nev] be   
want+ & c be c>ri$ ?r\gh wood5 pipes to 
ba?s 9 dwell+-h\ses2 x may be c>ri$ to !
 works1 :]e ! metals are smelt$2 &      
f9ally1 if ! conditions ( ! place w all[

 x1 ! wat] c be div]t$ into ! tunnels1 s
 t x may turn ! und]gr\nd ma*9]y4 ,yet  
on ! o!r h&1 to convey a con/ant supply 
( wat] by artificial means to m9es :]e  
,nature has d5i$ x access1 or to convey 
! ore to ! /ream1 increases ! exp5se    
greatly1 9 proportion to ! di/ance !    
m9es are away f ! riv]4  ,! m9] also    
%\ld consid] :e!r ! roads f ! neighb\r+ 
regions to ! m9es are good or bad1 %ort 
or long4 ,= s9ce a region :i* is        
abundant 9 m9+ products v (t5 yields no 
agricultural produce1 & ! necess>ies (  
life = ! workm5 & o!rs mu/ all be       
import$1 a bad & long road occasions mu*
 loss & tr\ble ) port]s & c>ri]s1 & ?is 
increases ! co/ ( goods br\ght 91 :i*1  
!re=e1 mu/ be sold at high prices4 ,?is 
injures n s mu* ! workm5 z ! ma/]s2 s9ce
 on acc\nt ( ! high price ( goods1 !    
workm5 are n cont5t ) ! wages cu/om>y = 
_! lab\r1 nor c !y be1 & !y ask high]   
pay f ! own]s4 ,& if ! own]s refuse1 !  
m5 w n "w any long] 9 ! m9es b w g      
else:]e4 ,al?\gh di/ricts :i* yield     

metals & o!r m9]al products are g5]ally 
heal?y1 because1 be+ (t5 situat$ on high
 & l(ty gr\nd1 !y are fann$ by e w9d1   
yet sometimes !y are unheal?y1 z has be5
 relat$ 9 my o!r book1 :i* is call$ ,de 
,natura ,eorum ,quae ,effluunt ex ,t]ra4
 ,!re=e1 a wise m9] does n m9e 9 su*    
places1 ev5 if !y are v productive1 :5  
he p]ceives unmi/akable signs (         
pe/il5ce4 ,= if a man m9es 9 an unheal?y
 region he may be alive "o h\r & dead ! 
next4  ,!n1 ! m9] %\ld make c>eful &    
?or\gh inve/igation conc]n+ ! "l ( !    
locality1 :e!r he be a j & good man or a
 tyrant1 = ! latt] oppresses m5 by =ce (
 8 au?ority1 & seizes _! possessions =  
himself2 b ! =m] gov]ns ju/ly & lawfully
 & s]ves ! common good4 ,! m9] %\ld n   
/>t m9+ op]ations 9 a di/rict :i* is    
oppress$ by a tyrant1 b %\ld c>efully   
consid] if 9 ! vic9ity !re is any o!r   
locality suitable = m9+ & make up 8 m9d 
if ! ov]lord !re be fri5dly or inimical4
 ,if he be inimical ! m9e w be r5d]$    
unsafe ?r\gh ho/ile attacks1 9 "o ( :i* 

all ( ! gold or silv]1 or o!r m9]al     
products1 labori\sly collect$ ) mu* co/1
 w be tak5 away f ! own] & 8 workm5 w be
 /ruck ) t]ror2 ov]come by fe>1 !y w    
ha/ily fly1 to free !mselves f ! dang]  
to :i* !y are expos$4 ,9 ?is case1 n    
only are ! =tunes ( ! m9] 9 ! greate/   
p]il b 8 v life is 9 jeop>dy1 = :i*     
reason he %\ld n m9e 9 su* places4      
,s9ce sev]al m9]s usually come to m9e ! 
ve9s 9 "o locality1 a settlem5t g5]ally 
spr+s up1 = ! m9] :o began fir/ _c keep 
x exclusively = himself4 ,! ,b]gmei/]   
gives p]mits to "s to m9e ! sup]ior & "s
 ! inf]ior p>ts ( ! ve9s2 to "s he gives
 ! cross ve9s1 to o!rs ! incl9$ ve9s4   
,if ! man :o fir/ />ts "w f9ds ! ve9 to 
be metal-be>+ or yield+ o!r m9+         
products1 x w n be to 8 advantage to    
cease "w because ! neighb\rhood may be  
evil1 b he w gu>d & def5d 8 rights bo?  
by arms & by ! law4 ,:5 ! ,b]gmei/]#aa  
delimits ! b\nd>ies ( ea* own]1 x is !  
duty ( a good m9] to keep )9 8 b\nds1 & 
( a prud5t "o to repel encroa*m5ts ( 8  

neighb\rs by ! help ( ! law4 ,b ?is is  
en\gh ab\t ! neighb\rhood4  ,! m9] %\ld 
try to obta9 a m9e1 to :i* access is n  
difficult1 9 a m\nta9\s region1 g5tly   
slop+1 wood$1 heal?y1 safe1 & n f>      
di/ant f a riv] or /ream by means ( :i* 
he may convey 8 m9+ products to be wa%$ 
& smelt$4 ,?is inde$1 is ! be/ position4
 ,z = ! o!rs1 ! ne>] !y approximate to  
?is position ! bett] !y are2 ! fur!r    
remov$1 ! worse4  ,n[ ,i w discuss t k9d
 ( m9]als = :i* x is n necess>y to dig1 
because ! =ce ( wat] c>ries !m out ( !  
ve9s4 ,( ^! !re are two k9ds1 m9]als--& 
_! fragm5ts#ab--;& juices4 ,:5 !re are  
spr+s at ! outcrop ( ! ve9s f :i*1 z ,i 
h already said1 ! above-m5tion$ products
 are emitt$1 ! m9] %\ld consid] ^! fir/1
 to see :e!r !re are metals or gems mix$
 ) ! s&1 or :e!r ! wat]s dis*>g$ are    
fill$ ) juices4 ,9 case metals or gems h
 settl$ 9 ! pool ( ! spr+1 n only %\ld !
 s& f x be wa%$1 b also t f ! /reams :i*
 fl[ f ^! spr+s1 & ev5 f ! riv] itself  
into :i* !y aga9 dis*>ge4 ,if ! spr+s   

dis*>ge wat] conta9+ "s juice1 ?is also 
%\ld be collect$2 ! fur!r su* a /ream   
has fl[$ f ! s\rce1 ! m x receives pla9 
wat] & ! m dilut$ does x become1 & s mu*
 ! m defici5t 9 /r5g?4 ,if ! /ream      
receives no wat] ( ano!r k9d1 or sc>cely
 any1 n only ! riv]s1 b likewise ! lakes
 :i* receive ^! wat]s1 are ( ! same     
nature z ! spr+s1 & s]ve ! same uses2 ( 
?is k9d is ! lake :i* ! ,hebrews call ! 
,dead ,sea1 & :i* is q full ( bitum9\s  
fluids#ac4 ,b ,i mu/ return to ! subject
 ( ! s&s4  ,spr+s may dis*>ge _! wat]s  
into a sea1 a lake1 a m>%1 a riv]1 or a 
/ream2 b ! s& ( ! sea-%ore is r>ely     
wa%$1 = al?\gh ! wat] fl[+ d[n f ! spr+s
 into ! sea c>ries "s metals or gems )  
x1 yet ^! sub/ances c sc>cely ev] be    
reclaim$1 because !y are disp]s$ ?r\gh !
 imm5se body ( wat]s & mix$ up ) o!r s&1
 & scatt]$ f> & wide 9 diff]5t          
directions1 or !y s9k d[n into ! dep?s (
 ! sea4 ,= ! same reasons1 ! s&s ( lakes
 c v r>ely be wa%$ successfully1 ev5    
?\gh ! /reams ris+ f ! m\nta9s p\r _!   

:ole volume ( wat] into !m4 ,! p>ticles 
( metals & gems f ! spr+s are v r>ely   
c>ri$ into ! m>%es1 :i* are g5]ally 9   
level & op5 places4 ,!re=e1 ! m9]1 9 !  
fir/ place1 wa%es ! s& ( ! spr+1 !n ( ! 
/ream :i* fl[s f x1 !n f9ally1 t ( !    
riv] into :i* ! /ream dis*>ges4 ,x is n 
wor? ! tr\ble to wa% ! s&s ( a l>ge riv]
 :i* is on a level pla9 at a di/ance f !
 m\nta9s4 ,:]e sev]al spr+s c>ry+ metals
 dis*>ge _! wat]s into "o riv]1 !re is m
 hope ( productive results f wa%+4 ,!   
m9] does n neglect ev5 ! s&s ( ! /reams 
9 :i* excavat$ ores h be5 wa%$4  ,!     
wat]s ( spr+s ta/e accord+ to ! juice !y
 conta91 & !y diff] greatly 9 ?is       
respect4 ,!re are six k9ds ( ^! ta/es   
:i* ! work]#ad especially obs]ves &     
exam9es2 !re is ! salty k9d1 :i* %[s t  
salt may be obta9$ by evaporation2 !    
nitr\s1 :i* indicates soda2 ! alum9\s   
k9d1 :i* indicates alum2 ! vitriol9e1   
:i* indicates vitriol2 ! sulphur\s k9d1 
:i* indicates sulphur2 & z = ! bitum9\s 
juice1 out ( :i* bitum5 is melt$ d[n1 ! 

col\r itself proclaims x to ! work] :o  
is evaporat+ x4 ,! sea-wat] h[ev]1 is   
simil> to t ( salt spr+s1 & may be drawn
 into l[-ly+ pits1 &1 evaporat$ by !    
heat ( ! sun1 *anges ( itself into salt2
 simil>ly ! wat] ( "s salt-lakes turns  
to salt :5 dri$ by ! heat ( summ]4      
,!re=e an indu/ri\s & dilig5t man       
obs]ves & makes use ( ^! ?+s & ?us      
contributes some?+ to ! common welf>e4  
,! /r5g? ( ! sea cond5ses ! liquid      
bitum5 :i* fl[s into x f hidd5 spr+s1   
into amb] & jet1 z ,i h describ$ already
 9 my books ,de ,subt]raneorum ,ortu et 
,causis#ae4 ,! sea1 ) c]ta9 directions (
 ! w9d1 ?r[s bo? ^! sub/ances on %ore1 &
 = ?is reason ! se>* = amb] dem&s z mu* 
c>e z does t = coral4  ,moreov]1 x is   
necess>y t ^? :o wa% ! s& or evaporate !
 wat] f ! spr+s1 %\ld be c>eful to le>n 
! nature ( ! locality1 its roads1 its   
salubrity1 its ov]lord1 & ! neighb\rs1  
le/ on acc\nt ( difficulties 9 ! conduct
 ( _! bus9ess !y become ei!r impov]i%$  
by exhau/ive exp5diture1 or _! goods &  

lives are imp]ill$4 ,b en\gh ab\t ?is4  
,! m9]1 aft] he has select$ out ( _m    
places "o p>ticul> spot adapt$ by       
,nature = m9+1 be/[s mu* lab\r &        
att5tion on ! ve9s4 ,^! h ei!r be5      
/ripp$ b>e ( _! cov]+ by *ance & ?us lie
 expos$ to our view1 or ly+ deeply hidd5
 & conceal$ !y are f\nd aft] close se>*2
 ! latt] is m usual1 ! =m] m r>ely      
happ5s1 & bo? ( ^! occurr5ces mu/ be    
expla9$4 ,!re is m ?an "o =ce :i* c lay 
b>e ! ve9s unaid$ by ! indu/ry or toil (
 man2 s9ce ei!r a torr5t might /rip (f !
 surface1 :i* happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! silv] 
m9es ( ,freib]g 7conc]n+ :i* ,i h writt5
 9 ,book ,i4 ( my "w ,de ,vet]ibus et   
,novis ,metallis7#af2 or !y may be      
expos$ ?r\gh ! =ce ( ! w9d1 :5 x uproots
 & de/roys ! trees :i* h gr[n ov] !     
ve9s2 or by ! break+ away ( ! rocks2 or 
by long-cont9u$ heavy ra9s te>+ away !  
m\nta92 or by an e>?quake2 or by a      
lightn+ fla%2 or by a sn[slide2 or by ! 
viol5ce ( ! w9ds3 ,( su* a nature are ! 
rocks hurl$ d[n f ! m\nta9s by ! =ce ( !

 w9ds aid$ by ! ravages ( "t4 ,or !     
pl\gh may uncov] ! ve9s1 = ,ju/9 relates
 9 8 hi/ory t nuggets ( gold _h be5     
turn$ up 9 ,galicia by ! pl\gh2 or ?is  
may occur ?r\gh a fire 9 ! =e/1 z       
,diodorus ,siculus tells u happ5$ 9 !   
silv] m9es 9 ,spa92 & t say+ (          
,posidonius is appropriate en\gh3 ,! e>?
 viol5tly mov$ by ! fires consum+ ! =e/ 
s5ds =? new products1 namely1 gold &    
silv]4#ag ,& inde$1 ,lucretius has      
expla9$ ! same ?+ m fully 9 ! foll[+    
l9es3 ,copp] & gold & iron 7 discov]$1 &
 at ! same "t weighty silv] & ! sub/ance
 ( lead1 :5 fire _h burn$ up va/ =e/s on
 ! great hills1 ei!r by a dis*>ge (     
heav5's lightn+1 or else because1 :5 m5 
7 wag+ w> ) "o ano!r1 =e/ fires _h c>ri$
 fire among ! enemy 9 ord] to /rike     
t]ror to !m1 or because1 attract$ by !  
goodness ( ! soil1 !y wi%$ to cle> ri*  
fields & br+ ! c\ntry into pa/ure1 or   
else to de/roy wild bea/s & enri*       
!mselves ) ! game2 = hunt+ ) pitfalls & 
) fire came into use be=e ! practice (  

enclos+ ! wood ) toils & r\s+ ! game )  
dogs4 ,:atev] ! fact is1 f :atev] cause 
! heat ( flame _h swall[$ up ! =e/s ) a 
frightful crackl+ f _! v roots1 & _h    
?or\ghly bak$ ! e>? ) fire1 !re w\ld run
 f ! boil+ ve9s & collect into ! holl[s 
( ! gr\nds a /ream ( silv] & gold1 z    
well z ( copp] & lead4#ah ,b yet ! poet 
consid]s t ! ve9s are n laid b>e 9 !    
fir/ in/ance s mu* by ?is k9d ( fire1 b 
r t all m9+ _h its orig9 9 ?is4 ,&      
la/ly1 "s o!r =ce may by *ance disclose 
! ve9s1 = a horse1 if ?is tale c be     
believ$1 disclos$ ! lead ve9s at ,gosl> 
by a bl[ f 8 ho(#ai4 ,by su* me?ods z ^!
 does =tune disclose ! ve9s to u4  ,b by
 skill we c also inve/igate hidd5 &     
conceal$ ve9s1 by obs]v+ 9 ! fir/ place 
! bubbl+ wat]s ( spr+s1 :i* _c be v f>  
di/ant f ! ve9s because ! s\rce ( ! wat]
 is f !m2 secondly1 by exam9+ ! fragm5ts
 ( ! ve9s :i* ! torr5ts break (f f !    
e>?1 = aft] a long "t "s ( ^! fragm5ts  
are aga9 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,fragm5ts (   
?is k9d ly+ ab\t on ! gr\nd1 if !y are  

rubb$ smoo?1 are a long di/ance f !     
ve9s1 because ! torr5t1 :i* broke !m f !
 ve91 poli%$ !m :ile x roll$ !m a long  
di/ance2 b if !y are fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 or 
if !y are r\gh1 !y are ne>] to ! ve9s4  
,! soil also %\ld be consid]$1 = ?is is 
(t5 ! cause ( ve9s be+ buri$ m or less  
deeply "u ! e>?2 9 ?is case ! fragm5ts  
protrude m or less widely ap>t1 & m9]s  
are wont to call ! ve9s discov]$ 9 ?is  
mann] fragm5ta4#bj  ,fur!r1 we se>* = ! 
ve9s by obs]v+ ! ho>-fro/s1 :i* :it5 all
 h]bage except t gr[+ ov] ! ve9s1       
because ! ve9s emit a w>m & dry         
exhalation :i* h9d]s ! freez+ ( !       
moi/ure1 = :i* reason su* plants appe> r
 wet ?an :it5$ by ! fro/4 ,?is may be   
obs]v$ 9 all cold places be=e ! grass   
has gr[n to its full size1 z 9 ! mon?s (
 ,april & ,may2 or :5 ! late crop ( hay1
 :i* is call$ ! cordum1 is cut ) scy!s 9
 ! mon? ( ,septemb]4 ,!re=e 9 places :]e
 ! grass has a dampness t is n congeal$ 
into fro/1 !re is a ve9 b5ea?2 also if !
 exhalation be excessively hot1 ! soil w

 produce only small & pale-col\r$       
plants4 ,la/ly1 !re are trees ^: foliage
 9 spr+-"t has a blui% or lead5 t9t1 !  
upp] bran*es m especially be+ t+$ )     
black or ) any o!r unnatural col\r1 !   
trunks cleft 9 two1 & ! bran*es black or
 discol\r$4 ,^! ph5om5a are caus$ by !  
int5sely hot & dry exhalations :i* d n  
sp>e ev5 ! roots1 b scor*+ !m1 r5d] !   
trees sickly2 :]e=e ! w9d w m frequ5tly 
uproot trees ( ?is k9d ?an any o!rs4    
,v]ily ! ve9s d emit ?is exhalation4    
,!re=e1 9 a place :]e !re is a multitude
 ( trees1 if a long r[ ( !m at an       
unusual "t lose _! v]dure & become black
 or discol\r$1 & frequ5tly fall by !    
viol5ce ( ! w9d1 b5ea? ?is spot !re is a
 ve94 ,likewise along a c\rse :]e a ve9 
ext5ds1 !re gr[s a c]ta9 h]b or fungus  
:i* is abs5t f ! adjac5t space1 or      
sometimes ev5 f ! neighb\rhood ( ! ve9s4
 ,by ^! signs ( ,nature a ve9 c be      
discov]$4  ,!re are _m great cont5tions 
betwe5 m9]s conc]n+ ! =k$ twig#ba1 = "s 
say t x is ( ! greate/ use 9 discov]+   

ve9s1 & o!rs d5y x4 ,"s ( ^? :o         
manipulate & use ! twig1 fir/ cut a =k f
 a hazel bu% ) a knife1 = ?is bu% !y    
consid] m efficaci\s ?an any o!r =      
reveal+ ! ve9s1 especially if ! hazel   
bu% gr[s above a ve94 ,o!rs use a       
diff]5t k9d ( twig = ea* metal1 :5 !y   
are seek+ to discov] ! ve9s1 = !y employ
 hazel twigs = ve9s ( silv]2 a% twigs = 
copp]2 pit* p9e = lead & especially t91 
& rods made ( iron & /eel = gold4 ,all  
alike grasp ! =ks ( ! twig ) _! h&s1    
cl5*+ _! fi/s1 x be+ necess>y t ! cl5*$ 
f+]s %\ld be held t[>d ! sky 9 ord] t ! 
twig %\ld be rais$ at t end :]e ! two   
bran*es meet4 ,!n !y w&] hi!r & ?i!r at 
r&om ?r\gh m\nta9\s regions4 ,x is said 
t ! mom5t !y place _! feet on a ve9 !   
twig imm$iately turns & twi/s1 & s by   
its action discloses ! ve92 :5 !y move  
_! feet aga9 & g away f t spot ! twig   
becomes once m immobile4  ,! tru? is1 !y
 ass]t1 ! movem5t ( ! twig is caus$ by !
 p[] ( ! ve9s1 & sometimes ?is is s     
great t ! bran*es ( trees gr[+ ne> a ve9

 are deflect$ t[>d x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^?  
:o say t ! twig is ( no use to good &   
s]i\s m51 also d5y t ! motion is due to 
! p[] ( ! ve9s1 because ! twigs w n move
 = ev]ybody1 b only = ^? :o employ      
incantations & craft4 ,moreov]1 !y d5y !
 p[] ( a ve9 to draw to itself ! bran*es
 ( trees1 b !y say t ! w>m & dry        
exhalations cause ^! contortions4 ,^? :o
 advocate ! use ( ! twig make ?is reply 
to ^! objections3 :5 "o ( ! m9]s or "s  
o!r p]son holds ! twig 9 8 h&s1 & x is n
 turn$ by ! =ce ( a ve91 ?is is due to  
"s peculi>ity ( ! individual1 :i* h9d]s 
& imp$es ! p[] ( ! ve91 = s9ce ! p[] ( !
 ve9 9 turn+ & twi/+ ! twig may be n    
unlike t ( a magnet attract+ & draw+    
iron t[>d itself1 ?is hidd5 quality ( a 
man weak5s & breaks ! =ce1 j ! same z   
g>lic weak5s & ov]comes ! /r5g? ( a     
magnet4 ,= a magnet sme>$ ) g>lic juice 
_c attract iron2 nor does x attract !   
latt] :5 ru/y4 ,fur!r1 conc]n+ ! h&l+ ( 
! twig1 !y w>n u t we %\ld n press !    
f+]s toge!r too lightly1 nor cl5* !m too

 firmly1 = if ! twig is held lightly !y 
say t x w fall be=e ! =ce ( ! ve9 c turn
 x2 if h[ev]1 x is grasp$ too firmly !  
=ce ( ! h&s resi/s ! =ce ( ! ve9s &     
c\nt]acts x4 ,!re=e1 !y consid] t five  
?+s are necess>y to insure t ! twig %all
 s]ve its purpose3 ( ^! ! fir/ is ! size
 ( ! twig1 = ! =ce ( ! ve9s _c turn too 
l>ge a /ick2 secondly1 !re is ! %ape ( !
 twig1 :i* mu/ be =k$ or ! ve9 _c turn  
x2 ?irdly1 ! p[] ( ! ve9 :i* has !      
nature to turn x2 f\r?ly1 ! manipulation
 ( ! twig2 fif?ly1 ! abs5ce ( imp$+     
peculi>ities4 ,^! advocates ( ! twig sum
 up _! conclusions z foll[s3 if ! rod   
does n move = ev]ybody1 x is due to     
unskill$ manipulation or to ! imp$+     
peculi>ities ( ! man :i* oppose & resi/ 
! =ce ( ! ve9s1 z we said above1 & ^? :o
 se>* = ve9s by means ( ! twig ne$ n    
necess>ily make incantations1 b x is    
suffici5t t !y h&le x suitably & are    
devoid ( imp$+ p[]2 !re=e1 ! twig may be
 ( use to good & s]i\s m5 9 discov]+    
ve9s4 ,) reg>d to deflection ( bran*es (

 trees !y say no?+ & adh]e to _! op9ion4
  ,illu/ration #dj 7,div9+ ,rod73       
,a--,twig4 ,b--,tr5*4  ,s9ce ?is matt]  
rema9s 9 dispute & causes mu* diss5tion 
among/ m9]s1 ,i consid] x ought to be   
exam9$ on its own m]its4 ,! wiz>ds1 :o  
also make use ( r+s1 mirrors & cry/als1 
seek = ve9s ) a div9+ rod %ap$ l a =k2 b
 its %ape makes no diff]5ce 9 !         
matt]1--x might be /raight or ( "s o!r  
=m--= x is n ! =m ( ! twig t matt]s1 b !
 wiz>d's incantations :i* x w\ld n      
become me to repeat1 nei!r d ,i wi% to d
 s4 ,! ,anci5ts1 by means ( ! div9+ rod1
 n only procur$ ^? ?+s necess>y = a     
livelihood or = luxury1 b !y 7 also able
 to alt] ! =ms ( ?+s by x2 z :5 !       
magicians *ang$ ! rods ( ! ,egyptians   
into s]p5ts1 z ! writ+s ( ! ,hebrews    
relate#bb2 & z 9 ,hom]1 ,m9]va ) a div9+
 rod turn$ ! ag$ ,ulysses sudd5ly into a
 y\?1 & !n re/or$ him back aga9 to old  
age2 ,circe also *ang$ ,ulysses'        
companions into bea/s1 b aft]w>d gave !m
 back aga9 _! human =m#bc2 moreov] by 8 

rod1 :i* 0 call$ ,caduceus1 ,m]cury gave
 sleep to wat*m5 & awoke slumb]]s#bd4   
,!re=e x seems t ! div9+ rod pass$ to ! 
m9es f its impure orig9 ) ! magicians4  
,!n :5 good m5 %rank ) horror f !       
incantations & reject$ !m1 ! twig 0     
reta9$ by ! unsophi/icat$ common m9]s1 &
 9 se>*+ = new ve9s "s traces ( ^!      
anci5t usages rema94  ,b s9ce truly !   
twigs ( ! m9]s d move1 albeit !y d n    
g5]ally use incantations1 "s say ?is    
movem5t is caus$ by ! p[] ( ! ve9s1 o!rs
 say t x dep5ds on ! manipulation1 &    
/ill o!rs ?9k t ! movem5t is due to bo? 
^! causes4 ,b1 9 tru?1 all ^? objects   
:i* are end[$ ) ! p[] ( attraction d n  
twi/ ?+s 9 circles1 b attract !m        
directly to !mselves2 = in/ance1 !      
magnet does n turn ! iron1 b draws x    
directly to itself1 & amb] rubb$ until x
 is w>m does n b5d /raws ab\t1 b simply 
draws !m to itself4 ,if ! p[] ( ! ve9s 7
 ( a simil> nature to t ( ! magnet & !  
amb]1 ! twig w\ld n s mu* twi/ z move   
once only1 9 a semi-circle1 & be drawn  

directly to ! ve91 & unless ! /r5g? ( ! 
man :o holds ! twig 7 to resi/ & oppose 
! =ce ( ! ve91 ! twig w\ld be br\ght to 
! gr\nd2 :]e=e1 s9ce ?is is n ! case1 x 
mu/ necess>ily foll[ t ! manipulation is
 ! cause ( ! twig's twi/+ motion4 ,x is 
a conspicu\s fact t ^! cunn+            
manipulators d n use a /raight twig1 b a
 =k$ "o cut f a hazel bu%1 or f "s o!r  
wood equally flexible1 s t if x be held 
9 ! h&s1 z !y are accu/om$ to hold x1 x 
turns 9 a circle = any man :]ev] he /&s4
 ,nor is x /range t ! twig does n turn  
:5 held by ! inexp]i5c$1 because !y ei!r
 grasp ! =ks ( ! twig too tightly or    
hold !m too loosely4 ,nev]!less1 ^! ?+s 
give rise to ! fai? among common m9]s t 
ve9s are discov]$ by ! use ( twigs1     
because :il/ us+ ^! !y d accid5tally    
discov] "s2 b x m (t5 happ5s t !y lose  
_! lab\r1 & al?\gh !y might discov] a   
ve91 !y become none ! less exhau/$ 9    
digg+ useless tr5*es ?an d ! m9]s :o    
prospect 9 an un=tunate locality4 ,!re=e
 a m9]1 s9ce we ?9k he ought to be a    

good & s]i\s man1 %\ld n make use ( an  
en*ant$ twig1 because if he is prud5t & 
skill$ 9 ! natural signs1 he und]/&s t a
 =k$ /ick is ( no use to him1 = z ,i h  
said be=e1 !re are ! natural indications
 ( ! ve9s :i* he c see = himself )\t !  
help ( twigs4 ,s if ,nature or *ance    
%\ld indicate a locality suitable = m9+1
 ! m9] %\ld dig 8 tr5*es !re2 if no ve9 
appe>s he mu/ dig num]\s tr5*es until he
 discov]s an outcrop ( a ve94  ,a v5a   
dilatata is r>ely discov]$ by m5's      
lab\r1 b usually "s =ce or o!r reveals  
x1 or sometimes x is discov]$ by a %aft 
or a tunnel on a v5a pr(unda#be4  ,!    
ve9s aft] !y h be5 discov]$1 & likewise 
! %afts & tunnels1 h names giv5 !m1 ei!r
 f _! discov]]s1 z 9 ! case at ,annab]g 
( ! ve9 call$ ,koel]gang1 because a     
*>coal burn] discov]$ x2 or f _! own]s1 
z ! ,gey]1 9 ,joa*im/hal1 because "p ( !
 same belong$ to ,gey]2 or f _!         
products1 z ! ,pleygang f lead1 or !    
,bissmutis* at ,s*neeb]g f bismu?#bf2 or
 f "s o!r circum/ances1 su* z ! ri*     

alluvials f ! torr5t by :i* !y 7 laid   
b>e 9 ! valley ( ,joa*im4 ,m (t5 ! fir/ 
discov]]s give ! names ei!r ( p]sons1 z 
^? ( ,g]man ,kais]1 ,apollo1 ,janus2 or 
! "n ( an animal1 z t ( lion1 be>1 ram1 
or c[2 or ( ?+s inanimate1 z silv] *e/  
or ox /alls2 or ( some?+ ridicul\s1 z   
glutton's night%ade2 or f9ally1 = ! sake
 ( a good om51 !y call x aft] ! ,deity4 
,9 anci5t times !y foll[$ ! same cu/om &
 gave names to ! ve9s1 %afts & tunnels1 
z we read 9 ,pl9y3 ,x is wond]ful t !   
%afts begun by ,hannibal 9 ,spa9 are    
/ill work$1 _! names be+ d]iv$ f _!     
discov]]s4 ,"o ( ^! at ! pres5t day1    
call$ ,baebelo1 furni%$ ,hannibal ) ?ree
 hundr$ p\nds weight 7( silv]7 p]       
day4#bg       ,,end ,,( ,,book ,,ii4    
,,footnotes3  #a ,x5ophon4 ,essay on !  
,rev5ues ( ,a!ns1 ,,iv41 #ad4  ,b we _c 
b feel surpris$ t ! ,/ate1 :5 x sees _m 
private individuals enri*+ !mselves f   
its res\rces1 does n imitate _!         
proce$+s2 = we he>d long ago1 inde$1 at 
lea/ su* ( u z att5d$ to ^! matt]s1 t   

,nicias ! son ( ,nic]atus kept a ?\s& m5
 employ$ 9 ! silv] m9es1 :om he let on  
hire to ,sosias ( ,?race on condition t 
he %\ld give him = ea* an obolus a day1 
free ( all *>ges2 & ?is numb] he always 
suppli$ undim9i%$4 7,see also ,note #f74
 ,an obolus a day ea*1 w\ld be ab\t #bc 
oz4 ,troy ( silv] p] day = ! :ole numb]4
 ,9 mod]n value ?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be b 
ab\t #ejs4 p] day1 b 9 pur*as+ p[] !    
value w\ld probably be #ajj to #a 7see  
,note on p4 #bh74 ,nicias 0 e/imat$ to h
 a =tune ( #ajj tal5ts--ab\t #hc1gjj    
,troy ounces ( silv]1 & 0 "o ( !        
weal?ie/ ( ! ,a!nians4 7,plut>*1 ,life (
 ,nicias74  #b ,x5ophon4 ,oeconomicus   
,,xii41 #bj4 ',i approve1' said         
,is*oma*us1 '( ! b>b>ian's answ] to !   
,k+ :o f\nd a good horse1 &1 wi%+ to    
fatt5 x z soon z possible1 ask$ a man ) 
a good reputation = horseman%ip :at w\ld
 d x8' ,! man's reply 03 ',its ma/]'s   
eye4'  #c ,praefectus ,metallorum4 ,9   
,saxony ?is (ficial 0 /yl$ !            
,b]ghauptmann4 ,= fur!r in=mation see   

page #id & note on page #gh4  #d ,?is   
/atem5t is ei!r bas$ ^u ,apollodorus1   
:om ,agricola does n m5tion among 8     
au?orities1 or on ,/rabo1 :om he does s 
include4 ,! =m] 9 8 "w on ,my?ology     
makes su* a /atem5t1 = :i* ,/rabo       
7,,xiv41 #e1 #bh7 takes him to task z   
foll[s3 ,) ?is va9 int5tion !y collect$ 
! /ories relat$ by ! ,scepsian          
7,demetrius71 & tak5 f ,calli/h5es & o!r
 writ]s1 :o did n cle> !m f false       
notions respect+ ! ,halizones2 =        
example1 t ! weal? ( ,tantalus & ( !    
,pelopidae 0 d]iv$1 x is said1 f ! m9es 
ab\t ,phrygia & ,sipylus2 t ( ,cadmus f 
! m9es ( ,?race & ,m\nt ,pangaeum2 t (  
,priam f ! gold m9es ( ,a/yra1 ne>      
,abydos 7( :i* at pres5t !re are small  
rema9s1 yet !re is a l>ge quantity (    
matt] eject$1 & ! excavations are pro(s 
( =m] work+s72 t ( ,midas f ! m9es ab\t 
,m\nt ,b]mium2 t ( ,gyges1 ,alyattes1 & 
,croesus1 f ! m9es 9 ,lydia & ! small   
des]t$ city betwe5 ,at>neus & ,p]gamum1 
:]e are ! sites ( exhau/$ m9es4         

7,hamilton's ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4  
#ff74  ,9 adopt+ ?is view1 ,agricola    
app>5tly appli$ a wond]ful realism to "s
 ,greek my?ology--= in/ance1 9 ! leg5d (
 ,midas1 :i* tells ( t k+ be+ rew>d$ by 
! god ,dionysus1 :o grant$ 8 reque/ t   
all he t\*$ might turn to gold2 b !     
inconv5i5ce ( ! gift drove him to pray =
 relief1 :i* he obta9$ by ba?+ 9 !      
,pactolus1 ! s&s ( :i* !reupon became   
highly aurif]\s4 ,priam 01 ( c\rse1 ,k+ 
( ,troy1 b ,hom] does n exhibit him z a 
m9e-own]4 ,gyges1 ,alyattes1 & ,croesus 
7 successively ,k+s ( ,lydia1 f #fhg to 
#edf ,b4,c41 & 7 no d\bt possess$ (     
great treasure 9 gold4 ,"s few ye>s ago 
we _h occasion to inquire into ext5sive 
old work+s locally reput$ to be         
,croesus' m9es1 at a place "s di/ance   
nor? ( ,smyrna1 :i* w\ld correspond v   
closely to ! locality "h m5tion$4  #e   
,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,c>?ag9ians work$ 
! m9es ( ,spa9 on an ext5sive scale = a 
v long p]iod ant]ior to _! conque/ by ! 
,romans1 b :e!r ! m9es 7 work$ by !     

,gov]nm5t or n we are unable to f9d any 
evid5ce4  #f ,! silv] m9es ( ,mt4       
,laurion =m$ ! economic ma9/ay ( ,a!ns =
 ! ?ree c5turies dur+ :i* ! ,/ate _h !  
asc5d5cy 9 ,greece1 & !re c be no d\bt t
 ! dom9ance ( ,a!ns & its position z a  
sea-p[] 7 directly due to ! rev5ues f ! 
m9es4 ,! fir/ work+ ( ! m9es is %r\d$ 9 
my/]y4 ,! sc>city ( silv] 9 ! "t (      
,solon 7#fch-eih ,b4,c47 w\ld n indicate
 any v consid]able output at t "t4      
,accord+ to ,x5ophon 7,essay on ,rev5ue 
( ,a!ns1 ,,iv41 #b71 writt5 ab\t #cee   
,b4,c41 !y 7 wr\ght 9 v anci5t times4 ,!
 fir/ def9ite discussion ( ! m9es 9     
,greek record beg9s ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 = 
ab\t t "t ! royalties began to figure 9 
! ,a!nian ,budget 7,ari/otle1           
,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 #dg74 ,!re c be no
 d\bt t ! m9es rea*$ great prosp]ity    
prior to ! ,p]sian invasion4 ,9 ! ye>   
#dhd ,b4,c4 ! m9es return$ #ajj ,tal5ts 
7ab\t #hc1gjj oz4 ,troy7 to ! ,treasury1
 & ?is1 on ! advice ( ,!mi/ocles1 0     
devot$ to ! con/ruction ( ! fleet :i*   

conqu]$ ! ,p]sians at ,salamis 7#dhj    
,b4,c474 ,! m9es 7 mu* int]f]$ ) by !   
,sp>tan invasions f #dca to #dbe ,b4,c41
 & aga9 by _! occupation 9 #dac ,b4,c42 
& by #cee ,b4,c41 :5 ,x5ophon wrote !   
,rev5ues1 exploitation _h fall5 to a l[ 
ebb1 = :i* he proposes ! rem$ies not$ by
 ,agricola on p4 #bh4 ,by ! end ( ! #d? 
,c5tury1 ,b4,c41 ! m9es _h aga9 rea*$   
consid]able prosp]ity1 z is evid5c$ by  
,demo/h5es' orations aga9/ ,panta5etus &
 aga9/ ,pha5ippus1 & by ,lycurgus'      
prosecution ( ,diphilos = robb+ !       
support+ pill>s4 ,! dom9ation ( !       
,mac$onians "u ,philip & ,alex&] at !   
end ( ! #d? & beg9n+ ( ! #crd ,c5turies 
,b4,c41 h[ev]1 s flood$ ,greece ) money 
f ! m9es ( ,?race1 t ?is probably       
int]f]$ ) ,laurion1 at ?is "t1 9 any    
ev5t1 began ! decad5ce ( ^! m9es4       
,syn*ron\s also 0 ! decad5ce ( ,a!ns1 &1
 b = fitful displays1 ! ,/ate 0 n able  
to ma9ta9 ev5 its own indep5d5ce1 n to  
m5tion its position z a dom9ant ,/ate4  
,f9ally1 ,/rabo1 writ+ ab\t #cj ,b4,c4  

gives ! epitaph ( e m9+ di/rict--rework+
 ! dumps4 ,he says 7,,ix41 #a1 #bc73 ,! 
silv] m9es 9 ,attica 7 at fir/ (        
importance1 b are n[ exhau/$4 ,! workm51
 :5 ! m9es yield$ a bad return to _!    
lab\r1 committ$ to ! furnace ! old      
refuse & scoria1 & h5ce obta9$ v pure   
silv]1 = ! =m] workm5 _h c>ri$ on !     
process 9 ! furnace unskilfully4  ,s9ce 
#ahfj1 ! m9es h be5 work$ ) "s success  
by a ,fr5* ,company1 ?us c>ry+ ! m9+    
hi/ory ( ?is di/rict ov] a p]iod (      
tw5ty-sev5 c5turies4 ,! mo/ excell5t (  
_m memoirs ^u ! m9es at ,laurion1 n only
 = its critical1 hi/orical1 &           
ar*aeological value1 b also because (   
its au?or's great insight into m9+ &    
metallurgy1 is t ( ,ed\>d ,ardaillon    
7,les ,m9es du ,laurion dans            
l',antiquite1 ,p>is1 #ahig74 ,we h reli$
 consid]ably ^u ?is c>eful /udy = !     
foll[+ notes1 & w\ld ref] o!rs to x = a 
%ort bibliography on ! subject4 ,we w\ld
 m5tion 9 pass+ t ,augu/us ,boeckh's    
,silv] ,m9es ( ,laurion1 :i* is         

incorporat$ ) 8 ,public ,economy ( ,a!ns
 7,engli% ,translation by ,lewis1       
,london1 #ahdb7 has be5 too mu* reli$ ^u
 by ,engli% /ud5ts4 ,x is no d\bt !     
product ( "o acqua9t$ ) writt5 hi/ory1 b
 )\t any special k ( ! indu/ry & x is   
bas$ on no antiqu>ian rese>*4 ,! ,mt4   
,laurion m9+ di/rict is locat$ ne> !    
s\!rn end ( ! ,attic ,p59sula4 ,!       
deposits are silv]-lead1 & !y occur     
along ! contact betwe5 approximately    
horizontal lime/ones & slates4 ,!re are 
two pr9cipal b$s ( ea*1 ?us =m+ ?ree    
pr9cipal contacts4 ,! mo/ metallif]\s ( 
^! contacts are ^? at ! base ( ! slates1
 ! l[e/ contact ( ! s]ies be+ ! ri*e/4  
,! ore-bodies 7 mo/ irregul>1 v>y+      
greatly 9 size1 f a ?9 seam betwe5 s*i/ 
planes1 to v l>ge bodies conta9+ z mu* z
 #bjj1jjj cubic metres4 ,! ores are     
arg5tif]\s gal5a1 accompani$ by         
consid]able am\nts ( bl5de & pyrites1   
all oxidiz$ ne> ! surface4 ,! ores work$
 by ! ,anci5ts appe> to h be5 fairly ri*
 9 lead1 = ! disc>ds work$ 9 rec5t ye>s 

by ! ,fr5* ,company1 & ! pill>s left    
beh9d1 ran #h to #aj lead4 ,! ratio (   
silv] 0 f #dj to #ij ounces p] ton (    
lead4 ,! upp] contacts 7 expos$ by      
erosion & c\ld be ent]$ by tunnels1 b ! 
l[e/ & mo/ prolific contact l9e 0 only  
to be rea*$ by %afts4 ,! %afts 7        
ord9>ily f f\r to six feet squ>e1 & 7   
und\bt$ly cut by hamm] & *isel2 !y 7 z  
mu* z #chj feet deep4 ,9 "s cases long  
incl9es = travell+ roads jo9 ! v]tical  
%afts 9 dep?4 ,! drives1 :e!r tunnels or
 f %afts1 7 n level1 b foll[$ e caprice 
( ! s9u\s contact4 ,!y 7 f two to two & 
a half feet wide1 (t5 driv5 9 p>allels )
 cross-cuts betwe51 9 ord] to exploit e 
corn] ( ! contact4 ,! /op+ ( ore-bodies 
discov]$ 0 und]tak5 q sy/ematically1 !  
me?ods dep5d+ 9 ! ma9 on ! %ape ( !     
ore-body4 ,if ! body 0 l>ge1 its        
dim5sions 7 fir/ det]m9$ by drives1     
crosscuts1 rises1 & w9zes1 z ! case     
might require4 ,if ! ore 0 ma9ly ov]head
 x 0 ov]h&-/op$1 & ! /opes fill$ z "w   
progress$1 incl9$ w9zes be+ occasionally

 driv5 f ! /opes to ! orig9al entry     
drives4 ,if ! ore 0 ma9ly bel[1 x 0     
und]h&-/op$1 pill>s be+ left if         
necess>y--su* pill>s 9 "s cases be+     
?irty feet high4 ,!y also employ$ timb] 
& artificial pill>s4 ,! m9es 7          
practically dry4 ,!re is little evid5ce 
( break+ by fire4 ,! ore 0 h&-sort$     
und]gr\nd & c>ri$ out by ! slaves1 & 9  
"s cases app>5tly ! w9dlass 0 us$4 ,x 0 
treat$ by gr9d+ 9 mills & conc5trat+ ^u 
a sort ( buddle4 ,^! conc5trates--mo/ly 
gal5a--7 smelt$ 9 l[ furnaces & ! lead 0
 subsequ5tly cupell$4 ,fur!r details (  
metallurgical me?ods w be f\nd 9 ,notes 
on p4 #cia & p4 #dfe1 on metallurgical  
subjects4  ,! m9es 7 work$ by slaves4   
,ev5 ! ov]se]s 7 at times app>5tly      
slaves1 = we f9d 7,x5ophon1             
,memorabilia1 ,,ii41 #e7 t ,nicias paid 
a :ole tal5t = a good ov]se]4 ,a tal5t  
w\ld be ab\t #hcg ,troy ounces ( silv]4 
,z wages ( skill$ lab\r 7 ab\t two & "o 
half p5nyweights ( silv] p] diem1 & a   
family income ( #ajj ounces ( silv] p]  

annum 0 afflu5ce1 ! ratio ( pur*as+ p[] 
( ,attic co9age to mod]n w\ld be ab\t   
#ajj to #a4 ,!re=e ?is m9e manag] 0 wor?
 9 mod]n value r\ghly ,l#h1jjj4 ,! m9es 
7 ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate4 ,! areas 7 def9$ 
by v]tical b\nd>ies1 & 7 let on lease = 
def9ite p]iods = a fix$ annual r5t4 ,m  
ample discussion ( ! law w be f\nd on p4
 #hc4  #g ,x5ophon4 7,essay on ,!       
,rev5ues1 ,,iv41 #cj74 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t 
,i am able to give "s advice ) reg>d to 
?is difficulty also 7! risk ( op5+ new  
m9es71 & to %[ h[ new op]ations may be  
conduct$ ) ! greate/ safety4 ,!re are t5
 tribes at ,a!ns1 & if to ea* ( ^! !    
,/ate %\ld assign an equal numb] (      
slaves1 & ! tribes %\ld all make new    
cutt+s1 %>+ _! =tunes 9 common1 !n if b 
"o tribe %\ld make any useful discov]y x
 w\ld po9t out some?+ pr(itable to !    
:ole2 b if two1 ?ree1 or f\r1 or half ! 
numb] %\ld make "s discov]y1 x is pla9 t
 ! works w\ld be m pr(itable 9          
proportion1 & t !y %\ld all fail is     
contr>y to all exp]i5ce 9 pa/ times4    

7,watson's ,trans4 p4 #beh74  #h        
,agricola "h ref]s to ! proposal (      
,x5ophon = ! ,/ate to collect slaves &  
hire !m to "w ! m9es ( ,laurion4 ,!re is
 no evid5ce t ?is recomm5dation 0 ev]   
c>ri$ out4  #i ,p>tes4 ,agricola1 p4    
#hi-ia1 describes 9 detail !            
organization & managem5t ( ^! %>e       
companies4 ,see ,note #h1 p4 #ij4  #aj  
,?is isl& 9 ! nor!rn ,a,egean ,sea has  
produc$ ?is e>? f be=e ,!ophra/us' "t   
7#cgb-bhg ,b4,c47 d[n to ! pres5t day4  
,accord+ to ,dana 7,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy   
#fhi71 x is cimolite1 a hydr\s silicate 
( alum9ium4 ,! ,anci5ts di/+ui%$ two    
k9ds1--"o sort us$ z a pigm5t1 & ! o!r =
 m$ic9al purposes4 ,?is latt] 0 dug )   
great c]emony at a c]ta9 "t ( ! ye>1    
m\ld$ into cubes1 & /amp$ ) a goat1--!  
symbol ( ,diana4 ,x ?us became kn[n z   
t]ra sigillata1 & 0 an article ( apo!c>y
 comm]ce d[n to ! la/ c5tury4 ,x is     
describ$ by ,gal5 7,,xii41 #ab71        
,dioscorides 7,v41 #fc71 & ,pl9y        
7,,xxxv41 #ad71 z a rem$y = ulc]s &     

snake bites4  #aa ,magi/] ,metallorum4  
,see ,note #a1 p4 #gh1 = ! reasons ( !  
adoption ( ! t]m ,b]gmei/] & page #ie = 
details ( 8 duties4  #ab ,ram5ta4       
,p>ticles4 ,! au?or uses ?is t]m        
indiff]5tly = fragm5ts1 p>ticles (      
m9]al1 conc5trates1 gold du/1 black t91 
etc41 9 all cases ! result ( ei!r       
natural or artificial conc5tration4 ,z 9
 te*nical ,engli% we h no g5]al t]m =   
bo? natural & artificial conc5trates1 we
 h r5d]$ x z ! context seem$ to dem&4   
#ac ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( bitum5 does float  
a%ore 9 ! ,dead ,sea2 ! orig9 ( x is1   
h[ev]1 unc]ta94 ,/rabo 7,,xvi41 #b1     
#db71 ,pl9y 7,v41 #ae & #af71 &         
,josephus 7,,iv41 #h71 all m5tion ?is   
fact4 ,! lake = ?is reason is (t5 ref]r$
 to by ! anci5t writ]s by ! "n          
,asphaltites4  #ad ,excoctor1--lit]ally1
 ,smelt] or ,metallurgi/4  #ae ,?is     
ref]5ce %\ld be to ! ,de ,natura        
,fossilium 7p4 #bcj71 al?\gh !re is a   
%ort ref]5ce to ! matt] 9 ,de ,ortu et  
,causis 7p4 #ei74 ,agricola ma9ta9$ t n 

only 7 jet & amb] v>ieties ( bitum51 b  
also coal & camphor & obsidian4 ,z jet  
7gagates7 is b a compact v>iety ( coal1 
! anci5t k ( ?is sub/ance has m int]e/  
?an w\ld o!rwise atta* to ! gem1        
especially z "s mat]ials describ$ 9 ?is 
connection 7 no d\bt coal4 ,! ,greeks   
(t5 ref] to a s]ies ( sub/ances :i*     
burn$1 conta9$ e>?1 & :i* no d\bt       
compris$ coal4 ,su* sub/ances are       
m5tion$ by ,ari/otle 7,de ,mirabilibus4 
#cc1 #da1 #abe71 ,nic&] 7,!riaca4 #cg71 
& o!rs1 previ\s to ! #bnd ,c5tury       
,b4,c41 b ! mo/ ample description is t (
 ,!ophra/us 7#bc-bh73 ,"s ( ! m brittle 
/ones !re also are1 :i* become z x 7    
burn+ coals :5 put into a fire1 &       
cont9ue s a long "t2 ( ?is k9d are ^?   
ab\t ,b5a1 f\nd 9 m9es & wa%$ d[n by !  
torr5ts1 = !y w take fire on burn+ coals
 be+ ?r[n on !m1 & w cont9ue burn+ z    
long z anyone bl[s !m2 aft]w>d !y w     
dead51 & may aft] t be made to burn     
aga94 ,!y are !re=e ( long cont9uance1 b
 _! smell is tr\blesome & disagreeable4 

,t also :i* is call$ ! sp9us1 is f\nd 9 
m9es4 ,?is /one1 cut 9 pieces & ?r[n    
toge!r 9 a heap1 expos$ to ! sun1 burns2
 & t ! m1 if x be moi/5$ or spr9kl$ )   
wat] 7a pyritif]\s %ale874 ,b ! ,lip>a  
/one empties itself1 z x 71 9 burn+1 &  
becomes l ! pumice1 *ang+ at once bo?   
its col\r & d5sity2 = be=e burn+ x is   
black1 smoo?1 & compact4 ,?is /one is   
f\nd 9 ! ,pumices1 sep>ately 9 diff]5t  
places1 z x 71 9 cells1 n[h]e cont9u\s  
to ! matt] ( !m4 ,x is said t 9 ,melos !
 pumice is produc$ 9 ?is mann] 9 "s o!r 
/one1 z ?is is on ! contr>y 9 x2 b !    
/one :i* ! pumice is f\nd 9 is n at all 
l ! ,lip>a /one :i* is f\nd 9 x4 ,c]ta9 
/ones !re are ab\t ,tetras1 9 ,sicily1  
:i* is ov] aga9/ ,lip>a1 :i* empty      
!mselves 9 ! same mann] 9 ! fire4 ,& 9 !
 promontory call$ ,er9eas1 !re is a     
great quantity ( /one l t f\nd ab\t     
,b5a1 :i*1 :5 burnt1 emits a bitum9\s   
smell1 & leaves a matt] resembl+ calc9$ 
e>?4 ,^? fossil sub/ances t are call$   
coals1 & are brok5 = use1 are e>?y2 !y  

k9dle1 h[ev]1 & burn l wood coals4 ,^!  
are f\nd 9 ,liguria1 :]e !re also is    
amb]1 & 9 ,elis1 on ! way to ,olympia   
ov] ! m\nta9s4 ,^! are us$ by smi?s4    
7,bas$ on ,hill's ,trans474 ,dioscorides
 & ,pl9y add no?+ ( value to ?is        
description4  ,agricola 7,de ,nat4      
,fos41 p4 #bbi-bcj7 n only gives v>i\s  
localities ( jet1 b also records its    
relation to coal4 ,z to ! latt]1 he     
describes sev]al occurr5ces1 & describes
 ! deposits z v5a dilatata4 ,coal _h    
come into consid]able use all ov]       
,europe1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&1 long be=e 
,agricola's "t2 ! (t-m5tion$ *>t] to m9e
 sea-coal giv5 to ! ,monks ( ,newbottle 
,abbey1 ne> ,pre/on1 0 dat$ #abaj4      
,amb] 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks by ! "n       
electrum1 b :e!r ! alloy ( ! same "n    
took its "n f ! col\r ( amb] or vice    
v]sa is unc]ta94 ,! gum is suppos$ to be
 ref]r$ to by ,hom] 7,od4 ,,xv4 #dfj71 &
 ,?ales ( ,miletus 7#fdj-edf ,b4,c47 is 
suppos$ to h fir/ describ$ its p[] (    
attraction4 ,x is m5tion$ by _m o!r     

,greek au?ors1 ,a,eschylus1 ,euripides1 
,ari/otle1 & o!rs4 ,! latt] 7,de        
,mirabilibus1 #ha7 records ( ! amb]     
isl&s 9 ! ,adriatic1 t ! inhabitants    
tell ! /ory t on ^! isl&s amb] falls f  
popl> trees4 ,?is1 !y say1 resembles gum
 & h>d5s l /one1 ! /ory ( ! poets be+ t 
aft] ,phaeton 0 /ruck by lightn+ 8 si/]s
 turn$ to popl> trees & %$ te>s ( amb]4 
,!ophra/us 7#ec7 says3 ,amb] is also a  
/one2 x is dug out ( ! e>? 9 ,liguria & 
has1 l ! be=e-m5tion$ 7lode/one71 a p[] 
( attraction4 ,pl9y 7,,xxxvii41 #aa7    
gives a long acc\nt ( bo? ! sub/ance1   
lit]ature1 & my?ology on ! subject4 ,8  
view ( its orig9 03 ,c]ta9ly amb] is    
obta9$ f ! isl&s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 &  
is call$ by ! ,g]mans glaesum4 ,= ?is   
reason ! ,romans1 :5 ,g]manicus ,caes>  
comm&$ 9 ^? p>ts1 call$ "o ( !m         
,glaes>ia1 :i* 0 kn[n to ! b>b>ians z   
,au/]avia4 ,amb] orig9ates f gum dis*>g$
 by a k9d ( p9e tree1 l gum f *]ry &    
res9 f ! ord9>y p9e4 ,x is liquid at    
fir/1 & issues abundantly & h>d5s 9 "t  

by cold1 or by ! sea :5 ! ris+ tides    
c>ry (f ! fragm5ts f ! %ores ( ^? isl&s4
 ,c]ta9ly x is ?r[n on ! coa/s1 & is s  
light t x appe>s to roll 9 ! wat]4 ,our 
=efa!rs believ$ t x 0 ! juice ( a tree1 
= !y call$ x succ9um4 ,& t x belongs to 
a k9d ( p9e tree is prov$ by ! od\r ( ! 
p9e tree :i* x gives :5 rubb$1 & t x    
burns :5 ignit$ l a pit* p9e tor*4 ,!   
t]m amb] is ( ,arabic orig9--f ,amb>--& 
?is t]m 0 adopt$ by ! ,greeks aft] !    
,*ri/ian era4 ,agricola uses ! ,lat9 t]m
 succ9um & 7,de ,nat4 ,fos41 p4 #bca-e7 
disputes ! orig9 f tree gum1 & cont5ds =
 subm>9e bitum5 spr+s4  #af ,! /atem5t 9
 ,de ,vet]ibus et ,novis ,metallis 7p4  
#cid7 is z foll[s3--  ,x came ab\t by   
*ance & accid5t t ! silv] m9es 7        
discov]$ at ,freib]g 9 ,meiss54 ,by !   
riv] ,sala1 :i* is n unkn[n to ,/rabo1  
is ,hala1 :i* 0 once c\ntry1 b is n[ a  
l>ge t[n2 ! site1 at any rate1 ev5 f    
,roman times 0 fam\s & r5[n$ = its salt 
spr+s1 = ! possession ( :i* ! ,h]munduri
 f\ght ) ! ,*atti4 ,:5 p c>ri$ ! salt   

!nce 9 wagons1 z !y n[ d /raight ?r\gh  
,meiss5 7,saxony7 into ,bohemia--:i* is 
lack+ 9 t season+ to-day no less ?an    
=m]ly--!y saw gal5a 9 ! :eel tracks1 :i*
 _h be5 uncov]$ by ! torr5ts4 ,?is lead 
ore1 s9ce x 0 simil> to t ( ,gosl>1 !y  
put into _! c>ts & c>ri$ to ,gosl>1 = ! 
same c>ri]s 7 accu/om$ to c>ry lead f t 
city4 ,& s9ce mu* m silv] 0 smelt$ f ?is
 gal5a ?an f t ( ,gosl>1 c]ta9 m9]s     
betook !mselves to t "p ( ,meiss5 9 :i* 
is n[ situat$ ,freib]g1 a great & weal?y
 t[n2 & we are told by consi/5t /ories &
 g5]al report t !y grew ri* out ( !     
m9es4 ,agricola places ! discov]y ( !   
m9es at ,freib]g at ab\t #aagj4 ,see    
,note #aa1 p4 #e4  #ag ,diodorus        
,siculus 7,v41 #ce74 ,^! places be+     
cov]$ ) woods1 x is said t 9 anci5t     
times ^! m\nta9s 7 set on fire by       
%eph]ds1 & cont9u$ burn+ = _m days1 &   
p>*$ ! e>?1 s t an abundance ( silv] ore
 0 melt$1 & ! metal fl[$ 9 /reams ( pure
 silv] l a riv]4 ,ari/otle1 ne>ly ?ree  
c5turies be=e ,diodorus1 m5tions ?is    

same /ory 7,de ,mirabilibus1 #hg73 ,!y  
say t 9 ,ib]nia ! woods 7 set on fire by
 c]ta9 %eph]ds1 & ! e>? ?us heat$1 !    
c\ntry visibly fl[$ silv]2 & :5 "s "t   
lat] !re 7 e>?quakes1 & ! e>? bur/      
asund] at diff]5t places1 a l>ge am\nt (
 silv] 0 collect$4 ,z ! works (         
,posidonius are lo/1 x is probable t    
,agricola 0 quot+ f ,/rabo 7,,iii41 #b1 
#i71 :o says1 9 describ+ ,spa93         
,posidonius1 9 prais+ ! am\nt &         
excell5ce ( ! metals1 _c refra9 f 8     
accu/om$ rhetoric1 & becomes q          
en?usia/ic 9 exagg]ation4 ,he tells u we
 are n to disbelieve ! fable t =m]ly !  
=e/s hav+ be5 set on fire1 ! e>?1 :i* 0 
load$ ) silv] & gold1 melt$ & ?rew up ^!
 metals to ! surface1 = inasmu* z e     
m\nta9 & wood$ hill seem$ to be heap$ up
 ) money by a lavi% =tune4 7,hamilton's 
,trans4 ,i41 p4 #bbj74 ,or he may h be5 
quot+ f ! ,deipnosophi/ae ( ,a!naeus    
7,,vi471 :]e ,posidonius is quot$3 ,& ! 
m\nta9s 444 :5 once ! woods ^u !m _h    
caught fire1 spontane\sly ran ) liquid  

silv]4  #ah ,lucretius1 ,de ,r]um       
,natura ,v4 #abda4  #ai ,agricola's     
acc\nt ( ?is ev5t 9 ,de ,vet]ibus et    
,novis ,metallis is z foll[s 7p4 #cic73 
,n[ ve9s are n always fir/ disclos$ by !
 h& & lab\r ( man1 nor has art always   
demon/rat$ !m2 sometimes !y h be5       
disclos$ r by *ance or by good =tune4 ,i
 w expla9 briefly :at has be5 writt5 ^u 
?is matt] 9 hi/ory1 :at m9]s tell u1 &  
:at has occurr$ 9 our times4 ,?us ! m9es
 at ,gosl> are said to h be5 f\nd 9 !   
foll[+ way4 ,a c]ta9 noble1 ^: "n is n  
record$1 ti$ 8 horse1 :i* 0 nam$        
,ramelus1 to ! bran* ( a tree :i* grew  
on ! m\nta94 ,?is horse1 paw+ ! e>? )   
its ho(s1 :i* 7 iron %od1 & ?us turn+ x 
ov]1 uncov]$ a hidd5 ve9 ( lead1 n      
unlike ! w+$ ,pegasus1 :o 9 ! leg5d ( ! 
poets op5$ a spr+ :5 he beat ! rock ) 8 
ho(4 ,s j z t spr+ is nam$ ,hippocr5e   
aft] t horse1 s our ance/ors nam$ !     
m\nta9 ,rammelsb]g4 ,:]eas ! p]5nial    
wat] spr+ ( ! poets w\ld long ago h dri$
 up1 ! ve9 ev5 to-day exi/s1 & supplies 

an abundant am\nt ( excell5t lead4 ,t a 
horse c h op5$ a ve9 w seem cr$ible to  
anyone :o reflects 9 h[ _m ways ! signs 
( ve9s are %[n by *ance1 all ( :i* are  
expla9$ 9 my "w ,de ,re ,metallica4     
,!re=e1 "h we w believe ! /ory1 bo?     
because x may happ5 t a horse may       
disclose a ve91 & because ! "n ( !      
m\nta9 agrees ) ! /ory4 ,agricola places
 ! discov]y ( ,gosl> 9 ! ,h>tz at prior 
to #icf4 ,see ,note #aa1 p4 #e4  #bj    
,fragm5ta4 ,! gloss>y gives ,ges*ube4   
,?is t]m is def9$ 9 ! ,b]gw]ks' ,lexicon
 7,*emnitz1 #agdc1 p4 #bej7 z ! pieces (
 /one1 especially t9-/one1 brok5 f ! ve9
 & wa%$ out by ! wat]--! cropp+s4  #ba  
,s f> z we are able to discov]1 ?is is !
 fir/ publi%$ description ( ! div9+ rod 
z appli$ to m9]als or wat]4 ,l          
,agricola1 _m au?ors h s\ght to f9d its 
orig9 among ! ,anci5ts4 ,! magic rods ( 
,moses & ,hom]1 especially ! rod ) :i* !
 =m] /ruck ! rock at ,horeb1 ! rod      
describ$ by ,ctesias 7di$ #cih ,b4,c47  
:i* attract$ gold & silv]1 & ! virgula  

div9a ( ! ,romans h all be5 call$ up =  
pro(4 ,x is true t ! ,romans are        
responsible = ! "n virgula div9a1 div9+ 
rod1 b ?is rod 0 us$ = tak+ auguries by 
ca/+ bits ( wood 7,cic]o1 ,de           
,div9atione74 ,despite all ?is1 :ile !  
anci5t naturali/s all give detail$      
directions = f9d+ wat]1 none m5tion     
any?+ ak9 to ! div9+ rod ( ! ,middle    
,ages4 ,x is also wor? not+ t ! ,monk   
,!ophilus 9 ! #ab? ,c5tury also gives a 
detail$ description ( h[ to f9d wat]1 b 
makes no m5tion ( ! rod4 ,!re are two   
au?orities sometimes cit$ z prior to    
,agricola1 ! fir/ be+ ,basil ,val5t9e 9 
8 ,la/ ,w & ,te/am5t 7,,xxiv-,,viii471 &
 :ile !re may be "s reason 7see         
,app5dix7 = accept+ ! au!nticity ( !    
,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony by ?is    
au?or1 z dat+ ab\t #aejj1 !re c be      
little d\bt t ! ,la/ ,w & ,te/am5t 0    
spuri\s & dat$ ab\t #ej ye>s aft]       
,agricola4 ,p>acelsus 7,de ,natura ,r]um
 ,,ix471 says3 ,^! 7div9ations7 are va9 
& mislead+1 & among ! fir/ ( !m are     

div9+ rods1 :i* h deceiv$ _m m9]s4 ,if  
!y once po9t rightly !y deceive t5 or   
tw5ty times4 ,9 8 ,de ,orig9e ,morborum 
,invisibilium 7,book ,i47 he adds t !   
fai? turns ! rod4 ,^! works 7 no d\bt   
writt5 prior to ,de ,re                 
,metallica--,p>acelsus di$ 9 #aeda--;b  
!y 7 n publi%$ until "s "t aft]w>d4 ,^? 
int]e/$ 9 ! /range p]si/5ce ( ?is       
sup]/ition d[n to ! pres5t day--& !     
files ( ! pat5t (fices ( ! _w are full (
 x--w f9d ! subject exhau/ively discuss$
 9 ,m4 ,e4 ,*evreul's ,de la ,baguette  
,div9atoire1 ,p>is1 #ahde2 ,l4 ,figui]1 
,hi/oire du ,m]veilleux dans les temps  
mod]ne ,,ii41 ,p>is1 #ahfj2 ,w4 ,f4     
,b>rett1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society (       
,psy*ical ,rese>*1 "p #cb1 #ahig1 & #ch1
 #aijj2 ,r4 ,w4 ,raymond1 ,am]ican ,in/4
 ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 #ahhc1 p4 #daa4 ,( !  
descriptions by ^? :o believ$ 9 x !re is
 none bett] ?an t ( ,william ,pryce     
7,m9]alogia ,cornubi5sis1 ,london1      
#aggh1 pp4 #aac-abc71 :o devotes mu*    
pa9s to a refutation ( ,agricola4 ,:5 we

 consid] t a c5tury lat] ?an ,agricola  
su* an advanc$ m9d z ,rob]t ,boyle      
7#afbf-afia71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,royal        
,society1 0 conv9c$ ( ! g5u95ess ( !    
div9+ rod1 "o is m impress$ ) ! cl>ity (
 ,agricola's vision4 ,9 fact1 !re 7 few 
inde$1 d[n to ! #ai? ,c5tury1 :o did n  
believe implicitly 9 ! effectiv5ess (   
?is in/rum5t1 & :ile sci5ce has long    
s9ce ab&on$ x1 n a ye> passes b "s new  
manife/ation ( its hold on ! popul> m9d 
breaks out4  #bb ,exodus ,,vii41 #aj1   
#aa1 #ab4  #bc ,odyssey ,,xvi41 #agb1 & 
,x41 #bch4  #bd ,odyssey ,,xxiv41 #a1   
etc4 ,! ,caduceus ( ,h]mes _h also ! p[]
 ( turn+ ?+s to gold1 & x is int]e/+ to 
note t 9 its olde/ =m1 z ! insignia (   
h]alds & ( ambassadors1 x _h two prongs4
  #be ,9 a g5]al way v5ae pr(undae 7    
fissure ve9s & v5ae dilatatae 7 %eet$   
deposits4 ,= description see ,book      
,,iii4  #bf ,^! m9es are 9 !            
,erzgebirge4 ,we h adopt$ ! names giv5 9
 ! ,g]man translation4  #bg ,! quotation
 f ,pl9y 7,,xxxiii41 #ca7 z a :ole reads

 z foll[s3--  ,silv] is f\nd 9 ne>ly all
 ! prov9ces1 b ! f9e/ ( all 9 ,spa92 :]e
 x is f\nd 9 ! b>r5 l&s1 & 9 ! m\nta9s4 
,:]ev] "o ve9 ( silv] has be5 f\nd1     
ano!r is sure to be f\nd n f> away4 ,?is
 is ! case ( ne>ly all ! metals1 :5ce x 
appe>s t ! ,greeks d]iv$ metalla4 ,x is 
wond]ful t ! %afts begun by ,hannibal 9 
,spa9 /ill rema91 _! names be+ d]iv$ f  
_! mak]s4 ,"o ( ^! at ! pres5t day call$
 ,baebelo1 furni%$ ,hannibal ) ?ree     
hundr$ p\nds' weight 7( silv]7 p] day4  
,?is m\nta9 is excavat$ = a di/ance (   
fifte5 hundr$ paces2 & = ?is di/ance !re
 are wat]be>]s light$ by tor*es /&+     
night & day bal+ out ! wat] 9 turns1 ?us
 mak+ q a riv]4 ,hannibal dates #bdg-ahc
 ,b4,c4 & 0 !re=e dead #bjf ye>s :5     
,pl9y 0 born4 ,accord+ to a footnote 9  
,bo/ock & ,riley's translation ( ,pl9y1 
^! work+s 7 suppos$ to be 9 !           
neighb\rhood ( ,ca/ulo1 n[ ,cazlona1 ne>
 ,l9>es4 ,x 0 at ,ca/ulo t ,hannibal    
m>ri$ 8 ri* wife ,himilce2 & 9 ! hills  
nor? ( ,l9>es !re are anci5t silv] m9es 

/ill kn[n z ,los ,pozos de ,anibal4     
,,book ,,iii4   ,previ\sly ,i h giv5 mu*
 in=mation conc]n+ ! m9]s1 also ,i h    
discuss$ ! *oice ( localities = m9+1 =  
wa%+ s&s1 & = evaporat+ wat]s2 fur!r1 ,i
 describ$ ! me?od ( se>*+ = ve9s4 ,) su*
 matt]s ,i 0 occupi$ 9 ! second book2 n[
 ,i come to ! ?ird book1 :i* is ab\t    
ve9s & /r+]s1 & ! seams 9 ! rocks#a4 ,! 
t]m ve9 is sometimes us$ to indicate    
canales 9 ! e>?1 b v (t5 else:]e by ?is 
"n ,i h describ$ t :i* may be put 9     
vessels#b2 ,i n[ atta* a second         
significance to ^! words1 = by !m ,i    
mean to designate any m9]al sub/ances   
:i* ! e>? keeps hidd5 )9 h] own deep    
receptacles4  ,illu/ration #de;a 7,ve9 9
 m\nta973 ,a1 ,c--,! m\nta94 ,b--,v5a   
pr(unda4  ,fir/ ,i w speak ( ! ve9s1    
:i*1 9 dep?1 wid?1 & l5g?1 diff] v mu*  
"o f ano!r4 ,^? ( "o v>iety desc5d f !  
surface ( ! e>? to its l[e/ dep?s1 :i*  
on acc\nt ( ?is *>act]i/ic1 ,i am       
accu/om$ to call v5ae pr(undae4         
,illu/ration #de;b 7,ve9 9 m\nta973 ,a1 

,d--,! m\nta94 ,b1 ,c--,v5a dilatata4   
,ano!r k9d1 unlike ! v5ae pr(undae1     
nei!r asc5d to ! surface ( ! e>? nor    
desc5d1 b ly+ "u ! gr\nd1 exp& ov] a    
l>ge area2 & on t acc\nt ,i call !m v5ae
 dilatatae4  ,illu/ration #di 7,ve9s 9  
m\nta973 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d--,! m\nta94 ,e1 
,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,k--,v5a cumulata4      
,ano!r occupies a l>ge ext5t ( space 9  
l5g? & wid?2 !re=e ,i usually call x v5a
 cumulata1 = x is no?+ else ?an an      
accumulation ( "s c]ta9 k9d ( m9]al1 z  
,i h describ$ 9 ! book entitl$ ,de      
,subt]raneorum ,ortu et ,causis4 ,x     
occasionally happ5s1 ?\gh x is unusual &
 r>e1 t sev]al accumulations ( ?is k9d  
are f\nd 9 "o place1 ea* "o or m fa?oms 
9 dep? & f\r or five 9 wid?1 & "o is    
di/ant f ano!r two1 ?ree1 or m fa?oms4  
,:5 ! excavation ( ^! accumulations     
beg9s1 !y at fir/ appe> 9 ! %ape ( a    
disc2 !n !y op5 out wid]2 f9ally f ea* (
 su* accumulations is usually =m$ a v5a 
cumulata4  ,illu/ration #ej;a 7,ve9s 9  
m\nta973 ,a--,v5a pr(unda4              

,b--,int]v5ium4 ,c--,ano!r v5a pr(unda4 
,illu/ration #ej;b 7,ve9s 9 m\nta973 ,a 
,b--,v5a dilatatae4 ,c--,int]v5ium4 ,d  
,e--,o!r v5ae dilatatae4  ,! space      
betwe5 two ve9s is call$ an int]v5ium2  
?is int]val betwe5 ! ve9s1 if x is      
betwe5 v5ae dilatatae is entirely hidd5 
und]gr\nd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x lies betwe5    
v5ae pr(undae !n ! top is pla9ly 9      
sight1 & ! rema9d] is hidd54            
,illu/ration #ec 7,ve9s 9 m\nta973      
,a--,wide v5a pr(unda4 ,b--,n>r[ v5a    
pr(unda4  ,v5ae pr(undae diff] greatly  
"o f ano!r 9 wid?1 = "s ( !m are "o     
fa?om wide1 "s are two cubits1 o!rs "o  
cubit2 o!rs aga9 are a foot wide1 & "s  
only half a foot2 all ( :i* our m9]s    
call wide ve9s4 ,o!rs on ! contr>y1 are 
only a palm wide1 o!rs ?ree digits1 or  
ev5 two2 ^! !y call n>r[4 ,b 9 o!r      
places :]e !re are v wide ve9s1 ! wid?s 
( a cubit1 or a foot1 or half a foot1   
are said to be n>r[2 at ,cremnitz1 =    
in/ance1 !re is a c]ta9 ve9 :i* measures
 9 "o place fifte5 fa?oms 9 wid?1 9     

ano!r eighte51 & 9 ano!r tw5ty2 ! tru? (
 ?is /atem5t is v\*$ = by ! inhabitants4
  ,illu/ration #ed;a 7,ve9s 9 m\nta973  
,a--,?9 v5a dilatata4 ,b--,?ick v5a     
dilatata4  ,v5ae dilatatae1 9 tru?1     
diff] also 9 ?ickness1 = "s are "o fa?om
 ?ick1 o!rs two1 or ev5 m2 "s are a     
cubit ?ick1 "s a foot1 "s only half a   
foot2 & all ^! are usually call$ ?ick   
ve9s4 ,"s on ! o!r h&1 are b a palm     
?ick1 "s ?ree digits1 "s two1 "s "o2 ^! 
are call$ ?9 ve9s4  ,illu/ration #ed;b  
7,seams 9 ! ,rocks73 ,a1 ,b1 ,c--,ve94  
,d1 ,e1 ,f--,seams 9 ! ,rock            
7,commissurae ,saxorum74  ,v5ae pr(undae
 v>y 9 direction2 = "s run f ea/ to we/4
  ,illu/ration #ee;a 7,seams 9 !        
,rocks73 ,a1 ,b1 ,c--,ve94 ,d1 ,e1      
,f--,seams 9 ! ,rocks4  ,o!rs1 on ! o!r 
h&1 run f we/ to ea/4  ,illu/ration     
#ee;b 7,seams 9 ! ,rocks73 ,a1 ,b1      
,c--,ve94 ,d1 ,e1 ,f--,seams 9 ! ,rocks4
  ,o!rs run f s\? to nor?4  ,illu/ration
 #ef 7,seams 9 ! ,rocks73 ,a1 ,b1       
,c--,ve94 ,d1 ,e1 ,f--,seams 9 ! ,rocks4

  ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 run f nor? to    
s\?4  ,! seams 9 ! rocks indicate to u  
:e!r a ve9 runs f ! ea/ or f ! we/4 ,=  
in/ance1 if ! rock seams incl9e t[>d !  
we/w>d z !y desc5d into ! e>?1 ! ve9 is 
said to run f ea/ to we/2 if !y incl9e  
t[>d ! ea/1 ! ve9 is said to run f we/  
to ea/2 9 a simil> mann]1 we det]m9e f !
 rock seams :e!r ! ve9s run nor? or s\?4
  ,illu/ration #eg 7,compass7  ,n[ m9]s 
divide ea* qu>t] ( ! e>? into six       
divisions2 & by ?is me?od !y apportion !
 e>? into tw5ty-f\r directions1 :i* !y  
divide into two p>ts ( twelve ea*4 ,!   
in/rum5t :i* indicates ^! directions is 
?us con/ruct$4 ,fir/ a circle is made2  
!n at equal int]vals on "o half portion 
( x "r ?r\gh to ! o!r1 twelve /raight   
l9es call$ by ! ,greeks ,greek3         
diametroi1 & 9 ! ,lat9 dimeti5tes1 are  
drawn ?r\gh a c5tral po9t :i* ! ,greeks 
call ,greek3 k5tron1 s t ! circle is ?us
 divid$ into tw5ty-f\r divisions1 all   
be+ ( an equal size4 ,!n1 )9 ! circle   
are inscrib$ ?ree o!r circles1 ! out]mo/

 ( :i* has cross-l9es divid+ x into     
tw5ty-f\r equal p>ts2 ! space betwe5 x &
 ! next circle conta9s two sets ( twelve
 numb]s1 inscrib$ on ! l9es call$       
diamet]s2 :ile )9 ! inn]mo/ circle x is 
holl[$ out to conta9 a magnetic ne$le#c4
 ,! ne$le lies directly ov] t "o ( !    
twelve l9es call$ diamet]s on :i* !     
numb] ,,xii is inscrib$ at bo? ends4    
,:5 ! ne$le :i* is gov]n$ by ! magnet   
po9ts directly f ! nor? to ! s\?1 !     
numb] ,,xii at its tail1 :i* is =k$1    
signifies ! nor?1 t numb] ,,xii :i* is  
at its po9t indicates ! s\?4 ,! sign    
,,vi sup]ior indicates ! ea/1 & ,,vi    
inf]ior ! we/4 ,fur!r1 betwe5 ea* two   
c>d9al po9ts !re are always five o!rs   
:i* are n s important4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! 
directions are call$ ! prior directions2
 ! la/ two are call$ ! po/]ior1 & ! fif?
 direction lies imm$iately betwe5 ! =m] 
& ! latt]2 x is halv$1 & "o half is     
attribut$ to "o c>d9al po9t & "o half to
 ! o!r4 ,= example1 betwe5 ! nor!rn     
numb] ,,xii & ! ea/]n numb] ,,vi1 are   

po9ts numb]$ ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v1 
( :i* ,i & ,,ii are nor!rn directions   
ly+ t[>d ! ea/1 ,,iv & ,v are ea/]n     
directions ly+ t[>d ! nor?1 & ,,iii is  
assign$1 half to ! nor? & half to ! ea/4
  ,"o :o wi%es to "k ! direction ( !    
ve9s und]gr\nd1 places ov] ! ve9 !      
in/rum5t j describ$2 & ! ne$le1 z soon z
 x becomes quiet1 w indicate ! c\rse ( !
 ve94 ,t is1 if ! ve9 proce$s f ,,vi to 
,,vi1 x ei!r runs f ea/ to we/1 or f we/
 to ea/2 b :e!r x be ! =m] or ! latt]1  
is cle>ly %[n by ! seams 9 ! rocks4 ,if 
! ve9 proce$s along ! l9e :i* is betwe5 
,v & ,,vi t[>d ! opposite direction1 x  
runs f betwe5 ! fif? & six? divisions ( 
ea/ to ! we/1 or f betwe5 ! fif? & six? 
divisions ( we/ to ! ea/2 & aga91 :e!r x
 is ! "o or ! o!r is cle>ly %[n by !    
seams 9 ! rocks4 ,9 a simil> mann] we   
det]m9e ! o!r directions4  ,illu/ration 
#ei 7,compass ) w9ds7  ,n[ m9]s reckon z
 _m po9ts z ! sailors d 9 reckon+ up !  
numb] ( ! w9ds4 ,n only is ?is done     
to-day 9 ?is c\ntry1 b x 0 also done by 

! ,romans :o 9 old5 times gave ! w9ds   
p>tly ,lat9 names & p>tly names borr[$ f
 ! ,greeks4 ,any m9] :o pleases may     
!re=e call ! directions ( ! ve9s by !   
names ( ! w9ds4 ,!re are f\r pr9cipal   
w9ds1 z !re are f\r c>d9al po9ts3 !     
,subsolanus1 :i* bl[s f ! ea/2 & its    
opposite ! ,favonius1 :i* bl[s f ! we/2 
! latt] is call$ by ! ,greeks ,greek3   
,zephyros1 & ! =m] ,greek3 ,apeliotes4  
,!re is ! ,au/]1 :i* bl[s f ! s\?2 &    
oppos$ to x is ! ,sept5trio1 f ! nor?2 !
 =m] ! ,greeks call$ ,greek3 ,notos1 & !
 latt] ,greek3 ,ap>ktias4 ,!re are also 
subord9ate w9ds1 to ! numb] ( tw5ty1 z  
!re are directions1 = betwe5 ea* two    
pr9cipal w9ds !re are always five       
subord9ate ones4 ,betwe5 ! ,subsolanus  
7ea/ w9d7 & ! ,au/] 7s\? w9d7 !re is !  
,orni?iae or ! ,bird w9d1 :i* has ! fir/
 place next to ! ,subsolanus2 !n comes  
,caecias2 !n ,eurus1 :i* lies 9 ! midway
 ( ^! five2 next comes ,vulturnus2 &    
la/ly1 ,euronotus1 ne>e/ ! ,au/] 7s\?   
w9d74 ,! ,greeks h giv5 ^! names to all 

( ^!1 ) ! exception ( ,vulturnus1 b ^?  
:o d n di/+ui% ! w9ds 9 s precise a     
mann] say ?is is ! same z ! ,greeks     
call$ ,greek3 ,euros4 ,betwe5 ! ,au/]   
7s\? w9d7 & ! ,favonius 7we/ w9d7 is    
fir/ ,altanus1 to ! "r ( ! ,au/] 7s\?   
w9d72 !n ,libonotus2 !n ,africus1 :i* is
 ! middle "o ( ^! five2 aft] t comes    
,subvesp]us2 next ,arge/es1 to ! left ( 
,favonius 7we/ w9d74 ,all ^!1 ) !       
exception ( ,libonotus & ,arge/es1 h    
,lat9 names2 b ,africus also is call$ by
 ! ,greeks ,greek3 ,lips4 ,9 a simil>   
mann]1 betwe5 ,favonius 7we/ w9d7 &     
,sept5trio 7nor? w9d71 fir/ to ! "r (   
,favonius 7we/ w9d71 is ! ,etesiae2 !n  
,circius2 !n ,caurus1 :i* is 9 ! middle 
( ^! five2 !n ,corus2 & la/ly ,?rascias 
to ! left ( ,sept5trio 7nor? w9d74 ,to  
all ( ^!1 except t ( ,caurus1 ! ,greeks 
gave ! names1 & ^? :o d n di/+ui% ! w9ds
 by s exact a plan1 ass]t t ! w9d :i* ! 
,greeks call$ ,greek3 ,koros & ! ,lat9s 
,caurus is "o & ! same4 ,aga91 betwe5   
,sept5trio 7nor? w9d7 & ! ,subsolanus   

7ea/ w9d71 ! fir/ to ! "r ( ,sept5trio  
7nor? w9d7 is ,gallicus2 !n ,sup]nas2 !n
 ,aquilo1 :i* is ! middle "o ( ^! five2 
next comes ,boreas2 & la/ly ,c>bas1 to !
 left ( ,subsolanus 7ea/ w9d74 ,"h aga91
 ^? :o d n consid] ! w9ds to be 9 s     
great a multitude1 b say !re are b      
twelve w9ds 9 all1 or at ! mo/ f\rte51  
ass]t t ! w9d call$ by ! ,greeks ,greek3
 ,boreas & ! ,lat9s ,aquilo is "o & !   
same4 ,= our purpose x is n only useful 
to adopt ?is l>ge numb] ( w9ds1 b ev5 to
 d\ble x1 z ! ,g]man sailors d4 ,!y     
always reckon t betwe5 ea* two !re is "o
 9 ! c5tre tak5 f bo?4 ,by ?is me?od we 
also are able to signify ! int]m$iate   
directions by means ( ! names ( ! w9ds4 
,= in/ance1 if a ve9 runs f ,,vi ea/ to 
,,vi we/1 x is said to proce$ f         
,subsolanus 7ea/ w9d7 to ,favonius 7we/ 
w9d72 b "o :i* proce$s f betwe5 ,v &    
,,vi ( ! ea/ to betwe5 ,v & ,,vi we/ is 
said to proce$ out ( ! middle ( ,c>bas &
 ,subsolanus to betwe5 ,arge/es &       
,favonius2 ! rema9+ directions1 & _!    

int]m$iates are simil>ly designat$4 ,!  
m9]1 on acc\nt ( ! natural prop]ties ( a
 magnet1 by :i* ! ne$le po9ts to ! s\?1 
mu/ fix ! in/rum5t already describ$ s t 
ea/ is to ! left & we/ to ! "r4         
,illu/ration #fj 7,ve9s 9 m\nta973 ,a1  
,b--,v5ae dilatatae4 ,c--,seams 9 !     
,rocks4  ,9 a simil> way to v5ae        
pr(undae1 ! v5ae dilatatae v>y 9 _!     
lat]al directions1 & we are able to     
und]/& f ! seams 9 ! rocks 9 :i*        
direction !y ext5d into ! gr\nd4 ,= if  
^! incl9e t[>d ! we/ 9 dep?1 ! ve9 is   
said to ext5d f ea/ to we/2 if on !     
contr>y1 !y incl9e t[>d ! ea/1 ! ve9 is 
said to g f we/ to ea/4 ,9 ! same way1 f
 ! rock seams we c det]m9e ve9s runn+   
s\? & nor?1 or ! rev]se1 & likewise to !
 subord9ate directions & _! int]m$iates4
  ,illu/ration #fa;a 7,ve9s 9 m\nta973  
,a--,/raight v5a pr(unda4 ,b--,curv$ v5a
 pr(unda %\ld be v5a dilatata7874       
,fur!r1 z reg>ds ! "q ( direction ( a   
v5a pr(unda1 "o runs /raight f "o qu>t] 
( ! e>? to t qu>t] :i* is opposite1 :ile

 ano!r "o runs 9 a curve1 9 :i* case x  
may happ5 t a ve9 proce$+ f ! ea/ does n
 turn to ! qu>t] opposite1 :i* is ! we/1
 b twi/s itself & turns to ! s\? or !   
nor?4  ,illu/ration #fa;b 7,ve9s 9      
m\nta973 ,a--,horizontal v5a dilatata4  
,b--,incl9$ v5a dilatata4 ,c--,curv$ v5a
 dilatata4  ,simil>ly "s v5ae dilatatae 
are horizontal1 "s are incl9$1 & "s are 
curv$4  ,illu/ration #fb;a 7,ve9s 9     
m\nta97  ,also ! ve9s :i* we call       
pr(undae diff] 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y desc5d
 into ! dep?s ( ! e>?2 = "s are v]tical 
7,a71 "s are incl9$ & slop+ 7,b71 o!rs  
crook$ 7,c74  ,illu/ration #fb;b 7,ve9s 
9 m\nta97  ,moreov]1 v5ae pr(undae 7,b7 
diff] mu* among !mselves reg>d+ ! k9d ( 
locality ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 = "s ext5d  
along ! slopes ( m\nta9s or hills       
7,a-,c7 & d n desc5d d[n ! sides4       
,illu/ration #fc;a 7,ve9s 9 m\nta97     
,o!r ,v5ae ,pr(undae 7,d1 ,e1 ,f7 f ! v 
summit ( ! m\nta9 or hill desc5d ! slope
 7,a7 to ! holl[ or valley 7,b71 & !y   
aga9 asc5d ! slope or ! side ( ! m\nta9 

or hill opposite 7,c74  ,illu/ration    
#fc;b 7,ve9s 9 m\nta97  ,o!r ,v5ae      
,pr(undae 7,c1 ,d7 desc5d ! m\nta9 or   
hill 7,a7 & ext5d out into ! pla9 7,b74 
,illu/ration #fd;a 7,ve9s 9 m\nta973    
,a--,m\nta9\s ,pla94 ,b--,v5a pr(unda4  
,"s ve9s run /raight along on !         
plateaux1 ! hills1 or pla9s4            
,illu/ration #fd;b 7,int]sections (     
,ve9s73 ,a--,pr9cipal ve94              
,b--,transv]se ve94 ,c--,ve9 cutt+      
pr9cipal "o obliquely4  ,9 ! next place1
 v5ae pr(undae diff] n a little 9 !     
mann] 9 :i* !y int]sect1 s9ce "o may    
cross ?r\gh a second transv]sely1 or "o 
may cross ano!r "o obliquely z if cutt+ 
x 9 two4  ,illu/ration #fe              
7,int]sections ( ,ve9s73 ,a--,pr9cipal  
ve94 ,b--,ve9 :i* cuts ,a obliquely4    
,c--,"p c>ri$ away4 ,d--,t "p :i* has   
be5 c>ri$ =w>d4  ,if a ve9 :i* cuts     
?r\gh ano!r pr9cipal "o obliquely be !  
h>d] ( ! two1 x p5etrates "r ?r\gh x1 j 
z a w$ge ( bee* or iron c be driv5 ?r\gh
 s(t wood by means ( a tool4 ,if x be   

s(t]1 ! pr9cipal ve9 ei!r drags ! s(t "o
 ) x = a di/ance ( ?ree feet1 or p]haps 
"o1 two1 ?ree1 or sev]al fa?oms1 or else
 ?r[s x =w>d along ! pr9cipal ve92 b ?is
 latt] happ5s v r>ely4 ,b t ! ve9 :i*   
cuts ! pr9cipal "o is ! same ve9 on bo? 
sides1 is %[n by its hav+ ! same "* 9   
its footwalls & hang+walls4             
,illu/ration #ff;a 7,int]sections (     
,ve9s73 ,a1 ,b--,two ve9s desc5d incl9$ 
& dip t[>d ea* o!r4 ,c--,junction4      
,likewise two ve9s4 ,d--,indicates "o   
desc5d+ v]tically4 ,e--,m>ks ! o!r      
desc5d+ incl9$1 :i* dips t[>d ,d4       
,f--,_! junction4  ,sometimes v5ae      
pr(undae jo9 "o ) ano!r1 & f two or m   
outcropp+ ve9s#d1 "o is =m$2 or f two   
:i* d n outcrop "o is made1 if !y are n 
f> di/ant f ea* o!r1 & ! "o dips into ! 
o!r1 or if ea* dips t[>d ! o!r1 & !y ?us
 jo9 :5 !y h desc5d$ 9 dep?4 ,9 exactly 
! same way1 out ( ?ree or m ve9s1 "o may
 be =m$ 9 dep?4  ,illu/ration #ff;b     
7,int]sections ( ,ve9s7  ,h[ev]1 su* a  
junction ( ve9s sometimes disunites & 9 

?is way x happ5s t ! ve9 :i* 0 ! "r-h&  
ve9 becomes ! left2 & aga91 ! "o :i* 0  
on ! left becomes ! "r4  ,fur!rmore1 "o 
ve9 may be split & divid$ into p>ts by  
"s h>d rock resembl+ a beak1 or /r+]s 9 
s(t rock may sund] ! ve9 & make two or  
m4 ,^! sometimes jo9 toge!r aga9 &      
sometimes rema9 divid$4  ,illu/ration   
#fg 7,int]sections ( ,ve9s73 ,a1        
,b--,ve9s divid+4 ,c--,! same jo9+4     
,:e!r a ve9 is sep>at+ f or unit+ )     
ano!r c be det]m9$ only f ! seams 9 !   
rocks4 ,= example1 if a pr9cipal ve9    
runs f ! ea/ to ! we/1 ! rock seams     
desc5d 9 dep? likewise f ! ea/ t[>d !   
we/1 & ! associat$ ve9 :i* jo9s ) !     
pr9cipal ve91 :e!r x runs f ! s\? or !  
nor?1 has its rock seams ext5d+ 9 ! same
 way z its own1 & !y d n con=m ) ! seams
 9 ! rock ( ! pr9cipal ve9--:i* rema9 ! 
same aft] ! junction--unless ! associat$
 ve9 proce$s 9 ! same direction z !     
pr9cipal ve94 ,9 t case we "n ! broad]  
ve9 ! pr9cipal "o1 & ! n>r[] ! associat$
 ve94 ,b if ! pr9cipal ve9 splits1 !    

rock seams :i* belong respectively to ! 
p>ts1 keep ! same c\rse :5 desc5d+ 9    
dep? z ^? ( ! pr9cipal ve94             
,illu/ration #fh 7,int]sections (       
,ve9s73 ,a1 ,c--,v5a dilatata cross+ a  
v5a pr(unda4 ,b--,v5a pr(unda4 ,d1      
,e--,v5a dilatata :i* junctions ) a v5a 
pr(unda4 ,f--,v5a pr(unda4 ,g--,v5a     
dilatata4 ,h1 ,i--,its divid$ p>ts4     
,k--,v5a pr(unda :i* divides ! v5a      
dilatata4  ,b en\gh ( v5ae pr(undae1 _! 
junctions & divisions4 ,n[ we come to   
v5ae dilatatae4 ,a v5a dilatata may ei!r
 cross a v5a pr(unda1 or jo9 ) x1 or x  
may be cut by a v5a pr(unda1 & be divid$
 into p>ts4  ,illu/ration #fi;a 7,ve9s 9
 m\nta973 ,a--,! beg9n+ 7origo74 ,b--,! 
end 7f9is74 ,c--,! head 7caput74 ,d--,! 
tail 7cauda74  ,f9ally1 a v5a pr(unda   
has a beg9n+ 7origo71 an end 7f9is71 a  
head 7caput71 & a tail 7cauda74 ,t "p   
:5ce x takes its rise is said to be its 
beg9n+1 t 9 :i* x t]m9ates ! end4 ,its  
head#e is t "p :i* em]ges into daylight2
 its tail t "p :i* is hidd5 9 ! e>?4 ,b 

m9]s h no ne$ to seek ! beg9n+ ( ve9s1 z
 =m]ly ! k+s ( ,egypt s\ght = ! s\rce ( 
! ,nile1 b x is en\gh = !m to discov] "s
 o!r "p ( ! ve9 & to recognise its      
direction1 = seldom c ei!r ! beg9n+ or !
 end be f\nd4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! head 
( ! ve9 comes into ! light1 or !        
direction t[>d :i* ! tail ext5ds1 is    
indicat$ by its footwall & hang+wall4 ,!
 latt] is said to hang1 & ! =m] to lie4 
,! ve9 re/s on ! footwall1 & ! hang+wall
 ov]hangs x2 ?us1 :5 we desc5d a %aft1 !
 "p to :i* we turn ! face is ! footwall 
& seat ( ! ve91 t to :i* we turn ! back 
is ! hang+wall4 ,also 9 ano!r way1 !    
head accords ) ! footwall & ! tail ) !  
hang+wall1 = if ! footwall is t[>d !    
s\?1 ! ve9 ext5ds its head into ! light 
t[>d ! s\?2 & ! hang+wall1 because x is 
always opposite to ! footwall1 is !n    
t[>d ! nor?4 ,consequ5tly ! ve9 ext5ds  
its tail t[>d ! nor? if x is an incl9$  
v5a pr(unda4 ,simil>ly1 we c det]m9e )  
reg>d to ea/ & we/ & ! subord9ate & _!  
int]m$iate directions4 ,a v5a pr(unda   

:i* desc5ds into ! e>? may be ei!r      
v]tical1 incl9$1 or crook$2 ! footwall (
 an incl9$ ve9 is easily di/+ui%$ f !   
hang+wall1 b x is n s ) a v]tical ve92 &
 aga91 ! footwall ( a crook$ ve9 is     
inv]t$ & *ang$ into ! hang+wall1 &      
contr>iwise ! hang+wall is twi/$ into ! 
footwall1 b v _m ( ^! crook$ ve9s may be
 turn$ back to v]tical or incl9$ ones4  
,illu/ration #fi;b 7,ve9s 9 m\nta973    
,a--,! beg9n+4 ,b--,! end4 ,c1 ,d--,!   
sides4  ,a v5a dilatata has only a      
beg9n+ & an end1 & 9 ! place ( ! head & 
tail x has two sides4  ,illu/ration #gj 
7,ve9s 9 m\nta973 ,a--,! beg9n+4 ,b--,! 
end4 ,c--,! head4 ,d--,! tail4          
,e--,transv]se ve94  ,a v5a cumulata has
 a beg9n+1 an end1 a head1 & a tail1 j z
 a v5a pr(unda4 ,moreov]1 a v5a         
cumulata1 & likewise a v5a dilatata1 are
 (t5 cut ?r\gh by a transv]se v5a       
pr(unda4  ,illu/ration #ga;a 7,fibra    
dilatata73 ,a1 ,b--,ve9s4 ,c--,transv]se
 /r+]4 ,d--,oblique /r+]4 ,e--,associat$
 /r+]4 ,f--,fibra dilatata4  ,/r+]s     

7fibrae7#f1 :i* are little ve9s1 are    
classifi$ into fibrae transv]sae1 fibrae
 obliquae :i* cut ! ve9 obliquely1      
fibrae sociae1 fibrae dilatatae1 &      
fibrae incumb5tes4 ,! fibra transv]sa   
crosses ! ve92 ! fibra obliqua crosses !
 ve9 obliquely2 ! fibra socia jo9s ) !  
ve9 itself2 ! fibra dilatata1 l ! v5a   
dilatata1 p5etrates ?r\gh x2 b ! fibra  
dilatata1 z well z ! fibra pr(unda1 is  
usually f\nd associat$ ) a ve94         
,illu/ration #ga;b 7,fibra incumb5s73   
,a--,ve94 ,b--,fibra incumb5s f !       
surface ( ! hang+wall4 ,c--,same f !    
footwall4  ,! fibra incumb5s does n     
desc5d z deeply into ! e>? z ! o!r      
/r+]s1 b lies on ! ve91 z x 71 f !      
surface to ! hang+wall or footwall1 f   
:i* x is nam$ ,subdialis4#g  ,9 tru?1 z 
to direction1 junctions1 & divisions1 ! 
/r+]s are n diff]5t f ! ve9s4           
,illu/ration #gb 7,seams 9 ! ,rocks73   
,a--,seams :i* proce$ f ! ea/4 ,b--,!   
inv]se4  ,la/ly1 ! seams1 :i* are ! v   
f9e/ /r+]s 7fibrae71 divide ! rock1 &   

occur sometimes frequ5tly1 sometimes    
r>ely4 ,f :atev] direction ! ve9 comes1 
its seams always turn _! heads t[>d !   
light 9 ! same direction4 ,b1 :ile !    
seams usually run f "o po9t ( ! compass 
to ano!r imm$iately opposite x1 z =     
in/ance1 f ea/ to we/1 if h>d /r+]s     
div]t !m1 x may happ5 t ^! v seams1 :i* 
be=e 7 runn+ f ea/ to we/1 !n           
contr>iwise proce$ f we/ to ea/1 & !    
direction ( ! rocks is ?us inv]t$4 ,9   
su* a case1 ! direction ( ! ve9s is     
judg$1 n by ! direction ( ! seams :i*   
occur r>ely1 b by ^? :i* con/antly      
recur4  ,illu/ration #gc 7,ve9s 9       
m\nta973 ,a--,solid ve94 ,b--,solid     
/r+]4 ,c--,cav]n\s ve94 ,d--,cav]n\s    
/r+]4 ,e--,b>r5 ve94 ,f--,b>r5 /r+]4    
,bo? ve9s or /r+]s may be solid or      
drusy1 or b>r5 ( m9]als1 or p]vi\s to   
wat]4 ,solid ve9s conta9 no wat] & v    
little air4 ,! drusy ve9s r>ely conta9  
wat]2 !y (t5 conta9 air4 ,^? :i* are    
b>r5 ( m9]als (t5 c>ry wat]4 ,solid ve9s
 & /r+]s consi/ sometimes ( h>d         

mat]ials1 sometimes ( s(t1 & sometimes (
 a k9d ( m$ium betwe5 ! two4  ,b to     
return to ve9s4 ,a great numb] ( m9]s   
consid]#h t ! be/ ve9s 9 dep? are ^? :i*
 run f ! ,,vi or ,,vii direction ( ! ea/
 to ! ,,vi or ,,vii direction ( ! we/1  
?r\gh a m\nta9 slope :i* incl9es to !   
nor?2 & ^: hang+walls are 9 ! s\?1 & ^: 
footwalls are 9 ! nor?1 & :i* h _! heads
 ris+ to ! nor?1 z expla9$ be=e1 always 
l ! footwall1 & f9ally1 ^: rock seams   
turn _! heads to ! ea/4 ,& ! ve9s :i*   
are ! next be/ are ^? :i*1 on ! contr>y1
 ext5d f ! ,,vi or ,,vii direction ( !  
we/ to ! ,,vi or ,,vii direction ( !    
ea/1 ?r\gh ! slope ( a m\nta9 :i*       
simil>ly incl9es to ! nor?1 ^:          
hang+walls are also 9 ! s\?1 ^:         
footwalls are 9 ! nor?1 & ^: heads rise 
t[>d ! nor?2 & la/ly1 ^: rock seams     
raise _! heads t[>d ! we/4 ,9 ! ?ird    
place1 !y recomm5d ^? ve9s :i* ext5d f  
,,xii nor? to ,,xii s\?1 ?r\gh ! slope (
 a m\nta9 :i* faces ea/2 ^: hang+walls  
are 9 ! we/1 ^: footwalls are 9 ! ea/2  

^: heads rise t[>d ! ea/2 & ^: rock     
seams raise _! heads t[>d ! nor?4 ,!re=e
 !y devote all _! en]gies to ^? ve9s1 & 
give v little or no?+ to ^? ^: heads1 or
 ! heads ( ^: rock seams rise t[>d ! s\?
 or we/4 ,= al?\gh !y say ^! ve9s       
sometimes %[ bright specks ( pure metal 
adh]+ to ! /ones1 or !y come ^u lumps ( 
metal1 yet ^! are s few & f> betwe5 t   
despite !m x is n wor? ! tr\ble to      
excavate su* ve9s2 & m9]s :o p]sev]e 9  
digg+ 9 ! hope ( com+ ^u a quantity (   
metal1 always lose _! "t & tr\ble4 ,& !y
 say t f ve9s ( ?is k9d1 s9ce ! sun's   
rays draw out ! metallic mat]ial1 v     
little metal is ga9$4 ,b 9 ?is matt] !  
actual exp]i5ce ( ! m9]s :o ?us judge ( 
! ve9s does n always agree ) _! op9ions1
 nor is _! reason+ s\nd2 s9ce inde$ !   
ve9s :i* run f ea/ to we/ ?r\gh ! slope 
( a m\nta9 :i* incl9es to ! s\?1 ^:     
heads rise likewise to ! s\?1 are n less
 *>g$ ) metals1 ?an ^? to :i* m9]s are  
wont to accord ! fir/ place 9           
productiv5ess2 z 9 rec5t ye>s has be5   

prov$ by ! ,/4 ,lor5tz ve9 at ,ab]?am1  
:i* our c\ntrym5 call ,gottsgaab1 = !y h
 dug out ( x a l>ge quantity ( pure     
silv]2 & lately a ve9 9 ,annab]g1 call$ 
by ! "n ( ,himmels* hoz#i1 has made x   
pla9 by ! production ( mu* silv] t ve9s 
:i* ext5d f ! nor? to ! s\?1 ) _! heads 
ris+ t[>d ! we/1 are no less ri* 9      
metals ?an ^? ^: heads rise t[>d ! ea/4 
,x may be d5i$ t ! heat ( ! sun draws ! 
metallic mat]ial out ( ^! ve9s2 = ?\gh x
 draws up vap\rs f ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 
! rays ( ! sun d n p5etrate "r d[n to ! 
dep?s2 because ! air ( a tunnel :i* is  
cov]$ & envelop$ by solid e>? to ! dep? 
( only two fa?oms is cold 9 summ]1 = !  
int]m$iate e>? holds 9 *eck ! =ce ( !   
sun4 ,hav+ obs]v$ ?is fact1 !           
inhabitants & dwell]s ( v hot regions   
lie d[n by day 9 caves :i* protect !m f 
! excessive ard\r ( ! sun4 ,!re=e x is  
unlikely t ! sun draws out f )9 ! e>? ! 
metallic bodies4 ,inde$1 x _c ev5 dry ! 
moi/ure ( _m places ab\nd+ 9 ve9s1      
because !y are protect$ & %ad$ by !     

trees4 ,fur!rmore1 c]ta9 m9]s1 out ( all
 ! diff]5t k9ds ( metallic ve9s1 *oose  
^? :i* ,i h describ$1 & o!rs1 on !      
contr>y1 reject copp] m9es :i* are ( ?is
 sort1 s t !re seems to be no reason 9  
?is4 ,= :at c be ! reason if ! sun draws
 no copp] f copp] ve9s1 t x draws silv] 
f silv] ve9s1 & gold f gold ve9s8       
,moreov]1 "s m9]s1 ( ^: numb] 0         
,calbus#aj1 di/+ui% betwe5 ! gold-be>+  
riv]s & /reams4 ,a riv]1 !y say1 or a   
/ream1 is mo/ productive ( f9e & co>se  
gra9s ( gold :5 x comes f ! ea/ & fl[s  
to ! we/1 & :5 x wa%es aga9/ ! foot (   
m\nta9s :i* are situat$ 9 ! nor?1 & :5 x
 has a level pla9 t[>d ! s\? or we/4 ,9 
! second place1 !y e/eem a riv] or a    
/ream :i* fl[s 9 ! opposite c\rse f !   
we/ t[>d ! ea/1 & :i* has ! m\nta9s to !
 nor? & ! level pla9 to ! s\?4 ,9 ! ?ird
 place1 !y e/eem ! riv] or ! /ream :i*  
fl[s f ! nor? to ! s\? & wa%es ! base ( 
! m\nta9s :i* are situat$ 9 ! ea/4 ,b !y
 say t ! riv] or /ream is lea/          
productive ( gold :i* fl[s 9 a contr>y  

direction f ! s\? to ! nor?1 & wa%es !  
base ( m\nta9s :i* are situat$ 9 ! we/4 
,la/ly1 ( ! /reams or riv]s :i* fl[ f ! 
ris+ sun t[>d ! sett+ sun1 or :i* fl[ f 
! nor!rn p>ts to ! s\!rn p>ts1 !y fav\r 
^? :i* approa* ! ne>e/ to ! laud$ ones1 
& say !y are m productive ( gold1 & !   
fur!r !y dep>t f !m ! less productive !y
 are4 ,su* are ! op9ions held ab\t riv]s
 & /reams4 ,n[1 s9ce gold is n g5]at$ 9 
! riv]s & /reams1 z we h ma9ta9$ aga9/  
,alb]tus#aa 9 ! book entitl$ ,de        
,subt]raneorum ,ortu et ,causis1 ,book  
,v1 b is torn away f ! ve9s & /r+]s &   
settl$ 9 ! s&s ( torr5ts & wat]-c\rses1 
9 :atev] direction ! riv]s or /reams    
fl[1 !re=e x is reasonable to expect to 
f9d gold !re92 :i* is n oppos$ by       
exp]i5ce4 ,nev]!less1 we d n d5y t gold 
is g5]at$ 9 ve9s & /r+]s :i* lie "u !   
b$s ( riv]s or /reams1 z 9 o!r places4  
,,end ,,( ,,book ,,iii4   ,,footnotes3  
#a ,mod]n nom5clature 9 ! description ( 
ore-deposits is s impregnat$ ) mod]n    
views ( _! orig91 t we h consid]$ x     

desirable 9 _m in/ances to adopt ! ,lat9
 t]ms us$ by ! au?or1 = we believe ?is  
me?od w all[ ! read] great] fre$om (    
judgm5t z to ! au?or's views4 ,! ,lat9  
names reta9$ are usually expressive ev5 
to ! non-,lat9 /ud5t4 ,9 a g5]al way1 a 
v5a pr(unda is a fissure ve91 a v5a     
dilatata is a b$d$ deposit1 & a v5a     
cumulata an impregnation1 or a          
replacem5t or a /ockw]k4 ,! canales1 z w
 appe> f ! foll[+ footnote1 7 ore       
*annels4 ,! seams ( ! rocks 7commissurae
 saxorum7 are v puzzl+4 ,! au?or /ates1 
z appe>s 9 ! foll[+ note1 t !y are ( two
 k9ds1--contemporane\s ) ! =mation ( !  
rocks1 & also ( ! nature ( ve9lets4     
,h[ev]1 z to _! suppos$ relation to !   
/rike ( ve9s1 we c (f] no explanation4  
,!re are passages 9 ?is *apt] :]e if !  
^w ore-%oot 7 introduc$ = seams 9 !     
rocks ! text w\ld be intelligible4 ,t   
is1 x is possible to conceive ! view t !
 det]m9ation ( :e!r an ea/-we/ ve9 ran  
ea/ or ran we/ 0 dep5d5t on ! dip ( !   
ore-%oot along ! /rike4 ,?is view1      

h[ev]1 is utt]ly impossible to reconcile
 ) ! description & illu/ration (        
commissurae saxorum giv5 on page #ed1   
:]e !y are def9$ z ! f9e/ /r+]s4 ,!     
foll[+ passage f ! ,nuetzli*e ,b]gbue*l9
 7see ,app5dix71 reads v mu* z ?\gh !   
dip ( ore-%oots 0 und]/ood at ?is "t 9  
relation to ! direction ( ve9s4 ,e ve9  
7gang7 has two 7outcrops7 ausgeh51 "o ( 
! ausgeh5 is t[>d daylight along ! :ole 
l5g? ( ! ve91 :i* is call$ ! ausgeh5 ( !
 :ole ve94 ,! o!r ausgeh5 is contr>y to 
or t[>d ! /rike 7/rei*57 ( ! ve91       
accord+ to its rock 7ge/e971 t is call$ 
! ge/e9s ausgeh52 = in/ance1 e ve9 t has
 its /rike f ea/ to we/ has its ge/e9s  
ausgeh5 to ! ea/1 & vice-v]sa4          
,agricola's classification (            
ore-deposits1 aft] ! g5]al di/9ction    
betwe5 alluvial & 9 situ deposits1 is   
bas$ entirely ^u =m1 z w be se5 9 !     
quotation bel[ relat+ to ! orig9 (      
canales4 ,! ,g]man equival5ts 9 !       
,gloss>y are z foll[s3--    ,fissure ve9
 7v5a pr(unda7              ,gang4      

,b$d$ deposit 7v5a dilatata7            
,s*web5d] gang od] fletze4   ,/ockw]k or
 impregnation 7v5a cumulata7 ,ges*ute   
od] /ock4   ,/r+] 7fibra7               
,klufft4   ,seams or jo9ts 7commissurae 
saxorum7     ,absetz5 des ge/e9s4  ,x is
 int]e/+ to note t 9 ,de ,natura        
,fossilium he describes coal & salt1 &  
lat] 9 ,de ,re ,metallica he describes !
 ,mannsfeld copp] s*i/s1 z all be+ v5ae 
dilatatae4 ,?is nom5clature &           
classification is n orig9al ) ,agricola4
 ,pl9y 7,,xxxiii1 #ba7 uses ! t]m v5a ) 
no explanations1 & :ile ,agricola co9$ !
 ,lat9 t]ms = v>i\s k9ds ( ve9s1 !y are 
8 translit]ation ( ,g]man t]ms already 9
 use4 ,! ,nuetzli*e ,b]gbue*l9 gives ?is
 same classification4  ,,hi/orical      
,,note ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,ore        
,,deposits4 ,prior to ,agricola !re 7   
?ree s*ools ( explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( 
ore deposits1 ! or?odox foll[]s ( !     
,g5esis1 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 & !     
,al*emi/s4 ,! geology ( ! ,g5esis--!    
contemporane\s =mation ( ev]y?+--ne$s no

 comm5t o!r ?an t = anyone to h propos$ 
an alt]native to ! dogma ( ! or?odox    
dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 requir$ mu*       
indep5d5ce ( m9d4 ,( ! ,greek views--:i*
 are meagre en\gh--t ( ! ,p]ipatetics   
greatly dom9at$ ?\ght on natural ph5om5a
 d[n to ! #ag? c5tury4 ,ari/otle's views
 may be summ>iz$3 ,! elem5ts are e>?1   
wat]1 air1 & fire2 !y are transmutable &
 nev] f\nd pure1 & are end[$ ) c]ta9    
fundam5tal prop]ties :i* act$ z an      
effici5t =ce ^u ! mat]ial cause--!      
elem5ts4 ,^! prop]ties 7 dryness &      
dampness & heat & cold1 ! latt] be+     
active1 ! =m] passive4 ,fur!r1 ! elem5ts
 7 possess$ ( weight & lightness1 =     
in/ance e>? 0 absolutely heavy1 fire    
absolutely light4 ,! active & passive   
prop]ties exi/$ 9 b9>y comb9ations1 "o (
 :i* is *>act]i/ic1 i4e41 e>? is cold & 
dry1 wat] damp & cold1 fire hot & dry1  
air hot & wet2 transmutation took place1
 = in/ance1 by remov+ ! cold f wat]1 :5 
air result$ 7really /eam71 & by remov+ !
 dampness f wat]1 :5 e>? result$ 7really

 any dissolv$ sub/ance74 ,!             
transmutation ( ! elem5ts 9 ! e>? 7mean+
 ! globe7 produces two exhalations1 ! "o
 fi]y 7probably mean+ gases71 ! o!r damp
 7probably mean+ /eam74 ,! =m] produces 
/ones1 ! latt] ! metals4 ,!ophra/us 7,on
 ,/ones1 ,i to ,,vii47 elaborates !     
views ( ,ari/otle on ! orig9 ( /ones1   
metals1 etc43 ,( ?+s =m$ 9 ! e>? "s h _!
 orig9 f wat]1 o!rs f e>?4 ,wat] is !   
basis ( metals1 silv]1 gold1 & ! re/2   
'e>?' ( /ones1 z well ! m preci\s z !   
common4444 ,all ^! are =m$ by           
solidification ( matt] pure & equal 9   
its con/itu5t p>ts1 :i* has be5 br\ght  
toge!r 9 t /ate by m]e afflux or by     
means ( "s k9d ( p]colation1 or         
sep>at$4444 ,! solidification is 9 "s ( 
^! sub/ances due to heat & 9 o!rs to    
cold4 7,bas$ on ,hill's ,trans41 pp4    
#c-aa74 ,t is1 ! metals inasmu* z !y    
become liquid :5 heat$ mu/ be 9 a l>ge  
"p wat]1 &1 l wat]1 !y solidify ) cold4 
,!re=e1 ! metals are cold & damp4       
,/ones1 on ! o!r h&1 solidify ) heat & d

 n liquefy1 !re=e1 !y are dry & hot &   
p>take l>gely ( e>?4 ,?is e>? 0 some?+  
indef9ite1 b pur] & m pri/9e ?an common 
clay4 ,9 discuss+ ! anci5t beliefs )    
reg>d to ! orig9 ( deposits1 we mu/ n   
ov]look ! import ( ! use ( ! ^w ve9     
7v5a7 by v>i\s anci5t au?ors includ+    
,pl9y 7,,xxxiii1 #ba71 al?\gh he (f]s no
 explanation ( ! t]m4  ,dur+ ! ,middle  
,ages !re arose ! horde ( ,al*emi/s &   
,a/rolog]s1 a review ( ! developm5t ( ^:
 muddl$ views is b b>r5 read+4 ,9 ! ma9 
!y held m or less to ! ,p]ipatetic view1
 ) additions ( _! own4 ,geb] 7#ac? 787  
c5tury1 see ,app5dix ,b7 prop\nd$ !     
conception t all metals 7 compos$ ( v>y+
 proportions ( spiritual sulphur &      
quicksilv]1 & to ^! ,alb]tus ,magnus    
add$ salt4 ,! ,a/rolog]s contribut$ !   
idea t ! imm$iate cause ( ! metals 7 !  
v>i\s planets4 ,! only "w devot$ to     
description ( ore-deposits prior to     
,agricola 0 ! ,b]gbue*l9 7ab\t #aebj1   
see ,app5dix ,b71 & ?is little book     
exhibits ! absolute apogee ( muddl$     

?\ght d]iv$ f ! ,p]ipatetics1 !         
,al*emi/s1 & ! ,a/rolog]s4 ,we believe x
 is ( int]e/ to reproduce ! foll[+      
/atem5t1 if = no o!r reason ?an to      
indicate ! great advance 9 ?\ght %[n by 
,agricola4  ,! fir/ *apt] or fir/ "p2 on
 ! common orig9 ( ore1 :e!r silv]1 gold1
 t91 copp]1 iron1 or lead ore1 9 :i* !y 
all appe> toge!r1 & are call$ by !      
common "n ( metallic ore4 ,x mu/ be     
notic$ t = ! wa%+ or smelt+ ( metallic  
ore1 !re mu/ be ! "o :o works & ! ?+ t  
is work$ ^u1 or ! mat]ial ^u :i* ! "w is
 exp5d$4 ,! g5]al work] 7effici5t =ce7  
on ! ore & on all ?+s t are born1 is !  
heav5s1 its movem5t1 its light &        
influ5ces1 z ! philosoph]s say4 ,!      
influ5ce ( ! heav5s is multipli$ by !   
movem5t ( ! firmam5ts & ! movem5ts ( !  
sev5 planets4 ,!re=e1 e metallic ore    
receives a special influ5ce f its own   
p>ticul> planet1 due to ! prop]ties ( ! 
planet & ( ! ore1 also due to prop]ties 
( heat1 cold1 dampness1 & dryness4 ,?us 
gold is ( ! ,sun or its influ5ce1 silv] 

( ! ,moon1 t9 ( ,jupit]1 copp] ( ,v5us1 
iron ( ,m>s1 lead ( ,saturn1 &          
quicksilv] ( ,m]cury4 ,!re=e1 metals are
 (t5 call$ by ^! names by h]mits & o!r  
philosoph]s4 ,?us gold is call$ ! ,sun1 
9 ,lat9 ,sol1 silv] is call$ ! ,moon1 9 
,lat9 ,luna1 z is cle>ly /at$ 9 !       
special *apt]s on ea* metal4 ,?us       
briefly h we spok5 ( ! 'common work]' ( 
metal & ore4 ,b ! ?+ work$ ^u1 or !     
common mat]ial ( all metals1 accord+ to 
! op9ion ( ! le>n$1 is sulphur &        
quicksilv]1 :i* ?r\gh ! movem5t &       
influ5ce ( ! heav5s mu/ h become unit$ &
 h>d5$ into "o metallic body or "o ore4 
,c]ta9 o!rs hold t ?r\gh ! movem5t & !  
influ5ce ( ! heav5s1 vap\rs or brad51   
call$ m9]al exhalations1 are drawn up f 
! dep?s ( ! e>?1 f sulphur & quicksilv]1
 & ! ris+ fumes pass into ! ve9s & /r+]s
 & are unit$ ?r\gh ! effect ( ! planets 
& made into ore4 ,c]ta9 o!rs hold t     
metal is n =m$ f quicksilv]1 because 9  
_m places metallic ore is f\nd & no     
quicksilv]4 ,b in/ead ( quicksilv] !y   

ma9ta9 a damp & cold & slimy mat]ial is 
set up on all sulphur :i* is drawn out f
 ! e>?1 l y\r p]spiration1 & f t mix$ ) 
sulphur all metals are =m$4 ,n[ ea* ( ^!
 op9ions is correct accord+ to a good   
und]/&+ & "r int]pretation2 ! ore or    
metal is =m$ f ! fatt9ess ( ! e>? z !   
mat]ial ( ! fir/ degree 7prim>y elem5t71
 also ! vap\rs or brad5 on ! "o "p & !  
mat]ials on ! o!r "p1 bo? ( :i* are     
call$ quicksilv]4 ,likewise 9 ! m+l+ or 
union ( ! quicksilv] & ! sulphur 9 !    
ore1 ! sulphur is c\nt$ ! male &        
quicksilv] ! female1 z 9 ! be>+ or      
conception ( a *ild4 ,also ! sulphur is 
a special work] 9 ore or metal4  ,!     
second *apt] or "p deals ) ! g5]al      
capacity ( ! m\nta94 ,al?\gh ! influ5ce 
( ! heav5s & ! fitness ( ! mat]ial are  
necess>y to ! =mation ( ore or metal1   
yet ^! are n en\gh !reto4 ,b !re mu/ be 
adaptability ( ! natural vessel 9 :i* ! 
ore is =m$1 su* are ! ve9s1 namely      
/e95degange1 fla*gange1 s*>gange1       
creutzgange1 or z ^! may be t]m$ 9      

prov9cial names4 ,also ! m9]al =ce mu/ h
 easy access to ! natural vessel su* z  
?r\gh ! kluffte 7/r+]s71 namely         
h5gkluft1 qu]klufte1 fla*ekluffte1      
creutzklufft1 & o!r occasional flotzw]k1
 accord+ to _! v>i\s local names4 ,also 
!re mu/ be a suitable place 9 ! m\nta9  
:i* ! ve9s & /r+]s c trav]se4           
,,agricola',s ,,views ,,on ,,! ,,orig9  
,,( ,,ore ,,deposits4 ,agricola reject$ 
absolutely ! ,biblical view :i*1 he     
says1 0 ! op9ion ( ! vulg>2 fur!r1 he   
repudiates ! al*emi/ic & a/rological    
view ) great vig\r4 ,!re c be no d\bt1  
h[ev]1 t he 0 greatly influ5c$ by !     
,p]ipatetic philosophy4 ,he accept$     
absolutely ! f\r elem5ts--e>?1 fire1    
wat]1 & air1 & _! b9>y prop]ties1 & !   
!ory t e sub/ance _h a mat]ial cause    
op]at$ ^u by an effici5t =ce4 ,beyond   
?is he did n g1 & a l>ge portion ( ,de  
,ortu et ,causis is devot$ to dispro( ( 
! orig9 ( metals & /ones f ! ,p]ipatetic
 exhalations4  ,no "o %\ld conclude t   
,agricola's !ories are set out ) !      

cl>ity ( ,d>w9 or ,lyell4 ,h[ev]1 !     
matt] is ( su* importance 9 ! hi/ory ( !
 !ory ( ore-deposits1 & has be5 ei!r s  
ignor$ or s col\r$ by ! preconceptions (
 n>rators1 t we consid] x ju/ifiable to 
devote ! space necess>y to a            
reproduction ( 8 own /atem5ts 9 ,de     
,ortu et ,causis & o!r works4 ,be=e do+ 
s we believe x w be ( s]vice to read]s  
to summ>ize ^! views1 & 9 giv+          
quotations f ! ,au?or's o!r works1 to   
gr\p !m "u special head+s1 foll[+ !     
outl9e ( 8 !ory giv5 bel[4 ,8 !ory 03-- 
7#a7 ,op5+s 9 ! e>? 7canales7 7 =m$ by !
 erosion ( subt]ranean wat]s4  7#b7 ,^! 
gr\nd wat]s 7 due 7a7 to ! infiltration 
( ! surface wat]s1 ra91 riv]1 & sea     
wat]2 7b7 to ! cond5sation ( /eam       
7halitus7 aris+ f ! p5etration ( !      
surface wat]s to great] dep?s1--!       
production ( ?is halitus be+ due to     
subt]ranean heat1 :i* 9 8 view 0 9 turn 
due 9 ! ma9 to burn+ bitum5 7a          
compreh5sive g5]a :i* embrac$ coal74    
7#c7 ,! fill+ ( ^! canales is compos$ ( 

e>?1 solidifi$ juices1 /one1 metals1 &  
comp\nds1 all deposit$ f wat] & juices  
circulat+ 9 ! canales4 7,see also note  
#d1 page #a74  ,e>? comprises clay1 mud1
 o*re1 m>l1 & peculi> e>?s g5]ally4 ,!  
orig9 ( ^! e>?s 0 f rocks1 due to       
erosion1 transportation1 & deposition by
 wat]4 ,solidifi$ juices 7succi         
concreti7 compris$ salt1 soda1 vitriol1 
bitum51 etc41 be+ g5]ally ^? sub/ances  
:i* he conceiv$ 7 soluble 9 & deposit$ f
 wat]4 ,/ones compris$ preci\s1         
semi-preci\s1 & unusual /ones1 su* z    
qu>tz1 fluor-sp>1 etc41 z di/+ui%$ f    
c\ntry rock2 ! orig9 ( ^! he attribut$ 9
 m9or proportion to transportation (    
fragm5ts ( rock1 b 9 ! ma9 to deposits f
 ord9>y m9]al juice & f /one juice      
7succus lapidesc5s74 ,metals compris$ ! 
sev5 traditional metals2 ! comp\nds     
compris$ ! metallic m9]als2 & bo? 7 due 
to deposition f juices1 ! comp\nds be+  
due to a mixture ( juices4 ,! juices    
play ! mo/ important "p 9 ,agricola's   
!ory4 ,ea* sub/ance _h its own p>ticul> 

juice1 & 9 8 !ory e sub/ance _h a       
mat]ial & an effici5t cause1 ! fir/ be+ 
! juice1 ! second be+ heat or cold4 ,ow+
 to ! latt] ! juices fell into two      
categories--^? solidifi$ by heat 7i4e41 
by evaporation1 su* z salt71 & ^?       
solidifi$ by cold1 7i4e41 because metals
 melt & fl[ by heat1 !re=e _!           
solidification 0 due to cold1 & ! juice 
und]w5t simil> treatm5t74 ,z to ! orig9 
( ^! juices1 "s 7 g5]at$ by ! solution (
 _! own p>ticul> sub/ance1 b 9 ! ma9 _! 
orig9 0 due to ! comb9ation ( dry ?+s1  
su* z e>?1 ) wat]1 ! mixture be+ heat$1 
& ! resultant metals dep5d$ ^u !        
proportions ( e>? & wat]4 ,9 "s cases we
 h be5 incl9$ to translate succus       
7juice7 z solution1 b 9 o!r cases x     
embrac$ sub/ances to :i* ?is w\ld n     
apply1 & we fe>$ imply+ 9 ! text a      
*emical und]/&+ n w>rant$ prior to !    
atomic !ory4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% betwe5  
e>?s1 7clays1 etc417 ! ,p]ipatetic e>?  
7a pure elem5t7 & ! e>? 7! globe7 we h  
giv5 ! two =m] 9 quotation m>ks4 ,!re is

 no d\bt "s confusion betwe5 e>? 7clays1
 etc47 & ! ,p]ipatetic e>?1 z ! latt] 0 
a pure sub/ance n f\nd 9 its pri/9e =m 9
 nature2 x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to      
di/+ui% betwe5 ! two4  ,,orig9 ,,(      
,,canales 7,de ,ortu1 p4 #ce74 ,i n[    
come to ! canales 9 ! e>?4 ,^! are ve9s1
 ve9lets1 & :at are call$ 'seams 9 !    
rocks4' ,^! s]ve z vessels or           
receptacles = ! mat]ial f :i* m9]als    
7res fossiles7 are =m$4 ,! t]m v5a is   
mo/ frequ5tly giv5 to :at is conta9$ 9 !
 canales1 b likewise ! same "n is appli$
 to ! canales !mselves4 ,! t]m ve9 is   
borr[$ f t us$ = animals1 = j z _! ve9s 
are di/ribut$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! body1 &
 j z by means ( ! ve9s blood is diffus$ 
f ! liv] ?r\gh\t ! :ole body1 s also !  
ve9s trav]se ! :ole globe1 & m          
p>ticul>ly ! m\nta9\s di/ricts2 & wat]  
runs & fl[s ?r\gh !m4 ,) reg>d to       
ve9lets or /r+]s & 'seams 9 ! rocks1'   
:i* are ! ?9ne/ /r+]s1 ! foll[+ is !    
mode ( _! arrangem5t4 ,ve9s 9 ! e>?1 j l
 ! ve9s ( an animal1 h c]ta9 ve9lets (  

_! own1 b 9 a contr>y way4 ,= ! l>g]    
ve9s ( animals p\r blood into ! ve9lets1
 :ile 9 ! e>? ! hum\rs are usually p\r$ 
f ! ve9lets into ! l>g] ve9s1 & r>ely   
fl[ f ! l>g] into ! small] ones4 ,z = ! 
seams 9 ! rocks 7commissurae saxorum7 we
 consid] t !y are produc$ by two me?ods3
 by ! fir/1 :i* is peculi> to !mselves1 
!y are =m$ at ! same "t z ! rocks1 = !  
heat bakes ! refractory mat]ial into    
/one & ! non-refractory mat]ial simil>ly
 heat$ exhales its hum\rs & is made into
 'e>?1' g5]ally friable4 ,! o!r me?od is
 common also to ve9s & ve9lets1 :5 wat] 
is collect$ into "o place x s(t5s ! rock
 by its liquid nature1 & by its weight &
 pressure breaks & divides x4 ,n[1 if ! 
rock is h>d1 x makes seams 9 ! rocks &  
ve9lets1 & if x is n too h>d x makes    
ve9s4 ,h[ev]1 if ! rocks are n h>d1     
seams & ve9lets are creat$ z well z     
ve9s4 ,if ^! d n c>ry a v l>ge quantity 
( wat]1 or if !y are press$ by a great  
volume ( x1 !y soon dis*>ge !mselves    
into ! ne>e/ ve9s4 ,! foll[+ appe>s to  

be ! reason :y "s ve9lets or /r+]s &    
ve9s are pr(undae & o!rs dilatatae4 ,!  
=ce ( ! wat] cru%es & splits ! brittle  
rocks2 & :5 !y are brok5 & split1 x =ces
 its way ?r\gh !m & passes on1 at "o "t 
9 a d[nw>d direction1 mak+ small & l>ge 
v5ae pr(undae1 at ano!r "t 9 a lat]al   
direction1 9 :i* way v5ae dilatatae are 
=m$4 ,n[ s9ce 9 ea* class !re are f\nd  
"s :i* are /raight1 "s incl9$1 & "s     
crook$1 x %\ld be expla9$ t ! wat] makes
 ! v5a pr(unda /raight :5 x runs /raight
 d[nw>d1 incl9$ :5 x runs 9 an incl9$   
direction2 & t x makes a v5a dilatata   
/raight :5 x runs horizontally to ! "r  
or left1 & 9 a simil> way incl9$ :5 x   
runs 9 a slop+ direction4 ,/r+]s & l>ge 
ve9s ( ! pr(unda sort1 ext5d+ =         
consid]able l5g?s1 become crook$ f two  
causes4 ,9 "o case :5 n>r[ ve9s are     
int]sect$ by wide ones1 !n ! latt] b5d  
or drag ! =m] a little4 ,9 ! o!r case1  
:5 ! wat] runs aga9/ v h>d rock1 be+    
unable to break ?r\gh1 x goes ar\nd !   
ne>e/ way1 & ! /r+]s & ve9s are =m$ b5t 

& crook$4 ,?is la/ is also ! reason we  
sometimes see crook$ small & l>ge v5ae  
dilatatae1 n unlike ! g5tle rise & fall 
( fl[+ wat]4 ,next1 v5ae pr(undae are   
wide1 ei!r because ( abundant wat] or   
because ! rock is fragile4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 !y are n>r[1 ei!r because b little wat]
 fl[s & trickles ?r\gh !m1 or because ! 
rock is v h>d4 ,! v5ae dilatatae1 too1 =
 ! same reasons1 are ei!r ?9 or ?ick4   
,!re are o!r diff]5ces1 too1 9 /r+]s &  
ve9s1 :i* ,i w expla9 9 my "w ,de ,re   
,metallica4444 ,!re is also a ?ird k9d (
 ve9 :i*1 z x _c be describ$ z a wide   
v5a pr(unda1 nor z a ?ick v5a dilatata1 
we w call a v5a cumulata4 ,^! are no?+  
else ?an places :]e "s species ( m9]al  
is accumulat$2 sometimes exce$+ 9 dep? &
 also 9 l5g? & bread? #fjj feet2        
sometimes1 or r g5]ally1 n s deep nor s 
long1 nor s wide4 ,^! are creat$ :5 wat]
 has brok5 away ! rock = su* a l5g?1    
bread?1 & ?ickness1 & has flung aside & 
eject$ ! /ones & s& f ! great cav]n :i* 
is ?us made2 & aft]w>d :5 ! m\? is      

ob/ruct$ & clos$ up1 ! :ole cav]n is    
fill$ ) mat]ial f :i* !re is 9 "t       
produc$ "s "o or m m9]als4 ,n[ ,i h /at$
 :5 disc\rs+ on ! orig9 ( subt]ranean   
hum\rs1 t wat] erodes away sub/ances    
inside ! e>?1 j z x does ^? on !        
surface1 & lea/ ( all does x %un m9]als2
 = :i* reason we may daily see ve9lets &
 ve9s sometimes fill$ ) air & wat]1 b   
void & empty ( m9+ products1 & sometimes
 full ( ^! same mat]ials4 ,ev5 ^? :i*   
are empty ( m9]als become f9ally        
ob/ruct$1 & :5 ! rock is brok5 ?r\gh at 
"s o!r po9t ! wat] gu%es out4 ,x is     
c]ta9 t old spr+s are clos$ up 9 "s way 
& new ones op5$ 9 o!rs4 ,9 ! same mann]1
 b mu* m easily & quickly ?an 9 ! solid 
rock1 wat] produces /r+]s & ve9s 9      
surface mat]ial1 :e!r x be 9 pla9s1     
hills1 or m\nta9s4 ,( ?is k9d are !     
/r+]s 9 ! banks ( riv]s :i* produce     
gold1 & ! ve9s :i* produce peculi> e>?4 
,s 9 ?is mann] 9 ! e>? are made canales 
:i* be> m9]als4  ,,orig9 ,,( ,,gr\nd    
,,wat]s4 7,de ,ortu p4 #e74 444 ,besides

 ra9 !re is ano!r k9d ( wat] by :i* !   
int]ior ( ! e>? is soak$1 s t be+ heat$ 
x c cont9ually give (f halitus1 f :i*   
arises a great & abundant =ce ( wat]s4  
,9 description ( ! modus op]&i (        
halitum1 he says 7p4 #f73 444 ,halitus  
rises to ! upp] p>ts ( ! canales1 :]e ! 
congeal+ cold turns x into wat]1 :i* by 
its gravity & weight aga9 runs d[n to ! 
l[e/ p>ts & increases ! fl[ ( wat] if   
!re is any4 ,if any f9ds its way ?r\gh a
 canales dilatata ! same ?+ happ5s1 b x 
is c>ri$ a long way f its place ( orig94
 ,! fir/ phase ( di/illation tea*es u h[
 ?is wat] is produc$1 = :5 t :i* is put 
into ! ampulla is w>m$ x evaporates     
7expir>e71 & ?is halitus ris+ into !    
op]culum is conv]t$ by cold into wat]1  
:i* drips ?r\gh ! sp\t4 ,9 ?is way wat] 
is be+ cont9ually creat$ und]gr\nd4 7,de
 ,ortu1 p4 #g73 ,& s we "k f all ?is t (
 ! wat]s :i* are "u ! e>?1 "s are       
collect$ f ra91 "s arise f halitus      
7/eam71 "s f riv]-wat]1 "s f sea-wat]2 &
 we "k t ! halitum is produc$ )9 ! e>?  

p>tly f ra9-wat]1 p>tly f riv]-wat]1 &  
p>tly f sea-wat]4 ,x w\ld require too   
mu* space to set out ,agricola's views  
^u ! orig9 ( ! subt]ranean heat :i*     
produc$ ?is /eam4 ,x is an involv$ !ory 
embrac+ cla%+ w9ds1 burn+ bitum51 coal1 
etc41 & is fully set out 9 ! latt] "p ( 
,book ,,ii1 ,de ,ortu et ,causis4       
,,orig9 ,,( ,,gangue ,,m9]als4 ,x is    
necess>y to be> 9 m9d t ,agricola divid$
 m9]als 7res fossiles--,?+s dug up1 see 
note #d1 p4 #a7 into e>?s1 solidifi$    
juices1 /ones1 metals1 & comp\nds2 &1   
fur!r1 to be> 9 m9d t 9 8 conception ( !
 orig9 ( ?+s g5]ally1 he 0 a disciple ( 
! ,p]ipatetic logic ( a mat]ial sub/ance
 & an effici5t =ce1 z m5tion$ above4  ,z
 to ! orig9 ( e>?s1 he says 7,de ,ortu1 
p4 #ch73 ,pure & simple 'e>?' orig9ates 
9 ! canales 9 ! foll[+ way3 ra9 wat]1   
:i* is absorb$ by ! surface ( ! e>?1    
fir/ ( all p5etrates & passes into !    
inn] p>ts ( ! e>? & mixes ) x2 next1 x  
is collect$ f all sides into /r+]s &    
ve9s1 :]e x1 & sometimes wat] ( o!r     

orig91 erodes ! 'e>?' away1--a great    
quantity ( x if ! /r+]s & ve9s are 9    
'e>?1' a small quantity if !y are 9     
rock4 ,! s(t] ! rock is1 ! m ! wat] we>s
 away p>ticles by its cont9ual movem5t4 
,to ?is class ( rock belongs lime/one1 f
 :i* we see *alk1 clay1 & m>l1 & o!r    
unctu\s 'e>?s' made2 also s&/one1 f :i* 
are made ^? b>r5 'e>?s' :i* we may see 9
 rav9es & on b>e rocks4 ,= ! ra9 s(t5s  
lime/one or s&/one & c>ries p>ticles    
away ) x1 & ! s$im5t collects toge!r &  
=ms mud1 :i* aft]w>d solidifies into "s 
k9d ( 'e>?4' ,9 a simil> way "u ! gr\nd 
! p[] ( wat] s(t5s ! rock & dissolves ! 
co>s] fragm5ts ( /one4 ,?is is cle>ly   
%[n by ! foll[+ circum/ance1 t frequ5tly
 ! p[d] ( rock or m>ble is f\nd 9 a s(t 
/ate & z if p>tly dissolv$4 ,n[1 ! wat] 
c>ries ?is mixture into ! c\rse ( "s    
und]gr\nd canalis1 or dragg+ x into n>r[
 places1 filt]s away4 ,& 9 ea* case !   
wat] fl[s away & a pure & uni=m mat]ial 
is left f :i* 'e>?' is made4444         
,p>ticles ( rock1 h[ev]1 are only by =ce

 ( long "t s s(t5$ by wat] z to become  
simil> to p>ticles ( 'e>?4' ,x is       
possible to see 'e>?' be+ made 9 ?is way
 9 und]gr\nd canales 9 ! e>?1 :5 drifts 
or tunnels are driv5 into ! m\nta9s1 or 
:5 %afts are sunk1 = !n ! canales are   
laid b>e2 also x c be se5 above gr\nd 9 
rav9es1 z ,i h said1 or o!rwise         
disclos$4 ,= 9 bo? cases x is cle> to ! 
eye t !y are made out ( ! 'e>?' or      
rocks1 :i* are (t5 ( ! same col\r4 ,& 9 
j ! same way !y are made 9 ! spr+s :i* !
 ve9s dis*>ge4 ,s9ce all ^? ?+s :i* we  
see ) our eyes & :i* are p]ceiv$ ) our  
s5ses1 are m cle>ly und]/ood ?an if !y 7
 le>nt by means ( reason+1 we deem x    
suffici5t to expla9 by ?is argum5t our  
view ( ! orig9 ( 'e>?4' ,9 ! mann] :i*  
,i h describ$1 'e>?s' orig9ate 9 ve9s & 
ve9lets1 seams 9 ! rocks1 spr+s1 rav9es1
 & o!r op5+s1 !re=e all 'e>?s' are made 
9 ?is way4 ,z to ^? t are f\nd 9        
und]gr\nd canales :i* d n appe> to h be5
 d]iv$ f ! e>? or rock adjo9+1 ^! h     
und\bt$ly be5 c>ri$ by ! wat] = a great]

 di/ance f _! place ( orig92 :i* may be 
made cle> to anyone :o seeks _! s\rce4  
,on ! orig9 ( solidifi$ juices he /ates 
7,de ,ortu1 p4 #dc73 ,i w n[ speak (    
solidifi$ juices 7succi concreti74 ,i   
give ?is "n to ^? m9]als :i* are )\t    
difficulty resolv$ into liquids         
7humore74 ,"s /ones & metals1 ev5 ?\gh  
!y are !mselves compos$ ( juices1 h be5 
compress$ s solidly by ! cold t !y c    
only be dissolv$ ) difficulty or n at   
all4444 ,= juices1 z ,i said above1 are 
ei!r made :5 dry sub/ances imm]s$ 9     
moi/ure are cook$ by heat1 or else !y   
are made :5 wat] fl[s ov] 'e>?1' or :5 !
 surr\nd+ moi/ure corrodes metallic     
mat]ial2 or else !y are =c$ out ( !     
gr\nd by ! p[] ( heat alone4 ,!re=e1    
solidifi$ juices orig9ate f liquid      
juices1 :i* ei!r heat or cold h cond5s$4
 ,b t :i* heat has dri$1 fire r$uces to 
du/1 & moi/ure dissolves4 ,n only does  
w>m or cold wat] dissolve c]ta9         
solidifi$ juices1 b also humid air2 & a 
juice :i* ! cold has cond5s$ is liquefi$

 by fire & w>m wat]4 ,a salty juice is  
cond5s$ into salt2 a bitt] "o into soda2
 an a/r+5t & %>p "o into alum or into   
vitriol4 ,skill$ workm5 9 a simil> way  
to nature1 evaporate wat] :i* conta9s   
juices ( ?is k9d until x is cond5s$2 f  
salty ones !y make salt1 f alum9\s ones 
alum1 f "o :i* conta9s vitriol !y make  
vitriol4 ,^! workm5 imitate nature 9    
cond5s+ liquid juices ) heat1 b !y _c   
imitate nature 9 cond5s+ !m by cold4 ,f 
an a/r+5t juice n only is alum made &   
vitriol1 b also sory1 *alcitis1 & misy1 
:i* appe>s to be ! 'fl[]' ( vitriol1 j z
 melant]ia is ( sory4 7,see note on p4  
#egc = ^! m9]als47 ,:5 hum\r corrodes   
pyrites s t x is friable1 an a/r+5t     
juice ( ?is k9d is obta9$4  ,,on ,,!    
,,orig9 ,,( ,,/ones 7,de ,ortu1 p4 #ej71
 he /ates3 ,x is n[ necess>y to review 9
 a few words :at ,i h said z to all ( ! 
mat]ial f :i* /ones are made2 !re is    
fir/ ( all mud2 next juice :i* is       
solidifi$ by sev]e cold2 !n fragm5ts (  
rock2 aft]w>d /one juice 7succus        

lapidesc5s71 :i* also turns to /one :5 x
 comes out into ! air2 & la/ly1 ev]y?+  
:i* has pores capable ( receiv+ a /ony  
juice4 ,z to an effici5t =ce1 he /ates  
7p4 #ed73 ,b x is n[ necess>y t ,i %\ld 
expla9 my own view1 omitt+ ! fir/ &     
antec$5t causes4 ,?us ! imm$iate causes 
are heat & cold2 next 9 "s way a /ony   
juice4 ,= we "k t /ones :i* wat] has    
dissolv$1 are solidifi$ :5 dri$ by heat2
 & on ! contr>y1 we "k t /ones :i* melt 
by fire1 su* z qu>tz1 solidify by cold4 
,= solidification & ! conditions :i* are
 opposite !reto1 namely1 dissolv+ &     
liquefy+1 spr+ f causes :i* are !       
opposite to ea* o!r4 ,heat1 driv+ ! wat]
 7humorem7 out ( a sub/ance1 makes x    
h>d2 & cold1 by )draw+ ! air1 solidifies
 ! same /one firmly4 ,b if a /ony juice1
 ei!r alone or mix$ ) wat]1 f9ds its way
 into ! pores ei!r ( plants or animals  
444 x creates /ones4444 ,if /ony juice  
is obta9$ 9 c]ta9 /ony places & fl[s    
?r\gh ! ve9s1 = ?is reason c]ta9 spr+s1 
brooks1 /reams1 & lakes1 h ! p[] ( turn+

 ?+s to /one4  ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,(     
,,metals1 he says 7,de ,ortu1 p4 #ga73  
,hav+ n[ refut$ ! op9ions ( o!rs1 ,i mu/
 expla9 :at x really is f :i* metals are
 produc$4 ,! be/ pro( t !re is wat] 9 _!
 mat]ials is ! fact t !y fl[ :5 melt$1  
:]eas !y are aga9 solidifi$ by ! cold ( 
air or wat]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be        
und]/ood 9 ! s5se t !re is m wat] 9 !m &
 less 'e>?'2 = x is n simply wat] t is  
_! sub/ance b wat] mix$ ) 'e>?4' ,& su* 
a proportion ( 'e>?' is 9 ! mixture z   
may obscure ! transp>5cy ( ! wat]1 b n  
remove ! brilliance :i* is frequ5tly 9  
unpoli%$ ?+s4 ,aga91 ! pur] ! mixture1 !
 m preci\s ! metal :i* is made f x1 & ! 
great] its resi/ance to fire4 ,b :at    
proportion ( 'e>?' is 9 ea* liquid f :i*
 a metal is made no mortal c ev]        
asc]ta91 or /ill less expla91 b ! "o    
,god has kn[n x1 ,:o has giv5 c]ta9 sure
 & fix$ laws to nature = mix+ & bl5d+   
?+s toge!r4 ,x is a juice 7succus7 !n1 f
 :i* metals are =m$2 & ?is juice is     
creat$ by v>i\s op]ations4 ,( ^!        

op]ations ! fir/ is a fl[ ( wat] :i*    
s(t5s ! 'e>?' or c>ries ! 'e>?' along ) 
x1 ?us !re is a mixture ( 'e>?' & wat]1 
!n ! p[] ( heat works ^u ! mixtures s z 
to produce t k9d ( a juice4 ,we h spok5 
( ! sub/ance ( metals2 we mu/ n[ speak (
 _! effici5t cause4444 7p4 #ge73 ,we d n
 d5y ! /atem5t ( ,alb]tus ,magnus t !   
mixture ( 'e>?' & wat] is bak$ by       
subt]ranean heat to a c]ta9 d5s5ess1 b x
 is our op9ion t ! juice s obta9$ is    
aft]w>d solidifi$ by cold s z to become 
a metal4444 ,we grant1 inde$1 t heat is 
! effici5t cause ( a good mixture (     
elem5ts1 & also cooks ?is same mixture  
into a juice1 b until ?is juice is      
solidifi$ by cold x is n a metal4444 7p4
 #gf73 ,?is view ( ,ari/otle is ! true  
"o4 ,= metals melt ?r\gh ! heat & someh[
 become s(t5$2 b ^? :i* h become s(t5$  
?r\gh heat are aga9 solidifi$ by !      
influ5ce ( cold1 &1 on ! contr>y1 ^? :i*
 become s(t5$ by moi/ure are solidifi$  
by heat4  ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,(          
,,comp\nds1 he /ates 7,de ,ortu1 p4     

#hj73 ,!re n[ rema9 = our consid]ation !
 comp\nd m9]als 7mi/ae71 t is to say1   
m9]als :i* conta9 ei!r solidifi$ juice  
7succus concretus7 & '/one1' or else    
metal or metals & '/one1' or else       
metal-col\r$ 'e>?1' ( :i* two or m h s  
gr[n toge!r by ! action ( cold t "o body
 has be5 creat$4 ,by ?is sign !y are    
di/+ui%$ f mix$ m9]als 7composita71 = ! 
latt] h n "o body4 ,= example1 pyrites1 
gal5a1 & ruby silv] are reckon$ 9 !     
category ( comp\nd m9]als1 :]eas we say 
t metallic 'e>?s' or /ony 'e>?s' or     
'e>?s' m+l$ ) juices1 are mix$ m9]als2  
or simil>ly1 /ones 9 :i* metal or       
solidifi$ juices adh]e1 or :i* conta9   
'e>?4' ,b ( bo? ^! classes ,i w treat m 
fully 9 my book ,de ,natura ,fossilium4 
,i w n[ discuss _! orig9 9 a few words4 
,a comp\nd m9]al is produc$ :5 ei!r a   
juice f :i* "s metal is obta9$1 or a    
hum\r & "s o!r juice f :i* /one is      
obta9$1 are solidifi$ by cold1 or :5 two
 or m juices ( diff]5t metals mix$ ) !  
juice f :i* /one is made1 are cond5s$ by

 ! same cold1 or :5 a metallic juice is 
mix$ ) 'e>?' ^: :ole mass is /a9$ ) its 
col\r1 & 9 ?is way !y =m "o body4 ,to ! 
fir/ class belongs gal5a1 compos$ ( lead
 juice & ( t mat]ial :i* =ms ! sub/ance 
( opaque /one4 ,simil>ly1 transp>5t ruby
 silv] is made out ( silv] juice & !    
juice :i* =ms ! sub/ance ( transp>5t    
/one2 :5 x is smelt$ into pure silv]1   
s9ce f x is sep>at$ ! transp>5t juice1 x
 is no long] transp>5t4 ,!n too1 !re is 
pyrites1 or lapis fissilis1 f :i*       
sulphur is melt$4 ,to ! second k9d      
belongs t k9d ( pyrites :i* conta9s n   
only copp] & /one1 b sometimes copp]1   
silv]1 & /one2 sometimes copp]1 silv]1  
gold1 & /one2 sometimes silv]1 lead1 t91
 copp] & silv] glance4 ,t comp\nd m9]als
 consi/ ( /one & metal is suffici5tly   
prov$ by _! h>dness2 t "s are made (    
'e>?' & metal is prov$ f brass1 :i* is  
compos$ ( copp] & calam9e2 & also prov$ 
f :ite brass1 :i* is col\r$ by          
artificial :ite ars5ic4 ,sometimes !    
heat bakes "s ( !m to su* an ext5t t !y 

appe> to h fl[$ out ( blaz+ furnaces1   
:i* we may see 9 ! case ( cadmia &      
pyrites4 ,a metallic sub/ance is produc$
 out ( 'e>?' :5 a metallic juice        
impregnat+ ! 'e>?' solidifies ) cold1 ! 
'e>?' n be+ *ang$4 ,a /ony sub/ance is  
produc$ :5 visc\s & non-visc\s 'e>?' are
 accumulat$ 9 "o place & bak$ by heat2 =
 !n ! visc\s "p turns into /one & !     
non-visc\s is only dri$ up4  ,,! ,,orig9
 ,,( ,,juices4 ,! portion ( ,agricola's 
!ory surr\nd+ ?is subject is by no means
 easy to foll[ 9 detail1 especially z x 
is difficult to adju/ "o's po9t ( view  
to ! ,p]ipatetic elem5ts1 fire1 wat]1   
e>?1 & air1 in/ead ( to ^? ( ! atomic   
!ory :i* s dom9ates our e mod]n         
conception4 ,t ,agricola's 'juice' 0 9  
mo/ cases a solution is indicat$ by !   
/atem5t 7,de ,ortu1 p4 #dh73 ,nor is    
juice any?+ b wat]1 :i* on ! o!r h& has 
absorb$ 'e>?' or has corrod$ or t\*$    
metal & someh[ become heat$4 ,t he      
realiz$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 me*anical     
susp5sion & solution is evid5t f 7,de   

,ortu1 p4 #ej73 ,a /ony juice diff]s f  
wat] :i* has abrad$ some?+ f rock1 ei!r 
because x has m ( t :i* deposits1 or    
because heat1 by cook+ wat] ( t k9d1 has
 ?ick5$ x1 or because !re is some?+ 9 x 
:i* has p[]ful a/r+5t prop]ties4 ,mu* ( 
! au?or's notion ( juices has already   
be5 giv5 9 ! quotations reg>d+ v>i\s    
m9]als1 b 8 mo/ g5]al /atem5t on !      
subject is z foll[s3--7,de ,ortu1 p4    
#i73 ,juices1 h[ev]1 are di/+ui%$ f wat]
 by _! d5sity 7crassitudo71 & are g5]at$
 9 v>i\s ways--ei!r :5 dry ?+s are soak$
 ) moi/ure & ! mixture is heat$1 9 :i*  
way by f> ! greate/ "p ( juices arise1 n
 only inside ! e>?1 b outside x2 or :5  
wat] runn+ ov] ! e>? is made r d5se1 9  
:i* way1 = ! mo/ "p ! juice becomes     
salty & bitt]2 or :5 ! moi/ure /&s ^u   
metal1 especially copp]1 & corrodes x1 &
 9 ?is way is produc$ ! juice f :i*     
*rysocolla orig9ates4 ,simil>ly1 :5 !   
moi/ure corrodes friable cuprif]\s      
pyrites an acrid juice is made f :i* is 
produc$ vitriol & sometimes alum2 or1   

f9ally1 juices are press$ out by ! v =ce
 ( ! heat f ! e>?4 ,if ! =ce is great ! 
juice fl[s l pit* f burn+ p9e 444 9 ?is 
way we "k a k9d ( bitum5 is made 9 !    
e>?4 ,9 ! same way diff]5t k9ds (       
moi/ure are g5]at$ 9 liv+ bodies1 s also
 ! e>? produces wat]s diff]+ 9 quality1 
& 9 ! same way juices4  ,,conclusion4   
,if we /rip 8 !ory ( ! necess>y influ5ce
 ( ! /ate ( k ( 8 "t1 & ( 8 own deep    
classical le>n+1 we f9d two propositions
 orig9al ) ,agricola1 :i* /ill to-day   
are fundam5tals3  7#a7 ,t ore *annels 7 
( orig9 subsequ5t to _! conta9+ rocks2  
7#b7 ,t ores 7 deposit$ f solutions     
circulat+ 9 ^! op5+s4 ,a sci5ti/'s "w   
mu/ be judg$ by ! advancem5t he gave to 
8 sci5ce1 & ) ?is gauge "o c say        
unhesitat+ly t ! !ory :i* we h set out  
above repres5ts a mu* great] /ep f :at  
_h gone be=e ?an t ( almo/ any s+le     
obs]v] s9ce4 ,moreov]1 ap>t f any       
tangible proposition laid d[n1 !        
d$uction ( ^! views f actual obs]vation 
in/ead ( f fruitless speculation 0 a    

contribution to ! v f\ndation ( natural 
sci5ce4 ,agricola 0 wrong 9 attribut+ ! 
creation ( ore *annels to erosion alone1
 & x 0 n until ,von ,oppel 7,anleitung  
zur ,m>ks*eidekun/1 ,dresd51 #agdi & o!r
 essays71 two c5turies aft] ,agricola1 t
 ! positive proposition t ore *annels 7 
due to fissur+ 0 br\ght =w>d4 ,von      
,oppel1 h[ev]1 9 neglect+ *annels due to
 erosion 7& 9 ?is t]m we include        
solution7 0 n altoge!r s\nd4 ,nor 0 x   
until late 9 ! #ah? c5tury t ! fill+ (  
ore *annels by deposition f solutions 0 
g5]ally accept$4 ,9 ! meantime1         
,agricola's successors 9 ! /udy ( ore   
deposits exhibit$ positive retrogression
 f ! true fundam5tals advocat$ by him4  
,gesn]1 ,utman1 ,mei]1 ,lohneys1 ,b>ba1 
,roessl]1 ,be*]1 ,/ahl1 ,h5ckel1 &      
,zimm]man1 all fail to grasp ! d\ble    
ess5tials4 ,o!r writ]s ( ?is p]iod (t5  
en\gh m]ely quote ,agricola1 "s n ev5   
ackn[l$g+ ! s\rce1 z1 = in/ance1 ,pryce 
7,m9]alogia ,cornubi5sis1 ,london1      
#aggh7 & ,williams 7,natural ,hi/ory ( !

 ,m9]al ,k+dom1 ,london1 #aghi74 ,aft]  
,von ,oppel1 ! two fundam5tal pr9ciples 
m5tion$ 7 g5]ally accept$1 b !n arose ! 
complicat$ & acrimoni\s discussion ( !  
orig9 ( solutions1 & no?+ 9 ,agricola's 
view 0 s absurd z ,w]n]'s cont5tion     
7,neue ,!orie von d] ,ent/ehung d]      
,ga5ge1 ,freib]g1 #agia7 ( ! univ]sal   
*emical deluge :i* p5etrat$ fissures op5
 at ! surface4 ,:ile x is n ! purpose ( 
^! notes to pursue ! hi/ory ( ^!        
subjects subsequ5t to ! au?or's "t1 x is
 due to him & to ! curr5t beliefs z to !
 hi/ory ( ! !ory ( ore deposits1 to call
 ! att5tion ( /ud5ts to ! p]v]se        
repres5tation ( ,agricola's views by    
,w]n] 7op4 cit47 ^u :i* mo/ writ]s h    
app>5tly reli$4 ,:y ?is au?or %\ld be   
7z1 = in/ance1 by ,posepny1 ,am]4 ,in/4 
,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 #aija7 s g5]ally consid]$
 ! fa!r ( our mod]n !ory1 c only be     
expla9$ by a g5]al lack ( k ( ! "w (    
previ\s writ]s on ore deposition4 ,n "o 
( ! propositions orig9al ) ,w]n] /ill   
holds good1 :ile 8 rejection ( ! orig9 (

 solutions )9 ! e>? itself halt$ ! m>* (
 advance 9 ?\ght on ^! subjects = half a
 c5tury4 ,x is our hope to discuss      
exhau/ively at "s future "t ! developm5t
 ( ! hi/ory ( ?is1 "o ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+ (
 geologic hypo!ses4  #b ,! ,lat9 v5a1   
ve91 is also us$ by ! au?or = ore2 h5ce 
?is descriptive w>n+ z to its int5d$    
d\ble use4  #c ,! endeav\r to discov] ! 
orig9 ( ! compass ) ! ,*9ese1 ,arabs1 or
 o!r ,ori5tals hav+ n[ g5]ally ceas$1   
toge!r ) ! idea t ! k ( ! lode/one      
involv$ any acqua9tance ) ! compass1 x  
is p]missible to take a rational view ( 
! subject4 ,! lode/one 0 well kn[n ev5  
be=e ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & is describ$  
by ,!ophra/us 7see ,note #aj1 p4 #aae47 
,! fir/ au!ntic & specific m5tion ( !   
compass appe>s to be by ,alex&] ,neckam 
7an ,engli%man :o di$ 9 #abag71 9 8     
works ,de ,ut5silibus & ,de ,naturis    
,r]um4 ,! fir/ tangible description ( ! 
in/rum5t 0 9 a lett] to ,petrus         
,p]egr9us de ,m>ic\rt1 writt5 9 #abfi1 a
 translation ( :i* 0 publi%$ by ,sir    

,sylvanus ,?ompson 7,london1 #aijb74 ,8 
circle 0 divid$ into f\r quadrants & ^! 
qu>t]s divid$ into #ij degrees ea*4 ,!  
fir/ m5tion ( a compass 9 connection )  
m9es s f> z we "k is 9 ! ,nuetzli*      
,b]gbue*l91 a review ( :i* w be f\nd 9  
,app5dix ,b4 ,?is book1 :i* dates f     
#aejj1 gives a compass mu* l ! "o       
describ$ above by ,agricola4 ,x is      
divid$ 9 l mann] into two halves ( #ab  
divisions ea*4 ,! f\r c>d9al po9ts be+  
m>k$ ,mitt]na*t1 ,morg51 ,mittag1 &     
,ab5d4 ,?us ! directions read 7 ref]r$  
to z ,,ii4 aft] midnight1 etc4 ,accord+ 
to ,joseph ,c>ne 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,geol4  
,socy4 ( ,cornwall1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahad71 
! ,corni% m9]s =m]ly ref]r$ to          
,nor?-,s\? ve9s z #ab o'clock ve9s2     
,s\?-,ea/ ,nor?-,we/ ve9s z #i o'clock  
ve9s1 etc4  #d ,crud>iis4 ,pl9y         
7,,xxxiii41 #ca71 says3--,arg5ti v5a 9  
summo rep]ta crud>ia appellatur4 ,silv] 
ve9s discov]$ at ! surface are call$    
crud>ia4 ,! ,g]man translator (         
,agricola uses ! t]m sylb] gang--silv]  

ve91 obvi\sly misund]/&+ ! au?or's      
mean+4  #e ,x might be consid]$ t ! t]m 
outcrop c\ld be us$ = head1 b x w be    
notic$ t a v5a dilatata w\ld ?us be /at$
 to h no outcrop4  #f ,x is possible t  
ve9lets w\ld be pref]r$ by puri/s1 b !  
^w /r+] has become fix$ 9 ! nom5clature 
( m9]s & we h adopt$ x4 ,! old ,engli%  
t]m 0 /r+e1 & appe>s 9 ,edw>d ,manlove's
 ,rhym$ ,*ronicle1 ,london1 #afec2      
,pryce's1 ,m9]alogia ,cornubi5sis1      
,london1 #aggh1 pp4 #ajc & #cbi2 ,mawe's
 ,m9]alogy ( ,devon%ire1 ,london1 #ahjb1
 p4 #baj1 etc41 etc4  #g ,subdialis4 ,9 
! op5 air4 ,! ,gloss>y gives ! mean+ z  
,e9 tag klufft od] tag geh5ge--a surface
 /r+]4  #h ,! foll[+ f ,*apt] ,,iv ( !  
,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*l9 7see ,app5dix ,b7  
may indicate ! s\rce ( ! !ory :i*       
,agricola "h disc>ds3--,z to ^? ve9s :i*
 are mo/ pr(itable to "w1 x mu/ be      
rem>k$ t ! mo/ suitable location = ! ve9
 is on ! slope ( ! m\nta9 fac+ s\?1 s   
its /rike is f ,,vii or ,,vi ea/ to ,,vi
 or ,,vii we/4 ,accord+ to !            

above-m5tion$ directions1 ! outcrop ( ! 
:ole ve9 %\ld face nor?1 its ge/e9s     
ausgang t[>d ! ea/1 its hang+wall t[>d !
 s\?1 & its footwall t[>d ! nor?1 = 9   
su* m\nta9s & ve9s ! influ5ce ( !       
planets is conv5i5tly receiv$ to prep>e 
! matt] out ( :i* ! silv] is to be made 
or =m$4444 ,! o!r /rikes ( ve9s f betwe5
 ea/ & s\? to ! region betwe5 we/ & nor?
 are e/eem$ m or less valuable1 accord+ 
to :e!r !y are ne>] or fur!r away f !   
above-m5tion$ /rikes1 b ) ! same        
hang+wall1 footwall1 & outcrops4 ,b !   
ve9s hav+ _! /rike f nor? to s\?1 _!    
hang+wall t[>d ! we/1 _! footwall & _!  
outcrops t[>d ! ea/1 are bett] to "w ?an
 ve9s :i* ext5d f s\? to nor?1 ^:       
hang+walls are t[>d ! ea/1 & footwalls &
 outcrops t[>d ! we/4 ,al?\gh ! latt]   
ve9s sometimes yield solid & good silv] 
ore1 /ill x is n sure & c]ta91 because !
 :ole m9]al =ce is completely scatt]$ & 
disp]s$ ?r\gh ! outcrop1 etc4  #i ,!    
names 9 ! ,lat9 are giv5 z ,donum       
,div9um--,god's ,gift1 & ,coele/is      

,ex]citus--,heav5ly ,ho/4 ,! names giv5 
9 ! text are f ! ,g]man ,translation4 ,!
 =m] ( ^! m9es 0 locat$ 9 ! valley (    
,joa*im1 :]e ,agricola sp5t _m ye>s z ! 
t[n physician at ,joa*im/hal4 ,x is (   
fur!r int]e/1 z ,agricola obta9$ an     
income f x z a %>ehold]4 ,he gives !    
hi/ory ( ! m9e 7,de ,vet]ibus et ,novis 
,metallis1 ,book ,i471 z foll[s3--,!    
m9es at ,ab]?am 7 discov]$1 p>tly by    
*ance1 p>tly by sci5ce4 ,9 ! elev5? ye> 
( ,*>les ,v4 7#aecj71 on ! #ah? (       
,febru>y1 a poor m9]1 b "o skill$ 9 !   
art ( m9+1 dwelt 9 ! middle ( ! =e/ 9 a 
solit>y hut1 & !re t5d$ ! cattle ( 8    
employ]4 ,:ile digg+ a little tr5* 9 :i*
 to /ore milk1 he op5$ a ve94 ,at once  
he wa%$ "s 9 a b[l & saw p>ticles ( !   
pure/ silv] settl$ at ! bottom4 ,ov]come
 ) joy he in=m$ 8 employ]1 & w5t to !   
,b]gmei/] & petition$ t (ficial to give 
him a head m9+ lease1 :i* 9 ! language (
 our p he call$ ,gottsgaab4 ,!n he      
proce$$ to dig ! ve91 & f\nd m fragm5ts 
( silv]1 & ! m9]s 7 inspir$ ) great     

hopes z to ! ri*ness ( ! ve94 ,al?\gh   
su* hopes 7 n fru/rat$1 /ill a :ole ye> 
0 sp5t be=e !y receiv$ any pr(its f !   
m9e2 :]eby _m became disc\rag$ & did n  
p]sev]e 9 pay+ exp5ses1 b sold _! %>es 9
 ! m9e2 & = ?is reason1 :5 at la/ an    
abundance ( silv] 0 be+ drawn out1 a    
great *ange _h tak5 place 9 ! own]%ip ( 
! m9e2 nay1 ev5 ! fir/ f9d] ( ! ve9 0 n 
9 possession ( any %>e 9 x1 & _h sp5t   
ne>ly all ! money :i* he _h obta9$ f !  
sell+ ( 8 %>es4 ,!n ?is m9e yield$ su* a
 quantity ( pure silv] z no o!r m9e t   
has exi/$ )9 our own or our fa!rs'      
memories1 ) ! exception ( ! ,/4 ,george 
at ,s*neeb]g4 ,we1 z a %>ehold]1 ?r\gh !
 goodness ( ,god1 h enjoy$ ! proce$s (  
?is ',god's ,gift' s9ce ! v "t :5 ! m9e 
began fir/ to be/[ su* ri*es4 ,lat] on 9
 ! same book he gives ! foll[+ fur!r    
in=mation ) reg>d to ^! m9es3--,n[ if   
all ! individual m9es :i* h prov$       
fruitful 9 our own times are weigh$ 9 ! 
balance1 ! "o at ,annab]g1 :i* is kn[n z
 ! ,himmels* hoz1 surpasses all o!rs4 ,=

 ! value ( ! silv] :i* has be5 dug out  
has be5 e/imat$ at #dbj1jjj ,rh5i%      
guld54 ,next to ?is comes ! lead m9e 9  
,joa*im/hal1 ^: "n is ! ,/]n51 f :i* z  
mu* silv] has be5 dug z w\ld be         
equival5t to #cej1jjj ,rh5i% guld52 f ! 
,gottsgaab at ,ab]?am1 expla9$ be=e1 !  
equival5t ( #cjj1jjj4 ,b f> be=e all    
o!rs )9 our fa!rs' memory /&s ! ,/4     
,george ( ,s*neeb]g1 ^: silv] has be5   
e/imat$ z be+ equal to two million      
,rh5i% guld54 ,a ,rh5i% guld5 0 ab\t    
#f4i %ill+s1 or1 say1 #a4ff4 ,h[ev]1 !  
ratio value ( silv] to gold at ?is p]iod
 0 ab\t #aa4e to "o1 or 9 o!r words an  
ounce ( silv] 0 wor? ab\t a guld51 s t1 
= purposes ( r\gh calculation1 "o might 
say t ! silv] product m5tion$ 9 guld5 is
 practically ( ! same numb] ( ounces (  
silv]4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !  
pur*as+ p[] ( money 0 va/ly great] !n4  
#aj ,! foll[+ passage occurs 9 !        
,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*l9 7,*ap4 ,v471 :i* is
 int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! great simil>ity  
to ,agricola's quotation3--,! be/       

position ( ! /ream is :5 x has a cliff  
beside x on ! nor? & level gr\nd on !   
s\?1 b its curr5t %\ld be f ea/ to      
we/--t is ! mo/ suitable4 ,! next be/   
aft] ?is is f we/ to ea/1 ) ! same      
position ( ! rocks z already /at$4 ,!   
?ird 9 ord] is :5 ! /ream fl[s f nor? to
 s\? ) rocks t[>d ! ea/1 b ! wor/ fl[ ( 
wat] = ! prep>ation ( gold is f s\? to  
nor? if a rock or hill rises t[>d ! we/4
 ,calbus 0 probably ! au?or ( ?is       
booklet4  #aa ,alb]tus ,magnus4         
,,book ,,iv4   ,! ?ird book has expla9$ 
! v>i\s & manifold v>ieties ( ve9s &    
/r+]s4 ,?is f\r? book w deal ) m9+ areas
 & ! me?od ( delimit+ !m1 & w !n pass on
 to ! (ficials :o are connect$ ) m9+    
affairs#a4  ,n[ ! m9]1 if ! ve9 he has  
uncov]$ is to 8 lik+1 fir/ ( all goes to
 ! ,b]gmei/] to reque/ to be grant$ a "r
 to m9e1 ?is (ficial's special function 
& (fice be+ to adjudicate 9 respect ( ! 
m9es4 ,& s to ! fir/ man :o has discov]$
 ! ve9 ! ,b]gmei/] aw>ds ! head me]1 &  
to o!rs ! rema9+ me]s1 9 ! ord] 9 :i*   

ea* makes 8 application4 ,! size ( a me]
 is measur$ by fa?oms1 :i* = m9]s are   
reckon$ at six feet ea*4 ,! l5g?1 9     
fact1 is t ( a man's ext5d$ arms & h&s  
measur$ across 8 *e/2 b diff]5t peoples 
assign to x diff]5t l5g?s1 = among !    
,greeks1 :o call$ x an ,greek3 orguia1 x
 0 six feet1 among ! ,romans five feet4 
,s ?is measure :i* is us$ by m9]s seems 
to h come d[n to ! ,g]mans 9 accordance 
) ! ,greek mode ( reckon+4 ,a m9]'s foot
 approa*es v ne>ly to ! l5g? ( a ,greek 
foot1 = x exce$s x by only ?ree-qu>t]s (
 a ,greek digit1 b l t ( ! ,romans x is 
divid$ into twelve unciae#b4            
,illu/ration #gi;a 7,squ>e ) l5g?s &    
area73 ,%ape ( a ,squ>e ,me]4  ,n[ squ>e
 fa?oms are reckon$ 9 units ( "o1 two1  
?ree1 or m measures1 & a measure is sev5
 fa?oms ea* way4 ,m9+ me]s are = ! mo/  
"p ei!r squ>e or elongat$2 9 squ>e me]s 
all ! sides are ( equal l5g?1 !re=e !   
numb]s ( fa?oms on ! two sides multipli$
 toge!r produce ! total 9 squ>e fa?oms4 
,?us1 if ! %ape ( a measure is sev5     

fa?oms on e side1 ?is numb] multipli$ by
 itself makes =ty-n9e squ>e fa?oms4     
,illu/ration #gi;b 7,rectangle ) l5g?s &
 area73 ,%ape ( a ,long ,me] or ,d\ble  
,measure4  ,! sides ( a long me] are (  
equal l5g?1 & simil>ly its ends are     
equal2 !re=e1 if ! numb] ( fa?oms 9 "o (
 ! long sides be multipli$ by ! numb] ( 
fa?oms 9 "o ( ! ends1 ! total produc$ by
 ! multiplication is ! total numb] (    
squ>e fa?oms 9 ! long me]4 ,= example1 !
 d\ble measure is f\rte5 fa?oms long &  
sev5 broad1 :i* two numb]s multipli$    
toge!r make n9ety-eight squ>e fa?oms4   
,illu/ration #gi;c 7,rectangle ) l5g?s &
 area73 ,%ape ( a ,head ,me]4  ,s9ce    
me]s v>y 9 %ape accord+ to ! diff]5t    
v>ieties ( ve9s x is necess>y = me to g 
m into detail conc]n+ !m & _!           
measurem5ts4 ,if ! ve9 is a v5a pr(unda1
 ! head me] is compos$ ( ?ree d\ble     
measures1 !re=e x is =ty-two fa?oms 9   
l5g? & sev5 9 wid?1 :i* numb]s multipli$
 toge!r give two hundr$ & n9ety-f\r     
squ>e fa?oms1 & by ^! limits ! ,b]gmei/]

 b\nds ! own]'s rights 9 a head-me]4    
,illu/ration #hj;a 7,rectangle ) l5g?s &
 area73 ,%ape ( a ,me]4  ,! area ( e o!r
 me] consi/s ( two d\ble measures1 on   
:i*ev] side ( ! head me] x lies1 or     
:atev] its numb] 9 ord] may be1 t is to 
say1 :e!r next to ! head me]1 or second1
 ?ird1 or any lat] numb]4 ,!re=e1 x is  
tw5ty-eight fa?oms long & sev5 wide1 s  
multiply+ ! l5g? by ! wid? we get "o    
hundr$ & n9ety-six squ>e fa?oms1 :i* is 
! ext5t ( ! me]1 & by ^! b\nd>ies !     
,b]gmei/] def9es ! "r ( ! own] or       
company ov] ea* m9e4  ,n[ we call t "p (
 ! ve9 :i* is fir/ discov]$ & m9$1 !    
head-me]1 because all ! o!r me]s run f  
x1 j z ! n]ves f ! head4 ,! ,b]gmei/]   
beg9s 8 measurem5ts f x1 & ! reason :y  
he apportions a l>g] area to ! head-me] 
?an to ! o!rs1 is t he may give a       
suitable rew>d to ! "o :o fir/ f\nd !   
ve9 & may enc\rage o!rs to se>* = ve9s4 
,s9ce me]s (t5 rea* to a torr5t1 or     
riv]1 or /ream1 if ! la/ me] _c be      
complet$ x is call$ a fraction#c4 ,if x 

is ! size ( a d\ble measure1 ! ,b]gmei/]
 grants ! "r ( m9+ x to him :o makes !  
fir/ application1 b if x is ! size ( a  
s+le measure or a little ov]1 he divides
 x betwe5 ! ne>e/ me]s on ei!r side ( x4
 ,x is ! cu/om among m9]s t ! fir/ me]  
beyond a /ream on t "p ( ! ve9 on !     
opposite side is a new head-me]1 & !y   
call x ! opposite1#d :ile ! o!r me]s    
beyond are only ord9>y me]s4 ,=m]ly e   
head-me] 0 compos$ ( ?ree d\ble measures
 & "o s+le "o1 t is1 x 0 =ty-n9e fa?oms 
long & sev5 wide1 & s if we multiply ^! 
two toge!r we h ?ree hundr$ & =ty-?ree  
squ>e fa?oms1 :i* total gives u ! area (
 an anci5t head-me]4  ,illu/ration #hj;b
 7,rectangle ) l5g?s & area73 ,%ape ( an
 anci5t ,head-,me]4  ,e anci5t me] 0 =m$
 ( a s+le measure1 t is to say1 x 0 sev5
 fa?oms 9 l5g? & wid?1 & 0 !re=e squ>e4 
,9 memory ( :i* m9]s ev5 n[ call ! wid? 
( e me] :i* is locat$ on a v5a pr(unda a
 squ>e#e4 ,! foll[+ 0 =m]ly ! usual     
me?od ( delimit+ a ve93 z soon z ! m9]  
f\nd metal1 he gave in=mation to !      

,b]gmei/] & ! ti!-ga!r]1 :o ei!r proce$$
 p]sonally f ! t[n to ! m\nta9s1 or s5t 
?i!r m5 ( good repute1 at lea/ two 9    
numb]1 to inspect ! metal-be>+ ve94     
,!reupon1 if !y ?\ght x ( suffici5t     
importance to survey1 ! ,b]gmei/] aga9  
hav+ gone =? on an appo9t$ day1 ?us     
que/ion$ him :o fir/ f\nd ! ve91 conc]n+
 ! ve9 & ! digg+s3 ,:i* is y\r ve98 ,:i*
 digg+ c>ri$ metal8 ,!n ! discov]]1     
po9t+ 8 f+] to 8 ve9 & digg+s1 indicat$ 
!m1 & next ! ,b]gmei/] ord]$ him to     
approa* ! w9dlass & place two f+]s ( 8  
"r h& ^u 8 head1 & swe> ?is oa? 9 a cle>
 voice3 ,i swe> by ,god & all ! ,sa9ts1 
& ,i call !m all to witness1 t ?is is my
 ve92 & moreov] if x is n m9e1 may nei!r
 ?is my head nor ^! my h&s h5ce=? p]=m  
_! functions4 ,!n ! ,b]gmei/]1 hav+ />t$
 f ! c5tre ( ! w9dlass1 proce$$ to      
measure ! ve9 ) a cord1 & to give !     
measur$ portion to ! discov]]1--9 ! fir/
 in/ance a half & !n ?ree full measures2
 aft]w>d "o to ! ,k+ or ,pr9ce1 ano!r to
 8 ,consort1 a ?ird to ! ,ma/] ( !      

,horse1 a f\r? to ! ,cup-be>]1 a fif? to
 ! ,groom ( ! ,*amb]1 a six? to himself4
 ,!n1 />t+ f ! o!r side ( ! w9dlass1 he 
proce$$ to measure ! ve9 9 a simil>     
mann]4 ,?us ! discov]] ( ! ve9 obta9$ ! 
head-me]1 t is1 sev5 s+le measures2 b ! 
,k+ or ,rul]1 8 ,consort1 ! lead+       
dignit>ies1 & la/ly1 ! ,b]gmei/]1 obta9$
 two measures ea*1 or two anci5t me]s4  
,?is is ! reason !re are to be f\nd at  
,freib]g 9 ,meiss5 s _m %afts ) s _m    
int]communications on a s+le ve9--:i*   
are to a great ext5t de/roy$ by age4    
,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,b]gmei/] _h already fix$ 
! b\nd>ies ( ! me]s on "o side ( ! %aft 
= ! b5efit ( "s o!r discov]]1 !n = ^?   
dignit>ies ,i h j m5tion$1 z _m me]s z  
he 0 unable to aw>d on t side he        
duplicat$ on ! o!r4 ,b if on bo? sides (
 ! %aft he _h already def9$ ! b\nd>ies (
 me]s1 he proce$$ to measure out only t 
"p ( ! ve9 :i* rema9$ free1 & ?us x     
sometimes happ5$ t "s ( ^? p]sons ,i h  
m5tion$ obta9$ no me] at all4 ,to-day1  
?\gh t old-e/abli%$ cu/om is obs]v$1 !  

me?od ( allott+ ! ve9 & grant+ title has
 be5 *ang$4 ,z ,i h expla9$ above1 !    
head-me] consi/s ( ?ree d\ble measures1 
& ea* o!r me] ( two measures1 & !       
,b]gmei/] grants "o ea* ( ! me]s to him 
:o makes ! fir/ application4 ,! ,k+ or  
,pr9ce1 s9ce all metal is tax$1 is      
himself cont5t ) t1 :i* is usually      
"o-t5?4  ,( ! wid? ( e me]1 :e!r old or 
new1 "o-half lies on ! footwall side ( a
 v5a pr(unda & "o half on ! hang+wall   
side4 ,if ! ve9 desc5ds v]tically into !
 e>?1 ! b\nd>ies simil>ly desc5d        
v]tically2 b if ! ve9 incl9es1 !        
b\nd>ies likewise w be incl9$4 ,! own]  
always holds ! m9+ "r = ! wid? ( ! me]1 
h[ev] f> ! ve9 desc5ds into ! dep? ( !  
e>?4#f ,fur!r1 ! ,b]gmei/]1 on          
application be+ made to him1 grants to  
"o own] or company a "r ov] n only !    
head me]1 or ano!r me]1 b also ! head   
me] & ! next me] or two adjo9+ me]s4 ,s 
mu* = ! %ape ( me]s & _! dim5sions 9 !  
case ( a v5a pr(unda4  ,i n[ come to !  
case ( v5ae dilatatae4 ,! b\nd>ies ( !  

areas on su* ve9s are n all measur$ by  
"o me?od4 ,= 9 "s places ! ,b]gmei/]    
gives !m %apes simil> to ! %apes ( !    
me]s on v5ae pr(undae1 9 :i* case !     
head-me] is compos$ ( ?ree d\ble        
measures1 & ! area ( e o!r m9e ( two    
measures1 z ,i h expla9$ m fully above4 
,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 he measures ! me]s )
 a cord1 n only =w>d & backw>d f ! ends 
( ! head-me]1 z he is wont to d 9 ! case
 :]e ! own] ( a v5a pr(unda has a me]   
grant$ him1 b also f ! sides4 ,9 ?is way
 me]s are m>k$ out :5 a torr5t or "s o!r
 =ce ( ,nature has laid op5 a v5a       
dilatata 9 a valley1 s t x appe>s ei!r  
on ! slope ( a m\nta9 or hill or on a   
pla94 ,else:]e ! ,b]gmei/] d\bles ! wid?
 ( ! head-me] & x is made f\rte5 fa?oms 
wide1 :ile ! wid? ( ea* ( ! o!r me]s    
rema9s s+le1 t is sev5 fa?oms1 b ! l5g? 
is n def9$ by b\nd>ies4 ,9 "s places !  
head-me] consi/s ( ?ree d\ble measures1 
b has a wid? ( f\rte5 fa?oms & a l5g? ( 
tw5ty-"o4  ,illu/ration #hf;a           
7,rectangle ) l5g?s73 ,%ape ( a         

,head-,me]4  ,illu/ration #hf;b 7,squ>e 
) l5g?s73 ,%ape ( e o!r ,me]4  ,9 ! same
 way1 e o!r me] is compos$ ( two        
measures1 d\bl$ 9 ! same fa%ion1 s t x  
is f\rte5 fa?oms 9 wid? & ( ! same l5g?4
  ,else:]e e me]1 :e!r a head-me] or o!r
 me]1 comprises =ty-two fa?oms 9 wid? & 
z _m 9 l5g?4  ,9 o!r places ! ,b]gmei/] 
gives ! own] or company all ( "s        
locality def9$ by riv]s or little       
valleys z b\nd>ies4 ,b ! b\nd>ies ( e   
su* area ( :atsoev] %ape x be1 desc5d   
v]tically into ! e>?2 s ! own] ( t area 
has a "r ov] t "p ( any v5a dilatata :i*
 lies b5ea? ! fir/ "o1 j z ! own] ( !   
me] on a v5a pr(unda has a "r ov] s     
great a "p ( all o!r v5ae pr(undae z    
lies )9 ! b\nd>ies ( 8 me]2 = j z :]ev] 
"o v5a pr(unda is f\nd1 ano!r is f\nd n 
f> away1 s :]ev] "o v5a dilatata is     
f\nd1 o!rs are f\nd b5ea? x4  ,f9ally1 !
 ,b]gmei/] divides v5a cumulata areas 9 
diff]5t ways1 = 9 "s localities !       
head-me] is compos$ ( ?ree measures1    
d\bl$ 9 su* a way t x is f\rte5 fa?oms  

wide & tw5ty-"o long2 & e o!r me]       
consi/s ( two measures d\bl$1 & is      
squ>e1 t is1 f\rte5 fa?oms wide & z _m  
long4 ,9 "s places ! head-me] is compos$
 ( ?ree s+le measures1 & its wid? is    
sev5 fa?oms & its l5g? tw5ty-"o1 :i* two
 numb]s multipli$ toge!r make "o hundr$ 
& =ty-sev5 squ>e fa?oms4  ,illu/ration  
#hg 7,rectangle ) l5g?s & area73 ,%ape (
 a ,head-,me]4  ,ea* o!r me] consi/s (  
"o d\ble measure4 ,9 "s places !        
head-me] is giv5 ! %ape ( a d\ble       
measure1 & e o!r me] t ( a s+le measure4
 ,la/ly1 9 o!r places ! own] or a       
company is giv5 a "r ov] "s complete    
specifi$ locality b\nd$ by little       
/reams1 valleys1 or o!r limits4         
,fur!rmore1 all me]s on v5ae cumulatae1 
z 9 ! case ( dilatatae1 desc5d v]tically
 into ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 & ea* me] has !  
b\nd>ies s det]m9$ z to prev5t disputes 
aris+ betwe5 ! own]s ( neighb\r+ m9es4  
,! b\nd>y m>ks 9 use among m9]s =m]ly   
consi/$ only ( /ones1 & f ?is _! "n 0   
d]iv$1 = n[ ! m>ks ( a b\nd>y are call$ 

b\nd>y /ones4 ,to-day a r[ ( po/s1 made 
ei!r ( oak or p9e1 & /r5g!n$ at ! top ) 
iron r+s to prev5t !m f be+ damag$1 is  
fix$ beside ! b\nd>y /ones to make !m m 
conspicu\s4 ,by ?is me?od 9 =m] times ! 
b\nd>ies ( ! fields 7 m>k$ by /ones or  
po/s1 n only z writt5 ( 9 ! book ,de    
,limitibus ,agrorum1#g b also z te/ifi$ 
to by ! songs ( ! poets4 ,su* !n is !   
%ape ( ! me]s1 v>y+ 9 accordance ) !    
diff]5t k9ds ( ve9s4  ,n[ tunnels are ( 
two sorts1 "o k9d hav+ no "r ( prop]ty1 
! o!r k9d hav+ "s limit$ "r4 ,= :5 a m9]
 9 "s p>ticul> locality is unable to op5
 a ve9 on acc\nt ( a great quantity (   
wat]1 he runs a wide dit*1 op5 at ! top 
& ?ree feet deep1 />t+ on ! slope &     
runn+ up to ! place :]e ! ve9 is f\nd4  
,?r\gh x ! wat] fl[s (f1 s t ! place is 
made dry & fit = digg+4 ,b if x is n    
suffici5tly dri$ by ?is op5 dit*1 or if 
a %aft :i* he has n[ = ! fir/ "t begun  
to s9k is suff]+ f ov]mu* wat]1 he goes 
to ! ,b]gmei/] & asks t (ficial to give 
him ! "r = a tunnel4 ,hav+ obta9$ leave1

 he drives ! tunnel1 & into its dra9s   
all ! wat] is div]t$1 s t ! place or    
%aft is made fit = digg+4 ,if x is n    
sev5 fa?oms f ! surface ( ! e>? to !    
bottom ( ?is k9d ( tunnel1 ! own]       
possesses no rights except ?is "o3      
namely1 t ! own]s ( ! m9es1 f ^: leases 
! own] ( ! tunnel extracts gold or      
silv]1 !mselves pay him ! sum he exp5ds 
)9 _! me] 9 driv+ ! tunnel ?r\gh x4  ,to
 a dep? or height ( ?ree & a half fa?oms
 above & bel[ ! m\? ( ! tunnel1 no "o is
 all[$ to beg9 ano!r tunnel4 ,! reason =
 ?is is t ?is k9d ( a tunnel is liable  
to be *ang$ into ! o!r k9d :i* has a    
complete "r ( prop]ty1 :5 x dra9s ! me]s
 to a dep? ( sev5 fa?oms1 or to t51     
accord+ z ! old cu/om 9 ea* place       
acquires ! =ce ( law4 ,9 su* case ?is   
second k9d ( tunnel has ! foll[+ "r2 9 !
 fir/ place1 :atev] metal ! own]1 or    
company own+ x1 f9ds 9 any me] ?r\gh :i*
 x is driv51 all belongs to ! tunnel    
own] )9 a height or dep? ( "o & a qu>t] 
fa?oms4 ,9 ! ye>s :i* are n long pass$1 

! own] ( a tunnel possess$ all ! metal  
:i* a m9] /&+ at ! bottom ( ! tunnel    
t\*$ ) a b>1 ^: h&le did n exce$ !      
cu/om>y l5g?2 b n[adays a c]ta9         
prescrib$ height & wid? is all[$ to !   
own] ( ! tunnel1 le/ ! own]s ( ! m9es be
 damag$1 if ! l5g? ( ! b> be long] ?an  
usual4 ,fur!r1 e metal-yield+ m9e :i* is
 dra9$ & suppli$ ) v5tilation by a      
tunnel1 is tax$ 9 ! proportion ( "o-n9? 
= ! b5efit ( ! own] ( ! tunnel4 ,b if   
sev]al tunnels ( ?is k9d are driv5 ?r\gh
 "o m9+ area :i* is yield+ metals1 & all
 dra9 x & supply x ) v5tilation1 !n ( ! 
metal :i* is dug out f above ! bottom ( 
ea* tunnel1 "o-n9? is giv5 to ! own] ( t
 tunnel2 ( t :i* is dug out bel[ !      
bottom ( ea* tunnel1 "o-n9? is 9 ea*    
case giv5 to ! own] ( ! tunnel :i*      
foll[s next 9 ord] bel[4 ,b if ! l[]    
tunnel does n yet dra9 ! %aft ( t me]   
nor supply x ) v5tilation1 !n ( ! metal 
:i* is dug out bel[ ! bottom ( ! high]  
tunnel1 "o-n9? "p is giv5 to ! own] (   
su* upp] tunnel4 ,moreov]1 no "o tunnel 

deprives ano!r ( its "r to "o-n9? "p1   
unless x be a l[] "o1 f ! bottom ( :i*  
to ! bottom ( ! "o above mu/ n be less  
?an sev5 or t5 fa?oms1 accord+ z ! k+ or
 pr9ce has decre$4 ,fur!r1 ( all ! money
 :i* ! own] ( ! tunnel has sp5t on 8    
tunnel :ile driv+ x ?r\gh a me]1 ! own] 
( t me] pays "o-f\r? "p4 ,if he does n d
 s he is n all[$ to make use ( ! dra9s4 
,f9ally1 ) reg>d to :atev] ve9s are     
discov]$ by ! own] at ^: exp5se ! tunnel
 is driv51 ! "r ( :i* has n be5 already 
aw>d$ to anyone1 on ! application ( su* 
own] ! ,b]gmei/] grants him a "r ( a    
head-me]1 or ( a head-me] toge!r ) !    
next me]4 ,anci5t cu/om gives ! "r = a  
tunnel to be driv5 9 any direction = an 
unlimit$ l5g?4 ,fur!r1 to-day he :o     
comm5ces a tunnel is giv51 on 8         
application1 n only ! "r ov] ! tunnel1 b
 ev5 ! head & sometimes ! next me] also4
 ,9 =m] days ! own] ( ! tunnel obta9$   
only s mu* gr\nd z an arr[ %ot f ! b[   
might cov]1 & he 0 all[$ to pa/ure      
cattle !re94 ,9 a case :]e ! %afts (    

sev]al me]s on "s ve9 c\ld n be work$ on
 acc\nt ( ! great quantity ( wat]1      
anci5t cu/om also all[$ ! ,b]gmei/] to  
grant ! "r ( a l>ge me] to anyone :o    
w\ld drive a tunnel4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he _h  
driv5 a tunnel z f> z ! old %afts & _h  
f\nd metal1 he us$ to return to !       
,b]gmei/] & reque/ him to b\nd & m>k (f 
! ext5t ( 8 "r to a me]4 ,!reupon1 !    
,b]gmei/]1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 numb] (     
citiz5s ( ! t[n--9 ^: place ,jurors h n[
 succe$$--us$ to proce$ to ! m\nta9 &   
m>k (f ) b\nd>y /ones a l>ge me]1 :i*   
consi/$ ( sev5 d\ble measures1 t is to  
say1 x 0 n9ety-eight fa?oms long & sev5 
wide1 :i* two numb]s multipli$ toge!r   
make six hundr$ & eighty-six squ>e      
fa?oms4  ,illu/ration #hi 7,rectangle ) 
l5g?s & area73 ,l>ge ,area4  ,b ea* ( ^!
 e>ly cu/oms has be5 *ang$1 & we n[     
employ ! new me?od4  ,i h spok5 (       
tunnels2 ,i w n[ speak ab\t ! division (
 own]%ip 9 m9es & tunnels4 ,"o own] is  
all[$ to possess & to "w "o1 two1 ?ree1 
or m :ole me]s1 or simil>ly "o or m     

sep>ate tunnels1 provid$ he con=ms to ! 
decrees ( ! laws relat+ to metals1 & to 
! ord]s ( ! ,b]gmei/]4 ,& because he    
alone provides ! exp5diture ( money on !
 m9es1 if !y yield metal he alone obta9s
 ! product f !m4 ,b :5 l>ge & frequ5t   
exp5ditures are necess>y 9 m9+1 he to   
:om ! ,b]gmei/] fir/ gave ! "r (t5      
admits o!rs to %>e ) him1 & !y jo9 ) him
 9 =m+ a company1 & !y ea* lay out a "p 
( ! exp5se & %>e ) him ! pr(it or loss (
 ! m9e4 ,b ! title ( ! m9es or tunnels  
rema9s undivid$1 al?\gh = ! purpose (   
divid+ ! exp5se & pr(it x may be said   
ea* m9e or tunnel is divid$ into p>ts#h4
  ,?is division is made 9 v>i\s ways4 ,a
 m9e1 & ! same ?+ mu/ be und]/ood )     
reg>d to a tunnel1 may be divid$ into   
two halves1 t is into two simil>        
portions1 by :i* me?od two own]s sp5d an
 equal am\nt on x & draw an equal pr(it 
f x1 = ea* possesses "o half4 ,sometimes
 x is divid$ into f\r %>es1 by :i*      
compact f\r p]sons c be own]s1 s t ea*  
possesses "o-f\r?1 or also two p]sons1 s

 t "o possesses ?ree-f\r?s1 & ! o!r only
 "o-f\r?2 or ?ree own]s1 s t ! fir/ has 
two-f\r?s1 & ! second & ?ird "o-f\r?    
ea*4 ,sometimes x is divid$ into eight  
%>es1 by :i* plan !re may be eight      
own]s1 s t ea* is possessor ( "o-eigh?2 
sometimes !re are two own]s1 s t "o has 
five-six?s#i toge!r ) "o tw5ty-f\r?1 & !
 o!r "o-eigh?2 or !re may be ?ree own]s1
 9 :i* "o has ?ree-qu>t]s & ! second &  
?ird ea* "o-eigh?2 or x may be divid$ s 
t "o own] has sev5-twelf?s1 toge!r ) "o 
tw5ty-f\r?1 a second own] has "o-qu>t]1 
& a ?ird own] has "o-eigh?2 or s t !    
fir/ has "o-half1 ! second "o-?ird & "o 
tw5ty-f\r?1 & ! ?ird "o-eigh?2 or s t ! 
fir/ has "o-half1 z be=e1 & ! second &  
?ird ea* "o-qu>t]2 or s t ! fir/ &      
second ea* h "o-?ird & "o tw5ty-f\r?1 & 
! ?ird "o-qu>t]2 & 9 ! same way !       
divisions may be adju/$ 9 all ! o!r     
proportions4 ,! diff]5t ways ( divid+ ! 
%>es orig9ate f ! diff]5t proportions ( 
own]%ip4 ,sometimes a m9e is divid$ into
 sixte5 p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is a tw5ty-f\r? 

& a =ty-eigh?2 or x may be divid$ into  
?irty-two p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is a =ty-eigh?
 & half a sev5ty-second & a two hundr$ &
 eighty-eigh?2 or into sixty-f\r p>ts ( 
:i* ea* %>e is "o sev5ty-second & "o    
five hundr$ & sev5ty-six?2 or f9ally1   
into "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight p>ts1 any  
"o ( :i* is half a sev5ty-second & half 
( "o five hundr$ & sev5ty-six?4  ,n[ an 
iron m9e ei!r rema9s undivid$ or is     
divid$ into two1 f\r1 or occasionally m 
%>es1 :i* dep5ds on ! excell5ce ( !     
ve9s4 ,b a lead1 bismu?1 or t9 m9e1 &   
likewise "o ( copp] or ev5 quicksilv]1  
is also divid$ into eight %>es1 or into 
sixte5 or ?irty-two1 & less commonly    
into sixty-f\r4 ,! numb] ( ! divisions (
 ! silv] m9es at ,freib]g 9 ,meiss5 did 
n =m]ly progress beyond ?is2 b )9 !     
memory ( our fa!rs1 m9]s h divid$ a     
silv] m9e1 & simil>ly ! tunnel at       
,s*neeb]g1 fir/ ( all into "o hundr$ &  
tw5ty-eight %>es1 ( :i* "o hundr$ &     
tw5ty-six are ! prop]ty ( private own]s 
9 ! m9es or tunnels1 "o belongs to !    

,/ate & "o to ! ,*ur*2 :ile 9           
,joa*im/hal only "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two  
%>es ( ! m9es or tunnels are ! prop]ty (
 private own]s1 f\r are propriet>y %>es1
 & ! ,/ate & ,*ur* ea* h "o 9 ! same    
way4 ,to ^! !re has lately be5 add$ 9 "s
 places "o %>e = ! mo/ ne$y ( !         
population1 :i* makes "o hundr$ &       
tw5ty-n9e %>es4 ,x is only ! private    
own]s ( m9es :o pay contributions4 ,a   
propriet>y hold]1 ?\gh he holds z _m z  
f\r %>es su* z ,i h describ$1 does n pay
 contributions1 b gratuiti\sly supplies 
! own]s ( ! m9es ) suffici5t wood f 8   
=e/s = timb]+1 ma*9]y1 build+s1 &       
smelt+2 nor d ^? belong+ to ! ,/ate1    
,*ur*1 & ! poor pay contributions1 b !  
proce$s are us$ to build or repair      
public works & sacr$ build+s1 & to      
support ! mo/ ne$y ) ! pr(its :i* !y    
draw f ! m9es4 ,fur!rmore1 9 our ,/ate1 
! "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eigh? %>e has begun 
to be divid$ into two1 f\r1 or eight    
p>ts1 or ev5 into ?ree1 six1 twelve1 or 
small] p>ts4 ,?is is done :5 "o m9e is  

creat$ out ( two1 = !n ! own] :o =m]ly  
possess$ "o-half becomes own] ( "o-f\r?2
 he :o possess$ "o-f\r?1 ( "o-eigh?2 he 
:o possess$ "o-?ird1 ( "o-six?2 he :o   
possess$ "o-six?1 ( "o-twelf?4 ,s9ce our
 c\ntrym5 call a m9e a symposium1 t is1 
a dr9k+ b\t1 we are accu/om$ to call !  
money :i* ! own]s subscribe a symbolum1 
or a contribution#aj4 ,=1 j z ^? :o g to
 a banquet 7symposium7 give             
contributions 7symbola71 s ^? :o purpose
 mak+ l>ge pr(its f m9+ are accu/om$ to 
contribute t[>d ! exp5diture4 ,h[ev]1 ! 
manag] ( ! m9e assesses ! contributions 
( ! own]s annually1 or = ! mo/ "p       
qu>t]ly1 & z (t5 he r5d]s an acc\nt (   
receipts & exp5ses4 ,at ,freib]g 9      
,meiss5 ! old practice 0 = ! manag] to  
exact a contribution f ! own]s e week1 &
 e week to di/ribute among !m ! pr(its (
 ! m9es1 b ?is practice dur+ almo/ ! la/
 fifte5 ye>s has be5 s f> *ang$ t       
contribution & di/ribution are made     
f\r#aa times ea* ye>4 ,l>ge or small    
contributions are impos$ accord+ to !   

numb] ( workm5 :i* ! m9e or tunnel      
requires2 z a result1 ^? :o possess _m  
%>es provide _m contributions4 ,f\r     
times a ye> ! own]s contribute to ! co/1
 & f\r times dur+ ! ye> ! pr(its ( !    
m9es are di/ribut$ among !m2 ^! are     
sometimes l>ge1 sometimes small1 accord+
 z !re is m or less gold or silv] or o!r
 metal dug out4 ,inde$1 f ! ,/4 ,george 
m9e 9 ,s*neeb]g ! m9]s extract$ s mu*   
silv] 9 a qu>t] ( a ye> t silv] cakes1  
:i* 7 wor? #a1ajj ,rh5i% guld5s1 7      
di/ribut$ to ea* "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eigh?
 %>e4 ,f ! ,annab]g m9e :i* is kn[n z ! 
,himmelis* ,hoez1 !y _h a dole ( eight  
hundr$ ?al]2 f a m9e 9 ,joa*im/hal :i*  
is nam$ ! ,/]n51 ?ree hundr$ ?al]2 f !  
head m9e at ,ab]?am1 :i* is call$ ,/4   
,lor5tz1 two hundr$ & tw5ty-five        
?al]#ab4 ,! m %>es ( :i* any individual 
is own] ! m pr(its he takes4  ,i w n[   
expla9 h[ ! own]s may lose or obta9 ! "r
 ov] a m9e1 or a tunnel1 or a %>e4      
,=m]ly1 if anyone 0 able to prove by    
witnesses t ! own]s _h fail$ to s5d m9]s

 = ?ree cont9u\s %ifts#ac1 ! ,b]gmei/]  
depriv$ !m ( _! "r ov] ! m9e1 & gave !  
"r ov] x to ! in=m]1 if he desir$ x4 ,b 
al?\gh m9]s pres]ve ?is cu/om to-day1   
/ill m9+ %>e own]s :o h paid _!         
contributions d n lose _! "r ov] _! m9es
 aga9/ _! w4 ,=m]ly1 if wat] :i* _h n   
be5 drawn (f f ! high] %aft ( "s m9e    
p]colat$ ?r\gh a ve9 or /r+] into ! %aft
 ( ano!r m9e & imp$$ _! "w1 !n ! own]s (
 ! m9e :i* suff]$ ! damage w5t to !     
,b]gmei/] & compla9$ ( ! loss1 & he s5t 
to ! %afts two ,jurors4 ,if !y f\nd t   
matt]s 7 z claim$1 ! "r ov] ! m9e :i*   
caus$ ! injury 0 giv5 to ! own]s :o     
suff]$ ! injury4 ,b ?is cu/om 9 c]ta9   
places has be5 *ang$1 = ! ,b]gmei/]1 if 
he f9ds ?is condition ( ?+s prov$ 9 !   
case ( two %afts1 ord]s ! own]s ( ! %aft
 :i* causes ! injury to contribute "p ( 
! exp5se to ! own]s ( ! %aft :i*        
receives ! injury2 if !y fail to d s1 he
 !n deprives !m ( _! "r ov] _! m9e2 on !
 o!r h&1 if ! own]s s5d m5 to ! work+s  
to dig & draw (f ! wat] f ! %afts1 !y   

keep _! "r ov] _! m9e4 ,=m]ly own]s us$ 
to obta9 a "r ov] any tunnel1 fir/ly1 if
 9 its bottom !y made dra9s & cleans$ !m
 ( mud & s& s t ! wat] might fl[ out )\t
 any h9drance1 & re/or$ ^? dra9s :i* _h 
be5 damag$2 secondly1 if !y provid$     
%afts or op5+s to supply ! m9]s ) air1 &
 re/or$ ^? :i* _h fall5 92 & f9ally1 if 
?ree m9]s 7 employ$ cont9u\sly 9 driv+ !
 tunnel4 ,b ! pr9cipal reason = los+ !  
title to a tunnel 0 t = a p]iod ( eight 
days no m9] 0 employ$ ^u x2 !re=e1 :5   
anyone 0 able to prove by witnesses t ! 
own]s ( a tunnel _h n done ^! ?+s1 he   
br\ght 8 accusation be=e ! ,b]gmei/]1   
:o1 aft] go+ out f ! t[n to ! tunnel &  
inspect+ ! dra9s & ! v5tilat+ ma*9es &  
ev]y?+ else1 & f9d+ ! *>ge to be true1  
plac$ ! witness "u oa?1 & ask$ him3 ,^: 
tunnel is ?is at ! pres5t "t8 ,! witness
 w\ld reply3 ,! ,k+'s or ,! ,pr9ce's4   
,!reupon ! ,b]gmei/] gave ! "r ov] !    
tunnel to ! fir/ applicant4 ,?is 0 !    
sev]e rule "u :i* ! own]s at "o "t lo/  
_! rights ov] a tunnel2 b its sev]ity is

 n[ consid]ably mitigat$1 = ! own]s d n 
n[ =?) lose _! "r ov] a tunnel ?r\gh n  
hav+ clean$ out ! dra9s & re/or$ ! %afts
 or v5tilation holes :i* h suff]$       
damage2 b ! ,b]gmei/] ord]s ! tunnel    
manag] to d x1 & if he does n obey1 !   
au?orities f9e ! tunnel4 ,also x is     
suffici5t = "o m9] to be engag$ 9 driv+ 
! tunnel4 ,moreov]1 if ! own] ( a tunnel
 sets b\nd>ies at a fix$ spot 9 ! rocks 
& /ops driv+ ! tunnel1 he may obta9 a "r
 ov] x s f> z he has gone1 provid$ !    
dra9s are clean$ out & v5tilation holes 
are kept 9 repair4 ,b any o!r own] is   
all[$ to />t f ! e/abli%$ m>k & drive ! 
tunnel fur!r1 if he pays ! =m] own]s ( !
 tunnel z mu* money e ?ree mon?s z !    
,b]gmei/] decides ought to be paid4     
,!re rema9 = discussion1 ! %>es 9 ! m9es
 & tunnels4 ,=m]ly if anybody convey$ ^!
 %>es to anyone else1 & ! latt] _h once 
paid 8 contribution1 ! sell]#ad 0 b\nd  
to /& by 8 b>ga91 & ?is cu/om to-day has
 ! =ce ( law4 ,b if ! sell] d5i$ t !    
contribution _h be5 paid1 :ile ! buy] ( 

! %>es decl>$ t he c\ld prove by        
witnesses t he _h paid 8 contribution to
 ! o!r proprietors1 & a case arose =    
trial1 !n ! evid5ce ( ! o!r proprietors 
c>ri$ m weight ?an ! oa? ( ! sell]4     
,to-day ! buy] ( ! %>es proves t he has 
paid 8 contribution by a docum5t :i* !  
m9e or tunnel manag] always gives ea*   
"o2 if ! buy] has contribut$ no money   
!re is no obligation on ! sell] to keep 
8 b>ga94 ,=m]ly1 z ,i h said above1 !   
proprietors us$ to contribute money     
weekly1 b n[ contributions are paid f\r 
times ea* ye>4 ,to-day1 if = ! space ( a
 mon? anyone does n take proce$+s aga9/ 
! sell] ( ! %>es = ! contribution1 ! "r 
( tak+ proce$+s is lo/4 ,b :5 ! ,cl]k   
has already ent]$ on ! regi/] ! %>es :i*
 _h be5 convey$ or b\ght1 none ( ! own]s
 loses 8 "r ov] ! %>e unless ! money is 
n contribut$ :i* ! manag] ( ! m9e or    
tunnel has dem&$ f ! own] or 8 ag5t4    
,=m]ly1 if on ! application ( ! manag] !
 own] or 8 ag5t did n pay1 ! matt] 0    
ref]r$ to ! ,b]gmei/]1 :o ord]$ ! own]  

or 8 ag5t to make 8 contribution2 !n if 
he fail$ to contribute = ?ree successive
 weeks1 ! ,b]gmei/] gave ! "r to 8 %>es 
to ! fir/ applicant4 ,to-day ?is cu/om  
is un*ang$1 = if own]s fail = ! space ( 
a mon? to pay ! contributions :i* !     
manag] ( ! m9e has impos$ on !m1 on a   
/at$ day _! names are proclaim$ al\d &  
/ruck (f ! li/ ( own]s1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! 
,b]gmei/]1 ! ,jurors1 ! ,m9+ ,cl]k1 & ! 
,%>e ,cl]k1 & ea* ( su* %>es is ent]$ on
 ! proscrib$ li/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 on ! ?ird1
 or at late/ ! f\r? day1 !y pay _!      
contributions to ! manag] ( ! m9e or    
tunnel1 & pay ! money :i* is due f !m to
 ! ,%>e ,cl]k1 he removes _! %>es f !   
proscrib$ li/4 ,!y are n !reupon re/or$ 
to _! =m] position unless ! o!r own]s   
cons5t2 9 :i* respect ! cu/om n[ 9 use  
diff]s f ! old practice1 = to-day if !  
own]s ( %>es con/itut+ any?+ ov] half ! 
m9e cons5t to ! re/oration ( ^? :o h be5
 proscrib$1 ! o!rs are oblig$ to cons5t 
:e!r !y wi% to or n4 ,=m]ly1 unless su* 
re/oration _h be5 sanction$ by !        

approval ( ! own]s ( "o hundr$ %>es1 ^? 
:o _h be5 proscrib$ 7 n re/or$ to _! =m]
 position4  ,! proc$ure 9 suits relat+  
to %>es 0 =m]ly z foll[s3 he :o in/itut$
 a suit & took legal proce$+s aga9/     
ano!r 9 respect ( ! %>es1 us$ to make a 
=mal *>ge aga9/ ! accus$ possessor be=e 
! ,b]gmei/]4 ,?is 0 done ei!r at 8 h\se 
or 9 "s public place or at ! m9es1 once 
ea* day = ?ree days if ! %>es belong$ to
 an old m9e1 & ?ree times 9 eight days  
if !y belong$ to a head-me]4 ,b if he   
c\ld n f9d ! possessor ( ! %>es 9 ^!    
places1 x 0 valid & effectual to make ! 
accusation aga9/ him at ! h\se ( !      
,b]gmei/]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he made ! *>ge = 
! ?ird "t1 he us$ to br+ ) him a not>y1 
:om ! ,b]gmei/] w\ld int]rogate3 ,h ,i  
e>n$ ! fee8 & :o w\ld respond3 ,y h e>n$
 x2 !reupon ! ,b]gmei/] w\ld give ! "r  
ov] ! %>es to him :o made ! accusation1 
& ! accus] 9 turn w\ld pay d[n ! cu/om>y
 fee to ! ,b]gmei/]4 ,aft] ^! proce$+s1 
if ! man :om ! ,b]gmei/] _h depriv$ ( 8 
%>es dwelt 9 ! city1 "o ( ! proprietors 

( ! m9e or ( ! head-m9e 0 s5t to him to 
acqua9t him ) ! facts1 b if he dwelt    
else:]e proclamation 0 made 9 "s public 
place1 or at ! m9e1 op5ly & 9 a l\d     
voice 9 ! he>+ ( numb]s ( m9]s4 ,n[adays
 a date is def9$ = ! "o :o is answ]able 
= ! debt ( %>es or money1 & in=mation is
 giv5 ! accus$ by an (ficial if he is   
ne> at h&1 or if he is abs5t1 a lett] is
 s5t him2 nor is ! "r ov] 8 %>es tak5 f 
anyone = ! space ( "o & a half mon?s4 ,s
 mu* = ^! matt]s4  ,n[1 be=e ,i deal ) !
 me?ods :i* mu/ be employ$ 9 work+1 ,i w
 speak ( ! duties ( ! ,m9+ ,prefect1 !  
,b]gmei/]1 ! ,jurors1 ! ,m9+ ,cl]k1 !   
,%>e ,cl]k1 ! manag] ( ! m9e or tunnel1 
! =eman ( ! m9e or tunnel1 & ! workm54  
,to ! ,m9+ ,prefect1 :om ! ,k+ or ,pr9ce
 appo9ts z 8 deputy1 all m5 ( all races1
 ages1 & rank1 give ob$i5ce &           
submission4 ,he gov]ns & regulates      
ev]y?+ at 8 discretion1 ord]+ ^? ?+s :i*
 are useful & advantage\s 9 m9+         
op]ations1 & prohibit+ ^? :i* are to !  
contr>y4 ,he levies p5alties & puni%es  

(f5d]s2 he arranges disputes :i* !      
,b]gmei/] has be5 unable to settle1 & if
 ev5 he _c arrange !m1 he all[s ! own]s 
:o are at v>iance ov] "s po9t to proce$ 
to litigation2 he ev5 lays d[n ! law1   
gives ord]s z a magi/rate1 or bids !m   
leave _! rights 9 abeyance1 & he        
det]m9es ! pay ( p]sons :o hold any po/ 
or (fice4 ,he is pres5t 9 p]son :5 ! m9e
 manag]s pres5t _! qu>t]ly acc\nts (    
pr(its & exp5ses1 & g5]ally repres5ts ! 
,k+ or ,pr9ce & upholds 8 dignity4 ,!   
,a!nians 9 ?is way set ,?ucydides1 !    
fam\s hi/orian1 ov] ! m9es ( ,?asos#ae4 
,next 9 p[] to ! ,m9+ ,prefect comes !  
,b]gmei/]1 s9ce he has jurisdiction ov] 
all :o are connect$ ) m9es1 ) a few     
exceptions1 :i* are ! ,ti! ,ga!r]1 !    
,ca%i]1 ! ,silv] ,ref9]1 ! ,ma/] ( !    
,m9t1 & ! ,co9]s !mselves4 ,fraudul5t1  
neglig5t1 or dissolute m5 he ei!r ?r[s  
into prison1 or deprives ( promotion1 or
 f9es2 ( ^! f9es1 "p is giv5 z a tribute
 to ^? 9 p[]4 ,:5 ! m9e own]s h a       
dispute ov] b\nd>ies he arbitrates x2 or

 if he _c settle ! dispute1 he pron\nces
 judgm5t jo9tly ) ! ,jurors2 f !m1      
h[ev]1 an appeal lies to ! ,m9+         
,prefect4 ,he transcribes 8 decrees 9 a 
book & sets up ! records 9 public4 ,x is
 also 8 duty to grant ! "r ov] ! m9es to
 ^? :o apply1 & to confirm _! rights2 he
 also mu/ measure ! m9es1 & fix _!      
b\nd>ies1 & see t ! m9e work+s are n    
all[$ to become dang]\s4 ,"s ( ^! duties
 he obs]ves on fix$ days2 = on ,w$nesday
 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,jurors he confirms !  
rights ov] ! m9es :i* he has grant$1    
settles disputes ab\t b\nd>ies1 &       
pron\nces judgm5ts4 ,on ,mondays1       
,tuesdays1 ,?ursdays1 & ,fridays1 he    
rides up to ! m9es1 & dism\nt+ at "s (  
!m expla9s :at is requir$ to be done1 or
 consid]s ! b\nd>ies :i* are "u         
controv]sy4 ,on ,saturday all ! m9e     
manag]s & m9e =em5 r5d] an acc\nt ( !   
money :i* !y h sp5t on ! m9es dur+ !    
prec$+ week1 & ! ,m9+ ,cl]k transcribes 
?is acc\nt into ! regi/] ( exp5ses4     
,=m]ly1 = "o ,pr9cipality !re 0 "o      

,b]gmei/]1 :o us$ to create all ! judges
 & ex]cise jurisdiction & control ov]   
!m2 = e m9e _h its own judge1 j z to-day
 ea* locality has a ,b]gmei/] 9 8 place1
 ! "n alone be+ *ang$4 ,to ?is anci5t   
,b]gmei/]1 :o us$ to dwell at ,freib]g 9
 ,meiss51 disputes 7 ref]r$2 h5ce "r up 
to ! pres5t "t ! "o at ,freib]g /ill has
 ! p[] ( pron\nc+ judgm5t :5 m9e own]s  
:o are engag$ 9 disputes among !mselves 
appeal to him4 ,! old ,b]gmei/] c\ld try
 ev]y?+ :i* 0 pres5t$ to him 9 any m9e  
:atsoev]2 :]eas ! judge c\ld only try ! 
?+s :i* 7 done 9 8 own di/rict1 9 ! same
 way t e mod]n ,b]gmei/] c4  ,to ea*    
,b]gmei/] is atta*$ a cl]k1 :o writes   
out a s*$ule signify+ to ! applicant = a
 "r ov] a m9e1 ! day & h\r on :i* ! "r  
is grant$1 ! "n ( ! applicant1 & !      
location ( ! m9e4 ,he also affixes at ! 
entrance to ! m9e1 qu>t]ly1 at ! appo9t$
 "t1 a %eet ( pap] on :i* is %[n h[ mu* 
contribution mu/ be paid to ! manag] ( !
 m9e4 ,^! notices are prep>$ jo9tly ) ! 
,m9+ ,cl]k1 & 9 common !y receive ! fee 

r5d]$ by ! =em5 ( ! sep>ate m9es4  ,i n[
 come to ! ,jurors1 :o are m5 exp]i5c$ 9
 m9+ matt]s & ( good repute4 ,_! numb]  
is great] or less z !re are few or m    
m9es2 ?us if !re are t5 m9es !re w be   
five pairs ( ,jurors1 l a decemviral    
college#af4 ,into h[ev] _m divisions !  
total numb] ( m9es has be5 divid$1 s _m 
divisions has ! body ( ,jurors2 ea* pair
 ( ,jurors usually visits "s ( ! m9es ^:
 adm9i/ration is "u _! sup]vision on e  
day t workm5 are employ$2 x is usually s
 arrang$ t !y visit all ! m9es 9 ! space
 ( f\rte5 days4 ,!y inspect & consid]   
all details1 & delib]ate & consult ) !  
m9e =eman on matt]s relat+ to !         
und]gr\nd work+s1 ma*9]y1 timb]+1 &     
ev]y?+ else4 ,!y also jo9tly ) ! m9e    
=eman f "t to "t make ! price p] fa?om  
to ! workm5 = m9+ ! ore1 fix+ x at a    
high or l[ price1 accord+ to :e!r ! rock
 is h>d or s(t2 if1 h[ev]1 ! contractors
 f9d t an un=ese5 & unexpect$ h>dness   
occurs1 & = t reason h difficulty &     
delay 9 c>ry+ out _! "w1 ! ,jurors all[ 

!m some?+ 9 excess ( ! price fix$2 :ile 
if !re is a s(tness by reason ( wat]1 & 
! "w is done m easily & quickly1 !y     
d$uct some?+ f ! price4 ,fur!r1 if !    
,jurors discov] manife/ neglig5ce or    
fraud on ! "p ( any =eman or workman1 !y
 fir/ admoni% or reprim& him z to 8     
duties & obligations1 & if he does n    
become m dilig5t & improve1 ! matt] is  
report$ to ! ,b]gmei/]1 :o by "r ( 8    
au?ority deprives su* p]sons ( _!       
functions & (fice1 or1 if !y h committ$ 
a crime1 ?r[s !m into prison4 ,la/ly1   
because ! ,jurors h be5 giv5 to !       
,b]gmei/] z c\ncillors & advisors1 9 _! 
abs5ce he does n confirm ! "r ov] any   
m9e1 nor measure ! m9es1 nor fix _!     
b\nd>ies1 nor settle disputes ab\t      
b\nd>ies1 nor pron\nce judgm5t1 nor1    
f9ally1 does he )\t !m li/5 to any      
acc\nt ( pr(its & exp5diture4  ,n[ !    
,m9+ ,cl]k ent]s ea* m9e 9 8 books1 !   
new m9es 9 "o book1 ! old m9es :i* h be5
 re-op5$ 9 ano!r4 ,?is is done 9 !      
foll[+ way3 fir/ is writt5 ! "n ( ! man 

:o has appli$ = ! "r ov] ! m9e1 !n ! day
 & h\r on :i* he made 8 application1 !n 
! ve9 & ! locality 9 :i* x is situat$1  
next ! conditions on :i* ! "r has be5   
giv51 & la/ly1 ! day on :i* ! ,b]gmei/] 
confirm$ x4 ,a docum5t conta9+ all ^!   
p>ticul>s is also giv5 to ! p]son ^: "r 
ov] a m9e has be5 confirm$4 ,! ,m9+     
,cl]k also sets d[n 9 ano!r book ! names
 ( ! own]s ( ea* m9e ov] :i* ! "r has   
be5 confirm$2 9 ano!r any int]mission ( 
"w p]mitt$ to any p]son = c]ta9 reasons 
by ! ,b]gmei/]2 9 ano!r ! money :i* "o  
m9e supplies to ano!r = draw+ (f wat] or
 mak+ ma*9]y2 & 9 ano!r ! decisions ( ! 
,b]gmei/] & ! ,jurors1 & ! disputes     
settl$ by !m z honor>y arbitrators4 ,all
 ^! matt]s he ent]s 9 ! books on        
,w$nesday ( e week2 if holidays fall on 
t day he does x on ! foll[+ ,?ursday4 ,e
 ,saturday he ent]s 9 ano!r book ! total
 exp5ses ( ! prec$+ week1 ! acc\nt ( :i*
 ! m9e manag] has r5d]$2 b ! total      
qu>t]ly exp5ses ( ea* m9e manag]1 he    
ent]s 9 a special book at 8 own         

conv5i5ce4 ,he ent]s simil>ly 9 ano!r   
book a li/ ( own]s :o h be5 proscrib$4  
,la/ly1 t no "o may be able to br+ a    
*>ge ( falsification aga9/ him1 all ^!  
books are enclos$ 9 a *e/ ) two locks1 !
 key ( "o ( :i* is kept by ! ,m9+ ,cl]k1
 & ( ! o!r by ! ,b]gmei/]4  ,! ,%>e     
,cl]k ent]s 9 a book ! own]s ( ea* m9e  
:om ! fir/ f9d] ( ! ve9 names to him1 & 
f "t to "t replaces ! names ( ! sell]s )
 ^? ( ! buy]s ( ! %>es4 ,x sometimes    
happ5s t tw5ty or m own]s come into !   
possession ( "s p>ticul> %>e4 ,unless1  
h[ev]1 ! sell] is pres5t1 or has s5t a  
lett] to ! ,m9+ ,cl]k ) 8 seal1 or bett]
 /ill ) ! seal ( ! ,mayor ( ! t[n :]e he
 dwells1 8 "n is n replac$ by t ( anyone
 else2 = if ! ,%>e ,cl]k is n           
suffici5tly cauti\s1 ! law requires him 
to re/ore ! late own] :olly to 8 =m]    
position4 ,he writes out a fre% docum5t1
 & 9 ?is way gives pro( ( possession4   
,f\r times a ye>1 :5 ! acc\nts ( !      
qu>t]ly exp5diture are r5d]$1 he names !
 new proprietors to ! manag] ( ea* m9e1 

t ! manag] may "k f :om he %\ld dem&    
contributions & among :om to di/ribute !
 pr(its ( ! m9es4 ,= ?is "w ! m9e manag]
 pays ! ,cl]k a fix$ fee4  ,i w n[ speak
 ( ! duties ( ! m9e manag]4 ,9 ! case ( 
! own]s ( e m9e :i* is n yield+ metal1 !
 manag] ann\nces to ! proprietors _!    
contributions 9 a docum5t :i* is affix$ 
to ! doors ( ! t[n hall1 su*            
contributions be+ l>ge or small1 accord+
 z ! ,b]gmei/] & two ,jurors det]m9e4   
,if anyone fails to pay ^! contributions
 = ! space ( a mon?1 ! manag] removes _!
 names f ! li/ ( own]s1 & makes _! %>es 
! common prop]ty ( ! o!r proprietors4 ,&
 s1 :omsoev] ! m9e manag] names z n hav+
 paid 8 contribution1 t same man ! ,m9+ 
,cl]k designates 9 writ+1 & s also does 
! ,%>e ,cl]k4 ,( ! contribution1 ! m9e  
manag] applies "p to ! paym5t ( ! =eman 
& workm51 & lays by a "p to pur*ase at !
 l[e/ price ! necess>y ?+s = ! m9e1 su* 
z iron tools1 nails1 firewood1 planks1  
buckets1 draw+-ropes1 or grease4 ,b 9 ! 
case ( a m9e :i* is yield+ metal1 !     

,ti!-ga!r] pays ! m9e manag] week by    
week z mu* money z suffices to dis*>ge !
 workm5's wages & to provide ! necess>y 
implem5ts = m9+4 ,! m9e manag] ( ea* m9e
 also1 9 ! pres5ce ( its =eman1 on      
,saturday 9 ea* week r5d]s an acc\nt ( 8
 exp5ses to ! ,b]gmei/] & ! ,jurors1 he 
r5d]s an acc\nt ( 8 receipts1 :e!r !    
money has be5 contribut$ by ! own]s or  
tak5 f ! ,ti!-ga!r]2 & ( 8 qu>t]ly      
exp5diture 9 ! same way to !m & to !    
,m9+ ,prefect & to ! ,m9+ ,cl]k1 f\r    
times a ye> at ! appo9t$ "t2 = j z !re  
are f\r seasons ( ! ye>1 namely1 ,spr+1 
,summ]1 ,autumn1 & ,w9t]1 s !re are     
f\rfold acc\nts ( pr(its & exp5ses4 ,9 !
 beg9n+ ( ! fir/ mon? ( ea* qu>t] an    
acc\nt is r5d]$ ( ! money :i* ! manag]  
has sp5t on ! m9e dur+ ! previ\s qu>t]1 
!n ( ! pr(it :i* he has tak5 f x dur+ ! 
same p]iod2 = example1 ! acc\nt :i* is  
r5d]$ at ! beg9n+ ( spr+ is an acc\nt ( 
all ! pr(its & exp5ses ( ea* sep>ate    
week ( w9t]1 :i* h be5 ent]$ by ! ,m9+  
,cl]k 9 ! book ( acc\nts4 ,if ! manag]  

has sp5t ! money ( ! proprietors        
advantage\sly 9 ! m9e & has fai?fully   
look$ aft] x1 ev]yone praises him z a   
dilig5t & hone/ man2 if ?r\gh ignorance 
9 ^! matt]s he has caus$ loss1 he is    
g5]ally depriv$ ( 8 (fice2 if by 8      
c>elessness & neglig5ce ! own]s h suff]$
 loss1 ! ,b]gmei/] compels him to make  
good ! loss2 & f9ally1 if he has be5    
guilty ( fraud or !ft1 he is puni%$ )   
f9e1 prison1 or dea?4 ,fur!r1 x is !    
bus9ess ( ! manag] to see t ! =eman ( ! 
m9e is pres5t at ! beg9n+ & end ( !     
%ifts1 t he digs ! ore 9 an advantage\s 
mann]1 & makes ! requir$ timb]+1 ma*9es1
 & dra9s4 ,! manag] also makes !        
d$uctions f ! pay ( ! workm5 :om ! =eman
 has not$ z neglig5t4 ,next1 if ! m9e is
 ri* 9 metal1 ! manag] mu/ see t its    
ore-h\se is clos$ on ^? days on :i* no  
"w is p]=m$2 & if x is a ri* ve9 ( gold 
or silv]1 he sees t ! m9]s promptly     
transf] ! output f ! %aft or tunnel into
 a *e/ or into ! /rong room next to !   
h\se :]e ! =eman dwells1 t no           

opportunity = !ft may be giv5 to di%one/
 p]sons4 ,?is duty he %>es 9 common ) ! 
=eman1 b ! "o :i* foll[s is peculi>ly 8 
own4 ,:5 ore is smelt$ he is pres5t 9   
p]son1 & wat*es t ! smelt+ is p]=m$     
c>efully & advantage\sly4 ,if f x gold  
or silv] is melt$ out1 :5 x is melt$ 9 !
 cupellation furnace he ent]s ! weight (
 x 9 8 books & c>ries x to ! ,ti!-ga!r]1
 :o simil>ly writes a note ( its weight 
9 8 books2 x is !n convey$ to ! ref9]4  
,:5 x has be5 br\ght back1 bo? !        
,ti!-ga!r] & manag] aga9 ent] its weight
 9 _! books4 ,:y aga98 ,because he looks
 aft] ! goods ( ! own]s j z if !y 7 8   
own4 ,n[ ! laws :i* relate to m9+ p]mit 
a manag] to h *>ge ( m ?an "o m9e1 b 9 !
 case ( m9es yield+ gold or silv]1 to h 
*>ge ( only two4 ,if1 h[ev]1 sev]al m9es
 foll[+ ! head-m9e beg9 to produce      
metal1 he rema9s 9 *>ge ( ^! o!rs until 
he is fre$ f ! duty ( look+ aft] !m by !
 ,b]gmei/]4 ,la/ ( all1 ! manag]1 !     
,b]gmei/]1 & ! two ,jurors1 9 agreem5t )
 ! own]s1 settle ! remun]ation = !      

lab\r]s4 ,en\gh ( ! duties & occupation 
( ! manag]4  ,i w n[ leave ! manag]1 &  
discuss him :o controls ! workm5 ( !    
m9e1 :o is !re=e call$ ! =eman1 al?\gh  
"s call him ! wat*man4 ,x is he :o      
di/ributes ! "w among ! lab\r]s1 & sees 
dilig5tly t ea* fai?fully & usefully    
p]=ms 8 duties4 ,he also dis*>ges workm5
 on acc\nt ( incompet5ce1 or neglig5ce1 
& supplies o!rs 9 _! places if ! two    
,jurors & manag] give _! cons5t4 ,he mu/
 be skilful 9 work+ wood1 t he may timb]
 %afts1 place po/s1 & make und]gr\nd    
/ructures capable ( support+ an und]m9$ 
m\nta91 le/ ! rocks f ! hang+wall ( !   
ve9s1 n be+ support$1 become deta*$ f ! 
mass ( ! m\nta9 & ov]:elm ! workm5 )    
de/ruction4 ,he mu/ be able to make &   
lay out ! dra9s 9 ! tunnels1 into :i* ! 
wat] f ! ve9s1 /r+]s1 & seams 9 ! rocks 
may collect1 t x may be prop]ly guid$ & 
c fl[ away4 ,fur!r1 he mu/ be able to   
recognize ve9s & /r+]s1 s z to s9k %afts
 to ! be/ advantage1 & mu/ be able to   
disc]n "o k9d ( mat]ial :i* is m9$ f    

ano!r1 or to tra9 8 subord9ates t !y may
 sep>ate ! mat]ials correctly4 ,he mu/  
also be well acqua9t$ ) all me?ods (    
wa%+1 s z to tea* ! wa%]s h[ !          
metallif]\s e>? or s& is wa%$4 ,he      
supplies ! m9]s ) iron tools :5 !y are  
ab\t to />t to "w 9 ! m9es1 & apportions
 a c]ta9 weight ( oil = _! lamps1 &     
tra9s !m to dig to ! be/ advantage1 &   
sees t !y "w fai?fully4 ,:5 _! %ift is  
f9i%$1 he takes back ! oil :i* has be5  
left4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 num]\s & important 
duties & lab\rs1 only "o m9e is entru/$ 
to "o =eman1 nay1 r sometimes two or    
?ree =em5 are set ov] "o m9e4  ,s9ce ,i 
h m5tion$ ! %ifts1 ,i w briefly expla9  
h[ ^! are c>ri$ on4 ,! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( 
a day & night are divid$ into ?ree      
%ifts1 & ea* %ift consi/s ( sev5 h\rs4  
,! ?ree rema9+ h\rs are int]m$iate      
betwe5 ! %ifts1 & =m an int]val dur+ :i*
 ! workm5 ent] & leave ! m9es4 ,! fir/  
%ift beg9s at ! f\r? h\r 9 ! morn+ &    
la/s till ! elev5? h\r2 ! second beg9s  
at ! twelf? & is f9i%$ at ! sev5?2 ^!   

two are day %ifts 9 ! morn+ & aft]noon4 
,! ?ird is ! night %ift1 & comm5ces at !
 eigh? h\r 9 ! ev5+ & f9i%es at ! ?ird 9
 ! morn+4 ,! ,b]gmei/] does n all[ ?is  
?ird %ift to be impos$ ^u ! workm5      
unless necessity dem&s x4 ,9 t case1    
:e!r !y draw wat] f ! %afts or m9e !    
ore1 !y keep _! vigil by ! night lamps1 
& to prev5t !mselves fall+ asleep f !   
late h\rs or f fatigue1 !y light5 _!    
long & ardu\s lab\rs by s++1 :i* is     
nei!r :olly untra9$ nor unpleas+4 ,9 "s 
places "o m9] is n all[$ to und]take two
 %ifts 9 succession1 because x (t5      
happ5s t he ei!r falls asleep 9 ! m9e1  
ov]come by exhau/ion f too mu* lab\r1 or
 arrives too late = 8 %ift1 or leaves   
soon] ?an he ought4 ,else:]e he is all[$
 to d s1 because he _c subsi/ on ! pay (
 "o %ift1 especially if provisions gr[  
de>]4 ,! ,b]gmei/] does n1 h[ev]1 =bid  
an extraord9>y %ift :5 he conc$es only  
"o ord9>y %ift4 ,:5 x is "t to g to "w !
 s\nd ( a great bell1 :i* ! =eign]s call
 a campana1 gives ! workm5 w>n+1 & :5   

?is is he>d !y run hi!r & ?i!r ?r\gh !  
/reets t[>d ! m9es4 ,simil>ly1 ! same   
s\nd ( ! bell w>ns ! =eman t a %ift has 
j be5 f9i%$2 !re=e z soon z he he>s x1  
he /amps on ! woodwork ( ! %aft &       
signals ! workm5 to come out4 ,!reupon1 
! ne>e/ z soon z !y he> ! signal1 /rike 
! rocks ) _! hamm]s1 & ! s\nd rea*es ^? 
:o are fur!/ away4 ,moreov]1 ! lamps %[ 
t ! %ift has come to an end :5 ! oil    
becomes almo/ consum$ & fails !m4 ,!    
lab\r]s d n "w on ,saturdays1 b buy ^?  
?+s :i* are necess>y to life1 nor d !y  
usually "w on ,sundays or annual        
fe/ivals1 b on ^! occasions devote !    
%ift to holy ?+s4 ,h[ev]1 ! workm5 d n  
re/ & d no?+ if necessity dem&s _!      
lab\r2 = sometimes a ru% ( wat] compels 
!m to "w1 sometimes an imp5d+ fall1     
sometimes some?+ else1 & at su* times x 
is n consid]$ irreligi\s to "w on       
holidays4 ,moreov]1 all workm5 ( ?is    
class are /rong & us$ to toil f bir?4   
,! *ief k9ds ( workm5 are m9]s1         
%ovell]s1 w9dlass m51 c>ri]s1 sort]s1   

wa%]s1 & smelt]s1 z to ^: duties ,i w   
speak 9 ! foll[+ books1 9 _! prop]      
place4 ,at pres5t x is en\gh to add ?is 
"o fact1 t if ! workm5 h be5 report$ by 
! =eman = neglig5ce1 ! ,b]gmei/]1 or ev5
 ! =eman himself1 jo9tly ) ! manag]1    
dismisses !m f _! "w on ,saturday1 or   
deprives !m ( "p ( _! pay2 or if =      
fraud1 ?r[s !m into prison4 ,h[ev]1 !   
own]s ( works 9 :i* ! metals are smelt$1
 & ! ma/] ( ! smelt]1 look aft] _! own  
m54 ,z to ! gov]nm5t & duties ( m9]s1 ,i
 h n[ said en\gh2 ,i w expla9 !m m fully
 9 ano!r "w entitl$ ,de ,jure et        
,legibus ,metallicis#ag4       ,,end ,,(
 ,,book ,,iv4   ,,footnotes3  #a ,!     
nom5clature 9 ?is *apt] has giv5 unusual
 difficulty1 because ! organisation (   
m9es1 ei!r pa/ or pres5t1 9             
,engli%-speak+ c\ntries provides no     
exact equival5ts = _m ( ^! (fices & = _m
 ( ! legal t]ms4 ,! ,lat9 t]ms 9 ! text 
71 ( c\rse1 co9$ by ! au?or1 & h no     
hi/orical basis to w>rant _! adoption1  
:ile ! introduction ( ! orig9al ,g]man  

t]ms is op5 to mu* objection1 z !y are n
 only l>gely obsolete1 b also 9 ! ma9   
w\ld convey no mean+ to ! majority (    
read]s4 ,we h1 !re=e1 rea*$ a s]ies (   
compromises1 & 9 ! ma9 give ! ne>e/     
,engli% equival5t4 ,( mu* int]e/ 9 ?is  
connection is a curi\s exotic survival 9
 m9+ law to be f\nd 9 ! ,high ,peak (   
,d]by%ire4 ,we believe 7see note on p4  
#he7 t ! law ( ?is di/rict 0 ( ,saxon   
importation1 = 9 x are n only _m t]ms ( 
,g]man orig91 b ! "* ( ! law is =eign to
 ! old] ,engli% di/ricts & %[s its ne>  
k9%ip to t ( ,saxony4 ,x is !re=e (     
int]e/ 9 connection ) ! nom5clature to  
be adopt$ 9 ?is book1 z x furni%es ab\t 
! only ,engli% prec$5ts 9 _m cases4 ,!  
head ( ! adm9i/ration 9 ! ,peak 0 !     
,/ew>d1 :o 0 ! *ief judicial (fic]1 )   
functions some:at simil> to !           
,b]ghauptmann4 ,h[ev]1 ! t]m ,/ew>d has 
come to h s mu* less significance t we h
 adopt$ a lit]al r5d]+ ( ! ,lat94 ,"u ! 
,/ew>d 0 ! ,b>ma/]1 ,b>ghma/]1 or ,b>m>1
 z he 0 v>i\sly call$1 & 8 duties 7     

simil> to ^? ( ! ,b]gmei/]4 ,! ,engli%  
t]m w\ld seem to be a corruption ( !    
,g]man1 & z ! latt] has come to be s    
well und]/ood by ! ,engli%-speak+ m9+   
class1 we h 9 ?is case adopt$ ! ,g]man4 
,! ,b>ma/] act$ always by ! cons5t & ) !
 approval ( a jury ( f #ab to #bd       
memb]s4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! ,engli% _h     
functions mu* l a mod]n jury1 :ile !    
,ges*worn5 ( ,saxony _h mu* m widely    
ext5d$ p[]s4 ,! ,g]man ,ges*worn5 7 9 ! 
ma9 ,inspectors2 despite ?is1 h[ev]1 we 
h n felt ju/ifi$ 9 adopt+ any o!r ?an ! 
lit]al ,engli% = ! ,lat9 & ,g]man t]ms4 
,we h vacillat$ a great deal ov] ! t]m  
,praefectus ,fod9ae1 ! ,g]man ,/eig]    
hav+1 l ! ,corni% ,capta91 9 ^! days    
deg5]at$ into a =eman1 :]eas ! duties z 
describ$ 7 n only ^? ( ! mod]n          
,sup]9t5d5t or ,manag]1 b also ^? (     
,treasur] ( ! ,company1 = he made !     
calls on %>es & paid ! divid5ds4 ,! t]m 
,purs] has be5 us$ = c5turies 9 ,engli% 
m9+ = ! ,acc\ntant or ,ca%i]1 b 8       
functions 7 limit$ to pay+ divid5ds1    

wages1 etc41 !re=e we h consid]$ x bett]
 n to adopt ! latt] t]m1 & h compromis$ 
^u ! t]m ,sup]9t5d5t or ,manag]1 al?\gh 
x has a di/9ctly mod]n flavor4 ,! ^w =  
area has also caus$ mu* hesitation1 & ! 
me] has f9ally be5 adopt$ ) "s d\bt4 ,! 
title describ$ by ,agricola has a v     
close equival5t 9 ! me] ( old ,d]by%ire4
 ,z w be se5 lat]1 ! m9es ( ,saxony 7   
,regal prop]ty1 & 7 held subject to two 
ess5tial conditions1 i4e41 paym5t ( a   
ti!1 & cont9u\s op]ation4 ,?is =m (     
title ?us approximates m closely to !   
lease ( ,au/ralia ?an to ! old ,corni%  
sett1 or ! ,am]ican claim4 ,! fundgrube 
( ,saxony & ,agricola's equival5t1 !    
area capitis--head lease--we h r5d]$    
lit]ally z head me]1 al?\gh 9 "s ways   
f\nd]s' me] might be bett]1 =1 9        
,d]by%ire1 ?is 0 call$ ! f9d]'s or      
f\nd]'s me]1 & 0 aw>d$ "u simil>        
circum/ances4 ,x has also an analogy 9  
,au/ralian law 9 ! rew>d leases4 ,! t]m 
measure has ! m]it ( be+ a lit]al r5d]+ 
( ! ,lat91 & also ( be+ ! id5tical t]m 9

 ! same use 9 ! ,high ,peak4 ,! foll[+  
table ( ! pr9cipal t]ms gives ! orig9als
 ( ! ,lat9 text1 _! ,g]man equival5ts   
accord+ 9 ! ,gloss>y & o!r s\rces1 & ^? 
adopt$ 9 ! translation3--               
,,agricola4                ,,g]man      
,,gloss>y4          ,,t]m ,,adopt$4     
,praefectus ,metallorum    ,b]gamptmann 
,m9+ ,prefect4   ,magi/] ,metallicorum  
,b]gmei/]              ,b]gmei/]4       
,scriba ,magi/]           ,b]gmei/]'s   
s*reib]  ,b]gmei/]'s cl]k4              
,metallicorum   ,jurati                 
,ges*worn5              ,jurates or     
,jurors4   ,publicus ,signator          
,geme9] sigl]          ,not>y4          
,decumanus                ,zeh5d]       
,ti! ga!r]4   ,di/ributor               
,aus/eil]               ,ca%i]4         
,scriba p>tium           ,geg5s*reib]   
,%>e cl]k4   ,scriba fod9>um            
,b]gs*reib]            ,m9+ cl]k4       
,praefectus fod9ae      ,/eig]          
,manag] ( ! ,m9e4   ,praefectus cuniculi
                               ,manag] (

 ! ,tunnel4   ,praeses fod9ae           
,s*i*tmei/]          ,=eman ( ! ,m9e4   
,praeses cuniculi                       
,=eman ( ! ,tunnel4   ,fossores         
,b]ghau]                 ,m9]s or       
digg]s4   ,+e/ores                      
,b]gans*lag5            ,%ovell]s4      
,vect>ii                ,hespel]        
,lev] work]s                            
7w9dlass m574   ,discretores            
,ertzpu*]                ,sort]s4       
,lotores                 ,wes*] und     
seiffn]      ,wa%]s1 buddl]s1           
sift]s1 etc4   ,excoctores              
,s*meltz]                ,smelt]s4      
,purgator ,arg5ti        ,silb] br5n]   
,silv] ref9]4   ,magi/] ,monet>iorum    
,mu5tzmei/]              ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t4
   ,monet>ius              ,mu5tz]      
,co9]4   ,area fod9>um          ,masse  
,me]4   ,area ,capitis ,fod9>um         
,fundgrube                 ,head me]4   
,dem5sum                ,leh5           
,measure4  #b ,! foll[+ are ! equival5ts
 ( ! measures m5tion$ 9 ?is book4 ,x is 

n always c]ta9 :i* foot or fa?om        
,agricola actually _h 9 m9d al?\gh !y 7 
probably ! ,g]man4    ,greek--          
,dactylos       4#gf in*es      #af     
,p\s         #ab4ac in*es       #f      
,orguia       #gb4ha in*es4    ,roman-- 
,uncia          4#ig         #ab  ,pes  
#aa4f           #e  ,passus       #eh4a 
,g]man--           ,zoll           4#ic 
#ab  ,w]cks*uh   #aa4bd          #f     
,la*t]      #fg4e        ,engli%--      
,in*            #a4j          #ab       
,foot          #ab4jj          #f       
,fa?om        #gb4j      ,!             
discrepancies are due to v>iations 9    
au?orities & to decimals dropp$4 ,!     
w]cks*uh tak5 is ! ,*emnitz foot d$uc$ f
 ,agricola's /atem5t 9 8 ,de ,m5suris et
 ,pond]ibus1 ,basel1 #aecc1 p4 #bi4 ,=  
fur!r notes see ,app5dix ,c4  #c        
,subcisivum--,rema9d]4 ,g]man ,gloss>y1 
,ueb]s*>4 ,! t]m us$ 9 ,m5dip &         
,d]by%ire 0 primgap or primegap4 ,x did 
n1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case belong to adjac5t  
m9es1 b to ! l&lord4  #d ,adv]sum4      

,gloss>y1 geg5drumb4 ,! ,b]gw]k         
,lexicon1 ,*emnitz1 #agdc1 gives        
geg5drom or geg5tramm1 & def9es x z !   
masse or lease next beyond a /ream4  #e 
,quadratum4 ,gloss>y1 vi]ung4 ,! vi]ung 
9 old ,saxon title meant a def9ite zone 
on ei!r side ( ! ve91 #c-a_/b la*t]     
7la*t]  #e ft4 #g4e in*es7 into !       
hang+wall & ! same into ! footwall1 !   
l5g? ( "o vi]ung be+ #g la*t] along !   
/rike4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! =m (   
rights "h ref]r$ to entitl$ ! m9] to    
foll[ 8 ve91 c>ry+ ! side l9e ) him 9   
dep? ! same di/ance f ! ve91 9 mu* !    
same way z ) ! ,apex ,law ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates4 ,f ?is def9ition z giv5 9 !     
,b]gw]k ,lexicon1 p4 #ehe1 x w\ld appe> 
t ! ve9 itself 0 n includ$ 9 !          
measurem5ts1 b t !y />t$ f ! walls4  #f 
,,hi/orical ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,developm5t
 ,,( ,,m9+ ,,law4--,!re is no bran* ( ! 
law ( prop]ty1 ( :i* ! developm5t is m  
int]e/+ & illum9at+ f a social po9t (   
view ?an t relat+ to m9]als4 ,unlike !  
l&1 ! m9]als h ev] be5 reg>d$ z a sort (

 =tuit\s prop]ty1 = ! title ( :i* !re h 
be5 f\r pr9cipal claimants--t is1 !     
,ov]lord1 z repres5t$ by ! ,k+1 ,pr9ce1 
,bi%op1 or :at n2 ! ,community or !     
,/ate1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,rul]2 ! ,l&[n]2 &
 ! ,m9e ,op]ator1 to :i* class belongs !
 ,discov]]4 ,! "o ( ^! t possess$ !     
dom9ant "r reflects vividly ! social    
/ate & s5tim5t ( ! p]iod4 ,! ,div9e ,"r 
( ,k+s2 ! measure ( fre$om ( _!         
subjects2 ! tyranny ( ! l&-own+ class2 !
 rights ( ! ,community z oppos$ to its  
individual memb]s2 ! rise (             
individualism2 & f9ally1 ! mod]n return 
to m communal view1 h all be5 reflect$  
promptly 9 ! m9]al title4 ,( ^! p>ties !
 claims ( ! ,ov]lord h be5 limit$ only  
by ! resi/ance ( 8 subjects2 ^? ( !     
,/ate limit$ by ! l&lord2 ^? ( ! l&lord 
by ! ,sov]eign or by ! ,/ate2 :ile !    
m9]1 ev] 9 a m9ority 9 influ5ce z well z
 9 numb]s1 has be5 buffet$ f pill> to   
po/1 8 only protection be+ ! fact t all 
o!r p>ties dep5d$ ^u 8 ex]tion & skill4 
,! conception z to :i* ( ^! classes _h a

 "r 9 ! title h be5 by no means ! same 9
 diff]5t places at ! same "t1 & 9 all x 
v>ies ) diff]5t p]iods2 b ! :ole range (
 legislation indicates ! encroa*m5t ( "o
 factor 9 ! community ov] ano!r1 s t _! 
relative rights h be5 ! cause (         
nev]-end+ cont5tion1 ev] s9ce a record (
 civil & economic cont5tions began4 ,9  
mod]n times1 practically ov] ! :ole _w1 
! ,/ate has 9 effect tak5 ! rights f !  
,ov]lord1 b 8 claims did n cease until 8
 claims ov] ! bodies ( 8 subjects also  
ceas$4 ,h[ev]1 he /ill rema9s 9 _m      
places ) 8 picture on ! co9age4 ,!      
,l&lord has pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes2
 8 complete "r to m9]als 0 practically  
nev] admitt$ until ! doctr9e (          
laissez-faire _h become a matt] ( fai?1 
& ?is j 9 "t to ve/ him ) mo/ ( ! coal &
 iron deposits 9 ! _w2 ?is1 no d\bt1 be+
 also p>tially due to ! little reg>d 9  
:i* su* deposits 7 g5]ally held at t "t1
 & !re=e to ! little opposition to 8    
ev]-ready pret5tions4 ,_! numb]s1 h[ev]1
 & _! prom95ce 9 ! support ( ! political

 p[]s de jure h usually obta9$ !m "s    
recognition4 ,9 ! rise ( individualism1 
! apogee ( ! laissez-faire feti% came   
ab\t ! "t ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 & h5ce ! relaxation 9 ! claims (
 ! ,/ate 9 t c\ntry & ! correspond+     
position atta9$ by ! l&lord & m9]4 ,!   
discov]] & ! op]ator--t is1 ! m9]       
himself--has1 h[ev]1 _h to be reckon$ ) 
by all ?ree ( ! o!r claimants1 because  
!y h almo/ univ]sally s\ght to escape ! 
risks ( m9+1 to obta9 ! mo/ skilful     
op]ation1 & to /imulate ! productivity (
 ! m9es2 !reupon ! m9] has secur$ at    
lea/ p>tial consid]ation4 ,?is /&s out 9
 all times & all places1 & :ile ! m9]   
has _h to take ! risks ( 8 =tuit\s      
call+1 ! ,ov]lord1 ,/ate1 or ,l&lord h  
all made = complac5t safety by dem&+ "s 
k9d ( a ti! on 8 ex]tions4 ,moreov]1 !re
 has (t5 be5 a l[ cunn+ display$ by ^!  
p[]s 9 giv+ some?+ extra to ! fir/      
discov]]4 ,9 ^! relations ( ! p[]s to ! 
m9e op]ator1 f ! v fir/ we f9d def9ite  
records ( ! imposition ( c]ta9          

conditions ) extraord9>y p]si/5ce--s    
fix$ a notion t ev5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates did 
n q escape x4 ,?is condition 01 no d\bt1
 design$ z a /imulus to productive      
activity1 & 0 ! requirem5t t ! m9] %\ld 
cont9u\sly employ himself digg+ 9 !     
piece ( gr\nd allott$ to him4 ,!        
,greeks1 ,romans1 ,m$iaeval ,g]mans1 old
 & mod]n ,engli%m51 mod]n ,au/ralians1  
all require ! m9] to keep cont9u\sly    
lab\r+ at 8 m9es1 or lose 8 title4 ,!   
,am]ican1 z 8 inauguration ( gov]nm5t   
happ5$ :5 ?+s 7 easi] = individuals1    
all[s him a vacation ( #aa mon?s 9 ! ye>
 = a few ye>s1 & f9ally a holiday       
altoge!r4 ,!re are o!r po9ts :]e !      
,ov]lord1 ! ,/ate1 or ! ,l&lord h always
 consid]$ t !y _h a "r to int]f]e1      
pr9cipally z to ! way ! m9] does 8 "w1  
le/ he %\ld miss1 or cause to be miss$1 
"s ( ! m9]al2 s he has usually be5 "u   
pa9s & p5alties z to 8 me?ods--^! q ap>t
 f ! v prop] protection to human life1  
:i* is purely a mod]n inv5tion1 l>gely (
 ! m9] himself4 ,somebody has _h to keep

 peace & settle disputes among ! usually
 turbul5t m9]s 7= :at o!r sort (        
op]ators w\ld und]take ! haz>ds &       
h&icaps871 & !re=e special (ficials &   
codes1 or ,c\rts1 = 8 b5efit are ( !    
olde/ & mo/ p]si/5t ( in/itutions4      
,betwe5 ! ,ov]lord & ! ,l&[n] !         
fundam5tal conflict ( view z to _!      
respective rights has f\nd its          
int]pretation 9 ! =m ( ! m9]al title4 ,!
 ,ov]lord claim$ ! metals z di/+ui%$ f !
 l&1 :ile ! l&[n] claim$ all b5ea? 8    
soil4 ,!re=e1 we f9d two =ms ( title--t 
9 :i* ! m9] c\ld foll[ ! ore reg>dless (
 ! surface 7! apex conception71 & t 9   
:i* ! b\nd>ies 7 v]tical f ! l& surface4
 ,le/ ! ,am]icans ?9k t ! ,apex ,law 0 a
 s9 orig9al to !mselves1 we may m5tion t
 x 0 made use ( 9 ,europe a few c5turies
 be=e ,agricola1 :o w be f\nd to set x  
out ) great precision4  ,f ^! po9ts (   
view1 m philosophical ?an legal1 we     
pres5t a few notes on v>i\s anci5t laws 
( m9es1 ?\gh space =bids a discussion ( 
a ti! ( ! am\nt x des]ves at "s exp]i5c$

 h&4  ,( ! ,anci5t ,egyptian1 ,lydian1  
,assyrian1 ,p]sian1 ,indian1 & ,*9ese   
laws z to m9es we h no record1 b !y 7 ( 
great simplicity1 = ! bodies z well z ! 
prop]ty ( subjects 7 at ! abject        
disposition ( ! ,ov]lord4 ,we are in=m$ 
on c\ntless occasions ( ,emp]ors1 ,k+s1 
& ,pr9ces ( v>i\s degree among ^! races1
 own+ & op]at+ m9es ) convicts1 soldi]s1
 or o!r slaves1 s we may take x = c]ta9 
t cont9u\s lab\r 0 en=c$1 & t !         
b\nd>ies1 inspection1 & l&lords did n   
cause mu* anxiety4 ,h[ev]1 h]e9 lies !  
root ( regalian "r4  ,our fir/ glimpse (
 a s]i\s "r ( ! subject to m9es is among
 "s ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 z c\ld be expect$
 f _! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,) republican      
ideals1 a ri* m9+ di/rict at ,m\nt      
,laurion1 an ent]pris+ & cont5ti\s p1 x 
w\ld be surpris+ inde$ if ,a!nian       
,lit]ature 0 void on ! subject4 ,:ile we
 "k t ! active op]ation ( ^! m9es ext5d$
 ov] "s #ejj ye>s1 f #gjj to #bjj       
,b4,c41 ! p]iod ( mo/ lit]>y ref]5ce 0 f
 #djj to #cjj ,b4,c4 ,our in=mation on !

 subject is f two ( ,demo/h5es'         
orations--"o aga9/ ,panta5etus1 ! o!r   
aga9/ ,pha5ippus--! fir/ m9+ lawsuit 9  
:i* ! address ( c\nsel is extant4 ,!re  
is also available "s in=mation 9        
,x5ophon's ,essay ^u ! ,rev5ues1        
,ari/otle's ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1       
,lycurgus' prosecution ( ,diphilos1 !   
,tablets ( ! ,poletae1 & _m incid5tal   
ref]5ces & inscriptions ( m9or ord]4 ,! 
m9]als 7 ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 a         
conception app>5tly inh]it$ f ! old]    
civilizations4 ,leases = exploitation 7 
grant$ to individuals = t]ms ( ?ree to  
t5 ye>s1 dep5d+ ^u :e!r ! m9es _h be5   
previ\sly work$1 ?us a special advantage
 0 conf]r$ ^u ! pione]4 ,! leases did n 
c>ry surface rights1 b ! b\nd>ies at    
,mt4 ,laurion 7 v]tical1 z necess>ily   
mu/ be ! case ev]y:]e 9 horizontal      
deposits4 ,:at !y 7 else:]e we d n "k4  
,! l&lord app>5tly got no?+4 ,! m9] mu/ 
cont9u\sly op]ate 8 m9e1 & 0 requir$ to 
pay a l>ge tribute to ! ,/ate1 ei!r 9 ! 
initial pur*ase ( 8 lease or 9 annual   

r5t4 ,!re 7 elaborate regulations z to  
int]f]5ce & encroa*m5t1 & prop] support 
( ! work+s4 ,diphilos 0 condemn$ to dea?
 & 8 =tune confiscat$ = robb+ pill>s4 ,!
 m9es 7 work$ ) slaves4  ,! ,romans 7   
mo/ int5sive m9]s & se>*]s aft] metallic
 weal? already m9$4 ,! latt] 0 obvi\sly 
! objective ( mo/ ,roman conque/1 & ^?  
nations ri* 9 ^! commodities1 at t "t   
necess>ily possess$ _! own m9es4 ,?us a 
map %[+ ! ext5sions ( ,empire co9cides 9
 an extraord9>y mann] ) ! metal         
di/ribution ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,nor?   
,africa4 ,fur!r1 ! great ind5tations    
into ! p]iph]y ( ! ,imp]ial map1 ?\gh _m
 7 ri* f an agricultural po9t ( view1 _h
 no lure to ! ,roman because !y _h no   
m9]al weal?4 ,on ! ,roman law ( m9es !  
/ud5t is fac$ ) _m p]plexities4 ,) !    
conque/ ( ! old] ,/ates1 ! plund]]s took
 ov] ! m9es & work$ !m1 ei!r by leases f
 ! ,/ate to public companies or to      
individuals2 or ev5 9 "s cases work$ !m 
directly by ! ,/ate4 ,!re 0 ?us ma9ta9$ 
! concept ( ,/ate own]%ip ( ! m9]als    

:i*1 al?\gh app>5tly nev] v specifically
 def9$1 yet =m$ a basis ( support to !  
cont5tion ( regalian rights 9 ,europe   
lat] on4 ,p>allel ) ?is sy/em1 m9es 7   
discov]$ & work$ by individuals "u ti!  
to ! ,/ate1 & 9 ,pl9y 7,,xxxiv1 #di7 !re
 is ref]5ce to ! m9]s 9 ,brita9 limit+  
_! own output4 ,individual m9+ appe>s to
 h increas$ ) any relaxation ( c5tral   
au?ority1 z = in/ance "u ,augu/us4 ,x   
appe>s1 z a rule1 t ! m9es 7 held on    
t]m9able leases1 & t ! ,/ate did at     
times resume !m2 ! lab\r 0 mo/ly slaves4
 ,z to ! detail$ conditions "u :i* ! m9e
 op]ator held 8 title1 we "k less ?an ( 
! ,greeks--9 fact1 practically no?+ o!r 
?an t he paid a ti!4 ,! ,romans ma9ta9$ 
9 ea* m9+ di/rict an (ficial--!         
,procurator ,metallorum--:o n only _h   
g5]al *>ge ( ! leas+ ( ! m9es on behalf 
( ! ,/ate1 b 0 usually ! magi/rate ( !  
di/rict4 ,a bronze tablet f\nd ne>      
,alju/rel1 9 ,portugal1 9 #ahgf1 g5]ally
 kn[n z ! ,alju/rel ,tablet1 appe>s to  
be ! ?ird ( a s]ies sett+ out !         

regulations ( ! m9+ di/rict4 ,x ref]s   
mo/ly to ! regulation ( public auctions1
 ! ba?s1 b>b]s1 & tradesm52 b "o clause 
7,,vii47 is devot$ to ! regulation ( ^? 
:o "w dumps ( scoria1 etc41 & provides =
 paym5t to ! adm9i/rator ( ! m9es ( a   
capitation on ! slaves employ$4 ,x does 
n1 h[ev]1 s f> z we c det]m9e1 ?r[ any  
light ^u ! actual regulations = work+ ! 
m9es4 7,^? int]e/$ w f9d ample detail 9 
,jacques ,fla*1 ,la ,table de ,bronze   
d',alju/rel3 ,n\velle ,revue ,hi/orique 
de ,droit ,francais et ,etrang]1 #ahgh1 
p4 #fee2 ,e/acio da ,veiga1 ,memorias da
 ,acad4 ,real das ,ci5cias de ,lisbon1  
,nova ,scrie1 ,tome ,v1 ,"p ,,ii1       
,lisbon1 #ahhb47 ,despite ! sy/ematic   
law ( prop]ty evolv$ by ! ,romans1 !    
codes conta9 b small ref]5ce to m9es1 & 
?is 9 itself is indirect evid5ce ( !    
concept t !y 7 ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate4 ,any
 g5]al fre$om ( ! metals w\ld h giv5    
rise to a m ext5sive body ( law4 ,!re   
are1 ( c\rse1 ! well-kn[n sections 9 !  
,ju/9ian & ,!odosian ,codes1 b ! =m] 9 !

 ma9 be>s on ! collection ( ! ti! & !   
/imulation ( m9+ by ord]+ migrant m9]s  
to return to _! own he>?s4 ,!re is also 
"s intangible prohibition ( m9+ ne>     
edifices4 ,!re is 9 ! ,!odosian code    
evid5t ext5sion ( individual "r to m9e  
or qu>ry1 & ?is free+ ( ! m9es 0 lat]   
consid]ably ext5d$4 ,! ,empire 01 h[ev]1
 !n on ! decl9e2 & no d\bt x 0 hop$ to  
/imulate ! taxable commodities4 ,!re is 
no?+ v tangible z to ! position ( !     
l&lord ) reg>d to m9]als f\nd on 8      
prop]ty2 ! metals 7 probably (          
insuffici5t frequ5cy on ! l& ( ,italian 
l&lords to matt] mu*1 & ! attitude t[>d 
subject races 0 n usually su* z to      
require an ext5sive body ( law4  ,9 !   
*aos ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,europe 0 gov]n$
 by hundr$s ( pot5tates1 great & small1 
:o 7 unanim\s on "o po9t1 & ?is t !     
m9]als 7 _! prop]ty4 ,9 ! bick]+s among 
!mselves1 ! /rong] did n hesitate to    
int]pret ! ,roman law 9 affirm+ regalian
 rights z an excuse to dispossess !     
weak]4 ,! rights to ! m9es =m no small  

"p ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! ,pot5tates & 
! m important ( _! subjects2 & ) !      
gradual accretion ( p[] into a few h&s1 
we f9d only ! mo/ p[]ful ( vassals able 
to resi/ su* encroa*m5t4 ,h[ev]1 z to   
:at position ! l&lord or m9] held 9 ^!  
rights1 we h little indication until    
ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #ac? c5tury1 aft] :i* 
!re appe> sev]al well-kn[n *>t]s1 :i* z 
"t w5t on 7 elaborat$ into practical    
codes ( m9+ law4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! *>t]s   
are ^? ( ! ,bi%op ( ,tr5t1 #aahe2 t ( ! 
,h>z ,m9]s1 #abai2 ( ! t[n ( ,iglau 9   
#abdi4 ,_m su* 9 connection ) o!r       
di/ricts appe> ?r\gh\t ! #ac?1 #ad?1 &  
#ae? c5turies4 7,ref]5ces to ! mo/      
important ( su* *>t]s may be f\nd 9     
,/]nb]g1 ,umrisse d] ,ges*i*te des      
,b]gbaues1 ,prague1 #ahch2 ,eis5h>t1 ,de
 ,regali ,metalli ,fod9>ium1 ,helme/adt1
 #afha2 ,gmel91 ,beytraege zur ,ges*i*te
 des ,teuts*5 ,b]gbaus1 ,halle1 #aghc2  
,inama-,/]negg1 ,deuts*e                
,wir?s*aftsges*i*te1 ,leipzig1          
#ahgi-aija2 ,transactions1 ,royal ,geol4

 ,soc4 ,cornwall ,,vi1 #aee2 ,lewis1 ,! 
,/ann>ies1 ,new ,york1 #aijh47 ,by ?is  
"t a numb] ( m9+ communities _h gr[n up1
 & ! *>t]s 9 ! ma9 are a confirmation to
 !m ( c]ta9 privileges2 !y conta91      
nev]!less1 rigor\s res]vation ( !       
regalian "r4 ,! l&lord1 :]e pres5t1 0   
usually grant$ "s int]e/ 9 ! m9e1 b _h  
to yield to ! m9] free entry4 ,! m9] 0  
simply a sort ( tribut] to ! ,cr[n1     
load$ ) an obligation :5 ^u private l&s 
to pay a fur!r portion ( 8 pr(its to !  
l&lord4 ,he held t5ure only dur+ /r5u\s 
op]ation4 ,h[ev]1 x be+ necess>y to     
attract skill$ m51 !y 7 grant$ _m civil 
privileges n g5]al to ! p2 & f _m ( !   
pr9cipal m9+ t[ns free cities 7 creat$1 
possess+ a measure ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,!re
 appe> 9 ! ,iglau *>t] ( #abdi ! fir/   
symptoms ( ! apex =m ( title1 ?is be+ ! 
logical developm5t ( ! conception t !   
m9]als 7 ( q di/9ct own]%ip f ! l&4 ,!  
law1 z outl9$ by ,agricola1 is mu* !    
same z set out 9 ! ,iglavian ,*>t] (    
?ree c5turies be=e1 & we mu/ believe t  

su* fully develop$ conceptions z t *>t] 
conveys 7 b ! confirmation ( cu/oms     
develop$ ov] g5]ations4  ,9 ,france !   
l&lord manag$ to ma9ta9 a /rong]        
position vis-a-vis ) ! ,cr[n1 despite   
mu* ass]tion ( its rights2 & z a result1
 :ile ! l&lord admitt$ ! "r to a ti! = !
 ,cr[n1 he ma9ta9$ ! actual possession1 
& ! b\nd>ies 7 def9$ ) ! l&4  ,9 ,engl& 
! law v>i$ ) special m9+ communities1   
su* z ,cornwall1 ,devon1 ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1
 ! ,=e/ ( ,m5dip1 ,al/on ,moor1 & !     
,high ,peak1 & !y exhibit a curi\s      
complex ( individual gr[?1 ( pr(\nd     
int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! gr[? (            
in/itutions4 ,^! communities 7 ( v      
anci5t orig91 "s ( !m at lea/           
pre-,roman2 b we are1 except = ! ref]5ce
 9 ,pl9y1 practically )\t any idea ( _! 
legal do+s until aft] ! ,norman         
occupation 7#ajff ,a4,d474 ,! g5ius ( ^!
 conqu]ors = sy/ematic gov]nm5t soon l$ 
!m to inquire into ! do+s ( ^!          
communities1 & :ile gradually sy/ematis+
 _! cu/oms into law1 !y lo/ no occasion 

to ass]t ! regalian "r to ! m9]als4 ,9 !
 two c5turies subsequ5t to _! adv5t !re 
are on record num]\s inquisitions1 ) !  
recognition & confirmation ( ! cu/oms & 
lib]ties :i* _h exi/$ f "t immemorial1  
always ) ! res]vation to ! ,cr[n ( "s   
sort ( royalty4 ,except = ! ,high ,peak 
9 ,d]by%ire1 ! p]iod & orig9 ( ^! cu/oms
 & lib]ties are beyond f9d+ out1 z !re  
is practically no record ( ,engli%      
,hi/ory betwe5 ! ,roman )drawal & !     
,norman occupation4 ,!re may h be5      
lib]ties "u ! ,romans1 b !re is n a %r$ 
( evid5ce on ! subject1 & our own belief
 is t ! =ms ( self-gov]nm5t :i* sprang  
up 7 ! result ( ! ,roman evacuation4 ,! 
m9] _h little to compla9 ( 9 ! ,norman  
treatm5t 9 ^! matt]s2 b betwe5 ! ,cr[n &
 ! l&lord z repres5t$ by ! ,b>ons1      
,lords ( ! ,manor1 etc41 !re 7 wide     
diff]5ces ( op9ion on ! regalian rights1
 = 9 ! extreme int]pretation ( ! ,cr[n x
 t5d$ greatly to curtail ! l&lord's     
position 9 ! matt]1 & ! success ( !     
,cr[n on ?is subject 0 by no means      

univ]sal4 ,9 fact1 a consid]able portion
 ( ,engli% legal hi/ory ( m9es is b !   
outcropp+ ( ?is conflict1 & "o ( !      
concessions wrung f ,k+ ,john at        
,runnym$e 9 #abae 0 8 ab&onm5t ( a      
portion ( su* claims4  ,! m9+           
communities ( ,cornwall & ,devon 7 e>ly 
9 ! #ac? c5tury def9itely *>t]$ into    
corporations--,! ,/ann>ies--possess+    
def9ite legislative & executive         
functions1 judicial p[]s1 & practical   
self-gov]nm5t2 b !y 7 requir$ to make   
paym5t ( ! ti! 9 ! %ape ( co9age on !   
t94 ,su* recognition1 :ile b a          
ratification ( prior cu/om1 0 n obta9$  
)\t /ruggle1 = ! ,norman ,k+s e>ly      
ass]t$ wide rights ov] ! m9es4 ,tangible
 record ( m9+ 9 ^! p>ts1 f a legal po9t 
( view1 practically beg9s ) a report by 
,william de ,wro?am 9 #aaih ^u 8        
arrangem5ts reg>d+ ! co9age4 ,a *>t] (  
,k+ ,john 9 #abja1 :ile grant+ free "r (
 entry to ! m9]s1 ?us usurp$ ! rights ( 
! l&lords--a claim :i* he 0 compell$ by 
! ,b>ons to mod]ate2 ! ,cr[n1 z above   

m5tion$ did ma9ta9 its "r to a royalty1 
b ! l&lord held ! m9]als4 ,x is n1      
h[ev]1 until ! "t ( ,ri*>d ,c>ew's      
,survey ( ,cornwall 7,london1 #afjb7 t  
we obta9 mu* insight into details (     
m9]s' title1 & ! cu/oms !re set out 7   
ma9ta9$ 9 broad pr9ciple d[n to ! #ai?  
c5tury4 ,at ,c>ew's "t ! m9] 0 all[$ to 
prospect freely ^u ,common or wa/rel l&s
 7s9ce mo/ly usurp$ by l&lords71 & ^u   
m9]al discov]y m>k$ 8 b\nd>ies1 )9 :i*  
he 0 entitl$ to ! v]tical cont5ts4 ,ev5 
^u su* l&s1 h[ev]1 he mu/ ackn[l$ge ! "r
 ( ! "l ( ! manor to a p>ticipation 9 ! 
m9e4 ,^u enclos$ l&s he _h no "r ( entry
 )\t ! cons5t ( ! l&lord2 9 fact1 !     
m9]als belong$ to ! l& z !y d to-day    
except :]e volunt>ily rel9qui%$4 ,9 ei!r
 case he 0 compell$ to r5ew 8 b\nds once
 a ye>1 & to op]ate m or less cont9u\sly
 to ma9ta9 ! "r once obta9$4 ,!re ?us   
exi/$ a lab\r condition ( v>iable "*1   
usually impos$ m or less vigor\sly 9 !  
b>ga9s ) l&lords4 ,! regulations 9      
,devon%ire diff]$ 9 ! important p>ticul>

 t ! m9] _h "r ( entry to private l&s1  
al?\gh he 0 n reliev$ ( ! necessity to  
give a p>ticipation ( "s sort to !      
l&lord4 ,! ,=e/s ( ,dean1 ,m5dip1 & o!r 
old m9+ communities possess$ a measure (
 self-gov]nm5t1 :i* d n display any     
features 9 _! law fundam5tally diff]5t f
 ^? ( ,cornwall & ,devon4 ,! ,high ,peak
 lead m9es ( ,d]by%ire1 h[ev]1 exhibit  
"o ( ! mo/ pr(\ndly int]e/+ ( ^! m9+    
communities4 ,z well z hav+ di/9ctively 
,saxon names = "s ( ! m9es1 ! cu/oms !re
 are ( und\bt$ ,saxon orig91 & z su* _! 
ratification by ! ,normans caus$ !      
survival ( "o ( ! few ,saxon in/itutions
 9 ,engl&--a fact :i*1 we believe1 has  
be5 hi!rto ov]look$ by hi/orians4       
,beg9n+ ) inquisitions by ,edw>d ,i4 9  
#abhh1 !re is 9 ! ,record ,(fice a weal?
 ( in=mation1 ! b>e titles ( :i* =m too 
ext5sive a li/ to set out "h4 7,(       
publi%$ works1 ! mo/ important are      
,edw>d ,manlove's ,! ,lib]ties & ,cu/oms
 ( ! ,lead ,m9es )9 ! ,wap5take (       
,wirkswor?1 ,london1 #afec1 g5]ally     

ref]r$ to z ! ,rhym$ ,*ronicle2 ,?omas  
,h\ghton1 ,r>a ,avis 9 ,t]ra1 ,london1  
#afhg2 ,william ,h>dy1 ,! ,m9]'s ,guide1
 ,%effield1 #agdh2 ,?omas ,tapp+1 ,high 
,peak ,m9]al ,cu/oms1 ,london1 #ahea47  
,! m9]s 9 ?is di/rict 7 presid$ ov] by a
 ,b>ma/]1 ,b>ghma/]1 or ,b>m>1 z he 0   
v>i\sly spell$1 all be+ a corruption ( !
 ,g]man ,b]gmei/]1 ) precisely ! same   
functions z to ! allotm5t ( title1      
settlem5t ( disputes1 etc41 z 8 ,saxon  
prog5itor _h1 &1 l him1 he 0 advis$ by a
 jury4 ,! m9]s _h entry to all l&s      
except *ur*y>ds 7?is regulation waiv$ ^u
 dea?71 & a few simil> exceptions1 & 0  
subject to royalty to ! ,cr[n & !       
l&lord4 ,! discov]] 0 entitl$ to a      
f9d]'s me] ( extra size1 & 8 title 0 to 
! ve9 )9 ! end l9es1 i4e41 ! apex law4  
,?is title 0 held subject to rigor\s    
lab\r conditions1 am\nt+ to =feiture =  
failure to op]ate ! m9e = a p]iod ( n9e 
weeks4 ,space does n p]mit ( !          
elaboration ( ! details ( ?is subject1  
:i* we hope to pursue else:]e 9 its _m  

hi/orical be>+s4 ,among ^! we may m5tion
 t if ! ,am]ican ,apex law is ( ,engli% 
desc5t1 x mu/ be laid to ! door (       
,d]by%ire1 & n ( ,cornwall1 z is g5]ally
 done4 ,our own belief1 h[ev]1 is t !   
,am]ican apex conception came /raight f 
,g]many4  ,x is n our purpose to foll[  
^! inquiries into m9+ law beyond ! #ae? 
c5tury1 b we may po9t out t ) ! gr[? ( !
 s5tim5t ( individualism ! m9]s &       
l&lords obta9$ /eadily wid] & wid]      
rights at ! co/ ( ! ,/ate1 until well )9
 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! gr[? ( /rong]        
communal s5tim5t s9ce ! middle ( ! la/  
c5tury has already f\nd its manife/ation
 9 ! legislation ) reg>d to m9es1 = !   
laws ( ,s\? ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 &       
,engl&1 & ! agitation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
are all t[>d great] re/rictions on !    
m9]al own]%ip 9 fav\r ( ! ,/ate4  #g    
8,de ,limitibus et de ,re ,agr>ia (     
,sextus ,julius ,front9us 7ab\t #ej-ij  
,a4,d47  #h ,su* a =m ( own]%ip is v    
old4 ,app>5tly ^u ! in/igation (        
,x5ophon 7see ,note #g1 p4 #bi7 !       

,greeks =m$ companies to "w ! m9es (    
,laurion1 fur!r in=mation z to :i* is   
giv5 9 note #f1 p4 #bg4 ,pl9y 7,note #g1
 p4 #bcb7 m5tions ! ,company work+ !    
quicksilv] m9es 9 ,spa94 ,9 fact1       
company organization 0 v common among ! 
,romans1 :o speculat$ l>gely 9 ! %>es1  
especially 9 ^? companies :i* f>m$ !    
taxes ( ! prov9ces1 or leas$ public l&s1
 or took milit>y & civil contracts4  #i 
,! ,lat9 text gives "o-six?1 obvi\sly an
 error4  #aj ,a symposium is a banquet1 
& a symbola is a contribution ( money to
 a banquet4 ,?is s5t5ce is probably a   
play on ! old ,g]man ,ze*e1 m9e1 ?is be+
 also a t]m = a dr9k+ b\t4  #aa ,9 !    
,lat9 text ?is is ?ree--obvi\sly an     
error4  #ab ,see ,note #i1 p4 #gd1 =    
fur!r in=mation ) reg>d to ^! m9es4 ,!  
,rh5i% guld5 0 ab\t #f4i %ill+s1 or     
#a4ff4 ,silv] 0 wor? ab\t ?is am\nt p]  
,troy ounce at ?is p]iod1 s t r\ghly1   
silv] ( a value ( #a1ajj guld5 w\ld be  
ab\t #a1ajj ,troy ounces4 ,! ,saxon ?al]
 0 wor? ab\t #d4fd %ill+s or ab\t #a4aa4

 ,! ?al]1 !re=e1 repres5t$ ab\t 4#fe    
,troy ounces ( silv]1 s t #cjj ?al]s 7  
ab\t #aie ,troy ounces1 & #bbe ?al]s    
ab\t #adf ,troy ounces4  #ac ,op]a      
cont95s4 ,! ,gloss>y gives s*i*t1--!    
orig9 ( ! ,engli% %ift4  #ad ,! t]ms 9 !
 ,lat9 text are donator1 a giv] ( a     
gift1 & donatus1 a receiv]4 ,x appe>s to
 u1 h[ev]1 t "s consid]ation pass$1 & we
 h1 !re=e1 us$ sell] & buy]4  #ae ,see  
,note #bi1 p4 #bc4  #af ,decemviri--,!  
,t5 ,m54 ,! orig9al ,decemviri 7 a body 
appo9t$ by ! ,romans 9 #deb ,b4,c41     
pr9cipally to codify ! law4 ,su*        
commissions 7 aft]w>d in/itut$ = o!r    
purposes1 b ! analogy ( ! above p>agraph
 is a little remote4  #ag ,?is "w 0     
app>5tly nev] publi%$2 see ,app5dix ,a4 
,,book ,v4   ,9 ! la/ book ,i h expla9$ 
! me?ods ( delimit+ ! me]s along ea* k9d
 ( ve91 & ! duties ( m9e (ficials4 ,9   
?is book#a ,i w 9 l mann] expla9 !      
pr9ciples ( und]gr\nd m9+ & ! art (     
survey+4 ,fir/ !n1 ,i w proce$ to deal )
 ^? matt]s :i* p]ta9 to ! =m] head+1    

s9ce bo? ! subject & me?odical          
arrangem5t require x4 ,& s ,i w describe
 fir/ ( all ! digg+ ( %afts1 tunnels1 & 
drifts on v5ae pr(undae2 next ,i w      
discuss ! good indications %[n by       
canales#b1 by ! mat]ials :i* are dug    
out1 & by ! rocks2 !n ,i w speak ( !    
tools by :i* ve9s & rocks are brok5 d[n 
& excavat$2 ! me?od by :i* fire %att]s !
 h>d ve9s2 & fur!r1 ( ! ma*9es ) :i*    
wat] is drawn f ! %afts & air is =c$    
into deep %afts & long tunnels1 = digg+ 
is imp$$ by ! inru% ( ! =m] or ! failure
 ( ! latt]2 next ,i w deal ) ! two k9ds 
( %afts1 & ) ! mak+ ( !m & ( tunnels2 & 
f9ally1 ,i w describe ! me?od ( m9+ v5ae
 dilatatae1 v5ae cumulatae1 & /r+]s4    
,n[ :5 a m9] discov]s a v5a pr(unda he  
beg9s s9k+ a %aft & above x sets up a   
w9dlass1 & builds a %$ ov] ! %aft to    
prev5t ! ra9 f fall+ 91 le/ ! m5 :o turn
 ! w9dlass be numb$ by ! cold or tr\bl$ 
by ! ra94 ,! w9dlass m5 also place _!   
b>r[s 9 x1 & ! m9]s /ore _! iron tools &
 o!r implem5ts !re94 ,next to !         

%aft-h\se ano!r h\se is built1 :]e ! m9e
 =eman & ! o!r workm5 dwell1 & 9 :i* are
 /or$ ! ore & o!r ?+s :i* are dug out4  
,al?\gh "s p]sons build only "o h\se1   
yet because sometimes boys & o!r liv+   
?+s fall into ! %afts1 mo/ m9]s         
delib]ately place "o h\se ap>t f ! o!r1 
or at lea/ sep>ate !m by a wall4        
,illu/ration #ajc 7,%afts73 ,?ree       
v]tical %afts1 ( :i* ! fir/1 ,a1 does n 
rea* ! tunnel2 ! second1 ,b1 rea*es !   
tunnel2 to ! ?ird1 ,c1 ! tunnel has n   
yet be5 driv54 ,d--,tunnel4             
,illu/ration #ajd 7,%afts73 ,?ree incl9$
 %afts1 ( :i* ,a does n yet rea* !      
tunnel2 ,b rea*es ! tunnel2 to ! ?ird1  
,c1 ! tunnel has n yet be5 driv54       
,d--,tunnel4  ,n[ a %aft is dug1 usually
 two fa?oms long1 two-?irds ( a fa?om   
wide1 & ?irte5 fa?oms deep2 b = !       
purpose ( connect+ ) a tunnel :i* has   
already be5 driv5 9 a hill1 a %aft may  
be sunk to a dep? ( only eight fa?oms1  
at o!r times to f\rte51 m or less#c4 ,a 
%aft may be made v]tical or incl9$1     

accord+ z ! ve9 :i* ! m9]s foll[ 9 !    
c\rse ( digg+ is v]tical or incl9$4 ,a  
tunnel is a subt]ranean dit* driv5      
l5g?wise1 & is ne>ly twice z high z x is
 broad1 & wide en\gh t workm5 & o!rs may
 be able to pass & c>ry _! loads4 ,x is 
usually "o & a qu>t] fa?oms high1 :ile  
its wid? is ab\t ?ree & ?ree-qu>t]s     
feet4 ,usually two workm5 are requir$ to
 drive x1 "o ( :om digs out ! upp] & !  
o!r ! l[] "p1 & ! "o goes =w>d1 :ile !  
o!r foll[s closely aft]4 ,ea* sits ^u   
small bo>ds fix$ securely f ! footwall  
to ! hang+wall1 or if ! ve9 is a s(t "o1
 sometimes on a w$ge-%ap$ plank fix$ on 
to ! ve9 itself4 ,m9]s s9k m incl9$     
%afts ?an v]tical1 & "s ( ea* k9d d n   
rea* to tunnels1 :ile "s connect ) !m4  
,b z = "s %afts1 ?\gh !y h already be5  
sunk to ! requir$ dep?1 ! tunnel :i* is 
to pi]ce ! m\nta9 may n yet h be5 driv5 
f> en\gh to connect ) !m4  ,illu/ration 
#aje 7,%afts73 ,a--,%aft4 ,b1           
,c--,drift4 ,d--,ano!r %aft4            
,e--,tunnel4 ,f--,m\? ( tunnel4  ,x is  

advantage\s if a %aft connects ) a      
tunnel1 = !n ! m9]s & o!r workm5 c>ry on
 m easily ! "w !y h und]tak52 b if !    
%aft is n s deep1 x is usual to drift f 
"o or bo? sides ( x4 ,f ^! op5+s ! own] 
or =eman becomes acqua9t$ ) ! ve9s &    
/r+]s t unite ) ! pr9cipal ve91 or cut  
across x1 or divide x obliquely2 h[ev]1 
my disc\rse is n[ conc]n$ ma9ly ) v5a   
pr(unda1 b mo/ ( all ) ! metallic       
mat]ial :i* x conta9s4 ,excavations (   
?is k9d 7 call$ by ! ,greeks ,greek3    
kryptai =1 ext5d+ along aft] ! mann] ( a
 tunnel1 !y are entirely hidd5 )9 !     
gr\nd4 ,?is k9d ( an op5+1 h[ev]1 diff]s
 f a tunnel 9 t x is d>k ?r\gh\t its    
l5g?1 :]eas a tunnel has a m\? op5 to   
daylight4  ,i h spok5 ( %afts1 tunnels1 
& drifts4 ,i w n[ speak ( ! indications 
giv5 by ! canales1 by ! mat]ials :i* are
 dug out1 & by ! rocks4 ,^! indications1
 z also _m o!rs :i* ,i w expla91 are to 
a great ext5t id5tical 9 v5ae dilatatae 
& v5ae cumulatae ) v5ae pr(undae4  ,:5 a
 /r+] junctions ) a ma9 ve9 & causes a  

swell+1 a %aft %\ld be sunk at !        
junction4 ,b :5 we f9d ! /r+] int]sect+ 
! ma9 ve9 crosswise or obliquely1 if x  
desc5ds v]tically d[n to ! dep?s ( !    
e>?1 a second %aft %\ld be sunk to !    
po9t :]e ! /r+] cuts ! ma9 ve92 b if !  
/r+] cuts x obliquely ! %aft %\ld be two
 or ?ree fa?oms back1 9 ord] t !        
junction may be pi]c$ l[] d[n4 ,at su*  
junctions lies ! be/ hope ( f9d+ ! ore =
 ! sake ( :i* we explore ! gr\nd1 & if  
ore has already be5 f\nd1 x is usually  
f\nd 9 mu* great] abundance at t spot4  
,aga91 if sev]al /r+]s desc5d into !    
e>?1 ! m9]1 9 ord] to pi]ce ?r\gh ! po9t
 ( contact1 %\ld s9k ! %aft 9 ! mid/ (  
^! /r+]s1 or else calculate on ! mo/    
prom95t "o4  ,s9ce an incl9$ ve9 (t5    
lies ne> a v]tical ve91 x is advisable  
to s9k a %aft at ! spot :]e a /r+] or   
cross-ve9 cuts !m bo?2 or :]e a v5a     
dilatata or a /r+] dilatata passes      
?r\gh1 = m9]als are usually f\nd !re4 ,9
 ! same way we h a good prospect ( f9d+ 
metal at ! po9t :]e an incl9$ ve9 jo9s a

 v]tical "o2 ?is is :y m9]s cross-cut ! 
hang+wall or footwall ( a ma9 ve91 & 9  
^! op5+s seek = a ve9 :i* may junction )
 ! pr9cipal ve9 a few fa?oms bel[4 ,nay1
 fur!r1 ^! same m9]s1 if no /r+] or     
cross-ve9 int]sects ! ma9 ve9 s t !y c  
foll[ x 9 _! work+s1 ev5 cross-cut ?r\gh
 ! solid rock ( ! hang+wall or footwall4
 ,^! cross-cuts are likewise call$      
,greek3 kryptai1 :e!r ! beg9n+ ( ! op5+ 
:i* has to be und]tak5 is made f a      
tunnel or f a drift4 ,m9]s h "s hope :5 
only a cross ve9 cuts a ma9 ve94 ,fur!r1
 if a ve9 :i* cuts ! ma9 ve9 obliquely  
does n appe> any:]e beyond x1 x is      
advisable to dig into t side ( ! ma9 ve9
 t[>d :i* ! oblique ve9 incl9es1 :e!r ! 
"r or left side1 t we may asc]ta9 if !  
ma9 ve9 has absorb$ x2 if aft]          
cross-cutt+ six fa?oms x is n f\nd1 x is
 advisable to dig on ! o!r side ( ! ma9 
ve91 t we may "k = c]ta9 :e!r x has     
c>ri$ x =w>d4 ,! own]s ( a ma9 ve9 c (t5
 dig no less pr(itably on t side :]e !  
ve9 :i* cuts ! ma9 ve9 aga9 appe>s1 ?an 

:]e x fir/ cuts x2 ! own]s ( ! int]sect+
 ve91 :5 t is f\nd aga91 recov] _!      
title1 :i* _h 9 a measure be5 lo/4  ,!  
common m9]s look fav\rably ^u ! /r+]s   
:i* come f ! nor? & jo9 ! ma9 ve92 on ! 
o!r h&1 !y look unfav\rably ^u ^? :i*   
come f ! s\?1 & say t ^! d mu* h>m to ! 
ma9 ve91 :ile ! =m] improve x4 ,b ,i ?9k
 t m9]s %\ld n neglect ei!r ( !m3 z ,i  
%[$ 9 ,book ,,iii1 exp]i5ce does n      
confirm ^? :o hold ?is op9ion ab\t ve9s1
 s n[ aga9 ,i c\ld furni% examples ( ea*
 k9d ( /r+]s reject$ by ! common m9]s   
:i* h prov$ good1 b ,i "k ?is c\ld be ( 
little or no b5efit to po/]ity4  ,if !  
m9]s f9d no /r+]s or ve9s 9 ! hang+wall 
or footwall ( ! ma9 ve91 & if !y d n f9d
 mu* ore1 x is n wor? :ile to und]take !
 lab\r ( s9k+ ano!r %aft4 ,nor ought a  
%aft to be sunk :]e a ve9 is divid$ into
 two or ?ree p>ts1 unless ! indications 
are satisfactory t ^? p>ts may be unit$ 
& jo9$ toge!r a little lat]4 ,fur!r1 x  
is a bad indication = a ve9 ri* 9 m9]al 
to b5d & turn hi!r & ?i!r1 = unless x   

goes d[n aga9 into ! gr\nd v]tically or 
incl9$1 z x fir/ began1 x produces no m 
metal2 & ev5 ?\gh x does g d[n aga91 x  
(t5 cont9ues b>r54 ,/r+]s :i* 9 _!      
outcrops be> metals1 (t5 disappo9t m9]s1
 no metal be+ f\nd 9 dep?4 ,fur!r1      
inv]t$ seams 9 ! rocks are c\nt$ among !
 bad indications4  ,! m9]s hew out !    
:ole ( solid ve9s :5 !y %[ cle> evid5ce 
( be+ ( good quality2 simil>ly !y hew   
out ! drusy#d ve9s1 especially if !     
cavities are pla9ly se5 to h =m]ly borne
 metal1 or if ! cavities are few &      
small4 ,!y d n dig b>r5 ve9s ?r\gh :i*  
wat] fl[s1 if !re are no metallic       
p>ticles %[+2 occasionally1 h[ev]1 !y   
dig ev5 b>r5 ve9s :i* are free f wat]1  
because ( ! pyrites :i* is devoid ( all 
metal1 or because ( a f9e black s(t     
sub/ance :i* is l wool4 ,!y dig /r+]s   
:i* are ri* 9 metal1 or sometimes1 = !  
purpose ( se>*+ = ! ve91 ^? t are devoid
 ( ore :i* lie ne> ! hang+wall or       
footwall ( ! ma9 ve94 ,?is !n1 g5]ally  
speak+1 is ! mode ( deal+ ) /r+]s &     

ve9s4  ,let u n[ consid] ! metallic     
mat]ial :i* is f\nd 9 ! canales ( v5ae  
pr(undae1 v5ae dilatatae1 & v5ae        
cumulatae1 be+ 9 all ^! ei!r cohesive & 
cont9u\s1 or scatt]$ & disp]s$ among !m1
 or swell+ out 9 belly+ %apes1 or f\nd 9
 ve9s or /r+]s :i* orig9ate f ! ma9 ve9 
& ramify l bran*es2 b ^! latt] ve9s &   
/r+]s are v %ort1 = aft] a little space 
!y d n appe> aga94 ,if we come across a 
small quantity ( metallic mat]ial x is  
an indication2 b if a l>ge quantity1 x  
is n an indication1 b ! v ?+ = :i* we   
explore ! e>?4 ,z soon z a m9] :o se>*es
 = ve9s discov]s pure metal or m9]als1  
or ri* metallic mat]ial1 or a great     
abundance ( mat]ial :i* is poor 9 metal1
 let him s9k a %aft on ! spot )\t any   
delay4 ,if ! mat]ial appe>s m abundant  
or ( bett] quality on ! "o side1 he w   
incl9e 8 digg+ 9 t direction4  ,gold1   
silv]1 copp]1 & quicksilv] are (t5 f\nd 
native#e2 less (t5 iron & bismu?2 almo/ 
nev] t9 & lead4 ,nev]!less t9-/one is n 
f> remov$ f ! pure :ite t9 :i* is melt$ 

out ( !m1 & gal5a1 f :i* lead is obta9$1
 diff]s little f t metal itself4  ,n[ we
 may classify gold ores4 ,next aft]     
native gold1 we come to ! rudis#f1 (    
yell[i% gre51 yell[1 purple1 black1 or  
outside r$ & inside gold col\r4 ,^! mu/ 
be reckon$ z ! ri*e/ ores1 because !    
gold exce$s ! /one or e>? 9 weight4     
,next come all gold ores ( :i* ea* "o   
hundr$ librae conta9s m ?an ?ree unciae 
( gold#g2 = al?\gh b a small proportion 
( gold is f\nd 9 ! e>? or /one1 yet x   
equals 9 value o!r metals ( great]      
weight4#h ,all o!r gold ores are        
consid]$ poor1 because ! e>? or /one too
 f> outweighs ! gold4 ,a ve9 :i* conta9s
 a l>g] proportion ( silv] ?an ( gold is
 r>ely f\nd to be a ri* "o4 ,e>?1 :e!r x
 be dry or wet1 r>ely ab\nds 9 gold2 b 9
 dry e>? !re is m (t5 f\nd a great]     
quantity ( gold1 especially if x has !  
appe>ance ( hav+ be5 melt$ 9 a furnace1 
& if x is n lack+ 9 scales resembl+     
mica4 ,! solidifi$ juices1 azure1       
*rysocolla1 orpim5t1 & realg>1 also     

frequ5tly conta9 gold4 ,likewise native 
or rudis gold is f\nd sometimes 9 l>ge1 
& sometimes 9 small quantities 9 qu>tz1 
s*i/1 m>ble1 & also 9 /one :i* easily   
melts 9 fire ( ! second degree1 & :i* is
 sometimes s por\s t x seems completely 
decompos$4 ,la/ly1 gold is f\nd 9       
pyrites1 ?\gh r>ely 9 l>ge quantities4  
,:5 consid]+ silv] ores o!r ?an native  
silv]1 ^? ores are classifi$ z ri*1 (   
:i* ea* "o hundr$ librae conta9s m ?an  
?ree librae ( silv]4 ,?is quality       
comprises rudis silv]1 :e!r silv] glance
 or ruby silv]1 or :e!r :ite1 or black1 
or grey1 or purple1 or yell[1 or        
liv]-col\r$1 or any o!r4 ,sometimes     
qu>tz1 s*i/1 or m>ble is ( ?is quality  
also1 if mu* native or rudis silv]      
adh]es to x4 ,b t ore is consid]$ ( poor
 quality if ?ree librae ( silv] at !    
utmo/ are f\nd 9 ea* "o hundr$ librae ( 
x#i4 ,silv] ore usually conta9s a great]
 quantity ?an ?is1 because ,nature be/[s
 quantity 9 place ( quality2 su* ore is 
mix$ ) all k9ds ( e>? & /one comp\nds1  

except ! v>i\s k9ds ( rudis silv]2      
especially ) pyrites1 cadmia metallica  
fossilis1 gal5a1 /ibium1 & o!rs4  ,z    
reg>ds o!r k9ds ( metal1 al?\gh "s ri*  
ores are f\nd1 /ill1 unless ! ve9s      
conta9 a l>ge quantity ( ore1 x is v    
r>ely wor? :ile to dig !m4 ,! ,indians &
 "s o!r races d se>* = gems 9 ve9s hidd5
 deep 9 ! e>?1 b m (t5 !y are notic$ f  
_! cle>ness1 or r _! brilliancy1 :5     
metals are m9$4 ,:5 !y outcrop1 we foll[
 ve9s ( m>ble by m9+ 9 ! same way z is  
done ) rock or build+-/ones :5 we come  
^u !m4 ,b gems1 prop]ly s call$1 ?\gh !y
 sometimes h ve9s ( _! own1 are /ill = !
 mo/ "p f\nd 9 m9es & rock qu>ries1 z ! 
lode/one 9 iron m9es1 ! em]y 9 silv]    
m9es1 ! lapis judaicus1 tro*ites1 & ! l 
9 /one qu>ries :]e ! digg]s1 at ! bidd+ 
( ! own]s1 usually collect !m f ! seams 
9 ! rocks4#aj ,nor does ! m9] neglect ! 
digg+ ( extraord9>y e>?s1#aa :e!r !y are
 f\nd 9 gold m9es1 silv] m9es1 or o!r   
m9es2 nor d o!r m9]s neglect !m if !y   
are f\nd 9 /one qu>ries1 or 9 _! own    

ve9s2 _! value is usually indicat$ by _!
 ta/e4 ,nor1 la/ly1 does ! m9] fail to  
give att5tion to ! solidifi$ juices :i* 
are f\nd 9 metallic ve9s1 z well z 9 _! 
own ve9s1 f :i* he collects & ga!rs !m4 
,b ,i w say no m on ^! matt]s1 because  
,i h expla9$ m fully all ! metals &     
m9]al sub/ances 9 ! books ,de ,natura   
,fossilium4  ,b ,i w return to !        
indications4 ,if we come ^u e>? :i* is l
 lute1 9 :i* !re are p>ticles ( any sort
 ( metal1 native or rudis1 ! be/        
possible indication ( a ve9 is giv5 to  
m9]s1 = ! metallic mat]ial f :i* !      
p>ticles h become deta*$ is necess>ily  
close by4 ,b if ?is k9d ( e>? is f\nd   
absolutely devoid ( all metallic        
mat]ial1 b fatty1 & ( :ite1 gre51 blue1 
& simil> col\rs1 !y mu/ n ab&on ! "w t  
has be5 />t$4 ,m9]s h o!r indications 9 
! ve9s & /r+]s1 :i* ,i h describ$       
already1 & 9 ! rocks1 ab\t :i* ,i w     
speak a little lat]4 ,if ! m9] comes    
across o!r dry e>?s :i* conta9 native or
 rudis metal1 t is a good indication2 if

 he comes across yell[1 r$1 black1 or "s
 o!r extraord9>y e>?1 ?\gh x is devoid (
 m9]al1 x is n a bad indication4        
,*rysocolla1 or azure1 or v]digris1 or  
orpim5t1 or realg>1 :5 !y are f\nd1 are 
c\nt$ among ! good indications4 ,fur!r1 
:]e und]gr\nd spr+s ?r[ up metal we     
ought to cont9ue ! digg+ we h begun1 =  
?is po9ts to ! p>ticles hav+ be5 deta*$ 
f ! ma9 mass l a fragm5t f a body4 ,9 ! 
same way ! ?9 scales ( any metal adh]+  
to /one or rock are c\nt$ among ! good  
indications4 ,next1 if ! ve9s :i* are   
compos$ p>tly ( qu>tz1 p>tly ( clayey or
 dry e>?1 desc5d "o & all into ! dep?s (
 ! e>? toge!r1 ) _! /r+]s1 !re is good  
hope ( metal be+ f\nd2 b if ! /r+]s     
aft]w>d d n appe>1 or little metallic   
mat]ial is met )1 ! digg+ %\ld n be giv5
 up until !re is no?+ rema9+4 ,d>k or   
black or horn or liv]-col\r$ qu>tz is   
usually a good sign2 :ite is sometimes  
good1 sometimes no sign at all4 ,b      
calc-sp>1 %[+ itself 9 a v5a pr(unda1 if
 x disappe>s a little l[] d[n is n a    

good indication2 = x did n belong to !  
ve9 prop]1 b to "s /r+]4 ,^? k9ds ( /one
 :i* easily melt 9 fire1 especially if  
!y are transluc5t 7fluorsp>871 mu/ be   
c\nt$ among ! m$ium indications1 = if   
o!r good indications are pres5t !y are  
good1 b if no good indications are      
pres5t1 !y give no useful significance4 
,9 ! same way we ought to =m our judgm5t
 ) reg>d to gems4 ,ve9s :i* at !        
hang+wall & footwall h horn-col\r$ qu>tz
 or m>ble1 b 9 ! middle clayey e>?1 give
 "s hope2 likewise ^? give hope 9 :i* ! 
hang+wall or footwall %[s iron-ru/      
col\r$ e>?1 & 9 ! middle greasy & /icky 
e>?2 also !re is hope = ^? :i* h at !   
hang+ or footwall t k9d ( e>? :i* we    
call soldi]s' e>?1 & 9 ! middle black   
e>? or e>? :i* looks z if burnt4 ,!     
special indication ( gold is orpim5t2 ( 
silv] is bismu? & /ibium2 ( copp] is    
v]digris1 melant]ia1 sory1 *alcitis1    
misy1 & vitriol2 ( t9 is ! l>ge pure    
black /ones ( :i* ! t9 itself is made1 &
 a mat]ial !y dig up resembl+ li?>ge2 ( 

iron1 iron ru/4 ,gold & copp] are       
equally indicat$ by *rysocolla & azure2 
silv] & lead1 by ! lead4 ,b1 ?\gh m9]s  
rightly call bismu? ! ro( ( silv]1 &    
?\gh copp] pyrites is ! common p>5t (   
vitriol & melant]ia1 /ill ^! sometimes h
 _! own peculi> m9]als1 j z h orpim5t & 
/ibium4  ,n[1 j z c]ta9 ve9 mat]ials    
give m9]s a fav\rable indication1 s also
 d ! rocks ?r\gh :i* ! canales ( ! ve9s 
w9d _! way1 = s& discov]$ 9 a m9e is    
reckon$ among ! good indications1       
especially if x is v f9e4 ,9 ! same way 
s*i/1 :5 x is ( a blui% or blacki%      
col\r1 & also lime/one1 ( :atev] col\r x
 may be1 is a good sign = a silv] ve94  
,!re is a rock ( ano!r k9d t is a good  
sign2 9 x are scatt]$ t9y black /ones f 
:i* t9 is smelt$2 especially :5 ! :ole  
space betwe5 ! ve9s is compos$ ( ?is k9d
 ( rock4 ,v (t5 inde$1 ?is good k9d (   
rock 9 conjunction ) valuable /r+]s     
conta9s )9 its folds ! canales ( m9]al  
be>+ ve9s3 if x desc5ds v]tically into !
 e>?1 ! b5efit belongs to t m9e 9 :i* x 

is se5 fir/ ( all2 if incl9$1 x b5efits 
! o!r neighb\r+ m9es#ab4 ,z a result !  
m9] :o is n ignorant ( geometry c       
calculate f ! o!r m9es ! dep? at :i* !  
canales ( a ve9 be>+ ri* metal w w9d its
 way ?r\gh ! rock into 8 m9e4 ,s mu* =  
^! matt]s4  ,i n[ come to ! mode (      
work+1 :i* is v>i$ & complex1 = 9 "s    
places !y dig crumbl+ ore1 9 o!rs h>d   
ore1 9 o!rs a h>d] ore1 & 9 o!rs ! h>de/
 k9d ( ore4 ,9 ! same way1 9 "s places !
 hang+wall rock is s(t & fragile1 9 o!rs
 h>d1 9 o!rs h>d]1 & 9 /ill o!rs ( !    
h>de/ sort4 ,i call t ore crumbl+ :i* is
 compos$ ( e>?1 & ( s(t solidifi$       
juices2 t ore h>d :i* is compos$ (      
metallic m9]als & mod]ately h>d /ones1  
su* z = ! mo/ "p are ^? :i* easily melt 
9 a fire ( ! fir/ & second ord]s1 l lead
 & simil> mat]ials4 ,i call t ore h>d]  
:5 ) ^? ,i h already m5tion$ are comb9$ 
v>i\s sorts ( qu>tz1 or /ones :i* easily
 melt 9 fire ( ! ?ird degree1 or        
pyrites1 or cadmia1 or v h>d m>ble4 ,i  
call t ore h>de/1 :i* is compos$ ?r\gh\t

 ! :ole ve9 ( ^! h>d /ones & comp\nds4  
,! hang+ or footwalls ( a ve9 are h>d1  
:5 compos$ ( rock 9 :i* !re are few     
/r+]s or seams2 h>d]1 9 :i* !y are few]2
 h>de/1 9 :i* !y are fewe/ or none at   
all4 ,:5 ^! are abs5t1 ! rock is q      
devoid ( wat] :i* s(t5s x4 ,b ! h>de/   
rock ( ! hang+ or footwall1 h[ev]1 is   
seldom z h>d z ! h>d] class ( ore4      
,m9]s dig out crumbl+ ore ) ! pick      
alone4 ,:5 ! metal has n yet %[n itself1
 !y d n discrim9ate betwe5 ! hang+wall &
 ! ve9s2 :5 x has once be5 f\nd1 !y "w )
 ! utmo/ c>e4 ,= fir/ ( all !y te> away 
! hang+wall rock sep>ately f ! ve91     
aft]w>d ) a pick !y dislodge ! crumbl+  
ve9 f ! footwall into a di% plac$       
und]nea? to prev5t any ( ! metal f fall+
 to ! gr\nd4 ,!y break a h>d ve9 loose f
 ! footwall by bl[s ) a hamm] ^u ! fir/ 
k9d ( iron tool#ac1 all ( :i* are       
designat$ by appropriate names1 & ) !   
same tools !y hew away ! h>d hang+wall  
rock4 ,!y hew out ! hang+wall rock 9    
advance m frequ5tly1 ! rock ( ! footwall

 m r>ely2 & inde$1 :5 ! rock ( !        
footwall resi/s iron tools1 ! rock ( !  
hang+wall c]ta9ly _c be brok5 unless x  
is all[able to %att] x by fire4 ,) reg>d
 to ! h>d] ve9s :i* are tractable to    
iron tools1 & likewise ) reg>d to ! h>d]
 & h>de/ k9d ( hang+wall rock1 !y       
g5]ally attack !m ) m p[]ful iron tools1
 9 fact1 ) ! f\r? k9d ( iron tool1 :i*  
are call$ by _! appropriate names2 b if 
^! are n ready to h&1 !y use two or ?ree
 iron tools ( ! fir/ k9d toge!r4 ,z = ! 
h>de/ k9d ( metal-be>+ ve91 :i* 9 a     
measure resi/s iron tools1 if ! own]s ( 
! neighb\r+ m9es give !m p]mission1 !y  
break x ) fires4 ,b if ^! own]s refuse  
!m p]mission1 !n fir/ ( all !y hew out !
 rock ( ! hang+wall1 or ( ! footwall if 
x be less h>d2 !n !y place timb]s set 9 
hit*es 9 ! hang+ or footwall1 a little  
above ! ve91 & f ! front & upp] "p1 :]e 
! ve9 is se5 to be seam$ ) small cracks1
 !y drive into "o ( ! little cracks "o (
 ! iron tools :i* ,i h m5tion$2 !n 9 ea*
 fracture !y place f\r ?9 iron blocks1 &

 9 ord] to hold !m m firmly1 if         
necess>y1 !y place z _m ?9 iron plates  
back to back2 next !y place ?9n] iron   
plates betwe5 ea* two iron blocks1 &    
/rike & drive !m by turns ) hamm]s1     
:]eby ! ve9 r+s ) a %rill s\nd2 & !     
mom5t :5 x beg9s to be deta*$ f !       
hang+wall or footwall rock1 a te>+ s\nd 
is he>d4 ,z soon z ?is gr[s di/9ct !    
m9]s ha/ily flee away2 !n a great cra%  
is he>d z ! ve9 is brok5 & torn1 & falls
 d[n4 ,by ?is me?od !y ?r[ d[n a portion
 ( a ve9 weigh+ a hundr$ p\nds m or     
less4 ,b if ! m9]s by any o!r me?od hew 
! h>de/ k9d ( ve9 :i* is ri* 9 metal1   
!re rema9 c]ta9 cone-%ap$ portions :i* c
 be cut out aft]w>d only ) difficulty4  
,z = ?is knob ( h>d ore1 if x is devoid 
( metal1 or if !y are n all[$ to apply  
fire to x1 !y proce$ r\nd x by digg+ to 
! "r or left1 because x _c be brok5 into
 by iron w$ges )\t great exp5se4        
,meantime1 :ile ! workm5 are c>ry+ out !
 task !y h und]tak51 ! dep?s ( ! e>? (t5
 res\nd ) sweet s++1 :]eby !y light5 a  

toil :i* is ( ! sev]e/ k9d & full ( !   
greate/ dang]s4  ,z ,i h j said1 fire   
%att]s ! h>de/ rocks1 b ! me?od ( its   
application is n simple#ad4 ,= if a ve9 
held 9 ! rocks _c be hewn out because ( 
! h>dness or o!r difficulty1 & ! drift  
or tunnel is l[1 a heap ( dri$ logs is  
plac$ aga9/ ! rock & fir$2 if ! drift or
 tunnel is high1 two heaps are necess>y1
 ( :i* "o is plac$ above ! o!r1 & bo?   
burn until ! fire has consum$ !m4 ,?is  
=ce does n g5]ally s(t5 a l>ge portion (
 ! ve91 b only "s ( ! surface4 ,:5 !    
rock 9 ! hang+ or footwall c be work$ by
 ! iron tools & ! ve9 is s h>d t x is n 
tractable to ! same tools1 !n ! walls   
are holl[$ out2 if ?is be 9 ! end ( !   
drift or tunnel or above or bel[1 ! ve9 
is !n brok5 by fire1 b n by ! same      
me?od2 = if ! holl[ is wide1 z _m logs  
are pil$ into x z possible1 b if n>r[1  
only a few4 ,by ! "o me?od ! great] fire
 sep>ates ! ve9 m completely f !        
footwall or sometimes f ! hang+wall1 &  
by ! o!r1 ! small] fire breaks away less

 ( ! ve9 f ! rock1 because 9 t case !   
fire is conf9$ & kept 9 *eck by portions
 ( ! rock :i* surr\nd ! wood held 9 su* 
a n>r[ excavation4 ,fur!r1 if !         
excavation is l[1 only "o pile ( logs is
 plac$ 9 x1 if high1 !re are two1 "o    
plac$ above ! o!r1 by :i* plan ! l[]    
bundle be+ k9dl$ sets alight ! upp] "o2 
& ! fire be+ driv5 by ! draught into !  
ve91 sep>ates x f ! rock :i*1 h[ev] h>d 
x may be1 (t5 becomes s s(t5$ z to be ! 
mo/ easily breakable ( all4 ,apply+ ?is 
pr9ciple1 ,hannibal1 ! ,c>?ag9ian       
,g5]al1 imitat+ ! ,spani% m9]s1 ov]came 
! h>dness ( ! ,alps by ! use ( v9eg> &  
fire4 ,ev5 if a ve9 is a v wide "o1 z t9
 ve9s usually are1 m9]s excavate into ! 
small /reaks1 & into ^? holl[s !y put   
dry wood & place among/ !m at frequ5t   
int]vals /icks1 all sides ( :i* are %av$
 d[n fan-%ap$1 :i* easily take light1 & 
:5 once !y h tak5 fire communicate x to 
! o!r bundles ( wood1 :i* easily ignite4
  ,illu/ration #abj 7,fire-sett+73      
,a--,k9dl$ logs4 ,b--,/icks %av$ d[n    

fan-%ap$4 ,c--,tunnel4  ,:ile ! heat$   
ve9s & rock are giv+ =? a foetid vap\r &
 ! %afts or tunnels are emitt+ fumes1 ! 
m9]s & o!r workm5 d n g d[n 9 ! m9es le/
 ! /5* affect _! heal? or actually kill 
!m1 z ,i w expla9 9 great] detail :5 ,i 
come to speak ( ! evils :i* affect m9]s4
 ,! ,b]gmei/]1 9 ord] to prev5t workm5 f
 be+ suffocat$1 gives no "o p]mission to
 break ve9s or rock by fire 9 %afts or  
tunnels :]e x is possible = ! poison\s  
vap\r & smoke to p]meate ! ve9s or /r+]s
 & pass ?r\gh into ! neighb\r+ m9es1 :i*
 h no h>d ve9s or rock4 ,z = t "p ( a   
ve9 or ! surface ( ! rock :i* ! fire has
 sep>at$ f ! rema9+ mass1 if x is       
ov]head1 ! m9]s dislodge x ) a cr[b>1 or
 if x /ill has "s degree ( h>dness1 !y  
?ru/ a small] cr[b> into ! cracks & s   
break x d[n1 b if x is on ! sides !y    
break x ) hamm]s4 ,?us brok5 (f1 ! rock 
tumbles d[n2 or if x /ill rema9s1 !y    
break x (f ) picks4 ,rock & e>? on ! "o 
h&1 & metal & ore on ! o!r1 are fill$   
into buckets sep>ately & drawn up to !  

op5 air or to ! ne>e/ tunnel4 ,if ! %aft
 is n deep1 ! buckets are drawn up by a 
ma*9e turn$ by m52 if x is deep1 !y are 
drawn by ma*9es turn$ by horses4  ,x (t5
 happ5s t a ru% ( wat] or sometimes     
/agnant air h9d]s ! m9+2 = ?is reason   
m9]s pay ! greate/ att5tion to ^!       
matt]s1 j z mu* z to digg+1 or !y %\ld d
 s4 ,! wat] ( ! ve9s & /r+]s &          
especially ( vacant work+s1 mu/ be dra9$
 out ?r\gh ! %afts & tunnels4 ,air1     
inde$1 becomes /agnant bo? 9 tunnels & 9
 %afts2 9 a deep %aft1 if x be by       
itself1 ?is occurs if x is nei!r rea*$  
by a tunnel nor connect$ by a drift )   
ano!r %aft2 ?is occurs 9 a tunnel if x  
has be5 driv5 too f> into a m\nta9 & no 
%aft has yet be5 sunk deep en\gh to meet
 x2 9 nei!r case c ! air move or        
circulate4 ,= ?is reason ! vap\rs become
 heavy & resemble mi/1 & !y smell (     
m\ld9ess1 l a vault or "s und]gr\nd     
*amb] :i* has be5 completely clos$ = _m 
ye>s4 ,?is suffices to prev5t m9]s f    
cont9u+ _! "w = long 9 ^! places1 ev5 if

 ! m9e is full ( silv] or gold1 or if !y
 d cont9ue1 !y _c brea! freely & !y h   
heada*es2 ?is m (t5 happ5s if !y "w 9 ^!
 places 9 great numb]s1 & br+ _m lamps1 
:i* !n supply !m ) a feeble light1      
because ! f\l air f bo? lamps & m5 make 
! vap\rs /ill m heavy4  ,a small        
quantity ( wat] is drawn f ! %afts by   
ma*9es ( diff]5t k9ds :i* m5 turn or "w4
 ,if s great a quantity has fl[$ into "o
 %aft z greatly to imp$e m9+1 ano!r %aft
 is sunk "s fa?oms di/ant f ! fir/1 &   
?us 9 "o ( !m "w & lab\r are c>ri$ on   
)\t h9drance1 & ! wat] is dra9$ into !  
o!r1 :i* is sunk l[] ?an ! level ( !    
wat] 9 ! fir/ "o2 !n by ^! ma*9es or by 
^? work$ by horses1 ! wat] is drawn up  
into ! dra9 & fl[s out ( ! %aft-h\se or 
! m\? ( ! ne>e/ tunnel4 ,b :5 into !    
%aft ( "o m9e1 :i* is sunk m deeply1 !re
 fl[s all ! wat] ( all ! neighb\r+ m9es1
 n only f t ve9 9 :i* ! %aft is sunk1 b 
also f o!r ve9s1 !n x becomes necess>y =
 a l>ge sump to be made to collect !    
wat]2 f ?is sump ! wat] is dra9$ by     

ma*9es :i* draw x ?r\gh pipes1 or by    
ox-hides1 ab\t :i* ,i w say m 9 ! next  
book4 ,! wat] :i* p\rs into ! tunnels f 
! ve9s & /r+]s & seams 9 ! rocks is     
c>ri$ away 9 ! dra9s4  ,air is driv5    
into ! extremities ( deep %afts & long  
tunnels by p[]ful bl[+ ma*9es1 z ,i w   
expla9 9 ! foll[+ book1 :i* w deal ) ^! 
ma*9es also4 ,! out] air fl[s           
spontane\sly into ! cav]ns ( ! e>?1 & :5
 x c pass ?r\gh !m comes out aga94 ,?is1
 h[ev]1 comes ab\t 9 diff]5t ways1 = 9  
spr+ & summ] x fl[s into ! deep] %afts1 
trav]ses ! tunnels or drifts1 & f9ds its
 way out ( ! %all[] %afts2 simil>ly at !
 same season x p\rs into ! l[e/ tunnel  
&1 meet+ a %aft 9 its c\rse1 turns aside
 to a high] tunnel & passes out !refrom2
 b 9 autumn & w9t]1 on ! o!r h&1 x ent]s
 ! upp] tunnel or %aft & comes out at ! 
deep] ones4 ,?is *ange 9 ! fl[ ( air    
curr5ts occurs 9 temp]ate regions at !  
beg9n+ ( spr+ & ! end ( autumn1 b 9 cold
 regions at ! end ( spr+ & ! beg9n+ (   
autumn4 ,b at ea* p]iod1 be=e ! air     

regul>ly assumes its own accu/om$ c\rse1
 g5]ally = a space ( f\rte5 days x      
und]goes frequ5t v>iations1 n[ bl[+ into
 an upp] %aft or tunnel1 n[ into a l[]  
"o4 ,b en\gh ( ?is1 let u n[ proce$ to  
:at rema9s4  ,!re are two k9ds ( %afts1 
"o ( ! dep? already describ$1 ( :i* k9d 
!re are usually sev]al 9 "o m9e2        
especially if ! m9e is ent]$ by a tunnel
 & is metal-be>+4 ,= :5 ! fir/ tunnel is
 connect$ ) ! fir/ %aft1 two new %afts  
are sunk2 or if ! inru% ( wat] h9d]s    
s9k+1 sometimes ?ree are sunk2 s t "o   
may take ! place ( a sump & ! "w ( s9k+ 
:i* has be5 begun may be cont9u$ by     
means ( ! rema9+ two %afts2 ! same is   
done 9 ! case ( ! second tunnel & !     
?ird1 or ev5 ! f\r?1 if s _m are driv5  
into a m\nta94 ,! second k9d ( %aft is v
 deep1 sometimes z mu* z sixty1 eighty1 
or "o hundr$ fa?oms4 ,^! %afts cont9ue  
v]tically t[>d ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 & by    
means ( a haul+-rope ! brok5 rock &     
metallif]\s ores are drawn out ( ! m9e2 
= :i* reason m9]s call !m v]tical %afts4

 ,ov] ^! %afts are erect$ ma*9es by :i* 
wat] is extract$2 :5 !y are above gr\nd 
! ma*9es are usually work$ by horses1 b 
:5 !y are 9 tunnels1 o!r k9ds are us$   
:i* are turn$ by wat]-p[]4 ,su* are !   
%afts :i* are sunk :5 a ve9 is ri* 9    
metal4  ,n[ %afts1 ( :atev] k9d !y may  
be1 are support$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,if ! ve9
 is h>d1 & also ! hang+ & footwall rock1
 ! %aft does n require mu* timb]+1 b    
timb]s are plac$ at int]vals1 "o end (  
ea* ( :i* is fix$ 9 a hit* cut into !   
rock ( ! hang+wall & ! o!r fix$ into a  
hit* cut 9 ! footwall4 ,to ^! timb]s are
 fix$ small timb]s along ! footwall1 to 
:i* are fa/5$ ! lagg+ & ladd]s4 ,! lagg+
 is also fix$ to ! timb]s1 bo? to ^? :i*
 scre5 (f ! %aft on ! ends f ! ve91 & to
 ^? :i* scre5 (f ! re/ ( ! %aft f t "p 9
 :i* ! ladd]s are plac$4 ,! lagg+ on !  
sides ( ! %aft conf9e ! ve91 s z to     
prev5t fragm5ts ( x :i* h become loos5$ 
by wat] f dropp+ into ! %aft & t]rify+1 
or injur+1 or knock+ (f ! m9]s & o!r    
workm5 :o are go+ up or d[n ! ladd]s f  

"o "p ( ! m9e to ano!r4 ,= ! same       
reason1 ! lagg+ betwe5 ! ladd]s & !     
haulage-way on ! o!r h&1 conf9e & %ut (f
 f ! ladd]s ! fragm5ts ( rock :i* fall f
 ! buckets or baskets :ile !y are be+   
drawn up2 moreov]1 !y make ! ardu\s &   
difficult desc5t & asc5t to appe> less  
t]rible1 & 9 fact to be less dang]\s4   
,illu/ration #abc 7,timb]+ ,%afts73     
,a--,wall plates4 ,b--,divid]s4         
,c--,long end po/s4 ,d--,end plates4    
,if a ve9 is s(t & ! rock ( ! hang+ &   
footwalls is weak1 a clos] /ructure is  
necess>y2 = ?is purpose timb]s are jo9$ 
toge!r1 9 rectangul> %apes & plac$ "o   
aft] ! o!r )\t a break4 ,^! are arrang$ 
on two diff]5t sy/ems2 = ei!r ! squ>e   
ends ( ! timb]s1 :i* rea* f ! hang+wall 
to ! footwall1 are fix$ into correspond+
 squ>e holes 9 ! timb]s :i* lie along ! 
hang+ or footwall1 or ! upp] "p ( ! end 
( "o & ! l[] "p ( ! end ( ! o!r are cut 
out & "o laid on ! o!r4 ,! great weight 
( ^! jo9$ timb]s is su/a9$ by /\t beams 
plac$ at int]vals1 :i* are deeply set   

into hit*es 9 ! footwall & hang+wall1 b 
are incl9$4 ,9 ord] t ^! jo9$ timb]s may
 rema9 /ation>y1 wood5 w$ges or poles   
cut f trees are driv5 9 betwe5 ! timb]s 
& ! ve9 & ! hang+wall & ! footwall2 & ! 
space :i* rema9s empty is fill$ ) loose 
dirt4 ,if ! hang+ & footwall rock is    
sometimes h>d & sometimes s(t1 & ! ve9  
likewise1 solid jo9$ timb]s are n us$1 b
 timb]s are plac$ at int]vals2 & :]e !  
rock is s(t & ! ve9 crumbl+1 c>p5t]s put
 9 lagg+ betwe5 !m & ! wall rocks1 &    
beh9d ^! !y fill ) loose dirt2 by ?is   
means !y fill up ! void4  ,:5 a v deep  
%aft1 :e!r v]tical or incl9$1 is        
support$ by jo9$ timb]s1 !n1 s9ce !y are
 sometimes ( bad mat]ial & a fall is    
?reat5$1 = ! sake ( great] firmness ?ree
 or f\r pairs ( /rong end po/s are plac$
 betwe5 ^!1 "o pair on ! hang+wall side1
 ! o!r on ! footwall side4 ,to prev5t !m
 f fall+ out ( position & to make !m    
firm & sub/antial1 !y are support$ by   
frequ5t end plates1 & 9 ord] t ^! may be
 m securely fix$ !y are mortis$ into !  

po/s4 ,fur!r1 9 :atev] way ! %aft may be
 timb]$1 divid]s are plac$ ^u ! wall    
plates1 & to ^! is fix$ lagg+1 & ?is    
m>ks (f & sep>ates ! ladd]-way f !      
rema9+ "p ( ! %aft4 ,if a v]tical %aft  
is a v deep "o1 planks are laid ^u !    
timb]s by ! side ( ! ladd]s & fix$ on to
 ! timb]s1 9 ord] t ! m5 :o are go+ up  
or d[n may sit or /& ^u !m & re/ :5 !y  
are tir$4 ,to prev5t dang] to ! %ovell]s
 f rocks :i*1 aft] be+ drawn up f s deep
 a %aft fall d[n aga91 a little above ! 
bottom ( ! %aft small r\gh /icks are    
plac$ close toge!r on ! timb]s1 9 su* a 
way z to cov] ! :ole space ( ! %aft     
except ! ladd]-way4 ,a hole1 h[ev]1 is  
left 9 ?is /ructure ne> ! footwall1 :i* 
is kept op5 s t !re may be "o op5+ to ! 
%aft f ! bottom1 t ! buckets full ( !   
mat]ials :i* h be5 dug out may be drawn 
f ! %aft ?r\gh x by ma*9es1 & may be    
return$ to ! same place aga9 empty2 & s 
! %ovell]s & o!r workm51 z x 7 hid+     
b5ea? ?is /ructure1 rema9 p]fectly safe 
9 ! %aft4  ,illu/ration #abe 7,timb]+   

,tunnels73 ,a--,po/s4 ,b--,caps4        
,c--,sills4 ,d--,doors4 ,e--,lagg+4     
,f--,dra9s4  ,9 m9es on "o ve9 !re are  
driv5 "o1 two1 or sometimes ?ree or m   
tunnels1 always "o above ! o!r4 ,if !   
ve9 is solid & h>d1 & likewise ! hang+ &
 footwall rock1 no "p ( ! tunnel ne$s   
support1 beyond t :i* is requir$ at !   
m\?1 because at t spot !re is n yet     
solid rock2 if ! ve9 is s(t1 & ! hang+ &
 footwall rock are likewise s(t1 !      
tunnel requires frequ5t /rong timb]+1   
:i* is provid$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,fir/1   
two dress$ po/s are erect$ & set into ! 
tunnel floor1 :i* is dug out a little2  
^! are ( m$ium ?ickness1 & high en\gh t 
_! ends1 :i* are cut squ>e1 almo/ t\* ! 
top ( ! tunnel2 !n ^u !m is plac$ a     
small] dress$ cap1 :i* is mortis$ into !
 heads ( ! po/s2 at ! bottom1 o!r small 
timb]s1 ^: ends are simil>ly squ>$1 are 
mortis$ into ! po/s4 ,at ea* int]val (  
"o & a half fa?oms1 "o ( ^! sets is     
erect$2 ea* "o ( ^! ! m9]s call a little
 doorway1 because x op5s a c]ta9 am\nt (

 passage way2 & inde$1 :5 necessity     
requires x1 doors are fix$ to ! timb]s (
 ea* little doorway s t x c be clos$4   
,!n lagg+ ( planks or ( poles is plac$  
^u ! caps l5g?wise1 s z to rea* f "o set
 ( timb]s to ano!r1 & is laid along !   
sides1 9 case "s portion ( ! body ( !   
m\nta9 may fall1 & by its bulk imp$e    
passage or cru% p]sons com+ 9 or out4   
,moreov]1 to make ! timb]s rema9        
/ation>y1 wood5 pegs are driv5 betwe5 !m
 & ! sides ( ! tunnel4 ,la/ly1 if rock  
or e>? are c>ri$ out 9 :eelb>r[s1 planks
 jo9$ toge!r are laid ^u ! sills2 if !  
rock is haul$ out 9 trucks1 !n two      
timb]s ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot ?ick & wide 
are laid on ! sills1 &1 :]e !y jo91 ^!  
are usually holl[$ out s t 9 ! holl[1 z 
9 a road1 ! iron p9 ( ! truck may be    
pu%$ along2 inde$1 because ( ?is p9 9 ! 
groove1 ! truck does n leave ! worn     
track to ! left or "r4 ,b5ea? ! sills   
are ! dra9s ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s away4 
,m9]s timb] drifts 9 ! same way z       
tunnels4 ,^! d n1 h[ev]1 require        

sill-pieces1 or dra9s2 = ! brok5 rock is
 n haul$ v f>1 nor does ! wat] h f> to  
fl[4 ,if ! ve9 above is metal-be>+1 z x 
sometimes is = a di/ance ( sev]al       
fa?oms1 !n f ! upp] "p ( tunnels or ev5 
drifts t h already be5 driv51 o!r drifts
 are driv5 aga9 & aga9 until t "p ( !   
ve9 is rea*$ :i* does n yield metal4 ,! 
timb]+ ( ^! op5+s is done z foll[s3     
/ulls are set at int]vals into hit*es 9 
! hang+ & footwall1 & ^u !m smoo? poles 
are laid cont9u\sly2 & t !y may be able 
to be> ! weight1 ! /ulls are g5]ally a  
foot & a half ?ick4 ,aft] ! ore has be5 
tak5 out & ! m9+ ( ! ve9 is be+ done    
else:]e1 ! rock !n brok51 especially if 
x _c be tak5 away )\t great difficulty1 
is ?r[n into ^! op5+s among ! timb]1 & !
 c>ri]s ( ! ore are sav$ toil1 & ! own]s
 save half ! exp5se4 ,?is !n1 g5]ally   
speak+1 is ! me?od by :i* ev]y?+ relat+ 
to ! timb]+ ( %afts1 tunnels1 & drifts  
is c>ri$ out4  ,all t ,i h hi!rto writt5
 is 9 "p peculi> to v5ae pr(undae1 & 9  
"p common to all k9ds ( ve9s2 ( :at     

foll[s1 "p is specially applicable to   
v5ae dilatatae1 "p to v5ae cumulatae4 ,b
 fir/ ,i w describe h[ v5ae dilatatae   
%\ld be m9$4 ,:]e torr5ts1 riv]s1 or    
/reams h by inundations wa%$ away "p ( !
 slope ( a m\nta9 or a hill1 & h        
disclos$ a v5a dilatata1 a tunnel %\ld  
be driv5 fir/ /raight & n>r[1 & !n wid]1
 = ne>ly all ! ve9 %\ld be hewn away2 & 
:5 ?is tunnel has be5 driv5 fur!r1 a    
%aft :i* supplies air %\ld be sunk 9 !  
m\nta9 or hill1 & ?r\gh x f "t to "t !  
ore1 e>?1 & rock c be drawn up at less  
exp5se ?an if !y be drawn out ?r\gh ! v 
great l5g? ( ! tunnel2 & ev5 9 ^? places
 to :i* ! tunnel does n yet rea*1 m9]s  
dig %afts 9 ord] to op5 a v5a dilatata  
:i* !y conjecture mu/ lie b5ea? ! soil4 
,9 ?is way1 :5 ! upp] lay]s are remov$1 
!y dig ?r\gh rock sometimes ( "o k9d &  
col\r1 sometimes ( "o k9d b diff]5t     
col\rs1 sometimes ( diff]5t k9ds b ( "o 
col\r1 &1 la/ly1 ( diff]5t k9ds &       
diff]5t col\rs4 ,! ?ickness ( rock1 bo? 
( ea* s+le /ratum & ( all comb9$1 is    

unc]ta91 = ! :ole ( ! /rata are 9 "s    
places tw5ty fa?oms deep1 9 o!rs m ?an  
fifty2 individual /rata are 9 "s places 
half a foot ?ick2 9 o!rs1 "o1 two1 or m 
feet2 9 o!rs1 "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m       
fa?oms4 ,= example1 9 ^? di/ricts :i*   
lie at ! foot ( ! ,h>z m\nta9s1 !re are 
_m diff]5t col\r$ /rata1 cov]+ a copp]  
v5a dilatata4 ,:5 ! soil has be5 /ripp$1
 fir/ ( all is disclos$ a /ratum :i* is 
r$1 b ( a dull %ade & ( a ?ickness (    
tw5ty1 ?irty1 or five & ?irty fa?oms4   
,!n !re is ano!r /ratum1 also r$1 b ( a 
light %ade1 :i* has usually a ?ickness (
 ab\t two fa?oms4 ,b5ea? ?is is a /ratum
 ( a%-col\r$ clay ne>ly a fa?om ?ick1   
:i*1 al?\gh x is n metallif]\s1 is      
reckon$ a ve94 ,!n foll[s a ?ird /ratum1
 :i* is a%y1 & ab\t ?ree fa?oms ?ick4   
,b5ea? ?is lies a ve9 ( a%es to !       
?ickness ( five fa?oms1 & ^! a%es are   
mix$ ) rock ( ! same col\r4 ,jo9$ to !  
la/1 & und]nea?1 comes a /ratum1 ! f\r? 
9 numb]1 d>k 9 col\r & a foot ?ick4 ,"u 
?is comes ! fif? /ratum1 ( a pale or    

yell[i% col\r1 two feet ?ick2 und]nea?  
:i* is ! six? /ratum1 likewise d>k1 b   
r\gh & ?ree feet ?ick4 ,aft]w>d occurs !
 sev5? /ratum1 likewise ( d>k col\r1 b  
/ill d>k] ?an ! la/1 & two feet ?ick4   
,?is is foll[$ by an eigh? /ratum1 a%y1 
r\gh1 & a foot ?ick4 ,?is k9d1 z also ! 
o!rs1 is sometimes di/+ui%$ by /r+]s ( !
 /one :i* easily melts 9 fire ( ! second
 ord]4 ,b5ea? ?is is ano!r a%y rock1    
light 9 weight1 & five feet ?ick4 ,next 
to ?is comes a light] a%-col\r$ "o1 a   
foot ?ick2 b5ea? ?is lies ! elev5?      
/ratum1 :i* is d>k & v mu* l ! sev5?1 & 
two feet ?ick4 ,bel[ ! la/ is a twelf?  
/ratum ( a :iti% col\r & s(t1 also two  
feet ?ick2 ! weight ( ?is re/s on a     
?irte5? /ratum1 a%y & "o foot ?ick1 ^:  
weight is 9 turn support$ by a f\rte5?  
/ratum1 :i* is blacki% & half a foot    
?ick4 ,!re foll[s ?is1 ano!r /ratum (   
black col\r1 likewise half a foot ?ick1 
:i* is aga9 foll[$ by a sixte5? /ratum  
/ill black] 9 col\r1 ^: ?ickness is also
 ! same4 ,b5ea? ?is1 & la/ ( all1 lies !

 cuprif]\s /ratum1 black col\r$ &       
s*i/ose1 9 :i* !re sometimes glitt]     
scales ( gold-col\r$ pyrites 9 ! v ?9   
%eets1 :i*1 z ,i said else:]e1 (t5 take 
! =ms ( v>i\s liv+ ?+s4#ae  ,! m9]s m9e 
out a v5a dilatata lat]ally &           
longitud9ally by driv+ a l[ tunnel 9 x1 
& if ! nature ( ! "w & place p]mit1 !y  
s9k also a %aft 9 ord] to discov] :e!r  
!re is a second ve9 b5ea? ! fir/ "o2 =  
sometimes b5ea? x !re are two1 ?ree1 or 
m simil> metal-be>+ ve9s1 & ^! are      
excavat$ 9 ! same way lat]ally &        
longitud9ally4 ,!y g5]ally m9e v5ae     
dilatatae ly+ d[n2 & to avoid we>+ away 
_! clo!s & injur+ _! left %\ld]s !y     
usually b9d on !mselves small wood5     
cradles4 ,= ?is reason1 ?is p>ticul>    
class ( m9]s1 9 ord] to use _! iron     
tools1 are oblig$ to b5d _! necks to !  
left1 n infrequ5tly hav+ !m twi/$4 ,n[  
^! ve9s also sometimes divide1 & :]e ^! 
p>ts re-unite1 ore ( a ri*] & a bett]   
quality is g5]ally f\nd2 ! same ?+      
occurs :]e ! /r+]s1 ( :i* !y are n      

altoge!r devoid1 jo9 ) !m1 or cut !m    
crosswise1 or divide !m obliquely4 ,to  
prev5t a m\nta9 or hill1 :i* has 9 ?is  
way be5 und]m9$1 f subsid+ by its       
weight1 ei!r "s natural pill>s & ar*es  
are left1 on :i* ! pressure re/s z on a 
f\ndation1 or timb]+ is done = support4 
,moreov]1 ! mat]ials :i* are dug out &  
:i* are devoid ( metal are remov$ 9     
b[ls1 & are ?r[n back1 ?us once m fill+ 
! cav]ns4  ,next1 z to v5ae cumulatae4  
,^! are dug by a some:at diff]5t me?od1 
= :5 "o ( ^! %[s "s metal at ! top ( !  
gr\nd1 fir/ ( all "o %aft is sunk2 !n1  
if x is wor? :ile1 ar\nd ?is "o _m %afts
 are sunk & tunnels are driv5 into !    
m\nta94 ,if a torr5t or spr+ has torn   
fragm5ts ( metal f su* a ve91 a tunnel  
is fir/ driv5 into ! m\nta9 or hill = ! 
purpose ( se>*+ = ! ore2 !n :5 x is     
f\nd1 a v]tical %aft is sunk 9 x4 ,s9ce 
! :ole m\nta91 or m especially ! :ole   
hill1 is und]m9$1 see+ t ! :ole ( x is  
compos$ ( ore1 x is necess>y to leave ! 
natural pill>s & ar*es1 or ! place is   

timb]$4 ,b sometimes :5 a ve9 is v h>d x
 is brok5 by fire1 :]eby x happ5s t !   
s(t pill>s break up1 or ! timb]s are    
burnt away1 & ! m\nta9 by its great     
weight s9ks into itself1 & !n ! %aft    
build+s are swall[$ up 9 ! great        
subsid5ce4 ,!re=e1 ab\t a v5a cumulata x
 is advisable to s9k "s %afts :i* are n 
subject to ?is k9d ( ru91 ?r\gh :i* !   
mat]ials t are excavat$ may be c>ri$    
out1 n only :ile ! pill>s & und]p9n+s   
/ill rema9 :ole & solid1 b also aft] !  
supports h be5 de/roy$ by fire & h      
fall54 ,s9ce ore :i* has ?us fall5 mu/  
necess>ily be brok5 by fire1 new %afts  
?r\gh :i* ! smoke c escape mu/ be sunk 9
 ! abyss4 ,at ^? places :]e /r+]s       
int]sect1 ri*] ore is g5]ally obta9$ f !
 m9e2 ^! /r+]s1 9 ! case ( t9 m9es1     
sometimes h 9 !m black /ones ! size ( a 
walnut4 ,if su* a ve9 is f\nd 9 a pla91 
z n infrequ5tly happ5s 9 ! case ( iron1 
_m %afts are sunk1 because !y _c be sunk
 v deep4 ,! "w is c>ri$ on by ?is me?od 
because ! m9]s _c drive a tunnel into a 

level pla9 ( ?is k9d4  ,!re rema9 !     
/r+]s 9 :i* gold alone is sometimes     
f\nd1 9 ! vic9ity ( riv]s & /reams1 or 9
 swamps4 ,if ^u ! soil be+ remov$1 _m ( 
^! are f\nd1 compos$ ( e>? some:at bak$ 
& burnt1 z may sometimes be se5 9 clay  
pits1 !re is "s hope t gold may be      
obta9$ f !m1 especially if sev]al jo9   
toge!r4 ,b ! v po9t ( junction mu/ be   
pi]c$1 & ! l5g? & wid? se>*$ = ore1 & 9 
^! places v deep %afts _c be sunk4  ,i h
 complet$ "o "p ( ?is book1 & n[ come to
 ! o!r1 9 :i* ,i w deal ) ! art (       
survey+4 ,m9]s measure ! solid mass ( ! 
m\nta9s 9 ord] t ! own]s may lay out _! 
plans1 & t _! workm5 may n encroa* on   
o!r p's possessions4 ,! surveyor ei!r   
measures ! int]val n yet :olly dug      
?r\gh1 :i* lies betwe5 ! m\? ( a tunnel 
& a %aft to be sunk to t dep?1 or betwe5
 ! m\? ( a %aft & ! tunnel to be driv5  
to t spot :i* lies "u ! %aft1 or betwe5 
bo?1 if ! tunnel is nei!r s long z to   
rea* to ! %aft1 nor ! %aft s deep z to  
rea* to ! tunnel2 & ?us on bo? sides "w 

is /ill to be done4 ,or 9 "s cases1 )9 !
 tunnels & drifts1 are to be fix$ !     
b\nd>ies ( ! me]s1 j z ! ,b]gmei/] has  
det]m9$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! same me]s above  
gr\nd4#af  ,ea* me?od ( survey+ dep5ds  
on ! measur+ ( triangles4 ,a small      
triangle %\ld be laid out1 & f x        
calculations mu/ be made reg>d+ a l>g]  
"o4 ,mo/ p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 t we d
 n deviate at all f a correct measur+2 =
 if1 at ! beg9n+1 we are drawn by       
c>elessness into a slight error1 ?is at 
! end w produce great errors4 ,n[ ^!    
triangles are ( _m %apes1 s9ce %afts    
diff] among !mselves & are n all sunk by
 "o & ! same me?od into ! dep?s ( ! e>?1
 nor d ! slopes ( all m\nta9s come d[n  
to ! valley or pla9 9 ! same mann]4 ,=  
if a %aft is v]tical1 !re is a triangle 
) a "r angle1 :i* ! ,greeks call ,greek3
 or?ogonion & ?is1 accord+ to !         
inequalities ( ! m\nta9 slope1 has ei!r 
two equal sides or ?ree unequal sides4  
,! ,greeks call ! =m] ,greek3 trigonon  
isoskeles ! latt] ,greek3 skal5on = a "r

 angle triangle _c h ?ree equal sides4  
,if a %aft is incl9$ & sunk 9 ! same ve9
 9 :i* ! tunnel is driv51 a triangle is 
likewise made ) a "r angle1 & ?is aga91 
accord+ to ! v>i\s inequalities ( !     
m\nta9 slope1 has ei!r two equal or ?ree
 unequal sides4 ,b if a %aft is incl9$ &
 is sunk 9 "o ve91 & a tunnel is driv5 9
 ano!r ve91 !n a triangle comes into    
exi/5ce :i* has ei!r an obtuse angle or 
all acute angles4 ,! =m] ! ,greeks call 
,greek3 amblygonion1 ! latt] ,greek3    
oxygonion4 ,t triangle :i* has an obtuse
 angle _c h ?ree equal sides1 b 9       
accordance ) ! diff]5t m\nta9 slopes has
 ei!r two equal sides or ?ree unequal   
sides4 ,t triangle :i* has all acute    
angles 9 accordance ) ! diff]5t m\nta9  
slopes has ei!r ?ree equal sides1 :i* ! 
,greeks call ,greek3 trigonon isopleuron
 or two equal sides or ?ree unequal     
sides4  ,! surveyor1 z ,i said1 employs 
8 art :5 ! own]s ( ! m9es desire to "k  
h[ _m fa?oms ( ! int]v5+ gr\nd require  
to be dug2 :5 a tunnel is be+ driv5 t[>d

 a %aft & does n yet rea* x2 or :5 !    
%aft has n yet be5 sunk to ! dep? ( !   
bottom ( ! tunnel :i* is "u x2 or :5    
nei!r ! tunnel rea*es to t po9t1 nor has
 ! %aft be5 sunk to x4 ,x is (          
importance t m9]s %\ld "k h[ _m fa?oms  
rema9 f ! tunnel to ! %aft1 or f ! %aft 
to ! tunnel1 9 ord] to calculate !      
exp5diture2 & 9 ord] t ! own]s ( a      
metal-be>+ m9e may ha/5 ! s9k+ ( a %aft 
& ! excavation ( ! metal1 be=e ! tunnel 
rea*es t po9t & ! tunnel own]s excavate 
"p ( ! metal by any "r ( _! own2 & on ! 
o!r h&1 x is important t ! own]s ( a    
tunnel may simil>ly ha/5 _! driv+ be=e a
 %aft c be sunk to ! dep? ( a tunnel1 s 
t !y may excavate ! metal to :i* !y w h 
a "r4  ,illu/ration #aca 7,survey+73    
,a--,upright =k$ po/s4 ,b--,pole ov] !  
po/s4 ,c--,%aft4 ,d--,fir/ cord4        
,e--,weight ( fir/ cord4 ,f--,second    
cord4 ,g--,same fix$ gr\nd4 ,h--,head ( 
fir/ cord4 ,i--,m\? ( tunnel4 ,k--,?ird 
cord4 ,l--,weight ( ?ird cord4 ,m--,fir/
 side m9or triangle4 ,n--,second side   

m9or triangle4 ,o--,?ird side m9or      
triangle4 ,p--,! m9or triangle4  ,!     
surveyor1 fir/ ( all1 if ! beams ( !    
%aft-h\se d n give him ! opportunity1   
sets a pair ( =k$ po/s by ! sides ( !   
%aft 9 su* a mann] t a pole may be laid 
across !m4 ,next1 f ! pole he lets d[n  
into ! %aft a cord ) a weight atta*$ to 
x4 ,!n he /ret*es a second cord1 atta*$ 
to ! upp] end ( ! fir/ cord1 "r d[n     
along ! slope ( ! m\nta9 to ! bottom ( !
 m\? ( ! tunnel1 & fixes x to ! gr\nd4  
,next1 f ! same pole n f> f ! fir/ cord1
 he lets d[n a ?ird cord1 simil>ly      
weight$1 s t x may int]sect ! second    
cord1 :i* desc5ds obliquely4 ,!n1 />t+ f
 t po9t :]e ! ?ird cord cuts ! second   
cord :i* desc5ds obliquely to ! m\? ( ! 
tunnel1 he measures ! second cord upw>d 
to :]e x rea*es ! end ( ! fir/ cord1 &  
makes a note ( ?is fir/ side ( ! m9or   
triangle#ag4 ,aft]w>d1 />t+ aga9 f t    
po9t :]e ! ?ird cord int]sects ! second 
cord1 he measures ! /raight space :i*   
lies betwe5 t po9t & ! opposite po9t on 

! fir/ cord1 & 9 t way =ms ! m9or       
triangle1 & he notes ?is second side ( !
 m9or triangle 9 ! same way z be=e4 ,!n1
 if x is necess>y1 f ! angle =m$ by !   
fir/ cord & ! second side ( ! m9or      
triangle1 he measures upw>d to ! end ( !
 fir/ cord & also makes a note ( ?is    
?ird side ( ! m9or triangle4 ,! ?ird    
side ( ! m9or triangle1 if ! %aft is    
v]tical or incl9$ & is sunk on ! same   
ve9 9 :i* ! tunnel is driv51 w          
necess>ily be ! same l5g? z ! ?ird cord 
above ! po9t :]e x int]sects ! second   
cord2 & s1 z (t5 z ! fir/ side ( ! m9or 
triangle is conta9$ 9 ! l5g? ( ! :ole   
cord :i* desc5ds obliquely1 s _m times !
 l5g? ( ! second side ( ! m9or triangle 
indicates ! di/ance betwe5 ! m\? ( !    
tunnel & ! po9t to :i* ! %aft mu/ be    
sunk2 & simil>ly1 s _m times ! l5g? ( ! 
?ird side ( ! m9or triangle gives !     
di/ance betwe5 ! m\? ( ! %aft & ! bottom
 ( ! tunnel4  ,:5 !re is a level b5* on 
! m\nta9 slope1 ! surveyor fir/ measures
 across ?is ) a measur+-rod2 !n at !    

edges ( ?is b5* he sets up =k$ po/s1 &  
applies ! pr9ciple ( ! triangle to ! two
 slop+ p>ts ( ! m\nta92 & to ! fa?oms   
:i* are ! l5g? ( t "p ( ! tunnel det]m9$
 by ! triangles1 he adds ! numb] (      
fa?oms :i* are ! wid? ( ! b5*4 ,b if    
sometimes ! m\nta9 side /&s up1 s t a   
cord _c run d[n f ! %aft to ! m\? ( !   
tunnel1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 _c run up f !  
m\? ( ! tunnel to ! %aft1 &1 !re=e1 "o  
_c connect !m 9 a /raight l9e1 !        
surveyor1 9 ord] to fix an accurate     
triangle1 measures ! m\nta92 & go+      
d[nw>d he sub/itutes = ! fir/ "p ( !    
cord a pole "o fa?om long1 & = ! second 
"p a pole half a fa?om long4 ,go+ upw>d1
 on ! contr>y1 = ! fir/ "p ( ! cord he  
sub/itutes a pole half a fa?om long1 & =
 ! next "p1 "o a :ole fa?om long2 !n :]e
 he requires to fix 8 triangle he adds a
 /raight l9e to ^! angles4  ,illu/ration
 #acc 7,survey+ ,triangle73 ,a triangle 
hav+ a "r angle & two equal sides4  ,to 
make ?is sy/em ( measur+ cle> & m       
explicit1 ,i w proce$ by describ+ ea*   

sep>ate k9d ( triangle4 ,:5 a %aft is   
v]tical or incl9$1 & is sunk 9 ! same   
ve9 on :i* ! tunnel is driv51 !re is    
creat$1 z ,i said1 a triangle conta9+ a 
"r angle4 ,n[ if ! m9or triangle has !  
two sides equal1 :i*1 9 accordance ) !  
numb]+ us$ by surveyors1 are ! second & 
?ird sides1 !n ! second & ?ird sides ( !
 major triangle w be equal2 & s also !  
int]v5+ di/ances w be equal :i* lie     
betwe5 ! m\? ( ! tunnel & ! bottom ( !  
%aft1 & :i* lie betwe5 ! m\? ( ! %aft & 
! bottom ( ! tunnel4 ,= example1 if !   
fir/ side ( ! m9or triangle is sev5 feet
 long & ! second & likewise ! ?ird sides
 are five feet1 & ! l5g? %[n by ! cord =
 ! side ( ! major triangle is #aja times
 sev5 feet1 t is #aag fa?oms & five     
feet1 !n ! int]v5+ space1 ( c\rse1 :e!r 
! :ole ( x has be5 already driv5 ?r\gh  
or has yet to be driv51 w be "o hundr$  
times five feet1 :i* makes eighty-?ree  
fa?oms & two feet4 ,anyone ) ?is example
 ( proportions w be able to con/ruct !  
major & m9or triangles 9 ! same way z ,i

 h done1 if !re be ! necess>y upright   
po/s & cross-beams4 ,:5 a %aft is       
v]tical ! triangle is absolutely        
upright2 :5 x is incl9$ & is sunk on !  
same ve9 9 :i* ! tunnel is driv51 x is  
incl9$ t[>d "o side4 ,!re=e1 if a tunnel
 has be5 driv5 into ! m\nta9 = sixty    
fa?oms1 !re rema9s a space ( gr\nd to be
 p5etrat$ tw5ty-?ree fa?oms & two feet  
long2 = five feet ( ! second side ( !   
major triangle1 :i* lies above ! m\? ( !
 %aft & corresponds ) ! fir/ side ( !   
m9or triangle1 mu/ n be add$4 ,!re=e1 if
 ! %aft has be5 sunk 9 ! middle ( ! head
 me]1 a tunnel sixty fa?oms long w rea* 
to ! b\nd>y ( ! me] only :5 ! tunnel has
 be5 ext5d$ a fur!r two fa?oms & two    
feet2 b if ! %aft is locat$ 9 ! middle (
 an ord9>y me]1 !n ! b\nd>y w be rea*$  
:5 ! tunnel has be5 driv5 a fur!r l5g? (
 n9e fa?oms & two feet4 ,s9ce a tunnel1 
= e "o hundr$ fa?oms ( l5g?1 rises 9    
grade "o fa?om1 or at all ev5ts1 ought  
to rise z x proce$s t[>d ! %aft1 "o m   
fa?om mu/ always be tak5 f ! dep? all[$ 

to ! %aft1 & "o add$ to ! l5g? all[$ to 
! tunnel4 ,proportionately1 because a   
tunnel fifty fa?oms long is rais$ half a
 fa?om1 ?is am\nt mu/ be tak5 f ! dep? (
 ! %aft & add$ to ! l5g? ( ! tunnel4 ,9 
! same way if a tunnel is "o hundr$ or  
fifty fa?oms %ort] or long]1 ! same     
proportion also mu/ be tak5 f ! dep? ( !
 "o & add$ to ! l5g? ( ! o!r4 ,= ?is    
reason1 9 ! case m5tion$ above1 half a  
fa?om & a little m mu/ be add$ to !     
di/ance to be driv5 ?r\gh1 s t !re rema9
 tw5ty-?ree fa?oms1 five feet1 two      
palms1 "o & a half digits & a fif? ( a  
digit2 t is1 if ev5 ! m9ute/ proportions
 are c>ri$ out2 & surveyors d n neglect 
^! )\t good cause4 ,simil>ly1 if ! %aft 
is sev5ty fa?oms deep1 9 ord] t x may   
rea* to ! bottom ( ! tunnel1 x /ill mu/ 
be sunk a fur!r dep? ( ?irte5 fa?oms &  
two feet1 or r twelve fa?oms & a half1  
"o foot1 two digits1 & f\r-fif?s ( half 
a digit4 ,& 9 ?is in/ance five feet mu/ 
be d$uct$ f ! reckon+1 because ^! five  
feet complete ! ?ird side ( ! m9or      

triangle1 :i* is above ! m\? ( ! %aft1 &
 f its dep? !re mu/ be d$uct$ half a    
fa?om1 two palms1 "o & a half digits & !
 fif? "p ( half a digit4 ,b if ! tunnel 
has be5 driv5 to a po9t :]e x is "u !   
%aft1 !n to rea* ! ro( ( ! tunnel ! %aft
 mu/ /ill be sunk a dep? ( elev5 fa?oms1
 two & a half feet1 "o palm1 two digits1
 & f\r-fif?s ( half a digit4            
,illu/ration #acd 7,survey+ ,triangle73 
,a triangle hav+ a "r angle & ?ree      
unequal sides4  ,if a m9or triangle is  
produc$ ( ! k9d hav+ ?ree unequal sides1
 !n ! sides ( ! great] triangle _c be   
equal2 t is1 if ! fir/ side ( ! m9or    
triangle is eight feet long1 ! second   
six feet long1 & ! ?ird five feet long1 
& ! cord along ! side ( ! great]        
triangle1 n to g too f> f ! example j   
giv51 is "o hundr$ & "o times eight     
feet1 t is1 "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r fa?oms
 & f\r feet1 ! di/ance :i* lies betwe5 !
 m\? ( ! tunnel & ! bottom ( ! %aft w   
occupy "o hundr$ times six feet 9 l5g?1 
t is1 "o hundr$ fa?oms4 ,! di/ance      

betwe5 ! m\? ( ! %aft & ! bottom ( !    
tunnel is "o hundr$ times five feet1 t  
is1 eighty-?ree fa?oms & two feet4 ,& s1
 if ! tunnel is eighty-five fa?oms long1
 ! rema9d] to be driv5 into ! m\nta9 is 
fifte5 fa?oms long1 & "h1 too1 a        
correction 9 measurem5t mu/ be tak5 f ! 
dep? ( ! %aft & add$ to ! l5g? ( !      
tunnel2 :at ?is is precisely1 ,i w      
pursue no fur!r1 s9ce ev]yone hav+ a    
small k ( ari?metic c "w x out4 ,if !   
%aft is sixty-sev5 fa?oms deep1 9 ord] t
 x may rea* ! bottom ( ! tunnel1 ! fur!r
 di/ance requir$ to be sunk am\nts to   
sixte5 fa?oms & two feet4  ,illu/ration 
#ace;a 7,survey+ ,triangle73 ,triangle  
hav+ an obtuse angle & two equal sides4 
,! surveyor employs ?is same me?od 9    
measur+ ! m\nta91 :e!r ! %aft & tunnel  
are on "o & ! same ve91 :e!r ! ve9 is   
v]tical or incl9$1 or :e!r ! %aft is on 
! pr9cipal ve9 & ! tunnel on a transv]se
 ve9 desc5d+ v]tically to ! dep?s ( !   
e>?2 9 ! latt] case ! excavation is to  
be made :]e ! transv]se ve9 cuts !      

v]tical ve94 ,if ! pr9cipal ve9 desc5ds 
on an incl9e & ! cross-ve9 desc5ds      
v]tically1 !n a m9or triangle is creat$ 
hav+ "o obtuse angle or all ?ree angles 
acute4 ,if ! m9or triangle has "o angle 
obtuse & ! two sides :i* are ! second & 
?ird are equal1 !n ! second & ?ird sides
 ( ! major triangle w be equal1 s t if !
 fir/ side ( ! m9or triangle is n9e     
feet1 ! second1 & likewise ! ?ird1 w be 
five feet4 ,!n ! fir/ side ( ! major    
triangle w be "o hundr$ & "o times n9e  
feet1 or "o hundr$ & fifty-"o & "o-half 
fa?oms1 & ea* ( ! o!r sides ( ! major   
triangle w be "o hundr$ times five feet1
 t is1 eighty-?ree fa?oms & two feet4 ,b
 :5 ! fir/ %aft is incl9$1 g5]ally      
speak+1 x is n deep2 b !re are usually  
sev]al1 all incl9$1 & "o always foll[+ !
 o!r4 ,!re=e1 if a tunnel is sev5ty-sev5
 fa?oms long1 x w rea* to ! middle ( !  
bottom ( a %aft :5 six fa?oms & two feet
 fur!r h be5 sunk4 ,b if all su* incl9$ 
%afts are sev5ty-six fa?oms deep1 9 ord]
 t ! la/ "o may rea* ! bottom ( !       

tunnel1 a dep? ( sev5 fa?oms & two feet 
rema9s to be sunk4  ,illu/ration #ace;b 
7,survey+ ,triangle73 ,triangle hav+ an 
obtuse angle & ?ree unequal sides4  ,if 
a m9or triangle is made :i* has an      
obtuse angle & ?ree unequal sides1 !n   
aga9 ! sides ( ! l>ge triangle _c be    
equal4 ,= example1 if ! fir/ side ( !   
m9or triangle is six feet long1 ! second
 ?ree feet1 & ! ?ird f\r feet1 & ! cord 
along ! side ( ! great] triangle "o     
hundr$ & "o times six feet1 t is1 "o    
hundr$ & "o fa?oms1 ! di/ance betwe5 !  
m\? ( ! tunnel & ! bottom ( ! la/ %aft w
 be a l5g? "o hundr$ times ?ree feet1 or
 fifty fa?oms2 b ! dep? t lies betwe5 ! 
m\? ( ! fir/ %aft & ! bottom ( ! tunnel 
is "o hundr$ times f\r feet1 or         
sixty-six fa?oms & f\r feet4 ,!re=e1 if 
a tunnel is =ty-f\r fa?oms long1 !      
rema9+ di/ance to be driv5 is six       
fa?oms4 ,if ! %afts are fifty-eight     
fa?oms deep1 ! newe/ w t\* ! bottom ( ! 
tunnel :5 eight fa?oms & f\r feet h be5 
sunk4  ,illu/ration #acf;a 7,survey+    

,triangle73 ,a triangle hav+ all its    
angles acute & its ?ree sides equal4    
,if a m9or triangle is produc$ :i* has  
all its angles acute & its ?ree sides   
equal1 !n necess>ily ! second & ?ird    
sides ( ! m9or triangle w be equal1 &   
likewise ! sides ( ! major triangle     
frequ5tly ref]r$ to w be equal4 ,?us if 
ea* side ( ! m9or triangle is six feet  
long1 & ! cord measurem5t = ! side ( !  
major triangle is "o hundr$ & "o times  
six feet1 t is1 "o hundr$ & "o fa?oms1  
!n bo? ! di/ances to be dug w be "o     
hundr$ fa?oms4 ,& ?us if ! tunnel is    
n9ety fa?oms long1 x w rea* ! middle ( !
 bottom ( ! la/ %aft :5 t5 fa?oms fur!r 
h be5 driv54 ,if ! %afts are n9ety-five 
fa?oms deep1 ! la/ w rea* ! bottom ( !  
tunnel :5 x is sunk a fur!r dep? ( five 
fa?oms4  ,illu/ration #acf;b 7,survey+  
,triangle73 ,triangle hav+ all its      
angles acute & two sides equal1 ,a1 ,b1 
unequal side ,c4  ,if a triangle is made
 :i* has all its angles acute1 b only   
two sides equal1 namely1 ! fir/ & ?ird1 

!n ! second & ?ird sides are n equal2   
!re=e ! di/ances to be dug _c be equal4 
,= example1 if ! fir/ side ( ! m9or     
triangle is six feet long1 & ! second is
 f\r feet1 & ! ?ird is six feet1 & !    
cord measurem5t = ! side ( ! major      
triangle is "o hundr$ & "o times six    
feet1 t is1 "o hundr$ & "o fa?oms1 !n ! 
di/ance betwe5 ! m\? ( ! tunnel & !     
bottom ( ! la/ %aft w be sixty-six      
fa?oms & f\r feet4 ,b ! di/ance f ! m\? 
( ! fir/ %aft to ! bottom ( ! tunnel is 
"o hundr$ fa?oms4 ,s if ! tunnel is     
sixty fa?oms long1 ! rema9+ di/ance to  
be driv5 into ! m\nta9 is six fa?oms &  
f\r feet4 ,if ! %aft is n9ety-sev5      
fa?oms deep1 ! la/ "o w rea* ! bottom ( 
! tunnel :5 a fur!r dep? ( ?ree fa?oms  
has be5 sunk4  ,illu/ration #acg        
7,survey+ ,triangle73 ,a triangle hav+  
all its angles acute & its ?ree sides   
unequal4  ,if a m9or triangle is produc$
 :i* has all its angles acute1 b its    
?ree sides unequal1 !n aga9 ! di/ances  
to be dug _c be equal4 ,= example1 if ! 

fir/ side ( ! m9or triangle is sev5 feet
 long1 ! second side is f\r feet1 & !   
?ird side is six feet1 & ! cord         
measurem5t = ! side ( ! major triangle  
is "o hundr$ & "o times sev5 feet or "o 
hundr$ & sev5te5 fa?oms & f\r feet1 !   
di/ance betwe5 ! m\? ( ! tunnel & !     
bottom ( ! la/ %aft w be f\r hundr$ feet
 or sixty-six fa?oms1 & ! dep? betwe5 ! 
m\? ( ! fir/ %aft & ! bottom ( ! tunnel 
w be "o hundr$ fa?oms4 ,!re=e1 if a     
tunnel is fifty fa?oms long1 x w rea* ! 
middle ( ! bottom ( ! newe/ %aft :5 x   
has be5 driv5 sixte5 fa?oms & f\r feet  
fur!r4 ,b if ! %afts are !n n9ety-two   
fa?oms deep1 ! la/ %aft w rea* ! bottom 
( ! tunnel :5 x has be5 sunk a fur!r    
eight fa?oms4  ,?is is ! me?od ( !      
surveyor 9 measur+ ! m\nta91 if !       
pr9cipal ve9 desc5ds incl9$ into ! dep?s
 ( ! e>? or ! transv]se ve9 is v]tical4 
,b if !y are bo? incl9$1 ! surveyor uses
 ! same me?od1 or he measures ! slope ( 
! m\nta9 sep>ately f ! slope ( ! %aft4  
,next1 if a transv]se ve9 9 :i* a tunnel

 is driv5 does n cut ! pr9cipal ve9 9 t 
spot :]e ! %aft is sunk1 !n x is        
necess>y = ! />t+ po9t ( ! survey to be 
9 ! o!r %aft 9 :i* ! transv]se ve9 cuts 
! pr9cipal ve94 ,b if !re be no %aft on 
t spot :]e ! outcrop ( ! transv]se ve9  
cuts ! outcrop ( ! pr9cipal ve91 !n !   
surface ( ! gr\nd :i* lies betwe5 !     
%afts mu/ be measur$1 or t betwe5 ! %aft
 & ! place :]e ! outcrop ( ! "o ve9     
int]sects ! outcrop ( ! o!r4            
,illu/ration #ach 7,hemicycle73         
,a--,wax$ semicircle ( ! hemicycle4     
,b--,semicircul> l9es4 ,c--,/raight     
l9es4 ,d--,l9e measur+ ! half4 ,e--,l9e 
measur+ ! :ole4 ,f--,tongue4            
,illu/ration #ach;,a 7,survey+ ,rods73  
,a--,l9es ( ! rod :i* sep>ate m9or      
spaces4 ,b--,l9es ( ! rod :i* sep>ate   
major spaces4  ,"s surveyors1 al?\gh !y 
use ?ree cords1 nev]!less asc]ta9 only !
 l5g? ( a tunnel by t me?od ( measur+1 &
 det]m9e ! dep? ( a %aft by ano!r me?od2
 t is1 by ! me?od by :i* cords are      
re-/ret*$ on a level "p ( ! m\nta9 or 9 

a valley1 or 9 flat fields1 & are       
measur$ aga94 ,"s1 h[ev]1 d n employ ?is
 me?od 9 survey+ ! dep? ( a %aft & !    
l5g? ( a tunnel1 b use only two cords1 a
 graduat$ hemicycle#ah & a rod half a   
fa?om long4 ,!y susp5d 9 ! %aft "o cord1
 fa/5$ f ! upp] pole & weight$1 j z !   
o!rs d4 ,fa/5$ to ! upp] end ( ?is cord1
 !y /ret* ano!r "r d[n ! slope ( !      
m\nta9 to ! bottom ( ! m\? ( ! tunnel & 
fix x to ! gr\nd4 ,!n to ! upp] "p ( ?is
 second cord !y apply on its l[] side ! 
broad "p ( a hemicycle4 ,?is consi/s (  
half a circle1 ! out] m>g9 ( :i* is     
cov]$ ) wax1 & )9 ?is are six           
semi-circul> l9es4 ,f ! wax$ m>g9 ?r\gh 
! fir/ semi-circul> l9e1 & rea*+ to !   
second1 !re proce$ /raight l9es conv]g+ 
t[>d ! c5tre ( ! hemicycle2 ^! m>k !    
middles ( int]v5+ spaces ly+ betwe5 o!r 
/raight l9es :i* ext5d to ! f\r?        
semi-circul> l9e4 ,b all l9es :atsoev]1 
f ! wax$ m>g9 up to ! f\r? l9e1 :e!r !y 
g beyond x or n1 correspond ) ! graduat$
 l9es :i* m>k ! m9or spaces ( a rod4 ,^?

 :i* g beyond ! f\r? l9e correspond ) ! 
l9es m>k+ ! major spaces on ! rod1 & ^? 
:i* proce$ fur!r1 m>k ! middle ( !      
int]v5+ space :i* lies betwe5 ! o!rs4 ,!
 /raight l9es1 :i* run f ! fif? to !    
six? semi-circul> l9e1 %[ no?+ fur!r4   
,nor does ! l9e :i* measures ! half1 %[ 
any?+ :5 x has already pass$ f ! six?   
/raight l9e to ! base ( ! hemicycle4 ,:5
 ! hemicycle is appli$ to ! cord1 if its
 tongue indicates ! six? /raight l9e :i*
 lies betwe5 ! second & ?ird            
semi-circul> l9es1 ! surveyor c\nts on !
 rod six l9es :i* sep>ate ! m9or spaces1
 & if ! l5g? ( ?is portion ( ! rod be   
tak5 f ! second cord1 z _m times z !    
cord itself is half-fa?oms long1 !      
rema9+ l5g? ( cord %[s ! di/ance !      
tunnel mu/ be driv5 to rea* "u ! %aft4  
,b if he sees t ! tongue has gone s f> t
 x m>ks ! six? l9e betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? 
semi-circul> l9es1 he c\nts six l9es :i*
 sep>ate ! major spaces on ! rod2 & ?is 
entire space is d$uct$ f ! l5g? ( !     
second cord1 z _m times z ! numb] ( :ole

 fa?oms :i* ! cord conta9s2 & !n1 9 l   
mann]1 ! rema9+ l5g? ( cord %[s u !     
di/ance ! tunnel mu/ be driv5 to rea* "u
 ! %aft4#ai  ,illu/ration #aci 7,survey+
 ,triangle73 ,/ret*$ cords3 ,a--,fir/   
cord4 ,b--,second cord4 ,c--,?ird cord4 
,d--,triangle4  ,bo? ^! surveyors1 z    
well z ! o!rs1 9 ! fir/ place make use (
 ! haulage rope4 ,^! !y measure by means
 ( o!rs made ( l9d5 b>k1 because ! latt]
 d n /ret* at all1 :ile ! =m] become v  
slack4 ,^! cords !y /ret* on !          
surveyor's field1 ! fir/ "o to repres5t 
! p>ts ( m\nta9 slopes :i* desc5d       
obliquely4 ,!n ! second cord1 :i*       
repres5ts ! l5g? ( ! tunnel to be driv5 
to rea* ! %aft1 !y place /raight1 9 su* 
a direction t "o end ( x c t\* ! l[] end
 ( ! fir/ cord2 !n !y simil>ly lay !    
?ird cord /raight1 & 9 su* a direction t
 its upp] end may t\* ! upp] end ( !    
fir/ cord1 & its l[] end ! o!r extremity
 ( ! second cord1 & ?us a triangle is   
=m$4 ,?is ?ird cord is measur$ by !     
in/rum5t ) ! index1 to det]m9e its      

relation to ! p]p5dicul>2 & ! l5g? ( ?is
 cord %[s ! dep? ( ! %aft4  ,illu/ration
 #adj 7,survey+ ,triangles73 ,/ret*$    
cords3 ,a--,fir/4 ,b--,second4          
,b--,?ird4 ,c--,f\r?4 ,c--,fif?4        
,d--,quadrangle4  ,"s surveyors1 to make
 _! sy/em ( measur+ ! dep? ( a %aft m   
c]ta91 use five /ret*$ cords3 ! fir/ "o 
desc5d+ obliquely2 two1 t is to say !   
second & ?ird1 = asc]ta9+ ! l5g? ( !    
tunnel2 two = ! dep? ( ! %aft2 9 :i* way
 !y =m a quadrangle divid$ into two     
equal triangles1 & ?is t5ds to great]   
accuracy4  ,^! sy/ems ( measur+ ! dep? (
 a %aft & ! l5g? ( a tunnel1 are        
accurate :5 ! ve9 & also ! %aft or %afts
 g d[n to ! tunnel v]tically or incl9$1 
9 an un9t]rupt$ c\rse4 ,! same is true  
:5 a tunnel runs /raight on to a %aft4  
,b :5 ea* ( !m b5ds n[ 9 ?is1 n[ 9 t    
direction1 if !y h n be5 completely     
driv5 & sunk1 no liv+ man is clev] en\gh
 to judge h[ f> !y are deflect$ f a     
/raight c\rse4 ,b if ! :ole ( ei!r "o ( 
! two has be5 excavat$ its full di/ance1

 !n we c e/imate m easily ! l5g? ( "o1  
or ! dep? ( ! o!r2 & s ! location ( !   
tunnel1 :i* is bel[ a newly-/>t$ %aft1  
is det]m9$ by a me?od ( survey+ :i* ,i w
 describe4 ,fir/ ( all a tripod is fix$ 
at ! m\? ( ! tunnel1 & likewise at ! m\?
 ( ! %aft :i* has be5 />t$1 or at !     
place :]e ! %aft w be />t$4 ,! tripod is
 made ( ?ree /akes fix$ to ! gr\nd1 a   
small rectangul> bo>d be+ plac$ ^u !    
/akes & fix$ to !m1 & on ?is is set a   
compass4 ,!n f ! l[] tripod a weight$   
cord is let d[n p]p5dicul>ly to ! e>?1  
close to :i* cord a /ake is fix$ 9 !    
gr\nd4 ,to ?is /ake ano!r cord is ti$ & 
drawn /raight into ! tunnel to a po9t z 
f> z x c g )\t be+ b5t by ! hang+wall or
 ! footwall ( ! ve94 ,next1 f ! cord :i*
 hangs f ! l[] tripod1 a ?ird cord      
likewise fix$ is br\ght /raight up !    
slop+ side ( ! m\nta9 to ! /ake ( ! upp]
 tripod1 & fa/5$ to x4 ,9 ord] t !      
measur+ ( ! dep? ( ! %aft may be m      
c]ta91 ! ?ird cord %\ld t\* "o & ! same 
side ( ! cord hang+ f ! l[] tripod :i*  

is t\*$ by ! second cord--! "o :i* is   
drawn into ! tunnel4 ,all ?is hav+ be5  
correctly c>ri$ out1 ! surveyor1 :5 at  
l5g? ! cord :i* has be5 drawn /raight   
into ! tunnel is ab\t to be b5t by !    
hang+wall or footwall1 places a plank 9 
! bottom ( ! tunnel & on x sets ! orbis1
 an in/rum5t :i* has an indicator       
peculi> to itself4 ,?is in/rum5t1 al?\gh
 x also has wax$ circles1 diff]s f !    
o!r1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ! ?ird book4 ,b
 by bo? ^! in/rum5ts1 z well z by a rule
 & a squ>e1 he det]m9es :e!r ! /ret*$   
cords rea* /raight to ! extreme end ( ! 
tunnel1 or :e!r !y sometimes rea*       
/raight1 & are sometimes b5t by !       
footwall or hang+wall4 ,ea* in/rum5t is 
divid$ into p>ts1 b ! compass into      
tw5ty-f\r p>ts1 ! orbis into sixte5     
p>ts2 = fir/ ( all x is divid$ into f\r 
pr9cipal p>ts1 & !n ea* ( ^! is aga9    
divid$ into f\r4 ,bo? h wax$ circles1 b 
! compass has sev5 circles1 & ! orbis   
only five circles4 ,^! wax$ circles !   
surveyor m>ks1 :i*ev] in/rum5t he uses1 

& by ! succession ( ^! same m>ks he     
notes any *ange 9 ! direction 9 :i* !   
cord ext5ds4 ,! orbis has an op5+ runn+ 
f its out] edge z f> z ! c5tre1 into :i*
 op5+ he puts an iron screw1 to :i* he  
b9ds ! second cord1 & by screw+ x into !
 plank1 fixes x s t ! orbis may be      
immovable4 ,he takes c>e to prev5t !    
second cord1 & aft]w>d ! o!rs :i* are   
put up1 f be+ pull$ (f ! screw1 by      
employ+ a heavy iron1 into an op5+ ( :i*
 he fixes ! head ( ! screw4 ,9 ! case ( 
! compass1 s9ce x has no op5+1 he m]ely 
places x by ! side ( ! screw4 ,t !      
in/rum5t does n incl9e =w>d or backw>d1 
& 9 t way ! measurem5t become a great]  
l5g? ?an x %\ld be1 he sets ^u !        
in/rum5t a /&+ plummet level1 ! tongue (
 :i*1 if ! in/rum5t is level1 indicates 
no numb]s1 b ! po9t f :i* ! numb]s />t4 
,illu/ration #adb 7,compass73 ,compass4 
,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g are ! sev5   
wax$ circles4  ,illu/ration #adb;,a     
7,orbis73 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e--,five wax$
 circles ( ! orbis4 ,f--,op5+ ( same4   

,g--,screw4 ,h--,p]=at$ iron4           
,illu/ration #adc 7,m9] us+ level73     
,a--,/&+ plummet level4 ,b--,tongue4    
,c--,level & tongue4  ,:5 ! surveyor has
 c>efully obs]v$ ea* sep>ate angle ( !  
tunnel & has measur$ su* p>ts z he ought
 to measure1 !n he lays !m out 9 ! same 
way on ! surveyor's field#bj 9 ! op5    
air1 & aga9 no less c>efully obs]ves ea*
 sep>ate angle & measures !m4 ,fir/ (   
all1 to ea* angle1 accord+ z !          
calculation ( 8 triangle & 8 art require
 x1 he lays out a /raight cord z a l9e4 
,!n he /ret*es a cord at su* an angle z 
repres5ts ! slope ( ! m\nta91 s t its   
l[] end may rea* ! end ( ! /raight cord2
 !n he /ret*es a ?ird cord simil>ly     
/raight & at su* an angle1 t ) its upp] 
end x may rea* ! upp] end ( ! second    
cord1 & ) its l[] end ! la/ end ( ! fir/
 cord4 ,! l5g? ( ! ?ird cord %[s ! dep? 
( ! %aft1 z ,i said be=e1 & at ! same "t
 t po9t on ! tunnel to :i* ! %aft w rea*
 :5 x has be5 sunk4  ,if "o or m %afts  
rea* ! tunnel ?r\gh int]m$iate drifts & 

%afts1 ! surveyor1 />t+ f ! ne>e/ :i* is
 op5 to ! air1 measures 9 a %ort] "t !  
dep? ( ! %aft :i* requires to be sunk1  
?an if he />ts f ! m\? ( ! tunnel4 ,fir/
 ( all he measures t space on ! surface 
:i* lies betwe5 ! %aft :i* has be5 sunk 
& ! "o :i* requires to be sunk4 ,!n he  
measures ! incl9e ( all ! %afts :i* x is
 necess>y to measure1 & ! l5g? ( all !  
drifts ) :i* !y are 9 any way connect$  
to ! tunnel4 ,la/ly1 he measures "p ( ! 
tunnel2 & :5 all ?is is prop]ly done1 he
 demon/rates ! dep? ( ! %aft & ! po9t 9 
! tunnel to :i* ! %aft w rea*4 ,b       
sometimes a v deep /raight %aft requires
 to be sunk at ! same place :]e !re is a
 previ\s incl9$ %aft1 & to ! same dep?1 
9 ord] t loads may be rais$ & drawn     
/raight up by ma*9es4 ,^? ma*9es on !   
surface are turn$ by horses2 ^? inside !
 e>?1 by ! same means1 & also by        
wat]-p[]4 ,& s1 if x becomes necess>y to
 s9k su* a %aft1 ! surveyor fir/ ( all  
fixes an iron screw 9 ! upp] "p ( ! old 
%aft1 & f ! screw he lets d[n a cord z  

f> z ! fir/ angle1 :]e aga9 he fixes a  
screw1 & aga9 lets d[n ! cord z f> z !  
second angle2 ?is he repeats aga9 & aga9
 until ! cord rea*es to ! bottom ( !    
%aft4 ,!n to ea* angle ( ! cord he      
applies a hemicycle1 & m>ks ! wax$      
semi-circle accord+ to ! l9es :i* !     
tongue indicates1 & designates x by a   
numb]1 9 case x %\ld be mov$2 !n he     
measures ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! cord ) ano!r
 cord made ( l9d5 b>k4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 he  
has come back out ( ! %aft1 he goes away
 & transf]s ! m>k+s f ! wax$ semi-circle
 ( ! hemicycle to an orbis simil>ly     
wax$4 ,la/ly1 ! cords are /ret*$ on !   
surveyor's field1 & he measures !       
angles1 z ! sy/em ( measur+ by triangles
 requires1 & asc]ta9s :i* "p ( !        
footwall & :i* "p ( ! hang+wall rock mu/
 be cut away 9 ord] t ! %aft may desc5d 
/raight4 ,b if ! surveyor is requir$ to 
%[ ! own]s ( ! m9e1 ! spot 9 a drift or 
a tunnel 9 :i* a %aft ne$s to be rais$ f
 ! bottom upw>d1 t x %\ld cut ?r\gh m   
quickly1 he beg9s measur+ f ! bottom ( !

 drift or tunnel1 at a po9t beyond !    
spot at :i* ! bottom ( ! %aft w arrive1 
:5 x has be5 sunk4 ,:5 he has measur$ ! 
"p ( ! drift or tunnel up to ! fir/ %aft
 :i* connects ) an upp] drift1 he       
measures ! incl9e ( ?is %aft by apply+ a
 hemicycle or orbis to ! cord4 ,!n 9 a l
 mann] he measures ! upp] drift & !     
incl9e %aft :i* is sunk !re9 t[>d :i* a 
raise is be+ dug1 !n aga9 all ! cords   
are /ret*$ 9 ! surveyor's field1 ! la/  
cord 9 su* a way t x rea*es ! fir/1 & !n
 he measures !m4 ,f ?is measurem5t is   
kn[n 9 :at "p ( ! drift or tunnel !     
raise %\ld be made1 & h[ _m fa?oms ( ve9
 rema9 to be brok5 ?r\gh 9 ord] t ! %aft
 may be connect$4  ,i h describ$ ! fir/ 
reason = survey+2 ,i w n[ describe      
ano!r4 ,:5 "o ve9 comes ne> ano!r1 & _! 
own]s are diff]5t p]sons :o h late come 
into possession1 :e!r !y drive a tunnel 
or a drift1 or s9k a %aft1 !y may       
encroa*1 or seem to encroa*1 )\t any    
lawful "r1 ^u ! b\nd>ies ( ! old] own]s1
 = :i* reason ! latt] v (t5 seek r$ress1

 or take legal proce$+s4 ,! surveyor    
ei!r himself settles ! dispute betwe5 ! 
own]s1 or by 8 art gives evid5ce to !   
judges = mak+ _! decision1 t "o %all n  
encroa* on ! m9e ( ! o!r4 ,?us1 fir/ (  
all he measures ! m9es ( ea* p>ty ) a   
basket rope & cords ( l9d5 b>k2 & hav+  
appli$ to ! cords an orbis or a compass1
 he notes ! directions 9 :i* !y ext5d4  
,!n he /ret*es ! cords on ! surveyor's  
field2 & />t+ f t po9t ^: own]s are 9   
possession ( ! old me] t[>d ! o!r1 :e!r 
x is 9 ! hang+ or footwall ( ! ve91 he  
/ret*es a cross-cord 9 a /raight l9e1   
accord+ to ! six? division ( ! compass1 
t is1 at a "r angle to ! ve91 = a       
di/ance ( ?ree & a half fa?oms1 &       
assigns to ! old] own]s t :i* belongs to
 !m4 ,b if bo? ends ( "o ve9 are be+ dug
 out 9 two tunnels1 or drifts f opposite
 directions1 ! surveyor fir/ ( all      
consid]s ! l[] tunnel or drift & aft]w>d
 ! upp] "o1 & judges h[ mu* ea* ( !m has
 ris5 little by little4 ,on ea* side    
/rong m5 take 9 _! h&s a /ret*$ cord &  

hold x s t !re is no po9t :]e x is n    
/ra9$ tight2 on ea* side ! surveyor     
supports ! cord ) a rod half a fa?om    
long1 & /ays ! rod at ! end ) a %ort    
/ick z (t5 z he ?9ks x necess>y4 ,b "s  
fa/5 cords to ! rods to make !m /eadi]4 
,! surveyor atta*es a susp5d$ plummet   
level to ! middle ( ! cord to enable him
 to calculate m accurately on bo? sides1
 & f ?is he asc]ta9s :e!r "o tunnel has 
ris5 m ?an ano!r1 or 9 l mann] "o drift 
m ?an ano!r4 ,aft]w>d he measures !     
incl9e ( ! %afts on bo? sides1 s t he c 
e/imate _! position on ea* side4 ,!n he 
easily sees h[ _m fa?oms rema9 9 ! space
 :i* mu/ be brok5 ?r\gh4 ,b ! grade (   
ea* tunnel1 z ,i said1 %\ld rise "o     
fa?om 9 ! di/ance ( "o hundr$ fa?oms4   
,illu/ration #adf 7,plummet cord &      
weight73 ,indicator ( a susp5d$ plummet 
level4  ,illu/ration #adg 7,compass73   
,a--,ne$le ( ! in/rum5t4 ,b--,its       
tongue4 ,c1 ,d1 ,e--,holes 9 ! tongue4  
,! ,swiss surveyors1 :5 !y wi% to       
measure tunnels driv5 into ! highe/     

m\nta9s1 also use a rod half a fa?om    
long1 b compos$ ( ?ree p>ts1 :i* screw  
toge!r1 s t !y may be %ort5$4 ,!y use a 
cord made ( l9d5 b>k to :i* are fa/5$   
slips ( pap] %[+ ! numb] ( fa?oms4 ,!y  
also employ an in/rum5t peculi> to !m1  
:i* has a ne$le2 b 9 place ( ! wax$     
circles !y c>ry 9 _! h&s a *>t on :i* !y
 inscribe ! read+s ( ! in/rum5t4 ,!     
in/rum5t is plac$ on ! back "p ( ! rod s
 t ! tongue1 & ! ext5d$ cord :i* runs   
?r\gh ! ?ree holes 9 ! tongue1          
demon/rates ! direction1 & !y note !    
numb] ( fa?oms4 ,! tongue %[s :e!r !    
cord incl9es =w>d or backw>d4 ,! tongue 
does n hang1 z 9 ! case ( ! susp5d$     
plummet level1 b is fix$ to ! in/rum5t 9
 a half-ly+ position4 ,!y measure !     
tunnels = ! purpose ( kn[+ h[ _m fa?oms 
!y h be5 increas$ 9 elevation2 h[ _m    
fa?oms ! l[] is di/ant f ! upp] "o2 h[  
_m fa?oms ( int]val is n yet pi]c$      
betwe5 ! m9]s :o on opposite sides are  
digg+ on ! same ve91 or cross-/r+]s1 or 
two ve9s :i* are approa*+ "o ano!r4  ,b 

,i return to our m9es4 ,if ! surveyor   
desires to fix ! b\nd>ies ( ! me] )9 !  
tunnels or drifts1 & m>k to !m ) a sign 
cut 9 ! rock1 9 ! same way t ! ,b]gmei/]
 has m>k$ ^! b\nd>ies above gr\nd1 he   
fir/ ( all asc]ta9s1 by measur+ 9 !     
mann] :i* ,i h expla9$ above1 :i* "p ( !
 tunnel or drift lies b5ea? ! surface   
b\nd>y m>k1 /ret*+ ! cords along !      
drifts to a po9t beyond t spot 9 ! rock 
:]e he judges ! m>k %\ld be cut4 ,!n1   
aft] ! same cords h be5 laid out on !   
surveyor's field1 he />ts f t upp] cord 
at a po9t :i* %[s ! b\nd>y m>k1 &       
/ret*es ano!r cross-cord /raight d[nw>d 
accord+ to ! six? division ( !          
compass--t is at a "r angle4 ,!n t "p ( 
! l[e/ cord :i* lies beyond ! "p to :i* 
! cross-cord runs be+ remov$1 x %[s at  
:at po9t ! b\nd>y m>k %\ld be cut into !
 rock ( ! tunnel or drift4 ,! cutt+ is  
made 9 ! pres5ce ( ! two ,jurors & !    
manag] & ! =eman ( ea* m9e4 ,= z !      
,b]gmei/] 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! same p]sons  
sets ! b\nd>y /ones on ! surface1 s !   

surveyor cuts 9 ! rock a sign :i* = ?is 
reason is call$ ! b\nd>y rock4 ,if he   
fixes ! b\nd>y m>k ( a me] 9 :i* a %aft 
has rec5tly begun to be sunk on a ve91  
fir/ ( all he measures & notes ! incl9e 
( t %aft by ! compass or by ano!r way ) 
! appli$ cords2 !n he measures all !    
drifts up to t "o 9 ^: rock ! b\nd>y m>k
 has to be cut4 ,( ^! drifts he measures
 ea* angle2 !n ! cords1 be+ laid out on 
! surveyor's field1 9 a simil> way he   
/ret*es a cross-cord1 z ,i said1 & cuts 
! sign on ! rock4 ,b if ! und]gr\nd     
b\nd>y rock has to be cut 9 a drift :i* 
lies b5ea? ! fir/ drift1 ! surveyor />ts
 f ! m>k 9 ! fir/ drift1 notes ! diff]5t
 angles1 "o by "o1 takes 8 measurem5ts1 
& 9 ! l[] drift /ret*es a cord beyond t 
place :]e he judges ! m>k ought to be   
cut2 & !n1 z ,i said be=e1 lays out !   
cords on ! surveyor's field4 ,ev5 if a  
ve9 runs diff]5tly 9 ! l[] drift f !    
upp] "o1 9 :i* ! fir/ b\nd>y m>k has be5
 cut 9 ! rock1 /ill1 9 ! l[] drift ! m>k
 mu/ be cut 9 ! rock v]tically b5ea?4 ,=

 if he cuts ! l[] m>k obliquely f ! upp]
 "o "s "p ( ! possession ( "o m9e is    
tak5 away to its detrim5t1 & giv5 to !  
o!r4 ,moreov]1 if x happ5s t ! und]gr\nd
 b\nd>y m>k requires to be cut 9 an     
angle1 ! surveyor1 />t+ f t angle1      
measures "o fa?om t[>d ! front ( ! m9e &
 ano!r fa?om t[>d ! back1 & f ^!        
measurem5ts =ms a triangle1 & divid+ its
 middle by a cross-cord1 makes 8 cutt+ =
 ! b\nd>y m>k4  ,la/ly1 ! surveyor      
sometimes1 9 ord] to make m c]ta91 f9ds 
! b\nd>y ( ! me]s 9 ^? places :]e _m old
 b\nd>y m>ks are cut 9 ! rock4 ,!n1 />t+
 f a /ake fix$ on ! surface1 he fir/ (  
all measures to ! ne>e/ m9e2 !n he      
measures "o %aft aft] ano!r2 !n he fixes
 a /ake on ! surveyors' field1 & mak+ a 
beg9n+ f x /ret*es ! same cords 9 ! same
 way & measures !m1 & aga9 fixes 9 !    
gr\nd a /ake :i* = him w signify ! end (
 8 measur+4 ,aft]w>d he aga9 measures   
und]gr\nd f t spot at :i* he left (f1 z 
_m %afts & drifts z he c rememb]4 ,!n he
 returns to ! surveyor's field1 & />t+  

aga9 f ! second /ake1 makes 8           
measurem5ts2 & he does ?is z f> z !     
drift 9 :i* ! b\nd>y m>k mu/ be cut 9 ! 
rock4 ,f9ally1 comm5c+ f ! /ake fir/    
fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 he /ret*es a cross-cord 
9 a /raight l9e to ! la/ /ake1 & ?is %[s
 ! l5g? ( ! l[e/ drift4 ,! po9t :]e !y  
t\*1 he judges to be ! place :]e !      
und]gr\nd b\nd>y m>k %\ld be cut4       
,,end ,,( ,,book ,v4   ,,footnotes3  #a 
,x has be5 sugge/$ t we %\ld adopt      
?r\gh\t ?is volume ! me*anical & m9+    
t]ms us$ 9 ,engli% m9es at ,agricola's  
"t4 ,we believe1 h[ev]1 t b a little    
inquiry w\ld illu/rate ! undesirability 
( ?is c\rse z a :ole4 ,:]e !re is *oice 
9 mod]n m9]'s nom5clature betwe5 an old 
& a mod]n t]m1 we h lean$ t[>d age1 if x
 be a t]m g5]ally und]/ood4 ,b except   
:]e ! subject describ$ has itself become
 obsolete1 we h reviv$ no obsolete t]ms4
 ,9 sub/antiation ( ?is view1 we app5d a
 few examples ( t]ms :i* s]v$ ! ,engli% 
m9] well = c5turies1 "s ( :i* are /ill  
extant 9 "s local communities1 yet we   

believe !y w\ld c>ry z little mean+ to !
 av]age read] z w\ld ! reproduction ( ! 
,lat9 t]ms co9$ by ,agricola4    ,rake  
,a p]p5dicul> ve94   ,w\ghs    ,walls ( 
! ve94   ,%akes    ,cracks 9 ! walls4   
,flookan   ,g\ge4   ,bryle     ,outcrop4
   ,hade      ,incl9e or und]lay ( !    
ve94   ,dawl+   ,impov]i%m5t ( ! ve94   
,ri!r    ,a horse 9 a ve94   ,twit*es   
,p9*+ ( a ve94   ,sl\gh    ,dra9age     
tunnel4   ,sole      ,l[e/ drift4       
,/ool     ,face ( a drift or /ope4      
,w9ds    ,turn     ,w9ze4   ,dippas     
,grove     ,%aft4   ,dut9s    ,set (    
timb]4   ,/emple   ,po/ or /ull4   ,la?s
     ,lagg+4  ,z examples ( ! au?or's   
co9age & adaptations ( t]ms 9 ?is book  
we may cite3--    ,fossa lat5s          
,drift4   ,fossa lat5s transv]sa        
,crosscut4   ,tectum                    
,hang+wall4   ,fundam5tum               
,footwall4   ,tigna p] int]valla posita 
,wall plate4   ,arbores dissectae       
,lagg+4   ,=mae                         
,hit*es4  ,we h adopt$ ! t]m tunnel =   

op5+s by way ( outlet to ! m9e4 ,! ^w 9 
?is n>r[ s5se is z old z adit1 a t]m    
less expressive & n s g5]ally us$ 9 !   
,engli%-speak+ m9+ _w4 ,we h = ! same   
reason adopt$ ! ^w drift in/ead ( ! t]m 
level s g5]ally us$ 9 ,am]ica1 because t
 t]m always leads to confusion 9        
discussion ( m9e surveys4 ,we may       
m5tion1 h[ev]1 t ! t]m level is a       
h]itage f ! ,d]by%ire m9es1 & is ( an   
equally respectable age z drift4  #b    
,see note on p4 #df-dg4 ,! canales1 z "h
 us$1 7 ! op5+s 9 ! e>?1 9 :i* m9]als 7 
deposit$4  #c ,?is /atem5t1 z w appe> by
 ! description lat] on1 ref]s to ! dep? 
( w9zes or to ! di/ance betwe5 drifts1 t
 is ! lift4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 be5 ju/ifi$ 
9 us+ ! t]m w9ze1 because "s ( ^! 7     
op5+s to ! surface4 ,z %[+ ! consid]able
 dep? ( %afts 9 ,agricola's "t1 we may  
quote ! foll[+ f ,b]mannus 7p4 #ddb73 ,!
 dep?s ( our %afts =c$ u to inv5t haul+ 
ma*9es suitable = !m4 ,!re are "s ( !m  
l>g] & m +5i\s ?an ?is "o1 = use 9 deep 
%afts1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? 9 my native t[n 

( ,gey]1 b m especially at ,s*neeb]g1   
:]e ! %aft ( ! m9e f :i* s mu* treasure 
0 tak5 9 our memory has rea*$ ! dep? (  
ab\t #bjj fa?oms 7feet871 :]e=e !       
necessity ( ?is k9d ( ma*9]y4 ,naevius3 
,:at an enorm\s dep?6 ,h y rea*$ !      
,inf]no8 ,b]mannus3 ,oh1 at ,kutt5b]g   
!re are %afts m ?an #ejj fa?oms 7feet87 
deep4 ,naevius3 ,& n yet rea*$ ! ,k+dom 
( ,pluto8 ,x is impossible to accept ^! 
z fa?oms1 z ?is w\ld 9 ! la/ case       
repres5t #c1jjj feet v]tically4 ,!      
expression us$1 h[ev]1 = fa?oms is      
passus1 presumably ! ,roman measure     
equal to #eh4a in*es4  #d ,cav]nos4 ,!  
,gloss>y gives drus51 our ^w drusy hav+ 
_h ?is orig94  #e ,purum1--pure4        
,int]pretatio gives ! ,g]man z          
g$ig51--native4  #f ,rudis1--,crude4 ,by
 ?is expression ! au?or really means    
ores v ri* 9 any designat$ metal4 ,9 _m 
cases x s]ves to indicate ! m9]als ( a  
giv5 metal1 z di/+ui%$ f ! metal itself4
 ,our sy/em ( m9]alogy obvi\sly does n  
af=d an acceptable equival5t4 ,agricola 

7,de ,nat4 ,foss41 p4 #cfj7 says3 ,i f9d
 x necess>y to call ea* g5us 7( !       
metallic m9]als7 by ! "n ( its own      
metal1 & to ?is ,i add a ^w :i*         
diff]5tiates x f ! pure 7puro7 metal1   
:e!r ! latt] has be5 m9$ or smelt$2 s ,i
 speak ( rudis gold1 silv]1 quicksilv]1 
copp]1 t91 bismu?1 lead1 or iron4 ,?is  
is n because ,i am unaw>e t ,v>ro call$ 
silv] rudis :i* _h n yet be5 ref9$ &    
/amp$1 b because a ^w :i* w di/+ui% ! "o
 f ! o!r is n to be f\nd4  #g ,! reasons
 = reta9+ ! ,lat9 weights are giv5 9 !  
,app5dix on ,weights & ,measures4 ,a    
c5tumpondium weighs #gj4f lbs4          
avoirdupois1 an uncia #dab4b ,troy      
gra9s1 !re=e1 ?is value is equal to #gb 
ounces #ah p5nyweights p] %ort ton4  #h 
,agricola m5tions _m m9]als 9 ,de ,re   
,metallica1 b )\t su* description z w\ld
 make possible a haz>d at _! id5tity4 ,f
 8 ,de ,natura ,fossilium1 h[ev]1 & f   
o!r m9]alogies ( ! #af? ,c5tury1 "s c be
 fully id5tifi$ & o!rs surmis$4 ,:ile we
 consid] x desirable to set out !       

probable composition ( ^! m9]als1 on    
acc\nt ( ! space requir$1 ! reasons ^u  
:i* our op9ion has be5 bas$ _c be giv5 9
 detail1 z t w\ld require ext5sive      
quotations4 ,9 a g5]al way1 we h ?r\gh\t
 ! text /udi\sly evad$ ! use ( mod]n    
m9]alogical t]ms--unless ! t]m us$      
to-day is ( ,agricola's age--& h adopt$ 
ei!r old ,engli% t]ms ( pre-*emi/ry     
times or m loose t]ms us$ by common     
m9]s4 ,obvi\sly mod]n m9]alogic t]ms    
imply a precision ( k n exi/+ at t      
p]iod4 ,x mu/ n be assum$ t ! foll[+ is 
by any means a complete li/ ( ! m9]als  
describ$ by ,agricola1 b !y include mo/ 
( ^? ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt]4 ,8 sy/em (  
m9]alogy we h set out 9 note #d1 p4 #a1 
& x requires no fur!r comm5t "h4 ,!     
gr\p+ giv5 bel[ is simply = conv5i5ce & 
does n foll[ ,agricola's me?od4 ,:]e    
possible1 we tabulate 9 columns ! ,lat9 
t]m us$ 9 ,de ,re ,metallica2 ! ,g]man  
equival5t giv5 by ! ,au?or 9 ei!r !     
,int]pretatio or ! ,gloss>y2 our view ( 
! probable mod]n equival5t bas$ on      

inve/igation ( 8 o!r works & o!r anci5t 
m9]alogies1 & la/ly ! t]ms we h adopt$ 9
 ! text4 ,! ,g]man spell+ is t giv5 9 ! 
orig9al4 ,z an indication ( ,agricola's 
position z a m9]alogi/1 we m>k ) an     
a/]isk ! m9]als :i* 7 fir/ specifically 
describ$ by him4 ,we also give "s notes 
on matt]s ( importance be>+ on !        
nom5clature us$ 9 ,de ,re ,metallica4   
,hi/orical notes on ! *ief metals w be  
f\nd else:]e1 g5]ally ) ! discussion (  
smelt+ me?ods4 ,we %\ld n omit to       
express our indebt$ness to ,dana's great
 ,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy1 9 ! matt] (        
correlation ( _m old & mod]n m9]als4    
,,gold ,,m9]als4 ,agricola app>5tly     
believ$ t !re 7 v>i\s gold m9]als1 gre51
 yell[1 purple1 black1 etc4 ,!re is     
no?+1 h[ev]1 9 8 works t p]mits ( any   
attempt to id5tify !m1 & 8              
classification seems to re/ on gangue   
col\rs4  ,,silv] ,,m9]als4    ,arg5tum  
purum 9  ,g$ig5 silb]        --         
99,native silv]     v5is rep]itur       
,arg5tum rude     ,g$ig5 silb]          

--            ,rudis silv]1 or          
ertz                                    
pure silv]                              
m9]als    ,arg5tum rude      ,glas ertz 
,arg5tite          99,silv] glance      
plumbei coloris                         
7,ag#b,s7    ,arg5tum rude      ,rot    
gold ertz    ,pyr>gyrite        99,r$   
silv]     rubrum                        
7,ag#c,sb,s#c7    ,arg5tum rude         
,dur*si*tig      ,pr\/ite               
99,ruby silv]     rubrum                
rod guld5        7,ag#c;,as,s#c7        
translucidum       ertz    ,arg5tum rude
      ,weis rod guld5        --         
,:ite silv]     album              ertz3
 ,dan es                         i/     
fris* wie                               
(ftmals rod                             
guld5 ertz                              
pfleget zuse9    ,arg5tum rude          
,g$ig5           ,"p ,bromyrite         
,liv]-col\r$     jecoris                
leb]f>big        7,ag ,br7              
silv]     colore             ertz       

,arg5tum rude      ,g$ig5               
--             ,yell[ silv]     luteum  
geel]tz    ,arg5tum rude      ,g$ig5    
graw                       99,grey silv]
     c9]aceum         ertz           ,"p
 ,c]>gurite                             
7,ag ,cl7 7,horn       ,arg5tum rude    
,g$ig5          ,silv]7 ,"p             
99,black silv]     nigrum               
s*w>tz ertz   ,/ephanite                
7,ag#e,sb,s#d7     ,arg5tum rude        
,g$ig5 braun                            
99,purple silv]     purpureum           
ertz                              ,! la/
 six may be 9 "p also alt]ation products
 f all silv] m9]als4  ,! reasons =      
indef9it5ess 9 det]m9ation usually lie 9
 ! failure ( anci5t au?ors to give      
suffici5t or *>act]i/ic descriptions4 ,9
 _m cases ,agricola is suffici5tly      
def9ite z to assure c]ta9ty1 z ! foll[+ 
description ( :at we consid] to be silv]
 glance1 f ,de ,natura ,fossilium 7p4   
#cfj71 w indicate3 ,lead-col\r$ rudis   
silv] is call$ by ! ,g]mans f ! ^w glass

 7glas]tz71 n f lead4 ,inde$1 x has !   
col\r ( ! latt] or ( gal5a 7plumbago71 b
 n ( glass1 nor is x transp>5t l glass1 
:i* "o might inde$ expect _h ! "n be5   
correctly d]iv$4 ,?is m9]al is          
occasionally s l gal5a 9 col\r1 al?\gh x
 is d>k]1 t "o :o is n exp]i5c$ 9 m9]als
 is unable to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two at   
sight1 b 9 sub/ance !y diff] greatly f  
"o ano!r4 ,nature has made ?is k9d (    
silv] out ( a little e>? & mu* silv]4   
,:]eas gal5a consi/s ( /one & lead      
conta9+ "s silv]4 ,b ! di/9ction betwe5 
!m c be easily det]m9$1 = gal5a may be  
gr\nd to p[d] 9 a mort> ) a pe/le1 b ?is
 treatm5t flatt5s out ?is k9d ( rudis   
silv]4 ,also gal5a1 :5 /ruck by a mallet
 or bitt5 or hack$ ) a knife1 splits &  
breaks to pieces2 :]eas ?is silv] is    
malleable "u ! hamm]1 may be d5t$ by !  
tee?1 & cut ) a knife4  ,,copp]         
,,m9]als4    ,aes purum          ,g$ig5 
kupf]   ,native copp]      ,native copp]
     fossile    ,aes rude               
,kupf]glas ertz  ,*alcocite             

99,copp] glance     plumbei             
7,cu#b,s7     coloris    ,*alcitis      
,rodt atram5t    ,a decompos$           
,*alcitis 7see                          
copp] or          notes on p4 #egc7     
iron sulphide    ,pyrites aurei         
,geelkis od]     ,"p *alcopyrite  ,copp]
 pyrites     colore            kupf]kis 
7,cu ,fe ,s7 "p                         
bornite   ,pyrites a]osus               
7,cu#c;,fe,s#c7    ,ca]uleum            
,b]glasur        ,azurite               
,azure    ,*rysocolla       ,b]ggru5 und
     ,"p *rysocolla   ,*rysocolla 7see  
s*if]gru5    ,"p ,mala*ite      note #g1
 p4 #efj7    ,molo*ites        ,molo*it 
,mala*ite          ,mala*ite    ,lapis  
a]>ius    ,kupf] ertz          --       
,copp] ore    ,aes cald>ium     ,lebet] 
kupf]   ,:5 us$ =     rubrum fuscum     
an ore1 is      99,ruby copp] ore       
or                                      
probably   ,aes sui coloris  ,rotkupf]  
cuprite    ,aes nigrum        ,s*w>tz   
kupf]  ,probably ,cu,o f  99,black copp]

                                        
oxidation (                             
o!r m9]als  ,9 addition to ! above !    
,au?or uses ! foll[+1 :i* 7 9 ! ma9     
artificial products3    ,a]ugo          
,gru5span od]     ,v]digris             
,v]digris                               
,spans*gru5    ,aes luteum              
,gelf>kupf]    ,impure bli/]    ,unref9$
 copp]                                  
copp]           7see note #af1          
p4 #eaa7   ,aes cald>ium                
,lebet]kupf]                            
,a]is flos        ,kupf]braun           
,cupric oxide      ,copp] fl[]          
scales                                  
,a]is squama      ,kupf]hamm]-          
,copp] scale 7see                       
s*lag                             note  
#i1 p4 #bcc7    ,atram5tum         ,blaw
 kupf]       ,*alcan?ite       ,native  
blue     sutorium            wass]      
vitriol 7see     ca]uleum or            
note on p4 #egb7     *alcan?um  ,blue & 
gre5 copp] m9]als 7 di/+ui%$ by all !   

anci5t m9]alogi/s4 ,!ophra/us1          
,dioscorides1 ,pl9y1 etc41 all give     
suffici5t detail to id5tify _! cyanus & 
ca]uleum p>tly ) mod]n azurite1 & _!    
*rysocolla p>tly ) ! mod]n m9]al ( !    
same "n4 ,h[ev]1 ^! t]ms 7 also us$ =   
vegetable pigm5ts1 z well z = ! pigm5ts 
made f ! m9]als4 ,! ,greek orig9 (      
*rysocolla 7*rysos1 gold & kolla1 sold]7
 may be blam$ ) ano!r & di/9ct l9e (    
confusion1 9 t ?is t]m has be5 appli$ to
 sold]+ mat]ials1 f ,greek d[n to mod]n 
times1 "s ( ! anci5t m9]alogi/s ev5     
ass]t+ t ! copp] m9]al *rysocolla 0 us$ 
= ?is purpose4 ,agricola uses *rysocolla
 = borax1 b is c>eful to /ate 9 e case  
7see note xx41 p4 x73 ,*rysocolla made f
 nitrum1 or ,*rysocolla :i* ! ,moors    
call ,borax4 ,dioscorides & ,pl9y m5tion
 sub/ances :i* 7 evid5tly copp]         
sulphides1 b no description occurs prior
 to ,agricola t p]mits a haz>d z to     
diff]5t species4  ,,lead ,,m9]als4      
,plumb>ius lapis  ,glantz               
,gal5a             ,gal5a    ,gal5a     

,glantz und        ,gal5a               
,gal5a                         plei]tz  
,plumbum nigrum    ,plei]tz od]         
,c]ussite          ,yell[ lead ore      
lutei coloris     pleis*weis            
7,pb,c,o#c7                             
,plumbago              metallica        
,c]ussa           ,pleiweis             
,artificial         ,:ite-lead 7see     
,:ite-lead         note #d1 p4 #ddj7    
,o*ra facticia    ,pleigeel             
,massicot 7,pb ,o7    99,lead-o*re 7see 
or o*ra                                 
note #h1 p4 #bcb7     plumb>ia          
,molybda5a       ,h]dplei         ,"p   
li?>ge      ,he>?-lead 7see             
note #cg1 p4 #dgf7   ,plumbago          
=nacis           ,spuma arg5ti    ,glett
            ,li?>ge           ,li?>ge   
7see note                               
on p4 #dfe7   ,li?>gyrum         ,m9ium 
,m5n+          ,m9ium                   
,r$-lead 7see note     secund>ium       
7,pb#c,o#d7       #g1 p4 #bcb7  ,s f> z 
we c det]m9e1 all ( ^! except ! fir/    

?ree 7 believ$ by ,agricola to be       
artificial products4 ,( ! fir/ ?ree1    
gal5a is c]ta9 en\gh1 b :ile he obvi\sly
 0 famili> ) ! alt]ation lead products1 
8 descriptions are inadequate & mu*     
confus$ ) ! artificial oxides4 ,great   
confusion arises 9 ! anci5t m9]alogies  
ov] ! t]ms molybda5a1 plumbago1 plumbum1
 gal5a1 & spuma arg5ti1 all ( :i*1 f    
,roman m9]alogi/s d[n to a c5tury aft]  
,agricola1 7 us$ = lead 9 "s =m4 ,fur!r 
discussion ( su* confusion w be f\nd 9  
note #cg1 p4 #dgf4 ,agricola 9 ,b]mannus
 & ,de ,natura ,fossilium1 devotes pages
 to endeav\r+ to reconcile ! anci5t     
usages ( ^! t]ms1 & all ! confusion     
exi/+ 9 ,agricola's "t 0 ?rice conf\nd$ 
:5 ! names molybda5a & plumbago 7       
assign$ to non-lead m9]als4  ,,t94      
,agricola knew only "o t9 m9]al3        
,lapilli nigri ex quibus conflatur      
plumbum c&idum1 i4e41 ,little black     
/ones f :i* t9 is smelt$1 & he gives !  
,g]man equival5t z zwitt]1 t9-/one4 ,he 
describes !m z be+ ( diff]5t col\rs1 b  

probably due to ext]nal causes4         
,,antimony4 7,int]pretatio1--spiesglas47
 ,! /ibi or /ibium ( ,agricola 0 no d\bt
 ! sulphide1 & he foll[s ,dioscorides 9 
divid+ x into male & female species4    
,?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is impossible to 
apply f ! inadequate descriptions giv54 
,! m9]al & metal kn[n to ,agricola & 8  
pr$ecessors 0 almo/ always ! sulphide1 &
 we h n felt ju/ifi$ 9 us+ ! t]m        
antimony alone1 z t implies ! ref9$     
product1 !re=e1 we h adopt$ ei!r ! ,lat9
 t]m or ! old ,engli% t]m grey antimony4
 ,! smelt$ antimony ( comm]ce sold "u ! 
latt] t]m 0 ! sulphide4 ,= fur!r notes  
see p4 #dbh4  ,,bismu?994 ,plumbum      
c9]eum 7,int]pretatio1--bismut74        
,agricola /ates t ?is m9]al occasionally
 occurs native1 b m (t5 z a m9]al (     
ano!r col\r 7,de ,nat4 ,fos41 p4 #ccg71 
& he also describes its commone/ =m z   
black or grey4 ,?is1 consid]+ 8         
localities1 w\ld indicate ! sulphide1   
al?\gh he assigns no special "n to x4   
,al?\gh bismu? is m5tion$ be=e ,agricola

 9 ! ,nuetzli*e ,b]gbue*l91 he 0 ! fir/ 
to describe x 7see p4 #dcc74            
,,quicksilv]4 ,ap>t f native quicksilv]1
 ,agricola adequately describes c9nab>  
only4 ,! t]m us$ by him = ! m9]al is    
m9ium nativum 7,int]pretatio1--b]gz9ob] 
or c9nab>is74 ,he makes ! curi\s /atem5t
 7,de ,nat4 ,fos4 p4 #cce7 t rudis      
quicksilv] also occurs liv]-col\r$ &    
blacki%1--probably gangue col\rs4 7,see 
p4 #dcb74  ,,ars5ical ,,m9]als4         
,metallic ars5ic 0 unkn[n1 al?\gh x has 
be5 ma9ta9$ t a sub/ance m5tion$ by     
,alb]tus ,magnus 7,de ,rebus            
,metallicis7 0 ! metallic =m4 ,agricola1
 :o 0 famili> ) all ,alb]tus's writ+s1  
makes no m5tion ( x1 & x appe>s to u t !
 /atem5t ( ,alb]tus ref]r$ only to !    
oxide f sublimation4 ,our ^w ars5ic     
obvi\sly takes root 9 ! ,greek =        
orpim5t1 :i* 0 also us$ by ,pl9y        
7,,xxxiv1 #ef7 z arrh5icum1 & lat] 0    
modifi$ to ars5icum by ! ,al*emi/s1 :o  
appli$ x to ! oxide4 ,agricola gives !  
foll[+ 9 ,b]mannus 7p4 #ddh71 :o has be5

 previ\sly discuss+ realg> &            
orpim5t3--,ancon3 ,avic5na also has a   
:ite v>iety4 ,b]mannus3 ,i _c at all    
believe 9 a m9]al ( a :ite col\r2 p]haps
 he 0 ?9k+ ( an artificial product2 !re 
are two :i* ! ,al*emi/s make1 "o yell[ &
 ! o!r :ite1 & !y are acc\nt$ ! mo/     
p[]ful poisons to-day1 & are call$ only 
by ! "n ars5icum4 ,9 ,de ,natura        
,fossilium 7p4 #bai7 is describ$ ! mak+ 
( ! :ite v>iety by sublimat+ orpim5t1 & 
also x is not$ t realg> c be made f     
orpim5t by heat+ ! latt] = five h\rs 9 a
 seal$ crucible4 ,9 ,de ,re ,metallica  
7,book ,x471 he ref]s to auripigm5tum   
facticum1 & no d\bt means ! realg> made 
f orpim5t4 ,! f\r m9]als ( ars5ic base  
m5tion$ by ,agricola 73--               
,auripigm5tum     ,op]m5t               
,orpim5t           ,orpim5t             
7,z#b,s#c7    ,s&>aca         ,rosgeel  
,realg> 7,z ,s7     ,realg>    ,ars5icum
         ,ars5ik          ,artificial   
,:ite ars5ic                            
ars5ical oxide    ,lapis subrutilus     

,mi/puckel       ,ars5opyrite           
99,mispickel      atque 444             
7,fe ,z ,s7      spl5d5s  ,we are       
some:at unc]ta9 z to ! id5tification ( !
 la/4 ,! yell[ & r$ sulphides1 h[ev]1 7 
well kn[n to ! ,anci5ts1 & are describ$ 
by ,ari/otle1 ,!ophra/us 7#ga & #hi71   
,dioscorides 7,v1 #ha71 ,pl9y 7,,xxxiii1
 #bb1 etc472 & ,/rabo 7,,xii1 #c1 #dj7  
m5tions a m9e ( !m ne> ,pompeiopolis1   
:]e1 because ( its poison\s "* none b   
slaves 7 employ$4 ,! ,anci5ts believ$ t 
! yell[ sulphide conta9$ gold--h5ce ! "n
 auripigm5tum1 & ,pl9y describes !      
attempt ( ! ,emp]or ,caligula to extract
 ! gold f x1 & /ates t he did obta9 a   
small am\nt1 b unpr(itably4 ,s late a   
m9]alogi/ z ,hill 7#agej7 held ?is view1
 :i* seem$ to be g5]al4 ,bo? realg> &   
orpim5t 7 important = pigm5ts1 m$ic9al  
purposes1 & poisons among ! ,anci5ts4 ,9
 addition to ! above1 "s ars5ic-cobalt  
m9]als are includ$ "u cadmia4  ,,iron   
,,m9]als4    ,f]rum purum      ,g$ig5   
eis5    ,native iron        99,native   

iron    ,t]ra f]ria      ,eis5 ertz     
,v>i\s s(t &  ,iron/one                 
h>d iron         ,f]ri v5a        ,eis5 
ertz        ores1 probably              
mo/ly hematite   ,gal5ae g5us      ,eis5
 glantz                          t]tium 
omnis                                   
metalli                                 
inanissimi                              
,s*i/os          ,glaskoepfe od]        
bluet/e9                                
,f]ri v5a         ,leb] ertz            
jecoris colore                          
,f]rugo           ,rue/             ,"p 
limonite      ,iron ru/    ,magnes      
,siegel/e9       ,magnetite             
,lode/one                         od]   
magnet    ,o*ra nativa      ,b]g geel   
,limonite           ,yell[ o*re or      
iron/one    ,haematites        ,bluet   
/e9     ,"p hematite       ,blood/one or
                                        
,"p jasp]           iron/one    ,s*i/os 
,glas koepfe       ,"p limonite         
,iron/one    ,pyrites           ,kis    

,pyrites            ,pyrites    ,pyrites
 arg5ti    wass] od]       ,m>casite    
99,:ite iron     coloris                
weiss] kis                              
pyrites    ,misy              ,gel      
atram5t     ,"p copiapite     ,misy 7see
 note                                   
on p4 #egc7    ,sory              ,graw 
und          ,p>tly a           ,sory   
7see note                         s*w>tz
           decompos$ iron    on p4 #egc7
                         atram5t        
pyrite    ,melant]ia        ,s*w>tz und 
,melant]ite         ,melant]ia 7see     
grau atram5t    7native vitriol7    note
 on p4 #egc7  ,! classification ( iron  
ores on ! basis ( ext]ior *>act]i/ics1  
*iefly h>dness & brilliancy1 does n     
ju/ify a m n>r[ r5d]+ ?an iron/one4     
,agricola 7,de ,nat4 ,fos41 ,book ,v47  
gives elaborate descriptions ( v>i\s    
iron ores1 b ! descriptions "u any      
special "n w\ld cov] _m actual m9]als4  
,! subject ( pyrites is a mo/ confus$   
"o2 ! t]m orig9ates f ! ,greek ^w =     

fire1 & ref]r$ 9 ,greek & ,roman times  
to almo/ any /one t w\ld /rike sp>ks4   
,by ,agricola x 0 a g5]ic t]m 9 some:at 
! same s5se t x is /ill us$ 9 m9]alogy1 
z1 = in/ance1 iron pyrite1 copp] pyrite1
 etc4 ,s mu* 0 ?is ! case lat] on1 t    
,h5ckel1 ! lead+ m9]alogi/ ( ! #ah?     
,c5tury1 entitl$ 8 l>ge volume          
,pyritologia1 & 9 x embraces practically
 all ! sulphide m9]als !n kn[n4 ,! t]m  
m>casite1 ( m$iaeval ,arabic orig91     
seems to h _h "s vogue prior & subsequ5t
 to ,agricola4 ,he1 h[ev]1 puts x on "o 
side z m]ely a synonym = pyrite1 nor c x
 be satisfactorily def9$ 9 mu* bett]    
t]ms4 ,agricola app>5tly did n recognise
 ! iron base ( pyrites1 = he says 7,de  
,nat4 ,fos41 p4 #cff73 ,sometimes1      
h[ev]1 pyrites d n conta9 any gold1     
silv]1 copp]1 or lead1 & yet x is n a   
pure /one1 b a comp\nd1 & consi/s ( /one
 & a sub/ance :i* is some:at metallic1  
:i* is a species ( its own4 ,_m v>ieties
 7 kn[n to him & describ$1 p>tly by _!  
o!r metal association1 b *iefly by _!   

col\r4  ,,cadmia4 ,! m9]als embrac$ "u  
?is t]m by ! old m9]alogi/s =m "o ( !   
mo/ difficult *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory (       
m9]alogy4 ,^! complexities rea*$ _!     
height ) ,agricola1 = at ?is "t v>i\s   
new m9]als class$ "u ?is head+ _h come  
"u debate4 ,all ^! m9]als 7 lat] f\nd to
 be =ms ( z9c1 cobalt1 or ars5ic1 & "s (
 ^! m9]als 7 9 use long prior to        
,agricola4 ,f ,greek & ,roman times d[n 
to long aft] ,agricola1 brass 0 made by 
cem5t+ z9c ore ) copp]4 ,ari/otle &     
,/rabo m5tion an e>? us$ to col\r copp]1
 b give no details4 ,x is difficult to  
say :at z9c m9]al ! cadmium (           
,dioscorides 7,v1 #df7 & ,pl9y 7,,xxxiv1
 #b71 really 04 ,x 0 possibly only      
furnace calam9e1 or p]haps bl5de = x 0  
associat$ ) copp]4 ,!y amply describe   
cadmia produc$ 9 copp] furnaces1 &      
pompholyx 7z9c oxide74 ,x 0 app>5tly n  
until ,!ophilus 7#aaej7 t ! t]m calam9a 
appe>s = t m9]al4 ,precisely :5 ! t]m   
z9c1 & a k ( ! metal1 fir/ appe>$ 9     
,europe is a matt] ( "s d\bt2 x has be5 

attribut$ to ,p>acelsus1 a contempor>y (
 ,agricola 7see note on p4 #dji71 b we d
 n believe t au?or's "w 9 "q 0 pr9t$    
until long aft]4 ,! quotations f        
,agricola giv5 bel[1 9 :i* z9cum is     
m5tion$ 9 an obscure way1 d n appe> 9 ! 
fir/ editions ( ^! works1 b only 9 !    
revis$ edition ( #aeei4 ,9 o!r words1   
,agricola himself only le>n$ ( a        
sub/ance "u ?is "n a %ort p]iod be=e 8  
dea? 9 #aeee4 ,! metal 0 import$ into   
,europe f ,*9a prior to ?is "t4 ,he     
h[ev] does describe actual metallic z9c 
"u ! t]m cont]fei1 & m5tions its        
occurr5ce 9 ! cracks ( furnace walls4   
7,see also notes on p4 #dji74  ,! ^w    
cobalt 7,g]man kobelt7 is f ! ,greek ^w 
cobalos1 mime1 & its ,g]man =m 0 ! t]m =
 gnomes & gobl9s4 ,x appe>s t ! ,g]man  
m9]s1 f9d+ a mat]ial 7,agricola's       
corrosive mat]ial7 :i* injur$ _! h&s &  
feet1 connect$ x ) ! gobl9s1 or us$ !   
t]m z an epi!t1 & f9ally x became       
e/abli%$ = c]ta9 m9]als 7see note #ba1  
p4 #bad1 on ?is subject74 ,! fir/ writt5

 appe>ance ( ! t]m 9 connection )       
m9]als1 appe>s 9 ,agricola's ,b]mannus  
7#aecj74 ,! fir/ practical use ( cobalt 
0 9 ! =m ( zaffre or cobalt blue4 ,!re  
seems to be no m5tion ( ! sub/ance by ! 
,greek or ,roman writ]s1 al?\gh analyses
 ( old col\r+s %[ "s traces ( cobalt1 b 
:e!r accid5tal or n is undet]m9$4 ,!    
fir/ m5tion we "k (1 0 by ,bir+uccio 9  
#aedj 7,de ,la ,pirote*nia1 ,book ,,ii1 
,*ap4 ,,ix471 :o did n connect x ) !    
m9]als !n call$ cobalt or cadmia4       
,zaff]a is ano!r m9]al sub/ance1 l a    
metal ( middle weight1 :i* w n melt     
alone1 b accompani$ by vitre\s sub/ances
 x melts into an azure col\r s t ^? :o  
col\r glass1 or pa9t vases or glaz$     
e>!nw>e1 make use ( x4 ,n only does x   
s]ve = ! above-m5tion$ op]ations1 b if  
"o uses too great a quantity ( x1 x w be
 black & all o!r col\rs1 accord+ to !   
quantity us$4 ,agricola1 al?\gh he does 
n use ! ^w zaffre1 does ref] to a       
sub/ance ( ?is k9d1 & 9 any ev5t also   
miss$ ! relation betwe5 zaffre & cobalt1

 z he seems to ?9k 7,de ,nat4 ,fos41 p4 
#cdg7 t zaffre came f bismu?1 a belief t
 exi/$ until long aft] 8 "t4 ,! cobalt (
 ! ,erzgebirge 0 ( c\rse1 intimately    
associat$ ) ?is m9]al4 ,he says1 ! slag 
( bismu?1 mix$ toge!r ) metallif]\s     
sub/ances1 :i* :5 melt$ make a k9d (    
glass1 w t9t glass & e>!nw>e vessels    
blue4 ,zaffre is ! roa/$ m9]al gr\nd )  
s&1 :ile smalt1 a t]m us$ m frequ5tly1  
is ! fus$ mixture ) s&4  ,! foll[+ are !
 sub/ances m5tion$ by ,agricola1 :i*1 we
 believe1 relate to cobalt & z9c m9]als1
 "s ( !m ars5ical comp\nds4 ,o!r        
ars5ical m9]als we give above4          
,cadmia fossilis   ,calmei2 lapis       
,calam9e           ,calam9e             
calam9>is    ,cadmia metallica  ,kobelt 
,"p cobalt        99,cadmia             
metallica    ,cadmia =nacis   ,mitl]e   
und       ,furnace            ,furnace  
accretions                         ob]e 
accretions or                           
(f5brue*e       furnace calam9e         
,bitum9osa         ,kobelt des          

7,mannsfeld copp]  ,bitum9osa cadmia    
cadmia             b]gwa*t              
s*i/s7           7see note #d1          
p4 #bgc7    ,gal5a inanis     ,bl5de    
,sphal]ite99        99,bl5de            
7,zn ,s7    ,cobaltum               --  
,smallite99         ,cadmia metallica   
c9]aceum                                
7,co,as#b7                              
,cobaltum nigrum       --               
,abolite99                              
,cobaltum f]ri         --               
,cobaltite             colore           
7,co,as,s7           ,z9cum             
,z9ck            ,z9c               ,z9c
    ,liquor ,c&idus    ,cont]fei        
,z9c               ,see note #dh1 p4    
#djh     ex =nace 444     etc4          
,atram5tum             --               
,gosl>ite          99,native :ite       
sutorium1                               
7,zn ,,s#d7        vitriol     c&idum1  
potissimum     rep]itur ,gosel>iae      
,spodos             ,geel] ze*5    ,ei!r
 natural    ,grey spodos     subt]ranea 

rau*            or artificial           
c9]ea                              z9c  
oxides1                                 
no d\bt          ,spodos                
,s*w>tz]         conta9+      ,black    
spodos     subt]ranea         ze*5 rau*1
     ars5ical           nigra           
auff dem          oxides                
,alt5b]ge                               
n5net man 9                             
kis                                     
,spodos             ,grau] ze*5         
,gre5 spodos     subt]ranea         rau*
                                viridis 
,pompholyx         ,huett5rau*          
,pompholyx 7see                         
note #bf1 p4 #cid7  ,z se5 f ! foll[+   
quotations f ,agricola1 on cadmia &     
cobalt1 !re 0 inf9ite confusion z to !  
z9c1 cobalt1 & ars5ic m9]als2 nor d we  
?9k any good purpose is s]v$ by add+ to 
! already l5g?y discussion ( ^!         
passages1 ! obscurity ( :i* is natural  
to ! /ate ( k2 b we reproduce !m z giv+ 
a fairly cle> idea ( ! am\nt ( confusion

 !n exi/+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 desirable to   
be> 9 m9d t ! m9es famili> to ,agricola 
ab\nd$ 9 complex mixtures ( cobalt1     
nickel1 ars5ic1 bismu?1 z9c1 & antimony4
 ,agricola frequ5tly m5tions ! g>lic    
od\r f cadmia metallica1 :i*1 toge!r ) !
 corrosive qualities m5tion$ bel[1 w\ld 
obvi\sly be due to ars5ic4 ,b]mannus 7p4
 #dei74 ,?is k9d ( pyrites m9]s call    
cobaltum1 if x be all[$ to me to use our
 ,g]man "n4 ,! ,greeks call x cadmia4 ,!
 juices1 h[ev]1 out ( :i* pyrites &     
silv] are =m$1 appe> to solidify into "o
 body1 & ?us is produc$ :at !y call     
cobaltum4 ,!re are "s :o consid] ?is !  
same z pyrites1 because x is almo/ !    
same4 ,!re are "s :o di/+ui% x z a      
species1 :i* pleases me1 = x has !      
di/9ctive prop]ty ( be+ extremely       
corrosive1 s t x consumes ! h&s & feet (
 ! workm51 unless !y are well protect$1 
:i* ,i d n believe t pyrites c d4 ,?ree 
k9ds are f\nd1 & di/+ui%$ m by ! col\r  
?an by o!r prop]ties2 !y are black      
7abolite871 grey 7smallite871 & iron    

col\r 7cobalt glance874 ,moreov]1 x     
conta9s m silv] ?an does pyrites4444    
,b]mannus 7p4 #dca74 ,x 7a sort (       
pyrites7 is s l ! col\r ( gal5a t n )\t 
cause might anybody h d\bt 9 decid+ :e!r
 x be pyrites or gal5a4444 ,p]haps ?is  
k9d is nei!r pyrites nor gal5a1 b has a 
g5us ( its own4 ,= x has n ! col\r (    
pyrites1 nor ! h>dness4 ,x is almo/ !   
col\r ( gal5a1 b ( entirely diff]5t     
compon5ts4 ,f x !re is made gold &      
silv]1 & a great quantity is dug out f  
,rei*5/e9 :i* is 9 ,silesia1 z 0 lately 
report$ to me4 ,mu* m is f\nd at        
,raurici1 :i* !y call z9cum2 :i* species
 diff]s f pyrites1 = ! latt] conta9s m  
silv] ?an gold1 ! =m] only gold1 or     
h>dly any silv]4  7,de ,natura          
,fossilium1 p4 #agj74 ,cadmia fossilis  
has an od\r l g>lic 444 7p4 #cfg74 ,we  
n[ proce$ ) cadmia1 n ! cadmia =nacis   
7furnace accretions7 ( :i* ,i spoke 9 ! 
la/ book1 nor ! cadmia fossilis         
7calam9e7 devoid ( metal1 :i* is us$ to 
col\r copp]1 ^: nature ,i expla9$ 9     

,book ,v1 b ! metallic m9]al 7fossilis  
metallica71 :i* ,pl9y /ates to be an ore
 f :i* copp] is made4 ,! ,anci5ts h left
 no record t ano!r metal c\ld be smelt$ 
f x4 ,yet x is a fact t n only copp] b  
also silv] may be smelt$ f x1 & inde$   
occasionally bo? copp] & silv] toge!r4  
,sometimes1 z is ! case ) pyrites1 x is 
entirely devoid ( metal4 ,x is frequ5tly
 f\nd 9 copp] m9es1 b m frequ5tly /ill 9
 silv] m9es4 ,& !re are likewise ve9s ( 
cadmia itself4444 ,!re are sev]al       
species ( ! cadmia fossilis j z !re 7 ( 
cadmia =nacum4 ,= "o k9d has ! =m (     
grapes & ano!r ( brok5 tiles1 a ?ird    
seems to consi/ ( lay]s4 ,b ! cadmia    
fossilis has mu* /rong] prop]ties ?an t 
:i* is produc$ 9 ! furnaces4 ,inde$1 x  
(t5 possesses su* highly corrosive p[] t
 x corrodes ! h&s & feet ( ! m9]s4 ,x1  
!re=e1 diff]s f pyrites 9 col\r &       
prop]ties4 ,= pyrites1 if x does n      
conta9 vitriol1 is g5]ally ei!r ( a gold
 or silv] col\r1 r>ely ( any o!r4       
,cadmia is ei!r black or br[n or grey1  

or else r$di% l copp] :5 melt$ 9 !      
furnace4444 ,= ?is cadmia is put 9 a    
suitable vessel1 9 ! same way z         
quicksilv]1 s t ! heat ( ! fire w cause 
x to sublimate1 & f x is made a black or
 br[n or grey body :i* ! ,al*emi/s call 
'sublimat$ cadmia' 7cadmiam sublimatam74
 ,?is possesses corrosive prop]ties ( ! 
highe/ degree4 ,cognate ) cadmia &      
pyrites is a comp\nd :i* ! ,noricians & 
,rhetians call z9cum4 ,?is conta9s gold 
& silv]1 & is ei!r r$ or :ite4 ,x is    
likewise f\nd 9 ! ,sudetian m\nta9s1 &  
is devoid ( ^? metals4444 ,) ?is cadmia 
is naturally relat$ m9]al spodos1 kn[n  
to ! ,moor ,s]apion1 b unkn[n to !      
,greeks2 & also pompholyx--= bo? are    
produc$ by fire :]e ! m9]s1 break+ ! h>d
 rocks 9 drifts1 tunnels1 & %afts1 burn 
! cadmia or pyrites or gal5a or o!r     
simil> m9]als4 ,f cadmia is made black1 
br[n1 & grey spodos2 f pyrites1 :ite    
pompholyx & spodos2 f gal5a is made     
yell[ or grey spodos4 ,b pompholyx      
produc$ f copp] /one 7lapide a]oso7 aft]

 "s "t becomes gre54 ,! black spodos1   
simil> to soot1 is f\nd at ,alt5b]g 9   
,meiss54 ,! :ite pompholyx1 l wool :i*  
floats 9 ! air 9 summ]1 is f\nd 9       
,hilde%eim 9 ! seams 9 ! rocks ( almo/  
all qu>ries except 9 ! s&/one4 ,b ! grey
 & ! br[n & ! yell[ pompholyx are f\nd 9
 ^? silv] m9es :]e ! m9]s break up !    
rocks by fire4 ,all consi/ ( v f9e      
p>ticles :i* are v light1 b ! lighte/ ( 
all is :ite pompholyx4  ,,qu>tz         
,,m9]als4    ,qu>zum 7:i*   ,qu]tz od]  
,qu>tz             ,qu>tz 7see note     
,lat9s call         kisel/e9            
#ae1 p4 #chj7     silex7    ,silex      
,horn/e9 od]    ,fl9ty or jasp]y        
,horn/one                               
feur/e9         qu>tz    ,cry/allum     
,cry/al          ,cle> cry/als          
,cry/al    ,a*ates           ,a*at      
,agate              ,agate    ,s>da     
,c>neol          ,c>nelian              
,c>nelian    ,jaspis            ,jaspis 
,"p col\r$      ,jaspis                 
qu>tz1 "p                               

jade    ,murrh9a          ,*alc$onius   
,*alc$ony         ,*alc$ony    ,coticula
          ,gold/e9        ,a black      
silici\s  ,t\*/one 7see                 
/one              note #cg1 p4 #beb7    
,ame?y/us        ,ame?y/         ,ame?y/
           ,ame?y/  ,,lime ,,m9]als4    
,lapis             ,gips                
,gypsum             ,gypsum             
specul>is                               
,gypsum              ,m>mor             
,m>mel/e9      ,m>ble             ,m>ble
    ,m>mor             ,alaba/]         
,alaba/]          ,alaba/]              
alaba/rites    ,m>mor gl>ea         --  
,calcite 787        ,calc sp>787        
,saxum calcis      ,kal*/e9             
,lime/one          ,lime/one    ,m>ga   
,m]gel           ,m>l               ,m>l
    ,tophus            ,t(f/e9 od]      
,s9try             ,tophus 7see note    
top/e9          lime/ones1        #ac1  
p4 #bcc7                                
/alagmites1                             
etc4  ,,miscellane\s4    ,amiantus      

,f$]wis1 pliant  ,usually asbe/os       
,asbe/os                                
salam&]h>    ,magnetis                  
,silb]weis od]  ,mica                   
99,mica                                 
katz5silb]                              
,bracteolae              --             
magnetidi simile                        
,mica              ,katz5silb]          
od] glimm]      ,silex ex eo ictu       
--            ,feldsp>                  
99,feldsp>     f]ri facile     ignis    
elicitur4444     excubus figuris        
,m$ulla saxorum   ,/e9m>ck              
,kaol9ite          ,porcela9 clay       
,fluores 7lapides   ,flusse             
,fluorsp>          99,fluorsp>          
gemm>um simili7                         
7see note #ae1                          
p4 #chj7    ,m>mor 9          ,spat     
,b>ite             99,heavy sp>         
metallis     rep]tum  ,ap>t f ! above1  
_m o!r m9]als are m5tion$ 9 o!r *apt]s1 
& "s in=mation is giv5 ) reg>d to !m 9 !
 footnotes4  #i ,?ree librae ( silv] p] 

c5tumpondium w\ld be equal to #hge      
ounces p] %ort ton4  #aj ,z /at$ 9 note 
on p4 #b1 ,agricola divid$ /ones s call$
 into f\r k9ds2 ! fir/1 common /ones 9  
:i* he includ$ lode/one & jasp] or      
blood/one2 ! second embrac$ gems2 ! ?ird
 7 decorative /ones1 su* z m>ble1       
porphyry1 etc42 ! f\r? 7 rocks1 su* z   
s&/one & lime/one4  ,,lode/one4         
7,magnes2 ,int]pretatio gives ,siegel/e9
 od] magnet74 ,! lode/one 0 well-kn[n to
 ! ,anci5ts "u v>i\s names--magnes1     
magnetis1 h]aclion1 & sid]itis4 ,a      
review ( ! anci5t op9ions z to its      
miracul\s prop]ties w\ld require m space
 ?an c be af=d$4 ,x is m5tion$ by _m    
,greek writ]s1 includ+ ,hippocrates     
7#dfj-cgb ,b4,c47 & ,ari/otle2 :ile     
,!ophra/us 7#ec71 ,dioscorides 7,v1     
#aje71 & ,pl9y 7,,xxxiv1 #db1 ,,xxxvi1  
#be7 describe x at l5g?4 ,! ,anci5ts    
also ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( a /one1 !am$es1
 hav+ repellant prop]ties1 & ! two 7    
suppos$ to exi/ at times 9 ! same /one4 
,,em]y4 7,smiris2 ,int]pretatio gives   

smirgel74 ,agricola 7,de ,natura        
,fossilium1 p4 #bfe7 says3 ,! r+-mak]s  
poli% & clean _! h>d gems ) smiris4 ,!  
glazi]s use x to cut _! glass into      
%eets4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! silv] m9es (      
,annab]g 9 ,meiss5 & else:]e4 ,/ones us$
 = poli%+ gems are not$ by ! anci5t     
au?ors1 & ,dana 7,sy/4 ( ,m9]alogy1 p4  
#baa7 consid]s ! /one ( ,arm5ia1 (      
,!ophra/us 7#gg71 to be em]y1 al?\gh x  
c\ld q well be any h>d /one1 su* z      
,novaculite--:i* is f\nd 9 ,arm5ia4     
,dioscorides 7,v1 #aff7 describes a /one
 ) :i* ! engrav]s poli% gems4  ,,lapis  
,,judaicus4 7,int]pretatio gives ,ju$5  
/e974 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly a fossil1        
possibly a p5tremites4 ,agricola 7,de   
,natura ,fossilium1 p4 #bef7 says3 ,x is
 %ap$ l an acorn1 f ! obtuse end to !   
po9t proce$ rais$ l9es1 all equidi/ant1 
etc4 ,_m fossils 7 includ$ among !      
semi-preci\s /ones by ! ,anci5ts4 ,pl9y 
7,,xxxvii1 #ee1 #ff1 #gc7 describes _m  
su* /ones1 among !m ! balanites1        
pho5icitis & ! pyr51 :i* resemble !     

above4  ,,tro*itis4 7,int]pretatio gives
 spang5 od] r$]/e974 ,?is 0 also a      
fossil1 probably cr9oid /ems4 ,agricola 
7,de ,natura ,fossilium1 p4 #bef7       
describes x3 ,tro*ites is s call$ f a   
:eel1 & is relat$ to lapis judaicus4    
,nature has inde$ giv5 x ! %ape ( a drum
 7tympanum74 ,! r\nd "p is smoo?1 b on  
bo? ends z x 7 !re is a module f :i* on 
all sides !re ext5d radii to ! out]     
edge1 :i* corresponds ) ! radii4 ,^!    
radii are s mu* rais$ t x is flut$4 ,!  
size ( ^! tro*ites v>ies greatly1 = !   
smalle/ is s little t ! l>ge/ is t5     
times z big1 & ! l>ge/ are a digit 9    
l5g? by a ?ird ( a digit 9 ?ickness 444 
:5 imm]s$ 9 v9eg> !y make bubbles4  #aa 
,! extraord9>y e>?s ( ,agricola 7 su*   
sub/ances z o*res1 tripoli1 full]s e>?1 
pott]s' clay1 clay us$ = m$ic9al        
purposes1 etc41 etc4  #ab ,presumably ! 
ore-body dips into a neighb\r+ prop]ty4 
#ac ,! v>i\s k9ds ( iron tools are      
describ$ 9 great detail 9 ,book ,,vi4   
#ad ,fire-sett+ z an aid to break+ rock 

is ( v anci5t orig91 & moreov] x p]si/$ 
9 c]ta9 ,g]man & ,norwegian m9es d[n to 
! end ( ! #ai? c5tury--#bgj ye>s aft] ! 
fir/ application ( explosives to m9+4 ,!
 fir/ specific ref]5ce to fire-sett+ 9  
m9+ is by ,aga?>*ides 7#bnd c5tury      
,b4,c47 ^: works are n extant1 b :o is  
quot$ by bo? ,diodorus ,siculus &       
,photius1 = :i* /atem5t see note #h1 p4 
#bgi4 ,pl9y 7,,xxxiii1 #ba7 says3       
,occasionally a k9d ( silex is met )1   
:i* mu/ be brok5 ) fire & v9eg>1 or z ! 
tunnels are fill$ ) suffocat+ fumes &   
smoke1 !y frequ5tly use bruis+ ma*9es1  
c>ry+ #aej librae ( iron4 ,?is          
comb9ation ( fire & v9eg> he aga9 ref]s 
to 7,,xxiii1 #bg71 :]e he dilates 9 !   
same s5t5ce on ! usefulness ( v9eg> =   
break+ rock & = salad dress+4 ,?is my?  
ab\t break+ rocks ) fire & v9eg> is ( m 
?an usual int]e/1 & its orig9 seems to  
be 9 ! leg5d t ,hannibal ?us broke ?r\gh
 ! ,alps4 ,livy 7#ei ,b4,c41 #ag ,a4,d47
 seems to be ! fir/ to produce ?is my? 9
 writ+2 &1 9 any ev5t1 by ,pl9y's "t    

7#bc-gi ,a4,d47 x _h become an e/abli%$ 
me?od--9 lit]ature4 ,livy 7,,xxi1 #cg7  
says1 9 connection ) ,hannibal's cross+ 
( ! ,alps3 ,!y set fire to x 7! timb]7  
:5 a w9d _h aris5 suitable to excite !  
fire1 !n :5 ! rock 0 hot x 0 crumbl$ by 
p\r+ on v9eg> 7infuso aceto74 ,9 ?is    
mann] ! cliff heat$ by ! fire 0 brok5 by
 iron tools1 & ! declivities eas$ by    
turn+s1 s t n only ! bea/s ( burd5 b    
also ! elephants c\ld be l$ d[n4        
,hannibal cross$ ! ,alps 9 #bah ,b4,c4 &
 ,livy's acc\nt 0 writt5 #bjj ye>s lat]1
 by :i* "t ,hannibal's memory among !   
,romans 0 g5]ally surr\nd$ by ,h]culean 
fables4 ,be ?is z x may1 by ,pl9y's "t !
 v9eg> 0 g5]ally accept$1 & has be5     
ceaselessly debat$ ev] s9ce4 ,nor has ! 
my? ceas$ to gr[1 despite ! rem>ks (    
,gibbon1 ,lavalette1 & o!rs4 ,a rec5t   
hi/orian 7,h5neb]t1 ,hi/oire d' ,annibal
 ,,ii1 p4 #bec7 ( t fam\s eng9e] &      
soldi]1 sob]ly sets out to prove t      
inasmu* z lit]al acceptance ( ord9>y    
v9eg> is impossible1 ! ,pho5icians mu/ h

 possess$ "s my/]i\s high explosive4 ,a 
/ill m rec5t biograph] swall[s ?is      
argum5t 9 toto4 7,morris1 ,hannibal1    
,london1 #aijc1 p4 #ajc74 ,a /udy ( !   
comm5tators ( ?is passage1 al?\gh x w\ld
 fill a volume ) /]ile words1 w\ld      
disclose "o g5]alization3 ,t ! real     
s*ol>s h pass$ ov] ! passage ) ! comm5t 
t x is ei!r a corruption or an old      
woman's tale1 b t ho/s ( soldi]s :o set 
ab\t ! biography ( fam\s g5]als &       
campaigns1 almo/ to a man take ! passage
 s]i\sly1 & s]i\sly expla9 x by way ( ! 
rock be+ lime/one1 or sn[1 or by ! use (
 explosives1 or o!r fooli%ness4 ,x has  
be5 propos$1 al?\gh !re are grammatical 
objections1 t ! text is slightly corrupt
 & read infosso acuto1 in/ead ( infuso  
aceto1 9 :i* case all becomes easy f a  
m9+ po9t ( view4 ,if s1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be 
assum$ t ! corruption occurr$ dur+ ! #bj
 ye>s betwe5 ,livy & ,pl9y4  ,by ! use (
 fire-sett+ 9 rec5t times at ,ko5igsb]g 
7,ar?ur ,l4 ,coll9s1 ,fire-sett+1       
,f$]at$ ,in/4 ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 ,v1

 p4 #hb7 an advance ( f #e to #bj feet  
p] mon? 9 head+s 0 accompli%$1 & on !   
score ( economy surviv$ ! use ( gunp[d]1
 b has n[ be5 ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( dynamite4
 ,we may m5tion t ! use ( gunp[d] =     
bla/+ 0 fir/ introduc$ at ,s*emnitz by  
,casp> ,we9dle1 9 #afbg1 b app>5tly 0 n 
introduc$ into ,engli% m9es = ne>ly #ge 
ye>s aft]w>d1 z ! late #ag? c5tury      
,engli% writ]s cont9ue to describe      
fire-sett+4  #ae ,! /rata "h enum]at$   
are giv5 9 ! ,gloss>y ( ,de ,re         
,metallica z foll[s3--    ,corium t]rae 
,die erd od] leim4   ,saxum rubrum      
,rot gebirge4   ,alt]um item rubrum     
,rot]kle4   ,argilla c9]ea              
,?one4   ,t]tium saxum                  
,g]hulle4   ,c9]is v5a                  
,as*e4   ,qu>tum saxum                  
,gnie/4   ,qu9tum saxum                 
,s*wehl54   ,sextum saxum               
,ob]rau*/e94   ,septimum saxum          
,ze*/e94   ,octavum saxum               
,und]rau*/e94   ,nonum saxum            
,blitt]/e94   ,decimum saxum            

,ob]s*uel54   ,undecimum saxum          
,mittel/e94   ,duodecimum saxum         
,und]s*uel54   ,decimumt]tium saxum     
,da*4   ,decimumqu>tum saxum            
,norweg4   ,decimumqu9tum saxum         
,lotw]g4   ,decimumsextum saxum         
,kamme4   ,lapis a]osus fissilis        
,s*if]4  ,! description is no d\bt t ( !
 ,mannsfeld cuprif]\s slates4 ,x is ( "s
 additional int]e/ z ! fir/ attempt at  
/ratigraphic di/9ctions1 al?\gh ?is mu/ 
n be tak5 too lit]ally1 = we h r5d]$ !  
diff]5t numb]$ saxum 9 ?is connection z 
/ratum4 ,! ,g]man t]ms giv5 by ,agricola
 above1 c _m ( !m be id5tifi$ 9 ! m9]s' 
t]ms to-day = ! v>i\s /rata at          
,mannsfeld4 ,ov] ! kupf]s*ief] ! names  
to-day are kamms*ale1 da*1 faule1       
ze*/e91 rau*wacke1 rau*/e91 as*e4 ,!    
relative ?ickness ( ^! b$s is mu* ! same
 z giv5 by ,agricola4 ,! /r+]s 9 ! #h?  
/ratum ( /one1 :i* fuse 9 ! fire ( !    
second ord]1 7 possibly calcite4 ,!     
rau*/e9 ( ! mod]n section is di/+ui%$ by
 /r+]s ( calcite1 :i* give x at times a 

brecciat$ appe>ance4  #af ,! hi/ory (   
survey+ & survey+ in/rum5ts1 & 9 a      
subsidi>y way _! application to m9e "w1 
is a subject ^u :i* !re exi/s a mo/     
ext5sive lit]ature4 ,h[ev]1 t portion ( 
su* hi/ory :i* relates to ! p]iod prior 
to ,agricola repres5ts a mu* less       
proportion ( ! :ole ?an d ! citations to
 ?is *apt] 9 ,de ,re ,metallica1 :i* is 
! fir/ compreh5sive discussion ( ! m9+  
application4 ,! hi/ory ( su* in/rum5ts  
is too ext5sive to be ent]$ ^u 9 a      
footnote1 b !re are "s fundam5tal       
consid]ations :i*1 if !y _h be5 pres5t 9
 ! m9ds ( hi/orical /ud5ts ( ?is        
subject1 w\ld h consid]ably abridg$ !   
lit]ature on x4 ,fir/1 !re c be no d\bt 
t measur+ cords or rods & b\nd>y /ones  
exi/$ almo/ f ! fir/ division ( l&4 ,!re
 is1 !re=e1 no ne$ to try to discov] _! 
orig9s4 ,second1 ! hi/ory ( survey+ &   
survey+ in/rum5ts really beg9s ) !      
inv5tion ( in/rum5ts = tak+ levels1 or =
 ! det]m9ation ( angles ) a view to     
geometrical calculation4 ,! meagre facts

 be>+ ^u ?is subject d n w>rant !       
endless expansion !y h receiv$ by       
argum5t z to :at 0 probable1 9 ord] to  
accompli% assum$ me?ods ( con/ruction   
among ! ,anci5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! argum5t 
t 9 c>ry+ ! ,gr& ,canal ov] wat]%$s )   
necess>y res]voir supply1 ! ,*9ese mu/ h
 _h accurate levell+ & survey+ in/rum5ts
 be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 & mu/ h conceiv$ 
9 advance a complet$ "w1 does n hold    
wat] :5 any inve/igation w demon/rate t 
! canal grew by sl[ accretion f ! lat]al
 riv] sy/ems1 until x jo9$ almo/ by     
accid5t4 ,mu* ! same may be said ab\t ! 
preconception ( eng9e]+ results 9 sev]al
 o!r anci5t works4 ,!re c be no c]ta9ty 
z to :o fir/ inv5t$ in/rum5ts ( ! ord]  
m5tion$ above2 = in/ance1 ! inv5tion ( !
 dioptra has be5 ascrib$ to ,h]o1 vide 8
 "w on ! ,dioptra4 ,he has be5 assum$ to
 h liv$ 9 ! #a/ or #bnd ,c5tury ,b4,c4  
,rec5t inve/igations1 h[ev]1 h %[n t he 
liv$ ab\t #ajj ,a4,d4 7,sir ,?omas      
,hea?1 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #aa? ,ed41 ,,xiii1
 #cgh74 ,z ?is in/rum5t is m5tion$ by   

,vitruvius 7#ej -#j ,b4,c47 ! my? t ,h]o
 0 ! inv5tor mu/ also disappe>4         
,incid5tally ,vitruvius 7,,viii1 #e7    
describes a levell+ in/rum5t call$ a    
*orobates1 :i* 0 a frame levell$ ei!r by
 a groove ( wat] or by plumb /r+s4 ,be !
 inv5tor ( ! dioptra :o he may1 ,h]o's  
"w on t subject conta9s ! fir/ sugge/ion
 ( m9e surveys 9 ! problems 7,,xiii1    
,,xiv1 ,,xv1 ,,xvi71 :]e geometrical    
me?ods are elucidat$ = det]m9+ ! dep?s  
requir$ = ! connection ( %afts &        
tunnels4 ,on ! compass we give fur!r    
notes on p4 #ef4 ,x 0 probably an       
evolution ( ! #ac? ,c5tury4 ,z to !     
application ( angle- & level-det]m9+    
in/rum5ts to und]gr\nd surveys1 s f> z  
we "k !re is no ref]5ce prior to        
,agricola1 except t ( ,h]o4 ,mr4 ,b5nett
 ,br\gh 7,cantor ,lecture1 ,london1     
#ahib7 po9ts out t ! ,nuetzli*e         
,b]gbue*l9 7see ,app5dix7 describes a   
m9e compass1 b !re is n ! slighte/      
ref]5ce to its use = any?+ b surface    
direction ( ve9s4  ,al?\gh map-mak+ ( a 

primitive sort requires no in/rum5ts1   
except legs1 ! olde/ map 9 ! _w         
possesses unusual int]e/ because x      
happ5s to be a map ( a m9+ region4 ,?is 
well-kn[n ,tur9 papyrus dates f ,seti   
,i4 7ab\t #acjj ,b4,c471 & x repres5ts  
c]ta9 gold m9es betwe5 ! ,nile & ! ,r$  
,sea4 ,! be/ discussion is by ,*abas    
7,inscriptions des ,m9es d',or1         
,*alons-sur-,saone1 ,p>is1 #ahfb1 p4    
#cj-cf74 ,fragm5ts ( ano!r papyrus1 9 ! 
,tur9 ,museum1 are consid]$ by ,lieble9 
7,deux ,papyras ,hi]atiques1 ,*ri/iania1
 #ahfh7 also to repres5t a m9e ( ! "t ( 
,rameses ,i4 ,if s1 ?is "o dates f ab\t 
#adjj ,b4,c4 ,z to an actual map (      
und]gr\nd work+s 7disreg>d+             
illu/rations7 we "k ( none until aft]   
,agricola's "t4 ,at 8 "t maps 7 n made1 
z w be ga!r$ f ! text4  #ag ,= great]   
cl>ity we h 9 a few places int]polat$ ! 
t]ms major & m9or triangles4  #ah ,!    
names ( ! in/rum5ts "h describ$ 9 !     
orig9al text1 _! ,g]man equival5ts 9 !  
,gloss>y1 & ! t]ms adopt$ 9 translation 

are giv5 bel[3--    ,,lat9 ,,text4      
,,gloss>y4             ,,t]ms ,,adopt$4 
,funiculus                 --           
,cord    ,p]tica              ,/ab      
,rod    ,hemicyclium          ,donlege  
bretle9    ,hemicycle    ,tripus        
,/ul                ,tripod             
,in/rum5tum cui      ,compass           
,compass     index    ,orbis            
,s*eube             ,orbis    ,libra    
/ativa        ,auffsafz            ,/&+ 
plummet                                 
level    ,libra p5silis       ,wage     
,susp5d$ plummet                        
level    ,in/rum5tum cui      ,d] s*9]  
,swiss compass     index ,alp9um        
compass   #ai ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! 
ratio ( any l5g? s obta9$1 to ! :ole    
l5g? ( ! /aff1 is practically equal to !
 cos9e ( ! angle repres5t$ by !         
correspond+ gradation on ! hemicycle2 ! 
gradations on ! rod =m+ a fairly        
accurate table ( cos9es4  #bj ,x mu/ be 
und]/ood t in/ead ( plott+ a survey on a
 r$uc$ scale on pap]1 z mod]n surveyors 

d1 ! :ole survey 0 reproduc$ 9 full     
scale on ! surveyor's field4     ,,book 
,,vi4   ,digg+ ( ve9s ,i h writt5 (1 & !
 timb]+ ( %afts1 tunnels1 drifts1 & o!r 
excavations1 & ! art ( survey+4 ,i w n[ 
speak fir/ ( all1 ( ! iron tools ) :i*  
ve9s & rocks are brok51 !n ( ! buckets  
into :i* ! lumps ( e>?1 rock1 metal1 &  
o!r excavat$ mat]ials are ?r[n1 9 ord] t
 !y may be drawn1 convey$1 or c>ri$ out4
 ,also1 ,i w speak ( ! wat] vessels &   
dra9s1 !n ( ! ma*9es ( diff]5t k9ds1#a &
 la/ly ( ! maladies ( m9]s4 ,& :ile all 
^! matt]s are be+ describ$ accurately1  
_m me?ods ( "w w be expla9$4            
,illu/ration #aej 7,iron tools73        
,a--,fir/ iron tool4 ,b--,second4       
,c--,?ird4 ,d--,f\r?4#b ,e--,w$ge4      
,f--,iron block4 ,g--,iron plate4       
,h--,wood5 h&le4 ,i--,h&le ins]t$ 9 fir/
 tool4  ,!re are c]ta9 iron tools :i* ! 
m9]s designate by names ( _! own1 &     
besides ^!1 !re are w$ges1 iron blocks1 
iron plates1 hamm]s1 cr[b>s1 pikes1     
picks1 hoes1 & %ovels4 ,( ^? :i* are    

especially ref]r$ to z iron tools !re   
are f\r v>ieties1 :i* are diff]5t f "o  
ano!r 9 l5g? or ?ickness1 b n 9 %ape1 = 
! upp] end ( all ( !m is broad & squ>e1 
s t x c be /ruck by ! hamm]4 ,! l[] end 
is po9t$ s z to split ! h>d rocks & ve9s
 ) its po9t4 ,all ( ^! h eyes except !  
f\r?4 ,! fir/1 :i* is 9 daily use among 
m9]s1 is ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot long1 a   
digit & a half wide1 & a digit ?ick4 ,! 
second is ( ! same wid? z ! fir/1 & !   
same ?ickness1 b "o & "o half feet long1
 & is us$ to %att] ! h>de/ ve9s 9 su* a 
way t !y crack op54 ,! ?ird is ! same   
l5g? z ! second1 b is a little wid] &   
?ick]2 ) ?is "o !y dig ! bottoms ( ^?   
%afts :i* sl[ly accumulate wat]4 ,! f\r?
 is ne>ly ?ree palms & "o digit long1   
two digits ?ick1 & 9 ! upp] end x is    
?ree digits wide1 9 ! middle x is "o    
palm wide1 & at ! l[] end x is po9t$ l !
 o!rs2 ) ?is !y cut out ! h>d] ve9s4 ,! 
eye 9 ! fir/ tool is "o palm di/ant f ! 
upp] end1 9 ! second & ?ird x is sev5   
digits di/ant2 ea* swells out ar\nd !   

eye on bo? sides1 & into x !y fit a     
wood5 h&le1 :i* !y hold ) "o h&1 :ile !y
 /rike ! iron tool ) a hamm]1 aft] plac+
 x aga9/ ! rock4 ,^! tools are made l>g]
 or small] z necess>y4 ,! smi?s1 z f> z 
possible1 %>p5 aga9 all t become dull4  
,a w$ge is usually ?ree palms & two     
digits long & six digits wide2 at ! upp]
 end1 = a di/ance ( a palm1 x is ?ree   
digits ?ick1 & beyond t po9t x becomes  
?9n] by degrees1 until f9ally x is q    
%>p4  ,! iron block is six digits 9 l5g?
 & wid?2 at ! upp] end x is two digits  
?ick1 & at ! bottom a digit & a half4 ,!
 iron plate is ! same l5g? & wid? z !   
iron block1 b x is v ?94 ,all ( ^!1 z ,i
 expla9$ 9 ! la/ book1 are us$ :5 !     
h>de/ k9d ( ve9s are hewn out4 ,w$ges1  
blocks1 & plates1 are likewise made l>g]
 or small]4  ,illu/ration #aea          
7,hamm]s73 ,a--,smalle/ ( ! small]      
hamm]s4 ,b--,int]m$iate4 ,c--,l>ge/4    
,d--,small k9d ( ! l>g] hamm]4 ,e--,l>ge
 k9d4 ,f--,wood5 h&le4 ,g--,h&le fix$ 9 
! smalle/ hamm]4  ,hamm]s are ( two     

k9ds1 ! small] ones ! m9]s hold 9 "o h&1
 & ! l>g] ones !y hold ) bo? h&s4 ,!    
=m]1 because ( _! size & use1 are ( ?ree
 sorts4 ,) ! smalle/1 t is to say1 !    
lighte/1 !y /rike ! second iron tool2 ) 
! int]m$iate "o ! fir/ iron tool2 & ) ! 
l>ge/ ! ?ird iron tool2 ?is "o is two   
digits wide & ?ick4 ,( ! l>g] sort (    
hamm]s !re are two k9ds2 ) ! small] !y  
/rike ! f\r? iron tool2 ) ! l>g] !y     
drive ! w$ges into ! cracks2 ! =m] are  
?ree1 & ! latt] five digits wide & ?ick1
 & a foot long4 ,all swell out 9 _!     
middle1 9 :i* !re is an eye = a h&le1 b 
9 mo/ cases ! h&les are some:at light1 9
 ord] t ! workm5 may be able to /rike m 
p[]ful bl[s by ! hamm]'s full weight be+
 ?us conc5trat$4  ,illu/ration #aeb;a   
7,cr[b>s73 ,a--,r\nd cr[b>4 ,b--,flat   
cr[b>4 ,c--,pike4  ,! iron cr[b>s are   
likewise ( two k9ds1 & ea* k9d is po9t$ 
at "o end4 ,"o is r\nd$1 & ) ?is !y     
pi]ce to a %aft full ( wat] :5 a tunnel 
rea*es to x2 ! o!r is flat1 & ) ?is !y  
knock out ( ! /opes on to ! floor1 !    

rocks :i* h be5 s(t5$ by ! fire1 & :i*  
_c be dislodg$ by ! pike4 ,a m9]'s pike1
 l a sailor's1 is a long rod hav+ an    
iron head4  ,illu/ration #aeb;b         
7,picks73 ,a--,pick4 ,b--,hoe4          
,c--,%ovel4  ,! m9]'s pick diff]s f a   
peasant's pick 9 t ! latt] is wide at ! 
bottom & %>p1 b ! =m] is po9t$4 ,x is   
us$ to dig out ore :i* is n h>d1 su* z  
e>?4 ,likewise a hoe & %ovel are 9 no   
way diff]5t f ! common articles1 ) ! "o 
!y scrape up e>? & s&1 ) ! o!r !y ?r[ x 
into vessels4  ,n[ e>?1 rock1 m9]al     
sub/ances & o!r ?+s dug out ) ! pick or 
hewn out ) ! iron tools are haul$ out ( 
! %aft 9 buckets1 or baskets1 or hide   
buckets2 !y are drawn out ( tunnels 9   
:eelb>r[s or op5 trucks1 & f bo? !y are 
sometimes c>ri$ 9 trays4  ,illu/ration  
#aed;a 7,buckets = hoi/+ ore7           
,illu/ration #aed;b 7,buckets = hoi/+   
ore73 ,a--,small bucket4 ,b--,l>ge      
bucket4 ,c--,/aves4 ,d--,iron hoops4    
,e--,iron /raps4 ,f--,iron /raps on !   
bottom4 ,g--,hafts4 ,h--,iron bale4     

,i--,hook ( draw+-rope4 ,k--,basket4    
,l--,hide bucket or sack4  ,buckets are 
( two k9ds1 :i* diff] 9 size1 b n 9     
mat]ial or %ape4 ,! small] = ! mo/ "p   
hold only ab\t "o metreta2 ! l>g] are   
g5]ally capable ( c>ry+ "o-six? ( a     
congius2 nei!r is ( un*angeable         
capacity1 b !y (t5 v>y4#c ,ea* is made (
 /aves circl$ ) hoops1 "o ( :i* b9ds !  
top & ! o!r ! bottom4 ,! hoops are      
sometimes made ( hazel & oak1 b ^! are  
easily brok5 by da%+ aga9/ ! %aft1 :ile 
^? made ( iron are m durable4 ,9 ! l>g] 
buckets ! /aves are ?ick] & wid]1 z also
 are bo? hoops1 & 9 ord] t ! buckets may
 be m firm & /rong1 !y h eight iron     
/raps1 some:at broad1 f\r ( :i* run f ! 
upp] hoop d[nw>ds1 & f\r f ! l[] hoop   
upw>ds1 z if to meet ea* o!r4 ,! bottom 
( ea* bucket1 bo? inside & outside1 is  
furni%$ ) two or ?ree /raps ( iron1 :i* 
run f "o side ( ! l[] hoop to ! o!r1 b !
 /raps :i* are on ! outside are fix$    
crosswise4 ,ea* bucket has two iron     
hafts :i* project above ! edge1 & x has 

an iron semi-circul> bale ^: l[] ends   
are fix$ directly into ! hafts1 t !     
bucket may be h&l$ m easily4 ,ea* k9d ( 
bucket is mu* deep] ?an x is wide1 & ea*
 is wid] at ! top1 9 ord] t ! mat]ial   
:i* is dug out may be ! m easily p\r$ 9 
& p\r$ out aga94 ,into ! small] buckets 
/rong boys1 & into l>g] ones m51 fill   
e>? f ! bottom ( ! %aft ) hoes2 or ! o!r
 mat]ial dug up is %ovell$ into !m or   
fill$ 9 ) _! h&s1 = :i* reason ^! m5 are
 call$ %ovell]s4#d ,aft]w>d !y fix !    
hook ( ! draw+-rope into ! bale2 !n !   
buckets are drawn up by ma*9es--! small]
 ones1 because ( _! light] weight1 by   
ma*9es turn$ by m51 & ! l>g] ones1 be+  
heavi]1 by ! ma*9es turn$ by horses4    
,"s1 9 place ( ^! buckets1 sub/itute    
baskets :i* hold j z mu*1 or ev5 m1 s9ce
 !y are light] ?an ! buckets2 "s use    
sacks made ( ox-hide in/ead ( buckets1 &
 ! draw+-rope hook is fa/5$ to _! iron  
bale1 usually ?ree ( ^! fill$ ) excavat$
 mat]ial are drawn up at ! same "t z    
?ree are be+ l[]$ & ?ree are be+ fill$  

by boys4 ,! latt] are g5]ally us$ at    
,s*neeb]g & ! =m] at ,freib]g4          
,illu/ration #aee 7,:eelb>r[s73         
,a--,small :eelb>r[4 ,b--,long planks   
!re(4 ,c--,end-bo>ds4 ,d--,small :eel4  
,e--,l>g] b>r[4 ,f--,front end-bo>d     
!re(4  ,t :i* we call a cisium#e is a   
vehicle ) "o :eel1 n ) two1 su* z horses
 draw4 ,:5 fill$ ) excavat$ mat]ial x is
 pu%$ by a workman out ( tunnels or %$s4
 ,x is made z foll[s3 two planks are    
*os5 ab\t five feet long1 "o foot wide1 
& two digits ?ick2 ( ea* ( ^! ! l[] side
 is cut away at ! front = a l5g? ( "o   
foot1 & at ! back = a l5g? ( two feet1  
:ile ! middle is left :ole4 ,!n 9 !     
front p>ts are bor$ circul> holes1 9    
ord] t ! ends ( an axle may revolve 9   
!m4 ,! int]m$iate p>ts ( ! planks are   
p]=at$ twice ne> ! bottom1 s z to       
receive ! heads ( two little cleats on  
:i* ! planks are fix$2 & !y are also    
p]=at$ 9 ! middle1 s z to receive !     
heads ( two end-bo>ds1 :ile keys fix$ 9 
^! project+ heads /r5g!n ! :ole         

/ructure4 ,! h&les are made out ( !     
extreme ends ( ! long planks1 & !y turn 
d[nw>d at ! ends t !y may be grasp$ m   
firmly 9 ! h&s4 ,! small :eel1 ( :i* !re
 is only "o1 nei!r has a nave nor does x
 revolve ar\nd ! axle1 b turns ar\nd )  
x4 ,f ! felloe1 :i* ! ,greeks call$     
,greek3 apsides1 two transv]se spokes   
fix$ into x pass ?r\gh ! middle ( ! axle
 t[>d ! opposite felloe2 ! axle is      
squ>e1 ) ! exception ( ! ends1 ea* ( :i*
 is r\nd$ s z to turn 9 ! op5+4 ,a      
workman draws out ?is b>r[ full ( e>? & 
rock & draws x back empty4 ,m9]s also h 
ano!r :eelb>r[1 l>g] ?an ?is "o1 :i* !y 
use :5 !y wa% e>? mix$ ) t9-/one on to  
:i* a /ream has be5 turn$4 ,! front     
end-bo>d ( ?is "o is deep]1 9 ord] t !  
e>? :i* has be5 ?r[n into x may n fall  
out4  ,illu/ration #aef 7,trucks73      
,a--,rectangul> iron b&s on truck4      
,b--,its iron /raps4 ,c--,iron axle4    
,d--,wood5 roll]s4 ,e--,small iron keys4
 ,f--,l>ge blunt iron p94 ,g--,same     
truck upside d[n4  ,! op5 truck has a   

capacity half z l>ge aga9 z a :eelb>r[2 
x is ab\t f\r feet long & ab\t two & a  
half feet wide & deep2 & s9ce its %ape  
is rectangul>1 x is b\nd toge!r ) ?ree  
rectangul> iron b&s1 & besides ^! !re   
are iron /raps on all sides4 ,two small 
iron axles are fix$ to ! bottom1 ar\nd !
 ends ( :i* wood5 roll]s revolve on ei!r
 side2 9 ord] t ! roll]s %all n fall (f 
! immovable axles1 !re are small iron   
keys4 ,a l>ge blunt p9 fix$ to ! bottom 
( ! truck runs 9 a groove ( a plank 9   
su* a way t ! truck does n leave ! beat5
 track4 ,hold+ ! back "p ) 8 h&s1 !     
c>ri] pu%es out ! truck lad5 ) excavat$ 
mat]ial1 & pu%es x back aga9 empty4 ,"s 
p call x a dog#f1 because :5 x moves x  
makes a noise :i* seems to !m n unlike !
 b>k ( a dog4 ,?is truck is us$ :5 !y   
draw loads out ( ! longe/ tunnels1 bo?  
because x is mov$ m easily & because a  
heavi] load c be plac$ 9 x4             
,illu/ration #aeg 7,batea73 ,a--,small  
batea4 ,b--,rope4 ,c--,l>ge batea4      
,bateas#g are holl[$ out ( a s+le block 

( wood2 ! small] k9d are g5]ally two    
feet long & "o foot wide4 ,:5 !y h be5  
fill$ ) ore1 especially :5 b little is  
dug f ! %afts & tunnels1 m5 ei!r c>ry !m
 out on _! %\ld]s1 or be> !m away hung f
 _! necks4 ,pl9y#h is our au?ority t    
among ! anci5ts ev]y?+ :i* 0 m9$ 0 c>ri$
 out on m5's %\ld]s1 b 9 tru? ?is me?od 
( c>ry+ =? burd5s is on]\s1 s9ce x      
causes great fatigue to a great numb] ( 
m51 & involves a l>ge exp5diture =      
lab\r2 = ?is reason x has be5 reject$ & 
ab&on$ 9 our day4 ,! l5g? ( ! l>g] batea
 is z mu* z ?ree feet1 ! wid? up to a   
foot & a palm4 ,9 ^! bateas ! metallic  
e>? is wa%$ = ! purpose ( te/+ x4       
,illu/ration #aeh;a 7,buckets = hoi/+   
wat]73 ,a--,small] wat]-bucket4         
,b--,l>g] wat]-bucket4 ,c--,dipp]4      
,wat]-vessels diff] bo? 9 ! use to :i*  
!y are put & 9 ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are   
made2 "s draw ! wat] f ! %afts & p\r x  
into o!r ?+s1 z dipp]s2 :ile "s ( !     
vessels fill$ ) wat] are drawn out by   
ma*9es1 z buckets & bags2 "s are made ( 

wood1 z ! dipp]s & buckets1 & o!rs (    
hides1 z ! bags4 ,! wat]-buckets1 j l ! 
buckets :i* are fill$ ) dry mat]ial1 are
 ( two k9ds1 ! small] & ! l>g]1 b ^! are
 unlike ! o!r buckets at ! top1 z 9 ?is 
case !y are n>r[]1 9 ord] t ! wat] may n
 be spill$ by be+ bump$ aga9/ ! timb]s  
:5 !y are be+ drawn out ( ! %afts1      
especially ^? consid]ably incl9$4 ,!    
wat] is p\r$ into ^! buckets by dipp]s1 
:i* are small wood5 buckets1 b unlike ! 
wat]-buckets1 !y are nei!r n>r[ at ! top
 nor b\nd ) iron hoops1 b )             
hazel1--because !re is no necessity =   
ei!r4 ,! small] buckets are drawn up by 
ma*9es turn$ by m51 ! l>g] ones by ^?   
turn$ by horses4  ,illu/ration #aeh;b   
7,bags = hoi/+ wat]73 ,a--,wat]-bag :i* 
takes 9 wat] by itself4 ,b--,wat]-bag   
into :i* wat] p\rs :5 x is pu%$ ) a     
%ovel4  ,our p give ! "n ( wat]-bags to 
^? v l>ge sk9s = c>ry+ wat] :i* are made
 ( two1 or two & a half1 ox-hides4 ,:5  
^! wat]-bags h und]gone mu* we> & use1  
fir/ ! hair comes (f !m & !y become bald

 & %9+2 aft] ?is !y become torn4 ,if !  
te> is b a small "o1 a piece ( smoo?    
not*$ /ick is put into ! brok5 "p1 & !  
brok5 bag is b\nd into its not*es on    
ei!r side & sewn toge!r2 b if x is a    
l>ge "o1 !y m5d x ) a piece ( ox-hide4  
,! wat]-bags are fix$ to ! hook ( a     
draw+-*a9 & let d[n & dipp$ into ! wat]1
 & z soon z !y are fill$ !y are drawn up
 by ! l>ge/ ma*9e4 ,!y are ( two k9ds2 !
 "o k9d take 9 ! wat] by !mselves2 !    
wat] p\rs into ! o!r k9d :5 x is pu%$ 9 
a c]ta9 way by a wood5 %ovel4           
,illu/ration #aei 7,tr\gh73 ,a--,tr\gh4 
,b--,hopp]4  ,:5 ! wat] has be5 drawn   
out f ! %afts1 x is run (f 9 tr\ghs1 or 
into a hopp]1 ?r\gh :i* x runs into !   
tr\gh4 ,likewise ! wat] :i* fl[s along !
 sides ( ! tunnels is c>ri$ (f 9 dra9s4 
,^! are compos$ ( two holl[$ beams jo9$ 
firmly toge!r1 s z to hold ! wat] :i*   
fl[s ?r\gh !m1 & !y are cov]$ by planks 
all along _! c\rse1 f ! m\? ( ! tunnel  
"r up to ! extreme end ( x1 to prev5t   
e>? or rock fall+ into !m & ob/ruct+ !  

fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,if mu* mud gradually     
settles 9 !m ! planks are rais$ & !     
dra9s are clean$ out1 = !y w\ld o!rwise 
become /opp$ up & ob/ruct$ by ?is       
accid5t4 ,) reg>d to ! tr\gh ly+ above  
gr\nd1 :i* m9]s place "u ! hopp]s :i*   
are close by ! %aft h\ses1 ^! are       
usually holl[$ out ( s+le trees4 ,hopp]s
 are g5]ally made ( f\r planks1 s cut on
 ! l[] side & jo9$ toge!r t ! top "p ( !
 hopp] is broad] & ! bottom "p n>r[]4   
,i h suffici5tly indicat$ ! nature ( !  
m9]s' iron tools & _! vessels4 ,i w n[  
expla9 _! ma*9es1 :i* are ( ?ree k9ds1 t
 is1 haul+ ma*9es1 v5tilat+ ma*9es1 &   
ladd]s4 ,by means ( ! haul+ ma*9es loads
 are drawn out ( ! %afts2 ! v5tilat+    
ma*9es receive ! air ?r\gh _! m\?s & bl[
 x into %afts or tunnels1 = if ?is is n 
done1 digg]s _c c>ry on _! lab\r )\t    
great difficulty 9 brea?+2 by ! /eps ( !
 ladd]s ! m9]s g d[n into ! %afts & come
 up aga94  ,illu/ration #afa 7,w9dlass73
 ,a--,timb] plac$ 9 front ( ! %aft4     
,b--,timb] plac$ at ! back ( ! %aft4    

,c--,po9t$ /akes4 ,d--,cross-timb]s4    
,e--,po/s or ?ick planks4 ,f--,iron     
sockets4 ,g--,b>rel4 ,h--,ends ( b>rel4 
,i--,pieces ( wood4 ,k--h&le4           
,l--,draw+-rope4 ,m--,its hook4         
,n--,bucket4 ,o--,bale ( ! bucket4      
,haul+ ma*9es are ( v>i$ & div]se =ms1  
"s ( !m be+ made ) great skill1 & if ,i 
am n mi/ak51 !y 7 unkn[n to ! ,anci5ts4 
,!y h be5 inv5t$ 9 ord] t wat] may be   
drawn f ! dep?s ( ! e>? to :i* no       
tunnels rea*1 & also ! excavat$ mat]ial 
f %afts :i* are likewise n connect$ ) a 
tunnel1 or if s1 only ) v long ones4    
,s9ce %afts are n all ( ! same dep?1 !re
 is a great v>iety among ^! haul+       
ma*9es4 ,( ^? by :i* dry loads are drawn
 out ( ! %afts1 five sorts are 9 ! mo/  
common use1 ( :i* ,i w n[ describe !    
fir/4 ,two timb]s a little long] ?an !  
%aft are plac$ beside x1 ! "o 9 ! front 
( ! %aft1 ! o!r at ! back4 ,_! extreme  
ends h holes ?r\gh :i* /akes1 po9t$ at !
 bottom l w$ges1 are driv5 deeply into !
 gr\nd1 s t ! timb]s may rema9 /ation>y4

 ,into ^! timb]s are mortis$ ! ends (   
two cross-timb]s1 "o laid on ! "r end ( 
! %aft1 :ile ! o!r is f> en\gh f ! left 
end t betwe5 x & t end !re rema9s       
suitable space = plac+ ! ladd]s4 ,9 !   
middle ( ! cross-timb]s1 po/s are fix$ &
 secur$ ) iron keys4 ,9 holl[s at ! top 
( ^! po/s ?ick iron sockets hold ! ends 
( ! b>rel1 ( :i* ea* end projects beyond
 ! holl[ ( ! po/1 & is mortis$ into !   
end ( ano!r piece ( wood a foot & a half
 long1 a palm wide & ?ree digits ?ick2 !
 o!r end ( ^! pieces ( wood is sev5     
digits wide1 & into ea* ( !m is fix$ a  
r\nd h&le1 likewise a foot & a half     
long4 ,a w9d+-rope is w\nd ar\nd ! b>rel
 & fa/5$ to x at ! middle "p4 ,! loop at
 ea* end ( ! rope has an iron hook :i*  
is engag$ 9 ! bale ( a bucket1 & s :5 ! 
w9dlass revolves by be+ turn$ by !      
cranks1 a load$ bucket is always be+    
drawn out ( ! %aft & an empty "o is be+ 
s5t d[n into x4 ,two robu/ m5 turn !    
w9dlass1 ea* hav+ a :eelb>r[ ne> him1   
into :i* he unloads ! bucket :i* is     

drawn up ne>e/ to him2 two buckets      
g5]ally fill a :eelb>r[2 !re=e :5 f\r   
buckets h be5 drawn up1 ea* man runs 8  
own :eelb>r[ out ( ! %$ & empties x4    
,?us x happ5s t if %afts are dug deep1 a
 hillock rises ar\nd ! %$ ( ! w9dlass4  
,if a ve9 is n metal-be>+1 !y p\r out ! 
e>? & rock )\t discrim9at+2 :]eas if x  
is metal-be>+1 !y pres]ve ^! mat]ials1  
:i* !y unload sep>ately & cru% & wa%4   
,:5 !y draw up buckets ( wat] !y empty !
 wat] ?r\gh ! hopp] into a tr\gh1 ?r\gh 
:i* x fl[s away4  ,illu/ration #afb     
7,w9dlass73 ,a--,b>rel4 ,b--,/raight    
lev]s4 ,c--,usual crank4 ,d--,spokes (  
:eel4 ,e--,rim ( ! same :eel4  ,! next  
k9d ( ma*9e1 :i* m9]s employ :5 ! %aft  
is deep]1 diff]s f ! fir/ 9 t x         
possesses a :eel z well z cranks4 ,?is  
w9dlass1 if ! load is n be+ drawn up f a
 great dep?1 is turn$ by "o w9dlass man1
 ! :eel tak+ ! place ( ! o!r man4 ,b if 
! dep? is great]1 !n ! w9dlass is turn$ 
by ?ree m51 ! :eel be+ sub/itut$ = a    
f\r?1 because ! b>rel hav+ be5 once set 

9 motion1 ! rapid revolutions ( ! :eel  
help1 & x c be turn$ m easily4          
,sometimes masses ( lead are hung on to 
?is :eel1 or are fa/5$ to ! spokes1 9   
ord] t :5 x is turn$ !y depress ! spokes
 by _! weight & increase ! motion2 "s   
p]sons = ! same reason fa/5 into ! b>rel
 two1 ?ree1 or f\r iron rods1 & weight  
_! ends ) lumps ( lead4 ,! w9dlass :eel 
diff]s f ! :eel ( a c>riage & f ! "o :i*
 is turn$ by wat] p[]1 = x lacks !      
buckets ( a wat]-:eel & x lacks ! nave (
 a c>riage :eel4 ,9 ! place ( ! nave x  
has a ?ick b>rel1 9 :i* are mortis$ !   
l[] ends ( ! spokes1 j z _! upp] ends   
are mortis$ into ! rim4 ,:5 ?ree w9dlass
 m5 turn ?is ma*9e1 f\r /raight lev]s   
are fix$ to ! "o end ( ! b>rel1 & to !  
o!r ! crank :i* is usual 9 m9es1 & :i*  
is compos$ ( two limbs1 ( :i* ! r\nd$   
horizontal "o is grasp$ by ! h&s2 !     
rectangul> limb1 :i* is at "r angles to 
! horizontal "o1 has mortis$ 9 its l[]  
end ! r\nd h&le1 & 9 ! upp] end ! end ( 
! b>rel4 ,?is crank is work$ by "o man1 

! lev]s by two m51 ( :om "o pulls :ile !
 o!r pu%es2 all w9dlass work]s1 :atsoev]
 k9d ( a ma*9e !y may turn1 are         
necess>ily robu/ t !y c su/a9 su* great 
toil4  ,illu/ration #afc 7,tread :im73  
,a--,upright axle4 ,b--,block4 ,c--,ro( 
beam4 ,d--,:eel4 ,e--,too!d-drum4       
,f--,horizontal axle4 ,g--,drum compos$ 
( rundles4 ,h--,draw+ rope4 ,i--,pole4  
,k--,upright po/s4 ,l--,cleats on !     
:eel4  ,! ?ird k9d ( ma*9e is less      
fatigu+ = ! workman1 :ile x raises l>g] 
loads2 ev5 ?\gh x is sl[]1 l all o!r    
ma*9es :i* h drums1 yet x rea*es great] 
dep?s1 ev5 to a dep? ( #ahj feet4 ,x    
consi/s ( an upright axle ) iron j\rnals
 at its extremities1 :i* turn 9 two iron
 sockets1 ! l[] ( :i* is fix$ 9 a block 
set 9 ! gr\nd & ! upp] "o 9 ! ro( beam4 
,?is axle has at its l[] end a :eel made
 ( ?ick planks jo9$ firmly toge!r1 & at 
its upp] end a too!d drum2 ?is too!d    
drum turns ano!r drum made ( rundles1   
:i* is on a horizontal axle4 ,a         
w9d+-rope is w\nd ar\nd ?is latt] axle1 

:i* turns 9 iron be>+s set 9 ! beams4 ,s
 t !y may n fall1 ! two workm5 grasp )  
_! h&s a pole fix$ to two upright po/s1 
& !n pu%+ ! cleats ( ! l[] :eel backw>d 
) _! feet1 !y revolve ! ma*9e2 z (t5 z  
!y h drawn up & empti$ "o bucket full ( 
excavat$ mat]ial1 !y turn ! ma*9e 9 !   
opposite direction & draw out ano!r4    
,illu/ration #afe 7,horse :im73         
,a--,upright beams4 ,b--,sills laid flat
 ^u ! gr\nd4 ,c--,po/s4 ,d--,area4      
,e--,sill set at ! bottom ( ! hole4     
,f--,axle4 ,g--,d\ble cross-beams4      
,h--,drum4 ,i--,w9d+-ropes4 ,k--,bucket4
 ,l--,small pieces ( wood hang+ f d\ble 
cross-beams4 ,m--,%ort wood5 block4     
,n--,*a94 ,o--,pole b>4 ,p--,grappl+    
hook4 7,"s memb]s m5tion$ 9 ! text are n
 %[n74  ,! f\r? ma*9e raises burd5s once
 & a half z l>ge aga9 z ! two ma*9es    
fir/ expla9$4 ,:5 x is made1 sixte5     
beams are erect$ ea* =ty feet long1 "o  
foot ?ick & "o foot wide1 jo9$ at ! top 
) clamps & widely sep>at$ at ! bottom4  
,! l[] ends ( all ( !m are mortis$ into 

sep>ate sills laid flat ^u ! gr\nd2 ^!  
sills are five feet long1 a foot & a    
half wide1 & a foot ?ick4 ,ea* beam is  
also connect$ ) its sill by a po/1 ^:   
upp] end is mortis$ into ! beam & its   
l[] end mortis$ into ! sill2 ^! po/s are
 f\r feet long1 "o foot ?ick1 & "o foot 
wide4 ,?us a circul> area is made1 !    
diamet] ( :i* is fifty feet2 9 ! middle 
( ?is area a hole is sunk to a dep? ( t5
 feet1 & ramm$ d[n tight1 & 9 ord] to   
give x suffici5t firmness1 x is /r5g!n$ 
) contigu\s small timb]s1 ?r\gh :i* p9s 
are driv51 = by !m ! e>? ar\nd ! hole is
 held s t x _c fall 94 ,9 ! bottom ( !  
hole is plant$ a sill1 ?ree or f\r feet 
long & a foot & a half ?ick & wide2 9   
ord] t x may rema9 fix$1 x is set into !
 small timb]s2 9 ! middle ( x is a /eel 
socket 9 :i* ! pivot ( ! axle turns4 ,9 
l mann] a timb] is mortis$ into two ( ! 
l>ge beams1 at ! top b5ea? ! clamps2 ?is
 has an iron be>+ 9 :i* ! o!r iron      
j\rnal ( ! axle revolves4 ,e axle us$ 9 
m9+1 to speak ( !m once = all1 has two  

iron j\rnals1 r\nd$ (f on all sides1 "o 
fix$ ) keys 9 ! c5tre ( ea* end4 ,t "p (
 ?is j\rnal :i* is fix$ to ! end ( !    
axle is z broad z ! end itself & a digit
 ?ick2 t :i* projects beyond ! axle is  
r\nd & a palm ?ick1 or ?ick] if         
necessity requires2 ! ends ( ea* m9]'s  
axle are encircl$ & b\nd by an iron b&  
to hold ! j\rnal m securely4 ,! axle (  
?is ma*9e1 except at ! ends1 is squ>e1 &
 is =ty feet long1 a foot & a half ?ick 
& wide4 ,mortis$ & clamp$ into ! axle   
above ! l[] end are ! ends ( f\r incl9$ 
beams2 _! out] ends support two d\ble   
cross-beams simil>ly mortis$ into !m2 ! 
incl9$ beams are eighte5 feet long1 ?ree
 palms ?ick1 & five wide4 ,! two        
cross-beams are fix$ to ! axle & held   
toge!r by wood5 keys s t !y w n sep>ate1
 & !y are tw5ty-f\r feet long4 ,next1   
!re is a drum :i* is made ( ?ree :eels1 
( :i* ! middle "o is sev5 feet di/ant f 
! upp] "o & f ! l[] "o2 ! :eels h f\r   
spokes :i* are support$ by ! same numb] 
( incl9$ braces1 ! l[] ends ( :i* are   

jo9$ toge!r r\nd ! axle by a clamp2 "o  
end ( ea* spoke is mortis$ into ! axle &
 ! o!r into ! rim4 ,!re are rundles all 
r\nd ! :eels1 rea*+ f ! rim ( ! l[e/ "o 
to ! rim ( ! middle "o1 & likewise f !  
rim ( ! middle :eel to ! rim ( ! top "o2
 ar\nd ^! rundles are w\nd !            
draw+-ropes1 "o betwe5 ! l[e/ :eel & !  
middle "o1 ! o!r betwe5 ! middle & top  
:eels4 ,! :ole ( ?is con/ruction is %ap$
 l a cone1 & is cov]$ ) a %+le ro(1 ) ! 
exception ( t squ>e "p :i* faces ! %aft4
 ,!n cross-beams1 mortis$ at bo? ends1  
connect a d\ble r[ ( upright po/s2 all (
 ^! are eighte5 feet long1 b ! po/s are 
"o foot ?ick & "o foot wide1 & !        
cross-beams are ?ree palms ?ick & wide4 
,!re are sixte5 po/s & eight            
cross-beams1 & ^u ^! cross-beams are    
laid two timb]s a foot wide & ?ree palms
 ?ick1 holl[$ out to a wid? ( half a    
foot & to a dep? ( five digits2 ! "o is 
laid ^u ! upp] cross-beams & ! o!r ^u ! 
l[]2 ea* is long en\gh to rea* ne>ly f !
 drum ( ! :im to ! %aft4 ,ne> ! same    

drum ea* timb] has a small r\nd wood5   
roll] six digits ?ick1 ^: ends are cov]$
 ) iron b&s & revolve 9 iron r+s4 ,ea*  
timb] also has a wood5 pulley1 :i*      
toge!r ) its iron axle revolves 9 holes 
9 ! timb]4 ,^! pulleys are holl[$ out   
all r\nd1 9 ord] t ! draw+-rope may n   
slip out ( !m1 & ?us ea* rope is drawn  
tight & turns ov] its own roll] & its   
own pulley4 ,! iron hook ( ea* rope is  
engag$ ) ! bale ( ! bucket4 ,fur!r1 )   
reg>d to ! d\ble cross-beams :i* are    
mortis$ to ! l[] "p ( ! ma9 axle1 to ea*
 end ( !m !re is mortis$ a small piece (
 wood f\r feet long4 ,^! appe> to hang f
 ! d\ble cross-beams1 & a %ort wood5    
block is fix$ to ! l[] "p ( !m1 on :i* a
 driv] sits4 ,ea* ( ^! blocks has an    
iron clavis :i* holds a *a91 & t 9 turn 
a pole-b>4 ,9 ?is way x is possible =   
two horses to draw ?is :im1 n[ ?is way &
 n[ t2 turn by turn "o bucket is drawn  
out ( ! %aft full & ano!r is let d[n    
into x empty2 if1 inde$1 ! %aft is v    
deep f\r horses turn ! :im4 ,:5 a bucket

 has be5 drawn up1 :e!r fill$ ) dry or  
wet mat]ials1 x mu/ be empti$1 & a      
workman ins]ts a grappl+ hook & ov]turns
 x2 ?is hook hangs on a *a9 made ( ?ree 
or f\r l9ks1 fix$ to a timb]4           
,illu/ration #afg 7,horse :im73         
,a--,too!d drum :i* is on ! upright     
axle4 ,b--,horizontal axle4 ,c--,drum   
:i* is made ( rundles4 ,d--,:eel ne> x4 
,e--,drum made ( hubs4 ,f--,brake4      
,g--,oscillat+ beam4 ,h--,%ort beam4    
,i--,hook4  ,! fif? ma*9e is p>tly l !  
:im1 & p>tly l ! ?ird rag & *a9 pump1   
:i* draws wat] by balls :5 turn$ by     
horse p[]1 z ,i w expla9 a little lat]4 
,l ?is pump1 x is turn$ by horse p[] &  
has two axles1 namely1 an upright       
"o--ab\t ^: l[] end1 :i* desc5ds into an
 und]gr\nd *amb]1 !re is a too!d drum--&
 a horizontal "o1 ar\nd :i* !re is a    
drum made ( rundles4 ,x has inde$ two   
drums ar\nd its horizontal axle1 simil> 
to ^? ( ! big ma*9e1 b small]1 because x
 draws buckets f a %aft almo/ two hundr$
 & =ty feet deep4 ,"o drum is made (    

hubs to :i* cleats are fix$1 & ! o!r is 
made ( rundles2 & ne> ! latt] is a :eel 
two feet deep1 measur$ on all sides     
ar\nd ! axle1 & "o foot wide2 & aga9/   
?is imp+es a brake1#aj :i* holds ! :im  
:5 occasion dem&s t x be /opp$4 ,?is is 
necess>y :5 ! hide buckets are empti$   
aft] be+ drawn up full ( rock fragm5ts  
or e>?1 or z (t5 z wat] is p\r$ out (   
buckets simil>ly drawn up2 = ?is ma*9e n
 only raises dry loads1 b also wet ones1
 j l ! o!r f\r ma*9es :i* ,i h already  
describ$4 ,by ?is also1 timb]s fa/5$ on 
to its w9d+-*a9 are let d[n into a %aft4
 ,! brake is made ( a piece ( wood "o   
foot ?ick & half a foot long1 project+ f
 a timb] t is susp5d$ by a *a9 f "o end 
( a beam :i* oscillates on an iron p91  
?is 9 turn be+ support$ 9 ! claws ( an  
upright po/2 & f ! o!r end ( ?is        
oscillat+ beam a long timb] is susp5d$  
by a *a91 & f ?is long timb] aga9 a %ort
 beam is susp5d$4 ,a workman sits on !  
%ort beam :5 ! ma*9e ne$s to be /opp$1 &
 l[]s x2 he !n ins]ts a plank or small  

/ick s t ! two timb]s are held d[n & _c 
be rais$4 ,9 ?is way ! brake is rais$1 &
 seiz+ ! drum1 presses x s tightly t    
sp>ks (t5 fly f x2 ! susp5d$ timb] to   
:i* ! %ort beam is atta*$1 has sev]al   
holes 9 :i* ! *a9 is fix$1 s t x may be 
rais$ z mu* z is conv5i5t4 ,above ?is   
:eel !re are bo>ds to prev5t ! wat] f   
dripp+ d[n & wett+ x1 = if x becomes wet
 ! brake w n grip ! ma*9e s well4 ,ne> !
 o!r drum is a p9 f :i* hangs a *a91 9 !
 la/ l9k ( :i* !re is an iron hook ?ree 
feet long2 a r+ is fix$ to ! bottom ( ! 
bucket1 & ?is hook1 be+ ins]t$ into x1  
holds ! bucket back s t ! wat] may be   
p\r$ out or ! fragm5ts ( rock empti$4   
,illu/ration #afh 7,sleigh = ,ore73     
,a--,sl$ge ) box plac$ on x4 ,b--,sl$ge 
) sacks plac$ on x4 ,c--,/ick4 ,d--,dogs
 ) pack-saddles4 ,e--,pigsk9 sacks ti$  
to a rope4  ,! m9]s ei!r c>ry1 draw1 or 
roll d[n ! m\nta9s ! ore :i* is haul$   
out ( ! %afts by ^! five ma*9es or tak5 
out ( ! tunnels4 ,9 ! w9t] "t our p     
place a box on a sl$ge & draw x d[n ! l[

 m\nta9s ) a horse2 & 9 ?is season !y   
also fill sacks made ( hide & load !m on
 dogs1 or place two or ?ree ( !m on a   
small sl$ge :i* is high] 9 ! =e "p & l[]
 at ! back4 ,sitt+ on ^! sacks1 n )\t   
risk ( 8 life1 ! bold driv] guides !    
sl$ge z x ru%es d[n ! m\nta9 into !     
valleys ) a /ick1 :i* he c>ries 9 8 h&2 
:5 x is ru%+ d[n too quickly he arre/s x
 ) ! /ick1 or ) ! same /ick br+s x back 
to ! track :5 x is turn+ aside f its    
prop] c\rse4 ,"s ( ! ,noricians#aa      
collect ore dur+ ! w9t] into sacks made 
( bri/ly pigsk9s1 & drag !m d[n f !     
highe/ m\nta9s1 :i* nei!r horses1 mules 
nor asses c climb4 ,/rong dogs1 t are   
tra9$ to be> pack saddles1 c>ry ^! sacks
 :5 empty into ! m\nta9s4 ,:5 !y are    
fill$ ) ore1 b\nd ) ?ongs1 & fa/5$ to a 
rope1 a man1 w9d+ ! rope r\nd 8 arm or  
brea/1 drags !m d[n ?r\gh ! sn[ to a    
place :]e horses1 mules1 or asses be>+  
pack-saddles c climb4 ,!re ! ore is     
remov$ f ! pigsk9 sacks & put into o!r  
sacks made ( d\ble or triple twill$ l95 

?read1 & ^! plac$ on ! pack-saddles ( ! 
bea/s are borne d[n to ! works :]e !    
ores are wa%$ or smelt$4 ,if1 inde$1 !  
horses1 mules1 or asses are able to     
climb ! m\nta9s1 l95 sacks fill$ ) ore  
are plac$ on _! saddles1 & !y c>ry ^!   
d[n ! n>r[ m\nta9 pa?s1 :i* are passable
 nei!r by wagons nor sl$ges1 into !     
valleys ly+ bel[ ! /eep] portions ( !   
m\nta9s4 ,b on ! declivity ( cliffs :i* 
bea/s _c climb1 are plac$ long op5 boxes
 made ( planks1 ) transv]se cleats to   
hold !m toge!r2 into ^! boxes is ?r[n ! 
ore :i* has be5 br\ght 9 :eelb>r[s1 & :5
 x has run d[n to ! level x is ga!r$    
into sacks1 & ! bea/s ei!r c>ry x away  
on _! backs or drag x away aft] x has   
be5 ?r[n into sl$ges or wagons4 ,:5 !   
driv]s br+ ore d[n /eep m\nta9 slopes !y
 use two-:eel$ c>ts1 & !y drag beh9d !m 
on ! gr\nd ! trunks ( two trees1 = ^! by
 _! weight hold back ! heavily-lad5     
c>ts1 :i* conta9 ore 9 _! boxes1 & *eck 
_! desc5t1 & b = ^! ! driv] w\ld (t5 be 
oblig$ to b9d *a9s to ! :eels4 ,:5 ^! m5

 br+ d[n ore f m\nta9s :i* d n h su*    
declivities1 !y use wagons ^: b$s are   
twice z long z ^? ( ! c>ts4 ,! planks ( 
^! are s put toge!r t1 :5 ! ore is      
unload$ by ! driv]s1 !y c be rais$ &    
tak5 ap>t1 = !y are only held toge!r by 
b>s4 ,! driv]s employ$ by ! own]s ( !   
ore br+ d[n ?irty or sixty wagon-loads1 
& ! ma/] ( ! works m>ks on a /ick !     
numb] ( loads = ea* driv]4 ,b "s ore1   
especially t91 aft] be+ tak5 f ! m9es1  
is divid$ into eight p>ts1 or into n9e1 
if ! own]s ( ! m9e give n9? p>ts to !   
own]s ( ! tunnel4 ,?is is occasionally  
done by measur+ ) a bucket1 b m         
frequ5tly planks are put toge!r on a    
spot :]e1 ) ! addition ( ! level gr\nd z
 a base1 x =ms a holl[ box4 ,ea* own]   
provides = remov+1 wa%+1 & smelt+ t     
portion :i* has fall5 to him4           
7,illu/ration p4 #agj74  ,illu/ration   
#agj 7,wagons = ,haul+ ,ore73           
,a--,horses ) pack-saddles4 ,b--,long   
box plac$ on ! slope ( ! cliff4         
,c--,cleats !re(4 ,d--,:eelb>r[4        

,e--,two-:eel$ c>t4 ,f--,trunks ( trees4
 ,g--,wagon4 ,h--,ore be+ unload$ f !   
wagon4 ,i--,b>s4 ,k--,ma/] ( ! works    
m>k+ ! numb] ( c>ts on a /ick4          
,l--,boxes into :i* are ?r[n ! ore :i*  
has to be divid$4  ,into ! buckets1     
drawn by ^! five ma*9es1 ! boys or m5   
?r[ ! e>? & brok5 rock ) %ovels1 or !y  
fill !m ) _! h&s2 h5ce !y get _! "n (   
%ovell]s4 ,z ,i h said1 ! same ma*9es   
raise n only dry loads1 b also wet ones1
 or wat]2 b be=e ,i expla9 ! v>i$ &     
div]se k9ds ( ma*9es by :i* m9]s are    
wont to draw wat] alone1 ,i w expla9 h[ 
heavy bodies1 su* z axles1 iron *a9s1   
pipes1 & heavy timb]s1 %\ld be l[]$ into
 deep v]tical %afts4 ,a w9dlass is      
erect$ ^: b>rel has on ea* end f\r      
/raight lev]s2 x is fix$ into upright   
beams & ar\nd x is w\nd a rope1 "o end (
 :i* is fa/5$ to ! b>rel & ! o!r to ^?  
heavy bodies :i* are sl[ly l[]$ d[n by  
workm52 & if ^! halt at any "p ( ! %aft 
!y are drawn up a little way4 ,:5 ^!    
bodies are v heavy1 !n beh9d ?is w9dlass

 ano!r is erect$ j l x1 t _! comb9$     
/r5g? may be equal to ! load1 & t x may 
be l[]$ sl[ly4 ,sometimes = ! same      
reason1 a pulley is fa/5$ ) cords to !  
ro(-beam1 & ! rope desc5ds & asc5ds ov] 
x4  ,illu/ration #aga 7,w9dlass73       
,a--,w9dlass4 ,b--,/raight lev]s4       
,c--,upright beams4 ,d--,rope4          
,e--,pulley4 ,f--,timb]s to be l[]$4    
,wat] is ei!r hoi/$ or pump$ out (      
%afts4 ,x is hoi/$ up aft] be+ p\r$ into
 buckets or wat]-bags2 ! wat]-bags are  
g5]ally br\ght up by a ma*9e ^:         
wat]-:eels h d\ble paddles1 :ile !      
buckets are br\ght up by ! five ma*9es  
already describ$1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9        
localities ! f\r? ma*9e also hauls up   
wat]-bags ( mod]ate size4 ,wat] is drawn
 up also by *a9s ( dipp]s1 or by suction
 pumps1 or by rag & *a9 pumps4#ab ,:5   
!re is b a small quantity1 x is ei!r    
br\ght up 9 buckets or drawn up by *a9s 
( dipp]s or suction pumps1 & :5 !re is  
mu* wat] x is ei!r drawn up 9 hide bags 
or by rag & *a9 pumps4  ,illu/ration    

#agc 7,*a9 ,pumps73 ,a--,iron frame4    
,b--,l[e/ axle4 ,c--,fly-:eel4          
,d--,small] drum made ( rundles4        
,e--,second axle4 ,f--,small] too!d     
:eel4 ,g--,l>g] drum made ( rundles4    
,h--,upp] axle4 ,i--,l>g] too!d :eel4   
,k--,be>+s4 ,l--,pill[4 ,m--,framework4 
,n--,oak timb]4 ,o--,support ( iron     
be>+4 ,p--,roll]4 ,q--,upp] drum4       
,r--,clamps4 ,s--,*a94 ,t--,l9ks4       
,v--,dipp]s4 ,x--,crank4 ,y--,l[] drum  
or balance weight4  ,fir/ ( all1 ,i w   
describe ! ma*9es :i* draw wat] by *a9s 
( dipp]s1 ( :i* !re are ?ree k9ds4 ,= ! 
fir/1 a frame is made entirely ( iron   
b>s2 x is two & a half feet high1       
likewise two & a half feet long1 & 9    
addition "o-six? & "o-qu>t] ( a digit   
long1 "o-f\r? & "o-tw5ty-f\r? ( a foot  
wide4 ,9 x !re are ?ree little          
horizontal iron axles1 :i* revolve 9    
be>+s or wide pill[s ( /eel1 & also f\r 
iron :eels1 ( :i* two are made ) rundles
 & ! same numb] are too!d4 ,outside !   
frame1 ar\nd ! l[e/ axle1 is a wood5    

fly-:eel1 s t x c be m readily turn$1 & 
inside ! frame is a small] drum :i* is  
made ( eight rundles1 "o-six? & "o      
tw5ty-f\r? ( a foot long4 ,ar\nd !      
second axle1 :i* does n project beyond !
 frame1 & is !re=e only two & a half    
feet & "o-twelf? & "o-?ird "p ( a digit 
long1 !re is on ! "o side1 a small]     
too!d :eel1 :i* has =ty-eight tee?1 & on
 ! o!r side a l>g] drum1 :i* is surr\nd$
 by twelve rundles "o-qu>t] ( a foot    
long4 ,ar\nd ! ?ird axle1 :i* is "o in* 
& "o-?ird ?ick1 is a l>g] too!d :eel    
project+ "o foot f ! axle 9 all         
directions1 :i* has sev5ty-two tee?4 ,! 
tee? ( ea* :eel are fix$ 9 ) screws1 ^: 
?reads are screw$ into ?reads 9 ! :eel1 
s t ^? tee? :i* are brok5 c be replac$  
by o!rs2 bo? ! tee? & rundles are /eel4 
,! upp] axle projects beyond ! frame1 & 
is s skilfully mortis$ into ! body (    
ano!r axle t x has ! appe>ance ( be+ "o2
 ?is axle proce$s ?r\gh a frame made (  
beams :i* /&s ar\nd ! %aft1 into an iron
 =k set 9 a /\t oak timb]1 & turns on a 

roll] made ( pure /eel4 ,ar\nd ?is axle 
is a drum ( ! k9d possess$ by ^? ma*9es 
:i* draw wat] by rag & *a92 ?is drum has
 triple curv$ iron clamps1 to :i* ! l9ks
 ( an iron *a9 hook !mselves1 s t a     
great weight _c te> !m away4 ,^! l9ks   
are n :ole l ! l9ks ( o!r *a9s1 b ea* "o
 be+ curv$ 9 ! upp] "p on ea* side      
cat*es ! "o :i* comes next1 :]eby x     
pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a d\ble *a94 ,at !
 po9t :]e "o cat*es ! o!r1 dipp]s made (
 iron or brass plates & hold+ half a    
congius#ac are b\nd to !m ) ?ongs2 ?us1 
if !re are "o hundr$ l9ks !re w be !    
same numb] ( dipp]s p\r+ out wat]4 ,:5 !
 %afts are incl9$1 ! m\?s ( ! dipp]s    
project & are cov]$ on ! top t !y may n 
spill out ! wat]1 b :5 ! %afts are      
v]tical ! dipp]s d n require a cov]4 ,by
 fitt+ ! end ( ! l[e/ small axle into ! 
crank1 ! man :o works ! crank turns !   
axle1 & at ! same "t ! drum ^: rundles  
turn ! too!d :eel ( ! second axle2 by   
?is :eel is driv5 ! "o t is made (      
rundles1 :i* aga9 turns ! too!d :eel ( !

 upp] small axle & ?us ! drum to :i* !  
clamps are fix$4 ,9 ?is way ! *a91      
toge!r ) ! empty dipp]s1 is sl[ly let   
d[n1 close to ! footwall side ( ! ve91  
into ! sump to ! bottom ( ! balance     
drum1 :i* turns on a little iron axle1  
bo? ends ( :i* are set 9 a ?ick iron    
be>+4 ,! *a9 is roll$ r\nd ! drum & !   
dipp]s fill ) wat]2 ! *a9 be+ drawn up  
close to ! hang+wall side1 c>ries !     
dipp]s fill$ ) wat] above ! drum ( !    
upp] axle4 ,?us !re are always ?ree ( ! 
dipp]s inv]t$ & p\r+ wat] into a lip1 f 
:i* x fl[s away into ! dra9 ( ! tunnel4 
,?is ma*9e is less useful1 because x _c 
be con/ruct$ )\t great exp5se1 & x      
c>ries (f b little wat] & is some:at    
sl[1 z also are o!r ma*9es :i* possess a
 great numb] ( drums4  ,illu/ration #agd
 7,*a9 ,pumps73 ,a--,:eel :i* is turn$  
by tread+4 ,b--,axle4 ,c--,d\ble *a94   
,d--,l9k ( d\ble *a94 ,e--,dipp]s4      
,f--,simple clamps4 ,g--,clamp ) triple 
curves4  ,! next ma*9e ( ?is k9d1       
describ$ 9 a few words by ,vitruvius1#ad

 m rapidly br+s up dipp]s1 hold+ a      
congius2 = ?is reason1 x is m useful ?an
 ! fir/ "o = draw+ wat] out ( %afts1    
into :i* mu* wat] is cont9ually fl[+4   
,?is ma*9e has no iron frame nor drums1 
b has ar\nd its axle a wood5 :eel :i* is
 turn$ by tread+2 ! axle1 s9ce x has no 
drum1 does n la/ v long4 ,9 o!r respects
 ?is pump resembles ! fir/ k9d1 except t
 x diff]s f x by hav+ a d\ble *a94      
,clamps %\ld be fix$ to ! axle ( ?is    
ma*9e1 j z to ! drum ( ! o!r "o2 "s ( ^!
 are made simple & o!rs ) triple curves1
 b ea* k9d has f\r b>bs4  ,illu/ration  
#age 7,*a9 ,pumps73 ,a--,:eel ^: paddles
 are turn$ by ! =ce ( ! /ream4          
,b--,axle4 ,c--,drum ( axle1 to :i*     
clamps are fix$4 ,d--,*a94 ,e--,l9k4    
,f--,dipp]s4 ,g--,balance drum4  ,! ?ird
 ma*9e1 :i* f> excels ! two j describ$1 
is made :5 a runn+ /ream c be div]t$ to 
a m9e2 ! impetus ( ! /ream /rik+ !      
paddles revolves a wat]-:eel 9 place ( !
 :eel turn$ by tread+4 ,) reg>d to !    
axle1 x is l ! second ma*9e1 b ! drum   

:i* is r\nd ! axle1 ! *a91 & ! balance  
drum1 are l ! fir/ ma*9e4 ,x has mu* m  
capaci\s dipp]s ?an ev5 ! second ma*9e1 
b s9ce ! dipp]s are frequ5tly brok51    
m9]s r>ely use ^! ma*9es2 = !y pref] to 
lift out small quantities ( wat] by !   
fir/ five ma*9es or to draw x up by     
suction pumps1 or1 if !re is mu* wat]1  
to dra9 x by ! rag & *a9 pump or to br+ 
x up 9 wat]-bags4  ,illu/ration #agg    
7,suction ,pumps73 ,a--,sump4           
,b--,pipes4 ,c--,floor+4 ,d--,trunk4    
,e--,p]=ations ( trunk4 ,f--,valve4     
,g--,sp\t4 ,h--,pi/on-rod4 ,i--,h&-b> ( 
pi/on4 ,k--,%oe4 ,l--,disc ) r\nd op5+s4
 ,m--,disc ) oval op5+s4 ,n--,cov]4     
,o--,?is man is bor+ logs & mak+ !m into
 pipes4 ,p--,bor] ) aug]4 ,q--,wid]     
bor]4  ,en\gh1 !n1 ( ! fir/ sort (      
pumps4 ,i w n[ expla9 ! o!r1 t is ! pump
 :i* draws1 by means ( pi/ons1 wat] :i* 
has be5 rais$ by suction4 ,( ^! !re are 
sev5 v>ieties1 :i* ?\gh !y diff] f "o   
ano!r 9 /ructure1 nev]!less conf] ! same
 b5efits ^u m9]s1 ?\gh "s to a great]   

degree ?an o!rs4 ,! fir/ pump is made z 
foll[s4 ,ov] ! sump is plac$ a floor+1  
?r\gh :i* a pipe--or two l5g?s ( pipe1  
"o ( :i* is jo9$ into ! o!r--are let d[n
 to ! bottom ( ! sump2 !y are fa/5$ )   
po9t$ iron clamps driv5 9 /raight on bo?
 sides1 s t ! pipes may rema9 fix$4 ,!  
l[] end ( ! l[] pipe is enclos$ 9 a     
trunk two feet deep2 ?is trunk1 holl[ l 
! pipe1 /&s at ! bottom ( ! sump1 b !   
l[] op5+ ( x is block$ ) a r\nd piece ( 
wood2 ! trunk has p]=ations r\nd ab\t1  
?r\gh :i* wat] fl[s into x4 ,if !re is  
"o l5g? ( pipe1 !n 9 ! upp] "p ( ! trunk
 :i* has be5 holl[$ out !re is enclos$ a
 box ( iron1 copp]1 or brass1 "o palm   
deep1 b )\t a bottom1 & a r\nd$ valve s 
tightly closes x t ! wat]1 :i* has be5  
drawn up by suction1 _c run back2 b if  
!re are two l5g?s ( pipe1 ! box is      
enclos$ 9 ! l[] pipe at ! po9t (        
junction4 ,an op5+ or a sp\t 9 ! upp]   
pipe rea*es to ! dra9 ( ! tunnel4 ,?us !
 workman1 eag] at 8 lab\r1 /&+ on !     
floor+ bo>ds1 pu%es ! pi/on d[n into !  

pipe & draws x out aga94 ,at ! top ( !  
pi/on-rod is a h&-b> & ! bottom is fix$ 
9 a %oe2 ?is is ! "n giv5 to ! lea!r    
cov]+1 :i* is almo/ cone-%ap$1 = x is s 
/it*$ t x is tight at ! l[] end1 :]e x  
is fix$ to ! pi/on-rod :i* x surr\nds1 b
 9 ! upp] end :]e x draws ! wat] x is   
wide op54 ,or else an iron disc "o digit
 ?ick is us$1 or "o ( wood six digits   
?ick1 ea* ( :i* is f> sup]ior to ! %oe4 
,! disc is fix$ by an iron key :i*      
p5etrates ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! pi/on-rod1 
or x is screw$ on to ! rod2 x is r\nd1 )
 its upp] "p protect$ by a cov]1 & has  
five or six op5+s1 ei!r r\nd or oval1   
:i* tak5 toge!r pres5t a />-l appe>ance2
 ! disc has ! same diamet] z ! inside ( 
! pipe1 s t x c be j drawn up & d[n 9 x4
 ,:5 ! workman draws ! pi/on up1 ! wat] 
:i* has pass$ 9 at ! op5+s ( ! disc1 ^: 
cov] is !n clos$1 is rais$ to ! hole or 
little sp\t1 ?r\gh :i* x fl[s away2 !n !
 valve ( ! box op5s1 & ! wat] :i* has   
pass$ into ! trunk is drawn up by !     
suction & rises into ! pipe2 b :5 !     

workman pu%es d[n ! pi/on1 ! valve      
closes & all[s ! disc aga9 to draw 9 !  
wat]4  ,illu/ration #agh 7,suction      
,pumps73 ,a--,erect timb]4 ,b--,axle4   
,c--,sweep :i* turns ab\t ! axle4       
,d--,pi/on rod4 ,e--,cross-b>4 ,f--,r+ )
 :i* two pipes are g5]ally jo9$4  ,!    
pi/on ( ! second pump is m easily mov$  
up & d[n4 ,:5 ?is pump is made1 two     
beams are plac$ ov] ! sump1 "o ne> ! "r 
side ( x1 & ! o!r ne> ! left4 ,to "o    
beam a pipe is fix$ ) iron clamps2 to ! 
o!r is fix$ ei!r ! =k$ bran* ( a tree or
 a timb] cut out at ! top 9 ! %ape ( a  
=k1 & ?r\gh ! prongs ( ! =k a r\nd hole 
is bor$4 ,?r\gh a wide r\nd hole 9 !    
middle ( a sweep passes an iron axle1 s 
fa/5$ 9 ! holes 9 ! =k t x rema9s fix$1 
& ! sweep turns on ?is axle4 ,9 "o end (
 ! sweep ! upp] end ( a pi/on-rod is    
fa/5$ ) an iron key2 at ! o!r end a     
cross-b> is also fix$1 to ! extreme ends
 ( :i* are h&les to enable x to be held 
m firmly 9 ! h&s4 ,& s :5 ! workman     
pulls ! cross-b> upw>d1 he =ces ! pi/on 

into ! pipe2 :5 he pu%es x d[n aga9 he  
draws ! pi/on out ( ! pipe2 & ?us !     
pi/on c>ries up ! wat] :i* has be5 drawn
 9 at ! op5+s ( ! disc1 & ! wat] fl[s   
away ?r\gh ! sp\t into ! dra9s4 ,?is    
pump1 l ! next "o1 is id5tical ) ! fir/ 
9 all t relates to ! pi/on1 disc1 trunk1
 box1 & valve4  ,illu/ration #agi       
7,suction ,pumps73 ,a--,po/s4 ,b--,axle4
 ,c--,wood5 b>s4 ,d--,pi/on rod4        
,e--,%ort piece ( wood4 ,f--,dra94      
,g--,?is man is div]t+ ! wat] :i* is    
fl[+ out ( ! dra91 to prev5t x f fl[+   
into ! tr5*es :i* are be+ dug4  ,! ?ird 
pump is n unlike ! "o j describ$1 b 9   
place ( "o upright1 po/s are erect$ )   
holes at ! top1 & 9 ^! holes ! ends ( an
 axle revolve4 ,to ! middle ( ?is axle  
are fix$ two wood5 b>s1 to ! end ( "o ( 
:i* is fix$ ! pi/on1 & to ! end ( ! o!r 
a heavy piece ( wood1 b %ort1 s t x c   
pass betwe5 ! two po/s & may move       
backw>d & =w>d4 ,:5 ! workman pu%es ?is 
piece ( wood1 ! pi/on is drawn out ( !  
pipe2 :5 x returns by its own weight1 ! 

pi/on is pu%$ 94 ,9 ?is way1 ! wat] :i* 
! pipe conta9s is drawn ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 
! disc & empti$ by ! pi/on ?r\gh ! sp\t 
into ! dra94 ,!re are "s :o place a     
h&-b> und]nea? 9 place ( ! %ort piece ( 
wood4 ,?is pump1 z also ! la/ be=e      
describ$1 is less g5]ally us$ among m9]s
 ?an ! o!rs4  ,illu/ration #ahj 7,duplex
 suction ,pumps73 ,a--,box4 ,b--,l[] "p 
( box4 ,c--,upp] "p ( same4 ,d--,clamps4
 ,e--,pipes bel[ ! box4 ,f--,column pipe
 fix$ above ! box4 ,g--,iron axle4      
,h--,pi/on-rods4 ,i--,wa%]s to protect !
 be>+s4 ,k--,lea!rs4 ,l--,eyes 9 ! axle4
 ,m--,rods ^: ends are weight$ ) lumps (
 lead4 ,n--,crank4 7,?is plate is       
unlett]$ 9 ! fir/ edition b correct$ 9  
^? lat]47  ,! f\r? k9d is n a simple    
pump b a duplex "o4 ,x is made z foll[s4
 ,a rectangul> block ( bee*wood1 five   
feet long1 two & a half feet wide1 & "o 
& a half feet ?ick1 is cut 9 two &      
holl[$ out wide & deep en\gh s t an iron
 axle ) cranks c revolve 9 x4 ,! axle is
 plac$ betwe5 ! two halves ( ?is box1 & 

! fir/ "p ( ! axle1 :i* is 9 contact ) !
 wood1 is r\nd & ! /raight end =ms a    
j\rnal4 ,!n ! axle is b5t d[n ! dep? ( a
 foot & aga9 b5t s z to cont9ue /raight1
 & at ?is po9t a r\nd pi/on-rod hangs f 
x2 next x is b5t up z f> z x 0 b5t d[n2 
!n x cont9ues a little way /raight aga91
 & !n x is b5t up a foot & aga9 cont9ues
 /raight1 at :i* po9t a second r\nd     
pi/on-rod is hung f x2 aft]w>d x is b5t 
d[n ! same di/ance z x 0 b5t up ! la/   
"t2 ! o!r end ( x1 :i* also acts z a    
j\rnal1 is /raight4 ,?is "p :i*         
protrudes ?r\gh ! wood is protect$ by   
two iron wa%]s 9 ! %ape ( discs1 to :i* 
are fa/5$ two lea!r wa%]s ( ! same %ape 
& size1 9 ord] to prev5t ! wat] :i* is  
drawn into ! box f gu%+ out4 ,^! discs  
are ar\nd ! axle2 "o ( !m is inside !   
box & ! o!r outside4 ,beyond ?is1 ! end 
( ! axle is squ>e & has two eyes1 9 :i* 
are fix$ two iron rods1 & to _! ends are
 weight$ lumps ( lead1 s t ! axle may h 
a great] prop5sity to revolve2 ?is axle 
c easily be turn$ :5 its end has be5    

mortis$ 9 a crank4 ,! upp] "p ( ! box is
 ! %all[] "o1 & ! l[] "p ! deep]2 ! upp]
 "p is bor$ out once /raight d[n ?r\gh !
 middle1 ! diamet] ( ! op5+ be+ ! same z
 ! outside diamet] ( ! column pipe2 !   
l[] box has1 side by side1 two ap]tures 
also bor$ /raight d[n2 ^! are = two     
pipes1 ! space ( ^: op5+s !re=e is twice
 z great z t ( ! upp] "p2 ?is l[] "p ( !
 box is plac$ ^u ! two pipes1 :i* are   
fitt$ into x at _! upp] ends1 & ! l[]   
ends ( ^! pipes p5etrate into trunks :i*
 /& 9 ! sump4 ,^! trunks h p]=ations    
?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s into !m4 ,! iron  
axle is plac$ 9 ! inside ( ! box1 !n !  
two iron pi/on-rods :i* hang f x are let
 d[n ?r\gh ! two pipes to ! dep? ( a    
foot4 ,ea* pi/on has a screw at its l[] 
end :i* holds a ?ick iron plate1 %ap$ l 
a disc & full ( op5+s1 cov]$ ) a lea!r1 
& simil>ly to ! o!r pump x has a r\nd   
valve 9 a little box4 ,!n ! upp] "p ( ! 
box is plac$ ^u ! l[] "o & prop]ly fitt$
 to x on e side1 & :]e !y jo9 !y are    
b\nd by wide ?ick iron plates1 & held ) 

small wide iron w$ges1 :i* are driv5 9 &
 are fa/5$ ) clamps4 ,! fir/ l5g? (     
column pipe is fix$ into ! upp] "p ( !  
box1 & ano!r l5g? ( pipe ext5ds x1 & a  
?ird aga9 ext5ds ?is "o1 & s on1 ano!r  
ext5d+ on ano!r1 until ! upp]mo/ "o     
rea*es ! dra9 ( ! tunnel4 ,:5 ! crank   
work] turns ! axle1 ! pi/ons 9 turn draw
 ! wat] ?r\gh _! discs2 s9ce ?is is done
 quickly1 & s9ce ! area ( op5+s ( ! two 
pipes ov] :i* ! box is set1 is twice z  
l>ge z ! op5+ ( ! column pipe :i* rises 
f ! box1 & s9ce ! pi/ons d n lift ! wat]
 f> up1 ! impetus ( ! wat] f ! l[] pipes
 =ces x to rise & fl[ out ( ! column    
pipe into ! dra9 ( ! tunnel4 ,s9ce a    
wood5 box frequ5tly cracks op51 x is    
bett] to make x ( lead or copp] or      
brass4  ,illu/ration #ahb 7,suction     
,pumps73 ,a--,tappets ( pi/on-rods4     
,b--,cams ( ! b>rel4 ,c--,squ>e upp]    
p>ts ( pi/on-rods4 ,d--,l[] r\nd$ p>ts (
 pi/on-rods4 ,e--,cross-beams4          
,f--,pipes4 ,g--,ap]tures ( pipes4      
,h--,tr\gh4 7,fif? k9d ( pump--see p4   

#aha74  ,! fif? k9d ( pump is /ill less 
simple1 = x is compos$ ( two or ?ree    
pumps ^: pi/ons are rais$ by a ma*9e    
turn$ by m51 = ea* pi/on-rod has a      
tappet :i* is rais$1 ea* 9 succession1  
by two cams on a b>rel2 two or f\r /rong
 m5 turn x4 ,:5 ! pi/ons desc5d into !  
pipes _! discs draw ! wat]2 :5 !y are   
rais$ ^! =ce ! wat] out ?r\gh ! pipes4  
,! upp] "p ( ea* ( ^! pi/on-rods1 :i* is
 half a foot squ>e1 is held 9 a slot 9 a
 cross-beam2 ! l[] "p1 :i* drops d[n    
into ! pipes1 is made ( ano!r piece (   
wood & is r\nd4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree pumps is 
compos$ ( two l5g?s ( pipe fix$ to !    
%aft timb]s4 ,?is ma*9e draws ! wat]    
high]1 z mu* z tw5ty-f\r feet4 ,if !    
diamet] ( ! pipes is l>ge1 only two     
pumps are made2 if small]1 ?ree1 s t by 
ei!r me?od ! volume ( wat] is ! same4   
,?is also mu/ be und]/ood reg>d+ ! o!r  
ma*9es & _! pipes4 ,s9ce ^! pumps are   
compos$ ( two l5g?s ( pipe1 ! little    
iron box hav+ ! iron valve :i* ,i       
describ$ be=e1 is n enclos$ 9 a trunk1 b

 is 9 ! l[] l5g? ( pipe1 at t po9t :]e x
 jo9s ! upp] "o2 ?us ! r\nd$ "p ( !     
pi/on-rod is only z long z ! upp] l5g? (
 pipe2 b ,i w pres5tly expla9 ?is m     
cle>ly4  ,illu/ration #ahc 7,suction    
,pumps73 ,a--,wat]-:eel4 ,b--,axle4     
,c--,trunk on :i* ! l[e/ pipe /&s4      
,d--,basket surr\nd+ trunk4 7,six? k9d (
 pump--see p4 #ahd47  ,! six? k9d ( pump
 w\ld be j ! same z ! fif? 7 x n t x has
 an axle in/ead ( a b>rel1 turn$ n by m5
 b by a wat]-:eel1 :i* is revolv$ by !  
=ce ( wat] /rik+ its buckets4 ,s9ce     
wat]-p[] f> exce$s human /r5g?1 ?is     
ma*9e draws wat] ?r\gh its pipes by     
discs out ( a %aft m ?an "o hundr$ feet 
deep4 ,! bottom ( ! l[e/ pipe1 set 9 !  
sump1 n only ( ?is pump b also ( ! o!rs1
 is g5]ally enclos$ 9 a basket made (   
wick]-"w1 to prev5t wood %av+s & o!r ?+s
 be+ suck$ 94 7,see p4 #ahc47           
,illu/ration #ahe 7,suction ,pumps73    
,a--%aft4 ,b--,bottom pump4 ,c--,fir/   
tank4 ,d--,second pump4 ,e--,second     
tank4 ,f--,?ird pump4 ,g--,tr\gh4 ,h--,!

 iron set 9 ! axle4 ,i--,fir/ pump rod4 
,k--,second pump rod4 ,l--,?ird pump    
rod4 ,m--,fir/ pi/on rod4 ,n--,second   
pi/on rod4 ,o--,?ird pi/on rod4         
,p--,little axles4 ,q--,claws4  ,! sev5?
 k9d ( pump1 inv5t$ t5 ye>s ago1 :i* is 
! mo/ +5i\s1 durable1 & useful ( all1 c 
be made )\t mu* exp5se4 ,x is compos$ ( 
sev]al pumps1 :i* d n1 l ^? la/         
describ$1 g d[n into ! %aft toge!r1 b ( 
:i* "o is bel[ ! o!r1 = if !re are ?ree1
 z is g5]ally ! case1 ! l[] "o lifts !  
wat] ( ! sump & p\rs x out into ! fir/  
tank2 ! second pump lifts aga9 f t tank 
into a second tank1 & ! ?ird pump lifts 
x into ! dra9 ( ! tunnel4 ,a :eel fifte5
 feet high raises ! pi/on-rods ( all ^! 
pumps at ! same "t & causes !m to drop  
toge!r4 ,! :eel is made to revolve by   
paddles1 turn$ by ! =ce ( a /ream :i*   
has be5 div]t$ to ! m\nta94 ,! spokes ( 
! wat]-:eel are mortis$ 9 an axle six   
feet long & "o foot ?ick1 ea* end ( :i* 
is surr\nd$ by an iron b&1 b 9 "o end   
!re is fix$ an iron j\rnal2 to ! o!r end

 is atta*$ an iron l ?is j\rnal 9 its   
po/]ior "p1 :i* is a digit ?ick & z wide
 z ! end ( ! axle itself4 ,!n ! iron    
ext5ds horizontally1 be+ r\nd$ & ab\t   
?ree digits 9 diamet]1 = ! l5g? ( a     
foot1 & s]ves z a j\rnal2 !nce1 x b5ds  
to a height ( a foot 9 a curve1 l ! horn
 ( ! moon1 aft] :i* x aga9 ext5ds       
/raight out = "o foot2 ?us x comes ab\t 
t ?is la/ /raight portion1 z x revolves 
9 an orbit becomes alt]nately a foot    
high] & a foot l[] ?an ! fir/ /raight   
"p4 ,f ?is r\nd iron crank !re hangs !  
fir/ flat pump-rod1 = ! crank is fix$ 9 
a p]=ation 9 ! upp] end ( ?is flat      
pump-rod j z ! iron key ( ! fir/ set (  
claws is fix$ into ! l[] end4 ,9 ord] to
 prev5t ! pump-rod f slipp+ (f x1 z x   
c\ld easily d1 & t x may be tak5 (f :5  
necess>y1 its op5+ is wid] ?an !        
correspond+ "p ( ! crank1 & x is fa/5$  
on bo? sides by iron keys4 ,to prev5t   
friction1 ! ends ( ! pump-rods are      
protect$ by iron plates or int]v5+      
lea!rs4 ,?is fir/ pump-rod is ab\t      

twelve feet long1 ! o!r two are         
tw5ty-six feet1 & ea* is a palm wide &  
?ree digits ?ick4 ,! sides ( ea*        
pump-rod are cov]$ & protect$ by iron   
plates1 :i* are held on by iron screws1 
s t a "p :i* has receiv$ damage c be    
repair$4 ,9 ! claws is set a small r\nd 
axle1 a foot & a half long & two palms  
?ick4 ,! ends are encircl$ by iron b&s  
to prev5t ! iron j\rnals :i* revolve 9 !
 iron be>+s ( ! wood f slipp+ out (     
x4#ae ,f ?is little axle ! wood5 claws  
ext5d two feet1 ) a wid? & ?ickness (   
six digits2 !y are ?ree palms di/ant f  
ea* o!r1 & bo? ! inn] & out] sides are  
cov]$ ) iron plates4 ,two r\nd$ iron    
keys two digits ?ick are immovably fix$ 
into ! claws4 ,! "o ( ^! keys p]=ates ! 
l[] end ( ! fir/ pump-rod1 & ! upp] end 
( ! second pump-rod :i* is held fa/4 ,! 
o!r key1 :i* is likewise immovable1     
p]=ates ! iron end ( ! fir/ pi/on-rod1  
:i* is b5t 9 a curve & is immovable4    
,ea* su* pi/on-rod is ?irte5 feet long &
 ?ree digits ?ick1 & desc5ds into ! fir/

 pipe ( ea* pump to su* dep? t its disc 
ne>ly rea*es ! valve-box4 ,:5 x desc5ds 
into ! pipe1 ! wat]1 p5etrat+ ?r\gh !   
op5+s ( ! disc1 raises ! lea!r1 & :5 !  
pi/on-rod is rais$ ! wat] presses d[n ! 
lea!r1 & ?is supports its weight2 !n !  
valve closes ! box z a door closes an   
entrance4 ,! pipes are jo9$ by two iron 
b&s1 "o palm wide1 "o outside ! o!r1 b !
 inn] "o is %>p all r\nd t x may fit    
into ea* pipe & hold !m toge!r4 ,al?\gh 
at ! pres5t "t pipes lack ! inn] b&1    
/ill !y h nipples by :i* !y are jo9$    
toge!r1 = ! l[] end ( ! upp] "o holds ! 
upp] end ( ! l[] "o1 ea* be+ hewn away =
 a l5g? ( sev5 digits1 ! =m] inside1 !  
latt] outside1 s t ! "o c fit into !    
o!r4 ,:5 ! pi/on-rod desc5ds into ! fir/
 pipe1 t valve :i* ,i h describ$ is     
clos$2 :5 ! pi/on-rod is rais$1 ! valve 
is op5$ s t ! wat] c run 9 ?r\gh !      
p]=ations4 ,ea* "o ( su* pumps is       
compos$ ( two l5g?s ( pipe1 ea* ( :i* is
 twelve feet long1 & ! inside diamet] is
 sev5 digits4 ,! l[] "o is plac$ 9 !    

sump ( ! %aft1 or 9 a tank1 & its l[]   
end is block$ by a r\nd piece ( wood1   
above :i* !re are six p]=ations ar\nd ! 
pipe ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s into x4 ,!   
upp] "p ( ! upp] pipe has a not* "o foot
 deep & a palm wide1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat]   
fl[s away into a tank or tr\gh4 ,ea*    
tank is two feet long & "o foot wide &  
deep4 ,!re is ! same numb] ( axles1     
claws1 & rods ( ea* k9d z !re are pumps2
 if !re are ?ree pumps1 !re are only two
 tanks1 because ! sump ( ! %aft & ! dra9
 ( ! tunnel take ! place ( two4 ,!      
foll[+ is ! way ?is ma*9e draws wat] f a
 %aft4 ,! :eel be+ turn$ raises ! fir/  
pump-rod1 & ! pump-rod raises ! fir/    
claw1 & ?us also ! second pump-rod1 & ! 
fir/ pi/on-rod2 !n ! second pump-rod    
raises ! second claw1 & ?us ! ?ird      
pump-rod & ! second pi/on-rod2 !n ! ?ird
 pump-rod raises ! ?ird claw & ! ?ird   
pi/on-rod1 = !re hangs no pump-rod f !  
iron key ( ^! claws1 = x c be ( no use 9
 ! la/ pump4 ,9 turn1 :5 ! fir/ pump-rod
 desc5ds1 ea* set ( claws is l[]$1 ea*  

pump-rod & ea* pi/on-rod4 ,& by ?is     
sy/em1 at ! same "t ! wat] is lift$ into
 ! tanks & dra9$ out ( !m2 f ! sump at !
 bottom ( ! %aft x is dra9$ out1 & x is 
p\r$ into ! tr\gh ( ! tunnel4 ,fur!r1   
ar\nd ! ma9 axle !re may be plac$ two   
wat] :eels1 if ! riv] supplies en\gh    
wat] to turn !m1 & f ! back "p ( ea*    
r\nd iron crank1 "o or two pump-rods c  
be hung1 ea* ( :i* c move ! pi/on-rods (
 ?ree pumps4 ,la/ly1 x is necess>y t !  
%afts f :i* ! wat] is pump$ out 9 pipes 
%\ld be v]tical1 = z 9 ! case ( ! haul+ 
ma*9es1 all pumps :i* h pipes d n draw !
 wat] s high if ! pipes are incl9$ 9    
incl9$ %afts1 z if !y are plac$         
v]tically 9 v]tical %afts4  ,illu/ration
 #ahg 7,suction ,pumps73 ,a--,wat] :eel 
( upp] ma*9e4 ,b--,its pump4 ,c--,its   
tr\gh4 ,d--,:eel ( l[] ma*9e4 ,e--,its  
pump4 ,f--,race4  ,if ! riv] does n     
supply en\gh wat]-p[] to turn !         
la/-describ$ pump1 :i* happ5s because ( 
! nature ( ! locality or occurs dur+ !  
summ] season :5 !re are daily dr\ghts1 a

 ma*9e is built ) a :eel s l[ & light t 
! wat] ( ev] s little a /ream c turn x4 
,?is wat]1 fall+ into a race1 runs      
!refrom on to a second high & heavy :eel
 ( a l[] ma*9e1 ^: pump lifts ! wat] out
 ( a deep %aft4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! wat] ( s
 small a /ream _c alone revolve ! l[]   
wat]-:eel1 ! axle ( ! latt] is turn$ at 
! />t ) a crank work$ by two m51 b z    
soon z x has p\r$ out into a pool ! wat]
 :i* has be5 drawn up by ! pumps1 ! upp]
 :eel draws up ?is wat] by its own pump1
 & p\rs x into ! race1 f :i* x fl[s on  
to ! l[] wat]-:eel & /rikes its buckets4
 ,s bo? ?is wat] f ! m9e1 z well z !    
wat] ( ! /ream1 be+ turn$ d[n ! races on
 to t subt]ranean :eel ( ! l[] ma*9e1   
turns x1 & wat] is pump$ out ( ! deep]  
"p ( ! %aft by means ( two or ?ree      
pumps4#af  ,illu/ration #ahi 7,duplex   
suction ,pumps73 ,a--,upp] axle4        
,b--,:eel ^: buckets ! =ce ( ! /ream    
/rikes4 ,c--,too!d drum4 ,d--,second    
axle4 ,e--,drum compos$ ( rundles4      
,f--,curv$ r\nd irons4 ,g--,r[s ( pumps4

  ,if ! /ream supplies en\gh wat]       
/raightway to turn a high] & heavi]     
wat]-:eel1 !n a too!d drum is fix$ to ! 
o!r end ( ! axle1 & ?is turns ! drum    
made ( rundles on ano!r axle set bel[ x4
 ,to ea* end ( ?is l[] axle !re is fitt$
 a crank ( r\nd iron curv$ l ! horns ( !
 moon1 ( ! k9d employ$ 9 ma*9es ( ?is   
description4 ,?is ma*9e1 s9ce x has r[s 
( pumps on ea* side1 draws great        
quantities ( wat]4  ,illu/ration #aia   
7,rag & ,*a9 ,pumps73 ,a--,:eel4        
,b--,axle4 ,c--,j\rnals4 ,d--,pill[s4   
,e--,drum4 ,f--,clamps4 ,g--,draw+-*a94 
,h--,timb]s4 ,i--,balls4 ,k--,pipe4     
,l--,race ( /ream4  ,( ! rag & *a9 pumps
 !re are six k9ds kn[n to u1 ( :i* !    
fir/ is made z foll[s3 ,a cave is dug "u
 ! surface ( e>? or 9 a tunnel1 & timb]$
 on all sides by /\t po/s & planks1 to  
prev5t ei!r ! m5 f be+ cru%$ or ! ma*9e 
f be+ brok5 by its collapse4 ,9 ?is     
cave1 ?us timb]$1 is plac$ a wat]-:eel  
fitt$ to an angul> axle4 ,! iron j\rnals
 ( ! axle revolve 9 iron pill[s1 :i* are

 held 9 timb]s ( suffici5t /r5g?4 ,!    
:eel is g5]ally tw5ty-f\r feet high1    
occasionally ?irty1 & 9 no way diff]5t f
 ^? :i* are made = gr9d+ corn1 except t 
x is a little n>r[]4 ,! axle has on "o  
side a drum ) a groove 9 ! middle ( its 
circumf]5ce1 to :i* are fix$ _m         
f\r-curv$ iron clamps4 ,9 ^! clamps cat*
 ! l9ks ( ! *a91 :i* is drawn ?r\gh !   
pipes out ( ! sump1 & :i* aga9 falls1   
?r\gh a timb]$ op5+1 "r d[n to ! bottom 
into ! sump to a balanc+ drum4 ,!re is  
an iron b& ar\nd ! small axle ( !       
balanc+ drum1 ea* j\rnal ( :i* revolves 
9 an iron be>+ fix$ to a timb]4 ,! *a9  
turn+ ab\t ?is drum br+s up ! wat] by ! 
balls ?r\gh ! pipes4 ,ea* l5g? ( pipe is
 encircl$ & protect$ by five iron b&s1 a
 palm wide & a digit ?ick1 plac$ at     
equal di/ances f ea* o!r2 ! fir/ b& on !
 pipe is %>$ 9 common ) ! prec$+ l5g? ( 
pipe into :i* x is fitt$1 ! la/ b& ) !  
succe$+ l5g? ( pipe :i* is fitt$ into x4
 ,ea* l5g? ( pipe1 except ! fir/1 is    
bevell$ on ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! upp]  

end to a di/ance ( sev5 digits & = a    
dep? ( ?ree digits1 9 ord] t x may be   
ins]t$ into ! l5g? ( pipe :i* goes be=e 
x2 ea*1 except ! la/1 is ream$ out on ! 
inside ( ! l[] end to a l di/ance1 b to 
! dep? ( a palm1 t x may be able to take
 ! end ( ! pipe :i* foll[s4 ,& ea* l5g? 
( pipe is fix$ ) iron clamps to ! timb]s
 ( ! %aft1 t x may rema9 /ation>y4      
,?r\gh ?is cont9u\s s]ies ( pipes1 !    
wat] is drawn by ! balls ( ! *a9 up out 
( ! sump z f> z ! tunnel1 :]e x fl[s b  
into ! dra9s ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! highe/
 pipe4 ,! balls :i* lift ! wat] are     
connect$ by ! iron l9ks ( ! *a91 & are  
six feet di/ant f "o ano!r2 !y are made 
( ! hair ( a horse's tail sewn into a   
cov]+ to prev5t x f be+ pull$ out by !  
iron clamps on ! drum2 ! balls are ( su*
 size t "o c be held 9 ea* h&4 ,if ?is  
ma*9e is set up on ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! 
/ream :i* turns ! wat]-:eel is l$ away  
?r\gh op5-air dit*es2 if 9 a tunnel1 !  
wat] is l$ away ?r\gh ! subt]ranean     
dra9s4 ,! buckets ( ! wat]-:eel1 :5     

/ruck by ! impact ( ! /ream1 move =w>d &
 turn ! :eel1 toge!r ) ! drum1 :]eby !  
*a9 is w\nd up & ! balls expel ! wat]   
?r\gh ! pipes4 ,if ! :eel ( ?is ma*9e is
 tw5ty-f\r feet 9 diamet]1 x draws wat] 
f a %aft two hundr$ & t5 feet deep2 if  
?irty feet 9 diamet]1 x w draw wat] f a 
%aft two hundr$ & =ty feet deep4 ,b su* 
"w requires a /ream ) great] wat]-p[]4  
,! next pump has two drums1 two r[s (   
pipes & two draw+-*a9s ^: balls lift out
 ! wat]2 o!rwise !y are l ! la/ pump4   
,?is pump is usually built :5 an        
excessive am\nt ( wat] fl[s into ! sump4
 ,^! two pumps are turn$ by wat]-p[]2   
inde$1 wat] draws wat]4  ,! foll[+ is ! 
way ( indicat+ ! increase or decrease ( 
! wat] 9 an und]gr\nd sump1 :e!r x is   
pump$ by ?is rag & *a9 pump or by ! fir/
 pump1 or ! ?ird1 or "s o!r4 ,f a beam  
:i* is z high above ! %aft z ! sump is  
deep1 is hung a cord1 to "o end ( :i*   
!re is fa/5$ a /one1 ! o!r end be+      
atta*$ to a plank4 ,! plank is l[]$ d[n 
by an iron wire fa/5$ to ! o!r end2 :5 !

 /one is at ! m\? ( ! %aft ! plank is "r
 d[n ! %aft 9 ! sump1 9 :i* wat] x      
floats4 ,?is plank is s heavy t x c drag
 d[n ! wire & its iron clasp & hook1    
toge!r ) ! cord1 & ?us pull ! /one      
upw>ds4 ,?us1 z ! wat] decreases1 !     
plank desc5ds & ! /one is rais$2 on !   
contr>y1 :5 ! wat] increases ! plank    
rises & ! /one is l[]$4 ,:5 ! /one ne>ly
 t\*es ! beam1 s9ce ?is indicates t !   
wat] has be5 exhau/$ f ! sump by ! pump1
 ! ov]se] 9 *>ge ( ! ma*9e closes !     
wat]-race & /ops ! wat]-:eel2 :5 ! /one 
ne>ly t\*es ! gr\nd at ! side ( ! %aft1 
?is indicates t ! sump is full ( wat]   
:i* has aga9 collect$ 9 x1 because !    
wat] raises ! plank & ?us ! /one drags  
back bo? ! rope & ! iron wire2 !n !     
ov]se] op5s ! wat]-race1 :]eupon ! wat] 
( ! /ream aga9 /rikes ! buckets ( !     
wat]-:eel & turns ! pump4 ,z workm5     
g5]ally cease f _! lab\rs on ! ye>ly    
holidays1 & sometimes on work+ days1 &  
are ?us n always ne> ! pump1 & z ! pump1
 if necess>y1 mu/ cont9ue to draw wat]  

all ! "t1 a bell r+s al\d cont9u\sly1   
indicat+ t ?is pump1 or any o!r k9d1 is 
un9jur$ & no?+ is prev5t+ its turn+4 ,! 
bell is hung by a cord f a small wood5  
axle held 9 ! timb]s :i* /& ov] ! %aft1 
& a second long cord ^: upp] end is     
fa/5$ to ! small axle is l[]$ into !    
%aft2 to ! l[] end ( ?is cord is fa/5$ a
 piece ( wood2 & z (t5 z a cam on ! ma9 
axle /rikes x1 s (t5 does ! bell r+ &   
give =? a s\nd4  ,illu/ration #aic 7,rag
 & ,*a9 ,pumps73 ,a--,upright axle4     
,b--,too!d :eel4 ,c--,tee?4             
,d--,horizontal axle4 ,e--,drum :i* is  
made ( rundles4 ,f--,second drum4       
,g--,draw+-*a94 ,h--,! balls4  ,! ?ird  
pump ( ?is k9d is employ$ by m9]s :5 no 
riv] capable ( turn+ a wat]-:eel c be   
div]t$1 & x is made z foll[s4 ,!y fir/  
dig a *amb] & erect /rong timb]s &      
planks to prev5t ! sides f fall+ 91 :i* 
w\ld ov]:elm ! pump & kill ! m54 ,! ro( 
( ! *amb] is protect$ ) contigu\s       
timb]s1 s arrang$ t ! horses :i* pull ! 
ma*9e c travel ov] x4 ,next !y aga9 set 

up sixte5 beams =ty feet long & "o foot 
wide & ?ick1 jo9$ by clamps at ! top &  
spread+ ap>t at ! bottom1 & !y fit ! l[]
 end ( ea* beam into a sep>ate sill laid
 flat on ! gr\nd1 & jo9 ^! by a po/2 ?us
 !re is creat$ a circul> area ( :i* !   
diamet] is fifty feet4 ,?r\gh an op5+ 9 
! c5tre ( ?is area !re desc5ds an       
upright squ>e axle1 =ty-five feet long &
 a foot & a half wide & ?ick2 its l[]   
pivot revolves 9 a socket 9 a block laid
 flat on ! gr\nd 9 ! *amb]1 & ! upp]    
pivot revolves 9 a be>+ 9 a beam :i* is 
mortis$ into two beams at ! summit b5ea?
 ! clamps2 ! l[] pivot is sev5te5 feet  
di/ant f ei!r side ( ! *amb]1 i4e41 f   
its front & re>4 ,at ! height ( a foot  
above its l[] end1 ! axle has a too!d   
:eel1 ! diamet] ( :i* is tw5ty-two feet4
 ,?is :eel is compos$ ( f\r spokes &    
eight rim pieces2 ! spokes are fifte5   
feet long & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot wide & 
?ick#ag2 "o end ( !m is mortis$ 9 !     
axle1 ! o!r 9 ! two rims :]e !y are jo9$
 toge!r4 ,^! rims are ?ree-qu>t]s ( a   

foot ?ick & "o foot wide1 & f !m !re    
rise & project upright tee? ?ree-qu>t]s 
( a foot high1 half a foot wide1 & six  
digits ?ick4 ,^! tee? turn a second     
horizontal axle by means ( a drum       
compos$ ( twelve rundles1 ea* ?ree feet 
long & six digits wide & ?ick4 ,?is     
drum1 be+ turn$1 causes ! axle to       
revolve1 & ar\nd ?is axle !re is a drum 
hav+ iron clamps ) f\rfold curves 9 :i* 
cat* ! l9ks ( a *a91 :i* draws wat]     
?r\gh pipes by means ( balls4 ,! iron   
j\rnals ( ?is horizontal axle revolve on
 pill[s :i* are set 9 ! c5tre ( timb]s4 
,above ! ro( ( ! *amb] !re are mortis$  
into ! upright axle ! ends ( two beams  
:i* rise obliquely2 ! upp] ends ( ^!    
beams support d\ble cross-beams1        
likewise mortis$ to ! axle4 ,9 ! out]   
end ( ea* cross-beam !re is mortis$ a   
small wood5 piece :i* appe>s to hang    
d[n2 9 ?is wood5 piece !re is simil>ly  
mortis$ at ! l[] end a %ort bo>d2 ?is   
has an iron key :i* engages a *a91 & ?is
 *a9 aga9 a pole-b>4 ,?is ma*9e1 :i*    

draws wat] f a %aft two hundr$ & =ty    
feet deep1 is work$ by ?irty-two horses2
 eight ( !m "w = f\r h\rs1 & !n ^! re/ =
 twelve h\rs1 & ! same numb] take _!    
place4 ,?is k9d ( ma*9e is employ$ at ! 
foot ( ! ,h>z#ah m\nta9s & 9 !          
neighb\rhood4 ,fur!r1 if necessity      
arises1 sev]al pumps ( ?is k9d are (t5  
built = ! purpose ( m9+ "o ve91 b       
arrang$ diff]5tly 9 diff]5t localities  
v>y+ accord+ to ! dep?4 ,at ,s*emnitz1 9
 ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s1 !re are ?ree      
pumps1 ( :i* ! l[e/ lifts wat] f ! l[e/ 
sump to ! fir/ dra9s1 ?r\gh :i* x fl[s  
into ! second sump2 ! int]m$iate "o     
lifts f ! second sump to ! second dra91 
f :i* x fl[s into ! ?ird sump2 & ! upp] 
"o lifts x to ! dra9s ( ! tunnel1 ?r\gh 
:i* x fl[s away4 ,?is sy/em ( ?ree      
ma*9es ( ?is k9d is turn$ by n9ety-six  
horses2 ^! horses g d[n to ! ma*9es by  
an incl9$ %aft1 :i* slopes & twi/s l a  
screw & gradually desc5ds4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! 
ma*9es is set 9 a deep place1 :i* is    
di/ant f ! surface ( ! gr\nd #ffj feet4 

,illu/ration #aid 7,rag & ,*a9 ,pumps73 
,a--,axle4 ,b--,drum4 ,c--,draw+-*a94   
,d--,balls4 ,e--,clamps4  ,! f\r?       
species ( pump belongs to ! same g5]a1 &
 is made z foll[s4 ,two timb]s are      
erect$1 & 9 op5+s 9 !m1 ! ends ( a b>rel
 revolve4 ,two or f\r /rong m5 turn !   
b>rel1 t is to say1 "o or two pull !    
cranks1 & "o or two pu% !m1 & 9 ?is way 
help ! o!rs2 alt]nately ano!r two or f\r
 m5 take _! place4 ,! b>rel ( ?is ma*9e1
 j l ! horizontal axle ( ! o!r ma*9es1  
has a drum ^: iron clamps cat* ! l9ks ( 
a draw+-*a94 ,?us wat] is drawn ?r\gh ! 
pipes by ! balls f a dep? ( =ty-eight   
feet4 ,human /r5g? _c draw wat] high]   
?an ?is1 because su* v heavy lab\r      
exhau/s n only m51 b ev5 horses2 only   
wat]-p[] c drive cont9u\sly a drum ( ?is
 k9d4 ,sev]al pumps ( ?is k9d1 z ( !    
la/1 are (t5 built = ! purpose ( m9+ on 
a s+le ve91 b !y are arrang$ diff]5tly =
 diff]5t positions & dep?s4             
,illu/ration #aie 7,rag & ,*a9 ,pumps73 
,a--,axles4 ,b--,lev]s4 ,c--,too!d drum4

 ,d--,drum made ( rundles4 ,e--,drum 9  
:i* iron clamps are fix$4  ,! fif? pump 
( ?is k9d is p>tly l ! ?ird & p>tly l ! 
f\r?1 because x is turn$ by /rong m5 l !
 la/1 & l ! ?ird x has two axles & ?ree 
drums1 ?\gh ea* axle is horizontal4 ,!  
j\rnals ( ea* axle are s fitt$ 9 !      
pill[s ( ! beams t !y _c fly out2 ! l[] 
axle has a crank at "o end & a too!d    
drum at ! o!r end2 ! upp] axle has at "o
 end a drum made ( rundles1 & at ! o!r  
end1 a drum to :i* are fix$ iron clamps1
 9 :i* ! l9ks ( a *a9 cat* 9 ! same way 
z be=e1 & f ! same dep?1 draw wat] ?r\gh
 pipes by means ( balls4 ,?is revolv+   
ma*9e is turn$ by two pairs ( m5        
alt]nately1 = "o pair /&s work+ :ile !  
o!r sits tak+ a re/2 :ile !y are engag$ 
^u ! task ( turn+1 "o pulls ! crank & ! 
o!r pu%es1 & ! drums help to make ! pump
 turn m easily4  ,illu/ration #aig 7,rag
 & ,*a9 ,pumps73 ,a--,axles4 ,b--,:eel  
:i* is turn$ by tread+4 ,c--,too!d :eel4
 ,d--,drum made ( rundles4 ,e--,drum to 
:i* are fix$ iron clamps4 ,f--,second   

:eel4 ,g--,balls4  ,! six? pump ( ?is   
k9d likewise has two axles4 ,at "o end (
 ! l[] axle is a :eel :i* is turn$ by   
two m5 tread+1 ?is is tw5ty-?ree feet   
high & f\r feet wide1 s t "o man may /& 
alongside ! o!r4 ,at ! o!r end ( ?is    
axle is a too!d :eel4 ,! upp]#ai axle   
has two drums & "o :eel2 ! fir/ drum is 
made ( rundles1 & to ! o!r !re are fix$ 
! iron clamps4 ,! :eel is l ! "o on !   
second ma*9e :i* is *iefly us$ = draw+  
e>? & brok5 rock out ( %afts4 ,!        
tread]s1 to prev5t !mselves f fall+1    
grasp 9 _! h&s poles :i* are fix$ to !  
inn] sides ( ! :eel4 ,:5 !y turn ?is    
:eel1 ! too!d drum be+ made to revolve1 
sets 9 motion ! o!r drum :i* is made (  
rundles1 by :i* means aga9 ! l9ks ( !   
*a9 cat* to ! cleats ( ! ?ird drum &    
draw wat] ?r\gh pipes by means (        
balls1--f a dep? ( sixty-six feet4      
,illu/ration #aii 7,bal+ ,wat]73        
,a--,res]voir4 ,b--,race4 ,c1           
,d--,lev]s4 ,e1 ,f--,tr\ghs "u ! wat]   
gates4 ,g1 ,h--,d\ble r[s ( buckets4    

,i--,axle4 ,k--,l>g] drum4              
,l--,draw+-*a94 ,m--,bag4 ,n--,hang+    
cage4 ,o--,man :o directs ! ma*9e4 ,p1  
,q--,m5 empty+ bags4  ,b ! l>ge/ ma*9e (
 all ^? :i* draw wat] is ! "o :i*       
foll[s4 ,fir/ ( all a res]voir is made 9
 a timb]$ *amb]2 ?is res]voir is eighte5
 feet long & twelve feet wide & high4   
,into ?is res]voir a /ream is div]t$    
?r\gh a wat]-race or ?r\gh ! tunnel2 x  
has two entrances & ! same numb] (      
gates4 ,lev]s are fix$ to ! upp] "p ( ^!
 gates1 by :i* !y c be rais$ & let d[n  
aga91 s t by "o way ! gates are op5$ & 9
 ! o!r way clos$4 ,b5ea? ! op5+s are two
 plank tr\ghs :i* c>ry ! wat] fl[+ f !  
res]voir1 & p\r x on to ! buckets ( !   
wat]-:eel1 ! impact ( :i* turns ! :eel4 
,! %ort] tr\gh c>ries ! wat]1 :i* /rikes
 ! buckets t turn ! :eel t[>d !         
res]voir1 & ! long] tr\gh c>ries ! wat] 
:i* /rikes ^? buckets t turn ! :eel 9 ! 
opposite direction4 ,! cas+ or cov]+ ( !
 :eel is made ( jo9$ bo>ds to :i* /rips 
are affix$ on ! inn] side4 ,! :eel      

itself is ?irty-six feet 9 diamet]1 & is
 mortis$ to an axle1 & x has1 z ,i h    
already said1 two r[s ( buckets1 ( :i*  
"o is set ! opposite way to ! o!r1 s t !
 :eel may be turn$ t[>d ! res]voir or 9 
! opposite direction4 ,! axle is squ>e &
 is ?irty-five feet long & two feet ?ick
 & wide4 ,beyond ! :eel1 at a di/ance ( 
six feet1 ! axle has f\r hubs1 "o foot  
wide & ?ick1 ea* "o ( :i* is f\r feet   
di/ant f ! next2 to ^! hubs are fix$ by 
iron nails z _m pieces ( wood z are     
necess>y to cov] ! hubs1 &1 9 ord] t !  
wood pieces may fit tight1 !y are broad]
 on ! outside & n>r[] on ! inside2 9 ?is
 way a drum is made1 ar\nd :i* is w\nd a
 *a9 to ^: ends are hook$ lea!r bags4 ,!
 reason :y a drum ( ?is k9d is made1 is 
t ! axle may be kept 9 good condition1  
because ?is drum :5 x becomes worn away 
by use c be repair$ easily4 ,fur!r along
 ! axle1 n f> f ! end1 is ano!r drum "o 
foot broad1 project+ two feet on all    
sides ar\nd ! axle4 ,& to ?is1 :5       
occasion dem&s1 a brake is appli$ =cibly

 & holds back ! ma*9e2 ?is k9d ( brake  
,i h expla9$ be=e4 ,ne> ! axle1 9 place 
( a hopp]1 !re is a floor ) a           
consid]able slope1 hav+ 9 front ( ! %aft
 a wid? ( fifte5 feet & ! same at !     
back2 at ea* side ( x !re is a /\t po/  
c>ry+ an iron *a9 :i* has a l>ge hook4  
,five m5 op]ate ?is ma*9e2 "o lets d[n !
 doors :i* close ! res]voir gates1 or by
 draw+ d[n ! lev]s1 op5s ! wat]-races2  
?is man1 :o is ! director ( ?is ma*9e1  
/&s 9 a hang+ cage beside ! res]voir4   
,:5 "o bag has be5 drawn out ne>ly z f> 
z ! slop+ floor1 he closes ! wat] gate 9
 ord] t ! :eel may be /opp$2 :5 ! bag   
has be5 empti$ he op5s ! o!r wat] gate1 
9 ord] t ! o!r set ( buckets may receive
 ! wat] & drive ! :eel 9 ! opposite     
direction4 ,if he _c close ! wat]-gate  
quickly en\gh1 & ! wat] cont9ues to fl[1
 he calls out to 8 comrade & bids him   
raise ! brake ^u ! drum & /op ! :eel4   
,two m5 alt]nately empty ! bags1 "o /&+ 
on t "p ( ! floor :i* is 9 front ( !    
%aft1 & ! o!r on t "p :i* is at ! back4 

,:5 ! bag has be5 ne>ly drawn up--( :i* 
fact a c]ta9 l9k ( ! *a9 gives w>n+--!  
man :o /&s on ! "o "p ( ! floor1 cat*es 
a l>ge iron hook 9 "o l9k ( ! *a91 &    
pulls out all ! subsequ5t "p ( ! *a9    
t[>d ! floor1 :]e ! bag is empti$ by !  
o!r man4 ,! object ( ?is hook is to     
prev5t ! *a91 by its own weight1 f pull+
 d[n ! o!r empty bag1 & ?us pull+ ! :ole
 *a9 f its axle & dropp+ x d[n ! %aft4  
,8 comrade 9 ! "w1 see+ t ! bag fill$ ) 
wat] has be5 ne>ly drawn out1 calls to !
 director ( ! ma*9e & bids him close !  
wat] ( ! t[] s t !re w be "t to empty ! 
bag2 ?is be+ empti$1 ! director ( !     
ma*9e fir/ ( all slightly op5s ! o!r    
wat]-gate ( ! t[] to all[ ! end ( ! *a91
 toge!r ) ! empty bag1 to be />t$ into !
 %aft aga91 & !n op5s entirely !        
wat]-gates4 ,:5 t "p ( ! *a9 :i* has be5
 pull$ on to ! floor has be5 w\nd up    
aga91 & has be5 let d[n ov] ! %aft f !  
drum1 he takes out ! l>ge hook :i* 0    
fa/5$ into a l9k ( ! *a94 ,! fif? man   
/&s 9 a sort ( cross-cut beside ! sump1 

t he may n be hurt1 if x %\ld happ5 t a 
l9k is brok5 & "p ( ! *a9 or any?+ else 
%\ld fall d[n2 he guides ! bag ) a wood5
 %ovel1 & fills x ) wat] if x fails to  
take 9 ! wat] spontane\sly4 ,9 ^! days1 
!y sew an iron b& into ! top ( ea* bag t
 x may con/antly rema9 op51 & :5 l[]$   
into ! sump may fill itself ) wat]1 &   
!re is no ne$ = a man to act z gov]nor (
 ! bags4 ,fur!r1 9 ^! days1 ( ^? m5 :o  
/& on ! floor ! "o empties ! bags1 & !  
o!r closes ! gates ( ! res]voir & op5s  
!m aga91 & ! same man usually fixes !   
l>ge hook 9 ! l9k ( ! *a94 ,9 ?is way1  
?ree m5 only are employ$ 9 work+ ?is    
ma*9e2 or ev5--s9ce sometimes ! "o :o   
empties ! bag presses ! brake :i* is    
rais$ aga9/ ! o!r drum & ?us /ops !     
:eel--two m5 take ^u !mselves ! :ole    
lab\r4  ,b en\gh ( haulage ma*9es2 ,i w 
n[ speak ( v5tilat+ ma*9es4 ,if a %aft  
is v deep & no tunnel rea*es to x1 or no
 drift f ano!r %aft connects ) x1 or :5 
a tunnel is ( great l5g? & no %aft      
rea*es to x1 !n ! air does n repl5i%    

itself4 ,9 su* a case x weighs heavily  
on ! m9]s1 caus+ !m to brea! )          
difficulty1 & sometimes !y are ev5      
suffocat$1 & burn+ lamps are also       
ext+ui%$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a necessity = 
ma*9es :i* ! ,greeks call ,greek3       
pneumatikai & ! ,lat9s spiritales--?\gh 
!y d n give =? any s\nd--:i* enable !   
m9]s to brea! easily & c>ry on _! "w4   
,illu/ration #bja 7,w9dsails =          
,v5tilation73 ,a--,sills4 ,b--,po9t$    
/akes4 ,c--,cross-beams4 ,d--,upright   
planks4 ,e--,holl[s4 ,f--,w9ds4         
,g--,cov]+ disc4 ,h--,%afts4 ,i--,ma*9e 
)\t a cov]+4  ,^! devices are ( ?ree    
g5]a4 ,! fir/ receives & div]ts into !  
%aft ! bl[+ ( ! w9d1 & ?is g5us is      
divid$ into ?ree species1 ( :i* ! fir/  
is z foll[s4 ,ov] ! %aft--to :i* no     
tunnel connects--are plac$ ?ree sills a 
little long] ?an ! %aft1 ! fir/ ov] !   
front1 ! second ov] ! middle1 & ! ?ird  
ov] ! back ( ! %aft4 ,_! ends h op5+s1  
?r\gh :i* pegs1 %>p5$ at ! bottom1 are  
driv5 deeply into ! gr\nd s z to hold !m

 immovable1 9 ! same way t ! sills ( !  
w9dlass are fix$4 ,ea* ( ^! sills is    
mortis$ into ea* ( ?ree cross-beams1 (  
:i* "o is at ! "r side ( ! %aft1 !      
second at ! left1 & ! ?ird 9 ! middle4  
,to ! second sill & ! second            
cross-beam--ea* ( :i* is plac$ ov] !    
middle ( ! %aft--planks are fix$ :i* are
 jo9$ 9 su* a mann] t ! "o :i* prec$es  
always fits into ! groove ( ! "o :i*    
foll[s4 ,9 ?is way f\r angles & ! same  
numb] ( int]v5+ holl[s are creat$1 :i*  
collect ! w9ds t bl[ f all directions4  
,! planks are ro($ above ) a cov] made 9
 a circul> %ape1 & are op5 bel[1 9 ord] 
t ! w9d may n be div]t$ upw>d & escape1 
b may be c>ri$ d[nw>d2 & !reby ! w9ds ( 
necessity bl[ into ! %afts ?r\gh ^! f\r 
op5+s4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no ne$ to ro( ?is 
k9d ( ma*9e 9 ^? localities 9 :i* x c be
 s plac$ t ! w9d c bl[ d[n ?r\gh its    
topmo/ "p4  ,illu/ration #bjb 7,w9dsails
 = ,v5tilation73 ,a--,project+ m\? (    
conduit4 ,b--,planks fix$ to ! m\? ( !  
conduit :i* does n project4  ,! second  

ma*9e ( ?is g5us turns ! bl[+ w9d into a
 %aft ?r\gh a long box-%ap$ conduit1 :i*
 is made ( z _m l5g?s ( planks1 jo9$    
toge!r1 z ! dep? ( ! %aft requires2 !   
jo9ts are sme>$ ) fat1 glut9\s clay     
moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,! m\? ( ?is conduit ei!r
 projects out ( ! %aft to a height (    
?ree or f\r feet1 or x does n project2  
if x projects1 x is %ap$ l a rectangul> 
funnel1 broad] & wid] at ! top ?an !    
conduit itself1 t x may ! m easily ga!r 
! w9d2 if x does n project1 x is n      
broad] ?an ! conduit1 b planks are fix$ 
to x away f ! direction 9 :i* ! w9d is  
bl[+1 :i* cat* ! w9d & =ce x into !     
conduit4  ,illu/ration #bjc 7,w9dsails =
 ,v5tilation73 ,a--,wood5 b>rels4       
,b--,hoops4 ,c--,bl[-holes4 ,d--,pipe4  
,e--,table4 ,f--,axle4 ,g--,op5+ 9 !    
bottom ( ! b>rel4 ,h--,w+4  ,! ?ird (   
?is g5us ( ma*9e is made ( a pipe or    
pipes & a b>rel4 ,above ! upp]mo/ pipe  
!re is erect$ a wood5 b>rel1 f\r feet   
high & ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 b\nd ) wood5
 hoops2 x has a squ>e bl[-hole always   

op51 :i* cat*es ! breezes & guides !m   
d[n ei!r by a pipe into a conduit or by 
_m pipes into ! %aft4 ,to ! top ( ! upp]
 pipe is atta*$ a circul> table z ?ick z
 ! bottom ( ! b>rel1 b ( a little less  
diamet]1 s t ! b>rel may be turn$ ar\nd 
on x2 ! pipe projects out ( ! table & is
 fix$ 9 a r\nd op5+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! bottom
 ( ! b>rel4 ,to ! end ( ! pipe a        
p]p5dicul> axle is fix$ :i* runs ?r\gh !
 c5tre ( ! b>rel into a hole 9 ! cov]1 9
 :i* x is fa/5$1 9 ! same way z at !    
bottom4 ,ar\nd ?is fix$ axle & ! table  
on ! pipe1 ! movable b>rel is easily    
turn$ by a zephyr1 or mu* m by a w9d1   
:i* gov]n ! w+ on x4 ,?is w+ is made (  
?9 bo>ds & fix$ to ! upp] "p ( ! b>rel  
on ! side fur!/ away f ! bl[-hole2 ?is1 
z ,i h said1 is squ>e & always op54 ,!  
w9d1 f :atev] qu>t] ( ! _w x bl[s1      
drives ! w+ /raight t[>d ! opposite     
direction1 9 :i* way ! b>rel turns !    
bl[-hole t[>ds ! w9d itself2 ! bl[-hole 
receives ! w9d1 & x is guid$ d[n into ! 
%aft by means ( ! conduit or pipes4     

,illu/ration #bjd 7,v5tilation ,fans73  
,a--,drum4 ,b--,box-%ap$ cas+4          
,c--,bl[-hole4 ,d--,second hole4        
,e--,conduit4 ,f--,axle4 ,g--,lev] (    
axle4 ,h--,rods4  ,! second g5us ( bl[+ 
ma*9e is made ) fans1 & is likewise v>i$
 & ( _m =ms1 = ! fans are ei!r fitt$ to 
a w9dlass b>rel or to an axle4 ,if to an
 axle1 !y are ei!r conta9$ 9 a holl[    
drum1 :i* is made ( two :eels & a numb] 
( bo>ds jo9+ !m toge!r1 or else 9 a     
box-%ap$ cas+4 ,! drum is /ation>y &    
clos$ on ! sides1 except = r\nd holes ( 
su* size t ! axle may turn 9 !m2 x has  
two squ>e bl[-holes1 ( :i* ! upp] "o    
receives ! air1 :ile ! l[] "o empties   
into ! conduit ?r\gh :i* ! air is l$ d[n
 ! %aft4 ,! ends ( ! axle1 :i* project  
on ea* side ( ! drum1 are support$ by   
=k$ po/s or holl[$ beams plat$ ) ?ick   
iron2 "o end ( ! axle has a crank1 :ile 
9 ! o!r end are fix$ f\r rods ) ?ick    
heavy ends1 s t !y weight ! axle1 & :5  
turn$1 make x prone to motion z x       
revolves4 ,& s1 :5 ! workman turns !    

axle by ! crank1 ! fans1 ! description (
 :i* ,i w give a little lat]1 draw 9 !  
air by ! bl[-hole1 & =ce x ?r\gh ! o!r  
bl[-hole :i* leads to ! conduit1 & ?r\gh
 ?is conduit ! air p5etrates into !     
%aft4  ,illu/ration #bje 7,v5tilation   
,fans73 ,a--,box-%ap$ cas+ plac$ on !   
gr\nd4 ,b--,its bl[-hole4 ,c--,its axle 
) fans4 ,d--,crank ( ! axle4 ,e--,rods (
 same4 ,f--,cas+ set on timb]s4         
,g--,sails :i* ! axle has outside !     
cas+4  ,! "o ) ! box-%ap$ cas+ is       
furni%$ ) j ! same ?+s z ! drum1 b !    
drum is f> sup]ior to ! box2 = ! fans s 
fill ! drum t !y almo/ t\* x on e side1 
& drive into ! conduit all ! air t has  
be5 accumulat$2 b !y _c ?us fill !      
box-%ap$ cas+1 on acc\nt ( its angles1  
into :i* ! air p>tly retreats2 !re=e x  
_c be z useful z ! drum4 ,! k9d ) a     
box-%ap$ cas+ is n only plac$ on !      
gr\nd1 b is also set up on timb]s l a   
w9dmill1 & its axle1 9 place ( a crank1 
has f\r sails outside1 l ! sails ( a    
w9dmill4 ,:5 ^! are /ruck by ! w9d !y   

turn ! axle1 & 9 ?is way its fans--:i*  
are plac$ )9 ! cas+--drive ! air ?r\gh !
 bl[-hole & ! conduit into ! %aft4      
,al?\gh ?is ma*9e has no ne$ ( m5 :om x 
is necess>y to pay to "w ! crank1 /ill  
:5 ! sky is devoid ( w9d1 z x (t5 is1 ! 
ma*9e does n turn1 & x is !re=e less    
suitable ?an ! o!rs = v5tilat+ a %aft4  
,illu/ration #bjf 7,v5tilation ,fans73  
,a--,holl[ drum4 ,b--,its bl[-hole4     
,c--,axle ) fans4 ,d--,drum :i* is made 
( rundles4 ,e--,l[] axle4 ,f--,its too!d
 :eel4 ,g--,wat] :eel4  ,9 ! k9d :]e !  
fans are fix$ to an axle1 !re is g5]ally
 a holl[ /ation>y drum at "o end ( !    
axle1 & on ! o!r end is fix$ a drum made
 ( rundles4 ,?is rundle drum is turn$ by
 ! too!d :eel ( a l[] axle1 :i* is      
itself turn$ by a :eel ^: buckets       
receive ! impetus ( wat]4 ,if ! locality
 supplies an abundance ( wat] ?is ma*9e 
is mo/ useful1 because to turn ! crank  
does n ne$ m5 :o require pay1 & because 
x =ces air )\t cessation ?r\gh ! conduit
 into ! %aft4  ,illu/ration #bjg        

7,v5tilation ,fans73 ,a--,fir/ k9d (    
fan4 ,b--,second k9d ( fan4 ,c--,?ird   
k9d ( fan4 ,d--,quadrangul> "p ( axle4  
,e--,r\nd "p ( same4 ,f--,crank4  ,( !  
fans :i* are fix$ on to an axle conta9$ 
9 a drum or box1 !re are ?ree sorts4 ,! 
fir/ sort is made ( ?9 bo>ds ( su* l5g? 
& wid? z ! height & wid? ( ! drum or box
 require2 ! second sort is made ( bo>ds 
( ! same wid?1 b %ort]1 to :i* are b\nd 
long ?9 blades ( popl> or "s o!r        
flexible wood2 ! ?ird sort has bo>ds l !
 la/1 to :i* are b\nd d\ble & triple r[s
 ( goose fea!rs4 ,?is la/ is less us$   
?an ! second1 :i* 9 turn is less us$ ?an
 ! fir/4 ,! bo>ds ( ! fan are mortis$   
into ! quadrangul> p>ts ( ! b>rel axle4 
,illu/ration #bjh 7,bell[s = m9e        
v5tilation73 ,a--,small] "p ( %aft4     
,b--,squ>e conduit4 ,c--,bell[s4        
,d--,l>g] "p ( %aft4  ,bl[+ ma*9es ( !  
?ird g5us1 :i* are no less v>i$ & ( no  
few] =ms ?an ^? ( ! second g5us1 are    
made ) bell[s1 = by its bla/s ! %afts & 
tunnels are n only furni%$ ) air ?r\gh  

conduits or pipes1 b !y c also be cle>$ 
by suction ( _! heavy & pe/il5tial      
vap\rs4 ,9 ! latt] case1 :5 ! bell[s is 
op5$ x draws ! vap\rs f ! conduits ?r\gh
 its bl[-hole & sucks ^! vap\rs into    
itself2 9 ! =m] case1 :5 x is compress$1
 x drives ! air ?r\gh its nozzle into ! 
conduits or pipes4 ,!y are compress$    
ei!r by a man1 or by a horse or by      
wat]-p[]2 if by a man1 ! l[] bo>d ( a   
l>ge bell[s is fix$ to ! timb]s above ! 
conduit :i* projects out ( ! %aft1 & s  
plac$ t :5 ! bla/ is bl[n ?r\gh !       
conduit1 its nozzle is set 9 ! conduit4 
,:5 x is desir$ to suck out heavy or    
pe/il5tial vap\rs1 ! bl[-hole ( ! bell[s
 is fitt$ all r\nd ! m\? ( ! conduit4   
,fix$ to ! upp] bell[s bo>d is a lev]   
:i* c\ples ) ano!r runn+ d[nw>d f a     
little axle1 into :i* x is mortis$ s t x
 may rema9 immovable2 ! iron j\rnals (  
?is little axle revolve 9 op5+s (       
upright po/s2 & s :5 ! workman pulls d[n
 ! lev] ! upp] bo>d ( ! bell[s is rais$1
 & at ! same "t ! flap ( ! bl[-hole is  

dragg$ op5 by ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,if !      
nozzle ( ! bell[s is enclos$ 9 ! conduit
 x draws pure air into itself1 b if its 
bl[-hole is fitt$ all r\nd ! m\? ( !    
conduit x exhau/s ! heavy & pe/il5tial  
vap\rs out ( ! conduit & ?us f ! %aft1  
ev5 if x is "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet deep4
 ,a /one plac$ on ! upp] bo>d ( ! bell[s
 depresses x & !n ! flap ( ! bl[-hole is
 clos$4 ,! bell[s1 by ! fir/ me?od1 bl[s
 fre% air into ! conduit ?r\gh its      
nozzle1 & by ! second me?od bl[s out    
?r\gh ! nozzle ! heavy & pe/il5tial     
vap\rs :i* h be5 collect$4 ,9 ?is latt] 
case fre% air ent]s ?r\gh ! l>g] "p ( ! 
%aft1 & ! m9]s gett+ ! b5efit ( x c     
su/a9 _! toil4 ,a c]ta9 small] "p ( !   
%aft :i* =ms a k9d ( e/u>y1 requires to 
be p>tition$ (f f ! o!r l>g] "p by      
un9t]rupt$ lagg+1 :i* rea*es f ! top ( !
 %aft to ! bottom2 ?r\gh ?is "p ! long b
 n>r[ conduit rea*es d[n ne>ly to !     
bottom ( ! %aft4  ,illu/ration #bji     
7,bell[s = m9e v5tilation73 ,a--,tunnel4
 ,b--,pipe4 ,c--,nozzle ( d\ble bell[s4 

,:5 no %aft has be5 sunk to su* dep? z  
to meet a tunnel driv5 f> into a m\nta91
 ^! ma*9es %\ld be built 9 su* a mann] t
 ! workman c move !m ab\t4 ,close by !  
dra9s ( ! tunnel ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s  
away1 wood5 pipes %\ld be plac$ & jo9$  
tightly toge!r 9 su* a mann] t !y c hold
 ! air2 ^! %\ld rea* f ! m\? ( ! tunnel 
to its fur!/ end4 ,at ! m\? ( ! tunnel !
 bell[s %\ld be s plac$ t ?r\gh its     
nozzle x c bl[ its accumulat$ bla/s into
 ! pipes or ! conduit2 s9ce "o bla/     
always drives =w>d ano!r1 !y p5etrate   
into ! tunnel & *ange ! air1 :]eby !    
m9]s are enabl$ to cont9ue _! "w4       
,illu/ration #baa 7,bell[s = m9e        
v5tilation73 ,a--,ma*9e fir/ describ$4  
,b--,?is workman1 tread+ ) 8 feet1 is   
compress+ ! bell[s4 ,c--,bell[s )\t     
nozzles4 ,d--,hole by :i* heavy vap\rs  
or bla/s are bl[n out4 ,e--,conduits4   
,f--,tunnel4 ,g--,second ma*9e describ$4
 ,h--,wood5 :eel4 ,i--,its /eps4        
,k--,b>s4 ,l--,hole 9 same :eel4        
,m--,pole4 ,n--,?ird ma*9e describ$4    

,o--,upright axle4 ,p--,its too!d drum4 
,q--,horizontal axle4 ,r--,its drum :i* 
is made ( rundles4  ,if heavy vap\rs ne$
 to be drawn (f f ! tunnels1 g5]ally    
?ree d\ble or triple bell[s1 )\t nozzles
 & clos$ 9 ! =ep>t1 are plac$ ^u b5*es4 
,a workman compresses !m by tread+ ) 8  
feet1 j z p]sons compress ^? bell[s ( ! 
organs :i* give out v>i$ & sweet s\nds 9
 *ur*es4 ,^! heavy vap\rs are ?us drawn 
along ! air-pipes & ?r\gh ! bl[-hole ( !
 l[] bell[s bo>d1 & are expell$ ?r\gh ! 
bl[-hole ( ! upp] bell[s bo>d into ! op5
 air1 or into "s %aft or drift4 ,?is    
bl[-hole has a flap-valve1 :i* ! noxi\s 
bla/ op5s1 z (t5 z x passes out4 ,s9ce  
"o volume ( air con/antly ru%es 9 to    
take ! place ( ano!r :i* has be5 drawn  
out by ! bell[s1 n only is ! heavy air  
drawn out ( a tunnel z great z #a1bjj   
feet long1 or ev5 long]1 b also !       
:olesome air is naturally drawn 9 ?r\gh 
t "p ( ! tunnel :i* is op5 outside !    
conduits4 ,9 ?is way ! air is *ang$1 & !
 m9]s are enabl$ to c>ry on ! "w !y h   

begun4 ,if ma*9es ( ?is k9d _h n be5    
inv5t$1 x w\ld be necess>y = m9]s to    
drive two tunnels into a m\nta91 &      
cont9ually1 at e two hundr$ feet at mo/1
 to s9k a %aft f ! upp] tunnel to ! l[] 
"o1 t ! air pass+ into ! "o1 & desc5d+  
by ! %afts into ! o!r1 w\ld be kept fre%
 = ! m9]s2 ?is c\ld n be done )\t great 
exp5se4  ,!re are two diff]5t ma*9es =  
op]at+1 by means ( horses1 ! above      
describ$ bell[s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ma*9es has
 on its axle a wood5 :eel1 ! rim ( :i*  
is cov]$ all ! way r\nd by /eps2 a horse
 is kept cont9ually )9 b>s1 l ^? )9 :i* 
horses are held to be %od ) iron1 & by  
tread+ ^! /eps ) its feet x turns !     
:eel1 toge!r ) ! axle2 ! cams on ! axle 
press d[n ! sweeps :i* compress !       
bell[s4 ,! way ! in/rum5t is made :i*   
raises ! bell[s aga91 & also ! b5*es on 
:i* ! bell[s re/1 ,i w expla9 m cle>ly 9
 ,book ,,ix4 ,ea* bell[s1 if x draws    
heavy vap\rs out ( a tunnel1 bl[s !m out
 ( ! hole 9 ! upp] bo>d2 if !y are drawn
 out ( a %aft1 x bl[s !m out ?r\gh its  

nozzle4 ,! :eel has a r\nd hole1 :i* is 
transfix$ ) a pole :5 ! ma*9e ne$s to be
 /opp$4  ,! second ma*9e has two axles2 
! upright "o is turn$ by a horse1 & its 
too!d drum turns a drum made ( rundles  
on a horizontal axle2 9 o!r respects ?is
 ma*9e is l ! la/4 ,"h1 also1 ! nozzles 
( ! bell[s plac$ 9 ! conduits bl[ a bla/
 into ! %aft or tunnel4  ,illu/ration   
#bab 7,v5tilat+ ) ,damp ,clo?73         
,a--,tunnel4 ,b--,l95 clo?4  ,9 ! same  
way t ?is la/ ma*9e c refre% ! heavy air
 ( a %aft or tunnel1 s also c\ld ! old  
sy/em ( v5tilat+ by ! con/ant %ak+ ( l95
 clo?s1 :i* ,pl9y#bj has expla9$2 ! air 
n only gr[s heavi] ) ! dep? ( a %aft1 ( 
:i* fact he has made m5tion1 b also ) ! 
l5g? ( a tunnel4  ,illu/ration #bac     
7,desc5t into ,m9es73 ,a--,desc5d+ into 
! %aft by ladd]s4 ,b--,by sitt+ on a    
/ick4 ,c--,by sitt+ on ! dirt4          
,d--,desc5d+ by /eps cut 9 ! rock4  ,!  
climb+ ma*9es ( m9]s are ladd]s1 fix$ to
 "o side ( ! %aft1 & ^! rea* ei!r to !  
tunnel or to ! bottom ( ! %aft4 ,i ne$ n

 describe h[ !y are made1 because !y are
 us$ ev]y:]e1 & ne$ n s mu* skill 9 _!  
con/ruction z c>e 9 fix+ !m4 ,h[ev]1    
m9]s g d[n into m9es n only by ! /eps ( 
ladd]s1 b !y are also l[]$ into !m :ile 
sitt+ on a /ick or a wick] basket1 fa/5$
 to ! rope ( "o ( ! ?ree draw+ ma*9es   
:i* ,i describ$ at fir/4 ,fur!r1 :5 !   
%afts are mu* incl9$1 m9]s & o!r workm5 
sit 9 ! dirt :i* surr\nds _! lo9s &     
slide d[n 9 ! same way t boys d 9       
w9t]-"t :5 ! wat] on "s hillside has    
congeal$ ) ! cold1 & to prev5t !mselves 
f fall+1 "o arm is w\nd ab\t a rope1 !  
upp] end ( :i* is fa/5$ to a beam at !  
m\? ( ! %aft1 & ! l[] end to a /ake fix$
 9 ! bottom ( ! %aft4 ,9 ^! ?ree ways   
m9]s desc5d into ! %afts4 ,a f\r? way   
may be m5tion$ :i* is employ$ :5 m5 &   
horses g d[n to ! und]gr\nd ma*9es &    
come up aga91 t is by incl9$ %afts :i*  
are twi/$ l a screw & h /eps cut 9 !    
rock1 z ,i h already describ$4  ,x      
rema9s = me to speak ( ! ailm5ts &      
accid5ts ( m9]s1 & ( ! me?ods by :i* !y 

c gu>d aga9/ ^!1 = we %\ld always devote
 m c>e to ma9ta9+ our heal?1 t we may   
freely p]=m our bodily functions1 ?an to
 mak+ pr(its4 ,( ! illnesses1 "s affect 
! jo9ts1 o!rs attack ! lungs1 "s ! eyes1
 & f9ally "s are fatal to m54  ,:]e wat]
 9 %afts is abundant & v cold1 x        
frequ5tly injures ! limbs1 = cold is    
h>mful to ! s9ews4 ,to meet ?is1 m9]s   
%\ld make !mselves suffici5tly high     
boots ( ra:ide1 :i* protect _! legs f ! 
cold wat]2 ! man :o does n foll[ ?is    
advice w suff] mu* ill-heal?1 especially
 :5 he rea*es old age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s 
m9es are s dry t !y are entirely devoid 
( wat]1 & ?is dryness causes ! workm5   
ev5 great] h>m1 = ! du/ :i* is /irr$ &  
beat5 up by digg+ p5etrates into !      
w9dpipe & lungs1 & produces difficulty 9
 brea?+1 & ! disease :i* ! ,greeks call 
,greek3 a/hma4 ,if ! du/ has corrosive  
qualities1 x eats away ! lungs1 &       
implants consumption 9 ! body2 h5ce 9 ! 
m9es ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s wom5 are    
f\nd :o h m>ri$ sev5 husb&s1 all ( :om  

?is t]rible consumption has c>ri$ (f to 
a premature dea?4 ,at ,alt5b]g 9 ,meiss5
 !re is f\nd 9 ! m9es black pompholyx1  
:i* eats w\nds & ulc]s to ! bone2 ?is   
also corrodes iron1 = :i* reason ! keys 
( _! %$s are made ( wood4 ,fur!r1 !re is
 a c]ta9 k9d ( cadmia#ba :i* eats away !
 feet ( ! workm5 :5 !y h become wet1 &  
simil>ly _! h&s1 & injures _! lungs &   
eyes4 ,!re=e1 = _! digg+ !y %\ld make = 
!mselves n only boots ( ra:ide1 b gloves
 long en\gh to rea* to ! elb[1 & !y %\ld
 fa/5 loose veils ov] _! faces2 ! du/ w 
!n nei!r be drawn ?r\gh ^! into _!      
w9dpipes & lungs1 nor w x fly into _!   
eyes4 ,n dissimil>ly1 among ! ,romans#bb
 ! mak]s ( v]milion took precautions    
aga9/ brea?+ its fatal du/4  ,/agnant   
air1 bo? t :i* rema9s 9 a %aft & t :i*  
rema9s 9 a tunnel1 produces a difficulty
 9 brea?+2 ! rem$ies = ?is evil are !   
v5tilat+ ma*9es :i* ,i h expla9$ above4 
,!re is ano!r illness ev5 m de/ructive1 
:i* soon br+s dea? to m5 :o "w 9 ^?     
%afts or levels or tunnels 9 :i* ! h>d  

rock is brok5 by fire4 ,"h ! air is     
infect$ ) poison1 s9ce l>ge & small ve9s
 & seams 9 ! rocks exhale "s subtle     
poison f ! m9]als1 :i* is driv5 out by !
 fire1 & ?is poison itself is rais$ ) ! 
smoke n unlike pompholyx1#bc :i* cl+s to
 ! upp] "p ( ! walls 9 ! works 9 :i* ore
 is smelt$4 ,if ?is poison _c escape f !
 gr\nd1 b falls d[n into ! pools &      
floats on _! surface1 x (t5 causes      
dang]1 = if at any "t ! wat] is di/urb$ 
?r\gh a /one or any?+ else1 ^! fumes    
rise aga9 f ! pools & ?us ov]come ! m51 
by be+ drawn 9 ) _! brea?2 ?is is ev5   
mu* worse if ! fumes ( ! fire h n yet   
all escap$4 ,! bodies ( liv+ creatures  
:o are infect$ ) ?is poison g5]ally     
swell imm$iately & lose all movem5t &   
feel+1 & !y die )\t pa92 m5 ev5 9 ! act 
( climb+ f ! %afts by ! /eps ( ladd]s   
fall back into ! %afts :5 ! poison      
ov]takes !m1 because _! h&s d n p]=m _! 
(fice1 & seem to !m to be r\nd &        
sph]ical1 & likewise _! feet4 ,if by    
good =tune ! injur$ ones escape ^!      

evils1 = a little :ile !y are pale &    
look l dead m54 ,at su* times1 no "o    
%\ld desc5d into ! m9e or into !        
neighb\r+ m9es1 or if he is 9 !m he %\ld
 come out quickly4 ,prud5t & skill$ m9]s
 burn ! piles ( wood on ,friday1 t[>ds  
ev5+1 & !y d n desc5d into ! %afts nor  
ent] ! tunnels aga9 be=e ,monday1 & 9 ! 
meantime ! poison\s fumes pass away4    
,!re are also times :5 a reckon+ has to 
be made ) ,orcus1#bd = "s metallif]\s   
localities1 ?\gh su* are r>e1           
spontane\sly produce poison & exhale    
pe/il5tial vap\r1 z is also ! case ) "s 
op5+s 9 ! ore1 ?\gh ^! m (t5 conta9 !   
noxi\s fumes4 ,9 ! t[ns ( ! pla9s (     
,bohemia !re are "s cav]ns :i*1 at c]ta9
 seasons ( ! ye>1 emit pung5t vap\rs :i*
 put out lights & kill ! m9]s if !y l+] 
too long 9 !m4 ,pl9y1 too1 has left a   
record t :5 wells are sunk1 ! sulphur\s 
or alum9\s vap\rs :i* arise kill !      
well-digg]s1 & x is a te/ ( ?is dang] if
 a burn+ lamp :i* has be5 let d[n is    
ext+ui%$4 ,9 su* cases a second well is 

dug to ! "r or left1 z an air-%aft1 :i* 
draws (f ^! noxi\s vap\rs4 ,on ! pla9s  
!y con/ruct bell[s :i* draw up ^! noxi\s
 vap\rs & rem$y ?is evil2 ^! ,i h       
describ$ be=e4  ,fur!r1 sometimes workm5
 slipp+ f ! ladd]s into ! %afts break _!
 arms1 legs1 or necks1 or fall into !   
sumps & are dr[n$2 (t51 inde$1 !        
neglig5ce ( ! =eman is to blame1 = x is 
8 special "w bo? to fix ! ladd]s s      
firmly to ! timb]s t !y _c break away1 &
 to cov] s securely ) planks ! sumps at 
! bottom ( ! %afts1 t ! planks _c be    
mov$ nor ! m5 fall into ! wat]2 :]e=e ! 
=eman mu/ c>efully execute 8 own "w4    
,moreov]1 he mu/ n set ! entrance ( !   
%aft-h\se t[>d ! nor? w9d1 le/ 9 w9t] ! 
ladd]s freeze ) cold1 = :5 ?is happ5s ! 
m5's h&s become /iff & slipp]y ) cold1 &
 _c p]=m _! (fice ( hold+4 ,! m51 too1  
mu/ be c>eful t1 ev5 if none ( ^! ?+s   
happ51 !y d n fall ?r\gh _! own         
c>elessness4  ,m\nta9s1 too1 slide d[n &
 m5 are cru%$ 9 _! fall & p]i%4 ,9 fact1
 :5 9 old5 days ,rammelsb]g1 9 ,gosl>1  

sank d[n1 s _m m5 7 cru%$ 9 ! ru9s t 9  
"o day1 ! records tell u1 ab\t #djj wom5
 7 robb$ ( _! husb&s4 ,& elev5 ye>s ago1
 "p ( ! m\nta9 ( ,alt5b]g1 :i* _h be5   
excavat$1 became loose & sank1 & sudd5ly
 cru%$ six m9]s2 x also swall[$ up a hut
 & "o "m & h] little boy4 ,b ?is g5]ally
 occurs 9 ^? m\nta9s :i* conta9 v5ae    
cumulatae4 ,!re=e1 m9]s %\ld leave      
num]\s ar*es "u ! m\nta9s :i* ne$       
support1 or provide und]p9n+4 ,fall+    
pieces ( rock also injure _! limbs1 & to
 prev5t ?is f happ5+1 m9]s %\ld protect 
! %afts1 tunnels1 & drifts4  ,! v5om\s  
ant :i* exi/s 9 ,s>d9ia is n f\nd 9 our 
m9es4 ,?is animal is1 z ,sol9us#be      
writes1 v small & l a spid] 9 %ape2 x is
 call$ solifuga1 because x %uns 7fugit7 
! light 7solem74 ,x is v common 9 silv] 
m9es2 x creeps unobs]v$ & br+s          
de/ruction ^u ^? :o imprud5tly sit on x4
 ,b1 z ! same writ] tells u1 spr+s ( w>m
 & salubri\s wat]s gu% out 9 c]ta9      
places1 :i* neutralise ! v5om ins]t$ by 
! ants4  ,9 "s ( our m9es1 h[ev]1 ?\gh 9

 v few1 !re are o!r p]nici\s pe/s4 ,^!  
are demons ( f]oci\s aspect1 ab\t :i* ,i
 h spok5 9 my book ,de ,animantibus     
,subt]raneis4 ,demons ( ?is k9d are     
expell$ & put to flight by pray] &      
fa/+4#bf  ,"s ( ^! evils1 z well z c]ta9
 o!r ?+s1 are ! reason :y pits are      
occasionally ab&on$4 ,b ! fir/ &        
pr9cipal cause is t !y d n yield metal1 
or if1 = "s fa?oms1 !y d be> metal !y   
become b>r5 9 dep?4 ,! second cause is !
 quantity ( wat] :i* fl[s 92 sometimes !
 m9]s c nei!r div]t ?is wat] into !     
tunnels1 s9ce tunnels _c be driv5 s f>  
into ! m\nta9s1 or !y _c draw x out )   
ma*9es because ! %afts are too deep2 or 
if !y c\ld draw x out ) ma*9es1 !y d n  
use !m1 ! reason und\bt$ly be+ t !      
exp5diture is great] ?an ! pr(its ( a   
mod]ately poor ve94 ,! ?ird cause is !  
noxi\s air1 :i* ! own]s sometimes _c    
ov]come ei!r by skill or exp5diture1 =  
:i* reason ! digg+ is sometimes ab&on$1 
n only ( %afts1 b also ( tunnels4 ,!    
f\r? cause is ! poison produc$ 9        

p>ticul> places1 if x is n 9 our p[]    
ei!r completely to remove x or to       
mod]ate its effects4 ,?is is ! reason :y
 ! cav]ns 9 ! ,pla9 kn[n z ,laur5tius#bg
 us$ n to be work$1 ?\gh !y 7 n defici5t
 9 silv]4 ,! fif? cause are ! fi]ce &   
murd]\s demons1 = if !y _c be expell$1  
no "o escapes f !m4 ,! six? cause is t !
 und]p9n+s become loos5$ & collapse1 & a
 fall ( ! m\nta9 usually foll[s2 !      
und]p9n+s are !n only re/or$ :5 ! ve9 is
 v ri* 9 metal4 ,! sev5? cause is       
milit>y op]ations4 ,%afts & tunnels %\ld
 n be re-op5$ unless we are q c]ta9 ( ! 
reasons :y ! m9]s h des]t$ !m1 because  
we ought n to believe t our ance/ors 7 s
 indol5t & spiritless z to des]t m9es   
:i* c\ld h be5 c>ri$ on ) pr(it4 ,inde$1
 9 our own days1 n a few m9]s1 p]suad$  
by old wom5's tales1 h re-op5$ des]t$   
%afts & lo/ _! "t & tr\ble4 ,!re=e1 to  
prev5t future g5]ations f be+ l$ to act 
9 su* a way1 x is advisable to set d[n 9
 writ+ ! reason :y ! digg+ ( ea* %aft or
 tunnel has be5 ab&on$1 j z x is agre$ 0

 once done at ,freib]g1 :5 ! %afts 7    
des]t$ on acc\nt ( ! great inru% ( wat]4
       ,,end ,,( ,,book ,,vi4           
,,footnotes3  #a ,?is ,book is devot$ 9 
! ma9 to w9d+1 v5tilat+1 & pump+ ma*9]y4
 ,_! me*anical pr9ciples are v old4 ,!  
block & pulley1 ! w9dlass1 ! use (      
wat]-:eels1 ! transmission ( p[] ?r\gh  
%afts & ge>-:eels1 *a9-pumps1           
pi/on-pumps ) valves1 7 all kn[n to !   
,greeks & ,romans1 & possibly e>li]4    
,ma*9es involv+ ^! pr9ciples 7 describ$ 
by ,ctesibius1 an ,alex&rian ( #bej     
,b4,c41 by ,ar*im$es 7#bhg-bab ,b4,c471 
& by ,vitruvius 7#a/ ,c5tury ,b4,c47 ,z 
to h[ f> ^! ma*9es 7 appli$ to m9+ by ! 
,anci5ts we h b little evid5ce1 & ?is   
l>gely 9 connection ) h&l+ wat]4        
,diodorus ,siculus 7#a/ ,c5tury ,b4,c47 
ref]r+ to ! ,spani% m9es1 says 7,book   
,v473 ,sometimes at great dep?s !y meet 
great riv]s und]gr\nd1 b by art give    
*eck to ! viol5ce ( ! /reams1 = by cutt+
 tr5*es !y div]t ! curr5t1 & be+ sure to
 ga9 :at !y aim at :5 !y h begun1 !y    

nev] leave (f till !y h f9i%$ x4 ,& !y  
admirably pump out ! wat] ) ^? in/rum5ts
 call$ ,egyptian pumps1 inv5t$ by       
,ar*im$es1 ! ,syracusan1 :5 he 0 9      
,egypt4 ,by ^!1 ) con/ant pump+ by turns
 !y ?r[ up ! wat] to ! m\? ( ! pit & ?us
 dra9 ! m9e2 = ?is eng9e is s +5i\sly   
contriv$ t a va/ quantity ( wat] is     
/rangely & ) little lab\r ca/ out4      
,/rabo 7#fc ,b4,c4-#bd ,a4,d41 ,,iii41  
#b1 #i71 also ref]r+ to ,spani% m9es1   
quot+ f ,posidonius 7ab\t #ajj ,b4,c471 
says3 ,he comp>es ) ^! 7! ,a!nians7 !   
activity & dilig5ce ( ! ,turdetani1 :o  
are 9 ! habit ( cutt+ tortu\s & deep    
tunnels1 & dra9+ ! /reams :i* !y        
frequ5tly enc\nt] by means ( ,egyptian  
screws4 7,hamilton's ,tran41 ,vol4 ,i41 
p4 #bba74 ,! ,egyptian screw 0          
,ar*im$es' screw1 & 0 ?us call$ because 
mu* us$ by ! ,egyptians = irrigation4   
,pl9y 7,,xxxiii41 #ca7 also says1 9     
speak+ ( ! ,spani% silv]-lead m9es3 ,!  
m\nta9 has be5 excavat$ = a di/ance (   
#a1ejj paces1 & along ?is di/ance !re   

are wat]-c>ri]s /&+ by tor*-light night 
& day /eadily bal+ ! wat] 7?us7 mak+ q a
 riv]4 ,! re-op5+ ( ! m9es at ,rio ,t9to
 9 ! middle ( ! #ah? ,c5tury disclos$   
old ,roman /opes1 9 :i* 7 f\nd sev]al   
wat]-:eels4 ,^! 7 ab\t #ae feet 9       
diamet]1 lift+ ! wat] by ! rev]se       
arrangem5t to an ov]%ot wat]-:eel4 ,a   
wood5 ,ar*im$ian screw 0 also f\nd 9 !  
neighb\rhood4 7,na%1 ,! ,rio ,t9to ,m9e1
 its ,hi/ory & ,romance1 ,london1       
#aijd74  ,until e>ly 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury1  
wat] =m$ ! limit+ factor 9 ! dep? (     
m9es4 ,to ! great devotion to ?is wat]  
problem we owe ! inv5tion ( ! /eam      
eng9e4 ,9 #agje ,newcom5--no d\bt       
inspir$ by ,sav]y's unsuccessful        
attempt--inv5t$ 8 eng9e1 & in/all$ !    
fir/ "o on a colli]y at ,wolv]hampton1 9
 ,/af=d%ire4 ,) its success1 a new era 0
 op5$ to ! m9]1 to be yet fur!r ext5d$  
by ,watt's improvem5ts sixty ye>s lat]4 
,x %\ld be a matt] ( satisfaction to m9+
 eng9e]s t n only 0 ! /eam eng9e !      
h&iwork ( _! pr(ession1 b t ano!r m9+   

eng9e]1 ,/eph5son1 9 8 ef=t to fur!r !  
advance ( 8 call+1 inv5t$ ! locomotive4 
#b ,:ile ^! p>ticul> tools s]ve ! same  
purpose z ! gad & ! moil1 ! latt] are n 
fitt$ ) h&les1 & we h1 !re=e1 n felt    
ju/ifi$ 9 adopt+ ^! t]ms1 b h giv5 a    
lit]al r5d]+ ( ! ,lat94  ,! ,lat9 & old 
,g]man t]ms = ^! tools 73--    ,fir/    
,iron tool  ,f]ram5tum primum           
,b]geis54   ,second                     
secundum   ,rutzeis54   ,?ird           
t]tium    ,sumpffeis54   ,f\r?          
qu>tum    ,fimmel4   ,w$ge              
,cuneus                 ,keil4   ,iron  
block       ,lam9a                      
,plotz4   ,iron plate       ,bractea    
,f$]4  ,! ,g]man words obvi\sly _h local
 value & d n be> translation lit]ally4  
#c ,"o metreta1 a ,greek measure1       
equall$ ab\t n9e ,engli% gallons1 & a   
congius conta9$ ab\t six p9ts4  #d      
,+e/ores4 ,?is is a case ( ,agricola    
co9+ a "n = workm5 f ! "w1 ! t]m be+    
d]iv$ f +]o1 to p\r or to ?r[ 91 us$ 9 !
 previ\s clause--h5ce ! reason4 ,see p4 

xxxi4  #e ,cisium4 ,a two-:eel$ c>t4 ,9 
! preface ,agricola gives ?is z an      
example ( 8 int5d$ adaptations4 ,see p4 
xxxi4  #f ,canis4 ,! ,g]mans 9          
,agricola's "t call$ a truck a hundt--a 
h\nd4  #g ,alveus1--,tray4 ,! ,spani%   
t]m batea has be5 s g5]ally adopt$ into 
! m9+ vocabul>y = a wood5 b[l = ^!      
purposes1 t we introduce x "h4  #h ,pl9y
 7,,xxxiii41 #ba74 ,! fragm5ts are c>ri$
 on workm5's %\ld]s2 night & day ea*    
passes ! mat]ial to 8 neighb\r1 only !  
la/ ( !m see+ ! daylight4  #aj          
,h>pago1--,a grapple or hook4  #aa      
,anci5t ,noricum cov]$ ! region ( mod]n 
,tyrol1 ) p>ts ( ,bav>ia1 ,salzburg1    
etc4  #ab ,ma*9a quae pilis aquas       
haurit4 ,ma*9e :i* draws wat] ) balls4  
,?is app>atus is id5tical ) ! ,corni%   
rag & *a9 pump ( ! same p]iod1 & we h   
!re=e adopt$ t t]m4  #ac ,a congius     
conta9$ ab\t six p9ts4  #ad ,vitruvius  
7,x41 #i74 ,b if ! wat] is to be suppli$
 to /ill high] places1 a d\ble *a9 (    
iron is made to revolve on ! axis ( !   

:eel1 long en\gh to rea* to ! l[] level4
 ,?is is furni%$ ) braz5 buckets1 ea*   
hold+ ab\t a congius4 ,!n by turn+ !    
:eel1 ! *a9 also turns ^u ! axis & br+s 
! buckets to ! top !re(1 on pass+ :i* !y
 are inv]t$ & p\r into ! conduits ! wat]
 !y h rais$4  #ae ,?is description      
c]ta9ly does n correspond 9 e p>ticul> )
 ! illu/ration4  #af ,!re is a c]ta9    
defici5cy 9 ! hydraulics ( ?is ma*9e4   
#ag ,! dim5sions giv5 9 ?is description 
= ! v>i\s memb]s d n tally4  #ah        
,melibocian1--! ,h>z4  #ai ,9 ! orig9al 
text ?is is giv5 z l[]1 & appe>s to be  
an error4  #bj ,pl9y 7,,xxxi1 #bh74 ,9  
deep wells1 ! occurr5ce ( sulphurata or 
alum9osa vapor is fatal to ! digg]s4 ,! 
pres5ce ( ?is p]il is %[n if a light$   
lamp let d[n into ! well is ext+ui%$4   
,if s1 o!r wells are sunk to ! "r &     
left1 :i* c>ry (f ^! noxi\s gases4 ,ap>t
 f ^! evils1 ! air itself becomes noxi\s
 ) dep?1 :i* c be rem$i$ by con/antly   
%ak+ l95 clo?s1 ?us sett+ ! air 9       
motion4  #ba ,?is is giv5 9 ! ,g]man    

translation z kobelt4 ,! kobelt 7or     
cobaltum ( ,agricola7 0 probably        
ars5ical-cobalt1 a m9]al common 9 !     
,saxon m9es4 ,! orig9 ( ! application ( 
! ^w cobalt to a m9]al appe>s to lie 9 !
 ,g]man ^w = ! gnomes & gobl9s 7kobelts7
 s univ]sal to ,saxon m9]s'             
imag9ations1--?is ^w 9 turn probably be+
 d]iv$ f ! ,greek cobali 7mimes74 ,!    
suff]+ describ$ above seems to h be5    
associat$ ) ! malevol5ce ( demons1 &    
lat] ! ^w = ^! demons 0 atta*$ to ?is   
disagreeable ore4 ,a qua9t s]ies ( m9+  
s]mons1 by ,johann ,ma!sius1 entitl$    
,s>epta od] ,b]gpo/ill1 ,nu]nb]g1 #aefb1
 conta9s ! foll[+ passage 7p4 #aed7 :i* 
be>s out ?is view4 ,we reta9 ! orig9al &
 v>i$ spell+ ( cobalt & also add ano!r  
view ( ,ma!sius1 involv+ an exp]i5ce (  
,solomon & ,hiram ( ,tyre ) "s m9es     
conta9+ cobalt4  ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 f   
dry h>d ve9s a c]ta9 black1 gre5i%1 grey
 or a%-col\r$ e>? is dug out1 (t5       
conta9+ good ore1 & ?is m9]al be+ burnt 
gives /rong fumes & is extract$ l       

'tutty4' ,x is call$ cadmia fossilis4 ,y
 m9]s call x cobelt4 ,g]mans call !     
,black ,devil & ! old ,devil's furies1  
old & black cobel1 :o injure p & _!     
cattle ) _! wit*crafts4 ,n[ ! ,devil is 
a wick$1 malici\s _s1 :o %oots 8 poison$
 d>ts into ! he>ts ( m51 z sorc]]s &    
wit*es %oot at ! limbs ( cattle & m51 & 
"w mu* evil & mis*ief ) cobalt or       
hipomane or horses' poison4 ,aft]       
quicksilv] & rotgueltig5 ore1 are cobalt
 & wismu? fumes2 ^! are ! mo/ poison\s (
 ! metals1 & ) !m "o c kill flies1 mice1
 cattle1 birds1 & m54 ,s1 fre% cobalt & 
kisswass] 7vitriol87 dev\r ! h&s & feet 
( m9]s1 & ! du/ & fumes ( cobalt kill _m
 m9+ p & workpeople :o d mu* "w among ! 
fumes ( ! smelt]s4 ,:e!r or n ! ,devil &
 8 helli% crew gave _! "n to cobelt1 or 
kobelt1 nev]!less1 cobelt is a poison\s 
& injuri\s metal ev5 if x conta9s silv]4
 ,i f9d 9 ,i4 ,k+s #i1 ! ^w ,cabul4 ,:5 
,solomon pres5t$ tw5ty t[ns 9 ,galilee  
to ! ,k+ ( ,tyre1 ,hiram visit$ !m fir/1
 & w\ld n h !m1 & said ! l& 0 well nam$ 

,cabul z ,jo%ua _h *ri/5$ x4 ,x is c]ta9
 f ,jo%ua t ^! tw5ty t[ns lay 9 ! ,k+dom
 ( ,as]1 n f> f our ,s>epta1 & t !re _h 
be5 iron & copp] m9es !re1 z ,moses says
 9 ano!r place4 ,inasmu*1 !n1 z ^! tw5ty
 places 7 m9+ t[ns1 & cobelt is a metal1
 x appe>s q likely t ! m9]al took its "n
 f ! l& ( ,cabul4 ,hi/ory & circum/ances
 be> out ! !ory t ,hiram 0 an excell5t &
 exp]i5c$ m9]1 :o obta9$ mu* gold f     
,ophir1 ) :i* he hon\r$ ,solomon4       
,!re=e1 ! ,great ,k+ wi%$ to %[ 8       
gratitude to 8 good neighb\r by hon\r+ a
 m9] ) m9+ t[ns4 ,b because ! ,k+ (     
,tyre 0 skill$ 9 m9es1 he fir/ inspect$ 
! new m9es1 & saw t !y only produc$ poor
 metal & mu* wild cobelt ore1 !re=e he  
pref]r$ to f9d 8 gold by digg+ ! gold & 
silv] 9 ,india r ?an by gett+ x by !    
cobelt ve9s & ore4 ,= truly1 cobelt ores
 are injuri\s1 & are usually s emb$d$ 9 
o!r ore t !y rob !m 9 ! fire & consume  
7madtet und fri/7 mu* lead be=e ! silv] 
is extract$1 & :5 ?is happ5s x is       
especially speysig4 ,!re=e ,hiram made a

 good reckon+ z to ! m9es & w\ld n      
und]take all ! exp5se ( work+ & smelt+1 
& s return$ ,solomon ! tw5ty t[ns4  #bb 
,pl9y 7,,xxxiii1 #dj74 ,^? employ$ 9 !  
works prep>+ v]milion1 cov] _! faces ) a
 bladd]-sk91 t !y may n inhale !        
p]nici\s p[d]1 yet !y c see ?r\gh ! sk94
  #bc ,pompholyx 0 a furnace deposit1   
usually mo/ly z9c oxide1 b (t5 conta9+  
ars5ical oxide1 & to ?is latt] quality  
?is ref]5ce probably applies4 ,!        
symptoms m5tion$ lat] 9 ! text amply    
indicate ars5ical poison+1 ( :i* a sort 
( sph]ical effect on ! h&s is           
*>act]i/ic4 ,see also note on p4 #aab = 
discussion ( corrosive cadmia2 fur!r    
in=mation on pompholyx is giv5 9 ,note  
#bf1 p4 #cid4  #bd ,orcus1 ! god ( !    
inf]nal regions1--o!rwise ,pluto4  #be  
,caius ,julius ,sol9us 0 an unreliable  
,roman ,gramm>ian ( ! #crd ,c5tury4 ,!re
 is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! precise
 animal meant by solifuga4 ,! ^w is     
v>i\sly spell$ solipugus1 solpugus1     
solipuga1 solipunga1 etc41 & is m5tion$ 

by ,pl9y 7,,viii41 #dc71 & o!r anci5t   
au?ors all app>5tly mean+ a v5om\s      
insect1 ei!r an ant or a spid]4 ,! t]m 9
 lat] times indicat$ a scorpion4  #bf ,!
 pres5ce ( demons or gnomes 9 ! m9es 0 s
 g5]al a belief t ,agricola fully       
accept$ x4 ,?is is m rem>kable1 9 view (
 our au?or's v g5]al scepticism reg>d+ !
 sup]natural4 ,he1 h[ev]1 does n        
classify !m all z bad--"s be+ di/9ctly  
helpful4 ,! description ( gnomes ( k9dly
 int5t1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph 
9 ,de ,animantibus is ( int]e/3--  ,!n  
!re are ! g5tle k9d :i* ! ,g]mans z well
 z ! ,greeks call cobalos1 because !y   
mimic m54 ,!y appe> to laugh ) glee &   
pret5d to d mu*1 b really d no?+4 ,!y   
are call$ little m9]s1 because ( _!     
dw>fi% /ature1 :i* is ab\t two feet4 ,!y
 are v5]able look+ & are clo!d l m9]s 9 
a fillet$ g>m5t ) a lea!r apron ab\t _! 
lo9s4 ,?is k9d does n (t5 tr\ble ! m9]s1
 b !y idle ab\t 9 ! %afts & tunnels &   
really d no?+1 al?\gh !y pret5d to be   
busy 9 all k9ds ( lab\r1 sometimes digg+

 ore1 & sometimes putt+ into buckets t  
:i* has be5 dug4 ,sometimes !y ?r[      
pebbles at ! workm51 b !y r>ely injure  
!m unless ! workm5 fir/ ridicule or     
curse !m4 ,!y are n v dissimil> to      
,gobl9s1 :i* occasionally appe> to m5 :5
 !y g to or f _! day's "w1 or :5 !y     
att5d _! cattle4 ,because !y g5]ally    
appe> b5ign to m51 ! ,g]mans call !m    
guteli4 ,^? call$ trulli1 :i* take ! =m 
( wom5 z well z m51 actually ent] !     
s]vice ( "s p1 especially ! ,suions4 ,! 
m9+ gnomes are especially active 9 !    
work+s :]e metal has already be5 f\nd1  
or :]e !re are hopes ( discov]+ x1      
because ( :i* !y d n disc\rage ! m9]s1 b
 on ! contr>y /imulate !m & cause !m to 
lab\r m vigor\sly4  ,! ,g]man m9]s 7 n  
alone 9 su* beliefs1 = m9]s g5]ally     
accept$ !m--ev5 to-day ! fai? 9 knock]s 
has n entirely disappe>$ f ,cornwall4   
,nei!r ! sea nor ! =e/ s l5ds itself to 
! sub/antiation ( ! sup]natural z does !
 m9e4 ,! dead d>kness1 9 :i* ! m9]s'    
lamps s]ve only to di/ort e %ape1 !     

uncanny noises ( re/less rocks ^:       
support has be5 und]m9$1 ! approa* (    
dang] & dea? )\t w>n+1 ! sudd5 vani%+ or
 discov]y ( good =tune1 all yield a ?\s&
 corroborations to m9ds long /eep$ 9    
ignorance & prep>$ = ! miracul\s ?r\gh  
religi\s tea*+4  #bg ,! ,pla9s (        
,laur5tius ext5d f ! m\? ( ! ,tib]      
s\?w>d--say tw5ty miles s\? ( ,rome4    
,:at ,agricola's au?ority 0 = silv] m9es
 9 ?is region we _c discov]4 ,?is may1  
h[ev]1 ref] to ! lead-silv] di/rict ( ! 
,attic ,p59sula1 ,laurion be+ sometimes 
,lat9iz$ z ,laurium or ,laurius4        
,,book ,,vii4   ,s9ce ! ,six? ,book has 
describ$ ! iron tools1 ! vessels & !    
ma*9es us$ 9 m9es1 ?is ,book w describe 
! me?ods ( assay+#a ores2 because x is  
desirable to fir/ te/ !m 9 ord] t !     
mat]ial m9$ may be advantage\sly smelt$1
 or t ! dross may be purg$ away & !     
metal made pure4 ,al?\gh writ]s h       
m5tion$ su* te/s1 yet none ( !m h set   
d[n ! directions = p]=m+ !m1 :]e=e x is 
no wond] t ^? :o come lat] h writt5 no?+

 on ! subject4 ,by te/s ( ?is k9d m9]s c
 det]m9e ) c]ta9ty :e!r ores conta9 any 
metal 9 !m or n2 or if x has already be5
 indicat$ t ! ore conta9s "o or m       
metals1 ! te/s %[ :e!r x is mu* or      
little2 ! m9]s also asc]ta9 by su* te/s 
! me?od by :i* ! metal c be sep>at$ f t 
"p ( ! ore devoid ( x2 & fur!r1 by ^!   
te/s1 !y det]m9e t "p 9 :i* !re is mu*  
metal f t "p 9 :i* !re is little4       
,unless ^! te/s h be5 c>efully appli$   
be=e ! metals are melt$ out1 ! ore _c be
 smelt$ )\t great loss to ! own]s1 = !  
p>ts :i* d n easily melt 9 ! fire c>ry !
 metals (f ) !m or consume !m4 ,9 ! la/ 
case1 !y pass (f ) ! fumes2 9 ! o!r case
 !y are mix$ ) ! slag & furnace         
accretions1 & 9 su* ev5t ! own]s lose ! 
lab\r :i* !y h sp5t 9 prep>+ ! furnaces 
& ! crucibles1 & fur!r1 x is necess>y = 
!m to incur fre% exp5diture = fluxes &  
o!r ?+s4 ,metals1 :5 !y h be5 melt$ out1
 are usually assay$ 9 ord] t we may     
asc]ta9 :at proportion ( silv] is 9 a   
c5tumpondium ( copp] or lead1 or :at    

quantity ( gold is 9 "o libra ( silv]2  
&1 on ! o!r h&1 :at proportion ( copp]  
or lead is conta9$ 9 a c5tumpondium (   
silv]1 or :at quantity ( silv] is       
conta9$ 9 "o libra ( gold4 ,& f ?is we c
 calculate :e!r x w be wor? :ile to     
sep>ate ! preci\s metals f ! base       
metals1 or n4 ,fur!r1 a te/ ( ?is k9d   
%[s :e!r co9s are good or are debas$2 & 
readily detects silv]1 if ! co9]s h mix$
 m ?an is lawful ) ! gold2 or copp]1 if 
! co9]s h alloy$ ) ! gold or silv] m ( x
 ?an is all[able4 ,i w expla9 all ^!    
me?ods ) ! utmo/ c>e t ,i c4  ,! me?od (
 assay+ ore us$ by m9+ p1 diff]s f      
smelt+ only by ! small am\nt ( mat]ial  
us$4 ,inasmu* z1 by smelt+ a small      
quantity1 !y le>n :e!r ! smelt+ ( a l>ge
 quantity w comp5sate !m = _!           
exp5diture2 h5ce1 if !y are n p>ticul>  
to employ assays1 !y may1 z ,i h already
 said1 sometimes smelt ! metal f ! ore )
 a loss or sometimes )\t any pr(it2 = !y
 c assay ! ore at a v small exp5se1 &   
smelt x only at a great exp5se4 ,bo?    

processes1 h[ev]1 are c>ri$ out 9 ! same
 way1 = j z we assay ore 9 a little     
furnace1 s d we smelt x 9 ! l>ge        
furnace4 ,also 9 bo? cases *>coal & n   
wood is burn$4 ,moreov]1 9 ! crucible :5
 metals are te/$1 be !y gold1 silv]1    
copp]1 or lead1 !y are mix$ 9 precisely 
! same way z !y are mix$ 9 ! bla/       
furnace :5 !y are smelt$4 ,fur!r1 ^? :o 
assay ores ) fire1 ei!r p\r out ! metal 
9 a liquid /ate1 or1 :5 x has cool$1    
break ! crucible & clean ! metal f slag2
 & 9 ! same way ! smelt]1 z soon z !    
metal fl[s f ! furnace into ! =ehe>?1   
p\rs 9 cold wat] & takes ! slag f !     
metal ) a hook$ b>4 ,f9ally1 9 ! same   
way t gold & silv] are sep>at$ f lead 9 
a cupel1 s also are !y sep>at$ 9 !      
cupellation furnace4  ,x is necess>y t !
 assay] :o is te/+ ore or metals %\ld be
 prep>$ & in/ruct$ 9 all ?+s necess>y 9 
assay+1 & t he %\ld close ! doors ( !   
room 9 :i* ! assay furnace /&s1 le/     
anyone com+ at an inopportune mom5t     
might di/urb 8 ?\ghts :5 !y are int5t on

 ! "w4 ,x is also necess>y = him to     
place 8 balances 9 a case1 s t :5 he    
weighs ! little buttons ( metal ! scales
 may n be agitat$ by a draught ( air1 = 
t is a h9drance to 8 "w4  ,illu/ration  
#bbc;a 7,muffle ,furnace73 ,r\nd assay  
furnace4  ,illu/ration #bbc;b 7,muffle  
,furnace73 ,rectangul> assay furnace4   
,illu/ration #bbd 7,muffle ,assay       
,furnace73 ,a--,op5+s 9 ! plate4 ,b--,"p
 ( plate :i* projects beyond ! furnace4 
,n[ ,i w describe ! diff]5t ?+s :i* are 
necess>y 9 assay+1 beg9n+ ) ! assay     
furnace1 ( :i* "o diff]s f ano!r 9 %ape1
 mat]ial1 & ! place 9 :i* x is set4 ,9  
%ape1 !y may be r\nd or rectangul>1 !   
latt] %ape be+ m suit$ to assay+ ores4  
,! mat]ials ( ! assay furnaces diff]1 9 
t "o is made ( bricks1 ano!r ( iron1 &  
c]ta9 ones ( clay4 ,! "o ( bricks is    
built on a *imney-he>? :i* is ?ree & a  
half feet high2 ! iron "o is plac$ 9 !  
same position1 & also ! "o ( clay4 ,!   
brick "o is a cubit high1 a foot wide on
 ! inside1 & "o foot two digits long2 at

 a po9t five digits above ! he>?--:i* is
 usually ! ?ickness ( an unbak$#b       
brick--an iron plate is laid1 & sme>$   
ov] ) lute on ! upp] side to prev5t x f 
be+ injur$ by ! fire2 9 front ( !       
furnace above ! plate is a m\? a palm   
high1 five digits wide1 & r\nd$ at !    
top4 ,! iron plate has ?ree op5+s :i*   
are "o digit wide & ?ree digits long1 "o
 is at ea* side & ! ?ird at ! back2     
?r\gh !m sometimes ! a% falls f ! burn+ 
*>coal1 & sometimes ! draught bl[s ?r\gh
 ! *amb] :i* is bel[ ! iron plate1 &    
/imulates ! fire4 ,= ?is reason ?is     
furnace :5 us$ by metallurgi/s is nam$ f
 assay+1 b :5 us$ by ! al*emi/s x is    
nam$ f ! w9d#c4 ,! "p ( ! iron plate :i*
 projects f ! furnace is g5]ally        
?ree-qu>t]s ( a palm long & a palm wide2
 small pieces ( *>coal1 aft] be+ laid   
!reon1 c be plac$ quickly 9 ! furnace   
?r\gh its m\? ) a pair ( tongs1 or aga91
 if necess>y1 c be tak5 out ( ! furnace 
& laid !re4  ,! iron assay furnace is   
made ( f\r iron b>s a foot & a half     

high2 :i* at ! bottom are b5t outw>d &  
broad5$ a %ort di/ance to enable !m to  
/& m firmly2 ! front "p ( ! furnace is  
made f two ( ^! b>s1 & ! back "p f two (
 !m2 to ^! b>s on bo? sides are jo9$ &  
weld$ ?ree iron cross-b>s1 ! fir/ at a  
height ( a palm f ! bottom1 ! second at 
a height ( a foot1 & ! ?ird at ! top4 ,!
 upright b>s are p]=at$ at t po9t :]e ! 
side cross-b>s are jo9$ to !m1 9 ord] t 
?ree simil> iron b>s on ! rema9+ sides c
 be engag$ 9 !m2 ?us !re are twelve     
cross-b>s1 :i* make ?ree /ages at       
unequal int]vals4 ,at ! l[] /age1 !     
upright b>s are di/ant f ea* o!r "o foot
 & five digits2 & at ! middle /age !    
front is di/ant f ! back ?ree palms & "o
 digit1 & ! sides are di/ant f ea* o!r  
?ree palms & z _m digits2 at ! highe/   
/age f ! front to ! back !re is a       
di/ance ( two palms1 & betwe5 ! sides   
?ree palms1 s t 9 ?is way ! furnace     
becomes n>r[] at ! top4 ,fur!rmore1 an  
iron rod1 b5t to ! %ape ( ! m\?1 is set 
into ! l[e/ b> ( ! front2 ?is m\?1 j l t

 ( ! brick furnace1 is a palm high &    
five digits wide4 ,!n ! front cross-b> (
 ! l[] /age is p]=at$ on ea* side ( !   
m\?1 & likewise ! back "o2 ?r\gh ^!     
p]=ations !re pass two iron rods1 ?us   
mak+ altoge!r f\r b>s 9 ! l[] /age1 & ^!
 support an iron plate sme>$ ) lute2 "p 
( ?is plate also projects outside !     
furnace4 ,! outside ( ! furnace f ! l[] 
/age to ! upp]1 is cov]$ ) iron plates1 
:i* are b\nd to ! b>s by iron wires1 &  
sme>$ ) lute to enable !m to be> ! heat 
( ! fire z long z possible4  ,z = ! clay
 furnace1 x mu/ be made ( fat1 ?ick     
clay1 m$ium s f> z relates to its       
s(tness or h>dness4 ,?is furnace has    
exactly ! same height z ! iron "o1 & its
 base is made ( two e>!nw>e tiles1 "o   
foot & ?ree palms long & "o foot & "o   
palm wide4 ,ea* side ( ! =e "p ( bo?    
tiles is gradually cut away = ! l5g? ( a
 palm1 s t !y are half a foot & a digit 
wide1 :i* "p projects f ! furnace2 !    
tiles are ab\t a digit & a half ?ick4 ,!
 walls are simil>ly ( clay1 & are set on

 ! l[] tiles at a di/ance ( a digit f ! 
edge1 & support ! upp] tiles2 ! walls   
are ?ree digits high & h f\r op5+s1 ea* 
( :i* is ab\t ?ree digits high2 ^? ( !  
back "p & ( ea* side are five digits    
wide1 & ( ! front1 a palm & a half wide1
 to enable ! fre%ly made cupels to be   
conv5i5tly plac$ on ! he>?1 :5 x has be5
 ?or\ghly w>m$1 t !y may be dri$ !re4   
,bo? tiles are b\nd on ! out] edge )    
iron wire1 press$ into !m1 s t !y w be  
less easily brok52 & ! tiles1 n unlike !
 iron b$-plate1 h ?ree op5+s ?ree digits
 long & a digit wide1 9 ord] t :5 ! upp]
 "o on acc\nt ( ! heat ( ! fire or = "s 
o!r reason has become damag$1 ! l[] "o  
may be ex*ang$ & take its place4 ,?r\gh 
^! holes1 ! a%es f ! burn+ *>coal1 z ,i 
h /at$1 fall d[n1 & air bl[s into !     
furnace aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 !    
walls ( ! *amb]4 ,! furnace is          
rectangul>1 & inside at ! l[] "p x is   
?ree palms & "o digit wide & ?ree palms 
& z _m digits long4 ,at ! upp] "p x is  
two palms & ?ree digits wide1 s t x also

 gr[s n>r[]2 x is "o foot high2 9 !     
middle ( ! back x is cut out at ! bottom
 9 ! %ape ( a semicircle1 ( half a digit
 radius4 ,n unlike ! furnace be=e       
describ$1 x has 9 its =ep>t a m\? :i* is
 r\nd$ at ! top1 "o palm high & a palm &
 a digit wide4 ,its door is also made ( 
clay1 & ?is has a w9d[ & a h&le2 ev5 !  
lid ( ! furnace :i* is made ( clay has  
its own h&le1 fa/5$ on ) iron wire4 ,!  
out] p>ts & sides ( ?is furnace are b\nd
 ) iron wires1 :i* are usually press$ 91
 9 ! %ape ( triangles4 ,! brick furnaces
 mu/ rema9 /ation>y2 ! clay & iron ones 
c be c>ri$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,^? (   
brick c be prep>$ m quickly1 :ile ^? (  
iron are m la/+1 & ^? ( clay are m      
suitable4 ,assay]s also make tempor>y   
furnaces 9 ano!r way2 !y /& ?ree bricks 
on a he>?1 "o on ea* side & a ?ird "o at
 ! back1 ! =ep>t lies op5 to ! draught1 
& on ^! bricks is plac$ an iron plate1  
^u :i* !y aga9 /& ?ree bricks1 :i* hold 
& reta9 ! *>coal4  ,! sett+ ( "o furnace
 diff]s f ano!r1 9 t "s are plac$ high] 

& o!rs l[]2 t "o is plac$ high]1 9 :i* !
 man :o is assay+ ! ore or metals       
introduces ! scorifi] ?r\gh ! m\? ) !   
tongs2 t "o is plac$ l[]1 into :i* he   
introduces ! crucible ?r\gh its op5 top4
  ,illu/ration #bbg 7,crucible ,assay   
,furnace73 ,a--,iron hoop4 ,b--,d\ble   
bell[s4 ,c--,its nozzle4 ,d--,lev]4  ,9 
"s cases ! assay] uses an iron hoop#d 9 
place ( a furnace2 ?is is plac$ ^u !    
he>? ( a *imney1 ! l[] edge be+ daub$ ) 
lute to prev5t ! bla/ ( ! bell[s f      
escap+ "u x4 ,if ! bla/ is giv5 sl[ly1 !
 ore w be smelt$ & ! copp] w melt 9 !   
triangul> crucible1 :i* is plac$ 9 x &  
tak5 away aga9 ) ! tongs4 ,! hoop is two
 palms high & half a digit ?ick2 its    
diamet] is g5]ally "o foot & "o palm1 & 
:]e ! bla/ f ! bell[s ent]s into x1 x is
 not*$ out4 ,! bell[s is a d\ble "o1 su*
 z goldwork]s use1 & sometimes smi?s4 ,9
 ! middle ( ! bell[s !re is a bo>d 9 :i*
 !re is an air-hole1 five digits wide & 
sev5 long1 cov]$ by a little flap :i* is
 fa/5$ ov] ! air-hole on ! l[] side ( ! 

bo>d2 ?is flap is ( equal l5g? & wid?4  
,! bell[s1 )\t its head1 is ?ree feet   
long1 & at ! back is "o foot & "o palm  
wide & some:at r\nd$1 & x is ?ree palms 
wide at ! head2 ! head itself is ?ree   
palms long & two palms & a digit wide at
 ! "p :]e x jo9s ! bo>ds1 !n x gradually
 becomes n>r[]4 ,! nozzle1 ( :i* !re is 
only "o1 is "o foot & two digits long2  
?is nozzle1 & "o-half ( ! head 9 :i* !  
nozzle is fix$1 are plac$ 9 an op5+ ( ! 
wall1 ?is be+ "o foot & "o palm ?ick2 x 
rea*es only to ! iron hoop on ! he>?1 = 
x does n project beyond ! wall4 ,! hide 
( ! bell[s is fix$ to ! bell[s-bo>ds )  
its own peculi> k9d ( iron nails4 ,x    
jo9s bo? bell[s-bo>ds to ! head1 & ov] x
 !re are cross /rips ( hide fix$ to !   
bell[s-bo>ds ) broad-head$ nails1 &     
simil>ly fix$ to ! head4 ,! middle bo>d 
( ! bell[s re/s on an iron b>1 to :i* x 
is fa/5$ ) iron nails cl9*$ on bo? ends1
 s t x _c move2 ! iron b> is fix$ betwe5
 two upright po/s1 ?r\gh :i* x          
p5etrates4 ,high] up on ^! upright po/s 

!re is a wood5 axle1 ) iron j\rnals :i* 
revolve 9 ! holes 9 ! po/s4 ,9 ! middle 
( ?is axle !re is mortis$ a lev]1 fix$ )
 iron nails to prev5t x f fly+ out2 !   
lev] is five & a half feet long1 & its  
po/]ior end is engag$ 9 ! iron r+ ( an  
iron rod :i* rea*es to ! tail ( ! l[e/  
bell[s-bo>d1 & !re engages ano!r simil> 
r+4 ,& s :5 ! workman pulls d[n ! lev]1 
! l[] "p ( ! bell[s is rais$ & drives ! 
w9d into ! nozzle2 !n ! w9d1 p5etrat+   
?r\gh ! hole 9 ! middle bell[s-bo>d1 :i*
 is call$ ! air-hole1 lifts up ! upp] "p
 ( ! bell[s1 ^u ^: upp] bo>d is a piece 
( lead1 heavy en\gh to press d[n t "p ( 
! bell[s aga91 & ?is be+ press$ d[n bl[s
 a bla/ ?r\gh ! nozzle4 ,?is is !       
pr9ciple ( ! d\ble bell[s1 :i* is       
peculi> to ! iron hoop :]e are plac$ !  
triangul> crucibles 9 :i* copp] ore is  
smelt$ & copp] is melt$4  ,illu/ration  
#bbh 7,muffles73 ,a--,broad little w9d[s
 ( muffle4 ,b--,n>r[ ones4 ,c--,op5+s 9 
! back !re(4  ,i h spok5 ( ! furnaces & 
! iron hoop2 ,i w n[ speak ( ! muffles &

 ! crucibles4 ,! muffle is made ( clay1 
9 ! %ape ( an inv]t$ gutt] tile2 x cov]s
 ! scorifi]s1 le/ coal du/ fall into !m 
& int]f]e ) ! assay4 ,x is a palm & a   
half broad1 & ! height1 :i* corresponds 
) ! m\? ( ! furnace1 is g5]ally a palm1 
& x is ne>ly z long z ! furnace2 only at
 ! front end does x t\* ! m\? ( !       
furnace1 ev]y:]e else on ! sides & at ! 
back !re is a space ( ?ree digits1 to   
all[ ! *>coal to lie 9 ! op5 space      
betwe5 x & ! furnace4 ,! muffle is z    
?ick z a fairly ?ick e>!n j>2 its upp]  
"p is entire2 ! back has two little     
w9d[s1 & ea* side has two or ?ree or ev5
 f\r1 ?r\gh :i* ! heat passes into !    
scorifi]s & melts ! ore4 ,9 place (     
little w9d[s1 "s muffles h small holes1 
t5 9 ! back & m on ea* side4 ,moreov]1 9
 ! back bel[ ! little w9d[s1 or small   
holes1 !re are cut away ?ree            
semi-circul> not*es half a digit high1 &
 on ea* side !re are f\r4 ,! back ( !   
muffle is g5]ally a little l[] ?an !    
front4  ,illu/ration #bbi 7,conta9]s73  

,a--,scorifi]4 ,b--,triangul> crucible4 
,c--,cupel4  ,! crucibles diff] 9 !     
mat]ials f :i* !y are made1 because !y  
are made ( ei!r clay or a%es2 & ^? (    
clay1 :i* we also call e>!n1 diff] 9    
%ape & size4 ,"s are made 9 ! %ape ( a  
mod]ately ?ick salv] 7scorifi]s71 ?ree  
digits wide1 & ( a capacity ( an uncia  
measure2 9 ^! ! ore mix$ ) fluxes is    
melt$1 & !y are us$ by ^? :o assay gold 
or silv] ore4 ,"s are triangul> & mu*   
?ick] & m capaci\s1 hold+ five1 or six1 
or ev5 m unciae2 9 ^! copp] is melt$1 s 
t x c be p\r$ out1 exp&$1 & te/$ ) fire1
 & 9 ^! copp] ore is usually melt$4  ,! 
cupels are made ( a%es2 l ! prec$+      
scorifi]s !y are tray-%ap$1 & _! l[] "p 
is v ?ick b _! capacity is less4 ,9 ^!  
lead is sep>at$ f silv]1 & by !m assays 
are conclud$4 ,inasmu* z ! assay]s      
!mselves make ! cupels1 some?+ mu/ be   
said ab\t ! mat]ial f :i* !y are made1 &
 ! me?od ( mak+ !m4 ,"s make !m out (   
all k9ds ( ord9>y a%es2 ^! are n good1  
because a%es ( ?is k9d conta9 a c]ta9   

am\nt ( fat1 :]eby su* cupels are easily
 brok5 :5 !y are hot4 ,o!rs make !m     
likewise out ( any k9d ( a%es :i* h be5 
previ\sly lea*$2 ( ?is k9d are ! a%es   
into :i* w>m wat] has be5 infus$ = !    
purpose ( mak+ lye4 ,^! a%es1 aft] be+  
dri$ 9 ! sun or a furnace1 are sift$ 9 a
 hair sieve2 & al?\gh w>m wat] wa%es    
away ! fat f ! a%es1 /ill ! cupels :i*  
are made f su* a%es are n v good because
 !y (t5 conta9 *>coal du/1 s&1 &        
pebbles4 ,"s make !m 9 ! same way out ( 
any k9d ( a%es1 b fir/ ( all p\r wat]   
into ! a%es & remove ! scum :i* floats  
!reon2 !n1 aft] x has become cle>1 !y   
p\r away ! wat]1 & dry ! a%es2 !y !n    
sift !m & make ! cupels f !m4 ,^!1      
inde$1 are good1 b n ( ! be/ quality1   
because a%es ( ?is k9d are also n devoid
 ( small pebbles & s&4 ,to enable cupels
 ( ! be/ quality to be made1 all !      
impurities mu/ be remov$ f ! a%es4 ,^!  
impurities are ( two k9ds2 ! "o sort    
light1 to :i* class belong *>coal du/ & 
fatty mat]ial & o!r ?+s :i* float 9     

wat]1 ! o!r sort heavy1 su* z small     
/ones1 f9e s&1 & any o!r mat]ials :i*   
settle 9 ! bottom ( a vessel4 ,!re=e1   
fir/ ( all1 wat] %\ld be p\r$ into !    
a%es & ! light impurities remov$2 !n !  
a%es %\ld be knead$ ) ! h&s1 s t !y w   
become prop]ly mix$ ) ! wat]4 ,:5 ! wat]
 has become muddy & turbid1 x %\ld be   
p\r$ into a second vessel4 ,9 ?is way ! 
small /ones & f9e s&1 or any o!r heavy  
sub/ance :i* may be !re1 rema9 9 ! fir/ 
vessel1 & %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,:5 all !  
a%es h settl$ 9 ?is second vessel1 :i* w
 be %[n if ! wat] has become cle> & does
 n ta/e ( ! flav\r ( lye1 ! wat] %\ld be
 ?r[n away1 & ! a%es :i* h settl$ 9 !   
vessel %\ld be dri$ 9 ! sun or 9 a      
furnace4 ,?is mat]ial is suitable = !   
cupels1 especially if x is ! a% ( bee*  
wood or o!r wood :i* has a small annual 
gr[?2 ^? a%es made f twigs & limbs (    
v9es1 :i* h rapid annual gr[?1 are n s  
good1 = ! cupels made f !m1 s9ce !y are 
n suffici5tly dry1 frequ5tly crack &    
break 9 ! fire & absorb ! metals4 ,if   

a%es ( bee* or simil> wood are n to be  
_h1 ! assay] makes little balls ( su*   
a%es z he c get1 aft] !y h be5 cle>$ (  
impurities 9 ! mann] be=e describ$1 &   
puts !m 9 a bak]'s or pott]'s ov5 to    
burn1 & f ^! ! cupels are made1 because 
! fire consumes :atev] fat or damp !re  
may be4 ,z to all k9ds ( a%es1 ! old] !y
 are ! bett]1 = x is necess>y t !y %\ld 
h ! greate/ possible dryness4 ,= ?is    
reason a%es obta9$ f burn$ bones1       
especially f ! bones ( ! heads (        
animals1 are ! mo/ suitable = cupels1 z 
are also ^? a%es obta9$ f ! horns ( de] 
& ! sp9es ( fi%es4 ,la/ly1 "s take !    
a%es :i* are obta9$ f burnt scrap+s (   
lea!r1 :5 ! tann]s scrape ! hides to    
cle> !m f hair4 ,"s pref] to use        
comp\nds1 t "o be+ recomm5d$ :i* has "o 
& a half p>ts ( a%es f ! bones ( animals
 or ! sp9es ( fi%es1 & "o "p ( bee*     
a%es1 & half a "p ( a%es ( burnt hide   
scrap+s4 ,f ?is mixture good cupels are 
made1 ?\gh f> bett] ones are obta9$ f   
equal portions ( a%es ( burnt hide      

scrap+s1 a%es ( ! bones ( heads ( %eep &
 calves1 & a%es ( de] horns4 ,b ! be/ ( 
all are produc$ f de] horns alone1 burnt
 to p[d]2 ?is k9d1 by reason ( its      
extreme dryness1 absorbs metals lea/ (  
all4 ,assay]s ( our own day1 h[ev]1     
g5]ally make ! cupels f bee* a%es4 ,^!  
a%es1 aft] be+ prep>$ 9 ! mann] j       
describ$1 are fir/ ( all spr9kl$ ) be]  
or wat]1 to make !m /ick toge!r1 & are  
!n gr\nd 9 a small mort>4 ,!y are gr\nd 
aga9 aft] be+ mix$ ) ! a%es obta9$ f !  
skulls ( bea/s or f ! sp9es ( fi%es2 ! m
 ! a%es are gr\nd ! bett] !y are4 ,"s   
rub bricks & spr9kle ! du/ s obta9$1    
aft] sift+ x1 into ! bee* a%es1 = du/ ( 
?is k9d does n all[ ! he>?-lead to      
absorb ! gold or silv] by eat+ away !   
cupels4 ,o!rs1 to gu>d aga9/ ! same ?+1 
moi/5 ! cupels ) :ite ( egg aft] !y h   
be5 made1 & :5 !y h be5 dri$ 9 ! sun1   
aga9 cru% !m2 especially if !y want to  
assay 9 x an ore ( copp] :i* conta9s    
iron4 ,"s moi/5 ! a%es aga9 & aga9 )    
c['s milk1 & dry !m1 & gr9d !m 9 a small

 mort>1 & !n m\ld ! cupels4 ,9 ! works 9
 :i* silv] is sep>at$ f copp]1 !y make  
cupels f two p>ts ( ! a%es ( ! crucible 
( ! cupellation furnace1 = ^! a%es are v
 dry1 & f "o "p ( bone-a%4 ,cupels :i* h
 be5 made 9 ^! ways also ne$ to be plac$
 9 ! sun or 9 a furnace2 aft]w>d1 9     
:atev] way !y h be5 made1 !y mu/ be kept
 a long "t 9 dry places1 = ! old] !y    
are1 ! dry] & bett] !y are4             
,illu/ration #bca 7,cupel ,m\lds &      
,pe/les73 ,a--,little m\ld4 ,b--,inv]t$ 
m\ld4 ,c--,pe/le4 ,d--,its knob4        
,e--,second pe/le4  ,n only pott]s1 b   
also ! assay]s !mselves1 make scorifi]s 
& triangul> crucibles4 ,!y make !m out (
 fatty clay1 :i* is dry#e1 & nei!r h>d  
nor s(t4 ,) ?is clay !y mix ! du/ ( old 
brok5 crucibles1 or ( burnt & worn      
bricks2 !n !y knead ) a pe/le ! clay ?us
 mix$ ) du/1 & !n dry x4 ,z to ^!       
crucibles1 ! old] !y are1 ! dry] & bett]
 !y are4 ,! m\lds 9 :i* ! cupels are    
m\ld$ are ( two k9ds1 t is1 a small]    
size & a l>g] size4 ,9 ! small] ones are

 made ! cupels 9 :i* silv] or gold is   
purg$ f ! lead :i* has absorb$ x2 9 !   
l>g] ones are made cupels 9 :i* silv] is
 sep>at$ f copp] & lead4 ,bo? m\lds are 
made out ( brass & h no bottom1 9 ord] t
 ! cupels c be tak5 out ( !m :ole4 ,!   
pe/les also are ( two k9ds1 small] &    
l>g]1 ea* likewise ( brass1 & f ! l[]   
end ( !m !re projects a r\nd knob1 & ?is
 alone is press$ into ! m\ld & makes !  
holl[ "p ( ! cupel4 ,! "p :i* is next to
 ! knob corresponds to ! upp] "p ( !    
m\ld4  ,s mu* = ^! matt]s4 ,i w n[ speak
 ( ! prep>ation ( ! ore = assay+4 ,x is 
prep>$ by roa/+1 burn+1 cru%+1 & wa%+4  
,x is necess>y to take a fix$ weight (  
ore 9 ord] t "o may det]m9e h[ great a  
portion ( x ^! prep>ations consume4 ,!  
h>d /one conta9+ ! metal is burn$ 9 ord]
 t1 :5 its h>dness has be5 ov]come1 x c 
be cru%$ & wa%$2 inde$1 ! v h>de/ k9d1  
be=e x is burn$1 is spr9kl$ ) v9eg>1 9  
ord] t x may m rapidly s(t5 9 ! fire4 ,!
 s(t /one %\ld be brok5 ) a hamm]1 cru%$
 9 a mort> & r$uc$ to p[d]2 !n x %\ld be

 wa%$ & !n dri$ aga94 ,if e>? is mix$ ) 
! m9]al1 x is wa%$ 9 a bas91 & t :i*    
settles is assay$ 9 ! fire aft] x is    
dri$4 ,all m9+ products :i* are wa%$ mu/
 aga9 be dri$4 ,b ore :i* is ri* 9 metal
 is nei!r burn$ nor cru%$ nor wa%$1 b is
 roa/$1 le/ t me?od ( prep>ation %\ld   
lose "s ( ! metal4 ,:5 ! fires h be5    
k9dl$1 ?is k9d ( ore is roa/$ 9 an      
enclos$ pot1 :i* is /opp$ up ) lute4 ,a 
less valuable ore is ev5 burn$ on a     
he>?1 be+ plac$ ^u ! *>coal2 = we d n   
make a great exp5diture ^u metals1 if !y
 are n wor? x4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w g into full]
 details z to all ^! me?ods ( prep>+    
ore1 bo? a little lat]1 & 9 ! foll[+    
,book4  ,= ! pres5t1 ,i h decid$ to     
expla9 ^? ?+s :i* m9+ p usually call    
fluxes#f because !y are add$ to ores1 n 
only = assay+1 b also = smelt+4 ,great  
p[] is discov]$ 9 all ^! fluxes1 b we d 
n see ! same effects produc$ 9 e case2 &
 "s are ( a v complicat$ nature4 ,= :5  
!y h be5 mix$ ) ! ore & are melt$ 9 ei!r
 ! assay or ! smelt+ furnace1 "s ( !m1  

because !y melt easily1 to "s ext5t melt
 ! ore2 o!rs1 because !y ei!r make ! ore
 v hot or p5etrate into x1 greatly assi/
 ! fire 9 sep>at+ ! impurities f !      
metals1 & !y also mix ! fus$ "p ) !     
lead1 or !y p>tly protect f ! fire ! ore
 ^: metal cont5ts w\ld be ei!r consum$ 9
 ! fire1 or c>ri$ up ) ! fumes & fly out
 ( ! furnace2 "s fluxes absorb ! metals4
 ,to ! fir/ ord] belongs lead1 :e!r x be
 r$uc$ to little granules or resolv$    
into a% by fire1 or r$-lead#g1 or o*re  
made f lead#h1 or li?>ge1 or he>?-lead1 
or gal5a2 also copp]1 ! same ei!r roa/$ 
or 9 leaves or fil+s#i2 also ! slags (  
gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & lead2 also        
soda#aj1 its slags1 saltpetre1 burn$    
alum1 vitriol1 sal to/us1 & melt$       
salt#aa2 /ones :i* easily melt 9 hot    
furnaces1 ! s& :i* is made f !m#ab2 s(t 
tophus#ac1 & a c]ta9 :ite s*i/#ad4 ,b   
lead1 its a%es1 r$-lead1 o*re1 & li?>ge1
 are m efficaci\s = ores :i* melt       
easily2 he>?-lead = ^? :i* melt )       
difficulty2 & gal5a = ^? :i* melt )     

great] difficulty4 ,to ! second ord]    
belong iron fil+s1 _! slag1 sal         
artificiosus1 argol1 dri$ lees (        
v9eg>#ae1 & ! lees ( ! aqua :i* sep>ates
 gold f silv]#af2 ^! lees & sal         
artificiosus h ! p[] ( p5etrat+ into    
ore1 ! argol to a consid]able degree1 ! 
lees ( v9eg> to a great] degree1 b mo/ (
 all ^? ( ! aqua :i* sep>ates gold f    
silv]2 fil+s & slags ( iron1 s9ce !y    
melt m sl[ly1 h ! p[] ( heat+ ! ore4 ,to
 ! ?ird ord] belong pyrites1 ! cakes :i*
 are melt$ f !m1 soda1 its slags1 salt1 
iron1 iron scales1 iron fil+s1 iron     
slags1 vitriol1 ! s& :i* is resolv$ f   
/ones :i* easily melt 9 ! fire1 &       
tophus2 b fir/ ( all are pyrites & !    
cakes :i* are melt$ f x1 = !y absorb !  
metals ( ! ore & gu>d !m f ! fire :i*   
consumes !m4 ,to ! f\r? ord] belong lead
 & copp]1 & _! relations4 ,& s ) reg>d  
to fluxes1 x is manife/ t "s are        
natural1 o!rs fall 9 ! category ( slags1
 & ! re/ are purg$ f slag4 ,:5 we assay 
ores1 we c )\t great exp5se add to !m a 

small portion ( any sort ( flux1 b :5 we
 smelt !m we _c add a l>ge portion )\t  
great exp5se4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 consid] h[
 great ! co/ is1 to avoid incurr+ a     
great] exp5se on smelt+ an ore ?an !    
pr(it we make out ( ! metals :i* x      
yields4  ,! col\r ( ! fumes :i* ! ore   
emits aft] be+ plac$ on a hot %ovel or  
an iron plate1 indicates :at flux is    
ne$$ 9 addition to ! lead1 = ! purpose (
 ei!r assay+ or smelt+4 ,if ! fumes h a 
purple t9t1 x is be/ ( all1 & ! ore does
 n g5]ally require any flux :atev]4 ,if 
! fumes are blue1 !re %\ld be add$ cakes
 melt$ out ( pyrites or o!r cuprif]\s   
rock2 if yell[1 li?>ge & sulphur %\ld be
 add$2 if r$1 glass-galls#ag & salt2 if 
gre51 !n cakes melt$ f cuprif]\s /ones1 
li?>ge1 & glass-galls2 if ! fumes are   
black1 melt$ salt or iron slag1 li?>ge &
 :ite lime rock4 ,if !y are :ite1       
sulphur & iron :i* is eat5 ) ru/2 if !y 
are :ite ) gre5 pat*es1 iron slag & s&  
obta9$ f /ones :i* easily melt2 if !    
middle "p ( ! fumes are yell[ & ?ick1 b 

! out] p>ts gre51 ! same s& & iron slag4
 ,! col\r ( ! fumes n only gives u      
in=mation z to ! prop] rem$ies :i* %\ld 
be appli$ to ea* ore1 b also m or less  
indication z to ! solidifi$ juices :i*  
are mix$ ) x1 & :i* give =? su* fumes4  
,g5]ally1 blue fumes signify t ! ore    
conta9s azure yell[1 orpim5t2 r$1       
realg>2 gre51 *rysocolla2 black1 black  
bitum52 :ite1 t9#ah2 :ite ) gre5 pat*es1
 ! same mix$ ) *rysocolla2 ! middle "p  
yell[ & o!r p>ts gre5 %[ t x conta9s    
sulphur4 ,e>?1 h[ev]1 & o!r ?+s dug up  
:i* conta9 metals1 sometimes emit       
simil>ly col\r$ fumes4  ,if ! ore       
conta9s any /ibium1 !n iron slag is add$
 to x2 if pyrites1 !n are add$ cakes    
melt$ f a cuprif]\s /one & s& made f    
/ones :i* easily melt4 ,if ! ore conta9s
 iron1 !n pyrites & sulphur are add$2 = 
j z iron slag is ! flux = an ore mix$ ) 
sulphur1 s on ! contr>y1 to a gold or   
silv] ore conta9+ iron1 f :i* !y are n  
easily sep>at$1 is add$ sulphur & s&    
made f /ones :i* easily melt4  ,sal     

artificiosus#ai suitable = use 9 assay+ 
ore is made 9 _m ways4 ,by ! fir/ me?od1
 equal portions ( argol1 lees ( v9eg>1 &
 ur9e1 are all boil$ d[n toge!r till    
turn$ into salt4 ,! second me?od is f   
equal portions ( ! a%es :i* wool-dy]s   
use1 ( lime1 ( argol purifi$1 & ( melt$ 
salt2 "o libra ( ea* ( ^! +r$i5ts is    
?r[n into tw5ty librae ( ur9e2 !n all   
are boil$ d[n to "o-?ird & /ra9$1 &     
aft]w>d !re is add$ to :at rema9s "o    
libra & f\r unciae ( unmelt$ salt1 eight
 p\nds ( lye be+ at ! same "t p\r$ into 
! pots1 ) li?>ge sme>$ ar\nd on !       
inside1 & ! :ole is boil$ till ! salt   
becomes ?or\ghly dry4 ,! ?ird me?od     
foll[s4 ,unmelt$ salt1 & iron :i* is    
eat5 ) ru/1 are put into a vessel1 &    
aft] ur9e has be5 p\r$ 91 x is cov]$ ) a
 lid & put 9 a w>m place = ?irty days2  
!n ! iron is wa%$ 9 ! ur9e & tak5 out1 &
 ! residue is boil$ until x is turn$    
into salt4 ,9 ! f\r? me?od by :i* sal   
artificiosus is prep>$1 ! lye made f    
equal portions ( lime & ! a%es :i*      

wool-dy]s use1 toge!r ) equal portions (
 salt1 soap1 :ite argol1 & saltpetre1   
are boil$ until 9 ! end ! mixture       
evaporates & becomes salt4 ,?is salt is 
mix$ ) ! conc5trates f wa%+1 to melt !m4
  ,saltpetre is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1
 9 ord] t x may be suitable = use 9     
assay+ ore4 ,x is plac$ 9 a pot :i* is  
sme>$ on ! inside ) li?>ge1 & lye made (
 quicklime is repeat$ly p\r$ ov] x1 & x 
is heat$ until ! fire consumes x4 ,:]e=e
 ! saltpetre does n k9dle ) ! fire1 s9ce
 x has absorb$ ! lime :i* pres]ves x1 & 
?us x is prep>$#bj4  ,! foll[+          
compositions#ba are recomm5d$ to smelt  
all ores :i* ! heat ( fire breaks up or 
melts only ) difficulty4 ,( ^!1 "o is   
made f /ones ( ! ?ird ord]1 :i* easily  
melt :5 ?r[n into hot furnaces4 ,!y are 
cru%$ into pure :ite p[d]1 & ) half an  
uncia ( ?is p[d] !re are mix$ two unciae
 ( yell[ li?>ge1 likewise cru%$4 ,?is   
mixture is put into a scorifi] l>ge     
en\gh to hold x1 & plac$ "u ! muffle ( a
 hot furnace2 :5 ! *>ge fl[s l wat]1 :i*

 occurs aft] half an h\r1 x is tak5 out 
( ! furnace & p\r$ on to a /one1 & :5 x 
has h>d5$ x has ! appe>ance ( glass1 &  
?is is likewise cru%$4 ,?is p[d] is     
spr9kl$ ov] any metallif]\s ore :i* does
 n easily melt :5 we are assay+ x1 & x  
causes ! slag to exude4  ,o!rs1 9 place 
( li?>ge1 sub/itute lead a%1#bb :i* is  
made 9 ! foll[+ way3 sulphur is ?r[n    
into lead :i* has be5 melt$ 9 a         
crucible1 & x soon becomes cov]$ ) a    
sort ( scum2 :5 ?is is remov$1 sulphur  
is aga9 ?r[n 91 & ! sk9 :i* =ms is aga9 
tak5 (f2 ?is is frequ5tly repeat$1 9    
fact until all ! lead is turn$ into     
p[d]4 ,!re is a p[]ful flux comp\nd :i* 
is made f "o uncia ea* ( prep>$         
saltpetre1 melt$ salt1 glass-gall1 &    
argol1 & "o-?ird ( an uncia ( li?>ge & a
 bes ( glass gr\nd to p[d]2 ?is flux1   
be+ add$ to an equal weight ( ore1      
liquefies x4 ,a m p[]ful flux is made by
 plac+ toge!r 9 a pot1 sme>$ on ! inside
 ) li?>ge1 equal portions ( :ite argol1 
common salt1 & prep>$ saltpetre1 & ^!   

are heat$ until a :ite p[d] is obta9$ f 
!m1 & ?is is mix$ ) z mu* li?>ge2 "o "p 
( ?is comp\nd is mix$ ) two p>ts ( ! ore
 :i* is to be assay$4 ,a /ill m p[]ful  
flux ?an ?is is made out ( a%es ( black 
lead1 saltpetre1 orpim5t1 /ibium1 & dri$
 lees ( ! aqua ) :i* gold work]s sep>ate
 gold f silv]4 ,! a%es ( lead#bc are    
made f "o p\nd ( lead & "o p\nd (       
sulphur2 ! lead is flatt5$ out into     
%eets by p\nd+ ) a hamm]1 & plac$       
alt]nately ) sulphur 9 a crucible or    
pot1 & !y are heat$ toge!r until ! fire 
consumes ! sulphur & ! lead turns to    
a%es4 ,"o libra ( cru%$ saltpetre is    
mix$ ) "o libra ( orpim5t simil>ly gr\nd
 to p[d]1 & ! two are cook$ 9 an iron   
pan until !y liquefy2 !y are !n p\r$    
out1 & aft] cool+ are aga9 gr\nd to     
p[d]4 ,a libra ( /ibium & a bes ( ! dri$
 lees 7( :at87 are plac$ alt]nately 9 a 
crucible & heat$ to ! po9t at :i* !y =m 
a button1 :i* is simil>ly r$uc$ to p[d]4
 ,a bes ( ?is p[d] & "o libra ( ! a%es (
 lead1 z well z a libra ( p[d] made out 

( ! saltpetre & orpim5t1 are mix$ toge!r
 & a p[d] is made f !m1 "o "p ( :i* add$
 to two p>ts ( ore liquefies x &        
cleanses x ( dross4 ,b ! mo/ p[]ful flux
 is "o :i* has two dra*mae ( sulphur & z
 mu* glass-galls1 & half an uncia ( ea* 
( ! foll[+1--/ibium1 salt obta9$ f boil$
 ur9e1 melt$ common salt1 prep>$        
saltpetre1 li?>ge1 vitriol1 argol1 salt 
obta9$ f a%es ( musk ivy1 dri$ lees ( ! 
aqua by :i* gold-work]s sep>ate gold f  
silv]1 alum r$uc$ by fire to p[d]1 & "o 
uncia ( camphor#bd comb9$ ) sulphur &   
gr\nd into p[d]4 ,a half or :ole portion
 ( ?is mixture1 z ! necessity ( ! case  
requires1 is mix$ ) "o portion ( ! ore &
 two portions ( lead1 & put 9 a         
scorifi]2 x is spr9kl$ ) p[d] ( cru%$   
,v5etian glass1 & :5 ! mixture has be5  
heat$ = an h\r & a half or two h\rs1 a  
button w settle 9 ! bottom ( ! scorifi]1
 & f x ! lead is soon sep>at$4  ,!re is 
also a flux :i* sep>ates sulphur1       
orpim5t & realg> f metallif]\s ore4 ,?is
 flux is compos$ ( equal portions ( iron

 slag1 :ite tophus1 & salt4 ,aft] ^!    
juices h be5 secret$1 ! ores !mselves   
are melt$1 ) argol add$ to !m4 ,!re is  
"o flux :i* pres]ves /ibium f ! fire1 t 
! fire may n consume x1 & :i* pres]ves !
 metals f ! /ibium2 & ?is is compos$ (  
equal portions ( sulphur1 prep>$        
saltpetre1 melt$ salt1 & vitriol1 heat$ 
toge!r 9 lye until no od\r emanates f ! 
sulphur1 :i* occurs aft] a space ( ?ree 
or f\r h\rs4#be  ,x is also wor? :ile to
 sub/itute c]ta9 o!r mixtures4 ,take two
 portions ( ore prop]ly prep>$1 "o      
portion ( iron fil+s1 & likewise "o     
portion ( salt1 & mix2 !n put !m into a 
scorifi] & place !m 9 a muffle furnace2 
:5 !y are r$uc$ by ! fire & run toge!r1 
a button w settle 9 ! bottom ( !        
scorifi]4 ,or else take equal portions (
 ore & ( lead o*re1 & mix ) !m a small  
quantity ( iron fil+s1 & put !m into a  
scorifi]1 !n scatt] iron fil+s ov] !    
mixture4 ,or else take ore :i* has be5  
gr\nd to p[d] & spr9kle x 9 a crucible1 
& !n spr9kle ov] x an equal quantity (  

salt t has be5 ?ree or f\r times moi/5$ 
) ur9e & dri$2 !n1 aga9 & aga9          
alt]nately1 p[d]$ ore & salt2 next1 aft]
 ! crucible has be5 cov]$ ) a lid &     
seal$1 x is plac$ ^u burn+ *>coal4 ,or  
else take "o portion ( ore1 "o portion (
 m9ute lead granules1 half a portion (  
,v5etian glass1 & ! same quantity (     
glass-galls4 ,or else take "o portion ( 
ore1 "o portion ( lead granules1 half a 
portion ( salt1 "o-f\r? ( a portion (   
argol1 & ! same quantity ( lees ( ! aqua
 :i* sep>ates gold f silv]4 ,or else    
take equal portions ( prep>$ ore & a    
p[d] 9 :i* !re are equal portions ( v   
m9ute lead granules1 melt$ salt1 /ibium 
& iron slag4 ,or else take equal        
portions ( gold ore1 vitriol1 argol1 & (
 salt4 ,s mu* = ! fluxes4  ,9 ! assay   
furnace1 :5 x has be5 prep>$ 9 ! way 9  
:i* ,i h describ$1 is fir/ plac$ a      
muffle4 ,!n select$ pieces ( live       
*>coals are laid on x1 =1 f pieces (    
inf]ior quality1 a great quantity ( a%  
collects ar\nd ! muffle & h9d]s ! action

 ( ! fire4 ,!n ! scorifi]s are plac$ "u 
! muffle ) tongs1 & gl[+ coals are plac$
 "u ! =e "p ( ! muffle to w>m !         
scorifi]s m quickly2 & :5 ! lead or ore 
is to be plac$ 9 ! scorifi]s1 !y are    
tak5 out aga9 ) ! tongs4 ,:5 ! scorifi]s
 gl[ 9 ! heat1 fir/ ( all ! a% or small 
*>coals1 if any h fall5 into !m1 %\ld be
 bl[n away ) an iron pipe two feet long 
& a digit 9 diamet]2 ?is same ?+ mu/ be 
done if a% or small coal has fall5 into 
! cupels4 ,next1 put 9 a small ball (   
lead ) ! tongs1 & :5 ?is lead has begun 
to be turn$ into fumes & consum$1 add to
 x ! prep>$ ore wrapp$ 9 pap]4 ,x is    
pref]able t ! assay] %\ld wrap x 9 pap]1
 & 9 ?is way put x 9 ! scorifi]1 ?an t  
he %\ld drop x 9 ) a copp] ladle2 = :5 !
 scorifi]s are small1 if he uses a ladle
 he frequ5tly spills "s "p ( ! ore4 ,:5 
! pap] is burnt1 he /irs ! ore ) a small
 *>coal held 9 ! tongs1 s t ! lead may  
absorb ! metal :i* is mix$ 9 ! ore2 :5  
?is mixture has tak5 place1 ! slag p>tly
 adh]es by its circumf]5ce to ! scorifi]

 & makes a k9d ( black r+1 & p>tly      
floats on ! lead 9 :i* is mix$ ! gold or
 silv]2 !n ! slag mu/ be remov$ f x4  ,!
 lead us$ mu/ be entirely free f e trace
 ( silv]1 z is t :i* is kn[n z          
,villac5se4#bf ,b if ?is k9d is n       
obta9able1 ! lead mu/ be assay$         
sep>ately1 to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty t       
proportion ( silv] x conta9s1 s t x may 
be d$uct$ f ! calculation ( ! ore1 & !  
result be exact2 = unless su* lead be   
us$1 ! assay w be false & mislead+4 ,!  
lead balls are made ) a pair ( iron     
tongs1 ab\t "o foot long2 its iron claws
 are s =m$ t :5 press$ toge!r !y are    
egg-%ap$2 ea* claw conta9s a holl[ cup1 
& :5 ! claws are clos$ !re ext5ds upw>d 
f ! cup a passage1 s !re are two op5+s1 
"o ( :i* leads to ea* holl[ cup4 ,& s :5
 ! molt5 lead is p\r$ 9 ?r\gh ! op5+s1 x
 fl[s d[n into ! holl[ cup1 & two balls 
are =m$ by "o p\r+4  ,9 ?is place ,i    
ought n to omit m5tion ( ano!r me?od (  
assay+ employ$ by "s assay]s4 ,!y fir/ (
 all place prep>$ ore 9 ! scorifi]s &   

heat x1 & aft]w>d !y add ! lead4 ,( ?is 
me?od ,i _c approve1 = 9 ?is way ! ore  
frequ5tly becomes cem5t$1 & = ?is reason
 x does n /ir easily aft]w>d1 & is v sl[
 9 mix+ ) ! lead4  ,illu/ration #bdj;a  
7,tongs73 ,a--,claws ( ! tongs4         
,b--,iron1 giv+ =m ( an egg4 ,c--,op5+4 
,if ! :ole space ( ! furnace cov]$ by ! 
muffle is n fill$ ) scorifi]s1 cupels   
are put 9 ! empty space1 9 ord] t !y may
 become w>m$ 9 ! meantime4 ,sometimes1  
h[ev]1 x is fill$ ) scorifi]s1 :5 we are
 assay+ _m diff]5t ores1 or _m portions 
( "o ore at ! same "t4 ,al?\gh ! cupels 
are usually dri$ 9 "o h\r1 yet small]   
ones are done m quickly1 & ! l>g] ones m
 sl[ly4 ,unless ! cupels are heat$ be=e 
! metal mix$ ) lead is plac$ 9 !m1 !y   
frequ5tly break1 & ! lead always sputt]s
 & sometimes leaps out ( !m2 if ! cupel 
is brok5 or ! lead leaps out ( x1 x is  
necess>y to assay ano!r portion ( ore2 b
 if ! lead only sputt]s1 !n ! cupels    
%\ld be cov]$ ) broad ?9 pieces ( gl[+  
*>coal1 & :5 ! lead /rikes ^!1 x falls  

back aga91 & ?us ! mixture is sl[ly     
exhal$4 ,fur!r1 if 9 ! cupellation !    
lead :i* is 9 ! mixture is n consum$1 b 
rema9s fix$ & set1 & is cov]$ by a k9d (
 sk91 ?is is a sign t x has n be5 heat$ 
by a suffici5tly hot fire2 put into !   
mixture1 !re=e1 a dry p9e /ick1 or a    
twig ( a simil> tree1 & hold x 9 ! h& 9 
ord] t x c be drawn away :5 x has be5   
heat$4 ,!n take c>e t ! heat is         
suffici5t & equal2 if ! heat has n pass$
 all r\nd ! *>ge1 z x %\ld :5 ev]y?+ is 
done rightly1 b causes x to h a l5g!n$  
%ape1 s t x appe>s to h a tail1 ?is is a
 sign t ! heat is defici5t :]e ! tail   
lies4 ,!n 9 ord] t ! cupel may be       
equally heat$ by ! fire1 turn x ar\nd ) 
a small iron hook1 ^: h&le is likewise  
made ( iron & is a foot & a half long4  
,illu/ration #bdj;b 7,hook73 ,small iron
 hook4  ,next1 if ! mixture has n en\gh 
lead1 add z mu* ( x z is requir$ ) !    
iron tongs1 or ) ! brass ladle to :i* is
 fa/5$ a v long h&le4 ,9 ord] t ! *>ge  
may n be cool$1 w>m ! lead be=eh&4 ,b x 

is bett] at fir/ to add z mu* lead z is 
requir$ to ! ore :i* ne$s melt+1 r ?an  
aft]w>d :5 ! melt+ has be5 half f9i%$1 t
 ! :ole quantity may n vani% 9 fumes1 b 
"p ( x rema9 fa/4 ,:5 ! heat ( ! fire   
has ne>ly consum$ ! lead1 !n is ! "t :5 
! gold & silv] gleam 9 _! v>i$ col\rs1 &
 :5 all ! lead has be5 consum$ ! gold or
 silv] settles 9 ! cupel4 ,!n z soon z  
possible remove ! cupel out ( ! furnace1
 & take ! button out ( x :ile x is /ill 
w>m1 9 ord] t x does n adh]e to ! a%es4 
,?is g5]ally happ5s if ! button is      
already cold :5 x is tak5 out4 ,if !    
a%es d adh]e to x1 d n scrape x ) a     
knife1 le/ "s ( x be lo/ & ! assay be   
errone\s1 b squeeze x ) ! iron tongs1 s 
t ! a%es drop (f ?r\gh ! pressure4      
,f9ally1 x is ( advantage to make two or
 ?ree assays ( ! same ore at ! same "t1 
9 ord] t if by *ance "o is n successful1
 ! second1 or 9 any ev5t ! ?ird1 may be 
c]ta94  ,illu/ration #bda 7,%ield =     
,muffle ,furnace73 ,a--,h&le ( tablet4  
,b--,its crack4  ,:ile ! assay] is      

assay+ ! ore1 9 ord] to prev5t ! great  
heat ( ! fire f injur+ 8 eyes1 x w be   
useful = him always to h ready a ?9     
wood5 tablet1 two palms wide1 ) a h&le  
by :i* x may be held1 & ) a slit d[n !  
middle 9 ord] t he may look ?r\gh x z   
?r\gh a crack1 s9ce x is necess>y = him 
to look frequ5tly )9 & c>efully to      
consid] ev]y?+4  ,n[ ! lead :i* has     
absorb$ ! silv] f a metallic ore is     
consum$ 9 ! cupel by ! heat 9 ! space ( 
?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,:5 ! assays are  
complet$ ! muffle is tak5 out ( !       
furnace1 & ! a%es remov$ ) an iron      
%ovel1 n only f ! brick & iron furnaces1
 b also f ! e>!n "o1 s t ! furnace ne$ n
 be remov$ f its f\ndation4  ,f ore     
plac$ 9 ! triangul> crucible a button is
 melt$ out1 f :i* metal is aft]w>d made4
 ,fir/ ( all1 gl[+ *>coal is put into ! 
iron hoop1 !n is put 9 ! triangul>      
crucible1 :i* conta9s ! ore toge!r ) ^? 
?+s :i* c liquefy x & purge x ( its     
dross2 !n ! fire is bl[n ) ! d\ble      
bell[s1 & ! ore is heat$ until ! button 

settles 9 ! bottom ( ! crucible4 ,we h  
expla9$ t !re are two me?ods ( assay+   
ore1--"o1 by :i* ! lead is mix$ ) ore 9 
! scorifi] & aft]w>d aga9 sep>at$ f x 9 
! cupel2 ! o!r1 by :i* x is fir/ melt$ 9
 ! triangul> e>!n crucible & aft]w>d    
mix$ ) lead 9 ! scorifi]1 & lat] sep>at$
 f x 9 ! cupel4 ,n[ let u consid] :i* is
 m suitable = ea* ore1 or1 if nei!r is  
suitable1 by :at o!r me?od 9 "o way or  
ano!r we c assay x4  ,we ju/ly beg9 ) a 
gold ore1 :i* we assay by bo? me?ods1 = 
if x is ri* & seems n to be /rongly     
resi/ant to fire1 b to liquefy easily1  
"o c5tumpondium ( x 7kn[n to u z ! less]
 weights71#bg toge!r ) "o & a half1 or  
two unciae ( lead ( ! l>g] weights1 are 
mix$ toge!r & plac$ 9 ! scorifi]1 & !   
two are heat$ 9 ! fire until !y are well
 mix$4 ,b s9ce su* an ore sometimes     
resi/s melt+1 add a little salt to x1   
ei!r sal torrefactus or sal             
artificiosus1 = ?is w subdue x1 & prev5t
 ! alloy f collect+ mu* dross2 /ir x    
frequ5tly ) an iron rod1 9 ord] t ! lead

 may fl[ ar\nd ! gold on e side1 &      
absorb x & ca/ out ! wa/e4 ,:5 ?is has  
be5 done1 take out ! alloy & cleanse x (
 slag2 !n place x 9 ! cupel & heat x    
until x exhales all ! lead1 & a bead (  
gold settles 9 ! bottom4  ,if ! gold ore
 is se5 n to be easily melt$ 9 ! fire1  
roa/ x & ext+ui% x ) br9e4 ,d ?is aga9 &
 aga91 = ! m (t5 y roa/ x & ext+ui% x1 !
 m easily ! ore c be cru%$ f9e1 & ! m   
quickly does x melt 9 ! fire & give up  
:atev] dross x possesses4 ,mix "o "p (  
?is ore1 :5 x has be5 roa/$1 cru%$1 &   
wa%$1 ) ?ree p>ts ( "s p[d] comp\nd :i* 
melts ore1 & six p>ts ( lead4 ,put !    
*>ge into ! triangul> crucible1 place x 
9 ! iron hoop to :i* ! d\ble bell[s     
rea*es1 & heat fir/ 9 a sl[ fire1 &     
aft]w>d gradually 9 a fi]c] fire1 till x
 melts & fl[s l wat]4 ,if ! ore does n  
melt1 add to x a little m ( ^! fluxes1  
mix$ ) an equal portion ( yell[ li?>ge1 
& /ir x ) a hot iron rod until x all    
melts4 ,!n take ! crucible out ( ! hoop1
 %ake (f ! button :5 x has cool$1 & :5 x

 has be5 cleans$1 melt fir/ 9 ! scorifi]
 & aft]w>d 9 ! cupel4 ,f9ally1 rub !    
gold :i* has settl$ 9 ! bottom ( !      
cupel1 aft] x has be5 tak5 out & cool$1 
on ! t\*/one1 9 ord] to f9d out :at     
proportion ( silv] x conta9s4 ,ano!r    
me?od is to put a c5tumpondium 7( !     
less] weights7 ( gold ore into !        
triangul> crucible1 & add to x a dra*ma 
7( ! l>g] weights7 ( glass-galls4 ,if x 
resi/s melt+1 add half a dra*ma ( roa/$ 
argol1 & if ev5 !n x resi/s1 add ! same 
quantity ( roa/$ lees ( v9eg>1 or lees (
 ! aqua :i* sep>ates gold f silv]1 & !  
button w settle 9 ! bottom ( ! crucible4
 ,melt ?is button aga9 9 ! scorifi] & a 
?ird "t 9 ! cupel4  ,we det]m9e 9 !     
foll[+ way1 be=e x is melt$ 9 ! muffle  
furnace1 :e!r pyrites conta9s gold 9 x  
or n3 if1 aft] be+ ?ree times roa/$ &   
?ree times qu5*$ 9 %>p v9eg>1 x has n   
brok5 nor *ang$ its col\r1 !re is gold 9
 x4 ,! v9eg> by :i* x is qu5*$ %\ld be  
mix$ ) salt t is put 9 x1 & frequ5tly   
/irr$ & dissolv$ = ?ree days4 ,nor is   

pyrites devoid ( gold1 :51 aft] be+     
roa/$ & !n rubb$ on ! t\*/one1 x col\rs 
! t\*/one 9 ! same way t x col\r$ x :5  
rubb$ 9 its crude /ate4 ,nor is gold    
lack+ 9 t1 ^: conc5trates f wa%+1 :5    
heat$ 9 ! fire1 easily melt1 giv+ =?    
little smell & rema9+ bright2 su*       
conc5trates are heat$ 9 ! fire 9 a      
holl[$ piece ( *>coal cov]$ ov] ) ano!r 
*>coal4  ,we also assay gold ore )\t    
fire1 b m (t5 its s& or ! conc5trates   
:i* h be5 made by wa%+1 or ! du/ ga!r$  
up by "s o!r means4 ,a little ( x is    
slightly moi/5$ ) wat] & heat$ until x  
beg9s to exhale an od\r1 & !n to "o     
portion ( ore are plac$ two portions (  
quicksilv]#bh 9 a wood5 di% z deep z a  
bas94 ,!y are mix$ toge!r ) a little    
br9e1 & are !n gr\nd ) a wood5 pe/le = !
 space ( two h\rs1 until ! mixture      
becomes ( ! ?ickness ( d\gh1 & !        
quicksilv] c no long] be di/+ui%$ f !   
conc5trates made by ! wa%+1 nor !       
conc5trates f ! quicksilv]4 ,w>m1 or at 
lea/ tepid1 wat] is p\r$ into ! di% & ! 

mat]ial is wa%$ until ! wat] runs out   
cle>4 ,aft]w>d cold wat] is p\r$ into ! 
same di%1 & soon ! quicksilv]1 :i* has  
absorb$ all ! gold1 runs toge!r into a  
sep>ate place away f ! re/ ( !          
conc5trates made by wa%+4 ,! quicksilv] 
is aft]w>d sep>at$ f ! gold by means ( a
 pot cov]$ ) s(t lea!r1 or ) canvas made
 ( wov5 ?reads ( cotton2 ! amalgam is   
p\r$ into ! middle ( ! clo? or lea!r1   
:i* sags ab\t "o h&'s bread?2 next1 !   
lea!r is fold$ ov] & ti$ ) a wax$ /r+1 &
 ! di% cat*es ! quicksilv] :i* is       
squeez$ ?r\gh x4 ,z = ! gold :i* rema9s 
9 ! lea!r1 x is plac$ 9 a scorifi] &    
purifi$ by be+ plac$ ne> gl[+ coals4    
,o!rs d n wa% away ! dirt ) w>m wat]1 b 
) /rong lye & v9eg>1 = !y p\r ^! liquids
 into ! pot1 & also ?r[ into x !        
quicksilv] mix$ ) ! conc5trates made by 
wa%+4 ,!n !y set ! pot 9 a w>m place1 & 
aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs p\r out ! liquids ) 
! dirt1 & sep>ate ! quicksilv] f ! gold 
9 ! mann] :i* ,i h describ$4 ,!n !y p\r 
ur9e into a j> set 9 ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! j>  

place a pot ) holes 9 ! bottom1 & 9 !   
pot !y place ! gold2 !n ! lid is put on 
& cem5t$1 & x is jo9$ ) ! j>2 !y aft]w>d
 heat x till ! pot gl[s r$4 ,aft] x has 
cool$1 if !re is copp] 9 ! gold !y melt 
x ) lead 9 a cupel1 t ! copp] may be    
sep>at$ f x2 b if !re is silv] 9 ! gold 
!y sep>ate !m by means ( ! aqua :i* has 
! p[] ( p>t+ ^! two metals4 ,!re are "s 
:o1 :5 !y sep>ate gold f quicksilv]1 d n
 p\r ! amalgam into a lea!r1 b put x    
into a g\rd-%ap$ e>!n vessel1 :i* !y    
place 9 ! furnace & heat gradually ov]  
burn+ *>coal2 next1 ) an iron plate1 !y 
cov] ! op5+ ( ! op]culum1 :i* exudes    
vap\r1 & z soon z x has ceas$ to exude1 
!y sme> x ) lute & heat x = a %ort "t2  
!n !y remove ! op]culum f ! pot1 & wipe 
(f ! quicksilv] :i* adh]es to x ) a     
h>e's foot1 & pres]ve x = future use4   
,by ! latt] me?od1 a great] quantity (  
quicksilv] is lo/1 & by ! =m] me?od1 a  
small] quantity4  ,if an ore is ri* 9   
silv]1 z is rudis silv]#bi1 frequ5tly   
silv] glance1 or r>ely ruby silv]1 gray 

silv]1 black silv]1 br[n silv]1 or yell[
 silv]1 z soon z x is cleans$ & heat$1 a
 c5tumpondium 7( ! less] weights7 ( x is
 plac$ 9 an uncia ( molt5 lead 9 a      
cupel1 & is heat$ until ! lead exhales4 
,b if ! ore is ( poor or mod]ate        
quality1 x mu/ fir/ be dri$1 !n cru%$1 &
 !n to a c5tumpondium 7( ! less]        
weights7 an uncia ( lead is add$1 & x is
 heat$ 9 ! scorifi] until x melts4 ,if x
 is n soon melt$ by ! fire1 x %\ld be   
spr9kl$ ) a little p[d] ( ! fir/ ord] ( 
fluxes1 & if !n x does n melt1 m is add$
 little by little until x melts & exudes
 its slag2 t ?is result may be rea*$    
soon]1 ! p[d] :i* has be5 spr9kl$ ov] x 
%\ld be /irr$ 9 ) an iron rod4 ,:5 !    
scorifi] has be5 tak5 out ( ! assay     
furnace1 ! alloy %\ld be p\r$ into a    
hole 9 a bak$ brick2 & :5 x has cool$ & 
be5 cleans$ ( ! slag1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 
a cupel & heat$ until x exhales all its 
lead2 ! weight ( silv] :i* rema9s 9 !   
cupel indicates :at proportion ( silv]  
is conta9$ 9 ! ore4  ,we assay copp] ore

 )\t lead1 = if x is melt$ ) x1 ! copp] 
usually exhales & is lo/4 ,!re=e1 a     
c]ta9 weight ( su* an ore is fir/ roa/$ 
9 a hot fire = ab\t six or eight h\rs2  
next1 :5 x has cool$1 x is cru%$ & wa%$2
 !n ! conc5trates made by wa%+ are aga9 
roa/$1 cru%$1 wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,!  
portion :i* x has lo/ :il/ x is be+     
roa/$ & wa%$ is tak5 into acc\nt1 & ^!  
conc5trates by wa%+ repres5t ! cake :i* 
w be melt$ out ( ! copp] ore4 ,place    
?ree c5tumpondia 7less] weights7 ( ?is1 
mix$ ) ?ree c5tumpondia 7less] weights7 
ea* ( copp] scales#cj1 saltpetre1 &     
,v5etian glass1 mix$1 into ! triangul>  
crucible1 & place x 9 ! iron hoop :i* is
 set on ! he>? 9 front ( ! d\ble bell[s4
 ,cov] ! crucible ) *>coal 9 su* a way t
 no?+ may fall into ! ore :i* is to be  
melt$1 & s t x may melt m quickly4 ,at  
fir/ bl[ a g5tle bla/ ) ! bell[s 9 ord] 
t ! ore may be heat$ gradually 9 ! fire2
 !n bl[ /rongly till x melts1 & ! fire  
consumes t :i* has be5 add$ to x1 & !   
ore itself exudes :atev] slag x         

possesses4 ,next1 cool ! crucible :i*   
has be5 tak5 out1 & :5 ?is is brok5 y w 
f9d ! copp]2 weigh ?is1 9 ord] to       
asc]ta9 h[ great a portion ( ! ore !    
fire has consum$4 ,"s ore is only once  
roa/$1 cru%$1 & wa%$2 & ( ?is k9d (     
conc5trates1 ?ree c5tumpondia 7less]    
weights7 are tak5 ) "o c5tumpondium ea* 
( common salt1 argol & glass-galls4     
,heat !m 9 ! triangul> crucible1 & :5 ! 
mixture has cool$ a button ( pure copp] 
w be f\nd1 if ! ore is ri* 9 ?is metal4 
,if1 h[ev]1 x is less ri*1 a /ony lump  
results1 ) :i* ! copp] is int]mix$2 ?is 
lump is aga9 roa/$1 cru%$1 &1 aft] add+ 
/ones :i* easily melt & saltpetre1 x is 
aga9 melt$ 9 ano!r crucible1 & !re      
settles 9 ! bottom ( ! crucible a button
 ( pure copp]4 ,if y wi% to "k :at      
proportion ( silv] is 9 ?is copp]       
button1 melt x 9 a cupel aft] add+ lead4
 ,) reg>d to ?is te/ ,i w speak lat]4   
,^? :o wi% to "k quickly :at portion (  
silv] ! copp] ore conta9s1 roa/ ! ore1  
cru% & wa% x1 !n mix a little yell[     

li?>ge ) "o c5tumpondium 7less] weights7
 ( ! conc5trates1 & put ! mixture into a
 scorifi]1 :i* !y place "u ! muffle 9 a 
hot furnace = ! space ( half an h\r4 ,:5
 ! slag exudes1 by reason ( ! melt+ =ce 
:i* is 9 ! li?>ge1 !y take ! scorifi]   
out2 :5 x has cool$1 !y cleanse x ( slag
 & aga9 cru% x1 & ) "o c5tumpondium ( x 
!y mix "o & a half unciae ( lead        
granules4 ,!y !n put x into ano!r       
scorifi]1 :i* !y place "u ! muffle 9 a  
hot furnace1 add+ to ! mixture a little 
( ! p[d] ( "s "o ( ! fluxes :i* cause   
ore to melt2 :5 x has melt$ !y take x   
out1 & aft] x has cool$1 cleanse x (    
slag2 la/ly1 !y heat x 9 ! cupel till x 
has exhal$ all ( ! lead1 & only silv]   
rema9s4  ,lead ore may be assay$ by ?is 
me?od3 cru% half an uncia ( pure        
lead-/one & ! same quantity ( !         
*rysocolla :i* !y call borax1 mix !m    
toge!r1 place !m 9 a crucible1 & put a  
gl[+ coal 9 ! middle ( x4 ,z soon z !   
borax crackles & ! lead-/one melts1 :i* 
soon occurs1 remove ! coal f ! crucible1

 & ! lead w settle to ! bottom ( x2     
weigh x out1 & take acc\nt ( t portion (
 x :i* ! fire has consum$4 ,if y also   
wi% to "k :at portion ( silv] is conta9$
 9 ! lead1 melt ! lead 9 ! cupel until  
all ( x exhales4  ,ano!r way is to roa/ 
! lead ore1 ( :atsoev] quality x be1 wa%
 x1 & put into ! crucible "o            
c5tumpondium ( ! conc5trates1 toge!r )  
?ree c5tumpondia ( ! p[d]$ comp\nd :i*  
melts ore1 mix$ toge!r1 & place x 9 !   
iron hoop t x may melt2 :5 x has cool$1 
cleanse x ( its slag1 & complete ! te/ z
 ,i h already said4 ,ano!r way is to    
take two unciae ( prep>$ ore1 five      
dra*mae ( roa/$ copp]1 "o uncia ( glass1
 or glass-galls r$uc$ to p[d]1 a        
semi-uncia ( salt1 & mix !m4 ,put !     
mixture into ! triangul> crucible1 &    
heat x ov] a g5tle fire to prev5t x f   
break+2 :5 ! mixture has melt$1 bl[ !   
fire vigor\sly ) ! bell[s2 !n take !    
crucible (f ! live coals & let x cool 9 
! op5 air2 d n p\r wat] on x1 le/ ! lead
 button be+ act$ ^u by ! excessive cold 

%\ld become mix$ ) ! slag1 & ! assay 9  
?is way be errone\s4 ,:5 ! crucible has 
cool$1 y w f9d 9 ! bottom ( x ! lead    
button4 ,ano!r way is to take two unciae
 ( ore1 a semi-uncia ( li?>ge1 two      
dra*mae ( ,v5etian glass & a semi-uncia 
( saltpetre4 ,if !re is difficulty 9    
melt+ ! ore1 add to x iron fil+s1 :i*1  
s9ce !y increase ! heat1 easily sep>ate 
! wa/e f lead & o!r metals4 ,by ! la/   
way1 lead ore prop]ly prep>$ is plac$ 9 
! crucible1 & !re is add$ to x only ! s&
 made f /ones :i* easily melt1 or iron  
fil+s1 & !n ! assay is complet$ z =m]ly4
  ,y c assay t9 ore by ! foll[+ me?od4  
,fir/ roa/ x1 !n cru%1 & aft]w>d wa% x2 
! conc5trates are aga9 roa/$1 cru%$1 &  
wa%$4 ,mix "o & a half c5tumpondia ( ?is
 ) "o c5tumpondium ( ! *rysocolla :i* !y
 call borax2 f ! mixture1 :5 x has be5  
moi/5$ ) wat]1 make a lump4 ,aft]w>ds1  
p]=ate a l>ge r\nd piece ( *>coal1 mak+ 
?is op5+ a palm deep1 ?ree digits wide  
on ! upp] side & n>r[] on ! l[] side2 :5
 ! *>coal is put 9 its place ! latt]    

%\ld be on ! bottom & ! =m] upp]mo/4    
,let x be plac$ 9 a crucible1 & let gl[+
 coal be put r\nd x on all sides2 :5 !  
p]=at$ piece ( coal beg9s to burn1 !    
lump is plac$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! op5+1 & x 
is cov]$ ) a wide piece ( gl[+ coal1 &  
aft] _m pieces ( coal h be5 put r\nd x1 
a hot fire is bl[n up ) ! bell[s1 until 
all ! t9 has run out ( ! l[] op5+ ( !   
*>coal into ! crucible4 ,ano!r way is to
 take a l>ge piece ( *>coal1 holl[ x    
out1 & sme> x ) lute1 t ! ore may n leap
 out :5 :ite hot4 ,next1 make a small   
hole ?r\gh ! middle ( x1 !n fill up !   
l>ge op5+ ) small *>coal1 & put ! ore ^u
 ?is2 put fire 9 ! small hole & bl[ !   
fire ) ! nozzle ( a h& bell[s2 place !  
piece ( *>coal 9 a small crucible1 sme>$
 ) lute1 9 :i*1 :5 ! melt+ is f9i%$1 y w
 f9d a button ( t94  ,9 assay+ bismu?   
ore1 place pieces ( ore 9 ! scorifi]1 & 
put x "u ! muffle 9 a hot furnace2 z    
soon z !y are heat$1 !y drip ) bismu?1  
:i* runs toge!r into a button4          
,quicksilv] ore is usually te/$ by mix+ 

"o "p ( brok5 ore ) ?ree-p>ts ( *>coal  
du/ & a h&ful ( salt4 ,put ! mixture    
into a crucible or a pot or a j>1 cov] x
 ) a lid1 seal x ) lute1 place x on gl[+
 *>coal1 & z soon z a burnt c9nab> col\r
 %[s 9 x1 take out ! vessel2 = if y     
cont9ue ! heat too long ! mixture       
exhales ! quicksilv] ) ! fumes4 ,!      
quicksilv] itself1 :5 x has become cool1
 is f\nd 9 ! bottom ( ! crucible or o!r 
vessel4 ,ano!r way is to place brok5 ore
 9 a g\rd-%ap$ e>!n vessel1 put x 9 !   
assay furnace1 & cov] ) an op]culum :i* 
has a long sp\t2 "u ! sp\t1 put an      
ampulla to receive ! quicksilv] :i*     
di/ills4 ,cold wat] %\ld be p\r$ into ! 
ampulla1 s t ! quicksilv] :i* has be5   
heat$ by ! fire may be cont9u\sly cool$ 
& ga!r$ toge!r1 = ! quicksilv] is borne 
ov] by ! =ce ( ! fire1 & fl[s d[n ?r\gh 
! sp\t ( ! op]culum into ! ampulla4 ,we 
also assay quicksilv] ore 9 ! v same way
 9 :i* we smelt x4 ,?is ,i w expla9 9   
its prop] place4  ,la/ly1 we assay iron 
ore 9 ! =ge ( a blacksmi?4 ,su* ore is  

burn$1 cru%$1 wa%$1 & dri$2 a magnet is 
laid ov] ! conc5trates1 & ! p>ticles (  
iron are attract$ to x2 ^! are wip$ (f )
 a bru%1 & are caught 9 a crucible1 !   
magnet be+ cont9ually pass$ ov] !       
conc5trates & ! p>ticles wip$ (f1 s long
 z !re rema9 any p>ticles :i* ! magnet c
 attract to x4 ,^! p>ticles are heat$ 9 
! crucible ) saltpetre until !y melt1 & 
an iron button is melt$ out ( !m4 ,if ! 
magnet easily & quickly attracts !      
p>ticles to x1 we inf] t ! ore is ri* 9 
iron2 if sl[ly1 t x is poor2 if x appe>s
 actually to repel ! ore1 !n x conta9s  
little or no iron4 ,?is is en\gh = !    
assay+ ( ores4  ,i w n[ speak ( ! assay+
 ( ! metal alloys4 ,?is is done bo? by  
co9]s & m]*ants :o buy & sell metal1 &  
by m9]s1 b mo/ ( all by ! own]s & m9e   
ma/]s1 & by ! own]s & ma/]s ( ! works 9 
:i* ! metals are smelt$1 or 9 :i* "o    
metal is p>t$ f ano!r4  ,fir/ ,i w      
describe ! way assays are usually made  
to asc]ta9 :at portion ( preci\s metal  
is conta9$ 9 base metal4 ,gold & silv]  

are n[ reckon$ z preci\s metals & all ! 
o!rs z base metals4 ,once ^u a "t ! base
 metals 7 burn$ up1 9 ord] t ! preci\s  
metals %\ld be left pure2 ! ,anci5ts ev5
 discov]$ by su* burn+ :at portion (    
gold 0 conta9$ 9 silv]1 & 9 ?is way all 
! silv] 0 consum$1 :i* 0 no small loss4 
,h[ev]1 ! fam\s ma!matician1            
,ar*im$es#ca1 to gratify ,k+ ,hi]o1     
inv5t$ a me?od ( te/+ ! silv]1 :i* 0 n v
 rapid1 & 0 m accurate = te/+ a l>ge    
mass ?an a small "o4 ,?is ,i w expla9 9 
my comm5t>ies4 ,! al*emi/s h %[n u a way
 ( sep>at+ silv] f gold by :i* nei!r (  
!m is lo/#cb4  ,gold :i* conta9s        
silv]1#cc or silv] :i* conta9s gold1 is 
fir/ rubb$ on ! t\*/one4 ,!n a ne$le 9  
:i* !re is a simil> am\nt ( gold or     
silv] is rubb$ on ! same t\*/one1 & f ! 
l9es :i* are produc$ 9 ?is way1 is      
p]ceiv$ :at portion ( silv] !re is 9 !  
gold1 or :at portion ( gold !re is 9 !  
silv]4 ,next !re is add$ to ! silv] :i* 
is 9 ! gold1 en\gh silv] to make x ?ree 
times z mu* z ! gold4 ,!n lead is plac$ 

9 a cupel & melt$2 a little lat]1 a     
small am\nt ( copp] is put 9 x1 9 fact1 
half an uncia ( x1 or half an uncia & a 
sicilicus 7( ! small] weights7 if ! gold
 or silv] does n conta9 any copp]4 ,!   
cupel1 :5 ! lead & copp] are want+1     
attracts ! p>ticles ( gold & silv]1 &   
absorbs !m4 ,f9ally1 "o-?ird ( a libra (
 ! gold1 & "o libra#cd ( ! silv] mu/ be 
plac$ toge!r 9 ! same cupel & melt$2 =  
if ! gold & silv] 7 fir/ plac$ 9 ! cupel
 & melt$1 z ,i h already said1 x absorbs
 p>ticles ( !m1 & ! gold1 :5 sep>at$ f !
 silv]1 w n be f\nd pure4 ,^! metals are
 heat$ until ! lead & ! copp] are       
consum$1 & aga91 ! same weight ( ea* is 
melt$ 9 ! same mann] 9 ano!r cupel4 ,!  
buttons are p\nd$ ) a hamm] & flatt5$   
out1 & ea* little leaf is %ap$ 9 ! =m ( 
a tube1 & ea* is put into a small glass 
ampulla4 ,ov] ^! !re is p\r$ "o uncia & 
"o dra*ma 7( ! l>ge weight7 ( ! ?ird    
quality aqua val5s1 :i* ,i w describe 9 
! ,t5? ,book4 ,?is is heat$ ov] a sl[   
fire1 & small bubbles1 resembl+ pe>ls 9 

%ape1 w be se5 to adh]e to ! tubes4 ,!  
r$d] ! aqua appe>s1 ! bett] x is judg$  
to be2 :5 ! r$ness has vani%$1 small    
:ite bubbles are se5 to be re/+ on !    
tubes1 resembl+ pe>ls n only 9 %ape1 b  
also 9 col\r4 ,aft] a %ort "t ! aqua is 
p\r$ (f & o!r is p\r$ on2 :5 ?is has    
aga9 rais$ six or eight small :ite      
bubbles1 x is p\r$ (f & ! tubes are tak5
 out & wa%$ f\r or five times ) spr+    
wat]2 or if !y are heat$ ) ! same wat]1 
:5 x is boil+1 !y w %9e m brilliantly4  
,!n !y are plac$ 9 a sauc]1 :i* is held 
9 ! h& & gradually dri$ by ! g5tle heat 
( ! fire2 aft]w>d ! sauc] is plac$ ov]  
gl[+ *>coal & cov]$ ) a *>coal1 & a     
mod]ate bla/ is bl[n ^u x ) ! m\? & !n a
 blue flame w be emitt$4 ,9 ! end !     
tubes are weigh$1 & if _! weights prove 
equal1 he :o has und]tak5 ?is "w has n  
lab\r$ 9 va94 ,la/ly1 bo? are plac$ 9   
ano!r balance-pan & weigh$2 ( ea* tube  
f\r gra9s mu/ n be c\nt$1 on acc\nt ( ! 
silv] :i* rema9s 9 ! gold & _c be       
sep>at$ f x4 ,f ! weight ( ! tubes we   

le>n ! weight bo? ( ! gold & ( ! silv]  
:i* is 9 ! button4 ,if "s assay] has    
omitt$ to add s mu* silv] to ! gold z to
 make x ?ree times ! quantity1 b only   
d\ble1 or two & a half times z mu*1 he w
 require ! /rong] quality ( aqua :i*    
sep>ates gold f silv]1 su* z ! f\r?     
quality4 ,:e!r ! aqua :i* he employs =  
gold & silv] is suitable = ! purpose1 or
 :e!r x is m or less /rong ?an is "r1 is
 recognis$ by its effect4 ,t ( m$ium    
/r5g? raises ! little bubbles on ! tubes
 & is f\nd to col\r ! ampulla & !       
op]culum a /rong r$2 ! weak] "o is f\nd 
to col\r !m a light r$1 & ! /rong] "o to
 break ! tubes4 ,to pure silv] 9 :i* !re
 is "s portion ( gold1 no?+ %\ld be add$
 :5 !y are be+ heat$ 9 ! cupel prior to 
_! be+ p>t$1 except a bes ( lead &      
"o-f\r? or "o-?ird its am\nt ( copp] ( !
 less] weights4 ,if ! silv] conta9s 9   
itself a c]ta9 am\nt ( copp]1 let x be  
weigh$1 bo? aft] x has be5 melt$ ) !    
lead1 & aft] ! gold has be5 p>t$ f x2 by
 ! =m] we le>n h[ mu* copp] is 9 x1 by !

 latt] h[ mu* gold4 ,base metals are    
burnt up ev5 to-day = ! purpose ( assay1
 because to lose s little ( ! metal is  
small loss1 b f a l>ge mass ( base      
metal1 ! preci\s metal is always        
extract$1 z ,i w expla9 9 ,books ,x4 &  
,,xi4  ,we assay an alloy ( copp] &     
silv] 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,f a few cakes (  
copp] ! assay] cuts out portions1 small 
samples f small cakes1 m$ium samples f  
m$ium cakes1 & l>ge samples f l>ge      
cakes2 ! small ones are equal 9 size to 
half a hazel nut1 ! l>ge ones d n exce$ 
! size ( half a *e/nut1 & ^? ( m$ium    
size come betwe5 ! two4 ,he cuts out !  
samples f ! middle ( ! bottom ( ea*     
cake4 ,he places ! samples 9 a new1     
clean1 triangul> crucible & fixes to !m 
pieces ( pap] ^u :i* are writt5 ! weight
 ( ! cakes ( copp]1 ( :atev] size !y may
 be2 = example1 he writes1 ,^! samples h
 be5 cut f copp] :i* weighs tw5ty       
c5tumpondia4 ,:5 he wi%es to "k h[ mu*  
silv] "o c5tumpondium ( copp] ( ?is k9d 
has 9 x1 fir/ ( all he ?r[s gl[+ coals  

into ! iron hoop1 !n adds *>coal to x4  
,:5 ! fire has become hot1 ! pap] is    
tak5 out ( ! crucible & put aside1 he !n
 sets t crucible on ! fire & gradually  
heats x = a qu>t] ( an h\r until x      
becomes r$ hot4 ,!n he /imulates ! fire 
by bl[+ ) a bla/ f ! d\ble bell[s = half
 an h\r1 because copp] :i* is devoid (  
lead requires ?is "t to become hot & to 
melt2 copp] n devoid ( lead melts       
quick]4 ,:5 he has bl[n ! bell[s = ab\t 
! space ( "t /at$1 he removes ! gl[+    
*>coal ) ! tongs1 & /irs ! copp] ) a    
spl9t] ( wood1 :i* he grasps ) ! tongs4 
,if x does n /ir easily1 x is a sign t !
 copp] is n :olly liquefi$2 if he f9ds  
?is is ! case1 he aga9 places a l>ge    
piece ( *>coal 9 ! crucible1 & replaces 
! gl[+ *>coal :i* _h be5 remov$1 & aga9 
bl[s ! bell[s = a %ort "t4 ,:5 all !    
copp] has melt$ he /ops us+ ! bell[s1 = 
if he 7 to cont9ue to use !m1 ! fire    
w\ld consume "p ( ! copp]1 & !n t :i*   
rema9$ w\ld be ri*] ?an ! cake f :i* x  
_h be5 cut2 ?is is no small mi/ake4     

,!re=e1 z soon z ! copp] has become     
suffici5tly liquefi$1 he p\rs x out into
 a little iron m\ld1 :i* may be l>ge or 
small1 accord+ z m or less copp] is     
melt$ 9 ! crucible = ! purpose ( !      
assay4 ,! m\ld has a h&le1 likewise made
 ( iron1 by :i* x is held :5 ! copp] is 
p\r$ 91 aft] :i*1 he plunges x into a   
tub ( wat] plac$ ne> at h&1 t ! copp]   
may be cool$4 ,!n he aga9 dries ! copp] 
by ! fire1 & cuts (f its po9t ) an iron 
w$ge2 ! portion ne>e/ ! po9t he hamm]s  
on an anvil & makes into a leaf1 :i* he 
cuts into pieces4  ,illu/ration #bej    
7,copp] ,m\ld = ,assay+73 ,a--,iron     
m\ld4 ,b--,its h&le4  ,o!rs /ir ! molt5 
copp] ) a /ick ( l9d5 tree *>coal1 & !n 
p\r x ov] a bundle ( new clean bir*     
twigs1 b5ea? :i* is plac$ a wood5 tub ( 
suffici5t size & full ( wat]1 & 9 ?is   
mann] ! copp] is brok5 up into little   
granules z small z hemp se$s4 ,o!rs     
employ /raw 9 place ( twigs4 ,o!rs place
 a broad /one 9 a tub & p\r 9 en\gh wat]
 to cov] ! /one1 !n !y run out ! molt5  

copp] f ! crucible on to ! /one1 f :i* !
 m9ute granules roll (f2 o!rs p\r !     
molt5 copp] into wat] & /ir x until x is
 resolv$ into granules4 ,! fire does n  
easily melt ! copp] 9 ! cupel unless x  
has be5 p\r$ & a ?9 leaf made ( x1 or   
unless x has be5 resolv$ into granules  
or made into fil+s2 & if x does n melt1 
all ! lab\r has be5 und]tak5 9 va94 ,9  
ord] t !y may be accurately weigh$ out1 
silv] & lead are resolv$ into granules 9
 ! same mann] z copp]4 ,b to return to !
 assay ( copp]4 ,:5 ! copp] has be5     
prep>$ by ^! me?ods1 if x is free ( lead
 & iron1 & ri* 9 silv]1 to ea*          
c5tumpondium 7less] weights7 add "o & a 
half unciae ( lead 7l>g] weights74 ,if1 
h[ev]1 ! copp] conta9s "s lead1 add "o  
uncia ( lead2 if x conta9s iron1 add two
 unciae4 ,fir/ put ! lead into a cupel1 
& aft] x beg9s to smoke1 add ! copp]2 ! 
fire g5]ally consumes ! copp]1 toge!r ) 
! lead1 9 ab\t "o h\r & a qu>t]4 ,:5 ?is
 is done1 ! silv] w be f\nd 9 ! bottom (
 ! cupel4 ,! fire consumes bo? ( ^?     

metals m quickly if !y are heat$ 9 t    
furnace :i* draws 9 air4 ,x is bett] to 
cov] ! upp] half ( x ) a lid1 & n only  
to put on ! muffle door1 b also to close
 ! w9d[ ( ! muffle door ) a piece (     
*>coal1 or ) a piece ( brick4 ,if !     
copp] be su* t ! silv] c only be sep>at$
 f x ) difficulty1 !n be=e x is te/$ )  
fire 9 ! cupel1 lead %\ld fir/ be put   
into ! scorifi]1 & !n ! copp] %\ld be   
add$ ) a mod]ate quantity ( melt$ salt1 
bo? t ! lead may absorb ! copp] & t !   
copp] may be cleans$ ( ! dross :i*      
ab\nds 9 x4  ,t9 :i* conta9s silv] %\ld 
n at ! beg9n+ ( ! assay be plac$ 9 a    
cupel1 le/ ! silv]1 z (t5 happ5s1 be    
consum$ & conv]t$ into fumes1 toge!r ) !
 t94 ,z soon z ! lead#ce has begun to   
fume 9 ! scorifi]1 !n add t#cf to x4 ,9 
?is way ! lead w take ! silv] & ! t9 w  
boil & turn into a%es1 :i* may be remov$
 ) a wood5 spl9t]4 ,! same ?+ occurs if 
any alloy is melt$ 9 :i* !re is t94 ,:5 
! lead has absorb$ ! silv] :i* 0 9 ! t91
 !n1 & n till !n1 x is heat$ 9 ! cupel4 

,fir/ place ! lead ) :i* ! silv] is     
mix$1 9 an iron pan1 & /& x on a hot    
furnace & let x melt2 aft]w>d p\r ?is   
lead into a small iron m\ld1 & !n beat x
 out ) a hamm] on an anvil & make x into
 leaves 9 ! same way z ! copp]4 ,la/ly1 
place x 9 ! cupel1 :i* assay c be c>ri$ 
out 9 ! space ( half an h\r4 ,a great   
heat is h>mful to x1 = :i* reason !re is
 no necessity ei!r to cov] ! half ( !   
furnace ) a lid or to close up its m\?4 
,! m9t$ metal alloys1 :i* are kn[n z    
money1 are assay$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,!    
small] silv] co9s :i* h be5 pick$ out f 
! bottom & top & sides ( a heap are fir/
 c>efully cleans$2 !n1 aft] !y h be5    
melt$ 9 ! triangul> crucible1 !y are    
ei!r resolv$ into granules1 or made into
 ?9 leaves4 ,z = ! l>ge co9s :i* weigh a
 dra*ma1 a sicilicus1 half an uncia1 or 
an uncia1 beat !m into leaves4 ,!n take 
a bes ( ! granules1 or an equal weight (
 ! leaves1 & likewise take ano!r bes 9 !
 same way4 ,wrap ea* sample sep>ately 9 
pap]1 & aft]w>ds place two small pieces 

( lead 9 two cupels :i* h fir/ be5      
heat$4 ,! m preci\s ! money is1 ! small]
 portion ( lead d we require = ! assay1 
! m base1 ! l>g] is ! portion requir$2 =
 if a bes ( silv] is said to conta9 only
 half an uncia or "o uncia ( copp]1 we  
add to ! bes ( granules half an uncia ( 
lead4 ,if x is compos$ ( equal p>ts (   
silv] & copp]1 we add an uncia ( lead1 b
 if 9 a bes ( copp] !re is only half an 
uncia or "o uncia ( silv]1 we add an    
uncia & a half ( lead4 ,z soon z ! lead 
has begun to fume1 put into ea* cupel "o
 ( ! pap]s 9 :i* is wrapp$ ! sample (   
silv] alloy$ ) copp]1 & close ! m\? ( ! 
muffle ) *>coal4 ,heat !m ) a g5tle fire
 until all ! lead & copp] are consum$1 =
 a hot fire by its heat =ces ! silv]1   
comb9$ ) a c]ta9 portion ( lead1 into ! 
cupel1 9 :i* way ! assay is r5d]$       
errone\s4 ,!n take ! beads out ( ! cupel
 & clean !m ( dross4 ,if nei!r depresses
 ! pan ( ! balance 9 :i* x is plac$1 b  
_! weight is equal1 ! assay has be5 free
 f error2 b if "o bead depresses its    

pan1 !n !re is an error1 = :i* reason ! 
assay mu/ be repeat$4 ,if ! bes ( co9   
conta9s b sev5 unciae ( pure silv] x is 
because ! ,k+1 or ,pr9ce1 or ! ,/ate :o 
co9s ! money1 has tak5 "o uncia1 :i* he 
keeps p>tly = pr(it & p>tly = ! exp5se (
 co9+1 he hav+ add$ copp] to ! silv]4 ,(
 all ^! matt]s ,i h writt5 ext5sively 9 
my book ,de ,precio ,metallorum et      
,monetis4  ,we assay gold co9s 9 v>i\s  
ways4 ,if !re is copp] mix$ ) ! gold1 we
 melt !m by fire 9 ! same way z silv]   
co9s2 if !re is silv] mix$ ) ! gold1 !y 
are sep>at$ by ! /ronge/ aqua val5s2 if 
!re is copp] & silv] mix$ ) ! gold1 !n 9
 ! fir/ place1 aft] ! addition ( lead1  
!y are heat$ 9 ! cupel until ! fire     
consumes ! copp] & ! lead1 & aft]w>d !  
gold is p>t$ f ! silv]4  ,x rema9s to   
speak ( ! t\*/one#cg ) :i* gold & silv] 
are te/$1 & :i* 0 also us$ by !         
,anci5ts4 ,= al?\gh ! assay made by fire
 is m c]ta91 /ill1 s9ce we (t5 h no     
furnace1 nor muffle1 nor crucibles1 or  
"s delay mu/ be occasion$ 9 us+ !m1 we c

 always rub gold or silv] on ! t\*/one1 
:i* we c h 9 read9ess4 ,fur!r1 :5 gold  
co9s are assay$ 9 ! fire1 ( :at use are 
!y aft]w>d8 ,a t\*/one mu/ be select$   
:i* is ?or\ghly black & free ( sulphur1 
= ! black] x is & ! m devoid ( sulphur1 
! bett] x g5]ally is2 ,i h writt5       
else:]e ( its nature#ch4 ,fir/ ! gold is
 rubb$ on ! t\*/one1 :e!r x conta9s     
silv] or :e!r x is obta9$ f ! m9es or f 
! smelt+2 silv] also is rubb$ 9 ! same  
way4 ,!n "o ( ! ne$les1 t we judge by   
its col\r to be ( simil> composition1 is
 rubb$ on ! t\*/one2 if ?is proves too  
pale1 ano!r ne$le :i* has a /rong] col\r
 is rubb$ on ! t\*/one2 & if ?is proves 
too deep 9 col\r1 a ?ird :i* has a      
little pal] col\r is us$4 ,= ?is w %[ u 
h[ great a proportion ( silv] or copp]1 
or silv] & copp] toge!r1 is 9 ! gold1 or
 else h[ great a proportion ( copp] is 9
 silv]4  ,^! ne$les are ( f\r k9ds4#ci  
,! fir/ k9d are made ( gold & silv]1 !  
second ( gold & copp]1 ! ?ird ( gold1   
silv]1 & copp]1 & ! f\r? ( silv] &      

copp]4 ,! fir/ ?ree k9ds ( ne$les are   
us$ pr9cipally = te/+ gold1 & ! f\r? =  
silv]4 ,ne$les ( ?is k9d are prep>$ 9 ! 
foll[+ ways4 ,! less] weights correspond
 proportionately to ! l>g] weights1 &   
bo? ( !m are us$1 n only by m9+ p1 b by 
co9]s also4 ,! ne$les are made 9        
accordance ) ! less] weights1 & ea* set 
corresponds to a bes1 :i*1 9 our own    
vocabul>y1 is call$ a m>k4 ,! bes1 :i*  
is employ$ by ^? :o co9 gold1 is divid$ 
into tw5ty-f\r d\ble sextulae1 :i* are  
n[ call$ aft] ! ,greek "n c]atia2 & ea* 
d\ble sextula is divid$ into f\r        
semi-sextulae1 :i* are call$ granas2 &  
ea* semi-sextula is divid$ into ?ree    
units ( f\r siliquae ea*1 ( :i* ea* unit
 is call$ a gr5l94 ,if we made ! ne$les 
to be ea* f\r siliquae1 !re w\ld be two 
hundr$ & eighty-eight 9 a bes1 b if ea* 
7 made to be a semi-sextula or a d\ble  
scripula1 !n !re w\ld be n9ety-six 9 a  
bes4 ,by ^! two me?ods too _m ne$les    
w\ld be made1 & ! majority ( !m1 by     
reason ( ! small diff]5ce 9 ! proportion

 ( ! gold1 w\ld indicate no?+1 !re=e x  
is advisable to make !m ea* ( a d\ble   
sextula2 9 ?is way tw5ty-f\r ne$les are 
made1 ( :i* ! fir/ is made ( tw5ty-?ree 
duellae ( silv] & "o ( gold4 ,fannius is
 our au?ority t ! ,anci5ts call$ ! d\ble
 sextula a duella4 ,:5 a b> ( silv] is  
rubb$ on ! t\*/one & col\rs x j z ?is   
ne$le does1 x conta9s "o duella ( gold4 
,9 ?is mann] we det]m9e by ! o!r ne$les 
:at proportion ( gold !re is1 or :5 !   
gold exce$s ! silv] 9 weight1 :at       
proportion ( silv]4  ,illu/ration #bee  
7,t\*-ne$les7  ,! ne$les are made#dj3-- 
,! #a/ ne$le ( #bc duellae ( silv] & #a 
duella ( gold4      #bnd          #bb   
#b duellae ( gold4      #crd            
#ba                       #c            
#d?          #bj                        
#d                    #e?          #ai  
#e                    #f?          #ah  
#f                    #g?          #ag  
#g                    #h?          #af  
#h                    #i?          #ae  
#i                    #aj?         #ad  

#aj                    #aa?         #ac 
#aa                    #ab?         #ab 
#ab                    #ac?         #aa 
#ac                    #ad?         #aj 
#ad                    #ae?          #i 
#ae                    #af?          #h 
#af                    #ag?          #g 
#ag                    #ah?          #f 
#ah                    #ai?          #e 
#ai                    #bj?          #d 
#bj                    #ba/          #c 
#ba                    #bbnd          #b
                      #bb               
#bcrd          #a                       
#bc                    #bd?             
pure gold  ,by ! fir/ elev5 ne$les1 :5  
!y are rubb$ on ! t\*/one1 we te/ :at   
proportion ( gold a b> ( silv] conta9s1 
& ) ! rema9+ ?irte5 we te/ :at          
proportion ( silv] is 9 a b> ( gold2 &  
also :at proportion ( ei!r may be 9     
money4  ,s9ce "s gold co9s are compos$ (
 gold & copp]1 ?irte5 ne$les ( ano!r k9d
 are made z foll[s3--    ,! #a/ ( #ab   
duellae ( gold & #ab duellae ( copp]4   

#bnd   #ac                     #aa      
#crd   #ad                     #aj      
#d?   #ae                      #i       
#e?   #af                      #h       
#f?   #ag                      #g       
#g?   #ah                      #f       
#h?   #ai                      #e       
#i?   #bj                      #d       
#aj?   #ba                      #c      
#aa?   #bb                      #b      
#ab?   #bc                      #a      
#ac?   pure gold4  ,^! ne$les are n mu* 
us$1 because gold co9s ( t k9d are      
some:at r>e2 ! ones *iefly us$ are ^? 9 
:i* !re is mu* copp]4 ,ne$les ( ! ?ird  
k9d1 :i* are compos$ ( gold1 silv]1 &   
copp]1 are m l>gely us$1 because su*    
gold co9s are common4 ,b s9ce ) ! gold  
!re are mix$ equal or unequal portions (
 silv] & copp]1 two sorts ( ne$les are  
made4 ,if ! proportion ( silv] & copp]  
is equal1 ! ne$les are z foll[s3--      
,gold4               ,silv]4            
,copp]4   ,! #a/ ( #ab duellae   #f     
duellae #j sextula   #f duellae #j      

sextula      #bnd   #ac            #e   
#a            #e          #a            
#crd   #ad            #e                
#e          #d?   #ae            #d     
#a            #d          #a            
#e?   #af            #d                 
#d          #f?   #ag            #c     
#a            #c          #a            
#g?   #ah            #c                 
#c          #h?   #ai            #b     
#a            #b          #a            
#i?   #bj            #b                 
#b         #aj?   #ba            #a     
#a            #a          #a            
#aa?   #bb            #a                
#a         #ab?   #bc            #a     
#ac?   pure gold4  ,"s make tw5ty-five  
ne$les1 9 ord] to be able to detect !   
two scripula ( silv] or copp] :i* are 9 
a bes ( gold4 ,( ^! ne$les1 ! fir/ is   
compos$ ( twelve duellae ( gold & six ( 
silv]1 & ! same numb] ( copp]4 ,!       
second1 ( twelve duellae & "o sextula ( 
gold & five duellae & "o & a half       
sextulae ( silv]1 & ! same numb] (      

duellae & "o & a half sextulae ( copp]4 
,! rema9+ ne$les are made 9 ! same      
proportion4  ,pl9y is our au?ority t !  
,romans c\ld tell to )9 "o scripulum h[ 
mu* gold 0 9 any giv5 alloy1 & h[ mu*   
silv] or copp]4  ,ne$les may be made 9  
ei!r ( two ways1 namely1 9 ! ways ( :i* 
,i h spok51 & 9 ! ways ( :i* ,i am n[   
ab\t to speak4 ,if unequal portions (   
silv] & copp] h be5 mix$ ) ! gold1      
?irty-sev5 ne$les are made 9 ! foll[+   
way3--                ,gold4            
,silv]4                   ,copp]4       
,duellae4    ,duellae                   
,duellae                                
,sextulae                ,sextulae      
,siliquae4               ,siliquae4   ,!
 #a/ (   #ab           #i     #j        
#j         #c     #j         #j         
#bnd     #ab           #h     #j        
#j         #d     #j         #j         
#crd     #ab           #g               
#e       #d?     #ac           #h       
#a_/b                 #b     #a_/b      
#e?     #ac           #g     #a_/b      

#d         #c     #a         #h      #f?
     #ac           #f     #a_/b       #h
         #d     #a         #d       #g? 
#ad           #g     #a                 
#b     #a      #h?     #ad           #f 
#a         #h         #c     #a_/b      
#d      #i?     #ad           #e        
#a-a_/b     #d         #d               
#h      #aj?     #ae           #f       
#a-a_/b               #b     #a_/b      
#aa?     #ae           #f               
#c     #ab?     #ae           #e        
#a_/b                 #c     #a-a_/b    
#ac?     #af           #f               
#b     #ad?     #af           #e        
#a_/b       #d         #b     #a        
#h     #ae?     #af           #d     #a 
#h         #c     #a_/b       #d        
#af?     #ag           #e     #a_/b     
#j         #a     #a-a_/b     #ag?      
#ag           #d     #a         #h      
#b     #a_/b       #d     #ah?     #ag  
#d     #d                   #b          
#a-a_/b     #h      #ai?     #ah        
#d     #a                   #a     #a   

#bj?     #ah           #d     #j        
#b     #ba/     #ah           #c     #a 
#b     #a      #bbnd     #ai            
#b     #a-a_/b               #a         
#a_/b     #bcrd     #ai           #c    
#a_/b       #d         #a     #a        
#h     #bd?     #ai           #b        
#a-a_/b     #h         #b               
#d      #be?     #bj           #c       
#a     #bf?     #bj           #b     #a 
#h         #a      #a_/b      #d        
#bg?     #bj           #b     #a_/b     
#d         #a      #a        #h         
#bh?     #ba           #b     #a_/b     
#a-a_/b     #bi?     #ba           #b   
#a     #cj?     #ba           #a        
#a-a_/b               #a      #a_/b     
#ca/     #bb           #a     #a        
#a     #cbnd     #bb           #a       
#a_/b       #d         #j      #a       
#h     #ccrd     #bb           #a       
#h                #a-a_/b    #d         
#cd?     #bc                 #a-a_/b    
#a_/b     #ce?     #bc                  
#a         #h                #a_/b      

#d     #cf?     #bc                 #a  
#d                #a_/b      #h     #cg?
     pure gold4  ,s9ce x is r>ely f\nd t
 gold1 :i* has be5 co9$1 does n am\nt to
 at lea/ fifte5 duellae gold 9 a bes1 "s
 make only tw5ty-eight ne$les1 & "s make
 !m diff]5t f ^? already describ$1      
inasmu* z ! alloy ( gold ) silv] & copp]
 is sometimes diff]5tly proportion$4    
,^! ne$les are made3--                  
,gold4              ,silv]4             
,copp]4             ,duellae4           
,duellae                 ,duellae       
,sextulae                ,sextulae      
,siliquae4               ,siliquae4   ,!
 #a/ (   #ae           #f     #a        
#h         #b     #a_/b       #d        
#bnd     #ae           #f               
#d         #b     #a-a_/b     #h        
#crd     #ae           #e     #a_/b     
#c     #a-a_/b       #d?     #af        
#f     #a_/b                 #a         
#a-a_/b      #e?     #af           #e   
#a         #h         #b     #a_/b      
#d      #f?     #af           #d        

#a-a_/b     #h         #c               
#d       #g?     #ag           #e     #a
         #d         #a     #a_/b        
#h      #h?     #ag           #e        
#d         #a     #a-a_/b     #h        
#i?     #ag           #d     #a         
#d         #b     #a_/b       #h        
#aj?     #ah           #d     #a        
#a     #a     #aa?     #ah           #d 
#b     #ab?     #ah           #c     #a 
#b     #a      #ac?     #ai           #c
     #a-a_/b     #d         #a          
#h     #ad?     #ai           #c        
#a_/b       #d         #a     #a        
#h     #ae?     #ai           #b        
#a-a_/b     #d         #b               
#h      #af?     #bj           #c       
#a     #ag?     #bj           #b        
#a     #a     #ah?     #bj           #b 
#b      #ai?     #ba           #b       
#a_/b       #d               #a         
#h     #bj?     #ba           #a        
#a-a_/b     #d         #a               
#h     #ba/     #ba           #a     #a 
#h         #a     #a_/b       #d        

#bbnd     #bb           #a     #a       
#h               #a_/b       #d         
#bcrd     #bb           #a     #a       
#a     #bd?     #bb           #a        
#a_/b       #d               #a         
#h      #be?     #bc                    
#a-a_/b     #d                          
#h     #bf?     #bc                     
#a-a_/b                     #a_/b       
#bg?     #bc                 #a         
#h               #a_/b       #d     #bh?
    pure gold  ,next foll[s ! f\r? k9d (
 ne$les1 by :i* we te/ silv] co9s :i*   
conta9 copp]1 or copp] co9s :i* conta9  
silv]4 ,! bes by :i* we weigh ! silv] is
 divid$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,x is ei!r  
divid$ twelve times1 into units ( five  
dra*mae & "o scripulum ea*1 :i* ! ord9>y
 p call nummi#da2 ea* ( ^! units we aga9
 divide into tw5ty-f\r units ( f\r      
siliquae ea*1 :i* ! same ord9>y p call a
 gr5l92 or else ! bes is divid$ into    
sixte5 semunciae :i* are call$ lo?s1 ea*
 ( :i* is aga9 divid$ into eighte5 units
 ( f\r siliquae ea*1 :i* !y call gr5l94 

,or else ! bes is divid$ into sixte5    
semunciae1 ( :i* ea* is divid$ into f\r 
dra*mae1 & ea* dra*ma into f\r pf5nige4 
,ne$les are made 9 accordance ) ea*     
me?od ( divid+ ! bes4 ,accord+ to ! fir/
 me?od1 to ! numb] ( tw5ty-f\r half     
nummi2 accord+ to ! second me?od1 to !  
numb] ( ?irty-"o half semunciae1 t is to
 say a sicilicus2 = if ! ne$les 7 made  
to ! numb] ( ! small] weights1 ! numb] (
 ne$les w\ld aga9 be too l>ge1 & n a few
 ( !m1 by reason ( ! small diff]5ce 9   
proportion ( silv] or copp]1 w\ld h no  
significance4 ,we te/ bo? b>s & co9$    
money compos$ ( silv] & copp] by bo?    
scales4 ,! "o is z foll[s3 ! fir/ ne$le 
is made ( tw5ty-?ree p>ts ( copp] & "o  
"p silv]2 :]eby1 :atsoev] b> or co91 :5 
rubb$ on ! t\*/one1 col\rs x j z ?is    
ne$le does1 9 t b> or money !re is "o   
tw5ty-f\r? "p ( silv]1 & s also1 9      
accordance ) ! proportion ( silv]1 is   
kn[n ! rema9+ proportion ( ! copp]4     
,! #a/ ne$le is made ( #bc p>ts ( copp] 
& #a ( silv]4     #bnd                  

#bb                   #b           #crd 
#ba                   #c           #d?  
#bj                   #d           #e?  
#ai                   #e           #f?  
#ah                   #f           #g?  
#ag                   #g           #h?  
#af                   #h           #i?  
#ae                   #i           #aj? 
#ad                  #aj           #aa? 
#ac                  #aa           #ab? 
#ab                  #ab           #ac? 
#aa                  #ac           #ad? 
#aj                  #ad           #ae? 
#i                  #ae           #af?  
#h                  #af           #ag?  
#g                  #ag           #ah?  
#f                  #ah           #ai?  
#e                  #ai           #bj?  
#d                  #bj           #ba/  
#c                  #ba           #bbnd 
#b                  #bb           #bcrd 
#a                  #bc           #bd? (
 pure silv]4  ,! o!r me?od ( mak+ ne$les
 is z foll[s3--                         
,copp]4                  ,silv]4        

,semunciae ,sicilici4     ,semunciae    
,sicilici4    ,! #a/ is (      #ae      
#a      #bnd          #ad           #a  
#a           #a      #crd          #ad  
#b       #d?          #ac           #a  
#b           #a      #e?          #ac   
#c      #f?          #ab           #a   
#c           #a       #g?          #ab  
#d      #h?          #aa           #a   
#d           #a      #i?          #aa   
#e      #aj?          #aj           #a  
#e           #a     #aa?          #aj   
#f     #ab?           #i           #a   
#f           #a      #ac?           #i  
#g     #ad?           #h           #a   
#g           #a     #ae?           #h   
#h      #af?           #g           #a  
#h           #a     #ag?           #g   
#i     #ah?           #f           #a   
#i           #a      #ai?           #f  
#aj     #bj?           #e           #a  
#aj           #a     #ba/           #e  
#aa      #bbnd           #d           #a
              #aa           #a     #bcrd
           #d                           

#ab     #bd?           #c           #a  
#ab           #a      #be?           #c 
#ac     #bf?           #b           #a  
#ac           #a     #bg?           #b  
#ad      #bh?           #a           #a 
#ad           #a     #bi?           #a  
#ae     #cj?                       #a   
#ae           #a     #ca/ ( pure silv]4 
,s mu* = ?is4 ,p]haps ,i h us$ m words  
?an ^? mo/ highly skill$ 9 ! art may    
require1 b x is necess>y = ! und]/&+ (  
^! matt]s4  ,i w n[ speak ( ! weights1 (
 :i* ,i h frequ5tly made m5tion4 ,among 
m9+ p ^! are ( two k9ds1 t is1 ! great] 
weights & ! less] weights4 ,!           
c5tumpondium is ! fir/ & l>ge/ weight1 &
 ( c\rse consi/s ( "o hundr$ librae1 & =
 t reason is call$ a hundr$ weight4  ,! 
v>i\s weights are3--    #a/  #ajj librae
  c5tumpondium4   #bnd   #ej        #crd
   #be        #d?   #af        #e?    #h
        #f?    #d        #g?    #b      
#h?    #a libra4  ,?is libra consi/s (  
sixte5 unciae1 & ! half "p ( ! libra is 
! selibra1 :i* our p call a m>k1 &      

consi/s ( eight unciae1 or1 z !y divide 
x1 ( sixte5 semunciae3--     #i?  #h    
unciae4   #aj?  #h semunciae4   #aa?  #d
        #ab?  #b        #ac?  #a        
semuncia4   #ad?  #a sicilicus4   #ae?  
#a dra*ma4   #af?  #a dimidi-dra*ma4    
,illu/ration #bfb 7,weights = ,assay    
,balances7  ,! above is h[ ! great]     
weights are divid$4 ,! less] weights are
 made ( silv] or brass or copp]4 ,( ^!1 
! fir/ & l>ge/ g5]ally weighs "o dra*ma1
 = x is necess>y = u to weigh1 n only   
ore1 b also metals to be assay$1 &      
small] quantities ( lead4 ,! fir/ ( ^!  
weights is call$ a c5tumpondium & !     
numb] ( librae 9 x corresponds to ! l>g]
 scale1 be+ likewise "o hundr$#db4    ,!
  #a/ is call$  #a c5tumpondium4        
#bnd          #ej librae4       #crd    
#be            #d?          #af         
#e?           #h            #f?         
#d            #g?           #b          
#h?           #a            #i?         
#a selibra4      #aj?           #h      
semunciae4      #aa?           #d       

#ab?           #b           #ac?        
#a           #ad?           #a          
sicilicus4  ,! f\rte5? is ! la/1 = !    
proportionate weights :i* correspond ) a
 dra*ma & half a dra*ma are n us$4 ,on  
all ^! weights ( ! less] scale1 are     
writt5 ! numb]s ( librae & ( semunciae4 
,"s copp] assay]s divide bo? ! less] &  
great] scale weights into divisions ( a 
diff]5t scale4 ,_! l>ge/ weight ( !     
great] scale weighs "o hundr$ & twelve  
librae1 :i* is ! fir/ unit ( measurem5t4
     #a/   #aab librae4    #bnd    #fd  
#crd    #cb         #d?    #af          
#e?     #h         #f?     #d           
#g?     #b         #h?     #a           
#i?     #a selibra or sixte5 semunciae4 
#aj?     #h semunciae4   #aa?     #d    
#ab?     #b        #ac?     #a       ,z 
= ! selibra ( ! less] weights1 :i* our  
p1 z ,i h (t5 said1 call a m>k1 & !     
,romans call a bes1 co9]s :o co9 gold1  
divide x j l ! great] weights scale1    
into tw5ty-f\r units ( two sextulae ea*1
 & ea* unit ( two sextulae is divid$    

into f\r semi-sextulae & ea*            
semi-sextula into ?ree units ( f\r      
siliquae ea*4 ,"s also divide ! sep>ate 
units ( f\r siliquae into f\r individual
 siliquae1 b mo/1 omitt+ !              
semi-sextulae1 !n divide ! d\ble sextula
 into twelve units ( f\r siliquae ea*1 &
 d n divide ^! into f\r individual      
siliquae4 ,?us ! fir/ & greate/ unit (  
measurem5t1 :i* is ! bes1 weighs        
tw5ty-f\r d\ble sextulae4    ,! #bnd    
#ab d\ble sextulae4      #crd   #f      
#d?   #c                   #e?   #b     
#f?   #a                   #g?   #b     
semi-sextulae or f\r semi-sextulae4     
#h?   #a semi-sextula or #c units ( #d  
siliquae ea*4      #i?   #b units ( f\r 
siliquae ea*4     #aj?   #a             
,co9]s :o m9t silv] also divide ! bes ( 
! less] weights 9 ! same way z ! great] 
weights2 our p1 inde$1 divide x into    
sixte5 semunciae1 & ! semuncia into     
eighte5 units ( f\r siliquae ea*4  ,!re 
are t5 weights :i* are plac$ 9 ! o!r pan
 ( ! balance1 :5 !y weigh ! silv] :i*   

rema9s f ! copp] t has be5 consum$1 :5  
!y assay ! alloy ) fire4    ,! #a/  #af 
semunciae  #a bes4      #bnd   #h       
#crd   #d             #d?   #b          
#e?   #a          or #ah units ( #d     
siliquae ea*4      #f?   #i units ( #d  
siliquae ea*4      #g?   #f             
#h?   #c                    #i?   #b    
#aj?   #a                ,! co9]s (     
,nuremb]g :o m9t silv]1 divide ! bes    
into sixte5 semunciae1 b divide !       
semuncia into f\r dra*mae1 & ! dra*ma   
into f\r pf5nige4 ,!y employ n9e        
weights4    ,! #a/  #af semunciae4      
#bnd   #h             #crd   #d         
#d?   #b             #e?   #a         ,=
 !y divide ! bes 9 ! same way z our own 
p1 b s9ce !y divide ! semuncia into f\r 
dra*mae1    ! #f? weight  #b dra*mae4   
#g?        #a dra*ma or #d pf5nige4     
#h?        #b pf5nige4      #i?         
#a pf5nig4  ,! m5 ( ,cologne &          
,antw]p#dc divide ! bes into twelve     
units ( five dra*mae & "o scripulum1 :i*
 weights !y call nummi4 ,ea* ( ^! !y    

aga9 divide into tw5ty-f\r units ( f\r  
siliquae ea*1 :i* !y call gr5l9s4 ,!y h 
t5 weights1 ( :i*    ! #a/  #ab nummi   
#a bes4      #bnd   #f         #crd   #c
         #d?   #b         #e?   #a      
#bd units ( #d siliquae ea*4      #f?   
#ab units ( #d siliquae ea*4      #g?   
#f                    #h?   #c          
#i?   #b                   #aj?   #a    
,& s ) !m1 j z ) our own p1 ! m>k is    
divid$ into two hundr$ & eighty-eight   
gr5l9s1 & by ! p ( ,nuremb]g x is divid$
 into two hundr$ & fifty-six pf5nige4   
,la/ly1 ! ,v5etians divide ! bes into   
eight unciae4 ,! uncia into f\r         
sicilici1 ! sicilicus into ?irty-six    
siliquae4 ,!y make twelve weights1 :i*  
!y use :5ev] !y wi% to assay alloys (   
silv] & copp]4 ,( ^!    ! #a/   #h      
unciae  #a bes4      #bnd   #d          
#crd   #b          #d?   #a      or #d  
sicilici4      #e?   #b sicilici4       
#f?   #a sicilicus4      #g?  #ah       
siliquae4      #h?   #i          #i?    
#f         #aj?   #c         #aa?   #b  

#ab?   #a      ,s9ce ! ,v5etians divide 
! bes into elev5 hundr$ & fifty-two     
siliquae1 or two hundr$ & eighty-eight  
units ( #d siliquae ea*1 into :i* numb] 
our p also divide ! bes1 !y ?us make !  
same numb] ( siliquae1 & bo? agree1 ev5 
?\gh ! ,v5etians divide ! bes into      
small] divisions4  ,?is1 !n1 is ! sy/em 
( weights1 bo? ( ! great] & ! less]     
k9ds1 :i* metallurgi/s employ1 &        
likewise ! sy/em ( ! less] weights :i*  
co9]s & m]*ants employ1 :5 !y are assay+
 metals & co9$ money4 ,! bes ( ! l>g]   
weight ) :i* !y provide !mselves :5 !y  
weigh l>ge masses ( ^! ?+s1 ,i h expla9$
 9 my "w ,de ,m5suris et ,pond]ibus1 & 9
 ano!r book1 ,de ,precio ,metallorum et 
,monetis4  ,illu/ration #bfe            
7,balances73 ,a--,fir/ small balance4   
,b--,second4 ,c--,?ird1 plac$ 9 a case4 
,!re are ?ree small balances by :i* we  
weigh ore1 metals1 & fluxes4 ,! fir/1 by
 :i* we weigh lead & fluxes1 is ! l>ge/ 
among ^! small] balances1 & :5 eight    
unciae 7( ! great] weights7 are plac$ 9 

"o ( its pans1 & ! same numb] 9 ! o!r1 x
 su/a9s no damage4 ,! second is m       
delicate1 & by ?is we weigh ! ore or !  
metal1 :i* is to be assay$2 ?is is well 
able to c>ry "o c5tumpondium ( ! less]  
weights 9 "o pan1 & 9 ! o!r1 ore or     
metal z heavy z t weight4 ,! ?ird is !  
mo/ delicate1 & by ?is we weigh ! beads 
( gold or silv]1 :i*1 :5 ! assay is     
complet$1 settle 9 ! bottom ( ! cupel4  
,b if anyone weighs lead 9 ! second     
balance1 or an ore 9 ! ?ird1 he w d !m  
mu* injury4  ,:atsoev] small am\nt (    
metal is obta9$ f a c5tumpondium ( !    
less] weights ( ore or metal alloy1 !   
same great] weight ( metal is smelt$ f a
 c5tumpondium ( ! great] weight ( ore or
 metal alloy4       ,,end ,,( ,,book    
,,vii4   ,,footnotes3  #a ,we h b little
 record ( any?+ :i* c\ld be call$ assay+
 among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! fact1    
h[ev]1 t !y made con/ant use ( ! t\*/one
 7see note #cg1 p4 #beb7 is suffici5t   
pro( t !y 7 able to te/ ! purity ( gold 
& silv]4 ,! description ( ! t\*/one by  

,!ophra/us conta9s sev]al ref]5ces to   
trial by fire 7see note #cg1 p4 #beb74  
,!y 7 adepts at metal work+1 & 7 !re=e  
famili> ) melt+ metals on a small scale1
 ) ! smelt+ ( silv]1 lead1 copp]1 & t9  
ores 7see note #a1 p4 #cec7 & ) ! p>t+ (
 silv] & lead by cupellation4           
,consequ5tly1 x w\ld n require mu* ( an 
imag9ative flight to conclude t !re     
exi/$ "s sy/em ( te/s ( ore & metal     
values by fire4 ,ap>t f ! /atem5t (     
,!ophra/us ref]r$ to1 ! fir/ ref]5ces   
made to any?+ :i* might fill ! role (   
assay+ are f ! ,al*emi/s1 p>ticul>ly    
,geb] 7prior to #acjj71 = !y describe   
me?ods ( solution1 precipitation1       
di/illation1 fus+ 9 crucibles1          
cupellation1 & ( ! p>t+ ( gold & silv]  
by acid & by sulphur1 antimony1 or      
cem5tation4 ,h[ev]1 !y 7 n b5t on       
det]m9+ quantitative values1 :i* is !   
fundam5tal object ( ! assay]'s art1 &   
all _! discussion is %r\d$ 9 an obscure 
cloak ( gibb]i% & attempt$ my/icism4    
,nev]!less1 !re9 lies ! f\ndation ( _m  

c>d9al assay me?ods1 & ev5 ( *emi/ry    
itself4  ,! fir/ explicit records (     
assay+ are ! anonym\s booklets publi%$ 9
 ,g]man e>ly 9 ! #af? ,c5tury "u ! title
 ,probi]bue*le94 ,!re9 ! art is disclos$
 well advanc$ t[>d maturity1 s f> z     
conc]ns gold & silv]1 ) "s notes on lead
 & copp]4 ,we ref] ! read] to ,app5dix  
,b = full] discussion ( ^! books1 b we  
may repeat "h t !y are a collection (   
disconnect$ recipes lack+ 9 arrangem5t1 
! items (t5 repeat$1 & all app>5tly !   
inh]itance ( wisdom pass$ f fa!r to son 
ov] _m g5]ations4 ,x is obvi\sly int5d$ 
z a sort ( rem9d] to ^? already skill$ 9
 ! art1 & w\ld be hopeless to a novice4 
,ap>t f "s notes 9 ,bir+uccio 7,book    
,,iii1 ,*aps4 #a & #b7 on assay+ gold & 
silv]1 !re is no?+ else prior to ,de ,re
 ,metallica4 ,agricola 0 famili> ) ^!   
works & includes _! mat]ial 9 ?is *apt]4
 ,! v great advance :i* 8 acc\nt        
repres5ts c only be appreciat$ by       
comp>ison1 b ! exhau/ive publication (  
o!r works is =eign to ! purpose ( ^!    

notes4 ,agricola introduces sy/em into !
 arrangem5t ( 8 mat]ials1 describes     
implem5ts1 & gives a hundr$ details :i* 
are :olly omitt$ f ! previ\s works1 all 
9 a mann] :i* w\ld enable a beg9n] to   
le>n ! art4 ,fur!rmore1 ! assay+ ( lead1
 copp]1 t91 quicksilv]1 iron1 & bismu?1 
is almo/ :olly new1 toge!r ) ! :ole ( ! 
argum5t & explanations4 ,we w\ld call ! 
att5tion ( /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry  
to ! g5]al ov]sight ( ^! e>ly #af?      
,c5tury attempts at analytical *emi/ry1 
= 9 !m lie ! f\ndations ( t sci5ce4 ,!  
/atem5t sometimes made t ,agricola 0 !  
fir/ assay]1 is false if = no o!r reason
 ?an t sci5ce does n develop ) su*      
/rides at any "o human h&4 ,he c1 h[ev]1
 fairly be acc\nt$ z ! au?or ( ! fir/   
prop] text-book ^u assay+4 ,^? famili> )
 ! art w be a/oni%$ at ! small progress 
made s9ce 8 "t1 = 9 8 pages appe> mo/ ( 
! reag5ts & mo/ ( ! critical op]ations 9
 ! dry analyses ( gold1 silv]1 lead1    
copp]1 t91 bismu?1 quicksilv]1 & iron ( 
to-day4 ,fur!r1 !re w be recognis$ _m ( 

! k9ks ( ! art us$ ev5 yet1 su* z !     
me?od ( granulation1 duplicate assays1 !
 assay ton me?od ( weights1 ! use ( te/ 
lead1 ! introduction ( *>ges 9 leaf     
lead1 & ev5 ! use ( be] in/ead ( wat] to
 damp bone-a%4  ,! foll[+ table is giv5 
( ! sub/ances m5tion$ requir+ "s comm5t1
 & ! t]ms adopt$ 9 ?is book1 ) notes =  
conv5i5ce 9 ref]5ce4 ,! ,g]man t]ms are 
ei!r f ,agricola's ,gloss>y ( ,de ,re   
,metallica1 8 ,int]pretatio1 or ! ,g]man
 ,translation4 ,we h reta9$ ! orig9al   
,g]man spell+4 ,! fif? column ref]s to !
 page :]e m ample notes are giv53--     
,t]ms             ,lat94                
,g]man4          ,rem>ks4               
,fur!r    adopt$4                       
,notes4    ,alum              ,alum5    
,alaun          ,ei!r potassium    p4   
#efd                                    
or ammonia alum    ,ampulla             
,ampulla        ,kolb           ,a      
di/illation j>    ,antimony             
,/ibium        ,spiesglas               
,practically always  p4 #dbh            

antimony sulphide    ,aqua val5s        
,aqua val5s    ,s*eidewass]  ,mo/ly     
nitric acid  p4 #dci    or aqua         
,argol             ,feces v9i      ,die 
,crude t>t>        p4 #bcd              
siccae          we9heff5    ,a% ( lead  
,nigrum                                 
,artificial lead     p4 #bcg            
plumbum                                 
sulphide                      c9]eum    
,a% ( musk ivy   ,sal ex                
,salalkali      ,mo/ly pota%       p4   
#efj    7,salt made        an?yllidis   
f7             c9]e factus    ,a%es :i* 
,c9]es quo                      ,mo/ly  
pota%       p4 #eei    wool-dy]s use    
infectores                       lan>um 
utuntur    ,assay            ,v5as      
exp]iri  ,probir5    ,assay furnace     
,=nacula       ,probir (5    ,little    
furnace    ,azure            ,ca]uleum  
,lasur          ,p>tly copp]       p4   
#aaj                                    
c>bonate                                
7azurite7                               

p>tly silicate    ,bismu?               
,plumbum         ,wismut         ,bismu?
           p4 #dcc                      
,c9]eum    ,bitum5           ,bitum5    
,b]gwa*s                          p4    
#eha    ,bla/ furnace     ,prima =nax   
,s*meltz(5    ,borax                    
,*rysocolla ex  ,borras2 ,t9c>          
p4 #efj                      nitro      
confecta2                               
*rysocolla                      quam    
boracem                      nom9ant    
,burn$ alum       ,alum5 coctum         
,gesott5]      ,probably            p4  
#efe                                    
alaun           dehydrat$ alum          
,cadmia                                 
7#a7 ,furnace         p4 #aab    7see   
note                                    
accretions 7#b7     #h1 p4 #aab7        
,calam9e 7#c7 ,z9c                      
bl5de 7#d7 ,cobalt                      
ars5ical sulphides    ,camphor          
,camphora       ,campff]                
p4 #bch    ,*rysocolla    call$ borax   

7see borax7    ,*rysocolla              
,*rysocolla    ,b]ggru5 und    ,p>tly   
p4 #aaj    7copp]                       
,s*if]gru5     *rysocolla1    m9]al7    
p>tly mala*ite    ,copp] fil+s    ,a]is 
scobs     ,kupf]feili*  ,app>5tly f9ely 
p4 #bcc                      elimata    
divid$ copp]                            
metal    ,copp] fl[]s    ,a]is flos     
,kupf]braun    ,cupric oxide        p4  
#ech    ,copp] scales     ,a]is squamae 
,kupf]          ,probably cupric        
hamm]s*lag     oxide                    
od] kessel                              
braun    ,copp]    m9]als 7see    note  
#h1    p4 #aji7    ,crucible            
,catillus        ,dreiecki*t-    ,see   
illu/ration    p4 #bbi    7triangul>7   
triangul>is    s*irbe    ,cupel         
,catillus        ,capelle               
c9]eus    ,cupellation       ,secunda   
,treibh]d    furnace           =nax     
,flux              ,additam5tum         
,zusetze                            p4  
#bcb    ,furnace           ,cadmia      

,mitl]e und    accretions        =nacum 
ob]e                                    
(f5brue*e    ,gal5a            ,lapis   
,glantz         ,lead sulphide       p4 
#aaj                      plumb>ius     
,glass-gall        ,recrem5tum          
,glassgall5    ,skimm+s f      p4 #bce  
vitri                            glass  
melt+    ,grey antimony or  ,/ibi or    
,spiesglas      ,antimony sulphide1  p4 
#dbh    /ibium            /ibium        
/ibnite    ,he>?-lead       ,molybda5a  
,h]dplei       ,! saturat$       p4 #dgf
                                        
furnace bottoms                         
f cupellation    ,hoop 7iron7           
,circulus        ,r+           ,a =ge = 
p4 #bbf                      f]reus     
crucibles    ,iron fil+s     ,f]ri scobs
      ,eis5 feili*  ,metallic iron      
elimata    ,iron scales       ,squamae  
f]ri  ,eis5           ,p>tly iron oxide 
hamm]s*lag    ,iron slag                
,recrem5tum     ,s9d]                   
f]ri    ,lead a%          ,c9is plumbi  

,pleias*e      ,artificial lead     p4  
#bcg                      nigri         
sulphide    ,lead granules     ,globuli 
,gekornt plei   ,granulat$ lead         
plumbei    ,lead o*re        ,o*ra      
,pleigeel       ,mod]n massicot     p4  
#bcb                      plumb>ia      
7,pb,o7    ,lees ( aqua    ,feces aqu>um
   ,s*eidewass]   ,unc]ta9           p4 
#bcd    :i* sep>ates   quae aurum ab    
heffe    gold f         arg5to    silv] 
sec]nunt    ,dri$ lees (     ,siccae    
feces    ,heffe des       ,argol        
p4 #bcd    v9eg>           aceti        
essigs    ,dri$ lees (     ,feces v9i   
,we9 heff5   ,argol               p4    
#bcd    w9e              siccae         
,lime/one         ,saxum calcis         
,kal*/e9    ,li?>ge          ,spuma     
arg5ti  ,glette    ,lye                 
,lixivium       ,lauge dur*     ,mo/ly  
pota%       p4 #bcc                     
ass*5                                   
gema*t    ,muffle            ,tegula    
,muffel         ,lat91 lit]ally         

,ro(-tile    ,op]culum         ,op]culum
      ,helm od]       ,helmet or cov]   
alembick        = a di/illation         
j>    ,orpim5t          ,auripigm5tum   
,op]m5t       ,yell[ sulphide     p4    
#aaa                                    
( ars5ic                                
7,z#b,s#c7    ,pyrites                  
,pyrites        ,kis            ,r a    
g5us      p4 #aab                       
( sulphides1                            
?an iron                                
pyrite 9                                
p>ticul>    ,pyrites 7,cakes    ,panes  
ex        ,/e9          ,iron or ,copp] 
p4 #cej     f7            pyrite        
matte                      conflati     
,realg>           ,s&>aca      ,rosgeel 
,r$ sulphide (     p4 #aaa              
ars5ic 7,as,s7    ,r$ lead              
,m9ium         ,m5n+        ,pb#c,o#d   
p4 #bcb    ,roa/$ copp]    ,aes u/um    
,gebr&t        ,artificial          p4  
#bcc                                    
kupff]         copp]                    

sulphide 787    ,salt              ,sal 
,saltz          ,na,cl                p4
 #bcc    ,salt 7,rock7       ,sal       
fossilis   ,b]g saltz     ,na,cl        
p4 #bcc    ,sal              ,sal       
,a /ock flux8       p4 #bcf             
artificiosus     artificiosus    ,sal   
ammoniac      ,sal                      
,sal>moniac    ,,nh#d;,cl            p4 
#efj                      ammoniacus    
,saltpetre         ,hal9itrum           
,salpet]       ,,kno#c             p4   
#efa    ,salt 7ref9$7    ,sal facticius 
,na,cl                      purgatus    
,sal to/us      ,sal to/us     ,g]oe/   
saltz   ,app>5tly          p4 #bcc      
simply heat$ or                         
melt$ common                            
salt    ,sal              ,sal          
,g]oe/ saltz                       p4   
#bcc    torrefactus      torrefactus    
,salt 7melt$7     ,sal                  
,gefloss5       ,melt$ salt or      p4  
#bcc                      liquefactus   
saltz           salt glass    ,scorifi] 

,catillus        ,s*]be                 
fictilis    ,s*i/            ,saxum     
fissile  ,s*if]    ,silv] m9]als    7see
 note #h1    p4 #ajh7    ,slag          
,recrem5tum    ,s*lack5    ,soda        
,nitrum                          ,mo/ly 
soda f    p4 #eeh                       
,egypt1                                 
,na#b;,,co#c    ,/ones :i*      ,lapides
 qui     ,flues           ,qu>tz &      
p4 #chj    easily melt       facile igni
                       fluorsp>         
liquescunt    ,sulphur           ,sulfur
         ,s*wefel                       
p4 #egi    ,tophus          ,tophus     
,top/e9       ,m>l787             p4    
#bcc    ,t\*/one        ,coticula       
,gold/e9    ,v5etian glass    ,v5etianum
                      vitrum            
,v]digris         ,a]ugo                
,gru5span       ,copp]              p4  
#ddj                      od]           
sub-acetate                             
,spans*gru5    ,vitriol                 
,atram5tum      ,kupf]wass]   ,mo/ly    

,fe,s,o#d     p4 #egb                   
sutorium    ,:ite s*i/      ,saxum      
fissile   ,weiss]                       
p4 #bcd                      album      
s*if]    ,weights 7see     ,app5dix74   
#b ,crudorum1--unbak$8  #c ,?is ref]5ce 
is n v cle>4 ,app>5tly ! names ref] to !
 ,g]man t]ms probi] (5 & w9dt (54  #d   
,circulus4 ,?is t]m does n (f] a v      
satisfactory equival5t1 z su* a furnace 
has no di/9ctive "n 9 ,engli%4 ,x is    
obvi\sly a sort ( =ge = fus+ 9          
crucibles4  #e ,spissa1--,dry4 ,?is t]m 
is us$ 9 contra-di/9ction to p+ue1      
unctu\s or fatty4  #f                   
,additam5ta1--,additions4 ,h5ce ! play  
on words4  ,we h adopt$ flux because !  
old ,engli% equival5t = all ^! mat]ials 
0 flux1 al?\gh 9 mod]n nom5clature ! t]m
 is g5]ally re/rict$ to ^? sub/ances    
:i*1 by *emical comb9ation 9 ! furnace1 
l[] ! melt+ po9t ( "s ( ! *>ge4 ,!      
additions ( ,agricola1 !re=e1 include   
r$uc+1 oxidiz+1 sulphuriz+1             
desulphuriz+1 & collect+ ag5ts z well z 

fluxes4 ,a critical exam9ation ( !      
fluxes m5tion$ 9 ! next f\r pages gives 
po9t to ! ,au?or's ass]tion t "s are ( a
 v complicat$ nature4 ,h[ev]1 anyone (  
exp]i5ce ) home-taught assay]s has come 
9 contact ) equally extraord9>y         
comb9ations4 ,! f\r ord]s ( additions   
enum]at$ are q impossible to reconcile f
 a mod]n metallurgical po9t ( view4  #g 
,m9ium secund>ium4                      
7,int]pretatio1--m5n+4 ,pb#c,o#d74      
,agricola d]iv$ 8 ,lat9 t]m f ,pl9y4    
,!re is great confusion 9 ! anci5t      
writ]s on ! use ( ! ^w m9ium1 = prior to
 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 usually appli$ to  
v]milion d]iv$ f c9nab>4 ,v]milion 0 mu*
 adult]at$ ) r$-lead1 ev5 9 ,roman      
times1 & f9ally 9 lat] c5turies ! "n    
came to be appropriat$ to ! lead        
product4 ,!ophra/us 7#ajc7 m5tions a    
sub/itute = v]milion1 b1 9 spite (      
comm5tators1 !re is no evid5ce t x 0    
r$-lead4 ,! fir/ to describe !          
manufacture ( real r$-lead 0 app>5tly   
,vitruvius 7,,vii1 #ab71 :o calls x     

s&>aca 7?is "n 0 usually appli$ to r$   
ars5ical sulphide71 & says3 ,:ite-lead  
is heat$ 9 a furnace & by ! =ce ( ! fire
 becomes r$ lead4 ,?is inv5tion 0 !     
result ( obs]vation 9 ! case ( an       
accid5tal fire1 & by ! process a mu*    
bett] mat]ial is obta9$ ?an f ! m9es4   
,he describes m9ium z ! product f       
c9nab>4 ,dioscorides 7,v1 #fc71 aft]    
discuss+ :ite-lead1 says x may be burn$ 
until x becomes ! col\r ( s&>a*a1 & is  
call$ s&yx4 ,he also /ates 7,v1 #fi7 t  
^? are deceiv$ :o consid] c9nab> to be !
 same z m9ium1 = m9ium is made 9 ,spa9  
out ( /one mix$ ) silv] s&s4 ,!re=e he  
is n 9 agreem5t ) ,vitruvius & ,pl9y on 
! use ( ! t]m4 ,pl9y 7,,xxxiii1 #dj7    
says3 ,^! b>r5 /ones 7app>5tly lead ores
 b>r5 ( silv]7 may be recognis$ by _!   
col\r2 x is only 9 ! furnace t !y turn  
r$4 ,aft] be+ roa/$ x is pulv]iz$ & is  
m9ium secund>ium4 ,x is kn[n to few & is
 v inf]ior to ! natural k9d made f ^?   
s&s we h m5tion$ 7c9nab>74 ,x is ) ?is t
 ! g5u9e m9ium is adult]at$ 9 ! works ( 

! ,company4 ,?is propriet>y company :o  
held a monopoly ( ! ,spani% quicksilv]  
m9es1 _h _m me?ods ( adult]at+ x        
7m9ium7--a s\rce ( great plund] to !    
,company4 ,pl9y also describes ! mak+ ( 
r$ lead f :ite4  #h ,o*ra plumb>ia4     
7,int]pretatio1--pleigeel2 mod]n        
,g]man1--,bleigelb74 ,! ,g]man t]m      
indicates t ?is ,lead ,o*re1 a =m (     
,pb,o1 is :at 9 ! ,engli% trade is kn[n 
z massicot1 or ma/icot4 ,?is mat]ial c  
be a p>tial product f almo/ any         
cupellation :]e oxidation takes place   
bel[ ! melt+ po9t ( ! oxide4 ,x may h   
be5 kn[n to ! ,anci5ts among ! v>i\s    
species into :i* !y divid$ li?>ge1 b !re
 is no valid reason = assign+ to x any  
special "o ( _! t]ms1 s f> z we c see4  
#i ,!re are f\r =ms ( copp] nam$ z      
re-ag5ts by ,agricola3    ,copp] fil+s  
,a]is scobs elimata4   ,copp] scales    
,a]is squamae4   ,copp] fl[]s    ,a]is  
flos4   ,roa/$ copp]    ,aes u/um4  ,!  
fir/ ( ^! 0 no d\bt f9ely divid$ copp]  
metal2 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? 7 probably

 all cupric oxide4 ,accord+ to ,agricola
 7,de ,nat4 ,fos41 p4 #ceb71 ! scales 7 
! result ( hamm]+ ! metal2 ! fl[]s came 
(f ! metal :5 hot b>s 7 qu5*$ 9 wat]1 & 
a ?ird k9d 7 obta9$ f calc9+ ! metal4   
,bo? fl[]s 7flos7 & hamm]-scales        
7squama7 h ! same prop]ties z crematum  
copp]4444 ,! p>ticles ( fl[] copp] are  
f9] ?an scales or crematum copp]4 ,if we
 assume t ! v]b uro us$ 9 ,de ,re       
,metallica is ( ! same import z cremo 9 
! ,de ,natura ,fossilium1 we c accept   
?is mat]ial z be+ m]ely cupric oxide1 b 
! aes u/um ( ,pl9y--,agricola's usual   
s\rce ( te*nical nom5clature--is        
probably an artificial sulphide4        
,dioscorides 7,v1 #dg71 :o is app>5tly !
 s\rce ( ,pl9y's in=mation1 says3--,(   
*alcos cecaum5os1 ! be/ is r$1 &        
pulv]iz$ resembles ! col\r ( c9nab>2 if 
x turns black1 x is ov]-burnt4 ,x is    
made f brok5 %ip nails put into a r\gh  
e>!n pot1 ) alt]nate lay]s ( equal p>ts 
( sulphur & salt4 ,! op5+ %\ld be sme>$ 
) pott]'s clay & ! pot put 9 ! furnace  

until x is ?or\ghly heat$1 etc4 ,pl9y   
7,,xxxiv1 #bc7 /ates3 ,moreov] ,cyprian 
copp] is roa/$ 9 crude e>!n pots ) an   
equal am\nt ( sulphur2 ! ap]tures ( !   
pots are well lut$1 & !y are kept 9 !   
furnace until ! pot is ?or\ghly heat$4  
,"s add salt1 o!rs use alum5 in/ead (   
sulphur1 o!rs add no?+1 b only spr9kle x
 ) v9eg>4  #aj ,! read] is ref]r$ to    
note #f1 p4 #eeh1 = m ample discussion (
 ! alkalis4 ,agricola gives 9 ?is *apt] 
f\r sub/ances ( t "*3       ,soda       
7nitrum74 ,lye4 ,a%es :i* wool-dy]s use4
 ,salt made      f ! a%es ( musk ivy4   
,! la/ ?ree are c]ta9ly pota%1 probably 
impure4 ,:ile ! fir/ might be ei!r pota%
 or soda1 ! fact t ! la/ ?ree are       
m5tion$ sep>ately1 toge!r ) o!r evid5ce1
 conv9ces u t by ! fir/ is int5d$ !     
nitrum s g5]ally import$ into ,europe f 
,egypt dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is       
import$ salt 0 c]ta9ly ! natural        
bic>bonate1 & we h1 !re=e1 us$ ! t]m    
soda4  #aa ,9 ?is *apt] are m5tion$ sev5
 k9ds ( common salt3    ,salt           

,sal4   ,rock salt       ,sal fossilis4 
,made salt     ,sal facticius4   ,ref9$ 
salt    ,sal purgatius4   ,melt$ salt   
,sal liquefactus4  ,& 9 addition sal    
to/us & sal torrefactus4 ,sal facticius 
is us$ 9 di/9ction f rock-salt4 ,! melt$
 salt w\ld app>5tly be salt-glass4 ,:at 
=m ! sal to/us & sal torrefactus c\ld h 
we _c say1 h[ev]1 b !y 7 possibly "s =m 
( heat$ salt2 !y may h be5 comb9ations  
aft] ! ord] ( sal artificiosus 7see p4  
#bcf74  #ab ,/ones :i* easily melt 9 hot
 furnaces & s& :i* is made f !m 7lapides
 qui 9 ard5tibus =nacibus facile        
liquescunt ar5ae ab eis resolutae74 ,^! 
7 probably qu>tz 9 ?is in/ance1 al?\gh  
fluorsp> is also includ$ 9 ?is same     
g5us4 ,= full] discussion see note on p4
 #chj4  #ac ,tophus4 7,int]pretatio1    
,t(f/e9 od] top/e974 ,accord+ to ,dana  
7,sy/4 ( ,m941 p4 #fgh71 ! ,g]man       
topf/e9 0 ,engli% pot/one or soap/one1 a
 magnesian silicate4 ,x is sc>cely      
possible1 h[ev]1 t ?is is :at ,agricola 
meant by ?is t]m1 = su* a sub/ance w\ld 

be highly infusible4 ,agricola has a    
good deal to say ab\t ?is m9]al 9 ,de   
,natura ,fossilium 7p4 #ahi & #cac71 & f
 ^! descriptions x w\ld seem to be a    
tuface\s lime/one ( v>i\s sorts1 embrac+
 "s m>ls1 /alagmites1 calc>e\s s9t]1    
etc4 ,he /ates3 ,g5]ally fire does n    
melt x1 b makes x h>d] & breaks x into  
p[d]4 ,tophus is said to be a /one f\nd 
9 cav]ns1 made f ! dripp+ ( /one juice  
solidifi$ by cold 444 sometimes x is    
f\nd conta9+ _m %ells1 & likewise !     
impressions ( ald] leaves2 our p make   
lime by burn+ x4 ,pl9y1 ^u :om ,agricola
 dep5ds l>gely = 8 nom5clature1 m5tions 
su* a sub/ance 7,,xxxvi1 #dh73 ,among ! 
multitude ( /ones !re is tophus4 ,x is  
unsuitable = build+s1 because x is      
p]i%able & s(t4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re are "s
 places :i* h no o!r1 z ,c>?age1 9      
,africa4 ,x is eat5 away by ! emanations
 f ! sea1 crumbl$ to du/ by ! w9d1 &    
wa%$ away by ! ra94 ,9 fact1 tophus 0 a 
wide g5us among ! old] m9]alogi/s1      
,wall]ius 7,m$itationes                 

,physico-,*emicae ,de ,orig9e ,mundi1   
,/ockholm1 #aggf1 p4 #ahf71 = in/ance1  
gives #bb v>ieties4 ,= ! purposes = :i* 
x is us$ we believe x 0 always lime/one 
( "s =m4  #ad ,saxum fissile album4 7,! 
,int]pretatio gives ! ,g]man z s*if]74  
,agricola m5tions x 9 ,b]mannus 7#dei71 
9 ,de ,natura ,fossilium 7p4 #cai71 b   
no?+ def9ite c be d]iv$ f ^! ref]5ces4  
,x appe>s to u f its use to h be5 ei!r a
 qu>tzite or a fissile lime/one4  #ae   
,argol 7,feces v9i siccae1--,dri$ lees (
 w9e4 ,g]m4 trans4 gives die we9 heff51 
al?\gh ! usual ,g]man t]m ( ! p]iod 0   
we9/e974 ,! lees ( w9e 7 ! crude t>t> or
 argols ( comm]ce & mod]n assay]s4 ,!   
argols ( :ite w9e are :ite1 :ile !y are 
r$ f r$ w9e4 ,! :ite argol :i* ,agricola
 s (t5 specifies w\ld h no special      
excell5ce1 unless x may be t x is less  
easily adult]at$4 ,agricola 7,de ,nat4  
,fos41 p4 #cdd7 uses ! expression ,fex  
v9i sicca call$ t>t>um--"o ( ! e>lie/   
appe>ances ( ! latt] t]m 9 ?is          
connection4 ,! use ( argol is v old1 =  

,dioscorides 7#a/ ,c5tury ,a4,d47 n only
 describes argol1 b also its r$uction to
 impure pota%4 ,he says 7,v1 #ij73 ,!   
lees 7tryx7 are to be select$ f old     
,italian w9e2 if n1 f o!r simil> w9e4   
,lees ( v9eg> are mu* /rong]4 ,!y are   
c>efully dri$ & !n burnt4 ,!re are "s :o
 burn !m 9 a new e>!n pot on a l>ge fire
 until !y are ?or\ghly inc9]at$4 ,o!rs  
place a quantity ( ! lees on live coals 
& pursue ! same me?od4 ,! te/ z to :e!r 
x is completely burn$1 is t x becomes   
:ite or blue1 & seems to burn ! tongue  
:5 t\*$4 ,! me?od ( burn+ lees ( v9eg>  
is ! same4444 ,x %\ld be us$ fre%1 z x  
quickly gr[s /ale2 x %\ld be plac$ 9 a  
vessel 9 a seclud$ place4 ,pl9y         
7,,xxiii1 #ca7 says3 ,foll[+ ^!1 come ! 
lees ( ^! v>i\s liquids4 ,! lees ( w9e  
7v9i faecibus7 are s p[]ful z to be     
fatal to p]sons on desc5d+ into ! vats4 
,! te/ = ?is is to let d[n a lamp1 :i*1 
if ext+ui%$1 indicates ! p]il4444 ,_!   
virtues are greatly increas$ by ! action
 ( fire4 ,mat?ioli1 comm5t+ on ?is      

passage f ,dioscorides 9 #aefe1 makes ! 
foll[+ rem>k 7p4 #acge73 ,! precipitate 
( ! w9e :i* settles 9 ! casks ( ! w9]y  
=ms /one-l cru/s1 & is call$ by !       
works-p by ! "n t>t>um4 ,x w be se5     
above t ^! lees 7 r5d]$ /rong] by !     
action ( fire1 9 :i* case ! t>t> 0 r$uc$
 to potassium c>bonate4 ,! we9/e9 ( !   
old ,g]man metallurgi/s 0 (t5 ! mat]ial 
lixiviat$ f ! inc9]at$ t>t>4  ,dri$ lees
 ( v9eg> 7siccae feces aceti2           
,int]pretatio1 die heffe des essigs74   
,?is w\ld also be crude t>t>4 ,pl9y     
7,,xxiii1 #cb7 says3 ,! lees ( v9eg>    
7faex aceti72 ow+ to ! m acrid mat]ial  
are m aggravat+ 9 _! effects4444 ,:5    
comb9$ ) melan?ium x heals ! bites (    
dogs & crocodiles4  #af ,dri$ lees (    
aqua :i* sep>ates gold & silv]4 7,siccae
 feces aqu>um quae aurum ab arg5to      
sec]nunt4 ,g]man translation1 ,d]       
s*eidwass] heffe74 ,!re is no po9t$     
description 9 ,agricola's works1 or 9   
any o!r t we c f9d1 z to :at ?is mat]ial
 04 ,! sep>at+ aqua 0 und\bt$ly nitric  

acid 7see p4 #dci1 ,book ,x74 ,!re are  
two precipitates possible1 bo? ref]r$ to
 z feces1--! fir/1 a precipitate ( silv]
 *loride f cl>ify+ ! aqua val5s1 & !    
second1 ! residues left 9 mak+ ! acid by
 di/illation4 ,x is difficult to believe
 t silv] *loride 0 ! feces ref]r$ to 9 !
 text1 because su* a precipitate w\ld be
 obvi\sly mislead+ :5 us$ z a flux ?r\gh
 ! addition ( silv] to ! assays1 too    
exp5sive1 & ( no m]it = ?is purpose4    
,!re=e "o is driv5 to ! conclusion t !  
feces mu/ h be5 ! residues left 9 !     
retorts :5 nitric acid 0 prep>$4 ,x w\ld
 h be5 m 9 keep+ ) 8 usual mode (       
expression1 h[ev]1 to h ref]r$ to ?is   
mat]ial z a residuus4 ,! mat]ials us$ = 
mak+ acid v>i$ greatly1 s !re is no     
tell+ :at su* a feces conta9$4 ,a li/ ( 
possibilities is giv5 9 note #h1 p4     
#ddc4 ,9 ! ma91 ! residue w\ld be       
undige/$ vitriol1 alum1 saltpetre1 salt1
 etc41 toge!r ) potassium1 iron1 & alum 
sulphates4 ,! ,probi]bue*l9 7p4 #bg7    
also gives ?is re-ag5t "u ! t]m ,tod5   

kopff das i/ s*lam od] feces auss dem   
s*eydwass]4  #ag ,recrem5tum vitri4     
7,int]pretatio1 ,glassgall574 ,=m]ly1 :5
 m impure mat]ials 7 employ$ ?an        
n[adays1 ! surface ( ! mass 9 ! fir/    
melt+ ( glass mat]ials 0 cov]$ ) salts1 
mo/ly potassium & sodium sulphates &    
*lorides :i* escap$ p]fect              
vitrification4 ,?is slag or glassgall5 (
 ,agricola 0 also t]m$ s&iv]4  #ah ,!   
:ole ( ?is expression is c&idus1 c&ido4 
,x is by no means c]ta9 t ?is is t91 =  
usually t9 is giv5 z plumbum c&idum4    
#ai ,sal artificiosus4 ,^! are a sort ( 
/ock fluxes4 ,su* mixtures are common 9 
all old assay books1 f ! ,probi]bue*l9  
to lat] ?an ,john ,cram] 9 #agcg 7^:    
,lat9 lectures on ,assay+ 7 publi%$ 9   
,engli% "u ! title ( ,elem5ts ( ! ,art (
 ,assay+ ,metals1 ,london1 #agda74      
,cram] obs]ves 7p4 #ea7 t3 ,artific]s   
compose a great _m fluxes ) !           
above-m5tion$ salts & ) ! r$uctive ones2
 nay1 "s use z _m diff]5t fluxes z !re  
are diff]5t ores & metals2 all :i*1     

h[ev]1 we ?9k ne$less to describe4 ,x is
 bett] to h expla9$ a few ( ! simpl]    
ones1 :i* s]ve = all ! o!rs1 & are v    
easily prep>$1 ?an to tire ! read] )    
confus$ compositions3 & ?is *iefly      
because unskill$ artific]s sometimes    
attempt to obta9 ) _m +r$i5ts ( ! same  
nature heap$ up beyond measure1 & ) mu* 
lab\r1 ?\gh n m prop]ly & m securely1   
:at might h be5 easily effect$1 ) "o    
only & ! same +r$i5t1 ?us increas+ !    
numb]1 n at all ! virtue ( ! ?+s        
employ$4 ,nev]!less1 if anyone loves    
v>iety1 he may1 accord+ to ! proportions
 & cautions above prescrib$1 at 8 w *use
 among ! simpl] k9ds su* z w be/ suit 8 
purpose1 & compose a v>iety ( fluxes )  
!m4  #bj ,?is op]ation app>5tly results 
9 a coat+ to prev5t ! deflagration ( !  
saltpetre--9 fact1 x might be p]mitt$ to
 translate inflammatur deflagrate1      
in/ead ( k9dle4  #ba ,! results :i* w\ld
 foll[ f ! use ( ^! fluxes w\ld obvi\sly
 dep5d ^u ! ore treat$4 ,!y c all       
conceivably be successful4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/

 is ! lead-glass ( ! ,g]man assay]s--a  
flux mu* emphasiz$ by all old           
au?orities1 includ+ ,lohneys1 ,erck] &  
,cramn]1 & us$ ev5 yet4 ,! p[]ful flux  
w\ld be a r$uc+1 desulphuriz+1 & an acid
 flux4 ,! m p[]ful w\ld be a basic flux 
9 :i* ! r$uc+ action ( ! argols w\ld be 
l>gely neutralis$ by ! nitre4 ,! /ill m 
p[]ful w\ld be a /rongly sulphuriz+     
basic flux1 :ile ! mo/ p[]ful w\ld be a 
/ill m sulphuriz+ flux1 b x is badly    
mix$ z to its oxidation & basic         
prop]ties4 7,see also note #ai on sal   
artificiosus74  #bb ,lead a% 7,c9is     
,plumbi4 ,gloss>y1 ,pleyas*74--,?is 0   
obvi\sly1 f ! me?od ( mak+1 an          
artificial lead sulphide4  #bc ,a%es (  
lead 7,nigri plumbi c9is74 ,?is1 z well 
z lead a%1 0 also an artificial lead    
sulphide4 ,su* sub/ances 7 highly valu$ 
by ! ,anci5ts = m$ic9al purposes4       
,dioscorides 7,v1 #ef7 says3 ,burn$ lead
 7,molybdos cecaum5os7 is made 9 ?is    
way3 ,spr9kle sulphur ov] "s v ?9ne/    
lead plates & put !m into a new e>!n    

pot1 add o!r lay]s1 putt+ sulphur betwe5
 ea* lay] until ! pot is full2 set x    
alight & /ir ! melt$ lead ) an iron rod 
until x is entirely r$uc$ to a%es &     
until none ( ! lead rema9s unburn$4 ,!n 
take x (f1 fir/ /opp+ up y\r nose1      
because ! fumes ( burnt lead are v      
injuri\s4 ,or burn ! lead fil+s 9 a pot 
) sulphur z a=esaid4 ,pl9y 7,,xxxiv41   
#ej7 gives mu* ! same directions4  #bd  
,camphor 7camphora74 ,?is 0 no d\bt !   
well-kn[n gum4 ,agricola1 h[ev]1 believ$
 t camphor 7,de ,nat4 ,fossilium1 p4    
#bbd7 0 a species ( bitum51 & he devotes
 consid]able tr\ble to ! refutation ( ! 
/atem5ts by ! ,arabic au?ors t x 0 a    
gum4 ,9 any ev5t1 x w\ld be a useful    
r$uc+ ag5t4  #be ,inasmu* z orpim5t &   
realg> are bo? ars5ical sulphides1 ! use
 ( iron slag1 if x conta9s en\gh iron1  
w\ld c]ta9ly matte ! sulphur & ars5ic4  
,sulphur & ars5ic are ! juices ref]r$ to
 7see note #d1 p4 #a74 ,x is difficult  
to see ! object ( pres]v+ ! antimony )  
su* a sulphuriz+ addition1 unless x 0   

desir$ to secure a regulus ( antimony   
alone f a giv5 antimonial ore4  #bf ,!  
lead free f silv]1 call$ villac5se1 0   
probably f ,bleyb]g1 n f> f ,villa* 9   
,upp] ,au/ria1 ?is locality hav+ be5 =  
c5turies celebrat$ = its pure lead4 ,^! 
m9es 7 work$ prior to1 & long aft]1     
,agricola's "t4  #bg ,?is me?od (       
proportionate weights = assay *>ges is  
simpl] ?an ! mod]n ,engli% assay ton1   
bo? because ( ! use ( #ajj units 9 !    
/&>d ( weight 7! c5tumpondium71 &       
because ( ! lack ( complication betwe5 !
 ,avoirdupois & ,troy scales4 ,=        
in/ance1 an ore conta9+ a libra ( silv] 
to ! c5tumpondium w\ld conta9 #a_/ajj?  
"p1 & ! same ratio w\ld obta91 no matt] 
:at ! actual weight ( a c5tumpondium ( !
 less] weight might be4 ,to foll[ !     
matt] /ill fur!r1 an uncia be+ #a_/a1bjj
 ( a c5tumpondium1 if ! ore ran "o uncia
 ( ! less] weight to ! c5tumpondium ( ! 
less] weight1 x w\ld also run "o actual 
uncia to ! actual c5tumpondium2 x be+ a 
matt] ( indiff]5ce :at might be ! actual

 weight ( ! c5tumpondium ^u :i* ! scale 
( less] weights is bas$4 ,9 fact        
,agricola's /atem5t 7p4 #bfa7 indicates 
t x weigh$ an actual dra*ma4 ,we h1 9 "s
 places1 int]polat$ ! expressions less] 
& great] weights = cl>ity4  ,?is is n ! 
fir/ m5tion ( ?is s*eme ( less] weights1
 z x appe>s 9 ! ,probi]bue*le9 7#aejj8  
see ,app5dix ,b7 & ,bir+uccio 7#aedj74  
,= a m complete discussion ( weights &  
measures see ,app5dix ,c4 ,= conv5i5ce1 
we repeat "h ! ,roman scale1 al?\gh1 z w
 be se5 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,agricola us$ !   
,lat9 t]ms 9 _m places m]ely z          
nom5clature equival5ts ( ! old ,g]man   
scale4                                  
,ozs4                                   
dwts4                                   
,troy                             gr4   
,gra9s4                p] %ort ton4     
#a ,siliqua                             
#b4hg ,p] ,c5tumpondium  #j   #c  #i    
#f ,siliquae    #a ,scripulum           
#ag4b                    #a   #j  #f    
#d ,scripula    #a ,sextula             

#fh4g                    #d   #a  #j    
#f ,sextulae    #a ,uncia               
#dab4b                   #bd   #f  #b   
#ab ,unciae      #a ,libra              
#didf4d                  #bia  #ac  #h  
#ajj ,librae      #a ,c5tumpondium      
#didfdj4j  ,h[ev] ,agricola may         
occasionally use     #af ,unciae      #a
 ,libra           #feib4j 787   #ajj    
,librae      #a ,c5tumpondium #feibjj4j 
787  ,also                              
,oz4                                    
dwts4                                   
gr4                                     
p] %ort ton4   #a ,scripulum            
#ag4b ,p] ,c5tumpondium  #a   #j   #f   
#c ,scripula      #a ,dra*ma            
#ea4e                    #c   #j  #ai   
#b ,dra*mae      #a ,sicilicus          
#ajc4j                    #f   #a  #ae  
#d ,sicilici      #a ,uncia             
#dab4b                   #bd   #f  #ab  
#h ,unciae        #a ,bes               
#cbig4f                  #aid  #ab   #j 
#bh ,! amalgamation ( gold ores is fully

 discuss$ 9 note #ab1 p4 #big4  #bi ,=  
discussion ( ! silv] ores1 see note #h1 
p4 #ajh4 ,rudis silv] 0 a fairly pure   
silv] m9]al1 ! v>i\s col\r$ silv]s 7    
p>tly horn-silv] & p>tly alt]ation      
products4  #cj ,x is difficult to see :y
 copp] scales 7squamae a]is--copp]      
oxide87 are add$1 unless x be to collect
 a small ratio ( copp] 9 ! ore4 ,?is    
additional copp] is n m5tion$ aga91     
h[ev]4 ,! :ole ( ?is /atem5t is v       
confus$4  #ca ,?is old /ory runs t      
,hi]o1 ,k+ ( ,syracuse1 ask$ ,ar*im$es  
to tell him :e!r a cr[n made = him 0    
pure gold or :e!r x conta9$ "s          
proportion ( silv]4 ,ar*im$es is said to
 h puzzl$ ov] x until he notic$ !       
increase 9 wat]-level ^u ent]+ 8 ba?4   
,:]eupon he det]m9$ ! matt] by imm]s+   
b>s ( pure gold & pure silv]1 & ?us     
det]m9+ ! relative specific weights4 ,! 
be/ anci5t acc\nt ( ?is affair is to be 
f\nd 9 ,vitruvius1 ,,ix1 ,preface4 ,!   
/ory does n seem v probable1 see+ t     
,!ophra/us1 :o di$ ! ye> ,ar*im$es 0    

born1 describ$ ! t\*/one 9 detail1 & t x
 0 ( common k among ! ,greeks be=e 7see 
note #cg74 ,9 any ev5t1 !re is n        
suffici5t evid5ce 9 ?is /ory on :i* to  
build ! conclusion ( ,mey] 7,hi/4 (     
,*emi/ry1 p4 #ad7 & o!rs1 t1 inasmu* z  
,ar*im$es 0 unable to solve ! problem   
until 8 discov]y ( specific weights1    
!re=e ! ,anci5ts c\ld n "p gold & silv]4
 ,! probability t he did n want to      
injure ! ,k+'s jewell]y w\ld %[         
suffici5t reason = 8 n p>t+ ^! metals4  
,x seems probable t ! ,anci5ts did "p   
gold & silv] by cem5tation4 7,see note  
on p4 #deh74  #cb ,! ,al*emi/s 7) ^:    
works ,agricola 0 famili>--vide preface7
 7 ! inv5tors ( nitric acid sep>ation4  
7,see note on p4 #dfj74  #cc ,p>t+ gold 
& silv] by nitric acid is m exhau/ively 
discuss$ 9 ,book ,x4 & note #aj1 p4     
#ddc4  #cd ,! less] weights1 probably4  
#ce ,lead & ,t9 seem badly mix$ 9 ?is   
p>agraph4  #cf ,x is n cle> :at is add$4
  #cg ,,hi/orical ,,note ,,on ,,t\*/one4
 7,coticula4 ,int]pretatio1--,gold/e974 

,!ophra/us is1 we believe1 ! fir/ to    
describe ! t\*/one1 al?\gh x 0 g5]ally  
kn[n to ! ,greeks1 z is evid5c$ by !    
metaphors ( _m ( ! poets1--,p9d>1       
,!ognis1 ,euripides1 etc4 ,! g5]al k ( !
 con/itu5ts ( alloys :i* is impli$1     
raises ! "q z to :e!r ! ,greeks did n "k
 a great deal m ab\t p>t+ metals1 ?an   
has be5 attribut$ to !m4 ,!ophra/us says
 7#gh-hj73 ,! nature ( ! /one :i* tries 
gold is also v wond]ful1 z x seems to h 
! same p[] ) fire2 :i* is also a te/ ( t
 metal4 ,"s p h = ?is reason que/ion$ ! 
tru? ( ?is p[] 9 ! /one1 b _! d\bts are 
ill-f\nd$1 = ?is trial is n ( ! same    
nature or made 9 ! same mann] z ! o!r4  
,! trial by fire is by ! col\r & by !   
quantity lo/ by x2 b t by ! /one is made
 only by rubb+ ! metal on x2 ! /one     
seem+ to h ! p[] to receive sep>ately ! 
di/9ct p>ticles ( diff]5t metals4 ,x is 
said also t !re is a mu* bett] k9d ( ?is
 /one n[ f\nd out1 ?an t :i* 0 =m]ly    
us$2 insomu* t x n[ s]ves n only = !    
trial ( ref9$ gold1 b also ( copp] or   

silv] col\r$ ) gold2 & %[s h[ mu* ( !   
adult]at+ matt] by weight is mix$ )     
gold2 ?is has signs :i* x yields f !    
smalle/ weight ( ! adult]at+ matt]1 :i* 
is a gra91 f !nce a colybus1 & !nce a   
quadrans or semi-obolus1 by :i* x is    
easy to di/+ui% if1 & 9 :at degree1 t   
metal is adult]at$4 ,all ^! /ones are   
f\nd 9 ! ,riv] ,tmolus2 _! texture is   
smoo? & l t ( pebbles2 _! figure broad1 
n r\nd2 & _! bigness twice t ( ! common 
l>g] sort ( pebbles4 ,9 _! use 9 ! trial
 ( metals !re is a diff]5ce 9 p[] betwe5
 _! upp] surface1 :i* has la9 t[>d !    
sun1 & _! "u1 :i* has be5 to ! e>?2 !   
upp] p]=m+ its (fice ! m nicely2 & ?is  
is consonant to reason1 z ! upp] "p is  
dry]2 = ! humidity ( ! o!r surface h9d]s
 its receiv+ s well ! p>ticles ( metals2
 = ! same reason also x does n p]=m its 
(fice z well 9 hot wea!r z 9 cold]1 = 9 
! hot x emits a k9d ( humidity out ( its
 sub/ance1 :i* runs all ov] x4 ,?is     
h9d]s ! metall9e p>ticles f adh]+       
p]fectly1 & makes mi/akes 9 ! trials4   

,?is exudation ( a humid matt] is also  
common to _m o!r /ones1 among o!rs1 to  
^? ( :i* /atues are made2 & ?is has be5 
look$ on z peculi> to ! /atue4 7,bas$ on
 ,hill's trans47 ,?is humid exudation ( 
f9e-gra9$ /ones 9 summ] w\ld n s\nd     
abnormal if x 7 call$ cond5sation4 ,pl9y
 7,,xxxiii1 #dc7 says3 ,! m5tion ( gold 
& silv] %\ld be accompani$ by t ( ! /one
 call$ coticula4 ,=m]ly1 accord+ to     
,!ophra/us1 x 0 only to be f\nd 9 ! riv]
 ,tmolus b n[ f\nd 9 _m p>ts1 x 0 f\nd 9
 small pieces nev] ov] f\r in*es long by
 two broad4 ,t side :i* lay t[>d ! sun  
is bett] ?an t t[>d ! gr\nd4 ,^?        
exp]i5c$ ) ! coticula :5 !y rub ore     
7v5a7 ) x1 c at once say h[ mu* gold x  
conta9s1 h[ mu* silv] or copp]4 ,?is    
me?od is s accurate t !y d n mi/ake x to
 a scruple4 ,?is purport$ use = det]m9+ 
values ( ore is ( ab\t ,pl9y's av]age   
accuracy4 ,! fir/ detail$ acc\nt (      
t\*-ne$les & _! mann] ( mak+1 :i* we h  
be5 able to f9d1 is t ( ! ,probi]bue*le9
 7#aebg8 see ,app5dix7 :]e _m ( ! tables

 giv5 by ,agricola may be f\nd4  #ch ,de
 ,natura ,fossilium 7p4 #bfg7 & ,de     
,ortu et ,causis ,subt]raneorum 7p4     
#ei74 ,! au?or does n add any mat]ial   
m9]alogical in=mation to ! quotations f 
,!ophra/us & ,pl9y giv5 above4  #ci ,9  
^! tables ,agricola has simply adopt$   
,roman names z equival5ts ( ! old ,g]man
 weights1 b z !y did n always           
approximate 9 proportions1 he co9$ t]ms 
su* z units ( #d siliquae1 etc4 ,x might
 seem m desirable to h introduc$ !      
,g]man t]ms into ?is text1 b :ile x w\ld
 apply 9 ?is in/ance1 z we h discuss$ on
 p4 #bei1 ! actual values ( ! ,roman    
weights are v diff]5t f ! ,g]man1 & z   
else:]e 9 ! book actual ,roman weights  
are appli$1 we h consid]$ x bett] to use
 ! ,lat9 t]ms consi/5tly ?r\gh\t4       
,fur!r1 ! obsolete ,g]man w\ld be to mo/
 read]s b little improvem5t ^u ! ,lat94 
,= conv5i5ce ( read]s we set out ! v>i\s
 scales z us$ by ,agricola1 toge!r ) !  
,g]man3--              ,,roman ,,scale4 
,,old ,,g]man ,,scale4    #f ,siliquae  

#a ,scripulum       #c ,gr5l9  #a ,gran 
#d ,scripula   #a ,sextula         #d   
,gran     #a ,krat    #b ,sextulae   #a 
,duella         #bd ,kratt    #a ,m>k   
#bd ,duellae    #a ,bes                 
or                                      
#bd ,gr5l9  #a  ,nummus                 
#ab ,nummi  #a ,m>k  ,also ! foll[+     
scales are appli$ to f95ess by          
,agricola3--     #c ,scripula   #a      
,dra*ma       #d ,pf5nige   #a ,qu9tle9 
#b ,dra*mae   #a ,sicilicus     #d      
,qu9tle9  #a ,lo?    #b ,sicilici   #a  
,semuncia     #af ,lo?       #a ,m>k    
#af ,semunciae  #a ,bes  ,! t]m nummus1 
a co91 giv5 above & 9 ! text1 appe>s 9 !
 ,g]man translation z pf5nig z appli$ to
 bo? ,g]man scales1 b z !y are ( diff]5t
 values1 we h left ,agricola's          
adaptation 9 "o scale to avoid          
confusion4 ,! ,lat9 t]ms adopt$ by      
,agricola are giv5 bel[1 toge!r ) !     
,g]man3--                               
,numb] 9 "o  ,value 9   ,roman ,t]m4    
,g]man ,t]m4         ,m>k or ,bes4      

,siliquae4    ,siliqua                  
#aaeb             #a    ,unit ( #d      
,siliquae    ,gr5l9                 #bhh
             #d                         
,pf5nig                 #bef            
--    ,scripulum               ,scruple 
787             #aib             #f     
,semi-sextula            ,gran          
#if            #ab    ,dra*ma           
,qu9tle9                #fd             
#ah    ,sextula                 ,halb   
,krat                #dh            #bd 
,sicilicus               ,halb ,lo?     
#cb            #cf    ,duella           
,krat                     #bd           
#dh    ,semuncia                ,lo?    
#af            #gb    ,unit ( #e        
,dra*mae      ,nummus                   
#ab            #if      #a ,scripulum   
,uncia                   ,untz5         
#h           #add    ,bes               
,m>k                      #a            
#aaeb  ,:ile ! proportions 9 a bes or   
m>k are ! same 9 bo? scales1 ! actual   
weight values are va/ly diff]5t--=      

in/ance1 ! m>k conta9$ ab\t #cfji4f1 & !
 bes #cbig ,troy ,gra9s4 ,agricola also 
uses3    ,selibra          ,halb-pfundt 
,libra            ,pfundt               
,c5tumpondium    ,c5tn]4  ,z ! ,roman   
libra conta9s #ab unciae & ! ,g]man     
pfundt #af untz51 ! actual weights ( ^! 
latt] quantities are /ill fur!r ap>t--! 
=m] #didf & ! latt] #gbai ,troy gra9s4  
#dj ,!re are no tables 9 ! ,lat9 text1 !
 :ole hav+ be5 writt5 out 9 ext5so1 b !y
 h n[ be5 arrang$ z above1 z be+ 9 a mu*
 m conv5i5t & expressive =m4  #da ,see  
note #ci above4  #db ,see note #bg1 p4  
#bdb1 = discussion ( ?is ,assay ton     
arrangem5t4  #dc ,agripp95ses &         
,antu]piani4     ,,book ,,viii4         
,que/ions ( assay+ 7 expla9$ 9 ! la/    
,book1 & ,i h n[ come to a great] task1 
t is1 to ! description ( h[ we extract !
 metals4 ,fir/ ( all ,i w expla9 ! me?od
 ( prep>+ ! ore#a2 = s9ce ,nature       
usually creates metals 9 an impure /ate1
 mix$ ) e>?1 /ones1 & solidifi$ juices1 
x is necess>y to sep>ate mo/ ( ^!       

impurities f ! ores z f> z c be1 be=e !y
 are smelt$1 & !re=e ,i w n[ describe ! 
me?ods by :i* ! ores are sort$1 brok5 ) 
hamm]s1 burnt1 cru%$ ) /amps1 gr\nd into
 p[d]1 sift$1 wa%$1 roa/$1 & calc9$#b4  
,i w />t at ! beg9n+ ) ! fir/ sort ( "w4
 ,exp]i5c$ m9]s1 :5 !y dig ! ore1 sort !
 metallif]\s mat]ial f e>?1 /ones1 &    
solidifi$ juices be=e x is tak5 f !     
%afts & tunnels1 & !y put ! valuable    
metal 9 trays & ! wa/e into buckets4 ,b 
if "s m9] :o is inexp]i5c$ 9 m9+ matt]s 
has omitt$ to d ?is1 or ev5 if "s       
exp]i5c$ m9]1 compell$ by "s unavoidable
 necessity1 has be5 unable to d s1 z    
soon z ! mat]ial :i* has be5 dug out has
 be5 remov$ f ! m9e1 all ( x %\ld be    
exam9$1 & t "p ( ! ore :i* is ri* 9     
metal sort$ f t "p ( x :i* is devoid (  
metal1 :e!r su* "p be e>?1 or solidifi$ 
juices1 or /ones4 ,to smelt wa/e toge!r 
) an ore involves a loss1 = "s          
exp5diture is ?r[n away1 see+ t out (   
e>? & /ones only empty & useless slags  
are melt$ out1 & fur!r1 ! solidifi$     

juices also imp$e ! smelt+ ( ! metals & 
cause loss4 ,! rock :i* lies contigu\s  
to ri* ore %\ld also be brok5 into small
 pieces1 cru%$1 & wa%$1 le/ any ( !     
m9]al %\ld be lo/4 ,:51 ei!r ?r\gh      
ignorance or c>elessness1 ! m9]s :ile   
excavat+ h mix$ ! ore ) e>? or brok5    
rock1 ! "w ( sort+ ! crude metal or !   
be/ ore is done n only by m51 b also by 
boys & wom54 ,!y ?r[ ! mix$ mat]ial ^u a
 long table1 beside :i* !y sit = almo/ !
 :ole day1 & !y sort out ! ore2 :5 x has
 be5 sort$ out1 !y collect x 9 trays1 & 
:5 collect$ !y ?r[ x into tubs1 :i* are 
c>ri$ to ! works 9 :i* ! ores are       
smelt$4  ,illu/ration #bfh 7,sort+      
,ore73 ,a--,long table4 ,b--,tray4      
,c--,tub4  ,illu/ration #bfi 7,cutt+    
,metal73 ,a--,masses ( metal4           
,b--,hamm]4 ,c--,*isel4 ,d--,tree /umps4
 ,e--,iron tool simil> to a pair ( %e>s4
  ,! metal :i* is dug out 9 a pure or   
crude /ate1 to :i* class belong native  
silv]1 silv] glance1 & gray silv]1 is   
plac$ on a /one by ! m9e =eman & flatt5$

 out by p\nd+ ) heavy squ>e hamm]s4 ,^! 
masses1 :5 !y h be5 ?us flatt5$ out l   
plates1 are plac$ ei!r on ! /ump ( a    
tree1 & cut into pieces by p\nd+ an iron
 *isel into !m ) a hamm]1 or else !y are
 cut ) an iron tool simil> to a pair (  
%e>s4 ,"o blade ( ^! %e>s is ?ree feet  
long1 & is firmly fix$ 9 a /ump1 & ! o!r
 blade :i* cuts ! metal is six feet     
long4 ,^! pieces ( metal are aft]w>d    
heat$ 9 iron bas9s & smelt$ 9 !         
cupellation furnace by ! smelt]s4       
,illu/ration #bgj 7,spall+ ,ore73       
,a--,tables4 ,b--,upright planks4       
,c--,hamm]4 ,d--,quadrangul> hamm]4     
,e--,deep] vessel4 ,f--,%all[] vessel4  
,g--,iron rod4  ,al?\gh ! m9]s1 9 !     
%afts or tunnels1 h sort$ ov] ! mat]ial 
:i* !y m9e1 /ill ! ore :i* has be5 brok5
 d[n & c>ri$ out mu/ be brok5 into      
pieces by a hamm] or m9utely cru%$1 s t 
! m valuable & bett] p>ts c be di/+ui%$ 
f ! inf]ior & wor?less portions4 ,?is is
 ( ! greate/ importance 9 smelt+ ore1 = 
if ! ore is smelt$ )\t ?is sep>ation1 ! 

valuable "p frequ5tly receives great    
damage be=e ! wor?less "p melts 9 !     
fire1 or else ! "o consumes ! o!r2 ?is  
latt] difficulty c1 h[ev]1 be p>tly     
avoid$ by ! ex]cise ( c>e & p>tly by !  
use ( fluxes4 ,n[1 if a ve9 is ( poor   
quality1 ! bett] portions :i* h be5     
brok5 d[n & c>ri$ out %\ld be ?r[n      
toge!r 9 "o place1 & ! inf]ior portion &
 ! rock ?r[n away4 ,! sort]s place a h>d
 broad /one on a table2 ! tables are    
g5]ally f\r feet squ>e & made ( jo9$    
planks1 & to ! edge ( ! sides & back are
 fix$ upright planks1 :i* rise ab\t a   
foot f ! table2 ! front1 :]e ! sort]    
sits1 is left op54 ,! lumps ( ore1 ri* 9
 gold or silv]1 are put by ! sort]s on !
 /one & brok5 up ) a broad1 b n ?ick1   
hamm]2 !y ei!r break !m into pieces &   
?r[ !m into "o vessel1 or !y break &    
sort--:5ce !y get _! "n--! m preci\s f !
 wor?less1 ?r[+ & collect+ !m sep>ately 
into diff]5t vessels4 ,o!r m5 cru% !    
lumps ( ore less ri* 9 gold or silv]1   
:i* h likewise be5 put on ! /one1 ) a   

broad ?ick hamm]1 & :5 x has be5 well   
cru%$1 !y collect x & ?r[ x into "o     
vessel4 ,!re are two k9ds ( vessels2 "o 
is deep]1 & a little wid] 9 ! c5tre ?an 
at ! top or bottom2 ! o!r is n s deep   
?\gh x is broad] at ! bottom1 & becomes 
gradually a little n>r[] t[>d ! top4 ,! 
latt] vessel is cov]$ ) a lid1 :ile !   
=m] is n cov]$2 an iron rod ?r\gh !     
h&les1 b5t ov] on ei!r end1 is grasp$ 9 
! h& :5 ! vessel is c>ri$4 ,b1 above    
all1 x behooves ! sort]s to be assidu\s 
9 _! lab\rs4  ,illu/ration #bga 7,spall+
 ,ore73 ,a--,pyrites4 ,b--,legg+s4      
,c--,gloves4 ,d--,hamm]4  ,by ano!r     
me?od ( break+ ore ) hamm]s1 l>ge h>d   
fragm5ts ( ore are brok5 be=e !y are    
burn$4 ,! legs ( ! workm5--at all ev5ts 
( ^? :o cru% pyrites 9 ?is mann] ) l>ge 
hamm]s 9 ,gosl>--are protect$ ) cov]+s  
resembl+ legg+s1 & _! h&s are protect$ )
 long gloves1 to prev5t !m f be+ injur$ 
by ! *ips :i* fly away f ! fragm5ts4    
,illu/ration #bgb 7,spall+ ,ore73       
,a--,area pav$ ) /ones4 ,b--,brok5 ore4 

,c--,area cov]$ ) brok5 ore4 ,d--,iron  
tool4 ,e--,its h&le4 ,f--,broom4        
,g--,%ort /rake4 ,h--,wood5 hoe4  ,9 t  
di/rict ( ,great] ,g]many :i* is call$  
,we/phalia & 9 t di/rict ( ,l[] ,g]many 
:i* is nam$ ,eifel1 ! brok5 ore :i* has 
be5 burn$1 is ?r[n by ! workm5 into a   
r\nd area pav$ ) ! h>de/ /ones1 & !     
fragm5ts are p\nd$ up ) iron tools1 :i* 
are v mu* l hamm]s 9 %ape & are us$ l   
?re%+ sl$ges4 ,?is tool is a foot long1 
a palm wide1 & a digit ?ick1 & has an   
op5+ 9 ! middle j z hamm]s h1 9 :i* is  
fix$ a wood5 h&le ( no great ?ickness1 b
 up to ?ree & a half feet long1 9 ord] t
 ! workm5 c p\nd ! ore ) great] =ce by  
reason ( its weight fall+ f a great]    
height4 ,!y /rike & p\nd ) ! broad side 
( ! tool1 9 ! same way z corn is p\nd$  
out on a ?re%+ floor ) ! ?re%+ sl$ges1  
al?\gh ! latt] are made ( wood & are    
smoo? & fix$ to poles4 ,:5 ! ore has be5
 brok5 into small pieces1 !y sweep x    
toge!r ) brooms & remove x to ! works1  
:]e x is wa%$ 9 a %ort /rake1 at ! head 

( :i* /&s ! wa%]1 :o draws ! wat] upw>d 
) a wood5 hoe4 ,! wat] runn+ d[n aga91  
c>ries all ! light p>ticles into a tr\gh
 plac$ und]nea?4 ,i %all deal m fully ) 
?is me?od ( wa%+ a little lat]4  ,ore is
 burn$ = two reasons2 ei!r t f be+ h>d1 
x may become s(t & m easily brok5 & m   
readily cru%$ ) a hamm] or /amps1 & !n c
 be smelt$2 or t ! fatty ?+s1 t is to   
say1 sulphur1 bitum51 orpim5t1 or       
realg>#c may be consum$4 ,sulphur is    
frequ5tly f\nd 9 metallic ores1 &1      
g5]ally speak+1 is m h>mful to ! metals1
 except gold1 ?an are ! o!r ?+s4 ,x is  
mo/ h>mful ( all to iron1 & less to t9  
?an to bismu?1 lead1 silv]1 or copp]4   
,s9ce v r>ely gold is f\nd 9 :i* !re is 
n "s silv]1 ev5 gold ores conta9+       
sulphur ought to be roa/$ be=e !y are   
smelt$1 because1 9 a v vigor\s furnace  
fire1 sulphur resolves metal into a%es &
 makes slag ( x4 ,bitum5 acts 9 ! same  
way1 9 fact sometimes x consumes silv]1 
:i* we may see 9 bitum9\s cadmia#d4     
,illu/ration #bgd 7,/all ,roa/+ ,ore73  

,a--,area4 ,b--,wood4 ,c--,ore4         
,d--,cone-%ap$ piles4 ,e--,canal4  ,i n[
 come to ! me?ods ( roa/+1 & fir/ ( all 
to t "o :i* is common to all ores4 ,!   
e>? is dug out to ! requir$ ext5t1 & ?us
 is made a quadrangul> area ( fair size1
 op5 at ! front1 & above ?is1 firewood  
is laid close toge!r1 & on x o!r wood is
 laid transv]sely1 likewise close       
toge!r1 = :i* reason our c\ntrym5 call  
?is pile ( wood a crate2 ?is is repeat$ 
until ! pile atta9s a height ( "o or two
 cubits4 ,!n !re is plac$ ^u x a        
quantity ( ore t has be5 brok5 into     
small pieces ) a hamm]2 fir/ ! l>ge/ (  
^! pieces1 next ^? ( m$ium size1 & la/ly
 ! smalle/1 & ?us is built up a g5tly   
slop+ cone4 ,to prev5t x f becom+       
scatt]$1 f9e s& ( ! same ore is soak$ ) 
wat] & sme>$ ov] x & beat5 on ) %ovels2 
"s work]s1 if !y _c obta9 su* f9e s&1   
cov] ! pile ) *>coal-du/1 j z d         
*>coal-burn]s4 ,b at ,gosl>1 ! pile1 :5 
x has be5 built up 9 ! =m ( a cone1 is  
sme>$ ) atram5tum sutorium rubrum#e1 :i*

 is made by ! lea*+ ( roa/$ pyrites     
soak$ ) wat]4 ,9 "s di/ricts ! ore is   
roa/$ once1 9 o!rs twice1 9 o!rs ?ree   
times1 z its h>dness may require4 ,at   
,gosl>1 :5 pyrites is roa/$ = ! ?ird "t1
 t :i* is plac$ on ! top ( ! pyre exudes
 a c]ta9 gre5i%1 dry1 r\gh1 ?9 sub/ance1
 z ,i h else:]e writt5#f2 ?is is no m   
easily burn$ by ! fire ?an is asbe/os4  
,v (t5 also1 wat] is put on to ! ore :i*
 has be5 roa/$1 :ile x is /ill hot1 9   
ord] to make x s(t] & m easily brok52 = 
aft] fire has dri$ up ! moi/ure 9 ! ore1
 x breaks up m easily :ile x is /ill    
hot1 ( :i* fact burnt lime/one af=ds !  
be/ example4  ,illu/ration #bge 7,heap  
,roa/+ ,ore73 ,a--,light$ pyre4         
,b--,pyre :i* is be+ con/ruct$4         
,c--,ore4 ,d--,wood4 ,e--,pile ( ! same 
wood4  ,by digg+ out ! e>? !y make !    
areas mu* l>g]1 & squ>e2 walls %\ld be  
built along ! sides & back to hold !    
heat ( ! fire m effectively1 & ! front  
%\ld be left op54 ,9 ^! comp>tm5ts t9   
ore is roa/$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,fir/ (  

all wood ab\t twelve feet long %\ld be  
laid 9 ! area 9 f\r lay]s1 alt]nately   
/raight & transv]se4 ,!n ! l>g] pieces (
 ore %\ld be laid ^u !m1 & on ^! aga9 ! 
small] ones1 :i* %\ld also be plac$     
ar\nd ! sides2 ! f9e s& ( ! same ore    
%\ld also be spread ov] ! pile & p\nd$ )
 %ovels1 to prev5t ! pile f fall+ be=e x
 has be5 roa/$2 ! wood %\ld !n be fir$4 
,illu/ration #bgf 7,/all ,roa/+ ,ore73  
,a--,burn+ pyre :i* is compos$ ( lead   
ore ) wood plac$ above x4 ,b--,workman  
?r[+ ore into ano!r area4 ,c--,ov5-%ap$ 
furnace4 ,d--,op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! smoke   
escapes4  ,lead ore1 if roa/+ is        
necess>y1 %\ld be pil$ 9 an area j l !  
la/1 b slop+1 & ! wood %\ld be plac$ ov]
 x4 ,a tree trunk %\ld be laid "r across
 ! front ( ! ore to prev5t x f fall+    
out4 ,! ore1 be+ roa/$ 9 ?is way1       
becomes p>tly melt$ & resembles slag4   
,?ur+ian pyrites1 9 :i* !re is gold1    
sulphur1 & vitriol1 aft] ! la/ p>ticle (
 vitriol has be5 obta9$ by heat+ x 9    
wat]1 is ?r[n into a furnace1 9 :i* logs

 are plac$4 ,?is furnace is v simil> to 
an ov5 9 %ape1 9 ord] t :5 ! ore is     
roa/$ ! valuable cont5ts may n fly away 
) ! smoke1 b may adh]e to ! ro( ( !     
furnace4 ,9 ?is way sulphur v (t5 hangs 
l icicles f ! two op5+s ( ! ro( ?r\gh   
:i* ! smoke escapes4  ,illu/ration #bgg 
7,he>?s = roa/+73 ,a--,iron plates full 
( holes4 ,b--,walls4 ,c--,plate on :i*  
ore is plac$4 ,d--,burn+ *>coal plac$ on
 ! ore4 ,e--,pots4 ,f--,furnace4        
,g--,middle "p ( upp] *amb]4 ,h--,! o!r 
two comp>tm5ts4 ,i--,divisions ( ! l[]  
*amb]4 ,k--,middle wall4 ,l--,pots :i*  
are fill$ ) ore4 ,m--,lids ( same pots4 
,n--,grat+4  ,if pyrites or cadmia1 or  
any o!r ore conta9+ metal1 possesses a  
good deal ( sulphur or bitum51 x %\ld be
 s roa/$ t nei!r is lo/4 ,= ?is purpose 
x is ?r[n on an iron plate full ( holes1
 & roa/$ ) *>coal plac$ on top2 ?ree    
walls support ?is plate1 two on ! sides 
& ! ?ird at ! back4 ,b5ea? ! plate are  
plac$ pots conta9+ wat]1 into :i* !     
sulphur\s or bitum9\s vap\r desc5ds1 & 9

 ! wat] ! fat accumulates & floats on ! 
top4 ,if x is sulphur1 x is g5]ally ( a 
yell[ col\r2 if bitum51 x is black l    
pit*4 ,if ^! 7 n drawn out !y w\ld d mu*
 h>m to ! metal1 :5 ! ore is be+ smelt$4
 ,:5 !y h ?us be5 sep>at$ !y prove ( "s 
s]vice to man1 especially ! sulphur\s   
k9d4 ,f ! vap\r :i* is c>ri$ d[n1 n into
 ! wat]1 b into ! gr\nd1 !re is creat$ a
 sulphur\s or a bitum9\s sub/ance       
resembl+ pompholyx#g1 & s light t x c be
 bl[n away ) a brea?4 ,"s employ a      
vault$ furnace1 op5 at ! front & divid$ 
into two *amb]s4 ,a wall built 9 !      
middle ( ! furnace divides ! l[] *amb]  
into two equal p>ts1 9 :i* are set pots 
conta9+ wat]1 z above describ$4 ,! upp] 
*amb] is aga9 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 !  
middle "o ( :i* is always op51 = 9 x !  
wood is plac$1 & x is n broad] ?an !    
middle wall1 ( :i* x =ms ! topmo/       
portion4 ,! o!r two comp>tm5ts h iron   
doors :i* are clos$1 & :i*1 toge!r ) !  
ro(1 keep 9 ! heat :5 ! wood is light$4 
,9 ^! upp] comp>tm5ts are iron b>s :i*  

take ! place ( a floor1 & on ^! are     
arrang$ pots )\t bottoms1 hav+ 9 place (
 a bottom1 a grat+ made ( iron wire1    
fix$ to ea*1 ?r\gh ! op5+s ( :i* !      
sulphur\s or bitum9\s vap\rs roa/$ f !  
ore run into ! l[] pots4 ,ea* ( ! upp]  
pots holds a hundr$ p\nds ( ore2 :5 !y  
are fill$ !y are cov]$ ) lids & sme>$ ) 
lute4  ,illu/ration #bgh 7,heap ,roa/+73
 ,a--,heap ( cuprif]\s /ones4 ,b--,k9dl$
 heap4 ,c--,/ones be+ tak5 to ! b$s (   
faggots4  ,9 ,eisleb5 & ! neighb\rhood1 
:5 !y roa/ ! s*i/ose /one f :i* copp] is
 smelt$1 & :i* is n free f bitum51 !y d 
n use piles ( logs1 b bundles ( faggots4
 ,at "o "t1 !y us$ to pile ?is k9d (    
/one1 :5 extract$ f ! pit1 on bundles ( 
faggots & roa/ x by fir+ ! faggots2     
n[adays1 !y fir/ ( all c>ry ^! same     
/ones to a heap1 :]e !y are left to lie 
= "s "t 9 su* a way z to all[ ! air &   
ra9 to s(t5 !m4 ,!n !y make a b$ (      
faggot bundles ne> ! heap1 & c>ry !     
ne>e/ /ones to ?is b$2 aft]w>d !y aga9  
place bundles ( faggots 9 ! empty place 

f :i* ! fir/ /ones h be5 remov$1 & pile 
ov] ?is ext5d$ b$1 ! /ones :i* lay ne>e/
 to ! fir/ lot2 & !y d ?is "r up to !   
end1 until all ! /ones h be5 pil$       
m\nd-%ape on a b$ ( faggots4 ,f9ally !y 
fire ! faggots1 n1 h[ev]1 on ! side :]e 
! w9d is bl[+1 b on ! opposite side1 le/
 ! fire bl[n up by ! =ce ( ! w9d %\ld   
consume ! faggots be=e ! /ones are roa/$
 & made s(t2 by ?is me?od ! /ones :i*   
are adjac5t to ! faggots take fire &    
communicate x to ! next ones1 & ^! aga9 
to ! adjo9+ ones1 & 9 ?is way ! heap v  
(t5 burns cont9u\sly = ?irty days or m4 
,?is s*i/ rock :5 ri* 9 copp]1 z ,i h   
said else:]e1 exudes a sub/ance ( a     
nature simil> to asbe/os4  ,illu/ration 
#bhd 7,/amp-mill73 ,a--,mort>4          
,b--,upright po/s4 ,c--,cross-beams4    
,d--,/amps4 ,e--,_! heads4 ,f--,axle    
7cam-%aft74 ,g--,too? ( ! /amp 7tappet74
 ,h--,tee? ( axle 7cams74  ,ore is cru%$
 ) iron-%od /amps1 9 ord] t ! metal may 
be sep>at$ f ! /one & ! hang+wall       
rock4#h ,! ma*9es :i* m9]s use = ?is    

purpose are ( f\r k9ds1 & are made by ! 
foll[+ me?od4 ,a block ( oak timb] six  
feet long1 two feet & a palm squ>e1 is  
laid on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is is   
fix$ a mort>-box1 two feet & six digits 
long1 "o foot & six digits deep2 !      
front1 :i* might be call$ a m\?1 lies   
op52 ! bottom is cov]$ ) a plate ( iron1
 a palm ?ick & two palms & z _m digits  
wide1 ea* end ( :i* is w$g$ into ! timb]
 ) broad w$ges1 & ! front & back "p ( x 
are fix$ to ! timb] ) iron nails4 ,to ! 
sides ( ! mort> above ! block are fix$  
two upright po/s1 ^: upp] ends are      
some:at cut back & are mortis$ to !     
timb]s ( ! build+4 ,two & a half feet   
above ! mort> are plac$ two cross-beams 
jo9$ toge!r1 "o 9 front & "o 9 ! back1 !
 ends ( :i* are mortis$ into ! upright  
po/s already m5tion$4 ,?r\gh ea* mortise
 is bor$ a hole1 into :i* is driv5 an   
iron clavis2 "o end ( ! clavis has two  
horns1 & ! o!r end is p]=at$ 9 ord] t a 
w$ge driv5 ?r\gh1 b9ds ! beams m firmly2
 "o horn ( ! clavis turns up & ! o!r    

d[n4 ,?ree & a half feet above !        
cross-beams1 two o!r cross-beams ( !    
same k9d are aga9 jo9$ 9 a simil> mann]2
 ^! cross-beams h squ>e op5+s1 9 :i* !  
iron-%od /amps are ins]t$4 ,! /amps are 
n f> di/ant f ea* o!r1 & fit closely 9 !
 cross-beams4 ,ea* /amp has a tappet at 
! back1 :i* requires to be daub$ )      
grease on ! l[] side t x c be rais$ m   
easily4 ,= ea* /amp !re are on a        
cam-%aft1 two cams1 r\nd$ on ! out] end1
 :i* alt]nately raise ! /amp1 9 ord] t1 
by its dropp+ into ! mort>1 x may ) its 
iron head p\nd & cru% ! rock :i* has be5
 ?r[n "u x4 ,to ! cam-%aft is fix$ a    
wat]-:eel ^: buckets are turn$ by       
wat]-p[]4 ,in/ead ( doors1 ! m\? ( !    
mort> has a bo>d1 :i* is fitt$ into     
not*es cut out ( ! front ( ! block4 ,?is
 bo>d c be rais$1 9 ord] t :5 ! m\? is  
op51 ! workm5 c remove ) a %ovel ! f9e  
s&1 & likewise ! co>se s& & brok5 rock1 
into :i* ! rocks h be5 cru%$2 ?is bo>d c
 be l[]$1 s t ! m\? ?us be+ clos$1 !    
fre% rock ?r[n 9 may be cru%$ ) !       

iron-%od /amps4 ,if an oak block is n   
available1 two timb]s are plac$ on !    
gr\nd & jo9$ toge!r ) iron clamps1 ea* (
 ! timb]s be+ six feet long1 a foot     
wide1 & a foot & a half ?ick4 ,su* dep? 
z %\ld be all[$ to ! mort>1 is obta9$ by
 cutt+ out ! fir/ beam to a wid? (      
?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot & to a l5g? ( two &
 a ?ird & "o tw5ty-f\r? ( a foot4 ,9 !  
bottom ( ! "p ?us dug out1 !re %\ld be  
laid a v h>d rock1 a foot ?ick &        
?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot wide2 ab\t x1 if   
any space rema9s1 e>? or s& %\ld be     
fill$ 9 & p\nd$4 ,on ! front1 ?is b$    
rock is cov]$ ) a plank2 ?is rock :5 x  
has be5 brok51 %\ld be tak5 away &      
replac$ by ano!r4 ,a small] mort> hav+  
room = only ?ree /amps may also be made 
9 ! same mann]4  ,illu/ration #bhe      
7,/amps73 ,a--,/amp4 ,b--,/em cut out 9 
l[] "p4 ,c--,%oe4 ,d--,! o!r %oe1 b>b$ &
 groov$4 ,e--,quadrangul> iron b&4      
,f--,w$ge4 ,g--,tappet4 ,h--,angul>     
cam-%aft4 ,i--,cams4 ,k--,pair (        
compasses4  ,! /amp-/ems are made (     

small squ>e timb]s n9e feet long & half 
a foot wide ea* way4 ,! iron head ( ea* 
is made 9 ! foll[+ way2 ! l[] "p ( !    
head is ?ree palms long & ! upp] "p !   
same l5g?4 ,! l[] "p is a palm squ>e 9 !
 middle = two palms1 !n bel[ ?is1 = a   
l5g? ( two digits x gradually spreads   
until x becomes five digits squ>e2 above
 ! middle "p1 = a l5g? ( two digits1 x  
aga9 gradually swells out until x       
becomes a palm & a half squ>e4 ,high]   
up1 :]e ! head ( ! %oe is enclos$ 9 !   
/em1 x is bor$ ?r\gh & simil>ly ! /em   
itself is pi]c$1 & ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ea*1  
!re passes a broad iron w$ge1 :i*       
prev5ts ! head fall+ (f ! /em4 ,to      
prev5t ! /amp head f becom+ brok5 by !  
con/ant /rik+ ( fragm5ts ( ore or rocks1
 !re is plac$ ar\nd x a quadrangul> iron
 b& a digit ?ick1 sev5 digits wide1 &   
six digits deep4 ,^? :o use ?ree /amps1 
z is common1 make !m mu* l>g]1 & !y are 
made squ>e & ?ree palms broad ea* way2  
!n ! iron %oe ( ea* has a total l5g? (  
two feet & a palm2 at ! l[] end1 x is   

hexagonal1 & at t po9t x is sev5 digits 
wide & ?ick4 ,! l[] "p ( x :i* projects 
beyond ! /em is "o foot & two palms     
long2 ! upp] "p1 :i* is enclos$ 9 ! /em1
 is ?ree palms long2 ! l[] "p is a palm 
wide & ?ick2 !n gradually ! upp] "p     
becomes n>r[] & ?9n]1 s t at ! top x is 
?ree digits & a half wide & two ?ick4 ,x
 is bor$ ?r\gh at ! place :]e ! angles h
 be5 some:at cut away2 ! hole is ?ree   
digits long & "o wide1 & is "o digit's  
di/ance f ! top4 ,!re are "s :o make t  
"p ( ! head :i* is enclos$ 9 ! /em1 b>b$
 & groov$1 9 ord] t :5 ! hooks h be5    
fix$ into ! /em & w$ges fitt$ to !      
grooves1 x may rema9 tightly fix$1      
especially :5 x is also held ) two      
quadrangul> iron b&s4 ,"s divide !      
cam-%aft ) a compass into six sides1    
o!rs into n9e2 x is bett] = x to be     
divid$ into twelve sides1 9 ord] t      
successively "o side may conta9 a cam & 
! next be )\t "o4  ,illu/ration #bhf    
7,/amp-mill73 ,a--,box4 ,al?\gh ! upp]  
"p is n op51 x is %[n op5 "h1 t ! :eel  

may be se54 ,b--,:eel4 ,c--,cam-%aft4   
,d--,/amps4  ,! wat]-:eel is entirely   
enclos$ "u a quadrangul> box1 9 case    
ei!r ! deep sn[s or ice 9 w9t]1 or      
/orms1 may imp$e its runn+ & its turn+  
ar\nd4 ,! jo9ts 9 ! planks are /opp$ all
 ar\nd ) moss4 ,! cov]1 h[ev]1 has "o   
op5+1 ?r\gh :i* !re passes a race br++  
d[n wat] :i*1 dropp+ on ! buckets ( !   
:eel1 turns x r\nd1 & fl[s out aga9 9 ! 
l[] race "u ! box4 ,! spokes ( !        
wat]-:eel are n infrequ5tly mortis$ into
 ! middle ( ! cam-%aft2 9 ?is case !    
cams on bo? sides raise ! /amps1 :i*    
ei!r bo? cru% dry or wet ore1 or else ! 
"o set cru%es dry ore & ! o!r set wet   
ore1 j z circum/ances require ! "o or ! 
o!r2 fur!r1 :5 ! "o set is rais$ & !    
iron clavises 9 !m are fix$ into op5+s 9
 ! fir/ cross-beam1 ! o!r set alone     
cru%es ! ore4  ,illu/ration #bhg 7,h&l+ 
/amp$ mat]ial73 ,a--,box laid flat on ! 
gr\nd4 ,b--,its bottom :i* is made (    
iron wire4 ,c--,box inv]t$4 ,d--,iron   
rods4 ,e--,box susp5d$ f a beam1 !      

inside be+ visible4 ,f--,box susp5d$ f a
 beam1 ! outside be+ visible4  ,brok5   
rock or /ones1 or ! co>se or f9e s&1 are
 remov$ f ! mort> ( ?is ma*9e & heap$   
up1 z is also done ) ! same mat]ials :5 
rak$ out ( ! dump ne> ! m9e4 ,!y are    
?r[n by a workman into a box1 :i* is op5
 on ! top & ! front1 & is ?ree feet long
 & ne>ly a foot & a half wide4 ,its     
sides are slop+ & made ( planks1 b its  
bottom is made ( iron wire nett+1 &     
fa/5$ ) wire to two iron rods1 :i* are  
fix$ to ! two side planks4 ,?is bottom  
has op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* brok5 rock ( ! size
 ( a hazel nut _c pass2 ! pieces :i* are
 too l>ge to pass ?r\gh are remov$ by ! 
workman1 :o aga9 places !m "u /amps1    
:ile ^? :i* h pass$ ?r\gh1 toge!r ) !   
co>se & f9e s&1 he collects 9 a l>ge    
vessel & keeps = ! wa%+4 ,:5 he is p]=m+
 8 labori\s task he susp5ds ! box f a   
beam by two ropes4 ,?is box may rightly 
be call$ a quadrangul> sieve1 z may also
 t k9d :i* foll[s4  ,illu/ration #bhh   
7,sift+ ,ore73 ,a--,sieve4 ,b--,small   

planks4 ,c--,po/4 ,d--,bottom ( sieve4  
,e--,op5 box4 ,f--,small cross-beam4    
,g--,upright po/s4  ,"s employ a sieve  
%ap$ l a wood5 bucket1 b\nd ) two iron  
hoops2 its bottom1 l t ( ! box1 is made 
( iron wire nett+4 ,!y place ?is on two 
small cross-planks fix$ ^u a po/ set 9 !
 gr\nd4 ,"s d n fix ! po/ 9 ! gr\nd1 b  
/& x on ! gr\nd until !re arises a heap 
( ! mat]ial :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! sieve1
 & 9 ?is ! po/ is fix$4 ,) an iron %ovel
 ! workman ?r[s into ?is sieve brok5    
rock1 small /ones1 co>se & f9e s& rak$  
out ( ! dump2 hold+ ! h&les ( ! sieve 9 
8 h&s1 he agitates x up & d[n 9 ord] t  
by ?is movem5t ! du/1 f9e & co>se s&1   
small /ones1 & f9e brok5 rock may fall  
?r\gh ! bottom4 ,o!rs d n use a sieve1 b
 an op5 box1 ^: bottom is likewise cov]$
 ) wire nett+2 ?is !y fix on a small    
cross-beam fa/5$ to two upright beams & 
tilt x backw>d & =w>d4  ,illu/ration    
#bhi 7,sift+ ,ore73 ,a--,box4 ,b--,bale4
 ,c--,rope4 ,d--,beam4 ,e--,h&les4      
,f--,five-too!d rake4 ,g--,sieve4       

,h--,its h&les4 ,i--,pole4 ,k--,rope4   
,l--,timb]4  ,"s use a sieve made (     
copp]1 hav+ squ>e copp] h&les on bo?    
sides1 & ?r\gh ^! h&les runs a pole1 (  
:i* "o end projects ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot
 beyond "o h&le2 ! workman !n places t  
end 9 a rope :i* is susp5d$ f a beam1 & 
rapidly %akes ! pole alt]nately backw>d 
& =w>d4 ,by ?is movem5t ! small p>ticles
 fall ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! sieve4 ,9 ord] 
t ! end ( ! pole may be easily plac$ 9 !
 rope1 a /ick1 two palms long1 holds op5
 ! l[] "p ( ! rope z x hangs d\ble1 ea* 
end ( ! rope be+ ti$ to ! beam2 "p ( !  
rope1 h[ev]1 hangs beyond ! /ick to a   
l5g? ( half a foot4 ,a l>ge box is also 
us$ = ?is purpose1 ( :i* ! bottom is    
ei!r made ( a plank full ( holes or (   
iron nett+1 z are ! o!r boxes4 ,an iron 
bale is fa/5$ f ! middle ( ! planks :i* 
=m its sides2 to ?is bale is fa/5$ a    
rope :i* is susp5d$ f a wood5 beam1 9   
ord] t ! box may be mov$ or tilt$ 9 any 
direction4 ,!re are two h&les on ea*    
end1 n unlike ! h&les ( a :eelb>r[2 ^!  

are held by two workm51 :o %ake ! box to
 & fro4 ,?is box is ! "o pr9cipally us$ 
by ! ,g]mans :o dwell 9 ! ,c>pa?ian     
m\nta9s4 ,! small] p>ticles are sep>at$ 
f ! l>g] ones by means ( ?ree boxes &   
two sieves1 9 ord] t ^? :i* pass ?r\gh  
ea*1 be+ ( equal size1 may be wa%$      
toge!r2 = ! bottoms ( bo? ! boxes &     
sieves h op5+s :i* d n let ?r\gh brok5  
rock ( ! size ( a hazel nut4 ,z = ! dry 
remnants 9 ! bottoms ( ! sieves1 if !y  
conta9 any metal ! m9]s put !m "u !     
/amps4 ,! l>g] pieces ( brok5 rock are n
 sep>at$ f ! small] by ?is me?od until !
 m5 & boys1 ) five-too!d rakes1 h       
sep>at$ !m f ! rock fragm5ts1 ! little  
/ones1 ! co>se & ! f9e s& & e>?1 :i* h  
be5 ?r[n on to ! dumps4  ,illu/ration   
#bia 7,sift+ ,ore73 ,a--,workman c>ry+  
brok5 rock 9 a b>r[4 ,b--,fir/ *ute4    
,c--,fir/ box4 ,d--,its h&les4 ,e--,its 
bales4 ,f--,rope4 ,g--,beam4 ,h--,po/4  
,i--,second *ute4 ,k--,second box4      
,l--,?ird *ute4 ,m--,?ird box4 ,n--,fir/
 table4 ,o--,fir/ sieve4 ,p--,fir/ tub4 

,q--,second table4 ,r--,second sieve4   
,s--,second tub4 ,t--,?ird table4       
,v--,?ird sieve4 ,x--,?ird tub4         
,y--,plugs4  ,at ,neusohl1 9 !          
,c>pa?ians1 !re are m9es :]e ! ve9s (   
copp] lie 9 ! ridges & peaks ( !        
m\nta9s1 & 9 ord] to save exp5se be+    
incurr$ by a long & difficult transport1
 along a r\gh & sometimes v precipit\s  
road1 "o workman sorts ov] ! dumps :i* h
 be5 ?r[n out f ! m9es1 & ano!r c>ries 9
 a :eelb>r[ ! e>?1 f9e & co>se s&1      
little /ones1 brok5 rock1 & ev5 ! poor] 
ore1 & ov]turns ! b>r[ into a long op5  
*ute fix$ to a /eep rock4 ,?is *ute is  
held ap>t by small cleats1 & ! mat]ial  
slides d[n a di/ance ( ab\t "o hundr$ & 
fifty feet into a %ort box1 ^: bottom is
 made ( a ?ick copp] plate1 full (      
holes4 ,?is box has two h&les by :i* x  
is %ak5 to & fro1 & at ! top !re are two
 bales made ( hazel /icks1 9 :i* is fix$
 ! iron hook ( a rope hung f ! bran* ( a
 tree or f a wood5 beam :i* projects f  
an upright po/4 ,f "t to "t a sift]     

pulls ?is box & ?ru/s x viol5tly aga9/ !
 tree or po/1 by :i* means ! small      
p>ticles pass+ ?r\gh its holes desc5d   
d[n ano!r *ute into ano!r %ort box1 9 ^:
 bottom !re are small] holes4 ,a second 
sift]1 9 l mann]1 ?ru/s ?is box viol5tly
 aga9/ a tree or po/1 & a second "t !   
small] p>ticles are receiv$ into a ?ird 
*ute1 & slide d[n into a ?ird box1 ^:   
bottom has /ill small] holes4 ,a ?ird   
sift]1 9 l mann]1 ?ru/s ?is box viol5tly
 aga9/ a tree or po/1 & = ! ?ird "t !   
t9y p>ticles fall ?r\gh ! holes ^u a    
table4 ,:ile ! workman is br++ 9 ! b>r[1
 ano!r load :i* has be5 sort$ f ! dump1 
ea* sift] )draws ! hooks f 8 bale &     
c>ries away 8 own box & ov]turns x1     
heap+ up ! brok5 rock or s& :i* rema9s 9
 ! bottom ( x4 ,z = ! t9y p>ticles :i* h
 slid d[n ^u ! table1 ! fir/ wa%]--= !re
 are z _m wa%]s z sift]s--sweeps !m (f &
 9 a tub ne>ly full ( wat]1 wa%es !m    
?r\gh a sieve ^: holes are small] ?an ! 
holes ( ! ?ird box4 ,:5 ?is tub has be5 
fill$ ) ! mat]ial :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! 

sieve1 he draws out ! plug to let ! wat]
 run away2 !n he removes ) a %ovel t :i*
 has settl$ 9 ! tub & ?r[s x ^u ! table 
( a second wa%]1 :o wa%es x 9 a sieve ) 
small] holes4 ,! s$im5t :i* has ?is "t  
settl$ 9 8 tub1 he takes out & ?r[s on !
 table ( a ?ird wa%]1 :o wa%es x 9 a    
sieve ) ! smalle/ holes4 ,! copp]       
conc5trates :i* h settl$ 9 ! la/ tub are
 tak5 out & smelt$2 ! s$im5t :i* ea*    
wa%] has remov$ ) a limp is wa%$ on a   
canvas /rake4 ,! sift]s at ,alt5b]g1 9 !
 t9 m9es ( ! m\nta9s bord]+ on ,bohemia1
 use su* boxes z ,i h describ$1 hung f  
wood5 beams4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are a little   
l>g] & op5 9 ! front1 ?r\gh :i* op5+ !  
brok5 rock :i* has n gone ?r\gh ! sieve 
c be %ak5 out imm$iately by ?ru/+ !     
sieve aga9/ its po/4  ,illu/ration #bib 
7,sift+ ,ore73 ,a--,sieve4 ,b--,its     
h&les4 ,c--,tub4 ,d--,bottom ( sieve    
made ( iron wires4 ,e--,hoop4 ,f--,rods4
 ,g--,hoops4 ,h--,woman %ak+ ! sieve4   
,i--,boy supply+ x ) mat]ial :i*        
requires wa%+4 ,k--,man ) %ovel remov+ f

 ! tub ! mat]ial :i* has pass$ ?r\gh !  
sieve4  ,if ! ore is ri* 9 metal1 ! e>?1
 ! f9e & co>se s&1 & ! pieces ( rock :i*
 h be5 brok5 f ! hang+wall1 are dug out 
( ! dump ) a spade or rake &1 ) a %ovel1
 are ?r[n into a l>ge sieve or basket1 &
 wa%$ 9 a tub ne>ly full ( wat]4 ,!     
sieve is g5]ally a cubit broad & half a 
foot deep2 its bottom has holes ( su*   
size t ! l>g] pieces ( brok5 rock _c    
pass ?r\gh !m1 = ?is mat]ial re/s ^u !  
/raight & cross iron wires1 :i* at _!   
po9ts ( contact are b\nd by small iron  
clips4 ,! sieve is held toge!r by an    
iron b& & by two cross-rods likewise (  
iron2 ! re/ ( ! sieve is made ( /aves 9 
! %ape ( a little tub1 & is b\nd ) two  
iron hoops2 "s1 h[ev]1 b9d x ) hoops (  
hazel or oak1 b 9 t case !y use ?ree (  
!m4 ,on ea* side x has h&les1 :i* are   
held 9 ! h&s by :oev] wa%es !           
metallif]\s mat]ial4 ,into ?is sieve a  
boy ?r[s ! mat]ial to be wa%$1 & a woman
 %akes x up & d[n1 turn+ x alt]nately to
 ! "r & to ! left1 & 9 ?is way passes   

?r\gh x ! small] pieces ( e>?1 s&1 &    
brok5 rock4 ,! l>g] pieces rema9 9 !    
sieve1 & ^! are tak5 out1 plac$ 9 a heap
 & put "u ! /amps4 ,! mud1 toge!r ) f9e 
s&1 co>se s&1 & brok5 rock1 :i* rema9   
aft] ! wat] has be5 drawn out ( ! tub1  
is remov$ by an iron %ovel & wa%$ 9 !   
sluice1 ab\t :i* ,i w speak a little    
lat]4  ,illu/ration #bic 7,sift+ ,ore73 
,a--,basket4 ,b--,its h&les4 ,c--,di%4  
,d--,its back "p4 ,e--,its front "p4    
,f--,h&les ( same4  ,! ,bohemians use a 
basket a foot & a half broad & half a   
foot deep1 b\nd toge!r by osi]s4 ,x has 
two h&les by :i* x is grasp$1 :5 !y move
 x ab\t & %ake x 9 ! tub or 9 a small   
pool ne>ly full ( wat]4 ,all t passes   
?r\gh x into ! tub or pool !y take out &
 wa% 9 a b[l1 :i* is high] 9 ! back "p &
 l[] & flat 9 ! front2 x is grasp$ by ! 
two h&les & %ak5 9 ! wat]1 ! light]     
p>ticles fl[+ away1 & ! heavi] & m9]al  
portion s9k+ to ! bottom4  ,illu/ration 
#bid 7,mills = ,gr9d+ ,ore73 ,a--,axle4 
,b--,wat]-:eel4 ,c--,too!d drum4        

,d--,drum made ( rundles4 ,e--,iron     
axle4 ,f--,mill/one4 ,g--,hopp]4        
,h--,r\nd wood5 plate4 ,i--,tr\gh4      
,gold ore1 aft] be+ brok5 ) hamm]s or   
cru%$ by ! /amps1 & ev5 t9 ore1 is fur!r
 mill$ to p[d]4 ,! upp] mill/one1 :i* is
 turn$ by wat]-p[]1 is made 9 ! foll[+  
way4 ,an axle is r\nd$ to compass       
measure1 or is made angul>1 & its iron  
p9ions turn 9 iron sockets :i* are held 
9 beams4 ,! axle is turn$ by a          
wat]-:eel1 ! buckets ( :i* are fix$ to !
 rim & are /ruck by ! =ce ( a /ream4    
,into ! axle is mortis$ a too!d drum1 ^:
 tee? are fix$ 9 ! side ( ! rim4 ,^!    
tee? turn a second drum ( rundles1 :i*  
are made ( v h>d mat]ial4 ,?is drum     
surr\nds an iron axle :i* has a p9ion at
 ! bottom & revolves 9 an iron cup 9 a  
timb]4 ,at ! top ( ! iron axle is an    
iron tongue1 dove-tail$ into ! mill/one1
 & s :5 ! tee? ( ! "o drum turn !       
rundles ( ! o!r1 ! mill/one is made to  
turn r\nd4 ,an ov]hang+ ma*9e supplies x
 ) ore ?r\gh a hopp]1 & ! ore1 be+ gr\nd

 to p[d]1 is dis*>g$ f a r\nd wood5     
plate into a tr\gh & fl[+ away ?r\gh x  
accumulates on ! floor2 f !re ! ore is  
c>ri$ away & res]v$ = wa%+4 ,s9ce ?is   
me?od ( gr9d+ requires ! mill/one to be 
n[ rais$ & n[ l[]$1 ! timb] 9 ^: socket 
! iron ( ! p9ion axle revolves1 re/s ^u 
two beams1 :i* c be rais$ & l[]$4       
,illu/ration #bif 7,mills = ,gr9d+      
,ore73 ,a--,fir/ mill4 ,b--,:eel turn$  
by goats4 ,c--,second mill4 ,d--,disc ( 
upright axle4 ,e--,its too!d drum4      
,f--,?ird mill4 ,g--,%ape ( l[]         
mill/one4 ,h--,small upright axle ( !   
same4 ,i--,its op5+4 ,k--,lev] ( ! upp] 
mill/one4 ,l--,its op5+4  ,!re are ?ree 
mills 9 use 9 mill+ gold ores1          
especially = qu>tz#aa :i* is n lack+ 9  
metal4 ,!y are n all turn$ by wat]-p[]1 
b "s by ! /r5g? ( m51 & two ( !m ev5 by 
! p[] ( bea/s ( burd54 ,! fir/ revolv+  
"o diff]s f ! next only 9 its driv+     
:eel1 :i* is clos$ 9 & turn$ by m5      
tread+ x1 or by horses1 :i* are plac$   
inside1 or by asses1 or ev5 by /rong    

goats2 ! eyes ( ^! bea/s are cov]$ by   
l95 b&s4 ,! second mill1 bo? :5 pu%$ &  
turn$ r\nd1 diff]s f ! two above by hav+
 an upright axle 9 ! place ( !          
horizontal "o2 ?is axle has at its l[]  
end a disc1 :i* two workm5 turn by      
tread+ back its cleats ) _! feet1 ?\gh  
frequ5tly "o man su/a9s all ! lab\r2 or 
sometimes !re projects f ! axle a pole  
:i* is turn$ by a horse or an ass1 = :i*
 reason x is call$ an as9>ia4 ,! too!d  
drum :i* is at ! upp] end ( ! axle turns
 ! drum :i* is made ( rundles1 & toge!r 
) x ! mill/one4  ,! ?ird mill is turn$  
r\nd & r\nd1 & n pu%$ by h&2 b betwe5   
?is & ! o!rs !re is a great di/9ction1 =
 ! l[] mill/one is s %ap$ at ! top t x c
 hold )9 x ! upp] mill/one1 :i* revolves
 ar\nd an iron axle2 ?is axle is fa/5$ 9
 ! c5tre ( ! l[] /one & passes ?r\gh !  
upp] /one4 ,a workman1 by grasp+ 9 8 h& 
an upright iron b> plac$ 9 ! upp]       
mill/one1 moves x r\nd4 ,! middle ( !   
upp] mill/one is bor$ ?r\gh1 & ! ore1   
be+ ?r[n into ?is op5+1 falls d[n ^u !  

l[] mill/one & is !re gr\nd to p[d]1 :i*
 gradually runs out ?r\gh its op5+2 x is
 wa%$ by v>i\s me?ods be=e x is mix$ )  
quicksilv]1 :i* ,i w expla9 pres5tly4   
,illu/ration #bii 7,/amp-mill73         
,a--,wat]-:eel4 ,b--,axle4 ,c--,/amp4   
,d--,hopp] 9 ! upp] mill/one4 ,e--,op5+ 
pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,f--,l[] mill/one4 
,g--,its r\nd depression4 ,h--,its      
outlet4 ,i--,iron axle4 ,k--,its        
crosspiece4 ,l--,beam4 ,m--,drum (      
rundles on ! iron axle4 ,n--,too!d drum 
( ma9 axle4 ,o--,tubs4 ,p--,! small     
planks4 ,q--,small upright axles4       
,r--,enl>g$ "p ( "o4 ,s--,_! paddles4   
,t--,_! drums :i* are made ( rundles4   
,v--,small horizontal axle set into !   
end ( ! ma9 axle4 ,x--,its too!d drums4 
,y--,?ree sluices4 ,z--,_! small axles4 
,,aa--,spokes4 ,,bb--,paddles4  ,"s p   
build a ma*9e :i* at "o & ! same "t c   
cru%1 gr9d1 cleanse1 & wa% ! gold ore1 &
 mix ! gold ) quicksilv]4 ,?is ma*9e has
 "o wat]-:eel1 :i* is turn$ by a /ream  
/rik+ its buckets2 ! ma9 axle on "o side

 ( ! wat]-:eel has long cams1 :i* raise 
! /amps t cru% ! dry ore4 ,!n ! cru%$   
ore is ?r[n into ! hopp] ( ! upp]       
mill/one1 & gradually fall+ ?r\gh !     
op5+1 is gr\nd to p[d]4 ,! l[] mill/one 
is squ>e1 b has a r\nd depression 9 :i* 
! r\nd1 upp] mill/one turns1 & x has an 
outlet f :i* ! p[d] falls into ! fir/   
tub4 ,a v]tical iron axle is dove-tail$ 
into a cross-piece1 :i* is 9 turn fix$  
into ! upp] mill/one2 ! upp] p9ion ( ?is
 axle is held 9 a be>+ fix$ 9 a beam2 ! 
drum ( ! v]tical axle is made ( rundles1
 & is turn$ by ! too!d drum on ! ma9    
axle1 & ?us turns ! mill/one4 ,! p[d]   
falls cont9ually into ! fir/ tub1 toge!r
 ) wat]1 & f !re runs into a second tub 
:i* is set l[] d[n1 & out ( ! second    
into a ?ird1 :i* is ! l[e/2 f ! ?ird1 x 
g5]ally fl[s into a small tr\gh hewn out
 ( a tree trunk4 ,quicksilv]#ab is plac$
 9 ea* tub1 across :i* is fix$ a small  
plank1 & ?r\gh a hole 9 ! middle ( ea*  
plank !re passes a small upright axle1  
:i* is enl>g$ above ! plank to prev5t x 

f dropp+ into ! tub l[] ?an x %\ld4 ,at 
! l[] end ( ! axle ?ree sets ( paddles  
int]sect1 ea* made f two little bo>ds   
fix$ to ! axle opposite ea* o!r4 ,! upp]
 end ( ?is axle has a p9ion held by a   
be>+ set 9 a beam1 & ar\nd ea* ( ^!     
axles is a small drum made ( rundles1   
ea* ( :i* is turn$ by a small too!d drum
 on a horizontal axle1 "o end ( :i* is  
mortis$ into ! l>ge horizontal axle1 & !
 o!r end is held 9 a holl[ cov]$ ) ?ick 
iron plates 9 a beam4 ,?us ! paddles1 ( 
:i* !re are ?ree sets 9 ea* tub1 turn   
r\nd1 & agitat+ ! p[d]1 ?or\ghly mix x )
 wat] & sep>ate ! m9ute p>ticles ( gold 
f x1 & ^! are attract$ by ! quicksilv] &
 purifi$4 ,! wat] c>ries away ! wa/e4 ,!
 quicksilv] is p\r$ into a bag made (   
lea!r or clo? wov5 f cotton1 & :5 ?is   
bag is squeez$1 z ,i h describ$ else:]e1
 ! quicksilv] drips ?r\gh x into a j>   
plac$ und]nea?4 ,! pure gold#ac rema9s 9
 ! bag4 ,"s p sub/itute ?ree broad      
sluices = ! tubs1 ea* ( :i* has an      
angul> axle on :i* are set six n>r[     

spokes1 & to !m are fix$ ! same numb] ( 
broad paddles2 ! wat] t is p\r$ 9 /rikes
 ^! paddles & turns !m r\nd1 & !y       
agitate ! p[d] :i* is mix$ ) ! wat] &   
sep>ate ! metal f x4 ,if ! p[d] :i* is  
be+ treat$ conta9s gold p>ticles1 ! fir/
 me?od ( wa%+ is f> sup]ior1 because !  
quicksilv] 9 ! tubs imm$iately attracts 
! gold2 if x is p[d] 9 :i* are ! small  
black /ones f :i* t9 is smelt$1 ?is     
latt] me?od is n to be despis$4 ,x is v 
advantage\s to place int]lac$ fir b\ghs 
9 ! sluices 9 :i* su* t9-/uff is wa%$1  
aft] x has run ?r\gh ! laund]s f !      
mills1 because ! f9e t9-/one is ei!r    
held back by ! twigs1 or if ! curr5t    
c>ries !m along !y fall away f ! wat] & 
settle d[n4  ,sev5 me?ods ( wa%+ are 9  
common use = ! ores ( _m metals2 = !y   
are wa%$ ei!r 9 a simple buddle1 or 9 a 
divid$ buddle1 or 9 an ord9>y /rake1 or 
9 a l>ge tank1 or 9 a %ort /rake1 or 9 a
 canvas /rake1 or 9 a jigg+ sieve4 ,o!r 
me?ods ( wa%+ are ei!r peculi> to "s    
p>ticul> metal1 or are comb9$ ) ! me?od 

( cru%+ wet ore by /amps4  ,illu/ration 
#cja 7,buddles73 ,a--,head ( buddle4    
,b--,pipe4 ,c--,buddle4 ,d--,bo>d4      
,e--,transv]se buddle4 ,f--,%ovel4      
,g--,scrubb]4  ,a simple buddle is made 
9 ! foll[+ way4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! head 
is high] ?an ! re/ ( ! buddle1 & is ?ree
 feet long & a foot & a half broad2 ?is 
head is made ( planks laid ^u a timb] & 
fa/5$1 & on bo? sides1 side-bo>ds are   
set up s z to hold ! wat]1 :i* fl[s 9   
?r\gh a pipe or tr\gh1 s t x %all fall  
/raight d[n4 ,! middle ( ! head is      
some:at depress$ 9 ord] t ! brok5 rock &
 ! l>g] metallic p>ticles may settle    
into x4 ,! buddle is sunk into ! e>? to 
a dep? ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot bel[ !    
head1 & is twelve feet long & a foot & a
 half wide & deep2 ! bottom & ea* side  
are l9$ ) planks to prev5t ! e>?1 :5 x  
is s(t5$ by ! wat]1 f fall+ 9 or f      
absorb+ ! metallic p>ticles4 ,! l[] end 
( ! buddle is ob/ruct$ by a bo>d1 :i* is
 n z high z ! sides4 ,to ?is /raight    
buddle !re is jo9$ a second transv]se   

buddle1 six feet long & a foot & a half 
wide & deep1 simil>ly l9$ ) planks2 at !
 l[] end x is clos$ up ) a bo>d1 also   
l[] ?an ! sides ( ! buddle s t ! wat] c 
fl[ away2 ?is wat] falls into a laund] &
 is c>ri$ outside ! build+4 ,9 ?is      
simple buddle is wa%$ ! metallic mat]ial
 :i* has pass$ on to ! floor ( ! works  
?r\gh ! five l>ge sieves4 ,:5 ?is has   
be5 ga!r$ into a heap1 ! wa%] ?r[s x    
into ! head ( ! buddle1 & wat] is p\r$  
^u x ?r\gh ! pipe or small tr\gh1 & !   
portion :i* s9ks & settles 9 ! middle ( 
! head comp>tm5t he /irs ) a wood5      
scrubb]1--?is is :at we w h5ce=? call ! 
implem5t made ( a /ick to :i* is fix$ a 
piece ( wood a foot long & a palm broad4
 ,! wat] is made turbid by ?is /irr+1 & 
c>ries ! mud & s& & small p>ticles (    
metal into ! buddle bel[4 ,toge!r ) !   
brok5 rock1 ! l>g] metallic p>ticles    
rema9 9 ! head comp>tm5t1 & :5 ^! h be5 
remov$1 boys ?r[ !m ^u ! plat=m ( a wa%+
 tank or ! %ort /rake1 & sep>ate !m f ! 
brok5 rock4 ,:5 ! buddle is full ( mud &

 s&1 ! wa%] closes ! pipe ?r\gh :i* !   
wat] fl[s into ! head2 v soon ! wat] :i*
 rema9s 9 ! buddle fl[s away1 & :5 ?is  
has tak5 place1 he removes ) a %ovel !  
mud & s& :i* are mix$ ) m9ute p>ticles (
 metal1 & wa%es !m on a canvas /rake4   
,sometimes be=e ! buddles h be5 fill$   
full1 ! boys ?r[ ! mat]ial into a b[l & 
c>ry x to ! /rakes & wa% x4  ,pulv]iz$  
ore is wa%$ 9 ! head ( ?is k9d ( a      
buddle2 b usually :5 t9-/one is wa%$ 9  
x1 int]lac+ fir b\ghs are put into !    
buddle1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! sluice :5  
wet ore is cru%$ ) /amps4 ,! l>g]       
t9-/one p>ticles1 :i* s9k 9 ! upp] "p ( 
! buddle1 are wa%$ sep>ately 9 a /rake2 
^? p>ticles :i* are ( m$ium size1 &     
settle 9 ! middle "p1 are wa%$ sep>ately
 9 ! same way2 & ! mud mix$ ) m9ute     
p>ticles ( t9-/one1 :i* has settl$ 9 !  
l[e/ "p ( ! buddle bel[ ! fir b\ghs1 is 
wa%$ sep>ately on ! canvas /rakes4      
,illu/ration #cjb 7,buddles73 ,a--,pipe4
 ,b--,cross laund]4 ,c--,small tr\ghs4  
,d--,head ( ! buddle4 ,e--,wood5        

scrubb]4 ,f--,divid+ bo>ds4 ,g--,%ort   
/rake4  ,! divid$ buddle diff]s f ! la/ 
"o by hav+ sev]al cross-bo>ds1 :i*1 be+ 
plac$ inside x1 divide x (f l /eps2 if !
 buddle is twelve feet long1 f\r ( !m   
are plac$ )92 if n9e feet long1 ?ree4 ,!
 ne>] ea* "o is to ! head1 ! great] is  
its height2 ! fur!r f ! head1 ! l[] x   
is2 & s :5 ! highe/ is a foot & a palm  
high1 ! second is usually a foot & ?ree 
digits high1 ! ?ird a foot & two digits1
 & ! l[e/ a foot & "o digit4 ,9 ?is     
buddle is g5]ally wa%$ t metallif]\s    
mat]ial :i* has be5 sift$ ?r\gh ! l>ge  
sieve into ! tub conta9+ wat]4 ,?is     
mat]ial is cont9u\sly ?r[n ) an iron    
%ovel into ! head ( ! buddle1 & ! wat]  
:i* has be5 let 9 is /irr$ up by a wood5
 scrubb]1 until ! buddle is full1 !n !  
cross-bo>ds are tak5 out by ! wa%]1 & ! 
wat] is dra9$ (f2 next ! metallif]\s    
mat]ial :i* has settl$ 9 ! comp>tm5ts is
 aga9 wa%$1 ei!r on a %ort /rake or on !
 canvas /rakes or 9 ! jigg+ sieves4     
,s9ce a %ort /rake is (t5 unit$ ) ! upp]

 "p ( ?is buddle1 a pipe 9 ! fir/ place 
c>ries ! wat] into a cross laund]1 f :i*
 x fl[s d[n ?r\gh "o little laund] into 
! buddle1 & ?r\gh ano!r into ! %ort     
/rake4  ,illu/ration #cjc 7,wa%+        
mat]ial73 ,a--,head4 ,b--,/rake4        
,c--,tr[el4 ,d--,scrubb]4 ,e--,canvas4  
,f--,rod by :i* ! canvas is made smoo?4 
,an ord9>y /rake1 s f> z ! planks are   
conc]n$1 is n unlike ! la/ two4 ,! head 
( ?is1 z ( ! o!rs1 is fir/ made ( e>?   
/amp$ d[n1 !n cov]$ ) planks2 & :]e x is
 necess>y1 e>? is ?r[n 9 & beat5 d[n a  
second "t1 s t no crevice may rema9     
?r\gh :i* wat] c>ry+ ! p>ticles ( metal 
c escape4 ,! wat] ought to fall /raight 
d[n into ! /rake1 :i* has a l5g? ( eight
 feet & a bread? ( a foot & a half2 x is
 connect$ ) a transv]se laund]1 :i* !n  
ext5ds to a settl+ pit outside ! build+4
 ,a boy ) a %ovel or a ladle takes !    
impure conc5trates or impure t9-/one f a
 heap1 & ?r[s !m into ! head ( ! /rake  
or spreads !m ov] x4 ,a wa%] ) a wood5  
scrubb] !n agitates !m 9 ! /rake1 :]eby 

! mud mix$ ) wat] fl[s away into !      
transv]se laund]1 & ! conc5trates or !  
t9-/one settle on ! /rake4 ,s9ce        
sometimes ! conc5trates or f9e t9-/one  
fl[ d[n toge!r ) ! mud into ! transv]se 
laund]1 a second wa%] closes x1 aft] a  
di/ance ( ab\t six feet1 ) a cross-bo>d 
& frequ5tly /irs ! mud ) a %ovel1 9 ord]
 t :5 mix$ ) wat] x may fl[ out into !  
settl+-pit2 & !re rema9s 9 ! laund] only
 ! conc5trates or t9-/one4 ,! t9-/uff ( 
,s*lack5wald & ,erbisdorff is wa%$ 9 ?is
 k9d ( a /rake once or twice2 ^? (      
,alt5b]g ?ree or f\r times2 ^? ( ,gey]  
(t5 sev5 times2 = 9 ! ore at            
,s*lack5wald & ,erbisdorff ! t9-/one    
p>ticles are ( a fair size1 & are cru%$ 
) /amps2 at ,alt5b]g !y are ( mu* small]
 size1 & 9 ! brok5 ore at ,gey] only a  
few p>ticles ( t9-/one c be se5         
occasionally4  ,?is me?od ( wa%+ 0 fir/ 
devis$ by ! m9]s :o treat$ t9 ore1 :5ce 
x pass$ on f ! works ( ! t9 work]s to ^?
 ( ! silv] work]s & o!rs2 ?is sy/em is  
ev5 m reliable ?an wa%+ 9 jigg+-sieves4 

,ne> ?is ord9>y /rake !re is g5]ally a  
canvas /rake4  ,illu/ration #cje 7,wa%+ 
mat]ial73 ,a--,upp] cross laund]4       
,b--,small laund]s4 ,c--,heads ( /rakes4
 ,d--,/rakes4 ,e--,l[] transv]se laund]4
 ,f--,settl+ pit4 ,g--,socket 9 ! sill4 
,h--,halv$ iron r+s fix$ to beam4       
,i--,pole4 ,k--,its little scrubb]4     
,l--,second small scrubb]4  ,9 mod]n    
times two ord9>y /rakes1 simil>ly made1 
are g5]ally jo9$ toge!r2 ! head ( "o is 
?ree feet di/ant f t ( ! o!r1 :ile !    
bodies are f\r feet di/ant f ea* o!r1 & 
!re is only "o cross laund] "u ! two    
/rakes4 ,"o boy %ovels1 f ! heap into ! 
head ( ea*1 ! conc5trates or t9-/one    
mix$ ) mud4 ,!re are two wa%]s1 "o ( :om
 sits at ! "r side ( "o /rake1 & ! o!r  
at ! left ( ! o!r /rake1 & ea* pursues 8
 task1 us+ ! foll[+ sort ( implem5t4 ,"u
 ea* /rake is a sill1 f a socket 9 :i* a
 r\nd pole rises1 & is held by half an  
iron r+ 9 a beam ( ! build+1 s t x may  
revolve2 ?is pole is n9e feet long & a  
palm ?ick4 ,p5etrat+ ! pole is a small  

r\nd piece ( wood1 ?ree palms long & z  
_m digits ?ick1 to :i* is affix$ a small
 bo>d two feet long & five digits wide1 
9 an op5+ ( :i* "o end ( a small axle   
revolves1 & to ?is axle is fix$ ! h&le (
 a little scrubb]4 ,! o!r end ( ?is axle
 turns 9 an op5+ ( a second bo>d1 :i* is
 likewise fix$ to a small r\nd piece (  
wood2 ?is r\nd piece1 l ! fir/ "o1 is   
?ree palms long & z _m digits ?ick1 & is
 us$ by ! wa%] z a h&le4 ,! little      
scrubb] is made ( a /ick ?ree feet long1
 to ! end ( :i* is fix$ a small tablet (
 wood a foot long1 six digits broad1 & a
 digit & a half ?ick4 ,! wa%] con/antly 
moves ! h&le ( ?is implem5t ) "o h&2 9  
?is way ! little scrubb] /irs !         
conc5trates or ! f9e t9-/one mix$ ) mud 
9 ! head ( ! /rake1 & ! mud1 on be+     
/irr$1 fl[s on to ! /rake4 ,9 ! o!r h&  
he holds a second little scrubb]1 :i*   
has a h&le ( half ! l5g?1 & ) ?is he    
ceaselessly /irs ! conc5trates or       
t9-/one :i* h settl$ 9 ! upp] "p ( !    
/rake2 9 ?is way ! mud & wat] fl[ d[n   

into ! transv]se laund]1 & f x into !   
settl+-pit :i* is outside ! build+4     
,illu/ration #cjf 7,wa%+ mat]ial73      
,a--,tr\gh4 ,b--,plat=m4 ,c--,wood5     
scrubb]4  ,be=e ! %ort /rake & !        
jigg+-sieve _h be5 inv5t$1 metallif]\s  
ores1 especially t91 7 cru%$ dry ) /amps
 & wa%$ 9 a l>ge tr\gh holl[$ out ( "o  
or two tree trunks2 & at ! head ( ?is   
tr\gh 0 a plat=m1 on :i* ! ore 0 ?r[n   
aft] be+ completely cru%$4 ,! wa%] pull$
 x d[n into ! tr\gh ) a wood5 scrubb]   
:i* _h a long h&le1 & :5 ! wat] _h be5  
let into ! tr\gh1 he /irr$ ! ore ) !    
same scrubb]4  ,illu/ration #cjg 7,wa%+ 
mat]ial73 ,a--,%ort /rake4 ,b--,small   
laund]4 ,c--,transv]se laund]4          
,d--,wood5 scrubb]4  ,! %ort /rake is   
n>r[ 9 ! upp] "p :]e ! wat] fl[s d[n    
into x ?r\gh ! little laund]2 9 fact x  
is only two feet wide2 at ! l[] end x is
 wid]1 be+ ?ree feet & z _m palms4 ,at !
 sides1 :i* are six feet long1 are fix$ 
bo>ds two palms high4 ,9 o!r respects ! 
head resembles ! head ( ! simple buddle1

 except t x is n depress$ 9 ! middle4   
,b5ea? is a cross laund] clos$ by a l[  
bo>d4 ,9 ?is %ort /rake n only is ore   
agitat$ & wa%$ ) a wood5 scrubb]1 b boys
 also sep>ate ! conc5trates f ! brok5   
rock 9 !m & collect !m 9 tubs4 ,! %ort  
/rake is n[ r>ely employ$ by m9]s1 ow+  
to ! c>elessness ( ! boys1 :i* has be5  
frequ5tly detect$2 = ?is reason1 !      
jigg+-sieve has tak5 its place4 ,! mud  
:i* settles 9 ! laund]1 if ! ore is ri*1
 is tak5 up & wa%$ 9 a jigg+-sieve or on
 a canvas /rake4  ,illu/ration #cjh     
7,wa%+ mat]ial73 ,a--,beams4            
,b--,canvas4 ,c--,head ( /rake4         
,d--,small laund]4 ,e--,settl+ pit or   
tank4 ,f--,wood5 scrubb]4 ,g--,tubs4  ,a
 canvas /rake is made 9 ! foll[+ way4   
,two beams1 eighte5 feet long & half a  
foot broad & ?ree palms ?ick1 are plac$ 
on a slope2 "o half ( ea* ( ^! beams is 
p>tially cut away l5g?wise1 to all[ !   
ends ( planks to be fa/5$ 9 !m1 = !     
bottom is cov]$ by planks ?ree feet     
long1 set crosswise & laid close toge!r4

 ,"o half ( ea* support+ beam is left   
intact & rises a palm above ! planks1 9 
ord] t ! wat] t is runn+ d[n may n      
escape at ! sides1 b %all fl[ /raight   
d[n4 ,! head ( ! /rake is high] ?an !   
re/ ( ! body1 & slopes s z to enable !  
wat] to fl[ away4 ,! :ole /rake is cov]$
 by six /ret*$ pieces ( canvas1 smoo!d )
 a /ick4 ,! fir/ ( !m occupies ! l[e/   
division1 & ! second is s laid z to     
slightly ov]lap x2 on ! second division1
 ! ?ird is simil>ly laid1 & s on1 "o on 
! o!r4 ,if !y are laid 9 ! opposite way1
 ! wat] fl[+ d[n c>ries ! conc5trates or
 p>ticles ( t9-/one "u ! canvas1 & a    
useless task is attempt$4 ,boys or m5   
?r[ ! conc5trates or t9-/uff mix$ ) mud 
into ! head ( ! /rake1 aft] ! canvas has
 be5 ?us /ret*$1 & hav+ op5$ ! small    
laund] !y let ! wat] fl[ 92 !n !y /ir ! 
conc5trates or t9-/one ) a wood5 scrubb]
 till ! wat] c>ries !m all on to !      
canvas2 next !y g5tly sweep ! l95 ) !   
wood5 scrubb] until ! mud fl[s into !   
settl+-pit or into ! transv]se laund]4  

,z soon z !re is little or no mud on !  
canvas1 b only conc5trates or t9-/one1  
!y c>ry ! canvas away & wa% x 9 a tub   
plac$ close by4 ,! t9-/one settles 9 !  
tub1 & ! m5 return imm$iately to ! same 
task4 ,f9ally1 !y p\r ! wat] out ( !    
tub1 & collect ! conc5trates or t9-/one4
 ,h[ev]1 if ei!r conc5trates or t9-/one 
h wa%$ d[n f ! canvas & settl$ 9 !      
settl+-pit or 9 ! transv]se laund]1 !y  
wa% ! mud aga94  ,illu/ration #cji      
7,collect+ conc5trates73 ,a--,canvas    
/rake4 ,b--,man da%+ wat] on ! canvas4  
,c--,bucket4 ,d--,bucket ( ano!r k9d4   
,e--,man remov+ conc5trates or t9-/one f
 ! tr\gh4  ,"s nei!r remove ! canvas nor
 wa% x 9 ! tubs1 b place ov] x on ea*   
edge n>r[ /rips1 ( no great ?ickness1 & 
fix !m to ! beams ) nails4 ,!y agitate !
 metallif]\s mat]ial ) wood5 scrubb]s & 
wa% x 9 a simil> way4 ,z soon z little  
or no mud rema9s on ! canvas1 b only    
conc5trates or f9e t9-/one1 !y lift "o  
beam s t ! :ole /rake re/s on ! o!r1 &  
da% x ) wat]1 :i* has be5 drawn )       

buckets out ( ! small tank1 & 9 ?is way 
all ! s$im5t :i* cl+s to ! canvas falls 
into ! tr\gh plac$ und]nea?4 ,?is tr\gh 
is hewn out ( a tree & plac$ 9 a dit*   
dug 9 ! gr\nd2 ! int]ior ( ! tr\gh is a 
foot wide at ! top1 b n>r[] 9 ! bottom1 
because x is r\nd$ out4 ,9 ! middle (   
?is tr\gh !y put a cross-bo>d1 9 ord] t 
! fairly l>ge p>ticles ( conc5trates or 
fairly l>ge-siz$ t9-/one may rema9 9 !  
=ep>t into :i* !y h fall51 & ! f9e      
conc5trates or f9e t9-/one 9 ! l[] "p1 =
 ! wat] fl[s f "o into ! o!r1 & at la/  
fl[s d[n ?r\gh an op5+ into ! pit4 ,z = 
! fairly l>ge-siz$ conc5trates or       
t9-/one :i* h be5 remov$ f ! tr\gh1 !y  
are wa%$ aga9 on ! ord9>y /rake4 ,! f9e 
conc5trates & f9e t9-/one are wa%$ aga9 
on ?is canvas /rake4 ,by ?is me?od1 !   
canvas la/s long] because x rema9s fix$1
 & ne>ly d\ble ! "w is done by "o wa%] z
 quickly z c be done by two wa%]s by !  
o!r me?od4  ,illu/ration #caa 7,jigg+   
,sieve73 ,a--,f9e sieves4 ,b--,limp4    
,c--,f9] sieve4 ,d--,f9e/ sieve4  ,!    

jigg+ sieve has rec5tly come into use by
 m9]s4 ,! metallif]\s mat]ial is ?r[n   
into x & sift$ 9 a tub ne>ly full (     
wat]4 ,! sieve is %ak5 up & d[n1 & by   
?is movem5t all ! mat]ial bel[ ! size ( 
a pea passes ?r\gh into ! tub1 & ! re/  
rema9s on ! bottom ( ! sieve4 ,?is      
residue is ( two k9ds1 ! metallic       
p>ticles1 :i* occupy ! l[] place1 & !   
p>ticles ( rock & e>?1 :i* take ! high] 
place1 because ! heavy sub/ance always  
settles1 & ! light is borne upw>d by !  
=ce ( ! wat]4 ,?is light mat]ial is tak5
 away ) a limp1 :i* is a ?9 tablet (    
wood almo/ semicircul> 9 %ape1          
?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot long1 & half a foot
 wide4 ,be=e ! light] portion is tak5   
away ! cont5ts ( ! sieve are g5]ally    
divid$ crosswise ) a limp1 to enable !  
wat] to p5etrate into x m quickly4      
,aft]w>d fre% mat]ial is aga9 ?r[n into 
! sieve & %ak5 up & d[n1 & :5 a great   
quantity ( metallic p>ticles h settl$ 9 
! sieve1 !y are tak5 out & put into a   
tray close by4 ,b s9ce !re fall into !  

tub ) ! mud1 n only p>ticles ( gold or  
silv]1 b also ( s&1 pyrites1 cadmia1    
gal5a1 qu>tz1 & o!r sub/ances1 & s9ce ! 
wat] _c sep>ate ^! f ! metallic p>ticles
 because !y are all heavy1 ?is muddy    
mixture is wa%$ a second "t1 & ! "p :i* 
is useless is ?r[n away4 ,to prev5t !   
sieve pass+ ?is s& aga9 too quickly1 !  
wa%] lays small /ones or gravel 9 !     
bottom ( ! sieve4 ,h[ev]1 if ! sieve is 
n %ak5 /raight up & d[n1 b is tilt$ to  
"o side1 ! small /ones or brok5 ore move
 f "o "p to ano!r1 & ! metallic mat]ial 
aga9 falls into ! tub1 & ! op]ation is  
fru/rat$4 ,! m9]s ( our c\ntry h made an
 ev5 f9] sieve1 :i* does n fail ev5 )   
unskill$ wa%]s2 9 wa%+ ) ?is sieve !y h 
no ne$ = ! bottom to be /rewn ) small   
/ones4 ,by ?is me?od ! mud settles 9 !  
tub ) ! v f9e metallic p>ticles1 & !    
l>g] sizes ( metal rema9 9 ! sieve & are
 cov]$ ) ! valueless s&1 & ?is is tak5  
away ) a limp4 ,! conc5trates :i* h be5 
collect$ are smelt$ toge!r ) o!r ?+s4 ,!
 mud mix$ ) ! v f9e metallic p>ticles is

 wa%$ = a ?ird "t & 9 ! f9e/ sieve1 ^:  
bottom is wov5 ( hair4 ,if ! ore is ri* 
9 metal1 all ! mat]ial :i* has be5      
remov$ by ! limp is wa%$ on ! canvas    
/rakes1 or if ! ore is poor x is ?r[n   
away4  ,i h expla9$ ! me?ods ( wa%+ :i* 
are us$ 9 common = ! ores ( _m metals4  
,i n[ come to ano!r me?od ( cru%+ ore1 =
 ,i ought to speak ( ?is be=e describ+  
^? me?ods ( wa%+ :i* are peculi> to ores
 ( p>ticul> metals4  ,illu/ration #cac  
7,/amp-mill73 ,a--,mort>4 ,b--,op5 end (
 mort>4 ,c--,slab ( rock4 ,d--,iron sole
 plates4 ,e--,scre54 ,f--,laund]4       
,g--,wood5 %ovel4 ,h--,settl+ pit4      
,i--,iron %ovel4 ,k--,heap ( mat]ial :i*
 has settl$4 ,l--,ore :i* requires      
cru%+4 ,m--,small laund]4  ,9 ! ye>     
#aeab1 ,george1 ! illu/ri\s ,duke (     
,saxony#ad1 gave ! ov]lord%ip ( all !   
dumps eject$ f ! m9es 9 ,meiss5 to !    
noble & wise ,sigismund ,maltitz1 fa!r (
 ,john1 ,bi%op ( ,meiss54 ,reject+ ! dry
 /amps1 ! l>ge sieve1 & ! /one mills (  
,dippoldswalde & ,alt5b]g1 9 :i* places 

are dug ! small black /ones f :i* t9 is 
smelt$1 he inv5t$ a ma*9e :i* c\ld cru% 
! ore wet "u iron-%od /amps4 ,t is call$
 wet ore :i* is s(t5$ by wat] :i* fl[s  
into ! mort> box1 & !y are sometimes    
call$ wet /amps because !y are dr5*$ by 
! same wat]2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! o!r k9ds  
are call$ dry /amps or dry ore1 because 
no wat] is us$ to s(t5 ! ore :5 ! /amps 
are cru%+4 ,b to return to our subject4 
,?is ma*9e is n dissimil> to ! "o :i*   
cru%es ! ore ) dry iron-%od /amps1 b !  
heads ( ! wet /amps are l>g] by half ?an
 ! heads ( ! o!rs4 ,! mort>-box1 :i* is 
made ( oak or bee* timb]1 is set up 9 ! 
space betwe5 ! upright po/s2 x does n   
op5 9 front1 b at "o end1 & x is ?ree   
feet long1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot wide1 & 
"o foot & six digits deep4 ,if x has no 
bottom1 x is set up 9 ! same way ov] a  
slab ( h>d1 smoo? rock plac$ 9 ! gr\nd1 
:i* has be5 dug d[n a little4 ,! jo9ts  
are /opp$ up all r\nd ) moss or clo?    
rags4 ,if ! mort> has a bottom1 !n an   
iron sole-plate1 ?ree feet long1        

?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot wide1 & a palm     
?ick1 is plac$ 9 x4 ,9 ! op5+ 9 ! end ( 
! mort> !re is fix$ an iron plate full (
 holes1 9 su* a way t !re is a space (  
two digits betwe5 x & ! %oe ( ! ne>e/   
/amp1 & ! same di/ance betwe5 ?is scre5 
& ! upright po/1 9 an op5+ ?r\gh :i*    
runs a small b fairly long laund]4 ,!   
cru%$ p>ticles ( silv] ore fl[ ?r\gh ?is
 laund] ) ! wat] into a settl+-pit1 :ile
 ! mat]ial :i* settles 9 ! laund] is    
remov$ ) an iron %ovel to ! ne>e/ plank$
 floor2 t mat]ial :i* has settl$ 9 ! pit
 is remov$ ) an iron %ovel on to ano!r  
floor4 ,mo/ p make two laund]s1 9 ord] t
 :ile ! workman empties "o ( !m ( !     
accumulation :i* has settl$ 9 x1 a fre% 
deposit may be settl+ 9 ! o!r4 ,! wat]  
fl[s 9 ?r\gh a small laund] at ! o!r end
 ( ! mort> t is ne> ! wat]-:eel :i*     
turns ! ma*9e4 ,! workman ?r[s ! ore to 
be cru%$ into ! mort> 9 su* a way t !   
pieces1 :5 !y are ?r[n 9 among ! /amps1 
d n imp$e ! "w4 ,by ?is me?od a silv] or
 gold ore is cru%$ v f9e by ! /amps4    

,illu/ration #cad 7,buddle73 ,a--,laund]
 rea*+ to ! scre54 ,b--,transv]se tr\gh4
 ,c--,sp\ts4 ,d--,l>ge buddles4         
,e--,%ovel4 ,f--,int]wov5 twigs4        
,g--,bo>ds clos+ ! buddles4 ,h--,cross  
tr\gh4  ,:5 t9 ore is cru%$ by ?is k9d (
 iron-%od /amps1 z soon z cru%+ beg9s1 !
 laund] :i* ext5ds f ! scre5 dis*>ges ! 
wat] c>ry+ ! f9e t9-/one & f9e s& into a
 transv]se tr\gh1 f :i* ! wat] fl[s d[n 
?r\gh ! sp\ts1 :i* pi]ce ! side ( !     
tr\gh1 into ! "o or o!r ( ! l>ge buddles
 set und]nea?4 ,! reason :y !re are two 
is t1 :ile ! wa%] empties ! "o :i* is   
fill$ ) f9e t9-/one & s&1 ! mat]ial may 
fl[ into ! o!r4 ,ea* buddle is twelve   
feet long1 "o cubit deep1 & a foot & a  
half broad4 ,! t9-/one :i* settles 9 !  
upp] "p ( ! buddles is call$ ! l>ge     
size2 ^! are frequ5tly /irr$ ) a %ovel1 
9 ord] t ! m$ium siz$ p>ticles (        
t9-/one1 & ! mud mix$ ) ! v f9e p>ticles
 ( ! /ones may fl[ away4 ,! p>ticles (  
m$ium size g5]ally settle 9 ! middle "p 
( ! buddle1 :]e !y are arre/$ by        

int]wov5 fir twigs4 ,! mud :i* fl[s d[n 
) ! wat] settles betwe5 ! twigs & ! bo>d
 :i* closes ! l[] end ( ! buddle4 ,!    
t9-/one ( l>ge size is remov$ sep>ately 
f ! buddle ) a %ovel2 ^? ( m$ium size   
are also remov$ sep>ately1 & likewise ! 
mud is remov$ sep>ately1 = !y are       
sep>ately wa%$ on ! canvas /rakes & on !
 ord9>y /rake1 & sep>ately roa/$ &      
smelt$4 ,! t9-/one :i* has settl$ 9 !   
middle "p ( ! buddle1 is also always    
wa%$ sep>ately on ! canvas /rakes2 b if 
! p>ticles are ne>ly equal 9 size to ^? 
:i* h settl$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! buddle1 !y 
are wa%$ ) !m 9 ! ord9>y /rake & are    
roa/$ & smelt$ ) !m4 ,h[ev]1 ! mud is   
nev] wa%$ ) ! o!rs1 ei!r on ! canvas    
/rakes or on ! ord9>y /rake1 b          
sep>ately1 & ! f9e t9-/one :i* is obta9$
 f x is roa/$ & smelt$ sep>ately4 ,! two
 l>ge buddles dis*>ge into a cross      
tr\gh1 & x aga9 empties ?r\gh a laund]  
into a settl+-pit :i* is outside !      
build+4  ,?is me?od ( wa%+ has lately   
und]gone a consid]able *ange2 = ! laund]

 :i* c>ries ! wat]1 mix$ ) ! cru%$      
t9-/one & f9e s& :i* fl[ f ! op5+s ( !  
scre51 does n rea* to a transv]se tr\gh 
:i* is inside ! same room1 b runs       
/raight ?r\gh a p>tition into a small   
settl+-pit4 ,a boy draws a ?ree-too!d   
rake ?r\gh ! mat]ial :i* has settl$ 9 ! 
portion ( ! laund] outside ! room1 by   
:i* means ! l>g] siz$ p>ticles ( t9-/one
 settle at ! bottom1 & ^! ! wa%] takes  
out ) ! wood5 %ovel & c>ries into !     
room2 ?is mat]ial is ?r[n into an ord9>y
 /rake & swept ) a wood5 scrubb] & wa%$4
 ,z = ^? t9-/one p>ticles :i* ! wat]    
c>ries (f f ! /rake1 aft] !y h be5      
br\ght back on to ! /rake1 he wa%es !m  
aga9 until !y are clean4  ,illu/ration  
#cae 7,buddle73 ,a--,fir/ laund]4       
,b--,?ree-too!d rake4 ,c--,small settl+ 
pit4 ,d--,l>ge buddle4 ,e--,buddle      
resembl+ ! simple buddle4 ,f--,small    
roll]4 ,g--,bo>ds4 ,h--,_! holes4       
,i--,%ovel4 ,k--,build+4 ,l--,/ove4     
7,?is picture does n entirely agree ) ! 
text74  ,! rema9+ t9-/one1 mix$ ) s&1   

fl[s into ! small settl+-pit :i* is )9 !
 build+1 & ?is dis*>ges into two l>ge   
buddles4 ,! t9-/one ( mod]ate size1 mix$
 ) ^? ( fairly l>ge size1 settle 9 !    
upp] "p1 & ! small size 9 ! l[] "p2 b   
bo? are impure1 & = ?is reason !y are   
tak5 out sep>ately & ! =m] is wa%$      
twice1 fir/ 9 a buddle l ! simple       
buddle1 & aft]w>d on an ord9>y /rake4   
,likewise ! latt] is wa%$ twice1 fir/ on
 a canvas /rake & aft]w>d on an ord9>y  
/rake4 ,?is buddle1 :i* is l ! simple   
buddle1 diff]s f x 9 ! head1 ! :ole (   
:i* 9 ?is case is slop+1 :ile 9 ! case (
 ! o!r x is depress$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,9 ord] 
t ! boy may be able to re/ ! %ovel ) :i*
 he cleanses ! t9-/one1 ?is sluice has a
 small wood5 roll] :i* turns 9 holes 9  
two ?ick bo>ds fix$ to ! sides ( !      
buddle2 if he did n d ?is1 he w\ld      
become ov]-exhau/$ by 8 task1 = he sp5ds
 :ole days /&+ ov] ^! lab\rs4 ,! l>ge   
buddle1 ! "o l ! simple buddle1 ! ord9>y
 /rake1 & ! canvas /rakes1 are erect$ )9
 a special build+4 ,9 ?is build+ !re is 

a /ove t gives out heat ?r\gh ! e>!n    
tiles or iron plates ( :i* x is compos$1
 9 ord] t ! wa%]s c pursue _! lab\rs ev5
 9 w9t]1 if ! riv]s are n completely    
froz5 ov]4  ,illu/ration #cag 7,workroom
 ) settl+-pit73 ,a--,laund] f ! scre5 ( 
! mort>-box4 ,b--,?ree-too!d rake4      
,c--,small settl+-pit4 ,d--,canvas4     
,e--,/rakes4 ,f--,brooms4  ,on ! canvas 
/rakes are wa%$ ! v f9e t9-/one mix$ )  
mud :i* has settl$ 9 ! l[] end ( ! l>ge 
buddle1 z well z 9 ! l[] end ( ! simple 
buddle & ( ! ord9>y /rake4 ,! canvas is 
clean$ 9 a tr\gh hewn out ( "o tree     
trunk & p>tition$ (f ) two bo>ds1 s t   
?ree comp>tm5ts are made4 ,! fir/ &     
second pieces ( canvas are wa%$ 9 ! fir/
 comp>tm5t1 ! ?ird & f\r? 9 ! second    
comp>tm5t1 ! fif? & six? 9 ! ?ird       
comp>tm5t4 ,s9ce among ! v f9e t9-/one  
!re are usually "s gra9s ( /one1 rock1  
or m>ble1 ! ma/] cleanses !m on ! ord9>y
 /rake1 lightly bru%+ ! top ( ! mat]ial 
) a broom1 ! twigs ( :i* d n all run !  
same way1 b "s /raight & "s crosswise4  

,9 ?is way ! wat] c>ries (f ^!          
impurities f ! /rake into ! settl+-pit  
because !y are light]1 & leaves !       
t9-/one on ! table because x is heavi]4 
,bel[ all buddles or /rakes1 bo? inside 
& outside ! build+1 !re are plac$ ei!r  
settl+-pits or cross-tr\ghs into :i* !y 
dis*>ge1 9 ord] t ! wat] may c>ry on d[n
 into ! /ream b v few ( ! mo/ m9ute     
p>ticles ( t9-/one4 ,! l>ge settl+-pit  
:i* is outside ! build+ is g5]ally made 
( jo9$ floor+1 & is eight feet 9 l5g?1  
bread? & dep?4 ,:5 a l>ge quantity (    
mud1 mix$ ) v f9e t9-/one1 has settl$ 9 
x1 fir/ ( all ! wat] is let out by      
)draw+ a plug1 !n ! mud :i* is tak5 out 
is wa%$ outside ! h\se on ! canvas      
/rakes1 & aft]w>d ! conc5trates are wa%$
 on ! /rake :i* is inside ! build+4 ,by 
^! me?ods ! v f9e/ t9-/one is made      
clean4  ,illu/ration #cah 7,/ream+ =    
,t973 ,a--,riv]4 ,b--,weir4 ,c--,gate4  
,d--,area4 ,e--,mead[4 ,f--,f5ce4       
,g--,dit*4  ,! mud mix$ ) ! v f9e       
t9-/one1 :i* has nei!r settl$ 9 ! l>ge  

settl+-pit nor 9 ! transv]se laund] :i* 
is outside ! room & bel[ ! canvas       
/rakes1 fl[s away & settles 9 ! b$ ( !  
/ream or riv]4 ,9 ord] to recov] ev5 a  
portion ( ! f9e t9-/one1 _m m9]s erect  
weirs 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream or riv]1 v mu* l 
^? t are made above ! mills1 to deflect 
! curr5t into ! races ?r\gh :i* x fl[s  
to ! wat]-:eels4 ,at "o side ( ea* weir 
!re is an area dug out to a dep? ( five 
or six or sev5 feet1 & if ! nature ( !  
place w p]mit1 ext5d+ 9 e direction m   
?an sixty feet4 ,?us1 :5 ! wat] ( ! riv]
 or /ream 9 autumn & w9t] inundates !   
l&1 ! gates ( ! weir are clos$1 by :i*  
means ! curr5t c>ries ! mud mix$ ) f9e  
t9-/one into ! area4 ,9 spr+ & summ] ?is
 mud is wa%$ on ! canvas /rakes or on ! 
ord9>y /rake1 & ev5 ! f9e/ black-t9 is  
collect$4 ,)9 a di/ance ( f\r ?\s&      
fa?oms along ! b$ ( ! /ream or riv] bel[
 ! build+s 9 :i* ! t9-/uff is wa%$1 !   
m9]s d n make su* weirs1 b put incl9$   
f5ces 9 ! mead[s1 & 9 front ( ea* f5ce  
!y dig a dit* ( ! same l5g?1 s t ! mud  

mix$ ) ! f9e t9-/one1 c>ri$ along by !  
/ream or riv] :5 9 flood1 may settle 9 !
 dit* & cl+ to ! f5ce4 ,:5 ?is mud is   
collect$1 x is likewise wa%$ on canvas  
/rakes & on ! ord9>y /rake1 9 ord] t !  
f9e t9-/one may be sep>at$ f x4 ,inde$  
we may see _m su* areas & f5ces collect+
 mud ( ?is k9d 9 ,meiss5 bel[ ,alt5b]g 9
 ! riv] ,moglitz1--:i* is always ( a    
r$di% col\r :5 ! rock conta9+ ! black t9
 is be+ cru%$ "u ! /amps4  ,illu/ration 
#cbj 7,/amp-mill73 ,a--,fir/ ma*9e4     
,b--,its /amps4 ,c--,its mort>-box4     
,d--,second ma*9e4 ,e--,its /amps4      
,f--,its mort>-box4 ,g--,?ird ma*9e4    
,h--,its /amps4 ,i--,its mort>-box4     
,k--,f\r? ma*9e4 ,l--,its /amps4        
,m--,its mort>-box4  ,b to return to !  
/amp+ ma*9es4 ,"s usually set up f\r    
ma*9es ( ?is k9d 9 "o place1 t is to    
say1 two above & ! same numb] bel[4 ,by 
?is plan x is necess>y t ! curr5t :i*   
has be5 div]t$ %\ld fall d[n f a great] 
height ^u ! upp] wat]-:eels1 because ^! 
turn axles ^: cams raise heavi] /amps4  

,! /amp-/ems ( ! upp] ma*9es %\ld be    
ne>ly twice z long z ! /ems ( ! l[]     
ones1 because all ! mort>-boxes are     
plac$ on ! same level4 ,^! /amps h _!   
tappets ne> _! upp] ends1 n z 9 ! case (
 ! l[] /amps1 :i* are plac$ j above !   
bottom4 ,! wat] fl[+ d[n f ! two upp]   
wat]-:eels is caught 9 two broad races1 
f :i* x falls on to ! two l[]           
wat]-:eels4 ,s9ce all ^! ma*9es h !     
/amps v close toge!r1 ! /ems %\ld be    
some:at cut away1 to prev5t ! iron %oes 
f rubb+ ea* o!r at ! po9t :]e !y are set
 into ! /ems4 ,:]e s _m ma*9es _c be    
con/ruct$1 by reason ( ! n>r[ness ( !   
valley1 ! m\nta9 is excavat$ & levell$ 9
 two places1 "o ( :i* is high] ?an !    
o!r1 & 9 ?is case two ma*9es are        
con/ruct$ & g5]ally plac$ 9 "o build+4  
,a broad race receives 9 ! same way !   
wat] :i* fl[s d[n f ! upp] wat]-:eel1 & 
simil>ly lets x fall on ! l[] wat]-:eel4
 ,! mort>-boxes are n !n plac$ on "o    
level1 b ea* on ! level :i* is          
appropriate to its own ma*9e1 & = ?is   

reason1 two workm5 are !n requir$ to ?r[
 ore into ! mort>-boxes4 ,:5 no /ream c 
be div]t$ :i* w fall f a high] place ^u 
! top ( ! wat]-:eel1 "o is div]t$ :i* w 
turn ! foot ( ! :eel2 a great quantity (
 wat] f ! /ream is collect$ 9 "o pool   
capable ( hold+ x1 & f ?is place1 :5 !  
gates are rais$1 ! wat] is dis*>g$ aga9/
 ! :eel :i* turns 9 ! race4 ,! buckets (
 a wat]-:eel ( ?is k9d are deep] & b5t  
back1 project+ upw>d2 ^? ( ! =m] are    
%all[] & b5t =w>d1 incl9+ d[nw>d4       
,illu/ration #cba 7,/amp-mill73         
,a--,/amps4 ,b--,mort>4 ,c--,plates full
 ( holes4 ,d--,transv]se laund]4        
,e--,planks full ( cup-l depressions4   
,f--,sp\t4 ,g--,b[l into :i* !          
conc5trates fall4 ,h--,canvas /rake4    
,i--,b[ls %ap$ l a small boat4          
,k--,settl+-pit "u ! canvas /rake4      
,fur!r1 9 ! ,julian & ,rhaetian ,alps#ae
 & 9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 gold or ev5  
silv] ore is n[ put "u /amps1 :i* are   
sometimes plac$ m ?an tw5ty 9 a r[1 &   
cru%$ wet 9 a long mort>-box4 ,! mort>  

has two plates full ( holes ?r\gh :i* ! 
ore1 aft] be+ cru%$1 fl[s out ) ! wat]  
into ! transv]se laund] plac$ und]nea?1 
& f !re x is c>ri$ d[n by two sp\ts into
 ! heads ( ! canvas /rakes4 ,ea* head is
 made ( a ?ick broad plank1 :i* c be    
rais$ & set upright1 & to :i* on ea*    
side are fix$ pieces project+ upw>d4 ,9 
?is plank !re are _m cup-l depressions  
equal 9 size & simil> 9 %ape1 9 ea* (   
:i* an egg c\ld be plac$4 ,"r d[n 9 ^!  
depressions are small crevices :i* c    
reta9 ! conc5trates ( gold or silv]1 &  
:5 ! holl[s are ne>ly fill$ ) ^!        
mat]ials1 ! plank is rais$ on "o side s 
t ! conc5trates w fall into a l>ge b[l4 
,! cup-l depressions are wa%$ out by    
da%+ !m ) wat]4 ,^! conc5trates are wa%$
 sep>ately 9 diff]5t b[ls f ^? :i* h    
settl$ on ! canvas4 ,?is b[l is smoo? & 
two digits wide & deep1 be+ 9 %ape v    
simil> to a small boat2 x is broad 9 !  
=e "p1 n>r[ 9 ! back1 & 9 ! middle ( x  
!re is a cross groove1 9 :i* ! p>ticles 
( pure gold or silv] settle1 :ile !     

gra9s ( s&1 s9ce !y are light]1 fl[ out 
( x4  ,9 "s p>ts ( ,moravia1 gold ore1  
:i* consi/s ( qu>tz mix$ ) gold1 is     
plac$ "u ! /amps & cru%$ wet4 ,:5 cru%$ 
f9e x fl[s out ?r\gh a laund] into a    
tr\gh1 is !re /irr$ by a wood5 scrubb]1 
& ! m9ute p>ticles ( gold :i* settle 9 !
 upp] end ( ! tr\gh are wa%$ 9 a black  
b[l4  ,s f> ,i h spok5 ( ma*9es :i* cru%
 wet ore ) iron-%od /amps4 ,i w n[      
expla9 ! me?ods ( wa%+ :i* are 9 a      
measure peculi> to ! ore ( c]ta9 metals1
 beg9n+ ) gold4 ,! ore :i* conta9s      
p>ticles ( ?is metal1 & ! s& ( /reams & 
riv]s :i* conta9s gra9s ( x1 are wa%$ 9 
frames or b[ls2 ! s&s especially are    
also wa%$ 9 tr\ghs4 ,m ?an "o me?od is  
employ$ = wa%+ on frames1 = ^! frames   
ei!r pass or reta9 ! p>ticles or        
conc5trates ( gold2 !y pass !m if !y h  
holes1 & reta9 !m if !y h no holes4 ,b  
ei!r ! frame itself has holes1 or a box 
is sub/itut$ = x2 if ! frame itself is  
p]=at$ x passes ! p>ticles or           
conc5trates ( gold into a tr\gh2 if !   

box has !m1 x passes ! gold mat]ial into
 ! long sluice4 ,i w fir/ speak ( ^! two
 me?ods ( wa%+4 ,! frame is made ( two  
planks jo9$ toge!r1 & is twelve feet    
long & ?ree feet wide1 & is full ( holes
 l>ge en\gh = a pea to pass4 ,to prev5t 
! ore or s& ) :i* ! gold is mix$ f fall+
 out at ! sides1 small project+         
edge-bo>ds are fix$ to x4 ,?is frame is 
set ^u two /ools1 ! fir/ ( :i* is high] 
?an ! second1 9 ord] t ! gravel & small 
/ones c roll d[n x4 ,! wa%] ?r[s ! ore  
or s& into ! head ( ! frame1 :i* is     
high]1 & op5+ ! small laund]1 lets !    
wat] into x1 & !n agitates x ) a wood5  
scrubb]4 ,9 ?is way1 ! gravel & small   
/ones roll d[n ! frame on to ! gr\nd1   
:ile ! p>ticles or conc5trates ( gold1  
toge!r ) ! s&1 pass ?r\gh ! holes into !
 tr\gh :i* is plac$ "u ! frame1 & aft]  
be+ collect$ are wa%$ 9 ! b[l4          
,illu/ration #cbb 7,frames = ,wa%+ ,ore 
or ,alluvial73 ,a--,head ( frame4       
,b--,frame4 ,c--,holes4 ,d--,edge-bo>ds4
 ,e--,/ools4 ,f--,scrubb]4 ,g--,tr\gh4  

,h--,laund]4 ,i--,b[l4  ,illu/ration    
#cbc 7,frames = ,wa%+ ,ore or           
,alluvial73 ,a--,sluice4 ,b--,box4      
,c--,bottom ( inv]t$ box4 ,d--,op5 "p ( 
x4 ,e--,iron hoe4 ,f--,riffles4         
,g--,small laund]4 ,h--,b[l ) :i*       
settl+s are tak5 away4 ,i--,black b[l 9 
:i* !y are wa%$4  ,a box :i* has a      
bottom made ( a plate full ( holes1 is  
plac$ ov] ! upp] end ( a sluice1 :i* is 
fairly long b ( mod]ate wid?4 ,! gold   
mat]ial to be wa%$ is ?r[n into ?is box1
 & a great quantity ( wat] is let 94 ,! 
lumps1 if ore is be+ wa%$1 are ma%$ ) an
 iron %ovel4 ,! f9e portions fall ?r\gh 
! bottom ( ! box into ! sluice1 b !     
co>se pieces rema9 9 ! box1 & ^! are    
remov$ ) a scrap] ?r\gh an op5+ :i* is  
ne>ly 9 ! middle ( "o side4 ,s9ce a l>ge
 am\nt ( wat] is necess>ily let into !  
box1 9 ord] to prev5t x f sweep+ away   
any p>ticles ( gold :i* h fall5 into !  
sluice1 ! sluice is divid$ (f by t51 or 
if x is z long aga91 by fifte5 riffles4 
,^! riffles are plac$ equidi/ant f "o   

ano!r1 & ea* is high] ?an ! "o next t[>d
 ! l[] end ( ! sluice4 ,! little        
comp>tm5ts :i* are ?us made are fill$ ) 
! mat]ial & ! wat] :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! box2
 z soon z ^! comp>tm5ts are full & !    
wat] has begun to fl[ ov] cle>1 ! little
 laund] ?r\gh :i* ?is wat] ent]s into ! 
box is clos$1 & ! wat] is turn$ 9 ano!r 
direction4 ,!n ! l[e/ riffle is remov$ f
 ! sluice1 & ! s$im5t :i* has accumulat$
 fl[s out ) ! wat] & is caught 9 a b[l4 
,! riffles are remov$ "o by "o & !      
s$im5t f ea* is tak5 into a sep>ate b[l1
 & ea* is sep>ately wa%$ & cleans$ 9 a  
b[l4 ,! l>g] p>ticles ( gold conc5trates
 settle 9 ! high] comp>tm5ts1 ! small]  
size1 9 ! l[] comp>tm5ts4 ,?is b[l is   
%all[ & smoo?1 & sme>$ ) oil or "s o!r  
slipp]y sub/ance1 s t ! t9y p>ticles (  
gold may n cl+ to x1 & x is pa9t$ black1
 t ! gold may be m easily disc]nible2 on
 ! ext]ior1 on bo? sides & 9 ! middle1 x
 is slightly holl[$ out 9 ord] t x may  
be grasp$ & held firmly 9 ! h&s :5 %ak54
 ,by ?is me?od ! p>ticles or conc5trates

 ( gold settle 9 ! back "p ( ! b[l2 = if
 ! back "p ( ! b[l is tapp$ or %ak5 ) "o
 h&1 z is usual1 ! cont5ts move t[>d !  
=e "p4 ,9 ?is way ! ,moravians1         
especially1 wa% gold ore4  ,! gold      
p>ticles are also caught on frames :i*  
are ei!r b>e or cov]$4 ,if b>e1 !       
p>ticles are caught 9 pockets2 if cov]$1
 !y cl+ to ! cov]+s4 ,pockets are made 9
 v>i\s ways1 ei!r ) iron wire or small  
cross-bo>ds fix$ to ! frame1 or by holes
 :i* are sunk into ! sluice itself or   
into its head1 b :i* d n q g ?r\gh4 ,^! 
holes are r\nd or squ>e1 or are grooves 
runn+ crosswise4 ,! frames are ei!r     
cov]$ ) sk9s1 pieces ( clo?1 or turf1   
:i* ,i w deal ) "o by "o 9 turn4        
,illu/ration #cbd 7,frames = ,wa%+ ,ore 
or ,alluvial73 ,a--,plank4              
,b--,side-bo>ds4 ,c--,iron wire4        
,d--,h&les4  ,9 ord] to prev5t ! s& :i* 
conta9s ! p>ticles ( gold f spill+ out1 
! wa%] fixes side-bo>ds to ! edges ( a  
plank :i* is six feet long & "o & a     
qu>t] wide4 ,he !n lays crosswise _m    

iron wires a digit ap>t1 & :]e !y jo9 he
 fixes !m to ! bottom plank ) iron      
nails4 ,!n he makes ! head ( ! frame    
high]1 & into ?is he ?r[s ! s& :i* ne$s 
wa%+1 & tak+ 9 8 h&s ! h&les :i* are at 
! head ( ! frame1 he draws x backw>d &  
=w>d sev]al times 9 ! riv] or /ream4 ,9 
?is way ! small /ones & gravel fl[ d[n  
along ! frame1 & ! s& mix$ ) p>ticles ( 
gold rema9s 9 ! pockets betwe5 ! /rips4 
,:5 ! cont5ts ( ! pockets h be5 %ak5 out
 & collect$ 9 "o place1 he wa%es !m 9 a 
b[l & ?us cleans ! gold du/4            
,illu/ration #cbf 7,frames = ,wa%+ ,ore 
or ,alluvial73 ,a--,head ( ! sluice4    
,b--,riffles4 ,c--,wood5 scrubb]4       
,d--,po9t$ /ick4 ,e--,di%4 ,f--,its     
cup-l depression4 ,g--,groov$ di%4  ,o!r
 p1 among :om are ! ,lusitanians#af1 fix
 to ! sides ( a sluice1 :i* is ab\t six 
feet long & a foot & a half broad1 _m   
cross-/rips or riffles1 :i* project     
backw>d & are a digit ap>t4 ,! wa%] or 8
 wife lets ! wat] into ! head ( !       
sluice1 :]e he ?r[s ! s& :i* conta9s !  

p>ticles ( gold4 ,z x fl[s d[n he       
agitates x ) a wood5 scrubb]1 :i* he    
moves transv]sely to ! riffles4 ,he     
con/antly removes ) a po9t$ wood5 /ick !
 s$im5t :i* settles 9 ! pockets betwe5 !
 riffles1 & 9 ?is way ! p>ticles ( gold 
settle 9 !m1 :ile ! s& & o!r valueless  
mat]ials are c>ri$ by ! wat] into a tub 
plac$ bel[ ! sluice4 ,he removes !      
p>ticles ( metal ) a small wood5 %ovel  
into a wood5 b[l4 ,?is b[l does n exce$ 
a foot & a qu>t] 9 bread?1 & by mov+ x  
up & d[n 9 ! /ream he cleanses ! gold   
du/1 = ! rema9+ s& fl[s out ( ! di%1 & !
 gold du/ settles 9 ! middle ( x1 :]e   
!re is a cup-l depression4 ,"s make use 
( a b[l :i* is groov$ inside l a %ell1 b
 ) a smoo? lip :]e ! wat] fl[s out4 ,?is
 smoo? place1 h[ev]1 is n>r[] :]e !     
grooves run into x1 & broad] :]e ! wat] 
fl[s out4  ,illu/ration #cbg 7,frames = 
,wa%+ ,ore or ,alluvial73 ,a--,head ( ! 
sluice4 ,b--,side-bo>ds4 ,c--,l[] end ( 
! sluice4 ,d--,pockets4 ,e--,grooves4   
,f--,/ools4 ,g--,%ovel4 ,h--,tub set    

bel[4 ,i--,laund]4  ,! cup-l pockets &  
grooves are cut or burn$ at ! same "t   
into ! bottom ( ! sluice2 ! bottom is   
compos$ ( ?ree planks t5 feet long1 & is
 ab\t f\r feet wide2 b ! l[] end1 ?r\gh 
:i* ! wat] is dis*>g$1 is n>r[]4 ,?is   
sluice1 :i* likewise has side-bo>ds fix$
 to its edges1 is full ( r\nd$ pockets &
 ( grooves :i* lead to !m1 !re be+ two  
grooves to "o pocket1 9 ord] t ! wat]   
mix$ ) s& may fl[ into ea* pocket ?r\gh 
! upp] groove1 & t aft] ! s& has p>tly  
settl$1 ! wat] may aga9 fl[ out ?r\gh ! 
l[] groove4 ,! sluice is set 9 ! riv] or
 /ream or on ! bank1 & plac$ on two     
/ools1 ( :i* ! fir/ is high] ?an !      
second 9 ord] t ! gravel & small /ones  
may roll d[n ! sluice4 ,! wa%] ?r[s s&  
into ! head ) a %ovel1 & op5+ ! laund]1 
lets 9 ! wat]1 :i* c>ries ! p>ticles (  
metal ) a little s& d[n into ! pockets1 
:ile ! gravel & small /ones ) ! re/ ( ! 
s& falls into a tub plac$ bel[ ! sluice4
 ,z soon z ! pockets are fill$1 he      
bru%es out ! conc5trates & wa%es !m 9 a 

b[l4 ,he wa%es aga9 & aga9 ?r\gh ?is    
sluice4  ,illu/ration #cbh 7,frames =   
,wa%+ ,ore or ,alluvial73 ,a--,cross    
grooves4 ,b--,tub set "u ! sluice4      
,c--,ano!r tub4  ,"s p cut a numb] (    
cross-grooves1 "o palm di/ant f ea* o!r1
 9 a sluice simil>ly compos$ ( ?ree     
planks eight feet long4 ,! upp] edge (  
^! grooves is slop+1 t ! p>ticles ( gold
 may slip into !m :5 ! wa%] /irs ! s& ) 
a wood5 %ovel2 b _! l[] edge is v]tical 
s t ! gold p>ticles may ?us be unable to
 slide out ( !m4 ,z soon z ^! grooves   
are full ( gold p>ticles mix$ ) f9e s&1 
! sluice is remov$ f ! /ools & rais$ up 
on its head4 ,! head 9 ?is case is no?+ 
b ! upp] end ( ! planks ( :i* ! sluice  
is compos$4 ,9 ?is way ! metallic       
p>ticles1 be+ turn$ ov] backw>d1 fall   
into ano!r tub1 = ! small /ones & gravel
 h roll$ d[n ! sluice4 ,"s p place l>ge 
b[ls "u ! sluice in/ead ( tubs1 & z 9 ! 
o!r cases1 ! unclean conc5trates are    
wa%$ 9 ! small b[l4  ,illu/ration #cbi  
7,frames = ,wa%+ ,ore or ,alluvial73    

,a--,sluice cov]$ ) canvas4 ,b--,its    
head full ( pockets & grooves4 ,c--,head
 remov$ & wa%$ 9 a tub4 ,d--,sluice :i* 
has squ>e pockets4 ,e--,sluice to ^:    
planks small %av+s cl+4 ,f--,broom4     
,g--,sk9s ( ox54 ,h--,wood5 scrubb]4  ,!
 ,?ur+ians cut r\nd$ pockets1 a digit 9 
diamet] & dep?1 9 ! head ( ! sluice1 &  
at ! same "t !y cut grooves rea*+ f "o  
to ano!r4 ,! sluice itself !y cov] )    
canvas4 ,! s& :i* is to be wa%$1 is ?r[n
 into ! head & /irr$ ) a wood5 scrubb]2 
9 ?is way ! wat] c>ries ! light p>ticles
 ( gold on to ! canvas1 & ! heavy ones  
s9k 9 ! pockets1 & :5 ^! holl[s are     
full1 ! head is remov$ & turn$ ov] a    
tub1 & ! conc5trates are collect$ & wa%$
 9 a b[l4 ,"s p make use ( a sluice :i* 
has squ>e pockets ) %ort v]tical        
recesses :i* hold ! p>ticles ( gold4    
,o!r work]s use a sluice made ( planks1 
:i* are r\gh by reason ( ! v small %av+s
 :i* /ill cl+ to !m2 ^! sluices are us$ 
in/ead ( ^? ) cov]+s1 ( :i* ?is sluice  
is b>e1 & :5 ! s& is wa%$1 ! p>ticles ( 

gold cl+ no less to ^! %av+s ?an to     
canvas1 or sk9s1 or clo?s1 or turf4 ,!  
wa%] sweeps ! sluice upw>d ) a broom1 & 
:5 he has wa%$ z mu* ( ! s& z he wi%es1 
he lets a m abundant supply ( wat] into 
! sluice aga9 to wa% out ! conc5trates1 
:i* he collects 9 a tub set bel[ !      
sluice1 & !n wa%es aga9 9 a b[l4 ,j z   
,?ur+ians cov] ! sluice ) canvas1 s "s p
 cov] x ) ! sk9s ( ox5 or horses4 ,!y   
pu% ! aurif]\s s& upw>d ) a wood5       
scrubb]1 & by ?is sy/em ! light mat]ial 
fl[s away ) ! wat]1 :ile ! p>ticles (   
gold settle among ! hairs2 ! sk9s are   
aft]w>d wa%$ 9 a tub2 & ! conc5trates   
are collect$ 9 a b[l4  ,illu/ration #ccj
 7,wa%+ mat]ial 9 spr+73 ,a--,spr+4     
,b--,sk94 ,c--,argonauts4  ,!           
,col*ians#ag plac$ ! sk9s ( animals 9 ! 
pools ( spr+s2 & s9ce _m p>ticles ( gold
 _h clung to !m :5 !y 7 remov$1 poets   
inv5t$ ! gold5 fleece ( ! ,col*ians4 ,9 
l mann]1 x c be contriv$ by ! me?ods (  
m9]s t sk9s %\ld take up1 n only        
p>ticles ( gold1 b also ( silv] & gems4 

,illu/ration #cca 7,frames = ,wa%+ ,ore 
or ,alluvial73 ,a--,head ( frame4       
,b--,frame4 ,c--,clo?4 ,d--small laund]4
 ,e--,tub set bel[ ! frame4 ,f--,tub 9  
:i* clo? is wa%$4  ,_m p cov] ! frame ) 
a gre5 clo? z long & wide z ! frame     
itself1 & fa/5 x ) iron nails 9 su* a   
way t !y c easily draw !m out & remove !
 clo?4 ,:5 ! clo? appe>s to be gold5    
because ( ! p>ticles :i* adh]e to x1 x  
is wa%$ 9 a special tub & ! p>ticles are
 collect$ 9 a b[l4 ,! rema9d] :i* has   
run d[n into ! tub is aga9 wa%$ on !    
frame4  ,illu/ration #ccb 7,frames =    
,wa%+ ,ore or ,alluvial73 ,a--,clo? full
 ( small knots1 spread out4 ,b--,small  
knots m conspicu\sly %[n4 ,c--,tub 9 :i*
 clo? is wa%$4  ,"s p1 9 place ( a gre5 
clo?1 use a clo? ( tightly wov5         
horsehair1 :i* has a r\gh knotty        
surface4 ,s9ce ^! knots /& out & ! clo? 
is r\gh1 ev5 ! v small p>ticles ( gold  
adh]e to x2 ^! clo?s are likewise wa%$ 9
 a tub ) wat]4  ,illu/ration #ccc       
7,frames = ,wa%+ ,ore or ,alluvial73    

,a--,head ( frame4 ,b--,small laund]    
?r\gh :i* wat] fl[s into head ( frame4  
,c--,pieces ( turf4 ,d--,tr\gh plac$ "u 
frame4 ,e--,tub 9 :i* pieces ( turf are 
wa%$4  ,"s p con/ruct a frame n unlike !
 "o cov]$ ) canvas1 b %ort]4 ,9 place ( 
! canvas !y set pieces ( turf 9 r[s4 ,!y
 wa% ! s&1 :i* has be5 ?r[n into ! head 
( ! frame1 by lett+ 9 wat]4 ,9 ?is way !
 p>ticles ( gold settle 9 ! turf1 ! mud 
& s&1 toge!r ) ! wat]1 are c>ri$ d[n    
into ! settl+-pit or tr\gh bel[1 :i* is 
op5$ :5 ! "w is f9i%$4 ,aft] all ! wat] 
has pass$ out ( ! settl+-pit1 ! s& & mud
 are c>ri$ away & wa%$ ov] aga9 9 ! same
 mann]4 ,! p>ticles :i* h clung to !    
turf are aft]w>d wa%$ d[n into !        
settl+-pit or tr\gh by a /rong] curr5t (
 ! wat]1 :i* is let into ! frame ?r\gh a
 small laund]4 ,! conc5trates are f9ally
 collect$ & wa%$ 9 a b[l4 ,pl9y 0 n     
ignorant ( ?is me?od ( wa%+ gold4 ,!    
ulex1 he says1 aft] be+ dri$1 is burnt1 
& its a%es are wa%$ ov] a grassy turf1 t
 ! gold may settle on x4  ,illu/ration  

#ccd 7,trays = ,wa%+ ,alluvial73        
,a--,tray4 ,b--,b[l-l depression4       
,c--,h&les4  ,s& mix$ ) p>ticles ( gold 
is also wa%$ 9 a tray1 or 9 a tr\gh or  
b[l4 ,! tray is op5 at ! fur!r end1 is  
ei!r hewn out ( a squ>$ trunk ( a tree  
or made out ( a ?ick plank to :i*       
side-bo>ds are fix$1 & is ?ree feet     
long1 a foot & a half wide1 & ?ree      
digits deep4 ,! bottom is holl[$ out    
into ! %ape ( an elongat$ b[l ^: n>r[   
end is turn$ t[>d ! head1 & x has two   
long h&les1 by :i* x is drawn backw>d & 
=w>d 9 ! riv]4 ,9 ?is way ! f9e s& is   
wa%$1 :e!r x conta9s p>ticles ( gold or 
! little black /ones f :i* t9 is made4  
,illu/ration #cce 7,tr\gh = wa%+        
alluvial73 ,a--,tr\gh4 ,b--,its op5 end4
 ,c--,end t may be clos$4 ,d--,/ream4   
,e--,hoe4 ,f--,end-bo>d4 ,g--,bag4  ,!  
,italians :o come to ! ,g]man m\nta9s   
seek+ gold1 9 ord] to wa% ! riv] s& :i* 
conta9s gold-du/ & g>nets1#ai use a     
fairly long %all[ tr\gh hewn out ( a    
tree1 r\nd$ )9 & )\t1 op5 at "o end &   

clos$ at ! o!r1 :i* !y turn 9 ! b$ ( !  
/ream 9 su* a way t ! wat] does n da%   
into x1 b fl[s 9 g5tly4 ,!y /ir ! s&1   
:i* !y ?r[ into x1 ) a wood5 hoe1 also  
r\nd$4 ,to prev5t ! p>ticles ( gold or  
g>nets f runn+ out ) ! light s&1 !y     
close ! end ) a bo>d simil>ly r\nd$1 b  
l[] ?an ! sides ( ! tr\gh4 ,!           
conc5trates ( gold or g>nets :i*1 ) a   
small quantity ( heavy s&1 h settl$ 9 ! 
tr\gh1 !y wa% 9 a b[l & collect 9 bags &
 c>ry away ) !m4  ,illu/ration #ccf     
7,b[ls = ,alluvial ,wa%+73 ,a--,l>ge    
b[l4 ,b--,ropes4 ,c--,beam4 ,d--,o!r    
l>ge b[l :i* co9]s use4 ,e--,small b[l4 
,"s p wa% ?is k9d ( s& 9 a l>ge b[l :i* 
c easily be %ak51 ! b[l be+ susp5d$ by  
two ropes f a beam 9 a build+4 ,! s& is 
?r[n into x1 wat] is p\r$ 91 !n ! b[l is
 %ak51 & ! muddy wat] is p\r$ out & cle>
 wat] is aga9 p\r$ 91 ?is be+ done aga9 
& aga94 ,9 ?is way1 ! gold p>ticles     
settle 9 ! back "p ( ! b[l because !y   
are heavy1 & ! s& 9 ! front "p because x
 is light2 ! latt] is ?r[n away1 ! =m]  

kept = smelt+4 ,! "o :o does ! wa%+ !n  
returns imm$iately to 8 task4 ,?is me?od
 ( wa%+ is r>ely us$ by m9]s1 b         
frequ5tly by co9]s & goldsmi?s :5 !y wa%
 gold1 silv]1 or copp]4 ,! b[l !y employ
 has only ?ree h&les1 "o ( :i* !y grasp 
9 _! h&s :5 !y %ake ! b[l1 & 9 ! o!r two
 is fa/5$ a rope by :i* ! b[l is hung f 
a beam1 or f a cross-piece :i* is upheld
 by ! =ks ( two upright po/s fix$ 9 !   
gr\nd4 ,m9]s frequ5tly wa% ore 9 a small
 b[l to te/ x4 ,?is b[l1 :5 %ak51 is    
held 9 "o h& & ?ump$ ) ! o!r h&4 ,9 o!r 
respects ?is me?od ( wa%+ does n diff] f
 ! la/4  ,illu/ration #ccg 7,gr\nd      
,sluic+73 ,a--,/ream4 ,b--,dit*4        
,c--,mattock4 ,d--,pieces ( turf4       
,e--,sev5-prong$ =k4 ,f--,iron %ovel4   
,g--,tr\gh4 ,h--,ano!r tr\gh bel[ x4    
,i--,small wood5 tr[el4  ,i h spok5 ( ! 
v>i\s me?ods ( wa%+ s& :i* conta9s gra9s
 ( gold2 ,i w n[ speak ( ! me?ods ( wa%+
 ! mat]ial 9 :i* are mix$ ! small black 
/ones f :i* t9 is made#bj4 ,eight su*   
me?ods are 9 use1 & ( ^! two h be5      

inv5t$ lately4 ,su* metallif]\s mat]ial 
is usually f\nd torn away f ve9s & /r+]s
 & scatt]$ f> & wide by ! impetus (     
wat]1 al?\gh sometimes v5ae dilatatae   
are compos$ ( x4 ,! m9]s dig out ! latt]
 mat]ial ) a broad mattock1 :ile !y dig 
! =m] ) a pick4 ,b !y dig out ! little  
/ones1 :i* are n r>e 9 ?is k9d ( ore1 ) 
an in/rum5t l ! bill ( a duck4 ,9       
di/ricts :i* conta9 ?is mat]ial1 if !re 
is an abundant supply ( wat]1 & if !re  
are valleys or g5tle slopes & holl[s1 s 
t riv]s c be div]t$ into !m1 ! wa%]s 9  
summ]-"t fir/ ( all dig a long dit*     
slop+ s t ! wat] w run ?r\gh x rapidly4 
,into ! dit* is ?r[n ! metallic mat]ial1
 toge!r ) ! surface mat]ial1 :i* is six 
feet ?ick1 m or less1 & (t5 conta9s     
moss1 roots ( plants1 %rubs1 trees1 &   
e>?2 !y are all ?r[n 9 ) a broad        
mattock1 & ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! dit*4 ,! 
s& & t9-/one1 z !y are heavy1 s9k to !  
bottom ( ! dit*1 :ile ! moss & roots1 z 
!y are light1 are c>ri$ away by ! wat]  
:i* fl[s ?r\gh ! dit*4 ,! bottom ( !    

dit* is ob/ruct$ ) turf & /ones 9 ord]  
to prev5t ! wat] f c>ry+ away ! t9-/one 
at ! same "t4 ,! wa%]s1 ^: feet are     
cov]$ ) high boots made ( hide1 ?\gh n (
 ra:ide1 !mselves /& 9 ! dit* & ?r[ out 
( x ! roots ( ! trees1 %rubs1 & grass ) 
sev5-prong$ wood5 =ks1 & pu% back !     
t9-/one t[>d ! head ( ! dit*4 ,aft] f\r 
weeks1 9 :i* !y h devot$ mu* "w & lab\r1
 !y raise ! t9-/one 9 ! foll[+ way2 ! s&
 ) :i* x is mix$ is repeat$ly lift$ f ! 
dit* ) an iron %ovel & agitat$ hi!r &   
?i!r 9 ! wat]1 until ! s& fl[s away &   
only ! t9-/one rema9s on ! %ovel4 ,!    
t9-/one is all collect$ toge!r & wa%$   
aga9 9 a tr\gh by pu%+ x up & turn+ x   
ov] ) a wood5 tr[el1 9 ord] t ! rema9+  
s& may sep>ate f x4 ,aft]w>d !y return  
to _! task1 :i* !y cont9ue until !      
metallif]\s mat]ial is exhau/$1 or until
 ! wat] c no long] be div]t$ into !     
dit*es4  ,illu/ration #cch 7,sluic+     
,t973 ,a--,tr\gh4 ,b--,wood5 %ovel4     
,c--,tub4 ,d--,laund]4 ,e--,wood5 tr[el4
 ,f--,transv]se tr\gh4 ,g--,plug4       

,h--,fall+ wat]4 ,i--,dit*4 ,k--,b>r[   
convey+ mat]ial to be wa%$4 ,l--,pick l 
! beak ( a duck ) :i* ! m9] digs out !  
mat]ial f :i* ! small /ones are obta9$4 
,! tr\gh :i* ,i m5tion$ is hewn out ( ! 
trunk ( a tree & ! int]ior is five feet 
long1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot deep1 & six  
digits wide4 ,x is plac$ on an incl9e & 
"u x is put a tub :i* conta9s int]wov5  
fir twigs1 or else ano!r tr\gh is put "u
 x1 ! int]ior ( :i* is ?ree feet long & 
"o foot wide & deep2 ! f9e t9-/one1 :i* 
has run out ) ! wat]1 settles 9 !       
bottom4 ,"s p1 9 place ( a tr\gh1 put a 
squ>e laund] und]nea?1 & 9 l mann] !y   
wa% ! t9-/one 9 ?is by agitat+ x up &   
d[n & turn+ x ov] ) a small wood5 tr[el4
 ,a transv]se tr\gh is put "u ! laund]1 
:i* is ei!r op5 on "o end & dra9s (f    
into a tub or settl+-pit1 or else is    
clos$ & p]=at$ ?r\gh ! bottom2 9 ?is    
case1 x dra9s into a dit* b5ea?1 :]e !  
wat] falls :5 ! plug has be5 p>tly      
remov$4 ,! nature ( ?is dit* ,i w n[    
describe4  ,illu/ration #cdj 7,sluic+   

,t973 ,a--,laund]4 ,b--,int]lac+ fir    
twigs4 ,c--,logs2 ?ree on "o side1 = !  
f\r? _c be se5 because ! dit* is s full 
) mat]ial n[ be+ wa%$4 ,d--,logs at !   
head ( ! dit*4 ,e--,b>r[4               
,f--,sev5-prong$ =k4 ,g--,hoe4  ,if !   
locality does n supply an abundance (   
wat]1 ! wa%]s dig a dit* ?irty or       
?irty-six feet long1 & cov] ! bottom1 ! 
full l5g?1 ) logs jo9$ toge!r & hewn on 
! side :i* lies flat on ! gr\nd4 ,on ea*
 side ( ! dit*1 & at its head also1 !y  
place f\r logs1 "o above ! o!r1 all hewn
 smoo? on ! inside4 ,b s9ce ! logs are  
laid obliquely along ! sides1 ! upp] end
 ( ! dit* is made f\r feet wide & ! tail
 end1 two feet4 ,! wat] has a high drop 
f a laund] & fir/ ( all x falls into    
int]lac$ fir twigs1 9 ord] t x %all fall
 /raight d[n = ! mo/ "p 9 an unbrok5    
/ream & ?us break up ! lumps by its     
weight4 ,"s d n place ^! twigs "u ! end 
( ! laund]1 b put a plug 9 its m\?1 :i*1
 s9ce x does n entirely close ! laund]1 
nor altoge!r prev5t ! dis*>ge f x1 nor  

yet all[ ! wat] to sp\t f> afield1 makes
 x drop /raight d[n4 ,! workman br+s 9 a
 :eelb>r[ ! mat]ial to be wa%$1 & ?r[s x
 into ! dit*4 ,! wa%] /&+ 9 ! upp] end (
 ! dit* breaks ! lumps ) a sev5-prong$  
=k1 & ?r[s out ! roots ( trees1 %rubs1 &
 grass ) ! same in/rum5t1 & !reby !     
small black /ones settle d[n4 ,:5 a l>ge
 quantity ( ! t9-/one has accumulat$1   
:i* g5]ally happ5s :5 ! wa%] has sp5t a 
day at ?is "w1 to prev5t x f be+ wa%$   
away he places x ^u ! bank1 & o!r       
mat]ial hav+ be5 aga9 ?r[n into ! upp]  
end ( ! dit*1 he cont9ues ! task ( wa%+4
 ,a boy /&s at ! l[] end ( ! dit*1 & ) a
 ?9 po9t$ hoe /irs up ! s$im5t :i* has  
settl$ at ! l[] end1 to prev5t ! wa%$   
t9-/one f be+ c>ri$ fur!r1 :i* occurs :5
 ! s$im5t has accumulat$ to su* an ext5t
 t ! fir bran*es at ! outlet ( ! dit*   
are cov]$4  ,illu/ration #cda 7,sift+   
,ore73 ,a--,/rakes4 ,b--,tank4          
,c--,laund]4 ,d--,plug4 ,e--,wood5      
%ovel4 ,f--,wood5 mallet4 ,g--,wood5    
%ovel ) %ort h&le4 ,h--,! plug 9 !      

/rake4 ,i--,tank plac$ "u ! plug4  ,!   
?ird me?od ( wa%+ mat]ials ( ?is k9d    
foll[s4 ,two /rakes are made1 ea* ( :i* 
is twelve feet long & a foot & a half   
wide & deep4 ,a tank is set at _! head1 
into :i* ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh a little     
laund]4 ,a boy ?r[s ! ore into "o /rake2
 if x is ( poor quality he puts 9 a l>ge
 am\nt ( x1 if x is ri* he puts 9 less4 
,! wat] is let 9 by remov+ ! plug1 ! ore
 is /irr$ ) a wood5 %ovel1 & 9 ?is way !
 t9-/one1 mix$ ) ! heavi] mat]ial1      
settles 9 ! bottom ( ! /rake1 & ! wat]  
c>ries ! light mat]ial into ! laund]1   
?r\gh :i* x fl[s on to a canvas /rake4  
,! v f9e t9-/one1 c>ri$ by ! wat]1      
settles on to ! canvas & is cleans$4 ,a 
l[ cross-bo>d is plac$ 9 ! /rake ne> !  
head1 9 ord] t ! l>ge/ siz$ t9-/one may 
settle !re4 ,z soon z ! /rake is fill$ )
 ! mat]ial :i* has be5 wa%$1 he closes !
 m\? ( ! tank & cont9ues wa%+ 9 ! o!r   
/rake1 & !n ! plug is )drawn & ! wat] & 
t9-/one fl[ d[n into a tank bel[4 ,!n he
 p\nds ! sides ( ! load$ /rake ) a wood5

 mallet1 9 ord] t ! t9-/one cl++ to !   
sides may fall (f2 all t has settl$ 9 x1
 he ?r[s out ) a wood5 %ovel :i* has a  
%ort h&le4 ,silv] slags :i* h be5 cru%$ 
"u ! /amps1 also fragm5ts ( silv]-lead  
alloy & ( cakes melt$ f pyrites1 are    
wa%$ 9 a /rake ( ?is k9d4  ,illu/ration 
#cdb 7,sift+ ,ore73 ,a--,sieve4         
,b--,tub4 ,c--,wat] fl[+ out ( ! bottom 
( x4 ,d--,/rake4 ,e--,?ree-too!d rake4  
,f--,wood5 scrubb]4  ,mat]ial ( ?is k9d 
is also wa%$ :ile wet1 9 a sieve ^:     
bottom is made ( wov5 iron wire1 & ?is  
is ! f\r? me?od ( wa%+4 ,! sieve is     
imm]s$ 9 ! wat] :i* is conta9$ 9 a tub1 
& is viol5tly %ak54 ,! bottom ( ?is tub 
has an op5+ ( su* size t z mu* wat]1    
toge!r ) tail+s f ! sieve1 c fl[        
cont9u\sly out ( x z wat] fl[s into x4  
,! mat]ial :i* settles 9 ! /rake1 a boy 
ei!r digs ov] ) a ?ree-too!d iron rake  
or sweeps ) a wood5 scrubb]2 9 ?is way !
 wat] c>ries (f a great "p ( bo? s& &   
mud4 ,! t9-/one or metallif]\s          
conc5trates settle 9 ! /rake & are      

aft]w>d wa%$ 9 ano!r /rake4             
,illu/ration #cdc 7,sluic+ ,t973        
,a--,box4 ,b--,p]=at$ plate4 ,c--,tr\gh4
 ,d--,cross-bo>ds4 ,e--,pool4           
,f--,laund]4 ,g--,%ovel4 ,h--,rake4  ,^!
 are anci5t me?ods ( wa%+ mat]ial :i*   
conta9s t9-/one2 !re foll[ two mod]n    
me?ods4 ,if ! t9-/one mix$ ) e>? or s&  
is f\nd on ! slopes ( m\nta9s or hills1 
or 9 ! level fields :i* are ei!r devoid 
( /reams or into :i* a /ream _c be      
div]t$1 m9]s h lately begun to employ ! 
foll[+ me?od ( wa%+1 ev5 9 ! w9t] mon?s4
 ,an op5 box is con/ruct$ ( planks1 ab\t
 six feet long1 ?ree feet wide1 & two   
feet & "o palm deep4 ,at ! upp] end on !
 inside1 an iron plate ?ree feet long & 
wide is fix$1 at a dep? ( "o foot & a   
half f ! top2 ?is plate is v full (     
holes1 ?r\gh :i* t9-/one ab\t ! size ( a
 pea c fall4 ,a tr\gh hewn f a tree is  
plac$ "u ! box1 & ?is tr\gh is ab\t     
tw5ty-f\r feet long & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a   
foot wide & deep2 v (t5 ?ree cross-bo>ds
 are plac$ 9 x1 divid+ x (f into        

comp>tm5ts1 ea* "o ( :i* is l[] ?an !   
next4 ,! turbid wat]s dis*>ge into a    
settl+-pit4  ,! metallif]\s mat]ial is  
sometimes f\nd n v deep b5ea? ! surface 
( ! e>?1 b sometimes s deep t x is      
necess>y to drive tunnels & s9k %afts4  
,x is transport$ to ! wa%+-box 9        
:eelb>r[s1 & :5 ! wa%]s are ab\t to beg9
 !y lay a small laund]1 ?r\gh :i* !re   
fl[s on to ! iron plate s mu* wat] z is 
necess>y = ?is wa%+4 ,next1 a boy ?r[s !
 metallif]\s mat]ial on to ! iron plate 
) an iron %ovel & breaks ! small lumps1 
/irr+ !m ?is way & t ) ! same implem5t4 
,!n ! wat] & s& p5etrat+ ! holes ( !    
plate1 fall into ! box1 :ile all ! co>se
 gravel rema9s on ! plate1 & ?is he ?r[s
 into a :eelb>r[ ) ! same %ovel4        
,meantime1 a y\ng] boy cont9ually /irs !
 s& "u ! plate ) a wood5 scrubb] ne>ly z
 wide z ! box1 & drives x to ! upp] end 
( ! box2 ! light] mat]ial1 z well z a   
small am\nt ( t9-/one1 is c>ri$ by !    
wat] d[n into ! und]ly+ tr\gh4 ,! boys  
c>ry on ?is lab\r )\t int]mission until 

!y h fill$ f\r :eelb>r[s ) ! co>se &    
wor?less residues1 :i* !y c>ry (f & ?r[ 
away1 or ?ree :eelb>r[s if ! mat]ial is 
ri* 9 black t94 ,!n ! =eman has ! plank 
remov$ :i* 0 9 front ( ! iron plate1 &  
on :i* ! boy /ood4 ,! s&1 mix$ ) !      
t9-/one1 is frequ5tly pu%$ backw>d &    
=w>d ) a scrubb]1 & ! same s&1 because x
 is light]1 takes ! upp] place1 & is    
remov$ z soon z x appe>s2 t :i* takes ! 
l[] place is turn$ ov] ) a spade1 9 ord]
 t any t is light c fl[ away2 :5 all !  
t9-/one is heap$ toge!r1 he %ovels x out
 ( ! box & c>ries x away4 ,:ile ! =eman 
does ?is1 "o boy ) an iron hoe /irs ! s&
 mix$ ) f9e t9-/one1 :i* has run out ( !
 box & has settl$ 9 ! tr\gh & pu%es x   
back to ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! tr\gh1 & ?is   
mat]ial1 s9ce x conta9s a v great am\nt 
( t9-/one1 is ?r[n on to ! plate & wa%$ 
aga94 ,! mat]ial :i* has settl$ 9 ! l[e/
 "p ( ! tr\gh is tak5 out sep>ately &   
pil$ 9 a heap1 & is wa%$ on ! ord9>y    
/rake2 t :i* has settl$ 9 ! pool is wa%$
 on ! canvas /rake4 ,9 ! summ]-"t ?is   

fruitful lab\r is repeat$ m (t51 9 fact 
t5 or elev5 times4 ,! t9-/one :i* !     
=eman removes f ! box1 is aft]w>d wa%$ 9
 a jigg+ sieve1 & la/ly 9 a tub1 :]e at 
l5g? all ! s& is sep>at$ out4 ,f9ally1  
any mat]ial 9 :i* are mix$ p>ticles (   
o!r metals1 c be wa%$ by all ^! me?ods1 
:e!r x has be5 dis9tegrat$ f ve9s or    
/r+]s1 or :e!r x orig9at$ f v5ae        
dilatatae1 or f /reams & riv]s4         
,illu/ration #cde 7,gr\nd ,sluic+73     
,a--,laund]4 ,b--,cross tr\gh4 ,c--,two 
sp\ts4 ,d--,boxes4 ,e--,plate4          
,f--,grat+4 ,g--,%ovels4 ,h--,second    
cross tr\gh4 ,i--,/rake4 ,k--,wood5     
scrubb]4 ,l--,?ird cross tr\gh4         
,m--,laund]4 ,n--,?ree-too!d rake4  ,!  
six? me?od ( wa%+ mat]ial ( ?is k9d is  
ev5 m mod]n & m useful ?an ! la/4 ,two  
boxes are con/ruct$1 into ea* ( :i* wat]
 fl[s ?r\gh sp\ts f a cross tr\gh into  
:i* x has be5 dis*>g$ ?r\gh a pipe or   
laund]4 ,:5 ! mat]ial has be5 agitat$ & 
brok5 up ) iron %ovels by two boys1 "p (
 x runs d[n & falls ?r\gh ! iron plates 

full ( holes1 or ?r\gh ! iron grat+1 &  
fl[s out ( ! box ov] a slop+ surface    
into ano!r cross tr\gh1 & f ?is into a  
/rake sev5 feet long & two & a half feet
 wide4 ,!n ! =eman aga9 /irs x ) a wood5
 scrubb] t x may become clean4 ,z = !   
mat]ial :i* has fl[$ d[n ) ! wat] &     
settl$ 9 ! ?ird cross tr\gh1 or 9 !     
laund] :i* leads f x1 a ?ird boy rakes x
 ) a two-too!d rake2 9 ?is way ! f9e    
t9-/one settles d[n & ! wat] c>ries (f !
 valueless s& into ! creek4 ,?is me?od (
 wa%+ is mo/ advantage\s1 = f\r m5 c d !
 "w ( wa%+ 9 two boxes1 :ile ! la/      
me?od1 if d\bl$1 requires six m51 = x   
requires two boys to ?r[ ! mat]ial to be
 wa%$ on to ! plate & to /ir x ) iron   
%ovels2 two m are requir$ ) wood5       
scrubb]s to keep /irr+ ! s&1 mix$ ) !   
t9-/one1 "u ! plate1 & to pu% x t[>d !  
upp] end ( ! box2 fur!r1 two =em5 are   
requir$ to clean ! t9-/one 9 ! way ,i h 
describ$4 ,9 ! place ( a plate full (   
holes1 !y n[ fix 9 ! boxes a grat+ made 
( iron wire z ?ick z ! /alks ( rye2 t ^!

 may n be depress$ by ! weight & become 
b5t1 ?ree iron b>s support !m1 be+ laid 
crosswise und]nea?4 ,to prev5t ! grat+ f
 be+ brok5 by ! iron %ovels ) :i* !     
mat]ial is /irr$ 9 wa%+1 five or six    
iron rods are plac$ on top 9 cross l9es1
 & are fix$ to ! box s t ! %ovels may   
rub !m in/ead ( ! grat+2 = ?is reason ! 
grat+ la/s long] ?an ! plates1 because x
 rema9s intact1 :ile ! rods1 :5 worn by 
rubb+1 c easily be replac$ by o!rs4     
,illu/ration #cdf 7,gr\nd ,sluic+73     
,a--,pits4 ,b--,torr5t4 ,c--,sev5-prong$
 =k4 ,d--,%ovel4  ,m9]s use ! sev5?     
me?od ( wa%+ :5 !re is no /ream ( wat] 9
 ! "p ( ! m\nta9 :i* conta9s ! black t91
 or p>ticles ( gold1 or ( o!r metals4 ,9
 ?is case !y frequ5tly dig m ?an fifty  
dit*es on ! slope bel[1 or make ! same  
numb] ( pits1 six feet long1 ?ree feet  
wide1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot deep1 n any
 great di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,at ! season  
:5 a torr5t rises f /orms ( great       
viol5ce or long duration1 & ru%es d[n ! 
m\nta91 "s ( ! m9]s dig ! metallif]\s   

mat]ial 9 ! woods ) broad hoes & drag x 
to ! torr5t4 ,o!r m9]s div]t ! torr5t   
into ! dit*es or pits1 & o!rs ?r[ !     
roots ( trees1 %rubs1 & grass out ( !   
dit*es or pits ) sev5-prong$ wood5 =ks4 
,:5 ! torr5t has run d[n1 !y remove )   
%ovels ! uncleans$ t9-/one or p>ticles (
 metal :i* h settl$ 9 ! dit*es or pits1 
& cleanse x4  ,illu/ration #cdg 7,gr\nd 
,sluic+73 ,a--,gully4 ,b--,dit*4        
,c--,torr5t4 ,d--,sluice box employ$ by 
! ,lusitanians4  ,! eigh? me?od is also 
employ$ 9 ! regions :i* ! ,lusitanians  
hold 9 _! p[] & sway1 & is n dissimil>  
to ! la/4 ,!y drive a great numb] ( deep
 dit*es 9 r[s 9 ! gullies1 slopes1 &    
holl[s ( ! m\nta9s4 ,into ^! dit*es !   
wat]1 :e!r fl[+ d[n f sn[ melt$ by !    
heat ( ! sun or f ra91 collects & c>ries
 toge!r ) e>? & s&1 sometimes t9-/one1  
or1 9 ! case ( ! ,lusitanians1 !        
p>ticles ( gold loos5$ f ve9s & /r+]s4  
,z soon z ! wat]s ( ! torr5t h all run  
away1 ! m9]s ?r[ ! mat]ial out ( !      
dit*es ) iron %ovels1 & wa% x 9 a common

 sluice box4  ,illu/ration #cdh 7,tr\gh 
= wa%+ alluvial73 ,a--,tr\gh4           
,b--,laund]4 ,c--,hoe4 ,d--,sieve4  ,!  
,poles wa% ! impure lead f v5ae         
dilatatae 9 a tr\gh t5 feet long1 ?ree  
feet wide1 & "o & "o-qu>t] feet deep4 ,x
 is mix$ ) moi/ e>? & is cov]$ by a wet 
& s&y clay1 & s fir/ ( all ! clay1 &    
aft]w>d ! ore1 is dug out4 ,! ore is    
c>ri$ to a /ream or riv]1 & ?r[n into a 
tr\gh into :i* wat] is admitt$ by a     
little laund]1 & ! wa%] /&+ at ! l[] end
 ( ! tr\gh drags ! ore out ) a n>r[ &   
ne>ly po9t$ hoe1 ^: wood5 h&le is ne>ly 
t5 feet long4 ,x is wa%$ ov] aga9 once  
or twice 9 ! same way & ?us made pure4  
,aft]w>d :5 x has be5 dri$ 9 ! sun !y   
?r[ x into a copp] sieve1 & sep>ate ! v 
small pieces :i* pass ?r\gh ! sieve f ! 
l>g] ones2 ( ^! ! =m] are smelt$ 9 a    
faggot pile & ! latt] 9 ! furnace4 ,(   
su* a numb] !n are ! me?ods ( wa%+4     
,illu/ration #cdi 7,t9 burn+ ,furnace73 
,a--,furnace4 ,b--,its m\?4 ,c--,pok]4  
,d--,rake ) two tee?4 ,e--,hoe4  ,"o    

me?od ( burn+ is pr9cipally employ$1 &  
two ( roa/+4 ,! black t9 is burn$ by a  
hot fire 9 a furnace simil> to an       
ov5#ba2 x is burn$ if x is a d>k-blue   
col\r1 or if pyrites & ! /one f :i* iron
 is made are mix$ ) x1 = ! d>k blue     
col\r if n burnt1 consumes ! t94 ,if    
pyrites & ! o!r /one are n volatilis$   
into fumes 9 a furnace ( ?is k9d1 ! t9  
:i* is made f ! t9-/one is impure4 ,!   
t9-/one is ?r[n ei!r into ! back "p ( ! 
furnace1 or into "o side ( x2 b 9 ! =m] 
case ! wood is plac$ 9 front1 9 ! latt] 
case alongside1 9 su* a mann]1 h[ev]1 t 
nei!r firebr&s nor coals may fall ^u !  
t9-/one itself or t\* x4 ,! fuel is     
manipulat$ by a pok] made ( wood4 ,!    
t9-/one is n[ /irr$ ) a rake ) two tee?1
 & n[ aga9 levell$ d[n ) a hoe1 bo? (   
:i* are made ( iron4 ,! v f9e t9-/one   
requires to be burn$ less ?an t (       
mod]ate size1 & ?is aga9 less ?an t ( ! 
l>ge/ size4 ,:ile ! t9-/one is be+ ?us  
burn$1 x frequ5tly happ5s t "s ( !      
mat]ial runs toge!r4  ,! burn$ t9-/one  

%\ld !n be wa%$ aga9 on ! /rake1 = 9 ?is
 way ! mat]ial :i* has be5 run toge!r is
 c>ri$ away by ! wat] into !            
cross-tr\gh1 :]e x is ga!r$ up & work$  
ov]1 & aga9 wa%$ on ! /rake4 ,by ?is    
me?od ! metal is sep>at$ f t :i* is     
devoid ( metal4  ,illu/ration #cej      
7,/all ,roa/+ ,matte73 ,a--,pits4       
,b--,wood4 ,c--,cakes4 ,d--,laund]4     
,cakes f pyrites1 or cadmia1 or         
cuprif]\s /ones1 are roa/$ 9 quadrangul>
 pits1 ( :i* ! front & top are op51 & ^!
 pits are g5]ally twelve feet long1     
eight feet wide1 & ?ree feet deep4 ,!   
cakes ( melt$ pyrites are usually roa/$ 
twice ov]1 & ^? ( cadmia once4 ,^! latt]
 are fir/ roll$ 9 mud moi/5$ ) v9eg>1 to
 prev5t ! fire f consum+ too mu* ( !    
copp] ) ! bitum51 or sulphur1 or        
orpim5t1 or realg>4 ,! cakes ( pyrites  
are fir/ roa/$ 9 a sl[ fire & aft]w>d 9 
a fi]ce "o1 & 9 bo? cases1 dur+ ! :ole  
foll[+ night1 wat] is let 91 9 ord] t1  
if !re is 9 ! cakes any alum or vitriol 
or saltpetre capable ( injur+ ! metals1 

al?\gh x r>ely does injure !m1 ! wat]   
may remove x & make ! cakes s(t4 ,!     
solidifi$ juices are ne>ly all h>mful to
 ! metal1 :5 cakes or ore ( ?is k9d are 
smelt$4 ,! cakes :i* are to be roa/$ are
 plac$ on wood pil$ up 9 ! =m ( a crate1
 & ?is pile is fir$#bb4  ,illu/ration   
#cea 7,matte ,roa/+73 ,a--,cakes4       
,b--,bundles ( faggots4 ,c--,furnaces4  
,! cakes :i* are made ( copp] smelt$ f  
s*i/ are fir/ ?r[n ^u ! gr\nd & brok51 &
 !n plac$ 9 ! furnace on bundles (      
faggots1 & ^! are light$4 ,^! cakes are 
g5]ally roa/$ sev5 times & occasionally 
n9e times4 ,:ile ?is is be+ done1 if !y 
are bitum9\s1 !n ! bitum5 burns & c be  
smell$4 ,^! furnaces h a /ructure l !   
/ructure ( ! furnaces 9 :i* ore is      
smelt$1 except t !y are op5 9 front2 !y 
are six feet high & f\r feet wide4 ,z = 
?is k9d ( furnace1 ?ree ( !m are requir$
 = "o ( ^? 9 :i* ! cakes are melt$4     
,fir/ ( all !y are roa/$ 9 ! fir/       
furnace1 !n :5 !y are cool$1 !y are     
transf]r$ into ! second furnace & aga9  

roa/$2 lat] !y are c>ri$ to ! ?ird1 &   
aft]w>d back to ! fir/1 & ?is ord] is   
pres]v$ until !y h be5 roa/$ sev5 or n9e
 times4       ,,end ,,( ,,book ,,viii4  
,,footnotes3  #a ,z w\ld be expect$1    
practically all ! te*nical t]ms us$ by  
,agricola 9 ?is *apt] are adaptations4  
,! ,lat9 t]ms1 canalis1 area1 lacus1    
vasa1 cribrum1 & fossa1 h _h to be      
press$ into s]vice = _m diff]5t devices1
 l>gely by extemporis$ comb9ations4 ,:]e
 ! devices describ$ h become obsolete1  
we h adopt$ ! nom5clature ( ! old works 
on ,corni% me?ods4 ,! foll[+ examples   
may be ( int]e/3--    ,simple buddle    
,canalis simplex   ,divid$ buddle       
,canalis tabellis di/9ctus   ,ord9>y    
/rake  ,canalis devexus   ,%ort /rake   
,area curta   ,canvas /rake    ,area    
l9teis ext5sis contecta   ,limp         
,radius4  ,! /rake 7or /reke7 :5 appli$ 
to alluvial t91 w\ld h be5 t]m$ a tye 9 
"s p>ts ( ,cornwall1 & ! %ort /rake a   
g\nce4 ,9 ! case ( ! /amp mill1 inasmu* 
z almo/ e me*anical "p has its c\nt]p>t 

9 a mod]n mill1 we h consid]$ ! read] w 
h less difficulty if ! mod]n            
designations are us$ in/ead ( ! old     
,corni%4 ,! foll[+ are ! ess5tial t]ms 9
 mod]n1 old ,corni%1 & ,lat93--    ,/amp
          ,/amp]      ,pilum   ,/amp-/em
     ,lift]       ,pilum   ,%oes        
,/amp-heads  ,capita   ,mort>-box       
,box          ,capsa   ,cam-%aft        
,b>rell      ,axis   ,cams              
,caps         ,d5tes   ,tappets         
,tongues      ,pili d5tes   ,scre5      
,crate        ,lam9ae =am9um pl5ae      
,settl+ pit   ,cat*]s     ,lacus        
,jigg+ sieve  ,dilleugh]   ,cribrum     
angu/um   #b ,agricola uses f\r ,lat9   
v]bs 9 connection ) heat op]ations at   
temp]atures "u ! melt+ po9t3 ,calefacio1
 uro1 torreo1 & cremo4 ,! fir/ he always
 uses 9 ! s5se ( to w>m or to heat1 b ! 
la/ ?ree he uses indiscrim9ately 9 mu* !
 same way z ! ,engli% v]bs burn1 roa/1 &
 calc9e are us$2 b 9 g5]al he uses !    
,lat9 v]bs 9 ! ord] giv5 to indicate    
degrees ( heat4 ,we h us$ ! ,engli% v]bs

 9 _! te*nical s5se z indicat$ by !     
context4  ,x is v difficult to say :5   
roa/+ began z a di/9ct & sep>ate        
metallurgical /ep 9 sulphide ore        
treatm5t4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans work$ bo?
 lead & copp] sulphides 7see note on p4 
#cia1 & note on p4 #djc71 b nei!r 9 !   
rema9s ( old works nor 9 _! lit]ature is
 !re any?+ f :i* satisfactory details ( 
su* a /ep c be obta9$4 ,! ,anci5ts1 (   
c\rse1 und]/ood lime-burn+1 & calc9$    
sev]al salts to purify !m or to r5d] !m 
m cau/ic4 ,practically ! only specific  
m5tion is by ,pl9y reg>d+ lead ores 7see
 p4 #cia74 ,ev5 ! /atem5t ( ,!ophilus   
7#ajej-aajj1 ,a4,d471 may ref] simply to
 r5d]+ ore m fragile1 = he says 7p4     
#cje7 9 reg>d to copp] ore3 ,?is /one   
dug up 9 abundance is plac$ ^u a pile & 
burn$ 7comburitur7 aft] ! mann] ( lime4 
,nor does x *ange col\r1 b loses its    
h>dness & c be brok5 up1 & aft]w>d x is 
smelt$4 ,! ,probi]bue*le9 casually      
m5tions roa/+ prior to assay+1 &        
,bir+uccio 7,,iii1 #b7 m5tions          

incid5tally t dry & ill-dispos$ ores    
be=e ev]y?+ mu/ be roa/$ 9 an op5 ov5 s 
t ! air c get 94 ,he gives no fur!r     
in=mation2 & !re=e ?is acc\nt (         
,agricola's becomes practically ! fir/4 
,app>5tly roa/+1 z a prelim9>y to !     
treatm5t ( copp] sulphides1 did n come  
into use 9 ,engl& until "s "t lat] ?an  
,agricola1 = 9 ,col4 ,grant ,francis'   
,smelt+ ( ,copp] 9 ! ,swansea ,di/rict  
7,london1 #ahha1 p4 #bi71 a report is   
set ( ! ,doe+es ( ,jo*im ,ganse--an     
import$ ,g]man--at ! ,mynes by ,keswicke
 9 ,cumb]l&1 ,a4,d41 #aeha1 :]e9 !      
del9qu5cies ( ! !n curr5t practice are  
describ$3 ,!i nev] c\lde1 ne!r yet c    
make 7copp]7 "u ,,xxii4 tymes pass+e ?ro
 ! fire1 & ,,xxii4 weekes doe+ !re( ane 
sometyme m4 ,b n[ ! nature ( ^! ,,ix4   
hurtfull humors abovesaid be+ discov]$ &
 op5$ by ,jo*im's way ( doe+1 we c1 by 8
 ord] ( worke+e1 s correct !im1 t p>te (
 !im be+e by nature hurtfull to ! copp] 
9 wa/e+e ( x1 ar by arte maide fre9des1 
& be n onely an encrease to ! copp]1 b  

fur!r x 9 smelt+e2 & ! re/ ( ! o!r evill
 humors %albe s correct$1 & _! humors s 
tak5 f !m1 t by once ro/e+e & once      
smelt+e ! ure 7:i* %albe done 9 ! space 
( ?ree dayes71 ! same copp] ure %all    
yeeld u black copp]4 ,jo*im propos$ by  
'ro/ynge' to be rid ( sulphur1 ars9eque1
 & antimony4  #c ,orpim5t & realg> are !
 r$ & yell[ ars5ical sulphides4 7,see   
note on p4 #aaa74  #d ,cadmia bitum9osa4
 ,! description ( ?is sub/ance by       
,agricola1 giv5 bel[1 indicates t x 0 8 
t]m = ! complex copp]-z9c-ars5ic-cobalt 
m9]als f\nd 9 ! well-kn[n1 highly       
bitum9\s1 copp] s*i/s at ,mannsfeld4 ,! 
lat] ,m9]alogi/s1 ,wall]ius 7,m9]alogia1
 ,/ockholm1 #agdg71 ,valmont ,de ,bom>e 
7,m9]alogie1 ,p>is1 #agfb71 & o!rs      
assume ,agricola's cadmia bitum9osa to  
be black ars5ic or ars5ic noir1 b we see
 no reason = ?is assumption4 ,agricola's
 /atem5t 7,de ,nat4 ,foss41 p4 #cfi7 is 
444 ! s*i/ose /one dug up at ! foot ( ! 
,melibocus ,m\nta9s1 or z !y are n[     
call$ ! ,h>z 7,h]cynium71 ne> ,eisleb51 

,mannsfeld1 & ne> ,hett/$t1 is simil> to
 sp9os 7a bitum9\s sub/ance describ$ by 
,!ophra/us71 if n id5tical ) x4 ,?is is 
black1 bitum9\s1 & cuprif]\s1 & :5 fir/ 
extract$ f ! m9e x is ?r[n out into an  
op5 space & heap$ up 9 a m\nd4 ,!n ! l[]
 "p ( ! m\nd is surr\nd$ by faggots1 on 
to :i* are likewise ?r[n /ones ( ! same 
k9d4 ,!n ! faggots are k9dl$ & ! fire   
soon spreads to ! /ones plac$ ^u !m2 by 
^! ! fire is communicat$ to ! next1 :i* 
?us spreads to ! :ole heap4 ,?is easy   
reception ( fire is a *>act]i/ic :i*    
bitum5 possesses 9 common ) sulphur4    
,yet ! small1 pure & black bitum9\s ore 
is di/+ui%$ f ! /ones z foll[s3 :5 !y   
burn !y emit ! k9d ( od\r :i* is usually
 giv5 (f by burn+ bitum9\s coal1 &      
besides1 if :ile !y are burn+ a small   
%[] ( ra9 %\ld fall1 !y burn m brightly 
& s(t5 m quickly4 ,inde$1 :5 ! w9d      
c>ries ! fumes s t !y desc5d into ne>by 
/&+ wat]s1 !re c be se5 float+ 9 x      
some?+ l a bitum9\s liquid1 ei!r black1 
or br[n1 or purple1 :i* is suffici5t to 

indicate t ^? /ones 7 bitum9\s4 ,& t    
g5us ( /ones has be5 rec5tly f\nd 9 !   
,h>z 9 lay]s1 hav+ occasionally         
gold-col\r$ specks ( pyrites adh]+ to   
!m1 repres5t+ v>i\s flat sea-fi% or pike
 or p]* or birds1 & p\ltry cocks1 &     
sometimes salam&]s4  #e ,atram5tum      
sutorium rubrum4 ,lit]ally1 ?is w\ld be 
r$ vitriol4 ,! ,g]man translation gives 
rot kupf]wass]1 also r$ vitriol4 ,we mu/
 confess t we _c make ?is sub/ance out1 
nor c we f9d x m5tion$ 9 ! o!r works (  
,agricola4 ,x may be ! residue f lea*+  
roa/$ pyrites = vitriol1 :i* w\ld be    
r$di% oxide ( iron4  #f ,! /atem5t      
else:]e does n convey v mu* m in=mation4
 ,x is 7,de ,nat4 ,fos41 p4 #bec73 ,:5  
,gosl> pyrites & ,eisleb5 7copp]7 s*i/s 
are plac$ on ! pyre & roa/$ = ! ?ird "t1
 !y bo? exude a c]ta9 sub/ance :i* is ( 
a gre5i% col\r1 dry1 r\gh1 & fibr\s     
7t5ue74 ,?is sub/ance1 l asbe/os1 is n  
consum$ by ! fire4 ,! s*i/s exude x m   
pl5tifully ?an ! pyrites4 ,!            
,int]pretatio gives f$]wis1 z ! ,g]man  

equival5t ( amiantus 7asbe/os74 ,?is t]m
 0 us$ = ! fea!ry alum effloresc5ce on  
alum9\s slates4  #g ,be>+ 9 m9d t       
bitum9\s cadmia conta9$ ars5ical-cobalt 
m9]als1 ?is sub/ance resembl+ pompholyx 
w\ld probably be ars5ic oxide4 ,9 ,de   
,natura ,fossilium 7p4 #cfh74 ,agricola 
discusses ! pompholyx f cadmia at l5g? &
 pron\nces x to be ( rem>kably corrosive
 quality4 7,see also note on p4 #aab47  
#h ,,hi/orical ,,note ,,on ,,cru%+ ,,&  
,,conc5tration ,,( ,,ores4 ,!re c be no 
"q t ! fir/ /ep 9 ! metallurgy ( ores 0 
direct smelt+1 & t ?is ant$ates human   
records4 ,! obvi\s advantages ( r$uc+ ! 
bulk ( ! mat]ial to be smelt$ by !      
elim9ation ( b>r5 portions ( ! ore1 mu/ 
h appeal$ to metallurgi/s at a v e>ly   
date4 ,logically1 !re=e1 we %\ld f9d !  
second /ep 9 metallurgy to be           
conc5tration 9 "s =m4 ,! "q ( cru%+ is s
 mu* involv$ ) conc5tration t we h n    
endeav\r$ to keep !m sep>ate4 ,! e>lie/ 
indication ( ^! processes appe>s to be  
c]ta9 inscriptions on monum5ts ( ! ,,iv 

,dyna/y 7#d1jjj ,b4,c487 depict+ gold   
wa%+ 7,wilk9son1 ,! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 
,london1 #ahgd1 ,,ii1 p4 #acg74 ,c]ta9  
/elae ( ! ,,xii ,dyna/y 7#b1djj ,b4,c47 
9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7#add ,bay #a & #ade
 ,bay #f7 ref] to gold wa%+ 9 ! ,sudan1 
& "o ( !m appe>s to indicate ! work+ (  
gold ore z di/+ui%$ f alluvial4 ,! fir/ 
writt5 description ( ! ,egyptian        
me?ods--& probably t reflect+ ! mo/     
anci5t te*nology ( cru%+ &              
conc5tration--is t ( ,aga?>*ides1 a     
,greek geograph] ( ! second ,c5tury     
,b4,c4 ,?is "w is lo/1 b ! passage 9 "q 
is quot$ by ,diodorus ,siculus 7#a/     
,c5tury ,b4,c47 & by ,photius 7di$ #hia 
,a4,d474 ,we give ,boo?'s translation ( 
,diodorus 7,london1 #agjj1 p4 #hi71     
slightly am5d$3 ,9 ! conf9es ( ,egypt & 
! neighb\r+ c\ntries ( ,arabia &        
,e?iopia !re is a place full ( ri* gold 
m9es1 out ( :i* ) mu* co/ & pa9s ( _m   
lab\r]s gold is dug4 ,! soil "h is      
naturally black1 b 9 ! body ( ! e>? run 
_m :ite ve9s1 %9+ l :ite m>ble1 surpass+

 9 lu/re all o!r bright ?+s4 ,out ( ^!  
labori\s m9es1 ^? appo9t$ ov]se]s cause 
! gold to be dug up by ! lab\r ( a va/  
multitude ( p4 ,= ! ,k+s ( ,egypt       
condemn to ^! m9es notori\s crim9als1   
captives tak5 9 w>1 p]sons sometimes    
falsely accus$1 or aga9/ :om ! ,k+ is   
inc5s'd2 & n only !y !mselves1 b        
sometimes all _! k9dr$ & relations      
toge!r ) !m1 are s5t to "w "h1 bo? to   
puni% !m1 & by _! lab\r to advance !    
pr(it & ga9 ( ! ,k+s4 ,!re are inf9ite  
numb]s ^u ^! acc\nts ?ru/ d[n into ^!   
m9es1 all b\nd 9 fett]s1 :]e !y "w      
cont9ually1 )\t be+ admitt$ any re/     
night or day1 & s /rictly gu>d$ t !re is
 no possibility or way left to make an  
escape4 ,= !y set ov] !m b>b>ians1      
soldi]s ( v>i\s & /range languages1 s t 
x is n possible to corrupt any ( ! gu>d 
by disc\rs+ "o ) ano!r1 or by ! ga9+    
ins9uations ( famili> conv]se4 ,! e>?   
:i* is h>de/ & full ( gold !y s(t5 by   
putt+ fire "u x1 & !n "w x out ) _! h&s4
 ,! rocks ?us s(t5'd & made m pliant &  

yield+1 sev]al ?\s&s ( pr(ligate wret*es
 break 9 pieces ) hamm]s & pickaxes4    
,!re is "o arti/ t is ! ov]se] ( ! :ole 
"w1 :o m>ks out ! /one1 & %[s ! lab\r]s 
! way & mann] h[ he w\ld h x done4 ,^? t
 are ! /ronge/ among/ !m t are appo9t$  
to ?is slav]y1 provid$ ) %>p iron       
pickaxes1 cleave ! m>ble-%9+ rock by m]e
 =ce & /r5g?1 & n by arts or            
sleight-(-h&4 ,!y und]m9e n ! rock 9 a  
direct l9e1 b foll[ ! bright %9+ ve9 ( !
 m9e4 ,!y c>ry lamps fa/5$ to _! =eheads
 to give !m light1 be+ o!rwise 9 p]fect 
d>kness 9 ! v>i\s w9d+s & turn+s wr\ght 
9 ! m9e2 & hav+ _! bodies appe>+        
sometimes ( "o col\r & sometimes ( ano!r
 7accord+ to ! nature ( ! m9e :]e !y "w7
 !y ?r[ ! lumps & pieces ( ! /one cut   
out ( ! rock ^u ! floor4 ,& ?us !y are  
employ$ cont9ually )\t int]mission1 at !
 v nod ( ! ov]se]1 :o la%es !m sev]ely  
besides4 ,& !re are little boys :o      
p5etrate ?r\gh ! gall]ies into !        
cavities & ) great lab\r & toil ga!r up 
! lumps & pieces hew$ out ( ! rock z !y 

are ca/ ^u ! gr\nd1 & c>ry !m =? & lay  
!m ^u ! bank4 ,^? t are ov] ?irty ye>s (
 age take a piece ( ! rock ( su* a c]ta9
 quantity1 & p\nd x 9 a /one mort> )    
iron pe/les till x be z small z a vet*2 
!n ^? little /ones s p\nd$ are tak5 f !m
 by wom5 & old] m51 :o ca/ !m into mills
 t /& toge!r !re ne> at h& 9 a long r[1 
& two or ?ree ( !m be+ employ$ at "o    
mill !y gr9d a c]ta9 measure giv5 to !m 
at a "t1 until x is z small z f9e meal4 
,no c>e at all is tak5 ( ! bodies ( ^!  
poor creatures1 s t !y h n a rag s mu* z
 to cov] _! nak$ness1 & no man t sees !m
 c *oose b commis]ate _! sad &          
deplorable condition4 ,= ?\gh !y are    
sick1 maim$1 or lame1 no re/ nor        
int]mission 9 ! lea/ is all[$ !m2 nei!r 
! weakness ( old age1 nor wom5's        
infirmities are any plea to excuse !m2 b
 all are driv5 to _! "w ) bl[s &        
cudgell+1 till at l5g?1 ov]borne ) !    
intol]able weight ( _! mis]y1 !y drop   
d[n dead 9 ! mid/ ( _! insuff]able      
lab\rs2 s t ^! mis]able creatures always

 expect ! future to be m t]rible ?an ev5
 ! pres5t1 & !re=e long = dea? z f> m   
desirable ?an life4  ,at l5g? ! ma/]s ( 
! "w take ! /one ?us gr\nd to p[d]1 &   
c>ry x away 9 ord] to p]fect x4 ,!y     
spread ! m9]al s gr\nd ^u a broad bo>d1 
some:at slop+1 & p\r+ wat] ^u x1 rub x &
 cleanse x2 & s all ! e>?y & drossy "p  
be+ sep>at$ f ! re/ by ! wat]1 x runs (f
 ! bo>d1 & ! gold by reason ( its weight
 rema9s beh9d4 ,!n wa%+ x sev]al times  
aga91 !y fir/ rub x lightly ) _! h&s2   
aft]w>d !y draw (f any e>?y & drossy    
matt] ) sl5d] sponges g5tly appli$ to ! 
p[d]$ du/1 till x be clean1 pure gold4  
,at la/ o!r workm5 take x away by weight
 & measure1 & ^! put x into e>!n pots1 &
 accord+ to ! quantity ( ! gold 9 e pot 
!y mix ) x "s lead1 gra9s ( salt1 a     
little t9 & b>ley bran4 ,!n1 cov]+ e pot
 close1 & c>efully daub+ !m ov] ) clay1 
!y put !m 9 a furnace1 :]e !y abide five
 days & nights toge!r2 !n aft] a        
conv5i5t "t t !y h /ood to cool1 no?+ ( 
! o!r matt] is to be f\nd 9 ! pots b    

only pure1 ref9$ gold1 "s little ?+     
dim9i%$ 9 ! weight4 ,& ?us gold is      
prep>$ 9 ! bord]s ( ,egypt1 & p]fect$ & 
complet$ ) s _m & s great toils &       
vexations4 ,&1 !re=e1 ,i _c b conclude t
 nature itself tea*es u1 t z gold is got
 ) lab\r & toil1 s x is kept )          
difficulty2 x creates ev]y:]e ! greate/ 
c>es2 & ! use ( x is mix$ bo? ) pleasure
 & sorr[4  ,! rema9s at ,mt4 ,laurion %[
 _m ( ! anci5t mills & conc5tration     
works ( ! ,greeks1 b we _c be absolutely
 c]ta9 at :at p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! m9es
 cru%+ & conc5tration 7 introduc$4 ,:ile
 ! m9es 7 work$ ) great activity prior  
to #ejj ,b4,c4 7see note #f1 p4 #bg71 x 
0 q feasible = ! anci5t m9] to h smelt$ 
^! arg5tif]\s lead ores direct4 ,h[ev]1 
at "s p]iod prior to ! decad5ce ( ! m9es
 9 ! #crd ,c5tury ,b4,c41 !re 0 9 use an
 ext5sive sy/em ( mill+ & conc5tration4 
,= ! foll[+ details we are indebt$ mo/ly
 to ,ed\>d ,ardaillon 7,les ,m9es ,du   
,laurion dans l',antiquite1 ,*ap4       
,,iv474 ,! ore 0 fir/ h&-pick$ 79 #ahfi 

"o portion ( ^! rejects 0 e/imat$ at    
#g1jjj1jjj tons7 & aft]w>d x 0 app>5tly 
cru%$ 9 /one mort>s "s #af to #bd in*es 
9 diamet]1 & !nce pass$ to ! mills4 ,^! 
mills1 :i* cru%$ dry1 7 ( ! upp] & l[]  
mill/one ord]1 l ! old-fa%ion$ fl\r     
mills1 & 7 turn$ by h&4 ,! /ones 7      
capable ( adju/m5t 9 su* a way z to     
yield diff]5t sizes4 ,! s& 0 sift$ & !  
ov]size return$ to ! mills4 ,f ! mills x
 0 tak5 to wa%+ plants1 :i* consi/$     
ess5tially ( an incl9$ area1 bel[ :i* a 
canal1 sometimes ) riffles1 l$ ?r\gh a  
s]ies ( bas9s1 ultimately return+ ! wat]
 aga9 to ne> ! head ( ! area4 ,^! wa%+  
areas1 con/ruct$ ) great c>e1 7 made (  
/one cem5t$ ov] smoo?ly1 & 7 s          
effici5tly done z to rema9 /ill intact4 
,9 wa%+1 a workman bru%$ upw>d ! pulp   
plac$ on ! incl9$ upp] portion ( ! area1
 ?us conc5trat+ !re a consid]able       
proportion ( ! gal5a2 :at escap$ _h an  
opportunity to settle 9 ! sequ5ce (     
bas9s1 some:at on ! ord] ( ! buddle4 ,a 
quotation by ,/rabo 7,,iii1 #b1 #aj7 f !

 lo/ "w ( ,polybius 7#bjj-abe ,b4,c47   
also indicates conc5tration ( lead-silv]
 ores 9 ,spa9 previ\s to ! ,*ri/ian era3
 ,polybius speak+ ( ! silv] m9es ( ,new 
,c>?age1 tells u t !y are extremely     
l>ge1 di/ant f ! city ab\t #bj /adia1 & 
occupy a circuit ( #djj /adia1 t !re are
 #dj1jjj m5 regul>ly engag$ 9 !m1 & t !y
 yield daily to ! ,roman p 7a rev5ue (7 
#be1jjj dra*mae4 ,! re/ ( ! process ,i  
pass ov]1 z x is too long1 b z = ! silv]
 ore collect$1 he tells u t x is brok5  
up1 & sift$ ?r\gh sieves ov] wat]2 t :at
 rema9s is to be aga9 brok51 & ! wat]   
hav+ be5 /ra9$ (f1 x is to be sift$ &   
brok5 a ?ird "t4 ,! dregs :i* rema9 aft]
 ! fif? "t are to be melt$1 & ! lead be+
 p\r$ (f1 ! silv] is obta9$ pure4 ,^!   
silv] m9es /ill exi/2 h[ev]1 !y are no  
long] ! prop]ty ( ! /ate1 nei!r ^! nor  
^? else:]e1 b are possess$ by private   
individuals4 ,! gold m9es1 on ! contr>y1
 ne>ly all belong to ! /ate4 ,bo? at    
,ca/lon & o!r places !re are s+ul> lead 
m9es work$4 ,!y conta9 a small          

proportion ( silv]1 b n suffici5t to pay
 = ! exp5se ( ref9+4 7,hamilton's       
,translation1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bbb74 ,:ile
 ,pl9y gives consid]able in=mation on   
ve9 m9+ & on alluvial wa%+1 ! foll[+    
obscure passage 7,,xxxiii1 #ba7 appe>s  
to be ! only ref]5ce to conc5tration (  
ores3 ,t :i* is dug out is cru%$1 wa%$1 
roa/$1 & gr\nd to p[d]4 ,?is p[d] is    
call$ apitascudes1 :ile ! silv] 7lead87 
:i* becomes dis5gag$ 9 ! furnace is     
call$ sudor 7sweat74 ,t :i* is eject$ f 
! *imney is call$ scoria z ) o!r metals4
 ,9 ! case ( gold ?is scoria is cru%$ & 
melt$ aga94 ,x is evid5t en\gh f ^!     
quotations t ! ,anci5ts by wa%+ & sift+1
 grasp$ ! practical effect ( diff]5ces 9
 specific gravity ( ! v>i\s compon5ts ( 
an ore4 ,su* processes are b>ely m5tion$
 by o!r m$iaeval au?ors1 su* z          
,!ophilus1 ,bir+uccio1 etc41 & ?us !    
acc\nt 9 ?is *apt] is ! fir/ tangible   
te*nical description4 ,lead m9+ has be5 
9 active progress 9 ,d]by%ire s9ce !    
#ac? c5tury1 & conc5tration 0 done on an

 incl9$ bo>d until ! #af? c5tury1 :5    
,william ,humphrey 7see bel[7 introduc$ 
! jigg+ sieve4 ,"s fur!r notes on ?is   
indu/ry w be f\nd 9 note #a1 p4 #gg4    
,h[ev]1 ! buddle & /rake :i* appe> at t 
"t1 are b mode/ improvem5ts ov] ! bo>d  
describ$ by ,aga?>*ides 9 ! quotation   
above4  ,! anci5t cru%+ appliances1 z   
indicat$ by ! anci5t au?ors & by !      
,greek & ,roman rema9s scatt]$ ov]      
,europe1 7 h&-mort>s & mill-/ones ( !   
same ord] z ^? ) :i* !y gr\nd fl\r4 ,!  
/amp-mill1 ! next advance ov] gr9d+ 9   
mill-/ones1 seems to h be5 inv5t$ "s "t 
late 9 ! #ae? or e>ly 9 ! #af? c5turies1
 b :o inv5t$ x is unkn[n4 ,beckmann     
7,hi/4 ( ,inv5tions1 ,,ii1 p4 #cce7     
says3 ,9 ! ye> #aeai ! process ( sift+ &
 wet-/amp+ 0 e/abli%$ at ,joa*im/hal by 
,paul ,gromme/ett]1 a native ( ,s*w>z1  
nam$ on t acc\nt ! ,s*w>z]1 :om ,melz]  
praises z an +5i\s & active wa%]2 & we  
are told t he _h be=e introduc$ ! same  
improvem5ts at ,s*neeb]g4 ,soon aft]1 t 
is 9 #aeba1 a l>ge /amp+-"w 0 erect$ at 

,joa*im/hal1 & ! process ( wa%+ 0 begun4
 ,a consid]able sav+ 0 ?us made1 z a    
great _m metallic p>ticles 7 be=e left 9
 ! wa%$ s&1 :i* 0 ei!r ?r[n away or us$ 
z mort> = build+4 ,9 ! ye> #aebe1 ,hans 
,po]tn] employ$ at ,s*lack5walde ! wet  
me?od ( /amp+1 :]eas be=e t p]iod ! ore 
!re 0 gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,h>z ?is inv5tion 0   
introduc$ at ,wild5mann by ,pet]        
,philip1 :o 0 assay-ma/] !re soon aft] !
 works at ! ,upp] ,h>z 7 resum$ by ,duke
 ,h5ry ! ,y\ng]1 ab\t ! ye> #aebd4 ,?is 
we le>n f ! pap]s ( ,h]dan ,hacke or    
,haecke1 :o 0 prea*] at ,wild5mann 9    
#aegb4  ,9 view ( ! great am\nt ( direct
 & indirect ref]5ce to t9 m9+ 9         
,cornwall1 cov]+ f\r c5turies prior to  
,agricola1 x w\ld be natural to expect  
"s /atem5t be>+ ^u ! treatm5t ( ore4    
,curi\sly en\gh1 :ile alluvial wa%+ &   
smelt+ ( ! black-t9 are (t5 ref]r$ to1  
!re is no?+ t we h be5 able to f9d1     
prior to ,ri*>d ,c>ew's ,survey (       
,cornwall 7,london1 #afjb1 p4 #ab7 :i*  
gives any tangible evid5ce on ! te*nical

 phases ( ore-dress+4 ,9 any ev5t1 an   
inspection ( *>t]s1 tax-rolls1 ,/ann>y  
,c\rt proce$+s1 etc41 prior to t date   
gives ! impression t ve9 m9+ 0 a v m9or 
portion ( ! s\rce ( production4 ,al?\gh 
,c>ew's "w dates #de ye>s aft]          
,agricola1 8 description is ( int]e/3 ,z
 mu* almo/ doo? x exce$e cr$ite1 t !    
,tynne1 = & 9 s small quantitie digg$ up
 ) s great toyle1 & pass+ aft]w>ds ?or[ 
! manag+ ( s _m h&s1 ere x comes to     
sale1 %\ld be any way able to acquite ! 
co/3 = be+ once br\ght above gr\nd 9 !  
/one1 x is fir/ brok5 9 peeces ) hamm]s2
 & !n c>ry$1 ei!r 9 waynes1 or on       
horses' backs1 to a /amp+ mill1 :]e     
?ree1 & 9 "s places sixe great logges ( 
timb]1 b\nde at ! ends ) yron1 & lift$  
up & d[ne by a :eele1 driv5 ) ! wat]1   
doe break x small]4 ,if ! /ones be      
ov]-moy/1 !y are dri$ by ! fire 9 an    
yron cradle or grate4 ,f ! /amp+ mill1 x
 passe? to ! craz+ mill1 :i* betwe5e two
 gr9d+ /ones1 turn$ also ) a wat]-:eel1 
bruse? ! same to a f9d s&2 h[beit1 (    

late times !y mo/ly use wet /amp]s1 & s 
h no ne$ ( ! craz+ mills = _! be/ /uffe1
 b only = ! cru/ ( _! tayles4 ,! /reame1
 aft] x ha? =sak5 ! mill1 is made to    
fall by c]tayne degrees1 "o some:at     
di/ant f ano!r2 ^u ea* ( :i*1 at e      
disc5t1 lye? a gre5e turfe1 ?ree or f\re
 foote squ>e1 & "o foote ?ick4 ,on ?is !
 ,t9n] laye? a c]tayne portion ( ! s&ie 
,t9ne1 & ) 8 %ovel s(tly tosse? ! same  
to & fro1 t1 ?r\gh ?is /irr+1 ! wat] :i*
 runne? ov] x may wa% away ! light e>? f
 ! ,t9ne1 :i* ( a heavi] sub/ance lye?  
fa/ on ! turfe4 ,hav+ s cl5s$ "o        
portion1 he sette? ! same aside1 &      
beg9ne? ) ano!r1 until 8 lab\r take end 
) 8 taske4 ,! be/ ( ^? turfes 7= all    
sorts s]ve n7 are fet*$ ab\t two miles  
to ! ea/w>ds ( ,s4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 :]e 
at l[ wat] !y ca/ aside ! s&1 & dig !m  
up2 !y are full ( rootes ( trees1 & on  
"s ( !m nuts h be5 f\nd1 :i* confirme?  
my =m] ass]tion ( ! sea's intrusion4    
,aft] x is ?us wa%$1 !y put ! remnant   
into a wood5 di%1 broad1 flat1 & r\nd1  

be+ ab\t two foote ov]1 & hav+ two h&les
 fa/5$ at ! sides1 by :i* !y s(tly %ogge
 ! same to & fro 9 ! wat] betwe5e _!    
legges1 z !y sit ov] x1 untill :atsoev] 
( ! e>?ie sub/ance t 0 yet left be      
flitt$ away4 ,"s ( lat] "t1 ) a sleight]
 inv5tion1 & light] lab\r1 doe cause    
c]tayne boyes to /ir x up & d[n ) _!    
feete1 :i* worke? ! same effect2 !      
residue1 aft] ?is (t5 cl5s+1 !y call    
,blacke ,tynne4  ,x w be notic$ t ! wet 
/amp]s & ! buddle--work$ ) boyes        
feete--are innovations ( late times4 ,& 
! int]e/+ "q arises z to :e!r ,cornwall 
did n d]ive ! /amp-mill1 buddle1 &      
/rake1 f ! ,g]mans4 ,! fir/ adequate    
detail$ description ( ,corni% appliances
 is t ( ,pryce 7,m9]alogia ,cornubi5sis1
 ,london1 #aggh7 :]e ! app>atus is      
id5tical ) t describ$ by ,agricola #acj 
ye>s be=e4 ,! ^w /amp] ( ,cornwall is ( 
,g]man orig91 f /ampf]1 or1 z x is (t5  
writt5 9 old ,g]man works1 /amp]4       
,h[ev]1 ! pursuit ( ! subject ?r\gh     
etymology ends "h1 = no d]ivatives 9    

,g]man c be f\nd = buddle1 tye1 /rake1  
or o!r collat]al t]ms4 ,! fir/ tangible 
evid5ce ( ,g]man influ5ce is to be f\nd 
9 ,c>ew :o1 cont9u+ aft] ! above        
quotation1 /ates3 ,b si!nce ,i ga!r$    
/ickes to ! build+ ( ?is poore ne/1 ,sir
 ,francis ,godolph9 7^: k9d helpe ha?   
mu* advanc$ ?is my play+ lab\r7 ent]ta9$
 a ,dut* ,myn]all man1 & tak+ light f 8 
exp]i5ce1 b build+ !reon f>re m         
pr(itable conclusions ( 8 owne inv5tion1
 ha? practis$ a m sav+ way 9 ^! matt]s1 
& besides1 made ,tynne ) good pr(it ( t 
refuse :i* ,tynn]s reject$ z no?+ wor?4 
,beyond ?is quotation we c f9d no direct
 evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ,dut* ,myn]all  
m5 9 ,corni% t9 m9+ at ?is "t4 ,!re c be
 no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t 9 copp] m9+ 9        
,cornwall & else:]e 9 ,engl&1 ! ,dut*   
,myn]all m5 did play a l>ge "p 9 ! latt]
 "p ( ! #af? ,c5tury4 ,pettus 7,fod9ae  
,regales1 ,london1 #afgj1 p4 #bj7 /ates 
t ab\t ! ?ird ye> ( ,que5 ,elizabe?     
7#aefa7 %e by ! advice ( h] ,c\ncil s5t 
ov] = "s ,g]mans exp]i5c$ 9 m9es1 & be+ 

suppli$1 %e1 on ! t5? ( ,octob]1 9 !    
six? ( h] reign1 grant$ ! m9es ( eight  
c\nties 444 to ,h\ghsett]1 a ,g]man ^:  
"n & family /ill cont9ue 9 ,c>digan%ire4
 ,elizabe? grant$ l>ge m9+ rights to    
v>i\s ,g]mans1 & ! op5+ p>agraphs ( two 
out ( sev]al ,*>t]s may be quot$ 9 po9t4
 ,?is grant is dat$ #aefe1 & 9 "p reads3
 ,,elizabe?1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1 ,que5 (
 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,irel&1 ,def5d] ( ! 
,fai?1 c4 ,to all ,m5 to :om ^! ,lett]s 
,pat5ts %all come1 ,greet+4 ,:]e        
h]et(ore we h grant$ ,privileges to     
,cornelius de ,voz1 = ! ,m9+ & ,digg+ 9 
our ,realm ( ,engl&1 = ,allom &         
,copp]as1 & = div]s ,ew]s ( ,metals t 7 
to be f\nd 9 digg+ = ! said ,allom &    
,copp]as1 incid5tly & consequ5tly )\t   
fraud or guile1 z by ! same our         
,privilege may appe>4 ,& :]e we also    
mov$1 by cr$ible ,report to u made1 ( "o
 ,daniel ,h\ghsett]1 a ,g]man born1 & ( 
8 ,skill & ,k ( & 9 all mann] ( ,m9es1 (
 ,metals & ,m9]als1 h giv5 & grant$     
,privilege to ,?omas ,?url&1 ,cl]k1 "o (

 our ,*apla9s1 & ,ma/] ( ! ,hospital (  
,savoy1 & to ! same ,daniel1 = digg+ &  
m9+ = all mann] ( ,ew]s ( ,gold1 ,silv]1
 ,copp]1 & ,quicksilv]1 )9 our ,c\nties 
( ,york1 ,lanca/]1 ,cumb]l&1 ,we/morl&1 
,cornwall1 ,devon1 ,gl\ce/]1 & ,worce/]1
 & )9 our ,pr9cipality ( ,wales2 & ) !  
same fur!r to deal1 z by our said       
,privilege !re( grant$ & made to ! said 
,?omas ,?url& & ,daniel ,h\ghsett] may  
appe>4 ,& we n[ be+ m9d$ t ! said       
,commodities1 & all o!r ,treasures ( !  
,e>?1 9 all o!r ,places ( our ,realm (  
,engl&4444 ,on ! same date ano!r grant  
reads3 ,,elizabe?1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1  
,que5 ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,irel&1      
,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 c4 ,to all ,m5 to :om
 ^! our ,lett]s ,pat5ts %all come1      
,greet+4 ,:]e we h receiv$ cr$ible      
,in=mation t our fai?ful & well-belov$  
,subject ,william ,humfrey1 ,sayma/] (  
our ,m9t )9 our ,t[] ( ,london1 by 8    
great ,endeav\r1 ,lab\r1 & ,*>ge1 ha?   
br\ght into ?is our ,realm ( ,engl& "o  
,*ri/oph] ,%utz1 an ,alma91 born at ,/4 

,ann5 ,b]g1 "u ! ,ob$i5ce ( ! ,elect] ( 
,saxony2 a ,workman z x is report$1 (   
great ,cunn+1 ,k1 & ,exp]i5ce1 z well 9 
! f9d+ ( ! ,calam9 ,/one1 call'd 9      
,lat91 lapis calam9>is1 & 9 ! "r & prop]
 use & commodity !re(1 = ! ,composition 
( ! mix'd ,metal commonly call'd latt51 
etc4 ,col4 ,grant-,francis1 9 8 mo/     
valuable collection 7,smelt+ ( ,copp] 9 
! ,swansea ,di/rict1 ,london1 #ahha7 has
 publi%$ a collection ( correspond5ce   
relat+ to e>ly m9+ & smelt+ op]ations 9 
,great ,brita94 ,& among !m 7p4 #a41    
etc47 are lett]s 9 ! ye>s #aehc-f f     
,william ,c>nsewe & o!rs to ,?omas      
,smy?1 ) reg>d to ! fir/ smelt] erect$  
at ,nea?1 :i* 0 bas$ ^u copp] m9es 9    
,cornwall4 ,he m5tions ,mr4 ,we/on's 7a 
p>tn]7 provyd5ce 9 br+ynge hys ,dut*    
myn]s he!r to aplye su* bus9ys 9 ?is    
c\ntrye ys m to be comm5dyd ?an 8       
ignorance ( our c\ntrym5's actyvytyes 9 
su*e matt]s4 ,! pr9cipal ,dut*e ,m9]al  
,ma/] ref]r$ to 0 "o ,ulrick ,frosse1 :o
 _h *>ge ( ! m9e at ,p]9 ,s&s 9         

,cornwall1 & subsequ5tly ( ! smelt] at  
,nea?4 ,fur!r on is giv5 7p4 #be7 a     
,report by ,jo*im ,gaunse ^u ! ,smelt+ (
 copp] ores at ,keswick 9 ,cumb]l& 9    
#aeha1 ref]r$ to 9 note #b1 p4 #bfg4 ,! 
,daniel ,ho*/ett] m5tion$ 9 ! ,*>t]     
above1 toge!r ) o!r ,g]man & ,engli%    
g5tlem51 =m$ ! ,company ( ,m9es ,royal &
 among ! prop]ties work$ 7 ^? ) :i*     
,gaunse's report is conc]n$4 ,!re is 9 !
 ,record ,(fice1 ,london 7,ex*equ]      
,k4,r4 ,com4 ,d]by #faa4 ,eliz47 !      
record ( an int]e/+ inquisition into    
,d]by%ire me?ods 9 :i* a !n rec5t great 
improvem5t 0 ! jigg+ sieve1 !           
introduction ( :i* 0 due to ,william    
,humphrey 7m5tion$ above74 ,x is        
possible t he le>n$ ( x f ! ,g]man ) :om
 he 0 associat$4 ,mu* m evid5ce ( !     
activity ( ! ,g]mans 9 ,engli% m9+ at   
?is p]iod c be adduc$4  ,on ! o!r h&1   
,cornwall has laid claims to hav+ taught
 ! art ( t9 m9+ & metallurgy to !       
,g]mans4 ,mat!w ,p>is1 a ,b5$ict9e monk1
 by bir? an ,engli%man1 :o di$ 9 #abei1 

relates 7,hi/oria ,major ,angliae1      
,london1 #aega7 t a ,corni%man :o fl$ to
 ,g]many on acc\nt ( a murd]1 fir/      
discov]$ t9 !re 9 #abda1 & t 9          
consequ5ce ! price ( t9 fell greatly4   
,?is /atem5t is recall$ ) great p]si/5ce
 by _m writ]s on ,cornwall4 7,camd51    
,britannia1 ,london1 #aehf2 ,borlase1   
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall1 ,ox=d1    
#ageh2 ,pryce1 ,m9]alogia ,cornubi5sis1 
,london1 #aggh1 p4 #gj1 & o!rs74  #aa   
,lapidibus liquesc5tibus4 7,see note    
#ae1 p4 #chj74  #ab ,,hi/orical ,,note  
,,on ,,amalgamation4 ,! recov]y ( gold  
by ! use ( m]cury possibly dates f      
,roman times1 b ! application ( !       
process to silv] does n seem to g back  
prior to ! #af? ,c5tury4 ,quicksilv] 0  
well-kn[n to ! ,greeks1 & is describ$ by
 ,!ophra/us 7#aje7 & o!rs 7see note #eh1
 p4 #dcb1 on quicksilv]74 ,h[ev]1 !     
,greeks made no m5tion ( its use =      
amalgamation1 &1 9 fact1 ,dioscorides   
7,v1 #gj7 says x is kept 9 vessels (    
glass1 lead1 t9 or silv]2 if kept 9     

vessels ( any o!r k9d x consumes !m &   
fl[s away4 ,x 0 us$ by !m = m$ic9al     
purposes4 ,! ,romans amalgamat$ gold )  
m]cury1 b :e!r !y took advantage ( !    
pr9ciple to recov] gold f ores we d n   
"k4 ,vitruvius 7,,vii1 #h7 makes !      
foll[+ /atem5t3--,if quicksilv] be plac$
 9 a vessel & a /one ( a hundr$ p\nds'  
weight be plac$ on x1 x w swim at ! top1
 & w1 not)/&+ its weight1 be incapable (
 press+ ! liquid s z to break or sep>ate
 x4 ,if ?is be tak5 out1 & only a s+le  
scruple ( gold be put 91 t w n swim1 b  
imm$iately desc5d to ! bottom4 ,?is is a
 pro( t ! gravity ( a body does n dep5d 
on its weight1 b on its nature4         
,quicksilv] is us$ = _m purposes2 )\t x1
 nei!r silv] nor brass c be prop]ly     
gilt4 ,:5 gold is embroid]$ on a g>m5t  
:i* is worn out & no long] fit = use1 ! 
clo? is burnt ov] ! fire 9 e>!n pots2 ! 
a%es are ?r[n into wat] & quicksilv]    
add$ to !m2 ?is collects all ! p>ticles 
( gold & unites ) !m4 ,! wat] is !n p\r$
 (f & ! residuum plac$ 9 a clo?1 :i*1 :5

 squeez$ ) ! h&s1 suff]s ! liquid       
quicksilv] to pass ?r\gh ! pores ( !    
clo?1 b reta9s ! gold 9 a mass )9 x4    
7,gwilt's ,trans41 p4 #bag74 ,pl9y is r 
m explicit 7,,xxxiii1 #cb73 ,all floats 
on x 7quicksilv]7 except gold4 ,?is x   
draws into itself1 & on t acc\nt is !   
be/ means ( purify+2 =1 on be+ repeat$ly
 agitat$ 9 e>!n pots x ca/s out ! o!r   
?+s & ! impurities4 ,^! ?+s be+ reject$1
 9 ord] t x may give up ! gold1 x is    
squeez$ 9 prep>$ sk9s1 ?r\gh :i*1 exud+ 
l p]spiration1 x leaves ! gold pure4 ,x 
may be not$ p>ticul>ly t bo? ^! au?ors  
/ate t gold is ! only sub/ance t does n 
float1 &1 moreov]1 n[h]e d we f9d any   
ref]5ce to silv] comb9+ ) m]cury1 al?\gh
 ,beckmann 7,hi/4 ( ,inv5tions1 ,vol4   
,i1 p4 #ad7 n only /ates t ! above      
passage f ,pl9y ref]s to silv]1 b 9     
fur!r error1 attributes ! orig9 ( silv] 
amalgamation ( ores to ! ,spani>ds 9 !  
,indies4  ,! ,al*emi/s ( ! ,middle ,ages
 7 well aw>e t silv] w\ld amalgamate )  
m]cury4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 difficulty 9 any

 conclusion t x 0 appli$ by !m to       
sep>at+ silv] or gold f ore4 ,! involv$ 
gibb]i% 9 :i* mo/ ( _! utt]ances 0 c\*$1
 obscures mo/ ( _! reactions 9 any ev5t4
 ,! ,s*ool ( ,geb] 7,app5dix ,b7 held t 
all metals 7 a comp\nd ( spiritual      
m]cury & sulphur1 & !y cle>ly amalgamat$
 silv] ) m]cury1 & sep>at$ !m by        
di/illation4 ,! ,probi]bue*le9 7#aebj87 
describes a me?od ( recov]+ silv] f !   
cem5t us$ 9 p>t+ gold & silv]1 by mix+ !
 cem5t 7silv] *lorides7 ) quicksilv]4   
,agricola n[h]e 9 ?is "w m5tions !      
treatm5t ( silv] ores by amalgamation1  
al?\gh he 0 famili> ) ,bir+uccio 7,de   
,la ,pirote*nia71 z he himself m5tions 9
 ! ,preface4 ,?is "w1 publi%$ at lea/ t5
 ye>s be=e ,de ,re ,metallica1 conta9s !
 fir/ compreh5sive acc\nt ( silv]       
amalgamation4 ,!re is m ?an usual int]e/
 9 ! description1 because1 n only did x 
prec$e ,de ,re ,metallica1 b x is also a
 specific explanation ( ! fundam5tal    
ess5tials ( ! ,patio ,process long be=e 
! date :5 ! ,spani>ds c\ld possibly h   

inv5t$ t process 9 ,mexico4 ,we quote   
,mr4 ,a4 ,dick's translation f ,p]cy    
7,metallurgy ( ,silv] & ,gold1 p4 #efj73
  ,he 0 c]ta9ly end[$ ) mu* useful &    
+5i\s ?\ght :o inv5t$ ! %ort me?od (    
extract+ metal f ! sweep+s produc$ by ^?
 arts :i* h to d ) gold & silv]1 e      
sub/ance left 9 ! refuse by smelt]s1 &  
also ! sub/ance f c]ta9 ores !mselves1  
)\t ! lab\r ( fus+1 b by ! sole means & 
virtue ( m]cury4 ,to effect ?is1 a l>ge 
bas9 is fir/ con/ruct$ ( /one or timb] &
 wall$1 into :i* is fitt$ a mill/one    
made to turn l t ( a mill4 ,into ! holl[
 ( ?is bas9 is plac$ matt] conta9+ gold 
7della mat]ia vra *e ti5e oro71 well    
gr\nd 9 a mort> & aft]w>d wa%$ & dri$2  
&1 ) ! above-m5tion$ mill/one1 x is     
gr\nd :ile be+ moi/5$ ) v9eg>1 or wat]1 
9 :i* has be5 dissolv$ corrosive        
sublimate 7solimato71 v]digris 7v]de    
rame71 & common salt4 ,ov] ^! mat]ials  
is !n put z mu* m]cury z w cov] !m2 !y  
are !n /irr$ = an h\r or two1 by turn+ !
 mill/one1 ei!r by h&1 or horse-p[]1    

accord+ to ! plan adopt$1 be>+ 9 m9d t !
 m ! m]cury & ! mat]ials are bruis$     
toge!r by ! mill/one1 ! m ! m]cury may  
be tru/$ to h tak5 up ! sub/ance :i* !  
mat]ials conta94 ,! m]cury1 9 ?is       
condition1 c !n be sep>at$ f ! e>?y     
matt] by a sieve1 or by wa%+1 & ?us y w 
recov] ! aurif]\s m]cury 7el vro        
m]curio74 ,aft] ?is1 by driv+ (f !      
m]cury by means ( a flask 7i4e41 by     
heat+ 9 a retort or an alembic71 or by  
pass+ x ?r\gh a bag1 !re w rema91 at !  
bottom1 ! gold1 silv]1 or copp]1 or     
:atev] metal 0 plac$ 9 ! bas9 "u !      
mill/one to be gr\nd4 ,hav+ be5 desir\s 
( kn[+ ?is secret1 ,i gave to him :o    
taught x to me a r+ ) a diamond wor? #be
 ducats2 he also requir$ me to give him 
! eigh? "p ( any pr(it ,i might make by 
us+ x4 ,?is ,i wi%$ to tell y1 n t y    
%\ld return ! ducats to me = tea*+ y !  
secret1 b 9 ord] t y %\ld e/eem x all ! 
m & hold x de>4  ,9 ano!r "p ( !        
treatise ,bir+uccio /ates t wa%$        
7conc5trat$7 ores may be ultimately     

r$uc$ ei!r by lead or m]cury4 ,conc]n+  
^! silv] conc5trates he writes3 ,aft]w>d
 dr5*+ !m ) v9eg> 9 :i* has be5 put gre5
 copp] 7i4e41 v]digris72 or dr5*+ !m )  
wat] 9 :i* has be5 dissolv$ vitriol &   
gre5 copp]4444 ,he next describes h[ ?is
 mat]ial %\ld be gr\nd ) m]cury4 ,! "q z
 to :o 0 ! inv5tor ( silv] amalgamation 
w probably nev] be cle>$ up4 ,accord+ to
 ,ulloa 7,relacion ,hi/orica ,del ,viage
 a la ,am]ica ,m]idional1 ,madrid1      
#agdh7 ,dom ,p$ro ,f]n&es ,de ,velasco  
discov]$ ! process 9 ,mexico 9 #aeff4 ,!
 e>lie/ te*nical acc\nt is t ( ,fa!r    
,joseph ,de ,aco/a 7,hi/oria ,natural y 
,moral de las ,indias1 ,seville1 #aeij1 
,engli% trans4 ,edw>d ,grim/on1 ,london1
 #afjd1 re-publi%$ by ! ,hakluyt        
,society1 #ahhj74 ,aco/a 0 born 9 #aedj1
 & sp5t ! ye>s #aegj to #aehe 9 ,p]u1 & 
#aehf 9 ,mexico4 ,x may be not$ t       
,potosi 0 discov]$ 9 #aede4 ,he /ates t 
ref9+ silv] ) m]cury 0 introduc$ at     
,potosi by ,p$ro ,f]n&es de ,velasco f  
,mexico 9 #aega1 & /ates 7,grim/on's    

,trans41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bai73 444 ,!y put
 ! p[d] ( ! metall into ! vessels ^u    
furnaces1 :]eas !y ano9t x & mortifie x 
) br9e1 putt+ to e fiftie qu9talles (   
p[d] five qu9talles ( salt4 ,& ?is !y d 
= t ! salt sep>ates ! e>? & fil?1 to !  
end ! quicksilv] may ! m easily draw !  
silv] unto x4 ,aft]1 !y put quicksilv]  
into a piece ( holl& & presse x out ^u !
 metall1 :i* goes =? l a dewe1 alwaies  
turn+ & /irr+ ! metall1 to ! end x may  
be well incorporate4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( 
^! furnaces ( fire1 !y did (t5 m+le _!  
metall ) quicksilv] 9 great tr\ghes1    
lett+ x settle "s daies1 & did !n mix x 
& /irre x aga9e1 until !y ?\ght all !   
quicksilv] 7 well incorporate ) ! silv]1
 ! :i* cont9u$ tw5tie daies & m1 & at   
lea/ n9e daies4 ,frequ5t m5tion ( !     
diff]5t me?ods ( silv] amalgamation is  
made by ! ,spani% writ]s subsequ5t to   
?is "t1 ! be/ acc\nt be+ t ( ,alonso    
,b>ba1 a prie/4 ,b>ba 0 a native (      
,lepe1 9 ,&alusia1 & foll[$ 8 call+ at  
v>i\s places 9 ,p]u f ab\t #afjj to ab\t

 #afcj1 & at "o "t held ! ,curacy ( ,/4 
,b]n>d at ,potosi4 ,9 #afdj he publi%$  
at ,madrid 8 ,arte de los ,metales1     
etc41 9 five books4 ,! fir/ two books ( 
?is "w 7 translat$ into ,engli% by !    
,e>l ( ,s&wi*1 & publi%$ 9 ,london 9    
#afgd1 "u ! title ,! ,fir/ ,book ( !    
,art ( ,metals4 ,?is translation is     
equally wret*$ ) ^? 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man1 z 
might be expect$ f ! translators' total 
lack ( te*nical und]/&+4 ,among ! me?ods
 ( silv] amalgamation describ$ by ,b>ba 
is "o :i*1 ^u lat] discov]y at ,virg9ia 
,city1 is n[ kn[n z ! ,wa%oe ,process4  
,none ( ! ,spani% writ]s1 s f> z we "k1 
make ref]5ce to ,bir+uccio's acc\nt1 & !
 "q arises :e!r ! ,patio ,process 0 an  
importation f ,europe or :e!r x 0       
re-inv5t$ 9 ,mexico4 ,:ile !re is no    
direct evid5ce on ! po9t1 ! presumption 
is 9 fav\r ( ! =m]4  ,! g5]al           
introduction ( ! amalgamation ( silv]   
ores into ,c5tral ,europe seems to h be5
 v sl[1 & ov] #bjj ye>s elaps$ aft] its 
adoption 9 ,p]u & ,mexico be=e x receiv$

 s]i\s att5tion by ! ,g]man             
,metallurgi/s4 ,ignaz ,eld] v4 ,born 0 !
 fir/ to e/abli% ! process effectually 9
 ,europe1 he hav+ 9 #aghd erect$ a      
quick-mill at ,glas%utte1 ne> ,%emnitz4 
,he publi%$ an elaborate acc\nt ( a     
process :i* he claim$ z 8 own1 "u !     
title ,ueb] das ,anquick5 d] ,gold und  
,silb]haeltig5 ,erze1 ,vi5na1 #aghf4 ,! 
only ?+ new 9 8 process seems to h be5  
me*anical agitation4 ,accord+ to ,born1 
a ,spani>d nam$ ,don ,juan de ,corduba1 
9 ! ye> #aehh1 appli$ to ! ,c\rt at     
,vi5na (f]+ to extract silv] f ores )   
m]cury4 ,v>i\s te/s 7 c>ri$ out "u !    
celebrat$ ,laz>us ,erck]n1 & al?\gh x   
appe>s t "s vitriol & salt 7 us$1 !     
trials app>5tly fail$1 = ,erck]n        
conclud$ 8 report ) ! advice3 ,t _!     
,lord%ips %\ld n suff] any m exp5se to  
be ?r[n away ^u ?is exp]im5t4 ,born's "w
 0 translat$ into ,engli% by ,r4 ,e4    
,raspe1 "u ! title--,b>on ,inigo ,born's
 ,new ,process ( ,amalgamation1 etc41   
,london1 #agia4 ,"s int]e/ atta*es to   

,raspe1 9 t he 0 n only ! au?or ( ,b>on 
,mun*aus51 b 0 also ! villa9 9 ,scott's 
,antiqu>y4 ,raspe 0 a ,g]man ,pr(essor  
at ,cassel1 :o fl$ to ,engl& to avoid   
arre/ = !ft4 ,he work$ at v>i\s m9es 9  
,cornwall1 & 9 #agia involv$ ,sir ,john 
,s9clair 9 a fruitless m9e1 b disappe>$ 
be=e t 0 kn[n4 ,! incid5t 0 f9ally us$  
by ,sir ,walt] ,scott 9 ?is novel4  #ac 
,aurum 9 ea remanet purum4 ,?is same    
error ( assum+ squeez$ amalgam to be    
pure gold occurs 9 ,pl9y2 see previ\s   
footnote4  #ad ,george1 ,duke ( ,saxony1
 surnam$ ,! ,be>d$1 0 born #adga1 & di$ 
#aeci4 ,he 0 *iefly kn[n = 8 bitt]      
opposition to ! ,re=mation4  #ae ,!     
,julian ,alps are a section ea/ ( !     
,c>nic ,alps & lie nor? ( ,trie/e4 ,!   
t]m ,rhaetian ,alps is appli$ to t      
section along ! ,swiss ,italian ,b\nd>y1
 ab\t nor? ( ,lake ,como4  #af ,anci5t  
,lusitania compris$ ,portugal & "s      
neighb\r+ portions ( ,spa94  #ag        
,col*is1 ! traditional l& ( ! ,gold5    
,fleece1 lay betwe5 ! ,caucasus on !    

nor?1 ,arm5ia on ! s\?1 & ! ,black ,sea 
on ! we/4 ,if ,agricola's acc\nt ( !    
metallurgical purpose ( ! fleece is     
correct1 !n ,jason mu/ h _h real cause =
 compla9t z to ! tangible results ( 8   
exp$ition4 ,! fact t we he> no?+ ( !    
fleece aft] ! day x 0 tak5 f ! dragon   
w\ld ?us support ,agricola's !ory4 ,tons
 ( ink h be5 exp5d$ dur+ ! pa/ ?irty    
c5turies 9 explanations ( :at ! fleece  
really 04 ,^! explanations range ?r\gh !
 sup]natural & metallurgical1 b m rec5t 
writ]s h endeav\r$ to con/ruct ! j\rney 
( ! ,argonauts into an epic ( !         
developm5t ( ! ,greek trade 9 gold ) !  
,eux9e4 ,we w n attempt to trav]se !m f 
a metallurgical po9t ( view fur!r ?an to
 ma9ta9 t ,agricola's explanation is z  
probable & equally z +5i\s z any o!r1   
al?\gh ,/rabo 7,,xi1 #b1 #ai47 gives mu*
 ! same view long be=e4  ,alluvial      
m9+--gold wa%+--be+ z old z ! fir/      
glimm] ( civilization1 x is ref]r$ to1  
directly or indirectly1 by a great      
majority ( anci5t writ]s1 poets1        

hi/orians1 geograph]s1 & naturali/s4    
,e>ly ,egyptian inscriptions (t5 ref] to
 ?is indu/ry1 b f ! po9t ( view (       
te*nical me?ods ! description by ,pl9y  
is practically ! only "o ( int]e/1 & 9  
,pl9y's *apt] on ! subject1 alluvial is 
badly confus$ ) ve9 m9+4 ,?is passage   
7,,xxxiii1 #ba7 is z foll[s3 ,gold is   
f\nd 9 ! _w 9 ?ree ways1 to say no?+ ( t
 f\nd 9 ,india by ! ants1 & 9 ,scy?ia by
 ! ,griff9s4 ,! fir/ is z gold du/ f\nd 
9 /reams1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,tagus 9    
,spa91 9 ! ,padus 9 ,italy1 9 ! ,hebrus 
9 ,?racia1 9 ! ,pactolus 9 ,asia1 & 9 ! 
,ganges 9 ,india2 inde$1 !re is no gold 
f\nd m p]fect ?an ?is1 z ! curr5t       
poli%es x ?or\ghly by attrition4444     
,o!rs by equal lab\r & great] exp5se br+
 riv]s f ! m\nta9 heights1 (t5 a hundr$ 
miles1 = ! purpose ( wa%+ ?is debris4 ,!
 dit*es ?us made are call$ corrugi1 f   
our ^w corrivatio1 ,i suppose2 & ^!     
entail a ?\s& fre% lab\rs4 ,! fall mu/  
be /eep1 t ! wat] may ru% d[n f v high  
places1 r ?an fl[ g5tly4 ,! dit*es      

across ! valleys are jo9$ by aqu$ucts1 &
 9 o!r places1 impassable rocks h to be 
cut away & =c$ to make room = tr\ghs (  
holl[$-out logs4 ,^? :o cut ! rocks are 
susp5d$ by ropes1 s t to ^? :o wat* !m f
 a di/ance1 ! workm5 seem n s mu* bea/s 
z birds4 ,hang+ ?us1 !y take ! levels & 
trace ! l9es :i* ! dit* is to take2 &   
?us1 :]e !re is no place = man's        
foot/ep1 /reams are dragg$ by m54 ,!    
wat] is vitiat$ = wa%+ if ! curr5t ( !  
/ream c>ries mud ) x4 ,?is k9d ( e>? is 
call$ urium1 h5ce ^! dit*es are laid out
 to c>ry ! wat] ov] b$s ( pebbles to    
avoid ?is urium4 ,:5 !y h rea*$ ! head (
 ! fall1 at ! top ( ! m\nta91 res]voirs 
are excavat$ a c\ple ( hundr$ feet long 
& wide1 & ab\t t5 feet deep4 ,9 ^!      
res]voirs !re are g5]ally five gates    
left1 ab\t ?ree feet squ>e1 s t :5 !    
res]voir is full1 ! gates are op5$1 & ! 
torr5t bur/s =? ) su* viol5ce t ! rocks 
are hurl$ along4 ,:5 !y h rea*$ ! pla9  
!re is yet m lab\r4 ,tr5*es call$ agogae
 are dug = ! fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,! bottoms ( 

^! are spread at regul> int]vals ) ulex 
to cat* ! gold4 ,?is ulex is simil> to  
rosem>y1 r\gh & prickly4 ,! sides1 too1 
are clos$ 9 ) planks & are susp5d$ :5   
cross+ precipit\s spots4 ,! e>? is c>ri$
 to ! sea & ?us ! %att]$ m\nta9 is wa%$ 
away & scatt]$2 & ?is deposition ( ! e>?
 9 ! sea has ext5d$ ! %ore ( ,spa94444  
,! gold procur$ f arrugiae does n       
require to be melt$1 b is already pure  
gold4 ,x is f\nd 9 lumps1 9 %afts z     
well1 sometimes ev5 exce$+ t5 librae 9  
weight4 ,^! lumps are call$ palagae &   
palacurnae1 :ile ! small gra9s are call$
 baluce4 ,! ,ulex is dri$ & burnt & !   
a%es are wa%$ on a b$ ( grassy turf 9   
ord] t ! gold may settle !reon4  #ai    
,c>bunculus ,c>*$onius--,c>?ag9ian      
c>buncle4 ,! ,g]man is giv5 by ,agricola
 9 ! ,int]pretatio z granat1 i4e41      
g>net4  #bj ,z ! conc5tration ( cru%$ t9
 ore has be5 exhau/ively treat$ (       
already1 ! descriptions f "h on probably
 ref] entirely to alluvial t94  #ba ,f a
 metallurgical po9t ( view all ( ^!     

op]ations are roa/+4 ,ev5 to-day1 h[ev]1
 ! expression burn+ t9 is 9 use 9 "s    
p>ts ( ,cornwall1 & 9 =m] times x 0     
g5]al4  #bb ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! are  
mattes1 z w develop 9 ,book ,,ix4 ,!    
,g]man t]m 9 ! ,gloss>y = panes ex      
pyrite is /e91 ! same z ! mod]n ,g]man =
 matte4 ,orpim5t & realg> are ! yell[ & 
r$ ars5ical sulphides4 ,! cadmia 0 no   
d\bt ! cobalt-ars5ic m9]als 7see note on
 p4 #aab74 ,! solidifi$ juices 7 g5]ally
 any?+ t c\ld be expell$ %ort ( smelt+1 
i4e41 roa/$ (f or lea*$ out1 z %[n 9    
note #d1 p4 #a2 !y embrace ! sulphates1 
salts1 sulphur1 bitum51 & ars5ical      
sulphides1 etc4 ,= fur!r in=mation on   
lea*+ out ! sulphates1 alum1 etc41 see  
note #aj1 p4 #efd4     ,,book ,,ix4#a   
,s9ce ,i h writt5 ( ! v>i$ "w ( prep>+ !
 ores1 ,i w n[ write ( ! v>i\s me?ods ( 
smelt+ !m4 ,al?\gh ^? :o burn1 roa/ &   
calc9e#b ! ore1 take f x some?+ :i* is  
mix$ or comb9$ ) ! metals2 & ^? :o cru% 
x ) /amps take away mu*2 & ^? :o wa%1   
scre5 & sort x1 take away /ill m2 yet !y

 _c remove all :i* conceals ! metal f ! 
eye & r5d]s x crude & un=m$4 ,:]e=e     
smelt+ is necess>y1 = by ?is means e>?s1
 solidifi$ juices1 & /ones are sep>at$ f
 ! metals s t !y obta9 _! prop] col\r & 
become pure1 & may be ( great use to    
mank9d 9 _m ways4 ,:5 ! ore is smelt$1  
^? ?+s :i* 7 mix$ ) ! metal be=e x 0    
melt$ are driv5 =?1 because ! metal is  
p]fect$ by fire 9 ?is mann]4 ,s9ce      
metallif]\s ores diff] greatly among/   
!mselves1 fir/ z to ! metals :i* !y     
conta91 !n z to ! quantity ( ! metal :i*
 is 9 !m1 & !n by ! fact t "s are       
rapidly melt$ by fire & o!rs sl[ly1 !re 
are1 !re=e1 _m me?ods ( smelt+4 ,con/ant
 practice has taught ! smelt]s by :i* ( 
^! me?ods !y c obta9 ! mo/ metal f any  
"o ore4 ,moreov]1 :ile sometimes !re are
 _m me?ods ( smelt+ ! same ore1 by :i*  
an equal weight ( metal is melt$ out1   
yet "o is done at a great] co/ & lab\r  
?an ! o!rs4 ,ore is ei!r melt$ ) a      
furnace or )\t "o2 if smelt$ ) a furnace
 ! tap-hole is ei!r tempor>ily clos$ or 

always op51 & if smelt$ )\t a furnace1 x
 is done ei!r 9 pots or 9 tr5*es4 ,b 9  
ord] to make ?is matt] cle>]1 ,i w      
describe ea* 9 detail1 beg9n+ ) !       
build+s & ! furnaces4  ,a wall :i* w be 
call$ ! second wall is con/ruct$ ( brick
 or /one1 two feet & z _m palms ?ick1 9 
ord] t x may be /rong en\gh to be> !    
weight4 ,x is built fifte5 feet high1 & 
its l5g? dep5ds on ! numb] ( furnaces   
:i* are put 9 ! works2 !re are usually  
six furnaces1 r>ely m1 & (t5 less4 ,!re 
are ?ree furnace walls1 a back "o :i* is
 aga9/ ! second wall1 & two side ones1 (
 :i* ,i w speak lat]4 ,^! %\ld be made (
 natural /one1 z ?is is m s]viceable ?an
 burnt bricks1 because bricks soon      
become defective & crumble away1 :5 !   
smelt] or 8 deputy *ips (f ! accretions 
:i* adh]e to ! walls :5 ! ore is smelt$4
 ,natural /one resi/s injury by ! fire &
 la/s a long "t1 especially t :i* is s(t
 & devoid ( cracks2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t  
:i* is h>d & has _m cracks is bur/      
asund] by ! fire & de/roy$4 ,= ?is      

reason1 furnaces :i* are made ( ! latt] 
are easily weak5$ by ! fire1 & :5 !     
accretions are *ipp$ (f !y crumble to   
pieces4 ,! front furnace wall %\ld be   
made ( brick1 & !re %\ld be 9 ! l[] "p a
 m\? ?ree palms wide & "o & a half feet 
high1 :5 ! he>? is complet$4 ,a hole    
slant+ upw>d1 ?ree palms long1 is made  
?r\gh ! back furnace wall1 at ! height (
 a cubit1 be=e ! he>? has be5 prep>$2   
?r\gh ?is hole & a hole "o foot long 9 !
 second wall--z ! back ( ?is wall has an
 ar*--is ins]t$ a pipe ( iron or bronze1
 9 :i* are fix$ ! nozzles ( ! bell[s4 ,!
 :ole ( ! front furnace wall is n m ?an 
five feet high1 s t ! ore may be        
conv5i5tly put into ! furnace1 toge!r ) 
^? ?+s :i* ! ma/] ne$s = 8 "w ( smelt+4 
,bo? ! side walls ( ! furnace are six   
feet high1 & ! back "o sev5 feet1 & !y  
are ?ree palms ?ick4 ,! int]ior ( !     
furnace is five palms wide1 six palms & 
a digit long1 ! wid? be+ measur$ by !   
space :i* lies betwe5 ! two side walls1 
& ! l5g? by ! space betwe5 ! front & !  

back walls2 h[ev]1 ! upp] "p ( ! furnace
 wid5s out some:at4  ,illu/ration #ceg  
7,bla/ ,furnaces73 ,a--,furnaces4       
,b--,=ehe>?s4  ,!re are two doors 9 !   
second wall if !re are six furnaces1 "o 
( ! doors be+ betwe5 ! second & ?ird    
furnaces & ! o!r betwe5 ! f\r? & fif?   
furnaces4 ,!y are a cubit wide & six    
feet high1 9 ord] t ! smelt]s may n h   
mi%aps 9 com+ & go+4 ,x is necess>y to h
 a door to ! "r ( ! fir/ furnace1 &     
simil>ly "o to ! left ( ! la/1 :e!r !   
wall is long] or n4 ,! second wall is   
c>ri$ fur!r :5 ! rooms = ! cupellation  
furnaces1 or any o!r build+1 adjo9 !    
rooms = ! bla/ furnaces1 ^! build+s be+ 
only divid$ by a p>tition4 ,! smelt]1 & 
! ones :o att5d to ! fir/ & ! la/       
furnaces1 if !y wi% to look at ! bell[s 
or to d any?+ else1 g out ?r\gh ! doors 
at ! end ( ! wall1 & ! o!r p g ?r\gh !  
o!r doors1 :i* are ! common ones4 ,!    
furnaces are plac$ at a di/ance ( six   
feet f "o ano!r1 9 ord] t ! smelt]s & _!
 assi/ants may m easily su/a9 ! fi]c5ess

 ( ! heat4 ,inasmu* z ! int]ior ( ea*   
furnace is five palms wide & ea* is six 
feet di/ant f ! o!r1 & inasmu* z !re is 
a space ( f\r feet ?ree palms at ! "r   
side ( ! fir/ furnace & z mu* at ! left 
side ( ! la/ furnace1 & !re are to be   
six furnaces 9 "o build+1 !n x is       
necess>y to make ! second wall fifty-two
 feet long2 because ! total ( ! wid?s ( 
all ( ! furnaces is sev5 & a half feet1 
! total ( ! spaces betwe5 ! furnaces is 
?irty feet1 ! space on ! out] sides ( ! 
fir/ & la/ furnaces is n9e feet & two   
palms1 & ! ?ickness ( ! two transv]se   
walls is five feet1 :i* make a total    
measurem5t ( fifty-two feet4#c  ,outside
 ea* furnace he>? !re is a small pit    
full ( p[d] :i* is compress$ by ramm+1 &
 9 ?is mann] is made ! =ehe>? :i*       
receives ! metal fl[+ f ! furnaces4 ,(  
?is ,i w speak lat]4  ,illu/ration #ceh 
7,bla/ ,furnaces73 ,a--,furnaces4       
,b--,=ehe>?4 ,c--,door4 ,d--,wat] tank4 
,e--,/one :i* cov]s x4 ,f--,mat]ial ( ! 
v5t walls4 ,g--,/one :i* cov]s x4       

,h--,pipe exhal+ ! vap\r4  ,buri$ ab\t a
 cubit "u ! =ehe>? & ! he>? ( ! furnace 
is a transv]se wat]-tank1 ?ree feet     
long1 ?ree palms wide & a cubit deep4 ,x
 is made ( /one or brick1 ) a /one cov]1
 = if x 7 n cov]$1 ! heat w\ld draw !   
moi/ure f bel[ & ! vap\r might be bl[n  
into ! he>? ( ! furnace z well z into ! 
=ehe>?1 & w\ld damp5 ! bla/4 ,! moi/ure 
w\ld vitiate ! bla/1 & "p ( ! metal w\ld
 be absorb$ & "p w\ld be mix$ ) ! slags1
 & 9 ?is mann] ! melt+ w\ld be greatly  
damag$4 ,f ea* wat]-tank is built a     
wall$ v5t1 to ! same dep? z ! tank1 b   
six digits wide2 ?is v5t slopes upw>d1 &
 soon] or lat] p5etrates ?r\gh to ! o!r 
side ( ! wall1 aga9/ :i* ! furnace is   
built4 ,at ! end ( ?is v5t !re is an    
op5+ :]e ! /eam1 into :i* ! wat] has be5
 conv]t$1 is exhau/$ ?r\gh a copp] or   
iron tube or pipe4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ !  
tank & ! v5t is mu* ! be/4 ,ano!r k9d   
has a simil> v5t b a diff]5t tank1 = x  
does n lie transv]sely "u ! =ehe>?1 b   
l5g?wise2 x is two feet & a palm long1 &

 a foot & ?ree palms wide1 & a foot & a 
palm deep4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ tanks is n 
condemn$ by u1 z is ! con/ruction ( ^?  
tanks )\t a v5t2 ! latt]1 :i* h no op5+ 
into ! air ?r\gh :i* ! vap\r may dis*>ge
 freely1 are inde$ to be condemn$4      
,illu/ration #cei 7,bell[s = bla/       
furnaces7  ,fifte5 feet beh9d ! second  
wall is con/ruct$ ! fir/ wall1 ?irte5   
feet high4 ,9 bo? ( ^! are fix$ ro(     
beams#d1 :i* are a foot wide & ?ick1 &  
n9ete5 feet & a palm long2 ^! are plac$ 
?ree feet di/ant f "o ano!r4 ,z ! second
 wall is two feet high] ?an ! fir/ wall1
 recesses are cut 9 ! back ( x two feet 
high1 "o foot wide1 & a palm deep1 & 9  
^! recesses1 z x 7 9 mortises1 are plac$
 "o end ( ea* ( ! beams4 ,into ^! ends  
are mortis$ ! bottoms ( j z _m po/s2 ^! 
po/s are tw5ty-f\r feet high1 ?ree palms
 wide & ?ick1 & f ! tops ( ! po/s ! same
 numb] ( raft]s /ret* d[nw>d to ! ends (
 ! beams sup]impos$ on ! fir/ wall2 !   
upp] ends ( ! raft]s are mortis$ into ! 
po/s & ! l[] ends are mortis$ into !    

ends ( ! beams laid on ! fir/ wall2 !   
raft]s support ! ro(1 :i* consi/s (     
burnt tiles4 ,ea* sep>ate raft] is      
propp$ up by a sep>ate timb]1 :i* is a  
cross-beam1 & is jo9$ to its po/4       
,planks close toge!r are affix$ to !    
po/s above ! furnaces2 ^! planks are    
ab\t two digits ?ick & a palm wide1 &   
!y1 toge!r ) ! wick] "w int]pos$ betwe5 
! timb]s1 are cov]$ ) lute s t !re may  
be no risk ( fire to ! timb]s &         
wick]-"w4 ,9 ?is practical mann] is     
con/ruct$ ! back "p ( ! works1 :i*      
conta9s ! bell[s1 _! frames1 ! me*anism 
= compress+ ! bell[s1 & ! in/rum5t =    
di/5d+ !m1 ( all ( :i* ,i w speak       
h]eaft]4  ,illu/ration #cfa 7,plan (    
,smelt] ,build+73 ,! f\r long walls3    
,a--,fir/4 ,b--,second4 ,c--,?ird4      
,d--,f\r?4 ,! sev5 transv]se walls3     
,e--,fir/4 ,f--,second4 ,g--,?ird4      
,h--,f\r?4 ,i--,fif?4 ,k--,six?4        
,l--,sev5?1 or middle4  ,9 front ( !    
furnaces is con/ruct$ ! ?ird long wall &
 likewise ! f\r?4 ,bo? are n9e feet     

high1 b ( ! same l5g? & ?ickness z ! o!r
 two1 ! f\r? be+ n9e feet di/ant f !    
?ird2 ! ?ird is tw5ty-"o & a half feet f
 ! second4 ,at a di/ance ( twelve feet f
 ! second wall1 f\r po/s sev5 & a half  
feet high1 a cubit wide & ?ick1 are set 
^u rock laid und]nea?4 ,into ! tops ( ! 
po/s ! ro( beam is mortis$2 ?is ro( beam
 is two feet & z _m palms long] ?an !   
di/ance betwe5 ! second & ! fif?        
transv]se walls1 9 ord] t its ends may  
re/ on ! transv]se walls4 ,if !re %\ld n
 be s long a beam at h&1 two are        
sub/itut$ = x4 ,z ! l5g? ( ! long beam  
is z above1 & z ! po/s are equidi/ant1 x
 is necess>y t ! po/s %\ld be a di/ance 
( n9e feet1 "o palm1 two & two-fif?s    
digits f ea* o!r1 & ! end ones ?is      
di/ance f ! transv]se walls4 ,on ?is    
longitud9al beam & to ! ?ird & f\r?     
walls are fix$ twelve second>y beams    
tw5ty-f\r feet long1 "o foot wide1 ?ree 
palms ?ick1 & di/ant f ea* o!r ?ree     
feet1 "o palm1 & two digits4 ,9 ^!      
second>y beams1 :]e !y re/ on !         

longitud9al beams1 are mortis$ ! ends ( 
! same numb] ( raft]s z !re are po/s :i*
 /& on ! second wall4 ,! ends ( ! raft]s
 d n rea* to ! tops ( ! po/s1 b are two 
feet away f !m1 t ?r\gh ?is op5+1 :i* is
 l ! op5 "p ( a =ge1 ! furnaces c emit  
_! fumes4 ,9 ord] t ! raft]s %\ld n fall
 d[n1 !y are support$ p>tly by iron     
rods1 :i* ext5d f ea* raft] to !        
opposite po/1 & p>tly support$ by a few 
tie-beams1 :i* 9 ! same mann] ext5d f "s
 raft]s to ! po/s opposite1 & give !m   
/ability4 ,to ^! tie-beams1 z well z to 
! raft]s :i* face ! po/s1 a numb] (     
bo>ds1 ab\t two digits ?ick & a palm    
wide1 are fix$ at a di/ance ( a palm f  
ea* o!r1 & are cov]$ ) lute s t !y d n  
cat* fire4 ,9 ! second>y beams1 :]e !y  
are laid on ! f\r? wall1 are mortis$ !  
l[] ends ( ! same numb] ( raft]s z ^? 9 
a set ( raft]s#e opposite !m4 ,f ! ?ird 
long wall ^! raft]s are jo9$ & ti$ to ! 
ends ( ! opposite raft]s1 s t !y may n  
slip1 & besides !y are /r5g!n$ )        
sub/ructures :i* are made ( cross &     

oblique timb]s4 ,! raft]s support ! ro(4
  ,9 ?is mann] ! front "p ( ! build+ is 
made1 & is divid$ into ?ree p>ts2 ! fir/
 "p is twelve feet wide & is "u ! hood1 
:i* consi/s ( two walls1 "o v]tical & "o
 incl9$4 ,! second "p is ! same numb] ( 
feet wide & is = ! reception ( ! ore to 
be smelt$1 ! fluxes1 ! *>coal1 & o!r ?+s
 :i* are ne$$ by ! smelt]4 ,! ?ird "p is
 n9e feet wide & conta9s two sep>ate    
rooms ( equal size1 9 "o ( :i* is !     
assay furnace1 :ile ! o!r conta9s !     
metal to be melt$ 9 ! cupellation       
furnaces4 ,x is ?us necess>y t 9 !      
build+ !re %\ld be1 besides ! f\r long  
walls1 sev5 transv]se walls1 ( :i* !    
fir/ is con/ruct$ f ! upp] end ( ! fir/ 
long wall to ! upp] end ( ! second long 
wall2 ! second proce$s f ! end ( ?is to 
! end ( ! ?ird long wall2 ! ?ird        
likewise f ?is end ( ! la/ ext5ds to !  
end ( ! f\r? long wall2 ! f\r? leads f !
 l[] end ( ! fir/ long wall to ! l[] end
 ( ! second long wall2 ! fif? ext5ds f !
 end ( ?is to ! end ( ! ?ird long wall2 

! six? ext5ds f ?is la/ end to ! end ( !
 f\r? long wall2 ! sev5? divides into   
two p>ts ! space betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r?   
long walls4  ,to return to ! back "p ( !
 build+1 9 :i*1 z ,i said1 are !        
bell[s#f1 _! frames1 ! ma*9]y =         
compress+ !m1 & ! in/rum5t = di/5d+ !m4 
,ea* bell[s consi/s ( a body & a head4  
,! body is compos$ ( two bo>ds1 two b[s1
 & two hides4 ,! upp] bo>d is a palm    
?ick1 five feet & ?ree palms long1 & two
 & a half feet wide at ! back "p1 :]e   
ea* ( ! sides is a little curv$1 & x is 
a cubit wide at ! front "p ne> ! head4  
,! :ole ( ! body ( ! bell[s tap]s t[>d !
 head4 ,t :i* we n[ call ! bo>d consi/s 
( two pieces ( p9e1 jo9$ & glu$ toge!r1 
& ( two /rips ( l9d5 wood :i* b9d !     
edges ( ! bo>d1 ^! be+ sev5 digits wide 
at ! back1 & 9 front ne> ! head ( !     
bell[s "o & a half digits wide4 ,^!     
/rips are glu$ to ! bo>ds1 s t !re %all 
be less damage f ! iron nails driv5     
?r\gh ! hide4 ,!re are "s p :o d n      
surr\nd ! bo>ds ) /rips1 b use bo>ds    

only1 :i* are v ?ick4 ,! upp] bo>d has  
an ap]ture & a h&le2 ! ap]ture is 9 !   
middle ( ! bo>d & is "o foot ?ree palms 
di/ant f :]e ! bo>d jo9s ! head ( !     
bell[s1 & is six digits long & f\r wide4
 ,! lid = ?is ap]ture is two palms & a  
digit long & wide1 & ?ree digits ?ick2  
t[>d ! back ( ! lid is a little not* cut
 into ! surface s t x may be caught by !
 h&2 a groove is cut out ( ! top ( !    
front & sides1 s t x may engage 9 m\ld+s
 a palm wide & ?ree digits ?ick1 :i* are
 also cut out 9 a simil> mann] "u !     
edges4 ,n[1 :5 ! lid is drawn =w>d !    
hole is clos$1 & :5 drawn back x is     
op5$2 ! smelt] op5s ! ap]ture a little s
 t ! air may escape f ! bell[s ?r\gh x1 
if he fe>s ! hides might be bur/ :5 !   
bell[s are too vigor\sly & quickly      
inflat$2 he1 h[ev]1 closes ! ap]ture if 
! hides are ruptur$ & ! air escapes4    
,o!rs p]=ate ! upp] bo>d ) two or ?ree  
r\nd holes 9 ! same place z ! rectangul>
 "o1 & !y ins]t plugs 9 !m :i* !y draw  
out :5 x is necess>y4 ,! wood5 h&le is  

sev5 palms long1 or ev5 long]1 9 ord] t 
x may ext5d outside2 "o-half ( ?is h&le1
 two palms wide & "o ?ick1 is glu$ to ! 
end ( ! bo>d & fa/5$ ) pegs cov]$ )     
glue2 ! o!r half projects beyond ! bo>d1
 & is r\nd$ & sev5 digits ?ick4 ,besides
 ?is1 to ! h&le & to ! bo>d is fix$ a   
cleat two feet long1 z _m palms wide &  
"o palm ?ick1 & to ! "u side ( ! same   
bo>d1 at a di/ance ( ?ree palms f ! end1
 is fix$ ano!r cleat two feet long1 9   
ord] t ! bo>d may su/a9 ! =ce ( di/5sion
 & compression2 ^! two cleats are glu$  
to ! bo>d1 & are fa/5$ to x ) pegs cov]$
 ) glue4  ,! l[] bell[s-bo>d1 l ! upp]1 
is made ( two pieces ( p9e & ( two /rips
 ( l9d5 wood1 all glu$ toge!r2 x is ( ! 
same wid? & ?ickness z ! upp] bo>d1 b is
 a cubit long]1 ?is ext5sion be+ "p ( ! 
head ( :i* ,i h m to say a little lat]4 
,?is l[] bell[s-bo>d has an air-hole &  
an iron r+4 ,! air-hole is ab\t a cubit 
di/ant f ! po/]ior end1 & x is midway   
betwe5 ! sides ( ! bell[s-bo>d1 & is a  
foot long & ?ree palms wide2 x is divid$

 into equal p>ts by a small rib :i* =ms 
"p ( ! bo>d1 & is n cut f x2 ?is rib is 
a palm long & "o-?ird ( a digit wide4 ,!
 flap ( ! air-hole is a foot & ?ree     
digits long1 ?ree palms & z _m digits   
wide2 x is a ?9 bo>d cov]$ ) goat sk91 !
 hairy "p ( :i* is turn$ t[>d ! gr\nd4  
,!re is fix$ to "o end ( ! flap1 ) small
 iron nails1 "o-half ( a d\bl$ piece (  
lea!r a palm wide & z long z ! flap is  
wide2 ! o!r half ( ! lea!r1 :i* is beh9d
 ! flap1 is twice p]=at$1 z is also !   
bell[s-bo>d1 & ^! p]=ations are sev5    
digits ap>t4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ^! a /r+ is   
ti$ on ! "u side ( ! bo>d2 & ?us ! flap 
:5 ti$ to ! bo>d does n fall away4 ,9   
?is mann] are made ! flap & ! air-hole1 
s :5 ! bell[s are di/5d$ ! flap op5s1 :5
 compress$ x closes4 ,at a di/ance (    
ab\t a foot beyond ! air-hole a slightly
 elliptical iron r+1 two palms long & "o
 wide1 is fa/5$ by means ( an iron /aple
 to ! "u "p ( ! bell[s-bo>d2 x is at a  
di/ance ( ?ree palms f ! back ( !       
bell[s4 ,9 ord] t ! l[] bell[s-bo>d may 

rema9 /ation>y1 a wood5 bolt is driv5   
into ! r+1 aft] x p5etrates ?r\gh ! hole
 9 ! transv]se support+ plank :i* =ms "p
 ( ! frame = ! bell[s4 ,!re are "s :o   
disp5se ) ! r+ & fa/5 ! bell[s-bo>d to !
 frame ) two iron screws some?+ l nails4
  ,! b[s are plac$ betwe5 ! two bo>ds & 
are ( ! same l5g? z ! upp] bo>d4 ,!y are
 bo? made ( f\r pieces ( l9d5 wood ?ree 
digits ?ick1 ( :i* ! two long ones are  
sev5 digits wide at ! back & two & a    
half at ! front2 ! ?ird piece1 :i* is at
 ! back1 is two palms wide4 ,! ends ( ! 
b[s are a little m ?an a digit ?ick1 &  
are mortis$ to ! long pieces1 & bo? hav+
 be5 bor$ ?r\gh1 wood5 pegs cov]$ ) glue
 are fix$ 9 ! holes2 !y are ?us jo9$ &  
glu$ to ! long pieces4 ,ea* ( ! ends is 
b[$ 7arcuatur7 to meet ! end ( ! long "p
 ( ! b[1 :5ce its "n b[ orig9at$4 ,!    
f\r? piece keeps ! ends ( ! b[ di/5d$1 &
 is plac$ a cubit di/ant f ! head ( !   
bell[s2 ! ends ( ?is piece are mortis$  
into ! ends ( ! b[ & are jo9$ & glu$ to 
!m2 its l5g? )\t ! t5ons is a foot1 &   

its wid? a palm & two digits4 ,!re are1 
besides1 two o!r v small pieces glu$ to 
! head ( ! bell[s & to ! l[] bo>d1 &    
fa/5$ to !m by wood5 pegs cov]$ ) glue1 
& !y are ?ree palms & two digits long1  
"o palm high1 & a digit ?ick1 "o half   
be+ slightly cut away4 ,^! pieces keep !
 ends ( ! b[ away f ! hole 9 !          
bell[s-head1 = if !y 7 n !re1 ! ends1   
=c$ inw>d by ! great & frequ5t movem5t1 
w\ld be brok54  ,! lea!r is ( ox-hide or
 horse-hide1 b t ( ! ox is f> pref]able 
to t ( ! horse4 ,ea* ( ^! hides1 = !re  
are two1 is ?ree & a half feet wide :]e 
!y are jo9$ at ! back "p ( ! bell[s4 ,a 
long lea!rn ?ong is laid along ea* ( !  
bell[s-bo>ds & ea* ( ! b[s1 & fa/5$ by  
,t-%ap$ iron nails five digits long2 ea*
 ( ! horns ( ! nails is two & a half    
digits long & half a digit wide4 ,! hide
 is atta*$ to ! bell[s-bo>ds by means ( 
^! nails1 s t a horn ( "o nail almo/    
t\*es ! horn ( ! next2 b x is diff]5t ) 
! b[s1 = ! hide is fa/5$ to ! back piece
 ( ! b[ by only two nails1 & to ! two   

long pieces by f\r nails4 ,9 ?is        
practical mann] !y put t5 nails 9 "o b[ 
& ! same numb] 9 ! o!r4 ,sometimes :5 ! 
smelt] is afraid t ! vigor\s motion ( ! 
bell[s may pull or te> ! hide f ! b[s1  
he also fa/5s x ) little /rips ( p9e by 
means ( ano!r k9d ( nail1 b ^! /rips _c 
be fa/5$ to ! back pieces ( ! b[1       
because ^! are some:at b5t4 ,"s p d n   
fix ! hide to ! bell[s-bo>ds & b[s by   
iron nails1 b by iron screws1 screw$ at 
! same "t ?r\gh /rips laid ov] ! hide4  
,?is me?od ( fa/5+ ! hide is less us$   
?an ! o!r1 al?\gh !re is no d\bt t x    
surpasses x 9 excell5ce4  ,la/ly1 ! head
 ( ! bell[s1 l ! re/ ( ! body1 consi/s (
 two bo>ds1 & ( a nozzle besides4 ,!    
upp] bo>d is "o cubit long1 "o & a half 
palms ?ick4 ,! l[] bo>d is "p ( ! :ole (
 ! l[] bell[s-bo>d2 x is ( ! same l5g? z
 ! upp] piece1 b a palm & a digit ?ick4 
,f ^! two glu$ toge!r is made ! head1   
into :i*1 :5 x has be5 p]=at$1 ! nozzle 
is fix$4 ,! back "p ( ! head1 :]e x is  
atta*$ to ! re/ ( ! bell[s-body1 is a   

cubit wide1 b ?ree palms =w>d x becomes 
two digits n>r[]4 ,aft]w>d x is some:at 
cut away s t ! front end may be r\nd$1  
until x is two palms & z _m digits 9    
diamet]1 at :i* po9t x is b\nd ) an iron
 r+ ?ree digits wide4  ,! nozzle is a   
pipe made ( a ?9 plate ( iron2 ! diamet]
 9 front is ?ree digits1 :ile at ! back1
 :]e x is encas$ 9 ! head ( ! bell[s1 x 
is a palm high & two palms wide4 ,x ?us 
gradually wid5s out1 especially at !    
back1 9 ord] t a copi\s w9d c p5etrate  
into x2 ! :ole nozzle is ?ree feet long4
  ,illu/ration #cfe 7,bell[s = bla/     
furnaces73 ,a--,upp] bell[s-bo>d4       
,b--,l[] bell[s-bo>d4 ,c--,! two pieces 
( wood ( :i* ea* consi/s4 ,d--,po/]ior  
ar*$ "p ( ea*4 ,e--,tap]$ front "p (    
ea*4 ,f--,pieces ( l9d5 wood4           
,g--,ap]ture 9 ! upp] bo>d4 ,h--,lid4   
,i--,little m\ld+s ( wood4 ,k--,h&le4   
,l--,cleat on ! outside4 ,! cleat inside
 ,i am n able to depict4 ,m--,int]ior ( 
! l[] bell[s-bo>d4 ,n--,"p ( ! head4    
,o--,air-hole4 ,p--,support+ b>4        

,q--,flap4 ,r--,hide4 ,s--,?ong4        
,t--,ext]ior ( ! l[] bo>d4 ,v--,/aple4  
,x--,r+4 ,y--,b[4 ,z--,its long pieces4 
,,aa--,back piece ( ! b[4 ,,bb--,! b[$  
ends4 ,,cc--,crossb> di/5d+ ! b[4       
,,dd--,! two little pieces4 ,,ee--,hide4
 ,,ff--,nail4 ,,gg--,horn ( ! nail4     
,,hh--,a screw4 ,,ii--,long ?ong4       
,,kk--,head4 ,,ll--,its l[] bo>d4       
,,mm--,its upp] bo>d4 ,,nn--,nozzle4    
,,oo--,! :ole ( ! l[] bell[s-bo>d4      
,,pp--,! two ext]ior plates ( ! head    
h+es4 ,,qq--,_! curv$ piece4            
,,rr--,middle plate ( ! head4 ,,ss--,!  
two out] plates ( ! upp] bell[s-bo>d4   
,,tt--,its middle plate4 ,,vv--,little  
axle4 ,,xx--,:ole bell[s4  ,! upp]      
bell[s-bo>d is jo9$ to ! head ( ! bell[s
 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,an iron plate#g1 a    
palm wide & "o & a half palms long1 is  
fir/ fa/5$ to ! head at a di/ance ( ?ree
 digits f ! end2 f ?is plate !re        
projects a piece ?ree digits long & two 
wide1 curv$ 9 a small circle4 ,! o!r    
side has a simil> plate4 ,!n 9 ! same "p

 ( ! upp] bo>d are fix$ two o!r iron    
plates1 di/ant two digits f ! edge1 ea* 
( :i* are six digits wide & sev5 long2 9
 ea* ( ^! plates ! middle "p is cut away
 = a little m ?an ?ree digits 9 l5g? & =
 two 9 dep?1 s t ! curv$ "p ( ! plates  
on ! head correspond+ to !m may fit into
 ?is cut out "p4 ,f bo? sides ( ea*     
plate !re project pieces1 ?ree digits   
long & two digits wide1 simil>ly curv$  
into small circles4 ,a little iron p9 is
 pass$ ?r\gh ^! curv$ pieces ( ! plates1
 l a little axle1 s t ! upp] bo>d ( !   
bell[s may turn ^u x4 ,! little axle is 
six digits long & a little m ?an a digit
 ?ick1 & a small groove is cut out ( !  
upp] bo>d1 :]e ! plates are fa/5$ to x1 
9 su* a mann] t ! little axle :5 fix$ to
 ! plates may n fall out4 ,bo? plates   
fa/5$ to ! bell[s-bo>d are affix$ by f\r
 iron nails1 ( :i* ! heads are on ! inn]
 "p ( ! bo>d1 :]eas ! po9ts1 cl9*$ at ! 
top1 are trans=m$ into heads1 s to      
speak4 ,ea* ( ! o!r plates is fa/5$ to !
 head ( ! bell[s by means ( a nail ) a  

wide head1 & by two o!r nails ( :i* !   
heads are on ! edge ( ! bell[s-head4    
,midway betwe5 ! two plates on !        
bell[s-bo>d !re rema9s a space two palms
 wide1 :i* is cov]$ by an iron plate    
fa/5$ to ! bo>d by little nails2 & ano!r
 plate correspond+ to ?is is fa/5$ to ! 
head betwe5 ! o!r two plates2 !y are two
 palms & ! same numb] ( digits wide4  ,!
 hide is common to ! head z to all ! o!r
 p>ts ( ! body2 ! plates are cov]$ ) x1 
z well z ! front "p ( ! upp]            
bell[s-bo>d1 & bo? ! b[s & ! back ( !   
head ( ! bell[s1 s t ! w9d may n escape 
f t "p ( ! bell[s4 ,x is ?ree palms & z 
_m digits wide1 & long en\gh to ext5d f 
"o ( ! sides ( ! l[] bo>d ov] ! back ( !
 upp]2 x is fa/5$ by _m ,t-head$ nails  
on "o side to ! upp] bo>d1 & on ! o!r   
side to ! head ( ! bell[s1 & bo? ends   
are fa/5$ to ! l[] bell[s-bo>d4  ,9 !   
above mann] ! bell[s is made4 ,z two are
 requir$ = ea* furnace1 x is necess>y to
 h twelve bell[s1 if !re are to be six  
furnaces 9 "o works4  ,illu/ration #cfh 

7,bell[s = bla/ furnaces73 ,a--,front   
sill4 ,b--,back sill4 ,c--,front po/s4  
,d--,_! slots4 ,e--,beam impos$ ^u !m4  
,f--,high] po/s4 ,g--,_! slots4         
,h--,beam impos$ ^u !m4 ,i--,timb] jo9$ 
9 ! mortises ( ! po/s4 ,k--,planks4     
,l--,transv]se support+ planks4 ,m--,!  
holes 9 !m4 ,n--,pipe4 ,o--,its front   
end4 ,p--,its re> end4  ,n[ x is "t to  
describe _! framework4 ,fir/1 two sills 
a little %ort] ?an ! furnace wall are   
plac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! front "o ( ^! is   
?ree palms wide & ?ick1 & ! back "o ?ree
 palms & two digits4 ,! front "o is two 
feet di/ant f ! back wall ( ! furnace1 &
 ! back "o is six feet ?ree palms di/ant
 f ! front "o4 ,!y are set into ! e>?1 t
 !y may rema9 firm2 !re are "s :o       
accompli% ?is by means ( pegs :i*1 ?r\gh
 sev]al holes1 p5etrate deeply into !   
gr\nd4  ,!n twelve %ort po/s are erect$1
 ^: l[] ends are mortis$ into ! sill t  
is ne> ! back ( ! furnace wall2 ^! po/s 
are two feet high1 exclusive ( ! t5ons1 
& are ?ree palms & ! same numb] ( digits

 wide1 & two palms ?ick4 ,a slot "o & a 
half palms wide is cut ?r\gh !m1 beg9n+ 
two palms f ! bottom & ext5d+ = a height
 ( ?ree palms4 ,all ! po/s are n plac$  
at ! same int]vals1 ! fir/ be+ at a     
di/ance ( ?ree feet five digits f !     
second1 & likewise ! ?ird f ! f\r?1 b ! 
second is two feet "o palm & ?ree digits
 f ! ?ird2 ! int]vals betwe5 ! o!r po/s 
are arrang$ 9 ! same mann]1 equal &     
unequal1 ( :i* ea* f\r p]ta9 to two     
furnaces4 ,! upp] ends ( ^! po/s are    
mortis$ into a transv]se beam :i* is    
twelve feet1 two palms1 & ?ree digits   
long1 & projects five digits beyond !   
fir/ po/ & to ! same di/ance beyond !   
f\r?2 x is two palms & ! same numb] (   
digits wide1 & two palms ?ick4 ,s9ce ea*
 sep>ate transv]se beam supports f\r    
bell[s1 x is necess>y to h ?ree ( !m4   
,beh9d ! twelve %ort po/s ! same numb] (
 high] po/s are erect$1 ( :i* ea* has ! 
middle "p ( ! l[] end cut out1 s t its  
two result+ l[] ends are mortis$ into ! 
back sill2 ^! po/s1 exclusive ( ! t5ons1

 are twelve feet & two palms high1 & are
 five palms wide & two palms ?ick4 ,!y  
are cut out f ! bottom upw>d1 ! slot be+
 f\r feet & five digits high & six      
digits wide4 ,! upp] ends ( ^! po/s are 
mortis$ into a long beam impos$ ^u !m2  
?is long beam is plac$ close "u ! timb]s
 :i* ext5d f ! wall at ! back ( !       
furnace to ! fir/ long wall2 ! beam is  
?ree palms wide & two palms ?ick1 &     
=ty-?ree feet long4 ,if su* a long "o is
 n at h&1 two or ?ree may be sub/itut$ =
 x1 :i* :5 jo9$ toge!r make up t l5g?4  
,^! high] po/s are n plac$ at equal     
di/ances1 b ! fir/ is at a di/ance ( two
 feet ?ree palms "o digit f ! second1 & 
! ?ird is at ! same di/ance f ! f\r?2   
:ile ! second is at a di/ance ( "o foot 
?ree palms & ! same numb] ( digits f !  
?ird1 & 9 ! same mann] ! re/ ( ! po/s   
are arrang$ at equal & unequal int]vals4
 ,moreov]1 !re is 9 e po/1 :]e x faces !
 %ort] po/1 a mortise at a foot & a     
digit above ! slot2 9 ^! mortises ( !   
f\r po/s is t5on$ a timb] :i* itself has

 f\r mortises4 ,t5ons are enclos$ 9     
mortises 9 ord] t !y may be bett] jo9$1 
& !y are transfix$ ) wood5 p9s4 ,?is    
timb] is ?irte5 feet ?ree palms "o digit
 long1 & x projects beyond ! fir/ po/ a 
di/ance ( two palms & two digits1 & to !
 same numb] ( palms & digits beyond !   
f\r? po/4 ,x is two palms & z _m digits 
wide1 & also two palms ?ick4 ,z !re are 
twelve po/s x is necess>y to h ?ree     
timb]s ( ?is k9d4  ,on ea* ( ^! timb]s1 
& on ea* ( ! cross-beams :i* are laid ^u
 ! %ort] po/s1 are plac$ f\r planks1 ea*
 n9e feet long1 two palms ?ree digits   
wide1 & two palms "o digit ?ick4 ,! fir/
 plank is five feet "o palm "o digit    
di/ant f ! second1 at ! front z well z  
at ! back1 = ea* sep>ate plank is plac$ 
outside ( ! po/s4 ,! ?ird is at ! same  
di/ance f ! f\r?1 b ! second is "o foot 
& ?ree digits di/ant f ! ?ird4 ,9 ! same
 mann] ! re/ ( ! eight planks are       
arrang$ at int]vals1 ! fif? f ! six? & !
 sev5? f ! eigh? are at ! same di/ances 
z ! fir/ f ! second & ! ?ird f ! f\r?2 !

 six? is at ! same di/ance f ! sev5? z !
 second f ! ?ird4  ,two planks support  
"o transv]se plank six feet long1 "o    
foot wide1 "o palm ?ick1 plac$ at a     
di/ance ( ?ree feet & two palms f ! back
 po/s4 ,:5 !re are six ( ^! support+    
planks1 on ea* sep>ate "o are plac$ two 
bell[s2 ! l[] bell[s-bo>ds project a    
palm beyond !m4 ,f ea* ( ! bell[s-bo>ds 
an iron r+ desc5ds ?r\gh a hole 9 its   
support+ plank1 & a wood5 peg is driv5  
into ! r+1 s t ! bell[s-bo>d may rema9  
/ation>y1 z ,i /at$ above4  ,! two      
bell[s communicate1 ea* by its own      
plank1 to ! back ( a copp] pipe 9 :i*   
are set bo? ( ! nozzles1 & _! ends are  
tightly fa/5$ 9 x4 ,! pipe is made ( a  
roll$ copp] or iron plate1 a foot & two 
palms & ! same numb] ( digits long2 !   
plate is half a digit ?ick1 b a digit   
?ick at ! back4 ,! int]ior ( ! pipe is  
?ree digits wide1 & two & a half digits 
high 9 ! front1 = x is n absolutely     
r\nd2 & at ! back x is a foot & two     
palms & ?ree digits 9 diamet]4 ,! plate 

f :i* ! pipe is made is n entirely jo9$ 
up1 b at ! front !re is left a crack    
half a digit wide1 increas+ at ! back to
 ?ree digits4 ,?is pipe is plac$ 9 !    
hole 9 ! furnace1 :i*1 z ,i said1 0 9 ! 
middle ( ! wall & ! ar*4 ,! nozzles ( ! 
bell[s1 plac$ 9 ?is pipe1 are a di/ance 
( five digits f its front end4          
,illu/ration #cgj 7,bell[s = bla/       
furnaces73 ,a--,lev] :i* :5 depress$ by 
means ( a cam compresses ! bell[s4      
,b--,slots ?r\gh ! po/s4 ,c--,b>4       
,d--,iron implem5t ) a rectangul> l9k4  
,e--,iron in/rum5t ) r\nd r+4 ,f--,h&le 
( bell[s4 ,g--,upp] po/4 ,h--,upp] lev]4
 ,i--,box ) equal sides4 ,k--,box n>r[  
at ! bottom4 ,l--,pegs driv5 into ! upp]
 lev]4  ,! lev]s are ( ! same numb] z ! 
bell[s1 & :5 depress$ by ! cams ( ! long
 axle !y compress ! bell[s4 ,^! lev]s   
are eight feet ?ree palms long1 "o palm 
wide & ?ick1 & ! ends are ins]t$ 9 !    
slots ( ! po/s2 !y project beyond !     
front po/s to a di/ance ( two palms1 & !
 same di/ance beyond ! back po/s 9 ord] 

t ea* may h its end depress$ by its two 
cams on ! axle4 ,! cams n only p5etrate 
into ! slots ( ! back po/s1 b project   
?ree digits beyond !m4 ,an iron p9 is   
set 9 r\nd holes made ?r\gh bo? sides ( 
! slot ( ea* front po/1 at ?ree palms & 
z _m digits f ! bottom2 ! p9 p5etrates !
 lev]1 :i* turns ab\t x :5 depress$ or  
rais$4 ,! back ( ! lev] = ! l5g? ( a    
cubit is a palm & a digit wid] ?an !    
re/1 & is p]=at$2 9 ?is hole is engag$ a
 b> six feet & two palms long1 ?ree     
digits wide1 & ab\t "o & "o-half digits 
?ick2 x is some:at hook$ at ! upp] end1 
& approa*es ! h&le ( ! bell[s4 ,"u !    
lev] !re is a nail1 :i* p5etrates ?r\gh 
a hole 9 ! b>1 s t ! lev] & b> may move 
toge!r4 ,! b> is p]=at$ 9 ! upp] end at 
a di/ance ( six digits f ! top2 ?is hole
 is two palms long & a digit wide1 & 9 x
 is engag$ ! hook ( an iron implem5t :i*
 is a digit ?ick4 ,at ! upp] "p ?is     
implem5t has ei!r a r\nd or squ>e op5+1 
l a l9k1 & at ! l[] end is hook$2 ! l9k 
is two digits high & wide & ! hook is   

?ree digits long2 ! middle "p betwe5 !  
l9k & ! hook is ?ree palms & two digits 
long4 ,! l9k ( ?is implem5t engages ei!r
 ! h&le ( ! bell[s1 or else a l>ge r+   
:i* does engage x4 ,?is iron r+ is a    
digit ?ick1 two palms wide on ! inside (
 ! upp] "p1 & two digits 9 ! l[] "p1 &  
?is iron r+1 n unlike ! fir/ "o1 engages
 ! h&le ( ! bell[s4 ,! iron r+ ei!r has 
its n>r[] "p turn$ upw>d1 & 9 x is      
engag$ ! r+ ( ano!r iron implem5t1      
simil> to ! fir/1 ^: hook1 ext5d+ upw>d1
 grips ! rope fa/5$ to ! iron r+ hold+ !
 end ( ! second lev]1 ( :i* ,i w speak  
pres5tly2 or else ! iron r+ grips ?is   
lev]1 & !n 9 its hook is engag$ ! r+ ( !
 o!r implem5t ^: r+ engages ! h&le ( !  
bell[s1 & 9 ?is case ! rope is disp5s$  
)4  ,re/+ on beams fix$ 9 ! two walls is
 a longitud9al beam1 at a di/ance ( f\r 
& a half feet f ! back po/s2 x is two   
palms wide1 "o & a half palms ?ick4 ,!re
 are mortis$ into ?is longitud9al beam !
 l[] ends ( upp] po/s ?ree palms wide & 
two ?ick1 :i* are six feet two palms    

high1 exclusive ( _! t5ons4 ,! upp] ends
 ( ^! po/s are mortis$ into an upp]     
longitud9al beam1 :i* lies close "u !   
raft]s ( ! build+2 ?is upp] longitud9al 
beam is two palms wide & "o ?ick4 ,!    
upp] po/s h a slot cut out upw>d f a    
po9t two feet f ! bottom1 & ! slot is   
two feet high & six digits wide4 ,?r\gh 
^! upp] po/s a r\nd hole is bor$ f "o   
side to ! o!r at a po9t ?ree feet "o    
palm f ! bottom1 & a small iron axle    
p5etrates ?r\gh ! hole & is fa/5$ !re4  
,ar\nd ?is small iron axle turns !      
second lev] :5 x is depress$ & rais$4   
,?is lev] is eight feet long1 & its o!r 
end is ?ree digits wid] ?an ! re/ ( !   
lev]2 at ?is wide/ po9t is a hole two   
digits wide & ?ree high1 9 :i* is fix$  
an iron r+1 to :i* is ti$ ! rope ,i h   
m5tion$2 x is five palms long1 its upp] 
loop is two palms & z _m digits wide1 & 
! l[] "o is "o palm "o digit wide4 ,?is 
half ( ! second lev]1 ! end ( :i* ,i h j
 m5tion$1 is ?ree palms high & "o wide2 
x projects ?ree feet beyond ! slot ( !  

po/ on :i* x turns2 ! o!r end1 :i* faces
 ! back wall ( ! furnaces1 is "o foot & 
a palm high & a foot wide4  ,on ?is "p (
 ! lev] /&s & is fix$ a box ?ree & a    
half feet long1 "o foot & "o palm wide1 
& half a foot deep2 b ^! measurem5ts    
v>y2 sometimes ! bottom ( ?is box is    
n>r[]1 sometimes equal 9 wid? to ! top4 
,9 ei!r case1 x is fill$ ) /ones & e>?  
to make x heavy1 b ! smelt]s h to be on 
_! gu>d & make provision aga9/ ! /ones  
fall+ out1 ow+ to ! con/ant motion2 ?is 
is prev5t$ by means ( an iron b& :i* is 
plac$ ov] ! top1 bo? ends be+ w$ge-%ap$ 
& driv5 into ! lev] s t ! /ones c be    
held 94 ,"s p1 9 place ( ! box1 drive   
f\r or m pegs into ! lev] & put mud     
betwe5 !m1 ! requir$ am\nt be+ add$ to !
 weight or tak5 away f x4  ,!re rema9s  
to be consid]$ ! me?od ( us+ ?is ma*9e4 
,! l[] lev]1 be+ depress$ by ! cams1    
compresses ! bell[s1 & ! compression    
drives ! air ?r\gh ! nozzle4 ,!n !      
weight ( ! box on ! o!r end ( ! upp]    
lev] raises ! upp] bell[s-bo>d1 & ! air 

is drawn 91 ent]+ ?r\gh ! air-hole4     
,illu/ration #cgb 7,bell[s = bla/       
furnaces73 ,a--,axle4 ,b--,wat]-:eel4   
,c--,drum compos$ ( rundles4 ,d--,o!r   
axle4 ,e--,too!d :eel4 ,f--,its spokes4 
,g--,its segm5ts4 ,h--,its tee?4        
,i--,cams ( ! axle4  ,! ma*9e ^: cams   
depress ! l[] lev] is made z foll[s4    
,fir/ !re is an axle1 on ^: end outside 
! build+ is a wat]-:eel2 at ! o!r end1  
:i* is inside ! build+1 is a drum made (
 rundles4 ,?is drum is compos$ ( two    
d\ble hubs1 a foot ap>t1 :i* are five   
digits ?ick1 ! radius all r\nd be+ a    
foot & two digits2 b !y are d\ble1      
because ea* hub is compos$ ( two discs1 
equally ?ick1 fa/5$ toge!r ) wood5 pegs 
glu$ 94 ,^! hubs are sometimes cov]$    
above & ar\nd by iron plates4 ,! rundles
 are ?irty 9 numb]1 a foot & two palms &
 ! same numb] ( digits long1 ) ea* end  
fa/5$ into a hub2 !y are r\nd$1 ?ree    
digits 9 diamet]1 & ! same numb] (      
digits ap>t4 ,9 ?is practical mann] is  
made ! drum compos$ ( rundles4  ,!re is 

a too!d :eel1 two palms & a digit ?ick1 
on ! end ( ano!r axle2 ?is :eel is      
compos$ ( a d\ble disc#h4 ,! inn] disc  
is compos$ ( f\r segm5ts a palm ?ick1   
ev]y:]e two palms & a digit wide4 ,!    
out] disc1 l ! inn]1 is made ( f\r      
segm5ts1 & is a palm & a digit ?ick2 x  
is n equally wide1 b :]e ! head ( !     
spokes are ins]t$ x is a foot & a palm &
 digit wide1 :ile on ea* side ( ! spokes
 x becomes a little n>r[]1 until !      
n>r[e/ "p is only two palms & ! same    
numb] ( digits wide4 ,! out] segm5ts are
 jo9$ to ! inn] ones 9 su* a mann] t1 on
 ! "o h&1 an out] segm5t ends 9 ! middle
 ( an inn] "o1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ends ( 
! inn] segm5ts are jo9$ 9 ! middle ( !  
out] ones2 !re is no d\bt t by ?is k9d (
 jo9+ ! :eel is made /rong]4 ,! out]    
segm5ts are fa/5$ to ! inn] by means ( a
 l>ge numb] ( wood5 pegs4 ,ea* segm5t1  
measur$ ov] its r\nd back1 is f\r feet &
 ?ree palms long4 ,!re are f\r spokes1  
ea* two palms wide & a palm & a digit   
?ick2 _! l5g?1 exclud+ ! t5ons1 be+ two 

feet & ?ree digits4 ,"o end ( ! spoke is
 mortis$ into ! axle1 :]e x is firmly   
fa/5$ ) pegs2 ! wide "p ( ! o!r end1 9 !
 %ape ( a triangle1 is mortis$ into !   
out] segm5t opposite x1 keep+ ! %ape ( !
 same z f> z ! segm5t asc5ds4 ,!y also  
are jo9$ toge!r ) wood5 pegs glu$ 91 &  
^! pegs are driv5 into ! spokes "u !    
inn] disc4 ,! p>ts ( ! spokes 9 ! %ape (
 ! triangle are on ! inside2 ! out] "p  
is simple4 ,?is triangle has two sides  
equal1 ! erect ones z is evid5t1 :i* are
 a palm long2 ! l[] side is n ( ! same  
l5g?1 b is five digits long1 & a mortise
 ( ! same %ape is cut out ( ! segm5ts4  
,! :eel has sixty tee?1 s9ce x is       
necess>y t ! rundle drum %\ld revolve   
twice :ile ! too!d :eel revolves once4  
,! tee? are a foot long1 & project "o   
palm f ! inn] disc ( ! :eel1 & ?ree     
digits f ! out] disc2 !y are a palm wide
 & two & a half digits ?ick1 & x is     
necess>y t !y %\ld be ?ree digits ap>t1 
z 7 ! rundles4  ,! axle %\ld h a        
?ickness 9 proportion to ! spokes & !   

segm5ts4 ,z x has two cams to depress   
ea* ( ! lev]s1 x is necess>y t x %\ld h 
tw5ty-f\r cams1 :i* project beyond x a  
foot & a palm & a digit4 ,! cams are (  
almo/ semicircul> %ape1 ( :i* ! wide/ "p
 is ?ree palms & a digit wide1 & !y are 
a palm ?ick2 !y are di/ribut$ accord+ to
 ! f\r sides ( ! axle1 on ! upp]1 ! l[] 
& ! two lat]al sides4 ,! axle has twelve
 holes1 ( :i* ! fir/ p5etrates ?r\gh f !
 upp] side to ! l[]1 ! second f "o      
lat]al side to ! o!r2 ! fir/ hole is f\r
 feet two palms di/ant f ! second2 ea*  
alt]nate "o ( ^! holes is made 9 ! same 
direction1 & !y are arrang$ at equal    
int]vals4 ,ea* s+le cam mu/ be opposite 
ano!r2 ! fir/ is ins]t$ into ! upp] "p (
 ! fir/ hole1 ! second into ! l[] "p ( !
 same hole1 & s fix$ by pegs t !y d n   
fall out2 ! ?ird cam is ins]t$ into t "p
 ( ! second hole :i* is on ! "r side1 & 
! f\r? into t "p on ! left4 ,9 l mann]  
all ! cams are ins]t$ into ! consecutive
 holes1 = :i* reason x happ5s t ! cams  
depress ! lev]s ( ! bell[s 9 rotation4  

,f9ally we mu/ n omit to /ate t ?is is  
only "o ( _m su* axles hav+ cams & a    
wat]-:eel4  ,i h arriv$ ?us f> ) _m     
words1 & yet x is n unreasonable t ,i h 
9 ?is place pursu$ ! subject m9utely1   
s9ce ! smelt+ ( all ! metals1 to :i* ,i 
am ab\t to proce$1 c\ld n be und]tak5   
)\t x4  ,! ores ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & 
lead1 are smelt$ 9 a furnace by f\r     
diff]5t me?ods4 ,! fir/ me?od is = ! ri*
 ores ( gold or silv]1 ! second = !     
m$iocre ores1 ! ?ird = ! poor ores1 & ! 
f\r? me?od is = ^? ores :i* conta9 copp]
 or lead1 :e!r !y conta9 preci\s metals 
or are want+ 9 !m4 ,! smelt+ ( ! fir/   
ores is p]=m$ 9 ! furnace ( :i* !       
tap-hole is int]mitt5tly clos$2 ! o!r   
?ree ores are melt$ 9 furnaces ( :i* !  
tap-holes are always op54  ,illu/ration 
#cgc 7,/amp-mill73 ,a--,*>coal4         
,b--,mort>-box4 ,c--,/amps4  ,fir/1 ,i w
 speak ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! furnaces are   
prep>$ = ! smelt+ ( ! ores1 & ( ! fir/  
me?od ( smelt+4 ,! p[d] f :i* ! he>? &  
=ehe>? %\ld be made is compos$ ( *>coal 

& e>? 7clay874 ,! *>coal is cru%$ by !  
/amps 9 a mort>-box1 ! front ( :i* is   
clos$ by a bo>d at ! top1 :ile ! *>coal1
 cru%$ to p[d]1 is remov$ ?r\gh ! op5 "p
 bel[2 ! /amps are n %od ) iron1 b are  
made entirely ( wood1 al?\gh at ! l[] "p
 !y are b\nd r\nd at ! wide "p by an    
iron b&4  ,illu/ration #cgd 7,clay      
,wa%+73 ,a--,tub4 ,b--,sieve4 ,c--,rods4
 ,d--,b5*-frame4  ,! p[d] into :i* !    
*>coal is cru%$ is ?r[n on to a sieve ^:
 bottom consi/s ( int]wov5 )es ( wood4  
,! sieve is drawn backw>d & =w>d ov] two
 wood5 or iron rods plac$ 9 a triangul> 
position on a tub1 or ov] a b5*-frame   
set on ! floor ( ! build+2 ! p[d] :i*   
falls into ! tub or on to ! floor is (  
suitable size1 b ! pieces ( small *>coal
 :i* rema9 9 ! sieve are empti$ out &   
?r[n back "u ! /amps4  ,illu/ration #cge
 7,clay ,wa%+73 ,a--,scre54 ,b--,poles4 
,c--,%ovel4 ,d--,two-:eel$ c>t4         
,e--,h&-sieve4 ,f--,n>r[ bo>ds4         
,g--,box4 ,h--,cov]$ pit4  ,:5 ! e>? is 
dug up x is fir/ expos$ to ! sun t x may

 dry4 ,lat] on x is ?r[n ) a %ovel on to
 a scre5--set up obliquely & support$ by
 poles1--made ( ?ick1 loosely wov5 hazel
 )es1 & 9 ?is way ! f9e e>? & its small 
lumps pass ?r\gh ! holes ( ! scre51 b ! 
clods & /ones d n pass ?r\gh1 b run d[n 
to ! gr\nd4 ,! e>? :i* passes ?r\gh !   
scre5 is convey$ 9 a two-:eel$ c>t to ! 
works & !re sift$4 ,?is sieve1 :i* is n 
dissimil> to ! "o describ$ above1 is    
drawn backw>d & =w>d ^u n>r[ bo>ds (    
equal l5g? plac$ ov] a long box2 ! p[d] 
:i* falls ?r\gh ! sieve into ! box is   
suitable = ! mixture2 ! lumps t rema9 9 
! sieve are ?r[n away by "s p1 b by o!rs
 !y are plac$ "u ! /amps4 ,?is p[d]$ e>?
 is mix$ ) p[d]$ *>coal1 moi/5$1 & ?r[n 
into a pit1 & 9 ord] t x may rema9 good 
= a long "t1 ! pit is cov]$ up ) bo>ds s
 t ! mixture may n become contam9at$4   
,illu/ration #cgg 7,implem5ts = ,furnace
 ,"w73 ,a--,furnace4 ,b--,ladd]4        
,c--,bo>d fix$ to x4 ,d--,hoe4          
,e--,five-too!d rake4 ,f--,wood5        
spatula4 ,g--,broom4 ,h--,ramm]4        

,i--,ramm]1 same diamet]4 ,k--,two wood5
 spatulas4 ,l--,curv$ blade4 ,m--,bronze
 ramm]4 ,n--,ano!r bronze ramm]4        
,o--,wide spatula4 ,p--,rod4 ,q--,wick] 
basket4 ,r--,two buckets ( lea!r 9 :i*  
wat] is c>ri$ = putt+ out a             
conflagration1 %\ld ! (fic9a cat* fire4 
,s--,brass pump ) :i* ! wat] is squirt$ 
out4 ,t--,two hooks4 ,v--,rake4         
,x--,workman beat+ ! clay ) an iron     
implem5t4  ,!y take two p>ts ( pulv]is$ 
*>coal & "o "p ( p[d]$ e>?1 & mix !m    
well toge!r ) a rake2 ! mixture is      
moi/5$ by p\r+ wat] ov] x s t x may     
easily be made into %apes resembl+      
sn[balls2 if ! p[d] be light x is moi/5$
 ) m wat]1 if heavy ) less4 ,! int]ior (
 ! new furnace is l9$ ) lute1 s t !     
cracks 9 ! walls1 if !re are any1 may be
 fill$ up1 b especially 9 ord] to       
pres]ve ! rock f injury by fire4 ,9 old 
furnaces 9 :i* ore has be5 melt$1 z soon
 z ! rocks h cool$ ! assi/ant *ips away1
 ) a spatula1 ! accretions :i* adh]e to 
! walls1 & !n breaks !m up ) an iron hoe

 or a rake ) five tee?4 ,! cracks ( !   
furnace are fir/ fill$ 9 ) fragm5ts (   
rock or brick1 :i* he does by pass+ 8 h&
 into ! furnace ?r\gh its m\?1 or else1 
hav+ plac$ a ladd] aga9/ x1 he m\nts by 
! rungs to ! upp] op5 "p ( ! furnace4   
,to ! upp] "p ( ! ladd] a bo>d is fa/5$ 
t he may lean & recl9e aga9/ x4 ,!n /&+ 
on ! same ladd]1 ) a wood5 spatula1 he  
sme>s ! furnace walls ov] ) lute2 ?is   
spatula is f\r feet long1 a digit ?ick1 
& = a foot upw>d f ! bottom x is a palm 
wide1 or ev5 wid]1 g5]ally two & a half 
digits4 ,he spreads ! lute equally ov] !
 inn] walls ( ! furnace4 ,! m\? ( !     
copp] pipe#i %\ld n protrude f ! lute1  
le/ s[s#aj =m r\nd ab\t x & ?us imp$e ! 
melt+1 = ! furnace bell[s c\ld n =ce a  
bla/ ?r\gh !m4 ,!n ! same assi/ant ?r[s 
a little p[d]$ *>coal into ! pit ( !    
=ehe>? & spr9kles x ) pulv]is$ e>?4     
,aft]w>d1 ) a bucket he p\rs wat] into x
 & sweeps ?is all ov] ! =ehe>? pit1 & ) 
! broom drives ! turbid wat] into !     
furnace he>? & likewise sweeps x out4   

,next he ?r[s ! mix$ & moi/5$ p[d] into 
! furnace1 & !n a second "t m\nt+ ! /eps
 ( ! ladd]1 he introduces ! ramm] into !
 furnace & p\nds ! p[d] s t ! he>? is   
made solid4 ,! ramm] is r\nd$ & ?ree    
palms long2 at ! bottom x is five digits
 9 diamet]1 at ! top ?ree & a half1     
!re=e x is made 9 ! =m ( a truncat$     
cone2 ! h&le ( ! ramm] is r\nd & five   
feet long & two & a half digits ?ick2 ! 
upp] "p ( ! ramm]1 :]e ! h&le is ins]t$1
 is b\nd ) an iron b& two digits wide4  
,!re are "s :o1 in/ead1 use two r\nd$   
ramm]s ?ree & a half digits 9 diamet]1 !
 same at ! bottom z at ! top4 ,"s p     
pref] two wood5 spatulas1 or a ramm]    
spatula4  ,9 a simil> mann]1 mix$ &     
moi/5$ p[d] is ?r[n & p\nd$ ) a ramm] 9 
! =ehe>? pit1 :i* is outside ! furnace4 
,:5 ?is is ne>ly complet$1 p[d] is aga9 
put 91 & pu%$ ) ! ramm] up t[>d !       
protrud+ copp] pipe1 s t f a po9t a     
digit "u ! m\? ( ! copp] pipe ! he>?    
slopes d[n into ! crucible ( !          
=ehe>?1#aa & ! metal c run d[n4 ,! same 

is repeat$ until ! =ehe>? pit is full1  
!n aft]w>d ?is is holl[$ out ) a curv$  
blade2 ?is blade is ( iron1 two palms & 
z _m digits long1 ?ree digits wide1     
blunt at ! top & %>p at ! bottom4 ,!    
crucible ( ! =ehe>? mu/ be r\nd1 a foot 
9 diamet] & two palms deep if x has to  
conta9 a c5tumpondium ( lead1 or if only
 sev5ty librae1 !n ?ree palms 9 diamet] 
& two palms deep l ! o!r4 ,:5 ! =ehe>?  
has be5 holl[$ out x is p\nd$ ) a r\nd  
bronze ramm]4 ,?is is five digits high &
 ! same 9 diamet]1 hav+ a curv$ r\nd    
h&le "o & a half digits ?ick2 or else   
ano!r bronze ramm] is us$1 :i* is       
fa%ion$ 9 ! %ape ( a cone1 truncat$ at !
 top1 on :i* is impos$ ano!r cut away at
 ! bottom1 s t ! middle "p ( ! ramm] may
 be grasp$ by ! h&2 ?is is six digits   
high1 & five digits 9 diamet] at ! l[]  
end & f\r at ! top4 ,"s use 9 its place 
a wood5 spatula two & a half palms wide 
at ! l[] end & "o palm ?ick4  ,!        
assi/ant1 hav+ prep>$ ! =ehe>?1 returns 
to ! furnace & besme>s bo? sides z well 

z ! top ( ! m\? ) simple lute4 ,9 ! l[] 
"p ( ! m\? he places lute t has be5     
dipp$ 9 *>coal du/1 to gu>d aga9/ ! risk
 ( ! lute attract+ to itself ! p[d] ( ! 
he>? & vitiat+ x4 ,next he lays 9 ! m\? 
( ! furnace a /raight r\nd rod ?ree     
qu>t]s ( a foot long & ?ree digits 9    
diamet]4 ,aft]w>d he places a piece (   
*>coal on ! lute1 ( ! same l5g? & wid? z
 ! m\?1 s t x is entirely clos$ up2 if  
!re be n at h& "o piece ( *>coal s l>ge1
 he takes two in/ead4 ,:5 ! m\? is ?us  
clos$ up1 he ?r[s into ! furnace a wick]
 basket full ( *>coal1 & 9 ord] t !     
piece ( *>coal ) :i* ! m\? ( ! furnace  
is clos$ %\ld n !n fall out1 ! ma/]     
holds x 9 ) 8 h&4 ,! pieces ( *>coal :i*
 are ?r[n into ! furnace %\ld be ( m$ium
 size1 = if !y are l>ge !y imp$e ! bla/ 
( ! bell[s & prev5t x f bl[+ ?r\gh !    
tap-hole ( ! furnace into ! =ehe>? to   
heat x4 ,!n ! ma/] cov]s ov] ! *>coal1  
plac$ at ! m\? ( ! furnace1 ) lute &    
extracts ! wood5 rod1 & ?us ! furnace is
 prep>$4 ,aft]w>d ! assi/ant ?r[s f\r or

 five l>g] baskets full ( *>coal into ! 
furnace1 fill+ x "r up2 he also ?r[s a  
little *>coal into ! =ehe>?1 & places   
gl[+ coals ^u x 9 ord] t x may be k9dl$1
 b 9 ord] t ! flames ( ?is fire %\ld n  
ent] ?r\gh ! tap-hole ( ! furnace & fire
 ! *>coal inside1 he cov]s ! tap-hole ) 
lute or closes x ) fragm5ts ( pott]y4   
,"s d n w>m ! =ehe>? ! same ev5+1 b     
place l>ge *>coals r\nd ! edge ( x1 "o  
lean+ on ! o!r2 ^? :o foll[ ! fir/ me?od
 sweep out ! =ehe>? 9 ! morn+1 & clean  
out ! little pieces ( *>coal & c9d]s1   
:ile ^? :o foll[ ! latt] me?od take1    
e>ly 9 ! morn+1 burn+ firebr&s1 :i* h   
be5 prep>$ by ! wat*man ( ! works1 &    
place !m on ! *>coal4  ,at ! f\r? h\r ! 
ma/] beg9s 8 "w4 ,he fir/ ins]ts a small
 piece ( gl[+ coal into ! furnace1 ?r\gh
 ! bronze nozzle-pipe ( ! bell[s1 & bl[s
 up ! fire ) ! bell[s2 ?us )9 ! space ( 
half an h\r ! =ehe>?1 z well z ! he>?1  
becomes w>m$1 & ( c\rse m quickly if on 
! prec$+ day ores h be5 smelt$ 9 ! same 
furnace1 b if n !n x w>ms m sl[ly4 ,if !

 he>? & =ehe>? are n w>m$ be=e ! ore to 
be smelt$ is ?r[n 91 ! furnace is injur$
 & ! metals lo/2 or if ! p[d] f :i* bo? 
are made is damp 9 summ] or froz5 9     
w9t]1 !y w be crack$1 &1 giv+ out a s\nd
 l ?und]1 !y w bl[ out ! metals & o!r   
sub/ances ) great p]il to ! workm54     
,aft] ! furnace has be5 w>m$1 ! ma/]    
?r[s 9 slags1 & ^!1 :5 melt$1 fl[ out   
?r\gh ! tap-hole into ! =ehe>?4 ,!n he  
closes up ! tap-hole at once ) mix$ lute
 & *>coal du/2 ?is plug he fa/5s ) 8 h& 
to a r\nd wood5 ramm] t is five digits  
?ick1 two palms high1 ) a h&le ?ree feet
 long4 ,! smelt] extracts ! slags f !   
=ehe>? ) a hook$ b>2 if ! ore to be     
smelt$ is ri* 9 gold or silv] he puts   
into ! =ehe>? a c5tumpondium ( lead1 or 
half z mu* if ! ore is poor1 because !  
=m] requires mu* lead1 ! latt] little2  
he imm$iately ?r[s burn+ firebr&s on to 
! lead s t x melts4 ,aft]w>d he p]=ms   
ev]y?+ accord+ to ! usual mann] & ord]1 
:]eby he fir/ ?r[s into ! furnace z _m  
cakes melt$ f pyrites#ab1 z he requires 

to smelt ! ore2 !n he puts 9 two wick]  
baskets full ( ore ) li?>ge &           
he>?-lead#ac1 & /ones :i* fuse easily by
 fire ( ! second ord]1 all mix$ toge!r2 
!n "o wick] basket full ( *>coal1 &     
la/ly ! slags4 ,! furnace n[ be+ fill$ )
 all ! ?+s ,i h m5tion$1 ! ore is sl[ly 
smelt$2 he does n put too mu* ( x aga9/ 
! back wall ( ! furnace1 le/ s[s %\ld =m
 ar\nd ! nozzles ( ! bell[s & ! bla/ be 
imp$$ & ! fire burn less fi]cely4  ,?is1
 inde$1 is ! cu/om ( _m mo/ excell5t    
smelt]s1 :o "k h[ to gov]n ! f\r        
elem5ts#ad4 ,!y comb9e 9 "r proportion !
 ores1 :i* are "p e>?1 plac+ no m ?an is
 suitable 9 ! furnaces2 !y p\r 9 !      
ne$ful quantity ( wat]2 !y mod]ate )    
skill ! air f ! bell[s2 !y ?r[ ! ore    
into t "p ( ! fire :i* burns fi]cely4 ,!
 ma/] spr9kles wat] into ea* "p ( !     
furnace to damp5 ! *>coal slightly1 s t 
! m9ute p>ts ( ore may adh]e to x1 :i*  
o!rwise ! bla/ ( ! bell[s & ! =ce ( !   
fire w\ld agitate & bl[ away ) ! fumes4 
,b z ! nature ( ! ores to be smelt$     

v>ies1 ! smelt]s h to arrange ! he>? n[ 
high1 n[ l[1 & to place ! pipe 9 :i* !  
nozzles ( ! bell[s are ins]t$ sometimes 
on a great & sometimes at a slight      
angle1 s t ! bla/ ( ! bell[s may bl[    
into ! furnace 9 ei!r a mild or a       
vigor\s mann]4 ,= ^? ores :i* heat &    
fuse easily1 a l[ he>? is necess>y = !  
"w ( ! smelt]s1 & ! pipe mu/ be plac$ at
 a g5tle angle to produce a mild bla/ f 
! bell[s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? ores t heat 
& fuse sl[ly mu/ h a high he>?1 & ! pipe
 mu/ be plac$ at a /eep incl9e 9 ord] to
 bl[ a /rong bla/ ( ! bell[s1 & x is    
necess>y1 = ?is k9d ( ore1 to h a v hot 
furnace 9 :i* slags1 or cakes melt$ f   
pyrites1 or /ones :i* melt easily 9 !   
fire#ae1 are fir/ melt$1 s t ! ore %\ld 
n settle 9 ! he>? ( ! furnace & ob/ruct 
& *oke up ! tap-hole1 z ! m9ute metallic
 p>ticles t h be5 wa%$ f ! ores are wont
 to d4 ,l>ge bell[s h wide nozzles1 = if
 !y 7 n>r[ ! copi\s & /rong bla/ w\ld be
 too mu* compress$ & too acutely bl[n   
into ! furnace1 & !n ! melt$ mat]ial    

w\ld be *ill$1 & w\ld =m s[s ar\nd !    
nozzle1 & ?us ob/ruct ! op5+ into !     
furnace1 :i* w\ld cause great damage to 
! proprietors' prop]ty4 ,if ! ores      
agglom]ate & d n fuse1 ! smelt]1 m\nt+  
on ! ladd] plac$ aga9/ ! side ( !       
furnace1 divides ! *>ge ) a po9t$ or    
hook$ b>1 :i* he also pu%es d[n into !  
pipe 9 :i* ! nozzle ( ! bell[s is plac$1
 & by a d[nw>d movem5t dislodges ! ore &
 ! s[s f ar\nd x4  ,aft] a qu>t] ( an   
h\r1 :5 ! lead :i* ! assi/ant has plac$ 
9 ! =ehe>? is melt$1 ! ma/] op5s !      
tap-hole ( ! furnace ) a tapp+-b>4 ,?is 
b> is made ( iron1 is ?ree & a half feet
 long1 ! =w>d end po9t$ & a little      
curv$1 & ! back end holl[ s t into x may
 be ins]t$ a wood5 h&le1 :i* is ?ree    
feet long & ?ick en\gh to be well grasp$
 by ! h&4 ,! slag fir/ fl[s f ! furnace 
into ! =ehe>?1 & 9 x are /ones mix$ )   
metal or ) ! metal adh]+ to !m p>tly    
alt]$1 ! slag also conta9+ e>? &        
solidifi$ juices4 ,aft] ?is ! mat]ial f 
! melt$ pyrites fl[s out1 & !n ! molt5  

lead conta9$ 9 ! =ehe>? absorbs ! gold &
 silv]4 ,:5 t :i* has run out has /ood =
 "s "t 9 ! =ehe>?1 9 ord] to be able to 
sep>ate "o f ! o!r1 ! ma/] fir/ ei!r    
skims (f ! slags ) ! hook$ b> or else   
lifts !m (f ) an iron =k2 ! slags1 z !y 
are v light1 float on ! top4 ,he next   
draws (f ! cakes ( melt$ pyrites1 :i* z 
!y are ( m$ium weight hold ! middle     
place2 he leaves 9 ! =ehe>? ! alloy (   
gold or silv] ) ! lead1 = ^! be+ !      
heavie/1 s9k to ! bottom4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !re
 is a diff]5ce 9 slags1 ! upp]mo/       
conta9+ little metal1 ! middle m1 & !   
l[e/ mu*1 he puts ^! away sep>ately1 ea*
 9 its own place1 9 ord] t to ea* heap1 
:5 x is re-smelt$1 he may add ! prop]   
fluxes1 & c put 9 z mu* lead z is dem&$ 
= ! metal 9 ! slag2 :5 ! slag is        
re-melt$1 if x emits mu* od\r1 !re is "s
 metal 9 x2 if x emits no od\r1 !n x    
conta9s none4 ,he puts ! cakes ( melt$  
pyrites away sep>ately1 z !y 7 ne>e/ 9 !
 =ehe>? to ! metal1 & conta9 a little m 
( x ?an ! slags2 f all ^! cakes a       

conical m\nd is built up1 by always     
plac+ ! wide/ ( !m at ! bottom4 ,! hook$
 b> has a hook on ! end1 h5ce its "n2   
o!rwise x is simil> to o!r b>s4         
,illu/ration #chc 7,bla/ ,furnaces73 ,a1
 ,b1 ,c--,?ree furnaces4 ,at ! fir/ /&s 
! smelt]1 :o ) a ladle p\rs ! alloy out 
( ! =ehe>? into ! m\lds4 ,d--,=ehe>?4   
,e--,ladle4 ,f--,m\lds4 ,g--,r\nd wood5 
ramm]4 ,h--,tapp+-b>4 ,at ! second      
furnace /&s ! smelt]1 :o op5s ! tap-hole
 ) 8 tapp+-b>4 ,! assi/ant1 /&+ on /eps 
plac$ aga9/ ! ?ird furnace :i* has be5  
brok5 op51 *ips (f ! accretions4        
,i--,/eps4 ,k--,spatula4 ,l--,! o!r     
hook$ b>4 ,m--,m9e capta9 c>ry+ a cake1 
9 :i* he has /uck ! pick1 to ! scales to
 be weigh$4 ,n--,ano!r m9e capta9 op5s a
 *e/ 9 :i* 8 ?+s are kept4  ,aft]w>d !  
ma/] closes up ! tap-hole & fills !     
furnace ) ! same mat]ials ,i describ$   
above1 & aga91 ! ores hav+ be5 melt$1 he
 op5s ! tap-hole1 & ) a hook$ b>        
extracts ! slags & ! cakes melt$ f      
pyrites1 :i* h run d[n into ! =ehe>?4   

,he repeats ! same op]ation until a     
c]ta9 & def9ite "p ( ! ore has be5      
smelt$1 & ! day's "w is at an end2 if ! 
ore 0 ri* ! "w is f9i%$ 9 eight h\rs2 if
 poor1 x takes a long] "t4 ,b if ! ore 0
 s ri* z to be smelt$ 9 less ?an eight  
h\rs1 ano!r op]ation is 9 ! mean:ile    
comb9$ ) ! fir/1 & bo? are p]=m$ 9 !    
space ( t5 h\rs4 ,:5 all ! ore has be5  
smelt$1 he ?r[s into ! furnace a basket 
full ( li?>ge or he>?-lead1 s t ! metal 
:i* has rema9$ 9 ! accretions may run   
out ) ^! :5 melt$4 ,:5 he has f9ally    
drawn out ( ! =ehe>? ! slags & ! cakes  
melt$ f pyrites1 he takes out1 ) a      
ladle1 ! lead alloy$ ) gold or silv] &  
p\rs x into little iron or copp] pans1  
?ree palms wide & z _m digits deep1 b   
fir/ l9$ on ! inside ) lute & dri$ by   
w>m+1 le/ ! gl[+ molt5 sub/ances %\ld   
break ?r\gh4 ,! iron ladle is two palms 
wide1 & 9 o!r respects x is simil> to ! 
o!rs1 all ( :i* h a suffici5tly long    
iron %aft1 s t ! fire %\ld n burn !     
wood5 "p ( ! h&le4 ,:5 ! alloy has be5  

p\r$ out ( ! =ehe>?1 ! smelt] =eman & ! 
m9e capta9 weigh ! cakes4  ,!n ! ma/]   
breaks out ! :ole ( ! m\? ( ! furnace ) 
a cr[b>1 & ) t o!r hook$ b>1 ! rabble & 
! five-too!d rake1 he extracts !        
accretions & ! *>coal4 ,?is cr[b> is n  
unlike ! o!r hook$ "o1 b l>g] & wid]2 ! 
h&le ( ! rabble is six feet long & is   
half ( iron & half ( wood4 ,! furnace   
hav+ cool$1 ! ma/] *ips (f ! accretions 
cl++ to ! walls ) a rectangul> spatula  
six digits long1 a palm broad1 & %>p on 
! front edge2 x has a r\nd h&le f\r feet
 long1 half ( x be+ ( iron & half (     
wood4 ,?is is ! fir/ me?od ( smelt+     
ores4  ,because !y g5]ally consi/ (     
unequal con/itu5ts1 "s ( :i* melt       
rapidly & o!rs sl[ly1 ! ores ri* 9 gold 
& silv] _c be smelt$ z rapidly or z     
easily by ! o!r me?ods z !y c by ! fir/ 
me?od1 = ?ree important reasons4 ,! fir/
 reason is t1 z (t5 z ! clos$ tap-hole (
 ! furnace is op5$ ) a tapp+-b>1 s (t5 c
 ! smelt] obs]ve :e!r ! ore is melt+ too
 quickly or too sl[ly1 or :e!r x is     

flam+ 9 scatt]$ bits1 & n unit+ 9 "o    
mass2 9 ! fir/ case ! ore is smelt+ too 
sl[ly & n )\t great exp5se2 9 ! second  
case ! metal mixes ) ! slag :i* fl[s out
 ( ! furnace into ! =ehe>?1 :]e=e !re is
 ! exp5se ( melt+ x aga92 9 ! ?ird case1
 ! metal is consum$ by ! viol5ce ( !    
fire4 ,ea* ( ^! evils has its rem$y2 if 
! ore melts sl[ly or does n come toge!r1
 x is necess>y to add "s am\nt ( fluxes 
:i* melt ! ore2 or if !y melt too       
readily1 to decrease ! am\nt4  ,! second
 reason is t ea* "t t ! furnace is op5$ 
) a tapp+-b>1 x fl[s out into ! =ehe>?1 
& ! smelt] is able to te/ ! alloy ( gold
 & lead or ( silv] ) lead1 :i* is call$ 
/annum4#af ,:5 ! tap-hole is op5$ !     
second or ?ird "t1 ?is te/ %[s u :e!r ! 
alloy ( gold or silv] has become ri*]1  
or :e!r ! lead is too debilitat$ & want+
 9 /r5g? to absorb any m gold or silv]4 
,if x has become ri*]1 "s portion ( lead
 add$ to x %\ld r5ew its /r5g?2 if x has
 n become ri*]1 x is p\r$ out ( ! =ehe>?
 t x may be replac$ ) fre% lead4  ,!    

?ird reason is t if ! tap-hole ( !      
furnace is always op5 :5 ! ore & o!r ?+s
 are be+ smelt$1 ! fluxes1 :i* are      
easily melt$1 run out ( ! furnace be=e !
 ri* gold & silv] ores1 = ^! are        
sometimes ( a k9d t oppose & resi/ melt+
 by ! fire = a long] p]iod4 ,x foll[s 9 
?is case1 t "s "p ( ! ore is ei!r       
consum$ or is mix$ ) ! accretions1 & z a
 result little lumps ( ore n yet melt$  
are n[ & !n f\nd 9 ! accretions4 ,!re=e 
:5 ^! ores are be+ smelt$1 ! tap-hole ( 
! furnace %\ld be clos$ = a "t1 z x is  
necess>y to heat & mix ! ore & ! fluxes 
at ! same "t2 s9ce ! fluxes fuse m      
rapidly ?an ! ore1 :5 ! molt5 fluxes are
 held 9 ! furnace1 !y ?us melt ! ore :i*
 does n readily fuse or mix ) ! lead4 ,!
 lead absorbs ! gold or silv]1 j z t9 or
 lead :5 melt$ 9 ! =ehe>? absorbs ! o!r 
unmelt$ metal :i* has be5 ?r[n into x4  
,b if ! molt5 matt] is p\r$ ^u t :i* is 
n molt51 x runs (f on all sides &       
consequ5tly does n melt x4 ,x foll[s f  
all ?is t ores ri* 9 gold or silv]1 :5  

put into a furnace ) its tap-hole always
 op51 _c = t reason be smelt$ s         
successfully z 9 "o :]e ! tap-hole is   
clos$ = a "t1 s t dur+ ?is "t ! ore may 
be melt$ by ! molt5 fluxes4 ,aft]w>d1 :5
 ! tap-hole has be5 op5$1 !y fl[ into ! 
=ehe>? & mix !re ) ! molt5 lead4 ,?is   
me?od ( smelt+ ! ores is us$ by u & by !
 ,bohemians4  ,illu/ration #che 7,bla/  
,furnaces73 ,a1 ,b--,two furnaces4      
,c--,=ehe>?s4 ,d--,dipp+-pot4 ,! smelt] 
/&+ by ! fir/ furnace draws (f ! slags )
 a hook$ b>4 ,e--,hook$ b>4 ,f--,slags4 
,g--,! assi/ant draw+ a bucket ( wat]   
:i* he p\rs ov] ! gl[+ slags to qu5* !m4
 ,h--,basket made ( twigs ( wood        
int]tw9$4 ,i--,rabble4 ,k--,ore to be   
smelt$4 ,l--,! ma/] /&s at ! o!r furnace
 & prep>es ! =ehe>? by ramm+ x ) two    
ramm]s4 ,m--,cr[b>4  ,! ?ree rema9+     
me?ods ( smelt+ ores are simil> to ea*  
o!r 9 t ! tap-holes ( ! furnaces always 
rema9 op51 s t ! molt5 metals may       
cont9ually run out4 ,!y diff] greatly f 
ea* o!r1 h[ev]1 = ! tap-hole ( ! fir/ ( 

?is k9d is deep] 9 ! furnace & n>r[] ?an
 t ( ! ?ird1 & besides x is invisible & 
conceal$4 ,x easily dis*>ges into !     
=ehe>?1 :i* is "o & a half feet high]   
?an ! floor ( ! build+1 9 ord] t bel[ x 
to ! left a dipp+-pot c be made4 ,:5 !  
=ehe>? is ne>ly full ( ! slags1 :i* well
 up f ! invisible tap-hole ( ! furnace1 
!y are skimm$ (f f ! top ) a hook$ b>2  
!n ! alloy ( gold or silv] ) lead & !   
melt$ pyrites1 be+ uncov]$1 fl[ into !  
dipp+-pot1 & ! latt] are made into      
cakes2 ^! cakes are brok5 & ?r[n back   
into ! furnace s t all _! metal may be  
smelt$ out4 ,! alloy is p\r$ into little
 iron m\lds4  ,! smelt]1 besides lead & 
cognate ?+s1 uses fluxes :i* comb9e ) ! 
ore1 ( :i* ,i gave a suffici5t acc\nt 9 
,book ,,vii4 ,! metals :i* are melt$ f  
ores t fuse readily 9 ! fire1 are       
pr(itable because !y are smelt$ 9 a %ort
 "t1 :ile ^? :i* are difficult to fuse  
are n z pr(itable1 because !y take a    
long "t4 ,:5 fluxes rema9 9 ! furnace & 
d n melt1 !y are n suitable2 = ?is      

reason1 accretions & slags are ! mo/    
conv5i5t = smelt+1 because !y melt      
quickly4 ,x is necess>y to h an         
indu/ri\s & exp]i5c$ smelt]1 :o 9 ! fir/
 place takes c>e n to put into ! furnace
 m ores mix$ ) fluxes ?an x c           
accommodate4  ,! p[d] out ( :i* ?is     
furnace he>? & ! adjo9+ =ehe>? & !      
dipp+-pot are usually made1 consi/s     
mo/ly ( equal proportions ( *>coal du/ &
 ( e>?1 or ( equal p>ts ( ! same & (    
a%es4 ,:5 ! he>? ( ! furnace is prep>$1 
a rod t w rea* to ! =ehe>? is put into  
x1 high] up if ! ore to be smelt$       
readily fuses1 & l[] d[n if x fuses )   
difficulty4 ,:5 ! dipp+-pot & =ehe>? are
 f9i%$1 ! rod is drawn out ( ! furnace s
 t ! tap-hole is op51 & ?r\gh x ! molt5 
mat]ial fl[s cont9u\sly into ! =ehe>?1  
:i* %\ld be v ne> ! furnace 9 ord] t x  
may keep v hot & ! alloy ?us be made    
pur]4 ,if ! ore to be smelt$ does n melt
 easily1 ! he>? ( ! furnace mu/ n be    
made too slop+1 le/ ! molt5 fluxes %\ld 
run d[n into ! =ehe>? be=e ! ore is     

smelt$1 & ! metal ?us rema9 9 !         
accretions on ! sides ( ! furnace4 ,!   
smelt] mu/ n ram ! he>? s mu* t x       
becomes too h>d1 nor make ! mi/ake (    
ramm+ ! l[] "p ( ! m\? to make x h>d1 = 
x c\ld n brea!#ag1 nor c\ld ! molt5     
matt] fl[ freely out ( ! furnace4 ,! ore
 :i* does n readily melt is ?r[n z mu* z
 possible to ! back ( ! furnace1 & t[>d 
t "p :]e ! fire burns v fi]cely1 s t x  
may be smelt$ long]4 ,9 ?is way ! smelt]
 may direct x :i!r he wills4 ,only :5 x 
gl[s at ! "p ne> ! bell[s' nozzle does x
 signify t all ! ore is smelt$ :i* has  
be5 ?r[n to ! side ( ! furnace 9 :i* !  
nozzles are plac$4 ,if ! ore is easily  
melt$1 "o or two wick] baskets full are 
?r[n into ! front "p ( ! furnace s t !  
fire1 be+ driv5 back by x1 may also     
smelt ! ore & ! s[s t =m r\nd ab\t !    
nozzles ( ! bell[s4 ,?is process (      
smelt+ is v anci5t among ! ,tyrolese#ah1
 b n s old among ! ,bohemians4          
,illu/ration #chg 7,bla/ ,furnaces73 ,a1
 ,b--,two furnaces4 ,c--,=ehe>?4        

,d--,dipp+-pots4 ,! ma/] /&s at ! "o    
furnace & draws away ! slags ) an iron  
=k4 ,e--,iron =k4 ,f--,wood5 hoe ) :i* !
 cakes ( melt$ pyrites are drawn out4   
,g--,! =ehe>? crucible3 "o-half inside  
is to be se5 op5 9 ! o!r furnace4 ,h--,!
 half outside ! furnace4 ,i--,! assi/ant
 prep>es ! =ehe>?1 :i* is sep>at$ f !   
furnace t x may be se54 ,k--,b>4        
,l--,wood5 ramm]4 ,m--,ladd]4           
,n--,ladle4  ,! second me?od ( smelt+   
ores /&s 9 a measure midway betwe5 t "o 
p]=m$ 9 a furnace ( :i* ! tap-hole is   
clos$ int]mitt5tly1 & ! fir/ ( ! me?ods 
p]=m$ 9 a furnace :]e ! tap-hole is     
always op54 ,9 ?is mann] are smelt$ !   
ores ( gold & silv] t are nei!r v ri*   
nor v poor1 b m$iocre1 :i* fuse easily &
 are readily absorb$ by ! lead4 ,x 0    
f\nd t 9 ?is way a l>ge quantity ( ore  
c\ld be smelt$ at "o op]ation )\t mu*   
lab\r or great exp5se1 & c\ld ?us be    
alloy$ ) lead4 ,?is furnace has two     
crucibles1 "o ( :i* is half inside !    
furnace & half outside1 s t ! lead be+  

put into ?is crucible1 ! "p ( ! lead :i*
 is 9 ! furnace absorbs ! metals ( !    
ores :i* easily fuse2 ! o!r crucible is 
l[]1 & ! alloy & ! molt5 pyrites run    
into x4 ,^? :o make use ( ?is me?od (   
smelt+1 tap ! alloy ( gold or silv] )   
lead f ! upp] crucible once or twice if 
ne$ be1 & ?r[ 9 o!r lead or li?>ge1 &   
ea* absorbs t flux :i* is ne>e/4 ,?is   
me?od ( smelt+ is 9 use 9 ,/yria#ai4    
,illu/ration #chi 7,furnaces73 ,a1      
,b--,two furnaces4 ,c--,tap-holes (     
furnaces4 ,d--,=ehe>?s4 ,e--,_!         
tap-holes4 ,f--,dipp+-pots4 ,g--,at ! "o
 furnace /&s ! smelt] c>ry+ a wick]     
basket full ( *>coal4 ,at ! o!r furnace 
/&s a smelt] :o ) ! ?ird hook$ b> breaks
 away ! mat]ial :i* has froz5 ! tap-hole
 ( ! furnace4 ,h--,hook$ b>4 ,i--,heap (
 *>coal4 ,k--,b>r[ on :i* is a box made 
( wick] "w 9 :i* ! coals are measur$4   
,l--,iron spade4  ,! furnace 9 ! ?ird   
me?od ( smelt+ ores has ! tap-hole      
likewise op51 b ! furnace is high] &    
wid] ?an ! o!rs1 & its bell[s are l>g]2 

= ^! reasons a l>g] *>ge ( ! ore c be   
?r[n into x4 ,:5 ! m9es yield a great   
abundance ( ore = ! smelt]1 !y smelt 9 !
 same furnace cont9u\sly = ?ree days &  
?ree nights1 provid+ !re be no defect   
ei!r 9 ! he>? or 9 ! =ehe>?4 ,9 ?is k9d 
( a furnace almo/ e k9d ( accretion w be
 f\nd4 ,! =ehe>? ( ! furnace is n unlike
 ! =ehe>? ( ! fir/ furnace ( all1 except
 t x has a tap-hole4 ,h[ev]1 because    
l>ge *>ges ( ore are smelt$             
un9t]rupt$ly1 & ! melt$ mat]ial runs out
 & ! slags are skimm$ (f1 !re is ne$ = a
 second =ehe>? crucible1 into :i* !     
molt5 mat]ial runs ?r\gh an op5$        
tap-hole :5 ! fir/ is full4 ,:5 a smelt]
 has sp5t twelve h\rs' lab\r on ?is "w1 
ano!r always takes 8 place4 ,! ores (   
copp] & lead & ! poore/ ores ( gold &   
silv] are smelt$ by ?is me?od1 because  
!y _c be smelt$ by ! o!r ?ree me?ods on 
acc\nt ( ! great] exp5se occasion$4 ,yet
 by ?is me?od a c5tumpondium ( ore      
conta9+ only "o or two dra*mae ( gold1  
or only a half to "o uncia1 ( silv]1#bj 

c be smelt$2 because !re is a l>ge am\nt
 ( ore 9 ea* *>ge1 smelt+ is cont9u\s1 &
 )\t exp5sive fluxes su* z lead1 li?>ge1
 & he>?-lead4 ,9 ?is me?od ( smelt+ we  
mu/ use only cuprif]\s pyrites :i*      
easily melt 9 ! fire1 9 tru? ! cakes    
melt$ out f ?is1 if !y no long] absorb  
mu* gold or silv]1 are repl5i%$ aga9 f  
crude pyrites alone4 ,if f ?is poor ore1
 ) melt$ pyrites alone1 mat]ial = cakes 
_c be made1 !re are add$ o!r fluxes :i* 
h n previ\sly be5 melt$4 ,^! fluxes are1
 namely1 lead ore1 /ones easily fus$ by 
fire ( ! second ord] & s& made f !m1    
lime/one1 tophus1 :ite s*i/1 & iron     
/one#ba4  ,al?\gh ?is me?od ( smelt+    
ores is r\gh & might n seem to be (     
great use1 yet x is clev] & useful2 = a 
great weight ( ores1 9 :i* ! gold1      
silv]1 or copp] are 9 small quantities1 
may be r$uc$ into a few cakes conta9+   
all ! metal4 ,if on be+ fir/ melt$ !y   
are too crude to be suitable = ! second 
melt+1 9 :i* ! lead absorbs ! preci\s   
metals t are 9 ! cakes1 or 9 :i* ! copp]

 is melt$ out ( !m1 yet !y c be made    
suitable if !y are repeat$ly roa/$1     
sometimes z (t5 z sev5 or eight times1 z
 ,i h expla9$ 9 ! la/ book4 ,smelt]s (  
?is k9d are s clev] & exp]t1 t 9 smelt+ 
!y take out all ! gold & silv] :i* !    
assay] 9 assay+ ! ores has /at$ to be   
conta9$ 9 !m1 because if dur+ ! fir/    
op]ation1 :5 he makes ! cakes1 !re is a 
dra*ma ( gold or half an uncia ( silv]  
lo/ f ! ores1 ! smelt] obta9s x f !     
slags by ! second smelt+4 ,?is me?od (  
smelt+ ores is old & v common to mo/ (  
^? :o use o!r me?ods4  ,illu/ration #cic
 7,lead smelt+ ,furnaces73 ,a--,furnace 
( ! ,c>ni4 ,b--,l[ wall4 ,c--,wood4     
,d--,ore dripp+ lead4 ,e--,l>ge         
crucible4 ,f--,m\lds4 ,g--,ladle4       
,h--,slabs ( lead4 ,i--,rectangul> hole 
at ! back ( ! furnace4 ,k--,saxon       
furnace4 ,l--,op5+ 9 ! back ( ! furnace4
 ,m--,wood4 ,n--,upp] crucible4         
,o--,dipp+-pot4 ,p--,we/phalian me?od ( 
melt+4 ,q--,heaps ( *>coal4 ,r--,/raw4  
,s--,wide slabs4 ,t--,crucibles4        

,v--,poli% he>?4  ,al?\gh lead ores are 
usually smelt$ 9 ! ?ird furnace--^:     
tap-hole is always op51--yet n a few p  
melt !m 9 special furnaces by a me?od   
:i* ,i w briefly expla94 ,! ,c>ni#bb    
fir/ burn su* lead ores1 & aft]w>d break
 & cru% !m ) l>ge r\nd mallets4 ,betwe5 
! two l[ walls ( a he>?1 :i* is inside a
 furnace made ( & vault$ ) a rock t     
resi/s injury by ! fire & does n burn   
into *alk1 !y place gre5 wood ) a lay] (
 dry wood on ! top ( x2 !n !y ?r[ ! ore 
on to ?is1 & :5 ! wood is k9dl$ ! lead  
drips d[n & runs on to ! und]ly+ slop+  
he>?#bc4 ,?is he>? is made ( pulv]is$   
*>coal & e>?1 z is also a l>ge crucible1
 "o-half ( :i* lies "u ! furnace & ! o!r
 half outside x1 into :i* runs ! lead4  
,! smelt]1 hav+ fir/ skimm$ (f ! slags &
 o!r ?+s ) a hoe1 p\rs ! lead ) a ladle 
into m\lds1 tak+ out ! cakes aft] !y h  
cool$4 ,at ! back ( ! furnace is a      
rectangul> hole1 s t ! fire may be all[$
 m draught1 & s t ! smelt] c crawl ?r\gh
 x into ! furnace if necessity dem&s4   

,! ,saxons :o inhabit ,gittelde1 :5     
smelt+ lead ore 9 a furnace n unlike a  
bak+ ov51 put ! wood 9 ?r\gh a hole at !
 back ( ! furnace1 & :5 x beg9s to burn 
vigor\sly ! lead trickles out ( ! ore   
into a =ehe>?4 ,:5 ?is is full1 ! smelt+
 be+ accompli%$1 ! tap-hole is op5$ ) a 
b>1 & 9 ?is way ! lead1 toge!r ) !      
slags1 runs into ! dipp+-pots bel[4     
,aft]w>d ! cakes ( lead1 :5 !y are cold1
 are tak5 f ! m\lds4  ,9 ,we/phalia !y  
heap up t5 wagon-loads ( *>coal on "s   
hillside :i* adjo9s a level place1 & !  
top ( ! heap be+ made flat1 /raw is ?r[n
 ^u x to ! ?ickness ( ?ree or f\r       
digits4 ,on ! top ( ?is is laid z mu*   
pure lead ore z ! heap c be>2 !n !      
*>coal is k9dl$1 & :5 ! w9d bl[s1 x fans
 ! fire s t ! ore is smelt$4 ,9 ?is wise
 ! lead1 trickl+ d[n f ! heap1 fl[s on  
to ! level & =ms broad ?9 slabs4 ,a few 
hundr$ p\nds ( lead ore are kept at h&1 
:i*1 if ?+s g well1 are scatt]$ ov] !   
heap4 ,^! broad slabs are impure & are  
laid ^u dry wood :i* 9 turn is plac$ on 

gre5 wood laid ov] a l>ge crucible1 & ! 
=m] hav+ be5 k9dl$1 ! lead is re-melt$4 
,! ,poles use a he>? ( bricks f\r feet  
high1 slop+ on bo? sides & pla/]$ )     
lute4 ,on ! upp] level "p ( ! he>? l>ge 
pieces ( wood are pil$1 & on ^! is plac$
 small wood ) lute put 9 betwe52 ov] !  
top are laid wood %av+s1 & ^u ^! aga9   
pure lead ore cov]$ ) l>ge pieces (     
wood4 ,:5 ^! are k9dl$1 ! ore melts &   
runs d[n on to ! l[] lay] ( wood2 & :5  
?is is consum$ by ! fire1 ! metal is    
collect$4 ,if necessity dem&1 x is melt$
 ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! same mann]1 b x is  
f9ally melt$ by means ( wood laid ov] ! 
l>ge crucible1 ! slabs ( lead be+ plac$ 
^u x4  ,! conc5trates f wa%+ are smelt$ 
toge!r ) slags 7fluxes87 9 a ?ird       
furnace1 ( :i* ! tap-hole is always op54
  ,illu/ration #cie 7,bla/ ,furnaces73  
,a--,furnaces4 ,b--,vault$ ro(4         
,c--,columns4 ,d--,du/-*amb]4 ,e--,op5+4
 ,f--,*imney4 ,g--,w9d[4 ,h--,door4     
,i--,*ute4  ,x is wor? :ile to build    
vault$ du/-*amb]s ov] ! furnaces1       

especially ov] ^? 9 :i* ! preci\s ores  
are to be smelt$1 9 ord] t ! ?ick] "p ( 
! fumes1 9 :i* metals are n want+1 may  
be caught & sav$4 ,9 ?is way two or m   
furnaces are comb9$ "u ! same vault$    
ceil+1 :i* is support$ by ! wall1 aga9/ 
:i* ! furnaces are built1 & by f\r      
columns4 ,"u ?is ! smelt]s ( ! ore p]=m 
_! "w4 ,!re are two op5+s ?r\gh :i* !   
fumes rise f ! furnaces into ! wide     
vault$ *amb]1 & ! wid] ?is is ! m fumes 
x collects2 9 ! middle ( ?is *amb] ov] !
 ar* is an op5+ ?ree palms high & two   
wide4 ,?is cat*es ! fumes ( bo?         
furnaces1 :i* h ris5 up f bo? sides ( ! 
vault$ *amb] to its ar*1 & h fall5 aga9 
because !y c\ld n =ce _! way out2 & !y  
?us pass out ?r\gh ! op5+ m5tion$1 into 
! *imney :i* ! ,greeks call ,greek3     
kapnodo*e1 ! "n be+ tak5 f ! object4 ,! 
*imney has ?9 iron plates fa/5$ into !  
walls1 to :i* ! ?9n] metallic sub/ances 
adh]e :5 asc5d+ ) ! fumes4 ,! ?ick]     
metallic sub/ances1 or cadmia1#be adh]e 
to ! vault$ *amb]1 & (t5 h>d5 into      

/alactites4 ,on "o side ( ! *amb] is a  
w9d[ 9 :i* are set panes ( glass1 s t ! 
light may be transmitt$1 b ! fumes kept 
92 on ! o!r side is a door1 :i* is kept 
entirely clos$ :ile ! ores are be+      
smelt$ 9 ! furnaces1 s t none ( ! fumes 
may escape4 ,x is op5$ 9 ord] t !       
workman1 pass+ ?r\gh x1 may be enabl$ to
 ent] ! *amb] & remove ! soot &         
pompholyx#bf & *ip (f ! cadmia2 ?is     
sweep+ is done twice a ye>4 ,! soot mix$
 ) pompholyx & ! cadmia1 be+ *ipp$ (f1  
is ?r[n d[n ?r\gh a long *ute made ( f\r
 bo>ds jo9$ 9 ! %ape ( a rectangle1 t !y
 %\ld n fly away4 ,!y fall on to !      
floor1 & are spr9kl$ ) salt wat]1 & are 
aga9 smelt$ ) ore & li?>ge1 & become an 
emolum5t to ! proprietors4 ,su* *amb]s1 
:i* cat* ! metallic sub/ances t rise ) !
 fumes1 are pr(itable = all metallif]\s 
ores2 b especially = ! m9ute metallic   
p>ticles collect$ by wa%+ cru%$ ores &  
rock1 because ^! usually fly out ) !    
fire ( ! furnaces4  ,i h expla9$ ! f\r  
g5]al me?ods ( smelt+ ores2 n[ ,i w /ate

 h[ ! ores ( ea* metal are smelt$1 or h[
 ! metal is obta9$ f ! ore4 ,i w beg9 ) 
gold4 ,its s&1 ! conc5trates f wa%+1 or 
! gold du/ collect$ 9 any o!r mann]1    
%\ld v (t5 n be smelt$1 b %\ld be mix$ )
 quicksilv] & wa%$ ) tepid wat]1 s t all
 ! impurities may be elim9at$4 ,?is     
me?od ,i expla9$ 9 ,book ,,vii4 ,or !y  
are plac$ 9 ! aqua :i* sep>ates gold f  
silv]1 = ?is also sep>ates its          
impurities4 ,9 ?is me?od we see ! gold  
s9k 9 ! glass ampulla1 & aft] all ! aqua
 has be5 dra9$ f ! p>ticles1 x frequ5tly
 rema9s z a gold-col\r$ residue at !    
bottom2 ?is p[d]1 :5 x has be5 moi/5$ ) 
oil made f argol#bg1 is !n dri$ & plac$ 
9 a crucible1 :]e x is melt$ ) borax or 
) saltpetre & salt2 or ! same v f9e du/ 
is ?r[n into molt5 silv]1 :i* absorbs x1
 & f ?is x is aga9 p>t$ by aqua         
val5s#bh4  ,x is necess>y to smelt gold 
ore ei!r outside ! bla/ furnace 9 a     
crucible1 or inside ! bla/ furnace2 9 ! 
=m] case a small *>ge ( ore is us$1 9 ! 
latt] a l>ge *>ge ( x4 ,rudis gold1 (   

:atev] col\r x is1 is cru%$ ) a libra   
ea* ( sulphur & salt1 a ?ird ( a libra (
 copp]1 & a qu>t] ( a libra ( argol2 !y 
%\ld be melt$ 9 a crucible on a sl[ fire
 = ?ree h\rs1 !n ! alloy is put into    
molt5 silv] t x may melt m rapidly4 ,or 
a libra ( ! same crude gold1 cru%$ up1  
is mix$ toge!r ) half a libra ( /ibium  
likewise cru%$1 & put into a crucible ) 
half an uncia ( copp] fil+s1 & heat$    
until !y melt1 !n a six? "p ( granulat$ 
lead is ?r[n into ! same crucible4 ,z   
soon z ! mixture emits an od\r1         
iron-fil+s are add$ to x1 or if ^! are n
 at h&1 iron hamm]-scales1 = bo? ( ^!   
break ! /r5g? ( ! /ibium4 ,:5 ! fire    
consumes x1 n alone ) x is "s /r5g? ( ! 
/ibium consum$1 b "s p>ticles ( gold &  
also ( silv]1 if x be mix$ ) ! gold#bi4 
,:5 ! button has be5 tak5 out ( !       
crucible & cool$1 x is melt$ 9 a cupel1 
fir/ until ! antimony is exhal$1 &      
!reaft] until ! lead is sep>at$ f x4    
,cru%$ pyrites :i* conta9s gold is      
smelt$ 9 ! same way2 x & ! /ibium %\ld  

be ( equal weight & 9 tru? ! gold may be
 made f !m 9 a numb] ( diff]5t ways#cj4 
,"o "p ( cru%$ mat]ial is mix$ ) six    
p>ts ( copp]1 "o "p ( sulphur1 half a "p
 ( salt1 & !y are all plac$ 9 a pot &   
ov] !m is p\r$ w9e di/ill$ by heat+     
liquid argol 9 an ampulla4 ,! pot is    
cov]$ & sme>$ ov] ) lute & is put 9 a   
hot place1 s t ! mixture moi/5$ ) w9e   
may dry = ! space ( six days1 !n x is   
heat$ = ?ree h\rs ov] a g5tle fire t x  
may comb9e m rapidly ) ! lead4 ,f9ally x
 is put into a cupel & ! gold is sep>at$
 f ! lead#ca4  ,or else "o libra ( !    
conc5trates f wa%+ pyrites1 or o!r /ones
 to :i* gold adh]es1 is mix$ ) half a   
libra ( salt1 half a libra ( argol1 a   
?ird ( a libra ( glass-galls1 a six? ( a
 libra ( gold or silv] slags1 & a       
sicilicus ( copp]4 ,! crucible into :i* 
^! are put1 aft] x has be5 cov]$ ) a    
lid1 is seal$ ) lute & plac$ 9 a small  
furnace t is provid$ ) small holes ?r\gh
 :i* ! air is drawn 91 & !n x is heat$  
until x turns r$ & ! sub/ances put 9 h  

alloy$2 ?is %\ld take place )9 f\r or   
five h\rs4 ,! alloy hav+ cool$1 x is    
aga9 cru%$ to p[d] & a p\nd ( li?>ge is 
add$ to x2 !n x is heat$ aga9 9 ano!r   
crucible until x melts4 ,! button is    
tak5 out1 purg$ ( slag1 & plac$ 9 a     
cupel1 :]e ! gold is sep>at$ f ! lead4  
,or to a libra ( ! p[d] prep>$ f su*    
metallif]\s conc5trates1 is add$ a libra
 ea* ( salt1 ( saltpetre1 ( argol1 & (  
glass-galls1 & x is heat$ until x melts4
 ,:5 cool$ & cru%$1 x is wa%$1 !n to x  
is add$ a libra ( silv]1 a ?ird ( copp] 
fil+s1 a six? ( li?>ge1 & x is likewise 
heat$ aga9 until x melts4 ,aft] ! button
 has be5 purg$ ( slag1 x is put into !  
cupel1 & ! gold & silv] are sep>at$ f ! 
lead2 ! gold is p>t$ f ! silv] ) aqua   
val5s4 ,or else a libra ( ! p[d] prep>$ 
f su* metallif]\s conc5trates1 a qu>t] (
 a libra ( copp] fil+s1 & two librae ( t
 second p[d]#cb :i* fuses ores1 are     
heat$ until !y melt4 ,! mixture :5 cool$
 is aga9 r$uc$ to p[d]1 roa/$ & wa%$1 & 
9 ?is mann] a blue p[d] is obta9$4 ,(   

?is1 & silv]1 & t second p[d] :i* fuses 
ores1 a libra ea* are tak51 toge!r )    
?ree librae ( lead1 & a qu>t] ( a libra 
( copp]1 & !y are heat$ toge!r until !y 
melt2 !n ! button is treat$ z be=e4 ,or 
else a libra ( ! p[d] prep>$ f su*      
metallif]\s conc5trates1 half a libra ( 
saltpetre1 & a qu>t] ( a libra ( salt   
are heat$ until !y melt4 ,! alloy :5    
cool$ is aga9 cru%$ to p[d]1 "o libra ( 
:i* is absorb$ by f\r p\nds ( molt5     
silv]4 ,or else a libra ( ! p[d] made f 
t k9d ( conc5trates1 toge!r ) a libra ( 
sulphur1 a libra & a half ( salt1 a ?ird
 ( a libra ( salt made f argol1 & a ?ird
 ( a libra ( copp] resolv$ into p[d] )  
sulphur1 are heat$ until !y melt4       
,aft]w>d ! lead is re-melt$1 & ! gold is
 sep>at$ f ! o!r metals4 ,or else a     
libra ( ! p[d] ( ?is k9d ( conc5trates1 
toge!r ) two librae ( salt1 half a libra
 ( sulphur1 & "o libra ( li?>ge1 are    
heat$1 & f ^! ! gold is melt$ out4 ,by  
^! & simil> me?ods conc5trates conta9+  
gold1 if !re be a small quantity ( !m or

 if !y are v ri*1 c be smelt$ outside ! 
bla/ furnace4  ,if !re be mu* ( !m & !y 
are poor1 !n !y are smelt$ 9 ! bla/     
furnace1 especially ! ore :i* is n cru%$
 to p[d]1 & p>ticul>ly :5 ! gold m9es   
yield an abundance ( x#cc4 ,! gold      
conc5trates mix$ ) li?>ge & he>?-lead1  
to :i* are add$ iron-scales1 are smelt$ 
9 ! bla/ furnace ^: tap-hole is         
int]mitt5tly clos$1 or else 9 ! fir/ or 
! second furnaces 9 :i* ! tap-hole is   
always op54 ,9 ?is mann] an alloy ( gold
 & lead is obta9$ :i* is put into !     
cupellation furnace4 ,two p>ts ( roa/$  
pyrites or cadmia :i* conta9 gold1 are  
put ) "o "p ( unroa/$1 & are smelt$     
toge!r 9 ! ?ird furnace ^: tap-hole is  
always op51 & are made into cakes4 ,:5  
^! cakes h be5 repeat$ly roa/$1 !y are  
re-smelt$ 9 ! furnace ^: tap-hole is    
tempor>ily clos$1 or 9 "o ( ! two o!rs  
^: tap-holes are always op54 ,9 ?is     
mann] ! lead absorbs ! gold1 :e!r pure  
or arg5tif]\s or cuprif]\s1 & ! alloy is
 tak5 to ! cupellation furnace4         

,pyrites1 or o!r gold ore :i* is mix$ ) 
mu* mat]ial t is consum$ by fire & flies
 out ( ! furnace1 is melt$ ) /one f :i* 
iron is melt$1 if ?is is at h&4 ,six    
p>ts ( su* pyrites1 or ( gold ore r$uc$ 
to p[d] & sift$1 f\r ( /one f :i* iron  
is made1 likewise cru%$1 & ?ree ( slak$ 
lime1 are mix$ toge!r & moi/5$ ) wat]2  
to ^! are add$ two & a half p>ts ( !    
cakes :i* conta9 "s copp]1 toge!r ) "o &
 a half p>ts ( slag4 ,a basketful (     
fragm5ts ( ! cakes is ?r[n into !       
furnace1 !n ! mixture ( o!r ?+s1 & !n ! 
slag4 ,n[ :5 ! middle "p ( ! =ehe>? is  
fill$ ) ! molt5 mat]ial :i* runs d[n f !
 furnace1 ! slags are fir/ skimm$ (f1 & 
!n ! cakes made ( pyrites2 aft]w>d !    
alloy ( copp]1 gold & silv]1 :i* settles
 at ! bottom1 is tak5 out4 ,! cakes are 
g5tly roa/$ & re-smelt$ ) lead1 & made  
into cakes1 :i* are c>ri$ to o!r works4 
,! alloy ( copp]1 gold1 & silv] is n    
roa/$1 b is re-melt$ aga9 9 a crucible )
 an equal portion ( lead4 ,cakes are    
also made mu* ri*] 9 copp] & gold ?an ^?

 ,i spoke (4 ,9 ord] t ! alloy ( gold & 
silv] may be made ri*]1 to eighte5      
librae ( x are add$ =ty-eight librae (  
crude ore1 ?ree librae ( ! /one f :i*   
iron is made1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a libra ( 
! cakes made f pyrites1 & mix$ ) lead1  
all are heat$ toge!r 9 ! crucible until 
!y melt4 ,:5 ! slag & ! cakes melt$ f   
pyrites h be5 skimm$ (f1 ! alloy is     
c>ri$ to o!r furnaces4  ,!re n[ foll[s  
silv]1 ( :i* ! native silv] or ! lumps (
 rudis silv]#cd obta9$ f ! m9es are n   
smelt$ 9 ! bla/ furnaces1 b 9 small iron
 pans1 ( :i* ,i w speak at ! prop]      
place2 ^! lumps are heat$ & ?r[n into   
molt5 silv]-lead alloy 9 ! cupellation  
furnace :5 ! silv] is be+ sep>at$ f !   
lead1 & ref9$4 ,! t9y flakes or t9y     
lumps ( silv] adh]+ to /ones or m>ble or
 rocks1 or aga9 ! same little lumps mix$
 ) e>?1 or silv] n pure en\gh1 %\ld be  
smelt$ 9 ! furnace ( :i* ! tap-hole is  
only clos$ = a %ort "t1 toge!r ) cakes  
melt$ f pyrites1 ) silv] slags1 & )     
/ones :i* easily fuse 9 fire ( ! second 

ord]4  ,9 ord] t p>ticles ( silv] %\ld n
 fly away#ce f ! lumps ( ore consi/+ (  
m9ute ?reads ( pure silv] & twigs (     
native silv]1 !y are enclos$ 9 a pot1 & 
are plac$ 9 ! same furnace :]e ! re/ ( !
 silv] ores are be+ smelt$4 ,"s p smelt 
lumps ( native silv] n suffici5tly pure1
 9 pots or triangul> crucibles1 ^: lids 
are seal$ ) lute4 ,!y d n place ^! pots 
9 ! bla/ furnace1 b arrange !m 9 ! assay
 furnace into :i* ! draught ( ! air bl[s
 ?r\gh small holes4 ,to "o "p ( ! native
 silv] !y add ?ree p>ts ( p[d]$ li?>ge1 
z _m p>ts ( he>?-lead1 half a "p (      
gal5a#cf1 & a small quantity ( salt &   
iron-scales4 ,! alloy :i* settles at !  
bottom ( ! o!r sub/ances 9 ! pot is     
c>ri$ to ! cupellation furnace1 & !     
slags are re-melt$ ) ! o!r silv] slags4 
,!y cru% "u ! /amps & wa% ! pots or     
crucibles to :i* silv]-lead alloy or    
slags adh]e1 & hav+ collect$ !          
conc5trates !y smelt !m toge!r ) !      
slags4 ,?is me?od ( smelt+ rudis silv]1 
if !re is a small quantity ( x1 is !    

be/1 because ! smalle/ portion ( silv]  
does n fly out ( ! pot or ! crucible1 & 
get lo/4  ,if bismu? ore or antimony ore
 or lead ore#cg conta9s silv]1 x is     
smelt$ ) ! o!r ores ( silv]2 likewise   
gal5a or pyrites1 if !re is a small     
am\nt ( x4 ,if !re be mu* gal5a1 :e!r x 
conta9 a l>ge or a small am\nt ( silv]1 
x is smelt$ sep>ately f ! o!rs2 :i*     
process ,i w expla9 a little fur!r on4  
,because lead & copp] ores & _! metals h
 mu* 9 common ) silv] ores1 x is fitt+ t
 ,i %\ld say a great deal conc]n+ !m1   
bo? n[ & lat] on4 ,also 9 ! same mann]1 
pyrites are smelt$ sep>ately if !re be  
mu* ( !m4 ,to ?ree p>ts ( roa/$ lead or 
copp] ore & "o "p ( crude ore1 are add$ 
conc5trates if !y 7 made by wa%+ ! same 
ore1 toge!r ) slags1 & all are put 9 !  
?ird furnace ^: tap-hole is always op54 
,cakes are made f ?is *>ge1 :i*1 :5 !y h
 be5 qu5*$ ) wat]1 are roa/$4 ,( ^!     
roa/$ cakes g5]ally f\r p>ts are aga9   
mix$ ) "o "p ( crude pyrites & re-melt$ 
9 ! same furnace4 ,cakes are aga9 made f

 ?is *>ge1 & if !re is a l>ge am\nt (   
copp] 9 ^! cakes1 copp] is made         
imm$iately aft] !y h be5 roa/$ &        
re-melt$2 if !re is little copp] 9 !    
cakes !y are also roa/$1 b !y are       
re-smelt$ ) a little s(t slag4 ,9 ?is   
me?od ! molt5 lead 9 ! =ehe>? absorbs ! 
silv]4 ,f ! pyritic mat]ial :i* floats  
on ! top ( ! =ehe>? are made cakes = !  
?ird "t1 & f !m :5 !y h be5 roa/$ &     
re-smelt$ is made copp]4 ,simil>ly1 ?ree
 p>ts ( roa/$ cadmia#ch 9 :i* !re is    
silv]1 are mix$ ) "o "p ( crude pyrites1
 toge!r ) slag1 & ?is *>ge is smelt$ &  
cakes are made f x2 ^! cakes hav+ be5   
roa/$ are re-smelt$ 9 ! same furnace4   
,by ?is me?od ! lead conta9$ 9 ! =ehe>? 
absorbs ! silv]1 & ! silv]-lead is tak5 
to ! cupellation furnace4 ,crude qu>tz &
 /ones :i* easily fuse 9 fire ( ! ?ird  
ord]1 toge!r ) o!r ores 9 :i* !re is a  
small am\nt ( silv]1 ought to be mix$ ) 
crude roa/$ pyrites or cadmia1 because !
 roa/$ cakes ( pyrites or cadmia _c be  
pr(itably smelt$ sep>ately4 ,9 a simil> 

mann] e>?s :i* conta9 little silv] are  
mix$ ) ! same2 b if pyrites & cadmia are
 n available to ! smelt]1 he smelts su* 
silv] ores & e>?s ) li?>ge1 he>?-lead1  
slags1 & /ones :i* easily melt 9 ! fire4
 ,! conc5trates#ci orig9at+ f ! wa%+ (  
rudis silv]1 aft] fir/ be+ roa/$#dj     
until !y melt1 are smelt$ ) mix$ li?>ge 
& he>?-lead1 or else1 aft] be+ moi/5$ ) 
wat]1 !y are smelt$ ) cakes made f      
pyrites & cadmia4 ,by nei!r ( ^! me?ods 
d 7! conc5trates7 fall back 9 ! furnace1
 or fly out ( x1 driv5 by ! bla/ ( !    
bell[s & ! agitation ( ! fire4 ,if !    
conc5trates orig9at$ f gal5a !y are     
smelt$ ) x aft] hav+ be5 roa/$2 & if f  
pyrites1 !n ) pyrites4  ,pure copp] ore1
 :e!r x is its own col\r or is t+$ )    
*rysocolla or azure1 & copp] glance1 or 
grey or black rudis copp]1 is smelt$ 9 a
 furnace ( :i* ! tap-hole is clos$ = a v
 %ort "t1 or else is always op5#da4 ,if 
!re is a l>ge am\nt ( silv] 9 ! ore x is
 run into ! =ehe>?1 & ! great] "p ( !   
silv] is absorb$ by ! molt5 lead1 & !   

rema9d] is sold ) ! copp] to !          
proprietor ( ! works 9 :i* silv] is p>t$
 f copp]#db4 ,if !re is a small am\nt ( 
silv] 9 ! ore1 no lead is put into !    
=ehe>? to absorb ! silv]1 & !           
above-m5tion$ proprietors buy x 9 ) !   
copp]2 if !re be no silv]1 copp] is made
 direct4 ,if su* copp] ore conta9s "s   
m9]als :i* d n easily melt1 z pyrites or
 cadmia metallica fossilis#dc1 or /one f
 :i* iron is melt$1 !n crude pyrites :i*
 easily fuse are add$ to x1 toge!r )    
slag4 ,f ?is *>ge1 :5 smelt$1 !y make   
cakes2 & f ^!1 :5 !y h be5 roa/$ z mu* z
 is necess>y & re-smelt$1 ! copp] is    
made4 ,b if !re be "s silv] 9 ! cakes1 =
 :i* an outlay ( lead has to be made1 !n
 x is fir/ run into ! =ehe>?1 & ! molt5 
lead absorbs ! silv]4  ,inde$1 rudis    
copp] ore ( inf]ior quality1 :e!r       
a%-col\r$ or purple1 blacki% &          
occasionally 9 p>ts blue1 is smelt$ 9 ! 
fir/ furnace ^: tap-hole is always op54 
,?is is ! me?od ( ! ,tyrolese4 ,to z mu*
 rudis copp] ore z w fill eighte5       

vessels1 ea* ( :i* holds almo/ z mu* z  
sev5 ,roman moduli#dd1 ! fir/ smelt]--= 
!re are ?ree--adds ?ree c>tloads ( lead 
slags1 "o c>tload ( s*i/1 "o fif? ( a   
c5tumpondium ( /ones :i* easily fuse 9 !
 fire1 besides a small quantity (       
conc5trates collect$ f copp] slag &     
accretions1 all ( :i* he smelts = !     
space ( twelve h\rs1 & f :i* he makes   
six c5tumpondia ( prim>y cakes & "o-half
 ( a c5tumpondium ( alloy4 ,"o half ( ! 
latt] consi/s ( copp] & silv]1 & x      
settles to ! bottom ( ! =ehe>?4 ,9 e    
c5tumpondium ( ! cakes !re is half a    
libra ( silv] & sometimes half an uncia 
besides2 9 ! half ( a c5tumpondium ( !  
alloy !re is a bes or ?ree-qu>t]s (     
silv]4 ,9 ?is way e week1 if ! "w is =  
six days1 ?irty-six c5tumpondia ( cakes 
are made & ?ree c5tumpondia ( alloy1 9  
all ( :i* !re is (t5 almo/ tw5ty-f\r    
librae ( silv]4 ,! second smelt]        
sep>ates f ! prim>y cakes ! great] "p ( 
! silv] by absorb+ x 9 lead4 ,to eighte5
 c5tumpondia ( cakes made f crude copp] 

ore1 he adds twelve c5tumpondia (       
he>?-lead & li?>ge1 ?ree c5tumpondia (  
/ones f :i* lead is smelt$1 five        
c5tumpondia ( h>d cakes ri* 9 silv]1 &  
two c5tumpondia ( exhau/$ liquation     
cakes#de2 he adds besides1 "s ( ! slags 
result+ f smelt+ crude copp]1 toge!r ) a
 small quantity ( conc5trates made f    
accretions1 all ( :i* he melts = ! space
 ( twelve h\rs1 & makes eighte5         
c5tumpondia ( second>y cakes1 & twelve  
c5tumpondia ( copp]-lead-silv] alloy2 9 
ea* c5tumpondium ( ! latt] !re is half a
 libra ( silv]4 ,aft] he has tak5 (f !  
cakes ) a hook$ b>1 he p\rs ! alloy out 
into copp] or iron m\lds2 by ?is me?od  
!y make f\r cakes ( alloy1 :i* are c>ri$
 to ! works 9 :i* silv] is p>t$ f copp]4
 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ! same smelt]1 tak+  
eighte5 c5tumpondia ( ! second>y cakes1 
aga9 adds twelve c5tumpondia ( he>?-lead
 & li?>ge1 ?ree c5tumpondia ( /ones f   
:i* lead is smelt$1 five c5tumpondia (  
h>d cakes ri* 9 silv]1 toge!r ) slags f 
! smelt+ ( ! prim>y cakes1 & )          

conc5trates wa%$ f ! accretions :i* are 
usually made at t "t4 ,?is *>ge is      
likewise smelt$ = ! space ( twelve h\rs1
 & he makes z _m z ?irte5 c5tumpondia ( 
t]ti>y cakes & elev5 c5tumpondia (      
copp]-lead-silv] alloy1 ea* c5tumpondium
 ( :i* conta9s "o-?ird ( a libra & half 
an uncia ( silv]4 ,:5 he has skimm$ (f !
 t]ti>y cakes ) a hook$ b>1 ! alloy is  
p\r$ into copp] m\lds1 & by ?is me?od   
f\r cakes ( alloy are made1 :i*1 l !    
prec$+ f\r cakes ( alloy1 are c>ri$ to !
 works 9 :i* silv] is p>t$ f copp]4 ,by 
?is me?od ! second smelt] makes prim>y  
cakes on alt]nate days & second>y cakes 
on ! int]m$iate days4 ,! ?ird smelt]    
takes elev5 c>tloads ( ! t]ti>y cakes & 
adds to !m ?ree c>tloads ( h>d cakes    
poor 9 silv]1 toge!r ) ! slag f smelt+ !
 second>y cakes1 & ! conc5trates f !    
accretions :i* are usually made at t "t4
 ,f ?is *>ge :5 smelt$1 he makes tw5ty  
c5tumpondia ( quat]n>y cakes1 :i* are   
call$ h>d cakes1 & also fifte5          
c5tumpondia ( ^? h>d cakes ri* 9 silv]1 

ea* c5tumpondium ( :i* conta9s a ?ird ( 
a libra ( silv]4 ,^! latt] cakes !      
second smelt]1 z ,i said be=e1 adds to !
 prim>y & second>y cakes :5 he re-melts 
!m4 ,9 ! same way1 f elev5 c>tloads (   
quat]n>y cakes ?rice roa/$1 he makes !  
f9al cakes1 ( :i* "o c5tumpondium       
conta9s only half an uncia ( silv]4 ,9  
?is op]ation he also makes fifte5       
c5tumpondia ( h>d cakes poor 9 silv]1 9 
ea* c5tumpondium ( :i* is a six? ( a    
libra ( silv]4 ,^! h>d cakes ! ?ird     
smelt]1 z ,i h said1 adds to ! t]ti>y   
cakes :5 he re-smelts !m1 :ile f ! f9al 
cakes1 ?rice roa/$ & re-smelt$1 is made 
black copp]#df4  ,! rudis copp] f :i*   
pure copp] is made1 if x conta9s little 
silv] or if x does n easily melt1 is    
fir/ smelt$ 9 ! ?ird furnace ( :i* !    
tap-hole is always op52 & f ?is are made
 cakes1 :i* aft] be+ sev5 times roa/$   
are re-smelt$1 & f ^! copp] is melt$    
out2 ! cakes ( copp] are c>ri$ to a     
furnace ( ano!r k9d1 9 :i* !y are melt$ 
= ! ?ird "t1 9 ord] t 9 ! copp] bottoms 

!re may be m silv]1 :ile 9 ! tops !re   
may be less1 :i* process is expla9$ 9   
,book ,,xi4  ,pyrites1 :5 !y conta9 n   
only copp]1 b also silv]1 are smelt$ 9 !
 mann] ,i describ$ :5 ,i treat$ ( ores (
 silv]4 ,b if !y are poor 9 silv]1 & if 
! copp] :i* is melt$ out ( !m _c easily 
be treat$1 !y are smelt$ accord+ to !   
me?od :i* ,i la/ expla9$4  ,f9ally1 !   
copp] s*i/s conta9+ bitum5 or sulphur   
are roa/$1 & !n smelt$ ) /ones :i*      
easily fuse 9 a fire ( ! second ord]1 & 
are made into cakes1 on ! top ( :i* !   
slags float4 ,f ^! cakes1 usually roa/$ 
sev5 times & re-melt$1 are melt$ out    
slags & two k9ds ( cakes2 "o k9d is (   
copp] & occupies ! bottom ( ! crucible1 
& ^! are sold to ! proprietors ( ! works
 9 :i* silv] is p>t$ f copp]2 ! o!r k9d 
( cakes are usually re-melt$ ) prim>y   
cakes4 ,if ! s*i/ conta9s b a small     
am\nt ( copp]1 x is burn$1 cru%$ "u !   
/amps1 wa%$ & siev$1 & ! conc5trates    
obta9$ f x are melt$ d[n2 f ?is are made
 cakes f :i*1 :5 roa/$1 copp] is made4  

,if ei!r *rysocolla or azure1 or yell[  
or black e>? conta9+ copp] & silv]1     
adh]es to ! s*i/1 x is n wa%$1 b is     
cru%$ & smelt$ ) /ones :i* easily fuse 9
 fire ( ! second ord]4  ,lead ore1 :e!r 
x be molybda5a#dg1 pyrites1 7gal5a87 or 
/one f :i* x is melt$1 is (t5 smelt$ 9 a
 special furnace1 ( :i* ,i h spok5      
above1 b no less (t5 9 ! ?ird furnace ( 
:i* ! tap-hole is always op54 ,! he>? & 
=ehe>? are made f p[d] conta9+ a small  
portion ( iron hamm]-scales2 iron slag  
=ms ! pr9cipal flux = su* ores2 bo? ( ^!
 ! exp]t smelt]s consid] useful & to !  
own]'s advantage1 because x is ! nature 
( iron to attract lead4 ,if x is        
molybda5a or ! /one f :i* lead is       
smelt$1 !n ! lead runs d[n f ! furnace  
into ! =ehe>?1 & :5 ! slags h be5 skimm$
 (f1 ! lead is p\r$ out ) a ladle4 ,if  
pyrites are smelt$1 ! fir/ to fl[ f !   
furnace into ! =ehe>?1 z may be se5 at  
,gosl>1 is a :ite molt5 sub/ance1       
injuri\s & noxi\s to silv]1 = x consumes
 x4 ,= ?is reason ! slags :i* float on !

 top hav+ be5 skimm$ (f1 ?is sub/ance is
 p\r$ out2 or if x h>d5s1 !n x is tak5  
out ) a hook$ b>2 & ! walls ( ! furnace 
exude ! same sub/ance#dh4 ,!n ! /annum  
runs out ( ! furnace into ! =ehe>?2 ?is 
is an alloy ( lead & silv]4 ,f !        
silv]-lead alloy !y fir/ skim (f !      
slags1 n r>ely :ite1 z "s pyrites#di    
are1 & aft]w>d !y skim (f ! cakes (     
pyrites1 if !re are any4 ,9 ^! cakes !re
 is usually "s copp]2 b s9ce !re is     
usually b a v small quantity1 & z ! =e/ 
*>coal is n abundant1 no copp] is made f
 !m4 ,f ! silv]-lead p\r$ into iron     
m\lds !y likewise make cakes2 :5 ^!     
cakes h be5 melt$ 9 ! cupellation       
furnace1 ! silv] is p>t$ f ! lead1      
because "p ( ! lead is trans=m$ into    
li?>ge & "p into he>?-lead1 f :i* 9 !   
bla/ furnace on re-melt+ !y make        
de-silv]iz$ lead1 = 9 ?is lead ea*      
c5tumpondium conta9s only a dra*ma (    
silv]1 :5 be=e ! silv] 0 p>t$ f x ea*   
c5tumpondium conta9$ m or less ?an ?ree 
unciae ( silv]#ej4  ,! little black     

/ones#ea & o!rs f :i* t9 is made1 are   
smelt$ 9 _! own k9d ( furnace1 :i* %\ld 
be n>r[] ?an ! o!r furnaces1 t !re may  
be only ! small fire :i* is necess>y =  
?is ore4 ,^! furnaces are high]1 t !    
height may comp5sate = ! n>r[ness & make
 !m ( almo/ ! same capacity z ! o!r     
furnaces4 ,at ! top1 9 front1 !y are    
clos$ & on ! o!r side !y are op51 :]e   
!re are /eps1 because !y _c h ! /eps 9  
front on acc\nt ( ! =ehe>?2 ! smelt]s   
asc5d by ^! /eps to put ! t9-/one into !
 furnace4 ,! he>? ( ! furnace is n made 
( p[d]$ e>? & *>coal1 b on ! floor ( !  
works are plac$ s&/ones :i* are n too   
h>d2 ^! are set on a slight slope1 & are
 two & ?ree-qu>t]s feet long1 ! same    
numb] ( feet wide1 & two feet ?ick1 = ! 
?ick] !y are ! long] !y la/ 9 ! fire4   
,ar\nd !m is con/ruct$ a rectangul>     
furnace eight or n9e feet high1 ( broad 
s&/ones1 or ( ^? common sub/ances :i* by
 nature are compos$ ( div]se            
mat]ials#eb4 ,on ! inside ! furnace is  
ev]y:]e ev5ly cov]$ ) lute4 ,! upp] "p (

 ! int]ior is two feet long & "o foot   
wide1 b bel[ x is n s long & wide4      
,above x are two hood-walls1 betwe5 :i* 
! fumes asc5d f ! furnace into ! du/    
*amb]1 & ?r\gh ?is !y escape by a n>r[  
op5+ 9 ! ro(4 ,! s&/ones are slop$ at ! 
b$ ( ! furnace1 s t ! t9 melt$ f !      
t9-/one may fl[ ?r\gh ! tap-hole ( !    
furnace into ! =ehe>?4#ec  ,z !re is no 
ne$ = ! smelt]s to h a fi]ce fire1 x is 
n necess>y to place ! nozzles ( ! bell[s
 9 bronze or iron pipes1 b only ?r\gh a 
hole 9 ! furnace wall4 ,!y place !      
bell[s high] at ! back s t ! bla/ f !   
nozzles may bl[ /raight t[>d ! tap-hole 
( ! furnace4 ,t x may n be too fi]ce1 ! 
nozzles are wide1 = if ! fire 7 fi]c]1  
t9 c\ld n be melt$ out f ! t9-/one1 z x 
w\ld be consum$ & turn$ into a%es4 ,ne> 
! /eps is a holl[$ /one1 9 :i* is plac$ 
! t9-/one to be smelt$2 z (t5 z ! smelt]
 ?r[s into ! furnace an iron %ovel-ful (
 ?is t9-/one1 he puts on *>coal t 0 fir/
 put into a vat & wa%$ ) wat] to be     
cleans$ f ! grit & small /ones :i* adh]e

 to x1 le/ !y melt at ! same "t z !     
t9-/one & ob/ruct ! tap-hole & imp$e !  
fl[ ( t9 f ! furnace4 ,! tap-hole ( !   
furnace is always op52 9 front ( x is a 
=ehe>? a little m ?an half a foot deep1 
?ree-qu>t]s ( two feet long & "o foot   
wide2 ?is is l9$ ) lute1 & ! t9 f !     
tap-hole fl[s into x4 ,on "o side ( !   
=ehe>? is a l[ wall1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a    
foot wid] & "o foot long] ?an ! =ehe>?1 
on :i* lies *>coal p[d]4 ,on ! o!r side 
! floor ( ! build+ slopes1 s t ! slags  
may conv5i5tly run d[n & be c>ri$ away4 
,z soon z ! t9 beg9s to run f ! tap-hole
 ( ! furnace into ! =ehe>?1 ! smelt]    
scrapes d[n "s ( ! p[d]$ *>coal into x f
 ! wall1 s t ! slags may be sep>at$ f ! 
hot metal1 & s t x may be cov]$1 le/ any
 "p ( x1 be+ v hot1 %\ld fly away ) !   
fumes4 ,if aft] ! slag has be5 skimm$   
(f1 ! p[d] does n cov] up ! :ole ( ! t91
 ! smelt] draws a little m *>coal (f !  
wall ) a scrap]4 ,aft] he has op5$ !    
tap-hole ( ! =ehe>? ) a tapp+-b>1 9 ord]
 t ! t9 c fl[ into ! tapp+-pot1 likewise

 sme>$ ) lute1 he aga9 closes ! tap-hole
 ) pure lute or lute mix$ ) p[d]$       
*>coal4 ,! smelt]1 if he be dilig5t &   
exp]i5c$1 has brooms at h& ) :i* he     
sweeps d[n ! walls above ! furnace2 to  
^! walls & to ! du/ *amb] m9ute t9-/ones
 sometimes adh]e ) "p ( ! fumes4 ,if he 
be n suffici5tly exp]i5c$ 9 ^! matt]s & 
has melt$ at ! same "t all ( !          
t9-/one1--:i* is commonly ( ?ree sizes1 
l>ge1 m$ium1 & v small1--n a little wa/e
 ( ! proprietor's t9 results2 because1  
be=e ! l>ge or ! m$ium sizes h melt$1 ! 
small h ei!r be5 burnt up 9 ! furnace1  
or else1 fly+ up f x1 !y n only adh]e to
 ! walls b also fall 9 ! du/ *amb]4 ,!  
own] ( ! works has ! sweep+s by "r f !  
own] ( ! ore4 ,= ! above reasons ! mo/  
exp]i5c$ smelt] melts !m d[n sep>ately2 
inde$1 he melts ! v small size 9 a wid] 
furnace1 ! m$ium 9 a m$ium-siz$ furnace1
 & ! l>ge/ size 9 ! n>r[e/ furnace4 ,:5 
he melts d[n ! small size he uses a     
g5tle bla/ f ! bell[s1 ) ! m$ium-siz$ a 
mod]ate "o1 ) ! l>ge size a viol5t bla/2

 & :5 he smelts ! fir/ size he ne$s a   
sl[ fire1 = ! second a m$ium "o1 & = !  
?ird a fi]ce "o2 yet he uses a mu* less 
fi]ce fire ?an :5 he smelts ! ores (    
gold1 silv]1 or copp]4 ,:5 ! workm5 h   
sp5t ?ree consecutive days & nights 9   
?is "w1 z is usual1 !y h f9i%$ _!       
lab\rs2 9 ?is "t !y are able to melt out
 a l>ge weight ( small siz$ t9-/one :i* 
melts quickly1 b less ( ! l>ge ones :i* 
melt sl[ly1 & a mod]ate quantity ( !    
m$ium-siz$ :i* holds ! middle c\rse4 ,^?
 :o d n smelt ! t9-/one 9 furnaces made 
sometimes wide1 sometimes m$ium1 or     
sometimes n>r[1 9 ord] t great loss %\ld
 n be occasion$1 ?r[ 9 fir/ ! smalle/   
size1 !n ! m$ium1 !n ! l>ge size1 &     
f9ally ^? :i* are n q pure2 & ! bla/ ( !
 bell[s is alt]$ z requir$4 ,9 ord] t ! 
t9-/one ?r[n into ! furnace %\ld n roll 
(f f ! l>ge *>coal into ! =ehe>? be=e ! 
t9 is melt$ out ( x1 ! smelt] uses small
 *>coal2 fir/ "s ( ?is moi/5$ ) wat] is 
plac$ 9 ! furnace1 & !n he frequ5tly    
repeats ?is succession ( *>coal &       

t9-/one4  ,! t9-/one1 collect$ f mat]ial
 :i* dur+ ! summ] 0 wa%$ 9 a dit* ?r\gh 
:i* a /ream 0 div]t$1 & dur+ ! w9t] 0   
scre5$ on a p]=at$ iron plate1 is smelt$
 9 a furnace a palm wid] ?an t 9 :i* !  
f9e t9-/one dug out ( ! e>? is smelt$4  
,= ! smelt+ ( ^!1 a m vigor\s bla/ ( !  
bell[s & a fi]c] fire is ne$$ ?an = !   
smelt+ ( ! l>ge t9-/one4 ,:i*ev] k9d (  
t9-/one is be+ smelt$1 if ! t9 fir/ fl[s
 f ! furnace1 mu* ( x is made1 & if     
slags fir/ fl[ f ! furnace1 !n only a   
little4 ,x happ5s t ! t9-/one is mix$ ) 
! slags :5 x is ei!r less pure or       
f]rug9\s--t is1 n en\gh roa/$--& is     
imp]fect :5 put into ! furnace1 or :5 x 
has be5 put 9 9 a l>g] quantity ?an 0   
necess>y2 !n1 al?\gh x may be pure &    
melt easily1 ! ore ei!r runs out ( !    
furnace at ! same "t1 mix$ ) ! slags1 or
 else x settles s firmly at ! bottom ( !
 furnace t ! op]ation ( smelt+ be+      
necess>ily int]rupt$1 ! furnace freezes 
up4  ,illu/ration #dae 7,t9 smelt+      
,furnaces73 ,a--,furnace4 ,b--,its      

tap-hole4 ,c--,=ehe>?4 ,d--,its         
tap-hole4 ,e--,slags4 ,f--,scrap]4      
,g--,dipp+-pot4 ,h--,walls ( ! *imney4  
,i--,broom4 ,k--,copp] plate4           
,l--,latticework b>s4 ,m--,iron seal or 
die4 ,n--,hamm]4  ,! tap-hole ( ! =ehe>?
 is op5$ & ! t9 is div]t$ into !        
dipp+-pot1 & z (t5 z ! slags fl[ d[n !  
slop+ floor ( ! build+ !y are skimm$ (f 
) a rabble2 z soon z ! t9 has run out ( 
! =ehe>?1 ! tap-hole is aga9 clos$ up ) 
lute mix$ ) p[d]$ *>coal4 ,gl[+ coals   
are put 9 ! dipp+-pot s t ! t91 aft] x  
has run out1 %\ld n get *ill$4 ,if !    
metal is s impure t no?+ c be made f x1 
! mat]ial :i* has run out is made into  
cakes to be re-smelt$ 9 ! he>?1 ( :i* ,i
 %all h some?+ to say lat]2 if ! metal  
is pure1 x is p\r$ imm$iately ^u ?ick   
copp] plates1 at fir/ 9 /raight l9es &  
!n transv]sely ov] ^! to make a lattice4
 ,ea* ( ^! lattice b>s is impress$ ) an 
iron die2 if ! t9 0 melt$ out ( ore     
excavat$ f m9es1 !n "o /amp only1       
namely1 t ( ! ,magi/rate1 is usually    

impr9t$1 b if x is made f t9-/one       
collect$ on ! gr\nd aft] wa%+1 !n x is  
impress$ ) two seals1 "o ! ,magi/rate's 
& ! o!r a =k :i* ! wa%]s use4 ,g5]ally1 
?ree ( ?is k9d ( lattice b>s are beat5 &
 amalgamat$ into "o mass ) a wood5      
mallet4  ,! slags t are skimm$ (f are   
aft]w>d ?r[n ) an iron %ovel into a     
small tr\gh holl[$ f a tree1 & are      
cleans$ f *>coal by agitation2 :5 tak5  
out !y are brok5 up ) a squ>e iron      
mallet1 & !n !y are re-melt$ ) ! f9e    
t9-/one next smelt$4 ,!re are "s :o cru%
 ! slags ?ree times "u wet /amps &      
re-melt !m ?ree times2 if a l>ge        
quantity ( ?is be smelt$ :ile /ill wet1 
little t9 is melt$ f x1 because ! slag1 
soon melt$ aga91 fl[s f ! furnace into !
 =ehe>?4 ,"u ! wet /amps are also cru%$ 
! lute & brok5 rock ) :i* su* furnaces  
are l9$1 & also ! accretions1 :i* (t5   
conta9 f9e t9-/one1 ei!r n melt$ or     
half-melt$1 & also prills ( t94 ,!      
t9-/one n yet melt$ runs out ?r\gh !    
scre5 into a tr\gh1 & is wa%$ 9 ! same  

way z t9-/one1 :ile ! p>tly melt$ & !   
prills ( t9 are tak5 f ! mort>-box &    
wa%$ 9 ! sieve on :i* n v m9ute p>ticles
 rema91 & !nce to ! canvas /rake4 ,!    
soot :i* adh]es to t "p ( ! *imney :i*  
emits ! smoke1 also (t5 conta9s v f9e   
t9-/one :i* flies f ! furnace ) ! fumes1
 & ?is is wa%$ 9 ! /rake :i* ,i h j     
m5tion$1 & 9 o!r sluices4 ,! prills ( t9
 & ! p>tly melt$ t9-/one t are conta9$ 9
 ! lute & brok5 rock ) :i* ! furnace is 
l9$1 & 9 ! remnants ( ! t9 f ! =ehe>? & 
! dipp+-pot1 are smelt$ toge!r ) !      
t9-/one4  ,:5 t9-/one has be5 smelt$ =  
?ree days & z _m nights 9 a furnace     
prep>$ z ,i h said above1 "s little     
p>ticles ( ! rock f :i* ! furnace is    
con/ruct$ become loos5$ by ! fire & fall
 d[n2 & !n ! bell[s be+ tak5 away1 !    
furnace is brok5 ?r\gh at ! back1 & !   
accretions are fir/ *ipp$ (f ) hamm]s1 &
 aft]w>d ! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! furnace 
is re-fitt$ ) ! prep>$ s&/one1 & aga9   
ev5ly l9$ ) lute4 ,! s&/one plac$ on !  
b$ ( ! furnace1 if x has become faulty1 

is tak5 out1 & ano!r is laid d[n 9 its  
place2 ^? rocks :i* are too l>ge !      
smelt] *ips (f & fits ) a %>p pick4     
,illu/ration #dag 7,t9 smelt+           
,furnaces73 ,a--,furnaces4 ,b--,=ehe>?s4
 ,c--,_! tap-holes4 ,d--,dipp+-pots4    
,e--,pill>s4 ,f--,du/-*amb]4 ,g--,w9d[4 
,h--,*imneys4 ,i--,tub 9 :i* ! coals are
 wa%$4  ,"s build two furnaces aga9/ !  
wall j l ^? ,i h describ$1 & above !m   
build a vault$ ceil+ support$ by ! wall 
& by f\r pill>s4 ,?r\gh holes 9 ! vault$
 ceil+ ! fumes f ! furnaces asc5d into a
 du/ *amb]1 simil> to ! "o describ$     
be=e1 except t !re is a w9d[ on ea* side
 & !re is no door4 ,! smelt]s1 :5 !y h  
to cle> away ! flue-du/1 m\nt by ! /eps 
at ! side ( ! furnaces1 & climb by      
ladd]s into ! du/ *amb] ?r\gh ! ap]tures
 9 ! vault$ ceil+s ov] ! furnaces4 ,!y  
!n remove ! flue-du/ f ev]y:]e & collect
 x 9 baskets1 :i* are pass$ f "o to !   
o!r & empti$4 ,?is du/ *amb] diff]s f ! 
o!r describ$1 9 ! fact t ! *imneys1 (   
:i* x has two1 are n dissimil> to ^? ( a

 h\se2 !y receive ! fumes :i*1 be+      
unable to escape ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( !    
*amb]1 are turn$ back & re-asc5d &      
release ! t92 ?us ! t9 set free by !    
fire & turn$ to a%1 & ! little t9-/ones 
:i* fly up ) ! fumes1 rema9 9 ! du/     
*amb] or else adh]e to copp] plates 9 ! 
*imney4  ,illu/ration #dah 7,ref9+ ,t973
 ,a--,he>?s4 ,b--,dipp+-pots4 ,c--,wood4
 ,d--,cakes4 ,e--,ladle4 ,f--,copp]     
plate4 ,g--,lattice-%ap$ b>s4 ,h--,iron 
dies4 ,i--,wood5 mallet4 ,k--,mass ( t9 
b>s4 ,l--,%ovel4  ,if ! t9 is s impure t
 x cracks :5 /ruck ) ! hamm]1 x is n    
imm$iately made into lattice-l b>s1 b   
into ! cakes :i* ,i h spok5 ( be=e1 & ^!
 are ref9$ by melt+ aga9 on a he>?4 ,?is
 he>? consi/s ( s&/ones1 :i* slope t[>d 
! c5tre & a little t[>d a dipp+-pot2 at 
_! jo9ts !y are cov]$ ) lute4 ,dry logs 
are arrang$ on ea* side1 alt]nately     
upright & l5g?wise1 & m closely 9 !     
middle2 on ?is wood are plac$ five or   
six cakes ( t9 :i* all toge!r weigh ab\t
 six c5tumpondia2 ! wood hav+ be5 k9dl$1

 ! t9 drips d[n & fl[s cont9u\sly into !
 dipp+-pot :i* is on ! floor4 ,! impure 
t9 s9ks to ! bottom ( ?is dipp+-pot & ! 
pure t9 floats on ! top2 !n bo? are     
ladl$ out by ! ma/]1 :o fir/ takes out !
 pure t91 & by p\r+ x ov] ?ick plates ( 
copp] makes lattice-l b>s4 ,aft]w>d he  
takes out ! impure t9 f :i* he makes    
cakes2 he discrim9ates betwe5 !m1 :5 he 
ladles & p\rs1 by ! ease or difficulty (
 ! fl[4 ,"o c5tumpondium ( ! lattice-l  
b>s sells = m ?an a c5tumpondium (      
cakes1 = ! price ( ! =m] exce$s ! price 
( ! latt] by a gold co9#ed4 ,^!         
lattice-l b>s are light] ?an ! o!rs1 &  
:5 five ( !m are p\nd$ & amalgamat$ ) a 
wood5 mallet1 a mass is made :i* is     
/amp$ ) an iron die4 ,!re are "s :o d n 
make a dipp+-pot on ! floor = ! t9 to   
run into1 b 9 ! he>? itself2 out ( ?is !
 ma/]1 hav+ remov$ ! *>coal1 ladles ! t9
 & p\rs x ov] ! copp]-plate4 ,! dross   
:i* adh]es to ! wood & ! *>coal1 hav+   
be5 collect$1 is re-smelt$ 9 ! furnace4 
,illu/ration #dai 7,bla/ ,furnaces73    

,a--,furnace4 ,b--,bell[s4 ,c--,iron    
,disc4 ,d--,nozzle4 ,e--,wood5 ,disc4   
,f--,bl[-hole4 ,g--,h&le4 ,h--,haft4    
,i--,hoops4 ,k--,masses ( t94  ,"s ( !  
,lusitanians melt t9 f t9-/one 9 small  
furnaces4 ,!y use r\nd bell[s made (    
lea!r1 ( :i* ! =e end is a r\nd iron    
disc & ! re> end a disc ( wood2 9 a hole
 9 ! =m] is fix$ ! nozzle1 9 ! middle ( 
! latt] ! bl[-hole4 ,above ?is is ! h&le
 or haft1 :i* draws op5 ! r\nd bell[s & 
lets 9 ! air1 or compresses x & drives !
 air out4 ,betwe5 ! discs are sev]al    
iron hoops to :i* ! lea!r is fa/5$1 mak+
 su* folds z are to be se5 9 pap]       
lant]ns t are fold$ toge!r4 ,s9ce ?is   
k9d ( bell[s does n give a vigor\s bla/1
 because !y are drawn ap>t & compress$  
sl[ly1 ! smelt] is n able dur+ a :ole   
day to smelt mu* m ?an half a           
c5tumpondium ( t94  ,illu/ration #dbb   
7,iron smelt+ ,furnaces73 ,a--,he>?4    
,b--,heap4 ,c--,slag-v5t4 ,d--,iron     
mass4 ,e--,wood5 mallets4 ,f--,hamm]4   
,g--,anvil4  ,v good iron ore is        

smelt$#ee 9 a furnace almo/ l !         
cupellation furnace4 ,! he>? is ?ree & a
 half feet high1 & five feet long &     
wide2 9 ! c5tre ( x is a crucible a foot
 deep & "o & a half feet wide1 b x may  
be deep] or %all[]1 wid] or n>r[]1      
accord+ to :e!r m or less ore is to be  
made into iron4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( iron
 ore is giv5 to ! ma/]1 out ( :i* he may
 smelt ei!r mu* or little iron4 ,he be+ 
ab\t to exp5d 8 skill & lab\r on ?is    
matt]1 fir/ ?r[s *>coal into ! crucible1
 & spr9kles ov] x an iron %ovel-ful (   
cru%$ iron ore mix$ ) unslak$ lime4 ,!n 
he repeat$ly ?r[s on *>coal & spr9kles x
 ) ore1 & cont9ues ?is until he has     
sl[ly built up a heap2 x melts :5 !     
*>coal has be5 k9dl$ & ! fire viol5tly  
/imulat$ by ! bla/ ( ! bell[s1 :i* are  
skilfully fix$ 9 a pipe4 ,he is able to 
complete ?is "w sometimes 9 eight h\rs1 
sometimes 9 t52 & aga9 sometimes 9      
twelve4 ,9 ord] t ! heat ( ! fire %\ld n
 burn 8 face1 he cov]s x entirely ) a   
cap1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re are holes ?r\gh  

:i* he may see & brea!4 ,at ! side ( !  
he>? is a b> :i* he raises z (t5 z is   
necess>y1 :5 ! bell[s bl[ too viol5t a  
bla/1 or :5 he adds m ore & *>coal4 ,he 
also uses ! b> to draw (f ! slags1 or to
 op5 or close ! gates ( ! sluice1 ?r\gh 
:i* ! wat]s fl[ d[n on to ! :eel :i*    
turns ! axle t compresses ! bell[s4 ,9  
?is s5sible way1 iron is melt$ out & a  
mass weigh+ two or ?ree c5tumpondia may 
be made1 provid+ ! iron ore 0 ri*4 ,:5  
?is is done ! ma/] op5s ! slag-v5t ) !  
tapp+-b>1 & :5 all has run out he all[s 
! iron mass to cool4 ,aft]w>d he & 8    
assi/ant /ir ! iron ) ! b>1 & !n 9 ord] 
to *ip (f ! slags :i* _h until !n adh]$ 
to x1 & to cond5se & flatt5 x1 !y take x
 d[n f ! furnace to ! floor1 & beat x ) 
l>ge wood5 mallets hav+ sl5d] h&les five
 feet long4 ,!reupon x is imm$iately    
plac$ on ! anvil1 & repeat$ly beat5 by !
 l>ge iron hamm] t is rais$ by ! cams ( 
an axle turn$ by a wat]-:eel4 ,n long   
aft]w>d x is tak5 up ) tongs & plac$ "u 
! same hamm]1 & cut up ) a %>p iron into

 f\r1 five1 or six pieces1 accord+ to   
:e!r x is l>ge or small4 ,^! pieces1    
aft] !y h be5 re-heat$ 9 ! blacksmi?'s  
=ge & aga9 plac$ on ! anvil1 are %ap$ by
 ! smi? into squ>e b>s or into pl\gh%>es
 or tyres1 b ma9ly into b>s4 ,f\r1 six1 
or eight ( ^! b>s weigh "o-fif? ( a     
c5tumpondium1 & f ^! !y make v>i\s      
implem5ts4 ,dur+ ! bl[s f ! hamm] by :i*
 x is %ap$ by ! smi?1 a y\? p\rs wat] ) 
a ladle on to ! gl[+ iron1 & ?is is :y !
 bl[s make su* a l\d s\nd t !y may be   
he>d a long di/ance f ! works4 ,!       
masses1 if !y rema9 & settle 9 !        
crucible ( ! furnace 9 :i* ! iron is    
smelt$1 become h>d iron :i* c only be   
hamm]$ ) difficulty1 & f ^! !y make !   
iron-%od heads = ! /amps1 & su*-l v h>d 
articles4  ,illu/ration #dbd 7,iron     
smelt+ ,furnaces73 ,a--,furnace4        
,b--,/airs4 ,c--,ore4 ,d--,*>coal4  ,b  
to iron ore :i* is cuprif]\s1 or :i* :5 
heat$#ef melts ) difficulty1 x is       
necess>y = u to give a fi]c] fire & m   
lab\r2 because n only mu/ we sep>ate !  

p>ts ( x 9 :i* !re is metal f ^? 9 :i*  
!re is no metal1 & break x up by dry    
/amps1 b we mu/ also roa/ x1 s t ! o!r  
metals & noxi\s juices may be exhal$2 & 
we mu/ wa% x1 s t ! light] p>ts may be  
sep>at$ f x4 ,su* ores are smelt$ 9 a   
furnace simil> to ! bla/ furnace1 b mu* 
wid] & high]1 s t x may hold a great    
quantity ( ore & mu* *>coal2 m\nt+ !    
/airs at ! side ( ! furnace1 ! smelt]s  
fill x p>tly ) fragm5ts ( ore n l>g] ?an
 nuts1 & p>tly ) *>coal2 & f ?is k9d (  
ore once or twice smelt$ !y make iron   
:i* is suitable = re-heat+ 9 !          
blacksmi?'s =ge1 aft] x is flatt5$ out )
 ! l>ge iron hamm] & cut into pieces ) !
 %>p iron4  ,illu/ration #dbe 7,/eel    
mak+ ,furnaces73 ,a--,=ge4 ,b--,bell[s4 
,c--,tongs4 ,d--,hamm]4 ,e--,cold /ream4
  ,by skill ) fire & fluxes is made t   
k9d ( iron f :i* /eel is made1 :i* !    
,greeks call ,greek3 /omoma4 ,iron %\ld 
be select$ :i* is easy to melt1 is h>d &
 malleable4 ,n[ al?\gh iron may be      
smelt$ f ore :i* conta9s o!r metals1 yet

 x is !n ei!r s(t or brittle2 su* 7iron7
 mu/ be brok5 up into small pieces :5 x 
is hot1 & !n mix$ ) cru%$ /one :i*      
melts4 ,!n a crucible is made 9 ! he>? (
 ! smi?'s furnace1 f ! same moi/5$ p[d] 
f :i* are made ! =ehe>?s 9 front ( !    
furnaces 9 :i* ores ( gold or silv] are 
smelt$2 ! wid? ( ?is crucible is ab\t "o
 & a half feet & ! dep? "o foot4 ,!     
bell[s are s plac$ t ! bla/ may be bl[n 
?r\gh ! nozzle into ! middle ( !        
crucible4 ,!n ! :ole ( ! crucible is    
fill$ ) ! be/ *>coal1 & x is surr\nd$ by
 fragm5ts ( rock to hold 9 place !      
pieces ( iron & ! sup]impos$ *>coal4 ,z 
soon z all ! *>coal is k9dl$ & !        
crucible is gl[+1 a bla/ is bl[n f !    
bell[s & ! ma/] p\rs 9 gradually z mu* (
 ! mixture ( iron & flux z he wi%es4    
,into ! middle ( ?is1 :5 x is melt$1 he 
puts f\r iron masses ea* weigh+ ?irty   
p\nds1 & heats !m = five or six h\rs 9 a
 fi]ce fire2 he frequ5tly /irs ! melt$  
iron ) a b>1 s t ! small pores 9 ea*    
mass absorb ! m9ute p>ticles1 & ^!      

p>ticles by _! own /r5g? consume & exp& 
! ?ick p>ticles ( ! masses1 :i* !y r5d] 
s(t & simil> to d\gh4 ,aft]w>d ! ma/]1  
aid$ by 8 assi/ant1 takes out a mass ) !
 tongs & places x on ! anvil1 :]e x is  
p\nd$ by ! hamm] :i* is alt]nately rais$
 & dropp$ by means ( ! wat]-:eel2 !n1   
)\t delay1 :ile x is /ill hot1 he ?r[s x
 into wat] & temp]s x2 :5 x is temp]$1  
he places x aga9 on ! anvil1 & breaks x 
) a bl[ f ! same hamm]4 ,!n at once     
exam9+ ! fragm5ts1 he decides :e!r !    
iron 9 "s "p or o!r1 or z a :ole1 appe>s
 to be d5se & *ang$ into /eel2 if s1 he 
seizes "o mass aft] ano!r ) ! tongs1 &  
tak+ !m out he breaks !m into pieces4   
,aft]w>d he heats ! mixture up aga91 &  
adds a portion afre% to take ! place ( t
 :i* has be5 absorb$ by ! masses4 ,?is  
re/ores ! en]gy ( t :i* is left1 & !    
pieces ( ! masses are aga9 put back into
 ! crucible & made pur]4 ,ea* ( ^!1 aft]
 hav+ be5 heat$1 is seiz$ ) ! tongs1 put
 "u ! hamm] & %ap$ into a b>4 ,:ile !y  
are /ill gl[+1 he at once ?r[s !m into !

 v colde/ ne>by runn+ wat]1 & 9 ?is     
mann]1 be+ sudd5ly cond5s$1 !y are *ang$
 into pure /eel1 :i* is mu* h>d] & :it] 
?an iron4  ,! ores ( ! o!r metals are n 
smelt$ 9 furnaces4 ,quicksilv] ores &   
also antimony are melt$ 9 pots1 & bismu?
 9 tr\ghs4  ,illu/ration #dbg           
7,quicksilv] di/illation ,furnaces73    
,a--,he>?4 ,b--,poles4 ,c--,he>? )\t    
fire 9 :i* ! pots are plac$4 ,d--,rocks4
 ,e--,r[s ( pots4 ,f--,upp] pots4       
,g--,l[] pots4  ,i w fir/ speak (       
quicksilv]4 ,?is is collect$ :5 f\nd 9  
pools =m$ f ! outp\r+s ( ! ve9s & /r+]s2
 x is cleans$ ) v9eg> & salt1 & !n x is 
p\r$ into canvas or s(t lea!r1 ?r\gh    
:i*1 :5 squeez$ & compress$1 !          
quicksilv] runs out into a pot or pan4  
,! ore ( quicksilv] is r$uc$ 9 d\ble or 
s+le pots4 ,if 9 d\ble pots1 !n ! upp]  
"o is ( a %ape n v dissimil> to ! glass 
ampullas us$ by doctors1 b !y tap]      
d[nw>d t[>d ! bottom1 & ! l[] ones are  
little pots simil> to ^? 9 :i* m5 & wom5
 make *eese1 b bo? are l>g] ?an ^!2 x is

 necess>y to s9k ! l[] pots up to ! rims
 9 e>?1 s&1 or a%es4 ,! ore1 brok5 up   
into small pieces is put into ! upp]    
pots2 ^! hav+ be5 entirely clos$ up )   
moss1 are plac$ upside d[n 9 ! op5+s ( !
 l[] pots1 :]e !y are jo9$ ) lute1 le/ !
 quicksilv] :i* takes refuge 9 !m %\ld  
be exhal$4 ,!re are "s :o1 aft] ! pots h
 be5 buri$1 d n fe> to leave !m         
uncem5t$1 & :o boa/ t !y are able to    
produce no less weight ( quicksilv] ?an 
^? :o d cem5t !m1 b nev]!less cem5t+ )  
lute is ! greate/ protection aga9/      
exhalation4 ,9 ?is mann] sev5 hundr$    
pairs ( pots are set toge!r 9 ! gr\nd or
 on a he>?4 ,!y mu/ be surr\nd$ on all  
sides ) a mixture consi/+ ( cru%$ e>? & 
*>coal1 9 su* a way t ! upp] pots       
protrude to a height ( a palm above x4  
,on bo? sides ( ! he>? rocks are fir/   
laid1 & ^u !m poles1 across :i* ! workm5
 place o!r poles transv]sely2 ^! poles d
 n t\* ! pots1 nev]!less ! fire heats ! 
quicksilv]1 :i* flee+ f ! heat is =c$ to
 run d[n ?r\gh ! moss into ! l[] pots4  

,if ! ore is be+ r$uc$ 9 ! upp] pots1 x 
flees f !m1 :]ev] !re is an exit1 into !
 l[] pots1 b if ! ore on ! contr>y is   
put 9 ! l[] pots ! quicksilv] rises into
 ! upp] pot or into ! op]culum1 :i*1    
toge!r ) ! g\rd-%ap$ vessels1 are cem5t$
 to ! upp] pots4  ,! pots1 le/ !y %\ld  
become defective1 are m\ld$ f ! be/     
pott]s' clay1 = if !re are defects !    
quicksilv] flies out 9 ! fumes4 ,if !   
fumes give out a v sweet od\r x         
indicates t ! quicksilv] is be+ lo/1 &  
s9ce ?is loos5s ! tee?1 ! smelt]s & o!rs
 /&+ by1 w>n$ ( ! evil1 turn _! backs to
 ! w9d1 :i* drives ! fumes 9 ! opposite 
direction2 = ?is reason1 ! build+ %\ld  
be op5 ar\nd ! front & ! sides1 & expos$
 to ! w9d4 ,if ^! pots are made ( ca/   
copp] !y la/ a long "t 9 ! fire4 ,?is   
process = r$uc+ ! ores ( quicksilv] is  
us$ by mo/ p4  ,9 a simil> mann] !      
antimony ore1#eg if free f o!r metals1  
is r$uc$ 9 upp] pots :i* are twice z    
l>ge z ! l[] ones4 ,_! size1 h[ev]1     
dep5ds on ! cakes1 :i* h n ! same weight

 ev]y:]e2 = 9 "s places !y are made to  
weigh six librae1 9 o!r places t51 &    
else:]e tw5ty4 ,:5 ! smelt] has conclud$
 8 op]ation1 he ext+ui%es ! fire ) wat]1
 removes ! lids f ! pots1 ?r[s e>? mix$ 
) a% ar\nd & ov] !m1 & :5 !y h cool$1   
takes out ! cakes f ! pots4             
,illu/ration #dbi 7,quicksilv]          
di/illation ,furnaces73 ,a--,pots4      
,b--,op]cula4 ,c--,nozzles4             
,d--,g\rd-%ap$ e>!nw>e vessels4  ,o!r   
me?ods = r$uc+ quicksilv] are giv5 bel[4
 ,big-belli$ pots1 hav+ be5 plac$ 9 !   
upp] rectangul> op5 "p ( a furnace1 are 
fill$ ) ! cru%$ ore4 ,ea* ( ^! pots is  
cov]$ ) a lid ) a long nozzle--commonly 
call$ a campana--9 ! %ape ( a bell1 & !y
 are cem5t$4 ,ea* ( ! small e>!nw>e     
vessels %ap$ l a g\rd receives two ( ^! 
nozzles1 & ^! are likewise cem5t$4 ,dri$
 wood hav+ be5 plac$ 9 ! l[] "p ( !     
furnace & k9dl$1 ! ore is heat$ until   
all ! quicksilv] has ris5 into !        
op]culum :i* is ov] ! pot2 x !n fl[s f !
 nozzle & is caught 9 ! e>!nw>e         

g\rd-%ap$ vessel4  ,illu/ration #dcj    
7,quicksilv] di/illation ,furnaces73    
,a--,enclos$ *amb]4 ,b--,door4          
,c--,little w9d[s4 ,d--,m\?s ?r\gh !    
walls4 ,e--,furnace 9 ! enclos$ *amb]4  
,f--,pots4  ,o!rs build a holl[ vault$  
*amb]1 ( :i* ! pav$ floor is made       
concave t[>d ! c5tre4 ,inside ! ?ick    
walls ( ! *amb] are ! furnaces4 ,! doors
 ?r\gh :i* ! wood is put are 9 ! out] "p
 ( ! same wall4 ,!y place ! pots 9 !    
furnaces & fill !m ) cru%$ ore1 !n !y   
cem5t ! pots & ! furnaces on all sides )
 lute1 s t none ( ! vap\r may escape f  
!m1 & !re is no entrance to ! furnaces  
except ?r\gh _! m\?s4 ,betwe5 ! dome & !
 pav$ floor !y arrange gre5 trees1 !n !y
 close ! door & ! little w9d[s1 & cov]  
!m on all sides ) moss & lute1 s t none 
( ! quicksilv] c exhale f ! *amb]4 ,aft]
 ! wood has be5 k9dl$ ! ore is heat$1 & 
exudes ! quicksilv]2 :]eupon1 impati5t )
 ! heat1 & lik+ ! cold1 x escapes to !  
leaves ( ! trees1 :i* h a cool+ p[]4 ,:5
 ! op]ation is complet$ ! smelt]        

ext+ui%es ! fire1 & :5 all gets cool he 
op5s ! door & ! w9d[s1 & collects !     
quicksilv]1 mo/ ( :i*1 be+ heavy1 falls 
( its own accord f ! trees1 & fl[s into 
! concave "p ( ! floor2 if all %\ld n h 
fall5 f ! trees1 !y are %ak5 to make x  
fall4  ,illu/ration #dca 7,quicksilv]   
di/illation ,furnaces73 ,a--,l>g] pot4  
,b--,small]4 ,c--,tripod4 ,d--,tub 9 :i*
 ! s& is wa%$4  ,! foll[+ is ! f\r?     
me?od ( r$uc+ ores ( quicksilv]4 ,a l>g]
 pot /&+ on a tripod is fill$ ) cru%$   
ore1 & ov] ! ore is put s& or a%es to a 
?ickness ( two digits1 & tamp$2 !n 9 !  
m\? ( ?is pot is ins]t$ ! m\? ( ano!r   
small] pot & cem5t$ ) lute1 le/ ! vap\rs
 are emitt$4 ,! ore heat$ by ! fire     
exhales ! quicksilv]1 :i*1 p5etrat+     
?r\gh ! s& or ! a%es1 takes refuge 9 !  
upp] pot1 :]e cond5s+ into drops x falls
 back into ! s& or ! a%es1 f :i* !      
quicksilv] is wa%$ & collect$4          
,illu/ration #dcb 7,quicksilv]          
di/illation ,furnaces73 ,a--,pots4      
,b--,lids4 ,c--,/ones4 ,d--,furnace4  ,!

 fif? me?od is n v unlike ! f\r?4 ,9 !  
place ( ^! pots are set o!r pots1       
likewise ( e>!nw>e1 hav+ a n>r[ bottom &
 a wide m\?4 ,^! are ne>ly fill$ ) cru%$
 ore1 :i* is likewise cov]$ ) a%es to a 
dep? ( two digits & tamp$ 94 ,! pots are
 cov]$ ) lids a digit ?ick1 & !y are    
sme>$ ov] on ! inside ) liquid li?>ge1 &
 on ! lid are plac$ heavy /ones4 ,! pots
 are set on ! furnace1 & ! ore is heat$ 
& simil>ly exhales quicksilv]1 :i* flee+
 f ! heat takes refuge 9 ! lid2 on      
congeal+ !re1 x falls back into ! a%es1 
f :i*1 :5 wa%$1 ! quicksilv] is         
collect$4  ,by ^! five me?ods quicksilv]
 may be made1 & ( ^! n "o is to be      
despis$ or repudiat$2 nev]!less1 if !   
m9e supplies a great abundance ( ore1 ! 
fir/ is ! mo/ exp$iti\s & practical1    
because a l>ge quantity ( ore c be r$uc$
 at ! same "t )\t great exp5se4#eh      
,illu/ration #dcd 7,bismu? ,smelt+73    
,a--,pit across :i* wood is plac$4      
,b--,=ehe>?4 ,c--,ladle4 ,d--,iron m\ld4
 ,e--,cakes4 ,f--,empty pot l9$ ) /ones 

9 lay]s4 ,g--,tr\ghs4 ,h--,pits dug at !
 foot ( ! tr\ghs4 ,i--,small wood laid  
ov] ! tr\ghs4 ,k--,w9d4  ,bismu?#ei ore1
 free f e k9d ( silv]1 is smelt$ by     
v>i\s me?ods4 ,fir/ a small pit is dug 9
 ! dry gr\nd2 into ?is pulv]is$ *>coal  
is ?r[n & tamp$ 91 & !n x is dri$ )     
burn+ *>coal4 ,aft]w>d1 ?ick dry pieces 
( bee* wood are plac$ ov] ! pit1 & !    
bismu? ore is ?r[n on x4 ,z soon z !    
k9dl$ wood burns1 ! heat$ ore drips )   
bismu?1 :i* runs d[n into ! pit1 f :i*  
:5 cool$ ! cakes are remov$4 ,because   
pieces ( burnt wood1 or (t5 *>coal &    
occasionally slag1 drop into ! bismu?   
:i* collects 9 ! pit1 & make x impure1 x
 is put back into ano!r k9d ( crucible  
to be melt$1 s t pure cakes may be made4
 ,!re are "s :o1 be>+ ^! ?+s 9 m9d1 dig 
a pit on a slop+ place & bel[ x put a   
=ehe>?1 into :i* ! bismu? cont9ually    
fl[s1 & ?us rema9s clean2 !n !y take x  
out ) ladles & p\r x into iron pans l9$ 
inside ) lute1 & make cakes ( x4 ,!y    
cov] su* pits ) flat /ones1 ^: jo9ts are

 besme>$ ) a lute ( mix$ du/ & cru%$    
*>coal1 le/ ! jo9ts %\ld absorb ! molt5 
bismu?4 ,ano!r me?od is to put ! ore 9  
tr\ghs made ( fir-wood & plac$ on slop+ 
gr\nd2 !y place small firewood ov] x1   
k9dl+ x :5 a g5tle w9d bl[s1 & ?us ! ore
 is heat$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! bismu? melts &
 runs d[n f ! tr\ghs into a pit bel[1   
:ile !re rema9s slag1 or /ones1 :i* are 
( a yell[ col\r1 z is also ! wood laid  
across ! pit4 ,^! are also sold4        
,illu/ration #dce 7,bismu? ,smelt+73    
,a--,wood4 ,b--,bricks4 ,c--,pans4      
,d--,furnace4 ,e--,crucible4 ,f--,pipe4 
,g--,dipp+-pot4  ,o!rs r$uce ! ore 9    
iron pans z next describ$4 ,!y lay small
 pieces ( dry wood alt]nately /raight & 
transv]sely ^u bricks1 "o & a half feet 
ap>t1 & set fire to x4 ,ne> x !y put    
small iron pans l9$ on ! inside ) lute1 
& full ( brok5 ore2 !n :5 ! w9d bl[s !  
flame ( ! fi]ce fire ov] ! pans1 !      
bismu? drips out ( ! ore2 :]e=e1 9 ord] 
t x may run1 ! ore is /irr$ ) ! tongs2 b
 :5 !y decide t all ! bismu? is exud$1  

!y seize ! pans ) ! tongs & remove !m1 &
 p\r out ! bismu? into empty pans1 & by 
turn+ _m into "o !y make cakes4 ,o!rs   
r$uce ! ore1 :5 x is n mix$ ) cadmia1#fj
 9 a furnace simil> to ! iron furnace4  
,9 ?is case !y make a pit & a crucible (
 cru%$ e>? mix$ ) pulv]is$ *>coal1 &    
into x !y put ! brok5 ore1 or !         
conc5trates f wa%+1 f :i* !y make m     
bismu?4 ,if !y put 9 ore1 !y r$uce x )  
*>coal & small dri$ wood mix$1 & if     
conc5trates1 !y use *>coal only2 !y bl[ 
bo? mat]ials ) a g5tle bla/ f a bell[s4 
,f ! crucible is a small pipe ?r\gh :i* 
! molt5 bismu? runs d[n into a          
dipp+-pot1 & f ?is cakes are made4      
,illu/ration #dcf 7,bismu? ,smelt+73    
,a--,he>? 9 :i* ore is melt$4 ,b--,he>? 
on :i* lie drops ( bismu?4 ,c--,tongs4  
,d--,basket4 ,e--,w9d4  ,on a dump ?r[n 
up f ! m9es1 o!r p con/ruct a he>?      
expos$ to ! w9d1 a foot high1 ?ree feet 
wide1 & f\r & a half feet long4 ,x is   
held toge!r by f\r bo>ds1 & ! :ole is   
?ickly coat$ at ! top ) lute4 ,on ?is   

he>? !y fir/ put small dri$ /icks ( fir 
wood1 !n ov] !m !y ?r[ brok5 ore2 !n !y 
lay m wood ov] x1 & :5 ! w9d bl[s !y    
k9dle x4 ,9 ?is mann] ! bismu? drips out
 ( ! ore1 & aft]w>d ! a%es ( ! wood     
consum$ by ! fire & ! *>coals are swept 
away4 ,! drops ( bismu? :i* fall d[n    
into ! he>? are congeal$ by ! cold1 & !y
 are tak5 away ) ! tongs & ?r[n into a  
basket4 ,f ! melt$ bismu? !y make cakes 
9 iron pans4  ,illu/ration #dcg 7,bismu?
 ,smelt+73 ,a--,box4 ,b--,pivot4        
,c--,transv]se wood beams4 ,d--,grate4  
,e--,its feet4 ,f--,burn+ wood4         
,g--,/ick4 ,h--,pans 9 :i* ! bismu? is  
melt$4 ,i--,pans = m\lds4 ,k--,cakes4   
,l--,=k4 ,m--,bru%4  ,o!rs aga9 make a  
box eight feet long1 f\r feet wide1 &   
two feet high1 :i* !y fill almo/ full ( 
s& & cov] ) bricks1 ?us mak+ ! he>?4 ,! 
box has 9 ! c5tre a wood5 pivot1 :i*    
turns 9 a hole 9 two beams laid         
transv]sely "o ^u ! o!r2 ^! beams are   
h>d & ?ick1 are sunk into ! gr\nd1 bo?  
ends are p]=at$1 & ?r\gh ^! holes       

w$ge-%ap$ pegs are driv51 9 ord] t !    
beams may rema9 fix$1 & t ! box may turn
 r\nd1 & may be turn$ t[>d ! w9d f      
:i*ev] qu>t] ( ! sky 9 may bl[4 ,9 su* a
 he>? !y put an iron grate1 z long &    
wide z ! box & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot     
high2 x has six feet1 & !re are s _m    
transv]se b>s t !y almo/ t\* "o ano!r4  
,on ! grate !y lay p9e-wood & ov] x     
brok5 ore1 & ov] ?is !y aga9 lay        
p9e-wood4 ,:5 x has be5 k9dl$ ! ore     
melts1 out ( :i* ! bismu? drips d[n2    
s9ce v little wood is burn$1 ?is is !   
mo/ pr(itable me?od ( smelt+ ! bismu?4  
,! bismu? drips ?r\gh ! grate on to !   
he>?1 :ile ! o!r ?+s rema9 ^u ! grate ) 
! *>coal4 ,:5 ! "w is f9i%$1 ! workman  
takes a /ick f ! he>? & ov]turns !      
grate1 & ! ?+s :i* h be5 accumulat$ on  
x2 ) ! bru% he sweeps up ! bismu? &     
collects x 9 a basket1 & !n he melts x 9
 an iron pan & makes cakes4 ,z soon z   
possible aft] x is cool1 he turns ! pans
 ov]1 s t ! cakes may fall out1 us+ =   
?is purpose a two-prong$ =k ( :i* "o    

prong is aga9 =k$4 ,& imm$iately aft]w>d
 he returns to 8 lab\rs4       ,,end ,,(
 ,,book ,,ix4   ,,footnotes3  #a ,!     
hi/ory ( ! fusion ( ores & ( metals is !
 hi/ory ( individual processes1 & su*   
in=mation z we h be5 able to discov] ^u 
! individual me?ods previ\s to ,agricola
 we give on ! pages :]e su* processes   
are discuss$4 ,9 g5]al ! records ( !    
beg9n+s ( metallurgy are s nebul> t1 if 
"o wi%es to %irk ! task1 he c adopt !   
explanation ( ,william ,pryce "o hundr$ 
& fifty ye>s ago3 ,x is v probable t !  
nature & use ( ,metals 7 n reveal$ to   
,adam 9 8 /ate ( innoc5ce3 ! toil &     
lab\r necess>y to procure & use ^?      
implem5ts ( ! iron age c\ld n be kn[n1  
till !y made "p ( ! curse incurr$ by 8  
fall3 ',9 ! sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat 
bread1 till ?\ return unto ! gr\nd2 9   
sorr[ %alt ?\ eat ( x all ! days ( ?y   
life' 7,g5esis74 ,t !y 7 v e>ly         
discov]$1 h[ev]1 is manife/ f ! ,mosaick
 acc\nt ( ,tubal ,ca91 :o 0 ! fir/      
in/ructor ( e artific] 9 ,brass sic &   

,iron 7,m9]alogia ,cornubi5sis1 p4 #b74 
,x is conceivable t gold c\ld be f\nd 9 
l>ge en\gh pieces to h _h g5]al use 9   
pre-hi/oric times1 )\t fusion2 b copp]1 
:i* 0 also 9 use1 mu/ h be5 smelt$1 &   
!re=e we mu/ assume a consid]able       
developm5t ( human k on ! subject prior 
to any human record4 ,su* incid5tal     
m5tion z exi/s aft] record beg9s does n1
 ( c\rse1 ext5d to ! beg9n+ ( any       
p>ticul> bran* ( ! art--9 fact1 special 
arts obvi\sly exi/$ long be=e su*       
m5tion1 & d[n to ! complete survey ( !  
/ate ( ! art by ,agricola our dates are 
necess>ily prior to "s fir/ m5tion 9    
lit]ature1 or prior to ! kn[n p]iod (   
exi/+ rema9s ( metallurgical op]ations4 
,! scant ,egyptian records1 !           
,scriptures1 & ! ,%oo ,k+ give a little 
insight prior to #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,! m      
ext5sive ,greek lit]ature ( ab\t ! #e?  
to ! #crd c5turies ,b4,c41 toge!r ) !   
rema9s ( ,greek m9es1 furni% ano!r datum
 po9t ( view1 & ! ,roman & ,greek writ]s
 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era give a    

/ill l>g] view4 ,aft] !m our next /ep is
 to ! ,monk ,!ophilus & ! ,al*emi/s1 f !
 #ab? to ! #ad? c5turies4 ,f9ally1 !    
awak5+ ( le>n+ at ! end ( ! #ae? & !    
beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5turies1 enables u = ! 
fir/ "t to see practically all t 0 kn[n4
 ,! weal? ( lit]ature :i* exi/s         
subsequ5t to ?is latt] "t makes hi/ory  
!reaft] a matt] ( "s precision1 b x is n
 includ$ 9 ?is und]tak+4 ,consid]+ !    
great "p t ! metals h play$ 9           
civilization1 x is a/oni%+ :at a m9ute  
am\nt ( in=mation is available on       
metallurgy4 ,ei!r ! anci5t metallurgi/s 
7 secretive z to _! art1 or ! anci5t    
au?ors despis$ su* common ?+s1 or1 z is 
equally probable1 ! v p>tial pres]vation
 ( anci5t lit]ature1 by pa9ful          
transcription ov] a score ( c5turies1   
s]v$ only = ^? works ( m g5]al int]e/4  
,9 any ev5t1 if all ! direct or indirect
 mat]ial on metallurgy prior to ! #ae?  
c5tury 7 compil$1 x w\ld n fill #dj     
pages su* z ^!4  ,x may be ( s]vice to  
give a tabul> summ>y indicat+           

approximately ! "t :5 evid5ce ( p>ticul>
 op]ations appe> on ! hi/orical horizon3
    ,gold wa%$ f alluvial               
,prior to record$                       
civilization    ,copp] r$uc$ f ores by  
smelt+                 ,prior to record$
                                        
civilization    ,bitum5 m9$ & us$       
,prior to record$                       
civilization    ,t9 r$uc$ f ores by     
smelt+                    ,prior to     
#cejj ,b4,c4    ,bronze made            
,prior to #cejj ,b4,c4    ,iron r$uc$ f 
ores by smelt+                   ,prior 
to #cejj ,b4,c4    ,soda m9$ & us$      
,prior to #cejj ,b4,c4    ,gold r$uc$ f 
ores by conc5tration              ,prior
 to #bejj ,b4,c4    ,silv] r$uc$ f ores 
by smelt+                 ,prior to     
#bjjj ,b4,c4    ,lead r$uc$ f ores by   
smelt+                   ,prior to #bjjj
 ,b4,c4                                 
7p]haps prior                           
to #cejj ,b4,c47    ,silv] p>t$ f lead  
by cupellation               ,prior to  

#bjjj ,b4,c4    ,bell[s us$ 9 furnaces  
,prior to #aejj ,b4,c4    ,/eel produc$ 
,prior to #ajjj ,b4,c4    ,base metals  
sep>at$ f ores by wat]                  
,prior to #ejj ,b4,c4       conc5tration
    ,gold ref9$ by cupellation          
,prior to #ejj ,b4,c4    ,sulphide ores 
smelt$ = lead                           
,prior to #ejj ,b4,c4    ,m]cury r$uc$ f
 ores by 787                     ,prior 
to #djj ,b4,c4    ,:ite-lead made )     
v9eg>                         ,prior to 
#cjj ,b4,c4    ,t\*/one kn[n = det]m9+  
gold & silv]     ,prior to #cjj ,b4,c4  
f95ess    ,quicksilv] r$uc$ f ore by    
di/illation         ,prior to ,*ri/ian  
,era    ,silv] p>t$ f gold by cem5tation
 ) salt     ,prior to                   
,brass made by cem5tation ( copp] &     
calam9e     ,prior to               ,z9c
 oxides obta9$ f furnace fumes by       
,prior to                  con/ruction (
 du/ *amb]s    ,antimony r$uc$ f ores by
 smelt+ 7accid5tal7  ,prior to          
,gold recov]$ by amalgamation           

,prior to               ,ref9+ ( copp]  
by repeat$ fusion                ,prior 
to               ,sulphide ores smelt$ =
 copp]                     ,prior to    
,vitriol 7blue & gre57 made             
,prior to               ,alum made      
,prior to               ,copp] ref9$ by 
oxidation & pol+               ,prior to
 #abjj ,a4,d4    ,gold p>t$ f copp] by  
cupell+ ) lead       ,prior to #abjj    
,a4,d4    ,gold p>t$ f silv] by fusion )
 sulphur       ,prior to #abjj ,a4,d4   
,manufacture ( nitric acid & aqua regia 
,prior to #adjj ,a4,d4    ,gold p>t$ f  
silv] by nitric acid                    
,prior to #adjj ,a4,d4    ,gold p>t$ f  
silv] ) antimony sulphide       ,prior  
to #aejj ,a4,d4    ,gold p>t$ f copp] ) 
sulphur                 ,prior to #aejj 
,a4,d4    ,silv] p>t$ f iron ) antimony 
sulphide       ,prior to #aejj ,a4,d4   
,fir/ text book on assay+               
,prior to #aejj ,a4,d4    ,silv] recov]$
 f ores by amalgamation           ,prior
 to #aejj ,a4,d4    ,sep>ation ( silv] f

 copp] by liquation        ,prior to    
#aedj ,a4,d4    ,cobalt & manganese us$ 
= pigm5ts               ,prior to #aedj 
,a4,d4    ,roa/+ copp] ores prior to    
smelt+               ,prior to #aeej    
,a4,d4    ,/amp-mill us$                
,prior to #aeej ,a4,d4    ,bismu? r$uc$ 
f ore                             ,prior
 to #aeej ,a4,d4    ,z9c r$uc$ f ore    
7accid5tal7                   ,prior to 
#aeej ,a4,d4  ,fur!r1 we believe x      
desirable to sket* at ! outset !        
developm5t ( metallurgical appliances z 
a :ole1 leav+ ! details to special      
footnotes2 o!rwise a compreh5sive view (
 ! developm5t ( su* devices is difficult
 to grasp4  ,we c outl9e ! "* (         
metallurgical appliances at v>i\s p]iods
 9 a few words4 ,x is possible to set up
 a description ( ! imag9>y beg9n+ ( !   
bronze age prior to record$             
civilization1 />t+ ) ! savage :o        
accid5tally built a fire on top ( "s    
easily r$ucible ore1 & discov]$ metal 9 
! a%es1 etc42 b z ?is me?od has be5     

pursu$ times out ( numb] to no p>ticul> 
purpose1 we w conf9e ourselves to a     
summ>y ( su* facts z we c assemble4     
,f\nd]s' ho>ds ( ! bronze age are       
scatt]$ ov] ,we/]n ,europe1 & indicate t
 smelt+ 0 done 9 %all[ pits ) *>coal4 ,)
 ! ,egyptians we f9d occasional         
inscriptions %[+ small furnaces ) =c$   
draught1 9 e>ly cases ) a bl[-pipe1 b   
lat]--ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4--) bell[s also4 
,! crucible 0 app>5tly us$ by !         
,egyptians 9 second>y melt+1 su* rema9s 
at ,mt4 ,s9ai probably dat+ be=e #bjjj  
,b4,c4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! ,prophets1 & !    
fir/ ,greek lit]ature--#i? to #g? c5tury
 ,b4,c4--we f9d frequ5t ref]5ces to     
bell[s4 ,! rema9s ( smelt+ appliances at
 ,mt4 ,laurion 7#ejj-cjj ,b4,c47 d n    
indicate mu* advance ov] ! primitive    
he>?2 h[ev]1 at ?is locality we d f9d   
evid5ce ( ! ability to sep>ate m9]als by
 specific gravity1 by wa%+ cru%$ ore ov]
 incl9$ surfaces ) a sort ( buddle      
atta*m5t4 ,/one gr9d+-mills 7 us$ to    
cru% ore f ! e>lie/ times ( ,mt4        

,laurion d[n to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ab\t !
 beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! writ+s (     
,diodorus1 ,/rabo1 ,dioscorides1 & ,pl9y
 indicate consid]able advance 9         
appliances4 ,/rabo describes high /acks 
to c>ry (f lead fumes2 ,dioscorides     
expla9s a furnace ) a du/-*amb] to cat* 
pompholyx 7z9c oxide72 ,pl9y ref]s to ! 
upp] & l[] crucibles 7a =ehe>?7 & to !  
pill>s & ar*es ( ! furnaces4 ,f all ( _!
 descriptions we may conclude t !       
furnaces _h !n rea*$ "s size1 & 71 (    
c\rse1 equipp$ ) bell[s4 ,at ?is "t     
sulphide copp] & lead ores 7 smelt$2 b z
 to fluxes1 except lead = silv]1 & lead 
& soda = gold1 we h practically no      
m5tion4 ,*>coal 0 ! univ]sal fuel =     
smelt+ d[n to ! #ah? c5tury4 ,bo?       
,dioscorides & ,pl9y describe a         
di/illation app>atus us$ to recov]      
quicksilv]4 ,a =midable li/ ( m9]al     
products & metal alloys 9 use1 indicate 
9 !mselves consid]able app>atus1 ( !    
details ( :i* we h no indication2 9 !   
ma9 ^! products 7 lead sulphide1        

sulphate1 & oxide 7r$-lead & li?>ge72   
z9c oxide2 iron sulphide1 oxide &       
sulphate2 ars5ic & antimony sulphides2  
m]cury sulphide1 sulphur1 bitum51 soda1 
alum & pota%2 & ( ! alloys1 bronze1     
brass1 pewt]1 electrum & /eel4  ,f ?is  
p]iod to ! p]iod ( ! awak5+ ( le>n+ our 
only light is an occasional gleam f     
,!ophilus & ! ,al*emi/s4 ,! =m] gave a m
 detail$ description ( metallurgical    
appliances ?an _h be5 done be=e1 b !re  
is little vital *ange app>5t f !        
app>atus ( ,roman times4 ,! ,al*emi/s   
gave a great /imulus to indu/rial       
*emi/ry 9 ! discov]y ( ! m9]al acids1 & 
describ$ di/illation app>atus (         
approximately mod]n =m4  ,! next        
p]iod--! ,r5aissance--is "o 9 :i* our   
descriptions are = ! fir/ "t            
satisfactory1 & a discussion w\ld be b a
 review ( ,de ,re ,metallica4  #b ,see  
footnote #b1 p4 #bfg1 on v]bs us$ =     
roa/+4  #c ,agricola has "h ei!r =gott5 
to take into acc\nt 8 ?ree-palm-?ick    
furnace walls1 :i* w make ! l5g? ( ?is  

long wall sixty-"o feet1 or else he has 
includ$ ?is foot & a half 9 ea* case 9 !
 six-foot di/ance betwe5 ! furnaces1 s t
 ! actual cle> space is only f\r & a    
half feet betwe5 ! furnace ) f\r feet on
 ! ends4  #d ,! paucity ( t]ms 9 ,lat9 =
 describ+ /ructural memb]s1 & !         
consequ5t repetition ( beam 7trabs71    
timb] 7tignum71 billet 7tigillum71 pole 
7ass]71 ) su* modifications z small1    
l>ge1 & transv]se1 & ) long explanatory 
clauses %[+ _! location1 r5d]s ! orig9al
 v difficult to foll[4 ,we h1 !re=e1    
introduc$ su* t]ms z po/s1 tie-beams1   
sweeps1 lev]s1 raft]s1 sills1 m\ld+1    
braces1 cleats1 supports1 etc41 z !     
context dem&s4  #e ,?is set ( raft]s    
appe>s to />t f ! longitud9al beam4  #f 
,devices = creat+ an air curr5t mu/ be (
 v old inv5tion1 = x is impossible to   
conceive ( any?+ b ! crude/ melt+ ( a   
few simple ores )\t "s =c$ draft4       
,wilk9son 7,! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,,ii1 
p4 #caf7 gives a copy ( an illu/ration (
 a foot-bell[s f a tomb ( ! "t ( ,?otmes

 ,,iii4 7#aejj ,b4,c474 ,! re/ ( ! _w   
!re=e1 probably obta9$ !m f !           
,egyptians4 ,!y are m5tion$ frequ5tly 9 
! ,bible1 ! mo/ po9t$ ref]5ce to        
metallurgical purposes be+ ,j]emiah     
7,,vi1 #bi73 ,! bell[s are burn$1 ! lead
 is consum$ 9 ! fire2 ! f\nd] melte? 9  
va92 = ! wick$ are n pluck$ away4 ,/rabo
 7,,vii1 #c7 /ates t ,ephorus ascrib$ ! 
inv5tion ( bell[s to ,ana*>sis--a       
,?racian pr9ce ( ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4  #g   
,?is :ole arrangem5t c\ld be summ>iz$ by
 ! ^w h+e4  #h ,! rim ( ?is :eel is     
obvi\sly made ( segm5ts fix$ 9 two      
lay]s2 ! disc mean+ ! aggregate (       
segm5ts on ei!r side ( ! :eel4  #i ,x   
has n be5 consid]$ necess>y to introduce
 ! mod]n t]m twy] 9 ^! descriptions1 z !
 lit]al r5d]+ is suffici5tly cle>4  #aj 
,f]rum9ata4 ,^! accretions are          
practically always ne> ! he>?1 & w\ld   
correspond to ,engli% s[s1 & !re=e t t]m
 has be5 adopt$4 ,x w be not$ t1 l mo/  
mod]n metallurgi/s1 ,agricola (f]s no   
me?od = treat+ !m4 ,pl9y 7,,xxxiv1 #cg7 

describes a s[1 & uses ! v]b f]rum9>e   
7to weld or sold]73 ,"s say t 9 !       
furnace !re are c]ta9 masses ( /one :i* 
become sold]$ toge!r1 & t ! copp] fuses 
ar\nd x1 ! mass n becom+ liquid unless x
 is transf]r$ to ano!r furnace2 x ?us   
=ms a sort ( knot1 z x 71 ( ! metal4    
#aa ,:at are kn[n 9 ,engli% z crucible1 
furnace well1 =ehe>?1 dipp+-pot1        
tapp+-pot1 receiv+-pot1 etc41 are 9 !   
text all cat9us1 i4e41 crucible4 ,=     
easi] read+1 h[ev]1 we h assign$ ! names
 indicat$ 9 ! context4  #ab ,panes ex   
pyrite conflati4 ,:ile ! t]m matte w\ld 
cov] mo/ cases :]e ?is expression       
appe>s1 & 9 _m cases w\ld be m          
expressive to ! mod]n read]1 yet !re are
 in/ances :]e ! expression z x /&s      
indicates its p>ticul> orig91 & x has   
be51 !re=e1 consid]$ advisable to adh]e 
to ! lit]al r5d]+4  #ac ,molybda5a4 ,see
 note #cg1 p4 #dgf4 ,x 0 ! saturat$     
furnace bottoms f cupellation4  #ad ,!  
f\r elem5ts 7 e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]4   
#ae ,/ones :i* easily melt 9 ! fire4    

,n[h]e 9 ,de ,re ,metallica does ! au?or
 expla9 ^! sub/ances4 ,h[ev] 9 !        
,int]pretatio 7p4 #dfe7 he gives ?ree   
g5]a or ord]s ) _! ,g]man equival5ts1 z 
foll[s3--,lapides qui igni liquescunt   
primi g5]is1--,s*o5e fluesse2           
secundi1--fluesse zum s*meltz5 flock    
qu]tze2 t]tii1--qu]tze od] kisel/e94 ,we
 confess our inability to make c]ta9 (  
mo/ ( ! sub/ances compris$ 9 ! fir/ &   
second ord]s4 ,we consid] !y 7 9 "p     
fluor-sp>1 & 9 any ev5t ! ?ird ord]     
embrac$ v>ieties ( qu>tz1 fl9t1 &       
silici\s mat]ial g5]ally4 ,z ! matt] is 
( importance f a metallurgical po9t (   
view1 we reproduce at "s l5g?           
,agricola's own /atem5ts on ! subject f 
,b]mannus & ,de ,natura ,fossilium4 ,9 !
 latt] 7p4 #bfh7 he /ates3 ,f9ally !re  
n[ rema9 ^? /ones :i* ,i call '/ones :i*
 easily melt 9 ! fire1' because :5 ?r[n 
into hot furnaces !y fl[ 7fluunt74 ,!re 
are ?ree ord]s 7g5]a7 ( ^!4 ,! fir/     
resembles ! transp>5t gems2 ! second is 
n simil>1 & is g5]ally n transluc5t2 x  

is transluc5t 9 "s "p1 & 9 r>e in/ances 
altoge!r transluc5t4 ,! fir/ is sp>+ly  
f\nd 9 silv] & o!r m9es2 ! second ab\nds
 9 ve9s ( its own4 ,! ?ird g5us is !    
mat]ial f :i* glass is made1 al?\gh x c 
also be made out ( ! o!r two4 ,! /ones (
 ! fir/ ord] are n only transp>5t1 b are
 also respl5d5t1 & h ! col\rs ( gems1 = 
"s resemble cry/al1 o!rs em]ald1        
heliotrope1 lapis lazuli1 ame?y/1       
sapphire1 ruby1 *rysoli?us1 morion      
7cairngorm871 & o!r gems1 b !y diff] f  
!m 9 h>dness4444 ,to ! fir/ g5us belongs
 ! lapis alab&icus 7mod]n alb&ite871 if 
inde$ x 0 diff]5t f ! alab&ic c>buncle4 
,x c be melt$1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 9 !    
fire1 & fus$ = ! prep>ation ( glass4 ,x 
is black1 b v]g+ ^u purple4 ,x comes f  
,c>ia1 ne> ,alab&a1 & f ,miletus 9 !    
same prov9ce4 ,! second ord] ( /ones    
does n %[ a great v>iety ( col\rs1 &    
seldom beautiful ones1 = x is g5]ally   
:ite1 :iti%1 greyi%1 or yell[i%4        
,because ^! 7/ones7 v readily melt 9 !  
fire1 !y are add$ to ! ores f :i* !     

metals are smelt$4 ,! small /ones f\nd 9
 ve9s1 ve9lets1 & ! spaces betwe5 !     
ve9s1 ( ! highe/ peaks ( ! ,sudetic     
range 7,suditorum montium71 belong p>tly
 to ?is g5us & p>tly to ! fir/4 ,!y     
diff] 9 size1 be+ l>ge & small2 & 9     
%ape1 "s be+ r\nd or angul> or po9t$2 9 
col\r !y are black or a%-grey1 or yell[1
 or purple1 or violet1 or iron col\r4   
,all ( ^! are lack+ 9 metals4 ,nei!r d !
 little /ones conta9 any metals :i* are 
usually f\nd 9 ! /reams :]e gold du/ is 
collect$ by wa%+4444 ,9 ! riv]s :]e are 
collect$ ! small /ones f :i* t9 is      
smelt$1 !re are ?ree g5]a ( small /ones 
to be f\nd1 all some:at r\nd$ & ( v     
light weight1 & devoid ( all metals4 ,! 
l>ge/ are black1 bo? on ! outside &     
inside1 smoo? & brilliant l a mirror2 ! 
m$ium-siz$ are ei!r blui% black or      
a%-grey2 ! smalle/ are ( a yell[i%      
col\r1 some:at l a silkworm4 ,b because 
bo? ! =m] & ! latt] /ones are devoid (  
metals1 & fly to pieces "u ! bl[s ( !   
hamm]1 we classify !m z s& or gravel4   

,glass is made f ! /ones ( ! ?ird ord]1 
& p>ticul>ly f s&4 ,= :5 ?is is ?r[n    
into ! heat$ furnace x is melt$ by !    
fire4444 ,?is k9d ( /one is ei!r f\nd 9 
its own ve9s1 :i* are occasionally v    
wide1 or else scatt]$ ?r\gh ! m9es4 ,x  
is less h>d ?an fl9t1 on acc\nt ( :i* no
 fire c be /ruck f x4 ,x is n transp>5t1
 b x is ( _m col\rs--t is to say1 :ite1 
yell[i%1 a%-grey1 br[n1 black1 gre51    
blue1 r$di% or r$4 ,?is g5us ( /ones    
occurs "h & !re 9 m\nta9\s regions1 on  
banks ( riv]s1 & 9 ! fields4 ,^? :i* are
 black "r ?r\gh to ! int]ior1 & n m]ely 
on ! surface1 are m r>e2 & v frequ5tly  
"o col\r$ ve9 is int]sect$ by ano!r ( a 
diff]5t col\r--= in/ance1 a :ite "o by a
 r$ "o2 ! gre5 is (t5 spott$ ) :ite1 !  
a%-grey ) black1 ! :ite ) crimson4      
,fragm5ts ( ^! /ones are frequ5tly f\nd 
on ! surface ( ! e>?1 & 9 ! runn+ wat]  
!y become poli%$ by rubb+ aga9/ /ones ( 
_! own or ( ano!r g5us4 ,9 ?is way1     
likewise1 fragm5ts ( rocks are n        
infrequ5tly %ap$ into sph]ical =ms4444  

,?is /one is put to _m uses2 ! /reets   
are pav$ ) x1 :atev] its col\r2 ! blue  
v>iety is add$ to ! a% ( p9es = mak+ ^? 
o!r a%es :i* are us$ by wool-dy]s4 ,!   
:ite v>iety is burn$1 gr\nd1 & sift$1 & 
f ?is !y make ! s& out ( :i* glass is   
made4 ,! :it] ! s& is1 ! m useful x is4 
,p]usal ( ! foll[+ f ,b]mannus 7p4 #deh7
 c leave little d\bt z to ! fir/ or     
second ord] be+ 9 "p fluor-sp>4         
,agricola d]iv$ ! "n fluores f fluo to  
fl[1 & we 9 turn obta9 fluorite1 or     
fluorsp>1 f ,agricola4 ,b]mannus4--,^!  
/ones are simil> to gems1 b less h>d4   
,all[ me to expla9 ^w = ^w4 ,our m9]s   
call !m fluores1 n inappropriately to my
 m9d1 = by ! heat ( fire1 l ice 9 ! sun1
 !y liquefy & fl[ away4 ,!y are ( v>i$ &
 bright col\rs4 ,naevius4--,!ophra/us   
says ( !m t !y are made by a conflux 9 !
 e>?4 ,^! r$ fluores1 to employ ! words 
j us$ by y1 are ! ruby silv] :i* y %[$ u
 be=e4 ,b]mannus4--,at ! fir/ glance x  
appe>s s1 al?\gh x is n infrequ5tly     
transluc5t4 ,naevius4--,!n !y are       

rubies8 ,b]mannus4--,n t ei!r4          
,naevius4--,9 :at way1 !n1 c !y be      
di/+ui%$ f rubies8 ,b]mannus4--,*iefly  
by ?is sign1 t !y glitt] m feebly :5    
transluc5t4 ,^? :i* are n transluc5t may
 be di/+ui%$ f rubies4 ,moreov]1 fluores
 ( all k9ds melt :5 !y are subject to ! 
fir/ fire2 rubies d n melt 9 fire4      
,naevius4--,y di/+ui% well4             
,b]mannus4--,y see ! o!r k9d1 ( a pal]  
purple col\r8 ,naevius4--,!y appe> to be
 an inf]ior k9d ( ame?y/1 su* z are f\nd
 9 _m places 9 ,bohemia4                
,b]mannus4--,inde$1 !y are n v          
dissimil>1 !re=e ! common p :o d n "k   
ame?y/s well1 set !m 9 r+s = gems1 & !y 
are easily sold4 ,! ?ird k9d1 z y see   
"h1 is :ite4 ,naevius4--,i %\ld h ?\ght 
x a cry/al4 ,b]mannus4--,a f\r? is a    
yell[ col\r1 a fif? a% col\r1 a six?    
blacki%4 ,"s are violet1 "s gre51 o!rs  
gold-col\r$4 ,anton4--,:at is ! use (   
fluores8 ,b]mannus4--,!y are wont to be 
made use ( :5 metals are smelt$1 z !y   
cause ! mat]ial 9 ! fire to be mu* m    

fluid1 exactly l a k9d ( /one :i* we    
said is made f pyrites 7matte72 x is1   
inde$1 made n f> f "h1 at ,breit5brunn1 
:i* is ne> ,s*w>z5b]g4 ,moreov]1 f      
fluores !y c make col\rs :i* arti/s use4
  #af ,/annum4 7,int]pretatio1--w]ck1   
mod]n w]k74 ,?is t]m has be5 r5d]$      
?r\gh\t z silv]-lead or silv]-lead      
alloy4 ,x 0 ! arg5tif]\s lead suitable =
 cupellation4 ,agricola1 9 us+ x 9 ?is  
s5se1 0 no d\bt foll[+ 8 int]pretation (
 its use by ,pl9y4 ,fur!r rem>ks ^u ?is 
subject w be f\nd 9 note #cc1 p4 #dgc4  
#ag ,expir>e1--to exhale or bl[ out4    
#ah ,rhetos4 ,! anci5t ,rhaetia compris$
 n only ! great] "p ( ,tyrol1 b also    
p>ts ( ,switz]l& & ,lomb>dy4 ,! m9+     
section 01 h[ev]1 9 ,tyrol4  #ai        
,noricum 0 a region s\? ( ! ,danube1    
embrac+ n only mod]n ,/yria1 b also p>ts
 ( ,au/ria1 ,salzb]g1 & ,c>9?ia4  #bj   
,"o dra*ma ( gold to a c5tumpondium w\ld
 be 7if we assume ^! 7 ,roman weights7  
#c ozs4 #a dwt4 ,troy p] %ort ton4      
,"o-half uncia ( silv] w\ld be #ab ozs4 

#c dwts4 p] %ort ton4  #ba ,= discussion
 ( ^! fluxes see note page #bcb4  #bb   
,c>ni4 ,probably ! p ( mod]n ,au/rian   
,c>niola1 :i* lies s\? ( ,/yria & we/ ( 
,croatia4  #bc ,,hi/orical ,,note ,,on  
,,smelt+ ,,lead ,,& ,,silv]4--,! hi/ory 
( lead & silv] smelt+ is by no means a  
sequ5t array ( exact facts4 ,) "o       
possible exception1 lead does n appe> ^u
 ! hi/orical horizon until long aft]    
silv]1 & yet _! metallurgy is s         
inextricably mix$ t nei!r c be consid]$ 
:olly by itself4 ,z silv] does n occur  
native 9 any su* quantities z w\ld h    
suppli$ ! am\nts possess$ by ! ,anci5ts1
 we mu/1 !re=e1 assume its r$uction by  
ei!r 7#a7 intricate *emical processes1  
7#b7 amalgamation1 7#c7 r$uction )      
copp]1 7#d7 r$uction ) lead4 ,x is      
impossible to conceive ( ! fir/ ) !     
anci5t k ( *emi/ry2 ! second 7see note  
#ab1 p4 #big7 does n appe> to h be5 kn[n
 until aft] ,roman times2 9 any ev5t1   
quicksilv] appe>s only at ab\t #djj     
,b4,c4 ,! ?ird 0 impossible1 z ! p>t+ ( 

silv] f copp] )\t lead involves         
metallurgy only possible dur+ ! la/     
c5tury4 ,!re=e1 "o is driv5 to !        
conclusion t ! f\r? case obta9$1 & t !  
lead mu/ h be5 kn[n practically         
contemporane\sly ) silv]4 ,!re is a     
lead5 figure exhibit$ 9 ! ,briti%       
,museum among ! articles recov]$ f !    
,temple ( ,osiris at ,abydos1 & consid]$
 to be ( ! ,ar*aic p]iod--prior to #chjj
 ,b4,c4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n ,egyptian silv]  
appe>s to be a necklace ( beads1 suppos$
 to be ( ! ,,xii4 ,dyna/y 7#bdjj        
,b4,c471 :i* is describ$ 9 ! #ag?       
,memoir1 ,egyptian ,exploration ,fund   
7,london1 #ahih1 p4 #bb74 ,) ?is        
exception ( ! above-m5tion$ lead        
specim51 silv] articles ant$ate positive
 evid5ce ( lead by ne>ly a mill5nium1 & 
if we assume lead z a necess>y factor 9 
silv] production1 we mu/ conclude x 0   
kn[n long prior to any direct 7except ! 
above solit>y possibility7 evid5ce (    
lead itself4 ,fur!r1 if we are to       
conclude its necess>y association )     

silv]1 we mu/ assume a k ( cupellation =
 ! p>t+ ( ! two metals4 ,lead is m5tion$
 9 #aejj ,b4,c4 among ! spoil captur$ by
 ,?otmes ,,iii4 ,lead5 objects h        
frequ5tly be5 f\nd 9 ,egyptian tombs z  
e>ly z ,rameses ,,iii4 7#abjj ,b4,c474  
,! /atem5t is made by ,pulsif] 7,notes =
 a ,hi/ory ( ,lead1 ,new ,york #ahhh1 p4
 #adf7 t ,egyptian pott]y 0 glaz$ )     
lead4 ,we h be5 unable to f9d any       
confirmation ( ?is4 ,x may be not$1     
incid5tally1 t lead is n includ$ 9 !    
metals ( ! ,tribute ( ,yue 9 ! ,%oo ,k+ 
7,! ,*9ese ,classics1 #bejj ,b4,c4871   
al?\gh silv] is s includ$4  ,aft] #abjj 
or #acjj ,b4,c4 evid5ces ( ! use ( lead 
become frequ5t4 ,moses 7,numb]s ,,xxxi1 
#bb-bc7 directs ! ,israelites ) reg>d to
 _! plund] f ! ,midianites 7#acjj       
,b4,c473 ,only ! gold & ! silv]1 ! brass
 sic1 ! iron1 ! t91 & ! lead4 ,ev]y?+ t 
may abide ! fire1 ye %all make x g ?r\gh
 ! fire1 & x %all be clean2 nev]!less1 x
 %all be purifi$ ) ! wat] ( sep>ation1 &
 all t abide? n ! fire ye %all make g   

?r\gh ! wat]4 ,num]\s o!r ref]5ces occur
 9 ! ,scriptures 7,psalms ,,xii1 #f2    
,prov]bs ,,xvii1 #c2 ,,xxv1 #d2 etc471  
"o ( ! mo/ po9t$ f a metallurgical po9t 
( view be+ t ( ,j]emiah 7#fjj ,b4,c471  
:o says 7,,vi1 #bi-cj73 ,! bell[s are   
burn$1 ! lead is consum$ ( ! fire2 !    
f\nd] melte? 9 va92 = ! wick$ are n     
pluck$ away4 ,reprobate silv] %all m5   
call !m because ! ,"l ha? reject$ !m4 ,f
 ! numb] ( 8 metaphors 9 metallurgical  
t]ms we may well conclude t ,j]emiah 0 (
 consid]able metallurgical exp]i5ce1 :i*
 may acc\nt = 8 critical t5or ( m9d4 ,^!
 ,biblical ref]5ces all po9t to a k (   
sep>at+ silv] & lead4 ,hom] m5tions lead
 7,iliad ,,xxiv1 #aji71 & x has be5 f\nd
 9 ! rema9s ( anci5t ,troy & ,myc5ae    
7,h4 ,s*liemann1 ,troy & its ,rema9s1   
,london1 #ahge1 & ,myc5ae1 ,new ,york1  
#ahgg74 ,bo? ,h]odotus 7,i1 #ahf7 &     
,diodorus 7,,ii1 #a7 speak ( ! lead us$ 
to fix iron clamps 9 ! /one bridge (    
,nitocris 7#fjj ,b4,c47 at ,babylon4    
,our be/ evid5ce ( anci5t lead-silv]    

metallurgy is ! result ( ! /udies at    
,mt4 ,laurion by ,ed\>d ,ardaillon      
7,m9es du ,laurion dans l',antiquite1   
,p>is1 #ahig74 ,"h ! v ext5sive old     
work+s & ! slag heaps te/ify to !       
greate/ activity4 ,! re-op5+ ( ! m9es 9 
rec5t ye>s by a ,fr5* ,company has well 
demon/rat$ _! te*nical "*1 & ! frequ5t  
m5tion 9 ,greek ,hi/ory easily det]m9es 
_! date4 ,^! deposits ( arg5tif]\s gal5a
 7 ext5sively work$ be=e #ejj ,b4,c4 &  
:ile ! evid5ce ( conc5tration me?ods is 
ample1 !re is b little rema9+ ( ! anci5t
 smelt]s4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 rema9s to      
demon/rate t ! gal5a 0 smelt$ 9 small   
furnaces at l[ heat1 ) =c$ draught1 & t 
x 0 subsequ5tly cupell$4 ,9 ord] to     
r$uce ! sulphides ! anci5t smelt]s      
app>5tly dep5d$ ^u p>tial roa/+ 9 !     
furnace at a prelim9>y p]iod 9 r$uction1
 or else ^u ! f]rug9\s "* ( ! ore1 or ^u
 bo?4 ,see notes p4 #bg & p4 #bfe4      
,!ognis 7#f? c5tury ,b4,c47 &           
,hippocrates 7#e? c5tury ,b4,c47 are    
frequ5tly ref]r$ to z m5tion+ ! ref9+ ( 

gold ) lead2 an inspection ( ! passages 
fails to corroborate ! importance :i*   
has be5 laid ^u !m4 ,among lit]>y       
evid5ces ^u lead metallurgy ( lat] date1
 ,!ophra/us 7#cjj ,b4,c47 describes !   
mak+ ( :ite-lead ) lead plates & v9eg>4 
,diodorus ,siculus 7#a/ c5tury ,b4,c471 
9 8 well-kn[n quotation f ,aga?>*ides   
7#bnd c5tury ,b4,c47 ) reg>d to gold m9+
 & treatm5t 9 ,egypt1 describes ! ref9+ 
( gold ) lead4 7,see note #h1 p4 #bgi47 
,/rabo 7#fc ,b4,c4-#bd ,a4,d47 says     
7,,iii1 #b1 #h73 ,! furnaces = silv] are
 con/ruct$ l(ty 9 ord] t ! vap\r1 :i* is
 d5se & pe/il5t1 may be rais$ & c>ri$   
(f4 ,& aga9 7,,iii1 #b1 #aj71 9 quot+ f 
,polybius 7#bjd-abe ,b4,c473 ,polybius1 
speak+ ( ! silv] m9es ( ,new ,c>?age1   
tells u t !y are extremely l>ge1 di/ant 
f ! city ab\t #bj /adia1 & occupy a     
circuit ( #djj /adia2 t !re are #dj1jjj 
m5 regul>ly engag$ 9 !m1 & t !y yield   
daily to ! ,roman p 7a rev5ue (7 #be1jjj
 dra*mae4 ,! re/ ( ! process ,i pass    
ov]1 z x is too long2 b z = ! silv] ore 

collect$1 he tells u t x is brok5 up &  
sift$ ?r\gh sieves ov] wat]2 t :at      
rema9s is to be aga9 brok51 & ! wat]    
hav+ be5 /ra9$ (f x is to be sift$ &    
brok5 a ?ird "t4 ,! dregs :i* rema9 aft]
 ! fif? "t are to be melt$1 & ! lead be+
 p\r$ (f1 ! silv] is obta9$ pure4 ,^!   
silv] m9es /ill exi/2 h[ev]1 !y are no  
long] ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 nei!r ^! nor 
^? else:]e1 b are possess$ by private   
individuals4 ,! gold m9es1 on ! contr>y1
 ne>ly all belong to ! ,/ate4 ,bo? at   
,ca/lon & o!r places !re are s+ul> lead 
m9es work$4 ,!y conta9 a small          
proportion ( silv]1 b n suffici5t to pay
 = ! exp5se ( ref9+ 7,hamilton's        
,trans474 ,dioscorides 7#a/ c5tury      
,a4,d471 among 8 m$ic9es1 describes     
sev]al v>ieties ( li?>ge1 _! orig91 & ! 
mann] ( mak+ :ite-lead 7see on pp4 #dfe1
 #ddj71 b he gives no v tangible        
in=mation on lead smelt+4 ,pl9y1 at !   
same p]iod 9 speak+ ( silv]1 7,,xxxiii1 
#ca71 says3 ,aft] ?is we speak ( silv]1 
! next folly4 ,silv] is only f\nd 9     

%afts1 !re be+ no indications l %9+     
p>ticles z 9 ! case ( gold4 ,?is e>? is 
sometimes r$1 sometimes ( an a%y col\r4 
,x is impossible to melt x except ) lead
 ore 7v5a plumbi71 call$ gal5a1 :i* is  
g5]ally f\nd next to silv] ve9s4 ,& ?is 
! same ag5cy ( fire sep>ates "p into    
lead1 :i* floats on ! silv] l oil on    
wat]4 7,we h transf]r$ lead & silv] 9   
?is la/ s5t5ce1 o!rwise x means no?+47  
,also 7,,xxxiv1 #dg7 he says3 ,!re are  
two diff]5t s\rces ( lead1 x be+ smelt$ 
f its own ore1 :5ce x comes )\t !       
admixture ( any o!r sub/ance1 or else f 
an ore :i* conta9s x 9 common ) silv]4  
,! metal1 :i* fl[s liquid at ! fir/     
melt+ 9 ! furnace1 is call$ /annum t at 
! second melt+ is silv]2 t :i* rema9s 9 
! furnace is gal5a1 :i* is add$ to a    
?ird "p ( ! ore4 ,?is be+ aga9 melt$1   
produces lead ) a d$uction ( two-n9?s4  
,we h1 despite "s grammatical           
objections1 r5d]$ ?is passage q         
diff]5tly f o!r translators1 none ( :om 
h app>5tly _h any k ( metallurgy2 & we w

 n1 !re=e1 take ! sev]al pages ( space  
necess>y to refute _! extraord9>y &     
unnecess>y hypo!ses4 ,f a metallurgical 
po9t ( view1 two facts mu/ be kept 9    
m9d1--fir/1 t gal5a 9 ?is in/ance 0 !   
same sub/ance z molybda5a1 & !y 7 bo?   
ei!r a v>iety ( li?>ge or ( lead        
c>bonates2 second1 t ! /annum ( !       
,anci5ts 0 silv]-lead alloy4 ,!re=e1 !  
metallurgy ( ?is p>agraph becomes a     
simple melt+ ( an arg5tif]\s lead ore1  
its subsequ5t cupellation1 ) a return ( 
! li?>ge to ! furnace4 ,pl9y goes into  
consid]able detail z to v>ieties (      
li?>ge1 = fur!r notes ^u :i* see p4     
#dff4 ,! ,romans 7 mo/ active lead-silv]
 m9]s1 n only 9 ,spa91 b also 9 ,brita94
 ,!re are scores ( lead pigs ( ! ,roman 
era 9 v>i\s ,engli% museums1 _m m>k$ ex 
arg5t4 ,bruce 7,! ,roman ,wall1 ,london1
 #aheb1 p4 #dcb7 describes "s ,roman    
lead furnaces 9 ,cumb]l& :]e ! draught 0
 secur$ by driv+ a tap]+ tunnel into !  
hills4 ,! ,roman lead slag ran high 9   
metal1 & =m$ a basis = q an indu/ry 9   

,engl& 9 ! e>ly #ah? c5tury 7,hunt1     
,briti% ,m9+1 ,london1 #ahhg1 p4 #bf1   
etc474 ,!re is no?+ 9 m$iaeval lit]ature
 :i* c>ries u fur!r ) lead metallurgy   
?an ! k display$ by ,pl9y1 until we     
arrive at ,agricola's p]iod4 ,! hi/ory (
 cupellation is specially dealt ) 9 note
 on p4 #dfe4  #be ,cadmia4 ,9 ! ,g]man  
,translation ?is is giv5 z kobelt4 ,x   
w\ld be ( unc]ta9 "*1 b no d\bt p>tially
 furnace calam9e4 7,see note on p4      
#aab47  #bf ,pompholyx4 7,int]pretatio  
gives ! ,g]man z ,weiss] huett5 rau* als
 ob] dem g>h]de und ob] dem kupf] (574  
,?is 0 ! impure protoxide ( z9c deposit$
 9 ! furnace outlets1 & is mod]n tutty4 
,! anci5t products1 no d\bt1 conta9$    
ars5ical oxides z well4 ,x 0 well kn[n  
to ! ,anci5ts1 & us$ ext5sively =       
m$ic9al purposes1 !y divid+ x into two  
species--pompholyx & spodos4 ,! fir/    
adequate description is by ,dioscorides 
7,v1 #df73 ,pompholyx diff]s f spodos 9 
species1 n 9 g5us4 ,= spodos is black]1 
& is (t5 heavi]1 full ( /raws & hairs1 l

 ! refuse t is swept f ! floors ( copp] 
smelt]s4 ,b pompholyx is fatty1 unctu\s1
 :ite & light en\gh to fly 9 ! air4 ,(  
?is !re are two k9ds--! "o incl9es to   
sky blue & is unctu\s2 ! o!r is exce$+ly
 :ite1 & is extremely light4 ,:ite      
pompholyx is made e "t t ! artific]1 9 !
 prep>ation & p]fect+ ( copp] 7brass87  
spr9kles p[d]$ cadmia ^u x to make x m  
p]fect1 = ! soot :i* rises be+ v f9e    
becomes pompholyx4 ,o!r pompholyx is    
made1 n only 9 work+ copp] 7brass871 b  
is also made f cadmia by cont9ually bl[+
 ) bell[s4 ,! mann] ( do+ x is z        
foll[s3--,! furnace is con/ruct$ 9 a    
two-/ori$ build+1 & !re is a m$ium-siz$ 
ap]ture op5+ to ! upp] *amb]2 ! build+  
wall ne>e/ ! furnace is pi]c$ ) a small 
op5+ to admit ! nozzle ( ! bell[s4 ,!   
build+ mu/ h a fair-siz$ door = !       
artific] to pass 9 & out4 ,ano!r small  
build+ mu/ adjo9 ?is1 9 :i* are ! bell[s
 & ! man :o works !m4 ,!n ! *>coal 9 !  
furnace is light$1 & ! artific]         
cont9ually ?r[s brok5 bits ( cadmia f ! 

place above ! furnace1 :il/ 8 assi/ant1 
:o is bel[1 ?r[s 9 *>coals1 until all ( 
! cadmia inside is consum$4 ,by ?is     
means ! f9e/ & lighte/ "p ( ! /uff flies
 up ) ! smoke to ! upp] *amb]1 & adh]es 
to ! walls ( ! ro(4 ,! sub/ance :i* is  
?us =m$ has at fir/ ! appe>ance (       
bubbles on wat]1 aft]w>d increas+ 9     
size1 x looks l ske9s ( wool4 ,! heavie/
 p>ts settle 9 ! bottom1 :ile "s fall   
ov] & ar\nd ! furnaces1 & "s lie on !   
floor ( ! build+4 ,?is latt] "p is      
consid]$ inf]ior1 z x conta9s a lot (   
e>? & becomes full ( dirt4  ,pl9y       
7,,xxxiv1 #cc7 appe>s some:at confus$ z 
to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two species3 ,t  
:i* is call$ pompholyx & spodos is f\nd 
9 ! copp]-smelt+ furnaces1 ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 !m be+ t pompholyx is sep>at$ by 
wa%+1 :ile spodos is n wa%$4 ,"s h call$
 t :i* is :ite & v light pompholyx1 & x 
is ! soot ( copp] & cadmia2 :]eas spodos
 is d>k] & heavi]4 ,x is scrap$ f !     
walls ( ! furnace1 & is mix$ ) p>ticles 
( metal1 & sometimes ) *>coal4 7,,xxxiv1

 #cd47 ,! ,cyprian spodos is ! be/4 ,x  
is =m$ by fus+ cadmia ) copp] ore4 ,?is 
be+ ! lighte/ "p ( ! metal1 x flies up 9
 ! fumes f ! furnace1 & adh]es to ! ro(1
 be+ di/+ui%$ f ! soot by its :it5ess4  
,t :i* is less :ite is immature f !     
furnace1 & x is ?is :i* "s call         
'pompholyx4' ,agricola 7,de ,natura     
,fossilium1 p4 #cej7 trav]ses mu* ! same
 gr\nd z ! au?ors previ\sly quot$1 &    
especially recomm5ds ! pompholyx produc$
 :5 mak+ brass by melt+ alt]nate lay]s (
 copp] & calam9e 7cadmia fossilis74  #bg
 ,oleo1 ex fece v9i sicca confecto4 ,?is
 oil1 made f argol1 is probably ! same  
sub/ance m5tion$ a few l9es fur!r on z  
w9e1 di/ill$ by heat+ argol 9 a retort4 
,/ill fur!r on1 salt made f argol is    
m5tion$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is    
argol 0 crude t>trates f w9e vats1 &    
probably conta9$ a good deal ( organic  
matt]4 ,heat+ argol suffici5tly w\ld =m 
pota%1 b t ! di/illation product c\ld be
 any?+ effective x is difficult to see4 
#bh ,aqua val5s4 ,no d\bt ma9ly nitric  

acid1 ! prep>ation ( :i* is expla9$ at  
l5g? 9 ,book ,x1 p4 #dci4  #bi ,quod cum
 ignis consumit non modo una cum eo1    
quae ipsius /ibii vis e/1 aliqua auri   
p>ticula1 s$ etiam arg5ti1 si cum auro  
fu]it p]mi/um1 consumitur4 ,! mean+ is  
by no means cle>4 ,on p4 #dea is set out
 ! old me?od ( p>t+ silv] f gold )      
antimony sulphide1 ( :i* ?is may be a   
v>iation4 ,! silv] comb9es ) sulphur1 & 
! r$uc$ antimony =ms an alloy ) ! gold4 
,! add$ iron & copp] w\ld also comb9e ) 
! sulphur f ! antimony sulphide1 & no   
d\bt assi/ by increas+ ! am\nt ( free   
collect+ ag5t & by increas+ ! volume ( !
 matte4 7,see note #ag1 p4 #dea47  #cj  
,!re foll[ eight diff]5t me?ods ( treat+
 crude bullion or ri* conc5trates4 ,9 a 
g5]al way ?ree me?ods are involv$1--#a/1
 r$uction ) lead or antimony1 &         
cupellation2 #bnd1 r$uction ) silv]1 &  
sep>ation ) nitric acid2 #crd1 r$uction 
) lead & silv]1 foll[$ by cupellation & 
p>t+ ) nitric acid4 ,! use ( sulphur or 
antimony sulphide w\ld t5d to "p out a  

c]ta9 am\nt ( silv]1 & ?us obta9 fairly 
pure bullion ^u cupellation4 ,b !       
introduction ( copp] c\ld only result   
delet]i\sly1 except t x is usually      
accompani$ by sulphur 9 "s =m1 & w\ld   
?us probably pass (f h>mlessly z a matte
 c>ry+ silv]4 7,see note #cc bel[47  #ca
 ,x is n v cle> :]e ?is lead comes f4   
,%\ld x be antimony8 ,! ,g]man          
translation gives ?is z silv]4  #cb ,^! 
p[d]s are describ$ 9 ,book ,,vii41 p4   
#bcf4 ,x is difficult to say :i* !      
second really is4 ,!re are numb]s ( su* 
recipes 9 ! ,probi]bue*le9 7see ,app5dix
 ,b71 ) :i* a portion ( ^! are id5tical4
  #cc ,a v>iety ( me?ods are involv$ 9  
?is p>agraph3 #a/1 crude gold ore is    
smelt$ direct2 #bnd1 gold conc5trates   
are smelt$ 9 a lead ba? ) "s addition ( 
iron--:i* w\ld simply matte (f--! lead  
bullion be+ cupell$2 #crd1 roa/$ &      
unroa/$ pyrites & cadmia 7probably      
bl5de1 cobalt1 ars5ic1 etc47 are melt$  
into a matte2 ?is matte is repeat$ly    
roa/$1 & !n re-melt$ 9 a lead ba?2 #d?1 

if ! mat]ial flies out ( ! furnace x is 
briquett$ ) iron ore & lime1 & !        
briquettes smelt$ ) copp] matte4 ,?ree  
products result3 7a7 slag2 7b7 matte2   
7c7 copp]-gold-silv] alloy4 ,! matte is 
roa/$1 re-smelt$ ) lead1 & no d\bt a    
button obta9$1 & fur!r matte4 ,! process
 f ?is po9t is n cle>4 ,x appe>s t !    
copp] bullion is melt$ ) lead1 &        
normally ?is product w\ld be tak5 to !  
liquation furnace1 b f ! text x w\ld    
appe> t ! lead-copp] bullion 0 melt$    
aga9 ) iron ore & pyrites1 9 :i* case "s
 ( ! copp] w\ld be turn$ into ! matte1 &
 ! lead alloy w\ld be ri*] 9 gold &     
silv]4  ,,hi/orical ,,note ,,on         
,,gold4--,!re is ample evid5ce ( gold   
be+ us$ = ornam5tal purposes prior to   
any human record4 ,! occurr5ce ( l>ge   
quantities ( gold 9 native =m1 & !      
possibility ( work+ x cold1 did n       
necessitate any p>ticul> metallurgical  
+5uity4 ,! e>lie/ indications (         
metallurgical "w are1 ( c\rse1 among !  
,egyptians1 ! me?od ( wa%+ be+ figur$ z 

e>ly z ! monum5ts ( ! ,,iv ,dyna/y      
7prior to #chjj ,b4,c474 ,!re are 9 !   
,briti% ,museum two /elae ( ! ,,xii     
,dyna/y 7#bdjj ,b4,c47 7#add ,bay #a &  
#ade ,bay #f7 relat+ to (fic]s :o _h to 
d ) gold m9+ 9 ,nubia1 & ^u "o !re are  
ref]5ces to work+ :at appe>s to be ore4 
,if ?is be true1 x is ! e>lie/ ref]5ce  
to ?is subject4 ,! ,papyrus map 7#aejj  
,b4,c47 ( a gold m9e1 9 ! ,tur9 ,museum 
7see note #af1 p4 #abi71 probably ref]s 
to a qu>tz m9e4 ,( lit]>y evid5ces !re  
is frequ5t m5tion ( ref9+ gold & pass+ x
 ?r\gh ! fire 9 ! ,books ( ,moses1 arts 
no d\bt le>n$ f ! ,egyptians4 ,z to     
work+ gold1 ore z di/+ui%$ f alluvial1  
we h no?+ v tangible1 unless x be !     
/elae above1 until ! description (      
,egyptian gold m9+ by ,aga?>*ides 7see  
note #h1 p4 #bgi74 ,?is geograph]1 (    
ab\t ! #bnd c5tury ,b4,c41 describes v  
cle>ly inde$ ! m9+1 cru%+1 &            
conc5tration ( ore & ! ref9+ ( !        
conc5trates 9 crucibles ) lead1 salt1 & 
b>ley bran4 ,we may m5tion 9 pass+ t    

,!ognis 7#f? ,c5tury ,b4,c47 is (t5     
quot$ z m5tion+ ! ref9+ ( gold ) lead1 b
 we d n believe t ! passage 9 "q        
7#aaja73 ,b hav+ be5 put to ! te/ & be+ 
rubb$ beside 7or aga9/7 lead z be+ ref9$
 gold1 y w be fair1 etc42 or mu* ! same 
/atem5t aga9 7#dah7 w /& mu*            
metallurgical int]pretation4 ,9 any     
ev5t1 ! myriads ( metaphorical ref]5ces 
to f9+ & purity ( gold 9 ! e>lie/ %r$s (
 lit]ature d n c>ry u mu* fur!r ?an d ^?
 ( ,%akespe>e or ,milton4 ,vitruvius &  
,pl9y m5tion ! recov]y or ref9+ ( gold )
 m]cury 7see note #ab1 p4 #big on       
,amalgamation72 & x appe>s to u t gold 0
 p>t$ f silv] by cem5tation ) salt prior
 to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,we fir/ f9d m5tion 
( p>t+ ) sulphur 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 )     
nitric acid prior to ! #ad? c5tury1 by  
antimony sulphide prior to ! #ae?       
c5tury1 & by cem5tation ) nitre by      
,agricola4 7,see hi/orical note on p>t+ 
gold & silv]1 p4 #deh47 ,! fir/ m5tion (
 p>t+ gold f copp] occurs 9 ! e>ly #af? 
c5tury 7see note #bd1 p4 #dfb74 ,! fir/ 

compreh5sive description ( gold         
metallurgy 9 all its bran*es is 9 ,de   
,re ,metallica4  #cd ,rudis silv]       
compris$ all fairly pure silv] ores1 su*
 z silv] sulphides1 *lorides1 ars5ides1 
etc4 ,?is is m fully discuss$ 9 note #f1
 p4 #ajh4  #ce ,evol5t1--volatilize8    
#cf ,lapidis plumb>ii facile            
liquesc5tis4 ,! ,g]man ,translation     
gives glantz1 i4e41 ,gal5a1 & !         
,int]pretatio also gives glantz = lapis 
plumb>ius4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 unc]ta9 :e!r 
?is easily melt+ mat]ial is gal5a or "s 
o!r lead ore4  #cg ,molybda5a is usually
 he>?-lead 9 ,de ,re ,metallica1 b !    
,g]man translation 9 ?is in/ance uses   
pley]tz1 lead ore4 ,f ! context x w\ld n
 appe> to mean he>?-lead--saturat$      
bottoms ( cupellation furnaces--= su*   
mat]ial w\ld n conta9 appreciable silv]4
 ,agricola does confuse :at are obvi\sly
 lead c>bonates ) 8 o!r molybda5a 7see  
note #cg1 p4 #dgf74  #ch ,! t]m cadmia  
is us$ 9 ?is p>agraph )\t ! usual       
def9ition4 ,:e!r x 0 cadmia =nacis      

7furnace accretions7 or cadmia metallica
 7cobalt-ars5ic-bl5de mixture7 is       
unc]ta94 ,we believe x to be ! =m]4  #ci
 ,ram5tum si lotura ex arg5to rudi4 ,?is
 expression is g5]ally us$ by ! au?or to
 indicate conc5trates1 b x is possible t
 9 ?is s5t5ce x means ! tail+s aft] wa%+
 ri* silv] m9]als1 because ! treatm5t ( 
! rudis silv] has be5 already discuss$  
above4  #dj ,u/um4 ,?is might be r5d]$  
burnt4 ,9 any ev5t1 x seems t ! mat]ial 
is s9t]$4  #da ,aes purum sive proprius 
ei color ins$]it1 sive *rysocolla vel   
ca]uleo fu]it t9ctum1 et rude plumbei   
coloris1 aut fusci1 aut nigri4 ,!re are 
six copp] m9]als m5tion$ 9 ?is s5t5ce1 &
 f our /udy ( ,agricola's ,de ,natura   
,fossilium we haz>d ! foll[+3--,proprius
 ei color ins$]it1--its own             
col\r1--probably cuprite or ruby copp]4 
,t9ctum *rysocolla--p>tly ! mod]n m9]al 
( t "n & p>tly mala*ite4 ,t9ctum        
ca]uleo1 p>tly azurite & p>tly o!r blue 
copp] m9]als4 ,rude plumbei             
coloris1--lead col\r$1--0 c]ta9ly       

*alcocite 7copp] glance74 ,we are       
unc]ta9 ( fusci aut nigri1 b !y 7       
probably alt]ation products4 ,= fur!r   
discussion see note on p4 #aji4  #db    
,,hi/orical ,,note ,,on ,,copp]         
,,smelt+4--,! discov]] ( ! r$uction (   
copp] by fusion1 & 8 me?od1 l ! discov]]
 ( t9 & iron1 w nev] be kn[n1 because he
 liv$ long be=e humanity began to make  
records ( its discov]ies & do+s4        
,moreov]1 z diff]5t races pass$         
indep5d5tly & at diff]5t times ?r\gh !  
s-call$ ,bronze ,age1 !re may h be5     
sev]al indep5d5t discov]]s4 ,^u !       
metallurgy ( pre-hi/oric man we h "s    
evid5ce 9 ! _m f\nd]s' ho>ds or smelt]s'
 ho>ds ( ! ,bronze ,age :i* h be5 f\nd1 
& !y indicate a simple %all[ pit 9 !    
gr\nd into :i* ! ore 0 plac$1 und]laid )
 *>coal4 ,rude r\nd copp] cakes eight to
 t5 in*es 9 diamet] result$ f ! cool+ ( 
! metal 9 ! bottom ( ! pit4 ,analyses ( 
su* ,bronze ,age copp] by ,pr(essor     
,g[l& & o!rs %[ a small p]c5tage (      
sulphur1 & ?is is possible only by      

smelt+ oxidiz$ ores4 ,copp] objects     
appe> 9 ! pre-hi/oric rema9s 9 ,egypt1  
are common ?r\gh\t ! fir/ ?ree dyna/ies1
 & bronze articles h be5 f\nd z e>ly z !
 ,,iv ,dyna/y 7f #chjj to #dgjj ,b4,c41 
accord+ to ! au?ority adopt$74 ,! "q ( !
 orig9 ( ?is bronze1 :e!r f ores conta9+
 copp] & t9 or by alloy+ ! two metals1  
is "o ( wide diff]5ce ( op9ion1 & we    
fur!r discuss ! "q 9 note #ec1 p4 #daa1 
"u ,t94 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t !  
crucible is ! emblem ( copp] 9 !        
hi]oglyphics4 ,! e>lie/ s\rce (         
,egyptian copp] 0 probably ! ,s9ai      
,p59sula1 :]e !re are reliefs z e>ly z  
,s5ef]u 7ab\t #cgjj ,b4,c471 indicat+ t 
he work$ ! copp] m9es4 ,v>i\s o!r       
evid5ces exi/ ( active copp] m9+ prior  
to #bejj ,b4,c4 7,petrie1 ,rese>*es 9   
,s9ai1 ,london1 #aijf1 p4 #ea1 etc474 ,!
 f9d+ ( crucibles "h w\ld indicate "s =m
 ( ref9+4 ,our k ( ,egyptian copp]      
metallurgy is limit$ to d$uctions f _!  
products1 to a few pictures ( crude     
furnaces & bell[s1 & to ! m9or rema9s on

 ! ,s9ai ,p59sula2 none ( ! pictures 71 
s f> z we are aw>e1 prior to #bcjj      
,b4,c41 b !y indicate a consid]able     
advance ov] ! crude he>?1 = !y depict   
small furnaces ) =c$ draught--fir/ a    
bl[-pipe1 & 9 ! ,,xviii ,dyna/y 7ab\t   
#aejj ,b4,c47 ! bell[s appe>4 ,_m copp] 
articles h be5 f\nd scatt]$ ov] ! ,ea/]n
 ,m$it]ranean & ,asia ,m9or (           
pre-,myc5aean ,age1 "s probably z e>ly z
 #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,?is metal is m5tion$ 9 ! 
,tribute ( ,yue 9 ! ,%oo ,k+ 7#bejj     
,b4,c4872 b ev5 less is kn[n ( e>ly     
,*9ese metallurgy ?an ( ! ,egyptian4 ,! 
rema9s ( ,myc5aean1 ,pho5ician1         
,babylonian1 & ,assyrian civilizations1 
/ret*+ ov] ! p]iod f #ahjj to #ejj      
,b4,c41 h yield$ endless copp] & bronze 
objects1 ! =m] ( consid]able purity1 & !
 latt] a fairly con/ant proportion ( f  
#aj to #ad t94 ,! copp] supply ( !      
pre-,roman _w seems to h come l>gely1   
fir/ f ,s9ai1 & lat] f ,cyprus1 & f !   
latt] comes our ^w copp]1 by way ( !    
,romans %ort5+ aes cyprium 7,cyprian    

copp]7 to cuprum4 ,rese>* 9 ?is isl& %[s
 t x produc$ copp] f #cjjj ,b4,c41 &    
l>gely because ( its copp] x pass$      
successively "u ! dom9ation ( !         
,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 ,pho5icians1    
,greeks1 ,p]sians1 & ,romans4 ,! bronze 
objects f\nd 9 ,cyprus %[ #b to #aj (   
t91 al?\gh t9 does n1 s f> z mod]n      
rese>* goes1 occur on t isl&4 ,!re c be 
no d\bt t ! ,greeks obta9$ _! metallurgy
 f ! ,egyptians1 ei!r direct or         
second-h&--possibly ?r\gh ,myc5ae or    
,pho5icia4 ,_! metallurgical gods & !   
tradition ( ,cadmus indicate ?is mu*4   
,by way ( lit]>y evid5ces1 ! foll[+ l9es
 f ,hom] 7,iliad1 ,,xviii47 h int]e/ z  
be+ ! fir/ pres]v$ description 9 any    
language ( a metallurgical "w4          
,hephae/us 0 mu* int]rupt$ by ,!tis1 :o 
came to secure a %ield = ,a*illes1 & ^: 
g5]al conv]sation we !re=e l>gely omit4 
,we adopt ,pope's translation3--        
,!re ! lame ar*itect ! goddess f\nd     
,obscure 9 smoke1 8 =ges flam+ r\nd1    
,:ile ba!d 9 sweat f fire to fire he    

flew2     ,& puff+ l\d ! ro>+ bell[s    
blew4     99 99 99     ,9 m\lds prep>$1 
! gl[+ ore 7metal87 he p\rs4     99 99  
99     ,v\*safe1 oh ,!tis6 at our bo>d  
to %>e     ,! g5ial rites & hospitable  
f>e2     ,:ile ,i ! lab\rs ( ! =ge =ego1
     ,& bid ! ro>+ bell[s cease to bl[4 
,!n f 8 anvil ! lame arti/ rose2        
,wide ) di/ort$ legs oblique he goes1   
,& /ills ! bell[s1 & 79 ord] laid7      
,locks 9 _! *e/s 8 in/rum5ts ( trade2   
,!n ) a sponge1 ! sooty workman dress'd 
,8 brawny arms embr[n'd & hairy brea/4  
99 99 99     ,?us hav+ said1 ! fa!r ( ! 
fires     ,to ! black lab\rs ( 8 =ge    
retires4     ,soon z he bade !m bl[ !   
bell[s turn'd     ,_! iron m\?s2 & :]e !
 furnace burn'd     ,res\nd+ brea!d3 at 
once ! bla/ expires1     ,& tw5ty =ges  
cat* at once ! fires2     ,j z ! ,god   
directs1 n[ l\d1 n[ l[1     ,!y raise a 
tempe/1 or !y g5tly bl[2     ,9 hiss+   
flames huge silv] b>s are roll'd1     ,&
 /ubborn brass 7copp]87 & t91 & solid   
gold2     ,be=e1 deep fix$1 ! et]nal    

anvils /&4     ,! pond]\s hamm] loads 8 
bett] h&2     ,8 left ) tongs turns !   
vex'd metal r\nd4     ,& ?ick1 /rong    
/rokes1 ! d\bl+ vaults reb\nd     ,!n   
fir/ he =m$ ! imm5se & solid %ield2     
,ev5 if we place ! siege ( ,troy at any 
( ! v>i\s dates f #acej to #aajj ,b4,c41
 x does n foll[ t ! epic receiv$ its    
f9al =m = _m c5turies lat]1 probably    
#ijj-hjj ,b4,c42 & ! exp]i5ce ( ! race 9
 metallurgy at a mu* lat] p]iod ?an     
,troy may h be5 drawn ^u to fill 9      
details4 ,x is possible to fill a volume
 ) indirect allusion to metallurgical   
facts & to ! orig9s ( ! art1 f ,greek   
my?ology1 f ,greek poetry1 f ! works ( !
 gramm>ians1 & f ! ,bible4 ,b !y are (  
no m te*nical value ?an ! metaphors f   
our own tongue4 ,greek lit]ature 9 g5]al
 is s+ul>ly lack+ 9 metallurgical       
description ( te*nical value1 & x is n  
until ,dioscorides 7#a/ ,c5tury ,a4,d47 
t any?+ ( mu* importance c be adduc$4   
,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 does make an int]e/+  
ref]5ce to :at may be brass 7see note on

 p4 #daj71 & !re c be no d\bt t if we _h
 ! lo/ "w ( ,ari/otle's successor1      
,!ophra/us 7#cgb-bhh ,b4,c471 on metals 
we %\ld be 9 possession ( ! fir/        
adequate "w on metallurgy4 ,z x is1 we  
f9d ! gre5 & blue copp] m9]als f ,cyprus
 m5tion$ 9 8 ,/ones4 ,& ?is is ! fir/   
m5tion ( any p>ticul> copp] ore4 ,he    
also m5tions 7,,xix47 pyrites :i* melt1 
b :e!r x 0 a copp] v>iety _c be det]m9$4
 ,!ophra/us fur!r describes ! mak+ (    
v]digris 7see note #d1 p4 #ddj74 ,f     
,dioscorides we get a good deal ( light 
on copp] treatm5t1 b z 8 objective 0 to 
describe m$ic9al prep>ations1 !         
in=mation is v indirect4 ,he /ates 7,v1 
#ajj7 t pyrites is a /one f :i* copp] is
 made4 ,he m5tions *alcitis 7copp]      
sulphide1 see note on1 p4 #egc72 :ile 8 
misy1 sory1 melant]ia1 ca]uleum1 &      
*rysocolla 7 all oxidation copp] or iron
 m9]als4 7,see notes on p4 #egc47 ,9    
giv+ a me?od ( secur+ pompholyx 7z9c    
oxide71 ! soot flies up :5 ! copp]      
ref9]s spr9kle p[d]$ cadmia ov] ! molt5 

metal 7see note #bf1 p4 #cid72 he       
indirectly gives u ! fir/ def9ite       
indication ( mak+ brass1 & fur!r gives  
"s details z to ! furnaces !re employ$1 
:i* embrac$ bell[s & du/ *amb]s4 ,9     
describ+ ! mak+ ( fl[]s ( copp] 7see    
note #bf1 p4 #ech7 he /ates t 9 ref9+   
copp]1 :5 ! molt5 metal fl[s ?r\gh its  
tube into a receptacle1 ! workm5 p\r    
cold wat] on x1 ! copp] spits & ?r[s (f 
! fl[]s4 ,he gives ! fir/ description ( 
vitriol 7see note #aa1 p4 #egb71 &      
describes ! pieces z %ap$ l dice :i*    
/ick toge!r 9 bun*es l grapes4          
,altoge!r1 f ,dioscorides we le>n = !   
fir/ "t ( copp] made f sulphide ores1 & 
( ! recov]y ( z9c oxides f furnace      
fumes2 & he gives u ! fir/ c]ta9        
description ( mak+ brass1 & f9ally !    
fir/ notice ( blue vitriol4  ,! next    
au?or we h :o gives any te*nical detail 
( copp] "w is ,pl9y 7#bc-gi ,a4,d471 &  
:ile 8 /atem5ts c>ry u a little fur!r   
?an ,dioscorides1 !y are n z complete z 
! same numb] ( words c\ld h af=d$ _h he 

ev] _h practical contact ) ! subject1 & 
"o is driv5 to ! conclusion t he 0 n    
himself mu* ( a metallurgi/4 ,pl9y      
indicates t copp] ores 7 obta9$ f ve9s  
by und]gr\nd m9+4 ,he gives ! same      
m9]als z ,dioscorides1 b is a good deal 
confus$ ov] *rysocolla & *alcitis4 ,he  
gives no description ( ! %apes (        
furnaces1 b frequ5tly m5tions ! bell[s1 
& speaks ( ! cadmia & pompholyx :i*     
adh]$ to ! walls & ar*es ( ! furnaces4  
,he has no?+ to say z to :e!r fluxes are
 us$ or n4 ,z to fuel1 he says          
7,,xxxiii1 #cj7 t = smelt+ copp] & iron 
p9e wood is ! be/4 ,! foll[+ 7,,xxxiv1  
#bj7 is ( ! greate/ int]e/ on !         
subject3--,cyprian copp] is kn[n z      
coron>ium & regul>e2 bo? are ductile4444
 ,9 o!r m9es are made t kn[n z regul>e &
 cald>ium4 ,^! diff]1 because ! cald>ium
 is only melt$1 & is brittle to ! hamm]2
 :]eas ! regul>e is malleable or        
ductile4 ,all ,cyprian copp] is ?is     
latt] k9d4 ,b 9 o!r m9es ) c>e !        
diff]5ce c be elim9at$ f cald>ium1 !    

impurities be+ c>efully purg$ away by   
smelt+ ) fire1 x is made into regul>e4  
,among ! rema9+ k9ds ( copp] ! be/ is t 
( ,campania1 :i* is mo/ e/eem$ = vessels
 & ut5sils4 ,?is k9d is made 9 sev]al   
ways4 ,at ,capua x is melt$ ) wood1 n ) 
*>coal1 aft] :i* x is spr9kl$ ) wat] &  
wa%$ ?r\gh an oak sieve4 ,aft] x is     
melt$ a numb] ( times ,spani% plumbum   
arg5tum 7probably pewt]7 is add$ to x 9 
proportion ( t5 p\nds ( ! lead to "o    
hundr$ p\nds ( copp]1 & !reby x is made 
pliable & assumes t pleas+ col\r :i* 9  
o!r k9ds ( copp] is effect$ by oil & !  
sun4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,italian prov9ces !y
 make a simil> k9d ( metal2 b !re !y add
 eight p\nds ( lead1 & x is re-melt$ ov]
 *>coal because ( ! sc>city ( wood4 ,v  
diff]5t is ! me?od c>ri$ on 9 ,gaul1    
p>ticul>ly :]e ! ore is smelt$ betwe5 r$
 hot /ones1 = ?is burns ! metal & r5d]s 
x black & brittle4 ,moreov]1 x is       
re-melt$ only a s+le "t1 :]eas ! (t5]   
?is op]ation is repeat$ ! bett] !       
quality becomes4 ,x is well to rem>k t  

all copp] fuses be/ :5 ! wea!r is       
int5sely cold4 ,! r$ hot /ones 9 ,gaul 7
 probably z mu* figm5ts ( imag9ation z 0
 ! assumption ( "o comm5tator t !y 7 a  
rev]b]atory furnace4 ,ap>t f ! above1   
,pl9y says no?+ v direct on ref9+ copp]4
 ,x is obvi\s t m ?an "o melt+ 0        
practis$1 b t any?+ 0 kn[n ( ! nature ( 
oxidation by a bla/ & r$uction by pol+  
is unc]ta94 ,we produce ! ?ree foll[+   
/atem5ts 9 connection ) "s bye-products 
us$ = m$ic9al purposes1 :i* at lea/     
indicate op]ations subsequ5t to !       
orig9al melt+4 ,z to :e!r !y repres5t   
?is species ( ref9+ or n1 we leave x to 
! metallurgical pr(ession 7,,xxxiv1     
#bd73--,! fl[]s ( copp] are us$ 9       
m$ic9e2 !y are made by fus+ copp] & mov+
 x to ano!r furnace1 :]e ! rapid bla/   
sep>ates x into a ?\s& p>ticles1 :i* are
 call$ fl[]s4 ,^! scales are also made  
:5 ! copp] cakes are cool$ 9 wat]       
7,,xxxiv1 #ce74 ,smega is prep>$ 9 !    
copp] works2 :5 ! metal is melt$ &      
?or\ghly smelt$ *>coal is add$ to x &   

gradually k9dl$2 aft] ?is1 be+ bl[n ^u  
by a p[]ful bell[s1 x spits out1 z x 71 
copp] *aff 7,,xxxiv1 #cg74 ,!re is ano!r
 product ( ^! works easily di/+ui%$ f   
smega1 :i* ! ,greeks call diphrygum4    
,?is sub/ance has ?ree diff]5t          
orig9s4444 ,a ?ird way ( mak+ x is f !  
residues :i* fall to ! bottom 9 copp]   
furnaces4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diff]5t  
sub/ances 79 ! furnace7 is t ! copp]    
itself fl[s into a receiv]2 ! slag makes
 its escape f ! furnace2 ! fl[]s float  
on ! top 7( ! copp]871 & ! diphrygum    
rema9s beh9d4 ,"s say t 9 ! furnace !re 
are c]ta9 masses ( /one :i*1 be+ smelt$1
 become sold]$ toge!r1 & t ! copp] fuses
 ar\nd x1 ! mass n becom+ liquid unless 
x is transf]r$ to ano!r furnace4 ,x ?us 
=ms a sort ( knot1 z x 71 9 ! metal4    
,pl9y is a good deal confus$ ov] ! copp]
 alloys1 fail+ to recognise auri*alcum z
 ! same product z t made by mix+ cadmia 
& molt5 copp]4 ,fur!r1 !re is always !  
difficulty 9 translation aris+ f ! fact 
t ! ,lat9 aes 0 indiscrim9ately copp]1  

brass1 & bronze4 ,he does n1 except 9 "o
 in/ance 7,,xxxiv41 #b71 directly       
describe ! mixture ( cadmia & copp]4    
,next to ,livian 7copp]7 ?is k9d        
7corduban1 f ,spa97 mo/ readily absorbs 
cadmia1 & becomes almo/ z excell5t z    
auri*alcum = mak+ se/]ces4 ,z to bronze1
 !re is no v def9ite /atem5t2 b !       
arg5tatium giv5 9 ! quotation above f   
,,xxxiv1 #bj1 is /at$ 9 ,,xxxiv1 #dh1 to
 be a mixture ( t9 & lead4 ,! ,romans   
c>ri$ on mo/ ext5sive copp] m9+ 9 v>i\s 
p>ts ( _! empire2 ^! activities ext5d$ f
 ,egypt ?r\gh ,cyprus1 ,c5tral ,europe1 
! ,spani% ,p59sula1 & ,brita94 ,!       
activity ( su* works is abundantly      
evid5c$ 9 ! m9es1 b v little rema9s ^u !
 surface to indicate ! equipm5t2 ?us1   
:ile m9+ me?ods are cle> en\gh1 !       
metallurgy receives little help f ^!    
s\rces4 ,at ,rio ,t9to !re /ill rema9   
enorm\s slag heaps f ! ,romans1 & !     
,pho5ician m9]s be=e !m4 ,pr(essor ,w4  
,a4 ,c>lyle in=ms u t ! ore work$ mu/ h 
be5 almo/ exclusively sulphides1 z only 

negligible quantities ( c>bonates exi/ 9
 ! deposits2 !y probably mix$ basic &   
silice\s ores4 ,!re is "s evid5ce (     
roa/+1 & ! slags run f 4#b to 4#f4 ,!y  
mu/ h run d[n mattes1 b z to h[ !y      
ultimately arriv$ at metallic copp] !re 
is no evid5ce to %[4  ,! special        
processes = sep>at+ o!r metals f copp]  
by liquation & matt+1 or ( ref9+ by     
pol+1 etc41 are none ( !m cle>ly        
indicat$ 9 records or rema9s until we   
rea* ! #ab? c5tury4 ,"h we f9d v        
adequate descriptions ( copp] smelt+ &  
ref9+ by ! ,monk ,!ophilus 7see ,app5dix
 ,b74 ,we reproduce two p>agraphs (     
int]e/ f ,h5drie's excell5t translation 
7p4 #cje & #cac73 ,copp] is eng5d]$ 9 ! 
e>?4 ,:5 a ve9 ( :i* is f\nd1 x is      
acquir$ ) ! greate/ lab\r by digg+ &    
break+4 ,x is a /one ( a gre5 col\r &   
mo/ h>d1 & naturally mix$ ) lead4 ,?is  
/one1 dug up 9 abundance1 is plac$ ^u a 
pile & burn$ aft] ! mann] ( *alk1 nor   
does x *ange col\r1 b yet loses its     
h>dness1 s t x c be brok5 up4 ,!n1 be+  

bruis$ small1 x is plac$ 9 ! furnace2   
coals & ! bell[s be+ appli$1 x is       
incessantly =g$ by day & night4 ,?is    
%\ld be done c>efully & ) caution2 t is1
 at fir/ coals are plac$ 91 !n small    
pieces ( /one are di/ribut$ ov] !m1 &   
aga9 coals1 & !n /one anew1 & x is ?us  
arrang$ until x is suffici5t = ! size ( 
! furnace4 ,& :5 ! /one has comm5c$ to  
liquefy1 ! lead fl[s out ?r\gh "s small 
cavities1 & ! copp] rema9s )94 7#cac7 ,(
 ! purification ( copp]4 ,take an iron  
di% ( ! size y wi%1 & l9e x inside & out
 ) clay /rongly beat5 & mix$1 & x is    
c>efully dri$4 ,!n place x be=e a =ge ^u
 ! coals1 s t :5 ! bell[s act ^u x ! w9d
 may issue p>tly )9 & p>tly above x1 & n
 bel[ x4 ,& v small coals be+ plac$ r\nd
 x1 place copp] 9 x equally1 & add ov] x
 a heap ( coals4 ,:51 by bl[+ a long "t1
 ?is has become melt$1 uncov] x & ca/   
imm$iately f9e a%es ( coals ov] x1 & /ir
 x ) a ?9 & dry piece ( wood z if mix+  
x1 & y w directly see ! burnt lead adh]e
 to ^! a%es l a glue4 ,:i* be+ ca/ out  

aga9 sup]pose coals1 & bl[+ = a long "t1
 z at fir/1 aga9 uncov] x1 & !n d z y   
did be=e4 ,y d ?is until at l5g?1 by    
cook+ x1 y c )draw ! lead entirely4 ,!n 
p\r x ov] ! m\ld :i* y h prep>$ = ?is1 &
 y w ?us prove if x be pure4 ,hold x )  
p9c]s1 gl[+ z x is1 be=e x has become   
cold1 & /rike x ) a l>ge hamm] /rongly  
ov] ! anvil1 & if x be brok5 or split y 
mu/ liquefy x anew z be=e4  ,! next     
writ] ( importance 0 ,bir+uccio1 :o 0   
contemporane\s ) ,agricola1 b ^: book   
prec$es ,de ,re ,metallica by #ae ye>s4 
,t au?or 7,,iii1 #b7 is ! fir/ to       
describe p>ticul>ly ! furnace us$ 9     
,saxony & ! roa/+ prior to smelt+1 & !  
fir/ to m5tion fluxes 9 detail4 ,he1    
h[ev]1 describes no?+ ( matte smelt+2 9 
copp] ref9+ he gives ! :ole process (   
pol+1 b omits ! pole4 ,x is n until we  
rea* ,de ,re ,metallica t we f9d        
adequate descriptions ( ! copp] m9]als1 
roa/+1 matte smelt+1 liquation1 & ref9+1
 ) a weal? ( detail :i* elim9ates !     
necessity = a l>ge am\nt ( conjecture   

reg>d+ te*nical me?ods ( ! "t4  #dc     
,cadmia metallica fossilis 7see note on 
p4 #aab74 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ! complex    
cobalt-ars5ic-z9c m9]als f\nd 9 ,saxony4
 ,9 ! ,g]man translation1 h[ev]1 ?is is 
giv5 z ,kalmey1 calam9e1 :i* is unlikely
 f ! association ) pyrites4  #dd ,!     
,roman modius 7modulus87 held ab\t #eej 
cubic in*es1 ! ,engli% peck hold+ #ece  
cubic in*es4 ,!n1 p]haps1 8 sev5 moduli 
w\ld be r\ghly1 #a bu%el #c pecks1 & #ah
 vessels full w\ld be ab\t #ca          
bu%els--say1 r\ghly1 #e1djj lbs4 ( ore4 
#de ,exhau/$ liquation cakes 7panes a]ei
 fa?isc5tes74 ,?is is ! copp] sponge    
result+ f ! fir/ liquation ( lead1 &    
/ill conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( lead4
 ,! liquation process is discuss$ 9     
great detail 9 ,book ,,xi4  #df ,! me?od
 ( ?is p>agraph involves two ma9        
objectives--fir/1 ! gradual enri*m5t (  
matte to bli/] copp]2 &1 second1 !      
creation ( l>ge cakes ( copp]-lead-silv]
 alloy ( suitable size & ratio ( metals 
= liquation4 ,?is latt] process is      

describ$ 9 detail 9 ,book ,,xi4 ,!      
foll[+ gr\p+s %[ ! circuit ( ! v>i\s    
products1 ! lbs4 be+ ,roman librae3--   
,,*>ge4                                 
,,products4         ,crude ore          
#e1djj lbs4     ,prim>y matte 7#a7      
#fjj lbs4        ,lead slags            
#c c>tloads      #a/  ,s*i/             
#a c>tload     ,silv]-copp] alloy 7,a7  
#ej          ,flux                      
#bj lbs4               ,conc5trates f   
,slags 7,b7          slags  accretions  
,small quantity          ,prim>y matte  
7#a7       #a1hjj lbs4     ,second>y    
matte 7#b7   #a1hjj lbs4                
,he>?-lead  li?>ge  #a1bjj              
,lead ore                  #cjj         
,silv]-copp]-lead   #bnd  ,ri* h>d cakes
 7,a#d7   #ejj           alloy          
7liquation        ,liquat$ cakes        
#bjj           cakes7 7,a#b7      #a1bjj
          ,slags 7,b7                   
,conc5trates f                          
,slags 7,b#b7          accretions       
,second>y matte 7#b7     #a1hjj lbs4    

,t]ti>y matte 7#c7    #a1cjj lbs4       
,he>?-lead  li?>ge  #a1bjj              
,silv]-copp]-lead        ,lead ore      
#cjj             alloy 7liquation   #crd
  ,ri* h>d cakes 7,a#d7 #ejj            
cakes7 7,a#c7      #a1ajj               
,slags 7,b#b7                           
,slags 7,b#c7        ,conc5trates f     
accretions                              
,t]ti>y matte 7#c7     #aa c>tloads     
,quat]n>y h>d cakes        ,poor h>d    
cakes 7,a#e7 #c                matte    
7#d7          #b1jjj lbs4   #d?  ,slags 
7,b#c7                             ,ri* 
h>d cakes (        ,conc5trates f       
matte 7,a#d7      #a1ejj                
accretions                              
,roa/$ qu>tz                            
,poor h>d cakes (   #e?  ,matte 7#d7    
7?ree                         matte     
7,a#e7       #a1ejj lbs4          times 
roa/$7       #aa c>tloads    ,f9al cakes
 ( matte 7#e7  #f? ,f9al matte ?ree     
times roa/$ is smelt$ to bli/] copp]4   
,! foll[+ w\ld be a r\gh approximation (

 ! value ( ! v>i\s products3--    7#a47 
,prim>y matte               #aeh ounces 
troy p] %ort ton4   7#b47   ,second>y   
matte              #he                  
7#c47   ,t]ti>y matte               #fj 
7#d47   ,quat]n>y matte                 
,indet]m9ate4    ,a4    ,copp]-silv]    
alloy         #chh ounces ,troy p] %ort 
ton4    ,a#b ,copp]-silv]-lead alloy    
#ade                       ,a#c         
#aji                       ,a#d ,ri* h>d
 cakes              #ig                 
,a#e ,poor h>d cakes                    
,indet]m9ate4          ,f9al bli/] copp]
         #ab ozs4 ,troy p] %ort ton4    
#dg ,?is expression is usually us$ =    
he>?-lead1 b 9 ?is case ! au?or is      
app>5tly conf9+ himself to lead ore1 &  
app>5tly ref]s to lead c>bonates4 ,!    
,g]man ,translation gives pleys*weiss4  
,! pyrites m5tion$ 9 ?is p>agraph may   
mean gal5a1 z pyrites 0 to ,agricola a  
sort ( g5]a4  #dh 7,excoquitur7 444 si  
v]o pyrites1 primo e =nace1 ut          
,gosel>iae vid]e licet1 9 cat9um defluit

 liquor quidam c&idus1 arg5to inimicus  
et nocivus2 id enim comburit3 quo circa 
recrem5tis1 quae sup]natant1 detractis  
effunditur3 vel induratus conto unc9ato 
extrahitur3 eundem liquorem p>ietes     
=nacis exudant4 ,9 ! ,gloss>y ! foll[+  
/atem5t appe>s3 ,liquor c&idus primo e  
=nace deflu5s cum ,gosel>iae excoquitur 
pyrites1--kobelt2 quem p>ietes =nacis   
exudant1--cont]fei4 ,9 ?is latt] /atem5t
 ,agricola app>5tly recognis$ t !re 7   
two diff]5t sub/ances1 i4e41 t !        
sub/ance f\nd 9 ! furnace               
walls--cont]fei--0 n ! same sub/ance z t
 :i* fir/ fl[$ f ! furnace--kobelt4 ,we 
are at no difficulty 9 recogniz+        
cont]fei z metallic z9c2 x 0 long kn[n  
by t t]m1 & ?is accid5tal occurr5ce is  
repeat$ly m5tion$ by o!r au?ors aft]    
,agricola4 ,! sub/ance :i* fir/ fl[$    
into ! =ehe>? pres5ts great]            
difficulties2 x c]ta9ly 0 n z9c4 ,9 ,de 
,natura ,fossilium 7p4 #cdg71 ,agricola 
says t at ,gosl> ! lead has a c]ta9 :ite
 slag float+ ^u x1 ! col\r d]iv$ f !    

pyrites 7pyrit5 arg5teum7 f :i* x 0     
produc$4 ,pyrit5 arg5teum 0 ei!r        
m>casite or mispickel1 nei!r ( :i* (f]s 
mu* sugge/ion2 nor are we able to haz>d 
an explanation ( value4  ,,hi/orical    
,,note ,,on ,,z9c4 ,! hi/ory ( z9c      
metallurgy falls into two di/9ct        
l9es--fir/1 t ( ! metal1 & second1 t (  
z9c ore1 = ! latt] 0 kn[n & us$ to make 
brass by cem5tation ) copp] & to yield  
oxides by sublimation = m$ic9al         
purposes1 ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s be=e ! metal
 became g5]ally kn[n & us$ 9 ,europe4   
,!re is "s reason to believe t metallic 
z9c 0 kn[n to ! ,anci5ts1 = bracelets   
made ( x1 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,cam]os 7prior
 to #ejj ,b4,c471 may h be5 ( t age     
7,ra\l ,jagnaux1 ,traite de ,*imie      
,g5]ale1 #ahhg1 ,,ii1 #che72 & fur!r1 a 
passage 9 ,/rabo 7#fc ,b4,c4-#bd ,a4,d47
 is ( mu* int]e/4 ,he /ates3 7,,xiii1   
#a1 #ef7 ,!re is f\nd at ,&eira a /one  
:i* :5 burnt becomes iron4 ,x is !n put 
into a furnace1 toge!r ) "s k9d ( e>?1  
:5 x di/ils a mock silv] 7pseud>gyrum71 

or ) ! addition ( copp] x becomes !     
comp\nd call$ ori*alcum4 ,!re is f\nd a 
mock silv] ne> ,tismolu also4           
7,hamilton's ,trans41 ,,ii1 p4 #cha74   
,ab\t ! ,*ri/ian era ! t]ms ori*alcum or
 auri*alcum und\bt$ly ref] to brass1 b  
:e!r ^! t]ms z us$ by e>li] ,greek      
writ]s d n ref] to bronze only1 is a    
matt] ( consid]able d\bt4 ,beyond ^!    
slight ref]5ces we are )\t in=mation    
until ! #af? ,c5tury4 ,if ! metal 0 kn[n
 to ! ,anci5ts x mu/ h be5 locally1 = by
 its great] adaptability to brass-mak+ x
 w\ld probably h supplant$ ! crude melt+
 ( copp] ) z9c m9]als4  ,x appe>s t !   
metal may h be5 kn[n 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ prior 
to su* k 9 ,europe2 metallic z9c 0      
import$ 9 consid]able quantities f !    
,ea/ z e>ly z ! #af? & #ag? c5turies "u 
su* t]ms z tut5eque1 tuttanego1 calaem1 
& spiaut]--! latt]1 ( c\rse1 be+ !      
prog5itor ( our t]m spelt]4 ,!          
localities ( ,ea/]n production h nev]   
be5 adequately inve/igat$4 ,w4 ,hommel  
7,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,june #ae1    

#aiab7 gives a v satisfactory review ( !
 ,ea/]n lit]ature ^u ! subject1 &       
consid]s t ! orig9 ( manufacture 0 9    
,india1 al?\gh ! mo/ ( ! #af? & #ag?    
,c5tury product came f ,*9a4 ,! e>lie/  
c]ta9 description seems to be "s recipes
 = manufacture quot$ by ,praphulla ,*&ra
 ,ray 7,a ,hi/ory ( ,h9du ,*emi/ry1     
,london1 #aijb1 p4 #ci7 dat+ f ! #aa? to
 ! #ad? ,c5turies4 ,!re does n appe> to 
be any satisfactory description ( !     
,*9ese me?od until t ( ,sir ,george     
,/aunton 7,j\rnal ,asiatique ,p>is1     
#ahce1 p4 #ada47 ,we may add t spelt] 0 
produc$ 9 ,india by crude di/illation ( 
calam9e 9 clay pots 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai?
 ,c5tury 7,brooke1 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 
( ,b5gal1 vol4 ,,xix1 #ahej1 p4 #bab71 &
 ! rema9s ( su* smelt+ 9 ,rajputana are 
suppos$ to be v anci5t4  ,! discov]y (  
z9c 9 ,europe seems to h be5 q indep5d5t
 ( ! ,ea/1 b precisely :]e & :5 is cl\d$
 ) mu* unc]ta9ty4 ,! m>*asita aurea (   
,alb]tus ,magnus has be5 call$ ^u to    
s]ve z metallic z9c1 b su* belief       

requires a hypo!sis bas$ ^u a great deal
 ( assumption4 ,fur!r1 ! /atem5t is     
frequ5tly made t z9c is m5tion$ 9 ,basil
 ,val5t9e's ,triumphant ,*>iot (        
,antimony 7! only "o ( ! works attribut$
 to ?is au?or :i* may date prior to !   
#ag? ,c5tury71 b we h be5 unable to f9d 
any su* ref]5ce4 ,! fir/ c]ta9 m5tion ( 
metallic z9c is g5]ally accr$it$ to     
,p>acelsus 7#adic-aeda71 :o /ates 7,lib]
 ,m9]alium ,,ii473 ,moreov] !re is ano!r
 metal g5]ally unkn[n call$ z9k54 ,x is 
( peculi> nature & orig92 _m o!r metals 
adult]ate x4 ,x c be melt$1 = x is      
g5]at$ f ?ree fluid pr9ciples2 x is n   
malleable4 ,its col\r is diff]5t f o!r  
metals & does n resemble o!rs 9 its     
gr[?4 ,its ultimate matt] 7ultima       
mat]ia7 is n to me yet fully kn[n4 ,x   
admits ( no mixture & does n p]mit ( !  
fabricationes ( o!r metals4 ,x /&s alone
 entirely to itself4 ,we d n believe t  
?is book 0 publi%$ until aft]           
,agricola's works4 ,agricola introduc$ !
 foll[+ /atem5ts into 8 revis$ edition (

 ,b]mannus 7p4 #dca71 publi%$ 9 #aeeh3  
,x 7a v>iety ( pyrites7 is almo/ ! col\r
 ( gal5a1 b ( entirely diff]5t          
compon5ts4 ,f x !re is made gold &      
silv]1 & a great quantity is dug 9      
,rei*5/e91 :i* is 9 ,silesia1 z 0       
rec5tly report$ to me4 ,mu* m is f\nd at
 ,raurici1 :i* !y call z9cum1 :i*       
species diff]s f pyrites1 = ! latt]     
conta9s m silv] ?an gold1 ! =m] only    
gold or h>dly any silv]4 ,9 ,de ,natura 
,fossilium 7p4 #cfh73 ,= ?is cadmia is  
put1 9 ! same way z quicksilv]1 9 a     
suitable vessel s t ! heat ( ! fire w   
cause x to sublime1 & f x is made a     
black or br[n or grey body :i* !        
,al*emi/s call cadmia sublimata4 ,?is   
possesses corrosive prop]ties to !      
highe/ degree4 ,cognate ) ?is cadmia &  
pyrites is a comp\nd :i* ! ,noricans &  
,rhetians call z9cum4 ,we leave x to    
read]s to decide h[ ne> ?is comes to    
metallic z9c2 9 any ev5t1 he app>5tly   
did n recognise 8 cont]fei f ! furnaces 
z ! same sub/ance z ! z9cum f ,silesia4 

,! fir/ correlation ( ^! sub/ances 0    
app>5tly by ,lohneys1 9 #afag1 :o says  
7,vom ,b]gw]k1 p4 #hc-d73 ,:5 ! p 9 !   
smelt+ works are smelt+1 !re is made "u 
! furnace & 9 ! cracks 9 ! walls among !
 badly pla/]$ /ones1 a metal :i* is     
call$ z9c or c\nt]feht1 & :5 ! wall is  
scrap$ x falls into a vessel plac$ to   
receive x4 ,?is metal greatly resembles 
t91 b x is h>d] & less malleable4444 ,! 
,al*emi/s h a great desire = ?is z9c or 
bismu?4 ,t ?is metal orig9at$ f bl5de or
 calam9e 0 n recognis$ until long aft]1 
& ,libavis 7,al*ymia1 ,frank=t1 #afjf71 
9 describ+ specim5s :i* came f ! ,ea/1  
did n s id5tify x1 ?is (fice be+ p]=m$  
by ,glaub]1 :o says 7,de ,prosp]itate   
,g]manias1 ,am/]dam1 #afef73 ,z9k is a  
volatile m9]al or half-ripe metal :5 x  
is extract$ f its ore4 ,x is m brilliant
 ?an t9 & n s fusible or malleable 444 x
 turns 7copp]7 into brass1 z does lapis 
calam9>is1 = inde$ ?is /one is no?+ b   
infusible z9c1 & ?is z9c might be call$ 
a fusible lapis calam9>is1 inasmu* z bo?

 ( !m p>take ( ! same nature4444 ,x     
sublimates itself up into ! cracks ( !  
furnace1 :]eupon ! smelt]s frequ5tly    
break x out4 ,! sy/ematic di/illation ( 
z9c f calam9e 0 n discov]$ 9 ,europe    
until ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,h5kel is g5]ally 
accr$it$ ) ! fir/ /atem5t to t effect4  
,9 a contribution publi%$ z an ,app5dix 
to 8 o!r works1 ( :i* we h _h access    
only to a ,fr5* translation             
7,pyritologie1 ,p>is1 #agfj1 p4 #did71  
he concludes t z9c is a half-metal ( :i*
 ! be/ ore is calam9e1 b believes x is  
always associat$ ) lead1 & m5tions t an 
,engli%man lately arriv$ f ,bri/ol _h   
se5 x be+ obta9$ f calam9e 9 8 own      
c\ntry4 ,he fur!r m5tions t x c be      
obta9$ by heat+ calam9e & lead ore mix$ 
) coal 9 a ?ick e>!n vessel4 ,! ,bri/ol 
works 7 app>5tly ^? ( ,john ,*ampion1   
e/abli%$ ab\t #agdj4 ,! art (           
di/illation 0 probably le>n$ 9 ! ,ea/4  
,def9ite in=mation z to ! z9c m9]als    
goes back to b a little be=e ! ,*ri/ian 
,era1 unless we accept nebul> ref]5ces  

to auri*alcum by ! poets1 or :at is     
possibly z9c ore 9 ! e>? m5tion$ by     
,ari/otle 7,de ,mirabilibus1 #fb73 ,m5  
say t ! copp] ( ! ,mossynoeci is v      
brilliant & :ite1 no t9 be+ mix$ ) x2 b 
!re is a k9d ( e>? !re :i* is melt$ ) x4
 ,?is might q well be an ars5ical m9]al4
 ,b :e!r we c accept ! poets or         
,ari/otle or ! rem>k ( ,/rabo giv5      
above1 z suffici5t evid5ce or n1 !re is 
no difficulty ) ! description ( cadmia &
 pompholyx & spodos ( ,dioscorides 7#a/ 
,c5tury71 p>ts ( :i* we reproduce 9 note
 #bf1 p4 #cid4 ,8 cadmia is describ$ z  
ris+ f ! copp] furnaces & cl++ to ! iron
 b>s1 b he cont9ues3 ,cadmia is also    
prep>$ by burn+ ! /one call$ pyrites1   
:i* is f\nd ne> ,mt4 ,soloi 9           
,cyprus4444 ,"s say t cadmia may also be
 f\nd 9 /one qu>ries1 b !y are deceiv$  
by /ones hav+ a resemblance to cadmia4  
,pompholyx & spodos are evid5tly furnace
 calam9e4 ,f read+ ! quotation giv5 on  
p4 #cid1 !re c be no d\bt t ^! mat]ials1
 natural or artificial1 7 us$ to make   

brass1 = he /ates 7,v1 #df73 ,:ite      
pompholyx is made e "t t ! artific] 9 ! 
work+ & p]fect+ ( ! copp] spr9kles p[d]$
 cadmia ^u x to make x m p]fect1 ! soot 
aris+ f ?is 444 is pompholyx4 ,pl9y is  
confus$ betwe5 ! m9]al cadmia & furnace 
calam9e1 & none ( 8 /atem5ts are v      
direct on ! subject ( brass mak+4 ,8 mo/
 po9t$ /atem5t is 7,,xxxiv1 #b73 444    
,next to ,livian 7copp]7 ?is k9d be/    
absorbs cadmia1 & is almo/ z good z     
auri*alcum = mak+ se/]ces & d\ble asses4
 ,z /at$ above1 !re c be little d\bt t !
 auri*alcum ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era 0 brass1 &
 fur!r1 we d "k ( brass se/]ces ( ?is   
p]iod4 ,o!r ,roman writ]s ( ?is & lat]  
p]iods ref] to e>? us$ ) copp] = mak+   
brass4 ,ap>t f ^! evid5ces1 h[ev]1 !re  
is ! evid5ce ( analyses ( co9s &        
objects1 ! e>lie/ ( :i* appe>s to be a  
l>ge brass ( ! ,cassia family ( #bj     
,b4,c41 analyz$ by ,phillips1 :o f\nd   
#ag4c z9c 7,records ( ,m9+ &            
,metallurgy1 ,london1 #aheg1 p4 #ac74   
,num]\s analyses ( co9s & o!r objects   

dat+ dur+ ! foll[+ c5tury corroborate ! 
g5]al use ( brass4 ,pr(essor ,g[l&      
7,presid5tial ,address1 ,in/4 ( ,metals1
 #aiab7 rightly consid]s ! ,romans 7 !  
fir/ to make brass1 & at ab\t ! above   
p]iod1 = !re appe>s to be no c]ta9ty (  
any e>li] production4 ,! fir/ adequate  
te*nical description ( brass mak+ is 9  
ab\t #abjj ,a4,d4 be+ t ( ,!ophilus1 :o 
describes 7,h5drie's ,trans41 p4 #cjg7  
calc9+ calam9a & mix+ x ) f9ely divid$  
copp] 9 gl[+ crucibles4 ,! process 0    
repeat$ by add+ m calam9e & copp] until 
! pots 7 full ( molt5 metal4 ,?is me?od 
is repeat$ly describ$ ) m9or v>iations  
by ,bir+uccio1 ,agricola 7,de ,nat4     
,fos471 & o!rs1 d[n to ! #ah? ,c5tury4  
,= discussion ( ! z9c m9]als see note on
 p4 #aab4  #di 444 non r>o1 ut nonnulli 
pyritae sunt1 c&ida4444 ,?is is app>5tly
 ! unkn[n sub/ance m5tion$ above4  #ej  
,"o dra*ma is ab\t #c ounces ,troy p]   
%ort ton4 ,?ree unciae are ab\t #gb     
ounces #f dwts4 ,troy p] %ort ton4  #ea 
,9 ?is section1 :i* treats ( !          

metallurgy ( plumbum c&idum1 t91 ! ^w   
c&idum is v (t5 omitt$ 9 ! ,lat91 leav+ 
only plumbum1 :i* is confus+ at times ) 
lead4 ,! black t9-/one1 lapilli nigri   
has be5 treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 lapilli
 7small /ones7 con/antly occurr+ alone 9
 ! ,lat94 ,?is has be5 r5d]$ z t9-/one  
?r\gh\t1 & ! mat]ial prior to extraction
 ( ! lapilli nigri has be5 r5d]$        
t9-/uff1 aft] ! ,corni%4  #eb 444 ex    
saxis vilibus1 quae natura de div]sa    
mat]ia composuit4 ,! ,gloss>y gives     
gr9d/e94 ,granite 7874  #ec ,,hi/orical 
,,notes ,,on ,,t9 ,,metallurgy4 ,! fir/ 
appe>ance ( t9 lies 9 ! anci5t bronzes4 
,& :ile mu* is writt5 ^u ! ,bronze ,age 
by ar*aeologi/s1 we s]i\sly d\bt :e!r or
 n a l>ge "p ( s-call$ bronze is n      
copp]4 ,9 any ev5t1 ?is p]iod v>i$ ) ea*
 race1 & = in/ance1 9 ,brita9 may h be5 
mu* lat] ?an ,egyptian hi/oric times4 ,!
 bronze articles ( ! ,,iv ,dyna/y 7f    
#chjj to #dgjj ,b4,c4 dep5d+ on !       
au?ority7 place u on c]ta9 gr\nd (      
antiquity4 ,pr(essor ,g[l& 7,presid5tial

 ,address1 ,in/4 ( ,metals1 ,london1    
#aiab7 ma9ta9s t ! e>ly bronzes 7 !     
result ( direct smelt+ ( /annif]\s copp]
 ores1 & :ile ?is may be p>tially true =
 ,we/]n ,europe1 ! di/ribution & nature 
( ! copp] deposits d n w>rant ?is       
assumption = ! e>li] sc5es ( human      
activity--,asia ,m9or1 ,egypt1 & ,india4
 ,fur!r1 ! lumps ( r\gh t9 & also (     
copp] f\nd by ,borlase 7,t9 ,m9+ 9      
,spa91 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 ,london1 #ahig1  
p4 #be7 9 ,cornwall1 mix$ ) bronze celts
 "u conditions c]ta9ly indicat+ !       
,bronze ,age1 is 9 itself ( consid]able 
evid5ce ( indep5d5t melt+4 ,to our m9d !
 va/ majority ( anci5t bronzes mu/ h be5
 made f copp] & t9 m9$ & smelt$         
indep5d5tly4 ,z to ! s\rce ( supply (   
anci5t t91 we are on cle> gr\nd only ) !
 adv5t ( ! ,pho5icians1 #aejj-ajjj      
,b4,c41 :o1 z is well kn[n1 di/ribut$ to
 ! anci5t _w a supply f ,spa9 & ,brita94
 ,:at ! s\rce may h be5 prior to ?is "t 
has be5 subject to mu* discussion1 &    
:ile "s sl5d] ?reads indicate ! ,ea/1 we

 believe t a m local supply to ,egypt1  
etc41 is n impossible4 ,! discov]y (    
l>ge t9 fields 9 ,c5tral ,africa & !    
native-made t9 ornam5ts 9 circulation   
among ! negroes1 made possible !        
entrance ( ! metal into ,egypt along !  
trade r\tes4 ,fur!r1 we see no reason :y
 alluvial t9 may n h exi/$ )9 easy rea* 
& h become exhau/$4 ,h[ quickly su* a   
s\rce ( metal supply c be =gott5 & no   
evid5ce rema91 is indicat$ by ! seldom  
rememb]$ alluvial gold supply f ,irel&4 
,h[ev]1 be ^! conjectures z !y may1 !   
,ea/ has long be5 ! sc5e ( t9 production
 & ( transportation activity4 ,among !  
sl5d] evid5ces t po9t 9 ?is direction is
 t ! ,sanskrit t]m = t9 is ka/ira1 a t]m
 also employ$ by ! ,*aldeans1 &         
repres5t$ 9 ,arabic by kasdir1 & x may h
 be5 ! prog5itor ( ! ,greek cassit]os4  
,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,pho5icians also  
trad$ ) ,malacca1 etc41 b beyond ^!     
?reads !re is little to prove !         
pre-we/]n s\rce4 ,! /ra9$ argum5t (     
,beckmann 7,hi/4 ( ,inv5tions1 vol4     

,,ii41 p4 #bjg7 t ! cassit]os ( ,hom] & 
! b$il ( ! ,hebrews 0 possibly n t91 & t
 t9 0 unkn[n at ?is "t1 falls to ! gr\nd
 9 ! face ( ! va/ am\nt ( t9 :i* mu/ h  
be5 9 circulation to acc\nt = ! bronze  
us$ ov] a p]iod #b1jjj ye>s prior to ^? 
peoples4 ,t9 is e>ly m5tion$ 9 !        
,scriptures 7,numb]s ,,xxxi1 #bb71 be+  
enum]at$ among ! spoil ( ! ,midianites  
7#abjj ,b4,c4871 also ,ezekiel 7#fjj    
,b4,c41 ,,xxvii1 #ab7 speaks ( t9 f     
,t>%i% 7! ,pho5ician settlem5t on ! coa/
 ( ,spa974 ,accord+ to ,hom] t9 play$   
consid]able "p 9 ,vulcan's metallurgical
 /ores4 ,ev5 approximately at :at p]iod 
! ,pho5icians began _! di/ribution f    
,spa9 & ,brita9 _c be det]m9$4 ,!y      
app>5tly e/abli%$ _! settlem5ts at      
,gades 7,cadiz7 9 ,t>%i%1 beyond        
,gibralt>1 ab\t #aajj ,b4,c4 ,! rema9s (
 t9 m9+ 9 ! ,spani% p59sula prior to !  
,*ri/ian ,era indicate mo/ ext5sive     
production by ! ,pho5icians1 b !re is   
little evid5ce z to ei!r m9+ or smelt+  
me?ods4 ,g5]ally z to ! te*nical me?ods 

( m9+ & smelt+ t91 we are practically   
)\t any satisfactory /atem5t d[n to     
,agricola4 ,h[ev]1 su* scraps (         
in=mation z are available are ^? 9 ,hom]
 7see note on p4 #djb71 ,diodorus1 &    
,pl9y4  ,diodorus says 7,v1 #b7 reg>d+  
t9 9 ,spa93 ,!y dig x up1 & melt x d[n 9
 ! same way z !y d gold & silv]2 & aga91
 speak+ ( ! t9 9 ,brita91 he says3 ,^! p
 make t91 :i* !y dig up ) a great deal (
 c>e & lab\r2 be+ rocky1 ! metal is mix$
 ) e>?1 out ( :i* !y melt ! metal1 & !n 
ref9e x4 ,pl9y 7,,xxxiv1 #dg71 9 !      
well-kn[n & mu*-disput$ passage3 ,next  
to be consid]$ are ! *>act]i/ics ( lead1
 :i* is ( two k9ds1 black & :ite4 ,! mo/
 valuable is ! :ite2 ! ,greeks call$ x  
cassit]os1 & !re is a fabul\s /ory ( its
 be+ se>*$ = & c>ri$ f ! isl&s (        
,atlantis 9 b>ks cov]$ ) hides4 ,c]ta9ly
 x is obta9$ 9 ,lusitania & ,gallaecia  
on ! surface ( ! e>? f black-col\r$ s&4 
,x is discov]$ by its great weight1 & x 
is mix$ ) small pebbles 9 ! dri$ b$s (  
torr5ts4 ,! m9]s wa% ^! s&s1 & t :i*    

settles !y heat 9 ! furnace4 ,x is also 
f\nd 9 gold m9es1 :i* are call$ alutiae4
 ,a /ream ( wat] pass+ ?r\gh deta*es    
small black pebbles v>iegat$ ) :ite     
spots1 ! weight ( :i* is ! same z gold4 
,h5ce x is t !y rema9 9 ! baskets ( !   
gold collectors ) ! gold2 aft]w>d1 !y   
are sep>at$ 9 a camillum & :5 melt$     
become :ite lead4  ,!re is practically  
no ref]5ce to ! me?ods ( ,corni%        
t9-work+ ov] ! :ole p]iod ( #b1jjj ye>s 
t m9+ op]ations 7 c>ri$ on !re prior to 
! ,norman occupation4 ,f !n until       
,agricola's "t1 a p]iod ( "s f\r        
c5turies1 !re are occasional ref]5ces 9 
,/ann>y ,c\rt proce$+s1 ,*>t]s1 & su*-l 
(ficial docum5ts :i* give little        
metallurgical insight4 ,f a lett] (     
,william de ,wro?am1 ,"l ,w>d5 ( !      
,/ann>ies1 9 #aaih1 sett+ out !         
regulations = ! impo/ on t91 x is evid5t
 t ! black t9 0 smelt$ once at ! m9es & 
t a second smelt+ or ref9+ 0 c>ri$ out 9
 specifi$ t[ns "u ! obs]vation ( ! ,cr[n
 ,(ficials4 ,9 _m o!r (ficial docum5ts  

!re are repeat$ ref]5ces to ! "r to dig 
turfs & cut wood = smelt+ ! t94 ,"u note
 #h1 p4 #bhb1 we give "s fur!r in=mation
 on t9 conc5tration1 & ! relation (     
,corni% & ,g]man t9 m9]s4 ,bir+uccio    
7#aedj7 gives v little in=mation on t9  
metallurgy1 & we are br\ght to ,de ,re  
,metallica = ! fir/ cle> exposition4  ,z
 to ! description on ^! pages x mu/ be  
rememb]$ t ! t9-/one has be5 already    
roa/$1 ?us remov+ "s volatile impurities
 & oxidiz+ o!rs1 z describ$ on page     
#cdh4 ,! furnaces & ! me?ods ( work+ !  
t91 "h describ$1 are almo/ id5tical ) ^?
 9 use 9 ,saxony to-day4 ,9 g5]al1 s9ce 
,agricola's "t t9 has n se5 ! me*anical 
& metallurgical developm5t ( ! o!r      
metals4 ,! comp>atively small quantities
 to be dealt )2 ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ a 
/rong r$uc+ atmosph]e1 & consequ5tly a  
mild cold bla/2 & ! comp>atively l[     
temp]ature dem&$1 gave little impetus to
 o!r ?an crude appliances until v mod]n 
times4  #ed ,aureo nummo4 ,g]man        
,translation gives re9s*5 gueld51 :i* 0 

! equival5t ( ab\t #a4ff1 or #f4i       
%ill+s4 ,! pur*as+ p[] ( money 01 h[ev]1
 sev]al times z great z at pres5t4  #ee 
,9 ! foll[+ descriptions ( iron-smelt+1 
we h ?ree processes describ$2 ! fir/ be+
 ! direct r$uction ( malleable iron f   
ore1 ! second ! transition /age !n 9    
progress f ! direct to indirect me?od by
 way ( ca/-iron2 & ! ?ird a me?od ( mak+
 /eel by cem5tation4 ,! fir/ me?od is t 
( primitive iron-work]s ( all times &   
all races1 & requires little comm5t4 ,a 
pa/y mass 0 produc$1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly  
hamm]$ to make x exude ! slag1 ! hamm]$ 
mass be+ ! anci5t bloom4 ,! second      
process is ( consid]able int]e/1 = x    
m>ks "o ( ! e>lie/ descriptions ( work+ 
iron 9 a furnace simil> to a bla/       
furnace1 b mu* wid] & high]4 ,?is       
orig9al ,g]man ,/ueck(5 or high bloom]y 
furnace 0 us$ = mak+ masses (           
wr\ght-iron "u ess5tially ! same        
conditions z its prog5itor ! =ge--only  
^u a l>g] scale4 ,) high temp]atures1   
h[ev]1 su* a furnace w\ld1 if desir$1   

yield molt5 metal1 & ?us ! /ep to       
ca/-iron z a prelim9>y to wr\ght-iron   
became v easy & natural1 9 fact         
,agricola m5tions above t if ! iron is  
left to settle 9 ! furnace x becomes    
h>d4 ,! mak+ ( malleable iron by        
subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! ca/-iron--!      
indirect me?od--orig9at$ 9 ab\t         
,agricola's "t1 & m>ks ! beg9n+ ( "o (  
^? subtle economic curr5ts de/9$ to h ! 
wide/ be>+ ^u civilization4 ,x is to u  
unc]ta9 :e!r he really und]/ood ! d\ble 
treatm5t or n4 ,9 ! above p>agraph he   
says f ore once or twice smelt$ !y make 
iron1 etc41 & 9 ,de ,natura ,fossilium  
7p4 #cci7 "s ref]5ce is made to p\r+    
melt$ iron1 all ( :i* w\ld appe> to be  
ca/-iron4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 describe ! 
#af? ,c5tury me?od ( conv]t+ ca/ into   
wr\ght iron by way ( 9 effect roa/+ !   
pig iron to elim9ate c>bon by oxidation1
 ) subsequ5t melt+ into a ball or mass4 
,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t puddl+ = ?is    
purpose did n come into use until ! end 
( ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,a great deal (       

discussion has aris5 z to :]e & at :at  
"t ca/-iron 0 made sy/ematically1 b )\t 
satisfactory answ]2 9 any ev5t1 x seems 
to h be5 9 ab\t ! end ( ! #ad? ,c5tury1 
z ca/ cannon began to appe> ab\t t "t4  
,x is our impression t ! :ole ( ?is     
discussion on iron 9 ,de ,re ,metallica 
is an ab/ract f ,bir+uccio1 :o wrote #ae
 ye>s e>li]1 z x is 9 s ne>ly id5tical  
t]ms4 ,^? int]e/$ w f9d a translation ( 
,bir+uccio's /atem5t ) reg>d to /eel 9  
,p]cy's ,metallurgy ( ,iron & ,/eel1    
,london1 #ahfd1 p4 #hjg4  ,,hi/orical   
,,note ,,on ,,iron ,,smelt+4 ,!         
ar*aeologi/s' division ( ! hi/ory (     
racial developm5t into ! ,/one1 ,bronze1
 & ,iron ,ages1 bas$ ^u objects f\nd 9  
tumuli1 burial places1 etc41 w\ld on !  
face ( x indicate ! prior discov]y (    
copp] metallurgy ov] iron1 & x is       
g5]ally s ma9ta9$ by ^? sci5ti/s4 ,!    
metallurgi/s h n hesitat$ to prote/ t   
:ile ?is di/9ction ( ,ages may s]ve !   
ar*aeologi/s1 & no d\bt repres5ts !     
sequ5ce 9 :i* ! metal objects are f\nd1 

yet x by no means foll[s t ?is 0 ! ord] 
( _! discov]y or use1 b t iron by its   
rapidity ( oxidation has simply n be5   
pres]v$4 ,! argum5ts :i* may be advanc$ 
f our side are 9 ! ma9 ^!4 ,iron ore is 
( m frequ5t occurr5ce ?an copp] ores1 & 
! necess>y r$uction ( copp] oxides 7z   
mo/ surface ores mu/ h be57 to fluid    
metal requires a temp]ature v mu* high] 
?an does ! r$uction ( iron oxides to    
wr\ght-iron blooms1 :i* d n necessitate 
fusion4 ,! comp>atively great]          
simplicity ( iron metallurgy "u         
primitive conditions is well exemplifi$ 
by ! hill tribes ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 :]e 
9 village =ges ! negroes r$uce iron     
suffici5t = _! ne$s1 f hematite4 ,copp] 
alone w\ld n be a v s]viceable metal to 
primitive man1 & he e>ly made ! advance 
to bronze2 ?is latt] metal requires ?ree
 metallurgical op]ations1 & pres5ts     
immeasurably great] difficulties ?an    
iron4 ,x is1 z ,pr(essor ,g[l& has      
demon/rat$ 7,presid5tial ,address1 ,in/4
 ( ,metals1 ,london1 #aiab7 q possible  

to make bronze f melt+ /annif]\s copp]  
ores1 yet su* comb9$ occurr5ce at !     
surface is r>e1 &1 s f> z kn[n1 ! copp] 
s\rces f :i* ,asia ,m9or & ,egypt obta9$
 _! supply d n conta9 t94 ,x seems to u1
 !re=e1 t 9 mo/ cases ! sep>ate fusions 
( diff]5t ores & _! subsequ5t re-melt+ 7
 requir$ to make bronze4 ,! argum5ts    
advanc$ by ! ar*aeologi/s be> mo/ly ^u !
 fact t1 _h iron be5 kn[n1 its          
sup]iority w\ld h caus$ ! primitive     
races to adopt x1 & we %\ld n f9d su* an
 abundance ( bronze tools4 ,z to ?is1 x 
may be said t bronze weapons & tools are
 pl5tiful en\gh 9 ,egyptian1 ,myc5aean1 
& e>ly ,greek rema9s1 long aft] iron 0  
demon/rably well kn[n4 ,!re has be5 a   
good deal pron\nc$ by etymologi/s on !  
hi/ory ( iron & copp]1 = in/ance1 by    
,max ,muell]1 7,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( 
,language1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bee1 ,london1
 #ahfd71 & _m o!rs1 b ! amaz+ lack (    
metallurgical k nullifies practically   
all _! conclusions4 ,! olde/ ,egyptian  
texts extant1 dat+ #cejj ,b4,c41 ref] to

 iron1 & !re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a   
piece ( iron f\nd 9 ! ,pyramid (        
,kephron 7#cgjj ,b4,c47 "u conditions   
indicat+ its co-incid5t orig94 ,!re is  
exhibit$ also a fragm5t ( oxidiz$ iron  
lately f\nd by ,pr(essor ,petrie & plac$
 z ( ! ,,vi ,dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #cbjj74     
,despite ?is evid5ce ( an e>ly k ( iron1
 !re is almo/ a total abs5ce ( ,egyptian
 iron objects = a long p]iod subsequ5t  
to t "t1 :i* 9 a measure confirms ! view
 ( its disappe>ance r ?an t ( ignorance 
( x4 ,_m writ]s h assum$ t ! ,anci5ts   
mu/ h _h "s sup]ior art ( h>d5+ copp] or
 bronze1 because ! cutt+ ( ! gigantic   
/onework ( ! "t c\ld n h be5 done ) t   
alloy z we "k x2 no su* h>d5+ appe>s    
among ! bronze tools f\nd1 & x seems to 
u t ! argum5t is /rong] t ! olde/       
,egyptian /onework]s employ$ mo/ly iron 
tools1 & t ^! h oxidiz$ out ( exi/5ce4  
,! reasons = pref]r+ copp] alloys to    
iron = decorative objects 7 equally     
/rong 9 anci5t times z 9 ! pres5t day1 &
 acc\nts suffici5tly = ^! articles1 &1  

!re=e1 iron w\ld be devot$ to m humble  
objects less likely to be pres]v$4      
,fur!r1 ! ,egyptians at a lat] date _h  
"s prejudices aga9/ iron = sacr$        
purposes1 & ! m$ia ( pres]vation ( mo/  
metal objects 7 n op5 to iron4 ,we "k   
practically no?+ ( v e>ly ,egyptian     
metallurgy1 b 9 ! "t ( ,?otmes ,,iii4   
7#aejj ,b4,c47 bell[s 7 us$ ^u ! =ge4   
,( lit]>y evid5ces ! e>lie/ is 9 ! ,%oo 
,k+ among ! ,tribute ( ,yue 7#bejj      
,b4,c4874 ,iron is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 !
 ,bible1 b x is d\btful if any ( ! e>ly 
ref]5ces apply to /eel4 ,!re is sc>cely 
a ,greek or ,lat9 au?or :o does n m5tion
 iron 9 "s connection1 & ( ! e>lie/1    
none are s sugge/ive f a metallurgical  
po9t ( view z ,hom]1 by :om lab\r$ mass 
7wr\ght-iron87 is (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,z1 =  
in/ance1 9 ! ,odyssey 7,i41 #bcd7       
,pallas 9 ! guise ( ,m5tes1 says accord+
 to ,pope3      ,freight$ ) iron f my   
native l&     ,i /e] my voyage to !     
,brutian /r&1     ,to ga9 by comm]ce = !
 lab\r$ mass     ,a j proportion (      

refulg5t brass4  7,brass is mod]n poetic
 lic5ce = copp] or bronze74 ,also1 9 !  
,odyssey 7,,ix1 #dfe7 :5 ,hom] describes
 h[ ,ulysses plung$ ! /ake into         
,cyclop's eye1 we h ! fir/ positive     
evid5ce ( /eel1 al?\gh h>d iron m5tion$ 
9 ! ,tribute ( ,yue1 above ref]r$ to1 is
 sometimes giv5 z /eel3      ,& z :5    
arm\r]s temp] 9 ! =d     ,! ke5-edg'd   
pole-axe1 or ! %9+ sword1     ,! r$-hot 
metal hisses 9 ! lake4  ,no d\bt e>ly   
wr\ght-iron 0 made 9 ! same mann] z     
,agricola describes4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 n s
 cle> z to ! me?ods ( mak+ /eel4 ,"u    
primitive me?ods ( mak+ wr\ght-iron x is
 q possible to c>burize ! iron          
suffici5tly to make /eel direct f ore4  
,! primitive me?od ( ,india & ,japan 0  
to enclose lumps ( wr\ght-iron 9 seal$  
crucibles ) *>coal & sawdu/1 & heat !m  
ov] a long p]iod4 ,nei!r ,pl9y nor any (
 ! o!r au?ors ( ! p]iod previ\s to !    
,*ri/ian ,era give u mu* help on /eel   
metallurgy1 al?\gh c]ta9 obscure        
expressions ( ,ari/otle h be5 call$ ^u  

7= in/ance1 ,/4 ,john ,v4 ,day1         
,prehi/oric ,use ( ,iron & ,/eel1       
,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #acd7 to prove its   
manufacture by imm]s+ wr\ght-iron 9     
molt5 ca/-iron4  #ef ,quae vel a]osa e/1
 vel cocta4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t   
cocta1 cook$ is rightly translat$1 = !  
au?or has n hi!rto us$ ?is expression = 
heat$4 ,?is may be residues f roa/+ &   
lea*+ pyrites = vitriol1 etc4  #eg      
,agricola draws no %>p l9e ( di/9ction  
betwe5 antimony ! metal1 & its sulphide4
 ,he uses ! ,roman t]m /ibi or /ibium   
7,int]pretatio1--,spiesglas7 ?r\gh\t ?is
 book1 & evid5tly 9 mo/ cases means !   
sulphide1 b 9 o!rs1 p>ticul>ly 9 p>t+   
gold & silv]1 metallic antimony w\ld be 
r$uc$ out4 ,we h be5 9 mu* d\bt z to !  
t]m to introduce into ! text1 z !       
,engli% /ibnite c>ries too mu* precision
 ( mean+4 ,orig9ally ! antimony ( trade 
0 ! sulphide4 ,lat]1 ) ! application ( t
 t]m to ! metal1 ! sulphide 0 t]m$ grey 
antimony1 & we h ei!r us$ /ibium = lack 
( bett] alt]native1 or adopt$ grey      

antimony4 ,! me?od describ$ by ,agricola
 = treat+ antimony sulphide is /ill us$ 
9 ! ,h>z1 9 ,bohemia1 & else:]e4 ,!     
/ibnite is liquat$ out at a l[ heat &   
drips f ! upp] to ! l[] pot4 ,! result+ 
purifi$ antimony sulphide is ! mod]n    
comm]cial crude antimony or grey        
antimony4  ,,hi/orical ,,note ,,on ,,!  
,,metallurgy ,,( ,,antimony4 ,!         
,egyptologi/s h adopt$ ! t]m antimony = 
c]ta9 cosmetics f\nd 9 ,egyptian tombs f
 a v e>ly p]iod4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 fail$ to 
f9d any reliable analyses :i* w>rant ?is
 assumption1 & we believe t x is bas$ on
 ! k t antimony 0 us$ z a base = eye    
o9tm5ts 9 ,greek & ,roman times1 & n ^u 
prop] *emical inve/igation4 ,x may be t 
! ideograph :i* is int]pret$ z antimony 
may really mean t sub/ance1 b we only   
prote/ t ! *emi/ %\ld h be5 call$ 9 long
 s9ce4 ,9 ,/4 ,j]ome's translation ( !  
,bible1 ! cosmetic us$ by ,jezebel      
7,,ii4 ,k+s ,,ix1 #cj7 & by ! lady      
m5tion$ by ,ezekiel 7,,xxiii1 #dj71 :o  
did/ wa% ?yself & pa9t$/ ?9e eyes is    

specifically giv5 z /ibio4 ,our mod]n   
translation c>ries no h9t ( !           
composition ( ! cosmetic1 & :e!r "s ( ! 
,greek or ,hebrew ,,mss4 d furni% a     
basis = su* translation we _c say4 ,!   
,hebrew t]m = ?is m9]al 0 kohl1 :i*     
subsequ5tly pass$ into alcool & alkohol 
9 o!r languages1 & appe>s 9 ! ,spani%   
,bible 9 ! above passage 9 ,ezekiel z   
alcohola/e4 ,! t]m antimonium seems to h
 be5 fir/ us$ 9 ,lat9 editions ( ,geb]  
publi%$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ae? ,c5tury4  
,9 any ev5t1 ! metal is cle>ly m5tion$  
by ,dioscorides 7#a/ ,c5tury71 :o calls 
x /immi1 & ,pl9y1 :o t]m$ x /ibium1 & !y
 leave no d\bt t x 0 us$ z a cosmetic = 
pa9t+ ! eyebr[s & dilat+ ! eyes4        
,dioscorides 7,v1 #ei7 says3 ,! be/     
/immi is v brilliant & radiant4 ,:5     
brok5 x divides into lay]s ) no "p e>?y 
or dirty2 x is brittle4 ,"s call x      
/immi1 o!rs platyoph?almon 7wide ey$72  
o!rs l>bason1 o!rs gynaekeion           
7fem99e74444 ,x is roa/$ 9 a ball ( d\gh
 ) *>coal until x becomes a c9d]4444 ,x 

is also roa/$ by putt+ x on live *>coal 
& bl[+ x4 ,if x is roa/$ too mu* x      
becomes lead4 ,pl9y /ates 7,,xxxiii1 #cc
 & #cd73 ,9 ! same m9es 9 :i* silv] is  
f\nd1 prop]ly speak+ !re is a /one fro?4
 ,x is :ite & %9+1 n transp>5t2 is call$
 /immi1 or /ibi1 or alaba/rum1 &        
l>basis4 ,!re are two k9ds ( x1 ! male &
 ! female4 ,! mo/ approv$ is ! female1 !
 male be+ m unev51 r\gh]1 less heavy1 n 
s radiant1 & m gritty4 ,! female k9d is 
bright & friable1 lam9> & n globul>4 ,x 
is a/r+5t & refrig]ative1 & its pr9cipal
 use is = ! eyes4444 ,x is burn$ 9      
manure 9 a furnace1 is qu5*$ ) milk1    
gr\nd ) ra9 wat] 9 a mort>1 & :ile ?us  
turbid x is p\r$ into a copp] vessel &  
purifi$ ) nitrum 444 above all 9 roa/+ x
 c>e %\ld be tak5 t x does n turn to    
lead4 ,!re c be little d\bt f           
,dioscorides' /atem5t ( its turn+ to    
lead t he _h se5 ! metal antimony1      
al?\gh he ?\ght x a species ( lead4 ,(  
fur!r int]e/ 9 connection ) ! anci5t k (
 ! metal is ! ,*aldean vase made (      

antimony describ$ by ,b]!lot 7,comptes  
,r5dus1 #ahhg1 ,,civ1 #bfe74 ,x is      
possible t ,agricola knew ! metal1      
al?\gh he gives no details z to         
de-sulphuriz+ x or = recov]+ ! metal    
itself4 ,9 ,de ,natura ,fossilium 7p4   
#aha7 he makes a /atem5t :i* w\ld       
indicate ! metal1 ,/ibium :5 melt$ 9 !  
crucible & ref9$ has z mu* "r to be     
reg>d$ z a metal z is accord$ to lead by
 mo/ writ]s4 ,if :5 smelt$ a c]ta9      
portion be add$ to t91 a pr9t]'s alloy  
is made f :i* type is ca/ t is us$ by ^?
 :o pr9t books4 ,basil ,val5t9e1 9 8    
,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony1 gives a  
great deal t is new ) reg>d to ?is      
metal1 ev5 if we c accr$it ! "w ) no    
e>li] orig9 ?an its publication--ab\t   
#afjj2 x seems possible h[ev]1 t x 0    
writt5 late 9 ! #ae? ,c5tury 7see       
,app5dix ,b74 ,he describes ! prep>ation
 ( ! metal f ! crude ore1 bo? by roa/+ &
 r$uction f ! oxide ) argol & saltpetre1
 & also by fus+ ) metallic iron4 ,:ile !
 fir/ description ( ^! me?ods is usually

 attribut$ to ,val5t9e1 x may be po9t$  
out t 9 ! ,probi]bue*le9 7#aejj7 z well 
z 9 ,agricola ! sep>ation ( silv] f iron
 by antimony sulphide implies ! same    
reaction1 & ! sep>ation ( silv] & gold )
 antimony sulphide1 (t5 attribut$ to    
,val5t9e1 is repeat$ly set out 9 !      
,probi]bue*le9 & 9 ,de ,re ,metallica4  
,bir+uccio 7#aedj7 has no?+ ( importance
 to say z to ! treatm5t ( antimonial    
ores1 b m5tions x z an alloy =          
bell-metal1 :i* w\ld imply ! metal4  #eh
 ,,hi/orical ,,note ,,on ,,!            
,,metallurgy ,,( ,,quicksilv]4 ,! e>lie/
 m5tion ( quicksilv] appe>s to h be5 by 
,ari/otle 7,meteorologica ,,iv1 #h1     
#aa71 :o speaks ( x z fluid silv]       
7argyros *ytos74 ,!ophra/us 7#aje7      
/ates3 ,su* is ! production (           
quicksilv]1 :i* has its uses4 ,?is is   
obta9$ f c9nab> rubb$ ) v9eg> 9 a brass 
mort> ) a brass pe/le4 7,hill's ,trans41
 p4 #aci74 ,!ophra/us also 7#ajc7       
m5tions c9nab> f ,spa9 & else:]e4       
,dioscorides 7,v1 #gj7 appe>s to be !   

fir/ to describe ! recov]y ( quicksilv] 
by di/illation3 ,quicksilv] 7hydr>gyros1
 i4e41 liquid silv]7 is made f ammion1  
:i* is call$ c9nab>i4 ,an iron b[l      
conta9+ c9nab>i is put into an e>!n     
vessel & cov]$ ov] ) a cup-%ap$ lid     
sme>$ ) clay4 ,!n x is set on a fire (  
coals & ! soot :i* /icks to ! cov] :5   
wip$ (f & cool$ is quicksilv]4          
,quicksilv] is also f\nd 9 drops fall+ f
 ! walls ( ! silv] m9es4 ,"s say !re are
 quicksilv] m9es4 ,x c be kept only 9   
vessels ( glass1 lead1 t9 7871 or silv]1
 = if put 9 vessels ( any o!r sub/ances 
x consumes !m & fl[s ?r\gh4 ,pl9y       
7,,xxxiii1 #da73 ,!re has be5 discov]$ a
 way ( extract+ hydr>gyros f ! inf]ior  
m9ium z a sub/itute = quicksilv]1 z     
m5tion$4 ,!re are two me?ods3 ei!r by   
p\nd+ m9ium & v9eg> 9 a brass mort> ) a 
brass pe/le1 or else by putt+ m9ium into
 a flat e>!n di% cov]$ ) a lid1 well    
lut$ ) pott]'s clay4 ,?is is set 9 an   
iron pan & a fire is !n light$ "u ! pan1
 & cont9ually bl[n by a bell[s4 ,!      

p]spiration collects on ! lid & is wip$ 
(f & is l silv] 9 col\r & z liquid z    
wat]4 ,pl9y is some:at confus$ ov] !    
m9ium--or ! text is corrupt1 = ?is %\ld 
be ! g5u9e m9ium ( ,roman times4 ,!     
me?ods ( cond5sation on ! leaves (      
bran*es plac$ 9 a *amb]1 ( cond5s+ 9    
a%es plac$ ov] ! m\? ( ! l[] pot1 & (   
di/ill+ 9 a retort1 are ref]r$ to by    
,bir+uccio 7,a4,d4 #aedj71 b ) no       
detail4  #ei ,mo/ ( ^! me?ods dep5d ^u  
simple liquation ( native bismu?4 ,!    
sulphides1 oxides1 etc41 c\ld n be      
obta9$ )\t fus+ 9 a furnace )           
appropriate de-sulphuriz+ or r$uc+      
ag5ts1 to :i* ,agricola dimly ref]s4 ,9 
,b]mannus 7p4 #dci71 he says3           
,b]mannus4--,i w %[ y ano!r k9d ( m9]al 
:i* is numb]$ among/ metals1 b appe>s to
 me to h be5 unkn[n to ! ,anci5ts2 we   
call x bisemutum4 ,naevius4--,!n 9 y\r  
op9ion !re are m k9ds ( metals ?an !    
sev5 commonly believ$8 ,b]mannus4--,m1  
,i consid]2 = ?is :i* j n[ ,i said we   
call$ bisemutum1 _c correctly be call$  

plumbum c&idum 7t97 nor nigrum 7lead71 b
 is diff]5t f bo?1 & is a ?ird "o4      
,plumbum c&idum is :it] & plumbum nigrum
 is d>k]1 z y see4 ,naevius4--,we see t 
?is is ( ! col\r ( gal5a4 ,ancon4--,h[  
!n c bisemutum1 z y call x1 be di/+ui%$ 
f gal5a8 ,b]mannus4--,easily2 :5 y take 
x 9 y\r h&s x /a9s !m ) black unless x  
is q h>d4 ,! h>d k9d is n friable l     
gal5a1 b c be cut4 ,x is black] ?an !   
k9d ( crude silv] :i* we say is almo/ ! 
col\r ( lead1 & ?us is diff]5t f bo?4   
,inde$1 x n r>ely conta9s "s silv]4 ,x  
g5]ally %[s t !re is silv] b5ea? ! place
 :]e x is f\nd1 & because ( ?is our m9]s
 are accu/om$ to call x ! 'ro( ( silv]4'
 ,!y are wont to roa/ ?is m9]al1 & f !  
bett] "p !y make metal2 f ! poor] "p !y 
make a pigm5t ( a k9d n to be despis$4  
,?is pigm5t 0 cobalt blue 7see note on  
p4 #aab71 indicat+ a consid]able        
confusion ( ^! m9]als4 ,?is quotation is
 ! fir/ description ( bismu?1 & ! above 
text ! fir/ description ( bismu?        
treatm5t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b>e m5tion ( !

 m9]al e>li]1 9 ! foll[+ s+le l9e f !   
,probi]bue*le9 7p4 #a73 ,jupit]         
7controls7 ! ores ( t9 & wismundt4 ,& x 
is not$ 9 ! ,nuetzli*e ,b]gbue*le9 9    
association ) silv] 7see ,app5dix ,b74  
#fj ,?is cadmia is giv5 9 ! ,g]man      
translation z kobelt4 ,x is probably !  
cobalt-ars5ic-bismu? m9]als common 9    
,saxony4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! _w's supply
 ( bismu? to-day comes f ! cobalt       
treatm5t works ne> ,s*neeb]g4 ,= fur!r  
discussion ( cadmia see note on p4 #aab4
     ,,book ,x4   ,que/ions z to !      
me?ods ( smelt+ ores & ( obta9+ metals  
,i discuss$ 9 ,book ,,ix4 ,foll[+ ?is1  
,i %\ld expla9 9 :at mann] ! preci\s    
metals are p>t$ f ! base metals1 or on !
 o!r h& ! base metals f ! preci\s#a4    
,frequ5tly two metals1 occasionally m   
?an two1 are melt$ out ( "o ore1 because
 9 nature g5]ally !re is "s am\nt ( gold
 9 silv] & 9 copp]1 & "s silv] 9 gold1  
copp]1 lead1 & iron2 likewise "s copp] 9
 gold1 silv]1 lead1 & iron1 & "s lead 9 
silv]2 & la/ly1 "s iron 9 copp]#b4 ,b ,i

 w beg9 ) gold4  ,gold is p>t$ f silv]1 
or likewise ! latt] f ! =m]1 :e!r x be  
mix$ by nature or by art1 by means (    
aqua val5s#c1 & by p[d]s :i* consi/ (   
almo/ ! same ?+s z ?is aqua4 ,9 ord] to 
pres]ve ! sequ5ce1 ,i w fir/ speak ( !  
+r$i5ts ( :i* ?is aqua is made1 !n ( !  
me?od ( mak+ x1 !n ( ! mann] 9 :i* gold 
is p>t$ f silv] or silv] f gold4 ,almo/ 
all ^! +r$i5ts conta9 vitriol or alum1  
:i*1 by !mselves1 b mu* m :5 jo9$ )     
saltpetre1 are p[]ful to "p silv] f     
gold4 ,z to ! o!r ?+s t are add$ to !m1 
!y _c individually by _! own /r5g? &    
nature sep>ate ^? metals1 b jo9$ !y are 
v p[]ful4 ,s9ce !re are _m comb9ations1 
,i w set out a few4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! use (  
:i* is common & g5]al1 !re is "o libra (
 vitriol & z mu* salt1 add$ to a ?ird ( 
a libra ( spr+ wat]4 ,! second conta9s  
two librae ( vitriol1 "o ( saltpetre1 & 
z mu* spr+ or riv] wat] by weight z w   
pass away :il/ ! vitriol is be+ r$uc$ to
 p[d] by ! fire4 ,! ?ird consi/s ( f\r  
librae ( vitriol1 two & a half librae ( 

saltpetre1 half a libra ( alum1 & "o & a
 half librae ( spr+ wat]4 ,! f\r?       
consi/s ( two librae ( vitriol1 z _m    
librae ( saltpetre1 "o qu>t] ( a libra (
 alum1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a libra ( spr+   
wat]4 ,! fif? is compos$ ( "o libra (   
saltpetre1 ?ree librae ( alum1 half a   
libra ( brick du/1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a    
libra ( spr+ wat]4 ,! six? consi/s ( f\r
 librae ( vitriol1 ?ree librae (        
saltpetre1 "o ( alum1 "o libra likewise 
( /ones :i* :5 ?r[n into a fi]ce furnace
 are easily liquefi$ by fire ( ! ?ird   
ord]1 & "o & a half librae ( spr+ wat]4 
,! sev5? is made ( two librae ( vitriol1
 "o & a half librae ( saltpetre1 half a 
libra ( alum1 & "o libra ( /ones :i* :5 
?r[n into a gl[+ furnace are easily     
liquefi$ by fire ( ! ?ird ord]1 &       
five-six?s ( a libra ( spr+ wat]4 ,!    
eigh? is made ( two librae ( vitriol1 ! 
same numb] ( librae ( saltpetre1 "o & a 
half librae ( alum1 "o libra ( ! lees ( 
! aqua :i* p>ts gold f silv]2 & to ea*  
sep>ate libra a six? ( ur9e is p\r$ ov] 

x4 ,! n9? conta9s two librae ( p[d] (   
bak$ bricks1 "o libra ( vitriol1        
likewise "o libra ( saltpetre1 a h&ful (
 salt1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a libra ( spr+   
wat]4 ,only ! t5? lacks vitriol & alum1 
b x conta9s ?ree librae ( saltpetre1 two
 librae ( /ones :i* :5 ?r[n into a hot  
furnace are easily liquefi$ by fire ( ! 
?ird ord]1 half a libra ea* (           
v]digris#d1 ( /ibium1 ( iron scales &   
fil+s1 & ( asbe/os#e1 & "o & "o-six?    
librae ( spr+ wat]4  ,all ! vitriol f   
:i* ! aqua is usually made is fir/ r$uc$
 to p[d] 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,x is ?r[n into
 an e>!n crucible l9$ on ! inside )     
li?>ge1 & heat$ until x melts2 !n x is  
/irr$ ) a copp] wire1 & aft] x has cool$
 x is p\nd$ to p[d]4 ,9 ! same mann]    
saltpetre melt$ by ! fire is p\nd$ to   
p[d] :5 x has cool$4 ,"s inde$ place    
alum ^u an iron plate1 roa/ x1 & make x 
into p[d]4  ,al?\gh all ^! aquae cleanse
 gold conc5trates or du/ f impurities1  
yet !re are c]ta9 compositions :i*      
possess s+ul> p[]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! consi/s 

( "o libra ( v]digris & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a 
libra ( vitriol4 ,= ea* libra !re is    
p\r$ ov] x "o-six? ( a libra ( spr+ or  
riv] wat]1 z to :i*1 s9ce ?is p]ta9s to 
all ^! comp\nds1 x is suffici5t to h    
m5tion$ once = all4 ,! second           
composition is made f "o libra ( ea* ( !
 foll[+1 artificial orpim5t1 vitriol1   
lime1 alum1 a% :i* ! dy]s ( wool use1 "o
 qu>t] ( a libra ( v]digris1 & "o & a   
half unciae ( /ibium4 ,! ?ird consi/s ( 
?ree librae ( vitriol1 "o ( saltpetre1  
half a libra ( asbe/os1 & half a libra (
 bak$ bricks4 ,! f\r? consi/s ( "o libra
 ( saltpetre1 "o libra ( alum1 & half a 
libra ( sal-ammoniac4#f  ,illu/ration   
#ddb 7,nitric ,acid ,mak+73             
,a--,furnace4 ,b--,its r\nd hole4       
,c--,air-holes4 ,d--,m\? ( ! furnace4   
,e--,draught op5+ "u x4 ,f--,e>!nw>e    
crucible4 ,g--,ampulla4 ,h--,op]culum4  
,i--,its sp\t4 ,k--,o!r ampulla4        
,l--,basket 9 :i* ?is is usually plac$  
le/ x be brok54  ,! furnace 9 :i* aqua  
val5s is made#g is built ( bricks1      

rectangul>1 two feet long & wide1 & z _m
 feet high & a half besides4 ,x is cov]$
 ) iron plates support$ ) iron rods2 ^! 
plates are sme>$ on ! top ) lute1 & !y h
 9 ! c5tre a r\nd hole1 l>ge en\gh to   
hold ! e>!n vessel 9 :i* ! glass ampulla
 is plac$1 & on ea* side ( ! c5tre hole 
are two small r\nd air-holes4 ,! l[] "p 
( ! furnace1 9 ord] to hold ! burn+     
*>coal1 has iron plates at ! height ( a 
palm1 likewise support$ by iron rods4 ,9
 ! middle ( ! front !re is ! m\?1 made =
 ! purpose ( putt+ ! fire into !        
furnace2 ?is m\? is half a foot high &  
wide1 & r\nd$ at ! top1 & "u x is !     
draught op5+4 ,into ! e>!n vessel set   
ov] ! hole is plac$ clean s& a digit    
deep1 & 9 x ! glass ampulla is set z    
deeply z x is sme>$ ) lute4 ,! l[] qu>t]
 is sme>$ eight or t5 times ) ne>ly     
liquid lute1 ea* "t to ! ?ickness ( a   
blade1 & ea* "t x is dri$ aga91 until x 
has become z ?ick z ! ?umb2 ?is k9d (   
lute is well beat5 ) an iron rod1 & is  
?or\ghly mix$ ) hair or cotton ?read1 or

 ) wool & salt1 t x %\ld n crackle4 ,!  
_m ?+s ( :i* ! comp\nds are made mu/ n  
fill ! ampulla completely1 le/ :5 boil+ 
!y rise into ! op]culum4 ,! op]culum is 
likewise made ( glass1 & is closely jo9$
 to ! ampulla ) l951 cem5t$ ) :eat fl\r 
& :ite ( egg moi/5$ ) wat]1 & !n lute   
free f salt is spread ov] t "p ( x4 ,9 a
 simil> way ! sp\t ( ! op]culum is jo9$ 
by l95 cov]$ ) lute to ano!r glass      
ampulla :i* receives ! di/ill$ aqua4 ,a 
k9d ( ?9 iron nail or small wood5 peg1 a
 little ?ick] ?an a ne$le1 is fix$ 9 ?is
 jo9t1 9 ord] t :5 air seems necess>y to
 ! artific] di/ill+ by ?is process he c 
pull x out2 ?is is necess>y :5 too mu* (
 ! vap\r has be5 driv5 into ! upp] "p4  
,! f\r air-holes :i*1 z ,i h said1 are  
on ! top ( ! furnace beside ! l>ge hole 
on :i* ! ampulla is plac$1 are likewise 
cov]$ ) lute4  ,all ?is prep>ation hav+ 
be5 accompli%$ 9 ord]1 & ! +r$i5ts plac$
 9 ! ampulla1 !y are gradually heat$ ov]
 burn+ *>coal until !y beg9 to exhale   
vap\r & ! ampulla is se5 to trickle )   

moi/ure4 ,b :5 ?is1 on acc\nt ( ! ris+ (
 ! vap\r1 turns r$1 & ! aqua di/ils     
?r\gh ! sp\t ( ! op]culum1 !n "o mu/ "w 
) ! utmo/ c>e1 le/ ! drops %\ld fall at 
a quick] rate ?an "o = e five movem5ts (
 ! clock or ! /rik+ ( its bell1 & n sl[]
 ?an "o = e t52 = if x falls fa/] !     
glasses w be brok51 & if x drops m sl[ly
 ! "w begun _c be complet$ )9 ! def9ite 
"t1 t is )9 ! space ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4   
,to prev5t ! fir/ accid5t1 "p ( ! coals 
are extract$ by means ( an iron implem5t
 simil> to p9c]s2 & 9 ord] to prev5t !  
second happ5+1 small dry pieces ( oak   
are plac$ ^u ! coals1 & ! sub/ances 9 ! 
ampulla are heat$ ) a %>p] fire1 & !    
air-holes on ! furnace are re-op5$ if   
ne$ arise4 ,z soon z ! drops are be+    
di/ill$1 ! glass ampulla :i* receives !m
 is cov]$ ) a piece ( l95 moi/5$ ) wat]1
 9 ord] t ! p[]ful vap\r :i* arises may 
be repell$4 ,:5 ! +r$i5ts h be5 heat$ & 
! ampulla 9 :i* !y 7 plac$ is :it5$ )   
moi/ure1 x is heat$ by a fi]c] fire     
until all ! drops h be5 di/ill$#h4 ,aft]

 ! furnace has cool$1 ! aqua is filt]$ &
 p\r$ into a small glass ampulla1 & into
 ! same is put half a dra*ma ( silv]#i1 
:i* :5 dissolv$ makes ! turbid aqua     
cle>4 ,?is is p\r$ into ! ampulla       
conta9+ all ! re/ ( ! aqua1 & z soon z !
 lees h sunk to ! bottom ! aqua is p\r$ 
(f1 remov$1 & res]v$ = use4  ,gold is   
p>t$ f silv] by ! foll[+ me?od#aj4 ,!   
alloy1 ) lead add$ to x1 is fir/ heat$ 9
 a cupel until all ! lead is exhal$1 &  
eight ounces ( ! alloy conta9 only five 
dra*mae ( copp] or at mo/ six1 = if !re 
is m copp] 9 x1 ! silv] sep>at$ f ! gold
 soon unites ) x aga94 ,su* molt5 silv] 
conta9+ gold is =m$ into granules1 be+  
/irr$ by means ( a rod split at ! l[]   
end1 or else is p\r$ into an iron m\ld1 
& :5 cool$ is made into ?9 leaves4 ,z ! 
process ( mak+ granules f arg5tif]\s    
gold dem&s great] c>e & dilig5ce ?an    
mak+ !m f any o!r metals1 ,i w n[ expla9
 ! me?od briefly4 ,! alloy is fir/ plac$
 9 a crucible1 :i* is !n cov]$ ) a lid &
 plac$ 9 ano!r e>!n crucible conta9+ a  

few a%es4 ,!n !y are plac$ 9 ! furnace1 
& aft] !y are surr\nd$ by *>coal1 ! fire
 is bl[n by ! bla/ ( a bell[s1 & le/ !  
*>coal fall away x is surr\nd$ by /ones 
or bricks4 ,soon aft]w>d *>coal is ?r[n 
ov] ! upp] crucible & cov]$ ) live      
coals2 ^! aga9 are cov]$ ) *>coal1 s t !
 crucible is surr\nd$ & cov]$ on all    
sides ) x4 ,x is necess>y to heat !     
crucibles ) *>coal = ! space ( half an  
h\r or a little long]1 & to provide t   
!re is no defici5cy ( *>coal1 le/ !     
alloy become *ill$2 aft] ?is ! air is   
bl[n 9 ?r\gh ! nozzle ( ! bell[s1 t !   
gold may beg9 to melt4 ,soon aft]w>d x  
is turn$ r\nd1 & a te/ is quickly tak5  
to see :e!r x be melt$1 & if x is melt$1
 fluxes are ?r[n into x2 x is advisable 
to cov] up ! crucible aga9 closely t !  
cont5ts may n be exhal$4 ,! cont5ts are 
heat$ toge!r = z long z x w\ld take to  
walk fifte5 paces1 & !n ! crucible is   
seiz$ ) tongs & ! gold is empti$ into an
 oblong vessel conta9+ v cold wat]1 by  
p\r+ x sl[ly f a height s t ! granules w

 n be too big2 9 proportion z !y are    
light]1 m f9e & m irregul>1 ! bett] !y  
are1 !re=e ! wat] is frequ5tly /irr$ ) a
 rod split into f\r p>ts f ! l[] end to 
! middle4  ,! leaves are cut into small 
pieces1 & !y or ! silv] granules are put
 into a glass ampulla1 & ! aqua is p\r$ 
ov] !m to a height ( a digit above !    
silv]4 ,! ampulla is cov]$ ) a bladd] or
 ) wax$ l951 le/ ! cont5ts exhale4 ,!n x
 is heat$ until ! silv] is dissolv$1 !  
indication ( :i* is ! bubbl+ ( ! aqua4  
,! gold rema9s 9 ! bottom1 ( a blacki%  
col\r1 & ! silv] mix$ ) ! aqua floats   
above4 ,"s p\r ! latt] into a copp] b[l 
& p\r into x cold wat]1 :i* imm$iately  
congeals ! silv]2 ?is !y take out & dry1
 hav+ p\r$ (f ! aqua#aa4 ,!y heat ! dri$
 silv] 9 an e>!nw>e crucible until x    
melts1 & :5 x is melt$ !y p\r x into an 
iron m\ld4  ,! gold :i* rema9s 9 !      
ampulla !y wa% ) w>m wat]1 filt]1 dry1 &
 heat 9 a crucible ) a little *rysocolla
 :i* is call$ borax1 & :5 x is melt$ !y 
likewise p\r x into an iron m\ld4  ,"s  

work]s1 into an ampulla :i* conta9s gold
 & silv] & ! aqua :i* sep>ates !m1 p\r  
two or ?ree times z mu* ( ?is aqua val5s
 w>m$1 & into ! same ampulla or into a  
di% into :i* all is p\r$1 ?r[ f9e leaves
 ( black lead & copp]2 by ?is means !   
gold adh]es to ! lead & ! silv] to !    
copp]1 & sep>ately ! lead f ! gold1 &   
sep>ately ! copp] f ! silv]1 are p>t$ 9 
a cupel4 ,b no me?od is approv$ by u :i*
 loses ! aqua us$ to "p gold f silv]1 = 
x might be us$ aga9#ab4  ,illu/ration   
#ddf 7,p>t+ preci\s metals ) nitric     
acid73 ,a--,ampullae arrang$ 9 !        
vessels4 ,b--,an ampulla /&+ upright    
betwe5 iron rods4 ,c--,ampullae plac$ 9 
! s& :i* is conta9$ 9 a box1 ! sp\ts (  
:i* rea* f ! op]cula into ampullae plac$
 "u !m4 ,d--,ampullae likewise plac$ 9  
s& :i* is conta9$ 9 a box1 ( :i* ! sp\ts
 f ! op]cula ext5d crosswise into       
ampullae plac$ "u !m4 ,e--,o!r ampullae 
receiv+ ! di/ill$ aqua & likewise       
arrang$ 9 s& conta9$ 9 ! l[] boxes4     
,f--,iron tripod1 9 :i* ! ampulla is    

usually plac$ :5 !re are n _m p>ticles (
 gold to be p>t$ f ! silv]4 ,g--,vessel4
  ,a glass ampulla1 :i* bulges up inside
 at ! bottom l a cone1 is cov]$ on ! l[]
 "p ( ! outside ) lute 9 ! way expla9$  
above1 & into x is put silv] bullion    
weigh+ ?ree & a half ,roman librae4 ,!  
aqua :i* p>ts ! "o f ! o!r is p\r$ into 
x1 & ! ampulla is plac$ 9 s& conta9$ 9  
an e>!n vessel1 or 9 a box1 t x may be  
w>m$ ) a g5tle fire4 ,le/ ! aqua %\ld be
 exhal$1 ! top ( ! ampulla is pla/]$ on 
all sides ) lute1 & x is cov]$ ) a glass
 op]culum1 "u ^: sp\t is plac$ ano!r    
ampulla :i* receives ! di/ill$ drops2   
?is receiv] is likewise arrang$ 9 a box 
conta9+ s&4 ,:5 ! cont5ts are heat$ x   
r$d5s1 b :5 ! r$ness no long] appe>s to 
increase1 x is tak5 out ( ! vessel or   
box & %ak52 by ?is motion ! aqua becomes
 heat$ aga9 & gr[s r$2 if ?is is done   
two or ?ree times be=e o!r aqua is add$ 
to x1 ! op]ation is soon] conclud$1 &   
mu* less aqua is consum$4 ,:5 ! fir/    
*>ge has all be5 di/ill$1 z mu* silv] z 

at fir/ is aga9 put into ! ampulla1 = if
 too mu* 7 put 9 at once1 ! gold w\ld be
 p>t$ f x ) difficulty4 ,!n ! second    
aqua is p\r$ 91 b x is w>m$ 9 ord] t x &
 ! ampulla may be ( equal temp]ature1 s 
t ! latt] may n be crack$ by ! cold2    
also if a cold w9d bl[s on x1 x is apt  
to crack4 ,!n ! ?ird aqua is p\r$ 91 &  
also if circum/ances require x1 ! f\r?1 
t is to say m aqua & aga9 m is p\r$ 9   
until ! gold assumes ! col\r ( burn$    
brick4 ,! artific] keeps 9 h& two aquae1
 "o ( :i* is /rong] ?an ! o!r2 ! /rong] 
is us$ at fir/1 !n ! less /rong1 !n at !
 la/ aga9 ! /rong]4 ,:5 ! gold becomes (
 a r$di% yell[ col\r1 spr+ wat] is p\r$ 
9 & heat$ until x boils4 ,! gold is wa%$
 f\r times & !n heat$ 9 ! crucible until
 x melts4 ,! wat] ) :i* x 0 wa%$ is put 
back1 = !re is a little silv] 9 x2 = ?is
 reason x is p\r$ into an ampulla &     
heat$1 & ! drops fir/ di/ill$ are       
receiv$ by "o ampulla1 :ile ^? :i* come 
lat]1 t is to say :5 ! op]culum beg9s to
 get r$1 fall into ano!r4 ,?is latt]    

aqua is useful = te/+ ! gold1 ! =m] =   
wa%+ x2 ! =m] may also be p\r$ ov] !    
+r$i5ts f :i* ! aqua val5s is made4  ,! 
aqua t 0 fir/ di/ill$1 :i* conta9s !    
silv]1 is p\r$ into an ampulla wide at !
 base1 ! top ( :i* is also sme>$ ) lute 
& cov]$ by an op]culum1 & is !n boil$ z 
be=e 9 ord] t x may be sep>at$ f !      
silv]4 ,if !re be s mu* aqua t 7:5      
boil$7 x rises into ! op]culum1 !re is  
put into ! ampulla "o loz5ge or two2 ^! 
are made ( soap1 cut into small pieces &
 mix$ toge!r ) p[d]$ argol1 & !n heat$ 9
 a pot ov] a g5tle fire2 or else !      
cont5ts are /irr$ ) a hazel twig split  
at ! bottom1 & 9 bo? cases ! aqua       
eff]vesces1 & soon aft] aga9 settles4   
,:5 ! p[]ful vap\r appe>s1 ! aqua gives 
(f a k9d ( oil1 & ! op]culum becomes r$4
 ,b1 le/ ! vap\rs %\ld escape f !       
ampulla & ! op]culum 9 t "p :]e _! m\?s 
communicate1 !y are entirely seal$ all  
r\nd4 ,! aqua is boil$ cont9ually ov] a 
fi]c] fire1 & en\gh *>coal mu/ be put   
into ! furnace s t ! live coals t\* !   

vessel4 ,! ampulla is tak5 out z soon z 
all ! aqua has be5 di/ill$1 & ! silv]1  
:i* is dri$ by ! heat ( ! fire1 alone   
rema9s 9 x2 ! silv] is %ak5 out & put 9 
an e>!nw>e crucible1 & heat$ until x    
melts4 ,! molt5 glass is extract$ ) an  
iron rod curv$ at ! l[] end1 & ! silv]  
is made into cakes4 ,! glass extract$ f 
! crucible is gr\nd to p[d]1 & to ?is   
are add$ li?>ge1 argol1 glass-galls1 &  
saltpetre1 & !y are melt$ 9 an e>!n     
crucible4 ,! button t settles is        
transf]r$ to ! cupel & re-melt$4  ,if ! 
silv] 0 n suffici5tly dri$ by ! heat ( !
 fire1 t :i* is conta9$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! 
ampulla w appe> black2 ?is :5 melt$ w be
 consum$4 ,:5 ! lute1 :i* 0 sme>$ r\nd !
 l[] "p ( ! ampulla1 has be5 remov$1 x  
is plac$ 9 ! crucible & is re-melt$1    
until at la/ !re is no m appe>ance (    
black#ac4  ,if to ! fir/ aqua ! o!r :i* 
conta9s silv] is to be add$1 x mu/ be   
p\r$ 9 be=e ! p[]ful vap\rs appe>1 & !  
aqua gives (f ! oily sub/ance1 & !      
op]culum becomes r$2 = he :o p\rs 9 !   

aqua aft] ! vap\r appe>s causes a loss1 
because ! aqua g5]ally spurts out & !   
glass breaks4 ,if ! ampulla breaks :5 ! 
gold is be+ p>t$ f ! silv] or ! silv] f 
! aqua1 ! aqua w be absorb$ by ! s& or !
 lute or ! bricks1 :]eupon1 )\t any     
delay1 ! r$ hot coals %\ld be tak5 out (
 ! furnace & ! fire ext+ui%$4 ,! s& &   
bricks aft] be+ cru%$ %\ld be ?r[n into 
a copp] vessel1 w>m wat] %\ld be p\r$   
ov] !m1 & !y %\ld be put aside = ! space
 ( twelve h\rs2 aft]w>d ! wat] %\ld be  
/ra9$ ?r\gh a canvas1 & ! canvas1 s9ce x
 conta9s silv]1 %\ld be dri$ by ! heat (
 ! sun or ! fire1 & !n plac$ 9 an e>!n  
crucible & heat$ until ! silv] melts1   
?is be+ p\r$ out into an iron m\ld4 ,!  
/ra9$ wat] %\ld be p\r$ into an ampulla 
& sep>at$ f ! silv]1 ( :i* x conta9s a  
m9ute portion2 ! s& %\ld be mix$ )      
li?>ge1 glass-galls1 argol1 saltpetre1 &
 salt1 & heat$ 9 an e>!n crucible4 ,!   
button :i* settles at ! bottom %\ld be  
transf]r$ to a cupel1 & %\ld be         
re-melt$1 9 ord] t ! lead may be sep>at$

 f ! silv]4 ,! lute1 ) lead add$1 %\ld  
be heat$ 9 an e>!n crucible1 !n re-melt$
 9 a cupel4  ,we also sep>ate silv] f   
gold by ! same me?od :5 we assay !m4 ,= 
?is purpose ! alloy is fir/ rubb$ aga9/ 
a t\*/one1 9 ord] to le>n :at proportion
 ( silv] !re is 9 x2 !n z mu* silv] z is
 necess>y is add$ to ! arg5tif]\s gold1 
9 a bes ( :i* !re mu/ be less ?an a     
semi-uncia or a semi-uncia & a          
sicilicus#ad ( copp]4 ,aft] lead has be5
 add$1 x is melt$ 9 a cupel until ! lead
 & ! copp] h exhal$1 !n ! alloy ( gold )
 silv] is flatt5$ out1 & little tubes   
are made ( ! leaves2 ^! are put into a  
glass ampulla1 & /rong aqua is p\r$ ov] 
!m two or ?ree times4 ,! tubes aft] ?is 
are absolutely pure1 ) ! exception (    
only a qu>t] ( a siliqua1 :i* is silv]2 
= only ?is mu* silv] rema9s 9 eight     
unciae ( gold#ae4  ,z great exp5se is   
incurr$ 9 p>t+ ! metals by ! me?ods t ,i
 h expla9$1 z night vigils are necess>y 
:5 aqua val5s is made1 & z g5]ally mu*  
lab\r & great pa9s h to be exp5d$ on ?is

 matt]1 o!r me?ods = p>t+ h be5 inv5t$  
by clev] m51 :i* are less co/ly1 less   
labori\s1 & 9 :i* !re is less loss if   
?r\gh c>elessness an error is made4 ,!re
 are ?ree me?ods1 ! fir/ p]=m$ )        
sulphur1 ! second ) antimony1 ! ?ird by 
means ( "s comp\nd :i* consi/s ( ^! or  
o!r +r$i5ts4  ,illu/ration #ddi 7,p>t+  
preci\s metals ) sulphur73 ,a--,pot4    
,b--,circul> fire4 ,c--,crucibles4      
,d--,_! lids4 ,e--,lid ( ! pot4         
,f--,furnace4 ,g--,iron rod4  ,9 ! fir/ 
me?od1#af ! silv] conta9+ "s gold is    
melt$ 9 a crucible & made into granules4
 ,= e libra ( granules1 !re is tak5 a   
six? ( a libra & a sicilicus ( sulphur  
7n expos$ to ! fire72 ?is1 :5 cru%$1 is 
spr9kl$ ov] ! moi/5$ granules1 & !n !y  
are put into a new e>!n pot ( ! capacity
 ( f\r sext>ii1 or into sev]al ( !m if  
!re is an abundance ( granules4 ,! pot1 
hav+ be5 fill$1 is cov]$ ) an e>!n lid &
 sme>$ ov]1 & plac$ )9 a circle ( fire  
set "o & a half feet di/ant f ! pot on  
all sides1 9 ord] t ! sulphur add$ to ! 

silv] %\ld n be di/ill$ :5 melt$4 ,! pot
 is op5$1 ! black-col\r$ granules are   
tak5 out1 & aft]w>d ?irty-?ree librae ( 
^! granules are plac$ 9 an e>!n         
crucible1 if x has su* capacity4 ,= e   
libra ( silv] granules1 weigh$ be=e !y 7
 spr9kl$ ) sulphur1 !re is weigh$ out   
also a six? ( a libra & a sicilicus (   
copp]1 if ea* libra consi/s ei!r (      
?ree-qu>t]s ( a libra ( silv] & a qu>t] 
( a libra ( copp]1 or ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a 
libra & a semi-uncia ( silv] & a six? ( 
a libra & a semi-uncia ( copp]4 ,if1    
h[ev]1 ! silv] conta9s five-six?s ( a   
libra ( silv] & a six? ( a libra (      
copp]1 or five-six?s ( a libra & a      
semi-uncia ( silv] & an uncia & a half (
 copp]1 !n !re are weigh$ out a qu>t] ( 
a libra ( copp] granules4 ,if a libra   
conta9s elev5-twelf?s ( a libra ( silv] 
& "o uncia ( copp]1 or elev5-twelf?s & a
 semi-uncia ( silv] & a semi-uncia (    
copp]1 !n are weigh$ out a qu>t] ( a    
libra & a semi-uncia & a sicilicus (    
copp] granules4 ,la/ly1 if !re is only  

pure silv]1 !n z mu* z a ?ird ( a libra 
& a semi-uncia ( copp] granules are     
add$4 ,half ( ^! copp] granules are add$
 soon aft]w>d to ! black-col\r$ silv]   
granules4 ,! crucible %\ld be tightly   
cov]$ & sme>$ ov] ) lute1 & plac$ 9 a   
furnace1 into :i* ! air is drawn ?r\gh !
 draught-holes4 ,z soon z ! silv] is    
melt$1 ! crucible is op5$1 & !re is     
plac$ 9 x a heap$ ladleful m ( granulat$
 copp]1 & also a heap$ ladleful ( a p[d]
 :i* consi/s ( equal p>ts ( li?>ge1 (   
granulat$ lead1 ( salt1 & ( glass-galls2
 !n ! crucible is aga9 cov]$ ) ! lid4   
,:5 ! copp] granules are melt$1 m are   
put 91 toge!r ) ! p[d]1 until all h be5 
put 94  ,a little ( ! regulus is tak5 f 
! crucible1 b n f ! gold lump :i* has   
settl$ at ! bottom1 & a dra*ma ( x is   
put into ea* ( ! cupels1 :i* conta9 an  
uncia ( molt5 lead2 !re %\ld be _m ( ^! 
cupels4 ,9 ?is way half a dra*ma ( silv]
 is made4 ,z soon z ! lead & copp] h be5
 sep>at$ f ! silv]1 a ?ird ( x is ?r[n  
into a glass ampulla1 & aqua val5s is   

p\r$ ov] x4 ,by ?is me?od is %[n :e!r ! 
sulphur has p>t$ all ! gold f ! silv]1  
or n4 ,if "o wi%es to "k ! size ( ! gold
 lump :i* has settl$ at ! bottom ( !    
crucible1 an iron rod moi/5$ ) wat] is  
cov]$ ) *alk1 & :5 ! rod is dry x is    
pu%$ d[n /raight into ! crucible1 & !   
rod rema9s bright to ! height ( ! gold  
lump2 ! rema9+ "p ( ! rod is col\r$     
black by ! regulus1 :i* adh]es to ! rod 
if x is n quickly remov$4  ,if :5 ! rod 
has be5 extract$ ! gold is obs]v$ to be 
satisfactorily p>t$ f ! silv]1 ! regulus
 is p\r$ out1 ! gold button is tak5 out 
( ! crucible1 & 9 "s clean place !      
regulus is *ipp$ (f f x1 al?\gh x       
usually flies ap>t4 ,! lump itself is   
r$uc$ to granules1 & = e libra ( ?is    
gold !y weigh out a qu>t] ( a libra ea* 
( cru%$ sulphur & ( granul> copp]1 & all
 are plac$ toge!r 9 an e>!n crucible1 n 
into a pot4 ,:5 !y are melt$1 9 ord] t !
 gold may m quickly settle at ! bottom1 
! p[d] :i* ,i h m5tion$ is add$4        
,al?\gh m9ute p>ticles ( gold appe> to  

sc9tillate 9 ! regulus ( copp] & silv]1 
yet if all t are 9 a libra d n weigh z  
mu* z a s+le se/]ce1 !n ! sulphur has   
satisfactorily p>t$ ! gold f ! silv]2 b 
if x %\ld weigh a se/]ce or m1 !n !     
regulus is ?r[n back aga9 into ! e>!n   
crucible1 & x is n advantage\s to add   
sulphur1 b only a little copp] & p[d]1  
by :i* me?od a gold lump is aga9 made to
 settle at ! bottom2 & ?is "o is add$ to
 ! o!r button :i* is n ri* 9 gold4  ,:5 
gold is p>t$ f sixty-six librae ( silv]1
 ! silv]1 copp]1 & sulphur regulus      
weighs "o hundr$ & ?irty-two librae4 ,to
 sep>ate ! copp] f ! silv] we require   
five hundr$ librae ( lead1 m or less1 ) 
:i* ! regulus is melt$ 9 ! second       
furnace4 ,9 ?is mann] li?>ge & he>?-lead
 are made1 :i* are re-smelt$ 9 ! fir/   
furnace4 ,! cakes t are made f ^! are   
plac$ 9 ! ?ird furnace1 s t ! lead may  
be sep>at$ f ! copp] & us$ aga91 = x    
conta9s v little silv]4 ,! crucibles &  
_! cov]s are cru%$1 wa%$1 & ! s$im5t is 
melt$ toge!r ) li?>ge & he>?-lead4  ,^? 

:o wi% to sep>ate all ! silv] f ! gold  
by ?is me?od leave "o "p ( gold to ?ree 
( silv]1 & !n r$uce ! alloy to granules4
 ,!n !y place x 9 an ampulla1 & by p\r+ 
aqua val5s ov] x1 "p ! gold f ! silv]1  
:i* process ,i expla9$ 9 ,book ,,vii4   
,if sulphur f ! lye ) :i* sal           
artificiosus is made1 is /rong en\gh to 
float an egg ?r[n into x1 & is boil$    
until x no long] emits fumes1 & melts :5
 plac$ ^u gl[+ coals1 !n1 if su* sulphur
 is ?r[n into ! melt$ silv]1 x p>ts !   
gold f x4  ,illu/ration #dec 7,p>t+     
preci\s metals ) antimony73 ,a--,furnace
 9 :i* ! air is drawn 9 ?r\gh holes4    
,b--,goldsmi?'s =ge4 ,c--,e>!n          
crucibles4 ,d--,iron pots4 ,e--,block4  
,silv] is also p>t$ f gold by means (   
/ibium#ag4 ,if 9 a bes ( gold !re are   
sev51 or six1 or five d\ble sextulae (  
silv]1 !n ?ree p>ts ( /ibium are add$ to
 "o "p ( gold2 b 9 ord] t ! /ibium %\ld 
n consume ! gold1 x is melt$ ) copp] 9 a
 r$ hot e>!n crucible4 ,if ! gold       
conta9s "s portion ( copp]1 !n to eight 

unciae ( /ibium a sicilicus ( copp] is  
add$2 & if x conta9s no copp]1 !n half  
an uncia1 because copp] mu/ be add$ to  
/ibium 9 ord] to "p gold f silv]4 ,!    
gold is fir/ plac$ 9 a r$ hot e>!n      
crucible1 & :5 melt$ x swells1 & a      
little /ibium is add$ to x le/ x run    
ov]2 9 a %ort space ( "t1 :5 ?is has    
melt$1 x likewise aga9 swells1 & :5 ?is 
occurs x is advisable to put 9 all !    
rema9d] ( ! /ibium1 & to cov] ! crucible
 ) a lid1 & !n to heat ! mixture = ! "t 
requir$ to walk ?irty-five paces4 ,!n x 
is at once p\r$ out into an iron pot1   
wide at ! top & n>r[ at ! bottom1 :i* 0 
fir/ heat$ & sme>$ ov] ) tall[ or wax1 &
 set on an iron or wood5 block4 ,x is   
%ak5 viol5tly1 & by ?is agitation ! gold
 lump settles to ! bottom1 & :5 ! pot   
has cool$ x is tapp$ loose1 & is aga9   
melt$ f\r times 9 ! same way4 ,b ea* "t 
a less weight ( /ibium is add$ to !     
gold1 until f9ally only twice z mu*     
/ibium is add$ z !re is gold1 or a      
little m2 !n ! gold lump is melt$ 9 a   

cupel4 ,! /ibium is melt$ aga9 ?ree or  
f\r times 9 an e>!n crucible1 & ea* "t a
 gold lump settles1 s t !re are ?ree or 
f\r gold lumps1 & ^! are all melt$      
toge!r 9 a cupel4  ,to two librae & a   
half ( su* /ibium are add$ two librae ( 
argol & "o libra ( glass-galls1 & !y are
 melt$ 9 an e>!n crucible1 :]e a lump   
likewise settles at ! bottom2 ?is lump  
is melt$ 9 ! cupel4 ,f9ally1 ! /ibium ) 
a little lead add$1 is melt$ 9 ! cupel1 
9 :i*1 aft] all ! re/ has be5 consum$ by
 ! fire1 ! silv] alone rema9s4 ,if !    
/ibium is n fir/ melt$ 9 an e>!n        
crucible ) argol & glass-galls1 be=e x  
is melt$ 9 ! cupel1 "p ( ! silv] is     
consum$1 & is absorb$ by ! a% & p[d] (  
:i* ! cupel is made4  ,! crucible 9 :i* 
! gold & silv] alloy are melt$ ) /ibium1
 & also ! cupel1 are plac$ 9 a furnace1 
:i* is usually ( ! k9d 9 :i* ! air is   
drawn 9 ?r\gh holes2 or else !y are     
plac$ 9 a goldsmi?'s =ge4  ,j z aqua    
val5s p\r$ ov] silv]1 f :i* ! sulphur   
has p>t$ ! gold1 %[s u :e!r all has be5 

sep>at$ or :e!r p>ticles ( gold rema9 9 
! silv]2 s d c]ta9 +r$i5ts1 if plac$ 9 !
 pot or crucible alt]nately ) ! gold1 f 
:i* ! silv] has be5 p>t$ by /ibium1 &   
heat$1 %[ u :e!r all h be5 sep>at$ or n4
  ,we use cem5ts#ah :51 )\t /ibium1 we  
"p silv] or copp] or bo? s +5i\sly &    
admirably f gold4 ,!re are v>i\s cem5ts4
 ,"s consi/ ( half a libra ( brick du/1 
a qu>t] ( a libra ( salt1 an uncia (    
saltpetre1 half an uncia ( sal-ammoniac1
 & half an uncia ( rock salt4 ,! bricks 
or tiles f :i* ! du/ is made mu/ be     
compos$ ( fatty clays1 free f s&1 grit1 
& small /ones1 & mu/ be mod]ately burnt 
& v old4  ,ano!r cem5t is made ( a bes (
 brick du/1 a ?ird ( rock salt1 an uncia
 ( saltpetre1 & half an uncia ( ref9$   
salt4 ,ano!r cem5t is made ( a bes (    
brick du/1 a qu>t] ( ref9$ salt1 "o & a 
half unciae ( saltpetre1 an uncia (     
sal-ammoniac1 & half an uncia ( rock    
salt4 ,ano!r has "o libra ( brick du/1 &
 half a libra ( rock salt1 to :i* "s add
 a six? ( a libra & a sicilicus (       

vitriol4 ,ano!r is made ( half a libra (
 brick du/1 a ?ird ( a libra ( rock     
salt1 an uncia & a half ( vitriol1 & "o 
uncia ( saltpetre4 ,ano!r consi/s ( a   
bes ( brick du/1 a ?ird ( ref9$ salt1 a 
six? ( :ite vitriol#ai1 half an uncia ( 
v]digris1 & likewise half an uncia (    
saltpetre4 ,ano!r is made ( "o & a ?ird 
librae ( brick du/1 a bes ( rock salt1 a
 six? ( a libra & half an uncia (       
sal-ammoniac1 a six? & half an uncia (  
vitriol1 & a six? ( saltpetre4 ,ano!r   
conta9s a libra ( brick du/1 a ?ird (   
ref9$ salt1 & "o & a half unciae (      
vitriol4  ,^? +r$i5ts above are peculi> 
to ea* cem5t1 b :at foll[s is common to 
all4 ,ea* ( ! +r$i5ts is fir/ sep>ately 
cru%$ to p[d]2 ! bricks are plac$ on a  
h>d rock or m>ble1 & cru%$ ) an iron    
implem5t2 ! o!r ?+s are cru%$ 9 a mort> 
) a pe/le2 ea* is sep>ately pass$ ?r\gh 
a sieve4 ,!n !y are all mix$ toge!r1 &  
are moi/5$ ) v9eg> 9 :i* a little       
sal-ammoniac has be5 dissolv$1 if !     
cem5t does n conta9 any4 ,b "s work]s1  

h[ev]1 pref] to moi/5 ! gold granules or
 gold-leaf in/ead4  ,! cem5t %\ld be    
plac$1 alt]nately ) ! gold1 9 new &     
clean pots 9 :i* no wat] has ev] be5    
p\r$4 ,9 ! bottom ! cem5t is levell$ )  
an iron implem5t1 & aft]w>d ! gold      
granules or leaves are plac$ "o aga9/ ! 
o!r1 s t !y may t\* x on all sides2 !n1 
aga91 a h&ful ( ! cem5t1 or m if ! pots 
are l>ge1 is ?r[n 9 & levell$ ) an iron 
implem5t2 ! granules & leaves are laid  
ov] ?is 9 ! same mann]1 & ?is is repeat$
 until ! pot is fill$4 ,!n x is cov]$ ) 
a lid1 & ! place :]e !y jo9 is sme>$ ov]
 ) artificial lute1 & :5 ?is is dry !   
pots are plac$ 9 ! furnace4             
,illu/ration #dee 7,p>t+ preci\s metals 
by cem5tation73 ,a--,furnace4 ,b--,pot4 
,c--,lid4 ,d--,air-holes4  ,! furnace   
has ?ree *amb]s1 ! l[e/ ( :i* is a foot 
high2 into ?is l[e/ *amb] ! air         
p5etrates ?r\gh an op5+1 & into x ! a%es
 fall f ! burnt wood1 :i* is support$ by
 iron rods1 arrang$ to =m a grat+4 ,!   
middle *amb] is two feet high1 & ! wood 

is pu%$ 9 ?r\gh its m\?4 ,! wood ought  
to be oak1 holmoak1 or turkey-oak1 = f  
^! ! sl[ & la/+ fire is made :i* is     
necess>y = ?is op]ation4 ,! upp] *amb]  
is op5 at ! top s t ! pots1 = :i* x has 
! dep?1 may be put into x2 ! floor ( ?is
 *amb] consi/s ( iron rods1 s /rong t !y
 may be> ! weight ( ! pots & ! heat ( ! 
fire2 !y are suffici5tly f> ap>t t !    
fire may p5etrate well & may heat !     
pots4 ,! pots are n>r[ at ! bottom1 s t 
! fire ent]+ into ! space betwe5 !m may 
heat !m2 at ! top ! pots are wide1 s t  
!y may t\* & hold back ! heat ( ! fire4 
,! upp] "p ( ! furnace is clos$ 9 )     
bricks n v ?ick1 or ) tiles & lute1 &   
two or ?ree air-holes are left1 ?r\gh   
:i* ! fumes & flames may escape4  ,!    
gold granules or leaves & ! cem5t1      
alt]nately plac$ 9 ! pots1 are heat$ by 
a g5tle fire1 gradually increas+ =      
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 if ! furnace 0 heat$ =  
two h\rs be=e ! full pots 7 /ood 9 x1 & 
if ?is 0 n done1 !n = tw5ty-six h\rs4 ,!
 fire %\ld be increas$ 9 su* a mann] t !

 pieces ( gold & ! cem5t1 9 :i* is !    
pot5cy to sep>ate ! silv] & copp] f !   
gold1 may n melt1 = 9 ?is case ! lab\r &
 co/ w be sp5t 9 va92 !re=e1 x is ample 
to h ! fire hot en\gh t ! pots always   
rema9 r$4 ,aft] s _m h\rs all ! burn+   
wood %\ld be drawn out ( ! furnace4 ,!n 
! refractory bricks or tiles are remov$ 
f ! top ( ! furnace1 & ! gl[+ pots are  
tak5 out ) ! tongs4 ,! lids are remov$1 
& if !re is "t x is well to all[ ! gold 
to cool by itself1 = !n !re is less     
loss2 b if "t _c be sp>$ = t op]ation1 !
 pieces ( gold are imm$iately plac$     
sep>ately into a wood5 or bronze vessel 
( wat] & gradually qu5*$1 le/ ! cem5t   
:i* absorbs ! silv] %\ld exhale x4 ,!   
pieces ( gold1 & ! cem5t adh]+ to !m1 :5
 cool$ or qu5*$1 are roll$ ) a little   
mallet s z to cru% ! lumps & free ! gold
 f ! cem5t4 ,!n !y are sift$ by a f9e   
sieve1 :i* is plac$ ov] a bronze vessel2
 9 ?is mann] ! cem5t conta9+ ! silv] or 
! copp] or bo?1 falls f ! sieve into !  
bronze vessel1 & ! gold granules or     

leaves rema9 on x4 ,! gold is plac$ 9 a 
vessel & aga9 roll$ ) ! little mallet1 s
 t x may be cleans$ f ! cem5t :i*       
absorbs silv] & copp]4  ,! p>ticles (   
cem5t1 :i* h dropp$ ?r\gh ! holes ( !   
sieve into ! bronze vessel1 are wa%$ 9 a
 b[l1 ov] a wood5 tub1 be+ %ak5 ab\t ) !
 h&s1 s t ! m9ute p>ticles ( gold :i* h 
fall5 ?r\gh ! sieve may be sep>at$4 ,^! 
are aga9 wa%$ 9 a little vessel1 ) w>m  
wat]1 & scrubb$ ) a piece ( wood or a   
twig broom1 t ! moi/5$ cem5t may be     
deta*$4 ,aft]w>d all ! gold is aga9 wa%$
 ) w>m wat]1 & collect$ ) a bri/le bru%1
 & %\ld be wa%$ 9 a copp] full ( holes1 
"u :i* is plac$ a little vessel4 ,!n x  
is necess>y to put ! gold on an iron    
plate1 "u :i* is a vessel1 & to wa% x ) 
w>m wat]4 ,f9ally1 x is plac$ 9 a b[l1  
&1 :5 dry1 ! granules or leaves are     
rubb$ aga9/ a t\*/one at ! same "t z a  
t\*-ne$le1 & consid]$ c>efully z to :e!r
 !y be pure or alloy$4 ,if !y are n pure
 en\gh1 ! granules or ! leaves1 toge!r )
 ! cem5t :i* attracts silv] & copp]1 are

 arrang$ alt]nately 9 lay]s 9 ! same    
mann]1 & aga9 heat$2 ?is is done z (t5 z
 is necess>y1 b ! la/ "t x is heat$ z _m
 h\rs z are requir$ to cleanse ! gold4  
,"s p add ano!r cem5t to ! granules or  
leaves4 ,?is cem5t lacks ! +r$i5ts (    
metallif]\s orig91 su* z v]digris &     
vitriol1 = if ^! are 9 ! cem5t1 ! gold  
usually takes up a little ( ! base      
metal2 or if x does n d ?is1 x is /a9$  
by !m4 ,= ?is reason "s v rightly nev]  
make use ( cem5ts conta9+ ^! ?+s1       
because brick du/ & salt alone1         
especially rock salt1 are able to       
extract all ! silv] & copp] f ! gold &  
to attract x to !mselves4  ,x is n      
necess>y = co9]s to make absolutely pure
 gold1 b to heat x only until su* a     
f95ess is obta9$ z is ne$$ = ! gold     
money :i* !y are co9+4  ,! gold is      
heat$1 & :5 x %[s ! necess>y gold5 yell[
 col\r & is :olly pure1 x is melt$ &    
made into b>s1 9 :i* case !y are ei!r   
prep>$ by ! co9]s ) *rysocolla1 :i* is  
call$ by ! ,moors borax1 or are prep>$ )

 salt ( lye made f ! a%es ( ivy or ( o!r
 salty h]bs4  ,! cem5t :i* has absorb$  
silv] or copp]1 aft] wat] has be5 p\r$  
ov] x1 is dri$ & cru%$1 & :5 mix$ )     
he>?-lead & de-silv]iz$ lead1 is smelt$ 
9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,! alloy ( silv] &    
lead1 or ( silv] & copp] & lead1 :i*    
fl[s out1 is aga9 melt$ 9 ! cupellation 
furnace1 9 ord] t ! lead & copp] may be 
sep>at$ f ! silv]4 ,! silv] is f9ally   
?or\ghly purifi$ 9 ! ref9+ furnace1 & 9 
?is practical mann] !re is no silv] lo/1
 or only a m9ute quantity4  ,!re are    
besides ?is1 c]ta9 o!r cem5ts#bj :i* "p 
gold f silv]1 compos$ ( sulphur1 /ibium 
& o!r +r$i5ts4 ,"o ( ^! comp\nds consi/s
 ( half an uncia ( vitriol dri$ by !    
heat ( ! fire & r$uc$ to p[d]1 a six? ( 
ref9$ salt1 a ?ird ( /ibium1 half a     
libra ( prep>$ sulphur 7n expos$ to !   
fire71 "o sicilicus ( glass1 likewise "o
 sicilicus ( saltpetre1 & a dra*ma (    
sal-ammoniac4#ba ,! sulphur is prep>$ z 
foll[s3 x is fir/ cru%$ to p[d]1 !n x is
 heat$ = six h\rs 9 %>p v9eg>1 & f9ally 

p\r$ into a vessel & wa%$ ) w>m wat]2 !n
 t :i* settles at ! bottom ( ! vessel is
 dri$4 ,to ref9e ! salt x is plac$ 9    
riv] wat] & boil$1 & aga9 evaporat$4 ,! 
second comp\nd conta9s "o libra (       
sulphur 7n expos$ to fire7 & two librae 
( ref9$ salt4 ,! ?ird comp\nd is made f 
"o libra ( sulphur 7n expos$ to ! fire71
 half a libra ( ref9$ salt1 a qu>t] ( a 
libra ( sal-ammoniac1 & "o uncia (      
r$-lead4 ,! f\r? comp\nd consi/s ( "o   
libra ea* ( ref9$ salt1 sulphur 7n      
expos$ to ! fire7 & argol1 & half a     
libra ( *rysocolla :i* ! ,moors call    
borax4 ,! fif? comp\nd has equal        
proportions ( sulphur 7n expos$ to !    
fire71 sal-ammoniac1 saltpetre1 &       
v]digris4  ,! silv] :i* conta9s "s      
portion ( gold is fir/ melt$ ) lead 9 an
 e>!n crucible1 & !y are heat$ toge!r   
until ! silv] exhales ! lead4 ,if !re 0 
a libra ( silv]1 !re mu/ be six dra*mae 
( lead4 ,!n ! silv] is spr9kl$ ) two    
unciae ( t p[d]$ comp\nd & is /irr$2    
aft]w>d x is p\r$ into ano!r crucible1  

fir/ w>m$ & l9$ ) tall[1 & !n viol5tly  
%ak54 ,! re/ is p]=m$ accord+ to !      
process ,i h already expla9$4  ,gold may
 be p>t$ )\t injury f silv] goblets & f 
o!r gilt vessels & articles#bb1 by means
 ( a p[d]1 :i* consi/s ( "o "p (        
sal-ammoniac & half a "p ( sulphur4 ,!  
gilt goblet or o!r article is sme>$ )   
oil1 & ! p[d] is du/$ on2 ! article is  
seiz$ 9 ! h&1 or ) tongs1 & is c>ri$ to 
! fire & %>ply tapp$1 & by ?is means !  
gold falls into wat] 9 vessels plac$    
und]nea?1 :ile ! goblet rema9s un9jur$4 
,gold is also p>t$ f silv] on gilt      
articles by means ( quicksilv]4 ,?is is 
p\r$ into an e>!n crucible1 & s w>m$ by 
! fire t ! f+] c be> ! heat :5 dipp$    
into x2 ! silv]-gilt objects are plac$ 9
 x1 & :5 ! quicksilv] adh]es to !m !y   
are tak5 out & plac$ on a di%1 into :i*1
 :5 cool$1 ! gold falls1 toge!r ) !     
quicksilv]4 ,aga9 & frequ5tly ! same    
silv]-gilt object is plac$ 9 heat$      
quicksilv]1 & ! same process is cont9u$ 
until at la/ no m gold is visible on !  

object2 !n ! object is plac$ 9 ! fire1 &
 ! quicksilv] :i* adh]es to x is exhal$4
 ,!n ! artific] takes a h>e's foot1 &   
bru%es up into a di% ! quicksilv] & !   
gold :i* h fall5 toge!r f ! silv]       
article1 & puts !m into a clo? made (   
wov5 cotton or into a s(t lea!r2 !      
quicksilv] is squeez$ ?r\gh "o or ! o!r 
into ano!r di%4#bc ,! gold rema9s 9 !   
clo? or ! lea!r1 & :5 collect$ is plac$ 
9 a piece ( *>coal holl[$ out1 & is     
heat$ until x melts1 & a little button  
is made f x4 ,?is button is heat$ ) a   
little /ibium 9 an e>!n crucible & p\r$ 
out into ano!r little vessel1 by :i*    
me?od ! gold settles at ! bottom1 & !   
/ibium is se5 to be on ! top2 !n ! "w is
 complet$4 ,f9ally1 ! gold button is put
 9 a holl[$-out brick & plac$ 9 ! fire1 
& by ?is me?od ! gold is made pure4 ,by 
means ( ! above me?ods gold is p>t$ f   
silv] & also silv] f gold4  ,n[ ,i w    
expla9 ! me?ods us$ to sep>ate copp] f  
gold#bd4 ,! salt :i* we call            
sal-artificiosus1#be is made f a libra  

ea* ( vitriol1 alum1 saltpetre1 &       
sulphur n expos$ to ! fire1 & half a    
libra ( sal-ammoniac2 ^! +r$i5ts :5     
cru%$ are heat$ ) "o "p ( lye made f !  
a%es us$ by wool dy]s1 "o "p ( unslak$  
lime1 & f\r p>ts ( bee* a%es4 ,! +r$i5ts
 are boil$ 9 ! lye until ! :ole has be5 
dissolv$4 ,!n x is imm$iately dri$ &    
kept 9 a hot place1 le/ x turn into oil2
 & aft]w>d :5 cru%$1 a libra ( lead-a%  
is mix$ ) x4 ,) ea* libra ( ?is p[d]$   
comp\nd "o & a half unciae ( ! copp] is 
gradually spr9kl$ into a hot crucible1 &
 x is /irr$ rapidly & frequ5tly ) an    
iron rod4 ,:5 ! crucible has cool$ & be5
 brok5 up1 ! button ( gold is f\nd4  ,! 
second me?od = p>t+ is ! foll[+4 ,two   
librae ( sulphur n expos$ to ! fire1 &  
f\r librae ( ref9$ salt are cru%$ &     
mix$2 a six? ( a libra & half an uncia (
 ?is p[d] is add$ to a bes ( granules   
made ( lead1 & twice z mu* copp] conta9+
 gold2 !y are heat$ toge!r 9 an e>!n    
crucible until !y melt4 ,:5 cool$1 !    
button is tak5 out & purg$ ( slag4 ,f   

?is button !y aga9 make granules1 to a  
?ird ( a libra ( :i* is add$ half a     
libra ( t p[d] ( :i* ,i h spok51 & !y   
are plac$ 9 alt]nate lay]s 9 ! crucible2
 x is well to cov] ! crucible & to seal 
x up1 & aft]w>d x is heat$ ov] a g5tle  
fire until ! granules melt4 ,soon       
aft]w>d1 ! crucible is tak5 (f ! fire1 &
 :5 x is cool ! button is extract$4 ,f  
?is1 :5 purifi$ & aga9 melt$ d[n1 ! ?ird
 granules are made1 to :i*1 if !y weigh 
a six? ( a libra1 is add$ "o half an    
uncia & a sicilicus ( ! p[d]1 & !y are  
heat$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ! button ( gold 
settles at ! bottom ( ! crucible4  ,!   
?ird me?od is z foll[s4 ,f "t to "t     
small pieces ( sulphur1 envelop$ 9 or   
mix$ ) wax1 are dropp$ into six librae (
 ! molt5 copp]1 & consum$2 ! sulphur    
weighs half an uncia & a sicilicus4 ,!n 
"o & a half sicilici ( p[d]$ saltpetre  
are dropp$ into ! same copp] & likewise 
consum$2 !n aga9 half an uncia & a      
sicilicus ( sulphur envelop$ 9 wax2     
aft]w>d "o & a half sicilici ( lead-a%  

envelop$ 9 wax1 or ( m9ium made f       
r$-lead4 ,!n imm$iately ! copp] is tak5 
out1 & to ! gold button1 :i* is n[ mix$ 
) only a little copp]1 !y add /ibium to 
d\ble ! am\nt ( ! button2 ^! are heat$  
toge!r until ! /ibium is driv5 (f2 !n ! 
button1 toge!r ) lead ( half ! weight ( 
! button1 are heat$ 9 a cupel4 ,f9ally1 
! gold is tak5 out ( ?is & qu5*$1 & if  
!re is a blacki% col\r settl$ 9 x1 x is 
melt$ ) a little ( ! *rysocolla :i* !   
,moors call borax2 if too pale1 x is    
melt$ ) /ibium1 & acquires its own      
gold5-yell[ col\r4 ,!re are "s :o take  
out ! molt5 copp] ) an iron ladle & p\r 
x into ano!r crucible1 ^: ap]ture is    
seal$ up ) lute1 & !y place x ov] gl[+  
*>coal1 & :5 !y h ?r[n 9 ! p[d]s ( :i*  
,i h spok51 !y /ir ! :ole mass rapidly )
 an iron rod1 & ?us sep>ate ! gold f !  
copp]2 ! =m] settles at ! bottom ( !    
crucible1 ! latt] floats on ! top4 ,!n !
 ap]ture ( ! crucible is op5$ ) ! r$-hot
 tongs1 & ! copp] runs out4 ,! gold :i* 
rema9s is re-heat$ ) /ibium1 & :5 ?is is

 exhal$ ! gold is heat$ = ! ?ird "t 9 a 
cupel ) a f\r? "p ( lead1 & !n qu5*$4   
,! f\r? me?od is to melt "o & a ?ird    
librae ( ! copp] ) a six? ( a libra (   
lead1 & to p\r x into ano!r crucible    
sme>$ on ! inside ) tall[ or gypsum2 &  
to ?is is add$ a p[d] consi/+ ( half an 
uncia ea* ( prep>$ sulphur1 v]digris1 & 
saltpetre1 & an uncia & a half ( sal    
coctus4 ,! fif? me?od consi/s ( plac+ 9 
a crucible "o libra ( ! copp] & two     
librae ( granulat$ lead1 ) "o & a half  
unciae ( sal-artificiosus2 !y are at    
fir/ heat$ ov] a g5tle fire & !n ov] a  
fi]c] "o4 ,! six? me?od consi/s 9 heat+ 
toge!r a bes ( ! copp] & "o-six? ( a    
libra ea* ( sulphur1 salt1 & /ibium4 ,! 
sev5? me?od consi/s ( heat+ toge!r a bes
 ( ! copp] & "o-six? ea* ( iron scales &
 fil+s1 salt1 /ibium1 & glass-galls4 ,! 
eigh? me?od consi/s ( heat+ toge!r "o   
libra ( ! copp]1 "o & a half librae (   
sulphur1 half a libra ( v]digris1 & a   
libra ( ref9$ salt4 ,! n9? me?od consi/s
 ( plac+ 9 "o libra ( ! molt5 copp] z   

mu* p\nd$ sulphur1 n expos$ to ! fire1 &
 ( /irr+ x rapidly ) an iron rod2 ! lump
 is gr\nd to p[d]1 into :i* quicksilv]  
is p\r$1 & ?is attracts to itself !     
gold4  ,gild$ copp] articles are moi/5$ 
) wat] & plac$ on ! fire1 & :5 !y are   
gl[+ !y are qu5*$ ) cold wat]1 & ! gold 
is scrap$ (f ) a brass rod4 ,by ^!      
practical me?ods gold is sep>at$ f      
copp]4  ,ei!r copp] or lead is sep>at$ f
 silv] by ! me?ods :i* ,i w n[          
expla94#bf ,?is is c>ri$ on 9 a build+  
ne> by ! works1 or 9 ! works 9 :i* !    
gold or silv] ores or alloys are smelt$4
 ,! middle wall ( su* a build+ is       
tw5ty-"o feet long & fifte5 feet high1 &
 f ?is a front wall is di/ant fifte5    
feet t[>d ! riv]2 ! re> wall is n9ete5  
feet di/ant1 & bo? ^! walls are         
?irty-six feet long & f\rte5 feet high2 
a transv]se wall ext5ds f ! end ( !     
front wall to ! end ( ! re> wall2 !n    
fifte5 feet back a second transv]se wall
 is built out f ! front wall to ! end ( 
! middle wall4 ,9 t space :i* is betwe5 

^? two transv]se walls are set up !     
/amps1 by means ( :i* ! ores & !        
necess>y +r$i5ts = smelt+ are brok5 up4 
,f ! fur!r end ( ! front wall1 a ?ird   
transv]se wall leads to ! o!r end ( !   
middle wall1 & f ! same to ! end ( ! re>
 wall4 ,! space betwe5 ! second & ?ird  
transv]se walls1 & betwe5 ! re> & middle
 long walls1 conta9s ! cupellation      
furnace1 9 :i* lead is sep>at$ f gold or
 silv]4 ,! v]tical wall ( its *imney is 
erect$ ^u ! middle wall1 & ! slop+      
*imney-wall re/s on ! beams :i* ext5d f 
! second transv]se wall to ! ?ird2 ^!   
are s locat$ t !y are at a di/ance (    
?irte5 feet f ! middle long wall & f\r f
 ! re> wall1 & !y are two feet wide &   
?ick4 ,f ! gr\nd up to ! ro(-beams is   
twelve feet1 & le/ ! slop+ *imney-wall  
%\ld fall d[n1 x is p>tly support$ by   
means ( _m iron rods1 & p>tly by means (
 a few tie-beams cov]$ ) lute1 :i* ext5d
 f ! small beams ( ! slop+ *imney-wall  
to ! beams ( ! v]tical *imney-wall4 ,!  
re> ro( is arrang$ 9 ! same way z ! ro( 

( ! works 9 :i* ore is smelt$4 ,9 !     
space betwe5 ! middle & ! front long    
walls & betwe5 ! second#bg & ! ?ird     
transv]se walls are ! bell[s1 ! ma*9]y =
 depress+ & ! in/rum5t = rais+ !m4 ,a   
drum on ! axle ( a wat]-:eel has rundles
 :i* turn ! too!d drum ( an axle1 ^:    
long cams depress ! lev]s ( ! bell[s1 & 
also ano!r too!d drum on an axle1 ^:    
cams raise ! tappets ( ! /amps1 b 9 !   
opposite direction4 ,s t if ! cams :i*  
depress ! lev]s ( ! bell[s turn f nor?  
to s\?1 ! cams ( ! /amps turn f s\? to  
nor?4  ,illu/ration #dfh 7,cupellation  
,furnace73 ,a--,rectangul> /ones4       
,b--,sole-/one4 ,c--,air-holes4         
,d--,int]nal walls4 ,e--,dome4          
,f--,crucible4 ,g--,b&s4 ,h--,b>s4      
,i--,ap]tures 9 ! dome4 ,k--,lid ( !    
dome4 ,l--,r+s4 ,m--,pipes4 ,n--,valves4
 ,o--,*a9s4  ,lead is sep>at$ f gold or 
silv] 9 a cupellation furnace1 ( :i* !  
/ructure consi/s ( rectangul> /ones1 (  
two int]ior walls ( :i* ! "o int]sects !
 o!r transv]sely1 ( a r\nd sole1 & ( a  

dome4 ,its crucible is made f p[d] ( e>?
 & a%2 b ,i w fir/ speak ( ! /ructure & 
also ( ! rectangul> /ones4 ,a circul>   
wall is built f\r feet & ?ree palms     
high1 & "o foot ?ick2 f ! height ( two  
feet & ?ree palms f ! bottom1 ! upp] "p 
( ! int]ior is cut away to ! wid? ( "o  
palm1 s t ! /one sole may re/ ^u x4 ,!re
 are usually z _m z f\rte5 /ones2 on !  
outside !y are a foot & a palm wide1 &  
on ! inside n>r[]1 because ! inn] circle
 is mu* small] ?an ! out]2 if ! /ones   
are wid]1 few] are requir$1 if n>r[] m2 
!y are sunk into ! e>? to a dep? ( a    
foot & a palm4 ,at ! top ea* "o is jo9$ 
to ! next by an iron /aple1 ! po9ts (   
:i* are emb$d$ 9 holes1 & into ea* hole 
is p\r$ molt5 lead4 ,?is /one /ructure  
has six air-holes ne> ! gr\nd1 at a     
height ( a foot above ! gr\nd2 !y are   
two feet & a palm f ! bottom ( ! /ones2 
ea* ( ^! air-holes is 9 two /ones1 & is 
two palms high1 & a palm & ?ree digits  
wide4 ,"o ( !m is on ! "r side1 betwe5 !
 wall :i* protects ! ma9 wall f ! fire1 

& ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ! li?>ge fl[s out (
 ! furnace crucible2 ! o!r five         
air-holes are di/ribut$ all r\nd at     
equal di/ances ap>t2 ?r\gh ^! escapes ! 
moi/ure :i* ! e>? exhales :5 heat$1 & if
 x 7 n = ^! op5+s ! crucible w\ld absorb
 ! moi/ure & be damag$4 ,9 su* a case a 
lump w\ld be rais$1 l t :i* a mole ?r[s 
up f ! e>?1 & ! a% w\ld float on ! top1 
& ! crucible w\ld absorb ! silv]-lead   
alloy2 !re are "s :o1 because ( ?is1    
make ! re> "p ( ! /ructure entirely op54
 ,! two inn] walls1 ( :i* "o int]sects !
 o!r1 are built ( bricks1 & are a brick 
9 ?ickness4 ,!re are f\r air-holes 9 ^!1
 "o 9 ea* "p1 :i* are ab\t "o digit's   
bread? high] & wid] ?an ! o!rs4 ,into ! 
f\r comp>tm5ts is ?r[n a :eelb>r[ful (  
slag1 & ov] ?is is plac$ a l>ge wick]   
basket full ( *>coal du/4 ,^! walls     
ext5d a cubit above ! gr\nd1 & on ^!1 & 
on ! l$ge cut 9 ! rectangul> /ones1 is  
plac$ ! /one sole2 ?is sole is a palm & 
?ree digits ?ick1 & on all sides t\*es !
 rectangul> /ones2 if !re are any cracks

 9 x !y are fill$ up ) fragm5ts ( /one  
or brick4 ,! front "p ( ! sole is slop$ 
s t a *annel c be made1 ?r\gh :i* !     
li?>ge fl[s out4 ,copp] plates are plac$
 on ?is "p ( ! sole-/one s t !          
silv]-lead or o!r alloy may be m rapidly
 heat$4  ,a dome :i* has ! %ape ( half a
 sph]e cov]s ! crucible4 ,x consi/s (   
iron b&s & ( b>s & ( a lid4 ,!re are    
?ree b&s1 ea* ab\t a palm wide & a digit
 ?ick2 ! l[e/ is at a di/ance ( "o foot 
f ! middle "o1 & ! middle "o a di/ance (
 two feet f ! upp] "o4 ,"u !m are       
eighte5 iron b>s fix$ by iron rivets2 ^!
 b>s are ( ! same wid? & ?ickness z !   
b&s1 & !y are ( su* a l5g?1 t curv+1 !y 
rea* f ! l[] b& to ! upp]1 t is two feet
 & ?ree palms long1 :ile ! dome is only 
"o foot & ?ree palms high4 ,all ! b>s & 
b&s ( ! dome h iron plates fa/5$ on !   
und]side ) iron wire4 ,9 addition1 !    
dome has f\r ap]tures2 ! re> "o1 :i* is 
situat$ opposite ! *annel ?r\gh :i* !   
li?>ge fl[s out1 is two feet wide at !  
bottom2 t[>d ! top1 s9ce x slopes g5tly1

 x is n>r[]1 be+ a foot1 ?ree palms1 & a
 digit wide2 !re is no b> at ?is place1 
= ! ap]ture ext5ds f ! upp] b& to !     
middle "o1 b n to ! l[] "o4 ,! second   
ap]ture is situat$ above ! *annel1 is   
two & a half feet wide at ! bottom1 &   
two feet & a palm at ! top2 & !re is    
likewise no b> at ?is po9t2 inde$1 n    
only does ! b> n ext5d to ! l[] b&1 b ! 
l[] b& itself does n ext5d ov] ?is "p1 9
 ord] t ! ma/] c draw ! li?>ge out ( !  
crucible4 ,!re are besides1 9 ! wall :i*
 protects ! pr9cipal wall aga9/ ! heat1 
ne> :]e ! nozzles ( ! bell[s are        
situat$1 two ap]tures1 ?ree palms wide &
 ab\t a foot high1 9 ! middle ( :i* two 
rods desc5d1 fa/5$ on ! inside ) plates4
 ,ne> ^! ap]tures are plac$ ! nozzles ( 
! bell[s1 & ?r\gh ! ap]tures ext5d !    
pipes 9 :i* ! nozzles ( ! bell[s are    
set4 ,^! pipes are made ( iron plates   
roll$ up2 !y are two palms ?ree digits  
long1 & _! inside diamet] is ?ree & a   
half digits2 into ^! two pipes ! nozzles
 ( ! bell[s p5etrate a di/ance ( ?ree   

digits f _! valves4 ,! lid ( ! dome     
consi/s ( an iron b& at ! bottom1 two   
digits wide1 & ( ?ree curv$ iron b>s1   
:i* ext5d f "o po9t on ! b& to ! po9t   
opposite2 !y cross ea* o!r at ! top1 :]e
 !y are fix$ by means ( iron rivets4 ,on
 ! "u side ( ! b>s !re are likewise     
plates fa/5$ by rivets2 ea* ( ! plates  
has small holes ! size ( a f+]1 s t !   
lute w adh]e :5 ! int]ior is l9$4 ,!    
dome has ?ree iron r+s engag$ 9 wide    
holes 9 ! heads ( iron claves1 :i* fa/5 
! b>s to ! middle b& at ^! po9ts4 ,into 
^! r+s are fa/5$ ! hooks ( ! *a9s ) :i* 
! dome is rais$1 :5 ! ma/] is prep>+ !  
crucible4  ,on ! sole & ! copp] plates &
 ! rock ( ! furnace1 lute mix$ ) /raw is
 plac$ to a dep? ( ?ree digits1 & x is  
p\nd$ ) a wood5 ramm] until x is        
compress$ to a dep? ( "o digit only4 ,! 
ramm]-head is r\nd & ?ree palms high1   
two palms wide at ! bottom1 & tap]+     
upw>d2 its h&le is ?ree feet long1 & :]e
 x is set into ! ramm]-head x is b\nd   
ar\nd ) an iron b&4 ,! top ( ! /onework 

9 :i* ! dome re/s is also cov]$ ) lute1 
likewise mix$ ) /raw1 to ! ?ickness ( a 
palm4 ,all ?is1 z soon z x becomes      
loos5$1 mu/ be repair$4  ,illu/ration   
#dgj 7,cupellation ,furnace73 ,a--,an   
artific] tamp+ ! crucible ) a ramm]4    
,b--,l>ge ramm]4 ,c--,broom4 ,d--,two   
small] ramm]s4 ,e--,curv$ iron plates4  
,f--,"p ( a wood5 /rip4 ,g--,sieve4     
,h--,a%es4 ,i--,iron %ovel4 ,k--,iron   
plate4 ,l--block ( wood4 ,m--,rock4     
,n--,basket made ( wov5 twigs4          
,o--,hook$ b>4 ,p--,second hook$ b>4    
,q--,old l95 rag4 ,r--bucket4           
,s--,doesk94 ,t--,bundles ( /raw4       
,v--,wood4 ,x--,cakes ( lead alloy4     
,y--,=k4 ,z--,ano!r workman cov]s !     
outside ( ! furnace ) lute :]e ! dome   
fits on x4 ,,aa--,basket full ( a%es4   
,,bb--,lid ( ! dome4 ,,cc--,! assi/ant  
/&+ on ! /eps p\rs *>coal into !        
crucible ?r\gh ! hole at ! top ( ! dome4
 ,,dd--,iron implem5t ) :i* ! lute is   
beat54 ,,ee--,lute4 ,,ff--,ladle ) :i* !
 workman or ma/] takes a sample4        

,,gg--,rabble ) :i* ! scum ( impure lead
 is drawn (f4 ,,hh--,iron w$ge ) :i* !  
silv] mass is rais$4  ,! artific] :o    
und]takes ! "w ( p>t+ ! metals1         
di/ributes ! op]ation into two %ifts (  
two days4 ,on ! "o morn+ he spr9kles a  
little a% into ! lute1 & :5 he has p\r$ 
"s wat] ov] x he bru%es x ov] ) a broom4
 ,!n he ?r[s 9 sift$ a%es & damp5s !m ) 
wat]1 s t !y c\ld be m\ld$ into balls l 
sn[4 ,! a%es are ^? f :i* lye has be5   
made by lett+ wat] p]colate ?r\gh !m1 = 
o!r a%es :i* are fatty w\ld h to be     
burnt aga9 9 ord] to make !m less fat4  
,:5 he has made ! a%es smoo? by press+  
!m ) 8 h&s1 he makes ! crucible slope   
d[n t[>d ! middle2 !n he tamps x1 z ,i h
 describ$1 ) a ramm]4 ,he aft]w>d1 ) two
 small wood5 ramm]s1 "o held 9 ea* h&1  
=ms ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ! li?>ge fl[s    
out4 ,! heads ( ^! small ramm]s are ea* 
a palm wide1 two digits ?ick1 & "o foot 
high2 ! h&le ( ea* is some:at r\nd$1 is 
a digit & a half less 9 diamet] ?an !   
ramm]-head1 & is ?ree feet 9 l5g?2 !    

ramm]-head z well z ! h&le is made ( "o 
piece ( wood4 ,!n ) %oes on1 he desc5ds 
into ! crucible & /amps x 9 e direction 
) 8 feet1 9 :i* mann] x is pack$ & made 
slop+4 ,!n he aga9 tamps x ) a l>ge     
ramm]1 & remov+ 8 %oe f 8 "r foot he    
draws a circle ar\nd ! crucible ) x1 &  
cuts out ! circle ?us drawn ) an iron   
plate4 ,?is plate is curv$ at bo? ends1 
is ?ree palms long1 z _m digits wide1 & 
has wood5 h&les a palm & two digits     
long1 & two digits ?ick2 ! iron plate is
 curv$ back at ! top & ends1 :i*        
p5etrate into h&les4 ,!re are "s :o use 
9 ! place ( ! plate a /rip ( wood1 l !  
rim ( a sieve2 ?is is ?ree digits wide1 
& is cut out at bo? ends t x may be held
 9 ! h&s4 ,aft]w>d he tamps ! *annel    
?r\gh :i* ! li?>ge dis*>ges4 ,le/ ! a%es
 %\ld fall out1 he blocks up ! ap]ture )
 a /one %ap$ to fit x1 aga9/ :i* he     
places a bo>d1 & le/ ?is fall1 he props 
x ) a /ick4 ,!n he p\rs 9 a basketful ( 
a%es & tamps !m ) ! l>ge ramm]2 !n aga9 
& aga9 he p\rs 9 a%es & tamps !m ) !    

ramm]4 ,:5 ! *annel has be5 made1 he    
?r[s dry a%es all ov] ! crucible ) a    
sieve1 & smoo?s & rubs x ) 8 h&s4 ,!n he
 ?r[s ?ree basketsful ( damp a%es on !  
m>g9 all r\nd ! edge ( ! crucible1 &    
lets d[n ! dome4 ,soon aft]1 climb+ ^u !
 crucible1 he builds up a%es all ar\nd  
x1 le/ ! molt5 alloy %\ld fl[ out4 ,!n1 
hav+ rais$ ! lid ( ! dome1 he ?r[s a    
basketful ( *>coal into ! crucible1     
toge!r ) an iron %ovelful ( gl[+ coals1 
& he also ?r[s "s ( ! latt] ?r\gh !     
ap]tures 9 ! sides ( ! dome1 & he       
spreads !m ) ! same %ovel4 ,?is "w &    
lab\r is f9i%$ 9 ! space ( two h\rs4    
,an iron plate is set 9 ! gr\nd "u !    
*annel1 & ^u ?is is plac$ a wood5 block1
 ?ree feet & a palm long1 a foot & two  
palms & z _m digits wide at ! back1 &   
two palms & z _m digits wide 9 front2 on
 ! block ( wood is plac$ a /one1 & ov] x
 an iron plate simil> to ! bottom "o1 & 
^u ?is he puts a basketful ( *>coal1 &  
also an iron %ovelful ( burn+ *>coals4  
,! crucible is heat$ 9 an h\r1 & !n1 ) !

 hook$ b> ) :i* ! li?>ge is drawn (f1 he
 /irs ! rema9d] ( ! *>coal ab\t4 ,?is   
hook is a palm long & ?ree digits wide1 
has ! =m ( a d\ble triangle1 & has an   
iron h&le f\r feet long1 into :i* is set
 a wood5 "o six feet long4 ,!re are "s  
:o use in/ead a simple hook$ b>4 ,aft]  
ab\t an h\r's "t1 he /irs ! *>coal aga9 
) ! b>1 & ) ! %ovel ?r[s into ! crucible
 ! burn+ *>coals ly+ 9 ! *annel2 !n     
aga91 aft] ! space ( an h\r1 he /irs !  
burn+ *>coals ) ! same b>4 ,if he did n 
?us /ir !m ab\t1 "s blackness w\ld rema9
 9 ! crucible & t "p w\ld be damag$1    
because x w\ld n be suffici5tly dri$4   
,!re=e ! assi/ant /irs & turns ! burn+  
*>coal t x may be entirely burnt up1 & s
 t ! crucible may be well heat$1 :i*    
takes ?ree h\rs2 !n ! crucible is left  
quiet = ! rema9+ two h\rs4  ,:5 ! h\r ( 
elev5 has /ruck1 he sweeps up ! *>coal  
a%es ) a broom & ?r[s !m out ( !        
crucible4 ,!n he climbs on to ! dome1 & 
pass+ 8 h& 9 ?r\gh its op5+1 & dipp+ an 
old l95 rag 9 a bucket ( wat] mix$ )    

a%es1 he moi/5s ! :ole ( ! crucible &   
sweeps x4 ,9 ?is way he uses two        
bucketsful ( ! mixture1 ea* hold+ five  
,roman sext>ii1#bh & he does ?is le/ !  
crucible1 :5 ! metals are be+ p>t$1 %\ld
 break op52 aft] ?is he rubs ! crucible 
) a doe sk91 & fills 9 ! cracks4 ,!n he 
places at ! left side ( ! *annel1 two   
fragm5ts ( he>?-lead1 laid "o on ! top (
 ! o!r1 s t :5 p>tly melt$ !y rema9 fix$
 & =m an ob/acle1 t ! li?>ge w n be bl[n
 ab\t by ! w9d f ! bell[s1 b rema9 9 its
 place4 ,x is exp$i5t1 h[ev]1 to use a  
brick 9 ! place ( ! he>?-lead1 = z ?is  
gets mu* hott]1 !re=e x causes ! li?>ge 
to =m m rapidly4 ,! crucible 9 its      
middle "p is made two palms & z _m      
digits deep]4#bi  ,!re are "s :o hav+   
?us prep>$ ! crucible1 sme> x ov] )     
inc5se#cj1 gr\nd to p[d] & dissolv$ 9   
:ite ( egg1 soak+ x up 9 a sponge & !n  
squeez+ x out aga92 !re are o!rs :o sme>
 ov] x a liquid consi/+ ( :ite ( egg &  
d\ble ! am\nt ( bullock's blood or m>r[4
 ,"s ?r[ lime into ! crucible ?r\gh a   

sieve4  ,aft]w>d ! ma/] ( ! works weighs
 ! lead ) :i* ! gold or silv] or bo? are
 mix$1 & he sometimes puts a hundr$     
c5tumpondia#ca into ! crucible1 b       
frequ5tly only sixty1 or fifty1 or mu*  
less4 ,aft] x has be5 weigh$1 he /rews  
ab\t 9 ! crucible ?ree small bundles (  
/raw1 le/ ! lead by its weight %\ld     
break ! surface4 ,!n he places 9 !      
*annel sev]al cakes ( lead alloy1 &     
?r\gh ! ap]ture at ! re> ( ! dome he    
places "s along ! sides2 !n1 asc5d+ to !
 op5+ at ! top ( ! dome1 he arranges 9 !
 crucible r\nd ab\t ! dome ! cakes :i* 8
 assi/ant h&s to him1 & aft] asc5d+ aga9
 & pass+ 8 h&s ?r\gh ! same ap]ture1 he 
likewise places o!r cakes inside !      
crucible4 ,on ! second day ^? :i* rema9 
he1 ) an iron =k1 places on ! wood ?r\gh
 ! re> ap]ture ( ! dome4  ,:5 ! cakes h 
be5 ?us arrang$ ?r\gh ! hole at ! top ( 
! dome1 he ?r[s 9 *>coal ) a basket wov5
 ( wood5 twigs4 ,!n he places ! lid ov] 
! dome1 & ! assi/ant cov]s ov] ! jo9ts )
 lute4 ,! ma/] himself ?r[s half a      

basketful ( *>coal into ! crucible ?r\gh
 ! ap]ture next to ! nozzle pipe1 &     
prep>es ! bell[s1 9 ord] to be able to  
beg9 ! second op]ation on ! morn+ ( !   
foll[+ day4 ,x takes ! space ( "o h\r to
 c>ry out su* a piece ( "w1 & at twelve 
all is prep>$4 ,^! h\rs all reckon$ up  
make a sum ( eight h\rs4  ,n[ x is "t t 
we %\ld come to ! second op]ation4 ,9 ! 
morn+ ! workman takes up two %ovelsful (
 live *>coals & ?r[s !m into ! crucible 
?r\gh ! ap]ture next to ! pipes ( !     
nozzles2 !n ?r\gh ! same hole he lays ^u
 !m small pieces ( fir-wood or ( pit*   
p9e1 su* z are g5]ally us$ to cook fi%4 
,aft] ?is ! wat]-gates are op5$1 9 ord] 
t ! ma*9e may be turn$ :i* depresses !  
lev]s ( ! bell[s4 ,9 ! space ( "o h\r ! 
lead alloy is melt$2 & :5 ?is has be5   
done1 he places f\r /icks ( wood1 twelve
 feet long1 ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! back ( !   
dome1 & z _m ?r\gh ! *annel2 ^! /icks1  
le/ !y %\ld damage ! crucible1 are bo?  
weight$ on ! ends & support$ by tre/les2
 ^! tre/les are made ( a beam1 ?ree feet

 long1 two palms & z _m digits wide1 two
 palms ?ick1 & h two spread+ legs at ea*
 end4 ,aga9/ ! tre/le1 9 front ( !      
*annel1 !re is plac$ an iron plate1 le/ 
! li?>ge1 :5 x is extract$ f ! furnace1 
%\ld spla% ! smelt]'s %oes & injure 8   
feet & legs4 ,) an iron %ovel or a =k he
 places ! rema9d] ( ! cakes ?r\gh !     
ap]ture at ! back ( ! dome on to ! /icks
 ( wood already m5tion$4  ,! native     
silv]1 or silv] glance1 or grey silv]1  
or ruby silv]1 or any o!r sort1 :5 x has
 be5 flatt5$ out#cb1 & cut up1 & heat$ 9
 an iron crucible1 is p\r$ into ! molt5 
lead mix$ ) silv]1 9 ord] t impurities  
may be sep>at$4 ,z ,i h (t5 said1 ?is   
molt5 lead mix$ ) silv] is call$        
/annum#cc4  ,illu/ration #dgd           
7,cupellation ,furnace73 ,a--,furnace4  
,b--,/icks ( wood4 ,c--,li?>ge4         
,d--,plate4 ,e--,! =eman :5 hungry eats 
butt]1 t ! poison :i* ! crucible exhales
 may n h>m him1 = ?is is a special rem$y
 aga9/ t poison4  ,:5 ! long /icks (    
wood are burn$ up at ! =e end1 ! ma/]1 )

 a hamm]1 drives into !m po9t$ iron b>s1
 f\r feet long & two digits wide at !   
front end1 & beyond t "o & a half digits
 wide & ?ick2 ) ^! he pu%es ! /icks (   
wood =w>d & ! b>s !n re/ on ! tre/les4  
,!re are o!rs :o1 :5 !y sep>ate metals1 
put two su* /icks ( wood into ! crucible
 ?r\gh ! ap]ture :i* is betwe5 ! bell[s1
 z _m ?r\gh ! holes at ! back1 & "o     
?r\gh ! *annel2 b 9 ?is case a l>g]     
numb] ( long /icks ( wood is necess>y1 t
 is1 sixty2 9 ! =m] case1 =ty long /icks
 ( wood suffice to c>ry out ! op]ation4 
,:5 ! lead has be5 heat$ = two h\rs1 x  
is /irr$ ) a hook$ b>1 t ! heat may be  
increas$4  ,if x be difficult to sep>ate
 ! lead f ! silv]1 he ?r[s copp] &      
*>coal du/ into ! molt5 silv]-lead      
alloy4 ,if ! alloy ( arg5tif]\s gold &  
lead1 or ! silv]-lead alloy1 conta9s    
impurities f ! ore1 !n he ?r[s 9 ei!r   
equal portions ( argol & ,v5etian glass 
or ( sal-ammoniac1 or ( ,v5etian glass &
 ( ,v5etian soap2 or else unequal       
portions1 t is1 two ( argol & "o ( iron 

ru/2 !re are "s :o mix a little         
saltpetre ) ea* comp\nd4 ,to "o         
c5tumpondium ( ! alloy is add$ a bes or 
a libra & a ?ird ( ! p[d]1 accord+ to   
:e!r x is m or less impure4 ,! p[d]     
c]ta9ly sep>ates ! impurities f ! alloy4
 ,!n1 ) a k9d ( rabble he draws out     
?r\gh ! *annel1 mix$ ) *>coal1 ! scum1 z
 "o might say1 ( ! lead2 ! lead makes   
?is scum :5 x becomes hot1 b t less ( x 
may be made x mu/ be /irr$ frequ5tly ) !
 b>4  ,)9 ! space ( a qu>t] ( an h\r !  
crucible absorbs ! lead2 at ! "t :5 x   
p5etrates into ! crucible x leaps &     
bubbles4 ,!n ! ma/] takes out a little  
lead ) an iron ladle1 :i* he assays1 9  
ord] to f9d :at proportion ( silv] !re  
is 9 ! :ole ( ! alloy2 ! ladle is five  
digits wide1 ! iron "p ( its h&le is    
?ree feet long & ! wood5 "p ! same4     
,aft]w>d1 :5 !y are heat$1 he extracts )
 a b> ! li?>ge :i* comes f ! lead & !   
copp]1 if !re be any ( x 9 ! alloy4     
,:]e=e1 x might m rightly be call$ spuma
 ( lead ?an ( silv]#cd4 ,!re is no      

injury to ! silv]1 :5 ! lead & copp] are
 sep>at$ f x4 ,9 tru? ! lead becomes mu*
 pur] 9 ! crucible ( ! o!r furnace1 9   
:i* silv] is ref9$4 ,9 anci5t times1 z !
 au?or ,pl9y#ce relates1 !re 0 "u !     
*annel ( ! crucible ano!r crucible1 & ! 
li?>ge fl[$ d[n f ! upp] "o into ! l[]  
"o1 out ( :i* x 0 lift$ up & roll$ r\nd 
) a /ick 9 ord] t x might be ( mod]ate  
weight4 ,= :i* reason1 !y =m]ly made x  
into small tubes or pipes1 b n[1 s9ce x 
is n roll$ r\nd a /ick1 !y make x into  
b>s4  ,if !re be any dang] t ! alloy    
might fl[ out ) ! li?>ge1 ! =eman keeps 
on h& a piece ( lute1 %ap$ l a cyl9d] & 
po9t$ at bo? ends2 fa/5+ ?is to a hook$ 
b> he opposes x to ! alloy s t x w n fl[
 out4  ,illu/ration #dgf 7,cleans+ (    
,silv] ,cakes73 ,a--,cake4 ,b--,/one4   
,c--,hamm]4 ,d--,brass wire4 ,e--,bucket
 conta9+ wat]4 ,f--,furnace f :i* ! cake
 has be5 tak51 :i* is /ill smok+4       
,g--,lab\r] c>ry+ a cake out ( ! works4 
,n[ :5 ! col\r beg9s to %[ 9 ! silv]1   
bright spots appe>1 "s ( !m be+ almo/   

:ite1 & a mom5t aft]w>d x becomes       
absolutely :ite4 ,!n ! assi/ant lets d[n
 ! wat]-gates1 s t1 ! race be+ clos$1 ! 
wat]-:eel ceases to turn & ! bell[s are 
/ill4 ,!n ! ma/] p\rs sev]al buckets (  
wat] on to ! silv] to cool x2 o!rs p\r  
be] ov] x to make x :it]1 b ?is is ( no 
importance s9ce ! silv] has yet to be   
ref9$4 ,aft]w>d1 ! cake ( silv] is rais$
 ) ! po9t$ iron b>1 :i* is ?ree feet    
long & two digits wide1 & has a wood5   
h&le f\r feet long fix$ 9 its socket4   
,:5 ! cake ( silv] has be5 tak5 f !     
crucible1 x is laid ^u a /one1 & f "p ( 
x ! he>?-lead1 & f ! o!r "p ! li?>ge1 is
 *ipp$ away ) a hamm]2 !n x is cleans$ )
 a bundle ( brass wire dipp$ 9 wat]4 ,:5
 ! lead is sep>at$ f ! silv]1 m silv] is
 frequ5tly f\nd ?an :5 x 0 assay$2 =    
in/ance1 if be=e !re 7 ?ree unciae & z  
_m dra*mae 9 a c5tumpondium1 !y n[      
sometimes f9d ?ree unciae & a half#cf4  
,(t5 ! he>?-lead rema9+ 9 ! crucible is 
a palm deep2 x is tak5 out ) ! re/ ( !  
a%es & is sift$1 & t :i* rema9s 9 !     

sieve1 s9ce x is he>?-lead1 is add$ to !
 he>?-lead#cg4  ,! a%es :i* pass ?r\gh !
 sieve are ( ! same use z !y 7 at fir/1 
=1 inde$1 f ^! & pulv]is$ bones !y make 
! cupels4 ,f9ally1 :5 mu* ( x has       
accumulat$1 ! yell[ pompholyx adh]+ to !
 walls ( ! furnace1 & likewise to ^? r+s
 ( ! dome ne> ! ap]tures1 is cle>$ away4
  ,illu/ration #dgi 7,crane =           
cupellation furnace73 ,a--,crane-po/4   
,b--,socket4 ,c--,oak cross-sills4      
,d--,b&4 ,e--,ro(-beam4 ,f--,frame4     
,g--,l[] small cross-beam4 ,h--,upright 
timb]4 ,i--,b>s :i* come f ! sides ( !  
crane-po/4 ,k--,b>s :i* come f ! sides (
 ! upright timb]4 ,l--,rundle drums4    
,m--,too!d :eels4 ,n--,*a94 ,o--,pulley4
 ,p--,beams ( ! crane-arm4 ,q--,oblique 
beams support+ ! beams ( ! crane-arm4   
,r--,rectangul> iron plates4            
,s--,trolley4 ,t--,dome ( ! furnace4    
,v--,r+4 ,x--,?ree *a9s4 ,y--,crank4    
,z--,! crane-po/ ( ! o!r contrivance4   
,,aa--,crane-arm4 ,,bb--,oblique beam4  
,,cc--,r+ ( ! crane-arm4 ,,dd--,! second

 r+4 ,,ee--,lev]-b>4 ,,ff--,?ird r+4    
,,gg--,hook4 ,,hh--,*a9 ( ! dome4       
,,ii--,*a9 ( ! lev]-b>4  ,i mu/ also    
describe ! crane ) :i* ! dome is rais$4 
,:5 x is made1 !re is fir/ set up a     
rectangul> upright po/ twelve feet long1
 ea* side ( :i* measures a foot 9 wid?4 
,its l[] p9ion turns 9 a bronze socket  
set 9 an oak sill2 !re are two sills    
plac$ crosswise s t ! "o fits 9 a       
mortise 9 ! middle ( ! o!r1 & ! o!r     
likewise fits 9 ! mortise ( ! fir/1 ?us 
mak+ a k9d ( a cross2 ^! sills are ?ree 
feet long & "o foot wide & ?ick4 ,!     
crane-po/ is r\nd at its upp] end & is  
cut d[n to a dep? ( ?ree palms1 & turns 
9 a b& fa/5$ at ea* end to a ro(-beam1 f
 :i* spr+s ! incl9$ *imney wall4 ,to !  
crane-po/ is affix$ a frame1 :i* is made
 9 ?is way3 fir/1 at a height ( a cubit 
f ! bottom1 is mortis$ into ! crane-po/ 
a small cross-beam1 a cubit & ?ree      
digits long1 except its t5ons1 & two    
palms 9 wid? & ?ickness4 ,!n aga91 at a 
height ( five feet above x1 is ano!r    

small cross-beam ( equal l5g?1 wid?1 &  
?ickness1 mortis$ into ! crane-po/4 ,!  
o!r ends ( ^! two small cross-beams are 
mortis$ into an upright timb]1 six feet 
?ree palms long1 & ?ree-qu>t]s wide &   
?ick2 ! mortise is transfix$ by wood5   
pegs4 ,above1 at a height ( ?ree palms f
 ! l[] small cross-beam1 are two b>s1 "o
 foot "o palm long1 n includ+ ! t5ons1 a
 palm ?ree digits wide1 & a palm ?ick1  
:i* are mortis$ 9 ! o!r sides ( !       
crane-po/4 ,9 ! same mann]1 "u ! upp]   
small cross-beam are two b>s ( ! same   
size4 ,also 9 ! upright timb] !re are   
mortis$ ! same numb] ( b>s1 ( ! same    
l5g? z ! prec$+1 b ?ree digits ?ick1 a  
palm two digits wide1 ! two l[] ones be+
 above ! l[] small cross-beam4 ,f !     
upright timb] ne> ! upp] small          
cross-beam1 :i* at its o!r end is       
mortis$ into ! crane-po/1 are two       
mortis$ b>s4 ,on ! outside ( ?is frame1 
bo>ds are fix$ to ! small cross-beams1 b
 ! front & back p>ts ( ! frame h doors1 
^: h+es are fa/5$ to ! bo>ds :i* are    

fix$ to ! b>s t are mortis$ to ! sides (
 ! crane-po/4  ,!n bo>ds are laid ^u !  
l[] small cross-beam1 & at a height (   
two palms above ^! !re is a small squ>e 
iron axle1 ! sides ( :i* are two digits 
wide2 bo? ends ( x are r\nd & turn 9    
bronze or iron be>+s1 "o ( ^! be>+s be+ 
fa/5$ 9 ! crane-po/1 ! o!r 9 ! upright  
timb]4 ,ab\t ea* end ( ! small axle is a
 wood5 disc1 ( ?ree palms & a digit     
radius & "o palm ?ick1 cov]$ on ! rim ) 
an iron b&2 ^! two discs are di/ant two 
palms & z _m digits f ea* o!r1 & are    
jo9$ ) five rundles2 ^! rundles are two 
& a half digits ?ick & are plac$ ?ree   
digits ap>t4 ,?us a drum is made1 :i* is
 a palm & a digit di/ant f ! upright    
timb]1 b fur!r f ! crane-po/1 namely1 a 
palm & ?ree digits4 ,at a height ( a    
foot & a palm above ?is little axle is a
 second small squ>e iron axle1 !        
?ickness ( :i* is ?ree digits2 ?is "o1 l
 ! fir/ "o1 turns 9 bronze or iron      
be>+s4 ,ar\nd x is a too!d :eel1 compos$
 ( two discs a foot ?ree palms 9        

diamet]1 a palm & two digits ?ick2 on ! 
rim ( ?is !re are tw5ty-?ree tee?1 a    
palm wide & two digits ?ick2 !y protrude
 a palm f ! :eel & are ?ree digits ap>t4
 ,& ar\nd ?is same axle1 at a di/ance ( 
two palms & z _m digits t[>d ! upright  
timb]1 is ano!r disc ( ! same diamet] z 
! :eel & a palm ?ick2 ?is turns 9 a     
holl[$-out place 9 ! upright timb]4     
,betwe5 ?is disc & ! disc ( ! too!d :eel
 ano!r drum is made1 hav+ likewise five 
rundles4 ,!re is1 9 addition to ?is     
second axle1 at a height ( a cubit above
 x1 a small wood5 axle1 ! j\rnals ( :i* 
are ( iron2 ! ends are b\nd r\nd ) iron 
r+s s t ! j\rnals may rema9 firmly fix$1
 & ! j\rnals1 l ! little iron axles1    
turn 9 bronze or iron be>+s4 ,?is ?ird  
axle is at a di/ance ( ab\t a cubit f ! 
upp] small cross-beam2 x has1 ne> !     
upright timb]1 a too!d :eel two & a half
 feet 9 diamet]1 on ! rim ( :i* are     
tw5ty-sev5 tee?2 ! o!r "p ( ?is axle1   
ne> ! crane-po/1 is cov]$ ) iron plates1
 le/ x %\ld be worn away by ! *a9 :i*   

w9ds ar\nd x4 ,! end l9k ( ! *a9 is fix$
 9 an iron p9 driv5 into ! little axle2 
?is *a9 passes out ( ! frame & turns ov]
 a little pulley set betwe5 ! beams ( ! 
crane-arm4  ,above ! frame1 at a height 
( a foot & a palm1 is ! crane-arm4 ,?is 
consi/s ( two beams fifte5 feet long1   
?ree palms wide1 & two ?ick1 mortis$    
into ! crane-po/1 & !y protrude a cubit 
f ! back ( ! crane-po/ & are fa/5$      
toge!r4 ,moreov]1 !y are fa/5$ by means 
( a wood5 p9 :i* p5etrates ?r\gh !m & ! 
crane-po/2 ?is p9 has at ! "o end a     
broad head1 & at ! o!r a hole1 ?r\gh :i*
 is driv5 an iron bolt1 s t ! beams may 
be tightly b\nd into ! crane-po/4 ,!    
beams ( ! crane-arm are support$ & /ay$ 
by means ( two oblique beams1 six feet &
 two palms long1 & likewise two palms   
wide & ?ick2 ^! are mortis$ into !      
crane-po/ at _! l[] ends1 & _! upp] ends
 are mortis$ into ! beams ( ! crane-arm 
at a po9t ab\t f\r feet f ! crane-po/1 &
 !y are fa/5$ ) iron nails4 ,at ! back (
 ! upp] end ( ^! oblique beams1 t[>d !  

crane-po/1 is an iron /aple1 fa/5$ into 
! l[] sides ( ! beams ( ! crane-arm1 9  
ord] t x may hold !m fa/ & b9d !m4 ,!   
out] end ( ea* beam ( ! crane-arm is set
 9 a rectangul> iron plate1 & betwe5 ^! 
are ?ree rectangul> iron plates1 fix$ 9 
su* a mann] t ! beams ( ! crane-arm c   
nei!r move away f1 nor t[>d1 ea* o!r4 ,!
 upp] sides ( ^! crane-arm beams are    
cov]$ ) iron plates = a l5g? ( six feet1
 s t a trolley c move on x4  ,! body ( !
 trolley is made ( wood f ! ,o/rya or   
any o!r h>d tree1 & is a cubit long1 a  
foot wide1 & ?ree palms ?ick2 on bo?    
edges ( x ! l[] side is cut out to a    
height & wid? ( a palm1 s t ! rema9d]   
may move backw>d & =w>d betwe5 ! two    
beams ( ! crane-arm2 at ! front1 9 !    
middle "p1 x is cut out to a wid? ( two 
palms & z _m digits1 t a bronze pulley1 
ar\nd a small iron axle1 may turn 9 x4  
,ne> ! corn]s ( ! trolley are f\r holes1
 9 :i* z _m small :eels travel on !     
beams ( ! crane-arm4 ,s9ce ?is trolley1 
:5 x travels backw>d & =w>d1 gives out a

 s\nd some:at simil> to ! b>k+ ( a dog1 
we h giv5 x ?is "n#ch4 ,x is propell$   
=w>d by means ( a crank1 & is drawn back
 by means ( a *a94 ,!re is an iron hook 
^: r+ turns r\nd an iron p9 fa/5$ to !  
"r side ( ! trolley1 :i* hook is held by
 a sort ( clavis1 :i* is fix$ 9 ! "r    
beam ( ! crane-arm4  ,at ! end ( !      
crane-po/ is a bronze pulley1 ! iron    
axle ( :i* is fa/5$ 9 ! beams ( !       
crane-arm1 & ov] :i* ! *a9 passes z x   
comes f ! frame1 & !n1 p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! 
holl[ 9 ! top ( ! trolley1 x rea*es to !
 little bronze pulley ( ! trolley1 &    
pass+ ov] ?is x hangs d[n4 ,a hook on   
its end engages a r+1 9 :i* are fix$ !  
top l9ks ( ?ree *a9s1 ea* six feet long1
 :i* pass ?r\gh ! ?ree iron r+s fa/5$ 9 
! holes ( ! claves :i* are fix$ into !  
middle iron b& ( ! dome1 ( :i* ,i h     
spok54  ,!re=e :5 ! ma/] wi%es to lift !
 dome by means ( ! crane1 ! assi/ant    
fits ov] ! l[] small iron axle an iron  
crank1 :i* projects f ! upright beam a  
palm & two digits2 ! end ( ! little axle

 is rectangul>1 & "o & a half digits    
wide & "o digit ?ick2 x is set into a   
simil> rectangul> hole 9 ! crank1 :i* is
 two digits long & a little m ?an a     
digit wide4 ,! crank is semi-circul>1 & 
"o foot ?ree palms & two digits long1 z 
_m digits wide1 & "o digit ?ick4 ,its   
h&le is /raight & r\nd1 & ?ree palms    
long1 & "o & a half digits ?ick4 ,!re is
 a hole 9 ! end ( ! little axle1 ?r\gh  
:i* an iron p9 is driv5 s t ! crank may 
n come (f4 ,! crane hav+ f\r drums1 two 
( :i* are rundle-drums & two            
too!d-:eels1 is m easily mov$ ?an ano!r 
hav+ two drums1 "o ( :i* has rundles & !
 o!r tee?4  ,_m1 h[ev]1 use only a      
simple contrivance1 ! pivots ( ^:       
crane-po/ turn 9 ! same mann]1 ! "o 9 an
 iron socket1 ! o!r 9 a r+4 ,!re is a   
crane-arm on ! crane-po/1 :i* is        
support$ by an oblique beam2 to ! head (
 ! crane-arm a /rong iron r+ is fix$1   
:i* engages a second iron r+4 ,9 ?is    
iron r+ a /rong wood5 lev]-b> is fa/5$  
firmly1 ! head ( :i* is b\nd by a ?ird  

iron r+1 f :i* hangs an iron hook1 :i*  
engages ! r+s at ! ends ( ! *a9s f !    
dome4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! lev]-b> is ano!r
 *a91 :i*1 :5 x is pull$ d[n1 raises !  
opposite end ( ! b> & ?us ! dome2 & :5 x
 is relax$ ! dome is l[]$4  ,illu/ration
 #dha 7,cupellation ,furnace at         
,freib]g73 ,a--,*amb] ( ! furnace4      
,b--,its b$4 ,c--,passages4 ,d--,ramm]4 
,e--,mallet4 ,f--,artific] mak+ tubes f 
li?>ge accord+ to ! ,roman me?od4       
,g--,*annel4 ,h--,li?>ge4 ,i--,l[]      
crucible or he>?4 ,k--,/ick4 ,l--,tubes4
  ,9 c]ta9 places1 z at ,freib]g 9      
,meiss51 ! upp] "p ( ! cupellation      
furnace is vault$ almo/ l an ov54 ,?is  
*amb] is f\r feet high & has ei!r two or
 ?ree ap]tures1 ( :i* ! fir/1 9 front1  
is "o & a half feet high & a foot wide1 
& out ( ?is fl[s ! li?>ge2 ! second     
ap]ture & likewise ! ?ird1 if !re be    
?ree1 are at ! sides1 & are a foot & a  
half high & two & a half feet wide1 9   
ord] t he :o prep>es ! crucible may be  
able to creep into ! furnace4 ,its      

circul> b$ is made ( cem5t1 x has two   
passages two feet high & "o foot wide1 =
 lett+ out ! vap\r1 & ^! lead directly  
?r\gh f "o side to ! o!r1 s t ! "o      
passage crosses ! o!r at "r angles1 &   
?us f\r op5+s are to be se52 ^! are     
cov]$ at ! top by rocks1 wide1 b only a 
palm ?ick4 ,on ^! & on ! o!r p>ts ( !   
int]ior ( ! b$ made ( cem5t1 is plac$   
lute mix$ ) /raw1 to a dep? ( ?ree      
digits1 z x 0 plac$ ov] ! sole & !      
plates ( copp] & ! rocks ( t o!r        
furnace4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! a%es :i* are  
?r[n 91 ! ma/] or ! assi/ant1 :o1 ^u 8  
knees1 prep>es ! crucible1 tamps d[n )  
%ort wood5 ramm]s & ) mallets likewise  
made ( wood4  ,illu/ration #dhb         
7,cupellation ,furnace 9 ,pol&73        
,a--,furnace simil> to an ov54          
,b--,passage4 ,c--,iron b>s4 ,d--,hole  
?r\gh :i* ! li?>ge is drawn out4        
,e--,crucible :i* lacks a dome4         
,f--,?ick /icks4 ,g--,bell[s4  ,!       
cupellation furnace 9 ,pol& & ,hung>y is
 likewise vault$ at ! top1 & is almo/   

simil> to an ov51 b 9 ! l[] "p ! b$ is  
solid1 & !re is no op5+ = ! vap\rs1 :ile
 on "o side ( ! crucible is a wall1     
betwe5 :i* & ! b$ ( ! crucible is a     
passage 9 place ( ! op5+ = vap\rs2 ?is  
passage is cov]$ by iron b>s or rods    
ext5d+ f ! wall to ! crucible1 & plac$ a
 di/ance ( two digits f ea* o!r4 ,9 !   
crucible1 :5 x is prep>$1 !y fir/ scatt]
 /raw1 & !n !y lay 9 x cakes (          
silv]-lead alloy1 & on ! iron b>s !y lay
 wood1 :i* :5 k9dl$ heats ! crucible4   
,!y melt cakes to ! weight ( sometimes  
eighty c5tumpondia & sometimes a hundr$ 
c5tumpondia#ci4 ,!y /imulate a mild fire
 by means ( a bla/ f ! bell[s1 & ?r[ on 
to ! b>s z mu* wood z is requir$ to make
 a flame :i* w rea* into ! crucible1 &  
sep>ate ! lead f ! silv]4 ,! li?>ge is  
drawn out on ! o!r side ?r\gh an ap]ture
 t is j wide en\gh = ! ma/] to creep    
?r\gh into ! crucible4 ,! ,moravians &  
,c>ni1 :o v r>ely make m ?an a bes or   
five-six?s ( a libra ( silv]1 sep>ate ! 
lead f x1 nei!r 9 a furnace resembl+ an 

ov51 nor 9 ! crucible cov]$ by a dome1 b
 on a crucible :i* is )\t a cov] &      
expos$ to ! w9d2 on ?is crucible !y lay 
cakes ( silv]-lead alloy1 & ov] !m !y   
place dry wood1 & ov] ^! aga9 ?ick gre5 
wood4 ,! wood hav+ be5 k9dl$1 !y        
/imulate ! fire by means ( a bell[s4    
,illu/ration #dhd 7,ref9+ ,silv]73      
,a--,pe/le ) tee?4 ,b--,pe/le )\t tee?4 
,c--,di% or tray full ( a%es4           
,d--,prep>$ te/s plac$ on bo>ds or      
%elves4 ,e--,empty te/s4 ,f--,wood4     
,g--,saw4  ,illu/ration #dhe 7,ref9+    
,silv]73 ,a--,/raight knife hav+ wood5  
h&les4 ,b--,curv$ knife likewise hav+   
wood5 h&les4 ,c--,curv$ knife )\t wood5 
h&les4 ,d--,sieve4 ,e--,balls4 ,f--,iron
 door :i* ! ma/] lets d[n :5 he ref9es  
silv]1 le/ ! heat ( ! fire %\ld injure 8
 eyes4 ,g--,iron implem5t on :i* ! wood 
is plac$ :5 ! liquid silv] is to be     
ref9$4 ,h--,its o!r "p pass+ ?r\gh ! r+ 
( ano!r iron implem5t enclos$ 9 ! wall (
 ! furnace4 ,i--,te/s 9 :i* burn+ *>coal
 has be5 ?r[n4  ,i h expla9$ ! me?od (  

sep>at+ lead f gold or silv]4 ,n[ ,i w  
speak ( ! me?od ( ref9+ silv]1 = ,i h   
already expla9$ ! process = ref9+ gold4 
,silv] is ref9$ 9 a ref9+ furnace1 ov]  
^: he>? is an ar*$ *amb] built ( bricks2
 ?is *amb] 9 ! front "p is ?ree feet    
high4 ,! he>? itself is five feet long &
 f\r wide4 ,! walls are unbrok5 along ! 
sides & back1 b 9 front "o *amb] is     
plac$ ov] ! o!r1 & above ^! & ! wall is 
! upright *imney4 ,! he>? has a r\nd    
pit1 a cubit wide & two palms deep1 into
 :i* are ?r[n sift$ a%es1 & 9 ?is is    
plac$ a prep>$ e>!nw>e te/1 9 su* a     
mann] t x is surr\nd$ on all sides by   
a%es to a height equal to its own4 ,!   
e>!nw>e te/ is fill$ ) a p[d] consi/+ ( 
equal portions ( bones gr\nd to p[d]1 & 
( a%es tak5 f ! crucible 9 :i* lead is  
sep>at$ f gold or silv]2 o!rs mix cru%$ 
brick ) ! a%es1 = by ?is me?od ! p[d]   
attracts no silv] to itself4 ,:5 ! p[d] 
has be5 made up & moi/5$ ) wat]1 a      
little is ?r[n into ! e>!nw>e te/ &     
tamp$ ) a wood5 pe/le4 ,?is pe/le is    

r\nd1 a foot long1 & a palm & a digit   
wide1 out ( :i* ext5d six tee?1 ea* a   
digit ?ick1 & a digit & a ?ird long &   
wide1 & almo/ a digit ap>t2 ^! six tee? 
=m a circle1 & 9 ! c5tre ( !m is ! sev5?
 too?1 :i* is r\nd & ( ! same l5g? z !  
o!rs1 b a digit & a half ?ick2 ?is pe/le
 tap]s a little f ! bottom up1 t ! upp] 
"p ( ! h&le may be r\nd & ?ree digits   
?ick4 ,"s use a r\nd pe/le )\t tee?4 ,!n
 a little p[d] is aga9 moi/5$1 & ?r[n   
into ! te/1 & tamp$2 ?is "w is repeat$  
until ! te/ is entirely full ( ! p[d]1  
:i* ! ma/] !n cuts out ) a knife1 %>p on
 bo? sides1 & turn$ upw>d at bo? ends s 
t ! c5tral "p is a palm & a digit long2 
!re=e x is p>tly /raight & p>tly curv$4 
,! blade is "o & a half digits wide1 &  
at ea* end x turns upw>d two palms1 :i* 
ends to ! dep? ( a palm are ei!r n %>p5$
 or !y are enclos$ 9 wood5 h&les4 ,!    
ma/] holds ! knife ) "o h& & cuts out ! 
p[d] f ! te/1 s t x is left ?ree digits 
?ick all r\nd2 !n he sifts ! p[d] ( dri$
 bones ov] x ?r\gh a sieve1 ! bottom (  

:i* is made ( closely-wov5 bri/les4     
,aft]w>d a ball made ( v h>d wood1 six  
digits 9 diamet]1 is plac$ 9 ! te/ &    
roll$ ab\t ) bo? h&s1 9 ord] to make !  
inside ev5 & smoo?2 = t matt] he may    
move ! ball ab\t ) only "o h&4 ,!       
te/s#dj are ( v>i\s capacities1 = "s (  
!m :5 prep>$ hold mu* less ?an fifte5   
librae ( silv]1 o!rs tw5ty1 "s ?irty1   
o!rs =ty1 & o!rs fifty4 ,all ^! te/s ?us
 prep>$ are dri$ 9 ! sun1 or set 9 a w>m
 & cov]$ place2 ! m dry & old !y are !  
bett]4 ,all ( !m1 :5 us$ = ref9+ silv]1 
are heat$ by means ( burn+ *>coal plac$ 
9 !m4 ,o!rs use in/ead ( ^! te/s an iron
 r+2 b ! te/ is m useful1 = if ! p[d]   
det]iorates ! silv] rema9s 9 x1 :ile !re
 be+ no bottom to ! r+1 x falls out2    
besides1 x is easi] to place 9 ! he>? ! 
te/ ?an ! iron r+1 & fur!rmore x        
requires mu* less p[d]4 ,9 ord] t ! te/ 
%\ld n break & damage ! silv]1 "s b9d x 
r\nd ) an iron b&4  ,illu/ration #dhf   
7,ref9+ ,silv]73 ,a--,grate4 ,b--,brass 
block4 ,c--,block ( wood4 ,d--,cakes (  

silv]4 ,e--,hamm]4 ,f--,block ( wood    
*annell$ 9 ! middle4 ,g--,b[l full (    
holes4 ,h--,block ( wood fa/5$ to an    
iron implem5t4 ,i--,fir-wood4 ,k--,iron 
b>4 ,l--,implem5t ) a holl[ end4 ,!     
implem5t :i* has a circul> end is %[n 9 
! next picture4 ,m--,implem5t1 !        
extremity ( :i* is b5t upw>ds4          
,n--,implem5t 9 ! %ape ( tongs4  ,9 ord]
 t !y may be m easily brok51 ! silv]    
cakes are plac$ ^u an iron grate by !   
ref9]1 & are heat$ by burn+ *>coal plac$
 "u !m4 ,he has a brass block two palms 
& two digits long & wide1 ) a *annel 9 !
 middle1 :i* he places ^u a block ( h>d 
wood4 ,!n ) a d\ble-head$ hamm]1 he     
beats ! hot cakes ( silv] plac$ on !    
brass block1 & breaks !m 9 pieces4 ,!   
head ( ?is hamm] is a foot & two digits 
long1 & a palm wide4 ,o!rs use = ?is    
purpose m]ely a block ( wood *annell$ 9 
! top4 ,:ile ! fragm5ts ( ! cake are    
/ill hot1 he seizes !m ) ! tongs & ?r[s 
!m into a b[l ) holes 9 ! bottom1 & p\rs
 wat] ov] !m4 ,:5 ! fragm5ts are cool$1 

he puts !m nicely into ! te/ by plac+ !m
 s t !y /& upright & project f ! te/ to 
a height ( two palms1 & le/ "o %\ld fall
 aga9/ ! o!r1 he places little pieces ( 
*>coal betwe5 !m2 !n he places live     
*>coal 9 ! te/1 & soon two twig         
basketsful ( *>coal4 ,!n he bl[s 9 air )
 ! bell[s4 ,?is bell[s is d\ble1 & f\r  
feet two palms long1 & two feet & z _m  
palms wide at ! back2 ! o!r p>ts are    
simil> to ^? describ$ 9 ,book ,,vii4 ,! 
nozzle ( ! bell[s is plac$ 9 a bronze   
pipe a foot long1 ! ap]ture 9 ?is pipe  
be+ a digit 9 diamet] 9 front & q r\nd1 
& at ! back two palms wide4 ,! ma/]1    
because he ne$s = ! op]ation ( ref9+    
silv] a fi]ce fire1 & requires on t     
acc\nt a vigor\s bla/1 places ! bell[s v
 mu* incl9$1 9 ord] t1 :5 ! silv] has   
melt$1 x may bl[ into ! c5tre ( ! te/4  
,:5 ! silv] bubbles1 he presses ! nozzle
 d[n by means ( a small block ( wood    
moi/5$ ) wat] & fa/5$ to an iron rod1 ! 
out] end ( :i* b5ds upw>d4 ,! silv]     
melts :5 x has be5 heat$ 9 ! te/ = ab\t 

an h\r2 :5 x is melt$1 he removes ! live
 coals f ! te/ & places ov] x two       
billets ( fir-wood1 a foot & ?ree palms 
long1 a palm two digits wide1 "o palm   
?ick at ! upp] "p1 & ?ree digits at !   
l[]4 ,he jo9s !m toge!r at ! l[] edges1 
& into ! billets he aga9 ?r[s ! coals1 =
 a fi]ce fire is always necess>y 9 ref9+
 silv]4 ,x is ref9$ 9 two or ?ree h\rs1 
accord+ to :e!r x 0 pure or impure1 & if
 x is impure x is made pur] by dropp+   
granulat$ copp] or lead into ! te/ at ! 
same "t4 ,9 ord] t ! ref9] may su/a9 !  
great heat f ! fire :ile ! silv] is be+ 
ref9$1 he lets d[n an iron door1 :i* is 
?ree feet long & a foot & ?ree palms    
high2 ?is door is held on bo? ends 9    
iron plates1 & :5 ! op]ation is         
conclud$1 he raises x aga9 ) an iron    
%ovel1 s t its edge holds aga9/ ! iron  
hook 9 ! ar*1 & ?us ! door is held op54 
,:5 ! silv] is ne>ly ref9$1 :i* may be  
judg$ by ! space ( "t1 he dips into x an
 iron b>1 ?ree & a half feet long & a   
digit ?ick1 hav+ a r\nd /eel po9t4 ,!   

small drops ( silv] t adh]e to ! b> he  
places on ! brass block & flatt5s ) a   
hamm]1 & f _! col\r he decides :e!r !   
silv] is suffici5tly ref9$ or n4 ,if x  
is ?or\ghly purifi$ x is v :ite1 & 9 a  
bes !re is only a dra*ma ( impurities4  
,"s ladle up ! silv] ) a holl[ iron     
implem5t4 ,( ea* bes ( silv] "o         
sicilicus is consum$1 or occasionally :5
 v impure1 ?ree dra*mae or half an      
uncia#da4  ,illu/ration #dhh 7,cleans+ (
 ,silv] ,cakes73 ,a--,implem5t ) a r+4  
,b--,ladle4 ,c--,its hole4 ,d--,po9t$   
b>4 ,e--,=ks4 ,f--,cake ( silv] laid ^u 
! implem5t %ap$ l tongs4 ,g--,tub (     
wat]4 ,h--,block ( wood1 ) a cake laid  
^u x4 ,i--,hamm]4 ,k--,silv] aga9 plac$ 
^u ! implem5t resembl+ tongs4 ,l--,ano!r
 tub full ( wat]4 ,m--,brass wires4     
,n--,tripod4 ,o--,ano!r block4          
,p--,*isel4 ,q--,crucible ( ! furnace4  
,r--,te/ /ill smok+4  ,! ref9] gov]ns ! 
fire & /irs ! molt5 silv] ) an iron     
implem5t1 n9e feet long1 a digit ?ick1 &
 at ! end fir/ curv$ t[>d ! "r1 !n curv$

 back 9 ord] to =m a circle1 ! int]ior (
 :i* is a palm 9 diamet]2 o!rs use an   
iron implem5t1 ! end ( :i* is b5t       
directly upw>d4 ,ano!r iron implem5t has
 ! %ape ( tongs1 ) :i*1 by compress+ x )
 8 h&s1 he seizes ! coals & puts !m on  
or takes !m (f2 ?is is two feet long1 "o
 & a half digits wide1 & ! ?ird ( a     
digit ?ick4  ,:5 ! silv] is se5 to be   
?or\ghly ref9$1 ! artific] removes !    
coals f ! te/ ) a %ovel4 ,soon aft]w>d  
he draws wat] 9 a copp] ladle1 :i* has a
 wood5 h&le f\r feet long2 x has a small
 hole at a po9t half-way betwe5 ! middle
 ( ! b[l & ! edge1 ?r\gh :i* a hemp se$ 
j passes4 ,he fills ?is ladle ?ree times
 ) wat]1 & ?ree times x all fl[s out    
?r\gh ! hole on to ! silv]1 & sl[ly     
qu5*es x2 if he sudd5ly p\r$ mu* wat] on
 x1 x w\ld bur/ asund] & injure ^? /&+  
ne>4 ,! artific] has a po9t$ iron b>1   
?ree feet long1 :i* has a wood5 h&le z  
_m feet long1 & he puts ! end ( ?is b>  
into ! te/ 9 ord] to /ir x4 ,he also    
/irs x ) a hook$ iron b>1 ( :i* ! hook  

is two digits wide & a palm deep1 & !   
iron "p ( its h&le is ?ree feet long & !
 wood5 "p ! same4 ,!n he removes ! te/ f
 ! he>? ) a %ovel or a =k1 & turns x    
ov]1 & by ?is means ! silv] falls to !  
gr\nd 9 ! %ape ( half a sph]e2 !n lift+ 
! cake ) a %ovel he ?r[s x into a tub ( 
wat]1 :]e x gives out a great s\nd4 ,or 
else1 hav+ lift$ ! cake ( silv] ) a =k1 
he lays x ^u ! iron implem5t simil> to  
tongs1 :i* are plac$ across a tub full (
 wat]2 aft]w>d1 :5 cool$1 he takes x f !
 tub aga9 & lays x on ! block made ( h>d
 wood & beats x ) a hamm]1 9 ord] to    
break (f any ( ! p[d] f ! te/ :i* adh]es
 to x4 ,! cake is !n plac$ on ! implem5t
 simil> to tongs1 laid ov] ! tub full ( 
wat]1 & clean$ ) a bundle ( brass wire  
dipp$ into ! wat]2 ?is op]ation ( beat+ 
& cleans+ is repeat$ until x is all     
clean4 ,aft]w>d he places x on an iron  
grate or tripod2 ! tripod is a palm &   
two digits high1 "o & a half digits     
wide1 & its span is two palms wide2 !n  
he puts burn+ *>coal "u ! tripod or     

grate1 9 ord] aga9 to dry ! silv] t 0   
moi/5$ by ! wat]4 ,f9ally1 ! ,royal     
,inspector#db 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,k+ or  
,pr9ce1 or ! own]1 lays ! silv] on a    
block ( wood1 & ) an engrav]'s *isel he 
cuts out two small pieces1 "o f ! "u & !
 o!r f ! upp] side4 ,^! are te/$ by     
fire1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! silv] is 
?or\ghly ref9$ or n1 & at :at price x   
%\ld be sold to ! m]*ants4 ,f9ally he   
impresses ^u x ! seal ( ! ,k+ or !      
,pr9ce or ! own]1 &1 ne> ! same1 ! am\nt
 ( ! weight4  ,illu/ration #dhi 7,ref9+ 
,silv]73 ,a--,muffle4 ,b--,its little   
w9d[s4 ,c--,its little bridge4          
,d--,bricks4 ,e--,iron door4 ,f--,its   
little w9d[4 ,g--,bell[s4               
,h--,hamm]-*isel4 ,i--,iron r+ :i* "s   
use in/ead ( ! te/4 ,k--,pe/le ) :i* !  
a%es plac$ 9 ! r+ are p\nd$4  ,!re are  
"s :o ref9e silv] 9 te/s plac$ "u iron  
or e>!nw>e muffles4 ,!y use a furnace1  
on ! he>? ( :i* !y place ! te/ conta9+ !
 fragm5ts ( silv]1 & !y place ! muffle  
ov] x2 ! muffle has small w9d[s at !    

sides1 & 9 front a little bridge4 ,9    
ord] to melt ! silv]1 at ! sides ( !    
muffle are laid bricks1 ^u :i* ! *>coal 
is plac$1 & burn+ firebr&s are put on ! 
bridge4 ,! furnace has an iron door1 :i*
 is cov]$ on ! side next to ! fire )    
lute 9 ord] t x may n be injur$4 ,:5 !  
door is clos$ x reta9s ! heat ( ! fire1 
b x has a small w9d[1 s t ! artific]s   
may look into ! te/ & may at times      
/imulate ! fire ) ! bell[s4 ,al?\gh by  
?is me?od silv] is ref9$ m sl[ly ?an by 
! o!r1 nev]!less x is m useful1 because 
less loss is caus$1 = a g5tle fire      
consumes few] p>ticles ?an a fi]ce fire 
cont9ually excit$ by ! bla/ ( ! bell[s4 
,if1 on acc\nt ( its great size1 ! cake 
( silv] c be c>ri$ only ) difficulty :5 
x is tak5 out ( ! muffle1 !y cut x up   
into two or ?ree pieces :ile x is /ill  
hot1 ) a w$ge or a hamm]-*isel2 = if !y 
cut x up aft] x has cool$1 little pieces
 ( x frequ5tly fly (f & are lo/4        
,,end ,,( ,,book ,x4   ,,footnotes3  #a 
,vile a precioso4  #b ,! reag5ts m5tion$

 9 ?is ,book are mu* ! same z ^? ( ,book
 ,,vii1 :]e 7p4 #bbj7 a table is giv5   
%[+ ! ,lat9 & ,old ,g]man t]ms4         
,footnotes 9 explanation ( our views z  
to ^! sub/ances may be mo/ easily       
consult$ ?r\gh ! index4  #c ,aqua val5s1
 lit]ally /rong1 pot5t1 or p[]ful wat]4 
,x w appe> lat]1 f ! me?od (            
manufacture1 t hydro*loric1 nitric1 &   
sulphuric acids & aqua regia 7 m or less
 all produc$ & all includ$ 9 ?is t]m4   
,we h1 !re=e1 us$ ei!r ! t]m aqua val5s 
or simply aqua z x occurs 9 ! text4 ,!  
t]ms aqua =tis & aqua regia _h come into
 use prior to ,agricola1 b he does n use
 !m2 ! ,al*emi/s us$ v>i\s t]ms1 (t5    
aqua dissolvia4 ,x is app>5t f ! uses to
 :i* ?is reag5t 0 put 9 sep>at+ gold &  
silv]1 f ! me?od ( cl>ify+ x ) silv] & f
 ! r$ fumes1 t ,agricola c\ld h _h      
practical contact only ) nitric acid4 ,x
 is probable t he has copi$ "p ( !      
recipes = ! comp\nds to be di/ill$ f !  
,al*emi/s & f su* works z !             
,probi]bue*le94 ,9 any ev5t he c\ld n h 

_h exp]i5ce ) !m all1 = 9 "s cases !    
necess>y +r$i5ts = mak+ nitric acid are 
n all pres5t1 & !re=e c\ld be ( no use =
 gold & silv] sep>ation4 ,! ess5tial    
+r$i5ts = ! production ( ?is acid by    
di/illation1 7 saltpetre1 wat]1 & ei!r  
vitriol or alum4 ,! o!r sub/ances       
m5tion$ 7 unnecess>y1 & any speculation 
z to ! comb9ations :i* w\ld result1 =ms 
a useful ex]cise 9 *emi/ry1 b ( little  
purpose "h4 ,! fir/ recipe w\ld no d\bt 
produce hydro*loric acid4  #d ,agricola1
 9 ! ,int]pretatio1 gives ! ,g]man      
equival5t = ! ,lat9 a]ugo z             
,spans*gru5--because x 0 fir/ br\ght to 
,g]many f ,spa92 =eign]s call x viride  
a]is 7copp] gre574 ,! ,engli% v]digris  
is a corruption ( v]t de grice4 ,bo?    
v]digris & :ite lead 7 v anci5t         
products1 & !y naturally f9d m5tion     
toge!r among ! anci5t au?ors4 ,! e>lie/ 
description ( ! me?od ( mak+ is f ! #crd
 ,c5tury ,b4,c41 by ,!ophra/us1 :o says 
7#aja-b73 ,b ^! are works ( art1 z is   
also ,c]use 7psimy?ion7 to make :i*1    

lead is plac$ 9 e>!n vessels ov] %>p    
v9eg>1 & aft] x has acquir$ "s ?ickness 
( a k9d ( ru/1 :i* x commonly does 9    
ab\t t5 days1 !y op5 ! vessels & scrape 
(f1 z x 71 a k9d ( f\lness2 !y !n place 
! lead ov] ! v9eg> aga91 repeat+ ov] &  
ov] aga9 ! same me?od ( scrap+ x till x 
is :olly dissolv$2 :at has be5 scrap$ (f
 !y !n beat to p[d] & boil = a long "t2 
& :at at la/ subsides to ! bottom ( !   
vessel is ! :ite lead4444 ,also 9 a     
mann] some:at resembl+ ?is1 v]digris    
7ios7 is made1 = copp] is plac$ ov] lees
 ( w9e 7grape refuse871 & ! ru/ :i* x   
acquires by ?is means is tak5 (f = use4 
,& x is by ?is means t ! ru/ :i* appe>s 
is produc$4 7,bas$ on ,hill's           
translation47 ,vitruvius 7,,vii1 #ab71  
,dioscorides 7,v1 #ea71 & ,pl9y         
7,,xxxiv1 #bf & #ed71 all describe !    
me?od ( mak+ some:at m elaborately4  #e 
,amiantus 7,int]pretatio gives f$]wis1  
pliant1 salam&]h>74 ,f ,agricola's      
elaborate description 9 ,de ,natura     
,fossilium 7p4 #beb7 !re c be no d\bt t 

he means asbe/os4 ,?is m9]al 0 well-kn[n
 to ! ,anci5ts1 & is probably e>lie/    
ref]r$ to 7#crd ,c5tury ,b4,c47 by      
,!ophra/us 9 ! foll[+ passage 7#bi73    
,!re is also f\nd 9 ! m9es (            
,scaptesylae a /one1 9 its ext]nal      
appe>ance some:at resembl+ wood1 on :i*1
 if oil be p\r$1 x burns2 b :5 ! oil is 
burnt away1 ! burn+ ( ! /one ceases1 z  
if x 7 9 itself n liable to su*         
accid5ts4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,/rabo    
7,x1 #a7 describes ! m9]al3 ,at ,c>y/us 
!re is f\nd 9 ! e>? a /one1 :i* is comb$
 l wool1 & wov51 s t napk9s are made (  
?is sub/ance1 :i*1 :5 soil$1 are ?r[n   
into ! fire & clean$1 z 9 ! wa%+ ( l954 
,x is also describ$ by ,dioscorides 7,v1
 #aac7 & ,pl9y 7,,xix1 #d74 ,asbe/os    
clo? has be5 f\nd 9 ,pre-,augu/9ian     
,roman tombs4  #f ,?is li/ ( f\r recipes
 is ev5 m obscure ?an ! previ\s li/4 ,if
 !y 7 di/ill$1 ! fir/ & second mixtures 
w\ld n produce nitric acid1 al?\gh      
possibly "s sulphuric w\ld result4 ,!   
?ird might yield nitric1 & ! f\r? aqua  

regia4 ,9 view ( ! wat]1 !y 7 c]ta9ly n 
us$ z cem5ts1 & ! fir/ & second are     
defici5t 9 ! vital +r$i5ts4  #g         
,di/illation1 at lea/ 9 crude =m1 is v  
old4 ,ari/otle 7,meteorologica1 ,,iv47  
/ates t sweet wat] c be made by         
evaporat+ salt-wat] & cond5s+ ! /eam4   
,dioscorides & ,pl9y bo? describe !     
production ( m]cury by di/illation 7note
 #eh1 p4 #dcb74 ,! ,al*emi/s ( !        
,alex&rian ,s*ool1 f ! #a/ to ! #f?     
,c5turies1 m5tion =ms ( imp]fect        
app>atus--an ample discussion ( :i* may 
be f\nd 9 ,kopp1 ,beitraege zur         
,ges*i*te d] ,*emie1 ,brauns*weig1      
#ahfi1 p4 #bag4  #h ,x is desirable to  
note ! cont5ts ( ! residues 9 ! retort1 
= x is our belief t ^! are ! mat]ials to
 :i* ! au?or ref]s z lees ( ! wat] :i*  
sep>ates gold f silv]1 9 _m places 9    
,book ,,vii4 ,!y w\ld be /range mixtures
 ( sodium1 potassium1 alum9ium          
sulphates1 ) silica1 brickdu/1 asbe/os1 
& v>i\s proportions ( undige/$ vitriol1 
salt1 saltpetre1 alum1 iron oxides1 etc4

 ,_! effect mu/ h be5 unc]ta94 ,_m old  
,g]man metallurgies also ref] to !      
,tod5kopf d] ,s*eidwass]1 among !m !    
,probi]bue*le9 be=e ,agricola1 & aft]   
him ,laz>us ,erck] 7,bes*reibung        
,all]fu]nem/51 etc41 ,prague1 #aegd74   
,see also note #af1 p4 #bcd4  #i ,?is   
use ( silv] c\ld apply to "o purpose    
only1 t is1 ! elim9ation ( m9or am\nts (
 hydro*loric f ! nitric acid1 ! =m]     
orig9at+ no d\bt f ! use ( salt among ! 
+r$i5ts4 ,! silv] 0 ?us conv]t$ into a  
*loride & precipitat$4 ,?is use ( a     
small am\nt ( silv] to purify ! nitric  
acid 0 made by metallurgi/s d[n to      
fairly rec5t times4 ,bir+uccio 7,,iv1   
#b7 & ,laz>us ,erck] 7p4 #ga7 bo?       
recomm5d t ! silv] be dissolv$ fir/ 9 a 
small am\nt ( acid1 & ! solution p\r$   
into ! newly-manufactur$ supply4 ,!y bo?
 recomm5d pres]v+ ?is precipitate & its 
cupellation aft] melt+ ) lead--:i*      
,agricola app>5tly ov]look$4  #aj ,9 ?is
 description ( p>t+ by nitric acid1 !   
au?or digresses f 8 ma9 !me on pages    

#ddd & #dde1 to expla9 a me?od app>5tly 
= small quantities :]e ! silv] 0        
precipitat$ by copp]1 & to describe     
ano!r cryptic me?od ( precipitation4 ,^!
 subjects are ref]r$ to 9 notes #aa &   
#ab bel[4 ,! me?od ( p>t+ set out "h    
falls into six /ages3 a--cupellation1   
b--granulation1 c--solution 9 acid1     
d--treatm5t ( ! gold residues1          
e--evaporation ( ! solution1 f--r$uction
 ( ! silv] nitrate4 ,= nitric acid p>t+1
 bullion mu/ be free f impurities1 :i*  
cupellation w\ld ensure2 if copp] 7 left
 91 x w\ld h ! effect he m5tions if we  
und]/& ! silv] sep>at$ f ! gold soon    
unites ) x aga91 to mean t ! silv]      
unites ) ! copp]1 = ! copp] w\ld g into 
solution & come d[n ) ! silv] on        
evaporation4 ,agricola does n           
specifically m5tion ! necessity ( an    
excess ( silv] 9 ?is description1 al?\gh
 he does s else:]e1 & /ates t ! ratio   
mu/ be at lea/ ?ree p>ts silv] to "o "p 
gold4 ,! fir/ description ( ! solution (
 ! silv] is cle> en\gh1 b t on p4 #dde  

is some:at difficult to foll[1 = ! au?or
 /ates t ! bullion is plac$ 9 a retort )
 ! acid1 & t di/illation is c>ri$ on    
betwe5 ea* additional *>ge ( acid4 ,s f>
 z ! arrangem5t ( a receiv] might relate
 to ! sav+ ( any acid t came ov]        
accid5tally 9 ! boil+1 x c be und]/ood1 
b to di/ill (f mu* acid w\ld soon result
 9 ! cry/allization ( ! silv] nitrate1  
:i* w\ld greatly imp$e ! action (       
subsequ5t acid additions1 & f9ally !    
gold c\ld n be sep>at$ f su* nitrate 9 !
 way describ$4 ,! explanation may be    
7ap>t f incid5tal evaporation :5 heat+7 
t ! acids us$ 7 v weak1 & t by !        
evaporation ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]1 n   
only 0 ! acid conc5trat$1 b room 0      
provid$ = ! fur!r *>ges4 ,! acid 9 !    
gold wa%-wat]1 m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+       
p>agraph1 0 app>5tly ?us conc5trat$4 ,! 
glass m5tion$ z be+ melt$ ) li?>ge1     
argols1 nitre1 etc41 0 no d\bt ! silv]  
nitrate4 ,! precipitation ( ! silv] f ! 
solution z a *loride1 by ! use ( salt1 s
 g5]ally us$ dur+ ! #ah? & #ai?         

,c5turies1 0 kn[n 9 ,agricola's "t1     
al?\gh he does n m5tion x4 ,x is m5tion$
 9 ,geb] & ! ,probi]bue*le94 ,! cl>ity (
 ! latt] on ! subject is ( "s int]e/ 7p4
 #cd;a73 ,h[ to pulv]ise silv] & aga9   
make x into silv]4 ,take ! silv] &      
dissolve x 9 wat] ) ! />ck5wass]1 aqua  
=t1 & :5 t is done1 take ! silv] wat] & 
p\r x into w>m salty wat]1 & imm$iately 
! silv] settles to ! bottom & becomes   
p[d]4 ,let x /& a:ile until x has well  
settl$1 !n p\r away ! wat] f x & dry !  
settl+s1 :i* w become a p[d] l a%es4    
,aft]w>d "o c aga9 make x into silv]4   
,take ! p[d] & put x on a te/1 & add    
!reto ! p[d] f ! settl+s f :i* ! aqua   
=te has be5 made1 & add lead4 ,!n if !re
 is a great deal1 bl[ on x until ! lead 
has incorporat$ itself 444 bl[ x until x
 plickt 7blick5s74 ,!n y w h z mu* silv]
 z be=e4  #aa ,! silv] is app>5tly      
precipitat$ by ! copp] ( ! b[l4 ,x w\ld 
seem t ?is me?od 0 9 consid]able use =  
small am\nts ( silv] nitrate 9 ! #af?   
,c5tury4 ,laz>us ,erck] gives elaborate 

directions = ?is me?od 7,bes*reibung    
,all]fu]nem/51 etc41 ,prague1 #aegd1 p4 
#gg74  #ab ,we confess to a lack (      
und]/&+ ( ?is op]ation ) leaves ( lead &
 copp]4  #ac ,we d n und]/& ?is         
appe>ance ( black4 ,if ! nitrate came   
into contact ) organic matt] x w\ld1 (  
c\rse1 turn black by r$uction ( ! silv]1
 & sunlight w\ld h ! same effect4  #ad  
,?is w\ld be equal to f #fb to #id p>ts 
( copp] 9 #a1jjj4  #ae ,z #add siliquae 
are #a uncia1 !n #a_/d siliqua 9 #h     
unciae w\ld equal "o "p silv] 9 #d1fjh  
p>ts gold1 or ab\t #iii4h f9e4  #af ,!  
object ( ?is treatm5t ) sulphur & copp] 
is to sep>ate a consid]able portion (   
silv] f l[-grade bullion 7i4e41 silv]   
conta9+ "s gold71 9 prep>ation = f9al   
treatm5t ( ! ri*] gold-silv] alloy )    
nitric acid4 ,silv] sulphide is creat$  
by add+ sulphur1 & is drawn (f 9 a      
silv]-copp] regulus4 ,aft] ! fir/       
s5t5ce1 ! au?or uses silv] alone :]e he 
obvi\sly means silv] conta9+ "s gold1 & 
fur!r he speaks ( ! gold lump 7massula7 

:]e he likewise means a button conta9+ a
 great deal ( silv]4 ,= cl>ity we       
introduc$ ! t]m regulus = ! ,lat9       
mi/ura4 ,! op]ation falls into six      
/ages3 a1 granulation2 b1 sulphurization
 ( ! granulat$ bullion2 c1 melt+ to =m a
 comb9ation ( ! silv] sulphide ) copp]  
into a regulus1 an alloy ( gold & silv] 
settl+ out2 d1 repetition ( ! treatm5t  
to ab/ract fur!r silv] f ! lump2 e1     
ref9+ ! lump ) nitric acid2 f1 recov]y (
 ! silv] f ! regulus by addition ( lead1
 liquation & cupellation4  ,! use ( a   
circle ( fire secures a l[ temp]ature t 
w\ld nei!r volatilize ! sulphur nor melt
 ! bullion4 ,! am\nt ( sulphur giv5 is  
equal to a ratio ( #dh p>ts bullion & #i
 p>ts sulphur4 ,we are n c]ta9 ab\t !   
translation ( ! p>agraph 9 relation to !
 proportion ( copp] add$ to ! granulat$ 
bullion2 because 9 giv+ def9ite         
quantities ( copp] to be add$ 9 !       
cont+5cies ( v>i\s orig9al copp] cont5ts
 9 ! bullion1 x w\ld be expect$ t !y 7  
int5d$ to produce "s positive ratio (   

copp] & silv]4 ,h[ev]1 ! ratio z we     
und]/& ! text 9 v>i\s cases works out to
 irregul> am\nts1 i4e41 #dh p>ts ( silv]
 to #af1 #ab4f1 #bd1 #bj4e1 #bj4h1      
#ag4h1 or #ah p>ts ( copp]4 ,9 ord] to  
obta9 complete sep>ation !re %\ld be    
suffici5t sulphur to h =m$ a sulphide ( 
! copp] z well z ( ! silv]1 or else "s (
 ! copp] & silv] w\ld come d[n metallic 
) ! lump4 ,! above ratio ( copp] add$ to
 ! sulphuriz$ silv]1 9 ! fir/ in/ance   
w\ld give ab\t #ah p>ts ( copp] & #i    
p>ts ( sulphur to #dh p>ts ( silv]4 ,!  
copp] w\ld require #d4e p>ts ( sulphur  
to conv]t x into sulphide1 & ! silv]    
ab\t #g p>ts1 or a total ( #aa4e p>ts   
requir$ aga9/ #i p>ts furni%$4 ,x is    
pla91 !re=e1 t insuffici5t sulphur is   
giv54 ,fur!r1 ! li?>ge w\ld probably    
take up "s sulphur & ?r[ d[n metallic   
lead into ! lump4 ,h[ev]1 x is necess>y 
t !re %\ld be "s free metallics to      
collect ! gold1 &1 !re=e1 ! sep>ation   
c\ld n be complete 9 "o op]ation4 ,9 any
 ev5t1 on ! above ratios ! gold lump f !

 fir/ op]ation 0 pretty copp]y1 &       
conta9$ "s lead & probably a good deal (
 silv]1 because ! copp] w\ld t5d to     
desulphurize ! latt]4 ,! p[d] (         
glass-galls1 salt1 & li?>ge w\ld r5d] ! 
mass m liquid & assi/ ! gold lump to    
sep>ate out4  ,! ,roman silv] se/]ce1   
wor? ab\t #b-a_/h p5ce or #d4b ,am]ican 
c5ts1 0 no d\bt us$ by ,agricola m]ely  
to indicate an inf9itesimal quantity4 ,!
 te/ to be appli$ to ! regulus by way ( 
cupellation & p>t+ ( a sample ) nitric  
acid1 requires no explanation4 ,! tru? (
 ! description z to det]m9+ :e!r ! gold 
_h settl$ out1 by us+ a *alk$ iron rod1 
c only be te/$ by actual exp]im5t4 ,x is
 probable1 h[ev]1 t ! sulphur 9 !       
regulus w\ld attack ! iron & make x     
black4 ,! re-melt+ ( ! regulus1 if "s   
gold rema9s 9 x1 ) copp] & p[d] )\t m   
sulphur1 w\ld provide aga9 free         
metallics to ga!r ! rema9+ gold1 & by   
desulphuriz+ "s silv] ?is button w\ld   
probably n be v pure4  ,f ! necessity = 
"s free metallics besides ! gold 9 !    

fir/ treatm5t1 x w be se5 t a repetition
 ( ! sulphur addition & re-melt+ is     
ess5tial gradually to enri* ! lump4 ,:y 
m copp] is add$ is n cle>4 ,9 ! second  
melt+1 ! ratio is #dh p>ts ( ! gold     
lump1 #ab p>ts ( sulphur & #ab p>ts     
copp]4 ,9 ?is case ! add$ copp] w\ld    
require ab\t #c p>ts sulphur1 & if we   
consid] ! defici5cy ( sulphur 9 ! fir/  
op]ations p]ta9$ entirely to ! copp]1 !n
 ab\t #b4e p>ts w\ld be requir$ to make 
good ! %ortage1 or 9 o!r words ! second 
addition ( sulphur is suffici5t4 ,9 !   
f9al p>t+ ( ! lump x w be notic$ t !    
au?or /ates t ! silv] ratio mu/ be      
arrang$ z ?ree ( silv] to "o ( gold4 ,z 
to ! recov]y ( ! silv] f ! regulus1 he  
/ates t #ff librae ( silv] give #acb    
librae ( regulus4 ,to ?is1 #ejj librae (
 lead are add$1 & x is melt$ 9 ! second 
furnace1 & ! li?>ge & he>?-lead made are
 re-melt$ 9 ! fir/ furnace1 ! cakes made
 be+ aga9 treat$ 9 ! ?ird furnace to    
sep>ate ! copp] & lead4 ,! fir/ is      
usually ! bla/ furnace1 ! second furnace

 is ! cupellation furnace1 & ! ?ird !   
liquation furnace4 ,x is difficult to   
und]/& ?is proc$ure4 ,! *>ge s5t to !   
cupellation furnace w\ld conta9 betwe5  
#c & #e copp]1 & betwe5 #c & #e sulphur4
 ,h[ev]1 possibly ! sulphur & copp] c\ld
 be l>gely ab/ract$ 9 ! skimm+s f !     
cupellation furnace1 ^! be+ subsequ5tly 
liquat$ 9 ! ?ird furnace4 ,x may be not$
 t two :ole l9es f ?is p>agraph are     
omitt$ 9 ! editions ( ,de ,re ,metallica
 aft] #afjj4 ,= hi/orical note on       
sulphur sep>ation see page #dfa4  #ag   
,!re c be no d\bt t 9 mo/ in/ances      
,agricola's /ibium is antimony sulphide1
 b x does n foll[ t x 0 ! m9]al /ibnite1
 nor h we consid]$ x desirable to       
introduce ! precision ( ei!r ( ^! mod]n 
t]ms1 & h !re=e reta9$ ! ,lat9 t]m :]e !
 sulphide is app>5tly int5d$4 ,! use (  
antimony sulphide to "p silv] f gold is 
bas$ ^u ! great] aff9ity ( silv] ?an    
antimony = sulphur4 ,?us ! silv]1 z 9 ! 
la/ process1 is conv]t$ into a sulphide1
 & is absorb$ 9 ! regulus1 :ile !       

metallic antimony alloys ) ! gold &     
settles to ! bottom ( ! pot4 ,?is       
process has sev]al advantages ov] !     
sulphurization ) crude sulphur2 antimony
 is a m conv5i5t vehicle ( sulphur1 = x 
saves ! prelim9>y sulphurization ) its  
att5dant difficulties ( volatilization (
 ! sulphur2 x also saves ! granulation  
necess>y 9 ! =m] me?od2 & ! treatm5t ( !
 subsequ5t products is simpl]4 ,h[ev]1 x
 is possible t ! sulphur-copp] process 0
 bett] adapt$ to bullion :]e !          
proportion ( gold 0 l[1 because ! f95ess
 ( ! bullion m5tion$ 9 connection ) !   
antimonial process 0 app>5tly mu* high] 
?an ! previ\s process4 ,= in/ance1 a bes
 ( gold1 conta9+ #e1 #f1 or #g d\ble    
sextulae ( silv] w\ld be 4#gib1 4#gej or
 4#gjh f9e4 ,! antimonial me?od w\ld h  
an advantage ov] nitric acid sep>ation1 
9 t high-grade bullion c\ld be treat$   
direct )\t artificial decrease ( f95ess 
requir$ by inqu>tation to ab\t 4#bej    
f9e1 ) ! consequ5t incid5tal losses (   
silv] involv$4  ,! process 9 ?is        

description falls into six op]ations3 a1
 sulphurization ( ! silv] by melt+ )    
antimony sulphide2 b1 sep>ation ( ! gold
 lump 7massula7 by jogg+2 c1 re-melt+ ! 
regulus 7mi/ura7 ?ree or f\r times =    
recov]y ( fur!r lumps2 d1 re-melt+ ( !  
lump f\r times1 ) fur!r additions (     
antimony sulphide2 e1 cupellation ( !   
regulus to recov] ! silv]2 f1           
cupellation ( ! antimony f ! lump to    
recov] ! gold4 ,p]cy seems to ?9k x     
difficult to und]/& ! insi/5ce ^u !     
addition ( copp]4 ,bir+uccio 7,,iv1 #f7 
/ates1 among o!r ?+s1 t copp] makes !   
+r$i5ts m liquid4 ,! lat] metallurgi/s1 
h[ev]1 su* z ,erck]1 ,lohneys1 &        
,s*luet]1 d n m5tion ?is addition2 !y d 
m5tion ! swell+ & fro?+1 & recomm5d t ! 
crucible %\ld be only p>tly fill$4 ,z to
 ! copp]1 we sugge/ t x w\ld            
desulphurize "p ( ! antimony & ?us free 
"s ( t metal to collect ! gold4 ,if we  
assume bullion ( ! m$ium f95ess m5tion$ 
& conta9+ no copp]1 !n ! proportions 9 !
 fir/ *>ge w\ld be ab\t #cf p>ts gold1  

#ab p>ts silv]1 #da p>ts sulphur1 #ajc  
p>ts antimony1 & #i p>ts copp]4 ,! silv]
 & copp] w\ld take up #d4be p>ts (      
sulphur1 & ?us free ab\t #aj4f p>ts (   
antimony z metallics4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> 
t ! am\nt ( metallics provid$ to assi/ !
 collection ( ! gold 0 little en\gh1 & t
 ! copp] 9 free+ #e4f p>ts ( ! antimony 
0 useful4 ,x appe>s to h be5 necess>y to
 h a l>ge excess ( antimony sulphide2 = 
ev5 ) ! great surplus 9 ! fir/ *>ge1 !  
reaction 0 only p>tial1 z is indicat$ by
 ! necessity = repeat$ melt+ ) fur!r    
antimony4  ,! lat] metallurgi/s all     
describe ! sep>ation ( ! metallic       
antimony f ! gold z be+ c>ri$ out by    
oxidation ( ! antimony1 induc$ by a jet 
( air into ! crucible1 ?is be+ cont9u$  
until ! mass appe>s limpid & no cl\d =ms
 9 ! surface 9 cool+4 ,agricola         
describes ! sep>ation ( ! silv] f !     
regulus by prelim9>y melt+ ) argols1    
glass-gall1 & "s lead1 & subsequ5t      
cupellation ( ! lead-silv] alloy4 ,!    
/atem5t t unless ?is prelim9>y melt+ is 

done1 ! cupel w absorb silv]1 might be  
consonant ) an attempt at cupellation ( 
sulphides1 & x is difficult to see t mu*
 desulphuriz+ c\ld take place ) ! above 
fluxes4 ,9 fact1 9 ! lat] descriptions (
 ! process1 iron is us$ 9 ?is melt+1 &  
we are "u ! impression t ,agricola _h   
omitt$ ?is item = a desulphuriz+ reag5t4
 ,at ! ,dresd5 ,m9t1 9 ! me?ods describ$
 by ,p]cy 7,metallurgy ,silv] & ,gold1  
p4 #cgc7 ! gold lumps 7 te/$ = f95ess1 &
 f ?is ! am\nt ( gold reta9$ 9 ! regulus
 0 comput$4 ,x is n cle> f ,agricola's  
acc\nt :e!r ! te/ ) nitric acid 0 appli$
 to ! regulus or to ! lumps4 ,=         
hi/orical notes see p4 #dfa4  #ah ,z w  
be %[n 9 ! hi/orical note1 ?is process (
 sep>at+ gold & silv] is ( great        
antiquity--9 all probability ! only     
process kn[n prior to ! ,middle ,ages1 &
 9 any ev5t1 ! fir/ "o us$4 ,9 g5]al !  
process 0 p]=m$ by cem5t+ ! dis9tegrat$ 
bullion ) a pa/e & subject+ ! mass to   
long-cont9u$ heat at a temp]ature "u !  
melt+ po9t ( ! bullion4 ,! cem5t        

7compositio7 is ( two diff]5t species2 9
 ! fir/ species saltpetre & vitriol & "s
 alum9\s or silici\s m$ium are !        
ess5tial +r$i5ts1 & ?r\gh !m ! silv] is 
conv]t$ into nitrate & absorb$ by !     
mass2 9 ! second species1 common salt & 
! same sort ( m$ium are ! ess5tials1 & 9
 ?is case ! silv] is conv]t$ into a     
*loride4 ,agricola does n di/+ui% betwe5
 ^! two species1 =1 z %[n by ! text1 8  
+r$i5ts are badly mix$4  ,! process z "h
 describ$ falls into five op]ations3 a1 
granulation ( ! bullion or prep>ation ( 
leaves2 b1 heat+ alt]nate lay]s ( cem5t 
& bullion 9 pots2 c1 wa%+ ! gold to free
 x ( cem5t2 d1 melt+ ! gold ) borax or  
soda2 e1 treatm5t ( ! cem5t by way (    
melt+ ) lead & cupellation to recov] !  
silv]4 ,inve/igation by ,b\ss+ault      
7,ann4 ,de ,*imie1 #ahcc1 p4 #bec-f71   
,d',elhuy> 7,b]gbaukunde1 ,leipzig1     
#agij1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bjj71 & ,p]cy    
7,metallurgy ( ,silv] & ,gold1 p4 #cie71
 ( ! action ( common salt ^u silv] "u   
cem5tation conditions1 fairly well      

demon/rat$ ! reactions involv$ 9 ! use (
 ?is species ( cem5t4 ,c]ta9 factors are
 ess5tial besides salt3 a1 ! admission (
 air1 :i* is possible ?r\gh ! por\s pots
 us$2 b1 ! pres5ce ( "s moi/ure to      
furni% hydrog52 c1 ! addition ( alum9a  
or silica4 ,! fir/ w\ld be provid$ by   
,agricola 9 ! use ( new pots1 ! second  
possibly by use ( wood fuel 9 a clos$   
furnace1 ! ?ird by ! inclusion (        
brickdu/4 ,! alum9a or silica at high   
temp]atures decomposes ! salt1 sett+    
free hydro*loric acid & probably also   
free *lor9e4 ,! result ( ! addition (   
vitriol 9 ,agricola's +r$i5ts is n      
discuss$ by ^? inve/igators1 b inasmu* z
 vitriol decomposes into sulphuric acid 
"u high temp]atures1 ?is acid w\ld react
 ^u ! salt to free hydro*loric acid1 &  
?us assi/ to ov]come defici5cies 9 ! o!r
 factors4 ,x is possible also t         
sulphuric acid "u su* conditions w\ld   
react directly ^u ! silv] to =m silv]   
sulphates1 :i* w\ld be absorb$ into !   
cem5t4 ,z nitric acid is =m$ by vitriol 

& saltpetre at high temp]atures1 ! use (
 ^! two sub/ances z a cem5t+ comp\nd    
w\ld produce nitric acid1 :i* w\ld at   
once attack ! silv] to =m silv] nitrate1
 :i* w\ld be absorb$ into ! melt$ cem5t4
 ,9 ?is case ! brickdu/ probably act$   
m]ely z a vehicle = ! absorption1 & to  
l[] ! melt+ po9t ( ! mass & prev5t      
fusion ( ! metal4 ,:ile nitric acid w   
only "p gold & silv] :5 ! latt] is 9    
great excess1 yet :5 appli$ z fumes "u  
cem5tation conditions x appe>s to react 
^u a m9or ratio ( silv]4 ,:ile !        
reactions ( ! two above species (       
comp\nds c be acc\nt$ = 9 a g5]al way1 !
 problem furni%$ by ,agricola's /atem5ts
 is by no means simple1 = only two ( 8  
comp\nds are simply salt cem5ts1 ! o!rs 
be+ salt & nitre mixtures4 ,an          
inspection ( ^! comp\nds produces at    
once a s5se ( confusion4 ,salt is pres5t
 9 e comp\nd1 saltpetre 9 all b two1    
vitriol 9 all b ?ree4 ,lewis 7,traite   
,s+uli] de ,metallique1 ,p>is1 #agdc1   
,,ii1 pp4 #dh-fj71 9 discuss+ ^!        

processes1 /ates t salt & saltpetre mu/ 
nev] be us$ toge!r1 z he ass]ts t 9 ?is 
case aqua regia w\ld be =m$ & ! gold    
dissolv$4 ,agricola1 h[ev]1 app>5tly    
f\nd no su* difficulty4 ,z to ! o!r     
+r$i5ts1 ap>t f nitre1 salt1 vitriol1 & 
brickdu/1 !y c h be5 ( no use4 ,agricola
 himself po9ts out t +r$i5ts ( metallic 
orig9 corrupt ! gold & t brickdu/ &     
common salt are suffici5t4 ,9 a         
description ( ?is process 9 !           
,probi]bue*le9 7p4 #eh71 no nitre is    
m5tion$4 ,?is booklet does m5tion !     
recov]y ( ! silv] f ! cem5t by          
amalgamation ) m]cury--! e>lie/ m5tion (
 silv] amalgamation4  #ai ,:ile a       
sub/ance :i* we n[ "k to be natural z9c 
sulphate 0 kn[n to ,agricola 7see note  
#aa1 p4 #egb71 x is h>dly possible t x  
is ref]r$ to "h4 ,if gre5 vitriol be    
dehydrat$ & p[d]$1 x is :ite4  #bj ,!   
processes involv$ by ^! o!r comp\nds are
 difficult to und]/&1 because ( ! lack (
 in=mation giv5 z to ! me?od ( op]ation4
 ,x might be ?\ght t ^! 7 five          

additional recipes = cem5t+ pa/es1 b an 
inspection ( _! int]nal composition soon
 dissipates any su* assumption1 because1
 ap>t f ! lack ( brickdu/ or "s o!r     
simil> necess>y +r$i5t1 !y all conta9 m 
or less sulphur4 ,aft] describ+ a       
prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! bullion by       
cupellation1 ! au?or says3 ,!n ! silv]  
is spr9kl$ ) two unciae ( t p[d]$       
comp\nd & is /irr$4 ,aft]w>d x is p\r$  
into ano!r crucible 444 & viol5tly %ak54
 ,! re/ is p]=m$ accord+ to ! process ,i
 h already expla9$4 ,z he has already   
expla9$ f\r or five p>t+ processes1 x is
 n v cle> to :i* "o ?is ref]s4 ,9 fact1 
! :ole ( ?is discussion reads z if he 7 
report+ he>say1 = x lacks 9 e respect ! 
inf9ite detail ( 8 usual descriptions4  
,9 any ev5t1 if ! p[d] 0 introduc$ into 
! molt5 bullion1 ! effect w\ld be to =m 
"s silv] sulphides 9 a regulus ( diff]5t
 composition dep5d+ ^u ! v>i$ +r$i5ts ( 
diff]5t comp\nds4 ,! enri*$ bullion 0   
settl$ out 9 a lump & treat$ z ,i h     
expla9$1 :i* is n cle>4  #ba ,,hi/orical

 ,,note ,,on ,,p>t+ ,,gold ,,& ,,silv]4 
,al?\gh ! e>li] ,classics conta9        
innum]able ref]5ces to ref9+ gold &     
silv]1 !re is little t is tangible 9 !m1
 ^u :i* to h+e ! metallurgy ( p>t+ !    
preci\s metals4 ,x appe>s to u1 h[ev]1 t
 "s ability to "p ! metals is impli$ 9 !
 use ( ! t\*/one1 = we fail to see :at  
use a k ( ! ratio ( gold & silv] 9      
bullion c\ld h be5 )\t ! p[] to sep>ate 
!m4 ,! t\*/one 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks at   
lea/ z e>ly z ! #e? ,c5tury ,b4,c4 7see 
note #cg1 p4 #beb71 & a "p ( ,!ophra/us'
 /atem5t 7,,lxxviii47 on ?is subject    
be>s repetition 9 ?is connection3 ,!    
nature ( ! /one :i* tries gold is also v
 wond]ful1 z x seems to h ! same p[] z  
fire2 :i* is also a te/ ( t metal4444 ,!
 trial by fire is by ! col\r & !        
quantity lo/ by x1 b t ( ! /one is made 
only by rubb+1 etc4 ,?is trial by fire  
c]ta9ly implies a p>t+ ( ! metals4 ,x   
has be5 argu$ f ! common use (          
electrum--a gold-silv] alloy--by !      
,anci5ts1 t !y did n "k h[ to "p ! two  

metals or !y w\ld n h wa/$ gold 9 su* a 
mann]1 b x seems to u t ! v fact t      
electrum 0 a positive alloy 7#bj gold1  
#hj silv]71 & t x 0 delib]ately made    
7,pl9y ,,xxxiii1 #bc7 & held ( value =  
its suppos$ sup]ior brilliancy to silv] 
& ! belief t goblets made ( x detect$   
poison1 is suffici5t answ] to ?is4  ,to 
arrive by a process ( elim9ation1 we may
 say t 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 betwe5 #aajj &
 #aejj ,a4,d41 !re 7 kn[n f\r me?ods (  
p>t+ ^! metals3 a1 p>t+ by solution 9   
nitric acid2 b1 sulphurization ( ! silv]
 9 f9ely-divid$ bullion by heat+ x )    
sulphur1 & ! subsequ5t removal ( ! silv]
 sulphide 9 a regulus by melt+ ) copp]1 
iron1 or lead2 c1 melt+ ) an excess (   
antimony sulphide1 & ! direct conv]sion 
( ! silv] to sulphide & its removal 9 a 
regulus2 d1 cem5tation ( ! f9ely-divid$ 
bullion ) salt1 & c]ta9 necess>y        
collat]al re-ag5ts1 & ! sep>ation ( !   
silv] by absorption into ! cem5t z silv]
 *loride4 ,inasmu* z x c be cle>ly      
e/abli%$ t m9]al acids 7 unkn[n to !    

,anci5ts1 we c elim9ate t me?od4 ,fur!r1
 we may say at once t !re is n1 s f> z  
has yet be5 f\nd1 ev5 a remote /atem5t t
 c\ld be appli$ to ! sulphide processes4
 ,z to cem5tation ) salt1 h[ev]1 we h "s
 data at ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian     
,era4  ,be=e ent]+ into a m detail$     
discussion ( ! hi/ory ( v>i\s processes1
 x may be useful1 9 a ^w1 to fix 9 ! m9d
 ( ! read] our view ( ! fir/ au?ority on
 v>i\s processes1 & 8 p]iod4       7#a7 
,sep>ation by cem5tation ) salt1 ,/rabo 
787 #fc ,b4,c4-#bd          ,a4,d42     
,pl9y #bc-gi ,a4,d4       7#b7          
,sep>ation by sulphur1 ,!ophilus1       
#aaej-abjj ,a4,d4       7#c7 ,sep>ation 
by nitric acid1 ,geb]1 prior to #ad?    
,c5tury4       7#d7 ,sep>ation by       
antimony sulphide1 ,basil ,val5t9e1 end 
#ad?          ,c5tury1 or               
,probi]bue*le91 beg9n+ #ae? ,c5tury4    
7#e7 ,sep>ation by antimony sulphide &  
copp]1 or sulphur &          copp]1     
,probi]bue*le91 beg9n+ #ae? ,c5tury4    
7#f7 ,sep>ation by cem5tation )         

saltpetre1 ,agricola1 #aeef4       7#g7 
,sep>ation by sulphur & iron1 ,s*luet]1 
#agch4       7#h7 ,sep>ation by         
sulphuric acid1 ,d',arcet1 #ahjb4       
7#i7 ,sep>ation by *loride gas1         
,?ompson1 #ahcc4      7#aj7 ,sep>ation  
electrolytically1 latt] "p #ai? ,c5tury4
  ,,p>t+ ,,by ,,cem5tation4 ,! foll[+   
passage f ,/rabo is ( prime int]e/ z !  
fir/ def9ite /atem5t on p>t+ ( any k9d  
7,,iii1 #b1 #h73 ,t :5 !y h melt$ ! gold
 & purifi$ x by means ( a k9d ( alum9\s 
e>?1 ! residue left is electrum4 ,?is1  
:i* conta9s a mixture ( silv] & gold1   
be+ aga9 subject$ to ! fire1 ! silv] is 
sep>at$ & ! gold left 7pure72 = ?is     
metal is easily dissipat$ & fat1 & on   
?is acc\nt gold is mo/ easily molt5 by  
/raw1 ! flame ( :i* is s(t1 & be>+ a    
simil>ity 7to ! gold7 causes x easily to
 dissolve1 :]eas coal1 besides wa/+ a   
great deal1 melts x too mu*1 by reason (
 its vehem5ce1 & c>ries x (f 79 vap\r74 
,?is /atem5t has provok$ ! livelie/     
discussion1 n only on acc\nt ( !        

metallurgical int]e/ & obscurity1 b also
 because ( diff]5ces ( view z to its    
translation2 we h giv5 t ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 
,hamilton 7,london1 #aijc74 ,a review ( 
?is discussion w be f\nd 9 ,p]cy's      
,metallurgy ( ,gold & ,silv]1 p4 #cii4  
,t x ref]s to cem5tation at all hangs by
 a sl5d] ?read1 b x seems m ne>ly ?is   
?an any?+ else4  ,pl9y 7,,xxxiii1 #be7  
is a little m ample3 7,! gold7 is heat$ 
) d\ble its weight ( salt & ?rice its   
weight ( misy1 & aga9 ) two portions (  
salt & "o ( a /one :i* !y call s*i/os4  
,! virus is drawn out :5 ^! ?+s are     
burnt toge!r 9 an e>!n crucible1 itself 
rema9+ pure & incorrupt1 ! rema9+ a% be+
 pres]v$ 9 an e>!n pot & mix$ ) wat] z a
 lotion = li*5 7r+-worm7 on ! face4     
,p]cy 7,metallurgy ,silv] & ,gold1 p4   
#cih7 rightly consid]s t ?is und\bt$ly  
ref]s to ! p>t+ ( silv] & gold by       
cem5tation ) common salt4 ,especially z 
,pl9y fur!r on /ates t ) reg>d to misy1 
,9 purify+ gold !y mix x ) ?is sub/ance4
 ,!re c be no d\bt f ! explanations (   

,pl9y & ,dioscorides t misy 0 an oxidiz$
 pyrite1 mo/ly iron sulphate4 ,assum+ ! 
latt] case1 !n all ( ! necess>y elem5ts 
( cem5tation1 i4e41 vitriol1 salt1 & an 
alum9\s or silici\s elem5t1 are pres5t4 
,! fir/ entirely satisfactory evid5ce on
 p>t+ is to be f\nd 9 ,!ophilus 7#ab?   
,c5tury71 & we quote ! foll[+ f         
,h5drie's translation 7p4 #bde73 ,(     
,heat+ ! ,gold4 ,take gold1 ( :atsoev]  
sort x may be1 & beat x until ?9 leaves 
are made 9 bread? ?ree f+]s1 & z long z 
y c4 ,!n cut out pieces t are equally   
long & wide & jo9 !m toge!r equally1 &  
p]=ate ?r\gh all ) a f9e cutt+ iron4    
,aft]w>ds take two e>!n pots prov$ 9 !  
fire1 ( su* size t ! gold c lie flat 9  
!m1 & break a tile v small1 or clay ( ! 
furnace burn$ & r$1 weigh x1 p[d]$1 into
 two equal p>ts1 & add to x a ?ird "p   
salt = ! same weight2 :i* ?+s be+       
slightly spr9kl$ ) ur9e1 are mix$ toge!r
 s t !y may n adh]e toge!r1 b are       
sc>cely wett$1 & put a little ( x ^u a  
pot ab\t ! bread? ( ! gold1 !n a piece (

 ! gold itself1 & aga9 ! composition1 & 
aga9 ! gold1 :i* 9 ! dige/ion is ?us    
always cov]$1 t gold may n be 9 contact 
) gold2 & ?us fill ! pot to ! top & cov]
 x above ) ano!r pot1 :i* y c>efully    
lute r\nd ) clay1 mix$ & beat51 & y     
place x ov] ! fire1 t x may be dri$4 ,9 
! meantime compose a furnace f /ones &  
clay1 two feet 9 height1 & a foot & a   
half 9 bread?1 wide at ! bottom1 b n>r[ 
at ! top1 :]e !re is an op5+ 9 ! middle1
 9 :i* project ?ree long & h>d /ones1   
:i* may be able to su/a9 ! flame = a    
long "t1 ^u :i* y place ! pots ) ! gold1
 & cov] !m ) o!r tiles 9 abundance4 ,!n 
supply fire & wood1 & take c>e t a      
copi\s fire is n want+ = ! space ( a day
 & night4 ,9 ! morn+ tak+ out ! gold1   
aga9 melt1 beat & place x 9 ! furnace z 
be=e4 ,aga9 also1 aft] a day & night1   
take x away & mix+ a little copp] ) x1  
melt x z be=e1 & replace x ^u ! furnace4
 ,& :5 y h tak5 x away a ?ird "t1 wa% & 
dry x c>efully1 & s weigh+ x1 see h[ mu*
 is want+1 !n fold x up & keep x4  ,!   

next m5tion is by ,geb]1 ( ^: date &    
au!nticity !re is great d\bt1 b1 9 any  
ev5t1 ! "w be>+ 8 "n is g5]ally consid]$
 to be prior to ! #ad?1 al?\gh he has   
be5 plac$ z e>ly z ! #h? ,c5tury4 ,we   
quote f ,russell's translation1 pp4 #ag 
& #bbd1 :i* we h *eck$ ) ! ,lat9 edition
 ( #aedb3 ,sol1 or gold1 is beat5 into  
?9 plates & ) !m & common salt v well   
prep>$ lay ^u lay 9 a vessel (          
calc9ation :i* set into ! furnace &     
calc9e well = ?ree days until ! :ole is 
subtily calc9$4 ,!n take x out1 gr9d    
well & wa% x ) v9eg>1 & dry x 9 ! sun4  
,aft]w>ds gr9d x well ) half its weight 
( cleans$ sal-armoniac2 !n set x to be  
dissolv$ until ! :ole be dissolv$ into  
mo/ cle> wat]4 ,fur!r on3 ,n[ we w      
decl>e ! way ( cem5t+4 ,see+ x is kn[n  
to u t cem5t is v necess>y 9 ! exam5 (  
p]fection1 we say x is comp\nd$ (       
inflammable ?+s4 ,( ?is k9d are1 all    
black5+1 fly+1 p5etrat+1 & burn$ ?+s2 z 
is vitriol1 sal-armoniac1 flos a]is     
7copp] oxide scales7 & ! anci5t fictile 

/one 7e>!n pots71 & a v small quantity1 
or no?+1 ( sulphur1 & ur9e ) l acute &  
p5etrat+ ?+s4 ,all ^! are impa/$ ) ur9e 
& spread ^u ?9 plates ( t body :i* y    
int5d %all be exam9$ by ?is way (       
probation4 ,!n ! said plates mu/ be laid
 ^u a grate ( iron includ$ 9 an e>!n    
vessel1 yet s z "o t\* n ! o!r t !      
virtue ( ! fire may h free & equal      
access to !m4 ,?us ! :ole mu/ be kept 9 
fire 9 a /rong e>!n vessel = ! space (  
?ree days4 ,b "h great caution is       
requir$ t ! plates may be kept b n melt4
  ,alb]tus ,magnus 7#abje-abhj7 ,de     
,m9]alibus et ,rebus ,metallicis1 ,lib4 
,,iv1 describes ! process z foll[s3--,b 
:5 gold is to be purifi$ an e>!n vessel 
is made l a cucurbit or di%1 & ^u x is  
plac$ a simil> vessel2 & !y are lut$    
toge!r ) ! t5aci\s lute call$ by        
al*emi/s ! lute ( wisdom4 ,9 ! upp]     
vessel !re are num]\s holes by :i* vap\r
 & smoke may escape2 aft]w>ds ! gold 9 !
 =m ( %ort ?9 leaves is arrang$ 9 !     
vessel1 ! leaves be+ cov]$ consecutively

 ) a mixture obta9$ by mix+ toge!r soot1
 salt1 & brick du/2 & ! :ole is /rongly 
heat$ until ! gold becomes p]fectly pure
 & ! base sub/ances ) :i* x 0 mix$ are  
consum$4 ,x w be not$ t salt is ! basis 
( all ^! cem5t comp\nds4 ,we may also   
add t ^? ( ,bir+uccio & all o!r writ]s  
prior to ,agricola 7 ( ! same k9d1 our  
au?or be+ ! fir/ to m5tion ^? ) nitre4  
,,p>t+ ,,) ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,! fir/     
m5tion ( nitric acid is 9 connection )  
?is purpose1 &1 !re=e1 ! e>ly hi/ory (  
?is reag5t becomes ! hi/ory ( ! process4
 ,m9]al acids ( any k9d 7 unkn[n to !   
,greeks or ,romans4 ,! works ( !        
,al*emi/s & o!rs f ! #ab? to ! #ae?     
,c5turies1 h be5 well se>*$ by *emical  
hi/orians = indications ( k ( ! m9]al   
acids1 & _m ( su* suspect$ indications  
are ( v d\btful ord]4 ,9 any ev5t1 /udy 
( ! ,al*emi/s = ! roots ( *emi/ry is    
fraught ) ! greate/ difficulty1 = n only
 is !re ! l>ge ratio ( fraud :i*        
*>act]is$ _! op]ations1 b !re is ev5 !  
mu* l>g] field ( fraud :i* *>act]is$ !  

au?or%ip & dates ( writ+ attribut$ to   
v>i\s memb]s ( ! cult4 ,! m5tion (      
saltpetre by ,rog] ,bacon 7#abad-id71 & 
,alb]tus ,magnus 7#abje-hj71 h caus$ "s 
/ra9 to read a k ( m9]al acids into _!  
works1 b ) d\btful result4 ,fur!r1 !    
,monk ,!ophilus 7#aaej-abjj7 is suppos$ 
to h m5tion$ products :i* w\ld be m9]al 
acids1 b by ! mo/ c>eful scrut9y ( t "w 
we h f\nd no?+ to ju/ify su* an         
ass]tion1 & x is ( importance to note t 
z ,!ophilus 0 a mo/ accompli%$ gold &   
silv] work]1 8 failure to m5tion x is at
 lea/ evid5ce t ! process 0 n g5]ally   
kn[n4 ,! transcrib$ manuscripts & lat]  
editions ( su* au?ors are (t5 alt]$ to  
br+ !m up-to-date4 ,! fir/ m5tion is 9 !
 "w attribut$ to ,geb]1 z /at$ above1 ( 
date prior to ! #ad? ,c5tury4 ,! foll[+ 
passage f 8 ,de ,inv5tione ,v]itatis    
7,nuremb]g edition1 #aede1 p4 #ahb7 is (
 int]e/3--,fir/ take "o libra ( vitriol 
( ,cyprus & "o-half libra ( saltpetre & 
"o-qu>t] ( alum ( ,jam5i1 extract ! aqua
 ) ! r$ness ( ! alembic--= x is v       

solvative--& use z 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s4    
,?is c be made acute if 9 x y dissolve a
 qu>t] ( sal-ammoniac1 :i* dissolves    
gold1 sulphur1 & silv]4 ,di/ill+        
vitriol1 saltpetre & alum w\ld produce  
nitric acid4 ,! addition ( sal-ammoniac 
w\ld make aqua regia2 ,geb] us$ ?is     
solv5t wat]--probably )\t be+ made m    
acute--to dissolve silv]1 & he          
cry/alliz$ out silv] nitrate4 ,x w\ld n 
be surpris+ to f9d all ! ,al*emi/s      
subsequ5t to ,geb] m5tion+ acids4 ,x w  
?us be se5 t ev5 ! approximate "t at :i*
 ! m9]al-acids 7 fir/ made _c be        
det]m9$1 b x 0 sometime previ\s to !    
#ae? ,c5tury1 probably n e>li] ?an !    
#ab? ,c5tury4 ,beckmann 7,hi/4 (        
,inv5tions ,,ii1 p4 #ejh7 /ates t x     
appe>s to h be5 an old tradition t acid 
= sep>at+ ! preci\s metals 0 fir/ us$ at
 ,v5ice by "s ,g]mans2 t !y *iefly      
sep>at$ ! gold f ,spani% silv] & by ?is 
means acquir$ great ri*es4 ,beckmann    
consid]s t ! fir/ specific description (
 ! process seems to be 9 ! "w ( ,william

 ,budaeus 7,de ,asse1 #aeaf1 ,,iii1 p4  
#aja71 :o speaks ( x z new at ?is "t4   
,he describes ! op]ation ( "o1 ,le      
,conte1 at ,p>is1 :o also acquir$ a     
=tune ?r\gh ! me?od4 ,beckmann & o!rs h1
 h[ev]1 entirely ov]look$ ! e>ly        
,probi]bue*le94 ,if our conclusions are 
correct t ! fir/ ( ^! began to appe> at 
ab\t #aeaj1 !n !y give ! fir/           
description ( inqu>tation4 ,?is book    
7see app5dix7 is made up ( recipes1 l a 
cook-book1 & f\r or five diff]5t recipes
 are giv5 = ?is purpose2 ( ^! we give   
"o1 :i* suffici5tly indicates a k ( !   
art 7p4 #ci73 ,if y w\ld "p !m d x ?is  
way3 ,beat ! silv] :i* y suppose to     
conta9 gold1 z ?9 z possible2 cut x 9   
small pieces & place x 9 '/rong' wat]   
7/>kwass]74 ,put x on a mild fire till x
 becomes w>m & ?r[s up bli/]s or        
bubbles4 ,!n take x & p\r (f ! wat] into
 a copp]-b[l2 let x /& & cool4 ,!n !    
silv] settles itself r\nd ! copp] b[l2  
let ! silv] dry 9 ! copp] b[l1 !n p\r ! 
wat] (f & melt ! silv] 9 a crucible4 ,!n

 take ! gold also out ( ! glass kolk5 & 
melt x toge!r4 ,bir+uccio 7#aedj1 ,book 
,,vi47 describes ! me?od1 b ) mu* less  
detail ?an ,agricola4 ,he made 8 acid f 
alum & saltpetre & calls x lacque =ti4  
,,p>t+ ,,) ,,sulphur4 ,?is process fir/ 
appe>s 9 ,!ophilus 7#aaej-abjj71 & 9 =m 
is some:at diff]5t f t m5tion$ by       
,agricola4 ,we quote f ,h5drie's        
,translation1 p4 #cag1 ,h[ gold is      
sep>at$ f silv]4 ,:5 y h scrap$ ! gold f
 silv]1 place ?is scrap+ 9 a small cup 9
 :i* gold or silv] is accu/om$ to be    
melt$1 & press a small l95 clo? ^u x1 t 
no?+ may by *ance be ab/ract$ f x by !  
w9d ( ! bell[s1 & plac+ x be=e !        
furnace1 melt x2 & directly lay fragm5ts
 ( sulphur 9 x1 accord+ to ! quantity ( 
! scrap+1 & c>efully /ir x ) a ?9 piece 
( *>coal until its fumes cease2 &       
imm$iately p\r x into an iron m\ld4 ,!n 
g5tly beat x ^u ! anvil le/ by *ance "s 
( t black may fly f x :i* ! sulphur has 
burnt1 because x is itself silv]4 ,= !  
sulphur consumes no?+ ( ! gold1 b !     

silv] only1 :i* x ?us sep>ates f ! gold1
 & :i* y w c>efully keep4 ,aga9 melt ?is
 gold 9 ! same small cup z be=e1 & add  
sulphur4 ,?is be+ /irr$ & p\r$ out1     
break :at has become black & keep x1 & d
 ?us until ! gold appe> pure4 ,!n ga!r  
toge!r all t black1 :i* y h c>efully    
kept1 ^u ! cup made f ! bone & a%1 & add
 lead1 & s burn x t y may recov] !      
silv]4 ,b if y wi% to keep x = ! s]vice 
( niello1 be=e y burn x add to x copp] &
 lead1 accord+ to ! measure m5tion$     
above1 & mix ) sulphur4 ,?is process    
appe>s 9 ! ,probi]bue*le9 9 _m =ms1     
diff]5t recipes conta9+ o!r +r$i5ts     
besides sulphur1 su* z salt1 saltpetre1 
sal-ammoniac1 & o!r ?+s m or less       
effective4 ,9 fact1 a s]ies ( hybrid    
me?ods betwe5 absolute melt+ ) sulphur &
 cem5tation ) salt1 7 9 use1 mu* l ^?   
m5tion$ by ,agricola on p4 #deh4  ,,p>t+
 ,,) ,,antimony ,,sulphide4 ,! fir/     
m5tion ( ?is process lies ei!r 9 ,basil 
,val5t9e's ,triumphant ,*>iot (         
,antimony or 9 ! fir/ ,probi]bue*le94 ,!

 date to be assign$ to ! =m] is a matt] 
( great d\bt4 ,x 0 probably writt5 ab\t 
! end ( ! #ae? ,c5tury1 b app>5tly      
publi%$ consid]ably lat]4 ,! date ( !   
,probi]bue*le9 we h ref]r$ to above4 ,! 
/atem5t 9 ! ,triumphal ,*>iot is z      
foll[s 7,waite's ,translation1 p4       
#aag-aah73 ,! elixir prep>$ 9 ?is way   
has ! same p[] ( p5etrat+ & p]vad+ !    
body ) its purify+ prop]ties t antimony 
has ( p5etrat+ & purify+ gold4444 ,?is  
mu*1 h[ev]1 ,i h prov$ beyond a         
possibility ( d\bt1 t antimony n only   
purifies gold & frees x f =eign matt]1 b
 x also ameliorates all o!r metals1 b x 
does ! same = animal bodies4 ,!re are   
mo/ specific descriptions ( ?is process 
9 ! o!r works attribut$ to ,val5t9e1 b  
_! au!nticity is s v d\btful t we d n   
quote4 ,! ,probi]bue*le9 gives sev]al   
recipes = ?is process1 all to ! same    
metallurgical effect1 ( :i* we quote    
two3 ,h[ to sep>ate silv] f gold4 ,take 
#a "p ( gold5 silv]1 #a "p ( spiesglass1
 #a "p copp]1 #a "p lead2 melt !m toge!r

 9 a crucible4 ,:5 melt$ p\r into !     
crucible p\nd$ sulphur & directly y h   
p\r$ x 9 cov] x up ) s(t lime s t !     
fumes _c escape1 & let x get cold & y w 
f9d y\r gold 9 a button4 ,put t same 9 a
 pot & bl[ on x4 ,h[ to "p gold & silv] 
by melt+ or fire4 ,take z mu* gold-silv]
 z y please & granulate x2 take #a m>k (
 ^! gra9s1 #a m>k ( p[d]2 put !m toge!r 
9 a crucible4 ,cov] x ) a small cov]1   
put x 9 ! fire1 & let x sl[ly heat2 bl[ 
on x g5tly until x melts2 /ir x all well
 toge!r ) a /ick1 p\r x out into a m\ld1
 /rike ! m\ld g5tly ) a knife s t !     
button may settle bett]1 let x cool1 !n 
turn ! m\ld ov]1 /rike (f ! button &    
twice z mu* spiesglas z ! button weighs1
 put !m 9 a crucible1 bl[ on x till x   
melts1 !n p\r x aga9 into a m\ld & break
 away ! button z at fir/4 ,if y want !  
gold to be good always add to ! button  
twice z mu* spiesglass4 ,x is usually   
good gold 9 ?ree melt+s4 ,aft]w>d take !
 button1 place x on a cupel1 bl[ on x   
till x melts4 ,& if x %\ld happ5 t !    

gold is cov]$ ) a membrane1 !n add a v  
little lead1 !n x %9es 7plickt7 &       
becomes cle>]4 ,bir+uccio 7#aedj7 also  
gives a fairly cle> exposition ( ?is    
me?od4 ,all ! old ref9]s v>i$ ! process 
by us+ mixtures ( salt1 antimony        
sulphide1 & sulphur1 9 diff]5t          
proportions1 ) & )\t lead or copp]2 !   
net effect 0 ! same4 ,lat] ?an ,agricola
 ^! me?ods ( p>t+ bullion by conv]t+ !  
silv] into a sulphide & c>ry+ x (f 9 a  
regulus took o!r =ms4 ,= in/ance1       
,s*luet] 7,huette-,w]k51 ,brauns*weig1  
#agch7 describes a me?od by :i*1 aft] ! 
granulat$ bullion _h be5 sulphuriz$ by  
cem5tation ) sulphur 9 pots1 x 0 melt$ )
 metallic iron4 ,lampadius 7,grundriss  
,e9] ,allgeme95 ,huett5kunde1 ,goett+51 
#ahbg7 describes a treatm5t ( ! bullion1
 sulphuriz$ z above1 ) li?>ge1 ?us      
creat+ a lead-silv] regulus & a         
lead-silv]-gold bullion :i* _h to be    
repeat$ly put ?r\gh ! same cycle4 ,!    
pr9cipal object ( ^! processes 0 to     
r$uce silv] bullion runn+ l[ 9 gold to a

 ratio acceptable = nitric acid         
treatm5t4  ,be=e clos+ ! note on !      
sep>ation ( gold & silv]1 we may add t )
 reg>d to ! ?ree processes l>gely us$   
to-day1 ! sep>ation by solution ( !     
silv] f ! bullion by conc5trat$         
sulphuric acid :]e silv] sulphate is    
=m$1 0 fir/ describ$ by ,d',arcet1      
,p>is1 9 #ahjb2 ! sep>ation by introduc+
 *lor9e gas into ! molt5 bullion & ?us  
=m+ silv] *lorides 0 fir/ describ$ by   
,lewis ,?ompson 9 a communication to !  
,society ( ,arts1 #ahcc1 & 0 fir/ appli$
 on a l>ge scale by ,f4 ,b4 ,mill] at ! 
,sydney ,m9t 9 #ahfg-gj2 we d n propose 
to ent] into ! discussion z to :o is !  
inv5tor ( electrolytic sep>ation4  #bb  
,!re 7 ?ree me?ods ( gild+ practis$ 9 ! 
,middle ,ages--! fir/ by hamm]+ on gold 
leaf2 ! second by lay+ a ?9 plate ( gold
 on a ?ick] plate ( silv]1 exp&+ bo?    
toge!r1 & fabricat+ ! articles out ( !  
%eets ?us prep>$2 & ! ?ird by coat+ ov] 
! article ) gold amalgam1 & subsequ5tly 
driv+ (f ! m]cury by heat4 ,copp] & iron

 objects 7 silv]-plat$ by imm]s+ !m 9   
molt5 silv] aft] coat+ ) sal-ammoniac or
 borax4 ,t9n+ 0 done 9 ! same way4  #bc 
,see note #ab1 p4 #big1 = complete      
discussion ( amalgamation4  #bd ,^! n9e 
me?ods ( sep>at+ gold f copp] are bas$  
fundam5tally ^u ! sulphur introduc$ 9   
ea* case1 :]eby ! copp] is conv]t$ into 
sulphides & sep>at$ (f z a matte4 ,!    
v>i\s me?ods are mu* befogg$ by !       
introduction ( extrane\s +r$i5ts1 "s (  
:i* s]ve z fluxes1 :ile o!rs w\ld       
provide metallics 9 ! %ape ( lead or    
antimony = collection ( ! gold1 b o!rs  
w\ld be ( no effect1 except to increase 
! matte or slag4 ,inspection w %[ t !   
am\nt ( sulphur introduc$ 9 _m in/ances 
is 9 s l>ge ratio t unless a good deal (
 volatilization took place !re w\ld be  
insuffici5t metallics to collect ! gold1
 if x happ5$ to be 9 small quantities4  
,9 a g5]al way ! aurif]\s button is     
gradually impov]i%$ 9 copp] until x is  
fit = cupellation ) lead1 except 9 "o   
case :]e ! f9al /age is accompli%$ by   

amalgamation4 ,! lore ( ! old ref9]s 0  
mu* aft] ! ord] ( t ( mod]n cooks--!y   
treasur$ & h&$ d[n v>i\s efficaci\s     
recipes1 & ( ^? giv5 "h mo/ c be f\nd 9 
id5tical t]ms 9 ! ,probi]bue*le91 "s    
editions ( :i*1 z m5tion$ be=e1 7       
possibly fifty ye>s be=e ,de ,re        
,metallica4 ,?is k1 no d\bt1 accumulat$ 
ov] long exp]i5ce2 b1 s f> z we are     
aw>e1 !re is no description ( sulphuriz+
 copp] = ?is purpose prior to !         
publication m5tion$4  #be ,sal          
artificiosus4 ,! comp\nd giv5 "u ?is "n 
is ( q diff]5t +r$i5ts f ! /ock fluxes  
giv5 9 ,book ,,vii "u ! same t]m4 ,!    
me?od ( prep>ation1 no d\bt1 dehydrat$  
?is "o2 x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be q effective = 
its purpose ( sulphuriz+ ! copp]4 ,!re  
is a comp\nd giv5 9 ! ,probi]bue*le9    
id5tical ) ?is1 & x 0 probably          
,agricola's s\rce ( in=mation4  #bf     
,?r\gh\t ! book ! cupellation furnace is
 /yl$ ! secunda =nax 7,gloss>y1         
,treibeh]d74 ,except 9 "o or two cases1 
:]e !re is "s d\bt z to :e!r ! au?or may

 n ref] to ! second v>iety ( bla/       
furnace1 we h us$ cupellation furnace4  
,agricola's description ( ! actual      
op]ation ( ! old ,g]man cupellation is  
less detail$ ?an t ( su* au?ors z       
,s*luet] 7,huette-,w]k51 ,brauns*weig1  
#agch7 or ,w9kl] 7,bes*reibung d]       
,freyb]g] ,s*melz ,hutt5prozesse1       
,freyb]g1 #ahcg74 ,! op]ation falls into
 f\r p]iods4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod1 or a %ort 
"t aft] melt+1 ! fir/ scum--!           
abzug--arises4 ,?is mat]ial conta9s mo/ 
( ! copp]1 iron1 z9c1 or sulphur        
impurities 9 ! lead4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 
at a high] temp]ature1 & ) ! bla/ turn$ 
on1 a second scum arises--! ab/ri*4 ,?is
 mat]ial conta9s mo/ ( ! antimony &     
ars5ical impurities4 ,9 ! ?ird /age !   
li?>ge comes ov]4 ,at ! end ( ?is /age !
 silv] bright5s--blick5--due to         
insuffici5t li?>ge to cov] ! entire     
surface4 ,w9kl] gives ! foll[+ av]age   
proportion ( ! v>i\s products f a *>ge (
 #ajj c5tn]s3--    ,abzug               
#b      c5tn]s1 conta9+ #fd lead        

,ab/ri*            #e-a_/b              
#gc     ,h]dtplei          #ba-a_/b     
#fj     ,impure li?>ge      #ah         
#he     ,li?>ge             #ff         
#hi                         ---         
,total     #aac c5tn]s  ,he e/imates !  
lead loss at f #h to #ae1 & gives !     
av]age silv] cont5ts ( blicksilb] z ab\t
 #ij4 ,_m analyses ( ! v>i\s products   
may be f\nd 9 ,p]cy 7,metallurgy (      
,lead1 pp4 #aih-bja71 ,s*nabel & ,lewis 
7,metallurgy1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #eha72 b z !y
 mu/ v>y ) e *>ge1 a repetition ( !m "h 
is ( little purpose4  ,,hi/orical ,,note
 ,,on ,,cupellation4 ,! cupellation     
process is ( great antiquity1 & !       
sep>ation ( silv] f lead 9 ?is mann] v  
probably ant$ates ! sep>ation ( gold &  
silv]4 ,we c be c]ta9 t ! process has   
be5 us$ cont9u\sly = at lea/ #b1cjj     
ye>s1 & 0 only supplant$ 9 "p by        
,patt9son's cry/allization process 9    
#ahcc1 & fur!r invad$ by ,p>ks' z9c     
me?od 9 #ahej1 & dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s 
fur!r supplant$ 9 "s works by           

electrolytic me?ods4 ,h[ev]1 x yet      
survives z an important process4 ,x     
seems to u t !re is no explanation      
possible ( ! recov]y ( ! l>ge am\nts (  
silv] possess$ f ! e>lie/ times1 )\t    
assum+ r$uction ( t metal ) lead1 & ?is 
necessitates cupellation4 ,if ?is be !  
case1 !n cupellation 0 practis$ 9 #bejj 
,b4,c4 ,! subject has be5 fur!r discuss$
 on p4 #chi4 ,! fir/ direct evid5ce ( ! 
process1 h[ev]1 is f ! rema9s at ,mt4   
,laurion 7note #f1 p4 #bg71 :]e ! p]iod 
( greate/ activity 0 at #ejj ,b4,c41 & x
 0 probably 9 use long be=e t "t4 ,(    
lit]>y evid5ces1 !re are ! _m           
metaphorical ref]5ces to f9+ silv] &    
sep>at+ dross 9 ! ,bible1 su* z ,job    
7,,xxviii1 #a71 ,psalms 7,,xii1 #f1     
,,lxvi1 #aj71 ,prov]bs 7,,xvii1 #c74 ,! 
mo/ c]ta91 h[ev]1 is ,j]emiah 7,,vi1    
#bh-cj73 ,!y are all brass sic & iron2  
!y are corrupt]s4 ,! bell[s are burn$1 !
 lead is consum$ 9 ! fire1 ! f\nd]      
melte? 9 va92 = ! wick$ are n pluck$    
away4 ,reprobate silv] %all m5 call !m4 

,j]emiah liv$ ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 ,8       
contempor>y ,ezekiel 7,,xxii1 #ah7 also 
makes rem>k3 ,all !y are brass & t9 &   
iron & lead 9 ! mid/ ( ! furnace2 !y are
 ev5 ! dross ( ! silv]4 ,among ,greek   
au?ors ,!ognis 7#f? c5tury ,b4,c47 &    
,hippocrates 7#e? c5tury ,b4,c47 are (t5
 cit$ z m5tion+ ! ref9+ ( gold ) lead1 b
 we d n believe _! /atem5ts w /& ?is    
con/ruction )\t /ra94 ,ari/otle         
7,problems ,,xxiv1 #i7 makes ! foll[+   
rem>k1 :i* has be5 con/ru$ n only z     
cupellation1 b also z ! ref9+ ( silv] 9 
te/s4 ,:at is ! reason t boil+ wat] does
 n leap out ( ! vessel 444 silv] also   
does ?is :5 x is purifi$4 ,h5ce ^? ^:   
(fice x is 9 ! silv]smi?s' %ops to      
purify silv]1 d]ive ga9 by appropriation
 to !mselves ( ! sweep+s ( silv] :i*    
leap out ( ! melt+-pot4  ,! quotation ( 
,diodorus ,siculus f ,aga?>*ides 7#bnd  
c5tury ,b4,c47 on gold ref9+ ) lead &   
salt 9 ,egypt we give 9 note #h1 p4     
#bgi4 ,! me?ods quot$ by ,/rabo 7#fc    
,b4,c4-#bd ,a4,d47 f ,polybius 7#bjd-abe

 ,b4,c47 = treat+ silv]1 :i* appe> to   
involve cupellation1 are giv5 9 note #h1
 p4 #bha4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 until ! beg9n+
 ( ! ,*ri/ian era t we get def9ite      
lit]>y in=mation1 especially ) reg>d to 
li?>ge1 9 ,dioscorides & ,pl9y4 ,! =m]  
describes _m sub/ances "u ! t]ms scoria1
 molybda5a1 scoria argyros & li?>gyros1 
:i* are all v>ieties ( li?>ge4 ,"u !    
latt] t]m he says 7,v1 #fb73 ,"o k9d is 
produc$ f a lead s& 7conc5trates871 :i* 
has be5 heat$ 9 ! furnaces until        
completely fus$2 ano!r 7is made7 out (  
silv]2 ano!r f lead4 ,! be/ is f        
,attica1 ! second 7be/7 f ,spa92 aft] t 
! k9ds made 9 ,puteoli1 9 ,campania1 &  
at ,baia 9 ,sicily1 = 9 ^! places x is  
mo/ly produc$ by burn+ lead plates4 ,!  
be/ ( all is t :i* is a bright gold5    
col\r1 call$ *rysitis1 t f ,sicily 7is  
call$7 argyritis1 t made f silv] is     
call$ lauritis4 ,pl9y ref]s 9 sev]al    
passages to li?>ge 7spuma arg5ti7 & to  
:at is evid5tly cupellation1 7,,xxxiii1 
#ca73 ,& ?is ! same ag5cy ( fire        

sep>ates "p into lead1 :i* floats on !  
silv] l oil on wat] 7,,xxxiv1 #dg74 ,!  
metal :i* fl[s liquid at ! fir/ melt+ is
 call$ /annum1 ! second melt+ is silv]2 
t :i* rema9s 9 ! furnace is gal5a1 :i*  
is add$ to a ?ird "p ( ! ore4 ,?is be+  
aga9 melt$1 produc$ lead ) a d$uction ( 
two-n9?s4 ,assum+ /annum to be          
silv]-lead alloy1 & gal5a to be         
molybda5a1 & !re=e li?>ge1 ?is becomes a
 fairly cle> /atem5t ( cupellation 7see 
note #bc1 p4 #cib74 ,he fur!r /ates     
7,,xxxiii1 #ce73 ,!re is made 9 ! same  
m9es :at is call$ spuma arg5ti 7li?>ge74
 ,!re are ?ree v>ieties ( x2 ! be/1 kn[n
 z *rysitis2 ! second be/1 :i* is call$ 
argyritis2 & a ?ird k9d1 :i* is call$   
molybditis4 ,& g5]ally all ^! col\rs are
 to be f\nd 9 ! same tubes 7see p4      
#dhj74 ,! mo/ approv$ k9d is t (        
,attica2 ! next1 t :i* comes f ,spa94   
,*rysitis is ! product f ! ore itself2  
argyritis is made f ! silv]1 &          
molybditis is ! result ( smelt+ ( lead1 
:i* is done at ,puteoli1 & f ?is has its

 "n4 ,all ?ree are made z ! mat]ial :5  
smelt$ fl[s f an upp] crucible into a   
l[] "o4 ,f ?is la/ x is rais$ ) an iron 
b>1 & is !n twirl$ r\nd 9 ! flames 9    
ord] to make x less heavy 7made 9       
tubes74 ,?us1 z may be easily p]ceiv$ f 
! "n1 x is 9 reality ! spuma ( a boil+  
sub/ance--( ! future metal1 9 fact4 ,x  
diff]s f slag 9 ! same way t ! scum ( a 
liquid diff]s f ! lees1 ! "o be+ purg$ f
 ! mat]ial :ile purify+ itself1 ! o!r an
 excretion ( ! metal :5 purifi$4  ,!    
works ( ei!r ,!ophilus 7#aaej-abjj      
,a4,d47 or ,geb] 7prior to ! #ad?       
c5tury7 are ! fir/ :]e adequate         
description ( ! cupel itself c be f\nd4 
,! unc]ta9ty ( dates r5d]s x difficult  
to say :i* is e>lie/4 ,!ophilus         
7,h5drie's ,trans41 p4 #cag7 says3 ,h[  
gold is sep>at$ f copp]3 ,b if at any "t
 y h brok5 copp] or silv]-gilt vessels1 
or any o!r "w1 y c 9 ?is mann] sep>ate !
 gold4 ,take ! bones ( :atev] animal y  
please1 :i* 7bones7 y may h f\nd 9 !    
/reet1 & burn !m1 be+ cold1 gr9d !m     

f9ely1 & mix ) !m a ?ird "p ( bee*wood  
a%es1 & make cups z we h m5tion$ above 9
 ! purification ( silv]2 y w dry ^! at !
 fire or 9 ! sun4 ,!n y c>efully scrape 
! gold f ! copp]1 & y w fold ?is scrap+ 
9 lead beat5 ?91 & "o ( ^! cups be+     
plac$ 9 ! emb]s be=e ! furnace1 & n[    
become w>m1 y place 9 ?is fold ( lead ) 
! scrap+1 & coals be+ heap$ ^u x y w bl[
 x4 ,& :5 x has become melt$1 9 ! same  
mann] z silv] is accu/om$ to be purifi$1
 sometimes by remov+ ! emb]s & by add+  
lead1 sometimes by re-cook+ & w>ily     
bl[+1 y burn x until1 ! copp] be+       
entirely absorb$1 ! gold may appe> pure4
  ,we quote ,geb] f ! ,nuremb]g edition 
( #aede1 p4 #aeb3 ,n[ we describe !     
me?od ( ?is4 ,take sift$ a%es or calx1  
or ! p[d] ( ! burn$ bones ( animals1 or 
all ( !m mix$1 or "s ( !m2 moi/5 ) wat]1
 & press x ) y\r h& to make ! mixture   
firm & solid1 & 9 ! middle ( ?is b$ make
 a r\nd solid crucible & spr9kle a      
quantity ( cru%$ glass4 ,!n p]mit x to  
dry4 ,:5 x is dry1 place into ! crucible

 t :i* we h m5tion$ :i* y int5d to te/4 
,on x k9dle a /rong fire1 & bl[ ^u !    
surface ( ! body t is be+ te/$ until x  
melts1 :i*1 :5 melt$1 piece aft] piece (
 lead is ?r[n ^u x1 & bl[ ov] x a /rong 
flame4 ,:5 y see x agitat$ & mov$ )     
/rong %ak+ motion x is n pure4 ,!n wait 
until all ( ! lead is exhal$4 ,if x     
vani%es & does n cease its motion x is n
 purifi$4 ,!n aga9 ?r[ lead & bl[ aga9  
until ! lead sep>ates4 ,if x does n     
become quiet aga91 ?r[ 9 lead & bl[ on x
 until x is quiet & y see x bright &    
cle> on ! surface4  ,cupellation is     
m5tion$ by mo/ ( ! al*emi/s1 b z a      
metallurgical op]ation on a l>ge scale !
 fir/ description is by ,bir+uccio 9    
#aedj4  #bg ,9 ,agricola's text ?is is  
fir/1--obvi\sly an error4  #bh ,! ,roman
 sext>ius 0 ab\t a p9t4  #bi ,?is s5t5ce
 cont9ues1 ,ipsa v]o m$ia p>s praet]ea  
digito1 to :i* we are unable to         
attribute any mean+4  #cj ,?us1 or      
tus--inc5se4  #ca ,"o c5tumpondium1     
,roman1 equals ab\t #gj4f lbs4          

avoirdupois2 "o c5tn]1 old ,g]man1      
equals ab\t #aad4b lbs4 avoirdupois4    
,!re=e1 if ,g]man weights are meant1 !  
maximum *>ge w\ld be ab\t #e4g %ort     
tons2 if ,roman weights1 ab\t #c4e %ort 
tons4  #cb ,see description1 p4 #bfi4   
#cc ,/annum1 z a t]m = lead-silv]       
alloys1 is a t]m :i* ,agricola 7,de     
,natura ,fossilium1 pp4 #cda-c7 adopt$ f
 8 views ( ,pl9y4 ,9 ! ,int]pretatio & !
 ,gloss>y he gives ! ,g]man equival5t z 
w]k1 :i* w\ld suffici5tly id5tify 8     
mean+ 7 x n obvi\s f ! context4 ,!re c  
be little d\bt t ,pl9y uses ! t]m = lead
 alloys1 b x _h come into g5]al use = t9
 be=e ,agricola's "t4 ,! ,roman t]m 0   
plumbum c&idum1 & z a result (          
,agricola's insi/5ce on us+ x & /annum 9
 :at he conceiv$ 0 _! orig9al s5se1 he  
manag$ to give consid]able confusion to 
m9]alogic lit]ature = a c5tury or two4  
,! passages f ,pl9y1 ^u :i* he bases 8  
use1 are 7,,xxxiv1 #dg73 ,! metal :i*   
fl[s liquid at ! fir/ melt+ 9 ! furnace 
is call$ /annum1 ! second melt+ is      

silv]1 etc4 7,,xxxiv1 #dh73 ,:5 copp]   
vessels are coat$ ) /annum !y produce a 
less disagreeable flav\r1 & x prev5ts   
v]digris4 ,x is also rem>kable t !      
weight is n increas$4444 ,at ! pres5t   
day a c\nt]feit /annum is made by add+  
"o-?ird ( :ite copp] to t94 ,x is also  
made 9 ano!r way1 by mix+ toge!r equal  
p>ts ( t9 & lead2 ?is la/ is call$ by "s
 arg5t>ium4444 ,!re is also a           
composition call$ t]ti>ium1 a mixture ( 
two p>ts ( lead & "o ( t94 ,its price is
 tw5ty d5>ii p] p\nd1 & x is us$ =      
sold]+ pipes4 ,p]sons /ill m di%one/ mix
 toge!r equal p>ts ( t]ti>ium & t91 &   
call+ ! comp\nd arg5t>ium1 :5 x is melt$
 coat articles ) x4 ,al?\gh ?is la/     
passage probably indicates t /annum 0 a 
t9 comp\nd1 yet x is n inconsi/5t ) !   
view t ! g5u9e /annum 0 silv]-lead1 & t 
! c\nt]feits 7 made z /at$ by ,pl9y4 ,at
 :at p]iod ! t]m /annum 0 adopt$ = t9 is
 unc]ta94 ,z %[n by ,beckmann 7,hi/4 (  
,inv5tions ,,ii1 p4 #bbe71 x is us$ z   
e>ly z ! #f? c5tury 9 occasions :]e t9 0

 und\bt$ly meant4 ,we may po9t out t ?is
 t]m appe>s cont9u\sly 9 ! (ficial      
docum5ts relat+ to ,corni% t9 m9+1      
beg9n+ ) ! report ( ,william de ,wro?am 
9 #aaih4  #cd ,! ,lat9 t]m = li?>ge is  
spuma arg5ti1 spume ( silv]4  #ce ,pl9y1
 ,,xxxiii1 #ce4 ,?is quotation is giv5 9
 full 9 ! footnote p4 #dff4 ,agricola   
illu/rates ^! tubes ( li?>ge on p4 #dha4
  #cf ,assum+ ,roman weights1 ?ree      
unciae & ?ree dra*mae p] c5tumpondium   
w\ld be ab\t #hb ozs41 & ! second case  
w\ld equal ab\t #he ozs4 p] %ort ton4   
#cg ,agricola uses ?r\gh\t ,de ,re      
,metallica ! t]m molybda5a = ?is        
sub/ance4 ,x is obvi\s f ! context t he 
means saturat$ furnace bottoms--!       
h]dpley ( ! old ,g]man metallurgi/s--&1 
9 fact1 he himself gives ?is equival5t 9
 ! ,int]pretatio1 & describes x 9 great 
detail 9 ,de ,natura ,fossilium 7p4     
#cec74 ,! d]ivatives co9$ "o "t & ano!r 
f ! ,greek molybdos = lead1 & _!        
applications1 h result$ 9 a /ream ( wa/$
 ink1 to :i* we also mu/ contribute4    

,agricola *ose ! ^w molybda5a 9 ! s5se  
"h us$ f 8 int]pretation ( ,pl9y4 ,!    
/atem5ts 9 ,pl9y are a hopeless         
confusion ( molybda5a & gal5a4 ,he says 
7,,xxxiii1 #ce73 ,!re are ?ree v>ieties 
( x 7li?>ge7--! be/-kn[n is *rysitis2 ! 
second be/ is call$ argyritis2 & a ?ird 
k9d is call$ molybditis4444 ,molybditis 
is ! result ( ! smelt+ ( lead4444 ,"s p 
make two k9ds ( li?>ge1 :i* !y call     
scir]ytis & peum5e2 & a ?ird v>iety be+ 
molybda5a1 w be m5tion$ ) lead4         
7,,xxxiv1 #ec73 ,molybda5a1 :i* 9 ano!r 
place ,i h call$ gal5a1 is an ore ( mix$
 silv] & lead4 ,x is consid]$ bett] 9   
quality ! ne>] x approa*es to a gold5   
col\r & ! less lead !re is 9 x2 x is    
also friable & mod]ately heavy4 ,:5 x is
 boil$ ) oil x becomes liv]-col\r$1     
adh]es to ! gold & silv] furnaces1 & 9  
?is /ate x is call$ metallica4 ,f ^! two
 passages x w\ld seem t molybda5a1 a    
v>iety ( li?>ge1 might q well be        
he>?-lead4 ,fur!r 79 ,,xxxiv1 #dg71 he  
says3 ,! metal :i* fl[s liquid at ! fir/

 melt+ 9 ! furnace is call$ /annum1 at !
 second melt+ is silv]1 t :i* rema9s 9 !
 furnace is gal5a4 ,if we /ill ma9ta9 t 
molybda5a is he>?-lead1 & gal5a is its  
equival5t1 !n ?is passage becomes cle>  
en\gh1 ! second melt+ be+ cupellation4  
,! difficulty ) ,pl9y1 h[ev]1 arises f !
 passage 7,,xxxiii1 #ca71 :]e1 speak+ ( 
silv] ore1 he says3 ,x is impossible to 
melt x except ) lead ore1 call$ gal5a1  
:i* is g5]ally f\nd next to silv] ve9s4 
,agricola 7,b]mannus1 p4 #dbg1 c471     
devotes a great deal ( inconclusive     
discussion to an attempt to reconcile   
?is conflict ( ,pl9y1 & also t (        
,dioscorides4 ,! probable explanation ( 
?is conflict arises 9 ! resemblance (   
cupellation furnace bottoms to lead     
c>bonates1 & ! native molybda5a (       
,dioscorides2 & "s ( ^? ref]r$ to by    
,pl9y may be ?is sort ( lead ores4 ,9   
fact1 9 "o or two places 9 ,book ,,ix1  
,agricola appe>s to use ! t]m 9 ?is s5se
 himself4 ,aft] ,agricola's "t ! t]m    
molybda5um 0 appli$ to sub/ances        

resembl+ lead1 su* z graphite1 & :at we 
n[ "k z molybd5ite 7,mo,s#b74 ,"s "t 9 !
 latt] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury1 an elem5t be+
 sep>at$ f ! latt]1 x 0 dubb$ molybd5um1
 & confusion 0 five times conf\nd$4  #ch
 ,agricola "h ref]s to ! ,g]man ^w us$ 9
 ?is connection1 i4e41 hundt1 a dog4    
#ci ,if ,agricola means ! ,g]man c5tn]1 
?is *>ge w\ld be f ab\t #d4f to #e4g    
%ort tons4 ,if he is us+ ,roman weights1
 x w\ld be f ab\t #c to #c4g %ort tons4 
#dj ,! ref9+ ( silv] 9 te/s 7,lat9 te/a7
 is m]ely a second cupellation1 ) great]
 c>e & "u /rong] bla/4 ,/irr+ ! mass )  
an iron rod s]ves to raise ! impurities 
:i* ei!r volatilize z li?>ge or1 float+ 
to ! edges1 are absorb$ into ! te/4 ,!  
capacity ( ! te/s1 f #ae librae to #ej  
librae1 w\ld be f ab\t #aee to #eae ozs4
 ,troy4  #da ,a dra*ma ( impurities 9 a 
bes1 w\ld be "o "p 9 #fd1 or #ihd4d f9e4
 ,a loss ( a sicilicus ( silv] to ! bes1
 w\ld be "o "p 9 #cb1 or ab\t #c4a2 ?ree
 dra*mae w\ld equal #d4g1 & half an     
uncia #f4b1 or w\ld indicate t ! orig9al

 bullion _h a f95ess 9 ! v>i\s cases (  
ab\t #iej1 #icc1 & #iab4  #db           
,praefectus ,regis4     ,,book ,,xi4    
,diff]5t me?ods ( p>t+ gold f silv]1 &1 
on ! o!r h&1 silv] f gold1 7 discuss$ 9 
! la/ book2 also ! sep>ation ( copp] f !
 latt]1 & fur!r1 ( lead f gold z well z 
f silv]2 &1 la/ly1 ! me?ods = ref9+ !   
two preci\s metals4 ,n[ ,i w speak ( !  
me?ods by :i* silv] mu/ be sep>at$ f    
copp]1 & likewise f iron4#a             
,illu/ration #dic 7,build+ ,plan =      
,ref9]y73 ,six long walls3 ,a--,! fir/4 
,b--,! fir/ "p ( ! second4 ,c--,! fur!r 
"p ( ! second4 ,d--,! ?ird4 ,e--,! f\r?4
 ,f--,! fif?4 ,g--,! six?4 ,f\rte5      
transv]se walls3 ,h--,! fir/4 ,i--,!    
second4 ,k--,! ?ird4 ,l--,! f\r?4 ,m--,!
 fif?4 ,n--,! six?4 ,o--,! sev5?4 ,p--,!
 eigh?4 ,q--,! n9?4 ,r--,! t5?4 ,s--,!  
elev5?4 ,t--,! twelf?4 ,v--,! ?irte5?4  
,x--,! f\rte5?4  ,! (fic9a1 or ! build+ 
necess>y = ! purposes & use ( ^? :o     
sep>ate silv] f copp]1 is con/ruct$ 9   
?is mann]4 ,fir/1 f\r long walls are    

built1 ( :i* ! fir/1 :i* is p>allel ) ! 
bank ( a /ream1 & ! second1 are bo? two 
hundr$ & sixty-f\r feet long4 ,! second1
 h[ev]1 /ops at "o hundr$ & fifty-"o    
feet1 & aft]1 z x 71 a break = a l5g? ( 
tw5ty-f\r feet1 x cont9ues aga9 until x 
is ( a l5g? equal to ! fir/ wall4 ,!    
?ird wall is "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet     
long1 />t+ at a po9t opposite !         
sixty-sev5? foot ( ! o!r walls1 & rea*+ 
to _! "o hundr$ & eighty-six? foot4 ,!  
f\r? wall is "o hundr$ & fifty-"o feet  
long4 ,! height ( ea* ( ^! walls1 &     
likewise ( ! o!r two & ( ! transv]se    
walls1 ( :i* ,i w speak lat] on1 is t5  
feet1 & ! ?ickness two feet & z _m      
palms4 ,! second long wall only is built
 fifte5 feet high1 because ( ! furnaces 
:i* mu/ be built aga9/ x4 ,! fir/ long  
wall is di/ant fifte5 feet f ! second1 &
 ! ?ird is di/ant ! same numb] ( feet f 
! f\r?1 b ! second is di/ant ?irty-n9e  
feet f ! ?ird4 ,!n transv]se walls are  
built1 ! fir/ ( :i* leads f ! beg9n+ ( !
 fir/ long wall to ! beg9n+ ( ! second  

long wall2 & ! second transv]se wall f !
 beg9n+ ( ! second long wall to ! beg9n+
 ( ! f\r? long wall1 = ! ?ird long wall 
does n rea* s f>4 ,!n f ! beg9n+ ( !    
?ird long wall are built two walls--! "o
 to ! sixty-sev5? foot ( ! second long  
wall1 ! o!r to ! same po9t 9 ! f\r? long
 wall4 ,! fif? transv]se wall is built  
at a di/ance ( t5 feet f ! f\r?         
transv]se wall t[>d ! second transv]se  
wall2 x is tw5ty feet long1 & />ts f !  
f\r? long wall4 ,! six? transv]se wall  
is built also f ! f\r? long wall1 at a  
po9t di/ant ?irty feet f ! f\r?         
transv]se wall1 & x ext5ds z f> z ! back
 ( ! ?ird long wall4 ,! sev5? transv]se 
wall is con/ruct$ f ! second long wall1 
:]e ?is fir/ leaves (f1 to ! ?ird long  
wall2 & f ! back ( ! ?ird long wall !   
eigh? transv]se wall is built1 ext5d+ to
 ! end ( ! f\r? long wall4 ,!n ! fif?   
long wall is built f ! sev5? transv]se  
wall1 />t+ at a po9t n9ete5 feet f !    
second long wall2 x is "o hundr$ & n9e  
feet 9 l5g?2 & at a po9t tw5ty-f\r feet 

along x1 ! n9? transv]se wall is c>ri$  
to ! ?ird end ( ! second long wall1 :]e 
t beg9s aga94 ,! t5? transv]se wall is  
built f ! end ( ! fif? long wall1 &     
leads to ! fur!r end ( ! second long    
wall2 & f !re ! elev5? transv]se wall   
leads to ! fur!r end ( ! fir/ long wall4
 ,beh9d ! fif? long wall1 & five feet   
t[>d ! ?ird long wall1 ! six? long wall 
is built1 lead+ f ! sev5? transv]se     
wall2 its l5g? is ?irty-five feet1 & f  
its fur!r end ! twelf? transv]se wall is
 built to ! ?ird long wall1 & f x !     
?irte5? transv]se wall is built to !    
fif? long wall4 ,! f\rte5? transv]se    
wall divides into equal p>ts ! space :i*
 lies betwe5 ! sev5? transv]se wall & ! 
twelf?4  ,! l5g?1 height1 bread?1 &     
position ( ! walls are z above4 ,_!     
ar*ways1 doors1 & op5+s are made at !   
same "t t ! walls are built4 ,! size (  
^! & ! way !y are made w be mu* bett]   
und]/ood h]eaft]4 ,i w n[ speak ( !     
furnace hoods & ( ! ro(s4 ,! fir/ side#b
 ( ! hood /&s on ! second long wall1 &  

is simil> 9 e respect to ^? ^: /ructure 
,i expla9$ 9 ,book ,,ix1 :5 ,i describ$ 
! works 9 ^: furnaces are smelt$ ! ores 
( gold1 silv]1 & copp]4 ,f ?is side ( ! 
hood a ro(1 :i* consi/s ( burnt tiles1  
ext5ds to ! fir/ long wall2 & ?is "p ( !
 build+ conta9s ! bell[s1 ! ma*9]y =    
compress+ !m1 & ! in/rum5ts = inflat+   
!m4 ,9 ! middle space1 :i* is situat$   
betwe5 ! second & ?ird transv]se walls1 
an upright po/ eight feet high & two    
feet ?ick & wide1 is erect$ on a rock   
f\ndation1 & is di/ant ?irte5 feet f !  
second long wall4 ,on t upright po/1 & 9
 ! second transv]se wall1 :i* has at t  
po9t a squ>e hole two feet high & wide1 
is plac$ a beam ?irty-f\r feet & a palm 
long4 ,ano!r beam1 ( ! same l5g?1 wid?1 
& ?ickness1 is fix$ on ! same upright   
po/ & 9 ! ?ird transv]se wall4 ,! heads 
( ^? two beams1 :]e !y meet1 are jo9$   
toge!r ) iron /aples4 ,9 a simil> mann] 
ano!r po/ is erect$1 at a di/ance ( t5  
feet f ! fir/ upright po/ 9 ! direction 
( ! f\r? wall1 & two beams are laid ^u x

 & into ! same walls 9 a simil> way to  
^? ,i h j n[ describ$4 ,on ^! two beams 
& on ! f\r? long wall are fix$ sev5te5  
cross-beams1 =ty-?ree feet & ?ree palms 
long1 a foot wide1 & ?ree palms ?ick2 ! 
fir/ ( ^! is laid ^u ! second transv]se 
wall1 ! la/ lies along ! ?ird & f\r?    
transv]se walls2 ! re/ are set 9 ! space
 betwe5 !m4 ,^! cross-beams are ?ree    
feet ap>t "o f ! o!r4  ,9 ! ends ( ^!   
cross-beams1 fac+ ! second long wall1   
are mortis$ ! ends ( ! same numb] (     
raft]s rea*+ to ^? timb]s :i* /& upright
 on ! second long wall1 & 9 ?is mann] is
 made ! incl9$ side ( ! hood 9 a simil> 
way to ! "o describ$ 9 ,book ,,ix4 ,to  
prev5t ?is f fall+ t[>d ! v]tical wall (
 ! hood1 !re are iron rods secur+ x1 b  
only a few1 because ! f\r brick *imneys 
:i* h to be built 9 t space p>tly       
support x4 ,twelve feet back are        
likewise mortis$ into ! cross-beams1 :i*
 lie ^u ! two longitud9al beams & ! f\r?
 long wall1 ! l[] ends ( z _m raft]s1 ^:
 upp] ends are mortis$ into ! upp] ends 

( an equal numb] ( simil> raft]s1 ^: l[]
 ends are mortis$ to ! ends ( ! beams at
 ! f\r? long wall4 ,f ! fir/ set (      
raft]s#d to ! second set ( raft]s is a  
di/ance ( twelve feet1 9 ord] t a gutt] 
may be well plac$ 9 ! middle space4     
,betwe5 ^! two are aga9 erect$ two sets 
( raft]s1 ! l[] ends ( :i* are likewise 
mortis$ into ! beams1 :i* lie on ! two  
longitud9al beams & ! f\r? long wall1 & 
are int]di/ant a cubit4 ,! upp] ends ( !
 ones fifte5 feet long re/ on ! backs ( 
! raft]s ( ! fir/ set2 ! ends ( ! o!rs1 
:i* are eighte5 feet long1 re/ on !     
backs ( ! raft]s ( ! second set1 :i* are
 long]2 9 ?is mann]1 9 ! middle ( !     
raft]s1 is a sub-/ructure4 ,^u ea*      
alt]nate cross-beam :i* is plac$ ^u !   
two longitud9al beams & ! f\r? long wall
 is erect$ an upright po/1 & t x may be 
suffici5tly firm x is /r5g!n$ by means (
 a slant+ timb]4 ,^u ^! po/s is laid a  
long beam1 ^u :i* re/s "o set ( middle  
raft]s4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! o!r set (   
middle raft]s re/s on a long beam :i* is

 plac$ ^u o!r po/s4 ,besides ?is1 two   
feet above e cross-beam1 :i* is plac$ on
 ! two longitud9al beams & ! f\r? long  
wall1 is plac$ a tie-beam :i* rea*es f !
 fir/ set ( middle raft]s to ! second   
set ( middle raft]s2 ^u ! tie-beams is  
plac$ a gutt] holl[$ out f a tree4 ,!n f
 ! back ( ea* ( ! fir/ set ( middle     
raft]s a beam six feet long rea*es almo/
 to ! gutt]2 to ! l[] end ( ?is beam is 
atta*$ a piece ( wood two feet long2 ?is
 is repeat$ ) ea* raft] ( ! fir/ set (  
middle raft]s4 ,simil>ly f ! back ( ea* 
raft] ( ! second set ( middle raft]s a  
little beam1 sev5 feet long1 rea*es     
almo/ to ! gutt]2 to ! l[] end ( x is   
likewise atta*$ a %ort piece ( wood2 ?is
 is repeat$ on ea* raft] ( ! second set 
( middle raft]s4 ,!n 9 ! upp] "p1 to !  
fir/ & second sets ( pr9cipal raft]s are
 fa/5$ long bo>ds1 ^u :i* are fix$ !    
burnt tiles2 & 9 ! same mann]1 9 !      
middle "p1 !y are fa/5$ to ! fir/ &     
second sets ( middle raft]s1 & at ! l[] 
"p to ! little beams :i* rea* f ea*     

raft] ( ! fir/ & second set ( middle    
raft]s almo/ to ! gutt]2 &1 f9ally1 to !
 little bo>ds fa/5$ to ! %ort pieces (  
wood are fix$ %+les ( p9e-wood ext5d+   
into ! gutt]1 s t ! viol5t ra9 or melt$ 
sn[ may n p5etrate into ! build+4 ,!    
sub/ructures 9 ! int]ior :i* support !  
second set ( raft]s1 & ^? on ! opposite 
side :i* support ! ?ird1 be+ n unusual1 
,i ne$ n expla94  ,9 t "p ( ! build+    
aga9/ ! second long wall are ! furnaces1
 9 :i* exhau/$ liquation cakes :i* h    
already be5 dri$ are smelt$1 t !y may   
recov] once aga9 ! appe>ance & col\r (  
copp]1 inasmu* z !y really are copp]4 ,!
 rema9d] ( ! room is occupi$ by !       
passage :i* leads f ! door to !         
furnaces1 toge!r ) two o!r furnaces1 9  
"o ( :i* ! :ole cakes ( copp] are heat$1
 & 9 ! o!r ! exhau/$ liquation cakes are
 dri$ by ! heat ( ! fire4  ,likewise1 9 
! room betwe5 ! ?ird & sev5?#e transv]se
 walls1 two po/s are erect$ on rock     
f\ndation2 bo? ( !m are eight feet high 
& two feet wide & ?ick4 ,! "o is at a   

di/ance ( ?irte5 feet f ! second long   
wall2 ! o!r at ! same di/ance f ! ?ird  
long wall2 !re is a di/ance ( ?irte5    
feet betwe5 !m4 ,^u ^! two po/s & ^u !  
?ird transv]se wall are laid two        
longitud9al beams1 =ty-"o feet & "o palm
 long1 & two feet wide & ?ick4 ,two o!r 
beams ( ! same l5g?1 wid?1 & ?ickness   
are laid ^u ! upright po/s & ^u ! sev5? 
transv]se wall1 & ! heads ( ! two long  
beams1 :]e !y meet1 are jo9$ ) iron     
/aples4 ,on ^! longitud9al beams are    
aga9 plac$ tw5ty-"o transv]se beams1    
?irte5 feet long1 a foot wide1 & ?ree   
palms ?ick1 ( :i* ! fir/ is set on !    
?ird transv]se wall1 & ! la/ on ! sev5? 
transv]se wall2 ! re/ are laid 9 ! space
 betwe5 ^! two1 & !y are di/ant f "o    
ano!r ?ree feet4 ,into ! ends ( !       
transv]se beams :i* face ! second long  
wall1 are mortis$ ! ends ( ! same numb] 
( raft]s erect$ t[>d ! upright po/s :i* 
are plac$ ^u ! second long wall1 & 9 ?is
 mann] is made ! second incl9$ side wall
 ( ! hood4 ,into ! ends ( ! transv]se   

beams fac+ ! ?ird long wall1 are mortis$
 ! ends ( ! same numb] ( raft]s ris+    
t[>d ! raft]s ( ! fir/ incl9$ side ( !  
second hood1 & 9 ?is mann] is made ! o!r
 incl9$ side ( ! second hood4 ,b to     
prev5t ?is f fall+ 9 ^u ! opposite      
incl9$ side ( ! hood1 & t aga9 ^u !     
opposite v]tical "o1 !re are _m iron    
rods rea*+ f "s ( ! raft]s to ^?        
opposite !m2 & ?is is also prev5t$ 9 "p 
by means ( a few tie-beams1 ext5d+ f !  
back ( ! raft]s to ! back ( ^? :i* are  
beh9d !m4 ,^! tie-beams are two palms   
?ick & wide1 & h holes made ?r\gh !m at 
ea* end2 ea* ( ! raft]s is b\nd r\nd )  
iron b&s ?ree digits wide & half a digit
 ?ick1 :i* hold toge!r ! ends ( !       
tie-beams ( :i* ,i h spok52 & s t !     
jo9ts may be firm1 an iron nail1 pass+  
?r\gh ! plate on bo? sides1 is driv5    
?r\gh ! holes 9 ! ends ( ! beams4 ,s9ce 
"o weight c\nt]-balances ano!r1 ! raft]s
 on ! opposite hoods _c fall4 ,!        
tie-beams & middle po/s :i* h to support
 ! gutt]s & ! ro(1 are made 9 e p>ticul>

 z ,i /at$ above1 except only t ! second
 set ( middle raft]s are n long] ?an !  
fir/ set ( middle raft]s1 & t ! little  
beams :i* rea* f ! back ( ea* raft] ( ! 
second set ( middle raft]s ne>ly to !   
gutt] are n long] ?an ! little beams :i*
 rea* f ! back ( ea* raft] ( ! fir/ set 
( middle raft]s almo/ to ! gutt]4 ,9 ?is
 "p ( ! build+1 aga9/ ! second long     
wall1 are ! furnaces 9 :i* copp] is     
alloy$ ) lead1 & 9 :i* slags are        
re-smelt$4 ,aga9/ ! ?ird long wall are !
 furnaces 9 :i* silv] & lead are liquat$
 f copp]4 ,! int]ior is also occupi$ by 
two cranes1 ( :i* "o deposits on ! gr\nd
 ! cakes ( copp] lift$ out ( ! m\ld+    
pans2 ! o!r lifts !m f ! gr\nd into !   
second furnace4  ,on ! ?ird & ! f\r?    
long walls are set tw5ty-"o beams       
eighte5 feet & ?ree palms long4 ,9      
mortises 9 !m1 two feet beh9d ! ?ird    
long wall1 are set ! ends ( ! same numb]
 ( raft]s erect$ opposite to ! raft]s ( 
! o!r incl9$ wall ( ! second furnace    
hood1 & 9 ?is mann] is made ! ?ird      

incl9$ wall1 exactly simil> to ! o!rs4  
,! ends ( z _m raft]s are mortis$ into  
^! beams :]e !y are fix$ 9 ! f\r? long  
wall2 ^! raft]s are erect$ obliquely1 & 
re/ aga9/ ! backs ( ! prec$+ ones &     
support ! ro(1 :i* consi/s entirely (   
burnt tiles & has ! usual sub/ructures4 
,9 ?is "p ( ! build+ !re are two rooms1 
9 ! fir/ ( :i* ! cakes ( copp]1 & 9 !   
o!r ! cakes ( lead1 are /or$4  ,9 !     
space enclos$ betwe5 ! n9? & t5?        
transv]se walls & ! second & fif? long  
walls1 a po/ twelve feet high & two feet
 wide & ?ick is erect$ on a rock        
f\ndation2 x is di/ant ?irte5 feet f !  
second long wall1 & six f ! fif? long   
wall4 ,^u ?is po/ & ^u ! n9? transv]se  
wall is laid a beam ?irty-?ree feet &   
?ree palms long1 & two palms wide &     
?ick4 ,ano!r beam1 also ( ! same l5g?1  
wid? & ?ickness1 is laid ^u ! same po/ &
 ^u ! t5? transv]se wall1 & ! ends ( ^! 
two beams :]e !y meet are jo9$ by means 
( iron /aples4 ,on ^! beams & on ! fif? 
long wall are plac$ t5 cross-beams1     

eight feet & ?ree palms long1 ! fir/ (  
:i* is plac$ on ! n9? transv]se wall1 ! 
la/ on ! t5?1 ! rema9d] 9 ! space betwe5
 !m2 !y are di/ant f "o ano!r ?ree feet4
 ,into ! ends ( ! cross-beams fac+ !    
second long wall1 are mortis$ ! ends ( !
 same numb] ( raft]s incl9$ t[>d ! po/s 
:i* /& v]tically ^u ! second long wall4 
,?is1 aga91 is ! mann] 9 :i* ! incl9$   
side ( ! furnace hood is made1 j z ) !  
o!rs2 at ! top :]e ! fumes are emitt$ x 
is two feet di/ant f ! v]tical side4 ,! 
ends ( ! same numb] ( raft]s are mortis$
 into ! cross-beams1 :]e !y are set 9 ! 
fif? long wall2 ea* ( !m is set up      
obliquely & re/s aga9/ ! back ( "o ( !  
prec$+ set2 !y support ! ro(1 made (    
burnt tiles4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! build+1 aga9/
 ! second long wall1 are f\r furnaces 9 
:i* lead is sep>at$ f silv]1 toge!r ) ! 
cranes by means ( :i* ! domes are lift$ 
f ! crucibles4  ,9 t "p ( ! build+ :i*  
lies betwe5 ! fir/ long wall & ! break 9
 ! second long wall1 is ! /amp ) :i* !  
copp] cakes are cru%$1 & ! f\r /amps )  

:i* ! accretions t are *ipp$ (f ! walls 
( ! furnace are brok5 up & cru%$ to     
p[d]1 & likewise ! bricks on :i* !      
exhau/$ liquation cakes ( copp] are /ood
 to be dri$4 ,?is room has ! usual ro(1 
z also has ! space betwe5 ! sev5?       
transv]se wall & ! twelf? & ?irte5?     
transv]se walls4  ,illu/ration #dii     
7,he>?s = melt+ lead cakes73 ,a--,he>?4 
,b--,rocks sunk into ! gr\nd4 ,c--,walls
 :i* protect ! f\r? long wall f damage  
by fire4 ,d--,dipp+-pot4 ,e--,masses (  
lead4 ,f--,trolley4 ,g--,its :eels4     
,h--,crane4 ,i--,tongs4 ,k--,wood4      
,l--,m\lds4 ,m--,ladle4 ,n--,pick4      
,o--,cakes4  ,at ! sides ( ^! rooms are 
! fif?1 ! six?1 & ! ?ird long walls4    
,?is "p ( ! build+ is divid$ into two   
p>ts1 9 ! fir/ ( :i* /& ! little        
furnaces 9 :i* ! artific] assays metals2
 & ! bone a%1 toge!r ) ! o!r p[d]s1 are 
kept "h4 ,9 ! o!r room is prep>$ ! p[d] 
f :i* ! he>?s & ! crucibles ( ! furnaces
 are made4 ,outside ! build+1 at ! back 
( ! f\r? long wall1 ne> ! door to ! left

 z y ent]1 is a he>? 9 :i* small] masses
 ( lead are melt$ f l>ge ones1 t !y may 
be ! m easily weigh$2 because ! masses (
 lead1 j z mu* z ! cakes ( copp]1 ought 
to be fir/ prep>$ s t !y c be weigh$1 & 
a def9ite weight c be melt$ & alloy$ 9 !
 furnaces4 ,to beg9 )1 ! he>? 9 :i* !   
masses ( lead are liquefi$ is six feet  
long & five wide2 x is protect$ on bo?  
sides by rocks p>tly sunk into ! e>?1 b 
a palm high] ?an ! he>?1 & x is l9$ 9 ! 
inside ) lute4 ,x slopes t[>d ! middle &
 t[>d ! front1 9 ord] t ! molt5 lead may
 run d[n & fl[ out into ! dipp+-pot4    
,!re is a wall at ! back ( ! he>? :i*   
protects ! f\r? long wall f damage by ! 
heat2 ?is wall1 :i* is made ( bricks &  
lute1 is f\r feet high1 ?ree palms ?ick1
 & five feet long at ! bottom1 & at !   
top ?ree feet & two palms long2 !re=e x 
n>r[s gradually1 & 9 ! upp] "p are laid 
sev5 bricks1 ! middle ones ( :i* are set
 upright1 & ! end ones incl9$2 !y are   
all ?ickly coat$ ) lute4 ,9 front ( !   
he>? is a dipp+-pot1 ^: pit is a foot   

deep1 & a foot & ?ree palms wide at !   
top1 & gradually n>r[s4 ,:5 ! masses (  
lead are to be melt$1 ! workman fir/    
places ! wood 9 ! he>? s t "o end ( ea* 
billet faces ! wall1 & ! o!r end !      
dipp+-pot4 ,!n1 assi/$ by o!r workm51 he
 pu%es ! mass ( lead =w>d ) cr[b>s on to
 a l[ trolley1 & draws x to ! crane4 ,! 
trolley consi/s ( planks fa/5$ toge!r1  
is two & "o-half feet wide & five feet  
long1 & has two small iron axles1 ar\nd 
:i* at ea* end revolve small iron :eels1
 two palms 9 diamet] & z _m digits wide4
 ,! trolley has a tongue1 & atta*$ to   
?is is a rope1 by :i* x is drawn to !   
crane4 ,! crane is exactly simil> to ^? 
9 ! second "p ( ! works1 except t !     
crane-arm is n s long4 ,! tongs 9 ^:    
jaws#f ! masses ( lead are seiz$1 are   
two feet a palm & two digits long2 bo? (
 ! jaws1 :5 /ruck ) a hamm]1 imp+e ^u ! 
mass & are driv5 into x4 ,! upp] "p (   
bo? h&les ( ! tongs are curv$ back1 ! "o
 to ! "r1 ! o!r to ! left1 & ea* h&le is
 engag$ 9 "o ( ! l[e/ l9ks ( two %ort   

*a9s1 :i* are ?ree l9ks long4 ,! upp]   
l9ks are engag$ 9 a l>ge r\nd r+1 9 :i* 
is fix$ ! hook ( a *a9 let d[n f !      
pulley ( ! crane-arm4 ,:5 ! crank ( !   
crane is turn$1 ! mass is lift$ & is    
c>ri$ by ! crane-arm to ! he>? & plac$  
on ! wood4 ,! workm5 :eel up "o mass    
aft] ano!r & place !m 9 a simil> mann]  
on ! wood ( ! he>?2 masses :i* weigh a  
total ( ab\t a hundr$ & sixty           
c5tumpondia#g are usually plac$ ^u !    
wood & melt$ at "o "t4 ,!n a workman    
?r[s *>coal on ! masses1 & all are made 
ready 9 ! ev5+4 ,if he fe>s t x may ra91
 he cov]s x up ) a cov]1 :i* may be mov$
 "h & !re2 at ! back ?is cov] has two   
legs1 s t ! ra9 :i* x collects may fl[  
d[n ! slope on to ! op5 gr\nd4 ,e>ly 9 !
 morn+ ( ! foll[+ day1 he ?r[s live     
coals on ! *>coal ) a %ovel1 & by ?is   
me?od ! masses ( lead melt1 & f "t to "t
 *>coal is add$4 ,! lead1 z soon z x    
beg9s to run into ! dipp+-pot1 is ladl$ 
out ) an iron ladle into copp] m\lds su*
 z ! ref9]s g5]ally use4 ,if x does n   

cool imm$iately he p\rs wat] ov] x1 & !n
 /icks ! po9t$ pick into x & pulls x    
out4 ,! po9t$ end ( ! pick is ?ree palms
 long & ! r\nd end is two digits long4  
,x is necess>y to sme> ! m\lds ) a wa% (
 lute1 9 ord] t1 :5 !y h be5 turn$      
upside d[n & /ruck ) ! broad r\nd end ( 
! pick1 ! cakes ( lead may fall out     
easily4 ,if ! m\lds are n wa%$ ov] ) !  
lute1 !re is a risk t !y may be melt$ by
 ! lead & let x ?r\gh4 ,o!rs take hold (
 a billet ( wood ) _! left h&1 & ) !    
heavy l[] end ( x !y p\nd ! m\ld1 & ) ! 
"r h& !y /ick ! po9t ( ! pick into !    
cake ( lead1 & ?us pull x out4 ,!n      
imm$iately ! workman p\rs o!r lead into 
! empty m\lds1 & ?is he does until ! "w 
( melt+ ! lead is f9i%$4 ,:5 ! lead is  
melt$1 some?+ simil> to li?>ge is       
produc$2 b x is no wond] t x %\ld be    
possible to make x 9 ?is case1 :5 x us$ 
=m]ly to be produc$ at ,puteoli f lead  
alone :5 melt$ by a fi]ce fire 9 !      
cupellation furnace4#h ,aft]w>d ^! cakes
 ( lead are c>ri$ into ! lead /ore-room4

  ,illu/ration #eja 7,/amp-mill = break+
 copp] cakes73 ,a--,block ( wood4       
,b--,upright po/s4 ,c--,transv]se beams4
 ,d--,head ( ! /amp4 ,e--,its too?4     
,f--,! hole 9 ! /amp-/em4 ,g--,iron b>4 
,h--,masses ( lead4 ,i--,! bronze       
saddle4 ,k--,axle4 ,l--,its arms4       
,m--,little iron axle4 ,n--,bronze pipe4
  ,! cakes ( copp]1 put into :eelb>r[s1 
are c>ri$ into ! ?ird "p ( ! build+1 :]e
 ea* is laid ^u a saddle1 & is brok5 up 
by ! impact ( successive bl[s f !       
iron-%od /amp4 ,?is ma*9e is made by    
plac+ ^u ! gr\nd a block ( oak1 five    
feet long & ?ree feet wide & ?ick2 x is 
cut out 9 ! middle = a l5g? ( two feet &
 two palms1 a wid? ( two feet1 & a dep? 
( ?ree palms & two digits1 & is op5 9   
front2 ! high] "p ( x is at ! back1 & ! 
wide "p lies flat 9 ! block4 ,9 ! middle
 ( x is plac$ a bronze saddle4 ,its base
 is a palm & two digits wide1 & is      
plant$ betwe5 two masses ( lead1 &      
ext5ds "u !m to a dep? ( a palm on bo?  
sides4 ,! :ole saddle is ?ree palms &   

two digits wide1 a foot long1 & two     
palms ?ick4 ,^u ea* end ( ! block /&s a 
po/1 a cubit wide & ?ick1 ! upp] end (  
:i* is some:at cut away & is mortis$    
into ! beams ( ! build+4 ,at a height ( 
f\r feet & two digits above ! block !re 
are jo9$ to ! po/s two transv]se beams1 
ea* ( :i* is ?ree palms wide & ?ick2 _! 
ends are mortis$ into ! upright po/s1 & 
holes are bor$ ?r\gh !m2 9 ! holes are  
driv5 iron claves1 horn$ 9 front & s    
driv5 into ! po/ t "o ( ! horns ( ea*   
po9ts upw>d & ! o!r d[nw>d2 ! o!r end ( 
ea* clavis is p]=at$1 & a wide iron w$ge
 is ins]t$ & driv5 into ! holes1 & ?us  
holds ! transv]se beams 9 place4 ,^!    
transv]se beams h 9 ! middle a squ>e    
op5+ ?ree palms & half a digit wide 9   
ea* direction1 ?r\gh :i* ! iron-%od /amp
 passes4 ,at a height ( ?ree feet & two 
palms above ^! transv]se beams !re are  
aga9 two beams ( ! same k9d1 hav+ also a
 squ>e op5+ & hold+ ! same /amp4 ,?is   
/amp is squ>e1 elev5 feet long1 ?ree    
palms wide & ?ick2 its iron %oe is a    

foot & a palm long2 its head is two     
palms long & wide1 a palm two digits    
?ick at ! top1 & at ! bottom ! same     
numb] ( digits1 = x gradually n>r[s4 ,b 
! tail is ?ree palms long2 :]e ! head   
beg9s is two palms wide & ?ick1 & !     
fur!r x dep>ts f ! same ! n>r[] x       
becomes4 ,! upp] "p is enclos$ 9 !      
/amp-/em1 & x is p]=at$ s t an iron bolt
 may be driv5 into x2 x is b\nd by ?ree 
rectangul> iron b&s1 ! l[e/ ( :i*1 a    
palm wide1 is betwe5 ! iron %oe & ! head
 ( ! /amp2 ! middle b&1 ?ree digits     
wide1 foll[s next & b9ds r\nd ! head ( !
 /amp1 & two digits above is ! upp] "o1 
:i* is ! same numb] ( digits wide4 ,at a
 di/ance ( two feet & z _m digits above 
! l[e/ "p ( ! iron %oe1 is a rectangul> 
too?1 project+ f ! /amp = a di/ance ( a 
foot & a palm2 x is two palms ?ick1 & :5
 x has ext5d$ to a di/ance ( six digits 
f ! /amp x is made two digits n>r[]4 ,at
 a height ( ?ree palms upw>d f ! too?   
!re is a r\nd hole 9 ! middle ( !       
/amp-/em1 into :i* c be ?ru/ a r\nd iron

 b> two feet long & a digit & a half 9  
diamet]2 9 its holl[ end is fix$ a wood5
 h&le two palms & ! same numb] ( digits 
long4 ,! b> re/s on ! l[] transv]se     
beam1 & holds up ! /amp :5 x is n 9 use4
 ,! axle :i* raises ! /amp has on ea*   
side two arms1 :i* are two palms & ?ree 
digits di/ant f ea* o!r1 & :i* project f
 ! axle a foot1 a palm & two digits2    
p5etrat+ ?r\gh !m are bolts1 driv5 9    
firmly2 ! arms are ea* a palm & two     
digits wide & ?ick1 & _! r\nd heads1 = a
 foot d[nw>d on ei!r side1 are cov]$ )  
iron plates ( ! same wid? z ! arms &    
fa/5$ by iron nails4 ,! head ( ea* arm  
has a r\nd hole1 into :i* is ins]t$ an  
iron p91 pass+ ?r\gh a bronze pipe2 ?is 
little axle has at ! "o end a wide head1
 & at ! o!r end a p]=ation ?r\gh :i* is 
driv5 an iron nail1 le/ ?is little axle 
%\ld fall out ( ! arms4 ,! bronze pipe  
is two palms long & "o 9 diamet]2 !     
little iron axle p5etrates ?r\gh its    
r\nd int]ior1 :i* is two digits 9       
diamet]4 ,! bronze pipe n only revolves 

r\nd ! little iron axle1 b x also       
rotates ) x2 !re=e1 :5 ! axle revolves1 
! little axle & ! bronze tube 9 _! turn 
raise ! too? & ! /amp4 ,:5 ! little iron
 axle & ! bronze pipe h be5 tak5 out ( !
 arms1 ! too? ( ! /amps is n rais$1 &   
o!r /amps may be rais$ )\t ?is "o4      
,fur!r on1 a drum ) sp9dles fix$ ar\nd !
 axle ( a wat]-:eel moves ! axle ( a    
too!d drum1 :i* depresses ! sweeps ( !  
bell[s 9 ! adjac5t f\r? "p ( ! build+2 b
 x turns 9 ! contr>y direction2 = ! axis
 ( ! drum :i* raises ! /amps turns t[>d 
! nor?1 :ile t "o :i* depresses ! sweeps
 ( ! bell[s turns t[>d ! s\?4           
,illu/ration #ejd 7,he>?s = heat+ copp] 
cakes73 ,a--,back wall4 ,b--,walls at ! 
sides4 ,c--,upright po/s4 ,d--,*imney4  
,e--,! cakes arrang$4 ,f--,iron plates4 
,g--,rocks4 ,h--,rabble ) two prongs4   
,i--,hamm]s4  ,^? cakes :i* are too ?ick
 to be rapidly brok5 by bl[s f !        
iron-%od /amp1 su* z are g5]ally ^? :i* 
h settl$ 9 ! bottom ( ! crucible1#i are 
c>ri$ into ! fir/ "p ( ! build+4 ,!y are

 !re heat$ 9 a furnace1 :i* is          
tw5ty-eight feet di/ant f ! second long 
wall & twelve feet f ! second transv]se 
wall4 ,! ?ree sides ( ?is furnace are   
built ( rectangul> rocks1 ^u :i* bricks 
are laid2 ! back furnace wall is ?ree   
feet & a palm high1 & ! re> ( ! side    
walls is ! same2 ! side walls are slop+1
 & :]e ! furnace is op5 9 front !y are  
only two feet & ?ree palms high2 all !  
walls are a foot & a palm ?ick4 ,^u ^!  
walls /& upright po/s n less ?ick1 9    
ord] t !y may be> ! heavy weight plac$  
^u !m1 & !y are cov]$ ) lute2 ^! po/s   
support ! slop+ *imney & p5etrate ?r\gh 
! ro(4 ,moreov]1 n only ! ribs ( !      
*imney1 b also ! raft]s1 are cov]$      
?ickly ) lute4 ,! he>? ( ! furnace is   
six feet long on ea* side1 is slop+1 &  
is pav$ ) bricks4 ,! cakes ( copp] are  
plac$ 9 ! furnace & heat$ 9 ! foll[+    
way4 ,!y are fir/ ( all plac$ 9 !       
furnace 9 r[s1 ) z _m small /ones ! size
 ( an egg betwe51 s t ! heat ( ! fire c 
p5etrate ?r\gh ! spaces betwe5 !m2      

inde$1 ^? cakes :i* are plac$ at !      
bottom ( ! crucible are ea* rais$ ^u    
half a brick = ! same reason4 ,b le/ !  
la/ r[1 :i* lies aga9/ ! m\? ( !        
furnace1 %\ld fall out1 aga9/ ! m\? are 
plac$ iron plates1 or ! copp] cakes :i* 
are ! fir/ tak5 f ! crucible :5 copp] is
 made1 & aga9/ !m are laid exhau/$      
liquation cakes or rocks4 ,!n *>coal is 
?r[n on ! cakes1 & !n live coals2 at    
fir/ ! cakes are heat$ by a g5tle fire1 
& aft]w>d m *>coal is add$ to !m until x
 is at times ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot deep4 
,a fi]c] fire is c]ta9ly requir$ to heat
 ! h>d cakes ( copp] ?an ! fragile ones4
 ,:5 ! cakes h be5 suffici5tly heat$1   
:i* usually occurs )9 ! space ( ab\t two
 h\rs1 ! exhau/$ liquation cakes or !   
rocks & ! iron plate are remov$ f ! m\? 
( ! furnace4 ,!n ! hot cakes are tak5   
out r[ aft] r[ ) a two-prong$ rabble1   
su* z ! "o :i* is us$ by ^? :o dry !    
exhau/$ liquation cakes4 ,!n ! fir/ cake
 is laid ^u ! exhau/$ liquation cakes1 &
 beat5 by two workm5 ) hamm]s until x   

breaks2 ! hott] ! cakes are1 ! soon] !y 
are brok5 up2 ! less hot1 ! long] x     
takes1 = n[ & !n !y b5d into ! %ape (   
copp] bas9s4 ,:5 ! fir/ cake has be5    
brok51 ! second is put on to ! o!r      
fragm5ts & beat5 until x breaks into    
pieces1 & ! re/ ( ! cakes are brok5 up 9
 ! same mann] 9 due ord]4 ,! head ( !   
hamm] is ?ree palms long & "o wide1 &   
%>p5$ at bo? ends1 & its h&le is ( wood 
?ree feet long4 ,:5 !y h be5 brok5 by ! 
/amp1 if cold1 or ) hamm]s if hot1 !    
fragm5ts ( copp] or ! cakes are c>ri$   
into ! /ore-room = copp]4  ,! =eman ( ! 
works1 accord+ to ! diff]5t proportions 
( silv] 9 ea* c5tumpondium ( copp]1     
alloys x ) lead1 )\t :i* he c\ld n      
sep>ate ! silv] f ! copp]4#aj ,if !re be
 a mod]ate am\nt ( silv] 9 ! copp]1 he  
alloys x f\rfold2 = in/ance1 if 9       
?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tumpondium ( copp] !re
 is less ?an ! foll[+ proportions1 i4e43
 half a libra ( silv]1 or half a libra &
 a sicilicus1 or half a libra & a       
semi-uncia1 or half a libra & semi-uncia

 & a sicilicus1 !n ri* lead--t is1 t f  
:i* ! silv] has n yet be5 sep>at$--is   
add$1 to ! am\nt ( half a c5tumpondium  
or a :ole c5tumpondium1 or a :ole & a   
half1 9 su* a way t !re may be 9 !      
copp]-lead alloy "s "o ( ! proportions (
 silv] :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 :i* is ! fir/
 alloy4 ,to ?is fir/ alloy is add$ su* a
 weight ( de-silv]iz$ lead or li?>ge z  
is requir$ to make out ( all ( ^! a s+le
 liquation cake t w conta9 approximately
 two c5tumpondia ( lead2 b z usually f  
"o hundr$ & ?irty librae ( li?>ge only  
"o hundr$ librae ( lead are made1 a     
great] proportion ( li?>ge ?an (        
de-silv]iz$ lead is add$ z a supplem5t4 
,s9ce f\r cakes ( ?is k9d are plac$ at !
 same "t into ! furnace 9 :i* ! silv] & 
lead is liquat$ f copp]1 !re w be 9 all 
! cakes ?ree c5tumpondia ( copp] & eight
 c5tumpondia ( lead4 ,:5 ! lead has be5 
liquat$ f ! copp]1 x weighs six         
c5tumpondia1 9 ea* c5tumpondium ( :i*   
!re is a qu>t] ( a libra & almo/ a      
sicilicus ( silv]4 ,only sev5 unciae ( !

 silv] rema9 9 ! exhau/$ liquation cakes
 & 9 t copp]-lead alloy :i* we call     
liquation ?orns2 !y are n call$ by ?is  
"n s mu* because !y h %>p po9ts z       
because !y are base4 ,if 9 ?ree-qu>t]s (
 a c5tumpondium ( copp] !re are less ?an
 sev5 uncia & a semi-uncia or a bes (   
silv]1 !n s mu* ri* lead mu/ be add$ z  
to make 9 ! copp] & lead alloy "o ( !   
proportions ( silv] :i* ,i h already    
m5tion$4 ,?is is ! second alloy4 ,to ?is
 is aga9 to be add$ z great a weight (  
de-silv]iz$ lead1 or ( li?>ge1 z w make 
x possible to obta9 f t alloy a         
liquation cake conta9+ two & a qu>t]    
c5tumpondia ( lead1 9 :i* mann] 9 f\r ( 
^! cakes !re w be ?ree c5tumpondia (    
copp] & n9e c5tumpondia ( lead4 ,! lead 
:i* liquates f ^! cakes weighs sev5     
c5tumpondia1 9 ea* c5tumpondium ( :i*   
!re is a qu>t] ( a libra ( silv] & a    
little m ?an a sicilicus4 ,ab\t sev5    
unciae ( silv] rema9 9 ! exhau/$        
liquation cakes & 9 ! liquation ?orns1  
if we may be all[$ to make common ! old 

"n 7sp9ae  ?orns7 & be/[ x ^u a new     
sub/ance4 ,if 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a         
c5tumpondium ( copp] !re is less ?an    
?ree-qu>t]s ( a libra ( silv]1 or       
?ree-qu>t]s & a semi-uncia1 !n z mu* ri*
 lead mu/ be add$ z w produce "o ( !    
proportions ( silv] 9 ! copp]-lead alloy
 above m5tion$2 ?is is ! ?ird alloy4 ,to
 ?is is add$ su* an am\nt ( de-silv]iz$ 
lead or ( li?>ge1 t a liquation cake    
made f x conta9s 9 all two & ?ree-qu>t]s
 c5tumpondia ( lead4 ,9 ?is mann] f\r   
su* cakes w conta9 ?ree c5tumpondia (   
copp] & elev5 c5tumpondia ( lead4 ,!    
lead :i* ^! cakes liquate1 :5 !y are    
melt$ 9 ! furnace1 weighs ab\t n9e      
c5tumpondia1 9 ea* c5tumpondium ( :i*   
!re is a qu>t] ( a libra & m ?an a      
sicilicus ( silv]2 & sev5 unciae ( silv]
 rema9 9 ! exhau/$ liquation cakes & 9 !
 liquation ?orns4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9         
?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tumpondium ( copp] !re
 is less ?an t5-twelf?s ( a libra or    
t5-twelf?s ( a libra & a semi-uncia (   
silv]1 !n su* a proportion ( ri* lead is

 add$ z w produce 9 ! copp]-lead alloy  
"o ( ! proportions ( silv] :i* ,i       
m5tion$ above2 ?is is ! f\r? alloy4 ,to 
?is is add$ su* a weight ( de-silv]iz$  
lead or ( li?>ge1 t a liquation cake    
made f x conta9s ?ree c5tumpondia (     
lead1 & 9 f\r cakes ( ?is k9d !re are   
?ree c5tumpondia ( copp] & twelve       
c5tumpondia ( lead4 ,! lead :i* is      
liquat$ !refrom weighs ab\t t5          
c5tumpondia1 9 ea* c5tumpondium ( :i*   
!re is a qu>t] ( a libra & m ?an a      
semi-uncia ( silv]1 or sev5 unciae2 a   
bes1 or sev5 unciae & a semi-uncia1 (   
silv] rema9 9 ! exhau/$ liquation cakes 
& 9 ! liquation ?orns4  ,illu/ration    
#ejh 7,bla/ ,furnaces73 ,a--,furnace 9  
:i* slags are re-smelt$4 ,b--,furnace 9 
:i* copp] is alloy$ ) lead4 ,c--,door4  
,d--,=ehe>?s on ! gr\nd4 ,e--,copp]     
m\lds4 ,f--,rabble4 ,g--,hook4          
,h--,cleft /ick4 ,i--,arm ( ! crane4    
,k--,! hook ( its *a94  ,aga9/ ! second 
long wall 9 ! second "p ( ! build+1 ^:  
area is eighty feet long by ?irty-n9e   

feet wide1 are f\r furnaces 9 :i* !     
copp] is alloy$ ) lead1 & six furnaces 9
 :i* slags are re-smelt$4 ,! int]ior ( !
 fir/ k9d ( furnace is a foot & ?ree    
palms wide1 two feet ?ree digits long2 &
 ( ! second is a foot & a palm wide & a 
foot ?ree palms & a digit long4 ,! side 
walls ( ^! furnaces are ! same height z 
! furnaces 9 :i* gold or silv] ores are 
smelt$4 ,z ! :ole room is divid$ into   
two p>ts by upright po/s1 ! front "p mu/
 h1 fir/1 two furnaces 9 :i* slags are  
re-melt$2 second1 two furnaces 9 :i*    
copp] is alloy$ ) lead2 & ?ird1 "o      
furnace 9 :i* slags are re-melt$4 ,!    
back "p ( ! room has fir/1 "o furnace 9 
:i* slags are re-melt$2 next1 two       
furnaces 9 :i* copp] is alloy$ ) lead2 &
 ?ird1 two furnaces 9 :i* slags are     
re-melt$4 ,ea* ( ^! is six feet di/ant f
 ! next2 on ! "r side ( ! fir/ is a     
space ( ?ree feet & two palms1 & on !   
left side ( ! la/ "o ( sev5 feet4 ,ea*  
pair ( furnaces has a common door1 six  
feet high & a cubit wide1 b ! fir/ & !  

t5? furnace ea* has "o ( its own4 ,ea* (
 ! furnaces is set 9 an ar* ( its own 9 
! back wall1 & 9 front has a =ehe>? pit2
 ?is is fill$ ) a p[d] comp\nd ramm$ d[n
 & compress$ 9 ord] to make a crucible4 
,"u ea* furnace is a hidd5 receptacle = 
! moi/ure1#aa f :i* a v5t is made ?r\gh 
! back wall t[>d ! "r1 :i* all[s ! vap\r
 to escape4 ,f9ally1 to ! "r1 9 front1  
is ! copp] m\ld into :i* ! copp]-lead   
alloy is p\r$ f ! =ehe>?1 9 ord] t      
liquation cakes ( equal weight may be   
made4 ,?is copp] m\ld is a digit ?ick1  
its int]ior is two feet 9 diamet] & six 
digits deep4 ,beh9d ! second long wall  
are t5 pairs ( bell[s1 two ma*9es =     
compress+ !m1 & tw5ty in/rum5ts =       
inflat+ !m4 ,! way 9 :i* ^! %\ld be made
 may be und]/ood f ,book ,,ix4  ,!      
smelt]1 :5 he alloys copp] ) lead1 ) 8  
h& ?r[s into ! heat$ furnace1 fir/ !    
l>ge fragm5ts ( copp]1 !n a basketful ( 
*>coal1 !n ! small] fragm5ts ( copp]4   
,:5 ! copp] is melt$ & beg9s to run out 
( ! tap-hole into ! =ehe>?1 he ?r[s     

li?>ge into ! furnace1 &1 le/ "p ( x    
%\ld fly away1 he fir/ ?r[s *>coal ov]  
x1 & la/ly lead4 ,z soon z he has ?r[n  
into ! furnace ! copp] & ! lead1 f :i*  
alloy ! fir/ liquation cake is made1 he 
aga9 ?r[s 9 a basket ( *>coal1 & !n     
fragm5ts ( copp] are ?r[n ov] !m1 f :i* 
! second cake may be made4 ,aft]w>d ) a 
rabble he skims ! slag f ! copp] & lead 
z !y fl[ into ! =ehe>?4 ,su* a rabble is
 a bo>d into :i* an iron b> is fix$2 !  
bo>d is made ( eld]-wood or will[1 & is 
t5 digits long1 six wide1 & "o & a half 
digits ?ick2 ! iron b> is ?ree feet     
long1 & ! wood5 h&le ins]t$ into x is   
two & a half feet long4 ,:ile he purges 
! alloy & p\rs x out ) a ladle into !   
copp] m\ld1 ! fragm5ts ( copp] f :i* he 
is to make ! second cake are melt+4 ,z  
soon z ?is beg9s to run d[n he aga9 ?r[s
 9 li?>ge1 & :5 he has put on m *>coal  
he adds ! lead4 ,?is op]ation he repeats
 until ?irty liquation cakes h be5 made1
 on :i* "w he exp5ds n9e h\rs1 or at mo/
 t52 if m ?an ?irty cakes mu/ be made1  

!n he is paid = ano!r %ift :5 he has    
made an extra ?irty4  ,at ! same "t t he
 p\rs ! copp]-lead alloy into ! copp]   
m\ld1 he also p\rs wat] sl[ly into ! top
 ( ! m\ld4 ,!n1 ) a cleft /ick1 he takes
 a hook & puts its /raight /em into !   
molt5 cake4 ,! hook itself is a digit & 
a half ?ick2 its /raight /em is two     
palms long & two digits wide & ?ick4    
,aft]w>d he p\rs m wat] ov] ! cakes4 ,:5
 !y are cold he places an iron r+ 9 !   
hook ( ! *a9 let d[n f ! pulley ( !     
crane arm2 ! inside diamet] ( ?is r+ is 
six digits1 & x is ab\t a digit & a half
 ?ick2 ! r+ is !n engag$ 9 ! hook ^:    
/raight /em is 9 ! cake1 & ?us ! cake is
 rais$ f ! m\ld & put into its place4   
,! copp] & lead1 :5 ?us melt$1 yield a  
small am\nt ( slag#ab & mu* li?>ge4 ,!  
li?>ge does n coh]e1 b falls to pieces l
 ! residues f malt f :i* be] is made4   
,pompholyx adh]es to ! walls 9 :ite     
a%es1 & to ! sides ( ! furnace adh]es   
spodos4  ,9 ?is practical mann] lead is 
alloy$ ) copp] 9 :i* !re is b a mod]ate 

portion ( silv]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is mu* 
silv] 9 x1 z1 = in/ance1 two librae1 or 
two librae & a bes1 to !                
c5tumpondium1--:i* weighs "o hundr$ &   
?irty-?ree & a ?ird librae1 or "o hundr$
 & =ty-six librae & a bes1#ac--!n !     
=eman ( ! works adds to a c5tumpondium (
 su* copp] ?ree c5tumpondia ( lead1 9   
ea* c5tumpondium ( :i* !re is a ?ird ( a
 libra ( silv]1 or a ?ird ( a libra & a 
semi-uncia4 ,9 ?is mann] ?ree liquation 
cakes are made1 :i* conta9 altoge!r ?ree
 c5tumpondia ( copp] & n9e c5tumpondia (
 lead4#ad ,! lead1 :5 x has be5 liquat$ 
f ! copp]1 weighs sev5 c5tumpondia2 & 9 
ea* c5tumpondium--if ! c5tumpondium (   
copp] conta9 two librae ( silv]1 & !    
lead conta9 a ?ird ( a libra--!re w be a
 libra & a six? & m ?an a semi-uncia (  
silv]2 :ile 9 ! exhau/$ liquation cakes1
 & 9 ! liquation ?orns1 !re rema9s a    
?ird ( a libra4 ,if a c5tumpondium (    
copp] conta9s two librae & a bes (      
silv]1 & ! lead a ?ird ( a libra & a    
semi-uncia1 !re w be 9 ea* liquation    

cake "o & a half librae & a semi-uncia1 
& a little m ?an a sicilicus ( silv]4 ,9
 ! exhau/$ liquation cakes !re rema9 a  
?ird ( a libra & a semi-uncia ( silv]4  
,illu/ration #eaj 7,furnaces enri*+     
copp] bottoms73 ,a--,furnace4           
,b--,=ehe>?4 ,c--,dipp+-,pot4           
,d--,cakes4  ,if !re be 9 ! copp] only a
 m9ute proportion ( silv]1 x _c be      
sep>at$ easily until x has be5 re-melt$ 
9 o!r furnaces1 s t 9 ! bottoms !re     
rema9s m silv] & 9 ! tops less4#ae ,?is 
furnace1 vault$ ) unbak$ bricks1 is     
simil> to an ov51 & also to !           
cupellation furnace1 9 :i* ! lead is    
sep>at$ f silv]1 :i* ,i describ$ 9 ! la/
 book4 ,! crucible is made ( a%es1 9 !  
same mann] z 9 ! latt]1 & 9 ! front ( ! 
furnace1 ?ree feet above ! floor ( !    
build+1 is ! m\? out ( :i* ! re-melt$   
copp] fl[s into a =ehe>? & a dipp+-pot4 
,on ! left side ( ! m\? is an ap]ture1  
?r\gh :i* bee*-wood may be put into !   
furnace to fe$ ! fire4 ,if 9 a          
c5tumpondium ( copp] !re 7 a six? ( a   

libra & a semi-uncia ( silv]1 or a qu>t]
 ( a libra1 or a qu>t] ( a libra & a    
semi-uncia--!re is re-melt$ at ! same "t
 ?irty-eight c5tumpondia ( x 9 ?is      
furnace1 until !re rema9 9 ea*          
c5tumpondium ( ! copp] bottoms a ?ird ( 
a libra & a semi-uncia ( silv]4 ,=      
example1 if 9 ea* c5tumpondium ( copp] n
 yet re-melt$1 !re is a qu>t] ( a libra 
& a semi-uncia ( silv]1 !n ! ?irty-eight
 c5tumpondia t are smelt$ toge!r mu/    
conta9 a total ( elev5 librae & an uncia
 ( silv]4 ,s9ce f fifte5 c5tumpondia (  
re-melt$ copp] !re 0 a total ( f\r & a  
?ird librae & a semi-uncia ( silv]1 !re 
rema9 only two & a ?ird librae4 ,?us !re
 is left 9 ! bottoms1 weigh+ tw5ty-?ree 
c5tumpondia1 a total ( eight &          
?ree-qu>t] librae ( silv]4 ,!re=e1 ea*  
c5tumpondium ( ?is conta9s a ?ird ( a   
libra & a semi-uncia1 a dra*ma1 & !     
tw5ty-?ird "p ( a dra*ma ( silv]2 f su* 
copp] x is pr(itable to sep>ate ! silv]4
 ,9 ord] t ! ma/] may be m c]ta9 ( !    
numb] ( c5tumpondia ( copp] 9 ! bottoms1

 he weighs ! tops t h be5 drawn (f f x2 
! tops 7 fir/ drawn (f into ! dipp+-pot1
 & cakes 7 made f !m4 ,f\rte5 h\rs are  
exp5d$ on ! "w ( ?us divid+ ! copp]4 ,! 
bottoms1 :5 a c]ta9 weight ( lead has   
be5 add$ to !m1 ( :i* alloy ,i %all soon
 speak1 are melt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace2     
liquation cakes are !n made1 & ! silv]  
is aft]w>d sep>at$ f ! copp]4 ,! tops   
are subsequ5tly melt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace1 
& re-melt$ 9 ! ref9+ furnace1 9 ord] t  
r$ copp] %all be made#af2 & ! tops f ?is
 are aga9 smelt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace1 & !n 
aga9 9 ! ref9+ furnace1 t !refrom %all  
be made cald>ium copp]4 ,b :5 ! copp]1  
yell[ or r$ or cald>ium is re-smelt$ 9 !
 ref9+ furnace1 =ty c5tumpondia are     
plac$ 9 x1 & f x !y make at lea/ tw5ty1 
& at mo/ ?irty-five1 c5tumpondia4 ,ab\t 
tw5ty-two c5tumpondia ( exhau/$         
liquation cakes & t5 ( yell[ copp] &    
eight ( r$1 are simultane\sly plac$ 9   
?is latt] furnace & smelt$1 9 ord] t !y 
may be made into ref9$ copp]4  ,! copp] 
bottoms are alloy$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways )

 lead4#ag ,fir/1 five-eigh?s ( a        
c5tumpondium ( copp] & two & ?ree-qu>t]s
 c5tumpondia ( lead are tak52 & s9ce "o 
liquation cake is made f ?is1 !re=e two 
& a half c5tumpondia ( copp] & elev5    
c5tumpondia ( lead make f\r liquation   
cakes4 ,inasmu* z 9 ea* c5tumpondium (  
copp] !re is a ?ird ( a libra ( silv]1  
!re w\ld be 9 ! :ole ( ! copp]          
t5-twelf?s ( a libra ( silv]2 to ^! are 
add$ f\r c5tumpondia ( lead re-melt$ f  
slags1 ea* c5tumpondium ( :i* conta9s a 
sicilicus & a dra*ma ( silv]1 :i*       
weights make up a total ( an uncia & a  
half ( silv]4 ,!re is also add$ sev5    
c5tumpondia ( de-silv]iz$ lead1 9 ea*   
c5tumpondium ( :i* !re is a dra*ma (    
silv]2 !re=e 9 ! f\r cakes ( copp]-lead 
alloy !re is a total ( a libra1 a       
sicilicus & a dra*ma ( silv]4 ,9 ea*    
s+le c5tumpondium ( lead1 aft] x has be5
 liquat$ f ! copp]1 !re is an uncia & a 
dra*ma ( silv]1 :i* alloy we call poor  
arg5tif]\s lead1 because x conta9s b    
little silv]4 ,b z five cakes ( t k9d   

are plac$ toge!r 9 ! furnace1 !y liquate
 f !m usually z mu* z n9e & ?ree-qu>t]s 
c5tumpondia ( poor arg5tif]\s lead1 9   
ea* c5tumpondium ( :i* !re is an uncia &
 a dra*ma ( silv]1 or a total ( t5      
unciae less f\r dra*mae4 ,( ! liquation 
?orns !re rema9 ?ree c5tumpondia1 9 ea* 
c5tumpondium ( :i* !re are ?ree sicilici
 ( silv]2 & !re rema9 f\r c5tumpondia ( 
exhau/$ liquation cakes1 ea*            
c5tumpondium ( :i* conta9s a semi-uncia 
or f\r & a half dra*mae4 ,inasmu* z 9 a 
c5tumpondium ( copp] bottoms !re is a   
?ird ( a libra & a semi-uncia ( silv]1 9
 five ( ^? cakes !re mu/ be m ?an "o & a
 half unciae & half a dra*ma ( silv]4   
,!n1 aga91 f ano!r two & a half         
c5tumpondia ( copp] bottoms1 toge!r )   
elev5 c5tumpondia ( lead1 f\r liquation 
cakes are made4 ,if 9 ea* c5tumpondium (
 copp] !re 0 a ?ird ( a libra ( silv]1  
!re w\ld be 9 ! :ole ( ! c5tumpondia (  
base metal five-six?s ( a libra ( !     
preci\s metal4 ,to ?is copp] is add$    
eight c5tumpondia ( poor arg5tif]\s     

lead1 ea* c5tumpondium ( :i* conta9s an 
uncia & a dra*ma ( silv]1 or a total (  
?ree-qu>t]s ( a libra ( silv]4 ,!re is  
also add$ ?ree c5tumpondia ( de-silv]iz$
 lead1 9 ea* c5tumpondium ( :i* !re is a
 dra*ma ( silv]4 ,!re=e1 f\r liquation  
cakes conta9 a total ( a libra1 sev5    
unciae1 a sicilicus & a dra*ma ( silv]2 
?us ea* c5tumpondium ( lead1 :5 x has   
be5 liquat$ f ! copp]1 conta9s an uncia 
& a half & a sicilicus ( silv]1 :i*     
alloy we call m$ium silv]-lead4  ,!n1   
aga91 f ano!r two & a half c5tumpondia (
 copp] bottoms1 toge!r ) elev5          
c5tumpondia ( lead1 !y make f\r         
liquation cakes4 ,if 9 ea* c5tumpondium 
( copp] !re 7 likewise a ?ird ( a libra 
( silv]1 !re w be 9 all ! weight ( !    
base metal five-six?s ( a libra ( !     
preci\s metal4 ,to ?is is add$ n9e      
c5tumpondia ( m$ium silv]-lead1 ea*     
c5tumpondium ( :i* conta9s an uncia & a 
half & a sicilicus ( silv]2 or a total (
 a libra & a qu>t] & a semi-uncia & a   
sicilicus ( silv]4 ,& likewise !y add   

two c5tumpondia ( poor silv]-lead1 9 ea*
 ( :i* !re is an uncia & a dra*ma (     
silv]4 ,!re=e ! f\r liquation cakes     
conta9 two & a ?ird librae ( silv]4 ,ea*
 c5tumpondium ( lead1 :5 x has be5      
liquat$ f ! copp]1 conta9s a six? ( a   
libra & a semi-uncia & a dra*ma ( silv]4
 ,?is alloy we call ri* silv]-lead2 x is
 c>ri$ to ! cupellation furnace1 9 :i*  
lead is sep>at$ f silv]4 ,i h n[ m5tion$
 9 h[ _m ways copp] conta9+ v>i\s       
proportions ( silv] is alloy$ ) lead1 & 
h[ !y are melt$ toge!r 9 ! furnace & run
 into ! ca/+ pan4  ,illu/ration #ead    
7,crane = liquation cakes73 ,a--,crane4 
,b--,drum consi/+ ( rundles4 ,c--,too!d 
drum4 ,d--,trolley & its :eels4         
,e--,triangul> bo>d4 ,f--,cakes4        
,g--,*a9 ( ! crane4 ,h--,its hook4      
,i--,r+4 ,k--,! tongs4  ,n[ ,i w speak (
 ! me?od by :i* lead is liquat$ f copp] 
simultane\sly ) ! silv]4 ,! liquation   
cakes are rais$ f ! gr\nd ) ! crane1 &  
plac$ on ! copp] plates ( ! furnaces4 ,!
 hook ( ! *a9 let d[n f ! arm ( ! crane1

 is ins]t$ 9 a r+ ( ! tongs1 "o jaw (   
:i* has a too?2 a r+ is engag$ 9 ea* ( !
 h&les ( ! tongs1 & ^! two r+s are      
engag$ 9 a ?ird1 9 :i* ! hook ( ! *a9 is
 ins]t$4 ,! too? on ! "o jaw ( ! tongs  
is /ruck by a hamm]1 & driv5 into ! hole
 9 ! cake1 at ! po9t :]e ! /raight end (
 ! hook 0 driv5 into x :5 x 0 lift$ out 
( ! copp] m\ld2 ! o!r jaw ( ! tongs1 :i*
 has no too?1 squeezes ! cake1 le/ !    
too? %\ld fall out ( x2 ! tongs are "o &
 a half feet long1 ea* r+ is a digit & a
 half ?ick1 & ! inside is a palm & two  
digits 9 diamet]4 ,^? cranes by :i* !   
cakes are lift$ out ( ! copp] pans &    
plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & lift$ up aga9 f !re 
& plac$ 9 ! furnaces1 are two 9         
numb]--"o 9 ! middle space betwe5 ! ?ird
 transv]se wall & ! two upright po/s1 & 
! o!r 9 ! middle space betwe5 ! same    
po/s & ! sev5? transv]se wall4 ,!       
rectangul> crane-po/ ( bo? ( ^! is two  
feet wide & ?ick1 & is eighte5 feet f ! 
?ird long wall1 & n9ete5 f ! second long
 wall4 ,!re are two drums 9 ! framework 

( ea*--"o drum consi/+ ( rundles1 ! o!r 
be+ too!d4 ,! crane-arm ( ea* ext5ds    
sev5te5 feet1 ?ree palms & z _m digits f
 ! po/4 ,! trolley ( ea* crane is two   
feet & z _m palms long1 a foot & two    
digits wide1 & a palm & two digits ?ick2
 b :]e x runs betwe5 ! beams ( !        
crane-arm x is ?ree digits wide & a palm
 ?ick2 x has five not*es1 9 :i* turn    
five brass :eels1 f\r ( :i* are small1 &
 ! fif? mu* l>g] ?an ! re/4 ,! not*es 9 
:i* ! small :eels turn are two palms    
long & z mu* z a palm wide2 ^? :eels are
 a palm wide & a palm & two digits 9    
diamet]2 f\r ( ! not*es are ne> ! f\r   
corn]s ( ! trolley2 ! fif? not* is      
betwe5 ! two front ones1 & x is two     
palms back f ! front4 ,its pulley is    
l>g] ?an ! re/1 & turns 9 its own not*2 
x is ?ree palms 9 diamet] & "o palm     
wide1 & groov$ on ! circumf]5ce1 s t !  
iron *a9 may run 9 ! groove4 ,! trolley 
has two small axles1 to ! "o 9 front are
 fa/5$ ?ree1 & to ! "o at ! back1 ! two 
:eels2 two :eels run on ! "o beam ( !   

crane-arm1 & two on ! o!r2 ! fif? :eel1 
:i* is l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 runs betwe5 ^?  
two beams4 ,^? p :o h no cranes place ! 
cakes on a triangul> bo>d1 to :i* iron  
cleats are affix$1 s t x w la/ long]2 ! 
bo>d has ?ree iron *a9s1 :i* are fix$ 9 
an iron r+ at ! top2 two workm5 pass a  
pole ?r\gh ! r+ & c>ry x on _! %\ld]s1 &
 ?us take ! cake to ! furnace 9 :i*     
silv] is sep>at$ f copp]4  ,f ! vic9ity 
( ! furnaces 9 :i* copp] is mix$ ) lead 
& ! slags are re-melt$1 to ! ?ird long  
wall1 are likewise t5 furnaces1 9 :i*   
silv] mix$ ) lead is sep>at$ f copp]4   
,if ?is space is eighty feet & two palms
 long1 & ! ?ird long wall has 9 ! c5tre 
a door ?ree feet & two palms wide1 !n ! 
spaces rema9+ at ei!r side ( ! door w be
 ?irty-eight feet & two palms2 & if ea* 
( ! furnaces occupies f\r feet & a palm1
 !n ! int]val betwe5 ea* furnace & !    
next "o mu/ be a foot & ?ree palms2 ?us 
! wid? ( ! five furnaces & f\r          
int]spaces w be tw5ty-eight feet & a    
palm4 ,!re=e1 !re rema9 t5 feet & a     

palm1 :i* measurem5t is s divid$ t !re  
are five feet & two digits betwe5 ! fir/
 furnace & ! transv]se wall1 & z _m feet
 & digits betwe5 ! fif? furnace & !     
door2 simil>ly 9 ! o!r "p ( ! space f ! 
door to ! six? furnace1 !re mu/ be five 
feet & two digits1 & f ! t5? furnace to 
! sev5? transv]se wall1 likewise1 five  
feet & two digits4 ,! door is six feet &
 two palms high2 ?r\gh x ! =eman ( !    
(fic9a & ! workm5 ent] ! /ore-room 9 :i*
 ! silv]-lead alloy is kept4            
,illu/ration #eag 7,liquation ,furnace73
 ,a--,sole-/ones4 ,b--,rectangul> /ones4
 ,c--,copp] plates4 ,d--,front panel4   
,e--,side panels4 ,f--,b>4 ,g--,front   
end ( ! long iron rods4 ,h--,%ort *a94  
,i--,hook$ rod4 ,k--,wall :i* protects !
 ?ird long wall f injury by fire4       
,l--,?ird long wall4 ,m--,feet ( !      
panels4 ,n--,iron blocks4 ,o--,cakes4   
,p--,he>?4 ,q--,receiv+-pit4  ,ea*      
furnace has a b$1 a he>?1 a re> wall1   
two sides & a front1 & a receiv+-pit4 ,!
 b$ consi/s ( two sole-/ones1 f\r       

rectangul> /ones1 & two copp] plates2 ! 
sole-/ones are five feet & a palm long1 
a cubit wide1 a foot & a palm ?ick1 & !y
 are sunk into ! gr\nd1 s t !y em]ge a  
palm & two digits2 !y are di/ant f ea*  
o!r ab\t ?ree palms1 yet ! di/ance is   
n>r[] at ! back ?an ! front4 ,ea* ( !   
rectangul> /ones is two feet & z _m     
palms long1 a cubit wide1 & a cubit ?ick
 at ! out] edge1 & a foot & a palm ?ick 
on ! inn] edge :i* faces ! he>?1 ?us !y 
=m an incl9e1 s t !re is a slope to !   
copp] plates :i* are laid ^u !m4 ,two ( 
^! rectangul> /ones are plac$ on "o     
sole-/one2 a hole is cut 9 ! upp] edge (
 ea*1 & into ! holes are plac$ iron     
clamps1 & lead is p\r$ 92 !y are s plac$
 on ! sole-/ones t !y project a palm at 
! sides1 & at ! front ! sole-/ones      
project to ! same ext5t2 if rectangul>  
/ones are n available1 bricks are laid 9
 _! place4 ,! copp] plates are f\r feet 
two palms & z _m digits long1 a cubit   
wide1 & a palm ?ick2 ea* edge has a     
protub]ance1 "o at ! front end1 ! o!r at

 ! back2 ^! are a palm & ?ree digits    
long1 & a palm wide & ?ick4 ,! plates   
are s laid ^u ! rectangul> /ones t _!   
re> ends are ?ree digits f ! ?ird long  
wall2 ! /ones project beyond ! plate !  
same numb] ( digits 9 front1 & a palm & 
?ree digits at ! sides4 ,:5 ! plates h  
be5 jo9$1 ! groove :i* is betwe5 !      
protub]ances is a palm & ?ree digits    
wide1 & f\r feet long1 & ?r\gh x fl[s ! 
silv]-lead :i* liquates f ! cakes4 ,:5 !
 plates are corrod$ ei!r by ! fire or by
 ! silv]-lead1 :i* (t5 adh]es to !m 9 ! 
=m ( /alactites1 & is *ipp$ (f1 !y are  
ex*ang$1 ! "r "o be+ plac$ to ! left1 & 
! left "o1 on ! contr>y1 to ! "r2 b !   
left side ( ! plates1 :i*1 :5 ! fusion (
 ! copp] took place1 came into contact )
 ! copp]1 mu/ lie flat2 s t :5 ! ex*ange
 ( ! plates has be5 c>ri$ out1 !        
protub]ances1 :i* are ?us on ! und]side1
 raise ! plate f ! /ones1 & !y h to be  
p>tially *ipp$ (f1 le/ !y %\ld prove an 
imp$im5t to ! "w2 & 9 ea* ( _! places is
 laid a piece ( iron1 ?ree palms long1 a

 digit ?ick at bo? ends1 & a palm ?ick 9
 ! c5tre = ! l5g? ( a palm & ?ree       
digits4  ,! passage "u ! plates betwe5 !
 rectangul> /ones is a foot wide at !   
back1 & a foot & a palm wide at ! front1
 = x gradually wid5s out4 ,! he>?1 :i*  
is betwe5 ! sole-/ones1 is cov]$ ) a b$ 
( he>?-lead1 tak5 f ! crucible 9 :i*    
lead is sep>at$ f silv]4 ,! re> end is !
 highe/1 & %\ld be s high t x rea*es to 
)9 six digits ( ! plates1 f :i* po9t x  
slopes d[n ev5ly to ! front end1 s t !  
arg5tif]\s lead alloy :i* liquates f !  
cakes c fl[ into ! receiv+-pit4 ,! wall 
built aga9/ ! ?ird long wall 9 ord] to  
protect x f injury by fire1 is con/ruct$
 ( bricks jo9$ toge!r ) lute1 & /&s on !
 copp] plates2 ?is wall is two feet1 a  
palm & two digits high1 two palms ?ick1 
& ?ree feet1 a palm & ?ree digits wide  
at ! bottom1 = x rea*es across bo? ( !m2
 at ! top x is ?ree feet wide1 = x rises
 up obliquely on ea* side4 ,at ea* side 
( ?is wall1 at a height ( a palm & two  
digits above ! top ( x1 !re is ins]t$ 9 

a hole 9 ! ?ird long wall a hook$ iron  
rod1 fa/5$ 9 ) molt5 lead2 ! rod        
projects two palms f ! wall1 & is two   
digits wide & "o digit ?ick2 x has two  
hooks1 ! "o at ! side1 ! o!r at ! end4  
,bo? ( ^! hooks op5 t[>d ! wall1 & bo?  
are a digit ?ick1 & bo? are ins]t$ 9 !  
la/1 or ! adjac5t1 l9ks ( a %ort iron   
*a94 ,?is *a9 consi/s ( f\r l9ks1 ea* ( 
:i* is a palm & a digit long & half a   
digit ?ick2 ! fir/ l9k is engag$ 9 !    
fir/ hole 9 a long iron rod1 & "o or o!r
 ( ! rema9+ ?ree l9ks engages ! hook ( !
 hook$ rod4 ,! two long rods are ?ree   
feet & z _m palms & digits long1 two    
digits wide1 & "o digit ?ick2 bo? ends (
 bo? ( ^! rods h holes1 ! back "o ( :i* 
is r\nd & a digit 9 diamet]1 & 9 ?is is 
engag$ ! fir/ l9k ( ! *a9 z ,i h /at$2 !
 hole at ! front end is two digits & a  
half long & a digit & a half wide4 ,?is 
end ( ea* rod is made ?ree digits wide1 
:ile = ! re/ ( its l5g? x is only two   
digits1 & at ! back x is two & a half   
digits4 ,into ! front hole ( ea* rod is 

driv5 an iron b>1 :i* is ?ree feet & two
 palms long1 two digits wide & "o ?ick2 
9 ! end ( ?is b> are five small squ>e   
holes1 two-?irds ( a digit squ>e2 ea*   
hole is di/ant f ! o!r half a digit1 !  
fir/ be+ at a di/ance ( ab\t a digit f !
 end4 ,into "o ( ^! holes ! ref9] drives
 an iron p92 if he %\ld desire to make !
 furnace n>r[]1 !n he drives x into !   
la/ hole2 if he %\ld desire to wid5 x1  
!n into ! fir/ hole2 if he %\ld desire  
to contract x mod]ately1 !n into "o ( ! 
middle holes4 ,= ! same reason1 !re=e1 !
 hook is sometimes ins]t$ into ! la/ l9k
 ( ! *a91 & sometimes into ! ?ird or !  
second4 ,! furnace is wid5$ :5 _m cakes 
are put into x1 & contract$ :5 !re are b
 few1 b to put 9 m ?an five is nei!r    
usual nor possible2 inde$1 x is because 
( ?9 cakes t ! walls are contract$4 ,!  
b> has a hump1 :i* projects a digit on  
ea* side at ! back1 ( ! same wid? &     
?ickness z itself4 ,^! humps project1   
le/ ! b> %\ld slip ?r\gh ! hole ( !     
"r-h& rod1 9 :i* x rema9s fix$ :5 x1    

toge!r ) ! rods1 is n press+ ^u !       
furnace walls4  ,illu/ration #eai       
7,liquation ,furnaces73 ,a--,furnace 9  
:i* ! op]ation ( liquation is be+ p]=m$4
 ,b--,furnace 9 :i* x is n be+ p]=m$4   
,c--,receiv+-pit4 ,d--,m\lds4           
,e--,cakes4 ,f--,liquation ?orns4  ,!re 
are ?ree panels to ! furnace--two at !  
sides1 "o 9 front & ano!r at ! back4 ,^?
 :i* are at ! sides are ?ree feet & z _m
 palms & two digits long1 & two feet    
high2 ! front "o is two feet & a palm & 
?ree digits long1 &1 l ! side ones1 two 
feet high4 ,ea* consi/s ( iron b>s1 (   
feet1 & ( iron plates4 ,^? :i* are at ! 
side h sev5 b>s1 ! l[] & upp] ( :i* are 
( ! same l5g? z ! panels2 ! =m] holds up
 ! upright b>s2 ! latt] is plac$ ^u !m2 
! uprights are five 9 numb]1 & h ! same 
height z ! panels2 ! middle ones are    
ins]t$ into holes 9 ! upp] & l[] b>s2 ! 
out] ones are made ( "o & ! same b> z ! 
l[] & upp] ones4 ,!y are two digits wide
 & "o ?ick4 ,! front panel has five b>s2
 ! l[] "o holds simil> uprights1 b !re  

are ?ree ( !m only2 ! upp] b> is plac$  
on !m4 ,ea* ( ^! panels has two feet    
fix$ at ea* end ( ! l[] b>1 & ^! are two
 palms long1 "o wide1 & a digit ?ick4 ,!
 iron plates are fa/5$ to ! inn] side ( 
! b>s ) iron wire1 & !y are cov]$ )     
lute1 s t !y may la/ long] & may be     
un9jur$ by ! fire4 ,!re are1 besides1   
iron blocks ?ree palms long1 "o wide1 & 
a digit & a half ?ick2 ! upp] surface ( 
^! is some:at holl[$ out1 s t ! cakes   
may /& 9 !m2 ^! iron blocks are dipp$   
into a vessel 9 :i* !re is clay mix$ )  
wat]1 & !y are us$ only = plac+ "u !    
cakes ( copp] & lead alloy made 9 !     
furnaces4 ,!re is m silv] 9 ^! ?an 9 ^? 
:i* are made ( liquation ?orns1 or      
furnace accretions1 or re-melt$ slags4  
,two iron blocks are plac$ "u ea* cake1 
9 ord] t1 by rais+ x up1 ! fire may br+ 
m =ce to be> ^u x2 ! "o is put on ! "r  
b$-plate1 ! o!r on ! left4 ,f9ally1     
outside ! he>? is ! receiv+-pit1 :i* is 
a foot wide & ?ree palms deep2 :5 ?is is
 worn away x is re/or$ ) lute alone1 :i*

 easily reta9s ! lead alloy4  ,if f\r   
liquation cakes are plac$ on ! plates ( 
ea* furnace1 !n ! iron blocks are laid  
"u !m2 b if ! cakes are made f copp]    
bottoms1 or f liquation ?orns1 or f !   
accretions or slags1 ( :i* ,i h p>tly   
writt5 above & w fur!r describe a little
 lat]1 !re are five ( !m1 & because !y  
are n s l>ge & heavy1 no blocks are     
plac$ "u !m4 ,pieces ( *>coal six digits
 long are laid betwe5 ! cakes1 le/ !y   
%\ld fall "o aga9/ ! o!r1 or le/ ! la/  
"o %\ld fall aga9/ ! wall :i* protects !
 ?ird long wall f injury by fire4 ,9 !  
middle empty spaces1 long & l>ge pieces 
( *>coal are likewise laid4 ,!n :5 !    
panels h be5 set up1 & ! b> has be5     
clos$1 ! furnace is fill$ ) small       
*>coal1 & a wick] basket full ( *>coal  
is ?r[n into ! receiv+-pit1 & ov] t are 
?r[n live coals2 soon aft]w>d ! burn+   
coal1 lift$ up 9 a %ovel1 is spread ov] 
all p>ts ( ! furnace1 s t ! *>coal 9 x  
may be k9dl$2 any *>coal :i* rema9s 9 ! 
receiv+-pit is ?r[n into ! passage1 s t 

x may likewise be heat$4 ,if ?is has n  
be5 done1 ! silv]-lead alloy liquat$ f !
 cakes is froz5 by ! coldness ( !       
passage1 & does n run d[n into !        
receiv+-pit4  ,aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r !  
cakes beg9 to drip silv]-lead alloy1#ah 
:i* runs d[n ?r\gh ! op5+s betwe5 !     
copp] plates into ! passage4 ,:5 ! long 
pieces ( *>coal h burn$ up1 if ! cakes  
lean t[>d ! wall1 !y are plac$ upright  
aga9 ) a hook$ b>1 b if !y lean t[>d !  
front b> !y are propp$ up by *>coal2    
moreov]1 if "s cakes %r9k m ?an ! re/1  
*>coal is add$ to ! =m] & n to ! o!rs4  
,! silv] drips toge!r ) ! lead1 = bo?   
melt m rapidly ?an copp]4 ,! liquation  
?orns d n fl[ away1 b rema9 9 ! passage1
 & %\ld be turn$ ov] frequ5tly ) a hook$
 b>1 9 ord] t ! silv]-lead may liquate  
away f !m & fl[ d[n into ! receiv+ pit2 
t :i* rema9s is aga9 melt$ 9 ! bla/     
furnace1 :ile t :i* fl[s into ! receiv+ 
pit is at once c>ri$ ) ! rema9+ products
 to ! cupellation furnace1 :]e ! lead is
 sep>at$ f ! silv]4 ,! hook$ b> has an  

iron h&le two feet long1 9 :i* is set a 
wood5 "o f\r feet long4 ,! silv]-lead   
:i* runs out into ! receiv+-pit is p\r$ 
out by ! ref9] ) a bronze ladle into    
eight copp] m\lds1 :i* are two palms &  
?ree digits 9 diamet]2 ^! are fir/ sme>$
 ) a lute wa% s t ! cakes ( silv]-lead  
may m easily fall out :5 !y are turn$   
ov]4 ,if ! supply ( m\lds fails because 
! silv]-lead fl[s d[n too rapidly into !
 receiv+-pit1 !n wat] is p\r$ on !m1 9  
ord] t ! cakes may cool & be tak5 out ( 
!m m rapidly2 ?us ! same m\lds may be   
us$ aga9 imm$iately2 if no su* necessity
 urges ! ref9]1 he wa%es ov] ! empty    
m\lds ) a lute wa%4 ,! ladle is exactly 
simil> to t :i* is us$ 9 p\r+ out !     
metals t are melt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,:5
 all ! silv]-lead has run d[n f !       
passage into ! receiv+-pit1 & has be5   
p\r$ out into copp] m\lds1 ! ?orns are  
drawn out ( ! passage into ! receiv+-pit
 ) a rabble2 aft]w>d !y are rak$ on to !
 gr\nd f ! receiv+-pit1 ?r[n ) a %ovel  
into a :eelb>r[1 &1 hav+ be5 convey$    

away to a heap1 are melt$ once aga94 ,! 
blade ( ! rabble is two palms & z _m    
digits long1 two palms & a digit wide1 &
 jo9$ to its back is an iron h&le ?ree  
feet long2 into ! iron h&le is ins]t$ a 
wood5 "o z _m feet 9 l5g?4  ,! residue  
cakes1 aft] ! silv]-lead has be5 liquat$
 f ! copp]1 are call$ exhau/$ liquation 
cakes 7fa?isc5tes71 because :5 ?us      
smelt$ !y appe> to be dri$ up4 ,by plac+
 a cr[b> "u ! cakes !y are rais$ up1    
seiz$ ) tongs1 & plac$ 9 ! :eelb>r[2 !y 
are !n convey$ away to ! furnace 9 :i*  
!y are dri$4 ,! cr[b> is some:at simil> 
to ^? g5]ally us$ to *ip (f ! accretions
 t adh]e to ! walls ( ! bla/ furnace4 ,!
 tongs are two & a half feet long4 ,) ! 
same cr[b> ! /alactites are *ipp$ (f f !
 copp] plates f :i* !y hang1 & ) ! same 
in/rum5t ! iron blocks are /ruck (f !   
exhau/$ liquation cakes to :i* !y adh]e4
 ,! ref9] has p]=m$ 8 day's task :5 he  
has liquat$ ! silv]-lead f sixte5 ( !   
l>ge cakes & tw5ty ( ! small] ones2 if  
he liquates m ?an ?is1 he is paid       

sep>ately = x at ! price = extraord9>y  
"w4  ,silv]1 or lead mix$ ) silv]1 :i*  
we call /annum1 is sep>at$ by ! above   
me?od f copp]4 ,?is silv]-lead is c>ri$ 
to ! cupellation furnace1 9 :i* lead is 
sep>at$ f silv]2 ( ^! me?ods ,i w m5tion
 only "o1 because 9 ! previ\s book ,i h 
expla9$ !m 9 detail4 ,among/ u "s ye>s  
ago only =ty-f\r c5tumpondia (          
silv]-lead & "o ( copp] 7 melt$ toge!r 9
 ! cupellation furnaces1 b n[ !y melt   
=ty-six c5tumpondia ( silv]-lead & "o & 
a half c5tumpondia ( copp]2 9 o!r       
places1 usually a hundr$ & tw5ty        
c5tumpondia ( silv]-lead alloy & six (  
copp] are melt$1 9 :i* mann] !y make    
ab\t "o hundr$ & t5 c5tumpondia m or    
less ( li?>ge & ?irty ( he>?-lead4 ,b 9 
all ^! me?ods ! silv] :i* is 9 ! copp]  
is mix$ ) ! rema9d] ( silv]2 ! copp]    
itself1 equally ) ! lead1 w be *ang$    
p>tly into li?>ge & p>tly into          
he>?-lead4#ai ,! silv]-lead alloy :i*   
does n melt is tak5 f ! m>g9 ( !        
crucible ) a hook$ b>4  ,illu/ration    

#ebb 7,exhau/$ ,liquation ,cakes73      
,a--,cakes4 ,b--,hamm]4  ,! "w ( dry+ is
 di/ribut$ into f\r op]ations1 :i* are  
p]=m$ 9 f\r days4 ,on ! fir/--z likewise
 on ! o!r ?ree days--! ma/] beg9s at !  
f\r? h\r ( ! morn+1 & ) 8 assi/ant *ips 
(f ! /alactites f ! exhau/$ liquation   
cakes4 ,!y !n c>ry ! cakes to ! furnace1
 & put ! /alactites ^u ! heap (         
liquation ?orns4 ,! head ( ! *ipp+ hamm]
 is ?ree palms & z _m digits long2 its  
%>p edge is a palm wide2 ! r\nd end is  
?ree digits ?ick2 ! wood5 h&le is f\r   
feet long4  ,! ma/] ?r[s pulv]is$ e>?   
into a small vessel1 spr9kles wat] ov]  
x1 & mixes x2 ?is he p\rs ov] ! :ole    
he>?1 & spr9kles *>coal du/ ov] x to !  
?ickness ( a digit4 ,if he %\ld neglect 
?is1 ! copp]1 settl+ 9 ! passages1 w\ld 
adh]e to ! copp] b$-plates1 f :i* x c be
 *ipp$ (f only ) difficulty2 or else x  
w\ld adh]e to ! bricks1 if ! he>? 0     
cov]$ ) !m1 & :5 ! copp] is *ipp$ (f ^! 
!y are easily brok54 ,on ! second day1  
at ! same "t1 ! ma/] arranges bricks 9  

t5 r[s2 9 ?is mann] twelve passages are 
made4 ,! fir/ two r[s ( bricks are      
betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second op5+s on ! "r (
 ! furnace2 ! next ?ree r[s are betwe5 !
 second & ?ird op5+s1 ! foll[+ ?ree r[s 
are betwe5 ! ?ird & ! f\r? op5+s1 & !   
la/ two r[s betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? op5+s4 
,^! bricks are a foot & a palm long1 two
 palms & a digit wide1 & a palm & two   
digits ?ick2 !re are sev5 ( ^! ?ick     
bricks 9 a r[1 s !re are sev5ty all     
toge!r4 ,!n on ! fir/ ?ree r[s ( bricks 
!y lay exhau/$ liquation cakes & a lay] 
five digits ?ick ( l>ge *>coal2 !n 9 a  
simil> way m exhau/$ liquation cakes are
 laid ^u ! o!r bricks1 & *>coal is ?r[n 
^u !m2 9 ?is mann] sev5ty c5tumpondia ( 
cakes are put on ! he>? ( ! furnace4 ,b 
if half ( ?is weight1 or a little m1 is 
to be dri$1 !n f\r r[s ( bricks w       
suffice4 ,^? :o dry exhau/$ liquation   
cakes#bj made f copp] bottoms place     
n9ety or a hundr$ c5tumpondia#ba into ! 
furnace at ! same "t4 ,a place is left 9
 ! front "p ( ! furnace = ! topmo/ cakes

 remov$ f ! =ehe>? 9 :i* copp] is made1 
^! be+ m suitable = support+ ! exhau/$  
liquation cakes ?an are iron plates2    
inde$1 if ! =m] cakes drip copp] f !    
heat1 ?is c be tak5 back ) ! liquation  
?orns to ! fir/ furnace1 b melt$ iron is
 ( no use to u 9 ^! matt]s4 ,:5 ! cakes 
( ?is k9d h be5 plac$ 9 front ( !       
exhau/$ liquation cakes1 ! workman      
ins]ts ! iron b> into ! holes on !      
inside ( ! wall1 :i* are at a height (  
?ree palms & two digits above ! he>?2 ! 
hole to ! left p5etrates ?r\gh into !   
wall1 s t ! b> may be pu%$ back & =?4   
,?is b> is r\nd1 eight feet long & two  
digits 9 diamet]2 on ! "r side x has a  
haft made ( iron1 :i* is ab\t a foot f !
 "r end2 ! ap]ture 9 ?is haft is a palm 
wide1 two digits high1 & a digit ?ick4  
,! b> holds ! exhau/$ liquation cakes   
opposite1 le/ !y %\ld fall d[n4 ,:5 !   
op]ation ( dry+ is complet$1 a workman  
draws out ?is b> ) a crook :i* he ins]ts
 into ! haft1 z ,i w expla9 h]eaft]4    
,illu/ration #ebe 7,dry+ ,furnace =     

,liquation73 ,a--,side walls4 ,b--,front
 ar*4 ,c--,re> ar*4 ,d--,wall 9 ! re>   
ar*4 ,e--,inn] wall4 ,f--,v5t holes4    
,g--,*imney4 ,h--,he>?4 ,i--,tank4      
,k--,pipe4 ,l--,plug4 ,m--,iron door4   
,n--,transv]se b>s4 ,o--,upright b>s4   
,p--,plates4 ,q--,r+s ( ! b>s4          
,r--,*a9s4 ,s--,r[s ( bricks4 ,t--,b>4  
,v--,its haft4 ,x--,copp] b$-plates4  ,9
 ord] t "o %\ld und]/& ^? ?+s ( :i* ,i h
 spok51 & conc]n+ :i* ,i am ab\t to     
speak1 x is necess>y = me to give "s    
in=mation be=eh& ab\t ! furnace & h[ x  
is to be made4 ,x /&s n9e feet f ! f\r? 
long wall1 & z f> f ! wall :i* is betwe5
 ! second & f\r? transv]se walls4 ,x    
consi/s ( walls1 an ar*1 a *imney1 an   
int]ior wall1 & a he>?2 ! two walls are 
at ! sides2 & !y are elev5 feet ?ree    
palms & two digits long1 & :]e !y       
support ! *imney !y are eight feet & a  
palm high4 ,at ! front ( ! ar* !y are   
only sev5 feet high2 !y are two feet    
?ree palms & two digits ?ick1 & are made
 ei!r ( rock or ( bricks2 ! di/ance     

betwe5 !m is eight feet1 a palm & two   
digits4 ,!re are two ( ! ar*es1 = !     
space at ! re> betwe5 ! walls is also   
ar*$ f ! gr\nd1 9 ord] t x may be able  
to support ! *imney2 ! f\ndations ( ^!  
ar*es are ! walls ( ! furnace2 ! span ( 
! ar* has ! same l5g? z ! space betwe5 !
 walls2 ! top ( ! ar* is five feet1 a   
palm & two digits high4 ,9 ! re> ar* !re
 is a wall made ( bricks jo9$ ) lime2   
?is wall at a height ( a foot & ?ree    
palms f ! gr\nd has five v5t-holes1 :i* 
are two palms & a digit high1 a palm & a
 digit wide1 ( :i* ! fir/ is ne> ! "r   
int]ior wall1 & ! la/ ne> ! left int]ior
 wall1 ! rema9+ ?ree 9 ! int]v5+ space2 
^! v5t-holes p5etrate ?r\gh ! int]ior ( 
! wall :i* is 9 ! ar*4 ,half-bricks c be
 plac$ ov] ! v5t-holes1 le/ too mu* air 
%\ld be drawn into ! furnace1 & !y c be 
tak5 out at times1 9 ord] t he :o is    
dry+ ! exhau/$ liquation cakes may      
inspect ! passages1 z !y are call$1 to  
see :e!r ! cakes are be+ prop]ly dri$4  
,! front ar* is ?ree feet two palms     

di/ant f ! re> "o2 ?is ar* is ! same    
?ickness z t ( ! re> ar*1 b ! span is   
six feet wide2 ! int]ior ( ! ar* itself 
is ( ! same height z ! walls4 ,a *imney 
is built ^u ! ar*es & ! walls1 & is made
 ( bricks jo9$ toge!r ) lime2 x is      
?irty-six feet high & p5etrates ?r\gh ! 
ro(4 ,! int]ior wall is built aga9/ !   
re> ar* & bo? ! side walls1 f :i* x juts
 out a foot2 x is ?ree feet & ! same    
numb] ( palms high1 ?ree palms ?ick1 &  
is made ( bricks jo9$ toge!r ) lute &   
sme>$ ?ickly ) lute1 slop+ up to !      
height ( a foot above x4 ,?is wall is a 
k9d ( %ield1 = x protects ! ext]ior     
walls f ! heat ( ! fire1 :i* is apt to  
injure !m2 ! latt] _c be easily re-made1
 :ile ! =m] c be repair$ ) little "w4   
,! he>? is made ( lute1 & is cov]$ ei!r 
) copp] plates1 su* z ^? ( ! furnaces 9 
:i* silv] is liquat$ f copp]1 al?\gh !y 
h no protub]ances1 or x may be cov]$ )  
bricks1 if ! own]s are unwill+ to incur 
! exp5se ( copp] plates4 ,! wid] "p ( ! 
he>? is made slop+ 9 su* a mann] t ! re>

 end rea*es z high z ! five v5t-holes1 &
 ! front end ( ! he>? is s l[ t ! back (
 ! front ar* is f\r feet1 ?ree palms & z
 _m digits above x1 & ! front five feet1
 ?ree palms & z _m digits4 ,! he>?      
beyond ! furnaces is pav$ ) bricks = a  
di/ance ( six feet4 ,ne> ! furnace1     
aga9/ ! f\r? long wall1 is a tank ?irte5
 feet & a palm long1 f\r feet wide1 & a 
foot & ?ree palms deep4 ,x is l9$ on all
 sides ) planks1 le/ ! e>? %\ld fall    
into x2 on "o side ! wat] fl[s 9 ?r\gh  
pipes1 & on ! o!r1 if ! plug be pull$   
out1 x soaks into ! e>?2 into ?is tank (
 wat] are ?r[n ! cakes ( copp] f :i* !  
silv] & lead h be5 sep>at$4 ,! =e "p ( !
 front furnace ar* %\ld be p>tly clos$ )
 an iron door2 ! bottom ( ?is door is   
six feet & two digits wide2 ! upp] "p is
 some:at r\nd$1 & at ! highe/ po9t1 :i* 
is 9 ! middle1 x is ?ree feet & two     
palms high4 ,x is made ( iron b>s1 )    
plates fa/5$ to !m ) iron wire1 !re be+ 
sev5 b>s--?ree transv]se & f\r          
upright--ea* ( :i* is two digits wide & 

half a digit ?ick4 ,! l[e/ transv]se b> 
is six feet & two palms long2 ! middle  
"o has ! same l5g?2 ! upp] "o is curv$ &
 high] at ! c5tre1 & ?us long] ?an ! o!r
 two4 ,! upright b>s are two feet di/ant
 f "o ano!r2 bo? ! out] ones are two    
feet & z _m palms high2 b ! c5tre ones  
are ?ree feet & two palms4 ,!y project f
 ! upp] curv$ transv]se b> & h holes1 9 
:i* are ins]t$ ! hooks ( small *a9s two 
feet long2 ! topmo/ l9ks ( ^! *a9s are  
engag$ 9 ! r+ ( a ?ird *a91 :i*1 :5     
ext5d$1 rea*es to "o end ( a beam :i* is
 some:at cut out4 ,! *a9 !n turns ar\nd 
! beam1 & aga9 hang+ d[n1 ! hook 9 ! o!r
 end is fa/5$ 9 "o ( ! l9ks4 ,?is beam  
is elev5 feet long1 a palm & two digits 
wide1 a palm ?ick1 & turns on an iron   
axle fix$ 9 a ne>by timb]2 ! re> end ( !
 beam has an iron p91 :i* is ?ree palms 
& a digit long1 & :i* p5etrates ?r\gh x 
:]e x lies "u a timb]1 & projects f x a 
palm & two digits on "o side1 & ?ree    
digits on ! o!r side4 ,at ?is po9t ! p9 
is p]=at$1 9 ord] t a r+ may be fix$ 9 x

 & hold x1 le/ x %\ld fall out ( ! beam2
 t end is h>dly a digit ?ick1 :ile ! o!r
 r\nd end is ?ick] ?an a digit4 ,:5 !   
door is to be %ut1 ?is p9 lies "u !     
timb] & holds ! door s t x _c fall2 ! p9
 likewise prev5ts ! rectangul> iron b&  
:i* encircles ! end ( ! beam1 & into :i*
 is ins]t$ ! r+ ( a long hook1 f fall+ f
 ! end4 ,! l[e/ l9k ( an iron *a91 :i*  
is six feet long1 is ins]t$ 9 ! r+ ( a  
/aple driv5 into ! "r wall ( ! furnace1 
& fix$ firmly by fill+ 9 ) molt5 lead4  
,! hook susp5d$ at ! top f ! r+ %\ld be 
ins]t$ 9 "o ( ^! l[] l9ks1 :5 ! door is 
to be rais$2 :5 ! door is to be let d[n1
 ! hook is tak5 out ( t l9k & put into  
"o ( ! upp] l9ks4  ,illu/ration #ebg    
7,dry+ ,furnace = ,liquation73 ,a--,!   
door let d[n4 ,b--,b>4 ,c--,exhau/$     
liquation cakes4 ,d--,bricks4           
,e--,tongs4  ,on ! ?ird day ! ma/] sets 
ab\t ! pr9cipal op]ation4 ,fir/ he ?r[s 
a basketful ( *>coals on to ! gr\nd 9   
front ( ! he>?1 & k9dles !m by add+ live
 coals1 & hav+ ?r[n live coals on to !  

cakes plac$ )91 he spreads !m equally   
all ov] ) an iron %ovel4 ,! blade ( !   
%ovel is ?ree palms & a digit long1 &   
?ree palms wide2 its iron h&le is two   
palms long1 & ! wood5 "o t5 feet long1 s
 t x c rea* to ! re> wall ( ! furnace4  
,! exhau/$ liquation cakes become       
inc&esc5t 9 an h\r & a half1 if ! copp] 
0 good & h>d1 or aft] two h\rs1 if x 0  
s(t & fragile4 ,! workman adds *>coal to
 !m :]e he sees x is ne$$1 ?r[+ x into !
 furnace ?r\gh ! op5+s on bo? sides     
betwe5 ! side walls & ! clos$ door4 ,?is
 op5+ is a foot & a palm wide4 ,he lets 
d[n ! door1 & :5 ! slags beg9 to fl[ he 
op5s ! passages ) a b>2 ?is %\ld take   
place aft] five h\rs2 ! door is let d[n 
ov] ! upp] op5 "p ( ! ar* = two feet & z
 _m digits1 s t ! ma/] c be> ! viol5ce (
 ! heat4 ,:5 ! cakes %r9k1 *>coal %\ld n
 be add$ to !m le/ !y %\ld melt4 ,if !  
cakes made f poor & fragile copp] are   
dri$ ) cakes made f good h>d copp]1 v   
(t5 ! copp] s settles into ! passages t 
a b> ?ru/ into !m _c p5etrate !m4 ,?is  

b> is ( iron1 six feet & two palms long1
 into :i* a wood5 h&le five feet long is
 ins]t$4 ,! ref9] draws (f ! slags ) a  
rabble f ! "r side ( ! he>?4 ,! blade ( 
! rabble is made ( an iron plate a foot 
& a palm wide1 gradually n>r[+ t[>d !   
h&le2 ! blade is two palms high1 its    
iron h&le is two feet long1 & ! wood5   
h&le set into x is t5 feet long4        
,illu/ration #ebh 7,dry+ ,furnace =     
,liquation73 ,a--,! door rais$4         
,b--,hook$ b>4 ,c--,two-prong$ rake4    
,d--,tongs4 ,e--,tank4  ,:5 ! exhau/$   
liquation cakes h be5 dri$1 ! ma/]      
raises ! door 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$1 &
 ) a long iron hook ins]t$ into ! haft (
 ! b> he draws x ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! left  
wall f ! hole 9 ! "r wall2 aft]w>d he   
pu%es x back & replaces x4 ,! ma/] !n   
takes out ! exhau/$ liquation cakes     
ne>e/ to him ) ! iron hook2 !n he pulls 
out ! cakes f ! bricks4 ,?is hook is two
 palms high1 z _m digits wide1 & "o     
?ick2 its iron h&le is two feet long1 & 
! wood5 h&le elev5 feet long4 ,!re is   

also a two-prong$ rake ) :i* ! dri$     
cakes are drawn ov] to ! left side s t  
!y may be seiz$ ) tongs2 ! prongs ( !   
rake are po9t$1 & are two palms long1 z 
_m digits wide1 & "o digit ?ick2 ! iron 
"p ( ! h&le is a foot long1 ! wood5 "p  
n9e feet long4 ,! dri$ cakes1 tak5 out (
 ! he>? by ! ma/] & 8 assi/ants1 are    
seiz$ ) o!r tongs & ?r[n into !         
rectangul> tank1 :i* is almo/ fill$ )   
wat]4 ,^! tongs are two feet & ?ree     
palms long1 bo? ! h&les are r\nd & m ?an
 a digit ?ick1 & ! ends are b5t = a palm
 & two digits2 bo? ! jaws are a digit & 
a half wide 9 front & %>p5$2 at ! back  
!y are a digit ?ick1 & !n gradually     
tap]1 & :5 clos$1 ! int]ior is two palms
 & z _m digits wide4  ,! dri$ cakes :i* 
are dripp+ copp] are n imm$iately dipp$ 
into ! tank1 because1 if s1 !y bur/ 9   
fragm5ts & give out a s\nd l ?und]4 ,!  
cakes are aft]w>d tak5 out ( ! tank ) ! 
tongs1 & laid ^u ! two transv]se planks 
on :i* ! workm5 /&2 ! soon] !y are tak5 
out ! easi] x is to *ip (f ! copp] t has

 become a%-col\r$4 ,f9ally1 ! ma/]1 ) a 
spade1 raises up ! bricks a little f !  
he>?1 :ile !y are /ill w>m4 ,! blade ( !
 spade is a palm & two digits long1 !   
l[] edge is %>p1 & is a palm & a digit  
wide1 ! upp] end a palm wide2 its h&le  
is r\nd1 ! iron "p be+ two feet long1 & 
! wood5 "p sev5 & a half feet long4  ,on
 ! f\r? day ! ma/] draws out ! liquation
 ?orns :i* h settl$ 9 ! passages2 !y are
 mu* ri*] 9 silv] ?an ^? t are made :5 !
 silv]-lead is liquat$ f copp] 9 !      
liquation furnace4 ,! dri$ cakes drip b 
little copp]1 b ne>ly all _! rema9+     
silv]-lead & ! ?orns consi/ ( x1 =1     
inde$1 9 "o c5tumpondium ( dri$ copp]   
!re %\ld rema9 only half an uncia (     
silv]1 & !re sometimes rema9 only ?ree  
dra*mae4#bb ,"s smelt]s *ip (f ! metal  
adh]+ to ! bricks ) a hamm]1 9 ord] t x 
may be melt$ aga92 o!rs1 h[ev]1 cru% !  
bricks "u ! /amps & wa% !m1 & ! copp] & 
lead ?us collect$ is melt$ aga94 ,!     
ma/]1 :5 he has tak5 ^! ?+s away & put  
!m 9 _! places1 has f9i%$ 8 day's "w4   

,illu/ration #ecj 7,dri$ ,liquation     
,cakes73 ,a--,tank4 ,b--,bo>d4          
,c--,tongs4 ,d--,dri$ cakes tak5 out ( !
 tanks4 ,e--,block4 ,f--,r\nd$ hamm]4   
,g--,po9t$ hamm]4  ,! assi/ants take !  
dri$ cakes out ( ! tank on ! next day1  
place !m on an oak block1 & fir/ p\nd !m
 ) r\nd$ hamm]s 9 ord] t ! a%-col\r$    
copp] may fall away f !m1 & !n !y dig   
out ) po9t$ picks ! holes 9 ! cakes1 :i*
 conta9 ! same k9d ( copp]4 ,! head ( ! 
r\nd hamm] is ?ree palms & a digit long2
 "o end ( ! head is r\nd & two digits   
long & ?ick2 ! o!r end is *isel-%ap$1 & 
is two digits & a half long4 ,! %>p     
po9t$ hamm] is ! same l5g? z ! r\nd     
hamm]1 b "o end is po9t$1 ! o!r end is  
squ>e1 & gradually tap]s to a po9t4  ,! 
nature ( copp] is su* t :5 x is dri$ x  
becomes a% col\r$1 & s9ce ?is copp]     
conta9s silv]1 x is smelt$ aga9 9 ! bla/
 furnaces4#bc  ,illu/ration #ecb 7,copp]
 ,ref9+ ,furnace73 ,a--,he>? ( !        
furnace4 ,b--,*imney4 ,c--,common pill>4
 ,d--,o!r pill>s4 ,! p>tition wall is   

beh9d ! common pill> & n to be se54     
,e--,ar*es4 ,f--,little walls :i*       
protect ! p>tition wall f injury by !   
fire4 ,g--,crucibles4 ,h--,second long  
wall4 ,i--,door4 ,k--,spatula4 ,l--,!   
o!r spatula4 ,m--,! broom 9 :i* is      
ins]t$ a /ick4 ,n--,pe/les4 ,o--,wood5  
mallet4 ,p--,plate4 ,q--,/ones4         
,r--,iron rod4  ,i h describ$           
suffici5tly ! me?od by :i* exhau/$      
liquation cakes are dri$2 n[ ,i w speak 
( ! me?od by :i* !y are made into copp] 
aft] !y h be5 dri$4 ,^! cakes1 9 ord] t 
!y may recov] ! appe>ance ( copp] :i* !y
 h to "s ext5t lo/1 are melt$ 9 f\r     
furnaces1 :i* are plac$ aga9/ ! second  
long wall 9 ! "p ( ! build+ betwe5 !    
second & ?ird transv]se walls4 ,?is     
space is sixty-?ree feet & two palms    
long1 & s9ce ea* ( ^! furnaces occupies 
?irte5 feet1 ! space :i* is on ! "r side
 ( ! fir/ furnace1 & on ! left ( ! f\r?1
 are ea* ?ree feet & ?ree palms wide1 & 
! di/ance betwe5 ! second & ?ird furnace
 is six feet4 ,9 ! middle ( ea* ( ^!    

?ree spaces is a door1 a foot & a half  
wide & six feet high1 & ! middle "o is  
common to ! ma/] ( ea* ( ! furnaces4    
,ea* furnace has its own *imney1 :i*    
rises betwe5 ! two long walls m5tion$   
above1 & is support$ by two ar*es & a   
p>tition wall4 ,! p>tition wall is      
betwe5 ! two furnaces1 & is five feet   
long1 t5 feet high1 & two feet ?ick2 9  
front ( x is a pill> belong+ 9 common to
 ! front ar*es ( ! furnace on ei!r side1
 :i* is two feet & z _m palms ?ick1 ?ree
 feet & a half wide4 ,! front ar* rea*es
 f ?is common pill> to ano!r pill> t is 
common to ! side ar* ( ! same furnace2  
?is ar* on ! "r spans f ! second long   
wall to ! same pill>1 :i* is two feet & 
z _m palms wide & ?ick at ! bottom4 ,!  
int]ior ( ! front ar* is n9e feet & a   
palm wide1 & eight feet high at its     
highe/ po9t2 ! int]ior ( ! ar* :i* is on
 ! "r side1 is five feet & a palm wide1 
& ( equal height to ! o!r1 & bo? ! ar*es
 are built ( ! same height z ! p>tition 
wall4 ,impos$ ^u ^! ar*es & ! p>tition  

wall are ! walls ( ! *imney2 ^! slope   
upw>d1 & ?us contract1 s t at ! upp] "p1
 :]e ! fumes are emitt$1 ! op5+ is eight
 feet 9 l5g?1 "o foot & ?ree palms 9    
wid?4 ,! f\r? wall ( ! *imney is built  
v]tically ^u ! second long wall4 ,z !   
p>tition wall is common to ! two        
furnaces1 s its sup]/ructure is common  
to ! two *imneys4 ,9 ?is s5sible mann] !
 *imney is built4 ,at ! front ea*       
furnace is six feet two palms long1 &   
?ree feet two palms wide1 & a cubit     
high2 ! back ( ea* furnace is aga9/ !   
second long wall1 ! front be+ op54 ,!   
fir/ furnace is op5 & slop+ at ! "r     
side1 s t ! slags may be drawn out2 !   
left side is aga9/ ! p>tition wall1 &   
has a little wall built ( bricks cem5t$ 
toge!r ) lute2 ?is little wall protects 
! p>tition wall f injury by ! fire4 ,on 
! contr>y1 ! second furnace has ! left  
side op5 & ! "r side is aga9/ ! p>tition
 wall1 :]e also x has its own little    
wall :i* protects ! p>tition wall f !   
fire4 ,! front ( ea* furnace is built ( 

rectangul> rocks2 ! int]ior ( x is fill$
 up ) e>?4 ,!n 9 ea* ( ! furnaces at !  
re>1 aga9/ ! second long wall1 is an    
ap]ture ?r\gh an ar* at ! back1 & 9 ^!  
are fix$ ! copp] pipes4 ,ea* furnace has
 a r\nd pit1 two feet & z _m palms wide1
 built ?ree feet away f ! p>tition wall4
 ,f9ally1 "u ! pit ( ! furnace1 at a    
dep? ( a cubit1 is ! hidd5 receptacle = 
moi/ure1 simil> to ! o!rs1 ^: v5t       
p5etrates ?r\gh ! second long wall &    
slopes upw>d to ! "r f ! fir/ furnace1 &
 to ! left f ! second4 ,if copp] is to  
be made ! next day1 !n ! ma/] cuts out !
 crucible ) a spatula1 ! blade ( :i* is 
?ree digits wide & z _m palms long1 !   
iron h&le be+ two feet long & "o & a    
half digits 9 diamet]2 ! wood5 h&le     
ins]t$ into x is r\nd1 five feet long & 
two digits 9 diamet]4 ,!n1 ) ano!r cutt+
 spatula1 he makes ! crucible smoo?2 !  
blade ( ?is spatula is a palm wide & two
 palms long2 its h&le1 p>tly ( iron1    
p>tly ( wood1 is simil> 9 e respect to !
 fir/ "o4 ,aft]w>d he ?r[s pulv]is$ clay

 & *>coal into ! crucible1 p\rs wat] ov]
 x1 & sweeps x ov] ) a broom into :i* a 
/ick is fix$4 ,!n imm$iately he ?r[s    
into ! crucible a p[d]1 made ( two      
:eelb>r[sful ( sift$ *>coal du/1 z _m   
:eelb>r[sful ( pulv]is$ clay likewise   
sift$1 & six basketsful ( riv] s& :i*   
has pass$ ?r\gh a v f9e sieve4 ,?is     
p[d]1 l t us$ by smelt]s1 is spr9kl$ )  
wat] & moi/5$ be=e x is put into !      
crucible1 s t x may be fa%ion$ by ! h&s 
into %apes simil> to sn[balls4 ,:5 x has
 be5 put 91 ! ma/] fir/ kneads x & makes
 x smoo? ) 8 h&s1 & !n p\nds x ) two    
wood5 pe/les1 ea* ( :i* is a cubit long2
 ea* pe/le has a r\nd head at ea* end1 b
 "o ( ^! is a palm 9 diamet]1 ! o!r ?ree
 digits2 bo? are ?9n] 9 ! middle1 s t !y
 may be held 9 ! h&4 ,!n he aga9 ?r[s   
moi/5$ p[d] into ! crucible1 & aga9     
makes x smoo? ) 8 h&s1 & kneads x ) 8   
fi/s & ) ! pe/les2 !n1 pu%+ upw>d &     
press+ ) 8 f+]s1 he makes ! edge ( !    
crucible smoo?4 ,aft] ! crucible has be5
 made smoo?1 he spr9kles 9 dry *>coal   

du/1 & aga9 p\nds x ) ! same pe/les1 at 
fir/ ) ! n>r[ heads1 & aft]w>d ) ! wid] 
ones4 ,!n he p\nds ! crucible ) a wood5 
mallet two feet long1 bo? heads ( :i*   
are r\nd & ?ree digits 9 diamet]2 its   
wood5 h&le is two palms long1 & "o & a  
half digits 9 diamet]4 ,f9ally1 he ?r[s 
into ! crucible z mu* pure sift$ a%es z 
bo? h&s c hold1 & p\rs wat] into x1 &1  
tak+ an old l95 rag1 he sme>s ! crucible
 ov] ) ! wet a%es4 ,! crucible is r\nd &
 slop+4 ,if copp] is to be made f ! be/ 
quality ( dri$ cakes1 x is made two feet
 wide & "o deep1 b if f o!r cakes1 x is 
made a cubit wide & two palms deep4 ,!  
ma/] also has an iron b& curv$ at bo?   
ends1 two palms long & z _m digits wide1
 & ) ?is he cuts (f ! edges ( ! crucible
 if !y are high] ?an is necess>y4 ,!    
copp] pipe is incl9$1 & projects ?ree   
digits f ! wall1 & has its upp] end &   
bo? sides sme>$ ?ick ) lute1 t x may n  
be burn$2 b ! und]side ( ! pipe is sme>$
 ?9ly ) lute1 = ?is side rea*es almo/ to
 ! edge ( ! crucible1 & :5 ! crucible is

 full ! molt5 copp] t\*es x4 ,! wall    
above ! pipe is sme>$ ov] ) lute1 le/ t 
%\ld be damag$4 ,he does ! same to ! o!r
 side ( an iron plate1 :i* is a foot &  
?ree palms long & a foot high2 ?is /&s  
on /ones ne> ! crucible at ! side :]e ! 
he>? slopes1 9 ord] t ! slag may run out
 "u x4 ,o!rs d n place ! plates ^u      
/ones1 b cut out ( ! plate und]nea? a   
small piece1 ?ree digits long & ?ree    
digits wide2 le/ ! plate %\ld fall1 x is
 support$ by an iron rod fix$ 9 ! wall  
at a height ( two palms & ! same numb] (
 digits1 & x projects f ! wall ?ree     
palms4  ,!n ) an iron %ovel1 ^: wood5   
h&le is six feet long1 he ?r[s live     
*>coal into ! crucible2 or else *>coal1 
k9dl$ by means ( a few live coals1 is   
add$ to !m4 ,ov] ! live *>coal he lays  
dri$ cakes1 :i*1 if !y 7 ( copp] ( !    
fir/ quality1 weigh all toge!r ?ree     
c5tumpondia1 or ?ree & a half           
c5tumpondia2 b if !y 7 ( copp] ( !      
second quality1 !n two & a half         
c5tumpondia2 if !y 7 ( ! ?ird quality1  

!n two c5tumpondia only2 b if !y 7 (    
copp] ( v sup]ior quality1 !n !y place  
^u x six c5tumpondia1 & 9 ?is case !y   
make ! crucible wid] & deep]4#bd ,! l[e/
 dri$ cake is plac$ at a di/ance ( two  
palms f ! pipe1 ! re/ at a great]       
di/ance1 & :5 ! l[] ones are melt$ !    
upp] ones fall d[n & get ne>] to ! pipe2
 if !y d n fall d[n !y mu/ be pu%$ ) a  
%ovel4 ,! blade ( ! %ovel is a foot     
long1 ?ree palms & two digits wide1 !   
iron "p ( ! h&le is two palms long1 !   
wood5 "p n9e feet4 ,r\nd ab\t ! dri$    
cakes are plac$ l>ge long pieces (      
*>coal1 & 9 ! pipe are plac$ m$ium-siz$ 
pieces4 ,:5 all ^! ?+s h be5 arrang$ 9  
?is mann]1 ! fire mu/ be m viol5tly     
excit$ by ! bla/ f ! bell[s4 ,:5 ! copp]
 is melt+ & ! coals blaze1 ! ma/] pu%es 
an iron b> into ! middle ( !m 9 ord] t  
!y may receive ! air1 & t ! flame c =ce 
its way out4 ,?is po9t$ b> is two & a   
half feet long1 & its wood5 h&le f\r    
feet long4 ,:5 ! cakes are p>tly melt$1 
! ma/]1 pass+ out ?r\gh ! door1 inspects

 ! crucible ?r\gh ! bronze pipe1 & if he
 %\ld f9d t too mu* ( ! slag is adh]+ to
 ! m\? ( ! pipe1 & ?us imp$+ ! bla/ ( ! 
bell[s1 he ins]ts ! hook$ iron b> into !
 pipe ?r\gh ! nozzle ( ! bell[s1 &1     
turn+ ?is ab\t ! m\? ( ! pipe1 he       
removes ! slags f x4 ,! hook on ?is b>  
is two digits high2 ! iron "p ( ! h&le  
is ?ree feet long2 ! wood5 "p is ! same 
numb] ( palms long4 ,n[ x is "t to ins]t
 ! b> "u ! iron plate1 9 ord] t ! slags 
may fl[ out4 ,:5 ! cakes1 be+ all melt$1
 h run into ! crucible1 he takes out a  
sample ( copp] ) ! ?ird r\nd b>1 :i* is 
made :olly ( iron1 & is ?ree feet long1 
a digit ?ick1 & has a /eel po9t le/ its 
pores %\ld absorb ! copp]4 ,:5 he has   
compress$ ! bell[s1 he introduces ?is b>
 z quickly z possible into ! crucible   
?r\gh ! pipe betwe5 ! two nozzles1 &    
takes out samples two1 ?ree1 or f\r     
times1 until he f9ds t ! copp] is       
p]fectly ref9$4 ,if ! copp] is good x   
adh]es easily to ! b>1 & two samples    
suffice2 if x is n good1 !n _m are      

requir$4 ,x is necess>y to smelt x 9 !  
crucible until ! copp] adh]+ to ! b> is 
se5 to be ( a brassy col\r1 & if ! upp] 
z well z ! l[] "p ( ! ?9 lay] ( copp]   
may be easily brok51 x signifies t !    
copp] is p]fectly melt$2 he places !    
po9t ( ! b> on a small iron anvil1 &    
*ips (f ! ?9 lay] ( copp] f x ) a       
hamm]4#be  ,illu/ration #ecd 7,copp]    
,ref9+73 ,a--,po9t$ b>4 ,b--,?9 copp]   
lay]4 ,c--,anvil4 ,d--,hamm]4           
,illu/ration #ecg 7,copp] ,ref9+73      
,a--,crucible4 ,b--,bo>d4 ,c--,w$ge-%ap$
 b>4 ,d--,cakes ( copp] made by sep>at+ 
!m ) ! w$ge-%ap$ b>4 ,e--,tongs4        
,f--,tub4  ,if ! copp] is n good1 ! ma/]
 draws (f ! slags twice1 or ?ree times  
if necess>y--! fir/ "t :5 "s ( ! cakes h
 be5 melt$1 ! second :5 all h melt$1 !  
?ird "t :5 ! copp] has be5 heat$ = "s   
"t4 ,if ! copp] 0 ( good quality1 !     
slags are n drawn (f be=e ! op]ation is 
f9i%$1 b at ! "t !y are to be drawn (f1 
he depresses ! b> ov] bo? bell[s1 &     
places ov] bo? a /ick1 a cubit long & a 

palm wide1 half cut away at ! upp] "p1 s
 t x may pass "u ! iron p9 fix$ at !    
back 9 ! p]=at$ wood4 ,?is he does      
likewise :5 ! copp] has be5 completely  
melt$4 ,!n ! assi/ant removes ! iron    
plate ) ! tongs2 ^! tongs are f\r feet  
?ree palms long1 _! jaws are ab\t a foot
 9 l5g?1 & _! /raight "p measures two   
palms & ?ree digits1 & ! curv$ a palm & 
a digit4 ,! same assi/ant1 ) ! iron     
%ovel1 ?r[s & heaps up ! l>g] pieces (  
*>coal into t "p ( ! he>? :i* is aga9/ !
 little wall :i* protects ! o!r wall f  
injury by fire1 & p>tly ext+ui%es !m by 
p\r+ wat] ov] !m4 ,! ma/]1 ) a hazel    
/ick ins]t$ into ! crucible1 /irs x     
twice4 ,aft]w>d he draws (f ! slags ) a 
rabble1 :i* consi/s ( an iron blade1    
wide & %>p1 & ( ald]-wood2 ! blade is a 
digit & a half 9 wid? & ?ree feet long2 
! wood5 h&le ins]t$ 9 its holl[ "p is ! 
same numb] ( feet long1 & ! ald]-wood 9 
:i* ! blade is fix$ mu/ h ! figure ( a  
rhombus2 x mu/ be ?ree palms & a digit  
long1 a palm & two digits wide1 & a palm

 ?ick4 ,subsequ5tly he takes a broom &  
sweeps ! *>coal du/ & small coal ov] !  
:ole ( ! crucible1 le/ ! copp] %\ld cool
 be=e x fl[s toge!r2 !n1 ) a ?ird       
rabble1 he cuts (f ! slags :i* may adh]e
 to ! edge ( ! crucible4 ,! blade ( ?is 
rabble is two palms long & a palm & "o  
digit wide1 ! iron "p ( ! h&le is a foot
 & ?ree palms long1 ! wood5 "p six feet4
 ,aft]w>d he aga9 draws (f ! slags f !  
crucible1 :i* ! assi/ant does n qu5* by 
p\r+ wat] ^u !m1 z ! o!r slags are      
usually qu5*$1 b he spr9kles ov] !m a   
little wat] & all[s !m to cool4 ,if !   
copp] %\ld bubble1 he presses d[n !     
bubbles ) ! rabble4 ,!n he p\rs wat] on 
! wall & ! pipes1 t x may fl[ d[n w>m   
into ! crucible1 =1 ! copp]1 if cold    
wat] 7 to be p\r$ ov] x :ile /ill hot1  
w\ld spatt] ab\t4 ,if a /one1 or a piece
 ( lute or wood1 or a damp coal %\ld !n 
fall into x1 ! crucible w\ld vomit out  
all ! copp] ) a l\d noise l ?und]1 &    
:atev] x t\*es x injures & sets on fire4
 ,subsequ5tly he lays a curv$ bo>d ) a  

not* 9 x ov] ! front "p ( ! crucible2 x 
is two feet long1 a palm & two digits   
wide1 & a digit ?ick4 ,!n ! copp] 9 !   
crucible %\ld be divid$ into cakes ) an 
iron w$ge-%ap$ b>2 ?is is ?ree feet     
long1 two digits wide1 & /eel$ on ! end 
= ! di/ance ( two digits1 & its wood5   
h&le is ?ree feet long4 ,he places ?is  
b> on ! not*$ bo>d1 &1 driv+ x into !   
copp]1 moves x =w>d & back1 & by ?is    
means ! wat] fl[s into ! vacant space 9 
! copp]1 & he sep>ates ! cake f ! re/ ( 
! mass4 ,if ! copp] is n p]fectly smelt$
 ! cakes w be too ?ick1 & _c be tak5 out
 ( ! crucible easily4 ,ea* cake is      
aft]w>d seiz$ by ! assi/ant ) ! tongs & 
plung$ into ! wat] 9 ! tub2 ! fir/ "o is
 plac$ aside s t ! ma/] may re-melt x   
aga9 imm$iately1 =1 s9ce "s slags adh]e 
to x1 x is n z p]fect z ! subsequ5t     
ones2 inde$1 if ! copp] is n ( good     
quality1 he places ! fir/ two cakes     
aside4 ,!n1 aga9 p\r+ wat] ov] ! wall & 
! pipes1 he sep>ates out ! second cake1 
:i* ! assi/ant likewise imm]ses 9 wat] &

 places on ! gr\nd toge!r ) ! o!rs      
sep>at$ out 9 ! same way1 :i* he piles  
^u !m4 ,^!1 if ! copp] 0 ( good quality1
 %\ld be ?irte5 or m 9 numb]2 if x 0 n (
 good quality1 !n few]4 ,if ! copp] 0 ( 
good quality1 ?is "p ( ! op]ation1 :i*  
inde$ is di/ribut$ into f\r p>ts1 is    
accompli%$ by ! ma/] 9 two h\rs2 if (   
m$iocre quality1 9 two & a half h\rs2 if
 ( bad quality1 9 ?ree4 ,! dri$ cakes   
are re-melt$1 fir/ 9 ! fir/ crucible &  
!n 9 ! second4 ,! assi/ant mu/1 z       
quickly z possible1 qu5* all ! cakes )  
wat]1 aft] !y h be5 cut out ( ! second  
crucible4 ,aft]w>d ) ! tongs he replaces
 9 its prop] place ! iron plate :i* 0 9 
front ( ! furnace1 & ?r[s ! *>coal back 
into ! crucible ) a %ovel4 ,mean:ile !  
ma/]1 cont9u+ 8 "w1 removes ! wood5 /ick
 f ! b>s ( ! bell[s1 s t 9 re-melt+ !   
o!r cakes he may accompli% ! ?ird "p ( 8
 process2 ?is mu/ be c>efully done1 = if
 a p>ticle f any iron implem5t %\ld by  
*ance fall into ! crucible1 or %\ld be  
?r[n 9 by any malevol5t p]son1 ! copp]  

c\ld n be made until ! iron _h be5      
consum$1 & !re=e d\ble lab\r w\ld h to  
be exp5d$ ^u x4 ,f9ally1 ! assi/ant     
ext+ui%es all ! gl[+ coals1 & *ips (f ! 
dry lute f ! m\? ( ! copp] pipe ) a     
hamm]2 "o end ( ?is hamm] is po9t$1 !   
o!r r\nd1 & x has a wood5 h&le five feet
 long4 ,because !re is dang] t ! copp]  
w\ld be scatt]$ if ! pompholyx & spodos1
 :i* adh]e to ! walls & ! hood erect$ ^u
 !m1 %\ld fall into ! crucible1 he      
cleans !m (f 9 ! meantime4 ,e week he   
takes ! copp] fl[]s out ( ! tub1 aft]   
hav+ p\r$ (f ! wat]1 = ^! fall into x f 
! cakes :5 !y are qu5*$4#bf  ,! bell[s  
:i* ?is ma/] uses diff] 9 size f ! o!rs1
 = ! bo>ds are sev5 & a half feet long2 
! back "p is ?ree feet wide2 ! front1   
:]e ! head is jo9$ on is a foot1 two    
palms & z _m digits4 ,! head is a cubit 
& a digit long2 ! back "p ( x is a cubit
 & a palm wide1 & !n becomes gradually  
n>r[]4 ,! nozzles ( ! bell[s are b\nd   
toge!r by means ( an iron *a91 controll$
 by a ?ick b>1 "o end ( :i* p5etrates   

into ! gr\nd aga9/ ! back ( ! long wall1
 & ! o!r end passes "u ! beam :i* is    
laid ^u ! =emo/ p]=at$ beams4 ,^!       
nozzles are s plac$ 9 a copp] pipe t !y 
are at a di/ance ( a palm f ! m\?2 ! m\?
 %\ld be made ?ree digits 9 diamet]1 t !
 air may be viol5tly expell$ ?r\gh ?is  
n>r[ ap]ture4  ,!re n[ rema9 ! liquation
 ?orns1 ! a%-col\r$ copp]1 ! slags1 & ! 
cadmia4#bg ,liquation cakes are made f  
?orns 9 ! foll[+ mann]4#bh ,!re are tak5
 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tumpondium ( ?orns1  
:i* h _! orig9 f ! cakes ( copp]-lead   
alloy :5 lead-silv] is liquat$1 & z _m  
p>ts ( a c5tumpondium ( ! ?orns d]iv$ f 
cakes made f once re-melt$ ?orns by !   
same me?od1 & to !m are add$ a          
c5tumpondium ( de-silv]iz$ lead & half a
 c5tumpondium ( he>?-lead4 ,if !re is 9 
! works pl5ty ( li?>ge1 x is sub/itut$ =
 ! de-silv]iz$ lead4 ,"o & a half       
c5tumpondia ( li?>ge & he>?-lead is add$
 to ! same weight ( prim>y ?orns1 & half
 a c5tumpondium ( ?orns :i* h _! orig9 f
 liquation cakes compos$ ( ?orns twice  

re-melt$ by ! same me?od 7t]ti>y ?orns71
 & a f\r? "p ( a c5tumpondium ( ?orns   
:i* are produc$ :5 ! exhau/$ liquation  
cakes are dri$4 ,by bo? me?ods "o s+le  
liquation cake is made f ?ree           
c5tumpondia4 ,9 ?is mann] ! smelt] makes
 e day fifte5 liquation cakes1 m or     
less2 he takes great c>e t ! metallic   
sub/ances1 f :i* ! fir/ liquation cake  
is made1 fl[ d[n prop]ly & 9 due ord]   
into ! =ehe>?1 be=e ! mat]ial ( :i* !   
subsequ5t cake is to be made4 ,five ( ^!
 liquation cakes are put simultane\sly  
into ! furnace 9 :i* silv]-lead is      
liquat$ f copp]1 !y weigh almo/ f\rte5  
c5tumpondia1 & ! slags made !refrom     
usually weigh q a c5tumpondium4 ,9 all !
 liquation cakes toge!r !re is usually  
"o libra & ne>ly two unciae ( silv]1 & 9
 ! silv]-lead :i* drips f ^? cakes1 &   
weighs sev5 & a half c5tumpondia1 !re is
 9 ea* an uncia & a half ( silv]4 ,9 ea*
 ( ! ?ree c5tumpondia ( liquation ?orns 
!re is almo/ an uncia ( silv]1 & 9 ! two
 c5tumpondia & a qu>t] ( exhau/$        

liquation cakes !re is altoge!r "o & a  
half unciae2 yet ?is v>ies greatly = ea*
 v>iety ( ?orns1 = 9 ! ?orns produc$ f  
prim>y liquation cakes made ( copp] &   
lead :5 silv]-lead is liquat$ f ! copp]1
 & ^? produc$ 9 dry+ ! exhau/$ liquation
 cakes1 !re are almo/ two unciae (      
silv]2 9 ! o!rs n q an uncia4 ,!re are  
o!r ?orns besides1 ( :i* ,i w speak a   
little fur!r on4  ,^? 9 ! ,c>pa?ian     
,m\nta9s :o make liquation cakes f !    
copp] bottoms :i* rema9 aft] ! upp] "p (
 ! copp] is divid$ f ! l[]1 9 ! furnace 
simil> to an ov51 produce ?orns :5 !    
poor or m$iocre silv]-lead is liquat$ f 
! copp]4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ^? made ( cakes (
 re-melt$ ?orns1 or made ) re-melt$     
li?>ge1 are plac$ 9 a heap by !mselves2 
b ^? t are made f cakes melt$ f         
he>?-lead are plac$ 9 a heap sep>ate f !
 fir/1 & likewise ^? produc$ f dry+ !   
exhau/$ liquation cakes are plac$       
sep>ately2 f ^! ?orns liquation cakes   
are made4 ,f ! fir/ heap !y take ! f\r? 
"p ( a c5tumpondium1 f ! second ! same  

am\nt1 f ! ?ird a c5tumpondium1--to :i* 
?orns are add$ "o & a half c5tumpondia (
 li?>ge & half a c5tumpondium (         
he>?-lead1 & f ^!1 melt$ 9 ! bla/       
furnace1 a liquation cake is made2 ea*  
workman makes tw5ty su* cakes e day4 ,b 
( !irs en\gh has be5 said = ! pres5t2 ,i
 w return to ours4  ,! a%-col\r$        
copp]#bi :i* is *ipp$ (f1 z ,i h /at$1 f
 ! dri$ cakes1 us$ "s ye>s ago to be    
mix$ ) ! ?orns produc$ f liquation ( !  
copp]-lead alloy1 & conta9$ 9 !mselves1 
equally ) ! fir/1 two unciae ( silv]2 b 
n[ x is mix$ ) ! conc5trates wa%$ f !   
accretions & ! o!r mat]ial4 ,!          
inhabitants ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s melt 
?is k9d ( copp] 9 furnaces 9 :i* are    
re-melt$ ! slags :i* fl[ out :5 ! copp] 
is ref9$2 b z ?is soon melts & fl[s d[n 
out ( ! furnace1 two workm5 are requir$ 
= ! "w ( smelt+1 "o ( :om smelts1 :ile !
 o!r takes out ! ?ick cakes f ! =ehe>?4 
,^! cakes are only dri$1 & f ! dri$     
cakes copp] is aga9 made4  ,! slags#cj  
are melt$ cont9ually day & night1 :e!r  

!y h be5 drawn (f f ! alloy$ metals ) a 
rabble1 or :e!r !y adh]$ to ! =ehe>? to 
! ?ickness ( a digit & made x small] & 7
 tak5 (f ) spatulas4 ,9 ?is mann] two or
 ?ree liquation cakes are made1 &       
aft]w>d mu* or little ( ! slag1 skimm$ f
 ! molt5 alloy ( copp] & lead1 is       
re-melt$4 ,su* liquation cakes %\ld     
weigh up to ?ree c5tumpondia1 9 ea* (   
:i* !re is half an uncia ( silv]4 ,five 
cakes are plac$ at ! same "t 9 ! furnace
 9 :i* arg5tif]\s lead is liquat$ f     
copp]1 & f ^! are made lead :i* conta9s 
half an uncia ( silv] to ! c5tumpondium4
 ,! exhau/$ liquation cakes are laid ^u 
! o!r bas] exhau/$ liquation cakes1 f   
bo? ( :i* yell[ copp] is made4 ,! base  
?orns ?us obta9$ are re-melt$ ) a few   
bas] slags1 aft] hav+ be5 spr9kl$ )     
conc5trates f furnace accretions & o!r  
mat]ial1 & 9 ?is mann] six or sev5      
liquation cakes are made1 ea* ( :i*     
weighs "s two c5tumpondia4 ,five ( ^!   
are plac$ at ! same "t 9 ! furnace 9 :i*
 silv]-lead is liquat$ f copp]2 ^! drip 

?ree c5tumpondia ( lead1 ea* ( :i*      
conta9s half an uncia ( silv]4 ,! base/ 
?orns ?us produc$ %\ld be re-melt$ )    
only a little slag4 ,! copp] alloy$ )   
lead1 :i* fl[s d[n f ! furnace into !   
=ehe>?1 is p\r$ out ) a ladle into      
oblong copp] m\lds2 ^! cakes are dri$ ) 
base exhau/$ liquation cakes4 ,! ?orns  
!y produce are add$ to ! base ?orns1 &  
!y are made into cakes accord+ to !     
me?od ,i h describ$4 ,f ! dri$ cakes !y 
make copp]1 ( :i* "s add a small portion
 to ! be/ dri$ cakes :5 copp] is made f 
!m1 9 ord] t by mix+ ! base copp] ) !   
good x may be sold )\t loss4 ,! slags1  
if !y are utilisable1 are re-melt$ a    
second & a ?ird "t1 ! cakes made f !m   
are dri$1 & f ! dri$ cakes is made      
copp]1 :i* is mix$ ) ! good copp]4 ,!   
slags1 drawn (f by ! ma/] :o makes copp]
 out ( dri$ cakes1 are sift$1 & ^? :i*  
fall ?r\gh ! sieve into a vessel plac$  
und]nea? are wa%$2 ^? :i* rema9 9 x are 
empti$ into a :eelb>r[ & :eel$ away to !
 bla/ furnaces1 & !y are re-melt$ toge!r

 ) o!r slags1 ov] :i* are spr9kl$ !     
conc5trates f wa%+ ! slags or furnace   
accretions made at ?is "t4 ,! copp] :i* 
fl[s out ( ! furnace into ! =ehe>?1 is  
likewise dipp$ out ) a ladle into oblong
 copp] m\lds2 9 ?is way n9e or t5 cakes 
are made1 :i* are dri$1 toge!r ) bad    
exhau/$ liquation cakes1 & f ^! dri$    
cakes yell[#ca copp] is made4           
,illu/ration #edc 7,copp] ,ref9+73      
,a--,furnace4 ,b--,=ehe>?4 ,c--,oblong  
m\lds4  ,! cadmia1#cb z x is call$ by u1
 is made f ! slags :i* ! ma/]1 :o makes 
copp] f dri$ cakes1 draws (f toge!r )   
o!r re-melt$ base slags2 =1 inde$1 if ! 
copp] cakes made f su* slags are brok51 
! fragm5ts are call$ cadmia2 f ?is &    
yell[ copp] is made cald>ium copp] 9 two
 ways4 ,= ei!r two p>ts ( cadmia are    
mix$ ) "o ( yell[ copp] 9 ! bla/        
furnaces1 & melt$2 or1 on ! contr>y1 two
 p>ts ( yell[ copp] ) "o ( cadmia1 s t !
 cadmia & yell[ copp] may be well mix$2 
& ! copp] :i* fl[s d[n f ! furnace into 
! =ehe>? is p\r$ out ) a ladle into     

oblong copp] m\lds heat$ be=eh&4 ,^!    
m\lds are spr9kl$ ov] ) *>coal du/ be=e 
! cald>ium copp] is to be p\r$ into !m1 
& ! same du/ is spr9kl$ ov] ! copp] :5 x
 is p\r$ 91 le/ ! cadmia & yell[ copp]  
%\ld freeze be=e !y h become well mix$4 
,) a piece ( wood ! assi/ant cleanses   
ea* cake f ! du/1 :5 x is turn$ out ( ! 
m\ld4 ,!n he ?r[s x into ! tub conta9+  
hot wat]1 = ! cald>ium copp] is f9] if  
qu5*$ 9 hot wat]4 ,b z ,i h s (t5 made  
m5tion ( ! oblong copp] m\lds1 ,i mu/ n[
 speak ( !m a little2 !y are a foot & a 
palm long1 ! inside is ?ree palms & a   
digit wide at ! top1 & !y are r\nd$ at !
 bottom4  ,! conc5trates are ( two      
k9ds--preci\s & base4#cc ,! fir/ are    
obta9$ f ! accretions ( ! bla/ furnace1 
:5 liquation cakes are made f copp] &   
lead1 or f preci\s liquation ?orns1 or f
 ! bett] quality slags1 or f ! be/ grade
 ( conc5trates1 or f ! sweep+s & bricks 
( ! furnaces 9 :i* exhau/$ liquation    
cakes are dri$2 all ( ^! ?+s are cru%$ &
 wa%$1 z ,i expla9$ 9 ,book ,,viii4 ,!  

base conc5trates are made f accretions  
=m$ :5 cakes are ca/ f base ?orns or f !
 wor/ quality ( slags4 ,! smelt] :o     
makes liquation cakes f ! preci\s       
conc5trates1 adds to !m ?ree            
:eelb>r[sful ( li?>ge & f\r b>r[sful (  
he>?-lead & "o ( a%-col\r$ copp]1 f all 
( :i* n9e or t5 liquation cakes are     
melt$ out1 ( :i* five at a "t are plac$ 
9 ! furnace 9 :i* silv]-lead is liquat$ 
f copp]2 a c5tumpondium ( ! lead :i*    
drips f ^! cakes conta9s "o uncia (     
silv]4 ,! liquation ?orns are plac$ ap>t
 by !mselves1 ( :i* "o basketful is mix$
 ) ! preci\s ?orns to be re-melt$4 ,!   
exhau/$ liquation cakes are dri$ at !   
same "t z o!r good exhau/$ liquation    
cakes4  ,! ?orns :i* are drawn (f f !   
lead1 :5 x is sep>at$ f silv] 9 !       
cupellation furnace#cd1 & ! he>?-lead   
:i* rema9s 9 ! crucible 9 ! middle "p ( 
! furnaces1 toge!r ) ! he>? mat]ial :i* 
has become defective & has absorb$      
silv]-lead1 are all melt$ toge!r ) a    
little slag 9 ! bla/ furnaces4 ,! lead1 

or r ! silv]-lead1 :i* fl[s f ! furnace 
into ! =ehe>?1 is p\r$ out into copp]   
m\lds su* z are us$ by ! ref9]s2 a      
c5tumpondium ( su* lead conta9s f\r     
unciae ( silv]1 or1 if ! he>? 0         
defective1 x conta9s m4 ,a small portion
 ( ?is mat]ial is add$ to ! copp] & lead
 :5 liquation cakes are made f !m1 if m 
7 to be add$ ! alloy w\ld be mu* ri*]   
?an x %\ld be1 = :i* reason ! wise =eman
 ( ! works mixes ^! ?orns ) o!r preci\s 
?orns4 ,! he>?-lead :i* rema9s 9 !      
middle ( ! crucible1 & ! he>? mat]ial   
:i* absorbs silv]-lead1 is mix$ ) o!r   
he>?-lead :i* rema9s 9 ! cupellation    
furnace crucible2 & yet "s cakes1 made  
ri* 9 ?is mann]1 may be plac$ aga9 9 !  
cupellation furnaces1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( !
 silv]-lead cakes :i* ! ref9] has made4 
,! inhabitants ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1  
if !y h an abundance ( f9ely cru%$      
copp]#ce or lead ei!r made f slags1 or  
collect$ f ! furnace 9 :i* ! exhau/$    
liquation cakes are dri$1 or li?>ge1    
alloy !m 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! fir/ alloy    

consi/s ( two c5tumpondia ( lead melt$  
out ( ?orns1 li?>ge1 & ?orns made f     
he>?-lead1 & ( half a c5tumpondium ea* (
 lead collect$ 9 ! furnace 9 :i* exhau/$
 liquation cakes are dri$1 & ( copp]    
m9utum1 & f ^! are made liquation cakes2
 ! task ( ! smelt] is f9i%$ :5 he has   
made =ty liquation cakes ( ?is k9d4 ,!  
second alloy consi/s ( two c5tumpondia (
 li?>ge1 ( "o & a qu>t] c5tumpondia (   
de-silv]iz$ lead or lead f slags1 & (   
half a c5tumpondium ( lead made f ?orns1
 & ( z mu* copp] m9utum4 ,! ?ird alloy  
consi/s ( ?ree c5tumpondia ( li?>ge & ( 
half a c5tumpondium ea* ( de-silv]iz$   
lead1 ( lead made f ?orns1 & ( copp]    
m9utum contusum4 ,liquation cakes are   
made f all ^! alloys2 ! task ( ! smelt]s
 is f9i%$ :5 !y h made ?irty cakes4  ,! 
process by :i* cakes are made among !   
,tyrolese1 f :i* !y sep>ate !           
silv]-lead1 ,i h expla9$ 9 ,book ,,ix4  
,silv] is sep>at$ f iron 9 ! foll[+     
mann]4 ,equal portions ( iron scales &  
fil+s & ( /ibium are ?r[n into an       

e>!nw>e crucible :i*1 :5 cov]$ ) a lid &
 seal$1 is plac$ 9 a furnace1 into :i*  
air is bl[n4 ,:5 ?is has melt$ & aga9   
cool$1 ! crucible is brok52 ! button t  
settles 9 ! bottom ( x1 :5 tak5 out1 is 
p\nd$ to p[d]1 & ! same weight ( lead   
be+ add$1 is mix$ & melt$ 9 a second    
crucible2 at la/ ?is button is plac$ 9 a
 cupel & ! lead is sep>at$ f ! silv]4#cf
  ,!re are a great v>iety ( me?ods by   
:i* "o metal is sep>at$ f o!r metals1 & 
! mann] 9 :i* ! same are alloy$ ,i h    
expla9$ p>tly 9 ! eigh? book ( ,de      
,natura ,fossilium1 & p>tly ,i w expla9 
else:]e4 ,n[ ,i w proce$ to ! rema9d] ( 
my subject4       ,,end ,,( ,,book ,,xi4
   ,,footnotes3  #a ,! :ole ( ?is ,book 
is devot$ to ! subject ( ! sep>ation (  
silv] f copp] by liquation1 except pages
 #ecj-i on copp] ref9+1 & page #edd on !
 sep>ation ( silv] f iron4 ,we believe a
 brief outl9e ( ! liquation process "h w
 refre% ! m9d ( ! read]1 & enable him to
 p]use ! ,book ) m satisfaction4 ,!     
fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! process is t if 

a copp]-lead alloy1 conta9+ a l>ge      
excess ( lead1 be heat$ 9 a r$uc+       
atmosph]e1 above ! melt+ po9t ( lead b  
bel[ t ( copp]1 ! lead w liquate out &  
c>ry ) x a l>ge proportion ( ! silv]4 ,z
 ! results are imp]fect1 ! process _c be
 c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 "o op]ation1 & a l>ge    
am\nt ( bye-products is creat$ :i* mu/  
be work$ up subsequ5tly4 ,! process1 z  
"h describ$1 falls into six /ages4 #a/1 
,melt+ ! copp] & lead 9 a bla/ furnace  
to =m liquation cakes--t is1 ! lead+4   
,if ! copp] conta9 too little silv] to  
w>rant liquation directly1 !n ! copp] is
 previ\sly enri*$ by melt+ & draw+ (f f 
a settl+ pot ! less arg5tif]\s tops f ! 
metal1 liquation cakes be+ made f !     
enri*$ bottoms4 #bnd1 ,liquation ( !    
arg5tif]\s lead f ! copp]4 ,?is "w 0    
c>ri$ out 9 a special furnace1 to :i* ! 
admission ( air 0 prev5t$ z mu* z       
possible 9 ord] to prev5t oxidation4    
#crd1 ,dry+ ! residual copp]1 :i* reta9$
 "s lead1 9 a furnace ) a free admission
 ( air4 ,! temp]ature 0 rais$ to a high]

 degree ?an 9 ! liquation furnace1 & !  
expell$ lead 0 oxidiz$4 #d?1            
,cupellation ( ! arg5tif]\s lead4 #e?1  
,ref9+ ( ! residual copp] f ! dry+      
furnace by oxidation ( impurities & pol+
 9 a ref9+ furnace4 #f?1 ,re-alloy &    
re-liquation ( ! bye-products4 ,^!      
consi/ (3 a1 slags f lead+2 b1 slags f  
dry+2 c1 slags f ref9+ ( ! copp]4 ,all (
 ^! slags 7 ma9ly lead oxides1 conta9+  
"s cupr\s oxides & silica f ! furnace   
l9+s2 d1 ?orns f liquation2 e1 ?orns f  
dry+2 f1 ?orns f skimm+s dur+           
cupellation2 ^! 7 aga9 l>gely lead      
oxides1 b conta9$ r m copp] & less      
silica ?an ! slags2 g1 a%-col\r$ copp]1 
be+ scales f ! dri$ copp]1 7 cupr\s     
oxides1 conta9+ consid]able lead oxides2
 h1 conc5trates f furnace accretions1   
cru%$ bricks1 c4  ,! discussion (       
detail$ features ( ! process has be5    
res]v$ to notes atta*$ to ! actual text1
 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 ,z to ! g5]al
 result ( liquation1 ,k>/5 7see bel[7   
e/imates ! losses 9 ! liquation ( !     

equival5t ( #ajj lbs4 ( arg5tif]\s copp]
 to am\nt to #cb-ce lbs4 ( lead & #e to 
#f lbs4 ( copp]4 ,p]cy 7see bel[7 quotes
 results at ,laut5?al 9 ! ,upp] ,h>z = !
 ye>s #aheg-fj1 %[+ losses ( #be ( !    
silv]1 #i4a ( ! copp]1 & #cf4cg lbs4 (  
lead to ! #ajj lbs4 ( copp]1 or say1 #af
 ( ! lead2 & a co/ ( ,l#h #fs4 p] ton ( 
copp]4 ,! !oretical consid]ations       
involv$ 9 liquation h n be5             
satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,^? :o may wi%  
to pursue ! subject w f9d repeat$       
descriptions & mu* discussion 9 ! foll[+
 works1 :i* h be5 freely consult$ 9 !   
notes :i* foll[ ^u p>ticul> features ( !
 process4 ,x may be m5tion$ t           
,agricola's treatm5t ( ! subject is m   
able ?an any d[n to ! #ah? c5tury4      
,erck] 7,bes*reibung ,all]fu]nem/5      
,m9]alis*51 etc41 ,prague1 #aegd74      
,lohneys 7,b]i*t vom ,b]gw]ck51 etc41   
,zell]feldt1 #afag74 ,s*luet]           
7,gru5dli*] ,unt]ri*t von ,huette-,w]k51
 ,brauns*weig1 #agch74 ,k>/5 7,sy/em d] 
,metallurgie ,v4 & ,ar*iv fu] ,b]gbau   

und ,huett5wes51 #a/ s]ies1 #ahbe74     
,b]?i] 7,annales des ,m9es1 #ahbe1      
,,ii474 ,p]cy 7,metallurgy ( ,silv] &   
,gold1 ,london1 #ahhj74                 
,,nom5clature4--,?is process held a v   
prom95t position 9 ,g]man metallurgy =  
ov] f\r c5turies1 & came to h a         
well-def9$ nom5clature ( its own1 :i*   
has nev] f\nd complete equival5ts 9     
,engli%1 our metallurgical writ]s to !  
pres5t day adopt+ m or less ( ! ,g]man  
t]ms4 ,agricola app>5tly f\nd no little 
difficulty 9 adapt+ ,lat9 words to 8    
purpose1 b /ubbornly adh]$ to 8 practice
 ( us+ no ,g]man at ! exp5se ( long     
explanatory clauses4 ,! foll[+ table1   
prep>$ = conv5i5ce 9 translation1 is    
reproduc$4 ,! ,g]man t]ms are spell$    
aft] ! mann] us$ 9 mo/ ,engli%          
metallurgies1 "s ( !m appe> 9           
,agricola's ,gloss>y to ,de ,re         
,metallica4    ,engli%4                 
,lat94                                  
,g]man4    ,bla/ furnace         ,prima 
=nax                      ,s*meltz(5    

,liquation furnace     ,=nax 9 qua      
arg5tum et          ,saig]n(5           
plumbum ab a]e sec]nuntur    ,dry+      
furnace        ,=nax 9 qua a]ei panes   
,d>r(5                                  
fa?isc5tes torr5tur    ,ref9+ he>?      
,=nax 9 qua panes a]ei          ,ga>h]d 
torrefacti coquuntur    ,cupellation    
,secunda =nax1 or                       
,treibh]d     furnace               =nax
 9 qua plumbum                          
ab arg5to sep>atur    ,lead+            
,mi/ura                                 
,fris*5    ,liquat+             ,/ill>e1
 or di/ill>e         ,saig]n    ,dry+   
,torr]e                           ,d>r5 
,ref9+              ,aes ex panibus     
torrefactis         ,ga>ma*5            
confic]e   ,liquation cakes       ,panes
 ex a]e ac plumbo mi/i     ,saig]/ock   
,exhau/$             ,panes fa?isc5tes  
,kiehn/ock1     liquation cakes         
or ,k9/ocke    ,dri$ cakes              
,panes torrefacti                       
,d>rl+e    ,slags f lead+    ,recrem5ta 

,fris*s*lacke                           
7) explanatory phrases7    ,slags f dry+
     ,recrem5ta                         
,d>ro/                           7)     
explanatory phrases7    ,slags f ref9+  
,recrem5ta                              
,ga>s*lacke                           7)
 explanatory phrases7    ,liquation     
?orns      ,sp9ae                       
,saig]do]n]1                            
7) explanatory phrases7          or     
,roe/do]n]    ,?orns f dry+  ,sp9ae     
,d>rsoehle                           7) 
explanatory phrases7    ,?orns f        
,sp9ae                                  
,ab/ri*     cupellation           7)    
explanatory phrases7    ,silv]-lead or  
,/annum                                 
,saig]w]k or     liquat$                
saig]blei     silv]-lead    ,a%-col\r$  
copp]   ,aes c9]eum                     
,picks*ief]                             
or s*if]    ,furnace accretions         
,cadmiae                                
,(f5brue*e     or accretions            

,,hi/orical ,,note4--,s f> z we are     
aw>e1 ?is is ! fir/ complete discussion 
( ?is process1 al?\gh x is briefly      
m5tion$ by "o writ] be=e ,agricola--t   
is1 by ,bir+uccio 7,,iii1 #e1 #h71 :o   
wrote t5 ye>s be=e ?is "w 0 s5t to !    
pr9t]4 ,8 acc\nt is v incomplete1 = he  
describes only ! b>e liquation1 & /ates 
t ! copp] is re-melt$ ) lead &          
re-liquat$ until ! silv] is suffici5tly 
ab/ract$4 ,he nei!r m5tions dry+ nor any
 ( ! bye-products4 ,9 8 directions !    
silv]-lead alloy 0 cupell$ & ! copp]    
ultimately ref9$1 obvi\sly by oxidation 
& pol+1 al?\gh he omits ! pole4 ,9      
,a4,d4 #aaej ,!ophilus 7p4 #cje1        
,h5drie's ,trans47 describes melt+ lead 
out ( copp] ore1 :i* w\ld be a =m (     
liquation s f> z sep>ation ( ^! two     
metals is conc]n$1 b obvi\sly n a       
process = sep>at+ silv] f copp]4 ,?is   
passage is quot$ 9 ! note on copp]      
smelt+ 7,note on p4 #dje74 ,a process ( 
su* well-develop$ & complicat$ a "* mu/ 
h come f a p]iod long be=e ,agricola2 b 

fur!r ?an su* a surmise1 !re appe>s     
little to be record$4 ,liquation has be5
 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s displac$ by o!r  
me?ods1 because x 0 n only t$i\s &      
exp5sive1 b ! losses ( metal 7          
consid]able4  #b ,p>ies1--,p>tition or  
wall4 ,! au?or uses ?is t]m ?r\gh\t 9   
di/9ction to murus1 usually apply+ !    
latt] to ! walls ( ! build+ & ! =m] to  
furnace walls1 *imney walls1 etc4 ,9    
ord] to ga9 cl>ity1 we h introduc$ ! t]m
 hood 9 di/9ction to *imney1 & s f> z   
possible ref] to ! p>ies ( ^!           
con/ructions & furnaces z side ( !      
furnace1 side ( ! hood1 etc4  #d ,f ?is 
po9t on1 ! con/ruction ( ! ro(s1 9 !    
abs5ce ( illu/ration1 is hopeless (     
intellig5t translation4 ,! con/ant      
repetition ( tignum1 tigillum1 trabs1 = 
at lea/ fifte5 diff]5t con/ruction      
memb]s becomes mo/ hopelessly involv$1  
especially z ! au?or attempts to di/+ui%
 betwe5 !m 9 a sort (                   
,h\se-t-,jack-built arrangem5t (        
explanatory clauses4  #e ,9 ! orig9al   

text ?is is giv5 z ! fif?1 a manife/    
impossibility4  #f ,*elae1--claws4  #g  
,if ,roman weights1 ?is w\ld be #e4f    
%ort tons1 & #g4e tons if ,g]man c5tn]  
is meant4  #h ,?is is1 no d\bt1 a       
ref]5ce to ,pl9y's /atem5t 7,,xxxiii1   
#ce7 reg>d+ li?>ge at ,puteoli4 ,?is    
passage f ,pl9y is giv5 9 ! footnote on 
p4 #dff4 ,puteoli 0 situat$ on ! ,bay ( 
,naples4  #i ,by ?is expression is      
app>5tly meant ! bottoms produc$ 9      
enri*+ copp]1 z describ$ on p4 #eaj4    
#aj ,! details ( ! prep>ation (         
liquation cakes--lead+--7 matt]s ( great
 conc]n to ! old metallurgi/s4 ,! size (
 ! cakes1 ! proportion ( silv] 9 !      
orig9al copp] & 9 ! liquat$ lead1 !     
proportion ( lead & silv] left 9 !      
residual cakes1 all _h to be rea*$ by a 
s]ies ( compromises among militant =ces4
 ,! cakes 7 g5]ally two & "o-half to    
?ree & "o-half in*es ?ick & ab\t two    
feet 9 diamet]1 & weigh$ #bbe to #cge   
lbs4 ,?is size 0 wond]fully p]si/5t f   
,agricola d[n to mod]n times2 & 01 no   

d\bt1 bas$ on s\nd exp]i5ce4 ,if ! cakes
 7 too small1 !y requir$ proportionately
 m fuel & lab\r2 :il/ if too l>ge1 !    
copp] began to melt be=e ! maximum lead 
0 liquat$4 ,! ratio ( ! copp] & lead 0  
regulat$ by ! necessity ( en\gh copp] to
 leave a sub/antial sponge mass ! %ape (
 ! orig9al cake1 & n s l>ge a proportion
 z to imprison ! lead4 ,t is1 if ! copp]
 be 9 too small proportion ! cakes break
 d[n2 & if 9 too l>ge1 !n insuffici5t   
lead liquates out1 & ! extraction (     
silv] decreases4 ,erck] 7p4 #ajf-i7     
insi/s on ! equival5t ( ab\t #c copp] to
 #i4e lead2 ,lohneys 7p4 #ii71 #c copp] 
to #i or #aj lead4 ,s*luet] 7p4 #dgi1   
etc47 insi/s on a ration ( #c copp] to  
ab\t #aa lead4 ,k]l 7,h&bu* ,d]         
,metallurgis*5 ,huett5kunde1 #ahee2     
,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #aaf7 gives #c copp] to
 #f to #g p>ts lead4 ,agricola gives    
v>iable am\nts ( #c p>ts copp] to f #h  
to #ab p>ts lead4 ,z to ! ratio ( silv] 
9 ! copp]1 or to ! cakes1 !re does n1   
except ! limit ( payability1 seem to h  

be5 any difficulty on ! m9imum side4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 ,erck]1 ,lohneys1 ,s*luet]1 &
 ,k>/5 all cont5d t if ! silv] ran above
 a c]ta9 proportion1 ! copp] w\ld reta9 
consid]able silv]4 ,^! au?ors give !    
outside ratio ( silv] p]missible = good 
results 9 "o liquation at :at w\ld be   
equival5t to #de to #fe ozs4 p] ton (   
cakes1 or ab\t #aij to #bej ozs4 p] ton 
on ! orig9al copp]4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 
t ,agricola's cakes greatly exce$ ^!    
values4 ,a difficulty did arise :5 !    
copp] ran l[ 9 silv]1 9 t ! liquat$ lead
 0 too poor to cupel1 & 9 su* case !    
lead 0 us$ ov] aga91 until x became ri* 
en\gh = ?is purpose4 ,accord+ to ,k>/51 
copp] conta9+ less ?an an equival5t (   
#hj to #ij ozs4 p] ton c\ld n be liquat$
 pr(itably1 al?\gh ! ,upp] ,h>z copp]1  
accord+ to ,k]l1 conta9+ ! equival5t (  
ab\t #ej ozs4 p] ton1 0 liquat$ at a    
pr(it4 ,9 su* a case ! cakes w\ld run   
only #ab to #ad ozs4 p] ton4 ,x w be    
notic$ t 9 ! eight cases giv5 by        
,agricola ! copp] ran f #ig to ov] #ehj 

ozs4 p] ton1 & 9 ! description (        
enri*m5t ( copp] bottoms ! orig9al copp]
 runs #he ozs41 & x _c be sep>at$       
easily2 z a result1 x is rais$ to #aaj  
ozs4 p] ton be=e treatm5t4 ,9 addition  
to ! foll[+ tabulation ( ! proportions  
"h giv5 by ,agricola1 ! read] %\ld ref] 
to footnotes #ae & #ag1 :]e f\r m       
comb9ations are tabulat$4 ,x w be obs]v$
 f ?is table t ) ! increas+ ri*ness (   
copp] an increas$ proportion ( lead 0   
add$1 s t ! products 7 ( simil> value4  
,x has be5 assum$ 7see footnote #ac p4  
#eji71 t ,roman weights are int5d$4 ,x  
is n to be expect$ t metallurgical      
results ( ?is p]iod w tie up ) !        
exactness ( ! mod]n op]ator's1 & x has n
 be5 consid]$ necess>y to calculate     
beyond ! ne>e/ p5nyweight4 ,:]e two or m
 values are giv5 by ! au?or ! av]age has
 be5 tak54                              
#a,,/ ,,*>ge4    #b,,nd ,,*>ge4         
#c,,rd ,,*>ge4    #d,,? ,,*>ge4         
,am\nt (             #baa4h lbs4        
#baa4h lbs4     #baa4h lbs4     #baa4h  

lbs4    arg5tif]\s copp]    ,am\nt (    
lead        #efd4h         #fce4d       
#ggf4f         #hdg4b      ,weight ( ea*
 cake   #aic4e         #baa4e           
#bdg4a         #bfd4ge     ,av]age value
 (        #ef ozs4        #fb ozs4      
#fd ozs4        #ff ozs4    *>ge        
#c;dwts4         #d;dwts4               
#d;dwts4         #g;dwts4    ,p] c5t4 ( 
copp]    #bg4b          #be             
#ba4d          #bj    ,av]age value (   
#bjg ozs4       #bea ozs4       #bii    
ozs4       #ccb ozs4    orig9al copp]   
#d;dwts4         #c;dwts4               
#ae;dwts4         #c;dwts4    p] ton    
,weight (             #dbc4f lbs4       
#did4b lbs4     #fce4d lbs4     #gjf    
lbs4    arg5tif]\s lead    liquat$ out  
,av]age value (        #gi ozs4         
#gi ozs4        #gi ozs4        #he ozs4
    liquat$ lead    p] ton    ,weight ( 
residues    #cec lbs4       #cec lbs4   
#cec lbs4       #cec lbs4    7residual  
copp]     & ?orns7    ,av]age value (   
#cd ozs4        #cd ozs4        #cd ozs4

      #cd ozs4 to    residues p] ton    
#ch ozs4    ,extraction (          #gf4e
          #gc4d          #gi            
#he4c    silv] into !    arg5tif]\s lead
  #aa ,see p4 #cef4  #ab ,an analysis ( 
?is slag by ,k>/5 7,ar*iv4 #a/ ,s]ies   
,,ix1 p4 #bd7 %[$ #fc4b lead oxide1 #e4a
 cupr\s oxide1 #bj4a silica 7f ! fuel & 
furnace l9+s71 toge!r ) "s iron alum9a1 
etc4 ,! pompholyx & spodos 7 l>gely z9c 
oxide 7see note1 p4 #cid74  #ac ,?is    
description ( a c5tumpondium :i* weigh$ 
ei!r #acc-a_/c librae1 or #adf-c_/d     
librae1 adds confusion to an already mu*
 mix$ subject 7see ,app5dix ,c474       
,assum+ ! ,g]man pfundt to weigh #g1bai 
troy gra9s1 & ! ,roman libra #d1idf     
gra9s1 !n a c5tn] w\ld weigh #ade4ie    
librae1 :i* *ecks up fairly well ) !    
second case2 b "u :at circum/ances a    
c5tn] c weigh #acc-a_/c librae we are   
unable to record4 ,at fir/ sight x might
 appe> f ?is /atem5t t :]e ,agricola    
uses ! ^w c5tumpondium he means ! ,g]man
 c5tn]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! previ\s five  

or six pages ! expressions "o-?ird1     
five-six?s1 t5-twelf?s ( a libra are    
us$1 :i* are ev5 divisions ( ! ,roman   
#ab unciae to "o libra1 & are us$ :]e !y
 manife/ly mean divisions ( #ab units4  
,if ,agricola _h 9 m9d ! ,g]man scale1 &
 7 us+ ! libra = a pfundt ( #af untz51  
^! divisions w\ld am\nt to fractions1 & 
w\ld n total ! sicilicus & dra*ma       
quantities giv51 nor w\ld !y total any (
 ! possibly synonym\s divisions ( !     
,g]man untz5 7see also page #bed74  #ad 
,if we assume ,roman weights1 ! *>ge 9 !
 fir/ case c be tabulat$ z foll[s1 & =  
conv5i5ce w be call$ ! fif? *>ge3--     
#e,,? ,,*>ge 7#c cakes74   ,am\nt (     
copp]                                   
#baa4h lbs4   ,am\nt ( lead             
#fce4d lbs4   ,weight ( ea* cake        
#bhb4d lbs4   ,av]age value ( *>ge      
#bah ozs4 #ah dwts4   ,p] c5t4 ( copp]  
#be   ,av]age value ( orig9al copp] p]  
ton          #ehc ozs4 #f dwts4 #af grs4
   ,weight ( arg5tif]\s lead liquat$ out
         #did4b lbs4   ,av]age value (  

liquat$ lead p] ton            #ceb ozs4
 #h dwts4   ,weight ( residues          
#cec lbs4   ,av]age value ( residues p] 
ton                 #bj ozs4 7ab\t74    
,extraction ( silv] into ! arg5tif]\s   
lead  #id  ,! results giv5 9 ! second   
case :]e ! copp] conta9s #b librae & a  
bes p] c5tumpondium d n tie toge!r at   
all1 = ea* liquation cake %\ld conta9 #c
 librae #i-a_/b unciae1 in/ead ( #a-a_/b
 librae & #a_/b uncia ( silv]4  #ae ,9  
?is enri*m5t ( copp] by ! settl+ ( !    
silv] 9 ! molt5 mass ! orig9al copp]    
ran1 9 ! two cases giv51 #fj ozs4 #ae   
dwts4 & #he ozs4 #a dwt4 p] ton4 ,! :ole
 *>ge weigh$ #b1fhe lbs41 & conta9$ 9 ! 
second case #aad ozs4 ,troy1 omitt+     
fractions4 ,on melt+1 #a1jfj lbs4 7     
drawn (f z tops1 conta9+ #bd ozs4 (     
silv]1 or runn+ #de ozs4 p] ton1 & !re  
rema9$ #a1fbe lbs4 ( bottoms1 conta9+   
#ij ozs4 ( silv]1 or av]ag+ #aaj ozs4 p]
 ton4 ,x w be notic$ lat] on 9 !        
description ( mak+ liquation cakes f ^! 
copp] bottoms1 t ! au?or alt]s ! value f

 "o-?ird librae1 a semi-uncia & a dra*ma
 p] c5tumpondium to "o-?ird ( a libra1  
i4e41 f #aaj ozs4 to #ig ozs4 #d dwts4  
p] ton4 ,9 ! ,gloss>y ?is furnace is    
describ$ z a spleis(51 i4e41 a ref9+    
he>?4  #af ,! latt] "p ( ?is p>agraph   
pres5ts great difficulties4 ,! t]m ref9+
 furnace is giv5 9 ! ,lat9 z ! second   
furnace1 an expression usually appli$ to
 ! cupellation furnace4 ,! :ole "q (    
ref9+ is exhau/ively discuss$ on pages  
#ecj to #eci4 ,exactly :at mat]ial is   
meant by ! t]m r$ 7rubrum71 yell[       
7fulvum7 & cald>ium copp] is some:at    
unc]ta94 ,!y are giv5 9 ! ,g]man text   
simply z rot1 geel1 & lebet] kupf]1 &   
app>5tly all 7 co>se copp] ( diff]5t    
*>act]s de/9$ = ! ref9]y4 ,! au?or /ates
 9 ,de ,natura ,fossilium 7p4 #ccd73    
,copp] has a r$ col\r peculi> to itself2
 ?is col\r 9 smelt$ copp] is consid]$ ! 
mo/ excell5t4 ,x1 h[ev]1 v>ies4 ,9 "s x 
is r$1 z 9 ! copp] smelt$ at            
,neusohl4444 ,o!r copp] is prep>$ 9 !   
smelt]s :]e silv] is sep>at$ f copp]1   

:i* is call$ yell[ copp] 7luteum71 & is 
regul>e4 ,9 ! same place a d>k yell[    
copp] is made :i* is call$ cald>ium1    
tak+ its "n among ! ,g]mans f a         
caldron4444 ,regul>e diff]s f cald>ium 9
 t ! =m] is n only fusible1 b also      
malleable2 :ile ! latt] is1 inde$1      
fusible1 b is n ductile1 = x breaks :5  
/ruck ) ! hamm]4 ,lat] on 9 ,de ,re     
,metallica 7p4 #edb7 he describes yell[ 
copp] z made f bas] liquation ?orns & f 
exhau/$ liquation cakes made f ?orns4   
,^! products 7 necess>ily impure1 z !y  
conta9$1 among o!r ?+s1 ! conc5trates f 
furnace accretions4 ,!re=e1 !re 0 ample 
s\rce = z9c1 ars5ic or o!r metallics :i*
 w\ld light5 ! col\r4 ,cald>ium copp] is
 describ$ by ,pl9y 7see note1 p4 #djd71 
& 01 no d\bt1 co>se copp]1 & app>5tly   
,agricola adopt$ ?is t]m f t s\rce1 z we
 h f\nd x us$ n[h]e else4 ,on page #edb 
! au?or describes mak+ cald>ium copp] f 
a mixture ( yell[ copp] & a peculi>     
cadmia1 :i* he describes z ! slags f    
ref9+ copp]4 ,^! slags1 :i* are ! result

 ( oxidation & pol+1 w\ld conta9 almo/  
any ( ! metallic impurities ( ! orig9al 
ore1 antimony1 lead1 ars5ic1 z9c1       
cobalt1 etc4 ,com+ f ^! two s\rces !    
cald>ium mu/ h be51 inde$1 impure4  #ag 
,! liquation ( ^! l[-grade copp] bottoms
 requir$ t ! liquat$ lead %\ld be re-us$
 aga9 to make up fre% liquation cakes1 9
 ord] t x might ev5tually become ri*    
en\gh to w>rant cupellation4 ,9 ! foll[+
 table ! poor silv]-lead is designat$   
7,a7 ! m$ium 7,b7 & ! ri* 7,c74 ,! ?ree 
*>ges "h giv5 are designat$ six?1 sev5?1
 & eigh? = purposes ( ref]5ce4 ,x w be  
se5 t ! data is insuffici5t to complete 
! n9? & t5?4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! au?or     
gives directions = mak+ f\r cakes1 he   
says ! *>ge consi/s ( five1 & x has1    
!re=e1 be5 necess>y to r$uce ! volume ( 
products giv5 to ?is basis4             
#f,,? ,,*>ge4        #g,,? ,,*>ge4      
#h,,? ,,*>ge4    ,am\nt ( copp]         
#agf4e lbs4         #agf4e lbs4         
#agf4e lbs4    bottoms    ,am\nt ( lead 
#bhb4d lbs4         #efd4h lbs4         

#fce4d lbs4                             
7slags7            ( 7,a7           (   
7,b7    ,am\nt (             #did4b lbs4
         #baa4h lbs4       #ada4b lbs4  
7,a7    de-silv]iz$ lead    ,weight (   
ea* cake   #bch4c lbs4         #bch4c   
lbs4       #bch4c lbs4    ,av]age value 
(       #bb ozs4            #ce ozs4    
#ej ozs4    *>ge p] ton                 
#e;dwts4            #ae;dwts4           
#e;dwts4    ,p] c5t4 ( copp]    #ah4e   
#ah4e             #ah4e    ,av]age value
 p]      #ig ozs4            #ig ozs4   
#ig ozs4    ton orig9al copp]           
#d;dwts4            #d;dwts4            
#d;dwts4    ,av]age value p]      #ij   
ozs4            #bh ozs4           #bh  
ozs4    ton (                  #b;dwts4 
7slags7     #e;dwts4 7,a7       #e;dwts4
 7,a7    ,av]age value p]       #c ozs4 
#c ozs4           #db ozs4    ton (     
#a;dwt4 7lead7        #a;dwt4 7lead7    
#aj;dwts4 7,b7    ,weight ( liquat$     
#eej4f lbs4    lead    ,av]age value (  
#bh ozs4            #db ozs4            

#fc ozs4    ! liquat$ lead              
#e;dwts4 7,a7        #aj;dwts4 7,b7     
#af;dwts4 7,c7    p] ton    ,weight (   
exhau/$   #bbe4i lbs4     liquation     
cakes    ,av]age value (       #ab ozs4 
! exhau/$           #c;dwts4            
liquation cakes    p] ton    ,weight (  
liquation   #afi4d lbs4     ?orns       
,av]age value (       #ah ozs4    !     
liquation           #d;dwts4    ?orns p]
 ton    ,extraction (          #ga      
silv] into !    liquat$ lead   #ah ,= ! 
liquation x 0 necess>y to ma9ta9 a r$uc+
 atmosph]e1 o!rwise ! lead w\ld oxidize2
 ?is 0 secur$ by keep+ ! cakes well     
cov]$ ) *>coal & by prev5t+ ! entrance (
 air z mu* z possible4 ,moreov]1 x 0    
necess>y to pres]ve a fairly ev5        
temp]ature4 ,! proportions ( copp] &    
lead 9 ! ?ree liquation products v>y    
consid]ably1 dep5d+ ^u ! me?od (        
conduct+ ! process & ! orig9al          
proportions4 ,f ! au?ors consult$ 7see  
note p4 #dib7 an av]age w\ld be ab\t z  
foll[s3--,! residual copp]--exhau/$     

liquation cakes--ran f #be to #cc lead2 
! liquat$ lead f #b to #c copp]2 & !    
liquation ?orns1 :i* 7 l>gely oxidiz$1  
conta9$ ab\t #ae copp] oxides1 #hj lead 
oxides1 toge!r ) impurities1 su* z      
antimony1 ars5ic1 etc4 ,! proportions ( 
! v>i\s products w\ld obvi\sly dep5d ^u 
! c>e 9 conduct+ ! op]ation2 too high   
temp]ature & ! admission ( air w\ld     
increase ! copp] melt$ & oxidize m lead1
 & ?us increase ! liquation ?orns4 ,!re 
are insuffici5t data 9 ,agricola to     
adduce conclusions z to ! actual ratios 
produc$4 ,! results giv5 = ! #f? *>ge   
7note #ag1 p4 #eab7 w\ld indicate ab\t  
#cj lead 9 ! residual copp]1 & w\ld     
indicate t ! orig9al *>ge 0 divid$ into 
ab\t #bd ( residual copp]1 #ah (        
liquation ?orns1 & #eg ( liquat$ lead4  
,?is1 h[ev]1 0 an unusually l>ge        
proportion ( liquation ?orns1 "s ( !    
au?ors giv+ in/ances ( z l[ z #e4  #ai  
,! fir/ in/ance giv51 ( #dd c5tumpondia 
7#c1aji lbs47 lead & "o c5tumpondium    
7#gj4f lbs47 copp]1 w\ld indicate t !   

liquat$ lead conta9$ #b4b copp]4 ,!     
second1 ( #df c5tumpondia 7#c1bej lbs47 
lead & #a-a_/b c5tumpondia copp] 7#ajf  
lbs471 w\ld indicate #c copp]2 & 9 !    
?ird1 #abj c5tumpondia 7#h1dgh lbs47    
lead & six copp] 7#dbd lbs47 w\ld %[    
#d4gf copp]4 ,?is *>ge ( #abj           
c5tumpondia 9 ! cupellation furnace w\ld
 normally make m ?an #aaj c5tumpondia ( 
li?>ge & #cj ( he>?-lead1 i4e41 saturat$
 furnace bottoms4 ,! copp] w\ld be      
l>gely f\nd 9 ! silv]-lead :i* does n   
melt1 at ! m>g9 ( ! crucible4 ,^!       
skimm+s are aft]w>d ref]r$ to z ?orns4  
,x is difficult to und]/& :at is meant  
by ! expression t ! silv] :i* is 9 !    
copp] is mix$ ) ! rema9+ 7reliquo7      
silv]4 ,! copp]y skimm+s f ! cupellation
 furnace are ref]r$ to aga9 9 ,note #bh1
 p4 #eci4  #bj ,a fur!r am\nt ( lead    
c\ld be obta9$ 9 ! fir/ liquation1 b a  
high] temp]ature is necess>y1 :i* 0 m   
economical to secure 9 ! dry+ furnace4  
,!re=e1 ! dry+ 0 really an ext5sion (   
liquation2 b z air 0 admitt$ ! lead &   

copp] melt$ out 7 oxidiz$4 ,! products 7
 ! f9al residual copp]1 call$ by        
,agricola ! dri$ copp]1 toge!r ) lead & 
copp] oxides1 call$ by him ! slags1 & ! 
scale ( copp] & lead oxides t]m$ by him 
! a%-col\r$ copp]4 ,! ,g]man            
metallurgi/s di/+ui%$ two k9ds ( slag3 !
 fir/ & pr9cipal "o1 ! d>ro/1 & ! second
 ! d>rsoehle1 ?is latt] diff]+ only 9 t 
x conta9$ m impurities f ! floor ( !    
furnace1 & rema9$ beh9d until ! furnace 
cool$4 ,agricola possibly ref]s to ^! z 
m liquation ?orns1 because 9 describ+ ! 
treatm5t ( ! bye-products he ref]s to   
?orns f ! process1 :]eas 9 ! description
 ( dry+ he usually ref]s to slags4 ,a   
numb] ( analyses ( ^! products1 giv5 by 
,k>/51 %[ ! dri$ copp] to conta9 f #hb4g
 to #ij4f copp]1 & f #i4d to #ag4c lead2
 ! slag to conta9 #gf4e to #he4a lead   
oxide1 & f #d4a to #g4h cupr\s oxide1 ) 
#i to #ac silica f ! furnace bottoms1   
toge!r ) "s o!r impurities2 ! a%-col\r$ 
copp] to conta9 ab\t #fj cupr\s oxide & 
#cj lead oxide1 ) "s metallic copp] &   

m9or impurities4 ,an av]age (           
proportions giv5 by v>i\s au?ors %[s1   
r\ghly1 t out ( #ajj c5tn]s ( exhau/$   
liquation cakes1 conta9+ ab\t #gj copp] 
& #cj lead1 !re 7 ab\t #fc c5tn]s ( dri$
 copp]1 #ch c5tn]s ( slag1 & #f-a_/b    
c5tn]s ( a%-col\r$ copp]4 ,accord+ to   
,k>/51 ! process fell into /ages2 fir/1 
at l[ temp]ature "s metallic lead       
appe>$2 second1 dur+ an increas+        
temp]ature = ov] #ad to #ae h\rs ! slags
 ran out2 ?ird1 !re 0 a p]iod ( f\r h\rs
 ( l[] temp]ature to all[ "t = ! lead to
 diffuse f ! int]ior ( ! cakes2 & f\r?1 
dur+ a p]iod ( eight h\rs ! temp]ature 0
 aga9 increas$4 ,9 fact1 ! latt] portion
 ( ! process end$ ) ! economic limit    
betwe5 leav+ "s lead 9 ! copp] & driv+  
too mu* copp] into ! slags4 ,agricola   
gives ! silv] cont5ts ( ! dri$ copp] z  
#c dra*mae to #a c5tumpondium1 or equal 
to ab\t #i ozs4 p] ton2 & assum+ t !    
copp] f9ally recov]$ f ! bye-products   
ran no high]1 !n ! fir/ f\r *>ges 7see  
note on p4 #ejf7 w\ld %[ a r$uction 9 ! 

silv] values ( f #ie to #ig2 ! #g? & #h?
 *>ges 7note on p4 #eab7 ( ab\t #ij4    
#ba ,if ,roman weights1 ?is w\ld equal f
 #f1cfj lbs4 to #g1jff lbs4  #bb ,"o    
half uncia1 or ?ree dra*mae ( silv] w\ld
 equal ei!r #ab ozs4 or #i ozs4 p] ton4 
,if we assume ! values giv5 = residual  
copp] 9 ! fir/ f\r *>ges 7note p4 #ejf7 
( #cd ozs41 ?is w\ld mean an extraction 
(1 r\ghly1 #fe ( ! silv] f ! exhau/$    
liquation cakes4  #bc ,see note #bi1 p4 
#edj4  #bd    ,assum+ ,roman weights3 #b
     c5tumpondia  #ada4c lbs4           
#b-a_/b                #agf4f           
#c                    #baa4i            
#c-a_/b                #bdh4b           
#f                    #dbc4i    #be ,?is
 description ( ref9+ copp] 9 an op5 he>?
 by oxidation ) a bla/ & pol+--! ga>ma*5
 ( ! ,g]mans--is s accurate1 & ! process
 is s little *ang$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,saxony1 
t x might h be5 writt5 9 ! #bj? c5tury  
in/ead ( ! #af?4 ,! be/ acc\nt ( ! old  
practice 9 ,saxony aft] ,agricola is to 
be f\nd 9 ,s*luet]'s ,huette ,w]k5      

7,brauns*weig1 #agch1 ,*ap4 ,,cxviii474 
,! process has l>gely be5 displac$ by   
electrolytic me?ods1 b is /ill 9 use 9  
mo/ ref9]ies z a /ep 9 electrolytic "w4 
,x may be unnecess>y to repeat t !      
process is "o ( subject+ ! molt5 mass ( 
impure metal to a /rong & cont9u\s bla/1
 & z a result1 n only are ! impurities  
to a consid]able ext5t directly oxidiz$ 
& tak5 (f z a slag1 b also a consid]able
 am\nt ( copp] is turn$ into cupr\s     
oxide4 ,?is cupr\s oxide mo/ly melts &  
diffuses ?r\gh ! metallic copp]1 &      
readily p>t+ ) its oxyg5 to ! impurities
 fur!r facilitates _! complete          
oxidation4 ,! bla/ is cont9u$ until !   
impurities are practically elim9at$1 &  
at ?is /age ! molt5 metal conta9s a     
great deal ( dissolv$ cupr\s oxide1 :i* 
mu/ be r$uc$4 ,?is is done by introduc+ 
a billet ( gre5 wood 7pol+71 ! dry      
di/illation ( :i* g5]ates l>ge          
quantities ( gases1 :i* r$uce ! oxide4  
,! /ate ( ! metal is ev5 to-day 9 "s    
localities te/$ by dipp+ into x ! po9t (

 an iron rod2 if x be at ! prop] /ate ! 
adh]+ copp] has a net-l appe>ance1 %\ld 
be easily loos5$ f ! rod by dipp+ 9     
wat]1 is ( a r$di%-copp] col\r & %\ld be
 q pliable2 if ! metal is n yet ref9$1 !
 sample is ?ick1 smoo?1 & deta*able )   
difficulty2 if ov]-ref9$1 x is ?ick &   
brittle4 ,by all[+ wat] to run on to !  
surface ( ! molt5 metal1 ?9 cakes are   
successively =m$ & tak5 (f4 ,^! cakes 7 
! article kn[n to comm]ce ov] sev]al    
c5turies z rosetta copp]4 ,! fir/ few   
cakes are disc>d$ z conta9+ impurities  
or slag1 & if ! metal be ( good quality 
! cakes are ?9 & ( a r$ col\r4 ,_! col\r
 & ?9ness1 !re=e1 become a crit]ion (   
purity4 ,! cov] ( *>coal or *>coal du/  
ma9ta9$ ^u ! surface ( ! metal t5d$ to  
ret>d oxidation1 b prev5t$              
volatilization & help$ to secure !      
impurities z a slag in/ead4 ,k>/5       
7,ar*iv41 #a/ s]ies1 p4 #df7 gives      
sev]al analyses ( ! slag f ref9+ dri$   
copp]1 %[+ x to conta9 f #ea4g to #fg4d 
lead oxide1 #f4b to #ai4b cupr\s oxide1 

& #ba4d to #bc4i silica 7f ! furnace    
bottoms71 ) m9or quantities ( iron1     
antimony1 etc4 ,! bubbles ref]r$ to by  
,agricola 7 app>5tly ! %[] ( copp]      
globules :i* takes place ^u ! evolution 
( sulphur dioxide1 due to ! reaction ( !
 cupr\s oxide ^u any rema9+ sulphide (  
copp] :5 ! mass beg9s to cool4          
,,hi/orical ,,note4--,x is impossible to
 say h[ ! ,anci5ts ref9$ copp]1 beyond !
 fact t !y (t5 re-smelt$ x4 ,su* notes z
 we c f9d are set out 9 ! note on copp] 
smelt+ 7note #db1 p4 #djb74 ,! fir/     
au!ntic ref]5ce to pol+ is 9 ,!ophilus  
7#aaej to #abjj ,a4,d41 ,h5drie's       
translation1 p4 #cac71 :i* %[s a v good 
und]/&+ ( ?is me?od ( ref9+ copp]3--,( !
 ,purification ( ,copp]4 ,take an iron  
di% ( ! size y wi%1 & l9e x inside & out
 ) clay /rongly beat5 & mix$1 & x is    
c>efully dri$4 ,!n place x be=e a =ge ^u
 ! coals1 s t :5 ! bell[s act ^u x ! w9d
 may issue p>tly )9 & p>tly above x1 & n
 bel[ x4 ,& v small coals be+ plac$ r\nd
 x1 place ! copp] 9 x equally1 & add ov]

 x a heap ( coals4 ,:5 by bl[+ a long "t
 ?is has become melt$1 uncov] x & ca/   
imm$iately f9e a%es ( coals ov] x1 & /ir
 x ) a ?9 & dry piece ( wood z if mix+  
x1 & y w directly see ! burnt lead adh]e
 to ^! a%es l a glue1 :i* be+ ca/ out   
aga9 sup]pose coals1 & bl[+ = a long "t1
 z at fir/1 aga9 uncov] x1 & !n d z y   
did be=e4 ,y d ?is until at l5g? by     
cook+ x y c )draw ! lead entirely4 ,!n  
p\r x ov] ! m\ld :i* y h prep>$ = ?is1 &
 y w ?us prove if x be pure4 ,hold x ) !
 p9c]s1 gl[+ z x is1 be=e x has become  
cold1 & /rike x ) a l>ge hamm] /rongly  
ov] ! anvil1 & if x be brok5 or split y 
mu/ liquefy x anew z be=e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x
 %\ld rema9 s\nd1 y w cool x 9 wat]1 & y
 cook o!r 7copp]7 9 ! same mann]4       
,bir+uccio 7,,iii1 #h7 9 #aedj describes
 ! process briefly1 b omits ! pol+1 an  
ess5tial 9 ! production ( malleable     
copp]4  #bf ,pompholyx & spodos 7 impure
 z9c oxides 7see note #bf1 p4 #cid74  ,!
 copp] fl[]s 7 no d\bt cupric oxide4 ,!y
 7 us$ by ! ,anci5ts = m$ic9al purposes4

 ,dioscorides 7,v1 #dh7 says3 ,( fl[]s (
 copp]1 :i* "s call ! scrap+s ( old     
nails1 ! be/ is friable2 x is           
gold-col\r$ :5 rubb$1 is l millet 9 %ape
 & size1 is mod]ately bright1 & some:at 
a/r+5t4 ,x %\ld n be mix$ ) copp] fil+s1
 ) :i* x is (t5 adult]at$4 ,b ?is       
deception is easily detect$1 = :5 bitt5 
9 ! tee? ! fil+s are malleable4 ,x 7!   
fl[]s7 is made :5 ! copp] fus$ 9 a      
furnace has run into ! receptacle ?r\gh 
! sp\t p]ta9+ to x1 = !n ! workm5 engag$
 9 ?is trade cleanse x f dirt & p\r cle>
 wat] ov] x 9 ord] to cool x2 f ?is     
sudd5 cond5sation ! copp] spits & ?r[s  
out ! a=esaid fl[]s4 ,pl9y 7,,xxxiv1    
#bd7 says3 ,! fl[]1 too1 ( copp] 7a]is  
flos7 is us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,?is is made by  
fus+ copp]1 & !n remov+ x to ano!r      
furnace1 :]e ! repeat$ bla/ makes !     
metal sep>ate into small scales l       
millet1 kn[n z fl[]s4 ,^! scales also   
fall (f :5 ! cakes ( metal are cool$ 9  
wat]2 !y become r$1 too1 l ! scales (   
copp] kn[n z 'lepis1' by use ( :i* !    

fl[]s ( copp] are adult]at$1 x be+ also 
sold = x4 ,^! are made :5 hamm]+ ! nails
 t are made f ! cakes ( copp]4 ,all ^!  
me?ods are c>ri$ on 9 ! works ( ,cyprus2
 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! sub/ances is t !  
squamae 7copp] scales7 are deta*$ f     
hamm]+ ! cakes1 :ile ! fl[] falls (f    
spontane\sly4 ,agricola 7,de ,nat4      
,fos41 p4 #ceb7 notes t fl[]s ( copp]   
7flos a]is7 h ! same prop]ties z 'roa/$ 
copp]4'  #bg ,x seems sc>cely necess>y  
to discuss 9 detail ! complicat$ fl[    
s*eme ( ! v>i\s m9or bye-products4 ,!y  
are all re-introduc$ into ! liquation   
circuit1 & !reby are creat$ o!r         
bye-products ( ! same k9d ad inf9itum4  
,fur!r notes are giv5 on3--             
,liquation ?orns         ,note #bh4     
,slags                        #cj4      
,a%-col\r$ copp]          #bi4          
,conc5trates                 #cc4       
,cadmia                     #cb4  ,!re  
are no data giv51 ei!r by ,agricola or !
 lat] au?ors1 :i* all[ satisfactory     
calculation ( ! relative quantities ( ^!

 products4 ,a r\gh e/imate f ! data giv5
 9 previ\s notes w\ld indicate t 9 "o   
liquation only ab\t #gj ( ! orig9al     
copp] came out z ref9$ copp]1 & t ab\t  
#gj ( ! orig9al lead w\ld g to !        
cupellation furnace1 i4e41 ab\t #cj ( ! 
orig9al metal s5t to ! bla/ furnace w\ld
 g into ! ?orns1 slags1 & a%-col\r$     
copp]4 ,! ultimate losses 7 v great1 z  
giv5 be=e 7p4 #dia71 !y probably am\nt$ 
to #be ( ! silv]1 #i copp]1 & #af ( !   
lead4  #bh ,!re 7 ! foll[+ classes (    
?orns3--    #a/4  ,f liquation4   #bnd4 
,f dry+4   #crd4  ,f cupellation4  ,9 a 
g5]al way1 accord+ to ! lat] au?ors1 !y 
7 l>gely lead oxide1 & conta9$ f #e to  
#bj cupr\s oxide4 ,if a calculation be  
made backw>d f ! products giv5 z !      
result ( ! *>ge describ$1 x w\ld appe> t
 9 ?is case !y mu/ h conta9$ at lea/    
"o-fif? copp]4 ,! silv] 9 ^! liquation  
cakes w\ld run ab\t #bd ozs4 p] ton1 9 !
 liquat$ lead ab\t #cf ozs4 p] ton1 & 9 
! liquation ?orns #bd ozs4 p] ton4 ,!   
extraction into ! liquat$ lead w\ld be  

ab\t #hj ( ! silv]4  #bi ,! a%-col\r$   
copp] is a cupr\s oxide1 conta9+ "s #c  
lead oxide2 & if ,agricola means !y     
conta9$ two unciae ( silv] to !         
c5tumpondium1 !n !y ran ab\t #dh ozs4 p]
 ton1 & w\ld conta9 mu* m silv] ?an !   
mass4  #cj ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal slags 
m5tion$--    #a/4 ,slag f lead+4   #bnd4
 ,slag f dry+4   #crd4 ,slag f ref9+ !  
copp]4  ,f ! analyses quot$ by v>i\s    
au?ors ^! ran f #eb to #he lead oxide1  
#e to #cj cupr\s oxide1 & consid]able   
silica f ! furnace bottoms4 ,!y 7 r$uc$ 
9 ! ma9 into liquation cakes1 al?\gh    
,agricola m5tions in/ances ( ! metal    
r$uc$ f slags be+ tak5 directly to !    
dry+ furnace4 ,su* liquation cakes w\ld 
run v l[ 9 silv]1 & at ! values giv5    
only av]ag$ #ab ozs4 p] ton2 !re=e !    
liquat$ lead runn+ ! same value z !     
cakes1 or less ?an half t ( ! poor lead 
m5tion$ 9 ,note #ag1 p4 #eab1 c\ld n h  
be5 cupell$ directly4  #ca ,see ,note   
#af1 p4 #eaa1 = discussion ( yell[ &    
cald>ium copp]4  #cb ,?is cadmia is giv5

 9 ! ,gloss>y & ! ,g]man translation z  
kobelt4 ,a discussion ( ?is sub/ance is 
giv5 9 ! note on p4 #aab2 & x is        
suffici5t to /ate "h t 9 ,agricola's "t 
! metal cobalt 0 unkn[n1 & ! sub/ances  
designat$ cadmia & cobaltum 7           
ars5ical-cobalt-z9c m9]als4 ,a metal    
made f slag f ref9+1 toge!r ) base      
?orns1 w\ld be v impure2 = ! latt]1     
accord+ to ! p>agraph on conc5trates a  
little lat] on1 w\ld conta9 ! furnace   
accretions1 & w\ld ?us be und\bt$ly     
z9cky4 ,x is j possible t ! t]m kobelt 0
 us$ by ! ,g]man smelt]s at ?is "t 9 !  
s5se ( an epi!t--black devil 7see ,note 
#ba1 p4 #bad74  #cc ,x is some:at       
difficult to see exactly ! mean+ ( base 
7vile7 & preci\s 7preciosum7 9 ?is      
connection4 ,:ile base c\ld mean impure1
 preci\s c\ld h>dly mean pure1 & :ile   
preci\s c\ld mean high value 9 silv]1 ! 
rev]se does n seem entirely apropos4 ,x 
is possible t bad & good w\ld be m      
appropriate t]ms4  #cd ,! skimm+s f !   
molt5 lead 9 ! e>ly /ages ( cupellation 

h be5 discuss$ 9 ,note #bh1 p4 #eci4 ,!y
 are probably call$ ?orns "h because ( !
 l>ge am\nt ( copp] 9 !m4 ,! lead f     
liquation w\ld conta9 #b to #c ( copp]1 
& ?is w\ld be l>gely recov]$ 9 ^!       
skimm+s1 al?\gh !re w\ld be "s copp] 9 !
 furnace bottoms--he>?-lead--& ! li?>ge4
 ,^! ?orns are app>5tly fairly ri*1 f\r 
unciae to ! c5tumpondium be+ equival5t  
to ab\t #ig ozs4 p] ton1 & !y are only  
add$ to l[-grade liquation mat]ial4  #ce
 ,p>ticulis a]is tusi4 ,unless ?is be ! 
f9e conc5trates f cru%+ ! mat]ial       
m5tion$1 we are unable to expla9 !      
expression4  #cf ,?is op]ation w\ld br+ 
d[n a button ( antimony "u an iron      
matte1 by de-sulphuriz+ ! antimony4 ,x  
w\ld seem sc>cely necess>y to add lead  
be=e cupellation4 ,?is process is giv5 9
 an assay me?od1 9 ! ,probi]bue*le9     
7folio #ca7 #ej ye>s be=e ,de ,re       
,metallica3 ,h[ to sep>ate silv] f iron3
 ,take t silv] :i* is 9 iron ple*5      
7pla*mal71 pulv]ize x f9ely1 take ! same
 iron or plec "o "p1 spiesglasz         

7antimony sulphide7 "o "p1 leave !m to  
melt 9 a crucible plac$ 9 a clos$       
w9dt(54 ,:5 x is melt$1 let x cool1     
break ! crucible1 *ip (f ! button t is 9
 ! bottom1 & melt x 9 a crucible ) z mu*
 lead4 ,!n break ! crucible1 & seek f ! 
button 9 ! cupel1 & y w f9d :at silv] x 
conta9s4     ,,book ,,xii4   ,previ\sly 
,i h dealt ) ! me?ods ( sep>at+ silv] f 
copp]4 ,!re n[ rema9s ! portion :i*     
treats ( solidifi$ juices2 & :]eas !y   
might be consid]$ z ali5 to ?+s         
metallic1 nev]!less1 ! reasons :y !y    
%\ld n be sep>at$ f x ,i h expla9$ 9 !  
second book4  ,solidifi$ juices are ei!r
 prep>$ f wat]s 9 :i* nature or art has 
infus$ !m1 or !y are produc$ f ! liquid 
juices !mselves1 or f /ony m9]als4      
,sagaci\s p1 at fir/ obs]v+ ! wat]s ( "s
 lakes to be naturally full ( juices :i*
 ?ick5$ on be+ dri$ up by ! heat ( ! sun
 & ?us became solidifi$ juices1 drew su*
 wat]s into o!r places1 or div]t$ !m    
into l[-ly+ places adjo9+ hills1 s t !  
heat ( ! sun %\ld likewise cause !m to  

cond5se4 ,subsequ5tly1 because !y obs]v$
 t 9 ?is wise ! solidifi$ juices c\ld be
 made only 9 summ]1 & !n n 9 all        
c\ntries1 b only 9 hot & temp]ate       
regions 9 :i* x seldom ra9s 9 summ]1 !y 
boil$ !m 9 vessels ov] a fire until !y  
began to ?ick54 ,9 ?is mann]1 at all    
times ( ! ye>1 9 all regions1 ev5 !     
colde/1 solidifi$ juices c\ld be obta9$ 
f solutions ( su* juices1 :e!r made by  
nature or by art4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 !y saw   
juices drip f "s roa/$ /ones1 !y cook$  
^! 9 pots 9 ord] to obta9 solidifi$     
juices 9 ?is wise also4 ,x is wor? !    
tr\ble to le>n ! proportions & ! me?ods 
by :i* ^! are made4  ,i w !re=e beg9 )  
salt1 :i* is made f wat] ei!r salty by  
nature1 or by ! lab\r ( man1 or else f a
 solution ( salt1 or f lye1 likewise    
salty4 ,wat] :i* is salty by nature1 is 
cond5s$ & conv]t$ into salt 9 salt-pits 
by ! heat ( ! sun1 or else by ! heat ( a
 fire 9 pans or pots or tr5*es4 ,t :i*  
is made salty by art1 is also cond5s$ by
 fire & *ang$ into salt4 ,!re %\ld be z 

_m salt-pits dug z ! circum/ance ( !    
place p]mits1 b !re %\ld n be m made ?an
 c be us$1 al?\gh we ought to make z mu*
 salt z we c sell4 ,! dep? ( salt-pits  
%\ld be mod]ate1 & ! bottom %\ld be     
level1 s t all ! wat] is evaporat$ f !  
salt by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,! salt-pits    
%\ld fir/ be encru/$ ) salt1 s t !y may 
n suck up ! wat]4 ,! me?od ( p\r+ or    
lead+ sea-wat] into salt-pits is v old1 
& is /ill 9 use 9 _m places4 ,! me?od is
 n less old1 b less common1 to p\r      
well-wat] into salt-pits1 z 0 done 9    
,babylon1 = :i* ,pl9y is ! au?ority1 & 9
 ,cappadocia1 :]e !y us$ n only         
well-wat]1 b also spr+-wat]4 ,9 all hot 
c\ntries salt-wat] & lake-wat] are      
conduct$1 p\r$ or c>ri$ into salt-pits1 
&1 be+ dri$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 are      
conv]t$ into salt4#a ,:ile ! salt-wat]  
conta9$ 9 ! salt-pits is be+ heat$ by ! 
sun1 if !y be flood$ ) great & frequ5t  
%[]s ( ra9 ! evaporation is h9d]$4 ,if  
?is happ5s r>ely1 ! salt acquires a     
disagreeable#b flav\r1 & 9 ?is case !   

salt-pits h to be fill$ ) o!r sweet     
wat]4  ,illu/ration #edg 7,salt ,pans73 
,a--,sea4 ,b--,pool4 ,c--,gate4         
,d--,tr5*es4 ,e--,salt bas9s4 ,f--,rake4
 ,g--,%ovel4  ,salt f sea-wat] is made 9
 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,ne> t "p ( ! sea%ore  
:]e !re is a quiet pool1 & !re are wide1
 level pla9s :i* ! inundations ( ! sea d
 n ov]fl[1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 or six      
tr5*es are dug six feet wide1 twelve    
feet deep1 & six hundr$ feet long1 or   
long] if ! level place ext5ds = a long] 
di/ance2 !y are two hundr$ feet di/ant f
 "o ano!r2 betwe5 ^! are ?ree transv]se 
tr5*es4 ,!n are dug ! pr9cipal pits1 s t
 :5 ! wat] has be5 rais$ f ! pool x c   
fl[ into ! tr5*es1 & f !nce into !      
salt-pits1 ( :i* !re are numb]s on !    
level gr\nd betwe5 ! tr5*es4 ,!         
salt-pits are bas9s dug to a mod]ate    
dep?2 ^! are bank$ r\nd ) ! e>? :i* 0   
dug 9 s9k+ !m or 9 cleans+ !m1 s t      
betwe5 ! bas9s1 e>? walls are made a    
foot high1 :i* reta9 ! wat] let into !m4
 ,! tr5*es h op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* ! fir/    

bas9s receive ! wat]2 ^! bas9s also h   
op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s aga9 f "o  
into ! o!r4 ,!re %\ld be a slight fall1 
s t ! wat] may fl[ f "o bas9 into ! o!r1
 & c ?us be repl5i%$4 ,all ^! ?+s hav+  
be5 done rightly & 9 ord]1 ! gate is    
rais$ t op5s ! m\? ( ! pool :i* conta9s 
sea-wat] mix$ ) ra9-wat] or riv]-wat]2 &
 ?us all ( ! tr5*es are fill$4 ,!n !    
gates ( ! fir/ bas9s are op5$1 & ?us !  
rema9+ bas9s are fill$ ) ! wat] f !     
fir/2 :5 ?is salt-wat] cond5ses1 all ^! 
bas9s are incru/$1 & ?us made clean f   
e>?y matt]4 ,!n aga9 ! fir/ bas9s are   
fill$ up f ! ne>e/ tr5* ) ! same k9d (  
wat]1 & left until mu* ( ! ?9 liquid is 
conv]t$ into vap\r by ! heat ( ! sun &  
dissipat$1 & ! rema9d] is consid]ably   
?ick5$4 ,!n _! gates be+ op5$1 ! wat]   
passes into ! second bas9s2 & :5 x has  
rema9$ !re = a c]ta9 space ( "t ! gates 
are op5$1 s t x fl[s into ! ?ird bas9s1 
:]e x is all cond5s$ into salt4 ,aft] ! 
salt has be5 tak5 out1 ! bas9s are fill$
 aga9 & aga9 ) sea-wat]4 ,! salt is rak$

 up ) wood5 rakes & ?r[n out ) %ovels4  
,illu/ration #edi 7,salt ,wells73       
,a--,%$4 ,b--,pa9t$ signs4 ,c--,fir/    
room4 ,d--,middle room4 ,e--,?ird room4 
,f--,two little w9d[s 9 ! end wall4     
,g--,?ird little w9d[ 9 ! ro(4          
,h--,well4 ,i--,well ( ano!r k9d4       
,k--,cask4 ,l--,pole4 ,m--,=k$ /icks 9  
:i* ! port]s re/ ! pole :5 !y are tir$4 
,salt-wat] is also boil$ 9 pans1 plac$ 9
 %$s ne> ! wells f :i* x is drawn4 ,ea* 
%$ is usually nam$ f "s animal or o!r ?+
 :i* is pictur$ on a tablet nail$ to x4 
,! walls ( ^! %$s are made ei!r f bak$  
e>? or f wick] "w cov]$ ) ?ick mud1     
al?\gh "s may be made ( /ones or bricks4
 ,:5 ( brick !y are (t5 sixte5 feet     
high1 & if ! ro( rises tw5ty-f\r feet   
high1 !n ! walls :i* are at ! ends mu/  
be made =ty feet high1 z likewise !     
int]ior p>tition walls4 ,! ro( consi/s (
 l>ge %+les f\r feet long1 "o foot wide1
 & two digits ?ick2 ^! are fix$ on long 
n>r[ planks plac$ on ! raft]s1 :i* are  
jo9$ at ! upp] end & slope 9 opposite   

directions4 ,! :ole ( ! "u side is      
pla/]$ "o digit ?ick ) /raw mix$ ) lute2
 likewise ! ro( on ! outside is pla/]$  
"o & a half feet ?ick ) /raw mix$ )     
lute1 9 ord] t ! %$ %\ld n run any risk 
( fire1 & t x %\ld be pro( aga9/ ra91 & 
be able to reta9 ! heat necess>y = dry+ 
! lumps ( salt4 ,ea* %$ is divid$ into  
?ree p>ts1 9 ! fir/ ( :i* ! firewood &  
/raw are plac$2 9 ! middle room1 sep>at$
 f ! fir/ room by a p>tition1 is !      
fireplace on :i* is plac$ ! caldron4 ,to
 ! "r ( ! caldron is a tub1 into :i* is 
empti$ ! br9e br\ght into ! %$ by !     
port]s2 to ! left is a b5*1 on :i* !re  
is room to lay ?irty pieces ( salt4 ,9 !
 ?ird room1 :i* is 9 ! back "p ( ! h\se1
 !re is made a pile ( clay or a%es eight
 feet high] ?an ! floor1 be+ ! same     
height z ! b5*4 ,! ma/] & 8 assi/ants1  
:5 !y c>ry away ! lumps ( salt f !      
caldrons1 g f ! =m] to ! latt]4 ,!y     
asc5d f ! "r side ( ! caldron1 n by     
/eps1 b by a slope ( e>?4 ,at ! top ( ! 
end wall are two small w9d[s1 & a ?ird  

is 9 ! ro(1 ?r\gh :i* ! smoke escapes4  
,?is smoke1 emitt$ f bo? ! back & !     
front ( ! furnace1 f9ds outlet ?r\gh a  
hood ?r\gh :i* x makes its way up to !  
w9d[s2 ?is hood consi/s ( bo>ds project+
 "o beyond ! o!r1 :i* are support$ by   
two small beams ( ! ro(4 ,opposite !    
fireplace ! middle p>tition has an op5  
door eight feet high & f\r feet wide1   
?r\gh :i* !re is a g5tle draught :i*    
drives ! smoke into ! la/ room2 ! front 
wall also has a door ( ! same height &  
wid?4 ,bo? ( ^! doors are l>ge en\gh to 
p]mit ! firewood or /raw or ! br9e to be
 c>ri$ 91 & ! lumps ( salt to be c>ri$  
out2 ^! doors mu/ be clos$ :5 ! w9d     
bl[s1 s t ! boil+ w n be h9d]$4 ,inde$1 
glass panes :i* exclude ! w9d b transmit
 ! light1 %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! w9d[s 9 !  
walls4  ,!y con/ruct ! great] "p ( !    
fireplace ( rock-salt & ( clay mix$ )   
salt & moi/5$ ) br9e1 = su* walls are   
greatly h>d5$ by ! fire4 ,^! fireplaces 
are made eight & a half feet long1 sev5 
& ?ree qu>t]s feet wide1 &1 if wood is  

burn$ 9 !m1 ne>ly f\r feet high2 b if   
/raw is burn$ 9 !m1 !y are six feet     
high4 ,an iron rod1 ab\t f\r feet long1 
is engag$ 9 a hole 9 an iron foot1 :i*  
/&s on ! base ( ! middle ( ! furnace    
m\?4 ,?is m\? is ?ree feet 9 wid?1 & has
 a door :i* op5s inw>d2 ?r\gh x !y ?r[ 9
 ! /raw4  ,illu/ration #eea 7,salt      
,caldron73 ,a--,fireplace4 ,b--,m\? (   
fireplace4 ,c--,caldron4 ,d--,po/s sunk 
into ! gr\nd4 ,e--,cross-beams4         
,f--,%ort] b>s4 ,g--,iron hooks4        
,h--,/aples4 ,i--,long] b>s4 ,k--,iron  
rod b5t to support ! caldron4  ,!       
caldrons are rectangul>1 eight feet     
long1 sev5 feet wide1 & half a foot     
high1 & are made ( %eets ( iron or lead1
 ?ree feet long & ( ! same wid?1 all b  
two digits4 ,^! plates are n v ?ick1 s t
 ! wat] is heat$ m quickly by ! fire1 & 
is boil$ away rapidly4 ,! m salty ! wat]
 is1 ! soon] x is cond5s$ into salt4 ,to
 prev5t ! br9e f leak+ out at ! po9ts   
:]e ! metal plates are fa/5$ ) rivets1 !
 caldrons are sme>$ ov] ) a cem5t made (

 ox-liv] & ox-blood mix$ ) a%es4 ,on ea*
 side ( ! middle ( ! furnace two        
rectangul> po/s1 ?ree feet long1 & half 
a foot ?ick & wide are set into ! gr\nd1
 s t !y are di/ant f ea* o!r only "o & a
 half feet4 ,ea* ( !m rises "o & a half 
feet above ! caldron4 ,aft] ! caldron   
has be5 plac$ on ! walls ( ! furnace1   
two beams ( ! same wid? & ?ickness z !  
po/s1 b f\r feet long1 are laid on ^!   
po/s1 & are mortis$ 9 s t !y %all n     
fall4 ,!re re/ transv]sely ^u ^! beams  
?ree b>s1 ?ree feet long1 ?ree digits   
wide1 & two digits ?ick1 di/ant f "o    
ano!r "o foot4 ,on ea* ( ^! hang ?ree   
iron hooks1 two beyond ! beams & "o 9 ! 
middle2 ^! are a foot long1 & are hook$ 
at bo? ends1 "o hook turn+ to ! "r1 !   
o!r to ! left4 ,! bottom hook cat*es 9 !
 eye ( a /aple1 ^: ends are fix$ 9 !    
bottom ( ! caldron1 & ! eye projects f  
x4 ,!re are besides1 two long] b>s six  
feet long1 "o palm wide1 & ?ree digits  
?ick1 :i* pass "u ! front beam & re/ ^u 
! re> beam4 ,at ! re> end ( ea* ( ! b>s 

!re is an iron hook two feet & ?ree     
digits long1 ! l[] end ( :i* is b5t s z 
to support ! caldron4 ,! re> end ( !    
caldron does n re/ on ! two re> corn]s (
 ! fireplace1 b is di/ant f ! fireplace 
two ?irds ( a foot1 s t ! flame & smoke 
c escape2 ?is re> end ( ! fireplace is  
half a foot ?ick & half a foot high] ?an
 ! caldron4 ,?is is also ! ?ickness &   
height ( ! wall betwe5 ! caldron & !    
?ird room ( ! %$1 to :i* x is adjac5t4  
,?is back wall is made ( clay & a%es1   
unlike ! o!rs :i* are made ( rock-salt4 
,! caldron re/s on ! two front corn]s & 
sides ( ! fireplace1 & is cem5t$ ) a%es1
 s t ! flames %all n escape4 ,if a      
dipp]ful ( br9e p\r$ into ! caldron %\ld
 fl[ into all ! corn]s1 ! caldron is    
rightly set ^u ! fireplace4  ,! wood5   
dipp] holds t5 ,roman sext>ii1 & ! cask 
holds eight dipp]s full#c4 ,! br9e drawn
 up f ! well is p\r$ into su* casks &   
c>ri$ by port]s1 z ,i h said be=e1 into 
! %$ & p\r$ into a tub1 & 9 ^? places   
:]e ! br9e is v /rong x is at once      

transf]r$ ) ! dipp]s into ! caldron4 ,t 
br9e :i* is less /rong is ?r[n into a   
small tub ) a deep ladle1 ! spoon & h&le
 ( :i* are hewn out ( "o piece ( wood4  
,9 ?is tub rock-salt is plac$ 9 ord] t !
 wat] %\ld be made m salty1 & x is !n   
run (f ?r\gh a laund] :i* leads into !  
caldron4 ,f ?irty-sev5 dipp]sful ( br9e 
! ma/] or 8 deputy1 at ,halle 9         
,saxony1#d makes two cone-%ap$ pieces ( 
salt4 ,ea* ma/] has a help]1 or 9 !     
place ( a help] 8 wife assi/s him 9 8   
"w1 &1 9 addition1 a y\? :o ?r[s wood or
 /raw "u ! caldron4 ,he1 on acc\nt ( !  
great heat ( ! work%op1 we>s a /raw cap 
on 8 head & a bree* clo?1 be+ o!rwise q 
nak$4 ,z soon z ! ma/] has p\r$ ! fir/  
dipp]ful ( br9e into ! caldron ! y\?    
sets fire to ! wood & /raw laid "u x4   
,if ! firewood is bundles ( faggots or  
bru%wood1 ! salt w be :ite1 b if /raw is
 burn$1 !n x is n infrequ5tly blacki%1 =
 ! sp>ks1 :i* are drawn up ) ! smoke    
into ! hood1 fall d[n aga9 into ! wat] &
 col\r x black4  ,illu/ration #eec      

7,salt ,caldron73 ,a--,wood5 dipp]4     
,b--,cask4 ,c--,tub4 ,d--,ma/]4         
,e--,y\?4 ,f--,wife4 ,g--,wood5 spade4  
,h--,bo>ds4 ,i--,baskets4 ,k--,hoe4     
,l--,rake4 ,m--,/raw4 ,n--,b[l4         
,o--,bucket conta9+ ! blood4 ,p--,tank>d
 :i* conta9s be]4  ,9 ord] to accel]ate 
! cond5sation ( ! br9e1 :5 ! ma/] has   
p\r$ 9 two casks & z _m dipp]sful (     
br9e1 he adds ab\t a ,roman cya?us & a  
half ( bullock's blood1 or ( calf's     
blood1 or buck's blood1 or else he mixes
 x into ! n9ete5? dipp]ful ( br9e1 9    
ord] t x may be dissolv$ & di/ribut$    
into all ! corn]s ( ! caldron2 9 o!r    
places ! blood is dissolv$ 9 be]4 ,:5 ! 
boil+ wat] seems to be mix$ ) scum1 he  
skims x ) a ladle2 ?is scum1 if he be   
work+ ) rock-salt1 he ?r[s into ! op5+ 9
 ! furnace ?r\gh :i* ! smoke escapes1 & 
x is dri$ into rock-salt2 if x be n f   
rock-salt1 he p\rs x on to ! floor ( !  
work%op4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! boil+ & skimm+
 is ! "w ( half-an-h\r2 aft] ?is x boils
 d[n = ano!r qu>t]-(-an-h\r1 aft] :i* "t

 x beg9s to cond5se into salt4 ,:5 x    
beg9s to ?ick5 ) ! heat1 he & 8 help]   
/ir x assidu\sly ) a wood5 spatula1 & !n
 he all[s x to boil = an h\r4 ,aft] ?is 
he p\rs 9 a cya?us & a half ( be]4 ,9   
ord] t ! w9d %\ld n bl[ into ! caldron1 
! help] cov]s ! front ) a bo>d sev5 & a 
half feet long & "o foot high1 & cov]s  
ea* ( ! sides ) bo>ds ?ree & ?ree qu>t]s
 feet long4 ,9 ord] t ! front bo>d may  
hold m firmly1 x is fitt$ into ! caldron
 itself1 & ! side-bo>ds are fix$ on !   
front bo>d & ^u ! transv]se beam4       
,aft]w>d1 :5 ! bo>ds h be5 lift$ (f1 !  
help] places two baskets1 two feet high 
& z _m wide at ! top1 & a palm wide at !
 bottom1 on ! transv]se beams1 & into !m
 ! ma/] ?r[s ! salt ) a %ovel1 tak+     
half-an-h\r to fill !m4 ,!n1 replac+ !  
bo>ds on ! caldron1 he all[s ! br9e to  
boil = ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,aft]w>d ! 
salt has aga9 to be remov$ ) a %ovel1 & 
:5 ! baskets are full1 !y pile up ! salt
 9 heaps4  ,9 diff]5t localities ! salt 
is m\ld$ into diff]5t %apes4 ,9 !       

baskets ! salt assumes ! =m ( a cone2 x 
is n m\ld$ 9 baskets alone1 b also 9    
m\lds into :i* !y ?r[ ! salt1 :i* are   
made 9 ! lik5ess ( _m objects1 z =      
in/ance tablets4 ,^! tablets & cones are
 kept 9 ! high] "p ( ! ?ird room ( !    
h\se1 or else on ! flat b5* ( ! same    
height1 9 ord] t !y may dry bett] 9 !   
w>m air4 ,9 ! mann] ,i h describ$1 a    
ma/] & 8 help] cont9ue "o aft] ! o!r1   
alt]nately boil+ ! br9e & m\ld+ ! salt1 
day & night1 ) ! exception only ( !     
annual fea/ days4 ,no caldron is able to
 /& ! fire = m ?an half a ye>4 ,! ma/]  
p\rs 9 wat] & wa%es x out e week2 :5 x  
is wa%$ out he puts /raw "u x & p\nds x2
 new caldrons he wa%es ?ree times 9 !   
fir/ two weeks1 & aft]w>d twice4 ,9 ?is 
mann] ! incru/ations fall f ! bottom2 if
 !y are n cle>$ (f1 ! salt w\ld h to be 
made m sl[ly ov] a fi]c] fire1 :i*      
requires m br9e & burns ! plates ( !    
caldron4 ,if any cracks make _!         
appe>ance 9 ! caldron !y are fill$ up ) 
cem5t4 ,! salt made dur+ ! fir/ two     

weeks is n s good1 be+ usually /a9$ by !
 ru/ at ! bottom :]e incru/ations h n   
yet adh]$4  ,al?\gh salt made 9 ?is     
mann] is prep>$ only f ! br9e ( spr+s & 
wells1 yet x is also possible to use ?is
 me?od 9 ! case ( riv]-1 lake-1 &       
sea-wat]1 & also ( ^? wat]s :i* are     
artificially salt$4 ,= 9 places :]e     
rock-salt is dug1 ! impure & ! brok5    
pieces are ?r[n into fre% wat]1 :i*1 :5 
boil$1 cond5ses into salt4 ,"s1 inde$1  
boil sea-salt 9 fre% wat] aga91 & m\ld !
 salt into ! little cones & o!r %apes4  
,illu/ration #eed 7,salt ,boil+73       
,a--,pool4 ,b--,pots4 ,c--,ladle4       
,d--,pans4 ,e--,tongs4  ,"s p make salt 
by ano!r me?od1 f salt wat] :i* fl[s f  
hot spr+s t issue boil+ f ! e>?4 ,!y set
 e>!nw>e pots 9 a pool ( ! spr+-wat]1 & 
into !m !y p\r wat] scoop$ up ) ladles f
 ! hot spr+ until !y are half full4 ,!  
p]petual heat ( ! wat]s ( ! pool        
evaporates ! salt wat] j z ! heat ( !   
fire does 9 ! caldrons4 ,z soon z x     
beg9s to ?ick51 :i* happ5s :5 x has be5 

r$uc$ by boil+ to a ?ird or m1 !y seize 
! pots ) tongs & p\r ! cont5ts into     
small rectangul> iron pans1 :i* h also  
be5 plac$ 9 ! pool4 ,! int]ior ( ^! pans
 is usually ?ree feet long1 two feet    
wide1 & ?ree digits deep1 & !y /& on f\r
 heavy legs1 s t ! wat] fl[s freely all 
r\nd1 b n into !m4 ,s9ce ! wat] fl[s    
cont9u\sly f ! pool ?r\gh ! little      
canals1 & ! spr+ always provides a new &
 copi\s supply1 always boil+ hot1 x     
cond5ses ! ?ick5$ wat] p\r$ into ! pans 
into salt2 ?is is at once tak5 out )    
%ovels1 & !n ! "w beg9s all ov] aga94   
,if ! salty wat] conta9s o!r juices1 z  
is usually ! case ) hot spr+s1 no salt  
%\ld be made f !m4  ,illu/ration #eee   
7,salt ,boil+73 ,a--,pots4 ,b--,tripod4 
,c--,deep ladle4  ,o!rs boil salt wat]1 
& especially sea-wat]1 9 l>ge iron pots2
 ?is salt is blacki%1 = 9 mo/ cases !y  
burn /raw "u !m4 ,"s p boil 9 ^! pots ! 
br9e 9 :i* fi% is pickl$4 ,! salt :i* !y
 make ta/es & smells ( fi%4             
,illu/ration #eef 7,salt evaporat$ on   

faggots73 ,a--,tr5*4 ,b--,vat into :i* !
 salt wat] fl[s4 ,c--,ladle4 ,d--,small 
bucket ) pole fa/5$ into x4  ,^? :o make
 salt by p\r+ br9e ov] firewood1 lay !  
wood 9 tr5*es :i* are twelve feet long1 
sev5 feet wide1 & two & "o half feet    
deep1 s t ! wat] p\r$ 9 %\ld n fl[ out4 
,^! tr5*es are con/ruct$ ( rock-salt    
:]ev] x is to be _h1 9 ord] t !y %\ld n 
soak up ! wat]1 & s t ! e>? %\ld n fall 
9 on ! front1 back & sides4 ,z ! *>coal 
is turn$ into salt at ! same "t z ! salt
 liquor1 ! ,spani>ds ?9k1 z ,pl9y       
writes#e1 t ! wood itself turns into    
salt4 ,oak is ! be/ wood1 z its pure a% 
yields salt2 else:]e hazel-wood is      
laud$4 ,b ) :atev] wood x be made1 ?is  
salt is n greatly appreciat$1 be+ black 
& n q pure2 on t acc\nt ?is me?od (     
salt-mak+ is disda9$ by ! ,g]mans &     
,spani>ds4  ,illu/ration #eeg 7,lye     
,mak+73 ,a--,l>ge vat4 ,b--,plug4       
,c--,small tub4 ,d--,deep ladle4        
,e--,small vat4 ,f--,caldron4  ,!       
solutions f :i* salt is made are prep>$ 

f salty e>? or f e>? ri* 9 salt &       
saltpetre4 ,lye is made f ! a%es ( re$s 
& ru%es4 ,! solution obta9$ f salty e>? 
by boil+1 makes salt only2 f ! o!r1 (   
:i* ,i w speak m a little lat]1 salt &  
saltpetre are made2 & f a%es is d]iv$   
lye1 f :i* its own salt is obta9$4 ,!   
a%es1 z well z ! e>?1 %\ld fir/ be put  
into a l>ge vat2 !n fre% wat] %\ld be   
p\r$ ov] ! a%es or e>?1 & x %\ld be     
/irr$ = ab\t twelve h\rs ) a /ick1 s t x
 may dissolve ! salt4 ,!n ! plug is     
pull$ out ( ! l>ge vat2 ! solution (    
salt or ! lye is dra9$ into a small tub 
& empti$ ) ladles into small vats2      
f9ally1 su* a solution is transf]r$ into
 iron or lead caldrons & boil$1 until ! 
wat] hav+ evaporat$1 ! juices are       
cond5s$ into salt4 ,! above are ! v>i\s 
me?ods = mak+ salt4 7,illu/ration p4    
#eeg47  ,illu/ration #eei               
7,nitrum-pits73 ,a--,nile4              
,b--,nitrum-pits1 su* z ,i conjecture !m
 to be4#g  ,nitrum#f is usually made f  
nitr\s wat]s1 or f solutions or f lye4  

,9 ! same mann] z sea-wat] or salt-wat] 
is p\r$ into salt-pits & evaporat$ by ! 
heat ( ! sun & *ang$ into salt1 s !     
nitr\s ,nile is l$ into nitrum pits &   
evaporat$ by ! heat ( ! sun & conv]t$   
into nitrum4 ,j z ! sea1 9 fl[+ ( its   
own w ov] ! soil ( ?is same ,egypt1 is  
*ang$ into salt1 s also ! ,nile1 :5 x   
ov]fl[s 9 ! dog days1 is conv]t$ into   
nitrum :5 x fl[s into ! nitrum pits4 ,! 
solution f :i* nitrum is produc$ is     
obta9$ f fre% wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh nitr\s
 e>?1 9 ! same mann] z lye is made f    
fre% wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh a%es ( oak or  
h>d oak4 ,bo? solutions are tak5 out (  
vats & p\r$ into rectangul> copp]       
caldrons1 & are boil$ until at la/ !y   
cond5se into nitrum4  ,illu/ration #efa 
7,soda ,mak+73 ,a--,vat 9 :i* ! soda is 
mix$4 ,b--,caldron4 ,c--,tub 9 :i*      
*rysocolla is cond5s$4 ,d--,copp] wires4
 ,e--,mort>4  ,native z well z          
manufactur$ nitrum is mix$ 9 vats ) ur9e
 & boil$ 9 ! same caldrons2 ! decoction 
is p\r$ into vats 9 :i* are copp] wires1

 &1 adh]+ to !m1 x h>d5s & becomes      
*rysocolla1 :i* ! ,moors call borax4    
,=m]ly nitrum 0 comp\nd$ ) ,cyprian     
v]digris1 & gr\nd ) ,cyprian copp] 9    
,cyprian mort>s1 z ,pl9y writes4 ,"s    
*rysocolla is made ( rock-alum &        
sal-ammoniac4#h  ,illu/ration #efc      
7,saltpetre ,mak+73 ,a--,caldron4       
,b--,l>ge vat into :i* s& is ?r[n4      
,c--,plug4 ,d--,tub4 ,e--,vat conta9+ ! 
rods4  ,saltpetre#i is made f a dry1    
slightly fatty e>?1 :i*1 if x be reta9$ 
= a :ile 9 ! m\?1 has an acrid & salty  
ta/e4 ,?is e>?1 toge!r ) a p[d]1 are    
alt]nately put into a vat 9 lay]s a palm
 deep4 ,! p[d] consi/s ( two p>ts (     
unslak$ lime & ?ree p>ts ( a%es ( oak1  
or holmoak1 or ,italian oak1 or ,turkey 
oak1 or ( "s simil> k9d4 ,ea* vat is    
fill$ ) alt]nate lay]s ( ^! to )9       
?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot ( ! top1 & !n wat] 
is p\r$ 9 until x is full4 ,z ! wat]    
p]colates ?r\gh ! mat]ial x dissolves ! 
saltpetre2 !n1 ! plug be+ pull$ out f ! 
vat1 ! solution is dra9$ into a tub &   

ladl$ out into small vats4 ,if :5 te/$ x
 ta/es v salty1 & at ! same "t acrid1 x 
is good2 b1 if n1 !n x is condemn$1 & x 
mu/ be made to p]colate aga9 ?r\gh !    
same mat]ial or ?r\gh a fre% lot4 ,ev5  
two or ?ree wat]s may be made to        
p]colate ?r\gh ! same e>? & become full 
( saltpetre1 b ! solutions ?us obta9$   
mu/ n be mix$ toge!r unless all h ! same
 ta/e1 :i* r>ely or nev] happ5s4 ,! fir/
 ( ^! solutions is p\r$ into ! fir/ vat1
 ! next into ! second1 ! ?ird into !    
?ird vat2 ! second & ?ird solutions are 
us$ in/ead ( pla9 wat] to p]colate ?r\gh
 fre% mat]ial2 ! fir/ solution is made 9
 ?is mann] f bo? ! second & ?ird4 ,z    
soon z !re is an abundance ( ?is        
solution x is p\r$ into ! rectangul>    
copp] caldron & evaporat$ to "o half by 
boil+2 !n x is transf]r$ into a vat     
cov]$ ) a lid1 9 :i* ! e>?y matt]       
settles to ! bottom4 ,:5 ! solution is  
cle> x is p\r$ back into ! same pan1 or 
into ano!r1 & re-boil$4 ,:5 x bubbles & 
=ms a scum1 9 ord] t x %\ld n run ov] & 

t x may be greatly purifi$1 !re is p\r$ 
into x ?ree or f\r p\nds ( lye1 made f  
?ree p>ts ( oak or simil> a% & "o (     
unslak$ lime4 ,b 9 ! wat]1 prior to its 
be+ p\r$ 91 is dissolv$ rock-alum1 9 !  
proportion ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty librae ( 
! =m] to five librae ( ! latt]4 ,%ortly 
aft]w>d ! solution w be f\nd to be cle> 
& blue4 ,x is boil$ until ! wat]s1 :i*  
are easily volatile 7subtiles71 are     
evaporat$1 & !n ! great] "p ( ! salt1   
aft] x has settl$ at ! bottom ( ! pan1  
is tak5 out ) iron ladles4 ,!n !        
conc5trat$ solution is transf]r$ to !   
vat 9 :i* rods are plac$ horizontally & 
v]tically1 to :i* x adh]es :5 cold1 & if
 !re be mu*1 x is cond5s$ 9 ?ree or f\r 
days into saltpetre4 ,!n ! solution :i* 
has n congeal$1 is p\r$ out & put on "o 
side or re-boil$4 ,! saltpetre be+ cut  
out & wa%$ ) its own solution1 is ?r[n  
on to bo>ds t x may dra9 & dry4 ,! yield
 ( saltpetre w be mu* or little 9       
proportion to :e!r ! solution has       
absorb$ mu* or little2 :5 ! saltpetre   

has be5 obta9$ f lye1 :i* purifies      
itself1 x is some:at cle> & pure4  ,!   
pure/ & mo/ transp>5t1 because free f   
salt1 is made if x is drawn (f at !     
?ick5+ /age1 accord+ to ! foll[+ me?od4 
,!re are p\r$ into ! caldron ! same     
numb] ( amphorae ( ! solution z ( congii
 ( ! lye ( :i* ,i h already spok51 &    
into ! same caldron is ?r[n z mu* ( !   
already made saltpetre z ! solution &   
lye w dissolve4 ,z soon z ! mixture     
eff]vesces & =ms scum1 x is transf]r$ to
 a vat1 into :i* on a clo? has be5 ?r[n 
wa%$ s& obta9$ f a riv]4 ,soon aft]w>d !
 plug is drawn out ( ! hole at ! bottom1
 & ! mixture1 hav+ p]colat$ ?r\gh ! s&1 
escapes into a tub4 ,x is !n r$uc$ by   
boil+ 9 "o or ano!r ( ! caldrons1 until 
! great] "p ( ! solution has evaporat$2 
b z soon z x is well boil$ & =ms scum1 a
 little lye is p\r$ into x4 ,!n x is    
transf]r$ to ano!r vat 9 :i* !re are    
small rods1 to :i* x adh]es & congeals 9
 two days if !re is b little ( x1 or if 
!re is mu* 9 ?ree days1 or at ! mo/ 9   

f\r days2 if x does n cond5se1 x is p\r$
 back into ! caldron & re-boil$ d[n to  
half2 !n x is transf]r$ to ! vat to     
cool4 ,! process mu/ be repeat$ z (t5 z 
is necess>y4  ,o!rs ref9e saltpetre by  
ano!r me?od1 = ) x !y fill a pot made ( 
copp]1 &1 cov]+ x ) a copp] lid1 set x  
ov] live coals1 :]e x is heat$ until x  
melts4 ,!y d n cem5t d[n ! lid1 b x has 
a h&le1 & c be lift$ = !m to see :e!r or
 n ! melt+ has tak5 place4 ,:5 x has    
melt$1 p[d]$ sulphur is spr9kl$ 91 & if 
! pot set on ! fire does n light x1 !   
sulphur k9dles1 :]eby ! ?ick1 greasy    
matt] float+ on ! saltpetre burns up1 & 
:5 x is consum$ ! saltpetre is pure4    
,soon aft]w>d ! pot is remov$ f ! fire1 
& lat]1 :5 cold1 ! pure/ saltpetre is   
tak5 out1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( :ite    
m>ble1 ! e>?y residue !n rema9s at !    
bottom4 ,! e>?s f :i* ! solution 0 made1
 toge!r ) bran*es ( oak or simil> trees1
 are expos$ "u ! op5 sky & spr9kl$ )    
wat] conta9+ saltpetre4 ,aft] rema9+ ?us
 = five or six ye>s1 !y are aga9 ready  

to be made into a solution4  ,pure      
saltpetre :i* has re/$ _m ye>s 9 ! e>?1 
& t :i* exudes f ! /one walls ( w9e     
cell>s & d>k places1 is mix$ ) ! fir/   
solution & evaporat$ by boil+4  ,?us f> 
,i h describ$ ! me?ods ( mak+ nitrum1   
:i* are n less v>i$ or multif>i\s ?an ^?
 = mak+ salt4 ,n[ ,i propose to describe
 ! me?ods ( mak+ alum1#aj :i* are       
likewise nei!r all alike1 nor simple1   
because x is made f boil+ alum9\s wat]  
until x cond5ses to alum1 or else f     
boil+ a solution ( alum :i* is obta9$ f 
a k9d ( e>?1 or f rocks1 or f pyrites1  
or o!r m9]als4  ,illu/ration #efg       
7,vitriol ,mak+73 ,a--,tanks4 ,b--,/irr+
 poles4 ,c--,plug4 ,d--,tr\gh4          
,e--,res]voir4 ,f--,laund]4 ,g--lead    
caldron4 ,h--,wood5 tubs sunk into !    
e>?4 ,i--,vats 9 :i* twigs are fix$4    
,?is k9d ( e>? hav+ fir/ be5 dug up 9   
su* quantity z w\ld make ?ree hundr$    
:eelb>r[ loads1 is ?r[n into two tanks2 
!n ! wat] is turn$ into !m1 & if x 7!   
e>?7 conta9s vitriol x mu/ be dilut$ )  

ur9e4 ,! workm5 mu/ _m times a day /ir !
 ore ) long1 ?ick /icks 9 ord] t ! wat] 
& ur9e may be mix$ ) x2 !n ! plugs hav+ 
be5 tak5 out ( bo? tanks1 ! solution is 
drawn (f into a tr\gh1 :i* is c>v$ out (
 "o or two trees4 ,if ! locality is     
suppli$ ) an abundance ( su* ore1 x %\ld
 n imm$iately be ?r[n into ! tanks1 b   
fir/ convey$ into op5 spaces & heap$ up1
 = ! long] x is expos$ to ! air & ! ra91
 ! bett] x is2 aft] "s mon?s1 dur+ :i* !
 ore has be5 heap$ up 9 op5 spaces into 
m\nds1 !re are g5]at$ ve9lets ( f> bett]
 quality ?an ! ore4 ,!n x is convey$    
into six or m tanks1 n9e feet 9 l5g? &  
bread? & five 9 dep?1 & aft]w>d wat] is 
drawn into !m ( simil> solution4 ,aft]  
?is1 :5 ! wat] has absorb$ ! alum1 !    
plugs are pull$ out1 & ! solution       
escapes into a r\nd res]voir =ty feet   
wide & ?ree feet deep4 ,!n ! ore is ?r[n
 out ( ! tanks into o!r tanks1 & wat]   
aga9 be+ run into ! latt] & ! ur9e add$ 
& /irr$ by means ( poles1 ! plugs are   
)drawn & ! solution is run (f into !    

same res]voir4 ,a few days aft]w>d1 !   
res]voirs conta9+ ! solution are empti$ 
?r\gh a small laund]1 & run into        
rectangul> lead caldrons2 x is boil$ 9  
!m until ! great] "p ( ! wat] has       
evaporat$4 ,! e>?y s$im5t deposit$ at ! 
bottom ( ! caldron is compos$ ( fatty & 
alum9\s matt]1 :i* usually consi/s (    
small incru/ations1 9 :i* !re is n      
infrequ5tly f\nd a v :ite & v light p[d]
 ( asbe/os or gypsum4 ,! solution n[    
seems to be full ( meal4 ,"s p in/ead   
p\r ! p>tly evaporat$ solution into a   
vat1 s t x may become pure & cle>2 !n   
p\r+ x back into ! caldron1 !y boil x   
aga9 until x becomes mealy4 ,by :i*ev]  
process x has be5 cond5s$1 x is !n p\r$ 
into a wood5 tub sunk into ! e>? 9 ord] 
to cool x4 ,:5 x becomes cold x is p\r$ 
into vats1 9 :i* are arrang$ horizontal 
& v]tical twigs1 to :i* ! alum cl+s :5 x
 cond5ses2 & ?us are made ! small :ite  
transp>5t cubes1 :i* are laid to dry 9  
hot rooms4  ,if vitriol =ms "p ( !      
alum9\s ore1 ! mat]ial is dissolv$ 9    

wat] )\t be+ mix$ ) ur9e1 b x is        
necess>y to p\r t into ! cle> & pure    
solution :5 x is to be re-boil$4 ,?is   
sep>ates ! vitriol f ! alum1 = by ?is   
me?od ! latt] s9ks to ! bottom ( !      
caldron1 :ile ! =m] floats on ! top2 bo?
 mu/ be p\r$ sep>ately into small]      
vessels1 & f ^! into vats to cond5se4   
,if1 h[ev]1 :5 ! solution 0 re-boil$ !y 
did n sep>ate1 !n !y mu/ be p\r$ f !    
small] vessels into l>g] vessels & cov]$
 ov]2 !n ! vitriol sep>at+ f ! alum1 x  
cond5ses4 ,bo? are cut out & put to dry 
9 ! hot room1 & are ready to be sold2 ! 
solution :i* did n congeal 9 ! vessels &
 vats is aga9 p\r$ back into ! caldron  
to be re-boil$4 ,! e>? :i* settl$ at !  
bottom ( ! caldron is c>ri$ back to !   
tanks1 &1 toge!r ) ! ore1 is aga9       
dissolv$ ) wat] & ur9e4 ,! e>? :i*      
rema9s 9 ! tanks aft] ! solution has be5
 drawn (f is empti$ 9 a heap1 & daily   
becomes m & m alum9\s 9 ! same way z !  
e>? f :i* saltpetre 0 made1 b full] (   
its juices1 :]e=e x is aga9 ?r[n into ! 

tanks & p]colat$ by wat]4  ,illu/ration 
#ega 7,alum ,mak+73 ,a--,furnace4       
,b--,enclos$ space4 ,c--,alum9\s rock4  
,d--,deep ladle4 ,e--,caldron4          
,f--,laund]4 ,g--,tr\ghs4  ,alum9\s rock
 is fir/ roa/$ 9 a furnace simil> to a  
lime kiln4 ,at ! bottom ( ! kiln a      
vault$ fireplace is made ( ! same k9d ( 
rock2 ! rema9d] ( ! empty "p ( ! kiln is
 !n entirely fill$ ) ! same alum9\s     
rocks4 ,!n !y are heat$ ) fire until !y 
are r$ hot & h exhal$ _! sulphur\s      
fumes1 :i* occurs1 accord+ to _! div]s  
nature1 )9 ! space ( t51 elev51 twelve1 
or m h\rs4 ,"o ?+ ! ma/] mu/ gu>d aga9/ 
mo/ ( all is n to roa/ ! rock ei!r too  
mu* or too little1 = on ! "o h& !y w\ld 
n s(t5 :5 spr9kl$ ) wat]1 & on ! o!r !y 
ei!r w\ld be too h>d or w\ld crumble    
into a%es2 f nei!r w\ld mu* alum be     
obta9$1 = ! /r5g? :i* !y h w\ld be      
decreas$4 ,:5 ! rocks are cool$ !y are  
drawn out & convey$ into an op5 space1  
:]e !y are pil$ "o ^u ! o!r 9 heaps     
fifty feet long1 eight feet wide1 & f\r 

feet high1 :i* are spr9kl$ = =ty days ) 
wat] c>ri$ 9 deep ladles4 ,9 spr+ !     
spr9kl+ is done bo? morn+ & ev5+1 & 9   
summ] at noon besides4 ,aft] be+ moi/5$ 
= ?is l5g? ( "t ! rocks beg9 to fall to 
pieces l slak$ lime1 & !re orig9ates a  
c]ta9 new mat]ial ( ! future alum1 :i*  
is s(t & simil> to ! liquidae m$ullae   
f\nd 9 ! rocks4 ,x is :ite if ! /one 0  
:ite be=e x 0 roa/$1 & rose-col\r$ if r$
 0 mix$ ) ! :ite2 f ! =m]1 :ite alum is 
obta9$1 & f ! latt]1 rose-col\r$4 ,a    
r\nd furnace is made1 ! l[] "p ( :i*1 9 
ord] to be able to endure ! =ce ( !     
heat1 is made ( rock t nei!r melts nor  
crumbles to p[d] by ! fire4 ,x is       
con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( a basket1 ! walls (  
:i* are two feet high1 made ( ! same    
rock4 ,on ^! walls re/s a l>ge r\nd     
caldron made ( copp] plates1 :i* is     
concave at ! bottom1 :]e x is eight feet
 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! empty space "u ! bottom
 !y place ! wood to be k9dl$ ) fire4    
,ar\nd ! edge ( ! bottom ( ! caldron1   
rock is built 9 cone-%ap$1 & ! diamet] (

 ! bottom ( ! rock /ructure is sev5     
feet1 & ( ! top t5 feet2 x is eight feet
 deep4 ,! inside1 aft] be+ rubb$ ov] )  
oil1 is cov]$ ) cem5t1 s t x may be able
 to hold boil+ wat]2 ! cem5t is compos$ 
( fre% lime1 ( :i* ! lumps are slak$ )  
w9e1 ( iron-scales1 & ( sea-snails1     
gr\nd & mix$ ) ! :ite ( eggs & oil4 ,!  
edges ( ! caldron are surm\nt$ ) a      
circle ( wood a foot ?ick & half a foot 
high1 on :i* ! workm5 re/ ! wood5 %ovels
 ) :i* !y cleanse ! wat] ( e>? & ( !    
undissolv$ lumps ( rock t rema9 at !    
bottom ( ! caldron4 ,! caldron1 be+ ?us 
prep>$1 is entirely fill$ ?r\gh a laund]
 ) wat]1 & ?is is boil$ ) a fi]ce fire  
until x bubbles4 ,!n little by little   
eight :eelb>r[ loads ( ! mat]ial1       
compos$ ( roa/$ rock moi/5$ ) wat]1 are 
gradually empti$ into ! caldron by f\r  
workm51 :o1 ) _! %ovels :i* rea* to !   
bottom1 keep ! mat]ial /irr$ & mix$ )   
wat]1 & by ! same means !y lift ! lumps 
( undissolv$ rock out ( ! caldron4 ,9   
?is mann] ! mat]ial is ?r[n 91 9 ?ree or

 f\r lots1 at int]vals ( two or ?ree    
h\rs m or less2 dur+ ^! int]vals1 !     
wat]1 :i* has be5 cool$ by ! rock &     
mat]ial1 aga9 beg9s to boil4 ,! wat]1 :5
 suffici5tly purifi$ & ready to congeal1
 is ladl$ out & run (f ) laund]s into   
?irty tr\ghs4 ,^! tr\ghs are made ( oak1
 holm oak1 or ,turkey oak2 _! int]ior is
 six feet long1 five feet deep1 & f\r   
feet wide4 ,9 ^! ! wat] congeals &      
cond5ses into alum1 9 ! spr+ 9 ! space (
 f\r days1 & 9 summ] 9 six days4        
,aft]w>d ! holes at ! bottom ( ! oak    
tr\ghs be+ op5$1 ! wat] :i* has n       
congeal$ is drawn (f into buckets & p\r$
 back into ! caldron2 or x may be       
pres]v$ 9 empty tr\ghs1 s t ! ma/] ( !  
workm51 hav+ se5 x1 may ord] 8 help]s to
 p\r x into ! caldron1 = ! wat] :i* is n
 altoge!r want+ 9 alum1 is consid]$     
bett] ?an t :i* has none at all4 ,!n !  
alum is hewn out ) a knife or a *isel4  
,x is ?ick & excell5t accord+ to ! /r5g?
 ( ! rock1 ei!r :ite or p9k accord+ to !
 col\r ( ! rock4 ,! e>?y p[d]1 :i*      

rema9s ?ree to f\r digits ?ick z !      
residue ( ! alum at ! bottom ( ! tr\gh  
is aga9 ?r[n into ! caldron & boil$ )   
fre% alum9\s mat]ial4 ,la/ly1 ! alum cut
 out is wa%$1 & dri$1 & sold4  ,alum is 
also made f crude pyrites & o!r alum9\s 
mixtures4 ,x is fir/ roa/$ 9 an enclos$ 
area2 !n1 aft] be+ expos$ = "s mon?s to 
! air 9 ord] to s(t5 x1 x is ?r[n into  
vats & dissolv$4 ,aft] ?is ! solution is
 p\r$ into ! lead5 rectangul> pans &    
boil$ until x cond5ses into alum4 ,!    
pyrites & o!r /ones :i* are n mix$ )    
alum alone1 b :i* also conta9 vitriol1 z
 is mo/ usually ! case1 are bo? treat$ 9
 ! mann] :i* ,i h already describ$4     
,f9ally1 if metal is conta9$ 9 ! pyrites
 & o!r rock1 ?is mat]ial mu/ be dri$1 & 
f x ei!r gold1 silv]1 or copp] is made 9
 a furnace4  ,vitriol#aa c be made by   
f\r diff]5t me?ods2 by two ( ^! me?ods f
 wat] conta9+ vitriol2 by "o me?od f a  
solution ( melant]ia1 sory & *alcitis2 &
 by ano!r me?od f e>? or /ones mix$ )   
vitriol4  ,illu/ration #egd 7,vitriol   

,mak+73 ,a--,tunnel4 ,b--,bucket4       
,c--,pit4  ,! vitriol wat] is collect$  
into pools1 & if x _c be dra9$ into !m1 
x mu/ be drawn up & c>ri$ to !m 9       
buckets by a workman4 ,9 hot regions or 
9 summ]1 x is p\r$ into out-(-door pits 
:i* h be5 dug to a c]ta9 dep?1 or else x
 is extract$ f %afts by pumps & p\r$    
into laund]s1 ?r\gh :i* x fl[s into !   
pits1 :]e x is cond5s$ by ! heat ( !    
sun4 ,9 cold regions & 9 w9t] ^! vitriol
 wat]s are boil$ d[n ) equal p>ts ( fre%
 wat] 9 rectangul> lead5 caldrons2 !n1  
:5 cold1 ! mixture is p\r$ into vats or 
into tanks1 :i* ,pl9y calls wood5       
fi%-tanks4 ,9 ^! tanks light cross-beams
 are fix$ to ! upp] "p1 s t !y may be   
/ation>y1 & f !m hang ropes /ret*$ )    
little /ones2 to ^! ! cont5ts ( ! ?ick5$
 solutions congeal & adh]e 9 transp>5t  
cubes or se$s ( vitriol1 l bun*es (     
grapes4  ,illu/ration #ege 7,vitriol    
,mak+73 ,a--,caldron4 ,b--,tank4        
,c--,cross-b>s4 ,d--,ropes4 ,e--,little 
/ones4  ,by ! ?ird me?od vitriol is made

 out ( melant]ia & sory4 ,if ! m9es give
 an abundant supply ( melant]ia & sory1 
x is bett] to reject ! *alcitis1 &      
especially ! misy1 = f ^! ! vitriol is  
impure1 p>ticul>ly f ! misy4 ,^!        
mat]ials hav+ be5 dug & ?r[n into !     
tanks1 !y are fir/ dissolv$ ) wat]2 !n1 
9 ord] to recov] ! pyrites f :i* copp]  
is n r>ely smelt$ & :i* =ms a s$im5t at 
! bottom ( ! tanks1 ! solution is       
transf]r$ to o!r vats1 :i* are n9e feet 
wide & ?ree feet deep4 ,twigs & wood :i*
 float on ! surface are lift$ out ) a   
broom made ( twigs1 & aft]w>d all !     
s$im5t settles at ! bottom ( ?is vat4 ,!
 solution is p\r$ into a rectangul>     
lead5 caldron eight feet long1 ?ree feet
 wide1 & ! same 9 dep?4 ,9 ?is caldron x
 is boil$ until x becomes ?ick & visc\s1
 :5 x is p\r$ into a laund]1 ?r\gh :i* x
 runs into ano!r lead5 caldron ( ! same 
size z ! "o describ$ be=e4 ,:5 cold1 !  
solution is drawn (f ?r\gh twelve little
 laund]s1 out ( :i* x fl[s into z _m    
wood5 tubs f\r & a half feet deep & ?ree

 feet wide4 ,^u ^! tubs are plac$ p]=at$
 crossb>s di/ant f ea* o!r f f\r to six 
digits1 & f ! holes hang ?9 la?s1 :i*   
rea* to ! bottom1 ) pegs or w$ges driv5 
into !m4 ,! vitriol adh]es to ^! la?s1 &
 )9 ! space ( a few days congeals into  
cubes1 :i* are tak5 away & put into a   
*amb] hav+ a slop+ bo>d floor1 s t !    
moi/ure :i* drips f ! vitriol may fl[   
into a tub b5ea?4 ,?is solution is      
re-boil$1 z is also t solution :i* 0    
left 9 ! twelve tubs1 =1 by reason ( its
 hav+ become too ?9 & liquid1 x did n   
congeal1 & 0 ?us n conv]t$ into vitriol4
  ,illu/ration #egf 7,vitriol ,mak+73   
,a--,wood5 tub4 ,b--,cross-b>s4         
,c--,la?s4 ,d--,slop+ floor ( ! *amb]4  
,e--,tub plac$ "u x4  ,illu/ration #egg 
7,vitriol ,mak+73 ,a--,caldron4         
,b--,m\lds4 ,c--,cakes4  ,! f\r? me?od (
 mak+ vitriol is f vitriol\s e>? or     
/ones4 ,su* ore is at fir/ c>ri$ & heap$
 up1 & is !n left = five or six mon?s   
expos$ to ! ra9 ( spr+ & autumn1 to !   
heat ( summ]1 & to ! rime & fro/ ( w9t]4

 ,x mu/ be turn$ ov] sev]al times )     
%ovels1 s t ! "p at ! bottom may be     
br\ght to ! top1 & x is ?us v5tilat$ &  
cool$2 by ?is means ! e>? crumbles up & 
loos5s1 & ! /one *anges f h>d to s(t4   
,!n ! ore is cov]$ ) a ro(1 or else x is
 tak5 away & plac$ "u a ro(1 & rema9s 9 
t place six1 sev51 or eight mon?s4      
,aft]w>d z l>ge a portion z is requir$  
is ?r[n into a vat1 :i* is half-fill$ ) 
wat]2 ?is vat is "o hundr$ feet long1   
tw5ty-f\r feet wide1 eight feet deep4 ,x
 has an op5+ at ! bottom1 s t :5 x is   
op5$ ! dregs ( ! ore f :i* ! vitriol    
comes may be drawn (f1 & x has1 at !    
height ( "o foot f ! bottom1 ?ree or f\r
 little holes1 s t1 :5 clos$1 ! wat] may
 be reta9$1 & :5 op5$ ! solution fl[s   
out4 ,?us ! ore is mix$ ) wat]1 /irr$ ) 
poles & left 9 ! tank until ! e>?y      
portions s9k to ! bottom & ! wat]       
absorbs ! juices4 ,!n ! little holes are
 op5$1 ! solution fl[s out ( ! vat1 & is
 caught 9 a vat bel[ x2 ?is vat is ( !  
same l5g? z ! o!r1 b twelve feet wide & 

f\r feet deep4 ,if ! solution is n      
suffici5tly vitriol\s x is mix$ ) fre%  
ore2 b if x conta9s en\gh vitriol1 & yet
 has n exhau/$ all ( ! ore ri* 9        
vitriol1 x is well to dissolve ! ore    
aga9 ) fre% wat]4 ,z soon z ! solution  
becomes cle>1 x is p\r$ into !          
rectangul> lead5 caldron ?r\gh laund]s1 
& is boil$ until ! wat] is evaporat$4   
,aft]w>d z _m ?9 /rips ( iron z ! nature
 ( ! solution requires1 are ?r[n 91 & !n
 x is boil$ aga9 until x is ?ick en\gh1 
:5 cold1 to congeal into vitriol4 ,!n x 
is p\r$ into tanks or vats1 or any o!r  
receptacle1 9 :i* all ( x t is apt to   
congeal does s )9 two or ?ree days4 ,!  
solution :i* does n congeal is ei!r p\r$
 back into ! caldron to be boil$ aga91  
or x is put aside = dissolv+ ! new ore1 
= x is f> pref]able to fre% wat]4 ,!    
solidifi$ vitriol is hewn out1 & hav+   
once m be5 ?r[n into ! caldron1 is      
re-heat$ until x liquefies2 :5 liquid1 x
 is p\r$ into m\lds t x may be made into
 cakes4 ,if ! solution fir/ p\r$ out is 

n satisfactorily ?ick5$1 x is cond5s$   
two or ?ree times1 & ea* "t liquefi$ 9 !
 caldron & re-p\r$ into ! m\lds1 9 :i*  
mann] pure cakes1 beautiful to look at1 
are made f x4  ,! vitriol\s pyrites1 :i*
 are to be numb]$ among ! mixtures      
7mi/ura71 are roa/$ z 9 ! case ( alum1 &
 dissolv$ ) wat]1 & ! solution is boil$ 
9 lead5 caldrons until x cond5ses into  
vitriol4 ,bo? alum & vitriol are (t5    
made out ( ^!1 & x is no wond]1 = ^!    
juices are cognate1 & only diff] 9 ! "o 
po9t1--t ! =m] is less1 ! latt] m1 e>?y4
 ,t pyrites :i* conta9s metal mu/ be    
smelt$ 9 ! furnace4 ,9 ! same mann]1 f  
o!r mixtures ( vitriolic & metallif]\s  
mat]ial are made vitriol & metal4       
,inde$1 if ores ( vitriol\s pyrites     
ab\nd1 ! m9]s split small logs d[n !    
c5tre & cut !m (f 9 l5g?s z long z !    
drifts & tunnels are wide1 9 :i* !y lay 
!m d[n transv]sely2 b1 t !y may be      
/able1 !y are laid on ! gr\nd ) ! wide  
side d[n & ! r\nd side up1 & !y t\* ea* 
o!r at ! bottom1 b n at ! top4 ,!       

int]m$iate space is fill$ ) pyrites1 & !
 same cru%$ are scatt]$ ov] ! wood1 s t1
 com+ 9 or go+ out1 ! road is flat &    
ev54 ,s9ce ! drifts or tunnels drip )   
wat]1 ^! pyrites are soak$1 & f !m are  
fre$ ! vitriol & cognate ?+s4 ,if ! wat]
 ceases to drip1 ^! dry & h>d51 & !n !y 
are rais$ f ! %afts1 toge!r ) ! pyrites 
n yet dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 or !y are c>ri$
 out f ! tunnels2 !n !y are ?r[n into   
vats or tanks1 & boil+ wat] hav+ be5    
p\r$ ov] !m1 ! vitriol is fre$ & !      
pyrites are dissolv$4 ,?is gre5 solution
 is transf]r$ to o!r vats or tanks1 t x 
may be made cle> & pure2 x is !n boil$ 9
 ! lead caldrons until x ?ick5s2 aft]w>d
 x is p\r$ into wood5 tubs1 :]e x       
cond5ses on rods1 or re$s1 or twigs1    
into gre5 vitriol4  ,sulphur is made f  
sulphur\s wat]s1 f sulphur\s ores1 & f  
sulphur\s mixtures4 ,^! wat]s are p\r$  
into ! lead5 caldrons & boil$ until !y  
cond5se into sulphur4 ,f ?is latt]1     
heat$ toge!r ) iron-scales1 & transf]r$ 
into pots1 :i* are aft]w>d cov]$ ) lute 

& ref9$ sulphur1 ano!r sulphur is made1 
:i* we call caball9um4#ab  ,illu/ration 
#egi 7,sulphur ,mak+73 ,a--,pots hav+   
sp\ts4 ,b--,pots )\t sp\ts4 ,c--,lids4  
,! ores#ac :i* consi/ mo/ly ( sulphur & 
( e>?1 & r>ely ( o!r m9]als1 are melt$ 9
 big-belli$ e>!nw>e pots4 ,! furnaces1  
:i* hold two ( ^! pots1 are divid$ into 
?ree p>ts2 ! l[e/ "p is a foot high1 &  
has an op5+ at ! front = ! draught2 !   
top ( ?is is cov]$ ) iron plates1 :i*   
are p]=at$ ne> ! edges1 & ^! support    
iron rods1 ^u :i* ! firewood is plac$4  
,! middle "p ( ! furnace is "o & a half 
feet high1 & has a m\? 9 front1 s t !   
wood may be ins]t$2 ! top ( ?is has     
rods1 ^u :i* ! bottom ( ! pots /&4 ,!   
upp] "p is ab\t two feet high1 & ! pots 
are also two feet high & "o digit ?ick2 
^! h bel[ _! m\?s a long1 sl5d] sp\t4 ,9
 ord] t ! m\? ( ! pot may be cov]$1 an  
e>!nw>e lid is made :i* fits into x4 ,= 
e two ( ^! pots !re mu/ be "o pot ( !   
same size & %ape1 & )\t a sp\t1 b hav+  
?ree holes1 two ( :i* are bel[ ! m\? &  

receive ! sp\ts ( ! two fir/ pots2 !    
?ird hole is on ! opposite side at !    
bottom1 & ?r\gh x ! sulphur fl[s out4 ,9
 ea* furnace are plac$ two pots ) sp\ts1
 & ! furnace mu/ be cov]$ by plates (   
iron sme>$ ov] ) lute two digits ?ick2 x
 is ?us entirely clos$ 91 b = two or    
?ree v5t-holes ?r\gh :i* ! m\?s ( ! pots
 project4 ,outside ( ! furnace1 aga9/ "o
 side1 is plac$ ! pot )\t a sp\t1 into !
 two holes ( :i* ! two sp\ts ( ! o!r    
pots p5etrate1 & ?is pot %\ld be built 9
 at bo? sides to keep x /eady4 ,:5 !    
sulphur ore has be5 plac$ 9 ! pots1 & ^!
 plac$ 9 ! furnace1 !y are closely      
cov]$1 & x is desirable to sme> ! jo9t  
ov] ) lute1 s t ! sulphur w n exhale1 & 
= ! same reason ! pot bel[ is cov]$ ) a 
lid1 :i* is also sme>$ ) lute4 ,! wood  
hav+ be5 k9dl$1 ! ores are heat$ until !
 sulphur is exhal$1 & ! vap\r1 aris+    
?r\gh ! sp\t1 p5etrates into ! l[] pot &
 ?ick5s into sulphur1 :i* falls to !    
bottom l melt$ wax4 ,x !n fl[s out ?r\gh
 ! hole1 :i*1 z ,i said1 is at ! bottom 

( ?is pot2 & ! workman makes x into     
cakes1 or ?9 /icks or ?9 pieces ( wood  
are dipp$ 9 x4 ,!n he takes ! burn+ wood
 & gl[+ *>coal f ! furnace1 & :5 x has  
cool$1 he op5s ! two pots1 empties !    
residues1 :i*1 if ! ores 7 compos$ (    
sulphur & e>?1 resemble naturally       
ext+ui%$ a%es2 b if ! ores consi/$ (    
sulphur & e>? & /one1 or sulphur & /one 
only1 !y resemble e>? completely dri$ or
 /ones well roa/$4 ,aft]w>d ! pots are  
re-fill$ ) ore1 & ! :ole "w is repeat$4 
,illu/ration #eha 7,sulphur ,mak+73     
,a--,long wall4 ,b--,high walls4 ,c--,l[
 walls4 ,d--,plates4 ,e--,upp] pots4    
,f--,l[] pots4  ,! sulphur\s mixture1   
:e!r x consi/s ( /one & sulphur only1 or
 ( /one & sulphur & metal1 may be heat$ 
9 simil> pots1 b ) p]=at$ bottoms4 ,be=e
 ! furnace is con/ruct$1 aga9/ ! second 
wall ( ! works two lat]al p>titions are 
built sev5 feet high1 ?ree feet long1 "o
 & a half feet ?ick1 & ^! are di/ant f  
ea* o!r tw5ty-sev5 feet4 ,betwe5 !m are 
sev5 l[ brick walls1 t measure b two    

feet & ! same numb] ( digits 9 height1  
&1 l ! o!r walls1 are ?ree feet long &  
"o foot ?ick2 ^! little walls are at    
equal di/ances f "o ano!r1 consequ5tly  
!y w be two & "o half feet ap>t4 ,at !  
top1 iron b>s are fix$ into !m1 :i*     
su/a9 iron plates ?ree feet long & wide 
& "o digit ?ick1 s t !y c be> n only !  
weight ( ! pots1 b also ! fi]c5ess ( !  
fire4 ,^! plates h 9 ! middle a r\nd    
hole "o & a half digits wide2 !re mu/ n 
be m ?an eight ( ^!1 & ^u !m z _m pots  
are plac$4 ,^! pots are p]=at$ at !     
bottom1 & ! same numb] ( :ole pots are  
plac$ und]nea? !m2 ! =m] conta9 !       
mixture1 & are cov]$ ) lids2 ! latt]    
conta9 wat]1 & _! m\?s are "u ! holes 9 
! plates4 ,aft] wood has be5 arrang$    
r\nd ! upp] pots & ignit$1 ! mixture be+
 heat$1 r$1 yell[1 or gre5 sulphur drips
 f x & fl[s d[n ?r\gh ! hole1 & is      
caught by ! pots plac$ und]nea? !       
plates1 & is at once cool$ by ! wat]4   
,if ! mixture conta9s metal1 x is res]v$
 = smelt+1 &1 if n1 x is ?r[n away4 ,!  

sulphur f su* a mixture c be/ be        
extract$ if ! upp] pots are plac$ 9 a   
vault$ furnace1 l ^? :i* ,i describ$    
among o!r metallurgical subjects 9 ,book
 ,,viii41 :i* has no floor1 b a grate   
inside2 "u ?is ! l[] pots are plac$ 9 ! 
same mann]1 b ! plates mu/ h l>g] holes4
  ,illu/ration #ehb 7,bitum5 ,mak+73    
,a--,l[] pot4 ,b--,upp] pot4 ,c--,lid4  
,o!rs bury a pot 9 ! gr\nd1 & place ov] 
x ano!r pot ) a hole at ! bottom1 9 :i* 
pyrites or cadmia1 or o!r sulphur\s     
/ones are s enclos$ t ! sulphur _c      
exhale4 ,a fi]ce fire heats ! sulphur1 &
 x drips away & fl[s d[n into ! l[] pot1
 :i* conta9s wat]4 7,illu/ration p4     
#ehb74  ,illu/ration #ehc 7,bitum5      
,mak+73 ,a--,bitum9\s spr+4 ,b--,bucket4
 ,c--,pot4 ,d--,lid4  ,bitum5#ad is made
 f bitum9\s wat]s1 f liquid bitum51 & f 
mixtures ( bitum9\s sub/ances4 ,! wat]1 
bitum9\s z well z salty1 at ,babylon1 z 
,pl9y writes1 0 tak5 f ! wells to ! salt
 works & heat$ by ! great heat ( ! sun1 
& cond5s$ p>tly into liquid bitum5 &    

p>tly into salt4 ,! bitum5 be+ light]1  
floats on ! top1 :ile ! salt be+ heavi]1
 s9ks to ! bottom4 ,liquid bitum51 if   
!re is mu* float+ on spr+s1 /reams &    
riv]s1 is drawn up 9 buckets or o!r     
vessels2 b1 if !re is little1 x is      
collect$ ) goose w+s1 pieces ( l951     
ralla1 %r$s ( re$s1 & o!r ?+s to :i* x  
easily adh]es1 & x is boil$ 9 l>ge brass
 or iron pots by fire & cond5s$4 ,z ?is 
bitum5 is put to div]s uses1 "s mix pit*
 ) ! liquid1 o!rs old c>t-grease1 9 ord]
 to temp] its viscosity2 ^!1 h[ev] long 
!y are boil$ 9 ! pots1 _c be made h>d4  
,! mixtures conta9+ bitum5 are also     
treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? conta9+      
sulphur1 9 pots hav+ a hole 9 ! bottom1 
& x is r>e t su* bitum5 is n highly     
e/eem$4  ,illu/ration #ehe 7,*rysocolla 
,mak+73 ,a--,m\? ( ! tunnel4 ,b--,tr\gh4
 ,c--,tanks4 ,d--,little tr\gh4  ,s9ce  
all solidifi$ juices & e>?s1 if         
abundantly & copi\sly mix$ ) ! wat]1 are
 deposit$ 9 ! b$s ( spr+s1 /reams or    
riv]s1 & ! /ones !re9 are coat$ by !m1  

!y d n require ! heat ( ! sun or fire to
 h>d5 !m4 ,?is hav+ be5 pond]$ ov] by   
wise m51 !y discov]$ me?ods by :i* !    
rema9d] ( ^! solidifi$ juices & unusual 
e>?s c be collect$4 ,su* wat]s1 :e!r    
fl[+ f spr+s or tunnels1 are collect$ 9 
_m wood5 tubs or tanks arrang$ 9        
consecutive ord]1 & deposit 9 !m su*    
juices or e>?s2 ^! be+ scrap$ (f e ye>1 
are collect$1 z *rysocolla#ae 9 !       
,c>pa?ians & z o*re 9 ! ,h>z4  ,!re     
rema9s glass1 ! prep>ation ( :i* belongs
 "h1 = ! reason t x is obta9$ by ! p[] (
 fire & subtle art f c]ta9 solidifi$    
juices & f co>se or f9e s&4 ,x is       
transp>5t1 z are c]ta9 solidifi$ juices1
 gems1 & /ones2 & c be melt$ l fusible  
/ones & metals4 ,fir/ ,i mu/ speak ( !  
mat]ials f :i* glass is made2 !n ( !    
furnaces 9 :i* x is melt$2 !n ( ! me?ods
 by :i* x is produc$4  ,x is made f     
fusible /ones & f solidifi$ juices1 or f
 o!r juicy sub/ances :i* are connect$ by
 a natural relation%ip4 ,/ones :i* are  
fusible1 if !y are :ite & transluc5t1   

are m excell5t ?an ! o!rs1 = :i* reason 
cry/als take ! fir/ place4 ,f ^!1 :5    
p\nd$1 ! mo/ excell5t transp>5t glass 0 
made 9 ,india1 ) :i* no o!r c\ld be     
comp>$1 z ,pl9y relates4 ,! second place
 is accord$ to /ones :i*1 al?\gh n s h>d
 z cry/al1 are yet j z :ite & transp>5t4
 ,! ?ird is giv5 to :ite /ones1 :i* are 
n transp>5t4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 fir/
 ( all to heat all ^!1 & aft]w>d !y are 
subject$ to ! pe/le 9 ord] to break &   
cru% !m into co>se s&1 & !n !y are pass$
 ?r\gh a sieve4 ,if ?is k9d ( co>se or  
f9e s& is f\nd by ! glass-mak]s ne> !   
m\? ( a riv]1 x saves !m mu* lab\r 9    
burn+ & cru%+4 ,z reg>ds ! solidifi$    
juices1 ! fir/ place is giv5 to soda2 ! 
second to :ite & transluc5t rock-salt2 !
 ?ird to salts :i* are made f lye1 f !  
a%es ( ! musk ivy1 or f o!r salty h]bs4 
,yet !re are "s :o give to ?is latt]1 & 
n to ! =m]1 ! second place4 ,"o "p (    
co>se or f9e s& made f fusible /ones    
%\ld be mix$ ) two p>ts ( soda or (     
rock-salt or ( h]b salts1 to :i* are    

add$ m9ute p>ticles ( magnes4#af ,x is  
true t 9 our day1 z mu* z 9 anci5t      
times1 !re exi/s ! belief 9 ! s+ul> p[] 
( ! latt] to attract to itself ! vitre\s
 liquid j z x does iron1 & by attract+ x
 to purify & trans=m gre5 or yell[ into 
:ite2 & aft]w>d fire consumes ! magnes4 
,:5 ! said juices are n to be _h1 two   
p>ts ( ! a%es ( oak or holmoak1 or ( h>d
 oak or ,turkey oak1 or if ^! be n      
available1 ( bee* or p9e1 are mix$ ) "o 
"p ( co>se or f9e s&1 & a small quantity
 ( salt is add$1 made f salt wat] or    
sea-wat]1 & a small p>ticle ( magnes2 b 
^! make a less :ite & transluc5t glass4 
,! a%es %\ld be made f old trees1 ( :i* 
! trunk at a height ( six feet is holl[$
 out & fire is put 91 & ?us ! :ole tree 
is consum$ & conv]t$ into a%es4 ,?is is 
done 9 w9t] :5 ! sn[ lies long1 or 9    
summ] :5 x does n ra91 = ! %[]s at o!r  
times ( ! ye>1 by mix+ ! a%es ) e>?1    
r5d] !m impure2 = ?is reason1 at su*    
times1 ^! same trees are cut up into _m 
pieces & burn$ "u cov]1 & are ?us       

conv]t$ into a%es4  ,illu/ration #ehg   
7,glass-mak+ ,furnace73 ,a--,l[] *amb] (
 ! fir/ furnace4 ,b--,upp] *amb]4       
,c--,vitre\s mass4  ,"s glass-mak]s use 
?ree furnaces1 o!rs two1 o!rs only "o4  
,^? :o use ?ree1 melt ! mat]ial 9 !     
fir/1 re-melt x 9 ! second1 & 9 ! ?ird  
!y cool ! gl[+ glass vessels & o!r      
articles4 ,( ^! ! fir/ furnace mu/ be   
vault$ & simil> to an ov54 ,9 ! upp]    
*amb]1 :i* is six feet long1 f\r feet   
wide1 & two feet high1 ! mix$ mat]ials  
are heat$ by a fi]ce fire ( dry wood    
until !y melt & are conv]t$ into a      
vitre\s mass4 ,& if !y are n            
satisfactorily purifi$ f dross1 !y are  
tak5 out & cool$ & brok5 into pieces2 & 
! vitre\s pieces are heat$ 9 pots 9 !   
same furnace4  ,illu/ration #ehh        
7,glass-mak+ ,furnace73 ,a--,ar*es ( !  
second furnace4 ,b--,m\? ( ! l[] *amb]4 
,c--,w9d[s ( ! upp] *amb]4              
,d--,big-belli$ pots4 ,e--,m\? ( ! ?ird 
furnace4 ,f--,recesses = ! receptacles4 
,g--,op5+s 9 ! upp] *amb]4 ,h--,oblong  

receptacles4  ,! second furnace is r\nd1
 t5 feet 9 diamet] & eight feet high1 & 
on ! outside1 s t x may be /rong]1 x is 
encompass$ by five ar*es1 "o & "o half  
feet ?ick2 x consi/s 9 l mann] ( two    
*amb]s1 ( :i* ! l[] "o is vault$ & is "o
 & "o half feet ?ick4 ,9 front ?is *amb]
 has a n>r[ m\?1 ?r\gh :i* ! wood c be  
put into ! he>?1 :i* is on ! gr\nd4 ,at 
! top & 9 ! middle ( its vault1 !re is a
 l>ge r\nd hole :i* op5s to ! upp]      
*amb]1 s t ! flames c p5etrate into x4  
,betwe5 ! ar*es 9 ! walls ( ! upp] *amb]
 are eight w9d[s1 s l>ge t ! big-belli$ 
pots may be plac$ ?r\gh !m on to ! floor
 ( ! *amb]1 ar\nd ! l>ge hole4 ,!       
?ickness ( ^! pots is ab\t two digits1  
_! height ! same numb] ( feet1 & !      
diamet] ( ! belly "o & a half feet1 & ( 
! m\? & bottom "o foot4 ,9 ! back "p ( !
 furnace is a rectangul> hole1 measur+ 9
 height & wid? a palm1 ?r\gh :i* ! heat 
p5etrates into a ?ird furnace :i* adjo9s
 x4  ,?is ?ird furnace is rectangul>1   
eight feet long & six feet wide2 x also 

consi/s ( two *amb]s1 ( :i* ! l[] has a 
m\? 9 front1 s t firewood may be plac$  
on ! he>? :i* is on ! gr\nd4 ,on ea*    
side ( ?is op5+ 9 ! wall ( ! l[] *amb]  
is a recess = oblong e>!nw>e            
receptacles1 :i* are ab\t f\r feet long1
 two feet high1 & "o & a half feet wide4
 ,! upp] *amb] has two holes1 "o on ! "r
 side1 ! o!r on ! left1 ( su* height &  
wid? t e>!nw>e receptacles may be       
conv5i5tly plac$ 9 !m4 ,^! latt]        
receptacles are ?ree feet long1 "o & a  
half feet high1 ! l[] "p "o foot wide1 &
 ! upp] "p r\nd$4 ,9 ^! receptacles !   
glass articles1 :i* h be5 bl[n1 are     
plac$ s t !y may cool 9 a mild]         
temp]ature2 if !y 7 n cool$ sl[ly !y    
w\ld bur/ asund]4 ,:5 ! vessels are tak5
 f ! upp] *amb]1 !y are imm$iately plac$
 9 ! receptacles to cool4  ,illu/ration 
#ehi 7,glass-mak+ ,furnaces73 ,a--,l[]  
*amb] ( ! o!r second furnace4           
,b--,middle "o4 ,c--,upp] "o4 ,d--,its  
op5+4 ,e--,r\nd op5+4 ,f--,rectangul>   
op5+4  ,"s :o use two furnaces p>tly    

melt ! mixture 9 ! fir/1 & n only       
re-melt x 9 ! second1 b also replace !  
glass articles !re4 ,o!rs p>tly melt &  
re-melt ! mat]ial 9 diff]5t *amb]s ( !  
second furnace4 ,?us ! =m] lack ! ?ird  
furnace1 & ! latt]1 ! fir/4 ,b ?is k9d (
 second furnace diff]s f ! o!r second   
furnace1 = x is1 inde$1 r\nd1 b !       
int]ior is eight feet 9 diamet] & twelve
 feet high1 & x consi/s ( ?ree *amb]s1 (
 :i* ! l[e/ is n unlike ! l[e/ ( ! o!r  
second furnace4 ,9 ! middle *amb] wall  
!re are six ar*$ op5+s1 9 :i* are plac$ 
! pots to be heat$1 & ! rema9d] ( !     
small w9d[s are block$ up ) lute4 ,9 !  
middle top ( ! middle *amb] is a squ>e  
op5+ a palm 9 l5g? & wid?4 ,?r\gh ?is ! 
heat p5etrates into ! upp] *amb]1 ( :i* 
! re> "p has an op5+ to receive ! oblong
 e>!nw>e receptacles1 9 :i* are plac$ ! 
glass articles to be sl[ly cool$4 ,on   
?is side1 ! gr\nd ( ! work%op is high]1 
or else a b5* is plac$ !re1 s t !       
glass-mak]s may /& ^u x to /[ away _!   
products m conv5i5tly4  ,^? :o lack !   

fir/ furnace 9 ! ev5+1 :5 !y h          
accompli%$ _! day's "w1 place ! mat]ial 
9 ! pots1 s t ! heat dur+ ! night may   
melt x & turn x into glass4 ,two boys   
alt]nately1 dur+ night & day1 keep up ! 
fire by ?r[+ dry wood on to ! he>?4 ,^? 
:o h b "o furnace use ! second sort1    
made ) ?ree *amb]s4 ,!n 9 ! ev5+ !y p\r 
! mat]ial into ! pots1 & 9 ! morn+1 hav+
 extract$ ! fus$ mat]ial1 !y make !     
glass objects1 :i* !y place 9 ! upp]    
*amb]1 z d ! o!rs4  ,! second furnace   
consi/s ei!r ( two or ?ree *amb]s1 !    
fir/ ( :i* is made ( unburnt bricks dri$
 9 ! sun4 ,^! bricks are made ( a k9d ( 
clay t _c be easily melt$ by fire nor   
resolv$ into p[d]2 ?is clay is clean$ ( 
small /ones & beat5 ) rods4 ,! bricks   
are laid ) ! same k9d ( clay in/ead (   
lime4 ,f ! same clay ! pott]s also make 
_! vessels & pots1 :i* !y dry 9 ! %ade4 
,^! two p>ts hav+ be5 complet$1 !re     
rema9s ! ?ird4  ,illu/ration #eia       
7,glass ,mak+73 ,a--,bl[-pipe4          
,b--,little w9d[4 ,c--,m>ble4           

,d--,=ceps4 ,e--,m\lds by means ( :i* ! 
%apes are produc$4  ,! vitre\s mass hav+
 be5 made 9 ! fir/ furnace 9 ! mann] ,i 
describ$1 is brok5 up1 & ! assi/ant     
heats ! second furnace1 9 ord] t !      
fragm5ts may be re-melt$4 ,9 ! meantime1
 :ile !y are do+ ?is1 ! pots are fir/   
w>m$ by a sl[ fire 9 ! fir/ furnace1 s t
 ! vap\rs may evaporate1 & !n by a fi]c]
 fire1 s t !y become r$ 9 dry+4 ,aft]w>d
 ! glass-mak]s op5 ! m\? ( ! furnace1 &1
 seiz+ ! pots ) tongs1 if !y h n crack$ 
& fall5 to pieces1 quickly place !m 9 ! 
second furnace1 & !y fill !m up ) !     
fragm5ts ( ! heat$ vitre\s mass or )    
glass4 ,aft]w>d !y close up all ! w9d[s 
) lute & bricks1 ) ! exception t 9 ea*  
!re are two little w9d[s left free2     
?r\gh "o ( ^! !y inspect ! glass conta9$
 9 ! pot1 & take x up by means ( a      
bl[-pipe2 9 ! o!r !y re/ ano!r bl[-pipe1
 s t x may get w>m4 ,:e!r x is made (   
brass1 bronze1 or iron1 ! bl[-pipe mu/  
be ?ree feet long4 ,9 front ( ! w9d[ is 
ins]t$ a lip ( m>ble1 on :i* re/s !     

heap$-up clay & ! iron %ield4 ,! clay   
holds ! bl[-pipe :5 x is put into !     
furnace1 :]eas ! %ield pres]ves ! eyes (
 ! glass-mak] f ! fire4 ,all ?is hav+   
be5 c>ri$ out 9 ord]1 ! glass-mak]s br+ 
! "w to completion4 ,! brok5 pieces !y  
re-melt ) dry wood1 :i* emits no smoke1 
b only a flame4 ,! long] !y re-melt x1 !
 pur] & m transp>5t x becomes1 ! few]   
spots & bli/]s !re are1 & !re=e !       
glass-mak]s c c>ry out _! "w m easily4  
,= ?is reason ^? :o only melt ! mat]ial 
f :i* glass is made = "o night1 & !n    
imm$iately make x up into glass         
articles1 make !m less pure & transp>5t 
?an ^? :o fir/ produce a vitre\s mass & 
!n re-melt ! brok5 pieces aga9 = a day &
 a night4 ,&1 aga91 ^! make a less pure 
& transp>5t glass ?an d ^? :o melt x    
aga9 = two days & two nights1 = !       
excell5ce ( ! glass does n consi/ solely
 9 ! mat]ial f :i* x is made1 b also 9 !
 melt+4 ,! glass-mak]s (t5 te/ ! glass  
by draw+ x up ) ! bl[pipes2 z soon z !y 
obs]ve t ! fragm5ts h be5 re-melt$ &    

purifi$ satisfactorily1 ea* ( !m ) ano!r
 bl[-pipe :i* is 9 ! pot1 sl[ly /irs &  
takes up ! glass :i* /icks to x 9 ! %ape
 ( a ball l a glut9\s1 coagulat$ gum4   
,he takes up j z mu* z he ne$s to       
complete ! article he wi%es to make2 !n 
he presses x aga9/ ! lip ( m>ble &      
kneads x r\nd & r\nd until x            
consolidates4 ,:5 he bl[s ?r\gh ! pipe  
he bl[s z he w\ld if inflat+ a bubble2  
he bl[s into ! bl[-pipe z (t5 z x is    
necess>y1 remov+ x f 8 m\? to re-fill 8 
*eeks1 s t 8 brea? does n draw ! flames 
into 8 m\?4 ,!n1 twi/+ ! lift$ bl[-pipe 
r\nd 8 head 9 a circle1 he makes a long 
glass1 or m\lds ! same 9 a holl[ copp]  
m\ld1 turn+ x r\nd & r\nd1 !n w>m+ x    
aga91 bl[+ x & press+ x1 he wid5s x into
 ! %ape ( a cup or vessel1 or ( any o!r 
object he has 9 m9d4 ,!n he aga9 presses
 ?is aga9/ ! m>ble to flatt5 ! bottom1  
:i* he m\lds 9 ! int]ior ) 8 o!r        
bl[-pipe4 ,aft]w>d he cuts out ! lip )  
%e>s1 &1 if necess>y1 adds feet & h&les4
 ,if x s please him1 he gilds x & pa9ts 

x ) v>i\s col\rs4 ,f9ally1 he lays x 9 !
 oblong e>!nw>e receptacle1 :i* is plac$
 9 ! ?ird furnace1 or 9 ! upp] *amb] ( !
 second furnace1 t x may cool4 ,:5 ?is  
receptacle is full ( o!r sl[ly-cool$    
articles1 he passes a wide iron b> "u x1
 &1 c>ry+ x on ! left arm1 places x 9   
ano!r recess4  ,! glass-mak]s make div]s
 ?+s1 su* z goblets1 cups1 ew]s1 flasks1
 di%es1 plates1 panes ( glass1 animals1 
trees1 & %ips1 all ( :i* excell5t &     
wond]ful works ,i h se5 :5 ,i sp5t two  
:ole ye>s 9 ,v5ice "s "t ago4           
,especially at ! "t ( ! ,fea/ ( !       
,asc5sion !y 7 on sale at ,morano1 :]e  
are locat$ ! mo/ celebrat$ glass-works4 
,^! ,i saw on o!r occasions1 & :51 = a  
c]ta9 reason1 ,i visit$ ,&rea ,naug]io 9
 8 h\se :i* he _h !re1 & conv]s$ ) him &
 ,francisco ,asulano4       ,,end ,,(   
,,book ,,xii4   ,,footnotes3  #a ,!     
hi/ory ( salt-mak+ 9 salt-pans1 f       
sea-wat] or salt spr+s1 goes fur!r back 
?an human records4 ,f an hi/orical po9t 
( view ! real int]e/ atta*$ to salt lies

 9 ! be>+ :i* localities ri* 9 ei!r     
natural salt or salt spr+s1 h _h ^u !   
movem5ts ( ! human race4 ,_m anci5t     
trade r\tes h be5 due to !m1 &          
innum]able battles h be5 f\ght = _!     
possession4 ,salt has at times s]v$ =   
curr5cy1 & dur+ _m c5turies 9 ne>ly e   
c\ntry has s]v$ z a basis ( taxation4   
,^! subjects d n1 h[ev]1 come )9 ! scope
 ( ?is text4 ,= ! quotation f ,pl9y     
ref]r$ to1 see ,note #ad bel[1 on       
bitum54  #b ,! fir/ edition gives       
graviorem1 ! latt] editions gratiorem1  
:i* latt] w\ld h q ! rev]se mean+ f !   
above4  #c ,! foll[+ are approximately !
 ,engli% equival5ts3--                  
,p9ts4   ,qu>ts4  ,gallons4    #a       
,cya?us                        4#jh     
#c ,cya?i     #a ,qu>t>ius     4#bd     
#d ,qu>t>ii  #a ,sext>ius      4#ii     
#f ,sext>ii   #a ,congius       #e4id   
#b4ig   #af ,sext>ii   #a ,modius       
#ae4he      #g4ic      #a4ih    #h      
,congii     #a ,amphora      #dg4eg     
#bc4gh      #e4id  ,! dipp] m5tion$ w\ld

 ?us hold ab\t "o & "o qu>t] gallons1 & 
! cask t5 gallons4  #d ,! salt indu/ry1 
f\nd$ ^u salt spr+s1 is /ill (          
importance to ?is city4 ,x 0 a salt     
c5tre ( importance to ! ,g]manic tribes 
be=e ,*>les1 ! son ( ,*>lemagne1 erect$ 
a =tress "h 9 #hjf4 ,m5tion ( ! salt    
works is made 9 ! *>t] by ,otto ,i41    
convey+ ! place to ! ,diocese (         
,magdeburg1 9 #ifh4  #e ,pl9y ,,xxxi41  
#ci-dj4 ,9 ! ,gallic prov9ces 9 ,g]many 
!y p\r salt wat] ^u burn+ wood4 ,!      
,spani>ds 9 a c]ta9 place draw ! br9e f 
wells1 :i* !y call ,muria4 ,!y inde$ ?9k
 t ! wood turns to salt1 & t ! oak is ! 
be/1 be+ ! k9d :i* is itself salty4     
,else:]e ! hazel is prais$4 ,?us !      
*>coal ev5 is turn$ into salt :5 x is   
/eep$ 9 br9e4 ,:5ev] salt is made ) wood
 x is black4  #f ,we h else:]e 9 ?is    
book us$ ! ^w soda = ! ,lat9 t]m nitrum1
 because we believe z us$ by ,agricola x
 0 always soda1 & because "s confusion (
 ?is t]m ) its mod]n adaptation =       
saltpetre 7nitre7 might arise 9 ! m9d ( 

! read]4 ,=tunately1 ,agricola usually  
c>efully m5tions o!r alkalis1 su* z !   
product f lixiviation ( a%es1 sep>ately 
f 8 nitrum4 ,9 ^! p>agraphs1 h[ev]1 he  
has soda & pota% hopelessly mix$1 :]e=e 
we h "h introduc$ ! ,lat9 t]m4 ,! actual
 diff]5ce betwe5 pota% & soda--! nitrum 
( ! ,anci5ts1 & ! alkali ( ,geb] 7& !   
gloss>y ( ,agricola71 0 n und]/ood = two
 hundr$ ye>s aft] ,agricola1 :5 ,duhamel
 made 8 well-kn[n det]m9ations2 & !     
isolation ( sodium & potassium 01 (     
c\rse1 /ill lat] by fifty ye>s4 ,if !   
re$s & ru%es describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph    
grew ne> ! sea1 ! salt f lixiviation    
w\ld be soda1 & likewise ! ,egyptian    
product 0 soda1 b ! lixiviation (       
wood-a% produces only pota%2 z se5      
above1 all are t]m$ nitrum except !     
fir/4  ,,hi/orical ,,notes4--,! ^w      
nitrum1 nitron1 nitri1 net]1 ne!r1 or   
simil> =ms1 occurs 9 innum]able anci5t  
writ+s4 ,among su* ref]5ces are ,j]emiah
 7,,ii41 #bb7 ,prov]bs 7,,xxv41 #bj71   
,h]odotus 7,,ii41 #hf1 #hg71 ,ari/otle  

7,prob4 ,i41 #ci1 ,de ,mirab4 #ed71     
,!ophra/us 7,de ,igne #dce ed4 ,he9sii1 
,hi/4 ,plants ,,iii41 #i71 ,dioscorides 
7,v41 #hi71 ,pl9y 7,,xiv41 #bf1 &       
,,xxxi41 #df74 ,a review ( disputations 
on :at salts ?is t]m compris$ among !   
,anci5ts w\ld itself fill a volume1 b f 
! prop]ties nam$ x 0 no d\bt mo/ly soda1
 m r>ely pota%1 & sometimes bo? mix$ )  
common salt4 ,!re is e reason to believe
 f ! prop]ties & uses m5tion$1 t x did n
 g5]ally comprise nitre                 
7saltpetre7--into :i* sup]ficial error !
 nom5clature has l$ _m translators4 ,!  
prep>ation by way ( burn+1 & ! use (    
nitrum = purposes = :i* we n[ use soap1 
= mak+ glass1 = m$ic9es1 cosmetics1     
salves1 pa9t+1 9 bak+ p[d]1 = pres]v+   
food1 embalm+1 etc41 & ! descriptions ( 
its ta/e 9 nitr\s wat]s1--all answ] =   
soda & pota%1 b n = saltpetre4 ,x is    
possible t ! common occurr5ce (         
saltpetre z an effloresc5ce on walls    
might naturally lead to its use1 b 9 any
 ev5t its di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics are n[h]e

 m5tion$4 ,z sal-ammoniac occurr$ 9 !   
volcanoes 9 ,italy1 x also may h be5    
includ$ 9 ! nitrum m5tion$4 ,nitrum 0 9 
! ma9 export$ f ,egypt1 b ,!ophra/us    
m5tions its production f wood-a%1 &     
,pl9y v rightly /ates t burn$ lees ( w9e
 7argol7 _h ! nature ( nitrum4 ,_m ( !  
anci5t writ]s und]/ood t x 0 r5d]$ m    
cau/ic by burn+1 & /ill m s by treatm5t 
) lime4 ,accord+ to ,beckmann 7,hi/4 (  
,inv5tions ,,ii41 p4 #dhh71 ! =m ( ! ^w 
natron 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,europe by 
two travell]s 9 ,egypt1 ,pet] ,ballon & 
,prosp] ,alp9us1 ab\t #aeej4 ,! ^w 0    
introduc$ into m9]alogy by ,l9naeus 9   
#agcf4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance natron 0 appli$
 to soda & pota% 9 di/9ction to nitre = 
saltpetre1 & lat] natron 0 appli$ solely
 to soda4  ,x is desirable to m5tion "h 
two o!r =ms ( soda & pota% :i* are      
frequ5tly m5tion$ by ,agricola4 ,a%es   
:i* wool dy]s use 7c9]es quo infectores 
lan>um utuntur74--,!re is no indication 
9 any ( ,agricola's works z to :e!r ?is 
0 "s special wood-a% or :e!r x 0 !      

calc9$ residues f wool wa%+4 ,! yolk or 
su9t ( wool1 orig9at+ f ! p]spiration ( 
! animal1 has long be5 a s\rce ( crude  
pota%4 ,! wat]1 aft] wa%+ ! wool1 is    
evaporat$1 & ! residue calc9$4 ,x       
conta9s ab\t #he ,k#b;,,co#c1 ! rema9d] 
be+ sodium & potassium sulphates4 ,ano!r
 reason = assum+ t x 0 n a wood-a%      
product1 is t ^! products are sep>ately 
m5tion$4 ,9 ei!r ev5t1 :e!r obta9$ f    
wool residues or f lixiviation (        
wood-a%1 x w\ld be an impure pota%4 ,9  
"s me?ods ( wool dye+1 a wa% ( soda 0   
fir/ giv51 s t x is b>ely possible t ?is
 sub/ance 0 sodium c>bonate4  ,salt made
 f ! a%es ( musk ivy 7sal ex an?yllidis 
c9]e factus1--,gloss>y1 salalkali74 ,?is
 w\ld be l>gely pota%4  #g ,?is wondr\s 
illu/ration ( soda-mak+ f ,nile wat] is 
no d\bt f\nd$ ^u ,pl9y 7,,xxxi41 #df74  
,x is made 9 almo/ ! same mann] z salt1 
except t sea-wat] is put into salt pans1
 :]eas 9 ! nitr\s pans x is wat] ( !    
,nile2 ^!1 ) ! subsid5ce ( ! ,nile dur+ 
! =ty days1 are impregnat$ ) nitrum4  #h

 ,?is p>agraph displays hopeless        
ignorance4 ,borax 0 kn[n to ,agricola & 
greatly us$ 9 8 "t2 x c]ta9ly 0 n made f
 ^! comp\nds1 b 0 import$ f ,c5tral     
,asia4 ,sal-ammoniac 0 also kn[n 9 8 "t1
 & 0 us$ l borax z a sold]+ ag5t4 ,!    
reaction giv5 by ,agricola w\ld yield   
free ammonia4 ,! foll[+ hi/orical notes 
on borax & sal-ammoniac may be ( s]vice4
  ,,borax4--,! unc]ta9ties ( ! anci5t   
di/9ctions 9 salts involve borax deeply4
 ,! ^w ,baura* occurs 9 ,geb] & ! o!r   
e>ly ,al*emi/ic writ+s1 b !re is no?+ to
 prove t x 0 mod]n borax4 ,!re _c be !  
slighte/ d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! mat]ial ref]r$
 to by ,agricola z borax 0 our borax1   
because ( ! *>act]i/ic qualities        
incid5tally m5tion$ 9 ,book ,,vii4 ,t he
 believ$ x 0 an artificial product f    
nitrum is evid5t en\gh f 8 usual        
expression *rysocolla made f nitrum1 :i*
 ! ,moors call borax4 ,agricola1 9 ,de  
,natura ,fossilium 7p4 #bjf-g71 makes ! 
foll[+ /atem5ts1 :i* c\ld leave no d\bt 
on ! subject3--,native nitrum is f\nd 9 

! e>? or on ! surface4444 ,x is f ?is   
v>iety t ! ,v5etians make *rysocolla1   
:i* ,i call borax4444 ,! second v>iety (
 artificial nitrum is made at ! pres5t  
day f ! native nitrum1 call$ by ! ,arabs
 t9c>1 b ,i call x usually by ! ,greek  
"n *rysocolla2 x is really ! ,arabic    
borax4444 ,?is nitrum does n decrepitate
 nor fly out ( ! fire2 h[ev]1 ! native  
v>iety swells up f )94 ,! application ( 
! ^w *rysocolla 7*rysos1 gold2 colla1   
sold]7 to sold]+ mat]ials1 & at ! same  
"t to ! copp] m9]al1 is ( ,greek orig94 
,if any fur!r pro( 7 ne$$ z to !        
sub/ance meant by ,agricola1 x lies 9 ! 
^w t9c>4 ,= a long "t ! borax ( ,europe 
0 import$ f ,c5tral ,asia1 ?r\gh        
,con/ant9ople & ,v5ice1 "u ! "n ( t9cal 
or t9c>4 ,:5 ?is trade began1 we d n "k2
 evid5tly be=e ,agricola's "t4 ,!       
/atem5t "h ( mak+ borax f alum &        
sal-ammoniac is id5tical ) ! ass]tion ( 
,bir+uccio 7,,ii41 #i74                 
,,sal-,,ammoniac4--,! e>ly hi/ory (     
?is--ammonium *loride--is also "u a     

cl\d4 ,pl9y 7,,xxxi41 #ci7 speaks ( a   
sal-hammoniacum1 & ,dioscorides 7,v41   
#he7 uses mu* ! same ^w4 ,pl9y describes
 x z f ne> ! temple ( ,ammon 9 ,egypt4  
,none ( ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics (       
sal-ammoniac are m5tion$1 & !re is e    
reason to believe x 0 ei!r common salt  
or soda4 ,h]odotus1 ,/rabo1 & o!rs      
m5tion common salt s5t f ab\t ! same    
locality4 ,! fir/ au!ntic m5tion is 9   
,geb]1 :o calls x sal-ammoniacum1 &     
describes a me?od ( mak+1 & sev]al      
*>act]i/ic reactions4 ,x 0 kn[n 9 !     
,middle ,ages "u v>i\s names1 among !m  
sal-aremonicum4 ,agricola 7,de ,nat4    
,fos41 ,,iii41 p4 #bjf7 notes its       
*>act]i/ic quality ( volatilization4    
,sal-ammoniac 444 9 ! fire nei!r        
crackles nor flies out1 b is totally    
consum$4 ,he also says 7p4 #bjh73 ,borax
 is us$ by goldsmi?s to sold] gold1     
likewise silv]4 ,! artific]s :o make    
iron ne$les 7tacks87 simil>ly use       
sal-ammoniac :5 !y cov] ! heads ) t94 ,!
 /atem5t f ,pl9y m5tion$ 9 ?is p>agraph 

is f ,,xxxiii41 #bi1 :]e he describes ! 
*rysocolla us$ z gold sold] z made f    
v]digris1 nitrum1 & ur9e 9 ! way quot$4 
,x is q possible t ?is sold] 0          
sal-ammoniac1 ?\gh n made 9 q ?is mann]4
 ,pl9y ref]s 9 sev]al places 7,,xxxiii41
 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 & #bi1 ,,xxxv41 #bh1    
etc47 to *rysocolla1 ab\t :i* he is     
greatly confus$ z betwe5 gold-sold]1 !  
copp] m9]al1 & a gre5 pigm5t1 ! latt]   
be+ ( ei!r m9]al orig94  #i ,saltpetre 0
 secur$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages 9 two ways1 b 
mo/ly f ! treatm5t ( calcium nitrate    
effloresc5ce on cell> & simil> walls1 & 
f s-call$ saltpetre plantations4 ,9 ?is 
description ( ! latt]1 "o ( ! mo/       
ess5tial factors is omitt$ until ! la/  
s5t5ce1 i4e41 t ! nitr\s e>? 0 ! result 
( ! decay ( organic or animal matt] ov] 
a long p]iod4 ,su* decomposition1 9 !   
pres5ce ( potassium & calcium           
c>bonates--! lye & lime--=m potassium & 
calcium nitrates1 toge!r ) "s magnesium 
& sodium nitrates4 ,aft] lixiviation1 ! 
addition ( lye conv]ts ! calcium &      

magnesium nitrates into saltpetre1 i4e41
 ,ca7,,no#c7b  ,k#b;,,co#c  ,ca,c,o#c   
#b,,kno#c4 ,! c>bonates precipitate out1
 leav+ ! saltpetre 9 solution1 f :i* x 0
 evaporat$ & cry/alliz$ out4 ,! addition
 ( alum z m5tion$ w\ld sc>cely improve !
 situation4  ,! purification by repeat$ 
re-solution & addition ( lye1 &         
filtration1 w\ld elim9ate ! rema9+ o!r  
salts4 ,! purification ) sulphur1 h[ev]1
 is m difficult to und]/&4 ,9 ?is case !
 saltpetre is melt$ & ! sulphur add$ &  
set alight4 ,su* an addition to         
saltpetre w\ld no d\bt burn brilliantly4
 ,! potassium sulphate =m$ w\ld possibly
 settle to ! bottom1 & if ! greasy matt]
 7 simply organic impurities1 !y might  
be burn$ (f4 ,?is me?od ( ref9+ appe>s  
to h be5 copi$ f ,bir+uccio 7,x41 #a71  
:o /ates x 9 almo/ id5tical t]ms4       
,,hi/orical ,,note4--,z m5tion$ 9 ,note 
#f above1 x is q possible t ! ,anci5ts  
did include effloresc5ce ( walls "u     
nitrum2 b1 s f> z we are aw>e1 no       
specific m5tion ( su* an occurr5ce (    

nitrum is giv51 &1 z /at$ be=e1 !re is e
 reason to believe t all ! sub/ances "u 
t t]m 7 soda & pota%4 ,especially !     
frequ5t m5tion ( ! prep>ation ( nitrum  
by way ( burn+1 argues /rongly aga9/    
saltpetre be+ includ$1 z !y w\ld h>dly h
 fail$ to notice ! decrepitation4       
,argum5t has be5 put =w>d t ,greek fire 
conta9$ saltpetre1 b x am\nts to no?+ m 
?an argum5t1 = 9 ^? receipts pres]v$1 no
 salt ( any k9d is m5tion$4 ,x is mo/   
likely t ! leprosy ( h\se-walls ( !     
,mosaic code 7,leviticus ,,xiv41 #cd to 
#ec7 0 saltpetre effloresc5ce4 ,! dra/ic
 treatm5t by way ( de/ruction ( su*     
unclean walls & h\ses1 h[ev]1 is        
suffici5t evid5ce t ?is salt 0 n us$4 ,!
 fir/ c]ta9 m5tion ( saltpetre 7sal     
petrae7 is 9 ,geb]4 ,z /at$ be=e1 ! date
 ( ?is "w is unc]ta92 9 any ev5t x 0    
probably z e>ly z ! #ac? ,c5tury4 ,he   
describes ! mak+ ( solvative wat] ) alum
 & saltpetre1 s !re c be no d\bt z to ! 
sub/ance 7see ,note on p4 #dfj1 on      
nitric acid74 ,!re is also a "w by a    

nebul\s ,m>cus ,graecus1 :]e ! ^w sal   
petrosum is us$4 ,& x appe>s t ,rog]    
,bacon 7di$ #abid7 & ,alb]tus ,magnus   
7di$ #abhj7 bo? _h access to t "w4      
,bacon uses ! t]m sal petrae frequ5tly  
en\gh1 & 0 ! fir/ to describe gunp[d]   
7,de ,mirabili ,pote/ate ,artis et      
,naturae #abdb74 ,he gives no m5tion ( !
 me?od ( mak+ 8 sal petrae4 ,agricola   
uses ?r\gh\t ! ,lat9 text ! t]m         
hal9itrum1 a ^w he appe>s to h co9$     
himself4 ,h[ev]1 he gives its ,g]man    
equival5t 9 ! ,int]pretatio z salpet]4  
,! only previ\s description ( ! me?od ( 
mak+ saltpetre1 ( :i* we are aw>e1 is t 
( ,bir+uccio 7#aedj71 :o m5tions ! boil+
 ( ! excresc5ces f walls1 & also says a 
good deal ab\t boil+ solutions f nitr\s 
e>?1 :i* may or may n be ( plantation   
orig94 ,he also gives ?is same me?od (  
ref9+ ) sulphur4 ,9 any ev5t1 ?is       
/atem5t by ,agricola is ! fir/ cle> &   
complete description ( ! saltpetre      
plantations4 ,saltpetre 0 9 great dem& 9
 ! ,middle ,ages = ! manufacture (      

gunp[d]1 & ! fir/ record ( t sub/ance & 
( explosive weapons necess>ily involves 
! k ( saltpetre4 ,h[ev]1 au!ntic m5tion 
( su* weapons only beg9s e>ly 9 ! #ad?  
,c5tury4 ,among ! e>lie/ is an au?ority 
to ! ,c\ncil ( ,twelve at ,flor5ce to   
appo9t p]sons to make cannon1 etc41     
7#acbf71 ref]5ces to cannon 9 ! /ores ( 
! ,t[] ( ,london1 #achh1 c4  #aj ,!re   
are ?ree me?ods ( manufactur+ alum      
describ$ by ,agricola1 ! fir/ & ?ird    
app>5tly f %ales1 & ! second f alum rock
 or alunite4 ,! reasons = assum+ t !    
fir/ process 0 f %ales1 are ! ref]5ce to
 ! alum9\s e>? z ore 7v5ae7 com+ f ve9s1
 & also ! mixture ( vitriol4 ,9 ?is     
process ! free sulphuric acid =m$ by !  
oxidation ( pyrites reacts ^u !         
argillace\s mat]ial to =m alum9ium      
sulphate4 ,! decompos$ ore is !n plac$ 9
 tanks & lixiviat$4 ,! solution w\ld    
conta9 alum9ium sulphate1 vitriol1 & o!r
 impurities4 ,by ! addition ( ur9e1 !   
alum9ium sulphate w\ld be conv]t$ into  
ammonia alum4 ,agricola is1 ( c\rse1    

mi/ak5 z to ! effect ( ! addition1 be+  
"u ! belief t x sep>at$ ! vitriol f !   
alum2 9 fact1 ?is belief 0 g5]al until !
 latt] "p ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 :5 ,lavoisi]
 det]m9$ t alum mu/ h an alkali base4   
,nor is x cle> f ?is description exactly
 h[ !y 7 sep>at$4 ,9 a cond5s$ solution 
all[$ to cool1 ! alum w\ld precipitate  
out z alum meal1 & ! vitriol w\ld float 
on top--9 solution4 ,! ref]5ce to meal  
may repres5t ?is ph5om5on1 & ! re-boil+ 
ref]r$ to w\ld be ! normal me?od (      
purification by cry/allization4 ,!      
asbe/os & gypsum deposit$ 9 ! caldrons 7
 no d\bt fea!ry & mealy calcium         
sulphate4 ,! alum produc$ w\ld1 9 any   
ev5t1 be mo/ly ammonia alum4  ,! second 
process is c]ta9ly ! manufacture f alum 
rock or alunite 7! hydr\s sulphate (    
alum9ium & potassium71 su* z t m9$ at   
,la ,tolfa 9 ! ,papal ,/ates1 :]e !     
process has be5 = c5turies id5tical ) t 
"h describ$4 ,! alum !re produc$ is !   
d\ble basic potassium alum1 &           
cry/allizes into cubes in/ead (         

octah$ra1 i4e41 ! ,roman alum ( comm]ce4
 ,! pres5ce ( mu* f]ric oxide gives !   
rose col\r ref]r$ to by ,agricola4 ,?is 
acc\nt is almo/ id5tical ) t (          
,bir+uccio 7,,ii41 #d71 & x appe>s f    
simil>ity ( details t ,agricola1 z /at$ 
9 8 preface1 mu/ h refre%$ 8 m9d f ?is  
description2 x w\ld also appe> f !      
preface t he _h himself visit$ !        
locality4  ,! ?ird process is ess5tially
 ! same z ! fir/1 except t !            
decomposition ( ! pyrites 0 ha/5$ by    
roa/+4 ,! foll[+ obscure /atem5t ( "s   
int]e/ occurs 9 ,agricola's ,de ,natura 
,fossilium1 p4 #bji3--444 alum is made f
 vitriol1 = :5 oil is made f ! latt]1   
alum is di/ill$ out 7expirat74 ,?is     
absorbs ! clay :i* is us$ 9 cem5t+      
glass1 & :5 ! op]ation is complete !    
clay is mac]at$ ) pure wat]1 & ! alum is
 soon aft]w>d deposit$ 9 ! %ape ( small 
cubes4 ,assum+ ! oil ( vitriol to be    
sulphuric acid & ! clay us$ 9 cem5t+    
glass to be kaol91 we h "h ! fir/       
sugge/ion ( a me?od = produc+ alum :i*  

came into use long aft]4  ,burnt alum   
7alum5 coctum74--,agricola frequ5tly    
uses ?is expression1 & on p4 #efh1      
describes ! op]ation1 & ! sub/ance is   
app>5tly ! same z mod]n dehydrat$ alum1 
(t5 ref]r$ to z burnt alum4  ,,hi/orical
 ,,notes4--,:e!r ! ,anci5ts knew ( alum 
9 ! mod]n s5se is a mo/ vex$ "q4 ,!     
,greeks ref] to a c]ta9 sub/ance z      
/ypt]ia1 & ! ,romans ref] to ?is same   
sub/ance z alum54 ,!re c be no "q z to  
_! k & common use ( vitriol1 nor t      
sub/ances :i* !y believ$ 7 entirely     
diff]5t f vitriol 7 compris$ "u ! above 
names4 ,beckmann 7,hi/4 ( ,inv5tions1   
,vol4 ,i41 p4 #aha7 seems to h be5 !    
f\nd] ( ! doctr9e t ! anci5t alum5 0    
vitriol1 & scores ( au?orities seem to h
 adopt$ 8 argum5ts )\t inquiry1 until t 
belief is n[ g5]al4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/     
reasons put =w>d 0 t alum does n occur  
native 9 appreciable quantities4 ,ap>t f
 ! fact t ! weight ( ?is argum5t has be5
 lo/ by ! discov]y t alum does occur 9  
nature to "s ext5t z an aft]ma? (       

volcanic action1 & z an effloresc5ce f  
argillace\s rocks1 we see no reason :y !
 ,anci5ts may n h prep>$ x artificially4
 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ m5tions ( su* a sub/ance
 is by ,h]odotus 7,,ii41 #ahj7 ( a ?\s& 
tal5ts ( /ypt]ia1 s5t by ,amasis f      
,egypt z a contribution to ! rebuild+ ( 
! temple ( ,delphi4 ,diodorus 7,v41 #a7 
m5tions ! abundance :i* 0 secur$ f !    
,lip>i ,isl&s 7,/romboli1 etc471 & a    
small quantity f ! ,isle ( ,melos4      
,dioscorides 7,v41 #hb7 m5tions ,egypt1 
,lip>i ,isl&s1 ,melos1 ,s>d9ia1 ,arm5ia1
 etc41 & g5]ally 9 any o!r places :]e "o
 f9ds r$ o*re 7rubrica74 ,pl9y 7,,xxxv41
 #eb7 gives ^! same localities1 & is m  
explicit z to h[ x orig9ates--f an e>?y 
wat] :i* exudes f ! e>?4 ,( ^!          
localities1 ! ,lip>i ,isl&s 7,/romboli1 
etc471 & ,melos are volcanic en\gh1 &   
bo? ,lip>i & ,melos are n[ kn[n to      
produce natural alum 7,dana4 ,sy/4 ,m941
 p4 #ie2 & ,t\rne=t1 ,relation d'un     
voyage du ,levant4 ,london1 #agag1      
,lettre ,,iv41 ,vol4 #a474 ,fur!r1 !    

hair-l alum ( ,dioscorides1 repeat$ by  
,pl9y bel[1 0 q conceivably fibr\s      
kal9ite1 native pota% alum1 :i* occurs  
commonly z an effloresc5ce4 ,be ! "q (  
native alum z x may--& vitriol is n mu* 
m common--our own view t ! anci5t alum5 
0 alum1 is equally bas$ ^u ! artificial 
product4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! subject1 we   
consid] x desirable to set out !        
prop]ties ( ! anci5t sub/ance1 a        
complete review ( :i* is giv5 by ,pl9y  
7,,xxxv41 #eb71 he obvi\sly quot+ also f
 ,dioscorides1 :i*1 !re=e1 we d n ne$ to
 reproduce4 ,pl9y says3--  ,n less      
important1 or inde$ dissimil>1 are !    
uses made ( alum52 by :i* "n is und]/ood
 a sort ( salty e>?4 ,( ?is1 !re are    
sev]al k9ds4 ,9 ,cyprus !re is a :ite   
alum51 & a d>k] k9d4 ,!re is n a great  
diff]5ce 9 _! col\r1 ?\gh ! uses made ( 
!m are v dissimil>1--! :ite alum5 be+   
employ$ 9 a liquid /ate = dye+ wool     
bright col\rs1 & ! d>k-col\r$ alum51 on 
! o!r h&1 = giv+ wool a sombre t9t4     
,gold is purifi$ ) black alum54 ,e k9d (

 alum5 is f a limus wat] :i* exudes f ! 
e>?4 ,! collection ( x comm5ces 9 w9t]1 
& x is dri$ by ! summ] sun4 ,t portion (
 x :i* fir/ matures is ! :ite/4 ,x is   
obta9$ 9 ,spa91 ,egypt1 ,arm5ia1        
,mac$onia1 ,pontus1 ,africa1 & ! isl&s (
 ,s>d9ia1 ,melos1 ,lip>i1 & ,/rongyle2 !
 mo/ e/eem$1 h[ev]1 is t ( ,egypt1 !    
next be/ f ,melos4 ,( ?is la/ !re are   
two k9ds1 ! liquid alum51 & ! solid4    
,liquid alum51 to be good1 %\ld be ( a  
limpid & milky appe>ance2 :5 rubb$1 x   
%\ld be )\t r\ghness1 & %\ld give a     
little heat4 ,?is is call$ phorimon4 ,! 
mode ( detect+ :e!r x has be5 adult]at$ 
is by pomegranate juice1 =1 if g5u9e1 ! 
mixture turns black4 ,! o!r1 or solid1  
is pale & r\gh & turns d>k ) nut-galls2 
= :i* reason x is call$ p>aphoron4      
,liquid alum5 is naturally a/r+5t1      
indurative1 & corrosive2 us$ 9          
comb9ation ) honey1 x heals             
ulc]ations4444 ,!re is "o k9d ( solid   
alum51 call$ by ! ,greeks s*i/os1 :i*   
splits into filam5ts ( a :iti% col\r2 = 

:i* reason "s pref] call+ x tri*itis    
7hair l74 ,alum5 is produc$ f ! /one    
*alcitis1 f :i* copp] is also made1 be+ 
a sort ( coagulat$ scum f t /one4 ,?is  
k9d ( alum5 is less a/r+5t ?an ! o!rs1 &
 is less useful z a *eck ^u bad hum\rs (
 ! body4444 ,! mode ( prep>+ x is to    
cook x 9 a pan until x has ceas$ be+ a  
liquid4 ,!re is ano!r v>iety ( alum5    
also1 ( a less active nature1 call$     
/rongyle4 ,x is ( two k9ds4 ,! fung\s1  
:i* easily dissolves1 is utt]ly         
condemn$4 ,! bett] k9d is ! pumice-l    
k9d1 full ( small holes l a sponge1 & is
 9 r\nd pieces1 m ne>ly :ite 9 col\r1   
some:at greasy1 free f grit1 friable1 & 
does n /a9 black4 ,?is la/ k9d is cook$ 
by itself ^u *>coal until x is r$uc$ to 
pure a%es4 ,! be/ k9d ( all is t call$  
mel9um1 f ! ,isle ( ,melos1 z ,i h said1
 none be+ m effectual z an a/r+5t1 =    
/a9+ black1 & = indurat+1 & none becomes
 m dry4444 ,above all o!r prop]ties (   
alum5 is its rem>kable a/r+5cy1 :5ce its
 ,greek "n4444 ,x is inject$ = dys5try &

 employ$ z a g>gle4 ,! l9es omitt$ ref] 
entirely to m$ical matt]s :i* h no be>+ 
"h4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph 7(t5 ov]look$7 f 
,pl9y 7,,xxxv41 #db7 also has an        
important be>+ ^u ! subject3--,9 ,egypt 
!y employ a wond]ful me?od ( dye+4 ,!   
:ite clo?1 aft] x is press$1 is /a9$ 9  
v>i\s places1 n ) dye /uffs1 b )        
sub/ances :i* absorb col\rs4 ,^!        
applications are n app>5t on ! clo?1 b  
:5 x is imm]s$ 9 a caldron ( hot dye x  
is remov$ ! next mom5t brightly col\r$4 
,! rem>kable circum/ance is t al?\gh !re
 be only "o dye 9 ! caldron yet diff]5t 
col\rs appe> 9 ! clo?4  ,x is obvi\s f  
,pl9y's description above1 & also f !   
mak+ ( vitriol 7see ,note #aa1 p4 #egb71
 t ?is sub/ance 0 obta9$ f liquor       
result+ f natural or artificial         
lixiviation ( rocks--9 ! case ( vitriols
 und\bt$ly ! result ( decomposition (   
pyritif]\s rocks 7su* z *alcitis74 ,su* 
liquors are b\nd to conta9 alum9um      
sulphate if !re is any e>? or clay ab\t1
 & :e!r !y conta9$ alum w\ld be a "q (  

an alkali be+ pres5t4 ,if no alkali 7   
pres5t 9 ?is liquor1 vitriol w\ld       
cry/allize out fir/1 & subsequ5t        
cond5sation w\ld yield alum9um sulphate4
 ,if alkali 7 pres5t1 ! alum w\ld       
cry/allize out ei!r be=e or ) ! vitriol4
 ,pl9y's rem>k1 t portion ( x :i* fir/  
matures is :ite/1 agrees well en\gh )   
?is hypo!sis4 ,no "o w d\bt t "s ( !    
prop]ties m5tion$ above belong peculi>ly
 to vitriol1 b equally conv9c+ are      
prop]ties & uses t belong to alum alone4
 ,! /rongly a/r+5t ta/e1 :ite col\r1 &  
injection = dys5try1 are m peculi> to   
alum ?an to vitriol4 ,b above all o!r   
prop]ties is t display$ 9 dye+1 =       
c]ta9ly if we read ?is la/ quotation f  
,pl9y 9 conjunction ) ! /atem5t t :ite  
alum5 produces bright col\rs & ! d>k    
k9d1 sombre col\rs1 we h ! exact        
reactions ( alum & vitriol :5 us$ z     
mordants4 ,!re=e1 our view is t ! anci5t
 salt ( ?is "* 0 a m or less impure     
mixture rang+ f alum to vitriol--! :it] 
! bett]4 ,fur!r1 consid]+ ! anci5t k (  

soda 7nitrum71 & ! habit ( mix+ x into  
almo/ ev]y?+1 x does n require mu*      
flight ( imag9ation to conceive its     
admixture to ! wat]1 & ! absolute       
production ( alum4  ,:atev] may h be5 ! 
confusion betwe5 alum & vitriol among ! 
,anci5ts1 x appe>s t by ! "t ( ! works  
attribut$ to ,geb] 7#ab? or #ac?        
,c5tury71 ! diff]5ce 0 well kn[n4 ,8 "w 
7,inve/igationes p]fectiones1 ,,iv47    
ref]s to alum5 glaciale & alum5 jam5i z 
di/+ui%$ f vitriol1 & gives *>act]i/ic  
reactions :i* c leave no d\bt z to !    
di/9ction4 ,we may rem>k "h t ! repeat$ 
/atem5t app>5tly aris+ f ,mey] 7,hi/ory 
( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #ea7 t ,geb] us$ ! t]m   
alum de rocca is untrue1 ?is t]m n      
appe>+ 9 ! e>ly ,lat9 translations4     
,dur+ ! #ae? ,c5tury alum did come to be
 kn[n 9 ,europe z alum de rocca4 ,v>i\s 
attempts h be5 made to expla9 ! orig9 ( 
?is t]m1 rang+ f ! ,italian root1 a     
rock1 to ! t[n ( ,rocca 9 ,syria1 :]e   
alum 0 suppos$ to h be5 produc$4 ,9 any 
ev5t1 ! supply = a long p]iod prior to !

 middle ( ! #ae? ,c5tury came f ,turkey1
 & ! orig9 ( ! me?ods ( manufacture     
describ$ by ,agricola1 & us$ d[n to !   
pres5t day1 mu/ h come f ! ,ori5t4  ,9 !
 e>ly "p ( ! #ae? ,c5tury1 a l>ge trade 
9 alum 0 done betwe5 ,italy & ,asia     
,m9or1 & ev5tually v>i\s ,italians      
e/abli%$ !mselves ne> ,con/ant9ople &   
,smyrna = its manufacture 7,dudae1      
,hi/oria ,byzant9a ,v5etia1 #agbi1 p4   
#ga74 ,! alum 0 secur$ by burn+ ! rock1 
& lixiviation4 ,) ! capture (           
,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks 7#adec71 great
 feel+ grew up 9 ,italy ov] ! necessity 
( buy+ ?is requisite = _! dye+          
e/abli%m5ts f ! infidel1 & consid]able  
ex]tion 0 made to f9d o!r s\rces (      
supply4 ,"s m9or works 7 attempt$1 b    
no?+ mu* ev5tuat$ until ! appe>ance ( "o
 ,john de ,ca/ro4 ,f ! ,comm5t>ies (    
,pope ,pius ,,ii4 7#afad1 p4 #ahe71 x   
appe>s t ?is ,italian _h be5 engag$ 9   
dye+ clo? 9 ,con/ant9ople1 & ?us became 
aw>e ( ! me?ods ( mak+ alum4 ,driv5 out 
( t city ?r\gh its capture by ! ,turks1 

he return$ to ,italy & obta9$ an (fice  
"u ! ,apo/olic ,*amb]4 ,:ile 9 ?is      
occupation he discov]$ a rock at ,tolfa 
:i* appe>$ to him id5tical ) t us$ at   
,con/ant9ople 9 alum manufacture4 ,aft] 
exp]im5tal "w1 he s\ght ! aid ( ! ,pope1
 :i* he obta9$ aft] mu* vicissitude4    
,exp]ts 7 s5t1 :o aft] exam9ation %$    
te>s ( joy1 !y kneel+ d[n ?ree times1   
wor%ipp$ ,god & prais$ ,8 k9dness 9     
conf]r+ su* a gift on _! age4 ,ca/ro 0  
rew>d$1 & ! great papal monopoly 0      
gradually built ^u ?is discov]y4 ,!     
indu/ry firmly e/abli%$ at ,tolfa exi/s 
to ! pres5t day1 & is ! s\rce ( ! ,roman
 alum ( comm]ce4 ,! ,pope ma9ta9$ ?is   
monopoly /r5u\sly1 by fair means & by   
excommunication1 gradually advanc+ !    
price until ! consum]s _h great]        
compla9t ?an aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,! hi/ory (
 ! disputes aris+ ov] ! papal alum      
monopoly w\ld alone fill a volume4  ,by 
! middle ( ! #ae? ,c5tury alum 0 be+    
made 9 ,spa91 ,holl&1 & ,g]many1 & lat] 
9 ,engl&4 ,9 h] ef=ts to enc\rage home  

indu/ries & escape ! tribute to ! ,pope1
 ,elizabe? 7see ,note on p4 #bhc7 invit$
 ov] c]ta9 =eign *ymi/es & m9]al ma/]s &
 gave !m special grants to induce !m to 
settle 9 ^! realmes4 ,among !m 0        
,cornelius ,devoz1 to :om 0 grant$ !    
privilege ( m9+ & digg+ 9 our ,realm (  
,engl& = allom & copp]as4 ,:at ,devoz   
accompli%$ is n record$1 b ! fir/ alum  
manufacture on a consid]able scale seems
 to h be5 9 ,york%ire1 by "o ,?omas     
,*alon] 7ab\t #afjh71 :o 0 suppos$ to h 
s$uc$ workm5 f ! ,pope's alum works at  
,tolfa1 = :i* he 0 duly curs$ ) all !   
weight ( ! ,pope & ,*ur*4 7,p5nant1 ,t\r
 ( ,scotl&1 #aghf74  #aa ,! t]m =       
vitriol us$ by ! ,roman au?ors1 foll[$  
by ,agricola1 is atram5tum sutorium1    
lit]ally %oemak]'s black+1 ! t]m no d\bt
 aris+ f its anci5t 7& mod]n7 use =     
black5+ lea!r4 ,! ,greek t]m 0          
*alcan?on4 ,! t]m vitriol seems fir/ to 
appe> 9 ,alb]tus ,magnus 7,de           
,m9]alibus1 ,lib] ,v471 :o di$ 9 #abhj1 
:]e he uses ! expression atram5tum      

viride a quibusdam vitreolum vocatur4   
,agricola 7,de ,nat4 ,foss41 p4 #bac7   
/ates1 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! "n vitriolum has 
be5 giv5 to x4 ,! fir/ adequate         
description ( vitriol is by ,dioscorides
 7,v41 #gf71 z foll[s3--,vitriol        
7*alcan?on7 is ( "o g5us1 & is a        
solidifi$ liquid1 b x has ?ree diff]5t  
species4 ,"o is =m$ f ! liquids :i*     
trickle d[n drop by drop & congeal 9    
c]ta9 m9es2 !re=e ^? :o "w 9 ! ,cyprian 
m9es call x /alactis4 ,petesius calls   
?is k9d p9>ion4 ,! second k9d is t :i*  
collects 9 c]ta9 cav]ns2 aft]w>d x is   
p\r$ into tr5*es1 :]e x congeals1 :5ce x
 d]ives its "n pectos4 ,! ?ird k9d is   
call$ heph?on & is mo/ly made 9 ,spa92 x
 has a beautiful col\r b is weak4 ,!    
mann] ( prep>+ x is z foll[s3 dissolv+ x
 9 wat]1 !y boil x1 & !n !y transf] x to
 ci/]ns & leave x to settle4 ,aft] a    
c]ta9 numb] ( days x congeals & sep>ates
 into _m small pieces1 hav+ ! =m ( dice1
 :i* /ick toge!r l grapes4 ,! mo/ valu$ 
is blue1 heavy1 d5se1 & transluc5t4     

,pl9y 7,,xxxiv41 #cb7 says3--,by ! "n   
:i* !y h giv5 to x1 ! ,greeks indicate !
 simil> nature ( copp] & atram5tum      
sutorium1 = !y call x *alcan?on4 ,!re is
 no sub/ance ( an equally miracul\s     
nature4 ,x is made 9 ,spa9 f wells ( ?is
 k9d ( wat]4 ,?is wat] is boil$ ) an    
equal quantity ( pure wat]1 & is !n p\r$
 into wood5 tanks 7fi% ponds74 ,across  
^! tanks !re are fix$ beams1 to :i* hang
 cords /ret*$ by little /ones4 ,^u ^!   
cords adh]es ! limus 7,agricola's       
'juice'7 9 drops ( a vitre\s appe>ance1 
some:at resembl+ a bun* ( grapes4 ,aft] 
removal1 x is dri$ = ?irty days4 ,x is (
 a blue col\r1 & ( a brilliant lu/re1 & 
is v l glass4 ,its solution is ! black+ 
us$ = col\r+ lea!r4 ,*alcan?on is made 9
 _m o!r ways3 its k9d ( e>? is sometimes
 dug f dit*es1 f ! sides ( :i* exude    
drops1 :i* solidify by ! w9t] fro/s into
 icicles1 call$ /alagmia1 & !re is none 
m pure4 ,:5 its col\r is ne>ly :ite1 ) a
 slight t+e ( violet1 x is call$        
leukoion4 ,x is also made 9 rock bas9s1 

! ra9 wat] collect+ ! limus into !m1 :]e
 x becomes h>d5$4 ,x is also made 9 !   
same way z salt by ! int5se heat ( !    
sun4 ,h5ce x is t "s di/+ui% two k9ds1 !
 m9]al & ! artificial2 ! latt] be+ pal] 
?an ! =m] & z mu* inf]ior to x 9 quality
 z x is 9 col\r4  ,:ile ,pl9y gives     
prom95ce to blue vitriol1 8 solution =  
col\r+ lea!r mu/ h be5 ! iron sulphate4 
,!re c be no d\bt f ! above1 h[ev]1 t   
bo? iron & copp] sulphates 7 kn[n to !  
,anci5ts4 ,f ! me?ods = mak+ vitriol    
giv5 "h 9 ,de ,re ,metallica1 x is      
evid5t t only ! iron sulphate w\ld be   
produc$1 = ! introduction ( iron /rips  
into ! vats w\ld effectually precipitate
 any copp]4 ,x is our belief t g5]ally  
?r\gh\t ?is "w1 ! iron sulphate is meant
 by ! t]m atram5tum sutorium4 ,9 ,de    
,natura ,fossilium 7p4 #bac-ae7         
,agricola gives ?ree v>ieties (         
atram5tum sutorium1--viride1 ca]uleum1 &
 c&idum1 i4e41 gre51 blue1 & :ite4 ,?us 
! fir/ m5tion ( :ite vitriol 7z9c       
sulphate7 appe>s to be due to him1 & he 

/ates fur!r 7p4 #bac73 ,a :ite sort is  
f\nd1 especially at ,gosl>1 9 ! %ape (  
icicles1 transp>5t l cry/als4 ,& on p4  
#bae3 ,s9ce ,i h expla9$ ! nature (     
vitriol & its relatives1 :i* are obta9$ 
f cuprif]\s pyrites1 ,i w next speak (  
an acrid solidifi$ juice :i* commonly   
comes f cadmia4 ,x is f\nd at ,annab]g 9
 ! tunnel driv5 to ! ,sa9t ,otto m9e2 x 
is h>d & :ite1 & s acrid t x kills mice1
 crickets1 & e k9d ( animal4 ,h[ev]1 t  
fea!ry sub/ance :i* oozes out f ! m\nta9
 rocks & ! ?ick sub/ance f\nd hang+ 9   
tunnels & caves f :i* saltpetre is made1
 :ile frequ5tly acrid1 does n come f    
cadmia4 ,dana 7,sy/4 ( ,m941 p4 #ici7   
id5tifies ?is z ,gosl>ite--native z9c   
sulphate4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t     
artificial z9c vitriol 0 made 9         
,agricola's "t4 ,s*luet] 7,huette-,w]k51
 ,brauns*weig #agch1 p4 #eig7 /ates x to
 h be5 made = ! fir/ "t at ,rammelsb]g  
ab\t #aegj4  ,x is desirable "h to      
enquire into ! nature ( ! sub/ances giv5
 by all ( ! old m9]alogi/s "u ! ,lat9iz$

 ,greek t]ms *alcitis1 misy1 sory1 &    
melant]ia4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( ^! m9]als is
 9 ,dioscorides1 :o 7,v41 #ge-gg7 says3 
,! be/ *alcitis is l copp]4 ,x is       
friable1 n /ony1 & is int]sect$ by long 
brilliant ve9s4444 ,misy is obta9$ f    
,cyprus2 x %\ld h ! appe>ance ( gold1 be
 h>d1 & :5 pulv]is$ x %\ld h ! col\r (  
gold & sp>kle l />s4 ,x has ! same      
prop]ties z *alcitis4444 ,! be/ is f    
,egypt4444 ,"o k9d ( melant]ia congeals 
l salt 9 ! entries to copp] m9es4 ,! o!r
 k9d is e>?y & appe>s on ! surface ( !  
a=esaid m9es4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! m9es (     
,cilicia & o!r regions4 ,! be/ has !    
col\r ( sulphur1 is smoo?1 pure1        
homog5\s1 & ^u contact ) wat] imm$iately
 becomes black4444 ,^? :o consid] sory  
to be ! same z melant]ia1 err greatly4  
,sory is a species ( its own1 ?\gh x is 
n dissimil>4 ,! smell ( sory is         
oppressive & provokes nausea4 ,x is f\nd
 9 ,egypt & 9 o!r regions1 z ,libya1    
,spa91 & ,cyprus4 ,! be/ is f ,egypt1 & 
:5 brok5 is black1 por\s1 greasy1 &     

a/r+5t4 ,pl9y 7,,xxxiv41 #bi-ca7        
says3--,t is call$ *alcitis f :i*1 z    
well z itself copp] 787 is extract$ by  
heat4 ,x diff]s f cadmia 9 t ?is is     
obta9$ f rocks ne> ! surface1 :ile t is 
tak5 f rocks bel[ ! surface4 ,also      
*alcitis is imm$iately friable1 be+     
naturally s s(t z to appe> l compress$  
wool4 ,!re is also ?is o!r di/9ction2   
*alcitis conta9s ?ree o!r sub/ances1    
copp]1 misy1 & sory4 ,( ea* ( ^! we %all
 speak 9 _! appropriate places4 ,x      
conta9s elongat$ copp] ve9s4 ,! mo/     
approv$ k9d is ( ! col\r ( honey2 x is  
/reak$ ) f9e s9u\s ve9s & is friable & n
 /ony4 ,x is consid]$ mo/ valuable :5   
fre%4444 ,! sory ( ,egypt is ! mo/      
e/eem$1 be+ mu* sup]ior to t ( ,cyprus1 
,spa91 & ,africa2 al?\gh "s pref] ! sory
 f ,cyprus = affections ( ! eyes4 ,b f  
:atev] nation x comes1 ! be/ is t :i*   
has ! /ronge/ od\r1 & :i*1 :5 gr\nd up1 
becomes greasy1 black1 & spongy4 ,x is a
 sub/ance s unpleasant to ! /oma* t "s  
p]sons are nauseat$ by its smell4 ,"s   

say t misy is made by ! burn+ ( /ones 9 
tr5*es1 its f9e yell[ p[d] be+ mix$ ) ! 
a%es ( p9e-wood4 ,! tru? is1 z ,i said  
above1 t ?\gh obta9$ f ! /one1 x is     
already made & 9 solid masses1 :i*      
require =ce to deta* !m4 ,! be/ comes f 
! works ( ,cyprus1 its *>act]i/ics be+ t
 :5 brok5 x sp>kles l gold1 & :5 gr\nd x
 pres5ts a s&y appe>ance1 b on !        
contr>y1 if heat$1 x is simil> to       
*alcitis4 ,misy is us$ 9 ref9+ gold4444 
,agricola's views on ! subject appe> 9  
,de ,natura ,fossilium4 ,he says 7p4    
#bab73--,! cuprif]\s pyrites 7pyrites   
a]osus7 call$ *alcitis is ! "m & cause (
 sory--:i* is likewise kn[n z m9e       
vitriol 7atram5tum metallicum7--&       
melant]ia4 ,^! 9 turn yield vitriol &   
su* relat$ ?+s4 ,?is may be se5         
especially at ,gosl>1 :]e ! nodul> lumps
 ( d>k grey col\r are call$ vitriol /one
 7lapis atram5ti74 ,9 ! c5tre ( !m is   
f\nd greyi% pyrites1 almo/ dissolv$1 !  
size ( a walnut4 ,x is enclos$ on all   
sides1 sometimes by sory1 sometimes by  

melant]ia4 ,f !m />t little ve9lets (   
gre5i% vitriol :i* spread all ov] x1    
pres5t+ some:at ! appe>ance ( hairs     
ext5d+ 9 all directions & coh]+         
toge!r4444 ,!re are five species ( ?is  
solidifi$ juice1 melant]ia1 sory1       
*alcitis1 misy1 & vitriol4 ,sometimes _m
 are f\nd 9 "o place1 sometimes all (   
!m1 = "o orig9ates f ! o!r4 ,f pyrites1 
:i* is1 z "o might say1 ! root ( all ^! 
juices1 orig9ates ! above-m5tion$ sory &
 melant]ia4 ,f sory1 *alcitis1 &        
melant]ia orig9ate ! v>i\s k9ds (       
vitriol4444 ,sory1 melant]ia1 *alcitis1 
& misy are always native2 vitriol alone 
is ei!r native or artificial4 ,f !m     
vitriol effloresces :ite1 & sometimes   
gre5 or blue4 ,misy effloresces n only f
 sory1 melant]ia1 & *alcitis1 b also f  
all ! vitriols1 artificial z well z     
natural4444 ,sory & melant]ia diff]     
some:at f ! o!rs1 b !y are ( ! same     
col\rs1 grey & black2 b *alcitis is r$ &
 copp]-col\r$2 misy is yell[ or         
gold-col\r$4 ,all ^! native v>ieties h !

 od\r ( lightn+ 7brim/one71 b sory is ! 
mo/ p[]ful4 ,! fea!ry vitriol is s(t &  
f9e & hair-l1 & melant]ia has !         
appe>ance ( wool & x has a simil>ity to 
salt2 all ^! are r>e & light2 sory1     
*alcitis1 & misy h ! foll[+ relations4  
,sory because ( its d5sity has ! h>dness
 ( /one1 al?\gh its texture is v co>se4 
,misy has a v f9e texture4 ,*alcitis is 
betwe5 ! two2 because ( its r\ghness &  
/rong od\r x diff]s f melant]ia1 al?\gh 
!y d n diff] 9 col\r4 ,! vitriols1 :e!r 
natural or artificial1 are h>d & d5se   
444 z reg>d+ %ape1 sory1 *alcitis1 misy1
 & melant]ia are nodul>1 b sory is      
occasionally por\s1 :i* is peculi> to x4
 ,misy :5 x effloresces 9 no great      
quantity f ! o!rs is l a k9d ( poll51   
o!rwise x is nodul>4 ,melant]ia         
sometimes resembles wool1 sometimes     
salt4  ,! sum & sub/ance1 !re=e1 appe>s 
to be t misy is a yell[i% mat]ial1      
possibly o*re1 & sory a blacki% /one1   
bo? impregnat$ ) vitriol4 ,*alcitis is a
 p>tially decompos$ pyrites2 & melant]ia

 is no d\bt native vitriol4 ,f ?is la/  
t]m comes ! mod]n melant]ite1 native    
hydr\s f]r\s sulphate4 ,dana 7,sy/em (  
,m9]alogy1 p4 #ifd7 consid]s misy to be 
9 "p copiapite--basic f]ric sulphate--b 
any su* "p w\ld n come "u ,agricola's   
objection to x z a s\rce ( vitriol4 ,!  
disabilities ( ?is & *alcitis may1      
h[ev]1 be due to _! copp] cont5t4  #ab  
,agricola 7,de ,nat4 ,fos41 #bba7       
says3--,!re is a species ( artificial   
sulphur made f sulphur & iron           
hamm]-scales1 melt$ toge!r & p\r$ into  
m\lds4 ,?is1 because x heals scabs (    
horses1 is g5]ally call$ caball9um4 ,x  
is difficult to believe su* a comb9ation
 0 o!r ?an iron sulphide1 b x is equally
 difficult to und]/& h[ x 0 s]viceable =
 ?is purpose4  #ac ,inasmu* z pyrites is
 discuss$ 9 ! next p>agraph1 ! mat]ial (
 ! fir/ di/illation appe>s to be native 
sulphur4 ,until ! receiv+ pots became   
heat$ above ! melt+ po9t ( ! sulphur1 ! 
product w\ld be fl[]s ( sulphur1 & n !  
wax-l product4 ,! equipm5t describ$ =   

pyrites 9 ! next p>agraph w\ld be       
obvi\sly useful only = co>se mat]ial4   
,b little c be said on ! hi/ory (       
sulphur2 x is m5tion$ (t5 en\gh 9 !     
,bible & also by ,hom] 7,od4 ,,xxii41   
#dha74 ,! ,greeks app>5tly knew h[ to   
ref9e x1 al?\gh nei!r ,dioscorides nor  
,pl9y specifically describes su* an     
op]ation4 ,agricola says 7,de ,nat4     
,fos41 #bbj73 ,sulphur is ( two k9ds2 ! 
m9]al1 :i* ! ,lat9s call vivum1 & !     
,greeks apyron1 :i* means 'n expos$ to !
 fire' 7ignem non exp]tum7 z rightly    
int]pret$ by ,celsius2 & ! artificial1  
call$ by ! ,greeks pepyrom5on1 t is1    
'expos$ to ! fire4' ,9 ,book ,x41 !     
expression sulfur ignem non exp]tum     
frequ5tly appe>s1 no d\bt 9 ,agricola's 
m9d = native sulphur1 al?\gh x is q     
possible t ! ,greek di/9ction 0 betwe5  
fl[]s ( sulphur & ! wax-l v>iety4  #ad  
,! sub/ances ref]r$ to "u ! names       
bitum51 asphalt1 mal?a1 naph?a1         
petroleum1 rock-oil1 etc41 h be5 kn[n & 
us$ f mo/ anci5t times1 & mu* ( our     

mod]n nom5clature is ( actual ,greek &  
,roman ance/ry4 ,^! peoples di/+ui%$    
?ree relat$ sub/ances1--! ,greek        
asphaltos & ,roman bitum5 = ! h>d       
mat]ial1--,greek pissasphaltos & ,roman 
mal?a = ! visc\s1 pit*y v>iety--&       
occasionally ! ,greek naph?a & ,roman   
naph?a = petroleum prop]1 al?\gh x is   
(t5 en\gh ref]r$ to z liquid bitum5 or  
liquid asphaltos4 ,! t]m petroleum      
app>5tly fir/ appe>s 9 ,agricola's ,de  
,natura ,fossilium 7p4 #bbb71 :]e he    
says ! oil ( bitum5 444 n[ call$        
petroleum4 ,bitum5 0 us$ by ! ,egyptians
 = embalm+ f pre-hi/oric times1 i4e41   
prior to #ejjj ,b4,c41 ! t]m mummy aris+
 f ! ,p]sian ^w = bitum51 mumiai4 ,x is 
m5tion$ 9 ! tribute f ,babylonia to     
,?otmes ,,iii41 :o liv$ ab\t #aejj      
,b4,c4 7,wilk9son1 ,anci5t ,egyptians   
,i41 p4 #cig74 ,! ,egyptians1 h[ev]1 did
 n ne$ to g fur!r afield ?an ! ,s9ai    
,p59sula = abundant supplies4 ,bitum5 is
 (t5 cit$ z ! real mean+ ( ! slime      
m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis 7,,xi41 #c2 ,,xiv41   

#aj71 & us$ 9 build+ ! ,t[] ( ,babel4   
,!re is no p>ticul> reason = ?is        
assumption1 except ! g5]al association (
 ,babel1 ,babylon1 & ,bitum54 ,h[ev]1 ! 
,hebrew ^w sift = pit* or bitum5 does   
occur z ! cem5t us$ = ,moses's bulru%   
cradle 7,exodus ,,ii41 #c71 & ,moses is 
g5]ally acc\nt$ ab\t #acjj ,b4,c4 ,o!r  
attempts to connect ,biblical ref]5ce to
 petroleum & bitum5 revolve ar\nd ,job  
,,xxix41 #f1 ,deut4 ,,xxxii41 #ac1      
,maccabees ,,ii41 ,i1 #ah1 ,mat!w ,v41  
#ac1 b all require an unnecess>y /ra9 on
 ! imag9ation4  ,! pl5tiful occurr5ce ( 
bitum5 ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or1 & p>ticul>ly
 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,euphrates & 9 ,p]sia1 
is ! subject ( innum]able ref]5ces by   
writ]s f ,h]odotus 7#dhd-dbd ,b4,c47 d[n
 to ! au?or ( ! company prospectus (    
rec5t mon?s4 ,h]odotus 7,i41 #agi7 &    
,diodorus ,siculus 7,i7 /ate t ! walls (
 ,babylon 7 mort>$ ) bitum5--a fact     
p>tially corroborat$ by mod]n           
inve/igation4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t by      
,h]odotus 7,,vi41 #aai7 is probably !   

s\rce f :i* ,pl9y drew ! in=mation :i*  
,agricola quotes above4 ,9 ref]r+ to a  
well at ,ard]icca1 a place ab\t #dj     
miles f anci5t ,susa1 9 ,p]sia1         
,h]odotus says3--,= f ! well !y get     
bitum51 salt1 & oil1 procur+ x 9 ! way t
 ,i w n[ describe3 !y draw ) a swipe1 & 
in/ead ( a bucket !y make use ( ! half (
 a w9e-sk92 ) ?is ! man dips &1 aft]    
draw+1 p\rs ! liquid into a res]voir1   
:]efrom x passes into ano!r1 & !re takes
 ?ree diff]5t %apes4 ,! salt & bitum5   
=?) collect & h>d51 :ile ! oil is drawn 
(f into casks4 ,x is call$ by ! ,p]sians
 rhad9ace1 is black1 & has an unpleasant
 smell4 7,rawl9son's ,trans4 ,,iii41 p4 
#dji74 ,! /atem5t f ,pl9y 7,,xxxi41 #ci7
 "h ref]r$ to by ,agricola1 reads3--,x  
7salt7 is made f wat] ( wells p\r$ into 
salt-pans4 ,at ,babylon ! fir/ cond5s$  
is a bitum9\s liquid l oil :i* is burn$ 
9 lamps4 ,:5 ?is is tak5 (f1 salt is    
f\nd b5ea?4 ,9 ,cappadocia also ! wat] f
 bo? wells & spr+s is p\r$ into         
salt-pans4 ,:5 petroleum began to be us$

 z an illum9ant x is impossible to say4 
,a passage 9 ,ari/otle's ,de            
,mirabilibus 7#abg7 is (t5 quot$1 b 9   
reality x ref]s only to a burn+ spr+1 a 
ph5om5on not$ by _m writ]s1 b f :i* to  
its practical use is n a great /ep4 ,!  
fir/ really def9ite /atem5t z to ! use (
 petroleum z an illum9ant is ,/rabo's   
quotation 7,,xvi41 #a1 #ae7 f           
,posidonius3 ,asphaltus is f\nd 9 great 
abundance 9 ,babylonia4 ,erato/h5es     
describes x z foll[s3--,! liquid        
asphaltus1 :i* is call$ naph?a1 is f\nd 
9 ,susa2 ! dry k9d1 :i* c be made solid1
 9 ,babylonia4 ,!re is a spr+ ( x ne> ! 
,euphrates4444 ,o!rs say t ! liquid k9d 
is also f\nd 9 ,babylonia4444 ,! liquid 
k9d1 call$ naph?a1 is ( a s+ul> nature4 
,:5 x is br\ght ne> ! fire1 ! fire      
cat*es x4444 ,posidonius says t !re are 
spr+s ( naph?a 9 ,babylonia1 "s ( :i*   
produce :ite1 o!rs black naph?a2 ! fir/ 
( ^!1 ,i mean :ite naph?a1 :i* attracts 
flame1 is liquid sulphur2 ! second or   
black naph?a is liquid asphaltus1 & is  

burnt 9 lamps in/ead ( oil4 7,hamilton's
 ,translation1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #aea74  
,erato/h5es liv$ ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 &    
,posidonius ab\t #ajj ye>s lat]4        
,dioscorides 7,i41 #hc71 aft] discuss+ !
 usual s\rces ( bitum5 says3 ,x is f\nd 
9 a liquid /ate 9 ,agrig5tum 9 ,sicily1 
fl[+ on /reams2 !y use x = lights 9     
lant]ns 9 place ( oil4 ,^? :o call !    
,sicilian k9d oil are "u a delusion1 = x
 is agre$ t x is a k9d ( liquid bitum54 
,pl9y adds no?+ mu* new to ! above      
quotations1 except 9 reg>d to ^! same   
spr+s 7,,xxxv41 #ea7 t ,! inhabitants   
collect x on ! panicles ( re$s1 to :i* x
 quickly adh]es & !y use x = burn+ 9    
lamps in/ead ( oil4 ,agricola 7,de      
,natura ,fossilium1 ,book ,,iv47        
classifies petroleum1 coal1 jet1 &      
obsidian1 camphor1 & amb] z v>ieties (  
bitum51 & devotes mu* space to !        
refutation ( ! claims t ! la/ two are ( 
vegetable orig94  #ae ,agricola 7,de    
,natura ,fossilium1 p4 #bae7 9 discuss+ 
sub/ances :i* orig9ate f copp]1 gives   

among !m gre5 *rysocolla 7z di/+ui%$ f  
borax1 etc41 see ,note #h above71 &     
says3 ,native *rysocolla orig9ates 9    
ve9s & ve9lets1 & is f\nd mo/ly by      
itself l s&1 or adh]+ to metallic       
sub/ances1 & :5 scrap$ (f f ?is appe>s  
simil> to its own s&4 ,occasionally x is
 s ?9 t v little c be scrap$ (f4 ,or    
else x occurs 9 wat]s :i*1 z ,i h said1 
wa% ^! m9]als1 & aft]w>d x settles z a  
p[d]4 ,at ,neusohl 9 ! ,c>pa?ians1 gre5 
wat] fl[+ f an anci5t tunnel we>s away  
?is *rysocolla ) x4 ,! wat] is collect$ 
9 ?irty l>ge res]voirs1 :]e x deposits !
 *rysocolla z a s$im5t1 :i* !y collect e
 ye> & sell1--z a pigm5t4 ,?is          
description ( its occurr5ce w\ld apply  
equally well to mod]n *rysocolla or to  
mala*ite4 ,! solution f copp] ores w\ld 
deposit "s sort ( gre5 incru/ation1 (   
c>bonates mo/ly4  #af ,! /atem5t 9 ,pl9y
 7,,xxxvi41 #ff7 to :i* ,agricola ref]s 
is z foll[s3 ,!n z +5uity 0 n cont5t ) !
 mix+ ( nitrum1 !y began ! addition (   
lapis magnes1 because ( ! belief t x    

attracts liquefi$ glass z well z iron4  
,9 a simil> mann] _m k9ds ( brilliant   
/ones began to be add$ to ! melt+1 & !n 
%ells & fossil s&4 ,au?ors tell u t !   
glass ( ,india is made ( brok5 cry/al1 &
 9 consequ5ce no?+ c comp>e ) x4 ,light 
& dry wood is us$ = fus+1 cyprium       
7copp]87 & nitrum be+ add$1 p>ticul>ly  
nitrum f ,ophir etc4  ,a great deal (   
discussion has aris5 ov] ?is passage1 9 
connection ) :at ?is lapis magnes really
 04 ,pl9y 7,,xxxvi41 #be7 describes !   
lode/one "u ?is t]m1 b also says3 ,!re  
79 ,e?iopia7 also is haematites magnes1 
a /one ( blood col\r1 :i* %[s a r$ col\r
 if cru%$1 or ( saffron4 ,! haematites  
has n ! same prop]ty ( attract+ iron z  
magnes4 ,rely+ ^u ?is s5t5ce = an       
exception to ! ord9>y sort ( magnes1 &  
^u ! impossible *emical reaction        
involv$1 mo/ comm5tators h endeav\r$ to 
%[ t lode/one 0 n ! sub/ance meant by   
,pl9y1 b manganese1 & ?us !y f9d "h !   
fir/ k ( ?is m9]al4 ,!re c be little    
d\bt t ,pl9y assum$ x to be ! lode/one1 

& ,agricola also4 ,:e!r ! latt] _h any  
indep5d5t k on ?is po9t 9 glass-mak+ or 
0 m]ely quot+ ,pl9y--:i* seems          
probable--we d n "k4 ,9 any ev5t1       
,bir+uccio1 ^: "w prec$$ ,de ,re        
,metallica by fifte5 ye>s1 does         
def9itely m5tion manganese 9 ?is        
connection4 ,he dismisses ?is /atem5t ( 
,pl9y ) ! rem>k 7p4 #cg-ch73 ,! ,anci5ts
 wrote ab\t lode/ones1 z ,pl9y /ates1 & 
!y mix$ x toge!r ) nitrum 9 _! fir/     
ef=ts to make glass4 ,! foll[+ passage f
 ?is au?or 7p4 #cf-cg71 h[ev]1 is n only
 ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection1 b also z    
possibly be+ ! fir/ specific m5tion (   
manganese "u its own "n4 ,moreov]1 x has
 be5 g5]ally ov]look$ 9 ! _m discussions
 ( ! subject4 ,( a simil> nature 7to    
zaffir7 is also ano!r m9]al call$       
manganese1 :i* is f\nd1 besides 9       
,g]many1 at ! m\nta9 ( ,vit]bo 9        
,tuscany 444 x is ! col\r ( f]rigno     
scuro 7iron slag874 ,9 melt+ x "o _c    
obta9 any metal 444 b x gives a v f9e   
col\r to glass1 s t ! glass work]s use x

 9 _! pigm5ts to secure an azure        
col\r4444 ,x also has su* a prop]ty t :5
 put into melt$ glass x cleanses x &    
makes x :ite1 ev5 if x 7 gre5 or yell[4 
,9 a hot fire x goes (f 9 a vap\r l     
lead1 & turns into a%es4  ,to ent]      
compet5tly into ! discussion ( ! e>ly   
hi/ory ( glass-mak+ w\ld employ m space 
?an c be giv51 & w\ld lead b to a /]ile 
end4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! art 0 pre-,grecian1
 & t ! ,egyptians 7 possess$ ( "s k (   
mak+ & bl[+ x 9 ! ,,xi ,dyna/y 7accord+ 
to ,petrie #c1ejj ,b4,c471 ! wall pa9t+ 
at ,b5i ,hass51 :i* repres5ts           
glass-bl[+1 be+ attribut$ to t p]iod4 ,!
 rema9s ( a glass factory at ,tel el    
,am>na are believ$ to be ( ! ,,xviii    
,dyna/y4 7,petrie1 #a1ejj ,b4,c474 ,!   
art rea*$ a v high /ate ( developm5t    
among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,no          
discussion ( ?is subject omits ,pl9y's  
well-kn[n /ory 7,,xxxvi1 #fe71 :i* we   
also add3 ,! tradition is t a m]*ant %ip
 lad5 ) nitrum be+ moor$ at ?is place1 !
 m]*ants 7 prep>+ _! meal on ! bea*1 & n

 hav+ /ones to prop up _! pots1 !y us$  
lumps ( nitrum f ! %ip1 :i* fus$ & mix$ 
) ! s&s ( ! %ore1 & !re fl[$ /reams ( a 
new transluc5t liquid1 & ?us 0 ! orig9 (
 glass4     ,,app5dix ,a4               
,,agricola',s ,,works4  ,georgius       
,agricola 0 n only ! au?or ( works on   
,m9+ & alli$ subjects1 usually associat$
 ) 8 "n1 b he also int]e/$ himself to "s
 ext5t 9 political & religi\s subjects4 
,= conv5i5ce 9 discussion we may1 !re=e1
 divide 8 writ+s on ! broad l9es ( 7#a7 
works on m9+1 geology1 m9]alogy1 & alli$
 subjects2 7#b7 works on o!r subjects1  
m$ical1 religi\s1 critical1 political1 &
 hi/orical4 ,9 respect especially to !  
fir/ division1 & p>tially ) reg>d to !  
o!rs1 we f9d ?ree pr9cipal cases3 7a7   
,works :i* c be au!nticat$ 9 ,european  
libr>ies to-day2 7b7 ref]5ces to        
editions ( ^! 9 bibliographies1         
catalogues1 etc41 :i* we h be5 unable to
 au!nticate2 & 7c7 ref]5ces to works    
ei!r unpubli%$ or lo/4 ,! foll[+ are !  
%ort titles ( all ( ! publi%$ works :i* 

we h be5 able to f9d on ! subjects alli$
 to m9+1 arrang$ accord+ to _! pres5t   
importance3--,de ,re ,metallica1 fir/   
edition1 #aeef2 ,de ,natura ,fossilium1 
fir/ edition1 #aedf2 ,de ,ortu et       
,causis ,subt]raneorum1 fir/ edition1   
#aedf2 ,b]mannus1 fir/ edition1 #aecj2  
,r]um ,metallic>um ,int]pretatio1 fir/  
edition1 #aedf2 ,de ,m5suris et         
,pond]ibus1 fir/ edition1 #aecc2 ,de    
,precio ,metallorum et ,monetis1 fir/   
edition1 #aeej2 ,de ,vet]ibus et ,novis 
,metallis1 fir/ edition1 #aedf2 ,de     
,natura eorum quae ,effluunt ex ,t]ra1  
fir/ edition1 #aedf2 ,de ,animantibus   
,subt]raneis1 fir/ edition1 #aedi4  ,( !
 lo/ or unpubli%$ works1 on :i* !re is  
"s evid5ce1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/          
important3--,de ,metallicis et ,ma*9is1 
,de ,ortu ,metallorum ,def5sio ad       
,jacobum ,s*eckium1 ,de ,jure et        
,legibus ,metallicis1 ,de ,v>ia ,temp]ie
 sive ,con/itutione ,a]is1 ,de ,t]rae   
,motu1 & ,comm5t>iorum1 ,libri ,,vi4  ,!
 kn[n publi%$ works ^u o!r subjects are 

z foll[s3--,lat9 ,gramm>1 fir/ edition1 
#aebj2 ,two ,religi\s ,tracts1 fir/     
edition1 #aebb2 ,gal5 7,jo9t ,revision (
 ,greek ,text71 fir/ edition1 #aebe2 ,de
 ,bello adv]sus ,turcam1 fir/ edition1  
#aebh2 ,de ,pe/e1 fir/ edition1 #aeed4  
,! lo/ or p>tially complet$ works on    
subjects unrelat$ to m9+1 ( :i* "s trace
 has be5 f\nd1 are3--,de ,m$icatis      
,fontibus1 ,de ,putr$9e solidas p>tes1  
etc41 ,ca/igationes 9 ,hippocratem1     
,typographia ,mysnae et ,tor+iae1 ,de   
,traditionibus ,apo/olicis1 ,oratio de  
rebus ge/is ,erne/i et ,alb]ti1 ,ducum  
,saxoniae4   ,,review ,,( ,,pr9cipal    
,,works4  ,be=e proce$+ ) !             
bibliographical detail1 we consid] x    
desirable to review briefly ! mo/       
important ( ! au?or's works on subjects 
relat$ to m9+4  ,de ,natura ,fossilium4 
,?is is ! mo/ important "w ( ,agricola1 
except+ ,de ,re ,metallica4 ,x has      
always be5 pr9t$ 9 comb9ation ) o!r     
works1 & fir/ appe>$ at ,basel1 #aedf4  
,?is edition 0 consid]ably revis$ by !  

au?or1 ! am5d$ edition be+ t ( #aeeh1   
:i* we h us$ 9 giv+ ref]5ces4 ,! "w     
comprises t5 books ( a total ( #bag     
folio pages4 ,x is ! fir/ attempt at    
sy/ematic m9]alogy1 ! m9]als#a be+      
classifi$ into 7#a7 e>?s 7clay1 o*re1   
etc471 7#b7 /ones prop]ly s-call$ 7gems1
 semi-preci\s & unusual /ones1 z        
di/+ui%$ f rocks71 7#c7 solidifi$ juices
 7salt1 vitriol1 alum1 etc471 7#d7      
metals1 & 7#e7 comp\nds 7homog5e\s      
mixtures ( simple sub/ances1 ?us =m+ su*
 m9]als z gal5a1 pyrite1 etc474 ,9 ?is  
classification ,agricola endeav\r$ to   
f9d "s fundam5tal basis1 & !re=e adopt$ 
solubility1 fusibility1 od\r1 ta/e1     
etc41 b any true classification )\t !   
atomic !ory 01 ( c\rse1 impossible4     
,h[ev]1 he makes a v cr$itable p]=mance 
out ( _! prop]ties & obvi\s *>act]i/ics4
 ,all ( ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics :i* we use
 to-day 9 discrim9ation1 su* z col\r1   
h>dness1 lu/re1 etc41 are enum]at$1 !   
orig9 ( ^! be+ attribut$ to !           
proportions ( ! ,p]ipatetic elem5ts & _!

 b9>y prop]ties4 ,dana1 9 8 great "w#b1 
among "s f\rscore m9]als :i* he         
id5tifies z hav+ be5 describ$ by        
,agricola & 8 pr$ecessors1 accr$its a   
score to ,agricola himself4 ,x is our   
belief1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh 9 a few cases   
,agricola has be5 wrongly cr$it$1 !re   
are /ill m ( :i* priority 9 description 
might be assign$ to him4 ,:ile a great] 
numb] ?an f\rscore ( s-call$ species are
 giv5 by ,agricola & 8 pr$ecessors1 _m (
 ^! are1 9 our mod]n sy/em1 b v>ieties2 
= in/ance1 "s eight or t5 ( ! anci5t    
species consi/ ( "o =m or ano!r (       
silica4  ,book ,i4 is devot$ to m9]al   
*>act]i/ics--col\r1 brilliance1 ta/e1   
%ape1 h>dness1 etc41 & to !             
classification ( m9]als2 ,book ,,ii41   
e>?s--clay1 ,lemnian e>?1 *alk1 o*re1   
etc42 ,book ,,iii41 solidifi$           
juices--salt1 nitrum 7soda & pota%71    
saltpetre1 alum1 vitriol1 *rysocolla1   
ca]uleum 7"p azurite71 orpim5t1 realg>1 
& sulphur2 ,book ,,iv41 camphor1 bitum51
 coal1 bitum9\s %ales1 amb]2 ,book ,v41 

lode/one1 blood/one1 gypsum1 talc1      
asbe/os1 mica1 calam9e1 v>i\s fossils1  
geodes1 em]y1 t\*/ones1 pumice1         
fluorsp>1 & qu>tz2 ,book ,,vi41 gems &  
preci\s /ones2 ,book ,,vii41            
rocks--m>ble1 s]p5t9e1 onyx1 alaba/]1   
lime/one1 etc42 ,book ,,viii41          
metals--gold1 silv]1 quicksilv]1 copp]1 
lead1 t91 antimony1 bismu?1 iron1 &     
alloys1 su* z electrum1 brass1 etc42    
,book ,,ix41 v>i\s furnace op]ations1   
su* z mak+ brass1 gild+1 t9n+1 &        
products su* z slags1 furnace           
accretions1 pompholyx 7z9c oxide71 copp]
 fl[]s1 li?>ge1 he>?-lead1 v]digris1    
:ite-lead1 r$-lead1 etc42 ,book ,x41    
comp\nds1 embrac+ ! description ( a     
numb] ( recognisable silv]1 copp]1 lead1
 quicksilv]1 iron1 t91 antimony1 & z9c  
m9]als1 _m ( :i* we set out m fully 9   
,note #h1 page #ajh4  ,de ,ortu et      
,causis ,subt]raneorum4 ,?is "w also has
 always be5 publi%$ 9 company ) o!rs4 ,!
 fir/ edition 0 pr9t$ at ,basel1 #aedf2 
! second at ,basel1 #aeeh1 :i*1 be+ !   

edition revis$ & add$ to by ! au?or1 has
 be5 us$ by u = ref]5ce4 ,!re are five  
books1 & 9 ! ma9 !y conta9 ,agricola's  
philosophical views on geologic ph5om5a4
 ,! l>ge/ portion ( ! actual text is    
occupi$ ) refutations ( ! anci5t        
philosoph]s1 ! al*emi/s1 & ! a/rolog]s2 
& ^! portions1 :ile !y exhibit 8 ability
 9 obs]vation & 9 dialectics1 make b    
dull read+4 ,^? sections ( ! book :i*   
conta9 8 own views1 h[ev]1 are ( ! utmo/
 importance 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 & we   
reproduce ext5sively ! mat]ial relat+ to
 ore deposits 9 ! footnotes on pages #dc
 to #eb4 ,briefly1 ,book ,i4 is devot$  
to discussion ( ! orig9 & di/ribution ( 
gr\nd wat]s & juices4 ,! latt] "p ( ?is 
book & a portion ( ,book ,,ii4 are      
devot$ to ! orig9 ( subt]ranean heat1   
:i* he assumes is 9 ! ma9 due to burn+  
bitum5--a g5us :i* ) him embrac$ coal--&
 also1 9 a m9or degree1 to friction (   
int]nal w9ds & to burn+ sulphur4 ,!     
rema9d] ( ,book ,,ii4 is ma9ly devot$ to
 ! discussion ( subt]ranean air1 vap\r1 

& exhalations1 & he conceives t volcanic
 eruptions & e>?quakes are due to _!    
ag5cy1 & 9 ^! hypo!ses he comes fairly  
close to ! mod]n !ory ( eruptions f     
explosions ( /eam4 ,vap\r arises :5 !   
int]nal heat ( ! e>? or "s hidd5 fire   
burns e>? :i* is moi/5$ ) vap\r4 ,:5    
heat or subt]ranean fire meets ) a great
 =ce ( vap\r :i* cold has contract$ &   
encompass$ 9 e direction1 !n ! vap\r1   
f9d+ no outlet1 tries to break ?r\gh    
:atev] is ne>e/ to x1 9 ord] to give    
place to ! insi/5t & urg5t cold4 ,heat &
 cold _c abide toge!r 9 "o place1 b     
expel & drive ea* o!r out ( x by turns4 
,z he 01 we believe1 ! fir/ to recognise
 ! fundam5tal ag5cies ( m\nta9          
sculpture1 we consid] x is ( suffici5t  
int]e/ to w>rant a reproduction ( 8     
views on ?is subject3 ,hills & m\nta9s  
are produc$ by two =ces1 "o ( :i* is !  
p[] ( wat]1 & ! o!r ! /r5g? ( ! w9d4    
,!re are ?ree =ces :i* loos5 & demoli% !
 m\nta9s1 = 9 ?is case1 to ! p[] ( !    
wat] & ! /r5g? ( ! w9d we mu/ add ! fire

 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,n[ we c pla9ly   
see t a great abundance ( wat] produces 
m\nta9s1 = ! torr5ts fir/ ( all wa% out 
! s(t e>?1 next c>ry away ! h>d] e>?1 & 
!n roll d[n ! rocks1 & ?us 9 a few ye>s 
!y excavate ! pla9s or slopes to a      
consid]able dep?2 ?is may be notic$ 9   
m\nta9\s regions ev5 by unskill$        
obs]v]s4 ,by su* excavation to a great  
dep? ?r\gh _m ages1 !re rises an imm5se 
em95ce on ea* side4 ,:5 an em95ce has   
?us aris51 ! e>? rolls d[n1 loos5$ by   
con/ant ra9 & split away by fro/1 & !   
rocks1 unless !y are exce$+ly firm1 s9ce
 _! seams are simil>ly s(t5$ by ! damp1 
roll d[n into ! excavations bel[4 ,?is  
cont9ues until ! /eep em95ce is *ang$   
into a slope4 ,ea* side ( ! excavation  
is said to be a m\nta91 j z ! bottom is 
call$ a valley4 ,moreov]1 /reams1 & to a
 f> great] ext5t riv]s1 effect ! same   
results by _! ru%+ & wa%+2 = ?is reason 
!y are frequ5tly se5 fl[+ ei!r betwe5 v 
high m\nta9s :i* !y h creat$1 or close  
by ! %ore :i* bord]s !m4444 ,nor did !  

holl[ places :i* n[ conta9 ! seas all   
=m]ly exi/1 nor yet ! m\nta9s :i* *eck &
 break _! advance1 b 9 _m p>ts !re 0 a  
level pla91 until ! =ce ( w9ds let loose
 ^u x a tumultu\s sea & a sca?+ tide4   
,by a simil> process ! impact ( wat]    
entirely ov]?r[s & flatt5s out hills &  
m\nta9s4 ,b ^! *anges ( local           
conditions1 num]\s & important z !y are1
 are n notic$ by ! common p to be tak+  
place at ! v mom5t :5 !y are happ5+1    
because1 ?r\gh _! antiquity1 ! "t1      
place1 & mann] 9 :i* !y began is f>     
prior to human memory4 ,! w9d produces  
hills & m\nta9s 9 two ways3 ei!r :5 set 
loose & free f bonds1 x viol5tly moves &
 agitates ! s&2 or else :51 aft] hav+   
be5 driv5 into ! hidd5 recesses ( ! e>? 
by cold1 z into a prison1 x /ruggles ) a
 great ef=t to bur/ out4 ,= hills &     
m\nta9s are creat$ 9 hot c\ntries1 :e!r 
!y are situat$ by ! sea coa/s or 9      
di/ricts remote f ! sea1 by ! =ce (     
w9ds2 ^! no long] held 9 *eck by !      
valleys1 b set free1 heap up ! s& & du/1

 :i* !y ga!r f all sides1 to "o spot1 & 
a mass arises & gr[s toge!r4 ,if "t &   
space all[1 x gr[s toge!r & h>d5s1 b if 
x be n all[$ 7& 9 tru? ?is is m (t5 !   
case71 ! same =ce aga9 scatt]s ! s& f> &
 wide4444 ,!n1 on ! o!r h&1 an e>?quake 
ei!r r5ds & te>s away "p ( a m\nta91 or 
engulfs & dev\rs ! :ole m\nta9 9 "s     
fe>ful *asm4 ,9 ?is way x is record$ !  
,cybotus 0 de/roy$1 & x is believ$ t )9 
! memory ( man an isl& "u ! rule (      
,d5m>k disappe>$4 ,hi/orians tell u t   
,taygetus suff]$ a loss 9 ?is way1 & t  
,!rasia 0 swall[$ up ) ! isl& ( ,!ra4   
,?us x is cle> t wat] & ! p[]ful w9ds   
produce m\nta9s1 & also scatt] & de/roy 
!m4 ,fire only consumes !m1 & does n    
produce at all1 = "p ( !                
m\nta9s--usually ! inn] "p--takes fire4 
,! major portion ( ,book ,,iii4 is      
devot$ to ! orig9 ( ore *annels1 :i* we 
reproduce at "s l5g? on page #dg4 ,9 !  
latt] "p ( ,book ,,iii41 & 9 ,books     
,,iv4 & ,v41 he discusses ! pr9cipal    
divisions ( ! m9]al k+dom giv5 9 ,de    

,natura ,fossilium1 & ! orig9 ( _!      
*>act]i/ics4 ,x involves a l>ge am\nt ( 
:at n[ appe>s fruitless tilt+ at !      
,p]ipatetics & ! al*emi/s2 b nev]!less1 
embrac+1 z ,agricola did1 ! fundam5tal  
,ari/otelian elem5ts1 he mu/ ne$s f9d 9 
^! same elem5ts & _! subord9ate b9>y    
comb9ations cause = e v>iation 9 ext]nal
 "*4  ,b]mannus4 ,?is1 ,agricola's fir/ 
"w 9 relation to m9+1 0 app>5tly fir/   
publi%$ at ,basel1 #aecj4 ,! "w is 9 !  
=m ( a dialogue betwe5 ,b]mannus1 :o is 
describ$ z a m9]1 m9]alogi/1 & a /ud5t (
 ma!matics & poetry1 & ,nicolaus ,ancon 
& ,johannes ,naevius1 bo? s*ol>s &      
physicians4 ,ancon is suppos$ to be (   
philosophical turn ( m9d & a /ud5t (    
,moori% lit]ature1 ,naevius to be       
p>ticul>ly le>n$ 9 ! writ+s (           
,dioscorides1 ,pl9y1 ,gal51 etc4        
,b]mannus 0 probably an adaptation by   
,agricola ( ! "n ( 8 fri5d ,lor5z       
,b]man1 a prom95t m9]4 ,! book is 9 !   
ma9 devot$ to a correlation ( ! m9]als  
m5tion$ by ! ,anci5ts ) ^? f\nd 9 !     

,saxon m9es4 ,?is phase is int]e/+ z    
indicat+ ! natural tr5d ( ,agricola's   
s*ola/ic m9d :5 he fir/ comes into      
contact ) ! sci5ces to :i* he devot$    
himself4 ,! book op5s ) a lett] (       
comm5dation f ,erasmus1 ( ,rott]dam1 & )
 ! usual d$ication & preface by ! au?or4
 ,! ?ree conv]sationali/s are suppos$ to
 take walks among ! m9es & to discuss1  
incid5tally1 matt]s :i* come to _!      
att5tion2 !re=e ! book has no sy/ematic 
or logical arrangem5t4 ,!re are         
occasional /atem5ts be>+ on ! hi/ory1   
managem5t1 titles1 & me?ods us$ 9 !     
m9es1 & on m9+ lore g5]ally4 ,!         
m9]alogical "p1 :ile ( importance f !   
po9t ( view ( giv+ ! fir/ description ( 
sev]al m9]als1 is imm5sely improv$ ^u 9 
,de ,natura ,fossilium1 publi%$ #ae ye>s
 lat]4 ,x is ( int]e/ to f9d "h ! fir/  
appe>ance ( ! names ( _m m9]als :i* we h
 s9ce adopt$ f ! ,g]man into our own    
nom5clature4 ,( importance is ! fir/    
description ( bismu?1 al?\gh1 z po9t$   
out on page #dcc1 ! metal _h be5 m5tion$

 be=e4 ,9 ! revis$ collection (         
collat]al works publi%$ 9 #aeeh1 ! au?or
 makes _m important *anges & adds "s new
 mat]ial1 b "s ( ! lat] editions 7 made 
f ! unrevis$ old] texts4  ,r]um         
,metallic>um ,int]pretatio4 ,?is li/ (  
,g]man equival5ts = ,lat9 m9]alogical   
t]ms 0 prep>$ by ,agricola himself1 &   
fir/ appe>s 9 ! #aedf collection ( ,de  
,ortu et ,causis1 ,de ,natura           
,fossilium1 etc41 be+ repeat$ 9 all     
subsequ5t publications ( ^! works4 ,x   
consi/s ( "s #ejj ,lat9 m9]alogical &   
metallurgical t]ms1 _m ( :i* are (      
,agricola's own co9age4 ,x is ( great   
help 9 translation & ( great value 9 !  
/udy ( m9]alogic nom5clature4  ,de      
,m5suris et ,pond]ibus4 ,?is "w is      
devot$ to a discussion ( ! ,greek &     
,roman weights & measures1 ) "s         
correlation to ^? us$ 9 ,saxony4 ,x is a
 c>eful "w /ill mu* ref]r$ to by /ud5ts 
( ^! subjects4 ,! fir/ edition 0 publi%$
 at ,p>is 9 #aecc1 & 9 ! #aeej edition  
at ,basel appe>s1 = ! fir/ "t1 ,de      

,precio ,metallorum et ,monetis4  ,de   
,vet]ibus et ,novis ,metallis4 ,?is %ort
 "w comprises #ca folio pages1 & fir/   
appe>s 9 ! #aedf collection ( collat]al 
works4 ,x consi/s ma9ly ( hi/orical &   
geographical ref]5ces to ! occurr5ce (  
metals & m9es1 cull$ f ! ,greek & ,lat9 
classics1 toge!r ) "s in=mation z to !  
hi/ory ( ! m9es 9 ,c5tral ,europe4 ,!   
latt] is ! only orig9al mat]ial1 &      
un=tunately is n v ext5sive4 ,we h      
incorporat$ "s ( ?is in=mation 9 !      
footnotes4  ,de ,animantibus            
,subt]raneis4 ,?is %ort "w 0 fir/ pr9t$ 
9 ,basel1 #aedi1 & consi/s ( "o *apt] ( 
#bc folio pages4 ,practically ! :ole is 
devot$ to ! discussion ( v>i\s animals  
:o at lea/ a portion ( _! "t live       
und]gr\nd1 su* z hib]nat+1 cave-dwell+1 
& burr[+ animals1 toge!r ) cave-dwell+  
birds1 liz>ds1 crocodiles1 s]p5ts1 etc4 
,!re are only a few l9es ( remote       
geological int]e/ z to migration (      
animals impos$ by geologic ph5om5a1 su* 
z e>?quakes1 floods1 etc4 ,?is book also

 discloses an occasional ve9 ( cr$ulity 
n to be expect$ f ! au?or's o!r works1 9
 t he app>5tly believes ,ari/otle's /ory
 ( ! flies :i* 7 born & liv$ only 9 !   
smelt+ furnace2 & fur!r1 ! la/ p>agraph 
9 ! book is devot$ to und]gr\nd gnomes4 
,?is we reproduce 9 ! footnote on page  
#bag4  ,de ,natura eorum quae ,effluunt 
ex ,t]ra4 ,?is "w ( f\r books1 compris+ 
#hc folio pages1 fir/ appe>s 9 ! #aedf  
collection4 ,z ! title indicates1 !     
discussion is ^u ! sub/ances :i* fl[ f !
 e>?1 su* z wat]1 bitum51 gases1 etc4   
,altoge!r x is ( microscopic value &    
:olly un9t]e/+4 ,! major "p ref]s to    
col\r1 ta/e1 temp]ature1 m$ic9al uses ( 
wat]1 descriptions ( riv]s1 lakes1      
swamps1 & aqu$ucts4   ,,bibliographical 
,,notes4  ,= ! foll[+ we h ma9ly to ?ank
 ,miss ,ka?le5 ,s*les+]1 :o has be5     
employ$ _m mon?s 9 foll[+ up e clue1 &  
al?\gh ! results display v consid]able  
lit]>y activity on ! "p ( ! au?or1 !y d 
n by any means indicate ,miss ,s*les+]'s
 lab\rs4 ,agricola's works 7 _m ( !m    

publi%$ at v>i\s times 9 comb9ation1 &  
!re=e to set out ! title & ! publication
 ( ea* "w sep>ately w\ld involve mu*    
repetition ( titles1 & we consequ5tly   
give ! titles ( ! v>i\s volumes arrang$ 
accord+ to dates4 ,= in/ance1 ,de       
,natura ,fossilium1 ,de ,ortu et        
,causis1 ,de ,vet]ibus et ,novis        
,metallis1 ,de ,natura eorum quae       
,effluunt ex ,t]ra1 & ,int]pretatio h   
always be5 publi%$ toge!r1 & ! ,lat9 &  
,italian editions ( ^! works always     
include ,b]mannus z well4 ,moreov]1 !   
,lat9 ,de ,re ,metallica ( #afeg        
includes all ( ^! works4  ,we m>k ) an  
a/]isk ! titles to editions :i* we h be5
 able to au!nticate by v>i\s means f    
actual books4 ,^? unm>k$ are editions   
:i* we are satisfi$ d exi/1 b ! titles (
 :i* are possibly incomplete1 z !y are  
tak5 f libr>y catalogues1 etc4 ,o!r     
editions to :i* we f9d ref]5ce & ( :i*  
we are n c]ta9 are not$ sep>ately 9 !   
discussion lat] on4#c  99#aecj 7#hvo73  
,georgii ,agricolae ,m$ici1 ,b]mannus   

sive de re ,metallica4       7,frob5's  
m>k74       ,basileae 9 a$ibus          
,frob5ianis ,anno4 ,,mdxxx4       ,b\nd 
) ?is edition is 7p4 #aca-ace71 at lea/ 
occasionally1      ,r]um metallic>um    
appellationes juxta v]naculam ,g]manorum
      l+uam1 autori ,plateano4          
,basileae 9 (fic9a ,frob5iana1 ,anno4   
,,mdxxx4  99#aecc 7#hvo73       ,georgii
 ,agricolae ,m$ici libri qu9que de      
,m5suris et      ,pond]ibus3 9 quibus   
pla]aque a ,budaeo et ,portio p>um      
animadv]sa dilig5t] excutiuntur4 ,opus  
nunc primum 9 lucem      a$itum4        
7,we*elus's ,m>k74       ,p>isiis4      
,excudebat ,*ri/ianus ,we*elus1 9 vico  
,iacobaeo1      sub scuto ,basilei5si1  
,anno ,,mdxxxiii4       #bfa pages &    
index ( #e pages4  99#aecc 7#dto73      
,georgii ,agricolae ,m$ici ,libri       
qu9que4 ,de ,m5suris et      ,pond]ibus3
 ,9 quibus pl]aque a ,budaeo et ,portio 
p>um      animadv]sa dilig5t]           
excutiuntur4       7,frob5's ,m>k74     
,basileae ex ,(fic9a ,frob5iana ,anno   

,,mdxxxiii4 ,cum gratia et              
privilegio ,caes>eo ad sex annos4       
#aecd 7#dto73       ,georgii ,agricolae4
 ,epi/ola ad ,plateanum1 cui sunt       
adiecta      aliquot loca ca/igata 9    
libris de m5suris et pond]ibus      nup]
 editis4       ,frob51 ,basel1 #aecd4   
99#aece 7#hvo73       ,georgii          
,agricolae ,m$ici libri ,v4 de ,m5suris 
et ,pond]ibus3      9 quibus pl]aque a  
,budaeo et ,portio p>um animadv]sa      
dilig5t] excutiuntur4       7,pr9t]'s   
,m>k74       ,at ! end ( ,index3        
,v5itues p] ,juan ,anto4 de ,nicol9is de
      ,sabio1 sumptu v]o et requisitione
 ,dni ,mel*ionis ,sessae4 ,anno4        
,dni ,,mdxxxv4 ,m5se ,julii4 #aaf       
folios4       ,on back ( title page is  
giv53 ,lib] primus de m5suris           
,romanis1 ,secundus de m5suris ,graecis1
 ,t]tius de r]um quas      metimur      
pond]e1 ,qu>tus de pond]ibus ,romanis1  
,qu9tus de      pond]ibus ,graecis4     
99#aeda 7#hvo73       ,georgii          
,agricolae ,m$ici ,b]mannus sive de re  

metallica4       ,p>isiis4 ,apud        
,hi]onymum ,gormontiu4 ,9 ,vico ,jacobeo
 sub      signotrium coron>um4 #aeda4   
99#aedf 7#hvo73       ,georgii          
,agricolae m$ici ,b]mannus1 sive de     
metallica ab      accurata autoris      
recognitione et em5datione nunc primum  
editus      cum nom5clatura r]um        
metallic>um4 ,eorum ,lipsiae ,9 (fic9a  
,val5t9i ,papae ,anno4 ,,mdxlvi4        
99#aedf 7folio73       ,georgii         
,agricolae ,de ortu et causis           
subt]raneorum ,lib4 ,v4 ,de      natura 
eorum quae effluunt ex t]ra ,lib4       
,,iiii4 ,de natura      fossilium ,lib4 
,x4 ,de vet]ibus et novis metallis1     
,lib4 ,,ii4      ,b]mannus sive ,de re  
,metallica dialogus4 ,int]pretatio      
,g]manica vocum rei metallicae addito   
,indice faecundissimo4       ,apud      
,hi]on ,frob5ium et ,nicolaum           
,episcopium ,basileae1 ,,mdxlvi4        
,cum privilegio ,imp4 ,maie/atis ad     
qu9qu5nium4  99#aedi 7#hvo73            
,georgii ,agricolae de animantibus      

subt]raneis ,lib]4       ,frob51 ,basel1
 ,,mdxlix4  99#aeej 7#hvo73       ,di   
,georgio ,agricola ,de la g5]atione de  
le cose1 *e sotto la      t]ra sono1 e  
de le cause de' loro effetti e natura1  
,lib4 ,v4 ,de      ,la ,natura di quelle
 cose1 *e de la t]ra scorrono ,lib4     
,,iiii4      ,de ,la ,natura de le cose 
,fossili1 e *e sotto la t]ra si ,cavano 
,lib4 ,x4 ,de ,le ,m9]e anti*e e mod]ne 
,lib4 ,,ii4 ,il ,b]manno1 o      de le  
cose ,metallice ,dialogo1 ,recato tutto 
hora dal ,lat9o 9      ,buona ,l+ua     
volg>e4       7,vignette ( ,sybilla     
surr\nd$ by ! words7--,qv ,al ,piv ,f]mo
      ,e ,il ,mio ,foglio ,e ,il ,mio   
,presaggio4       ,col ,privilegio del  
,sommo ,pontefice ,papa ,giulio ,,iii4  
,et del      ,illu/riss4 ,s5ato ,v5eto  
p] anni4 ,,xx4       7,colophon74 ,9    
,v9egia p] ,mi*ele ,tramezz9o1 ,,mdl4   
99#aeej 7folio73       ,georgii         
,agricolae4 ,de ,m5suris et pond]ibus   
,rom4 atque ,graec4      lib4 ,v4 ,de   
ext]nis m5suris et pond]ibus ,lib4 ,,ii4

 ,ad ea quae      ,&reas ,alciatus d5uo 
disputavit ,de ,m5suris et ,pond]ibus   
brevis def5sio ,lib4 ,i4 ,de ,m5suris   
quibus int]valla metimur      ,lib4 ,i4 
,de re/itu5dis pond]ibus atque m5suris4 
,lib4 ,i4 ,de      precio metallorum et 
monetis4 ,lib4 ,,iii4       ,basileae4  
,frob54 ,,mdl4 ,cum privilegio ,imp4    
,maie/atis ad      qu9qu5nium4#d        
99#aeef 7folio73       ,georgii         
,agricolae ,de ,re ,metallica ,libri    
,,xii4 quibus ,(ficia1      ,in/rum5ta1 
,ma*9ae1 ac omnia d5ique ad ,metallicam 
spectantia1 non modo lucul5tissime      
describuntur1 s$ et p]      effigies1   
suis locis ins]tas1 adjunctis ,lat9is1  
,g]manicisque      appellationibus ita  
ob oculos ponuntur1 ut cl>ius tradi non 
poss9t ,eiusdem ,de ,animantibus        
,subt]raneis ,lib]1 ab ,autore          
recognitus3 cum ,indicibus div]sis1     
quicquid 9 op]e tractatum      e/1      
pul*re demon/rantibus4       7,frob5's  
,m>k74       ,basileae ,,mdlvi4 ,cum    
,privilegio ,imp]atoris 9 annos ,v4 et  

,galli>um ,regis ad ,sex5nium4          
,folio #ech pages & preface1 gloss>y &  
index am\nt+ to #hf      pages4 ,?is is 
! fir/ edition ( ,de ,re ,metallica4 ,we
      reproduce ?is title-page on page  
,,xix4  99#aeeg 7folio73       ,vom     
,b]gkw]ck xii ,bue*] d>9n alle ,empt]1  
,in/rum5t1      ,gezeuge1 unnd ,alles zu
 disem ,h&el geho]ig1 mitt s*o55        
figur5 vorbildet1 und ,kla]li* bes*rib5 
se9dt er/li* 9      ,late9is*] ,spra*   
dur* d5 ,ho*gel]t5 und weittb]uempt5    
,h]rn ,georgium ,agricolam1 ,doctorn    
und4 ,bu]g]mei/]n d]      ,*urfu]/li*5  
/att ,kempnitz1 jezundt ab] v]teues*t   
dur*      d5 ,a*tp>54 unnd ,ho*gel]t5   
,h]rn ,philippum ,be*ium1               
,philosoph51 ,artz] und 9 d] ,lobli*5   
,univ]sitet zu ,basel      ,pr(essorn4  
,g$ruckt zu ,basel dur* ,j]onymus ,frob5
 ,und ,niclaus5      ,bis*(f im #aeeg   
,j> mitt ,keis]li*] ,freyheit4  99#aeeh 
7folio73       ,georgii ,agricolae ,de  
ortu et causis subt]raneorum ,lib4 ,v4  
,de      natura eorum quae effluunt ex  

t]ra ,lib4 ,,iv4 ,de natura             
fossilium ,lib4 ,x4 ,de vet]ibus et     
novis metallis ,lib4 ,,ii4              
,b]mannus1 sive ,de ,re ,metallica      
,dialogus ,lib]4 ,int]pretatio          
,g]manica vocum rei metallicae1 addito  
duplici ,indice1 alt]o      r]um1 alt]o 
locorum ,omnia ab ipso au?ore1 cum haud 
po5it5da accessione1 rec5s recognita4   
,frob51 et ,episcop4 ,basileae          
,,mdlviii4 ,cum ,imp4 ,maie/atis        
r5ovato privilegio ad qu9qu5nium4       
#bgj pages & index4 ,z ! title /ates1   
?is is a revis$      edition by ! au?or1
 & z ! *anges are v consid]able      x  
%\ld be ! "o us$4 ,! ,italian           
translation & ! #afab      ,witt5b]g    
edition1 m5tion$ bel[1 are tak5 f !     
#aedf      edition1 & are1 !re=e1 v     
imp]fect4  99#aefa 7folio73             
,second edition ( ,de ,re ,metallica    
includ+ ,de ,animantibus                
,subt]raneis1 ) same title z ! fir/     
edition except !      addition1 aft] !  
body ( ! title1 ( ! words ,atque        

omnibus nunc it]um ad ar*etypum dilig5t]
 re/itutis et      ca/igatis & ! ye>    
,,mdlxi4 #ejb pages & #gb pages (       
gloss>y & index4  99#aefc 7folio73      
,op]a di ,giorgio ,agricola de ,l'arte  
de ,metalli ,p>tita 9 ,,xii4      libri1
 ne quali si descrivano tutte le sorti1 
e qualita de gli      uffizii1 de gli   
/rum5ti1 delle mac*9e1 e di tutte       
l'altre      cose att55ti a cotal arte1 
non pure con p>ole *i>e ma      ezi&io  
si mettano a luoghi loro le figure di   
dette cose1      ritratte al naturale1  
con l'aggiunta de nomi di quelle1       
cotanto      *i>i1 e sp$iti1 *e meglio  
non si puo desid]>e1 o hav]e4           
,aggiugnesi il libro del m$esimo autore1
 *e tratta de gl'      ,animali di      
sottot]ra da lui /esso corretto et      
riv$uto4      ,tradotti 9 l+ua ,toscana 
da ,m4 ,mi*elangelo ,florio             
,fior5t9o4       ,con l',indice di tutte
 le cose piu notabili alla f9e          
7,frob5's m>k7 9 ,basilea p] ,hi]onimo  
,frob5io et ,nicolao      ,episcopio1   

,,mdlxiii4       #edb pages ) #f pages (
 index4  99#aehj 7folio73       ,b]gw]ck
 ,bu*3 ,d>9n ni*t ,alla9 alle ,empte    
,in/rum5t      ,gezeug und alles s zu   
diesem ,h&el geho]ig mit figur5         
vorgebildet und kla]li* bes*rib51 etc4  
,dur* d5      ,ho*gelehrt5 444 ,h]rn    
,georgium ,agricolam d] ,artzney        
,doctorn      und ,burg]mei/] d]        
,*urfu]/li*5 ,/att ,kemnitz er/li*      
mit grossem fleyss muehe und arbeit 9   
,late9 bes*rib5 und 9      zwoelff      
,bue*] abge!ilt3 ,na*mals ab] dur* d5   
,a*tb>n und      au* ,ho*gelehrt5       
,philippum ,be*ium ,philosoph5 ,artzt   
und 9      d] ,loebli*5 ,univ]sitet zu  
,basel ,pr(essorn mit sond]m      fleyss
 ,teuts*] ,nation zu gut v]teuts*t und  
an ,tag geb54      ,all5 ,b]ckh]rn      
,gew]ck5 ,b]ckmei/]n ,ges*worn5         
,s*i*tmei/]n ,/eig]n ,b]ckheuw]n        
,waes*]n und ,s*meltz]n      ni*t alle9 
nuetzli* und di5/li* sond]n au* zu      
wissem      ho*notw5dig4       ,mit     
,roemis*] ,keys4 ,may ,freyheit ni*t    

na*zutruck54       ,getruckt 9 d]       
,keys]li*5 ,rei*s/att1 ,franck=t am     
,mayn1      etc4 ,im ,jahr ,,mdlxxx4    
99#afab 7#abmo73       ,georgii         
,agricolae ,de ortu et causis           
subt]raneorum ,lib4 ,v4 ,de      natura 
eorum quae effluunt ex t]ra1 ,lib4 ,,iv4
 ,de natura      fossilium ,lib4 ,x4 ,de
 vet]ibus et novis metallis ,lib4 ,,ii4 
,b]mannus1 sive de re metallica         
,dialogus4 ,int]pretatio      ,g]manica 
vocum rei metallicae4       ,addito     
,indice faecundissimo1 ,plurimos jam    
annos a ,g]manis1 et      ext]n>um      
quoque nationum doctissimis viris1 valde
 desid]ati      et expetiti4       ,nunc
 v]o 9 rei metallicae /udiosorum gratiam
 rec5siti1 9      c]ta capita di/ributi1
 capitum argum5tis1 et nonnullis        
s*oliis m>g9alibus illu/rati a ,johanne 
,sigfrido ,philos3 et      ,m$ic9ae     
,doctore et 9 illu/ri ,julia ,pr(essore 
ord9>io4       ,access]unt ,de          
metallicis rebus et nom9ibus            
obs]vationes      v>iae et eruditae1 ex 

s*$is ,georgii ,fabricii1 quibus ea     
potissimum explicantur1 quae ,georgius  
,agricola praet]iit4       ,witteb]gae  
,sumptibus ,za*>iae ,s*u]]i ,bibliopolae
 ,typis      ,&reae ,ru$+]i1 #afab4     
,!re are #igj pages 9 ! "w ( ,agricola  
prop]1 ! notes      ( ,fabricius        
compris+ a fur!r #dd pages1 & ! index   
#aab      pages4  99#afad 7#hvo73       
,georgii ,agricolae ,de ,animantibus    
,subt]raneis ,lib] ,hact5us a           
multis desid]atus1 nunc v]o 9 gratiam   
/udiosorum seorsim      editus1 9 c]ta  
capita divisus1 capitum argum5tis et    
nonnullis m>g9alibus exornatus a        
,johanne ,sigfrido1 ,phil4       ,m$4   
,doctore1 etc4       ,witteb]gae4 ,typis
 ,meisn]ianis3 ,imp5sis ,za*>iae4       
,s*ur]i      ,bibliop4 ,anno4 ,,mdcxiv4 
99#afba 7folio73       ,georgii         
,agricolae ,kempnic5sis ,m$ici ac       
,philosophi ,cl>iss4      ,de ,re       
,metallica ,libri ,,xii ,quibus ,(ficia1
 ,in/rum5ta1      ,ma*9ae1 ac omnia     
d5ique ad metallicam spectantia1 non    

modo      ,lucul5tissime describuntur2  
s$ et p] effigies1 suis locis           
ins]tas adjunctis ,lat9is1              
,g]manicisque2 appellationibus1 ita     
ob oculos ponuntur1 ut cl>ius tradi non 
poss9t4       ,ejusdem ,de ,animantibus 
,subt]raneis ,lib]1 ab ,autore          
recognitus cum ,indicibus div]sis       
quicquid 9 ,op]e tractatum      e/1     
pul*re demon/rantibus4       7,vignette 
( man at assay furnace74       ,basileae
 ,helvet4 ,sumptibus itemque typis      
*alcographicis      ,ludovici ,regis    
,anno ,,mdcxxi4       #ejb pages & #eh  
pages gloss>y & indices4  99#afba       
7folio73       ,b]gw]ck ,bu* ,d>9n5 ni*t
 alle9 alle ,empt] ,in/rum5t            
,gezeug und alles s zu disem ,h&el      
geho]ig mit ,figur5      vorgebildet und
 kla]li* bes*rieb534444 ,dur* d5        
,ho*gelehrt5 und weitb]uehmt5 ,h]rn     
,georgium ,agricolam1 d]      ,artzney  
,doctorn und ,burg]mei/] d] ,*urfu]/li*5
 ,/att      ,kemnitz ,er/li* mit grossem
 fleiss muehe und arbeit 9 ,late9       

bes*rieb5 und 9 zwoelff ,bue*] abge!ilt3
 ,na*mals ab]      dur* d5 ,a*tb>n und  
au* ,ho*gelehrt5 ,philippum ,be*ium4    
,philosoph51 ,artzt1 und 9 d] lobli*5   
,univ]sitet zu ,basel      ,pr(essorn   
mit sond]m fleiss ,teuts*] ,nation zu   
gut      v]teuts*t und an ,tag geb5 und 
nun zum &]n mal getruckt4       ,all5   
,b]gh]rn ,gew]ck5 ,b]gmei/]n ,ges*worn5 
,s*i*tmei/]n ,/eig]n ,b]ghaew]n ,waes*]n
 unnd ,s*meltz]n      ni*t alle9 nutzli*
 und di5/li* sond]n au* zu wiss5        
ho*nohtw5dig4       7,vignette ( man at 
assay furnace74       ,getruckt zu      
,basel inv]legung ,ludwig ,ko5igs ,im   
,jahr1 ,,mdcxxi4       #dia pages #e    
pages gloss>y--no index4  99#afeg       
7folio73       ,georgii ,agricolae      
,kempnic5sis ,m$ici ac ,philosophi      
,cl>iss4      ,de ,re ,metallica ,libri 
,,xii4 ,quibus ,(ficia1 in/rum5ta1      
ma*9ae1 ac omnia d5ique ad metallicam   
spectantia1 non modo      lucul5tissime 
describuntur3 s$ et p] effigies1 suis   
locis      ins]tas1 adjunctis ,lat9is1  

,g]manicisque appellationibus1 ita      
ob oculos ponuntur1 ut cl>ius tradi non 
poss9t4 ,quibus      access]unt hac     
ultima editione1 ,tractatus ejusdem     
argum5ti1      ab eodem conscripti1     
sequ5tes4       ,de ,animantibus        
,subt]raneis ,lib4 ,i41 ,de ,ortu et    
,causis      ,subt]raneorum ,lib4 ,v41  
,de ,natura eorum quae effluunt ex ,t]ra
      ,lib4 ,,iv41 ,de ,natura          
,fossilium ,lib4 ,x41 ,de ,vet]ibus et  
,novis      ,metallis ,lib4 ,,ii41      
,b]mannus sive de ,re ,metallica1       
,dialogus      ,lib4 ,i4       ,cum     
,indicibus div]sis1 quicquid 9 ,op]e    
tractatum e/1      pul*re               
demon/rantibus4       7,vignette (      
assay] & furnace74       ,basileae      
,sumptibus et ,typis ,emanuelis ,ko5ig4 
,anno ,,mdclvii4       ,folio1 #gjh     
pages & #ij pages ( gloss>y & indices4  
,?is is      a v s]viceable edition (   
all ( ,agricola's important      works1 
& s f> z we h notic$ !re are b few      
typographical errors4  99#aggh 7#hvo73  

,gesprae* vom ,b]gwes51 weg5 se9]       
,fu]treffli* keit aus dem               
,late9is*5 9 das ,deuts*e ueb]setzet1   
mit nuetzl4 ,anm]kung5      erlaeut]t4  
u4 mit e9em ganz neu5 ,zusatze von      
,zluegli*]      ,an/ellung des ,b]gbaues
 u4 von d] ,zugutema*ung d] ,erze auf   
d5 ,huett5w]k5 v]seh5 von ,johann       
,gottlieb ,/o]4       ,rot5burg a4 d4   
,fulda1 ,h]m/a$t #aggh4 #ahj pages4     
99#ahjf 7#hvo73       ,georg ,agricola's
 ,b]mannus e9e ,e9leitung 9 die         
metallurgis*5 ,s*rift5 desselb51        
ueb]setzt und mit      ,exkursion5      
h]ausgegeb5 von ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,s*mid4 
,hau%alts- und ,befahrungs-,protokolli/ 
im ,*urf4 v]e9igt5      ,b]gamte zu ,/4 
,annab]g4       ,freyb]g #ahjf4 ,bey    
,craz und ,g]la*4  99#ahjg-ab 7#hvo74   
,georg ,agrikola's ,m9]alogis*e ,s*rift5
 ueb]setzt und mit      erlaeut]nd5     
,anm]kung54 ,begleitet von ,ern/        
,lehmann      ,b]gamts-,assessor1 ,b]g- 
,geg5- und ,receszs*reib] 9 ,dem        
,ko5igl4 ,sae*s4 ,b]gamte ,voigtsb]g d] 

j5ais*5 ,societaet fu]      die gesammte
 ,m9]alogie ,ehr5mitgli$e4              
,freyb]g1 #ahjg-ab4 ,bey ,craz und      
,g]la*4       ,?is ,g]man translation   
consi/s ( f\r p>ts3 ! fir/ be+      ,de 
,ortu et ,causis1 ! second ,de ,natura  
eorum quae effluunt      ex t]ra1 & !   
?ird 9 two volumes ,de ,natura          
,fossilium1      ! f\r? ,de ,vet]ibus et
 ,novis ,metallis2 ) gloss>y &          
index to ! f\r p>ts4  ,we give ! foll[+ 
notes on o!r possible pr9ts1 z a great  
_m ref]5ces to ! above works occur 9    
v>i\s qu>t]s1 ( date o!r ?an ! above4   
,unless o!rwise conv9c$ x is our belief 
t mo/ ( ^! ref] to ! pr9ts giv5 above1 &
 are due to error 9 giv+ titles or      
dates4 ,x is always possible t su* pr9ts
 d exi/ & h escap$ our se>*4  ,de ,re   
,metallica4 ,leupold1 ,ri*t]1 ,s*mid1   
van d] ,l9d51 ,m]ckl9us & ,eloy give an 
#hvo edition ( ,de ,re ,metallica )\t   
illu/rations1 ,s*we9furt1 #afjg4 ,we h  
f\nd no trace ( ?is pr9t4 ,leupold1 van 
d] ,l9d51 ,ri*t]1 ,s*mid & ,eloy m5tion 

an #hvo edition1 ,witt5b]g1 #afad4 ,x is
 our belief t ?is ref]s to ! #afab      
,witt5b]g edition ( ! select$ works1 :i*
 conta9s a some:at simil> title ref]r+ 9
 reality to ,b]mannus1 :i* 0 & is /ill  
cont9ually confus$ ) ,de ,re ,metallica4
 ,f]guson m5tions a ,g]man edition1     
,s*we9furt1 #hvo1 #afhg4 ,we c f9d no   
trace ( ?is2 x may ref] to ! #afjg      
,s*we9furt edition m5tion$ above4  ,de  
,natura ,fossilium4 ,leupold & ,gatt]   
ref] to a folio edition ( #aeej4 ,?is 0 
probably an error = ei!r ! #aedf or !   
#aeeh editions4 ,watt ref]s to an       
edition ( #aefa comb9$ ) ,de ,m$icatis  
,fontibus4 ,we f9d no trace ( su*       
edition1 nor ev5 t ! latt] "w 0 ev]     
actually pr9t$4 ,he also ref]s to an    
edition ( #afad & "o ( #afba1 ?is       
probably be+ an error = ! #afab edition 
( ! subsidi>y works & ! ,de ,re         
,metallica ( #afba4 ,leupold also ref]s 
to an edition ( #afbb1 ?is probably be+ 
an error = #afab4  ,de ,ortu et ,causis4
 ,alb9us1 ,h(mann1 ,jacobi1 ,s*mid1     

,ri*t]1 & ,reuss m5tion an edition (    
#aedd4 ,?is we believe to be an error 9 
giv+ ! date ( ! d$ication in/ead ( t ( !
 publication 7#aedf74 ,alb9us & ,f]guson
 give an edition ( #aeee1 :i* date is1  
we believe1 an error = #aeeh4 ,f]guson  
gives an edition ( ! ,italian           
translation z #aeei2 we believe ?is %\ld
 be #aeej4 ,draud gives an edition (    
#afba2 probably ?is %\ld be #afab4      
,b]mannus4 ,alb9us1 ,s*mid1 ,reuss1     
,ri*t]1 & ,we9>t give ! fir/ edition z  
#aebh4 ,we h be5 unable to le>n ( any   
actual copy ( t date1 & x is our belief 
t ! date is tak5 f ! d$ication in/ead ( 
f ! publication1 & %\ld be #aecj4       
,leupold1 ,s*mid1 & ,reuss give an      
edition by ,frob5 9 #aedi2 we h be5     
unable to confirm ?is4 ,leupold also    
gives an edition ( #aeej 7folio71 &     
,joe*] gives an edition ( ,g5eva #aefa  
7folio72 we h also be5 unable to f9d    
?is1 & believe ! latt] to be a confusion
 ) ! ,de ,re ,metallica ( #aefa1 z x is 
unlikely t ,b]mannus w\ld be publi%$ by 

itself 9 folio4 ,! catalogue ( ! libr>y 
at ,si5a 7,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #gh7 gives   
,il ,b]manno1 ,v9egia1 #aeej1 #hvo4 ,we 
h f\nd no trace ( ?is edition else:]e4  
,de ,m5suris et ,pond]ibus4 ,alb9us &   
,s*mid m5tion an edition ( #aeci1 & "o (
 #aeej4 ,! ,biographie ,univ]selle1     
,p>is1 gives "o ( #aeec1 & ,leupold "o (
 #agad1 all ( :i* we h be5 unable to    
f9d4 ,an epitome ( ?is "w 0 publi%$ at  
v>i\s times1 sometimes 9 connection )   
editions ( ,vitruvius2 s f> z we are    
aw>e on ! foll[+ dates1 #aeeb1 #aehe1   
#aehf1 #ahbi4 ,!re also appe> extracts 9
 relation to liquid measures 9 works    
entitl$ ,vocabula rei num>iae pond]um et
 m5sur>um1 etc4 ,paul ,eb] & ,casp>     
,peuc]1 ,lipsiae1 #aedi1 & 9 same       
,witt5b]g1 #aeeb4  ,de ,vet]ibus et     
,novis ,metallis4 ,watt gives an        
edition1 ,basel1 #aecj1 & ,p>is1 #aeda2 
we believe ?is is incorrect & ref]s to  
,b]mannus4 ,reuss m5tions a folio pr9t (
 ,basel1 #aeej4 ,we consid] ?is v       
unlikely4  ,de ,natura eorum quae       

,effluunt ex ,t]ra4 ,alb9us1 ,h(mann1   
,s*mid1 ,jacobi1 ,ri*t]1 ,reuss1 &      
,we9>t give an edition ( #aede4 ,we     
believe ?is is aga9 ! d$ication in/ead (
 ! publication date 7#aedf74  ,de       
,animantibus ,subt]raneis4 ,van d] ,l9d5
 gives an edition at ,s*we9furt1 #hvo1  
#afjg4 ,al?\gh we h be5 unable to f9d a 
copy1 ?is slightly confirms !           
possibility ( an octavo edition ( ,de   
,re ,metallica ( ?is date1 z !y 7       
usually publi%$ toge!r4 ,leupold gives  
assurance t he h&l$ an octavo edition ( 
,witt5b]g1 #afab1 cum notis ,johann     
,sigfridi4 ,we ?9k he confus$ ?is )     
,b]mannus sive de re metallica ( t date 
& place4 ,s*mid1 ,ri*t]1 & ,draud all   
ref] to an edition simil>ly annotat$1   
,leipzig1 #afac1 #hvo4 ,we h no trace ( 
x o!rwise4   ,,unpubli%$ ,,works ,,on   
,,subjects ,,relat$ ,,to ,,m9+4         
,agricola app>5tly project$ a complete  
s]ies ( works cov]+ ! :ole range (      
subjects relat+ to m9]als3 geology1     
m9]alogy1 m9+1 metallurgy1 hi/ory (     

metals1 _! uses1 laws1 etc4 ,9 a lett]#e
 f ,fabricius to ,meur] 7,m>*1 #aeec71 !
 =m] /ates t ,agricola int5d$ writ+ ab\t
 #cj books 7*apt]s7 9 addition to ^?    
already publi%$1 & to ! twelve books ,de
 ,re ,metallica :i* he 0 ab\t to publi%4
 ,app>5tly a numb] ( ^! works 7 ei!r    
unf9i%$ or unpubli%$ at ,agricola's     
dea?1 = 8 fri5d ,george ,fabricius seems
 to h made "s ef=t to secure _!         
publication1 b did n succe$1 ?r\gh lack 
( sympa?y on ! "p ( ,agricola's family4 
,h(mann#f /ates on ?is matt]3 ,8        
int5tions 7 fru/rat$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! lack 
( support ) :i* he 0 met by ! heirs ( ! 
,m9]alogi/4 ,^!1 z he compla9s to a     
,c\ncillor ( ! ,electorate1 ,*ri/oph]   
von ,c>lovitz1 9 #aeef1 & to ,paul ,eb] 
9 ano!r lett]1 adopt$ a grudg+ &        
ungraci\s tone ) reg>d to 8 proposal to 
collect all ,agricola's works left      
beh9d1 & !y only cons5t$ to communicate 
to him z mu* z !y 7 oblig$ by express   
comm& ( ! ,pr9ce4 ,at ! ,pr9ce's comm&  
!y %[$ him a little1 b he suppos$ t !re 

0 mu* m t !y _h suppress$ or n pres]v$4 
,! attempt to pur*ase "s ( ! works--!   
,elector _h giv5 ,fabricius money = !   
purpose 7#cj nummos unciales7--prov$    
unavail+1 ow+ to ! disagreeabl5ess (    
,agricola's heirs4 ,x is no d\bt due to 
^! regrettable circum/ances t all !     
works ( ! indu/ri\s s*ol> did n come d[n
 to u4 ,! disagreeabl5ess 0 probably due
 to ! refusal ( ! ,prote/ant t[nsfolk to
 all[ ! burial ( ,agricola 9 ! ,ca!dral 
at ,*emnitz4 ,s f> z we "k ! foll[+ are 
! unpubli%$ or lo/ works4  ,de ,jure et 
,legibus ,metallicis4 ,?is "w on m9+ law
 is m5tion$ at ! end ( ,book ,,iv4 ( ,de
 ,re ,metallica1 & x is ref]r$ to by    
o!rs app>5tly f t s\rce4 ,we h be5      
unable to f9d any evid5ce t x 0 ev]     
publi%$4  ,de ,v>ia temp]ie sive        
,con/itutione ,a]is4 ,9 a lett]#g to    
,johann ,naevius1 ,agricola ref]s to    
hav+ a "w 9 h& ( ?is title4  ,de        
,metallis et ,ma*9is4 ,h(mann#h /ates t 
a "w ( ?is title by ,agricola1 dat$     
,basel #aedc1 0 sold to someone 9       

,am]ica by a ,frank=t-on-,ma9 booksell] 
9 #ahif4 ,?is is app>5tly ! only ref]5ce
 to x t we "k (1 & x is possibly a      
confusion ( titles or a sep>ate ( "s    
*apt]s f ,de ,re ,metallica4  ,de ,ortu 
,metallorum ,def5sio ad ,jacobum        
,s*eckium4 ,ref]r$ to by ,fabricius 9 a 
lett]#i to ,meur]4 ,if publi%$ 0        
probably only a tract4  ,de ,t]rae      
,motu4 ,9 a lett]#aj f ,agricola to     
,meur] 7,jan4 #a1 #aedd7 is "s ref]5ce  
:i* might indicate t he 0 =mulat+ a "w  
on e>?quakes "u ?is title1 or p]haps may
 be only incid5tal to ! portions ( ,de  
,ortu et ,causis deal+ ) ?is subject4   
,comm5t>iorum 9 quibus utriusque l+uae  
scriptorum locos difficiles de rebus    
subt]raneis explicat1 ,libri ,,vi4      
,agricola app>5tly p>tially complet$ a  
"w "u "s su* title z ?is1 :i* 0 to      
embrace *apt]s entitl$ ,de ,me?odis &   
,de ,demon/ratione4 ,! ma9 object seems 
to h be5 a comm5t>y on ! t]ms & passages
 9 ! classics relat+ to m9+1 m9]alogy1  
etc4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,preface ( ,de   

,vet]ibus et ,novis ,metallis1 & 9 a    
lett]#aa f "o ( ,frob5's firm to        
,agricola 9 #aedh1 :]e x is sugge/$ t   
,agricola %\ld def] s5d+ 8 new          
comm5t>ies until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! "w is
 m5tion$ by ,alb9us#ab1 & 9 a lett] f   
,georg ,fabricius to ,meur] on ! #bnd   
,jan4 #aedh1ac 9 ano!r f ,g4 ,fabricius1
 to 8 bro!r ,&reas on ,oct4 #bh1        
#aeee1ad & 9 a ?ird f ,fabricius to     
,melan*?on on ,decemb] #h?1 #aeeeae1 9  
:i* regret is express$ t ! "w 0 n       
complet$ by ,agricola4   ,,writ+s ,,n   
,,relat$ ,,to ,,m9+1 ,,includ+ ,,lo/    
,,or ,,unpubli%$ ,,works4  ,lat9        
,gramm>4 ,?is 0 probably ! fir/ (       
,agricola's publications1 ! full title  
to :i* is ,georgii ,agricolae ,glaucii  
,libellus de prima ac simplici          
in/itutione grammatica4 ,excusum        
,lipsiae 9 ,(fic9a ,mel*ioris ,lot!ri4  
,anno ,,mdxx4 7#dto71 #bd folios4#af    
,!re is "s reason to believe t ,agricola
 also publi%$ a ,greek gramm>1 = !re is 
a lett]#ag f ,agricola dat$ ,m>* #ah?1  

#aebb1 9 :i* ,h5icus ,camitianus is     
reque/$ to s5d a copy to ,/ephan ,ro?4  
,!ological ,tracts4 ,!re are pres]v$ 9 !
 ,zwickau ,ra?ss*ul ,libr>y#ah copies by
 ,/ephan ,ro? ( two tracts1 ! "o        
entitl$1 ,deum non esse auctorem        
,peccati1 ! o!r1 ,religioso patri ,petri
 ,fontano1 sacre !ologie ,doctori eximio
 ,georgius ,agricola salutem dicit 9    
,*ri/o4 ,! =m] 0 writt5 f ,leipzig 9    
#aebb1 & ! latt]1 al?\gh n dat$1 is     
assign$ to ! same p]iod4 ,bo? are pr9t$ 
9 ,zwei !ologis*e ,abh&lung5 des ,georg 
,agricola1 an article by ,otto ,clem51  
,neu5 ,ar*iv fur ,sae*sis*e ,ges*i*te1  
etc41 ,dresd51 #aijj4 ,!re is "s reason 
7f a lett] ( ,fabricius to ,melan*?on1  
,dec4 #h?1 #aeee7 to believe t ,agricola
 _h complet$ a "w on ! unwritt5         
traditions conc]n+ ! ,*ur*4 ,!re is no  
fur!r trace ( x4  ,gal54 ,agricola      
appe>s to h be5 jo9t au?or ) ,&reas     
,asulanus & ,j4 ,b4 ,opizo ( a revision 
( ?is well-kn[n ,greek "w4 ,x 0 publi%$ 
at ,v5ice 9 #aebe1 "u ! title ( ,gal5i  

,librorum1 etc41 etc4 ,agricola's "n is 
m5tion$ 9 a prefatory lett] to ,opizo by
 ,asulanus4  ,de ,bello adv]sus ,turcam4
 ,?is political tract1 direct$ aga9/ !  
,turks1 0 writt5 9 ,lat9 & fir/ pr9t$ by
 ,frob51 ,basel1 #aebh4 ,x 0 translat$  
into ,g]man app>5tly by ,agricola's     
fri5d ,laur5z ,b]man1 & publi%$ "u !    
title ,oration ,anr$e ,und ,vormanunge  
444 widd] d5 ,tu]ck5 by ,fr$]i* ,peypus1
 ,nuremb]g1 9 #aeca 7#hvo71 & ei!r 9    
#aecj or #aeca by ,wolfgang ,/oeckel1   
,dresd51 #dto4 ,x 0 aga9 pr9t$ 9 ,lat9  
by ,frob51 ,basel1 #aech1 #dto2 by ,h4  
,grosius1 ,leipzig1 #aeid1 #hvo2 x 0    
includ$ among o!r works publi%$ on !    
same subject by ,ni*olas ,reusn]us1     
,leipzig1 #aeie2 by ,mi*ael ,lantz5b]g]1
 ,frankfurt-am-,ma91 #aeig1 #dto4       
,fur!r1 !re is ref]5ce by ,watt to an   
edition at ,eisleb51 #afjc1 ( :i* we h  
no confirmation4 ,!re is ano!r "w on !  
subject1 or a revision by ! au?or       
m5tion$ by ,alb9us#ai z hav+ be51 aft]  
,agricola's dea?1 s5t to ,frob5 by      

,george ,fabricius to be pr9t$2 no?+    
fur!r appe>s 9 ?is matt] h[ev]4  ,de    
,pe/e4 ,?is "w on ! ,plague appe>s to h 
be5 fir/ pr9t$ by ,frob51 ,basel1 #aeed1
 #hvo4 ,! "w 0 republi%$ at ,s*we9furt1 
#afjg1 & at ,augsburg 9 #afad1 "u v>i\s 
editors4 ,x w\ld appe> f ,alb9us#bj t ! 
"w 0 revis$ by ,agricola & 9 ,frob5's   
h&s = publication aft] ! au?or's dea?4  
,de ,m$icatis ,fontibus4 ,?is "w is     
ref]r$ to by ,agricola himself 9 ,de    
,natura ,eorum1#ba 9 ! prefatory lett] 9
 ,de ,vet]ibus et ,novis ,metallis2 &   
,alb9us#bb quotes a lett] ( ,agricola to
 ,seba/ian ,mun/] on ! subject4 ,alb9us 
/ates 7,b]g*ronik1 p4 #aic7 t to 8 k x  
_h n yet be5 publi%$4 ,conrad ,gesn]1 9 
8 "w ,exc]ptorum et obs]vationum de     
,!rmis1 :i* is repr9t$ 9 ,de ,balneis1  
,v5ice1 #aeec1 aft] ,agricola's ,de     
,natura ,eorum1 /ates#bc conc]n+        
,agricola 9 libris quos de m$icatis     
fontibus in/itu]it copiosus se dicturum 
pollicetur4 ,watt m5tions x z hav+ be5  
publi%$ 9 #aedi1 #aefa1 #afad1 & #afba4 

,he1 h[ev]1 app>5tly confuses x ) ,de   
,natura ,eorum4 ,we are unable to /ate  
:e!r x 0 ev] pr9t$ or n4 ,a note (      
inquiry to ! pr9cipal libr>ies 9 ,g]many
 gave a negative result4  ,de ,putr$9e  
solidas p>tes humani corporis           
corrump5te4 ,?is "w1 accord+ to ,alb9us 
0 receiv$ by ,fabricius a ye> aft]      
,agricola's dea?1 b :e!r x 0 publi%$ or 
n is unc]ta94#bd  ,ca/igationes 9       
,hippocratem et ,gal5um4 ,?is "w is     
ref]r$ to by ,agricola 9 ! preface (    
,b]mannus1 & ,alb9us#be m5tions sev]al  
lett]s ref]r+ to ! prep>ation ( ! "w4   
,!re is no evid5ce ( publication4       
,typographia ,mysnae et ,tor+iae4 ,x    
seems f ,agricola's lett]#bf to ,mun/] t
 ,agricola prep>$ "s sort ( a "w on !   
hi/ory ( ,saxony & ( ! ,royal ,family   
!re( at ! comm& ( ! ,elector & s5t x to 
him :5 f9i%$1 b x 0 nev] publi%$ z      
writt5 by ,agricola4 ,alb9us1 ,h(mann1 &
 ,/ruve give "s details ( lett]s 9      
ref]5ce to x4 ,fabricius 9 a lett]#bg   
dat$ ,nov4 #aa1 #aecf asks ,meur] to s5d

 ,agricola "s mat]ial = x2 9 a lett] f  
,fabricius to ,meur] dat$ ,oct4 #cj1    
#aeed1 x appe>s t ! ,elector _h grant$  
,agricola #bjj ?al]s to assi/ 9 ! "w4   
,aft] ,agricola's dea? ! mat]ial seems  
to h be5 h&$ ov] to ,fabricius1 :o made 
use ( x 7z he /ates 9 ! preface7 9      
prep>+ ! "w he 0 commission$ by !       
,elector to write1 ! title ( :i* 01     
,orig9um illu/rissimae /irpis ,saxonicae
 ,libri1 & 0 publi%$ 9 ,leipzig1 #aeig4 
,x includes on page #hhj a fragm5t ( a  
"w entitl$ ,oratio de rebus ,ge/is      
,erne/i et ,alb]ti ,ducum ,saxoniae1 by 
,agricola4   ,,works ,,wrongly          
,,attribut$ ,,to ,,georgius ,,agricola4 
,! foll[+ works h be5 at "o "t or ano!r 
wrongly attribut$ to ,georgius          
,agricola3--  ,gal]azeya sive ,revelator
 ,secretorum ,de ,lapide ,philosophorum1
 ,cologne1 #aeca & #aecd1 by "o ,daniel 
,agricola1 :i* is m]ely a controv]sial  
book ) a cat*-title1 us$ by ,ca?olics = 
conv]t+ h]etics4  ,re*t] ,gebrau* d]    
,al*imey1 a book ( miscellane\s receipts

 :i* treats v slightly (                
transmutation4#bh  ,*ronik d] ,/adt     
,freib]g by a ,georg ,agricola 7di$     
#afcj71 a prea*] at ,freib]g4           
,dom9atores ,saxonici1 by ! same au?or4 
,brevi>um de ,asse by ,guillaume ,bude4 
,de ,inv5tione ,dialectica by ,rudolph  
,agricola4   ,,footnotes3  #a ,see      
footnote #d1 page #a4  #b ,sy/em (      
,m9]alogy4  #c ,! foll[+ are ! titles ( 
! works ref]r$ to 9 ?is discussion3--   
,petrus ,alb9us3 ,meissnis*e ,l& und    
,b]g ,*ronica ,9 wel*] e9 wolln/5dige   
description des ,l&es1 etc41 ,dresd51   
#aeij 7conta9s "p ,i1 ,comm5tatorium de 
,mysnia74 ,newe ,*ronica und            
,bes*reibung des ,l&es zu ,meiss51 pp4  
#a to #ddi1 besides preface & index1 &  
,"p ,,ii4 ,meissnis*e ,b]gk ,*ronica1   
,dresd51 #aeij1 pp4 #a to #bje1 besides 
preface & index4  ,adam ,daniel ,ri*t]3 
,um/a5dli*e 444 ,*ronica d] 444 ,/adt   
,*emnitz neb/ beygefuegt5 ,urkund51 #b  
pts4 #dto1 ,zittau  ,leipzig1 #agfg4    
,b54 ,g4 ,we9>t3 ,v]su* e9] ,litt]atur  

d4 ,sae*sis*5 ,ges*i*te und ,/aats      
kunde1 ,leipzig1 #ahhe4  ,fri$ri* ,augu/
 ,s*mid3 ,georg ,agrikola's ,b]mannus3  
,e9leitung 9 die metallurgis*5 ,s*rift5 
desselb51 ,freyb]g1 ,craz  ,g]la*4      
#ahjf1 pp4 ,,viii41 #a-bfj4  ,franz     
,ambros ,reuss3 ,m9]alogis*e ,geographie
 van ,boehm54 #b vols4 #dto1 ,dresd51   
#agic-ig4 7,agricola ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #b74  
,jacob ,leupold3 ,prodromus ,biblio!cae 
,metallicae1 correct$1 cont9u$1 &       
augm5t$ by ,f4 ,e4 ,brueckmann4         
,wolf5buettel1 #agcb1 s4v4 ,agricola4   
,*ri/ian ,gottlieb ,goe*]3 ,allgeme9es  
,gelehrt5-,lexicon1 ) cont9uation &     
supplem5ts by ,adelung1 ,leipzig1 #agej1
 s4v4 ,agricola4  ,john ,anton ,van d]  
,l9d53 ,de ,scriptis m$icis1 ,libri duo1
 ,am/]dam1 #affb1 s4v4 ,georgius        
,agricola4  ,nicolas ,francois ,joseph  
,eloy3 ,dictionnaire ,hi/orique de la   
,m$ec9e1 ,liege  ,franc=t 7*ez ,j4 ,f4  
,bassompi]re71 #agee1 #hvo 7,agricola p4
 #bh1 vol4 ,i74  ,georg ,abraham        
,m]ckl9us3 ,l9d5ius ,r5ovatus de        

scriptis m$icis cont9uati 444           
amplificati1 etc41 ,am/]dam1 #afhf1 s4v4
 ,georgius ,agricola4  ,john ,f]guson3  
,biblio!ca ,*emica3 ,a catalogue ( !    
,al*emical1 ,*emical1 & ,ph>maceutical  
books 9 ! collection ( ! late ,james ,"y
 ( ,kelly  ,durris1 ,esq41 ,l4,l4,d41   
,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,glasg[1 #aijf1 
#dto1 #b vols41 s4v4 ,agricola4         
,*ri/oph ,wilhelm ,gatt]]3 ,allgeme9es  
,rep]torium d] m9]alogis*51 b]gw]ks und 
,salz w]kswiss5s*aftli*5 ,lit]atur1     
,goett+51 #agih1 vol4 ,i4  ,dr4 ,re9hold
 ,h(mann3 ,dr4 ,georg ,agricola1 ,e9    
,gelehrt5leb5 aus dem ,zeitalt] d]      
,re=mation1 #hvo1 ,go?a1 #aije4  ,georg 
,he9ri* ,jacobi3 ,d] ,m9]alog ,georgius 
,agricola und se9 ,v]haeltnis zur       
wiss5s*aft se9] ,zeit1 etc41 #hvo4      
,zwickau 7#ahhi71                       
7,diss]tation--,leipzig74  ,georg       
,draud3 ,biblio!ca ,classica1           
,frankfurt-am-,ma91 #afaa4  ,b4 ,g4     
,/ruve3 ,biblio!ca ,saxonica1 #hvo1     
,halle1 #agcf4  #d ,alb9us /ates 7p4    

#ced73 ,omnes simul editi ,anno4 #aedi1 
it]um #aeej1 ,basileae1 z ?\gh two      
sep>ate editions4  #e ,g4 ,fabricii     
epi/olae ad ,w4 ,meur]um et alios       
aequales1 by ,baumg>t5-,crusius1        
,leipzig1 #ahde1 p4 #hc4  #f ,dr4 ,georg
 ,agricola1 ,go?a1 #aije1 pp4 #fj-fa4   
#g ,alb9us1 ,l&*ronik1 pp4 #ced-e4  #h  
,dr4 ,georg ,agricola1 p4 #fc4  #i      
,baumg>t5-,crusius1 p4 #aae4  #aj       
,virorum ,cl>orum ,saec4 ,,xvi4 et      
,,xvii4 ,epi/olae ,selectae by ,ern/    
,web]1 ,leipzig1 #ahid1 p4 #b4  #aa     
,ni*olas ,episcopius to ,georg          
,agricola1 ,sept4 #ag1 #aedh1 publi%$ 9 
,s*mid's ,b]mannus p4 #ch4 ,see also    
,h(mann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fb & #adj4  #ab  
,meissnis*e ,l&*ronik1 ,dresd51 #aehi1  
p4 #ced4  #ac ,pr9t$ 9                  
,baumg>t5-,crusius1 pp4 #dh-di1 lett]   
,,xlviii4  #ad ,pr9t$ 9 ,h]mann ,pet]'s 
,meissn] ,jahresb]i*t d] ,fu]/5s*ule1   
#ahia1 p4 #bd4  #ae ,baumg>t5-,crusius4 
,georgii ,fabricii ,*emnic5sis          
,epi/olae1 ,leipzig1 #ahde1 p4 #aci4    

#af ,!re is a copy ( ?is "w 9 !         
,ra?ss*ul ,libr>y at ,zwickau4  #ag ,9 !
 ,ra?ss*ul ,libr>y at ,zwickau4  #ah    
,conta9$ 9 ,vols4 ,,xxxvii4 & ,,xl4 (   
,/ephan ,ro?'s ,kollectan5ba5de ,volumes
 ( ,transcripts4  #ai ,l&*ronik1 p4     
#ced4  #bj ,op4 cit41 p4 #ced4  #ba     
,book ,,iv4  #bb ,op4 cit41 p4 #cee4    
#bc ,page #bia4  #bd ,see               
,baumg>t5-,crusius1 p4 #aad1 lett] f    
,georg ,fabricius4  #be ,op4 cit41 p4   
#ced4  #bf ,alb9us1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #cee4 
#bg ,baumg>t5-,crusius1 p4 #b4  #bh ,see
 ,f]guson1 ,biblio!ca ,*emica1 s4v4     
,daniel ,agricola4     ,,app5dix ,b4    
,,anci5t ,,au?ors4   ,we give ! foll[+  
brief notes on e>ly works conta9+ "s    
ref]5ce to m9]alogy1 m9+1 or metallurgy1
 to indicate ! lit]ature available to   
,agricola & = hi/orical notes be>+ ^u ! 
subject4 ,ref]5ces to ^! works 9 !      
footnotes may be mo/ easily consult$    
?r\gh ! p]sonal index4  ,,greek         
,,au?ors4--,only a v limit$ ,greek      
lit]ature ^u subjects alli$ to m9+ or   

natural sci5ce survives4 ,! :ole ( !    
mat]ial ( te*nical int]e/ c\ld be       
reproduc$ on less ?an tw5ty ( ^! pages4 
,^? ( mo/ importance are3 ,ari/otle     
7#chd-cbb ,b4,c471 ,!ophra/us 7#cga-bhh 
,b4,c471 ,diodorus ,siculus 7#a/ ,c5tury
 ,b4,c471 ,/rabo 7#fd ,b4,c4-#be        
,a4,d471 & ,dioscorides 7#a/ ,c5tury    
,a4,d474  ,ari/otle1 ap>t f occasional  
m9]alogical or metallurgical ref]5ces 9 
,de ,mirabilibus1 is mo/ly ( int]e/ z ! 
au?or ( ! ,p]ipatetic !ory ( ! elem5ts &
 ! relation ( ^! to ! orig9 ( /ones &   
metals4 ,agricola 01 to a consid]able   
measure1 a foll[] ( ?is s*ool1 & _!     
views col\r mu* ( 8 writ+s4 ,we1 h[ev]1 
discuss else:]e#a at :at po9t he dep>t$ 
f !m4 ,especially 9 ,de ,ortu et ,causis
 does he quote l>gely f ,ari/otle's     
,meteorologica1 ,physica1 & ,de ,coelo  
on ^! subjects4 ,!re is a spuri\s "w on 
/ones attribut$ to ,ari/otle ( "s int]e/
 to m9]alogi/s4 ,x 0 probably ! "w ( "s 
,arab e>ly 9 ! ,middle ,ages4           
,!ophra/us1 ! pr9cipal disciple (       

,ari/otle1 appe>s to h writt5 at lea/   
two works relat+ to our subject--"o ,on 
,/ones1 & ! o!r on metals1 m9+ or       
metallurgy1 b ! latt] is n extant4 ,! "w
 ,on ,/ones 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice 9     
#adih1 & ! ,greek text1 toge!r ) a fair 
,engli% translation by ,sir ,john ,hill1
 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agdf "u ! title 
,!ophra/us on ,/ones2 ! translation is1 
h[ev]1 some:at col\r$ ) ,hill's views on
 m9]alogy4 ,! "w comprises #abj %ort    
p>agraphs1 & w\ld1 if reproduc$1 cov] b 
ab\t f\r ( ^! pages4 ,9 ! fir/ p>agraphs
 are ! ,p]ipatetic view ( ! orig9 (     
/ones & m9]als1 & ^u ! f\ndation (      
,ari/otle he makes "s modifications4 ,! 
pr9cipal int]e/ 9 ,!ophra/us' "w is !   
description ( m9]als2 ! in=mation giv5  
is1 h[ev]1 su* z might be possess$ by   
any ord9>y workman1 & betrays no        
p>ticul> abilities = natural philosophy4
 ,he enum]ates v>i\s ext]ior            
*>act]i/ics1 su* z col\r1 t5acity1      
h>dness1 smoo?ness1 d5sity1 fusibility1 
lu/re1 & transp>5ce1 & _! quality (     

reproduction1 & !n proce$s to describe  
v>i\s sub/ances1 b usually omits 8      
enum]at$ *>act]i/ics4 ,ap>t f ! !n kn[n 
metals & c]ta9 e>?s 7o*re1 m>ls1 clay1  
etc471 x is possible to id5tify f 8     
descriptions ! foll[+ rocks &           
m9]als3--m>ble1 pumice1 onyx1 gypsum1   
pyrites1 coal1 bitum51 amb]1 azurite1   
*rysocolla1 realg>1 orpim5t1 c9nab>1    
qu>tz 9 v>i\s =ms1 lapis lazuli1 em]ald1
 sapphire1 diamond1 & ruby4 ,altoge!r   
!re are "s sixte5 di/9ct m9]al species4 
,he also describes ! t\*/one & its uses1
 ! mak+ ( :ite-lead & v]digris1 & (     
quicksilv] f c9nab>4  ,diodorus ,siculus
 0 a ,greek native ( ,sicily4 ,8        
hi/orical libr>y consi/$ ( "s #dj books1
 ( :i* p>ts ( #ae are extant4 ,! fir/   
pr9t 0 9 ,lat91 #adgb1 & 9 ,greek 9     
#aeci2 ! fir/ translation into ,engli% 0
 by ,?omas ,/ock]1 ,london1 #aefh1 &    
lat] by ,g4 ,boo?1 #agjj4 ,we h reli$ ^u
 ,boo?'s translation1 b ) "s am5dm5ts by
 fri5ds1 to ga9 m lit]al /atem5t4       
,diodorus1 s f> z relates to our        

subject1 gives m]ely ! occasional note (
 a travell]4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ p>agraphs   
are 8 quotation f ,aga?>*ides on        
,egyptian m9+ & ^u ,briti% t94  ,/rabo 0
 also a geograph]4 ,8 "w consi/s ( #ag  
books1 & practically all survive4 ,we h 
reli$ ^u ! mo/ excell5t translation (   
,hamilton & ,falcon]1 ,london1 #aijc1 ! 
only "o 9 ,engli%4 ,m9es & m9]als did n 
escape su* an acute geograph]1 & !      
matt]s ( greate/ int]e/ are ^? )        
relation to ,spani% m9es4  ,dioscorides 
0 a ,greek physician :o wrote entirely f
 ! /&po9t ( mat]ia m$ica1 mo/ ( 8 "w be+
 devot$ to h]bs2 b ,book ,v4 is devot$  
to m9]als & rocks1 & _! prep>ation =    
m$ic9al purposes4 ,! "w has nev] be5    
translat$ into ,engli%1 & we h reli$ ^u 
! ,lat9 translation ( ,mat?ioli1 ,v5ice1
 #aefe1 & notes ^u ! ,greek text prep>$ 
= u by ,mr4 ,c4 ,katopodes4 ,9 addition 
to mo/ ( ! sub/ances kn[n be=e1 he1 s f>
 z c be id5tifi$1 adds s*i/1 cadmia     
7bl5de or calam9e71 *alcitis 7copp]     
sulphide71 misy1 melant]ia1 sory 7copp] 

or iron sulphide oxidation m9]als74 ,he 
describes ! mak+ ( c]ta9 artificial     
products1 su* z copp] oxides1 vitriol1  
li?>ge1 pompholyx1 & spodos 7z9c &_/or  
ars5ical oxides74 ,8 pr9cipal int]e/ =  
u1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ! processes set out =  
mak+ 8 m$ic9es4  ,occasional scraps (   
in=mation relat+ to ! metals or m9es 9  
"s connection are to be f\nd 9 _m o!r   
,greek writ]s1 & 9 quotations by !m f   
o!rs :i* are n n[ extant1 su* z         
,polybius1 ,posidonius1 etc4 ,! poets   
occasionally ?r[ a gleam ( light on     
anci5t metallurgy1 z = in/ance 9 ,hom]'s
 description ( ,vulcan's f\ndry2 :ile ! 
hi/orians1 philosoph]s1 /atesm51 &      
physicians1 among !m ,h]odotus1         
,x5ophon1 ,demo/h5es1 ,gal51 & _m o!rs1 
h left "s incid5tal ref]5ces to ! metals
 & m9+1 helpful to glean]s f a field1   
:i* has be5 almo/ exhau/$ by "t4 ,ev5   
,ar*im$es made pumps1 & ,h]o survey+    
in/rum5ts = m9es4  ,,roman              
,,au?ors4--,pre-em95t among all anci5t  
writ]s on ^! subjects is1 ( c\rse1      

,pl9y1 & 9 fact1 except "s few l9es by  
,vitruvius1 !re is practically little   
else 9 extant ,roman lit]ature (        
te*nical int]e/1 = ! metallurgical      
metaphors ( ! poets & orators 7 ?readb>e
 by ?is "t1 & d n excite s mu* int]e/ z 
^u _! fir/ appe>ance among ! ,greeks &  
,hebrews4  ,pl9y 7,caius ,pl9ius        
,secundus7 0 born #bc ,a4,d41 & 0 kill$ 
by eruption ( ,vesuvius #gi ,a4,d4 ,8   
,natural ,hi/ory %\ld be m prop]ly call$
 an encyclopa$ia1 ! :ole compris+ #cg   
books2 b only portions ( ! la/ f\r books
 relate to our subject1 & ov] "o-half ( 
! mat]ial !re is ^u preci\s /ones4 ,to  
give "s r\gh idea ( ! small quantity (  
ev5 ?is1 ! mo/ volum9\s ( anci5t works  
^u our subject1 we h made an e/imate t !
 portions ( metallurgical "* w\ld cov]1 
say1 ?ree pages ( ?is text1 on m9+ two  
pages1 on build+ & preci\s /ones ab\t t5
 pages4 ,pl9y & ,dioscorides 7          
contempor>ies1 & :ile ,pl9y n[h]e ref]s 
to ! ,greek1 int]nal evid5ce is mo/     
conv9c+1 ei!r t !y drew f ! same s\rce1 

or t ,pl9y drew f ,dioscorides4 ,we h1  
!re=e1 ?r\gh\t ! text giv5 prec$5ce 9 "t
 to ! ,greek au?or 9 matt]s ( hi/orical 
int]e/4 ,! works ( ,pl9y 7 fir/ pr9t$ at
 ,v5ice 9 #adfi4 ,!y h pass$ doz5s (    
editions 9 v>i\s languages1 & h be5     
twice translat$ into ,engli%4 ,! fir/   
translation by ,philemon ,holl&1        
,london1 #afja1 is q impossible4 ,!     
second translation1 by ,bo/ock & ,riley1
 ,london1 #ahee1 0 a great advance1 & ! 
notes are mo/ valuable1 b 9 g5]al ! "w  
has suff]$ f a fre$om ju/ifiable 9 !    
translation ( poetry1 b n 9 sci5ce4 ,we 
h reli$ ^u ! ,lat9 edition ( ,janus1    
,leipzig1 #ahgj4 ,! frequ5t quotations 9
 our footnotes are suffici5t indication 
( ! "* ( ,pl9y's "w4 ,9 g5]al x %\ld be 
rememb]$ t he 0 himself b a compil] (   
in=mation f o!rs1 &1 s f> z our subjects
 are conc]n$1 ( no o!r exp]i5ce ?an mo/ 
travell]s4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! reliability
 ( su* au?ors to-day on te*nical        
subjects1 respect = ,pl9y is mu*        
enhanc$4 ,fur!r1 ! text is no d\bt mu*  

corrupt$ ?r\gh ! g5]ations (            
transcription be=e x 0 set 9 type4 ,s f>
 z c be id5tifi$ ) any assurance1 ,pl9y 
adds b few di/9ct m9]als to ^? enum]at$ 
by ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides4 ,= 8      
metallurgical & m9+ in=mation we ref] to
 ! footnotes1 & 9 g5]al x may be said t 
:ile ^? skill$ 9 metallurgy c dimly see 
9 8 /atem5ts _m metallurgical op]ations1
 !re is little t does n require mu*     
d$uction to arrive at a conclusion4 ,on 
geology he (f]s no new philosophical    
d$uctions ( consequ5ce2 ! remote        
connection ( build+ /ones is practically
 all t c be enum]at$1 le/ "o build "s   
assumption ( a k ( ore-deposits on ! use
 ( ! ^w ve94 ,"o po9t ( great int]e/ to 
?is "w is t 9 8 se>* = ,lat9 t]ms =     
te*nical purposes ,agricola reli$ almo/ 
:olly ^u ,pl9y1 & by "s devotion to !   
latt] we h be5 able to dis5tangle "s v  
puzzl+ matt]s ( nom5clature 9 ,de ,re   
,metallica1 ( :i* ! t]m molybda5a may be
 cit$ z a case 9 po9t4  ,vitruvius 0 a  
,roman ar*itect ( note ( ! #a/ ,c5tury  

,b4,c4 ,8 "w ( t5 books conta9s "s v    
m9or ref]5ces to pumps & ma*9]y1 build+ 
/ones1 & ! prep>ation ( pigm5ts1 ! latt]
 involv+ op]ations f :i* metallurgical  
d$uctions c occasionally be safely made4
 ,8 works 7 app>5tly fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,rome 
9 #adif4 ,!re are _m editions 9 v>i\s   
languages1 ! fir/ ,engli% translation   
be+ f ! ,fr5* 9 #afib4 ,we h reli$ ^u ! 
translation ( ,joseph ,gwilt1 ,london1  
#ahge1 ) su* alt]ations z we h consid]$ 
necess>y4  ,,m$iaeval ,,au?ors4--,=     
conv5i5ce we gr\p "u ?is head+ ! writ]s 
( int]e/ f ,roman times to ! awak5+ (   
le>n+ 9 ! e>ly #af? ,c5tury4 ,ap>t f    
,!ophilus1 !y are mo/ly al*emi/s2 b1    
nev]!less1 "s are ( great importance 9 !
 hi/ory ( metallurgy & *emi/ry4 ,omitt+ 
a horde ( less] lights ^u :om we h giv5 
"s data "u ! au?or's preface1 ! works   
pr9cipally conc]n$ are ^? ascrib$ to    
,avic5na1 ,!ophilus1 ,geb]1 ,alb]tus    
,magnus1 ,rog] ,bacon1 & ,basil         
,val5t9e4 ,judg+ f ! ,preface to ,de ,re
 ,metallica1 & f quotations 9 8         

subsidi>y works1 ,agricola mu/ h be5 n  
only famili> ) a wide range ( al*emi/ic 
mat]ial1 b also ) a good deal ( !       
,arabic lit]ature1 :i* _h be5 translat$ 
into ,lat94 ,! ,arabs 71 ( c\rse1 ! only
 race :i* kept ! light ( sci5ce burn+   
dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages1 & _! works 7 9       
consid]able vogue at ,agricola's "t4    
,avic5na 7#ihj-ajcg7 0 an ,arabian      
physician ( great note1 a translator ( !
 ,greek classics into ,arabic1 & a      
foll[] ( ,ari/otle to ! ext5t ( attempt+
 to reconcile ! ,p]ipatetic elem5ts ) ^?
 ( ! al*emi/s4 ,he is *iefly kn[n to !  
_w ?r\gh ! works :i* he compil$ on      
m$ic9e1 mo/ly f ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors4
 ,^! works = c5turies dom9at$ ! m$ical  
_w1 & 7 us$ 9 c]ta9 ,european           
,univ]sities until ! #ag? c5tury4 ,a    
great _m works are attribut$ to him1 &  
he is copi\sly quot$ by ,agricola1      
pr9cipally 9 8 ,de ,ortu et ,causis1    
app>5tly = ! purpose ( exposure4        
,!ophilus 0 a ,monk & ! au?or ( a mo/   
illum9at+ "w1 l>gely ^u work+ metal &   

its decoration = ecclesia/ical purposes4
 ,an excell5t translation1 ) ! ,lat9    
text1 0 publi%$ by ,rob]t ,h5drie1      
,london1 #ahdg1 "u ! title ,an ,essay ^u
 v>i\s ,arts1 9 ?ree books1 by          
,!ophilus1 call$ also ,rug]us1 ,prie/ & 
,monk4 ,h5drie1 = _m suffici5t reasons1 
places ! p]iod ( ,!ophilus z ! latt]    
half ( ! #aa? c5tury4 ,! "w is ma9ly    
devot$ to prep>+ pigm5ts1 mak+ glass1 & 
work+ metals1 & _! conv]sion into       
ecclesia/ical p>aph]nalia1 su* z mural  
decoration1 pictures1 w9d[s1 *alices1   
c5s]s1 bells1 organs1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 he   
incid5tally describes ! mak+ (          
metallurgical furnaces1 cupellation1    
p>t+ gold & silv] by cem5tation ) salt1 
& by melt+ ) sulphur1 ! smelt+ ( copp]1 
liquat+ lead f x1 & ! ref9+ ( copp] "u a
 bla/ ) pol+4  ,geb] 0 until rec5t ye>s 
consid]$ to be an ,arab al*emi/ ( a     
p]iod some:]e betwe5 ! #g? & #ab?       
c5turies4 ,a m]e bibliography ( ! v     
consid]able lit]ature :i* exi/s 9       
discussion ( :o1 :]e1 & at :at "t !     

au?or 01 w\ld fill pages4 ,^? :o are    
int]e/$ may obta9 a />t ^u su* ref]5ces 
f ,h]mann ,kopp's ,beitraege zur        
,ges*i*te d] ,*emie1 ,brauns*weig1      
#ahge1 & 9 ,john ,f]guson's ,biblio!ca  
,*emica1 ,glasg[1 #aijf4 ,b]!lot1 9 8   
,*imie au ,moy5 ,age1 ,p>is1 #ahic1     
consid]s ! works "u ! "n ( ,geb] 7 n 9 !
 ma9 ( ,arabic orig91 b compos$ by "s   
,lat9 s*ol> 9 ! #ac? c5tury4 ,9 any     
ev5t1 c]ta9 works 71 "u ?is "n1 pr9t$ 9 
,lat9 z e>ly z #adgj-hj1 & h pass$      
innum]able editions s9ce4 ,!y 7 fir/    
translat$ into ,engli% by ,ri*>d        
,russell1 ,london1 #afgh1 & we h reli$  
^u ?is & ! ,nuremb]g edition 9 ,lat9 (  
#aeda4 ,?is "w1 ev5 assum+ ,b]!lot's    
view1 is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! hi/ory
 ( *emi/ry & metallurgy1 & is *>act]is$ 
by a directness ( /atem5t unique among  
al*emi/s4 ,! mak+ ( ! m9]al             
acids--c]ta9ly nitric & aqua regia1 &   
p]haps hydro*loric & sulphuric--are "h  
fir/ describ$4 ,! au?or 0 famili> )     
saltpetre1 sal-ammoniac1 & alkali1 & ) !

 acids he prep>$ _m salts = ! fir/ "t4  
,he 0 famili> ) amalgamation1           
cupellation1 ! sep>ation ( gold & silv] 
by cem5tation ) salt & by nitric acid4  
,8 views on ! prim>y composition (      
bodies dom9at$ ! al*emi/ic _w =         
c5turies4 ,he cont5d$ t all metals 7    
compos$ ( spiritual sulphur 7or ars5ic1 
:i* he seems to consid] a special =m (  
sulphur7 & quicksilv]1 v>y+ proportions 
& qualities yield+ diff]5t metals4 ,! m 
! quicksilv]1 ! m p]fect ! metal4       
,alb]tus ,magnus 7,alb]t von ,boll/adt7 
0 a ,dom9ican ,monk1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op1   
born ab\t #abje1 & di$ ab\t #abhj4 ,he 0
 rat$ ! mo/ le>n$ man ( 8 "t1 & evid5ce 
( 8 lit]>y activities lies 9 ! complete 
edition ( 8 works issu$ by ,pi]re       
,jammy1 ,lyons1 #afea1 :i* comprises #ba
 folio volumes4 ,h[ev]1 !re is little   
d\bt t a great numb] ( works attribut$  
to him1 especially ^u al*emy1 are       
spuri\s4 ,he cov]$ a wide range (       
!ology1 logic1 al*emy1 & natural sci5ce1
 & ( ! latt] ! foll[+ works :i* conc]n  

our subject are consid]$ g5u9e3--,de    
,rebus ,metallicis et ,m9]alibus1 ,de   
,g5]atione et ,corruptione1 & ,de       
,meteoris4 ,!y are little m ?an         
compilations & expositions ( ! classics 
muddl$ ) ! writ+s ( ! ,arabs1 & 9 g5]al 
an attempt to conciliate ! ,p]ipatetic &
 ,al*emi/ic s*ools4 ,8 position 9 !     
hi/ory ( sci5ce has be5 greatly         
ov]-e/imat$4 ,h[ev]1 8 m9]alogy is1     
except = books on gems1 ! only writ+ (  
any consequ5ce at all on ! subject      
betwe5 ,pl9y & ,agricola1 & :ile !re are
 b two or ?ree m9]als m5tion$ :i* are n 
to be f\nd 9 ! anci5t au?ors1 ?is "w1   
nev]!less1 des]ves "s place 9 ! hi/ory (
 sci5ce1 especially z "s attempt at     
classification is made4 ,agricola       
devotes "s ?\s&s ( words to ! refutation
 ( 8 errors4  ,rog] ,bacon 7#abad-abid7 
0 a ,franciscan ,fri>1 a lectur] at     
,ox=d1 & a man ( consid]able sci5tific  
atta9m5ts = 8 "t4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( a l>ge
 numb] ( ma!matical1 philosophical1 &   
al*emi/ic treatises4 ,! latt] are ( "s  

importance 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry1 b h    
only m9ute be>+ ^u metallurgy1 & ?is    
*iefly z be+ "o ( ! e>lie/ to m5tion    
saltpetre4  ,basil ,val5t9e is ! reput$ 
au?or ( a numb] ( al*emi/ic works1 ( :i*
 none appe>$ 9 pr9t until e>ly 9 ! #ag? 
c5tury4 ,int]nal evid5ce seems to       
indicate t ! ,triumphant ,*>iot (       
,antimony is ! only "o :i* may possibly 
be au!ntic1 & c\ld n h be5 writt5 prior 
to ! end ( ! #ae? or e>ly #af? c5tury1  
al?\gh x has be5 v>i\sly plac$ z e>ly z 
#acej4 ,to ?is "w has be5 accr$it$ !    
fir/ m5tion ( sulphuric & hydro*loric   
acid1 ! sep>ation ( gold & silv] by !   
use ( antimony 7sulphide71 ! r$uction ( 
! antimony sulphide to ! metal1 !       
extraction ( copp] by ! precipitation ( 
! sulphate ) iron1 & ! discov]y ( v>i\s 
antimonial salts4 ,at ! "t ( !          
publication ( works ascrib$ to ,val5t9e 
practically all ^! ?+s 7 well kn[n1 & _h
 be5 previ\sly describ$4 ,we are1 !re=e1
 9 mu* d\bt z to :e!r ?is au?or really  
des]ves any notice 9 ! hi/ory (         

metallurgy4  ,,e>ly #af? ,,c5tury       
,,works4--,dur+ ! #af? c5tury1 & prior  
to ,de ,re ,metallica1 !re are only ?ree
 works ( importance f ! po9t ( view (   
m9+ te*nology--! ,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*l91 !
 ,probi]bue*le91 & ,bir+uccio's ,de ,la 
,pirote*nia4 ,!re are also "s m9or works
 by ! al*emi/s ( "s int]e/ = isolat$    
/atem5ts1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,p>acelsus4 ,!
 ?ree works m5tion$1 h[ev]1 repres5t su*
 a /ride ( advance ov] any?+ previ\s1 t 
!y m]it c>eful consid]ation4  ,eyn      
,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*l94 ,"u ?is title we  
frequ5tly ref] to a little booklet on   
ve9s & ores1 publi%$ at ! beg9n+ ( !    
#af? c5tury4 ,! title page ( our copy is
 z bel[3--  ,illu/ration #faj 7,title   
page7  ,?is book is small #hvo1         
comprises #bd folios )\t pag9ation1 &   
has no typographical indications ^u !   
title page1 b ! la/ l9e 9 ! book reads3 
,g$ruckt zu ,erffurd dur* ,johan        
,lo]sfelt1 #aebg4 ,ano!r edition 9 our  
possession1 t ( ,frankfurt am ,meyn1    
#aecc1 by ,*ri/ian ,eg5olph1 is entitl$ 

,b]gw]k und ,probi]bue*l91 etc41 &      
conta9s1 besides ! above1 an extract &  
plates f ! ,probi]bue*le9 7ref]r$ to    
lat] on71 & a few recipes = assay te/s4 
,all ( ^! booklets1 ( :i* we f9d m5tion1
 comprise in/ructions f ,daniel1 a      
skill$ m9]1 to ,knappius1 8 m9+ boy4    
,al?\gh ! little books ( ?is title are  
all anonym\s1 we are conv9c$1 l>gely f !
 /atem5t 9 ! ,preface ( ,de ,re         
,metallica1 t "o ,calbus ( ,freib]g 0 ! 
orig9al au?or ( ?is "w4 ,agricola says3 
,two books h be5 writt5 9 our tongue3 ! 
"o on ! assay+ ( m9]al sub/ances &      
metals1 some:at confus$1 ^: au?or is    
unkn[n2 ! o!r ',on ,ve9s'1 ( :i*        
,p&ulfus ,anglus is also said to h      
writt51 al?\gh ! ,g]man book 0 writt5 by
 ,calbus ( ,freib]g1 a well-kn[n doctor2
 b nei!r ( !m accompli%$ ! task he _h   
begun4 ,he aga9 ref]s to ,calbus at !   
end ( ,book ,,iii4#b ( ,de ,re          
,metallica1 & gives an almo/ v]batim    
quotation f ! ,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*l94     
,jacobi#c says3 ,calbus ,frib]gius1 s   

call$ by ,agricola himself1 is c]ta9ly  
no o!r ?an ! ,freib]g doctor1 ,ruehle9  
von ,c7,k7albe4 ,!re are also c]ta9     
int]nal evid5ces t support ,agricola's  
/atem5t1 = ! "w 0 evid5tly writt5 9     
,meiss51 & ! /atem5t ( ,agricola t !    
book 0 unf9i%$ is borne out by a %ort   
dialogue at ! end ( ! e>li] editions1   
design$ to introduce fur!r discussion4  
,calbus 7or ,dr4 ,ulri* ,ruehle9 von    
,kalbe7 0 a v active citiz5 ( ,freib]g1 
hav+ be5 a t[n c\ncillor 9 #aeji1       
burgoma/] 9 #aead1 a ma!matician1 m9+   
surveyor1 f\nd] ( a s*ool ( lib]al arts1
 & 9 g5]al a physician4 ,he di$ 9       
#aebc4d ,! book possesses great lit]>y  
int]e/1 z x is1 s f> z we are aw>e1     
und\bt$ly ! fir/ "w on m9+ geology1 & 9 
consequ5ce we h sp5t "s ef=t 9 endeav\r 
to f9d ! date ( its fir/ appe>ance4     
,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,m4 ,pola91 :o has   
c>efully exam9$ = u ! ,nuetzli*         
,b]gbue*le9 describ$ 9 ,m>ie ,pelle*et's
 ,catalogue ,g5]al des ,incunables des  
,biblio!ques ,publiques de ,france1#e we

 h asc]ta9$ t x is simil> z reg>ds text 
& woodcuts to ! ,erfurt edition1 #aebg4 
,?is copy 9 ! ,biblio!que ,nationale is 
)\t typographical indications1 & ,m4    
,pola9 consid]s x v possible t x is !   
orig9al edition pr9t$ at ! end ( !      
fifte5? or beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies4 
,mr4 ,b5nett ,br\gh1#f quot+ ,hans von  
,de*51#g /ates t ! fir/ edition 0 pr9t$ 
at ,augsburg 9 #aeje1 no copy ( :i*     
seems to be extant4 ,! ,libr>ian at !   
,s*ool ( ,m9es at ,freib]g has k9dly    
furni%$ u ) ! foll[+ notes z to ! titles
 ( ! copies 9 t ,in/itution3--7#a7 ,eyn 
,wolgeord5t und ,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*le91  
etc41 ,worms1 #aeabh & #aeahi 7! place &
 date are writt5 971 7#b7 ! same z ours 
7#aebg72 7#c7 ! same1 ,he9ri* ,/eyn]1   
,augsburg1 #aecd2 7#d7 ! same1 #aeci4   
,on comp>+ ^! v>i\s editions 7to :i* may
 be add$ "o probably publi%$ 9 ,nu]nb]g 
by ,fri$ri* ,peypus 9 #aecbaj7 we f9d t 
!y fall into two v di/9ct gr\ps1        
*>act]is$ by _! cont5ts & by two        
entirely diff]5t sets ( woodcuts4  ,gr\p

 ,i4       7a7 ,eyn ,nuetzli*           
,b]gbue*le9 79 ,bibl4 ,nat41 ,p>is7     
be=e #aejj 7874       7b7 ,ditto1       
,erfurt1 #aebg4  ,gr\p ,,ii4       7c7  
,wolgeord5t ,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*le91      
,worms1 ,pet]      ,s*oef]n1 #aeab4     
7d7 ,wolgeord5t ,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*le91  
,worms1 ,pet]      ,s*oef]n1 #aeah4     
7e7 ,b]gbue*l9 von ,erkantnus d]        
,b]ckw]ck1 ,nu]nb]g1      undat$1 #aecb 
7874       7f7 ,b]gw]ckbu*  ,probirbu*1 
,*ri/ian ,eg5olph1                      
,frankfurt-am-,meyn1 #aecc4       7g7   
,wolgeord5t ,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*le91      
,augsburg1 ,he9ri*      ,/eyn]1 #aecd4  
7h7 ,wolgeord5t ,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*le91  
,augsburg1 ,he9ri*      ,/eyn]1 #aeci4  
,!re are also o!rs ( lat] date t[>d !   
end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4  ,! ,bue*le9 (  
,gr\p ,i4 t]m9ate aft] ! %ort dialogue  
betwe5 ,daniel & ,knappius ) ! words3   
,mitt wel*5 das kle9speissig ertz       
ges*meltzt soil w]d52 :]eas 9 ^? ( ,gr\p
 ,,ii4 ^! words are foll[$ by a %ort    
explanation ( ! signs us$ 9 ! woodcuts1 

& by directions = col\r+ ! woodcuts1 & 9
 "s cases by sev]al pages conta9+       
def9itions ( "s #ib m9+ t]ms4 ,9 !      
editions ( ,gr\p ,i4 ! woodcut on !     
title page repres5ts a m9] hew+ ore 9 a 
ve9 & two o!rs work+ a w9dlass4 ,9 ^? ( 
,gr\p ,,ii4 ! woodcut on ! title page   
repres5ts "o m9] hew+ on ! surface1     
ano!r to ! "r c>t+ away ore 9 a h&c>t1 &
 two o!rs c>ry+ betwe5 !m a heavy timb]4
 ,9 our op9ion ,gr\p ,i4 repres5ts !    
old] & orig9al "w ( ,calbus2 b z we h n 
se5 ! copy 9 ! ,biblio!que ,nationale1 &
 ! ,augsburg edition ( #aeje has only s 
f> be5 trac$ to ,vei?'s catalogue1#aa ! 
"q ( ! fir/ edition _c be consid]$      
settl$ at pres5t4 ,9 any ev5t1 x appe>s 
t ! mat]ial graft$ on 9 ! second gr\p 0 
lat]1 & by v>i\s au?ors4  ,! e>lie/     
books comprise t5 *apt]s1 9 :i* ,daniel 
deliv]s ab\t #f1jjj words ( in/ruction4 
,! fir/ f\r *apt]s are devot$ to !      
description ( ve9s & ! orig9 ( ! metals1
 ( ! rema9+ six *apt]s "o ea* to silv]1 
gold1 t91 copp]1 iron1 lead1 &          

quicksilv]4 ,among ! m9+ t]ms are       
expla9$ ! mean+ ( c\ntry rock 7ze*/e971 
hang+ & footwalls 7hang5ds & lieg5ds71 !
 /rike 7/rei*571 dip 7fall571 & outcrop 
7ausgeh574 ,( ! latt] two v>ieties are  
giv51 "o ( ! :ole ve91 ! o!r ( ! ge/e9s1
 :i* may be ! ore-%oot4 ,v>i\s ve9s are 
illu/rat$1 & also = ! fir/ "t a m9+     
compass4 ,! acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! metals 
is a muddle ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 !         
al*emi/s1 & ! a/rolog]s1 = :i*          
ackn[l$gm5t to ,alb]tus ,magnus is giv54
 ,!y are repres5t$ to orig9ate f        
quicksilv] & sulphur ?r\gh heat1 cold1  
dampness1 & dryness1 & are drawn out z  
exhalations ?r\gh ! ve9s1 ea* metal ow+ 
its orig9 to ! special influ5ce ( "s    
planet2 ! ,moon = silv]1 ,saturn = lead1
 etc4 ,two types ( ve9s are m5tion$1 /&+
 7/eh5d]gang7 & flat 7fla*gang74 ,/r+]s 
are giv5 ! same *>act]i/ics z ve9s1 b   
divid$ into hang+1 footwall1 & o!r      
v>ieties4 ,prom95ce is also giv5 to !   
ges*ick 7selvage seams or jo9ts874 ,!   
importance ( ! be>+ ( ! junctions ( ve9s

 & /r+]s on enri*m5t is elaborat$ ^u1 & 
ve9s ( ea/-we/ /rike ly+ ^u a s\? slope 
are consid]$ ! be/4 ,f ! foll[+ notes x 
w be se5 t two or ?ree o!r types (      
deposits besides ve9s are ref]r$ to4  ,9
 describ+ silv] ve9s1 ( peculi> int]e/  
is ! m5tion ( ! association ( bismu?    
7wismu?71 ?is be+1 we believe1 ! fir/   
m5tion ( t metal1 gal5a 7glantz71 qu>tz 
7qu]tz71 sp> 7sp>71 horn/one 7horn/e971 
iron/one & pyrites 7kies71 are m5tion$ z
 gangue mat]ials1 accord+ to ! m+l+ ( ! 
v>i\s vap\rs4 ,! t]m glas]tz is us$1 b x
 is difficult to say if silv] glance is 
meant2 if s1 x is ! fir/ m5tion ( ?is   
m9]al4 ,s f> z we "k1 ?is is ! fir/ use 
( any ( ! t]ms 9 pr9t4 ,gold alluvial is
 describ$1 "p ( ! gold be+ assum$ z     
g5]at$ 9 ! gravel4 ,! be/ alluvial is 9 
/reams runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,! association (
 gold ) pyrites is m5tion$1 & ! pyrites 
is f\nd 9 "s places z a complete /ratum 
c>ri$ ?r\gh horizontally1 & is call$ a  
s*web5d] gang4 ,?is sort ( occurr5ce is 
n consid]$ v good because ! "w ( !      

heav5s c be b little complet$ on acc\nt 
( ! unsuitability ( ! position4 ,gold   
pyrites t comes 9 ve9s is bett]4 ,t9 is 
m5tion$ z f\nd 9 alluvial1 & also 9     
ve9s1 ! latt] be+ bett] or worse1       
accord+ to ! am\nt ( pyrites1 al?\gh !  
latt] c be burn$ (f4 ,t9-/one is f\nd 9 
masses1 copp] ore 9 s*i/ & 9 ve9s       
sometimes ) pyrites4 ,! ore f ve9s is   
bett] ?an s*i/4 ,iron ore is f\nd 9     
masses1 & sometimes 9 ve9s2 ! latt] is !
 be/4 ,! iron ve9s ) good hang+- &      
foot-walls are n to be despis$1         
especially if _! /rike be f ea/ to we/1 
_! dip to ! s\?1 ! foot-wall & outcrop  
to ! nor?1 !n if ! iron/one is foll[$   
d[n1 ! ve9 usually reveals gold or o!r  
valuable ore4 ,lead ore is f\nd 9       
s*web5d5 gang & /eh5d5 gang4            
,quicksilv]1 l o!r ore1 is sometimes    
f\nd 9 br[n e>?1 & sometimes1 aga91 9   
caves :]e x has run out l wat]4 ,!      
classification ( ve9s is ! same z 9 ,de 
,re ,metallica4#ab ,! book g5]ally1     
h[ev]1 seems to h rais$ ,agricola's     

opposition1 = ! quotations are giv5 9   
ord] to be demoli%$4  ,probi]bue*le94   
,agricola ref]s 9 ! ,preface ( ,de ,re  
,metallica to a "w 9 ,g]man on assay+ & 
ref9+ metals1 & x is our belief t x 0 to
 "s "o ( ! little assay books publi%$   
e>ly 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,!re are sev]al ( 
!m1 seem+ly revis$ editions ( ea* o!r2 9
 ! e>ly ones no au?or's "n appe>s1      
al?\gh among ! lat] editions v>i\s names
 appe> on ! title page4 ,an exam9ation (
 ^! little books discloses ! fact t _!  
ma9 cont5ts are id5tical1 = !y are      
really collections ( recipes aft] ! ord]
 ( cook]y books1 & int5d$ r to refre% ! 
memory ( ^? already skill$ ?an to       
in/ruct ! novice4 ,! books appe> to h   
gr[n by accretions f _m s\rces1 = a l>ge
 numb] ( me?ods are giv5 ov] & ov] aga9 
9 ! same book ) slight v>iations4 ,we   
reproduce ! title page ( our e>lie/     
copy4  ,illu/ration #fab 7,title page7  
,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ^! booklets s f> z 
we h be5 able to discov] actual         
copies3--    ,date4  ,place4            

,publi%]4    ,title 7,%ort74            
,au?or4    ,unkn[n  ,unkn[n      ,unkn[n
         ,probi]bue*le9        ,anon4   
7,undat$2 b catalogue ( ,briti% ,museum 
sugge/s ,augsburg1 #aeaj47    #aebd     
,magdeburg                              
,probirbue*leyn          ,anon4         
tzu ,gotteslob    #aeca     ,augsburg   
,unkn[n         ,probi]bu* all]         
,anon4                                  
,sa*sis*] ,ertze    #aecc     ,frankfurt
 a4                 ,b]gw]ck und        
,anon4              ,meyn               
,probi]bue*le9    #aecd     ,augsburg   
,he9ri*        ,probirbue*le9           
,anon4                          ,/eyn]1 
#hvo4    #aedf     ,augsburg     ,ditto1
 ditto    ,probirbue*le9         ,anon4 
#aedi     ,augsburg     ,ditto1 ditto   
,probirbue*le9         ,anon4    #aefd  
,augsburg     ,ma?4 ,francke1           
,probirbue*le9         ,za*4 ,lo*n]     
#dto    #aegc     ,augsburg     #hvo4   
,probirbu*             ,sam4 ,zimm]mann 
#aegd     ,franckfurt                   

,probi]bue*le9        ,anon4            
a4 ,meyn    #aegh     ,ditto            
,probi]bue*le9 ,fremde  ,cyriacus       
und subtile ,kun/     ,s*reittmann      
#aehj     ,ditto                        
,probi]bue*le9        ,anon4    #aeie   
,ditto                                  
,probi]bue*le9 d>9n  ,mode/9 ,fa*s      
gru5dli*] ,b]i*t    #afjg     ,dresd5   
#dto             ,metallis*e ,probi]    
,c4 ,c4 ,s*9dl]                         
,kun/                                   
,b]i*t vom ,ursprung und                
,erk5ntniss d]                          
,metallis*5 erze    #affi     ,am/]dam  
,probi]bue*le9 d>9n  ,mode/9 ,fa*s      
gru5dli*] ,b]i*t    #afgh     ,leipzig  
,probi]bue*le9 d>9n  ,mode/9 ,fa*s      
gru5dli*] ,b]i*t    #afhi     ,leipzig  
,probi]bue*le9 d>9n  ,mode/9 ,fa*s      
gru5dli*] ,b]i*t    #afie     ,nu]nb]g  
#abmo4           ,deutli*e ,vor/ellung  
,anon4                                  
d] ,probi] ,kun/    #agdd     ,luebeck  
#hvo4            ,neu-eroeffnete ,probi]

    ,anon4                              
,bu*    #agee     ,frankfurt    #hvo4   
,s*eid-,ku5/l] 444      ,anon4          
& ,leipzig                   alle ,ertz 
und ,metalle                            
444 probir5    #aghb     ,rot5burg an   
#hvo4          ,probi]bu* aus           
,k4 ,a4 ,s*eidt              d] ,fulde  
,erfahrung aufgesetzt  ,z m5tion$ "u !  
,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*le91 our copy ( t "w1 
pr9t$ 9 #aecc1 conta9s only a portion ( 
! ,probi]bue*le94 ,f]guson#ac m5tions an
 edition ( #afjh1 & ! ,freib]g ,s*ool ( 
,m9es ,catalogue gives also ,frank=t1   
#afjh1 & ,nu]nb]g1 #agjf4 ,! ,briti%    
,museum copy ( e>lie/ date1 l ! title   
page reproduc$1 conta9s no date4 ,!     
title page woodcut1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,museum  
copy is ref]r$ f t above1 possibly      
indicat+ an e>li] date ( ! ,museum copy4
  ,! booklets enum]at$ above v>y a great
 deal 9 cont5ts1 ! successive pr9ts     
repres5t+ a sort ( gr[? by accretion4 ,!
 fir/ portion ( our e>lie/ edition is   
devot$ to weights1 9 :i* ! sy/em ( less]

 weights 7! pr9ciple ( ! assay ton7 is  
expla9$4 ,foll[+ ?is are exhau/ive li/s 
( t\*-ne$les ( v>i\s composition4       
,directions are giv5 ) reg>d to assay   
furnaces1 cupels1 muffles1 scorifi]s1 & 
crucibles1 granulat$ & leaf metals1 =   
wa%+1 roa/+1 & ! prep>ation ( assay     
*>ges4 ,v>i\s reag5ts1 includ+          
glass-gall1 li?>ge1 salt1 iron fil+s1   
lead1 alkali1 talc1 argol1 saltpetre1   
sal-ammoniac1 alum1 vitriol1 lime1      
sulphur1 antimony1 aqua =tis1 or        
s*eidwass]1 etc41 are made use (4 ,v>i\s
 assays are describ$ & directions giv5 =
 crucible1 scorification1 & cupellation 
te/s4 ,! latt] "p ( ! book is devot$ to 
! ref9+ & p>t+ ( preci\s metals4        
,in/ructions are giv5 = ! sep>ation (   
silv] f iron1 f lead1 & f antimony2 (   
gold f silv] ) antimony 7sulphide7 &    
sulphur1 or ) sulphur alone1 )          
s*eidwass]1 & by cem5tation ) salt2 (   
gold f copp] ) sulphur & ) lead4 ,!     
amalgamation ( gold & silv] is m5tion$4 
,! book is diffuse & confus$1 & )\t     

arrangem5t or sy/em1 yet a little       
consid]ation enables "o ( exp]i5ce to   
und]/& mo/ /atem5ts4 ,!re are ov] #abj  
recipes1 )1 z said be=e1 mu* repetition2
 = in/ance1 ! p>t+ ( gold & silv] by use
 ( sulphur is giv5 eight times 9 diff]5t
 places4 ,! f9al l9e ( ! book is3 ,take 
?is 9 good "p1 de> read]1 aft] x1 please
 ,god1 !re w be a bett]4 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1
 !re are books on assay+ f\r c5turies   
y\ng] t are worse4 ,?is is1 )\t d\bt1 ! 
fir/ writt5 ^w on assay+1 & x displays t
 art already full gr[n1 s f> z conc]ns  
gold & silv]1 & to "s ext5t copp] &     
lead2 = if we elim9ate ! words dep5d5t  
on ! atomic !ory f mod]n works on dry   
assay+1 !re has be5 b v m9or progress4  
,! art c\ld n1 h[ev]1 h rea*$ ?is       
advanc$ /age b by sl[ accretion1 & no   
d\bt ?is collection ( recipes _h be5 h&$
 f fa!r to son long be=e ! #af? c5tury4 
,x is ( wid] int]e/ t ^! booklets       
repres5t ! fir/ mile/one on ! road to   
quantitative analysis1 & 9 ?is light !y 
h be5 l>gely ignor$ by ! hi/orians (    

*emi/ry4 ,int]nal evid5ce 9 ,book ,,vii4
 ( ,de ,re ,metallica1 toge!r ) !       
ref]5ce 9 ! ,preface1 leave little d\bt 
t ,agricola 0 famili> ) ^! booklets4 ,8 
"w1 h[ev]1 is arrang$ m sy/ematically1  
ea* op]ation /at$ m cle>ly1 ) m detail &
 fre% items2 & fur!r1 he gives me?ods ( 
det]m9+ copp] & lead :i* are b m9utely  
t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,probi]bue*le91 :ile !      
directions z to t91 bismu?1 quicksilv]1 
& iron are entirely new4  ,bir+uccio    
7,vanuccio74 ,we practically "k no?+    
ab\t ?is au?or4 ,f ! preface to ! fir/  
edition ( 8 "w x appe>s he 0 /yl$ a     
ma!matician1 b 9 ! text#ad he c]ta9ly   
/ates t he 0 mo/ ( 8 "t engag$ 9        
metallurgical op]ations1 & t 9 pursuit (
 su* k he _h visit$ ,g]many4 ,! "w 0 9  
,italian1 publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #aedj1 !  
title page ( ! fir/ edition z bel[3--   
,illu/ration #fad 7,title page7  ,x     
comprises t5 *apt]s 9 #afh folios       
demi-octavo4 ,o!r ,italian editions (   
:i* we f9d "s record are ! second at    
,v5ice1 #aeeb2 ?ird1 ,v5ice1 #aeeh2     

f\r?1 ,v5ice1 #aeei2 fif?1 ,bologna1    
#afgh4 ,a ,fr5* translation1 by ,jacques
 ,v9c5t1 0 publi%$ 9 ,p>is1 #aeef1 & ?is
 translation 0 aga9 publi%$ at ,r\5 9   
#afbg4 ,( ! t5 *apt]s ! la/ six are     
almo/ :olly devot$ to metal work+ &     
f\nd+1 & x is m l>gely = ?is description
 ( ! me?ods ( mak+ artill]y1 munitions (
 w> & bells t ! book is celebrat$4 ,9   
any ev5t1 ) ! exception ( a quotation   
:i* we give on page #big on silv]       
amalgamation1 !re is little ( int]e/ on 
our subject 9 ! latt] *apt]s4 ,! fir/   
f\r *apt]s are und\bt$ly ( importance 9 
! hi/ory ( metallurgical lit]ature1 &   
repres5t ! fir/ "w on smelt+4 ,!        
descriptions are1 h[ev]1 v diffuse1     
difficult to foll[1 & lack arrangem5t & 
detail4 ,b l ! ,probi]bue*le91 ! fact t 
x 0 writt5 prior to ,de ,re ,metallica  
dem&s att5tion = x :i* x w\ld n o!rwise 
receive4 ,! ores ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1  
lead1 t91 & iron are describ$1 b mu*    
int]rupt$ ) d5unciations ( ! al*emi/s4  
,!re is little ( geological or          

m9]alogical int]e/1 he too hold+ to a   
muddle ( ! classic elem5ts a/rology &   
al*emy4 ,he has no?+ ( consequ5ce to say
 on m9+1 & dismisses conc5tration ) a   
few words4 ,^u assay+ 8 "w is n s useful
 z ! ,probi]bue*le94 ,on ore smelt+ he  
describes ! r$uction ( iron & lead ores 
& cuprif]\s silv] or gold ores ) lead4  
,he gives ! b>e/ description ( a bla/   
furnace1 b adds an int]e/+ acc\nt ( a   
rev]b]o furnace4 ,he describes liquation
 z consi/+ ( "o op]ation2 ! subsequ5t   
treatm5t ( ! copp] by ref9+ ) an oxidiz+
 bla/1 b does n m5tion pol+2 !          
cupellation ( arg5tif]\s lead & !       
r$uction ( ! li?>ge2 ! manufacture (    
nitric acid & t me?od ( p>t+ gold &     
silv]4 ,he also gives ! me?od ( p>t+ )  
antimony & sulphur1 & by cem5tation )   
common salt4 ,among ! side issues1 he   
describes ! me?od ( mak+ brass )        
calam9e2 ( mak+ /eel2 ( di/ill+         
quicksilv]2 ( melt+ out sulphur2 ( mak+ 
vitriol & alum4 ,he /ates t ars5ico &   
orpim5to & etrisagallio 7realg>7 are !  

same sub/ance1 & are us$ to col\r copp] 
:ite4  ,9 g5]al1 ,bir+uccio %\ld be     
accr$it$ ) ! fir/ description 7z f> z we
 are aw>e7 ( silv] amalgamation1 ( a    
rev]b]atory furnace1 & ( liquation1     
al?\gh ! description is n complete4     
,also he is1 s f> z we are aw>e1 ! fir/ 
to m5tion cobalt blue 7,zaffre7 &       
manganese1 al?\gh he class$ !m z half   
metals4 ,8 descriptions are f> inf]ior  
to ,agricola's2 !y d n compass any?+ l !
 same range ( metallurgy1 & betray !    
lack ( a logical m9d4  ,o!r works4 ,!re 
are sev]al works devot$ to m9]alogy1    
dat+ f ! fifte5? & e>ly sixte5?         
c5turies1 :i* 71 no d\bt1 available to  
,agricola 9 ! compilation ( 8 ,de       
,natura ,fossilium4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1     
practically all compil$ f ! jewell]'s   
po9t ( view r ?an f t ( ! m9]4 ,among !m
 we may m5tion ! poem on preci\s /ones  
by ,m>bodaeus1 an au?or :o liv$ f #ajce 
to #aabc1 b :i* 0 fir/ pr9t$ at ,vi5na 9
 #aeaa2 ,speculum ,lapidum1 a "w on     
preci\s /ones1 by ,camilli ,leon>di1    

fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #aejb4 ,a "w (    
wid] int]e/ to m9]alogi/s is t by       
,*ri/oph ,entzelt 7or ,enzelius1        
,encelio1 ,encelius1 z x is v>i\sly     
giv571 entitl$ ,de ,re ,metallica1 &    
fir/ pr9t$ 9 #aeea4 ,! "w is five ye>s  
lat] ?an ,de ,natura ,fossilium1 b      
conta9s mu* new mat]ial & 0 available to
 ,agricola prior to 8 revis$ editions4  
,,footnotes3  #a ,see pages #dd & #df4  
#b ,page #ge4  #c ,d] ,m9]alog ,georgius
 ,agricola1 ,zwickau1 #ahhi1 p4 #df4  #d
 ,&reas ,moell]1 ,!atrum ,freib]g5se    
,*ronicum1 etc41 ,freib]g1 #afec4  #e   
,p>is1 #ahig1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #eja4  #f    
,cantor ,lectures1 ,london1 ,april      
#ahib4  #g ,hans von ,de*51 ,das aelte/e
 deuts*e ,b]gw]ksbu*1 repr9t f ,zts4 fu]
 ,b]gre*t ,bd4 ,,xxvi41 ,bonn1 #ahhe4   
#h ,panz]'s ,annal51 ,nu]nb]g1 #aghb1 p4
 #dbb1 gives an edition ,worms bei ,pet]
 ,s*oef]n1 #aeab4  #i ,! ,royal ,libr>y 
at ,dresd5 & ! ,/ate ,libr>y at ,muni* h
 ea* a copy1 dat$ #aeah1 ,worms4  #aj   
,hans von ,deck5 op4 cit41 p4 #dh-di4   

#aa ,annales typographiae augu/anae ab  
ejus orig9e1 ,,mccclxvi4 usque ad4 an4  
,m4,d4,,xxx4 ,acc$it dom ,franc4 ,ant4  
,vei?4 ,diatribe de orig9e 444 artis    
typographicae 9 urbe augu/a v9delica    
edidit4444 ,georgius ,g4 ,zapf41        
,augsburg1 #aggh1 ,x4 p4 #bc4  #ab ,see 
p4 #dd4  #ac ,biblio!ca ,*emica4  #ad   
,book ,i41 ,*ap4 #b4     ,,app5dix ,c4  
,,weights ,,& ,,measures4   ,z /at$ 9 ! 
preface1 ! nom5clature to be adopt$ =   
weights & measures has pres5t$ great    
difficulty4 ,agricola uses1 ?r\gh\t1 !  
,roman & ! ,romaniz$ ,greek scales1 b 9 
_m cases he uses ^! t]ms m]ely z l+ual  
equival5ts = ! ,g]man quantities ( 8    
day4 ,moreov] ! classic language        
sometimes fail$ him1 :]eupon he co9$ new
 ,lat9 t]ms adapt$ f ! ,roman scale1 &  
?us add$ fur!r confusion4 ,we c1 p]haps1
 make ! matt] cle>] by an illu/ration ( 
a case 9 weights4 ,! ,roman             
c5tumpondium1 compos$ ( #ajj librae1 !  
old ,g]man c5tn] ( #ajj pfundt1 & !     
,engli% hundr$weight ( #aab p\nds c be  

call$ l+ual equival5ts4 ,! fir/ weighs  
ab\t #did1fjj ,troy gra9s1 ! second     
#gba1ijj1 & ! ?ird #ghd1jjj4 ,:ile !    
divisions ( ! c5tumpondium & ! c5tn] are
 ! same1 ! libra is divid$ into #ab     
unciae & ! pfundt into #af untz51 & 9   
mo/ places a summation ( ! units giv5   
proves t ! au?or _h 9 m9d ! ,roman      
ratios4 ,h[ev]1 on p4 #eji he makes !   
direct /atem5t t ! c5tumpondium weighs  
#adf librae1 :i* w\ld be ab\t ! correct 
weight if ! c5tumpondium ref]r$ to 0 a  
c5tn]4 ,if we take an example su* z ea* 
c5tumpondium ( lead conta9s "o uncia (  
silv]1 & r$uce x accord+ to purely l+ual
 equival5ts1 we %\ld f9d t x runs #bd4c 
,troy ounces p] %ort ton1 on ! basis (  
,roman values1 & #ah4be ounces p] %ort  
ton1 on ! basis ( old ,g]man4 ,if we 7  
to translate ^! into ,engli% l+ual      
equival5ts ( "o ounce p] hundr$weight1  
!n ! value w\ld be #ag4i ounces p] %ort 
ton4  ,sev]al possibilities 7 op5 9     
translation3 fir/1 to calculate ! values
 accurately 9 ! ,engli% units2 second1  

to adopt ! ne>e/ ,engli% l+ual          
equival5t2 ?ird1 to introduce ! ,g]man  
scale ( ! p]iod2 or1 f\r?1 to leave !   
orig9al ,lat9 9 ! text4 ,! fir/ w\ld    
lead to an indef9ite numb] ( decimals & 
to con/ant d\bt z to :e!r ! values1 ^u  
:i* calculations 7 to be bas$1 7 ,roman 
or ,g]man4 ,! second1 t is ! sub/itution
 ( l+ual equival5ts1 is objectionable1 n
 only because x w\ld indicate values n  
meant by ! au?or1 b also because we %\ld
 h1 l ,agricola1 to co9 new t]ms to     
accommodate ! lapses 9 ! scales1 or aga9
 to use decimals4 ,9 ! ?ird case1 t is 9
 ! use ( ! old ,g]man scale1 :ile x w\ld
 be easi] to adapt ?an ! ,engli%1 x w\ld
 be m unfamili> to mo/ read]s ?an !     
,lat91 & n s expressive 9 pr9t1 & fur!r1
 9 "s cases w\ld pres5t ! same          
difficulties ( calculation z 9 us+ !    
,engli% scale4 ,nor does ! contempor>y  
,g]man translation ( ,de ,re ,metallica 
prove ( help1 = its translator adopt$   
only l+ual equival5ts1 & 9 consequ5ce ! 
summation ( 8 weights (t5 gives         

incorrect results4 ,f all ^!            
possibilities we h *os5 ! f\r?1 t is    
simply to reproduce ! ,lat9 t]ms = bo?  
weights & measures4 ,we h introduc$ into
 ! footnotes su* r$uctions to ! ,engli% 
scale z we consid]$ w\ld int]e/ read]s4 
,we h1 h[ev]1 digress$ f ! rule 9 two   
cases1 9 ! adoption ( foot = ! ,lat9    
pes1 & fa?om = passus4 ,ap>t f ! fact t 
^! 7 n cases :]e accuracy is involv$1   
,agricola himself expla9s 7p4 #gg7 t he 
means ! ,g]man values = ^! p>ticul>     
t]ms1 :i*1 =tunately1 fairly closely    
approximate to ! ,engli%4 ,fur!r1 we h  
adopt$ ! ,angliciz$ words digit1 palm1 &
 cubit1 in/ead ( _! ,lat9 =ms4  ,=      
purposes ( ref]5ce1 we reproduce !      
pr9cipal ,roman & old ,g]man scales1 9 s
 f> z !y are us$ by ,agricola 9 ?is "w1 
) _! values 9 ,engli%4 ,all /ud5ts (    
weights & measures w realize t ^! values
 are b approximate1 & t ?is is n an     
occasion to ent] ^u a discussion ( !    
v>iations 9 diff]5t p]iods or by diff]5t
 au?orities4 ,agricola himself is !     

au?or ( "o ( ! /&>d works on ,anci5t    
,weights & ,measures 7see ,app5dix ,a71 
& fur!r gives fairly complete in=mation 
on contempor>y scales ( weight & f95ess 
= preci\s metals 9 ,book ,,vii4 p4 #bfb 
etc41 to :i* we ref] read]s4    ,,roman 
,,scales ,,( ,,weights4                 
,troy ,gra9s4     #a ,siliqua           
#b4hg     #f ,siliquae   #a ,scripulum  
#ag4b     #d ,scripula   #a ,sextula    
#fh4g     #f ,sextulae   #a ,uncia      
#dab4b    #ab ,unciae     #a ,libra     
#didf4d   #ajj ,librae     #a           
,c5tumpondium   #didfdj4j    ,also      
#a ,scripulum                           
#ag4b     #c ,scripula   #a ,dra*ma     
#ea4e     #b ,dra*mae   #a ,sicilicus   
#ajc4j     #d ,sicilici   #a ,uncia     
#dab4b     #h ,unciae     #a ,bes       
#cbig4f    ,,scale ,,( ,,f95ess         
7,,agricola',s ,,adaptation74      #d   
,siliquae           #a ,unit ( ,siliquae
     #c ,units ( ,siliquae  #a          
,semi-sextula     #d ,semi-sextulae     
#a ,duella    #bd ,duellae            #a

 ,bes    ,,old ,,g]man ,,scale ,,(      
,,weights4                              
,troy ,gra9s4     #a ,pf5nig            
#ad4a     #d ,pf5nige   #a ,qu9tle9     
#ef4d     #d ,qu9tle9  #a ,lo?          
#bbe4f     #b ,lo?       #a ,untz5      
#dea4b     #h ,untz5     #a ,m>k        
#cfji4f     #b ,m>k       #a ,pfundt    
#gbai4b   #ajj ,pfundt     #a ,c5tn]    
#gbaibj4j    ,,scale ,,( ,,f95ess4      
#c ,gr5l9  #a ,gran     #d ,gran     #a 
,krat    #bd ,krat     #a ,m>k          
,,roman ,,long ,,measure4               
,in*es4     #a ,digitus                 
4#gbf     #d ,digiti       #a ,palmus   
#b4ij     #d ,palmi        #a ,pes      
#aa4fa     #a-a_/b ,p$es    #a ,cubitus 
#ag4da     #e ,p$es        #a ,passus   
#eh4a    ,also      #a ,roman ,uncia    
4#ig    #ab ,unciae       ,pes          
#aa4fa    ,,greek ,,long ,,measure4     
,in*es4     #a ,dactylos                
4#geh     #d ,dactyloi     #a ,palai/e  
#c4jc     #d ,palai/ai    #a ,p\s       
#ab4ace     #a-a_/b ,p\s     #a ,pe*us  

#ah4bj     #f ,p\s         #a ,orguia   
#gb4ha    ,,old ,,g]man ,,long          
,,measure4                              
,in*es4     #a ,qu]f+]                  
4#gjc    #af ,qu]f+]   #a ,w]cks*uh     
#aa4bdg     #b ,w]cks*uh   #a ,elle     
#bb4did     #c ,elle         #a ,la*t]  
#fg4eah    ,also      #a ,zoll          
4#he    #ab ,zoll         #a ,w]ks*uh   
,,roman ,,liquid ,,measure4             
,cubic in*es4  ,p9ts4    #a ,qu>t>ius   
#h4f        4#bdg    #d ,qu>t>ii   #a   
,sext>ius   #ca4d        4#iia    #f    
,sext>ii    #a ,congius    #bjf4d       
#e4idg   #af ,sext>ii    #a ,modius     
#eej4d      #ae4hfg    #h ,congii       
#a ,amphora   #afej4j      #dg4egg      
7,agricola n[h]e uses ! ,saxon liquid   
measures1 nor d !y      fall into units 
comp>able ) ! ,roman74     ,,g5]al      
,,index4  ,,note4--,! numb]s 9 heavy    
type ref] to ! ,text2 ^? 9 pla9 type to 
! ,footnotes1 ,app5dices1 etc4          
,ab&onm5t ( ,m9es1 #bag    ,ab]?am4     
,m9es at1 #gd2 #ib2 #gd    ,abolite1    

#aac    ,ab/ri*1 #dfe2 #dib    ,abydos4 
,gold m9es (1 #bf2 #bg     ,lead figure 
f1 #cij    ,abzug1 #dfd2 #dfe2 #dge     
,a*ates 7see ,agate74    ,accid5ts ,to  
,m9]s1 #bad-bah    ,acc\nts 7,m9+71     
#if-ih    ,adit1 #aja    ,a]is flos 7see
 ,copp] ,fl[]s74    ,a]is squama 7see   
,copp] ,scales74    ,aes cald>ium1 #aji 
,aes luteum1 #aji    ,aes nigrum1 #aji  
,aes purum fossile 7see ,native ,copp]74
    ,aes rude plumbei coloris 7see      
,copp] ,glance74    ,aes u/um 7see      
,roa/$ ,copp]74    ,aetites1 #b         
,africa4     ,iron1 #dbj     ,t91 #dab  
,agate1 #aad    ,agriculture4     ,m9+  
comp>$ )1 #e    ,ailm5ts ( ,m9]s 7see   
,maladies ( ,m9]s74    ,air ,curr5ts 9  
,m9es1 #aba2 #bjj    ,alaba/]1 #aad     
,al*emi/s1 ,,xxvii-,,xxx2 #dd2 #fjh     
,agricola's op9ion (1 ,,xii2 ,,xxvii4   
,amalgamation1 #big     ,assay+1 #bdh2  
#bai     ,discov]y ( acids1 #dci2 #dfj  
,di/illation1 #dda    ,alju/rel ,tablet1
 #hc-hd    ,alkali1 #eeh    ,alloys1    
,assay+ (1 #bdg-beb    ,alluvial ,m9+1  

#cba-cdh2 #ccj-ccb    ,al/on ,moor1 #hd 
,alt5b]g1 ,,xxxi2 ,,vi4     ,collapse ( 
m9e1 #baf     ,m9]s poison$1 #bad       
,t9 work+ appliances1 #bij2 #cjd2 #cah  
,alum1 #efd-efh2 #efd-egj     ,a        
solidifi$ juice1 #a     ,elizabe?an     
,*>t]1 #bhc     ,9 roa/$ pyrites1 #cej  
,9 ,sal artificiosus1 #dfc     ,lat9 &  
,g]man t]ms1 #bbj2 #bba     ,papal      
monopoly1 #egj     ,use 9 mak+ nitric   
acid1 #dci2 #dfj    ,amalgam4     ,p>t+ 
! gold f1 #bih2 #big    ,amalgamation1  
#big     ,( gilt objects1 #dfa          
,mills1 #bie-bii    ,amb]1 #cd2 #ce     
,ame?y/1 #aad    ,amiantus 7see         
,asbe/os74    ,ampulla1 #dde-ddg2 #bbj  
,annab]g1 ,,vi2 ,,xxxi2 #db2 #ge2 #ge   
,pr(its1 #ib    ,ant1 v5om\s1 #baf      
,antimony1 #bbj2 #dbh2 #ced     ,m9]als1
 #aaj     ,smelt+ (1 #djj2 #dbh     ,use
 z type-metal1 #b2 #dbi    ,antimony    
,sulphide1 #bbj2 #dbh2 #dea     ,p>t+   
gold & silv] )1 #dea2 #dea2 #dfa        
,p>t+ gold f copp]1 #dfc     ,p>t+ silv]
 & iron1 #edd    ,antw]p1 ,scale (      

,weights1 #bfc    ,apex ,law1 #ha2      
#hc-hf    ,aqua regia1 #dci2 #dda2 #ced 
,aqua val5s 7see also ,nitric ,acid71   
#dci-ddc2 #dci2 #bbj     ,cl>ification )
 silv]1 #ddc2 #ddc     ,cleans+ gold-du/
 )1 #cif     ,p>t+ preci\s metals )1    
#ddc-ddg    ,arbores dissectae 7,lagg+71
 #aja    ,ar*im$es1 ,screw (1 #adi      
,ar*itecture4     ,k necess>y = m9]s1 #d
    ,area fod9>um 7see ,me]74           
,arg5tif]\s ,copp] ,ores1 ,smelt+ (1    
#djd-djg    ,arg5tite1 #aji    ,arg5tum 
purum 9 v5is 7see ,native ,silv]74      
,arg5tum rude plumbei coloris 7see      
,silv] ,glance74    ,arg5tum rude rubrum
 translucidum 7see ,ruby ,silv]74       
,argol1 #bcd2 #bbj     ,z a flux1 #bcd2 
#bch2 #bdc     ,use 9 melt+ silv]       
nitrate1 #ddg     ,use 9 smelt+ gold    
du/1 #cif-cih    ,argonauts1 #ccj       
,ari?metical ,sci5ce4     ,k necess>y = 
m9]s1 #d    ,arm5ia1 ,/one (1 #aae      
,ars5ic 7see also ,orpim5t & ,realg>71  
#aaa2 #bad    ,ars5icum1 #aaa           
,ars5opyrite1 #aaa    ,asbe/os1 #ddj2   

#ddj2 #aad    ,a%-col\r$ ,copp]1        
#eci-edj2 #edj2 #ebc-ebd2 #dib     ,f   
liquation1 #ebi-ecj    ,a%es :i* ,wool  
,dy]s use 7see also ,pota%71 #bcc2 #eei2
 #bbj     ,use 9 assay+1 #bcf-bch    ,a%
 ( ,lead1 #bcg-bch2 #bcg2 #bbj    ,a% ( 
,musk ,ivy 7see also ,pota% & ,nitrum71 
#bcf-bch2 #bbj    ,asphalt1 #eha        
,asphaltites 7see ,dead ,sea74    ,assay
 ,balances 7see ,balances74    ,assay   
,fluxes 7see ,fluxes74    ,assay        
,furnaces1 #bbd-bbh2 #bbj     ,crucible1
 #bbf-bbg     ,muffle1 #bbd-bbh2 #bci   
,assay+ 7see also ,probi]bue*le971 #bai2
 #bai2 #bbj2 #ced     ,amalgamation1    
#bdc     ,bismu?1 #bdg     ,copp]1 #bdd 
,cupellation1 #bdj     ,gold & silv]    
alloys1 #bdh     ,gold ore1 #bdb-bdd    
,iron ore1 #bdg     ,lead1 #bde-bdf     
,silv]1 #bdb-bde     ,silv] & copp]     
alloys1 #bdi-bej     ,t91 #bdf     ,t9 &
 silv] alloys1 #bea    ,assay ,muffles  
7see ,muffles74    ,assay ,ton1 #bfa2   
#bdb    ,assyrian ,copp]1 #djb          
,a/hma1 #bad    ,a/ronomy4     ,k       

necess>y = m9]s1 #d    ,at>nea4         
,m9es ne>1 #bf2 #bg    ,a!ns4     ,m9+  
law1 #hc     ,sea p[] & m9es1 #bg       
,silv] m9es 7see ,mt4 ,laurion1 ,m9es   
(74    ,atram5tum ,sutorium 7see also   
,vitriol71 #egb2 #aaj    ,atram5tum     
,sutorium c&idum1 #aac    ,atram5tum    
,sutorium rubrum1 #bgd2 #bgd            
,auri*alcum1 #dji2 #djd    ,auripigm5tum
 7see ,orpim5t74    ,azure1 #a2 #aji2   
#bbj     ,an indication ( copp]1 #aaf   
,an indication ( gold1 #aag     ,col\r (
 flame1 #bce    ,azurite #aji2 #bbj2    
#djb     ,babel1 ,t[] (1 #ehb           
,babylonia4     ,bitum5 91 #ehb     ,use
 ( lead1 #cia    ,babytace4     ,gold   
buri$ by inhabitants1 #i2 #ae           
,baebelo1 #db2 #db    ,balances1 #bbd2  
#bfd-bfe    ,b>ite1 #aae    ,b>ma/]1 (  
,high ,peak1 #gg    ,b>s1 = ,furnace    
,"w1 #chb    ,baskets1 = ,hoi/+1 #aec   
,batea1 #aef    ,be]1 #bcj2 #bbj        
,bell1 to call ,workm51 #ajj    ,bell[s1
 #cfb-cgc2 #dai     ,anci5t use (1 #ced2
 #cee2 #cfb     ,assay furnace1 #bbf2   

#bde     ,m9e v5tilation )1 #bjg-baj    
,b5i ,hass51 ,inscriptions at1 #ehf     
,b]g-geel1 #aaa    ,b]gmei/]1 #cc2 #ha2 
#ie2 #gg2 #gg2 #gh     ,deals ) =feit$  
%>es1 #ib-ic     ,jurors1 #if           
,b]gmei/]'s ,cl]k1 #ie2 #gh    ,b]gz9ob]
 7see ,quicksilv]74    ,b]mius          
7,b]mium71 ,mt4 7see ,mt4 ,b]mius74     
,bismu?1 #dcc2 #ced2 #bbj     ,assay+   
ores (1 #bdg     ,indication ( silv]1   
#aaf     ,m9]als1 #b2 #aaa     ,smelt+  
(1 #dcc-dcg2 #djj     ,! ro( ( silv]1   
#aag2 #dcc     ,zaffre1 #aab    ,bitum54
     ,anci5t k (1 #bbj2 #eha-ehb2 #ced  
,col\r ( fumes1 #bce     ,dead ,sea1 #cc
     ,di/illation1 #eha     ,f spr+s1   
#ehb     ,h>mful to metals1 #bgc        
,roa/+ f ore1 #bgc2 #bgf2 #cea          
,solidifi$ juice1 #a    ,bitum9osa      
cadmia 7see ,cadmia bitum9osa74         
,bla/1 ,regulation (1 #chj2 #chf        
,bla/+1 #aai    ,bl5de1 #aac            
,bleyb]g1 #bci    ,blood/one1 #aaa2 #b  
,bloom1 #dbj    ,bluet/e9 7see          
,iron/one74    ,bohemia4     ,antimony  

sulphide1 #dbh     ,pe/il5tial vap\rs1  
#baf     ,sift+ ore 91 #bic     ,smelt+1
 #chd    ,bone-a%1 #bcj2 #dff    ,borax1
 #efj2 #bba2 #aaj     ,me?od (          
manufacture1 #efj     ,use 9 gold       
smelt+1 #ddd2 #deg2 #dfd     ,use 9     
assay+1 #bde2 #bdf    ,bornite1 #aji    
,b\nd>y ,/ones1 #hg2 #abi    ,b\nd>ies1 
#gg2 #adg    ,b[ls = ,alluvial ,wa%+1   
#cbb2 #cbd2 #ccd2 #ccf    ,brass1 #daj2 
#ced2 #b     ,anci5t me?ods ( mak+1     
#djd-dje2 #aab    ,break+ ,ore1 #aag-aai
    ,brick ,du/4     ,us$ 9 cem5tation1 
#ded2 #ded     ,us$ 9 mak+ nitric acid1 
#ddj    ,br9e 7see also ,salt74         
,evaporation (1 #edg-edh    ,brita94    
,lead-silv] smelt+1 #cib     ,m9]s      
m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 #hc     ,t9 trade1    
#daa-dac    ,briti% ,museum4            
,egyptian gold-m9+1 #cii     ,egyptian  
lead1 #cij     ,egyptian /eel1 #djb     
,bromyrite1 #aji    ,bronze4            
,hi/orical notes1 #daa2 #djb2 #ced      
,bronze ,age1 #cee2 #djb2 #daa    ,bryle
 7,outcrop71 #aja    ,buckets1 = ,hoi/+ 

,ore1 #aec-aed2 #aeg    ,buddle1 #bha2  
#bhb2 #bfg     ,divid$1 #cjb-cjc        
,simple1 #cjj-cjb2 #cab-cae    ,bullion1
 ,p\r+ into ,b>s1 #chb    ,burn+ ,ore1  
#bca2 #bgc2 #bfg    ,burnt ,alum1 #bcc2 
#efe2 #bba     ,cadmia 7see also ,z9c1  
,pompholyx1 & ,cobalt71 #edb2 #edb2     
#aab-aac     ,anci5t ore ( brass1 #daj  
,f du/ *amb]s1 #cid     ,f liquation1   
#eci2 #edb     ,f roa/+ matte1 #cdi     
,poison\s to m9]s1 #bad2 #bad           
,roa/+1 #bgf     ,smelt+ = gold & silv]1
 #daj    ,cadmia bitum9osa1 #bgf2 #bgc2 
#aac    ,cadmia =nacis 7see ,furnace    
,accretions74    ,cadmia fossilis 7see  
,calam9e & ,bl5de74    ,cadmia metallica
 7see also ,cobalt71 #djc2 #aac         
,ca]uleum 7see ,azure74    ,cakes (     
,melt$ ,pyrites1 #cgi2 #bbb     ,a flux1
 #bcd     ,roa/+ (1 #cdi-cea     ,use 9 
smelt+1 #cgi    ,calaem 7see also ,z9c71
 #dji    ,calam9e1 #aab2 #aac2 #dji2    
#daj    ,calcite1 #aad    ,calcsp>1     
#aaf2 #aad    ,cald>ium ,copp]1 #eab2   
#edb2 #djd2 #eaa    ,caldrons1 =        

,evaporat+ ,salts1 #edh    ,calmei 7see 
,calam9e74    ,cam]os4     ,z9c f\nd at1
 #dji    ,camphor1 #bch2 #bch2 #bba     
,cam-%aft1 #bhb-bhc2 #bfg    ,canales   
7,ore ,*annels71 #dc2 #df2 #dg     ,ore 
%oots 91 #aag    ,cannon1 #aa    ,c>d9al
 ,po9ts1 #eg2 #eh    ,c>nelian1 #aad    
,c>neol 7see ,c>nelian74    ,c>ni1 #cij 
,cupellation1 #dhc     ,smelt+ ( lead   
ores1 #cij    ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s4       
,liquation practice 91 #edj2 #edd       
,sieves1 #bhi     ,/amp-mill+1 #cai     
,c>?age4     ,m9es 9 ,spa91 #bg         
,ca/ulo 7,cazlona71 #db    ,cem5tation  
7see also ,p>t+ ,gold f ,silv]71        
#dec-deg2 #dec2 #deh    ,c5tumpondium1  
#faf2 #bdb2 #eji     ,scale ( weights1  
#bfj-bfa    ,c]>gurite1 #aji    ,c]ussa 
7see ,:ite-lead74    ,c]ussite1 #aaj    
,*a9 ,pumps1 #aga-age    ,*alcan?ite1   
#aaj    ,*alcan?um 7see also ,vitriol71 
#aji2 #egb    ,*alc$ony1 #aad           
,*alcitis1 #egc2 #aji     ,indication ( 
copp]1 #aaf    ,*alcocite1 #aji2 #djb   
,*alcopyrite1 #aji    ,*aldean          

,antimony1 #dbi    ,*emi/ry4     ,orig91
 ,,xxvii2 #bbj    ,*emnitz4             
,agricola appo9t$ city physician1 ,,vii4
     ,agricola elect$ burgoma/]1 ,,viii2
 ,,ix4     ,qu>rel ov] ,agricola's      
burial1 ,,xi4    ,*9a1 ,gr& ,canal (1   
#abi    ,*9ese4     ,e>ly copp] smelt+1 
#djb     ,e>ly iron1 #dba     ,e>ly     
silv] metallurgy1 #cia     ,e>ly z9c    
smelt+1 #dji    ,*rysocolla 7see also   
,borax71 #aaj2 #bba2 #ehd2 #a           
,collection 9 vats1 #ehd     ,col\r (   
fumes1 #bce     ,indication ( copp]1    
#aaf     ,indication ( gold1 #aag       
,m9]al1 #aji     ,smelt+ (1 #dja        
,*ur*1 ,%>e 9 ,m9es1 #ia    ,cimolite1  
#ca    ,c9nab> 7see ,quicksilv] &       
,m9ium74    ,claim1 9 ,am]ican ,title1  
#gg    ,clo?4     ,l9+ sluices1 #cbb    
,v5tilation by %ak+1 #baj    ,coal1 #cd 
,cobalt1 #ced2 #edb2 #aab-aac           
,cobalt-blue1 #aab2 #dcc     ,f lead    
smelt+1 #djh     ,k+ ,hiram's exp]i5ce  
)1 #bad     ,poison\s to m9]s1 #bad     
,relation to cadmia1 #aab     ,relation 

to bismu?1 #dce     ,smelt+ ores (1 #dja
    ,cobalt-,ars5ic ,m9]als 7see        
,ars5ic74    ,cobaltite1 #aac           
,cobaltum c9]aceum 7see ,smallite74     
,cobaltum f]ri colore 7see ,cobaltite74 
,cobaltum nigrum 7see ,abolite74        
,co9]s1 #ie2 #gh    ,co9s1 #bea-bec2    
#deg    ,col*is4     ,alluvial gold     
wa%+1 #ccj    ,cologne4     ,scale (    
weights1 #bfc    ,companies1 ,m9+1      
#hi-ic2 #ij     ,fraudul5t deal+1 #bb   
,inve/m5t 91 #bi    ,compass1 #ada-adb2 
#ef2 #abi     ,divisions ( !1 #ef2 #eg  
,swiss1 #ade2 #acg    ,conc5trates4     
,f wa%+ liquation products1 #edb        
,s9t]+ (1 #dja     ,smelt+ (1 #cid2     
#cif-cii2 #dja    ,conc5tration1        
#bfg-cdh2 #bgi2 #ced    ,congius1 #aec2 
#agb1 #fag    ,con/ant9ople1 ,alum      
,trade1 #efi    ,consumption4     ,m9]s 
liable to1 #bad    ,cont]fei 7see ,z9c74
    ,contracts1 ,me?od ( ,sett+1 #if    
,copiapite1 #aaa    ,copp] 7see also    
,liquation71 #aji2 #djb2 #eaa     ,assay
 (1 #bdd2 #bdi     ,granulation (1 #bej 

,indications (1 #aaf     ,p>t+ f gold1  
#dfb-dfd     ,p>t+ gold f silv]1        
#ddh-dea2 #ddh     ,ratio 9 liquation   
cakes1 #eje2 #ejf     ,residues f       
liquation1 #eba     ,rosette1 #ech      
,copp]-fil+s1 #bcc2 #bcc2 #bba    ,copp]
 fl[]s1 #ech2 #aaj2 #bcc2 #ech          
,pl9y's description1 #djd    ,copp]     
,glance1 #dja2 #aji    ,copp] ,matte4   
,roa/+1 #cej     ,smelt+1 #djd-djg      
,copp] ,ore 7see also ,copp] ,smelt+1   
etc471 #aji     ,assay+1 #bdd-bde       
,copp] ,pyrites1 #aag2 #aji    ,copp]   
,ref9+1 #ecj-ech2 #ced2 #dib2 #ece-ecf  
,break+ cakes1 #eja-ejc     ,enri*m5t ( 
silv] by settl+1 #eaj     ,roman me?od1 
#djd     ,rosette copp]1 #ece    ,copp] 
,scales1 #aaj2 #bba2 #bcc2 #eci     ,use
 9 assay+1 #bde    ,copp] ,s*i/s 7see   
also ,mannsfeld ,copp] ,slates71 #abg   
,me?od ( smelt+1 #djh    ,copp] ,smelt+1
 #chh-cij2 #dja2 #djd2 #djb             
,inv5tion ( appliances1 #cec-ced        
,cornwall4     ,anci5t t9 m9+1 #dac     
,e>ly ,g]man m9]s1 #bhb     ,e>ly m9+   

law1 #he     ,e>ly ore dress+1 #bhb     
,influ5ce on ,g]man m9+1 #bhc           
,knock]s1 #bag     ,m9+ t]ms1 #gg2 #aja2
 #bfg2 #bhb     ,royal ,geol4 ,soc4     
,transactions1 #hd    ,coticula 7see    
,t\*/one74    ,c\nt]feht 7see ,z9c74    
,crane4     ,= cupellation furnaces1    
#dgf-dgg     ,= lead cakes1 #ejj     ,= 
liquation cakes1 #ead    ,cremnitz4     
,age ( m9es1 #e     ,wid? ( ve9s1 #eb   
,cr9oid ,/ems1 #aae    ,cropp+s1 #cg2   
#cg    ,crosscuts1 #ajf    ,cr[b>s1 #aeb
    ,crucible4     ,assay1 #bbh2 #bcj2  
#bda2 #bde2 #bba     ,( bla/ furnaces1  
#cgf2 #cgg    ,crud>ia1 #fe    ,cru%+   
,mills 7see ,/amp-mill & ,mills74       
,cru%+ ,ore1 #bca2 #bgi-bhg2 #bgi       
,cry/al 7,cry/allum71 #aad    ,cumb]l&4 
,e>ly report on ores (1 #bfg     ,roman 
lead furnaces1 #cib    ,cup-,be>]4      
,"r to a me]1 #ha    ,cupellation1      
#dfd-dhc2 #dfe-dff     ,build+s &       
furnaces1 #dfd-dgb2 #dib     ,bright5+ (
 ! silv]1 #bda1 #dge     ,9 assay+1 #bdj
     ,9 te/s1 #dhc     ,lat9 & ,g]man   

t]ms1 #bba2 #dib     ,li?>ge1 #dge      
,cupels1 #bbh-bcj2 #bba2 #dff     ,dry+ 
(1 #bdj     ,m\lds1 #bca    ,cupric     
,oxide1 #bba    ,cuprite1 #aji2 #djb    
,cyanus 7see also ,azurite71 #aaj       
,cyprus4     ,anci5t copp] smelt+1 #djb 
,da*1 #abg    ,dactylos1 #fag2 #gh      
,dang]s to ,m9]s1 #bad-bah    ,d>rl+e1  
#dib    ,d>r(51 #dib    ,d>rsoehle1 #dib
    ,dawl+1 ( a ,ve91 #aja    ,dead     
,sea4     ,bitum5 91 #cc    ,decemviral 
,college1 #if    ,decumanus 7see ,ti!   
,ga!r]74    ,dem5sum 7see ,measure74    
,demons 7see also ,gnomes71 #bag2 #bag  
,d]by%ire 7see also ,high ,peak74       
,e>ly ore wa%+1 #bha     ,introduction  
jigg+ sieve1 #bhc     ,m9+ law1 #gg2    
#hd-he    ,desc5t into ,m9es1 #bab      
,devon4     ,m9+ law1 #he    ,dilleugh]1
 #bfg    ,dioptra1 #abi    ,diphrygum1  
#djd    ,dip ( ,ve9s1 #fe-ge    ,dippas1
 #aja    ,dipp]s1 #aeg     ,( pumps1    
#agb    ,discretores 7see ,sort]s74     
,di/illation1 #dda     ,= mak+ nitric   
acid1 #dda     ,( amalgam1 #bdd     ,(  

quicksilv]1 #dbf-dcb    ,di/ributor1 #gh
    ,div9+ ,rod1 #ch-dj2 #ch2 #dj       
,divisions ( ! ,compass1 #ef2 #eg       
,dra9age ( ,m9es1 #aba2 #aga-aih     ,) 
buckets1 #aga     ,) *a9 pumps1 #agb    
,) rag & *a9 pumps1 #ahh     ,) suction 
pumps1 #agb     ,) wat] bags1 #aih      
,draw+4     ,k necess>y = m9]s1 #d      
,drifts1 #ajd2 #aje2 #aja     ,timb]+ (1
 #abe    ,drusy ,ve9s1 #ajg2 #ajg       
,dry+ ,liquation ,residues 7see also    
,liquation71 #ebg-ebi2 #dia2 #dib       
,furnaces =1 #eba2 #ebf2 #dib     ,silv]
 extract$ by1 #ebi     ,slags f1 #ebc   
,dumps1 ,work+ (1 #cj    ,du/ ,*amb]s1  
#cid2 #daf2 #ced    ,dut9s1 7,timb]s71  
#aja    ,dynamite1 #aai     ,e>?s4      
,agricola's view (1 #a2 #df2 #dh        
,extraord9>y1 #aae     ,p]ipatetic view 
(1 #df2 #dg    ,egyptians4     ,alluvial
 m9+1 #ccj     ,antimony1 #dbh          
,bronze1 #djb2 #daa     ,copp] smelt+1  
#djb     ,cru%+ & conc5tration1 #bgi    
,furnaces1 #cee     ,glass mak+1 #ehf   
,gold m9+1 #cii     ,iron1 #dba         

,maps1 #abi     ,m9+ law1 #hc     ,silv]
 & lead metallurgy1 #cij     ,t91 #daa2 
#dab    ,egyptian ,screw 7see ,ar*im$es1
 ,screw (74    ,eifel4     ,spall+ ore1 
#bgb    ,eis5]tz 7see ,iron/one74       
,eis5glantz 7see ,iron/one74            
,eisleb54     ,heap roa/+1 #bgi2 #bgd   
,electrum1 #deh2 #b2 #ce    ,elem5ts1   
,p]ipatetic ,!ory (1 #dd    ,em]y1 #aae 
,erbisdorff4     ,t9 /rakes1 #cjd       
,excoctores 7see ,smelt]s74             
,exhalations4     ,f ve9s1 #ch2 #dd     
,exhau/$ ,liquation ,cakes 7see         
,liquation ,cakes1 ,exhau/$74     ,fans1
 ,v5tilation1 #bjc-bjg    ,fa?om1 #faf2 
#gg2 #gh    ,f$]wis1 7see also          
,asbe/os71 #aad2 #bgd    ,feldsp>1 #aad 
,f]rugo 7see ,iron-ru/74    ,f]rum purum
 7see ,native ,iron74    ,fibrae 7see   
,/r+]s74    ,f95ess1 ,scales (1 #bec2   
#fag    ,fire-sett+1 #aah-abj2 #aah-aai 
,fir/um ,m9es 7see ,fu]/74    ,fissure  
,ve9 7see ,v5a pr(unda74    ,flame4     
,det]m9ation ( metal by1 #bce           
,det]m9ation ( requir$ flux by1 #bce    

,fl9t1 z a ,flux1 #chj    ,float1 f     
,ve9s1 #cg    ,flookan1 #aja            
,flue-du/1 #cid-cif    ,fluores 7see    
,fluorsp>74    ,fluorsp>1 #aae2 #chj2   
#cha     ,indication ( ore1 #aaf        
,fluesse 7see ,fluorsp>74    ,fluxes    
7see also ,argol1 ,saltpetre1 ,lime/one1
 ,/ones :i* easily     melt1 etc471     
#bcb-bci2 #bcb2 #bcg2 #chj2 #bba        
,basic1 #bcg     ,de-sulphuriz+1 #bcf2  
#bcg     ,= smelt+1 #cgi2 #chj2 #chf2   
#cij     ,r$uc+1 #bcf2 #bcg     ,/ock   
fluxes = assay+1 #bcf     ,sulphuriz+1  
#bcf2 #bcg    ,footwall1 #fh2 #aag      
,=ehe>?1 #cef2 #cge-cgh2 #chf2 #cee     
,= t9 furnaces1 #daa2 #dac    ,=eman    
7see ,m9+ ,=eman74    ,=e/-,fires1 #cf2 
#cf    ,=e/ ( ,dean1 #hd    ,=e/ (      
,m5dip1 #hd    ,=mae1 #aja    ,fossa    
lat5s 7see also ,drifts71 #aja    ,fossa
 lat5s transv]sa 7see also ,crosscuts71 
#aja    ,fossores 7see ,m9]s74          
,f\nd]s' ,ho>ds1 #cee2 #djb             
,fractional ,me]s1 #hj    ,france4      
,m$iaeval m9+ law1 #hd    ,free ,m9+    

,cities1 #hd    ,freib]g1 ,,xxxi4       
,age ( ! m9es1 #e     ,b]gmei/]1 #ie    
,division ( %>es1 #ha2 #ij2 #ia         
,fir/ discov]y ( ve9s1 #ce2 #cf         
,flood+ ( m9es1 #bah     ,me?od (       
cupellation1 #dhb    ,full]s' ,e>?1 #aae
    ,fumes4     ,f heat$ ore1 #bce      
,poison\s1 #bae-baf    ,fundam5tum 7see 
also ,footwall71 #aja    ,fundgrube 7see
 also ,me]71 #gg    ,furnaces1 #cgd-cgh2
 #chf2 #chh2 #cee2 #dib     ,assay+ 7see
 ,assay ,furnaces74     ,bismu? smelt+1 
#dcc-dcg     ,burn+ t9 conc5trates1 #cdi
     ,cem5tation1 #dee     ,copp]       
smelt+1 #dja-djh     ,cupellation1      
#dfg-dfh2 #dhb-dhc     ,dry+ liquat$    
copp]1 #ebb-ebf     ,enri*+ copp]       
bottoms1 #eaj     ,gold & silv] ores1   
#chb-chd     ,heat+ copp] cakes1 #ejc   
,iron smelt+1 #dbj-dba2 #dbj     ,lat9 &
 ,g]man t]ms1 #bbj     ,lead ores1      
#djh-daj     ,liquation ( silv]1 #eae   
,melt+ lead cakes1 #dih     ,nitric acid
 mak+1 #dda     ,p>t+ preci\s metals )  
antimony1 #deb-dec     ,quicksilv]      

di/illation1 #dbf-dcb     ,ref9+ copp]1 
#eca-ecc     ,ref9+ silv]1 #dhc2 #dhi   
,ref9+ t91 #dah     ,roa/+1 #bgf-bgg    
,smelt+ liquation slags1 #ejg     ,t9   
smelt+1 #daa-dac2 #dai    ,furnace      
,accretions1 #aac2 #bba2 #dib           
,removal (1 #cgf    ,furnace ,hoods1    
#did    ,fu]/4     ,m9es (1 #bd2 #bd    
,ga>h]d 7see ,ref9+-he>?74    ,ga>ma*5  
7see ,copp] ,ref9+74    ,gad1 #aej      
,gal5a1 #ea2 #aji2 #aaj2 #bba           
,bismu? di/+ui%$ f1 #c     ,smelt+ (1   
#djj-dja    ,gangue ,m9]als1 #dh        
,g>lic4     ,magnet weak5$ by1 #ci      
,g>nets1 #ccd    ,gases 7see also       
,fumes7     ,f fire-sett+1 #abj         
,g$ig5 eis51 silb]1 etc4 7see ,native   
,iron1 ,silv]1 etc474    ,gel atram5t   
7see ,misy74    ,gems1 #aae2 #a         
,geology4     ,agricola's views1 #eie   
,g]mans4     ,engli% m9+ influ5c$ by1   
#bhc     ,m9+ m5 import$ into ,engl&1   
#bhb     ,ore-dress+ me?ods1 #bha-bhb   
,ges*worn5 79 ,saxon m9es71 #gg         
,gey]1 ,,xxxi2 #db2 ,,vi4     ,%afts1   

#ajb     ,t9-/rakes1 #cjd    ,gild+1    
#dfj     ,removal f objects1 #dfj2 #dfd 
,gips 7see ,gypsum74    ,gittelde4      
,smelt+ ( lead ore1 #cia    ,glantz 7see
 ,gal5a74    ,glas]tz 7see ,silv]       
,glance74    ,glaskoepfe 7see           
,iron/one74    ,glass1 #ehd-eib         
,bl[+1 #eib     ,furnaces1 #ehf-eij     
,f s&1 #chj    ,glass-galls1 #bce2 #bba 
,z a flux1 #bce2 #bch2 #bdc2 #bdf       
,use 9 p>t+ gold f copp]1 #dfd     ,use 
9 smelt+ gold conc5trates1 #cig2 #cih   
,glette 7see ,li?>ge74    ,glimm] 7see  
,mica74    ,gnomes4     ,9 m9es1 #bag2  
#aab2 #bad2 #bag    ,gobl9s 7see        
,gnomes74    ,god's ,gift ,m9e 7see     
,gottsgaab ,m9e74    ,gold 7see also    
,gold ,ores1 ,p>t+1 ,smelt+1            
,/amp-,mill1 etc474     ,alluvial m9+1  
#cba-ccf2 #ccj     ,alluvial /reams1 #ge
     ,amalgamation1 #big     ,gold-du/1 
#cif     ,hi/orical notes1 #cii2 #ced   
,indications (1 #ajh2 #aaf     ,lu/ =1 n
 ! fault ( ! metal1 #af     ,m9]als1    
#ajh     ,m9]als associat$ )1 #ajh-aji  

,smelt+ ( ores1 #cha-chb2 #chf2 #chh2   
#cij2 #cif     ,wick$ness caus$ by1     
#i-aj    ,gold ,conc5trates1 #cif-cii2  
#cih    ,gold5 ,fleece1 #ccj2 #ccj      
,gold ,ores1 #ajg-ajh     ,amalgamation1
 #bie-bii2 #big     ,assay by           
amalgamation1 #bdc-bdd     ,assay by    
fire1 #bdb-bdc     ,flux us$ 9 assay+1  
#bce     ,flux us$ 9 smelt+1 #cih       
,smelt+ 9 bla/ furnace1 #cih-djj        
,smelt+ cuprif]\s ores1 #djd-djg        
,smelt+ 9 lead ba?1 #cii     ,smelt+    
pyritif]\s ore1 #cih-dja                
,/amp-mill+1 #cba    ,gold/e9 7see      
,t\*/one74    ,gosl>1 #e2 #cg2 #cg      
,lead smelt+1 #djh     ,native z9c      
vitriol1 #egb     ,roa/+ ores1 #bgd2    
#bgd     ,spall+ h>d ore1 #bga          
,gosl>ite1 #aac2 #egb    ,gottsgaab     
,m9e1 ,,vi2 ,,vii2 #gd2 #gd    ,g\nce1  
#bfg    ,gr& ,canal ( ,*9a1 #abi        
,granulation ,me?ods = ,bullion1 #ddd   
,granulation ( ,copp]1 #bej    ,greeks4 
,antimony1 #dbh     ,brass mak+1 #daj   
,copp] smelt+1 #djc     ,iron & /eel    

mak+1 #dba     ,metallurgy f ,egypt1    
#djb     ,m9+ law1 #hc     ,ore dress+1 
#bha     ,quicksilv]1 #dcb              
,silv]-lead smelt+1 #cia     ,smelt+    
appliances1 #cee    ,grey ,antimony 7see
 also ,/ibium71 #aaj2 #bba2 #dbh        
,griff9s1 #cca    ,groom ( ! ,*amb]4    
,"r to a me]1 #ha    ,groove 7see also  
,%afts71 #aja    ,gr\nd ,sluices1       
#ccf-ccg    ,gr\nd ,wat]s1 #df-dh       
,gru5span 7see ,v]digris74    ,guld51   
#ib2 #dai    ,gunp[d]4     ,fir/ use =  
bla/+ 9 m9es1 #aai     ,inv5tion (1 #efb
    ,gypsum1 #aad     ,hade1 #aja       
,haematites 7see ,iron/one74            
,hal9itrum 7see ,saltpetre74    ,halle1 
,salt ,indu/ry1 #eeb    ,hamm]s1 #aea   
,) wat] p[]1 #dbc    ,hang+wall1 #fh2   
#aag    ,h>z ,m9]s4     ,agricola       
consult$1 ,,vii4     ,antimony sulphide1
 #dbh     ,fir/ m9+ *>t]1 #hd     ,fir/ 
/amp-mill1 #bhb     ,pumps1 #aid        
,haul+ ,appliances 7see also ,:ims &    
,w9dlasses71 #afj-afh2 #adi    ,heap    
,roa/+1 #bgd-bgf    ,he>?-lead 7see also

 ,molybda5a71 #dge2 #dgf2 #aaj2 #bba    
,z a flux1 #bcb     ,use 9 smelt+1 #cgi2
 #cih2 #djj    ,he>?s4     ,= bismu?    
smelt+1 #dcc-dcg     ,= melt+ lead1     
#cij2 #dih    ,heav5ly ,ho/ ,m9e 7see   
,himmelis* ,hoez ,m9e74    ,heavy ,sp>1 
#aae    ,hebrews4     ,k ( antimony1    
#dbh     ,silv]-lead smelt+1 #cia       
,t]m = t91 #dab    ,hematite1 #aaa      
,hemicycle 7,hemicyclium71 #acg-ach     
,h]aclion 7see ,lode/one74    ,h]dplei  
7see ,he>?-,lead74    ,hi]o1 ,k+1 #bdg2 
#bdg    ,high ,peak 7,d]by%ire74        
,m9+ law1 #hd     ,nom5clature 9 m9es1  
#gg     ,saxon cu/oms1 connection )1    
#gg2 #he    ,himmelis* ,hoez m9e1 #gd2  
#ib2 #ge    ,hoe1 #aeb    ,holidays (   
,m9]s1 #ii    ,horn ,silv]1 #aji        
,horns ( ,de]1 #bcj    ,horn/one1 #aaf2 
#aad    ,hung>y4     ,cupellation1 #dhc 
,huett5rau* 7see ,pompholyx74           
,iglau1 ,*>t] (1 #hd    ,inc5se 9       
,cupellation ,furnaces1 #dgb            
,indications ( ,ore1 #ajf2 #ajg2 #aaf   
,+e/ores 7see ,%ovell]s74    ,india4    

,/eel1 #dbc     ,z9c1 #dji              
,int]v5ium1 #ea2 #ej    ,inve/m5t 9     
,m9es1 #bf-bi    ,iron1 #dbj2 #ced2 #aaa
     ,ca/1 #dbj     ,c5sure (1 #aa      
,indications (1 #aaf     ,malleable1    
#dbj     ,smelt+1 #dbj-dbf     ,sulphur 
h>mful to1 #bgc    ,iron ,age1 #dbj     
,iron ,fil+s 7see also ,iron-,scales71  
#bba     ,use 9 assay+1 #bcd2 #bch2 #bdf
    ,iron ,ore4     ,assay+ (1 #bdg     
,smelt+ (1 #dbj-dbf    ,iron-ru/1 #aaf2 
#dgd2 #a2 #aaa    ,iron-scales1 #bba    
,flux1 #bcd     ,use 9 smelt+ gold1 #cih
     ,use 9 smelt+ silv]1 #djj     ,use 
9 mak+ nitric acid1 #ddj     ,use 9 p>t+
 gold f copp]1 #dfd    ,iron-slag1 #bba 
,z a flux1 #bcd2 #bce    ,iron/one1     
#cij2 #aaa    ,italians4     ,alluvial  
m9+ 9 ,g]many1 #ccd    ,italy4     ,m9+ 
=m]ly =bidd51 #h     ,jade1 #aad        
,japan4     ,/eel1 #dbc    ,jasp]1 #aaa2
 #b    ,jaspis1 #aad    ,jet1 #cd       
,jigg+ ,sieve1 #caj2 #bfg2 #bhc         
,joa*im/hal1 ,,vi4     ,fir/ /amp-mill1 
#bha     ,m9+ %>es & pr(its1 #ia2 #ib   

,ju$5/e9 7see ,lapis ,judaicus74        
,juices1 #a2 #dg     ,agricola's !ory1  
#df2 #eb     ,f spr+s & /reams1 #cc     
,/one juice1 #df2 #di     ,ta/es (1 #cd 
,juices1 ,solidifi$4     ,agricola's    
view (1 #a2 #di     ,extraction ( metals
 f1 #cej     ,prep>ation (1 #ede        
,julian ,alps4     ,/amp-mill+ 91 #cai  
,junctions 7see ,ve9s1 ,int]sections (74
    ,jurati 7see ,jurors74    ,jurors1  
#bb2 #ib2 #if2 #gh     ,9 ,engli% m9+   
cu/om1 #he     ,relations to ,b]gmei/]1 
#ie2 #gg    ,ju/9ian ,code4     ,m9es1  
#hd     ,kal*/e9 7see ,lime/one74       
,kamms*ale1 #abg    ,kaol9ite 7see      
,porcela9 ,clay74    ,katz5silb] 7see   
,mica74    ,k+4     ,deputy1 #id     ,"r
 to a me]1 #ha    ,k9/ock 7see          
,liquation ,cakes1 ,exhau/$74    ,kis   
7see ,pyrites74    ,knock]s 7see        
,gnomes74    ,kobelt 7see ,cobalt74     
,koel]gang ,ve91 #db    ,ko5igsb]g4     
,fire-sett+1 #aai    ,kupf]glas ertz    
7see ,copp] ,glance74    ,kupf]s*ief]   
7see ,copp] ,s*i/s74    ,kutt5b]g4      

,dep?s ( %afts1 #ajb     ,lab\r         
,condition 9 ,m9+ ,title1 #ib2 #hc-he   
,lac$aemonians 7see ,sp>tans74    ,la*t]
 7see ,fa?om74    ,ladd]ways 9 ,%afts1  
#abd2 #bab    ,ladle = ,bullion1 #chb   
,lapis a]>ius 7see ,copp] ,ore74        
,lapis alab&icus1 #chj    ,lapis        
,judaicus1 #aae2 #aae    ,lapis         
specul>is 7see ,gypsum74    ,la?s       
7,lagg+71 #aja    ,la ,tolfa4     ,alum 
manufacture1 #efe     ,discov]y (1 #egj 
,laurion 7,laurium71 ,mt4 7see ,mt4     
,laurion1 ,m9es (74    ,laut5tal1       
,liquation at1 #dia    ,law 7see ,m9+   
,law74    ,law-suits ov] ,%>es 9 ,m9es1 
#id    ,lead1 #ced2 #cij2 #aaj          
,c5sure (1 #aa     ,cupellation1        
#dfd-dhc     ,melt+ prior to liquation1 
#ejj     ,9 liquation cakes1 #eje-ejf2  
#eje2 #ejf     ,ref9+ silv]1 #dhc-dij   
,smelt+ ( ores1 #chh-cib2 #djj     ,use 
9 assay+1 #bcb2 #bci2 #bdb2 #bdd2 #bdi2 
#bea     ,wa%+ 9 sluices1 #cdg          
,lead-a%1 #bcg2 #bcg2 #bba     ,z a     
flux1 #bcd     ,use 9 p>t+ gold f copp]1

 #dfc    ,lead ,ba?1 #cha               
,lead-glass1 #bcf    ,lead ,granules1   
#bci2 #dfc2 #bba    ,lead+ 79           
liquation71 #cjd2 #ejg2 #eac2 #dia2     
#dib2 #ejd     ,compon5ts ( ! *>ge1     
#eje-eji    ,lead ,o*re1 #bcb2 #aaj2    
#bba    ,lead ,ore4     ,assay me?ods1  
#bde-bdf     ,roa/+1 #bge     ,smelt+ 9 
bla/ furnace1 #cij2 #djh    ,lease1 9   
,au/ralian ,title1 #gg    ,leaves1      
,prep>ation ( ,bullion into1 #ddd       
,leb]?al1 #bd    ,lees ( aqua :i*       
sep>ates ,gold f ,silv]1 #bcd2 #ddc2    
#bba     ,z a flux1 #bcd2 #bch    ,lees 
( ,v9eg> 7see also ,argol71 #bba     ,z 
a flux1 #bcd2 #bcf2 #bdc2 #bcd    ,lees 
( ,w9e 7see ,argol74    ,lemnos1 ,isl&  
(1 #ca    ,lemnian ,e>?1 #ca    ,leprosy
 ( ,h\se ,walls 7see ,saltpetre74       
,level 7see also ,drift71 #aja          
,level1 ,plummet 7see ,plummet ,level74 
,lime/one1 #aad2 #bba     ,z a flux1    
#bcf2 #cij    ,limonite1 #aaa    ,limp1 
#bfg    ,l9>es4     ,hannibal's m9es    
ne>1 #db    ,lip>i ,isl&s4     ,alum f1 

#eff    ,liquat$ ,silv]-lead 7see       
,/annum & ,silv]-lead74    ,liquation1  
#eai-eba2 #dia2 #eai     ,a%-col\r$     
copp] f1 #ebi     ,build+s =1 #dia      
,furnace1 #eae-eah2 #dib     ,hi/orical 
note on1 #did     ,losses1 #dia2 #eci   
,nom5clature1 #dib    ,liquation ,cakes1
 #eje-eji2 #dib2 #eje2 #ejf             
,enri*m5t ( ! lead1 #eab2 #eab          
,extraction ( silv] f1 #eab     ,f      
bye-products ( liquation1 #eci-edj      
,f copp] bottoms1 #eab2 #eab            
,proportion ( lead 9 ri* silv] copp]1   
#eji    ,liquation ,cakes1 ,exhau/$1    
#eba-ebf2 #djf2 #dib2 #ebj    ,liquation
 ,slags1 #eji2 #dib2 #eda     ,furnaces 
=1 #ejg     ,treatm5t (1 #eda           
,liquation ,?orns1 #ebb2 #eci2 #dib2    
#eci2 #edj     ,f cupellation1 #edc2    
#edc     ,f dry+ copp] residues1 #ebi   
,li?>ge 7see also ,cupellation71 #dge2  
#bcb-bch2 #dff2 #dgf2 #aaj2 #bbb        
,use 9 r$uc+ silv] nitrate1 #ddg        
,use 9 smelt+1 #cgi2 #cih2 #djj         
,li?>gyrum 7see ,li?>ge74    ,lode/one1 

#aae2 #aaa2 #aae2 #b     ,compass1 #eg  
,los ,pozos de ,anibal1 #db    ,lotores 
7see ,wa%]s74    ,lusitania4     ,gold  
alluvial1 #cdg     ,sluices = gold wa%+1
 #cbe     ,t9 smelt+1 #dai    ,lute1 #a 
,prep>ation ( = furnace l9+s1 #cge-cgf  
,lydia4     ,m9+ law1 #hc     ,! ,k+'s  
m9es1 #bg    ,lye1 #eeh2 #bba2 #bcc     
,use 9 mak+ fluxes1 #bcf     ,use 9     
p>t+1 #dfc     ,magi/] ,metallicorum    
7see ,b]gmei/]74    ,magi/] ,monet>iorum
 7see ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t74    ,magnes 7see  
also ,lode/one & ,manganese71 #ehe2     
#aaa2 #aae2 #ehe    ,magnet1 #bdg       
,g>lic1 #ci    ,magnetis 7see ,mica74   
,magnetite1 #aaa    ,mala*ite1 #aji2    
#bba    ,maladies ( ,m9]s1 #bad-bag     
,mal?a1 #eha    ,manag] 7see ,m9e       
,manag]74    ,manganese1 #ehf2 #ced     
,mannsfeld ,copp] ,slates1 #abf-abg2    
#bgi2 #abg2 #bgc    ,map-mak+1 #abi     
,m>ble1 #aae2 #b2 #aad    ,m>casite1    
#aaa2 #aab2 #dji    ,m>ga 7see ,m>l74   
,m>i5b]g1 ,,xxxi2 ,,vi4    ,m>l1 #aad   
,m>mel/e9 7see ,m>ble74    ,m>mor 7see  

,m>ble74    ,m>mor alaba/rites 7see     
,alaba/]74    ,m>mor gl>ea1 #aad        
,massicot 7see also ,lead ,o*re71 #aaj2 
#bba2 #bcb    ,ma/] ( ! ,horse1 #ha     
,ma/] ( ! ,m9t1 #ie2 #gh    ,matte 7see 
,cakes ( ,melt$ ,pyrites74    ,matte    
,smelt+1 #djd-djg    ,measure 7unit (   
m9+ area71 #gh2 #gh    ,measures1       
#faf-fag2 #gh2 #eej    ,m$ic9e4     ,k  
necess>y = m9]s1 #c    ,m$ulla saxorum  
7see ,porcela9 ,clay74    ,me]1 #gg-hi  
,b\nd>y /ones1 #hg     ,on v5a cumulata1
 #hg     ,on v5a dilatata1 #hf          
,meiss54     ,dumps f m9es1 #cab        
,melant]ia1 #aag2 #aab2 #egc            
,indication ( copp]1 #aaf               
,melant]ite1 #aaa    ,melos1 ,isl& (1   
#eff    ,m5n+ 7see ,r$-lead74    ,m]gel 
7see ,m>l74    ,metals1 #b2 #dd2 #ea    
,advantages & uses1 #ai2 #bj            
,necessity to man1 ,,xxv2 #ab-ac     ,n 
responsible = evil passions1 #ae        
,metreta1 #aec    ,mexico4     ,patio   
process1 #big    ,mica1 #aad    ,middle 
,ages1 ,m9+ ,law (1 #hd    ,mills =     

,gr9d+ ,ore1 #bid-bii2 #bhj    ,mimes   
7see also ,gnomes71 #bag    ,m9e        
,capta91 #bf2 #gg    ,m9e ,manag]1 #ig2 
#ih2 #gg2 #gh    ,m9]al ,k+dom1         
,agricola's ,divisions (1 #a    ,m9]als1
 #eid2 #ajh2 #dh2 #ea     ,comp\nd1 #b2 
#ea     ,mix$1 #b2 #ea    ,m9]s1 #a-d2  
#be2 #gh     ,duties & puni%m5ts1 #ajj2 
#bb     ,law 7see ,m9+ ,law74           
,litigation among1 #ba     ,slaves z1   
#bc    ,m9es4     ,ab&onm5t (1 #bag     
,conditions desirable1 #cj-cc           
,inve/m5ts 91 #bf-bi     ,managem5t (1  
#be2 #bf     ,names (1 #db    ,m9es     
,royal1 ,company (1 #bhc    ,m9+ 7see   
also ,sett1 ,lease1 ,claim1 ,me]1 etc474
     ,criticisms (1 #d-ab     ,h>mless &
 hon\rable1 #ad2 #bj2 #bc     ,me?ods ( 
break+ ore1 #aag-aah     ,/op+1 #abe    
,m9+ ,cl]k1 #ic2 #ie2 #if2 #gh    ,m9+  
,companies 7see ,companies1 ,m9+74      
,m9+ ,=eman1 #ih-ii2 #gh     ,frauds by1
 #ba-bb    ,m9+ ,law1 #hb-hf     ,b\nd>y
 /ones1 #hg     ,dra9age requirem5ts1   
#ib-ic     ,engl&1 #hd-hf     ,europe1  

#hd     ,=feiture ( title1 #ib-ic       
,france1 #hd     ,greek & ,roman1 #hc   
,middle ,ages1 #hd-he     ,"r (         
,ov]lord1 ,l&[n]1 ,/ate & ,m9]1 #hb     
,tunnels1 #hh-hi    ,m9+ ,prefect1 #bf2 
#id2 #gh    ,m9+ ,rights 7see ,m9+ ,law 
& ,me]74    ,m9+ ,t]ms1 ,old ,engli%1   
#gg2 #aja    ,m9+ ,tools1 #adi-aec      
,buckets = ore1 #aec-aed     ,buckets = 
wat]1 #aeg     ,trucks1 #aef            
,:eelb>r[s1 #aee    ,m9ium1 #aaa        
,quicksilv] f1 #dcc     ,r$-lead1 #bcb  
,m9ium secund>ium 7see ,r$-lead74       
,mispickel 7,mi/puckel71 #aaa    ,misy  
7! m9]al71 #egc2 #aaa2 #djc     ,an     
indication ( copp]1 #aaf     ,use 9 p>t+
 gold & silv]1 #dei    ,mitl]e und ob]e 
(f5brue*e 7see ,furnace ,accretions74   
,modius1 #fag2 #dje    ,moglitz4     ,t9
 work+1 #cah    ,moil1 #aej             
,molybda5a1 #aaj2 #bba2 #dgf2 #djj2 #djh
     ,t]m = lead c>bonates1 #djj2 #djh  
,molybd5ite1 #dgg    ,monet>ius 7see    
,co9]s74    ,money1 ,assay+ (1 #bea-beb 
,morano ,glass ,factories1 #eib         

,moravia4     ,cupellation1 #dhc        
,/amp-mill+1 #cba     ,wa%+ gold ore1   
#cbd    ,mordants1 #efi    ,mort>-box1  
#bgi-bhj2 #cab2 #cai2 #bfg    ,m\nta9s4 
,=mation (1 #eie    ,mt4 ,b]mius4       
,gold ,m9es (1 #bf2 #bg    ,mt4         
,laurion1 ,m9es (1 #bg2 #bg-bi2 #cia    
,cru%+ & conc5tration ( ores1 #bha      
,cupellation1 #dfe     ,m9+ law1 #hc    
,smelt+ appliances1 #cee     ,x5ophon   
on1 #f    ,mt4 ,s9ai4     ,anci5t copp] 
smelt+1 #cee2 #djb    ,muffle ,furnaces1
 #bbd-bbh2 #bci    ,muffles1 #bbg2 #bci2
 #bbb     ,ref9+ silv]1 #dhi-dij        
,muehlb]g1 ,battle (1 ,x4    ,murrh9a   
7see ,*alc$ony74    ,muskets1 #aa       
,myc5ae4     ,copp]1 #djb               
,silv]-lead smelt+1 #cia     ,names (   
,m9es1 #db    ,naph?a1 #eha    ,native  
,copp]1 #aji    ,native ,iron1 #aaa     
,native ,m9]als1 #ajg    ,native ,silv]1
 #bfi2 #aji    ,natron 7see ,nitrum74   
,neoli?ic ,furnaces1 #cee    ,neusohl1  
,me?od ( ,scre5+ ,ore1 #bij             
,newbottle ,abbey1 #ce    ,nitocris1    

,bridge (1 #cia    ,nitric ,acid 7see   
also ,aqua val5s71 #dci-ddc2 #dfj2 #dci2
 #ced     ,assay p>t+ gold & silv]1 #bdh
     ,te/+ silv] regulus )1 #ddi        
,use 9 clean+ gold du/1 #cif    ,nitrum 
7see also ,soda71 #eeh2 #aaj            
,nom5clature1 ,i2 #bfg     ,m9+ law1    
#gg2 #gh     ,m9+ (ficials1 #gg2 #gh    
,norici1 #chh     ,conveyance ( ore1    
#afi    ,normans4     ,m9+ ,law 9       
,engl&1 #he    ,not>y1 #id2   #gh       
,nubia4     ,e>ly gold-m9+1 #cii        
,nuremb]g1 ,scale ( ,weights1 #bfc      
,obolus1 #be    ,o*ra nativa1 #aaa      
,o*re ,yell[1 #aaa    ,(f5brue*e 7see   
,furnace ,accretions74    ,olyn?us4     
,betrayal to ,philip ( ,mac$on1 #i      
,op]culum1 #dda2 #bbb    ,orbis1 #ada2  
#acg    ,ore 7see v>i\s metals1 ,assay+1
 ,m9+1 etc474    ,ore ,*annels 7see     
,canales74    ,ore ,deposits1 ,!ory (1  
,,xiii2 #dc-ec    ,ore ,dress+1 #bfg-cea
     ,burn+1 #bgc     ,h& spall+1       
#bga-bgb     ,sort+1 #bfh-bga           
,orguia1 #gh2 #gh2 #fag    ,ori*alcum   

7see ,auri*alcum74    ,orpim5t1 #aaa2   
#a2 #bbb     ,col\r ( fumes1 #bce       
,h>mful to metals1 #bgc     ,indication 
( gold1 etc41 #aaf     ,roa/$ f ore1    
#bgc     ,use 9 assay+1 #bcg            
,outcrops1 #fh2 #dc    ,ox-blood 9 ,salt
 ,mak+1 #eeb     ,pactolus1 ,gold ,s&s  
(1 #bg    ,p>k's ,process1 #dfe    ,p>t+
 ,gold f ,copp]1 #dfb-dfd    ,p>t+ ,gold
 f ,silv]1 #ddc-dfj2 #deh-dfc           
,antimony sulphide1 #dea-deb2 #dea-deb2 
#dfa     ,cem5tation1 #dec-deg2         
#dec-ded2 #deh     ,*lor9e gas1 #deh2   
#dfb     ,electrolysis1 #deh2 #dfb      
,nitric acid1 #ddc-ddg2 #ddc2 #ddg2 #dfj
     ,nitric acid 79 assay+71 #bdg-bdi  
,sulphur & copp]1 #ddh-dea2 #ddh2 #dfa  
,sulphuric acid1 #deh2 #dfb             
,p>titions1 #dic    ,passau1 ,peace (1  
,,ix4    ,passus1 #faf2 #gh    ,patio   
,process1 #big-bih    ,patt9son's       
,process1 #dfe    ,peak1 ,! 7see ,high  
,peak74    ,p5tremites1 #aae            
,p]gamum4     ,braz5 ox (1 #aa     ,m9es
 ne>1 #bf2 #bg    ,p]ipatetics1 ,,xii4  

,!ory ( ore deposits1 #dg2 #dd     ,view
 ( weal?1 #ah    ,p]sians4     ,anci5t  
m9+ law1 #hc    ,pes1 #faf2 #gh         
,pe/les1 #bca2 #dhc    ,petroleum1      
#eha-ehb    ,phal>is1 ,braz5 ,bull (1   
#aa    ,philosophy4     ,k necess>y =   
m9]s1 #c    ,pho5icians4     ,copp] &   
bronze1 #djb     ,9 ,?asos1 #bd     ,t91
 #daa-dab    ,picks1 #aeb-aec           
,picks*ief] 7see ,a%-col\r$ ,copp]74    
,plac] ,m9+1 #cba-cdh    ,pleigeel 7see 
,lead ,o*re74    ,pleiweis 7see         
,:ite-lead74    ,pleygang ,ve91 #db     
,plumbago1 #aaj    ,plumbum c&idum1     
#aaj2 #c2 #dgc    ,plumbum c9]eum1 #aaa2
 #c    ,plumbum nigrum lutei coloris1   
#aaj2 #c    ,plummet ,level4     ,/&+1  
#adc2 #acg     ,susp5d$1 #ade2 #adf2    
#acg    ,pockets 9 ,alluvial ,sluices1  
#cbb-ccj    ,poison\s ,fumes 7see       
,fumes74    ,pol&4     ,cupellation1    
#dhc     ,lead ore wa%+1 #cdg     ,lead 
smelt+1 #cib    ,poletae1 ,tablets ( !1 
#hc    ,pol+ ,copp]1 #eca-ech2 #ece-ecf 
,pompeiopolis4     ,ars5ic m9e at1 #aaa 

,pompholyx1 #cid2 #aac-aad2 #djc     ,f 
copp] ref9+s1 #ech     ,f cupellation1  
#dgf     ,f du/-*amb]s1 #cid     ,f     
roa/+ ore1 #bgh     ,poison\s1 #bad2    
#bae     ,us$ = brass mak+1 #daj        
,porcela9 ,clay1 #aae    ,pota%1        
#eeh-eei2 #eeh2 #bcc2 #bbj     ,9 ,sal  
artificiosus1 #dfc    ,pott]y1          
,egyptian1 #cia    ,potosi1 #bih        
,pozos de ,anibal1 ,los1 #db    ,p\s1   
#fag2 #gh    ,praefectus cuniculi1 #gh  
,praefectus fod9ae 7see ,m9e ,manag]74  
,praefectus metallorum 7see ,m9+        
,prefect74    ,praeses cuniculi1 #gh    
,praeses fod9ae 7see ,m9+ ,=eman74      
,preci\s & ,base ,metals1 #dci          
,primgap1 #hj    ,procurator metallorum1
 #hc    ,prospect+1 #ce    ,pr\/ite1    
#ajh    ,pumps1 #aga-bjj2 #adi     ,*a91
 #aga-age     ,rag & *a91 #ahh-bjj      
,suction1 #age-ahh    ,purgator arg5ti  
7see ,silv] ,ref9]74    ,purs]1 #gg     
,puteoli1 #eja    ,pyr>gyrite1 #ajh     
,pyrit5 arg5tum1 #djh    ,pyrites 7see  
also ,cakes ( ,melt$ ,pyrites71 #ea2    

#aaa2 #aab2 #a     ,z a flux1 #bcd      
,assay = gold1 #bdc     ,9 t9           
conc5trates1 #cdh     ,lat9 & ,g]man    
t]ms1 #bbb     ,roa/+1 #bgc-bgd         
,roa/+ cakes (1 #cdi-cea     ,smelt+ =  
gold & silv]1 #cii2 #dja     ,us$ 9 mak+
 vitriol1 #egh    ,pyrites a]osus 7see  
,copp] ,pyrites74    ,pyrites aurei     
coloris 7see ,copp] ,pyrites74          
,qu>tz 7see also ,/ones :i* easily      
melt71 #aad     ,z a flux1 #chj     ,an 
indication ( ore1 #aaf     ,mat]ial (   
glass1 #chj     ,silv] ore1 #aac        
,smelt+ (1 #dja    ,qu>zum 7see ,qu>tz74
    ,qu]tze1 #chj    ,quicksilv]1 #dcb2 
#b2 #ced2 #aaj     ,amalgamation ( gilt 
objects1 #dfa     ,amalgamation ( gold  
du/1 #cif     ,amalgamation ( gold ores1
 #big2 #big     ,assay+ me?ods1 #bdg    
,ore1 #dbf-dcb     ,use 9 assay+ gold   
ore1 #bdc     ,rag & ,*a9 ,pumps1       
#ahh-bjj    ,rake ,ve9s1 #aja           
,rammelsb]g4     ,collapse ( m9es1 #baf 
,discov]y1 #cg     ,e>ly vitriol mak+1  
#egb    ,rau*/e91 #abg    ,realg>1 #a2  

#aaa2 #bbb     ,col\r ( fumes1 #bce     
,h>mful to metals1 #bgc     ,indication 
( ore1 #aaf     ,roa/$ f ore1 #bgc      
,r$]/e9 7see ,tro*itis74    ,r$-lead1   
#bcb2 #aaj2 #bbb     ,use 9 p>t+ gold f 
copp]1 #dfc     ,use 9 p>t+ gold f      
silv]1 #dei    ,ref9$ ,salt1 #ded2 #dfc2
 #bcc    ,ref9]y = ,silv] & ,copp]1     
#dia-dih    ,ref9+ ,gold f ,copp]1      
#dfb-dfd    ,ref9+ ,gold f ,silv]1      
#ddc-deh    ,ref9+-he>?1 #dib    ,ref9+ 
,silv]1 #dhc-dij2 #dfe2 #dhd    ,ref9+  
,silv] f ,lead1 #dfd    ,re=mation1 ,!1 
,v2 ,,viii4    ,re-op5+ ( ,old ,m9es1   
#bag    ,revival ( ,le>n+4              
,agricola's position 91 ,,xiii4         
,rew>d ,lease1 9 ,au/ralian ,law1 #gg   
,rhaetia1 #chh    ,rhaetian ,alps4      
,/amp mill+ 91 #cai    ,r+-fire1 #ddh   
,rio ,t9to ,m9es4     ,roman me?ods (   
smelt+1 #dje     ,roman wat]-:eels1 #adi
    ,risks ( ,m9+1 #bh-bi    ,ri!r 7a   
horse71 #aja    ,roa/$ ,copp]1 #bcc2    
#bcc2 #bbb    ,roa/+1 #bgc-bgi2 #bfg    
,heap roa/+1 #bgd-bge     ,9 furnaces1  

#bgf     ,mattes1 #cdi-cea     ,prior to
 assay+1 #bca    ,rocks1 #aai2 #b       
,rock-salt1 #edh2 #bbb     ,use 9       
cem5tation1 #ded    ,roman ,alum1 #efe  
,romans4     ,amalgamation1 #big        
,antimony1 #dbh     ,brass mak+1 #daj   
,companies1 #ij     ,copp] smelt+1      
#djd-dje     ,m9+ law1 #hc     ,m9ium   
,company1 #bcb     ,quicksilv]1 #dcc    
,roa/+1 #bfg     ,silv]-lead smelt+1    
#cib     ,wa%+ ( ore1 #bha    ,rosette  
,copp]1 #ech2 #ece    ,rosgeel 7see     
,realg>74    ,ruby ,copp]1 #aji2 #djb   
,ruby ,silv]1 #ea2 #ajh     ,assay+ (1  
#bdd     ,cupellation1 #dgc    ,rudis   
,ores1 #ajh    ,ru/ 7see ,iron-ru/74    
,sab9es1 #i    ,saig]do]n] 7see         
,liquation ,?orns74    ,saig]w]k 7see   
,/annum74    ,salam&] h> 7see ,asbe/os74
    ,salamis1 ,battle (1 #bg            
,sal-ammoniac1 #efj2 #efj2 #bbb     ,9  
cem5ts = p>t+ gold & silv]1 #ded-deg    
,9 mak+ aqua val5s1 #dda     ,uses 9    
cupellation1 #dgd     ,uses 9 mak+ aqua 
regia1 #dfj     ,uses 9 p>t+ gold f     

copp]1 #dfc    ,sal artificiosus1 #bcf2 
#dfc2 #bcf     ,9 assay+1 #bdb     ,z a 
flux1 #bcd    ,salt1 #ede2 #eef2 #edf2  
#bcc2 #bbb     ,z a flux1 #bcd-bch      
,pans1 #ede2 #edf     ,solidifi$ juice1 
#a     ,use 9 cem5tation1 #ded2 #ded    
,use 9 p>t+ gold f copp]1 #dfc2 #dfd    
,use 9 smelt+ ores1 #cif2 #djj          
,wells1 #edf-edg    ,salt made f ,a%es (
 ,musk ,ivy1 #efj2 #bcc    ,sal         
torrefactus1 #bdb2 #bbb2 #bcc    ,sal   
to/us1 #bcc2 #bcc2 #bbb    ,saltpetre1  
#efa-efd2 #efa2 #efb2 #bbb     ,z a     
flux1 #bcc2 #bcf-bch2 #bde2 #bdg     ,9 
smelt+ gold conc5trates1 #cih     ,uses 
9 cem5tation1 #ded2 #ded     ,uses 9    
mak+ nitric acid1 #dci2 #ddj2 #ddg2 #ded
     ,uses 9 melt+ silv] nitrate1 #ddg  
,sampl+ ,copp] ,bullion1 #bdi    ,s&1   
#aag    ,s&>aca 7see ,realg>74    ,s&iv]
 7see ,glass-galls74    ,s>da 7see      
,c>nelian74    ,saxony4     ,high ,peak 
cu/oms f1 #gg2 #he     ,political /ate 9
 ,agricola's "t1 ,,viii2 ,,ix4          
,re=mation1 ,,ix4    ,saxum calcis 7see 

,lime/one74    ,scales ( ,f95ess1 #bec2 
#fag    ,scapte-,hyle1 ,m9es (1 #bc     
,s*emnitz4     ,age ( m9es1 #e          
,gunp[d] = bla/+1 #aai     ,pumps1 #aid 
,s*i/1 #bbb    ,s*i/os 7see ,iron/one74 
,s*lack5wald4     ,ore wa%+1 #cjd       
,s*malkald5 ,league1 ,,ix4              
,s*malkald5 ,w>1 ,,ix2 ,x4    ,s*neeb]g1
 ,,xxxi2 ,,vi4     ,cobalt1 #dce        
,dep? ( %afts1 #ajb     ,ore /amp+1 #bha
     ,%>es1 #ia     ,/4 ,george m9e1    
#ia2 #gd2 #ge    ,s*w>tz-atram5t 7see   
,melant]ia & ,sory74    ,scorification  
,assay1 #bci    ,scorifi]1 #bbh2 #bcj2  
#bbb     ,assays 91 #bch2 #bci          
,scre5+ ,ore 7see ,sift+ ,ore74         
,scre5s 7see also ,scre5+71 #bfg     ,9 
/amp-mill1 #cae    ,scriba fod9>um 7see 
,m9+ ,cl]k74    ,scriba magi/ri         
metallicorum 7see ,b]gmei/]'s ,cl]k74   
,scriba p>tium 7see ,%>e ,cl]k74        
,scum ( ,lead f ,cupellation1 #dge      
,scy?ians4     ,weal? condemn$1 #i2 #ae 
,seams 9 ! ,rocks1 #gb2 #dc2 #dg        
,indications ( ore1 #fg2 #ajg           

,sea-,wat]1 ,salt f1 #ede-edf           
,se/]ce1 #ddh    ,sett1 #gg    ,settl+  
,pits1 #caf2 #bfg    ,%aft-h\ses1 #ajb  
,%afts1 #ajb-ajg2 #abb-abd     ,surveys 
(1 #abi-ace     ,v5ae cumulatae1 #abh   
,%akes1 #aja    ,%>e ,cl]k1 #ig2 #ic2   
#gh    ,%>e 9 ,m9es 7see ,companies1    
,m9+74    ,%e>s = ,cutt+ ,native ,silv]1
 #bfi    ,%ift1 #ii2 #ib    ,%oes       
7/amp71 #bhe-bhf2 #bfg    ,%ovell]s1    
#aec2 #afi2 #gh    ,sid]itis 7see       
,lode/one74    ,siegel/e9 7see          
,lode/one74    ,sieves4     ,= *>coal1  
#cge     ,= cru%$ ore1 #bhg-bic2 #cda   
,sift+ ,ore1 #bhg-bic    ,signator      
publicus 7see ,not>y74    ,silb]weis    
7see ,mica74    ,silex1 #aad2 #aah      
,silv] 7see also ,assay+1 ,liquation1   
,p>t+1 ,ref9+1     etc471 #cij2 #ced2   
#ajh     ,amalgamation1 #big2 #cjj      
,assay+1 #bdh-bea     ,cupellation1     
#dfd-dhc2 #bda     ,dry+ copp] residues 
f liquation1 #ebi     ,enri*m5t 9 copp] 
bottoms1 #eaj2 #eaj     ,exhau/$        
liquation cakes1 #ebd     ,indicat$ by  

bismu?1 etc41 #aaf     ,liquation1      
#eje-ejg2 #ejf2 #eji2 #eab     ,p>t+ f  
gold 7see ,p>t+ ,gold & ,silv]74        
,p>t+ f iron1 #edd2 #edd                
,precipitation f solution 9 copp] b[l1  
#ddd     ,ref9+1 #dhc-dij2 #dfe2 #dhd   
,smelt+ ( ores1 #cha-chb2 #chf2 #chh2   
#cij2 #djj2 #djb     ,use 9 cl>ification
 ( nitric acid1 #ddc2 #ddc    ,silv]1   
,ruby 7see ,ruby ,silv]74    ,silv]     
,glance1 #ajh     ,assay+1 #bdd         
,cupellation1 #dgc     ,dress+1 #bfi    
,silv]-,lead ,alloy 7see ,/annum1 etc474
    ,silv] ,ores1 #ajh2 #ajh            
,assay+1 #bdb-bdd     ,assay+ cuprif]\s 
ores1 #bde     ,fluxes requir$ 9 assay+1
 #bce     ,smelt+ cuprif]\s ores1       
#djd-djg    ,silv]-,plat+1 #dfj         
,silv] ,ref9]1 #ie2 #gh    ,silv] ,ref9+
 7see ,ref9+74    ,silv] ,ve9s1 #aag    
,s++ by ,m9]s1 #aah    ,s9t]+           
,conc5trates1 #dja    ,slags 7see also  
,liquation ,slags71 #bbb     ,f bla/    
furnace1 #cgi2 #cha     ,f liquation1   
#dia2 #dib2 #ebc    ,slaves z ,m9]s1    

#bc2 #hc     ,9 ,greek m9es1 #be2 #be2  
#bh    ,sl\gh 7tunnel71 #aja            
,sluices1 #cai2 #cbb-cdh    ,smallite1  
#aac    ,smalt1 #aab    ,smega1 #djd    
,smelt]s1 #gh    ,smelt+ 7see also v>i\s
 metals71 #cgi-cij2 #cec-cee     ,assay+
 comp>$1 #bbj     ,build+ =1 #cee-cfa   
,objects (1 #cec    ,smirgel 7see       
,em]y74    ,smiris 7see ,em]y74         
,smyrna4     ,m9es ne>1 #bg             
,snake-,bites1 #ca    ,soda 7see also   
,nitrum71 #eeh2 #eei2 #bcc2 #bbb     ,z 
a flux1 #bcc2 #bcd     ,hi/orical notes1
 #eeh2 #ced     ,solidifi$ juice1 #a    
,sole1 #aja    ,solidifi$ ,juices 7see  
,juices1 ,solidifi$74    ,solifuga1     
#baf2 #baf    ,sort]s1 #gh    ,sort+    
,ore1 #bfh-bga    ,sory1 #aab2 #djc2    
#egc    ,s[s1 #cgf2 #chf2 #cgf    ,spa9 
7see also ,lusitania74     ,anci5t      
silv]-lead m9es1 #adi2 #cib     ,anci5t 
silv] m9es ( ,c>?age1 #bg     ,anci5t t9
 m9es1 #daa-dab    ,spall+ ,ore1        
#bga-bgb    ,spang5 7see ,tro*itis74    
,spans*gru5 7see ,v]digris74            

,sp>tans4     ,gold & silv] =bidd51 #i2 
#ae     ,int]f]5ce ) ,a!nian m9es1 #bg  
,spat 7see ,heavy ,sp>74    ,spelt]1    
#dji    ,sphal]ite1 #aac    ,spiaut]1   
#dji    ,spiesglas 7see ,/ibium74       
,sp9es ( ,fi%es = ,cupels1 #bcj         
,spodos1 #ech2 #cid2 #aac2 #aad         
,spuma arg5ti 7see ,li?>ge74            
,/af=d%ire4     ,fir/ pump+ eng9e1 #adi 
,/alagmites1 #aad    ,/all ,roa/+1      
#cej-cea    ,/amp1 #bfg     ,= break+   
copp] cakes1 #eja-ejc     ,= cru%+      
crucible l9+1 #cgc-cge    ,/amp+ ,ref9$ 
,silv]1 #dhi    ,/amp-mill1 #bgi-bhg2   
#bha-bhb2 #bfg     ,wet ore1 #cab-cad2  
#cai-cba    ,/&+ ,plummet ,level 7see   
,plummet ,level74    ,/ann>ies1 #he     
,/annum1 #dgc2 #b2 #chd2 #dib    ,/eel1 
#dbc-dbf2 #dbb-dbc2 #ced    ,/eig]1 #gg 
,/e9m>ck 7see ,porcela9 ,clay74         
,/emple 7/ull71 #aja    ,/ephanite1 #aji
    ,/]n5 ,m9e1 #ib2 #ge    ,/ew>d 7(   
,high ,peak m9es71 #gg    ,/4 ,george   
,m9e 7,s*neeb]g71 #ia2 #gd2 #ge         
,/ibium 7see also ,antimony & ,antimony 

,sulphide71 #aaj2 #dbh2 #b2 #bba        
,flux to be add$ to1 #bce     ,9 assay+1
 #bcg-bci     ,9 cem5tation1 #deh-dfj   
,indication ( silv]1 #aaf     ,9 mak+   
nitric acid1 #ddj     ,9 p>t+ gold &    
silv]1 #dea-deb2 #dei     ,9 p>t+ gold f
 copp]1 #dfd     ,9 treatm5t ( gold     
conc5trates1 #cif2 #cig    ,/ibnite1    
#dbh2 #dea    ,/4 ,lor5tz ,m9e1 #gd2 #ib
    ,/ockw]ke 7see ,v5a cumulata74      
,/oics4     ,views on weal?1 #ah        
,/omoma1 #dbc    ,/one ,juice1 #df2 #di 
,/ones4     ,agricola's view (1 #b2 #df2
 #di     ,v>i\s ord]s ( fusibility1 #chj
    ,/ones :i* ,easily ,melt 7see also  
,qu>tz71 #chj2 #bbb     ,z a flux1 #bcc2
 #bcf2 #bcc     ,9 mak+ nitric acid1    
#ddj     ,9 smelt+1 #cgi2 #chj2 #cij    
,smelt+ (1 #dja    ,/ool 7( a drift71   
#aja    ,/ope1 #abf    ,/op+1 #abe      
,v5ae cumulatae1 #abh     ,v5ae         
dilatatae1 #abf2 #abg    ,/rake1        
#cjc-caj2 #bfg2 #bhb     ,canvas1       
#cjg-caj2 #cad2 #caf2 #bfg              
,egyptians1 #bhj     ,greeks1 #bha      

,%ort1 #cjf-cjg2 #bfg     ,wa%+ t9      
conc5trates1 #cda-cdc    ,/rata1 #abf   
,/ream+1 #caf-cah    ,/r+]s1 #gj2 #dc2  
#dg2 #gj     ,indication ( ore1 #ajf    
,m9+ me?od1 #abh    ,/yria1 #chh        
,subt]ranean ,heat1 #df2 #eie           
,suction ,pumps1 #age-ahh    ,sulphides1
 #bfg2 #cee    ,sulphur1 #egh-eha2 #egi2
 #bbb     ,col\r ( fumes1 #bce          
,h>mful to metals1 #bgc     ,9 assay+1  
#bce-bch     ,9 p>t+ gold f copp]1 #dfc2
 #dfb     ,9 p>t+ gold f silv]1         
#ddh-dea2 #ddh2 #dfa     ,9 smelt+ gold 
du/1 #cif     ,roa/$ f ores1 #bgc2 #bgf 
,solidifi$ juice1 #a    ,sulphur n      
expos$ to ! fire1 #deh2 #dfc2 #egi      
,surveyor's ,field1 #acg2 #add2 #adb    
,survey+1 #abh-adh2 #abi     ,necess>y =
 m9]s1 #d     ,rod1 #acg-ach    ,susp5d$
 ,plummet ,level 7see ,plummet ,level74 
,swiss ,compass1 #ade2 #acg    ,swiss   
,surveyors1 #ade    ,symposium1 #ia     
,tap-hole1 #cgh2 #chf    ,tappets1 #bhb2
 #cai2 #bfg    ,tapp+-b>1 #cha          
,t>%i%1 ,t9 ,trade1 #dab    ,t>t>       

7,cream (71 #bbj2 #bcd    ,tectum       
7,hang+wall71 #aja    ,t]ra sigillata   
7see ,lemnian ,e>?74    ,te/s1 ref9+    
silv] 91 #dhc-dij2 #dfe2 #dhd    ,?al]1 
#ib    ,?asos1 ,m9es (1 #bc2 #ie2 #bc   
,!am$es1 #aae    ,!odosian ,code4       
,m9es1 #hd    ,?orns 7see ,liquation    
,?orns74    ,?ur+ia4     ,roa/+ pyrites1
 #bgf     ,sluices ( gold wa%+1 #cbg    
,tigna 7,wall plate71 #aja    ,timb]+4  
,( ladd]ways & %afts1 #abb2 #abc2 #abd  
,( /opes1 #abf     ,( tunnels & drifts1 
#abd-abe    ,t91 #daa-dac2 #ced2 #aaj   
,alluvial m9+1 #ccf-cdj     ,assay+ ore1
 #bdf     ,assay+ = silv]1 #bea         
,col\r ( fumes1 #bce     ,conc5trates1  
#cdj-cdb2 #cdh-cdi     ,corni% treatm5t1
 #bhb     ,ref9+1 #dah-dai     ,smelt+1 
#daa-dbj     ,/amp-mill+1 #cab-cag      
,/ream+1 #caf-cah     ,wa%+1 #bih2 #cjb2
 #cjd    ,t9c> or ,t9cal 7see ,borax74  
,ti! ,ga!r]1 #ha2 #ie2 #ih2 #gh    ,ti! 
on ,metals1 #ha2 #hb    ,tod5 ,kopff1   
#bce    ,t(/e9 7see ,tophus74    ,tolfa1
 ,la 7see ,la ,tolfa74    ,tools1       

#adi-aec    ,topf/e9 7see ,tophus74     
,tophus1 #bcc2 #aad2 #bbb     ,z a flux1
 #bcc2 #bcg2 #cij    ,tortures4     ,)  
metals1 #aa     ,)\t metals1 #ag        
,t\*-ne$les1 #bec-bfj2 #bec    ,t\*/one1
 #beb-bec2 #beb2 #ced2 #deh2 #bbb       
,m9]al1 #aad     ,uses1 #bdc2 #bdh2 #ddg
    ,trade-r\tes4     ,salt-deposits    
influ5ce on1 #edf    ,transport ( ,ore1 
#afh-afi    ,tr5t1 ,bi%op (4     ,*>t]  
7#aahe71 #hd    ,triangles 9 ,survey+1  
#abi-acg    ,tripoli1 #aae    ,tro*itis1
 #aae2 #aae    ,trolley1 #dhj2 #ejj2    
#ead    ,troy4     ,lead f\nd 91 #cia   
,troy ,weights1 #faf2 #fag2 #bdb        
,trucks1 #aef    ,tunnels1 #ajb2 #aja   
,law1 #hh-ic     ,surveys (1 #acj-ada   
,timb]+1 #abd    ,tur9 ,papyrus1 #abi2  
#cii    ,turn 7w9ze71 #aja    ,tut5eque1
 #dji    ,tuttanego1 #dji    ,tutty1    
#cid    ,twit*es ( ! ,ve91 #aja         
,twy]1 #cgf    ,tye1 #bfg    ,type4     
,/ibium us$ =1 #b2 #dbi    ,tyrants4    
,inimical to m9]s1 #cb    ,tyrolese4    
,smelt+1 #chh2 #djd     ,ulc]s1 #bad2   

#ca    ,uncia 7l5g?71 #gh2 #faf2 #gh    
,uncia 7weight71 #faf2 #bdb             
,und]curr5ts 7see ,sluices74    ,unit$  
,/ates4     ,apex law1 #hb     ,vecti>ii
 7see ,w9dlass ,m574    ,ve9s1 #dc2     
#fd-fi2 #ajf-ajg2 #dg     ,b>r51 #gb2   
#ajg     ,direction (1 #ed-eh           
,drusy1 #gb2 #gc2 #ajg     ,h>dness     
v>iable1 #aag     ,indications1 #ce-ch  
,int]sections (1 #fe2 #ff2 #fg2 #ajf2   
#ajg    ,v5a4     ,use ( t]m1 #dc2 #dg  
,v5a cumulata1 #df2 #di2 #gj2 #dc2 #dg  
,m9+ me?od1 #abh     ,m9+ rights1 #hg   
,v5a dilatata1 #da2 #de2 #ec2 #fj-fa2   
#dc2 #dg     ,junctions ) v5a pr(unda1  
#fg2 #fh     ,m9+ me?od1 #abf-abg       
,m9+ rights1 #hc-hf     ,wa%+ lead ore  
f1 #cdg    ,v5a pr(unda1 #dd2 #ea2 #fj2 
#fb2 #fc2 #fh2 #fi2 #dc2 #dg     ,cross 
ve9s1 #fe     ,functions1 #fe2 #ff2 #fg2
 #fh     ,m9+ rights1 #gi-hc    ,v5etian
 ,glass1 #bbb     ,factories1 #eib      
,9 assay+1 #bch2 #bde2 #bdf     ,9      
cupellation1 #dgd    ,v5ice4            
,glass-factories1 #eib     ,p>t+ )      

nitric acid1 #dfa     ,scale ( weights1 
#bfc    ,v5tilation1 #bjj-bab2 #aba     
,) bell[s1 #bjg-baj     ,) fans1        
#bjc-bjg     ,) l95 clo?s1 #baj     ,)  
w9dsails1 #bjj-bjc    ,v]digris1 #ddj2  
#a2 #aaj2 #bbb     ,9 cem5tation1 #ded2 
#deg     ,indication ( ore1 #aaf     ,9 
mak+ nitric acid1 #ddj     ,9 p>t+ gold 
f copp]1 #dfd    ,v]milion4             
,adult]ation ) r$-lead1 #bcb            
,poison\s1 #bae    ,villac5se ,lead1    
#bci2 #bci    ,v9eg>4     ,use 9 break+ 
rocks1 #aai2 #aah     ,use 9 cleans+    
quicksilv]1 #dbf     ,use 9 roa/+ matte1
 #cdi     ,use 9 s(t5+ ore1 #bca        
,virgula div9a 7see ,div9+ ,rod74       
,vitriol1 #ega2 #egb2 #djc2 #bbb2 #a    
,9 assay+1 #bcg-bch     ,9 cem5tation1  
#ded2 #ded     ,indication ( copp]1 #aaf
     ,9 mak+ nitric acid1 #dci-ddj      
,9 roa/$ ores1 #cej     ,9 sal          
artificiosus1 #dfc     ,native1 #aaa    
,native blue1 #aji     ,native :ite1    
#aac     ,r$1 #bgd     ,:ite1 #ded      
,volcanic ,eruptions1 #eie     ,wa%]s1  

#gh    ,wa%+ ,ore 7see also             
,conc5tration1 ,scre5+ ,ore1 etc471     
#cjj-caj    ,wat]-,bags1 #aeg-aei2 #aih 
,wat]-,buckets1 #aeg-aeh                
,wat]-,:eels1 #ahg2 #bhc2 #bhf2 #cai    
,wat]-,tank1 "u ,bla/ ,furnaces1        
#cef-ceg    ,weal?1 #g-bj    ,w$ges1    
#aej    ,weights1 #bfj-bfd2 #faf-fag2   
#bdb2 #bec    ,weiss] ,kis1 #aaa        
,w]cks*uh1 #fag2 #gh    ,we/phalia4     
,smelt+ lead ore1 #cia     ,spall+ ore1 
#bgb    ,:eelb>r[s1 #aed    ,:ims1      
#afd-afg    ,:ite-,lead1 #ddj2 #ced2    
#aaj2 #bcb    ,:ite ,s*i/1 #bcd2 #cij2  
#bcd2 #bbb    ,w9d+ ,appliances 7see    
,haul+ ,appliances74    ,w9dlasses1     
#afj2 #aga2 #adi    ,w9dlass ,m51 #afj2 
#gh    ,w9ds4     ,greek & ,roman names1
 #eh     ,sailors' names1 #ei2 #fj      
,w9ds 7w9ze71 #aja    ,w9dsails1        
#bjj-bjc    ,w9zes1 #ajb    ,witt5b]g1  
,capitulation (1 ,,ix4    ,wiz>ds4      
,div9+ rods1 #dj    ,workm51 #ih2 #ajj  
,w\ghs1 #aja     ,zaffre1 #aab          
,zeitz1 ,,xi4    ,z9c 7see also ,cadmia 

& ,cobalt74     ,hi/orical notes1       
#djh-daj2 #ced     ,m9]als1 #aab-aac    
,z9ck 7see ,z9c74    ,z9c ,oxides1 #aac2
 #ced    ,z9c ,sulphate 7see ,vitriol74 
,z9cum 7see ,z9c74    ,zoll1 #fag2 #gh  
,zwickau1 ,,vi4    ,zwitt]1 #aaj        
,,index ,,to ,,p]sons ,,& ,,au?orities4 
,,note4--,! numb]s 9 heavy type ref] to 
! ,text2 ^? 9 pla9 type to ! ,footnotes1
 ,app5dices1 etc4     ,aco/a1 ,joseph   
,de1 #bih    ,aes*ylus4     ,amb]1 #ce  
,aesculapius4     ,love ( gold1 #i      
,africanus 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxviii 
,aga?>*ides4     ,cupellation1 #dfe     
,egyptian gold m9+1 #bgi2 #cia2 #cii    
,fire-sett+1 #aah    ,aga?ocles4        
,money1 #ba    ,aga?odaemon 7al*emi/71  
,,xxvii2 ,,xxviii    ,agricola1 ,daniel1
 #fjf    ,agricola1 ,georg 7a prea*] at 
,freib]g71 #fjf    ,agricola1 ,georgius4
     ,assay+1 #bbj     ,biography1      
,v-,,xvi     ,f\nd] ( ,sci5ce1 ,,xiv    
,geologi/1 ,,xii2 #df2 #ec     ,int]e/ 9
 ,gottsgaab m9e1 ,,vii2 #gd             
,m9]alogi/1 ,,xii2 #ajh2 #eid           

,p>acelsus comp>$ )1 ,,xiv     ,real "n1
 ,v     ,works1 ,app5dix ,a       ,see  
also3         ,b]mannus4         ,de    
,animantibus4         ,de ,natura eorum1
 etc4         ,de ,natura ,fossilium4   
,de ,ortu et ,causis4         ,de ,pe/e4
         ,de ,precio ,metallorum4       
,de ,re ,metallica4         ,de         
,vet]ibus ,metallis4         ,etc4      
,agricola1 ,rudolph1 #fjf    ,alb]t !   
,brave1 ,duke ( ,meiss51 ,,viii         
,alb]tus ,magnus 7,alb]t von ,boll/adt71
 ,,xxx2 #fji     ,alluvial gold1 #gf    
,cem5tation1 #dfj     ,metallic ars5ic1 
#aaa     ,metals1 #dd     ,saltpetre1   
#efb     ,z9c1 #dji    ,alb9us1 ,petrus1
 ,v2 #eii     ,cuntz von ,glueck1 #bd   
,alp9us1 ,prosp]1 #eei    ,alyattes1 ,k+
 ( ,lydia4     ,m9es own$ by1 #bf2 #bg  
,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 #ch2
 #ec    ,ana*>sis4     ,inv5tion (      
bell[s1 #cfb    ,anacreon ( ,teos4      
,money despis$ by1 #i2 #ae              
,anaxagoras4     ,money despis$ by1 #ae 
,anna1 ,daught] ( ,agricola1 ,,vii      

,anna1 ,wife ( ,agricola1 ,,vii         
,antiphanes4     ,on weal?1 #ai         
,apollodorus1 #bf    ,apulejus          
7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxix    ,ar*im$es4
     ,k+ ,hi]o's cr[n1 #bdg     ,ma*9es1
 #adi    ,ardaillon1 ,ed\>d4     ,mt4   
,laurion1 #bh2 #bha2 #cia    ,ari/ippus4
     ,gold1 #i2 #ad    ,ari/odemus4     
,money1 #h    ,ari/otle1 ,,xii2 #fjg    
,amb]1 #ce     ,a!nian m9es1 #bg2 #hc   
,burn+ spr+s1 #ehc     ,coal1 #cd       
,cupellation1 #dfe     ,di/illation1    
#dda     ,lode/one1 #aae     ,nitrum1   
#eeh     ,ores ( brass1 #daj            
,quicksilv]1 #dcb     ,silv] f =e/      
fires1 #cf     ,!ory ( ore deposits1 #dd
     ,weal? (1 #ae    ,arnold de ,villa 
,nova4 7see ,villa ,nova1 ,arnold de74  
,a!naeus4     ,silv] f =e/ fires1 #cf   
,augurellus1 ,johannes ,aurelius        
7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxx    ,augu/9us  
,pan!us 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii    ,augu/us1 
,elector ( ,saxony1 ,,ix     ,d$ication 
( ,de ,re ,metallica1 ,,xxv     ,lett]  
to ,agricola1 ,,xv    ,avic5na1 ,,xxx2  

#fjh     ,bacon1 ,rog]1 ,,xxx2 #fji     
,saltpetre1 #dfj2 #efb    ,bado>ius1    
,franciscus1 ,,xxvii    ,balboa1 ,v4 ,n4
 de1 ,v    ,ballon1 ,pet]1 #eei         
,b>ba1 ,alonso1 #cjj2 #a    ,b>b>us1    
,h]molaus1 ,,xxvii    ,b>rett1 ,w4 ,f41 
#ch    ,be*]1 ,j4 ,j41 #ec    ,be*ius1  
,philip1 ,,xv    ,beckmann1 ,johann4    
,alum51 #efe     ,amalgamation1 #big    
,nitrum1 #eei     ,p>t+ ) nitric acid1  
#dfa     ,/amp-mills1 #bha     ,/annum1 
#dgc     ,t91 #dab    ,b]gbue*le9 7see  
,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*l974    ,b]gw]ks      
lexicon1 #cg2 #hj2 #ha    ,b]man1       
,lor5z1 ,,vi2 #eig    ,b]mannus1 #eif2  
#eii2 ,,vi     ,ars5ical m9]als1 #aaa   
,bismu?1 #c2 #dcc     ,cadmia1 #aac     
,cobalt1 #aab     ,fluorsp>1 #cha       
,molybda5a1 #dgg     ,s*i/1 #bcd        
,%afts1 #ajb     ,z9c1 #dji    ,b]!lot1 
,m4 ,p4 ,e41 #dbi2 #fji    ,b]?i]1 #dib 
,bias ( ,pri5e4     ,weal?1 #h2 #ad     
,bir+uccio1 ,vannuccio1 #fad            
,agricola indebt$ to1 ,,xxvii           
,amalgamation ( silv] ores1 #big        

,assay+1 #bbj     ,assay ton1 #bdb      
,brass mak+1 #daj     ,cl>ify+ nitric   
acid1 #ddc     ,copp] ref9+1 #ecf       
,copp] smelt+1 #dje     ,cupellation1   
#dff     ,liquation1 #did               
,manganese1 #ehf     ,p>t+ preci\s      
metals1 #dea2 #dfa2 #dfb     ,roa/+1    
#bfg     ,/eel mak+1 #dbj     ,zaffre1  
#aab    ,boeckh1 ,augu/1 #bh            
,bo]haave1 ,h]mann1 ,,xxix    ,borlase1 
,w4 ,c4     ,bronze celts1 #daa         
,borlase1 ,william4     ,corni% m9]s 9  
,g]many1 #bhc    ,born1 ,ignaz ,edl]    
von1 #cjj    ,b\ss+ault1 ,j4 ,b41 #ded  
,boyle1 ,rob]t4     ,div9+ rod1 #ch     
,br\gh1 ,b5nett1 #abi    ,bruce1 ,j4    
,c41 #cib    ,brunswick1 ,duke ,h5ry (  
7see ,h5ry1 ,duke ( ,brunswick74        
,budaeus1 ,william 7,guillaume ,bude71  
#dfa2 #fjf     ,cadmus1 #bg    ,calbus  
7see also ,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*l971 #faj2  
,,xxvi2 ,,xxvii     ,alluvial gold1 #ge 
,caligula4     ,gold f auripigm5tum1    
#aaa    ,callides 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2   
,,xxviii    ,callima*us4     ,on weal?1 

#ai    ,cam]>ius1 ,,viii    ,canides    
7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxviii    ,c>ew1  
,ri*>d4     ,corni% m9+ law1 #he        
,corni% ore-dress+1 #bhb    ,c>lyle1 ,w4
 ,a4     ,anci5t ,rio ,t9to smelt+1 #dje
    ,c>ne1 ,joseph4     ,corni% c>d9al  
po9ts1 #eg    ,casibrotius1 ,leon>dus1  
,,vi    ,ca/igationes 9 ,hippocratem et 
,gal5um1 #fje    ,ca/ro1 ,john de1 #egj 
,*abas1 ,f4 ,j41 #abi    ,*alon]1       
,?omas1 #egj    ,*anes 7al*emi/71       
,,xxvii2 ,,xxviii    ,*>les ,v4 ( ,spa91
 ,,ix     ,agricola s5t on mission to1  
,x    ,*evreul1 ,m4 ,e41 #ch    ,*ronik 
d] ,/adt ,freib]g1 #fjf    ,cic]o4      
,div9+ rod1 #ch     ,weal? (1 #ae       
,c9c9natus ,l4 ,qu9tius1 #bc    ,circe4 
,magic rod1 #dj    ,cleopatra4     ,z an
 al*emi/1 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxix    ,coll9s1   
,a4 ,l4 #aai    ,columbus1 ,*ri/oph]1 ,v
    ,columella1 ,mod]atus1 ,,xxv2 ,,xxvi
    ,com]ius1 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxix           
,comm5t>iorum 444 ,libri ,,vi41 #fjd    
,conrad 7,graf ,cuntz von ,glueck71 #bc2
 #bd    ,corduba1 ,don ,juan ,de1 #cjj  

,cortes1 ,h]n&o1 ,v    ,cram]1 ,john1   
#bcf    ,crassus1 ,m>cus4     ,love (   
gold1 #i    ,crates1 ! ,!ban4     ,money
 despis$ by1 #ae    ,croesus1 ,k+ (     
,lydia4     ,m9es own$ by1 #bf2 #bg     
,ctesias4     ,div9+ rod1 #ch           
,ctesibius4     ,ma*9es1 #adi    ,curio1
 ,claudius4     ,love ( gold1 #i        
,curius1 ,m>cus4     ,gold ( ,samnites1 
#i2 #ae     ,dana1 ,j4 ,d41 #ajh        
,alum1 #eff     ,copiapite1 #egd        
,em]y1 #aae     ,lemnian e>?1 #ca       
,m9]als ( ,agricola1 #eid     ,z9c      
vitriol1 #egb    ,danae4     ,jove &1   
#aj    ,d',arcet1 ,j4     ,p>t+ )       
sulphuric acid1 #dfb    ,day1 ,/4 ,john 
,v4     ,anci5t /eel mak+1 #dbc    ,de  
,animantibus ,subt]raneis1 #eig2 ,,vii  
,editions1 #fjj     ,gnomes1 #bag2 #bag 
,de ,bello adv]sus ,turcam1 #fje    ,de 
,inv5tione ,dialectica1 #fjf    ,de     
,jure et ,legibus ,metallicis1 #ajj2    
#fjd    ,de ,m$icatis ,fontibus1 #fje   
,de ,m5suris et ,pond]ibus1 #eig        
,editions1 #eii     ,weights & measures1

 #bfc2 #gh    ,de ,metallis et ,ma*9is1 
#fjd    ,democritus 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 
,,xxviii    ,demo/h5es4     ,mt4        
,laurion m9es1 #bg2 #hc    ,de ,natura  
eorum quae ,effluunt ex ,t]ra1 #eih2 #cb
     ,d$ication1 ,,vii     ,editions1   
#fjj    ,de ,natura ,fossilium1 #eid2   
#fjj2 ,,iii2 ,,xii     ,alum1 #efe      
,amb]1 #ce     ,antimony1 #dbi          
,argol1 #bcd     ,ars5ical m9]als1 #aaa 
,asbe/os1 #ddj     ,bismu?1 #aaj        
,bitum51 #eha     ,borax1 #efj          
,brass mak+1 #daj     ,cadmia1 #aac     
,cald>ium copp]1 #eaa     ,camphor1 #bch
     ,*rysocolla1 #ehd     ,coal1 #ce   
,cobalt1 #aab     ,copp] fl[]s1 #eci2   
#bcc     ,copp] scales1 #bcc     ,cr9oid
 /ems1 #aae     ,em]y1 #aae             
,fluorsp>1 #chj     ,gosl> ores1 #bgc   
,gosl> smelt+1 #djh     ,iron ores1 #aaa
     ,iron smelt+1 #dbj     ,jet1 #cd   
,lapis judaicus1 #aae     ,lead m9]als1 
#aaj     ,mannsfeld ores1 #bgc          
,melant]ia1 #egc     ,m9]al ,k+dom1 #a  
,misy1 #egc     ,molybda5a1 #dgf        

,native metals1 #ajh     ,petroleum1    
#eha     ,pompholyx1 #aad2 #bgh         
,pyrites1 #aab     ,quicksilv]1 #aaj    
,rudis m9]als1 #ajh     ,sal-ammoniac1  
#efj     ,silv] glance1 #aji     ,sory1 
#egc     ,spodos1 #aad     ,/annum1 #dgc
     ,/ones :i* easily melt1 #chj       
,sulphur1 #egh     ,tophus1 #bcc        
,t\*/one1 #bec     ,:ite s*i/1 #bcd     
,z9c1 #dji    ,de ,ortu et ,causis      
,subt]raneorum1 #eid2 #fjj2 ,,iii2      
,,vii2 ,,xii2 ,,xiii     ,e>?s1 #dh     
,gangue m9]als1 #dh     ,gold 9         
alluvial1 #gf     ,gr\nd wat]s1 #dh     
,juices1 #eb     ,metals1 #ea           
,solidifi$ juices1 #di     ,/ones1 #di  
,t\*/one1 #bec     ,ve9s1 #dg    ,de    
,ortu ,metallorum ,def5sio ad ,j4       
,s*eckium1 #fjd    ,de ,pe/e1 #fje2     
,,viii    ,de ,precio ,metallorum et    
,monetis1 #eig2 #fjj     ,m5tion by     
,agricola1 #beb2 #bfc    ,de ,putr$9e   
solidas p>tes1 etc41 #fje    ,de ,re    
,metallica1 ,i2 ,,xiii2 ,,xiv-,,xvi     
,editions1 #fjj2 ,,xiv     ,title page1 

,,xix    ,de ,soto1 ,f]n&es1 ,v    ,de  
,t]rae ,motu1 #fjd    ,de ,v>ia temp]ie 
sive ,con/itutione ,a]is1 #fjd    ,de   
,vet]ibus et ,novis ,metallis1 #eig2    
#fjj2 ,,vii2 ,,xxvi2 #e     ,agricola's 
tra9+1 ,,vi     ,conrad1 #bd            
,discov]y ( m9es1 #cf2 #e2 #cg          
,gottsgaab m9e1 #gd    ,devoz 7de ,voz71
 ,cornelius1 #egj2 #bhc    ,diodorus    
,siculus1 #fjg     ,alum1 #eff          
,bitum51 #ehb     ,cupellation1 #dfe    
,dra9age ( ,spani% m9es1 #adi           
,egyptian gold m9+1 #bgi                
,fire-sett+1 #aah     ,lead1 #cia       
,silv] f =e/ fires1 #cf     ,t91 #dab   
,diog5es ,la]tius1 #g2 #i2 #aj          
,dioscorides1 #fjg2 #fjh     ,alum1 #eff
     ,antimony1 #dbh     ,argol1 #bcd   
,ars5ic m9]als1 #aaa     ,asbe/os1 #ddj 
,bitum51 #ehd     ,brass mak+1 #daj     
,burn$ lead1 #bcg     ,cadmia1 #aab     
,*alcitis1 #egc     ,copp] fl[]s1 #bcc2 
#ech     ,copp] smelt+1 #djc            
,cupellation1 #dfe     ,di/illation     
app>atus1 #cee     ,du/-*amb]s1 #cee2   

#cid     ,em]y1 #aae     ,lead1 #cib    
,lead m9]als1 #dgg     ,lemnian e>?1 #ca
     ,li?>ge1 #dfe     ,lode/one1 #aae  
,melant]ia1 #egc     ,misy1 #egc        
,naph?a1 #ehd     ,pompholyx1 #cid2 #daj
     ,quicksilv]1 #big2 #dcb            
,r$-lead1 #bcb     ,sal-ammoniac1 #efj  
,sory1 #egc     ,spodos1 #cid           
,v]digris1 #ddj     ,vitriol1 #egb      
,:ite-lead1 #ddj    ,diphilos1 #bg2 #hc 
,diphilus 7poet74     ,gold1 #aj        
,dom9atores ,saxonici1 #fjf    ,draud1  
,g41 #eii    ,dudae4     ,alum trade1   
#efi     ,elizabe?1 ,que5 ( ,engl&4     
,*>t]s to alum mak]s1 #bhc2 #egj        
,d$ication ( ,italian ,de ,re ,metallica
 to1 ,,xv     ,importation ( ,g]man     
m9]s1 #bhc2 #egj    ,eloy1 ,n4 ,f4 ,j41 
#eii    ,entzelt 7,enzelius1 ,encelio71 
#fae    ,erasmus1 ,,vi2 ,,viii2 ,,xiv   
,erck]1 ,laz>us4     ,amalgamation1 #cjj
     ,liquation1 #dia2 #eje     ,nitric 
acid prep>ation1 #ddc     ,p>t+ gold &  
silv]1 #ddd2 #dea    ,eriphyle4         
,love ( gold1 #i    ,erne/1 ,elector (  

,saxony1 ,,viii    ,euripides4     ,amb]
 m5tion$ by1 #ce     ,plutus1 #h2 #g    
,ezekiel1 ,prophet4     ,antimony1 #dbh 
,cupellation1 #dfe     ,t91 #dab        
,fabricius1 ,george4     ,agricola's    
dea?1 ,x     ,fri5d%ip ) ,agricola1     
,,viii     ,laudatory poem on ,agricola1
 ,,xxi     ,lett]s1 ,,ix2 ,x2 ,,xiv2    
,,xv     ,po/hum\s editor ( ,agricola1  
#fjc2 #fjf    ,faircl\gh1 ,h4 ,r41 ,,iii
    ,f>9ator1 ,ma?ias1 ,,xxvi    ,f]d9&1
 ,k+ ( ,au/ria4     ,agricola s5t on    
mission to1 ,x     ,bado>ius s5t on     
mission to1 ,,xxvii    ,f]guson1 ,john4 
,editions ( ,de ,re ,metallica1 ,,xvi2  
#eii    ,feyrab5dt1 ,sigmundi1 ,,xv     
,figui]1 ,l41 #ch    ,fla*1 ,jacques4   
,alju/rel tablet1 #hc    ,florio1       
,mi*elangelo1 ,,xv    ,fo]/]1 ,johannes1
 ,,vi    ,francis1 ,col4 ,grant1 #bfg2  
#bhc    ,francis ,i41 ,k+ ( ,france1    
,,ix    ,fr$]ick1 ,elector ( ,saxony1   
,,viii2 ,,ix    ,frob51 ,publi%] ( ,de  
,re ,metallica1 ,,xiv2 ,,xv             
,front9us1 ,sextus ,julius1 #hg         

,gal54     ,agricola's revision (1 #fje2
 ,,vi     ,lemnian e>?1 #ca     ,m5tion 
by ,agricola1 #b    ,gal]azeya sive     
,revelator ,secretorum1 etc41 #fjf      
,gama1 ,vasco da1 ,v    ,ganse          
7,gaunse71 ,joa*im1 #bfg2 #bhc          
,gatt]]1 ,c4 ,w41 #eii    ,geb]1        
,,xxvii2 ,,xxx2 #fji     ,alum1 #efi    
,assay+1 #bai     ,cem5tation1 #dei     
,cupels1 #dff     ,nitric acid1 #dfj    
,orig9 ( metals1 #dd     ,precipitation 
( silv] nitrate1 #ddc    ,g5esis1 ,book 
(1 ,,xii2 #dc    ,george1 ,duke (       
,saxony1 ,,ix2 #caj2 #caj    ,gesn]1    
,conrad1 #eb    ,gibbon1 ,edw>d1 #aai   
,glaub]1 ,j4 ,r41 #daj    ,glueck1      
,cuntz von 7see ,conrad74    ,gmel91 ,j4
 ,f41 #hd    ,goe*]1 ,c4 ,g41 #eii      
,godolph91 ,sir ,francis1 #bhb    ,g[l&1
 ,william4     ,anci5t bronze1 #daj2    
#daa2 #dba     ,e>ly smelt+1 #djb       
,graecus1 ,m>cus4     ,saltpetre1 #efb  
,gromme/ett]1 ,paul1 #bha    ,grymaldo1 
,leodig>is1 ,,xvi    ,gyges1 ,k+ (      
,lydia4     ,m9es own$ by1 #bf2 #bg     

,hannibal4     ,alps brok5 by v9eg>1    
#aai     ,spani% m9es1 #db2 #db         
,h>dy1 ,william1 #he    ,hea?1 ,?omas4  
,on ,h]o1 #abi    ,heliodorus 7al*emi/71
 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxix    ,h5ckel1 ,j4 ,f41   
#ec2 #aab2 #daj    ,h5drie1 ,r41 #fji   
,h5neb]t1 ,e41 #aai    ,h5ry1 ,duke (   
,brunswick1 ,,vii    ,h5ry1 ,duke (     
,meiss51 ,,ix    ,h]mes 7al*emi/71      
,,xxvi2 ,,xxviii    ,h]mes 7,m]cury74   
,magic rod1 #dj    ,h]o4     ,und]gr\nd 
survey+1 #abi    ,h]odotus4     ,alum1  
#eff     ,bitum51 #ehb     ,lead1 #cia  
,m9es ( ,?race1 #bc     ,nitrum1 #eeh   
,h]tel1 ,val5t9e1 ,,xiv    ,hi]o1 ,k+ ( 
,syracuse4     ,cr[n1 #bdg    ,hill1    
,john1 #fjg     ,auripigm5tum1 #aaa     
,himilce1 wife ( ,hannibal1 #db         
,hippocrates4     ,cupellation1 #cia2   
#dfe     ,lode/one1 #aae    ,hiram1 ,k+ 
( ,tyre4     ,m9es1 #bad    ,h(mann1    
,dr4 ,r4     ,biography ( ,agricola1 ,v2
 ,,xi2 #eii2 #fjc    ,hom]4     ,amb]1  
#ce     ,div9+ rod1 #dj2 #dj     ,lead1 
#cia     ,smelt+1 #djb     ,/eel1 #dba  

,sulphur1 #egi     ,t91 #dab    ,hommel1
 ,w4     ,e>ly z9c smelt+1 #dji         
,horace4     ,metals1 #aa     ,weal?1   
#ae2 #ag    ,hordebor*1 ,johannes1 ,,vii
    ,h\gh/ett]1 ,daniel1 #bhc           
,h\ghton1 ,?omas1 #he    ,humphrey1     
,william4     ,jigg+ sieve1 #bhc        
,hunt1 ,rob]t4     ,roman lead smelt+1  
#cib     ,inama-,/]negg1 ,k4 ,t4 von1   
#hd    ,int]pretatio ,r]um ,metallic>um 
7see ,r]um ,metall4 ,int]pretatio74     
,ir5e1 ,daught] ( ,agricola1 ,,vii      
,jacobi1 ,g4 ,h4     ,biography (       
,agricola1 ,v2 #eii     ,calbus1        
,,xxvii2 #faj    ,jagnaux1 ,ra\l4       
,anci5t z9c1 #dji    ,jason4     ,gold5 
fleece1 #ccj    ,j]emiah4     ,bell[s1  
#cfb     ,cupellation1 #dfe     ,lead   
smelt+1 #cia     ,nitrum1 #eeh          
,jezebel4     ,use ( antimony1 #dbh     
,job4     ,ref9+ silv]1 #dfe            
,johannes 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxviii  
,john1 ,elector ( ,saxony1 ,,ix         
,john1 ,k+ ( ,engl&4     ,m9+ claims1   
#he    ,john ,fr$]ick1 ,elector (       

,saxony1 ,,ix    ,josephus4     ,dead   
,sea bitum51 #cc    ,jove4     ,danae   
leg5d1 #aj    ,ju/91 #cf    ,juv5al4    
,money1 #aj     ,k>/51 ,k4 ,j4 ,b4      
,liquation1 #dia2 #dib2 #eje2 #eji2     
#ebc2 #ece    ,k]l1 ,bruno4             
,liquation1 #eje    ,ko5ig1 ,emanuel1   
,,xv    ,ko5ig1 ,ludwig1 ,,xv    ,kopp1 
,dr4 ,h]mann1 #fji2 #dda     ,lampadius1
 ,g4 ,a41 #dfb    ,la/h5es4     ,love ( 
gold1 #i    ,lat9 ,gramm> 7,agricola71  
#fje    ,leon>di1 ,camilli1 #fae        
,leupold1 ,jacob1 ,,xv2 #eii            
,leviticus4     ,leprosy ( walls1 #efb  
,lewis1 ,g4 ,r1 #hd    ,lewis1 #ded     
,libavis1 ,&rew1 #daj    ,lieble91 ,j4  
,d4 ,c41 #abi    ,l9naeus1 ,*>les1 #eei 
,livy4     ,hannibal's m>* ov] ! ,alps1 
#aai    ,lohneys1 ,g4 ,e4               
,liquation1 #dia2 #eje     ,p>t+ )      
antimony1 #dea     ,z9c1 #dji2 #daj     
,lucretia1 daught] ( ,agricola1 ,,vii   
,lucretius4     ,=e/ fires melt+ ve9s1  
#cf    ,lully1 ,raymond1 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxx 
,lusc9us1 ,fabricius4     ,gold1 #i2 #ae

    ,lu!r1 ,m>t91 ,v2 ,,vi2 ,,viii2 ,,ix
    ,lycurgus 7,a!nian orator74         
,prosecution ( ,diphilos1 #bg2 #hc      
,lycurgus 7,sp>tan legislator74         
,weal? prohibit$ by1 #i2 #ae            
,magellan1 ,f4 de1 ,v    ,maltitz1      
,sigismund1 #cab    ,manlove1 ,edw>d1   
#gj2 #he    ,m>bodaeus1 #fae            
,m>cell9us1 ,ammianus4     ,on          
,?ucydides1 #bc    ,m>cellus1 ,nonius1  
,,xxxi    ,m>ia ! ,jewess1 ,,xxvii2     
,,xxviii    ,ma!sius1 ,johann4          
,cobalt1 #bad     ,conrad m5tion$ by1   
#bd     ,de ,re ,metallica1 ,,xiv       
,k+ ,hiram's m9es1 #bad    ,mat!w ,p>is4
     ,corni% m9]s 9 ,g]many1 #bhc       
,maurice1 ,elector ( ,saxony1 ,,xxv2    
,,viii2 ,,ix2 ,x    ,mawe1 ,j41 #gj     
,maximilian1 ,emp]or1 #bc2 #bd          
,meiss51 ,dukes ( 7see "u p]sonal names3
 ,alb]t1 ,h5ry1 etc474    ,melan*?on4   
,relations ) ,agricola1 ,,viii2 ,x      
,m5&]4     ,ri*es1 #h    ,m]ckl9us1 ,g4 
,a41 #eii    ,m]cury 7see ,h]mes74      
,m]l9 7magician71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxx        

,meur]1 ,wolfgang4     ,lett]s1 ,,ix2 ,x
    ,mey]1 ,ern/ von1 #bdh2 #efi        
,meyn]1 ,mat?ias1 ,,vii    ,midas1 ,k+ (
 ,lydia4     ,m9es own$ by1 #bf2 #bg    
,mill]1 ,f4 ,b41 #dfb    ,m9]va4        
,magic rod1 #dj    ,morris1 ,w4 ,o',c41 
#aai    ,mosellanus1 ,petrus1 ,,vi      
,moses4     ,bitum51 #ehb     ,lead1    
#cia     ,ref9+ gold1 #cii     ,rod (   
,horeb1 #ch2 #dj    ,muell]1 ,max4      
,anci5t iron1 #dba     ,naevius4        
,money1 #bj    ,na%1 ,w4 ,g4     ,rio   
,t9to m9e1 #adi    ,nauma*ius4     ,gold
 & silv]1 #h    ,neckam1 ,alex&]4       
,compass1 #eg    ,newcom51 ,?omas1 #adi 
,nic&]4     ,on coal1 #cd    ,nicias4   
,sosias & slaves (1 #be2 #be            
,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*l91 #faj2 ,,xxvi2     
,,xxvii     ,alluvial gold1 #ge         
,bismu?1 #aaj2 #dcc     ,compass1 #eg2  
#abi     ,ore-deposits1 #dd             
,ore-%oots1 #dc     ,ve9s1 #dc2 #df2 #gc
     ,olympiodorus 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2  
,,xxx    ,oppel1 van 7see ,van ,oppel74 
,orus ,*rysori*ites 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 

,,xxviii    ,o/hanes 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2
 ,,xxix    ,o?o ! ,great1 #f    ,o?o1   
,pr9ce1 #f    ,ovid4     ,m9+ c5sur$ by1
 #g     ,p&ulfus ,anglus1 ,,xxvi        
,panta5etus4     ,demo/h5es' oration    
aga9/1 #bg2 #hc    ,pan!us1 ,augu/9us   
7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii    ,p>acelsus1 ,,xiv2
 ,,xxx     ,div9+ rod1 #ch     ,z9c1    
#aab2 #dji    ,p>is1 ,mat!w 7see ,mat!w 
,p>is74    ,pebi*ius 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2
 ,,xxviii    ,pelagius 7al*emi/71       
,,xxvii    ,p5n5t1 ,?omas1 #egj         
,p]cy1 ,john4     ,cem5tation1 #ded2    
#dei     ,cupellation1 #dfe             
,liquation1 #dia     ,p>t+ ) antimony1  
#dea2 #deb    ,p]egr9us1 ,petrus4       
,compass1 #eg    ,petasius 7al*emi/71   
,,xxvii2 ,,xxviii    ,petrie1 ,w4 ,m4   
,f4     ,egyptian iron1 #dba     ,mt4   
,s9ai copp]1 #djb    ,pettus1 ,sir      
,john1 ,,xvi2 #bhc    ,pha5ippus4       
,demo/h5es' oration aga9/1 #bg2 #hc     
,phaeton's si/]s1 #ce    ,ph]ecrates1   
,,xxvi    ,philemon4     ,ri*es1 #g     
,philip ( ,mac$onia1 #bg    ,philip1    

,pet]1 #bhb    ,phillips1 ,j4 ,a41 #daj 
,philo4     ,lo/ "w on m9+1 ,,xxvi      
,phocion4     ,bribe ( ,alex&]1 #i2 #ae 
,phocylides4     ,gold1 #g    ,photius1 
#bgi     ,fire-sett+1 #aah    ,p9d>4    
,weal?1 #ai2 #beb    ,pius ,,ii1 ,pope4 
,alum mak]1 #egj    ,piz>ro1 ,f41 ,v    
,plateanus1 ,petrus1 ,,xiv    ,plautus4 
,gold1 #aj    ,pl9y 7,caius ,pl9ius     
,secundus71 ,,xxvi2 #fjh     ,alluvial  
m9+1 #cca2 #ccc     ,alum1 #eff         
,amalgamation1 #big     ,amb]1 #ce      
,antimony1 #dbh     ,argol1 #bcd        
,arrh5icum1 #aaa     ,asbe/os1 #ddj     
,bitum51 #cc2 #ehc     ,brass1 #daj     
,briti% m9]s1 #hc     ,cadmia1 #aab     
,cem5tation1 #dei     ,*rysocolla1 #efj 
,copp] fl[]s & scales1 #bcc2 #ech       
,copp] smelt+1 #djd     ,cupellation1   
#dff     ,dra9age ( ,spani% m9es1 #adi  
,electrum1 #deh     ,fire-sett+1 #aah   
,gal5a1 #dgf     ,glass1 #ehe2 #ehf     
,hannibal's silv] m9e1 #db2 #db         
,hoi/+ ore1 #aeg2 #aeg     ,iron1 #aa   
,jew-/one1 #aae     ,lead1 #cib         

,lemnian e>?1 #ca     ,li?>ge1 #dge2    
#dff2 #eja     ,lode/one1 #aae          
,manganese 7871 #ehf     ,metallurgical 
appliances1 #cee     ,misy1 #egc        
,molybda5a1 #dff2 #dgf     ,naph?a1 #ehc
     ,nitrum1 #efj     ,ore-dress+1 #bha
     ,outcrops1 #fe     ,pompholyx1 #cif
     ,protection f poison1 #bae         
,quicksilv]1 #dcc     ,r$-lead1 #bcb    
,roa/+1 #bfg     ,sal-ammoniac1 #efj    
,salt f wood1 #eeh     ,silv]-lead      
smelt+1 #cib     ,sory1 #egc            
,spodos1 #cif     ,/annum1 #dgc     ,t91
 ,spani%1 #dab     ,tophus1 #bcc        
,t\*/one1 #bef2 #bec     ,turfs 9       
sluices1 #cca2 #ccb     ,v5a1 #dc       
,v5tilation ) wet clo?s1 #baj2 #baj     
,v]digris1 #ddj     ,vitriol1 #egb      
,:ite-lead1 #ddj    ,plut>*1 #be        
,pluto1 #baf    ,polybius4     ,ore     
wa%+1 #bha     ,silv]-lead smelt+1 #cib2
 #dfe    ,polymne/or1 ,k+ ( ,?race4     
,love ( gold1 #i2 #af    ,po]tn]1 ,hans1
 #bha    ,posepny1 ,franz1 #ec          
,posidonius4     ,asphalt & naph?a1 #ehd

     ,dra9age ( ,spani% m9es1 #adi      
,silv] f =e/ fires1 #cf    ,priam1 ,k+ (
 ,troy4     ,gold m9es (1 #bf2 #bg      
,probi]bue*le91 #fab2 ,,xxvi            
,amalgamation1 #big     ,antimony1 #dbj 
,assay+1 #bbj     ,assay ton1 #bdb      
,bismu?1 #dcc     ,cem5tation1 #ded     
,nitric acid1 #dci     ,p>t+1 #dfa2     
#dfb2 #dfc     ,precipitation ( silv]   
nitrate1 #ddc     ,residues f           
di/illation ( nitric acid1 #bce2 #ddc   
,roa/+1 #bfg     ,/ock fluxes1 #bce2    
#bcf     ,t\*/one1 #bec    ,prop]tius4  
,gold1 #aj    ,pryce1 ,william4         
,adam's fall1 #cec     ,div9+ rod1 #ch  
,juices1 #a     ,ore-deposits1 #ec      
,/amp-mill1 #bhb     ,/r+]s1 #gj        
,psalms4     ,silv] ref9+1 #dfe         
,pulsif]1 ,wm4 ,h41 #cia    ,pygmalion4 
,love ( gold1 #i2 #af     ,ra*aidibus   
7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii    ,rameses ,i4      
,map ( m9es1 #abi    ,rameses ,,iii4    
,lead5 objects dat+ f1 #cia    ,raspe1  
,r4 ,e41 #cjj    ,rawl9son1 ,george1    
#ehc    ,ray1 ,p4 ,*&ra4     ,indian    

z9c1 #dji    ,raymond1 ,rossit] ,w41 #ch
    ,re*t] ,gebrau* d] ,al*imey1 #fjf   
,r]um ,metallic>um ,int]pretatio1 #eig2 
,,vii2 #fjj    ,reuss1 ,f4 ,a41 #eii    
,ri*t]1 ,a4 ,d41 ,v2 #eii    ,rodianus  
7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxviii            
,roessl]1 ,b41 #ec    ,royal ,geological
 ,society ( ,cornwall1 #hd    ,ruehle9  
von ,kalbe 7see ,calbus74               
,salmoneus4     ,lightn+1 #aa    ,s&wi*1
 ,e>l (1 trans4 ,b>ba's book1 #cjj      
,sappho4     ,weal?1 #ai    ,sav]y1     
,?omas1 #adi    ,saxony1 ,dukes &       
,electors (4     7,see "u p]sonal names3
 ,alb]t1 ,erne/1 etc474    ,s*liemann1  
,h41 #cia    ,s*luet]1 ,c4 ,a4          
,artificial z9c vitriol1 #egb     ,copp]
 ref9+1 #ece     ,cupellation1 #dfd     
,liquation1 #dia2 #eje     ,p>t+ )      
sulphur1 #dfb    ,s*mid1 ,f4 ,a41 ,v2   
,,xv2 #eii    ,s*nabel & ,lewis1 #dfe   
,scott1 ,sir ,walt]4     ,antiqu>y1 #cjj
    ,s5eca4     ,weal? (1 #ae           
,s5ef]u4     ,copp] m9es1 #djb    ,seti 
,i4     ,map ( m9e1 #abi    ,%aw1 ,pet]1

 ,,xxviii    ,%oo ,k+4     ,copp] &     
lead1 #cia2 #djb     ,iron1 #dba        
,%utz1 ,*ri/oph]1 #bhc    ,sigfrido1    
,joanne4     ,ed4 ,agricola's works1    
,,xv    ,socrates4     ,ri*es1 #g2 #i2  
#ad2 #ah    ,sol9us1 ,c4 ,julius4       
,solifuga1 #baf2 #baf    ,solomon1 ,k+4 
,cobalt 9 m9es1 #bad    ,solon4         
,sc>city ( silv] "u1 #bg    ,sosias1 !  
,?racian4     ,slaves employ$ by1 #be   
,/ahl1 ,g4 ,e41 #ec    ,/aunton1 ,sir   
,george1 #dji    ,/ephanus 7al*emi/71   
,,xxvii2 ,,xxx    ,/eph5son1 ,george1   
#adi    ,/rabo1 #fjg     ,ars5ical      
m9]als1 #aaa     ,asbe/os1 #ddj         
,asphalt1 #ehd2 #cc     ,bell[s1 #cfb   
,cem5tation1 #deh     ,cupellation1 #dfe
     ,dra9age ( ,spani% m9es1 #adi      
,=e/ fires melt+ ve9s1 #cf     ,high    
/acks1 #cee     ,lydian m9es1 #bf2 #bg  
,mt4 ,laurion1 #bg     ,silv]-lead      
smelt+1 #cia     ,spani% ore-wa%+1 #bha 
,z9c 7871 #dji    ,/rato4     ,lo/ "w on
 m9es1 ,,xxvi2 ,,xxvii2 ,,xii    ,/ruve1
 ,b4 ,g41 #eii    ,synesius 7al*emi/71  

,,xxvii2 ,,xxix     ,tantalus1 #bg      
,taphnutia 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxviii 
,tapp+1 ,?omas1 #he    ,?ales (         
,miletus4     ,amb]1 #ce    ,!mi/ocles4 
,a!nian m9e royalties1 #bg    ,!odor1   
son ( ,agricola1 ,,vii    ,!ognis4      
,cupellation1 #dfe     ,on gre$1 #ah    
,plutus1 #h     ,ref9+ gold1 #cii       
,!ological ,tracts 7,agricola71 #fje    
,!ophilus 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxviii  
,!ophilus ! ,monk1 #fji     ,brass mak+1
 #daj     ,calam9e1 #aab                
,cem5tation1 #dei     ,copp] ref9+1 #ecf
     ,copp] smelt+1 #dje     ,cupels1   
#dff     ,div9+ rod1 #ch     ,liquation1
 #did     ,metallurgical appliances1    
#cee     ,p>t+ ) sulphur1 #dfa          
,roa/+1 #bfg    ,!ophra/us1 ,,xii2 #fjg 
,amb]1 #ce     ,ars5ical m9]als1 #aaa   
,asbe/os1 #ddj     ,assay+1 #bai        
,coal1 #cd     ,copp] m9]als1 #aaj      
,copp] ore1 #djc     ,em]y1 #aae        
,lode/one1 #aae     ,lo/ works1 ,,xxvi2 
#djc     ,orig9 ( m9]als1 #dd     ,p>t+ 
preci\s metals1 #deh     ,quicksilv]1   

#big2 #dcb     ,t\*/one1 #beb           
,v]digris1 #ddj     ,v]milion1 #bcb     
,:ite-lead1 #cia2 #ddj    ,?ompson1     
,lewis1 #dfb    ,?o?4     ,h]mes        
,trismegi/os1 ,,xxix    ,?otmes ,,iii4  
,lead1 #cia2 #ehb    ,?ucydides4        
,m9+ prefect1 #bc2 #bc2 #ie             
,tibullus4     ,weal? condemn$ by1 #af  
,timocles4     ,ri*es1 #h    ,timocreon 
( ,rhodes4     ,plutus1 #g    ,t\rne=t1 
,joseph ,p4 ,de1 #eff    ,tubal ,ca94   
,in/ructor 9 metallurgy1 #cec           
,tursius1 #bd    ,twa91 ,m>k4     ,m]l91
 ,,xxx    ,typographia ,mysnae et       
,tor+iae1 #fje     ,ulloa1 ,don ,antonio
 ,de1 #bih    ,ulysses4     ,magic rod1 
#dj     ,val5t9e1 ,basil1 ,,xxx2 #fji   
,antimony1 #dbi     ,div9+ rod1 #ch     
,p>t+ ) antimony1 #dfa     ,z9c1 #dji   
,val]ius1 son ( ,agricola1 ,,vii    ,van
 d] ,l9d51 ,j4 ,a41 #eii    ,van ,oppel1
 ,,xiii2 #eb    ,v>ro1 ,m>cus1 ,,xxvi   
,vasco da ,gama 7see ,gama1 ,vasco da74 
,veiga1 ,e/acia de1 #hc    ,velasco1    
,dom ,p$ro ,de1 #bih    ,v]adianus      

7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxviii    ,villa  
,nova1 ,arnold ,de 7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2  
,,xxx    ,virgil4     ,av>ice condemn$  
by1 #af    ,vitruvius1 #fjh             
,amalgamation1 #big     ,hi]o's ,cr[n1  
#bdh     ,pumps1 #agd2 #adi             
,r$-lead1 #bcb     ,survey+1 #abi       
,v]digris1 #ddj     ,:ite-lead1 #ddj    
,vladislaus ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ,pol&1 #bd    
,von ,oppel 7see ,van ,oppel74    ,voz1 
,cornelius de 7see ,devoz1 ,cornelius74 
,wall]ius1 ,j4 ,g41 #bcd2 #bgc    ,watt1
 ,james1 #adi    ,watt1 ,rob]t1 ,,xxvii 
,wefr+1 ,basilius1 ,,xiv    ,we9dle1    
,casp>1 #aai    ,we9>t1 ,b4 ,g41 #eii   
,well]1 ,j4 ,g41 ,v    ,w]n]1 ,a4 ,g41  
,,xiii2 #ec    ,wilk9son1 ,j4 ,g>dn]4   
,bitum51 #ehb     ,egyptian bell[s1 #cfb
     ,egyptian gold-wa%+1 #bgi          
,williams1 ,john1 #ec    ,w9kl]1 ,k4    
,a41 #dfd    ,wro?am1 ,william de1 #he2 
#dac2 #dgc     ,x5ophon4     ,a!nian    
m9es1 #bh2 #hc2 #bg2 #bi                
,fruitfulness ( m9es1 #f     ,m9+       
companies1 #ij     ,m9e slaves1 #be2 #bh

     ,quot$ by ,agricola1 #bf2 #bh      
,zimm]man1 ,c4 ,f41 #ec    ,zosimus     
7al*emi/71 ,,xxvii2 ,,xxix     ,,index  
,,to ,,illu/rations4     ,alum ,mak+1   
#ega    ,amalgamation ,mill1 #bii       
,ampulla1 #ddb2 #ddf    ,argonauts1 #ccj
    ,assay ,balances 7see ,balances74   
,assay ,crucible1 #bbi    ,assay        
,furnaces4     ,crucible1 #bbg          
,muffle1 #bbc2 #bbd     ,balances1 #bfe 
,bal+ ,wat]1 #aii    ,b>s1 = ,furnace   
,"w1 #cgg2 #chi    ,batea1 #aeg         
,bell[s4     ,= bla/ furnaces1 #cei2    
#cfe2 #cfh2 #cgj2 #cgb     ,= m9e       
v5tilation1 #bjh2 #bji2 #baa     ,= t9  
furnace1 #dai    ,bismu? ,smelt+1 #dcd2 
#dce2 #dcf2 #dcg    ,bitum5 ,mak+1 #ehb 
,bitum5 ,spr+1 #ehc    ,b[ls = ,alluvial
 ,wa%+ 7see also ,batea71 #ccf          
,buckets4     ,= hoi/+ ore1 #aed     ,= 
hoi/+ wat]1 #aeh    ,buddle1 #cja2 #cjb2
 #cad2 #cae    ,build+ ,plan = ,ref9]y1 
#dic    ,build+ ,plan = ,smelt]1 #cfa   
,*a9 ,pumps1 #agc2 #agd2 #age           
,*rysocolla ,mak+1 #ehe    ,circul>     

,fire 7see ,r+-,fire74    ,clay ,wa%+1  
#cgd2 #cge    ,compass1 #eg2 #ei2 #adb2 
#adg    ,copp] ,m\ld = ,assay+1 #bej    
,copp] ,ref9+1 #ecd2 #ecg    ,copp]     
,ref9+ ,furnace1 #ecb    ,crane4     ,= 
cupellation furnace1 #dgi     ,=        
liquation cakes1 #ead    ,cr[b>s1 #aeb  
,cupel1 #bbi     ,m\ld1 #bca            
,cupellation ,furnace1 #dfh2 #dgj2 #dgd 
,at ,freib]g1 #dha     ,9 ,pol&1 #dhb   
,cutt+ ,metal1 #bfi     ,desc5t into    
,m9es1 #bac    ,dipp+-pots1 #che2 #chg2 
#chi2 #cic2 #dae2 #dag    ,di/illation  
7see ,nitric ,acid & ,quicksilv]74      
,div9+ ,rod1 #dj    ,dogs ,pack+ ,ore1  
#afh    ,drifts1 #aje    ,dry+ ,furnace 
= ,liquation1 #ebe2 #ebg2 #ebh    ,du/  
,*amb]s1 #cie2 #dag     ,fans1          
,v5tilation1 #bjd2 #bje2 #bjf2 #bjg     
,fire-,buckets1 #cgg    ,fire ,pump1    
#cgg    ,fire-,sett+1 #abj    ,=ehe>?1  
#ceg2 #ceh2 #chc2 #che2 #chg2 #chi2 #dag
    ,frames 7or ,sluices7 = ,wa%+ ,ore  
or ,alluvial1 #cbb-cbd2     #cbf-cbi2   
#cca-ccc    ,furnaces4     ,assay+ 7see 

,assay ,furnaces74     ,bla/1 #ceg2     
#ceh2 #cgc2 #cgg2 #chc2 #che2 #chg2     
#chi2       #cie2 #dai2 #dbd2 #ejh      
,copp] ref9+1 #ecg     ,cupellation1    
#dfh2 #dgj2 #dgd2 #dha2 #dhb            
,di/ill+ sulphur1 #bgg     ,enri*+ copp]
 bottoms1 #eaj     ,glass-mak+1 #ehg2   
#ehh2 #ehi2 #eia     ,iron smelt+1 #dbb2
 #dbd     ,lead smelt+ 7see also        
,furnaces1 bla/71 #cic     ,liquation1  
#eag2 #eai2 #ebe2 #ebg2 #ebh     ,nitric
 acid mak+1 #ddb     ,nitric acid p>t+1 
#ddf     ,p>t+ preci\s metals )         
antimony1 #dec     ,ditto cem5tation1   
#dee     ,quicksilv] di/illation1       
#dbg-dcb     ,ref9+ silv]1 #dhe2 #dhf2  
#dhi     ,roa/+1 #bgf     ,/eel mak+1   
#dbe     ,t9 burn+1 #cdi     ,t9 smelt+1
 #dae     ,gad1 #aej    ,glass ,mak+1   
#eia     ,furnaces1 #ehg2 #ehh2 #ehi    
,gr\nd ,sluic+1 #ccg2 #cdj2 #cdc2 #cdf2 
#cdg     ,hamm]s1 #aea     ,) wat]-p[]1 
#dbb2 #dbe    ,heap ,roa/+1 #bge2 #bgh  
,he>?s4     ,= bismu? smelt+1 #dcf2 #dcg
     ,= heat+ copp] cakes1 #ejd     ,=  

melt+ lead1 #cic     ,= melt+ lead      
cakes1 #dii     ,= ref9+ t91 #dah     ,=
 roa/+1 #bgg    ,hemicycle1 #ach        
,hoe1 #aeb     ,int]v5ium1 #ej    ,iron 
,=k = ,metal1 #chg    ,iron ,hook =     
,assay+1 #bdj    ,iron ,smelt+1 #dbb2   
#dbd    ,iron ,tools1 #aej     ,jigg+   
,sieve1 #caa     ,ladd]s1 #bac    ,ladle
 = ,metal1 #chc    ,lead ,m\ld =        
,assay+1 #bdj    ,liquation ,cakes4     
,dri$1 #ecj    ,liquation ,cakes1       
,exhau/$1 #ebb    ,liquation ,furnaces1 
#eag2 #eai2 #ebe2 #ebg2 #ebh    ,lye    
,mak+1 #eeg     ,matte ,roa/+1 #cej2    
#cea    ,me]s1 ,%ape (1 #gi2 #hj2 #hf2  
#hg2 #hi    ,mills = ,gr9d+ ,ore1 #bid2 
#bif    ,muffle ,furnaces1 #bbc2 #dhi   
,muffles1 #bbh     ,nitric ,acid ,mak+1 
#ddb    ,nitrum ,pits1 #eei             
,op]culum1 #ddf    ,orbis1 #adb;,a      
,p>t+ ,preci\s ,metals4     ,) antimony1
 #dec     ,by cem5tation1 #dee     ,)   
nitric acid1 #ddf     ,) sulphur1 #ddi  
,picks1 #aeb    ,plummet level4         
,/&+1 #adc     ,susp5d$1 #adf    ,pumps4

     ,*a91 #agc2 #agd2 #age     ,duplex 
suction1 #ahj2 #ahe2 #ahi     ,rag &    
*a91 #aia2 #aic2 #aid2 #aie             
,suction1 #agg2 #agh2 #agi2 #ahb2 #ahc2 
#ahg     ,quicksilv] ,di/illation1 #dbg2
 #dbi2 #dcj2 #dca2 #dcb     ,rag & ,*a9 
,pumps1 #aia2 #aic2 #aid2 #aie2 #aig    
,ramm]s = ,fire-,clay1 #cgg2 #chc       
,r+-,fire1 = ,p>t+ ) ,sulphur1 #ddi     
,roa/+ 7see also ,heap & ,/all ,roa/+71 
#bgh2 #cej2 #cea2     #bgd2 #bge2 #bgf  
,rosette ,copp] ,mak+1 #ecg     ,salt4  
,boil+1 #edi2 #eed2 #eee     ,caldron1  
#eea2 #eec     ,evaporat$ on faggots1   
#eef     ,pans1 #edg     ,wells1 #edi   
,saltpetre ,mak+1 #efc    ,saxon ,lead  
,furnace1 #cic    ,scorifi]1 #bbi       
,seams 9 ! ,rocks1 #ed2 #ee2 #ef2 #fj2  
#gb    ,%afts4     ,incl9$1 #ajd        
,timb]+1 #abc     ,v]tical1 #ajc2 #aje  
,%e>s = ,cutt+ ,metal1 #bfi    ,%ield = 
,muffle ,furnace1 #bda    ,sift+ ,ore1  
#bhg2 #bhh2 #bhi2 #bia2 #bib2 #bic2     
#caa2 #cdb    ,silv]4     ,cakes1       
,cleans+ (1 #dgf2 #dhh     ,ref9+1 #dhd2

 #dhe2 #dhf2 #dhi    ,sleigh = ,ore1    
#afh    ,sluic+ ,t91 #ccg2 #cch2 #cdj2  
#cdc    ,smelt]1 ,plan ( ,build+1 #cfa  
,soda ,mak+1 #efa    ,sort+ ,ore1 #bfh2 
#bgj    ,spall+ ,ore1 #bgj2 #bga2 #bgb  
,/all ,roa/+4     ,matte1 #cej2 #cea    
,ore1 #bgd2 #bgf    ,/amp-mill1 #bhd2   
#bhf2 #bhg2 #bii2 #cac2 #cbj2 #cba2 #cgc
     ,= break+ copp] cakes1 #eja        
,/amps1 #bhe    ,/eel ,furnace1 #dbe    
,/rake1 #cjb2 #cjc2 #cje2 #cjf2 #cjg2   
#cda2 #cdb2 #cde     ,canvas1 #cjh2     
#cji2 #cag2 #cba2 #cbi    ,/ream+ = ,t91
 #cah    ,/r+]s4     ,associat$1 #ga    
,fibra dilatata1 #ga     ,fibra         
incumb5s1 #ga     ,oblique1 #ga         
,transv]se1 #ga    ,survey+4     ,rods1 
#ach;,a     ,%afts & ,tunnels1 #aca     
,triangles1 #acc2 #acd2 #ace2 #acf2     
#acg2 #aci2 #adj    ,suction ,pumps 7see
 ,pumps74    ,sulphur ,mak+1 #egi2 #eha 
,tap-holes 9 ,furnaces1 #chi            
,tapp+-b>1 #chc2 #che    ,te/s = ,ref9+ 
,silv]1 #dhd2 #dhe    ,timb]+4          
,%afts1 #abc     ,tunnels1 #abe    ,t94 

,b>s1 #dae     ,burn+1 #cdi     ,ref9+1 
#dah     ,smelt+1 #dae2 #dai            
,t\*-ne$les1 #bee    ,trays = ,wa%+     
,alluvial1 #ccd    ,tread ,:im1 #afc    
,tr\gh1 #aei     ,= wa%+ alluvial1 #cce2
 #cdh    ,trucks1 #aef    ,tunnels1     
#ajc2 #ajd2 #aje2 #abj     ,timb]+1 #abe
     ,ve9s4     ,b>r51 #gc     ,beg9n+  
(1 #fi     ,cav]n\s1 #gc     ,curv$1 #fa
     ,end (1 #fi     ,head (1 #fi       
,horizontal1 #fa     ,int]sections (1   
#fd2 #fe2 #ff2 #fg2 #fh     ,solid1 #gc 
,/rike (1 #fb2 #fc    ,v5a cumulata1    
#di2 #gj    ,v5a dilatata1 #de2 #ej2    
#ed2 #fj2 #fa2 #fh2 #fi    ,v5a pr(unda1
 #de2 #ej2 #ec2 #fa2 #fb2 #fc2 #fd2 #fh 
,v5tilat+ ) ,damp ,clo? 7see also       
,bell[s1 ,fans1 &     ,w9dsails71 #bab  
,vitriol ,mak+1 #efg2 #egd2 #ege2 #egf2 
#egg     ,wagons1 = ,haul+ ,ore1 #agj   
,wa%+ ,ore 7see ,sift+ ,ore74    ,wat]  
,tanks1 "u ,furnaces1 #ceh    ,w$ges1   
#aej    ,weights1 = ,assay ,balances1   
#bfb    ,we/phalian ,lead ,smelt+1 #cic 
,:eelb>r[s1 #aee    ,:ims4     ,horse1  

#afe2 #afg     ,tread1 #afc             
,w9dlasses1 #afa2 #afb2 #aga    ,w9ds1  
,direction (1 #ei    ,w9dsails =        
,v5tilation1 #bja2 #bjb2 #bjc           
,transcrib]'s ,notes4   ,?is docum5t    
includes quotes f v e>ly au?ors4 ,z su*1
 x's no surprise t !re are _m spell+ &  
punctuation irregul>ities4 ,also !      
au?ors 7 ,am]ican1 b writ+ = a ,briti%  
j\rnal4 ,9 addition1 :e!r ae & oe appe> 
z ligatures or sep>ate *>act]s seems to 
be fairly r&om4 ,unless !re 0 a cle>ly  
pref]r$ spell+ *oice1 v>iants 7 kept z  
is4 ,all *anges are explicitly docum5t$ 
bel[4 ,not$ spell+ v>iants t 7 pres]v$  
include3 alum9um & alum9ium2 ampullas & 
ampullae2 bee*wood & bee*-wood2         
,bluet/e9 & ,bluet /e92 brick du/ &     
brickdu/2 calcsp>1 calc sp> & calc-sp>2 
d]ivatives ( crossb> & cross-b>1 &      
simil>ly = crosscut1 crosspiece1 etc42  
7,hans von7 ,de*5 & ,deck52 desulphuriz+
 & de-sulphuriz+2 diss5sion & diss5tion 
7& _! plurals72 di/ill & di/il 7&       
d]ivatives72 encru/$ & incru/$2 enquire 

& inquire 7& d]ivatives72 ensure &      
insure2 7,laz>us7 ,erck] & ,erck]n2     
flavor & flav\r2 fluor-sp> & fluorsp>2  
,flusse & ,fluesse2 7,rot5burg an d]7   
,fulda & ,fulde2 ,gatt] & ,gatt]] may be
 ! same p]son2 gold work]s1 goldwork]s &
 gold-work]s2 gray & grey 7&            
d]ivatives72 grove & groove 7,engli% m9+
 t]m = a %aft72 halitum & halitus2      
,h5ckel & ,h5kel2 holm oak & holmoak2   
homog5\s & homog5e\s2 ,daniel           
,h\ghsett]1 ,h\gh/ett] & ,ho*/ett]2     
,joannes & ,johannes 7! al*emi/72       
,johanes & ,johannes 7,aurelius         
,augurellus71 a4k4a4 ,john ,aurelio     
,augurello2 ,ju$5/e9 & ,ju$5 /e92       
,k9/ock & ,k9/ocke2 ,laut5tal &         
,laut5?al2 lawsuit & law-suit2 ,leipsic 
& ,leipzig2 ,krat & ,kratt2 ,mosaic &   
,mosaick2 m9]alogic & m9]alogical2      
,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*l91 ,nuetzli*e        
,b]gbue*l91 ,nuetzli* ,b]gbue*le91 &    
,nuetzli*e ,b]gbue*le92 organisation &  
organization2 7,?omas7 ,p5nant & ,p5n5t2
 ,probi] ,bue*le91 ,probi]bue*l91       

,probi]bue*le91 ,probirbue*le91 &       
,probirbue*leyn 7:i* may be diff]5t     
books 9 "s cases72 d]ivatives ( pulv]ise
 & pulv]ize2 reag5t & re-ag5t 7& _!     
plurals72 d]ivatives ( recognise &      
recognize2 republi%$ & re-publi%$2      
salam&] h> & salam&]h>2 sea%ore &       
sea-%ore2 semicircle & semi-circle 7&   
d]ivatives72 %ovelful & %ovel-ful2      
spiesglas1 spiesglass1 & spiesglasz2    
,turkey oak & turkey-oak2 ,vannucci1    
,vannuccio & ,vanuccio 7,bir+uccio72    
,vect>ii & ,vecti>ii2 d]ivatives (      
volatilise & volatilize4  ,!re appe>s to
 be no rule :e!r punctuation foll[+ a   
quote %\ld be inside or outside !       
quotation m>ks4 ,! text 0 simply left z 
is4  ,!re appe>s to be no rule :e!r     
,roman num]als h p]iods aft] !m or n2   
ev5 ref]5ces to ! same docum5t may      
diff]4 ,! text 0 simply left z is4  ,= !
 text v]sion ( ! docum5t1 replac$ !     
oe-ligature ) ! sep>ate *>act]s oe4     
,also remov$ ! macron f ! e 9 pectos4   
,"s footnote numb]s are skipp$4 ,to     

avoid confusion ) ref]5ces to !         
footnotes1 none ( ! footnotes 7         
re-numb]$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,book ,i does n 
h footnote #bd2 ,book ,,vi does n h     
footnote #i2 ,book ,,viii does n h      
footnote #i1 #aj or #ah2 ,book ,,ix does
 n h footnote #bd2 ,book ,,xi does n h  
footnote #c4  ,ins]t$ miss+ an*or =     
footnote #a on page v4  ,*ang$ ,alb]?am 
to ,ab]?am on page vii3 ! ,god's ,gift  
m9e at ,ab]?am4  ,*ang$ honor$ to hon\r$
 on page xi3 mo/ hon\r$ citiz5s4        
,treat$ ! explanatory text on page xxiv 
z a footnote 7numb] #a7 & creat$ its    
an*or on page xxi4  ,*ang$ lic5se to    
lic5ce 9 ! note on page xxiv3 only poets
 h lic5ce4  ,*ang$ ,biblio!que to       
,biblio!que 9 ! footnote on page xxix3 !
 ,biblio!que ,nationale4  ,*ang$        
,!osebeia to ,!osebia & ins]t$ clos+    
d\ble quotation m>k aft] writt5 to      
,!osebia1 etc4444' on page xxx4  ,left  
load/one on page #b al?\gh x's spell$   
lode/one ev]y:]e else1 because x's 9 a  
quote4  ,*ang$ silv]-m9es to silv] m9es 

on page #e3 ! silv] m9es at ,freib]g4   
,remov$ ! extra comma aft] ll4 9        
footnote #bj on page #aa3 ,odes1 ,i41   
#ce1 ll4 #ag-bj2 & 9 footnote #ba on    
page #ae3 ,satires1 ,,ii41 #c1 ll4      
#ii-ajb4  ,*ang$ realis$ to realiz$ on  
page #be3 8 hopes are n realiz$4        
,remov$ extra d\ble quotation m>k f be=e
 probable t ! "w on page #bh4  ,*ang$   
,hipprocr5e to ,hippocr5e 9 footnote #ai
 on page #cg3 nam$ ,hippocr5e aft] t    
horse4  ,*ang$ ,joa*im/al to ,joa*im/hal
 on page #db4  ,adju/$ ! =mats ( !      
captions to ! illu/rations on page #de1 
#ee1 #ef & #fj to be consi/5t ) o!r     
captions4  ,remov$ extra d\ble quotation
 m>k aft] n a metal 9 ! footnote f page 
#ea4  ,*ang$ foot walls & hang+ walls to
 footwalls & hang+walls on page #fe4    
,*ang$ hang+-wall to hang+wall 9        
footnote #e on page #hj3 into !         
hang+wall4  ,*ang$ ,pha5ippis to        
,pha5ippus 9 ! footnote on page #hc3 !  
o!r aga9/ ,pha5ippus4  ,ins]t$ d\ble    
quotation m>k aft] ,droit ,francais et  

,etrang] 9 ! footnote on page #hd4      
,*ang$ ,inama-,/r5egg to ,inama-,/]negg 
9 ! footnote on page #hd4  ,*ang$       
,himmeli* to ,himmelis* on page #ib3    
,himmelis* ,hoez4 ,himmels* hoz 0 reta9$
 z a v>iant else:]e4  ,*ang$ %ovel]s to 
%ovell]s on page #ajj3 m9]s1 %ovell]s1  
w9dlass m54  ,! table 9 ! note on page  
#aji ref]s to note #g on p4 #egc4 ,x    
w\ld make m s5se to ref] to note #h1 b 0
 left z is4  ,*ang$ *rusos to *rysos 9 !
 footnote on page #aaj3 7*rysos1 gold & 
kolla1 sold]74  ,! footnote on page #aaj
 conta9s ! ref]5ce 7see note xx41 p4 x74
 ,r ?an ,roman num]als1 ?is appe>s to be
 a placehold] to a ref]5ce t 0 n fill$  
94 ,p]haps x %\ld be 7see note #h1 p4   
#efj71 b x 0 left z is4  ,*ang$ t9/one  
to t9-/one 9 ! footnote on page #aaj4   
,*ang$ ,de ,la ,pirote*nica to ,de ,la  
,pirote*nia 9 ! footnote on page #aab4  
,*ang$ ,mansfeld to ,mannsfeld 9 !      
footnote on page #aac3 ,mannsfeld copp] 
s*i/s4  ,*ang$ ,co,as,a to ,co,as,s 9 ! 
footnote on page #aac3 ,cobaltite       

7,co,as,s74  ,*ang$ ,pho5ecians to      
,pho5icians on page #aai3 ,pho5icians   
mu/ h possess$4  ,*ang$ hang+ wall to   
hang+wall on page #abd3 ! hang+wall & ! 
footwall4  ,*ang$ v5ae dilatatae        
7ae-ligature7 to v5ae dilatatae on page 
#abg3 m9e v5ae dilatatae ly+ d[n4       
,*ang$ v5ae cumulatae 7ae-ligature7 to  
v5ae cumulatae on page #abh3 z to v5ae  
cumulatae4  ,*ang$ ,watts's to ,watt's 9
 footnote #a on page #adi3 ,watt's      
improvem5ts4  ,*ang$ locks to blocks on 
page #aea3 blocks1 & plates4  ,some?+ is
 wrong ) ! s5t5ce on page #aec t ends ) 
! ref]5ce to footnote #c4 ,"o metreta is
 l>g] ?an "o-six? ( a congius4 ,p]haps  
metreta & congius %\ld be swapp$ 9 ?is  
s5t5ce1 b x 0 left z is4  ,*ang$ bail to
 bale on page #aec3 iron semi-circul>   
bale4  ,*ang$ ,fosilium to ,fossilium   
twice 9 ! footnote on page #aee3 ,de    
,natura ,fossilium4  ,*ang$ dec5ds to   
desc5ds on page #aff3 desc5ds into an   
und]gr\nd *amb]1 & aga9 on page #aij3 ! 
plank desc5ds4  ,*ang$ ,pig-sk9 to      

,pigsk9 9 ! caption to ! illu/ration on 
page #afh3 ,pigsk9 sacks4  ,left vapor z
 is 9 footnote #bj on page #baj al?\gh  
x's spell$ vap\r ev]y:]e else1 because  
x's 9 a quote4  ,*ang$ de hydrat$ to    
dehydrat$ 9 ! footnote on page #bba3    
,probably dehydrat$ alum4  ,*ang$       
,na#b;,co#c to ,na#b;,,co#c 9 ! footnote
 on page #bbb4  ,*ang$ =e-"p to =ep>t on
 page #bbf3 ! =ep>t lies4  ,*ang$       
f\r-fold to f\rfold on page #bbf3 )     
f\rfold curves4  ,*ang$ or to ( on page 
#bcj3 an ore ( copp]4  ,*ang$ factictius
 to facticius 9 ! footnote on page #bcc3
 ,sal facticius4  ,*ang$ ,int]pretaltio 
to ,int]pretatio 9 footnote #ac on page 
#bcd3 ,int]pretatio1 die heffe4  ,*ang$ 
,loehneys to ,lohneys 9 footnote #ba on 
page #bcg4  ,cramn] 9 footnote #ba on   
page #bcg may be a typo = ,cram]1 b x 0 
left z is4  ,*ang$ neutraliz$ to        
neutralis$ 9 footnote #ba on page #bcg3 
neutralis$ by ! nitre4  ,*ang$ notes to 
note 9 footnote #cc on page #bdh3 note  
#aj4  ,*ang$ liquifi$ to liquefi$ on    

page #bej3 has become suffici5tly       
liquefi$4  ,*ang$ t\*ne$les to          
t\*-ne$les 9 footnote #cg on page #bec3 
detail$ acc\nt ( t\*-ne$les4  ,! ref]5ce
 to page #bei 9 footnote #ci on page    
#bec does n seem to make s5se1 b 0 n    
*ang$4 ,p]haps ! ref]5ce %\ld be to     
footnote #bg on page #bdb4  ,9 ! table  
on page #beg1 ! entries = ! #bj? & #ba/ 
ne$les d n add up1 because ! entry = !  
numb] ( sextulae ( copp] belongs 9 !    
#ba/ ne$le1 n ! #bj?4 ,?is 0 correct$4  
,h[ev]1 !re are o!r errors 9 ?is table1 
:i* are n s obvi\s & 7 n correct$4 ,9   
p>ticul>1 ! entries = ! #bbnd1 #bh? &   
#ca/ ne$les d n add correctly4  ,9 !    
table on page #beh1 ! numb] = ! siliquae
 ( copp] 0 sometimes 9 ! sextulae       
column4 ,^! 7 correct$4 ,! affect$ l9es 
7 ! ones = ne$les #ac1 #bb & #bd4 ,!re  
is "s o!r error 7uncorrect$7 = ! #ag?   
ne$le2 probably x %\ld h ano!r sextula (
 silv]4  ,fill$ 9 ! miss+ #d 9 ! l9e = !
 #h? ne$le 9 ! table on page #bfj4      
,*ang$ #eb to #be 9 ! l9e = ! #crd      

weight 9 ! table = ! great] weights on  
page #bfa4  ,*ang$ /ele to /elae on page
 #bgi3 ,c]ta9 /elae4  ,*ang$ hang+-wall 
to hang+wall on page #bgi3 ! hang+wall  
rock2 & on page #bib3 f ! hang+wall4    
,*ang$ lead to l$ 9 ! footnote on page  
#bha3 l$ ?r\gh a s]ies4  ,*ang$         
,humpfrey to ,humphrey 9 ! footnote on  
page #bhc3 ,william ,humphrey4  ,*ang$  
,erbisdr(f to ,erbisdorff on page #cjd3 
t9-/uff ( ,s*lack5wald & ,erbisdorff4   
,*ang$ collec$ to collect$ on page #cbh3
 conc5trates are collect$4  ,*ang$      
civilisation to civilization 9 footnote 
#ag on page #ccj3 glimm] ( civilization4
  ,*ang$ ,*apt] ,,ix to ,book ,,ix 9    
footnote #bb f page #cej4  ,*ang$       
,?o?mes to ,?otmes 9 footnote #f on page
 #cfb3 ! "t ( ,?otmes ,,iii4  ,*ang$    
unseasonable to unreasonable on page    
#cgd3 yet x is n unreasonable4  ,ins]t$ 
,l-- 9 ! caption = ! illu/ration on page
 #che4  ,footnote #bc1 p4 #cia1 ref]s to
 a note on p4 #bfe1 b !re is no su*     
note4  ,*ang$ c>ni to ,c>ni 9 ! caption 

to ! illu/ration on page #cic4  ,remov$ 
extra "r p>5!sis at end ( footnote #bh1 
f page #cif1 & footnote #g1 f page #dda4
  ,*ang$ ,aga?>cides to ,aga?>*ides 9 ! 
footnote on page #cii1 & aga9 9 !       
footnote on page #dfe4  ,*ang$ b>e to   
b>s on page #dah3 ! lattice-l b>s sells4
  ,*ang$ ,nuetli*e to ,nuetzli*e 9      
footnote #ei on page #dcc3 ! ,nuetzli*e 
,b]gbue*le9 9 association4  ,*ang$      
?reequ>t]s to ?ree-qu>t]s on page #dcg3 
?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot4  ,*ang$ ! sp\t f !
 op]cula ext5ds to ! sp\ts f ! op]cula  
ext5d 9 ! caption to ! illu/ration on   
page #ddf4  ,*ang$ e>!rn to e>!n on page
 #dea3 melt$ ) copp] 9 a r$ hot e>!n    
crucible4  ,*ang$ ,b\ss+alt to          
,b\ss+ault 9 footnote #ah on page #ded3 
,inve/igation by ,b\ss+ault4  ,footnote 
#bf1 on page #dfe1 ref]s to a discussion
 on page #chi2 !re is no su* discussion4
 ,p]haps ! note on page #cij 0 int5d$1 b
 no *ange 0 made4  ,! ref]5ce to p4 #dhj
 9 ! footnote on page #dff doesn't seem 
to make s5se4 ,p]haps ! ref]5ce %\ld be 

to ! note on p4 #dge or ! illu/ration on
 p4 #dha1 b x 0 n *ang$4  ,*ang$        
,agricolas' to ,agricola's 9 footnote   
#bg on page #dfg4  ,*ang$ roman to      
,roman 9 ! caption to ! figure on page  
#dha4  ,*ang$ p9ewood to p9e-wood on    
page #dif3 %+les ( p9e-wood4  ,*ang$    
,=e-he>?s to ,=ehe>?s 9 ! caption to !  
illu/ration on page #ejh4  ,*ang$ or to 
( 9 ! table 9 footnote #ag on page #eab3
 #efd4h lbs4 ( 7,a74  ,*ang$ ne>-by to  
ne>by on page #ebf3 9 a ne>by timb]4    
,*ang$ =e-he>? to =ehe>? on page #edj3  
into ! =ehe>?1 & on page #edc3 into !   
=ehe>?4  ,*ang$ sidebo>ds to side-bo>ds 
on page #eeb3 ! side-bo>ds are fix$4    
,*ang$ sup]scripts to subscripts 9      
footnote #i on page #efa3 ,ca7,,no#c7b  
,k#b;,,co#c  ,ca,c,o#c  #b,,kno#c4      
,*ang$ cry/allis$ to cry/alliz$ 9       
footnote #i on page #efa4  ,*ang$ hydros
 to hydr\s 9 ! footnote on page #efe3 ! 
hydr\s sulphate4  ,*ang$ octrah$ra to   
octah$ra 9 ! footnote on page #efe4     
,*ang$ subtance to sub/ance 9 footnote  

#aa on page #egb3 t fea!ry sub/ance4    
,*ang$ v5?oles to v5t-holes on page     
#ehj3 two or ?ree v5t-holes4  ,*ang$    
prehi/oric to pre-hi/oric on page #ehb3 
f pre-hi/oric times4  ,*ang$ ,rawl9sons1
 ,trans4 to ,rawl9son's ,trans4 9 !     
footnote on page #ehc4  ,*ang$ ,neavius 
to ,naevius on page #eif3 ,johannes     
,naevius4  ,*ang$ ,un/a5dli*e to        
,um/a5dli*e 9 footnote #c on page #eii3 
,um/a5dli*e 444 ,*ronica4  ,*ang$ ,watts
 to ,watt on page #fje3 ,watt m5tions x4
  ,*ang$ beg99ng to beg9n+ on page #faa3
 beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies4  ,*ang$   
oxidis+ to oxidiz+ on page #fae3 an     
oxidiz+ bla/4  ,*ang$ ,oryguia to       
,orguia on page #fag4  ,*ang$ ! ref]5ce 
= ,annab]g on page #fai f ,,xxi to      
,,xxxi4  ,*ang$ ,c]agurite to ,c]>gurite
 9 its index entry on page #fbj4  ,*ang$
 ,fibrae to ,fibrae 7ae-ligature7 9 its 
index entry on page #fbb4  ,*ang$ !     
ref]5ce = ,glass on page #fbc f #ecd-eib
 to #ehd-eib4  ,*ang$ two ref]5ces =    
,magnes on page #fbe f #ehd to #ehe4    

,*ang$ ! ref]5ce = ,nuremb]g1 ,scale (  
,weights on page #fbf f #bfd to #bfc4   
,*ang$ ,picks*eif] to ,picks*ief] 9 its 
index entry on page #fbf4  ,*ang$ !     
ref]5ce = ,pr\/ite on page #fbf1 & !    
ref]5ces = ,pyr>gyrite1 = ,ruby ,silv]1 
= ,silv]1 = ,silv] ,glance & = ,silv]   
,ores on page #fbg1 f #aji to #ajh4     
,*ang$ ! ref]5ce = ,quicksilv] on page  
#fbf f #aaa to #aaj4  ,*ang$ ,/uices to 
,sluices on page #fbf1 9 ! index entry =
 ,pockets 9 ,alluvial ,sluices4  ,*ang$ 
! ref]5ces = ,s*neeb]g1 ,/4 ,george m9e 
& = ,/4 ,george ,m9e on page #fbg f #ib 
to #ia4  ,*ang$ ,/e9mack to ,/e9m>ck 9  
its index entry on page #fbh4  ,9 !     
,index to ,p]sons & ,au?orities 7/>t+   
page #fcj71 !re are a numb] ( ref]5ces  
to page #eii t appe> to make m s5se z   
ref]5ces to #fjc1 b :i* 7 n *ang$4      
,*ang$ ! ref]5ce = ,v5ice1 ,scale (     
,weights on page #fcj f #bfd to #bfc4   
,*ang$ ! ref]5ce = ,de ,m5suris et      
,pond]ibus1 ,weights & ,measures on page
 #fcb f #bfd to #bfc4  ,*ang$ ! ref]5ce 

= ,de ,natura eorum quae ,effluunt ex   
,t]ra1 ,d$ication on page #fcb f ,,viii 
to ,,vii4  ,*ang$ ! ref]5ce = ,de       
,precio ,metallorum et ,monetis on page 
#fcb f #bfd to #bfc4  ,*ang$ ,diphilus  
to ,diphilos 9 its index entry on page  
#fcb4  ,*ang$ ! ref]5ces = ,=ehe>? & =  
,furnaces1 ,bla/ on page #fcg f #cij to 
#chi4  ,*ang$ ! ref]5ces = ,pumps1      
,suction on page #fch f #ahh2 #acg to   
#ahc2 #ahg4  ,*ang$ ! ref]5ce = ,te/s = 
,ref9+ ,silv] on page #fch f #chd to    
#dhd4