,,color ,,key ,,to ,,north ,,american ,,birds ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,by ,,frank ,m4 ,,chapman ,curator of ,ornithology in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,handbook ,,of ,,birds ,,of ,,eastern ,,north ,,america ,third edition4 ,with introductory chapters on the study of ,ornithology2 how to identify birds and how to collect and preserve birds1 their nests and eggs4 #bj full-page plates and #aej cuts in the text4 #abmo4 ,library edition4 ,pocket edition4 ,,bird-,,life ,a guide to the study of our common birds4 ,with #ge full-page colored plates and numerous text drawings by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton4 ,containing an ,appendix1 especially designed for teachers4 #abmo4 ,cloth4 ,,bird ,,studies ,,with ,a ,,camera ,a fascinating account of the habits of common birds1 with descriptions of the largest bird colonies existing in eastern ,north ,america4 ,the author's phenomenal success in photographing birds in ,nature not only lends to the illustrations the charm of realism1 but makes the book a record of surprising achievements with the camera4 #abmo4 ,cloth4 ,,warblers ,,of ,,north ,,america ,a full description of our most beautiful1 most abundant1 and least known birds4 ,illustrated with colored plates of every species and photographs of nests and eggs4 ,imp4 #hvo4 ,illustrated4 ,,camps ,,and ,,cruises ,,of ,,an ,,ornithologist ,the story of eight years' experience in travel1 in which the author covered over #fj1jjj miles in his search for material with which to prepare a series of groups of ,american birds1 to exceed in beauty and scientific value anything which had heretofore been attempted in this line4 ,the illustrations1 over #bej in number1 are from ,dr4 ,chapman's photographs1 and beyond question form a remarkable series of pictures of bird-life4 #hvo4 ,,color ,,key ,,to ,,north ,,american ,,birds ,this work may be described as an illustrated dictionary of ,north ,american birds4 ,it is the most complete publication of its kind1 and makes an admirable introduction to the study of birds and the literature of ,ornithology and at the same time is an authoritative work of reference4 ,over #hjj pictures4 ,,our ,,winter ,,birds ,an introduction to the study of birds4 ,the author believes that the study of ,ornithology should begin with the winter birds as they are fewer in number and easier to approach4 ,divided into convenient groups such as field birds1 forest birds1 home birds1 etc4 ,illustrated4 #abmo4 ,,the ,,travels ,,of ,,birds ,a series of chapters on bird migration1 describing birds as travelers1 why they travel1 dangers by the way1 night flyers and day flyers1 etc4 ,many illustrations from drawings4 ,illustrated4 ,,what ,,bird ,,is ,,that8 ,a bird book for beginners with #cja birds in color4 ----------------- ,d4 ,,appleton ,,and ,,company1 ,,new ,,york ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,topography ,,of ,a ,,bird ,bluebird 7natural size7 ,,color ,,key ,,to ,,north ,,american ,,birds ,with ,bibliographical ,appendix ,,by ,,frank ,m4 ,,chapman ,,curator ,,of ,,ornithology ,,in ,,the ,,american ,,museum ,,of ,,natural ,,history ,author of ,handbook of ,birds of ,eastern ,north ,america1 ,bird-,life1 ,etc4 ,with ,upward of #hjj ,drawings ,,by ,,chester ,a ,,reed1 ,b4 ,s4 ,revised ,edition ,illustration3 ,publisher's ,logo ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,company #aiab ,,copyright1 ,,doubleday1 ,,page ,,co4 #aijc ,,copyright1 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4 #aiab ,published ,november #aiab ,printed in the ,united ,states ,,preface4 ,to learn to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the study of ornithology4 ,we may propose to investigate the structure1 food1 and habits of the birds of the world1 or desire merely a superficial knowledge of the species found in our garden1 but in either case we are at once confronted by this question of identification4 ,from the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to identify a bird4 ,a specimen of it should be in hand in order that its form1 color1 and size may be accurately determined1 when1 with the aid of analytical keys1 with which most text-books are provided1 it is a simple matter to ascertain the bird's name4 ,wide experience has shown the writer1 however1 that where one dead bird is identified1 hundreds of attempts are made to name the living bird in nature4 ,this is to be expected4 ,it is the natural outcome of the recent remarkable interest in the study of birds which1 fostered by ,audubon ,societies and nature study teachers1 has assumed an ethical and educational importance of the first magnitude4 ,we cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird-lovers whom we are yearly developing2 indeed most of them would refuse to use it4 ,specimens1 therefore1 are rarely available to them and we should make some special effort to meet their peculiar wants4 ,the present volume has been prepared with this end in view4 ,identification of the bird in the bush is its sole end2 an end1 however1 which we trust will prove but the beginning of a new and potent interest in nature4 ,,frank ,m4 ,,chapman ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york ,city1 #aijc4 ,,preface ,,to ,,revised ,,edition4 ,in the present edition of the ,color ,key the body of the book1 aside from the correction of typographical errors1 remains as it was in the preceding edition4 ,the ,systematic ,table has been reset and brought up to ,july1 #aiab1 the date of the publication of the latest supplement to the third edition of the ,american ,ornithologists' ,union's ',check-,list of ,north ,american ,birds4' ,two ,appendixes are added4 ,the first includes all the changes in nomenclature and descriptions of new birds which have been accepted by the ,a4,o4,u4 ,committee on ,classification and ,nomenclature since the publication of the ,color ,key in #aijc2 the second contains a list of faunal ornithological papers which it is hoped will add greatly to the reference value of the book4 ,f4 ,m4 ,c4 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,october1 #aiab4 ,,contents4 ,,introduction #a ,how to ,learn a ,bird's ,name #a ,how ,birds ,are ,named #d ,,synopsis ,,of ,,orders ,,and ,,families ,,of ,,north ,,american ,,birds #i ,,color ,,key ,,to ,,north ,,american ,,birds #da ,,systematic ,,table ,,of ,,north ,,american ,,birds #beg ,,appendix ,i4 ,,additions1 ,,subtractions1 ,,emendations #bih ,,appendix ,,ii4 ,,bibliography #cje ,,index #ccc ,,illustrations ,the illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in identifying birds in their haunts by giving1 in color1 those markings which most quickly catch the eye4 ,they do not pretend to be perfect reproductions of every shade and tint of the plumage of the species they figure1 but aim to present a bird's characteristic colors as they appear when seen at a distance4 ,it was impracticable to draw all the birds to the same scale but all those on the same page are so figured4 ,reference should always be made1 however1 to the measurements given at the beginning at each description4 ,the figures are based on the male bird4 ,,list ,,of ,,abbreviations4 ,male4 ,the sign of ,mars1 signifying male4 ,female4 ,the sign of ,venus1 signifying female4 ,ad4 ,adult1 a bird in fully mature plumage4 ,yng4 ,young1 a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the plumage of the adult4 ,l4 ,length1 the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail4 ,this measurement is made from dead birds1 birds in life appear somewhat shorter4 ,w4 ,wing1 the distance from the 'bend' of the wing to the end of the longest feather4 ,t4 ,tail1 the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the end of the longest one4 ,tar4 ,tarsus1 the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes1 or of the so-called 'leg4' ,b4 ,bill1 the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to its tip4 ,,note4 ,all measurements are in inches and tenths1 and a variation of about ten per cent4 from the figures given may be expected4 ,the number before the name of each species is that of the ,american ,ornithologists' ,union's ',check-,list of ,north ,american ,birds4' ,,introduction ,,how ,,to ,,learn ,a ,,bird',s ,,name ,how can ,i learn to know the birds8 is the first question of the seeker after bird-lore4 ,the scientist's reply1 ,by shooting them and studying their structure and markings in detail1 may do for the few who1 like himself1 desire to know the birds scientifically2 but it is emphatically not the answer to give the ninety and nine who1 while they desire to secure an intimate1 accurate knowledge of birds1 will not gain it at the sacrifice of bird-life4 ,in the present volume1 therefore1 an attempt has been made so to group1 figure1 and describe our birds that any species may be named which has been definitely seen4 ,the birds are kept in their systematic ,orders1 a natural arrangement1 readily comprehended1 but1 further than this1 accepted classifications have been abandoned and the birds have been grouped according to color and markings4 ,a key to the ,orders gives the more prominent characters on which they are based2 telling for example1 the external differences between a ,duck and a ,grebe4 ,in comparatively few instances1 however1 will the beginner have much difficulty in deciding to what ,order a bird belongs4 ,probably eight times1 out of ten the unknown bird will belong to the ,order ,passeres1 or ,perching ,birds1 when one has only to select the color section in which it should be placed1 choose from among the colored figures the bird whose identity is sought1 and verify one's selection by reading the description of the bird's characteristics and the outline of its range4 ,in the case of closely related species1 and particularly subspecies1 the subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance4 ,most subspecies resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified in life by color alone1 and in such cases a bird's name is to be learned by its color in connection with its distribution and the season in which it is seen4 ,during the breeding period1 unless one chance to be in a region where two races intergrade1 subspecific names may be applied to the bird in nature with some certainty1 for it is a law that only one subspecies of a species can nest in the same area2 but during migrations and in the winter1 when several subspecies of one species may be found associated1 it is frequently impossible to name them with accuracy4 ,for example1 during the summer one need have no hesitancy in calling the ,robins of the lowlands of ,south ,carolina the ,southern ,robin 7,planesticus migratorius achrusterus7 but later1 when the ,northern ,robins 7,planesticus migratorius migratorius7 begin to appear1 it would be difficult1 if not impossible1 to distinguish them in life from the resident birds4 ,if it were possible to impress the student1 who proposes to name the bird in the bush1 with the absolute necessity for careful1 definite observation he would be saved many disappointing and discouraging experiences4 ,it is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly4 ,never be satisfied with a superficial view and a general impression4 ,look at your bird1 if you can1 from several points of view2 study its appearance in detail1 its size1 bill1 crown1 back1 tail1 wings1 throat1 breast1 etc41 and ,,at ,,once enter what you see in a note-book kept for that purpose4 ,in this way1 and this way alone1 can you expect to compete with those who use the gun4 ,it does not follow1 however1 that because one does not collect specimens of birds one cannot study them scientifically4 ,while the student may not be interested in the classification of birds purely from the standpoint of the systematist1 he is strongly urged to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement of the ,orders and ,families of our birds and their leading structural characters4 ,to the student who desires to prepare himself for his work afield such a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds4 ,but where the chief end in view is to learn a bird's name1 the more technical side of the subject may be deferred4 ,in any event1 it should not be neglected4 ,this orderly arrangement of knowledge will not only be practical benefit in one's future labors but it will bring with it that sense of satisfaction which accompanies the assurance that we know what we know4 ,as one learns to recognize bird after bird it is an admirable plan to classify systematically one's list of bird acquaintances under their proper ,orders and ,families4 ,these may be learned at once from the systematic table at the end of the book1 where the numbers which precede each species are arranged serially1 and hence systematically4 ,in some instances1 as an aid to identification in the field1 descriptions of birds' notes have been included4 ,it is not supposed that these descriptions will convey an adequate idea of a bird's song to a person who has never heard it1 but it is hoped that they may occasionally lead to the recognition of calls or songs when they are heard4 ,an adequate method of transcribing bird's notes has as yet to be devised and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the data here presented will appear to the student4 ,it is hoped1 however1 that they may sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life4 ,as has been said before1 the aim of this volume is to help students to learn the names of our birds in their haunts4 ,but we should be doing scant justice to the possibilities of bird study if1 even by silence1 we should imply that they ended with the learning to know the bird4 ,this is only the beginning of the quest which may bring us into close intimacy with the secrets of nature4 ,the birds' haunts and food1 their seasons and times of coming and going2 their songs and habits during courtship1 their nest-building1 egg-laying1 incubating and care of their young1 these and a hundred other subjects connected with their lives may claim our attention and by increasing our knowledge of bird-life1 add to our love of birds4 ,,how ,,birds ,,are ,,named ,birds have two kinds of names4 ,one is a common1 vernacular1 or popular name2 the other is a technical or scientific name4 ,the first is usually given to the living bird by the people of the country it inhabits4 ,the second is applied to specimens of birds by ornithologists who classify them4 ,common names in their origin and use know no law4 ,technical names are bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by ,linn,aus and their formation and application are governed by certain definite1 generally accepted rules4 ,the ,linn,aan system1 as it is now employed by most ,american ornithologists1 provides that a bird1 in addition to being grouped in a certain ,class1 ,order1 ,family1 etc41 shall have a generic and specific name which1 together1 shall not be applied to any other animal4 ,our ,robin1 therefore1 is classified and named as follows3 ,,class ,,aves1 ,,order ,,passeres1 ,perching ,birds4 ,suborder ,oscines1 ,singing ,perching ,birds4 ,family ,turdid,a ,thrushes4 ,subfamily ,turdin,a ,thrushes4 ,genus1 ,planesticus1 ,thrushes4 ,species1 migratorius ,american ,robin4 ,the ,robin's distinctive scientific name1 therefore1 which it alone possesses1 is ,planesticus migratorius4 ,there are numerous other members of the genus ,planesticus1 but not one of them is called migratorius and this combination of names1 therefore1 applied to only one bird4 ,the questions ,why use all these ,latin terms8 ,why not call the bird ,robin and be done with it8 are easily answered4 ,widely distributed birds frequently have different names in different parts of their range4 ,the ,flicker 7,colaptes auratus71 for instance1 has over one hundred common or vernacular names4 ,again1 the same name is often applied to wholly different birds4 ,our ,robin 7,planesticus migratorius7 is not even a member of the same family as the ,european ,robin 7,erithacus rubecola47 ,if1 therefore1 we should write of birds or attempt to classify them only by their common names1 we should be dealing with such unfixed quantities that the result would be inaccurate and misleading4 ,but by using one name in a language known to educated people of all countries1 a writer may indicate1 without danger of being misunderstood1 the particular animal to which he refers4 ,among people speaking the same tongue1 where a definite list of vernacular names of animals has been established1 they can of course be used instead of the scientific names4 ,such a list of ,north ,american birds has been prepared by the ,american ,ornithologists' ,union4 ,it furnishes a common as well as scientific name for each of our birds1 and is the recognized standard of nomenclature among ,american ornithologists4 ,the names and numbers of birds employed in this ,color ,key are those of the ,american ,ornithologists' ,union's ',check-,list of ,north ,american ,birds4' ,it will be observed that in this ',check-,list1' and consequently in the following pages1 many birds have three scientific names1 a generic1 specific1 and subspecific4 ,the ,western ,robin1 for example1 appears as ,planesticus migratorius propinquus4 ,what is the significance of this third name8 ,in the days of ,linn,aus1 and for many years after1 it was supposed that a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied4 ,but in comparatively recent years1 as specimens have been gathered from throughout the country inhabited by a species1 comparison frequently shows that specimens from one part of its range differ from those taken in another part of its range4 ,at intervening localities1 however1 intermediate specimens will be found connecting the extremes4 ,generally1 these geographical variations1 as they are called1 are the result of climatic conditions4 ,for instance1 in regions of heavy rainfall a bird's colors are usually much darker than they are where the rainfall is light4 ,song ,sparrows1 for example1 are palest in the desert region of ,arizona1 where the annual rainfall may not reach eight inches1 and darkest on the coast of ,british ,columbia and ,alaska1 where the annual rainfall may be over one hundred inches4 ,in going from one region1 however1 to the other the gradual changes in climate are accompanied by gradual changes in the colors of the ,song ,sparrows1 and the wide differences between ,arizona and ,alaska ,song ,sparrows are therefore bridged by a series of intermediates4 ,variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic1 racial1 or subspecific and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies4 ,in naming them a third name1 or trinomial is employed1 and the possession of such a name indicates at once that a bird is a geographic or racial representative of a species1 with one or more representatives of which it intergrades4 ,returning now to the ,robin4 ,our eastern ,robins always have the outer pair of tail-feathers tipped with white and1 in adults1 the back is blotched with black2 while ,robins from the ,rocky ,mountains and westward have little or no white on the outer tail-feathers1 and the back is dark gray1 without black blotches4 ,these extremes are connected by intermediate specimens sharing the characters2 of both eastern and western birds4 ,we do not1 therefore1 treat the latter as a species1 but as a subspecies1 and consequently1 apply to it a subspecific name or trinomial1 ,planesticus migratorius propinquus1 7propinquus1 meaning nearly related47 ,a further study of our eastern ,robin shows that in the southern parts of its breeding range 7the ,carolinas and ,georgia71 it varies from the northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in color2 and to this second geographical variety is applied the name ,planesticus migratorius achrusterus1 7achrusterus1 meaning less highly colored74 ,after the recognition of western and southern races of the ,robin under three names 7trinomial7 it would obviously be inconsistent to apply only two names 7binomial7 to our eastern bird1 the former being no more subspecies of the latter than the latter is of the former4 ,in other words1 to continue to apply only generic and specific names to the ,eastern ,robin would imply that it was a full species1 while the use of a trinomial for the ,western or the ,southern ,robin shows them to be subspecies4 ,as a matter of fact we know that there is but one species of true ,robin in the ,united ,states1 consequently in accordance with the logical and now generally accepted method1 we apply to that species the name ,planesticus migratorius1 and this is equally applicable to ,robins from east1 south or west4 ,when1 however1 we learn that the ,eastern ,robin is not a species but a subspecies1 we repeat the specific name by which it was made known and call it ,planesticus migratorius migratorius4 ,it may be asked1 ,why give names to these geographical races8 ,why not call ,eastern1 ,western and ,southern ,robins by one name1 ,planesticus migratorius1 without regard to their climatic variations8 ,in reply1 two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of subspecies by name2 first1 because in some cases they differ from one another far more than do many species1 when it would clearly be inadvisable to apply the same name to what are obviously different creatures4 ,for example1 it has lately been discovered by ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,nelson that the small1 black-throated1 brown-breasted1 ,quails or ,bob-whites of southern ,mexico1 through a long series of intermediates inhabiting the intervening region1 intergrade with the large1 white-throated1 black-and-white breasted1 ,bob-white of our northern states4 ,it would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by the same name1 nor could we give a full specific name to the ,mexican ,bob-white since at no place can we draw a line definitely separating it from the northern ,bob-white4 ,furthermore1 the use of only two names would conceal the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such strikingly different birds2 a fact of the first importance to students of the evolution of species4 ,for much the same reason we should name those birds which show less pronounced variations1 such as are exhibited by the ,robin4 ,here we have a species in the making1 and in tracing the relation between cause and effect1 we learn something of the influences which create species4 ,thus1 climate has been definitely proven so to alter a species1 both in size and color that1 as we have seen in the case of the ,song ,sparrows1 marked climate changes are accompanied by correspondingly marked changes in the appearance of certain animals4 ,in naming these animals we are1 in effect1 giving a 'handle to the fact' of their evolution by environment4 ,since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little1 according to the governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them1 no fixed rule can be laid down which shall decide just what degree of difference are deserving a name4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that in some cases ornithologists do not agree upon a bird's claim to subspecific rank4 ,in ,north ,america1 however1 questions of this kind are referred to a committee of seven experts of the ,american ,ornithologists' ,union1 and their decision establishes a nomenclature1 which is accepted as the standard by other ,american ornithologists and which has been adopted in this volume4 ,foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence1 most of which have been found in ,north ,america but once or twice1 are included in the systematic list of ,north ,american birds1 but are not described or figured in the body of the book1 where their presence would tend to convey an erroneous impression of their ,north ,american status4 ,furthermore1 records of the presence of birds so rare as these can be properly based on only the capture of specimens4 ,in the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have had full access to the collections of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 and they are also glad to acknowledge their indebtedness to ,william ,brewster of ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 to ,robert ,ridgway1 ,curator of ,birds in the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 and to ,c4 ,hart ,merriam1 ,chief of the ,biologic ,survey1 for the loan of specimens for description and illustration4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,orders ,,and ,,families ,,of ,,north ,,american ,,birds4 ,the figures are all life-size1 except as stated4 ,,water ,,birds4 ,order ,i4 ,grebes1 ,loons1 and ,auks4 ,,pygopodes4 7#c families1 #cb species1 #c subspecies47 ,duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed1 never wider than high1 and without flutings1 'gutters1' or serrations on its side2 wings short1 never with a bright colored patch or 'speculum'2 tail rudimentary1 not noticeable2 toes webbed or lobed4 ,color usually blackish above1 white below2 the throat often dark4 ,the ,grebes and ,loons1 when pursued1 dive rather than fly2 the ,auks usually take wing4 ,illustration3 ,,pied-,,billed ,,grebe4 ,family #a4 ,,grebes4 ,,podicipida4 ,toes four with lobate webs2 tipped with a broad nail2 tail wanting4 ,illustration3 ,,foot ,,of ,,razor-,,billed ,,auk4 ,illustration3 ,,loon4 ,family #b4 ,,loons4 ,,gaviida4 ,toes four1 webbed2 toe-nails not broad and flat2 tail present4 ,family #c4 ,,auks1 ,,murres1 ,,and ,,puffins4 ,,alcida4 ,toes three1 webbed2 toe-nails sharp2 tail present4 ,order ,,ii4 ,gulls1 ,terns1 ,jaegers1 ,etc4 ,,longipennes4 7#c families1 #db species1 #a subspecies47 ,birds generally seen on the wing1 as a rule1 over water4 ,bill strong1 thick2 hooked in the ,gulls and ,jaegers2 sharply pointed in the ,terns2 often colored in part yellow or red2 wings very long1 the outer feathers much the longest2 tail usually short and square in the ,gulls1 long and forked in the ,terns2 toes webbed4 ,color usually pearly gray above1 white below in adult ,gull and ,terns2 ,jaegers and many young ,gulls are dark4 ,illustration3 ,,parasitic ,,jaeger4 ,family #d4 ,,skuas ,,and ,,jaegers4 ,stercorariid,a4 ,toes four2 three front ones webbed2 bill with swollen1 hooked tip1 its base with a scaly shield4 ,illustration3 ,,herring ,,gull4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,tern4 ,family #e4 ,,gulls ,,and ,,terns4 ,larid,a4 ,toes usually four1 three front ones webbed2 upper mandible curved and hooked2 tail usually square 7,gulls1 subfamily ,larin,a74 ,bill straight and pointed2 tail often forked 7,terns1 subfamily ,sternin,a74 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,skimmer4 ,family #f4 ,,skimmers4 ,rynchopid,a4 ,toes four1 three front ones webbed2 bill thin and blade like1 the maxilla longer than the mandible2 tail slightly forked4 ,order ,,iii4 ,albatrosses1 ,shearwaters1 ,petrels1 ,etc4 ,,tubinares4 7#b families1 #cj species1 #a subspecies47 ,sea-birds keeping1 as a rule1 well off shore1 and flying low1 near the water1 often skimming over the waves4 ,bill1 with upper mandible hooked2 nostrils opening through tubes2 wings long and pointed2 tail short2 feet webbed2 hind-toe rudimentary or absent4 ,color usually gray or black and white2 no bright markings4 ,illustration3 ,,bill ,,of ,,short-,,tailed ,,albatross4 ,family #g4 ,,albatrosses4 ,,diomedeida4 ,nostrils opening through tubes1 separated and on either side of the bill4 ,illustration3 ,,fulmar4 ,illustration3 ,,leach ,,petrel4 ,family #h4 ,,fulmars1 ,,petrels ,,and ,,shearwaters4 ,procellariid,a4 ,nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill4 ,order ,,iv4 ,cormorants1 ,pelicans1 ,gannets1 ,man-o'war ,birds1 and ,tropic-,birds4 ,,steganopodes4 7#f families1 #ai species1 #e subspecies47 ,large birds1 two feet or more in length1 varying widely in appearance and habits2 in external structure agreeing only in having all four toes joined by webs4 ,illustration3 ,,yellow-,,billed ,,tropic ,,bird4 ,family #i4 ,,tropic ,,birds4 ,pha,athontid,a4 ,bill pointed1 somewhat tern-like2 central tail feathers much elongated2 chin feathered4 ,illustration3 ,,gannet4 ,family #aj4 ,,gannets4 ,sulid,a4 ,bill stout1 its tip not hooked2 chin and eye space bare2 tail pointed1 its feathers not 'fluted4' ,illustration3 ,,anhinga4 ,family #aa4 ,,anhingas2 ,,snake-,,birds4 ,anhingid,a4 ,bill straight and slender2 chin and eye space bare2 tail rounded2 its middle feathers fluted4 ,illustration3 ,,violet-,,green ,,cormorant4 ,family #ab4 ,,cormorants4 ,phalacrocoracid,a4 ,bill with a hooked tip2 a small pouch at its base2 plumage usually black or blackish4 ,illustration3 ,,brown ,,pelican4 ,family #ac4 ,,pelicans4 ,pelecanid,a4 ,bill hooked at tip1 with a large pouch2 tail short1 square2 eye space bare4 ,illustration3 ,,man-,o' ,,war ,,bird4 ,family #ad4 ,,man-,o' ,,war ,,birds4 ,fregatid,a4 ,bill hooked2 pouch small2 tail long and forked2 eye space feathered4 ,order ,v4 ,ducks1 ,geese1 and ,swans4 ,,anseres4 7#a family1 #di species1 #f subspecies47 ,birds of familiar form2 bill1 except in ,mergansers or ,saw-billed ,ducks1 broad and with rows of 'strainers' or 'gutters' on either side2 wings short1 in the ,ducks usually with a bright colored patch or speculum2 tail generally short2 legs short2 feet webbed4 ,most species1 unlike the ,grebes1 take wing rather than dive when pursued4 ,illustration3 ,,red-,,breasted ,,merganser4 ,illustration3 ,,mallard4 ,family #ae4 ,,ducks1 ,,geese1 ,,and ,,swans4 ,anatid,a4 ,bill long1 narrow1 and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides4 7,mergansers4 ,subfamily ,mergin,a47 ,bill broad1 flattened1 typically duck-like2 tarsus or leg with transverse scales2 hind toe without a lobe4 7,river ,ducks4 ,subfamily ,anatin,a47 ,bill and tarsus as in preceding1 but hind toe with a broad lobe or flap4 7,sea and ,bay ,ducks4 ,subfamily ,fuligulin,a47 ,bill proportionately narrower than in the ,river or ,bay ,ducks2 gutters on its sides less developed2 scales on front of tarsus rounded4 7,geese4 ,subfamily ,anserin,a47 ,large1 usually white birds1 with bare eye space4 7,swans4 ,subfamily ,cygnin,a47 ,order ,,vi4 ,flamingoes4 ,,odontoglossa4 7#a family1 #a species47 ,bright red or pink and white birds1 standing four feet or more in height2 side of the bill with gutters1 its end bent downward2 wings rather short2 legs long2 feet webbed4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,flamingo4 ,family #af4 ,,flamingoes4 ,ph,anicopterid,a4 ,characters of the ,family similar to those of the ,order4 ,order ,,vii4 ,herons1 ,bitterns1 ,ibises1 and ,spoonbills4 ,,herodiones4 7#d families1 #ai species1 #c subspecies47 ,long-legged wading birds1 generally found along shores or on muddy flats2 bill variable2 in the ,herons straight and sharply pointed2 in the ,ibises1 slender1 rounded1 and curved downward2 in the ,spoonbill1 flattened3 wings rounded2 tail short2 legs long2 toes all on same level1 long1 slender1 without webs4 ,herons and ,bitterns fly with a fold in the neck1 the head being drawn in2 ,ibises and ,spoonbills fly with the neck straight1 the head being extended4 ,illustration3 ,,roseate ,,spoonbill4 ,family #ag4 ,,spoonbills4 ,plataleid,a4 ,bill flattened and much broadened at the end2 crown and face bare in adults2 toes partly webbed4 ,illustration3 ,,white-,,faced ,,glossy ,,ibis4 ,family #ah4 ,,ibises4 ,ibidid,a4 ,bill long and curved down2 its side with grooves2 toes partly webbed4 ,illustration3 ,,wood ,,ibis4 ,family #ai4 ,,storks ,,and ,,wood ,,ibises4 ,,ciconiida4 ,bill stout1 without grooves2 tarsus reticulate4 ,illustration3 ,,green ,,heron4 ,family #bj4 ,,herons1 ,,egrets1 ,,and ,,bitterns4 ,ardeid,a4 ,bill usually straight and sharply pointed2 lores naked2 head feathered2 tarsus with transverse scales2 middle toe-nail pectinate or with a comblike edge4 ,order ,,viii4 ,cranes1 ,rails1 ,coots1 ,gallinules1 ,etc4 ,,paludicola4 7#c families1 #af species1 #c subspecies47 ,birds varying greatly in size and appearance1 but all agreeing 7and differing from ,herodiones7 in having the hind-toe elevated1 that is1 leaving the foot at a higher level than the front toes2 tail short2 legs usually long4 ,all fly with the neck extended1 a fact by which ,cranes in flight may be known from ,herons4 ,rails are short-winged skulkers in grassy marshes2 ,gallinules frequent reedy shores2 ,coots1 which alone of the ,order have webbed 7lobate7 toes1 are as aquatic as ,ducks1 from which they may be known by their pointed1 white bill1 nodding motion of the head when swimming1 and habit of pattering over the water when alarmed4 ,illustration3 ,,sandhill ,,crane4 ,family #ba4 ,,cranes4 ,gruid,a4 ,large birds over three feet in length2 head partly bare in adults4 ,illustration3 ,,limpkin4 ,family #bb4 ,,courlans4 ,aramid,a4 ,bill long and slender2 head wholly feathered2 toes not webbed4 ,illustration3 ,,sora4 ,illustration3 ,,clapper ,,rail4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,coot4 ,family #bc4 ,,rails1 ,,coots1 ,,and ,,gallinules4 ,rallid,a4 ,bill variable2 toes always long1 webbed 7lobed7 in only one species2 wings short and rounded2 tail short4 ,order ,,ix4 ,snipes1 ,sandpipers1 ,curlews1 ,plovers1 ,etc4 ,,limicola4 7#g families1 #ee species1 #d subspecies47 ,generally long-legged1 slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats1 and sometimes fields4 ,most of them are under a foot in length2 none are so large as the ,ibises2 wings long and pointed2 tail short2 toes long and slender1 usually without webs2 color generally brown or blackish above1 mottled and streaked with whitish and buff4 ,many species utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they take wing4 ,illustration3 ,,northern ,,phalarope4 ,family #bd4 ,,phalaropes4 ,phalaropodid,a4 ,front toes with lobes or webs2 tarsus flattened2 plumage thick2 swimming ,snipe4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,avocet4 ,illustration3 ,,black-,,necked ,,stilt4 ,family #be4 ,,avocets ,,and ,,stilts4 ,recurvirostrid,a4 ,long legged1 wading ,snipe2 in ,avocets toes four1 front three webbed2 bill recurved2 in ,stilts toes three1 almost unwebbed2 bill straight4 ,illustration3 ,,semipalmated ,,sandpiper4 ,illustration3 ,,woodcock4 ,illustration3 ,,hudsonian ,,curlew4 ,family #bf4 ,,snipes1 ,,sandpipers1 ,,curlews1 ,,etc4 ,scolopacid,a4 ,toes usually four2 tarsus with transverse scales2 bill generally long1 slender1 and soft1 used as a probe4 ,illustration3 ,,killdeer4 ,illustration3 ,,black-,,bellied ,,plover4 ,family #bg4 ,,plovers4 ,charadriid,a4 ,toes usually three1 or when four1 the fourth rudimentary2 tarsus with rounded scales1 bill1 as compared with that of ,snipe1 short and stout4 ,illustration3 ,,turnstone4 ,family #bh4 ,,surf ,,birds ,,and ,,turnstones4 ,aphrizid,a4 ,toes four1 tarsus with transverse scales2 bill short1 rather hard4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,oyster-,,catcher4 ,family #bi4 ,,oyster-,,catchers4 ,,hamatopodid,a4 ,toes three1 webbed at base2 tarsus stout1 with rounded scales2 bill heavy1 compressed1 and said to be used for opening shells4 ,illustration3 ,,mexican ,,jacana4 ,family #cj4 ,,jacanas4 ,jacanid,a4 ,toes four1 with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird while walking on aquatic vegetation2 wing1 with a sharp spur2 bill with fleshy lobes at base and1 in some species1 on its sides4 ,,land ,,birds4 ,order ,x4 ,grouse1 ,partridges1 ,bob-,whites1 ,etc4 ,,gallina4 7#c families1 #bd species1 #be subspecies47 ,ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form2 bill stout1 hen-like2 wings short and rounded2 tail variable2 feet strong2 hind-toe elevated4 ,color usually mixed brown1 black1 and buff1 or bluish gray4 ,illustration3 ,,bob-,,white4 ,illustration3 ,,ruffed ,,grouse4 ,family #ca4 ,,grouse1 ,,partridges1 ,,etc4 ,tetraonid,a4 ,characters the same as those of the ,order2 tarsus naked in ,partridges and ,quails2 more or less feathered in ,grouse and ,ptarmigan4 ,illustration3 ,,turkey4 ,family #cb4 ,,turkeys1 ,,pheasants1 ,,and ,,chickens4 ,phasianid,a4 ,tarsus naked1 often spurred1 tail remarkably variable 7for example1 ,turkey1 ,peacock72 head often with a comb1 wattles1 or other excrescences4 ,illustration3 ,,chachalaca4 ,family #cc4 ,,curassows ,,and ,,guans4 ,cracid,a4 ,large tree-haunting1 pheasant-like birds2 toes four1 all on same level4 ,order ,,xi4 ,pigeons and ,doves4 ,,columba4 7#a family1 #ac species1 #c subspecies47 ,walking birds1 feeding both on the ground and in trees2 bill slender1 grooved1 nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane2 tail variable1 short and square1 or long and pointed2 feet stout1 often reddish4 ,color usually grayish brown4 ,call-notes a characteristic cooing4 ,illustration3 ,,mourning ,,dove4 ,family #cd4 ,,pigeons ,,and ,,doves4 ,columbid,a4 ,characters those of the ,order4 ,order ,,xii4 ,vultures1 ,hawks1 and ,owls4 ,,raptores4 7#d families1 #ef species1 #cc subspecies47 ,generally large birds with hooked bill2 strong1 heavy feet1 and long1 curved nails2 wings large2 tail rather long1 usually square4 ,illustration3 ,,turkey ,,vulture4 ,family #ce4 ,,american ,,vultures4 ,cathartid,a4 ,bill not strongly hooked2 toe-nails comparatively weak2 nostrils large1 piercing the bill2 head and more or less of neck1 bare4 ,illustration3 ,,red-,,tailed ,,hawk4 ,illustration3 ,,foot ,,of ,,red-,,tailed ,,hawk4 ,family #cf4 ,,falcons1 ,,hawks1 ,,eagles1 ,,etc4 ,falconid,a4 ,nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the bill2 hook of bill and claws well developed2 plumage firm and close2 tarsus usually largely bare4 ,illustration3 ,,barn ,,owl4 ,family #cg4 ,,barn ,,owls4 ,strigid,a4 ,eyes black1 set in a somewhat triangular facial disc2 bill more or less concealed by feathers2 nostril opening at the edge of a fleshy cere2 inner edge of middle toe-nail serrate2 no 'ears'2 tarsus feathered4 ,illustration3 ,,screech ,,owl4 ,family #ch4 ,,horned ,,owls1 ,,etc4 ,bubonid,a4 ,eyes yellow or black1 set in a circular facial disc2 bill more or less concealed by feathers2 nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere2 tarsus feathered4 ,order ,,xiii4 ,paroquets and ,parrots4 ,,psittaci4 7#a family1 #b species47 ,usually bright green birds with1 a heavy hooked bill1 broad scoop-shaped lower mandible2 long1 pointed wings2 tail1 in ,parrots1 generally square2 in ,paroquets1 pointed2 feet heavy1 two toes in front and two behind4 ,illustration3 ,,carolina ,,paroquet4 ,family #ci4 ,,parrots ,,and ,,paroquets4 ,psittacid,a4 ,characters the same as those of ,order4 ,order ,,xiv4 ,cuckoos1 ,trogons1 ,kingfishers1 ,etc4 ,,coccyges4 7#c families1 #h species1 #b subspecies47 ,a composite ,order of several groups of birds bearing no close relation to each other4 ,cuckoos have slightly curved bills1 long tails1 and two toes in front and two behind4 ,trogons have short1 rather broad1 stout bills1 and soft1 loose plumage1 often green above1 red below2 moderately long tails2 small feet with two toes in front1 two behind4 ,kingfishers have long1 rather stout1 pointed bills2 wings1 long2 tail1 medium2 three toes in front and one behind2 middle and outer toes joined for half their length4 ,illustration3 ,,yellow-,,billed ,,cuckoo4 ,family #dj4 ,,cuckoos1 ,,anis4 ,,etc4 ,cuculid,a4 ,toes two in front1 two behind2 bill1 usually1 more or less decurved2 tail1 long and rounded1 the outer feathers being1 generally1 much shorter than the middle pair4 ,illustration3 ,,coppery-,,tailed ,,trogon4 ,family #da4 ,,trogons4 ,trogonid,a4 ,toes two in front1 two behind2 bill1 short2 upper mandible decurved and dentate2 tail square2 plumage1 soft1 loose1 and generally shining green above4 ,illustration3 ,,belted ,,kingfisher4 ,family #db4 ,,kingfishers4 ,alcedinid,a4 ,legs short2 feet small2 toes1 three in front1 one behind2 third and fourth toes joined2 bill1 stout and long4 ,order ,,xv4 ,woodpeckers4 ,,pici4 7#a family1 #bd species1 #bb subspecies47 ,climbing birds with stout1 pointed bills1 bristly nostrils1 pointed1 stiffened tail feathers1 strong feet and nails2 two toes in front and two behind1 except in ,picoides1 which has two in front and one behind4 ,prevailing colors1 black and white1 the males usually with red on the crown4 ,illustration3 ,,foot ,,of ,,three-,,toed ,,woodpecker4 ,illustration3 ,,pileated ,,woodpecker4 ,family #dc4 ,,woodpeckers4 ,picid,a4 ,characters the same as those of the ,order4 ,order ,,xvi4 ,goatsuckers1 ,swifts1 and ,hummingbirds4 ,,macrochires4 7#c families1 #bg species1 #f subspecies47 ,bill1 in the ,goatsuckers and ,swifts1 small2 mouth large2 in the ,hummingbirds1 bill long1 slender1 needle-like2 wings and tail variable2 feet1 in all three groups1 small and weak4 ,color1 in ,goatsuckers1 mixed brown1 buff and black2 in ,swifts1 black and white2 in ,hummingbirds1 usually shining green above with resplendent throat-patches of varied hues4 ,illustration3 ,,whip-,,poor-,,will4 ,family #dd4 ,,goatsuckers1 ,,etc4 ,caprimulgid,a4 ,feet usually small and weak2 toes1 three in front1 one behind2 middle toe-nail pectinate or combed2 bill small2 mouth very large and usually beset by long bristles4 ,illustration3 ,,chimney ,,swift4 ,family #de4 ,,swifts4 ,micropodid,a4 ,bill small1 triangular when seen from above2 mouth large1 no bristles2 tail variable1 in ,ch,atura with projecting spines2 wings long and narrow2 feet small and toes short2 plumage usually dark4 ,illustration3 ,,ruby-,,throated ,,hummingbird4 ,family #df4 ,,hummingbirds4 ,trochilid,a4 ,bill long and slender2 feet slender2 wings large and pointed2 tail exceedingly variable1 often assuming the most striking shapes4 ,order ,,xvii4 ,flycatchers1 ,jays1 ,blackbirds1 ,finches1 ,swallows1 ,warblers1 ,thrushes1 and ,other ,perching ,birds4 ,,passeres4 7#ah families1 about #cbe species and #bbf subspecies47 ,bill1 wings1 and tail variable2 feet with four toes not connected1 the hind-toe as long as the middle one2 its nail generally longer than that of the middle toe4 ,this ,order contains more species than the remaining sixteen ,orders put together4 ,in it will be found over #hj per cent4 of the birds commonly seen by field students4 ,it is difficult of definition1 but almost any small perching bird may1 with more or less certainty1 be referred to the ,passeres4 ,illustration3 ,,foot ,,of ,,robin4--7a typical ,passerine foot47 ,illustration3 ,,phoebe4 ,family #dh4 ,,flycatchers4 ,tyrannid,a4 ,bill broad1 flat1 hooked at tip1 its base with bristles2 wings rather pointed1 the second to fourth primaries longest2 tarsus rounded behind as well as in front2 feathers of crown generally somewhat lengthened1 forming when erected1 a small crest2 pose1 when perching1 erect2 food of insects usually captured on the wing2 voice generally unmusical4 ,illustration3 ,,horned ,,lark4 ,family #di4 ,,larks4 ,alaudid,a4 ,hind toe-nail much lengthened2 bill rounded1 straight2 tarsus rounded behind as well as in front2 our species with a tuft of feathers on either side of the head2 outer primary short or rudimentary2 walking birds1 singing while on the wing4 ,illustration3 ,,blue ,,jay4 ,family #ej4 ,,crows ,,and ,,jays4 ,corvid,a4 ,large perching birds1 usually twelve inches or more in length2 bill stout2 nostrils covered by projecting bristles2 feet heavy2 outer tail-feathers usually shortest2 fourth to fifth primary longest1 first about half as long4 ,illustration3 ,,purple ,,grackle4 ,illustration3 ,,baltimore ,,oriole4 ,family #eb4 ,,blackbirds1 ,,orioles1 ,,etc4 ,icterid,a4 ,base of bill1 between nostrils1 extending back and dividing feathers on forehead2 nostrils not concealed by bristles2 first three primaries of equal length4 ,illustration3 ,,redpoll4 ,illustration3 ,,song ,,sparrow4 ,illustration3 ,,evening ,,grosbeak4 ,illustration3 ,,cardinal4 ,family #ec4 ,,finches1 ,,sparrows1 ,,etc4 ,fringillid,a4 ,bill short1 stout1 conical2 third or fourth primaries longest2 first about half an inch shorter2 the majority are small birds and but few are over eight inches in length4 ,illustration3 ,,summer ,,tanager4 ,family #ed4 ,,tanagers4 ,tanagrid,a4 ,bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline2 the upper mandible1 in typical forms1 toothed or dentate4 ,illustration3 ,,tree ,,swallow4 ,family #ee4 ,,swallows4 ,hirundinid,a4 ,bill short1 broad and flat2 feet small and weak2 wings long and narrow2 tail notched and sometimes forked2 birds of the air1 feeding while on the wing4 ,illustration3 ,,cedar ,,waxwing4 ,family #ef4 ,,waxwings4 ,ampelid,a4 ,bill short1 stout1 and rounded1 its tip notched2 wings rather long2 head crested4 ,illustration3 ,,northern ,,shrike4 ,family #eg4 ,,shrikes4 ,laniid,a4 ,bill stout1 its mandible hooked and hawk-like2 feet truly ,passerine2 pose1 in perching1 erect2 solitary grayish birds4 ,illustration3 ,,red-,,eyed ,,vireo4 ,family #eh4 ,,vireos4 ,vireonid,a4 ,bill small1 but distinctly hooked2 outer primary usually very small and sometimes apparently wanting2 olive-green gleaners among the leaves4 ,illustration3 ,,nashville ,,warbler4 ,illustration3 ,,yellow ,,warbler4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,redstart4 ,illustration3 ,,chat4 ,family #fj4 ,,warblers4 ,mniotiltid,a4 ,bill1 in most of the species1 slender1 sharply pointed1 and without a notch or hook at the tip2 in the genera ,wilsonia and ,setophaga1 flat and flycatcher-like2 in ,icteria stout2 back of tarsus compressed into a thin ridge2 three outer primaries of nearly equal length4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,pipit4 ,family #fa4 ,,wagtails4 ,motacillid,a4 ,hind toe-nail much lengthened2 bill slender1 nostril not covered with bristles1 as in true ,larks2 back of tarsus thin1 not rounded2 terrestrial1 walking with a wagging motion of the tail4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,dipper4 ,family #fb4 ,,dippers4 ,cinclid,a4 ,thick-set birds with short wings and tail2 plumage thick and water-proof2 tarsus scaled2 semi-aquatic in habit1 haunting mountain streams4 ,illustration3 ,,brown ,,thrasher4 ,illustration3 ,,house ,,wren4 ,family #fc4 ,,wrens1 ,,thrashers1 ,,etc4 ,troglodytid,a4 ,tarsus scaled2 tail rounded1 the outer feathers being shortest2 third to fourth primary longest1 the outer half as long2 bill in ,thrashers often decurved1 its base with bristles2 ,in ,wrens1 bill without bristles2 brown or grayish inhabitants of lower growth4 ,illustration3 ,,brown ,,creeper4 ,family #fd4 ,,creepers4 ,certhiid,a4 ,bill slender and much decurved2 tail usually pointed and stiffened4 ,illustration3 ,,chickadee4 ,illustration3 ,,red-,,breasted ,,nuthatch4 ,family #fe4 ,,nuthatches ,,and ,,tits4 ,parid,a4 ,fourth or fifth primary longest2 first an inch or less in length4 ,chickadees 7subfamily ,parin,a7 have a short1 stout bill1 the nostrils covered with bristles2 the tail is rather long and rounded4 ,nuthatches 7subfamily ,sittin,a7 have a long1 slender bill1 short1 square tail1 and large feet4 ,illustration3 ,,golden-,,crowned ,,kinglet4 ,family #ff4 ,,kinglets1 ,,gnatcatchers1 ,,etc4 ,sylviid,a4 ,bill slender and ,warbler-like1 but first primary only one-third as long as the fourth4 ,illustration3 ,,wood ,,thrush4 ,family #fg4 ,,thrushes1 ,,bluebirds1 ,,etc4 ,turdid,a4 ,tarsus 'booted'1 without scales1 7see foot of ,robin under ,synopsis of ,order ,passeres72 tail square2 mandible notched and slightly hooked2 outer primary an inch or less in length2 second to fourth of about equal length4 ,,color ,,key ,,to ,,north ,,american ,,birds ,order ,i4 ,,diving ,,birds4 ,,pygopodes4 ,family #a4 ,,grebes4 ,podicipid,a4 #f species4 ,family #b4 ,,loons4 ,gaviid,a4 #e species4 ,family #c4 ,,auks1 ,,murres1 and ,,puffins4 ,alcid,a4 #ba species1 #c subspecies4 ,grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or sloughs where their nests are made on rafts or islets of water-soaked vegetation4 ,their eggs number from four to eight1 are dull white in color1 and are usually covered by the bird with a portion of the nesting material when it leaves its home4 ,grebes occasionally rest on the shore1 but are rarely found far from the water4 ,when on land they may lie flat on their breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot1 or tarsus4 ,their progress on land1 as a rule1 is awkward and they may use their wings as fore feet to assist them4 ,in diving1 ,grebes sometimes spring partly from the water and then plunge downward head first1 or they may quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their disappearance4 ,loons generally pass the summer on some large lake1 and in the winter many of them live at sea4 ,they nest1 as a rule1 on the shore1 but so near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark brown1 mottled eggs into its favorite element4 ,like the ,grebes1 ,loons are expert divers1 and birds of both families so often seek safety under the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to make them fly4 ,the young of both ,grebes and ,loons are born covered with feathers and take to the water shortly after birth1 often using the back of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they may rest at will4 ,the ,auks1 ,murres1 and ,puffins are sea birds which nest usually in large colonies on isolated islets or rocky1 inaccessible shores of the northern part of the northern hemisphere4 ,they lay one or two eggs1 sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt at nest-building1 sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the birds4 ,in the latter case1 the young are reared in the nest2 in the former1 they sometimes enter the water at an early age4 ,the one egg laid by ,murres is remarkable both in color and in shape4 ,in color it varies from bluish green to buff1 and is usually heavily scrawled with black4 ,in outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped4 ,when moved it does not roll away as would a hen's egg but revolves about its own tip4 ,in this manner it retains its place on the narrow ledges often chosen by ,murres for nesting-sites4 ,grebes and ,loons ,illustration3 #b #b4 ,holb,all ,grebe 7,colymbus holb,alli74 ,l4 #ai4 ,ads4 ,crown and hindneck glossy black2 back blackish2 throat1 cheeks1 and underparts white2 foreneck and sides rufous4 ,winter4 ,above blackish brown2 throat and underparts white2 foreneck pale rufous4 ,yng4 ,similar but no rufous4 ,notes4 ,an explosive kup and ,an exceedingly loud harsh voice not unlike that of an angry ,crow1 but of much greater volume4 ,the calls were also given more slowly and indeed with singular deliberation1 car1 car1 three or four times1 sometimes lengthened to caar1 and again1 broken and quavering like ca-a-a-r or ca-a-a-a-r4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,north ,america1 eastern ,siberia1 and ,japan2 breeds locally in the interior from about ,lat4 #ej;,a deg4 northward2 winters from ,maine and ,british ,columbia southward to ,south ,carolina1 ,nebraska and ,southern ,california1 chiefly on the coasts4 ,illustration3 #c #c4 ,horned ,grebe 7,colymbus auritus74 ,l4 #ac4e4 ,ads41 summer4 ,crown1 hindneck1 and throat glossy black2 plumes behind eye deep buff2 back and wings blackish2 foreneck1 breast1 sides1 and lores chestnut2 abdomen white4 ,winter4 ,above grayish black2 below white4 ,range4--,northern ,hemisphere2 breeds largely in the interior from eastern ,quebec1 northern ,illinois1 ,st4 ,clair ,flats1 ,north ,dakota1 and ,british ,columbia northward2 winters from ,maine and ,british ,columbia south to ,gulf ,states and southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #d #d4 ,american ,eared ,grebe 7,colymbus nigricollis californicus74 ,l4 #ac4 ,ads4 ,above1 neck all around1 and upper breast brownish black2 cheek tufts yellowish brown2 flanks chestnut2 belly white4 ,winter4 ,grayish brown above2 white below4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america east to ,kansas2 breeds locally from ,texas and middle ,california north to ,manitoba and ,british ,columbia2 winters from ,british ,columbia1 on the ,pacific coast1 and ,texas southward4 ,illustration3 #e #e4 ,least ,grebe 7,colymbus dominicus brachypterus74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ads4 ,throat black2 cheeks slaty1 above blackish2 below grayish4 ,winter4 ,similar but no black or slate on throat or cheeks4 ,smallest of our ,grebes4 ,range4--,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley in ,texas and southern ,lower ,california south to northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #f #f4 ,pied-billed ,grebe 7,podilymbus podiceps74 ,l4 #ac4e4 ,ads41 summer4 ,above brownish black2 throat and band on bill black2 foreneck1 breast1 and sides brownish2 belly white4 ,winter4 ,the same1 but throat white1 breast more rusty1 bill without black band4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 sonorous1 cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-uh1 cow-uh1 cow-uh1 cow-uh4 ,range4--,argentine ,republic2 north through ,mexico and ,west ,indies to ,lat4 of ,hudson ,bay2 breeds locally throughout its range1 but chiefly northward2 winters from ,new ,jersey1 ,illinois1 and southern ,california southward4 ,illustration3 ,no label4 ,assumed #a4 #a4 ,western ,grebe2 ,swan ,grebe 7,achmophorus occidentalis74 ,l4 #bf4 ,ads41 summer4 ,crown and hindneck black2 back grayish brown2 sides of head and under parts white4 ,winter4 ,crown and hindneck like back4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 rattling1 grating whistle4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 ,in summer eastward to ,shoal ,lake1 ,manitoba2 northward to southern ,alaska2 breeds locally from northern ,california and ,north ,dakota northward2 winters from ,british ,columbia to central ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #g4 #g4 ,loon 7,gavia imber74 ,l4 #cb4 ,ads41 summer4 ,above1 including whole neck1 glossy black2 throat and neck with white streaks2 back and wings with white spots or bars2 belly white4 ,winter4 ,above blackish margined with grayish2 no white spots2 below white4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 maniacal laugh4 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 in ,north ,america1 breeds from ,maine1 northern ,illinois1 ,minnesota1 and northern ,california north to ,greenland and ,alaska2 winters from about southern limit of breeding range south to ,gulf of ,mexico1 chiefly on coasts4 #h4 ,yellow-billed ,loon 7,gavia adamsii74 ,l4 #cf4 ,similar to ,no4 #g1 but larger and bill yellowish or whitish4 ,notes4 ,similar to those of ,no4 #g1 but harsher4 7,murdoch47 ,range4--,arctic ,america west of ,hudson ,bay1 and northern ,asia2 casual in northern ,europe4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #i4 #i4 ,black-throated ,loon 7,gavia arctica74 ,l4 #bg2 ,w4 #ab4 ,ads41 summer4 ,foreneck and back bluish black2 throat1 neck1 and back streaked or barred with white2 crown and nape gray2 belly white4 ,winter4 ,similar to ,no4 #g1 but smaller4 ,notes4 ,a dismal too-too-e-e4 7,turner47 ,range--,northern part of northern hemisphere2 in ,america breeds from ,hudson ,bay north to ,arctic coast2 winters south to ,british ,columbia1 the ,great ,lakes and1 casually1 to ,long ,island4 #aj4 ,pacific ,loon 7,gavia pacifica74 ,similar to ,no4 #i1 but foreneck in summer reflecting deep blue or green2 hindneck paler2 smaller1 ,w4 #aa4 ,notes4 ,a harsh kok1 kok1 kok4 7,murdoch47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds at ,point ,barrow1 ,alaska1 and eastward2 winters south along ,pacific ,coast to ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #aa4 #aa4 ,red-throated ,loon 7,gavia lumme74 ,l4 #be4 ,ads41 summer4 ,foreneck chestnut1 head and neck ashy4 ,winter4 ,similar to ,no4 #g1 in winter1 but back spotted with white4 ,notes4 ,a harsh gr-r ga1 gr-r1 gr-r-ga1 gr-r4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,northern part of northern hemisphere2 in ,north ,america breeds from ,new ,brunswick to ,greenland and ,hudson ,bay1 and northwest to ,alaska2 winters south to ,south ,carolina and southern ,california4 ,auks1 ,murres and ,puffins ,illustration3 #ab4 #ab4 ,tufted ,puffin 7,lunda cirrhata74 ,l4 #ae4 ,ads41 summer4 ,cheeks white2 a pair of long straw color plumes from behind eyes2 rest of plumage sooty4 ,winter4 ,cheeks sooty1 plumes usually absent4 ,yng4 ,similar to winter adult1 but breast and belly whitish4 ,range4--,northern ,pacific2 resident locally from ,santa ,barbara ,islands north to ,alaska4 ,accidental in ,maine4 ,illustration3 #ac4 #ac4 ,puffin 7,fratercula arctica74 ,l4 #ac2 ,w4 #f2 ,b4 #a4h4 ,ads4 ,above1 and foreneck blackish2 cheeks and under parts white2 bill in summer touched with bright red4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse croak4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic2 breeds from ,bay of ,fundy north to ,greenland2 winters south to ,long ,island4 #ac;a4 ,large-billed ,puffin 7,f4 a4 glacialis74 ,w4 #g2 ,b4 #b4a4 ,similar to ,no4 #ac1 but larger4 ,range4--,arctic ,ocean from ,spitzenbergen to northern ,greenland4 ,illustration3 #ad4 #ad4 ,horned ,puffin 7,fratercula corniculata74 ,similar to ,no4 #ac1 but in summer with the throat blackish4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse snuffling1 rattling note 7,nelson47 ,range4--,northern ,pacific from ,kuril ,islands to ,british ,columbia4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #ae4 #ae4 ,rhinoceros ,auklet 7,cerorhinca monocerata74 ,l4 #ae4e4 ,ads41 summer4 ,a horn on base of bill2 two pairs of white tufts2 above blackish2 throat and breast grayish2 belly white4 ,winter4 ,similar1 but no horn4 ,yng4 ,similar to winter ad4 but no tufts4 ,range4--,north ,pacific3 breeding south 7formerly7 to the ,farallones2 in winter south to ,lower ,california and ,japan4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #af4 #af4 ,cassin ,auklet4 7,ptycoramphus aleuticus74 ,l4 #i4 ,ads4 ,a white spot above eye2 above blackish2 throat and breast grayish2 belly white4 ,notes4 ,a shrill1 squealing ,come bear-r-r1 come bear-r-r4 ,range4--,pacific ,coast of ,north ,america from ,aleutian ,islands to ,lower ,california2 breeding south to ,san ,geronimo ,island 7,lat4 #cj;,a deg474 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bc4 #bc4 ,marbled ,murrelet 7,brachyramphus marmoratus74 ,l4 #i4g4 ,ads41 summer4 ,no crest2 above dark brown1 finely mixed with rusty2 below white1 all feathers edged with brown4 ,winter4 ,wholly different2 above gray2 head dark2 below white2 a nearly complete white nuchal collar4 ,yng4 ,similar to winter ad4 but blacker above2 sprinkled with blackish below4 ,range4--,north ,pacific2 breeds from ,vancouver north to ,aleutian ,islands2 winters south to southern ,california4 #bd4 ,kittlitz ,murrelet 7,brachyramphus brevirostris74 ,l4 #i4e2 ,b41 from feathers on top1 4#d4 ,ads41 summer4 ,above gray1 mottled with buff2 breast and sides mottled with buff and black2 belly white4 ,winter4 ,sides of head1 to above eye1 and lower parts white2 above gray2 outer tail-feathers white4 ,range4--,northern ,japan1 ,kamchatka and ,aleutian ,islands1 east to ,unalaska4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #be4 #be4 ,xantus ,murrelet 7,brachyramphus hypoleucus74 ,l4 #aj4 ,bill slender4 ,ads4 ,above slaty black2 under surface of wing white2 inner webs of outer primaries white4 ,range4--,pacific ,coast from ,monterey south to ,cape ,st4 ,lucas2 breeding as far north as ,santa ,barbara ,island4 #bf4 ,craveri ,murrelet 7,brachyramphus craveri74 ,l4 #aj4 ,bill slender4 ,ads4 ,above slaty or brownish black2 sides slaty2 under surface of wings dusky1 sometimes mixed with white4 ,range1--,coasts of ,lower ,california1 from ,cape ,st4 ,lucas north to ,espiritu ,santo ,island in the ,gulf of ,california1 and to ,natividad ,island 7lat4 #bh;,a deg47 on the ,pacific side4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #cd4 #cd4 ,dovekie 7,alle alle74 ,l4 #h4 ,ads41 summer4 ,above blackish2 inner wing feathers tipped with white2 throat and breast blackish brown4 ,winter4 ,similar1 but throat and breast white or mixed grayish4 ,range--,north ,atlantic and ,east ,arctic2 in ,america breeds from ,lat4 #fh;,a deg4 northward2 winters south to ,long ,island1 rarely to ,virginia4 ,accidental in ,michigan4 ,illustration3 #ag4 #ag4 ,paroquet ,auklet 7,cyclorrhynchus psittaculus74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ads41 summer4 ,no crest2 a white plume from behind eye2 above blackish2 throat grayer1 rest of under parts white4 ,winter4 ,throat white4 ,notes4 ,a low1 sonorous1 vibrating whistle4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,north ,pacific1 from ,sitka and the ,kuril ,islands northward4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,five records for coast off ,san ,francisco in winter4 ,illustration3 #ah4 #ah4 ,crested ,auklet 7,simorhynchus cristatellus74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ads41 summer4 ,bill red2 a crest of slender recurved feathers2 a pair of white tufts from behind eye2 above sooty black2 below grayer4 ,yng4 ,similar but bill brown2 no crest or tufts4 ,notes4 ,a chirping note1 7,nelson47 ,range4--,north ,pacific from ,kadiak and ,japan northward4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #ai4 #ai4 ,whiskered ,auklet 7,simorhynchus pygm,aus74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,ads41 summer4 ,white feathers at base of sides of bill and1 much lengthened1 from above and below eye2 a crest of slender recurved feathers2 above1 and throat dark slate fading into white belly4 ,yng4 ,similar but no crest2 little or no white on head4 ,notes4 ,a low chattering note4 7,nelson47 ,range--,north ,pacific1 from ,unalaska through the ,aleutian chain to ,kamchatka4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bj4 #bj4 ,least ,auklet 7,simorhynchus pusillus74 ,l4 #f4e4 ,ads41 summer4 ,no crest2 sides of head with white feathers2 above blackish2 chin sooty2 throat white2 under parts white1 marked irregularly with sooty4 ,winter4 ,little or no sooty on breast4 ,yng4 ,similar to winter ad41 but no white plumes4 ,range4--,north ,pacific1 from ,sitka and ,japan north to ,bering ,strait4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #ba4 #ba4 ,ancient ,murrelet 7,synthliboramphus antiquus74 ,l4 #aj4e4 ,ads41 summer4 ,no crest2 head and throat black2 broad white stripes behind eye2 back gray2 breast and belly white4 ,winter4 ,similar but throat white2 no white head stripes4 ,notes4 ,a low plaintive whistle4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,north ,pacific1 from southern ,vancouver ,island and ,japan northward2 south in winter to ,monterey1 ,california2 accidental in ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 #bg4 #bg4 ,black ,guillemot 7,cepphus grylle74 ,l4 #ac4 ,ads41 summer4 ,black2 greater wing-coverts white1 black at base2 under surface of wings white4 ,winter4 ,above gray or black tipped with white2 below white4 ,range4--,coasts of northern ,europe and ,north ,atlantic2 in ,america breeds from ,knox ,co41 ,maine north to southern ,greenland2 winters south to ,quebec and ,massachusetts2 rarely to ,toronto1 ,connecticut1 and ,long ,island4 #bh4 ,mandt ,guillemot 7,cepphus mandtii74 ,similar to ,no4 #bg1 but bases of greater wing-coverts white4 ,range4--,arctic regions2 breeds from ,labrador and ,hudson ,bay north to northern ,greenland and northern ,alaska2 in winter migrates but little southward2 no satisfactory ,united ,states record4 #bi4 ,pigeon ,guillemot 7,cepphus columba74 ,similar to ,no4 #bg1 but inner surface of wings sooty gray4 ,notes4 ,a squealing1 vibrant whistle4 ,range4--,north ,pacific2 breeds from ,santa ,catalina ,island north to ,bering ,strait1 west through ,aleutian ,islands to ,kamchatka and northern ,japan2 winters in same region4 ,illustration3 #cj4 #cj4 ,murre 7,uria troile74 ,l4 #af2 ,b4 #a4g4 ,ads41 summer4 ,above and neck sooty brown2 under parts and tips of secondaries white2 sides with blackish streaks4 ,winter4 ,similar1 but throat white washed with sooty4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse murre and squawking a-r-r-r-r-r-rh4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic2 breeds in ,north ,america from ,bird ,rock1 ,magdalen ,islands1 north to southern ,greenland2 winters south to ,maine and1 rarely1 ,ontario4 #cj;a4 ,california ,murre 7,u4 t4 californica74 ,similar to ,no4 #cj but larger1 ,w4 #h4b2 ,b4 #a4i4 ,range4--,north ,pacific2 breeds from ,pribilof ,islands south to ,farallones2 winters south to southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #ca4 #ca4 ,brunnich ,murre 7,uria lomvia74 ,similar to ,no4 #cj1 but bill shorter1 #a4b4 ,in summer1 head and throat browner1 lower mandible swollen at sides and grayish at base4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic and eastern ,arctic2 breeds in ,north ,america from ,bird ,rock1 ,magdalen ,islands1 north to ,greenland2 winters south to ,new ,jersey and along ,st4 ,lawrence to ,lakes ,champlain and ,ontario1 rarely to ,lake ,michigan4 #ca;a4 ,pallas ,murre 7,u4 l4 arra74 ,similar to ,no4 #ca1 but larger2 ,w4 #h4f2 ,b4 #a4e4 ,notes4 ,a peculiar growling or hoarse chattering note4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,north ,pacific2 south to ,kadiak and ,kamchatka4 ,illustration3 #cb4 #cb4 ,razor-billed ,auk 7,alca torda74 ,l4 #af4e4 ,ads41 summer4 ,above sooty black1 foreneck browner2 tips of secondaries1 line from bill to eye1 and under parts1 white4 ,winter4 ,similar1 but foreneck white4 ,yng4 ,similar to winter ad4 but without eye line4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse grunt or groan4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic2 breeds from ,bird ,rock1 ,magdalen ,islands1 north to ,greenland2 winters south to ,long ,island and1 rarely1 to ,ontario and ,north ,carolina4 #cc4 ,great ,auk 7,plautus impennis74 ,l4 #bi2 ,w4 #e4g4 ,ads4 ,above blackish2 a large white spot before the eye2 secondaries tipped with white2 sides of neck and the throat seal brown2 belly1 white4 ,resembling ,no4 #cb in general appearance but body much larger2 wing1 however1 shorter4 ,range4--,formerly1 the coasts and islands of ,north ,atlantic1 south on ,american side to ,florida 7in winter872 now extinct4 ,order ,,ii4 ,,long-,,winged ,,swimmers4 ,,longipennes4 ,family #a4 ,,skuas and ,,jaegers4 ,stercorariid,a4 #d species4 ,family #b4 ,,gulls and ,,terns4 ,larid,a4 #cg species1 #a subspecies4 ,family #c4 ,,skimmers4 ,rynchopid,a4 #a species4 ,skuas and ,jaegers are pirates among the birds of the high seas4 ,bold and dashing1 they pursue the swift flying ,terns or much larger ,gulls with equal success1 forcing them to drop the fish they have captured and catching it ere it reaches the water4 ,gulls 7,subfamily ,larin,a7 are usually considered so characteristic of the sea that ',sea ,gull' is the name popularly applied to all members of the subfamily to which they belong4 ,several species1 however1 are equally at home1 both in the winter and when nesting1 on the larger bodies of water in the interior1 and one species is rarely or never found on our sea coasts4 ,gulls nest on the ground1 on drifts of marsh-grass1 on cliffs1 and one species1 at least1 among ,american ,gulls 7the ,herring ,gull7 has as a result of persecution1 acquired the habit of nesting in trees4 ,gulls feed from the surface of the water1 picking up their food with their strongly curved bills in passing or while hovering1 not by plunging into the water1 as do the ,terns4 ,they are1 in fact1 the scavengers of the water1 and perform a service of great value to mankind by devouring the bodies of various forms of aquatic animals which1 in dying1 come to the surface and1 if cast ashore1 might1 in decaying1 prove a source of disease4 ,for this reason it was especially unfortunate that the plumage of these birds became fashionable for millinery purposes1 with the result that thousands of them were destroyed for their wings and breasts4 ,in this country1 however1 through the efforts of the ,american ,ornithologists' ,union and the ,audubon ,societies1 laws have been passed prohibiting the killing of these beautiful and useful birds1 and wardens have been placed on their nesting grounds to protect them4 ,gulls often rest in great flocks on the water1 sitting high up and riding the waves buoyantly1 but the ,terns 7,subfamily ,sternin,a71 after they have acquired the power of flight1 are rarely seen on the water4 ,they are lighter1 more active birds than the ,gulls1 with longer wings and tails1 and sharper1 more pointed bills4 ,they feed largely on small fish 7the species called silversides being a favorite7 of no value to man1 which they secure by darting from the air with great speed and directness4 ,when looking for food1 ,terns usually fly with the bill downward1 a habit which will aid in distinguishing them from the ,gulls1 whose bill is carried in a line with the body4 ,terns usually nest in large colonies on the beach of some isolated islet either on our sea coasts or in the interior4 ,the nest is generally composed of a few wisps of sea-weed or grass1 or the two or three eggs are not infrequently laid in a slight hollow in the sand or among the shells and pebbles4 ,like the ,gulls1 ,terns have been slaughtered in enormous numbers for millinery purposes2 but in this country1 at least1 effective efforts are now being made to preserve them4 ,skimmers nest in numbers on our ,atlantic ,coast from ,virginia southward1 laying their four eggs in a slight depression in the sand4 ,in feeding1 their mouth is held open and the longer1 thin1 lower mandible is dropped beneath the surface of the water1 when1 flying rapidly1 they readily pick up food4 ,in young ,skimmers1 however1 the two mandibles are of equal length and the lower mandible does not become appreciably longer than the upper one until the birds begin to fly4 ,during the flightless period of the bird's life1 the bill may be used to pick up food along the shore1 but when the power of flight is acquired and with it ability to feed in the characteristic ,skimmer manner1 then the peculiar bill of these birds becomes fully developed4 ,the young of all the ,gulls and ,terns are born covered with down and can leave the nest a few hours after birth4 ,the ,noddy1 however1 is said to be several weeks in its stick nest1 which1 unlike other members of its group1 it often builds in bushes4 ,the young are colored to harmonize with their usual surroundings4 ,young ,skimmers are pale1 sandy brown1 of the same color as the sand in which they are hatched4 ,young ,terns are darker1 and young ,laughing ,gulls born in nests of reeds or meadow grasses1 are the darkest of the three4 ,all young ,gulls and ,terns have the habit of squatting low near the ground in the presence of danger and remaining motionless until actually touched when they seem to realize that they have been seen and trust to their legs for safety4 ,skua and ,jaegers ,illustration3 #ce4 #ce4 ,skua 7,megalestris skua74 ,l4 #bb4 ,ads4 ,above dark1 dirty brown2 below paler4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but more distinctly streaked with yellowish1 especially on head and neck4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic1 chiefly eastern2 breeds from ,shetland ,islands northward2 winters south to ,gibraltar1 and rarely ,long ,island4 ,one specimen from ,california coast4 ,illustration3 #cf4 #cf4 ,pomarine ,jaeger 7,stercorarius pomarinus74 ,l4 #bj2 ,b4 #a4e4 ,middle tail feathers rounded4 ,ads4 light phase4 ,cap black2 throat1 breast1 and neck1 all around1 white tinged with straw2 back1 lower belly1 upper and under tail coverts brownish slate4 ,ads4 dark phase4 ,dark brown1 paler below4 ,yng4 ,above blackish brown margined with rusty2 below white margined with dusky and buffy4 ,notes4 ,a low1 hoarse1 chattering cry4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds north of ,lat4 #gj;,a deg42 winters1 mainly at sea1 south to ,south ,america1 southern ,africa and ,australia4 ,illustration3 #cg4 #cg4 ,parasitic ,jaeger 7,stercorarius parasiticus74 ,l4 #ag2 ,b4 #a4a2 its scaly shield longer than distance from end of shield to tip of bill4 ,ads4 ,both phases similar in color to ,no4 #cf1 but central tail feathers pointed1 #h4f long4 ,yng4 ,similar in color to ,no4 #cf but smaller1 bill shorter1 middle tail feathers more pointed4 ,notes4 ,loud wailing cries1 interspersed with harsh shrieks4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds in ,arctic regions2 winters mainly at sea1 from ,california1 ,great ,lakes1 and ,massachusetts south to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #ch4 #ch4 ,long-tailed ,jaeger 7,stercorarius longicaudus74 ,l4 #ba2 ,b4 #a1 its scaly shield shorter than the distance from its end to the tip of bill4 ,ads4 ,in both phases resembling ,no4 #cf but central tail feathers pointed and #ab in4 long4 ,yng4 ,like ,no4 #cf and ,no4 #cg1 but to be distinguished by differences in bill measurements4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse qua1 a shrill ph,ae,a-ph,ae,a-ph,ae,a-pheo1 when flying2 or a rattling kr-r-r-r-1 kr-r-r-r1 kr-r-r1 kr,ae-kr,ae-1 kr,ae-kr,ae1 the latter syllables shrill and querulous4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds in ,arctic regions2 winters mainly at sea1 south to ,gibraltar and ,gulf of ,mexico2 one ,california record4 ,illustration3 ,bills of #ch and #cg ,nat4 ,size ,gulls ,illustration3 #ci4 #ci4 ,ivory ,gull 7,pagophila alba74 ,l4 #ag4 ,ads4 ,pure white2 bill yellow2 feet black4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but wings and tail tipped with blackish2 throat dusky4 ,range4--,breeds in ,arctic regions2 winters south to ,great ,lakes and ,british ,columbia2 rarely to ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 #dj4 #dj4 ,kittiwake 7,rissa tridactyla74 ,l4 #af4 ,hind toe a knob4 ,ads4 ,head1 neck all around1 underparts1 and tail white2 #c in4 or less1 of tips of primaries black4 ,yng4 ,tip of tail1 ear-coverts1 nape1 and wing-coverts with black2 bill black2 inner web of primaries with white4 ,notes4 ,a rapidly uttered 'kit-a-wake1 'kit-a-wake4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic and eastern ,arctic regions2 breeds in ,america1 from ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence to ,greenland2 winters south to ,great ,lakes1 ,long ,island and1 rarely1 ,virginia4 #dj;a4 ,pacific ,kittiwake 7,rissa tridactyla pollicaris74 ,similar to ,no4 #dj1 but hind toe more developed2 black tips to #c outer primaries1 #c in4 or more in length4 ,notes4 ,a shrill1 harsh cry when disturbed and a low whistle when communicating with each other4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,north ,pacific and ,bering ,sea2 south in winter1 casually to southern ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #da4 #da4 ,red-legged ,kittiwake 7,rissa brevirostris74 ,ads4 ,similar to ,ad4 of ,no4 #dj1 but legs red1 back and inner web of primaries darker2 bill shorter1 #a4b4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,no4 #dj1 but no black on tail or wings4 ,range4--,coasts and ,islands of ,bering ,sea4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #ed4 #ed4 ,ring-billed ,gull 7,larus delawarensis74 ,l4 #ah4 ,ads41 summer4 ,rill greenish yellow1 a black band across tip2 ends of primaries black1 a white spot near tip of outer one4 ,ads4 ,winter4 ,similar1 but head and neck streaked with grayish4 ,yng4 ,tail grayish with a broad black band2 primaries black2 back brownish gray and whitish2 belly white2 end half of bill black4 ,range4--,north ,america1 coast and interior2 breeds from ,newfoundland1 southern ,minnesota1 and ,british ,columbia northward2 winters from ,nova ,scotia and ,british ,columbia south to ,cuba and ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #ee4 #ee4 ,short-billed ,gull 7,larus brachyrhynchus74 ,l4 #ag2 ,b4 #a4ej ,ads41 summer4 ,head1 neck1 tail1 and underparts white4 ,two outer primaries tipped with black1 their white spaces followed by black2 remaining primaries tipped with white4 ,yng4 ,grayish brown2 basal half of tail pearl4 ,notes4 ,a sharp querulous kwew-kwew1 7,nelson47 ,range4--,north ,pacific2 breeds in ,alaska and interior of northern ,british ,columbia2 winters on coast from ,british ,columbia to southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #db4 #db4 ,glaucous ,gull 7,larus glaucus74 ,l4 #bh2 ,w4 #ag4a2 ,b4 #b4ce4 ,no black in plumage4 ,ads4 ,primaries white tinted with pearl2 bill with red spot at end of lower mandible4 ,yng4 ,dirty white or gray1 mottled with dusky and buffy1 chiefly above2 primaries white2 outer webs brownish4 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds in ,america1 from ,labrador northward2 winters south to middle ,california1 ,great ,lakes and ,long ,island4 #db4a4 ,point ,barrow ,gull 7,larus barrovianus74 ,similar to ,no4 #db1 but bill through angle not so deep1 74#h as compared with 4#i in glaucus72 primaries more distinctly tipped with white4 ,notes4 k,a-k,a-k,a1 k,a-k,a-k,a1 k,a-l,ae,ae-,a,a1 k,a-l,ae,ae-,a,a1 k,a-l,ae,ae-,a,a1 k,a-k,a-k,a1 k,a-k,a-k,a1 the k,a-k,a hoarse1 the rest a shrill screaming4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,bering ,sea and contiguous waters2 northeast to ,point ,barrow1 southwest to ,japan4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #dc4 #dc4 ,iceland ,gull 7,larus leucopterus74 ,l4 #be2 ,w4 #af2 ,b4 #a4ge4 ,similar in color to ,nos4 #db and #db4a1 but smaller4 ,range4--,atlantic2 breeds in ,greenland2 winters south in ,america to ,great ,lakes1 and rarely1 ,long ,island4 ,illustration3 #dd4 #dd4 ,glaucous-winged ,gull 7,larus glaucescens74 ,l4 #bg4 ,ads41 summer4 ,head1 tail1 and underparts white2 back pearl2 primaries pearl1 tipped with white4 ,ads41 winter4 ,head and neck streaked with brownish4 ,yng4 ,brownish gray1 more or less mixed with white1 including wings and tail4 ,range4--,north ,pacific2 breeds from ,british ,columbia to ,bering ,straits2 winters south to southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #de4 #de4 ,kumlien ,gull 7,larus kumlieni74 ,w4 #af4b2 ,b4 #a4ge4 ,similar to ,no4 #dc1 but primaries with well defined ashy gray spaces2 outer primary tipped with white1 with ashy gray on outer web and shaft part of inner web2 second primary ashy gray on only shaft part of outer web4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic coast of ,north ,america1 breeding in ,cumberland ,gulf2 south in winter to the coast of the ,middle ,states4 7,a4,o4,u47 #df4 ,nelson ,gull 7,larus nelsoni74 ,wing #ah4be1 culmen #b4ce4 ,ads4 ,in plumage exactly like ,l4 kumlieni2 depth of bill through angle 4#hj2 tarsus #c4je2 middle toe 7without claw7 #b4dj4 7,ridgway47 ,range4--,coast of ,norton ,sound1 ,alaska4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #dg4 #dg4 ,great ,black-backed ,gull 7,larus marinus74 ,l4 #bi4 ,ads41 summer4 ,back and wings slaty black2 wing feathers tipped with white4 ,ads41 winter4 ,similar1 but head and neck streaked with dusky4 ,yng4 ,back grayish brown margined with buffy white2 rump whiter2 primaries black2 below white more or less marked with dusky4 ,notes4 ,a braying ha-ha-ha1 a deep keow1 keow1 a short barking note1 and a long-drawn groan1 very loud and decidedly impressive4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,north ,atlantic and northern ,europe2 breeds in ,north ,america from ,nova ,scotia to ,greenland2 winters south to ,great ,lakes and ,south ,carolina4 ,illustration3 #dh4 #dh4 ,slaty-backed ,gull 7,larus schistisagus74 ,l4 #bf4 ,ads41 summer4 ,general appearance of ,no4 #dg2 back lighter2 primaries as figured4 ,ads41 winter4 ,head and neck streaked4 ,yng4 ,above brown margined with buff and white2 primaries brown2 tail brown with little or no mottling2 below brown4 ,range4--,north ,pacific1 chiefly on the ,asiatic side2 ,herald ,island1 ,arctic ,ocean1 and ,alaskan coast of ,bering ,sea4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #di4 #di4 ,western ,gull 7,larus occidentalis74 ,l4 #bd4 ,ads41 summer4 ,head1 neck1 tail1 and underparts white2 back slaty gray2 outer primaries black1 a large white spot near tip of first one4 ,ads41 winter4 ,crown and hind neck streaked with brownish4 ,yng4 ,grayish brown mixed with white2 wings and tail fuscous4 ,notes4 ,oo,ae,aek1 oo,ae,aek1 oo,ae,aek2 ca-ca-ca1 and other calls4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds and winters from ,lower ,california to ,british ,columbia4 ,illustration3 #eg4 #eg4 ,heermann ,gull 7,larus heermanni74 ,l4 #ag4 ,ads41 summer4 ,bill red2 head and throat white1 shading into slate above and below2 tail blackish1 tipped with white2 primaries black4 ,ads41 winter4 ,head and neck streaked with grayish brown4 ,yng4 ,uniform grayish brown4 ,range4--,pacific coast of ,north ,america2 breeds from ,mazatlan1 ,mexico1 north to ,lower ,california2 occurs regularly north to ,vancouver ,island2 winters south to ,panama4 ,illustration3 #ea4 ,illustration3 #ea4 ,illustration3 #ea4 ,immature #ea4 ,herring ,gull 7,larus argentatus74 ,l4 #bd4 ,ads41 summer4 ,white spaces at end of outer primaries sometimes joined4 ,ads41 winter4 ,similar1 but head and neck1 streaked with grayish4 ,yng4 ,above ashy brown1 margined and marked with buffy2 wings brownish black2 tail the same2 sometimes margined with buffy2 below ashy brown1 sometimes lightly barred or streaked with dusky4 ,notes4 ,cack-cack-cack2 hah1 hah1 hah1 and other notes4 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds in ,america from ,maine1 ,great ,lakes1 ,minnesota1 and ,british ,columbia northward2 winters south to ,cuba and ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #eb4 #eb4 ,vega ,gull 7,larus veg,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #ea1 but back said to be darker2 feet yellow4 ,range4--,bering ,sea and adjacent waters2 south in winter to ,california and ,japan4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #ec4 #ec4 ,california ,gull 7,larus californicus74 ,l4 #bj4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,no4 #ed but larger2 a red spot near tip of lower mandible2 white spot on outer primary1 larger and nearer end4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,no4 #ed but darker2 tail nearly uniform fuscous4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds chiefly in interior1 from ,utah to ,lat4 #fh;,a deg41 #cj'2 winters from ,british ,columbia to ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #eh4 #eh4 ,laughing ,gull 7,larus atricilla74 ,l4 #af4 ,ads41 summer4 ,head dark slate2 tail white2 bill with reddish4 ,ads41 winter4 ,similar1 but head and throat white with grayish on nape and behind eyes4 ,yng4 ,tail grayish with a broad black band2 nape and back ashy brown2 forehead and under parts white4 ,notes4 ,a nasal cow-ow1 also cuk-cuk-cuk1 and a high1 long-drawn laugh4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,texas and ,florida to ,maine and ,nova ,scotia2 rare in interior2 winters from ,south ,carolina to northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #ei4 #ei4 ,franklin ,gull 7,larus franklini74 ,l4 #ae4 ,ads41 summer4 ,breast with a rosy tinge2 outer primaries with wide black spaces near ends1 bordered at base and tip with white4 ,ads41 winter4 ,head mainly white1 with its sides and back grayish dusky4 ,yng4 ,top and sides of head and back grayish brown2 quills dusky1 tipped with white2 tail with subterminal band of dusky2 rest of tail1 under parts1 forehead1 and eyelids white4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,interior of ,north ,america2 breeds from ,iowa and ,minnesota northward to ,great ,bear ,lake2 winters from west ,gulf ,states to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #fj4 #fj4 ,bonaparte ,gull 7,larus philadelphia74 ,l4 #ad4 ,ads41 summer4 ,outer web of outer primaries and tip black2 inner web and shaft white2 bill black4 ,ads41 winter4 ,similar1 but throat and head white1 its back grayish4 ,yng4 ,tail white1 tipped with black2 outer primary black1 inner two-thirds of inner web and space near tip white2 rest of plumage much as in young of ,no4 #eh4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds in interior from ,hudson ,bay and ,manitoba west to the ,yukon2 winters from ,british ,columbia and ,maine to ,lower ,california and ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #fa4 #fa4 ,ross ,gull 7,rhodostethia rosea7 ,l4 #ac4e4 ,bill small1 4#g2 middle tail feathers longest4 ,ads41 summer4 ,white areas tinged with pink2 a black collar4 ,ads41 winter4 ,no collar2 a black spot before eye4 ,yng4 ,lesser coverts black1 margined with whitish2 tail white1 central feathers tipped with black2 back pearl2 ear spot and space about eye dusky2 crown white1 washed with pearl4 ,range4--,arctic regions2 south in autumn and winter to ,kamchatka1 ,point ,barrow1 ,alaska and ,disco ,bay1 ,greenland4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #fb4 #fb4 ,sabine ,gull 7,xema sabinii74 ,l4 #ad4 ,tail slightly forked4 ,ads41 summer4 ,head and throat slaty black1 margined behind with black2 bill black1 tipped with yellow2 outer primaries black1 small tip and inner half of inner web white4 ,ads41 winter4 ,similar1 but head and throat white2 nape region dusky4 ,yng4 ,tail white1 tipped with black2 crown and back ashy brown2 forehead and underparts white4 ,notes4 ,a single harsh grating note4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,arctic regions3 breeds in ,america from ,st4 ,michaels1 ,alaska and ,melville ,bay1 ,greenland1 northward2 winters south on ,atlantic coast1 rarely to ,new ,york2 casually to ,texas1 and on ,pacific coast to ,peru4 ,terns ,illustration3 #fd4 #fd4 ,caspian ,tern 7,sterna caspia74 ,l4 #ba4 ,t4 #f41 forked #a4e4 ,largest of our ,terns4 ,ads41 breeding4 ,bill red2 cap black2 above pearl2 below-white2 primaries frosty black4 ,after breeding1 crown streaked black and white2 bill more orange4 ,yng4 ,similar to last but wings and tail with blackish4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 harsh kay-awk or key-rak4 ,range4--,cosmopolitan2 breeds in ,north ,america1 locally from ,texas to ,newfoundland and ,great ,slave ,lake2 winters mostly south of ,united ,states2 three ,california winter records4 ,illustration3 #fe4 #fe4 ,royal ,tern 7,sterna maxima74 ,l4 #ai2 ,t4 #g1 forked #c4e2 ,b4 #b4e4 ,ads41 summer4 ,primaries frosty black1 white on inner two-thirds of inner web except at tip1 where frosty2 bill orange red2 crown black2 above pearl2 below white4 ,ads41 winter4 ,the same1 but head white with black streaks4 ,yng4 ,similar to winter ad4 but wings and tail with grayish4 ,range4--,middle ,america2 breeds from southern ,brazil and ,peru to ,gulf ,states1 ,virginia1 and ,california2 wanders north to ,great ,lakes and ,massachusetts2 winters from ,gulf ,states and ,california southward4 ,illustration3 #ff4 #ff4 ,elegant ,tern 7,sterna elegans74 ,l4 #af4e2 ,b4 #b4g4 ,similar to ,no4 #fe1 but smaller2 bill longer and more slender4 ,ads4 ,tinged with shell pink below4 ,range4--,pacific coast of ,america from ,california to ,chili4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #fg4 #fg4 ,cabot ,tern 7,sterna sandvicensis acuflavida74 ,l4 #af2 ,t4 #e4e1 forked #b4g4 ,ads41 breeding4 ,bill black1 the tip yellow2 crown black2 above pearl2 below white2 primaries much as in ,no4 #fe4 ,after breeding1 head white2 nape with black streaks4 ,yng4 ,similar to last but with back and tail with blackish2 tip of bill less yellow4 ,range4--,tropical ,america2 breeds on east side of ,mexico north along ,gulf ,coast to ,florida1 and ,atlantic coast to ,south ,carolina2 wanders to ,massachusetts2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,west ,indies and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fc4 #fc4 ,gull-billed ,tern 7,gelochelidon nilotica74 ,l4 #ad4e2 ,t4 #e4e4 ,ads41 summer4 ,bill thick1 short1 black2 tail short1 forked only #a4e2 crown black2 above pearl2 below white4 ,ads41 winter4 ,head white1 with black patch before and behind eye4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but above edged with buffy2 head and neck streaked with grayish4 ,notes4 ,a high1 thin1 somewhat reedy tee-tee-tee1 sometimes suggesting a weak-voiced katydid4 ,range4--,cosmopolitan2 breeds in ,north ,america from ,mexico to ,florida and north to ,virginia2 wanders north rarely to ,new ,brunswick2 winters from southern ,texas southward4 ,illustration3 #gc4 #gc4 ,aleutian ,tern 7,sterna aleutica74 ,l4 #ad4 ,t4 #f4g1 forked #c4 ,ads41 summer4 ,above and below pearl gray1 browner below2 throat white2 crown black2 forehead white2 line from bill to eye black4 ,ads41 winter4 ,with rather more white on forehead4 7,cat4 ,b4 ,m47 ,notes4 ,a thin1 clear1 trilling whistle4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,alaska from ,kadiak to ,bering ,strait1 southwest to ,japan4 ,illustration3 #gd4 #gd4 ,least ,tern 7,sterna antillarum74 ,l4 #i2 ,t4 #c4e1 forked #a4g4 ,ads41 summer4 ,bill yellow1 black at tip2 forehead white2 a black line from bill to eye2 crown black2 above pearl2 below white4 ,ads41 winter4 ,crown white2 nape black2 bill dark2 tail shorter4 ,yng4 ,similar to last1 but above with buffy or brownish4 ,notes4 ,a sharp squeak much like the cry of a very young pig following its mother4 ,range4--,western hemisphere2 breeds locally from northern ,south ,america northward to ,massachusetts1 ,dakota1 and southern ,california2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #gf4 #gf4 ,bridled ,tern 7,sterna an,athetus74 ,l4 #ae4 ,ads4 ,forehead and line over eye white2 lores and crown black2 nape whitish2 back sooty gray or sooty brown2 outer tail feathers white1 except at tip2 inner ones grayish brown4 ,notes4 ,a soft qua4 ,range4--,tropical regions2 north in ,atlantic to the ,bahamas2 casual in ,florida4 ,illustration3 #fi4 #fi4 ,forster ,tern 7,sterna forsteri74 ,l4 #ae2 ,t4 #g1 forked4 #d4 ,ads41 summer4 ,inner web of outer tail feather dusky2 below pure white2 bill orange1 blackish at end2 crown black2 back pearl4 ,ads41 winter4 ,crown white or grayish2 a large black spot about eyes2 bill black4 ,yng4 ,similar to winter ad4 but above with brownish4 ,notes4 ,a long drawn1 deep1 reedy cack and tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds locally north to ,california1 and from ,texas along coast to ,virginia and in interior to ,manitoba2 wanders to ,massachusetts2 winters from southern ,california and ,texas south to ,brazil4 ,illustration3 #gj4 #gj4 ,common ,tern 7,sterna hirundo74 ,l4 #ae2 ,t4 #e4e1 forked1 #c4b ,ads41 summer4 ,outer web of outer tail feather dusky2 below white1 washed with dusky2 bill red1 blackish at end2 crown black2 back pearl4 ,ads41 winter4 ,forehead and underparts white2 bill black4 ,yng4 ,similar to last1 but above with brownish2 tail shorter4 ,notes4 ,a vibrant1 purring1 tearrr1 and other calls4 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 in ,america1 chiefly east of ,plains2 breeds locally on coast and in interior from ,gulf ,states to ,barren ,grounds and ,greenland2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,brazil4 ,illustration3 #ga4 #ga4 ,arctic ,tern 7,sterna paradis,aa74 ,l4 #ae4e2 ,t4 #g4b forked #d4e4 ,similar to ,no4 #gj1 but summer ad4 with bill wholly bright red2 tail longer2 tarsus shorter1 4#f instead of 4#g4 ,notes4 ,like tearr of ,no4 #gj1 but shriller1 ending in rising inflection1 like squeal of a pig4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds from ,massachusetts north to ,greenland and northwest to ,aleutian ,islands and ,alaska2 winters south to ,california and ,virginia4 ,illustration3 #gb4 #gb4 ,roseate ,tern 7,sterna dougalli74 ,l4 #ae4e2 ,t4 #g4e1 forked1 #e4b4 ,ads41 summer4 ,bill black1 reddish only at the base2 below white tinged with shell pink2 tail wholly white2 crown black2 back pearl4 ,ads41 winter4 ,forehead with white2 no pink below4 ,notes4 ,a reedy cack4 ,range4--,temperate and tropical regions2 breeds in ,north ,america on east coast only1 from ,florida north to ,nova ,scotia2 rare north of ,virginia2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,venezuela4 ,illustration3 ,foot of ,no4 #gj ,nat size ,illustration3 ,foot of ,no4 #ga ,natural size ,terns and ,skimmer ,illustration3 #ge4 #ge4 ,sooty ,tern 7,sterna fuliginosa74 ,l4 #ag4 ,ads41 summer4 ,above blackish1 forehead and underparts white2 tail black1 except outer feathers which are mostly white4 ,yng4 ,sooty slate2 linings of wings white2 scapulars1 upper tail coverts1 and tail feathers tipped with white4 ,notes4 ,a squeaky quack1 a nasal ker-wacky-wak1 and other calls4 ,range4--,tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe4 ,in ,america from ,chili to western ,mexico and the ,carolinas1 and casually to ,new ,england4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #gg4 #gg4 ,black ,tern 7,hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ads41 summer4 ,head and underparts black2 back1 wings1 and tail slate4 ,ads41 winter4 ,forehead1 nape1 and underparts white2 head gray4 ,yng4 ,similar to last1 but above with brownish margins4 ,notes4 ,a sharp peek4 ,range4--,temperate and tropical ,america2 breeds in interior from ,california1 ,kansas1 and ,illinois to ,alaska2 irregular migrant on ,atlantic coast from ,new ,brunswick southward2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,chili4 ,illustration3 #gi4 #gi4 ,noddy 7,anous stolidus74 ,l4 #ae4 ,ads4 ,crown silvery white2 rest of plumage sooty brown4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but all sooty brown except white line from bill to eye4 ,notes4 ,a low reedy cack increasing to a hoarse1 guttural k-r-r-r-r-r-r-r4 ,range4--,tropical and subtropical regions2 in ,america from ,brazil and ,chili north to the ,gulf and ,south ,atlantic ,states4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #hj4 #hj4 ,black ,skimmer 7,rynchops nigra74 ,l4 #ah4 ,ads4 ,lower mandible longer than upper2 forehead1 underparts1 part of secondaries1 and tail white2 rest of plumage black4 ,yng4 ,plumage widely margined with buffy4 ,notes4 ,varied1 nasal1 penny-trumpet-like2 also ca-you1 ca-you1 like a hound's voice4 ,range4--,north ,america1 chiefly eastern2 breeds from southern ,new ,jersey southward2 wanders rarely to ,nova ,scotia2 winters from ,gulf ,states to northern ,south ,america4 ,order ,,iii4 ,,tube-,,nosed ,,swimmers4 ,,tubinares4 ,family #a4 ,,albatrosses4 ,diomedeid,a4 #d species4 ,family #b4 ,,fulmars1 ,,shearwaters1 and ,,petrels4 ,procellariid,a4 #bf species1 #a subspecies4 ,the ,albatrosses1 of which about ten species are known1 are birds of far southern seas1 where they nest on isolated islands4 ,after the young are reared1 several species migrate northward and are found off our ,pacific coast4 ,the largest known species1 the ,wandering ,albatross1 which has been made famous by ,coleridge's ,rime of the ,ancient ,mariner1 measures from twelve to fourteen feet in expanse of wing1 and1 like other members of this family1 is a tireless ocean wanderer4 ,in the museum of ,brown ,university1 there is a mounted ,wandering ,albatross1 killed off the coast of ,chili by ,capt4 ,hiram ,luther1 ,december #bj1 #ahdg4 ,when captured1 a small bottle was found tied around the bird's neck1 containing a slip of paper from which it was learned that the bottle had been attached to the bird ,december #ab1 #ahdg1 by ,capt4 ,edwards of the ,new ,bedford ,whaler1 ,euphrates1 when about #hjj miles off the coast of ,new ,zealand1 or about #c1djj miles from the point at which1 eight days later1 the bird was secured4 ,the ,fulmars1 7genus ,fulmarus71 are northern birds and nest in immense numbers on isolated islets1 somewhat like certain ,gulls4 ,comparatively little is known of the nesting places of our ,shearwaters1 but it is believed that most of them breed on the islands of the ,south ,atlantic and ,south ,pacific1 and pass their winter1 7our summer7 off our coasts4 ,one of the ,petrels1 7,wilson ,petrel71 is known to have this habit4 ,it has been found nesting on ,kerguelen ,island1 in ,s4 ,lat4 #di;,a deg4 #ed'1 in ,february1 and in ,may it appears off our coasts for the summer4 ,petrels nest in holes in the ground1 laying one white egg4 ,they are never seen near their homes during the day1 the bird then on the nest waiting until night to feed1 when the one which has been at sea returns to assume its share of the task of incubation4 ,those birds are therefore both diurnal and nocturnal4 ,albatrosses ,illustration3 #ha4 #ha4 ,black-footed ,albatross 7,diomedea nigripes74 ,l4 #cb4 ,ads4 ,sooty brown1 lighter below2 region about base of bill whitish2 upper mandible broad and rounded at its base4 ,notes4 ,a whining groan1 uttered when contesting for food4 7,turner74 ,range4--,north ,pacific2 north to ,lat4 #eb;,a deg42 south at least to ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #hb4 #hb4 ,short-tailed ,albatross 7,diomedea albatrus74 ,l4 #cf4 ,ads4 ,white2 the head straw2 tail and primaries gray brown2 upper mandible broad and rounded at base4 ,range4--,north ,pacific1 north to ,bering ,strait2 south1 at least1 to ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #hb4a4 #hb4a4 ,laysan ,albatross 7,diomedea immutabilis74 ,l4 #cb4 ,ads4 ,head1 neck1 rump1 upper tail coverts1 and whole under surface white2 lores next to the eye sooty black2 back1 wings1 and end of the tail dark sooty brown2 interscapular region paler2 base of the tail whitish4 7,cat4 ,b4 ,m47 ,range4--,laysan ,island1 ,pacific ,ocean2 casual off the coast of ,lower ,california4 #hc4 ,yellow-nosed ,albatross 7,thalassogeron culminatus74 ,l4 #cf4 ,ads4 ,above slate brown1 grayer on head2 rump white2 below white2 neck sometimes grayish2 tail gray4 ,range4--,indian and southern ,pacific ,oceans2 casual off the coast of ,oregon2 accidental in the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #hd4 #hd4 ,sooty ,albatross 7,ph,abetria fuliginosa74 ,l4 #ce4 ,ads4 ,sides of lower mandible conspicuously grooved2 entire plumage sooty brown1 except a white eye-ring4 ,range4--,oceans of southern hemisphere1 north to the coast of ,oregon4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 ,,bills ,,viewed ,,from ,,above 7#hd and #ha7 ,fulmars and ,shearwaters ,illustration3 #hf4 ,illustration3 ,bill of #hf #a_/b ,size4 ,illustration3 #hf4 ,gray ,phase #hf4 ,fulmar 7,fulmarus glacialis74 ,l4 #ai2 ,w4 #ac2 ,b4 #a4e4 ,ads4 ,light phase4 ,head1 neck1 and under parts white2 back1 wings1 and tail slaty gray4 ,dark phase4 ,uniform dark slaty gray4 ,notes4 ,silent4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic1 breeds from ,lat4 #fi;,a deg4 northward2 winters south to ,lat4 of ,massachusetts1 and rarely to ,virginia4 #hf;b4 ,pacific ,fulmar 7,f4 g4 glupischa74 ,similar to ,no4 #hf1 but nasal tubes light4 ,range4--,north ,pacific2 breeds from ,bering ,sea north2 winters south to ,mexico4 #hf4a4 ,rodger ,fulmar 7,fulmarus rodgersii74 ,similar to light phase of ,no4 #hf1 but back with white feathers2 no dark phase4 ,range4--,bering ,sea and adjacent parts of ,north ,pacific4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #hg4 ,illustration3 ,bill of #hg #a_/bze4 #hg4 ,slender-billed ,fulmar 7,priocella glacialoides74 ,l4 #ah4e4 ,ads4 ,head and underparts white2 back and tail pearl2 primaries black1 white on inner web4 ,range4--,southern ,seas2 north on ,pacific coast to ,washington4 ,illustration3 #id4 ,illustration3 ,bill of #id #a_/b ,size4 #id4 ,sooty ,shearwater 7,puffinus fuliginosus74 ,l4 #ag4 ,ads4 ,sooty gray1 lighter below4 ,range4--,atlantic ,ocean1 breeding in the southern hemisphere2 a summer visitor off our coast1 from ,south ,carolina northward4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #ie4 #ie4 ,dark-bodied ,shearwater 7,puffinus griseus74 ,l4 #ag4 ,ads4 ,above dusky black or brownish1 paler below2 under wing coverts white and dusky2 bill black4 ,range4--,south ,pacific2 north in summer on the ,american coast to ,california4 #if4a4 ,wedge-tailed ,shearwater 7,puffinus cuneatus74 ,l4 #ag4 ,t4 #e4d1 pointed4 ,ads4 ,above brown2 below white2 sides of neck mottled with gray2 middle tail feathers nearly #b4 longer than lateral ones4 7,cat4 ,b4 ,m47 ,range4--,north ,pacific ,ocean1 from the ,hawaiian ,islands north to the ,bonin ,group and ,lower ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,shearwaters ,illustration3 #hh4 #hh4 ,cory ,shearwater 7,puffinus borealis74 ,l4 #ba4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown2 below1 including under wing coverts and under tail coverts1 white4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic2 recorded only off the coast from ,massachusetts to ,long ,island4 ,illustration3 #hi4 #hi4 ,greater ,shearwater 7,puffinus gravis74 ,l4 #bj4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown or blackish2 tips of longer upper tail coverts white2 below white2 middle of belly and under tail coverts ashy gray4 ,range4--,atlantic ,ocean1 from ,cape ,horn and ,cape of ,good ,hope north to ,arctic ,circle4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #ia4 #ia4 ,pink-footed ,shearwater 7,puffinus creatopus74 ,l4 #ai4e4 ,ads4 ,above dusky gray or brown2 below white2 sides and lower belly with grayish2 longer under tail coverts dusky brown2 feet1 flesh-color2 bill yellowish4 ,range4--,pacific ,ocean north on the ,american coast in summer and fall to middle ,california4 ,illustration3 #ib4 #ib4 ,audubon ,shearwater 7,puffinus lherminieri74 ,l4 #ab4 ,ads4 ,above black or brownish black2 below white2 under tail coverts sooty4 ,range4--,middle ,atlantic2 breeds in ,west ,indies and ,bahamas2 wanders north to ,long ,island4 ,illustration3 #ic4 #ic4 ,black-vented ,shearwater 7,puffinus opisthomelas74 ,l4 #ae4 ,ads4 ,above dusky black2 below white2 sides of breast grayish2 under tail coverts dusky brown2 bill black4 ,range4--,pacific ,ocean1 chiefly southward2 coast of ,lower ,california north to ,santa ,cruz1 ,cal4 7,a4,o4,u47 #ic4a4 ,townsend ,shearwater 7,puffinus auricularis74 ,similar to ,no4 #ic1 but bill and feet smaller1 ,b4 #a4b2 above darker1 nearly black2 black of head extending below eye4 7,townsend47 ,range4--,pacific ,ocean 7,clarion ,island1 ,lower ,california74 ,illustration3 #if4 #if4 ,slender-billed ,shearwater 7,puffinus tenuirostris74 ,l4 #ac41 bill slender #a4b ,ads4 ,above dark sooty slate2 beneath deep sooty gray1 paler on throat where sometimes inclining to whitish4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,north ,pacific1 from ,japan and ,kotzebue ,sound south on the ,american coast to middle ,california4 ,petrels ,illustration3 #ih4 #ih4 ,black-capped ,petrel 7,astrelata hasitata74 ,l4 #ae4 ,ads4 ,above sooty brown2 back of neck and upper tail coverts white2 base of tail white4 ,range4--,tropical ,atlantic2 irregular in ,united ,states 7,florida1 ,virginia1 ,new ,york1 ,kentucky1 ,vermont1 and ,ontario47 ,illustration3 #ajc4 #ajc4 ,least ,petrel 7,halocyptena microsoma74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,ads4 ,sooty blackish brown1 lighter below4 ,range4--,coast of ,lower ,california south to ,panama4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #aje4 #aje4 ,forked-tailed ,petrel 7,oceanodroma furcata74 ,l4 #h4 #g4 ,ads4 ,tail forked2 bluish gray1 wings darker2 a blackish space about eye4 ,range4--,north ,pacific2 breeds in ,aleutian ,islands2 recorded north to ,bering ,strait2 winters south to ,california4 #aje4a4 ,kaeding ,petrel 7,oceanodroma kaedingi74 ,w4 #f4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,o4 leucorrhoa1 but much smaller with much less deeply forked tail4 7,anthony47 ,range4--,pacific ,ocean2 7,socorro ,islands1 ,lower ,california47 ,illustration3 #ajh4 #ajh4 ,ashy ,petrel 7,oceanodroma homochroa74 ,l4 #h4e4 ,ads4 ,no white on rump2 tail forked2 sooty black above1 browner below2 wing coverts grayish4 ,range4--,coast of ,california2 breeds on the ,santa ,barbara and ,farallone ,islands4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #ajd4 #ajd4 ,stormy ,petrel2 ,mother ,carey's ,chicken 7,procellaria pelagica74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,ads4 ,sooty black1 browner below2 upper tail coverts white1 tipped with black4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic2 winters south to western ,africa and ,new ,brunswick4 ,illustration3 #ajf4 #ajf4 ,leach ,petrel2 ,stormy ,petrel 7,oceanodroma leucorhoa74 ,l4 #h41 ,w4 #f4b4 ,ads4 ,tail forked2 above sooty brownish black2 below browner2 lesser wing coverts grayish brown2 longer upper tail coverts not tipped with black4 ,notes4 ,an elfin-like crow of eight notes4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic and ,north ,pacific2 breeds from ,maine to ,greenland and from ,farallone to ,aleutian ,islands2 winters south to ,virginia and ,california4 #ajf4a4 ,guadalupe ,petrel 7,oceanodroma macrodactyla74 ,l4 #h4d2 ,w4 #f4d2 ,t4 #c4i1 fork #a in4 deep4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,o4 leucorhoa1 but with much longer and more deeply forked tail1 larger feet1 shorter bill1 and very broad dusky tips to the upper tail coverts4 7,ridgw4 in ,cat4 ,b4 ,m47 ,range4--,pacific ,ocean2 7,guadalupe ,island1 ,lower ,california47 ,illustration3 #ajg4 #ajg4 ,black ,petrel 7,oceanodroma melania47 ,l4 #i4 ,ads4 ,sooty black1 paler below2 wing-coverts grayish1 tail forked4 ,range4--,south ,pacific1 north to ,santa ,barbara ,islands2 breeds on ,coronados ,islands1 southern ,california4 #ajh4a ,socorro ,petrel 7,oceanodroma socorroensis74 ,w4 #e4e4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,no4 #ajh1 but wings longer2 tail shorter and less deeply forked2 sides of rump whitish2 no white on under surface of wing4 7,towns47 ,range4--,pacific ,ocean2 7,socorro ,island1 southern ,california47 ,illustration3 #aji4 #aji4 ,wilson ,petrel2 ,stormy ,petrel 7,oceanites oceanicus74 ,l4 #g4 ,ads4 ,webs of feet with yellow patch3 tail not forked2 longer upper tail coverts not tipped with black4 ,notes4 ,a weak weet1 weet1 and a hoarse chattering patret-tu-cuk-cuk-tu-tu4 7,wilson47 ,range4--,atlantic ,ocean2 breeds in ,southern seas1 7,kerguelen ,island in ,february71 and migrates north to ,newfoundland1 spending summer off coast of eastern ,united ,states4 ,order ,,iv4 ,,totipalmate ,,swimmers4 ,,steganopodes4 ,family #a4 ,,tropic ,,birds4 ,pha,athontid,a4 #b species4 ,family #b4 ,,gannets4 ,sulid,a4 #f species4 ,family #c4 ,,darters4 ,anhingid,a4 #a species4 ,family #d4 ,,cormorants4 ,phalacrocoracid,a4 #f species1 #e subspecies4 ,family #e4 ,,pelicans4 ,pelecanid,a4 #c species4 ,family #f4 ,,man-,o'-,,war-,,birds4 ,fregatid,a4 #a ,species4 ,the members of this ,order agree in having all four toes connected by webs1 but in other respects they differ widely in structure and1 consequently1 in habit4 ,the young of all the ,steganopodes are born naked1 unlike the young of most of the other water birds1 which1 as a rule1 are hatched covered with feathers and can swim or run about soon after birth4 ,the nests of the ,steganopodes are1 of necessity1 therefore1 more complex structures than those of birds whose nests are merely incubators and not cradles as well4 ,tropic ,birds resemble the larger ,terns1 when in the air1 but their wing strokes are more rapid4 ,they usually nest in holes in the face of cliffs1 and lay one whitish egg1 marked with chocolate4 ,gannets are true sea birds1 but1 as a rule1 do not live very far from the land4 ,when breeding1 ,gannets are usually associated in great numbers4 ,their nests1 as a rule1 are placed on the ground or on cliffs1 and one or two chalky white eggs are laid4 ,at this season the birds are exceedingly tame and in localities where they have not been much molested1 one may walk about among the sitting birds without their taking flight4 ,gannets are powerful birds on the wing4 ,their vigorous wing strokes are interrupted at intervals by short sails4 ,they feed on fish which they capture by diving from the air4 ,the ,darters or ,anhingas number four species1 distributed throughout the tropical parts of the globe1 only one species inhabiting ,america4 ,this is generally called the ,snakebird or ,water ,turkey in ,florida1 where it is a common species on the more isolated rivers and lakes4 ,the name ,snakebird is derived from the bird's habit of swimming with the body submerged1 when the long1 sinuous neck1 appearing above the water1 readily suggests a snake4 ,at other times ,snakebirds mount high in the air and sail about1 like ,hawks1 in wide circles4 ,they build a large1 well-made nest in a bush or tree1 generally over the water1 and lay four bluish white1 chalky eggs4 ,cormorants nest in large colonies1 generally on isolated islets1 but sometimes in remote swamps4 ,the nests are placed closely together on the ground1 in bushes1 and less frequently in trees1 according to the nature of the bird's haunts4 ,cormorants feed on fish which they catch by pursuing them under the water4 ,they dive from the surface of the water like ,ducks1 or from a low perch1 but not from the air1 as do the ,gannets4 ,pelicans nest in colonies1 generally on some small island1 building their nests on the ground or in bushes1 and laying two or three large1 white1 chalky eggs4 ,brown ,pelicans secure their food by plunging on it from the air1 generally from about twenty feet above the water4 ,the sides of the bill are then bowed outward1 the opening widened1 forming1 with the pouch1 an effective net in which fish1 twelve and fourteen inches long1 are captured4 ,white ,pelicans1 on the contrary1 feed from the water1 scooping up fishes as they swim4 ,at times a flock of these birds may surround a school of small fish in shallow water and drive them shoreward1 at the same time actively filling their pouches4 ,young ,pelicans are fed on fish which they take from the pouch of the parent bird by thrusting their bills and heads well into it and prodding actively about for the food to be found there4 ,young ,cormorants secure their food in a similar manner4 ,frigate ,birds1 of which only two species are known1 have a greater expanse of wing in proportion to the weight of their body than any other bird4 ,their power of flight is consequently unexcelled and they may spend days in the air without tiring4 ,their feet are as weak as their wings are strong1 and are of use only in perching4 ,the food of ,frigate ,birds consists chiefly of fish1 which they catch from near the surface of the water1 or rob from ,gulls and ,terns by pursuing them1 forcing them to disgorge their prey1 and catching it ere it reaches the water4 ,tropic ,birds and ,gannet ,illustration3 #aab4 #aab4 ,yellow-billed ,tropic ,bird 7,pha,athon americanus74 ,l4 #cj2 ,t4 #ai4 ,ads4 ,bill yellow2 no bars above2 middle tail feathers lengthened4 ,yng4 ,above barred with black2 middle tail feathers not lengthened4 ,range4--,tropical coasts2 breeds in ,west ,indies1 ,bahamas and ,bermudas2 casual in ,florida2 accidental in western ,new ,york and ,nova ,scotia4 ,illustration3 #aac4 #aac4 ,red-billed ,tropic ,bird 7,pha,athon ,athereus74 ,l4 #cj2 ,t4 #bj4 ,ads4 ,bill red2 above barred with black2 long middle tail feathers pure white4 ,range4--,coasts of tropical ,america1 north on the ,pacific coast to ,cape ,colnett1 ,lower ,california2 accidental on the ,newfoundland ,banks4 ,breeds on ,san ,pedro ,martir and other ,islands in the ,gulf of ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #aag4 ,illustration3 #aag4 ,immature4 #aag4 ,gannet 7,sula bassana74 ,l4 #ce4 ,ads4 ,white2 head and neck tinged with straw2 primaries blackish4 ,yng4 ,grayish brown with white spots4 ,notes4 ,a harsh gor-r-r-rok4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic2 breeds1 in ,america1 only on ,bird ,rock and ,bonaventure ,islands1 ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence2 winters off the coast1 south to ,florida4 ,boobies ,illustration3 #aad4 #aad4 ,blue-faced ,booby 7,sula cyanops74 ,l4 #bh4 ,ads4 ,body and lesser wing coverts white2 central tail feathers whitish1 others dark brown4 ,yng4 ,above plain dark grayish brown with some grayish streaks2 below white2 flanks streaked with grayish4 ,range4--,tropical seas2 north in ,america to ,lower ,california and ,bahamas2 casual in southern ,florida4 ,illustration3 #aad4a4 #aad4a4 ,blue-footed ,booby 7,sula nebouxii74 ,l4 #cc4 ,ads4 ,head1 neck1 and underparts white1 the first two streaked with grayish2 back dusky brownish1 tipped with whitish2 legs and feet bright blue4 7,goss47 ,range3--,pacific coast of ,america1 from ,gulf of ,california to ,galapagos and ,chili4 7,cat4 ,b4 ,m47 ,illustration3 #aae4 ,illustration3 #aae4 ,immature4 #aae4 ,booby 7,sula sula74 ,l4 #cj4 ,ads4 ,breast and belly white2 bill and feet yellow4 ,yng4 ,entirely brownish1 lighter below2 bill blackish2 feet yellow4 ,notes4 ,a harsh1 guttural bork1 hork4 7,audubon74 ,range4--,atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical ,america1 north to ,georgia4 ,also1 ,west ,pacific and ,indian ,oceans4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,accidental on ,long ,island4 ,no ,united ,states breeding record4 #aae4a4 ,brewster ,booby 7,sula brewsteri74 ,l4 #cj4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,no4 #aae1 but head and neck paler1 bill blue1 feet greenish4 ,range1--,coasts and ,islands of the eastern south ,pacific ,ocean1 north to ,lower ,california2 breeding as far north as ,georges ,island at the head of the ,gulf of ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 #aaf4 ,red-footed ,booby 7,sula piscator74 ,l4 #bh4 ,feet reddish4 ,ads4 ,white2 head and nape straw color2 primaries hoary grayish brown2 tail white4 ,yng4 ,above sooty brown2 head1 neck1 and lower parts light smoky gray4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,tropical seas1 except ,pacific coast of ,america 7,cat4 ,b4 ,m472 north in ,atlantic to ,bahamas and1 rarely1 southern ,florida4 ,cormorants ,illustration3 #aai4 ,breeding ,plumage #aai4 ,cormorant 7,phalacrocorax carbo74 ,l4 #cf2 ,t4 #g4e1 of #ad feathers4 ,ads4 ,chin and sides of throat whitish2 back glossy brownish1 distinctly margined with black2 below uniform shining black4 ,breeding plumage4 ,head and throat with white plumes2 a white patch on flanks4 ,yng4 ,belly white2 above olive grayish brown1 margined with black2 throat whitish2 neck brownish4 ,range4--,north ,atlantic2 breeds from ,nova ,scotia to ,greenland2 winters south to ,carolinas4 ,illustration3 #abj4 ,breeding ,plumage #abj4 ,double-crested ,cormorant 7,phalacrocorax dilophus74 ,l4 #cj2 ,w4 #ab4e2 ,t4 #f4b1 of #ab feathers4 ,ads4 ,back brownish with distinct black margins2 below shining black4 ,breeding plumage4 ,with tufts on either side of head black1 sometimes mixed with white2 throat pouch orange4 ,yng4 ,back browner2 head1 neck1 and lower belly brown2 breast whitish4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds locally from ,bay of ,fundy1 ,minnesota1 ,north ,dakota1 northward2 west to ,assiniboia2 winters from southern ,illinois and ,virginia southward4 ,illustration3 #abj;a4 #abj;a4 ,florida ,cormorant 7,p4 d4 floridanus74 ,similar to ,no4 #abj1 but blacker and smaller4 ,l4 #be4 ,range4--,south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states2 breeds north to ,north ,carolina and southern ,illinois4 #abj;b4 ,white-crested ,cormorant 7,p4 d4 cincinatus74 ,similar to ,no4 #abj1 but larger1 ,l4 #cf2 nuptial crests white4 ,range4--,pacific coasts2 breeds in ,alaska2 winters south to ,california4 #abj;c4 ,farallone ,cormorant 7,p4 d4 albociliatus74 ,similar to #abj;b41 but smaller1 ,l4 #bh4 ,range4--,breeds on ,california coast and in interior1 south to ,socorro ,island4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #aba ,breeding ,plumage #aba4 ,mexican ,cormorant 7,phalacrocorax mexicanus74 ,l4 #be4 ,w4 #aj4 ,ads4 ,narrow border at base of pouch white4 ,breeding plumage4 ,neck with white plumes4 ,yng4 ,head and hindneck brownish2 back grayish1 margined with black2 throat1 foreneck and breast brownish white2 belly black4 ,range4--,breeds ,in ,west ,indies and ,central ,america to west ,gulf ,states2 north in summer rarely to ,kansas and southern ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,hind ,toe4 ,outer ,toe4 ,foot of ,cormorant4 ,illustration3 #abb4 ,breeding ,plumage4 #abb4 ,brandt ,cormorant 7,phalacrocorax penicillatus74 ,l4 #ce2 ,t4 #f4 ,chin and sides of throat buffy white or brownish4 ,ads4 ,above blue black1 faintly margined with black2 below green black4 ,breeding plumage4 ,with white1 hair-like plumes from back and neck2 no white on flanks2 throat pouch blue4 ,yng4 ,above dark brown2 throat and belly whitish2 breast and sides brown4 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,cape ,st4 ,lucas to ,washington2 resident4 #abc4 ,pelagic ,cormorant 7,phalacrocorax pelagicus74 ,l4 #bh2 ,w4 #aj2 ,t4 #f4b4 ,forehead feathered2 back feathers not margined4 ,ads4 ,above glossy green and purplish black2 below bottle green4 ,breeding plumage4 ,with white plumes on neck and rump and white patches on flanks2 nape and forehead1 crested4 ,yng4 ,above greenish dusky brown1 less green below4 ,range4--,aleutian and ,kuril ,islands1 and ,kamchatka1 south to ,japan4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #abc;a4 ,breeding ,plumage #abc;a4 ,violet-green ,cormorant 7,p4 p4 robustus74 ,similar to ,no4 #abc1 but larger2 bill stouter1 ,w4 #aj4h4 ,range4--,coast of ,alaska1 from ,norton ,sound south to ,washington4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #abc;b4 #abc;b4 ,baird ,cormorant 7,p4 p4 resplendens74 ,similar to ,no4 #abc1 but smaller2 bill slenderer2 ,w4 #i4e4 ,notes4 ,a croaking1 guttural note4 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,washington south to ,mazatlan1 ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #abd4 ,breeding ,plumage #abd4 ,red-faced ,cormorant 7,phalacrocorax urile74 ,l4 #cd4 ,forehead as well as lores bare4 ,ads4 ,above green and purple2 head and neck blue black2 belly green4 ,breeding plumage4 ,with forehead and nape crests and white patches on flanks4 ,notes4 ,a low1 droning croak4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,pribilof1 ,aleutian1 and ,kuril ,islands1 and coast of ,kamchatka4 ,south in winter to northern ,japan4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,anhinga1 ,pelicans1 and ,man-o'-,war bird ,illustration3 #aah4 #aah4 ,anhinga2 ,snakebird2 ,water ,turkey 7,anhinga anhinga74 ,l4 #cf4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black2 grayish head and neck plumes which1 in winter1 are absent4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,resembles male but whole head1 neck1 and breast brownish4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,female but black parts duller4 ,notes4 ,a rasping1 clattering croak1 uttered when fighting or in coming to the nest4 ,range4--,tropical and subtropical ,america2 breeds north to southern ,illinois and ,south ,carolina2 winters from ,gulf ,states southward4 ,illustration3 #abe4 #abe4 ,american ,white ,pelican 7,pelecanus erythrorhynchos74 ,l4 #fj4 ,ads4 ,white2 primaries black2 bill in breeding season with a knob4 ,yng4 ,with crown brownish4 ,range3--,north ,america2 breeds in interior from eastern ,california1 ,utah1 ,yellowstone ,park1 ,minnesota 787 northward to ,lat4 #fa;,a deg42 winters from ,gulf ,states and southern ,california1 south to ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #abf4 #abf4 ,brown ,pelican 7,pelecanus occidentalis74 ,l4 #ej2 ,w4 #ai4e4 ,ads4 ,pouch greenish2 head white1 rarely yellowish2 neck brown4 ,in fall1 no brown on neck4 ,yng4 ,brownish gray1 white below4 ,notes4 ,adults as a rule silent2 young before flying1 very noisy4 ,range3--,atlantic and ,gulf coast of tropical and subtropical ,america2 breeds from northern ,south ,america to ,south ,carolina2 has strayed to ,illinois and ,nova ,scotia2 winters from ,gulf ,states southward4 #abg4 ,california ,brown ,pelican 7,pelecanus californicus74 ,similar to ,no4 #abf1 but larger4 ,l4 #ed2 ,w4 #ba2 pouch in breeding season1 red4 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,galapagos north to ,british ,columbia2 breeds north only to ,los ,coronados ,islands4 ,illustration3 #abh4 #abh4 ,man-o'-,war ,bird2 ,frigate ,bird 7,fregata aquila74 ,l4 #dj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black1 glossy above2 pouch scarlet or orange4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,browner2 breast and belly white4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,female1 but head and neck white4 ,notes4 ,usually silent2 rarely a croaking note4 ,range3--,tropical and subtropical coasts2 in ,america north to ,florida1 ,texas1 and southern ,california2 casually to ,kansas1 ,ohio and ,nova ,scotia2 winters from southern ,florida and ,lower ,california southward4 ,order ,v4 ,,ducks1 ,,geese1 ,,and ,,swans4 ,,anseres4 ,family #a4 ,,ducks1 ,,geese1 and ,,swans4 ,anatid,a4 #di species1 #f subspecies4 ,the ,anatid,a of ,north ,america are placed in five well-marked subfamilies1 the ,mergansers 7,mergin,a71 ,river ,ducks 7,anatin,a71 ,sea ,ducks 7,fuligulin,a71 ,geese 7,anserin,a71 and ,swans 7,cygnin,a74 ,the ,mergansers1 ,saw-bills1 or ,shelldrakes are fish-eating ,ducks and their rounded bills1 set with tooth-like projections along the sides1 are of evident use to them in holding their prey4 ,the ,river ,ducks include such well-known species as the ,mallard1 ,black ,duck1 and ,widgeon4 ,they differ from the ,bay or ,sea ,ducks in not having a well-developed web or flap on the hind-toe4 ,as a rule they feed in shallow water by tipping1 standing on their heads1 as it were1 while reaching the bottom for food4 ,the ,bay or ,sea ,ducks have the hind-toe webbed4 ,they feed1 as a rule1 in deeper water than the ,river ,ducks1 sometimes descending to the bottom in water over one hundred feet deep4 ,during the winter they gather in flocks often of several thousand individuals1 and frequent the larger bodies of water4 ,with both the ,river and ,bay ,ducks the sides of the broad1 flat bill are set with gutters which serve as strainers1 retaining the mollusks1 seeds and roots of aquatic plants on which these ,ducks feed1 while the mud or water taken in with the food is forced out the sides of the bill as it closes4 ,geese are more terrestrial than ,ducks and often visit the land to nip the grass4 ,this is particularly true in the west where large flocks of1 ,geese1 especially ,snow ,geese1 may be seen feeding on the prairies4 ,on the water they feed over shallows by tipping and probing the bottoms4 ,swans also feed from the surface of the water either by simply immersing the head and neck or by half submerging the body1 when1 with the tail pointed to the zenith1 the length of their reach is greatly increased4 ,in spite of their comparatively short wings the large muscles attached to them give to the ,anatid,a great power of flight4 ,not only do they make extended journeys1 when migrating1 without a rest1 but they attain a speed which is surpassed by but few birds4 ,some of the smaller species1 when alarmed1 doubtless flying at the rate of one hundred miles an hour4 ,in common with other diving water birds the ,ducks1 when molting1 lose most of their wing feathers all at once1 and for a time are therefore unable to fly4 ,during this comparatively helpless period the brightly colored males assume in part the plumage of the females and are thereby rendered less conspicuous4 ,with the return of the power of flight1 however1 they regain their distinctive1 male plumage1 which is usually brighter than that of the female4 ,with our ,geese and ,swans there is no sexual difference in color4 ,most of our ,ducks and ,geese breed in the north1 some within the ,arctic ,circle1 and winter from the southern limit of frozen water southward4 ,the ,american ,merganser1 ,hooded ,merganser1 ,wood ,duck1 ,buffle-head1 ,golden-,eyes1 ,tree ,ducks1 and possibly ,harlequin ,duck nest in hollow trees1 at times some distance from the water4 ,the young of the ,american ,golden-eye and of the ,wood ,duck have been seen to reach the water by jumping from the nest-hole and fluttering down in response to the calls of the parent below4 ,it is said that they are also brought down in the bill of the old bird1 but this statement apparently lacks confirmation4 ,the remaining species of our ,ducks1 ,geese1 and ,swans1 nest as a rule1 on the ground generally near water4 ,from five to fifteen and1 in the case of the ,fulvous ,tree ,duck1 possibly as many as thirty eggs are laid4 ,in color they vary from white to buffy and pale olive and are always uniformly colored4 ,incubation is performed by the female alone4 ,the males at this period among most ,ducks deserting their mate to undergo the partial molt before mentioned4 ,while incubating the females surround their nest with soft down plucked from their bodies and when leaving the nest to feed1 this down is drawn over the eggs with the double object1 doubtless1 of concealing them and of keeping them warm4 ,with ,eider ,ducks this down constitutes the larger part of1 if not the entire nest4 ,saunders states that in ,iceland the down in each nest weighs about one-sixth of a pound4 ,this is gathered by the natives1 who1 however1 are careful to afford the sitting bird an opportunity to raise her brood without further molestation4 ,the collection of ,eider down thus furnishes an admirable illustration of proper economic relations between man and birds4 ,the down is an important source of income to the natives of the comparatively barren1 northern countries in which the ,eiders nest4 ,so long as man can remember it has been gathered annually4 ,still the ,ducks continue to return in numbers year after year to the same region1 perhaps the exact spot in which they nested the year before4 ,less intelligent methods would perhaps rob the bird of its second1 as well as of its first nest and1 unable to reproduce its kind1 the species would become extinct within a comparatively short period4 ,the evils which would follow such a course are1 however1 thoroughly understood4 ,the ,ducks1 in the first place1 are encouraged in every way4 ,it is said that should one walk into a peasant's cabin and preempt his cot as a nesting-site1 the peasant would gladly give up his bed to so valuable a visitor4 ,ducks ,illustration3 #abi4 #abi4 ,american ,merganser 7,merganser americanus74 ,l4 #be2 ,b4 from nostril1 #a4e2 nostril midway between eye and tip of bill4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,no band of streaks on breast2 no crest4 ,ad4 ,female4 and ,yng4 ,chin white2 crown and throat reddish brown2 rest of underparts and speculum white2 above and tail ashy4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,new ,brunswick1 rarely mountains of ,pennsylvania1 ,minnesota1 and mountains of ,colorado and ,california northward2 winters from ,maine and ,british ,columbia south to ,south ,carolina and southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #acj4 #acj4 ,red-breasted ,merganser 7,merganser serrator74 ,l4 #bb2 ,b4 from nostril1 #a4h2 nostril nearer to eye than to tip of bill4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,breast with a broad cinnamon band streaked with black2 head feathers lengthened4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,crown grayish brown1 washed with rusty4 ,chin and throat paler2 rest of underparts and speculum white3 back and tail ashy4 ,notes4 ,when alarmed1 several low1 guttural croaks4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds1 in ,america1 from ,new ,brunswick and northern ,illinois north to ,greenland and ,alaska2 winters from southern breeding limits1 south to ,cuba and ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #aca4 #aca4 ,hooded ,merganser 7,lophodytes cucullatus74 ,l4 #ag4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a large1 circular black and white crest4 ,ad4 ,female ,yng4 ,a small cinnamon crest1 head1 neck and breast grayish brown2 back1 blackish2 belly white4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse croak1 like a small edition of that of the ,red-breasted ,merganser4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,north ,america from ,cuba and ,lower ,california north to ,labrador and ,alaska2 breeds locally throughout its range1 chiefly in interior of ,british ,america2 winters from ,british ,columbia1 ,illinois1 and ,massachusetts southward4 ,illustration3 #acb4 #acb4 ,mallard 7,anas boschas74 ,l4 #bc4 ,speculum 7patch in wing7 purple bordered by black and white2 under surface of wing pure white4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head green2 breast chestnut1 a white neck-ring4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above blackish and buffy1 below rusty buff mottled with dusky grayish brown4 ,notes4 ,the familiar quack of the barn-yard ,duck4 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds1 in ,america1 from ,labrador1 ,indiana1 ,iowa1 and ,california north to ,greenland and ,alaska2 winters from ,british ,columbia1 ,kansas1 and ,new ,jersey to ,central ,america and ,west ,indies4 ,illustration3 #adc4 #adc4 ,pintail 7,dafila acuta74 ,l4 ,male1 #bh2 ,female1 #bb4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,central tail feathers black1 #g4e long1 pointed4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,tail #c4e12 feathers sharply pointed2 brownish black1 with buff bars2 under wing-coverts dusky and buff2 back blackish with internal buff loops4 ,notes4 ,a loud quack1 less sonorous than that of the ,mallard2 a low mellow whistle1 and a harsh rolling note4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds1 in ,america1 from ,new ,brunswick1 ,iowa1 ,illinois1 and ,british ,columbia northward2 winters from ,british ,columbia1 ,illinois1 and ,virginia1 south to ,central ,america and ,west ,indies4 ,illustration3 #acc4 #acc4 ,black ,duck 7,anas obscura74 ,l4 #bb4 ,ads4 ,speculum bluish purple tipped with black2 no white in wing2 lining of wing white and dusky2 crown without paler margins2 throat1 usually1 without markings2 legs olivaceous brown1 bill greenish black1 dusky olive1 or olive-green4 ,notes4 ,a quack resembling that of the ,mallard4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 chiefly east of ,mississippi2 breeds locally from ,new ,jersey and ,illinois north to ,labrador and ,hudson ,bay2 winters from ,maine to ,west ,indies4 #acc;a4 ,red-legged ,black ,duck 7,a4 o4 rubripes74 ,similar to ,no4 #acc but larger2 crown edged with buff or gray2 throat spotted2 legs red2 bill yellow4 ,range4--,summer range not definitely known1 but breeding specimens have been taken in northern ,labrador1 ,james ,bay1 and west shore of ,hudson ,bay2 in winter south to ,virginia and ,arkansas4 ,illustration3 #acd4 #acd4 ,florida ,duck 7,anas fulvigula74 ,l4 #bj4 ,ads4 ,throat and front of neck plain buff1 usually unmarked2 speculum sometimes tipped with white2 belly rusty buff2 broadly streaked with black4 ,notes4 ,a quack similar to that of ,no4 #acc4 ,range4--,florida to coast of ,louisiana2 resident4 #acd;a4 ,mottled ,duck 7,a4 f4 maculosa74 ,similar to ,no4 #acd1 but underparts mottled with black1 the markings being rounder4 ,range4--,eastern ,texas2 breeds 7at least7 from ,corpus ,christi north to ,kansas2 winters on west ,gulf ,coast4 ,illustration3 #ace4 #ace4 ,gadwall 7,chaulelasmus streperus71 ,l4 #ai4e4 ,under wing coverts and axillars pure white4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,wing-coverts chestnut2 breast ringed with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,head and throat as in ,male1 back fuscous and buffy2 breast and sides ochraceous thickly spotted with blackish2 speculum ashy gray and white4 ,notes4 ,a quack like that of the ,mallard but shriller and more often repeated4 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 in ,america1 breeds in the interior from ,kansas and ,california north to ,manitoba and ,assiniboia2 winters from ,maryland to ,florida1 rare in northeastern ,atlantic ,states4 ,illustration3 #acf4 #acf4 ,widgeon 7,mareca penelope74 ,l4 #ah4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head and neck reddish brown2 crown buff2 sides with wavy black and white lines4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,head and throat rusty1 finely streaked and barred with black2 breast and sides rusty2 speculum blackish4 ,notes4 ,of male1 a shrill1 whistling whee-you2 of female1 a low1 purring growl4 7,saunders47 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds in ,america1 only in the ,aleutian ,islands2 casual in migrations and in winter in ,california and on ,atlantic coast from ,north ,carolina to ,greenland4 ,illustration3 #acg4 #acg4 ,baldpate 7,mareca americana74 ,l4 #ai4 ,no rusty on head4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,under tail-coverts black2 streak from eye to nape glossy green4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,head and throat whitish finely marked with black2 breast and sides rusty washed with grayish4 ,notes4 ,a low1 soft whistle4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds in the interior from ,minnesota and ,british ,columbia north to ,alaska2 winters from ,british ,columbia and ,virginia south to ,south ,america2 only a migrant on northeast ,atlantic coast to ,labrador4 ,illustration3 #aci4 #aci4 ,green-winged ,teal 7,nettion carolinensis74 ,l4 #ad4e4 ,wing-coverts gray1 tipped with buff or white4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a white crescent in front of wing2 speculum 7wing-patch7 green bordered by black tipped with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,wings as in ,male2 throat and sides of neck white1 finely spotted with black2 breast and sides washed with rusty1 marked with black4 ,notes4 ,a peculiar chirping almost a twittering as they fly4 7,seton47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,new ,brunswick1 ,minnesota1 and ,british ,columbia north to ,greenland and ,alaska2 winters from ,virginia1 ,kansas1 and ,british ,columbia south to ,central ,america and ,west ,indies4 ,illustration3 #adj4 #adj4 ,blue-winged ,teal 7,querquedula discors74 ,wing-coverts blue4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,cheek patch white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,resembles ,female of ,no4 #aci1 but wing-coverts blue2 speculum greenish brown not distinctly tipped with white4 ,l4 #af4 ,range4--,north ,america2 chiefly east of ,rockies2 breeds from ,new ,brunswick1 ,kansas1 southern ,illinois and northern ,ohio1 north to ,alaska1 mainly in interior2 winters from ,virginia and ,lower ,mississippi ,valley to northern ,south ,america1 ,california1 and ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #ada4 #ada4 ,cinnamon ,teal 7,querquedula cyanoptera74 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head and neck1 breast and sides reddish brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,resembles ,female of ,no4 #adj1 but the underparts1 including throat1 are usually suffused with rusty2 the throat often being blackish or speckled with dusky4 ,notes4 ,a rather thin1 nasal quack4 ,l4 #af4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america from ,british ,columbia south to ,south ,america1 east to ,rockies and south ,texas2 rarely to ,florida4 ,illustration3 #adb4 #adb4 ,shoveller 7,spatula clypeata74 ,l4 #bj4 ,bill much broader at tip than at base4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,belly chestnut2 breast around to back white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,wing-coverts blue2 back conspicuously margined with buff4 ,notes4 ,occasionally a few feeble quacks4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 in ,america chiefly in interior2 breeds locally from ,texas1 and regularly from ,minnesota and ,british ,columbia north to ,alaska and ,barren ,grounds2 winters from ,british ,columbia1 ,illinois1 and ,maryland south to northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #add4 #add4 ,wood ,duck 7,aix sponsa74 ,l4 #ah4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head crested2 green1 blue1 and purple with white stripes4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,a white streak through and behind eye2 crown glossy purplish brown2 back olive-brown glossed with greenish4 ,notes4 ,a frightened1 plaintive1 oo-eek4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds locally from ,florida to ,labrador and ,british ,columbia1 winters from ,british ,columbia1 southern ,illinois1 and southern ,new ,jersey1 south to southern ,california and ,cuba4 ,illustration3 #adf4 #adf4 ,redhead 7,aythya americana74 ,l4 #ai4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head and upper neck entirely bright reddish brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,throat white2 back grayish brown without fine bars2 speculum gray4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse guttural rolling sound4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds chiefly in interior from ,maine1 ,minnesota1 and ,california north to ,labrador and ,british ,columbia2 winters from ,british ,columbia and ,maryland south to ,lower ,california and ,west ,indies4 ,illustration3 #adg4 #adg4 ,canvas-back 7,aythya vallisneria74 ,l4 #ba4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head and whole neck dull reddish brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,head and neck rusty grayish brown2 back grayish brown1 finely barred with black and white4 ,notes4 ,a harsh guttural croak4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds only in interior from ,minnesota and ,oregon north to ,alaska and the ,barren ,grounds2 winters from ,british ,columbia and ,maryland south to southern ,california1 ,mexico and ,west ,indies4 ,illustration3 #adh4 #adh4 ,american ,scaup ,duck 7,aythya marila74 ,l4 ,male1 #ah4e2 ,female1 #ag4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head glossed with greenish2 sides without distinct black bars4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,feathers about base of bill white2 breast and back rusty grayish brown2 speculum white4 ,notes4 ,similar to the guttural sound made by the ,canvas-back1 ,redhead and other diving ,ducks4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,northern parts of northern hemisphere2 in ,america1 breeds in the interior rarely from ,minnesota1 and regularly from ,north ,dakota northward2 winters from ,long ,island to northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #adi4 #adi4 ,lesser ,scaup ,duck 7,aythya affinis74 ,l4 ,male #ag2 ,female1 #af4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head glossed with purplish2 sides with distinct black bars4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar to ,female of ,no4 #adh1 but smaller4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds only in interior from ,iowa rarely1 ,north ,dakota commonly1 and ,british ,columbia1 north to ,barren ,grounds2 winters from ,british ,columbia and ,virginia south to ,guatemala and ,west ,indies4 ,illustration3 #aej4 #aej4 ,ring-necked ,duck 7,aythya collaris74 ,l4 #af4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a chestnut neck-ring2 chin white2 back black2 speculum gray4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,feathers about sides of base of bill and throat white1 back and breast rusty grayish brown2 speculum gray4 ,resembles ,female of ,no4 #adf1 but is smaller and rustier4 ,range4--,north ,america3 breeding only in the interior from ,minnesota northward2 winters from ,maryland and ,british ,columbia south to ,guatemala and ,west ,indies2 rare on ,atlantic coast north of ,maryland4 ,illustration3 #aea4 #aea4 ,american ,golden-eye 7,clangula clangula americana74 ,l4 #bj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head greenish2 white patch at base of bill circular4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,head and throat brown2 breast and back gray1 a white throat-ring2 belly and speculum white4 ,notes4 ,rarely a low croak2 a high whistling sound produced by wings in flight4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,maine1 northern ,minnesota1 and ,alberta1 north to ,arctic ,regions2 winters from southern ,alaska1 the ,great ,lakes and ,maine1 south to ,mexico and ,cuba4 ,illustration3 #aeb4 #aeb4 ,barrow ,golden-eye 7,clangula islandica74 ,l4 #bj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head purplish blue2 white patch at base of bill twice as high as wide4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,resembles ,female of ,no4 #aea4 ,notes4 ,a high whistling made by wings in flight1 probably also a low croaking as in ,no4 #aea4 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence1 and mountains of ,colorado north to southern ,greenland2 winters south to ,virginia1 ,illinois1 and ,california4 ,illustration3 #aec4 #aec4 ,buffle-head 7,charitonetta albeola74 ,l4 #ad4g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head blue1 purple1 and green2 a white band from eye to eye across nape4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,a whitish patch on either side of head2 throat and upper parts grayish brown2 belly and speculum white4 ,notes4 ,a single guttural note like a small edition of the ,canvas-back's roll4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,maine1 ,iowa1 and ,british ,columbia northward2 winters from southern limit of breeding range to ,west ,indies and ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #afg4 #afg4 ,ruddy ,duck 7,erismatura jamaicensis74 ,l4 #ae4 ,tail-feathers narrow and stiff2 bill short 7#a4e7 and broad4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,cheeks white1 cap black1 back reddish brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,a whitish streak through dusky cheeks2 back grayish brown with fine buffy bars2 belly silvery whitish4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar1 but cheeks all white or whitish4 ,range4--,western hemisphere from northern ,south ,america to ,hudson ,bay2 breeds locally throughout its range1 but chiefly northward2 winters from ,new ,jersey1 southern ,illinois and ,california southward4 ,illustration3 #afh4 #afh4 ,masked ,duck 7,nomonyx dominicus74 ,l4 #ad4 ,tail-feathers long1 7#d4e7 narrow1 stiff and pointed4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,front of head black2 behind it reddish brown all around2 white in wing4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,a brownish streak through eye3 buffy streaks above and below it2 back blackish regularly barred with buff2 below washed with rusty4 ,range--,tropical ,america north to ,lower ,rio ,grande2 accidental in ,wisconsin1 ,lake ,champlain1 and ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 #aed4 ,winter ,illustration3 #aed4 ,summer #aed4 ,old-squaw 7,harelda hyemalis74 ,l4 ,male1 #ba2 ,female1 #af2 ,t4 ,male1 #h2 ,female1 #b4e4 ,no colored speculum4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,central tail-feathers much lengthened2 in winter1 crown1 nape1 throat1 and neck all around white4 ,in summer1 black1 with rusty markings on back4 ,ad4 ,female4 winter4 ,cheeks1 neck all around1 and underparts white2 breast and sides of neck dusky4 ,in summer1 crown1 cheeks and nape blackish1 throat and breast dusky2 a whitish patch back of eye4 ,notes4 ,in spring1 a rich1 musical a-leedle-a1 frequently repeated in deep1 reed-like tones4 7,nelson47 ,also o-onc-o-onc-ough-egh-ough-egh4 7,mackay47 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds from northern ,labrador and ,aleutian ,islands north to ,arctic ,ocean2 winters south to ,virginia1 ,upper ,mississippi ,valley1 and ,california1 rarely to ,florida and ,texas4 ,illustration3 #aee4 #aee4 ,harlequin ,duck 7,histrionicus histrionicus74 ,l4 #ag4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,back and breast slaty blue2 head darker4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,front half of cheeks and spot over ears whitish1 above blackish brown2 below dusky and whitish4 ,notes4 ,a confusion of low gabbling and chattering notes4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america1 breeding from ,newfoundland1 the northern ,rocky ,mountains1 and the ,sierra ,nevadas 7latitude #ch;,a deg471 northward2 south in winter to the ,middle ,states and ,california2 eastern ,asia1 ,iceland4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #aef4 #aef4 ,labrador ,duck 7,camptolaimus labradorius74 ,l4 #bj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,primaries blackish2 rest of wing white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,ashy gray3 speculum white4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female but throat and ends of greater wing-coverts white4 ,range4--,formerly ,north ,atlantic coast2 bred from ,labrador northward2 wintered south to ,new ,jersey2 believed to be extinct2 last records1 ,grand ,menan1 ,new ,brunswick1 #ahga2 ,long ,island1 #ahge4 ,illustration3 #aeg4 #aeg4 ,steller ,eider 7,eniconetta stelleri74 ,l4 #ah4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat and neck black nearly divided by a white ring2 top and sides of head white1 forehead and nape greenish2 breast chestnut4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above and below black and rusty1 speculum purple bordered with white2 tail feathers pointed4 ,range4--,arctic and subarctic coasts of the northern hemisphere1 ,aleutian ,islands1 east to ,unalaska and ,kadiak2 ,kenai ,peninsula4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #aeh4 #aeh4 ,spectacled ,eider 7,arctonetta fischeri74 ,l4 #ba4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,front of head plush-like2 cushiony pads around eyes2 above largely white2 breast slaty black2 belly black4 ,range4--,alaskan coast of ,bering ,sea and north to ,point ,barrow4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #aei4 #aei4 ,greenland ,eider 7,somateria mollissima borealis74 ,l4 #bc4 ,feathers on sides of bill reaching to nostrils1 bare spaces on either side of feathers on culmen pointed at base 7posteriorly47 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown black with a white wedge4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,brownish black above margined with rusty and buff2 below dusky finely margined with buff4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar to ,female but more buffy4 ,notes4 ,a sort of cooing sound in the breeding season4 7,elliot47 ,a raucous1 moaning1 'ha ho1 'ha ho2 female's like that of ,mallard4 7,brunnich47 ,range4--,northeastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,labrador to ,greenland2 winters south to ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 #afj4 #afj4 ,american ,eider 7,somateria dresseri74 ,l4 #bc4 ,similar in color to ,no4 #aei1 but bare spaces on either side of feathers of culmen rounded at the base 7posteriorly74 ,range4--,northeastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,isle au ,haut1 ,maine1 to ,labrador2 winters south to ,new ,jersey and ,great ,lakes4 ,illustration3 #afa4 #afa4 ,pacific ,eider 7,somateria v-nigra74 ,similar to ,no4 #aei1 but ,ad4 ,male with a black ,v on throat2 sides of bill more broadly feathered1 distance from end of feathers to base of bare space on culmen less than distance from same place to end of bill4 ,notes4 ,a low guttural note4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,north ,pacific from ,aleutian ,islands north to ,arctic ,ocean east to ,great ,slave ,lake4 ,illustration3 #afb4 #afb4 ,king ,eider 7,somateria spectabilis74 ,l4 #bc4 ,feathers at side of bill not reaching nostril4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,white patch on either side of rump1 crown ashy blue4 ,ad4 ,female in #a ,yng4 ,resembling same plumages of ,no4 #aei and ,no4 #afj4 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds from ,labrador and ,st4 ,michaels1 ,alaska north to ,greenland and ,arctic ,ocean2 winters south to ,new ,jersey 7rarely ,ga471 and ,great ,lakes2 one ,california record4 ,illustration3 #afc4 #afc4 ,american ,scoter 7,oidemia americana74 ,l4 #ai4 ,feathers at base of bill not extending forward on sides or top4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,wholly black2 bill black1 yellow at base4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,brownish above1 lighter below2 no white on wing or on sides of head4 ,notes4 ,a long musical whistle4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,labrador and ,alaskan shores of ,bering ,sea northward2 winters south to ,virginia1 ,great ,lakes1 ,colorado1 and ,california4 ,illustration3 #aff4 #aff4 ,surf ,scoter 7,oidemia perspicillata74 ,l4 #bj4 ,feathers extending forward on top of bill4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black1 nape and crown white2 bill orange1 yellow1 and white1 a round black patch on its sides4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above black1 throat and breast paler2 belly whitish2 a whitish patch at base of bill4 ,yng4 ,similar but with white patches on ears4 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,newfoundland northward2 winters south to ,virginia1 ,florida1 ,illinois1 and ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #afe4 #afe4 ,white-winged ,scoter 7,oidemia deglandi74 ,l4 #bb4 ,a white patch on wing2 feathers extending forward along sides and top of bill nearly to nostrils4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black1 a white spot about eye2 bill orange1 black at base4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,dusky brown above2 lighter below4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar but sides and front of head whitish4 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,labrador and ,north ,dakota northward2 winters south to ,virginia1 southern ,illinois1 and ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #agg4 #agg4 ,black-bellied ,tree ,duck 7,dendrocygna autumnalis74 ,l4 #bb4 ,ads4 belly and tail coverts black3 foreback and breast gray2 greater wing-coverts whitish4 ,notes4 ,a shrill whistle4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,tropical ,america north to southern ,texas4 ,illustration3 #agh4 #agh4 ,fulvous ,tree ,duck 7,dendrocygna fulva74 ,l4 #bb4 ,ads4 ,belly uniform rusty brown2 upper tail coverts white2 a black streak on hindneck2 no white in wing4 ,notes4 ,a squealing whistle4 ,range4--,tropical ,america1 north in summer to ,texas1 ,louisiana1 ,nevada and central ,california4 ,casual in ,north ,carolina and ,missouri4 7,a4 ,o4 ,u47 ,geese and ,swans #afi4 ,lesser ,snow ,goose 7,chen hyperborea74 ,l4 #bc-bh1 ,ads4 ,white1 head sometimes rusty2 primaries black4 ,yng4 ,head1 neck1 and above grayish4 ,range4--,pacific coast to the ,mississippi ,valley1 breeding in ,alaska2 south in winter to southern ,illinois and southern ,california2 casually to ,new ,england4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #afi;a4 #afi;a4 ,greater ,snow ,goose 7,c4 h4 nivalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #afi1 but larger1 ,l4 #cj-ch4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds in ,arctic regions2 winters from ,chesapeake1 ,new ,jersey 7rarely7 south to ,cuba2 rare on ,atlantic coast north of ,maryland4 ,illustration3 #agj4 #agj4 ,ross ,snow ,goose 7,chen rossii74 ,l4 #ba2 ,b4 #a4f4 ,similar in color to ,no4 #afi1 but much smaller2 bill particularly smaller4 ,range4--,arctic ,america in summer2 ,pacific coast to southern ,california and east to ,montana in winter4 ,illustration3 #ahj4 #ahj4 ,whistling ,swan 7,olor columbianus74 ,l4 #ee4 ,nostril nearer to tip of bill than to eye4 ,ads4 ,white1 bill and feet black2 a small yellow spot before the eye4 ,yng4 ,head and neck brownish1 rest of plumage washed with grayish4 ,notes4 'whoogh1 'whoogh1 very loud and shrill4 7,nuttall47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds within ,arctic ,circle2 winters from ,british ,columbia 787 ,lower ,mississippi ,valley1 ,chesapeake ,bay1 south to ,gulf of ,mexico2 rare on ,atlantic ,coast north of ,virginia4 ,illustration3 #ahj4 ,bill of4 ,illustration3 #aha4 ,bill of4 #aha4 ,trumpeter ,swan 7,clor buccinator74 ,l4 #fe4 ,nostril about in middle of bill4 ,ads4 ,white1 bill and feet black2 no yellow on lores4 ,yng4 ,head and neck brownish2 rest of plumage washed with grayish4 ,notes4 ,loud and sonorous in tone like those of a ,french horn4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,chiefly the ,interior of ,north ,america1 from the ,gulf ,coast to the ,fur ,countries1 breeding from ,iowa and the ,dakotas northward2 west to the ,pacific ,coast2 rare or casual on the ,atlantic4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,geese ,illustration3 #afi4a #afi4a4 ,blue ,goose 7,chen c,arulescens74 ,l4 #bh4 ,ads4 ,head and neck white2 below brownish gray2 foreback like breast2 rump gray4 ,yng4 ,similar but head and neck grayish brown4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds in ,hudson ,bay region2 winters on west coast of the ,gulf of ,mexico2 two ,california records2 said to have occurred in ,new ,jersey4 ,illustration3 #aga;a4 #aga;a4 ,american ,white-fronted ,goose 7,anser albifrons gambeli74 ,l4 #bh4 ,ads4 ,forehead and rump white2 below spotted with black4 ,yng4 ,similar but no white on head no black below4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds in ,arctic region2 winters on ,gulf ,coast1 ,california and ,mexico2 rare on ,atlantic coast4 ,illustration3 #agf4 #agf4 ,emperor ,goose 7,philacte canagica74 ,l4 #bf4 ,ads4 ,foreneck blackish2 rest of head and neck white sometimes tinged with rusty2 tail mostly white4 ,yng4 ,body less distinctly scaled2 head and hindneck spotted with grayish4 ,notes4 ,when flying1 a deep1 hoarse1 strident cl,ac-h,ac1 cl,ac-h,ac1 cl,ac-h,ac2 when alarmed and about to fly1 a ringing ,a-l,agh1-,al,agh4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,coast and islands of ,alaska north of the ,peninsula2 chiefly about ,norton ,sound and ,valley of the ,lower ,yukon2 ,commander ,islands1 ,kamchatka2 casually south to ,humboldt ,bay1 ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,geese and ,brant ,illustration3 #agb4 #agb4 ,canada ,goose 7,branta canadensis74 ,l4 #ch4 ,ads4 ,a white patch on cheeks and throat2 rest of head and neck black2 no whitish ring at base of black neck4 ,yng4 ,similar but with blackish on white of throat4 ,notes4 ,a sonorous honk4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,labrador1 ,minnesota and ,british ,columbia1 north chiefly in the interior1 to ,alaska2 winters from ,long ,island1 ,illinois and ,british ,columbia south to ,mexico and southern ,california4 #agb;a4 ,hutchins ,goose 7,b4 c4 hutchinsii74 ,similar to ,no4 #agb1 but smaller2 ,l4 #cj2 tail feathers1 #ad-af4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds in ,arctic regions2 winters from ,british ,columbia and ,kansas south to ,lower ,california and ,mexico4 #agb;b4 ,white-cheeked ,goose 7,b4 c4 occidentalis74 ,size of ,no4 #agb1 but throat blackish1 lower neck with white collar4 ,range4--,pacific coast region1 from ,sitka1 south in winter to ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #agb;c4 #agb;c4 ,cackling ,goose 7,b4 c4 minima74 ,similar to ,no4 #agb;b1 but smaller1 ,l4 #bd2 tail feathers #ad-af4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds in ,alaska2 winters from ,british ,columbia southward2 east rarely to ,wisconsin4 ,illustration3 #agc4 #agc4 ,brant 7,branta bernicla glaucogastra74 ,l4 #bf4 ,ads4 ,sides of neck with white markings2 belly whitish4 ,notes4 ,a guttural car-r-rup1 or r-r-r-rouk4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds in ,arctic regions2 winters in ,america1 from ,mississippi ,valley east1 and from ,illinois and ,massachusetts southward2 rare in interior4 ,illustration3 #agd4 #agd4 ,black ,brant 7,branta nigricans74 ,l4 #bf4 ,ads4 ,sides and front of neck with white markings2 belly nearly as dark as back4 ,notes4 ,a low guttural gr-r-r-r-r2 on alarm repeated often with emphasis4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds in northern ,alaska and eastward2 winters from ,british ,columbia to ,lower ,california2 occasional on ,atlantic ,coast4 ,order ,,vi4 ,,flamingoes4 ,,odontoglossa4 ,family #a4 ,,flamingoes4 ,ph,anicopterid,a4 #a species4 ,flamingoes might be called long-legged ,ducks4 ,their feet are webbed1 and their bill is set with ridges1 which serve as sieves or strainers1 as do the 'gutters' on a ,duck's bill4 ,they are1 however1 wading birds and their webbed feet are of use in supporting them on the soft mud of shallow lagoons or bays where they search for the favorite food of small mollusks4 ,in feeding the flat top of the bill is pressed into the mud when its tip points upward toward the bird's body4 ,flamingoes fly with the neck and legs stretched to the utmost presenting on the wing a picturesque1 but by no means so graceful an appearance as do the ,herons4 ,their voice is a vibrant honking like that of a ,goose4 ,order ,,vii4 ,,herons1 ,,storks1 ,,ibises1 ,,etc4 ,,herodiones4 ,family #a4 ,,spoonbills4 ,plataleid,a4 #a species4 ,family #b4 ,,ibises4 ,ibidid,a4 #c species4 ,family #c4 ,,storks and ,,wood ,,ibises4 ,ciconiid,a4 #a species4 ,family #d4 ,,bitterns1 ,,herons1 ,,etc4 ,ardhid,a4 #ad species1 #c subspecies4 ,the ,roseate ,spoonbill was formerly a common bird in ,florida and along the ,gulf coast1 but so many have been killed for their plumage that in the ,united ,states the species is now exceedingly rare except in the most remote parts of southern ,florida4 ,spoonbills build a rude nest of sticks in mangrove bushes or small trees and lay three to five whitish eggs speckled with shades of brown4 ,ibises are usually found in flocks along the shore of lagoons1 lakes1 etc41 or in marshy places4 ,they fly with the neck outstretched and are generally silent4 ,their nests of reeds1 weed stalks1 etc41 are sometimes placed in low bushes1 at others in grassy marshes4 ,the eggs number from three to five4 ,they are plain blue in the ,glossy ,ibis1 greenish white with chocolate markings1 in the ,white ,ibis4 ,the ,storks are largely ,old ,world birds1 only three of the some twenty known species inhabiting the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,but one of these is found regularly north of the ,rio ,grande1 the so-called ,wood ,ibis which is abundant in southern ,florida4 ,it lives in flocks and builds a nest of sticks usually in cypress trees1 often forty feet from the ground1 laying two or three white eggs4 ,when flying the neck is extended4 ,it progresses by alternate flapping and sailing and occasionally soars high overhead in circles1 like a ,vulture4 ,the ,bitterns and ,herons unlike our other long-legged wading birds1 fly with a fold in the neck4 ,they belong in two subfamilies1 the ,botaurin,a and ,ardein,a1 respectively4 ,the ,bitterns are usually solitary birds inhabiting grassy or reedy marshes where their colors harmonize with their surroundings and render them difficult to see4 ,the ,american ,bittern nests on the ground and lays three to five pale brownish eggs4 ,the ,least ,bittern usually weaves a platform nest of reeds among rushes growing in the water and lays four or five bluish white eggs4 ,herons feed along the shore and are consequently more often seen than ,bitterns4 ,with the exception of the ,green ,heron and the ,yellow-crowned ,night ,heron1 which usually nest in isolated pairs1 our species gather in colonies to nest4 ,several hundred pairs occupying a limited area in some wooded or bushy swamp to which1 when undisturbed1 they return year after year4 ,herons build a rude platform nest of sticks1 sometimes placing it in bushes1 sometimes in the tallest trees1 and at others on the ground or beds of reeds in marshes4 ,the eggs are greenish blue in color and usually four in number4 ,it is among those ,herons1 which in nesting time are adorned with delicate plumes or aigrettes1 that the greatest ravages of the millinery hunter have been made4 ,attacking these birds when they have gathered on the nesting ground1 they are not permitted to rear their young and the species is thus exterminated branch and root4 ,the voice of ,herons is a harsh squawk varying in depth of tone with the size of the bird4 ,flamingo1 ,spoonbill and ,ibis ,illustration3 #ahb4 #ahb4 ,flamingo 7,phoenicopterus ruber74 ,l4 #de2 from toe to bill1 #fj4 ,ads4 ,rosy red1 lighter on back2 primaries and secondaries black4 ,yng4 ,smaller1 grayish brown2 lighter below4 ,notes4 ,a honk resembling that of a ,canada ,goose4 ,range4--,atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical ,america2 resident 7breeding87 in southwestern ,florida 7,monroe county72 casual west to ,texas1 north to ,south ,carolina4 ,illustration3 #ahc4 #ahc4 ,roseate ,spoonbill 7,ajaia ajaja74 ,l4 #cb4 ,ads4 ,head and throat bare2 sides of breast and end of tail rusty buff2 lesser wing-coverts1 upper and under tail-coverts carmine4 ,yng4 ,head feathered1 buff and carmine replaced by pink4 ,range4--,tropical and subtropical ,america2 north to ,gulf ,states4 ,illustration3 #ahe4 #ahe4 ,scarlet ,ibis 7,guara rubra74 ,l4 #bd4 ,ads4 ,scarlet3 tips of primaries black4 ,yng4 ,grayish brown1 lower back1 rump1 and upper tail-coverts white2 underparts dull white4 ,range4--,florida1 ,louisiana and ,texas1 southward to the ,west ,indies and northern ,south ,america4 ,no record of its recent occurrence in the ,united ,states4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,ibises ,illustration3 #ahd4 #ahd4 ,white ,ibis 7,guara alba74 ,l4 #be4 ,ads4 ,white1 tips of outer primaries black1 face orange red4 ,yng4 ,grayish brown1 rump1 breast and belly white4 ,notes4 ,when near nest1 crook1 croc1 croo2 when disturbed1 a loud1 hoarse1 bunk1 bunk1 hunk4 7,audubon74 ,range4--,tropical ,america2 breeds north to ,lower ,california1 southern ,indiana1 southern ,illinois and ,south ,carolina2 winters from ,gulf southward2 accidental in ,south ,dakota1 ,connecticut and ,long ,island4 ,illustration3 #ahf4 #ahf4 ,glossy ,ibis 7,plegadis autumnalis74 ,l4 #bd4 ,ads4 ,front of head black with greenish reflections4 ,yng4 ,head and neck fuscous brown margined with white1 rest of underparts fuscous brown2 back with greenish reflections4 ,range4--,tropical and subtropical regions in ,america2 rare or local in southeastern ,united ,states2 casual north to ,massachusetts and ,illinois4 ,illustration3 #ahg4 #ahg4 ,white-faced ,glossy ,ibis 7,plegadis guarauna74 ,l4 #bd4 ,ads4 ,front of head white4 ,yng4 ,resembles young of ,no4 #ahf4 ,range4--,tropical and subtropical ,america2 north to ,california1 7rarely ,british ,columbia71 ,texas1 ,kansas1 east rarely to ,florida2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #ahh4 #ahh4 ,wood ,ibis 7,tantalus loculator74 ,l4 #dj4 ,ads4 ,head and neck bare2 white1 primaries1 secondaries and tail blackish4 ,yng4 ,resembles ad4 but head and neck feathered1 grayish brown4 ,note4 ,when alarmed1 a rough1 guttural croak4 7,audubon47 ,range4--,tropical and subtropical ,america2 breeds ,in ,gulf ,states1 7,lower ,california871 and later may stray as far north as ,new ,york1 ,wisconsin1 and ,california4 ,bitterns ,illustration3 #aij4 #aij4 ,american ,bittern 7,botaurus lentiginosus74 ,l4 #bh4 ,ads4 ,a glossy black streak on either side of the neck4 ,yng4 ,similar to ad4 but colors much deeper1 more rusty4 ,notes4 ,call1 quawk2 song1 pump-er-lunk4 ,range4--,north ,america north to ,labrador and ,british ,columbia1 breeding chiefly north of latitude #ce;,a deg42 winters from about latitude #ce;,a deg4 southward4 ,illustration3 #aia4 #aia4 ,least ,bittern 7,ardetta exilis74 ,l4 #ac4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,hindneck rufous1 foreneck1 underparts1 and under tail-coverts white and buff4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but crown and back brown1 below streaked with brownish4 ,notes4 ,call1 an explosive quab2 song1 a soft coo repeated four or five times4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,gulf ,states to ,new ,brunswick and ,manitoba2 winters from ,gulf ,states southward4 ,less common west of ,rocky ,mountains2 on the ,pacific coast north to northern ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #aia4a #aia4a4 ,cory ,bittern 7,ardetta neoxena74 ,l4 #ac4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,hindneck black1 foreneck chestnut1 belly mixed black and chestnut1 under tail-coverts black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but crown and back duller4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 recorded from ,florida1 ,ontario1 7breeding71 ,massachusetts1 and ,michigan2 about #bj specimens known4 ,herons ,illustration3 #aib4 #aib4 ,great ,white ,heron 7,ardea occidentalis74 ,ads4 ,white1 no aigrette plumes4 ,a white ,heron about the size of a ,great ,blue ,heron4 ,what is supposed to be a gray-blue phase of this bird has been called ,ardea wuerdmanni1 a bird which resembles ,no4 #aid1 but has the head and neck whitish4 ,range4--,southern ,florida1 ,cuba and ,jamaica4 ,illustration3 #aif4 #aif4 ,american ,egret 7,herodias egretta74 ,l4 #da4 ,ads4 ,white1 about #ej straight aigrette plumes grow from the back between the wings2 legs and feet black4 ,ads4 when not breeding and ,yng41 the same1 but no plumes4 ,range4--,tropical and temperate ,america2 breeds north to ,virginia1 southern ,illinois1 and ,california2 later strays to ,new ,brunswick1 ,minnesota1 and ,oregon2 winters from southern ,california and ,gulf ,states southward4 ,illustration3 #aig4 #aig4 ,snowy ,heron 7,egretta candidissima74 ,l4 #bd4 ,ads4 ,white1 about #ej recurved aigrette plumes grow from back between the wings2 legs black1 feet yellow4 ,ads4 when not breeding and ,yng4 ,the same1 but no plumes4 ,range4--,tropical and temperate ,america2 bred formerly north to ,long ,island1 southern ,illinois and ,california2 now very rare in eastern ,north ,america2 winters from ,gulf ,states and southern ,california southward4 ,illustration3 #aid4 #aid4 ,great ,blue ,heron 7,ardea herodias74 ,l4 #de2 ,w4 #ah4e2 ,b4 #e4e2 ,tar4 #g4 ,ads4 ,center of crown white1 head crested2 legs blackish4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but no crest1 crown wholly black1 plumage more streaked4 ,range--,northern ,south ,america north to ,arctic regions2 breeds locally throughout most of ,north ,america range2 winters from about latitude #db;,a deg4 southward4 #aid;a4 ,northwest ,coast ,heron 7,a4 h4 fannini74 ,similar to ,no4 #aid but much darker2 upperparts bluish slate black2 tarsus shorter1 #e4c4 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,vancouver to ,sitka4 #aid;b4 ,ward ,heron 7,a4 h4 wardi74 ,similar to ,no4 #aid but whiter below1 neck darker2 legs olive2 larger1 ,l4 #eb2 ,w4 #bj2 ,b4 #f4e2 ,tar4 #h4 ,range4--,florida2 coast of ,texas4 ,illustration3 #bjb4 #bjb4 ,black-crowned ,night ,heron 7,nycticorax nycticorax n,avius74 ,l4 #bd4 ,ads4 ,crown and back greenish black lower back1 wings and tail ashy2 head with two or three rounded white plumes1 except just after breeding season4 ,yng4 ,grayish brown streaked with white2 below white streaked with blackish2 outer webs of primaries1 pale rufous4 ,notes4 ,an explosive q,aawk4 ,range4--,western hemisphere2 breeds in ,north ,america north to ,new ,brunswick1 ,quebec1 ,manitoba1 and ,oregon2 winters from ,california and ,gulf ,states southward4 ,illustration3 #bjc4 #bjc4 ,yellow-crowned ,night ,heron 7,nyctanassa violaceus74 ,l4 #bc4 ,ads4 ,blue-gray2 crown and ear-coverts whitish1 rest of head black2 scapulars streaked with black2 head with two or three rounded1 white plumes1 except just after nesting season4 ,yng4 ,crown black1 streaked with whitish2 primaries bluish slate1 no rufous2 back brownish streaked with white2 below whitish streaked with blackish4 ,range4--,tropical and subtropical ,america2 breeds north to ,south ,carolina1 southern ,illinois1 and ,lower ,california2 strays to ,massachusetts and ,colorado2 winters from ,gulf ,states southward4 ,illustration3 #baih4 #aih4 ,reddish ,egret 7,dichromanassa rufescens74 ,l4 #bi4 ,two color phases independent of age4 ,ads4 ,dark phase1 ,head and neck rufous2 back slate2 about #cj aigrette plumes4 ,white phase4 ,white1 including plumes2 tips of primaries sometimes speckled with gray4 ,yng4 ,rufous and gray1 or white1 without plumes4 ,range4--,west ,indies and ,central ,america north to coasts of ,gulf ,states1 ,illinois 7rarely71 and ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #aii4 #aii4 ,louisiana ,heron 7,hydranassa tricolor ruficollis74 ,l4 #bf4 ,ads4 ,aigrette plumes1 short1 dirty gray2 rump and belly white2 legs blackish4 ,yng4 ,head and neck brownish2 throat and line down foreneck white2 above slaty washed with brownish1 rump1 and belly white4 ,range4--,west ,indies and ,central ,america north to ,gulf ,states1 casually to ,long ,island and ,indiana4 ,illustration3 #bjj4 #bjj4 ,little ,blue ,heron 7,florida c,arulea74 ,l4 #bb4 ,ads4 ,head and neck maroon2 rest of plumage slaty blue4 ,yng4 ,white1 tips of primaries bluish1 legs greenish yellow4 ,range4--,tropical ,america and eastern ,united ,states2 breeds north to ,virginia and ,illinois1 later may stray north as far as ,nova ,scotia2 winters from ,south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states southward4 ,illustration3 #bja4 #bja4 ,little ,green ,heron 7,butorides virescens74 ,l4 #ag4 ,smallest of our ,herons4 ,ads4 ,crown1 glossy green-black2 throat and line down foreneck buffy2 rest of head and neck purplish chestnut2 back green washed with bluish gray4 ,yng4 ,neck and below streaked with blackish2 back-feathers not lengthened2 duller4 ,notes4 ,a rattling oc-oc-oc-oc-oc1 a startling scow1 and1 more rarely1 a deep1 hollow groan4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,tropical and temperate ,north ,america2 breeds from ,gulf ,states north to ,nova ,scotia and ,manitoba2 winters from ,gulf ,states southward to northern ,south ,america4 #bja;a4 ,frazar ,green ,heron 7,b4 v4 frazari74 ,similar to ,no4 #bja1 but rather larger and darker1 neck more purplish1 light stripings on throat and foreneck more restricted4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,lower ,califorinia4 #bja;b4 ,anthony ,green ,heron 7,b4 v4 anthonyi74 ,similar to ,no4 #bja1 but slightly larger1 and paler1 light markings of wings1 neck1 and throat less restricted and whiter4 7,mearns47 ,range4--,arid portions of southwestern ,united ,states1 south into ,mexico4 ,order ,,viii4 ,,cranes1 ,,rails1 ,,etc4 ,,paludicola4 ,family #a4 ,,cranes4 ,gruid,a4 #c species4 ,family #b4 ,,courlans4 ,aramid,a4 #a species4 ,family #c4 ,,rails1 ,,gallinules1 and ,,coots4 ,rallid,a4 #ab species1 #c subspecies4 ,cranes bear a general resemblance to ,herons in that they are long-legged1 long-necked birds1 but when on the wing1 they carry the neck fully extended1 a habit which will readily distinguish them from the curved neck ,herons4 ,cranes are less aquatic than ,herons and are often found feeding on the prairies or pine-barrens where worms1 grasshoppers1 lizards1 roots1 etc41 form their fare4 ,they nest on the ground laying two buffy eggs thickly marked with brown4 ,the young1 unlike the nearly naked1 helpless young of ,herons1 are born covered with down and can soon follow their parents4 ,the ,cranes have loud sonorous voices2 the ,herons raucous croaks4 ,the ,limpkin is a singular inhabitant of the more retired ,florida swamps4 ,it feeds upon the ground largely upon a kind of land shell1 but also perches in trees4 ,its nest of twigs is placed in a small tree or bush1 and it lays from four to seven pale buffy eggs stained and speckled with cinnamon brown4 ,the ,rails 7,subfamily ,rallin,a7 are inhabitants of grassy marshes where1 trusting to their long legs1 they more often escape observation by running than by flying4 ,one may hear their characteristic notes coming from the dense growth only a few yards distant and still be unable to catch a glimpse of their maker4 ,rails nest on the ground laying six to twelve or fifteen buffy eggs spotted with reddish brown4 ,the young of all our species are born covered with a shining black down4 ,the ,gallinules 7,subfamily ,gallinulin,a7 are more aquatic than the ,rails and are consequently less difficult to observe4 ,the ,coots 7,subfamily ,fulicin,a7 are still more aquatic than the ,gallinules1 as might be supposed from their lobed toes1 in fact are as much at home in the water as though they were ,ducks4 ,both ,gallinules and ,coots lay eight to sixteen buffy1 thickly speckled eggs in a nest of reeds often built on a pile of rushes in the reeds4 ,cranes and ,limpkin ,illustration3 #bjd4 #bjd4 ,whooping ,crane 7,grus americana74 ,l4 #ej4 ,ads4 ,white2 skin of top of head dull red2 primaries black4 ,yng4 ,head feathered1 plumage more or less washed with rusty4 ,range4--,interior of ,north ,america3 breeds from northern ,mississippi ,valley north to ,arctic regions2 winters from ,gulf ,states southward4 #bje4 ,little ,brown ,crane 7,grus canadensis74 ,l4 #ce4 ,w4 #ah2 ,b4 #d4 ,ads4 ,skin of top of head dull red2 plumage brownish gray4 ,yng4 ,head feathered1 plumage with more or less rusty4 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america from ,hudson ,bay to ,alaska1 migrating south through western ,united ,states east of ,rocky ,mountains to ,mexico4 7,ridgway47 ,illustration3 #bjf4 #bjf4 ,sandhill ,crane 7,grus mexicana74 ,similar to ,no4 #bje1 but larger4 ,l4 #dd3 ,w4 #bj2 ,b4 #e4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 sonorous1 grating1 krrrow1 repeated five or more times4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds locally from ,texas1 ,cuba1 ,florida north through ,mississippi ,valley to ,manitoba1 ,british ,columbia1 and ,oregon2 winters from northern ,california and ,gulf ,states southward4 ,illustration3 #bjg4 #bjg4 ,limpkin 7,aramus giganteus74 ,l4 #bh4 ,ads4 ,glossy olive-brown1 striped with white2 wings and tail more bronzy4 ,notes4 ,a loud wah-ree-ow1 repeated and the last note prolonged into a wail4 ,range4--,central ,america and ,west ,indies north to southern ,texas and ,florida4 ,rails ,illustration3 #bjh4 #bjh4 ,king ,rail 7,rallus elegans74 ,l4 #ae4 ,ads4 ,above olive-brown1 black1 and olive-gray2 wing-coverts reddish brown2 neck and breast cinnamon2 belly and sides blackish1 sharply and broadly barred with white4 ,notes4 ,a loud bup1 bup1 bup1 repeated and ending in a roll4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,florida north to ,connecticut and ,south ,dakota2 strays to ,maine2 winters from ,virginia and ,lower ,mississippi ,valley south to ,gulf ,states4 #bji4 ,belding ,rail 7,rallus beldingi74 ,similar to ,no4 #bjh1 but paler2 flank-bars narrower4 ,range4--,lower ,california4 #baj4 ,california ,clapper ,rail 7,rallus obsoletus74 ,l4 #ag4 ,above grayish olive-brown streaked with blackish brown2 breast cinnamon2 flanks dusky brown narrowly banded with white4 ,margins to back feathers much broader than in forms of crepitans4 ,range4--,salt ,marshes of ,pacific coast north to ,washington4 ,illustration3 #bab4 #bab4 ,virginia ,rail 7,rallus virginianus74 ,l4 #i4e2 ,b4 #a4e4 ,ads4 ,above blackish and grayish brown2 wing-coverts reddish brown2 below cinnamon1 flanks black and white4 ,resembling a ,king ,rail in color1 but much smaller4 ,notes4 ,calls1 kep or kik2 song1 a grunting sound and cut1 c,atta-c,atta-c,atta4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,pennsylvania1 ,long ,island1 northern ,illinois1 and middle ,california north to ,labrador1 ,manitoba1 and ,british ,columbia2 winters from about its southern breeding limits south to ,cuba and ,guatemala4 ,illustration3 #bae4 #bae4 ,yellow ,rail4 7,porzana noveboracensis74 ,l4 #g2 ,b4 4#e4 ,ads4 ,above black and buffy barred with white2 breast buffy2 sides brownish barred with white4 ,notes4 ,an abrupt cackling1 'kr,a7,c7k1 'krek1 'krek1 'krek1 k,ak1 'k'k'k4 7,nuttall47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america north to ,new ,brunswick1 ,quebec1 and ,hudson ,bay1 west to ,manitoba and rarely ,california2 probably breeds chiefly north2 winters in southern ,states4 ,illustration3 #baa4 #baa4 ,clapper ,rail1 ,marsh ,hen 7,rallus crepitans74 ,l4 #ad4e2 ,w4 #e2 ,b4 #b4e4 ,ads4 ,above pale olive bordered by gray2 wing-coverts pale grayish brown2 breast pale cinnamon2 flanks barred gray and white4 ,notes4 ,gkak1 gkak1 gkak1 at first loud and rapid1 ending lower and slower4 ,range4--,salt marshes of the ,atlantic coast2 breeds from ,north ,carolina to ,connecticut2 winters from ,long ,island 7rarely7 southward1 north casually to ,massachusetts2 south casually to ,louisiana4 #baa;a4 ,louisiana ,clapper ,rail 7,r4 c4 saturatus74 ,similar to ,no4 #baa1 but above rich brown edged with olive2 breast darker cinnamon2 bill more slender1 #b4c4 ,range4--,coast of ,louisiana4 ,illustration3 #baa;b4 #baa;b4 ,scott ,clapper ,rail 7,r4 c4 scotti74 ,similar to ,no4 #baa1 but much darker2 sooty brown or black above edged with olive-brown or olive-gray2 breast and neck cinnamon1 washed with brownish2 flanks brown and white4 ,darkest bird of group4 ,range4--,gulf coast of ,florida4 #baa;c4 ,wayne ,clapper ,rail 7,r4 c4 waynei74 ,similar to ,no4 #baa1 but darker1 back rich olive-brown edged with gray2 breast more ashy4 ,range4--,atlantic coast1 ,north ,carolina to eastern ,florida4 #baa4b4 ,caribbean ,clapper ,rail 7,rallus longirostris carib,aus74 ,l4 #ad2 ,w4 #e4g2 ,b4 #b4d4 ,ads4 ,above olive-brown edged with olive-ashy1 breast cinnamon2 flanks brown and white4 ,range4--,west ,indies2 coast of southeastern ,texas 7and northeastern ,mexico874 ,illustration3 #bad4 #bad4 ,carolina ,rail 7,porzana carolina74 ,l4 #h4e2 ,b4 #h4 ,ads4 ,region about base of bill black4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but no black about base of bill2 breast more cinnamon4 ,notes4 ,calls1 kuk or peep1 song1 ker-wee2 and a high1 rolling whinny4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,long ,island1 ,illinois1 ,kansas1 and southern ,california1 north to ,newfoundland1 ,hudson ,bay region1 and ,british ,columbia2 winters from ,south ,carolina1 southern ,illinois1 and northern ,california south to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #baf4 #baf4 ,little ,black ,rail 7,porzana jamaicensis73 ,l4 #e2 ,b4 #f4 ,ads4 ,head1 breast1 and belly slate2 back blackish brown barred with white2 nape reddish brown4 ,notes4 ,probably1 kik-kik-kik1 quee'ah1 or kik-ki-ki-ki1 ki1 quee'ah1 or variants4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,temperate ,north ,america north to ,massachusetts1 northern ,illinois1 and ,oregon3 south to ,west ,indies and ,guatemala4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,probably breeds throughout its ,north ,american range 7,connecticut1 ,illinois1 ,kansas74 ,gallinules and ,coot ,illustration3 #bah4 #bah4 ,purple ,gallinule 7,ionornis martinica74 ,l4 #ac4 ,ads4 ,crown-plate bluish1 bill carmine tipped with greenish2 back shining green2 below purplish blue2 under tail-coverts white4 ,yng4 ,above browner2 below with white2 no red on bill4 ,range4--,tropical and subtropical ,america2 breeds only in eastern ,north ,america north to southern ,illinois and ,south ,carolina1 strays to ,maine and ,wisconsin2 winters from southern ,florida south to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bai4 #bai4 ,florida ,gallinule 7,gallinula galeata74 ,l4 #ac4e4 ,ad4 ,crown-plate red1 bill red tipped with greenish2 legs green with a red ring2 back olive-brown2 flanks slate streaked with white4 ,yng4 ,crown-plate smaller with bill brownish2 no red on legs2 below grayish4 ,notes4 ,an explosive chuck and many loud and varied calls suggesting a disturbed brooding hen1 the squawking of a struggling hen1 etc4 ,range4--,temperate and tropical ,america2 breeds locally north to ,maine1 ,montreal1 ,minnesota1 and northern ,california2 winters from ,gulf ,states and ,california southward4 ,illustration3 #bba4 #bba4 ,american ,coot 7,fulica americana74 ,l4 #ae4 ,toes with scallops4 ,ads4 ,bill whitish2 crown-plate and two spots on bill brownish2 head and neck black2 rest of plumage slate4 ,yng4 ,whiter below1 browner above1 crown-plate smaller4 ,notes4 ,an explosive cuck and noisy cackling notes4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds in the interior 7chiefly northward7 north to the ,mackenzie and on ,pacific coast to ,british ,columbia2 winters from ,british ,columbia and ,gulf ,states south to ,central ,america and ,west ,indies4 ,order ,,ix4 ,,shore ,,birds4 ,,limicola4 ,family #a4 ,,phalaropes4 ,phalaropodid,a4 #c species4 ,family #b4 ,,avocets ,,and ,,stilts4 ,recurvirostrid,a4 #b species4 ,family #c4 ,,snipes1 ,,sandpipers1 ,,etc4 ,scolopacid,a4 #cc species1 #b subspecies4 ,family #d4 ,,plovers4 ,charadriid,a4 #i species1 #b subspecies4 ,family #e4 ,,surf ,,birds ,,and ,,turnstones4 ,aphrizid,a4 #d species4 ,family #f4 ,,oyster-,,catchers4 ,,hamatopodid,a4 #c species4 ,family #g4 ,,jacanas4 ,jacanid,a4 #a species4 ,the ,phalaropes are swimming ,snipes4 ,the ,northern and ,red ,phalaropes1 both of which have well-developed lobes or scalloped webs on their toes1 except when nesting1 live at sea a hundred miles or more off shore1 where they find an abundance of food in small forms of marine life4 ,the ,wilson ,phalarope is a bird of the interior and consequently1 is far less aquatic than the remaining species of the family2 nevertheless it readily takes to water1 swimming buoyantly and gracefully4 ,contrary to the general rule1 the female ,phalarope is larger and more brightly colored than the male and this difference in size and plumage is accompanied by similarly unusual habits2 the female taking the place of the male in the ,phalarope household4 ,the female of necessity lays the eggs1 but they are hatched by the male alone1 who it is said1 cares for the young1 also without the assistance of his mate4 ,the ,avocets and ,stilts are wading ,snipes4 ,the ,stilts secure their food by quick thrusts of the bill1 but the ,avocets use their singular1 upturned member in a more interesting manner4 ,when in water two or three inches deep1 the bill is dropped below the surface1 until the curved lower mandible evidently touches the bottom2 then walking rapidly1 or even running1 the bill is swung from side to side and the bird thus explores the mud in its search for food1 which1 when it is felt1 is picked up in the usual way4 ,many of the members of the family ,scolopacid,a are probing ,snipe4 ,the ,woodcock1 ,wilson ,snipe1 and ,dowitcher are good examples4 ,their bill is long and sensitive and they can curve or move its tip without opening it at the base4 ,when the bill is thrust into the mud the tip may therefore grasp a worm and it thus becomes a finger as well as a probe4 ,though not ranked as song birds1 many of the ,snipes and ,plovers have pleasing calls and whistles and in the breeding season they become highly musical or indulge in singular vocal performances4 ,the song of the ,bartramian ,sandpiper would attract the attention of the least observant and the singular a,arial evolutions of the ,snipe and ,woodcock lend an unusual interest to the study of these birds in the spring4 ,the ,pectoral ,sandpiper was observed by ,nelson in ,alaska1 in ,may1 to fill its ,asophagus with air dilating the skin of the neck and breast and forming a sack as large as the body4 ,then in the air or on the ground the bird produced a series of hollow booming notes1 constituting its love song4 ,the ,plovers have shorter1 harder bills than the true ,snipe and several of our species frequent the uplands rather than muddy shore or tidal flats4 ,the ,turnstones are true shore birds4 ,their home with us is on the seacoast where they feed along the beach turning over shells and pebbles in their search for food4 ,the ,oyster-catchers are also strictly maritime4 ,they frequent bars left bare by the tide and1 it is said1 use their stout bills to force open mussels2 oysters1 or other bivalves left exposed by the water4 ,this belief1 however1 does not appear to rest on careful1 definite observation4 ,the ,jacana belongs to a small family of birds with representatives throughout the tropics4 ,all its members are remarkable for the length of their toes1 the wide extent of which enable these birds to walk over aquatic vegetation4 ,so1 for instance1 ,i have seen them running over small lily leaves which1 sinking slightly beneath the surface1 made the birds appear to be walking on the water4 ,the ,limicol,a1 as a rule1 nest on the ground4 ,the ,phalaropes1 ,snipes1 and ,plovers lay four eggs1 the ,oyster-catcher three1 the ,jacanas1 it is said1 four in some species to ten in others4 ,the eggs of all are proportionately large and pointed or pear-shaped and are usually thickly marked with dark spots4 ,the young are born covered with down and leave the nest just after hatching4 ,shore ,birds ,illustration3 ,foot of ,phalarope #a_/b ,size ,illustration3 #bbb4 #bbb4 ,red ,phalarope 7,crymophilus fulicarius74 ,l4 #h4aj2 ,b4 #i4 ,bill heavy1 wider than deep4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,below entirely reddish brown2 cap black1 back black and buff4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,similar1 but smaller2 crown and back streaked with brown1 black1 and buff4 ,yng4 ,resemble ,male1 but upper tail-coverts plumbeous1 underparts white4 ,winter4 ,crown and underparts white1 hindneck black1 back gray4 ,notes4 ,a musical clink1 clink4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,northern parts of northern hemisphere1 breeding in the ,arctic regions and migrating south in winter2 in the ,united ,states south to the ,middle ,states4 ,ohio ,valley1 and ,cape ,st4 ,lucas2 chiefly maritime4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bbc4 #bbc4 ,northern ,phalarope 7,phalaropus lobatus74 ,l4 #g4g2 ,b4 4#h4 ,bill short1 slender1 sharply pointed4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,breast rufous2 above slaty gray mixed with ochraceous on back4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,smaller1 less rufous2 on throat2 above blackish streaked with rusty4 ,yng4 ,underparts and forehead white2 crown sooty2 back blackish streaked with straw-color4 ,winter4 ,upperparts gray mixed with white2 underparts white4 ,notes4 ,a low chippering1 clicking note4 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds from ,labrador and northern ,british ,america north to ,greenland and ,alaska2 winters apparently south of ,united ,states where it is known as a migrant chiefly off the coasts4 ,illustration3 #bbd4 #bbd4 ,wilson ,phalarope 7,steganopus tricolor74 ,l4 #i4e2 ,b4 #a4c4 ,bill long4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,sides of neck black and chestnut2 crown and back gray4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,smaller2 chestnut and black much less and duller2 crown and back blackish1 latter sometimes with rufous4 ,yng4 ,below white2 crown and back black margined with ochraceous2 nape brownish gray4 ,winter4 ,above gray1 upper tail-coverts white2 below white4 ,notes4 ,a soft1 trumpet yna1 yna4 ,range4--,north ,america1 chiefly in the interior2 breeds from northern ,illinois 7rarely71 ,minnesota and ,central ,california1 north to latitude #ee;,a deg42 winters south of ,united ,states to southern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bhc4 #bhc4 ,turnstone 7,arenaria interpres74 ,similar to #bhc4a but larger1 ,w4 #f41 and upperparts in ad4 with black prevailing4 ,yng4 ,blacker than young of #bhc4a4 ,range4--,eastern hemisphere1 in ,america1 only in ,greenland and ,alaska4 #bhc4a4 ,ruddy ,turnstone 7,arenaria morinella74 ,l4 #i4e2 ,w4 #e4g4 ,ads4 ,reddish brown prevailing in upper surface4 ,yng4 ,above and breast grayish brown margined with buffy1 throat1 abdomen1 rump and long upper tail-coverts white as in ad42 shorter upper tail-coverts black4 ,notes4 ,when flying1 a loud twittering note4 7,nuttall47 ,range4--,nearly cosmopolitan2 breeds in ,arctic regions2 winters in ,america south of ,united ,states to ,patagonia4 ,illustration3 #bhh4 #bhh4 ,mexican ,jacana 7,jacana spinosa74 ,l4 #h4 ,toes over #a4e4 ,ads4 ,chestnut and black2 wings mostly greenish4 ,yng4 ,forehead1 line over eye1 and below white4 ,above grayish brown1 sometimes with rump chestnut1 nape black4 ,notes4 ,a harsh1 rapidly repeated eep1 eep1 eep4 ,range4--,central ,america and ,mexico north to ,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley1 ,cuba and ,haiti4 ,illustration3 #bbe4 #bbe4 ,american ,avocet 7,recurvirostra americana74 ,l4 #af4e2 ,b4 #c4g4 ,ads4 ,head and neck rufous2 belly white2 wings black and white4 ,yng4 and ,ads4 in winter4 ,similar1 but head and neck grayish or whitish4 ,notes4 ,a rather musical1 loud pl,ae,ae-,ae,aek hurriedly repeated4 ,range4--,north ,america west of ,mississippi2 breeds from northern ,states1 central ,california and rarely ,texas1 north in the interior to latitude #ed;,a deg43 winters from southern ,california and western ,gulf ,states to ,central ,america and ,west ,indies2 casual on ,atlantic coast4 ,illustration3 #bfd4 #bfd4 ,long-billed ,curlew 7,numenius longirostris74 ,l4 #bd2 ,b4 #f41 longest among our ,snipe4 ,ads4 ,above black and buffy2 tail barred buffy and black2 below buffy1 neck and breast finely streaked with dusky4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but buff deeper4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds on ,atlantic coast from ,florida to ,north ,carolina2 in interior north to ,manitoba and ,british ,columbia2 later strays casually to ,newfoundland and ,ontario2 winters from ,gulf ,states and southern ,california southward4 ,illustration3 #bfe4 #bfe4 ,hudsonian ,curlew 7,numenius hudsonicus74 ,l4 #ag2 ,b4 #c4g4 ,ads4 ,less buff than ,no4 #bfd2 above dark grayish brown and brownish gray2 tail barred with same2 below white1 breast streaked2 sides barred with blackish4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds in ,arctic region2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bff4 #bff4 ,eskimo ,curlew 7,numenius borealis74 ,l4 #ac4e2 ,b4 #b4 ,ads4 ,tail barred with grayish brown and black2 above blackish and buffy2 below buffy1 the breast thickly streaked2 sides barred with blackish4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds ,in ,arctic regions2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,south ,america2 migrates chiefly through interior4 ,illustration3 #bbf4 #bbf4 ,black-necked ,stilt 7,himantopus mexicanus74 ,l4 #ae2 ,tar #d4aj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,forehead1 lower back1 and underparts white2 crown1 hindneck1 upper back1 and wings black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but upper back and scapulars grayish brown4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,female1 but brown and black feathers lightly margined with buffy4 ,notes4 ,a sharp1 rapidly uttered ip-ip-ip when flying2 a hoarse k-r-r-r-r-ing note when on the ground4 ,range4--,temperate and tropical ,america2 breeds north to ,gulf ,states1 7locally and rarely in ,mississippi ,valley to ,minnesota7 and ,california2 winters from southern ,california and ,west ,indies to northern ,south ,america2 rare east of ,mississippi except in ,gulf ,states4 ,illustration3 #bhf4 #bhf4 ,american ,oyster-catcher 7,,hamatopus palliatus74 ,l4 #ai4 ,ads4 ,base of tail and longer upper tail-coverts white1 shorter coverts and all back blackish brown2 white in wings conspicuous in flight4 ,yng4 ,similar but feathers above with buffy margins4 ,notes4 ,a sharp eep1 eep4 ,range4--,temperate and tropical ,america2 breeds on sea coasts only1 north to ,virginia and western ,mexico2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,south ,america2 casual north to ,nova ,scotia4 #bhf4a4 ,frazar ,oyster-catcher 7,,hamatopus frazari74 ,similar to ,no4 #bhf1 but darker above1 black breast passing into white belly through a mottled black and white band2 upper tail coverts with brown markings4 ,range4--,lower ,california 7both coasts71 north to ,los ,coronados ,islands4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bhg4 #bhg4 ,black ,oyster-catcher 7,,hamatopus bachmani74 ,l4 #ag4 ,ads4 ,black4 ,yng4 ,somewhat browner4 ,notes4 ,a musical1 piping whistle4 ,range4--,pacific coast of ,north ,america from ,aleutian ,islands to ,la ,paz1 ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #bbh4 #bbh4 ,american ,woodcock 7,philohela minor74 ,l4 #aa4 ,ads4 ,below ochraceous-rufous2 no bars2 forehead slaty crown black with rusty bars2 back mixed black1 rusty and slaty4 ,notes4 ,a nasal peent or paip2 a whistling of wings and a twittering whistle4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds locally from ,florida to ,labrador and ,manitoba1 but chiefly northward2 winters from southern ,new ,jersey and southern ,illinois to ,gulf ,states4 ,illustration3 #bcj4 #bcj4 ,wilson ,snipe 7,gallinago delicata74 ,l4 #aa4b4 ,ads4 ,throat and belly white or whitish2 breast rusty buff indistinctly streaked2 sides barred2 above streaked black and cream-buff2 tail black and rusty2 outer feathers barred black and white4 ,notes4 ,when taking flight several sudden1 hoarse scaipes2 a tremulous1 penetrating bleating1 thought to be produced by air rushing through the birds wings2 a k,ak-k,ak-k,ak4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,england 7rarely ,connecticut71 northern ,illinois and northern ,california north to ,labrador1 ,hudson ,bay1 and ,alaska2 winters from ,california1 southern ,illinois1 and ,south ,carolina to northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bfa4 #bfa4 ,bartramian ,sandpiper 7,bartramia longicauda74 ,l4 #aa4e4 ,outer primary barred black and white4 ,ads4 ,above black1 ochraceous1 and brownish gray2 breast and sides with dusky arrowheads2 throat and belly whitish4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but more buffy4 ,notes4 ,call1 a soft1 bubbling whistle2 song1 a prolonged1 mournful1 mellow whistle1 chr-r-r-r-r-ee-e-e-e-e-e-oo-oo-o-oo4 ,range4--,north ,america chiefly interior2 breeds locally from ,kansas and ,virginia to ,alaska and ,nova ,scotia2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bfb4 #bfb4 ,buff-breasted ,sandpiper 7,tryngites subruficollis74 ,l4 #h4e4 ,inner border of inner web of primaries beautifully speckled with black and white4 ,ads4 ,above black widely margined with grayish brown2 below ochraceous-buff2 a few black spots4 ,yng4 ,above blackish brown1 finely and evenly margined with whitish2 below much as in adult4 ,range4-,north ,america especially in the interior2 breeds in the ,yukon district and the interior of ,british ,america north to the ,arctic coast2 south in winter as far as ,uruguay and ,peru4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bha4 #bha4 ,mountain ,plover 7,podasocys montana74 ,l4 #i4 ,no black on breast4 ,ads4 ,lores and crown-band black2 above grayish brown washed with pale rusty4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but no black1 rusty wash deeper4 ,winter4 ,same as last but rusty paler4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds from ,kansas to ,north ,dakota2 winters westward to ,california1 south to ,lower ,california and ,mexico2 accidental in ,florida4 ,illustration3 #bca4 #bca4 ,dowitcher 7,macrorhamphus griseus7 ,l4 #aj4e2 ,b4 #b4a1 pitted at tip4 ,ads4 ,rump1 tail1 under wing-coverts1 and axillars barred black and white2 above black margined with rusty2 rump1 white2 below reddish brown1 spotted and barred with black4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but breast gray tinged with rusty2 belly white4 ,winter4 ,above gray1 breast gray mixed with dusky1 belly white4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds chiefly north and northwest of ,hudson ,bay2 winters from ,florida to northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bcb4 #bcb4 ,long-billed ,dowitcher 7,macrorhamphus scolopaceus74 ,b4 #b4a to #b4i4 ,similar to preceding but larger1 bill longer2 in adult spring plumage more barred below4 ,notes4 ,a lisping1 energetic musical1 peet-peet2 p,aee-ter-w,aee-too2 w,aee-too repeated4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america1 breeding in ,alaska to the ,arctic coast1 migrating south in winter through western ,united ,states 7including ,mississippi ,valley7 to ,mexico1 and less commonly along ,atlantic coast4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bcc4 #bcc4 ,stilt ,sandpiper 7,micropalama himantopus74 ,l4 #h4b2 tarsus long1 #a4f4 ,ads4 ,entire underparts and upper tail-coverts white barred with black2 tail not barred4 ,yng4 ,resembles ad4 but below white1 breast lightly streaked3 rump white no bars4 ,winter4 ,similar to yng4 but back gray4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds within ,arctic ,circle2 winters from ,florida to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bcd4 #bcd4 ,knot 7,tringa canutus74 ,l4 #aj4e2 ,b4 #a4c4 ,upper tail-coverts with black bars and loops2 tail feathers without bars narrowly margined with white4 ,ads4 ,mixed black1 gray and reddish brown above1 reddish brown below4 ,yng4 ,above gray1 margined with cream-white and black2 below white2 breast lightly streaked4 ,winter4 ,similar1 but above gray4 ,range4--,northern hemisphere2 breeds within ,arctic circle2 winters from ,florida to ,south ,america3 migrates chiefly along the coasts1 rare on ,pacific coast of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #bdd4 #bdd4 ,curlew ,sandpiper 7,erolia ferruginea74 ,l4 #h2 ,b4 #a4e1 slightly curved4 ,ads4 ,below chestnut-rufous1 above rusty and black4 ,yng4 ,above brownish gray margined with whitish2 back blacker2 below white4 ,winter4 ,above plain brownish gray2 below white4 ,range4--,old ,world in general2 occasional in ,eastern ,north ,america and ,alaska4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bce4 #bce4 ,purple ,sandpiper 7,arquatella maritima74 ,l4 #i4 ,ads4 ,above black1 margined with rusty and cream-buff2 below white1 breast and sides heavily marked with black4 ,winter4 ,head1 neck1 and breast1 slaty2 back blacker1 margined with slaty2 central secondaries largely white4 ,range4--,northern portions of the northern hemisphere2 in ,north ,america chiefly the northeastern portions1 breeding in the high north1 migrating in winter to the ,eastern and ,middle ,states 7casually to ,florida71 the ,great ,lakes and ,upper ,mississippi ,valley4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bcf4 #bcf4 ,aleutian ,sandpiper 7,arquatella couesi74 ,l4 #h4e4 ,similar to ,no4 #bce1 but ad4 and yng4 with more ochraceous2 in winter grayish margins to back lighter and wider4 ,notes4 ,when flying1 a low1 clear1 musical tweo-tweo-tweo2 when feeding1 cl,a-cl,a-cl,a4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,aleutian ,islands and coast of ,alaska1 north to ,kowak ,river1 west to ,commander ,islands1 ,kamchatka4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bef4 #bef4 ,solitary ,sandpiper 7,helodromas solitarius74 ,l4 #h4d4 ,under wing-coverts1 axillars1 and all but middle tail-feathers barred black and white4 ,ads4 ,above fuscous with a faint greenish tinge2 head and neck streaked1 back spotted with whitish2 below white2 throat and breast distinctly streaked with dusky4 ,yng4 ,fewer spots and streaks above2 breast markings fused4 ,winter4 ,practically no white markings above4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,northern ,states 7rarely and sporadically7 northward2 little known of breeding habits2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,south ,america4 #bef;a4 ,western ,solitary ,sandpiper 7,h4 s4 cinnamomeus74 ,similar to ,no4 #bef1 but spots above buffy1 especially in fall2 inner margin of outer primary speckled black and white4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds in ,british ,columbia 7exact breeding range unknown72 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #bfc4 #bfc4 ,spotted ,sandpiper 7,actitis macularia74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,ads4 ,below white thickly spotted with black2 above brownish gray with a faint greenish lustre1 lightly marked with black4 ,yng4 ,similar above but faintly margined with dusky and buff2 below white1 breast grayer2 no black marks4 ,winter4 ,same but no margins above4 ,notes4 ,peet-weet1 repeated4 ,range4--,north ,america1 north to ,hudson ,bay2 breeds throughout its ,north ,american range2 winters from southern ,california and ,west ,indies to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bhd4 #bhd4 ,black ,turnstone 7,arenaria melanocephala74 ,l4 #i4 ,no rusty2 lower back1 longer upper tail-coverts and base of tail white2 shorter upper tail-coverts black4 ,ads4 ,above and breast brownish black2 belly white4 ,yng4 ,browner margined with whitish4 ,winter4 ,same as ,yng1 but no margins4 ,notes4 ,a sharp1 weet1 weet1 too-weet4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,pacific coast of ,north ,america from ,point ,barrow1 ,alaska to ,santa ,margarita ,island1 ,lower ,california2 breeding from ,alaska to ,british ,columbia4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bcg4 #bcg4 ,pribilof ,sandpiper 7,arquatella ptilocnemis74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,no4 #bcf above but crown much lighter2 breast with a black patch4 ,yng4 ,resemble adult above but breast grayish indistinctly streaked and with a pale buff band2 belly white4 ,winter4 ,similar to yng4 but slaty gray above4 ,range4--,breeding in the ,pribilof ,islands1 ,alaska1 and migrating to coast of adjacent mainland south of ,norton ,sound4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bdc;a4 #bdc;a4 ,red-backed ,sandpiper 7,pelidna alpina pacifica74 ,l4 #h2 ,b4 #a4e2 slightly curved4 ,ads4 ,belly black2 back chiefly rusty4 ,yng4 ,breast buffy1 lightly streaked with dusky2 belly white spotted with black2 back black1 rusty1 and buff4 ,winter4 ,above brownish gray2 below white2 breast grayish1 indistinctly streaked4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds in ,arctic regions and winters from ,gulf ,states and ,california to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bdf4 #bdf4 ,semipalmated ,sandpiper 7,ereunetes pusillus74 ,l4 #f4c2 ,b4 4#f to 4#h4 ,toes webbed at base4 ,ads4 ,above brownish gray and black2 little or no rusty2 below white1 breast indistinctly streaked4 ,yng4 ,above with rusty and whitish margins2 below white1 breast grayish no streaks4 ,winter4 ,above brownish gray with black shaft streaks2 below white4 ,notes4 weet-weet4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds in ,arctic regions2 winters from ,gulf ,states to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bdg4 #bdg4 ,western ,sandpiper 7,ereunetes occidentalis74 ,similar to preceding but bill longer 4#h to #a4b2 ads4 more rusty above1 breast streaks more distinct1 and more numerous4 ,notes4 ,call1 a soft weet-weet2 song1 uttered on the wing1 a rapid1 uniform series of rather musical trills4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,north ,america1 chiefly west of ,mississippi ,valley2 breeds in ,arctic regions2 winters from ,gulf ,states to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bdh4 #bdh4 ,sanderling 7,calidris arenaria74 ,l4 #h4 ,three toes1 tarsus scaled4 ,ads4 ,above rusty1 black and grayish2 below white1 breast spotted with black and washed with rusty4 ,yng4 ,nape grayish1 back black1 feathers with two white or yellowish white terminal spots2 below silky white4 ,winter4 ,above brownish gray with dusky shaft streaks2 below silky white4 ,range4--,nearly cosmopolitan1 breeding in ,arctic and ,sub-,arctic regions1 migrating1 in ,america1 south to ,chili and ,patagonia4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bch4 #bch4 ,sharp-tailed ,sandpiper 7,actodromas acuminata74 ,l4 #h4g4 ,tail feathers pointed4 ,ads4 ,a white line over eye2 breast buff streaked with blackish4 ,yng4 ,crown as in ad41 back black and rusty2 below white1 breast buffy1 no streaks4 ,winter4 ,back grayish brown streaked with blackish2 below as in yng41 but breast grayer and with indistinct streaks4 ,notes4 ,a soft metallic pleep-pleep4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,eastern ,asia1 and coast of ,alaska1 migrating south to ,java and ,australia4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bci4 #bci4 ,pectoral ,sandpiper 7,actodromas maculata74 ,l4 #i4 ,ads4 ,middle tail-feathers longest1 pointed1 blackish margined with rusty2 above black and rusty2 below white1 breast thickly streaked2 upper tail-coverts black4 ,yng4 and in winter much the same4 ,notes4 ,call1 a grating whistle2 song1 a hollow1 resonant1 musical t,a,a-,a1 repeated eight times1 made after filling ,asophagus with air until it is puffed out to size of the body4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds in ,arctic regions2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,south ,america2 rare on ,pacific coast4 ,illustration3 #bdj4 #bdj4 ,white-rumped ,sandpiper 7,actodromas fuscicollis74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,longer upper tail-coverts white4 ,ads4 ,breast white1 distinctly spotted or streaked4 ,yng4 ,more rufous above2 breast less distinctly streaked4 ,winter4 ,brownish gray above2 similar to yng4 below4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds in the interior north of ,hudson ,bay2 winters south of ,united ,states to southern ,south ,america2 rare on ,pacific coast4 ,illustration3 #bda4 #bda4 ,baird ,sandpiper 7,actodromas bairdii74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,no rusty in plumage4 ,ads4 ,longest upper tail-coverts blackish2 breast buffy1 faintly streaked4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but back conspicuously margined with whitish4 ,winter4 ,above buffy grayish brown1 no white margins4 ,range4--,interior of ,north ,america2 breeds in the ,arctic regions and winters south of ,united ,states to southern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bdb4 #bdb4 ,least ,sandpiper 7,actodromas minutilla74 ,l4 #f4 ,smartest of our ,sandpipers4 ,ads4 ,above black1 buff and rufous2 below white breast lightly streaked4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but breast less distinctly streaked4 ,winter4 ,above brownish gray1 often streaked with black1 below white4 ,notes4 ,peep-peep4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,sable ,island and ,magdalens northward2 winters from ,gulf ,states and ,california south to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bdi4 #bdi4 ,marbled ,godwit 7,limosa fedoa74 ,l4 #ah2 ,b4 #d2 slightly recurved4 ,tail barred1 cinnamon and black2 under wing-coverts cinnamon with more or less fine black markings4 ,ads4 ,above black and ochraceous2 below buffy white finely and uniformly barred with black4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but with no or with but few bars below4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds in the interior from western ,minnesota1 rarely ,iowa and ,nebraska northward2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,central ,america and ,west ,indies4 ,illustration3 #bej4 #bej4 ,pacific ,godwit 7,limosa lapponica baueri74 ,l4 #af4 ,b4 #c4g1 slightly recurved1 tail barred black and white2 under wing-coverts black and white4 ,ads4 ,head1 neck and lower parts1 plain cinnamon color4 7,ridgw47 ,winter4 ,above black1 grayish and rusty1 former prevailing2 below white2 throat streaked1 elsewhere with irregular1 black bars4 ,notes4 ,a loud ringing k,a-we'w1 repeated4 ,range4--,shores and ,islands of the ,pacific ,ocean1 from ,new ,zealand and ,australia to ,kamchatka and ,alaska4 ,on the ,american coast recorded south of ,alaska only from ,la ,paz1 ,lower ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bea4 #bea4 ,hudsonian ,godwit 7,limosa h,amastica74 ,l4 #ae2 ,b4 #c4b1 slightly recurved4 ,under wing-coverts dusky2 upper tail-coverts black and white2 tail black at end1 white at base4 ,ads4 ,above black1 rusty and grayish1 below chestnut-red barred with blackish and faintly tipped with white4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but below buffy whitish1 breast grayer4 ,winter4 ,similar below but above brownish gray4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america chiefly interior2 breeds in ,arctic ,regions2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bgj4 #bgj4 ,black-bellied ,plover 7,squatarola squatarola74 ,l4 #aa4 ,hind-toe present1 small4 ,ads4 ,above black and white1 no yellowish2 below black4 ,yng4 ,above grayish brown spotted with white and some yellowish2 below white4 ,winter4 ,similar to preceding but nearly uniform brownish above4 ,range4--,northern ,hemisphere2 breeds in ,arctic ,regions1 winters in ,america from ,florida to ,brazil4 ,illustration3 #bgb4 #bgb4 ,american ,golden ,plover 7,charadrius dominicus74 ,l4 #aj4e2 ,w4 #g4 ,no hind-toe2 axillars dusky4 ,ads4 ,above conspicuously spotted with yellow2 below black1 sides of breast white4 ,yng4 ,duller above1 below grayish white with dusky marks and yellowish wash4 ,winter4 ,similar but no yellow below4 ,notes4 ,call1 a plaintive too-lee-e2 song1 a marvelously harmonious succession of notes4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,western ,hemisphere2 breeds in ,arctic ,regions2 winters from ,florida to ,patagonia1 rare on ,pacific coast4 #bgb;a4 ,pacific ,golden ,plover 7,c4 d4 fulvus74 ,similar to ,no4 #bgb but wing shorter1 #f4e2 yellow richer4 ,range4--,breeding from northern ,asia to the ,pribilof ,islands and coast of ,alaska1 south in winter through ,china and ,india to ,australia and ,polynesia4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bed4 #bed4 ,greater ,yellow-legs 7,totanus melanoleucus74 ,l4 #ad2 ,b4 #b4b4 ,no rusty2 upper tail-coverts mostly white2 tail barred with black and white or gray4 ,ads4 ,above black margined with whitish2 below white and black4 ,yng4 ,above grayish margined with whitish2 below white1 breast lightly streaked4 ,winter4 ,similar but white margins less conspicuous4 ,notes4 ,a whistled wheu1 wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu1 wheu-wheu4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,minnesota1 rarely northern ,illinois1 and ,anticosti northward2 winters from ,gulf ,states and ,california to southern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bee4 #bee4 ,yellow-legs 7,totanus flavipes74 ,l4 #aj4g2 ,b4 #a4d4 ,similar in color to preceding but smaller in size4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds rarely in upper ,mississippi ,valley but chiefly north of latitude #ee;,a deg42 winters from ,gulf ,states to southern ,south ,america2 rare on ,pacific coast4 ,illustration3 #beh4 #beh4 ,willet 7,symphemia semipalmata74 ,l4 #ae2 ,w4 #h2 ,b4 #b4a4 ,primaries black with a broad white band2 upper tail-coverts mostly white4 ,ads4 ,above brownish gray1 black1 and a little buff2 below white heavily marked with black and slightly washed with buff4 ,yng4 ,above brownish gray margined with buffy2 below white1 breast lightly streaked with dusky4 ,winter4 ,similar1 but above plain brownish gray4 ,notes4 ,song1 pilly-will-willet1 repeated4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,florida to southern ,new ,jersey1 later strays casually to ,maine2 winters from ,gulf ,states to ,south ,america4 #beh;a4 ,western ,willet 7,s4 s4 inornata74 ,similar to ,no4 #beh but slightly larger4 ,w4 #h4e2 ,b4 #b4d4 ,in summer above paler1 less heavily marked with black both above and below4 ,yng4 and ,winter4 ,indistinguishable in color from ,no4 #beh4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds from ,texas to ,manitoba2 winters from southern ,california and ,gulf ,states southward4 ,a rare migrant on ,atlantic coast from ,south ,carolina to ,florida4 ,illustration3 #bei4 #bei4 ,wandering ,tatler 7,heteractitis incanus74 ,l4 #aa4 ,tail-coverts plain slaty gray4 ,ads4 ,above plain slaty gray2 below white barred with slaty gray4 ,yng4 ,above slaty gray more or less margined with whitish2 breast and sides slaty gray2 throat and belly white4 ,winter4 ,similar1 but no white margins above4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds from ,british ,columbia northward2 winters south to ,hawaiian ,islands and ,galapagos4 ,illustration3 #bhb4 #bhb4 ,surf ,bird 7,aphriza virgata74 ,l4 #aj2 ,b4 #a4 ,upper tail-coverts and base of tail-feathers white4 ,ads4 ,above black1 slaty1 and rusty4 ,yng4 ,above slaty margined with whitish2 breast barred slaty and whitish2 belly white spotted with slaty4 ,winter4 ,the same1 but no whitish margins4 ,range4--,pacific coast of ,america1 from ,alaska to ,chili4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bgc4 #bgc4 ,killdeer 7,oxyechus vociferus74 ,l4 #aj4e4 ,rump and upper tail-coverts rusty4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown and rusty2 below white with two black rings4 ,notes4 ,a noisy kilde,ae1 kilde,ae4 ,range4--,north ,america1 north to ,newfoundland1 ,manitoba and ,british ,columbia2 7rare on ,north ,atlantic coast72 breeds locally throughout its range2 winters from ,virginia1 ,lower ,mississippi ,valley and ,california south to ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #bgd4 ,foot detail #a_/b ,size4 ,illustration3 #bgd4 #bgd4 ,semipalmated ,plover 7,agialitis semipalmata74 ,l4 #f4g4 ,web between bases of inner and middle toes4 ,ads4 ,one black ring around neck2 a white ring in front of it4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but black parts brownish2 back margined with whitish4 ,winter4 ,same as last but no whitish margins4 ,range4--,breeds from ,labrador northward2 winters from ,gulf ,states to ,brazil4 #bge4 ,ring ,plover 7,agialitis hiaticula74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,no webs between toes4 ,similar to #bgd but larger1 bill yellow at base1 black or brown bands wider4 ,range4--,northern parts of ,old ,world and portions of ,arctic ,america1 breeding on the west shore of ,cumberland ,gulf4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bgg4 #bgg4 ,piping ,plover 7,agialitis meloda74 ,l4 #g2 ,b4 short1 4#e4 ,very pale above4 ,ads4 ,above ashy1 crown and sides of breast black2 no rusty4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but black replaced by ashy gray4 ,notes4 ,a short plaintive1 piping whistle1 repeated4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,virginia to ,newfoundland2 winters from ,florida southward4 #bgg;a4 ,belted ,piping ,plover 7,a4 m4 circumcincta74 ,similar to ,no4 #bgg but black on sides of breast meeting to form a breast band4 ,range4--,mississippi ,valley2 breeds from northern ,illinois and ,nebraska north to ,lake ,winnipeg1 east to ,magdalen and ,sable ,islands2 winters from ,gulf southward2 casual migrant on ,atlantic coast4 ,illustration3 #bgh4 #bgh4 ,snowy ,plover 7,agialitis nivosa74 ,l4 #f4e4 ,no complete ring4 ,ads4 ,black on crown2 ear-coverts and sides of breast black4 ,yng4 ,the same1 but no black2 above margined with whitish4 ,winter4 ,same as last but no whitish margins4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states east to ,texas and ,kansas2 breeds from ,indian ,territory and southern ,california northward2 winters from ,texas and southern ,california southward4 ,illustration3 #bhj4 #bhj4 ,wilson ,plover 7,ochthodromus wilsonius74 ,l4 #g4e2 ,b4 4#h4 ,no black on hindneck4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,one black breast-and crown-band2 some rusty about head4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but black areas brownish gray4 ,yng4 ,same as last1 but above margined with whitish4 ,winter4 ,no whitish margins4 ,range4--,tropical and temperate ,america2 breeds north to ,virginia1 ,gulf ,states1 and ,lower ,california2 winters southward to ,brazil2 casual north to ,nova ,scotia4 ,order ,x4 ,,grouse1 ,,partridges1 ,,bob-,,whites1 ,,etc4 ,,gallina4 ,family #a4 ,,grouse1 ,,partridges1 etc4 ,tetraonid,a4 #ba species1 #bb subspecies4 ,family #b4 ,,turkeys1 ,,pheasants1 etc4 ,phasianid,a4 #a species4 #c subspecies4 ,family #c4 ,,curassows and ,,guans4 ,cracid,a4 #a species4 ,the members of the family ,tetraonid,a are usually placed in three subfamilies as follows3 7#a47 ,perdicin,a1 containing the true ,quails and ,partridges of the ,old ,world and with no species in ,america4 7#b47 ,odontophorin,a1 including the ,bob-whites and so-called ',quails' and ',partridges' of the ,new ,world1 and with no species in the eastern hemisphere4 7#c47 ,tetraonin,a1 the ,grouse1 with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres4 ,all the members of the first two families have the legs bare1 while the ,grouse have the legs1 and often even the toes1 more or less feathered4 ,the application of different names to the members of this family1 in various parts of the country1 often make it uncertain just what species is referred to under a given title4 ,our ,bob-white1 for example1 is a ',quail' at the north and a ',partridge' at the south4 ,as a matter of fact it is1 strictly speaking1 neither a true ,quail nor ,partridge but a member of a family restricted to ,america4 ,again1 the ,ruffed ,grouse is a ',partridge' at the north and a ',pheasant' at the south1 whereas in truth it is neither one nor the other4 ,so far as the application of these local names goes1 it is to be noted that where the ,bob-white is called ',quail' the ,grouse is called ',partridge' and that where it is called ',partridge' the ,grouse is known as ',pheasant'4 ,all the ,tetraonid,a are ground-inhabiting birds1 and their plumage of blended browns1 buffs and grays brings them into such close harmony with their surroundings that1 as a rule1 we are unaware of the presence of one of these birds until1 with a whirring of short1 stiff1 rounded wings it springs from the ground at our feet4 ,it is this habit of 'lying close1' as sportsmen term it1 in connection with their excellent flesh1 which makes the members of this family the favorites of the hunter and epicure and only the most stringent protective measures will prevent their extinction as their haunts become settled4 ,with the ,ptarmigan this harmony in color is carried to a remarkable extreme1 the birds being white in winter and brown1 buff and black in summer2 while during the early fall they assume a grayish1 neutral tinted plumage to bridge over the period from the end of the nesting season1 in ,july1 to the coming of the snow in ,september4 ,the ,tetraonid,a all nest on the ground1 laying usually from ten to twenty eggs4 ,the young1 like those of their relative1 the domestic fowl1 are born covered with downy feathers and can run about shortly after birth4 ,the ,turkey is the only wild member of the ,phasianid,a in this country1 but the family is well-represented in the domesticated ,chickens1 ,peacocks1 and ,pheasants1 all of which have descended from ,old ,world ancestors4 ,our domesticated ,turkey is derived from the ,wild ,turkey of ,mexico1 which was introduced into ,europe shortly after the ,conquest and was thence brought to eastern ,north ,america4 ,it differs from the ,wild ,turkey of the eastern ,united ,states chiefly in the color of the tips of the upper tail-coverts4 ,these are whitish in the domesticated ,turkey1 as they are in the ,mexican race from which1 it has descended1 and rusty brown in the ,eastern ,wild ,turkey4 ,besides the five races of ,wild ,turkey described beyond1 another species of ,turkey is found in ,america4 ,this is the ,honduras or ,yucatan ,turkey1 now largely confined to the peninsula of ,yucatan4 ,it is not so large as our bird1 but is even more beautifully colored1 its plumage being a harmonious combination of blue1 gray and copper4 ,ring-necked and ',english' ,pheasants have been introduced into various parts of the ,united ,states1 and in ,oregon and ,washington and in the east1 on various private game preserves1 they have become naturalized4 ,the true ,english ,pheasant 7,phasianus colchicus7 is believed to have been introduced into ,england from ,asia ,minor probably by the ,romans4 ,unlike the ,ring-necked ,pheasant 7,phasianus torquatus7 it has no white collar4 ,the last named species1 however1 has also been introduced into ,england where it freely interbreeds with the earlier established ,english ,pheasant and individuals without at least a trace of white on the neck are now comparatively rare4 ,the ,curassows and ,guans are tropical ,american birds1 only one species reaching the southern border of the ,united ,states4 ,they are arboreal in habit and form an interesting link between the ,partridges1 etc4 and the ,pigeons4 ,bob-white and ,partridge ,illustration3 #bhi4 #bhi4 ,bob-white2 ',quail2' ',partridge' 7,colinus virginianus74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat1 forehead and line over eye white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,throat1 forehead and line over eye buff4 ,notes4 ,song1 a ringing1 whistled ,bob-white or buck-wheat-ripe2 calls1 a conversational quit-quit and a whistled where-are-you and ,i'm here1 repeatedly uttered when the individuals of a flock are separated4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 resident from southern ,dakota1 southern ,minnesota1 southern ,ontario1 southern ,vermont1 ,new ,hampshire and ,maine1 south to ,georgia and western ,florida2 west to ,south ,dakota1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,oklahoma1 and eastern ,texas4 ,introduced at various points in ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 ,utah1 ,idaho1 ,california and ,washington4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bhi;a4 #bhi;a4 ,florida ,bob-white 7,c4 v4 floridanus74 ,similar to ,no4 #bhi1 but smaller1 ,l4 #h4e1 and much darker2 black bars below more numerous4 ,range4--,florida2 typical only in southern half of peninsula1 grading into ,no4 #bhi in northern and western parts of the state4 #bhi;b4 ,texan ,bob-white 7,c4 v4 texanus74 ,similar to ,no4 #bhi1 but brown and buff areas paler2 black bars below wider4 ,range4--,texas1 except western part1 rarely to western ,kansas1 south to ,nuevo ,leon and ,tamaulipas1 ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #bia4 #bia4 ,masked ,bob-white 7,colinus ridgwayi74 ,l4 #i4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat black2 breast and belly reddish brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,resembles ,female of ,no4 #bhi;b4 ,notes4 ,song1 ,bob-white2 call1 when the birds are scattered1 hoo-we4 7,h4 ,brown47 ,range4--,northern ,sonora1 ,mexico1 north to ,pima ,county1 ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #bif4 #bif4 ,mearns ,partridge 7,cyrtonyx montezum,a mearnsi74 ,l4 #i4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,sides with numerous1 large1 crowded white spots4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,pinkish brown1 above streaked with buffy and marked with chestnut and black1 below with a few broken black bars4 ,notes4 ,a low1 murmuring whine2 a clear dsiup-chiur1 when alarmed1 chuk-chuk-chuk4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,northern ,mexico1 western ,texas1 southern ,new ,mexico and southern ,arizona4 ,partridges ,illustration3 #bib4 #bib4 ,mountain ,partridge 7,oreortyx pictus74 ,l4 #aa4 ,ads4 ,hindhead and nape same color as back2 inner margins of tertials buff4 ,notes4 ,song1 an explosive whistle ending in a throaty tone2 call1 a rapidly repeated cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh1 and a sharp pit-pit4 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,santa ,barbara1 ,california1 north to southern ,washington4 #bib;a4 ,plumed ,partridge 7,o4 p4 plumiferus74 ,hindhead1 nape1 and foreback same color as breast2 inner margins of tertials white4 ,range4--,sierra ,nevada 7both slopes71 east to ,panamint ,mountains2 and to ,mount ,magruder1 ,nevada2 south in the coast ranges from ,san ,francisco ,bay to ,lower ,california 7,campos74 7,a4,o4,u47 #bib;b4 ,san ,pedro ,partridge 7,o4 p4 confinis74 ,similar to ,no4 #bib;a1 but upperparts much grayer1 the back1 rump1 and upper tail-coverts being gray very slightly tinged with olive2 bill stouter4 7,ridgway47 ,range4--,san ,pedro ,martir ,mountains1 ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #bic4 #bic4 ,scaled ,partridge 7,callipepla squamata74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ads4 ,belly without chestnut patch2 breast and foreback grayish blue edged with black2 back brownish gray4 ,notes4 ,a nasal pe-cos' pe-cos' 7,bailey47 ,range4--,tableland of ,mexico1 from the ,valley of ,mexico1 north to central and western ,texas1 ,santa ,fe1 ,new ,mexico and southern ,arizona4 7,a4,o4,u47 #bic;a4 ,chestnut-bellied ,scaled ,partridge 7,c4 s4 castanogastris74 ,similar to ,no4 #bic1 but ,male with chestnut patch on belly2 ,female with belly much rustier than in ,female of ,no4 #bic4 ,range4--,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley1 northwest to ,eagle ,pass1 ,texas2 south into northeastern ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #bid4 #bid4 ,california ,partridge 7,lophortyx californica74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above olive-brown2 belly patch chestnut4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,plumes shorter2 throat whitish streaked with dusky2 no distinct chestnut patch on belly4 ,notes4 ,song1 a pheasant like crow and a crowing1 emphatic sit-right-down'1 sit-right-down'2 calls1 a sharp pit-pit pit1 and a note like that of a young ,robin4 ,range4--,coast region of ,california south to ,monterey1 introduced in ,oregon1 ,washington1 and ,british ,columbia4 7,a4,o4,u47 #bid;a4 ,valley ,partridge 7,l4 c4 vallicola74 ,similar to ,no4 #bid1 but much grayer above2 sometimes plain bluish gray without brown tinge4 ,range4--,from western and southern ,oregon1 except near the coast1 south through western ,nevada and the interior of ,california to ,cape ,st4 ,lucas4 7,bendire47 ,illustration3 #bie4 #bie4 ,gambel ,partridge 7,lophortyx gambelii74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat1 forehead and belly patch black2 hindhead chestnut4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but throat grayish buff2 forehead gray2 no black on belly2 hind head brownish2 crest smaller4 ,notes4 ,song1 yuk-k,ae-ja4 ,range4--,western ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 southern ,utah1 southern ,nevada1 southern ,california in the ,colorado ,valley and south into northwestern ,mexico4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #big4 #big4 ,dusky ,grouse 7,dendragapus obscurus74 ,l4 ,male1 #bj4 ,female1 #ah4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,gray tail-band over one inch wide on middle feather2 below grayish slate2 above blackish with fine rusty and grayish markings4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,with more white below2 foreback regularly barred with buffy2 middle tail-feathers irregularly barred with buff or grayish2 terminal gray band finely marked with black4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 ventriloquial1 hooting or booming4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountains1 from central ,montana and southeastern ,idaho to ,new ,mexico and ,arizona2 east to the ,black ,hills1 ,south ,dakota and west to ,east ,humboldt ,mountains1 ,nevada4 7,a4,o4,u47 #big;a4 ,sooty ,grouse 7,d4 o4 fuliginosus74 ,similar to ,no4 #big1 but slightly darker1 gray band on central tail feather less than one inch wide4 ,range4--,northwest ,coast ,mountains1 from ,california to ,sitka1 east to ,nevada1 western ,idaho and portions of ,british ,columbia4 7,a4,o4,u47 #big;b4 ,richardson ,grouse 7,d4 o4 richardsonii74 ,similar to ,no4 #big;a1 but no tail band1 or1 if showing indistinctly from above1 not visible from below4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountains1 especially on the eastern slopes1 from central ,montana1 northern ,wyoming and southeastern ,idaho1 into ,british ,america to ,liard ,river4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #bih4 #bih4 ,hudsonian ,spruce ,grouse 7,canachites canadensis74 ,l4 #ae4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,tail-feathers tipped with brown2 foreback margined with bluish gray4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above1 bases of feathers more or less barred with rusty especially on foreback2 throat and breast barred with rusty and black2 belly as in male4 ,notes4 ,a drumming sound produced by the beating of the wings4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,labrador and ,hudson ,bay region4 #bih;b4 ,alaska ,spruce ,grouse 7,c4 c4 osgoodi74 ,ad4 ,male4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,male4 of ,no4 #bih;c1 but margins to feathers of foreback brownish ashy4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,female of ,no4 #bih;c1 but paler1 barred with buff instead of rusty4 ,range4--,alaska4 #bih;c4 ,canada ,grouse 7,c4 c4 canace74 ,ad4 ,male4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,male4 of ,no4 #bih4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,female of ,no4 #bih1 but above more rusty1 rusty bars deeper and more conspicuous1 showing throughout upper surface and on flanks4 ,range4--,northern ,new ,england1 northern ,new ,york1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia and ,quebec west to northern ,minnesota4 ,illustration3 #bii4 #bii4 ,franklin ,grouse 7,canachites franklinii74 ,resembles ,no4 #bih1 but tail without brown tips1 sometimes tipped with white4 ,range4--,northern ,rocky ,mountains1 from northwestern ,montana to the coast ranges of ,oregon and ,washington1 and northward in ,british ,america1 reaching the ,pacific coast of southern ,alaska 7latitude #fj;,a deg474 7,a4,o4,u47 ,grouse and ,ptarmigan ,illustration3 #cjj4 #cjj4 ,ruffed ,grouse2 ',partridge2' ',pheasant' 7,bonasa umbellus74 ,l4 #ag4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,prevailing color above rusty brown2 tail rusty or gray4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but neck-tufts smaller4 ,notes4 ,the male produces a drumming sound by rapidly beating its wings2 the female utters a cluck and when defending her brood1 a singular low whining sound4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states from ,minnesota1 southern ,ontario1 southern ,new ,hampshire and southern ,vermont1 south to ,virginia and along the ,alleghanies to ,georgia2 west to northwestern ,arkansas4 #cjj;a4 ,canadian ,ruffed ,grouse 7,b4 u4 togata74 ,similar to ,no4 #cjj1 but slightly grayer above2 tail generally gray2 bars on breast and belly darker and better defined4 ,range4--,spruce forests of ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,maine northern ,new ,hampshire1 northern ,vermont and south to higher mountains of ,massachusetts and northern ,new ,york2 west to eastern slope of coast ranges of ,oregon1 ,washington and ,british ,columbia2 north to ,james ,bay4 #cjj;b4 ,gray ,ruffed ,grouse 7,b4 u4 umbelloides74 ,similar to ,no4 #cjj;a1 but grayer2 prevailing color of upperparts1 including crown1 gray2 tail always gray4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountains1 from ,colorado north to latitude #fe;,a deg4 in ,alaska1 east to ,mackenzie and poplar woods of western ,manitoba4 ,illustration3 #cjj;c4 #cjj;c4 ,oregon ,ruffed ,grouse 7,b4 u4 sabini74 ,similar to ,no4 #cjj1 but much darker1 prevailing color of upper parts rusty brown2 tail always rusty brown4 ,range4--,pacific coast ranges from ,cape ,mendocino1 ,california1 north to ,british ,columbia4 ,ptarmigan ,illustration3 #cja4 ,winter ,illustration3 #cja4 ,summer #cja4 ,willow ,ptarmigan 7,lagopus lagopus74 ,l4 #ae4 ,bill large1 more than 4#d deep at base2 tail black1 narrowly tipped with white4 ,ad4 ,male ,summer4 ,throat and upper breast rusty brown4 ,ad4 ,male ,fall4 ,rustier and more finely marked above4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,summer4 ,above black barred with buff and tipped with white2 below buff barred with black2 middle of belly whitish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,fall4 ,much like fall male4 ,ads41 ,winter4 ,white1 tail black tipped with white2 no black before eye4 ,notes4 ,song1 k,a-k,a-k,a-k,a while ascending five or ten yards in the air2 a hard rolling kr-r-r-r when descending4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,arctic ,regions2 in ,america breeding south to ,lat4 #ee;,a deg4 in winter migrating south to ,lat4 #ej;,a deg42 recorded once from ,penobscot ,co41 ,maine1 and once from ,manchester1 ,mass4 #cja;a4 ,allen ,ptarmigan 7,l4 l4 alleni74 ,similar to ,no4 #cja1 but ,female more finely marked2 shafts of primaries1 at all seasons1 strongly black spreading to the web of the feather4 ,range4--,newfoundland4 ,illustration3 #cjb4 ,illustration3 #cjb4 ,autumn4 #cjb4 ,rock ,ptarmigan 7,lagopus rupestris74 ,l4 #ad4 ,bill less than 4#d deep at base2 tail black4 ,always to be known from ,no4 #cja by its smaller bill4 ,ad4 ,male ,summer4 ,above irregularly barred and mottled with gray and rusty buff2 below barred black and white and rusty buff4 ,ad4 ,male ,fall4 ,above minutely speckled black1 gray and buff1 the prevailing color being grayish brown4 ,ad4 ,male ,winter4 ,white1 lores and tail black4 ,ad4 ,female ,summer4 ,above black barred with rusty and margined with whitish2 below rusty barred with black and tipped with whitish4 ,ad4 ,female ,fall4 ,like fall ,male4 ,ad4 ,female ,winter4 ,like winter ,male but no black before eye4 ,range4--,north ,america from ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence and higher mountains of ,british ,columbia north to ,arctic ,regions 7except northern ,labrador7 west through ,alaska to ,aleutian ,islands4 #cjb;a4 ,reinhardt ,ptarmigan 7,l4 r4 reinhardti74 ,ad4 ,male ,summer4 ,similar to ,no4 #cjb1 but less regularly and coarsely barred above 7,ridgw47 ,ad4 ,female ,summer4 ,resembles ,female of ,no4 #cjb4 ,ads4 ,fall4 ,much grayer than ,no4 #cjb in fall4 ,ads4 ,winter4 ,like ,no4 #cjb in winter4 ,notes4 ,when courting the male utters a growling kurr-kurr4 7,turner47 ,range4--,northern ,labrador north to ,greenland4 #cjb;b4 ,nelson ,ptarmigan 7,l4 r4 nelsoni74 ,ad4 ,male1 ,summer4 ,ground color of upperparts deep umber-brown1 very finely and densely vermiculated2 chest barred with bright tawny brown and black4 ,ad4 ,female1 ,summer4 ,similar to ,male of ,no4 #cjb4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,unalaska1 ,aleutian ,islands4 ,illustration3 ,beaks - #cja4 #cjb4 ,nat4 ,size #cjb;c4 ,turner ,ptarmigan 7,l4 r4 atkhensis74 ,lighter in general hue than #cjb;d and without black blotches on upperparts4 7,elliot47 ,ad4 ,male1 ,summer4 ,ground color of upperparts pale raw-umber brown1 mixed with pale grayish2 chest and neck barred with pale brownish ochre and black4 ,ad4 ,female1 ,summer4 ,ground color of upperparts rusty1 mixed with pale grayish buff1 narrowly and irregularly barred with black2 chest and neck coarsely barred with rusty and black4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,atka1 ,aleutian ,islands4 #cjb;d4 ,townsend ,ptarmigan 7,l4 r4 townsendi74 ,ad4 ,male1 ,summer4 ,above1 breast and flanks raw umber finely vermiculated with black on back2 with black blotches on head1 neck and upperpart of back and wings4 ,ad4 ,female1 ,summer4 ,above ochraceous1 blotched and barred with black2 lighter below4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,kyska and ,adak1 ,aleutian ,islands4 ,illustration3 #cjb4a #cjb4a4 ,evermann ,ptarmigan 7,lagopus evermanni74 ,l4 #ac4i4 ,ad4 ,male1 ,summer4 ,above and breast black slightly marked with rusty4 ,ad4 ,female1 ,summer4 ,entire body plumage1 ochraceous1 blotched and barred with black and above tipped with white or ochraceous3 below black bars wider and no white tips4 7,elliot47 ,range4--,attu1 ,aleutian ,islands4 #cjc4 ,welch ,ptarmigan 7,lagopus welchi74 ,l4 about #ad4 ,bill and tail as in ,no4 #cjb2 plumage grayer than in ,no4 #cjb4 ,ad4 ,male1 ,summer4 ,above black finely and irregularly marked with wavy lines of buff and white4 ,ad4 ,female1 ,summer4 ,above black finely and irregularly barred with buffy1 grayish and white4 ,range4--,newfoundland4 ,illustration3 #cjd4 #cjd48 ,white-tailed ,ptarmigan 7,lagopus leucurus74 ,l4 #ac4 ,tail white4 ,ad4 ,male1 ,summer4 ,breast barred1 black and white4 ,ad4 ,female1 ,summer4 ,above black barred with rich buff2 below rich buff barred with black4 ,ads41 ,fall4 ,above and breast rich buff finely vermiculated with black4 ,ads41 ,winter4 ,entirely white4 ,notes4 ,when about to fly and at the beginning of flight a sharp cackle like that of a frightened hen4 7,grinnell47 ,range4--,alpine summits of ,rocky ,mountains2 south to ,new ,mexico2 north into ,british ,america 7as far as ,fort ,halkett1 ,liard ,river72 west to higher ranges of ,oregon1 ,washington1 and ,british ,columbia4 7,bendire47 #cjd;a48 ,kenai ,white-tailed ,ptarmigan 7,l4 l4 peninsularis74 ,similar to ,no4 #cjd1 but in summer buff markings much paler2 in fall1 colors much grayer4 ,range4--,kenai ,peninsula1 ,alaska4 ,prairie ,hens and ,grouse ,illustration3 #cje4 #cje4 ,prairie ,hen 7,tympanuchus americanus74 ,l4 #ah4 ,underparts with distinct brown and white bars of about equal width4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a neck-tuft of ten or more rounded feathers4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,neck-tufts much smaller2 whole tail barred4 ,notes4 ,song1 a loud booming4 ,range4--,prairies of ,mississippi ,valley2 south to ,louisiana and ,texas2 east to ,kentucky1 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 ,michigan and ,ontario2 west through eastern portions of ,north ,dakota1 ,south ,dakota1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas and ,indian ,territory2 north to ,manitoba2 general tendency to extension of range westward and contraction eastward2 migration north and south in ,minnesota1 ,iowa and ,missouri4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #cje;a4 #cje;a4 ,attwater ,prairie ,hen 7,t4 a4 attwateri74 ,similar to ,no4 #cje1 but smaller and darker2 neck-tufts proportionately wide2 tarsus not fully feathered4 ,range4--,southwestern ,louisiana and eastern ,texas4 #cjf4 ,heath ,hen 7,tympanuchus cupido74 ,similar to ,no4 #cje1 but smaller2 scapulars more broadly tipped with buff2 neck-tuft of less than ten feathers2 obtusely pointed2 axillars barred with dusky4 ,range4--,martha's ,vineyard1 ,massachusetts4 #cjg4 ,lesser ,prairie ,hen 7,tympanuchus pallidicinctus74 ,similar to ,no4 #cje1 but smaller1 more buffy above2 brown bars below narrower than whitish spaces between them4 ,notes4 ,doubtless the same as those of ,no4 #cje4 ,range4--,southwestern parts of ,kansas and western ,indian ,territory1 western 7and southern87 ,texas4 7,bendire47 #cjh4 ,sharp-tailed ,grouse 7,pedi,acetes phasianellus74 ,l4 #ag4 ,breast feathers with internal ,v shaped loops2 no neck-tufts4 ,ads4 ,prevailing color above black2 narrowly barred with rusty and margined with paler4 ,range--,interior of ,british ,america1 east to ,rocky ,mountains1 about ,james ,bay 7,moose ,factory7 and the west shore of ,hudson ,bay1 northern ,manitoba1 north at least to ,fort ,simpson1 ,mackenzie ,river1 northwest territory4 7,bendire47 #cjh;a4 ,columbian ,sharp-tailed ,grouse 7,p4 p4 columbianus74 ,similar to ,no4 #cjh1 but prevailing color above buffy4 ,range4--,northwest ,united ,states2 south to northeastern ,california1 northern ,nevada and ,utah2 east to ,montana and ,wyoming1 west to ,oregon and ,washington2 north1 chiefly west of ,rocky ,mountains1 through ,british ,columbia to central ,alaska 7,fort ,yukon7 7,bendire47 ,illustration3 #cjh;b4 #cjh;b4 ,prairie ,sharp-tailed ,grouse 7,p4 p4 campestris74 ,similar to ,no4 #cjh;a1 but more rusty4 ,notes4 ,song1 a bubbling crow1 a rattling of tail-feathers1 and stamping of feet4 ,calls1 when disturbed1 cack1 cack1 cack2 a soft clear whistle and a grunt of alarm4 7,seton47 ,call of mother to young and of young in reply a guttural1 raucous croak4 7,grinnell47 ,range--,plains and prairies of ,united ,states1 north to ,manitoba2 east to ,wisconsin and northern ,illinois2 west to eastern ,colorado2 south to eastern ,new ,mexico4 7,bendire47 ,grouse1 ,turkeys and ,chachalaca ,illustration3 #cji4 #cji4 ,sage ,grouse 7,centrocercus urophasianus74 ,ad4 ,male1 ,l4 #bi2 ,ad4 ,female1 ,l4 #bb4 ,similar to ,male1 but smaller1 throat whiter2 breast barred black and whitish4 ,notes4 ,when courting1 low1 grunting1 guttural sounds2 when alarmed1 a sort of cackle1 k,ak1 k,ak4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,sage regions of the ,rocky ,mountain ,plateau1 and west chiefly within the ,united ,states1 but north to ,assiniboia and the dry interior of ,british ,columbia2 east to ,north ,dakota1 ,south ,dakota1 ,nebraska and ,colorado2 south to northern ,new ,mexico1 ,utah and ,nevada2 west in ,california1 ,oregon and ,washington1 to the ,sierra ,nevada and ,cascade ,range4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #a_/aj ,nat4 ,size4 ,pheasant 7,phasianus torquatus ,a-- ,p4 colchicus74 ,an introduced species1 see remarks on page #aad4 ,illustration3 #caj4 #a_/af ,nat4 ,size4 #caj4 ,wild ,turkey 7,meleagris gallopavo silvestris74 ,male ,ad4 ,l4 about #dh2 upper tail-coverts and tail tipped with rusty chestnut3 white bars in primaries entire1 crossing the webs of the feathers4 ,notes4 ,similar to those of the domesticated ,turkey4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states from ,pennsylvania south to central ,florida2 west to ,nebraska and northeastern ,texas4 #caj;a4 ,merriam ,turkey 7,m4 g4 merriami74 ,similar to ,no4 #caj1 but tail and upper tail-coverts tipped with whitish4 ,range4--,mountains of southern ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona and western ,texas2 and northern ,chihuahua and ,sonora1 ,mexico4 7,bailey47 #caj;b4 ,florida ,wild ,turkey 7,m4 g4 osceola74 ,similar to ,no4 #caj1 but smaller2 primaries with narrow broken bars not reaching across feather4 ,range4--,southern ,florida4 #caj;c4 ,rio ,grande ,turkey 7,m4 g4 intermedia74 ,tips of upper tail-coverts and of tail rusty buff intermediate in color between those of ,nos4 #caj and #caj;a4 ,range4--,lowlands of southern ,texas and northeastern ,mexico4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #caa4 #caa4 ,chachalaca 7,ortalis vetula maccalli74 ,l4 #ba4 ,ads4 ,above olive-brown2 tail blacker1 all but middle-feathers bordered with whitish2 belly brownish4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 trumpeting cha-cha-laca1 repeated a number of times4 ,range4--,tropical portions of eastern ,mexico1 from ,vera ,cruz north to ,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley4 ,order ,,xi4 ,,pigeons ,,and ,,doves4 ,,columba4 ,family #a4 ,,pigeons and ,,doves4 ,columbid,a4 #ac species1 #c subspecies4 ,pigeons are distributed throughout the greater part of the globe1 but their center of abundance appears to be in the ,malay ,archipelago1 where about one hundred and twenty of the some three hundred known species are found4 ,one hundred or more species have been described from the ,new ,world but only twelve of these inhabit ,north ,america4 ,the various races of domestic ,pigeons1 ',pouters1' ',fantails1' etc4 are descendants of the ,rock ,dove of ,europe1 modified in form and habit through the selection by the breeder or 'fancier4' ,pigeons build a flimsy1 platform nest of twigs and lay two white eggs4 ,both sexes incubate1 one relieving the other at certain hours each day4 ,the young are born naked and are fed by regurgitation1 on ',pigeons' milk1' the parent thrusting its bill into the mouth of its young and discharging therein food which has been softened in its own crop4 ,some species of ,pigeons nest in isolated pairs1 others in large colonies1 but it is the habit of many species to gather in large flocks after the nesting season4 ,the ,wild or ,passenger ,pigeon1 once so abundant in this county1 was found in flocks throughout the year4 ,alexander ,wilson1 the 'father of ,american ,ornithology' writing about #ahjh1 estimated that a flock of ,wild ,pigeons seen by him near ,frankfort1 ,kentucky1 contained at least #b1bcj1bgb1jjj individuals4 ,audubon writes that in #ahje he saw schooners at the wharves in ,new ,york city loaded in bulk with ,wild ,pigeons caught up the ,hudson ,river1 which were sold at one cent each4 ,as late as #ahgf or #ahgg there was a colony of nesting ,wild ,pigeons in ,michigan1 which was twenty-eight miles long and averaged three or four miles in width1 and in #ahha the birds were still so abundant in parts of the ,mississippi ,valley that the writer saw thousands of birds1 trapped in that region1 used in a ,pigeon match near ,new ,york ,city4 ,today1 however1 as a result of constant persecution1 the ,wild ,pigeon is so rare that the observation of a single individual is noteworthy4 ,pigeons and ,doves ,illustration3 #cab4 #cab4 ,band-tailed ,pigeon 7,columba fasciata74 ,l4 #ae4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,tail-band ashy above1 whiter below2 a white nape-band2 tail square4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 or in some specimens1 nape band absent2 pinkish of crown and breast dingy4 ,notes4 ,an owl-like hooting1 sometimes a calm who,a cubed-hoo-hoo1 who,a cubed-koo-hoo1 at others a spirited ho,a cubedp-ah-wh,a cubedo1 and again wh'oo-ugh4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,western ,united ,states from ,rocky ,mountains to the ,pacific3 north to ,washington and ,british ,columbia2 south to ,mexico and the highlands of ,guatemala2 distribution irregular1 chiefly in wooded mountain regions4 7,a4,o4,u47 #cab;a4 ,viosca ,pigeon 7,c4 f4 viosc,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #cab1 but paler1 more clearly bluish slate above2 pink of crown and breast with a grayish bloom4 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #cac4 #cac4 ,red-billed ,pigeon 7,columba flavirostris74 ,l4 #ae4 ,ads4 ,no tail-band2 wings1 tail1 and belly slate2 head and neck purplish pink2 no iridescent markings4 ,notes4 ,a fine1 loud1 coo-whoo-er-whoo4 ,range4--,costa ,rica migrating north to southern ,texas1 ,new ,mexico and ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #cad4 #cad4 ,white-crowned ,pigeon 7,columba leucocephala74 ,l4 #ac4e ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown white2 body slate2 lower hindneck iridescent2 nape maroon4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,much paler2 crown ashy4 ,range4--,greater ,antilles and ,islands about ,anegada ,channel1 coast of ,honduras1 ,bahamas and certain ,florida ,keys4 ,illustration3 #cae4 #cae4 ,passenger ,pigeon1 ,wild ,pigeon 7,ectopistes migratorius74 ,l4 #af4 ,outer tail-feathers chestnut at base of inner web4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,chin1 whole head41 and lower back bluish slate4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,browner above1 breast brownish ashy2 neck feathers less iridescent4 ,notes4 ,an explosive1 squeaky1 squawk4 ,range4--,formerly eastern ,north ,america north to ,hudson ,bay2 now exceedingly rare1 less so in the upper ,mississippi valley than elsewhere4 ,illustration3 #caf4 #caf4 ,mourning ,dove1 ,carolina ,dove 7,zenaidura macroura74 ,l4 #aa4h4 ,outer tail-feathers slate color at base of inner web4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,chin whitish2 sides of head buffy2 a black ear mark4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but paler1 breast more ashy brown1 neck-feathers less iridescent4 ,notes4 ,coo-o-o-ah1 coo-o-o-coo-o-o-coo-o-o4 ,range4--,north ,america1 breeding from ,west ,indies and ,mexico north to southern ,maine1 ,quebec1 ,ontario1 ,manitoba and ,british ,columbia2 winters from southern ,new ,york1 southern ,illinois1 ,kansas and southern ,california southward4 ,illustration3 #cag4 #cag4 ,zenaida ,dove 7,zenaida zenaida74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,tail short1 without white markings2 all but central pair of feathers tipped with ashy blue2 secondaries tipped with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but pinkish of crown and underparts brownish2 neck feathers less iridescent4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #caf1 but are louder and deeper4 ,range4--,greater ,antilles1 coast of ,yucatan and ,bahamas1 north in ,april to ,florida ,keys4 ,illustration3 #cah4 #cah4 ,white-fronted ,dove 7,leptotila fulviventris brachyptera74 ,l4 #ab4 ,no black ear-mark2 under wing-coverts rusty chestnut4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,forehead whitish2 all but central pair of tail-feathers tipped with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,forehead dingier2 breast brownish ashy2 neck feathers less iridescent4 ,notes4 ,a short1 soft coo4 ,range4--,central ,america and ,mexico1 north in ,february to valley of ,lower ,rio ,grande4 ,illustration3 #cai4 #cai4 ,white-winged ,dove 7,melopelia leucoptera74 ,l4 #ab4 ,wing-coverts1 externally1 widely margined with white2 large black ear marks4 ,ads4 ,all but central pair of tail-feathers bluish slate with a black band and whitish tip4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 crowing cookeree-cookeree-coo-ree-coo1 crow-co-er-coo1 crow-co-er-coo4 ,range4--,southern border of ,united ,states from ,texas to ,arizona south to ,lower ,california and ,central ,america1 ,cuba and ,jamaica1 casual at ,key ,west1 ,florida4 ,illustration3 #cbj4 #cbj4 ,ground ,dove2 ,mourning ,dove 7,columbigallina passerina terrestris74 ,l4 #f4g4 ,smallest of our ,doves4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,forehead and underparts deep vinaceous pink2 hindhead and nape ashy blue margined with dusky2 base of bill coral1 tip black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,forehead and breast brownish gray2 breast feathers with dusky centers and margins4 ,notes4 ,a soft1 crooning coo4 ,range4--,atlantic and ,gulf ,states north to northern ,north ,carolina1 west to eastern ,texas2 more common near coast4 #cbj;a4 ,mexican ,ground ,dove 7,c4 p4 pallescens74 ,similar to ,no4 #cbj1 but forehead and underparts much paler2 back grayer4 ,range4--,texas to southern ,california and south to ,central ,america4 #cbj;b4 ,bermuda ,ground ,dove 7,c4 p4 bermudiana74 ,similar to #cbj;a1 but smaller and paler2 bill wholly black4 7,bangs and ,bradlee47 ,range4--,bermuda4 ,illustration3 #cba4 #cba4 ,inca ,dove 7,scardafella inca74 ,l4 #h4 ,ads4 ,tail long1 outer feathers tipped with white2 plumage above and below margined with dusky1 giving a scaled appearance4 ,range4--,southern ,texas 7,san ,antonio71 southern ,mexico and southern ,arizona south to ,lower ,california and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #cbb4 #cbb4 ,key ,west ,quail-,dove 7,geotrygon chrysia74 ,l4 #ab4 ,ads4 ,a white line below eye2 belly white2 back rich rusty with beautiful1 metallic1 purplish1 green and blue reflections2 tail rusty with no white4 ,range4--,cuba1 ,hayti1 ,bahamas and1 rarely1 ,florida ,keys4 #cbb4a4 ,ruddy ,quail-,dove 7,geotrygon montana74 ,l4 #aa4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,no white line below eye2 breast dull pinkish2 belly deep buff2 back rich rusty with purplish reflections1 tail rusty without white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above olive-brown with greenish reflections2 below rusty buff4 ,range4--,mexico south to ,brazil2 ,west ,indies2 casual at ,key ,west ,florida4 ,illustration3 #cbc4 #cbc4 ,blue-headed ,quail ,dove 7,starn,anas cyanocephala74 ,l4 #ab4 ,ads4 ,crown and sides of throat dull blue2 middle of upper breast black with white bars and pinkish tips2 belly rusty brown1 lower back as in ,no4 #caf4 ,notes4 ,a hollow sounding hu-up1 the first syllable long1 the second short4 7,gundlach47 ,range4--,cuba1 and rarely ,florida ,keys4 ,order ,,xii4 ,,vultures1 ,,hawks1 ,,and ,,owls4 ,,raptores4 ,family #a4 ,,american ,,vultures4 ,cathartid,a4 #c species4 ,family #b4 ,,falcons1 ,,hawks1 ,,eagles1 etc4 ,falconid,a4 #cc species1 #ac subspecies4 ,family #c4 ,,barn ,,owls4 ,strigid,a4 #a species4 ,family #d4 ,,horned ,,owls4 ,bubonid,a4 #ai species1 #bj subspecies4 ,in the ,raptores we have a group of birds of great value to man but whose services for the most part1 are so little appreciated that1 far from protecting these birds1 we have actually persecuted them4 ,the ,vultures1 it is true1 are given credit for their good work as scavengers and they are protected both by law and by public sentiment4 ,every one knows that a living ,vulture is infinitely more useful than a dead one4 ,as a result throughout countries inhabited by these birds they are usually both abundant and tame1 entering the cities to feed in the streets with an assurance born of years of immunity from harm4 ,but how differently their kin of the family ,falconid,a act in their relations to man6 ',wild as a ,hawk' has become an adage4 ,these birds are universally condemned4 ,to kill one is a commendable act4 ,every ones hand is raised against them4 ,in some localities a price has actually been set upon their heads4 ,a fondness for chickens1 it is alleged1 is the chief crime of ,hawks1 and in popular parlance all ,hawks are ',chicken ,hawks' and as such are to be killed on sight4 ,naturalists have long been aware that only one of our common ,hawks habitually preys upon poultry while most of our species1 by feeding largely on meadow mice1 are actually beneficial4 ,it was not1 however1 until this matter received the attention of the ,biological ,survey of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 that the economic status of ,hawks1 as well as of ,owls1 was placed on a sound scientific basis4 ,in ,dr4 ,a4 ,k4 ,fisher's report on the food of ,hawks and ,owls1 issued by the ,biologic ,survey in #ahic1 the results of the examination of the contents of several thousands stomachs of these birds is tabulated4 ,it is stated1 for example1 that only three out of two hundred and twenty stomachs of the so-called ',chicken' or ,red-shouldered ,hawk contained the remains of poultry1 while mice were found in no less than one hundred and two1 and insects in ninety-two4 ,that the ,sparrow ,hawk is also wrongly named is clear from a study of its food1 only fifty-four out of three hundred and twenty stomachs examined containing remains of birds1 while insects were found in two hundred and fifteen4 ,as a matter of fact1 among our commoner ,hawks1 the ,cooper and ,sharp-shinned are the only ones feeding largely on birds and poultry1 and if the farmer will take the pains to ascertain what kind of ,hawk it is that pays unwelcome visits to his barn-yard1 he will be spared the injustice of condemning all ,hawks for the sins of one or two4 ,feeding after sunset1 when the small mammals are most active1 ,owls are even more beneficial than ,hawks4 ,the ,great ,horned ,owl1 it is true1 has an undue fondness for poultry1 but the bird is generally so rare near thickly populated regions that on the whole it does comparatively little harm4 ,fortunately1 it is those ,owls which are most common in settled regions which are of most value to man4 ,thus1 our little ,screech ,owl feeds chiefly on mice and insects4 ,only one of the two hundred and fifty-five stomachs examined by ,dr4 ,fisher contained the remains of poultry while mice were found in ninety-one and insects in one hundred4 ,of the ,short-eared or ,marsh ,owl1 seventy-seven out of one hundred and one stomachs contained mice remains1 and the same injurious little rodents were found in eighty-four out of one hundred and seven stomachs of the ,long-eared ,owl4 ,the bones and hair of the small mammals eaten by ,owls are rolled into oblong pellets in the stomach and are ejected at the mouth4 ,these pellets may often be found in large numbers beneath the roosts in which ,owls pass the day4 ,in #bjj such castings of the ,barn ,owl ,dr4 ,fisher found the remains of #ded small mammals of which no less than #bbe were meadow mice4 ,hawks build large-bulky nests of sticks placing them usually well up in large trees1 and lay1 as a rule1 four eggs which are generally whitish1 blotched with brown4 ,the ,marsh ,hawk is an exception4 ,its nest built largely of grasses1 is placed on the ground in marshes and the eggs1 often numbering six and rarely eight1 are bluish white unmarked4 ,the ,owls nest in holes in trees or banks1 or1 in some instances1 an old ,hawk or ,crow nest may be occupied4 ,the eggs usually number three to five and are always pure white4 ,vultures and ,osprey ,illustration3 #cbd4 #cbd4 ,california ,vulture 7,gymnogyps californianus74 ,l4 #dd-ee2 ,ex4 #h #a-b to nearly #aa feet4 7,ridgw47 ,ads4 ,head and neck orange1 blue1 and red1 unfeathered2 feathers around neck and on underparts narrow and stiffened2 greater wing-coverts tipped with white2 under wing-coverts white4 ,range4--,coast ranges of southern ,california from ,monterey ,bay1 south to ,lower ,california and east to ,arizona 7,bailey74 ,recorded from ,burrard ,inlet1 ,british ,columbia 7,fannin74 ,illustration3 #cbe4 #cbe4 ,turkey ,vulture2 ,turkey ,buzzard 7,cathartes aura74 ,l4 #cj2 ,t4 #aa4 ,ads4 ,head and neck red unfeathered2 brownish black2 no white in plumage2 bill whitish4 ,notes4 ,a low hissing sound when disturbed4 ,range--,western ,hemisphere from central and northeast ,new ,jersey1 central ,illinois1 northern ,minnesota1 the ,saskatchewan region and ,british ,columbia1 south to ,patagonia2 winters from southern ,new ,jersey1 southern ,illinois and southern ,california southward4 ,illustration3 #cbf4 #cbf4 ,black ,vulture2 ,carrion ,crow 7,catharista urubu74 ,l4 #bd4 ,t4 #h4 ,ads4 ,head and neck unfeathered1 black1 plumage black2 under surface of wings silvery4 ,notes4 ,a low grunting sound when disturbed4 ,range4--,tropical ,america1 north1 as a resident to ,north ,carolina1 southern ,illinois and southern ,kansas2 west to the ,plains1 south to northern ,south ,america1 strays as far north as ,maine and ,south ,dakota4 ,illustration3 #cfd4 #cfd4 ,american ,osprey2 ,fish ,hawk 7,pandion halia,atus carolinensis74 ,l4 #bc4 ,nape white2 feet large2 no bars on primaries4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,below white with few or no spots on breast4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but breast with numerous grayish brown spots and streaks4 ,notes4 ,loud1 plaintive1 whistles4 ,range4--,america2 breeds from ,florida1 ,texas and ,lower ,california1 north to ,labrador1 ,great ,slave ,lake and northern ,alaska2 winters from ,south ,carolina and ,lower ,mississippi ,valley to northern ,south ,america4 ,kites and ,marsh ,hawks ,illustration3 #cbg4 #cbg4 ,swallow-tailed ,kite 7,elanoides forficatus74 ,l4 #bd4 ,ads4 ,back purplish black1 wings and tail blue-black4 ,notes4 ,a shrill1 keen1 e-e-e or we-we-we4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,middle ,america2 summers north to ,virginia1 central ,illinois1 northern ,minnesota1 ,manitoba and ,dakota2 west to central ,kansas1 rarely to ,colorado2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #cbh4 #cbh4 ,white-tailed ,kite 7,elanus leucurus74 ,l4 #ae4e4 ,ads4 ,shoulders black2 back and middle tail-feathers ashy gray2 rest of tail-feathers1 forehead and underparts white4 ,yng4 ,upperparts with rusty4 ,notes4 ,a plaintive1 musical whistle4 7,barlow47 ,range4--,middle ,america north to ,south ,carolina1 southern ,illinois1 ,indian ,territory1 western ,texas1 ,arizona and central ,california2 south to ,argentine ,republic2 rare east of the the ,mississippi4 ,illustration3 #cbi4 #cbi4 ,mississippi ,kite 7,ictinia mississippiensis74 ,l4 #ad4 ,ads4 ,head1 ends of secondaries1 and underparts bluish gray2 back bluish slate2 tail black without bars4 ,yng4 ,head streaked black and white2 back blackish1 tipped with rusty2 tail with three or four broken white bars2 underparts buffy1 streaked with rusty and blackish4 ,range4--,middle ,america2 breeds north to ,south ,carolina1 southern ,illinois and ,kansas2 winters in tropics4 ,illustration3 #ccj4 #ccj4 ,everglade ,kite2 ,snail ,hawk 7,rostrhamus sociabilis74 ,l4 #ah4 ,longer upper tail-coverts and base of tail white4 ,ads4 ,slaty black2 end of tail with brownish and whitish bands4 ,yng4 ,above blackish brown tipped with rusty2 below mottled rusty1 blackish and buff4 ,range4--,tropical ,america north to southern ,florida and eastern ,mexico2 south to ,argentine ,republic4 ,illustration3 #cca4 #cca4 ,marsh ,hawk2 ,harrier 7,circus hudsonius74 ,l4 ,male1 #ai2 ,female1 #bb4 ,upper tail-coverts and base of tail white4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above gray or ashy2 underparts with rusty spots4 ,ad4 ,female1 and ,yng4 ,above brownish black with more or less rusty1 particularly on the nape2 below brownish rusty with black streaks on breast4 ,notes4 ,a peevish scream and peculiar clucking or cackling4 7,preston47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds locally north to about latitude #fj;,a deg42 winters from southern ,new ,york1 northern ,illinois1 northern ,kansas1 ,colorado and ,british ,columbia south to ,central ,america4 ,hawks ,illustration3 #ccb4 #ccb4 ,sharp-shinned ,hawk 7,accipiter velox74 ,l4 ,male1 #aa4b2 ,female1 #ac4e2 ,t4 ,male1 #e4e2 ,female1 #g4 ,tail square at end4 ,ads4 ,above slaty gray2 crown darker2 below barred white and rusty brown4 ,yng4 ,above blackish brown lightly margined with rusty2 below white streaked with brown4 ,note the relatively long tail in this and the two following species4 ,notes4 ,cac-cac-cac4 7,ralph47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds throughout its range but chiefly northward2 winters from ,massachusetts and ,vancouver ,island southward4 ,illustration3 #ccc4 #ccc4 ,cooper ,hawk 7,accipiter cooperii74 ,l4 ,male1 #ae4e2 ,female1 #ai2 ,t4 ,male1 #g4g2 ,female1 #i4 ,similar in color to ,no4 #ccb1 but tail rounded2 adult with crown blacker4 ,notes4 ,a cackling or chattering4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from southern ,mexico north to ,british ,america2 winters from ,massachusetts1 ,lower ,mississippi ,valley and ,oregon southward4 ,illustration3 #ccd4 #ccd4 ,american ,goshawk 7,accipiter atricapillus74 ,l4 ,male1 #bb2 ,female1 #bd2 ,t4 ,male1 #aj2 ,female1 #aa4e4 ,ads4 ,above bluish slate2 crown darker2 a whitish line over the eye to the nape2 below finely marked with gray and white4 ,yng4 ,above blackish brown1 rusty and buff2 below buffy white streaked with blackish4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds chiefly north of ,united ,states2 winters south to ,new ,jersey1 rarely ,virginia1 ,illinois1 ,missouri and ,kansas2 west to ,oregon4 #ccd;a4 ,western ,goshawk 7,a4 a4 striatulus74 ,similar to ,no4 #ccd1 but ,ad4 dark plumbeous above1 markings on lower parts heavier and darker4 ,stripes on lower parts of ,yng4 broader and blacker4 7,ridgw47 ,notes4 ,a shrill scream and a frequently repeated keeah or kreeah4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 north to ,sitka1 ,alaska2 south to ,california2 east to ,idaho4 ,breeds in the ,sierra ,nevada south to latitude #ch;,a deg44 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #cdf4 #cdf4 ,mexican ,goshawk 7,asturina plagiata74 ,l4 #ag4 ,ads4 ,above slaty gray2 below barred slaty-gray and white4 ,yng4 ,above blackish brown with rusty markings1 particularly on wing-coverts2 longer upper tail-coverts white with black spots or bars2 tail brownish with numerous black bars2 below whitish with large elongate spots4 ,notes4 ,a peculiar piping note uttered while hovering in the air4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,middle ,america1 from ,panama north1 in ,march1 to ,mexican border of ,united ,states4 ,hawks ,illustration3 #cce4 #cce4 ,harris ,hawk 7,parabuteo unicinctus harrisi74 ,l4 ,male1 #ai2 ,female1 #bb4 ,longer upper tail-coverts1 base and tip of tail white4 ,ads4 ,shoulders1 thighs and under wing-coverts1 reddish brown2 under tail-coverts white4 ,yng4 ,similar but streaked below with rusty1 buff and black2 legs barred with white4 ,notes4 ,a long1 harsh1 ,buteo-like scream4 7,v4 ,bailey47 ,range4--,middle ,america from ,panama north to southern ,texas1 rarely ,mississippi and southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #ccg4 #ccg ,red-tailed ,hawk 7,buteo borealis74 ,l4 ,male1 #bj2 ,female1 #bc4 ,four outer primaries notched4 ,ads4 ,tail rusty brown with a black band1 sometimes broken1 near its tip2 below buffy white1 a band of spots across the belly2 legs usually without bars4 ,yng4 ,tail grayish brown with a rusty tinge and numerous blackish bars2 upper tail-coverts barred black and white2 below less buffy than in adult2 legs more often barred4 ,notes4 ,a shrill whistle1 suggesting the sound of escaping steam4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,great ,plains1 north to about latitude #fj;,a deg42 breeds throughout its range2 winters from ,massachusetts1 ,illinois and ,south ,dakota southward4 #ccg;a4 ,krider ,hawk 7,b4 b4 kriderii74 ,similar to ,no4 #ccg1 but nearly or wholly white below4 ,ads4 ,usually without black tail band4 ,range4--,great ,plains of ,united ,states from ,minnesota to ,texas21 east irregularly or casually to ,iowa and northern ,illinois4 7,bendire74 ,illustration3 #ccg;b4 #ccg;b4 ,western ,red-tail 7,b4 b4 calurus74 ,very variable in color4 ,ads4 ,sometimes sooty brown above and below with more or less rusty2 in light phase resembles ,no4 #ccg1 but tail averages paler and sometimes has more than one bar2 the underparts are deeper and legs are usually barred with rusty4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,yng4 of ,no4 #ccg1 but markings below heavier2 flanks more barred4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america from ,rocky ,mountains to ,pacific2 north to ,british ,columbia1 south to central ,america2 generally resident4 #ccg;d4 ,harlan ,hawk 7,b4 b4 harlani74 ,ads4 ,above sooty brown2 tail closely mottled with blackish1 rusty and whitish2 below varying from white1 more or less-spotted on belly to sooty brown4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but tail barred with blackish1 gray1 rusty or whitish4 ,range4--,gulf ,states and ,lower ,mississippi ,valley1 north 7casually7 to ,kansas1 ,iowa1 ,illinois and ,pennsylvania2 east to ,georgia1 and ,florida4 7,bendire74 ,hawks ,illustration3 #cci4 #cci4 ,red-shouldered ,hawk 7,buteo lineatus74 ,l4 ,male1 #ah4c2 ,female1 #bj4c4 ,four outer primaries notched4 ,ads4 ,lesser wing-coverts bright reddish brown4 ,yng4 ,below whitish streaked with brownish2 lesser wing-coverts less reddish2 primaries with rusty buff4 ,notes4 ,a loud screaming ke,a7,c7-yer1 ke,a7,c7-yer4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states to ,oklahoma1 eastern ,kansas1 eastern ,nebraska and ,minnesota1 north to ,maine1 south to northern ,florida2 generally resident4 #cci;a4 ,florida ,red-shouldered ,hawk 7,b4 l4 alleni74 ,smaller than ,no4 #cci4 7,w4 ,male1 #aa47 ,ad4 ,much grayer above1 no rusty on head1 much paler below4 ,range4--,florida north along coast to ,south ,carolina2 west along coast to eastern ,texas4 #cci;b4 ,red-bellied ,hawk 7,b4 l4 elegans74 ,similar to ,no4 #cci1 but rusty of breast usually unbroken4 ,young with lower parts deep brownish or dusky prevailing2 less buff on primaries4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,lower ,california north to ,british ,columbia2 east rarely to ,colorado and western ,texas4 ,illustration3 #cdb4 #cdb4 ,swainson ,hawk 7,buteo swainsoni74 ,l4 ,male1 #bj4 ,three outer primaries notched4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,breast patch rusty brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,breast-patch grayish brown4 ,dark phase4 ,brownish black more or less varied with rusty2 tail obscurely barred4 ,yng4 ,below rich rusty buff with elongate black spots4 ,notes4 ,pi-tick1 pi-tick1 frequently repeated4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america from ,wisconsin1 ,illinois1 ,arkansas and ,texas to the ,pacific coast2 north to ,arctic regions and south to ,argentine ,republic1 casual east to ,maine and ,massachusetts4 ,breeds nearly throughout its ,north ,american range4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #cdc4 #cdc4 ,broad-winged ,hawk 7,buteo platypterus74 ,l4 ,male1 #ae4h2 ,female1 #af4g4 ,three outer primaries notched4 ,ads4 ,tail with two whitish bands and a brownish tip2 below barred with rusty brown4 ,yng4 ,no buff in primaries2 tail brownish with several black bars2 below whitish1 streaked with blackish4 ,notes4 ,a high1 sharp1 keen1 penetrating whistle4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 breeds west to ,plains1 north to ,new ,brunswick and ,saskatchewan2 winters from southern ,new ,jersey south to northern ,south ,america4 ,hawks and ,caracara ,illustration3 #cdj4 #cdj4 ,zone-tailed ,hawk 7,buteo abbreviatus74 ,l4 ,male1 #ai2 ,female1 #ba4 ,ads4 ,tail with little if any white tip2 inner webs of all but middle feathers with black and white bars4 ,yng4 ,browner2 tail grayish brown2 white on inner webs1 with numerous blackish bars4 ,notes4 ,not unlike those of ,buteo borealis4 7,belding47 ,range4--,tropical ,america north to southern ,texas1 southern ,arizona and southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #cdd4 ,dark ,phase4 #cdd4 ,short-tailed ,hawk 7,buteo brachyurus74 ,l4 #ag2 ,t4 #g4 ,ads4 ,above slaty gray1 tail barred with black and tipped with white2 sides of breast rusty2 rest of underparts white4 ,dark phase4 ,blackish1 forehead whitish2 tail lighter than back1 barred with black4 ,yng4 ,above blackish brown1 below cream buff1 without black markings4 ,notes4 ,somewhat resembling the scream of the ,red-shouldered ,hawk1 but more prolonged4 7,pennock47 ,range4--,tropical ,america1 north to eastern ,mexico2 rare in ,florida4 ,illustration3 #cde4 #cde4 ,mexican ,black ,hawk 7,urubitinga anthracina74 ,l4 ,male1 #ai2 ,female1 #ba4 ,ads4 ,tail with a white tip and broad white band across all the feathers4 ,yng4 ,above brownish black1 buff and rusty2 below buffy striped with blackish2 tail with several black and whitish bars4 ,notes4 ,piping cries like the spring whistle of ,numenius longirostris4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,tropical ,america in general1 north to central ,arizona1 and the ,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley in ,texas4 7,bendire74 ,illustration3 #cfb4 #cfb4 ,audubon ,caracara 7,polyborus cheriway74 ,l4 #bb4 ,tail white with a black end and numerous black bars4 ,ads4 ,breast and hindneck barred2 belly black4 ,yng4 ,crown1 back1 and belly dark brown2 hindneck1 breast and belly streaked with buffy4 ,notes4 ,generally silent1 but sometimes utters a prolonged cackling note4 7,b4 ,f4 ,goss47 ,range4--,northern ,south ,america1 north to southern ,texas1 southern ,arizona and ,lower ,california2 interior of southern ,florida2 resident4 #cfc4 ,guadalupe ,caracara 7,polyborus lutosus74 ,resembles ,no4 #cfb1 but has rump and upper tail-coverts dull brownish buff broadly barred with dull brown2 tail brownish buff with broad bars of grayish brown bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky2 terminal band less than #b4jj wide4 7,ridgway47 ,range4--,guadalupe ,island1 west of ,lower ,california4 ,hawks ,illustration3 #cda4 #cda4 ,sennett ,white-tailed ,hawk 7,buteo albicaudatus sennetti74 ,l4 ,male1 #ba2 ,female1 #bc4 ,three outer primaries cut4 ,ads4 ,grayish slate above4 ,yng4 ,above brownish black2 breast usually white1 throat blackish1 belly heavily marked with rusty and blackish2 sometimes wholly black below2 tail generally silvery gray41 white on inner webs with numerous indistinct blackish bars4 ,notes4 ,a cry much like the bleating of a goat 7,merrill47 ,range4--,from southern ,texas and ,arizona south to ,mexico4 7,bailey47 ,illustration3 #cdg;a4 #cdg;a4 ,american ,rough-legged ,hawk 7,archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis74 ,b4 4#g deep1 smaller than in ,no4 #cdh4 ,l4 ,male1 #ba2 ,female1 #bc4 ,legs feathered to the toes4 ,ads4 ,basal half of tail white1 end half barred with black2 belly with more or less black4 ,yng4 ,no black bars on end half of tail2 buffier below1 more black on belly4 ,black phase4 ,black more or less varied with brown and rusty as it approaches light plumage of ad4 or yng2 but to be known by feathered legs4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds north of ,united ,states2 winters south to ,virginia1 ,missouri and central ,california4 ,illustration3 #cdh4 #cdh4 ,ferruginous ,rough-,leg 7,archibuteo ferrugineus74 ,b4 #a4 deep1 larger than in ,no4 #cdg;a2 ,l4 ,male1 #bb2 ,female1 #bd4 ,legs feathered to toes4 ,ads4 ,above rich rusty streaked with black2 legs rusty barred with black2 tail grayish sometimes washed with rusty4 ,yng4 ,above blackish brown margined with rusty2 below white2 breast with a few streaks2 legs spotted2 tail with inner webs and base white2 outer webs grayish4 ,dark phase4 ,sooty brown more or less varied with rusty2 tail as in ad4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america from the ,plains 7east ,north ,dakota to ,texas71 west to the ,pacific and from the ,saskatchewan region south into ,mexico2 casually east to ,illinois4 ,breeds from ,utah1 ,colorado and ,kansas north to the ,saskatchewan ,plains4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #cee4 #cee4 ,prairie ,falcon 7,falco mexicanus74 ,l4 ,male1 #ag2 ,female1 #bj4 ,a blackish patch on the sides4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above including middle tail feathers1 grayish brown2 back with more or less concealed buffy bars4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,no buffy bars on back4 ,yng4 ,above margined with rusty and whitish2 head much as in ad4 ,notes4 ,kee1 k,a7,c7e1 kee and a sort of cackle4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,united ,states from the eastern border of the ,plains to the ,pacific and from the ,dakotas south into ,mexico2 casual east to ,illinois4 ,breeds throughout its ,united ,states range4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,eagles and ,gyrfalcons ,illustration3 #cdi4 #cdi4 ,golden ,eagle 7,aquila chrysa,atos74 ,l4 ,male1 #cj-ce2 ,female1 #ce-dj2 ,ex4 ,male1 #gh-hd2 ,female1 #hd-ij4 7,ridgw47 ,legs feathered to toes4 ,ads4 ,back of head and nape paler than body2 basal two-thirds of tail white4 ,yng4 ,base of tail with broken grayish bars4 ,notes4 ,a shrill1 kee-kee-kee1 and1 when alarmed1 kiah-kiah repeated a number of times4 7,bendire47 ,range--,northern parts of northern hemisphere2 in ,america south into ,mexico2 rare east of ,mississippi1 more common in ,rocky ,mountains and mountains of ,pacific coast4 ,illustration3 #ceb4 #ceb4 ,bald ,eagle 7,hali,aetus leucocephalus74 ,l4 ,male1 #cc2 ,female #ce2 ,ex4 ,male1 #hd2 ,female1 #hi4 ,legs not feathered to toes4 ,ads4 ,head1 neck and tail white4 ,yng4 ,head and body blackish1 more or less varied with white2 tail blackish mottled with white4 ,notes4 ,of the male1 a loud1 clear cac cac-cac2 of the female harsh and broken4 7,ralph47 ,range4--,north ,america breeding locally throughout its range1 more frequently near the ,atlantic coast2 resident in ,united ,states4 #ceb;a4 ,alaska ,bald ,eagle 7,h4 l4 alascanus74 ,similar to ,no4 #ceb1 but larger4 ,w4 ,male1 #bc4h2 ,female1 #bd4f2 ,t4 ,male1 #aa4e2 ,female1 #ab2 ,tar4 ,male1 #d4a2 ,female1 #c4g4 7,townsend47 ,range4--,alaska4 ,illustration3 #cec4 #cec4 ,white ,gyrfalcon 7,falco islandus74 ,l4 ,male1 #bb2 ,female1 #bd4 ,tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes2 only outer primary notched4 ,under tail coverts pure white4 ,ads4 ,below white with few or no black markings4 ,yng4 ,dark areas above larger1 below with elongate blackish spots4 ,range4--,arctic regions1 in ,america south in winter casually to ,maine4 #ced4 ,gray ,gyrfalcon 7,falco rusticolus74 ,l4 ,male1 #bb2 ,female1 #bd4 ,tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes2 only outer primary notched4 ,under tail coverts with dusky margins4 ,ads4 ,crown usually more white than dusky2 above barred with blackish and grayish2 below white1 breast streaked2 sides and legs barred with dusky4 ,yng4 ,above dark brown with broken buffy bars and margins3 tail with white and brown bars of nearly equal width1 below white everywhere streaked with blackish4 ,range4--,arctic regions2 south in winter to the northern border of the ,united ,states2 casually as far as ,kansas and ,maine4 #ced;a4 ,gyrfalcon 7,f4 r4 gyrfalco74 ,similar to ,no4 #ced1 but head usually with more dusky than white2 back in ad4 indistinctly barred with grayish4 ,yng4 ,with dark stripes of lower parts usually about equal in width to white interspaces4 ,range4--,northern ,europe and ,arctic ,america1 from northern ,labrador and coasts of ,hudson ,bay to ,alaska 7,ridgw472 south in winter casually1 to northern border of ,united ,states as far as ,long ,island4 ,illustration3 #ced;b4 #ced;b4 ,black ,gyrfalcon 7,f4 r4 obsoletus74 ,similar to ,no4 #ced1 but much darker2 above plain dusky with few or no buffy markings2 below dusky margined with buffy1 the former prevailing4 ,notes4 ,a chattering ke-a1 ke-a1 ke-a1 blending into a rattling scream4 7,turner47 ,range4--,labrador3 south in winter to northern ,new ,england2 casually to ,long ,island4 ,hawks ,illustration3 #cef4 #cef4 ,duck ,hawk 7,falco peregrinus anatum74 ,l4 ,male1 #af2 ,female1 #ai4 ,sides of throat black4 ,ads4 ,above bluish slate2 below buffy4 ,yng4 ,above blackish margined with rusty2 tail with broken rusty bars and whitish tip2 below deep rusty buff streaked with blackish2 under surface of wing uniformly barred4 ,notes4 ,loud screams and noisy cacklings4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,hemisphere2 breeds locally from ,southern ,states to ,arctic regions2 winters from ,northern ,states southward2 more common west of ,rocky ,mountains4 #cef;a4 ,peale ,falcon 7,f4 p4 pealei74 ,ads4 ,crown uniform with back2 chest heavily spotted with blackish2 bars of remaining underparts very broad4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,pacific coast region of ,north ,america from ,oregon to the ,aleutian and ,commander ,islands1 breeding throughout its range4 7,a4 ,o4 ,u47 ,illustration3 #ceg4 #ceg4 ,pigeon ,hawk 7,falco columbarius74 ,l4 ,male1 #aj4e2 ,female1 #ac4 ,two outer primaries notched4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above slaty blue2 middle tail feather with not more than four black bands4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,above dark blackish brown2 bars in middle tail feather five or less2 below more heavily barred than in ,male4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds chiefly north of ,united ,states from ,rocky ,mountains and westward2 breeds from ,colorado and ,california north to ,alaska2 winters from ,gulf ,states1 ,colorado and ,california1 south to northern ,south ,america4 #ceg;a4 ,black ,merlin 7,f4 c4 suckleyi74 ,similar to ,no4 #ceg1 but much darker above and more heavily1 marked below2 bars on tail and under side of wing nearly obsolete4 ,range4--,pacific coast from northern ,california to ,sitka2 east to eastern ,oregon and ,washington4 ,illustration3 #ceh4 #ceh4 ,richardson ,merlin 7,falco richardsonii74 ,resembles ,no4 #ceg1 but is paler and has the central tail feather crossed by six light bars1 counting the terminal one4 ,range4--,interior of ,north ,america from eastern border of ,great ,plains west2 rare west of ,rockies2 north to1 at least1 latitude #ec;,a deg42 south to ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #cei4 #cei4 ,aplomado ,falcon 7,falco fusco-c,arulescens74 ,l4 ,male1 #af2 ,female1 #ag4e4 ,middle of belly black4 ,ads4 ,above slaty gray2 breast buff1 lower belly rusty4 ,yng4 ,similar but grayish brown above1 belly paler4 ,range4--,south and ,central ,america north to southern border of the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #cfj4 ,male4 ,illustration3 #cfj4 ,female4 #cfj4 ,sparrow ,hawk 7,falco sparverius74 ,l4 #aj2 ,female1 #aa4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,tail with one black bar2 below spotted4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,whole back barred2 tail with numerous black bars2 below streaked4 ,notes4 ,a rapidly repeated killy-killy-killy1 usually uttered while on the wing4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america west to ,rocky ,mountains2 breeds from ,gulf ,states to ,hudson ,bay2 winters from southern ,illinois and ,new ,jersey southward4 ,hawks and ,owls #cfj;a4 ,desert ,sparrow ,hawk 7,f4 s4 phal,ana74 ,similar to ,no4 #cfj1 but slightly larger and appreciably paler2 ,female with black bars above narrower2 streakings of underparts finer and more rusty4 ,male1 ,l4 #aj4f2 ,w4 #g4e2 ,t4 #e4c2 ,female1 ,l4 #aj4h2 ,w4 #g4g2 ,t4 #e4c4 7,mearns47 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 north to western ,british ,columbia and western ,montana south1 to ,mazatlan in northwestern ,mexico4 7,a4,o4,u47 #cfj;b4 ,st4 ,lucas ,sparrow ,hawk 7,f4 s4 peninsularis74 ,similar to ,no4 #cfj;a1 but paler2 smaller than ,no4 #cfj4 ,male1 ,w4 #f4d2 ,t4 #d4e2 ,female1 ,w4 #g2 ,t4 #d4g4 7,mearns47 ,range--,lower ,california 7,cape ,region only87 ,illustration3 #cfe4 #cfe4 ,barn ,owl2 ,monkey-faced ,owl 7,strix pratincola74 ,l4 #ah4 ,no ear-tufts2 eyes black4 ,ads4 ,above gray and yellowish buff2 below white more or less washed with buff and spotted with black4 ,yng4 ,more buffy below4 ,notes4 ,a sudden1 harsh scream and a screaming cr-r-r-r-e-e1 repeated several times generally when flying4 ,range4--,united ,states north to ,long ,island1 7rarely ,massachusetts71 southern ,ontario1 ,minnesota and ,oregon2 migrates slightly south and winters south to ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #cff4 #cff4 ,american ,long-eared ,owl 7,asio wilsonianus74 ,l4 #ad4h4 ,ear-tufts long2 eyes yellow4 ,ads4 ,above varied with gray2 belly barred4 ,notes4 ,usually silent except during the breeding season when they utter a soft toned1 slow wu-hunk1 wu-hunk and a low1 twittering1 whistling dicky1 dicky1 dicky4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,nova ,scotia1 ,manitoba1 and ,british ,columbia south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #cfg4 #cfg4 ,short-eared ,owl 7,asio accipitrinus74 ,l4 #ae4e4 ,ear tufts short2 eyes yellow4 ,ads4 ,no gray above2 belly streaked4 ,notes4 ,a shrill barking call like the ki-yi of a small dog4 7,lawrence47 ,range4--,nearly cosmopolitan2 in ,america breeds locally from ,virginia1 northern ,mississippi ,valley1 and ,dakotas northward2 winters from northern ,united ,states southward4 ,illustration3 #cgh4 #cgh4 ,burrowing ,owl 7,speotyto cunicularia hypog,aa74 ,l4 #aj4 ,tarsi bare behind4 ,ads4 ,spotted above with buffy2 belly barred2 chin and breast-patch white4 ,yng4 ,less distinctly spotted above2 belly without bars4 ,notes4 ,a mellow1 sonorous coo-c-o-o2 a chattering note uttered when flying1 and a short1 shrill alarm-note1 tzip-tzip4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america from humid coast region east to prairies of ,mississippi ,valley 7western ,nebraska1 central ,kansas1 western ,minnesota72 north to about line of ,canadian ,pacific ,r4 ,r42 south to ,central ,america4 #cgh;a4 ,florida ,burrowing ,owl 7,s4 c4 floridana74 ,similar to ,no4 #cgh1 but slightly smaller and whiter throughout2 spots above white with little if any buff2 tarsi nearly bare4 ,range4--,interior of southern ,florida4 ,owls ,illustration3 #cfh4 #cfh4 ,barred ,owl 7,syrnium varium74 ,l4 #hj4 ,no ear-tufts2 eyes black4 ,ads4 ,head1 back and breast barred2 toes feathered nearly if not quite to the nails4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 sonorous whoo-whoo-whoo-too-whoo1 to-whoo-ah2 a long-drawn1 whoo-ah2 rarely a wild scream2 and when two individuals meet1 a remarkable medley of hoots and ha-has4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america except ,gulf ,coast2 north to ,nova ,scotia and ,manitoba2 west to ,colorado2 resident1 except at northern limit of range4 #cfh;a4 ,florida ,barred ,owl 7,s4 v4 alleni74 ,similar to ,no4 #cfh1 but smaller1 darker2 black bars especially on breast1 wider2 toes nearly if not quite bare4 ,range4--,florida2 north along coast to ,south ,carolina2 west along coast to ,texas4 #cfh;b4 ,texas ,barred ,owl 7,s4 v4 helveolum74 ,similar to ,no4 #cfh in color1 but with the toes bare as in ,no4 #cfh;a4 ,range4--,southern ,texas4 ,illustration3 #cfi4 #cfi4 ,spotted ,owl 7,syrnium occidentale74 ,resembles ,no4 #cfh1 but has the head and neck spotted with white2 primaries with broad1 whitish tips4 ,notes4 ,probably similar to those of ,no4 #cfh4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,united ,states from southern ,colorado and ,new ,mexico1 west to ,california1 south to ,lower ,california and ,guanajuato1 ,mexico4 #cfi;a4 ,northern ,spotted ,owl 7,s4 o4 caurinum74 ,similar to ,no4 #cfi1 but darker2 white markings smaller2 white spots on head and neck reduced to minimum2 white tips to primaries nearly obsolete4 7,merriam47 ,range4--,western ,washington and ,british ,columbia4 ,illustration3 #cgj4 #cgj4 ,great ,gray ,owl 7,scotiaptex nebulosa74 ,l4 #bg4 ,no ear-tufts2 eyes yellow4 ,ads4 ,above black finely and irregularly marked with white2 breast streaked2 feet feathered to toe-nails4 ,notes4 ,said to be a tremulous1 vibrating sound4 7,fisher47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds north of ,lat4 #ee;,a deg42 winters south to northern border of ,united ,states casually as far as ,new ,jersey1 ,illinois1 ,minnesota1 ,idaho1 and northern ,california4 #cga4 ,richardson ,owl 7,nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown with numerous white spots1 particularly on head2 feet feathered to toes and usually with indistinct1 dusky bars4 ,notes4 ,a musical1 soft whistle4 7,wheelright47 ,a peculiar grating cry4 7,nelson47 7,see next page47 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence and ,manitoba northward2 winters south to northern border of ,united ,states1 casually to ,massachusetts1 ,iowa1 and ,colorado2 no ,pacific coast record 7874 ,illustration3 #cga4 ,illustration3 #cgb4 #cgb4 ,saw-whet ,owl2 ,acadian ,owl 7,nyctala acadica74 ,l4 #h4 ,ads4 ,above cinnamon brown2 forehead with many1 hindhead with few streaks2 back with white spots2 feet and legs less heavily feathered than in ,no4 #cga and without dusky bars4 ,yng4 ,breast and back cinnamon brown with few white markings2 belly rusty buff1 unstreaked4 ,notes4 ,a frequently repeated whistle2 sometimes high1 sometimes low2 generally begins slow and ends rapidly2 resembles noise of saw-filing4 7,ralph47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from mountains of ,pennsylvania1 ,massachusetts 7rarely71 northern ,new ,york1 northern ,illinois2 and1 in ,rocky ,mountains1 from ,mexico northward2 winters south to ,virginia1 ,kansas and central ,california4 #cgb;a4 ,northwest ,saw-whet ,owl 7,n4 a4 scot,aa74 ,similar to ,no4 #cgb1 but darker both above and below1 dark markings everywhere heavier2 flanks1 legs and feet more rufescent4 7,osgood47 ,range4--,queen ,charlotte ,islands1 ,british ,columbia4 ,illustration3 #cgi4 #cgi4 ,pygmy ,owl 7,glaucidium gnoma74 ,l4 #g4 ,top of head spotted4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown2 spots whitish4 ,yng4 ,no spots on head4 ,notes4 ,a soft cooing coohuh1 coohuh1 repeated a number of times4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,timbered regions of western ,north ,america1 from southern ,rocky ,mountains in ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 and ,arizona1 west to ,california1 ,oregon1 and ,washington1 except coast belt1 south into ,mexico4 #cgi;a4 ,california ,pygmy ,owl 7,g4 g4 californicum74 ,similar to ,no4 #cgi1 but darker2 spots above buff or rusty4 ,range4--,humid coast region from ,monterey1 ,california1 north to ,british ,columbia4 #cgi4a4 ,hoskin ,pygmy ,owl 7,glaucidium hoskinsii74 ,similar to ,no4 #cgi;a1 but smaller and grayer1 the forehead and facial disc with more white1 the upperparts less distinctly spotted4 7,brewst47 ,range4--,southern ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #chj4 #chj4 ,ferruginous ,pygmy ,owl 7,glaucidium phal,anoides74 ,l4 #g4 ,top of head streaked4 ,ads4 ,above varying from grayish brown marked with whitish to plain reddish brown without marks2 below white streaked with grayish brown or reddish brown4 ,yng4 ,no streaks on head4 ,notes4 ,a softly whistled coo repeated many times at intervals of about one second4 ,range4--,tropical ,america2 from ,brazil north to ,mexican border of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #cha4 #cha4 ,elf ,owl 7,micropallas whitneyi74 ,l4 #f4 ,smallest of our ,owls4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown1 head spotted2 back barred with rusty2 below mixed rusty1 white and grayish4 ,notes4 ,a tremulous cha-cha1 cha-cha1 in different keys1 sometimes low1 sometimes distinct4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,tableland of ,mexico from ,puebla north to ,mexican border of ,united ,states2 ,lower ,california1 and 7rarely7 ,california4 ,illustration3 #cgc4 #cgc4 ,screech ,owl 7,megascops asio74 ,l4 #i4d2 ,w4 #f4d2 ,t4 #c4 ,two color phases2 with ear-tufts2 eyes yellow4 ,ad4 ,gray phase4 ,above buffy gray irregularly marked with black2 below gray1 white1 rusty and black4 ,ad4 ,red phase4 ,above bright rusty brown with a few black streaks2 below white streaked with black and barred with rusty brown4 ,yng4 ,above gray or rusty barred with black and white2 below white thickly barred with blackish4 ,notes4 ,a frequently repeated tremulous1 wailing whistle2 often followed by a slower refrain-like call2 a castanet-like snapping of the mandibles4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america from ,florida north to ,new ,brunswick1 ,ontario and ,minnesota1 west to the ,great ,plains2 resident4 #cgc;a4 ,florida ,screech ,owl 7,m4 a4 floridanus74 ,smaller than ,no4 #cgc1 ,w4 #f4j2 ,t4 #b4h4 ,two color phases4 ,similar to those of ,no4 #cgc1 but averaging darker and more heavily marked below2 especially in red phase4 ,range4--,florida1 north along coast to ,south ,carolina2 west along coast to ,louisiana4 #cgc;b4 ,texas ,screech ,owl 7,m4 a4 mccalli74 ,similar to ,no4 #cgc1 but smaller1 ,w4 #f4a2 underparts1 especially sides of belly1 with more black bars2 toes barer4 ,i have seen only a gray phase4 ,range4--,from western and southern ,texas across east border of tablelands of ,mexico4 7,bailey47 #cgc;c4 ,california ,screech ,owl 7,m4 a4 bendirei74 ,w4 #f4f4 ,a gray color phase only4 ,resembling ,no4 #cgc1 but somewhat darker above2 less buff about the nape2 black streakings more regularly distributed2 underparts much as in ,no4 #cgc;b4 ,range4--,california and southern ,oregon4 ,illustration3 #cgc;d4 #cgc;d4 ,kennicott ,screech ,owl 7,m4 a4 kennicottii74 ,l4 #aj2 ,w4 #g4be4 ,ads4 ,sooty brown prevailing above2 blackish markings below nearly if not fully as wide as white ones2 darkest of our ,screech ,owls4 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,oregon to ,sitka4 ,illustration3 #cgc;e4 #cgc;e4 ,rocky ,mountain ,screech ,owl 7,m4 a4 maxwelli,a74 ,w4 #g4 ,similar to ,no4 #cgc;f above but paler2 pale grayish buff predominating2 black markings throughout much narrower and less numerous than in ,no4 #cgc;g2 palest of our ,screech ,owls4 ,range4--,foothills and adjacent plains of the east ,rocky ,mountains from ,colorado north to ,montana 7,bendire74 #cgc;f4 ,mexican ,screech ,owl 7,m4 a4 cineraceus74 ,a gray color phase only4 ,similar to ,no4 #cgc;b4 but much grayer above2 buff markings of ,no4 #cgc;b almost wholly absent2 below black bars more numerous and narrower than in ,no4 #cgc;b4 ,range4--,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 ,lower ,california1 and western ,mexico4 7,a4,o4,u47 #cgc;g4 ,aiken ,screech ,owl 7,m4 a4 aikeni74 ,a gray color phase only4 ,w4 #f4e4 ,similar to #cgc;f1 but still grayer2 almost no buff above2 black markings wider on head1 back1 and underparts4 ,range4--,plains1 ,el ,paso ,county1 ,colorado1 south probably to central ,new ,mexico and northeastern ,arizona4 7,a4,o4,u47 #cgc;h4 ,mac,farlane ,screech ,owl 7,m4 a4 macfarlanei74 ,a gray color phase only4 ,ads4 ,of the size of kennicottii1 but with color and markings of bendirei4 ,w4 #g4b2 ,t4 #c4h4 7,brewst47 ,range4--,eastern ,washington and ,oregon to western ,montana and probably intermediate regions1 and north to the interior of ,british ,columbia4 7,bailey47 #cgc4a4 ,spotted ,screech ,owl 7,megascops trichopsis74 ,l4 #g4g4 ,ads4 ,above mixed black1 grayish brown and buff2 black prevailing on head2 feathers of foreback with buffy white spots on either side near the end2 below much as in ,no4 #cgc;f4 ,range4--,southern ,arizona and southward into northern ,mexico4 #cgc4b4 ,xantus ,screech ,owl 7,megascops xantusi74 ,w4 #e4c4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above drab1 back tinged with pinkish rusty and faintly vermiculated with reddish brown2 breast paler ashy faintly suffused with pinkish or rusty2 belly whitish2 underparts finely barred with reddish brown and streaked with clove-brown4 7,brewst47 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #cgd4 #cgd4 ,flammulated ,screech ,owl 7,megascops flammeola74 ,l4 #g4 ,ads4 ,ear-tufts small2 eye surrounded by rusty1 then by gray2 crown1 nape and tips of scapulars largely rusty2 neck band rusty4 ,range4--,mountains of ,guatemala north to ,colorado 7#aa specimens1 #g from ,boulder ,county1 ,cook71 west rarely to ,california 7#b specimens74 #cgd;a4 ,dwarf ,screech ,owl 7,m4 f4 idahoensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #cgd1 but slightly smaller and paler1 especially on underparts where ground color is white and black markings are restricted4 ,range4--,idaho1 eastern ,oregon and ,california 7,san ,bernardino ,mountains1 #c specimens1 ,grinnell74 ,illustration3 #cge4 #cge4 ,great ,horned ,owl 7,bubo virginianus74 ,male1 ,l4 #bb2 ,w4 #ae4 ,ads4 ,ears conspicuous2 the feathers nearly throughout the body rusty basally2 facial disc rich rusty4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 low1 deep-toned whoo1 hoo-hoo-hoo1 whooo-whooo1 variable1 but usually on the same note2 rarely a hair-raising scream4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 north to ,labrador1 south to ,central ,america2 resident4 #cge;a4 ,western ,horned ,owl 7,b4 v4 pallescens74 ,smaller and paler than ,no4 #cge1 ,w4 #ac4g2 facial disc washed with rusty4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 except ,pacific coast region1 east to ,great ,plains2 casually ,wisconsin and ,illinois north to ,manitoba and ,british ,columbia2 south to ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #cge;b4 #cge;b4 ,arctic ,horned ,owl 7,b4 v4 arcticus74 ,black and white prevailing above2 bases of feathers light yellowish buff2 below black and white with little or no buffy2 facial disc gray4 ,range4--,interior of ,arctic ,america1 from ,rocky ,mountains east to ,hudson ,bay2 breeds north of ,lat4 #ea;,a deg42 in winter straggles southward to adjacent border of ,united ,states2 rarely to ,wyoming and ,nebraska4 #cge;c4 ,dusky ,horned ,owl 7,b4 v4 saturatus74 ,size of ,no4 #cge;b1 but much darker2 black bars below equalling white ones in width2 darkest bird of group4 ,range4--,pacific coast region from ,monterey ,bay1 ,california1 north to ,alaska2 east to ,hudson ,bay and ,labrador4 7,a4,o4,u47 #cge;d4 ,pacific ,horned ,owl 7,b4 v4 pacificus74 ,somewhat smaller than ,no4 #cge;b1 ,w4 #ac4e2 more like ,no4 #cge in color but less rusty4 ,range4--,california1 except humid coast region2 east to ,arizona4 #cge;e4 ,dwarf ,horned ,owl 7,b4 v4 elachistus74 ,similar to ,no4 #cge;c1 but very much smaller4 ,w4 ,male1 #ab4h2 ,female1 #ac4d4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #cgf4 #cgf4 ,snowy ,owl 7,nyctea nyctea74 ,l4 #be4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,white more or less barred with blackish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but more heavily barred4 ,range4--,northern parts of northern hemisphere2 in ,america breeds from ,lat4 #ej;,a deg4 northward2 winters south to northern ,united ,states2 straggles as far as ,texas and ,california4 ,illustration3 #cgg;a4 #cgg;a4 ,american ,hawk ,owl 7,surnia ulula caparoch74 ,l4 #ae2 ,t4 #g4b long and rounded4 ,ads4 ,above brownish black1 crown thickly spotted1 scapulars conspicuously margined with white2 chin blackish2 belly barred4 ,notes4 ,a shrill cry generally uttered while flying4 7,fisher47 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america3 breeds from ,newfoundland and northern ,montana northward2 winters south to northern ,united ,states1 rarely to ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,illinois2 rare on ,pacific coast4 ,order ,,xiii4 ,,paroquets ,,and ,,parrots4 ,,psittaci4 ,family #a4 ,,parrots and ,,paroquets4 ,psittacid,a4 #b species4 ,parrots are found throughout the warmer parts of the earth4 ,about one hundred and fifty of the some five hundred known species inhabit ,america4 ,the ,carolina ,paroquet1 practically the only member of this family found in the ,united ,states1 since the ,thick-billed ,parrot barely reaches our border in ,arizona1 was once an abundant bird in the ,southern ,states1 but it is now restricted to a few localities in ,florida and possibly ,indian ,territory4 ,order ,,xiv4 ,,cuckoos1 ,,trogons1 ,,kingfishers1 ,etc4 ,,coccyges4 ,family #a4 ,,cuckoos1 ,,anis1 etc4 ,cuculid,a4 #e species #b subspecies4 ,family #b4 ,,trogons4 ,trogonid,a4 #a species4 ,family #c4 ,,kingfishers4 ,alcedinid,a4 #b species4 ,the ,cuckoos are a group of world-wide distribution1 but are more numerous in the eastern than in the western hemisphere where only thirty-five of the some one hundred and seventy-five species are found4 ,the habit of the ,european ,cuckoo in placing its eggs in the nest of other birds is well known4 ,the ,american species1 however1 build nests of their own though it is true they are far from well made structures4 ,with the ,anis one nest serves for several females who may deposit as many as thirty eggs1 incubation and the care of the young being subsequently shared by the members of this singular family4 ,trogons are found in the tropics of both the ,old and ,new ,worlds4 ,they are quiet1 sedentary birds inhabiting forests and feeding largely on fruit4 ,so far as is known they nest in hollow trees4 ,only eight of the one hundred and eighty or more known ,kingfishers are found in ,america1 the remaining species being confined to the ,old ,world where they are most numerous in the ,malay ,archipelago4 ,parrots and ,paroquets ,illustration3 #chb4a #chb4a4 ,thick-billed ,parrot 7,rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha74 ,l4 #af4e4 ,ads4 ,forehead1 loral region1 stripe over eye1 bend of wing and thighs red2 greater under wing-coverts yellow2 rest of plumage green4 ,range--,central ,mexico north rarely to southern ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #chb4 #chb4 ,carolina ,paroquet 7,conurus carolinensis74 ,l4 #ab4e ,ads4 ,forehead and cheeks deep orange1 rest of head yellow4 ,yng4 ,forehead and loral region orange2 rest of head green like back2 no yellow on bend of wing4 ,notes4 ,a sharp1 rolling kr-r-r-r-r-r4 ,range4--,formerly eastern ,united ,states1 north to ,maryland1 ,great ,lakes1 and ,iowa2 west to ,colorado1 ,oklahoma and eastern ,texas2 now restricted to southern ,florida and parts of ,indian ,territory4 ,cuckoos #chc4 ,ani 7,crotophaga ani74 ,resembling ,no4 #chd but upper mandible without grooves4 ,notes4 ,a complaining whistled oo-eeek1 oo-eeek4 ,range eastern ,south ,america2 north to ,west ,indies and ,bahamas1 rarely to southern ,florida2 accidental in ,louisiana and ,pennsylvania4 ,illustration3 #chd4 #chd4 ,groove-billed ,ani 7,crotophaga sulcirostris74 ,l4 #ab4e ,b4 4#g high2 the upper mandible with ridges and furrows4 ,ads4 ,blue-black1 many of the feathers with iridescent margins4 ,range4--,northwestern ,south ,america1 north through ,mexico to ,lower ,california and southeastern ,texas2 casually ,arizona1 ,louisiana and ,florida4 ,illustration3 #che4 #che4 ,road-runner 7,geococcyx californianus74 ,l4 #bc4 ,toes two in front1 two behind4 ,ads4 ,above glossy olive-brown with whitish and rusty margins1 tail much rounded1 outer tail-feathers tipped with white4 ,notes4 ,a soft cooing and a low chittering note produced by striking the mandibles together4 ,bendire mentions a note like that of a hen calling her brood4 ,range central ,mexico north1 rarely to southwestern ,kansas1 southern ,colorado1 and ,sacramento ,valley1 ,california1 rarely to southern ,oregon4 ,illustration3 #chf4 #chf4 ,mangrove ,cuckoo 7,coccyzus minor74 ,l4 #ac4 ,ads4 ,underparts uniformly rich buff2 above grayish brown1 crown grayer2 ear-coverts black2 tail black1 outer feathers broadly tipped with white4 ,range4--,northern ,south ,america1 north through ,central ,america1 ,mexico and ,greater ,antilles 7except ,porto ,rico87 to ,florida and ,louisiana1 migrating south in fall4 #chf;a4 ,maynard ,cuckoo 7,c4 m4 maynardi74 ,similar to ,no4 #chf1 but underparts paler1 the throat and forebreast more or less ashy white4 ,range4--,bahamas and 7eastern87 ,florida ,keys4 ,illustration3 #chg4 #chg4 ,yellow-billed ,cuckoo 7,coccyzus americanus74 ,l4 #ab4b4 ,ads4 ,below white2 lower mandible largely yellow1 tail black1 outer feathers widely tipped with white4 ,notes4 ,tut-tut1 tut-tut1 tut-tut1 tut-tut1 cl-uck1 cl-uck1 cl-uck1 cl-uck1 cl-uck1 cl-uck1 cow1 cow1 cow1 cow1 cow1 cow1 usually given in part4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,florida to ,new ,brunswick and ,minnesota2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 #chg;a4 ,california ,cuckoo 7,c4 a4 occidentalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #chg but somewhat grayer and larger2 the bill slightly longer1 #a4je4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 north to southern ,british ,columbia2 east to ,western ,texas2 winters south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #chh4 #chh4 ,black-billed ,cuckoo 7,coccyzus erythrophthalmus74 ,l4 #aa4h4 ,ads4 ,white below2 bill black2 tail1 seen from below1 grayish narrowly tipped with white2 above1 especially on crown1 browner than ,no4 #chg4 ,notes4 ,similar to those of ,no4 #chg1 but softer1 the cow notes connected4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 west to ,rocky ,mountains2 breeds north to ,labrador and ,manitoba2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,brazil4 ,illustration3 #chi4 #chi4 ,coppery-tailed ,trogon 7,trogon ambiguus74 ,l4 #ab4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,wing-coverts finely vermiculated2 tail coppery tipped with black2 outer web and end of outer feathers white1 mottled with black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,ear-coverts gray2 back grayish brown2 middle tail-feathers rusty brown tipped with black2 breast brownish2 upper belly grayish2 ventral region pink4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of a hen ,turkey4 7,fisher47 ,range4--,southern ,mexico north to ,lower ,rio ,grande and ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #cij4 #cij4 ,belted ,kingfisher 7,ceryle alcyon74 ,l4 #ac4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,breast-band and sides like back4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,breast-band and sides rusty4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 harsh rattle4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,florida1 ,texas1 and ,california north to ,arctic regions2 winters from ,virginia1 ,kansas1 and southern ,california south to northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #cia4 #cia4 ,texas ,kingfisher 7,ceryle americana septentrionalis74 ,l4 #h4g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,breast rusty brown2 back greenish2 a white collar4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,throat and breast white1 sometimes tinged with buffy2 a breast and belly band of greenish spots4 ,notes4 ,when flying1 a sharp1 rattling twitter2 when perching1 a rapid1 excited ticking4 ,range4--,tropical ,america1 from ,panama north to southern ,texas4 ,order ,,xv4 ,,woodpeckers4 ,,pici4 ,family #a4 ,,woodpeckers4 ,picid,a4 #bd species1 #bb subspecies4 ,the some three hundred and fifty known species of ,woodpeckers are distributed throughout the wooded parts of the world1 except in ,australia and ,madagascar1 nearly one half of this number being found in the ,new ,world4 ,feeding largely upon the eggs and larv,a of insects1 which they can obtain at all seasons1 most of the ,north ,american species are not highly migratory but are represented in the more northern parts of their range at all times of the year4 ,woodpeckers nest in holes in trees generally excavated by themselves4 ,the eggs1 four to eight or nine in number1 like those of most birds that lay in covered situations1 are pure white4 ,the young are born naked and are reared in the nest4 ,in few birds is the close relation between structure and habit more strikingly illustrated than in the ,woodpeckers4 ,their lengthened toes placed two before and two behind 7except in one genus7 and armed with strong nails enable them readily to grasp the bark of trees up which they climb4 ,their stiffened1 pointed tail-feathers are also of assistance to them in retaining their position on tree trunks1 serving as a prop on which they may rest while chiseling out their homes or laying bare the tunnels of the grubs of wood boring beetles4 ,for this purpose they use their bill1 a marvellously effective tool with which some of the large ,woodpeckers perform astonishing feats4 ,i have seen an opening made by a ,pileated ,woodpecker in a white pine tree1 twelve inches long1 four inches wide1 and eight inches deep1 through perfectly sound wood to reach the larv,a at work in the heart of the tree4 ,the bill is also used as a musical instrument1 the 'song' of ,woodpeckers being a rolling tattoo produced by rapid tappings on some resonant limb4 ,as might be supposed the ,woodpeckers are great of economic value4 ,professor ,beal states that at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the food of our common ,downy and ,hairy ,woodpeckers consists chiefly of noxious insects4 ,woodpeckers ,illustration3 #cib4 #cib4 ,ivory-billed ,woodpecker 7,campephilus principalis74 ,l4 #bj2 ,b4 #b4g1 ivory white4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crest scarlet4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar to the ,male1 but crest black4 ,notes4 ,a sharp1 penny trumpet-like yap-yap4 ,range4--,florida west to eastern ,texas2 north to southern ,missouri and ,oklahoma2 formerly north to ,north ,carolina1 ,illinois1 and ,indiana4 ,illustration3 #djj4 #djj4 ,arctic ,three-toed ,woodpecker 7,picoides arcticus74 ,l4 #i4e4 ,back shining black without white2 toes two in front1 one behind ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown yellow4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,crown black4 ,notes4 ,a sharp1 shrill1 chirk1 chirk4 7,hardy47 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america1 from the ,arctic regions south to northern ,united ,states1 7,new ,england1 ,new ,york1 ,michigan1 ,minnesota and ,idaho71 and in the ,sierra ,nevadas to ,lake ,tahoe4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #dja4 #dja4 ,american ,three-toed ,woodpecker 7,picoides americanus74 ,l4 #h4g4 ,back with white3 toes two in front1 one behind4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown yellow2 white bars on back broken1 detached not confluent4 ,notes4 ,a prolonged squealing1 rarely uttered4 7,turner47 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america2 west to ,rocky ,mountains2 breeds from ,maine1 mountains of ,new ,hampshire1 northern ,new ,york1 and northern ,minnesota northward2 south in winter1 rarely to ,massachusetts1 central ,new ,york1 and northern ,illinois4 #dja;a4 ,alaskan ,three-toed ,woodpecker 7,p4 a4 fasciatus74 ,similar to ,no4 #dja1 but white bars on back confluent forming a more or less continuous white patch4 ,range4--,alaska ,territory2 casually8 south through western ,british ,columbia to northwestern ,washington 7vicinity of ,mt4 ,baker72 east irregularly to ,great ,bear ,lake and the ,mackenzie ,river ,valley1 ,northwest ,territory4 7,bendire47 #dja b4 ,alpine ,three-toed ,woodpecker 7,p4 a4 dorsalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dja;a1 but larger4 ,w4 #e2 bill narrower4 ,notes4 ,a harsh1 nasal cry2 a sudden1 sharp whip1 whip1 whip1 7,mearns47 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region from ,british ,columbia and ,idaho south into ,new ,mexico4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #dje4 #dje4 ,pileated ,woodpecker 7,ceophl,aus pileatus74 ,l4 #ag4 ,w4 #h4i4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown1 crest1 and streaks on sides of throat red2 sides of neck and patch on wing white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,forehead brownish1 no red on sides of throat4 ,notes4 ,a sonorous cow-cow-cow1 repeated slowly many times and a wichew call when two birds meet2 both suggesting calls of the ,flicker4 ,range4--,southern ,united ,states1 north to ,south ,carolina4 #dje;a4 ,northern ,pileated ,woodpecker 7,c4 p4 abieticola74 ,similar to ,no4 #dje1 but slightly larger1 ,w4 #i2 ,t4 #f4b4 ,range4--,locally distributed throughout more heavily wooded regions of ,north ,america1 except in southern ,united ,states1 north to ,lat4 #fc;,a deg44 ,illustration3 #cic4 #cic4 ,hairy ,woodpecker 7,dryobates villosus74 ,l4 #i2 ,w4 #d4g ,outer tail-feathers white without terminal black marks4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,wing-coverts spotted1 underparts white2 nape with a red band4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but nape band white4 ,notes4 ,a sharp peek and a ,kingfisher-like rattle4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states from ,north ,carolina to ,canada4 #cic;a4 ,northern ,hairy ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 leucomelas74 ,similar to ,no4 #cic1 but larger2 ,l4 #aj2 ,w4 #e4b4 ,range4--,british ,america north to ,alaska4 #cic;b4 ,southern ,hairy ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 audubonii74 ,similar to ,no4 #cic1 but smaller2 ,l4 #h2 ,w4 #d4b4 ,range4--,south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states1 north to ,south ,carolina4 ,illustration3 #cic;c4 #cic;c4 ,harris ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 harrisi74 ,similar to ,no4 #cic1 but wing-coverts usually without white spots2 underparts dirty1 dusky1 brownish4 ,range4--,pacific coast from northern ,california to ,british ,columbia4 #cic;d4 ,cabanis ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 hyloscopus74 ,similar to ,no4 #cic;c1 but whiter below4 ,range4--,california1 east to ,arizona4 #cic;e4 ,rocky ,mountain ,hairy ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 monticola74 ,similar to ,no4 #cic;c1 but pure white below2 larger1 size of ,no4 #cic;a4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region from northern ,new ,mexico north to ,british ,columbia4 #cic;f4 ,queen ,charlotte ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 picoideus7 ,similar to ,no4 #cic;c1 but middle of back barred and spotted with black2 flanks streaked with black4 7,osgood47 ,range4--,queen ,charlotte ,islands1 ,british ,columbia4 ,illustration3 #cid4 #cid4 ,southern ,downy ,woodpecker 7,dryobates pubescens74 ,l4 #f2 ,w4 #c4e4 ,outer tail-feathers white with terminal black marks4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,nape-band red2 smallest of group1 underparts dingier than in ,no4 #cid;c2 white of less extent2 wing-coverts spotted4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but nape-band white4 ,notes4 ,a sharp peek and a rattle similar to that of ,no4 #cic1 but not so loud4 ,range4--,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1 and ,gulf ,states to ,texas4 ,illustration3 #cid;a4 #cid;a4 ,gairdner ,woodpecker 7,d4 p4 gairdnerii74 ,similar to ,no4 #cid;b1 but underparts sooty gray2 the darkest below of any form in the group4 ,range4--,pacific coast from northern ,california north to ,british ,columbia4 #cid;b4 ,batchelder ,woodpecker 7,d4 p4 homorus74 ,similar to ,no4 #cid;c1 but wing-coverts with few or no white spots1 under tail-coverts without dusky streaks4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region of the ,united ,states4 7,a4,o4,u47 #cid;c4 ,northern ,downy ,woodpecker 7,d4 p4 medianus74 ,l4 #f4e2 ,w4 #c4g4 ,similar to ,no4 #cid1 but larger2 whiter below2 white markings of greater extent4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america south to ,south ,carolina4 #cid;d4 ,alaskan ,downy ,woodpecker 7,d4 p4 nelsoni74 ,w4 #d4 ,similar to ,no4 #cid;c1 but still larger and whiter2 largest of the group4 ,range4--,alaska4 #cid;e4 ,willow ,woodpecker 7,d4 p4 turati74 ,similar to ,no4 #cid;a1 but smaller1 ,w4 #c4h4 superciliary patch and underparts whiter2 tertials always more or less spotted with white4 7,w4 ,k4 ,fisher47 ,range4--,california1 except3 desert ranges and eastern slope of ,sierra ,nevada1 coast region north of ,marin ,co41 and region north of upper end of ,sacramento ,valley4 7,w4 ,k4 ,fisher47 ,illustration3 #cie4 #cie4 ,red-cockaded ,woodpecker 7,dryobates borealis74 ,l4 #h4d4 ,sides of head and neck white bordered by black below4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a nearly concealed red tuft on either side of the hindhead4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but no red on head4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 hoarse1 yank1 yank4 ,range4--,southern ,united ,states2 west to eastern ,texas2 north to ,virginia and ,arkansas4 ,illustration3 #cif4 #cif4 ,texan ,woodpecker 7,dryobates scalaris bairdi74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,outer tail-feathers barred to their base2 nasal tufts brownish4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,all crown feathers tipped with red2 back barred3 below brownish white1 spotted and streaked with black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but top of head wholly black4 ,range4--,northern ,mexico1 north to ,texas boundary1 ,new ,mexico1 southern ,colorado1 southern ,nevada1 southwestern ,utah1 and southeastern ,california4 #cif;a4 ,saint ,lucas ,woodpecker 7,d4 s4 lucasanus74 ,similar to ,no4 #cif1 but outer tail-feather barred with black only on terminal half or less1 except sometimes on inner web4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,lower ,california1 north1 rarely to ,colorado ,desert1 ,california4 ,illustration3 #cig4 #cig4 ,nuttall ,woodpecker 7,dryobates nuttallii74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,below white only slightly soiled2 outer tail-feather barred only on end half4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown black streaked with white2 nape red4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but top of head entirely black1 usually1 with a few white spots4 ,yng4 ,top of head dull red4 ,notes4 ,a sharp quee-quee-quee-queep2 a diminutive chittah4 7,bailey47 ,loud rattling notes4 7,henshaw47 ,range4--,northern ,lower ,california1 north locally1 to southern ,oregon4 ,illustration3 #cih4 #cih4 ,arizona ,woodpecker 7,dryobates arizon,a474 ,l4 #h4b4 ,above brown1 below spotted4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a red nape band4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but no red on nape1 brown of crown continuous with that of back4 ,yng4 ,whole crown red4 ,range4--,northwestern ,mexico north to southern ,arizona and southwestern ,new ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #cii4 #cii4 ,white-headed ,woodpecker 7,xenopicus albolarvatus74 ,l4 #i4 ,whole head and part of wings white4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,nape red4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,nape white4 ,notes4 ,a sharp1 clear witt-witt2 a rather silent bird4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,mountains of western ,united ,states from southern ,california north to southern ,british ,columbia2 east to western ,idaho and western ,nevada4 ,illustration3 #djb4 #djb4 ,yellow-bellied ,sapsucker 7,sphyrapicus varius74 ,l4 #h4e2 ,w4 #d4h4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown and throat red2 a whitish band from eye to eye across nape2 belly washed with yellow2 breast patch black ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but throat white2 crown rarely black4 ,yng4 ,breast grayish with internal dark rings or bars2 crown dirty yellowish margined with dusky2 red feathers soon appear on throat and crown4 ,notes4 ,a clear ringing cleur repeated2 a low snarling cry resembling mew of ,catbird4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,massachusetts and northern ,illinois north to about ,lat4 #fc;,a deg4 #cj'2 south in ,alleghanies to northwest ,georgia2 winters from southern ,illinois and southern ,virginia to ,central ,america4 #djb;a4 ,red-naped ,sapsucker 7,s4 v4 nuchalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #djb1 but slightly larger4 ,w4 #e2 the nape band red2 red of throat encroaching on black bordering streaks2 female the same but chin white4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region2 breeds from ,colorado and northeastern ,california 7871 north to ,british ,columbia2 winters from southern ,california south to northwestern ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #djc4 #djc4 ,red-breasted ,sapsucker 7,sphyrapicus ruber74 ,l4 #i4 ,ads4 ,crown1 whole throat and breast dull red2 in other respects resembling ,no4 #djb4 ,notes4 ,jay or cha,ae1 peeye1 pinck1 and peurr3 7,bendire47 ,range4--,breeds in mountains from northern ,lower ,california north to southern ,oregon4 #djc;a4 ,northern ,red-breasted ,sapsucker 7,s4 r4 notkensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #djc1 but colors deeper1 red brighter2 belly yellower4 ,range4--,pacific coast region from ,santa ,cruz ,mountains1 ,california1 north to southern ,alaska4 ,illustration3 #djd4 #djd4 ,williamson ,sapsucker 7,sphyrapicus thyroideus74 ,l4 #i4 ,belly bright yellow2 rump white4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above black21 a red stripe on throat2 lesser wing-coverts white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,crown and throat brownish2 back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,female1 but breast barred like sides4 ,notes4 ,a shrill huit-huit uttered when flying4 7,bendire47 ,the roll of this ,woodpecker is not continuous1 but is broken or interrupted4 ,range4--,higher mountain ranges of western ,united ,states2 breeds from northern ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and southeastern ,california north to ,wyoming and southern ,british ,columbia2 winters from southern ,california and western ,texas into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #djh4 #djh4 ,lewis ,woodpecker 7,asyndesmus torquatus74 ,l4 #aa4 ,ads4 ,breast and a collar around the neck gray2 region about base of bill dark red2 belly pinkish red2 above shining green black4 ,yng4 ,no gray collar2 crown suffused with red4 ,notes4 ,a weak1 peeping twitter4 7,lawrence74 ,generally a silent bird4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds from ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and southern ,california north to southern ,alberta and ,british ,columbia2 winters from southern ,oregon and ,colorado south to western ,texas and southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #djf4 #djf4 ,red-headed ,woodpecker 7,melanerpes erythrocephalus74 ,l4 #i4g4 ,ads4 ,whole head and breast red2 end half of secondaries white4 ,yng4 ,whole head and breast grayish streaked with blackish2 back black margined with grayish2 end half of secondaries white with black bars4 ,notes4 ,a tree-toad-like ker-r-ruck1 ker-r-ruck4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states west to ,rocky ,mountains3 breeds from ,florida and ,texas north to ,new ,york and ,manitoba2 local and irregular in northern parts of range2 winters from ,virginia1 and occasionally from ,new ,york1 southward4 ,illustration3 #djg4 #djg4 ,striped-breasted ,woodpecker 7,melanerpes formicivorus74 ,l4 #i4e4 ,breast band streaked with white2 rump white4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,forehead1 white1 crown1 nape1 and breast-spot red4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,center of crown with a black band of same width as white band on forehead4 ,notes4 ,a loud tchurr1 tchurr4 ,range4--,mexico north to southwest ,texas and ,arizona4 #djg;a4 ,californian ,woodpecker 7,m4 f4 bairdi74 ,similar to ,no4 #djg1 but black breast-band with white only on its posterior margin4 ,range4--,pacific coast region from northern ,california to southern ,oregon4 #djg;b4 ,narrow-fronted ,woodpecker 7,m4 f4 angustifrons74 ,ad4 ,male4 ,similar to ,no4 #djg1 but smaller1 ,w4 #e4b2 the throat brighter yellow4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,with black crown-band wider than white forehead band4 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #dji4 #dji4 ,red-bellied ,woodpecker 7,centurus carolinus74 ,l4 #i4e4 ,center of belly reddish4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,top of head and nape entirely red4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,nape red1 crown grayish1 forehead tinged with red4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse1 ch,ah-ch,ah4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,florida and ,texas to ,maryland1 ,ontario1 and ,south ,dakota2 winters from ,virginia and southern ,ohio southward2 casually north as far as ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 #daj4 #daj4 ,golden-fronted ,woodpecker 7,centurus aurifrons74 ,l4 #aj4e2 center of belly yellow4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,forehead yellow1 crown-patch red1 nape orange4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,forehead and nape yellow1 crown entirely gray4 ,notes4 ,loud and penetrating4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,mexico1 north to central ,texas4 ,illustration3 #daa4 #daa4 ,gila ,woodpecker 7,centurus uropygialis74 ,l4 #aj4 ,center of belly yellow4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,top of head and nape sooty gray2 a red-crown patch4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,top of head and nape entirely sooty gray4 ,notes4 ,dch,arr1 dch,arr2 when flying1 a shrill huit like call-note of ,phainopepla4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,northwestern ,mexico1 north to southwestern ,new ,mexico1 and ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #dab4 #dab4 ,southern ,flicker 7,colaptes auratus74 ,smaller than ,no4 #dab;a1 ,w4 #e4f4 ,range4--,southeastern ,united ,states north to ,south ,carolina4 #dab;a4 ,northern ,flicker 7,c4 a4 luteus74 ,l4 #ac2 ,w4 #f4d4 ,crown bluish gray2 throat pinkish brown2 a scarlet nape-band2 lining of wings and tail yellow4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,with black patches on the sides of the throat4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,without black throat patches4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 emphatic ke,a7,c7-yer2 a low chuckle when taking flight2 a we,a7,c7chew repeated and used only when two or more birds are together2 and a mellow c,ah-c,ah-c,ah-c,ah1 repeated1 doubtless a song4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america west to the ,rocky ,mountains and ,alaska2 rare on the ,pacific coast2 apparently hybridizing with ,no4 #dac at the western border of its range4 ,illustration3 #dac4 #dac4 ,red-shafted ,flicker 7,colaptes cafer collaris74 ,l4 #ac4 ,no red nape band2 crown brownish2 throat bluish gray2 lining of wings and tail reddish4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,patches at side of throat red4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,no red throat patches4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #dab4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 except northwest coast region2 east to the ,rocky ,mountain region2 apparently hybridizing with ,no4 #dab at the eastern border of its range4 #dac;a4 ,northwestern ,flicker 7,c4 c4 saturatior74 ,similar to ,no4 #dac1 but much darker throughout1 back vinous-brown4 ,range4--,pacific coast region2 breeds from ,oregon north to southern ,alaska2 winters south to northwest ,california4 ,illustration3 #dad4 #dad4 ,gilded ,flicker 7,colaptes chrysoides74 ,l4 #ab2 ,w4 #e4g4 ,crown cinnamon2 under surface of wings and tail yellow4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,no red band on nape2 throat bluish gray1 its sides with a red patch4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,no red on sides of throat4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #dab4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,central and southern ,arizona from ,lat4 #cd;,a deg4 to southern ,sonora1 and ,lower ,california south of ,lat4 #cj;,a deg44 7,a4,o4,u47 #dad;a4 ,brown ,flicker 7,c4 c4 brunnescens74 ,similar to ,no4 #dad1 but slightly smaller2 upperparts darker4 7,anthony74 ,range4--,lower ,california north of ,lat4 #cj;,a deg44 #dae4 ,guadalupe ,flicker 7,colaptes rufipileus74 ,similar to ,no4 #dac1 but bill #a4f or more2 more slender1 wing averaging less than #f4b2 crown cinnamon-brown2 rump vinaceous-white4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,guadalupe ,island1 ,lower ,california4 ,order ,,xvi4 ,,goatsuckers1 ,,swifts1 ,,and ,,hummingbirds4 ,,macrochires4 ,family #a4 ,,goatsuckers4 ,caprimulgid,a4 #f species1 #f subspecies4 ,family #b4 ,,swifts4 ,micropodid,a4 #d species4 ,family #c4 ,,hummingbirds4 ,trochilid,a4 #ag species4 ,the ,goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning4 ,they live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing1 their enormous mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting4 ,our species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare ground or leaves4 ,the young are hatched covered with down and can follow their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight4 ,goatsuckers are noted for their singular calls1 most of the species uttering loud1 characteristic notes which1 heard at night1 are especially effective4 ,swifts are birds of world-wide distribution2 about half the seventy-five known species being found in ,america4 ,they are pre-eminently birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds can surpass them in power of flight1 but with feet so weak and small that many species cannot perch as do most birds1 but1 when resting1 cling to a vertical surface and use their tail to aid their feet in supporting themselves4 ,their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and constructive ability4 ,the eggs1 four to six in number1 are white4 ,hummingbirds are found only in ,america where they range from ,patagonia to ,alaska1 but the larger part of the some five hundred known species are found in the ,andean region of ,columbia and ,ecuador4 ,only one species is found east of the ,mississippi1 and nine of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our ,mexican border4 ,hummingbirds nests are the most exquisite of birds' homes4 ,their eggs1 so far as is known1 number two1 and are pure white4 ,the young are born naked and1 in the case of our ,ruby-throat1 at least1 spend about three weeks in the nest4 ,the notes of some tropical ,hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and excited chipperings4 ,goatsuckers ,illustration3 #daf4 #daf4 ,chuck-will's-widow 7,antrostomus carolinensis74 ,l4 #ab4 ,mouth bristles with fine1 hair-like branches near their base4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,end half of outer tail-feathers white1 rusty1 and black on outer webs2 chin chiefly rusty2 throat-patch buffy4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,no white in tail4 ,notes4 ,a loudly whistled chuck-will's-widow1 repeated many times4 ,range4--,south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states2 breeds north to ,virginia and ,illinois2 west to ,kansas and central ,texas2 winters from southern ,florida southward4 ,illustration3 #dag4 #dag4 ,whip-poor-will 7,antrostomus vociferus74 ,l4 #i4g4 ,mouth bristles without branches4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,three outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with white2 white on inner vane of outer feather #a4d or more wide2 throat patch white2 chin chiefly black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,three outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff2 throat patch rusty buff4 ,notes4 ,a rapid1 vigorous1 whistled whip-poor-will1 repeated many times4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,gulf ,states north to ,new ,brunswick and ,manitoba2 winters from ,gulf ,states southward4 #dag;a4 ,stephens ,whip-poor-will 7,a4 v4 macromystax74 ,similar to ,no4 #dag1 but slightly larger1 ,w4 #f4e2 mouth bristles much longer2 male with throat-patch rusty2 white on inner web of outer feather less than #a4c wide4 ,range4--,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 and southwestern ,texas1 south over mountains bordering tablelands of ,mexico to ,guatemala4 7,bailey47 ,illustration3 #dah4 #dah4 ,poor-will 7,phal,anoptilus nuttallii74 ,l4 #g4g4 ,primaries rusty barred with black4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,three outer tail-feathers evenly tipped with white2 a large white throat patch2 plumage above suggesting in color the wings of certain moths4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but tail-tips buffy4 ,notes4 ,variously rendered poor-will1 cow-day1 pearl-rob-it1 puir-whee-er4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds from ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 and ,dakota west to eastern slope of ,sierra ,nevadas3 north to ,montana and ,british ,columbia2 winters from ,mexican border southward4 #dah;a4 ,frosted ,poor-will 7,p4 n4 nitidus74 ,similar to ,no4 #dah1 but paler1 the upperparts especially whiter1 more frosty4 ,range4--,texas to ,arizona and from western ,kansas south to northern ,mexico4 7,bailey47 ,lower ,california4 #dah;b4 ,california ,poor-will 7,p4 n4 californicus74 ,similar to ,no4 #dah1 but darker4 ,range4--,breeds on coast of ,california1 north to ,butte ,county2 winters from southern ,california southward4 ,illustration3 #dai4 #dai4 ,merrill ,parauque 7,nyctidromus albicollis merrilli74 ,l4 #ab2 ,t4 #f4b4 ,outer tail-feather without white4 ,two color phases1 one gray1 one rusty4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,outer tail-feather black with sometimes a little rusty1 next feather white on inner web1 third feather white except at base4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,outer tail-feathers brownish with broken rusty bars2 next two with white at tip4 ,notes4 ,a vigorous ker-whee-you repeated and sometimes running into a whit-whit-whit1 ker-whee-you4 ,range4--,mexico north to southern ,texas2 winters chiefly south of ,rio ,grande4 ,illustration3 #dbj4 #dbj4 ,nighthawk 7,chordeiles virginianus74 ,l4 #aj2 ,w4 #g4h4 ,primaries blackish with a white bar and no rusty spots2 darkest of our ,nighthawks4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above black with white and buff markings2 throat and band near end of tail white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,throat rusty1 no white band in tail4 ,notes4 ,a nasal peent2 and in the breeding season1 a booming sound produced by diving from a height earthward4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 chiefly1 breeds from ,florida to ,labrador1 west and northwest to northern ,california1 ,british ,columbia1 and ,alaska2 winters south of ,united ,states4 #dbj;a4 ,western ,nighthawk 7,c4 v4 henryi74 ,similar to ,no4 #dbj1 but markings above rusty and more numerous2 belly washed with rusty4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 east to the ,plains1 wintering south of ,united ,states2 exact distribution unknown4 #dbj;b4 ,florida ,nighthawk 7,c4 v4 chapmani74 ,similar to ,no4 #dbj1 but smaller 7,l4 #h4f2 ,w4 #g4a27 and paler2 white and buff markings above larger and more numerous4 ,range4--,florida1 west along ,gulf ,coast to eastern ,texas2 south in winter to ,south ,america4 #dbj;c4 ,sennett ,nighthawk 7,c4 v4 sennetti74 ,similar to ,no4 #dbj;b1 but still paler1 white and buff prevailing on back and scapulars2 palest of our ,nighthawks4 ,range4--,great ,plains north to ,saskatchewan2 winters south of the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #dba4 #dba4 ,texan ,nighthawk 7,chordeiles acutipennis texensis74 ,wing quills with rusty spots2 outer primary shorter than one next to it2 belly conspicuously washed with rusty buff4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat-patch and band near end of tail white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,no white band in tail4 ,notes4 ,a mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a humming sound4 7,merrill47 ,range4--,central ,america2 breeding north to southern ,texas1 southern ,new ,mexico1 southern ,utah1 southern ,nevada1 and ,lat4 #ch;,a deg4 in ,california2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,swifts ,illustration3 #dbb4 #dbb4 ,black ,swift 7,cypseloides niger borealis74 ,l4 #g2 ,w4 #f4e4 ,tail without spines1 slightly forked4 ,ads4 ,sooty black1 paler below2 a black spot before the eye2 forehead whitish4 ,notes4 ,generally silent4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,breeds from ,central ,america north1 in mountains of western ,united ,states1 to ,british ,columbia2 east to ,colorado2 winters south of ,united ,states2 more common in ,pacific coast states4 ,illustration3 #dbc4 #dbc4 ,chimney ,swift 7,ch,atura pelagica74 ,l4 #e4d2 ,w4 #d4i4 ,tail with protruding spines4 ,ads4 ,above sooty1 rump and underparts paler2 throat whitish4 ,notes4 ,a rolling twitter4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,florida to ,labrador and ,manitoba2 winters south of ,united ,states1 to ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #dbd4 #dbd4 ,vaux ,swift 7,ch,atura vauxii74 ,l4 #d4e2 ,w4 #d4d4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,no4 #dbc1 but smaller and somewhat browner4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #dbc1 but are less frequently uttered4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds on ,pacific coast1 locally1 north to ,british ,columbia2 east casually to ,montana and ,arizona2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #dbe4 #dbe4 ,white-throated ,swift 7,,aaronautes melanoleucus74 ,l4 #f4e4 ,tail forked1 without spines4 ,ads4 ,above sooty brownish black2 breast1 middle of belly and flank patches white4 ,notes4 ,a sharp1 metallic twitter4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 east to western ,nebraska and ,black ,hills2 breeds in ,rocky ,mountains north to ,montana2 on ,pacific coast north to ,lat4 #ch;,a deg42 winters south of ,united ,states to ,central ,america4 ,hummingbirds ,illustration3 #dbf4 #dbf4 ,rivoli ,hummingbird 7,eugenes fulgens74 ,l4 #e4a4 ,a small white spot behind eye4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown purple1 throat bright green1 back bronzy green2 tail somewhat more bronzy4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above bronzy green1 all but central tail-feathers with blackish ends and narrow grayish tips2 below grayish1 all but throat feathers green centrally4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,throat with more or less green1 belly and above more bronzy than in ,female4 ,range4--,nicaragua1 north in mountains to mountains of southeastern ,arizona1 and southwest ,new ,mexico2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #dbi4 #dbi4 ,black-chinned ,hummingbird 7,trochilus alexandri74 ,l4 #c4e2 ,w4 #a4g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,chin and upper throat black1 lower throat amethyst2 tail forked1 feathers pointed4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,throat grayish white2 chin buffy2 tail feathers more rounded1 three outer ones tipped with white4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar ,female1 but throat with dusky spots4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds from ,san ,antonio1 ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and ,california north to ,montana and ,british ,columbia2 rare on ,pacific coast north of southern ,california2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #dcj4 #dcj4 ,costa ,hummingbird 7,calypte cost,a74 ,l4 #c4a4 ,no rusty in plumage4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown1 throat and lengthened neck-feathers amethyst1 back dull green4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,below grayish white2 above grayish green2 outer tail-feathers gray at base1 then black and at tip white4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar to ,female1 but throat usually with some amethyst spots2 tip of outer tail-feather grayish4 ,range4--,northwestern ,mexico2 breeds north throughout ,lower ,california1 to southern ,california1 northern ,nevada1 southwestern ,utah1 and southwestern ,new ,mexico2 winters from ,mexican border southward4 ,illustration3 #dcg4 #dcg4 ,lucifer ,hummingbird 7,calothorax lucifer74 ,l4 #c4f2 ,b4 4#h4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat purplish pink1 feathers at its side much lengthened2 tail feathers very narrow1 the outer ones less than 4#je in4 wide on end half4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,below nearly uniform rusty buff1 above bronzy green2 tail-feathers white-tipped4 ,range4--,from western ,texas and southern ,arizona south to the city of ,mexico and ,puebla4 7,bailey47 ,illustration3 #ddj4 #ddj4 ,xantus ,hummingbird 7,basilinna xantusi74 ,l4 #c4f4 ,a white streak behind eye4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,chin1 forehead and cheeks black2 throat green2 tail rusty brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,below uniform rusty1 above green2 outer tail-feathers rusty brown4 ,range4--,lower ,california1 north to ,lat4 #bi;,a deg42 most common in ,cape ,region4 ,illustration3 #dbg4 #dbg4 ,blue-throated ,hummingbird 7,,caligena clemenci,a74 ,l4 #e4b4 ,a white stripe behind1 and a smaller one before eye4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat blue2 belly grayish2 back green2 tail blue-black1 outer feathers broadly white tipped4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but throat dusky gray4 ,range4--,southern ,mexico north4 ,in mountains to mountains of southwestern ,new ,mexico and southern ,arizona2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #dch4 #dch4 ,reiffer ,hummingbird 7,amazilis tzacatl74 ,l4 #d4a4 ,ads4 ,above1 throat and breast shining green2 belly grayish2 tail square1 rusty brown1 narrowly margined with coppery4 ,yng4 ,similar but more rusty above4 ,range4--,northern ,south ,america2 north1 rarely1 to ,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley1 ,texas4 ,illustration3 #dci4 #dci4 ,buff-bellied ,hummingbird 7,amazilis cerviniventris chalconota74 ,similar to ,no4 #dch1 but belly rusty gray1 tail forked and broadly margined with coppery green4 ,range4--,central ,america1 north1 in spring1 to ,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley1 ,texas4 ,illustration3 #ddj4a #ddj4a4 ,white-eared ,hummingbird 7,basilinna leucotis74 ,l4 #c4g4 ,a white line behind eye4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,chin1 forehead and cheeks blue1 throat and breast green1 tail blackish bronzy green4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,crown rusty1 back bronzy green1 below gray spotted with green2 outer tail-feathers tipped with gray4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar4 ,range4--,nicaragua north1 in spring1 through mountains to southern ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #dda4 #dda4 ,broad-billed ,hummingbird 7,iache latirostris74 ,l4 #d4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above green2 below darker2 throat purplish blue2 tail darker4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,below gray2 outer tail-feathers green at base1 then bluish black tipped with gray4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,female1 but tail blue black with faint gray tips2 throat with metallic green feathers4 ,range4--,southern ,mexico2 breeds north through mountains to southern ,arizona and southwestern ,new ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #dbh4 #dbh4 ,ruby-throated ,hummingbird 7,trochilus colubris74 ,l4 #c4e2 ,w4 #a4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat ruby1 chin blackish2 tail forked1 the feathers pointed4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,throat grayish1 tail-feathers rounded1 three outer ones tipped with white4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female but throat with dusky spots4 7,see next page7 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to about ,long4 #ajj;,a deg42 breeds from ,florida and eastern ,mexico1 north to ,labrador and ,hudson ,bay region2 winters from southern ,florida to ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #dca4 #dca4 ,anna ,hummingbird 7,calypte ann,a74 ,l4 #c4f4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown and throat glittering purplish pink2 feathers at sides of throat much lengthened4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above green2 below grayish washed with green2 throat usually with pink feathers2 tail with a narrow white tip4 ,yng4 ,similar but browner above4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 from northern ,lower ,california north to northern ,california2 east to southern ,arizona2 south in winter to ,mexico2 recorded from ,guadalupe ,island4 ,illustration3 #dcb4 #dcb4 ,broad-tailed ,hummingbird 7,selasphorus platycercus74 ,l4 #d4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,outer primary very narrow1 end sharp2 crown green1 throat pink2 tail green above1 purplish below without white tips4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,outer tail-feathers rusty at base1 then black with a broad white tip2 middle feathers entirely green2 above bronzy green2 throat feathers with dusky centers2 sides rusty4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountains3 west1 rarely to eastern ,california2 north to southern ,wyoming and ,idaho2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #dcc4 #dcc4 ,rufous ,hummingbird 7,selasphorus rufus71 ,l4 #c4f4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,next to middle pair of tail-feathers notched near tip of inner web2 back reddish brown sometimes washed with green4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,sides rusty1 back green1 throat spotted with green and sometimes ruby1 outer tail-feathers rusty at base1 then black and a white tip1 the feather more than 4#ab wide2 middle tail-feathers green at base1 end black4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar to ,female but all tail-feathers rusty at base4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds from the higher mountains of southern ,california and ,arizona1 north to ,lat4 #fa;,a deg4 in ,alaska2 during migrations east to ,montana1 ,wyoming1 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 and western ,texas2 winters in southern ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #dcd4 #dcd4 ,allen ,hummingbird 7,selasphorus alleni74 ,l4 #c4f4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown and back green1 and tail rusty tipped with dusky1 no notch in tail-feathers2 in other respects like ,no4 #dcc4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,male4 ,like the same of ,no4 #dcc1 but outer tail-feather less than 4#ab in4 wide4 ,range4--,pacific coast1 from ,monterey1 ,california1 north to ,british ,columbia2 migrates south through ,arizona1 and southern ,california to ,mexico4 #dce4 ,morcom ,hummingbird 7,atthis morcomi74 ,l4 #b4i4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above bronzy green2 middle tail-feathers bronzy green tinged with rusty on basal half2 rest of tail-feathers rusty brown1 then green1 then black and tipped with white2 below white1 sides rusty1 throat spotted with bronze-green4 7,ridgw47 ,male unknown4 ,range4--,huachuca ,mountains1 southern ,arizona1 7known from one specimen47 ,illustration3 #dcf4 #dcf4 ,calliope ,hummingbird 7,stellula calliope74 ,l4 #c4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat purplish pink1 white at base showing through2 above green4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,sides rusty1 throat with green spots1 above green1 outer tail-feathers gray at base1 then black1 then white in nearly equal amounts4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar to ,female4 ,range4--,mountains of western ,united ,states2 breeds north to ,montana1 ,idaho1 and ,british ,columbia2 west to eastern ,oregon and eastern ,california2 winters1 south of ,united ,states2 rare on ,pacific coast of ,united ,states4 ,order ,,xvii4 ,,perching ,,birds4 ,,passeres4 ,family #a4 ,,flycatchers4 ,tyrannid,a4 #cb species1 #g subspecies4 ,family #b4 ,,larks4 ,alaudid,a4 #a species1 #ac subspecies4 ,family #c4 ,,crows ,,and ,,jays4 ,corvid,a4 #ba species1 #ad subspecies4 ,family #d4 ,,blackbirds1 ,,orioles1 ,,etc4 ,icterid,a4 #ah species1 #ad subspecies4 ,family #e4 ,,finches1 ,,sparrows1 ,,etc4 ,fringillid,a4 #hg species1 #ib subspecies4 ,family #f4 ,,tanagers4 ,tanagrid,a4 #d species1 #a subspecies4 ,family #g4 ,,swallows4 ,hirundinid,a4 #i species1 #b subspecies4 ,family #h4 ,,waxwings4 ,ampelid,a4 #c species4 ,family #i4 ,,shrikes4 ,laniid,a4 #b species1 #c subspecies4 ,family #aj4 ,,vireos4 ,vireonid,a4 #ac species1 #aj subspecies4 ,family #aa4 ,,warblers4 ,mniotiltid,a4 #ee species1 #ah subspecies4 ,family #ab4 ,,wagtails4 ,motacillid,a4 #c species4 ,family #ac4 ,,dippers4 ,cinclid,a4 #a species4 ,family #ad4 ,,wrens1 ,,thrashers1 ,,etc4 ,troglodytid,a4 #bf species1 #bd subspecies4 ,family #ae4 ,,creepers4 ,certhiid,a4 #a species1 #d subspecies4 ,family #af4 ,,nuthatches ,,and ,,tits4 ,parid,a4 #ba species1 #bj subspecies4 ,family #ag4 ,,kinglets1 ,,gnatcatchers1 ,,etc4 ,sylviid,a4 #g species1 #c subspecies4 ,family #ah4 ,,thrushes1 ,,bluebirds1 ,,etc4 ,turdid,a4 #ac species1 #ad subspecies4 ,the ,north ,american members of the ,order ,,passeres are placed in two ,suborders1 the ,clamatores1 or so-called ,songless ,perching ,birds1 which includes all the ,flycatchers1 and the ,suborder ,oscines1 or ,singing ,perching ,birds1 which includes all our remaining ,perching ,birds4 ,while the ,flycatchers are therefore technically classed as songless birds1 it does not follow that they have no songs4 ,sing they do1 but because of the less developed condition of their voice-producing organ1 they cannot give utterance to the longer and more musical songs of the ,oscines1 which are supplied with a better musical instrument4 ,the ,flycatchers1 7,family ,tyrannid,a7 number somewhat over three hundred and fifty species1 and are found only in ,america1 where they are most abundant in the tropics4 ,feeding almost exclusively on insects1 those species which visit the ,united ,states are of necessity migratory1 not more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest with us1 remaining in the ,united ,states during the winter1 and these are found only on our southern borders4 ,flycatchers as a rule1 capture their prey on the wing4 ,when perching1 their pose is usually erect and hawk-like4 ,they often raise their crown feathers1 which in many species are somewhat lengthened1 a habit giving them a certain big-headed appearance4 ,flycatchers are most useful birds4 ,the food of the ,kingbird1 for example1 a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey bees1 has been found to consist of #ij per cent4 insects1 mostly injurious species1 while only fourteen out of two hundred and eighty-one stomachs contained the remains of honey bees2 forty of the fifty bees found being drones4 ,the true ,larks1 7,family ,alaudid,a7 are chiefly ,old ,world birds1 the ,skylark being the best known member of the ,family4 ,in ,america we have only the ,horned or ,shore ,larks1 one species of which shows so much climatic variation in color throughout its wide range1 that no less than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,horned ,lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less common in the ,atlantic ,states than westward4 ,like the ,skylark it sings in the air1 but its vocal powers are limited and not to be compared with those of its famous relative4 ,the ,crows and ,jays1 7,family ,corvid,a7 number about two hundred species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere4 ,to this family belong the ,raven1 ,rook1 ,magpie and ,jackdaw1 all birds of marked intelligence2 and our ,crows and ,jays are fully worthy of being classed with these widely known and distinguished members of their family4 ,the ,crows and ,jays1 by varying their food with the season1 are rarely at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are represented throughout their ranges at all times of the year4 ,in the more northern parts of their homes1 however1 some of these birds are migratory1 and ,crows1 as is well known1 gather in great flocks during the winter1 returning each night to a roost frequented1 in some instances1 by two or three hundred thousand ,crows4 ,while the ,crows and ,jays are technically ',song ,birds' their voices are far from musical4 ,nevertheless they possess much range of expression and several species learn to enunciate words with more or less ease4 ,the ,starlings1 7,family ,sturnid,a7 are ,old ,world birds represented in ,america only by the ,european ,starling which was introduced into ,central ,park1 ,new ,york ,city1 in #ahij and is now common in the surrounding country4 ,the ,blackbirds1 ,orioles1 and ,meadowlarks1 7,family ,icterid,a7 number about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the ,new ,world4 ,the ,blackbirds are most numerous in ,north ,america1 where1 migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies1 they become among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds4 ,the ,orioles are most numerous in the tropics1 where some thirty species are known4 ,apparently all of them are remarkable as nest builders1 the large ,cassiques1 nearly related1 great yellow and black birds1 weaving pouches three and four feet long1 several dozen of which1 all occupied1 may be seen swinging from the branches of a single tree4 ,the ,finches1 ,sparrows1 ,grosbeaks1 etc41 7,family ,fringillid,a7 number nearly six hundred species1 a greater number than is contained in any other family of birds4 ,they are distributed throughout the world1 except in the ,australian region1 some ninety odd species inhabiting ,north ,america4 ,varying widely in color1 the ,fringillid,a all agree in possessing stout1 conical bills1 which are of service to them in crushing the seeds on which they feed so largely4 ,the streaked1 brownish ,sparrows1 often so difficult of identification1 are usually inhabitants of plains1 fields1 or marshes1 where they are rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors4 ,the more gayly attired ,grosbeaks1 ,buntings1 ,cardinals etc41 frequent trees or bushy growths1 where their plumage either harmonizes with their surroundings or where they have the protection afforded by the vegetation4 ,most of the members of this family are good singers1 some of them indeed being noted for their powers of song4 ,they are less migratory than insect-eating birds and some species are with us at all seasons4 ,their abundance1 musical gifts1 and constant presence render them1 from the field student's point of view1 highly important members of the great class ,aves4 ,from an economic standpoint the ,fringillid,a are no less deserving of our esteem4 ,some species are of incalculable value as destroyers of the seeds of noxious weeds4 ,fifteen hundred seeds have been found in the stomach of one ,snowflake or ,snowbunting1 and it has been estimated by ,professor ,beal1 of the ,biological ,survey of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 that during the winter season1 in the single ,state of ,iowa1 where his studies were made1 ,tree ,sparrows devour no less than #hge tons of weed seeds1 chiefly of the ragweed4 ,the ,tanagers1 7,family ,tanagrid,a7 are found only in the ,new ,world1 where they are most numerously represented in the tropics4 ,as a family they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors2 the common1 but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad being in no small part due to the abundance of ,tanagers and beauty of their plumage4 ,only five of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach the ,united ,states and these are migratory1 coming to us in the spring and returning to the tropics in the fall4 ,tanagers1 as a rule1 are not possessed of much vocal ability1 our species ranking high in their family as songsters1 the notes of many species being far less musical4 ,like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many ,tanagers undergo striking changes in color with age and season4 ,the male of our ,scarlet ,tanager1 for example1 is olive-green with black wing-coverts during his first winter1 the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the following spring4 ,it is worn1 however1 only during the nesting season after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired1 the wings and tail1 however1 remaining black4 ,swallows1 7,family ,hirundinid,a7 are of world-wide distribution1 and as might be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of flight1 many of the species have unusually extended ranges4 ,our ,barn ,swallow1 for example1 is found throughout ,north ,america in summer1 and in the winter it migrates as far south as southern ,brazil4 ,birds of the air1 the a,arial habits of ,swallows are reflected in their long wings and small1 weak feet2 while their small bills and broad1 widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding4 ,in spite of their poor equipment of tools1 ,swallows take high rank as nest builders1 and it is interesting to observe that although the birds are structurally much alike1 their nests often differ widely in character4 ,compare for instance1 the mud-made dwellings of the ,barn and ,cliff ,swallows with the tunneled hole of the ,bank ,swallow and one realizes how little the character of a bird's home may depend on the structure of it's builder4 ,the food of ,swallows1 remarks ,professor ,beal1 consists of many small species of beetles which are much on the wing1 many species of diptera 7mosquitoes and their allies71 with large quantities of flying ants and a few insects of similar kinds4 ,most of them are either injurious or annoying1 and the numbers destroyed by ,swallows are not only beyond calculation1 but almost beyond imagination4 ,the true ,waxwings1 7,family ,ampelid,a7 number only three species with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres4 ,their notes1 as a rule are limited to a few unmusical calls1 which1 with our ,cedar ,waxwing1 are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly4 ,waxwings are found in small flocks during the greater part of the year and roam about the country as though they were quite as much at home in one place as in another1 provided food be plenty4 ,small fruits1 chiefly wild ones1 constitute their usual fare1 but they also feed on insects1 the injurious elm beetle being among their victims4 ,the ,shrikes1 7,family ,laniid,a7 are represented in ,america by only two species1 the remaining two hundred or more members of this family being found in the ,old ,world4 ,shrikes are noted for their singular habit of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed growths1 or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch of a limb4 ,this proceeding enables them to tear it to pieces more readily1 for it will be observed that while ,shrikes have a hawk-like bill1 their feet are comparatively weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance to them in dissecting their food4 ,our ,northern ,shrike1 or ,butcherbird1 feeds chiefly on small birds and mice1 while the southern species1 or ,loggerhead1 is a great destroyer of grasshoppers and he also eats lizards and small snakes4 ,the ,vireos1 7,family ,vireonid,a7 number fifty species1 all ,american4 ,they search the foliage carefully for leaf-eating insects and their eggs1 and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious wood-boring insects4 ,they are therefore unusually beneficial birds4 ,bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the ,warblers1 ,vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family4 ,they are1 however1 as a rule1 more deliberate in their motions and not such active flutterers as are many of the ,warblers4 ,they are also more musical1 all the ,vireos having characteristic songs1 which if not always highly musical1 are generally noticeable1 pronounced and unmistakable4 ,the nests of all our ,vireos are pendant1 deeply cup-shaped structures usually hung between the forks of a crotch1 to the arms of which they are most skilfully woven4 ,the ,warblers1 7,family ,mniotiltid,a7 like the ,vireos are distinctly ,american birds1 indeed they may be called characteristic ,north ,american birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found north of ,mexico4 ,between thirty and forty species of these active1 beautiful little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a single locality in the ,eastern ,states and they therefore constitute an exceedingly important element in our bird-life4 ,most of them come in ,may at the height of the spring migration2 when the woods often swarm with them as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect food4 ,the larger number of them pass onward to their northern homes and in ,september they return to us in increased numbers4 ,the beauty of their plumage1 the briefness but regularity of their visits1 the rarity of certain species1 combine to make the ,warblers especially attractive to the field student and their charms are heightened by the difficulty with which many of them are identified4 ,study them as we may there are still species which have escaped us4 ,by far the larger number of ,warblers may be described as flutterers that feed agilely about the terminal branches1 7genera ,dendroica and ,helminthophila72 others are true flycatchers1 so far as feeding habit is concerned1 7genera ,setophaga and ,wilsonia17 while others still feed in the undergrowth or on the ground1 7genera ,geothlypis and ,seiurus74 ,insects constitute almost their entire fare and they are among our most beneficial birds4 ,most of the ,wagtails 7,family ,motacillid,a71 are inhabitants of the ,old ,world1 only three of the sixty odd species being found in this country4 ,our ,pipit or ,titlark is our best known1 most widely distributed species4 ,like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging or tipping its tail both when walking 7for it should be noted that these birds are ground-inhabiting and walkers7 and at rest4 ,the ,dippers 7,family ,cinclid,a7 though numbering only twelve species are distributed throughout the larger part of the world from the ,andes of ,south ,america to the mountains of ,alaska1 ,europe1 ,asia and ,africa4 ,everywhere they are haunters of streams1 usually dashing mountain torrents1 over and under which they seem equally at home4 ,darting into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the bottom with perfect ease1 their thick1 dense plumage evidently forming a water-proof covering4 ,their nests are great balls of moss often placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of spray4 ,the opening1 however1 is at the side1 and the eggs and young are well protected by an effective roof4 ,the ,wrens1 ,thrashers1 and ,mockingbirds1 7,family ,troglodytid,a7 form two well defined subfamilies4 ,the ,wrens1 7,subfamily ,troglodytin,a7 number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of which are confined to ,america4 ,the ,thrashers and ,mockingbirds1 7,subfamily ,mimin,a7 number some fifty species1 all of which are confined to ,america4 ,as their dull1 neutral colors would lead us to suppose1 both ,wrens and ,thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the tree-tops1 and while they may seek an elevated perch whence to deliver their song1 their food is secured and their time consequently largely passed near or on the ground4 ,few families of birds contain so many noted musicians1 nearly every member of this family being a singer of more than usual ability4 ,the ,creepers1 7,family ,certhiid,a7 number twelve species1 only one of which is found in ,america4 ,this1 however has a wide range and1 presenting more or less climatic variation in color1 is recognized under several subspecific names4 ,its habits1 nevertheless1 are much the same everywhere4 ,it climbs the trees of the mountains of ,mexico or of ,california with the same ceaseless energy it shows in ,maine4 ,the sharply-pointed1 stiffened tail-feathers of the ,creeper are of evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here and there to pick out an insect's egg from the bark4 ,the same type of tail feather is shown by ,woodpeckers1 an excellent illustration of similar structure accompanying similar habits in birds not at all closely related4 ,the ,nuthatches and ,titmice1 7,family ,parid,a71 like the ,wrens and ,thrashers1 belong in two well marked ,subfamilies2 ,the ,nuthatches1 7,subfamily ,sittin,a7 number about twenty species1 only four of which inhabit ,america2 the ,titmice1 7,subfamily ,parin,a7 number some seventy-five species1 of which thirteen are ,american4 ,nuthatches are tree-creepers1 but climbing up or down with equal ease1 their tail is not employed as a prop1 and consequently shows no special development of pointed or stiffened feathers4 ,their toes1 however1 are long1 and their nails large and strong1 evidently giving them a firm grip on the bark of trees4 ,the ,chickadees are generally resident birds and1 as a rule1 whatever species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the year4 ,we therefore become better acquainted with some of these lairds than with others which are with us only a short season4 ,this is especially true of our eastern ,black-capped ,chickadee1 which comes familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts and suet which we spread for him at that season4 ,feeding largely on the eggs or larv,a of insects particularly injurious to trees1 the ,nuthatches and ,titmice are of great value to man4 ,the ,kinglets1 ,gnatcatchers1 and ,old ,world ,warblers1 7,family ,sylviid,a7 number about one hundred and twenty-five species1 which are divided among the following well-defined subfamilies3 ,the ,kinglets1 7,subfamily ,regulin,a7 seven species1 three of which are ,american2 the ,gnatcatchers1 7,subfamily ,polioptilin,a7 some fifteen species1 all ,american2 the ,old ,world ,warblers1 7,subfamily ,sylviin,a7 about one hundred species1 all ,old ,world except one which inhabits the ,bering ,sea coast of ,alaska4 ,the ,kinglets are small1 olive green birds which may be mistaken for ,warblers but1 aside from structural differences not evident in the field1 they may be known by their smaller size1 greater tameness1 and habit of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals4 ,one of our species1 the ,ruby-crown1 possesses a remarkably loud1 clear1 and musical song1 a surprising performance for so tiny a songster4 ,kinglets build large nests of moss and feathers and lay as many as ten eggs4 ,the ,gnatcatchers are small1 slender1 grayish birds which once well seen will not be confused with other species4 ,the ,gnatcatchers1 like the ,kinglets1 are architects of more than usual ability1 building a nest beautifully covered with lichens4 ,the ,thrushes1 7,family ,turdid,a7 are variously classified by different ornithologists1 but under the ruling of the ,american ,ornithologists' ,union they are grouped in the same family with the ,bluebird1 ,solitaires1 and ,stonechats4 ,this family numbers about three hundred species1 of which about one-half are true ,thrushes 7,subfamily ,turdin,a74 ,the members of this subfamily are1 as a rule1 fine singers1 many of them being among the best known song birds1 and from a musical point of view the group1 as a whole1 is usually given the first place among birds4 ,if1 however1 all the fifteen known species of ,solitaires sing as well as the four species it has been my privilege to hear1 ,i am assured that no one would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be awarded singing birds4 ,in the succeeding pages1 the five hundred and fifty odd species and subspecies included in the preceding families of the ,order ,passeres are grouped according to some obvious color character in order to facilitate their identification in life4 ,a satisfactory arrangement of this kind is out of the question4 ,lines sharply separating the groups proposed do not exist and some species appear to fit in one section as well as in another4 ,nevertheless1 it is hoped that in most instances1 the system will be found to serve the purpose intended4 ,under its ruling our ,perching ,birds are grouped as follows3 #a4 ,with red markings4 #b4 ,with blue markings4 #c4 ,with orange or yellow markings4 #d4 ,with reddish brown or chestnut markings1 chiefly in the form of patches or uniformly colored areas4 #e4 ,brownish1 generally streaked birds4 #f4 ,dull1 inconspicuously colored birds1 without prominent markings4 #g4 ,gray1 black1 or black and white birds4 ,while the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds ,i would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement of the ,orders and ,families of our birds and their leading structural characters4 7see page #b47 ,having identified a bird1 its family may always be determined by referring to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the book2 and the more important characters of its ,order and ,family will be found in the synopsis of ,orders and ,families beginning on page #i4 ,perching ,birds ,marked ,with ,red ,illustration3 #fjg4 #fjg4 ,louisiana ,tanager 7,piranga ludoviciana74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,yellow2 back1 wings1 and tail black1 head more or less red4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above olive-green1 head rarely red-tinged2 below dusky greenish yellow2 wings and tail brownish edged with greenish1 two yellowish white wing-bars4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female1 but head and rump greener1 underparts yellower4 ,notes4 ,call1 clit-tuck2 song1 resembles that of ,no4 #fjh4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states from the ,plains to the ,pacific2 breeds from ,arizona to ,british ,columbia2 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fjh4 #fjh4 ,scarlet ,tanager 7,piranga erythromelas74 ,l4 #g4d4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,scarlet2 wings and tail black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,olive-green1 yellower below1 wings and tail blackish brown1 no wing-bars4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female1 but brighter1 wing-coverts black4 ,ad4 ,male1 ,winter4 ,like ,yng4 ,female1 but wings and tail black4 ,notes4 ,call1 chip-churr2 song1 a rather forced whistle1 suggesting a ,robin's song1 but less musical1 ,look-up1 way-up1 look-at-me1 tree-top2 repeated with pauses4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 west to the ,plains3 breeds from ,virginia and southern ,illinois north to ,new ,brunswick and ,manitoba2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #fji4 #fji4 ,hepatic ,tanager 7,piranga hepatica74 ,l4 #g4h4 ,bill large4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,vermilion1 back grayish2 tail dull red4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,no wing-bars2 above grayish olive2 crown and tail greener2 below dusky yellow4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female4 and variously intermediate between it and ad4 ,male4 ,notes4 ,call1 clut-tuck2 song1 like that of ,no4 #fjh1 but somewhat more robin-like4 ,range4--,from ,guatemala north in spring to ,new ,mexico and ,arizona2 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #faj4 #faj4 ,summer ,tanager 7,piranga rubra74 ,l4 #g4e2 ,w4 #c4h4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,rosy red4 ,ad4 ,female4 #i4 ,olive-yellow above1 dusky saffron below4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,variously intermediate between ,ad4 ,male and ,female4 ,notes4 ,call1 chicky-tucky-tuck2 song1 resembles in form that of ,no4 #fjh but is more musical and less forced4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,florida and western ,texas north to southern ,new ,jersey1 southern ,illinois1 and ,kansas2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 #faj;a4 ,cooper ,tanager 7,p4 r4 cooperi74 ,similar to ,no4 #faj1 but larger2 ,w4 #d2 bill more swollen1 colors paler4 ,range4--,breeds from southwestern ,texas to the ,colorado ,valley1 ,california1 and from ,arizona and ,new ,mexico to northwestern ,mexico2 south in winter to western ,mexico2 casually to ,colorado4 ,illustration3 #eic4 #eic4 ,cardinal 7,cardinalis cardinalis74 ,l4 #i2 ,w4 #c4g2 ,t4 #d4a4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,forehead with a well-defined black band2 feathers of back 7except in worn plumage7 tipped with olive-brown or olive-gray4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above olive-brown2 crest1 wings and tail dull red edged with olive-brown2 throat and region at base of bill gray2 breast buffy1 sometimes tinged with red2 belly whiter4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp1 insignificant tsip2 song1 a rich1 sympathetic whistle1 whe-e-e-you1 whe-e-e1 hurry-hurry-hurry1 quick-quick-quick1 and other notes4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 resident from northern ,florida and eastern ,texas north to southern ,new ,york and ,iowa4 #eic;a4 ,arizona ,cardinal 7,c4 c4 superbus74 ,largest of our ,cardinals1 ,l4 #i4e2 ,w4 #d2 ,t4 #d4i4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,paler1 more rosy1 than ,no4 #eic2 margins to back feathers usually gray2 black on forehead usually separated by base of culmen4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,gray above like ,no4 #eic;c1 but breast richer1 much as in ,no4 #eic;d2 gray of throat more restricted and often confined to the chin4 ,range4--,southern ,arizona and northern ,sonora1 ,mexico4 #eic;b4 ,saint ,lucas ,cardinal 7,c4 c4 igneus74 ,similar to ,no4 #eic;a1 but smaller2 ,w4 #c4f2 ,t4 #d2 ,male with even less1 sometimes almost no black on forehead2 ,female paler2 gray on chin and about base of bill less defined4 ,range4--,southern ,lower ,california4 #eic;c4 ,gray-tailed ,cardinal 7,c4 c4 canicaudus74 ,w4 #c4g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,red bright as in ,no4 #eic;d1 but black on forehead narrower1 usually separated by base of culmen4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,grayer than ,female of ,no4 #eic1 the edgings of wings and tail usually gray without an olive tinge4 ,range4--,texas1 except western and northeastern parts1 and northeastern ,mexico4 #eic;d4 ,florida ,cardinal 7,c4 c4 floridanus74 ,smaller than ,no4 #eic1 ,w4 #c4d2 ,male averaging deeper red2 ,female darker and richer in color1 particularly on breast4 ,range4--,southern half of ,florida4 ,illustration3 #eid4 #eid4 ,arizona ,pyrrhuloxia 7,pyrrhuloxia sinuata74 ,l4 #i2 ,w4 #c4f2 ,t4 #d4a4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,gray2 in fresh plumage washed with brownish2 crest1 wings and tail externally dull red2 under wing-coverts1 center of breast and of belly1 throat1 and region about base of bill1 rosy red4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,usually little or no red about bill or on underparts4 ,notes4 ,call1 several flat1 thin notes2 song1 a clear1 straight whistle4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,northwestern ,mexico1 north to western ,texas1 southwestern ,new ,mexico1 and ,arizona4 #eid;a4 ,texas ,pyrrhuloxia 7,p4 s4 texana74 ,similar to ,no4 #eid1 but bill larger2 underparts averaging slightly grayer2 red before eyes averaging duskier4 #eid;b4 ,saint ,lucas ,pyrrhuloxia 7,p4 s4 peninsul,a74 ,similar in color to ,no4 #eid1 but decidedly smaller1 with the bill larger2 ,w4 #c4d2 ,t4 #c4g4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #eae4 #eae4 ,pine ,grosbeak 7,pinicola enucleator leucura74 ,l4 #h4e2 ,w4 #d4f4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,rosy red in varying amounts2 belly gray2 wings1 tail and center of back feathers blackish brown2 two white wing-bars4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,gray1 head and rump greenish2 breast tinged with greenish4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female1 but with head and rump reddish4 ,notes4 ,song1 sweet2 in winter strong and cheery2 in spring tender and plaintive4 7,chamberlain47 ,range4--,northeastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,new ,brunswick and northern ,new ,england northward2 winters south1 irregularly1 to southern ,new ,england1 ,ohio1 and ,manitoba1 and casually to ,district of ,columbia and ,kansas4 #eae;a4 ,rocky ,mountain ,pine ,grosbeak 7,p4 e4 montana74 ,similar to ,no4 #eae;b1 but decidedly larger1 ,w4 #d4h1 and coloration slightly darker2 the adult male with the red of a darker1 more carmine hue4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,rocky ,mountains of ,united ,states1 from ,montana and ,idaho to ,new ,mexico4 7,ridgway47 #eae;b4 ,california ,pine ,grosbeak 7,p4 e4 californica74 ,similar to ,no4 #eae1 but ,male with red much brighter2 feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker centers2 ,female with little if any greenish on rump4 ,range4--,higher parts of ,central ,sierra ,nevada1 north to ,placer ,county and south to ,fresno ,county1 ,california4 7,grinnell47 #eae;c4 ,alaskan ,pine ,grosbeak 7,p4 e4 alascensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #eae1 but decidedly larger with smaller or shorter bill and paler coloration1 both sexes having the gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter1 more ashy4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,northwestern ,north ,america except ,pacific coast1 breeding in interior of ,alaska2 south1 in winter1 to eastern ,british ,columbia1 ,montana 7,bitterroot ,valley71 etc4 7,ridgway47 #eae;d4 ,kadiak ,pine ,grosbeak 7,p4 e4 flammula74 ,similar to ,no4 #eae1 but with much larger1 relatively longer and more strongly hooked bill2 wings and tail grayish brown instead of dull blackish4 ,range4--,kadiak ,island and south on the coast to ,sitka1 ,alaska4 7,ridgway47 ,illustration3 #eba4 #eba4 ,american ,crossbill 7,loxia curvirostra minor74 ,l4 #f4a2 ,w4 #c4d2 ,b4 4#ff4 ,tips of mandibles crossed4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,red1 more or less suffused with greenish or yellow4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,olive-green1 rump and underparts yellower4 ,yng4 ,resemble ,ad4 ,female4 ,notes4 ,calls1 when feeding1 a conversational twittering2 louder and more pronounced when flying2 song1 sweet1 varied and musical1 but of small volume4 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america1 chiefly eastward2 breeds from northern ,new ,england 7in ,alleghanies from ,georgia7 north and west to ,alaska2 winters south irregularly to ,virginia and ,nevada2 casually to ,south ,carolina and ,louisiana4 #eba;a4 ,mexican ,crossbill 7,l4 c4 stricklandi74 ,similar to ,no4 #eba1 but larger2 ,w4 #d2 ,b4 4#gh4 ,range4--,mountains of ,wyoming and ,colorado1 west to the ,sierra ,nevada1 and south through ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona and the tablelands of ,mexico to ,guatemala4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #ebb4 #ebb4 ,white-winged ,crossbill 7,loxia leucoptera74 ,l4 #f4 ,tips of mandibles crossed4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,rose-pink2 middle of back black2 wings with two white bars4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,olive-green and dusky2 rump and underparts yellower2 wings with two white bars4 ,yng4 ,like ,ad4 ,female4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #eba4 ,range4--,northern ,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,england1 northern ,new ,york and northern ,michigan northward2 winters south irregularly to ,virginia1 ,illinois1 ,british ,columbia1 and ,nevada4 ,illustration3 #eie4 #eie4 ,rose-breasted ,grosbeak 7,zamelodia ludoviciana74 ,l4 #h4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black2 rump1 belly1 tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers and patch in wing white2 under wing-coverts and breast rose4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,under wing-coverts saffron2 above streaked brown and black2 below whitish streaked with blackish2 a white line over eye2 two white wing-bars4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,resembles ,female1 but under wing-coverts rose2 breast more or less rose-tinged4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp1 steely peek2 song1 a rich1 fluent1 joyous carol4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from northern ,new ,jersey1 northern ,ohio1 and northern ,indiana 7and south in ,alleghanies to ,north ,carolina71 north to ,nova ,scotia and ,manitoba2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 #eag4 ,purple ,finch 7,carpodacus purpureus74 ,l4 #f4b2 ,w4 #c4b4 ,bill swollen and rounded2 nostrils large1 partially covered by projecting1 grayish1 bristly feathers2 tail slightly forked4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,dull rose1 head and rump brightest2 back brownish2 lower belly white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above grayish brown1 slightly edged with whitish and brownish ashy2 below white streaked with dark brownish2 a more or less distinct whitish stripe over the eye4 ,yng4 ,resemble ,ad4 ,female4 ,notes4 ,call1 creak1 creak1 and a querulous whistle2 song1 a sweet1 rapidly flowing warble4 7,see page #age47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from northern ,new ,jersey1 the mountains of ,pennsylvania1 and northern ,illinois northward2 winters from the northern ,states to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 #eag;a4 ,california ,purple ,finch 7,c4 p4 californicus74 ,similar to ,no4 #eag1 but ,male duller and darker2 ,female decidedly olive greenish above4 7,see page #age47 ,range4--,pacific coast region2 breeds in the mountains of ,california2 west of the ,sierra north to ,british ,columbia2 winters from central ,oregon to southern ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #eag4 ,illustration3 #eah4 #eah4 ,cassin ,purple ,finch 7,carpodacus cassini74 ,l4 #f4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,male of ,no4 #eag and ,no4 #eag;a1 but back much blacker1 streaks more sharply defined2 crown as bright but appearing like a cap2 below much paler4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,female of ,no4 #eag;a1 but larger and more sharply streaked with black1 both above and below4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #eag4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 east to the eastern base of the ,rockies1 west to the ,pacific2 breeds in the mountains from ,new ,mexico north to ,british ,columbia4 ,illustration3 #eai4 #eai4 ,house ,finch 7,carpodacus mexicanus frontalis74 ,l4 #f4a2 ,w4 #c4a4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat1 breast1 forehead1 line over eye1 and rump1 bright rose-red2 back grayish brown tinged with red2 belly white1 streaked with brownish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above brownish gray obscurely streaked with brownish1 no olive tint2 below white streaked with brownish4 ,ad4 ,male in ,winter4 ,red areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish4 ,yng4 ,resemble ,ad4 ,female4 ,notes4 ,call1 nasal1 in chorus1 chattering2 song1 a musical cheery1 varied warble1 reminding one of that of ,no4 #eag1 but recognizably different4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 east to the ,plains1 west to the ,pacific1 and from northern ,mexico north to southern ,wyoming and ,oregon4 #eai;b4 ,st4 ,lucas ,house ,finch 7,c4 m4 ruberrimus74 ,similar to ,no4 #eai1 but smaller1 ,w4 #b4h2 red more extended1 always showing in males on under tail-coverts4 ,range4--,southern ,lower ,california4 #eai;c4 ,san ,clemente ,house ,finch 7,c4 m4 clementis74 ,similar to ,no4 #eai1 but wing and tail averaging shorter1 the bill decidedly1 and feet slightly larger2 coloration somewhat darker4 ,w4 #c2 ,b4 4#dh4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,santa ,barbara ,island1 ,california2 ,todos ,santos ,island1 ,lower ,california4 #ebj4 ,guadalupe ,house ,finch 7,carpodacus amplus74 ,similar to ,no4 #eai1 but red deeper2 back dark brown without red suffusion4 ,range4--,guadalupe ,island1 ,lower ,california4 #ebj4a ,san ,benito ,house ,finch 7,carpodacus mcgregori74 ,similar to ,no4 #eai1 but much larger with relatively shorter wings and tail2 above much grayer and more distinctly streaked2 red areas paler1 more flesh-colored1 often dull yellow2 ,w4 #c4b2 ,t4 #b4e2 ,b4 4#e4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,san ,benito ,island1 ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #ebg4 #ebg4 ,greenland ,redpoll 7,acanthis hornemannii74 ,l4 #f4a2 ,w4 #c4c4 ,a red crown-patch4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,rump1 lower breast1 sides and belly white1 generally unstreaked2 breast and rump sometimes faintly tinged with pink4 ,in winter4 ,throat1 breast1 and above washed with buff4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar to ,male1 but no pink on breast or rump1 sides sometimes lightly streaked4 ,range4--,breeds in ,greenland2 winters south to ,labrador4 #ebg;a4 ,hoary ,redpoll 7,a4 h4 exilipes74 ,similar to ,no4 #ebg but smaller and darker2 rump still white1 but with sides more apt to be streaked2 ,l4 #e2 ,w4 #c2 ,t4 #b4c2 ,b4 4#c4 ,range4--,breeds in ,arctic regions2 in ,america1 winters south irregularly to ,massachusetts1 ,ontario1 northern ,illinois1 and ,michigan4 ,illustration3 #ebh4 #ebh4 ,redpoll 7,acanthis linaria74 ,l4 #e4c2 ,w4 #b4h2 ,t4 #b4c4 ,b4 4#cf4 ,crown-cap red4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above blackish brown edged with yellowish brown and some whitish2 rump heavily streaked with blackish edged with whitish and tinged with rose2 breast rose2 sides heavily streaked4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but no pink on rump or breast4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like female4 ,notes4 ,call like that of ,goldfinch or ,siskin and chit2 song like that of ,american ,goldfinch but distinct4 7,minot47 ,range4--,breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere2 in ,america1 winters south to northern ,united ,states1 irregularly to ,virginia1 ,alabama1 ,kansas1 ,colorado1 and northern ,california4 #ebh;a4 ,holb,all ,redpoll 7,a4 l4 holb,allii74 ,similar to ,no4 #ebh1 but larger1 the bill longer2 ,w4 #c4b2 ,t4 #b4c2 ,b4 4#ch4 ,range4--,breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere2 in ,america1 winters south1 casually to northern ,united ,states1 7,quebec1 ,ontario1 and ,massachusetts47 #ebh;b4 ,greater ,redpoll 7,a4 l4 rostrata74 ,similar to ,no4 #ebh1 but larger1 above darker2 ,l4 #e4e2 ,w4 #c4b2 ,t4 #b4e2 ,b4 4#ce2 depth at base1 4#bh4 ,range4--,southern ,greenland in summer1 migrating south in winter1 through ,labrador to 7sparingly7 the northern border of the ,united ,states1 7,new ,england1 lower ,hudson ,valley1 northern ,illinois1 etc471 and west to ,manitoba4 7,ridgway47 ,illustration3 #gdi4 #gdi4 ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet 7,regulus calendula74 ,l4 #d4d4 ,a conspicuous whitish eye-ring4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a more or less concealed vermilion crown-patch2 back olive-green2 underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with buffy2 two white wing-bars4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,similar1 but no crown-patch4 ,notes4 ,call1 a wren-like cack2 song1 a surprisingly loud1 rich1 musical1 varied1 flute-like whistle4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from the northern border of the ,united ,states northward and south in the ,rocky ,mountains to ,arizona and on the ,sierra ,nevada of ,california2 winters from ,south ,carolina and ,oregon southward to ,central ,america4 #gdi;a4 ,sitkan ,kinglet 7,r4 c4 grinnelli74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdi1 but more olive-green above1 more buffy below4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds ,in southern ,alaska2 winters southward to ,california4 #gej4 ,dusky ,kinglet 7,regulus obscurus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdi1 but above sooty olive4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,with crown-patch pinkish or purplish vermilion-red4 7,ridgw47 7,see page #agf47 ,range4--,guadalupe ,island1 ,lower ,california4 --,european ,goldfinch 7,carduelis carduelis74 ,l4 #e4ej4 ,feathers at base of bill red2 crown and neck-stripe black2 back brownish2 wings with a yellow band2 inner webs of tail-feathers tipped with white2 below white tinged with brownish4 ,notes4 ,call1 twit2 song1 sweet and varied4 7,see page #agf47 ,range4--,introduced in this country near ,hoboken1 ,n4 ,j41 in #ahgh2 now not uncommon near ,new ,york ,city4 ,illustration3 #ddc4 #ddc4 ,scissor-tailed ,flycatcher 7,muscivora forficata74 ,l4 #ad4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above gray1 back washed with red or yellow2 crown-patch red4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but tail shorter1 red less bright1 back grayer4 ,notes4 ,loud1 harsh1 chattering notes uttered on the wing4 ,range4--,central ,america and ,mexico2 breeds through ,texas north to southern ,kansas and western ,louisiana1 and winters south to ,central ,america3 accidental in ,florida and as far north as ,connecticut and ,hudson ,bay4 ,illustration3 #dga4 #dga4 ,vermilion ,flycatcher 7,pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus74 ,l4 #f4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown and underparts red2 back grayish brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above brownish1 below white1 breast streaked with dusky1 belly red or yellow4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar to ,female but spotted with red below and on crown4 ,notes4 ,a shrill zi-br,a7,c7,a7,c71 zi-br,a7,c7,a7,c71 uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up in the air4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,central ,america and ,mexico1 breeding north to southern ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 southwestern ,utah 7rarely72 winter visitant to southern ,california4 7,grinnell47 ,illustration3 #fhh4 #fhh4 ,painted ,redstart 7,setophaga picta74 ,l4 #e4d4 ,ads4 ,black2 center of breast and belly deep red1 patch in wings and outer tail-feathers white4 ,range--,mexican ,plateau north to southwest ,new ,mexico and ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #fij4 #fij4 ,red-faced ,warbler 7,cardellina rubrifrons74 ,l4 #e4b4 ,ads4 ,forehead1 face1 throat and sides of neck red1 crown and ear-coverts black1 nape band and rump whitish2 back gray2 no white in wings or tail4 ,notes4 ,a prolonged1 very clear1 whistled song4 7,scott47 ,range4--,from ,guatemala north over the ,mexican ,plateau to southern ,arizona and western ,new ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #dih4 #dih4 ,red-winged ,blackbird 7,agelaius ph,aniceus74 ,l4 ,male1 #i4e2 ,w4 #d4g2 ,b4 4#hh2 depth at base1 4#e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black1 in winter more or less tipped with rusty2 lesser wing-coverts scarlet2 median wing-coverts buff1 tips in summer whitish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above brownish black1 widely margined with buffy and rusty2 below whitish heavily streaked with black2 throat tinged with orange or yellow2 lesser wing-coverts tinged with red4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,male1 but heavily margined with rusty above and less so below2 lesser wing-coverts duller and narrowly edged with black4 ,notes4 ,call1 ch,at1 ch,ack1 a reedy cack2 song1 a chorus song1 a liquid kong-qu,aer-r,ae,ae2 alarm note a shrill chee-e-e-e-e4 ,the notes of this species are subject to much variation with locality1 but ,i find it impossible to express on paper differences perfectly apparent when heard4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,gulf of ,mexico north to ,new ,brunswick and ,manitoba2 winters from ,virginia and southern ,illinois southward4 #dih;a4 ,sonoran ,red-wing 7,a4 p4 sonoriensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dih1 but larger1 bill more slender2 ,female paler1 streaking below browner4 ,w4 ,female1 #d4h2 ,b4 4#ie2 depth at base 4#e4 ,range4--,lower ,colorado ,valley in ,california and ,arizona1 southern ,arizona and south over coast plain of ,sonora2 ,cape ,st4 ,lucas4 #dih;b4 ,bahaman ,red-wing 7,a4 p4 bryanti74 ,similar to ,no4 #dih1 but bill slightly longer1 the female streaked below with brownish instead of black4 ,range4--,bahamas and southern ,florida4 #dih;c4 ,florida ,red-wing 7,a4 p4 floridanus74 ,similar to ,no4 #dih1 but smaller1 the bill longer and more slender2 ,male1 ,w4 #d4b2 ,b4 4#i2 depth at base 4#d4 ,range4--,florida1 except extreme southern portion2 west along ,gulf coast to ,texas4 #dih;d4 ,thick-billed ,red-wing 7,a4 p4 fortis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dih1 but larger1 bill shorter and proportionately thicker4 ,w4 #e2 ,b4 4#h2 depth at base 4#e4 ,range4--,breeds on ,mackenzie ,river1 ,athabasca1 and other interior districts of ,british ,america2 during migrations ,great ,plains1 from ,rockies to ,minnesota1 ,iowa1 western ,illinois1 northern ,kentucky1 and southwest to western ,texas and ,arizona4 7,ridgway47 #dih;e4 ,san ,diego ,red-wing 7,a4 p4 neutralis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dih;a1 but slightly smaller1 the ,female with streaks below wider4 ,w4 #d4g2 ,b4 4#ie2 depth at base 4#e4 ,range4--,great ,basin region from southern ,british ,columbia south to ,mexico1 western ,texas1 to southern ,california and northern ,lower ,california2 in winter as far east as ,brownsville1 ,texas4 7,ridgway47 #dih;f4 ,northwestern ,red-wing 7,a4 p4 caurinum74 ,similar to ,no4 #dih1 but slightly larger1 bill somewhat longer and more slender1 the ,male with median wing-coverts deeper buff1 the ,female much darker1 streaks below wider1 darkest ,female of group4 ,w4 #d4h2 ,b4 4#i2 depth at base 4#de4 ,range4--,pacific coast from northern ,california to ,british ,columbia2 south in winter to southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #ejj4 ,illustration3 #dii4 #dii4 ,bicolored ,blackbird 7,agelaius gubernator californicus74 ,ad4 ,male4 ,similar to ,no4 #dih1 but median wing-coverts darker and broadly tipped with black1 concealing as a rule1 their brownish bases4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,very different from ,female of ,no4 #dih2 above and below blackish slightly edged with rusty4 ,notes4 ,similar in character to those of ,no4 #dih1 but with easily recognizable differences4 7,see page #agh47 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds from northern ,lower ,california northward1 west of ,sierra ,nevada and ,cascade ranges1 to ,washington2 migratory at north part of range4 #ejj4 ,tricolored ,blackbird 7,agelaius tricolor74 ,ad4 ,male4 ,similar to ,no4 #dih1 but glossier1 lesser wing-coverts darker1 median wing-coverts white2 in winter black more or less edged with grayish brown2 median wing-coverts dingy4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,no rusty2 above blackish edged with grayish2 below black bordered with whitish4 ,notes4 ,said to be quite different from those of ,no4 #dih4 7,bendire47 7,see page #agh47 ,range4--,northern ,lower ,california north to southern ,oregon2 local in valleys of interior4 ,illustration3 #ebc4 #ebc4 ,aleutian ,leucosticte 7,leucosticte griseonucha74 ,like ,no4 #ebd;a1 but much darker1 breast chestnut-chocolate2 larger1 ,w4 #d4d4 ,range4--,islands of ,bering ,sea 7resident72 in winter1 ,shumagin ,islands1 lower portion of ,alaska ,peninsula and ,kadiak ,island4 ,illustration3 #ebd4 #ebd4 ,gray-crowned ,leucosticte 7,leucosticte tephrocotis74 ,l4 #f4g2 ,w4 #d4a4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,reddish brown more or less tipped with grayish2 rump1 upper tail-coverts1 lesser wing-coverts1 outer edges of primaries1 and lower belly tipped with pink2 forecrown black2 hindhead gray2 cheeks down to blackish throat brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but duller4 ,yng4 ,nearly uniform brownish2 margins of primaries showing some pink4 ,notes4 ,a quick alarm note1 qui1 qui4 7,silloway47 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds in higher parts of ,sierra ,nevada of ,california1 from ,mt4 ,shasta south to ,mt4 ,whitney1 and on ,white ,mountains 7,grinnell72 north in ,rocky ,mountains to ,british ,columbia2 in winter east to ,manitoba1 ,colorado1 and ,nebraska4 ,illustration3 #ebd;a4 #ebd;a4 ,hepburn ,leucosticte 7,l4 t4 littoralis74 ,similar to ,no4 #ebd1 but cheeks gray like hindhead2 throat often grayish4 ,range4--,higher mountains of ,washington and ,british ,columbia2 north to ,alaska2 winters south to ,colorado and1 on ,pacific ,coast1 as far north as ,kadiak ,island4 ,illustration3 #ebe4 #ebe4 ,black ,leucosticte 7,leucosticte atrata74 ,similar to ,no4 #ebd1 but brown replaced by brownish black in ,ad4 ,male1 or dusky slate brownish in ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,range4--,breeds on higher mountains of ,idaho and ,wyoming2 winters south to ,colorado and ,utah4 ,illustration3 #ebf4 #ebf4 ,brown-capped ,leucosticte 7,leucosticte australis74 ,resembles ,no4 #ebd1 but little or no gray on hindhead1 the black of forehead passing gradually into brown of nape and back4 ,range4--,breeds in mountains of ,colorado at about #abjjj feet altitude1 winters at lower altitudes and south to ,new ,mexico4 ,perching ,birds ,marked ,with ,blue ,illustration3 #eii4 #eii4 ,lazuli ,bunting 7,cyanospiza am,ana74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,two white wing-bars2 breast cinnamon1 throat and upperparts light blue2 back blacker4 ,in winter more or less tipped with rusty4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,middle wing-coverts tipped with whitish2 above grayish brown with generally a blue tinge1 strongest on rump and lesser wing-coverts2 below whitish1 breast buff4 ,yng4 ,like ,female1 but browner1 no blue4 ,notes4 ,suggest those of the ,indigo ,bunting4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 east to western ,kansas2 breeds north to ,montana and ,british ,columbia2 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #fjj4 #fjj4 ,varied ,bunting 7,cyanospiza versicolor74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,reddish purple1 crown and rump blue1 nape red4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above brownish gray2 below whitish washed with buff2 a slight tinge of blue on rump1 wings and tail4 ,much like ,female of ,no4 #eih1 but less brown above and no streaks below4 ,yng4 ,resemble ,female4 ,range4--,mexico2 breeding north to southern ,texas and southern ,arizona2 winters south of ,united ,states4 #fjj;a4 ,beautiful ,bunting 7,c4 v4 pulchra74 ,similar to ,no4 #fjj1 but slightly smaller1 rump more purple1 throat with less red4 ,range4--,southern ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #fja4 #fja4 ,painted ,bunting2 ,nonpareil 7,cyanospiza ciris74 ,l4 #e4d4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,below red1 rump duller1 back green1 head dark blue4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,bright1 shining olive-green above2 greenish yellow below4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female2 second year variously intermediate between ,ad4 ,male and ,female4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of the ,indigo ,bunting but possess less volume4 ,range4--,southern ,united ,states2 breeds north to ,north ,carolina1 southern ,illinois1 and ,kansas1 and west to southern ,arizona2 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fed4 #fed4 ,black-throated ,blue ,warbler 7,dendroica c,arulescens74 ,l4 #e4b4 ,a white patch or spot at base of primaries4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat and sides black2 belly white2 above dark grayish blue2 outer tail-feathers with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,grayish olive-green2 below yellowish white2 a narrow white line over eye2 white wing-patch small1 sometimes barely showing above coverts2 tail with a bluish tinge4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,ad4 ,female1 but greenish above2 black areas smaller and tipped with whitish4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp1 characteristic chip2 song1 usually1 zwee-zwee-zwee in an ascending scale4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,connecticut1 mountains of ,pennsylvania1 southern ,michigan1 and northern ,minnesota1 north to ,labrador and ,hudson ,bay region2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 #fed;a4 ,cairns ,warbler 7,d4 c4 cairnsi74 ,similar to ,no4 #fed1 but ,male darker1 the back with more or less black2 ,female darker and duller4 ,range4--,breeds in higher portions of southern ,alleghanies2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #feh4 #feh4 ,cerulean ,warbler 7,dendroica cerulea74 ,l4 #e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a gray-blue breast band2 above bright gray-blue streaked with black2 wing-bars and spots in tail white4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,male4 ,above blue-gray washed with greenish1 below yellowish white2 a whitish line over eye4 ,notes4 ,call1 a warbler lisp and tchip of the ,myrtle ,warbler2 song resembling that of ,parula ,warbler4 7,brewster47 7,see page #ahj47 ,range4--,mississippi ,valley1 breeding north to ,minnesota and east to ,cayuga ,county1 ,new ,york1 ,maryland1 and ,west ,virginia2 generally rare east of ,alleghanies2 migrates south through ,texas and winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #eig4 #eig4 ,blue ,grosbeak 7,guiraca c,arulea74 ,l4 #g2 ,w4 #c4d4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,deep1 dark blue1 back blacker and sometimes with brownish edgings2 lesser wing-coverts broadly1 greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with chestnut4 ,in winter more or less tipped with brownish above and below4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above grayish brown1 deepest on head2 below grayish white washed with buffy2 wing-bars buff4 ,some specimens show more or less blue1 particularly about head4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female1 but browner4 ,notes4 ,call1 a strong1 harsh1 ptchick2 song1 a beautiful but feeble warble1 somewhat like that of ,purple ,finch and with a slight resemblance to that of ,rose-breasted ,grosbeak4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from the ,gulf north to ,maryland and southern ,illinois2 winters south of ,united ,states into ,mexico and ,central ,america2 casually north as far as ,maine and ,quebec4 #eig;a4 ,western ,blue ,grosbeak 7,g4 c4 lazula74 ,similar to ,no4 #eig1 but larger1 ,w4 #c4f2 male brighter blue2 back blacker2 tips of wing-coverts paler1 those of greater coverts usually decidedly paler than those of lesser coverts and averaging wider than those of ,no4 #eig4 ,female averaging paler1 less brown4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds from ,mexico north to ,kansas1 southern ,nebraska1 ,colorado1 and northern ,california2 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #eih4 #eih4 ,indigo ,bunting 7,cyanospiza cyanea74 ,l4 #e4d4 ,no white wing-bars4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,deep blue1 darkest on head4 ,in winter brown1 paler below1 more or less mixed with blue4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above brown2 below whitish washed with brown with a suggestion of streaks2 lesser wing-coverts and margins of tail-feathers usually tinged with blue4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,female but below more streaked2 browner1 and generally without blue tinge4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp pit2 song1 a tinkling1 unsympathetic1 rapid warble1 ,july1 ,july1 summer-summer's here2 morning1 noontide1 evening1 list to me4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 west to the ,plains1 casually to ,colorado2 breeds north to ,nova ,scotia and ,manitoba2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #gff4 #gff4 ,bluebird 7,sialia sialis74 ,l4 #g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above1 including wings and tail1 bright blue2 throat and breast rusty brown1 belly whitish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above grayer1 below paler4 ,in winter specimens of both sexes have upperparts tipped with rusty4 ,notes4 ,call1 tur-wee1 tur-wee2 song1 a rich and sweet but short warble4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states to ,nova ,scotia and ,manitoba2 winters from southern ,new ,england and southern ,illinois southward4 #gff;a4 ,azure ,bluebird 7,s4 s4 azurea74 ,similar to ,no4 #gff1 but breast paler1 upperparts less deep1 more cerulean4 ,range4--,mountains of eastern ,mexico north to southern ,arizona4 #gfg4 ,western ,bluebird 7,sialia mexicana occidentalis74 ,l4 #g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above bright blue1 foreback with more or less rust-brown1 but rarely wholly chestnut2 throat blue1 breast rust-brown1 belly bluish gray4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above grayish blue2 rust on foreback faintly indicated2 throat bluish gray1 breast paler than in ,male4 ,notes4 ,call1 suggests that of ,no4 #gff1 but is louder and wilder4 ,range4--,pacific coast region from northern ,lower ,california north to ,british ,columbia1 east to western ,nevada and casually1 during migrations1 to ,new ,mexico4 7,ridgway47 ,illustration3 #gfg;a4 #gfg;a4 ,chestnut-backed ,bluebird 7,s4 m4 bairdi74 ,similar to ,no4 #gfg1 but foreback wholly rust-brown4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region from ,wyoming south into ,mexico4 #gfg;b4 ,san ,pedro ,bluebird 7,s4 m4 anabel,a74 ,rust-brown of back and breast greatly reduced in extent1 usually wholly wanting or barely indicated on back1 and divided into two patches on breast by backward extension of blue of throat2 ,w4 #d4b4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,san ,pedro ,martir ,mountains1 ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #gfh4 #gfh4 ,mountain ,bluebird 7,sialia arctica74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above beautiful cerulean blue1 throat and breast paler1 belly whitish4 ,winter specimens are more or less tipped with brownish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above brownish gray1 rump blue1 throat and breast grayish buff2 belly whitish4 ,notes4 ,call1 suggests that of ,no4 #gff1 but in fall is merely a feeble chirp4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 except ,pacific coast2 breeds from the ,sierra ,nevada east to the ,plains and from ,new ,mexico north to the ,great ,slave ,lake region2 winters from the ,mexico boundary states south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #dgg4 #dgg4 ,blue ,jay 7,cyanocitta cristata74 ,l4 #aa4g4 ,ads4 ,above gray-blue1 breast and sides washed with grayish2 white tip to outer tail-feather rarely less than one inch long4 ,notes4 ,varied2 commonly a loud harsh jay jay2 often whistling calls and imitations of the notes of other birds1 particularly of common ,hawks4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,georgia and northern ,texas north to ,labrador and ,hudson ,bay region2 resident1 except at northern part of range4 #dgg;a4 ,florida ,blue ,jay 7,c4 c4 florincola74 ,similar to ,no4 #dgg1 but smaller1 ,l4 #aj2 blue above with a purplish tinge2 greater wing-coverts more narrowly barred with black and tipped with white4 ,range4--,florida and ,gulf ,coast to southeastern ,texas4 ,illustration3 #dhb4 #dhb4 ,arizona ,jay 7,aphelocoma sieberii arizon,a74 ,l4 #ac2 ,w4 #f4c2 ,t4 #e4h4 ,ads4 ,above grayish blue1 head1 wings and tail brighter than back2 below unstreaked1 gray breast tinged with bluish2 belly whiter4 ,notes4 ,noisy1 harsh1 and far-reaching4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,northern ,mexico1 north to southern ,new ,mexico and ,arizona4 #dhb;a4 ,couch ,jay 7,a4 s4 couchi74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhb1 but smaller2 ,w4 #e4h2 ,t4 #e4c2 bluer above1 throat whiter4 ,range4--,eastern ,mexico1 extending to western ,texas in the ,chisos ,mountains4 7,bailey47 ,illustration3 #dib4 #dib4 ,pinon ,jay 7,cyanocephalus cyanocephalus74 ,l4 #aa2 ,t4 #d4h4 ,ads4 ,above nearly uniform grayish blue1 head slightly darker2 below slightly paler1 throat streaked with white4 ,notes4 ,variable1 some as harsh as those of ,no4 #dia1 others like gabble of ,magpie2 others like ,jays' common call a shrill1 querulous1 peeh1 peeh2 when on ground maintain a constant chatter4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america1 from ,new ,mexico and ,lower ,california north to southern ,british ,columbia2 east to ,rockies1 west to ,sierra ,nevada and ,cascade ,ranges4 ,illustration3 #dgi4 #dgi4 ,florida ,jay 7,aphelocoma cyanea74 ,l4 #aa4e4 ,ads4 foreback clay-color or pale brownish gray2 head1 nape1 wings1 tail1 sides of throat and faint breast-streaks blue2 a grayish line over eye2 throat gray2 belly dingier2 forehead usually hoary4 ,notes4 ,harsh and unmusical calls4 ,range4--,florida2 confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of the peninsula4 ,illustration3 #dhj4 #dhj4 ,woodhouse ,jay 7,aphelocoma woodhousei74 ,l4 #ab2 ,w4 #e4 ,ads4 ,back grayish or brownish blue1 usually not sharply defined from nape2 crown1 nape1 wings and tail blue2 throat gray2 belly dingier2 breast streaked with blue2 under tail-coverts blue2 a narrow white line over eye4 ,resembles ,no4 #dgi1 but is larger1 back bluer1 forehead not hoary2 line over eye sharper4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states 7chiefly ,great ,basin region71 from northern ,mexico north to southeastern ,oregon and southern ,wyoming2 east to western ,texas and ,colorado2 west to ,california1 east of the ,sierras4 ,illustration3 #dhj4a4 #dhj4a4 ,blue-eared ,jay 7,aphelocoma cyanotis74 ,resembling ,no4 #dhj1 but larger2 ,w4 #e4 #e2 under tail-coverts white2 back slaty-gray tinged with blue2 white line over eye less evident4 ,range4--,mexican tableland north casually to ,sutton ,county1 ,texas4 7,bailey47 #dhj4b4 ,texan ,jay 7,aphelocoma texana74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhj4a1 but white line over eye more distinct1 below paler and browner gray1 lower throat and chest with obsolete grayish streaks instead of blue streaks4 ,differs from ,no4 #dhj in having pure white under tail coverts and in other respects4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,southeastern ,texas1 from ,concho and ,kerr ,counties west to the ,davis ,mountains4 7,bailey47 ,illustration3 #dha4 #dha4 ,california ,jay 7,aphelocoma californica74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhj1 but back brown2 usually sharply defined from nape2 blue areas brighter1 throat and belly whiter2 breast less streaked with blue4 ,notes4 ,varied1 usual call a harsh1 metallic squawking4 ,range4--,pacific coast from northern ,lower ,california1 north to southern ,washington1 east1 in ,california1 to the ,sierra ,nevada4 #dha;a4 ,xantus ,jay 7,a4 c4 hypoleuca74 ,similar to ,no4 #dha1 but blue areas somewhat lighter1 underparts decidedly whiter4 ,range4--,lower ,california1 north to ,lat4 #bh;,a deg44 #dha;b4 ,belding ,jay 7,a4 c4 obscura74 ,similar to ,no4 #dha1 but darker and with smaller feet2 ,w4 #d4g4 7,anthony47 ,range4--,san ,pedro ,martir ,mountains1 ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #dha4a4 #dha4a4 ,santa ,cruz ,jay 7,aphelocoma insularis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dha1 but larger2 ,w4 #e4f2 blue areas much deeper1 back much darker1 grayish sooty tinged with blue4 ,range4--,santa ,cruz ,island1 ,california4 ,illustration3 #dgh4 #dgh4 ,steller ,jay 7,cyanocitta stelleri74 ,l4 #ac4 ,ads4 ,crest1 back and upper breast sooty brown2 rump and belly dark1 7,antwerp7 blue2 forehead more or less streaked with blue4 ,notes4 ,varied1 usual call a loud1 harsh squawking2 the bird is a mimic and also a whistler4 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,monterey1 ,california1 north to near ,cook ,inlet1 ,alaska1 including ,vancouver ,island4 #dgh;a4 ,blue-fronted ,jay 7,c4 s4 frontalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dgh1 but back paler1 grayer1 rump and belly turquoise1 forehead with more blue which sometimes extends to the crest4 ,range4--,southern coast ranges and ,sierra ,nevada of ,california and western ,nevada1 from ,fort ,crook south to northern ,lower ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 #dgh;b4 ,long-crested ,jay 7,c4 s4 diademata74 ,similar to ,no4 #dgh1 but paler1 grayer above1 blue turquoise1 as in ,no4 #dgh;a2 crest longer1 the forehead with pale1 bluish white streaks2 a white spot over the eye4 ,range4--,southern ,rocky ,mountains2 north to southern ,wyoming2 west to ,uintah ,mountains1 in eastern ,utah1 and the higher ranges of northwestern ,arizona2 south to ,new ,mexico4 7,bendire47 #dgh;c4 ,black-headed ,jay 7,c4 s4 annectens74 ,between ,no4 #dgh and ,no4 #dgh;b4 ,forehead streaks1 and spot over eye much as in latter2 color of body dark as in former4 ,range4--,northern ,rocky ,mountain region from northern ,utah and southern ,wyoming north to ,alberta and ,british ,columbia4 #dgh;d4 ,queen ,charlotte ,jay 7,c4 s4 carlott,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #dgh1 but darker1 sooty slate above1 blue deeper4 ,range4--,queen ,charlotte ,islands1 ,british ,columbia4 ,illustration3 #dhc4 #dhc4 ,green ,jay 7,xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens74 ,l4 #aa4 ,ads4 ,crown and patches at side of throat blue2 back1 wings1 and central tail-feathers green2 outer tail-feathers yellow2 throat black1 breast and belly greenish yellow4 ,notes4 ,noisy and harsh often suggesting certain of the ,blue ,jay's calls4 ,range4--,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley1 ,texas1 and south into northeastern ,mexico4 ,perching ,birds with ,yellow or ,orange ,illustration3 #ejc4 #ejc4 ,audubon ,oriole 7,icterus audubonii74 ,l4 #i4e4 ,ads4 ,head1 breast1 wings and tail black2 belly yellow2 back greenish yellow4 ,yng4 ,greenish yellow below2 olive-green above4 ,notes4 ,see ,no4 #ejg4 ,range4--,mexico north to the ,lower ,rio ,grande2 casually as far as ,san ,antonio1 ,texas2 resident4 ,illustration3 #ejd4 #ejd4 ,scott ,oriole 7,icterus parisorum74 ,l4 #h2 ,b4 4#ie2 ,ad4 ,male4 ,lesser wing-coverts1 base of tail1 rump and belly yellow2 rest of plumage black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,yellowish below1 olive-green above1 two white wing-bars4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like female1 but throat black4 ,notes4 ,see ,no4 #ejg4 ,range4--,mexican tableland1 migrating north to western ,texas1 northern ,new ,mexico1 southern ,nevada and southeastern ,california2 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #eje4 #eje4 ,hooded ,oriole 7,icterus cucullatus sennetti74 ,l4 #h2 ,b4 4#ge4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,orange2 forehead1 face1 throat1 foreback1 wings and tail black2 lesser wing-coverts and tips to greater ones white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,yellowish below1 brownish olive-green above1 two white wing-bars4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female1 but throat black4 ,notes4 ,see ,no4 #ejg4 ,range4--,mexico2 migrating north to the ,lower ,rio ,grande2 winters in ,mexico4 #eje;a4 ,arizona ,hooded ,oriole 7,i4 c4 nelsoni74 ,similar to ,no4 #eje1 but head1 rump1 etc4 yellow instead of orange4 ,range4--,northwestern ,mexico and ,lower ,california1 migrating north to southwestern ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and southern ,california1 west of ,sierra ,nevada2 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #ejg4 #ejg4 ,baltimore ,oriole 7,icterus galbula74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat1 whole head1 foreback1 wings and middle tail-feathers black2 breast1 belly1 rump1 lesser wing-coverts and ends of outer tail-feathers orange2 wing-coverts and tertials margined with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,head and foreback olive-yellow spotted with black2 rump and tail brownish yellow2 below dull yellow1 throat generally blackish4 ,notes4 ,the notes of all the orange and black ,orioles known to me are mellow1 musical1 querulous whistles generally given in detached fragments1 all much alike in character but distinguishable when one becomes familiar with them4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america west to the ,rocky ,mountains2 breeds from ,florida and eastern ,texas north to ,new ,brunswick and the ,saskatchewan2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #ejh4 #ejh4 ,bullock ,oriole 7,icterus bullocki74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,cheeks1 most of underparts1 forehead and line over eye orange2 rump and outer tail-feathers yellower2 center of throat1 crown1 foreback and middle tail-feathers black2 a large white wing-patch4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above olive grayish brown2 below yellowish1 belly whiter2 tail olive-yellow2 wings blackish1 median coverts tipped1 greater coverts externally margined with white2 chin sometimes blackish4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female1 but center of throat and lores black4 ,notes4 ,see ,no4 #ejg4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america1 from ,mexico north to ,assiniboia and ,british ,columbia2 east to western ,texas2 west to the ,pacific2 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #fcg4 #fcg4 ,prothonotary ,warbler 7,protonotaria citrea74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,tail-feathers with large white areas4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,whole head and underparts orange-yellow2 back greenish yellow2 rump gray4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,crown greenish like back2 yellow paler2 belly whitish2 less white in tail4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp1 metallic chink2 song1 a high pitched1 penetrating and startling peet1 tsweet1 tsweet1 tsweet1 tsweet1 tsweet4 7,jones47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states north to ,virginia1 ,ohio1 and southern ,minnesota2 winters in the tropics4 ,illustration3 #fea4 #fea4 ,olive ,warbler 7,dendroica olivacea74 ,l4 #e4b4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head and breast orange brown1 a black band through the eye2 back olive-gray2 belly grayish2 wing-bars white2 outer tail-feathers largely white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above olive-gray1 head yellower2 eye-band dusky2 breast yellow2 belly white4 ,notes4 ,song1 a liquid quirt quirt1 quirt1 in a descending scale4 7,price47 ,range4--,highlands of ,guatemala and ,mexico north to mountains of ,arizona and ,new ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #ffb4 #ffb4 ,blackburnian ,warbler 7,dendroica blackburni,a74 ,l4 #e4b4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat1 line over eye1 center of crown1 and sides of neck bright orange2 back black with a few whitish streaks2 wing-bars broadly white2 tail-spots white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,yellow areas paler2 above grayish streaked with blackish4 ,yng4 and ,ad4 in ,winter4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,male1 but throat paler1 back browner2 wing with two distinct bars4 ,notes4 ,song1 wee-see-wee-see1 tsee-tsee1 tsee1 tsee-tsee1 tsee1 tsee1 in an ascending scale1 the last shrill and fine4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,england 7and in ,berkshire and ,worcester counties1 ,massachusetts71 and northern ,minnesota1 north to ,labrador and ,hudson ,bay region1 7and south in ,alleghanies to ,south ,carolina72 winters in tropics4 ,illustration3 #fhg4 #fhg4 ,redstart 7,setophaga ruticilla74 ,l4 #e4d4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black2 sides of breast1 band in wings and in tail rich salmon4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,sides of breast1 band in wings and in tail dull yellow2 back olive-brown1 crown gray2 below whitish4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,intermediate between adults4 ,notes4 ,song1 ching1 ching1 chee2 ser-wee1 swee1 swe-e-e4 ,range4--,north ,america2 rare on the ,pacific coast2 breeds from ,north ,carolina1 and ,kansas north to ,labrador and ,alaska2 winters in the ,west ,indies1 ,central and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #gdh4 #gdh4 ,golden-crowned ,kinglet 7,regulus satrapa74 ,l4 #d4a4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown orange and yellow bordered by black2 a whitish line over eye2 back grayish olive-green2 below soiled whitish4 ,a blackish band in wing bordered basally by yellowish white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,no orange in crown1 its whole center yellow4 ,notes4 ,call1 a fine1 high ti-ti2 song1 five or six fine1 shrill high-pitched notes ending in a short1 rapid1 rather explosive warble1 tzee1 tzee1 tzee1 tzee1 ti1 ti1 ter1 ti-ti-ti4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,united ,states northward1 and southward along the ,rockies into ,mexico and in the ,alleghanies to ,north ,carolina2 winters from about its southern breeding limit to the ,gulf ,states and ,mexico4 #gdh;a4 ,western ,golden-crowned ,kinglet 7,r4 s4 olivaceus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdh1 but upperparts brighter olive-green2 underparts with a brownish tinge4 ,range4--,pacific coast region2 breeds from the higher ,sierra ,nevada of ,california north to southern ,alaska4 ,illustration3 #fff4 #fff4 ,golden-cheeked ,warbler 7,dendroica chrysoparia74 ,l4 #e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat1 crown and back black2 cheeks and spot in forehead yellow2 a narrow black line through eye2 wing-bars and tail-patches white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above olive green with black streaks2 cheeks duller than in ,male1 eye-streak dusky2 throat yellow1 breast blackish2 belly white4 ,notes4 ,song1 tser1 weasy-weasy1 twea1 resembling song of ,no4 #ffg4 7,nehrling47 ,range4--,western central and southern ,texas and south through eastern ,mexico to highlands of ,guatemala4 7,ridgway47 ,illustration3 #ffg4 #ffg4 ,black-throated ,green ,warbler 7,dendroica virens74 ,l4 #e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat and breast black2 cheeks greenish yellow2 back olive-green2 wing-bars and tail patches white4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar1 but throat yellowish2 black breast tipped with yellowish2 belly tinged with yellow2 back without black streaks4 ,yng4 ,female4 ,throat and breast yellowish white1 little or no black4 ,notes4 ,song1 a droning z,ae,ae1 z,ae,ae1 z,ae-,ae,ae'1 z,ae,ae4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,connecticut and northern ,illinois north to ,nova ,scotia and ,hudson ,bay1 and south in ,alleghanies to ,south ,carolina2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #ffh4 #ffh4 ,townsend ,warbler 7,dendroica townsendi74 ,l4 #e4a4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a black eye-patch bordered by yellow stripes2 crown and throat black2 back olive-green spotted with black2 wing-bars and tail-patches white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,eye-patch olive2 throat yellow1 indistinctly blackish2 crown and back olive-green1 with few black streaks4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but yellower4 ,notes4 ,song1 de-de1 de-de1 de1 like that of ,no4 #ffg4 7,merrill47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds from mountains of southern ,california north to ,alaska1 east to western ,colorado2 in migrations to western ,texas2 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #ffi4 #ffi4 ,hermit ,warbler 7,dendroica occidentalis74 ,l4 #e4a4 ,underparts without streaks4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown and cheeks yellow2 throat black2 back gray spotted with black2 wing-bars and tail-patches white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,crown less yellow2 throat yellowish2 back olive-gray1 usually without spots4 ,yng4 ,female4 ,similar1 but yellower4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,throat dusky2 forehead and cheeks yellow2 back olive-green with concealed black spots4 ,much like ,yng of ,no4 #ffg1 but forehead yellower1 no streaks below4 ,notes4 ,song1 zeegle-zeegle-zeegle-zeek4 7,barlow47 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds in high mountains from ,british ,columbia to ,california1 and from ,pacific ,coast district of ,united ,states to ,rocky ,mountains2 migrates to ,lower ,california1 ,mexico1 and ,guatemala4 7,bailey47 ,illustration3 #fhd4 #fhd4 ,hooded ,warbler 7,wilsonia mitrata74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,outer tail-feather with white patches4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,forehead and cheeks yellow2 hindhead extending to breast and throat black2 belly yellow2 back olive-green4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,throat yellow1 hindhead olive-green usually with black4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp cheep2 song1 a gracefully whistled you must come to the woods1 or you wont see me4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds north to southern ,connecticut1 central western ,new ,york1 and southern ,michigan2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #eca4 #eca4 ,lawrence ,goldfinch 7,astragalinus lawrencei74 ,l4 #d4g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown1 throat and front of cheeks black2 body gray1 breast1 rump1 wings and1 to a less degree1 back with yellow2 outer tail feathers with large white spots near the end4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but no black1 back browner and without yellow4 ,notes4 ,suggesting those of the ,goldfinch1 but weaker4 ,range--,california1 west of the ,sierra2 breeds from northern ,lower ,california north to ,chico1 ,california2 winters to ,arizona and ,new ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #fdb4 #fdb4 ,golden-winged ,warbler 7,helminthophila chrysoptera74 ,l4 #e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown yellow1 wing-bars broadly yellow2 above bluish gray2 below grayish white2 throat-patch and eye-stripe black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,crown duller2 throat-patch and eye-stripe gray4 ,notes4 ,song1 a lazy zee-zee-zee-zee all on same note4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from northern ,new ,jersey and northern ,indiana north to ,vermont1 southern ,ontario1 and ,michigan1 and south along ,alleghanies to ,south ,carolina2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fgh4 #fgh4 ,connecticut ,warbler 7,geothlypis agilis74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,eye-ring white2 no white in wings or tail4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown and cheeks bluish slate2 throat and breast paler1 the latter with no black2 above olive-green2 below yellow1 sides greenish4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,throat and breast olive brown2 belly yellow2 back brownish olive-green2 crown browner4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp peek2 song1 suggesting that of ,maryland ,yellow-throat and also that of ,oven-bird1 free-chapple1 free-chapple1 free-chapple1 whoit4 7,seton47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 north to ,maine and ,manitoba2 known to breed only in ,manitoba2 winters in northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #fgi4 #fgi4 ,mourning ,warbler 7,geothlypis philadelphia74 ,l4 #e4d4 ,no white in wings or tail4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,no white eye-ring2 crown and cheeks bluish slate2 throat blackish2 breast black more or less veiled by slaty2 belly yellow2 back olive-green4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,head slaty2 throat and breast grayish2 an inconspicuous white eye-ring4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but browner above2 throat more yellow4 ,notes4 ,song1 clear and whistled1 tee te-o te-o te-o we-se1 the last couplet accented and much higher pitched4 7,jones47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,england1 northern ,new ,york and eastern ,nebraska north to ,nova ,scotia and ,manitoba1 and south along the ,alleghanies to ,west ,virginia2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #fhj4 #fhj4 ,macgillivray ,warbler 7,geothlypis tolmiei71 ,l4 #e4d4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,no4 #fgi1 but with an incomplete white eye-ring showing above and below eye4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america from the ,rocky ,mountains to the ,pacific2 breeds from western ,texas and mountains of southern ,california north to ,british ,columbia2 in migrations ranges east to ,nebraska and middle ,texas2 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fef4 #fef4 ,audubon ,warbler 7,dendroica auduboni74 ,l4 #e4f4 ,crown1 sides of breast1 rump1 and throat usually with yellow4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat bright yellow2 breast black2 back blue-gray streaked with black2 wing-bars broadly white2 outer tail-feathers with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar to male1 but breast grayish2 yellow less bright2 less white in wings4 ,male1 ,winter4 ,like same plumage of ,no4 #fee1 but throat1 yellowish2 more white in tail4 ,female1 ,winter4 ,similar1 but less yellow1 throat sometimes without yellow1 when like ,no4 #fee1 but white on four or five outer tail-feathers instead of on two or three4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeding in higher mountains from southern ,california and ,new ,mexico north to ,british ,columbia2 winters south into ,mexico4 #fef;a4 ,black-fronted ,warbler 7,d4 a4 nigrifrons74 ,similar to ,no4 #fef1 but ,ad4 ,male4 with forehead1 sides of crown1 and ears black2 back black1 narrowly margined with bluish gray4 ,in winter4 ,bluish gray1 not brownish above4 ,ad4 ,female darker1 more heavily streaked with black above4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,mountains of northern ,mexico north to southern ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #feg4 #feg4 ,magnolia ,warbler 7,dendroica maculosa74 ,l4 #e4a4 ,rump yellow2 seen from below a white band across middle of tail4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown ashy1 back black2 wing-coverts broadly white2 below yellow streaked with black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,duller2 fewer black stripes below2 wing-bars separated1 narrow4 ,yng4 and ,ad in winter4 ,crown and sides of head brownish ashy1 back olive-green2 below yellow1 sides occasionally streaked4 ,notes4 ,song1 a loud1 clear whistle1 chee-to1 chee-to1 chee-tee-ee1 uttered rapidly and with a falling inflection1 7,langille47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west in migrations1 to the ,rockies2 breeds from northern ,new ,england1 northern ,michigan 7and south along the ,alleghanies to ,pennsylvania71 north to ,quebec and ,hudson ,bay region2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #ffc4 #ffc4 ,yellow-throated ,warbler 7,dendroica dominica74 ,l4 #e4b4 ,ads4 ,throat and line from bill to eye yellow2 cheeks and forehead black2 back bluish gray2 two broad white wing-bars2 tail-patches white4 ,notes4 ,song1 loud1 ringing and ventriloquial2 suggesting that of ,indigo ,bunting but shorter4 ,range4--,southeastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,florida north to ,virginia and winters from ,florida south into ,west ,indies4 #ffc;a4 ,sycamore ,warbler 7,d4 d4 albilora74 ,similar to ,no4 #ffc1 but bill smaller1 line from eye to bill white or with but traces of yellow4 ,range4--,mississippi ,valley2 breeds from ,texas north to ,kansas1 southern ,indiana1 southern ,illinois1 and ,west ,virginia2 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #ffd4 #ffd4 ,grace ,warbler 7,dendroica graci,a74 ,l4 #e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat and line over eye yellow2 cheeks gray2 above gray1 crown and back with black streaks2 wing-bars and tail-patches white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but duller1 back sometimes brownish4 ,range4--,northwestern ,mexico1 north to ,new ,mexico1 southwestern ,colorado1 and ,arizona4 #fhf4 ,canadian ,warbler 7,wilsonia canadensis74 ,l4 #e4f4 ,no white in wings or tail4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a necklace of black spots on breast2 back gray2 belly yellow2 forehead black4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,male4 ,black areas smaller4 ,yng4 ,female4 ,slightly yellowish above2 necklace slightly indicated by dusky spots4 ,notes4 ,song1 tu-tu1 tswe1 tu1 tu1 longer or shorter and suggesting in style of utterance both the ,yellow ,warbler and ,goldfinch4 7,jones47 7,see page #aij47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,massachusetts1 central ,new ,york1 and northern ,michigan north to ,labrador and ,manitoba1 and south along the ,alleghanies to ,north ,carolina2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #fdj4 #fdj4 ,bachman ,warbler 7,helminthophila bachmanii74 ,l4 #d4b4 ,outer tail-feathers usually with a white patch more or less distinct4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,breast-patch and crown-band black2 forehead1 chin and belly yellow2 back olive-green1 hindhead grayish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above grayish olive-green1 head grayer2 below dingy grayish with a yellow tinge4 ,notes4 ,song1 when migrating1 resembles that of ,parula ,warbler1 7,brewster72 when breeding1 that of ,worm-eating ,warbler1 ,junco or ,chippy4 7,widmann74 ,range4--,southeastern ,united ,states1 west to ,louisiana1 north to ,virginia and southern ,indiana2 rare on ,atlantic coast2 known to breed only in ,missouri2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #fda4 #fda4 ,blue-winged ,warbler 7,helminthophila pinus74 ,l4 #d4h4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown and underparts yellow2 back olive-green2 a black stripe through eye2 two whitish wing-bars2 outer tail-feathers with white patches4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 less yellow on head1 duller below4 ,notes4 ,song1 a wheezy1 swee-chee1 the first inhaled1 the second exhaled2 also1 later1 w,ae,ae1 chi-chi-chi-chi1 ch,ar1 ch,ae,ae-ch,ar4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds north to southern ,connecticut and ,minnesota1 occasionally wanders to ,massachusetts2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #fgj4 #fgj4 ,kirtland ,warbler 7,dendroica kirtlandi74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above bluish gray streaked with black2 below pale yellow1 sides streaked with black2 wing-bars grayish2 tail-patches white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but browner4 ,notes4 ,song1 said to resemble that of ,maryland ,yellow-throat and also that of ,yellow-throated ,warbler4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 has been found from ,april to ,october in ,united ,states as follows3 in ,florida1 ,south ,carolina1 ,virginia1 ,missouri1 ,illinois1 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 ,minnesota1 ,michigan1 and ,ontario1 in all some twenty odd specimens2 found breeding in summer of #aijc in ,oscoda ,county1 ,michigan2 winters in ,bahamas where some fifty specimens have been taken4 ,illustration3 #fga4 #fga4 ,pine ,warbler 7,dendroica vigorsii74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat and breast greenish yellow2 above bright yellowish green2 wing-bars and tail-patches white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but breast duller1 back browner4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,male1 but browner4 ,yng4 ,female4 ,below buffy white1 breast slightly or not all yellowish2 back olive-brown4 ,notes4 ,song1 suggesting a ,chipping ,sparrow's but more musical4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,gulf ,states north to ,new ,brunswick1 ,minnesota1 and ,manitoba2 winters from ,virginia and southern ,illinois to ,gulf ,states4 #fif4 ,siberian ,yellow ,wagtail 7,budytes flavus leucostriatus74 ,l4 #f4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown bluish slate1 a white line over eye2 back olive-green2 below yellow2 wing-bars yellowish2 outer tail-feathers largely white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but duller1 head and wing-bars browner4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp1 pl,a7,c7-pl,a7,c7-ple2 song1 a low1 clear1 medley of jingling notes uttered on the wing4 7,nelson47 7,see page #aia47 ,range4--,china1 ,eastern ,siberia1 and ,bering ,sea portion of eastern ,alaska4 ,illustration3 #ebi4 #ebi4 ,american ,goldfinch 7,astragalinus tristis74 ,l4 #e4a2 ,w4 #b4h4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,yellow1 cap1 wings and tail black2 wing-coverts1 secondaries and inner margins of tail-feathers tipped with white4 ,ad4 ,female1 ,above grayish olive-brown2 below buffy whitish2 throat yellowish2 wings and tail duller than in male2 white tips to tail not distinct4 ,yng4 ,male and ,ad4 ,male in winter4 ,similar to ,female but wings and tail black2 white markings grayer than in summer4 ,notes4 ,calls1 when perching1 hear me1 hear me1 dearie1 soft and sweet1 when flying1 per-chic'-o-ree2 per-chic'-o-ree2 song1 sweet1 rapid1 varied and canary-like4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america west to the ,rockies2 breeds from ,virginia and ,missouri north to ,labrador and ,manitoba2 winters from northern ,united ,states to the ,gulf ,states4 #ebi;a4 ,western ,goldfinch 7,a4 t4 pallidus74 ,similar to ,no4 #ebi1 but larger1 ,w4 #c4je4 ,ad4 ,male1 in summer1 similar in color to ,no4 #ebi4 ,female and ,male1 in winter4 ,much paler1 the white areas greater in extent4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region from northern ,mexico north to ,british ,columbia4 #ebi;b4 ,california ,goldfinch 7,a4 t4 salicamans74 ,similar to ,no4 #ebi1 but wings and tail shorter and color darker4 ,ad4 ,male in summer4 ,with back always 787 tinged with pale olive-green2 in winter darker than ,no4 #ebi1 but with white areas as large as in #ebi;a4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,california1 west of the ,sierra1 south to ,lower ,california1 north to ,washington4 ,illustration3 #ecj4 #ecj4 ,arkansas ,goldfinch 7,astragalinus psaltria74 ,l4 #d4a4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,cap1 wings1 and tail black1 most of primaries and tail white basally2 back and cheeks olive-green1 often marked with black2 below yellow ,ad4 ,female4 ,no black cap2 above olive-green2 below dull yellowish2 wings and tail brownish black1 former with white much reduced1 latter with little or no white4 ,yng4 ,resemble female4 ,notes4 ,call1 se-e-e-ep2 song1 sweet1 varied and musical4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 from the ,plains to the ,pacific2 breeds from northern ,lower ,california and western ,texas1 north to ,colorado1 southern ,idaho1 and ,oregon2 winters from the southern part of its breeding range southward4 #ecj;b4 ,mexican ,goldfinch 7,a4 p4 mexicanus74 ,resembles ,no4 #ecj1 but cheeks and entire upperparts black2 ,female as in ,no4 #ecj4 ,range4--,mexico1 north to southern ,texas4 ,illustration3 #fhe4 #fhe4 ,wilson ,warbler 7,wilsonia pusilla74 ,l4 #e4 ,no white in plumage4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown shining black2 forehead1 cheeks and underparts yellow2 back olive-green4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but crown-patch often smaller1 sometimes absent4 ,yng4 ,female4 ,crown-patch absent4 ,notes4 ,song1 'tsh-'tsk-'tsh-'tshea4 7,nuttall47 ,suggests that of ,redstart or ,yellow ,warbler4 7,minot47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,nova ,scotia1 northeastern ,maine1 and ,ontario north to ,labrador and ,hudson ,bay region2 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america2 occasional during migration in ,colorado444 and other parts of the ,rocky ,mountain district 7,ridgw47 7,see page #aib47 #fhe;a4 ,pileolated ,warbler 7,w4 p4 pileolata74 ,similar to ,no4 #fhe1 but yellow deeper1 olive brighter4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeding throughout the ,rocky ,mountain district from western ,texas in higher mountains1 northward to ,alaska1 coast and interior2 westward to eastern ,oregon and ,queen ,charlotte ,islands2 in migrations over all of western ,north ,america and east to ,minnesota2 in winter south to ,central ,america4 7,ridgw47 7,see page #aib47 #fhe;b4 ,golden ,pileolated ,warbler 7,w4 p4 chryseola74 ,similar to ,no4 #fhe;a1 but still brighter1 richer yellow2 forehead nearly orange2 back brighter green4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds from southern ,california north to ,british ,columbia2 in migration east to eastern ,oregon2 south to ,chihuahua and ,lower ,california4 7,ridgw47 7,see page #aib47 ,illustration3 #fgg4 #fgg4 ,kentucky ,warbler 7,geothlypis formosa74 ,l4 #e4f4 ,no white in plumage4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,cheeks and crown black the latter tipped with ashy2 back olive-green2 a yellow line over eye2 below bright yellow4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but less black in crown and on cheeks2 yellow duller4 ,notes4 ,song1 a loud musical whistle1 turdle1 turdle1 turdle1 suggesting notes of ,carolina ,wren4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,gulf ,states north to lower ,hudson ,valley1 southern ,michigan and eastern ,nebraska2 winters in ,central and northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #fha4 #fha4 ,maryland ,yellow-throat 7,geothlypis trichas74 ,l4 #e4b2 ,w4 #b4a4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,forehead and cheeks black1 bordered behind by ashy2 back olive-green2 throat and breast yellow1 belly whitish washed with yellow1 sides brownish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,no black mask2 above dull olive-green1 forehead brownish2 throat and breast more or less washed with yellow1 belly whitish1 sides brownish4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,male1 but browner2 breast yellow2 cheeks and forehead with more or less half-concealed black4 ,notes4 ,calls1 pit1 chit1 or chack2 song1 variable1 often wichity1 wichity1 wichity4 ,range4--,atlantic ,coast district of ,united ,states2 breeding in ,virginia1 ,district of ,columbia1 ,maryland and southern ,pennsylvania 7,carlisle71 probably also in ,delaware and southern ,new ,jersey and in upland portions of ,carolinas and ,georgia2 444 south in winter to ,bahamas 444 7,ridgw47 #fha;a4 ,western ,yellow-throat 7,g4 t4 occidentalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #fha;d1 but yellow below richer1 border of mask whiter and broader4 ,range4--,arid western ,united ,states2 east to western portions of ,great ,plains1 north to ,montana and eastern ,washington 7872 west to southern ,california3 breeding southward to northern ,chihuahua and northern ,lower ,california2 southward in winter to western ,mexico and ,cape ,st4 ,lucas4 7,ridgw47 #fha;b4 ,florida ,yellow-throat 7,g4 t4 ignota74 ,similar to ,no4 #fha;d1 but yellow below more extended and deeper1 sides browner2 black mask wider2 upperparts1 especially hindhead1 browner4 ,range4--,south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,coast districts of ,united ,states from southeastern ,virginia to ,florida and westward along ,gulf lowlands to eastern ,texas2 winters from at least coast of ,south ,carolina southward2 also in ,cuba4 7,ridgw47 #fha;c4 ,pacific ,yellow-throat 7,g4 t4 arizela74 ,similar to ,no4 #fha;a1 but bill smaller1 wings and tail shorter1 color duller1 whitish margin of mask narrower1 yellow usually less orange2 ,w4 #b4b2 ,t4 #b4a4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,pacific ,coast district1 from ,british ,columbia southward2 breeding southward to ,los ,angeles ,county1 ,california1 and eastward to ,fort ,klamath1 ,oregon2 during migration to ,cape ,st4 ,lucas4 7,ridgw47 #fha;d4 ,northern ,yellow-throat 7,g4 t4 brachidactyla74 ,similar to ,no4 #fha1 but averaging larger2 ,w4 #b4b4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,more yellow below1 more olive-green above4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,usually with yellow below brighter and more extended4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,northeastern ,united ,states from northern ,new ,jersey to ,newfoundland2 west to northern ,ontario and eastern ,dakota1 and south through ,mississippi ,valley to upland districts of the ,gulf ,states and east central ,texas2 in winter ,bahamas1 ,mexico1 and ,central ,america4 7,ridgw47 #fha;e4 ,salt ,marsh ,yellow-throat 7,g4 t4 sinuosa74 ,similar to ,no4 #fha;c1 but much smaller and slightly darker1 especially on sides and flanks2 ,w4 #b4a4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,salt ,marshes of ,san ,francisco ,bay1 ,california4 ,illustration3 #fhb4 #fhb4 ,belding ,yellow-throat 7,geothlypis beldingi74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black mask crossing head diagonally bordered behind by yellow2 rest of plumage much as in ,no4 #fha;a4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar to ,male of ,no4 #fha1 but larger4 ,range4--,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #fhb4a4 #fhb4a4 ,rio ,grande ,yellow-throat 7,geothlypis poliocephala74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,ads4 ,lores and forehead black1 crown gray1 back olive-green2 underparts yellow4 ,range4--,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley in ,texas and southward into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #fde4 #fde4 ,nashville ,warbler 7,helminthophila rubricapilla74 ,l4 #d4h4 ,no wing-bars2 no white in tail4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a chocolate crown-patch2 rest of head and cheeks bluish gray2 a white eye-ring2 back olive-green2 below bright yellow4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but little or no chocolate in crown2 yellow duller4 ,yng4 ,head brownish2 underparts washed with brownish1 particularly on throat and flanks4 ,notes4 ,song1 ke-tsee-ke-tsee-ke-tsee-chip-ee1 chip-ee-chip-ee-chip1 first half like ,black and ,white ,warbler's1 second half like ,chipping ,sparrow's4 7,langille47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from southern ,new ,york1 ,connecticut1 and northern ,illinois1 north to ,labrador and ,hudson ,bay region2 winters south of ,united ,states4 #fde;a4 ,calaveras ,warbler 7,h4 r4 gutturalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #fde1 but rump brighter2 underparts richer yellow4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds on high mountains1 from the ,sierra ,nevada to ,british ,columbia1 east to eastern ,oregon1 northern ,idaho2 south in migration to ,lower ,california and ,mexico2 southeast to ,texas4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #fdh4 #fdh4 ,parula ,warbler 7,compsothlypis americana74 ,l4 #d4e2 ,w4 #b4c4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above grayish blue1 a yellowish patch in the back2 breast yellow washed with chestnut and with an indistinct blackish band2 belly1 wing-bars1 spot near tip of outer tail-feathers white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,paler1 breast without black1 sometimes no chestnut4 ,notes4 ,a short1 little1 guttural1 lisping trill4 ,range4--,breeds in south ,atlantic and ,gulf states east of ,texas north near the ,atlantic coast to the ,district of ,columbia and ,mount ,carmel1 ,illinois 7,brewst472 winters from ,gulf ,states southward4 #fdh;a4 ,northern ,parula ,warbler 7,c4 a4 usne,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #fdh1 but bill averaging slightly smaller1 the wing longer1 #b4d2 black breast-band averaging wider2 the chestnut wash stronger4 ,range4--,breeds in ,new ,england1 ,new ,york and west along the northern tier of states1 north into ,maritime ,provinces and ,canada2 winters from ,gulf states southward4 #fdi4 ,sennett ,warbler 7,compsothlypis nigrilora74 ,l4 #d4e4 ,similar to ,no4 #fdh1 but yellow below reaching to belly2 breast without black and with only a slight brownish wash2 lores and ear-coverts black4 ,notes4 ,song probably resembles that of ,no4 #fdh4 ,range4--,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley south into eastern ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #gdf4 #gdf4 ,verdin 7,auriparus flaviceps74 ,l4 #d4b2 ,w4 #b4b2 ,t4 #a4i4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head and throat yellow2 forehead usually with some concealed orange-brown2 lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut2 back brownish gray2 belly whitish4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,similar1 but less yellow4 ,range4--,southern border of the ,united ,states and northern ,mexico from southern ,texas to southern ,california2 north to southwestern ,utah and southern ,nevada4 #gdf;a4 ,baird ,verdin 7,a4 f4 lamprocephalus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdf1 but tail shorter2 wing somewhat shorter2 yellow of head brighter2 ,w4 #b4j2 ,t4 #a4f4 7,oberholser47 ,range4--,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #fej4 #fej4 ,cape ,may ,warbler 7,dendroica tigrina74 ,l4 #e4a4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,ear-coverts and wash on throat chestnut2 crown blackish2 back olive-green with black spots2 below yellow streaked with black2 wing-coverts broadly white2 outer tail-feathers with white4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,male4 ,duller2 crown like back2 no chestnut4 ,yng4 ,female4 ,above olive-gray2 below whitish faintly tinged with yellow2 wing-bars1 narrow4 ,notes4 ,song1 a wiry a-wit1 a wit1 a-wit1 a-wit1 repeated4 7,butler47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,england1 rarely1 and ,manitoba north to ,hudson ,bay region2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #feb4 #feb4 ,yellow ,warbler 7,dendroica ,astiva74 ,l4 #e4a4 ,inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown yellow1 back bright yellowish green2 below yellow thickly streaked with reddish brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 and ,yng4 ,male4 ,duller above1 crown like back2 below much paler1 few or no streaks4 ,yng4 ,female4 ,similar to last but still duller4 ,notes4 ,song1 a rather loud wee-chee1 chee1 chee1 cher-wee1 variable in form but recognizable in tone4 ,range4--,north ,america1 except ,alaska1 ,pacific coast from ,vancouver north1 and southwestern ,united ,states 7western ,texas to ,arizona74 7,ridgw472 breeds throughout most of its range1 and winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 #feb;a4 ,sonora ,yellow ,warbler 7,d4 ,a4 sonorana74 ,similar to ,no4 #feb1 but ,male much yellower1 less green above1 the crown and rump bright yellow2 below brighter yellow1 reddish brown streaks narrower1 fewer sometimes almost wanting4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,male of ,no4 #feb1 but grayer above and whiter below4 ,range--,northern ,mexico2 breeding north to western ,texas and southern ,arizona2 winters south of ,united ,states4 #feb;b4 ,alaskan ,yellow ,warbler 7,d4 ,a4 rubiginosa74 ,similar to ,no4 #feb1 but ,male darker above1 the crown of about the same color as back2 ,female duller4 ,range4--,breeds on ,pacific coast from ,vancouver northward and in ,alaska2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #fec4 #fec4 ,mangrove ,warbler 7,dendroica bryanti castaneiceps74 ,l4 #e4 ,inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,whole head reddish chestnut2 back olive-green2 below yellow lightly streaked with reddish brown4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,olive-green above2 yellow below4 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california and ,pacific coast of ,central ,america and ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #fgb4 #fgb4 ,palm ,warbler 7,dendroica palmarum74 ,l4 #e4b4 ,no white wing-bars2 tail patches white4 ,ads4 ,crown dark chestnut2 line over eye1 throat1 and breast yellow2 breast and sides with reddish brown streaks2 belly much paler1 often grayish washed with yellow2 back olive-brown2 rump brighter4 ,ad4 in ,winter and ,yng4 ,no crown-patch2 above grayish olive-brown indistinctly streaked2 rump yellowish2 below grayish white washed with yellow and streaked with brownish2 under tail coverts bright yellow4 ,notes4 ,call1 a recognizable chip2 song1 a short1 simple trill4 ,range--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds in interior of ,british ,america west of ,hudson ,bay2 migrates south through ,mississippi ,valley and rarely north ,atlantic ,states2 winters in ,florida and ,west ,indies4 ,illustration3 #fgc4 #fgb;a4 ,yellow ,palm ,warbler 7,d4 p4 hypochrysea74 ,similar to ,no4 #fgb1 but underparts entirely bright yellow2 upperparts yellower4 ,winter specimens are whiter below but are still conspicuously yellow4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,nova ,scotia northward1 east of ,hudson ,bay2 migrates through ,atlantic ,states and winters in ,florida and west to ,louisiana4 #fgc4 99 ,prairie ,warbler 7,dendroica discolor74 ,l4 #d4g4 ,wing-bars yellowish2 tail-patches white4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above bright olive-green with reddish chestnut spots in the back2 below yellow1 sides with black streaks4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but usually duller2 chestnut spots smaller1 sometimes absent4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,female ,ad41 but browner4 ,notes4 ,song1 a high1 thin zee1 zee1 zee1 zee1 zee-e1 zee1 the next to last highest4 7,see page #aif47 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,florida to ,massachusetts1 southern ,ontario1 and southern ,michigan2 winters from southern ,florida into the ,west ,indies4 ,illustration3 ,lawrence ,warbler4 ,lawrence ,warbler 7,helminthophila lawrencei74 ,resembles ,no4 #fda1 but has a black breast patch and a broad black stripe through the eye as in ,no4 #fdb4 ,it is believed to be a hybrid between the two4 ,some #ae specimens are known4 ,its notes are said to resemble those of both ,no4 #fdb and ,no4 #fda4 ,illustration3 ,brewster ,warbler4 ,brewster ,warbler 7,helminthophila leucobronchialis74 ,resembles ,no4 #fdb above1 but is white usually tinged with yellow below1 this type being connected with ,no4 #fda1 by specimens showing more green above and yellow below4 ,hybridism and dichromatism are believed to account for these birds of which somewhat over a hundred specimens are known1 chiefly from the lower ,hudson and ,connecticut ,valleys4 ,some songs resemble those of ,no4 #fdb1 others those of #fda4 ,illustration3 #fdd4 #fdd4 ,virginia ,warbler 7,helminthophila virgini,a74 ,l4 #d4e4 ,no white in wings or tail4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above gray1 crown-patch chocolate2 upper tail-coverts yellowish2 below whitish1 breast-patch and under tail-coverts yellow4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but less 7sometimes no7 chocolate in crown and yellow on tail-coverts2 duller below4 ,yng4 ,no crown patch2 below washed with buff1 little or no yellow on breast4 ,notes4 ,very musical1 with a song of remarkable fullness for so small a bird4 7,aitken47 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region from ,nevada and ,colorado 7rarely ,wyoming7 south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #fee4 #fee4 ,myrtle ,warbler 7,dendroica coronata74 ,l4 #e4f4 ,crown1 sides of breast and rump yellow4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above blue-gray streaked with black2 throat white1 breast largely black2 two white wing-bars2 outer tail-feathers with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,browner above1 less black on breast4 ,male in winter4 ,above brown1 back indistinctly streaked with black2 below whitish1 breast and sides streaked with black4 ,yng4 ,female4 ,similar1 but less yellow on crown and sides4 ,notes4 ,call1 a characteristic tchip2 song1 a trill4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west in migrations1 to the ,rockies2 breeds from northern ,new ,england and northern ,minnesota north to ,labrador and ,alaska2 winters from ,massachusetts and ,kansas south into ,west ,indies and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fei4 #fei4 ,chestnut-sided ,warbler 7,dendroica pensylvanica74 ,l4 #e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,sides chestnut1 crown yellow2 back streaked black and greenish yellow2 cheek-patch and sides of throat black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,crown duller2 chestnut and black reduced4 ,yng4 ,above bright yellow-green1 back with or without black spots2 below grayish white1 sides sometimes with traces of chestnut2 wing-bars yellowish white4 ,notes4 ,song1 resembles that of ,yellow ,warbler4 7,see page #aig47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,jersey and ,central ,illinois north to ,newfoundland and ,manitoba 7and south in the ,alleghanies to ,south ,carolina72 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fjd4 #fjd4 ,dickcissel 7,spiza americana74 ,l4 #f4b4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,breast1 bend of wing1 line over eye and at side of throat yellow2 throat-patch black2 lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut2 no white in tail4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,less yellow and chestnut1 no black on throat4 ,notes4 ,song1 an earnest1 but unmusical dick1 dick1 che-che-che1 che4 ,range4--,middle ,united ,states east of the ,rockies1 west of ,alleghanies1 breeds from ,alabama and ,texas to ,minnesota2 casual in ,atlantic ,states2 winters in ,central and northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #fah4 #fah4 ,bohemian ,waxwing 7,ampelis garrulus74 ,l4 #h4 ,crested4 ,ads4 ,brownish gray2 under tail-coverts1 forecrown and sides of throat chestnut-rufous2 throat and eye-stripe black2 wing-quills and primary coverts tipped with white or yellow2 secondaries usually with red tips2 tail tipped with yellow4 ,range4--,northern parts of northern hemisphere2 breeds in far north2 winters south irregularly to northern ,united ,states1 casually to ,pennsylvania1 ,illinois1 ,kansas1 and northern ,california4 ,illustration3 #fai4 #fai4 ,cedar ,waxwing 7,ampelis cedrorum74 ,l4 #g4 ,crested4 ,ads4 ,grayish brown2 belly yellowish2 under tail-coverts white2 no white tips on wing-quills2 secondaries with red tips2 tail tipped with yellow and rarely with red tips4 ,notes4 ,a fine1 lisping note2 a string of notes usually uttered when taking flight4 ,range4--,north ,america3 breeds from ,virginia and the highlands of ,south ,carolina1 ,kansas1 and ,oregon1 north to ,labrador and southern ,alaska 7872 winters from northern ,united ,states to ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fbh4 #fbh4 ,yellow-throated ,vireo 7,vireo flavifrons74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,ads4 ,throat and breast bright yellow1 belly white2 above bright olive-green1 rump gray2 two white wing-bars4 ,notes4 ,call1 a scolding cack2 song like ,red-eye's but richer1 more deliberate1 see me2 ,i'm here2 where are you8 in varying forms2 also a mellow trill4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,florida and ,texas to ,newfoundland and ,manitoba2 winters in tropics4 ,illustration3 #fhc4 #fhc4 ,yellow-breasted ,chat 7,icteria virens74 ,l4 #g4e2 ,t4 #c4jg4 ,ads4 ,throat and breast bright yellow2 lower belly white2 above olive-green2 line over eye and at side of throat white4 ,notes4 ,call1 a gasping1 mewing ke,a-yuck and chut1 chut2 song1 of whistles1 caws and chucks1 sometimes uttered in flight4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from northeastern ,mexico 7but not in ,florida87 north to ,south ,dakota1 southern ,minnesota1 and ,massachusetts 7locally72 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 #fhc;a4 ,long-tailed ,chat 7,i4 v4 longicauda74 ,similar to ,no4 #fhc1 but grayer above2 tail slightly longer4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 east to ,plains2 breeds from ,mexico north to ,north ,dakota and ,british ,columbia2 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #dig4 #dig4 ,yellow-headed ,blackbird 7,xanthocephalus xanthocephalus74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black2 head and breast orange yellow2 outer wing-coverts white1 black tipped4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,brownish1 line over eye1 throat and breast dull yellow1 lower breast streaked with white2 ear-coverts rusty4 ,notes4 ,call1 a hoarse chuck2 song1 a variety of hoarse grunting1 guttural whistles2 usually uttered with apparent great effort and bodily contortion4 ,the young utter a rolling1 whistling call4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america1 east to ,kansas1 northern ,illinois1 and northwestern ,indiana2 west to the ,pacific coast ranges2 breeds locally from ,texas 7871 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and ,southern ,california north to the ,hudson ,bay region1 and southern ,british ,columbia2 winters from southwestern ,louisiana1 and ,california southward4 ,illustration3 #eja4 #eja4 ,meadowlark 7,sturnella magna74 ,l4 #aj4g2 ,w4 #d4h4 ,ads4 ,above black varied with chestnut and buff2 below yellow1 a black breast-crescent2 bars on middle tail-feathers fused along shaft1 yellow of throat not spreading on to its sides4 ,notes4 ,calls1 a nasal note and a rolling twitter2 song1 a high fife like whistle of rarely more than eight or ten notes2 without gurgles or grace notes4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america west to about ,long4 #ajj;,a deg41 north to ,new ,brunswick and ,minnesota2 winters from ,massachusetts and ,illinois southward4 #eja;a4 ,texas ,meadowlark 7,s4 m4 hoopesi74 ,similar to ,no4 #eja;b1 but yellow not spreading on to sides of the throat4 ,notes4 ,resemble in character those of ,no4 #eja4 ,range4--,not well determined2 known from ,corpus ,christi1 ,texas1 west along ,mexican boundary to southern ,arizona and northern ,sonora1 ,mexico4 #eja;b4 ,western ,meadowlark 7,s4 m4 neglecta74 ,similar to ,no4 #eja1 but bars on middle tail-feathers usually distinct1 not confluent along shaft2 yellow of throat spreading on to its sides2 general color paler4 ,notes4 ,calls1 a liquid ch,ack and a wooden1 rolling b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r2 song1 rich1 musical1 flute-like with intricate gurgles and grace notes2 wholly unlike that of ,no4 #eja4 #eja;c4 ,florida ,meadowlark 7,s4 m4 argutula74 ,similar to ,no4 #eia1 but smaller and darker2 ,w4 #d4d4 ,range4--,florida and ,gulf coast to ,louisiana4 ,illustration3 #ead4 #ead4 ,evening ,grosbeak 7,hesperiphona vespertina74 ,l4 #h4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,brownish yellow2 wings1 tail1 and crown black2 exposed part of tertials white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,dingy brownish gray1 more or less tinged with yellowish2 throat and belly whitish2 tail-coverts and tail-feathers1 on inner web1 tipped with white4 ,notes4 ,call1 loud2 song1 short1 but melodious1 resembling that of ,robin or ,black-headed ,grosbeak4 7,cooper47 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region of ,british ,america1 south1 in winter1 to the upper ,mississippi ,valley1 rarely to ,ohio and casually through ,new ,york to ,new ,england4 #ead;a4 ,western ,evening ,grosbeak 7,h4 v4 montana74 ,male not distinguishable from ,female of ,no4 #ead2 ,female more buffy1 especially below4 ,range4--,mountains of western ,united ,states from ,new ,mexico north to ,british ,columbia4 ,,eastern ,,horned ,,larks4 ,illustration3 #dgd4 #dgd;,a4 ,horned ,lark 7,otocoris alpestris74 ,l4 #g4g1 ,w4 ,male1 #d4c2 ,female1 #d4a4 ,hind toe-nail much the longest4 ,ad4 ,male1 winter4 ,throat and line over eye distinctly yellow2 black feathers over eye lengthened1 forming when raised little tufts2 breast-patch1 sides of throat1 line over eye and forecrown black1 more or less tipped1 especially on head1 with yellowish or brownish2 back brownish indistinctly streaked with blackish2 nape1 wing and tail-coverts pinkish brown2 belly white1 lower breast dusky1 sides pinkish brown2 tail mostly black1 outer margin of outer feathers white4 ,male1 summer4 ,yellow areas whiter2 black areas more distinct2 back pinker4 ,ad4 ,female1 winter4 ,similar to ,male1 but throat and line over eye less yellow2 black areas smaller2 back more distinctly streaked4 ,female1 summer4 ,more distinctly streaked above4 ,notes4 ,call1 a tseep1 tseep2 song1 an unmusical1 twittering warble sung during soaring flight4 ,a ,fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging1 variable form are now recognized in ,america1 north of ,mexico4 ,many of them are too closely related to be distinguished even by detailed descriptions4 ,when breeding1 they may be identified1 in life1 by a knowledge of the area which each form alone inhabits at this season4 ,but during their migrations1 and in winter1 when several forms may be associated1 it is usually not possible to identify them in the field4 ,the reader is referred to admirable monographs of this group by ,j4 ,dwight1 ,jr4 7,the ,auk1 vii1 #ahij1 pp4 #ach-aej71 and ,h4 ,c4 ,oberholser 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 xxiv1 #aijb1 pp4 #hja-hhd74 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds in ,labrador and region east of ,hudson ,bay2 winters south to ,south ,carolina 7chiefly on coast7 and in the ,mississippi ,valley to ,illinois4 ,illustration3 #dgd;b4 #dgd;b4 ,prairie ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 praticola74 ,w4 ,male #d2 ,female1 #c4h4 ,line over eye white4 ,similar to ,no4 #dgd1 but smaller1 line over eye and forehead generally white1 the throat often white and never so yellow as in winter specimens of ,no4 #dgd4 ,range4--,breeds in the ,mississippi ,valley1 south to southern ,illinois and ,missouri west to eastern ,nebraska and ,assiniboia2 east through northwestern ,pennsylvania and central ,new ,york to western and northern ,new ,england2 north to ,quebec and ,ontario2 winters south to ,south ,carolina1 ,kentucky1 and ,texas4 #dgd;d4 ,texan ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 giraudi74 ,w4 ,male #c4i2 ,female1 #c4f4 ,similar to ,no4 #dgd;b1 but somewhat smaller and paler2 throat1 forehead and line over eye yellow2 breast1 in males1 generally tinged with yellow4 ,range4--,coast of ,texas from ,galveston to the ,rio ,grande4 ,,northern ,,horned ,,larks4 #dgd;a4 ,pallid ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 arcticola74 ,w4 ,male1 #d4d2 ,female1 #d4b4 ,largest of our ,horned ,larks2 no yellow in plumage2 throat1 forehead and line over eye white2 back brown with grayish edgings4 ,range4--,in summer1 ,alaska 7chiefly in the interior7 with the ,valley of the ,upper ,yukon ,river2 in winter south to ,oregon1 ,utah1 and ,montana4 7,oberholser47 #dgdk4 ,hoyt ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 hoyti74 ,w4 ,male1 #d4d2 ,female1 #d4b4 ,throat tinged with yellow2 line over eye white2 back darker1 pink areas richer than in #dgd;a4 ,an intermediate form between ,nos4 #dgd and #dgd;a4 ,range4--,in summer1 ,british ,america from the west shore of ,hudson ,bay to the ,valley of the ,mackenzie ,river1 north to the ,arctic ,coast1 south to ,lake ,athabasca2 in winter1 southward to ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,kansas1 and ,michigan1 casually to ,ohio and ,new ,york 7,long ,island74 7,oberholser47 ,,western ,,horned ,,larks4 ,illustration3 #dgd;c4 #dgd;c4 ,desert ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 leucol,ama74 ,w4 ,male1 #d4a2 ,female1 #c4h4 ,forehead and line over eye very slightly1 often not at all1 tinged with yellow2 throat yellow2 back brown edged with pinkish gray2 resembles ,no4 #dgd;b1 but is paler and less distinctly streaked above4 ,range4--,in summer1 western ,united ,states from central ,dakota1 western ,kansas and western ,nebraska to ,idaho and ,nevada1 north on the eastern side of the ,rocky ,mountains to ,alberta2 in winter1 south to ,texas1 ,chihuahua1 ,sonora1 and southeastern ,california4 7,oberholser47 #dgd;e4 ,california ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 actia74 ,w4 ,male1 #c4i2 ,female1 #c4f4 ,male1 summer4 ,back of head and nape1 spreading on to sides of breast1 pinkish cinnamon2 back distinctly streaked with brownish black2 throat always1 forehead and line over eye usually tinged with yellow4 ,male1 winter4 ,less distinctly streaked above2 cinnamon areas paler and with grayish tips2 black areas more or less tipped with yellowish4 ,female1 summer4 ,crown and back uniformly streaked with blackish margined with pinkish gray4 ,female1 winter4 ,less distinctly streaked2 black areas tipped with whitish4 ,range4--,northern ,lower ,california north1 west of the ,sierra1 to ,marin and ,san ,joaquin ,counties1 ,california4 ,illustration3 #dgd;f4 #dgd;f4 ,ruddy ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 rubea74 ,similar to ,no4 #dgb;e1 but nape region1 sides of breast1 etc41 much deeper in color1 deeper than in any other of our ,horned ,larks2 back less distinctly streaked with blackish and more ruddy in tone1 not sharply defined from nape2 yellow areas richer in color4 ,range4--,sacramento ,county1 ,california4 ,illustration3 #dgd;g4 #dgd;g4 ,streaked ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 strigata74 ,cinnamon areas less extensive but nearly as deeply colored as in ,no4 #dgd;f2 back distinctly and widely streaked with blackish2 forehead1 line over eye1 throat and breast washed with yellow4 ,range--,in summer1 the states of ,oregon and ,washington west of the ,cascade ,mountains2 in winter1 to eastern ,oregon and ,washington1 south to northern ,california4 7,oberholser47 #dgd;h4 ,scorched ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 adusta74 ,w4 ,male1 #d2 ,female1 #c4h4 ,nearest to ,no4 #dgdl1 but the male differs in being nearly uniform pinkish brown above1 back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks2 color deeper1 browner1 more ruddy4 ,range4--,in summer1 the central part of extreme southern ,arizona2 in winter1 northern ,sonora and ,chihuahua1 ,mexico4 7,oberholser47 #dgd;i4 ,dusky ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 merrilli74 ,w4 ,male1 #d2 ,female1 #c4h4 ,similar to ,no4 #dgd;b1 but somewhat darker above1 the line over the eye usually tinged with yellow4 ,range4--,in summer1 northwestern ,united ,states1 and southern ,british ,columbia1 from northeastern ,california and northwestern ,nevada1 northward through ,oregon and ,washington east of the ,cascade ,mountains to ,british ,columbia and extreme northern ,idaho2 in winter1 south to central ,california4 7,oberholser47 #dgd;j4 ,sonoran ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 pallida74 ,w4 ,male1 #c4h2 ,female1 #c4f4 ,nape very pale pinkish2 back pale grayish brown edged with grayish2 forehead1 line over eye1 and throat tinged with yellowish4 ,resembles ,no4 #dgdl1 but is still paler4 ,range1--,region immediately adjacent to the head of the ,gulf of ,california1 ,mexico4 7,oberholser47 #dgdl4 ,montezuma ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 occidentalis74 ,w4 ,male1 #d2 ,female1 #c4h4 ,no distinct blackish streaks above2 back pale brownish edged with pinkish gray2 throat yellow1 forehead and line over eye tinged with yellow4 ,similar to ,no4 #dgd;h1 but paler1 less ruddy above2 differs from ,no4 #dgd;c in being browner and less streaked above4 ,range4--,in summer1 central ,new ,mexico1 west to central ,arizona2 in winter1 south to northern ,sonora and ,chihuahua1 ,mexico and southeast ,texas4 7,oberholser47 #dgdm4 ,island ,horned ,lark 7,o4 a4 insularis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dgd;g1 but slightly darker above1 breast usually without a yellow tinge4 ,range4--,santa ,barbara ,islands1 ,california4 ,illustration3 #ddf4 #ddf4 ,couch ,kingbird 7,tyrannus melancholicus couchii74 ,l4 #i4e4 ,ads4 ,throat white1 breast and belly yellow1 tail dark brown2 crown gray with an orange patch1 back grayish green2 ,yng4 ,similar1 but no crown-patch4 ,range4--,guatemala1 north in spring as far as ,lower ,rio ,grande1 ,texas4 ,illustration3 #ddg4 #ddg4 ,arkansas ,kingbird 7,tyrannus verticalis74 ,l4 #i4 ,ads4 ,throat light gray spreading over breast to yellow belly2 tail black1 outer margin of outer feather wholly white2 above resembling ,no4 #ddf4 ,yng4 ,with no crown-patch4 ,notes4 ,squeaky1 rattling1 rolling notes2 a noisy bird4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds east to about ,long4 #ajj;,a deg41 north to ,assiniboia1 southern ,alberta1 southern ,british ,columbia1 west to the ,pacific2 winters south of ,united ,states2 to ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #ddh4 #ddh4 ,cassin ,kingbird 7,tyrannus vociferans74 ,l4 #i4 ,ads4 ,throat and breast dark gray1 belly yellow2 tail black1 outer web of outer feather not wholly white2 above as in ,no4 #ddg4 ,yng4 ,with no crown-patch4 ,notes4 ,less noisy than ,no4 #ddg4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 northwestern ,mexico and north through ,rockies1 from western ,texas1 ,new ,mexico and ,arizona1 to southern ,wyoming2 in ,california north to ,san ,benito ,county2 winters south of ,united ,states to ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #ddi4 #ddi4 ,derby ,flycatcher 7,pitangus derbianus74 ,l4 #aa4 ,ads4 ,back brown1 wings and tail externally rusty2 a yellow crown-patch2 forehead1 line over eye and across nape white2 throat white1 below yellow4 ,notes4 ,kiskadee1 repeated4 7,richmond47 ,range4--,northern ,south ,america2 breeds north as far as ,lower ,rio ,grande1 ,texas4 ,illustration3 #dea4 #dea4 ,sulphur-bellied ,flycatcher 7,myiodynastes luteiventris74 ,l4 #h4 ,below sulphur streaked with black2 tail largely rusty brown2 a yellow crown-patch2 inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish2 back grayish brown streaked with dusky4 ,yng4 ,with no crown-patch4 ,notes4 ,a screech1 like squeaking of a wagon wheel1 and a single note4 7,poling47 ,range4--,central ,america2 breeds north as far as southern ,arizona4 #deb4 ,crested ,flycatcher 7,myiarchus crinitus74 ,l4 #i4 ,inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown4 ,ads4 ,throat and breast gray1 belly bright sulphur2 back grayish olive-green2 greenest above and yellowest below of our larger ,myiarchi4 ,notes4 ,loud1 chuckling1 grating whistles4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,florida and ,texas north to ,new ,brunswick and ,manitoba2 winters from southern ,florida south to northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #dec4 #dec4 ,mexican ,crested ,flycatcher 7,myiarchus mexicanus74 ,l4 #i4b2 ,w4 #d4 ,inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust brown4 ,ads4 ,throat and breast gray1 belly sulphur1 both paler than ,no4 #deb2 back grayish brown1 with little or no green tinge4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #deb4 7,merrill47 ,range4--,central ,america2 breeds north as far as ,lower ,rio ,grande1 ,texas4 ,illustration3 #dec;a4 #dec;a4 ,arizona ,crested ,flycatcher 7,m4 m4 magister74 ,similar to ,no4 #dec1 but larger1 ,l4 #i4d1 ,w4 #d4b1 and averaging slightly paler4 ,range4--,western ,mexico2 north to southern ,arizona and southwest ,new ,mexico2 south in winter to ,tehuantepec1 ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #ded4 #ded4 ,ash-throated ,flycatcher 7,myiarchus cinerascens74 ,l4 #h42 ,w4 #d4 ,inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown1 outer pair dusky at tip of inner web4 ,ads4 ,throat and breast pale grayish white1 belly white tinged with yellow1 above grayish brown1 outer web of outer tail-feather whitish4 ,palest below of our ,myiarchi4 ,notes4 ,a rather resonant but wooden ch,ack-pr-r-r-r4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states3 breeds from western ,texas and ,lower ,california north to ,colorado and ,oregon2 winters in southern ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #ded;a4 #ded;a4 ,nutting ,flycatcher 7,m4 c4 nuttingi74 ,similar to ,no4 #ded1 but smaller1 ,w4 #c4f1 outer margin of outer tail-feather not whitish1 tip of its inner web rusty1 not dusky4 ,range4--,breeds in southern ,arizona and western ,mexico2 winters in ,central ,america4 #ded;b4 ,lower ,california ,flycatcher 7,m4 c4 pertinax74 ,similar to ,no4 #ded;a1 but bill larger and stouter2 above grayer2 below less yellow4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,lower ,california4 #dee;a4 ,olivaceous ,flycatcher 7,myiarchus lawrencei olivascens74 ,l4 #g4 ,ads4 ,inner webs of tail-feathers like outer webs2 tail-feathers margined with rusty2 breast and belly as in ,no4 #deb2 crown brownish1 back grayish olive-green4 ,notes4 ,a short mournful peeur4 ,range4--,breeds from western ,mexico north to southern ,arizona2 winters south to southern ,mexico2 casual in ,colorado4 ,perching ,birds ,marked ,with ,chestnut or ,reddish ,brown ,illustration3 #ehg4 #ehg4 ,towhee2 ,chewink 7,pipilo erythrophthalmus74 ,l4 #h4 ,three outer tail-feathers with white2 iris red4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above and breast black2 sides reddish chestnut2 belly white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above and breast brown4 ,call1 chewink or towhe,a7,c72 song1 a loud1 not over musical sweet bird sin-n-ng1 and a tremulous refrain ,i'll try4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,georgia and ,louisiana north to ,maine1 ,ontario1 and ,manitoba2 winters from ,virginia and southern ,illinois to ,florida and eastern ,texas4 #ehg;a4 ,white-eyed ,towhee 7,p4 e4 alleni74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehg1 but iris whitish2 only two outer tail-feathers with white tips1 or if on third1 a mere spot4 ,notes4 ,call1 towhee1 much sharper than that of ,no4 #ehg4 ,range4--,florida1 north along coast to ,south ,carolina4 #ehh4 ,arctic ,towhee 7,pipilo maculatus arcticus74 ,l4 #h4g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,white tip of outer tail-feather more than #a4c long2 scapulars and back marked with white2 back black more or less tipped with brownish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,breast and back grayish brown2 fewer white markings than in ,male4 ,notes4 ,call1 a ,catbird-like mew2 song1 suggesting that of ,no4 #ehg1 but shorter1 more wooden1 less musical4 ,range4--,great ,plains2 breeding from southern ,montana and western ,north ,dakota1 north to ,saskatchewan2 winters south and west to ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,new ,mexico1 and ,texas2 east to eastern ,kansas4 ,illustration3 #ehh;a4 #ehh;a4 ,spurred ,towhee 7,p4 m4 megalonyx74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehh1 but blacker above1 no brownish edgings on front of back2 white markings on back less numerous2 white tip to outer tail-feather less than #a4c long4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region and west to the ,pacific2 breeds from ,mexico to ,british ,columbia2 migratory in the northern part of range4 #ehh;b4 ,oregon ,towhee 7,p4 m4 oregonus74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehh;a1 but darker2 practically no brownish edgings on back of male2 sides much deeper2 white markings much reduced1 the white tip to outer tail-feather less than #a4 long2 sides much deeper4 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,san ,francisco to ,british ,columbia2 winters south to southern ,california4 #ehh;c4 ,san ,clemente ,towhee 7,p4 m4 clement,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehh;a1 but adult male with black duller or grayer2 female lighter brown4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,san ,clemente1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,santa ,rosa1 and ,santa ,catalina ,islands1 southern ,california4 7,grinnell47 #bhh;d4 ,san ,diego ,towhee 7,p4 m4 atratus74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehh;a1 but decidedly darker1 with white markings of wings1 tail1 etc41 more restricted2 rump deep black4 ,range4--,the southern coast district of southern ,california1 south into ,lower ,california4 7,ridgw47 #ehh;e4 ,mountain ,towhee 7,p4 m4 magnirostris74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehh1 but bill much larger1 rufous below paler1 above browner and tinged with olive4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 #ehi4 ,guadalupe ,towhee 7,pipilo consobrinus74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehh;b in restriction of white markings1 but wings and tail much shorter1 ,w4 #c4a2 ,t4 #c4b1 hind claw much larger2 ,ad4 ,male sooty rather than black4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,guadalupe ,island1 ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #deg4 #deg4 ,say ,ph,abe 7,sayornis saya74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,ads4 ,breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly2 above gray with a brown tinge2 tail black4 ,notes4 ,a plaintive phee-eur2 a short1 plaintive1 twittering warble4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america1 east to about ,long4 #ajj;,a deg43 breeds from southwestern ,texas1 southern ,california1 north to the ,yukon1 ,alaska2 winters in ,mexico2 accidental in ,wisconsin1 ,illinois1 and ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 #eia4 #eia4 ,canon ,towhee 7,pipilo fuscus mesoleucus74 ,l4 #i42 ,w4 #c4g4 ,ads4 ,crown cinnamon-brown2 back brownish gray2 throat buffy bordered by blackish spots2 lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon4 ,notes4 ,calls1 a loud1 metallic chip repeated four times2 in flight a robin-like screep-eep-eep4 ,range4--,northern ,mexico north to western ,texas1 ,arkansas ,valley1 ,colorado1 and ,arizona2 resident4 #eia;a4 ,st4 ,lucas ,towhee 7,p4 f4 albigula74 ,w4 #c4c4 ,similar to ,no4 #eia1 but smaller2 abdomen whiter1 without cinnamon4 ,range4--,southern ,lower ,california4 #eia;b4 ,california ,towhee 7,p4 f4 crissalis7 ,w4 #c4i4 ,similar to ,no4 #eia1 but much browner above2 throat and under tail-coverts rusty brown2 breast brownish gray2 scarcely lighter on the belly4 ,range4--,california1 west of the ,sierra4 #eia;c4 ,anthony ,towhee 7,p4 f4 senicula74 ,w4 #c4g4 ,similar to ,no4 #eia;b1 but smaller and grayer1 the abdomen whiter4 ,range4--,northern ,lower ,california north to southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #eib4 #eib4 ,abert ,towhee 7,pipilo aberti74 ,l4 #i4 ,ads4 ,no crown-cap2 lores and chin blackish2 below pinkish cinnamon2 above grayish brown4 ,notes4 ,call1 a loud1 clear1 sharp chirp4 ,song1 resembling that of the ,spurred ,towhee group4 7,b4 ,b4 and ,r47 ,range4--,southern ,california1 ,arizona1 and northwestern ,new ,mexico1 north to southern ,nevada and southwestern ,utah4 ,illustration3 #ejf4 #ejf4 ,orchard ,oriole 7,icterus spurius7 ,l4 #g4c4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black3 breast1 belly1 rump1 and lesser wing-coverts chestnut4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above olive-green1 below greenish-yellow2 two white wing-bars4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,first fall like ,female2 first spring like ,male1 but throat black4 ,notes4 ,song much richer and more finished than that of the orange and black ,orioles2 the difference is indescribable but easily recognizable4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,florida and ,texas north to ,massachusetts1 ,ontario1 ,michigan1 and ,north ,dakota2 winters in ,central ,america and northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #eib4a4 #eib4a4 ,green-tailed ,townee 7,oreospiza chlorura74 ,l4 #g4 ,ads4 ,center and sides of breast grayish1 middle of throat and abdomen white2 above olive-green more or less washed with grayish2 crown reddish chestnut4 ,notes4 ,call1 a high1 thin kitten-like mew2 song1 musical1 suggesting that of the ,thick-billed ,sparrow4 ,range4--,mountains of western ,united ,states1 from more eastern ,rockies to ,coast ,range in ,california2 north to central ,montana1 ,idaho1 and eastern ,washington2 south1 at least in winter1 into ,mexico4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #fdc4 #fdc4 ,lucy ,warbler 7,helminthophila luci,a74 ,l4 #d4b4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above gray2 crown-patch and upper tail-coverts chocolate2 below whitish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,chocolate areas smaller4 ,yng4 ,no chocolate in crown2 upper tail-coverts cinnamon4 ,range4--,northwestern ,mexico2 breeding north to ,arizona and southwestern ,utah4 ,illustration3 #ffj4 #ffj4 ,bay-breasted ,warbler 7,dendroica castanea74 ,l4 #e4f4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat1 sides and crown rich chestnut2 cheeks black2 sides of neck buff2 back black and gray2 wing-bars and tail-spots white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,less chestnut2 cheeks grayish4 ,yng4 and ,ad4 in ,winter4 ,above olive-green streaked with black2 below buffy white1 the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut4 ,notes4 ,song1 a very soft warble1 tse-chee1 repeated five times1 too liquid to admit of exact spelling4 7,langille47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,england and northern ,michigan north to ,labrador and ,hudson ,bay region2 winters in ,central and northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #eif4 #eif4 ,black-headed ,grosbeak 7,zamelodia melanocephala74 ,l4 #h4a4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black2 neck-ring1 rump1 back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon2 center of belly and under wing-coverts yellow2 patch in wing1 wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers white4 ,in winter tipped with brown above and on breast below with black spots4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,under wing-coverts yellow as in ,male2 above as in ,no4 #eie2 below less streaked1 breast buff4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,like ,female but breast deeper buff2 few streaks below2 sides of crown blacker4 ,notes4 ,call and song like those of the ,rose-breasted ,grosbeak1 but the latter more fluent4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 east to the ,plains2 breeds from ,mexico north to ,dakota and ,british ,columbia2 winters south of ,united ,states into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #gfa4 #gfa4 ,american ,robin 7,merula migratoria74 ,l4 #aj2 ,w4 #d4i2 ,t4 #c4h4 ,outer tail-feathers with white tips4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,breast and belly rich rust-brown2 above dark slaty1 head and spots in back black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but paler below1 little or no black above4 ,winter4 ,underparts margined with whitish2 black above more or less concealed by ashy4 ,notes4 ,calls1 varied and characteristic2 song1 a loud1 hearty1 cheer-up cheerily1 cheerily1 cheerily1 repeated and varied4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,rockies1 northwest to ,alaska2 breeding south to ,virginia and1 in the mountains1 ,georgia2 winters from northern ,states southward4 #gfa;a4 ,western ,robin 7,m4 m4 propinqua74 ,similar to ,no4 #gfa1 but no white tips to tail-feathers4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,without black spots in back4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 from the eastern base of the ,rocky ,mountains west to the ,pacific2 breeds from the southern end of the ,mexican tableland north to ,british ,columbia2 winters from ,oregon and southern ,colorado southward4 #gfa;b4 ,southern ,robin 7,m4 m4 achrustera74 ,similar to ,no4 #gfa1 but smaller and in general much lighter and duller2 ,w4 #d4g2 ,t4 #c4e4 7,batchelder47 ,range4--,carolinas and ,georgia1 except mountainous districts1 lowlands of ,virginia4 ,illustration3 #gfb4 #gfb4 ,st4 ,lucas ,robin 7,merula confinis74 ,resembling ,no4 #gfa in plan of coloration but everywhere much paler2 breast and belly buff2 no black in head4 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #gfc4 #gfc4 ,varied ,thrush 7,ixoreus n,avius74 ,l4 #aj2 ,w4 #d4g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,below rust-brown1 belly whiter1 a broad black breast-band2 above slaty1 line behind eye and bars in wing rusty2 outer tail-feathers with white tips4 ,in winter washed with brownish above2 breast band with rusty4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,paler below1 breast-band faintly indicated2 above washed with brownish4 ,notes4 ,song1 a weird vibrant1 long-drawn whistle repeated on different notes4 ,range4--,pacific coast from higher mountains of northern ,california north to ,alaska2 south in winter along the coast4 #gfc;a4 ,pale ,varied ,thrush 7,i4 n4 meruloides74 ,similar to ,no4 #gfc1 but wing longer1 #e4a2 ,female paler and grayer4 7,grinnell47 ,range4--- ,interior of ,british ,columbia north to north ,alaska2 south in winter1 through interior1 to southern ,california4 ,perching ,birds ,chiefly ,dull ,colored ,illustration3 #def4 #def4 ,ph,abe 7,sayornis ph,abe74 ,l4 #g4 ,ads4 ,above grayish olive1 crown blackish2 outer web of outer tail-feather whitish2 below white tinged with yellow1 sides of breast grayish2 bill black4 ,yng4 ,greener above1 yellower below4 ,notes4 ,pewit-ph,abe1 pewit-ph,abe2 call1 pee1 pee1 rarely a flight song4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,rockies2 breeds from ,south ,carolina and western ,texas north to ,newfoundland and ,manitoba2 winters from ,north ,carolina and northern ,texas south to ,cuba and ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #dei4 #dei4 ,olive-sided ,flycatcher 7,nuttalornis borealis74 ,l4 #g4d4 ,ads4 ,throat and middle of belly white with a yellow tinge2 sides and most of breast grayish2 above brownish gray with an olive-tinge1 crown darker1 the feathers lengthened4 ,notes4 ,hip-hip or quilp-quilp1 less often a loud1 emphatic whip-p,a7,c7w-hip4 7,head47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,massachusetts 7rarely71 northern ,new ,york1 and ,minnesota1 northward to ,alaska1 south through the ,rockies and ,coast ,range to ,mexico2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #dfj4 #dfj4 ,coues ,flycatcher 7,contopus pertinax pallidiventris74 ,l4 #g4g4 ,ads4 ,below nearly uniform gray1 belly paler2 above gray1 crown slightly darker1 the feathers lengthened4 ,notes4 ,a plaintive musical four or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a singularly human-like quality4 ,range4--,western ,mexico1 north to central ,arizona2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #dfa4 #dfa4 ,wood ,pewee 7,contopus virens74 ,l4 #f4e2 ,w4 #c4c4 ,ads4 ,above dark olive1 crown blacker2 below dusky grayish1 throat whitish1 belly yellowish2 lower mandible yellowish4 ,yng4 ,greener above1 yellower below4 ,notes4 ,pee-a-wee1 peer and pee2 all plaintive and musical4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to about ,long4 #ajj;,a deg42 breeds from ,florida and ,texas north to ,new ,brunswick and ,manitoba2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #dfb4 #dfb4 ,western ,wood ,pewee 7,contopus richardsonii74 ,similar to ,no4 #dfa1 but above with usually no greenish tinge2 below less yellow2 under mandible brownish4 ,notes4 ,a nasal1 rather emphatic p,ae,ae-a4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 east to about ,long4 #ajj;,a deg42 breeds from western ,texas and ,lower ,california north to ,manitoba1 ,alberta1 and ,british ,columbia2 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 #dfb;a4 ,large-billed ,wood ,pewee 7,c4 r4 peninsul,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #dfb1 but smaller1 ,w4 #c4c2 the bill larger1 length from nostril 4#db1 width at nostril1 4#ca2 upperparts grayer4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #dff4 #dff4 ,traill ,flycatcher 7,empidonax traillii74 ,similar to ,no4 #dff;a1 but upperparts browner with little if any real greenish tinge2 bill averaging narrower4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds from western ,texas and southern ,california north to ,alaska and ,great ,slave ,lake1 east to ,kansas1 ,missouri and ,illinois2 winters in the tropics4 #dff;a4 ,alder ,flycatcher 7,e4 t4 alnorum74 ,l4 #f4a2 ,w4 #b4h4 ,ads4 ,lower mandible horn color2 below white1 breast grayish2 breast and sides faintly washed with yellow2 above brownish olive-green2 wing-bars usually buffy4 ,like ,no4 #dfg1 but larger4 ,notes4 ,p,aep of alarm1 and an explosive ,ae,ae-z,ae,ae-e-,ap with stress on the rasping z,ae,ae4 7,dwight47 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 west to ,michigan2 breeds from northern ,new ,jersey 7locally7 north to ,new ,brunswick2 winters in the tropics4 ,illustration3 #dfg4 #dfg4 ,least ,flycatcher 7,empidonax minimus74 #e4d2 ,w4 #b4e4 ,ads4 ,similar in color to ,no4 #dff;a1 but smaller1 tail slightly forked4 ,yng4 ,wing-bars more buffy4 ,notes4 a vigorous chebec1 chebec2 rarely a flight song1 chebec1 tooral-ooral4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to western ,texas and eastern ,colorado2 breeds from ,pennsylvania 7,north ,carolina1 in the ,alleghanies7 north to ,new ,brunswick and ,great ,slave ,lake2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #dfh4 #dfh4 ,hammond ,flycatcher 7,empidonax hammondi74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,ads4 ,bill smallest of our ,empidonaces1 lower mandible brown2 throat and breast grayish1 breast and belly slightly washed with sulphur2 above grayish with a slight olive tint4 ,like ,no4 #dfg1 but bill smaller1 lower mandible browner1 throat grayer4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds from the mountains of ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and southern ,athabasca1 east to ,colorado1 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #dfi4 #dfi4 ,wright ,flycatcher 7,empidonax wrightii74 ,similar to ,no4 #dfh1 but underparts whiter2 bill much longer1 longest and narrowest of our ,empidonaces2 lower mandible whitish at base1 brownish at tip2 outer web of outer tail-feather white4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 east to eastern slope of ,rockies2 breeds from mountains of ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and southern ,california north to ,montana and southern ,oregon2 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #dfi4a4 #dfi4a4 ,gray ,flycatcher 7,empidonax griseus74 ,l4 #f4 ,ads4 ,above gray with a slight brownish tinge2 below grayish white with little or no yellow4 ,grayest of our ,empidonaces4 ,range4--,western ,mexico and ,lower ,california north to southern ,california and ,arizona1 7,fort ,verde47 ,illustration3 #dfc4 #dfc4 ,yellow-bellied ,flycatcher 7,empidonax flaviventris74 ,l4 #e4f4 ,ads4 ,below distinctly greenish yellow1 belly brighter2 above bright olive-green4 ,yng4 ,brighter1 wing-bars buffy4 ,notes4 ,ps,ae-,aek' in one harsh explosive syllable2 a plaintive ch,a-,ae-,a7,c7-p4 7,dwight47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from northern ,new ,england 7south in ,alleghanies to ,pennsylvania71 northern ,new ,york1 and ,minnesota1 north to ,labrador and ,northwest ,territories2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #dfd4 #dfd4 ,western ,flycatcher 7,empidonax difficilis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dfc1 but brighter yellow below1 breast washed with brownish instead of greenish2 above yellower4 ,notes4 ,a soft low note1 and a wailing pee-eu4 7,c4 ,a4 ,allen47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 east to about ,long4 #ajj;,a deg42 breeds from ,mexican border north to southern ,alaska2 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 #dfd4a4 ,st4 ,lucas ,flycatcher 7,empidonax cineritius74 ,most like ,no4 #dfd1 but much duller2 scarcely a tinge of green above2 no decided yellow below except on throat and abdomen4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,lower ,california1 from ,cape ,region north1 rarely1 to southern ,california4 #dfd4b4 ,santa ,barbara ,flycatcher 7,empidonax insulicola74 ,similar to ,no4 #dfd1 but above darker and browner2 below paler4 7,oberholser47 ,range4--,santa ,barbara ,islands1 ,california4 ,illustration3 #dfe4 #dfe4 ,green-crested ,flycatcher 7,empidonax virescens74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,ads4 ,throat and belly white1 breast grayish2 sides1 breast and sometimes belly1 washed with sulphur2 back olive-green1 a tint lighter than in ,no4 #dfc2 lower mandible whitish2 wing-bars buffy4 ,notes4 ,spee or peet and pee-e-yuk'4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states to southern ,connecticut and ,manitoba2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fdf4 #fdf4 ,orange-crowned ,warbler 7,helminthophila celata74 ,l4 #e4 ,no white in wings or tail4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above olive-green more or less washed with grayish2 a concealed1 reddish orange crown-patch2 below dusky yellowish green4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but grayer1 crown-patch smaller or wanting4 ,yng4 ,like ,female1 but no crown-patch4 ,notes4 ,song full and strong1 not very high pitched and ending abruptly on a rising scale1 chee1 chee1 chee1 chw'1 chw'4 7,jones47 ,range4--,interior of ,north ,america1 breeding from ,manitoba and mountains of ,new ,mexico to ,alaska2 winters in ,gulf ,states and southward2 rare in ,atlantic states north of ,south ,carolina4 #fdf;a4 ,lutescent ,warbler 7,h4 c4 lutescens74 ,similar to ,no4 #fdf1 but greener above1 yellower below2 underparts distinctly yellow with a dusky wash4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeding in mountains from southern ,california to ,kenai ,peninsula1 ,alaska2 winters from ,california south into ,mexico2 east to ,colorado in migrations4 #fdf;b4 ,dusky ,warbler 7,h4 c4 sordida74 ,similar to ,no4 #fdf;a1 but decidedly darker1 bill and feet larger1 wing shorter and tail longer4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,breeds in ,santa ,barbara ,islands1 ,california2 later occurs on adjoining mainland4 ,illustration3 #dgb4 #dgb4 ,beardless ,flycatcher 7,ornithion imberbe74 ,l4 #d4e2 ,w4 #b4aj4 ,ads4 ,bill small1 narrow1 upper mandible decidedly curved2 above gray tinged with olive1 below grayish white with a yellow tinge4 ,range4--,central ,america2 north in spring to ,lower ,rio ,grande ,texas4 #dgb;a4 ,ridgway ,flycatcher 7,o4 i4 ridgwayi74 ,similar to ,no4 #dgb1 but larger1 ,w4 #b4b2 grayer1 little if any sulphur tinge on underparts4 7,ridgw47 ,notes4 ,call1 a shrill pi,a7,c7r repeated2 song1 from the tree-tops1 yoop1 yoop1 yoope,a7,c7deedledee4 7,stephens47 ,range4--,southern border of ,mexican tableland north in spring to southern ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #faf4 #faf4 ,bank ,swallow 7,riparia riparia74 ,l4 #e4b4 ,ads4 ,below white1 a broad grayish brown band across the breast2 above grayish brown4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but brown areas more or less tipped with rusty4 ,range4--,northern hemisphere3 in ,america1 breeds from northern ,new ,jersey1 ,kansas1 and southern ,california1 north to ,labrador1 and ,alaska2 winters south to ,brazil4 ,illustration3 #fag4 #fag4 ,rough-winged ,swallow 7,stelgidopteryx serripennis74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown2 below grayish white1 whiter on belly2 barbs on outer vane of outer primary recurved4 ,yng4 ,plumage more or less tipped with rusty4 ,range4--,united ,states2 breeds from ,mexico north to ,massachusetts1 ,manitoba1 and ,british ,columbia2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fbc4 #fbc4 ,black-whiskered ,vireo 7,vireo calidris barbatulus74 ,l4 #f4 ,ads4 ,a dusky streak on either side of the throat1 crown slate without a black border2 back olive-green2 below white1 lower belly1 under tail-and under wing-coverts yellowish2 no wing-bars4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #fbd but song more emphatic and hesitating4 ,range4--,breeds in ,cuba1 ,bahamas and southern ,florida2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #fbd4 #fbd4 ,red-eyed ,vireo 7,vireo olivaceus74 ,l4 #f4b4 ,ads4 ,crown slate1 on either side a narrow black border2 a white line over eye2 above olive-green2 below white2 under wing-coverts sulphur2 no wing-bars2 no dusky streaks on throat4 ,notes4 ,call1 a petulant1 complaining whang2 song1 a broken1 rambling recitative you see it--you know it--do you hear me8--do you believe it8 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 west to the ,rockies and ,british ,columbia1 east of ,cascades2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states to ,labrador1 ,manitoba1 and ,british ,columbia2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #fcb4 #fcb4 ,hutton ,vireo 7,vireo huttoni74 ,l4 #d4f4 ,ads4 ,underparts dusky grayish white with a faint yellow tinge2 above dusky olive-green2 lores and eye-ring grayish1 not conspicuous2 two white wing-bars4 ,notes4 ,a piping whistle like the call of a young bird1 pe,a7,c7-yer1 pe,a7,c7-yer2 and a hoarse whistle oh-my'1 oh-my'1 oh-my'4 ,range4--,california1 west of ,sierra2 resident4 #fcb;a4 ,stephen ,vireo 7,v4 h4 stephensi74 ,similar to ,no4 #fbb1 but grayer above1 whiter below1 wing-bars broader4 ,range4--,mexican boundary from western ,texas to southeastern ,california4 #fcb;c4 ,anthony ,vireo 7,v4 h4 obscurus74 ,similar to ,no4 #fcb1 but darker1 and averaging slightly smaller4 ,range4--,pacific coast1 from ,oregon to southern ,british ,columbia2 south in winter to ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #fdg4 #fdg4 ,tennessee ,warbler 7,helminthophila peregrina74 ,l4 #e4 ,no wing-bars2 little or no white in tail4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head bluish gray2 a whitish line over eye2 back olive-green2 below grayish white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,gray of head with more or less olive-green2 stripe over eye and underparts yellower4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,female1 but entirely bright olive-green above2 yellower below4 ,notes4 ,song scarcely distinguishable from that of the ,chipping ,sparrow1 but first two syllables twip instead of chip4 7,jones47 ,range3--,eastern ,north ,america1 west in migrations to the ,rocky ,mountains2 breeds from ,new ,brunswick1 northern ,new ,england1 northern ,new ,york1 and ,minnesota1 north to ,quebec and ,alaska2 winters in ,central and northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #gdg4 #gdg4 ,kennicott ,willow ,warbler 7,phyllopseustes borealis74 ,l4 #e4 ,ads4 ,above olive-green2 below white tinged with yellowish1 sides greenish2 a whitish line over eye2 a narrow whitish wing-bar2 no white in tail4 ,notes4 ,call1 a monotonous dzit2 song1 resembles trill of ,redpoll4 7,seebohm47 ,range4--,asia1 east to western ,alaska4 ,illustration3 #fbe4 #fbe4 ,yellow-green ,vireo 7,vireo flavoviridis74 ,l4 #f4d4 ,resembling ,no4 #fbd1 but greener above1 the sides heavily washed with greenish yellow4 ,range4--,northern ,south ,america1 north to the ,lower ,rio ,grande4 ,illustration3 #fbf4 #fbf4 ,philadelphia ,vireo 7,vireo philadelphicus74 ,l4 #d4h4 ,ads4 ,no distinct crown-cap2 above olive-green2 below yellowish2 a whitish line over eye2 no wing-bars4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of the ,red-eyed ,vireo but generally higher pitched2 also a very abrupt1 double-syllabled utterance with a rising inflection which comes in with the song at irregular intervals4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,maine1 ,new ,hampshire and ,manitoba northward2 winters in the tropics4 ,illustration3 #fbg4 #fbg4 ,warbling ,vireo 7,vireo gilvus74 ,l4 #e4d2 ,w4 #b4h4 ,ads4 ,above grayish olive-green1 crown slightly grayer but without distinct cap as in ,no4 #fbd2 a whitish line over eye but no black line above it2 below white1 the sides washed with yellowish2 no wing-bars4 ,notes4 ,call1 resembles that of the ,red-eyed ,vireo2 song2 a rich1 firm1 unbroken warble with an alto undertone4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,gulf ,states north to ,hudson ,bay region2 winters in ,mexico4 #fbg;a4 ,western ,warbling ,vireo 7,v4 g4 swainsoni74 ,similar to ,no4 #fbg1 but averaging smaller1 ,w4 #b4f1 the bill more slender2 upperparts1 particularly crown1 grayer4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 east to the ,rockies2 breeds from ,mexico to ,british ,columbia2 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #fca4 #fca4 ,white-eyed ,vireo 7,vireo noveboracensis74 ,l4 #e2 ,w4 #b4d42 ,b4 4#d4 ,ads4 ,eye-ring and lores yellow2 iris white2 above olive-green more or less washed with grayish2 ,below white1 sides yellowish2 two whitish wing-bars4 ,notes4 ,calls1 varied1 often harsh and scolding2 song1 an emphatic whistle who are you1 eh8 or what's that you say81 and a low medley often including imitations of the notes of other birds4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,florida and ,texas north to ,new ,hampshire and ,minnesota2 winters from ,florida to ,central ,america4 #fca;a4 ,key ,west ,vireo 7,v4 n4 maynardi74 ,similar to ,no4 #fca1 but bill heavier1 sides averaging less yellow4 ,range4--,southern ,florida2 resident4 #fba;b4 ,bermuda ,white-eyed ,vireo 7,v4 n4 bermudianus74 ,similar to ,no4 #fca1 but wing shorter1 #b4cj2 no yellow on sides4 7,bangs and ,bradlee47 ,range4--,resident in ,bermudas4 #fca;c4 ,small ,white-eyed ,vireo 7,v4 n4 micrus74 ,smaller than ,no4 #fca1 ,w4 #b4b2 averaging grayer above2 sides with less yellow4 ,range4--,northeastern ,mexico1 north to southeastern ,texas4 ,illustration3 #fbi4 #fbi4 ,blue-headed ,vireo 7,vireo solitarius74 ,l4 #e4e2 ,w4 #b4i2 ,b4 4#d4 ,ads4 ,lores and eye-ring white2 crown and cheeks bluish slate-color2 back olive-green2 below white1 sides washed with greenish yellow2 two whitish wing-bars4 ,notes4 ,resembling in form those of ,red-eyed or ,yellow-throated ,vireos but more varied1 sometimes a continuous warble2 a musical chatter1 like that of the ,yellow-throated and a trilled whistle4 7,torrey47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,connecticut 7and south along ,alleghanies7 north to ,new ,brunswick and ,manitoba2 winters from ,florida to ,central ,america4 #fbi;a4 ,cassin ,vireo 7,v4 s4 cassini74 ,like ,no4 #fbi1 but back washed with the color of the head2 white on breast and throat less pure4 ,range4--,breeds from ,british ,columbia and ,idaho south along ,pacific coast region and ,nevada to ,lower ,california2 migrates to ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico2 and northern ,mexico4 7,bailey47 #fbi;b4 ,plumbeous ,vireo 7,v4 s4 plumbeus74 ,above wholly plumbeous-gray with scarcely1 if any1 olive tinge1 below white1 the sides gray faintly tinged with greenish yellow2 size of ,no4 #fbi;c4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region2 breeds from northern ,mexico north to southwestern ,dakota and ,wyoming2 winters south to southern ,mexico4 #fbi;c4 ,mountain ,solitary ,vireo 7,v4 s4 alticola74 ,larger than ,no4 #fbi1 ,w4 #c4ae1 ,b4 4#df2 head darker1 its color extending over most of the back4 ,range4--,breeds in ,alleghanies from ,north ,carolina to ,georgia2 winters in ,florida4 #fbi;d4 ,st4 ,lucas ,solitary ,vireo 7,v4 s4 lucasanus74 ,smaller than ,no4 #fbi;a1 but bill longer and stouter1 sides and flanks much yellower2 young without brownish below1 and resembling young of ,no4 #fbi4 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #fcc4 #fcc4 ,bell ,vireo 7,vireo bellii74 ,l4 #e4 ,above olive-green1 crown grayer2 lores and eye-ring white2 two inconspicuous whitish wing-bars2 below white1 sides tinged with yellowish4 ,most like ,no4 #fbg1 but back greener1 no white line back of eye4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of the ,white-eyed ,vireo1 but less harsh1 song less emphatic4 7,goss47 ,range4--,interior states from ,illinois west to ,plains2 breeds from ,texas to ,minnesota2 winters in ,mexico4 #fcc4a4 ,least ,vireo 7,vireo pusillus74 ,l4 #d4h4 ,ads4 ,above gray1 slightly tinged with greenish toward rump2 below white1 sides with little if any greenish tinge2 one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar2 lores and eye-ring inconspicuously grayish4 ,range4--,northwestern ,mexico and northern ,lower ,california2 breeds north to ,arizona and middle ,california4 ,illustration3 #fcd4 #fcd4 ,gray ,vireo 7,vireo vicinior74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,above slaty gray2 below white tinged with grayish2 one inconspicuous wing-bar2 lores and eye-ring gray2 bill short4 ,notes4 ,song may be compared with the finest efforts of the ,blue-headed ,vireo with the added charm and mellowness of the song of the ,yellow-throated ,vireo4 7,henshaw47 ,range4--,northern ,mexico1 north to western ,texas1 southeastern ,california1 and southern ,nevada2 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #gdi4 #gdi4 ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet 7,regulus calendula74 ,l4 #d4d4 ,a conspicuous whitish eye-ring4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a more or less concealed crown-patch2 back olive-green2 underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with buffy2 two white wing-bars4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 7,here figured47 ,similar1 but no crown-patch4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from the northern border of the ,united ,states northward1 and south in the ,rocky ,mountains to ,arizona1 and in the ,sierra ,nevada of ,california2 winters from south ,carolina and ,oregon southward to ,central ,america4 #gdi;a4 ,sitkan ,kinglet 7,r4 c4 grinnelli74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdi1 but more olive-green above2 more buffy below4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds in southern ,alaska2 winters southward to ,california4 ,illustration3 #dgj;a4 #dgj;a4 ,buff-breasted ,flycatcher 7,empidonax fulvifrons pygm,aus74 ,l4 #d4g4 ,ads4 ,below rusty buff2 above grayish brown4 ,range4--,western ,mexico2 north in spring to southwestern ,new ,mexico and ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #ehf4 #ehf4 ,texas ,sparrow 7,arremonops rufivirgata74 ,l4 #f4e4 ,ads4 ,above olive-green1 sides of crown brownish1 its center grayish2 below whitish2 bend of wing yellow4 ,notes4 ,song resembles that of the ,chipping ,sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and modulation of that of the ,yellow ,warbler4 ,range4--,eastern ,mexico1 north to southeastern ,texas2 casually to ,louisiana4 ,illustration3 #fch4 #fch4 ,swainson ,warbler 7,helinaia swainsonii74 ,l4 #e4 ,bill large2 no white in wings or tail4 ,ads4 ,crown brown1 back1 wings and tail olive-brown2 a whitish line over eye2 below whitish tinged with yellow4 ,notes4 ,song1 a series of clear1 ringing whistles1 the first four uttered rather slowly and in the same key1 the remaining five or six given more rapidly and in an evenly descending scale4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,southeastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,gulf ,states north to southeastern ,virginia1 southern ,indiana and southern ,missouri4 ,illustration3 #fci4 #fci4 ,worm-eating ,warbler 7,helmitheros vermivorus74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,bill large2 no white in wings or tail ,ads4 ,crown black with three buff stripes2 back1 wings and tail olive-green2 below buffy white deeper on breast4 ,yng4 ,buff everywhere richer4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp chip2 song1 resembles that of ,chipping ,sparrow but is somewhat weaker4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds north to southern ,connecticut1 southern ,illinois and southern ,wisconsin2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #gdb4 #gdb4 ,pallid ,wren-tit 7,cham,aa fasciata74 ,l4 #f4g2 ,t4 #e4d4 ,outer tail-feathers shortest4 ,ads4 ,above brownish gray2 below buffy obscurely streaked with gray4 ,notes4 ,song wooden and unmusical1 beginning deliberately and ending in a roll1 chick3 chick2 chick1 chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick4 ,range4--,interior of ,california1 including the western slope of the ,sierra ,nevada1 from the head of the ,sacramento ,valley south to northern ,lower ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #gdb;a4 #gdb;a4 ,coast ,wren-tit 7,c4 f4 ph,aa74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdb1 but much browner above and deeper more pink below2 sides as dark as back4 ,range4--,pacific ,coast from ,monterey ,county1 ,california1 north to southern ,oregon4 #gjg4 ,curve-billed ,thrasher 7,toxostoma curvirostre74 ,l4 #aa4b4 ,ads4 ,above brownish gray2 below mottled with brownish gray2 lower belly buffy2 four outer pairs of tail-feathers tipped with white2 two narrow white wing-bars4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp1 whit-whit2 one of the most silent of song ,thrushes4 7,merrill47 ,song1 remarkably melodious and attractive4 7,couch47 ,range4--,mexican boundary region of ,texas and ,new ,mexico south over the ,mexico tableland to ,oaxaca4 ,illustration3 #gjg;a4 #gjg;a4 ,palmer ,thrasher 7,t4 c4 palmeri74 ,similar to ,no4 #gjg1 but wing-bars less evident2 outer tail-feathers without white tips4 ,range4--,southern ,arizona1 from about fifty miles northwest of ,phoenix1 south to ,guaymas1 ,sonora4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #gjh4 #gjh4 ,bendire ,thrasher 7,toxostoma bendirei74 ,l4 #aj4b4 ,ads4 ,above brownish ashy2 below soiled whitish washed with buffy and lightly spotted with dusky1 chiefly on breast2 outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with whitish4 ,notes4 ,call1 tirup1 tirup1 tirup4 7,brown47 ,range4--,desert regions of southern ,arizona south into ,sonora1 ,mexico2 west rarely to southeastern ,california2 resident except at extreme northern limit of its range4 ,illustration3 #gji4 #gji4 ,st4 ,lucas ,thrasher 7,toxostoma cinereum74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown2 below white with numerous wedge-shaped spots2 outer tail-feathers tipped with white4 ,range4--,southern ,lower ,california4 #gji;a4 ,mearns ,thrasher 7,t4 c4 mearnsi74 ,differs from ,no4 #gji in much darker upperparts1 more rusty flanks and crissum1 much larger and more intensely black spots on lower parts and less curved bill4 7,anthony47 ,range4--,northern ,lower ,california1 south to about ,lat4 #cj;,a deg4 #cj'4 ,illustration3 #gaj4 #gaj4 ,californian ,thrasher 7,toxostoma redivivum74 ,l4 #ab4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown2 belly distinctly buff2 breast grayish1 throat whitish1 washed with buff2 no white in wings or tail4 ,notes4 ,song suggesting both that of the ,brown ,thrasher and the ,mockingbird4 ,range4--,california west of the ,sierra ,nevada1 north of about ,lat4 #ce;,a deg42 south into ,lower ,california4 #gaj;a4 ,pasadena ,thrasher 7,t4 r4 pasadenense74 ,similar to ,no4 #gaj1 but grayer above2 belly paler1 throat whiter4 ,range4--,southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #gaa4 #gaa4 ,leconte ,thrasher 7,toxostoma lecontei74 ,l4 #aj4e4 ,ads4 ,above brownish ashy1 below creamy white1 under tail-coverts buff4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharply reiterated whit or quit2 song1 remarkable for its loud rich tone2 can be heard distinctly for more than a mile4 7,mearns47 ,call1 low and musical1 hue,a7,c7-e1 whistled through the teeth4 7,stephens47 ,range4--,desert region of southern ,california1 ,nevada1 and extreme southwestern ,utah1 from ,benton1 ,cal4 7,lat4 #ch;,a deg471 southeastward through ,arizona to ,sonora 7,lat4 #cj;,a deg474 ,local in ,san ,joaquin ,valley4 7,a4,o4,u47 #gaa;a4 ,desert ,thrasher 7,t4 l4 arenicola74 ,differing from ,no4 #gaa in having upperparts darker and grayer1 tail blacker1 and breast gray4 7,anthony47 ,range4--,northern ,lower ,california4 7,rosalia ,bay47 ,illustration3 #gab4 #gab4 ,crissal ,thrasher 7,toxostoma crissalis74 ,l4 #ab4 ,ads4 ,under tail-coverts reddish chestnut2 upperparts brownish gray2 underparts ashy1 chin white4 ,notes4 ,no loud call note2 song of remarkable scope and sweetness4 7,mearns47 ,range4--,southwestern ,united ,states1 from western ,texas to the ,colorado ,desert1 ,california1 and northern ,lower ,california2 north to ,charleston ,mountains1 ,nevada1 and ,st4 ,george1 ,utah4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,perching ,birds ,chiefly ,brown or ,streaked ,illustration3 #ech4 ,illustration3 #ech4 ,winter4 #ech4 ,chestnut-collared ,longspur 7,calcarius ornatus74 ,l4 #f4b4 ,hind toe-nail as long as toe2 all but middle pair of tail-feathers 7and sometimes these7 with white1 two outer pairs white to the tip4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat and cheeks buff2 breast and belly black2 crown black1 nape chestnut2 lesser wing-coverts black tipped with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above grayish brown streaked with black2 below pale buff4 ,male in winter4 ,like summer ,male but black and chestnut areas more or less tipped with grayish brown4 ,notes4 ,song1 short1 shrill1 but very sweet1 often uttered on the wing4 7,allen47 ,range4--,great ,plains3 breeds from central ,kansas and eastern ,colorado north to the ,saskatchewan2 winters from eastern ,colorado and ,nebraska south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #eci4 ,illustration3 #eci4 ,winter4 #eci4 ,mc,cown ,longspur 7,rhynchophanes mccownii74 ,l4 #f4 ,hind toe-nail as long as toe2 all but middle pair of tail-feathers with white1 the outer one white to the tip1 the others tipped with black2 lesser wing-coverts chestnut4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat and belly white1 breast and crown black2 back grayish brown streaked with black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,below white washed with brownish2 above grayish brown streaked with black4 ,male in winter4 ,like ,female but a partly concealed black breast patch2 tail with more white4 ,notes4 ,call1 a chip at each stroke of the wing2 song1 of soft1 twittering1 pleasing notes4 7,goss47 ,a twittering1 hurried chant1 suggestive of the ,horned ,lark's performance1 but terminating in decreasing power4 7,silloway47 ,range4--,great ,plains2 breeds from northwestern ,kansas to ,montana and the ,saskatchewan2 winters from eastern ,colorado and ,kansas south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #eeb4 #eeb4 ,lark ,sparrow 7,chondestes grammacus74 ,l4 #f4b2 ,ads4 ,sides of the crown and ear-coverts chestnut2 all but middle tail-feathers tipped with white2 back broadly streaked with black2 sides of throat and spot on breast black4 ,notes4 ,song1 loud and musical suggesting both a ,song ,sparrow's and a ,canary's4 ,range4--,interior of ,north ,america from the ,plains east to ,illinois2 casually east of the ,alleghanies2 breeds from ,texas to ,manitoba2 winters south into ,mexico4 #eeb;a4 ,western ,lark ,sparrow 7,c4 g4 strigatus74 ,similar to ,no4 #eeb1 but streaks on upperparts generally narrower4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states from the ,plains to ,pacific2 breeds from ,mexico to ,manitoba and ,british ,columbia2 winters south to ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #ecf4 ,illustration3 #ecf4 ,winter4 #ecf4 ,lapland ,longspur 7,calcarius lapponicus74 ,l4 #f4b ,hind toe-nail as long as or longer than toe2 two outer tail-feathers with white at the end4 ,ad4 ,male1 summer4 ,nape chestnut2 crown1 cheeks1 throat and upper-breast black2 back black margined with rusty brown4 ,ad4 ,female1 summer4 ,crown and back black margined with rusty2 nape brighter2 below whitish2 breast feathers dusky at base2 sides streaked with blackish4 ,winter1 ,male4 ,black areas and nape veiled with whitish or buffy tips2 ,female1 like ,female in summer4 ,range4--,breeds in northern ,europe and northeast ,north ,america south to northern ,labrador2 in ,america1 winters south1 irregularly1 to ,south ,carolina1 ,kentucky1 ,kansas1 ,texas2 west to ,manitoba4 7,ridgw47 #ecf;a4 ,alaskan ,longspur 7,c4 l4 alascensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #ecf1 but margins to back feathers much paler1 brownish gray or buffy2 nape in winter more buffy4 ,notes4 ,song1 uttered on wing as bird with up-stretched wings floats downward1 sweet1 liquid1 tinkling1 of same general character as that of ,bobolink1 but shorter1 less powerful4 7,nelson47 ,range4--,breeds in ,alaska1 ,aleutian and ,pribilof ,islands east to ,fort ,simpson2 winters south to eastern ,oregon1 ,colorado1 and western ,kansas4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #eec4 #eec4 ,harris ,sparrow 7,zonotrichia querula74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,ads4 summer4 ,throat and crown black2 nape chestnut1 cheeks brownish2 two white wing-bars4 ,ads4 winter4 ,throat mottled with white1 crown tipped with grayish4 ,notes4 ,a queer1 chuckling note2 song of pleasing1 plaintive whistling notes in musical tone like those of ,no4 #eeh1 but delivered in a different song4 7,cooke47 ,range4--,interior of ,north ,america2 from ,illinois west to the ,dakotas2 in summer1 the region west of ,hudson ,bay 7exact breeding range unknown72 south in winter to ,texas 7and ,mexico872 accidental in ,british ,columbia1 ,oregon and ,california4 ,illustration3 #efe4 #efe4 ,black-chinned ,sparrow 7,spizella atrogularis74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,below slaty gray4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat and front of face black2 rest of head and underparts slaty gray1 the belly whitish2 back reddish brown narrowly streaked with black4 ,ad4 ,female1 ,throat with little or no black2 crown washed with brownish4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,ad4 ,female1 but never with black on throat2 crown more heavily washed with brownish4 ,notes4 ,song said to resemble that of ,no4 #efc4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,mexico and southwestern ,united ,states2 breeds from southern ,new ,mexico and southern ,california southward2 winters south into ,mexico and southern ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 ,english ,sparrow4 --,english ,sparrow 7,passer domesticus74 ,l4 #f4c4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat and upper breast black2 crown slate2 band behind eye and on nape chestnut4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,below dirty white2 crown and rump dingy grayish brown2 back streaked with black and rusty brown2 a buffy stripe behind eye4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar to ,ad4 but throat and head tipped with brownish gray4 ,notes4 ,harsh and discordant4 ,range4--,introduced into ,america from ,europe in #ahea and later dates2 now distributed throughout the greater part of the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #ecg4 ,illustration3 #ecg ,winter4 #ecg4 ,smith ,longspur 7,calcarius pictus74 ,l4 #f4f4 ,hind toe-nail as long as toe2 two outer tail-feathers mostly white4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,throat1 breast and belly buff2 nape buff2 crown and cheeks black2 ear-coverts and line over eye white2 lesser wing-coverts black margined with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above brownish black margined with buff and rusty brown2 below pale buff1 sides of breast and flanks streaked with brown4 ,male in winter4 ,like ,female but lesser wing-coverts black and white4 ,notes4 ,call constantly chirrup as they fly4 7,goss47 ,range4--,middle western ,united ,states2 breeds in northern ,british4 ,america2 winters south over the plains and prairies to ,texas2 east to ,illinois4 ,illustration3 #egi4 #egi4 ,rufous-winged ,sparrow 7,aimophila carpalis74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,outer tail-feathers shortest4 ,ads4 ,lesser wing-coverts bright reddish brown2 crown reddish brown or chestnut margined with gray2 back streaked with black and margined with grayish brown2 below whitish2 two black streaks from either side of the base of the lower mandible4 ,notes4 ,call1 zib1 zib1 zib4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,southern ,arizona1 north to ,tucson and ,camp ,lowell and south through ,sonora to northern ,sinaloa4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #ehj4 #ehj4 ,rufous-crowned ,sparrow 7,aimophila ruficeps74 ,l4 #d2 ,t4 #b4f4 ,no yellow at bend of wing2 outer tail-feathers shortest4 ,ads4 ,above reddish brown margined with buffy gray 7no black streaks72 below1 including middle of belly1 brownish2 sides of throat with black lines4 ,notes4 ,song1 very sweet1 resembling that of ,lazuli ,bunting1 but distinguishable4 7,c4 ,a4 ,allen47 ,range4--,northern ,lower ,california north to ,marin ,county and ,sacramento ,valley1 ,california2 local4 ,illustration3 #ehj;a4 #ehj;a4 ,scott ,sparrow 7,a4 r4 scottii74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehj1 but above brighter reddish brown1 the margins to the feathers grayer1 the underparts much paler1 the breast grayish1 the throat and middle of the belly whitish4 ,range4--,northwestern portion of ,mexican plateau and adjacent portions of ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico and western ,texas 7,el ,paso ,co47 7,ridgw47 #ehj;b4 ,rook ,sparrow 7,a4 r4 erem,aca74 ,l4 #f4 ,ads4 ,crown reddish chestnut1 back olive-brown margined with gray4 ,similar to ,no4 #ehj;a1 but back of a different color from crown1 the grayish margins wider4 ,range4--,limestone ,hill districts of middle ,texas1 from ,kinney and ,maverick counties on the ,rio ,grande1 northeastward to ,cook ,county and westward at least to ,tom ,green ,county2 south in winter to ,mexico4 7,ridgw47 #ehj;c4 ,laguna ,sparrow 7,a4 r4 sororia74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehj;a1 but bill somewhat stouter1 reddish brown above averaging brighter and wider4 ,range4--,southern ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #edj4 #edj4 ,vesper ,sparrow 7,po,acetes gramineus74 ,l4 #f4a4 ,outer tail-feather mostly white2 hind toe-nail not longer than toe2 lesser wing-coverts reddish brown4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown streaked with black and chestnut2 below whitish1 breast and sides streaked with black and chestnut4 ,notes4 ,call1 chip4 ,song1 loud and musical ,look-look1 see-see1 me-me-me-me-me-me-sing1 followed by a confusion of notes4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,virginia1 ,illinois and ,missouri north to ,new ,brunswick and ,manitoba2 winters from ,virginia and southern ,illinois to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 #edj;a4 ,western ,vesper ,sparrow 7,p4 g4 confinis74 ,similar to ,no4 #edj1 but paler1 less black above2 bill somewhat more slender4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states from the ,plains to the ,sierra2 breeds from ,arizona and ,new ,mexico north to the ,saskatchewan and ,british ,columbia2 winters south into ,mexico4 #edj;b4 ,oregon ,vesper ,sparrow 7,p4 g4 affinis74 ,similar to ,no4 #edj;a1 but smaller1 ,w4 #c2 bill still more slender2 plumage browner1 more buffy2 browner even than ,no4 #edj1 the underparts1 including belly1 suffused with buff4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds in western ,oregon 7and north872 winters southwest of the ,sierra to ,san ,diego1 ,california4 ,illustration3 #ege4 #ege4 ,pine-woods ,sparrow 7,peuc,aa ,astivalis74 ,l4 #e4h2 ,t4 #b4e4 ,bend of the wing yellow2 outer tail-feathers much shorter than the middle pair4 ,ads4 ,above reddish chestnut1 head and back streaked with black and margined with gray2 below whitish1 breast faintly tinged with buff4 ,notes4 ,song1 exceedingly sweet and plaintive4 ,range4--,florida and southern ,georgia2 winters in southern ,florida4 #ege;a4 ,bachman ,sparrow 7,t4 ,a4 bachmanii74 ,similar to ,no4 #ege1 but above brighter reddish chestnut1 black speaks fewer and usually confined to back2 breast and sides deeper buff4 ,range4--,lower ,mississippi ,valley1 west to southern ,indiana and southern ,illinois1 east to ,georgia1 ,south ,carolina1 ,north ,carolina1 and ,virginia 7rarely72 west to ,concho ,county1 ,texas2 winters south in ,atlantic ,states1 to southern ,florida4 ,illustration3 #egf4 #egf4 ,botteri ,sparrow 7,peuc,aa botteri74 ,l4 #f2 ,t4 #b4h4 ,bend of wing yellow2 outer tail-feathers shortest4 ,ads4 ,above bright rusty brown 7about the color of a ,field ,sparrow71 head and back streaked with black and margined with gray2 below buffy1 the center of the belly whitish4 ,notes4 ,song1 begins with a faint trill followed by a succession of disjointed syllables1 cha1 cheewee1 wee1 wee1 wee1 wir4 7,henshaw47 ,range4--,entire plateau of ,mexico north to ,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley in ,texas and southern ,arizona4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #egh4 #egh4 ,cassin ,sparrow 7,peuc,aa cassini74 ,l4 #f2 ,t4 #b4h4 ,bend of wing yellow1 outer tail-feathers shortest1 their ends with distinct grayish patches4 ,ads4 ,above gray streaked with dull reddish brown and spotted or barred with black2 below grayish white4 ,notes4 ,song1 lengthened and pleasing1 usually sung on wing4 ,range4--,texas and southern ,kansas west to southern ,nevada and ,arizona south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #eei4 #eei4 ,tree ,sparrow 7,spizella monticola74 ,l4 #f4c4 ,a black spot in the center of the breast4 ,ads4 ,cap reddish brown1 no black on head2 two white wing-bars1 back streaked black1 reddish brown and buff2 below whitish2 upper mandible black1 lower yellowish4 ,notes4 ,call1 a musical1 tinkling1 too-lay-it1 song1 a loud1 clear and powerful chant4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds in ,labrador and region west of ,hudson ,bay2 winters south to ,south ,carolina1 ,tennessee and ,indian ,territory4 #eei;a4 ,western ,tree ,sparrow 7,s4 m4 ochracea74 ,similar to ,no4 #eei1 but back with much less reddish brown1 largely brownish buff streaked with black4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america east to the ,plains2 breeds in ,alaska2 winters south to ,mexican border4 ,illustration3 #efj4 #efj4 ,chipping ,sparrow 7,spizella socialis74 ,l4 #e4c4 ,ads4 ,crown reddish chestnut1 forehead blackish2 a black line from eye to nape2 back streaked with black1 reddish brown and grayish brown2 wing-bars not conspicuous2 below grayish white2 bill largely black4 ,yng4 ,crown like back2 cheeks brownish4 ,notes4 ,call1 chip2 song1 an unmusical chippy1 chippy1 chippy1 repeated4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,gulf ,states to ,newfoundland and ,great ,slave ,lake2 winters in the ,gulf ,states and ,mexico4 #efj;a4 ,western ,chipping ,sparrow 7,s4 s4 arizon,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #efj1 but much grayer above2 back with little or no reddish brown4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds from ,mexican border states to ,alaska2 winters from ,california and ,mexican border states to southern ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #efc4 #efc4 ,field ,sparrow 7,spizella pusilla74 ,l4 #e4f2 ,t4 #b4e4 ,bill entirely pinkish brown4 ,ads4 ,crown reddish brown1 a gray line over the eye1 a reddish brown stripe from behind it to nape2 back reddish brown streaked with black2 below whitish1 no streaks1 breast washed with buffy2 two white wing-bars4 ,notes4 ,call1 chip2 song1 a musical whistle1 cher-we,a7,c71 cher-we,a7,c7-cher-we,a7,c71 che,a7,c7-o1 dee-e-e-e-e2 with many variations but usually ending in a trill4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,south ,carolina1 ,alabama and central ,texas north to ,quebec and ,manitoba2 winters from ,virginia and ,illinois to ,gulf ,states4 #efc;a4 ,western ,field ,sparrow 7,s4 p4 arenacea74 ,similar to ,no4 #efc1 but much paler above2 crown largely grayish2 back with but little reddish brown1 breast with little or no buff2 tail longer1 #b4g4 ,range4--,great ,plains of interior2 breeds from ,nebraska and ,south ,dakota to eastern ,montana2 winters south to northeastern ,mexico2 casually to ,louisiana4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #ehd4 #ehd4 ,swamp ,sparrow 7,melospiza georgiana74 ,l4 #e4h4 ,ads4 ,forehead black with a gray median line2 crown bright chestnut2 below grayish white2 sides brownish1 nape gray2 back grayish1 black1 and buff4 ,yng4 ,crown streaked chestnut and black2 gray line over the eye sometimes tinged with yellow2 other parts deeper in color4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp cheep2 song1 a simple tweet-tweet-tweet1 etc41 all on one note4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 and northern ,illinois1 north to ,labrador and ,manitoba2 winters from ,kansas1 southern ,illinois1 and ,massachusetts to ,gulf ,states4 #edb4 ,sandwich ,sparrow 7,passerculus sandwichensis74 ,l4 #e4g2 ,w4 #b4i ,a yellow line from the bill passing over the eye2 bend of wing usually tinged with yellow4 ,ads4 ,above streaked with black1 chestnut and brownish gray2 below white1 7buffy in fall and winter71 breast and sides streaked with black1 the streaks narrowly margined with chestnut4 ,notes4 ,doubtless resemble those of ,no4 #edb;a4 ,range4--,northwest coast2 breeds in western ,alaska2 winters south to northern ,california4 ,illustration3 #edb;a4 #edb;a4 ,savannah ,sparrow 7,p4 s4 savanna74 ,similar to ,no4 #edb1 but smaller1 ,w4 #b4g2 yellow line over eye shorter and less pronounced2 bill smaller4 ,notes4 ,call a sharp tsip1 frequently uttered2 song1 a weak1 musical little trill following a grasshopperlike introduction1 tsip1 tsip1 tsip1 s,ae-e-e-s'r-r-r4 7,dwight47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from northern ,new ,jersey 7rarely71 eastern ,long ,island1 and ,missouri north to ,labrador and western ,hudson ,bay2 winters from ,virginia and southern ,illinois to ,cuba and ,mexico4 #edb;b4 ,western ,savannah ,sparrow 7,p4 s4 alaudinus74 ,similar to ,no4 #edb;a1 but bill more slender1 color averaging paler1 the yellow line not passing over the eye1 less evident before it and often wholly wanting4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america from the ,plains west to the ,sierra2 breeds from ,mexico ,city north to ,alaska2 winters from southern ,california southward4 #edb;c4 ,bryant ,marsh ,sparrow 7,p4 s4 bryanti74 ,similar to ,no4 #edb;b1 but smaller1 ,w4 #b4f2 colors much darker1 streaks below heavier2 yellow over eye more pronounced4 ,a darker bird even than ,no4 #edb;a1 but with the bill slender as in ,no4 #edb;b4 ,range4--,resident in salt marshes about ,san ,francisco and ,monterey ,bay2 winters south to ,san ,pedro 7,grinnell72 casually to ,mexico ,city4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #edc4 #edc4 ,belding ,sparrow 7,passerculus beldingi74 ,l4 #e2 ,w4 #b4e4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,no4 #edb;c1 but somewhat smaller1 above darker and with a slight olive caste2 underparts more heavily streaked4 ,range4--,pacific ,coast2 salt marshes from ,todos ,santos ,island1 ,lower ,california1 north to ,santa ,barbara4 ,illustration3 #edd4 #edd4 ,large-billed ,sparrow 7,passerculus rostratus74 ,l4 #e4e2 ,w4 #b4f4 ,bill stout1 upper mandible curved2 no yellow before eye or on bend of wing4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown marked with brown and blackish but without well-defined streaks2 below white1 breast and sides streaked with grayish brown1 the streaked feathers centrally blackish4 ,range4--,coast of southern ,california north to ,santa ,barbara2 winters south to ,cape ,st4 ,lucas and northwestern ,mexico4 #edd;a4 ,st4 ,lucas ,sparrow 7,p4 r4 guttatus74 ,similar to ,no4 #edd1 but smaller1 ,w4 #b4e2 bill more slender2 upperparts brownish gray with an olive tint and streaked with darker2 similar to ,no4 #edd;c1 but smaller1 upperparts more olive and more widely1 but less sharply streaked4 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california in winter2 breeding range unknown4 #edd;b4 ,lagoon ,sparrow 7,p4 r4 halophilus74 ,similar to ,no4 #edd;a1 but larger1 ,w4 #b4g1 and darker2 streaks on chest with little if any brown edging2 differing from ,no4 #edc1 in more uniform coloration of upperparts1 in less narrow and decidedly blackish streaks on chest1 etc4 ,range4--,salt marshes1 ,abreojos ,point1 ,lower ,california4 #edd;c4 ,san ,benito ,sparrow 7,p4 r4 sanctorum74 ,similar to ,no4 #edd1 but bill more slender2 above grayer 7brownish gray7 distinctly streaked with blackish1 the streaks margined with brown2 below streaked with black1 the streaks narrowly margined with brownish4 ,range4--,breeds on ,san ,benito ,island1 ,lower ,california2 in winter to ,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #ede4 #ede4 ,baird ,sparrow 7,coturniculus bairdii74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,tail-feathers pointed1 middle ones shortest4 ,ads4 ,crown yellowish brown1 streaked with black2 back black margined with chestnut and grayish2 below whitish1 breast and sides streaked with black4 ,in fall and winter1 colors richer4 ,notes4 ,song1 trick-e-trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit1 with a peculiar tinkling utterance4 ,range4--,great ,plains2 breeds from western ,minnesota1 ,north ,dakota1 eastern ,montana1 north to ,manitoba and ,assiniboia2 winters south to ,texas1 ,arizona and ,new ,mexico4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #edf4 #edf4 ,grasshopper ,sparrow 7,coturniculus savannarum passerinus74 ,l4 #e4c4 ,line before eye orange2 bend of wing yellow2 tail-feathers pointed4 ,ads4 ,crown black with a buffy central stripe2 nape chestnut and gray2 back black1 chestnut buff and gray2 below buffy1 unstreaked1 belly whiter4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp chip2 song1 a weak1 insect-like pit-tuck1 zee-e-e-e-e-e-e4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states to ,massachusetts1 ,vermont1 and ,minnesota2 winters from ,north ,carolina to ,cuba and ,mexico4 #edf;a4 ,western ,grasshopper ,sparrow 7,c4 s4 bimaculatus74 ,similar to ,no4 #edf1 but paler below and with less black and more chestnut above4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states from the ,plains to the ,pacific2 breeds from ,mexican border states north to ,montana and ,british ,columbia2 winters south into ,mexico4 #edf;b4 ,florida ,grasshopper ,sparrow 7,c4 s4 floridanus74 ,similar to ,no4 #edf1 but smaller1 ,w4 #c2 darker above1 paler below2 sides of crown almost solid black2 chestnut above largely replaced by black4 ,range4--,kissimmee ,prairies1 ,florida4 ,illustration3 #edg4 #edg4 ,henslow ,sparrow 7,ammodramus henslowii74 ,l4 #e4 ,bend of wing yellow2 tail-feathers pointed1 the outer ones much the shortest4 ,ads4 ,crown and nape pale olive-green streaked with blackish2 back bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray2 below white2 breast and sides washed with buff and streaked with black4 ,notes4 ,call1 tee-wick2 song1 sis-r-r-rit-srit-srit4 7,jouy47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds locally1 from ,virginia and ,missouri1 north to ,new ,hampshire1 southern ,ontario and ,minnesota2 winters from ,virginia and ,missouri south to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 #edg;a4 ,western ,henslow ,sparrow 7,a4 h4 occidentalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #edg1 but paler1 in summer little or no buff below4 ,range4--,central western states2 breeding1 so far as known1 in ,south ,dakota2 in winter south to ,texas4 ,illustration3 #edh4 #edh4 ,leconte ,sparrow 7,ammodramus lecontei71 ,l4 #e4 ,no yellow on wing2 tail-feathers pointed1 outer ones much the shortest4 ,ads4 ,broad line over eye1 throat1 breast and sides rich buff2 nape chestnut and gray2 back black narrowly margined with chestnut and1 at the sides1 broadly with buff2 sides streaked2 breast rarely with a few streaks4 ,notes4 ,call1 a thin1 sharp1 tweet1 and a long-drawn bizz2 song1 a tiny1 husky1 reese1 reese4 7,seton47 ,range4--,great ,plains and more western prairies2 breeding from ,dakota1 ,minnesota1 etc41 to ,manitoba1 migrating south and east1 in winter1 through ,illinois1 ,iowa1 ,kansas1 etc41 to ,south ,carolina and ,gulf ,states from ,florida to ,texas4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #ecc4 #ecc4 ,pine ,finch 7,spinus pinus74 ,l4 #e4 ,bill sharply pointed2 a tuft of bristly feathers over the nostril2 tail slightly forked4 ,ads4 ,base of tail1 of inner wing-feathers and outer edges of primaries yellow2 above brownish2 below whitish streaked with black4 ,notes4 ,call1 a metallic note2 song1 tinkling and musical often sung on the wing as with ,no4 #ebi1 the song of which it resembles4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from northern boundary states to ,alaska2 in the ,alleghanies south to ,north ,carolina2 and in the ,rockies and ,sierra south to ,mexico2 winters from the northern states to ,gulf states and ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #eda4 #eda4 ,ipswich ,sparrow 7,passerculus princeps74 ,l4 #f4b4 ,ads4 ,above pale brownish gray streaked with brown2 below white1 breast and sides streaked with brownish2 spot above eye and bend of wing often pale sulphur yellow4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #edb;a4 ,range4--,breeds on ,sable ,island1 ,nova ,scotia1 winters south along coast1 regularly to ,virginia1 rarely to ,georgia4 ,illustration3 #edi4 #edi4 ,sharp-tailed ,sparrow 7,ammodramus caudacutus74 ,l4 #e4h4 ,tail-feathers sharply pointed1 outer ones shortest4 ,ads4 ,below white1 breast and sides washed with buff and distinctly streaked with black2 nape olive-green2 cheeks orange-buff2 ear-coverts gray2 crown olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line2 back olive1 buff1 black and gray4 ,notes4 ,call1 chip2 song1 an unmusical1 short1 husky1 gasping effort1 uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above the reeds4 ,range4--,atlantic coast2 breeds from ,south ,carolina to ,new ,hampshire2 winters from ,north ,carolina to ,florida4 ,illustration3 #edi4a4 #edi4a4 ,nelson ,sparrow 7,ammodramus nelsoni74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,tail-feathers pointed1 outer ones shortest4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,no4 #edi1 but breast and sides much deeper buff1 the former with few or no streaks2 upperparts more richly colored4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #edi4 ,range4--,breeds in interior from northern ,illinois to ,manitoba and ,south ,dakota2 migrates east to ,new ,york and winters south to ,south ,carolina and ,texas2 accidental in ,california4 #edi4a;a4 ,acadian ,sharp-tailed ,sparrow 7,a4 n4 subvirgatus74 ,similar to ,no4 #edi4a1 but breast and sides paler1 the former lightly but distinctly streaked with grayish2 upperparts less richly colored4 ,range4--,atlantic coast2 breeds in marshes of eastern ,maine1 southern ,new ,brunswick1 and ,prince ,edward ,island2 winters south to ,south ,carolina4 ,illustration3 #eej4 #eej4 ,seaside ,sparrow 7,ammodramus maritimus74 ,l4 #f3 ,w4 #b4e4 ,tail-feathers pointed1 the outer ones shortest2 spot before eye and bend of wing yellow4 ,ads4 ,above olive-green and gray 7no black72 below white1 breast and sides grayish and1 in first plumage1 streaked with buff4 ,notes4 ,similar in character to those of ,no4 #edi4 ,range4--,atlantic coast2 breeds in salt marshes from ,north ,carolina to southern ,massachusetts2 winters from ,virginia to ,georgia4 #eej;a4 ,scott ,seaside ,sparrow 7,a4 m4 peninsul,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #eej1 but smaller1 ,w4 #b4c2 above black margined by olive-brown and olive-green2 below whitish1 breast and sides heavily streaked with blackish4 ,range4--,atlantic coast from northeastern ,florida to ,south ,carolina2 ,gulf ,coast of ,florida4 #eej;b4 ,texas ,seaside ,sparrow 7,a4 m4 sennetti74 ,similar to ,no4 #eej1 but greener above2 the feathers of head and back usually1 those of nape always1 with black centres4 ,range4--,coast of ,texas4 ,illustration3 #eej;c4 #eej;c4 ,fisher ,seaside ,sparrow 7,a4 m4 fisheri74 ,similar to ,no4 #eej;a1 but darker above1 the breast and sides heavily washed with rusty buff and streaked with black4 ,range4--,coast of ,louisiana1 south in winter1 at least as far as ,corpus ,christi1 ,texas2 casual on ,gulf coast of ,florida4 #eej;d4 ,macgillivray ,seaside ,sparrow 7,a4 m4 macgillivraii74 ,similar to ,no4 #eej;c1 but above grayer1 less black1 breast and flanks but faintly washed with buff and streaked with dusky grayish4 ,grayer above than ,no4 #eej;a1 and less heavily streaked below4 ,range4--,local on coast of ,south ,carolina4 ,illustration3 #eea4 #eea4 ,dusky ,seaside ,sparrow 7,ammodramus nigrescens74 ,l4 #e4i4 ,above black lightly margined with gray2 below white heavily streaked with black2 spot before eye and bend of wing yellow4 ,notes4 ,similar in character to those of ,no4 #eej4 ,range4--,marshes at head of ,indian ,river1 ,florida1 from ,banana ,river to ,haulover ,canal4 ,illustration3 #ehc4 #ehc4 ,lincoln ,sparrow 7,melospiza lincolnii74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,ads4 ,a broad buff band across the breast2 center of crown with a gray stripe1 its sides striped chestnut and black2 back grayish brown streaked with black and chestnut1 below streaked with black except on middle of white belly4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp chirp2 song1 suggests bubbling1 guttural notes of ,house ,wren combined with rippling music of the ,purple ,finch4 7,dwight47 7,see1 also1 ,brewster1 ,bird-,lore ,,ii1 ,p4 #aaa47 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,york1 northern ,illinois and higher parts of ,rockies and ,sierra north to ,alaska2 winters from southern ,illinois and southern ,california into ,mexico2 rare east of ,alleghanies4 #ehc;a4 ,forbush ,sparrow 7,m4 l4 striata74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehc1 but browner above1 crown-stripe and line over eye more brown than gray4 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,british ,columbia to ,california2 breeding range unknown4 ,illustration3 #eed4 #eed4 ,white-crowned ,sparrow 7,zonotrichia leucophrys74 ,l4 #f4i4 ,no yellow before eye4 ,ads4 ,white stripe over eye not reaching to bill2 lores black2 breast gray1 throat but little paler2 back gray streaked with brown1 rump browner1 ,yng4 ,black crown-stripes replaced by chestnut1 the white ones by buff2 back much browner1 no gray4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp chip2 song1 a plaintive1 musical whistle usually of five or six notes1 the first two longest4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,england and 7in the higher ,rockies and ,sierra7 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and ,california north to ,labrador and ,hudson ,bay region2 winters from southern ,united ,states into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #eed;a4 #eed;a4 ,intermediate ,sparrow 7,z4 l4 gambeli74 ,similar to ,no4 #edd1 but the lores wholly gray or whitish1 the white line over the eye reaching the bill4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds from ,montana and eastern ,oregon northeast of ,coast ,mountains1 to lower ,mackenzie and northern ,alaska3 winters from southern ,united ,states into ,mexico2 casual in migrations east to ,mississippi ,river ,states4 #eed;b4 ,nuttall ,sparrow 7,z4 l4 nuttalli74 ,similar to ,no4 #eed;a1 but smaller1 ,l4 #f4e1 margins to feathers of back browner1 underparts browner1 bend of wing yellow4 ,range4--,pacific coast district1 breeding from ,monterey1 ,california1 to ,mt4 ,simpson1 ,british ,columbia1 south in winter to ,san ,pedro ,martir ,mountains1 ,lower ,california4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #eeg4 #eeg4 ,golden-crowned ,sparrow 7,zonotrichia coronata74 ,l4 #g4b4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,center of crown yellow1 its sides black2 below grayish white1 sides brownish2 back brown streaked with black2 two white wing-bars2 bend of wing yellow4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,crown like back2 its front tinged with yellow2 breast washed with brownish4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds in ,alaska2 winters from ,oregon south to northern ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #eeh4 #eeh4 ,white-throated ,sparrow 7,zonotrichia albicollis74 ,l4 #f4g4 ,a yellow mark before the eye and on bend of wing4 ,ads4 ,crown black1 a narrow white stripe through its center and bounded by white behind the eye2 throat white sharply defined from gray breast2 back reddish brown streaked with black4 ,yng4 ,less yellow before eye1 crown browner1 its stripe gray2 throat grayer1 sometimes like breast4 ,notes4 ,call1 a low tseep1 and sharp chink2 song1 a musical1 clearly whistled sow-wheat peverly1 peverly1 peverly2 or peabody1 peabody1 peabody4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,plains1 casually to the ,pacific2 breeds from ,massachusetts 7locally72 northern ,new ,york1 northern ,michigan1 and eastern ,montana1 north to ,labrador and ,west ,hudson ,bay region2 winters from ,massachusetts 7rarely7 and ,illinois south to the ,gulf4 ,illustration3 #efa4 #efa4 ,clay-colored ,sparrow 7,spizella pallida74 ,l4 #e4d4 ,no reddish brown4 ,ads4 ,above grayish brown streaked with black2 sides of crown largely-black1 a grayish line through its center2 sides of head brownish2 below white4 ,notes4 ,song1 three notes1 and a slight trill4 7,coues47 ,range4--,interior of ,north ,america1 from ,illinois to the ,rockies2 breeds from eastern ,colorado1 and northwestern ,illinois north to ,saskatchewan2 winters from southern ,texas into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #efb4 #efb4 ,brewer ,sparrow 7,spizella breweri74 ,l4 #e4d4 ,no reddish brown4 ,ads4 ,back and crown brownish gray1 uniformly and narrowly streaked with black2 sides of head grayish2 below white4 ,grayer than ,no4 #efa1 the sides of the crown not largely black4 ,notes4 ,call1 chip2 song1 a reedy warble resembling in tone that of a ,long-billed ,marsh ,wren4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 from the ,rockies to central ,california2 breeds from ,mexican border ,states north to ,british ,columbia2 winters from southern ,california south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #egd4 #egd4 ,bell ,sparrow 7,amphispiza belli74 ,l4 #f4a2 ,w4 #b4g4 ,ads4 ,sides of throat with black streaks2 center of breast with black spots2 above grayish brown1 usually without distinct streaks1 no white in tail4 ,range4--,pacific coast1 from northern ,lower ,california northwest of ,sierras1 to ,warren county1 ,california2 resident4 #egd;a4 ,sage ,sparrow 7,a4 b4 nevadensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #egd1 but larger1 ,w4 #c4a2 back brownish gray1 usually finely but distinctly streaked with black2 less black at sides of throat1 usually a white stripe over the eye4 ,notes4 ,call1 a chipping twitter2 song1 feeble1 but sweet and sad4 7,b4 ,b4 ,r47 ,range4--,great ,basin region2 breeds from ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and southeastern ,california north to ,idaho and eastern ,oregon2 winters south to western ,texas and southern ,california4 #egd;b4 ,gray ,sage ,sparrow 7,a4 b4 cinerea74 ,similar to ,no4 #egd1 but paler above1 throat-stripes narrower1 more interrupted1 breast-spot smaller1 both stripes and spot dull grayish instead of blackish4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #efd4 #efd4 ,worthen ,sparrow 7,spizella wortheni74 ,resembles ,no4 #efc;a1 but sides of head plain gray1 no brownish streak behind eye2 tail shorter1 #b4e4 ,range4--,southern ,new ,mexico 7,silver ,city71 southward over eastern border of ,mexican plateau to southern ,puebla2 breeding from ,tamaulipas northward4 7,ridgw47 ,,eastern ,,song ,,sparrow ,,group4 ,illustration3 #eha4 #eha4 ,song ,sparrow 7,melospiza cinerea melodia74 ,l4 #f4b4 ,ads4 ,above reddish brown and gray with black streaks2 tail with a decided rufous tinge2 black streaks below conspicuously margined with reddish brown1 those of center of breast forming a patch4 ,notes4 ,call1 a characteristic chimp or trink2 song1 too variable in form to admit of brief description but unmistakable in tone throughout the whole group4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,virginia and northern ,illinois north to ,quebec and ,manitoba2 winters from southern ,illinois and ,massachusetts to ,gulf ,states4 #eha;b4 ,mountain ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 montana74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha1 but grayer2 reddish brown not so bright2 bill smaller4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain district of ,united ,states west to1 and including ,sierra ,nevada in ,california2 north to eastern ,oregon1 southern ,idaho1 and southern ,montana2 south in winter to western ,texas and northern ,mexico4 7,ridgw47 #ehak4 ,merrill ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 merrilli74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha;b1 but slightly darker and more uniform above1 with grayish edgings to interscapulars and scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker mesial streaks1 the latter usually with more brown than black4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,breeds from northern ,california 7,shasta ,county7 in mountains and through ,oregon and ,washington east of ,cascade ,mountains1 to northwestern ,idaho2 winters south into ,mexico4 7,ridgw47 #eha;j4 ,dakota ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 juddi74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha1 but above paler1 especially line over eye and sides of neck2 white below clearer2 interscapulars with black center broader1 reddish brown portions narrower2 dark markings on breast restricted and more sharply defined4 7,bishop47 ,range4--,turtle ,mountains and vicinity1 ,north ,dakota4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,,desert ,,song ,,sparrows4 ,illustration3 #eha;a4 #eha;a4 ,desert ,song ,sparrow 7,melospiza cinerea fallax74 ,w4 #b4e4 ,above reddish brown and gray2 below white with reddish brown streaks2 usually no black in plumage4 ,range4--,lower ,sonoran district of southwest ,arizona1 southern ,nevada1 southeast ,california and northwest ,lower ,california and ,sonora4 7,ridgw47 #eha;g4 ,brown ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 rivularis74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha;a1 but larger1 ,w4 #b4g1 with longer1 more slender and more compressed bill2 still less strongly contrasted markings1 and duller1 less rufescent colors4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,mountain districts of southern ,lower ,california4 7,ridgw47 ,,california ,,song ,,sparrows4 ,illustration3 #eha;c4 #eha;c4 ,heermann ,song ,sparrow 7,melospiza cinerea heermanni74 ,l4 #f4e2 ,w4 #b4e4 ,ads4 ,above chestnut olive-gray with usually distinct black streaks2 tail without a decided rufous tinge2 black streaks below not conspicuously bordered by rufous4 ,range4--,central valleys of ,california including lower levels of ,sacramento and ,san ,joaquin basins4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #eha;f4 ,,california ,,song ,,sparrows4 #eham4 ,san ,diego ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 cooperi74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha;c1 but slightly smaller1 ,w4 #b4d1 much lighter and grayer4 ,range4--,southern coast district of ,california north to ,monterey ,bay1 east to ,ft4 ,tejon1 ,san ,bernardino1 etc41 and north ,pacific coast district of ,lower ,california south to ,san ,quentin ,bay4 7,ridgw47 #eha;d4 ,samuels ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 samuelis74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha;c1 but smaller1 ,w4 #b4d1 bill more slender4 ,range4--,coast slope of central ,california 7except salt marshes of ,san ,francisco ,bay71 from ,santa ,cruz ,county to ,humboldt ,county1 north1 at least in winter1 to ,humboldt ,bay4 7,ridgw47 #ehal4 ,alameda ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 pusillula74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha;a1 but smaller1 ,w4 #b4c1 less rusty1 underparts more heavily streaked1 usually more or less suffused with yellowish4 ,range4--,salt marshes of ,san ,francisco ,bay1 ,california4 7,ridgw47 #eha;i4 ,san ,clemente ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 clement,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #eham1 but larger and grayer4 ,range4--,san ,clemente1 ,san ,miguel1 and ,santa ,rosa ,islands1 ,santa ,barbara ,group1 ,california2 ,coronados ,islands1 ,lower ,california4 7,ridgw47 #eha;h4 ,santa ,barbara ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 graminea74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha;i1 but much smaller1 ,w4 #b4d4 ,range4--,santa ,barbara ,islands1 ,california mainland in winter4 ,,northwest ,,coast ,,song ,,sparrows4 #eha;e4 ,rusty ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 morphna74 ,w4 #b4g4 ,ads4 ,above without clear gray and not distinctly streaked2 prevailing color dark reddish brown2 below heavily streaked with same4 ,range4--,northwest coast region1 ,oregon to ,british ,columbia2 south in winter to southern ,california4 #eha;f4 ,sooty ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 rufina74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha;e1 but larger1 ,w4 #b4i1 more sooty above and below1 underparts more heavily streaked4 ,range4--,pacific coast region from ,british ,columbia north to southern ,alaska4 #ehan4 ,yukutat ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 caurina74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha;f1 bill longer and more slender1 color grayer4 ,range4--,coast of ,mt4 ,st4 ,elias district of ,alaska1 from ,yakutat ,bay to ,lituya ,bay4 #ehao4 ,kenai ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 kenaiensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehb1 but smaller1 ,w4 #c1 plumage darker1 more sooty1 less rufous4 ,range4--,coast of ,kenai ,peninsula1 ,alaska1 from east side of ,cook ,inlet to ,prince ,william ,sound4 7,ridgw47 #eha4a4 ,kadiak ,island ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 c4 insignis74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehao1 but larger1 ,w4 #c4b1 bill longer1 color grayer4 ,range4--,kadiak ,island and opposite coast of ,alaska4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #ehb4 #ehb4 ,aleutian ,song ,sparrow 7,melospiza cinerea74 ,similar to ,no4 #eha4a1 but larger and grayer2 largest and grayest bird of group2 ,l4 #h2 ,w4 #c4d4 ,range4--,western portion of ,alaska ,peninsula 7,stepovak ,bay1 opposite ,shumagin ,islands71 ,shumagin ,islands1 and ,aleutian ,islands1 from ,unalaska to ,atka1 ,adak1 and ,attu4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #ehe4 #ehe4 ,fox ,sparrow 7,passerella iliaca74 ,l4 #g4b4 ,back streaked1 gray and reddish brown2 tail and spots below bright reddish brown4 ,notes4 ,call1 a weak tseep2 song1 loud1 sweet1 varied1 ringing and joyous4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,magdalen ,islands and ,manitoba1 northwest to ,alaska2 winters from ,virginia to the ,gulf ,states4 ,illustration3 #ehe;a4 #ehe;a4 ,shumagin ,fox ,sparrow 7,p4 i4 unalaschensis74 ,back not distinctly streaked1 much paler than ,no4 #ehe2 spots below grayish brown2 palest of present group4 ,range4--,alaska1 ,shumagin ,islands1 and ,alaskan ,peninsula to ,cook ,inlet4 --,kadiak ,fox ,sparrow 7,p4 i4 insularis74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehe;a1 but browner above and below2 tail nearly same as back2 breast spots larger4 ,range4--,kadiak ,island1 ,alaska1 in summer2 in winter south along the coast slope to southern ,california4 7,ridgw47 --,sooty ,fox ,sparrow 7,p4 i4 fuliginosa74 ,ads4 ,above1 including wings and tail1 uniform brownish umber1 unstreaked2 below heavily spotted with same4 ,range4--,coast of ,british ,columbia and northwest ,washington2 south in winter to ,san ,francisco1 ,california4 7,ridgw47 --,townsend ,fox ,sparrow 7,p4 i4 townsendi74 ,similar to fuliginosa but more rufous4 ,range4--,southern ,alaska north to ,cross ,sound2 south in winter to northern ,california4 7,ridgw47 --,yakutat ,fox ,sparrow 7,p4 i4 annectens74 ,similar to townsendi but less rufous2 very near fuliginosa1 but not quite so deeply colored4 ,range4--,coast of ,alaska1 from ,cross ,sound to ,prince ,william ,sound 7to ,cook ,inlet872 in winter1 south to ,california4 7,ridgw47 #ehe;b4 ,thick-billed ,sparrow 7,p4 i4 megarhyncha74 ,l4 #g4c2 ,w4 #c4c2 depth of ,b4 at base1 4#d4 ,ads4 ,above and spots below gray2 wings and tail light brown2 bill large4 ,notes4 ,song1 resembles that of ,no4 #ehe1 but is recognizably different4 ,range4--,breeding in the ,sierra ,nevada 7both slopes7 from ,mt4 ,shasta southward2 in winter beyond ,sierras as far as ,los ,angeles ,county1 ,california4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #ehe;c4 #ehe;c4 ,slate-colored ,sparrow 7,p4 i4 schistacea74 ,similar to ,no4 #ehe;b1 but smaller1 bill smaller2 ,w4 #c4b2 depth of ,b4 at base1 4#ce4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain district of ,united ,states and ,british ,columbia2 breeds from more eastern ranges of ,colorado west to ,white ,mountains in southeastern ,colorado1 mountains of northeastern ,california and eastern ,oregon2 north to interior of ,british ,columbia2 in migrations1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 western slopes of ,sierra ,nevada1 western ,kansas4 7,ridgw47 #ehe;d4 ,stephens ,sparrow 7,p4 i4 stephensi74 ,similar in coloration to ,no4 #ehe;b1 but larger1 the bill conspicuously so2 ,w4 #c4d2 depth of ,b4 at base 4#f4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,breeding on ,san ,bernardino and ,san ,jacinto ,mountains2 southern ,california4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #fgd4 #fgd4 ,oven-bird 7,seiurus aurocapillus74 ,l4 #f4a4 ,ads4 ,no wing-bars2 no white in tail2 above brownish olive-green2 crown orange-brown bordered by black2 below white streaked with black4 ,notes4 ,call1 a weak cheep2 song1 a crescendo teacher repeated about five times2 also a wild1 ecstatic flight song4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,rockies2 breeds from ,virginia and ,kansas north to ,labrador and northwest to ,alaska2 winters from ,florida south to ,west ,indies and ,central ,america4 7,said to breed in ,bahamas47 ,illustration3 #fge4 #fge4 ,water-,thrush 7,seiurus noveboracensis74 ,l4 #f2 ,w4 #c4 ,a whitish line over eye2 above olive2 below pale sulphur yellow heavily streaked with blackish2 throat spotted2 no wing-bars or tail-patches4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp chink2 song1 a high-pitched1 liquid whistle1 sweet1 sweet1 sweet1 chu-chu-wee chu4 7,jones47 ,also a flight song4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,england and northern ,illinois1 north to ,newfoundland and ,hudson ,bay1 and south along the ,alleghanies to ,west ,virginia2 winters from ,florida to northern ,south ,america4 #fge;a4 ,grinnell ,water-,thrush 7,s4 n4 notabilis74 ,similar to ,no4 #fge1 but larger1 ,w4 #c4a2 upperparts darker1 less olive2 underparts less yellow4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america2 breeds from ,minnesota1 western ,nebraska1 and probably more northern ,rocky ,mountain district of ,united ,states1 north to ,alaska2 winters from southern ,united ,states southward2 in migration east to ,mississippi valley1 rarely to ,atlantic ,states from ,new ,jersey southward4 ,illustration3 #fgf4 #fgf4 ,louisiana ,water-,thrush 7,seiurus motacilla74 ,l4 #f4b4 ,ads4 ,a white line over eye2 above grayish olive2 below buffy white2 breast and sides streaked2 no spots on throat2 no wing-bars or tail-patches4 ,notes4 ,call1 a sharp1 metallic chink2 song1 a sudden outburst of loud wild1 ringing notes2 also a flight song4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,gulf ,states to ,connecticut1 lower ,hudson ,valley1 and ,minnesota2 winters in tropics4 ,illustration3 #fig4 #fig4 ,american ,pipit3 ,titlark 7,anthus pensilvanicus74 ,l4 #f4d4 ,hind toe-nail much the longest4 ,ads4 ,outer tail-feather largely white2 next one only tipped with white2 upperparts grayish brown indistinctly streaked2 underparts rich buff1 breast and sides streaked with blackish4 ,yng4 and ,ads4 in ,winter4 ,less gray above1 paler below4 ,notes4 ,call1 a soft dee-dee usually uttered in flight2 a flight song4 ,range4--,north ,america breeding in ,arctic regions and in the higher parts of the ,rockies from ,colorado northward 7also on ,mt4 ,shasta872 winters from southern ,california1 ,nevada and ,gulf ,states south through ,mexico to ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #gjj4 #gjj4 ,sprague ,pipit 7,anthus spraguei74 ,l4 #f4b4 ,hind toe-nail much lengthened2 two outer tail-feathers largely white4 ,ads4 ,above streaked with buff and blackish brown2 below white tinged with buff2 breast streaked4 ,in winter1 similar1 but less brown above1 less buff below4 ,notes4 ,song1 uttered on the wing when several hundred feet above the earth1 sweet and far reaching1 resembling at beginning song of ,skylark4 ,range4--,interior plains of ,north ,america1 breeding from plains of the ,yellowstone northward to ,saskatchewan district and from the ,red ,river westward 7probably to the ,rocky ,mountains72 south in winter on the tablelands of ,mexico to ,puebla2 accidental in ,south ,carolina4 ,illustration3 #gjb4 #gjb4 ,sage ,thrasher 7,oroscoptes montanus74 ,l4 #h4g4 ,ads4 ,above brownish gray2 below whitish heavily streaked with blackish2 outer tail-feathers tipped with white4 ,notes4 ,call1 a low chuck2 song1 deficient in power but possessing sweetness1 vivacity and variety2 resembling song of ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet4 7,ridgway47 ,range4--,western ,united ,states from western ,south ,dakota1 western ,nebraska and eastern ,colorado1 north to ,montana1 west to the ,cascades and ,sierra ,nevada1 south into northern ,mexico and ,lower ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #gje4 #gje4 ,brown ,thrasher 7,toxostoma rufum74 ,l4 #aa4e2 ,w4 #d4a2 ,b4 4#ie4 ,ads4 ,above1 wings and tail rufous or rusty brown2 below white heavily streaked with blackish2 two white wing-bars4 ,notes4 ,calls1 a sharp kissing note and a clearly whistled whe,a7,c7u2 song1 loud1 musical1 varied1 finished and rich in tone4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states north to ,maine and ,manitoba2 winters from ,virginia and the lower ,mississippi ,valley southward4 #gjf4 ,sennett ,thrasher 7,toxostoma longirostre sennetti74 ,l4 #aa4e2 ,w4 #d2 ,b4 #a4a4 ,ads4 ,similar to ,no4 #gje1 but wing shorter1 bill longer1 upperparts less bright1 streaks below blacker4 ,notes4 ,resemble those of ,no4 #gje1 but song even finer4 ,range4--,southeastern ,texas from ,corpus ,christi south into northeastern ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #gac4 #gac8 ,texan ,cactus ,wren 7,heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi74 ,l4 #h4e4 ,largest of our ,wrens4 ,ads4 ,above brown1 head darker1 back streaked with white2 below1 including chin1 heavily marked with black4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 harsh cack-cack-cack-cack4 ,range4--,rio ,grande region of ,texas and adjoining ,mexican states1 west to the eastern ,desert ,tract1 south over the ,mexican tableland4 7,mearns47 #gac;a4 ,bryant ,cactus ,wren 7,h4 b4 bryanti74 ,differs from ,no4 #gac;b1 in heavier spotting below1 and in perfectly barred tail and slight wash of rufous on belly and flanks4 7,anthony47 ,range4--,northern ,lower ,california and southern ,california1 west of the ,coast ,range4 7,mearns47 #gac;b4 ,st4 ,lucas ,cactus ,wren 7,h4 b4 affinis74 ,resembling ,no4 #gac;c1 but all the tail-feathers1 except middle pair1 barred with white for their whole length2 flanks white or very pale buff1 with large rounded or tear-shaped spots4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,southern ,lower ,california4 #gac;c8 ,desert ,cactus ,wren 7,h4 b4 anthonyi74 ,similar to ,no4 #gac1 but paler above2 chin without spots4 ,range4--,interior deserts of the southwestern ,united ,states1 south into ,mexico and northeastern ,lower ,california4 7,mearns47 ,illustration3 #gee4 #gee4 ,wood ,thrush 7,hylocichla mustelina74 ,l4 #h4b4 ,ads4 ,above bright cinnamon1 brightest on head2 below white with large1 rounded black spots4 ,notes4 ,calls1 a sharp pit-pit1 a liquid quirt1 and a soft tut-tut-tut2 song1 both flute-like and bell-like2 sung with frequent pauses and low notes4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,virginia and ,kansas to ,vermont1 ,quebec1 and ,minnesota2 winters in ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #gae4 #gae4 ,rock ,wren 7,salpinctes obsoletus74 ,l4 #e4g4 ,ads4 ,rump rusty2 tail tipped and outer feathers barred with pale rusty2 above grayish brown lightly speckled with blackish2 below1 including belly1 whitish2 breast obscurely streaked with brownish4 ,notes4 ,calls1 ,wren-like2 song1 sweet1 varied and ,mockingbird-like4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 from the western border of the ,plains to the ,pacific1 north to ,dakota1 ,montana1 and ,british ,columbia2 south on the tablelands of ,mexico and ,guatemala to ,salvador2 breeds throughout its range1 and is resident from about the southern1 border of the ,united ,states southward4 7,a4,o4,u47 #gaf4 ,guadalupe ,rock ,wren 7,salpinctes guadeloupensis74 ,resembling ,no4 #gae1 but darker and browner1 with chest1 etc41 more distinctly speckled2 wings and tail shorter2 bill and tarsi longer2 ,w4 #b4f2 ,t4 #b4b4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,guadalupe ,island1 ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #gag4 #gag4 ,white-throated ,wren 7,catherpes mexicanus albifrons74 ,l4 #f2 ,w4 #b4g4 ,ads4 ,belly1 rump1 and all tail-feathers rusty2 tail barred with black2 throat white2 back rusty brown4 ,range4--,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley in ,texas and southward into northeastern ,mexico4 #gag;a4 ,canon ,wren 7,c4 m4 conspersus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gag1 but smaller1 ,w4 #b4c2 tail-bars narrower4 ,notes4 ,call1 a ringing dink2 song1 a series of about seven1 loud1 ringing whistles uttered in a regularly descending scale4 ,range4--,great ,basin and ,rocky ,mountain region1 from the ,sierra ,nevada and ,cascades eastward to southern ,idaho1 ,wyoming1 ,colorado and western ,texas3 south on the tableland of ,mexico to ,aguas ,calientes2 breeds nearly throughout its range2 resident in southern parts of its ,united ,states distribution4 7,a4,o4,u47 #gag;b4 ,dotted ,canon ,wren 7,c4 m4 punctulatus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gag;a1 but darker2 more nearly resembling ,no4 #gag in colors1 but smaller in size4 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,lower ,california north to ,oregon2 resident4 ,illustration3 #gah4 #gah4 ,carolina ,wren 7,thryothorus ludovicianus74 ,l4 #e4e2 ,w4 #b4c2 ,b4 4#f4 ,ads4 ,above bright rust-brown2 below washed with same1 throat and line over eye white4 ,notes4 ,calls1 ,wren-like2 song1 a great variety of loud1 musical whistles1 whee-udel1 whee-udel1 whee-udel or tea-kettle1 tea-kettle1 tea-kettle1 etc4 ,range--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states north to the lower ,hudson ,valley 7and casually ,massachusetts71 northern ,illinois1 and southern ,iowa2 resident4 #gah;a4 ,florida ,wren 7,t4 l4 miamensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #gah1 but darker above1 more deeply colored below2 larger1 ,w4 #b4d2 ,b4 4#g4 ,range4--,florida1 from ,pasco and ,brevard counties southward4 #gah;b4 ,lomita ,wren 7,t4 l4 lomitensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #gah1 but browner1 less rufous above1 rump with more white spots2 below paler1 the flanks usually barred4 ,range4--,southeastern ,texas4 ,illustration3 #gai4 #gai4 ,bewick ,wren 7,thryomanes bewickii74 ,l4 #e2 ,w4 #b4b2 ,t4 #b4a4 ,ads4 ,above rich1 dark cinnamon-brown1 tail grayer2 below grayish white2 all but middle pair of tail-feathers black1 outer ones barred1 others tipped with grayish4 ,notes4 ,call1 a soft1 low1 plit2 song1 strongly suggesting that of ,song ,sparrow4 ,range4--,mississippi ,valley west to the ,plains1 north to ,lat4 #dj;,a deg41 east to ,alleghanies and locally to ,atlantic ,states from southern ,new ,jersey to ,georgia4 #gai;a4 ,vigors ,wren 7,t4 b4 spilurus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gai1 but smaller1 ,w4 #b2 upperparts less cinnamon or reddish4 ,range4--,california1 west of ,sierra ,nevada and south to ,santa ,cruz ,island4 7,bailey47 #gai;b4 ,baird ,wren 7,t4 b4 leucogaster74 ,similar to ,no4 #gai;c1 but upperparts grayer4 ,range4--,western ,texas to southeastern ,california1 and from southern ,nevada ,utah1 and ,colorado south over tablelands of ,mexico to ,zacatecas4 7,bailey47 #gai;c4 ,texas ,bewick ,wren 7,t4 b4 cryptus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gai1 but grayer1 brown of upperparts not so rich2 slightly larger1 ,w4 #b4c4 ,range4--,texas1 except the extreme western corner1 states of ,nuevo ,leon and ,tamaulipas1 in ,mexico1 with probably ,kansas1 ,indian ,territory and ,oklahoma2 migratory north of ,texas4 7,oberholser47 #gai;d4 ,southwest ,bewick ,wren 7,t4 b4 charienturus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gai;b but flanks and upper surface darker1 eye-stripe rather broader1 under tail-coverts more heavily barred1 wing shorter1 #b4 7,oberholser47 ,range4--,coast region of southern ,california1 north to about ,pasadena1 south to ,lat4 #bh;,a deg41 ,lower ,california1 ,santa ,catalina ,island2 resident4 7,oberholser47 #gbi;e4 ,northwest ,bewick ,wren 7,t4 b4 calophonus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gai;a1 but bill larger1 upper surface usually rather deeper and richer brown1 flanks somewhat more rufescent2 ,w4 #b4a2 ,b4 4#f4 7,oberholser47 ,range4--,pacific slope from ,oregon north to southern ,vancouver ,island1 valley of the ,fraser ,river1 and slightly farther along the mainland coast2 probably resident4 7,oberholser47 #gai4a4 ,san ,clemente ,wren 7,thryomanes leucophrys7 ,similar to ,no4 #gai;d1 but flanks and upperparts rather grayer and paler1 bill longer1 under tail-coverts less heavily barred4 7,oberholser47 ,range4--,san ,clemente ,island1 ,california4 #gbj4 ,guadalupe ,wren 7,thryomanes brevicauda74 ,l4 #d4e2 ,w4 #a4i4 ,ads4 ,resembling ,no4 #gai;a1 but rump with few or no concealed white spots2 tail dull grayish brown1 narrowly and indistinctly barred with dusky1 two or three outer feathers with brownish gray tips4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,guadalupe ,island1 ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #gba4 #gba4 ,house ,wren 7,troglodytes a,adon74 ,l4 #d4g2 ,t4 #a4g4 ,ads4 ,above cinnamon brown1 sometimes obscurely barred2 tail the same1 all the feathers barred2 below grayish with a brownish wash1 lower belly and flanks usually more or less barred4 ,notes4 ,call1 a scolding krrring2 song1 a bubbling1 rippling1 irrepressible little melody4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds north to ,maine1 ,montreal1 and ,manitoba2 winters from ,south ,carolina and the ,lower ,mississippi ,valley southward into ,mexico4 #gba;a4 ,parkman ,wren 7,t4 a4 parkmanii74 ,similar to ,no4 #gba1 but less cinnamon above2 intermediate in color between ,no4 #gba and ,no4 #gba;b4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds from southern ,california north to ,british ,columbia2 winters from southern ,california southward4 #gba;b4 ,western ,house ,wren 7,t4 a4 aztecus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gba1 but much grayer above and paler below2 back more frequently barred4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states from the ,sierra ,nevada east to the ,mississippi ,valley2 winters south into ,lower ,california and ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #gbb4 #gbb4 ,winter ,wren 7,olbiorchilus hiemalis74 ,l4 #d2 ,t4 #a4b4 ,ads4 ,above cinnamon1 much brighter than in ,no4 #gba2 below pale cinnamon1 sides and belly heavily barred with blackish4 ,notes4 ,call1 chimp-chimp1 resembling call of ,song ,sparrow2 song1 tinkling1 rippling1 full of trills1 runs and grace notes4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,england and northern ,new ,york northward1 and southward along the ,alleghanies to ,north ,carolina2 winters from ,massachusetts and ,illinois to ,florida4 #gbb;a4 ,western ,winter ,wren 7,o4 h4 pacificus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbb1 but much deeper colored both above and below1 and more heavily barred4 ,range4--,breeds on the ,pacific coast from southern ,california north to ,alaska2 east to ,idaho2 winters south into ,mexico4 #gbb;b4 ,kadiak ,winter ,wren 7,o4 h4 helleri74 ,slightly larger and paler than ,no4 #gbb;a4 7,osgood47 ,range4--,kadiak ,island1 ,alaska4 #gbc4 ,alaskan ,wren 7,olbiorchilus alascensis74 ,resembling ,no4 #gbb;a1 but paler and larger1 ,w4 #b4a1 ,b4 4#f4 ,range--,breeds on ,kadiak ,island1 ,alaska2 winter range unknown4 #gbc4a4 ,aleutian ,wren 7,olbiorchilus meligerus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbc1 but darker1 less reddish2 rump and upper tail-coverts more evidently barred2 bars on belly heavier4 7,oberholser47 ,range4--,westernmost part of the ,aleutian group1 ,alaska4 7,oberholser47 #gbd4 ,short-billed ,marsh ,wren 7,cistothorus stellaris74 ,l4 #d2 ,t4 #a4d2 ,b4 4#d4 ,ads4 ,crown and back streaked with whitish2 breast-band1 sides and under tail-coverts rusty2 wing-coverts tipped with whitish4 ,notes4 ,call1 like sound produced by striking two pebbles together2 song1 chap--chap--chap-chap1 chap-chap-chap p-p-rrr4 7,seton47 7,see next page47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 ranging west to ,utah2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states north to ,massachusetts and ,manitoba2 winters from the ,gulf ,states southward4 ,illustration3 #gbd4 ,illustration3 #gbe4 #gbe4 ,long-billed ,marsh ,wren 7,telmatodytes palustris74 ,l4 #e4b2 ,t4 #a4f2 ,b4 4#e4 ,ads4 ,crown and foreback largely black1 the latter with white streaks2 a white stripe over eye2 rump cinnamon2 below white1 sides washed with cinnamon2 outer tail-feathers black1 broadly barred with pale cinnamon4 ,notes4 ,call1 scolding1 a characteristic ,wren-like cacking2 song1 a reedy1 guttural1 bubbling trill often sung in flight4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america west to the ,rocky ,mountains2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states north to ,massachusetts and ,manitoba2 winters locally from ,massachusetts1 south into ,mexico4 #gbe;a4 ,tule ,wren 7,t4 p4 paludicola74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbe1 but upper tail-coverts barred1 middle tail-feathers more distinctly and broadly barred2 underparts usually browner4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds from southern ,california to ,british ,columbia3 winters from ,washington to ,guatemala4 #gbe;b4 ,worthington ,marsh ,wren 7,t4 p4 griseus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbe1 but with less black above2 upperparts1 sides and flanks pale grayish2 dark markings of under tail-coverts1 flanks1 sides and breast1 faint1 confused and inconspicuous1 sometimes practically wanting4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,coast of ,south ,carolina and ,georgia4 #gbe;c4 ,interior ,tule ,wren 7,t4 p4 plesius74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbe;a1 but paler4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 except the ,pacific coast2 north to ,british ,columbia and ,alberta1 east to the ,rocky ,mountains and ,texas1 south into ,mexico4 7,oberholser47 ,illustration3 #gbe4a4 #gbe4a4 ,marian ,marsh ,wren 7,telmatodytes marian,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbe1 but upperparts darker2 sides and flanks of about same color as rump2 under tail-coverts and sometimes breast barred or spotted with black4 ,range4--,gulf coast of ,florida4 ,illustration3 #gbf4 #gbf4 ,brown ,creeper 7,certhia familiaris americana74 ,l4 #e4f2 ,b4 4#fc4 ,tail-feathers stiffened and pointed4 ,ads4 ,rump rusty2 a buffy white band in the wing2 back and crown streaked with whitish1 black and rusty2 below white4 ,notes4 ,call1 a faint1 high1 thin tseep2 song1 an exquisitely pure1 tender song of four notes4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america3 breeds from ,maine and ,minnesota 7casually ,missouri7 northward2 winters from about the southern breeding limits to the ,gulf ,states4 #gbf;a4 ,mexican ,creeper 7,c4 f4 albescens74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbf1 but rump rich rusty brown1 back black1 crown black streaked with white1 band in wing white4 ,range4--,mexican plateau region north to southern ,arizona4 #gbf;b4 ,rocky ,mountain ,creeper 7,c4 f4 montana74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbf1 but bill longer1 4#g2 band in wing averaging whiter4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountains from ,new ,mexico and ,arizona northward to ,alaska4 #gbf;c4 ,californian ,creeper 7,c4 f4 occidentalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbf1 but much rustier2 prevailing color of upperparts yellowish rusty4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds from ,santa ,cruz ,mountains1 ,california1 northward to ,alaska4 #gbf;d4 ,sierra ,creeper 7,c4 f4 zelotes74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbf;c1 but colors more dusky and less rufescent2 similar to ,no4 #gbf;b1 but much darker2 light centers of feathers on head and back much reduced4 7,osgood47 ,range4--,southern ,cascade ,mountains of ,oregon and ,sierra ,nevada of ,california4 7,osgood47 ,illustration3 #gef4 #gef4 ,wilson ,thrush2 ,veery 7,hylocichla fuscescens74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,ads4 ,above1 wings and tail1 uniform cinnamon brown2 below white1 sides grayish1 breast and throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular spots the color of the back4 ,notes4 ,call1 a clearly whistled whe,a7,c7-you and a softer too-whee2 song1 a weird1 spiral of blended alto and soprano tones largely on one note4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from northern ,new ,jersey1 the mountains of ,pennsylvania1 and northern ,illinois north to ,newfoundland and ,manitoba2 winters in ,central ,america4 #gef;a4 ,willow ,thrush 7,h4 f4 salicicola74 ,similar to ,no4 #gef1 but more olive above4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountains north to ,british ,columbia1 east to ,dakota2 in migration1 casually to ,illinois and ,south ,carolina2 winters as far south as southern ,brazil4 ,illustration3 #gei4 #gei4 ,alaskan ,hermit ,thrush 7,hylocichla guttata71 ,l4 #f4e4 ,w4 #c4e2 tail rufous1 much brighter than back4 ,ads4 ,eye-ring whitish1 not deep buff2 back olive-brown2 breast tinged with buff and heavily spotted with large1 wedge-shaped marks4 ,range4--,breeds in northwest coast region from ,british ,columbia to ,alaska2 in winter south to ,mexico4 #gei;a4 ,audubon ,hermit ,thrush 7,h4 g4 auduboni74 ,similar to ,no4 #gei1 but larger1 ,w4 #d2 back grayer1 tail paler1 flanks less heavily washed with gray4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region of ,united ,states south to ,guatemala4 ,illustration3 #gei;b4 #gei;b4 ,hermit ,thrush 7,h4 g4 pallasii74 ,similar to ,no4 #gei1 but back and sides browner4 ,notes4 ,call1 a low chuck2 song1 highly musical and probably exceeding in spiritual quality that of any of our birds4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,michigan1 ,alleghanies in ,pennsylvania1 ,catskills1 higher mountains of ,massachusetts 7rarely at sea level71 north to ,labrador2 winters from ,new ,jersey to ,gulf ,states4 #gei;c4 ,dwarf ,hermit ,thrush 7,h4 g4 nana74 ,similar to ,no4 #gei1 but smaller1 ,w4 #c4b1 back slightly browner4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds from ,washington south through ,sierra ,nevadas2 east1 in migrations1 to ,nevada and ,arizona2 south to ,lower ,california and western ,mexico4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #geg4 #geg4 ,gray-cheeked ,thrush 7,hylocichla alici,a74 ,l4 #g4e2 ,w4 #d4 ,ads4 ,tail and back the same color1 olive without brownish tinge2 eye-ring and lores whitish1 cheeks and breast only slightly tinged with buff1 breast with wedge-shaped spots4 ,notes4 ,doubtless like those of ,no4 #geg;a4 ,range4--,breeds in ,labrador and west to ,alaska3 migrates through eastern ,north ,america and winters in ,central ,america4 #geg;a4 ,bicknell ,thrush 7,h4 a4 bicknelli74 ,similar to ,no4 #geg1 but smaller1 ,l4 #g2 ,w4 #c4e4 ,notes4 ,calls1 pheu like that of ,veery2 a low cluck like that of ,hermit ,thrush1 and rarely1 a pip or peenk like that of ,olive-backed ,thrush2 song1 like that of ,veery but more interrupted4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,breeds in the high parts of the ,catskills and north to ,white ,mountains and ,nova ,scotia2 winters in tropics4 ,illustration3 #geh4 #geh4 ,russet-backed ,thrush 7,hylocichla ustulata74 ,l4 #g4b2 ,w4 #d4 ,tail not decidedly more rufous than back4 ,ads4 ,eye-ring1 cheeks1 sides of neck and breast distinctly buffy2 breast with wedge-shaped spots2 back and flanks olive-brown2 tail slightly browner4 ,the most deeply colored bird of the ustulata group4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds from ,oregon to ,alaska2 winters south to ,guatemala4 ,illustration3 #geh;a4 #geh;a4 ,olive-backed ,thrush 7,h4 u4 swainsonii74 ,similar to ,no4 #geh1 but back1 tail1 and flanks without brownish or rufescent tinge4 ,notes4 ,call1 a liquid puit2 song1 suggesting both that of ,hermit ,thrush and the ,veery4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds in ,alleghanies from ,pennsylvania and the ,catskills1 north to ,new ,brunswick and ,manitoba2 winters in ,central and ,south ,america4 #geh;b4 ,california ,olive-backed ,thrush 7,h4 u4 ,adica74 ,differs from #geh and #geh;a1 in more rufescent coloration on the flanks2 sides and upper surface usually paler than ,no4 #geh4 7,oberholser47 ,range4--,california1 except north coast2 north in interior to southern ,oregon2 south1 in winter to ,arizona and southern ,mexico4 7,oberholser47 #geh;c4 ,alma ,thrush 7,h4 u4 alm,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #geh;a1 but back and flanks grayer4 ,the palest bird of the ustulata group4 ,range4--,alaska1 except ,yukon ,basin1 south in ,rocky ,mountain region1 and west to ,utah and eastern ,nevada4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,perching ,birds ,chiefly ,gray1 ,black1 or ,black and ,white ,,gray-,,headed ,,juncos4 #eff4 ,white-winged ,junco 7,junco aikeni74 ,l4 #f4e2 ,w4 #c4cj4 ,ads4 ,resembling ,no4 #efg1 but larger1 paler1 wings generally with two white bars2 three outer tail-feathers mostly or entirely white2 fourth partly white4 ,range4--,breeds in ,wyoming and western ,north ,dakota2 winters in ,colorado1 western ,kansas1 casually to ,indiana and ,wisconsin4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #efg4 #efg4 ,slate-colored ,junco 7,junco hyemalis74 ,l4 #f4b4 ,w4 #c4 ,ad4 ,male1 summer4 ,head and back gray1 the crown sometimes slightly darker1 the feathers usually more or less tipped with brownish2 breast and sides gray2 belly white2 third outer tail-feather with white4 ,ad4 ,female1 summer4 ,similar1 but brown wash stronger4 ,ads41 winter4 ,brown tips to feathers longer1 sides sometimes brownish4 ,notes4 ,calls1 a sharp1 kissing note and a rapid chew-chew-chew1 song1 a simple1 twittering trill4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 breeds from northern ,new ,england1 northern ,new ,york1 and northern ,minnesota north to ,labrador and northwest to ,alaska2 and southward along the ,alleghanies to ,pennsylvania2 winters south to the ,gulf ,states4 #efg;e4 ,carolina ,junco 7,j4 h4 carolinensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #efg1 but slightly larger1 ,w4 #c4b1 the upperparts and breast uniform slate-gray without a brownish wash the bill horn color4 ,range4--,alleghanies from ,virginia to ,georgia4 ,illustration3 #efh4 #efh4 ,pink-sided ,junco 7,junco mearnsi74 ,l4 #f4b4 ,ad4 ,male1 summer4 ,sides broadly brownish pink1 center of belly white2 breast pale slate-gray1 crown darker1 back washed with brownish4 ,ad4 ,female in summer4 ,similar to the ,male1 but with less pink on sides1 the crown washed with gray4 ,ads4 winter4 ,similar to summer ,ads41 but with more brownish4 ,range4--,breeds in southern ,idaho and south-central ,montana2 winters south through ,wyoming and ,colorado to northern ,mexico4 #efg4a ,montana ,junco 7,junco montanus74 ,similar to ,no4 #efh1 but with less pink on the sides1 the throat and breast darker slate4 ,range4--,breeding from northwestern ,montana and northern ,idaho north to northwest ,territory and ,alberta2 in winter south to ,mexico1 east more or less irregularly to the ,mississippi1 ,massachusetts1 and ,maryland4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #ega4 #ega4 ,baird ,junco 7,junco bairdi74 ,back and sides rusty cinnamon1 head gray1 throat and breast grayish white1 belly white4 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #egb4 #egb4 ,guadalupe ,junco 7,junco insularis74 ,similar to mearnsi but smaller1 ,w4 #b4g1 bill longer1 head and breast darker4 ,range4--,guadalupe ,island1 ,lower ,california4 #ega4a4 ,townsend ,junco 7,junco townsendi74 ,similar to ,no4 #efg4a1 but with the back grayer1 the brownish wash much reduced4 ,range4--,san ,pedro ,martir ,mountains1 northern ,lower ,california4 ,,gray-,,headed1 ,,brown-,,backed ,,juncos4 ,illustration3 #efi4 #efi4 ,gray-headed ,junco 7,junco caniceps74 ,l4 #f4e2 ,w4 #c4b2 ,t4 #b4i4 ,ads4 ,head1 breast and sides gray2 back reddish brown2 no reddish brown on wings2 three outer tail-feathers with white2 upper and lower mandibles pinkish4 ,range4--,breeds in mountains of southern ,wyoming1 ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,nevada1 and northern ,new ,mexico4 7,ridgw47 #egj4 ,arizona ,junco 7,junco ph,aonotus palliatus74 ,l4 #f4e2 ,w4 #c4b2 ,t4 #b4i4 ,ads4 ,head gray2 underparts grayish white2 back1 and to a greater or less extent1 wing-coverts and tertials1 reddish brown2 three outer tail-feathers with white2 iris yellow2 upper mandible blackish1 lower yellowish4 ,notes4 ,calls1 resemble those of ,no4 #efg2 song suggests that of ,song ,sparrow4 ,range4--,breeds in mountains of southern ,arizona and southward4 ,illustration3 #egj;a4 #egj;a4 ,red-backed ,junco 7,junco dorsalis7 ,l4 #f4g2 ,w4 #c4c2 ,t4 #c4 ,ads4 ,head gray2 underparts grayish white2 back reddish brown2 no reddish brown on wings2 three outer tail-feathers with white2 upper mandible blackish1 lower flesh-color2 iris brown4 ,range4--,breeds on high mountains of ,new ,mexico and central ,arizona2 winters south to northern ,mexico and western ,texas4 ,,black-,,headed ,,juncos4 ,illustration3 #efg;a4 #efg;a4 ,oregon ,junco 7,junco oreganus74 ,l4 #f4b2 ,w4 #c4 ,ad4 ,male1 summer4 ,head1 neck1 throat and breast black sharply defined from the mahogany brown back1 third outer tail-feather with little or no white2 sides washed with pinkish brown4 ,ad4 ,female1 summer4 ,head and breast grayer1 back paler4 ,ads4 winter4 ,back deeper1 the head and neck more or less tipped with brown1 the breast with gray1 these areas less sharply defined from the back and belly4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds from northern ,british ,columbia to ,alaska2 winters south to ,california4 --,shufeldt ,junco 7,j4 o4 shufeldti74 ,similar to ,no4 #efg;a1 but larger1 ,w4 #c4a1 brown of back less intense4 ,range4--,pacific coast2 breeds from ,oregon north to ,british ,columbia 7and eastward in humid regions to ,montana872 winters south to northern ,mexico4 #efg;b4 ,coues ,junco 7,j4 o4 connectens74 ,similar to shufeldti1 but back paler1 brownish gray1 breast grayer1 sides with less pinkish brown1 head and breast still sharply defined from adjacent areas4 ,range4--,breeds in the interior of ,british ,columbia and probably in arid districts southward 7breeding areas not definitely known72 winters southward doubtless to ,mexican boundary4 ,illustration3 #efg;c4 #efg;c4 ,thurber ,junco 7,j4 o4 thurberi74 ,similar to ,no4 #efg1 but back much paler1 a bright pinkish brown2 head and breast black as in ,no4 #efg4 ,range4--,breeds in mountains from southern ,oregon south to southern ,california2 east to western ,nevada4 #efg;d4 ,point ,pinos ,junco 7,j4 o4 pinosus74 ,similar to ,no4 #efg;c1 but throat and breast slate-color4 ,range4--,santa ,cruz district of ,california2 breeds from ,king ,mountain1 south at least to ,point ,sur1 ,county2 wanders eastward in winter into ,santa ,clara and ,san ,benito ,valleys4 7,grinnell47 #gcc4 ,plain ,titmouse 7,,baolophus inornatus74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,ads4 ,head crested2 above grayish brown2 below grayish white1 belly white1 sides often buffy4 ,notes4 ,similar to those of the ,tufted ,titmouse1 but weaker and less varied4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,california1 west of the ,sierra2 north to ,oregon4 ,illustration3 #gcc;a4 #gcc;a4 ,gray ,titmouse 7,b4 i4 griseus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gcc1 but above gray1 below whitish gray1 no buff on sides4 ,range4--,southwestern ,united ,states3 from southeastern ,california and ,nevada to ,colorado and ,new ,mexico4 #gcc;b4 ,ashy ,titmouse 7,b4 i4 cineraceus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gcc;a1 but underparts grayish white1 not whitish gray4 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 #gdc4 ,bush-,tit 7,psaltriparus minimus74 ,l1 #d4b2 ,t4 #b4a4 ,ads4 ,crown sooty brown2 back grayish brown2 below brownish white1 sides darker4 ,range4--,pacific coast from northern ,california to ,washington4 ,illustration3 #gdc;a4 #gdc;a4 ,california ,bush-,tit 7,p4 m4 californicus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdc1 but crown much lighter1 brighter brown1 quite different from the brownish gray back2 underparts paler4 ,notes4 ,when feeding1 a faint tsit1 tsit1 tsit1 tsit1 when moving about1 tsit1 tsit1 tsit1 sre-e-e-e2 tsit1 sre-e-e-e2 when a bird is separated from its companions1 same as last but uttered more hurriedly2 alarm note1 a greatly intensified tsit''2 tsit'2 tsit'2 tsit'3 in presence of ,hawk or ,owl a shrill1 quavering trill1 sre-e-e-e-e-e4 7,grinnell47 ,range4--,california1 except the north coast region4 #gdc;b4 ,grinda ,bush-,tit 7,p4 m4 grind,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdc1 but back bluish ash-gray4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #gdd4 #gdd4 ,lead-colored ,bush-,tit 7,psaltriparus plumbeus74 ,l4 #d4e4 ,ads4 ,crown and back bluish gray1 sides of head brownish2 below dingy white with a buffy tint on belly4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states from eastern ,oregon and eastern ,california east to ,wyoming1 ,colorado1 and western ,texas4 #gdd4a4 ,santa ,rita ,bush-,tit 7,psaltriparus santarit,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdd1 but smaller1 sides of head paler1 male with a more or less distinct blackish line along sides of head as in female of ,no4 #gde4 7,ridgw47 7,now considered the same as #gde47 ,range4--,santa ,rita ,mountains1 southern ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #gde4 #gde4 ,lloyd ,bush-,tit 7,psaltriparus lloydi74 ,l4 #d4b4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,sides of head shining black1 crown blue-gray1 back browner2 chin blackish1 underparts whitish1 the belly and sides buffy4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,sides of head brownish1 ear-coverts bordered above by a narrow black line2 no black on chin4 ,yng4 ,similar to ,female1 but no black in head4 ,range4--,mountains of western ,texas1 between the ,pecos and ,rio ,grande ,rivers 7,sennett71 south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #gca4 #gca4 ,tufted ,titmouse 7,,baolophus bicolor74 ,l4 #f4 ,ads4 ,head crested2 forehead black2 above gray2 below whitish1 sides rusty4 ,notes4 ,a clearly whistled p,a7,c7to1 p,a7,c7to1 and a hoarse de-de-de4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 resident from the ,gulf ,states north to northern ,new ,jersey and southern ,iowa2 straying somewhat further north in summer after breeding4 #gca;a4 ,texan ,tufted ,titmouse 7,b4 b4 texensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #gca1 but forehead rusty1 upperparts paler4 ,range4--,southeastern ,texas4 ,illustration3 #gcb4 #gcb4 ,black-crested ,titmouse 7,,baolophus atricristatus74 ,l4 #f4a4 ,ads4 ,head with a black crest2 forehead white or tinged with rusty2 back gray2 below whitish1 sides rusty4 ,notes4 ,an abbreviation of the call of ,no4 #gca1 pete-pete-pete-pete4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,from southeastern ,texas west to ,el ,paso1 south to eastern ,mexico4 7,bailey47 #gea4 ,blue-gray ,gnatcatcher 7,polioptila c,arulea74 ,l4 #d4e2 ,t4 #b4 ,outer tail-feathers with white1 white tip of next to outer one at least #a4jj long4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above bluish gray1 forehead narrowly black2 below grayish white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but lighter gray2 no black on forehead4 ,notes4 ,call1 a twanging ting2 song1 sweet and varied but of small volume4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states1 west to ,colorado2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states north to southern ,new ,jersey1 and ,ontario2 wanders casually as far north as ,maine and ,minnesota2 winters from the ,gulf ,states southward4 #gea;a4 ,western ,gnatcatcher 7,p4 c4 obscura74 ,similar to ,no44 #gea1 but slightly grayer above2 white tip to next to outer tail-feather less than #a4jj long4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states from western ,texas west to ,california and ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #geb4 #geb4 ,plumbeous ,gnatcatcher 7,polioptila plumbea74 ,l4 #d4d4 ,outer web of outer tail-feather wholly white1 inner web black except at tip4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown shining black1 back blue-gray2 underparts grayish white4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,male4 ,similar1 but no black on head4 ,yng4 ,female4 ,back and sides with a brownish wash4 ,notes4 ,call1 a faint mew2 song1 a harsh ditty of five notes1 something like a ,wren's song with notes like those of a ,swallow4 7,cooper47 ,range4--,mexican boundary region1 from western ,texas to southeastern ,california and ,lower ,california4 #gec4 ,black-tailed ,gnatcatcher 7,polioptila californica74 ,l4 #d4e2 ,t4 #b4a4 ,similar to ,no4 #geb1 but outer vane of outer tail-feather black margined with white2 back darker1 underparts much grayer1 flanks brownish4 ,range4--,pacific coast region of southern ,california and northern ,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #gcd4 #gcd4 ,bridled ,titmouse 7,,baolophus wollweberi74 ,l4 #e4b4 ,ads4 ,head crested1 black and gray2 throat black2 hind neck with a white band bounded by black2 back olive-gray2 below whitish4 ,notes4 ,chickadee-like but fainter4 7,henshaw47 ,range4--,tableland of ,mexico north to western ,texas and southern ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #gch4 #gch4 ,mountain ,chickadee 7,parus gambeli74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,ads4 ,a white line over the eye and a black through it2 back gray2 belly whitish4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse1 dee-dee-dee1 a two or three-noted phe-be whistle exactly like that of the ,chickadee and an exceedingly sweet three-noted whistle of regular intervals1 d1 c1 a4 ,range4--,mountainous portions of the western ,united ,states from the eastern base of the ,rocky ,mountains to the ,sierra ,nevada1 north to ,british ,columbia1 ,idaho1 etc41 and south to northern ,lower ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #gdj4 #gdj4 ,hudsonian ,chickadee 7,parus hudsonicus74 ,l4 #e4b2 ,w4 #b4f4 ,ads4 ,crown hair-brown1 back a more yellow brown2 sides of head and neck grayish white2 throat black1 belly white1 sides rusty4 ,notes4 ,tscha-dee-dee-dee-dee2 the dee-dee notes repeated with almost incessant volubility4 7,brewer47 ,range4--,british ,america1 from the west side of ,hudson ,bay northwestward to the ,lower ,yukon4 #gdj;a4 ,kowak ,chickadee 7,p4 h4 stoneyi74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdj1 but larger1 ,w4 #b4g4 above grayer1 crown much paler4 ,range4--,kowak ,river region1 ,alaska4 #gdj;b4 ,columbian ,chickadee 7,p4 h4 columbianus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdj1 but grayer above1 crown slaty-drab4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountains from ,montana northward2 ,kenai ,peninsula1 ,alaska4 --,canadian ,chickadee 7,p4 h4 littoralis74 ,similar to ,no4 #gdj1 but smaller1 ,w4 #b4e1 crown duller brown4 ,range4--,british ,america east and south of ,hudson ,bay2 northern ,new ,york1 northern ,new ,england1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia4 #gci4 ,alaskan ,chickadee 7,parus cinctus alascensis74 ,l4 #e4b4 ,ads4 ,crown brown1 back brighter2 sides of head and neck pure white2 throat blackish2 belly whitish1 sides buffy4 ,range4--,northern ,alaska and eastern ,siberia4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #gda4 #gda4 ,chestnut-backed ,chickadee 7,parus rufescens74 ,l4 #d4f4 ,ads4 ,back and sides rusty chestnut1 crown sooty brown1 throat black4 ,notes4 ,a lisping the-the-the-te-te4 7,kobbe47 ,range4--,pacific coast from ,oregon to southern ,alaska4 #gda;a4 ,california ,chickadee 7,p4 r4 neglectus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gda1 but with only a tinge of rusty on flanks4 ,range4--,coast of ,california from ,monterey ,county northward4 7,a4,o4,u47 #gda;b4 ,barlow ,chickadee 7,p4 r4 barlowi74 ,similar to ,no4 #gda;a1 but with no rusty on flanks4 ,range4--,vicinity of ,monterey1 ,california4 ,illustration3 #gce4 #gce4 ,black-capped ,chickadee 7,parus atricapillus74 ,l4 #e4b2 ,t4 #b4e4 ,ads4 ,cap and throat black2 back gray with a brownish tinge2 outer margins of wing-coverts grayish white2 flanks1 cream buff4 ,notes4 ,chickadee-dee1 liquid gurgles and chuckling notes and a sweet1 clearly whistled1 phe-be or phe-be-e4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from southern ,illinois and ,pennsylvania north to ,labrador1 and south along ,alleghanies to ,north ,carolina2 migrates a short distance below its southern breeding limits4 #gce;a4 ,long-tailed ,chickadee 7,p4 a4 septentrionalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #gce1 but tail longer1 #b4g1 flanks paler1 white edgings broader4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region north to ,british ,columbia2 east to ,manitoba and the ,plains4 #gce;b4 ,oregon ,chickadee 7,p4 a4 occidentalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #gce1 but much darker2 flanks grayish4 ,range4--,pacific coast from northern ,california to ,sitka4 ,illustration3 #gcf4 #gcf4 ,carolina ,chickadee 7,parus carolinensis74 ,similar to ,no4 #gce1 but smaller1 ,l4 #d4f2 ,t4 #b41 the greater wing-coverts not margined with whitish4 ,notes4 ,whistle tswee-dee1 twsee-dee4 ,range4--,southeastern ,united ,states north to middle ,new ,jersey1 and southern ,illinois2 resident from southern ,new ,jersey southward4 #gcf4;a ,plumbeous ,chickadee 7,p4 c4 agilis74 ,similar to ,no4 #gcf1 but paler above1 whiter below4 ,range4--,eastern and central ,texas 7,bee1 ,victoria1 ,cook1 and ,concho ,counties1 etc47 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #gcg4 #gcg4 ,mexican ,chickadee 7,parus sclateri74 ,similar to ,no4 #gce1 but sides broadly gray like back1 black more extended4 ,notes4 ,a rapid1 vigorous double-noted whistle repeated three times1 wholly unlike that of the ,chickadee4 ,range4--,mountainous portions of the ,mexican tableland north to southern ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #fcj4 #fcj4 ,black-capped ,vireo 7,vireo atricapillus74 ,l4 #d4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown and cheeks shining black2 lores and eye-ring white2 back olive-green2 below white1 sides tinged with greenish yellow2 two whitish wing-bars4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but black of head duller4 ,yng4 ,top and sides of head dull grayish brown2 lores1 orbital ring and lower parts dull buffy white or pale buffy4 7,ridgw47 ,notes4 ,of the general character of the ,white-eye or bellii type4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,breeds in central and western ,texas2 north to southern ,kansas2 winters in southern ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #gbg4 #gbg4 ,white-breasted ,nuthatch 7,sitta carolinensis74 ,l4 #f4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown and foreback bluish black2 sides of head and neck grayish white2 tertials with distinct black marks rounded at end4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar but black of head and shoulders washed with gray4 ,notes4 ,call1 a nasal yank-yank and conversational notes2 song1 a tenor1 ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha1 all on the same note4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america west to the ,rocky ,mountains1 breeds from the ,gulf ,states to ,minnesota and ,new ,brunswick2 resident4 #gbg;a4 ,slender-billed ,nuthatch 7,s4 c4 aculeata74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbg1 but head usually greenish black2 black of tertials less deep and one next to inner one usually pointed at end4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america west of the ,rockies3 breeds from ,lower ,california north to ,british ,columbia2 resident4 #gbg;b4 ,florida ,white-breasted ,nuthatch 7,s4 c4 atkinsi74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbg1 but somewhat smaller1 wing-coverts and tertials not tipped with grayish2 ,female with head black as in ,male4 ,range4--,florida and north along the coast to ,south ,carolina4 #gbg;c4 ,rocky ,mountain ,nuthatch 7,s4 c4 nelsoni74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbg;a1 but larger1 ,w4 #c4g1 with somewhat more white in tail and more rusty on flanks and lower belly4 ,range4--,wooded mountains of northern ,chihuahua and ,sonora1 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 ,colorado1 and northward4 7,mearns47 #gbg;d4 ,st4 ,lucas ,nuthatch 7,s4 c4 lagun,a74 ,similar to ,no4 #gbg;a1 but with the wings and tail shorter1 the black tips of the outer tail-feathers more restricted2 ,w4 #c4b2 ,t4 #a4g4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,higher mountains south of ,la ,paz1 ,lower ,california4 7,brewster47 ,illustration3 #gbh4 #gbh4 ,red-breasted ,nuthatch 7,sitta canadensis74 ,l4 #d4f4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,a stripe through the eye and crown1 black2 line over eye white2 underparts rusty4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but crown gray like back1 line through the eye blackish1 paler below4 ,notes4 ,a fine1 thin1 nasal1 penny-trumpet like1 drawled yna-yna4 ,range4--,north ,america1 breeding from the northern portions of the northern tier of ,states northward1 and southward in the ,alleghanies to ,virginia1 in the ,rocky ,mountains to ,colorado1 and in the ,sierra ,nevada in ,california2 winters irregularly southward to the ,gulf ,states and ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #gbi4 #gbi4 ,brown-headed ,nuthatch 7,sitta pusilla74 ,l4 #d4c4 ,ads4 ,crown brown2 a white patch on nape2 back bluish gray2 below grayish white1 sometimes tinged with buff4 ,yng4 ,crown whitish4 ,notes4 ,a conversational1 twittering tnee-tnee4 ,range4--,south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states north to ,delaware1 accidentally to ,new ,york and casually to ,missouri4 ,illustration3 #gcj4 #gcj4 ,pygmy ,nuthatch 7,sitta pygm,aa74 ,l4 #d4c4 ,ads4 ,crown grayish olive2 a whitish patch on nape2 a dark brown line through eye2 below white tinged with buff4 ,yng4 ,crown gray like back4 ,notes4 ,a metallic1 clinking clittick1 clittick41 ,range4--,western ,north ,america1 east to the ,rocky ,mountains2 breeds from ,mexico to ,british ,columbia4 #gcj;a4 ,white-naped ,nuthatch 7,s4 p4 leuconucha74 ,similar to ,no4 #gcj1 but bill larger1 crown grayer1 back less bluish gray1 nape patch more conspicuous1 underparts white with scarcely more than a trace of buffy4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #ddd4 #ddd4 ,kingbird 7,tyrannus tyrannus74 ,l4 #h4e4 ,tail tipped with white4 ,ads4 ,above slaty1 crown blacker with an orange patch4 ,yng4 ,similar1 but no crown-patch4 ,notes4 ,an unmusical1 steely chatter4 ,a soft and very pleasing song1 heard only in the early morning4 7,o4 ,t4 ,miller47 ,range4--,north ,america1 breeds from ,florida north to ,new ,brunswick and ,manitoba1 and from eastern ,texas northwest to ,utah1 ,nevada1 northeast ,california and western ,british ,columbia2 winters south of ,united ,states1 to ,central and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #dde4 #dde4 ,gray ,kingbird 7,tyrannus dominicensis74 ,l4 #i4 ,ads4 ,no white tip on tail2 an orange crown-patch2 under wing-coverts sulphur2 ear-coverts black2 above gray2 below white4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 chattering1 pit,a-rri1 pit,a-rri4 ,range4--,west ,indies1 breeding north through ,florida along the coast to ,south ,carolina2 winters in ,lesser ,antilles1 ,mexico1 and ,central ,america4 ,illustration3 #gja4 #gja4 ,american ,dipper2 ,water ,ouzel 7,cinclus mexicanus74 ,l4 #h4 ,ads4 ,slaty gray1 head and neck browner4 ,in winter more or less tipped with whitish4 ,notes4 ,song1 remarkably sweet and lively1 in modulation resembling somewhat that of ,brown ,thrasher1 but less powerful though sweeter in effect4 7,ridgway47 ,call1 a sharp1 pebbly cack-cack-cack4 ,range4--,the mountainous parts of central and western ,north ,america1 from the ,yukon ,valley and ,unalaska to ,guatemala2 east in the ,united ,states1 to the eastern base of the ,rocky mountains4 ,apparently resident throughout its range4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,illustration3 #gjd4 #gjd4 ,catbird 7,galeoscoptes carolinensis74 ,l4 #h4i4 ,ads4 ,slaty gray1 cap and tail black1 under tail-coverts reddish chestnut4 ,notes4 ,call1 a whining1 nasal tchay2 song1 rich1 musical1 and varied4 ,range4--,north ,america2 west to ,british ,columbia and rarely ,pacific coast states2 breeds from the ,gulf ,states north to ,new ,brunswick and the ,saskatchewan2 winters from ,gulf ,states southward4 ,illustration3 #ged4 #ged4 ,townsend ,solitaire 7,myadestes townsendii74 ,l4 #h4e4 ,ads4 ,brownish gray2 eye-ring1 tips of outer tail-feathers1 a narrow wing-bar white2 wing with a buff band showing in flight4 ,notes4 ,song1 a rich1 flowing1 ,grosbeak-like warbling1 sung with great vigor and freedom and often for comparatively long periods4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 from the ,plains westward to the ,pacific coast1 north to ,british ,columbia and south in winter to the southern border of ,arizona and northern ,lower ,california2 breeds from the mountains of ,new ,mexico1 southern ,arizona1 and central ,california northward4 ,illustration3 #fba4 #fba4 ,northern ,shrike 7,lanius borealis74 ,l4 #aj4b4 ,lores grayish4 ,ads4 ,above bluish gray2 tail black1 outer feathers tipped with white2 below white1 usually with wavy bars4 ,yng4 ,above washed with brown2 below more distinctly and more heavily barred ,notes4 ,song1 not unlike that of the ,brown ,thrasher but more disconnected1 less loud4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds from ,labrador to ,alaska2 winters south1 irregularly1 to ,virginia1 ,kansas1 ,arizona1 and ,california4 ,illustration3 #fbb4 #fbb4 ,loggerhead ,shrike 7,lanius ludovicianus74 #i4 ,lores black4 ,ads4 ,underparts white without bars2 above bluish gray2 rump and upper tail-coverts little if any paler2 tail black1 outer feathers tipped with white4 ,yng4 ,underparts1 head1 and rump more or less narrowly barred4 ,notes4 ,call1 harsh and discordant2 song1 a series of guttural gurgles1 squeaky whistles4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds from ,florida to ,virginia2 ,in ,mississippi ,valley1 northeast to western ,pennsylvania1 central and northern ,new ,york1 ,massachusetts1 western ,new ,hampshire1 ,maine1 and ,british ,columbia2 migrates down ,atlantic ,states1 as well as ,mississippi ,valley1 and winters in southern ,states4 #fbb;a4 ,white-rumped ,shrike 7,l4 l4 excubitorides74 ,similar to ,no4 #fbb1 but paler above1 rump and upper tail-coverts whiter2 bill less deep4 ,range4--,western ,north ,america1 from eastern border of the ,plains to the ,pacific1 except coast of ,california1 and from ,manitoba and the ,plains of the ,saskatchewan south over tablelands of ,mexico4 #fbb;b4 ,california ,shrike 7,l4 l4 gambeli74 ,similar to ,no4 #fbb1 but rump paler1 breast usually with indistinct wavy bars and tinged with brownish4 ,range4--,pacific coast1 from ,lower ,california to ,british ,columbia4 #fbb;c4 ,island ,shrike 7,l4 l4 anthonyi74 ,similar to ,no4 #fbb;b1 but darker and smaller1 ,w4 #c4g4 ,range4--,santa ,barbara ,islands1 ,california4 ,illustration3 #gjc4 #gjc4 ,mockingbird 7,mimus polyglottos74 ,l4 #aj4e4 ,ads4 ,above ashy gray2 below soiled whitish2 outer tail-feathers with white2 wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white2 primaries white basally4 ,notes4 ,call1 a harsh1 kissing note2 song indescribable4 ,range4--,southeastern ,united ,states and ,bahamas1 west to northeastern ,texas2 breeds north to southern ,new ,jersey 7rarely ,massachusetts71 and southern ,illinois2 winters from ,virginia and lower ,mississippi ,valley southward4 #gjc;a4 ,western ,mockingbird 7,m4 p4 leucopterus74 ,similar to ,no4 #gjc1 but with a very slight brownish tinge below and white areas in wing averaging larger4 ,range4--,southwestern ,united ,states and northern ,mexico from ,indian ,territory and eastern ,texas west to ,california4 ,illustration3 #gfe4 #gfe4 ,wheatear 7,saxicola ,ananthe74 ,l4 #f2 ,w4 #c4g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,back gray1 upper tail-coverts and base of tail white2 below white more or less washed with buff4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,browner above and below1 no black through eye4 ,ads4 in winter and ,yng4 ,similar to ,female1 but cinnamon brown above1 cinnamon below4 ,range4--,asia2 migrating in summer to ,alaska4 #gfe;a4 ,greenland ,wheatear 7,s4 ,a4 leucorhoa74 ,similar to ,no4 #gfe1 but larger1 ,w4 #d4 ,range4--,western ,europe2 breeds in ,greenland and on adjoining mainland2 rarely south to ,st4 ,lawrence2 casually to ,louisiana4 ,illustration3 #egc4 #egc4 ,black-throated ,sparrow 7,amphispiza bilineata74 ,l4 #e4c4 ,ads4 ,throat1 upper breast1 and front of face black2 a white stripe over eye and another at the side of the throat2 above grayish brown unstreaked2 outer web of outer tail-feather white1 except at tip2 at least half an inch of tip of inner web white4 ,notes4 ,song1 simple but sweet1 three ascending and three descending notes4 ,range4--,middle and eastern ,texas 7except along coast871 north to ,oklahoma and western ,kansas2 winters from central ,texas south into northeastern ,mexico4 #egc;a4 ,desert ,sparrow 7,a4 b4 deserticola74 ,similar to ,no4 #egc1 but above grayer1 the white tip to outer tail-feather less than half an inch long4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states and northern ,mexico1 from western ,texas to southeastern ,california2 breeds north to southern ,colorado1 and western ,nevada2 winters south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #fjb4 #fjb4 ,morellet ,seed-eater 7,sporophila morelleti74 ,l4 #d4f4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,entire upperparts1 cheeks1 tail1 wings and breast-band black2 bases of wing-feathers1 tips to coverts and underparts1 except breast-band1 whitish4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above grayish brown1 below uniform buffy4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,variously intermediate between ,ad4 ,male and ,ad4 ,female4 ,at least two years evidently required to reach mature plumage4 ,range4--,eastern ,mexico1 north to southeastern ,texas4 ,illustration3 #fcf4 #fcf4 ,black and ,white ,warbler 7,mniotilta varia74 ,l4 #e4c4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above streaked black and white2 throat black or white2 belly white2 sides streaked black and white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,less black2 whiter below2 throat always white4 ,notes4 ,song1 a thin1 wiry1 see-see-see-see4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 breeds from ,virginia1 ,louisiana1 and northern ,texas1 north to ,hudson ,bay region2 winters from ,gulf ,states south to northern ,south ,america2 accidental in ,california4 ,illustration3 #ffa4 #ffa4 ,black-poll ,warbler 7,dendroica striata74 ,l4 #e4f4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown black1 cheeks white2 back streaked1 gray and black2 below white streaked with black2 wing-bars and tail-spots white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,no black cap2 above olive-green streaked with black4 ,yng4 and ,ad4 in winter4 ,above olive-green lightly streaked with black2 below yellowish white2 breast obscurely streaked4 ,notes4 ,song1 a slender1 wiry tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree1 rapidly uttered4 7,langille47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to the ,rockies2 breeds from northern ,new ,england1 northern ,new ,york1 northern ,michigan1 and ,colorado1 north to ,labrador and ,alaska2 winters in ,west ,indies and northern ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 #ffe4 #ffe4 ,black-throated ,gray ,warbler 7,dendroica nigrescens74 ,l4 #e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,crown1 cheeks and throat black1 a white stripe at sides of throat1 a yellow line before eye2 back gray streaked with black2 wing-bars and tail-patches white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,similar1 but crown not always wholly black4 ,yng4 ,above washed with brownish1 black areas tipped with white4 ,notes4 ,song1 zee-ee-zee-ee1 ze1 ze1 ze1 with the quality of the song of ,dendroica virens or ,d4 c,arulescens4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states2 breeds in mountains from ,arizona and northern ,lower ,california1 north to ,colorado and ,vancouver ,island2 winters in ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #faa4 #faa4 ,purple ,martin 7,progne subis74 ,l4 #g4h4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,shining blue-black1 all feathers with dusky bases4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above dull blue-black2 breast grayish edged with white2 belly whitish4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,variously intermediate between ,female and ,ad4 ,male4 ,range4--,north ,america1 except ,pacific coast2 breeds north to ,newfoundland and the ,saskatchewan2 winters in tropics4 #faa;a4 ,western ,martin 7,p4 s4 hesperia74 ,male similar to ,male of ,no4 #faa2 ,female belly whiter2 forehead grayish4 ,range4--,pacific coast from northern ,lower ,california to ,washington 7and ,british ,columbia872 winters in tropics4 #faa4a4 ,cuban ,martin 7,progne cryptoleuca74 ,w4 #e4ej4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,with feathers of ventral region basally marked with white4 ,ad4 ,female and ,yng4 ,male4 ,with breast and flanks sooty grayish brown1 belly pure white4 ,range4--,cuba1 north in spring to southern ,florida4 ,illustration3 #fab4 #fab4 ,cliff ,swallow 7,petrochelidon lunifrons74 ,l4 #e4e4 ,ads4 ,throat chestnut1 forehead and rump cinnamon-buff2 nape gray2 crown and back glossy blue-black1 the back streaked with white4 ,yng4 ,throat dusky1 often mixed with chestnut2 back blackish brown2 rump cinnamon-buff1 forehead usually with same4 ,range4--,north ,america1 north to the limit of trees1 breeding south to the valleys of the ,potomac and ,ohio1 southern ,texas1 southern ,arizona1 and ,california2 ,central and ,south ,america in winter2 not recorded from ,florida or ,west ,indies4 7,a4,o4,u47 #fab4b4 ,mexican ,cliff ,swallow 7,petrochelidon melanogastra74 ,similar to ,no4 #fab1 but smaller1 ,w4 #d4a1 forehead deeper1 usually chestnut1 like throat1 rump darker1 more rusty4 ,range4--,mexico1 north to southern ,arizona4 ,illustration3 #fac4 #fac4 ,barn ,swallow 7,hirundo erythrogastra74 ,l4 ,male1 #g4e2 ,female1 #f4e4 ,tail deeply forked4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above glossy blue-black1 forehead chestnut2 throat and upper breast chestnut1 belly paler4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,forehead1 and underparts paler2 tail less deeply forked4 ,notes4 ,song1 a sweet1 twittering1 warbling song4 7,the notes of all our ,swallows1 while simple1 are diagnostic but difficult of description47 ,range4--,north ,america1 north to ,greenland and ,alaska2 breeds through most of range2 winters south to southern ,brazil4 ,illustration3 #fad4 #fad4 ,tree ,swallow 7,iridoprocne bicolor74 ,l4 #f4 ,ads4 ,above steel-blue or steel-green2 below white4 ,yng4 ,sooty gray above2 white below4 ,range4--,north ,america2 breeds locally from ,lat4 #da;,a deg4 on ,atlantic coast and ,lat4 #ch;,a deg4 on ,pacific coast north to ,labrador and ,alaska2 winters from ,south ,carolina and southern ,california to the tropics4 ,illustration3 #fae4 #fae4 ,northern ,violet-,green ,swallow 7,tachycineta thalassina lepida74 ,l4 #e4b2 ,w4 #d4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,above bronze-green2 upper tail-coverts greener2 an indistinct nape-ring2 mark above eye1 cheeks and underparts white2 flank-patches white1 often showing from above4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,much duller1 the head browner1 ,yng4 ,above brownish sooty with a greenish tinge2 a whitish mark above and behind eye2 below white4 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 from eastern base of ,rockies to ,pacific2 breeds from ,mexico north to ,british ,columbia2 winters in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 #fae;a4 ,st4 ,lucas ,swallow 7,t4 t4 brachyptera74 ,similar to ,no4 #fae1 but wing shorter1 ,male1 #d4a1 ,female1 #d4 7,brewster47 ,range4--,lower ,california4 ,illustration3 #deh4 #deh4 ,black ,ph,abe 7,sayornis nigricans74 ,l4 #g4b4 ,ads4 ,breast and head black1 back grayer2 outer web of outer tail-feather white2 belly black1 under tail-coverts white streaked with dusky4 ,notes4 ,a liquid hip1 a rising kee-ree1 and a falling kee-wray4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,mexico1 except ,yucatan and ,pacific coast from ,colima northward1 north into ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 and southeastern ,arizona4 #deh;a4 ,western ,black ,ph,abe 7,s4 n4 semiatra74 ,similar to ,no4 #deh1 but under tail-coverts white without dusky streaks4 ,range--,pacific coast of ,mexico and ,united ,states1 from ,colima to ,oregon1 including most of ,arizona4 7,nelson47 ,illustration3 #did4 #did4 ,bobolink2 ,reed bird 7,dolichonyx oryzivorus74 ,ad4 ,male1 summer4 ,black2 nape buffy1 lower back1 scapulars and upper tail-coverts white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above yellowish brown streaked with buff1 and black4 below yellowish white1 sides streaked with black4 ,winter plumage1 ,ads and ,yng4 ,like ,female but yellower4 ,notes4 ,song1 an irrepressible bubbling outburst of mad music often given on the wing2 calls1 a blackbird-like chuck and a metallic1 far carrying1 chink4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 west to ,utah2 breeds from northern ,new ,jersey1 ,illinois and ,kansas1 north to ,nova ,scotia1 ,manitoba1 and ,montana2 migrates south through ,florida and ,west ,indies1 and winters south of ,amazon4 ,illustration3 #ecd ,winter4 ,illustration3 #ecd ,summer4 #ecd4 ,snowflake 7,passerina nivalis74 ,l4 #f4i4 ,hind toe-nail twice as long as shortest toe-nail4 ,ad4 ,male1 summer4 ,head1 rump1 secondaries1 outer tail-feathers and below white2 rest of plumage largely black4 ,ad4 ,female1 summer4 ,similar1 but crown blackish1 back edged with rusty or grayish4 ,winter4 ,above rusty and black1 below white1 breast tinged with rusty4 ,notes4 ,calls1 a clearly piped whistle1 and a peculiar chirr1 often uttered when taking wing2 song1 short1 simple1 but rather sweet4 7,minot47 ,range4--,breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere2 in winter south to northern states2 irregularly to ,georgia1 southern ,indiana1 ,kansas1 ,colorado1 and eastern ,oregon4 #ecd;a4 ,pribilof ,snowflake 7,p4 n4 townsendi74 ,similar to ,no4 #ecd1 but larger1 with relatively longer bill2 ,male1 ,w4 #d4g2 ,b4 4#e4 7,ridgw474 ,range4--,aleutian and ,commander ,islands1 ,pribilof ,islands1 ,shumagin ,islands4 7,ridgw474 #ece4 ,mc,kay ,snowflake 7,passerina hyperborea74 ,l4 #g4e2 ,w4 #d4f2 ,b 4#d4 ,similar to ,no4 #ecd1 but with more white4 ,ad4 ,male1 summer4 ,back and scapulars entirely white4 ,ad4 ,female1 summer4 ,crown and hindneck white4 ,yng4 ,not certainly distinguishable from ,yng4 of ,no4 #ecd4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,breeds on ,hall and ,st4 ,mathews ,islands1 ,bering ,sea2 in winter west coast of ,alaska4 ,illustration3 #fje4 #fje4 ,lark ,bunting 7,calamospiza melanocorys74 ,l4 #g4b4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,black1 patch in wing white1 outer tail-feathers tipped1 tertials margined with white4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,above grayish brown streaked with blackish2 below white conspicuously streaked with black2 all but central tail-feathers with white tips2 broad wing-bars buff4 ,yng4 ,male4 ,variously intermediate between ,ad4 ,male and ,female4 7,see page #bea74 ,range4--,western ,united ,states1 chiefly east of ,rockies2 breeds from western ,kansas and eastern ,colorado1 north to western ,minnesota and ,assiniboia2 winters in ,mexico2 irregular west in migrations to ,idaho and southern ,california4 ,illustration3 #dhd4 #dhd4 ,canada ,jay2 ,whiskey ,jack 7,perisoreus canadensis74 ,l4 #aa4e4 ,ads4 ,black of hindhead reaching to back of eye2 back1 wings1 and tail gray1 belly lighter1 throat white2 forehead buffy white4 ,notes4 ca-ca-ca and a number of peculiar sounds impossible to reproduce on paper4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america2 ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 northern ,new ,england1 northern ,new ,york1 northern ,michigan2 northern ,minnesota1 north to ,newfoundland and ,hudson ,bay region1 west to the ,rockies in ,alberta4 ,illustration3 #dhd;a4 #dhd;a4 ,rocky ,mountain ,jay 7,p4 c4 capitalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhd1 but head white1 black of hindhead grayer and not reaching to eye4 ,range4--,rocky ,mountain region from ,new ,mexico and ,arizona north to ,montana and ,idaho4 #dhd;b4 ,alaskan ,jay 7,p4 c4 fumifrons74 ,very near to ,no4 #dhd1 but forehead averaging more yellowish4 ,range4--,alaska2 interior and west to ,cook ,inlet1 north of southern coast region4 #dhd;c4 ,labrador ,jay 7,p4 c4 nigricapillus74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhd1 but black of hindhead deeper and reaching forward as a well defined ring around the eye2 below browner4 ,range4--,labrador4 ,illustration3 #dhe4 #dhe4 ,oregon ,jay 7,perisoreus obscurus74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhd1 but back feathers with light shaft streaks1 forehead less white1 underparts nearly uniform white4 ,range4--,pacific coast from northern ,california to southern ,british ,columbia4 #dhe;a4 ,gray ,jay 7,p4 o4 griseus74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhe1 but larger and grayer2 back1 etc41 deep mouse gray1 instead of brown2 below grayish white instead of brownish white4 7,ridgw47 ,range4--,british ,columbia1 ,washington1 ,oregon1 and northern ,california1 east of ,coast and ,cascade ,ranges4 7,ridgw47 ,illustration3 #dia4 #dia4 ,clarke ,nutcracker 7,nucifraga columbiana74 ,l4 #ab4 ,ads4 ,gray2 wings and middle tail-feathers black1 tips of secondaries and outer tail-feathers white4 ,notes4 ,a loud1 harsh1 car-r-car-r4 ,range4--,mountains of western ,north ,america1 from northern ,lower ,california1 ,arizona and ,new ,mexico1 north to northern ,alaska3 casually east to ,mississippi ,valley4 ,illustration3 #dge4 #dge4 ,american ,magpie 7,pica pica hudsonia74 ,l4 #bj4 ,ads4 ,bill black2 scapulars1 belly and most of inner margins of primaries white2 wings glossy blue black1 tail externally greenish2 back and breast velvety black4 ,notes4 ,cack1 cack1 also garrulous gabble intermixed with whistling notes4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america1 east to the ,plains1 west to ,cascade and ,sierra ,ranges2 breeds from northern ,new ,mexico and northern ,arizona north to ,alaska strays farther east in winter4 #dgf4 ,yellow-billed ,magpie 7,pica nuttalli74 ,similar to ,no4 #dge1 but bill and eye-space yellow2 smaller1 ,l4 #ah4 ,notes4 ,a harsh1 rasping1 cac-cac-cac2 and a low1 rich whistle1 audible only at a short distance4 ,range4--,california1 west of ,sierra ,nevada1 north to ,red ,bluff and south to ,santa ,paula4 7,grinnell47 ,illustration3 #dic4 #dic4 ,starling 7,sturnus vulgaris74 ,l4 #h4e2 ,t4 #b4e4 ,ad4 summer1 ,metallic green and purple spotted above with buffy2 bill yellow4 ,ad4 winter4 ,similar1 but above heavily spotted with brownish buff2 below heavily spotted with white2 bill blackish4 ,notes4 ,a long-drawn1 two-noted whistle1 the second lower2 and a chattering1 metallic call when in flocks4 ,range4--,europe and northern ,asia2 accidental in ,greenland2 introduced into ,new ,york ,city in #ahij2 now common1 extending east to ,new ,haven1 ,connecticut1 north to ,ossining1 ,new ,york1 south to ,staten ,island and ,plainfield1 ,new ,jersey4 ,illustration3 #die4 #die4 ,cowbird 7,molothrus ater74 ,l4 #g4i2 ,w4 #d4b4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head and neck coffee-brown1 body greenish black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,brownish gray1 throat lighter4 ,yng4 ,like ,female4 ,notes4 ,a metallic twitter1 and by the male1 a long-drawn1 glassy kluck-tse-e-e2 and watery gurgling notes uttered with spread wings and tail4 ,range4--,united ,states3 rare west of ,rockies2 breeds from ,florida and ,texas north to ,new ,brunswick and ,little ,slave ,lake2 west to eastern ,oregon1 ,nevada1 and southeastern ,california2 winters from southern ,new ,jersey1 southern ,illinois1 ,indian ,territory1 northern ,texas1 and southeastern ,california1 southward4 #die;a4 ,dwarf ,cowbird 7,m4 a4 obscurus74 ,similar to ,no4 #die1 but smaller1 ,l4 #g4e2 ,w4 #d4 ,range4--,southwestern ,united ,states2 from ,gulf ,coast of ,texas west along ,mexican boundary to ,arizona and ,lower ,california2 winters south of ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 #dif4 #dif4 ,red-eyed ,cowbird 7,callothrus robustus74 ,l4 #i4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,velvety bronze-black2 wings and tail shining blue-black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,dull black1 wings and tail with slight greenish reflections4 ,range4--,southern and eastern ,mexico north1 in spring1 to ,lower ,rio ,grande1 ,texas4 ,illustration3 #fbj4 #fbj4 ,phainopepla 7,phainopepla nitens74 ,l4 #g4e4 ,crested4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,shining black2 inner vanes of primaries largely white1 showing in flight4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,dark gray1 tail blacker1 wing-coverts and quills narrowly margined with whitish4 ,yng4 ,like ,female4 ,notes4 ,calls1 commonest1 like call of young ,robin2 male has also a scold1 a ,meadowlark-like note and a harsh ca-rack or ca-racack2 song1 a jumble of flute-like tones and weak1 squeaky notes4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,mexico north to western ,texas1 southern ,utah and southern ,california2 winters from ,mexican border southward4 ,illustration3 #eji4 #eji4 ,rusty ,blackbird 7,scolecophagus carolinus74 ,l4 #i4e4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,nearly uniform greenish black1 sometimes with rusty edgings4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,slaty gray1 generally with some rusty edgings4 ,winter plumage of both sexes similar to summer but widely tipped with rusty above and yellowish rusty below4 ,notes4 ,more musical than those of other ,blackbirds2 calls1 tcback or turalee repeated several times4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america west to the ,plains2 breeds from ,new ,brunswick1 northern ,new ,england1 northern ,new ,york1 and ,manitoba1 north to ,labrador and ,alaska2 winters from ,virginia1 southern ,illinois1 and ,kansas1 southward4 ,illustration3 #eaj4 #eaj4 ,brewer ,blackbird 7,scolecophagus cyanocephalus74 ,l4 #aj4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,whole head violet-purple1 rest of plumage bright greenish black4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,grayish brown1 throat paler1 wings and tail greenish black1 no rusty4 ,winter plumage with light grayish brown edgings to the feathers of the anterior part of the body4 ,notes4 ,chack and a loud1 shrill whistle4 7,bailey47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america from the ,plains to the ,pacific2 breeds from ,texas and northern ,lower ,california north to the ,saskatchewan and ,british ,columbia2 winters in the southern parts of its range2 casually east to ,mississippi ,river states4 ,illustration3 #eaa4 #eaa4 ,purple ,grackle 7,quiscalus quiscula74 ,l4 ,male1 #ab4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head1 purple1 steel-green or steel-blue2 back purple1 brassy green or greenish2 the feathers always with iridescent bars4 ,notes4 ,tchak and a short unmusical call uttered with spread wings and tail4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states2 breeds in lower ,mississippi ,valley and east of ,alleghanies1 from ,georgia to ,massachusetts2 winters from ,virginia southward through its breeding range4 #eaa;a4 ,florida ,grackle 7,q4 q4 agl,aus74 ,similar to #eaa1 but slightly smaller1 head always violet purple2 back always bottle-green1 with iridescent bars4 ,range4--,florida1 north on the ,atlantic coast to ,virginia1 west on the ,gulf ,coast to ,texas4 #eaa;b4 ,bronzed ,grackle 7,q4 q4 ,aneus74 ,head as in ,no4 #eaa1 back and belly bronze1 the feathers wholly without iridescent bars4 ,range4--,eastern ,united ,states west to the ,rockies2 breeds from southern ,texas to ,great ,slave ,lake1 east to ,alleghanies1 and1 in ,new ,york1 east and northeast to ,connecticut1 ,massachusetts1 and ,labrador2 winters chiefly in lower ,mississippi valley2 migrates in part east of the ,alleghanies4 ,illustration3 #eac4 #eac4 ,boat-tailed ,grackle 7,megaquiscalus major74 ,l4 ,male1 #af2 ,w4 #g4e2 ,t4 #g4 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head and neck glossy purple2 back and belly glossy greenish blue4 ,ad4 ,female4 ,much smaller1 ,t4 #e4b2 above blackish brown2 below soiled rusty buff4 ,notes4 ,tchack1 a variety of hoarse1 rather forced whistles and a gurgling roll as of a ,coot pattering over the water4 ,range4--,florida1 north along the coast to ,virginia2 west along coast to ,texas4 #eac;a4 ,great-tailed ,grackle 7,m4 m4 macrourus74 ,similar to ,no4 #eac1 but larger1 ,male1 ,l4 #ah2 ,t4 #i4 ,foreback and breast1 as well as head and neck1 purple1 only rump and lower belly greenish blue2 ,female blacker both above and below than ,male of #eac4 ,notes4 ,tchack1 and a greater variety of squeaky calls and hoarse whistles than are uttered by ,no4 #eac4 ,range4--,eastern ,texas and south into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 #dhf4 #dhf4 ,american ,raven 7,corvus corax sinuatus74 ,l4 #bd2 ,w4 #af2 ,b4 #b4g4 ,ads4 ,resembling ,no4 #dhh1 in color but glossier below and with the feathers of throat narrow and lengthened2 nape feathers gray at base4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse1 croaking1 craack-craack1 sometimes a deep1 grunting koeer-koeer2 a clucking1 and a metallic klunk4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,western ,north ,america1 from ,guatemala north to ,british ,columbia2 east to the ,rockies1 west to ,pacific4 #dhf;a4 ,northern ,raven 7,c4 c4 principalis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhf1 but larger1 ,l4 #be2 ,w4 #ag2 ,b4 #c4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america1 from mountains of northern ,georgia and coast of ,maine1 north to ,greenland2 west to the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,illustration3 #dhg4 #dhg4 ,white-necked ,raven 7,corvus cryptoleucus74 ,l4 #ah4e4 ,ads4 ,blue-black2 feathers of throat narrow and lengthened and with feathers of neck all around1 white at the base4 ,notes4 ,kwank-kwank1 less loud and penetrating than those of ,no4 #dhf4 7,bendire47 ,range4--,northern ,mexico1 north to western ,kansas1 eastern ,colorado 7rarely71 and southern ,california2 east to western ,texas4 ,illustration3 #dhh4 #dhh4 ,american ,crow 7,corvus americanus74 ,l4 #ai4c2 ,w4 #ab4a2 ,b4 #b4jj4 ,black with steel-blue or deep1 purplish reflections2 below duller1 neck feathers not lengthened4 ,notes4 ,caw1 caw1 with many variations2 song1 car-r-r-uck1 oo-oo-oo-oo-ah4 ,range4--,north ,america1 north to ,arctic ,circle2 winters from northern ,united ,states southward2 local in west4 #dhh;a4 ,florida ,crow 7,c4 a4 pascuus74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhh1 but wings and tail somewhat shorter1 bill and feet slightly larger1 ,w4 #ab2 ,t4 #g4c2 ,b4 #b4a4 ,range4--,florida4 #dhi4 ,northwest ,crow 7,corvus caurinus74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhh in color but smaller2 ,l4 #af2 ,w4 #aa2 ,b4 #a4g4 ,range4--,northwest coast1 from ,oregon to ,kadiak ,island1 ,alaska4 ,illustration3 #dij4 #dij4 ,fish ,crow 7,corvus ossifragus74 ,l4 #af2 ,w4 #aa2 ,b4 #a4e4 ,ads4 ,resemble ,no4 #dhh1 in color1 but back feathers are uniform blue-black without dull margins2 underparts are nearly as bright as upperparts4 ,notes4 ,a hoarse1 nasal1 reedy car resembling the call of the young of ,no4 #dhh4 ,range4--,atlantic coast north to ,connecticut1 7casually ,massachusetts71 west along ,gulf coast to ,louisiana2 resident1 except at northern limit of range4 ,,systematic ,,table ,of the ,birds of ,america north of ,mexico1 arranged according to the ,american ,ornithologists' ,union's ',check-,list of ,north ,american ,birds'1 ,third ,edition #aiaj1 and ,supplement,b1 ,july1 #aiab4 7,the presence of brackets1 1 indicates that the species is an accidental visitant74 ,b ,the ,auk1 xxix1 #aiab1 pp4 #chj-chg4 ,c ,note that trinomials are now employed for all the races of a species including the first one described4 ,hence in place of ,no4 #ac1 ,puffin1 ,fratercula arctica1 we now have ,no4 #ac1 ,puffin1 ,fratercula arctica arctica4 7,see pages #f and #g for an explanation of this method47 ,e ,note also that in accordance with a ruling of the ,a4,o4,u41 the apostrophe is used with the names of birds named after individuals4 ,thus in place of ,no4 #af1 ,cassin ,auklet1 we have ,no4 #af1 ,cassin's ,auklet4 ,these changes affect all similar cases throughout the ,color ,key4 ,after identifying a species1 therefore1 the student should turn to its number in the ,systematic ,table to learn whether any change has been made in its name4 ,all alterations other than those of mere nomenclature are given beyond in ,appendix ,i4 ,order ,,pygopodes4 ,diving ,birds ,family ,,colymbida4 ,grebes4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #a ,western ,grebe ,achmophorus occidentalis #dd #b ,holb,all's ,grebe ,colymbus holb,alli #dc #c ,horned ,grebe auritus #dc #d ,eared ,grebe nigricollis californicus #dc #e ,mexican ,grebe dominicus brachypterus #dc #f ,pied-bill ,grebe ,podilymbus podiceps #dc ,family ,,gaviida4 ,loons4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #g ,loon ,gavia immer #dd #h ,yellow-billed ,loon adamsi #dd #i ,black-throated ,loon arctica #dd #aj ,pacific ,loon pacifica #dd #aa ,red-throated ,loon stellata #dd ,family ,,alcida4 ,auks1 ,murres1 and ,puffins4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #ab ,tufted ,puffin ,lunda cirrhata #de #ac ,puffin ,fratercula arctica arctica,c #de #ac;a ,large-billed ,puffin naumanni #de #ad ,horned ,puffin corniculata #de #ae ,rhinoceros ,auklet ,cerorhinca monocerata #de #af ,cassin's ,auklet,e ,ptychoramphus aleuticus #df #ag ,paroquet ,auklet ,phaleris psittacula #dg #ah ,crested ,auklet ,athia cristatella #dg #ai ,whiskered ,auklet pygm,aa #dg #bj ,least ,auklet pusilla #dg #ba ,ancient ,murrelet ,synthliboramphus antiquus #dg #bc ,marbled ,murrelet ,brachyramphus marmoratus #df #bd ,kittlitz's ,murrelet brevirostris #df #be ,xantus's ,murrelet hypoleucus #df #bf ,craveri's ,murrelet craverii #df #bg ,black ,guillemot ,cepphus grylle #dh #bh ,mandt's ,guillemot mandti #dh #bi ,pigeon ,guillemot columba #dh #cj ,murre ,uria troile troile #dh #cj;a ,california ,murre californica #dh #ca ,brunnich's ,murre lomvia lomvia #dh #ca;a ,pallas's ,murre arra #dh #cb ,razor-billed ,auk ,alca torda #dh #cc ,great ,auk ,plautus impennis #dh #cd ,dovekie ,alle alle #df ,order ,,longipennes4 ,long ,winged ,swimmers ,family ,,stercorariida4 ,skuas and ,jaegers ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #ce ,skua ,megalestris skua #ea #cf ,pomarine ,jaeger ,stercorarius pomarinus #ea #cg ,parasitic ,jaeger parasiticus #ea #ch ,long-tailed ,jaeger longicaudus #ea ,family ,,larida4 ,gulls and ,terns ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #ci ,ivory ,gull ,pagophila alba #eb #dj ,kittiwake ,rissa tridactyla tridactyla #eb #dj;a ,pacific ,kittiwake pollicaris #eb #da ,red-legged ,kittiwake ,rissa brevirostris #eb #db ,glaucous ,gull ,larus hyperboreus #ec #dc ,iceland ,gull leucopterus #ec #dd ,glaucous-winged ,gull glaucescens #ec #de ,kumlien's ,gull kumlieni #ec #df ,nelson's ,gull nelsoni #ec #dg ,great ,black-backed ,gull marinus #ed #dh ,slaty-backed ,gull schistisagus #ed #di ,western ,gull occidentalis #ed #ej ,siberian ,gull affinis ,a4,v4 #ea ,herring ,gull argentatus #ee #eb ,vega ,gull veg,a ,a4,v4 #ec ,california ,gull californicus #ee #ed ,ring-billed ,gull delawarensis #eb #ee ,short-billed ,gull brachyrhynchus #eb #ef ,mew ,gull canus ,a4,v4 #eg ,heermann's ,gull heermanni #ed #eh ,laughing ,gull atricilla #ef #ei ,franklin's ,gull franklini #ef #fj ,bonaparte's ,gull philadelphia #ef #fj4a ,little ,gull minutus ,a4,v4 #fa ,ross's ,gull ,rhodostethia rosea #ef #fb ,sabine's ,gull ,xema sabini #ef #fc ,gull-billed ,tern ,gelochelidon nilotica #eh #fd ,caspian ,tern ,sterna caspia #eg #fe ,royal ,tern maxima #eg #ff ,elegant ,tern elegans #eg #fg ,cabot's ,tern sandvicensis acuflavida #eg #fh ,trudeau's ,tern trudeaui ,a4,v4 #fi ,forster's ,tern forsteri #ei #gj ,common ,tern hirundo #ei #ga ,arctic ,tern paradis,aa #ei #gb ,roseate ,tern dougalli #ei #gc ,aleutian ,tern aleutica #eh #gd ,least ,tern antillarum #eh #ge ,sooty ,tern fuscata #fj #gf 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#dih;e ,san ,diego ,red-wing neutralis #agh #dih;f ,northwestern ,red-wing caurinus #agh #dih;g ,vera ,cruz ,red-wing richmondi #bih #dii ,bicolored ,blackbird gubernator californicus #agi #ejj ,tricolored ,blackbird tricolor #agi #eja ,meadowlark ,sturnella magna magna #aii #eja;a ,rio ,grande ,meadowlark hoopesi #aii #eja;c ,southern ,meadowlark argutula #aii #eja4a ,western ,meadowlark neglecta #aii #ejc ,audubon's ,oriole ,icterus melanocephalus auduboni #ahj #ejd ,scott's ,oriole parisorum #ahf #eje ,sennett's ,oriole cucullatus sennetti #ahf #eje;a ,arizona ,hooded ,oriole nelsoni #ahf #ejf ,orchard ,oriole spurius #bjf #ejg ,baltimore ,oriole galbula #ahf #ejh ,bullock's ,oriole bullocki #ahf #eji ,rusty ,blackbird ,euphagus carolinus #bed #eaj ,brewer's ,blackbird cyanocephalus #bed #eaa ,purple ,grackle ,quiscalus quiscula quiscula #bed #eaa;a ,florida ,grackle agl,aus #bed #eaa;b ,bronzed ,grackle ,aneus #bed #eac ,boat-tailed ,grackle ,megaquiscalus major major #bed #eac;a ,great-tailed ,grackle macrourus #bed ,family ,,fringillida4 ,finches1 ,sparrows1 etc4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #ead ,evening ,grosbeak ,hesperiphona vespertina vespertina #aii #ead;a ,western ,evening ,grosbeak montana #aii #eae ,pine ,grosbeak ,pinicola enucleator leucura #aga #eae;a ,rocky ,mt4 ,pine ,grosbeak montana #aga #eae;b ,california ,pine ,grosbeak californica #aga #eae;c ,alaska ,pine ,grosbeak alascensis #aga #eae;d ,kadiak ,pine ,grosbeak flammula #aga #eaf ,cassin's ,bullfinch ,pyrrhula cassini ,a4,v4 #eag ,purple ,finch ,carpodacus purpureus purpureus #aga #eag;a ,california ,purple ,finch californicus #aga #eah ,cassin's ,purple ,finch cassini #age #eai ,house ,finch mexicanus frontalis #age #eai;b ,san ,lucas ,house ,finch ruberrimus #age #eai;c ,san ,clemente ,house ,finch clementis #age #ebj ,guadalupe ,house ,finch amplus #age #ebj4a ,mc,gregor's ,house ,finch mcgregori #age #eba ,american ,crossbill ,loxia curvirostra minor #agc #eba;a ,mexican ,crossbill stricklandi #agc #ebb ,white-winged ,crossbill leucoptera #aga #ebc ,aleutian ,rosy ,finch ,leucosticte griseonucha #agi #ebd ,gray-crowned ,rosy ,finch tephrocotis tephrocotis #agi #ebd;a ,hepburn's ,rosy ,finch littoralis #agi #ebe ,black ,rosy ,finch atrata #agi #ebf ,brown-capped ,rosy ,finch australis #agi #ebg ,greenland ,redpoll ,acanthis hornemanni hornemanni #agf #ebg;a ,hoary ,redpoll exilipes #agf #ebh ,redpoll linaria linaria #agf #ebh;a ,holb,all's ,redpoll holb,alli #agf #ebh;b ,greater ,redpoll rostrata #agf #ebi ,goldfinch ,astragalinus tristis tristis #aib #ebi;a ,pale ,goldfinch pallidus #aib #ebi;b ,willow ,goldfinch salicamans #aib #ecj ,arkansas ,goldfinch psaltria psaltria #aib #ecj;a ,green-backed ,goldfinch hesperophilus #bii #eca ,lawrence's ,goldfinch lawrencei #ahi #ecb ,black-headed ,goldfinch ,spinus notatus ,a4,v4 #ecc ,pine ,siskin pinus pinus #bbe #ecd ,snow ,bunting ,plectrophenax nivalis nivalis #baa #ecd;a ,pribilof ,snow ,bunting townsendi #baa #ece ,mc,kay's ,snow ,bunting hyperboreus #baa #ecf ,lapland ,longspur ,calcarius lapponicus lapponicus #bai #ecf;a ,alaska ,longspur alascensis #bai #ecg ,smith's ,longspur pictus #bbj #ech ,chestnut-collared ,longspur ornatus #bah #eci ,mc,cown's ,longspur ,rhynchophanes mccowni #bah #edj ,vesper ,sparrow ,po,acetes gramineus gramineus #bba #edj;a ,western ,vesper ,sparrow confinis #bba #edj;b ,oregon ,vesper ,sparrow affinis #bba #eda ,ipswich ,sparrow ,passerculus princeps #bbe #edb ,aleutian ,savannah ,sparrow sandwichensis sandwichensis #bbc #edb;a ,savannah ,sparrow sandwichensis savanna #bbc #edb;b ,western ,savannah ,sparrow alaudinus #bbc #edb;c ,bryant's ,sparrow bryanti #bbc #edb;d ,nevada ,savannah ,sparrow nevadensis #cjj #edc ,belding's ,sparrow beldingi #bbc #edd ,large-billed ,sparrow rostratus rostratus #bbc #edd;a ,san ,lucas ,sparrow guttatus #bbc #edd;c ,san ,benito ,sparrow sanctorum #bbd #ede ,baird's ,sparrow ,ammodramus bairdi #bbd #edf ,grasshopper ,sparrow savannarum australis #bbd #edf;a ,western ,grasshopper ,sparrow ,ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus #bbd #edf;b ,florida ,grasshopper ,sparrow floridanus #bbd #edg ,henslow's ,sparrow ,passerherbulus henslowi henslowi #bbd #edg;a ,western ,henslow's ,sparrow occidentalis #bbd #edh ,leconte's ,sparrow lecontei #bbe #edi ,sharp-tailed ,sparrow caudacutus #bbe #edi4a ,nelson's ,sparrow nelsoni nelsoni #bbe #edi4a;a ,acadian ,sharp-tailed ,sparrow subvirgatus #bbe #eej ,seaside ,sparrow maritimus maritimus #bbf #eej;a ,scott's ,seaside ,sparrow peninsul,a #bbf #eej;b ,texas ,seaside ,sparrow sennetti #bbf #eej;c ,fisher's ,seaside ,sparrow fisheri #bbf #eej;d ,macgillivray's ,seaside ,sparrow macgillivraii #bbf #eea ,dusky ,seaside ,sparrow nigrescens #bbf #eeb ,lark ,sparrow ,chondestes grammacus grammacus #bbh #eeb;a ,western ,lark ,sparrow strigatus #bbh #eec ,harris's ,sparrow ,zonotrichia querula #bbi #eed ,white-crowned ,sparrow leucophrys leucophrys #bbg #eed;a ,gambel's ,sparrow gambeli #bbg #eed;b ,nuttall's ,sparrow nuttalli #bbg #eeg ,golden-crowned ,sparrow coronata #bbg #eeh ,white-throated ,sparrow albicollis #bbg #eei ,tree ,sparrow ,spizella monticola monticola #bbb #eei;a ,western ,tree ,sparrow ochracea #bbb #efj ,chipping ,sparrow passerina passerina #bbb #efj;a ,western ,chipping ,sparrow arizon,a #bbb #efa ,clay-colored ,sparrow pallida #bbh #efb ,brewer's ,sparrow breweri #bbh #efc ,field ,sparrow pusilla pusilla #bbb #efc;a ,western ,field ,sparrow arenacea #bbb #efd ,worthen's ,sparrow wortheni #bbh #efe ,black-chinned ,sparrow atrogularis #bai #eff ,white-winged ,junco ,junco aikeni #bdj #efg ,slate-,colored ,junco hyemalis hyemalis #bdj #efg;a ,oregon ,junco oreganus #bda #efg;b ,shufeldt's ,junco connectens #bda #efg;c ,thurber's ,junco thurberi #bda #efg;d ,point ,pinos ,junco pinosus #bda #efg;e ,carolina ,junco carolinensis #bdj #efg;f ,montana ,junco montanus #bdj #efg;g ,pink-sided ,junco ,junco hyemalis mearnsi #bdj #efg;h ,ridgway's ,junco annectens #cjc #efg;i ,townsend's ,junco townsendi #bdj #egj ,arizona ,junco ph,aonotus palliatus #bda #egj;a ,red-backed ,junco dorsalis #bda #egj;b ,gray-headed ,junco caniceps #bda #ega ,baird's ,junco bairdi #bdj #egb ,guadalupe ,junco insularis #bdj #egc ,black-throated ,sparrow ,amphispiza bilineata bilineata #bdi #egc;a ,desert ,black-throated ,sparrow deserticola #bdi #egd ,bell's ,sparrow belli #bbh #egd4a ,sage ,sparrow nevadensis nevadensis #bbh #egd4a;a ,gray ,sage ,sparrow cinerea #bbh #egd4a;b ,california ,sage ,sparro canescens #cjj #ege ,pine-woods ,sparrow ,peuc,aa ,astivalis #bba #ege;a ,bachman's ,sparrow bachmani #bba #egf ,botteri's ,sparrow botterii #bba #egh ,cassin's ,sparrow cassini #bba #egi ,rufous-winged ,sparrow ,aimophila carpalis #bbj #ehj ,rufous-crowned ,sparrow ruficeps ruficeps #bbj #ehj;a ,scott's ,sparrow scotti #bbj #ehj;b ,rock ,sparrow erem,aca #bbj #ehj;c ,laguna ,sparrow sororia #bbj #eha ,song ,sparrow ,melospiza melodia melodia #bbi #eha;a ,desert ,song ,sparrow fallax #bbi #eha;b ,mountain ,song ,sparrow montana #bbi #eha;c ,heermann's ,song ,sparrow heermanni #bbi #eha;d ,samuel's ,song ,sparrow samuelis #bcj #eha;e ,rusty ,song ,sparrow morphna #bcj #eha;f ,sooty ,song ,sparrow rufina #bcj #eha;g ,brown's ,song ,sparrow rivularis #bbi #eha;h ,santa ,barbara ,song ,sparrow graminea #bcj #eha;i ,san ,clemente ,song ,sparrow clement,a #bcj #eha;j ,dakota ,song ,sparrow juddi #bbi #ehak ,merrill's ,song ,sparrow merrilli #bbi #ehal ,alameda ,song ,sparrow pusillula #bcj #eham ,san ,diego ,song ,sparrow cooperi #bcj #ehan ,yakutat ,song ,sparrow caurina #bcj #ehao ,kenai ,song ,sparrow kenaiensis #bcj #ehap ,mendocino ,song ,sparrow cleonensis #cja #ehaq ,kadiak ,song ,sparrow insignis #bcj #ehar ,aleutian ,song ,sparrow ,melospiza melodia sanaka #bcj #ehas ,suisun ,song ,sparrow maxillaris #cjj #ehc ,lincoln's ,sparrow lincolni lincolni #bbf #ehc;a ,forbush's ,sparrow striata #bbf #ehd ,swamp ,sparrow georgiana #bbb #ehe ,fox ,sparrow ,passerella iliaca iliaca #bca #ehe;a ,shumagin ,sparrow unalaschcensis #bca #ehe;b ,thick-billed ,sparrow megarhyncha #bca #ehe;c ,slate-colored ,sparrow schistacea #bca #ehe;d ,stephen's ,sparrow stephensi #bca #ehe;e ,sooty ,fox ,sparrow fuliginosa #cja #ehe;f ,kadiak ,fox ,sparrow insularis #cja #ehf ,texas ,sparrow ,arremonops rufivirgatus #bae #ehg ,towhee ,pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus #bjd #ehg;a ,white-eyed ,towhee erythrophthalmus alleni #bjd #ehh ,arctic ,towhee maculatus arcticus #bjd #ehh;a ,spurred ,towhee montanus #bjd #ehh;b ,oregon ,towhee oregonus #bjd #ehh;c ,san ,clemente ,towhee clement,a #bjd #ehh;d ,san ,diego ,towhee megalonyx #bjd #ehh;e ,large-billed ,towhee magnirostris #bjd #ehi ,guadalupe ,towhee consobrinus #bjd #eia ,ca,a-on ,towhee fuscus mesoleucus #bje #eia;a ,san ,lucas ,towhee albigula #bje #eia4a ,california ,towhee crissalis crissalis #bje #eia4a;a ,anthony's ,towhee senicula #bje #eib ,abert's ,towhee aberti #bje #eib4a ,green-tailed ,towhee ,oreospiza chlorura #bjf #eic ,cardinal ,cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis #agg #eic;a ,arizona ,cardinal superbus #agb #eic;b ,san ,lucas ,cardinal igneus #agb #eic;c ,gray-tailed ,cardinal canicaudus #agb #eic;d ,florida ,cardinal floridanus #agb #eid ,arizona ,pyrrhuloxia ,pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata #agb #eid;a ,texas ,pyrrhuloxia texana #agb #eid;b ,san ,lucas ,pyrrhuloxia peninsul,a #agb #eie ,rose-breasted ,grosbeak ,zamelodia ludoviciana #agd #eif ,black-headed ,grosbeak melanocephala #bjg #eig ,blue ,grosbeak ,guiraca c,arulea c,arulea #aha #eig;a ,western ,blue ,grosbeak ,guiraca c,arulea lazula #aha #eih ,indigo ,bunting ,passerina cyanea #aha #eii ,lazuli ,bunting am,ana #ahj #fjj ,varied ,bunting versicolor versicolor #ahj #fjj;a ,beautiful ,bunting pulchra #ahj #fja ,painted ,bunting ciris #ahj #fjb ,sharpe's ,seed-eater ,sporophila morelleti sharpei #bdi #fjc ,grassquit ,tiaris bicolor ,a4,v4 #fjc4a ,melodious ,grassquit canora ,a4,v4 #fjd ,dickcissel ,spiza americana #aih #fje ,lark ,bunting ,calamospiza melanocorys #beb ,family ,,tangarida4 ,tanagers4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #fjg ,western ,tanager ,piranga ludoviciana #aga #fjh ,scarlet ,tanager erythromelas #aga #fji ,hepatic ,tanager hepatica #aga #faj ,summer ,tanager rubra rubra #aga #faj;a ,cooper's ,tanager cooperi #aga ,family ,,hirundinida4 ,swallows4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #faa ,purple ,martin ,progne subis subis #bej #faa;a ,western ,martin hesperia #bej #faa4a ,cuban ,martin cryptoleuca #bej #faa4b ,gray-breasted ,martin chalybea #cjd #fab ,cliff ,swallow ,petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons #bej #fab;a ,lesser ,cliff ,swallow tachina #cjd #fab;b ,mexican ,cliff ,swallow melanogastra #bej #fab4a ,cuban ,cliff ,swallow fulva ,a4,v4 #fac ,barn ,swallow ,hirundo erythrogastra #bej #fac4a ,european ,swallow rustica ,a4,v4 #fad ,tree ,swallow ,iridoprocne bicolor #bej #fae ,northern ,violet-green ,swallow ,tachycineta thalassina lepida #bej #fae;a ,san ,lucas ,swallow brachyptera #bej #fae4a ,bahama ,swallow ,callichelidon cyaneoviridis ,a4,v4 #fae4b ,european ,martin ,chelidonaria urbica ,a4,v4 #faf ,bank ,swallow ,riparia riparia ,a4,v4 #fag ,rough-winged ,swallow ,stelgidopteryx serripennis #baa ,family ,,bombycillida ,waxwings4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #fah ,bohemian ,waxwing ,bombycilla garrula #aih #fai ,cedar ,waxwing cedrorum #aih ,family ,,ptilogonatida4 ,silky ,flycatchers4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #fbj ,phainopepla ,phainopepla nitens #bec ,family ,,laniida4 ,shrikes4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #fba ,northern ,shrike ,lanius borealis #bdh #fbb ,loggerhead ,shrike ludovicianus ludovicianus #bdh #fbb;a ,white-rumped ,shrike excubitorides #bdh #fbb;b ,california ,shrike gambeli #bdh #fbb;c ,island ,shrike anthonyi #bdh #fbb;e ,migrant ,shrike migrans #cjd ,family ,,vireonida4 ,vireos4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #fbc ,black-whiskered ,vireo ,vireosylva calidris barbatula #bab #fbd ,red-eyed ,vireo olivacea #bab #fbe ,yellow-green ,vireo flavoviridis #bcc #fbf ,philadelphia ,vireo philadelphica #bac #fbg ,warbling ,vireo gilva gilva #bac #fbg;a ,western ,warbling ,vireo swainsoni #bac #fbh ,yellow-throated ,vireo ,lanivireo flavifrons #aih #fbi ,blue-headed ,vireo solitarius solitarius #bac #fbi;a ,cassin's ,vireo cassini #bac #fbi;b ,plumbeous ,vireo plumbeus #bac #fbi;c ,mountain ,solitary ,vireo alticola #bac #fbi;d ,san ,lucas ,solitary ,vireo lucasanus #bac #fcj ,black-capped ,vireo ,vireo atricapillus #bde #fca ,white-eyed ,vireo griseus griseus #bac #fca;a ,key ,west ,vireo griseus maynardi #bac #fca;b ,bermuda ,vireo bermudianus #bac #fca;c ,small ,white-eyed ,vireo micrus #bac #fcb ,hutton's ,vireo huttoni huttoni #bab #fcb;a ,stephens's ,vireo stephensi #bab #fcb;c ,anthony's ,vireo obscurus #bab #fcb;d ,frazar's ,vireo cognatus #bii #fcc ,bell's ,vireo belli belli #bad #fcc;a ,least ,vireo pusillus #bad #fcc;b ,texas ,vireo medius #bii #fcd ,gray ,vireo vicinior #bad ,family ,,coerebida4 ,honey ,creepers4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #fce ,bahama ,honey ,creeper ,,careba bahamensis ,a4,v4 ,family ,,mniotiltida4 ,wood ,warblers4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #fcf ,black and ,white ,warbler ,mniotilta varia #bdi #fcg ,prothonotary ,warbler ,protonotaria citrea #ahg #fch ,swainson's ,warbler ,helinaia swainsoni #bae #fci ,worm-eating ,warbler ,helmitheros vermivorus #bae #fdj ,bachman's ,warbler ,vermivora bachmani #aia #fda ,blue-winged ,warbler pinus #aia #fdb ,golden-winged ,warbler chrysoptera #ahi #fdc ,lucy's ,warbler luci,a #bjf #fdd ,virginia's ,warbler virgini,a #aig #fde ,nashville ,warbler rubricapilla rubricapilla #aie #fde;a ,calaveras ,warbler gutturalis #aie #fdf ,orange-crowned ,warbler celata celata #bai #fdf;a ,lutescent ,warbler lutescens #baj #fdf;b ,dusky ,warbler sordida #bab #fdg ,tennessee ,warbler peregrina #bab #fdh ,parula ,warbler ,compsothlypis americana americana #aie #fdh;a ,northern ,parula ,warbler americana usne,a #aie #fdi ,sennett's ,warbler pitiayumi nigrilora #aie #fea ,olive ,warbler ,peucedramus olivaceus #ahg #fej ,cape ,may ,warbler ,dendroica tigrina #aif #feb ,yellow ,warbler ,astiva ,astiva #aif #feb;a ,sonora ,yellow ,warbler ,dendroica ,astiva sonorana #aif #feb;b ,alaska ,yellow ,warbler rubiginosa #aif #feb;c ,california ,yellow ,warbler brewsteri #bii #fec ,mangrove ,warbler bryanti castaneiceps #aif #fed ,black-throated ,blue ,warbler c,arulescens c,arulescens #ahj #fed;a ,cairns's ,warbler cairnsi #ahj #fee ,myrtle ,warbler coronata #aig #fef ,audubon's ,warbler auduboni auduboni #aij #fef;a ,black-fronted ,warbler nigrifrons #aij #feg ,magnolia ,warbler magnolia #aij #feh ,cerulean ,warbler cerulea #aha #fei ,chestnut-sided ,warbler pensylvania #aih #ffj ,bay-breasted ,warbler castanea #bjf #ffa ,black-poll ,warbler striata #bdi #ffb ,blackburnian ,warbler fusca #ahg #ffc ,yellow-throated ,warbler dominica dominica #aij #ffc;a ,sycamore ,warbler albilora #aij #ffd ,grace's ,warbler ,dendroica graci,a #aij #ffe ,black-throated ,gray ,warbler nigrescens #bdi #fff ,golden-cheeked ,warbler chrysoparia #ahh #ffg ,black-throated ,green ,warbler virens #ahh #ffh ,townsend's ,warbler townsendi #ahh #ffi ,hermit ,warbler occidentalis #ahh #fgj ,kirtland's ,warbler kirtlandi #aia #fga ,pine ,warbler vigorsi vigorsi #aia #fgb ,palm ,warbler palmarum palmarum #aif #fgb;a ,yellow ,palm ,warbler hypochrysea #aig #fgc ,prairie ,warbler discolor #aig #fgd ,oven-bird ,seiurus aurocapillus #bcb #fge ,water-,thrush noveboracensis noveboracensis #bcb #fge;a ,grinnell's ,water-,thrush noveboracensis notabilis #bcb #fgf ,louisiana ,water-,thrush motacilla #bcb #fgg ,kentucky ,warbler ,oporornis formosus #aic #fgh ,connecticut ,warbler agilis #ahi #fgi ,mourning ,warbler philadelphia #ahi #fhj ,macgillivray's ,warbler tolmiei #ahi #fha ,maryland ,yellow-throat ,geothlypis trichas trichas #aic #fha;a ,western ,yellow-throat occidentalis #aic #fha;b ,florida ,yellow-throat ignota #aid #fha;c ,pacific ,yellow-throat arizela #aid #fha;e ,salt ,marsh ,yellow-throat sinuosa #aid #fhb ,belding's ,yellow-throat beldingi #aid #fhb4a ,rio ,grande ,yellow-throat ,cham,athlypis poliocephala #aid #fhc ,yellow-breasted ,chat ,icteria virens virens #aih #fhc;a ,long-tailed ,chat longicauda #aih #fhd ,hooded ,warbler ,wilsonia citrina #ahh #fhe ,wilson's ,warbler pusilla pusilla #aic #fhe;a ,pileolated ,warbler pileolata #aic #fhe;b ,golden ,pileolated ,warbler chryseola #aic #fhf ,canadian ,warbler canadensis #aia #fhg ,american ,redstart ,setophaga ruticilla #ahg #fhh ,painted ,redstart picta #agg #fij ,red-faced ,warbler ,cardellina rubrifrons #agg ,family ,,motacillida4 ,wagtails and ,pipits4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #fid ,white ,wagtail ,motacilla alba ,a4,v4 #fie ,swinhoe ,wagtail ocularis ,a4,v4 #fif ,alaska ,yellow ,wagtail ,budytes flavus alascensis #aib #fig ,pipit ,anthus rubescens #bcb #fih ,meadow ,pipit pratensis ,a4,v4 #fii ,red-throated ,pipit cervinus ,a4,v4 #gjj ,sprague's ,pipit spraguei #bcb ,family ,,cinclida4 ,dippers4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #gja ,dipper ,cinclus mexicanus unicolor #bdg ,family ,,mimida4 ,thrashers1 ,mockingbirds1 etc4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #gjb ,sage ,thrasher ,oreoscoptes montanus #bcc #gjc ,mockingbird ,mimus polyglottos polyglottos #bdh #gjc;a ,western ,mockingbird leucopterus #bdh #gjd ,catbird ,dumtella carolinensis #bdg #gje ,brown ,thrasher ,toxostoma rufum #bcc #gjf ,sennett's ,thrasher longirostre sennetti #bcc #gjg ,curve-billed ,thrasher curvirostre curvirostre #baf #gjg;a ,palmer's ,thrasher palmeri #baf #gjh ,bendire's ,thrasher bendirei #baf #gji ,san ,lucas ,thrasher cinereum cinereum #baf #gji;a ,mearns's ,thrasher mearnsi #baf #gaj ,california ,thrasher redivivum redivivum #bag #gaa ,leconte's ,thrasher lecontei lecontei #bag #gaa;a ,desert ,thrasher arenicola #bag #gab ,crissal ,thrasher crissale #bag ,family ,,troglodytida4 ,wrens4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #gac ,cactus ,wren ,heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi #bcc #gac;a ,bryant's ,cactus ,wren bryanti #bcc #gac;b ,san ,lucas ,cactus ,wren affinis #bcc #gae ,rock ,wren ,salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus #bcd #gae;a ,san ,nicolas ,rock ,wren pulverius #cja #gaf ,guadalupe ,rock ,wren guadeloupensis #bcd #gag ,white-throated ,wren ,catherpes mexicanus albifrons #bcd #gag;a ,ca,a-on ,wren conspersus #bcd #gag;b ,dotted ,ca,a-on ,wren punctulatus #bcd #gah ,carolina ,wren ,thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus #bcd #gah;a ,florida ,wren miamensis #bcd #gah;b ,lomita ,wren lomitensis #bcd #gai ,bewick's ,wren ,thryomanes bewicki bewicki #bce #gai;a ,vigor's ,wren spilurus #bce #gai;b ,baird's ,wren bairdi #bce #gai;c ,texas ,bewick's ,wren cryptus #bce #gai;d ,san ,diego ,bewick's ,wren charienturus #bce #gai;e ,seattle ,bewick's ,wren calophonus #bce #gai4a ,san ,clemente ,wren leucophrys #bce #gbj ,guadalupe ,wren brevicauda #bce #gba ,house ,wren ,troglodytes a,adon a,adon #bcf #gba;a ,western ,house ,wren parkmani #bcf #gbb ,winter ,wren ,nannus hiemalis hiemalis #bcf #gbb;a ,western ,winter ,wren pacificus #bcf #gbb;b ,kadiak ,winter ,wren helleri #bcf #gbc ,alaska ,wren alascensis #bcf #gbc4a ,aleutian ,wren meliger #bcf #gbd ,short-billed ,marsh ,wren ,cistothorus stellaris #bcf #gbe ,long-billed ,marsh ,wren ,telmatodytes palustris palustris #bcg #gbe ,tul,a7,c7 ,wren paludicola #bcg #gbe;b ,worthington's ,marsh ,wren griseus #bcg #gbe;c ,western ,tule ,wren plesius #bcg #gbe;d ,prairie ,marsh ,wren iliacus #cja #gbe;e ,marian's ,marsh ,wren mariann,a #bcg ,family ,,certhiida4 ,creepers4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #gbf ,brown ,creeper ,certhia familiaris americana #bcg #gbf;a ,mexican ,creeper albescens #bcg #gbf;b ,rocky ,mountain ,creeper montana #bcg #gbf;c ,california ,creeper occidentalis #bcg #gbf;d ,sierra ,creeper zelotes #bcg ,family ,,sittida4 ,nuthatches4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #gbg ,white-breasted ,nuthatch ,sitta carolinensis carolinensis #bdf #gbg;a ,slender-billed ,nuthatch aculeata #bdf #gbg;b ,florida ,white-breasted ,nuthatch atkinsi #bdf #gbg;c ,rocky ,mountain ,nuthatch nelsoni #bdf #gbg;d ,san ,lucas ,nuthatch lagun,a #bdf #gbh ,red-breasted ,nuthatch ,sitta canadensis #bdf #gbi ,brown-headed ,nuthatch pusilla #bdf #gcj ,pygmy ,nuthatch pygm,aa pygm,aa #bdf #gcj;a ,white-naped ,nuthatch leuconucha #bdg ,family ,,parida4 ,titmice4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #gca ,tufted ,titmouse ,,baolophus bicolor #bdc #gcb ,black-crested ,titmouse atricristatus atricristatus #bdb #gcb;a ,sennett's ,titmouse sennetti #cjc #gcc ,plain ,titmouse ,,baolophus inornatus inornatus #bdb #gcc;a ,gray ,titmouse griseus #bdb #gcc;b ,ashy ,titmouse cineraceus #bdb #gcd ,bridled ,titmouse wollweberi #bdd #gce ,chickadee ,penthestes atricapillus atricapillus #bde #gce;a ,long-tailed ,chickadee septentrionalis #bde #gce;b ,oregon ,chickadee occidentalis #bde #gce;c ,yukon ,chickadee turneri #cjc #gcf ,carolina ,chickadee carolinensis carolinensis #bde #gcf;a ,plumbeous ,chickadee agilis #bde #gcf;b ,florida ,chickadee impiger #cjc #gcg ,mexican ,chickadee sclateri #bde #gch ,mountain ,chickadee gambeli gambeli #bdd #gch;a ,bailey's ,mountain ,chickadee bailey,a #cjc #gci ,alaska ,chickadee cinctus alascensis #bdd #gdj ,hudsonian ,chickadee hudsonicus hudsonicus #bdd #gdj;a ,acadian ,chickadee littoralis #bdd #gda ,chestnut-backed ,chickadee rufescens rufescens #bdd #gda;a ,california ,chickadee neglectus #bdd #gda;b ,barlow's ,chickadee barlowi #bdd #gda;c ,valdez ,chestnut-sided ,chickadee vivax #cjc #gdc ,bush-,tit ,psaltriparus minimus minimus #bdb #gdc;a ,california ,bush-,tit californicus #bdb #gdc;b ,grinda's ,bush-,tit grind,a #bdb #gdd ,lead-colored ,bush-,tit plumbeus #bdb #gde ,lloyd's ,bush-,tit melanotis lloydi #bdb #gdf ,verdin ,auriparus flaviceps flaviceps #aie #gdf;a ,cape ,verdin lamprocephalus #aie ,family ,,chama,,ida4 ,wren-,tits4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #gdb ,wren-,tit ,cham,aa fasciata fasciata #bae #gdb;a ,pallid ,wren-,tit henshawi #bae #gdb;b ,coast ,wren-,tit ph,aa #cjj #gdb;c ,ruddy ,wren-,tit rufula #cjj ,family ,,sylviida4 ,warblers1 ,kinglets1 ,gnatcatchers4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #gdg ,kennicott's ,willow ,warbler ,acanthopneuste borealis #bab #gdh ,golden-crowned ,kinglet ,regulus satrapa satrapa #ahg #gdh;a ,western ,golden-crowned ,kinglet olivaceus #ahg #gdi ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet calendula calendula #agf #gdi;a ,sitkan ,kinglet grinnelli #agf #gej ,dusky ,kinglet obscurus #agg #gea ,blue-gray ,gnatcatcher ,polioptila c,arulea c,arulea #bdc #gea;a ,western ,gnatcatcher obscura #bdc #geb ,plumbeous ,gnatcatcher plumbea #bdc #gec ,black-tailed ,gnatcatcher californica #bdc ,family ,,turdida4 ,thrushes1 ,solitaires1 ,stonechats1 ,bluebirds1 etc4 ,a4,o4,u4 ,no4 ,,common ,,name ,,scientific ,,name ,page #ged ,townsend's ,solitaire ,myadestes townsendi #bdg #gee ,wood ,thrush ,hylocichla mustelina #bcc #gef ,veery fuscescens fuscescens #bch #gef;a ,willow ,thrush salicicola #bch #geg ,gray-cheeked ,thrush alici,a alici,a #bci #geg;a ,bicknell's ,thrush bicknelli #bci #geh ,russet-backed ,thrush ustulata ustulata #bci #geh;a ,olive-backed ,thrush swainsoni #bci #gei ,alaska ,hermit ,thrush guttata guttata #bch #gei;a ,audubon's ,hermit ,thrush auduboni #bch #gei;b ,hermit ,thrush pallasi #bch #gei;c ,dwarf ,hermit ,thrush nana #bch #gei;d ,monterey ,hermit ,thrush slevini #cjb #gei;e ,sierra ,hermit ,thrush sequoiensis #cjb #gfj ,red-winged ,thrush ,turdus musicus ,a4,v4 #gfa ,robin ,planesticus migratorius migratorius #bjg #gfa;a ,western ,robin propinquus #bjg #gfa;b ,southern ,robin achrusterus #bjg #gfb ,san ,lucas ,robin confinis #bjg #gfc ,varied ,thrush ,ixoreus n,avius n,avius #bjg #gfc;a ,northern ,varied ,thrush meruloides #bjg #gfd ,siberian ,red-spotted ,bluethroat ,cyanosylvia suecica robusta ,a4,v4 #gfd4a ,greater ,kamchatkan ,nightingale ,calliope calliope camtschatkensis ,a4,v4 #gfe ,wheatear ,saxicola ,ananthe ,ananthe #bdh #gfe;a ,greenland ,wheatear leucorhoa #bdh #gff ,bluebird ,sialia sialis sialis #ahb #gff;a ,azure ,bluebird fulva #ahb #gfg ,western ,bluebird mexicana occidentalis #ahb #gfg;a ,chestnut-backed ,bluebird bairdi #ahb #gfg;b ,san ,pedro ,bluebird annabel,a #ahb #gfh ,mountain ,bluebird currucoides #ahb ,,appendix ,i ,,additions1 ,,subtractions1 ,,and ,,emendations4 ,since the publication of the first edition of the ',color ,key' in #aijc1 the ,american ,ornithologists' ,union has issued the ,third ,edition 7#aiaj7 of its ',check-,list of ,north ,american ,birds4' ,this includes all approved additions to and changes in the preceding edition made since #aijc as well as rulings on a number of cases which were in abeyance at the time the first edition of the ',color ,key' appeared4 ,mere changes in nomenclature not affecting the status of a species are given without comment in the preceding ,systematic ,table1 which has been fully revised and brought up to date4 ,to ascertain the correct1 current name of any species or subspecies of ,north ,american bird the student1 after determining its identity in the ',color ,key1' has only to refer to its number in the ,systematic ,table to learn whether any change has been made in nomenclature4 ,in addition to actual changes in nomenclature due to the detection of errors in earlier names1 it should be noted that a third name or trinomial is now employed for each race of a species1 and also that an apostrophe is used in connection with the names of birds named for individuals4 ,throughout the ',color ,key1' therefore1 alterations should be made when required by these two changes in method4 ,all other changes than these simple ones of names are included1 with explanations1 in this appendix1 and the student is urged to make manuscript cross-references on the pages where such changes occur to avoid their being overlooked4 ,as far as possible the language of the original describer of the new subspecies of birds is here quoted1 while the ,ranges are mainly from the ,a4,o4,u4 ,check-,list4 ,references to original sources of publication are given only with cases included in the first supplement to the ,third ,edition 7#aiaj7 of the ,check ,list4 ,in all other instances reference to the original place of description1 etc41 is contained in the ',check-,list4' ,pages #bi1 #abg4 ,the ,north ,american ,kites1 ,hawks1 ,falcons1 ,eagles1 etc41 are now placed in three families instead of one1 as follows3 ,,buteonida1 containing the ,kites1 ,hawks and ,eagles 7,nos4 #cbg-ceb;a72 ,,falconida containing the ,falcons and ,caracaras 7,nos4 #cec-cfc71 and ,,pandionida1 containing the ,osprey 7,no4 #cfd74 ,pages #ci1 #afb1 #afh4 ,the subfamilies ,troglodytin,a and ,mimin,a are now elevated to full family rank4 ,the ,mockingbirds and ,thrashers 7,nos4 #gjb-gab7 are therefore the ,north ,american members of the ,family ,,mimida2 and the ,wrens 7,nos4 #gac-gbe;e7 the ,north ,american members of the ,family ,,troglodytida4 ,pages #ci1 #afb1 #afi4 ,the subfamilies ,sittin,a and ,parin,a are now elevated to full family rank4 ,the ,nuthatches 7,nos4 #gbg to #gcj;a7 are therefore the ,north ,american members of the ,family ,,sittida2 and the ,titmice 7,nos4 #gcb to #gdf;a1 except ,nos4 #gdb to #gdb;c now placed in the ,family ,,chama,,ida1 see beyond7 the ,north ,american members of the ,family ,,parida4 ,page #fc4 ,cancel ,no4 #id1 ,puffinus fuliginosus1 which proves to be the same as ,no4 #ie1 ,puffinus griseus4 ,the common name1 however1 is retained and the species stands #ie1 ,sooty ,shearwater 7,puffinus griseus74 ,characters as given4 ,range--,oceans of ,southern ,hemisphere2 occurs in summer on the ,pacific coast from southern ,alaska to ,lower ,california1 and on the ,atlantic coast from ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence to ,south ,carolina4 ,page #gg4 ,but one form of the ,black ,duck is recognized by the ,a4,o4,u4 ,it stands as ,no4 #acc4 ,black ,duck 7,anas rubripes71 which name1 therefore1 includes both ,nos4 #acc and #acc;a4 ,page #ib4 ,after ,no4 #aig add3 #aig;a4 ,brewster's ,egret 7,egretta candidissima brewsteri74 ,similar to ,no4 #aig but larger1 bill longer1 tarsus longer1 and whole leg very much heavier or thicker4 ,male4 ,tar4 #d4cf2 ,b4 #c4fj4 ,female4 ,tar4 #d4jj2 ,b4 #c4db4 7,thayer and ,bangs74 ,range--,southern ,lower ,california4 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #ig4 ,after ,no4 #baj add3 #baj4a4 ,light-footed rail4 7,rallus levipes7 ,much smaller than either ,r4 obsoletus or ,r4 beldingi1 bill much more slender1 tarsus and foot smaller than in either2 superciliary white instead of rusty4444 ,w4 #e4gj2 ,t4 #b4bd2 ,tar4 #a4ha2 ,b4 #b4bd4 7,bangs74 ,range--,marshes of southern ,california1 from ,santa ,barbara south to ,san ,quintin ,bay1 ,lower ,california2 accidental in ,arizona4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,page #ih4 ,after ,no4 #baf add3 #baf4a4 ,farallon ,rail 7,creciscus coturniculus74 ,smaller than ,no4 #baf with much slenderer bill2 the plumbeous of the under parts deeper1 the chestnut-brown of the upper parts brighter and more extended1 forming a broader patch on the nape and tinging more or less strongly and generally much of the top of the head where there is often no pure unmixed plumbeous or slaty save on the forehead4 7,brewster74 ,range--,pacific coast of ,united ,states4 ,breeds in coast marshes of ,california2 casual in ,washington1 ,oregon and ,lower ,california4 7,a4,o4,u47 ,page #ajc4 ,after #bff add3 #bfh4 ,bristle-thighed ,curlew 7,numenius tahitiensis74 ,somewhat like ,n4 hudsonicus1 but thighs with long bristle-like feathers2 tail pale rusty1 barred with black2 markings of back and wings pale rusty4 ,range--,alaska and ,pacific ,islands4 ,breeding range unknown2 has been taken in summer in western ,alaska from ,kowak ,river to ,kenai ,peninsula2 also on ,laysan and ,phoenix ,islands2 winters in islands of the ,south ,pacific from ,hawaii to ,new ,caledonia 7,a4,o4,u474 ,classed with ,accidental ,visitants in first edition of ',color ,key4' ,page #aab4 ,cancel ,no4 #bgg;a1 ,belted ,piping ,plover1 which proves to be the same as ,no4 #bgg1 ,piping ,plover4 ,page #aag4 ,after ,no4 #big;b add3 #big;c4 ,sierra ,grouse 7,d4 o4 sierr,a74 ,male resembles male of ,no4 #big1 but back less black and more heavily vermiculated with brown and gray2 terminal tail-band narrower and more speckled with blackish2 medium tail-feathers more heavily marked with gray or brownish2 white neck-tufts practically absent2 feathers of sides1 flanks and under tail-coverts with less white4 ,much paler and more heavily vermiculated above than ,no4 #big;b4 ,range--,ft4 ,klamath1 ,oregon south through the ,sierras to ,mount ,pinos in ,south ,california4 ,page #aag4 ,the ranges of the races of this bird 7now known as ,spruce ,partridge1 rather than ,spruce ,grouse7 are given in the ,a4,o4,u4 ',check-,list' as follows3 #bih4 ,hudsonian ,spruce ,partridge 7,canachites canadensis canadensis74 ,range--,boreal forest region from the eastern base of the ,rocky ,mountains west of ,edmonton1 ,alberta1 east to ,labrador ,peninsula2 also a disconnected area in ,alaska from ,bristol ,bay to ,cook ,inlet and ,prince ,william ,sound4 #bih;b4 ,alaska ,spruce ,partridge 7,c4 c4 osgoodi74 ,range--,mt4 ,mc,kinley and the ,yukon region east to ,great ,slave and ,athabasca lakes4 #bih;c4 ,canada ,spruce ,partridge 7,c4 c4 canace74 ,range--,manitoba1 southern ,ontario1 and ,new ,brunswick south to northern parts of ,minnesota1 ,wisconsin1 ,michigan1 ,new ,york1 and ,new ,england4 ,page #aai4 ,after ,no4 #cja;a add3 #cja;b4 ,alexander's ,ptarmigan 7,l4 l4 alexandr,a74 ,similar to ,l4 l4 lagopus in corresponding plumage1 but coloration darker throughout1 especially dorsally2 bill smaller and relatively much narrower4 7,grinnell74 ,range--,baranof and adjacent islands west to ,shumagin ,islands 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #aai4 ,after ,no4 #cja;b4 add2 #cja;c4 ,ungava ,ptarmigan 7,l4 l4 ungavus74 ,like ,no4 #cja but with a heavier bill4 ,culmen1 4#hb2 depth of bill at base1 4#eg 7,riley1 ,proc4 ,biol4 ,soc4 ,wash41 ,,xxiv1 #aiaa1 p4 #bcc74 ,range--,ungava and probably the eastern shore of ,hudson ,bay4 ,page #abj4 ,remove the interrogation points from before ,nos4 #cjd and #cjd;a1 the distinctions between which there presented having been accepted by the ,a4,o4,u41 and amend ,range of ,no4 #cjd;a4 to read3 ,alpine summits from central ,alaska1 northern ,yukon1 and northwestern ,mackenzie south to ,cook ,inlet region1 ,kenai ,peninsula and southern ,yukon4 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #abj4 ,after ,no4 #cjb;e4 add3 #cjb;f4 ,dixon's ,ptarmigan 7,l4 r4 dixoni74 ,resembling ,l4 r4 nelsoni in corresponding plumage1 but much darker2 in extreme blackness of coloration nearly like ,lagopus evermanni1 but feathers of chest and back more or less finely vermiculated with hazel4 7,grinnell74 ,range--,islands near ,sitka4 ,page #abj4 ,after ,no4 #cjb;d4 add3 #cjb;e4 ,adak ,ptarmigan 7,l4 r4 chamberlaini74 ,nearest ,l4 r4 towsendi but with finer vermiculations above1 and with black bars on neck and upper back reduced to very narrow bars or vermiculations4 ,grayest of the ,aleutian ,ptarmigan4 7,clark74 ,range--,island of ,adak1 ,aleutian ,chain4 ,page #abb4 ,a change here in enumeration makes ,merriam's ,turkey ,no4 #caj1 while the ,wild ,turkey 7,m4 g4 silvestris7 becomes #caj;a4 ,page #abe4 ,after ,no4 #caf add3 #caf;a4 ,western ,mourning ,dove 7,z4 m4 marginella74 ,similar to ,z4 m4 carolinensis but paler4 7,mearns1 ,auk1 #aiaa1 p4 #dij74 ,range--,pacific ,coast and ,san ,clemente ,island east to ,mississippi ,valley 7,a4,o4,u474 ,the range of ,no4 #caf should be correspondingly restricted4 ,page #abf4 ,after ,no4 #cai add3 #cai;a4 ,white-winged ,dove 7,m4 a4 trudeaui74 ,similar to ,m4 a4 asiatica but slightly larger1 with a much longer bill and much paler coloration 7,mearns1 ,auk4 #aiaa1 p4 #dhi74 ,range--,lower ,california1 southern ,arizona1 southwestern ,new ,mexico and southern ,texas1 south to ,costa ,rica4 ,casual in southeastern ,california and ,colorado2 accidental in ,washington 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #abf4 ,no4 #cai becomes ,west ,indian ,white-winged ,dove 7,melopelia asiatica asiatica74 ,its ,range includes ,cuba and ,jamaica1 and it is of casual occurrence in the ,bahamas and ,florida4 ,page #acb4 ,after ,no4 #ccg;d4 add #ccg;e4 ,alaska ,red-tail 7,b4 b4 alascensis74 ,resembling ,b4 b4 calurus but smaller throughout1 and1 keeping in consideration the stage of plumage1 dark areas blacker and more extended4 ,male ,w4 #ac4e2 ,t4 #g4fg2 ,female ,w4 #ad4dd2 ,t4 #h4fi 7,grinnell74 ,range--,southeastern ,alaska from ,yakutat ,bay to ,admiralty ,island and the ,sitka ,islands 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #ach4 ,after ,no4 #cfj;b4 add3 #cfj;c4 ,little ,sparrow ,hawk 7,f4 ,s4 paulus74 ,similar to ,no4 #cfj but smaller4 ,male ,w4 #f4hj2 ,t4 #d4ab ,female ,w4 #f4if2 ,t4 #d4jj 7,howe74 ,range--,southern half of ,florida4 ,page #adj4 ,no4 #cgi proves to be separable into southern and northern races4 ,the former retains the name ,glaucidium gnoma gnoma1 while the race of northern ,mexico and ,western ,united ,states1 heretofore known by that name1 becomes ,g4 g4 pinicola1 the ,rocky ,mountain ,pygmy ,owl4 7,nelson1 ,proc4 ,biol4 ,soc4 ,wash41 ,,xxiii1 #aiaj1 p4 #ajc74 ,page #adb4 ,after ,no4 #cgc;h4 add3 #cgc;i4 ,sahauro ,screech ,owl 7,o4 a4 gilmani74 ,nearest ,no4 #cgc;f but smaller and paler and with black markings more restricted 7,swarth1 ,univ4 ,cal4 ,pub4 ,zool41 ,,vii1 #aiaj1 p4 #a74 ,range--,lower ,sonoran ,life zone of southeastern ,california1 ,arizona1 and probably ,new ,mexico2 and northwestern ,mexico 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #adc4 ,after ,no4 #cge;f4 add3 #cge;g4 ,saint ,michael ,horned ,owl 7,b4 v4 algistus74 ,similar to ,no4 #cge;d4 but larger2 face less ochraceous1 upper surface paler ochraceous4 ,w4 #ad4fj 7,oberholser74 ,range--,coast ,region of northern ,alaska from ,bristol ,bay and the ,yukon northward 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #adc4 ,after ,no4 #bge;e4 add3 #cge;f4 ,labrador ,horned ,owl 7,b4 v4 heterocnemis74 ,similar to ,no4 #cge;c4 but bill larger2 posterior lower parts paler2 feet lighter colored and less heavily spotted2 upper parts with usually less ochraceous4 7,oberholser74 ,range--,northern ,ungava and ,labrador 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #adg4 ,after ,no4 #cij add3 #cij;a4 ,northwestern ,belted ,kingfisher 7,c4 a4 caurina74 ,similar to ,no4 #cgj but size greater1 especially measurements of flight-feathers4 ,w4 #f4ed 7,grinnell1 ,univ4 ,calif4 ,pub4 ,zool41 ,v4 #aiaj1 p4 #chh74 ,range--,northwestern ,america1 south along the ,pacific coast in winter4 ,status of ,california breeding birds still undetermined4 7,grinnell1 ,univ4 ,cal4 ,pub4 ,zool41 ,v1 #aiaj1 p4 #bhi74 ,page #aej4 ,after ,no4 #cic;f4 add3 #cic;g4 ,newfoundland ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 terr,anor,a74 ,similar to ,d4 ,v4 villosus1 but slightly larger1 the black areas of the upperparts increased1 the white areas reduced both in number and in size1 especially in the remiges and wing-coverts1 7,batchelder74 ,range--,newfoundland4 ,page #aej4 ,after ,no4 #cic;e4 add3 #cic;h4 ,white-breasted ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 leucothorectis74 ,much like ,no4 #cic;e4 but decidedly smaller2 wing-coverts practically always without white spots4 ,w4 #d4hc2 ,t4 #c4jg2 ,b4 #a4aj 7,oberholser1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #dj1 #aijh1 p4 #fjh74 ,range--,canadian and ,transition ,zones1 from southern ,utah1 northwestern and central ,new ,mexico and extreme southwestern ,texas1 south to the mountains of western ,zacatecas1 ,mexico4 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #aea4 ,after ,no4 #cif;a4 add3 #cif;b4 ,san ,fernando ,woodpecker 7,d4 s4 eremicus74 ,similar to ,no4 #cif;a1 but larger2 lower surface darker2 upperparts darker1 the white bars on back averaging narrower and less regular1 the neck bars wider2 black bars on posterior lower parts averaging somewhat wider4 ,male ,w4 #d4af2 ,t4 #b4fg2 ,b4 #a4jb4 7,oberholser1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #da1 #aiaa1 ,p4 #aea74 ,range--,lower ,california1 north of ,ukai and ,plaia ,maria ,bay1 except extreme northeastern portion 7,a4,o4,u474 ,the ,range of ,no4 #cif;a is thus restricted to the southern half of ,lower ,california4 ,page #cea4 ,dryobates scalaris bairdi proves to be restricted to ,mexico2 ,no4 #cif1 its representative in the southwestern ,united ,states1 has been named ,cactus ,woodpecker 7,d4 s4 cactophilus74 7,oberholser1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m41 #da1 #aiaa1 p4 #aeb74 ,page #aed4 ,after ,no4 #dad;a4 add3 #dad;b4 ,mearns's ,gilded ,flicker 7,c4 c4 mearnsi74 ,similar to ,c4 c4 chrysoides but decidedly larger and paler1 with pileum more strongly cinnamomeus1 black bars on back1 etc41 narrower1 spots on outer web of primaries more conspicuous primary coverts also sometimes spotted1 gray of throat1 etc4 lighter1 and spots on underparts usually smaller4 ,w4 #e4gd2 ,t4 #c4gg2 ,b4 #a4ci 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,extreme southwestern ,california1 northern ,lower ,california1 and southern ,arizona south to southern ,sonora 7,a4,o4,u474 ,the ,range of ,no4 #dad is now restricted to southern ,lower ,california1 that of ,no4 #dad to middle ,lower ,california4 ,page #afj4 ,after ,no4 #dci add3 #cia4a ,salvin's ,hummingbird 7,uranomitra salvini74 ,ad4 ,male4 ,head glittering blue2 back dark shining green2 tail dark glossy green1 outer pair of feathers broadly tipped with drab2 below soiled white2 throat tinged with clayey white1 sides of throat spotted with blue2 sides of breast greenish blue2 sides of body brilliant green4 ,w4 #b4jg2 ,t4 #a4bg2 ,b4 #a4jb 7,brewster74 ,yng ,female4 ,similar but duller1 rump edged with rusty2 sides of body brownish gray 7,bishop74 ,range4--,huachuca ,mountains1 southern ,arizona1 and eastern ,sonora 7only two specimens known7 7,a4,o4,u474 ,pages #afb and #aff4 ,the ,waxwings alone now compose the ,family ,,bombycillida 7formerly ,,ampelida7 while the ,phainopepla is placed in the ,family ,,ptilogonatida4 ,pages #afb and #afi4 ,the subfamily ,cham,ain,a is now elevated to full family rank and stands as ,family ,,chama,,ida1 ,wren-,tits4 ,it contains solely the ,wren-,tits1 7,nos4 #gdb to #gdb;c7 the only family of birds restricted to ,north ,america4 ,page #agh4 ,after ,no4 #dih;f4 add3 #dih;g4 ,vera ,cruz ,red-wing 7,a4 p4 richmondi74 ,similar to ,a4 p4 floridanus but slightly smaller2 adult female much lighter colored 7resembling female of ,a4 p4 sonoriensis71 about intermediate in color between females of ,a4 p4 floridanus and ,a4 p4 bryanti4 ,male ,w4 #d4dj2 ,t4 #c4bb2 ,b4 #ij2 depth of ,b4 at base1 4#dd4 ,female4 ,w4 #c4fa2 ,t4 #b4fg2 ,b4 4#gg2 depth of ,b4 at base1 #ci4 ,range4--,southern coast and ,lower ,rio ,grande ,valley of ,texas south through eastern ,mexico to ,yucatan and eastern ,guatemala2 winters south to eastern ,nicaragua and ,costa ,rica4 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #ahe4 ,after ,no4 #dgh;d4 add3 #dgh;e4 ,coast ,jay 7,c4 s4 carbonacea74 ,intermediate in size and coloration between ,c4 s4 stelleri and ,c4 stelleri frontalis4 ,dorsal surface sooty black as in stelleri1 but with blue on forehead nearly as extended as in frontalis4 ,tint of blue of posterior lower parts paler than in stelleri1 and extending further forward into pectoral region as in frontalis 7,grinnell74 ,range4--,breeds in the humid ,pacific coast strip from southern ,oregon to the ,santa ,lucia mountains1 ,california and east to the mountains on the west side of ,napa ,valley2 in winter east to the ,gabilan and ,mt4 ,diablo ranges 7,a4 ,o4 ,u74 ,page #aib4 ,cancel ,no4 #ecj;b1 ,united ,states specimens of which prove to be merely adults of ,no4 #ecj4 ,further west1 however1 black-backed birds are not found1 and this western bird has been described as new4 7,consequently after ,no4 #ecj1 add3 #ecj;a74 ,green-backed ,goldfinch 7,a4 p4 hesperophilus74 ,similar to ,a4 p4 psaltria but ear-coverts1 sides of neck with back1 nape1 and rump1 in fully adult plumage1 olive-green instead of black 7,oberholser74 ,fig4 #ecj represents this area4 ,range4--,southwestern ,united ,states4 ,breeds from southern ,oregon and ,utah to southern ,lower ,california1 ,sonora and extreme southwestern ,new ,mexico2 winters from central ,california to ,cape ,san ,lucas 7,a4,o4,u474 ,the ,range of ,a4 g4 psaltria is therefore restricted to northern ,colorado to central northern ,texas and south throughout ,mexico1 except in northwestern and extreme southern portions2 casual in ,wyoming4 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #aid4 ,cancel ,no4 #fah;d1 ,northern ,yellow-throat1 which proves to be the same as ,no4 #fha1 ,maryland ,yellow-throat4 ,page #aif4 ,after ,no4 #feb;b4 add3 #feb;c4 ,california ,yellow ,warbler 7,d4 ,a4 brewsteri74 ,differs from ,d4 ,a4 ,astiva in smaller size1 paler 7or less brightly yellow7 coloration and1 in the male1 narrower streaking on under surface4 ,differs from ,d4 ,a4 rubiginosa in much smaller size and yellower coloration1 and from ,d4 ,a4 sonorana in smaller size and darker coloration4 ,male ,w4 #b4de2 ,t4 #a4if4 ,female4 ,w4 #b4cc2 ,t4 #a4ic 7,grinnell74 ,range4--,pacific ,coast1 west of the ,cascades1 and the ,sierra ,nevada from ,washington to southern ,california4 7,the range of ,d4 ,a4 ,astiva is correspondingly restricted74 ,page #baj4 ,cancel ,no4 #dfd4b1 ,santa ,barbara ,flycatcher1 which proves to be the same as ,no4 #dfd1 ,western ,flycatcher4 ,page #baa4 ,cancel ,no4 #dgb;a1 ,ridgway's ,flycatcher1 which proves to be the same as ,no4 #dgb1 ,beardless ,flycatcher4 ,page #bab4 ,after ,no4 #fcb;c4 add3 #fcb;a4 ,fraser's ,vireo 7,v4 h4 cognatus74 ,similar to ,v4 h4 stephensi1 but wing averaging decidedly shorter1 tarsus longer1 and coloration paler4 ,wing1 #b4dh2 ,tar4 4#gd 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,cape ,san ,lucas district of ,lower ,california 7,sierra de la ,laguna2 ,victoria ,mountains72 resident 7,ridgway74 ,page #bad4 ,after ,no4 #fcc;a4 add3 #fcc;b4 ,texas ,vireo 7,v4 b4 medius74 ,similar to ,v4 b4 belli1 but coloration paler and tail averaging longer2 pileum and hindneck brownish gray instead of grayish brown2 olive of back1 etc4 grayer2 underparts whiter with olive-yellow of sides and flanks much paler2 under tail-coverts and axillars white1 yellowish white1 or very pale sulphur yellow 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,southwestern ,texas 7,presidio1 ,brewster and ,kinney ,counties7 south to ,coahuila and ,guanajuato1 central ,mexico 7,a4,o4,u474 ,pages #bae1 #baf4 ,the ,wren-,tits have been revised and their ranges more correctly defined1 and to the two forms given two more have been added4 ,the four races now recognized stand as follows3 #gdb4 ,wren-,tit 7,cham,aa fasciata fasciata74 ,characters as described and figured4 ,range4--,upper ,sonoran zone on the eastern and southern shores of ,san ,francisco ,bay and adjacent ,santa ,clara ,valley 7,a4,o4,u474 #gdb;a4 ,pallid ,wren-,tit 7,c4 f4 henshawi74 ,similar to ,c4 f4 fasciata1 but decidedly paler1 the back1 scapulars1 rump1 etc4 grayish brown 7deep hair-brown71 the pileum and hindneck brownish gray 7nearly mouse-gray or deep smoke-gray71 and general color of underparts varying from very pale grayish buff to buffy ecru-drab1 or pale1 vinaceous-buff1 fading to nearly white on lower abdomen 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,upper ,sonoran ,zone of foothills and valleys of interior and southern ,california from ,shasta ,county south to northern ,lower ,california1 and along the coast from ,monterey ,bay southward 7,a4,o4,u474 #gdb;b4 ,coast ,wren-,tit 7,c4 f4 ph,aa74 ,characters as stated on page #baf4 ,range4--,humid ,transition ,zone of ,pacific ,coast of ,oregon and northern ,california 7from ,columbia ,river to ,humboldt ,bay7 7,a4,o4,u474 #gdb;c4 ,ruddy ,wren-,tit 7,c4 f4 rufula74 ,intermediate in color between ,no4 #gdb and ,no4 #gdb;b4 ,more richly colored than the former1 but not so dark as the latter4 ,range4--,humid ,transition coast strip of ,california from southern ,humboldt ,county to ,santa ,cruz 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bag4 ,cancel ,no4 #gaj;a4 ,pasadena ,thrasher1 which proves to be the same as ,no4 #gaj ,california ,thrasher4 ,page #bbc4 ,after ,no4 #edb;b1 add3 #edb;d4 ,nevada ,savannah ,sparrow 7,p4 s4 nevadensis74 ,resembles ,p4 s4 alaudinus but much paler throughout in all plumages2 white replacing buff1 black streaks thus more conspicuously contrasted1 there being a minimum amount of hazel marginings2 size slightly less4 ,differs from ,p4 s4 savanna as above1 but in greater degree 7,grinnell1 ,univ4 ,calif4 ,pub4 ,zool4 ,v1 #aiaj1 p4 #cab74 ,range4--,humboldt and ,washoe ,counties1 ,nevada1 and probably throughout ,great ,basin1 south in winter to the ,colorado ,desert and ,los ,angeles ,co41 ,california 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bbh1 after ,no4 #egd;b 7which1 as shown in the ,systematic ,table1 now becomes #egd4a;a7 add3 #egd4a;b4 ,california ,sage ,sparrow 7,amphispiza nevadensis canescens74 ,similar to ,amphispiza belli but size somewhat greater1 and coloration throughout very much paler2 resembles ,amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis1 but size very much less1 and coloration slightly darker4 ,male ,w4 #b4gi2 ,t4 #c4jc4 ,female ,w4 #b4fc2 ,t4 #b4hg 7,grinnell74 ,range4--,upper ,sonoran ,zone in ,owens ,valley and adjacent areas in eastern ,california and extreme western ,nevada 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bbi4 ,after ,no4 #eha;c4 add #ehas4 ,suisun ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 m4 maxillaris74 ,size of ,m4 m4 heermanni2 but black streakings everywhere broader1 and the general tone of coloration darker2 larger than ,m4 m4 samuelis and with brown more extended and deeper in tone 7bay rather than hazel72 unique in having the base of the maxilla inflated or swollen with lateral bulbosities 7,grinnell74 ,range4--,marshes bordering ,suisun ,bay1 ,solano ,co41 ,california4 ,page #bcj4 ,after ,no4 #eha;d4 add3 #ehap4 ,mendocino ,song ,sparrow 7,m4 m4 cleonsis74 ,size of ,m4 m4 samuelis but lighter and more rusty2 black markings of back more restricted2 spots of breast broadly edged with rusty2 black on side of head and neck almost entirely replaced by rusty or reddish brown 7,mc,gregor74 ,range4--,coast strip of southern ,oregon and northern ,california from ,yaquina ,bay1 ,oregon1 to ,tomales ,bay1 ,california 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bca4 ,after ,no4 #ehe;d4 add3 #ehe;e4 ,sooty ,fox ,sparrow 7,p4 i4 fuliginosa74 ,similar to ,p4 i4 townsendi but darker and less rufescent1 the upperparts1 sides of head and neck and lateral underparts sepia or sooty brown1 the upper tail-coverts and tail slightly more castaneous2 spots on underparts dark sooty brown1 larger and more confluent than in other forms 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,northwest coast strip4 ,breeds on the coast of ,british ,columbia1 ,vancouver ,island and northwestern ,washington2 winters south along the coast to ,san ,francisco1 ,california 7,a4,o4,u474 ,no4 #ehe;f4 ,kadiak ,fox ,sparrow 7,p4 i4 insularis74 ,similar to ,p4 i4 unalaschensis but much browner and more uniform above 7back warm sepia71 spots on chest1 etc41 larger and much deeper brown and under tail-coverts more strongly tinged with buff 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,alaska coast strip4 ,breeds on ,kadiak ,island and on the coast from ,prince ,william ,sound south to ,cross ,sound2 winters along the coast to southern ,california 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bcd4 ,after ,no4 #gae add3 #gae;a4 ,san ,nicolas ,rock ,wren 7,s4 o4 pulverius74 ,similar to ,s4 o4 obsoletus but entire plumage1 especially the upperparts1 suffused with ochraceous or dust color1 almost identical with the tint of the soil on ,san ,nicholas ,island 7,grinnell74 ,range4--,san ,nicholas ,island1 ,california4 ,page #bcf4 ,cancel ,no4 #hba;b1 ,troglodytes a,adon aztecus1 which proves to be the same as ,no4 #gba;a1 ,t4 a4 parkmani4 ,the common name1 ,western ,house ,wren1 however1 is retained in place of the common name ,parkman's ,wren4 ,page #bcg4 ,after ,no4 #gbe;c add3 #gbe;d4 ,prairie ,marsh ,wren 7,t4 p4 iliacus74 ,similar to ,t4 p4 palustris1 but slightly larger and with the coloration more rufescent1 the brown of the upperparts russet-brown to cinnamon-brown or russet1 the flanks conspicuously deep cinnamon-buff or cinnamon 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,plains and prairies of central ,north ,america4 ,breeds from central ,alberta and southwestern ,keewatin south to central ,mississippi ,valley and east to ,indiana2 winters southward into ,mexico and along the ,gulf coast to western ,florida 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bch4 ,after ,no4 #gei;c add3 #gei;d4 ,monterey ,hermit ,thrush 7,h4 g4 slevini74 ,general color extremely pale and ashy1 nearly as much so as in ,h4 g4 sequoiensis2 above hair-brown1 slightly browner on top of head2 upper tail-coverts and tail isabella color2 spots on breast sepia1 small in size and few in numbers4 7,grinnell74 ,range4--,breeds in ,transition ,zone of the coast belt in ,california from northern ,trinity ,county to southern ,monterey ,county2 south in migration to ,lower ,california and ,sonora 7,a4,o4,u474 #gei;e4 ,sierra ,hermit ,thrush 7,h4 g4 sequoiensis74 ,similar in coloration to ,h4 g4 slevini1 but decidedly larger and slightly darker or browner2 similar to ,h4 g4 guttata1 but larger1 paler1 and grayer2 decidedly smaller4 ,w4 #c4fe2 ,t4 #b4hb4 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,breeds in ,boreal ,zones from southern ,british ,columbia to high mountains in southern ,california2 south in migration and in winter to ,lower ,california1 western ,texas1 and northern ,mexico 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bci4 ,cancel #geh;b1 ,monterey ,thrush1 and ,no4 #geh;c1 ,alma ,thrush1 which are now considered to be the same as ,no4 #geh1 ,russet-backed ,thrush4 ,pages #bdj and #bda4 ,the decisions of the ,a4,o4,u4 ,committee on numerous proposed changes in the standing of our ,juncos were not published until after the first edition of the ,color ,key appeared4 ,one new form 7,no4 #efg;h7 has been added to those therein given one 7,j4 o4 shufeldti7 has been omitted and the following changes have been made in nomenclature3 ,no4 #efh4 ,junco mearnsi1 becomes ,no4 #efg;g1 ,junco hyemalis mearnsi1 and the ,range of this form is now given as ,rocky ,mountain region4 ,breeds from southwestern ,saskatchewan to southern ,idaho and northern ,wyoming and ,colorado to southern ,arizona1 southern ,new ,mexico1 and northeastern ,sonora 7,a4,o4,u474 ,no4 #efg4a ,junco montanus1 becomes ,no4 #efg;f4 ,junco hyemalis montanus4 ,no4 #ega4a ,junco townsendi1 becomes ,no4 #efg;i1 ,junco hyemalis townsendi4 ,no4 #efi ,junco caniceps1 becomes ,no4 #egj;b4 ,junco ph,aonotus caniceps4 ,no4 #egj;a4 ,junco dorsalis1 becomes ,junco ph,aonotus dorsalis4 ,no4 #efg;a4 ,junco oreganus1 becomes ,junco hyemalis oreganus4 ,no4 #efg;c4 ,junco oreganus thurberi1 becomes ,junco hyemalis thurberi4 ,no4 #efg;d4 ,junco oreganus pinosus1 becomes ,junco hyemalis pinosus4 ,the common names of all the preceding species remain unchanged4 ,no4 #efg;b4 ,coues' ,junco 7,junco oreganus connectens7 becomes ,shufeldt's ,junco 7,junco hyemalis connectens71 and this form also includes ,j4 o4 shufeldti of the ',color ,key1' which is therefore cancelled4 ,the ,range of #efg;b1 thus stands as follows3 ,rocky ,mountain region4 ,breeds from the coast of southern ,british ,columbia east to west1 central ,alberta and south to northern ,oregon2 winters over entire ,rocky ,mountain tableland to eastern ,colorado1 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 western ,texas1 ,chihuahua1 and ,sonora2 casual in northern ,lower ,california 7,a4,o4,u474 ,the one new form added follows ,no4 #efh4 after which insert #efg;h1 ,ridgway's ,junco 7,j4 h4 annectens74 ,back with a reddish brown patch as in ,j4 p4 caniceps1 but sides washed with pinkish brown1 as in ,j4 h4 mearnsi4 ,range4--,wyoming1 ,colorado1 ,arizona1 and ,new ,mexico 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bdb4 ,cancel ,no4 #gdd4a1 ,santa ,rita ,bush-,tit1 which proves to be the same as ,no4 #gde1 ,lloyd's ,bush-,tit4 ,page #bdc4 ,cancel ,no4 #gca;a1 ,texan ,tufted ,titmouse1 which proves to be the same as ,no4 #gca1 ,tufted ,titmouse4 ,page #bdc4 ,after ,no4 #gcb add3 #gcb;a4 ,sennett's ,titmouse 7,b4 a4 sennetti74 ,similar to ,b4 a4 atricistatus1 but decidedly larger2 upper parts much clearer gray1 with little1 if any olive tinge2 adult female with crest feathers more often and more extensively tipped with gray1 and both sexes with the forehead more often tinged with brown or rusty1 sometimes deeply so 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,central ,texas1 from ,tom ,green and ,concho ,counties east to the ,brazos ,river1 and from ,young ,county south to ,nueces and ,bee ,counties 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bdd4 ,after ,no4 #gda;b4 add3 #gda;c4 ,valdez ,chestnut-sided ,chickadee 7,p4 r4 vivax74 ,like ,p4 r4 rufescens in coloration but larger1 tail proportionately longer and bill bulkier4 ,w4 #b4dh2 ,t4 #b4cb 7,grinnell74 ,range4--,prince ,william ,sound ,region1 ,alaska4 ,page #bdd4 ,cancel #gdj;a4 ,kowak ,chickadee1 and ,no4 #gdj;b1 ,columbian ,chickadee1 which prove to be the same as ,no4 #gdj1 ,hudsonian ,chickadee4 ,parus h4 littoralis becomes ,no4 #gdj;a1 ,acadian ,chickadee4 ,page #bdd4 ,after ,no4 #gch add3 #gch;a4 ,bailey's ,mountain ,chickadee 7,p4 g4 bailey,a74 ,similar to ,p4 g4 gambeli1 but coloration dorsally and laterally more plumbeous1 less brownish1 and bill larger4 ,b4 #da 7,grinnell74 ,range4--,mountains of ,great ,basin region and northern ,lower ,california4 ,breeds in ,canadian and ,transition ,zones from the ,maury ,mountains1 ,oregon1 south over ,nevada and eastern ,california to the ,san ,pedro ,martir ,mountains1 ,lower ,california 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bde4 ,after ,no4 #gcf;a add3 #gcf;b4 ,florida ,chickadee 7,p4 c4 impiger74 ,similar to ,p4 c4 carolinensis but darker and decidedly smaller 7except bill74 ,w4 #b4jh2 ,t4 #a4ha2 ,b4 4#ca 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,east central ,florida4 ,page #bde4 ,after ,no4 #gce;b add3 #gce;c4 ,yukon ,chickadee 7,p4 a4 turneri74 ,similar to ,p4 a4 septentrionalis but slightly smaller1 coloration grayer above and more extensively or purely white beneath1 and white edgings of greater wing-coverts1 secondaries1 and outermost rectrices broader1 more purely white 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,alaska1 north and west of ,cook ,inlet4 ,page #bdh4 ,after ,no4 #fbb;c add the northeastern form of the ,loggerhead ,shrike1 which is intermediate between ,l4 l4 ludovicianus and ,l4 l4 excubitorides and has been separated as #fbb;e4 ,migrant ,shrike 7,l4 l4 migrans74 ,similar to ,l4 l4 ludovicianus but bill smaller and colors averaging paler4 ,not so pale as1 and lacking the whitish upper tail-coverts of ,l4 l4 excubitorides4 ,range4--,eastern ,north ,america4 ,breeds chiefly in ,transition and ,upper ,austral ,zones from northern ,minnesota1 ,wisconsin1 ,michigan1 southern ,ontario1 southern ,quebec1 ,maine1 and ,new ,brunswick1 south to eastern ,kansas1 southern ,illinois1 ,kentucky1 western ,north ,carolina and interior of ,virginia 7locally in the east72 winters from ,middle ,states and southern ,new ,england to ,texas1 ,louisiana1 and ,mississippi 7,a4,o4,u474 ,the ,range of the ,loggerhead ,shrike 7,no4 #fbb7 is therefore restricted to the ,south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states from southern ,north ,carolina south through ,florida and west to ,louisiana4 ,page #bej4 ,after ,no4 #fab add3 #fab;a4 ,lesser ,cliff ,swallow 7,p4 l4 tachina74 ,similar to ,p4 l4 lunifrons but decidedly smaller1 the forehead ochraceous instead of cream color4 ,w4 #d4jh2 ,t4 #a4gg 7,oberholser74 ,range4--,texas and ,mexico4 ,breeds in western ,texas1 the ,rio ,grande ,valley1 and through eastern ,mexico to ,vera ,cruz 7,a4,o4,u474 ,page #bej4 ,no4 #fab4b4 ,petrochelidon melanogastra1 becomes ,no4 #fab;b1 ,petrochelidon lunifrons melanogastra4 ,page #bej4 ,after ,no4 #faa4a 7which is now believed to be of only occasional occurrence in southern ,florida7 add3 #faa4b4 ,gray-breasted ,martin 7,progne chalybea74 ,male much like the female of ,p4 subis but brighter1 more uniformly steel-blue above4 ,female like female of ,p4 subis but brighter1 more uniformly gray1 the belly whiter1 without black shaft streaks2 the nape without sign of a collar in either sex4 ,w4 #e4b4 ,range4--,breeds from ,lower ,rio ,grande in ,texas south to southern ,brazil4 ,page #bec4 ,after ,no4 #dif 7which has become ,tangavius ,aneus involucratus7 add3 #dif;a4 ,bronzed ,cowbird 7,t4 w4 ,aneus74 ,similar to ,t4 ,a4 involucratus but plumage of the male smoother and more glossy2 the female much grayer1 more like female of ,m4 ater4 ,range4--,san ,antonio1 ,texas1 south through eastern ,mexico1 ,yucatan and central ,america to ,panama 7,a4,o4,u474 ,the ,range of ,no4 #dif is hence restricted to the region from northwestern ,mexico to southern ,arizona4 ,page #bee4 ,after ,no4 #dhh;a4 add3 #dhh;b4 ,western ,crow 7,c4 b4 hesperis74 ,similar to ,no4 #dhh but decidedly smaller1 with bill relatively smaller and more slender4 ,male ,w4 #aa4hh2 ,t4 #f4gb2 ,b4 #a4hg2 depth of ,b4 at nostril 4#fb 7,ridgway74 ,range4--,western ,north ,america1 from east central ,british ,columbia and ,montana south to southern ,california1 ,arizona1 and western ,texas 7,a4 ,o4 ,u474 ,,appendix ,,ii4 ,,faunal ,,bibliography ,when one is engaged in a study of the birds of a certain region or locality it is of the first importance to learn what has been published about them by previous workers4 ,such information may appear in general works on the bird-life of a large area1 but more frequently it is found in 'local lists' of the birds of a limited district4 ,these lists constitute one of the most characteristic and numerous types of ornithological publication4 ,they are of value to the student of distribution and migration1 in the broader phases of these subjects1 and they are of especial interest and assistance to students living in the region to which they relate4 ,the appended titles of works of this nature have been selected from a card catalogue of faunal publications which the author began to prepare some twenty years ago1 in part with regard to their historic importance1 but mainly on the basis of their present working value4 ,unfortunately many of these papers are now out of print or are hidden in scientific publications of but limited circulation and are therefore correspondingly inaccessible4 ,when1 however1 other means to secure them fail1 the ,librarian of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 in ,new ,york ,city1 may be consulted with a view to securing1 at cost1 a type written copy of any list desired4 ,,the ,,world #ahge-ahie4 ,,sharpe1 ,b41 and others4 ,catalogue of ,birds in the ,british ,museum4 #bg vols4 with descriptions of the birds of the world1 ills4--#ahhe4 ,,stejneger1 ,l41 and others4 ,riverside ,natural ,history4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,birds1 #dto1 #eeh pp41 ills4 7,houghton1 ,mifflin74 ,classification1 structure1 habits1 distribution4--#ahic-ahcf4 ,,newton1 ,a41 and others4 ,a ,dictionary of ,birds4 ,pop4 ,ed41 #hvo1 #ajhh pp41 ills4 7,macmillan74--#ahid-ie4 ,,lydekker1 ,r41 and others4 ,royal ,nat4 ,hist41 ,birds1 #dto1 ,vols4 ,,iii1 #ehd pp41 and ,,iv1 #egf pp41 ills41 ,general account4--#ahii4 ,,evans1 ,a4 ,h41 ,birds4 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,cambridge ,natural ,history 7,macmillan74 #hvo1 #fce pp4 ills4 ,classification1 habits1 distribution4--#ahii-aiji4 ,,sharpe1 ,b4 ,a ,hand-,list of the ,genera and ,species of ,birds4 #hvo1 #e vols4 ,published by ,british ,museum4 ,names and ,ranges4--#aiji4 ,,knowlton1 ,f4 ,h41 and others4 ,birds of the ,world1 sm4 #dto1 #hgc pp41 ills4 7,holt74 ,habits1 distribution4 ,,north ,,america #ahjd-ad1 ,,wilson1 ,a4 ,american ,ornithology4 #i vols41 #dto ,many subsequent editions1 the last1 in one volume1 by ,porter ,coates1 ,philadelphia1 is crude1 but at least places ,wilson's text within reach of every one4--#ahca-ci4 ,,audubon1 ,j4 ,j4 ,ornithological ,biography4 #e vols41 #hvo of text to accompany the #d elephant folios of plates 7#ahbg-ch74 ,republished in #h vols41 #hvo1 #ahdj-dd and later editions4 ,the elephant folios with the #e volumes of text sell for #bejj-cjjj2 the text can sometimes be purchased at #e per volume2 the first #hvo edition brings about #cej4--ahcb-cd4 ,,nuttall1 ,t4 ,manual of the ,ornithology of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 #b vols4 ,several later editions1 the last revised by ,montague ,chamberlain 7,little1 ,brown ,co471 #aijc1 #b vols4 in one1 #dgc and #dca pp4--#aheh4 ,,baird1 ,s4 ,f41 ,,cassin1 ,j41 and ,,lawrence1 ,g4 ,n4 ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 ,reports4 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,birds 7of ,north ,america74 #dto4 pp4 ,,lvi#ajje--ahgb4 ,,coues1 ,e4 ,key to ,north ,american ,birds4 #aijc1 #eth and last ed41 #b vols41 roy4 #hvo4 #aaeb pp4 ,the introduction1 of #bcc pages1 treats of general ornithology and the anatomy of birds4--#ahgd-ahhd4 ,,baird1 ,s4 ,f41 ,,brewer1 ,t4 ,m41 and ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,history of ,north ,american ,birds4 ,land birds1 #c vols43 water birds1 #b vols41 #dto4 ,the volumes on land birds republished in #hvo size but from same plates1 #aije1 #eif1 #eij1 #efj pp4 7,little1 ,brown ,co74--#ahhf4 ,american ,ornithologists' ,union ,check-,list of ,north ,american ,birds4 ,new ,york1 ,rev4 ,ed4 #aiaj1 #hvo1 #dcj pp4--#ahhg4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,a ,manual of ,north ,american ,birds4 #b;d ,ed4 #ahif1 #fec pp4 7,lippincott74--#ahib-e4 ,,bendire1 ,c4 ,life ,histories of ,north ,american ,birds4 ,i1 #dad pp41 ,gallinaceous birds1 ,pigeons1 ,hawks1 and ,owls2 ,,ii1 #ahie1 #ejh pp41 ,parrots1 ,cuckoos1 ,trogons1 ,kingfishers1 ,woodpeckers1 ,goatsuckers1 ,swifts1 ,hummingbirds1 ,cotingas1 ,flycatchers1 ,larks1 ,crows and ,jays1 ,blackbirds and ,orioles4 7,pub4 by ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus47--#ahic4 ,,nehrling1 ,h4 ,our ,native ,birds of ,song and ,beauty4 ,vol4 ,i1 #cga pp42 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahif1 #deb pp4 ,biographical4--#ahih4 ,,davie1 ,o4 ,nests and ,eggs of ,north ,american ,birds4 #eth ,ed41 #hvo1 #eji pp4 7,columbus1 ,ohio74--#aija-aiaa4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,the ,birds of ,north and ,middle ,america4 ,bull4 #ej1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,part ,i1 #aija1 ,fringillid,a2 ,part ,,ii1 #aijb1 ,tanagrid,a1 ,icterid,a1 ,,carebid,a1 ,mniotiltid,a2 ,part ,,iii1 #aijd1 ,motacillid,a1 ,hirundinid,a1 ,ampelid,a1 ,ptilogonatid,a1 ,dulid,a1 ,vireonid,a1 ,laniid,a1 ,corvid,a1 ,parid,a1 ,sittid,a1 ,certhiid,a1 ,troglodytid,a1 ,cinclid,a1 ,chameid,a1 ,sylviid,a2 ,part ,,iv1 #aijg1 ,turdid,a1 ,zeledoniid,ae1 ,mimid,ae1 ,sturnid,a1 ,ploceid,a1 ,alaudida,a1 ,oxyruncid,a1 ,tyrannid,a1 ,piprid,a1 ,cotingid,a4 ,part ,v1 #aiab1 ,pteroptochid,a1 ,formicariid,a1 ,furnariid,a1 ,dendrocolaptid,a1 ,trochilid,a1 ,micropodid,a1 ,trogonid,a4 ,other volumes to follow4 ,the standard work4--#aijc4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 ,color ,key to ,north ,american ,birds4 #cab pp41 upward #hjj col4 ills4--#aijd4 ,,reed1 ,c4 ,s4 ,north ,american ,birds' ,eggs4 #cee pp41 many ills4--#aiaj4 ,american ,ornithologists' ,union ,abridged ,check-,list of ,north ,american ,birds4 ,pocket ,edition1 #gg printed #gg blank pp4 7,new ,york74 ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 #ahgb-ahha4 ,,maynard1 ,c4 ,j4 ,birds of ,eastern ,north ,america2 #ahif1 ,rev4 ,ed41 #dto1 #gba pp41 ills4 7,west ,newton1 ,mass474--#ahhd4 ,,langille1 ,j4 ,h4444 ,our ,birds in ,their ,haunts4 #abmo1 #fbd pp4 7,cassino74--#ahhi4 ,,merriam1 ,f4 ,a4 ,birds ,through an ,opera-glass4 #abmo1 #bbc pp4 7,houghton74--#ahie4 ,,wright1 ,m4 ,o4 ,birdcraft1 #abmo1 #cag pp41 ills4 7,macmillan74--#ahie4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 ,handbook of the ,birds of ,eastern ,north ,america1 #dba pp41 ills42 #aiab4 ,rev4 ,ed4 7,appleton's74--#ahig4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 ,bird-,life4 ,a ,guide to the ,study of our ,common ,birds4 #abmo4 #bfi pp4 #ge plls42 #aija1 ,rev4 ,ed41 with col4 plls4 7,appleton's74--#ahig4 ,,wright1 ,m4 ,o41 and ,,coues1 ,e4 ,citizen ,bird1 #abmo1 #dcj pp4 ills4 7,macmillan74--#ahih4 ,,blanchan1 ,n4 ,bird ,neighbors1 #bcd pp41 col4 ,plls4 7,doubleday74--#ahih4 ,,merriam1 ,f4 ,a4 ,birds of ,village and ,field4 #abmo4 #djf pp41 ills4 7,houghton74--#ahih4 ,,scott1 ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,bird ,studies1 an ,account of the ,land ,birds of ,eastern ,north ,america4 #dto1 #cfc pp4 ,many half-tones 7,putnam's74--#ahih4 ,,apgar1 ,a4 ,c4 ,birds of the ,united ,states ,east of the ,rockies4 #abmo1 #dae pp4 ills4 7,am4 ,book ,co474--#ahii4 ,,cory1 ,c4 ,b4 ,the ,birds of ,eastern ,north ,america4 #hvo1 #chg pp41 ills4 7,field ,museum74--#aije-f4 ,,reed1 ,c4 ,a4 ,bird-,guide4 ,oblong1 #cbmo1 ,part ,i1 #bed pp42 ,part ,,ii1 #aig pp42 many ills4 7,doubleday74 ,,greenland #ahfa4 ,,reinhardt1 ,j4 ,list of ,birds ,hitherto ,observed in ,greenland2 ,ibis1 ,,iii1 pp4 #a-ai1 #aah species4--#ahge4 ,,newton1 ,a4 ,notes on ,birds ,which ,have ,been ,found in ,greenland1 444 ,london1 #hvo pamphlet1 pp4 #id-aae 7,author's extra from ,man4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,greenland74 #fcfb species2 bibliography4--#ahhi4 ,,hagerup1 ,a4 ,some ,account of the ,birds of ,southern ,greenland1 from the ,,mss44 of ,a4 ,hagerup1 edited by ,montague ,chamberlain4 ,auk1 ,,vi1 pp4 #baa-bah1 #bai-big1 #ci species4--#ahia4 ,,hagerup1 ,a4 ,t4 ,the ,birds of ,greenland1 translated from the ,danish by ,fremann ,b4 ,arngrimson1 edited by ,montague ,chamberlain1 ,boston 7,little1 ,brown ,co471 #hvo1 #fb pp42 #aci species4--#ahib4 ,,stone1 ,w4 ,birds ,collected by the ,west ,greenland ,expedition4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahib1 pp4 #ade-aeb2 #adg species4--#ahie4 ,,stone1 ,w4 ,list of ,birds ,collected by the ,peary ,expd4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahie1 pp4 #ejb-eje2 #bh species4--#ahie4 ,,schalow1 ,h4 ,,von4 ,ueber eine ,voglesammlung aus ,westgr,anland4 ,jour4 f,a#a_/dr ,orn41 #ahie1 pp4 #deg-dha2 #ce species4--#ahii4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 ,report on ,birds ,received ,through the ,peary ,expeditions to ,greenland4 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xii1 pp4 #bai-bdd2 #dh pages4--#aijd4 ,,schalow1 ,h4 ,die ,,vagel der ,arktis1 ,band ,,iv1 ,leiferung1 ,i1 pp4 #ha-bhh2 ,gustav ,fischer1 ,jena4 ,a detailed synopsis of ,arctic bird-life4 ,,alaska #ahfi4 ,,dall1 ,w4 ,h41 and ,,bannister1 ,h4 ,m4 ,list of the ,birds of ,alaska1 with ,biographical ,notes4 ,trans4 ,chic4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,i1 pp4 #bfg-caj1 pll4 ,,xxvii-,,xxxiv2 #bab species4--#ahgc4 ,,dall1 ,w4 ,h4 ,notes on the ,avifauna of the ,aleutian ,islands1 from ,unalashka1 eastward4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,v1 pp4 #be-ce2 #ec species4--#ahgd4 ,,dall1 ,w4 ,h4 ,notes on the ,avifauna of the ,aleutian ,islands1 especially those west of ,unalashka4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,v1 pp4 #bgj-bha2 #de species4--#ahge4 ,,coues1 ,e4 ,a ,report upon the ,condition of ,affairs in the ,territory of ,alaska4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,elliot4 #hvo4 pp4 #bgg4 ,chapter ,,ix4 ,ornithology of the ,prybilov ,islands1 pp4 #aff-bab2 #ci species4--#ahhb4 ,,bean1 ,t4 ,h4 ,notes on ,birds ,collected during the ,summer of #ahhj in ,alaska and ,siberia4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,v1 pp4 #add-agc2 #gg species4--#ahhe4 ,,murdoch1 ,j4 ,bird ,migration at ,point ,barrow1 ,arctic ,alaska4 ,auk1 ,,ii1 p4 #fc2 #ej species4--#ahhc4 ,,hartlaub1 ,g4 ,beitrag zur ,ornithologie von ,alaska1 nach dem ,sammlungen und ,noten von ,dr4 ,arthur ,krause und ,dr4 ,aurel ,krause4 ,journ f,a#a_/dr ,orn4 pp4 #beg-bhf2 #hc species4--#ahhc4 ,,nelson1 ,e4 ,w4 ,birds of ,bering ,sea and the ,arctic ,ocean4 ,cruise of the ,revenue steamer ,corwin in ,alaska and the ,n4 ,w4 ,arctic ,ocean in #ahha4 ,washington4--#ahhe4 ,,murdoch1 ,j4 ,report of the ,international ,polar ,expedition to ,point ,barrow1 ,alaska4 ,washington4 ,birds1 pp4 #ajd-abh2 #ed species4--#ahhe4 ,,turner1 ,l4 ,m4 ,notes on the ,birds of the ,nearer ,islands1 ,alaska4 ,auk1 ,,ii1 pp4 #aed-aei2 #fi species4--#ahhg4 ,,townsend1 ,c4 ,h4 ,list of the ,midsummer ,birds of the ,kowak ,river1 ,northern ,alaska4 ,auk1 ,,iv1 pp4 #aa-ac2 #eb species4--#ahhh4 ,,nelson1 ,e4 ,w4 ,report upon ,natural ,history ,collections made in ,alaska ,between the ,years #ahgg and #ahha4 ,edited by ,henry ,w4 ,henshaw4 #dto4 pp4 #ccg4 ,birds1 pp4 #ai-bcj1 pll4 ,i-,,xii1 colored2 #bfj species2 important4--#ahhh4 ,,turner1 ,l4 ,m4 ,contributions to the ,natural ,history of ,alaska4 ,results of ,investigations made chiefly in the ,yukon ,district and the ,aleutian ,islands4 #dto1 pp4 #bbf2 birds1 pp4 #aae-aia1 pll4 ,i-,x1 colored2 #afh species4--#ahih4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,summer ,birds of ,sitka1 ,alaska4 ,auk1 ,,xv1 pp4 #abb-aca2 #ff species4--#ahii4 ,,palmer1 ,w4 ,the ,avifauna of the ,pribilov ,islands4 ,the ,fur ,seals and ,fur ,seal ,islands of the ,north ,pacific ,ocean1 ,part ,,iii1 pp41 #cee-dca2 #fh species2 bibliography4--#aijj4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,birds of the ,kotzebue ,sound ,region1 ,alaska4 ,pacific ,coast ,avifauna ,no4 #a4 ,cooper ,orn4 ,club1 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif4 #hj pp4 #a map2 #aac species4--#aijj4 ,,stone1 ,w4 ,report on ,birds and ,mammals obtained by the ,mc,ilhenny ,expedition to ,pt4 ,barrow1 ,alaska1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 birds1 pp4 #d-cc2 #fi species4--#aija4 ,,osgood1 ,w4 ,h4 ,natural ,history of the ,cook ,inlet ,region1 ,alaska4 ,north ,american ,fauna1 ,no4 #ba2 birds1 pp4 #gb-ha2 #gh species4--#aijb4 ,mc,g,r,e,g,o,r1 ,r4 ,c4 ,a ,list of ,birds ,collected in ,norton ,sound1 ,alaska4 ,the ,condor1 ,,iv1 pp4 #ace-add2 #fc species4--#aijd4 ,,osgood1 ,w4 ,h4 ,a ,biological ,reconnaissance of the ,base of the ,alaska ,peninsula4 ,north ,american ,fauna1 ,no4 #bd2 birds1 pp4 #ea-ha2 #acd species4--#aijf4 ,mc,g,r,e,g,o,r1 ,r4 ,c4 ,birds ,observed in the ,krenitzin ,islands1 ,alaska4 ,the ,condor1 ,,viii1 pp4 #aad-abb2 #dd species4--#aiji4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,birds and ,mammals of the #aijg ,alexander ,expedition to ,southeastern ,alaska4 ,univ4 ,cal4 ,pub4 ,zool4 ,v1 #b pp4 #aga-bfd2 #ii species4--#aiji4 ,,osgood1 ,w4 ,h4 ,biological ,investigations in ,alaska and ,yukon ,territory4 ,north ,american ,fauna1 ,no4 #cj2 #if pp4 #f plls4 ,i4 ,east ,central ,alaska1 #gf species2 ,,ii4 ,ogilvie ,range1 ,yukon1 #dc species2 ,,iii4 ,the ,macmillan ,river1 ,yukon1 #ee species4--#aiji4 ,,sheldon1 ,c4 ,list of ,birds ,observed on the ,upper ,toklat ,river near ,mt4 ,mc,kinley1 ,alaska1 #aijg-aijh4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #ff-gj2 #fc species4--#aiaj4 ,,clark1 ,a4 ,h4 ,the ,birds ,collected and ,observed in the ,north ,pacific ,ocean1 and in ,bering1 ,okhotsk1 ,japan1 and ,eastern ,seas1 from ,april to ,december1 #aijf4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,no4 #agbg1 pp4 #be-gd2 #age species4--#aiaj4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,birds of the #aijh ,alexander ,alaska ,expedition1 with a note on the ,avifaunal ,relationships of the ,prince ,william ,sound ,district1 ,univ4 ,cal4 ,pub4 ,zool4 ,v1 #ab1 pp4 #cfa-dbh2 #b plls2 #hi species4--#aiaa4 ,,swarth1 ,h4 ,s4 ,birds and ,mammals of the #aiji ,alexander ,alaska ,expedition4 ,univ4 ,cal4 ,pub4 ,zool4 ,,vii1 #b1 pp4 #i-agb2 #f plls4 ,birds1 pp4 #bc-aab2 #acg species4--#aiab4 ,,bent1 ,a4 ,c4 ,notes on ,birds ,observed during a ,brief visit to the ,aleutian ,islands and ,bering ,sea in #aiaa4 ,smiths4 ,miscell4 ,colls4 ,vol4 #ef ,no4 #cb2 pp4 #bi2 #fjbb species4 ,,lower ,,california #ahei1 ,,baird1 ,s4 ,f4 ,notes on a collection of ,birds made by ,mr4 ,john ,xantus1 at ,cape ,san ,lucas1 ,lower ,california4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ,,xi1 pp4 #bii-cjf2 #db species4--#ahgf4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,ornithology of ,guadeloupe ,island based on notes and collections made by ,dr4 ,edward ,palmer4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,terr4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ahc-aie2 #aj species4--#ahgg4 ,,streets1 ,t4 ,h41 ,m4 ,d4 ,contributions to the ,natural ,history of the ,hawaiian and ,fanning ,islands and ,lower ,california4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,no4 #g1 p #agb2 birds1 pp4 #i-cc4--ahhc4 ,,belding1 ,l4 ,catalogue of a ,collection of ,birds made near the ,southern ,extremity of the ,peninsula of ,lower ,california4 ,edited by ,r4 ,ridgway4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,v4 #ahhb1 pp4 #ecb-eej2 #aed species 7,see also ,ibid41 pp4 #ebg-ecb2 ,,vi1 pp4 #cdd-ceb74--ahhh4 ,,bryant1 ,w4 ,e4 ,cerros ,island4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #fb-fd2 #bg species4--#ahhg4 ,,bryant1 ,w4 ,e4 ,additions to the ,ornithology of ,guadeloupe ,island4 ,bull4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,,ii1 #f1 pp4 #bfi-cah2 #ce species4--#ahhh4 ,,goss1 ,n4 ,s4 ,new and ,rare ,birds found ,breeding on the ,san ,pedro ,martir ,isle4 ,auk1 ,v1 pp4 #bdj-bbd2 #e species4--#ahij4 ,,bryant1 ,w4 ,e4 ,a catalogue of the ,birds of ,lower ,california1 ,mexico4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #bnd ,ser4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bcg-cbj1 with map2 #cbj species2 bibliography4--#ahij4 ,,townsend1 ,c4 ,h4 ,birds from the ,coasts of ,western ,north ,america and adjacent ,islands ,collected in #ahhh-hi1 with ,descriptions of ,new ,species4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,,xiii1 #ahij1 pp4 #aca-adb4 ,clarion ,islands1 #aj species2 ,socorro ,island1 #i species2 ,san ,benedicte ,island1 #f species2 ,lower ,california1 #bc species2 ,mouth of ,rio ,colorado1 ,sonora1 #c species2 ,cerros ,island1 #b species2 ,guadeloupe ,island1 ,lower ,california1 #c species2 ,santa ,barbara ,island1 ,california1 #d species2 ,san ,clemente ,island1 ,california1 #i species2 ,san ,nicolas ,island1 ,california1 #a species2 ,santa ,rosa ,island1 ,california1 #e species2 ,santa ,cruz ,island1 ,california1 #aj species4--#ahie4 ,,anthony1 ,a4 ,w4 ,birds of ,san ,fernando1 ,lower ,california4 ,auk1 ,,xii1 pp4 #acd-adc2 #fe species4--#ahih4 ,,anthony1 ,a4 ,w4 ,avifauna of ,revillagigedo ,islands4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xv1 pp4 #caa-cah4 ,san ,benedicte ,island1 #aa species2 ,socorro ,island1 #bd species2 ,clarion ,island1 #ag species4--#aijb4 ,,brewster1 ,w4 ,birds of the ,cape ,region of ,lower ,california4 ,bull4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool41 ,no4 #a1 ,,xli1 #bda pp41 #a map2 #bee species2 bibliography4--#aijc4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 and ,,daggett1 ,f4 ,s4 ,an ,ornithological ,visit to ,los ,coronados ,islands1 ,lower ,california4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xx1 pp4 #bg-cg2 #bb species2 bibliography4--#aijd4 ,,breninger1 ,g4 ,f4 ,san ,clemente ,island and its ,birds4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxi1 pp4 #bah-bbc4--aije4 ,,kaeding1 ,h4 ,b4 ,birds from the ,west ,coast of ,lower ,california and ,adjacent ,islands4 ,the ,condor1 ,,vii1 pp4 #aje-aaa2 #afh species4--#aije4 ,,stone1 ,w4 and ,,rhoads1 ,s4 ,n4 ,on a ,collection of ,birds and ,mammals from the ,colorado ,delta1 ,lower ,california4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci ,phila41 pp4 #fgf-fij2 #ej species4--#aijg4 ,,thayer1 ,j4 ,e4 and ,,bangs1 ,o4 ,birds ,collected by ,w4 ,w4 ,brown1 ,jr41 on ,cerros1 ,san ,benito and ,natividad ,islands in the spring of #aijf1 with ,notes on the ,biota of the ,islands4 ,the ,condor1 ,,ix1 pp4 #gg-ha4 ,cerros1 #bi2 ,natividad1 #i2 ,san ,benito1 #g species4--#aijg4 ,,thayer1 ,j4 ,e41 and ,,bangs1 ,o4 ,catalogue of ,birds ,collected in ,middle ,lower ,california4 ,the ,condor ,,ix1 pp4 #ace-adj2 #gc species4--#aijh4 ,,thayer1 ,j4 ,e4 and ,,bangs1 ,o4 ,the ,present ,state of the ,ornis of ,guadeloupe ,island4 ,the ,condor1 ,x1 pp4 #aja-ajf2 #bj species4--#aiji4 ,,osborn1 ,p4 ,i4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,los ,coronados ,islands1 ,lower ,california4 ,the ,condor ,,xi1 pp4 #acd-ach2 #cd species4 ,,british ,,possessions ,,bermuda #ahei4 ,,jones1 ,j4 ,m41 ,,wedderburn1 ,j4 ,w41 and ,,hurdis1 ,j4 ,l44 ,the ,naturalist in ,bermuda4 ,birds1 pp4 #bc-ig4--ahhd4 ,,reid1 ,s4 ,g4 ,list of the ,birds of ,bermuda4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,no4 #be41 pp4 #afe-bgi2 #ahf species4 7,see also1 ,,merriam1 ,c4 ,h41 ,ibid41 #bhc1 #bhd74--aija4 ,,bangs1 ,o4 and ,,bradlee1 ,t4 ,s4 ,the ,resident ,land ,birds of ,bermuda4 ,auk1 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bdi-beg2 #aj species4 ,,canada #ahca4 ,,swainson1 ,w41 and ,,richardson1 ,j4 ,fauna ,boreali-,americana4 ,part ,second1 #dto1 pp4 lxvi-#ebd1 pll4 #bd-gc1 woodct4 #da2 #bch species2 important4--#ahfc4 ,,blakiston1 ,t4 ,on the ,birds of the ,interior of ,british ,america4 ,ibis41 ,v1 pp4 #ci-hg1 #aba-aee2 #bej species4--#ahhg4 ,,chamberlain1 ,m4 ,a ,catalogue of ,canadian ,birds with ,notes on the ,distribution of the ,species4 #hvo1 pp4 #adc4 ,st4 ,john1 ,n4 ,b4--#ahih4 ,,russell1 ,f4 ,explorations in the ,far ,north1 7,lake ,winnipeg1 ,crow ,nest ,pass1 ,alberta1 ,fort ,chippewayan1 ,fort ,rae1 ,herschel ,island47 ,published by ,university of ,iowa4 ,birds1 pp4 #bec-bgj2 #abb species4--#aiji4 ,,macoun1 ,j4 and ,j4 ,m4 ,catalogue of ,canadian ,birds4 #hvo1 ,,xviii#gfa pp4 ,government ,ptg4 ,bureau1 ,ottawa4 ,distribution and nesting2 important4 ,,alberta #ahib4 ,,raine1 ,w4 7,see ,saskatchewan47--#aiji4 ,,stansell1 ,s4 ,s4 ,s41 ,birds of ,central ,alberta4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #cia-djj2 #aeg species4 ,,british ,,columbia #ahfh4 ,,brown1 ,r4 ,synopsis of the ,birds of ,vancouver ,island4 ,ibis1 #bnd ,ser41 ,,iv1 pp4 #dad-dbh2 #aec species4--#ahij4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 ,on a ,collection of ,birds made by ,mr4 ,clark ,p4 ,streator in ,british ,columbia with ,field ,notes by the ,collector4 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,iii1 pp4 #abc-aeh2 #afj species1 from ,westminister1 ,mt4 ,lehman1 ,ducks1 and ,ashcroft1 ,b4 ,c41 ,duncan's ,station1 ,vancouver ,island1 and ,kalama1 ,washington4--#ahia4 ,,fannin1 ,j4 ,check-,list of ,british ,columbia ,birds4 #hvo4 pp4 ,,xiv#di4 ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c42 #cjg species4--#ahic4 ,,rhoads1 ,s4 ,n4 ,the ,birds observed in ,british ,columbia and ,washington during spring and summer of #ahib4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahic1 pp4 #ba-fe2 #bfj species4--#aija4 ,,osgood1 ,w4 ,h4 ,natural ,history of the ,queen ,charlotte ,islands1 ,british ,columbia4 ,north ,american ,fauna1 ,no4 #ba1 ,birds1 pp4 #ch-ej2 #ih species4--#aijc4 ,,brooks1 ,a4 ,notes on the ,birds of the ,cariboo ,district1 ,british ,columbia4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xx1 pp4 #bgg-bhd2 #id species4--#aiab4 ,,swarth1 ,h4 ,s4 ,report on a ,collection of ,birds and ,mammals from ,vancouver ,island1 ,univ4 ,calif4 ,pub4 ,zool4 ,x1 #a1 pp4 #abd2 #aaa species4 ,,franklin #ahgi4 ,,kumlien1 ,l4 ,contributions to the ,natural ,history of ,arctic ,america1 made in ,connection with the ,howgate ,polar ,expedition1 #ahgg-gh4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,no4 #ae4 ,birds1 pp4 #fi-aje2 #hd species4--#ahhf4 ,,greeley1 ,a4 ,w4 ,three years of ,arctic ,service4 ,roy #hvo1 #b vols1 ,birds1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,app4 ,,viii1 pp4 #cgb-che2 #cee species4 ,,keewatin #aijb4 ,,preble1 ,e4 ,a4 ,birds of ,keewatin1 ,n4 ,a4 ,fauna1 ,no4 #bb1 pp4 #ge-aca2 #bfj species4--#aije4 ,,eifrig1 ,c4 ,w4 ,g4 ,ornithological ,results of the ,canadian ,neptune ,expedition to ,hudson ,bay and ,northward1 #aijc-aijd4 ,auk1 pp4 #bcc-bda2 #ea species4 ,,labrador 7,,including ,,ungava7 #ahfa4 ,,coues1 ,e4 ,notes on the ,ornithology of ,labrador4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ,,xiii1 pp4 #bae-beg2 #hb species4--#ahhe4 ,,turner1 ,l4 ,m4 ,list of the ,birds of ,labrador1 including ,ungava1 ,east ,main1 ,moose1 and ,gulf ,districts of the ,hudson ,bay ,company1 together with the ,island of ,anticosti4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,,viii1 pp4 #bcc-bed2 #bjg species4 7,see also ,,packard1 ,a4 ,s4 ,the ,labrador ,coast1 #ahia74--ahhg4 ,,frazar1 ,m4 ,a4 ,an ,ornithologist's ,summer in ,labrador4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,xii1 pp4 #a-c1 #ag-bj1 #cc-ce2 #fb species4--#aijb4 ,,bigelow1 ,h4 ,b4 ,birds of the ,northwestern ,coast of ,labrador4 ,auk1 ,,xix1 #aijb1 pp4 #bd-ca2 #he species4--#aijg4 ,,townsend1 ,c4 ,w41 and ,,allen1 ,g4 ,m4 ,birds of ,labrador4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #bgg-dbh1 map2 #bac species4 7,see also ,,townsend1 ,c4 ,w41 and ,,bent1 ,a4 ,c4 ,the ,auk1 #aiaj1 pp4 #a-ah2 #ic species47 ,,mackenzie #ahfb4 ,,ross1 ,b4 ,r4 ,list of ,mammals1 ,birds1 and ,eggs1 observed in the ,mackenzie's ,river ,district with notices4 ,canad4 ,nat4 and ,geol41 ,,vii1 pp4 #acg-aee4 ,birds1 pp4 #adb-aee2 #aib species4 7,see also ,nat4 ,hist4 ,rev4 #bnd ,ser4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bfi-bij74--ahia4 ,,macfarlane1 ,r4 ,notes on and ,list of ,birds and ,eggs ,collected in ,arctic ,america1 #ahfa-ahff4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,,xiv1 pp4 #dac-ddf2 #aca species4 7,see also ,hist4 ,sci4 ,soc4 of ,man41 ,trans4 #ci74--aijh4 ,,macfarlane1 ,r4 ,list of ,birds and ,eggs ,observed and ,collected in the ,north-,west ,territories of ,canada1 between #ahhj and #ahid4 pp4 #bhe-ddg of ,mair's ,through the ,mackenzie ,basin1 ,toronto4 ,william ,briggs4 #bbj species4--#aijh4 ,,preble1 ,e4 ,a4 ,a ,biological ,investigation of the ,athabasca-,mackenzie ,region1 ,n4 ,a4 ,fauna1 ,no4 #bg1 #egd pp4 ,birds1 pp4 #bea-ejj2 #bif species2 bibliography2 important4--#aijh4 ,,seton1 ,e4 ,t4 ,bird ,records from ,great ,slave ,lake ,region4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxv1 pp4 #fh-gd2 #hh species4 ,,manitoba #ahhf4 ,,seton1 ,e4 ,t4 ,the ,birds of ,western ,manitoba4 ,auk1 ,,iii1 pp4 #ade-aef1 #cbj-cbi1 #dec2 #beh species4--#ahia4 ,,seton1 ,e4 ,t4 ,the ,birds of ,manitoba4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,,xiii1 pp4 #deg-fdc1 #a pl42 #bff species4 7,see also #ad additions4 ,auk1 #ahic1 p4 #di47--aiji4 ,,seton1 ,e4 ,t4 ,fauna of ,manitoba4 ,british ,assc4 ,handbook4 ,winnipeg1 pp4 #a-dg2 #bgc species4 ,,new ,,brunswick #aheg4 ,,bryant1 ,h4 ,a ,list of ,birds ,observed at ,grand ,menan and at ,yarmouth1 ,n4 ,s41 from ,june #af to ,july #h4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,vi1 pp4 #aad-abc2 #ee species4--#ahgc4 ,,herrick1 ,h4 ,a ,partial ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,grand ,menan1 ,n4 ,b41 ,bull4 ,essex4 ,inst41 ,v4 pp4 #bh-da2 #aid species4--#ahgi4 ,,pearsall1 ,r4 ,f4 ,grand ,menan ,notes2 ,summers of #ahgg and #ahgh4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,xiii1 p4 #ebd2 #dc species4--#ahhb4 ,,batchelder1 ,c4 ,f4 ,notes on the ,summer ,birds of the ,upper ,st4 ,john4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c1 ,,vii1 pp4 #ajf-aaa1 #adg-aeb2 #aje species4--#ahhb1 ,,chamberlain1 ,m4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,new ,brunswick4 ,bull4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,soc4 ,new ,brunswick1 ,no4 ,i1 pp4 #bc-fh1 #bfi species4--#aiab4 ,,townsend1 ,c4 ,w4 ,notes on the ,summer ,birds of the ,st4 ,john ,valley1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxix1 pp4 #af-bc2 #ha species4 ,,newfoundland #ahfi4 ,,reeks1 ,h4 ,notes on the ,zo,alogy of ,newfoundland4 ,zo,alogist1 #bnd ser41 ,,iv1 pp4 #afji-afad1 #afih-afie1 #agda-agei1 #ahdi-aheh2 #bab species4 ,see also ,canad4 ,nat4 and ,quart4 ,journ4 ,sci41 ,v4 #ahgj-ga1 pp4 #ch-dg1 #aea-aei1 #bhi-cjd1 #djf-daf2 and ,,harvey ,m4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,iii1 pp4 #ec1 #aif1 #cda4--aijj4 ,,porter1 ,l4 ,h4 ,newfoundland ,notes4 ,auk1 ,,xvii1 pp4 #ga-gc2 #ej species summer birds4--#aiab4 ,,arnold1 ,e4 ,a ,short ,summer ,outing in ,newfoundland4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxix1 pp4 #gb-gi2 #fh species4 ,,nova ,,scotia #aheg4 ,,bryant1 ,h4 7,see ,new ,brunswick47--#aheh4 ,,blakiston1 ,r4 ,a41 ,,bland1 ,r4 ,e41 and ,,willis1 ,j4 ,r4 ,list of ,birds of ,nova ,scotia4 ,thirteenth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,smiths4 ,inst41 pp4 #bhj-bhf2 #bjf species4--#ahgi4 ,,jones1 ,j4 ,,matthew4 ,list of the ,birds of ,nova ,scotia--,land ,birds4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,xii1 pp4 #fe1 #ff1 #aje1 #ajf1 #bje1 #bde2 #abh species4--#ahhg4 ,,dwight1 ,j41 ,jr4 ,summer ,birds of the ,bras d',or ,region of ,cape ,breton ,island1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,auk1 ,,iv1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ac-af2 #ei species4 7,see also ,,allen1 ,f4 ,h41 ,ibid41 #ahia47--ahhh4 ,,downs1 ,a4 ,birds of ,nova ,scotia1 edited by ,harry ,piers1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,nova ,scotia ,inst4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,,vii1 ii1 pp4 #adb-agh2 #bdj species4 ,,ontario #ahfj4 ,mc,i,l,w,r,a,i,t,h1 ,t4 ,list of ,birds ,observed in the ,vicinity of ,hamilton4 ,canad4 ,journ41 ,v4 pp4 #chg-cif4 7,see also ,proc4 ,essex4 ,inst41 ,v4 #ahff1 pp4 #gi-if71 #bda species4--#ahhb4 ,,morden1 ,j4 ,a41 and ,,saunders1 ,w4 ,e4 ,list of the ,birds of ,western ,ontario4 ,canad4 ,sportsm1 and ,nat4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ahc-ahg1 #aib-aid1 also ,,iii1 pp4 #bah1 #bai1 #bdc2 #bcf species4--#ahia4 ,,farley1 ,w4 ,l4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,elgin ,county1 ,ontario4 ,the ,,oalogist1 ,,viii1 pp4 #ha-hg2 #aij species4--#ahia4 ,ottawa ,field ,nat4 ,club4 ,the ,birds of ,ottawa4 ,ottawa ,nat4 ,v4 pp4 #ca-dg2 #bbd species4--#ahid4 ,mc,i,l,w,r,a,i,t,h1 ,t4 ,the ,birds of ,ontario1 #hvo4 ,x#dbf pp4 ,wm4 ,briggs1 ,toronto2 #cag species4--#ahig-h4 ,,nash1 ,c4 ,w4 ,birds of ,ontario in ,relation to ,agriculture4 ,rep4 ,farmers' ,inst4 of ,ont4 #hvo1 #cb pp4--#aijj4 ,,nash1 ,c4 ,w4 ,check ,list of the ,birds of ,ontario4 ,warwick ,bros1 and ,rutter1 ,toronto4 #hvo4 #eh pp42 #cjb species4--#aija4 ,,fleming1 ,j4 ,h4 ,a list of the ,birds of the ,districts of ,parry ,sound and ,muskoka1 ,ont4 ,auk1 ,,xviii1 #aija1 pp4 #cc-de2 #aif species4 7,see also ,ibid41 ,,xix1 p4 #djc47--aije4 ,,nash1 ,c4 ,w4 ,check ,list of the ,birds of ,ontario4 ,l4 ,k4 ,cameron1 ,printer1 ,toronto1 ,ont4 #hb pp2 #cbd species4--#aijf4 ,,swales1 ,b4 ,h41 and ,,taverner1 ,p4 ,a4 ,remarks on the ,summer ,birds of ,lake ,muskoka1 ,ont4 ,wilson ,bull41 ,,xviii1 pp4 #fj-fh2 #ei species4--#aijf-g4 ,,fleming1 ,j4 ,h4 ,birds of ,toronto1 ,ont4 ,auk1 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #dcg-dec2 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #ga-hi2 #bij species4--#aijg4 ,,hubel1 ,f4 ,c4 ,preliminary ,list of the ,summer ,birds of the ,cobalt ,mining ,region1 ,nipissing ,district1 ,ont4 ,auk ,,xxiv1 pp4 #dh-eb2 #gf species4--#aijg-h4 ,,taverner1 ,p4 ,a4 and ,,swales1 ,b4 ,h4 ,the ,birds of ,point ,pelee1 ,wilson ,bull4 ,,xix1 pp4 #cg-ec2 #hb-ii1 #acc-aec2 ,,xx1 pp4 #gi-if1 #ajg-abi2 #bji species4 ,see also ,,wood1 ,n4 ,a41 ,ibid41 #aiaj1 pp4 #fc-gh4--aiaj4 ,,eifrig1 ,g4 ,a4 ,winter of ,rare ,birds at ,ottawa4 ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #ec-ei4 ,,quebec #ahgh4 ,,cory1 ,c4 ,b4 ,a ,naturalist in the ,magdalen ,islands 7,boston74 ,part ,,ii1 pp4 #cc-hc1 list of birds2 #aji species4--#ahhb4 ,,wintle1 ,e4 ,d4 ,ornithology of the ,island of ,montreal4 ,canad4 ,sportsm4 and ,nat41 ,,ii1 pp4 #ajh-aaj1 #aaf1 #aag2 #afh species4--#ahhb-e4 ,,merriam1 ,c4 ,h4 ,list of ,birds ,ascertained to ,occur within ,ten ,miles of ,point des ,monts1 ,province of ,quebec1 ,canada2 based chiefly upon the notes of ,napoleon ,a4 ,comeau4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c1 ,,vii1 pp4 #bcc-bdb1 and ,addenda1 ,,viii1 pp4 #bdd1 #bde2 ,auk1 ,i1 #ahhd1 p4 #bie2 ,,ii1 #ahhe1 pp4 #aac1 #cae2 #ahj species4--#ahhd4 ,,brewster1 ,w4 ,notes on the ,birds ,observed ,during a ,summer ,cruise on the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxii1 pp4 #cfd-dab2 #ib species4--#ahhi4 ,,bishop1 ,l4 ,b4 ,notes on the ,birds of the ,magdalen ,islands4 ,auk1 ,,vi1 pp4 #add-aej2 #ff species4--#ahhi4 ,,dionne1 ,c4 ,e4 ,catalogue des ,oiseaux de la ,province de ,quebec avec des ,notes sur leur ,distribution ,geographique4444 ,quebec des ,presses a ,vapeur de ,j4 ,dussault1 ,port ,dauphin1 #hvo1 #aai pp42 #bgc species4--#ahia4 ,,palmer1 ,,william4 ,notes on the ,birds ,observed ,during the ,cruise of the ,united ,states ,fish ,commission ,schooner ,grampus in the ,summer of #ahhg4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,,xiii1 #ahij1 pp #bdi-bfe2 #gh species4--#ahic4 ,,dwight1 ,j41 ,,jr4 ,summer ,birds of ,prince ,edward ,island4 ,auk1 ,x1 #ahic1 pp4 #a-ae2 #ha species4--#ahif4 ,,wintle1 ,e4 ,d4 ,the ,birds of ,montreal4 ,w4 ,drysdale ,co41 ,montreal4 #hvo1 xiv#aha pp42 #bed species4--#aijh4 ,,macswain1 ,j4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,prince ,edward ,island4 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,nova ,scotia ,inst4 of ,science4 ,,xi1 pp1 #egj-eib2 #bbj species4 ,,saskatchewan #ahib4 ,,raine1 ,w4 ,bird-nesting in ,north-,west ,canada4 #hvo4 pp4 #aig2 ills4 ,toronto4--#aijg-h4 ,,bent1 ,a4 ,c4 ,summer ,birds of ,southern ,saskatchewan4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #djg-dcj2 ,,xxv1 pp4 #be-ce2 #aec species4--#aiaj4 ,,ferry1 ,j4 ,f4 ,birds ,observed in ,saskatchewan ,during the ,summer of #aiji4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #ahe-bjd2 #aah species4 ,,united ,,states ,,western ,,united ,,states #ahef4 ,,cassin1 ,j4 ,illustrations of the ,birds of ,california1 ,texas1 ,oregon1 ,british1 and ,russian ,america4 ,intended to ,contain descriptions and figures of all ,north ,american ,birds not given by former ,american authors1 and a ,general ,synopsis of ,north ,american ,ornithology4 #a ,vol4 large #hvo4 pp4 viii#bih2 pll4 #ej4--ahgj4 ,,cooper1 ,j4 ,g4 ,geological ,survey of ,california4 ,ornithology4 ,volume ,i4 ,land ,birds4 ,edited by ,s4 ,f4 ,baird4 ,published by authority of the ,legislature4 ,vol4 ,i large #hvo1 pp4 xi#eia2 ills4--#ahgb4 ,,allen1 ,j4 ,a4 ,notes of an ,ornithological ,reconnaissance of ,portions of ,kansas1 ,colorado1 ,wyoming1 and ,utah4 ,bull4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aac-ahc4 ,annotated lists of birds observed at ,leavenworth1 ,topeka1 ,fort ,hays and in ,northwestern ,kansas2 between ,colorado ,city and ,denver1 at ,south ,park near ,mount ,lincoln1 ,colorado2 at ,cheyenne1 ,wyoming1 and near ,ogden1 ,utah4--#ahgd4 ,,coues1 ,e4 ,birds of the ,northwest3 ,a ,handbook of the ,ornithology of the ,region drained by the ,missouri ,river and its ,tributaries4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey of the ,territories4 ,miscellaneous ,publications1 ,no4 #c4 ,washington1 #a ,vol4 #hvo1 pp4 xii#gia2 important4--#ahgd4 ,,yarrow1 ,h4 ,c4 and ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 ,geog4 and ,geol4 ,explorations and ,surveys ,west of the one hundredth ,meridian4 ,reports upon ,ornithological ,specimens ,collected in the years #ahga1 #ahgb1 and #ahgc4 #hvo1 pp4 #a-adh4 ,observations made in ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico and ,arizona4--#ahge4 ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 ,report upon ,geograph4 and ,geol4 ,explorations and ,surveys ,west of the ,one ,hundredth ,meridian4 ,vol4 ,v1 ,zoology4 ,chap4 ,,iii1 ,report upon the ,ornithological ,collections made in ,portions of ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,california1 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 and ,arizona1 during the years #ahga1 #ahgb1 #ahgc and #ahgd4 #dto1 pp4 #ahd-ejh2 pll4 xv2 #bif species4--#ahgh4 ,,coues1 ,e4 ,birds of the ,colorado ,valley4 ,a ,repository of ,scientific and ,popular ,information ,concerning ,north ,american ,ornithology4 ,part ,first4 ,passeres to ,laniid,a4 ,bibliographical ,appendix4 ,seventy illustrations4--#ahij4 ,,belding1 ,l4 ,land ,birds of the ,pacific ,district4 ,occasional ,papers of the ,california ,academy of ,sciences1 ,,ii1 #hvo1 pp4 #a-bgd2 #bie species4--#aijb4 ,,bailey1 ,f4 ,m4 ,handbook of ,birds of ,western ,united ,states4 #abmo1 pp4 xc-#eab2 many ills4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 ,important4 ,,mississippi ,,valley #ahhh4 ,,cooke1 ,w4 ,w4 ,reports on ,bird ,migration in the ,mississippi ,valley in the year #ahhd and #ahhe4 ,edited and revised by ,c4 ,hart ,herriam4 ,bull4 ,no4 #b1 ,div4 ,economic ,ornithology ,biological ,survey4 #cac pp41 #a map4 ,,new ,,england #ahgg4 ,,minot1 ,h4 ,d4 ,the ,land and ,game ,birds of ,new ,england4 ,second ,ed41 edited by ,wm4 ,brewster1 #ahie1 #dib pp4 7,houghton74--#ahha-c4 ,,stearns1 ,w4 ,a41 and ,,coues1 ,e4 ,new ,england ,bird-,life1 #b vols41 pp4 #cbd-dji4--aijd4 ,,hoffmann1 ,r4 ,a ,guide to the ,birds of ,new ,england and ,eastern ,new ,york4 #cej pp4 7,houghton74--#aiji4 ,,allen1 ,g4 ,m4 ,birds of ,new ,england4 ,occ4 ,papers ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,vii1 pp4 #a-bcj2 #djb species4 ,,alabama #ahgh-i4 ,,brown1 ,n4 ,c4 ,a ,list of ,birds ,observed at ,coosada1 ,central ,alabama4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c1 ,,iii1 pp4 #afh-agd2 ,,iv1 pp4 #g-ac2 #aai species4--#ahij-a4 ,,avery1 ,w4 ,c4 ,birds ,observed in ,alabama4 ,am4 ,field1 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #ehd1 #fjg1 #fjh2 ,,xxxv1 #ahia1 pp4 #h1 #cb1 #ee2 #ahd species4--#aijh4 ,,saunders1 ,a4 ,a4 ,some ,birds of ,central ,alabama4 ,auk1 ,,xxv1 pp4 #dac-dbd2 #abi species4 ,,arizona #ahec4 ,,woodhouse1 ,s4 ,w4 ,report of an ,expedition down the ,zuni and ,colorado ,rivers1 by ,captain ,l4 ,sitgreaves4444 #hvo1 pp4 #aih4 ,birds1 pp4 #eh-aje2 pll4 i-vi2 #bai species4--#ahff4 ,,coues1 ,e4 ,list of the ,birds of ,fort ,whipple4 ,arizona3 with which are incorporated all the other species ascertained to inhabit the ,territory2 with brief critical and field notes1 descriptions of new species1 etc4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #ci-ajj2 #bde species4--#ahgd4 ,,yarrow1 ,h4 ,c41 and ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 7see ,utah74--#ahge4 ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 ,annual ,report of the ,chief of ,engineers for #ahge4 ,app4 ,i #b1 pp4 #aec-aff4 ,annotated list of the ,birds of ,arizona2 #bia species4--#ahhb-c4 ,,brewster1 ,w4 ,on a ,collection of ,birds lately made by ,mr4 ,f4 ,stephens in ,arizona4 ,bull4 ,nutt4 ,orn4 ,club1 ,,vii1 pp4 #fe-hf2 #ace-adg2 #aic-bab2 ,,viii1 pp4 #ba-cf2 #afe species 7see also ,the ,auk1 ,,ii1 #ahhe1 pp4 #hd1 #he2 #aif-bjj74--ahhf-h4 ,,scott1 ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,on the ,avifauna of ,pinal ,county with ,remarks on ,some ,birds of ,pima and ,gila ,counties1 ,arizona4 ,with annotations by ,j4 ,a4 ,allen4 ,auk1 ,,iii1 #bdi-beh2 #chc-chi2 #dba-dcb2 ,,iv1 pp4 #af-bd2 #aif-bje2 ,v1 pp4 #bi-cf2 #aei-afh2 #bdf species4--#ahhg4 ,,morcom1 ,g4 7,see ,california74--#ahij4 ,,mearns1 ,e4 ,a4 ,observations on the ,avifauna of ,portions of ,arizona4 ,auk1 ,,vii1 pp4 #de-ee2 #bea-bfd2 #ajj species4--#ahij4 ,,merriam1 ,c4 ,h4 ,results of a ,biological ,survey of the ,san ,francisco ,mountain region and ,desert of the ,little ,colorado in ,arizona4 ,north ,american ,fauna1 ,no4 #c4 ,part ,,iv1 ,annotated ,list of ,birds of the ,san ,francisco ,mountain ,plateau and ,desert of the ,little ,colorado ,river1 ,arizona1 pp4 #he-aja2 #aea species4--#ahib4 ,,rhoads1 ,s4 ,n4 7,see ,texas74--#ahic4 ,,fisher1 ,a4 ,k4 7,see ,california74--#aijc4 ,,osgood1 ,w4 ,h4 ,a ,list of ,birds observed in ,cochise ,county1 ,arizona4 ,the ,condor1 ,v1 pp4 #abh-aca2 #adi-aea2 #abc species4--#aijd4 ,,swarth1 ,h4 ,s4 ,birds of the ,huachuca ,mountains1 ,arizona4 ,pacific ,coast ,avifauna1 ,no4 #d4 ,cooper ,orn4 ,club1 #hvo1 pp4 #gj2 #aie species4--#aije4 ,,swarth1 ,h4 ,s4 ,summer ,birds of the ,papago ,indian ,reservation and of the ,santa ,rita ,mountains1 ,arizona4 ,the ,condor1 ,,vi1 pp4 #bb-bh2 #dg-ej2 #gg-ha2 #fefh2 species4--#aijh4 ,,swarth1 ,h4 ,s4 ,some ,fall ,migration ,notes from ,huachuca ,mountains1 ,arizona4 ,the ,condor1 ,x1 pp4 #ajg-aaf2 #aji species4--#aiaj4 ,,visher1 ,s4 ,s4 ,notes of the ,birds of ,pima ,county1 ,arizona4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #bgi-bhh2 #abg species4 ,,arkansas #aiaa4 ,,howell1 ,a4 ,h4 ,birds of ,arkansas4 ,bull4 ,no4 #ch1 ,biological ,survey4 #hvo1 pp4 #ajj1 #a map2 #bee species4 ,,california,e ,e ,see ,grinnell1 ,j4 ,a ,bibliography of ,california ,ornithology4 ,pacific ,coast ,avifauna1 ,no4 #e4 #ahdf-dg4 ,,gambel1 ,w4 ,remarks on the ,birds ,observed in ,upper ,california with ,descriptions of ,new ,species4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ,,iii1 pp4 #dd-dh2 #aaj-aad2 #aed-aeh2 #bjj-bjd2 #hb species 7see also ,journ4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdg1 pp4 #be-ef2 #ahdi1 pp4 #bae-bbi2 #agf species74--#ahec4 ,,herrmann1 ,a4 ,l4 ,notes on the ,land ,birds of ,california1 observed during a residence of three years in that country4 ,journ4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ,,ii1 pp4 #bei-bgb2 #acj species4--#aheg4 ,,newberry1 ,j4 ,s4 ,report on the ,birds ,observed in ,california and ,oregon4 ,pac4 ,r4 ,r4 ,rep4 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,part ,,vi1 pp4 #gc-aaj2 #agd species4--#ahei4 ,,herrmann1 ,a4 ,l4 ,report on ,birds ,collected on the ,survey4 ,pac4 ,r4 ,r4 ,rep4 ,vol4 ,x1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #bi-hj2 #ahj species4--#ahei4 ,,xantus1 ,j4 ,catalogue of ,birds ,collected in the vicinity of ,fort ,tejon1 ,california1 with a description of a new species of ,syrnium4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ,,xi1 pp4 #ahi-aic2 #add species4--#ahff4 ,,coues1 ,e4 7,see ,arizona74--#ahgj4 ,,cooper1 ,j4 ,g4 ,the ,fauna of ,california and its geographical ,distribution4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,,iv1 pp4 #fa-ha4--ahge4 ,,cooper1 ,j4 ,g4 ,new ,facts relating to ,california ,ornithology4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,,vi1 #ahge1 pp4 #ahi-bjb2 #de species4--#ahge4 ,,nelson1 ,e4 ,w4 7,see ,utah74--#ahgf4 ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 ,report on the ,ornithology of the ,portions of ,california visited during the ,field ,season of #ahge2 pp4 #bbd-bgh4 ,annual ,report upon the ,geographical ,surveys ,west of the ,one ,hundredth ,meridian4 ,notes from ,santa ,cruz ,island1 ,santa ,barbara1 region about ,mt4 ,whitney1 ,kernville1 and ,walker's ,basin2 #bjd species4--#ahgg4 ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 7,see ,nevada74--#ahgg4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 7,see ,nevada74--#ahgi4 ,,belding1 ,l4 ,partial ,list of the ,birds of ,central ,california4 ,edited by ,r4 ,ridgway4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,i1 pp4 #chh-ddi2 #bbj species4--#ahgi4 ,,cooper1 ,j4 ,g4 ,on ,migration and ,nesting ,habits of ,west-,coast ,birds4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bda-bea4--ahhj4 ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 7,see ,nevada74--#ahhf4 ,,evermann1 ,b4 ,w4 ,a ,list of the ,birds observed in ,ventura ,county1 ,california4 ,auk1 ,,iii1 pp4 #hf-id1 #agi-ahf2 #bjj species4 7,see also ,cooper1 ,ibid41 ,,iv1 pp4 #he-id74--ahhf4 ,,streator1 ,c4 ,p4 ,list of ,birds observed in the ,vicinity of ,santa ,barbara1 ,cal41 ,during the year #ahhe4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,xi1 pp4 #ea1 #eb1 #ff1 #fg1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajg2 #ahg species4--#ahhg4 ,,blake1 ,e4 ,w4 ,,jr4 ,summer ,birds of ,santa ,cruz ,island1 ,california4 ,auk1 ,,iv1 pp4 #cbh-ccj2 #bh species4--#ahhg4 ,,morcom1 ,g4 ,f4 ,notes on the birds of ,southern ,california and ,southwestern ,arizona4 ,bull4 ,no4 #b1 ,ridgw4 ,orn4 ,club1 pp4 #cf-eg2 #aci species4--#ahhg4 ,,streator1 ,c4 ,p4 ,the ,water ,birds of ,san ,miguel ,island4 ,proc4 ,santa ,barbara ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,bull4 ,no4 ,i1 pp4 #ba-bc2 #aj species4--#ahhg4 ,,taylor1 ,h4 ,r4 ,trip to the ,farallone ,islands4 ,orn4 and ,,oal4 ,,xii1 pp4 #da-dc3 #ab species4--#ahhg4 ,,townsend1 ,c4 ,h4 ,field-,notes on the ,mammals1 ,birds1 and ,reptiles of ,northern ,california4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,x1 pp4 #aei-bda2 ,birds1 pp4 #aij-bcg2 #bfa species4--#ahhh4444 ,,bryant1 ,w4 ,e4 ,birds and ,eggs from the ,farallon ,islands4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #bnd ,ser4 ,i2 #ahhg1 pp4 #be-ej2 #ha species4--#ahhh4 ,,streator1 ,c4 ,p4 ,notes on the ,birds of the ,santa ,barbara ,islands4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,xiii1 pp4 #eb-ed4--ahij4 ,,townsend1 ,c4 7,see ,lower ,california74--#ahij-ia4 ,,keeler1 ,c4 ,a4 ,geographical ,distribution of ,land ,birds in ,california4 ,zoe1 ,i1 #ahij1 pp4 #bbe-bcj2 #beg-bfj2 #bie-bii2 #ccg-cdc2 #ahia1 #cfi-cgc4--ahic4 ,,fisher1 ,a4 ,k4 ,report on the ,ornithology of the ,death ,valley ,expedition ,n4 ,a4 ,fauna1 ,no4 #g1 pp4 #g-aeh2 #bij species4--#ahie4 ,,loomis1 ,l4 ,m4 ,california ,water ,birds4 ,no4 #a--,monterey and ,vicinity from the ,middle of ,june to the end of ,august4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,ser4 #b1 ,v4 pp4 #agg-bbd2 map2 #dd species4--#ahif4 ,,loomis1 ,l4 ,m4 ,california ,water ,birds1 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,vicinity of ,monterey in ,midwinter4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,ser4 #b1 ,,vi1 pp4 #a-cj2 #a map2 #dc species4 ,,iii1 ,south ,farallon in ,july1 ,ibid41 pp4 #cec-cff2 #b maps2 #aj species4--#ahif4 ,,merriam1 ,f4 ,a4 ,a-birding on a ,bronco in ,san ,diego ,co4 #afmo1 pp4 x#bbf2 ills4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4--#ahig4 ,,barlow1 ,c4 ,the ,story of the ,farallones4 ,ob4 #afmo1 #cb pp4 ills4 ,h4 ,r4 ,taylor1 ,alameda4--#ahig4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,report on ,birds ,recorded during a ,visit to the ,islands of ,santa ,barbara1 ,san ,nicolas1 and ,san ,clemente in the spring of #ahig2 pp4 #bf4--ahih4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,birds of the ,pacific ,slope of ,los ,angeles ,county4 ,pub4 ,no4 ,,ii1 ,pasadena ,acad4 ,sci41 pp4 #eb2 #cjj species4--#ahih4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,land ,birds ,observed in ,midwinter on ,santa ,catalina ,island1 ,california4 ,auk1 ,,xv1 pp4 #bcc-bcf2 #bi species4--#ahii4 ,,keeler1 ,c4 ,a4 ,bird ,notes ,afield4 #abmo1 pp4 viii#cec4 ,d4 ,p4 ,elder ,morgan ,sheppard1 ,san ,francisco4--#ahii4 ,,merriam1 ,c4 ,h4 ,results of a ,biological ,survey of ,mount ,shasta1 ,california4 ,north ,american ,fauna1 ,no4 #af1 ,birds1 pp4 #aji-acd2 #acf species4--#aijj4 ,,loomis1 ,l4 ,m4 ,california ,water ,birds4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,vicinity of ,monterey in ,autumn4 ,proc4 ,calif4 ,acad4 ,sci4 #c;d ,ser4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bgg-cbb2 #a map2 #db species4 ,v4 ,vicinity of ,monterey in ,may and ,early ,june1 ,ibid41 pp4 #cdi-cfc2 #cf species4--#aijj4 ,,maillard1 ,j4 ,land ,birds of ,marin ,county1 ,cal4 ,the ,condor1 ,,ii1 pp4 #fb-fh2 #acg species4--#aijj4 ,,swarth1 ,h4 ,s4 ,avifauna of a #ajj-;acre ,ranch at ,los ,angeles4 ,the ,condor1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ad-af2 #cg-da2 #age species4--#aija4 ,,barlow1 ,c4 ,a ,list of the ,land ,birds of the ,placerville-,lake ,tahoe ,stage ,road4 ,the ,condor1 ,,iii1 pp4 #aea-ahd2 #acj species4--#aija4 ,,maillard1 ,j4 and ,j ,w4 ,birds ,recorded at ,paicines1 ,san ,benito ,co41 ,california4 ,the ,condor1 ,,iii1 pp4 #abj-abg2 #afh species4--#aija4 ,mc,g,r,e,g,o,r1 ,r4 ,c4 ,a ,list of the ,land ,birds of ,santa ,cruz ,county1 ,california4 ,pacific ,coast ,avifauna ,no4 #b4 ,cooper ,orn4 ,club1 pp4 #bb2 #aci species4--#aijb4 ,,fisher1 ,w4 ,k4 ,the ,redwood ,belt of ,northwestern ,california4 ,the ,condor1 ,,iv1 ,faunal ,peculiarities1 pp4 #aaa-aad2 ,land-,birds1 #aca-ace2 #fc species4--#aijb4 ,,fisher1 ,w4 ,k4 ,list of ,birds of ,santa ,clara ,valley and ,santa ,cruz ,mountains1 exclusive of ,water-,birds4 ,bailey's ,handbook of ,birds of the ,western ,united ,states1 pp4 li-lvi2 #adg species4--#aijb4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,check-,list of ,california ,birds4 ,pacific ,coast ,avifauna1 ,no4 #c1 ,cooper ,orn4 ,club1 #ib pp42 #b maps2 #dia species4--#aijb4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,list of ,birds to be looked for in the ,vicinity of ,pasadena4 ,bailey's ,handbook of ,birds of the ,western ,united ,states1 pp4 lvi-lxiv2 #aia species4--#aijb4 ,,kobbe1 ,w4 ,h4 ,list of ,water ,birds of ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,bailey's ,handbook of ,birds of the ,western ,united ,states1 pp4 lviii-#a2 #ia species4--#aijc4 ,,anderson1 ,m4 ,p41 and ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,birds of the ,siskiyou ,mountains1 ,california3 ,a ,problem in ,distribution4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 pp4 #d-ae2 #dc species4--#aijc4 ,,kaeding1 ,h4 ,b4 ,bird-,life on the ,farallones4 ,the ,condor1 ,v1 pp4 #aba-abg2 #ag species4--#aijc4 ,,ray1 ,m4 ,s4 ,a ,list of ,land ,birds of ,lake ,valley1 ,central ,sierra ,nevada ,mountains1 ,california4 ,the ,auk1 pp4 #ahj-aic2 #aji species4--#aijc4 ,,stephens1 ,f4 ,bird ,notes from ,eastern ,california and ,western ,arizona4 ,the ,condor1 ,v1 pp4 #ge-gh2 #ajj-aje2 #aai species4--#aijd4 ,,emerson1 ,w4 ,o4 ,the ,farallones ,revisited1 #ahhg-aijc4 ,the ,condor1 ,,vi1 pp4 #fa-fg4--aijd4 ,,ray1 ,m4 ,s4 ,a ,fortnight on the ,farallones4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxi1 pp4 #dbe-ddb2 #ad species4--#aijd4 ,,wheelock1 ,j4 ,g4 ,birds of ,california3 ,an ,introduction to more than ,three ,hundred ,common ,birds of the ,state and ,adjacent ,islands4 #abmo4 xxviii#egh pp42 ills4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co4--#aije4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,summer ,birds of ,mount ,pinos1 ,california4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxii1 pp4 #cgh-cia2 #gc species4--#aijf4 ,,dixon1 ,j4 ,land ,birds of ,san ,onofre1 ,california4 ,the ,condor1 ,,viii1 pp4 #ia-ih2 #fc species4--#aijf4 ,,ray1 ,m4 ,s4 ,summer ,birds of ,san ,francisco ,county1 ,california4 ,the ,condor1 ,,viii1 pp4 #db-dd2 #dd species4--#aijg4 ,,beal1 ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 ,birds of ,california in ,relation to the ,fruit ,industry4 ,bull4 ,no4 #cj1 ,biological ,survey1 pp4 #ajj4--aijh4 ,,goldman1 ,e4 ,a4 ,summer ,birds of the ,tulare ,lake ,region4 ,the ,condor1 ,x1 pp4 #bjj-bje2 #hc species4--#aijh4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,the ,biota of the ,san ,bernardino ,mountains4 ,univ4 ,cal4 ,publ4 ,zool4 ,v1 ,i1 #agj pp4 xxiv plls4 ,birds1 pp4 #ej-ed2 #aci species4--#aijh4 ,,hollister1 ,n4 ,birds of the ,region about ,needles1 ,california4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxv1 pp4 #dee-dfb2 #ff species4--#aiaj4 ,,beck1 ,r4 ,h4 ,water ,birds of the ,vicinity of ,point ,pinos1 ,california4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,ser4 #d1 ,,iii1 pp4 #eg-gb2 #id species4--#aijh4 ,,linton1 ,c4 ,b4 ,notes from ,san ,clemente ,island4 ,the ,condor1 ,x1 pp4 #hb-hf2 #eh species4--#aijh4 ,,linton1 ,c4 ,b4 ,notes from ,santa ,cruz ,island4 ,the ,condor1 ,x1 pp4 #abd-abi2 #hh species 7,see also ,ibid1 ,,xiii1 pp4 #bjh-baj74--aiaa4 ,,dawson1 ,w4 ,l4 ,another ,fortnight on the ,farallones4 ,the ,condor1 ,,xiii1 pp4 #aga-ahc2 #dc species4--#aiaa4 ,,van ,,rossem1 ,a4 ,winter ,birds of the ,salton ,sea ,region4 ,the ,condor1 ,,xiii1 pp4 #abi-acg2 #gb species4--#aiab4 ,,lamb1 ,c4 ,birds of ,mohave ,desert ,oasis4 ,the ,condor1 ,,xiv1 pp4 #cb-dj2 #acc species4--#aiab4 ,,willett1 ,g4 ,birds of the ,pacific ,slope of ,southern ,california1 ,pacific ,coast ,avifauna ,no4 #g4 ,cooper ,orn4 ,club1 pp4 #abb2 #cgg species4--#aiab4 ,,grinnell1 ,j4 ,a ,systematic ,list of the ,birds of ,california4 ,ibid41 ,no4 #h1 pp4 #bc2 #ecj species4 ,,colorado #ahgb4 ,,aiken1 ,c4 ,e41 and ,,holden1 ,c4 ,h4 ,jr4 7,see ,wyoming74--#ahgc4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,the ,birds of ,colorado4 ,bull4 ,essex ,inst4 ,v1 pp4 #agd-aie4 ,distribution tables and #bdc species4 ,based on the ,observations of ,c4 ,e4 ,aiken4--#ahgd4 ,,yarrow1 ,h4 ,c41 and ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 7,see ,utah74--#ahha4 ,,drew1 ,f4 ,m4 ,field ,notes on the ,birds of ,san ,juan ,co4 ,colorado4 ,bull4 ,nutt4 ,orn4 ,club1 ,,vi1 pp #he-ia2 #ach-adc2 #ajd species4--#ahhc4 ,,allen1 ,j4 ,a41 and ,,brewster1 ,w4 ,list of ,birds ,observed in the ,vicinity of ,colorado ,springs1 ,colorado1 ,during ,march1 ,april1 and ,may1 #ahhb4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c4 ,,viii1 pp4 #aea-afa2 #ahi-aih2 #acd species4--#ahhe4 ,,drew1 ,f4 ,on the ,vertical ,range of ,birds in ,colorado4 ,auk1 ,,ii1 pp4 #aa-ah2 #bgg species4 7,see also #aj additions by ,h4 ,smith1 ,jr41 and ,a4 ,w4 ,anthony1 ,ibid41 ,,iii1 #ahhf1 pp4 #bhd-bhf1 and also #bj species by ,p4 ,m4 ,thorne1 ,ibid41 ,,iv1 #ahhg1 pp4 #bfd1 #bfe74--ahhe4 ,,hoffman1 ,w4 ,j4 7,see ,montana74--#ahhh-ij4 ,,morrison1 ,c4 ,f4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,colorado4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,xiii1 pp4 #ade1 #adh1 #afe-afh1 #aha-ahc2 ,,xiv1 #ahhi1 pp4 #f-i #fe-fh1 #ade-aej2 ,,xv1 #ahij1 pp4 #cf-ch4 7,to be continued47 #bcc species to ,junco1 inclusive4--#ahij4 ,,kellogg1 ,v4 ,l4 ,summer ,birds of ,estes ,park1 ,colorado1 ,trans4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,,xii1 pp4 #hj-ij4--ahig4 ,,cooke1 ,w4 ,w4 ,the ,birds of ,colorado4 ,bull4 #cg1 ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,ft4 ,collins1 pp4 #add2 #cfj species2 bibliography 7,see also #ahih1 ,bull4 #dd1 first appendix1 #aijj1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ef1 second appendix2 and #aiji4 ,the ,auk1 pp4 #djj-dbb1 third supplement1 increasing total number of species to #cig74--aijb4 ,,keyser1 ,l4 ,s4 ,birds of the ,rockies4 ,with a ,complete ,check-,list of ,colorado ,birds4 #hvo1 xii#cee pp2 ills4 ,mc,clurg1 ,chicago4--#aijh4 ,,rockwell1 ,r4 ,b4 ,an ,annotated ,list of the ,birds of ,mesa ,county1 ,colorado4 ,the ,condor1 ,x1 pp4 #aeb-ahj2 #bjc species4--#aijh4 ,,warren1 ,e4 ,r4 ,northwestern ,colorado ,bird ,notes4 ,the ,condor1 ,x1 pp4 #ah-bf2 #ic species4--#aiji4 ,,felger1 ,a4 ,h4 ,annotated ,list of the ,water ,birds of ,weld1 ,morgan and ,adams ,counties1 ,colorado1 south to the first sectional line below the ,fortieth ,parallel4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #bgb-bia2 #c maps2 #ajg species1 7see also ,hersey1 ,l4 ,j4 and ,rockwell1 ,r4 ,b4 ,the ,condor1 ,,xi1 #aiji1 pp4 #aaj-abb1 and ,rockwell1 ,ibid41 ,,xiv1 pp4 #aag-aca74--aiji4 ,,henderson1 ,j4 ,an ,annotated ,list of the ,birds of ,boulder ,co41 ,colorado4 ,univ4 ,colo41 ,studies1 ,,vi1 pp4 #bai-bdb--aiaj4--;,,felger1 ,a4 ,h4 ,birds and ,mammals of ,northwestern ,colorado1 ,univ4 ,studies ,colo4 ,mus41 ,,vii1 #b1 pp4 #acb-adf2 #acc species4--#aiaj4 ,,warren1 ,e4 ,r4 ,some ,central ,colorado ,bird ,notes4 ,the ,condor1 ,,xii1 pp4 #bc-ci2 #abg species4--#aiaa4 ,,widmann1 ,o4 ,list of ,birds ,observed in ,estes ,park1 ,colorado1 from ,june #aj1 to ,july #ah1 #aiaj4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #cjd-cai2 #ij species4--#aiab4 ,,cooke1 ,w4 ,w4 ,the ,present ,status of the ,colorado ,check-,list of ,birds4 ,the ,condor1 ,,xiv1 pp4 #adg-aec4 ,admits #djc species4--#aiab4 ,,sclater1 ,w4 ,l4 ,a ,history of the ,birds of ,colorado4 ,witherby ,co41 ,london1 #hvo1 pp4 xxiv#egf2 plls4 xvii2 #cib species2 important4 ,,connecticut #ahdc4 ,,linsley1 ,j4 ,h4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,connecticut4 ,am4 ,journ4 ,sci4 and ,arts1 ,,xliv1 pp4 #bdi-bgd1 #cjb species4 ,see also ,ibid41 ,,xlvi1 #ahdd1 pp4 #ej1 #ea4--ahgg4 ,,merriam1 ,c4 ,h4 ,a ,review of the ,birds of ,connecticut1 with ,remarks on their ,habits4 ,trans1 of the ,conn4 ,acad41 ,,iv1 pp4 #a-afe2 #bib species4--#ahhg4 ,,platt1 ,f4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,trans4 ,meriden ,scientific ,assoc1 ,,ii1 #ahhe-hf1 pp4 #cj-ec2 ,,iii1 p4 #da2 #aaf species4--#ahib4 ,,averill1 ,c4 ,k41 ,,jr41 ,list of ,birds ,found in the ,vicinity of ,bridgeport1 ,connecticut4 ,bridgeport ,scientific ,society1 #hvo1 pp4 #a-ai1 #bdf species4--#aijf4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 7,see ,new ,york74--#aijh4 ,,committee4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of the ,new ,haven ,region4 ,bull4 ,no4 #a1 ,new ,haven ,bird ,club1 pp4 #a-cb2 #bag species4 ,,dakota 7,,north and ,,south7 #ahge4 ,,grinnell1 ,g4 ,b4 ,report of a ,reconnaissance of the ,black ,hills of ,dakota1 made in the summer of #ahgd4 ,by ,william ,ludlow4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,birds1 pp4 #he-ajb2 #aaj species4--#ahge4 ,,hoffman1 ,w4 ,j4 ,list of ,birds ,observed at ,grand ,river ,agency1 ,dakota ,ter41 from ,october #gth1 #ahgb1 to ,june #gth1 #ahgc4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xviii1 pp4 #afi-age2 #gi species4--#ahgg4 ,mc,c,h,e,s,n,e,y1 ,c4 ,e41 ,m4 ,d4 ,birds of the ,coteau des ,prairies of ,eastern ,dakota4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,viii1 pp4 #agf1 #agg1 #aib1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bfa2 #ajb species4--#aija-b4 ,,bent1 ,a4 ,c4 ,nesting habits of the ,anatid,a in ,north ,dakota4 ,auk1 ,,xviii1 pp2 #cbh-ccf2 ,,xix1 pp4 #aa-ab2 #afe-agd2 #af species4--#aijh4 ,,reagan1 ,a4 ,b4 ,the ,birds of the ,rosebud ,indian ,reservation1 ,south ,dakota4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxv1 pp4 #dfb-dfg2 #ajh species4--#aiji4 ,,visher1 ,s4 ,s4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of western ,south ,dakota4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #add-aec2 #aid species4--#aiaa4 ,,visher1 ,s4 ,s4 ,annotated ,list of the ,birds of ,harding ,county1 ,northwestern ,south ,dakota4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #e-af2 #aed species4 ,,delaware #aije4 ,,rhoads1 ,s4 ,n41 and ,,pennock1 ,c4 ,j4 ,birds of ,delaware3 ,a ,preliminary ,list4 ,auk1 ,,xxii1 #aije1 pp4 #aid-bje2 #baa species4 7,see also ,auk1 ,,xxv1 #aijh1 pp4 #bhb-bhh47--ahig-aijh4 ,,stone1 ,w41 ,editor4 ,numerous ,notes on ,delaware ,birds4 ,proc4 ,del4 ,valley ,orn4 ,club1 ,phila4 ,,district ,,of ,,columbia #ahhc4 ,,coues1 ,e4 and ,,prentiss1 ,d4 ,w4 ,avifauna ,columbiana1 ,second ,edition4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,natl4 ,mus4 ,no4 #bf1 #hvo1 pp4 #a-acc1 many woodcuts1 #d maps1 #bdh species4--#ahhh4 ,,richmond1 ,c4 ,w4 ,an ,annotated ,list of ,birds ,breeding in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,auk1 ,v1 pp4 #ah-be2 #ajj species4--#ahhh4 ,,smith1 ,,hugh ,m41 and ,,palmer1 ,,william4 ,additions to the ,avifauna of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and ,vicinity4 ,auk1 ,v1 pp4 #adg1 #adh4 ,adds #ab species to ,coues' and ,prentiss' list of #ahhc4--ahih4 ,,maynard1 ,l4 ,w4 ,birds of ,washington and ,vicinity1 with ,introduction by ,florence ,a4 ,merriam4 #abmo4 #bjd pp4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bia species4 ,,georgia #ahhc4 ,,bailey1 ,h4 ,b4 ,memoranda of a ,collection of ,eggs from ,georgia4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c41 ,,viii1 pp4 #cg-dc2 #ajd species--#aijc4 ,,smith1 ,r4 ,s4 ,birds of ,kirkwood1 ,de ,kalb ,co41 ,ga4 ,wilson ,bull41 ,,xv1 pp4 #di-ei2 #abe species4--#aiji4 ,,howell1 ,a4 ,h4 ,notes on the ,summer ,birds of ,northern ,georgia4 ,auk1 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #abi-acg2 #gf species4 ,,florida #ahga4 ,,allen1 ,j4 ,a4 ,on the ,mammals and ,winter ,birds of ,east ,florida4 ,bull4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zo,al41 ,,ii1 pp4 #afa-dej1 pll4 ix-xiii2 #aha species4--#ahhh4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 ,a ,list of ,birds ,observed at ,gainesville1 ,florida4 ,auk1 ,v1 pp4 #bfg-bgg2 #adi species4--#ahhh-ij4 ,,scott1 ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,a ,summary of ,observations on the ,birds of the ,gulf ,coast of ,florida4 ,auk1 ,v1 pp4 #cgc-cgi2 ,,vi1 pp4 #ac-ah1 #aeb-afj1 #bde-beb1 #cah-cbf2 ,,vii1 pp4 #ad-bb1 #aad-abj2 #bfb species4--#ahij4 ,,scott1 ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,on ,birds ,observed at the ,dry ,tortugas1 ,florida1 during parts of ,march and ,april1 #ahij4 ,auk1 ,,vii1 pp4 #cja-cad2 #hj species4--#ahia4 ,,brewster1 ,w41 and ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 ,notes on the ,birds of the ,lower ,suwanee ,river4 ,auk1 ,,viii1 pp4 #abe-ach2 #aaf species4 7,see also ,brewster1 ,ibid41 pp4 #adi-aeg47--ahib4 ,,scott1 ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,notes on the ,birds of the ,caloosahatchie ,region of ,florida4 ,auk1 ,,ix1 pp4 #bji-bah1 #bei species4--#ahie4 ,,wayne1 ,a4 ,t4 ,notes on the ,birds of the ,wacissa and ,aucilla ,river ,regions of ,florida4 ,auk1 ,,xii1 #ahie1 pp4 #cfb-cfg2 #afa species4--#ahif4 ,,cory1 ,c4 ,b4 ,hunting and ,fishing in ,florida with a ,key to the ,water ,birds of the ,state4--#aijd4 ,,williams1 ,r4 ,w41 ,,jr4 ,a ,preliminary ,list of the ,birds of ,leon ,county1 ,florida4 ,auk1 ,,xxi1 #aijd1 pp4 #ddi-dfb2 #aef species4 7,see also ,ibid41 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #aec-afa2 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #aeh1 #aei47--aijf4 ,,fowler1 ,h4 ,w4 ,birds ,observed in ,june in the ,florida ,keys4 ,auk1 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #cif-djj2 #cc species4 ,,idaho #ahia4 ,,merriam1 ,c4 ,h4 ,results of a ,biological ,reconnaissance of ,idaho1 south of latitude #de;,a deg4 and east of the thirty-eighth ,meridian made during the summer of #ahij4 ,n4 ,a4 ,fauna1 ,no4 #e4 ,annotated ,list of ,birds ,observed in ,idaho during the ,summer and ,fall of #ahij1 with ,notes on ,species previously ,recorded from the ,state1 pp4 #ij-ajh2 #aeg species4--#ahig-h4 ,,merrill1 ,j4 ,c4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,fort ,sherman1 ,idaho4 ,auk1 ,,xiv1 pp4 #cdg-ceg1 ,,xv1 pp4 #ad-bb2 #aei species4 ,,illinois #ahee4 ,,kennicott1 ,r4 ,catalogue of ,animals ,observed in ,cook ,county4 ,illinois4 ,trans4 ,ill41 ,state ,agric4 ,soc4 for #ahec-ed1 ,i1 ,birds1 pp4 #ehj-ehi2 #ahg species4--#ahfh4 ,,allen1 ,j4 ,a4 7,see ,iowa74--#ahgd4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,catalogue of the ,birds ,ascertained to ,occur in ,illinois4 ,ann4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,n4 ,y41 ,x1 pp4 #cfd-cid2 #caa species4--#ahgf4 ,,nelson1 ,e4 ,w4 ,birds of ,northeastern ,illinois4 ,bull4 ,essex ,inst41 ,,viii1 pp4 #ij-aee2 #caf species4--#ahgg4 ,,nelson1 ,e4 ,w4 ,notes upon ,birds ,observed in ,southern ,illinois1 between ,july #ag and ,september #d1 #ahge4 ,bull4 ,essex4 ,inst41 ,,ix1 pp4 #cb-fe2 #acc species4--#ahha4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,a4 ,revised ,catalogue of the ,birds ,ascertained to ,occur in ,illinois4 ,ills4 ,state ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,bull4 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #afa-bjh2 #ceb species4--#ahhd4 ,,cooke1 ,w4 ,w4 ,bird ,migration in the ,mississippi ,valley1 ,southern ,illinois4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #ddd1 #dde1 #dfc1 #dfd2 #add species based on ,ridgway's list of #ahha1 and observations of ,cyrus ,w4 ,butler in the vicinity of ,anna1 ,ills41 during ,december1 #ahhb1 and ,january #ahhc4--ahhg4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,list of the ,birds ,found ,breeding ,within the ,corporate ,limits of ,mt4 ,carmel1 ,illinois4 ,bull4 ,no4 #b1 ,ridgway ,orn4 ,club1 pp4 #bf-ce2 #he species4--#ahij-ahie4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,the ,ornithology of ,illinois4 ,roy4 #hvo1 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahij1 #ebj pp41 #cb plls4 ,land-birds to ,gallin,a2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahie1 #bhb pp41 #cc plls4 ,gallin,a and ,water-birds2 #cfc species4--#ahia4 ,,loucks1 ,w4 ,e4 ,list of ,birds ,found ,breeding in the ,vicinity of ,peoria1 ,illinois4 ,the ,,oalogist1 ,,viii1 pp4 #bbd-bbf2 #hj species4--#aijd4 ,,walter1 ,h4 ,e4 and ,a4 ,w4 ,wild ,birds in ,city ,parks4 ,rev4 ,ed41 ,chicago4 #afmo1 #ff pp42 #ade species4--#aijg4 ,,woodruff1 ,f4 ,m4 ,the ,birds of the ,chicago ,area4 ,chicago ,acad4 ,sci4 ,bull4 ,,vi4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,surv41 #bba pp41 #ab plls42 #cah species4--#aiji4 ,,cory1 ,c4 ,b4 ,birds of ,illinois and ,wisconsin4 ,field ,museum1 ,zo,al4 ,ser4 ,,ix1 #hvo4 #gfd pp4 many ills42 #cih species4--#aiaj4 ,,hess1 ,i4 ,e4 ,one ,hundred ,breeding ,birds of an ,illinois ,ten-,mile ,radius4 ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #ai-cb4 ,,indiana #ahfi4 ,,haymond1 ,r4 ,birds of ,franklin ,county1 ,indiana4 ,cox's ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 ,rep4 for #ahfi1 pp4 #bji-bce2 #afc species4--#ahhf4 ,,butler1 ,a4 ,w4 ,a ,list of the ,birds ,observed in ,franklin ,co41 ,ind4 ,bull4 ,brookville ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #ab-ci4 #bec species4--#ahhh-hi4 ,,evermann1 ,b4 ,w4 ,birds of ,carroll ,county1 ,indiana4 ,auk1 ,v4 pp4 #cdd-cea2 ,,vi1 pp4 #bb-cj2 #bjc species4--#ahia4 ,,butler1 ,a4 ,w4 ,the ,birds of ,indiana1 with ,illustrations of ,many of the ,species4 ,prepared for the ,indiana ,horticultural ,society and ,originally ,published in its ,transactions for #ahij4 #hvo1 #ace pp42 #cje species4--#ahih4 ,,butler1 ,a4 ,w4 ,the ,birds of ,indiana1 a descriptive ,catalogue of the ,birds that have been observed within the ,state with an account of their ,habits4 ,rep4 of the ,state ,geologist1 pp4 #eae-aahg2 #cba species2 bibliography4 ,important4--#aijf4 ,mc,a,t,e,e1 ,w4 ,l4 ,ecological ,notes on the ,birds ,occurring within a ,radius of ,five ,miles of the ,indiana ,university ,campus4 ,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci41 pp4 #fe-bjb1 #cb ills41 #bbe species4 ,,iowa #ahfh4 ,,allen1 ,j4 ,a4 ,notes on ,birds ,observed in ,western ,iowa1 in the ,months of ,july1 ,august and ,september2 also on ,birds ,observed in ,northern ,illinois1 in ,may and ,june1 and at ,richmond1 ,wayne ,co41 ,indiana1 between ,june third and tenth4 ,mem4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist1 ,i4 pt4 ,,iv1 pp4 #dhh-ebf4 ,ogle ,county1 ,ills41 #hd species2 ,cook ,county1 ,ills41 #id species2 ,richmond1 ,ind41 #gb species2 ,western ,iowa1 #ajh species4--#ahgc4 ,,trippe1 ,f4 ,m4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,southern ,iowa4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xv1 pp4 #bbi-bdb2 #afb species4--#ahhh4 ,,keyes1 ,,charles ,r4 and ,,williams1 ,h4 ,s4 ,a ,preliminary ,annotated ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,iowa4 ,proc4 ,davenport ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,v1 #hvo1 #di pp42 #bfj species4--#ahij4 ,,coone1 ,,john ,v4 ,summer ,residents of ,buena ,vista ,county1 ,iowa4 ,the ,,oalogist1 ,,vii1 pp4 #de-dg2 #eb species4--#ahie4 ,,jones1 ,,lynds4 ,bird ,migration at ,grinnell1 ,iowa4 ,auk1 ,,xii1 #ahie1 pp4 #aag-acd1 #bca-bcg4--ahig4 ,,anderson1 ,r4 ,m4 ,an ,annotated ,list of the ,birds of ,winnebago and ,hancock ,counties1 ,iowa4 ,pub4 by ,author1 ,forest ,city1 ,iowa4 #afmo1 #ai pp42 #bah species4--#aijf4 ,,wilson1 ,b4 ,h4 ,birds of ,scott ,co41 ,iowa4 ,wilson ,bull41 ,,xviii1 pp4 #a-aa2 #aff species4--#aijg4 ,,anderson1 ,r4 ,m4 ,the ,birds of ,iowa4 ,proc4 ,davenport ,acad4 ,sci41 ,,xi1 pp4 #abe-dag2 #cee species4 ,,kansas #ahge4 ,,snow1 ,f4 ,h4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,kansas4 ,contributed to the ,kansas ,academy of ,science4 #hvo1 #ad pp4 ,third ,edition4 #bie species4--#ahhf4 ,,goss1 ,n4 ,s4 ,a ,revised ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,kansas1 with ,descriptive ,notes of the ,nests and ,eggs of the ,birds ,known to ,breed in the ,state4 ,topeka4 #hvo1 vi#gf pp42 #cce species4 7,see also review in ,auk1 ,,iii1 #ahhf1 p4 #cii47--ahia4 ,,goss1 ,n4 ,s4 ,history of the ,birds of ,kansas4 ,illustrating #ebi ,birds4 ,topeka1 ,kansas4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,crane ,co41 ,royal #hvo1 #fib pp41 #ce photogravure plates2 #cdc species4--#ahii4 ,,lantz1 ,d4 ,e4 ,a ,review of ,kansas ,ornithology4 ,trans4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #ahif-g1 pp4 #bbd-bgf2 #cea species4--#aijc4 ,,snow1 ,f4 ,h4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,kansas4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,trans4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sciences1 ,,xviii1 #bc pp42 #cdb species4--#aiji4 ,,wetmore1 ,a4 ,fall ,notes from ,eastern ,kansas4 ,the ,condor1 ,,xi1 pp4 #aed-afd2 #gd species4--#aiab4 ,,iseley1 ,d4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,sedgwick ,county1 ,kansas4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxix1 pp4 #be-dc2 #bjh species4 ,,kentucky #ahhb4 ,,beckham1 ,c4 ,w4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,bardstown1 ,nelson ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,journ4 ,cinc4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,vi1 pp4 #acf-adg2 #afg species4--#ahhe4 ,,beckham1 ,c4 ,w4 ,list of the ,birds of ,nelson ,county4 ,kentucky ,geol4 ,surv41 ,john ,r4 ,proctor1 ,director4 ,author's ,edition1 #dto1 pp4 #a-eh2 #aga species4--#ahhg4 ,,pindar1 ,l4 ,o4 ,list of the ,birds of ,fulton ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,orn4 and ,,oal4 ,,xii1 pp4 #ed1 #ee1 #hd1 #he2 #abb species4--#ahhi4 ,,pindar1 ,l4 ,o4 ,list of the ,birds of ,fulton ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,auk1 ,,vi1 pp4 #caj-caf1 #ahc species4--#aiaj4 ,,howell1 ,a4 ,h4 ,notes on the ,summer ,birds of ,kentucky and ,tennessee4 ,auk1 ,,xxvii pp4 #bie-cjd4 ,kentucky1 #hj species4 ,,louisiana #aijj4 ,,beyer1 ,g4 ,e4 ,the ,avifauna of ,louisiana4 ,proc4 ,la4 ,soc4 ,nat4 #de pp42 #cbc species4--#aijd4 ,,allison1 ,a4 ,the ,birds of ,west ,baton ,rouge ,parish1 ,louisiana4 ,auk1 ,,xxi1 #aijd1 pp4 #dgb-dhd2 #acj species4--#aijf4 ,,beyer1 ,g4 ,e41 ,,allison1 ,a41 ,,kopman1 ,h4 ,h4 ,list of the ,birds of ,louisiana4 ,auk1 ,,xxiii1 #aijf1 pp4 #a-ae1 #bge-bha1 ,,xxiv1 #cad-cba2 ,,xxv1 #agc-ahj2 #cci-ddh4 #abh species to ,pici4--#aijh4 ,,howell1 ,a4 ,h4 ,notes on the ,winter ,birds of ,northern ,louisiana ,proc4 ,biol4 ,soc4 ,washington1 ,,xxi1 #aai-abd pp42 #gj species4 ,,maine #ahfb4 ,,boardman1 ,g4 ,a4 ,catalogue of the ,birds ,found in the ,vicinity of ,calais1 ,maine1 and about the ,islands of the ,mouth of the ,bay of ,fundy4 ,edited by ,a4 ,e4 ,verrill4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,ix1 pp4 #abb-acb2 #bcf #d species4 7,for #ab additions see ,verrill1 ,ibid41 pp4 #bcc1 #bcd47--ahfb4 ,,verrill1 ,a4 ,e4 ,catalogue of the ,birds ,found at ,norway1 ,oxford ,co41 ,maine4 ,proc4 ,essex4 ,inst41 ,,iii1 pp4 #acf-afj2 #aei species4--#ahgb4 ,,maynard1 ,c4 ,j4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,coos ,co41 ,n4 ,h41 and ,oxford ,co41 ,maine4 ,with notes by ,wm4 ,brewster1 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xiv1 #ahga1 pp4 #cef-che2 #afd species4--#ahhb4 ,,brown1 ,n4 ,c4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds ,known to ,occur in ,portland1 ,maine4 ,proc4 ,portl4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,dec4 #ad1 #ahhb1 pp1 #a-cg2 #bej species4 7,see also ,proc4 ,portl4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #ahhi1 pp4 #cg-dj74--aijj4 ,,howe1 ,r4 ,h41 ,,jr4 ,summer ,birds near ,isleboro and the ,fox ,islands4 ,journ4 ,maine ,orn4 ,soc4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bh-cb1 ,,iii1 pp4 #ad1 #ae2 ,,iv1 p4 #ah2 #ajj species4--#aijh4 ,,knight1 ,o4 ,w4 ,the ,birds of ,maine1 ,pub4 by ,author1 ,bangor #hvo1 #fic pp41 #cj ills42 #cbg species4 ,,maryland #ahie4 ,,kirkwood1 ,f4 ,c4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,maryland4 ,trans4 ,md4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #ahie1 pp4 #bda-chb2 #bij species4--#aijj4 ,,merriam1 ,c4 ,h41 and ,,preble1 ,e4 ,a4 ,the ,summer ,birds of ,western ,maryland4 ,maryland ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #bia-cjg2 #ajj species4--#aijd4 ,,eifrig1 ,g4 ,birds of ,allegany and ,garrett ,counties1 ,western ,maryland4 ,auk1 ,,xxi1 #aijd1 pp4 #bcd-bej2 #ahj species4 ,,massachusetts #ahgj4 ,,maynard1 ,c4 ,j4 ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,eastern ,massachusetts4 ,the ,naturalist's ,guide1 ,part ,,ii1 pp4 #ha-agj2 #bii species4--#ahhf4 ,,allen1 ,j4 ,a4 ,a ,revised ,list of the ,birds of ,massachusetts4 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,i1 pp4 #bba-bga2 #cdi species4--#ahhg4 ,,clark1 ,h4 ,l4 ,the ,birds of ,amherst and ,vicinity1 ,including ,nearly the ,whole of ,hampshire ,county1 ,mass4 #hvo4 #ee pp42 #agg species--#ahhh4 ,,brewster1 ,w4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,winchendon1 ,worcester ,co4 ,auk1 ,v1 pp4 #chf-cic2 #hb species4--#ahhi4 ,,faxon1 ,w4 ,on the ,summer ,birds of ,berkshire ,county1 ,mass4 ,auk1 ,,vi1 pp4 #ci-df1 #ii-ajg4 ,southern ,berkshire1 #gf species2 ,graylock ,mountain1 #hj species4--#ahhi4 ,,ingalls1 ,c4 ,e4 ,birds of ,templeton and the ,adjoining ,towns4 ,gardner ,news1 ,,xx1 ,june2 #aee species4 ,not seen2 title from ,howe and ,allen4--#ahia4 ,,colburn1 ,w4 ,w41 and ,,morris1 ,r4 ,o4 ,the ,birds of the ,connecticut ,valley in ,massachusetts4 #afmo1 #bd pp4 ,springfield4 ,published by the ,authors4 #bab species4--#ahia4 ,,wakefield1 ,j4 ,r4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,dedham4 ,dedham ,hist4 ,reg41 ,,ii1 pp4 #gj-gd2 #aha species4 ,not seen2 title from ,howe and ,allen4--#ahig4 ,,morse1 ,a4 ,p4 ,birds of ,wellesley4 ,published by ,author4 ,wellesley4 #afmo1 #ef pp42 #bbd species4--#aijj4 ,,faxon1 ,w41 and ,,hoffmann1 ,r4 ,the ,birds of ,berkshire ,co4 ,coll4 ,berkshire ,hist4 and ,sci4 ,soc41 ,,iii1 pp4 #aji-aff2 #bjj species4--#aija4 ,,howe1 ,r4 ,h4 ,,jr41 and ,,allen1 ,g4 ,m4 ,the ,birds of ,massachusetts4 ,published by the ,authors4 #hvo1 #aed pp42 #cfb species4--#aija4 ,,morris1 ,r4 ,o4--,the ,birds of ,springfield1 ,mass41 and ,vicinity4 ,h4 ,r4 ,johnson1 ,springfield4 #hvo1 #ed pp42 #bee species4--#aije4 ,,townsend1 ,c4 ,w4 ,the ,birds of ,essex ,county1 ,massachusetts4 ,memoirs ,nutt4 ,orn4 ,club4 #dto1 #ceb pp4 ,frontispiece and ,map2 #cai species4--#aijf4 ,,brewster1 ,w4 ,the ,birds of the ,cambridge ,region of ,massachusetts4 ,memoirs ,nutt4 ,orn4 ,club1 ,,iv4 #dbf pp41 plls4 #g2 #bdi species4--#aiji4 ,,wright1 ,h4 ,w4 ,birds of the ,boston ,public ,garden4 7,houghton1 ,mifflin71 #afmo1 #bch pp42 #aff species4--#aiab4 ,,morse1 ,a4 ,p4 ,a ,pocket ,list of the ,birds of ,eastern ,massachusetts with especial reference to ,essex ,county4 ,pp4 #ib4 ,peabody ,academy ,science1 ,salem4 ,,michigan #aheg4 ,,kneeland1 ,s4 ,on the ,birds of ,keeweenan ,point1 ,lake ,superior1 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist1 ,,vi1 #bca-bda pp42 #adg species4--#ahge4 ,,boies1 ,a4 ,h4 ,catalogue of the ,birds ,ascertained to ,occur in ,southern ,michigan4 #hvo1 #ab pp42 #baa species4--#ahgf4 ,,covert1 ,a4 ,b4 ,birds of ,lower ,michigan4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,vi1 pp4 #ii1 #acb1 #afc1 #bad1 #cah1 #ced1 #djb2 ,,vii1 pp4 #adg1 #afd1 #bgf4 7,see also ,,vi1 p4 #aig47 #bac species4--#ahgi4 ,,gibbs1 ,m4 ,annotated ,list of the ,birds of ,michigan4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 and ,geograph4 ,survey of the ,territories1 ,v1 #c pp4 #dha-dig2 #caj species4--#ahhj4 ,,steere1 ,j4 ,b4 ,a ,list of the ,mammals and ,birds of ,ann ,arbor and ,vicinity4 #hvo4 #hpp42 #aaa species of birds4--#ahhd4 ,,atkins1 ,h4 ,a4 ,summer ,birds of ,locke1 ,michigan4 ,orn and ,,oal41 ,,ix1 pp4 #dc-de2 #hj species4--#ahhd4 ,,atkins1 ,h4 ,a4 ,winter ,birds of ,locke1 ,michigan4 ,orn and ,,oal41 ,,ix1 pp4 #ca1 #cb2 #ca species4--#ahhe4 ,,atkins1 ,h4 ,a4 ,summer ,birds of ,locke1 ,michigan4 ,orn and ,,oal41 ,x1 p4 #c2 #hb species4--#ahhe4 ,,gibbs1 ,m4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,kalamazoo ,county1 ,michigan4 ,orn and ,,oal41 ,x1 pp4 #f1 #g1 #ch1 #ci1 #ed1 #ee1 #fh-gj1 #hf1 #hg1 #aah1 #aai1 #acc-ace1 #adi-aea1 #aff1 #afg1 #ahi1 #aij2 #bcj species4--#ahhe-g4 ,,gibbs1 ,m4 ,the ,birds of ,michigan4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #dhc1 #dhd2 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #e1 #f1 #bf1 #bg1 #dd1 #de1 #fe1 #hd1 #ajd1 #aje1 #abd1 #abe1 #add1 #ade1 #ahd1 #bbd1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #cjg1 #cdg1 #chg1 #chh1 #dbg2 ,,xxv1 pp4 #d1 #e4 #cjd1 #cje1 #cfe1 #cff2 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #cje1 #cjf2 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #abc1 #abd1 #bbc1 #bbd2 #fh species--#ahij4 ,,white1 ,t4 ,g4 ,birds of ,mackinac ,island1 ,michigan4 ,the ,,oalogist1 ,,vii1 pp #dh1 #di2 #aja species4--#ahic4 ,,cook1 ,a4 ,j4 ,birds of ,michigan4 ,bull4 #id1 ,state ,agricultural ,college4 #hvo1 #adh pp42 #ccb species4--#ahic4 ,,white1 ,s4 ,e4 ,birds ,observed on ,mackinac ,island1 ,michigan1 ,during the ,summers of #ahhi1 #ahij1 and #ahia4 ,the ,auk1 ,x1 pp4 #bba-bcj2 #adc species4--#ahig4 ,,boies1 ,a4 ,h4 ,birds of ,neebish ,island1 ,st4 ,mary's ,river1 ,michigan4 ,bull4 ,mich4 ,orn4 ,club1 ,i4 pp4 #ag-bj1 #bg-bi2 #adi species4--#aijc4 ,,swales1 ,b4 ,h4 ,notes on the ,winter ,birds of ,wayne ,co41 ,michigan4 ,wilson ,bull41 ,,xiv1 pp4 #bj-bd2 ,,xv1 #aijd1 p4 #hb2 #ga species4--#aijc4 ,,swales1 ,b4 ,h4 ,a ,list of the ,land ,birds of ,southeastern ,michigan4 ,bull4 ,mich4 ,orn4 ,club1 ,,iv1 pp4 #ad-ag1 #ce-dj2 ,v1 pp4 #cg-dc2 #afe species4 7,see also ,wilson ,bull4 ,,xvii1 #aije1 p4 #ajh-aad2 ,auk1 ,,xxv1 pp4 #bcj-bcb74--aije4 ,,wood1 ,n4 ,a41 and ,,frothingham1 ,e4 ,h4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,au ,sable ,valley1 ,michigan4 ,auk1 ,,xxii1 #aije1 pp4 #ci-aed2 #ajc species4--#aijf4 ,,wood1 ,n4 ,a41 ,,peet1 ,m4 ,m41 ,mc,c,r,e,a,r,y1 ,o4 ,annotated ,list of the ,birds of ,porcupine ,mountains #hi species and ,isle ,royale #ha species1 ,mich4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mich41 #aije1 pp4 #aac-abg4 ,see also ,mc,creary1 ,ibid41 pp4 #ef-eg4--aiji4 ,,blackwelder1 ,e4 ,summer ,birds of ,iron ,county4 ,auk1 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #cfc-cgj2 #hj species4--#aiaj4 ,,wood1 ,j4 ,,claire4 ,some ,winter ,birds of the ,season #aijh-i in ,wayne ,county4 ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #cf-da4--aiaj4 ,,wood1 ,n4 ,a41 and ,,tinker1 ,a4 ,d4 ,notes on ,some of the ,rarer ,birds of ,washtenaw ,county4 ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #abi-ada2 #cd species4--#aiaj4 ,,chaney1 ,r4 ,w4 ,summer and ,fall ,birds of the ,hamlin ,lake ,region1 ,mason ,county4 ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #bga-bgi2 #aai species4--#aiaa4 ,,wood1 ,n4 ,a4 ,expedition to ,charity ,islands1 ,lake ,huron4 ,wilson ,bull41 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #gh-aab2 #afb species4--#aiab4 ,,barrows1 ,w4 ,b4 ,michigan ,bird ,life4 ,special ,bull4 of ,mich4 ,agric4 ,college4 #hvo1 pp4 xiv #hbb2 many ills41 bibliography2 important4 ,,minnesota #ahga4 ,,trippe1 ,t4 ,m4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,minnesota4 ,proc4 ,essex ,inst41 ,,vi1 pp4 #aac-aai2 #ach species4--#ahgd4 ,,hatch1 ,p4 ,l4 ,report on the ,birds of ,minnesota4 ,bull4 ,minn4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 pp4 #dc-fh2 #bcj species4--#ahgf4 ,,roberts1 ,t4 ,s4 ,a ,list of ,some ,birds ,observed in the ,vicinity of ,minneapolis1 ,minn41 not ,enumerated in ,dr4 ,hatch's ,list4 ,the ,scientific ,monthly 7,toledo1 ,ohio71 ,i1 #e1 p4 #bca4--ahhj4 ,,roberts1 ,t4 ,s41 and ,,benner1 ,f4 ,a ,contribution to the ,ornithology of ,minnesota4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c41 ,v1 pp4 #aa-bj2 #hf species4--#ahha4 ,,hatch1 ,p4 ,l4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,minnesota4 ,ninth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 and ,nat4 ,hist4 ,surv4 ,minn41 for #ahhj1 #ahha1 pp4 #cfa-cgb2 #bha species4--#ahha4 ,,roberts1 ,t4 ,s4 ,the ,winter ,birds of ,minnesota4 #ith ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 and ,n4 ,h4 ,surv4 ,minn41 for #ahhj-ahha1 pp #cgc-chc2 #eb species4--#ahhc4 ,,brackett1 ,f4 ,h4 ,ornithological ,notes from ,minnesota4 ,quart4 ,journ4 ,bost4 ,zo,al4 ,soc4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dg-di2 ,,iii1 pp4 #g-af2 #acd species4--#ahij4 ,,cantwell1 ,g4 ,c4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,minnesota4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,xv1 p1 #abi-aci4 7,see also p4 #aef and ,,xvi1 p4 #aeg72 #bie species4--#ahib4 ,,hatch1 ,p4 ,l4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,minnesota4 ,geol4 and ,nat4 ,hist4 ,survey of ,minn4 #hvo1 #dhg pp42 #cjb species4--#aijd4 ,,currier1 ,e4 ,s4 ,summer ,birds of the ,leech ,lake ,region1 ,minn4 ,auk1 ,,xxi1 pp4 #bi-dd2 #aag species4--#aijg4 ,,roberts1 ,t4 ,s4 ,list of ,birds of ,becker ,co41 ,minn41 ,pioneer ,hist4 of ,becker ,co4 7,pioneer ,press1 ,st4 ,paul71 pp4 #aei-aij2 #bfb species4--#aiaa4 ,,honywill1 ,a4 ,w4 ,,jr4--,notes on some ,summer and ,fall ,birds of the ,crooked ,lake ,region4 ,cass and ,crow1 ,wing ,counties1 ,minn4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #bbi-bcg2 #hf species4 ,,mississippi #aije4 ,,stockard1 ,c4 ,r4 ,nesting ,habits of ,birds in ,mississippi4 ,auk1 ,,xxii1 #aije1 pp4 #adf-aeh1 #bgc-bhe2 #hc species4--#aijf4 ,,allison1 ,a4 ,notes on the ,winter ,birds of ,hancock ,co41 ,miss41 ,auk1 ,,xxiii1 #aijf1 pp4 #dd-dg2 #ea species4 ,also ,ibid41 p4 #bcb4--aijg4 ,,allison1 ,a4 ,notes on the ,spring ,birds of ,tishomingo ,county1 ,miss4 ,auk1 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #ab-be4 ,,missouri #ahgi4 ,,scott1 ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,notes on ,birds ,observed ,during the ,spring ,migration in ,western ,missouri4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c41 ,,iv1 pp4 #aci-adg2 #adh species4--#ahhd4 ,,hurter ,j4 ,list of ,birds ,collected in the ,neighborhood of ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,ix1 pp4 #he-hg1 #ie-ig4 7see also p4 #abh72 #bfe species4--#ahif4 ,,widmann1 ,o4 ,the ,peninsula of ,missouri as a ,winter ,home for ,birds4 ,auk1 ,,xiii1 #ahif1 pp4 #baf-bbb4--aijg4 ,,widmann1 ,o4 ,a ,preliminary ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,missouri4 ,trans4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,st4 ,louis1 ,,xviii1 pp4 #a-bhh2 #chc species--#aijh4 ,,woodruff1 ,e4 ,s4 ,birds of ,shannon and ,carter ,counties1 ,missouri1 ,auk1 ,,xxv1 pp4 #aia-bac2 #agb species4 ,,montana #ahgf4 ,,grinnell1 ,g4 ,b4 ,report of a ,reconnaissance from ,carroll ,montana ,territory on the ,upper ,missouri1 to the ,yellowstone ,national ,park1 and ,return1 made in the summer of #ahge by ,william ,ludlow4444 ,birds1 pp4 #gb-ib2 #aci species4--#ahid4 ,,richmond1 ,c4 ,w41 and ,,knowlton1 ,f4 ,h4 ,auk1 ,,xi1 pp4 #bih-cjh2 #aaa species4--#ahie4 ,,thorne1 ,p4 ,m4 ,list of ,birds observed in the ,vicinity of ,fort ,keogh1 ,montana1 from ,july #ahhh1 to ,september #ahib4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xii1 pp4 #baa-bai2 #aci species4--#aija4 ,,cary1 ,m4 ,birds of the ,black ,hills4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bca-bch2 #ia species4--#aija4 ,,silloway1 ,p4 ,m4 ,summer ,birds of ,flathead ,lake4 ,bull1 ,no4 #c ,univ4 ,mont4 #hvo4 #hc pp41 #af plls42 #abc species 7see also1 ,ibid1 ,no4 #f1 pp4 #bhi-cjh74--aijc4 ,,silloway1 ,p4 ,m4 ,the ,birds of ,fergus ,county1 ,montana4 ,bull4 ,no4 #a1 ,fergus ,co4 ,free ,high ,school1 ,lewiston1 ,mont4 #gg pp41 #ag ppls42 #agi species4--#aijg-h4 ,,cameron1 ,e4 ,s4 ,the ,birds of ,custer and ,dawson ,counties1 ,montana4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #bda-bgj2 #chi-djf2 ,,xxv1 pp4 #cd-ef2 #aib species4--#aiaa4 ,,saunders1 ,a4 ,a4444 ,a ,preliminary ,list of the ,birds of ,gallatin ,county1 ,montana4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #bf-di2 #aih species4--#aiab4 ,,saunders1 ,a4 ,a4 ,some ,birds of ,southwestern ,montana4 ,the ,condor1 ,,xiv1 pp4 #bb-cb2 #aeb species4 ,,nebraska #ahgh4 ,,aughey1 ,s4 ,notes on the ,nature of the ,food of the ,birds of ,nebraska4 ,first ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,com4 for the year #ahgg4 ,appendix ,,ii1 pp4 #ac-fb2 #beb species4--#ahhc4 ,,hall1 ,a4 ,spring ,birds of ,nebraska4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,xx1 pp4 #bfe1 #bff1 #bhd2 #aad species4--#ahhh4 ,,taylor1 ,w4 ,,edgar4 ,a ,catalogue of ,nebraska ,birds 444 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,nebr4 ,state ,board of ,agric41 for the year #ahhg1 pp4 #aaa-aah2 #cad species4--#ahhh-hi4 ,,taylor1 ,e4 ,w41 and ,,van ,,vleet1 ,a4 ,h4 ,notes on ,nebraska ,birds4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,xiii1 pp4 #di-ea1 #afi-agb2 ,,xiv1 pp4 #afc-afe2 #acg species4--#ahif4 ,,bruner41 ,l4 ,notes on ,nebraska ,birds4 ,rep4 ,neb4 ,state ,hort4 ,soc41 #ahif1 pp4 #dh-agh2 #dae species4--#aija4 ,,bruner1 ,l4 ,birds that ,nest in ,nebraska4 ,proc4 ,nebr4 ,orn4 ,union1 #aija1 pp4 #dh-fa2 #bab species4--#aijd4 ,,bruner1 ,l41 ,,walcott1 ,r4 ,h41 and ,,swenk1 ,m4 ,h4 ,a ,preliminary ,review of the ,birds of ,nebraska1 #a-aafe p42 #djf species4 ,klopp and ,bartlett1 ,omaha1 ,nebr4--#aiji4 ,,walcott1 ,r4 ,h4 ,an ,analysis of ,nebraska's ,bird ,fauna4 ,proc4 ,neb4 ,orn4 ,union1 ,,iv1 pp4 #be-ee4 ,,nevada #ahgg4 ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 ,annual ,report upon the ,survey ,west of the ,one-,hundredth ,meridian4 ,being ,appendix ,n ,n of the ,annual ,report of ,engineers for #ahgg4 ,report on the ,ornithology of ,portions of ,nevada and ,california1 pp4 #acjc-acbb4--ahgg4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,report of ,geological ,exploration of the ,fortieth ,parallel4 ,clarence ,king1 ,geologist1 in charge4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,part ,,iii1 ,ornithology1 #dto1 pp4 #cjc-fgj4 ,mainly limited to that portion of the ,great ,basin included between the thirty-ninth and forty-second parallels and extending from the ,sierra ,nevada to the ,wasatch ,mountains2 #bfb species4--#ahhj4 ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 ,annual ,report upon the ,geog4 ,surv4 of the ,terr4 west of the #ajjth ,meridian 444 ,app4 ,o4 ,o4 of the ,ann4 ,rep4 of the ,chief of ,engineers for #ahgi4 ,app4 ,l4 ,ornithological ,report from ,observations and ,collections made in portions of ,california1 ,nevada1 and ,oregon2 pp4 #bhb-cce2 #ahd species4--#ahha4 ,,hoffman1 ,w4 ,j4 ,annotated ,list of the ,birds of ,nevada4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 and ,geograph4 ,survey of the ,territories1 ,,vi1 #b1 pp4 #bjc-bef2 #bej species4--#aijc4 ,,hanford1 ,f4 ,s4 ,the ,summer ,birds of ,washoe ,lake1 ,nevada4 ,the ,condor1 ,v1 pp4 #di-eb2 #dh species4--#aiab4 ,,taylor1 ,w4 ,p4 ,field ,notes on ,amphibians1 ,reptiles and ,birds of ,northern ,humboldt ,county1 ,nevada4 ,univ4 ,pub4 ,zool4 ,,vii1 #aj1 pp4 #cai-dcf2 #ajc species4 ,,new ,,hampshire #ahgg4 ,,goodhue1 ,c4 ,f4 ,the ,birds of ,webster and ,adjoining ,towns4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,viii1 pp4 #cc1 #di1 #if1 #aac1 #adf2 #aea species4--#ahgb4 ,,maynard1 ,c4 ,j4 ,see ,maine4--#ahhg4 ,,chadbourne1 ,a4 ,p4 ,a ,list of the ,summer ,birds of the ,presidential ,range of the ,white ,mountains1 ,n4 ,h4 ,auk1 ,,iv1 pp4 #ajj-ajh2 #dg species4--#ahhh4 ,,faxon1 ,w41 and ,,allen1 ,j4 ,a4 ,notes on the ,summer ,birds of ,holderness #fe species1 ,bethlehem #ej species1 and ,franconia1 ,n4 ,h4 #hg species4 ,auk1 ,v4 pp4 #adi-aee4--ahhi4 ,,allen1 ,f4 ,h4 ,summer ,birds at ,bridgewater1 ,n4 ,h4 ,auk1 ,,vi1 pp4 #gf-gi4--ahhb4 ,,knowlton1 ,f4 ,h4 ,a ,revised ,list of the ,birds of ,brandon1 ,vt4 ,the ,brandon ,union1 ,february #aj1 #ahhb2 #adi species4--#ahii4 ,,dearborn1 ,n4 ,preliminary ,list of the ,birds of ,belknap and ,merrimac ,counties1 ,n4 ,h4 ,new ,hampshire ,college1 ,durham1 #hvo1 #cd pp42 #age species4--#aijj4 ,,batchelder1 ,f4 ,w4 and ,,fogg1 ,e4 ,h4 ,preliminary ,list of ,birds444 of ,manchester1 ,n4 ,h4 ,proc4 ,manchester ,inst4 ,arts and ,sci41 ,i1 pp4 #abc-ach2 #acb species4 7,see also ,proc4 for #aija1 #aijb47--aijj ,,dearborn1 ,n4 ,the ,birds of ,durham and ,vicinity4 ,cont4 ,zo,al4 ,lab4 ,n4 ,h4 ,college ,agric4 and ,mech4 ,arts1 ,,vi1 #aba pp41 map4--#aijd4 ,,allen1 ,g4 ,m4 ,the ,birds of ,new ,hampshire4 ,proc4 ,manchester ,inst4 ,arts and ,sciences1 ,,iv1 pp4 #bc-bbb2 #bhc species4--#aijd4 ,,comey1 ,a4 ,c4 ,a ,partial ,list of the ,summer ,birds of ,holderness1 ,n4 ,h4 ,wilson ,bull41 ,,xvi1 #e-i pp42 #id species4 ,,new ,,jersey #ahhe4 ,,barrell1 ,h4 ,f4 ,birds of the ,upper ,passaic ,valley1 ,new ,jersey4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,x1 pp4 #ba-bc1 #db1 #dc2 #adi species4--#ahhg4 ,,thurber1 ,e4 ,a ,list of ,birds of ,morris ,county1 ,new ,jersey4 ,true ,democratic ,banner 7newspaper71 ,morristown1 ,n4 ,j41 ,nov4 #aj1 #ag1 #bd2 #bje species4--#ahid4 ,,stone1 ,w4 ,the ,birds of ,eastern ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey4 #hvo1 #ahe pp4 ,del4 ,valley ,orn4 ,club1 ,phila42 #cdf species4--#ahid4 ,,stone1 ,w4 ,summer ,birds of the ,pine ,barrens of ,new ,jersey4 ,auk1 ,,xi1 #ahid1 pp4 #ach-adj2 #ij species4--#ahig-aiaj4 ,,stone1 ,w41 ,editor4 ,numerous ,notes on ,birds of ,chiefly ,southern ,new ,jersey4 ,proc4 ,del4 ,valley ,orn4 ,club1 ,phila4--#aija4 ,,babson1 ,w4 ,a4 ,the ,birds of ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,bull4 ,bird ,club1 ,princeton ,univ4 ,i1 pp4 #g-bh2 #bcj species4--#aijf4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 7,see ,new ,york47--#aijg4 ,,holmes1 ,l4 ,k4 ,birds ,found within a ,radius of #ab ,miles of ,summit1 ,n4 ,j4 ,wilson ,bull4 ,,xix1 pp4 #ba-bg2 #bja species4 ,see also list of ,summer ,birds1 ,ibid41 ,,xvii1 pp4 #h-ab2 and ,hann1 ,list of ,summer ,birds1 ,ibid41 pp4 #aag-abb4--aiji4 ,,stone1 ,w4 ,the ,birds of ,new ,jersey4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,n4 ,j4 ,state ,museum for #aijh1 pp4 #aa-cdg1 #dji-dai2 plls4 #a-hd4--aiji4 ,,baily1 ,w4 ,l4 ,breeding ,birds of ,passaic and ,sussex ,counties4 ,cassinia1 pp4 #bi-cf2 #id species4 ,,new ,,mexico #ahec4 ,,woodhouse1 ,s4 ,w4 7,see ,arizona7--#ahei4 ,,henry1 ,t4 ,c4 ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,new ,mexico as compiled from ,notes and ,observations made while in that ,territory during a residence of ,six ,years4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ,,xi1 pp4 #ajd-aji2 #aih species4--#ahhe-f4 ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 ,list of ,birds ,observed in ,summer and ,fall on the ,upper ,pecos ,river1 ,new ,mexico4 ,auk1 ,,ii1 pp4 #cbf-ccc2 ,,iii1 pp4 #gc-hj2 #hj species4--#ahib4 ,,anthony1 ,a4 ,w4 ,birds of ,southwestern ,new ,mexico4 ,auk1 ,,ix1 pp4 #ceg-cfi2 #abi species4--#ahih4 ,,mitchell1 ,w4 ,i4 ,the ,summer ,birds of ,san ,miguel ,county1 ,new ,mexico4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xv1 pp4 #cjf-caa2 #he species4 7,see also1 ,bailey1 ,ibid41 ,,xxi1 #aijd1 pp4 #ddc-ddi74--aijd4 ,,bailey1 ,f4 ,m4 ,additional ,notes on the ,birds of the ,upper ,pecos4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxi1 pp4 #cdi-cfc2 #ic species4--#aijf4 ,,hunn1 ,j4 ,t4 ,s4 ,notes on ,birds of ,silver ,city1 ,new ,mexico4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #dah-dbe2 #aab species4--#aijh4 ,,gilman1 ,m4 ,f4 ,birds on the ,navajo ,reservation in ,new ,mexico4 ,the ,condor1 ,x1 pp4 #adf-aeb2 #ajh species4--#aiab4 ,,bergtold1 ,w4 ,h4 ,october ,birds of the ,headwaters of the ,gila ,river1 ,new ,mexico4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxix1 pp4 #cbg-ccf2 #gf species4 ,,new ,,york #ahdd4 ,,giraud1 ,j4 ,p41 ,,jr4 ,the ,birds of ,long ,island 444 ,new ,york1 vol4 ,v1 #hvo1 #cig pp42 #bhf species4--#ahdd4 ,,de ,,kay1 ,,james ,e4 ,zo,alogy of ,new ,york4 ,part ,,ii1 ,birds4 ,albany4 #a vol41 #dto1 xii#chj pp41 #ada col4 plls4--#ahgf4 ,,fowler1 ,h4 ,g4 ,birds of ,central ,new ,york4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,vi1 pp4 #ahj1 #bcc1 #bhd1 #ccg1 #djb2 ,,vii1 pp4 #cf1 #eb1 #hd1 #bcj4 ,also ,additions ,ibid41 p4 #ahj2 #agj species4--#ahgg4 ,,roosevelt1 ,t41 ,,jr41 and ,,minot1 ,h4 ,d4 ,the ,summer ,birds of the ,adirondacks in ,franklin ,county1 ,n4 ,y4 #hvo1 #d pp42 #ig species4--#ahgi4 ,,rathbun1 ,,frank ,r4 ,a ,revised ,list of ,birds of ,central ,new ,york4 7,cayuga1 ,onondaga1 ,seneca1 ,wayne1 and ,yates ,counties1 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y47 #dd pp4 ,see also ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,vii1 #ahhb1 pp4 #acb1 #acc2 #ad additions4--#ahgi-hj4 ,,mearns1 ,e4 ,a4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of the ,hudson ,highlands4 ,bull4 ,essex4 ,inst41 ,x1 pp4 #aff-agi2 ,,xi1 pp4 #dc-eb1 #aed-afh1 #ahi-bjd2 ,,xii1 pp4 #aa-be1 #aji-abh2 ,,xiii1 pp4 #ge-ic4 7,see also ,auk1 ,,vii1 #ahij1 pp4 #ee1 #ef72 #bad species4--#ahhj4 ,,gregg1 ,w4 ,h4 ,revised ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,chemung ,county1 ,new ,york1 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y41 ,o4 ,h4 ,wheeler2 #bag species4--#ahha-hd4 ,,merriam1 ,c4 ,h4 ,preliminary ,list of ,birds ,ascertained to ,occur in the ,adirondack ,region1 ,northeastern ,new ,york4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c41 ,,vi1 pp4 #bbe-bce2 and ,addenda ,,vii1 #ahhb1 pp4 #abh1 #bef1 #beg4 ,auk1 ,i1 #ahhd1 pp4 #eh1 #ei2 #baa species4--#ahhb4 ,,bicknell1 ,e4 ,p4 ,a ,review of the ,summer ,birds of a part of the ,catskill ,mountains1 with prefatory remarks on the faunal and floral features of the region4 ,trans4 of the ,linn4 ,soc4 of ,new ,york1 ,i1 pp4 #aae-afh2 #ij species4--#ahhe 444 ,,hollick1 ,a4 ,preliminary ,list of the ,birds ,known to ,breed on ,staten ,island4 ,proc4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,assc4 ,staten ,island4 ,extra ,no4 #d1 ,december4 #fg species4--#ahhf4444 ,,barnum1 ,m4 ,k4 ,a ,preliminary ,list of the ,birds of ,onondaga ,county1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bull4 of the ,biol4 ,lab4 of ,syracuse4 #hvo1 pp4 #a-cd2 #bjd species4--#ahhf4 ,,ralph1 ,w4 ,l41 and ,,bagg1 ,e4 ,an ,annotated ,list of the ,birds of ,oneida ,county1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,its ,immediate ,vicinity4 ,trans4 ,oneida ,hist4 ,soc41 ,,iii1 pp4 #aja-adg2 #bbd species4 7,see also ,ibid41 ,,vii1 #ahij1 pp4 #b1 #bi-bcb47 ,orn4 and ,col4 ,,xiii1 #ahhh1 pp4 #eh1 #ei4 ,auk1 ,,xi1 #ahid1 pp4 #afb-afd4--ahhf4 ,,woodruff1 ,l4 ,b41 and ,,paine1 ,a4 ,g41 ,,jr4 ,birds of ,central ,park1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a ,preliminary ,list4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #chf1 #chg1 #dhg2 #aba species4--#ahhi4 ,,bergtold1 ,w4 ,h4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,buffalo and ,vicinity4 ,bull4 ,buffalo ,nat4 ,field ,club1 #a1 #g1 pp4 #a-ba2 #bcg species4--#ahhi4 ,,davison1 ,j4 ,l4 ,birds of ,niagara ,county1 ,new ,york1 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #afd1 #ahc1 #cjc2 #aij species4--#ahib4 ,,clute1 ,w4 ,n4 ,the ,avifauna of ,broome ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,wilson ,quart41 pp4 #ei-fd2 #ajf species4--#ahif4 ,,short1 ,e4 ,h4 ,birds of ,western ,new ,york4 ,f4 ,h4 ,lattin1 ,albion1 ,n4 ,y4 #bj pp42 #bbi species4--#aija4 ,,eaton1 ,e4 ,h4 ,birds of ,western ,new ,york4 ,proc4 ,roch4 ,acad4 ,,iv1 #fd pp42 #bii species4--#aija4 ,,embody1 ,g4 ,o4 ,birds of ,madison ,county1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bull4 ,dep't4 ,geol4 and ,nat4 ,hist41 ,colgate ,university1 ,hamilton1 ,n4 ,y4 #hvo1 #cf pp42 #aia species4 7,see also ,maxon1 ,auk1 ,,xx1 p4 #bfc47--aijd4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 ,an ,annotated ,list of the ,birds ,known to ,breed within #ej ,miles of ,new ,york ,city4 ,guide ,leaflet1 ,no4 #ad1 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #ca pp41 #ac ills4--#aijf4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 ,the ,birds of the ,vicinity of ,new ,york ,city4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,guide ,leaflet1 ,no4 #bb1 ,rev4 ,ed41 #if pp4 ,numerous ills42 #cec species4--#aijg4 ,,braislin1 ,w4 ,c4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,long ,island1 ,n4 ,y4 ,abst4 ,proc4 ,linn,aan ,society1 ,n4 ,y41 #aijg1 pp4 #ca-abc2 #cfd species4 7,see also ,auk1 #aiji1 pp4 #cad-caf47--aiaj4 ,,reed1 ,h4 ,d41 and ,,wright1 ,a4 ,h4 ,vertebrates of the ,cayuga ,lake ,basin4 ,proc4 ,am4 ,philos4 ,soc41 ,,xlviii1 pp4 #cgj-dei2 #beg species4--#aiaj4 ,,wright1 ,a4 ,h4 and ,,allen1 ,a4 ,a4 ,the ,increase of ,austral ,birds at ,ithaca4 ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #fc-ff4--aiaj4 ,,eaton1 ,e4 ,h4 ,birds of ,new ,york4 ,i1 ,water and ,game ,birds4 #dto1 pp4 #a-eja1 col4 plls4 by ,fuertes #db4 ,important4--#aiab4 ,,bagg1 ,e4 ,annotated ,list of the ,birds of ,oneida ,county1 ,n4 ,y41 and of the ,west ,canada ,creek ,valley4 ,trans4 ,oneida ,hist4 ,soc4 ,,xii1 pp4 #af-he2 #beg species4 ,,north ,,carolina #ahga4 ,,coues1 ,e4 ,notes on the ,natural ,history of ,fort ,macon1 ,n4 ,c4 and ,vicinity4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila4 ,,xxiii1 ,birds1 pp4 #ah-dg4 ,also ,ibid41 #ahgh1 pp4 #bb-bd2 #acc species4--#ahhe4 ,,brimley1 ,h4 ,h4 and ,c4 ,s4 ,summer ,birds of ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,x4 pp4 #adc1 #add2 #hb species4--#ahhe4--;,,brimley1 ,h4 ,h4 and ,c4 ,s4 ,winter ,birds of ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,x1 p4 #abh2 #gb species4--#ahhf4 ,,brewster1 ,w4 ,an ,ornithological ,reconnaissance in ,western ,north ,carolina4 ,auk1 ,,iii1 pp4 #id-aab1 #agc-agi2 #ajb species4--#ahhf4 ,,batchelder1 ,c4 ,f4 ,the ,north ,carolina ,mountains in ,winter4 ,auk1 ,,iii1 pp4 #cjg-cad2 #dj species4--#ahhg4 ,,atkinson1 ,g4 ,f4 ,preliminary ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,north ,carolina4 ,journ4 ,elisha ,mitchell ,society1 #ahhg1 ,part #b1 pp4 #dd-hg2 #bee species4 ,a compilation with some errors4--#ahhg4 ,,cairns1 ,j4 ,s4 ,a ,list of ,birds of ,buncombe ,co41 ,north ,carolina4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,xii1 pp4 #c-f2 #afi species4--#ahhg4 ,,sennett1 ,g4 ,b4 ,observations in ,western ,north ,carolina ,mountains in #ahhf4 ,auk1 ,,iv1 pp4 #bdj-bde2 #bi species4--#ahhh4 ,,brimley1 ,c4 ,s4 ,a ,list of ,birds ,known to ,breed at ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,xiii1 pp4 #db1 #dc2 #ed species4 7,see also ,ibid41 p4 #ahg4 ,auk1 ,,xiv1 p4 #afe47--ahhi4 ,,cairns1 ,j4 ,s4 ,the ,summer ,birds of ,buncombe ,county1 ,north ,carolina4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,xiv1 pp4 #ag-bb2 #abc species4--#ahic4 ,,brimley1 ,c4 ,s4 ,some ,additions to the ,avifauna of ,north ,carolina1 with ,notes on ,some ,other ,species4 ,auk1 ,x1 #ahic1 pp4 #bda-bdd2 #dh species4--#ahig4 ,,smithwick1 ,j4 ,w4 ,p4 ,ornithology of ,north ,carolina4 ,bull4 #add1 ,n4 ,c4 ,agric4 ,exp4 ,sta4 #aic-bbh2 #cjc species4--#ahii4 ,,pearson1 ,t4 ,g4 ,preliminary ,list of ,birds of ,chapel ,hill1 ,n4 ,c4 ,journ4 ,elisha ,mitchell ,sci4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 pp4 #cc-ea2 #acb species4--#aija4 ,,bishop1 ,l4 ,b4 ,the ,winter ,birds of ,pea ,island1 ,n4 ,c4 ,auk1 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bfj-bfh2 #db species4--#aije4 ,,oberholser1 ,h4 ,c4 ,notes on the ,mammals and ,summer ,birds of ,western ,north ,carolina4 ,published by ,biltmore ,forest ,school4 ,birds pp4 #aa-bd2 #acf species4--#aiaj4 ,,philipp1 ,p4 ,b4 7see ,s4 ,c47 ,,ohio #ahgg 444 ,,langdon1 ,f4 ,w4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds of the ,vicinity of ,cincinnati4 #hvo1 #ah pp4 ,salem1 ,mass42 #bgi species4--#ahgi4 ,,langdon1 ,f4 ,w4 ,a ,revised ,list of ,cincinnati ,birds4 ,journ4 ,cin4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,i1 #d1 pp4 #afg-aic4 7,see also ,ibid41 ,,iii1 pp4 #aba-abg2 ,v1 #ahhb1 p4 #ahf2 ,,vi1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ab-ca2 #bef species47--#ahhb4 ,,wheaton1 ,j4 ,m4 ,report on the ,birds of ,ohio1 ,report of the ,geological ,survey of ,ohio1 ,,iv1 ,i1 pp4 #ahh-fbh2 #bih species4--#ahia4 ,,smith1 ,r4 ,w4 #jjj ,a ,list of the ,birds of ,warren ,county1 ,ohio4 ,journ4 ,cin4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xiv1 pp4 #aje-acc2 #ahi species4--#ahif4 ,,oberholser1 ,h4 ,c4 ,a ,primary ,list of the ,birds of ,wayne ,co4 ,bull4 ,ohio ,agric4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,i1 #d1 pp4 #bdc-ced2 #ahc species4--#aijb4 ,,heninger1 ,w4 ,f4 ,a ,preliminary ,list of the ,birds of ,middle ,southern ,ohio4 ,wilson ,bulletin1 ,,ix1 pp4 #gg-ic2 #bji species4 7,see also ,ibid41 pp4 #acj-acb2 ,,xii1 #aije1 pp4 #hi-ic74--aijb4 ,,jones1 ,l4 ,bird ,studies in ,lorain ,co41 ,ohio4 ,wilson ,bull41 ,,ix1 pp4 #cg-eh2 also pp4 #id-ajj4--aijh4 ,,dawson1 ,w4 ,l4 ,the ,birds of ,ohio1 #d to xiv#fga pp4 ,many illus4 ,columbus1 ,wheaton ,pub4 ,co4--#aijc4 ,,field1 ,a4 ,i4 ,birds of ,lecking ,co41 ,ohio4 ,bull4 ,sci4 ,lab4 ,denison ,univ41 ,,xv2 #bjc species4--#aijc4 ,,jones1 ,l4 ,the ,birds of ,ohio4 ,a revised ,catalogue1 ,ohio ,state ,acad4 of ,sci41 ,special ,papers ,no4 #f1 #ada pp4 #a map2 #cah species4--#aijf4 ,,heninger1 ,w4 ,f4 ,a ,preliminary ,list of ,birds of ,seneca ,co41 ,ohio4 ,wilson ,bull41 ,,xviii4 pp4 #dg-fj2 #bje species4--#aiji-aj4 ,,jones1 ,l4 ,the ,birds of ,cedar ,point and ,vicinity4 ,wilson ,bull41 ,,xxi1 pp4 #ee-gf1 #aae-aca1 #ahg-bjb2 ,,xxii1 pp #be-da1 #ig-aae1 #agb-ahb4 ,note4--,every issue of the ,wilson ,bulletin 7,oberlin1 ,ohio7 contains matter of special interest to bird students in ,ohio and the adjoining states4 ,,oregon #ahci4 ,,townsend1 ,j4 ,k4 ,narrative of a ,journey across the ,rocky ,mountains to the ,columbia ,river 444 ,philadelphia3 ,henry ,perkins1 #acd ,chestnut ,street4 ,boston3 ,perkins and ,marvin4 #hvo1 pp4 viii1 #ceb4 ,appendix3 ,catalogue of ,birds found in the ,territory of the ,oregon1 pp4 #cca-ceb4--ahfj4 ,,cooper1 ,j4 ,g4 and ,,suckley1 ,g4 ,report upon the ,birds ,collected on the ,survey4 ,pac4 ,r4 ,r4 ,rep4 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,book #aa1 pp4 #adj-bia2 #baf species observed in ,oregon and ,washington4--#ahgg4 ,,bendire1 ,c4 ,notes on some of the ,birds found in ,southeastern ,oregon1 particularly in the ,vicinity of ,camp ,harney1 from ,november1 #ahgd to ,january #ahgg4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xix1 pp4 #aji-adi2 #aia species4--#ahgi4 ,,mearns1 ,e4 ,a4 ,partial ,list of the ,birds of ,fort ,klamath1 ,oregon1 ,collected by ,lieutenant ,willis ,wittich1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 with ,annotations and ,additions by the ,collector4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c41 ,,iv1 pp4 #afa-aff1 #aid-aii2 #aaa species4--#ahhj4 ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 7,see ,nevada47--#ahhj4 ,,johnson1 ,o4 ,b4 ,list of the ,birds of the ,willamette ,valley1 ,oregon4 ,am4 ,nat4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #dhe-dia1 #fce-fdf2 #adj species4--#ahhf4 ,,anthony1 ,a4 ,w4 ,field ,notes on the ,birds of ,washington ,county1 ,oregon4 ,auk1 ,,iii1 pp4 #afa-agb2 #abj species4--#ahhh4 ,,merrill1 ,j4 ,c4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,fort ,klamath1 ,oregon4 ,with remarks on certain species by ,william ,brewster4 ,auk1 ,v1 pp4 #aci-adf1 #bea-bfb1 #ceg-cff2 #afh species4--#aijb4 ,,anthony1 ,a4 ,w4 ,list of ,birds in the ,vicinity of ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,bailey's ',handbook of ,birds of the ,western ,united ,states1' pp4 xliii-xlviii2 #ade species4--#aijb4 ,,lord1 ,w4 ,r4 ,a ,first ,book upon the ,birds of ,oregon and ,washington1 #afmo1 #cjd;iv pp4 ills4 ,j4 ,k4 ,gill ,co41 ,portland4--#aijd4 ,,miller1 ,l4 ,h4 ,the ,birds of the ,john ,day ,region1 ,oregon4 ,the ,condor1 ,,vi1 pp4 #ajj-ajf2 #ga species4--#aije4 ,,finley1 ,w4 ,l4 ,among the ,sea ,birds off the ,oregon ,coast4 ,the ,condor1 ,,vii1 pp4 #aaj-abg2 #afa-afi4--aiji4 ,,jewett1 ,s4 ,g4 ,some ,birds of ,baker ,county1 ,oregon4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #e-i2 #hc species4--#aiaa4 ,peck1 ,m4 ,e4 ,summer ,birds of ,willow ,creek ,valley1 ,malheur ,county1 ,oregon4 ,the ,condor1 ,,xiii1 pp4 #fc-fi2 #gd species4 ,,pennsylvania #ahdd4 ,,baird1 ,w4 ,m4 and ,s4 ,f4 ,list of ,birds ,found in the ,vicinity of ,carlisle1 ,cumberland ,county1 ,pa4 ,am4 ,journ4 ,sci4 and ,arts1 ,,xlvi1 pp4 #bfa-bgc2 #bja species4--#ahde4 ,,baird1 ,s4 ,f4 ,catalogue of ,birds ,found in the ,neighborhood of ,carlisle1 ,cumberland ,county1 ,pa4 ,lit4 ,rec4 and ,journ4 ,linn4 ,assoc4 of ,penna4 ,college1 ,i1 pp4 #bdi-beg2 #bjc species4--#ahfa4 ,,barnard1 ,v4 ,a4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds of ,chester ,county1 ,pa4 ,times of ,arrival in ,spring4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,smiths4 ,inst41 #ahfj1 pp4 #dcd-dch2 #aia species--#ahfi4 ,,turnbull1 ,w4 ,p4 ,the ,birds of ,east ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey 444 #a vol4 roy4 #hvo1 and also #dto1 xii#fb pp42 #cdb species4--#ahhj4 ,,warren1 ,h4 ,b4 ,the ,birds of ,chester ,county1 ,pa4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,,xiii1 pp4 #ajbd1 #ajbe2 ,,xiv1 pp4 #f1 #be2 #bah species4--#ahhf4 ,,parker1 ,h4 ,g4 ,list of ,birds near ,philadelphia with the ,dates ,that ,sets of ,eggs ,were ,taken4 ,orn4 and ,,oal4 ,,xi1 pp4 #gj1 #ga2 #gf species4--#ahhg4 ,,pennock1 ,c4 ,j4 ,birds of ,chester ,county1 ,pa4 ,the ,,oalogist4 ,,iv1 pp4 #a-aj2 #bcd species4--#ahhi4 ,,ressel1 ,c4 ,b4 ,birds of ,chester ,county1 ,pa4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,,xiv1 #ig-aja1 pp4 #aab-aaf1 #abi1 #acj2 #aii species4--#ahij4 ,,warren1 ,b4 ,h4 ,report on the ,birds of ,pennsylvania4 ,with ,special ,reference to the ,food ,habits4 ,second ,edition4 ,harrisburg1 #hvo1 xiv#dcd pp42 #ajj col4 plls4--#ahia4 ,,stone1 ,w4 ,the ,summer ,birds of ,harvey's ,lake1 ,luzerne ,co41 ,pennsylvania1 with ,remarks on the ,faunal ,position of the ,region4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila4 #ahia1 pp4 #dca-dch2 #ed species4--#ahib4 ,,dwight1 ,j41 ,,jr4 ,summer ,birds of the ,crest of the ,pennsylvania ,alleghanies4 ,auk1 ,,ix1 pp4 #abi-ada2 #hd species4--#ahic4 ,,jacobs1 ,j4 ,w4 ,summer ,birds of ,greene ,co41 ,pa4 #hvo1 #ae pages2 #ij species4 ,published by ,author1 ,waynesburg1 ,pa4--#ahic4 ,,todd1 ,w4 ,e4 ,c4 ,summer ,birds of ,indiana #fe species and ,clearfield #ee species ,counties1 ,pa4 ,auk1 ,x1 #ahic1 pp4 #ce-df4--ahid4 ,,stone1 ,w4 ,the ,birds of ,eastern ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey4 #hvo1 vii#ahe pp4 ,del4 ,valley ,orn4 ,club1 ,phila4 #cdf species4--#ahie4 ,,rotzell1 ,w4 ,e4 ,birds of ,narbeth1 ,pa41 and ,vicinity4 ,the ,citizen1 ,june #bb and #bi1 and reprinted in pamphlet1 #h pp42 #ajh species4--#ahif4 ,,baily1 ,w4 ,l4 ,summer ,birds of ,northern ,elk ,co4 ,auk1 ,,xiii1 pp4 #bhi-aig2 #fi species4--#ahif4 ,,young1 ,r4 ,t4 ,summer ,birds of ,anthracite ,coal ,regions of ,pennsylvania4 ,auk1 ,,xiii1 #ahif1 pp4 #bgh-bhe2 #ei species--#ahig4 ,,montgomery1 ,t4 ,h41 ,,jr4 ,a ,list of the ,birds of the ,vicinity of ,west ,chester1 ,chester ,co41 ,pa4 ,am4 ,nat41 #ahig1 pp4 #fbb-fbh1 #hab-had1 #ijg-iaa2 #ade species--#ahig-aiaj4 ,,stone1 ,w4 ,editor4 ,numerous ,notes on and ,short ,lists of ,eastern ,pennsylvania ,birds4 ,proc4 ,del4 ,valley ,orn4 ,club1 ,phila4--#ahii4 ,,rhoades1 ,s4 ,n4 ,notes on ,some of the ,rarer ,birds of ,western ,pennsylvania4 ,auk1 ,,xvi1 pp4 #cjh-cac2 #fe species4--#aija4 ,,burns1 ,f4 ,l4 ,a ,sectional ,bird ,census1 at ,berwyn1 ,pa4 ,wilson ,bull4 ,no4 #cf1 pp4 #hd-ajc2 #fb species4--#aijd4 ,,todd1 ,w4 ,e4 ,c4 ,the ,birds of ,erie and ,presque ,isle1 ,erie ,co41 ,pa4 ,annals ,carnegie ,museum1 ,,ii4 pp4 #hda-eif1 #d plates2 #bcg species4--#aijd4 ,,todd1 ,w4 ,e4 ,c4 ,the ,mammal and ,bird ,fauna of ,beaver ,county1 ,pa4 ,bausman's ,history of ,beaver ,county1 ,,ii1 #aijd1 pp4 #aaie-abjb2 #agh species4 ,,rhode ,,island #ahii4 ,,howe1 ,r4 ,h41 ,,jr4 and ,,sturtevant1 ,e4 ,the ,birds of ,rhode ,island4 ,published by ,authors4 #hvo1 #aaa pp42 #bia species4--#aijh4 ,commissioners of ,birds4 ,a ,check-,list of ,rhode ,island ,nesting ,birds1 pp4 #a-bf2 #ajd species4 ,,south ,,carolina #ahfh4 ,,coues1 ,e4 ,synopsis of the ,birds of ,south ,carolina4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xii1 pp4 #ajd-abg2 #bid species4--#ahgi4 ,,loomis1 ,l4 ,m4 ,a ,partial ,list of the ,birds of ,chester ,county1 ,s4 ,c4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c41 ,,iv1 pp4 #bji-bah2 #adj species4 7,see also additions and notes4 ,auk1 ,,ii1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ahh-aic2 ,,viii1 #ahia1 pp4 #di-ei1 #afg-agc2 ,,ix1 #ahib2 pp4 #bh-ci2 ,,xi1 #ahid1 pp4 #bf-ci1 #id-aag47--ahhe4 ,,hoxie1 ,w4 ,notes on the ,birds of the ,sea ,islands4 ,orn4 and ,,oal41 ,x1 pp4 #ac-bg1 #bi1 #dd-df1 #fb1 #fc4 7,also ,corrections and ,additions4 ,ibid41 ,,xi1 #ahhf1 pp4 #cc1 #cd47 #bch species4--#ahij4 ,,loomis1 ,l4 ,m4 ,observations on ,some of the ,summer ,birds of the ,mountain ,portions of ,pickens ,county1 ,auk1 ,,vii1 pp4 #cj-ci1 #abd-acj2 #gf species4--#ahia4 ,,loomis1 ,l4 ,m4 ,june ,birds of ,,casar's ,head1 ,s4 ,c4 ,auk1 ,,viii1 pp4 #cbc-ccc2 #eb species4--#aiaj4 ,,philipp1 ,p4 ,b4 ,list of ,birds ,observed in the ,carolinas4 ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp #cab-cbb4 7,see also ,wayne1 ,ibid41 p4 #dfd47--aiaj4 ,,wayne1 ,a4 ,t4 ,birds of ,south ,carolina4 ,cont4 from ,charleston ,museum1 ,i1 #hvo1 xxipp4 #bed2 #ccg species4 ,,tennessee #ahhf4 ,,fox1 ,w4 ,h4 ,list of ,birds ,found in ,roane ,county1 ,tennessee1 ,during ,april1 #ahhd1 and ,march and ,april1 #ahhe4 ,auk1 ,,iii1 pp4 #cae-cbj2 #aad species4--#ahie4 ,,rhoads1 ,s4 ,n4 ,cont4 ,zo,al4 ,tenn41 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahie4 pp4 #dfc-eja4 ,also ,auk1 ,,xiii1 #ahif1 p4 #aha2 #bbc species4--#aiaj4 ,,howell1 ,a4 ,h4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,kentucky and ,tennessee4 ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #bie-cjd4 ,tenn42 #afa species4 ,,texas #ahfe-f4 ,,dresser1 ,h4 ,e4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,southern ,texas4 ,ibis41 #bnd ,ser4 ,i1 pp4 #cab-ccj1 #dff-die1 ,,ii1 pp4 #bc-df2 #bgb species4--#ahgh4 ,,merrill1 ,j4 ,c4 ,notes on the ,ornithology of ,southern ,texas4 ,being a ,list of ,birds ,observed in the ,vicinity of ,fort ,brown1 ,texas1 from ,february1 #ahgf1 to ,june1 #ahgh4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,i1 pp4 #aah-agc2 #beb species4--#ahgh4 ,,sennett1 ,g4 ,b4 ,notes on the ,ornithology of the ,lower ,rio ,grande1 ,texas1 from ,observations made during the ,season of #ahgg4 ,edited1 with ,annotations1 by ,dr4 ,elliott ,coues4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 and ,geograph4 ,survey1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #a-ff2 #aea species4--#ahgi4 ,,sennett1 ,g4 ,b4 ,further ,notes on the ,ornithology of the ,lower ,rio ,grande of ,texas1 from observations made during the spring of #ahgh4 ,edited1 with ,annotations by ,dr4 ,elliott ,coues4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 and ,geograph4 ,survey of the ,territories1 ,v1 #c1 pp4 #cga-ddj2 #afh species4--#ahhb4 ,,brown1 ,n4 ,c4 ,a ,reconnaissance in ,southwestern ,texas4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,o4 ,c41 ,,vii1 pp4 #cc-db6 #ajdf8 species observed near ,boerne1 ,kendall ,county4--#ahhb4 ,,nehrling1 ,h4 ,list ,of ,birds ,observed at ,houston1 ,harris1 ,texas and vicinity1 and in the ,counties ,montgomery1 ,galveston1 and ,ford ,bend4 ,bull ,nutt4 ,orn4 ,club1 ,,vii1 pp4 #f-ac1 #aff-age1 #bbb-bbe2 #bji species4--#ahhg4 ,,lloyd1 ,w4 ,birds of ,tom ,green and ,concho ,counties1 ,texas4 ,auk1 ,,iv1 pp4 #aha-aic1 #bhi-bii2 #bec species4--#ahhh4 ,,beckham1 ,c4 ,w4 ,observations on the ,birds of southwestern ,texas4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,x1 #ahhg1 pp4 #fce-fif2 #bhc species4--#ahia4 ,,chapman1 ,f4 ,m4 ,on the ,birds ,observed near ,corpus ,christi1 ,texas1 during parts of ,march and ,april1 #ahia4 ,bull ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,iii1 pp4 #cae-cbh2 #ccff species4--#ahib4 ,,attwater1 ,h4 ,p4 ,list of ,birds ,observed in the vicinity of ,san ,antonio1 ,bexar ,county1 ,texas4 ,auk1 ,,ix1 pp4 #bbi-bch2 #ccg-cde2 #bdb species4--#ahib4 ,,rhoads1 ,s4 ,n4 ,the ,birds of ,southeastern ,texas and ,southern ,arizona1 ,observed during ,may1 ,june1 and ,july1 #ahia4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 pp4 #ih-abf4 ,annotated lists of #ajjh species observed at ,corpus ,christi1 and #abdb species observed in ,southern ,arizona4--#aijj4 ,,carroll1 ,j4 ,j4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,refugio ,county1 ,texas4 ,the ,auk1 pp4 #ccg-cdh4--aije4 ,,montgomery1 ,t4 ,h4 ,,jr4 ,summer ,resident ,birds of ,brewster ,county1 ,texas4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxii1 pp4 #ab-ae2 #dg species4--#aiaa4 ,,lacey1 ,h4 ,the ,birds of ,kerrville1 ,texas1 and ,vicinity4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #bjj-bai2 #bjb species4 ,,utah #aheh4 ,,baird1 ,s4 ,f4 ,birds found at ,fort ,bridger1 ,utah4 ,pac4 ,r4 ,r4 ,rep4 ,,ix1 pp4 #ibf-ibg2 #ajd species4--#ahgc4 ,,merriam1 ,c4 ,h4 ,report on the ,mammals and ,birds of the ,expedition to ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,wyoming1 and ,utah4 ,sixth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,terr4 for #ahgb1 #ahgc4 ,birds1 pp4 #fgj-gae4 ,a list of #agf ,utah birds4--#ahgc4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 ,notes on the ,bird-fauna of the ,salt ,lake ,valley and the adjacent portions of the ,wahsatch ,mountains4 ,bull4 ,essex ,inst41 ,v1 pp4 #afh-agc4 ,remarks on ,allen's ,list of ,birds ,collected in the ,vicinity of ,ogden and list of ,birds found breeding near ,salt ,lake ,city4--#ahgd4 ,,henshaw1 ,h4 ,w4 ,an annotated list of the ,birds of ,utah4 ,ann4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,n4 ,y41 ,,xi1 pp4 #a-ad2 #bad species4--#ahgg4 ,,ridgway1 ,r4 7,see ,nevada47 ,,vermont #aija4 ,,howell1 ,a4 ,h4 ,preliminary ,list of ,summer ,birds of ,mount ,mansfield1 ,vt4 ,auk1 ,,xviii1 pp4 #ccg-cdg2 #hf species4--#aijb4 ,,perkins1 ,g4 ,h4 ,a ,preliminary ,list of the ,birds ,found in ,vermont4 #bast ,ann4 ,rep4 ,vt4 ,state ,bd4 ,agric41 pp4 #he-aah2 #bfa species4 ,see also ,,howe1 ,r4 ,h41 ,,jr41 ,cont4 ,n4 ,a4 ,orn4 ,,ii1 pp4 #e-bb4--aijc4 ,,davenport1 ,e4 ,b4 ,birds ,observed on ,mt4 ,mansfield and the ,west ,end of ,stowe ,valley at the ,base of the ,mountain1 in the ,summer of #aijb4 ,wilson ,bull41 ,,xv1 pp4 #gg-hf2 #gd species4--#aijg4 ,,davenport1 ,e4 ,b4 ,birds of ,windham and ,bennington ,counties4 ,bull4 ,no4 #b1 ,vermont ,bird ,club 7,burlington1 ,vt471 pp4 #e-ad2 #agf species4--#aijh4 ,,allen1 ,f4 ,h4 ,summer ,birds of ,southern ,vermont1 ,auk1 ,,xxv1 pp4 #ef-fd2 #hf species4 ,,virginia #ahij4 ,,rives1 ,,wm4 ,c41 ,m4 ,d4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,birds of the ,virginias4 ,proc4 ,newport ,nat4 ,hist4 ,soc41 ,document ,,vii1 ,newport ,r4 ,i4 #hvo4 #ajj pp42 #cje species4--#aijb4 ,,daniels1 ,j4 ,w4 ,summer ,birds of the ,great ,dismal ,swamp4 ,auk1 ,,xix1 #ae-ah pp42 #da species4--#aiaj4 ,,embody1 ,g4 ,c4 ,a ,list of ,birds ,observed at ,ashland1 ,va4 ,auk1 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #afi-agg2 #aad species4--#aiab4 ,,bailey1 ,h4 ,b4 ,notes on ,birds ,breeding in the ,mountains of ,virginia4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxix1 pp4 #gi-hd2 #id species4 ,,washington #ahib4 ,,lawrence1 ,r4 ,h4 ,a ,preliminary ,list of the ,birds of the ,gray's ,harbor ,region1 ,washington4 ,auk1 ,,ix1 pp4 #ci-dg2 #ib species4 7,see also pp4 #ceb-ceg2 and ,palmer1 ,ibid41 pp4 #cjh-caj74--ahic4 ,,rhoads1 ,s4 ,n4 7,see ,british ,columbia47--#ahig4 ,,dawson1 ,w4 ,l4 ,a ,preliminary ,list of the ,birds of ,okanagan ,county1 ,washington4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xiv1 pp4 #afh-ahb2 #adc species4--#aijj4 ,,kobba1 ,w4 ,h4 ,the ,birds of ,cape ,disappointment1 ,washington4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xvii1 pp4 #cdi-ceh2 #fc species--#aijb4 ,,lord1 ,w4 ,r4 7,see ,oregon47--#aijb4 ,,rathbun1 ,s4 ,f4 ,a ,list of the ,land ,birds of ,seattle1 ,washington and ,vicinity ,the ,auk1 ,,xix1 pp4 #aca-ada2 #aab species--#aijc4 ,,snodgrass1 ,r4 ,e4 ,a ,list of ,land ,birds from ,central ,washington4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xx1 pp4 #bjb-bji2 #ec species4--#aijd4 ,,snodgrass1 ,r4 ,e4 ,a ,list of ,land ,birds from ,central and ,southeastern ,washington4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxi1 pp4 #bbc-bcc2 #eh species4--#aijf4 ,,bowles1 ,j4 ,h4 ,a ,list of ,birds of ,tacoma1 ,washington1 and ,vicinity4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #ach-adh2 #bja species4--#aijf4 ,,johnson1 ,r4 ,h4 ,the ,birds of ,cheney1 ,washington4 ,the ,condor1 ,,viii1 pp4 #be-bh2 #aac species4--#aijh4 ,,edson1 ,j4 ,m4 ,birds of the ,bellingham ,bay ,region4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxv1 pp4 #dbe-dci2 #bab species4--#aijh4 ,,dawson1 ,w4 ,l4 ,the ,bird ,colonies of the ,olympiades4 ,the ,auk1 ,,xxv1 pp4 #aec-aff4 ,,west ,,virginia #ahgc4 ,,scott1 ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,partial ,list of the ,summer ,birds of ,kanawha ,county1 ,west ,virginia1 with ,annotations4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,hist41 ,,xv1 pp4 #bai-bbg2 #hf species4--#ahge4 ,,brewster1 ,w4 ,some ,observations on the ,birds of ,ritchie ,county1 ,west ,virginia4 ,annals of the ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,n4 ,y41 ,,xi1 pp4 #aci-adf2 #ajj species4--#ahhh4 ,,doan1 ,w4 ,d4 ,birds of ,west ,virginia4 ,bull4 #c1 ,agric4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,morgantown2 #bjj species4--#ahhi4 ,,surber1 ,t4 ,birds of ,greenbriar ,county1 ,west ,va4 ,the ,hawkeye ,orn4 and ,,oal4 7,e4 ,b4 ,webster1 ,cresco1 ,iowa71 ,,ii1 pp4 #b-d1 #ac-ae1 #bi-cb2 #aba species4--#ahij4 ,,rives1 ,w4 ,c4 7,see ,virginia47--#ahih4 ,,rives1 ,w4 ,c4 ,summer ,birds of the ,west ,virginia ,spruce ,belt4 ,auk1 ,,xv1 pp4 #aca-acg2 #df species4--#aiji4 ,,brooks1 ,e4 ,a4 ,west ,virginia ,birds in ,state ,board of ,agriculture4 ,report ,w4 ,va4 ,state ,board ,agric41 for #aijh1 pp4 #c-fb2 #aic species4 ,,wisconsin #ahec4 ,,hoy1 ,p4 ,r4 ,notes on the ,ornithology of ,wisconsin4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 ,,vi1 pp4 #cjd-cac1 #cah-che1 #dbc-dbi2 #bhc species4 7,revised with additions in the ,trans4 ,wisc4 ,state ,agric4 ,soc41 #aheb1 ,,ii1 pp4 #cda-cfd47--ahed4 ,,barry1 ,a4 ,c4 ,on the ,ornithological ,fauna of ,wisconsin4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,v1 #ahed1 pp4 #a-ac2 #bah species4--#ahhb4 ,,king1 ,f4 ,h4 ,economic ,relations of ,wisconsin ,birds4 ,wis4 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,i1 pp4 #dda-faj2 figs4 #ajc-add2 #bie species4--#ahhc4 ,,willard1 ,s4 ,w4 ,migration and ,distribution of ,north ,american ,birds in ,brown and ,outgamie ,counties4 ,trans4 ,wisc4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,arts1 and ,letters1 ,,vi1 pp4 #agg-aif2 #baj species4--#ahid4 ,,grundtvig1 ,f4 ,l4 ,the ,birds of ,shiocton in ,bovine1 ,outgamie ,co41 ,wisc4 ,trans4 ,wisc4 ,acad4 ,sciences1 ,x1 pp4 #gc-aeh2 #ahc species4--#aijc4 ,,kumlein1 ,l41 and ,,hollister1 ,n4 ,the ,birds of ,wisconsin4 ,bull4 ,wisc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,soc41 ,,iii 7,n4 ,s471 pp4 #a-adc1 #h half-tones2 #ceg species4--#aiji4 ,,cory1 ,c4 ,b4 7,see ,ills47 ,,wyoming #ahgb4 ,,holden1 ,c4 ,h4 ,,jr4 ,notes on the ,birds of ,wyoming and ,colorado ,territories1 with additional memoranda by ,c4 ,e4 ,aiken4 ,edited by ,t4 ,m4 ,brewer4 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xv1 pp4 #aic-baj2 #adb species4--#ahgc4 ,,merriam1 ,c4 ,h4 7,see ,utah47--#ahgf4 ,,grinnell1 ,g4 ,b4 7,see ,montana74--#ahgi4 ,,williston1 ,s4 ,w4 ,a ,list of ,birds taken in ,southern ,wyoming1 with supplementary notes by ,george ,b4 ,grinnell2 ,forest and stream1 ,,xii1 pp4 #cjf-cjg1 #cbe-cbf1 #cfe2 #aji species4--#aijb4 ,,knight1 ,w4 ,c4 ,the ,birds of ,wyoming4 ,university of ,wyoming4 #hvo4 #agd pp41 #dh plls42 #bhh species4--#aijb4 ,,bond1 ,f4 ,list of ,birds of ,cheyenne and ,vicinity4 ,bailey's ',handbook of ,birds of the ,western ,united ,states1' pp4 lxxiii2 #ahd species4--#aijg4 ,,palmer1 ,t4 ,s4 ,birds of ,yellowstone ,park4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,supt4 of ,yellowstone ,park for #aijg4 pp4 #ae-bc2 #gj species4 ,,index ,acanthis hornemannii exilipes #agf linaria #agf holb,allii #agf rostrata #agf ,accipiter atricapillus #aca striatulus #aca cooperii #aca velox #aca ,actitis macularia #ajg ,actodromas acuminata #aji bairdii #aji fuscicollis #aji maculata #aji minutilla #aji ,achmophorus occidentalis #dd ,agialitis hiaticula #aab meloda #aab circumcincta #aab nivosa #aab semipalmata #aab ,,aaronautes melanoleucus #aeh ,astrelata fisheri #bfj hasitata #fe scalaris #bfj ,agelaius gubernator californicus #agi ph,aniceus #agh bryanti #agh caurinus #agh floridanus #agh fortis #agh neutralis #agh richmondi #bih sonoriensis #agh tricolor #agi ,aimophila carpalis #bbj ruficeps #bbj erem,aca #bbj scottii #bbj sororia #bbj ,aix sponsa #gh ,ajaia ajaja #hi ,alauda arvensis #bge ,alaudid,a #cd1 #afc ,albatross1 ,black-footed #fb ,laysan #fb ,short-tailed #ab1 #fb ,sooty #fb ,yellow-nosed #fb ,alca torda #dh ,alcedinid,a #cb1 #add ,alcid,a #aj ,alle alle #df ,amazilis cerviniventris chalconota #afj tzacatl #afj ,ammodramus caudacutus #bbe henslowi #bbd occidentalis #bbd leconteii #bbe maritimus #bbf fisheri #bbf macgillivraii #bbf peninsul,a #bbf sennetti #bbf nelsoni #bbe subvirgatus #bbe nigrescens #bbf ,ampelid,a #cg1 #aff ,ampelis cedrorum #aih garrulus #aih ,amphispiza belli #bbh canescens #cjj cinerea #bbh nevadensis #bbh bilineata #bdi deserticola #bdi ,anas boschas #gf fulvigula #gg maculosa #gg obscura #gg rubripes #gg ,anatid,a #af1 #gd ,anhinga #ad1 #gc anhinga #gc ,anhingid,a #ad1 #fg ,ani #adf ,groove-billed #adf 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#ij ,white-faced ,glossy #ah1 #ij ,icteria virens #aih longicauda #aih ,icterid,a #ce1 #afd ,icterus audubonii #ahf bullocki #ahf cucullatus nelsoni #ahf sennetti #ahf galbula #ahf parisorum #ahf spurius #bjf ,ictinia mississippiensis #acj ,ionornis martinica1 #ii ,iridoprocne bicolor #bej ,ixoreus n,avius #bjg meruloides #bjg ,jabiru #bfd ,jacana1 ,mexican #be1 #ajb spinosa #ajb ,jacanid,a #be1 #ajj ,jaeger1 ,long-tailed #ea ,parastic #aj1 #ea ,pomarine #ea ,jay1 ,alaskan #beb ,belding #ahd ,black-headed #ahe ,blue #ce1 #ahc ,blue-eared #ahd ,blue-fronted #ahe ,california #ahd ,canada #beb ,coast #bih ,couch #ahc ,florida #ahd ,florida ,blue #ahc ,gray #beb ,green #ahe ,labrador #beb ,long-crested #ahe ,oregon #beb ,pinon #ahc ,queen ,charlotte #ahe ,rocky ,mountain #beb ,santa ,cruz #ahd ,steller #ahe ,texan #ahd ,woodhouse #ahd ,xantus #ahd ,junco aikeni #bdj ,arizona #bda ,baird #bdj bairdi #bdj caniceps #bda1 #cjb ,carolina #bdj ,coues #bda1 #cjb dorsalis #bda1 #cjb ,gray-headed #bda ,guadalupe #bdj hyemalis #bdj annectens #cjb carolinensis #bdj connectens #cjb insularis #bdj mearnsi #bdj1 #cjb ,montana #bdj montanus #bdj1 #cjb oreganus #bda1 #cjb connectens #bda1 #cjb pinosus #bda1 #cjb shufeldti #bda thurberi #bda1 #cjb ,oregon #bda ph,aonotus dorsalis #bda palliatus #bda ,pink-sided #bdj ,point ,pinos #bda ,red-backed #bda ,ridgway's #cjc ,shufeldt #bda1 #cjb ,slate-colored #bdj ,thurber #bda ,townsend #bdj townsendi #bdj ,white-winged #bdj ,killdeer #bd1 #aab ,kingbird #bdg ,arkansas #bjb ,cassin #bjb ,couch #bjb ,gray #bdg ,kingfisher1 ,belted #ca1 #adg ,northwestern ,belted #big ,ringed #bga ,texas #adg ,kinglet1 ,dusky #agg ,golden-crowned #dj1 #ahg ,ruby-crowned #agf1 #bae ,sitkan #agf1 #bae ,western #ahg ,kite1 ,everglade #acj ,mississippi #acj ,swallow-tailed #acj ,white-tailed #acj ,kittiwake #eb ,pacific #eb ,red-legged #eb ,knot #ajf ,lagopus evermanni #abj lagopus #aai alexandr,a #bie alleni #aai ungavus #bie leucurus #aah peninsularis #aah rupestris #aai atkhensis #abj chamberlaini #bif dixoni #bif nelsoni #aai reinhardi #aai townsendi #abj ,laniid,a #cg1 #aff ,lanius borealis #bdh ludovicianus #bdh migrans #cjd anthonyi #bdh excubitorides #bdh gambeli #bdh ,lapwing #bfg ,larid,a #aa1 #ej ,lark ,bunting #beb ,california ,horned #bja ,desert ,horned #bja ,dusky ,horned #bja ,horned #cd1 #bjj ,hoyt ,horned #bjj ,island ,horned #bjb ,montezuma ,horned #bjb ,pallid ,horned #bjj ,prairie ,horned #bjj ,ruddy ,horned #bja ,scorched ,horned #bja ,sonoran ,horned #bjb ,streaked ,horned #bjj ,texan ,horned #bjj ,larus affinis #beh argentatus #ee atricilla #ef barrovianus #ec brachyrhynchus #eb californicus #ee canus #beh delawarensis #eb franklinii #ef glaucescens #ec glaucus #ec heermanni #ed kumlieni #ec leucopterus #ec marinus #ed minutus #bei nelsoni #ec occidentalis #ed philadelphia #ef schistisagus #ed vegae #ee ,leptotila fulviventris brachyptera #abe ,leucosticte1 ,aleutian #agi atrata #agi australis #agi ,black #agi ,brown-capped #agi ,gray-crowned #agi griseonucha #agi ,hepburn #agi tephrocotis #agi littoralis #agi ,limicol,a #ba1 #ajj ,limosa fedoa #aaj h,amastica #aaj lapponica baueri #aaj ,limpkin #bj1 #if ,longipennes #aj ,longspur1 ,alaskan #bai ,chestnut-collared #bah ,lapland #bai ,mc,cown #bah ,smith #bbj ,loon #aj1 #dd ,black-throated #dd ,pacific #dd ,red-throated #dd ,yellow-billed #dd ,lophodytes cucullatus #gf ,lophortyx californicus #aaf vallicola #aaf gambelii #aaf ,loxia curvirostra minor #agc stricklandi #agc leucoptera #agd ,lunda cirrhata #de ,macrochires #cc1 #aed ,macrorhamphus griseus #ajf scolopaceus #ajf ,magpie ,american #bec ,yellow-billed #bec ,mallard #f1 #gf ,man-o'-,war ,bird #gc ,mareca americana #gg penelope #gg ,marsh ,hen #ih ,martin ,cuban #bej ,gray-breasted #cjd ,purple #bej ,western #bej ,meadowlark #aii ,florida #aii ,texas #aii ,western #aii ,megalestris skua #ea ,megaquiscalus major #bed major macrourus #bed ,megascops asio #ada aikeni #adb bendirei #ada cineraceus #adb flammeola #adb floridanus #ada idah,ansis #adb kennicottii #ada macfarlanei #adb maxwelli,a #ada mccalli #ada trichopsis #adb xantusi #adb ,melanerpes erythrocephalus #aec formiciviorus #aec angustifrons #aec bairdi #aec ,meleagris gallopavo intermedia #abb merriami #abb osceola #abb silvestris #abb ,melopelia asiatica asiatica #bif trudeaui #bif leucoptera #abf ,melospiza cinerea #bcj caurina #bcj clement,a #bcj cooperi #bcj fallax #bbi graminea #bcj heermanni #bbi insignis #bcj juddi #bbi kenaiensis #bcj melodia #bbi merrilli #bbi montana #bbi morphna #bcj pusillula #bcj rivularis #bbi rufina #bcj samuelis #bcj ,melospiza georgiana #bbb lincolnii #bbf striata #bbf melodia cleonensis #cja maxillaris #cjj ,merganser1 ,american #gf americanus #gf ,hooded #gf ,red-breasted #ae1 #gf serrator #gf ,mergus albellus #bfa ,merlin1 ,black #acg ,richardson #acg ,merula confinis #bjg migratoria #bjg migratoria achrustera #bjg propinqua #bjg ,micropalama himantopus #ajf ,micropallas whitneyi #adj ,micropodid,a #cc1 #aee ,mimid,a #bid ,mimus polyglottos #bdh leucopterus #bdh ,mniotilta varia #bdi ,mniotiltid,a #ch1 #afg ,mockingbird #bdh ,western #bdh ,molothrus ater #bec obscurus #bec ,motacillid,a #ch1 #afg ,murre #dh ,brunnich #dh ,california #dh ,pallas #dh ,murrelet1 ,ancient #dg ,craveri #df ,kittlitz #df ,marbled #df ,xantus #df ,muscivora forficata #agg tyrannus #bgf ,myadestes townsendii #bdg ,mycteria americana #bfc ,myiarchus cinerascens #bjc nuttingi #bjc pertinax #bjc crinitus #bjc lawrencei olivascens #bjc mexicanus #bjc magister #bjc ,myiodynastes luteiventris #bjc ,myiozetetes similis superciliosus #bgd ,netta rufina #bfb ,nettion carolinensis #gh crecca #bfa ,nighthawk #aeg ,florida #aeg ,sennett #aeg ,texan #aeg ,western #aeg ,noddy #fj ,nomonyx dominicus #hj ,nonpareil #ahj ,nucifraga columbiana #beb ,numenius borealis #ajc hudsonicus #ajc longirostris #ajc tahitiensis #bie ,nutcracker1 ,clarke #beb ,nuthatch ,brown-headed #bdf ,florida #bdf ,pygmy #bdf ,red-breasted #ci1 #bdf ,rocky ,mountain #bdf ,slender-billed #bdf ,st ,lucas #bdf ,white-breasted #bdf ,white-naped #bdg ,nuttallornis borealis #bjh ,nyctala acadica #adj scot,aa #adj tengmalmi richardsoni #aci ,nyctanassa violacea #ic ,nyctea nyctea #adc ,nycticorax nycticorax n,avius #ic ,nyctidromus albicollis merrilli #aeg ,oceanites oceanicus #ff ,oceanodroma cryptoleucura #bfj furcata #fe homochroa #fe kaedingi #fe leucorhoa #ff macrodactyla #ff melania #ff socorroensis #ff ,ochthodromus wilsonius #aab ,odontogloss,a #af1 #hg ,oidemia americana #hc deglandi #hc fusca #bfb perspicillata #hc ,olbiorchilus alascensis #bcf hiemalis #bcf helleri #bcf pacificus #bcf meligerus #bcf ,old-squaw #ha ,olor buccinator #hd columbianus #hd cygnus #bfc ,oreortyx pictus #aaf confinis #aaf plumiferus #aaf ,oreospiza chlorura #bjf ,oriole1 ,arizona ,hooded #ahf ,audubon #ahf ,baltimore #ce1 #ahf ,bullock #ahf ,hooded #ahf ,orchard #bjf ,scott #ahf ,sennett #bgi ,ornithion imberbe #baa ridgwayi #baa ,oroscoptes montanus #bcc ,ortalis vetula maccalli #abb ,osprey1 ,american #abi ,ossifraga gigantea #bei ,otocoris alpestris #bjj actia #bja adusta #bja arcticola #bjj giraudi #bjj hoyti #bjj insularis #bjb leucol,ama #bja merrilli #bja occidentalis #bjb pallida #bjb praticola #bjj rubea #bja strigata #bja ,otus asio gilmani #big ,ouzel1 ,water #bdg ,oven-bird #bcb ,owl1 ,acadian #adj ,aiken ,screech #adb ,american ,hawk #adc ,american ,long-eared #ach ,arctic ,horned #adc ,barn #bi1 #ach ,barred #aci ,burrowing #ach ,california ,pygmy #adj ,california ,screech #ada ,dusky ,horned #adc ,dwarf ,screech #adb ,elf #adj ,ferruginous ,pygmy #adj ,flammulated ,screech #adb ,florida ,barred #aci ,burrowing #ach ,screech #ada ,great ,gray #aci ,great ,horned #adc ,hoskin #adj ,kennicott ,screech #ada ,labrador ,horned #big ,long-eared #ach ,mac,farlane ,screech #adb ,mexican ,screech #adb ,monkey-faced #ach ,northern ,saw-whet #adj ,northern ,spotted #aci ,pacific ,horned #adc ,pygmy #adj ,richardson #aci ,rocky ,mountain ,screech #ada ,sahauro ,screech #big ,saint ,michael ,horned #big ,saw-whet #adj ,screech #cj1 #ada ,short-eared #ach ,snowy #adc ,spotted #aci ,screech #adb ,texas ,barred #aci ,texas ,screech #ada ,western ,horned #adc ,xantus ,screech #adb ,oxyechus vociferus #aab ,oyster-catcher1 ,american #be1 #ajd ,black #ajd ,european #bfg ,frazar #ajd ,pagophila alba #eb ,paludicol,a #ai1 #ie ,pandion halia,atus carolinensis #bi ,pandionid,a #bid ,parabuteo unicintus harrisi #acb ,parauque1 ,merrill #aeg ,parid,a #ci1 #afi ,paroquet1 ,carolina #cj1 #ade ,parrot1 ,thick-billed #ade ,partridge #aah ,alaska ,spruce #bie ,california #aaf ,canada ,spruce #bie ,chestnut-bellied ,scaled #aaf ,gambel #aaf ,hudsonian ,spruce #bie ,mearns #aae ,mountain #aaf ,partridge1 ,plumed #aaf ,san ,pedro #aaf ,scaled #aaf ,valley #aaf ,parus atricapillus #bde occidentalis #bde septentrionalis #bde carolinensis #bde agilis #bde cinctus alascensis #bdd gambeli #bdd hudsonicus #bdd columbianus #bdd littoralis #bdd stoneyi #bdd rufescens #bdd barlowi #bdd neglectus #bdd sclateri #bde wollweberi #bdd ,passer domesticus #bai ,passerculus beldingi #bbc princeps #bbe sandwichensis #bbc alaudinus #bbc bryanti #bbc nevadensis #cjj savanna #bbc rostratus #bbc guttatus #bbc halophilus #bbd sanctorum #bbd ,passerella iliaca #bca annectens #bca fuliginosa #bca1 #cja insularis #bca1 #cja megarhyncha #bca schistacea #bca stephensi #bca townsendi #bca unalaschensis #bca ,passeres #cd1 #afb ,passerina hyperboreus #bea nivalis #bea townsendi #bea ,pedi,acetes phasianellus #aba campestris #aba columbianus #aba ,pelagodroma marina #bfj ,pelecanid,a #ae1 #fg ,pelecanus californicus #gc erythrorhynchus #gc occidentalis #gc ,pelican1 ,american ,white #gc ,brown #ae1 #gc ,california ,brown #gc ,pelidna alpina pacifica #ajh ,penthestes carolinensis impiger #cjc gambeli bailey,a #cjc rufescens vivax #cjc ,perisoreus canadensis #beb capitalis #beb fumifrons #beb nigricapillus #beb obscurus #beb griseus #beb ,petrel1 ,ashy #fe ,black #ff ,black-capped #fe ,bulwer's #bfj ,fisher's #bfj ,fork-tailed #fe ,guadalupe #ff ,hawaiian #bfj ,kaeding's #fe ,leach's #ab1 #ff ,least #fe ,pintado #bfj ,scaled #bfj ,socorro #ff ,stormy #ff ,white-bellied #bfj ,white-faced #bfj ,wilson's #ff ,petrochelidon lunifrons #bej tachina #cjd melanogastra #bej1 #cjd ,peuc,aa ,astivalis #bba bachmanii #bba botterii #bba cassini #bba ,pewee1 ,western ,wood #bjh ,large-billed ,wood #bjh ,wood #bjh ,pha,athon americanus #fi ,athereus #fi rubricaudus #bfj ,pha,athontid,a #ac1 #fg ,phainopepla #bec nitens #bec ,phalacrocoracid,a #ad1 #fg ,phalacrocorax dilophus #ga albociliatus #ga cincinatus #ga floridanus #ga mexicanus #gb pelagicus #gb resplendens #gb ,phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus #gb penicillatus #gb urile #gb ,phal,anoptilus nuttallii #aef californicus #aef nitidus #aef ,phalarope1 ,northern #ba1 #ajb ,red #ajb ,wilson #ajb ,phalaropodid,a #ba1 #ajj ,phalaropus lobatus #ajb ,phasianid,a #bg1 #aac ,phasianus colchicus #aac1 #abb torquatus #aac1 #aba ,pheasant1 ,english #aac1 #abb ,ring-necked #abc1 #abb ,philacte canagica #he ,philohela minor #aje ,ph,abe #cd1 #bjh ,black #bea ,say #bje ,western ,black #bea ,ph,abetria fuliginosa #fb ,ph,anicopterid,a #ag1 #hg ,ph,anicopterus ruber #hi ,phyllopseustes borealis #bab ,pica pica hudsonia #bec nuttalli #bec ,pici #cb1 #adh ,picid,a #cb1 #adh ,picoides americanus #adi dorsalis #adi fasciatus #adi arcticus #adi ,pigeon1 ,band-tailed #abd ,passenger #abe ,red-billed #abd ,scaled #bfi ,viosca #abd ,white-crowned #abd ,wild #abe ,pincola enucleator alascensis #agc californica #agc flammula #agc leucura #agc montana #agc ,pintail #gf ,pipilo aberti #bje consobrinus #bjd erythrophthalmus #bjd alleni #bjd fuscus albigula #bje crissalis #bje mesoleucus #bje ,pipilo fuscus senicula #bje maculatus arcticus #bjd atratus #bjd clement,a #bjd magnirostris #bjd megalonyx #bjd oregonus #bjd ,pipit #ch1 #bcb ,sprague #bcb ,piranga erythromelas #aga hepatica #aga ludovicianus #aga rubra #aga cooperi #aga ,pitangus derbianus #bjb ,plataleid,a #ah1 #hg ,platypsaris albiventris #bgd ,plegadis autumnalis #ij guarauna #ij ,plover1 ,black-bellied #bd1 #aaj ,european ,golden #bfg ,golden #aaj ,little ,ringed #bfg ,mongolian #bfg ,mountain #aje ,pacific ,golden #aaj ,piping #aab ,ring #aab ,semipalmated #aab ,snowy #aab ,wilson #aab ,plautus impennis #dh ,podasocys montana #aje ,podicipid,a #i ,podilymbus podiceps #dc ,polioptila c,arulea #bdc obscura #bdc californica #bdc plumbea #bdc ,polyborus cheriway #acd lutosus #acd ,pocecetes gramineus #bba affinis #bba confinis #bba ,poor-will #aef ,california #aef ,frosted #aef ,porzana carolina #ih coturniculus #bid jamaicensis #ih noveboracensis #ig ,prairie ,hen #aba ,attwater #aba ,lesser #aba ,priocella glacialoides #fc ,priofinus cinereus #bfj ,procellaria pelagica #ff ,procellariid,a #ab1 #fa ,progne chalybea #cjd cryptoleucus #bej subis #bej hesperia #bej ,protonotaria citrea #ahg ,psaltriparus lloydi #bdb minimus #bdb californicus #bdb grind,a #bdb plumbeus #bdb santarit,a #bdb ,psittaci #cj1 #add ,psittacid,a #cj1 #add ,ptarmigan #aai ,adak #bif ,alexander #bie ,chamberlain #bif ,allen #aai ,dixon #bif ,evermann #abj ,kenai ,white-tailed #aah ,nelson #aai ,reinhardt #aai ,rock #aai ,townsend #abj ,turner #abj ,ungava #bie ,welch #abj ,white-tailed #aah ,willow #aai ,ptilogonatid,a #bih ,ptychoramphus aleuticus #df ,puffin #de ,horned #de ,large-billed #de ,tufted #de ,puffinus assimilis #bfj auricularis #fd borealis #fd bulleri #bfj creatopus #fd cuneatus #fc gravis #fd griseus #fc lherminieri #fd opisthomelas #fd puffinus #bei tenuirostris #fd ,pygopodes #i ,pyocephalus rubineus mexlcanus #agg ,pyrrhuloxia1 ,arizona #agb sinuata #agb peninsul,a #agb texana #agb ,st ,lucas #agb ,quail #aae ,querquedula cyanoptera #gh discors #gh ,quiscalus quiscula #bed agl,aus #bed ,aneus #bed ,rail1 ,belding #ig ,black #ih ,california ,clapper #ig ,caribbean ,clapper #ih ,carolina #ih ,clapper #bj1 #ih ,farallon #bfe ,king #ig ,light-footed #bid ,louisiana ,clapper #ih ,scott ,clapper #ih ,virginia #ig ,wayne ,clapper #ih ,yellow #ig ,rallid,a #ba1 #ie ,rallus beldingi #ig crepitans #ih saturatus #ih scottii #ih waynei #ih elegans #ig levipes #bid longirostris carib,aus #ih obsoletus #ig virginianus #ig ,raptores #bh1 #abg ,raven1 ,american #bee ,northern #bee ,white-necked #bee ,recurvirostra americana #ajc ,recurvirostrid,a #bc1 #ajj ,redhead #gi ,redpoll #ce1 #agf ,greater #agf ,greenland #agf ,hoary #agf ,holb,all #agf ,red-shank #bff ,redstart1 ,american #ch1 #ahg ,painted #agg ,red-tail1 ,alaska #bif ,red-wing1 ,bahaman #agh ,florida #agh ,northwestern #agh ,san ,diego #agh ,sonoran #agh ,thick-billed #agh ,vera ,cruz #bih ,reedbird #bea ,regulus calendula #agf1 #bae grinnelli #agf1 #bae obscurus #agg satrapa #ahg olivaceus #ahg ,rhodostethia rosea #ef ,rhynchophanes mccownii #bah ,rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha #ade ,riparia riparia #baa ,rissa brevirostris #eb tridactyla #eb pollicaris #eb ,road-runner #adf ,robin #cd1 #bjg ,southern #bjg ,st ,lucas #bjg ,western #bjg ,rostrhamus sociabilis #acj ,rough-leg1 ,ferruginous #ace ,ruff #bff ,rynchopid,a #ab1 #eb ,rynchops nigra #fj ,salpinctes obsoletus #bcd pulverius #cja guadeloupensis #bcd ,sanderling #ajh ,sandpiper ,aleutian #ajg ,baird #aji ,bartramian #aje ,buff-breasted #aje ,curlew #ajf ,green #bff ,least #aji ,pectoral #aji ,prybilof #ajh ,purple #ajg ,red-backed #ajh ,semipalmated #bc1 #ajh ,sharp-tailed #aji ,solitary #ajg ,spoonbill #bff ,spotted #ajg ,stilt #ajf ,upland #aje ,western #aji ,western ,solitary #ajg ,white-rumped #aji ,sapsucker1 ,northern ,red-breasted #aeb ,red-breasted #aeb ,red-naped #aeb ,williamson #aeb ,yellow-bellied #aeb ,saxicola ,ananthe #bdh leucorhoa #bdh ,sayornis nigricans #bea semiatra #bea ph,abe #bjh saya #bje ,scardafella inca #abf ,scolecophagus carolinus #bed cyanocephalus #bed ,scolopacid,a #bc1 #ajj ,scoter1 ,american #hc ,surf #hc ,velvet #bfb ,white-winged #hc ,scotiaptex nebulosa #aci ,seed-eater1 ,morellet #bdi ,seiurus aurocapillus #bcb motacilla #bcb noveboracensis #bcb notabilis #bcb ,selasphorus alleni #afa platycercus #afa rufus #afa ,setophaga picta #agg ruticilla #ahg ,shearwater ,allied #bfj ,audubon #fd1 #bfj ,black-tailed #bfj ,black-vented #fd ,buller #bfj ,cory #fd ,dark-bodied #fc ,greater #fd ,manx #bei ,new ,zealand #bfj ,pink-footed #fd ,slender-billed #fd ,sooty #fc ,townsend #fd ,wedge-tailed #fc ,sheldrake #bfb ,ruddy #bfb ,shoveller #gh ,shrike1 ,california #bdh ,island #bdh ,loggerhead #bdh ,migrant #cjd ,northern #cg1 #bdh ,shrike1 ,white-rumped #bdh ,sialia arctica #ahb mexicana anabel,a #ahb bairdi #ahb occidentals #ahb sialis #ahb azurea #ahb ,simorhynchus cristatellus #dg pusillus #dg pygm,aus #dg ,siskin1 ,pine #bbe ,sitta canadensis3 #bdf carolinensis #bdf aculeata #bdf atkinsi #bdf lagun,a #bdf nelsoni #bdf pusilla #bdf pygm,aa #bdf leuconucha #bdg ,sittid,a #bid ,skimmer1 ,black #aa1 #fj ,skua #ea ,skylark #big ,smew #bfb ,snakebird #gc ,snipe1 ,european #bfe ,great #bff ,wilson #aje ,snowflake #bea ,mc,kay #bea ,pribilof #bea ,solitaire1 ,townsend #bdg ,somateria dresseri #hb molissima borealis #hb spectabilis #hb v-nigra #hb ,sora #bj1 #ih ,sparrow1 ,acadian ,sharp-tailed #bbe ,bachman #bba ,baird #bbd ,belding ,marsh #bbc ,bell #bbh ,black-chinned #bai ,black-throated #bdi ,botteri #bba ,brewster #bbh ,brown ,song #bbi ,bryant ,marsh #bbc ,california ,sage #cjj ,cassin #bba ,chipping #bbb ,clay-colored #bbh ,desert #bdi ,desert ,song #bbi ,dusky ,seaside #bbf ,english #bai ,field #bbb ,fisher ,seaside #bbf ,florida ,grasshopper #bbd ,forbush #bbf ,fox #bca ,golden-crowned #bbg ,grasshopper #bbd ,gray ,sage #bbh ,henslow #bbd ,harris #bai ,heerman ,song #bbi ,intermediate #bbg ,ipswich #bbe ,kadiak ,fox #bca1 #cja ,lagoon #bbd ,laguna #bbj ,large-billed #bbc ,lark #bah ,leconte #bbe ,lincoln #bbf ,macgillivray ,seaside #bbf ,mendocino ,song #cja ,merrill ,song #bbf ,mountain ,song #bbi ,nelson #bbe ,nevada ,savannah #cjj ,nuttall #bbg ,pine ,woods #bba ,vesper #bba ,rock #bbj ,rufous-crowned #bbj ,rufous-winged #bbj ,rusty ,song #bcj ,sage #bbh ,samuel ,song #bcj ,san ,benito #bbd ,san ,clemente ,song #bcj ,san ,diego ,song #bcj ,sandwich #bbc ,savanna #bbc ,scott #bbj ,scott ,seaside #bbf ,seaside #bbf ,sharp-tailed #bbe ,shumagin ,fox #bca ,slate-colored #bca ,song #bbi ,sooty ,fox #bca1 #cja ,stephen #bca ,st ,lucas #bbc ,suisun ,song #cjj ,swamp #bbb ,texas #bae ,texas ,seaside #bbf ,thick-billed #bca ,tree #bbb ,townsend #bca ,vesper #bba ,western ,chipping #bbb ,western ,field #bbb ,western ,grasshopper #bbd ,western ,henslow #bbd ,western ,lark #bah ,western ,savanna #bbc ,western ,tree #bbb ,western ,vesper #bba ,white-crowned #bbg ,white-throated #bbg ,worthen #bbh ,yakutat ,fox #bca ,spatula clypeata #gh ,speotyto hypog,aa cunicularia #ach floridana #ach ,sphyrapicus ruber #aeb notkensis #aeb thyroideus #aeb varius #aeb nuchalis #aeb ,spinus pinus #bbe ,spiza americana #aih ,spizella atrogularis #bai breweri #bbh monticola #bbb ochracea #bbb pallida #bbh pusilla #bbb arenacea #bbb socialis #bbb arizon,a #bbb wortheni #bbh ,spoonbill1 ,roseate #hi ,sporophila morelleti #bdi ,squatarola squatarola #aaj ,starling #bec ,starn,anas cyanocephala #abf ,steganopodes #ac1 #fg ,steganopus tricolor #ajb ,stelgidopteryx serripennis #baa ,stellula calliope #afa ,stercorariid,a #aj1 #di ,stercorarius longicaudus #ea parasticus #ea pomarinus #ea ,sterna an,athetus #eh antillarum #eh aleutica #eh caspia #eg dougalli #ei elegans #eg forsteri #ei fuliginosa #fj hirundo #ei maxima #eg paridis,aa #ei sandvicensis acuflavida #eg trudeaui #bei ,stilt1 ,black-necked #bb1 #ajd ,stint1 ,long-toed #bff ,strigid,a #abg ,strix pratincola #ach ,sturnella magna #aii argutula #aii hoopesi #aii neglecta #aii ,sturnid,a #afd ,sturnus vulgaris #bec ,sula bassana #fi brewsteri #gj cyanops #gj nebouxii #gj piscator #gj sula #gj ,sulid,a #ac1 #fg ,surf ,bird #aaa ,surnia ulula caparoch #adc ,swallow1 ,bank #baa ,barn #bej ,cliff #bej ,lesser ,cliff #cjd ,mexican ,cliff #bej ,northern ,violet-green #bej ,rough-winged #baa ,st ,lucas #bea ,tree #cf1 #bej ,white-bellied #bej ,swallow-tailed ,kite #acj ,swan1 ,trumpeter #hd ,whistling #hd ,whooping #bfc ,swift1 ,black #aeh ,chimney #cc1 #aeh ,vaux #aeh ,white-throated #aeh ,sylviid,a #dj1 #afi ,symphemia semipalmata #aaa inornata #aaa ,synthliboramphus antiquus #dg ,syrnium occidentale #aci caurinum #aci ,syrnium varium #aci alleni #aci helveolum #aci ,tachycineta thalassina lepida #bej brachyptera #bea ,tanager1 ,cooper #aga ,hepatic #aga ,louisiana #aga ,scarlet #aga ,summer #cf1 #aga ,western #aga ,tanagrid,a #cf1 #afe ,tangavius ,aneus ,aneus #cjd involucratus #cjd ,tantalus loculator #ij ,tattler1 ,wandering #aaa ,teal1 ,blue-winged #gh ,cinnamon #gh ,green-winged #gh ,telmatodytes marian,a #bcg palustris #bcg griseus #bcg iliacus #cja paludicola #bcg plesius #bcg ,tern1 ,american ,black #fj ,aleutian #eh ,arctic #ei ,bridled #eh ,cabot #eg ,caspian #eg ,common #aa1 #ei ,elegant #eg ,forster #ei ,gull-billed #eh ,least #eh ,roseate #ei ,royal #eg ,sooty #fj ,trudeau #bei ,white-winged ,black #bei ,tetraonid,a #bf1 #aac ,thalassogeron culminatus #fb ,thrasher1 ,bendire #baf ,brown #ci1 #bcc ,californian #bag ,crissal #bag ,curve-billed #baf ,desert #bag ,leconte #bag ,mearns #baf ,palmer #baf ,pasadena #bag1 #cjj ,sage #bhh ,sennett #bch ,st ,lucas #baf ,thrush1 ,alaska ,hermit #bch ,alma #bci1 #cjb ,audubon ,hermit #bch ,bicknell #bci ,california ,olive-backed #bci1 #cjb ,dwarf ,hermit #bch ,gray-cheeked #bci ,hermit #bch ,monterey ,hermit #cjb ,olive-backed #bci ,pale ,varied #bjg ,russet-backed #bci ,sierra ,hermit #cjb ,varied #bjg ,willow #bch ,wilson #bch ,wood #dj1 #bcc ,thryomanes bewickii #bce calophonus #bce charienturus #bce cryptus #bce leucogaster #bce spilurus #bce brevicauda #bce leucophrys #bce ,thryothorus ludovicianus #bcd lomitensis #bcd miamensis #bcd ,titlark #bcb ,titmouse1 ,ashy #bdb ,black-crested #bdc ,bridled #bdd ,gray #bdb ,plain #bdb ,sennett #cjc ,texan ,tufted #bdc1 #cjb ,tufted #bdc ,totanus flavipes #aaa melanoleucus #aaa ,towhee #bjd ,abert #bjf ,anthony #bje ,arctic #bjd ,californian #bje ,canon #bje ,green-tailed #bjf ,guadalupe #bjd ,mountain #bjd ,oregon #bjd ,san ,clemente #bjd ,san ,diego #bjd ,towhee1 ,spurred #bjd ,st ,lucas #bje ,white-eyed #bjd ,toxostoma bendirei #baf cinereum #baf mearnsi #baf crissalis #bag curvirostre #baf palmeri #baf lecontei #bag arenicola #bag longirostre sennetti #bcc redivivum #bag pasadenense #bag rufum #bcc ,tree ,duck1 ,black-bellied #hc ,fulvous #hc ,tringa canutus #ajf ,trochilid,a #cc1 #aee ,trochilus alexandri #aei colubris #afj ,troglodytes a,adon #bcf parkmanii #bcf aztecus #bcf1 #cja ,troglodytid,a #ci1 #afh1 #bid ,trogon ambiguus #adg ,coppery-tailed #ca1 #adg ,trogonid,a #ca1 #add ,tropic ,bird #fi ,red-billed #fi ,red-tailed #bfj ,yellow-billed #ac1 #fi ,tryngites subruficollis #aje ,tubinares #ab ,turdid,a #dj1 #agj ,turkey ,florida #abb ,merriam #abb ,rio ,grande #abb ,water #gc ,wild #bg1 #abb ,turnstone #bd1 #ajb ,black #ajg ,ruddy #ajb ,tympanuchus americanus #aba attwateri #aba pallidicinctus #aba ,tyrannid,a #cd1 #afc ,tyrannus #bjb domincensis #bdg melancholicus couchi #bjb tyrannus #bdg verticalis #bjb vociferans #bjb ,uranomitra salvini #bih ,uria lomvia #dh arra #dh troile #dh californica #dh ,urubitinga anthracina #acd ,verdin #aie ,baird #aie ,vireo1 ,anthony #bab atricapillus #bde ,bell #bad belli #bad medius #bii ,bermuda #bac ,black-capped #bde ,black-whiskered #bab ,blue-headed #bad calidris barbatulus #bab ,cassin #bad flavifrons #aih flavoviridis #bac ,frazar #bii gilvus #bac swainsonii #bac ,gray #bad ,hutton #bab huttoni #bab cognatus #bii obscurus #bab stephensi #bab ,key ,west #bac ,least #bad ,mountain ,solitary #bad noveboracensis #bac bermudianus #bac maynardi #bac micrus #bac olivaceus #bab ,philadelphia #bac philadelphicus #bac ,plumbeous #bad pusillus #bad ,red-eyed #cg1 #bab ,small ,white-eyed #bac solitarius #bad alticola #bad cassinii #bad lucasanus #bad plumbeus #bad ,st ,lucas #bad ,stephens #bab ,texas #bii vicinior #bad ,warbling #bac ,western ,warbling #bac ,white-eyed #bac ,yellow-green #bac ,yellow-throated #aih ,vireonid,a #cg1 #aff ,vulture1 ,black #abi ,california #abi ,turkey #bh1 #abi ,wagtail1 ,siberian ,yellow #aib ,warbler1 ,alaskan ,yellow #aif ,audubon #aij ,bachman #aia ,bay-breasted #bjf ,black and ,white #bdi ,blackburnian #ahg ,black-fronted #aij ,black-poll #bdi ,black-throated ,blue #ahj ,black-throated ,gray #bdi ,black-throated ,green #ahh ,blue-winged #aia ,brewster #aig ,cairns #ahj ,calaveras #aie ,california ,yellow #bii ,canadian #aia ,cape ,may #aif ,cerulean #aha ,chestnut-sided #aih ,connecticut #ahi ,dusky #baj ,golden-cheeked #ahh ,golden ,pileated #aic ,golden-winged #ahi ,grace #aij ,hermit #ahh ,hooded #ahh ,kennicott ,willow #bab ,kentucky #aic ,kirtland #aia ,lawrence #aig ,lucy #bjf ,lutescent #baj ,macgillivray #ahi ,magnolia #aij ,mangrove #aif ,mourning #ahi ,myrtle #aig ,nashville #ch1 #aie ,northern ,parula #aie ,olive #ahg ,orange-crowned #baj ,palm #aif ,parula #aie ,pileated #aic ,pine #aia ,prairie #aig ,prothontary #ahg ,red-faced #agg ,sennett #aie ,sonora #aif ,swainson #bae ,sycamore #aij ,tennessee #bab ,townsend #ahh ,virginia #aig ,wilson #aic ,worm-eating #bae ,yellow #ch1 #aif ,yellow ,palm #aig ,yellow-throated #aij ,water-,thrush #bcb ,grinnell #bcb ,louisiana #bcb ,waxwing1 ,bohemian #aih ,cedar #cg1 #aih ,wheatear #bdh ,greenland #bdh ,whimbrel #bfg ,whip-poor-will #cc1 #aef ,stephen #aef ,whiskey ,jack #beb ,widgeon1 ,european #gg ,willet #aaa ,western #aaa ,wilsonia canadensis #aia mitrata #ahh pusilla #aic chryseola #aic pileota #aih ,woodcock1 ,american #bc1 #aje ,european #bfe ,woodpecker1 ,alaska ,downy #aej ,alaskan ,three-toed #adi ,alpine ,three-toed #adi ,american ,three-toed #cb1 #adi ,arctic ,three-toed #adi ,arizona #aea ,batchelder #aej ,cabanis #aej ,cactus #big ,california #aeh ,downy #aed ,gairdner #aee ,gila #aeh ,golden-fronted #aeh ,hairy #aej ,harris #aej ,ivory-billed #adi ,lewis #aeb ,narrow-fronted #aec ,newfoundland #big ,northern ,downy #aej ,northern ,hairy #aej ,northern ,pileated #cb1 #adi ,nuttall #aea ,pileated #adi ,queen ,charlotte #aej ,red-bellied #aec ,red-cockaded #aea ,red-headed #aec ,rocky ,mountain ,hairy #aej ,saint ,lucas #aea ,san ,fernando #big ,southern ,downy #aej ,striped-breasted #aec ,texan #aea ,white-breasted #big ,white-headed #aea ,willow #aea ,wren1 ,alaskan #bce ,aztec #bcf ,aleutian #bcf ,baird #bce ,bewick #bce ,bryant ,cactus #bcc ,cactus #bcc ,canon #bcd ,carolina #bcd ,desert ,cactus #bcc ,dotted ,canon #bcd ,florida #bcd ,guadalupe #bce ,guadalupe ,rock #bcd ,house #ci1 #bcf ,interior ,tule #bcg ,kadiak ,winter #bcf ,lomita #bcd ,long-billed ,marsh #bcg ,marian ,marsh #bcg ,northwest ,bewick #bce ,parkman #bcf ,prairie ,marsh #cja ,rock #bcd ,san ,clemente #bce ,san ,nicolas #cja ,short-billed ,marsh #bcf ,southwest ,bewick #bce ,st ,lucas ,cactus #bcc ,texas ,bewick #bce ,texan ,cactus #bcc ,tule #bcg ,vigors #bce ,western ,house #bcf ,western ,winter #bcf ,white-throated #bcd ,winter #bcf ,worthington ,marsh #bcg ,wren-,tit1 ,coast #baf1 #cjj ,pallid #bae1 #cjj ,ruddy #cjj ,xanthocephalus xanthocephalus #aii ,xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens #ahe ,xema sabinii #ef ,xenopicus albolarvatus #aea ,yellow-legs #aaa ,greater #aaa ,yellow-throat1 ,belding #aid ,florida #aid ,maryland #aic ,northern #aid ,pacific #aid ,rio ,grande #aid ,salt ,marsh #aid ,western #aic ,zamelodia ludoviciana #agd melanocephala #bjg ,zenaida zenaida #abe ,zenaidura macroura #abe marginella #bif ,zonotrichia albicollis #bbg coronata #bbg leucophrys #bbg gambeli #bbg nuttalli #bbg querula #bai 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes ,the text presented is that obtained through the conversion of the printed text into digital form4 ,all ,,oe and oe ligatures were converted to the individual letters4 ,where questions remained as to the identification of the converted image1 several on-line versions of the text and other resources were consulted in an attempt to resolve them4 ,the word ,alleghenies appears #cj times and ,alleghanies only #f4 ,so for consistancy1 the #f were converted4 ,one instance of ,,kading 7,index7 was converted to ,keading to match the rest4 ,two instances of ,zo,alogy and one instance of ,zoology which was retained as they are titles in publications referenced4 ,in addition to the list of corrections listed below1 a number of minor corrections were made4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 adopted the named ,kodiak in #ahij2 but islanders and others continued to use ,kadiak until the early #aibjs4 ,therefore1 the word ,kadiak was retained4 ,in the case of the bird species1 some have names that differ from common names used today 7for example ,canon ,wren instead of ,canyon ,wren74 ,the ,a4,o4,u4 listing shows ,ca,a-on for two species of ,wren and a ,towhee which were retained4 ,as for the scientific names1 there are two spellings for species named in honor of ,audubon 7auduboni and audubonii7 which have been retained as they appear in the original publication4 ,typographical ,corrections ,page7s7 ,typo ,correction #d vernacluar vernacular #hd ,chespeake ,chesapeake #aaa1 #aff1 #cec ,tatler ,tattler #aea ,bailley ,bailey #afj ,nicaraugua ,nicaragua #afe incalcuable incalculable #agj preceeding preceding #aga ,louisana ,louisiana #ahi #fhj4 ,macgillivray ,warbler comma changed to period at end of description #aii #eja;c4 ,florida ,meadowlark says ,similar to ,no4 #eia444 which is a ,towhee assumed it should have been #eja #bja #dgd;f4 ,ruddy ,horned ,lark says ,similar to ,no4 #dgb;e444 #dgb is a ,flycatcher assumed number should be #dgd;e #bji #dff4 ,traill ,flycatcher comma changed to period at end of description #bab #fcb;a4 ,stephen ,vireo says3 ,similar to ,no4 #fbb #fbb is a ,loggerhead ,shrike number should be #fcb #bac ,hamshire ,hampshire #bbc ,savanna ,savannah #bcj #eha;f4 ,sooty ,song ,sparrow comma changed to period at end of description #bdi ,second ,male changed to ,female #beg ,achmorphorus ,achmophorus #bge nuttali nuttalli #bha bimacuculatus bimaculatus #bhc ,parrhuloxia ,pyrrhuloxia #bhd cyaneovirdis cyanoviridis #bhd ,,bombcillida ,,bombycillida #bhe flavovirdis flavoviridis #bie1 #caa ,athabaska ,athabasca #bii ,goldfish ,goldfinch #cjc atricistatus atricistatus #cad ,avifouna ,avifauna #cae ,miffilin ,mifflin #cbf ,annonated ,annotated #cbf ,veterbrates ,vertebrates #ccc ,removed duplicate entry for ,actodromas maculata #cde ,mergus albellus ,mergellus albellus #cef ,guadelupe ,guadalupe ,incorrect ,page ,numbers ,page ,item ,listed ,correction #ccc ,alcedinid,a #adg #add #ccc ,,baolophus bicolor #bdh #bdc #ccf ,ceryle torquata #bga #bgc #ccg ,cowbird1 ,red-eyed #bg #bec #cci ,flamingo #g #af #cci ,flycatcher1 ,fork-tailed #bgd #bgf #cci ,flycatcher1 ,giraud 7,alternate name for ,buff-breasted7 #bgd #bgf #cci ,fulmar1 ,giant #bei #bfj #cdb ,jabiru #bfc #bfd #cdd ,macrochires #aed #aee #cdd ,mallard #f #gd #cdd ,melanerpes torquatus #aeb ,not found in book #cde ,mergellus albellus #bfa #bfb #cde ,myiozetetes similis superciliosus #bgd ,not found in book #cef ,wren1 ,alaskan #bce #bcf