from the ,google ,print project47 ,characters surrounded by f and _/f are characters which were underlined in the book4 ,c,clubs ,s,spades ,d,diamonds ,h,hearts 7note of etext transcriber7 ,,bridge ,soon as she spreads her hand1 the aerial guard ,descend and sit on each important card4 ,,bridge ,,its ,,principles ,,and ,,rules ,,of ,,play ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,elwell ,illustration3 colophon ,,with ,,illustrative ,,hands ,,and ,,the ,,club ,,code ,,of ,,bridge ,,laws ,,new ,,york ,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons #aijf ,,copyright1 #aijb1 #aije1 ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,elwell ,,trow ,,directory ,,printing ,,and ,,bookbinding ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,to ,,his ,,pupils ,,and ,,to ,,all ,,others ,,interested ,,in ,,the ,,game ,,of ,,bridge ,,the ,,author ,,would ,,beg ,,leave ,,to ,,dedicate ,,this ,,book ,,preface ,the main purpose which ,i have had in view in writing this book has been to provide my pupils with a ,,simple and ,,elementary work on ,bridge4 ,i have endeavoured to abstain from assuming a knowledge of ,whist or ,whist terms on the part of the reader1 and have merely attempted to write a text-book which shall combine clear and concise statements of my rules1 with a reason for and explanation of each one4 ,these rules have stood the test of practical experiment by myself and others for the last five years1 so that this statement of them will1 ,i trust1 be of benefit both to the beginner and to the advanced player4 ,j4 ,b4 ,e4 ,,bridge ,,players ,bridge is usually played by four persons4 ,if there are more than four candidates1 the prior right to play is decided by cutting the cards4 ,,cutting ,this is done from a full pack of fifty-two cards which have been shuffled and spread face downward on the table4 ,each player draws a card4 ,the four cutting the lowest cards play the first rubber4 ,in cutting ace is low4 ,the cards are also cut to decide partners1 the two highest playing against the two lowest4 ,the dealer is the player cutting the lowest card of all1 and he has the choice of the seats and of the cards4 ,should the two players who cut the lowest cards draw cards of equal value1 they must cut again to decide which shall deal4 ,,dealing ,before being dealt1 the cards must be shuffled by the dealer and then cut by the player at his right4 ,it is customary to play with two packs of cards1 the dealer's partner shuffling1 or making up1 for his right-hand adversary4 ,the cards are dealt one at a time1 from left to right1 until all are exhausted1 each player having thirteen cards4 ,the last card should not be turned face up4 ,there is no penalty for a misdeal4 ,,the ,,object ,,of ,,the ,,game ,there are two separate scores to be played for--trick and honour scores4 ,the trick score is credited to the side that wins more than six tricks2 the honour score to the side that holds the majority of the trump honours4 ,the object of the game is to score more points than your adversaries1 tricks and honours included4 ,this is best done by winning a rubber4 ,,the ,,game ,the game consists of thirty or more trick points4 ,all points in excess of thirty are counted by the side winning them2 but only one game can be won in a deal4 ,honours are a separate score and do not count toward winning the game4 ,,the ,,rubber ,the rubber is the best of three games4 ,if the first two games are won by the same partners the third is not played4 ,one hundred points are added to the total score of the side winning the rubber4 ,,declaring ,,the ,,trump ,the hand may be played either without a trump1 or a trump suit may be selected4 ,the dealer has the option of making a declaration or of passing that privilege to his partner4 ,if the dealer passes the make1 his partner must announce the trump4 ,a trump once made cannot be changed at any time during the deal4 ,,table ,,of ,,trick ,,values 7,for each trick over six47 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,when ,s are trumps each trick counts #b ---------------------------------------- ---- ,when ,c are trumps each trick counts #d ---------------------------------------- ---- ,when ,d are trumps each trick counts #f ---------------------------------------- ---- ,when ,h are trumps each trick counts #h ---------------------------------------- ---- ,when there no trumps each trick counts #ab are ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,doubling ,after the trump has been declared each adversary1 in turn1 may increase the value of the tricks by doubling4 ,the leader--the player at the left of the dealer--has the first right to double4 ,if the leader does not wish to double his partner may then do so4 ,,redoubling ,if either the leader or his partner has doubled the trump1 the dealer or his partner may re-double1 the player who has made the trump having the first right4 ,this process may continue indefinitely4 ,doubling or redoubling does not affect the value of the honours4 ,,the ,,dummy ,when the value of each trick has been determined1 and after a card has been led1 the dealer's partner places his hand face upward on the table--the trump suit at his right--and the dealer plays both hands4 ,the dealer's partner--the dummy--is not allowed to suggest1 to touch or to play a card except at the dealer's bidding4 ,it is the dummy's right1 should the dealer refuse to follow in any suit1 to endeavour to prevent a revoke4 7,see ,conversation of the ,game47 ,,the ,,play ,in the play of the cards the ace is high and deuce low4 ,you must follow suit1 but if you have no card of the suit led1 you may either trump or discard4 ,at no-trump the best card of the suit led wins the trick4 ,,the ,,conversation ,,of ,,the ,,game ,in order to avoid giving partner information as to the character of one's hand1 both the conversation of the game and its order should be strictly adhered to4 ,to find that the wrong person has announced the trump1 or that a player has doubled out of turn1 or that one has led without asking permission1 is most irritating to the other players1 and a severe penalty may often be exacted for such a mistake4 ,the dealer may either declare the trump or say1 ,i pass4 ,if the dealer passes1 his partner must announce the trump4 ,the leader may either double or say1 ,may ,i ,lead1 ,partner8 this indicates that he does not want to double1 but wishes to give his partner an opportunity to do so4 ,the leader's partner either says ,no1 ,i double1 or lead1 please4 ,the conversation is indicated in the following diagram4 ,spades1 or ,i make it ,spades4 ------------------- ,y ,dummy ,may ,i lead8 ,no1 ,i double1 or ,a ,leader ,b or ,i double4 ,play1 please4 ,dealer ,z ------------------- ,i make it ,hearts1 or ,i pass4 ,when the trump has been doubled the maker says1 ,i redouble1 or ,i am satisfied4 ,if the maker is satisfied his partner says1 ,i redouble1 or ,i am satisfied4 ,in many clubs the conversation is somewhat changed and abbreviated4 ,pass4 ,hearts4 ,i double4 ,i go over4 ,i redouble or ,i go back4 ,enough1 or a rap on the table to signify satisfaction4 ,,to ,,prevent ,a ,,revoke ,if your partner refuses to follow suit1 always ask1 ,have you no 7hearts71 ,partner8 ,an error may then be rectified1 but only before the trick has been turned and quitted or before another card has been led4 ,,scoring ,the score consists of two separate counts3 trick score and honour score4 ,the trick score is made by the side winning more than six tricks in a hand4 ,the honour score1 by the partners who hold the majority of the trump honours4 ,with a declared trump the honours are ,a ,k ,q ,j and #aj4 ,at no-trump only the ,aces count as honours4 ,doubling does not increase the honour score4 ,,table ,,showing ,,value ,,of ,,honours ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,at ,,no-,,trump ---------------------------------------- ------------ #c ,,aces count #cj #d ,,aces #dj #d ,,aces in one hand #ajj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,when ,,trumps ,,are ,s ,c ,d ,h ---------------------------------------- --------- #c ,honours count #d #h #ab #af #d ,honours count #h #af #bd #cb #e ,honours count #aj #bj #cj #dj #d ,honours in one hand count #af #cb #dh #fd #d ,honours in one hand1 #eth in the partner's1 count #ah #cf #ed #gb #e ,,honours in one hand count #bj #dj #fj #hj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,a ,,little ,,slam1 winning twelve of the thirteen tricks1 adds #bj points to the honour score4 ,a ,,grand ,,slam1 winning all thirteen tricks1 adds #dj points to the honour score4 ,,chicane1 a hand which is without a trump1 adds the value of three honours to the honour score4 ,,double ,,chicane1 a player and partner having no trumps1 adds the value of four honours to the honour score4 ,,the ,,method ,,of ,,scoring ,we4 ,they4 -------------------- ,h o #ajj n #fd o #h #d u #dj #cj r #af #bd s -------------------- #ast ,game4 #ah #af #ab -------------------- #b;d ,game4 #fj -------------------- ,t r ,rubber4 #h i #h #dj c k s -------------------- ,total4 #cjj #adh #cjj #adh --- #aeb points won4 --------------------- ,after the rubber has been won the honour score and the trick score of each side are added1 and the leaser total deducted from the greater4 ,,the ,,score ,there is no part of the game of ,bridge to which ,i would more urgently request the attention of the player than to a careful consideration of the state of the score4 ,it is useless to attempt to play good ,bridge without a knowledge of the score4 ,if you blindly follow rules for making1 doubling1 and playing1 without knowing exactly how many points you require to win the game as well as the number needed by your adversaries1 you will needlessly lose many rubbers4 ,before you declare the trump look at the score to determine the number of points you must make in order to win the game4 ,know the score when you contemplate doubling4 ,never lead without knowing how many tricks you must make in order to ,,save the game4 ,when you are the dealer outline your play to win the game2 and if you find it impossible to win the game be sure to ,,save it4 ,,the ,,declaration ,while a few tricks may be dropped in the play of a hand1 an unsound make may result in the loss of several hundred points4 ,the importance1 both of making the trump to the score and of considering the probability of securing an honour score1 cannot be too deeply impressed on the player's mind4 ,this1 more than any part of the game1 requires the exercise of sound judgment4 ,the good maker has an enormous advantage over the weak one4 ,try to select the trump that will win the greatest number of points with a strong hand1 and the one that will lose the fewest possible number with a weak hand4 ,be liberal and bold when behind in the game and conservative and timid when ahead4 ,in suggesting rules for the make this difficulty must be faced3 the exercise of the best judgment in the world will not enable one to select the successful trump ,,every time2 and players are apt to forget the many times a particular make has won1 and to be impressed by the one time the rule failed them4 ,follow consistently the laws for the make with a certainty that in the large majority of cases they will prove successful2 and digress from these laws only when the score warrants4 ,,no-,,trump ,,declaration ,,by ,,the ,,dealer ,provided the hand contain no large honour score in hearts or diamonds1 it is evident that the no-trump declaration is more likely than any other to result in the gain of a large score2 the dealer should1 therefore1 first consider his chances of winning at no-trump4 ,there is a large percentage in favour of the success of an original no-trump make4 ,the dealer can see and combine his own with the dummy hand2 while his adversary makes the initial lead in the dark4 ,the dealer can play false cards2 while the adversaries cannot afford to deceive each other4 ,in short the dealer plays the hand with an exact knowledge of the cards that are held against him1 and can take advantage of any error made1 or any information given by the adversaries4 ,as tricks are won by small suit cards in every no-trump hand1 there is no method of estimating how many tricks your hand may be worth4 ,the dealer1 in declaring no-trump1 may assume that his partner's hand will contain an average amount of strength4 ,if the dealer is weak in one suit he is justified in counting on his partner's hand for some protection in that suit4 ,the dealer should not declare no-trump when he is reasonably sure of winning the game or rubber with a trump suit2 neither should the dealer declare no-trump without an ace in his hand--unless the score is very desperate and then only when his hand is exceptionally strong4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,no-,,trump ,,declaration ,,by ,,the ,,dealer #d ,aces4 #c ,aces4 ,holding #b ,aces and one other guarded suit4 #a ,ace and three other guarded suits4 #a long established black suit 7,a ,k ,q x x x,a7 and one other ,ace4 ,a x signifies small cards4 ,,guarded ,,suits ,the following may be called guarded suits3 ,k ,q x ,k ,j x ,k x ,q ,j x ,q x x ,,weak ,,no-,,trump ,,makes ,,to ,,the ,,score ,if the score warrants the dealer in taking a chance at a weak make1 it is safer to gamble at no-trump than at a weak red declaration4 ,at no-trump the dealer's partner has a wider field for assistance1 as any one good suit will help4 ,on the rubber game1 with the score very much against him1 the dealer should declare no-trump4 #b ,aces and a guarded ,jack4 #b ,aces1 one suit being ,a ,k4 ,holding #a ,ace1 a guarded ,k or ,q and a ,k ,q suit4 #a ,ace and two guarded suits 7,k or ,q74 #a long established black suit and a guarded ,king4 ,,hearts ,in considering a heart make1 the dealer should be influenced by the general strength of his hand and by the number of honours he holds in the trump suit4 ,hearts should always be declared with four or five honours in the hand irrespective of the strength of other suits2 the honour score will probably more than compensate for a possible loss of trick points4 ,a heart declaration with less than two honours is not advisable--unless the hand contain great length in the trump suit or great strength in the other suits--as the honour scores made against the hand will usually exceed its trick value4 ,,hearts ,,in ,,preference ,,to ,,no-,,trump ,as it requires three odd tricks to win a game of thirty points without a trump1 and but one trick more to win a game with a heart trump1 the dealer will often have occasion to choose between the two makes4 ,with a strong heart hand and a doubtful no-trumper1 or if the hand contain one unguarded suit1 hearts should always be given the preference4 ,as the adversaries have the lead and the privilege of doubling1 a weak suit exposes the hand to some danger at no-trump4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,heart ,,make ,the dealer should declare hearts3 #f ,hearts1 including #a honour and some protection in other suits4 #e ,hearts1 including #b honours and some protection in other suits4 ,holding #e ,hearts1 including #a honour with a good five-card plain suit1 or with strong protection in other suits4 #d ,hearts1 including #c honours and some protection in other suits4 #d ,hearts1 including #d honours1 with or without protection in other suits4 ,,diamonds ,as there are two declarations of greater value than diamonds1 there is often a question as to the advisability of passing the make with a fair diamond hand and of giving partner an opportunity to declare no-trump or hearts4 ,the dealer should always make the trump diamonds holding four or five honours in his hand1 irrespective of the state of the score2 holding less than four honours the dealer must be influenced by the number of points that are necessary to win the game1 and by the strength of his hand4 ,many players are prejudiced against an original diamond declaration when the score is love all2 and1 while the writer believes it safer at this score to declare diamonds with a fair hand than to chance the uncertainty of a passed make1 yet the make ,,should be passed3-- ,when behind on the first game--as #j-bd4 ,having lost the first and with nothing scored on the second game4 ,when nothing on the rubber game4 ,in each of these positions1 as the adversaries have the next deal and may win the game1 it is imperative that you score thirty points4 ,to accomplish this with a diamond trump it is necessary to win eleven of the thirteen tricks2 therefore1 unless you hold a hand of more than the average strength1 it is advisable to pass the make in hopes that partner can declare hearts or no-trump4 ,if there is a question between a diamond and no-trump declaration1 the latter is usually preferable2 for while the risk is greater the reward is double4 ,a diamond make is advisable whenever there is a fair chance to win the game1 as when but two or three odd tricks are needed4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,diamond ,,make ,the dealer should declare diamonds3 #f ,diamonds1 including #a honour and some protection in other suits4 ,holding #e ,diamonds1 including #b honours and some protection in other suits4 #d ,diamonds1 including #d honours1 with or without protection in other suits4 ,,black ,,suit ,,declarations ,the score should be the one excuse for an original black declaration1 and then only when comparatively sure of winning the game4 ,otherwise1 when the hand does not admit of a red or a no-trump declaration1 the make should be passed4 ,,clubs ,clubs should be made originally only when the score is eighteen or more1 and the hand strong enough1 with slight assistance1 to win the game4 ,clubs may be declared when there are four honours in one hand1 providing the dealer has won the first game and is eight or more on the second4 ,the trick and honour scores combined will count more than the average make1 and with great help the game may be won4 ,,spades ,spades may be made originally when six points or less are needed to win the game4 ,,defensive ,,spade ,,makes ,with a very weak hand some players advise a defensive spade make with the object of preventing partner's attempting a make which may prove disastrous4 ,while much may be said in favour of an original black make under these circumstances1 it is doubtful whether it pays2 the adversaries are almost certain to double1 and you eliminate the possibility of securing a large honour score and of winning the game on that deal4 ,the one time that a defensive spade make might be justifiable is when you are a game to the good and do not wish to lose the advantage which this position offers4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,makes ,the dealer should declare ,,no-,,trumps1 #d ,aces4 #c ,aces4 #b ,aces and a guarded ,k or ,q4 ,holding #a ,ace and a guarded ,k or ,q in three other suits4 #a long established black suit 7,a ,k ,q x x x7 and one other ,ace4 ,the dealer should ,,not declare no-trumps ,with a strong heart and a doubtful no-trump hand1 ,or ,when the game can be won with a trump suit4 ,h ,,hearts4 ,h ,holding #f ,hearts1 including #a honour1 and some protection in other suits4 #e ,hearts1 including #a honour1 with a good five-card plain suit or with strong protection in other suits4 #e ,hearts1 including #b honours1 and some protection in other suits4 #d ,hearts1 including #c honours1 and some protection in other suits4 #d ,hearts1 including #d honours1 with or without protection in other suits4 ,the dealer should ,,not declare hearts ,holding #e ,hearts1 including #a or #b honours without protection #d ,hearts1 including #c honours in other suits4 ,d ,,diamonds4 ,d ,holding #f ,diamonds1 including #a honour1 and some protection in other suits4 #e ,diamonds1 including #b honours1 and some protection in other suits4 #d ,diamonds1 including #d honours1 with or without protection in other suits4 ,the dealer should ,,not declare diamonds3 ,when behind on the score1 unless there are #d honours1 or #g or #h tricks1 in the hand4 ,when #j to #bd on the first game4 ,having lost the first and #j on the second game4 ,when #j on the rubber game4 ,the dealer should ,,not declare clubs ,unless his score is #ah or more points1 and the hand strong enough to win the game4 ,the dealer should ,,not declare spades ,unless his score is #bd or more points1 and the hand strong enough to win the game4 ,,passed ,,makes ,the dummy hand1 in declaring the trump1 should keep in mind the rules suggested for the dealer1 and1 at the same time1 be governed in his choice by the state of the score1 by the general strength of his hand1 and by the dealer's acknowledged weakness4 ,when the make has been passed1 one must infer that the dealer has not a strong hand1 neither has he much strength in the red suits4 ,while the latter inference may be doubtful1 the dealer often passing a fair diamond hand1 it is dangerous to declare no-trump without protection in the red suits1 and the declaration may result in a disastrous loss4 ,the following suggestions may prove useful3 ,the fact that your hand is exposed gives the adversaries an opportunity to take advantage of its weak points4 ,a no-trump make that is weak in the red suits1 unless justified by the score1 is unsound4 ,a no-trump make that is weak in ,hearts is liable to be doubled4 ,when a game ahead be conservative4 ,when a game behind be bold4 ,endeavour to prevent the adversaries from winning the first game on your deal4 ,when the adversaries have won a game and have the first deal on the second1 they hold an advantage you will find most difficult to overcome4 ,if your hand is worth less than four tricks don't make the trump red4 ,if your hand is worth less than four tricks make the trump to lose as little as possible4 ,,examples ,,of ,,original ,,makes ,,no-,,trumpers ,,with #c ,,aces4 ,c ,d ,s ,h ,a #aj #e #c ,a ,j #i ,k #h ,a #aj #f #e ,a ,k ,q #aj #f #d #b ,a ,j #f #e #c ,a #h #e #d ,a #h #c ,a #c #b ,a #i #g #e ,,with #b ,,aces ,,and #b ,,guarded ,,suits4 ,c ,d ,s ,h ,a ,k ,k ,q ,j #h #d ,k #i #e ,a #h #c ,a #g #f #c ,k ,j x ,q ,j #c ,a #aj #i ,k ,q #aj #e #d ,a ,k #e #d ,a #h #g #d ,a ,k ,q ,a #i ,q #i #g #f #e ,q #aj #h ,a #aj #c ,q #aj #e #c ,a #i #f ,q #i #f ,q ,j #aj #i ,a #g ,j #aj #h #f ,a #aj #b ,,with #b ,,aces ,,and #a ,,protection4 ,c ,d ,s ,h ,k ,j #h #g #e ,j #c ,a #f ,a ,k #i #f ,a #i #h ,a #h #f ,k ,j #d #c #h #e #d ,a ,q #g ,k ,j #aj #d ,q #e ,a ,q ,j #e ,a ,k ,j #h ,a ,q ,q #i #g #f #aj #d #b ,a #i #f #aj #d ,k #aj #h #f ,a ,j #f #b ,a ,j #d #i #e ,a #aj #b ,q #aj #i #f #e ,a #aj #h #f #e ,a ,q #c #h ,q ,j #aj #d ,,with #a ,,ace ,,and #c ,,protections4 ,c ,d ,s ,h ,a #e #d ,k #h ,k ,q #i #h #d ,k ,q #c ,q ,j #c ,a #c #b ,k #g #f #e ,k #aj #d ,a #aj #d ,a ,j #aj ,q ,j #c ,k #i #h #g ,q #i #f ,k ,j #h ,a ,k #h ,j #aj #h #d ,a ,q #e ,q #g #d ,k #i #e #c ,q #aj #i ,,doubtful ,,no-,,trumpers4 ,c ,d ,s ,h ,j #i #g #c ,a #aj #i #d ,j #e ,a #i #f #aj #f ,a ,q #e ,a #aj #g #b ,j #aj #h #c #aj #e ,a ,q #f #d ,j #h #f ,a ,k #i #f ,a ,j #e #c ,k #h #b #h #f ,k ,q #g #b #i ,a ,j #aj ,q #aj #h #f #d ,k ,j #h #f #h #aj #i ,a ,k ,q #i #g #f #d ,k #aj #d ,a ,k ,q #i #e ---- ,j #aj #e #c ,q #aj #h #f ,,hearts1 ,,not ,,no-,,trumps4 ,c ,d ,s ,h ,k ,q #aj #e #d ,a ,k ,q #b ,a #e #d #c ,a ,k ,q #h #f ,q ,a ,q #e ,a ,k ,q #d ,a ,k ,j #i ,k ,j #h #e #c ,q ,q ,j #h ,q ,j #aj #i #g #f ,a #g #f ,a ,a #e #c ,a ,q ,j #i #g ,a ,j #i #h #f ,k x ,q ,a ,k #aj #i #f ,a #h #g #f #e #d ,k #i ,k ,j #aj #g #b ,a #h #f ,q #h #d ,k #aj ,,bad ,,red ,,makes4 ,c ,d ,s ,h #h #f #i #h #g ,j #e #d ,j #aj #g #f #e #aj #i #e #c #aj #f #e #d #c ,a ,k ,q #d ,q #g #e ,j #aj #b #f #b ,j #h #f #d #c #f #d #c ,k #aj #g #f #c #h #f ,j #i #g #i #d #c #f #b #i #h #g ,q #aj #g #e #d ,q #f #c #aj #g #c #f #d #b ,k ,q ,j #g ,,doubling ,if you--being the leader or his partner--are reasonably sure of the odd trick1 it is decidedly to your advantage to increase its value2 but to double just for a gamble rarely pays2 it often results in a redouble1 and you are apt to find the sport expensive and your partner very disagreeable4 ,in order to double with any degree of success1 you must consider the state of the score1 the possibility of a redouble1 and your position in regard to the maker4 ,above all things1 ,,depend ,,on ,,your ,,own ,,hand and don't expect your partner to take ,,most of the tricks4 ,my advice to a beginner is3 ,be cautious and1 until you have learned to value your hand1 be satisfied with the number of points you can make without doubling4 ,,estimating ,,the ,,value ,,of ,a ,,hand ,to determine the probable trick-taking value of your hand1 count each ,ace and ,king as a trick1 and add to these the number of tricks you can take in the trump suit4 ,queens count only as possible tricks1 as the third round of a suit may be trumped4 ,in determining the number of tricks you can take in the trump suit you must remember that it makes a great difference on which side of you the trump strength lies4 ,for instance1 holding ,ace1 ,queen1 and ten of trumps1 if you play after the maker1 you will probably get three tricks2 but if the maker plays after you1 your trumps can be led through1 and you may make but one trump trick4 ,if you play after the maker1 ,j x x x of trumps are worth #a trick ,q x x #a ,q ,j x #a ,q ,j x x #b ,k ,q x #b ,k ,j x #b ,k ,q #aj x #c ,a ,q #aj #c ,a #aj #i #g #b #c ,,rules ,,for ,,doubling ,to double spades1 you should hold in your hand #d tricks and a possible #eth4 ,to double hearts1 diamonds1 or clubs1 you should hold five tricks and a possible #fth4 ,to double no-trumps1 you should hold #f tricks and a possible #gth4 ,be careful about doubling no-trumps1 unless you hold a long established suit4 ,your adversary may have seven tricks in his long suit1 and it is hard to discard from a good all-round hand4 ,spades may be doubled when weak in trumps2 but1 to double hearts1 diamonds1 or clubs1 you should have some trump strength4 ,when doubling remember ,that you show the dealer where the strength lies4 ,that you stand a better chance of winning the odd trick by not exposing your strength4 ,that when the maker is on your right1 you have the advantage that your trumps are over his4 ,that when the maker is on your left you are at a disadvantage2 his trumps are over yours4 ,that it is a good time to double when the odd trick wins the game for your adversaries1 and does not win it for you4 ,that it is a poor time to double when the odd trick wins the game for you and does not win it for your adversaries4 ,that with a doubtful hand it is better to be satisfied with what you can make without doubling4 ,that if you double no-trumps your partner will lead you his best heart4 ,,the ,,lead ,,when ,,partner ,,has ,,doubled ,when your partner has doubled1 the opening lead must depend greatly on the scheme you adopt for the play of your hand4 ,it is a mistake to suppose your partner wishes a trump led ,,every time he doubles4 ,on the contrary1 spades--when doubled--are seldom led by good players1 unless with a strong hand1 until they have gained information to justify the trump lead4 ,the majority of hands will be covered by the following rules3 ,if spades have been doubled and you hold four or more trumps you should usually lead trumps4 ,it is fair to assume that your partner has doubled with a good suit hand4 ,lead trumps if you are weak in spades1 but hold a strong suit hand4 ,your partner has probably doubled with trump strength4 ,if hearts1 diamonds1 or clubs have been doubled and dummy is the maker it is usually good play to lead trumps2 that is1 when you have no short suit and so are unable to use your trumps for ruffing4 ,if possible lead to take the first trick4 ,after you have seen the dummy you are in a position to judge as to the advisability of the trump lead4 ,when hearts1 diamonds1 or clubs have been doubled and the dealer is the maker1 it is not sound play to lead trumps4 ,you would place your partner in a bad position by leading up to the dealer's declared strength4 ,when leading trumps always lead the top of two or three and the lowest of four4 ,,heart ,,convention ,when you have the first lead and your partner has doubled a no-trump make you are expected to lead your highest heart4 ,as there are very few hands where it is advisable to double no-trump on general strength1 it is necessary for the leader to know what suit to lead when his partner has doubled4 ,when the leader holds an ,a ,k or an ,a ,k ,q suit he should first lead the ,k of that suit and then his highest heart4 ,,weak-,,suit ,,convention ,in ,england and in some parts of this country the leader tries to guess his partner's suit by leading the one in which he himself is weakest4 ,while this convention affords many more opportunities of doubling1 it is not nearly so safe as the heart convention4 ,there is about an even chance that the weak suit led will put the dealer or the dummy hand in the lead4 ,,the ,,non-,,dealer',s ,,play ,,against ,a ,,declared ,,trump ,the principles of play adopted against a trump and against a no-trump declaration are entirely different2 and it is for this reason that ,bridge is confusing to the beginner4 ,the important principles that govern the play against a trump declaration are3 ,to hold the lead in order to see the dummy hand4 ,to make high cards before they can be trumped4 ,to give your partner information4 ,the importance of first seeing the thirteen cards in the dummy is self-evident4 ,the play of an entire hand is often influenced by the cards in the dummy2 therefore1 if you can win the first trick1 you are in a better position on the second lead to play your own and your partner's hand to advantage4 ,these combinations should be selected in their order for the original lead without reference to the length of the suit4 ,a ,k ,q ,a ,k ,ace from any other combination except ,a ,q with one or two more4 ,k ,q ,j ,k ,q ,q ,j #aj ,as the maker1 more especially if the trump is red1 has shown strength1 your first consideration should be to save the game4 ,this is best done by leading your ,aces and other high cards before the dealer has a chance to discard and to trump4 ,this is particularly true when there is an established suit in the dummy hand2 for then the dealer may be able to exhaust trumps and discard his own losing cards on this established suit4 ,,original ,,leads ,,against ,a ,,declared ,,trump ---------------------------------------- ,,from ,,lead ---------------------------------------- ,a ,k ,q ,king1 then ,queen4 ,a ,k ,king4 ---------------------------------------- ,k ,q ,j and others ,king4 ,k ,q ---------------------------------------- ,q ,j #aj ,queen4 ,q ,j #i ---------------------------------------- ,k ,j #aj #aj4 ---------------------------------------- ,a x x x or more4 ,ace1 then small one4 ,a ,j x x ,a ,q ,j x ,ace1 then ,queen4 ,a ,q x x x ,ace1 then small one4 ---------------------------------------- ,when opposed to the dealer1 aim to give your partner as much information as possible4 ,you certainly cannot expect to gain much by deceiving the dealer--he knows what is held against him--and it is a decided advantage for your partner to know where certain cards are and to understand what you are trying to do4 ,the best method of indicating the cards you hold is to adhere strictly to the correct lead from each combination of cards4 ,from all other combinations1 such as ,k ,j #g #e #b ,k #h #f #b ,q #i #g #e lead the #dth best card4 ,j #f #e #b #aj #h #f #c ,don't lead low from suits headed by an ,ace4 ,the lead of an ,ace followed by the ,king shows no more of that suit4 ,the lead of a ,king indicates the ,ace1 the ,queen1 or both4 ,with any three honours in a suit1 your lead is always one of the honours4 ,holding but #c or #d cards in any of the following suits avoid leading if possible4 ,wait until they are led to you4 ,a ,q x x ,a ,j x x ,k ,j x x ,k x x x ,if in any doubt as to your lead select your longest and strongest suit and lead the #dth best4 ,,why ,,the #d,,th ,,best ,,card ,,is ,,led ,there are two reasons for leading the #dth best card of your long suit4 ,to show partner how many cards you hold in the suit4 ,to show partner what you have in the suit4 ,if you lead #dth best and afterward either discard or play a smaller one1 your partner will know that you originally held more than four cards in that suit4 ,the lead of a deuce1 for instance1 shows but four cards in the suit4 ,your partner1 by applying the ,rule of ,eleven1 can very often tell the exact combination of cards from which you have led4 ,,the ,,rule ,,of ,,eleven ,deduct the size of the card led from eleven1 and the difference will show how many cards ,,higher than the one led are held outside the leader's hand4 ,if1 for instance1 your partner lead an eight spot1 the dummy having the queen and you holding ,a #aj x of the suit1 as you see three cards above the eight1 you know the dealer cannot play higher and that your partner must have led from ,k ,j #i #h4 ,q #f #b 7#aa - #h #c7 --------- ,y #h ,a ,b ,a #aj #d ,z --------- ,this rule is especially important at no-trump2 but players should not give it much attention unless the card originally led is higher than a five4 ,if your partner has had the original lead1 and you have taken a trick1 either make your high cards or ,,lead ,,up ,,to ,,weakness ,weakness means no high cards1 and leading up to1 is making a person play fourth in hand to a trick4 ,by leading a suit in which dummy has weak cards1 you may enable your partner to win a trick cheaply4 ,whenever the dummy hand is on your right you should take this advantage of its weakness4 ,it is sometimes good play to lead a card higher than the dummy's best4 ,this1 if the card you lead is not covered1 gives your partner a chance to pass the trick4 ,,examples ,,of ,,opening ,,leads ,,the ,,card ,,in ,,red ,,indicates ,,the ,,lead4 7,hearts7 ,,trump ,,declared ,,by ,,dealer4 ,holding the ,lead4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,h ,s ,d ,c ---------------------------------------- ------ ,q #f #b ,k ,j #g #f ,a ,k ,q #f #b #h #g #e ,a ,k #d ,a #i #g #e #b #f #d #b #e #c #b #i #h #f #b ,k ,j #f #b ,a ,k #h ,a ,q #h #g #f #c ,k #g #f ,q #i #h #aj #d ,a #h ,a ,j #g #f #c #b #i #f #b #g #e ,a ,q ,j #aj #i #b #e #c #i #g #d ,q #i #aj #g #e ,k ,j #i #c ,a #h #f #e ,j #aj #c ,a #i #f #aj #g #f #d ,j #d #c #f #d #b #h #g #d ,a ,j #h #d #i #f #b #i #e #d ,a #g ,k #h #g #c ,a ,q #f #b ,j #g #e #h #f #e #b ,a #aj #i #g #d #c ,leading from a ,sequence4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #i #b ,k ,q ,j #h #e #b ,a ,j #g ,a #d ,j #h #g #i ,k ,q ,j #i #f #b ,q #d #b ,q #h #d ,a ,q #c ,a #g #c ,q ,j #aj #d ,a ,j #c ,k ,q ,j #g #e #c #b ,k #i #g ,k #i #d ,a #g #f ,k ,q #g #e ,k #h #f ,k #g #d ,q ,j #aj #aj #g #d #b #h #f #c #i #h #f #c ,k ,q ,j #aj ,a #i #f #b #e ,leading from ,long ,suits4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,h ,s ,d ,c ---------------------------------------- ------ ,k #e #aj #f #b ,q #aj #i #f #e ,j #h #g ,q #g #d ,a ,q #e #aj #g #d #c ,k #aj #c #i #e ,a ,j #b #i #h #f #b ,k #aj #g #d #h #c #b ,q #h #g #d #i #f #b #aj #f #c ,j #g #f #e #h ,a #d #b ,k #aj #f #e #c ,a ,j #h #f ,j #d #aj #i #g #f #b #c #b ,j #aj ,a ,j #f ,a ,q #g #e ,q ,j #d #b #d #b ,k #h #d ,k ,j #aj #g #e ,a ,j #c ,k #f #g #e #b #i #h #d ,q ,j #i #f #b ,q #aj #g #f ,j #i #d ,a #e ,k #aj #h #d ,leading from ,short ,suits4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #i #d #c ,a ,j #i #d #aj #i ,a ,q #h #f ,j #d #b ,q #g #d ,k #h #g #f #e ,j #i #i #f #d #aj #f #d #b ,a #d #c ,q ,j #e ,a #i #e #h #f #aj #f #d #c ,j #i #e #b #g #d #c #b #h #i #g #f #d #b ,q #f #c ,a ,q #b ,k ,j #g #d ,j #aj ,k #i #f #c ,k #e #c ,j #aj #d ,k #i #g ,q #g #f #c #i #h #f ,a ,q #i #h #aj ,j #i #e #c #b ,q #g #d ,a ,j #i #f ,k ,q ,k ,j #g #c ,a #f #b ,q ,k #h #f #d #c ,j #i #d #b 7,hearts7 ,,trump ,,passed ,,make4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,j #aj ,k #i #h #f ,a ,q #g ,k #f #d #b #h #e #b ,a ,q #g #c ,k ,j #f ,a ,j #h #d #c ,k #i #d #b ,q #aj #g #f ,j #i #d ,j #d #b #aj #f ,q #aj #i #d #b ,q #h #c ,q #f ,q #g #d #c ,k ,q #aj #h #f #d #b ,q ,k #h #e #b ,q #h #c ,a ,q #e #d #c ,q #f #b ,a #e ,k #aj #g #e #b #i #g #d #i #d #c ,a ,q #g #f #e ,j #i ,k #h #f ,k #h #e ,k #i #g #d ,q ,j ,k #i #d #c #h #g ,q #f #c ,k ,j #i #c ,a #h #f #e #i #h ,a ,q #f #c #b ,q ,j #f #b ,k #g ,,after ,,the ,,first ,,trick ,after you have led and have won the first trick1 examine the exposed hand carefully2 then either continue with the suit led originally or lead through strength4 ,,leading ,,through ,,strength ,the beginner will appreciate the fact that strength in a suit consists of high cards1 but is apt to find the term leading through difficult to understand4 ,leading through means to make a person play second in hand to the trick4 ,you always lead through your left-hand adversary4 ,the object of leading through strength is to help your partner make his high cards by giving him the advantage of playing after the exposed hand4 ,holding a sequence of two or more cards1 headed by a ,queen1 ,jack1 or ,ten1 when there is an honour in the dummy it is good play to lead the highest card4 ,if the dummy does not cover this lead1 it gives your partner an opportunity to pass the trick4 ,holding one or two high cards of dummy's strong suit that are not in sequence1 avoid leading the suit4 ,wait until dummy leads to you4 ,don't lead through strength when dummy holds a sequence of three or more cards1 as ,a ,k ,q ,k ,q ,j ,q ,j #aj ,holding a high card or cards in a suit in which the dummy is weak1 avoid leading that suit4 ,try to put your partner in the lead1 so that he may lead it to you4 ,holding no high cards in the suit1 the following combinations should be led through3 ,a ,q x ,a ,j x ,a x x ,k ,q x ,k ,j x ,k x x ,q x x ,holding a sequence of two or more cards the following combinations should be led through3 ,k x x ,k x ,q x x ,,forcing ,judicious forcing will do more than anything else to break up a strong trump hand4 ,forcing means making a player trump--the object being to weaken his hand4 ,it is good play to force the strong trump hand4 ,when the strong trump hand holds no more cards of your long suit1 do all damage possible with it4 ,unless trumps are out1 the suit is of no other use to you4 ,it is bad play to force the weak trump hand4 ,unless you can make the strong hand trump it is better to stop leading the suit4 ,do not lead a suit that will allow the weak hand to trump and the other hand to discard2 the adversaries take the trick and get rid of a losing card4 ,it is too late to force when the dummy has an established suit and the dealer has the last trump or trumps4 ,make what you can before giving up the lead4 ,when the weak hand can ruff your suit1 it is sometimes good play to lead trumps2 but only when1 in doing so1 you are leading trumps through the strong hand1 and when you have some protection in the other suits4 ,,short ,,suits ,there are two lines of play that may be followed to make tricks against the dealer4 ,the first--to make your high cards--has been explained4 ,the second is to make your small trumps by ruffing4 ,when you have no high card lead1 or if you are anxious to be led up to1 it is often good play to throw the lead and1 at the same time1 to try to make your small trumps4 ,this can be done by leading a short suit4 ,a short suit is a suit of less than four cards2 but the term is commonly used to denote a singleton or a two-card suit4 ,in order that your partner may understand that you are leading a short suit 7and not the fourth best card of a long one7 it is customary to lead the highest card4 7,if you are forced to open a suit with ,k ,j x1 ,k x x or ,q x x1 the low card should be led47 ,to detect a short suit apply the ,rule of ,eleven4 ,if there are 7in your hand and the dummy7 more higher cards than the rule allows1 the lead cannot be the fourth-best card4 ,under the following circumstances a short suit should not be led4 ,if you hold four trumps1 including any one honour1 don't lead a short suit4 ,your best play is to open your long suit and force the dealer to trump4 ,in this way you weaken the dealer's hand and you may prevent his bringing in his long suit or you may even establish and make your own4 ,if the make has been passed1 don't lead a short black suit4 ,it is natural to suppose that the dealer is strong in black suits--if in any--and you would be leading up to declared strength4 ,if you can take the first trick1 do so and then judge of the advisability of the short-suit lead4 ,,the ,,discard ,there is considerable discussion and a wide diversity of opinion among ,bridge ,players as to the best suit to throw away4 ,you should1 therefore1 before playing1 ask your partner which method he adopts4 ,some advantage may be claimed for each theory of discard2 but the main object of them all is the same--to indicate to partner the suit you wish led and at the same time protect any honours you may hold in other suits4 ,the three different discards used by ,bridge ,players are3 ,strength1 both with a trump and at no-trump4 ,strength1 with a trump and weakness at no-trump4 ,weakness1 both with a trump and at no-trump4 ,the discard of strength with a trump and weakness at no-trump is the one most commonly used4 ,this discard of weakness at no-trump1 while it has the advantage of saving all the cards of the long suit1 which you may make1 has also several disadvantages4 ,to show your suit absolutely you need two discards4 ,in order not to deceive your partner it may be necessary to unguard honours1 such as ,j x x x1 #aj x x x1 ,q x x1 or even ,k x4 ,by discarding weakness you show the dealer against which hand to finesse4 ,the writer1 after the analysis of many thousand hands1 believes that at no-trump the first discard from strength1 i4e41 the long suit or the suit you wish partner to lead1 is the safest and best1 both for protecting the hand and for showing the suit beyond possibility of mistake4 ,the main advantages of the strength discard are3 ,it takes but one discard positively to show the suit wanted4 ,you can protect the high cards in your weaker suits without deceiving your partner4 ,it does not show the dealer so clearly on which side to take a finesse4 ,by showing your suit earlier in the hand1 you enable your partner to discard to better advantage4 ,there are but few no-trump hands in which it is possible to make all the small cards of one's suit against the dealer--unless it be the suit first opened4 ,occasionally the suit in which the dealer is weak in both hands will be made2 but more often this suit is never brought in1 because the adversaries do not know the cards they hold in the two hands4 ,for years whist authorities have agreed that with trump strength declared against you the first discard should be from strength4 ,why1 then1 when strength in all of the suits has been declared1 should not the strength discard be the best defensive discard for the majority of bridge hands8 ,in order not to lose an opportunity of making all of the long suit1 players will continually unguard cards in the weak suits which1 if properly protected1 would win tricks2 and when using the weak suit discard these cards must be unguarded in order to show partner your suit4 ,there may be an occasional trick lost by discarding from strength at no-trump1 but there are so many tricks thrown away by unguarding honours in weak suits1 and so many games and rubbers lost by guessing the wrong suit1 that ,bridge ,players will find the strength discard will save more and lose less than any other discard4 ,you do not expect to win on your adversaries' make2 you hope to prevent their winning a large score4 ,if you have once led1 you have shown your strength1 and may then discard from any suit you wish4 ,discard only once from your strength1 and then as the situation and the hand warrant4 ,,the ,,reverse ,,discard ,in discarding1 the play of a high and then a lower card reverses the original meaning of the discard4 ,if you adopt the strength discard1 and wish to throw away your weak suit at no-trump1 do so by discarding first a high and then a lower card4 ,if you use the weak discard and wish to throw away your strong suit1 discard first a high and then a lower card4 ,the reverse discard should be used only when it is clearly shown that two discards can be made4 ,,hints ,,on ,,discarding ,watch the dealer's discards and protect the suit that he is saving4 ,after you have led or shown your suit1 the discard of a high and then a lower card in another suit shows command of the second suit4 ,the discard of an ,ace shows great strength in the suit4 ,if a spade declaration has been doubled by you or your partner--and especially when either of you has indicated strength by leading trumps--the first discard should be from weakness4 ,in discarding at no-trump1 don't throw away all the cards of one suit3 it exposes your partner's hand1 and makes it easy for the dealer to tell how that suit is placed4 ,besides1 you may need one card of that suit to put your partner in the lead4 ,save at least one card of your partner's long suit1 unless you are forced to give it up in order to protect your hand4 ,after you have led or shown your suit your discard should be from weakness4 ,if your partner is discarding from weakness1 protect the suit that he is throwing away1 if you can4 ,if forced to protect honours in other suits1 don't be afraid to unguard honours in the suit in which partner is strong4 ,,non-,,dealer',s ,,play ,,second ,,hand ,in determining the card to play second in hand1 you will find it a great assistance to ask yourself why the dealer is leading that suit4 ,you can usually infer from the dummy's cards and your own hand what the dealer must hold to have led the suit4 ,cover an honour with an honour4 ,this should always be done holding a perfect or an imperfect fourchette 7a card higher and a card lower than the one led74 ,an honour should be covered when by so doing you hope to make a card good in your partner's hand4 ,don't cover holding a ,k1 ,q1 or ,j three times guarded1 unless your next best card is a nine or better4 ,don't hesitate4 ,by hesitation a player often shows the dealer how to play his cards4 ,play quickly1 and if there is any doubt as to your play1 play the lowest card you hold4 ,if the dummy has a tenace over your cards or can take any card you hold1 play low2 let the dealer do the guessing4 ,holding any two or more honours in sequence1 play the lowest honour of the sequence4 ,a ,k ,k ,q ,q ,j ,j #aj ,beat the dummy4 ,when the dealer leads1 it is usually advisable to play a card higher than the best in the dummy4 ,if you hold ace and others of the suit which the dummy leads1 and the trumps are all against you1 play your ace second in hand4 ,if you wait1 your ace may be trumped4 ,,third ,,hand ,in this position your play should be guided by a knowledge of the leads1 an application of the ,rule of ,eleven1 and a close observance of the dummy hand4 ,unless you hold two or more honours in sequence1 play your highest card4 ,the object of doing this is either to win the trick1 or1 by forcing a still higher card from your adversary1 to make a card good in your partner's hand4 ,do not deceive your partner by playing an unnecessarily high card4 ,holding any two honours in sequence1 play the lower4 ,,finessing ,,on ,,partner',s ,,lead ,when the dummy holds no honour1 it is not good play to finesse against your partner4 ,if you hold ,k ,j or ,a ,q1 by playing any card but the best you not only give the dealer an opportunity to make a trick1 but you run the risk of losing your own high cards in that suit4 ,if1 however1 the dummy holds an honour1 ,k or ,q1 and you hold ,a and ,j of the suit1 you are justified in finessing the ,j1 hoping your partner holds the missing honour4 ,at no-trump--when the dummy holds an honour--it is customary to finesse much deeper1 hoping to catch the honour exposed on the table and so establish partner's suit4 ,,the ,,echo ,some players use the echo only when they can trump the third round of a suit4 ,the echo is a signal used by ,bridge players to show ability to win the third round of the suit either with a trump or a high card4 ,if your partner leads the ,k and then the ,a when you hold only two cards of that suit1 show you can trump the third round by playing first the higher and then the lower4 ,if you hold the ,q and your partner leads the ,k and ,a1 show in the same manner that you can win the third round of the suit4 ,don't echo with an honour2 it may deceive your partner4 ,at no-trump the echo is used to encourage partner to continue that suit4 ,on a doubled spade1 if your partner leads a high trump1 echo with three by playing the intermediate trump to the first round4 ,,the ,,dealer',s ,,play ,,with ,a ,,declared ,,trump ,in playing the two hands1 the dealer must take advantage of any information he can gain from the leads and plays of the adversaries2 and1 in return1 try to convey a false impression of his own hand4 ,above all1 the dealer should know the score and estimate the number of tricks he must take to win the game2 always bearing in mind that if he cannot win the game1 he should try to prevent the adversaries from so doing4 ,,leading ,,trumps ,one of the worst faults of the beginner is refusing to lead trumps4 ,when you hold seven or more trumps in the two hands1 usually lead them4 ,if you hold commanding suit cards1 the trump lead will prevent their being ruffed4 ,when you have no suit to make the lead will establish your trump suit4 ,if you hold high cards that should be led up to1 lead trumps to throw the lead and to compel the adversaries to lead to you4 ,arrange to lead your trumps advantageously--from the weak hand to the strong4 ,after trumps are exhausted1 try to clearer establish the longest suit in the two hands4 ,it is usually good play to draw two trumps for one2 but when the best trump is against you1 do not waste two of yours to get it out4 ,lead the losing trump only when you have an established suit and a sure re-entry4 ,when you hold one or more trumps and a losing card1 always lead the trumps4 ,this will force the adversaries to discard and they may not save the right suit4 ,aim to discard your losing cards from the one hand1 on the commanding cards in the other4 ,with a weak hand you are more likely to make your high cards if you put your adversaries in the lead4 ,,not ,,leading ,,trumps ,the exception to the trump lead is when the weaker of the two trump hands contains a short suit and can ruff2 then1 before leading trumps1 allow the weak hand to trump your losing cards4 ,unless a cross ruff can be established1 it is usually bad play to weaken your strong trump hand by forcing it to ruff4 ,if you do this1 you will find it difficult to exhaust trumps from the adversaries' hands and to make any commanding suit cards you may hold4 ,if your adversary has doubled1 be cautious about leading trumps4 ,it is good play to lead through the doubling hand2 but bad play to lead up to it4 ,,the ,,non-,,dealer',s ,,play ,,of ,a ,,no-,,trump ,,hand ,with a declared trump you aim to make your high cards2 but at no-trump the high cards take care of themselves and you must try to establish your small cards4 ,if you are the leader at no-trump1 open your longest suit4 ,save the high cards of your other suits for re-entry and try to establish the small cards of your long suit4 ,don't lead your aces and kings to take a look at dummy2 later in the hand you will need them to get the lead and bring in your established suit4 ,the majority of no-trump makes are strong in three suits4 ,your long suits may be the weak spot in the dealer's hand4 ,try to infer1 from the dummy hand and your own1 the high cards the dealer must hold to have declared no-trump4 ,you will be surprised to find how many times an inference thus drawn will enable you to play your hand to advantage4 ,having started your long suit1 usually the best play is to continue that suit until it becomes established1 especially if you hold one or two re-entry cards4 ,don't change suits unless your suit is hopelessly against you4 ,when it requires two leads to clear your suit1 and you hold no cards of re-entry1 abandon it and play for your partner's suit--the suit that he has shown by his discard1 or the suit which must be his1 judging from your own and the dummy hand4 ,in leading to your partner's declared suit1 always lead your highest card2 this will enable him to tell what high cards are held against his suit and it will prevent your blocking his hand4 ,,return ,,your ,,partner',s ,,lead ,if your partner has had the original lead1 ,,return ,,his ,,suit4 ,there are very few no-trump hands where it is possible to bring in more than one suit1 and if1 instead of returning your partner's suit1 you lead your own1 you are playing for one suit and your partner for another1 and as a result you will probably establish neither4 ,when it is evident that your suit is stronger than your partner's--i4e41 if you have re-entry cards and can establish the suit in one lead--then1 by all means1 play for your own suit2 but don't be deterred from returning your partner's lead simply because you see that the best card of his suit is against him4 ,that card will have to make anyway1 and by forcing it out of dummy at once you may enable partner to make the rest of his suit4 ,in returning your partner's lead1 return your highest card4 ,the importance of this is apparent3 your partner can see the cards in his own and in the dummy hand1 and if you return your best card he also knows what the dealer holds in that suit4 ,it may prevent his leading up to the dealer's tenace2 it may show him that the suit should be abandoned or that it should be again led from your hand4 ,returning the highest card minimises the risk of blocking the suit4 ,very often1 by not getting rid of a #g1 #h1 #i1 or #aj early in the hand1 you make it impossible for your partner to make his small cards4 ,don't be deceived by the dealer's play4 ,his object is to fool you2 and if he holds cards of equal value1 he will probably take the trick with the highest4 ,notice carefully your partner's first discard4 ,it shows you the suit to lead and may also affect your own discard4 ,don't1 because the dealer leads the suit1 refuse to take tricks with your aces and kings4 ,by taking the trick1 you may make a card good in your partner's hand4 ,it is only the dealer who is in a position to know when to refuse tricks2 he sees the two hands4 ,when there is no chance that your partner can take a trick in the suit led1 it is sometimes wise to keep the commanding card until one hand cannot put the other in the lead1 especially when there is no re-entry card in the hand with the long suit4 ,,opening ,,lead ,,at ,,no-,,trump ,unless your partner has doubled 7see ,heart and ,weak ,suit ,conventions7 lead from your longest suit4 ,it is not advisable1 especially when you hold no cards of re-entry1 to lead aces and kings1 except when you hope to catch all of the smaller cards4 ,two rounds may exhaust the suit in your partner's hand2 and if you have no re-entry card and he has none of your suit to lead you1 your long suit1 even though established1 is absolutely worthless4 ,the lead of an ace1 king1 or queen indicates great strength1 either seven cards or three honours4 ,holding two suits of equal length and strength1 lead a red suit in preference to a black1 especially if the make has been passed1 ,holding two suits of equal length1 keep for re-entry the suit with the higher cards1 as1 ,a #h #f #c #b holding and if you open the ,q suit ,q #i #h #f #c and establish it1 the ace is a sure re-entry card2 if you open the ace suit the queen is a very doubtful card of re-entry4 ,with a weak long suit and no re-entry card1 many good bridge players open the highest card of a short suit1 preferably hearts or diamonds4 ,the theory is that1 had the dealer been strong in the red suits1 he would have declared a red trump2 and with a worthless hand1 this short suit lead may assist partner4 ,while there is much to be said in favour of this play1 ,i would suggest that1 unless your partner thoroughly understands the game and your play1 it is safer to open your long suit4 ,when you are opening a long1 weak suit from a hand without re-entry cards it is advisable that you convey this information to your partner4 ,this you can do by leading the top or an intermediate card of your long suit2 your partner1 by applying the ,rule of ,eleven1 can see that you are not leading the fourth best card1 and unless it is for the best interest of the two hands will not return the suit4 ,for example3 ,from #aj #h #g #f #c1 lead the #h ,from #i #h #e #c #b1 lead the #i ,from #h #g #e #c1 lead the #h ,,the ,,original ,,lead ,,in ,,no-,,trumps ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,lead ,,holding ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ace1 ,queen1 ,jack1 and others with a ,re-entry card4 ,,ace ,ace1 with #g or more others4 ,ace1 ,queen1 with #e others4 ,ace1 ,jack1 with #e others4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ace1 ,king1 ,queen1 and others4 ,ace1 ,king1 ,jack1 and others4 ,ace1 ,king1 ten1 and #c others1 with a ,re-entry card4 ,,king ,ace1 ,king1 and #e or more others4 ,king1 ,queen1 ,jack1 and others4 ,king1 ,queen1 ten1 and others4 ,king1 ,queen1 and #e others4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,queen1 ,jack1 ten1 and others4 ,,queen ,queen1 ,jack1 nine1 and others4 ,ace1 ,queen1 ,jack1 and others4 ,no card of ,re-entry4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,jack ,jack1 ten1 nine1 and others4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,ten ,king1 ,jack1 ten1 and others4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #d,,th ,,best ,from other combinations4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,unblocking ,unblocking is getting rid of high cards so that your partner can make smaller ones4 ,you seldom unblock except at no-trump4 ,study the no-trump leads1 and on the lead of any high card prepare to get out of your partner's way4 ,it is rarely that you can lose more than one trick by unblocking1 and a failure to take advantage of the position when it presents itself may result in the loss of three to six tricks4 ,with four cards of the suit of which your partner leads the ,a1 ,k1 or ,q1 keep the lowest card until the final round4 --------------------------------------- ,,holding ,,on ,,partner',s ,,lead ,,of ,,play --------------------------------------- ,k x ,a ,k ,a x ,k ,a ,k x ,q ,k ,q x x ,k and ,a ,q on ,a ,k ,q x ,a ,q ,q ,j x ,a ,j ,q ,j x ,k ,j ,k ,q x ,j ,q --------------------------------------- ,,the ,,dealer',s ,,play ,,of ,a ,,no-,,trump ,,hand ,the dealer's play of a no-trump hand is both the most interesting and the most intricate part of ,bridge4 ,very often a single error will result in the loss of three or more tricks2 so that it behooves the dealer--as he has no assistance from his partner--to make himself thoroughly conversant with the strategy of the game4 ,the following rules cover all the important points in the dealer's play4 ,keep the commanding card of your adversary's suit4 ,this the beginner invariably refuses to do2 he is too anxious to take a trick and does not realise that he will often gain several by passing4 ,before playing the commanding card of your adversaries' suit1 wait--if you can--until the leader's partner has played his last card of that suit2 he is then unable to return the lead1 and there may be no card of re-entry in his partner's hand4 ,rarely refuse to take tricks with your ,kings and ,queens4 ,when an entire suit is against you1 it pays to take the lead2 the adversaries may change the suit4 ,when you see in your hands enough tricks to win the game1 always take the lead4 ,always take the lead when doing so makes a card good in either of your hands4 ,play for the longest suit in the two hands4 ,after taking the lead1 count the cards of each suit in the combined hands and make it your object to play for the longest4 ,it may sometimes be necessary1 in order to lead the suit to the best advantage1 to wait until it can be led from the other hand4 ,with two suits of equal length1 play for the one in the hand that has cards of re-entry4 ,with two suits of equal length1 play for the one that is shown on the table4 ,don't give your opponents unnecessary information of your strength4 ,with two suits of equal length1 play for the one which1 when established1 will give you the greater number of tricks1 as #g cards in one hand and #a in the other4 #f cards in one hand and #b in the other4 #e cards in one hand and #c in the other4 #d cards in one hand and #d in the other4 ,holding only seven cards of a suit1 you will often find an adversary with four cards of that suit4 ,holding only six cards of a suit1 remember that your adversaries have seven and that leading the suit will establish it against you4 ,when the best card of your suit is against you1 lead to get it out of your way4 ,it pays to establish one suit4 ,the beginner will usually play his high cards1 and1 after establishing one or two tricks in that suit for his adversaries1 proceed to do the same with another suit and end by abusing his partner for making it no-trump with so weak a hand4 ,lead from the weak hand to the strong4 ,this is the secret of playing the two hands well4 ,play for the longest suit in the two hands2 but arrange the lead so that it comes from the hand that has no high cards4 ,lead from to x x x ,k x x x x x x ,a ,q x x x x x ,k ,q x x #aj x x ,k ,j x #d ,holding a combination of ,ace1 ,queen1 ,jack in the two hands1 try to catch the ,king by leading the highest card from the one hand up to the ,ace in the other4 ,this is really a continuation of the last rule1 but its importance demands a separate heading4 ,the correct play of this combination will win more tricks than any one other play in ,bridge4 ,if the ,king is guarded1 and you lead the ,ace or from the ,ace1 the ,king must win2 but if you lead from the other hand1 there is an even chance that you will find the ,king on the side you wish4 ,if it is in the other hand1 it would probably make anyhow4 ,avoid blocking your suit1 by leading or playing the high cards from the shorter of the two hands4 ,as with ,a ,k x in one hand and ,q x x x x x in the other1 play ,a ,k x4 ,as with ,a ,q x in one hand and ,k x x x x x in the other1 play ,a ,q x4 ,keep a re-entry card in the hand that has the long suit4 ,if you are able to take the trick in either hand1 do not take it with the hand that has the long suit1 unless that suit is established4 ,if you cannot place the lead in the hand with the long suit1 it is useless to establish that suit4 ,it is often advisable to refuse to part with the highest card of a long suit1 if that card is the only re-entry for the suit4 ,,finessing ,at no-trump the dealer has many opportunities to win tricks with cards that are not the best4 ,in attempting this he should be guided by the following principles4 ,it is better to finesse on the second round of the suit than on the first4 ,by forcing discards1 you can often tell which adversary is holding and protecting an honour in the suit in question1 and on which side the finesse should be taken4 ,when there is a question on which side to take the finesse1 be careful to shut out the hand with the established suit4 ,do not finesse with nine cards of a suit in the two hands1 including both the ,ace and ,king4 ,as there are but four more cards of the suit1 the ,queen will probably fall on one of the two leads4 ,holding ten cards of one suit1 including the ,ace1 ,queen1 ,jack combination1 lead the ,queen toward the ,ace2 but if the ,queen is not covered by the ,king1 play the ,ace on it4 ,,bridge ,,don',,ts ,don't form the habit of playing slowly4 ,don't expect your partner to play well when you criticise him4 ,a little encouragement will win you rubbers and will add to your popularity4 ,don't forget that it requires more skill to play a poor hand than it does to play a good one4 ,don't miss an opportunity to win the game or to save it4 ,don't complain if you hold poor cards and don't exult over good ones4 ,don't criticise at all2 but1 if you must1 wait until the hand is finished4 ,don't hurry when exacting a penalty4 ,don't think entirely of your own hand4 ,don't take advantage of your partner's breach of etiquette4 ,don't think that bad play won't sometimes win tricks4 ,don't forget the score for an instant4 ,don't ignore the value of small cards4 ,don't fail to see your partner's first discard4 ,don't be deceived by the dealer's play4 ,,rules ,it is impossible to suggest rules that will cover the play of every hand4 ,rules are formulated after the analysis of a great many hands1 and are therefore made to meet the usual distribution of the cards4 ,when the fall of the cards reveals an unusual situation1 unusual means must be adopted to meet it2 and here your reason and common sense must come to your aid4 ,the best ,bridge players have the greatest regard for the rules2 but the strong player recognises a situation for which a rule is not provided1 and he allows his reason to dictate to him the times to follow and the times to violate them4 ,,mannerisms ,there is nobody who cares to be told that he plays cards unfairly2 but1 if you permit your manner to give your partner or the opponents the slightest intimation of the cards you hold1 you lay yourself open to such criticism4 ,cards do not carry with them a license to be unfair or rude1 yet1 at the ,bridge table1 many socially correct people are both4 ,try always to pause the same length of time before making the trump or passing4 ,do not allow your manner to express approval or disapproval of your partner's make or of the cards he plays1 and select each of your own cards with equal deliberation4 ,when you hold good cards be content to win tricks with them1 without manifesting glee at your adversaries' defeat4 ,when your cards are poor1 do not complain of them2 you imply that the opponents profit by your weak hands and not by their own skill1 and1 as a rule1 the more you rail at your luck the worse it becomes4 ,be generous with your praise of a well-played hand1 and be sure your partner will play a better game if he does not fear your adverse criticism4 ,do not permit yourself to take advantage of1 or be deceived by1 any mannerisms of your partner or of the opponents1 and let your own manner be uniformly such that nobody can tell from it whether you are winning or losing4 ,,memory ,it is not necessary to have a fine memory in order to play ,bridge well2 but it does require the ability to count thirteen4 ,if you know how many cards of a suit have been played1 you soon will be able to tell what cards have been played4 ,begin with one suit1 preferably your own1 and count each card of that suit as it is played2 you will be surprised to find that you will soon notice not only where the cards of that suit are1 but just what cards have been played4 ,a little practice will enable you to do the same with all of the suits4 ,no matter what may be your position at the table1 you may cultivate your memory by observing carefully the cards laid down by the dummy4 ,the number of cards remaining in a suit at any stage of the play will assist you in recalling how many rounds of that suit have been played1 and this will help you in recollecting what high cards were played in those rounds4 ,when you are dummy1 and have nothing to do with the play1 occupy your time and attention with a determined effort to remember each card played by your partner1 the dealer4 ,at the end of the hand see if you can recall how many of each suit he held4 ,with a little practice you will be able to recall what his high cards were as well as the number in each suit4 ,memory is simply a matter of observation and practice4 ,,inferences ,the play of each card conveys some information2 and the secret of playing ,bridge well lies in being able to draw inferences rapidly and correctly and in utilising the knowledge thus gained4 ,if you simply look1 in a mechanical way1 at the cards as they fall without inferring what was meant by the play1 you are apt to find yourself in the lead and at a complete loss as to what to do next4 ,,the ,,following ,,are ,,suggestions ,,for ,,inferences ,,to ,,be ,,drawn ,,by ,,the ,,dealer4 ,what will the make probably be if you pass8 ,your partner is apt to make it the suit in which you are weakest4 ,does the opening lead show a long or a short suit8 ,if short1 be on the alert to get the lead and exhaust trumps4 ,if long1 how many cards does the leader hold1 and what high cards does his lead show8 ,ask yourself why does the adversary discard one suit and save another8 ,this will aid in locating honours and in making successful finesses4 ,if the left-hand adversary leads through the ,ace ,queen suit in dummy1 he probably does not hold the ,king and is tempting you to finesse4 ,if he refuses to lead through the ,ace ,queen suit he is very likely waiting for you to up to his ,king4 ,if the make has been doubled try to infer what trump honours are in the doubling hand2 this will enable you to judge as to the advisability of the trump lead4 ,,suggestions ,,for ,,the ,,non-,,dealer ,from what combination of cards is your partner leading8 ,remember the high cards that he holds4 ,the lead of a ,king1 for instance1 shows you that partner has the ,ace1 the ,queen1 or both4 ,the lead of a ,jack indicates the top of a suit4 ,the lead of a seven1 eight1 or nine probably means the highest card of a short suit4 ,don't draw rigid inferences from the dealer's play2 he will endeavour to deceive you by playing false cards4 ,if it is an original make1 your own and the dummy hand will help you to infer what trumps or high cards the dealer holds4 ,if the dealer seems backward in leading trump he is probably aiming to ruff with the weak hand and a trump lead from you may prevent this4 ,endeavour to understand your partner's discards4 ,you can then protect the suit in which he is weak1 and1 if necessary1 unguard honours in the suit in which he has shown strength4 ,when partner returns your lead in ,no-trump1 notice carefully the card that he plays4 ,it will help you to place the suit and prevent your leading to a possible tenace in the dealer's hand4 ,,combining ,,the ,,hands ,,of ,,dealer ,,and ,,dummy ,the following table gives the different combinations of cards and shows how they should be played to get the best results when the dealer holds one combination and the dummy holds the other4 ,an x means one or more small cards4 ,the following combinations may be led from either hand3 --------------------------------- ,in ,one ,hand4 ,in the ,other4 --------------------------------- ,a ,k x ,q x x ,a ,q x ,k x x ,k ,q x ,j x x ,k ,j x ,q x x ,k x x ,q ,j x ,q ,j x #aj x x ,q #aj x ,j x x ,q x x ,j #aj x --------------------------------- ,if forced to lead from any of the following combinations1 lead from the weaker of the two hands4 ,in these1 lead the highest card of the three in the weak hand3 ------------------ ,in ,one ,in the ,hand4 ,other4 ------------------ x x x ,k ,q x ,first trick1 play queen4 x x x ,k ,j x ,first trick1 play jack4 x x x ,k x x ,first trick1 play king4 ,j x x ,k x x ,first trick1 play low4 ------------------ ,in the following1 lead from the weaker hand1 but begin by playing the lowest card3 ------------------ ,in ,one ,in the ,hand4 ,other4 ------------------ ,q x x ,a x x ,first trick1 play ace4 ,j x x ,a x x ,first trick1 play ace4 ,q x x ,k x x ,first trick1 play king4 ,j x x ,q x x ,first trick1 play queen4 ------------------ ,these rules are based on the supposition that the second hand has not played a higher card than any in the hand to which you lead4 ,there is a difference of one or two tricks in all these combinations1 depending on whether you or your adversaries open the suit4 ,try to get the adversaries to open such suits for you1 as you do so yourself to a disadvantage4 ,throw the lead into their hands and make them lead to you4 ,,finessing ,,combining ,,the ,,hands ,,of ,,dealer ,,and ,,dummy4 ,with any of the following combinations divided between the two hands1 the lead should always be from the weaker hand1 in the left-hand column1 and the highest card should be led1 always playing the smallest card from the stronger combination4 ,for instance1 in the first one given1 you should lead the jack from ,j #aj x and play the small card from ,a ,k x4 ,an x means any small card1 or more than one small4 --------------------------------- ,in ,one ,hand4 ,in the ,other4 --------------------------------- ,j #aj x ,a ,k x x x x ,a ,k ,j x x x ,a ,q ,j ,j x x ,a ,q x ,q x x ,a ,j x ,q ,j x ,a x x x x x ,k ,j #aj #aj x x ,k ,j x ,j x x ,k #aj x ,j x x ,k x x x x x ,q #aj x #aj x x ,q x x --------------------------------- ,in the following combinations1 the lead should be the best card in the weaker hand1 and the smallest card in the stronger hand should be played to the first round1 allowing the adversary to win the first trick4 ,the weak hand must then get into the lead again1 so as to take the second finesse1 hoping both honours are not on the wrong side3 --------------------------------- ,in ,one ,hand4 ,in the ,other4 --------------------------------- x x x ,a ,j #aj #aj x x ,a ,j x x x x ,a ,j x ,j x x ,a #aj x ,j #aj x ,a x x x x x ,a ,j #i --------------------------------- ,,second-,,hand ,,plays ,showing all of the different combinations between dealer and dummy and their play4 ,the second hand is the hand that is led through1 it being supposed that a small card is led4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #b;d ,hand4 #dth ,hand4 ,play4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,a ,k x ,j x x ,k1 or ,low ,a ,k x #aj x x ,king 7,t7 ,low 7,n ,t7 ,a ,q x ,j x x ,low ,a ,q x #aj x x ,low ,a ,q x x x x ,queen ,a ,j x ,q x x ,low ,a #aj x ,j x x ,low ,a x x ,q x x ,low ,k ,q x x x x ,queen ,k ,j x x x x ,low ,k ,j x x x ,jack 7,t7 ,k 7,n ,t7 ,k ,j ,a x x ,jack ,k ,j x #aj x x ,low ,k #aj x ,j x x ,low ,k x x ,q x ,low ,k x x x ,low 7,t7 ,k 7,n ,t7 ,k x ,j x x ,low ,k x ,q x x ,low 7,t7 ,k 7,n ,t7 ,k x ,q #aj x ,low ,k x ,a #aj x ,low ,k x ,a ,j x ,low ,q ,j x x x x ,jack ,q ,j x ,a x x ,jack ,q #aj x ,a x x ,low ,q x x ,k x x ,low ,q x x x x x ,low ,q x ,a x x ,queen ,q x ,a #aj x ,low ,q x ,a ,j x ,low ,q x ,k x x ,low 7,t7 ,q 7,n ,t7 ,q x ,j x x ,low ,q x x x x ,queen ,j #aj x ,a ,k x ,ten ,j #aj x ,a x x ,ten ,j #aj x ,k x x ,ten ,j x ,k #aj x ,low ,j x ,k x x ,jack ,j x ,q x x ,low ,j x ,a ,k x ,jack ,j x ,a ,q x ,low #aj x ,a ,k x ,ten #aj x ,a ,q x ,ten #aj x ,a ,j x ,low ---------------------------------------- ----- 7,t7 means with a declared trump4 7,n ,t7 means with no trumps4 ,illustration3 ,,illustrative ,,hands ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #a ,,trick #a4--,the dealer refuses to give up the ,a of spades1 as he wishes to exhaust the spades in one hand before he attempts to clear his club suit4 ,,trick #d4--;,b1 hoping to take the last club from the dealer's hand1 refuses to part with the ,a of clubs4 ,,trick #f4--;,b tries to put his partner in the lead so that he may make the spades4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #a ,keeping the ,command of the ,adversaries' ,suit4 ,the score is love-all1 rubber game4 ,the dealer1 ,z1 makes it no-trump4 ,a leads for the first trick4 ,the underlined card wins the trick and the card under it is the one led for the next trick4 ,s #i ,c ,k ,q ,j #e #d #b ,d ,q #f #e ,h #g #f #c --------- ,s ,k ,q ,j #h #f #b ,y ,s #aj #g #e ,c #i #h ,c ,a #g ,d #i #d ,a ,b ,d ,j #aj #h #g ,h #aj #h #b ,h ,a ,j #i #e ,z --------- ,s ,a #d #c ,c #aj #f #c ,d ,a ,k #c #b ,h ,k ,q #d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a f,k,s_/f #i,s #e,s #c,s #b f,q,s_/f ,h#c #g,s #d,s #c #b,s ,h#f #aj,s f,a,s_/f #d ,c#h ,c#b ,c#g f,c#aj_/;f #e ,c#i ,c,j f,c,a_/f ,c#f #f ,h#b ,h#g ,h#e f,h,k_/f #g #f,s f,c#d_/;f ,h#i ,c#c #h #h,s f,c#e_/;f ,h,j ,h#d #i ,j,s f,c,q_/f #g;,d ,h,q #aj #d;,d f,c,k_/f #h;,d #b;,d #aa #i;,d f,q,d_/f #aj;,d #c;,d #ab ,h#h #f;,d ,j,d f,k,d_/f #ac ,h#aj #e;,d ,h,a f,a,d_/f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer wins ten tricks4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #b ,,trick #a4--;,a leads from his longest suit4 ,,trick #b4--;,b returns his partner's lead with his highest card1 which the dealer refuses to take1 as he wishes to wait until ,b has no more of the suit4 ,,trick #c4--;,a again leads a diamond1 as he has the ,k of spades for re-entry and wishes to establish the diamond suit4 ,,trick #d4--,the dealer plays for the clubs1 his longest suit1 and takes the first trick1 as he holds ,j and #aj and can clear the suit in one more lead4 ,,trick #f4--;,b1 having no diamonds1 opens his heart suit1 hoping to put his partner in the lead4 ,the dealer applying the ,rule of ,eleven1 and finding that he holds the four cards above the seven1 passes so as to take the lead in the dummy hand4 ,,trick #g4--,leading through4 ,,tricks #h ,,and #i4--,making the clubs and putting the dummy hand in the lead so as to come through the ,k and ,j of hearts4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #b ,playing for the ,longest ,suit in the ,two ,hands4 ,the score is love-all1 rubber game4 ,the dealer1 ,z1 makes it no-trump and ,a leads for the first trick4 ,s #h #f #d ,c #g #f #e #b ,d ,a #f #c ,h #i #e #d --------- ,s ,k ,j #aj #b ,y ,s ,q #g #e ,c #i #h ,c ,k ,q #c ,d ,q ,j #g #e #d ,a ,b ,d ,k #h #b ,h #f #c ,h ,k ,j #h #g ,z --------- ,s ,a #i #c ,c ,a ,j #aj #d ,d #aj #i ,h ,a ,q #aj #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a #e;,d #c;,d f,k,d_/f #i;,d #b f,j,d_/f #f;,d #h;,d #aj;,d #c #d;,d f,a,d_/f #b;,d #c,s #d ,c#h ,c#b ,c,q f,c,a_/f #e ,c#i ,c#e f,c,k_/f ,c,j #f ,h#c f,h#i_/;f ,h#g ,h#b #g ,h#f ,h#d ,h#h f,h#aj_/;f #h #b,s ,c#f ,c#c f,c#aj_/;f #i #aj,s f,c#g_/;f #e,s ,c#d #aj #g;,d ,h#e ,h,j f,h,q_/f #aa ,q,d #d;,c ,h,k f,h,a_/f #ab ,j,s #f,s #g,s f,a,s_/f #ac f,k,s_/f #h,s ,q,s #i,s ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer wins nine tricks4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #c ,,trick #a4--;,a opens his fourth best heart1 as his hand is strong1 and he wishes his partner to return that suit4 ,,the ,,dealer4--,as the longest suit in the two hands is diamonds1 the dealer takes the first trick with the ,a of hearts1 so that he may be able1 if necessary1 to put the dummy hand in the lead2 also so that the adversaries may not know the cards he holds in the heart suit4 ,,trick #b4--;,a refuses to part with the commanding card of the diamond suit4 ,,trick #c4--,the dealer takes the lead in the dummy hand in order to establish his diamond suit4 ,,trick #d4--;,as the dealer has now no diamonds1 it is useless to hold up any longer4 ,,trick #f4--;,if ,a leads either clubs or spades he must lose a trick2 his best play is to continue with the heart suit4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #c ,making a ,re-entry ,card for ,dummy's ,long ,suit4 ,the score is #bd to #j against the dealer on the rubber game4 ,the dealer1 ,z1 makes it no-trump and ,a leads for the first trick4 ,s ,a #b ,c ,j #aj ,d ,q ,j #i #e #d #c #b ,h ,q #g --------- ,s ,k ,j #d ,y ,s #aj #i #g #e ,c ,a #d ,c ,q #i #f #c ,d ,a #h #f ,a ,b ,d #aj #g ,h #aj #h #f #e #d ,h #i #c #b ,z --------- ,s ,q #h #f #c ,c ,k #h #g #e #b ,d ,k ,h ,a ,k ,j ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,h#e ,h#g ,h#i f,h,a_/f #b #f;,d #b;,d #g;,d f,k,d_/f #c ,h#d f,h,q_/f ,h#b ,h,j #d f,a,d_/f ,q,d #aj;,d ,c#b #e ,h#f ,c#aj ,h#c f,h,k_/f #f #d,s f,a,s_/f #e,s #c,s #g #h;,d f,j,d_/f ,c#c ,c#e #h ,c#d f#i;,d_/f #g,s ,c#g #i ,j,s f#e;,d_/f #i,s #f,s #aj ,h#h f#d;,d_/f #aj,s #h,s #aa ,h#aj f#c;,d_/f ,c#f ,q,s #ab f,c,a_/f ,c,j ,c,q ,c,k #ac f,k,s_/f #b,s ,c#i ,c#h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer wins ten tricks4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #d ,,trick #b4--;,as the adversaries must take one trick in the spade suit1 the dealer allows them to win the first trick1 in order to take the third round with the ,a1 the ,a being the only re-entry card in the dummy4 ,,trick #c4--;,a continues with his long suit4 ,the dealer1 hoping that the ,a of diamonds is in ,b's hand1 refuses to give up the commanding card4 ,,trick #e4--,the dealer1 so that the suit will not be blocked1 leads the ,k of spades4 ,,trick #f4--,the diamond discard loses a trick4 ,,trick #i4--,the dealer1 holding the ,a of clubs for re-entry1 now clears the diamond suit4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #d ,saving a ,re-entry ,card for the ,dummy's ,long ,suit4 ,the score is love-all1 rubber game4 ,the dealer1 ,z1 makes it no-trump1 and ,a leads for the first trick4 ,s ,a #i #f #e #b ,c #i #h #g ,d #f #e #d ,h #f #e --------- ,s ,j #aj ,y ,s ,q #g #d ,c ,k #aj ,c ,q ,j #e #d #c ,d ,j #i #g #b ,a ,b ,d ,a #c ,h ,k ,j #h #d #b ,h #aj #i #g ,z --------- ,s ,k #h #c ,c ,a #f #b ,d ,k ,q #aj #h ,h ,a ,q #c ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,h#d ,h#e ,h#i f,h,q_/f #b f#aj,s_/f #b,s #d,s #c,s #c f,h,j_/f ,h#f ,h#g ,h#c #d ,h#b ,c#g ,h#aj f,h,a_/f #e ,j,s #e,s #g,s f,k,s_/f #f #b;,d f,a,s_/f ,q,s #h,s #g #g;,d f#i,s_/f ,c#c ,c#b #h #i;,d f#f,s_/f #c;,d ,c#f #i ,j,d #d;,d f,a,d_/f #h;,d #aj ,c#aj ,c#h ,c#d f,c,a_/f #aa ,h#h #e;,d ,c#e f,k,d_/f #ab ,h,k #f;,d ,c,j f,q,d_/f #ac ,c,k ,c#i ,c,q f#aj;,d_/f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer wins ten tricks4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #e ,,trick #a4--;,a opens his longest suit with the fourth best card4 ,,trick #b4--;,b returns his partner's lead4 ,,trick #c4--;,a continues with his suit in order to establish it1 as he holds the ,k of diamonds and the ,q of clubs for re-entry4 ,,trick #d4--,the dealer has the choice of three suits1 the spades1 clubs1 and diamonds being of equal length4 ,if he leads a spade he takes away the re-entry card for the dummy's club suit4 ,if he takes the lead in the dummy and attempts to catch the ,k of diamonds by leading the ,q up to the ,a1 he gives ,a an opportunity of making his two hearts and of saving the game4 ,in order to win three by-cards and the game1 he must prevent ,a from getting the lead2 he therefore leads the club and allows ,b to win the trick4 ,,trick #e4--,the dealer must play the ,a of diamonds2 for if the clubs fall evenly the rest of the tricks are his4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #e ,keeping the ,hand ,holding an ,established ,suit from ,getting into the ,lead4 ,the score is #bd to #j against the dealer1 ,z1 who makes it no-trump4 ,a leads for the first trick4 ,s ,q #aj #h ,c ,a ,k #i #h #g #b ,d ,q #i ,h ,j #b --------- ,s #e #d #b ,y ,s #i #g #f ,c ,q #d #c ,c ,j #aj #f ,d ,k #h ,a ,b ,d #e #d #c #b ,h ,k #aj #e #d #c ,h ,a #i #f ,z --------- ,s ,a ,k ,j #c ,c #e ,d ,a ,j #aj #g #f ,h ,q #h #g ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,h#d ,h#b f,h,a_/f ,h#g #b f,h,k_/f ,h,j ,h#i ,h#h #c ,h#c #h,s ,h#f f,h,q_/f #d ,c#c ,c#g f,c#aj_/;f ,c#e #e #h;,d #i;,d #b;,d f,a,d_/f #f #b,s f,q,s_/f #f,s #c,s #g ,c#d f,c,a_/f ,c#f #f;,d #h ,c,q f,c,k_/f ,c,j #g;,d #i #d,s f,c#i_/;f #g,s #aj;,d #aj #e,s f,c#h_/;f #i,s ,j,d #aa ,h#e f,c#b_/;f #c;,d ,j,s #ab ,h#aj #aj,s #d;,d f,k,s_/f #ac ,k,d ,q,d #e;,d f,a,s_/f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer wins ten tricks4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #f ,,trick #a4--;,a leads from his only four-card suit4 ,the dealer plays the ace second in hand in order to trump his losing diamond4 ,,trick #b4--,the dealer false-cards so that the adversaries will not know that he holds the queen4 ,,trick #c4--;,as ,a led the deuce of diamonds1 showing but four cards in the suit1 the dealer knows that ,b has one more diamond4 ,he therefore1 before leading trumps1 allows dummy to trump a losing card4 ,,tricks #d1 #e1 ,,and #f4--,the dealer now proceeds to lead trumps1 and1 as he has no strength in clubs in his own hand1 he throws away clubs from the dummy hand4 ,,trick #g4--;,holding but six spades in the two hands1 the dealer tries to force discards of spades4 ,,trick #h4--;,forcing another discard with the best diamond4 ,,tricks #i1 #aj1 ,,and #aa4--,the spades fall1 leaving dummy with the best spade and the ace of clubs as re-entry4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #f ,allowing the ,weaker of the ,two ,hands to ,ruff before ,leading ,trumps4 ,the score is love-all4 ,the dealer1 ,z1 makes it hearts1 having four honours in one hand4 ,a leads to the first trick4 ,s ,a #f #d #c ,c ,a ,j #i #d #c ,d ,a #d ,h #i #e --------- ,s ,q #aj #e ,y ,s #i #h #g #b ,c #h #g #f ,c ,k ,q #aj ,d ,j #i #g #b ,a ,b ,d #aj #h #f ,h #g #f #d ,h #aj #c #b ,z --------- ,s ,k ,j ,c #e #b ,d ,k ,q #e #c ,h ,a ,k ,q ,j #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a #b;,d f,a,d_/f #f;,d #c;,d #b #g;,d #d;,d #h;,d f,k,d_/f #c #i;,d f,h#e_/;f #aj;,d #e;,d #d ,h#d ,h#i ,h#b f,h,a_/f #e ,h#f ,c#c ,h#c f,h,k_/f #f ,h#g ,c#d ,h#aj f,h,q_/f #g ,c#f ,c#i ,c#aj f,h,j_/f #h ,j,d ,c,j #b,s f,q,d_/f #i #e,s #c,s #g,s f,k,s_/f #aj ,q,s f,a,s_/f #h,s ,j,s #aa #aj,s #d,s #i,s f,h#h_/;f #ab ,c#g f,c,a_/f ,c,q ,c#b #ac ,c#h f#f,s_/f ,c,k ,c#e ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer makes a grand slam4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #g ,,trick #a4--,the scheme which the dealer must adopt for the play of the two hands is to exhaust trumps and to establish the club suit4 ,holding the ,a1 ,q1 and ,j of diamonds1 in order to catch the ,k1 the lead must come from the dummy2 and so that he may lead up to his tenace in trumps1 the dealer trumps the ,q of hearts4 ,,trick #b4--;,as the finesse succeeds the dealer must place the lead in dummy so that he may again lead through the ,k of diamonds4 ,,trick #c4--,the dealer holds too many clubs1 so must use the ,a of spades to get the lead in dummy1 even though it clears the spade suit for the adversaries4 ,,tricks #d ,,and #e4--,the trumps fall evenly1 leaving the dealer with the last trump4 ,,trick #f4--,the ,k of clubs1 being guarded1 must make4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #g ,trumping ,your ,own ,trick to get the ,lead into the ,right ,hand4 ,the score is #ah to #j in favour of the dealer1 ,z1 who has a game in and makes it diamonds1 having four honours4 ,s ,a #h #g #f #e ,c ,a ,q #aj #e #d ,d #h #g #f ,h ,none --------- ,s ,k ,j #i #c ,y ,s ,q #aj #d ,c ,none ,c ,k #g ,d #e #d #c ,a ,b ,d ,k #i #b ,h ,k ,j #aj #h #d #b ,h #i #g #f #e #c ,z --------- ,s #b ,c ,j #i #h #f #c #b ,d ,a ,q ,j #aj ,h ,a ,q ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,h#aj f#f;,d_/f ,h#c ,h,q #b #c;,d #g;,d #b;,d f,q,d_/f #c #c,s f,a,s_/f #d,s #b,s #d #d;,d #h;,d #i;,d f,j,d_/f #e #e;,d #e,s ,k,d f,a,d_/f #f ,h#b ,c#aj f,c,k_/f ,c#b #g ,h#d #f,s ,h#e f,h,a_/f #h ,h#h f,c,q_/f ,c#g ,c#c #i ,h,j f,c,a_/f ,h#f ,c#f #aj ,h,k ,c#e ,h#g f,c#h_/;f #aa #i,s ,c#d ,h#i f,c#i_/;f #ab ,j,s #g,s #aj,s f,c,j_/f #ac ,k,s #h,s ,q,s f#aj;,d_/f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer makes a little slam4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #h ,,trick #a4--;,by playing the king of spades second in hand1 the dealer hopes to win two tricks in that suit4 ,,trick #b4--;,as the adversaries must make one trick in the club suit1 ,z tries to place the lead in ,a's hand so that the queen of spades may be led up to4 ,the eight of clubs is a clever play4 ,if the king were led1 ,a would know positively that ,z held the ace4 ,,trick #c4--,the leader has but little information to guide him in his next play4 ,he does not dare to lead the hearts1 as it may establish that suit against him2 the lead of the queen of clubs is tempting2 but judging from the development of the hand the ace of spades is probably his best play4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #h ,throwing the ,lead and ,refusing to take ,first ,trick in ,long ,suit4 ,the score is #bb to #j against the dealer1 ,z1 who makes it no-trump4 ,a leads for the first trick4 ,s ,k #g ,c ,k #h ,d ,q #aj #g #c ,h ,q #aj #e #d #c --------- ,s ,a ,j #f #d #c ,y ,s #aj #h #b ,c ,q #aj ,c ,j #d #b ,d #h #f #d #b ,a ,b ,d #i #e ,h #h #g ,h ,a ,k ,j #i #b ,z --------- ,s ,q #i #e ,c ,a #i #g #f #e #c ,d ,a ,k ,j ,h #f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a #d,s f,k,s_/f #b,s #e,s #b f,c#aj_/;f ,c#h ,c#b ,c#c #c f,a,s_/f #g,s #h,s #i,s #d #c,s ,h#c #aj,s f,q,s_/f #e ,c,q f,c,k_/f ,c#d ,c#e #f #b;,d #c;,d #e;,d f,a,d_/f #g #f,s ,h#d ,c,j f,c,a_/f #h ,j,s ,h#e ,h#b f,c#i_/;f #i #d;,d ,h#aj ,h#i f,c#g_/;f #aj #f;,d ,h,q ,h,j f,c#f_/;f #aa #h;,d #g;,d #i;,d f,k,d_/f #ab ,h#g f,q,d_/f ,h,k ,j,d #ac ,h#h f#aj;,d_/f ,h,a ,h#f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer wins eleven tricks4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #i ,,trick #a4--,the correct second in hand play of this combination is the queen1 hoping to win two tricks in the suit4 ,z1 in order to win three by-cards and the rubber1 must take a finesse in spades2 and so not only refuses to play the queen second in hand1 but will not take the trick fourth in hand4 ,his object is to wait until ,b's last heart has been played4 ,,trick #b4--;,if ,b starts the diamond suit1 the dealer cannot make more than the odd trick2 but the situation looks as if ,a holds both ace and king of hearts4 ,,trick #c4--;,a1 having a possible re-entry card1 must establish his suit4 ,,trick #d4--,z leads the club suit in order to force discards1 and arranges the lead so that his tenace in spades may be led up to4 ,,trick #i4--,z cannot afford to let ,a get the lead4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #i ,refusing to ,win ,either the ,first or the ,second ,round of the ,adversaries' ,suit4 ,it is the rubber game4 ,score #bd to #j against the dealer4 ,z1 the dealer1 makes it no-trump1 and ,a leads for the first trick4 ,s ,a ,q #h #g #c ,c ,k ,j #h #e ,d ,j #i ,h ,q #e --------- ,s #f #d ,y ,s ,k #i #e ,c #g #c ,c #i #f #d ,d ,k #aj #e ,a ,b ,d ,q #h #f #d #b ,h ,a ,j #i #g #d #c ,h #aj #h ,z --------- ,s ,j #aj #b ,c ,a ,q #aj #b ,d ,a #g #c ,h ,k #f #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,h#g ,h#e f,h#aj_/;f ,h#b #b f,h,a_/f ,h,q ,h#h ,h#f #c ,h#c ,c#e #b;,d f,h,k_/f #d ,c#c f,c,k_/f ,c#d ,c#b #e ,c#g f,c,j_/f ,c#f ,c#aj #f #d,s ,c#h ,c#i f,c,q_/f #g #e;,d #i;,d #e,s f,c,a_/f #h #f,s #c,s f,k,s_/f ,j,s #i #aj;,d ,j,d #d;,d f,a,d_/f #aj ,h#d #g,s #i,s f#aj,s_/f #aa ,h#i f,a,s_/f #f;,d #b,s #ab ,h,j f,q,s_/f #h;,d #c;,d #ac ,k,d f#h,s_/f ,q,d #g;,d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer wins ten tricks4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #aj ,,trick #a4--;,as ,a may have both king and queen of diamonds1 ,z passes the first trick1 hoping to win with his ten4 ,,trick #b4--,many players would lead the club suit because of dummy's weakness2 but in the original play of this hand ,b led the queen of hearts4 ,,trick #c4--,z starts the spade suit and finds the queen is guarded in ,a's hand4 ,,trick #d4--;,in order to prevent the queen of spades from winning1 ,z must get the lead in his own hand4 ,if he takes the finesse in clubs and it loses1 the adversaries must make the entire heart suit4 ,the finesse can win only one trick1 and it might lose five or six tricks4 ,,trick #e--,to catch the queen of spades is now easy4 ,,trick #g--- ,a clever play to get the lead and to play through the king of diamonds4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #aj ,leading ,through4 ,the score is love-all4 ,the dealer1 ,z1 passes the make4 ,y declares no-trump4 ,a leads for the first trick4 ,s ,a ,k ,j #aj #e #b ,c #b ,d ,a ,j #i #d #c ,h ,a --------- ,s ,q #h #c ,y ,s ,,none ,c ,k #h #d ,c ,j #aj #i #g #f #e ,d ,k #h #f #b ,a ,b ,d ,q ,h ,k #e #d ,h ,q ,j #aj #i #h #g ,z --------- ,s #i #g #f #d ,c ,a ,q #c ,d #aj #g #e ,h #f #c #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a #b;,d #c;,d f,q,d_/f #e;,d #b ,h#d f,h,a_/f ,h,q ,h#b #c #c,s f,k,s_/f ,c#e #d,s #d ,c#d ,c#b ,c#i f,c,a_/f #e #h,s f#aj,s_/f ,c#f #f,s #f ,q,s f,a,s_/f ,h#g #g,s #g ,h,k #b,s ,c#g f#i,s_/f #h #f;,d #d;,d ,h#h f#aj;,d_/f #i #h;,d f#i;,d_/f ,c#aj #g;,d #aj ,k,d f,a,d_/f ,h#i ,h#c #aa ,c#h f,j,d_/f ,c,j ,h#f #ab ,h#e f,j,s_/f ,h#aj ,c#c #ac ,c,k f#e,s_/f ,h,j ,c,q ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer makes a little slam4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #aa ,,trick #a4--;,a leads from his long suit1 and ,z wins the trick with the singleton ace4 ,,trick #b4--,the dealer1 having eight clubs and eight spades in the two hands1 has now a choice of suits4 ,the king of spades must make against him while he has a finesse in the club suit4 ,if he leads the clubs first he is compelled to guess in which hand to take the finesse2 he therefore leads the spade1 hoping by establishing that suit to force discards and find out where the two queens are4 ,,trick #c4--;,b might make it more difficult for ,a by not playing the king of spades4 ,,tricks #e1 #f1 #g1 ,,and #h4--;,a's two discards of clubs show that the queen is not in his hand1 while ,b's heart discard indicates that he does not hold the queen of hearts4 ,the queen of hearts is also marked in ,a's hand by the fact that he is discarding his winning diamonds and protecting hearts4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #aa ,choice of ,suits4--,watching the ,adversaries' ,discards4 ,the score is love-all4 ,the dealer1 ,z1 makes it no-trump1 and ,a leads for the first trick4 ,s ,a #i #g #e ,c ,k ,j #c #b ,d ,k #h ,h ,k #aj #g --------- ,s ,j #c ,y ,s ,k #f #d ,c #f #e ,c ,q #i #g ,d ,q #i #g #f #e #d ,a ,b ,d ,j #aj #c #b ,h ,q #i #c ,h #f #e #d ,z --------- ,s ,q #aj #h #b ,c ,a #aj #h #d ,d ,a ,h ,a ,j #h #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a #f;,d #h;,d #aj;,d f,a,d_/f #b #c,s f,a,s_/f #d,s #b,s #c ,j,s #e,s f,k,s_/f #h,s #d #d;,d f,k,d_/f ,j,d ,c#d #e ,c#e #g,s #f,s f,q,s_/f #f ,c#f #i,s ,h#d f#aj,s_/f #g #e;,d f,c,k_/f ,c#g ,c#h #h #g;,d ,c#b ,c#i f,c#aj_/;f #i #i;,d ,c#c ,c,q f,c,a_/f #aj ,h#c f,h#aj_/;f ,h#e ,h#b #aa ,q,d f,c,j_/f #b;,d ,h#h #ab ,h#i f,h,k_/f ,h#f ,h,j #ac ,h,q ,h#g #c;,d f,h,a_/f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer makes a little slam4 ,,notes ,,on ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #ab ,,tricks #a ,,and #b4--;,a leads high1 hoping in three leads to drop all the diamonds4 ,,trick #c4--;,b discards a spade1 plainly indicating the suit he wishes ,a to lead4 ,if the discard of a heart is made1 indicating weakness1 ,a is compelled to choose between the clubs and spades1 and as he cannot afford to lead from the king of spades once protected will undoubtedly lead the jack of clubs4 ,the discard from weakness in this hand1 should ,a guess the wrong suit1 may lose six or seven tricks4 ,,illustrative ,,hand ,,no4 #ab ,the ,discard of ,strength versus ,weakness4 ,the score is #bd to #j against the dealer on the rubber game4 ,the dealer1 ,z1 makes it no-trump1 and ,a leads for the first trick4 ,s #i #h #g #f ,c #h #c #b ,d #i #f #b ,h #aj #e #b --------- ,s ,k #aj ,y ,s ,a ,q ,j #e #d #c #b ,c ,j #aj #e ,c ,none ,d ,a ,k ,q #d ,a ,b ,d #g #e ,h #g #f #d #c ,h ,k ,j #i #h ,z --------- ,s ,none ,c ,a ,k ,q #i #g #f #d ,d ,j #aj #h #c ,h ,a ,q ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,trick ,a ,y ,b ,z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a f,k,d_/f #b;,d #e;,d #c;,d #b f,q,d_/f #f;,d #g;,d #h;,d #c f,a,d_/f #i;,d #b,s #aj;,d #d f,k,s_/f #h,s #c,s ,h,q #e #aj,s #g,s f,a,s_/f ,c#d #f #d;,d #h,s f,q,s_/f ,c#f #g ,h#c #i,s f,j,s_/f ,c#g #h ,h#d ,c#b f#e,s_/f ,c#i #i ,h#f ,c#c f#d,s_/f ,c,q #aj ,h#g ,h#b ,h#h f,h,a_/f #aa ,c#e ,c#h ,h#i f,c,a_/f #ab ,c#aj ,h#e ,h,j f,c,k_/f #ac ,c,j ,h#aj ,h,k f,j,d_/f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the dealer loses three by-cards and the rubber4 ,,bridge ,,for ,,three ,,players ,when the game is played by three persons the cards are cut to decide which shall have the dummy2 the one cutting the lowest card has the deal and a permanent dummy during the game or the rubber1 as the case may be4 ,it is then customary for each player to have dummy in turn1 during one game or rubber4 ,in playing rubbers1 #ajj points are added to the score of the winning side4 ,in playing games1 #ej points are added to score of the winning side4 ,if the make is passed to dummy1 four aces or three aces constitute a compulsory no-trump declaration2 otherwise1 dummy must declare the longest suit4 ,when there are two suits of equal length1 dummy must select the suit which counts most by spots1 the ace counting eleven and the other honours ten each4 ,if the suits are still equal1 dummy declares the one having the higher trick valuation4 ,only one adversary1 the leader1 can double4 ,if the dealer has seen the two hands1 he is not allowed to re-double4 ,the dummy hand is not exposed until the doubling has been settled and a card led4 ,when the dummy is the leader1 his partner must look at dummy hand and lead from it before seeing his own cards2 and dummy alone has the right to double4 ,,duplicate ,,bridge ,bridge1 when first introduced1 was played almost entirely for a stake2 but1 in the last few years1 many players have taken up the game--per se--on account of its interesting possibilities and the intellectual pleasure it gives4 ,duplicate and ,progressive ,bridge have1 therefore1 become very popular4 ,the object of ,duplicate ,bridge is to eliminate1 as nearly as is possible1 the element of luck1 and to make the game not so much a question of holding good cards as a comparative test of skill between players4 ,a perfect test cannot be made by a single trial1 as an unusual distribution of the cards might defeat two strong players1 but in a series of duplicate games1 good makes and good plays will undoubtedly mark the better ,bridge players4 ,as ,duplicate ,bridge is played for points1 not games or rubbers1 the honour score requires as much attention as the trick score4 ,remember that holding three red honours you can stand the loss of two odd tricks 7unless the mate is doubled7 without losing on the deal1 and that there is almost an even chance that your partner will hold another honour4 ,it you make it red with but one honour1 your adversaries will probably secure the honour score4 ,if you declare no-trump with but one ace the honours will probably be even2 but you may find three aces against you4 ,remember that four honours in clubs count as much as the average deal is worth4 ,,progressive ,,bridge ,progressive ,bridge may be played in much the same manner as ,progressive ,euchre4 ,while to win at this game is very largely a matter of holding good cards1 it forms an interesting social amusement2 and1 to players who are unaccustomed to the arrangement of the cards in ,duplicate ,bridge1 is much less confusing4 ,in ,progressive ,bridge the players are usually numbered1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d playing at ,table #a1 and #e1 #f1 #g1 #h at ,table #b1 etc4 ,at each table the cards are cut in the usual manner for partners and for the deal2 and a stated number of hands played for points1 tricks and honours included1 without regard to games or rubbers4 ,after playing the number of deals decided upon1 the winning pair move to the next table1 where the cards are again cut for partners1 and for the deal4 ,an individual score is kept of the points lost and won during the entire game2 the points lost being deducted from those won1 and the player making the best net score being declared the winner4 ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,bridge ,,revised1 #aije ,the laws of ,bridge published in this edition have been prepared by the author1 who has used as a foundation the codes accepted by the principal clubs of the world4 ,the author does not favour the exaction of a penalty for the dealer's lead out of turn4 ,the ,american opinion on this point is divided1 but the ,english practice is to exact no penalty4 ,otherwise the various club codes show but minor differences4 ,,the ,,rubber #a4 ,the partners first winning two games win the rubber4 ,if the first two games be won by the same partners1 the third game is not played4 ,,scoring #b4 ,a game consists of thirty points obtained by tricks alone1 exclusive of any points counted for honours1 chicane or slam4 #c4 ,every hand is played out1 and any points in excess of thirty points necessary for the game are counted4 #d4 ,each trick above six counts two points when spades are trumps1 four points when clubs are trumps1 six points when diamonds are trumps1 eight points when hearts are trumps1 and twelve points when there are no trumps4 #e4 ,honours are ace1 king1 queen1 knave and ten of the trump suit2 or the aces when no trump is declared4 #f4 ,honours are credited to the original holders and are valued as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,declaration4 ,s ,c ,d ,h ,no ,trumps ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,each ,trick above ,six #b #d #f #h #ab #c ,honours #d #h #ab #af #cj #d #h #af #bd #cb #dj ,,honours #d 7,all in one hand7 #af #cb #dh #fd #ajj #e #aj #bj #cj #dj -- #e 7#d in one hand7 #ah #cf #fd #gb -- #e 7,all in one hand7 #bj #dj #fj #hj -- ,chicane #d #h #ab #af -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,rubber #ajj1 ,grand ,slam #dj1 ,little ,slam #bj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #g4 ,if a player and his partner make thirteen tricks1 independently of any tricks gained by the revoke penalty1 they score ,grand ,slam and add forty points to their honour count4 #h4 ,little slam is twelve tricks similarly scored1 and adds twenty points to the honour count4 #i4 ,chicane 7one hand void of trumps7 is equal in value to three honours1 i4e41 if partner of player having chicane scores honours he adds the value of three honours to his honour score1 while1 if the adversaries score honours1 it deducts an equal value from their honour score4 ,double ,chicane 7a player and his partner both void of trumps7 is equal in value to four honours1 and the value thereof may be deducted from the total honour score of the adversaries4 #aj4 ,the value of honours1 slam1 little slam1 or chicane1 is in nowise affected by doubling or redoubling4 #aa4 ,at the conclusion of a rubber the scores for tricks1 honours1 ,chicane1 and ,slam1 obtained by each side are added1 and one hundred points are added to the score of the winners of the rubber4 ,the difference between the completed scores is the number of points won or lost by the winners of the rubber4 #ab4 ,if an erroneous score affecting tricks be proven1 such mistake must be corrected prior to the conclusion of the game in which it has occurred1 and such game shall not be considered as concluded until the following deal has been completed and the trump declared1 unless it be that the game is the last one of the rubber1--then the score is subject to inquiry until an agreement between the sides 7as to the value of the rubber7 shall have been reached4 #ac4 ,if an erroneous score affecting honours1 chicane or slam be proven1 such mistake may be corrected at any time before the score of the rubber has been made up and agreed upon4 ,,cutting #ad4 ,the ace is the lowest card4 #ae4 ,in all cases every player must cut from the same pack4 #af4 ,should a player expose more than one card1 he must cut again4 ,,forming ,,tables #ag4 ,the prior right of playing is with those first in the room4 ,if there are more than four candidates for seats at a table1 the privilege of playing is decided by cutting4 ,the four who cut the lowest cards play first4 #ah4 ,after the table is formed1 the players cut to decide on partners2 the two lowest play against the two highest4 ,the lowest is the dealer1 who has choice of cards and seats1 and who1 having once made his selection1 must abide by it4 #ai4 ,should the two players who cut lowest1 secure cards of equal value1 they shall re-cut to determine which of the two shall deal1 and the lower on the re-cut deals4 #bj4 ,should three players cut cards of equal value1 they cut again2 if the fourth card be the highest1 the two lowest of the new cut are partners and the lower of the two the dealer2 if1 however1 the fourth card be the lowest1 the two highest on the re-cut are partners and the original lowest the dealer4 #ba4 ,six players constitute a full table1 and no player shall have a right to cut into a game which is complete4 #bb4 ,when there are more than six candidates1 the right to succeed any player who may retire is acquired by announcing the desire to do so1 and such announcement shall constitute a prior right to the first vacancy4 ,,cutting ,,out #bc4 ,if at the end of a rubber1 should admission be claimed by one or two candidates1 the player or players having played a greater number of consecutive rubbers shall withdraw2 but when all have played the same number1 they must cut to decide upon the outgoers2 the highest are out4 ,,rights ,,of ,,entry #bd4 ,a candidate desiring to enter a table must declare such wish before any player at the table cuts a card1 either for the purpose of beginning a new rubber or of cutting out4 #be4 ,in the formation of new tables1 those candidates who have neither belonged to nor played at any other table have the prior right of entry4 ,those who have already played decide their right of admission by cutting4 #bf4 ,a player who cuts into one table while belonging to another1 shall forfeit his prior right of re-entry into the latter1 unless by doing so he enables three candidates to form a fresh table4 ,in this event he may signify his intention of returning to his original table1 and his place at the new one can be filled4 #bg4 ,should any player quit the table during the progress of a rubber1 he may1 with the consent of the other three players1 appoint a substitute during his absence2 but such appointment shall become void with the conclusion of the rubber1 and shall not in any way affect the substitute's rights4 #bh4 ,if anyone break up a table1 the remaining players have a prior right to play at other tables4 ,,shuffling #bi4 ,the pack must neither be shuffled below the table nor so the face of any card be seen4 #cj4 ,the dealer's partner must collect the cards for the ensuing deal and he has the first right to shuffle the cards4 ,each player has the right to shuffle subsequently4 ,the dealer has the right to shuffle last1 but should a card or cards be seen during his shuffling1 or whilst giving the pack to be cut1 he must re-shuffle4 #ca4 ,each player1 after shuffling1 must place the cards properly collected and face downward to the left of the player next to deal4 ,,the ,,deal #cb4 ,each player deals in his turn2 the order of dealing goes to the left4 #cc4 ,the player on the dealer's right cuts the pack1 and in dividing it he must not leave fewer than four cards in either packet2 if in cutting or in replacing one of the two packets a card be exposed1 or if there be any confusion of the cards or a doubt as to the exact place in which the pack was divided1 there must be a fresh cut4 #cd4 ,when the player whose duty it is to cut has once separated the pack he can neither re-shuffle nor re-cut the cards4 #ce4 ,should the dealer shuffle the cards1 after the pack is cut1 the pack must be cut again4 #cf4 ,the fifty-two cards shall be dealt face downward4 ,the deal is not completed until the last card has been dealt face downward4 #cg4 ,,there ,,is ,,no ,,misdeal4 ,a ,,new ,,deal #ch4 ,there must be a new deal-- a ,if the cards be not dealt into four packets1 one at a time1 and in regular rotation1 beginning at the dealer's left4 b ,if1 during a deal1 or during the play of a hand1 the pack be proven incorrect or imperfect4 c ,if any card be faced in the pack4 d ,if any player have dealt to him a greater number of cards than thirteen4 e ,if the dealer deal two cards at once and then deal a third before correcting the error4 f ,if the dealer omit to have the pack cut and the adversaries call attention to the fact prior to the conclusion of the deal and before looking at their cards4 g ,if the last card do not come in its regular order to the dealer4 #ci4 ,there may be a new deal-- a ,if the dealer or his partner expose a card4 ,the eldest hand may claim a new deal4 b ,if either adversary expose a card4 ,the dealer or his partner may claim a new deal4 c ,if1 before fifty-one cards are dealt1 the dealer should look at any card4 ,his adversaries have the right to see it1 and the eldest hand may exact a new deal4 d ,if1 in dealing1 one of the last cards be exposed by the dealer or his partner1 and the deal is completed before there is reasonable time for the eldest hand to decide as to a new deal4 ,but in all other cases such penalties must be claimed prior to the completion of the deal4 #dj4 ,the claim for a new deal by reason of a card exposed during the deal may not be made by a player who has looked at any of his cards4 ,if a new deal does not take place1 the card exposed during the deal cannot be called4 #da4 ,should three players have their right number of cards1 and should the fourth1 not being dummy1 have less than thirteen and not discover such deficiency until he has played any of his cards1 the deal stands good2 should he have played1 he is answerable for any revoke he may have made as if the missing card or cards had been in his hand4 ,the other pack may be searched for the missing card or cards4 #db4 ,if during the play of a deal a pack be proven incorrect or imperfect1 such proof renders only the current deal void1 and does not affect any prior score4 ,the dealer must deal again 7,law #ch1 b74 #dc4 ,anyone dealing with the adversaries' cards must be corrected before the play of the first card1 otherwise the deal stands good4 ,if anyone deals when it is the turn of an adversary1 such error must be corrected before the cards are dealt for the following deal4 #dd4 ,a player can neither shuffle1 cut nor deal for his partner without the permission of his adversaries4 ,,declaring ,,trumps #de4 ,the trump is declared4 ,no card is turned4 a ,the dealer may either make the trump or pass the declaration to his partner4 b ,if the declaration be passed to partner1 he must make the trump4 #df4 ,should the dealer's partner make the trump without receiving permission from the dealer1 the eldest hand may demand1 #ast4 ,that the trump shall stand1 or #b;d4 ,that there shall be a new deal4 ,but if any declaration as to doubling1 or not doubling1 shall have been made1 or if a new deal be not claimed1 the declaration wrongly made shall stand4 ,the eldest hand is the player on the left of the dealer4 #dg4 ,should the dealer's partner pass the declaration to the dealer it shall be the right of the eldest hand to claim a new deal or to compel the offending player to declare the trump2 provided1 that no declaration as to doubling has been made4 #dh4 ,if either of the dealer's adversaries make or pass the declaration1 the dealer may1 after looking at his hand1 either claim a new deal or proceed as if no declaration had been made4 #di4 ,a declaration once made cannot be altered4 ,,doubling1 ,,re-,,doubling1 ,,etc4 #ej4 ,the effect of doubling1 re-doubling1 and so on1 is that the value of each trick above six is doubled1 quadrupled1 and so on4 #ea4 ,after the trump declaration has been made by the dealer or his partner1 their adversaries have the right to double4 ,the eldest hand has the first right4 ,if he does not wish to double1 he may ask his partner1 ,may ,i lead8 ,his partner shall answer1 ,yes or ,i double4 #eb4 ,if either of their adversaries elect to double1 the dealer and his partner have the right to re-double4 ,the player who has declared the trump shall have the first right4 ,he may say1 ,i re-double or ,satisfied4 ,should he say the latter1 his partner may re-double4 #ec4 ,if the dealer or his partner elect to re-double1 their adversaries shall have the right to again double4 ,the original doubler has the first right4 #ed4 ,if the right-hand adversary of the dealer double before his partner has asked ,may ,i lead8 the declarer of the trump shall have the right to say whether or not the double shall stand4 ,if he decide that the double shall stand1 the process of re-doubling may continue as described in paragraphs #eb1 #ec1 #ee4 #ee4 ,the process of re-doubling may be continued indefinitely4,b ,the first right to continue the re-doubling on behalf of a partnership belongs to that player who has last redoubled4 ,should he1 however1 express himself satisfied1 the right to continue the re-doubling passes to his partner4 ,should any player re-double out of turn1 the adversary who last doubled shall decide whether or not such double shall stand4 ,if it is decided that the re-double shall stand1 the process of re-doubling may continue as described in this and foregoing laws 7#eb and #ec74 ,if any double or re-double out of turn be not accepted there shall be no further doubling in that hand4 ,any consultation between partners as to doubling or re-doubling will entitle the maker of the trump or the eldest hand1 without consultation1 to a new deal4 #ef4 ,if the eldest hand lead before the doubling be completed1 his partner may re-double only with the consent of the adversary who last doubled2 but such lead shall not affect the right of either adversary to double4 ,b ,in some clubs1 doubling ceases whenever the value of the odd trick exceeds one hundred points2 in other clubs the limit is placed at two hundred points4 #eg4 ,when the question1 ,may ,i lead8 has been answered in the affirmative or when the player who has the last right to continue the doubling1 expresses himself satisfied1 the play shall begin4 #eh4 ,should the eldest hand lead without asking permission1 his partner may double1 but only if the maker of the trump consent4 #ei4 ,should the right-hand adversary of the dealer ask permission to lead1 the eldest hand does not thereby lose his right to double4 ,should the right-hand adversary of the dealer double before his partner has asked ,may ,i lead8 the maker of the trump shall have the right to say whether or not the double shall stand4 ,if he decide that the double shall stand1 the process of re-doubling may continue as described in ,laws #eb1 #ec1 #ee4 #fj4 ,if the right-hand adversary of the dealer lead out of turn1 the maker of the trump may call a suit from the eldest hand1 who may only double if the maker of the trump consent4 ,a declaration as to doubling or re-doubling once made cannot be altered4 ,,dummy #fa4 ,as soon as the eldest had has led1 the dealer's partner shall place his cards face upward on the table1 and the duty of playing the cards from that hand shall devolve upon the dealer1 unassisted by his partner4 #fb4 ,before exposing his cards1 the dealer's partner has all the rights of a player1 but after his cards have been shown the dealer's partner takes no part whatever in the play1 except that he has the right-- a ,to ask the dealer whether he has none of the suit in which he may have renounced4 b ,to ask the dealer when called upon to play his highest or lowest card whether he has conformed to the penalty4 c ,to call the dealer's attention to the fact that a trick has not been completed4 d ,to correct the claim of either adversary to a penalty to which the latter is not entitled4 e ,to call attention to the fact that a trick has been erroneously taken by either side4 f ,to participate in the discussion of any disputed question of fact which may arise between the dealer and either adversary4 g ,to correct an erroneous score4 #fc4 ,should the dealer's partner call attention to any other incident of the play1 in consequence of which any penalty might be exacted1 the fact of his so doing precludes the dealer exacting such penalty4 #fd4 ,if the dealer's partner1 by touching a card or otherwise1 suggest the play of a card from dummy1 either of the adversaries may1 but without consultation1 call upon the dealer to play or not to play the card suggested4 #fe4 ,dummy is not liable to the penalty for a revoke2 and if he should revoke and the error be not discovered until the trick is turned and quitted1 the trick stands good4 #ff4 ,a card from the dealer's hand is not played until actually quitted2 but should the dealer name or touch a card from the dummy hand1 such card is considered as played1 unless the dealer in touching the card or cards says1 ,i arrange1 or words to that effect4 ,,cards ,,exposed ,,before ,,play #fg4 ,if1 after the deal has been completed and before the trump declaration has been made1 either the dealer or his partner expose a card from his hand1 the eldest hand may1 without consulting with his partner1 claim a new deal4 #fh4 ,if1 after the deal has been completed and before a card is led1 any player shall expose a card1 his partner shall forfeit any right to double or re-double which he otherwise would have been entitled to exercise2 and in case of a card being so exposed by the leader's partner1 the dealer may either call the card or require the leader not to lead the suit of the exposed card4 ,,cards ,,exposed ,,during ,,play #fi4 ,all cards exposed by the dealer's adversaries are liable to be called1 and such cards must be left face upward on the table4 #gj4 ,the following are exposed cards3 #ast4 ,two or more cards played at once4 #b;d4 ,any card dropped with its face upward1 or in any way exposed on or above the table1 even though snatched up so quickly that no one can name it4 #c;d4 ,every card so held by a player that his partner can see any portion of its face4 #ga4 ,a card dropped on the floor or elsewhere below the table is not an exposed card4 #gb4 ,if two or more cards be played at once1 by either of the dealer's adversaries1 the dealer shall have the right to call which one be pleases to the current trick1 and the other card or cards shall remain face upward on the table and may be called at any time4 #gc4 ,if1 without waiting for his partner to play1 either of the dealer's adversaries should play on the table the best card or lead one which is a winning card1 as against the dealer and dummy1 or should continue 7without waiting for his partner to play7 to lead several such cards1 the dealer may demand that the partner of the player in fault1 win1 if he can1 the first1 or any other of these tricks1 and the other cards thus improperly played are exposed cards4 #gd4 ,if either or both of the dealer's adversaries throw his or their cards on the table face upward1 such cards are exposed and are liable to be called2 but if either adversary retain his hand he cannot be forced to abandon it4 ,if1 however1 the dealer should say1 ,i have the rest1 or any other words indicating that the remaining tricks are his1 the adversaries of the dealer are not liable to have any of their cards called should they expose them1 believing the dealer's claim to be true1 should it subsequently prove false4 #ge4 ,if a player who has rendered himself liable to have the highest or lowest of a suit called 7,laws #hb1 #ia1 #ib and #ajj71 fail to play as directed1 or if1 when called on to lead one suit1 lead another1 having in his hand one or more cards of the suit demanded 7,law #gf71 or if called upon to win or lose a trick1 fail to do so when he can 7,laws #gc1 #hb and #ajj71 he is liable to the penalty for revoke1 unless such play be corrected before the trick is turned and quitted4 ,,leads ,,out ,,of ,,turn #gf4 ,if either of the dealer's adversaries lead out of turn1 the dealer may call the card erroneously led1 or may call a suit when it is the turn of either adversary to lead4 #gg4 ,if the dealer lead out of turn1 either from his own hand or dummy1 he incurs no penalty2 but he may not rectify the error after the second hand has played4 #gh4 ,if any player lead out of turn and the other three follow him1 the trick is complete and the error cannot be rectified2 but if only the second1 or second and third play to the false lead1 their cards may be taken back2 there is no penalty against anyone except the original offender1 who1 if he be one of the dealer's adversaries1 may be penalised as provided in ,laws #fj and #gf4 #gi4 ,in no case can a player he compelled to play a card which would oblige him to revoke4 #hj4 ,the call of an exposed card may be repeated at every trick until such card has been played4 #ha4 ,if a player called on to lead a suit have none of it1 the penalty is paid4 ,,cards ,,played ,,in ,,error #hb4 ,should the third hand not have played and the fourth play before his partner1 the latter 7not being dummy or dealer7 may be called upon to play his highest or lowest card of the suit played1 or to win or lose the trick4 #hc4 ,if anyone1 not being dummy1 omit playing to a former trick and such error be not corrected until he has played to the next1 the adversaries may claim a new deal2 should they decide that the deal stands good1 the surplus card at the end of the hand is considered to have been played to the imperfect trick1 but does not constitute a revoke therein4 #hd4 ,if anyone 7except dummy7 play two cards to the same trick1 or mix a card with a trick to which it does not belong1 and the mistake be not discovered until the hand is played out1 he is answerable for any consequent revokes he may have made4 ,if during the play of the hand the error be detected1 the tricks may be counted face downward1 in order to ascertain whether there be among them a card too many2 should this be the case1 the trick which contains a surplus card may be examined and the card restored to its original holder1 who 7not being dummy7 shall be liable for any revoke he may meanwhile have made4 ,,the ,,revoke #he4 ,a revoke occurs when a player 7other than dummy71 holding one or more cards of the suit led1 plays a card of a different suit4 ,the penalty for a revoke takes precedence of all other counts4 #hf4 ,a revoke is established if the trick in which it occurs be turned and quitted1 i4e41 the hand removed from the trick after it has been gathered and placed face downward on the table2 or if either the revoking player or his partner1 whether in his right turn or otherwise1 have led or played to the following trick4 #hg4 ,the penalty for a revoke is three tricks taken from the revoking player and added to those of the adversaries4 #hh4 ,the penalty is applicable only to the score of the game in which it occurs4 #hi4 ,under no circumstances can the revoking side score game in that hand4 ,whatever their previous score may have been1 the side revoking cannot attain a higher score toward game than twenty-eight4 #ij4 ,a player may ask his partner whether he has not a card of the suit which he has renounced2 should the question be asked before the trick is turned and quitted1 subsequent turning and quitting does not establish a revoke1 and the error may be corrected unless the question be answered in the negative or unless the revoking player or his partner has led or played to the following trick4 #ia4 ,if a player correct his mistake in time to save a revoke1 any player or players who have followed him may withdraw their cards and substitute others1 and the cards so withdrawn are not exposed cards4 ,if the player in fault be one of the dealer's adversaries1 the card played in error is an exposed card1 and the dealer can call it whenever he pleases2 or he may require the offender to play his highest or lowest card or the suit to the trick in which he has renounced4 #ib4 ,if the player in fault be the dealer1 the eldest hand may require him to play the highest or lowest card of the suit in which he has renounced1 provided both adversaries of the dealer have played to the current trick2 but this penalty cannot be exacted against the dealer when he is fourth in hand1 nor can it be enforced at all from dummy4 #ic4 ,at the end of a hand the claimants of a revoke may search all the tricks4 ,if the cards have been mixed the claim may be urged and proved if possible2 but no proof is necessary1 and the revoke is established if1 after it has been claimed1 the accused player or his partner mix the cards before they have been sufficiently examined by the adversaries4 #id4 ,a revoke must be claimed before the cards have been cut for the following deal4 #ie4 ,should the players on both sides subject themselves to the revoke penalty neither can win the game by that hand4 #if4 ,the revoke penalty may be claimed for as many revokes as occur during a hand2 but the accumulated penalty shall in no event exceed thirteen tricks4 7,see ,law #g47 ,,general ,,rules #ig4 ,there should not be any consultation between partners as to the enforcement of penalties4 ,if they do so consult1 the penalty is paid4 #ih4 ,once a trick is complete1 turned and quitted it must not be looked at 7except under ,law #hd71 until the end of the hand4 #ii4 ,any player during the play of a trick or after the four cards are played and before they are touched for the purpose of gathering them together1 may demand that the cards be placed before their respective players4 #ajj4 ,if either of the dealer's adversaries1 prior to his partner's playing1 should call attention to the trick1 either by saying it is his1 or1 without being requested so to do1 by naming his card or drawing it toward him1 the dealer may require that opponent's partner to play his highest or lowest card of the suit led1 or to win or lose the trick4 #aja4 ,either of the dealer's adversaries may call his partner's attention to the fact that he is about to lead out of turn1 but if he make any unauthorised reference to any incident of the play the dealer may call a suit from the adversary whose turn it is next to lead4 #ajb4 ,in all cases where a penalty has been incurred1 the offender is bound to give reasonable time for the decision of his adversaries2 but if a wrong penalty be demanded none can be enforced4 #ajc4 ,the partner of the eldest hand may inform him that their adversaries have incurred a penalty1 but may not give any further information4 ,should he suggest the penalty1 or demand the enforcement of it1 such action shall be deemed a consultation1 and no penalty can be enforced4 ,,new ,,cards #ajd4 ,unless a pack be imperfect1 no player shall have the right to call for one new pack4 ,if fresh cards are demanded1 two packs must be furnished and paid for by the player who has demanded them4 ,if they are furnished during a rubber1 the adversaries shall have their choice of new cards4 ,if it is the beginning of a new rubber1 the dealer1 whether he or one of his adversaries be the party calling for the new cards1 shall have the choice4 ,new cards must be called for before the pack is cut for a new deal4 #aje4 ,a card or cards torn or marked must be replaced by agreement or new cards furnished4 ,,bystanders #ajf4 ,while a bystander1 by agreement among the players1 may decide any question1 yet he must on no account say anything unless appealed to2 and if he make any remark which calls attention to an oversight affecting the score1 or to the exaction of a penalty1 he is liable to be called on by the players to pay the stakes on that rubber4 ,,spade ,,convention ,i4--,where players agree not to play spades the rule is1 that if the spade make is not doubled1 the hand shall be played where either side is #bj or over4 ,,ii4--,if the third hand player ask1 ,shall ,i play8 or should he lead out of turn1 or should the eldest hand lead without asking permission to play1 the spade maker may take two on the score or may call a lead and require the hand to be played out4 ,,iii4--,should the third hand player double before his partner asks permission to play1 the spade maker may decide whether the double shall stand or not2 but the hand must be played out4 ,,etiquette ,it has been truthfully said that there is no game in which slight intimations can convey so much information as that of ,bridge4 ,in justice to those who1 by their manner1 give information1 it may be stated that most of the apparent unfairness at the ,bridge table is unintentional4 ,hesitation and mannerisms1 however1 cannot be too carefully avoided2 such a breach of etiquette is an offence for which the adversaries have no redress except perhaps a refusal to continue the play4 ,it is obviously a greater fault to take advantage of information thus given4 ,a play in your judgment may be perfectly sound1 but you leave yourself open to criticism if it is in any way contingent on information obtained from your partner's manner4 ,cultivate uniformity in your style of play2 let there be no remarkable haste or hesitation in making or passing2 try always to use the same formula of words1 and do not call attention to the score after the cards have been dealt4 ,remember that any undue hesitancy in regard to doubling will deprive a fair-minded partner of the privilege of so doing4 ,such delays are too frequent at spade declarations4 ,emphasise no play of your own and show no pleasure or displeasure at any other play4 ,do not ask to have the cards placed unless it is solely for your own information4 ,it is an offence either to revoke purposely or to make a second revoke in order to conceal the first4 ,the dealer's partner should not call attention to the score nor to any card or cards that he or the other players hold1 and neither should he leave his seat for the purpose of watching his partner's play4 ,when there is an unusual distribution of the cards1 no remarks of any kind should be allowed4 ,after a hand has been played1 it may be discussed to the common benefit2 but the bore who is continually blowing up his partner to show his superior knowledge1 together with the player who interrupts the game to discuss the play1 should be ostracised from the card-room4 ,superiority of skill is shown by the play of the cards1 not by mannerisms4 ,it is often difficult to refrain from showing pleasure at the accomplishment of a desired purpose1 but undue elation is most aggravating to the adversaries4 ,do not make a dig at the adversaries by confiding to your partner that your success was due to an ill-judged play of the opponent4 ,it is not good form to complain of poor cards1 as you imply that the adversaries profit by your weak hands and not by their skill4 ,the better players rarely criticise unless asked to do so2 it is usually the inexperienced player who offers an astonishing amount of gratuitous and unsought-for advice4 ,do not tell your partner1 after seeing all the cards1 what he should have done1 but think what you would have done in your partner's place4 ,do not criticise at all1 but if you must1 criticise fairly4 ,,glossary ,book4--,the first six tricks won by the same partners4 ,by-cards4--,the number of tricks won1 more than six1 or over the book1 is the number by-cards4 ,for instance1 eight tricks are equal to two by-cards4 ,card of ,re-entry4--,a winning card which will bring into play another suit4 ,sometimes the re-entry is in the suit itself1 but when a suit with a re-entry is spoken of it means that the re-entry is in another suit4 ,command4--,the best card or cards of a suit4 ,the ability to stop the suit at any time4 ,covering4--,putting a higher card on the trick when not the last player4 ,discarding4--,when unable to follow suit1 throwing away some card of another suit which is not trumps4 ,doubling4--,increasing the value of the trick points4 ,doubtful ,card4--,cards which may or may not win the trick4 ,the king is led1 and you do not know who holds the ace2 the king is therefore a doubtful card4 ,dummy4--,the player whose cards are exposed on the table4 ,the dealer's partner4 ,duplicate4--,a modification in which each hand is played more than once1 usually in tournaments4 ,echo4--,playing a higher card before a lower1 when no attempt is made to win the trick4 ,eldest ,hand4--,the player on the dealer's left4 ,established ,suit4--,a suit in which the partners can win every trick1 no matter who leads it4 ,exposed ,card4--,any card which is shown1 but is not played to the trick1 such as two cards played at once1 one of which is an exposed card4 ,false ,cards4--,playing the ace1 holding the king1 or any similar attempt to conceal the cards held4 ,finesse4--,any attempt to win a trick with a card which is not the best in the hand1 nor in sequence with it4 ,forcing4--,making a player trump a suit which he does not want to trump4 ,see ,ruffing4 ,fourchette4--,the cards above and below another card4 ,a ,q are fourchette over the ,k4 ,fourth-best4--,counting from the highest card in the suit4 ,going ,over4--,doubling the value of the trick points4 ,guarded ,suits4--,a high card so protected by smaller cards that it cannot be caught by the adversaries leading higher cards4 ,holding ,up4--,refusing to play the best card of a suit4 ,honours4--,in trumps1 the ,a ,k ,q ,j #aj of the suit4 ,at no-trump1 the four aces4 ,leader4--,the first player in any trick4 ,leading ,up ,to4--,playing a suit with a view to what the fourth hand holds in it4 ,leading ,through4--,leading a suit with a view to what the second hand holds in it4 ,little ,slam4--,twelve tricks won out of thirteen4 ,losing ,card4--,any card which cannot possibly take a trick4 ,love-all4--,the state of the score before either side has made a point4 ,odd ,trick4--,the first trick over the book of six4 ,original ,lead4--,the opening of the hand or suit4 ,re-entry4--,see ,card of ,re-entry4 ,revoke4--,renouncing1 while still holding cards of the suit led4 ,rubber4--,two out of three games4 ,ruffing4--,trumping a trick willingly4 ,see ,forcing4 ,slam4--,winning all thirteen tricks4 ,tenace4--,the best and third best of a suit4 ,a and ,q are tenace4 ,third ,hand4--,the leader's partner4 ,unblocking4--,getting rid of any card which might stop the run of a long suit4 ,weakness4--,inability to stop a suit4 ,weak ,suits4--,those in which tricks are impossible1 or very improbable4 ,,index ,aces1 second hand1 playing1 #bc ,advantages of discarding strength1 #da ,avoid leading certain combinations1 #bg ,avoid leading trumps1 #eg ,bad red-suit makes1 #bb ,beating dummy's cards1 #dc ,black suit declarations1 #af ,bridge1 duplicate1 #ig ,bridge for three players1 #if ,bridge1 laws of1 #aja ,bridge1 progressive1 #ih ,bystanders1 #abe ,cards played in error1 #abj ,chicane and double chicane1 #g ,choice of seats and cards1 #a ,clubs1 #af ,combining hands of dealer and dummy1 #fd ,commanding card1 holding up1 #ed ,conversation of the game1 #d ,covering honours with honours1 #db ,cutting1 #ajd ,cutting for the right to play1 #a ,cutting out1 #aje ,dealer's play at no-trump1 #ec ,dealer's play with a declared trump1 #de ,dealer's play with a trump1 #di ,dealing1 #a1 #ajg ,declaration1 the1 #i ,declaring trumps1 #aaj ,determining value of the rubber1 #i ,diamond make1 rules for1 #af ,diamonds1 #ad ,different systems of discarding1 #ci ,discard after showing a suit1 #ch ,discard1 the reverse1 #da ,discarding1 #ch ,discarding1 hints on1 #da ,discarding strength always1 #ch ,don't change suits1 #dh ,don'ts for bridge players1 #eh ,doubling no-trumpers1 #bc ,doubling1 rules for1 #bc ,doubling spades1 #bc ,doubling trick values1 #c ,doubling with success1 #bb ,doubtful no-trumpers1 #dc ,dummy1 #aad ,dummy bridge1 #fd ,dummy's hand and duties1 #d ,dummy holding tenaces1 #dc ,duplicate bridge1 #ig ,echo at no trump1 #de ,echo1 the1 #dd ,echo to show you can ruff1 #de ,eleven1 the rule of1 #cj ,entry1 rights of1 #ajf ,error1 cards played in1 #abj ,estimating value of hands1 #bb ,examples of original leads1 #cb ,examples of original makes1 #bj ,exposing cards before play1 #aaf ,exposing cards during play1 #aag ,finessing1 #ff ,finessing by the dealer1 #eg ,finessing on partner's lead1 #dd ,first trick1 after the1 #cd ,forcing the strong trump hand1 #ce ,forming tables1 #ajd ,fourth-best leads1 #cj ,game1 points in the1 #b ,general rules of play1 #abc ,giving partner information1 #bi ,glossary1 #acj ,going over1 #aaa ,good suits to lead1 #bi ,guarded suits1 meaning of1 #ab ,hand1 estimating value of1 #bb ,heart contention1 #bf ,hearts1 #ac ,hearts instead of no-trump1 #ac ,hearts led at double no-trump1 #bf ,hearts1 rules for make1 #ad ,high cards1 second hand1 #dc ,hints for discarding1 #da ,holding a combination1 #ef ,holding up the command1 #ee ,honours are a separate score1 #b ,honours1 value of1 #g ,honours when there is trump1 #g ,honours when there is no trump1 #g ,illustrative hands1 #gc ,importance of good makes1 #aj ,importance of the score1 #i ,inferences1 #fb ,inferring what dealer holds1 #dh ,judgment in the makes1 #aj ,keeping command of a suit1 #gc ,laws of bridge1 #aja ,lead when partner has doubled1 #be ,leading aces first1 #bi ,leading from three honours1 #bi ,leading from weakness to strength1 #cd1 #ef ,leading high cards1 #bg ,leading red suits instead of black1 #ea ,leading short suits1 #cf ,leading through strength1 #ef ,leading to partner's suit1 #dh ,leading trumps1 #df ,leading up to weakness1 #ca ,leading weak suits1 #ea ,leads out of turn1 #aag ,letting the weak hand ruff1 #dg ,longest suit should be played first1 #ed ,makes1 examples of original1 #bj ,makes1 passed1 #ai ,making the trump1 #aj ,making up the table1 #a ,mannerisms1 #ei ,memory1 #fj ,method of scoring1 #f ,misdeals1 none in bridge1 #b ,new cards1 #abe ,new deal1 #ajh ,non-dealer's play against a declared trump1 #bg ,non-dealer's play at no-trump1 #dg ,non-dealer's play1 second hand1 #db ,non-dealer's play1 third hand1 #dc ,no-trump declaration by dealer1 rules for1 #ab ,no-trump makes1 #aj ,object of leading through strength1 #ef ,object of the game1 #b ,opening leads at no-trump1 #ej ,opening leads1 examples of1 #cb ,original lends against a declared trump1 #bh ,original leads in no-trump1 #eb ,original leads with a trump1 #bh ,original makes1 examples of1 #bj ,original no-trump makes1 #ag ,partner doubles1 suit to lead1 #bb ,partner's suit1 leading to1 #di ,passed makes1 #ai ,placing aces1 second hand1 #dc ,placing cards by eleven rule1 #cj ,play of the cards1 #d ,players1 number of1 #a ,playing your suit1 not partner's1 #di ,points in the game1 #b ,preventing revokes1 #f ,probable value of partner's hand1 #aa ,progressive bridge1 #ih ,protection1 or guarded suits1 #ab ,protecting suits and honours1 #db ,rank of cards in cutting1 #a ,rank of cards in play1 #d ,redoubling trick values1 #c1 #d ,re-entry cards1 #gg ,returning partner's suits1 #dh ,reverse discards1 #da ,revoke1 the1 #aba ,revoke1 to prevent a1 #f ,rights of entry1 #ajf ,rubber1 the1 #aja ,rubber points added1 #b ,ruff before leading trumps1 #hc ,rules for discarding1 #ch1 #da ,rules for doubling1 #bc ,rules for finessing1 #ei1 #ff ,rules for forcing1 #ce ,rules for inferences1 #fb ,rules for leading short suits1 #cf ,rules for leading trumps1 #df ,rules for no-trump makes1 #ab ,rules for passed makes1 #ai ,ruled for playing to the score1 #i ,score-sheet1 how used1 #h ,scoring1 #f1 #aja ,scoring1 knowledge of1 #i ,scoring1 method of1 #h ,second-hand play1 dealer and dummy1 #fe ,second-hand plays1 #fg ,seeing dummy's hand1 #bg ,short suits1 when to lead1 #cf ,shuffling1 #ajg ,shuffling the still pack1 #a ,slams and their value1 #g ,spade makes1 defensive1 #ag ,spades1 #af ,specimen score-sheet1 #h ,suggestions for doubting1 #bc ,suggestions for the non-dealer1 #fc ,table of honour values1 #g ,table of leads at no-trump1 #eb ,tables1 forming1 #ajd ,taking the lead1 #ed ,three-handed bridge1 #if ,trick values1 table of1 #c ,trump1 declaring the1 #c ,trump1 the1 #ajb ,trumps1 avoid leading1 #eg ,trumps1 declaring1 #aaj ,trumps1 how made1 #e ,trumps1 leading1 #df ,unblocking1 #ec ,value of any hand1 #bb ,value of partner's hand1 #aa ,value of trumps you hold1 #bc ,weak no-trump makes1 #ba ,weakness1 leading up to1 #ca ,weak suits at doubled no-trump1 #ca ,weak-suit convention1 #be