,! ,e?ics 7,e?ica ,ord9e ,geometrico ,demon/rata7 by ,b5$ict de ,sp9oza ,translat$ f ! ,lat9 by ,r4 ,h4 ,m4 ,elwes ,,"p ,i4 ,,conc]n+ ,,god4 ,,def9itions4 ,i4 ,by t :i* is self--caus$1 ,i mean t ( :i* ! ess5ce involves exi/5ce1 or t ( :i* ! nature is only conceivable z exi/5t4 ,,ii4 ,a ?+ is call$ f9ite aft] its k9d1 :5 x c be limit$ by ano!r ?+ ( ! same nature2 = in/ance1 a body is call$ f9ite because we always conceive ano!r great] body4 ,s1 also1 a ?\ght is limit$ by ano!r ?\ght1 b a body is n limit$ by ?\ght1 nor a ?\ght by body4 ,,iii4 ,by sub/ance1 ,i mean t :i* is 9 itself1 & is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself3 9 o!r words1 t ( :i* a conception c be =m$ indep5d5tly ( any o!r conception4 ,,iv4 ,by attribute1 ,i mean t :i* ! intellect p]ceives z con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( sub/ance4 ,v4 ,by mode1 ,i mean ! modifications#a ( sub/ance1 or t :i* exi/s 91 & is conceiv$ ?r\gh1 some?+ o!r ?an itself4 #a ,affectiones ,,vi4 ,by ,god1 ,i mean a be+ absolutely inf9ite--t is1 a sub/ance consi/+ 9 inf9ite attributes1 ( :i* ea* expresses et]nal & inf9ite ess5tiality4 ,explanation--,i say absolutely inf9ite1 n inf9ite aft] its k9d3 =1 ( a ?+ inf9ite only aft] its k9d1 inf9ite attributes may be d5i$2 b t :i* is absolutely inf9ite1 conta9s 9 its ess5ce :atev] expresses reality1 & involves no negation4 ,,vii4 ,t ?+ is call$ free1 :i* exi/s solely by ! necessity ( its own nature1 & ( :i* ! action is det]m9$ by itself alone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t ?+ is necess>y1 or r con/ra9$1 :i* is det]m9$ by some?+ ext]nal to itself to a fix$ & def9ite me?od ( exi/5ce or action4 ,,viii4 ,by et]nity1 ,i mean exi/5ce itself1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ necess>ily to foll[ solely f ! def9ition ( t :i* is et]nal4 ,explanation--,exi/5ce ( ?is k9d is conceiv$ z an et]nal tru?1 l ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 &1 !re=e1 _c be expla9$ by means ( cont9uance or "t1 ?\gh cont9uance may be conceiv$ )\t a beg9n+ or end4 ,,axioms4 ,i4 ,ev]y?+ :i* exi/s1 exi/s ei!r 9 itself or 9 some?+ else4 ,,ii4 ,t :i* _c be conceiv$ ?r\gh any?+ else mu/ be conceiv$ ?r\gh itself4 ,,iii4 ,f a giv5 def9ite cause an effect necess>ily foll[s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if no def9ite cause be grant$1 x is impossible t an effect c foll[4 ,,iv4 ,! k ( an effect dep5ds on & involves ! k ( a cause4 ,v4 ,?+s :i* h no?+ 9 common _c be und]/ood1 ! "o by means ( ! o!r2 ! conception ( "o does n involve ! conception ( ! o!r4 ,,vi4 ,a true idea mu/ correspond ) its ideate or object4 ,,vii4 ,if a ?+ c be conceiv$ z non--exi/+1 its ess5ce does n involve exi/5ce4 ,,propositions4 ,,prop4 ,i4 ,sub/ance is by nature prior to its modifications4 ,pro(4--,?is is cle> f ,deff4 iii4 & v4 ,,prop4 ,,ii4 ,two sub/ances1 ^: attributes are diff]5t1 h no?+ 9 common4 ,pro(4--,also evid5t f ,def4 iii4 ,= ea* mu/ exi/ 9 itself1 & be conceiv$ ?r\gh itself2 9 o!r words1 ! conception ( "o does n imply ! conception ( ! o!r4 ,,prop4 ,,iii4 ,?+s :i* h no?+ 9 common _c be "o ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,pro(4--,if !y h no?+ 9 common1 x foll[s t "o _c be appreh5d$ by means ( ! o!r 7,ax4 v471 &1 !re=e1 "o _c be ! cause ( ! o!r 7,ax4 iv474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,iv4 ,two or m di/9ct ?+s are di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r1 ei!r by ! diff]5ce ( ! attributes ( ! sub/ances1 or by ! diff]5ce ( _! modifications4 ,pro(4--,ev]y?+ :i* exi/s1 exi/s ei!r 9 itself or 9 some?+ else 7,ax4 i471--t is 7by ,deff4 iii4 & v471 no?+ is grant$ 9 addition to ! und]/&+1 except sub/ance & its modifications4 ,no?+ is1 !re=e1 giv5 besides ! und]/&+1 by :i* sev]al ?+s may be di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r1 except ! sub/ances1 or1 9 o!r words 7see ,ax4 iv471 _! attributes & modifications4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,v4 ,!re _c exi/ 9 ! univ]se two or m sub/ances hav+ ! same nature or attribute4 ,pro(4--,if sev]al di/9ct sub/ances be grant$1 !y mu/ be di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r1 ei!r by ! diff]5ce ( _! attributes1 or by ! diff]5ce ( _! modifications 7,prop4 iv474 ,if only by ! diff]5ce ( _! attributes1 x w be grant$ t !re _c be m ?an "o ) an id5tical attribute4 ,if by ! diff]5ce ( _! modifications--z sub/ance is naturally prior to its modifications 7,prop4 i471--x foll[s t sett+ ! modifications aside1 & consid]+ sub/ance 9 itself1 t is truly1 7,deff4 iii4 & vi471 !re _c be conceiv$ "o sub/ance diff]5t f ano!r1--t is 7by ,prop4 iv471 !re _c be grant$ sev]al sub/ances1 b "o sub/ance only4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,vi4 ,"o sub/ance _c be produc$ by ano!r sub/ance4 ,pro(4--,x is impossible t !re %\ld be 9 ! univ]se two sub/ances ) an id5tical attribute1 i4e4 :i* h any?+ common to !m bo? 7,prop4 ii471 &1 !re=e 7,prop4 iii471 "o _c be ! cause ( ! o!r1 nei!r c "o be produc$ by ! o!r4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t a sub/ance _c be produc$ by any?+ ext]nal to itself4 ,= 9 ! univ]se no?+ is grant$1 save sub/ances & _! modifications 7z appe>s f ,ax4 i4 & ,deff4 iii4 & v474 ,n[ 7by ! la/ ,prop47 sub/ance _c be produc$ by ano!r sub/ance1 !re=e x _c be produc$ by any?+ ext]nal to itself4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,?is is %[n /ill m readily by ! absurdity ( ! contradictory4 ,=1 if sub/ance be produc$ by an ext]nal cause1 ! k ( x w\ld dep5d on ! k ( its cause 7,ax4 iv471 & 7by ,def4 iii47 x w\ld itself n be sub/ance4 ,,prop4 ,,vii4 ,exi/5ce belongs to ! nature ( sub/ances4 ,pro(4--,sub/ance _c be produc$ by any?+ ext]nal 7,coroll>y1 ,prop vi471 x mu/1 !re=e1 be its own cause--t is1 its ess5ce necess>ily involves exi/5ce1 or exi/5ce belongs to its nature4 ,,prop4 ,,viii4 ,e sub/ance is necess>ily inf9ite4 ,pro(4--,!re c only be "o sub/ance ) an id5tical attribute1 & exi/5ce foll[s f its nature 7,prop4 vii472 its nature1 !re=e1 involves exi/5ce1 ei!r z f9ite or inf9ite4 ,x does n exi/ z f9ite1 = 7by ,def4 ii47 x w\ld !n be limit$ by some?+ else ( ! same k9d1 :i* w\ld also necess>ily exi/ 7,prop4 vii472 & !re w\ld be two sub/ances ) an id5tical attribute1 :i* is absurd 7,prop4 v474 ,x !re=e exi/s z inf9ite4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note ,i4--,z f9ite exi/5ce involves a p>tial negation1 & inf9ite exi/5ce is ! absolute affirmation ( ! giv5 nature1 x foll[s 7solely f ,prop4 vii47 t e sub/ance is necess>ily inf9ite4 ,note ,,ii4--,no d\bt x w be difficult = ^? :o ?9k ab\t ?+s loosely1 & h n be5 accu/om$ to "k !m by _! prim>y causes1 to compreh5d ! demon/ration ( ,prop4 vii43 = su* p]sons make no di/9ction betwe5 ! modifications ( sub/ances & ! sub/ances !mselves1 & are ignorant ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?+s are produc$2 h5ce !y may attribute to sub/ances ! beg9n+ :i* !y obs]ve 9 natural objects4 ,^? :o are ignorant ( true causes1 make complete confusion--?9k t trees might talk j z well z m5--t m5 might be =m$ f /ones z well z f se$2 & imag9e t any =m might be *ang$ into any o!r4 ,s1 also1 ^? :o confuse ! two natures1 div9e & human1 readily attribute human passions to ! deity1 especially s long z !y d n "k h[ passions orig9ate 9 ! m9d4 ,b1 if p w\ld consid] ! nature ( sub/ance1 !y w\ld h no d\bt ab\t ! tru? ( ,prop4 vii4 ,9 fact1 ?is proposition w\ld be a univ]sal axiom1 & acc\nt$ a truism4 ,=1 by sub/ance1 w\ld be und]/ood t :i* is 9 itself1 & is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself--t is1 some?+ ( :i* ! conception requires n ! conception ( any?+ else2 :]eas modifications exi/ 9 some?+ ext]nal to !mselves1 & a conception ( !m is =m$ by means ( a conception ( ! ?+ 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,!re=e1 we may h true ideas ( non--exi/5t modifications2 =1 al?\gh !y may h no actual exi/5ce ap>t f ! conceiv+ intellect1 yet _! ess5ce is s involv$ 9 some?+ ext]nal to !mselves t !y may ?r\gh x be conceiv$4 ,:]eas ! only tru? sub/ances c h1 ext]nal to ! intellect1 mu/ consi/ 9 _! exi/5ce1 because !y are conceiv$ ?r\gh !mselves4 ,!re=e1 = a p]son to say t he has a cle> & di/9ct--t is1 a true--idea ( a sub/ance1 b t he is n sure :e!r su* sub/ance exi/s1 w\ld be ! same z if he said t he _h a true idea1 b 0 n sure :e!r or no x 0 false 7a little consid]ation w make ?is pla972 or if anyone affirm$ t sub/ance is creat$1 x w\ld be ! same z say+ t a false idea 0 true--9 %ort1 ! height ( absurdity4 ,x mu/1 !n1 necess>ily be admitt$ t ! exi/5ce ( sub/ance z its ess5ce is an et]nal tru?4 ,& we c h5ce conclude by ano!r process ( reason+--t !re is b "o su* sub/ance4 ,i ?9k t ?is may pr(itably be done at once2 &1 9 ord] to proce$ regul>ly ) ! demon/ration1 we mu/ premise3---- #a4 ,! true def9ition ( a ?+ nei!r involves nor expresses any?+ beyond ! nature ( ! ?+ def9$4 ,f ?is x foll[s t---- #b4 ,no def9ition implies or expresses a c]ta9 numb] ( individuals1 inasmu* z x expresses no?+ beyond ! nature ( ! ?+ def9$4 ,= in/ance1 ! def9ition ( a triangle expresses no?+ beyond ! actual nature ( a triangle3 x does n imply any fix$ numb] ( triangles4 #c4 ,!re is necess>ily = ea* individual exi/5t ?+ a cause :y x %\ld exi/4 #d4 ,?is cause ( exi/5ce mu/ ei!r be conta9$ 9 ! nature & def9ition ( ! ?+ def9$1 or mu/ be po/ulat$ ap>t f su* def9ition4 ,x !re=e foll[s t1 if a giv5 numb] ( individual ?+s exi/ 9 nature1 !re mu/ be "s cause = ! exi/5ce ( exactly t numb]1 nei!r m nor less4 ,= example1 if tw5ty m5 exi/ 9 ! univ]se 7= simplicity's sake1 ,i w suppose !m exi/+ simultane\sly1 & to h _h no pr$ecessors71 & we want to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ^! tw5ty m51 x w n be en\gh to %[ ! cause ( human exi/5ce 9 g5]al2 we mu/ also %[ :y !re are exactly tw5ty m51 nei!r m nor less3 = a cause mu/ be assign$ = ! exi/5ce ( ea* individual4 ,n[ ?is cause _c be conta9$ 9 ! actual nature ( man1 = ! true def9ition ( man does n involve any consid]ation ( ! numb] tw5ty4 ,consequ5tly1 ! cause = ! exi/5ce ( ^! tw5ty m51 &1 consequ5tly1 ( ea* ( !m1 mu/ necess>ily be s\ght ext]nally to ea* individual4 ,h5ce we may lay d[n ! absolute rule1 t ev]y?+ :i* may consi/ ( sev]al individuals mu/ h an ext]nal cause4 ,&1 z x has be5 %[n already t exi/5ce app]ta9s to ! nature ( sub/ance1 exi/5ce mu/ necess>ily be includ$ 9 its def9ition2 & f its def9ition alone exi/5ce mu/ be d$ucible4 ,b f its def9ition 7z we h %[n1 notes ii41 iii471 we _c inf] ! exi/5ce ( sev]al sub/ances2 !re=e x foll[s t !re is only "o sub/ance ( ! same nature4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,ix4 ,! m reality or be+ a ?+ has1 ! great] ! numb] ( its attributes 7,def4 iv474 ,,prop4 ,x4 ,ea* p>ticul> attribute ( ! "o sub/ance mu/ be conceiv$ ?r\gh itself4 ,pro(4--,an attribute is t :i* ! intellect p]ceives ( sub/ance1 z con/itut+ its ess5ce 7,def4 iv471 &1 !re=e1 mu/ be conceiv$ ?r\gh itself 7,def4 iii474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note--,x is ?us evid5t t1 ?\gh two attributes are1 9 fact1 conceiv$ z di/9ct--t is1 "o )\t ! help ( ! o!r--yet we _c1 !re=e1 conclude t !y con/itute two entities1 or two diff]5t sub/ances4 ,= x is ! nature ( sub/ance t ea* ( its attributes is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself1 inasmu* z all ! attributes x has h always exi/$ simultane\sly 9 x1 & none c\ld be produc$ by any o!r2 b ea* expresses ! reality or be+ ( sub/ance4 ,x is1 !n1 f> f an absurdity to ascribe sev]al attributes to "o sub/ance3 = no?+ 9 nature is m cle> ?an t ea* & e entity mu/ be conceiv$ "u "s attribute1 & t its reality or be+ is 9 proportion to ! numb] ( its attributes express+ necessity or et]nity & inf9ity4 ,consequ5tly x is abundantly cle>1 t an absolutely inf9ite be+ mu/ necess>ily be def9$ z consi/+ 9 inf9ite attributes1 ea* ( :i* expresses a c]ta9 et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce4 ,if anyone n[ ask1 by :at sign %all he be able to di/+ui% diff]5t sub/ances1 let him read ! foll[+ propositions1 :i* %[ t !re is b "o sub/ance 9 ! univ]se1 & t x is absolutely inf9ite1 :]e=e su* a sign w\ld be s\ght 9 va94 ,,prop4 ,,xi4 ,god1 or sub/ance1 consi/+ ( inf9ite attributes1 ( :i* ea* expresses et]nal & inf9ite ess5tiality1 necess>ily exi/s4 ,pro(4--,if ?is be d5i$1 conceive1 if possible1 t ,god does n exi/3 !n 8 ess5ce does n involve exi/5ce4 ,b ?is 7,prop4 vii47 is absurd4 ,!re=e ,god necess>ily exi/s4 ,ano!r pro(4--,( ev]y?+ :atsoev] a cause or reason mu/ be assign$1 ei!r = its exi/5ce1 or = its non--exi/5ce--e4g4 if a triangle exi/1 a reason or cause mu/ be grant$ = its exi/5ce2 if1 on ! contr>y1 x does n exi/1 a cause mu/ also be grant$1 :i* prev5ts x f exi/+1 or annuls its exi/5ce4 ,?is reason or cause mu/ ei!r be conta9$ 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ 9 "q1 or be ext]nal to x4 ,= in/ance1 ! reason = ! non--exi/5ce ( a squ>e circle is indicat$ 9 its nature1 namely1 because x w\ld involve a contradiction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exi/5ce ( sub/ance foll[s also solely f its nature1 inasmu* z its nature involves exi/5ce4 7,see ,prop4 vii47 ,b ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( a triangle or a circle does n foll[ f ! nature ( ^? figures1 b f ! ord] ( univ]sal nature 9 ext5sion4 ,f ! latt] x mu/ foll[1 ei!r t a triangle necess>ily exi/s1 or t x is impossible t x %\ld exi/4 ,s mu* is self--evid5t4 ,x foll[s !refrom t a ?+ necess>ily exi/s1 if no cause or reason be grant$ :i* prev5ts its exi/5ce4 ,if1 !n1 no cause or reason c be giv51 :i* prev5ts ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or :i* de/roys 8 exi/5ce1 we mu/ c]ta9ly conclude t he necess>ily does exi/4 ,if su* a reason or cause %\ld be giv51 x mu/ ei!r be drawn f ! v nature ( ,god1 or be ext]nal to him--t is1 drawn f ano!r sub/ance ( ano!r nature4 ,= if x 7 ( ! same nature1 ,god1 by t v fact1 w\ld be admitt$ to exi/4 ,b sub/ance ( ano!r nature c\ld h no?+ 9 common ) ,god 7by ,prop4 ii471 & !re=e w\ld be unable ei!r to cause or to de/roy 8 exi/5ce4 ,z1 !n1 a reason or cause :i* w\ld annul ! div9e exi/5ce _c be drawn f any?+ ext]nal to ! div9e nature1 su* cause mu/ p]=ce1 if ,god does n exi/1 be drawn f ,god's own nature1 :i* w\ld involve a contradiction4 ,to make su* an affirmation ab\t a be+ absolutely inf9ite & supremely p]fect is absurd2 !re=e1 nei!r 9 ! nature ( ,god1 nor ext]nally to 8 nature1 c a cause or reason be assign$ :i* w\ld annul 8 exi/5ce4 ,!re=e1 ,god necess>ily exi/s4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,ano!r pro(4--,! pot5tiality ( non--exi/5ce is a negation ( p[]1 & contr>iwise ! pot5tiality ( exi/5ce is a p[]1 z is obvi\s4 ,if1 !n1 t :i* necess>ily exi/s is no?+ b f9ite be+s1 su* f9ite be+s are m p[]ful ?an a be+ absolutely inf9ite1 :i* is obvi\sly absurd2 !re=e1 ei!r no?+ exi/s1 or else a be+ absolutely inf9ite necess>ily exi/s also4 ,n[ we exi/ ei!r 9 ourselves1 or 9 some?+ else :i* necess>ily exi/s 7see ,axiom4 i4 & ,prop4 vii474 ,!re=e a be+ absolutely inf9ite--9 o!r words1 ,god 7,def4 vi47--necess>ily exi/s4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,9 ?is la/ pro(1 ,i h purposely %[n ,god's exi/5ce po/]iori1 s t ! pro( might be m easily foll[$1 n because1 f ! same premises1 ,god's exi/5ce does n foll[ priori4 ,=1 z ! pot5tiality ( exi/5ce is a p[]1 x foll[s t1 9 proportion z reality increases 9 ! nature ( a ?+1 s also w x increase its /r5g? = exi/5ce4 ,!re=e a be+ absolutely inf9ite1 su* z ,god1 has f himself an absolutely inf9ite p[] ( exi/5ce1 & h5ce he does absolutely exi/4 ,p]haps !re w be _m :o w be unable to see ! =ce ( ?is pro(1 inasmu* z !y are accu/om$ only to consid] ^? ?+s :i* fl[ f ext]nal causes4 ,( su* ?+s1 !y see t ^? :i* quickly come to pass--t is1 quickly come into exi/5ce--quickly also disappe>2 :]eas !y reg>d z m difficult ( accompli%m5t--t is1 n s easily br\ght into exi/5ce--^? ?+s :i* !y conceive z m complicat$4 ,h[ev]1 to d away ) ?is misconception1 ,i ne$ n "h %[ ! measure ( tru? 9 ! prov]b1 ,:at comes quickly1 goes quickly1 nor discuss :e!r1 f ! po9t ( view ( univ]sal nature1 all ?+s are equally easy1 or o!rwise3 ,i ne$ only rem>k t ,i am n "h speak+ ( ?+s1 :i* come to pass ?r\gh causes ext]nal to !mselves1 b only ( sub/ances :i* 7by ,prop4 vi47 _c be produc$ by any ext]nal cause4 ,?+s :i* are produc$ by ext]nal causes1 :e!r !y consi/ ( _m p>ts or few1 owe :atsoev] p]fection or reality !y possess solely to ! efficacy ( _! ext]nal cause2 & !re=e _! exi/5ce arises solely f ! p]fection ( _! ext]nal cause1 n f _! own4 ,contr>iwise1 :atsoev] p]fection is possess$ by sub/ance is due to no ext]nal cause2 :]e=e ! exi/5ce ( sub/ance mu/ arise solely f its own nature1 :i* is no?+ else b its ess5ce4 ,?us1 ! p]fection ( a ?+ does n annul its exi/5ce1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ass]ts x4 ,imp]fection1 on ! o!r h&1 does annul x2 !re=e we _c be m c]ta9 ( ! exi/5ce ( any?+1 ?an ( ! exi/5ce ( a be+ absolutely inf9ite or p]fect--t is1 ( ,god4 ,= inasmu* z 8 ess5ce excludes all imp]fection1 & involves absolute p]fection1 all cause = d\bt conc]n+ 8 exi/5ce is done away1 & ! utmo/ c]ta9ty on ! "q is giv54 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 w be evid5t to e mod]ately att5tive read]4 ,,prop4 ,,xii4 ,no attribute ( sub/ance c be conceiv$ f :i* x w\ld foll[ t sub/ance c be divid$4 ,pro(4--,! p>ts into :i* sub/ance z ?us conceiv$ w\ld be divid$ ei!r w reta9 ! nature ( sub/ance1 or !y w n4 ,if ! =m]1 !n 7by ,prop4 viii47 ea* "p w necess>ily be inf9ite1 & 7by ,prop4 vi47 self--caus$1 & 7by ,prop4 v47 w p]=ce consi/ ( a diff]5t attribute1 s t1 9 t case1 sev]al sub/ances c\ld be =m$ out ( "o sub/ance1 :i* 7by ,prop4 vi47 is absurd4 ,moreov]1 ! p>ts 7by ,prop4 ii47 w\ld h no?+ 9 common ) _! :ole1 & ! :ole 7by ,def4 iv4 & ,prop4 x47 c\ld bo? exi/ & be conceiv$ )\t its p>ts1 :i* ev]yone w admit to be absurd4 ,if we adopt ! second alt]native--namely1 t ! p>ts w n reta9 ! nature ( sub/ance--!n1 if ! :ole sub/ance 7 divid$ into equal p>ts1 x w\ld lose ! nature ( sub/ance1 & w\ld cease to exi/1 :i* 7by ,prop4 vii47 is absurd4 ,,prop4 ,,xiii4 ,sub/ance absolutely inf9ite is indivisible4 ,pro(4--,if x c\ld be divid$1 ! p>ts into :i* x 0 divid$ w\ld ei!r reta9 ! nature ( absolutely inf9ite sub/ance1 or !y w\ld n4 ,if ! =m]1 we %\ld h sev]al sub/ances ( ! same nature1 :i* 7by ,prop4 v47 is absurd4 ,if ! latt]1 !n 7by ,prop4 vii47 sub/ance absolutely inf9ite c\ld cease to exi/1 :i* 7by ,prop4 xi47 is also absurd4 ,coroll>y4--,x foll[s1 t no sub/ance1 & consequ5tly no ext5d$ sub/ance1 9 s f> z x is sub/ance1 is divisible4 ,note4--,! indivisibility ( sub/ance may be m easily und]/ood z foll[s4 ,! nature ( sub/ance c only be conceiv$ z inf9ite1 & by a "p ( sub/ance1 no?+ else c be und]/ood ?an f9ite sub/ance1 :i* 7by ,prop4 viii7 involves a manife/ contradiction4 ,,prop4 ,,xiv4 ,besides ,god no sub/ance c be grant$ or conceiv$4 ,pro(4--,z ,god is a be+ absolutely inf9ite1 ( :om no attribute t expresses ! ess5ce ( sub/ance c be d5i$ 7by ,def4 vi471 & he necess>ily exi/s 7by ,prop4 xi472 if any sub/ance besides ,god 7 grant$1 x w\ld h to be expla9$ by "s attribute ( ,god1 & ?us two sub/ances ) ! same attribute w\ld exi/1 :i* 7by ,prop4 v47 is absurd2 !re=e1 besides ,god no sub/ance c be grant$1 or1 consequ5tly1 be conceiv$4 ,if x c\ld be conceiv$1 x w\ld necess>ily h to be conceiv$ z exi/5t2 b ?is 7by ! fir/ "p ( ?is pro(7 is absurd4 ,!re=e1 besides ,god no sub/ance c be grant$ or conceiv$4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y ,i4--,cle>ly1 !re=e3 #a4 ,god is "o1 t is 7by ,def4 vi47 only "o sub/ance c be grant$ 9 ! univ]se1 & t sub/ance is absolutely inf9ite1 z we h already indicat$ 79 ! note to ,prop4 x474 ,coroll>y ,,ii4--,x foll[s3 #b4 ,t ext5sion & ?\ght are ei!r attributes ( ,god or 7by ,ax4 i47 accid5ts 7affectiones7 ( ! attributes ( ,god4 ,,prop4 ,,xv4 ,:atsoev] is1 is 9 ,god1 & )\t ,god no?+ c be1 or be conceiv$4 ,pro(4--,besides ,god1 no sub/ance is grant$ or c be conceiv$ 7by ,prop4 xiv471 t is 7by ,def4 iii47 no?+ :i* is 9 itself & is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself4 ,b modes 7by ,def4 v47 c nei!r be1 nor be conceiv$ )\t sub/ance2 :]e=e !y c only be 9 ! div9e nature1 & c only ?r\gh x be conceiv$4 ,b sub/ances & modes =m ! sum total ( exi/5ce 7by ,ax4 i471 !re=e1 )\t ,god no?+ c be1 or be conceiv$4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,"s ass]t t ,god1 l a man1 consi/s ( body & m9d1 & is susceptible ( passions4 ,h[ f> su* p]sons h /ray$ f ! tru? is suffici5tly evid5t f :at has be5 said4 ,b ^! ,i pass ov]4 ,= all :o h 9 anywise reflect$ on ! div9e nature d5y t ,god has a body4 ,( ?is !y f9d excell5t pro( 9 ! fact t we und]/& by body a def9ite quantity1 s long1 s broad1 s deep1 b\nd$ by a c]ta9 %ape1 & x is ! height ( absurdity to pr$icate su* a ?+ ( ,god1 a be+ absolutely inf9ite4 ,b mean:ile by o!r reasons ) :i* !y try to prove _! po9t1 !y %[ t !y ?9k corporeal or ext5d$ sub/ance :olly ap>t f ! div9e nature1 & say x 0 creat$ by ,god4 ,:]efrom ! div9e nature c h be5 creat$1 !y are :olly ignorant2 ?us !y cle>ly %[1 t !y d n "k ! mean+ ( _! own words4 ,i myself h prov$ suffici5tly cle>ly1 at any rate 9 my own judgm5t 7,coroll4 ,prop4 vi1 & note #b1 ,prop4 viii471 t no sub/ance c be produc$ or creat$ by any?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,fur!r1 ,i %[$ 79 ,prop4 xiv471 t besides ,god no sub/ance c be grant$ or conceiv$4 ,h5ce we drew ! conclusion t ext5d$ sub/ance is "o ( ! inf9ite attributes ( ,god4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] to expla9 m fully1 ,i w refute ! argum5ts ( my adv]s>ies1 :i* all />t f ! foll[+ po9ts3---- ,ext5d$ sub/ance1 9 s f> z x is sub/ance1 consi/s1 z !y ?9k1 9 p>ts1 :]e=e !y d5y t x c be inf9ite1 or consequ5tly1 t x c app]ta9 to ,god4 ,?is !y illu/rate ) _m examples1 ( :i* ,i w take "o or two4 ,if ext5d$ sub/ance1 !y say1 is inf9ite1 let x be conceiv$ to be divid$ into two p>ts2 ea* "p w !n be ei!r f9ite or inf9ite4 ,if ! =m]1 !n inf9ite sub/ance is compos$ ( two f9ite p>ts1 :i* is absurd4 ,if ! latt]1 !n "o inf9ite w be twice z l>ge z ano!r inf9ite1 :i* is also absurd4 ,fur!r1 if an inf9ite l9e be measur$ out 9 foot l5g?s1 x w consi/ ( an inf9ite numb] ( su* p>ts2 x w\ld equally consi/ ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 if ea* "p measur$ only an in*3 !re=e1 "o inf9ity w\ld be twelve times z great z ! o!r4 ,la/ly1 if f a s+le po9t !re be conceiv$ to be drawn two div]g+ l9es :i* at fir/ are at a def9ite di/ance ap>t1 b are produc$ to inf9ity1 x is c]ta9 t ! di/ance betwe5 ! two l9es w be cont9ually increas$1 until at l5g? x *anges f def9ite to indef9able4 ,z ^! absurdities foll[1 x is said1 f consid]+ quantity z inf9ite1 ! conclusion is drawn1 t ext5d$ sub/ance mu/ necess>ily be f9ite1 &1 consequ5tly1 _c app]ta9 to ! nature ( ,god4 ,! second argum5t is also drawn f ,god's supreme p]fection4 ,god1 x is said1 inasmu* z he is a supremely p]fect be+1 _c be passive2 b ext5d$ sub/ance1 ins(> z x is divisible1 is passive4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ext5d$ sub/ance does n app]ta9 to ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,su* are ! argum5ts ,i f9d on ! subject 9 writ]s1 :o by !m try to prove t ext5d$ sub/ance is unwor?y ( ! div9e nature1 & _c possibly app]ta9 !reto4 ,h[ev]1 ,i ?9k an att5tive read] w see t ,i h already answ]$ _! propositions2 = all _! argum5ts are f\nd$ on ! hypo!sis t ext5d$ sub/ance is compos$ ( p>ts1 & su* a hypo!sis ,i h %[n 7,prop4 xii41 & ,coroll4 ,prop4 xiii47 to be absurd4 ,moreov]1 anyone :o reflects w see t all ^! absurdities 7if absurdities !y be1 :i* ,i am n n[ discuss+71 f :i* x is s\ght to extract ! conclusion t ext5d$ sub/ance is f9ite1 d n at all foll[ f ! notion ( an inf9ite quantity1 b m]ely f ! notion t an inf9ite quantity is measurable1 & compos$ ( f9ite p>ts !re=e1 ! only fair conclusion to be drawn is t3 inf9ite quantity is n measurable1 & _c be compos$ ( f9ite p>ts4 ,?is is exactly :at we h already prov$ 79 ,prop4 xii474 ,:]e=e ! weapon :i* !y aim$ at u has 9 reality recoil$ ^u !mselves4 ,if1 f ?is absurdity ( !irs1 !y p]si/ 9 draw+ ! conclusion t ext5d$ sub/ance mu/ be f9ite1 !y w 9 good soo? be act+ l a man :o ass]ts t circles h ! prop]ties ( squ>es1 &1 f9d+ himself !reby l&$ 9 absurdities1 proce$s to d5y t circles h any c5t]1 f :i* all l9es drawn to ! circumf]5ce are equal4 ,=1 tak+ ext5d$ sub/ance1 :i* c only be conceiv$ z inf9ite1 "o1 & indivisible 7,props4 viii41 v41 xii47 !y ass]t1 9 ord] to prove t x is f9ite1 t x is compos$ ( f9ite p>ts1 & t x c be multipli$ & divid$4 ,s1 also1 o!rs1 aft] ass]t+ t a l9e is compos$ ( po9ts1 c produce _m argum5ts to prove t a l9e _c be inf9itely divid$4 ,assur$ly x is n less absurd to ass]t t ext5d$ sub/ance is made up ( bodies or p>ts1 ?an x w\ld be to ass]t t a solid is made up ( surfaces1 a surface ( l9es1 & a l9e ( po9ts4 ,?is mu/ be admitt$ by all :o "k cle> reason to be infallible1 & mo/ ( all by ^? :o d5y ! possibility ( a vacuum4 ,= if ext5d$ sub/ance c\ld be s divid$ t its p>ts 7 really sep>ate1 :y %\ld n "o "p admit ( be+ de/roy$1 ! o!rs rema9+ jo9$ toge!r z be=e8 ,& :y %\ld all be s fitt$ into "o ano!r z to leave no vacuum8 ,surely 9 ! case ( ?+s1 :i* are really di/9ct "o f ! o!r1 "o c exi/ )\t ! o!r1 & c rema9 9 its orig9al condition4 ,z1 !n1 !re does n exi/ a vacuum 9 nature 7( :i* anon71 b all p>ts are b\nd to come toge!r to prev5t x1 x foll[s f ?is t ! p>ts _c really be di/+ui%$1 & t ext5d$ sub/ance 9 s f> z x is sub/ance _c be divid$4 ,if anyone asks me ! fur!r "q1 ,:y are we naturally s prone to divide quantity8 ,i answ]1 t quantity is conceiv$ by u 9 two ways2 9 ! ab/ract & sup]ficially1 z we imag9e x2 or z sub/ance1 z we conceive x solely by ! intellect4 ,if1 !n1 we reg>d quantity z x is repres5t$ 9 our imag9ation1 :i* we (t5 & m easily d1 we %all f9d t x is f9ite1 divisible1 & comp\nd$ ( p>ts2 b if we reg>d x z x is repres5t$ 9 our intellect1 & conceive x z sub/ance1 :i* x is v difficult to d1 we %all !n1 z ,i h suffici5tly prov$1 f9d t x is inf9ite1 "o1 & indivisible4 ,?is w be pla9 en\gh to all :o make a di/9ction betwe5 ! intellect & ! imag9ation1 especially if x be rememb]$1 t matt] is ev]y:]e ! same1 t its p>ts are n di/+ui%able1 except 9 s f> z we conceive matt] z div]sely modifi$1 :5ce its p>ts are di/+ui%$1 n really1 b modally4 ,= in/ance1 wat]1 9 s f> z x is wat]1 we conceive to be divid$1 & its p>ts to be sep>at$ "o f ! o!r2 b n 9 s f> z x is ext5d$ sub/ance2 f ?is po9t ( view x is nei!r sep>at$ nor divisible4 ,fur!r1 wat]1 9 s f> z x is wat]1 is produc$ & corrupt$2 b1 9 s f> z x is sub/ance1 x is nei!r produc$ nor corrupt$4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ answ]$ ! second argum5t2 x is1 9 fact1 f\nd$ on ! same assumption z ! fir/--namely1 t matt]1 9 s f> z x is sub/ance1 is divisible1 & compos$ ( p>ts4 ,ev5 if x 7 s1 ,i d n "k :y x %\ld be consid]$ unwor?y ( ! div9e nature1 inasmu* z besides ,god 7by ,prop4 xiv47 no sub/ance c be grant$1 :]efrom x c\ld receive its modifications4 ,all ?+s1 ,i repeat1 are 9 ,god1 & all ?+s :i* come to pass1 come to pass solely ?r\gh ! laws ( ! inf9ite nature ( ,god1 & foll[ 7z ,i w %ortly %[7 f ! necessity ( 8 ess5ce4 ,:]e=e x c 9 n[ise be said1 t ,god is passive 9 respect to any?+ o!r ?an himself1 or t ext5d$ sub/ance is unwor?y ( ! ,div9e nature1 ev5 if x be suppos$ divisible1 s long z x is grant$ to be inf9ite & et]nal4 ,b en\gh ( ?is = ! pres5t4 ,,prop4 ,,xvi4 ,f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature mu/ foll[ an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s 9 inf9ite ways--t is1 all ?+s :i* c fall )9 ! sph]e ( inf9ite intellect4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition w be cle> to ev]yone1 :o rememb]s t f ! giv5 def9ition ( any ?+ ! intellect inf]s sev]al prop]ties1 :i* really necess>ily foll[ !refrom 7t is1 f ! actual ess5ce ( ! ?+ def9$72 & x inf]s m prop]ties 9 proportion z ! def9ition ( ! ?+ expresses m reality1 t is1 9 proportion z ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ def9$ involves m reality4 ,n[1 z ! div9e nature has absolutely inf9ite attributes 7by ,def4 vi471 ( :i* ea* expresses inf9ite ess5ce aft] its k9d1 x foll[s t f ! necessity ( its nature an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s 7t is1 ev]y?+ :i* c fall )9 ! sph]e ( an inf9ite intellect7 mu/ necess>ily foll[4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y ,i4--,h5ce x foll[s1 t ,god is ! effici5t cause ( all t c fall )9 ! sph]e ( an inf9ite intellect4 ,coroll>y ,,ii4--,x also foll[s t ,god is a cause 9 himself1 & n ?r\gh an accid5t ( 8 nature4 ,coroll>y ,,iii4--,x foll[s1 ?irdly1 t ,god is ! absolutely fir/ cause4 ,,prop4 ,,xvii4 ,god acts solely by ! laws ( 8 own nature1 & is n con/ra9$ by anyone4 ,pro(4--,we h j %[n 79 ,prop4 xvi471 t solely f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 solely f ! laws ( 8 nature1 an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s absolutely foll[ 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways2 & we prov$ 79 ,prop4 xv471 t )\t ,god no?+ c be nor be conceiv$ b t all ?+s are 9 ,god4 ,:]e=e no?+ c exi/2 outside himself1 :]eby he c be condition$ or con/ra9$ to act4 ,:]e=e ,god acts solely by ! laws ( 8 own nature1 & is n con/ra9$ by anyone4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y ,i4--,x foll[s3 #a4 ,t !re c be no cause :i*1 ei!r extr9sically or intr9sically1 besides ! p]fection ( 8 own nature1 moves ,god to act4 ,coroll>y ,,ii4--,x foll[s3 #b4 ,t ,god is ! sole free cause4 ,= ,god alone exi/s by ! sole necessity ( 8 nature 7by ,prop4 xi4 & ,prop4 xiv41 ,coroll4 i471 & acts by ! sole necessity ( 8 own nature1 :]e=e ,god is 7by ,def4 vii47 ! sole free cause4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,o!rs ?9k t ,god is a free cause1 because he c1 z !y ?9k1 br+ x ab\t1 t ^? ?+s :i* we h said foll[ f 8 nature--t is1 :i* are 9 8 p[]1 %\ld n come to pass1 or %\ld n be produc$ by him4 ,b ?is is ! same z if !y said1 t ,god c\ld br+ x ab\t1 t x %\ld foll[ f ! nature ( a triangle t its ?ree int]ior angles %\ld n be equal to two "r angles2 or t f a giv5 cause no effect %\ld foll[1 :i* is absurd4 ,moreov]1 ,i w %[ bel[1 )\t ! aid ( ?is proposition1 t nei!r intellect nor w app]ta9 to ,god's nature4 ,i "k t !re are _m :o ?9k t !y c %[1 t supreme intellect & free w d app]ta9 to ,god's nature2 = !y say !y "k ( no?+ m p]fect1 :i* !y c attribute to ,god1 ?an t :i* is ! highe/ p]fection 9 ourselves4 ,fur!r1 al?\gh !y conceive ,god z actually supremely intellig5t1 !y yet d n believe t he c br+ into exi/5ce ev]y?+ :i* he actually und]/&s1 = !y ?9k t !y w\ld ?us de/roy ,god's p[]4 ,if1 !y cont5d1 ,god _h creat$ ev]y?+ :i* is 9 8 intellect1 he w\ld n be able to create any?+ m1 & ?is1 !y ?9k1 w\ld cla% ) ,god's omnipot5ce2 !re=e1 !y pref] to asset t ,god is indiff]5t to all ?+s1 & t he creates no?+ except t :i* he has decid$1 by "s absolute ex]cise ( w1 to create4 ,h[ev]1 ,i ?9k ,i h %[n suffici5tly cle>ly 7by ,prop4 xvi471 t f ,god's supreme p[]1 or inf9ite nature1 an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s--t is1 all ?+s h necess>ily fl[$ =? 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways1 or always fl[ f ! same necessity2 9 ! same way z f ! nature ( a triangle x foll[s f et]nity & = et]nity1 t its ?ree int]ior angles are equal to two "r angles4 ,:]e=e ! omnipot5ce ( ,god has be5 display$ f all et]nity1 & w = all et]nity rema9 9 ! same /ate ( activity4 ,?is mann] ( treat+ ! "q attributes to ,god an omnipot5ce1 9 my op9ion1 f> m p]fect4 ,=1 o!rwise1 we are compell$ to confess t ,god und]/&s an inf9ite numb] ( creatable ?+s1 :i* he w nev] be able to create1 =1 if he creat$ all t he und]/&s1 he w\ld1 accord+ to ?is %[+1 exhau/ 8 omnipot5ce1 & r5d] himself imp]fect4 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] to e/abli% t ,god is p]fect1 we %\ld be r$uc$ to e/abli%+ at ! same "t1 t he _c br+ to pass ev]y?+ ov] :i* 8 p[] ext5ds2 ?is seems to be a hypo!sis mo/ absurd1 & mo/ repugnant to ,god's omnipot5ce4 ,fur!r 7to say a ^w "h conc]n+ ! intellect & ! w :i* we attribute to ,god71 if intellect & w app]ta9 to ! et]nal ess5ce ( ,god1 we mu/ take ^! words 9 "s significance q diff]5t f ^? !y usually be>4 ,= intellect & w1 :i* %\ld con/itute ! ess5ce ( ,god1 w\ld p]=ce be z f> ap>t z ! poles f ! human intellect & w1 9 fact1 w\ld h no?+ 9 common ) !m b ! "n2 !re w\ld be ab\t z mu* correspond5ce betwe5 ! two z !re is betwe5 ! ,dog1 ! heav5ly con/ellation1 & a dog1 an animal t b>ks4 ,?is ,i w prove z foll[s4 ,if intellect belongs to ! div9e nature1 x _c be 9 nature1 z ours is g5]ally ?\ght to be1 po/]ior to1 or simultane\s ) ! ?+s und]/ood1 inasmu* z ,god is prior to all ?+s by reason ( 8 causality 7,prop4 xvi41 ,coroll4 i474 ,on ! contr>y1 ! tru? & =mal ess5ce ( ?+s is z x is1 because x exi/s by repres5tation z su* 9 ! intellect ( ,god4 ,:]e=e ! intellect ( ,god1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ to con/itute ,god's ess5ce1 is1 9 reality1 ! cause ( ?+s1 bo? ( _! ess5ce & ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?is seems to h be5 recogniz$ by ^? :o h ass]t$1 t ,god's intellect1 ,god's w1 & ,god's p[]1 are "o & ! same4 ,z1 !re=e1 ,god's intellect is ! sole cause ( ?+s1 namely1 bo? ( _! ess5ce & exi/5ce1 x mu/ necess>ily diff] f !m 9 respect to its ess5ce1 & 9 respect to its exi/5ce4 ,= a cause diff]s f a ?+ x causes1 precisely 9 ! quality :i* ! latt] ga9s f ! =m]4 ,= example1 a man is ! cause ( ano!r man's exi/5ce1 b n ( 8 ess5ce 7= ! latt] is an et]nal tru?71 &1 !re=e1 ! two m5 may be entirely simil> 9 ess5ce1 b mu/ be diff]5t 9 exi/5ce2 & h5ce if ! exi/5ce ( "o ( !m cease1 ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r w n necess>ily cease also2 b if ! ess5ce ( "o c\ld be de/roy$1 & be made false1 ! ess5ce ( ! o!r w\ld be de/roy$ also4 ,:]e=e1 a ?+ :i* is ! cause bo? ( ! ess5ce & ( ! exi/5ce ( a giv5 effect1 mu/ diff] f su* effect bo? 9 respect to its ess5ce1 & also 9 respect to its exi/5ce4 ,n[ ! intellect ( ,god is ! cause bo? ( ! ess5ce & ! exi/5ce ( our intellect2 !re=e1 ! intellect ( ,god 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ to con/itute ! div9e ess5ce1 diff]s f our intellect bo? 9 respect to ess5ce & 9 respect to exi/5ce1 nor c x 9 anywise agree !re) save 9 "n1 z we said be=e4 ,! reason+ w\ld be id5tical 9 ! case ( ! w1 z anyone c easily see4 ,,prop4 ,,xviii4 ,god is ! indwell+ & n ! transi5t cause ( all ?+s4 ,pro(4--,all ?+s :i* are1 are 9 ,god1 & mu/ be conceiv$ ?r\gh ,god 7by ,prop4 xv471 !re=e 7by ,prop4 xvi41 ,coroll4 i47 ,god is ! cause ( ^? ?+s :i* are 9 him4 ,?is is our fir/ po9t4 ,fur!r1 besides ,god !re c be no sub/ance 7by ,prop4 xiv471 t is no?+ 9 itself ext]nal to ,god4 ,?is is our second po9t4 ,god1 !re=e1 is ! indwell+ & n ! transi5t cause ( all ?+s4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xix4 ,god1 & all ! attributes ( ,god1 are et]nal4 ,pro(4--,god 7by ,def4 vi47 is sub/ance1 :i* 7by ,prop4 xi47 necess>ily exi/s1 t is 7by ,prop4 vii47 exi/5ce app]ta9s to its nature1 or 7:at is ! same ?+7 foll[s f its def9ition2 !re=e1 ,god is et]nal 7by ,def4 viii474 ,fur!r1 by ! attributes ( ,god we mu/ und]/& t :i* 7by ,def4 iv47 expresses ! ess5ce ( ! div9e sub/ance--9 o!r words1 t :i* app]ta9s to sub/ance3 t1 ,i say1 %\ld be involv$ 9 ! attributes ( sub/ance4 ,n[ et]nity app]ta9s to ! nature ( sub/ance 7z ,i h already %[n 9 ,prop4 vii472 !re=e1 et]nity mu/ app]ta9 to ea* ( ! attributes1 & ?us all are et]nal4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is proposition is also evid5t f ! mann] 9 :i* 79 ,prop4 xi47 ,i demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 x is evid5t1 ,i repeat1 f t pro(1 t ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 l 8 ess5ce1 is an et]nal tru?4 ,fur!r 79 ,prop4 xix4 ( my ,pr9ciples ( ! ,c>tesian ,philosophy71 ,i h prov$ ! et]nity ( ,god1 9 ano!r mann]1 :i* ,i ne$ n "h repeat4 ,,prop4 ,,xx4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god & 8 ess5ce are "o & ! same4 ,pro(4--,god 7by ! la/ ,prop47 & all 8 attributes are et]nal1 t is 7by ,def4 viii47 ea* ( 8 attributes expresses exi/5ce4 ,!re=e ! same attributes ( ,god :i* expla9 8 et]nal ess5ce1 expla9 at ! same "t 8 et]nal exi/5ce--9 o!r words1 t :i* con/itutes ,god's ess5ce con/itutes at ! same "t 8 exi/5ce4 ,:]e=e ,god's exi/5ce & ,god's ess5ce are "o & ! same4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll4 ,i4--,h5ce x foll[s t ,god's exi/5ce1 l 8 ess5ce1 is an et]nal tru?4 ,coroll4 ,,ii--,secondly1 x foll[s t ,god1 & all ! attributes ( ,god1 are un*angeable4 ,= if !y c\ld be *ang$ 9 respect to exi/5ce1 !y mu/ also be able to be *ang$ 9 respect to ess5ce--t is1 obvi\sly1 be *ang$ f true to false1 :i* is absurd4 ,,prop4 ,,xxi4 ,all ?+s :i* foll[ f ! absolute nature ( any attribute ( ,god mu/ always exi/ & be inf9ite1 or1 9 o!r words1 are et]nal & inf9ite ?r\gh ! said attribute4 ,pro(4--,conceive1 if x be possible 7suppos+ ! proposition to be d5i$71 t some?+ 9 "s attribute ( ,god c foll[ f ! absolute nature ( ! said attribute1 & t at ! same "t x is f9ite1 & has a condition$ exi/5ce or duration2 = in/ance1 ! idea ( ,god express$ 9 ! attribute ?\ght4 ,n[ ?\ght1 9 s f> z x is suppos$ to be an attribute ( ,god1 is necess>ily 7by ,prop4 xi47 9 its nature inf9ite4 ,b1 9 s f> z x possesses ! idea ( ,god1 x is suppos$ f9ite4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be conceiv$ z f9ite1 unless x be limit$ by ?\ght 7by ,def4 ii472 b x is n limit$ by ?\ght itself1 9 s f> z x has con/itut$ ! idea ( ,god 7= s f> x is suppos$ to be f9ite72 !re=e1 x is limit$ by ?\ght1 9 s f> z x has n con/itut$ ! idea ( ,god1 :i* nev]!less 7by ,prop4 xi47 mu/ necess>ily exi/4 ,we h n[ grant$1 !re=e1 ?\ght n con/itut+ ! idea ( ,god1 &1 accord+ly1 ! idea ( ,god does n naturally foll[ f its nature 9 s f> z x is absolute ?\ght 7= x is conceiv$ z con/itut+1 & also z n con/itut+1 ! idea ( ,god71 :i* is aga9/ our hypo!sis4 ,:]e=e1 if ! idea ( ,god express$ 9 ! attribute ?\ght1 or1 inde$1 any?+ else 9 any attribute ( ,god 7= we may take any example1 z ! pro( is ( univ]sal application7 foll[s f ! necessity ( ! absolute nature ( ! said attribute1 ! said ?+ mu/ necess>ily be inf9ite1 :i* 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,fur!rmore1 a ?+ :i* ?us foll[s f ! necessity ( ! nature ( any attribute _c h a limit$ duration4 ,= if x c1 suppose a ?+1 :i* foll[s f ! necessity ( ! nature ( "s attribute1 to exi/ 9 "s attribute ( ,god1 = in/ance1 ! idea ( ,god express$ 9 ! attribute ?\ght1 & let x be suppos$ at "s "t n to h exi/$1 or to be ab\t n to exi/4 ,n[ ?\ght be+ an attribute ( ,god1 mu/ necess>ily exi/ un*ang$ 7by ,prop4 xi41 & ,prop4 xx41 ,coroll4 ii472 & beyond ! limits ( ! duration ( ! idea ( ,god 7suppos+ ! latt] at "s "t n to h exi/$1 or n to be go+ to exi/7 ?\ght w\ld p]=ce h exi/$ )\t ! idea ( ,god1 :i* is contr>y to our hypo!sis1 = we suppos$ t1 ?\ght be+ giv51 ! idea ( ,god necess>ily fl[$ !refrom4 ,!re=e ! idea ( ,god express$ 9 ?\ght1 or any?+ :i* necess>ily foll[s f ! absolute nature ( "s attribute ( ,god1 _c h a limit$ duration1 b ?r\gh ! said attribute is et]nal1 :i* is our second po9t4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! same proposition may be affirm$ ( any?+1 :i* 9 any attribute necess>ily foll[s f ,god's absolute nature4 ,,prop4 ,,xxii4 ,:atsoev] foll[s f any attribute ( ,god1 9 s f> z x is modifi$ by a modification1 :i* exi/s necess>ily & z inf9ite1 ?r\gh ! said attribute1 mu/ also exi/ necess>ily & z inf9ite4 ,pro(4--,! pro( ( ?is proposition is simil> to t ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,,prop4 ,,xxiii4 ,e mode1 :i* exi/s bo? necess>ily & z inf9ite1 mu/ necess>ily foll[ ei!r f ! absolute nature ( "s attribute ( ,god1 or f an attribute modifi$ by a modification :i* exi/s necess>ily1 & z inf9ite4 ,pro(4--,a mode exi/s 9 some?+ else1 ?r\gh :i* x mu/ be conceiv$ 7,def4 v471 t is 7,prop4 xv471 x exi/s solely 9 ,god1 & solely ?r\gh ,god c be conceiv$4 ,if !re=e a mode is conceiv$ z necess>ily exi/+ & inf9ite1 x mu/ necess>ily be inf]r$ or p]ceiv$ ?r\gh "s attribute ( ,god1 9 s f> z su* attribute is conceiv$ z express+ ! inf9ity & necessity ( exi/5ce1 9 o!r words 7,def4 viii47 et]nity2 t is1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ absolutely4 ,a mode1 !re=e1 :i* necess>ily exi/s z inf9ite1 mu/ foll[ f ! absolute nature ( "s attribute ( ,god1 ei!r imm$iately 7,prop4 xxi47 or ?r\gh ! means ( "s modification1 :i* foll[s f ! absolute nature ( ! said attribute2 t is 7by ,prop4 xxii471 :i* exi/s necess>ily & z inf9ite4 ,,prop4 ,,xxiv4 ,! ess5ce ( ?+s produc$ by ,god does n involve exi/5ce4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is evid5t f ,def4 i4 ,= t ( :i* ! nature 7consid]$ 9 itself7 involves exi/5ce is self--caus$1 & exi/s by ! sole necessity ( its own nature4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t ,god is n only ! cause ( ?+s com+ into exi/5ce1 b also ( _! cont9u+ 9 exi/5ce1 t is1 9 s*ola/ic phraseology1 ,god is cause ( ! be+ ( ?+s 7ess5di r]um74 ,= :e!r ?+s exi/1 or d n exi/1 :5ev] we contemplate _! ess5ce1 we see t x involves nei!r exi/5ce nor duration2 consequ5tly1 x _c be ! cause ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,god mu/ be ! sole cause1 inasmu* z to him alone does exi/5ce app]ta94 7,prop4 xiv4 ,coroll4 i47 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxv4 ,god is ! effici5t cause n only ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 b also ( _! ess5ce4 ,pro(4--,if ?is be d5i$1 !n ,god is n ! cause ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s2 & !re=e ! ess5ce ( ?+s c 7by ,ax4 iv47 be conceiv$ )\t ,god4 ,?is 7by ,prop4 xv47 is absurd4 ,!re=e1 ,god is ! cause ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is proposition foll[s m cle>ly f ,prop4 xvi4 ,= x is evid5t !reby t1 giv5 ! div9e nature1 ! ess5ce ( ?+s mu/ be inf]r$ f x1 no less ?an _! exi/5ce--9 a ^w1 ,god mu/ be call$ ! cause ( all ?+s1 9 ! same s5se z he is call$ ! cause ( himself4 ,?is w be made /ill cle>] by ! foll[+ coroll>y4 ,coroll>y4--,individual ?+s are no?+ b modifications ( ! attributes ( ,god1 or modes by :i* ! attributes ( ,god are express$ 9 a fix$ & def9ite mann]4 ,! pro( appe>s f ,prop4 xv4 & ,def4 v4 ,,prop4 ,,xxvi4 ,a ?+ :i* is condition$ to act 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 has necess>ily be5 ?us condition$ by ,god2 & t :i* has n be5 condition$ by ,god _c condition itself to act4 ,pro(4--,t by :i* ?+s are said to be condition$ to act 9 a p>ticul> mann] is necess>ily some?+ positive 7?is is obvi\s72 !re=e bo? ( its ess5ce & ( its exi/5ce ,god by ! necessity ( 8 nature is ! effici5t cause 7,props4 xxv4 & xvi472 ?is is our fir/ po9t4 ,our second po9t is pla9ly to be inf]r$ !refrom4 ,= if a ?+1 :i* has n be5 condition$ by ,god1 c\ld condition itself1 ! fir/ "p ( our pro( w\ld be false1 & ?is1 z we h %[n is absurd4 ,,prop4 ,,xxvii4 ,a ?+1 :i* has be5 condition$ by ,god to act 9 a p>ticul> way1 _c r5d] itself uncondition$4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is evid5t f ! ?ird axiom4 ,,prop4 ,,xxviii4 ,e individual ?+1 or ev]y?+ :i* is f9ite & has a condition$ exi/5ce1 _c exi/ or be condition$ to act1 unless x be condition$ = exi/5ce & action by a cause o!r ?an itself1 :i* also is f9ite1 & has a condition$ exi/5ce2 & likewise ?is cause _c 9 its turn exi/1 or be condition$ to act1 unless x be condition$ = exi/5ce & action by ano!r cause1 :i* also is f9ite1 & has a condition$ exi/5ce1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,pro(4--,:atsoev] is condition$ to exi/ & act1 has be5 ?us condition$ by ,god 7by ,prop4 xxvi4 & ,prop4 xxiv41 ,coroll474 ,b t :i* is f9ite1 & has a condition$ exi/5ce1 _c be produc$ by ! absolute nature ( any attribute ( ,god2 = :atsoev] foll[s f ! absolute nature ( any attribute ( ,god is inf9ite & et]nal 7by ,prop4 xxi474 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 foll[ f "s attribute ( ,god1 9 s f> z ! said attribute is consid]$ z 9 "s way modifi$2 = sub/ance & modes make up ! sum total ( exi/5ce 7by ,ax4 i4 & ,def4 iii41 v471 :ile modes are m]ely modifications ( ! attributes ( ,god4 ,b f ,god1 or f any ( 8 attributes1 9 s f> z ! latt] is modifi$ by a modification inf9ite & et]nal1 a condition$ ?+ _c foll[4 ,:]e=e x mu/ foll[ f1 or be condition$ =1 exi/5ce & action by ,god or "o ( 8 attributes1 9 s f> z ! latt] are modifi$ by "s modification :i* is f9ite1 & has a condition$ exi/5ce4 ,?is is our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 ?is cause or ?is modification 7= ! reason by :i* we e/abli%$ ! fir/ "p ( ?is pro(7 mu/ 9 its turn be condition$ by ano!r cause1 :i* also is f9ite1 & has a condition$ exi/5ce1 &1 aga91 ?is la/ by ano!r 7= ! same reason72 & s on 7= ! same reason7 to inf9ity4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,z c]ta9 ?+s mu/ be produc$ imm$iately by ,god1 namely ^? ?+s :i* necess>ily foll[ f 8 absolute nature1 ?r\gh ! means ( ^! prim>y attributes1 :i*1 nev]!less1 c nei!r exi/ nor be conceiv$ )\t ,god1 x foll[s3--#a4 ,t ,god is absolutely ! proximate cause ( ^? ?+s imm$iately produc$ by him4 ,i say absolutely1 n aft] 8 k9d1 z is usually /at$4 ,= ! effects ( ,god _c ei!r exi/ or be conceiv$ )\t a cause 7,prop4 xv4 & ,prop4 xxiv4 ,coroll474 #b4 ,t ,god _c prop]ly be /yl$ ! remote cause ( individual ?+s1 except = ! sake ( di/+ui%+ ^! f :at he imm$iately produces1 or r f :at foll[s f 8 absolute nature4 ,=1 by a remote cause1 we und]/& a cause :i* is 9 no way conjo9$ to ! effect4 ,b all ?+s :i* are1 are 9 ,god1 & s dep5d on ,god1 t )\t him !y c nei!r be nor be conceiv$4 ,,prop4 ,,xxix4 ,no?+ 9 ! univ]se is cont+5t1 b all ?+s are condition$ to exi/ & op]ate 9 a p>ticul> mann] by ! necessity ( ! div9e nature4 ,pro(4--,:atsoev] is1 is 9 ,god 7,prop4 xv474 ,b ,god _c be call$ a ?+ cont+5t4 ,= 7by ,prop4 xi47 he exi/s necess>ily1 & n cont+5tly4 ,fur!r1 ! modes ( ! div9e nature foll[ !refrom necess>ily1 & n cont+5tly 7,prop4 xvi472 & !y ?us foll[1 :e!r we consid] ! div9e nature absolutely1 or :e!r we consid] x z 9 any way condition$ to act 7,prop4 xxvii474 ,fur!r1 ,god is n only ! cause ( ^! modes1 9 s f> z !y simply exi/ 7by ,prop4 xxiv1 ,coroll471 b also 9 s f> z !y are consid]$ z condition$ = op]at+ 9 a p>ticul> mann] 7,prop4 xxvi474 ,if !y be n condition$ by ,god 7,prop4 xxvi471 x is impossible1 & n cont+5t1 t !y %\ld condition !mselves2 contr>iwise1 if !y be condition$ by ,god1 x is impossible1 & n cont+5t1 t !y %\ld r5d] !mselves uncondition$4 ,:]e=e all ?+s are condition$ by ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 n only to exi/1 b also to exi/ & op]ate 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 & !re is no?+ t is cont+5t4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,be=e go+ any fur!r1 ,i wi% "h to expla91 :at we %\ld und]/& by nature view$ z active 7natura naturans71 & nature view$ z passive 7natura naturata74 ,i say to expla91 or r call att5tion to x1 = ,i ?9k t1 f :at has be5 said1 x is suffici5tly cle>1 t by nature view$ z active we %\ld und]/& t :i* is 9 itself1 & is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself1 or ^? attributes ( sub/ance1 :i* express et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce1 9 o!r words 7,prop4 xiv41 ,coroll4 i41 & ,prop4 xvii41 ,coroll4 ii7 ,god1 9 s f> z he is consid]$ z a free cause4 ,by nature view$ z passive ,i und]/& all t :i* foll[s f ! necessity ( ! nature ( ,god1 or ( any ( ! attributes ( ,god1 t is1 all ! modes ( ! attributes ( ,god1 9 s f> z !y are consid]$ z ?+s :i* are 9 ,god1 & :i* )\t ,god _c exi/ or be conceiv$4 ,,prop4 ,,xxx4 ,intellect1 9 function 7actu7 f9ite1 or 9 function inf9ite1 mu/ compreh5d ! attributes ( ,god & ! modifications ( ,god1 & no?+ else4 ,pro(4--,a true idea mu/ agree ) its object 7,ax4 vi472 9 o!r words 7obvi\sly71 t :i* is conta9$ 9 ! intellect 9 repres5tation mu/ necess>ily be grant$ 9 nature4 ,b 9 nature 7by ,prop4 xiv41 ,coroll4 i47 !re is no sub/ance save ,god1 nor any modifications save ^? 7,prop4 xv47 :i* are 9 ,god1 & _c )\t ,god ei!r be or be conceiv$4 ,!re=e ! intellect1 9 function f9ite1 or 9 function inf9ite1 mu/ compreh5d ! attributes ( ,god & ! modifications ( ,god1 & no?+ else4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxi4 ,! intellect 9 function1 :e!r f9ite or inf9ite1 z w1 desire1 love1 c41 %\ld be ref]r$ to passive nature & n to active nature4 ,pro(4--,by ! intellect we d n 7obvi\sly7 mean absolute ?\ght1 b only a c]ta9 mode ( ?9k+1 diff]+ f o!r modes1 su* z love1 desire1 c41 & !re=e 7,def4 v47 requir+ to be conceiv$ ?r\gh absolute ?\ght4 ,x mu/ 7by ,prop4 xv4 & ,def4 vi471 ?r\gh "s attribute ( ,god :i* expresses ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ?\ght1 be s conceiv$1 t )\t su* attribute x c\ld nei!r be nor be conceiv$4 ,x mu/ !re=e be ref]r$ to nature passive r ?an to nature active1 z mu/ also ! o!r modes ( ?9k+4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,i d n "h1 by speak+ ( intellect 9 function1 admit t !re is su* a ?+ z intellect 9 pot5tiality3 b1 wi%+ to avoid all confusion1 ,i desire to speak only ( :at is mo/ cle>ly p]ceiv$ by u1 namely1 ( ! v act ( und]/&+1 ?an :i* no?+ is m cle>ly p]ceiv$4 ,= we _c p]ceive any?+ )\t add+ to our k ( ! act ( und]/&+4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxii4 ,w _c be call$ a free cause1 b only a necess>y cause4 ,pro(4--,w is only a p>ticul> mode ( ?9k+1 l intellect2 !re=e 7by ,prop4 xxviii47 no volition c exi/1 nor be condition$ to act1 unless x be condition$ by "s cause o!r ?an itself1 :i* cause is condition$ by a ?ird cause1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,b if w be suppos$ inf9ite1 x mu/ also be condition$ to exi/ & act by ,god1 n by virtue ( 8 be+ sub/ance absolutely inf9ite1 b by virtue ( 8 possess+ an attribute :i* expresses ! inf9ite & et]nal ess5ce ( ?\ght 7by ,prop4 xxiii474 ,?us1 h[ev] x be conceiv$1 :e!r z f9ite or inf9ite1 x requires a cause by :i* x %\ld be condition$ to exi/ & act4 ,?us 7,def4 vii47 x _c be call$ a free cause1 b only a necess>y or con/ra9$ cause4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll4 ,i4--,h5ce x foll[s1 fir/1 t ,god does n act accord+ to fre$om ( ! w4 ,coroll4 ,,ii4--,x foll[s1 secondly1 t w & intellect /& 9 ! same relation to ! nature ( ,god z d motion1 & re/1 & absolutely all natural ph5om5a1 :i* mu/ be condition$ by ,god 7,prop4 xxix47 to exi/ & act 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,= w1 l ! re/1 /&s 9 ne$ ( a cause1 by :i* x is condition$ to exi/ & act 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,& al?\gh1 :5 w or intellect be grant$1 an inf9ite numb] ( results may foll[1 yet ,god _c on t acc\nt be said to act f fre$om ( ! w1 any m ?an ! inf9ite numb] ( results f motion & re/ w\ld ju/ify u 9 say+ t motion & re/ act by free w4 ,:]e=e w no m app]ta9s to ,god ?an does any?+ else 9 nature1 b /&s 9 ! same relation to him z motion1 re/1 & ! l1 :i* we h %[n to foll[ f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 & to be condition$ by x to exi/ & act 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxiii4 ,?+s c\ld n h be5 br\ght into be+ by ,god 9 any mann] or 9 any ord] diff]5t f t :i* has 9 fact obta9$4 ,pro(--,all ?+s necess>ily foll[ f ! nature ( ,god 7,prop4 xvi471 & by ! nature ( ,god are condition$ to exi/ & act 9 a p>ticul> way 7,prop4 xxix474 ,if ?+s1 !re=e1 c\ld h be5 ( a diff]5t nature1 or h be5 condition$ to act 9 a diff]5t way1 s t ! ord] ( nature w\ld h be5 diff]5t1 ,god's nature w\ld also h be5 able to be diff]5t f :at x n[ is2 & !re=e 7by ,prop4 xi47 t diff]5t nature also w\ld h p]=ce exi/$1 & consequ5tly !re w\ld h be5 able to be two or m ,gods4 ,?is 7by ,prop4 xiv41 ,coroll4 i47 is absurd4 ,!re=e ?+s c\ld n h be5 br\ght into be+ by ,god 9 any o!r mann]1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note ,i4--,z ,i h ?us %[n1 m cle>ly ?an ! sun at noonday1 t !re is no?+ to ju/ify u 9 call+ ?+s cont+5t1 ,i wi% to expla9 briefly :at mean+ we %all atta* to ! ^w cont+5t2 b ,i w fir/ expla9 ! words necess>y & impossible4 ,a ?+ is call$ necess>y ei!r 9 respect to its ess5ce or 9 respect to its cause2 = ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ necess>ily foll[s1 ei!r f its ess5ce & def9ition1 or f a giv5 effici5t cause4 ,= simil> reasons a ?+ is said to be impossible2 namely1 inasmu* z its ess5ce or def9ition involves a contradiction1 or because no ext]nal cause is grant$1 :i* is condition$ to produce su* an effect2 b a ?+ c 9 no respect be call$ cont+5t1 save 9 relation to ! imp]fection ( our k4 ,a ?+ ( :i* we d n "k :e!r ! ess5ce does or does n involve a contradiction1 or ( :i*1 kn[+ t x does n involve a contradiction1 we are /ill 9 d\bt conc]n+ ! exi/5ce1 because ! ord] ( causes escapes u1--su* a ?+1 ,i say1 _c appe> to u ei!r necess>y or impossible4 ,:]e=e we call x cont+5t or possible4 ,note ,,ii4--,x cle>ly foll[s f :at we h said1 t ?+s h be5 br\ght into be+ by ,god 9 ! highe/ p]fection1 inasmu* z !y h necess>ily foll[$ f a mo/ p]fect nature4 ,nor does ?is prove any imp]fection 9 ,god1 = x has compell$ u to affirm 8 p]fection4 ,f its contr>y proposition1 we %\ld cle>ly ga!r 7z ,i h j %[n71 t ,god is n supremely p]fect1 = if ?+s _h be5 br\ght into be+ 9 any o!r way1 we %\ld h to assign to ,god a nature diff]5t f t1 :i* we are b\nd to attribute to him f ! consid]ation ( an absolutely p]fect be+4 ,i d n d\bt1 t _m w sc\t ?is idea z absurd1 & w refuse to give _! m9ds up to contemplat+ x1 simply because !y are accu/om$ to assign to ,god a fre$om v diff]5t f t :i* we 7,def4 vii47 h d$uc$4 ,!y assign to him1 9 %ort1 absolute free w4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am also conv9c$ t if su* p]sons reflect on ! matt]1 & duly weigh 9 _! m9ds our s]ies ( propositions1 !y w reject su* fre$om z !y n[ attribute to ,god1 n only z nugatory1 b also z a great imp$im5t to organiz$ k4 ,!re is no ne$ = me to repeat :at ,i h said 9 ! note to ,prop4 xvii4 ,b1 = ! sake ( my oppon5ts1 ,i w %[ fur!r1 t al?\gh x be grant$ t w p]ta9s to ! ess5ce ( ,god1 x nev]!less foll[s f 8 p]fection1 t ?+s c\ld n h be5 by him creat$ o!r ?an !y are1 or 9 a diff]5t ord]2 ?is is easily prov$1 if we reflect on :at our oppon5ts !mselves conc$e1 namely1 t x dep5ds solely on ! decree & w ( ,god1 t ea* ?+ is :at x is4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 ,god w\ld n be ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,fur!r1 t all ! decrees ( ,god h be5 ratifi$ f all et]nity by ,god himself4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 ,god w\ld be convict$ ( imp]fection or *ange4 ,b 9 et]nity !re is no su* ?+ z :51 be=e1 or aft]2 h5ce x foll[s solely f ! p]fection ( ,god1 t ,god nev] c decree1 or nev] c\ld h decre$ any?+ b :at is2 t ,god did n exi/ be=e 8 decrees1 & w\ld n exi/ )\t !m4 ,b1 x is said1 suppos+ t ,god _h made a diff]5t univ]se1 or _h orda9$ o!r decrees f all et]nity conc]n+ nature & h] ord]1 we c\ld n !re=e conclude any imp]fection 9 ,god4 ,b p]sons :o say ?is mu/ admit t ,god c *ange 8 decrees4 ,= if ,god _h orda9$ any decrees conc]n+ nature & h] ord]1 diff]5t f ^? :i* he has orda9$--9 o!r words1 if he _h will$ & conceiv$ some?+ diff]5t conc]n+ nature--he w\ld p]=ce h _h a diff]5t intellect f t :i* he has1 & also a diff]5t w4 ,b if x 7 all[able to assign to ,god a diff]5t intellect & a diff]5t w1 )\t any *ange 9 8 ess5ce or 8 p]fection1 :at w\ld !re be to prev5t him *ang+ ! decrees :i* he has made conc]n+ creat$ ?+s1 & nev]!less rema9+ p]fect8 ,= 8 intellect & w conc]n+ ?+s creat$ & _! ord] are ! same1 9 respect to 8 ess5ce & p]fection1 h[ev] !y be conceiv$4 ,fur!r1 all ! philosoph]s :om ,i h read admit t ,god's intellect is entirely actual1 & n at all pot5tial2 z !y also admit t ,god's intellect1 & ,god's w1 & ,god's ess5ce are id5tical1 x foll[s t1 if ,god _h _h a diff]5t actual intellect & a diff]5t w1 8 ess5ce w\ld also h be5 diff]5t2 & ?us1 z ,i conclud$ at fir/1 if ?+s _h be5 br\ght into be+ by ,god 9 a diff]5t way f t :i* has obta9$1 ,god's intellect & w1 t is 7z is admitt$7 8 ess5ce w\ld p]=ce h be5 diff]5t1 :i* is absurd4 ,z ^! ?+s c\ld n h be5 br\ght into be+ by ,god 9 any b ! actual way & ord] :i* has obta9$2 & z ! tru? ( ?is proposition foll[s f ! supreme p]fection ( ,god2 we c h no s\nd reason = p]suad+ ourselves to believe t ,god did n wi% to create all ! ?+s :i* 7 9 8 intellect1 & to create !m 9 ! same p]fection z he _h und]/ood !m4 ,b1 x w be said1 !re is 9 ?+s no p]fection nor imp]fection2 t :i* is 9 !m1 & :i* causes !m to be call$ p]fect or imp]fect1 good or bad1 dep5ds solely on ! w ( ,god4 ,if ,god _h s will$1 he might h br\ght x ab\t t :at is n[ p]fection %\ld be extreme imp]fection1 & vice v]s4 ,:at is su* an ass]tion1 b an op5 decl>ation t ,god1 :o necess>ily und]/&s t :i* he wi%es1 might br+ x ab\t by 8 w1 t he %\ld und]/& ?+s diff]5tly f ! way 9 :i* he does und]/& !m8 ,?is 7z we h j %[n7 is ! height ( absurdity4 ,:]e=e1 ,i may turn ! argum5t aga9/ its employ]s1 z foll[s3--,all ?+s dep5d on ! p[] ( ,god4 ,9 ord] t ?+s %\ld be diff]5t f :at !y are1 ,god's w w\ld necess>ily h to be diff]5t4 ,b ,god's w _c be diff]5t 7z we h j mo/ cle>ly demon/rat$7 f ,god's p]fection4 ,!re=e nei!r c ?+s be diff]5t4 ,i confess1 t ! !ory :i* subjects all ?+s to ! w ( an indiff]5t deity1 & ass]ts t !y are all dep5d5t on 8 fiat1 is less f> f ! tru? ?an ! !ory ( ^?1 :o ma9ta9 t ,god acts 9 all ?+s ) a view ( promot+ :at is good4 ,= ^! latt] p]sons seem to set up some?+ beyond ,god1 :i* does n dep5d on ,god1 b :i* ,god 9 act+ looks to z an exempl>1 or :i* he aims at z a def9ite goal4 ,?is is only ano!r "n = subject+ ,god to ! dom9ion ( de/9y1 an utt] absurdity 9 respect to ,god1 :om we h %[n to be ! fir/ & only free cause ( ! ess5ce ( all ?+s & also ( _! exi/5ce4 ,i ne$1 !re=e1 sp5d no "t 9 refut+ su* wild !ories4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxiv4 ,god's p[] is id5tical ) 8 ess5ce4 ,pro(4--,f ! sole necessity ( ! ess5ce ( ,god x foll[s t ,god is ! cause ( himself 7,prop4 xi47 & ( all ?+s 7,prop4 xvi4 & ,coroll474 ,:]e=e ! p[] ( ,god1 by :i* he & all ?+s are & act1 is id5tical ) 8 ess5ce4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxv4 ,:atsoev] we conceive to be 9 ! p[] ( ,god1 necess>ily exi/s4 ,pro(4--,:atsoev] is 9 ,god's p[]1 mu/ 7by ! la/ ,prop47 be compreh5d$ 9 8 ess5ce 9 su* a mann]1 t x necess>ily foll[s !refrom1 & !re=e necess>ily exi/s4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxvi4 ,!re is no cause f ^: nature "s effect does n foll[4 ,pro(4--,:atsoev] exi/s expresses ,god's nature or ess5ce 9 a giv5 condition$ mann] 7by ,prop4 xxv41 ,coroll472 t is1 7by ,prop4 xxxiv471 :atsoev] exi/s1 expresses 9 a giv5 condition$ mann] ,god's p[]1 :i* is ! cause ( all ?+s1 !re=e an effect mu/ 7by ,prop4 xvi47 necess>ily foll[4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,app5dix3 ,9 ! =ego+ ,i h expla9$ ! nature & prop]ties ( ,god4 ,i h %[n t he necess>ily exi/s1 t he is "o3 t he is1 & acts solely by ! necessity ( 8 own nature2 t he is ! free cause ( all ?+s1 & h[ he is s2 t all ?+s are 9 ,god1 & s dep5d on him1 t )\t him !y c\ld nei!r exi/ nor be conceiv$2 la/ly1 t all ?+s are pr$et]m9$ by ,god1 n ?r\gh 8 free w or absolute fiat1 b f ! v nature ( ,god or inf9ite p[]4 ,i h fur!r1 :]e occasion af=d$1 tak5 c>e to remove ! prejudices1 :i* might imp$e ! compreh5sion ( my demon/rations4 ,yet !re /ill rema9 misconceptions n a few1 :i* might & may prove v grave h9drances to ! und]/&+ ( ! concat5ation ( ?+s1 z ,i h expla9$ x above4 ,i h !re=e ?\ght x wor? :ile to br+ ^! misconceptions be=e ! b> ( reason4 ,all su* op9ions spr+ f ! notion commonly ent]ta9$1 t all ?+s 9 nature act z m5 !mselves act1 namely1 ) an end 9 view4 ,x is accept$ z c]ta91 t ,god himself directs all ?+s to a def9ite goal 7= x is said t ,god made all ?+s = man1 & man t he might wor%ip him74 ,i w1 !re=e1 consid] ?is op9ion1 ask+ fir/1 :y x obta9s g5]al cr$5ce1 & :y all m5 are naturally s prone to adopt x8 secondly1 ,i w po9t out its falsity2 &1 la/ly1 ,i w %[ h[ x has giv5 rise to prejudices ab\t good & bad1 "r & wrong1 praise & blame1 ord] & confusion1 beauty & ugl9ess1 & ! l4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n ! place to d$uce ^! misconceptions f ! nature ( ! human m9d3 x w be suffici5t "h1 if ,i assume z a />t+ po9t1 :at ought to be univ]sally admitt$1 namely1 t all m5 are born ignorant ( ! causes ( ?+s1 t all h ! desire to seek = :at is useful to !m1 & t !y are consci\s ( su* desire4 ,h]efrom x foll[s1 fir/1 t m5 ?9k !mselves free inasmu* z !y are consci\s ( _! volitions & desires1 & nev] ev5 dream1 9 _! ignorance1 ( ! causes :i* h dispos$ !m s to wi% & desire4 ,secondly1 t m5 d all ?+s = an end1 namely1 = t :i* is useful to !m1 & :i* !y seek4 ,?us x comes to pass t !y only look = a k ( ! f9al causes ( ev5ts1 & :5 ^! are le>n$1 !y are cont5t1 z hav+ no cause = fur!r d\bt4 ,if !y _c le>n su* causes f ext]nal s\rces1 !y are compell$ to turn to consid]+ !mselves1 & reflect+ :at end w\ld h induc$ !m p]sonally to br+ ab\t ! giv5 ev5t1 & ?us !y necess>ily judge o!r natures by _! own4 ,fur!r1 z !y f9d 9 !mselves & outside !mselves _m means :i* assi/ !m n a little 9 ! se>* = :at is useful1 = in/ance1 eyes = see+1 tee? = *ew+1 h]bs & animals = yield+ food1 ! sun = giv+ light1 ! sea = bre$+ fi%1 c41 !y come to look on ! :ole ( nature z a means = obta9+ su* conv5i5ces4 ,n[ z !y are aw>e1 t !y f\nd ^! conv5i5ces & did n make !m1 !y ?9k !y h cause = believ+1 t "s o!r be+ has made !m = _! use4 ,z !y look ^u ?+s z means1 !y _c believe !m to be self--creat$2 b1 judg+ f ! means :i* !y are accu/om$ to prep>e = !mselves1 !y are b\nd to believe 9 "s rul] or rul]s ( ! univ]se end[$ ) human fre$om1 :o h arrang$ & adapt$ ev]y?+ = human use4 ,!y are b\nd to e/imate ! nature ( su* rul]s 7hav+ no in=mation on ! subject7 9 accordance ) _! own nature1 & !re=e !y ass]t t ! gods orda9$ ev]y?+ = ! use ( man1 9 ord] to b9d man to !mselves & obta9 f him ! highe/ honor4 ,h5ce also x foll[s1 t ev]yone ?\ght out = himself1 accord+ to 8 abilities1 a diff]5t way ( wor%ipp+ ,god1 s t ,god might love him m ?an 8 fell[s1 & direct ! :ole c\rse ( nature = ! satisfaction ( 8 bl9d cupidity & insatiable av>ice4 ,?us ! prejudice develop$ into sup]/ition1 & took deep root 9 ! human m9d2 & = ?is reason ev]yone /rove mo/ zeal\sly to und]/& & expla9 ! f9al causes ( ?+s2 b 9 _! endeavor to %[ t nature does no?+ 9 va91 i4e4 no?+ :i* is useless to man1 !y only seem to h demon/rat$ t nature1 ! gods1 & m5 are all mad toge!r4 ,consid]1 ,i pray y1 ! result3 among ! _m helps ( nature !y 7 b\nd to f9d "s h9drances1 su* z /orms1 e>?quakes1 diseases1 c43 s !y decl>$ t su* ?+s happ51 because ! gods are angry at "s wrong done to !m by m51 or at "s fault committ$ 9 _! wor%ip4 ,exp]i5ce day by day prote/$ & %[$ by inf9ite examples1 t good & evil =tunes fall to ! lot ( pi\s & impi\s alike2 /ill !y w\ld n ab&on _! invet]ate prejudice1 = x 0 m easy = !m to class su* contradictions among o!r unkn[n ?+s ( ^: use !y 7 ignorant1 & ?us to reta9 _! actual & innate condition ( ignorance1 ?an to de/roy ! :ole fabric ( _! reason+ & />t afre%4 ,!y !re=e laid d[n z an axiom1 t ,god's judgm5ts f> transc5d human und]/&+4 ,su* a doctr9e might well h suffic$ to conceal ! tru? f ! human race = all et]nity1 if ma!matics _h n furni%$ ano!r /&>d ( v]ity 9 consid]+ solely ! ess5ce & prop]ties ( figures )\t reg>d to _! f9al causes4 ,!re are o!r reasons 7:i* ,i ne$ n m5tion "h7 besides ma!matics1 :i* might h caus$ m5's m9ds to be direct$ to ^! g5]al prejudices1 & h l$ !m to ! k ( ! tru?4 ,i h n[ suffici5tly expla9$ my fir/ po9t4 ,!re is no ne$ to %[ at l5g?1 t nature has no p>ticul> goal 9 view1 & t f9al causes are m]e human figm5ts4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is already evid5t en\gh1 bo? f ! causes & f\ndations on :i* ,i h %[n su* prejudice to be bas$1 & also f ,prop4 xvi41 & ! ,coroll>y ( ,prop4 xxxii41 &1 9 fact1 all ^? propositions 9 :i* ,i h %[n1 t ev]y?+ 9 nature proce$s f a sort ( necessity1 & ) ! utmo/ p]fection4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w add a few rem>ks1 9 ord] to ov]?r[ ?is doctr9e ( a f9al cause utt]ly4 ,t :i* is really a cause x consid]s z an effect1 & vice v]s3 x makes t :i* is by nature fir/ to be la/1 & t :i* is highe/ & mo/ p]fect to be mo/ imp]fect4 ,pass+ ov] ! que/ions ( cause & priority z self--evid5t1 x is pla9 f ,props4 xxi41 xxii41 xxiii4 t ! effect is mo/ p]fect :i* is produc$ imm$iately by ,god2 ! effect :i* requires = its production sev]al int]m$iate causes is1 9 t respect1 m imp]fect4 ,b if ^? ?+s :i* 7 made imm$iately by ,god 7 made to enable him to atta9 8 end1 !n ! ?+s :i* come aft]1 = ! sake ( :i* ! fir/ 7 made1 are necess>ily ! mo/ excell5t ( all4 ,fur!r1 ?is doctr9e does away ) ! p]fection ( ,god3 =1 if ,god acts = an object1 he necess>ily desires some?+ :i* he lacks4 ,c]ta9ly1 !ologians & metaphysicians draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! object ( want & ! object ( assimilation2 /ill !y confess t ,god made all ?+s = ! sake ( himself1 n = ! sake ( creation4 ,!y are unable to po9t to any?+ prior to creation1 except ,god himself1 z an object = :i* ,god %\ld act1 & are !re=e driv5 to admit 7z !y cle>ly mu/71 t ,god lack$ ^? ?+s = ^: atta9m5t he creat$ means1 & fur!r t he desir$ !m4 ,we mu/ n omit to notice t ! foll[]s ( ?is doctr9e1 anxi\s to display _! tal5t 9 assign+ f9al causes1 h import$ a new me?od ( argum5t 9 pro( ( _! !ory--namely1 a r$uction1 n to ! impossible1 b to ignorance2 ?us %[+ t !y h no o!r me?od ( exhibit+ _! doctr9e4 ,= example1 if a /one falls f a ro( on to someone's head1 & kills him1 !y w demon/rate by _! new me?od1 t ! /one fell 9 ord] to kill ! man2 =1 if x _h n by ,god's w fall5 ) t object1 h[ c\ld s _m circum/ances 7& !re are (t5 _m concurr5t circum/ances7 h all happ5$ toge!r by *ance8 ,p]haps y w answ] t ! ev5t is due to ! facts t ! w9d 0 bl[+1 & ! man 0 walk+ t way4 ,b :y1 !y w insi/1 0 ! w9d bl[+1 & :y 0 ! man at t v "t walk+ t way8 ,if y aga9 answ]1 t ! w9d _h !n sprung up because ! sea _h begun to be agitat$ ! day be=e1 ! wea!r be+ previ\sly calm1 & t ! man _h be5 invit$ by a fri5d1 !y w aga9 insi/3 ,b :y 0 ! sea agitat$1 & :y 0 ! man invit$ at t "t8 ,s !y w pursue _! que/ions f cause to cause1 till at la/ y take refuge 9 ! w ( ,god--9 o!r words1 ! sanctu>y ( ignorance4 ,s1 aga91 :5 !y survey ! frame ( ! human body1 !y are amaz$2 & be+ ignorant ( ! causes ( s great a "w ( art1 conclude t x has be5 fa%ion$1 n me*anically1 b by div9e & sup]natural skill1 & has be5 s put toge!r t "o "p %all n hurt ano!r4 ,h5ce anyone :o seeks = ! true causes ( miracles1 & /rives to und]/& natural ph5om5a z an intellig5t be+1 & n to gaze at !m l a fool1 is set d[n & d5\nc$ z an impi\s h]etic by ^?1 :om ! masses adore z ! int]pret]s ( nature & ! gods4 ,su* p]sons "k t1 ) ! removal ( ignorance1 ! wond] :i* =ms _! only available means = prov+ & pres]v+ _! au?ority w\ld vani% also4 ,b ,i n[ quit ?is subject1 & pass on to my ?ird po9t4 ,aft] m5 p]suad$ !mselves1 t ev]y?+ :i* is creat$ is creat$ = _! sake1 !y 7 b\nd to consid] z ! *ief quality 9 ev]y?+ t :i* is mo/ useful to !mselves1 & to acc\nt ^? ?+s ! be/ ( all :i* h ! mo/ b5eficial effect on mank9d4 ,fur!r1 !y 7 b\nd to =m ab/ract notions = ! explanation ( ! nature ( ?+s1 su* z goodness1 badness1 ord]1 confusion1 w>m?1 cold1 beauty1 de=mity1 & s on2 & f ! belief t !y are free ag5ts arose ! fur!r notions ( praise & blame1 s9 & m]it4 ,i w speak ( ^! latt] h]eaft]1 :5 ,i treat ( human nature2 ! =m] ,i w briefly expla9 "h4 ,ev]y?+ :i* conduces to heal? & ! wor%ip ( ,god !y h call$ good1 ev]y?+ :i* h9d]s ^! objects !y h /yl$ bad2 & inasmu* z ^? :o d n und]/& ! nature ( ?+s d n v]ify ph5om5a 9 any way1 b m]ely imag9e !m aft] a fa%ion1 & mi/ake _! imag9ation = und]/&+1 su* p]sons firmly believe t !re is an ord] 9 ?+s1 be+ really ignorant bo? ( ?+s & _! own nature4 ,:5 ph5om5a are ( su* a k9d1 t ! impression !y make on our s5ses requires little ef=t ( imag9ation1 & c consequ5tly be easily rememb]$1 we say t !y are well--ord]$2 if ! contr>y1 t !y are ill--ord]$ or confus$4 ,fur!r1 z ?+s :i* are easily imag9$ are m pleas+ to u1 m5 pref] ord] to confusion--z ?\gh !re 7 any ord] 9 nature1 except 9 relation to our imag9ation--& say t ,god has creat$ all ?+s 9 ord]2 ?us1 )\t kn[+ x1 attribut+ imag9ation to ,god1 unless1 inde$1 !y w\ld h x t ,god =esaw human imag9ation1 & arrang$ ev]y?+1 s t x %\ld be mo/ easily imag9$4 ,if ?is be _! !ory1 !y w\ld n1 p]haps1 be daunt$ by ! fact t we f9d an inf9ite numb] ( ph5om5a1 f> surpass+ our imag9ation1 & v _m o!rs :i* conf\nd its weakness4 ,b en\gh has be5 said on ?is subject4 ,! o!r ab/ract notions are no?+ b modes ( imag9+1 9 :i* ! imag9ation is diff]5tly affect$3 ?\gh !y are consid]$ by ! ignorant z ! *ief attributes ( ?+s1 inasmu* z !y believe t ev]y?+ 0 creat$ = ! sake ( !mselves2 &1 accord+ z !y are affect$ by x1 /yle x good or bad1 heal?y or rott5 & corrupt4 ,= in/ance1 if ! motion :i* objects we see communicate to our n]ves be conducive to heal?1 ! objects caus+ x are /yl$ beautiful2 if a contr>y motion be excit$1 !y are /yl$ ugly4 ,?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ ?r\gh our s5se ( smell are /yl$ fragrant or fetid2 if ?r\gh our ta/e1 sweet or bitt]1 full--flavor$ or insipid2 if ?r\gh our t\*1 h>d or s(t1 r\gh or smoo?1 c4 ,:atsoev] affects our e>s is said to give rise to noise1 s\nd1 or h>mony4 ,9 ?is la/ case1 !re are m5 lunatic en\gh to believe1 t ev5 ,god himself takes pleasure 9 h>mony2 & philosoph]s are n lack+ :o h p]suad$ !mselves1 t ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies gives rise to h>mony--all ( :i* in/ances suffici5tly %[ t ev]yone judges ( ?+s accord+ to ! /ate ( 8 bra91 or r mi/akes = ?+s ! =ms ( 8 imag9ation4 ,we ne$ no long] wond] t !re h aris5 all ! controv]sies we h witness$1 & f9ally skepticism3 =1 al?\gh human bodies 9 _m respects agree1 yet 9 v _m o!rs !y diff]2 s t :at seems good to "o seems bad to ano!r2 :at seems well ord]$ to "o seems confus$ to ano!r2 :at is pleas+ to "o displeases ano!r1 & s on4 ,i ne$ n fur!r enum]ate1 because ?is is n ! place to treat ! subject at l5g?1 & also because ! fact is suffici5tly well kn[n4 ,x is commonly said3 ,s _m m51 s _m m9ds2 ev]yone is wise 9 8 own way2 bra9s diff] z completely z palates4 ,all ( :i* prov]bs %[1 t m5 judge ( ?+s accord+ to _! m5tal disposition1 & r imag9e ?an und]/&3 =1 if !y und]/ood ph5om5a1 !y w\ld1 z ma!maticians atte/1 be conv9c$1 if n attract$1 by :at ,i h urg$4 ,we h n[ p]ceiv$1 t all ! explanations commonly giv5 ( nature are m]e modes ( imag9+1 & d n indicate ! true nature ( any?+1 b only ! con/itution ( ! imag9ation2 &1 al?\gh !y h names1 z ?\gh !y 7 entities1 exi/+ ext]nally to ! imag9ation1 ,i call !m entities imag9>y r ?an real2 &1 !re=e1 all argum5ts aga9/ u drawn f su* ab/ractions are easily rebutt$4 ,_m argue 9 ?is way4 ,if all ?+s foll[ f a necessity ( ! absolutely p]fect nature ( ,god1 :y are !re s _m imp]fections 9 nature8 su*1 = in/ance1 z ?+s corrupt to ! po9t ( putridity1 loa?some de=mity1 confusion1 evil1 s91 c4 ,b ^! reason]s are1 z ,i h said1 easily confut$1 = ! p]fection ( ?+s is to be reckon$ only f _! own nature & p[]2 ?+s are n m or less p]fect1 accord+ z !y delight or (f5d human s5ses1 or accord+ z !y are s]viceable or repugnant to mank9d4 ,to ^? :o ask :y ,god did n s create all m51 t !y %\ld be gov]n$ only by reason1 ,i give no answ] b ?is3 because matt] 0 n lack+ to him = ! creation ( e degree ( p]fection f highe/ to l[e/2 or1 m /rictly1 because ! laws ( 8 nature are s va/1 z to suffice = ! production ( ev]y?+ conceivable by an inf9ite intellig5ce1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,prop4 xvi4 ,su* are ! misconceptions ,i h und]tak5 to note2 if !re are any m ( ! same sort1 ev]yone may easily dissipate !m = himself ) ! aid ( a little reflection4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,preface ,i n[ pass on to expla9+ ! results1 :i* mu/ necess>ily foll[ f ! ess5ce ( ,god1 or ( ! et]nal & inf9ite be+2 n1 inde$1 all ( !m 7= we prov$ 9 ,"p i41 ,prop4 xvi41 t an inf9ite numb] mu/ foll[ 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways71 b only ^? :i* are able to lead u1 z x 7 by ! h&1 to ! k ( ! human m9d & its highe/ bless$ness4 ,,def9itions ,,def9ition ,i4 ,by body ,i mean a mode :i* expresses 9 a c]ta9 det]m9ate mann] ! ess5ce ( ,god1 9 s f> z he is consid]$ z an ext5d$ ?+4 7,see ,pt4 i41 ,prop4 xxv41 ,coroll47 ,,def9ition ,,ii4 ,i consid] z belong+ to ! ess5ce ( a ?+ t1 :i* be+ giv51 ! ?+ is necess>ily giv5 also1 &1 :i* be+ remov$1 ! ?+ is necess>ily remov$ also2 9 o!r words1 t )\t :i* ! ?+1 & :i* itself )\t ! ?+1 c nei!r be nor be conceiv$4 ,,def9ition ,,iii4 ,by idea1 ,i mean ! m5tal conception :i* is =m$ by ! m9d z a ?9k+ ?+4 ,explanation4--,i say conception r ?an p]ception1 because ! ^w p]ception seems to imply t ! m9d is passive 9 respect to ! object2 :]eas conception seems to express an activity ( ! m9d4 ,,def9ition ,,iv4 ,by an adequate idea1 ,i mean an idea :i*1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ 9 itself1 )\t relation to ! object1 has all ! prop]ties or intr9sic m>ks ( a true idea4 ,explanation4--,i say intr9sic1 9 ord] to exclude t m>k :i* is extr9sic1 namely1 ! agreem5t betwe5 ! idea & its object 7ideatum74 ,,def9ition ,v4 ,duration is ! indef9ite cont9uance ( exi/+4 ,explanation4--,i say indef9ite1 because x _c be det]m9$ ?r\gh ! exi/5ce itself ( ! exi/+ ?+1 or by its effici5t cause1 :i* necess>ily gives ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+1 b does n take x away4 ,,def9ition ,,vi4 ,reality & p]fection ,i use z synonym\s t]ms4 ,,def9ition ,,vii4 ,by p>ticul> ?+s1 ,i mean ?+s :i* are f9ite & h a condition$ exi/5ce2 b if sev]al individual ?+s concur 9 "o action1 s z to be all simultane\sly ! effect ( "o cause1 ,i consid] !m all1 s f>1 z "o p>ticul> ?+4 ,,axioms ,i4 ,! ess5ce ( man does n involve necess>y exi/5ce1 t is1 x may1 9 ! ord] ( nature1 come to pass t ?is or t man does or does n exi/4 ,,ii4 ,man ?9ks4 ,,iii4 ,modes ( ?9k+1 su* z love1 desire1 or any o!r ( ! passions1 d n take place1 unless !re be 9 ! same individual an idea ( ! ?+ lov$1 desir$1 c4 ,b ! idea c exi/ )\t ! pres5ce ( any o!r mode ( ?9k+4 ,,iv4 ,we p]ceive t a c]ta9 body is affect$ 9 _m ways4 ,v4 ,we feel & p]ceive no p>ticul> ?+s1 save bodies & modes ( ?\ght4 ,n4,b4 ,! ,po/ulates are giv5 aft] ! conclusion ( ,prop4 xiii4 ,,propositions ,,prop4 ,i4 ,?\ght is an attribute ( ,god1 or ,god is a ?9k+ ?+4 ,pro(4--,p>ticul> ?\ghts1 or ?is & t ?\ght1 are modes :i*1 9 a c]ta9 condition$ mann]1 express ! nature ( ,god 7,pt4 i41 ,prop4 xxv41 ,coroll474 ,god !re=e possesses ! attribute 7,pt4 i41 ,def4 v47 ( :i* ! concept is involv$ 9 all p>ticul> ?\ghts1 :i* latt] are conceiv$ !reby4 ,?\ght1 !re=e1 is "o ( ! inf9ite attributes ( ,god1 :i* express ,god's et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce 7,pt4 i41 ,def4 vi474 ,9 o!r words1 ,god is a ?9k+ ?+4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is proposition is also evid5t f ! fact1 t we are able to conceive an inf9ite ?9k+ be+4 ,=1 9 proportion z a ?9k+ be+ is conceiv$ z ?9k+ m ?\ghts1 s is x conceiv$ z conta9+ m reality or p]fection4 ,!re=e a be+1 :i* c ?9k an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways1 is1 necess>ily1 9 respect ( ?9k+1 inf9ite4 ,z1 !re=e1 f ! consid]ation ( ?\ght alone1 we conceive an inf9ite be+1 ?\ght is necess>ily 7,pt4 i41 ,deff4 iv4 & vi47 "o ( ! inf9ite attributes ( ,god1 z we 7 desir\s ( %[+4 ,,prop4 ,,ii4 ,ext5sion is an attribute ( ,god1 or ,god is an ext5d$ ?+4 ,pro(4--,! pro( ( ?is proposition is simil> to t ( ! la/4 ,,prop4 ,,iii4 ,9 ,god !re is necess>ily ! idea n only ( 8 ess5ce1 b also ( all ?+s :i* necess>ily foll[ f 8 ess5ce4 ,pro(4--,god 7by ! fir/ ,prop4 ( ?is ,"p7 c ?9k an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s 9 inf9ite ways1 or 7:at is ! same ?+1 by ,prop4 xvi41 ,"p i47 c =m ! idea ( 8 ess5ce1 & ( all ?+s :i* necess>ily foll[ !refrom4 ,n[ all t is 9 ! p[] ( ,god necess>ily is 7,pt4 i41 ,prop4 xxxv474 ,!re=e1 su* an idea z we are consid]+ necess>ily is1 & 9 ,god alone4 ,q4,e4,d4 7,"p i41 ,prop4 xv47 ,note4--,! multitude und]/& by ! p[] ( ,god ! free w ( ,god1 & ! "r ov] all ?+s t exi/1 :i* latt] are accord+ly g5]ally consid]$ z cont+5t4 ,= x is said t ,god has ! p[] to de/roy all ?+s1 & to r$uce !m to no?+4 ,fur!r1 ! p[] ( ,god is v (t5 lik5$ to ! p[] ( k+s4 ,b ?is doctr9e we h refut$ 7,pt4 i41 ,prop4 xxxii41 ,corolls4 i4 & ii471 & we h %[n 7,"p i41 ,prop4 xvi47 t ,god acts by ! same necessity1 z t by :i* he und]/&s himself2 9 o!r words1 z x foll[s f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature 7z all admit71 t ,god und]/&s himself1 s also does x foll[ by ! same necessity1 t ,god p]=ms inf9ite acts 9 inf9ite ways4 ,we fur!r %[$ 7,"p i41 ,prop4 xxxiv471 t ,god's p[] is id5tical ) ,god's ess5ce 9 action2 !re=e x is z impossible = u to conceive ,god z n act+1 z to conceive him z non--exi/5t4 ,if we might pursue ! subject fur!r1 ,i c\ld po9t out1 t ! p[] :i* is commonly attribut$ to ,god is n only human 7z %[+ t ,god is conceiv$ by ! multitude z a man1 or 9 ! lik5ess ( a man71 b involves a negation ( p[]4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am unwill+ to g ov] ! same gr\nd s (t54 ,i w\ld only beg ! read] aga9 & aga91 to turn ov] frequ5tly 9 8 m9d :at ,i h said 9 ,"p ,i f ,prop4 xvi4 to ! end4 ,no "o w be able to foll[ my mean+1 unless he is scrupul\sly c>eful n to conf\nd ! p[] ( ,god ) ! human p[] & "r ( k+s4 ,,prop4 ,,iv4 ,! idea ( ,god1 f :i* an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s foll[ 9 inf9ite ways1 c only be "o4 ,pro(4--,inf9ite intellect compreh5ds no?+ save ! attributes ( ,god & 8 modifications 7,"p i41 ,prop4 xxx474 ,n[ ,god is "o 7,"p i41 ,prop4 xiv41 ,coroll474 ,!re=e ! idea ( ,god1 :]efrom an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s foll[ 9 inf9ite ways1 c only be "o4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,v4 ,! actual be+ ( ideas owns ,god z its cause1 only 9 s f> z he is consid]$ z a ?9k+ ?+1 n 9 s f> z he is unfold$ 9 any o!r attribute2 t is1 ! ideas bo? ( ! attributes ( ,god & ( p>ticul> ?+s d n own z _! effici5t cause _! objects 7ideata7 or ! ?+s p]ceiv$1 b ,god himself 9 s f> z he is a ?9k+ ?+4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is evid5t f ,prop4 iii4 ( ?is ,"p4 ,we !re drew ! conclusion1 t ,god c =m ! idea ( 8 ess5ce1 & ( all ?+s :i* foll[ necess>ily !refrom1 solely because he is a ?9k+ ?+1 & n because he is ! object ( 8 own idea4 ,:]e=e ! actual be+ ( ideas owns = cause ,god1 9 s f> z he is a ?9k+ ?+4 ,x may be diff]5tly prov$ z foll[s3 ! actual be+ ( ideas is 7obvi\sly7 a mode ( ?\ght1 t is 7,"p i41 ,prop4 xxv41 ,coroll47 a mode :i* expresses 9 a c]ta9 mann] ! nature ( ,god1 9 s f> z he is a ?9k+ ?+1 & !re=e 7,"p i41 ,prop4 x47 involves ! conception ( no o!r attribute ( ,god1 & consequ5tly 7by ,"p i41 ,ax4 iv47 is n ! effect ( any attribute save ?\ght4 ,!re=e ! actual be+ ( ideas owns ,god z its cause1 9 s f> z he is consid]$ z a ?9k+ ?+1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,vi4 ,! modes ( any giv5 attribute are caus$ by ,god1 9 s f> z he is consid]$ ?r\gh ! attribute ( :i* !y are modes1 & n 9 s f> z he is consid]$ ?r\gh any o!r attribute4 ,pro(4--,ea* attribute is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself1 )\t any o!r 7,"p i41 ,prop4 x472 :]e=e ! modes ( ea* attribute involve ! conception ( t attribute1 b n ( any o!r4 ,?us 7,"p i41 ,ax4 iv47 !y are caus$ by ,god1 only 9 s f> z he is consid]$ ?r\gh ! attribute ^: modes !y are1 & n 9 s f> z he is consid]$ ?r\gh any o!r4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce ! actual be+ ( ?+s1 :i* are n modes ( ?\ght1 does n foll[ f ! div9e nature1 because t nature has prior k ( ! ?+s4 ,?+s repres5t$ 9 ideas foll[1 & are d]iv$ f _! p>ticul> attribute1 9 ! same mann]1 & ) ! same necessity z ideas foll[ 7accord+ to :at we h %[n7 f ! attribute ( ?\ght4 ,,prop4 ,,vii4 ,! ord] & connection ( ideas is ! same z ! ord] & connection ( ?+s4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is evid5t f ,"p i41 ,ax4 iv4 ,= ! idea ( ev]y?+ t is caus$ dep5ds on a k ( ! cause1 :]e( x is an effect4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce ,god's p[] ( ?9k+ is equal to 8 realiz$ p[] ( action--t is1 :atsoev] foll[s f ! inf9ite nature ( ,god 9 ! _w ( ext5sion 7=malit]71 foll[s )\t exception 9 ! same ord] & connection f ! idea ( ,god 9 ! _w ( ?\ght 7objective74 ,note4--,be=e go+ any fur!r1 ,i wi% to recall to m9d :at has be5 po9t$ out above--namely1 t :atsoev] c be p]ceiv$ by ! inf9ite intellect z con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( sub/ance1 belongs altoge!r only to "o sub/ance3 consequ5tly1 sub/ance ?9k+ & sub/ance ext5d$ are "o & ! same sub/ance1 compreh5d$ n[ ?r\gh "o attribute1 n[ ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,s1 also1 a mode ( ext5sion & ! idea ( t mode are "o & ! same ?+1 ?\gh express$ 9 two ways4 ,?is tru? seems to h be5 dimly recogniz$ by ^? ,jews :o ma9ta9$ t ,god1 ,god's intellect1 & ! ?+s und]/ood by ,god are id5tical4 ,= in/ance1 a circle exi/+ 9 nature1 & ! idea ( a circle exi/+1 :i* is also 9 ,god1 are "o & ! same ?+ display$ ?r\gh diff]5t attributes4 ,?us1 :e!r we conceive nature "u ! attribute ( ext5sion1 or "u ! attribute ( ?\ght1 or "u any o!r attribute1 we %all f9d ! same ord]1 or "o & ! same *a9 ( causes--t is1 ! same ?+s foll[+ 9 ei!r case4 ,i said t ,god is ! cause ( an idea--= in/ance1 ( ! idea ( a circle1--9 s f> z he is a ?9k+ ?+2 & ( a circle1 9 s f> z he is an ext5d$ ?+1 simply because ! actual be+ ( ! idea ( a circle c only be p]ceiv$ z a proximate cause ?r\gh ano!r mode ( ?9k+1 & t aga9 ?r\gh ano!r1 & s on to inf9ity2 s t1 s long z we consid] ?+s z modes ( ?9k+1 we mu/ expla9 ! ord] ( ! :ole ( nature1 or ! :ole *a9 ( causes1 ?r\gh ! attribute ( ?\ght only4 ,&1 9 s f> z we consid] ?+s z modes ( ext5sion1 we mu/ expla9 ! ord] ( ! :ole ( nature ?r\gh ! attributes ( ext5sion only2 & s on1 9 ! case ( ! o!r attributes4 ,:]e=e ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves ,god is really ! cause1 inasmu* z he consi/s ( inf9ite attributes4 ,i _c = ! pres5t expla9 my mean+ m cle>ly4 ,,prop4 ,,viii4 ,! ideas ( p>ticul> ?+s1 or ( modes1 t d n exi/1 mu/ be compreh5d$ 9 ! inf9ite idea ( ,god1 9 ! same way z ! =mal ess5ces ( p>ticul> ?+s or modes are conta9$ 9 ! attributes ( ,god4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is evid5t f ! la/2 x is und]/ood m cle>ly f ! prec$+ note4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce1 s long z p>ticul> ?+s d n exi/1 except 9 s f> z !y are compreh5d$ 9 ! attributes ( ,god1 _! repres5tations 9 ?\ght or ideas d n exi/1 except 9 s f> z ! inf9ite idea ( ,god exi/s2 & :5 p>ticul> ?+s are said to exi/1 n only 9 s f> z !y are involv$ 9 ! attributes ( ,god1 b also 9 s f> z !y are said to cont9ue1 _! ideas w also involve exi/5ce1 ?r\gh :i* !y are said to cont9ue4 ,note4--,if anyone desires an example to ?r[ m light on ?is "q1 ,i %all1 ,i fe>1 n be able to give him any1 :i* adequately expla9s ! ?+ ( :i* ,i "h speak1 inasmu* z x is unique2 h[ev]1 ,i w endeav\r to illu/rate x z f> z possible4 ,! nature ( a circle is su* t if any numb] ( /raight l9es int]sect )9 x1 ! rectangles =m$ by _! segm5ts w be equal to "o ano!r2 ?us1 inf9ite equal rectangles are conta9$ 9 a circle4 ,yet none ( ^! rectangles c be said to exi/1 except 9 s f> z ! circle exi/s2 nor c ! idea ( any ( ^! rectangles be said to exi/1 except 9 s f> z !y are compreh5d$ 9 ! idea ( ! circle4 ,let u grant t1 f ?is inf9ite numb] ( rectangles1 two only exi/4 ,! ideas ( ^! two n only exi/1 9 s f> z !y are conta9$ 9 ! idea ( ! circle1 b also z !y involve ! exi/5ce ( ^? rectangles2 :]e=e !y are di/+ui%$ f ! rema9+ ideas ( ! rema9+ rectangles4 ,,prop4 ,,ix4 ,! idea ( an individual ?+ actually exi/+ is caus$ by ,god1 n 9 s f> z he is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z he is consid]$ z affect$ by ano!r idea ( a ?+ actually exi/+1 ( :i* he is ! cause1 9 s f> z he is affect$ by a ?ird idea1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,pro(4--,! idea ( an individual ?+ actually exi/+ is an individual mode ( ?9k+1 & is di/9ct f o!r modes 7by ! ,coroll>y & note to ,prop4 viii4 ( ?is "p72 ?us 7by ,prop4 vi4 ( ?is "p7 x is caus$ by ,god1 9 s f> only z he is a ?9k+ ?+4 ,b n 7by ,prop4 xxviii4 ( ,"p i47 9 s f> z he is a ?+ ?9k+ absolutely1 only 9 s f> z he is consid]$ z affect$ by ano!r mode ( ?9k+2 & he is ! cause ( ?is latt]1 z be+ affect$ by a ?ird1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,n[1 ! ord] & connection ( ideas is 7by ,prop4 vii4 ( ?is book7 ! same z ! ord] & connection ( causes4 ,!re=e ( a giv5 individual idea ano!r individual idea1 or ,god1 9 s f> z he is consid]$ z modifi$ by t idea1 is ! cause2 & ( ?is second idea ,god is ! cause1 9 s f> z he is affect$ by ano!r idea1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,:atsoev] takes place 9 ! individual object ( any idea1 ! k !re( is 9 ,god1 9 s f> only z he has ! idea ( ! object4 ,pro(4--,:atsoev] takes place 9 ! object ( any idea1 its idea is 9 ,god 7by ,prop4 iii4 ( ?is "p71 n 9 s f> z he is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z he is consid]$ z affect$ by ano!r idea ( an individual ?+ 7by ! la/ ,prop472 b 7by ,prop4 vii4 ( ?is "p7 ! ord] & connection ( ideas is ! same z ! ord] & connection ( ?+s4 ,! k1 !re=e1 ( t :i* takes place 9 any individual object w be 9 ,god1 9 s f> only z he has ! idea ( t object4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,x4 ,! be+ ( sub/ance does n app]ta9 to ! ess5ce ( man--9 o!r words1 sub/ance does n con/itute ! actual be+#b ( man4 #b ,=ma ,pro(4--,! be+ ( sub/ance involves necess>y exi/5ce 7,"p i41 ,prop4 vii474 ,if1 !re=e1 ! be+ ( sub/ance app]ta9s to ! ess5ce ( man1 sub/ance be+ grant$1 man w\ld necess>ily be grant$ also 7,,ii4 ,def4 ii471 &1 consequ5tly1 man w\ld necess>ily exi/1 :i* is absurd 7,,ii4 ,ax4 i474 ,!re=e1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is proposition may also be prov$ f ,i4v41 9 :i* x is %[n t !re _c be two sub/ances ( ! same nature2 = z !re may be _m m51 ! be+ ( sub/ance is n t :i* con/itutes ! actual be+ ( man4 ,aga91 ! proposition is evid5t f ! o!r prop]ties ( sub/ance--namely1 t sub/ance is 9 its nature inf9ite1 immutable1 indivisible1 c41 z anyone may see = himself4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! ess5ce ( man is con/itut$ by c]ta9 modifications ( ! attributes ( ,god4 ,= 7by ! la/ ,prop47 ! be+ ( sub/ance does n belong to ! ess5ce ( man4 ,t ess5ce !re=e 7by i4 #ae7 is some?+ :i* is 9 ,god1 & :i* )\t ,god c nei!r be nor be conceiv$1 :e!r x be a modification 7i4 #be4 ,coroll471 or a mode :i* expresses ,god's nature 9 a c]ta9 condition$ mann]4 ,note4--,ev]yone mu/ surely admit1 t no?+ c be or be conceiv$ )\t ,god4 ,all m5 agree t ,god is ! "o & only cause ( all ?+s1 bo? ( _! ess5ce & ( _! exi/5ce2 t is1 ,god is n only ! cause ( ?+s 9 respect to _! be+ made 7secundum fi]i71 b also 9 respect to _! be+ 7secundum esse74 ,at ! same "t _m ass]t1 t t1 )\t :i* a ?+ _c be nor be conceiv$1 belongs to ! ess5ce ( t ?+2 :]e=e !y believe t ei!r ! nature ( ,god app]ta9s to ! ess5ce ( creat$ ?+s1 or else t creat$ ?+s c be or be conceiv$ )\t ,god2 or else1 z is m probably ! case1 !y hold inconsi/5t doctr9es4 ,i ?9k ! cause = su* confusion is ma9ly1 t !y d n keep to ! prop] ord] ( philosophic ?9k+4 ,! nature ( ,god1 :i* %\ld be reflect$ on fir/1 inasmu* z x is prior bo? 9 ! ord] ( k & ! ord] ( nature1 !y h tak5 to be la/ 9 ! ord] ( k1 & h put into ! fir/ place :at !y call ! objects ( s5sation2 h5ce1 :ile !y are consid]+ natural ph5om5a1 !y give no att5tion at all to ! div9e nature1 &1 :5 aft]w>ds !y apply _! m9d to ! /udy ( ! div9e nature1 !y are q unable to be> 9 m9d ! fir/ hypo!ses1 ) :i* !y h ov]laid ! k ( natural ph5om5a1 inasmu* z su* hypo!ses are no help t[>ds und]/&+ ! div9e nature4 ,s t x is h>dly to be wond]$ at1 t ^! p]sons contradict !mselves freely4 ,h[ev]1 ,i pass ov] ?is po9t4 ,my int5tion "h 0 only to give a reason = n say+1 t t1 )\t :i* a ?+ _c be or be conceiv$1 belongs to ! ess5ce ( t ?+3 individual ?+s _c be or be conceiv$ )\t ,god1 yet ,god does n app]ta9 to _! ess5ce4 ,i said t ,i consid]$ z belong+ to ! ess5ce ( a ?+ t1 :i* be+ giv51 ! ?+ is necess>ily giv5 also1 & :i* be+ remov$1 ! ?+ is necess>ily remov$ also2 or t )\t :i* ! ?+1 & :i* itself )\t ! ?+ c nei!r be nor be conceiv$4 7,,ii4 ,def4 ii47 ,,prop4 ,,xi4 ,! fir/ elem5t1 :i* con/itutes ! actual be+ ( ! human m9d1 is ! idea ( "s p>ticul> ?+ actually exi/+4 ,pro(4--,! ess5ce ( man 7by ! ,coroll4 ( ! la/ ,prop47 is con/itut$ by c]ta9 modes ( ! attributes ( ,god1 namely 7by ,,ii4 ,ax4 ii471 by ! modes ( ?9k+1 ( all :i* 7by ,,ii4 ,ax4 iii47 ! idea is prior 9 nature1 &1 :5 ! idea is giv51 ! o!r modes 7namely1 ^? ( :i* ! idea is prior 9 nature7 mu/ be 9 ! same individual 7by ! same ,axiom74 ,!re=e an idea is ! fir/ elem5t con/itut+ ! human m9d4 ,b n ! idea ( a non--exi/5t ?+1 = !n 7,,ii4 viii4 ,coroll47 ! idea itself _c be said to exi/2 x mu/ !re=e be ! idea ( some?+ actually exi/+4 ,b n ( an inf9ite ?+4 ,= an inf9ite ?+ 7,i4 xxi41 xxii471 mu/ always necess>ily exi/2 ?is w\ld 7by ,,ii4 ,ax4 i47 involve an absurdity4 ,!re=e ! fir/ elem5t1 :i* con/itutes ! actual be+ ( ! human m9d1 is ! idea ( some?+ actually exi/+4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! human m9d is "p ( ! inf9ite intellect ( ,god2 ?us :5 we say1 t ! human m9d p]ceives ?is or t1 we make ! ass]tion1 t ,god has ?is or t idea1 n 9 s f> z he is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z he is display$ ?r\gh ! nature ( ! human m9d1 or 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d2 & :5 we say t ,god has ?is or t idea1 n only 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d1 b also 9 s f> z he1 simultane\sly ) ! human m9d1 has ! fur!r idea ( ano!r ?+1 we ass]t t ! human m9d p]ceives a ?+ 9 "p or inadequately4 ,note4--,"h1 ,i d\bt n1 read]s w come to a /&1 & w call to m9d _m ?+s :i* w cause !m to hesitate2 ,i !re=e beg !m to accompany me sl[ly1 /ep by /ep1 & n to pron\nce on my /atem5ts1 till !y h read to ! end4 ,,prop4 ,,xii4 ,:atsoev] comes to pass 9 ! object ( ! idea1 :i* con/itutes ! human m9d1 mu/ be p]ceiv$ by ! human m9d1 or !re w necess>ily be an idea 9 ! human m9d ( ! said occurr5ce4 ,t is1 if ! object ( ! idea con/itut+ ! human m9d be a body1 no?+ c take place 9 t body )\t be+ p]ceiv$ by ! m9d4 ,pro(4--,:atsoev] comes to pass 9 ! object ( any idea1 ! k !re( is necess>ily 9 ,god 7,,ii4 ix4 ,coroll471 9 s f> z he is consid]$ z affect$ by ! idea ( ! said object1 t is 7,,ii4 xi471 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! m9d ( any?+4 ,!re=e1 :atsoev] takes place 9 ! object con/itut+ ! idea ( ! human m9d1 ! k !re( is necess>ily 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d2 t is 7by ,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll47 ! k ( ! said ?+ w necess>ily be 9 ! m9d1 9 o!r words ! m9d p]ceives x4 ,note4--,?is proposition is also evid5t1 & is m cle>ly to be und]/ood f ,,ii4 vii41 :i* see4 ,,prop4 ,,xiii4 ,! object ( ! idea con/itut+ ! human m9d is ! body1 9 o!r words a c]ta9 mode ( ext5sion :i* actually exi/s1 & no?+ else4 ,pro(4--,if inde$ ! body 7 n ! object ( ! human m9d1 ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! body w\ld n be 9 ,god 7,,ii4 ix4 ,coroll47 9 virtue ( 8 con/itut+ our m9d1 b 9 virtue ( 8 con/itut+ ! m9d ( some?+ else2 t is 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll47 ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! body w\ld n be 9 our m9d3 n[ 7by ,,ii4 ,ax4 iv47 we d possess ! idea ( ! modifications ( ! body4 ,!re=e ! object ( ! idea con/itut+ ! human m9d is ! body1 & ! body z x actually exi/s 7,,ii4 xi474 ,fur!r1 if !re 7 any o!r object ( ! idea con/itut+ ! m9d besides body1 !n1 z no?+ c exi/ f :i* "s effect does n foll[ 7,i4 xxxvi47 !re w\ld necess>ily h to be 9 our m9d an idea1 :i* w\ld be ! effect ( t o!r object 7,,ii4 xi472 b 7,i4 ,ax4 v47 !re is no su* idea4 ,:]e=e ! object ( our m9d is ! body z x exi/s1 & no?+ else4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,we ?us compreh5d1 n only t ! human m9d is unit$ to ! body1 b also ! nature ( ! union betwe5 m9d & body4 ,h[ev]1 no "o w be able to grasp ?is adequately or di/9ctly1 unless he fir/ has adequate k ( ! nature ( our body4 ,! propositions we h advanc$ hi!rto h be5 entirely g5]al1 apply+ n m to m5 ?an to o!r individual ?+s1 all ( :i*1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t degrees1 are animat$4#c ,= ( ev]y?+ !re is necess>ily an idea 9 ,god1 ( :i* ,god is ! cause1 9 ! same way z !re is an idea ( ! human body2 ?us :atev] we h ass]t$ ( ! idea ( ! human body mu/ necess>ily also be ass]t$ ( ! idea ( ev]y?+ else4 ,/ill1 on ! o!r h&1 we _c d5y t ideas1 l objects1 diff] "o f ! o!r1 "o be+ m excell5t ?an ano!r & conta9+ m reality1 j z ! object ( "o idea is m excell5t ?an ! object ( ano!r idea1 & conta9s m reality4 #c ,animata ,:]e=e1 9 ord] to det]m9e1 :]e9 ! human m9d diff]s f o!r ?+s1 & :]e9 x surpasses !m1 x is necess>y = u to "k ! nature ( its object1 t is1 ( ! human body4 ,:at ?is nature is1 ,i am n able "h to expla91 nor is x necess>y = ! pro( ( :at ,i advance1 t ,i %\ld d s4 ,i w only say g5]ally1 t 9 proportion z any giv5 body is m fitt$ ?an o!rs = do+ _m actions or receiv+ _m impressions at once1 s also is ! m9d1 ( :i* x is ! object1 m fitt$ ?an o!rs = =m+ _m simultane\s p]ceptions2 & ! m ! actions ( ! body dep5d on itself alone1 & ! few] o!r bodies concur ) x 9 action1 ! m fitt$ is ! m9d ( :i* x is ! object = di/9ct compreh5sion4 ,we may ?us recognize ! sup]iority ( "o m9d ov] o!rs1 & may fur!r see ! cause1 :y we h only a v confus$ k ( our body1 & also _m k9dr$ que/ions1 :i* ,i w1 9 ! foll[+ propositions1 d$uce f :at has be5 advanc$4 ,:]e=e ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to expla9 & prove m /rictly my pres5t /atem5ts4 ,9 ord] to d s1 ,i mu/ premise a few propositions conc]n+ ! nature ( bodies4 ,,axiom ,i4 ,all bodies are ei!r 9 motion or at re/4 ,,axiom ,,ii4 ,e body is mov$ sometimes m sl[ly1 sometimes m quickly4 ,,lemma ,i4 ,bodies are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 respect ( motion & re/1 quickness & sl[ness1 & n 9 respect ( sub/ance4 ,pro(4--,! fir/ "p ( ?is proposition is1 ,i take x1 self--evid5t4 ,t bodies are n di/+ui%$ 9 respect ( sub/ance1 is pla9 bo? f ,i4 v4 & ,i4 viii4 ,x is br\ght out /ill m cle>ly f ,i4 xv1 note4 ,,lemma ,,ii4 ,all bodies agree 9 c]ta9 respects4 ,pro(4--,all bodies agree 9 ! fact1 t !y involve ! conception ( "o & ! same attribute 7,,ii41 ,def4 i474 ,fur!r1 9 ! fact t !y may be mov$ less or m quickly1 & may be absolutely 9 motion or at re/4 ,,lemma ,,iii4 ,a body 9 motion or at re/ mu/ be det]m9$ to motion or re/ by ano!r body1 :i* o!r body has be5 det]m9$ to motion or re/ by a ?ird body1 & t ?ird aga9 by a f\r?1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,pro(4--,bodies are individual ?+s 7,,ii41 ,def4 i471 :i* 7,lemma ,i47 are di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r 9 respect to motion & re/2 ?us 7,i4 xxviii47 ea* mu/ necess>ily be det]m9$ to motion or re/ by ano!r individual ?+1 namely 7,,ii4 vi471 by ano!r body1 :i* o!r body is also 7,ax4 i47 9 motion or at re/4 ,& ?is body aga9 c only h be5 set 9 motion or caus$ to re/ by be+ det]m9$ by a ?ird body to motion or re/4 ,?is ?ird body aga9 by a f\r?1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s1 t a body 9 motion keeps 9 motion1 until x is det]m9$ to a /ate ( re/ by "s o!r body2 & a body at re/ rema9s s1 until x is det]m9$ to a /ate ( motion by "s o!r body4 ,?is is inde$ self--evid5t4 ,= :5 ,i suppose1 = in/ance1 t a giv5 body1 ,a1 is at re/1 & d n take into consid]ation o!r bodies 9 motion1 ,i _c affirm any?+ conc]n+ ! body ,a1 except t x is at re/4 ,if x aft]w>ds comes to pass t ,a is 9 motion1 ?is _c h result$ f its hav+ be5 at re/1 = no o!r consequ5ce c\ld h be5 involv$ ?an its rema9+ at re/4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,a be giv5 9 motion1 we %all1 s long z we only consid] ,a1 be unable to affirm any?+ conc]n+ x1 except t x is 9 motion4 ,if ,a is subsequ5tly f\nd to be at re/1 ?is re/ _c be ! result ( ,a's previ\s motion1 = su* motion c only h l$ to cont9u$ motion2 ! /ate ( re/ !re=e mu/ h result$ f some?+1 :i* 0 n 9 ,a1 namely1 f an ext]nal cause det]m9+ ,a to a /ate ( re/4 ,axiom ,i4--,all modes1 :]e9 "o body is affect$ by ano!r body1 foll[ simultane\sly f ! nature ( ! body affect$ & ! body affect+2 s t "o & ! same body may be mov$ 9 diff]5t modes1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! bodies mov+ x2 on ! o!r h&1 diff]5t bodies may be mov$ 9 diff]5t modes by "o & ! same body4 ,axiom ,,ii4--,:5 a body 9 motion imp+es on ano!r body at re/1 :i* x is unable to move1 x recoils1 9 ord] to cont9ue its motion1 & ! angle made by ! l9e ( motion 9 ! recoil & ! plane ( ! body at re/1 :]eon ! mov+ body has imp+$1 w be equal to ! angle =m$ by ! l9e ( motion ( incid5ce & ! same plane4 ,s f> we h be5 speak+ only ( ! mo/ simple bodies1 :i* are only di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r by motion & re/1 quickness & sl[ness4 ,we n[ pass on to comp\nd bodies4 ,def9ition4--,:5 any giv5 bodies ( ! same or diff]5t magnitude are compell$ by o!r bodies to rema9 9 contact1 or if !y be mov$ at ! same or diff]5t rates ( spe$1 s t _! mutual movem5ts %\ld pres]ve among !mselves a c]ta9 fix$ relation1 we say t su* bodies are 9 union1 & t toge!r !y compose "o body or individual1 :i* is di/+ui%$ f o!r bodies by ! fact ( ?is union4 ,axiom ,,iii4--,9 proportion z ! p>ts ( an individual1 or a comp\nd body1 are 9 contact ov] a great] or less sup]ficies1 !y w ) great] or less difficulty admit ( be+ mov$ f _! position2 consequ5tly ! individual w1 ) great] or less difficulty1 be br\ght to assume ano!r =m4 ,^? bodies1 ^: p>ts are 9 contact ov] l>ge sup]ficies1 are call$ h>d2 ^?1 ^: p>ts are 9 contact ov] small sup]ficies1 are call$ s(t2 ^?1 ^: p>ts are 9 motion among "o ano!r1 are call$ fluid4 ,,lemma ,,iv4 ,if f a body or individual1 comp\nd$ ( sev]al bodies1 c]ta9 bodies be sep>at$1 & if1 at ! same "t1 an equal numb] ( o!r bodies ( ! same nature take _! place1 ! individual w pres]ve its nature z be=e1 )\t any *ange 9 its actuality 7=ma74 ,pro(4--,bodies 7,lemma i47 are n di/+ui%$ 9 respect ( sub/ance3 t :i* con/itutes ! actuality 7=mam7 ( an individual consi/s 7by ! la/ ,def47 9 a union ( bodies2 b ?is union1 al?\gh !re is a cont9ual *ange ( bodies1 w 7by our hypo!sis7 be ma9ta9$2 ! individual1 !re=e1 w reta9 its nature z be=e1 bo? 9 respect ( sub/ance & 9 respect ( mode4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,lemma ,v4 ,if ! p>ts compos+ an individual become great] or less1 b 9 su* proportion1 t !y all pres]ve ! same mutual relations ( motion & re/1 ! individual w /ill pres]ve its orig9al nature1 & its actuality w n be *ang$4 ,pro(4--,! same z = ! la/ ,lemma4 ,,lemma ,,vi4 ,if c]ta9 bodies compos+ an individual be compell$ to *ange ! motion1 :i* !y h 9 "o direction1 = motion 9 ano!r direction1 b 9 su* a mann]1 t !y be able to cont9ue _! motions & _! mutual communication 9 ! same relations z be=e1 ! individual w reta9 its own nature )\t any *ange ( its actuality4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is self--evid5t1 = ! individual is suppos$ to reta9 all t1 :i*1 9 its def9ition1 we spoke ( z its actual be+4 ,,lemma ,,vii4 ,fur!rmore1 ! individual ?us compos$ pres]ves its nature1 :e!r x be1 z a :ole1 9 motion or at re/1 :e!r x be mov$ 9 ?is or t direction2 s long z ea* "p reta9s its motion1 & pres]ves its communication ) o!r p>ts z be=e4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is evid5t f ! def9ition ( an individual prefix$ to ,lemma iv4 ,note4--,we ?us see1 h[ a composite individual may be affect$ 9 _m diff]5t ways1 & pres]ve its nature not)/&+4 ,?us f> we h conceiv$ an individual z compos$ ( bodies only di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r 9 respect ( motion & re/1 spe$ & sl[ness2 t is1 ( bodies ( ! mo/ simple "*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we n[ conceive ano!r individual compos$ ( sev]al individuals ( div]se natures1 we %all f9d t ! numb] ( ways 9 :i* x c be affect$1 )\t los+ its nature1 w be greatly multipli$4 ,ea* ( its p>ts w\ld consi/ ( sev]al bodies1 & !re=e 7by ,lemma vi47 ea* "p w\ld admit1 )\t *ange to its nature1 ( quick] or sl[] motion1 & w\ld consequ5tly be able to transmit its motions m quickly or m sl[ly to ! rema9+ p>ts4 ,if we fur!r conceive a ?ird k9d ( individuals compos$ ( individuals ( ?is second k9d1 we %all f9d t !y may be affect$ 9 a /ill great] numb] ( ways )\t *ang+ _! actuality4 ,we may easily proce$ ?us to inf9ity1 & conceive ! :ole ( nature z "o individual1 ^: p>ts1 t is1 all bodies1 v>y 9 inf9ite ways1 )\t any *ange 9 ! individual z a :ole4 ,i %\ld feel b\nd to expla9 & demon/rate ?is po9t at m l5g?1 if ,i 7 writ+ a special treatise on body4 ,b ,i h already said t su* is n my object2 ,i h only t\*$ on ! "q1 because x enables me to prove easily t :i* ,i h 9 view4 ,,po/ulates ,i4 ,! human body is compos$ ( a numb] ( individual p>ts1 ( div]se nature1 ea* "o ( :i* is 9 itself extremely complex4 ,,ii4 ,( ! individual p>ts compos+ ! human body "s are fluid1 "s s(t1 "s h>d4 ,,iii4 ,! individual p>ts compos+ ! human body1 & consequ5tly ! human body itself1 are affect$ 9 a v>iety ( ways by ext]nal bodies4 ,,iv4 ,! human body /&s 9 ne$ = its pres]vation ( a numb] ( o!r bodies1 by :i* x is cont9ually1 s to speak1 reg5]at$4 ,v4 ,:5 ! fluid "p ( ! human body is det]m9$ by an ext]nal body to imp+e (t5 on ano!r s(t "p1 x *anges ! surface ( ! latt]1 &1 z x 71 leaves ! impression !reupon ( ! ext]nal body :i* impels x4 ,,vi4 ,! human body c move ext]nal bodies1 & arrange !m 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,,prop4 ,,xiv4 ,! human m9d is capable ( p]ceiv+ a great numb] ( ?+s1 & is s 9 proportion z its body is capable ( receiv+ a great numb] ( impressions4 ,pro(4--,! human body 7by ,po/4 iii4 & vi47 is affect$ 9 v _m ways by ext]nal bodies1 & is capable 9 v _m ways ( affect+ ext]nal bodies4 ,b 7,,ii4 xii47 ! human m9d mu/ p]ceive all t takes place 9 ! human body2 ! human m9d is1 !re=e1 capable ( p]ceiv+ a great numb] ( ?+s1 & is s 9 proportion1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xv4 ,! idea1 :i* con/itutes ! actual be+ ( ! human m9d1 is n simple1 b comp\nd$ ( a great numb] ( ideas4 ,pro(4--,! idea con/itut+ ! actual be+ ( ! human m9d is ! idea ( ! body 7,,ii4 xiii471 :i* 7,po/4 i47 is compos$ ( a great numb] ( complex individual p>ts4 ,b !re is necess>ily 9 ,god ! idea ( ea* individual "p :]e( ! body is compos$ 7,,ii4 viii4 ,coroll472 !re=e 7,,ii4 vii471 ! idea ( ! human body is compos$ ( ^! num]\s ideas ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xvi4 ,! idea ( e mode1 9 :i* ! human body is affect$ by ext]nal bodies1 mu/ involve ! nature ( ! human body1 & also ! nature ( ! ext]nal body4 ,pro(4--,all ! modes1 9 :i* any giv5 body is affect$1 foll[ f ! nature ( ! body affect$1 & also f ! nature ( ! affect+ body 7by ,ax4 i41 aft] ! ,coroll4 ( ,lemma iii471 :]e=e _! idea also necess>ily 7by ,i4 ,ax4 iv47 involves ! nature ( bo? bodies2 !re=e1 ! idea ( e mode1 9 :i* ! human body is affect$ by ext]nal bodies1 involves ! nature ( ! human body & ( ! ext]nal body4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y ,i4--,h5ce x foll[s1 fir/1 t ! human m9d p]ceives ! nature ( a v>iety ( bodies1 toge!r ) ! nature ( its own4 ,coroll>y ,,ii4--,x foll[s1 secondly1 t ! ideas1 :i* we h ( ext]nal bodies1 indicate r ! con/itution ( our own body ?an ! nature ( ext]nal bodies4 ,i h amply illu/rat$ ?is 9 ! ,app5dix to ,"p ,i4 ,,prop4 ,,xvii4 ,if ! human body is affect$ 9 a mann] :i* involves ! nature ( any ext]nal body1 ! human m9d w reg>d ! said ext]nal body z actually exi/+1 or z pres5t to itself1 until ! human body be affect$ 9 su* a way1 z to exclude ! exi/5ce or ! pres5ce ( ! said ext]nal body4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is self--evid5t1 = s long z ! human body cont9ues to be ?us affect$1 s long w ! human m9d 7,,ii4 xii47 reg>d ?is modification ( ! body--t is 7by ! la/ ,prop471 x w h ! idea ( ! mode z actually exi/+1 & ?is idea involves ! nature ( ! ext]nal body4 ,9 o!r words1 x w h ! idea :i* does n exclude1 b po/ulates ! exi/5ce or pres5ce ( ! nature ( ! ext]nal body2 !re=e ! m9d 7by ,,ii4 xvi41 ,coroll4 i47 w reg>d ! ext]nal body z actually exi/+1 until x is affect$1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,! m9d is able to reg>d z pres5t ext]nal bodies1 by :i* ! human body has once be5 affect$1 ev5 ?\gh !y be no long] 9 exi/5ce or pres5t4 ,pro(4--,:5 ext]nal bodies det]m9e ! fluid p>ts ( ! human body1 s t !y (t5 imp+e on ! s(t] p>ts1 !y *ange ! surface ( ! la/ nam$ 7,po/4 v472 h5ce 7,ax4 ii41 aft] ! ,coroll4 ( ,lemma iii47 !y are refract$ !refrom 9 a diff]5t mann] f t :i* !y foll[$ be=e su* *ange2 &1 fur!r1 :5 aft]w>ds !y imp+e on ! new surfaces by _! own spontane\s movem5t1 !y w be refract$ 9 ! same mann]1 z ?\gh !y _h be5 impell$ t[>ds ^? surfaces by ext]nal bodies2 consequ5tly1 !y w1 :ile !y cont9ue to be ?us refract$1 affect ! human body 9 ! same mann]1 :]e( ! m9d 7,,ii4 xii47 w aga9 take cognizance--t is 7,,ii4 xvii471 ! m9d w aga9 reg>d ! ext]nal body z pres5t1 & w d s1 z (t5 z ! fluid p>ts ( ! human body imp+e on ! a=esaid surfaces by _! own spontane\s motion4 ,:]e=e1 al?\gh ! ext]nal bodies1 by :i* ! human body has once be5 affect$1 be no long] 9 exi/5ce1 ! m9d w nev]!less reg>d !m z pres5t1 z (t5 z ?is action ( ! body is repeat$4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,we ?us see h[ x comes ab\t1 z is (t5 ! case1 t we reg>d z pres5t _m ?+s :i* are n4 ,x is possible t ! same result may be br\ght ab\t by o!r causes2 b ,i ?9k x suffices = me "h to h indicat$ "o possible explanation1 j z well z if ,i _h po9t$ out ! true cause4 ,inde$1 ,i d n ?9k ,i am v f> f ! tru?1 = all my assumptions are bas$ on po/ulates1 :i* re/1 almo/ )\t exception1 on exp]i5ce1 t _c be controv]t$ by ^? :o h %[n1 z we h1 t ! human body1 z we feel x1 exi/s 7,coroll4 aft] ,,ii4 xiii474 ,fur!rmore 7,,ii4 vii4 ,coroll41 ,,ii4 xvi4 ,coroll4 ii471 we cle>ly und]/& :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! idea1 say1 ( ,pet]1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ,pet]'s m9d1 & ! idea ( ! said ,pet]1 :i* is 9 ano!r man1 say1 ,paul4 ,! =m] directly answ]s to ! ess5ce ( ,pet]'s own body1 & only implies exi/5ce s long z ,pet] exi/s2 ! latt] indicates r ! disposition ( ,paul's body ?an ! nature ( ,pet]1 &1 !re=e1 :ile ?is disposition ( ,paul's body la/s1 ,paul's m9d w reg>d ,pet] z pres5t to itself1 ev5 ?\gh he no long] exi/s4 ,fur!r1 to reta9 ! usual phraseology1 ! modifications ( ! human body1 ( :i* ! ideas repres5t ext]nal bodies z pres5t to u1 we w call ! images ( ?+s1 ?\gh !y d n recall ! figure ( ?+s4 ,:5 ! m9d reg>ds bodies 9 ?is fa%ion1 we say t x imag9es4 ,i w "h draw att5tion to ! fact1 9 ord] to indicate :]e error lies1 t ! imag9ations ( ! m9d1 look$ at 9 !mselves1 d n conta9 error4 ,! m9d does n err 9 ! m]e act ( imag9+1 b only 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ z be+ )\t ! idea1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( su* ?+s z x imag9es to be pres5t to x4 ,if ! m9d1 :ile imag9+ non--exi/5t ?+s z pres5t to x1 is at ! same "t consci\s t !y d n really exi/1 ?is p[] ( imag9ation mu/ be set d[n to ! efficacy ( its nature1 & n to a fault1 especially if ?is faculty ( imag9ation dep5d solely on its own nature--t is 7,i4 ,def4 vii471 if ?is faculty ( imag9ation be free4 ,,prop4 ,,xviii4 ,if ! human body has once be5 affect$ by two or m bodies at ! same "t1 :5 ! m9d aft]w>ds imag9es any ( !m1 x w /raightway rememb] ! o!rs also4 ,pro(4--,! m9d 7,,ii4 xvii4 ,coroll47 imag9es any giv5 body1 because ! human body is affect$ & dispos$ by ! impressions f an ext]nal body1 9 ! same mann] z x is affect$ :5 c]ta9 ( its p>ts are act$ on by ! said ext]nal body2 b 7by our hypo!sis7 ! body 0 !n s dispos$1 t ! m9d imag9$ two bodies at once2 !re=e1 x w also 9 ! second case imag9e two bodies at once1 & ! m9d1 :5 x imag9es "o1 w /raightway rememb] ! o!r4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,we n[ cle>ly see :at ,memory is4 ,x is simply a c]ta9 association ( ideas involv+ ! nature ( ?+s outside ! human body1 :i* association arises 9 ! m9d accord+ to ! ord] & association ( ! modifications 7affectiones7 ( ! human body4 ,i say1 fir/1 x is an association ( ^? ideas only1 :i* involve ! nature ( ?+s outside ! human body3 n ( ideas :i* answ] to ! nature ( ! said ?+s3 ideas ( ! modifications ( ! human body are1 /rictly speak+ 7,,ii4 xvi471 ^? :i* involve ! nature bo? ( ! human body & ( ext]nal bodies4 ,i say1 secondly1 t ?is association arises accord+ to ! ord] & association ( ! modifications ( ! human body1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f t association ( ideas1 :i* arises f ! ord] ( ! intellect1 :]eby ! m9d p]ceives ?+s ?r\gh _! prim>y causes1 & :i* is 9 all m5 ! same4 ,& h5ce we c fur!r cle>ly und]/&1 :y ! m9d f ! ?\ght ( "o ?+1 %\ld /raightway arrive at ! ?\ght ( ano!r ?+1 :i* has no simil>ity ) ! fir/2 = in/ance1 f ! ?\ght ( ! ^w pomum 7an apple71 a ,roman w\ld /raightway arrive at ! ?\ght ( ! fruit apple1 :i* has no similitude ) ! articulate s\nd 9 "q1 nor any?+ 9 common ) x1 except t ! body ( ! man has (t5 be5 affect$ by ^! two ?+s2 t is1 t ! man has (t5 he>d ! ^w pomum1 :ile he 0 look+ at ! fruit2 simil>ly e man w g on f "o ?\ght to ano!r1 accord+ z 8 habit has ord]$ ! images ( ?+s 9 8 body4 ,= a soldi]1 = in/ance1 :5 he sees ! tracks ( a horse 9 s&1 w at once pass f ! ?\ght ( a horse to ! ?\ght ( a horseman1 & !nce to ! ?\ght ( w>1 c42 :ile a c\ntryman w proce$ f ! ?\ght ( a horse to ! ?\ght ( a pl\gh1 a field1 c4 ,?us e man w foll[ ?is or t tra9 ( ?\ght1 accord+ z he has be5 9 ! habit ( conjo9+ & associat+ ! m5tal images ( ?+s 9 ?is or t mann]4 ,,prop4 ,,xix4 ,! human m9d has no k ( ! body1 & does n "k x to exi/1 save ?r\gh ! ideas ( ! modifications :]eby ! body is affect$4 ,pro(4--,! human m9d is ! v idea or k ( ! human body 7,,ii4 xiii471 :i* 7,,ii4 ix47 is 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he is reg>d$ z affect$ by ano!r idea ( a p>ticul> ?+ actually exi/+3 or1 inasmu* z 7,po/4 iv47 ! human body /&s 9 ne$ ( v _m bodies :]eby x is1 z x 71 cont9ually reg5]at$2 & ! ord] & connection ( ideas is ! same z ! ord] & connection ( causes 7,,ii4 vii472 ?is idea w !re=e be 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he is reg>d$ z affect$ by ! ideas ( v _m p>ticul> ?+s4 ,?us ,god has ! idea ( ! human body1 or kn[s ! human body1 9 s f> z he is affect$ by v _m o!r ideas1 & n 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! nature ( ! human m9d2 t is 7by ,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll471 ! human m9d does n "k ! human body4 ,b ! ideas ( ! modifications ( body are 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! nature ( ! human m9d1 or ! human m9d p]ceives ^? modifications 7,,ii4 xii471 & consequ5tly 7,,ii4 xvi47 ! human body itself1 & z actually exi/+2 !re=e ! m9d p]ceives ?us f> only ! human body4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xx4 ,! idea or k ( ! human m9d is also 9 ,god1 foll[+ 9 ,god 9 ! same mann]1 & be+ ref]r$ to ,god 9 ! same mann]1 z ! idea or k ( ! human body4 ,pro(4--,?\ght is an attribute ( ,god 7,,ii4 i472 !re=e 7,,ii4 iii47 !re mu/ necess>ily be 9 ,god ! idea bo? ( ?\ght itself & ( all its modifications1 consequ5tly also ( ! human m9d 7,,ii4 xi474 ,fur!r1 ?is idea or k ( ! m9d does n foll[ f ,god1 9 s f> z he is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z he is affect$ by ano!r idea ( an individual ?+ 7,,ii4 ix474 ,b 7,,ii4 vii47 ! ord] & connection ( ideas is ! same z ! ord] & connection ( causes2 !re=e ?is idea or k ( ! m9d is 9 ,god & is ref]r$ to ,god1 9 ! same mann] z ! idea or k ( ! body4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxi4 ,?is idea ( ! m9d is unit$ to ! m9d 9 ! same way z ! m9d is unit$ to ! body4 ,pro(4--,t ! m9d is unit$ to ! body we h %[n f ! fact1 t ! body is ! object ( ! m9d 7,,ii4 xii4 & xiii472 & s = ! same reason ! idea ( ! m9d mu/ be unit$ ) its object1 t is1 ) ! m9d 9 ! same mann] z ! m9d is unit$ to ! body4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is proposition is compreh5d$ mu* m cle>ly f :at we h said 9 ! note to ,,ii4 vii4 ,we !re %[$ t ! idea ( body & body1 t is1 m9d & body 7,,ii4 xiii471 are "o & ! same individual conceiv$ n[ "u ! attribute ( ?\ght1 n[ "u ! attribute ( ext5sion2 :]e=e ! idea ( ! m9d & ! m9d itself are "o & ! same ?+1 :i* is conceiv$ "u "o & ! same attribute1 namely1 ?\ght4 ,! idea ( ! m9d1 ,i repeat1 & ! m9d itself are 9 ,god by ! same necessity & foll[ f him f ! same p[] ( ?9k+4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! idea ( ! m9d1 t is1 ! idea ( an idea1 is no?+ b ! di/9ctive quality 7=ma7 ( ! idea 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z a mode ( ?\ght )\t ref]5ce to ! object2 if a man kn[s any?+1 he1 by t v fact1 kn[s t he kn[s x1 & at ! same "t kn[s t he kn[s t he kn[s x1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,b ,i w treat ( ?is h]eaft]4 ,,prop4 ,,xxii4 ,! human m9d p]ceives n only ! modifications ( ! body1 b also ! ideas ( su* modifications4 ,pro(4--,! ideas ( ! ideas ( modifications foll[ 9 ,god 9 ! same mann]1 & are ref]r$ to ,god 9 ! same mann]1 z ! ideas ( ! said modifications4 ,?is is prov$ 9 ! same way z ,,ii4 xx4 ,b ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! body are 9 ! human m9d 7,,ii4 xii471 t is1 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d2 !re=e ! ideas ( ^! ideas w be 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he has ! k or idea ( ! human m9d1 t is 7,,ii4 xxi471 !y w be 9 ! human m9d itself1 :i* !re=e p]ceives n only ! modifications ( ! body1 b also ! ideas ( su* modifications4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxiii4 ,! m9d does n "k itself1 except 9 s f> z x p]ceives ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! body4 ,pro(4--,! idea or k ( ! m9d 7,,ii4 xx47 foll[s 9 ,god 9 ! same mann]1 & is ref]r$ to ,god 9 ! same mann]1 z ! idea or k ( ! body4 ,b s9ce 7,,ii4 xix47 ! human m9d does n "k ! human body itself1 t is 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll471 s9ce ! k ( ! human body is n ref]r$ to ,god1 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! nature ( ! human m9d2 !re=e1 nei!r is ! k ( ! m9d ref]r$ to ,god1 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d2 !re=e 7by ! same ,coroll4 ,,ii4 xi471 ! human m9d ?us f> has no k ( itself4 ,fur!r ! ideas ( ! modifications1 :]eby ! body is affect$1 involve ! nature ( ! human body itself 7,,ii4 xvi471 t is 7,,ii4 xiii471 !y agree ) ! nature ( ! m9d2 :]e=e ! k ( ^! ideas necess>ily involves k ( ! m9d2 b 7by ! la/ ,prop47 ! k ( ^! ideas is 9 ! human m9d itself2 :]e=e ! human m9d ?us f> only has k ( itself4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxiv4 ,! human m9d does n involve an adequate k ( ! p>ts compos+ ! human body4 ,pro(4--,! p>ts compos+ ! human body d n belong to ! ess5ce ( t body1 except 9 s f> z !y communicate _! motions to "o ano!r 9 a c]ta9 fix$ relation 7,def4 aft] ,lemma iii471 n 9 s f> z !y c be reg>d$ z individuals )\t relation to ! human body4 ,! p>ts ( ! human body are highly complex individuals 7,po/4 i471 ^: p>ts 7,lemma iv47 c be sep>at$ f ! human body )\t 9 any way de/roy+ ! nature & di/9ctive quality ( ! latt]1 & !y c communicate _! motions 7,ax4 i41 aft] ,lemma iii47 to o!r bodies 9 ano!r relation2 !re=e 7,,ii4 iii47 ! idea or k ( ea* "p w be 9 ,god1 inasmu* 7,,ii4 ix47 z he is reg>d$ z affect$ by ano!r idea ( a p>ticul> ?+1 :i* p>ticul> ?+ is prior 9 ! ord] ( nature to ! a=esaid "p 7,,ii4 vii474 ,we may affirm ! same ?+ ( ea* "p ( ea* individual compos+ ! human body2 !re=e1 ! k ( ea* "p compos+ ! human body is 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he is affect$ by v _m ideas ( ?+s1 & n 9 s f> z he has ! idea ( ! human body only1 9 o!r words1 ! idea :i* con/itutes ! nature ( ! human m9d 7,,ii4 xiii72 !re=e 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll471 ! human m9d does n involve an adequate k ( ! human body4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxv4 ,! idea ( ea* modification ( ! human body does n involve an adequate k ( ! ext]nal body4 ,pro(4--,we h %[n t ! idea ( a modification ( ! human body involves ! nature ( an ext]nal body1 9 s f> z t ext]nal body conditions ! human body 9 a giv5 mann]4 ,b1 9 s f> z ! ext]nal body is an individual1 :i* has no ref]5ce to ! human body1 ! k or idea !re( is 9 ,god 7,,ii4 ix471 9 s f> z ,god is reg>d$ z affect$ by ! idea ( a fur!r ?+1 :i* 7,,ii4 vii47 is naturally prior to ! said ext]nal body4 ,:]e=e an adequate k ( ! ext]nal body is n 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he has ! idea ( ! modification ( ! human body2 9 o!r words1 ! idea ( ! modification ( ! human body does n involve an adequate k ( ! ext]nal body4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxvi4 ,! human m9d does n p]ceive any ext]nal body z actually exi/+1 except ?r\gh ! ideas ( ! modifications ( its own body4 ,pro(4--,if ! human body is 9 no way affect$ by a giv5 ext]nal body1 !n 7,,ii4 vii47 nei!r is ! idea ( ! human body1 9 o!r words1 ! human m9d1 affect$ 9 any way by ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( ! said ext]nal body1 nor does x 9 any mann] p]ceive its exi/5ce4 ,b1 9 s f> z ! human body is affect$ 9 any way by a giv5 ext]nal body1 ?us f> 7,,ii4 xvi4 & ,coroll47 x p]ceives t ext]nal body4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,9 s f> z ! human m9d imag9es an ext]nal body1 x has n an adequate k !re(4 ,pro(4--,:5 ! human m9d reg>ds ext]nal bodies ?r\gh ! ideas ( ! modifications ( its own body1 we say t x imag9es 7see ,,ii4 xvii4 note72 n[ ! m9d c only imag9e ext]nal bodies z actually exi/+4 ,!re=e 7by ,,ii4 xxv471 9 s f> z ! m9d imag9es ext]nal bodies1 x has n an adequate k ( !m4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxvii4 ,! idea ( ea* modification ( ! human body does n involve an adequate k ( ! human body itself4 ,pro(4--,e idea ( a modification ( ! human body involves ! nature ( ! human body1 9 s f> z ! human body is reg>d$ z affect$ 9 a giv5 mann] 7,,ii4 xvi474 ,b1 inasmu* z ! human body is an individual :i* may be affect$ 9 _m o!r ways1 ! idea ( ! said modification1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxviii4 ,! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! human body1 9 s f> z !y h ref]5ce only to ! human m9d1 are n cle> & di/9ct1 b confus$4 ,pro(4--,! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! human body involve ! nature bo? ( ! human body & ( ext]nal bodies 7,,ii4 xvi472 !y mu/ involve ! nature n only ( ! human body b also ( its p>ts2 = ! modifications are modes 7,po/4 iii471 :]eby ! p>ts ( ! human body1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! human body z a :ole are affect$4 ,b 7by ,,ii4 xxiv41 xxv47 ! adequate k ( ext]nal bodies1 z also ( ! p>ts compos+ ! human body1 is n 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he is reg>d$ z affect$ by ! human m9d1 b 9 s f> z he is reg>d$ z affect$ by o!r ideas4 ,^! ideas ( modifications1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ! human m9d alone1 are z consequ5ces )\t premisses1 9 o!r words1 confus$ ideas4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,! idea :i* con/itutes ! nature ( ! human m9d is1 9 ! same mann]1 prov$ n to be1 :5 consid]$ 9 itself alone1 cle> & di/9ct2 z also is ! case ) ! idea ( ! human m9d1 & ! ideas ( ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! human body1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ! m9d only1 z ev]yone may easily see4 ,,prop4 ,,xxix4 ,! idea ( ! idea ( ea* modification ( ! human body does n involve an adequate k ( ! human m9d4 ,pro(4--,! idea ( a modification ( ! human body 7,,ii4 xxvii47 does n involve an adequate k ( ! said body1 9 o!r words1 does n adequately express its nature2 t is 7,,ii4 xiii47 x does n agree ) ! nature ( ! m9d adequately2 !re=e 7,i4 ,ax4 vi7 ! idea ( ?is idea does n adequately express ! nature ( ! human m9d1 or does n involve an adequate k !re(4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t ! human m9d1 :5 x p]ceives ?+s aft] ! common ord] ( nature1 has n an adequate b only a confus$ & fragm5t>y k ( itself1 ( its own body1 & ( ext]nal bodies4 ,= ! m9d does n "k itself1 except 9 s f> z x p]ceives ! ideas ( ! modifications ( body 7,,ii4 xxiii474 ,x only p]ceives its own body 7,,ii4 xix47 ?r\gh ! ideas ( ! modifications1 & only p]ceives ext]nal bodies ?r\gh ! same means2 ?us1 9 s f> z x has su* ideas ( modification1 x has n an adequate k ( itself 7,,ii4 xxix471 nor ( its own body 7,,ii4 xxvii471 nor ( ext]nal bodies 7,,ii4 xxv471 b only a fragm5t>y & confus$ k !re( 7,,ii4 xxviii4 & note74 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,i say expressly1 t ! m9d has n an adequate b only a confus$ k ( itself1 its own body1 & ( ext]nal bodies1 :5ev] x p]ceives ?+s aft] ! common ord] ( nature2 t is1 :5ev] x is det]m9$ f )\t1 namely1 by ! =tuit\s play ( circum/ance1 to reg>d ?is or t2 n at su* times z x is det]m9$ f )91 t is1 by ! fact ( reg>d+ sev]al ?+s at once1 to und]/& _! po9ts ( agreem5t1 diff]5ce1 & contra/4 ,:5ev] x is det]m9$ 9 anywise f )91 x reg>ds ?+s cle>ly & di/9ctly1 z ,i w %[ bel[4 ,,prop4 ,,xxx4 ,we c only h a v inadequate k ( ! duration ( our body4 ,pro(4--,! duration ( our body does n dep5d on its ess5ce 7,,ii4 ,ax4 i471 nor on ! absolute nature ( ,god 7,i4 xxi474 ,b 7,i4 xxviii47 x is condition$ to exi/ & op]ate by causes1 :i* 9 _! turn are condition$ to exi/ & op]ate 9 a fix$ & def9ite relation by o!r causes1 ^! la/ aga9 be+ condition$ by o!rs1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,! duration ( our body !re=e dep5ds on ! common ord] ( nature1 or ! con/itution ( ?+s4 ,n[1 h[ev] a ?+ may be con/itut$1 ! adequate k ( t ?+ is 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he has ! ideas ( all ?+s1 & n 9 s f> z he has ! idea ( ! human body only4 7,,ii4 ix4 ,coroll47 ,:]e=e ! k ( ! duration ( our body is 9 ,god v inadequate1 9 s f> z he is only reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! nature ( ! human m9d2 t is 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll471 ?is k is v inadequate to our m9d4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxi4 ,we c only h a v inadequate k ( ! duration ( p>ticul> ?+s ext]nal to ourselves4 ,pro(4--,e p>ticul> ?+1 l ! human body1 mu/ be condition$ by ano!r p>ticul> ?+ to exi/ & op]ate 9 a fix$ & def9ite relation2 ?is o!r p>ticul> ?+ mu/ likewise be condition$ by a ?ird1 & s on to inf9ity4 7,i4 xxviii47 ,z we h %[n 9 ! =ego+ proposition1 f ?is common prop]ty ( p>ticul> ?+s1 we h only a v inadequate k ( ! duration ( our body2 we mu/ draw a simil> conclusion ) reg>d to ! duration ( p>ticul> ?+s1 namely1 t we c only h a v inadequate k ( ! duration !re(4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t all p>ticul> ?+s are cont+5t & p]i%able4 ,= we c h no adequate idea ( _! duration 7by ! la/ ,prop471 & ?is is :at we mu/ und]/& by ! cont+5cy & p]i%abl5ess ( ?+s4 7,i4 xxxiii41 ,note i47 ,= 7,i4 xxix471 except 9 ?is s5se1 no?+ is cont+5t4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxii4 ,all ideas1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ,god1 are true4 ,pro(4--,all ideas :i* are 9 ,god agree 9 e respect ) _! objects 7,,ii4 vii4 ,coroll471 !re=e 7,i4 ,ax4 vi47 !y are all true4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxiii4 ,!re is no?+ positive 9 ideas1 :i* causes !m to be call$ false4 ,pro(4--,if ?is be d5i$1 conceive1 if possible1 a positive mode ( ?9k+1 :i* %\ld con/itute ! di/9ctive quality ( falsehood4 ,su* a mode ( ?9k+ _c be 9 ,god 7,,ii4 xxxii472 ext]nal to ,god x _c be or be conceiv$ 7,i4 xv474 ,!re=e !re is no?+ positive 9 ideas :i* causes !m to be call$ false4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxiv4 ,e idea1 :i* 9 u is absolute or adequate & p]fect1 is true4 ,pro(4--,:5 we say t an idea 9 u is adequate & p]fect1 we say1 9 o!r words 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll471 t ! idea is adequate & p]fect 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! ess5ce ( our m9d2 consequ5tly 7,,ii4 xxxii471 we say t su* an idea is true4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxv4 ,falsity consi/s 9 ! privation ( k1 :i* inadequate1 fragm5t>y1 or confus$ ideas involve4 ,pro(4--,!re is no?+ positive 9 ideas1 :i* causes !m to be call$ false 7,,ii4 xxxiii472 b falsity _c consi/ 9 simple privation 7= m9ds1 n bodies1 are said to err & to be mi/ak571 nei!r c x consi/ 9 absolute ignorance1 = ignorance & error are n id5tical2 :]e=e x consi/s 9 ! privation ( k1 :i* inadequate1 fragm5t>y1 or confus$ ideas involve4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,9 ! note to ,,ii4 xvii4 ,i expla9$ h[ error consi/s 9 ! privation ( k1 b 9 ord] to ?r[ m light on ! subject ,i w give an example4 ,= in/ance1 m5 are mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ !mselves free2 _! op9ion is made up ( consci\sness ( _! own actions1 & ignorance ( ! causes by :i* !y are condition$4 ,_! idea ( fre$om1 !re=e1 is simply _! ignorance ( any cause = _! actions4 ,z = _! say+ t human actions dep5d on ! w1 ?is is a m]e phrase )\t any idea to correspond !reto4 ,:at ! w is1 & h[ x moves ! body1 !y none ( !m "k2 ^? :o boa/ ( su* k1 & feign dwell+s & habitations = ! s\l1 are wont to provoke ei!r laught] or disgu/4 ,s1 aga91 :5 we look at ! sun1 we imag9e t x is di/ant f u ab\t two hundr$ feet2 ?is error does n lie solely 9 ?is fancy1 b 9 ! fact t1 :ile we ?us imag9e1 we d n "k ! sun's true di/ance or ! cause ( ! fancy4 ,= al?\gh we aft]w>ds le>n1 t ! sun is di/ant f u m ?an six hundr$ ( ! e>?'s diamet]s1 we none ! less %all fancy x to be ne>2 = we d n imag9e ! sun z ne> u1 because we are ignorant ( its true di/ance1 b because ! modification ( our body involves ! ess5ce ( ! sun1 9 s f> z our said body is affect$ !reby4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxvi4 ,inadequate & confus$ ideas foll[ by ! same necessity1 z adequate or cle> & di/9ct ideas4 ,pro(4--,all ideas are 9 ,god 7,i4 xv471 & 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ,god are true 7,,ii4 xxxii47 & 7,,ii4 vii4 ,coroll47 adequate2 !re=e !re are no ideas confus$ or inadequate1 except 9 respect to a p>ticul> m9d 7cf4 ,,ii4 xxiv4 & xxviii472 !re=e all ideas1 :e!r adequate or inadequate1 foll[ by ! same necessity 7,,ii4 vi474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxvii4 ,t :i* is common to all 7cf4 ,lemma ,,ii41 above71 & :i* is equally 9 a "p & 9 ! :ole1 does n con/itute ! ess5ce ( any p>ticul> ?+4 ,pro(4--,if ?is be d5i$1 conceive1 if possible1 t x con/itutes ! ess5ce ( "s p>ticul> ?+2 = in/ance1 ! ess5ce ( ,b4 ,!n 7,,ii4 ,def4 ii47 x _c )\t ,b ei!r exi/ or be conceiv$2 b ?is is aga9/ our hypo!sis4 ,!re=e x does n app]ta9 to ,b's ess5ce1 nor does x con/itute ! ess5ce ( any p>ticul> ?+4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxviii4 ,^? ?+s1 :i* are common to all1 & :i* are equally 9 a "p & 9 ! :ole1 _c be conceiv$ except adequately4 ,pro(4--,let ,a be some?+1 :i* is common to all bodies1 & :i* is equally pres5t 9 ! "p ( any giv5 body & 9 ! :ole4 ,i say ,a _c be conceiv$ except adequately4 ,= ! idea !re( 9 ,god w necess>ily be adequate 7,,ii4 vii4 ,coroll471 bo? 9 s f> z ,god has ! idea ( ! human body1 & also 9 s f> z he has ! idea ( ! modifications ( ! human body1 :i* 7,,ii4 xvi41 xxv41 xxvii47 involve 9 "p ! nature ( ! human body & ! nature ( ext]nal bodies2 t is 7,,ii4 xii41 xiii471 ! idea 9 ,god w necess>ily be adequate1 bo? 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! human m9d1 & 9 s f> z he has ! ideas1 :i* are 9 ! human m9d4 ,!re=e ! m9d 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll47 necess>ily p]ceives ,a adequately1 & has ?is adequate p]ception1 bo? 9 s f> z x p]ceives itself1 & 9 s f> z x p]ceives its own or any ext]nal body1 nor c ,a be conceiv$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y--,h5ce x foll[s t !re are c]ta9 ideas or notions common to all m52 = 7by ,lemma ii47 all bodies agree 9 c]ta9 respects1 :i* 7by ! =ego+ ,prop47 mu/ be adequately or cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceiv$ by all4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxix4 ,t1 :i* is common to & a prop]ty ( ! human body & su* o!r bodies z are wont to affect ! human body1 & :i* is pres5t equally 9 ea* "p ( ei!r1 or 9 ! :ole1 w be repres5t$ by an adequate idea 9 ! m9d4 ,pro(4--,if ,a be t1 :i* is common to & a prop]ty ( ! human body & ext]nal bodies1 & equally pres5t 9 ! human body & 9 ! said ext]nal bodies1 9 ea* "p ( ea* ext]nal body & 9 ! :ole1 !re w be an adequate idea ( ,a 9 ,god 7,,ii4 vii4 ,coroll471 bo? 9 s f> z he has ! idea ( ! human body1 & 9 s f> z he has ! ideas ( ! giv5 ext]nal bodies4 ,let x n[ be grant$1 t ! human body is affect$ by an ext]nal body ?r\gh t1 :i* x has 9 common !re)1 namely1 ,a2 ! idea ( ?is modification w involve ! prop]ty ,a 7,,ii4 xvi471 & !re=e 7,,ii4 vii4 ,coroll47 ! idea ( ?is modification1 9 s f> z x involves ! prop]ty ,a1 w be adequate 9 ,god1 9 s f> z ,god is affect$ by ! idea ( ! human body2 t is 7,,ii4 xiii471 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! nature ( ! human m9d2 !re=e 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll47 ?is idea is also adequate 9 ! human m9d4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t ! m9d is fitt$ to p]ceive adequately m ?+s1 9 proportion z its body has m 9 common ) o!r bodies4 ,,prop4 ,,xl4 ,:atsoev] ideas 9 ! m9d foll[ f ideas :i* are !re9 adequate1 are also !mselves adequate4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is self--evid5t4 ,= :5 we say t an idea 9 ! human m9d foll[s f ideas :i* are !re9 adequate1 we say1 9 o!r words 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll471 t an idea is 9 ! div9e intellect1 :]e( ,god is ! cause1 n 9 s f> z he is inf9ite1 nor 9 s f> z he is affect$ by ! ideas ( v _m p>ticul> ?+s1 b only 9 s f> z he con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d4 ,note ,i4--,i h ?us set =? ! cause ( ^? notions1 :i* are common to all m51 & :i* =m ! basis ( our ratioc9ation4 ,b !re are o!r causes ( c]ta9 axioms or notions1 :i* x w\ld be to ! purpose to set =? by ?is me?od ( ours2 = x w\ld ?us appe> :at notions are m useful ?an o!rs1 & :at notions h sc>cely any use at all4 ,fur!rmore1 we %\ld see :at notions are common to all m51 & :at notions are only cle> & di/9ct to ^? :o are un%ackl$ by prejudice1 & we %\ld detect ^? :i* are ill--f\nd$4 ,aga9 we %\ld disc]n :5ce ! notions call$ second>y d]iv$ _! orig91 & consequ5tly ! axioms on :i* !y are f\nd$1 & o!r po9ts ( int]e/ connect$ ) ^! que/ions4 ,b ,i h decid$ to pass ov] ! subject "h1 p>tly because ,i h set x aside = ano!r treatise1 p>tly because ,i am afraid ( we>y+ ! read] by too great prolixity4 ,nev]!less1 9 ord] n to omit any?+ necess>y to be kn[n1 ,i w briefly set d[n ! causes1 :5ce are d]iv$ ! t]ms /yl$ transc5d5tal1 su* z ,be+1 ,?+1 ,some?+4 ,^! t]ms arose f ! fact1 t ! human body1 be+ limit$1 is only capable ( di/9ctly =m+ a c]ta9 numb] ( images 7:at an image is ,i expla9$ 9 ! ,,ii4 xvii4 note7 )9 itself at ! same "t2 if ?is numb] be exce$$1 ! images w beg9 to be confus$2 if ?is numb] ( images1 ( :i* ! body is capable ( =m+ di/9ctly )9 itself1 be l>gely exce$$1 all w become entirely confus$ "o ) ano!r4 ,?is be+ s1 x is evid5t 7f ,,ii4 ,prop4 xvii4 ,coroll41 & xviii47 t ! human m9d c di/9ctly imag9e z _m ?+s simultane\sly1 z its body c =m images simultane\sly4 ,:5 ! images become q confus$ 9 ! body1 ! m9d also imag9es all bodies confus$ly )\t any di/9ction1 & w compreh5d !m1 z x 71 "u "o attribute1 namely1 "u ! attribute ( ,be+1 ,?+1 c4 ,! same conclusion c be drawn f ! fact t images are n always equally vivid1 & f o!r analog\s causes1 :i* !re is no ne$ to expla9 "h2 = ! purpose :i* we h 9 view x is suffici5t = u to consid] "o only4 ,all may be r$uc$ to ?is1 t ^! t]ms repres5t ideas 9 ! highe/ degree confus$4 ,f simil> causes arise ^? notions1 :i* we call g5]al1 su* z man1 horse1 dog1 c4 ,!y arise1 to wit1 f ! fact t s _m images1 = in/ance1 ( m51 are =m$ simultane\sly 9 ! human m9d1 t ! p[]s ( imag9ation break d[n1 n inde$ utt]ly1 b to ! ext5t ( ! m9d los+ c\nt ( small diff]5ces betwe5 individuals 7e4g4 col\r1 size1 c47 & _! def9ite numb]1 & only di/9ctly imag9+ t1 9 :i* all ! individuals1 9 s f> z ! body is affect$ by !m1 agree2 = t is ! po9t1 9 :i* ea* ( ! said individuals *iefly affect$ ! body2 ?is ! m9d expresses by ! "n man1 & ?is x pr$icates ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ticul> individuals4 ,=1 z we h said1 x is unable to imag9e ! def9ite numb] ( individuals4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be> 9 m9d1 t ^! g5]al notions are n =m$ by all m5 9 ! same way1 b v>y 9 ea* individual accord+ z ! po9t v>ies1 :]eby ! body has be5 mo/ (t5 affect$ & :i* ! m9d mo/ easily imag9es or rememb]s4 ,= in/ance1 ^? :o h mo/ (t5 reg>d$ ) admiration ! /ature ( man1 w by ! "n ( man und]/& an animal ( erect /ature2 ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d "s o!r attribute1 w =m a diff]5t g5]al image ( man1 = in/ance1 t man is a laugh+ animal1 a two--foot$ animal )\t fea!rs1 a rational animal1 & ?us1 9 o!r cases1 ev]yone w =m g5]al images ( ?+s accord+ to ! habit ( 8 body4 ,x is ?us n to be wond]$ at1 t among philosoph]s1 :o seek to expla9 ?+s 9 nature m]ely by ! images =m$ ( !m1 s _m controv]sies %\ld h aris54 ,note ,,ii4--,f all t has be5 said above x is cle>1 t we1 9 _m cases1 p]ceive & =m our g5]al notions3--7#a47 ,f p>ticul> ?+s repres5t$ to our intellect fragm5t>ily1 confus$ly1 & )\t ord] ?r\gh our s5ses 7,,ii4 xxix4 ,coroll472 ,i h settl$ to call su* p]ceptions by ! "n ( k f ! m]e sugge/ions ( exp]i5ce4#d #d ,a ,baconian phrase4 ,nov4 ,org4 ,aph4 #ajj4 ,pollock1 p4 #abf1 n4 7#b47 ,f symbols1 e4g41 f ! fact ( hav+ read or he>d c]ta9 words we rememb] ?+s & =m c]ta9 ideas conc]n+ !m1 simil> to ^? ?r\gh :i* we imag9e ?+s 7,,ii4 xviii4 note74 ,i %all call bo? ^! ways ( reg>d+ ?+s k ( ! fir/ k9d1 op9ion1 or imag9ation4 7#c47 ,f ! fact t we h notions common to all m51 & adequate ideas ( ! prop]ties ( ?+s 7,,ii4 xxxviii4 ,coroll41 xxxix4 & ,coroll4 & xl472 ?is ,i call reason & k ( ! second k9d4 ,besides ^! two k9ds ( k1 !re is1 z ,i w h]eaft] %[1 a ?ird k9d ( k1 :i* we w call intuition4 ,?is k9d ( k proce$s f an adequate idea ( ! absolute ess5ce ( c]ta9 attributes ( ,god to ! adequate k ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,i w illu/rate all ?ree k9ds ( k by a s+le example4 ,?ree numb]s are giv5 = f9d+ a f\r?1 :i* %all be to ! ?ird z ! second is to ! fir/4 ,tradesm5 )\t hesitation multiply ! second by ! ?ird1 & divide ! product by ! fir/2 ei!r because !y h n =gott5 ! rule :i* !y receiv$ f a ma/] )\t any pro(1 or because !y h (t5 made trial ( x ) simple numb]s1 or by virtue ( ! pro( ( ! n9ete5? proposition ( ! sev5? book ( ,euclid1 namely1 9 virtue ( ! g5]al prop]ty ( proportionals4 ,b ) v simple numb]s !re is no ne$ ( ?is4 ,= in/ance1 "o1 two1 ?ree1 be+ giv51 ev]yone c see t ! f\r? proportional is six2 & ?is is mu* cle>]1 because we inf] ! f\r? numb] f an intuitive grasp+ ( ! ratio1 :i* ! fir/ be>s to ! second4 ,,prop4 ,,xli4 ,k ( ! fir/ k9d is ! only s\rce ( falsity1 k ( ! second & ?ird k9ds is necess>ily true4 ,pro(4--,to k ( ! fir/ k9d we h 79 ! =ego+ note7 assign$ all ^? ideas1 :i* are inadequate & confus$2 !re=e ?is k9d ( k is ! only s\rce ( falsity 7,,ii4 xxxv474 ,fur!rmore1 we assign$ to ! second & ?ird k9ds ( k ^? ideas :i* are adequate2 !re=e ^! k9ds are necess>ily true 7,,ii4 xxxiv474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xlii4 ,k ( ! second & ?ird k9ds1 n k ( ! fir/ k9d1 tea*es u to di/+ui% ! true f ! false4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is self--evid5t4 ,he1 :o kn[s h[ to di/+ui% betwe5 true & false1 mu/ h an adequate idea ( true & false4 ,t is 7,,ii4 xl41 note ii471 he mu/ "k ! true & ! false by ! second or ?ird k9d ( k4 ,,prop4 ,,xliii4 ,he1 :o has a true idea1 simultane\sly kn[s t he has a true idea1 & _c d\bt ( ! tru? ( ! ?+ p]ceiv$4 ,pro(4--,a true idea 9 u is an idea :i* is adequate 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he is display$ ?r\gh ! nature ( ! human m9d 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll474 ,let u suppose t !re is 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he is display$ ?r\gh ! human m9d1 an adequate idea1 ,a4 ,! idea ( ?is idea mu/ also necess>ily be 9 ,god1 & be ref]r$ to him 9 ! same way z ! idea ,a 7by ,,ii4 xx41 :]e( ! pro( is ( univ]sal application74 ,b ! idea ,a is suppos$ to be ref]r$ to ,god1 9 s f> z he is display$ ?r\gh ! human m9d2 !re=e1 ! idea ( ! idea ,a mu/ be ref]r$ to ,god 9 ! same mann]2 t is 7by ,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll471 ! adequate idea ( ! idea ,a w be 9 ! m9d1 :i* has ! adequate idea ,a2 !re=e he1 :o has an adequate idea or kn[s a ?+ truly 7,,ii4 xxxiv471 mu/ at ! same "t h an adequate idea or true k ( 8 k2 t is1 obvi\sly1 he mu/ be assur$4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,i expla9$ 9 ! note to ,,ii4 xxi4 :at is meant by ! idea ( an idea2 b we may rem>k t ! =ego+ proposition is 9 itself suffici5tly pla94 ,no "o1 :o has a true idea1 is ignorant t a true idea involves ! highe/ c]ta9ty4 ,= to h a true idea is only ano!r expression = kn[+ a ?+ p]fectly1 or z well z possible4 ,no "o1 inde$1 c d\bt ( ?is1 unless he ?9ks t an idea is some?+ lifeless1 l a picture on a panel1 & n a mode ( ?9k+--namely1 ! v act ( und]/&+4 ,& :o1 ,i ask1 c "k t he und]/&s any?+1 unless he d fir/ und]/& x8 ,9 o!r words1 :o c "k t he is sure ( a ?+1 unless he be fir/ sure ( t ?+8 ,fur!r1 :at c !re be m cle>1 & m c]ta91 ?an a true idea z a /&>d ( tru?8 ,ev5 z light displays bo? itself & d>kness1 s is tru? a /&>d bo? ( itself & ( falsity4 ,i ?9k ,i h ?us suffici5tly answ]$ ^! que/ions--namely1 if a true idea is di/+ui%$ f a false idea1 only 9 s f> z x is said to agree ) its object1 a true idea has no m reality or p]fection ?an a false idea 7s9ce ! two are only di/+ui%$ by an extr9sic m>k72 consequ5tly1 nei!r w a man :o has a true idea h any advantage ov] him :o has only false ideas4 ,fur!r1 h[ comes x t m5 h false ideas8 ,la/ly1 h[ c anyone be sure1 t he has ideas :i* agree ) _! objects8 ,^! que/ions1 ,i repeat1 ,i h1 9 my op9ion1 suffici5tly answ]$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a true idea & a false idea is pla93 f :at 0 said 9 ,,ii4 xxxv41 ! =m] is relat$ to ! latt] z be+ is to n--be+4 ,! causes ( falsity ,i h set =? v cle>ly 9 ,,ii4 xix4 & ,,ii4 xxxv4 ) ! note4 ,f :at is !re /at$1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man :o has true ideas1 & a man :o has only false ideas1 is made app>5t4 ,z = ! la/ "q--z to h[ a man c be sure t he has ideas t agree ) _! objects1 ,i h j po9t$ out1 ) abundant cle>ness1 t 8 k arises f ! simple fact1 t he has an idea :i* corresponds ) its object--9 o!r words1 t tru? is its own /&>d4 ,we may add t our m9d1 9 s f> z x p]ceives ?+s truly1 is "p ( ! inf9ite intellect ( ,god 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll472 !re=e1 ! cle> & di/9ct ideas ( ! m9d are z necess>ily true z ! ideas ( ,god4 ,,prop4 ,,xliv4 ,x is n 9 ! nature ( reason to reg>d ?+s z cont+5t1 b z necess>y4 ,pro(4--,x is 9 ! nature ( reason to p]ceive ?+s truly 7,,ii4 xli471 namely 7,i4 ,ax4 vi471 z !y are 9 !mselves--t is 7,i4 xxix471 n z cont+5t1 b z necess>y4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y ,i4--,h5ce x foll[s1 t x is only ?r\gh our imag9ation t we consid] ?+s1 :e!r 9 respect to ! future or ! pa/1 z cont+5t4 ,note4--,h[ ?is way ( look+ at ?+s arises1 ,i w briefly expla94 ,we h %[n above 7,,ii4 xvii4 & ,coroll47 t ! m9d always reg>ds ?+s z pres5t to itself1 ev5 ?\gh !y be n 9 exi/5ce1 until "s causes arise :i* exclude _! exi/5ce & pres5ce4 ,fur!r 7,,ii4 xviii471 we %[$ t1 if ! human body has once be5 affect$ by two ext]nal bodies simultane\sly1 ! m9d1 :5 x aft]w>ds imag9es "o ( ! said ext]nal bodies1 w /raightway rememb] ! o!r--t is1 x w reg>d bo? z pres5t to itself1 unless !re arise causes :i* exclude _! exi/5ce & pres5ce4 ,fur!r1 no "o d\bts t we imag9e "t1 f ! fact t we imag9e bodies to be mov$ "s m sl[ly ?an o!rs1 "s m quickly1 "s at equal spe$4 ,?us1 let u suppose t a *ild ye/]day saw ,pet] = ! fir/ "t 9 ! morn+1 ,paul at noon1 & ,simon 9 ! ev5+2 !n1 t today he aga9 sees ,pet] 9 ! morn+4 ,x is evid5t1 f ,,ii4 ,prop4 xviii41 t1 z soon z he sees ! morn+ light1 he w imag9e t ! sun w trav]se ! same p>ts ( ! sky1 z x did :5 he saw x on ! prec$+ day2 9 o!r words1 he w imag9e a complete day1 &1 toge!r ) 8 imag9ation ( ! morn+1 he w imag9e ,pet]2 ) noon1 he w imag9e ,paul2 & ) ev5+1 he w imag9e ,simon--t is1 he w imag9e ! exi/5ce ( ,paul & ,simon 9 relation to a future "t2 on ! o!r h&1 if he sees ,simon 9 ! ev5+1 he w ref] ,pet] & ,paul to a pa/ "t1 by imag9+ !m simultane\sly ) ! imag9ation ( a pa/ "t4 ,if x %\ld at any "t happ51 t on "s o!r ev5+ ! *ild %\ld see ,james in/ead ( ,simon1 he w1 on ! foll[+ morn+1 associate ) 8 imag9ation ( ev5+ sometimes ,simon1 sometimes ,james1 n bo? toge!r3 = ! *ild is suppos$ to h se51 at ev5+1 "o or o!r ( !m1 n bo? toge!r4 ,8 imag9ation w !re=e wav]2 &1 ) ! imag9ation ( future ev5+s1 he w associate fir/ "o1 !n ! o!r--t is1 he w imag9e !m 9 ! future1 nei!r ( !m z c]ta91 b bo? z cont+5t4 ,?is wav]+ ( ! imag9ation w be ! same1 if ! imag9ation be conc]n$ ) ?+s :i* we ?us contemplate1 /&+ 9 relation to "t pa/ or "t pres5t3 consequ5tly1 we may imag9e ?+s z cont+5t1 :e!r !y be ref]r$ to "t pres5t1 pa/1 or future4 ,coroll>y ,,ii4--,x is 9 ! nature ( reason to p]ceive ?+s "u a c]ta9 =m ( et]nity 7sub qudam t]nitatis specie74 ,pro(4--,x is 9 ! nature ( reason to reg>d ?+s1 n z cont+5t1 b z necess>y 7,,ii4 xliv474 ,reason p]ceives ?is necessity ( ?+s 7,,ii4 xli47 truly--t is 7,i4 ,ax4 vi471 z x is 9 itself4 ,b 7,i4 xvi47 ?is necessity ( ?+s is ! v necessity ( ! et]nal nature ( ,god2 !re=e1 x is 9 ! nature ( reason to reg>d ?+s "u ?is =m ( et]nity4 ,we may add t ! bases ( reason are ! notions 7,,ii4 xxxviii471 :i* answ] to ?+s common to all1 & :i* 7,,ii4 xxxvii47 d n answ] to ! ess5ce ( any p>ticul> ?+3 :i* mu/ !re=e be conceiv$ )\t any relation to "t1 "u a c]ta9 =m ( et]nity4 ,,prop4 ,,xlv4 ,e idea ( e body1 or ( e p>ticul> ?+ actually exi/+1 necess>ily involves ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god4 ,pro(4--,! idea ( a p>ticul> ?+ actually exi/+ necess>ily involves bo? ! exi/5ce & ! ess5ce ( ! said ?+ 7,,ii4 viii474 ,n[ p>ticul> ?+s _c be conceiv$ )\t ,god 7,i4 xv472 b1 inasmu* z 7,,ii4 vi47 !y h ,god = _! cause1 9 s f> z he is reg>d$ "u ! attribute ( :i* ! ?+s 9 "q are modes1 _! ideas mu/ necess>ily involve 7,i4 ,ax4 iv47 ! conception ( ! attributes ( ^? ideas--t is 7,i4 vi471 ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,by exi/5ce ,i d n "h mean duration--t is1 exi/5ce 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ ab/ract$ly1 & z a c]ta9 =m ( quantity4 ,i am speak+ ( ! v nature ( exi/5ce1 :i* is assign$ to p>ticul> ?+s1 because !y foll[ 9 inf9ite numb]s & 9 inf9ite ways f ! et]nal necessity ( ,god's nature 7,i4 xvi474 ,i am speak+1 ,i repeat1 ( ! v exi/5ce ( p>ticul> ?+s1 9 s f> z !y are 9 ,god4 ,= al?\gh ea* p>ticul> ?+ be condition$ by ano!r p>ticul> ?+ to exi/ 9 a giv5 way1 yet ! =ce :]eby ea* p>ticul> ?+ p]sev]es 9 exi/+ foll[s f ! et]nal necessity ( ,god's nature 7cf4 ,i4 xxiv4 ,coroll474 ,,prop4 ,,xlvi4 ,! k ( ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god :i* e idea involves is adequate & p]fect4 ,pro(4--,! pro( ( ! la/ proposition is univ]sal2 & :e!r a ?+ be consid]$ z a "p or a :ole1 ! idea !re(1 :e!r ( ! :ole or ( a "p 7by ! la/ ,prop471 w involve ,god's et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce4 ,:]e=e1 t1 :i* gives k ( ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god1 is common to all1 & is equally 9 ! "p & 9 ! :ole2 !re=e 7,,ii4 xxxviii47 ?is k w be adequate4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xlvii4 ,! human m9d has an adequate k ( ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god4 ,pro(4--,! human m9d has ideas 7,,ii4 xxii471 f :i* 7,,ii4 xxiii47 x p]ceives itself & its own body 7,,ii4 xix47 & ext]nal bodies 7,,ii4 xvi4 ,coroll4 i4 & ,,ii4 xvii47 z actually exi/+2 !re=e 7,,ii4 xlv4 & xlvi47 x has an adequate k ( ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,h5ce we see1 t ! inf9ite ess5ce & ! et]nity ( ,god are kn[n to all4 ,n[ z all ?+s are 9 ,god1 & are conceiv$ ?r\gh ,god1 we c f ?is k inf] _m ?+s1 :i* we may adequately "k1 & we may =m t ?ird k9d ( k ( :i* we spoke 9 ! note to ,,ii4 xl41 & ( ! excell5ce & use ( :i* we %all h occasion to speak 9 ,"p ,v4 ,m5 h n s cle> a k ( ,god z !y h ( g5]al notions1 because !y are unable to imag9e ,god z !y d bodies1 & also because !y h associat$ ! "n ,god ) images ( ?+s t !y are 9 ! habit ( see+1 z inde$ !y c h>dly avoid do+1 be+1 z !y are1 m51 & cont9ually affect$ by ext]nal bodies4 ,_m errors1 9 tru?1 c be trac$ to ?is head1 namely1 t we d n apply names to ?+s rightly4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a man says t ! l9es drawn f ! c5tre ( a circle to its circumf]5ce are n equal1 he !n1 at all ev5ts1 assur$ly atta*es a mean+ to ! ^w circle diff]5t f t assign$ by ma!maticians4 ,s aga91 :5 m5 make mi/akes 9 calculation1 !y h "o set ( figures 9 _! m9d1 & ano!r on ! pap]4 ,if we c\ld see into _! m9ds1 !y d n make a mi/ake2 !y seem to d s1 because we ?9k1 t !y h ! same numb]s 9 _! m9d z !y h on ! pap]4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 we %\ld n believe !m to be 9 error1 any m ?an ,i ?\ght t a man 0 9 error1 :om ,i lately he>d exclaim+ t 8 entrance hall _h fl[n into a neighb\r's h51 = 8 mean+ seem$ to me suffici5tly cle>4 ,v _m controv]sies h aris5 f ! fact1 t m5 d n rightly expla9 _! mean+1 or d n rightly int]pret ! mean+ ( o!rs4 ,=1 z a matt] ( fact1 z !y flatly contradict !mselves1 !y assume n[ "o side1 n[ ano!r1 ( ! argum5t1 s z to oppose ! op9ions1 :i* !y consid] mi/ak5 & absurd 9 _! oppon5ts4 ,,prop4 ,,xlviii4 ,9 ! m9d !re is no absolute or free w2 b ! m9d is det]m9$ to wi% ?is or t by a cause1 :i* has also be5 det]m9$ by ano!r cause1 & ?is la/ by ano!r cause1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,pro(4--,! m9d is a fix$ & def9ite mode ( ?\ght 7,,ii4 xi471 !re=e x _c be ! free cause ( its actions 7,i4 xvii4 ,coroll4 ii472 9 o!r words1 x _c h an absolute faculty ( positive or negative volition2 b 7by ,i4 xxviii47 x mu/ be det]m9$ by a cause1 :i* has also be5 det]m9$ by ano!r cause1 & ?is la/ by ano!r1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,9 ! same way x is prov$1 t !re is 9 ! m9d no absolute faculty ( und]/&+1 desir+1 lov+1 c4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t ^! & simil> faculties are ei!r entirely fictiti\s1 or are m]ely ab/ract & g5]al t]ms1 su* z we are accu/om$ to put toge!r f p>ticul> ?+s4 ,?us ! intellect & ! w /& 9 ! same relation to ?is or t idea1 or ?is or t volition1 z lapidity to ?is or t /one1 or z man to ,pet] & ,paul4 ,! cause :i* leads m5 to consid] !mselves free has be5 set =? 9 ! ,app5dix to ,"p ,i4 ,b1 be=e ,i proce$ fur!r1 ,i w\ld "h rem>k t1 by ! w to affirm & decide1 ,i mean ! faculty1 n ! desire4 ,i mean1 ,i repeat1 ! faculty1 :]eby ! m9d affirms or d5ies :at is true or false1 n ! desire1 :]e) ! m9d wi%es = or turns away f any giv5 ?+4 ,aft] we h prov$1 t ^! faculties ( ours are g5]al notions1 :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f ! p>ticul> in/ances on :i* !y are bas$1 we mu/ inquire :e!r volitions !mselves are any?+ besides ! ideas ( ?+s4 ,we mu/ inquire1 ,i say1 :e!r !re is 9 ! m9d any affirmation or negation beyond t1 :i* ! idea1 9 s f> z x is an idea1 involves4 ,on :i* subject see ! foll[+ proposition1 & ,,ii4 ,def4 iii41 le/ ! idea ( pictures %\ld sugge/ itself4 ,= by ideas ,i d n mean images su* z are =m$ at ! back ( ! eye1 or 9 ! mid/ ( ! bra91 b ! conceptions ( ?\ght4 ,,prop4 ,,xlix4 ,!re is 9 ! m9d no volition or affirmation & negation1 save t :i* an idea1 inasmu* z x is an idea1 involves4 ,pro(4--,!re is 9 ! m9d no absolute faculty ( positive or negative volition1 b only p>ticul> volitions1 namely1 ?is or t affirmation1 & ?is or t negation4 ,n[ let u conceive a p>ticul> volition1 namely1 ! mode ( ?9k+ :]eby ! m9d affirms1 t ! ?ree int]ior angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles4 ,?is affirmation involves ! conception or idea ( a triangle1 t is1 )\t ! idea ( a triangle x _c be conceiv$4 ,x is ! same ?+ to say1 t ! concept ,a mu/ involve ! concept ,b1 z x is to say1 t ,a _c be conceiv$ )\t ,b4 ,fur!r1 ?is affirmation _c be made 7,,ii4 ,ax4 iii47 )\t ! idea ( a triangle4 ,!re=e1 ?is affirmation c nei!r be nor be conceiv$1 )\t ! idea ( a triangle4 ,aga91 ?is idea ( a triangle mu/ involve ?is same affirmation1 namely1 t its ?ree int]ior angles are equal to two "r angles4 ,:]e=e1 & vice v]s1 ?is idea ( a triangle c nei!r be nor be conceiv$ )\t ?is affirmation1 !re=e1 ?is affirmation belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! idea ( a triangle1 & is no?+ besides4 ,:at we h said ( ?is volition 7inasmu* z we h select$ x at r&om7 may be said ( any o!r volition1 namely1 t x is no?+ b an idea4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,w & und]/&+ are "o & ! same4 ,pro(4--,w & und]/&+ are no?+ beyond ! individual volitions & ideas 7,,ii4 xlviii4 & note74 ,b a p>ticul> volition & a p>ticul> idea are "o & ! same 7by ! =ego+ ,prop472 !re=e1 w & und]/&+ are "o & ! same4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,we h ?us remov$ ! cause :i* is commonly assign$ = error4 ,= we h %[n above1 t falsity consi/s solely 9 ! privation ( k involv$ 9 ideas :i* are fragm5t>y & confus$4 ,:]e=e1 a false idea1 inasmu* z x is false1 does n involve c]ta9ty4 ,:5 we say1 !n1 t a man acquiesces 9 :at is false1 & t he has no d\bts on ! subject1 we d n say t he is c]ta91 b only t he does n d\bt1 or t he acquiesces 9 :at is false1 inasmu* z !re are no reasons1 :i* %\ld cause 8 imag9ation to wav] 7see ,,ii4 xliv4 note74 ,?us1 al?\gh ! man be assum$ to acquiesce 9 :at is false1 we %all nev] say t he is c]ta94 ,= by c]ta9ty we mean some?+ positive 7,,ii4 xliii4 & note71 n m]ely ! abs5ce ( d\bt4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] t ! =ego+ proposition may be fully expla9$1 ,i w draw att5tion to a few additional po9ts1 & ,i w fur!rmore answ] ! objections :i* may be advanc$ aga9/ our doctr9e4 ,la/ly1 9 ord] to remove e scruple1 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to po9t out "s ( ! advantages1 :i* foll[ !refrom4 ,i say "s1 = !y w be bett] appreciat$ f :at we %all set =? 9 ! fif? "p4 ,i beg91 !n1 ) ! fir/ po9t1 & w>n my read]s to make an accurate di/9ction betwe5 an idea1 or conception ( ! m9d1 & ! images ( ?+s :i* we imag9e4 ,x is fur!r necess>y t !y %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 idea & words1 :]eby we signify ?+s4 ,^! ?ree--namely1 images1 words1 & ideas--are by _m p]sons ei!r entirely confus$ toge!r1 or n di/+ui%$ ) suffici5t accuracy or c>e1 & h5ce p are g5]ally 9 ignorance1 h[ absolutely necess>y is a k ( ?is doctr9e ( ! w1 bo? = philosophic purposes & = ! wise ord]+ ( life4 ,^? :o ?9k t ideas consi/ 9 images :i* are =m$ 9 u by contact ) ext]nal bodies1 p]suade !mselves t ! ideas ( ^? ?+s1 :]e( we c =m no m5tal picture1 are n ideas1 b only figm5ts1 :i* we inv5t by ! free decree ( our w2 !y ?us reg>d ideas z ?\gh !y 7 inanimate pictures on a panel1 &1 fill$ ) ?is misconception1 d n see t an idea1 inasmu* z x is an idea1 involves an affirmation or negation4 ,aga91 ^? :o confuse words ) ideas1 or ) ! affirmation :i* an idea involves1 ?9k t !y c wi% some?+ contr>y to :at !y feel1 affirm1 or d5y4 ,?is misconception w easily be laid aside by "o1 :o reflects on ! nature ( k1 & see+ t x 9 no wise involves ! conception ( ext5sion1 w !re=e cle>ly und]/&1 t an idea 7be+ a mode ( ?9k+7 does n consi/ 9 ! image ( any?+1 nor 9 words4 ,! ess5ce ( words & images is put toge!r by bodily motions1 :i* 9 no wise involve ! conception ( ?\ght4 ,^! few words on ?is subject w suffice3 ,i w !re=e pass on to consid] ! objections1 :i* may be rais$ aga9/ our doctr9e4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ is advanc$ by ^?1 :o ?9k t ! w has a wid] scope ?an ! und]/&+1 & t !re=e x is diff]5t !refrom4 ,! reason = _! hold+ ! belief1 t ! w has wid] scope ?an ! und]/&+1 is t !y ass]t1 t !y h no ne$ ( an increase 9 _! faculty ( ass5t1 t is ( affirmation or negation1 9 ord] to ass5t to an inf9ity ( ?+s :i* we d n p]ceive1 b t !y h ne$ ( an increase 9 _! faculty ( und]/&+4 ,! w is ?us di/+ui%$ f ! intellect1 ! latt] be+ f9ite & ! =m] inf9ite4 ,secondly1 x may be object$ t exp]i5ce seems to tea* u especially cle>ly1 t we are able to susp5d our judgm5t be=e ass5t+ to ?+s :i* we p]ceive2 ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t no "o is said to be deceiv$1 9 s f> z he p]ceives any?+1 b only 9 s f> z he ass5ts or diss5ts4 ,= in/ance1 he :o feigns a w+$ horse1 does n !re=e admit t a w+$ horse exi/s2 t is1 he is n deceiv$1 unless he admits 9 addition t a w+$ horse does exi/4 ,no?+ !re=e seems to be taught m cle>ly by exp]i5ce1 ?an t ! w or faculty ( ass5t is free & diff]5t f ! faculty ( und]/&+4 ,?irdly1 x may be object$ t "o affirmation does n app>5tly conta9 m reality ?an ano!r2 9 o!r words1 t we d n seem to ne$ = affirm+1 t :at is true is true1 any great] p[] ?an = affirm+1 t :at is false is true4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 se5 t "o idea has m reality or p]fection ?an ano!r1 = z objects are "s m excell5t ?an o!rs1 s also are ! ideas ( !m "s m excell5t ?an o!rs2 ?is also seems to po9t to a diff]5ce betwe5 ! und]/&+ & ! w4 ,f\r?ly1 x may be object$1 if man does n act f free w1 :at w happ5 if ! inc5tives to action are equally balanc$1 z 9 ! case ( ,buridan's ass8 ,w he p]i% ( hung] & ?ir/8 ,if ,i say t he w\ld1 ,i %all seem to h 9 my ?\ghts an ass or ! /atue ( a man r ?an an actual man4 ,if ,i say t he w\ld n1 he w\ld !n det]m9e 8 own action1 & w\ld consequ5tly possess ! faculty ( go+ & do+ :atev] he lik$4 ,o!r objections might also be rais$1 b1 z ,i am n b\nd to put 9 evid5ce ev]y?+ t anyone may dream1 ,i w only set myself to ! task ( refut+ ^? ,i h m5tion$1 & t z briefly z possible4 ,to ! fir/ objection ,i answ]1 t ,i admit t ! w has a wid] scope ?an ! und]/&+1 if by ! und]/&+ be meant only cle> & di/9ct ideas2 b ,i d5y t ! w has a wid] scope ?an ! p]ceptions1 & ! faculty ( =m+ conceptions2 nor d ,i see :y ! faculty ( volition %\ld be call$ inf9ite1 any m ?an ! faculty ( feel+3 =1 z we are able by ! same faculty ( volition to affirm an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s 7"o aft] ! o!r1 = we _c affirm an inf9ite numb] simultane\sly71 s also c we1 by ! same faculty ( feel+1 feel or p]ceive 79 succession7 an inf9ite numb] ( bodies4 ,if x be said t !re is an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s :i* we _c p]ceive1 ,i answ]1 t we _c atta9 to su* ?+s by any ?9k+1 nor1 consequ5tly1 by any faculty ( volition4 ,b1 x may /ill be urg$1 if ,god wi%$ to br+ x ab\t t we %\ld p]ceive !m1 he w\ld be oblig$ to end[ u ) a great] faculty ( p]ception1 b n a great] faculty ( volition ?an we h already4 ,?is is ! same z to say t1 if ,god wi%$ to br+ x ab\t t we %\ld und]/& an inf9ite numb] ( o!r entities1 x w\ld be necess>y = him to give u a great] und]/&+1 b n a m univ]sal idea ( entity ?an t :i* we h already1 9 ord] to grasp su* inf9ite entities4 ,we h %[n t w is a univ]sal entity or idea1 :]eby we expla9 all p>ticul> volitions--9 o!r words1 t :i* is common to all su* volitions4 ,z1 !n1 our oppon5ts ma9ta9 t ?is idea1 common or univ]sal to all volitions1 is a faculty1 x is little to be wond]$ at t !y ass]t1 t su* a faculty ext5ds itself into ! inf9ite1 beyond ! limits ( ! und]/&+3 = :at is univ]sal is pr$icat$ alike ( "o1 ( _m1 & ( an inf9ite numb] ( individuals4 ,to ! second objection ,i reply by d5y+1 t we h a free p[] ( susp5d+ our judgm5t3 =1 :5 we say t anyone susp5ds 8 judgm5t1 we m]ely mean t he sees1 t he does n p]ceive ! matt] 9 "q adequately4 ,susp5sion ( judgm5t is1 !re=e1 /rictly speak+1 a p]ception1 & n free w4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! po9t1 let u suppose a boy imag9+ a horse1 & p]ceive no?+ else4 ,inasmu* z ?is imag9ation involves ! exi/5ce ( ! horse 7,,ii4 xvii4 ,coroll471 & ! boy does n p]ceive any?+ :i* w\ld exclude ! exi/5ce ( ! horse1 he w necess>ily reg>d ! horse z pres5t3 he w n be able to d\bt ( its exi/5ce1 al?\gh he be n c]ta9 !re(4 ,we h daily exp]i5ce ( su* a /ate ( ?+s 9 dreams2 & ,i d n suppose t !re is anyone1 :o w\ld ma9ta9 t1 :ile he is dream+1 he has ! free p[] ( susp5d+ 8 judgm5t conc]n+ ! ?+s 9 8 dream1 & br++ x ab\t t he %\ld n dream ^? ?+s1 :i* he dreams t he sees2 yet x happ5s1 not)/&+1 t ev5 9 dreams we susp5d our judgm5t1 namely1 :5 we dream t we are dream+4 ,fur!r1 ,i grant t no "o c be deceiv$1 s f> z actual p]ception ext5ds--t is1 ,i grant t ! m9d's imag9ations1 reg>d$ 9 !mselves1 d n involve error 7,,ii4 xvii4 note72 b ,i d5y1 t a man does n1 9 ! act ( p]ception1 make any affirmation4 ,= :at is ! p]ception ( a w+$ horse1 save affirm+ t a horse has w+s8 ,if ! m9d c\ld p]ceive no?+ else b ! w+$ horse1 x w\ld reg>d ! same z pres5t to itself3 x w\ld h no reasons = d\bt+ its exi/5ce1 nor any faculty ( diss5t1 unless ! imag9ation ( a w+$ horse be jo9$ to an idea :i* precludes ! exi/5ce ( ! said horse1 or unless ! m9d p]ceives t ! idea :i* x possess ( a w+$ horse is inadequate1 9 :i* case x w ei!r necess>ily d5y ! exi/5ce ( su* a horse1 or w necess>ily be 9 d\bt on ! subject4 ,i ?9k t ,i h anticipat$ my answ] to ! ?ird objection1 namely1 t ! w is some?+ univ]sal :i* is pr$icat$ ( all ideas1 & t x only signifies t :i* is common to all ideas1 namely1 an affirmation1 ^: adequate ess5ce mu/1 !re=e1 9 s f> z x is ?us conceiv$ 9 ! ab/ract1 be 9 e idea1 & be1 9 ?is respect alone1 ! same 9 all1 n 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z con/itut+ ! idea's ess5ce3 =1 9 ?is respect1 p>ticul> affirmations diff] "o f ! o!r1 z mu* z d ideas4 ,= in/ance1 ! affirmation :i* involves ! idea ( a circle1 diff]s f t :i* involves ! idea ( a triangle1 z mu* z ! idea ( a circle diff]s f ! idea ( a triangle4 ,fur!r1 ,i absolutely d5y1 t we are 9 ne$ ( an equal p[] ( ?9k+1 to affirm t t :i* is true is true1 & to affirm t t :i* is false is true4 ,^! two affirmations1 if we reg>d ! m9d1 are 9 ! same relation to "o ano!r z be+ & n--be+2 = !re is no?+ positive 9 ideas1 :i* con/itutes ! actual reality ( falsehood 7,,ii4 xxxv4 note1 & xlvii4 note74 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude1 t we are easily deceiv$1 :5 we confuse univ]sals ) s+ul>s1 & ! entities ( reason & ab/ractions ) realities4 ,z = ! f\r? objection1 ,i am q ready to admit1 t a man plac$ 9 ! equilibrium describ$ 7namely1 z p]ceiv+ no?+ b hung] & ?ir/1 a c]ta9 food & a c]ta9 dr9k1 ea* equally di/ant f him7 w\ld die ( hung] & ?ir/4 ,if ,i am ask$1 :e!r su* an "o %\ld n r be consid]$ an ass ?an a man2 ,i answ]1 t ,i d n "k1 nei!r d ,i "k h[ a man %\ld be consid]$1 :o hangs himself1 or h[ we %\ld consid] *ildr51 fools1 madm51 c4 ,x rema9s to po9t out ! advantages ( a k ( ?is doctr9e z be>+ on conduct1 & ?is may be easily ga!r$ f :at has be5 said4 ,! doctr9e is good1 #a4 ,inasmu* z x tea*es u to act solely accord+ to ! decree ( ,god1 & to be p>tak]s 9 ! ,div9e nature1 & s mu* ! m1 z we p]=m m p]fect actions & m & m und]/& ,god4 ,su* a doctr9e n only completely tranquilizes our _s1 b also %[s u :]e our highe/ happ9ess or bless$ness is1 namely1 solely 9 ! k ( ,god1 :]eby we are l$ to act only z love & piety %all bid u4 ,we may ?us cle>ly und]/&1 h[ f> a/ray f a true e/imate ( virtue are ^? :o expect to be decorat$ by ,god ) high rew>ds = _! virtue1 & _! be/ actions1 z = hav+ endur$ ! dire/ slav]y2 z if virtue & ! s]vice ( ,god 7 n 9 itself happ9ess & p]fect fre$om4 #b4 ,inasmu* z x tea*es u1 h[ we ought to conduct ourselves ) respect to ! gifts ( =tune1 or matt]s :i* are n 9 our p[]1 & d n foll[ f our nature4 ,= x %[s u1 t we %\ld await & endure =tune's smiles or fr[ns ) an equal m9d1 see+ t all ?+s foll[ f ! et]nal decree ( ,god by ! same necessity1 z x foll[s f ! ess5ce ( a triangle1 t ! ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles4 #c4 ,?is doctr9e raises social life1 inasmu* z x tea*es u to hate no man1 nei!r to despise1 to d]ide1 to envy1 or to be angry ) any4 ,fur!r1 z x tells u t ea* %\ld be cont5t ) 8 own1 & helpful to 8 neighb\r1 n f any womani% pity1 fav\r1 or sup]/ition1 b solely by ! guidance ( reason1 accord+ z ! "t & occasion dem&1 z ,i w %[ 9 ,"p ,,iii4 #d4 ,la/ly1 ?is doctr9e conf]s no small advantage on ! commonweal?2 = x tea*es h[ citiz5s %\ld be gov]n$ & l$1 n s z to become slaves1 b s t !y may freely d :atsoev] ?+s are be/4 ,i h ?us fulfill$ ! promise made at ! beg9n+ ( ?is note1 & ,i ?us br+ ! second "p ( my treatise to a close4 ,i ?9k ,i h !re9 expla9$ ! nature & prop]ties ( ! human m9d at suffici5t l5g?1 &1 consid]+ ! difficulty ( ! subject1 ) suffici5t cle>ness4 ,i h laid a f\ndation1 :]eon may be rais$ _m excell5t conclusions ( ! highe/ utility & mo/ necess>y to be kn[n1 z w1 9 :at foll[s1 be p>tly made pla94 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,mo/ writ]s on ! emotions & on human conduct seem to be treat+ r ( matt]s outside nature ?an ( natural ph5om5a foll[+ nature's g5]al laws4 ,!y appe> to conceive man to be situat$ 9 nature z a k+dom )9 a k+dom3 = !y believe t he di/urbs r ?an foll[s nature's ord]1 t he has absolute control ov] 8 actions1 & t he is det]m9$ solely by himself4 ,!y attribute human infirmities & fickl5ess1 n to ! p[] ( nature 9 g5]al1 b to "s my/]i\s flaw 9 ! nature ( man1 :i* accord+ly !y bemoan1 d]ide1 despise1 or1 z usually happ5s1 abuse3 he1 :o succe$s 9 hitt+ (f ! weakness ( ! human m9d m eloqu5tly or m acutely ?an 8 fell[s1 is look$ ^u z a se]4 ,/ill !re has be5 no lack ( v excell5t m5 7to ^: toil & indu/ry ,i confess myself mu* indebt$71 :o h writt5 _m notewor?y ?+s conc]n+ ! "r way ( life1 & h giv5 mu* sage advice to mank9d4 ,b no "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has def9$ ! nature & /r5g? ( ! emotions1 & ! p[] ( ! m9d aga9/ !m = _! re/ra9t4 ,i d n =get1 t ! illu/ri\s ,desc>tes1 ?\gh he believ$1 t ! m9d has absolute p[] ov] its actions1 /rove to expla9 human emotions by _! prim>y causes1 &1 at ! same "t1 to po9t out a way1 by :i* ! m9d might atta9 to absolute dom9ion ov] !m4 ,h[ev]1 9 my op9ion1 he accompli%es no?+ beyond a display ( ! acut5ess ( 8 own great intellect1 z ,i w %[ 9 ! prop] place4 ,= ! pres5t ,i wi% to rev]t to ^?1 :o w\ld r abuse or d]ide human emotions ?an und]/& !m4 ,su* p]sons w1 d\btless ?9k x /range t ,i %\ld attempt to treat ( human vice & folly geometrically1 & %\ld wi% to set =? ) rigid reason+ ^? matt]s :i* !y cry out aga9/ z repugnant to reason1 frivol\s1 absurd1 & dreadful4 ,h[ev]1 su* is my plan4 ,no?+ comes to pass 9 nature1 :i* c be set d[n to a flaw !re92 = nature is always ! same1 & ev]y:]e "o & ! same 9 h] efficacy & p[] ( action2 t is1 nature's laws & ord9ances1 :]eby all ?+s come to pass & *ange f "o =m to ano!r1 are ev]y:]e & always ! same2 s t !re %\ld be "o & ! same me?od ( und]/&+ ! nature ( all ?+s :atsoev]1 namely1 ?r\gh nature's univ]sal laws & rules4 ,?us ! passions ( hatr$1 ang]1 envy1 & s on1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 foll[ f ?is same necessity & efficacy ( nature2 !y answ] to c]ta9 def9ite causes1 ?r\gh :i* !y are und]/ood1 & possess c]ta9 prop]ties z wor?y ( be+ kn[n z ! prop]ties ( any?+ else1 :]e( ! contemplation 9 itself af=ds u delight4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 treat ( ! nature & /r5g? ( ! emotions accord+ to ! same me?od1 z ,i employ$ h]et(ore 9 my inve/igations conc]n+ ,god & ! m9d4 ,i %all consid] human actions & desires 9 exactly ! same mann]1 z ?\gh ,i 7 conc]n$ ) l9es1 planes1 & solids4 ,,def9itions ,i4 ,by an adequate cause1 ,i mean a cause ?r\gh :i* its effect c be cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceiv$4 ,by an inadequate or p>tial cause1 ,i mean a cause ?r\gh :i*1 by itself1 its effect _c be und]/ood4 ,,ii4 ,i say t we act :5 any?+ takes place1 ei!r )9 u or ext]nally to u1 :]e( we are ! adequate cause2 t is 7by ! =ego+ def9ition7 :5 ?r\gh our nature some?+ takes place )9 u or ext]nally to u1 :i* c ?r\gh our nature alone be cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/ood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i say t we are passive z reg>ds some?+ :5 t some?+ takes place )9 u1 or foll[s f our nature ext]nally1 we be+ only ! p>tial cause4 ,,iii4 ,by emotion ,i mean ! modifications ( ! body1 :]eby ! active p[] ( ! said body is increas$ or dim9i%$1 aid$ or con/ra9$1 & also ! ideas ( su* modifications4 ,n4,b4 ,if we c be ! adequate cause ( any ( ^! modifications1 ,i !n call ! emotion an activity1 o!rwise ,i call x a passion1 or /ate :]e9 ! m9d is passive4 ,,po/ulates ,i4 ,! human body c be affect$ 9 _m ways1 :]eby its p[] ( activity is increas$ or dim9i%$1 & also 9 o!r ways :i* d n r5d] its p[] ( activity ei!r great] or less4 ,n4,b4 ,?is po/ulate or axiom re/s on ,po/ulate i4 & ,lemmas v4 & vii41 :i* see aft] ,,ii4 xiii4 ,,ii4 ,! human body c und]go _m *anges1 &1 nev]!less1 reta9 ! impressions or traces ( objects 7cf4 ,,ii4 ,po/4 v471 &1 consequ5tly1 ! same images ( ?+s 7see note ,,ii4 xvii474 ,,prop4 ,i4 ,our m9d is 9 c]ta9 cases active1 & 9 c]ta9 cases passive4 ,9 s f> z x has adequate ideas x is necess>ily active1 & 9 s f> z x has inadequate ideas1 x is necess>ily passive4 ,pro(4--,9 e human m9d !re are "s adequate ideas1 & "s ideas t are fragm5t>y & confus$ 7,,ii4 xl4 note74 ,^? ideas :i* are adequate 9 ! m9d are adequate also 9 ,god1 inasmu* z he con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! m9d 7,,ii4 xl4 ,coroll471 & ^? :i* are inadequate 9 ! m9d are likewise 7by ! same ,coroll47 adequate 9 ,god1 n inasmu* z he conta9s 9 himself ! ess5ce ( ! giv5 m9d alone1 b z he1 at ! same "t1 conta9s ! m9ds ( o!r ?+s4 ,aga91 f any giv5 idea "s effect mu/ necess>ily foll[ 7,i4 #cf72 ( ?is effect ,god is ! adequate cause 7,,iii4 ,def4 i471 n inasmu* z he is inf9ite1 b inasmu* z he is conceiv$ z affect$ by ! giv5 idea 7,,ii4 ix474 ,b ( t effect :]e( ,god is ! cause1 inasmu* z he is affect$ by an idea :i* is adequate 9 a giv5 m9d1 ( t effect1 ,i repeat1 ! m9d 9 "q is ! adequate cause 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll474 ,!re=e our m9d1 9 s f> z x has adequate ideas 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii471 is 9 c]ta9 cases necess>ily active2 ?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 :atsoev] necess>ily foll[s f ! idea :i* is adequate 9 ,god1 n by virtue ( 8 possess+ 9 himself ! m9d ( "o man only1 b by virtue ( 8 conta9+1 toge!r ) ! m9d ( t "o man1 ! m9ds ( o!r ?+s also1 ( su* an effect 7,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll47 ! m9d ( ! giv5 man is n an adequate1 b only a p>tial cause2 ?us 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii47 ! m9d1 inasmu* z x has inadequate ideas1 is 9 c]ta9 cases necess>ily passive2 ?is 0 our second po9t4 ,!re=e our m9d1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t ! m9d is m or less liable to be act$ ^u1 9 proportion z x possesses inadequate ideas1 &1 contr>iwise1 is m or less active 9 proportion z x possesses adequate ideas4 ,,prop4 ,,ii4 ,body _c det]m9e m9d to ?9k1 nei!r c m9d det]m9e body to motion or re/ or any /ate diff]5t f ^!1 if su* !re be4 ,pro(4--,all modes ( ?9k+ h = _! cause ,god1 by virtue ( 8 be+ a ?9k+ ?+1 & n by virtue ( 8 be+ display$ "u any o!r attribute 7,,ii4 vi474 ,t1 !re=e1 :i* det]m9es ! m9d to ?\ght is a mode ( ?\ght1 & n a mode ( ext5sion2 t is 7,,ii4 ,def4 i471 x is n body4 ,?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 ! motion & re/ ( a body mu/ arise f ano!r body1 :i* has also be5 det]m9$ to a /ate ( motion or re/ by a ?ird body1 & absolutely ev]y?+ :i* takes place 9 a body mu/ spr+ f ,god1 9 s f> z he is reg>d$ z affect$ by "s mode ( ext5sion1 & n by "s mode ( ?\ght 7,,ii4 vi472 t is1 x _c spr+ f ! m9d1 :i* is a mode ( ?\ght4 ,?is 0 our second po9t4 ,!re=e body _c det]m9e m9d1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is is made m cle> by :at 0 said 9 ! note to ,,ii4 vii41 namely1 t m9d & body are "o & ! same ?+1 conceiv$ fir/ "u ! attribute ( ?\ght1 secondly1 "u ! attribute ( ext5sion4 ,?us x foll[s t ! ord] or concat5ation ( ?+s is id5tical1 :e!r nature be conceiv$ "u ! "o attribute or ! o!r2 consequ5tly ! ord] ( /ates ( activity & passivity 9 our body is simultane\s 9 nature ) ! ord] ( /ates ( activity & passivity 9 ! m9d4 ,! same conclusion is evid5t f ! mann] 9 :i* we prov$ ,,ii4 xii4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh su* is ! case1 & ?\gh !re be no fur!r room = d\bt1 ,i c sc>cely believe1 until ! fact is prov$ by exp]i5ce1 t m5 c be induc$ to consid] ! "q calmly & fairly1 s firmly are !y conv9c$ t x is m]ely at ! bidd+ ( ! m9d1 t ! body is set 9 motion or at re/1 or p]=ms a v>iety ( actions dep5d+ solely on ! m9d's w or ! ex]cise ( ?\ght4 ,h[ev]1 no "o has hi!rto laid d[n ! limits to ! p[]s ( ! body1 t is1 no "o has z yet be5 taught by exp]i5ce :at ! body c accompli% solely by ! laws ( nature1 9 s f> z %e is reg>d$ z ext5sion4 ,no "o hi!rto has ga9$ su* an accurate k ( ! bodily me*anism1 t he c expla9 all its functions2 nor ne$ ,i call att5tion to ! fact t _m actions are obs]v$ 9 ! l[] animals1 :i* f> transc5d human sagacity1 & t somnambuli/s d _m ?+s 9 _! sleep1 :i* !y w\ld n v5ture to d :5 awake3 ^! in/ances are en\gh to %[1 t ! body c by ! sole laws ( its nature d _m ?+s :i* ! m9d wond]s at4 ,aga91 no "o kn[s h[ or by :at means ! m9d moves ! body1 nor h[ _m v>i\s degrees ( motion x c imp>t to ! body1 nor h[ quickly x c move x4 ,?us1 :5 m5 say t ?is or t physical action has its orig9 9 ! m9d1 :i* latt] has dom9ion ov] ! body1 !y are us+ words )\t mean+1 or are confess+ 9 speci\s phraseology t !y are ignorant ( ! cause ( ! said action1 & d n wond] at x4 ,b1 !y w say1 :e!r we "k or d n "k ! means :]eby ! m9d acts on ! body1 we h1 at any rate1 exp]i5ce ( ! fact t unless ! human m9d is 9 a fit /ate to ?9k1 ! body rema9s in]t4 ,moreov]1 we h exp]i5ce1 t ! m9d alone c det]m9e :e!r we speak or are sil5t1 & a v>iety ( simil> /ates :i*1 accord+ly1 we say dep5d on ! m9d's decree4 ,b1 z to ! fir/ po9t1 ,i ask su* objectors1 :e!r exp]i5ce does n also tea*1 t if ! body be inactive ! m9d is simultane\sly unfitt$ = ?9k+8 ,= :5 ! body is at re/ 9 sleep1 ! m9d simultane\sly is 9 a /ate ( torpor also1 & has no p[] ( ?9k+1 su* z x possesses :5 ! body is awake4 ,aga91 ,i ?9k ev]yone's exp]i5ce w confirm ! /atem5t1 t ! m9d is n at all times equally fit = ?9k+ on a giv5 subject1 b accord+ z ! body is m or less fitt$ = be+ /imulat$ by ! image ( ?is or t object1 s also is ! m9d m or less fitt$ = contemplat+ ! said object4 ,b1 x w be urg$1 x is impossible t solely f ! laws ( nature consid]$ z ext5d$ sub/ance1 we %\ld be able to d$uce ! causes ( build+s1 pictures1 & ?+s ( t k9d1 :i* are produc$ only by human art2 nor w\ld ! human body1 unless x 7 det]m9$ & l$ by ! m9d1 be capable ( build+ a s+le temple4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h j po9t$ out t ! objectors _c fix ! limits ( ! body's p[]1 or say :at c be conclud$ f a consid]ation ( its sole nature1 :]eas !y h exp]i5ce ( _m ?+s be+ accompli%$ solely by ! laws ( nature1 :i* !y w\ld nev] h believ$ possible except "u ! direction ( m9d3 su* are ! actions p]=m$ by somnambuli/s :ile asleep1 & wond]$ at by _! p]=m]s :5 awake4 ,i w\ld fur!r call att5tion to ! me*anism ( ! human body1 :i* f> surpasses 9 complexity all t has be5 put toge!r by human art1 n to repeat :at ,i h already %[n1 namely1 t f nature1 "u :atev] attribute %e be consid]$1 inf9ite results foll[4 ,z = ! second objection1 ,i submit t ! _w w\ld be mu* happi]1 if m5 7 z fully able to keep sil5ce z !y are to speak4 ,exp]i5ce abundantly %[s t m5 c gov]n any?+ m easily ?an _! tongues1 & re/ra9 any?+ m easily ?an _! appetites2 :5 x comes ab\t t _m believe1 t we are only free 9 respect to objects :i* we mod]ately desire1 because our desire = su* c easily be controll$ by ! ?\ght ( some?+ else frequ5tly rememb]$1 b t we are by no means free 9 respect to :at we seek ) viol5t emotion1 = our desire _c !n be allay$ ) ! remembrance ( any?+ else4 ,h[ev]1 unless su* p]sons _h prov$ by exp]i5ce t we d _m ?+s :i* we aft]w>ds rep5t (1 & aga9 t we (t51 :5 assail$ by contr>y emotions1 see ! bett] & foll[ ! worse1 !re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t _! believ+ t we are free 9 all ?+s4 ,?us an infant believes t ( its own free w x desires milk1 an angry *ild believes t x freely desires v5geance1 a timid *ild believes t x freely desires to run away2 fur!r1 a drunk5 man believes t he utt]s f ! free decision ( 8 m9d words :i*1 :5 he is sob]1 he w\ld will+ly h )held3 ?us1 too1 a deliri\s man1 a g>rul\s woman1 a *ild1 & o!rs ( l complexion1 believe t !y speak f ! free decision ( _! m9d1 :5 !y are 9 reality unable to re/ra9 _! impulse to talk4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u no less cle>ly ?an reason1 t m5 believe !mselves to be free1 simply because !y are consci\s ( _! actions1 & unconsci\s ( ! causes :]eby ^? actions are det]m9$2 &1 fur!r1 x is pla9 t ! dictates ( ! m9d are b ano!r "n = ! appetites1 & !re=e v>y accord+ to ! v>y+ /ate ( ! body4 ,ev]yone %apes 8 actions accord+ to 8 emotion1 ^? :o are assail$ by conflict+ emotions "k n :at !y wi%2 ^? :o are n attack$ by any emotion are readily sway$ ?is way or t4 ,all ^! consid]ations cle>ly %[ t a m5tal decision & a bodily appetite1 or det]m9$ /ate1 are simultane\s1 or r are "o & ! same ?+1 :i* we call decision1 :5 x is reg>d$ "u & expla9$ ?r\gh ! attribute ( ?\ght1 & a condition$ /ate1 :5 x is reg>d$ "u ! attribute ( ext5sion1 & d$uc$ f ! laws ( motion & re/4 ,?is w appe> yet m pla9ly 9 ! sequel4 ,= ! pres5t ,i wi% to call att5tion to ano!r po9t1 namely1 t we _c act by ! decision ( ! m9d1 unless we h a remembrance ( hav+ done s4 ,= in/ance1 we _c say a ^w )\t rememb]+ t we h done s4 ,aga91 x is n )9 ! free p[] ( ! m9d to rememb] or =get a ?+ at w4 ,!re=e ! fre$om ( ! m9d mu/ 9 any case be limit$ to ! p[] ( utt]+ or n utt]+ some?+ :i* x rememb]s4 ,b :5 we dream t we speak1 we believe t we speak f a free decision ( ! m9d1 yet we d n speak1 or1 if we d1 x is by a spontane\s motion ( ! body4 ,aga91 we dream t we are conceal+ some?+1 & we seem to act f ! same decision ( ! m9d z t1 :]eby we keep sil5ce :5 awake conc]n+ some?+ we "k4 ,la/ly1 we dream t f ! free decision ( our m9d we d some?+1 :i* we %\ld n d>e to d :5 awake4 ,n[ ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r !re be 9 ! m9d two sorts ( decisions1 "o sort illusive1 & ! o!r sort free8 ,if our folly does n c>ry u s f> z ?is1 we mu/ necess>ily admit1 t ! decision ( ! m9d1 :i* is believ$ to be free1 is n di/+ui%able f ! imag9ation or memory1 & is no?+ m ?an ! affirmation1 :i* an idea1 by virtue ( be+ an idea1 necess>ily involves 7,,ii4 xlix474 ,:]e=e ^! decisions ( ! m9d arise 9 ! m9d by ! same necessity1 z ! ideas ( ?+s actually exi/+4 ,!re=e ^? :o believe1 t !y speak or keep sil5ce or act 9 any way f ! free decision ( _! m9d1 d b dream ) _! eyes op54 ,,prop4 ,,iii4 ,! activities ( ! m9d arise solely f adequate ideas2 ! passive /ates ( ! m9d dep5d solely on inadequate ideas4 ,pro(4--,! fir/ elem5t1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 is no?+ else b ! idea ( ! actually exi/5t body 7,,ii4 xi4 & xiii471 :i* 7,,ii4 xv47 is comp\nd$ ( _m o!r ideas1 :]e( "s are adequate & "s inadequate 7,,ii4 xxix4 ,coroll41 ,,ii4 xxxviii4 ,coroll474 ,:atsoev] !re=e foll[s f ! nature ( m9d1 & has m9d = its proximate cause1 ?r\gh :i* x mu/ be und]/ood1 mu/ necess>ily foll[ ei!r f an adequate or f an inadequate idea4 ,b 9 s f> z ! m9d 7,,iii4 i47 has inadequate ideas1 x is necess>ily passive3 :]e=e ! activities ( ! m9d foll[ solely f adequate ideas1 & accord+ly ! m9d is only passive 9 s f> z x has inadequate ideas4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?us we see1 t passive /ates are n attribut$ to ! m9d1 except 9 s f> z x conta9s some?+ involv+ negation1 or 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ z a "p ( nature1 :i* _c be cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceiv$ ?r\gh itself )\t o!r p>ts3 ,i c\ld ?us %[1 t passive /ates are attribut$ to individual ?+s 9 ! same way t !y are attribut$ to ! m9d1 & t !y _c o!rwise be p]ceiv$1 b my purpose is solely to treat ( ! human m9d4 ,,prop4 ,,iv4 ,no?+ c be de/roy$1 except by a cause ext]nal to itself4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is self--evid5t1 = ! def9ition ( any?+ affirms ! ess5ce ( t ?+1 b does n negative x2 9 o!r words1 x po/ulates ! ess5ce ( ! ?+1 b does n take x away4 ,s long !re=e z we reg>d only ! ?+ itself1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ext]nal causes1 we %all n be able to f9d 9 x any?+ :i* c\ld de/roy x4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,v4 ,?+s are naturally contr>y1 t is1 _c exi/ 9 ! same object1 9 s f> z "o is capable ( de/roy+ ! o!r4 ,pro(4--,if !y c\ld agree toge!r or co--exi/ 9 ! same object1 !re w\ld !n be 9 ! said object some?+ :i* c\ld de/roy x2 b ?is1 by ! =ego+ proposition1 is absurd1 !re=e ?+s1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,vi4 ,ev]y?+1 9 s f> z x is 9 itself1 endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+4 ,pro(4--,individual ?+s are modes :]eby ! attributes ( ,god are express$ 9 a giv5 det]m9ate mann] 7,i4 xxv4 ,coroll472 t is1 7,i4 xxxiv471 !y are ?+s :i* express 9 a giv5 det]m9ate mann] ! p[] ( ,god1 :]eby ,god is & acts2 n[ no ?+ conta9s 9 itself any?+ :]eby x c be de/roy$1 or :i* c take away its exi/5ce 7,,iii4 iv472 b contr>iwise x is oppos$ to all t c\ld take away its exi/5ce 7,,iii4 v474 ,!re=e1 9 s f> z x c1 & 9 s f> z x is 9 itself1 x endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,vii4 ,! endeav\r1 :]e) ev]y?+ endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+1 is no?+ else b ! actual ess5ce ( ! ?+ 9 "q4 ,pro(4--,f ! giv5 ess5ce ( any ?+ c]ta9 consequ5ces necess>ily foll[ 7,i4 xxxvi471 nor h ?+s any p[] save su* z necess>ily foll[s f _! nature z det]m9$ 7,i4 xxix472 :]e=e ! p[] ( any giv5 ?+1 or ! endeav\r :]eby1 ei!r alone or ) o!r ?+s1 x acts1 or endeav\rs to act1 t is 7,,iii4 vi471 ! p[] or endeav\r1 :]e) x endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+1 is no?+ else b ! giv5 or actual ess5ce ( ! ?+ 9 "q4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,viii4 ,! endeav\r1 :]eby a ?+ endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+1 involves no f9ite "t1 b an indef9ite "t4 ,pro(4--,if x involv$ a limit$ "t1 :i* %\ld det]m9e ! duration ( ! ?+1 x w\ld !n foll[ solely f t p[] :]eby ! ?+ exi/s1 t ! ?+ c\ld n exi/ beyond ! limits ( t "t1 b t x mu/ be de/roy$2 b ?is 7,,iii4 iv47 is absurd4 ,:]e=e ! endeav\r :]e) a ?+ exi/s involves no def9ite "t2 b1 contr>iwise1 s9ce 7,,iii4 iv47 x w by ! same p[] :]eby x already exi/s always cont9ue to exi/1 unless x be de/roy$ by "s ext]nal cause1 ?is endeav\r involves an indef9ite "t4 ,,prop4 ,,ix4 ,! m9d1 bo? 9 s f> z x has cle> & di/9ct ideas1 & also 9 s f> z x has confus$ ideas1 endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its be+ = an indef9ite p]iod1 & ( ?is endeav\r x is consci\s4 ,pro(4--,! ess5ce ( ! m9d is con/itut$ by adequate & inadequate ideas 7,,iii4 iii471 !re=e 7,,iii4 vii471 bo? 9 s f> z x possesses ! =m]1 & 9 s f> z x possesses ! latt]1 x endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+1 & t = an indef9ite "t 7,,iii4 viii474 ,n[ z ! m9d 7,,ii4 xxiii47 is necess>ily consci\s ( itself ?r\gh ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! body1 ! m9d is !re=e 7,,iii4 vii47 consci\s ( its own endeav\r4 ,note4--,?is endeav\r1 :5 ref]r$ solely to ! m9d1 is call$ w1 :5 ref]r$ to ! m9d & body 9 conjunction x is call$ appetite2 x is1 9 fact1 no?+ else b man's ess5ce1 f ! nature ( :i* necess>ily foll[ all ^? results :i* t5d to its pres]vation2 & :i* man has ?us be5 det]m9$ to p]=m4 ,fur!r1 betwe5 appetite & desire !re is no diff]5ce1 except t ! t]m desire is g5]ally appli$ to m51 9 s f> z !y are consci\s ( _! appetite1 & may accord+ly be ?us def9$3 ,desire is appetite ) consci\sness !re(4 ,x is ?us pla9 f :at has be5 said1 t 9 no case d we /rive =1 wi% =1 long =1 or desire any?+1 because we deem x to be good1 b on ! o!r h& we deem a ?+ to be good1 because we /rive = x1 wi% = x1 long = x1 or desire x4 ,,prop4 ,x4 ,an idea1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( our body1 _c be po/ulat$ 9 our m9d1 b is contr>y !reto4 ,pro(4--,:atsoev] c de/roy our body1 _c be po/ulat$ !re9 7,,iii4 v474 ,!re=e nei!r c ! idea ( su* a ?+ occur 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he has ! idea ( our body 7,,ii4 ix4 ,coroll472 t is 7,,ii4 xi41 xiii471 ! idea ( t ?+ _c be po/ulat$ z 9 our m9d1 b contr>iwise1 s9ce 7,,ii4 xi41 xiii47 ! fir/ elem5t1 t con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 is ! idea ( ! human body z actually exi/+1 x foll[s t ! fir/ & *ief endeav\r ( our m9d is ! endeav\r to affirm ! exi/5ce ( our body3 ?us1 an idea1 :i* negatives ! exi/5ce ( our body1 is contr>y to our m9d1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xi4 ,:atsoev] increases or dim9i%es1 helps or h9d]s ! p[] ( activity 9 our body1 ! idea !re( increases or dim9i%es1 helps or h9d]s ! p[] ( ?\ght 9 our m9d4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is evid5t f ,,ii4 vii4 or f ,,ii4 xiv4 ,note4--,?us we see1 t ! m9d c und]go _m *anges1 & c pass sometimes to a /ate ( great] p]fection1 sometimes to a /ate ( less] p]fection4 ,^! passive /ates ( transition expla9 to u ! emotions ( pleasure & pa94 ,by pleasure !re=e 9 ! foll[+ propositions ,i %all signify a passive /ate :]e9 ! m9d passes to a great] p]fection4 ,by pa9 ,i %all signify a passive /ate :]e9 ! m9d passes to a less] p]fection4 ,fur!r1 ! emotion ( pleasure 9 ref]5ce to ! body & m9d toge!r ,i %all call /imulation 7titillatio7 or m]rim5t 7hil>itas71 ! emotion ( pa9 9 ! same relation ,i %all call suff]+ or melan*oly4 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 t /imulation & suff]+ are attribut$ to man1 :5 "o "p ( 8 nature is m affect$ ?an ! re/1 m]rim5t & melan*oly1 :5 all p>ts are alike affect$4 ,:at ,i mean by desire ,i h expla9$ 9 ! note to ,prop4 ix4 ( ?is "p2 beyond ^! ?ree ,i recognize no o!r prim>y emotion2 ,i w %[ z ,i proce$1 t all o!r emotions arise f ^! ?ree4 ,b1 be=e ,i g fur!r1 ,i %\ld l "h to expla9 at great] l5g? ,prop4 x ( ?is "p1 9 ord] t we may cle>ly und]/& h[ "o idea is contr>y to ano!r4 ,9 ! note to ,,ii4 xvii4 we %[$ t ! idea1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( m9d1 involves ! exi/5ce ( body1 s long z ! body itself exi/s4 ,aga91 x foll[s f :at we po9t$ out 9 ! ,coroll>y to ,,ii4 viii41 t ! pres5t exi/5ce ( our m9d dep5ds solely on ! fact1 t ! m9d involves ! actual exi/5ce ( ! body4 ,la/ly1 we %[$ 7,,ii4 xvii41 xviii4 & note7 t ! p[] ( ! m9d1 :]eby x imag9es & rememb]s ?+s1 also dep5ds on ! fact1 t x involves ! actual exi/5ce ( ! body4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! m9d & its p[] ( imag9+ are remov$1 z soon z ! m9d ceases to affirm ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! body4 ,n[ ! cause1 :y ! m9d ceases to affirm ?is exi/5ce ( ! body1 _c be ! m9d itself 7,,iii4 iv471 nor aga9 ! fact t ! body ceases to exi/4 ,= 7by ,,ii4 vi47 ! cause1 :y ! m9d affirms ! exi/5ce ( ! body1 is n t ! body began to exi/2 !re=e1 = ! same reason1 x does n cease to affirm ! exi/5ce ( ! body1 because ! body ceases to exi/2 b 7,,ii4 xvii47 ?is result foll[s f ano!r idea1 :i* excludes ! pres5t exi/5ce ( our body &1 consequ5tly1 ( our m9d1 & :i* is !re=e contr>y to ! idea con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( our m9d4 ,,prop4 ,,xii4 ,! m9d1 z f> z x c1 endeav\rs to conceive ^? ?+s1 :i* increase or help ! p[] ( activity 9 ! body4 ,pro(4--,s long z ! human body is affect$ 9 a mode1 :i* involves ! nature ( any ext]nal body1 ! human m9d w reg>d t ext]nal body z pres5t 7,,ii4 xvii471 & consequ5tly 7,,ii4 vii471 s long z ! human m9d reg>ds an ext]nal body z pres5t1 t is 7,,ii4 xvii4 note71 conceives x1 ! human body is affect$ 9 a mode1 :i* involves ! nature ( ! said ext]nal body2 ?us s long z ! m9d conceives ?+s1 :i* increase or help ! p[] ( activity 9 our body1 ! body is affect$ 9 modes :i* increase or help its p[] ( activity 7,,iii4 ,po/4 i472 consequ5tly 7,,iii4 xi47 ! m9d's p[] ( ?9k+ is = t p]iod increas$ or help$4 ,?us 7,,iii4 vi41 ix47 ! m9d1 z f> z x c1 endeav\rs to imag9e su* ?+s4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xiii4 ,:5 ! m9d conceives ?+s :i* dim9i% or h9d] ! body's p[] ( activity1 x endeav\rs1 z f> z possible1 to rememb] ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ! fir/--nam$ ?+s4 ,pro(4--,s long z ! m9d conceives any?+ ( ! k9d allud$ to1 ! p[] ( ! m9d & body is dim9i%$ or con/ra9$ 7cf4 ,,iii4 xii4 ,pro(72 nev]!less x w cont9ue to conceive x1 until ! m9d conceives some?+ else1 :i* excludes ! pres5t exi/5ce !re( 7,,ii4 xvii472 t is 7z ,i h j %[n71 ! p[] ( ! m9d & ( ! body is dim9i%$1 or con/ra9$1 until ! m9d conceives some?+ else1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! =m] ?+ conceiv$3 !re=e ! m9d 7,,iii4 ix471 z f> z x c1 w endeav\r to conceive or rememb] ! latt]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t ! m9d %r9ks f conceiv+ ^? ?+s1 :i* dim9i% or con/ra9 ! p[] ( itself & ( ! body4 ,note4--,f :at has be5 said we may cle>ly und]/& ! nature ( ,love & ,hate4 ,love is no?+ else b pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause3 ,hate is no?+ else b pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,we fur!r see1 t he :o loves necess>ily endeav\rs to h1 & to keep pres5t to him1 ! object ( 8 love2 :ile he :o hates endeav\rs to remove & de/roy ! object ( 8 hatr$4 ,b ,i w treat ( ^! matt]s at m l5g? h]eaft]4 ,,prop4 ,,xiv4 ,if ! m9d has once be5 affect$ by two emotions at ! same "t1 x w1 :5ev] x is aft]w>ds affect$ by "o ( ^! two1 be also affect$ by ! o!r4 ,pro(4--,if ! human body has once be5 affect$ by two bodies at once1 :5ev] aft]w>ds ! m9d conceives "o ( !m1 x w /raightway rememb] ! o!r also 7,,ii4 xviii474 ,b ! m9d's conceptions indicate r ! emotions ( our body ?an ! nature ( ext]nal bodies 7,,ii4 xvi4 ,coroll4 ii472 !re=e1 if ! body1 & consequ5tly ! m9d 7,,iii4 ,def4 iii47 has be5 once affect$ by two emotions at ! same "t1 x w1 :5ev] x is aft]w>ds affect$ by "o ( ! two1 be also affect$ by ! o!r4 ,,prop4 ,,xv4 ,any?+ c1 accid5tally1 be ! cause ( pleasure1 pa91 or desire4 ,pro(4--,let x be grant$ t ! m9d is simultane\sly affect$ by two emotions1 ( :i* "o nei!r increases nor dim9i%es its p[] ( activity1 & ! o!r does ei!r increase or dim9i% ! said p[] 7,,iii4 ,po/4 i474 ,f ! =ego+ proposition x is evid5t t1 :5ev] ! m9d is aft]w>ds affect$ by ! =m]1 ?r\gh its true cause1 :i* 7by hypo!sis7 nei!r increases nor dim9i%es its p[] ( action1 x w be at ! same "t affect$ by ! latt]1 :i* does increase or dim9i% its p[] ( activity1 t is 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 x w be affect$ ) pleasure or pa94 ,?us ! =m] ( ! two emotions w1 n ?r\gh itself1 b accid5tally1 be ! cause ( pleasure or pa94 ,9 ! same way also x c be easily %[n1 t a ?+ may be accid5tally ! cause ( desire4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,simply f ! fact t we h reg>d$ a ?+ ) ! emotion ( pleasure or pa91 ?\gh t ?+ be n ! effici5t cause ( ! emotion1 we c ei!r love or hate x4 ,pro(4--,= f ?is fact alone x arises 7,,iii4 xiv471 t ! m9d aft]w>ds conceiv+ ! said ?+ is affect$ ) ! emotion ( pleasure or pa91 t is 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 accord+ z ! p[] ( ! m9d & body may be increas$ or dim9i%$1 c42 & consequ5tly 7,,iii4 xii471 accord+ z ! m9d may desire or %r9k f ! conception ( x 7,,iii4 xiii4 ,coroll471 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 accord+ z x may love or hate ! same4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,h5ce we und]/& h[ x may happ51 t we love or hate a ?+ )\t any cause = our emotion be+ kn[n to u2 m]ely1 z a phrase is1 f sympa?y or antipa?y4 ,we %\ld ref] to ! same category ^? objects1 :i* affect u pleasurably or pa9fully1 simply because !y resemble o!r objects :i* affect u 9 ! same way4 ,?is ,i w %[ 9 ! next ,prop4 ,i am aw>e t c]ta9 au?ors1 :o 7 ! fir/ to introduce ^! t]ms sympa?y & antipa?y1 wi%$ to signify !reby "s occult qualities 9 ?+s2 nev]!less ,i ?9k we may be p]mitt$ to use ! same t]ms to indicate kn[n or manife/ qualities4 ,,prop4 ,,xvi4 ,simply f ! fact t we conceive1 t a giv5 object has "s po9t ( resemblance ) ano!r object :i* is wont to affect ! m9d pleasurably or pa9fully1 al?\gh ! po9t ( resemblance be n ! effici5t cause ( ! said emotions1 we %all /ill reg>d ! fir/--nam$ object ) love or hate4 ,pro(4--,! po9t ( resemblance 0 9 ! object 7by hypo!sis71 :5 we reg>d$ x ) pleasure or pa91 ?us 7,,iii4 xiv471 :5 ! m9d is affect$ by ! image !re(1 x w /raightway be affect$ by "o or ! o!r emotion1 & consequ5tly ! ?+1 :i* we p]ceive to h ! same po9t ( resemblance1 w be accid5tally 7,,iii4 xv47 a cause ( pleasure or pa94 ,?us 7by ! =ego+ ,coroll>y71 al?\gh ! po9t 9 :i* ! two objects resemble "o ano!r be n ! effici5t cause ( ! emotion1 we %all /ill reg>d ! fir/--nam$ object ) love or hate4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xvii4 ,if we conceive t a ?+1 :i* is wont to affect u pa9fully1 has any po9t ( resemblance ) ano!r ?+ :i* is wont to affect u ) an equally /rong emotion ( pleasure1 we %all hate ! fir/--nam$ ?+1 & at ! same "t we %all love x4 ,pro(4--,! giv5 ?+ is 7by hypo!sis7 9 itself a cause ( pa91 & 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 9 s f> z we imag9e x ) ?is emotion1 we %all hate x3 fur!r1 inasmu* z we conceive t x has "s po9t ( resemblance to some?+ else1 :i* is wont to affect u ) an equally /rong emotion ( pleasure1 we %all ) an equally /rong impulse ( pleasure love x 7,,iii4 xvi472 ?us we %all bo? hate & love ! same ?+4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is disposition ( ! m9d1 :i* arises f two contr>y emotions1 is call$ vacillation2 x /&s to ! emotions 9 ! same relation z d\bt does to ! imag9ation 7,,ii4 xliv4 note72 vacillation & d\bt d n diff] "o f ! o!r1 except z great] diff]s f less4 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ,i h d$uc$ ?is vacillation f causes1 :i* give rise ?r\gh !mselves to "o ( ! emotions1 & to ! o!r accid5tally4 ,i h done ?is1 9 ord] t !y might be m easily d$uc$ f :at w5t be=e2 b ,i d n d5y t vacillation ( ! disposition g5]ally arises f an object1 :i* is ! effici5t cause ( bo? emotions4 ,! human body is compos$ 7,,ii4 ,po/4 i47 ( a v>iety ( individual p>ts ( diff]5t nature1 & may !re=e 7,ax4i4 aft] ,lemma iii4 aft] ,,ii4 xiii47 be affect$ 9 a v>iety ( diff]5t ways by "o & ! same body2 & contr>iwise1 z "o & ! same ?+ c be affect$ 9 _m ways1 x c also 9 _m diff]5t ways affect "o & ! same "p ( ! body4 ,h5ce we c easily conceive1 t "o & ! same object may be ! cause ( _m & conflict+ emotions4 ,,prop4 ,,xviii4 ,a man is z mu* affect$ pleasurably or pa9fully by ! image ( a ?+ pa/ or future z by ! image ( a ?+ pres5t4 ,pro(4--,s long z a man is affect$ by ! image ( any?+1 he w reg>d t ?+ z pres5t1 ev5 ?\gh x be non--exi/5t 7,,ii4 xvii4 & ,coroll471 he w n conceive x z pa/ or future1 except 9 s f> z its image is jo9$ to ! image ( "t pa/ or future 7,,ii4 xliv4 note74 ,:]e=e ! image ( a ?+1 reg>d$ 9 itself alone1 is id5tical1 :e!r x be ref]r$ to "t pa/1 "t future1 or "t pres5t2 t is 7,,ii4 xvi4 ,coroll471 ! disposition or emotion ( ! body is id5tical1 :e!r ! image be ( a ?+ pa/1 future1 or pres5t4 ,?us ! emotion ( pleasure or pa9 is ! same1 :e!r ! image be ( a ?+ pa/ or future4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note ,i4--,i call a ?+ pa/ or future1 accord+ z we ei!r h be5 or %all be affect$ !reby4 ,= in/ance1 accord+ z we h se5 x1 or are ab\t to see x1 accord+ z x has recreat$ u1 or w recreate u1 accord+ z x has h>m$ u1 or w h>m u4 ,=1 z we ?us conceive x1 we affirm its exi/5ce2 t is1 ! body is affect$ by no emotion :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+1 & !re=e 7,,ii4 xvii47 ! body is affect$ by ! image ( ! ?+1 9 ! same way z if ! ?+ 7 actually pres5t4 ,h[ev]1 z x g5]ally happ5s t ^?1 :o h _h _m exp]i5ces1 vacillate1 s long z !y reg>d a ?+ z future or pa/1 & are usually 9 d\bt ab\t its issue 7,,ii4 xliv4 note72 x foll[s t ! emotions :i* arise f simil> images ( ?+s are n s con/ant1 b are g5]ally di/urb$ by ! images ( o!r ?+s1 until m5 become assur$ ( ! issue4 ,note ,,ii4--,f :at has j be5 said1 we und]/& :at is meant by ! t]ms ,hope1 ,fe>1 ,confid5ce1 ,despair1 ,joy1 & ,disappo9tm5t4#e ,hope is no?+ else b an incon/ant pleasure1 aris+ f ! image ( some?+ future or pa/1 :]e( we d n yet "k ! issue4 ,fe>1 on ! o!r h&1 is an incon/ant pa9 also aris+ f ! image ( some?+ conc]n+ :i* we are 9 d\bt4 ,if ! elem5t ( d\bt be remov$ f ^! emotions1 hope becomes ,confid5ce & fe> becomes ,despair4 ,9 o!r words1 ,pleasure or ,pa9 aris+ f ! image ( some?+ conc]n+ :i* we h hop$ or fe>$4 ,aga91 ,joy is ,pleasure aris+ f ! image ( some?+ pa/ :]e( we h d\bt$ ! issue4 ,disappo9tm5t is ! ,pa9 oppos$ to ,joy4 #e ,consci5ti morsus--?us r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,pollock4 ,,prop4 ,,xix4 ,he :o conceives t ! object ( 8 love is de/roy$ w feel pa92 if he conceives t x is pres]v$ he w feel pleasure4 ,pro(4--,! m9d1 z f> z possible1 endeav\rs to conceive ^? ?+s :i* increase or help ! body's p[] ( activity 7,,iii4 xii472 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xii4 note71 ^? ?+s :i* x loves4 ,b conception is help$ by ^? ?+s :i* po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 & contr>iwise is h9d]$ by ^? :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ 7,,ii4 xvii472 !re=e ! images ( ?+s1 :i* po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( an object ( love1 help ! m9d's endeav\r to conceive ! object ( love1 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 affect ! m9d pleasurably2 contr>iwise ^? ?+s1 :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( an object ( love1 h9d] ! a=esaid m5tal endeav\r2 9 o!r words1 affect ! m9d pa9fully4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o conceives t ! object ( 8 love is de/roy$ w feel pa91 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xx4 ,he :o conceives t ! object ( 8 hate is de/roy$ w also feel pleasure4 ,pro(4--,! m9d 7,,iii4 xiii47 endeav\rs to conceive ^? ?+s1 :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ?+s :]eby ! body's p[] ( activity is dim9i%$ or con/ra9$2 t is 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 x endeav\rs to conceive su* ?+s z exclude ! exi/5ce ( :at x hates2 !re=e ! image ( a ?+1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( :at ! m9d hates1 helps ! a=esaid m5tal ef=t1 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 affects ! m9d pleasurably4 ,?us he :o conceives t ! object ( 8 hate is de/roy$ w feel pleasure4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxi4 ,he :o conceives1 t ! object ( 8 love is affect$ pleasurably or pa9fully1 w himself be affect$ pleasurably or pa9fully2 & ! "o or ! o!r emotion w be great] or less 9 ! lov] accord+ z x is great] or less 9 ! ?+ lov$4 ,pro(4--,! images ( ?+s 7z we %[$ 9 ,,iii4 xix47 :i* po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( ! object ( love1 help ! m9d's endeav\r to conceive ! said object4 ,b pleasure po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( some?+ feel+ pleasure1 s mu* ! m 9 proportion z ! emotion ( pleasure is great]2 = x is 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 a transition to a great] p]fection2 !re=e ! image ( pleasure 9 ! object ( love helps ! m5tal endeav\r ( ! lov]2 t is1 x affects ! lov] pleasurably1 & s mu* ! m1 9 proportion z ?is emotion may h be5 great] 9 ! object ( love4 ,?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,fur!r1 9 s f> z a ?+ is affect$ ) pa91 x is to t ext5t de/roy$1 ! ext5t be+ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( pa9 7,,iii4 xi4 note72 !re=e 7,,iii4 xix47 he :o conceives1 t ! object ( 8 love is affect$ pa9fully1 w himself be affect$ pa9fully1 9 proportion z ! said emotion is great] or less 9 ! object ( love4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxii4 ,if we conceive t any?+ pleasurably affects "s object ( our love1 we %all be affect$ ) love t[>ds t ?+4 ,contr>iwise1 if we conceive t x affects an object ( our love pa9fully1 we %all be affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds x4 ,pro(4--,he1 :o affects pleasurably or pa9fully ! object ( our love1 affects u also pleasurably or pa9fully--t is1 if we conceive ! lov$ object z affect$ ) ! said pleasure or pa9 7,,iii4 xxi474 ,b ?is pleasure or pa9 is po/ulat$ to come to u accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause2 !re=e 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 if we conceive t anyone affects an object ( our love pleasurably or pa9fully1 we %all be affect$ ) love or hatr$ t[>ds him4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,prop4 xxi4 expla9s to u ! nature ( ,pity1 :i* we may def9e z pa9 aris+ f ano!r's hurt4 ,:at t]m we c use = pleasure aris+ f ano!r's ga91 ,i "k n4 ,we w call ! love t[>ds him :o conf]s a b5efit on ano!r1 ,approval2 & ! hatr$ t[>ds him :o injures ano!r1 we w call ,indignation4 ,we mu/ fur!r rem>k1 t we n only feel pity = a ?+ :i* we h lov$ 7z %[n 9 ,,iii4 xxi471 b also = a ?+ :i* we h hi!rto reg>d$ )\t emotion1 provid$ t we deem t x resembles ourselves 7z ,i w %[ pres5tly74 ,?us1 we be/[ approval on "o :o has b5efit$ any?+ resembl+ ourselves1 &1 contr>iwise1 are indignant ) him :o has done x an injury4 ,,prop4 ,,xxiii4 ,he :o conceives1 t an object ( 8 hatr$ is pa9fully affect$1 w feel pleasure4 ,contr>iwise1 if he ?9ks t ! said object is pleasurably affect$1 he w feel pa94 ,ea* ( ^! emotions w be great] or less1 accord+ z its contr>y is great] or less 9 ! object ( hatr$4 ,pro(4--,9 s f> z an object ( hatr$ is pa9fully affect$1 x is de/roy$1 to an ext5t proportion$ to ! /r5g? ( ! pa9 7,,iii4 xi4 note74 ,!re=e1 he 7,,iii4 xx47 :o conceives1 t "s object ( 8 hatr$ is pa9fully affect$1 w feel pleasure1 to an ext5t proportion$ to ! am\nt ( pa9 he conceives 9 ! object ( 8 hatr$4 ,?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 pleasure po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( ! pleasurably affect$ ?+ 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 9 proportion z ! pleasure is great] or less4 ,if anyone imag9es t an object ( 8 hatr$ is pleasurably affect$1 ?is conception 7,,iii4 xiii47 w h9d] 8 own endeav\r to p]si/2 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 he :o hates w be pa9fully affect$4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is pleasure c sc>cely be felt unalloy$1 & )\t any m5tal conflict4 ,= 7z ,i am ab\t to %[ 9 ,prop4 xxvii471 9 s f> z a man conceives t some?+ simil> to himself is affect$ by pa91 he w himself be affect$ 9 l mann]2 & he w h ! contr>y emotion 9 contr>y circum/ances4 ,b "h we are reg>d+ hatr$ only4 ,,prop4 ,,xxiv4 ,if we conceive t anyone pleasurably affects an object ( our hate1 we %all feel hatr$ t[>ds him also4 ,if we conceive t he pa9fully affects t said object1 we %all feel love t[>ds him4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is prov$ 9 ! same way z ,,iii4 xxii41 :i* see4 ,note4--,^! & simil> emotions ( hatr$ are attributable to envy1 :i*1 accord+ly1 is no?+ else b hatr$1 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ z dispos+ a man to rejoice 9 ano!r's hurt1 & to grieve at ano!r's advantage4 ,,prop4 ,,xxv4 ,we endeav\r to affirm1 conc]n+ ourselves1 & conc]n+ :at we love1 ev]y?+ t we c conceive to affect pleasurably ourselves1 or ! lov$ object4 ,contr>iwise1 we endeav\r to negative ev]y?+1 :i* we conceive to affect pa9fully ourselves or ! lov$ object4 ,pro(4--,t1 :i* we conceive to affect an object ( our love pleasurably or pa9fully1 affects u also pleasurably or pa9fully 7,,iii4 xxi474 ,b ! m9d 7,,iii4 xii47 endeav\rs1 z f> z possible1 to conceive ^? ?+s :i* affect u pleasurably2 9 o!r words 7,,ii4 xvii4 & ,coroll471 x endeav\rs to reg>d !m z pres5t4 ,&1 contr>iwise 7,,iii4 xiii471 x endeav\rs to exclude ! exi/5ce ( su* ?+s z affect u pa9fully2 !re=e1 we endeav\r to affirm conc]n+ ourselves1 & conc]n+ ! lov$ object1 :atev] we conceive to affect ourselves1 or ! love object pleasurably4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxvi4 ,we endeav\r to affirm1 conc]n+ t :i* we hate1 ev]y?+ :i* we conceive to affect x pa9fully2 &1 contr>iwise1 we endeav\r to d5y1 conc]n+ x1 ev]y?+ :i* we conceive to affect x pleasurably4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition foll[s f ,,iii4 xxiii41 z ! =ego+ proposition foll[$ f ,,iii4 xxi4 ,note4--,?us we see t x may readily happ51 t a man may easily ?9k too highly ( himself1 or a lov$ object1 &1 contr>iwise1 too meanly ( a hat$ object4 ,?is feel+ is call$ pride1 9 ref]5ce to ! man :o ?9ks too highly ( himself1 & is a species ( madness1 :]e9 a man dreams ) 8 eyes op51 ?9k+ t he c accompli% all ?+s t fall )9 ! scope ( 8 conception1 & !reupon acc\nt+ !m real1 & exult+ 9 !m1 s long z he is unable to conceive any?+ :i* excludes _! exi/5ce1 & det]m9es 8 own p[] ( action4 ,pride1 !re=e1 is pleasure spr++ f a man ?9k+ too highly ( himself4 ,aga91 ! pleasure :i* arises f a man ?9k+ too highly ( ano!r is call$ ov]--e/eem4 ,:]eas ! pleasure :i* arises f ?9k+ too little ( a man is call$ disda94 ,,prop4 ,,xxvii4 ,by ! v fact t we conceive a ?+1 :i* is l ourselves1 & :i* we h n reg>d$ ) any emotion1 to be affect$ ) any emotion1 we are ourselves affect$ ) a l emotion 7affectus74 ,pro(4--,! images ( ?+s are modifications ( ! human body1 :]e( ! ideas repres5t ext]nal bodies z pres5t to u 7,,ii4 xvii472 9 o!r words 7,,ii4 x471 :]e( ! ideas involve ! nature ( our body1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! nature ( ! ext]nal bodies z pres5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! nature ( ! ext]nal body be simil> to ! nature ( our body1 !n ! idea :i* we =m ( ! ext]nal body w involve a modification ( our own body simil> to ! modification ( ! ext]nal body4 ,consequ5tly1 if we conceive anyone simil> to ourselves z affect$ by any emotion1 ?is conception w express a modification ( our body simil> to t emotion4 ,?us1 f ! fact ( conceiv+ a ?+ l ourselves to be affect$ ) any emotion1 we are ourselves affect$ ) a l emotion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we hate ! said ?+ l ourselves1 we %all1 to t ext5t1 be affect$ by a contr>y1 & n simil>1 emotion4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note ,i4--,?is imitation ( emotions1 :5 x is ref]r$ to pa91 is call$ compassion 7cf4 ,,iii4 xxii4 note72 :5 x is ref]r$ to desire1 x is call$ emulation1 :i* is no?+ else b ! desire ( any?+1 eng5d]$ 9 u by ! fact t we conceive t o!rs h ! l desire4 ,coroll>y ,i4--,if we conceive t anyone1 :om we h hi!rto reg>d$ ) no emotion1 pleasurably affects some?+ simil> to ourselves1 we %all be affect$ ) love t[>ds him4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we conceive t he pa9fully affects ! same1 we %all be affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds him4 ,pro(4--,?is is prov$ f ! la/ proposition 9 ! same mann] z ,,iii4 xxii4 is prov$ f ,,iii4 xxi4 ,coroll>y ,,ii4--,we _c hate a ?+ :i* we pity1 because its mis]y affects u pa9fully4 ,pro(4--,if we c\ld hate x = ?is reason1 we %\ld rejoice 9 its pa91 :i* is contr>y to ! hypo!sis4 ,coroll>y ,,iii4--,we seek to free f mis]y1 z f> z we c1 a ?+ :i* we pity4 ,pro(4--,t1 :i* pa9fully affects ! object ( our pity1 affects u also ) simil> pa9 7by ! =ego+ proposition72 !re=e1 we %all endeav\r to recall ev]y?+ :i* removes its exi/5ce1 or :i* de/roys x 7cf4 ,,iii4 xiii472 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 ix4 note71 we %all desire to de/roy x1 or we %all be det]m9$ = its de/ruction2 ?us1 we %all endeav\r to free f mis]y a ?+ :i* we pity4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note ,,ii4--,?is w or appetite = do+ good1 :i* arises f pity ( ! ?+ :]eon we w\ld conf] a b5efit1 is call$ b5evol5ce1 & is no?+ else b desire aris+ f compassion4 ,conc]n+ love or hate t[>ds him :o has done good or h>m to some?+1 :i* we conceive to be l ourselves1 see ,,iii4 xxii4 note4 ,,prop4 ,,xxviii4 ,we endeav\r to br+ ab\t :atsoev] we conceive to conduce to pleasure2 b we endeav\r to remove or de/roy :atsoev] we conceive to be truly repugnant !reto1 or to conduce to pa94 ,pro(4--,we endeav\r1 z f> z possible1 to conceive t :i* we imag9e to conduce to pleasure 7,,iii4 xii472 9 o!r words 7,,ii4 xvii47 we %all endeav\r to conceive x z f> z possible z pres5t or actually exi/+4 ,b ! endeav\r ( ! m9d1 or ! m9d's p[] ( ?\ght1 is equal to1 & simultane\s )1 ! endeav\r ( ! body1 or ! body's p[] ( action4 7,?is is cle> f ,,ii4 vii4 ,coroll4 & ,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll474 ,!re=e we make an absolute endeav\r = its exi/5ce1 9 o!r words 7:i* by ,,iii4 ix4 note1 come to ! same ?+7 we desire & /rive = x2 ?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 if we conceive t some?+1 :i* we believ$ to be ! cause ( pa91 t is 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 :i* we hate1 is de/roy$1 we %all rejoice 7,,iii4 xx474 ,we %all1 !re=e 7by ! fir/ "p ( ?is pro(71 endeav\r to de/roy ! same1 or 7,,iii4 xiii47 to remove x f u1 s t we may n reg>d x z pres5t2 ?is 0 our second po9t4 ,:]e=e :atsoev] conduces to pleasure1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxix4 ,we %all also endeav\r to d :atsoev] we conceive m5#f to reg>d ) pleasure1 & contr>iwise we %all %r9k f do+ t :i* we conceive m5 to %r9k f4 #f ,by m5 9 ?is & ! foll[+ propositions1 ,i mean m5 :om we reg>d )\t any p>ticul> emotion4 ,pro(4--,f ! fact ( imag9+1 t m5 love or hate any?+1 we %all love or hate ! same ?+ 7,,iii4 xxvii474 ,t is 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 f ?is m]e fact we %all feel pleasure or pa9 at ! ?+'s pres5ce4 ,& s we %all endeav\r to d :atsoev] we conceive m5 to love or reg>d ) pleasure1 etc4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is endeav\r to d a ?+ or leave x undone1 solely 9 ord] to please m51 we call ambition1 especially :5 we s eag]ly endeav\r to please ! vulg>1 t we d or omit c]ta9 ?+s to our own or ano!r's hurt3 9 o!r cases x is g5]ally call$ k9dl9ess4 ,fur!rmore ,i give ! "n ( praise to ! pleasure1 ) :i* we conceive ! action ( ano!r1 :]eby he has endeav\r$ to please u2 b ( blame to ! pa9 :]e) we feel av]sion to 8 action4 ,,prop4 ,,xxx4 ,if anyone has done some?+ :i* he conceives z affect+ o!r m5 pleasurably1 he w be affect$ by pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( himself z cause2 9 o!r words1 he w reg>d himself ) pleasure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he has done any?+ :i* he conceives z affect+ o!rs pa9fully1 he w reg>d himself ) pa94 ,pro(4--,he :o conceives1 t he affects o!rs ) pleasure or pa91 w1 by t v fact1 himself be affect$ ) pleasure or pa9 7,,iii4 xxvii471 b1 z a man 7,,ii4 xix4 & xxiii47 is consci\s ( himself ?r\gh ! modifications :]eby he is det]m9$ to action1 x foll[s t he :o conceives1 t he affects o!rs pleasurably1 w be affect$ ) pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( himself z cause2 9 o!r words1 he w reg>d himself ) pleasure4 ,& s mutatis mut&is 9 ! case ( pa94 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,z love 7,,iii4 xiii47 is pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause1 & hatr$ is pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause2 ! pleasure & pa9 9 "q w be a species ( love & hatr$4 ,b1 z ! t]ms love & hatr$ are us$ 9 ref]5ce to ext]nal objects1 we w employ o!r names = ! emotions n[ "u discussion3 pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause#g we w /yle ,hon\r1 & ! emotion contr>y !reto we w /yle ,%ame3 ,i mean 9 su* cases z :]e pleasure or pa9 arises f a man's belief1 t he is be+ prais$ or blam$3 o!rwise pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause#h is call$ self--complac5cy1 & its contr>y pa9 is call$ rep5tance4 ,aga91 z x may happ5 7,,ii4 xvii4 ,coroll47 t ! pleasure1 :]e) a man conceives t he affects o!rs1 may exi/ solely 9 8 own imag9ation1 & z 7,,iii4 xxv47 ev]yone endeav\rs to conceive conc]n+ himself t :i* he conceives w affect him ) pleasure1 x may easily come to pass t a va9 man may be pr\d & may imag9e t he is pleas+ to all1 :5 9 reality he may be an annoyance to all4 #g ,s ,van ,vlot5 & ,brud]4 ,! ,dut* v]sion & ,cam]] read1 an int]nal cause4 ,honor ,gloria4 #h ,see previ\s endnote4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxi4 ,if we conceive t anyone loves1 desires1 or hates any?+ :i* we ourselves love1 desire1 or hate1 we %all !reupon reg>d ! ?+ 9 "q ) m /eadfa/ love1 c4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we ?9k t anyone %r9ks f some?+ t we love1 we %all und]go vacillations ( s\l4 ,pro(4--,f ! m]e fact ( conceiv+ t anyone loves any?+ we %all ourselves love t ?+ 7,,iii4 xxvii473 b we are assum$ to love x already2 !re is1 !re=e1 a new cause ( love1 :]eby our =m] emotion is fo/]$2 h5ce we %all !reupon love x m /eadfa/ly4 ,aga91 f ! m]e fact ( conceiv+ t anyone %r9ks f any?+1 we %all ourselves %r9k f t ?+ 7,,iii4 xxvii474 ,if we assume t we at ! same "t love x1 we %all !n simultane\sly love x & %r9k f x2 9 o!r words1 we %all be subject to vacillation 7,,iii4 xvii4 note74 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,f ! =ego+1 & also f ,,iii4 xxviii4 x foll[s t ev]yone endeav\rs1 z f> z possible1 to cause o!rs to love :at he himself loves1 & to hate :at he himself hates3 z ! poet says3 ,z lov]s let u %>e e hope & e fe>3 ironhe>t$ 7 he :o %\ld love :at ! o!r leaves4#i #i ,ovid1 ,amores1 ,,ii4 xix4 #d1e4 ,sp9oza transposes ! v]ses4 ,sp]emus p>it]1 p>it] metuamus amantes2 ,f]reus e/1 si quis1 quod s9it alt]1 amat4 ,note4--,?is endeav\r to br+ x ab\t1 t our own likes & dislikes %\ld meet ) univ]sal approval1 is really ambition 7see ,,iii4 xxix4 note72 :]e=e we see t ev]yone by nature desires 7appet]e71 t ! re/ ( mank9d %\ld live accord+ to 8 own individual disposition3 :5 su* a desire is equally pres5t 9 all1 ev]yone /&s 9 ev]yone else's way1 & 9 wi%+ to be lov$ or prais$ by all1 all become mutually hateful4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxii4 ,if we conceive t anyone takes delight 9 some?+1 :i* only "o p]son c possess1 we %all endeav\r to br+ x ab\t t ! man 9 "q %all n ga9 possession !re(4 ,pro(4--,f ! m]e fact ( our conceiv+ t ano!r p]son takes delight 9 a ?+ 7,,iii4 xxvii4 & ,coroll47 we %all ourselves love t ?+ & desire to take delight !re94 ,b we assum$ t ! pleasure 9 "q w\ld be prev5t$ by ano!r's delight 9 its object2 we %all1 !re=e1 endeav\r to prev5t 8 possession !re( 7,,iii4 xxviii474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,we ?us see t man's nature is g5]ally s con/itut$1 t he takes pity on ^? :o f>e ill1 & envies ^? :o f>e well ) an am\nt ( hatr$ proportion$ to 8 own love = ! goods 9 _! possession4 ,fur!r1 we see t f ! same prop]ty ( human nature1 :5ce x foll[s t m5 are m]ciful1 x foll[s also t !y are envi\s & ambiti\s4 ,la/ly1 if we make appeal to ,exp]i5ce1 we %all f9d t %e entirely confirms :at we h said2 m especially if we turn our att5tion to ! fir/ ye>s ( our life4 ,we f9d t *ildr51 ^: body is cont9ually1 z x 71 9 equilibrium1 laugh or cry simply because !y see o!rs laugh+ or cry+2 moreov]1 !y desire =?) to imitate :atev] !y see o!rs do+1 & to possess !mselves ( :atev] !y conceive z delight+ o!rs3 inasmu* z ! images ( ?+s are1 z we h said1 modifications ( ! human body1 or modes :]e9 ! human body is affect$ & dispos$ by ext]nal causes to act 9 ?is or t mann]4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxiii4 ,:5 we love a ?+ simil> to ourselves we endeav\r1 z f> z we c1 to br+ ab\t t x %\ld love u 9 return4 ,pro(4--,t :i* we love we endeav\r1 z f> z we c1 to conceive 9 pref]5ce to any?+ else 7,,iii4 xii474 ,if ! ?+ be simil> to ourselves1 we %all endeav\r to affect x pleasurably 9 pref]5ce to any?+ else 7,,iii4 xxix474 ,9 o!r words1 we %all endeav\r1 z f> z we c1 to br+ x ab\t1 t ! ?+ %\ld be affect$ ) pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( ourselves1 t is 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 t x %\ld love u 9 return4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxiv4 ,! great] ! emotion ) :i* we conceive a lov$ object to be affect$ t[>ds u1 ! great] w be our complac5cy4 ,pro(4--,we endeav\r 7,,iii4 xxxiii471 z f> z we c1 to br+ ab\t1 t :at we love %\ld love u 9 return3 9 o!r words1 t :at we love %\ld be affect$ ) pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( ourself z cause4 ,!re=e1 9 proportion z ! lov$ object is m pleasurably affect$ because ( u1 our endeav\r w be assi/$4--t is 7,,iii4 xi4 & note7 ! great] w be our pleasure4 ,b :5 we take pleasure 9 ! fact1 t we pleasurably affect some?+ simil> to ourselves1 we reg>d ourselves ) pleasure 7,,iii4 #cj72 !re=e ! great] ! emotion ) :i* we conceive a lov$ object to be affect$1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxv4 ,if anyone conceives1 t an object ( 8 love jo9s itself to ano!r ) clos] bonds ( fri5d%ip ?an he himself has atta9$ to1 he w be affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds ! lov$ object & ) envy t[>ds 8 rival4 ,pro(4--,9 proportion z a man ?9ks1 t a lov$ object is well affect$ t[>ds him1 w be ! /r5g? ( 8 self--approval 7by ! la/ ,prop471 t is 7,,iii4 xxx4 note71 ( 8 pleasure2 he w1 !re=e 7,,iii4 xxviii471 endeav\r1 z f> z he c1 to imag9e ! lov$ object z mo/ closely b\nd to him3 ?is endeav\r or desire w be increas$1 if he ?9ks t someone else has a simil> desire 7,,iii4 xxxi474 ,b ?is endeav\r or desire is assum$ to be *eck$ by ! image ( ! lov$ object 9 conjunction ) ! image ( him :om ! lov$ object has jo9$ to itself2 !re=e 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 he w = t reason be affect$ ) pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! lov$ object z a cause 9 conjunction ) ! image ( 8 rival2 t is1 he w be 7,,iii4 xiii47 affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds ! lov$ object & also t[>ds 8 rival 7,,iii4 xv4 ,coroll471 :i* latt] he w envy z enjoy+ ! belov$ object4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is hatr$ t[>ds an object ( love jo9$ ) envy is call$ ,jeal\sy1 :i* accord+ly is no?+ else b a wav]+ ( ! disposition aris+ f comb9$ love & hatr$1 accompani$ by ! idea ( "s rival :o is envi$4 ,fur!r1 ?is hatr$ t[>ds ! object ( love w be great]1 9 proportion to ! pleasure :i* ! jeal\s man _h be5 wont to d]ive f ! reciprocat$ love ( ! said object2 & also 9 proportion to ! feel+s he _h previ\sly ent]ta9$ t[>ds 8 rival4 ,if he _h hat$ him1 he w =?) hate ! object ( 8 love1 because he conceives x is pleasurably affect$ by "o :om he himself hates3 & also because he is compell$ to associate ! image ( 8 lov$ "o ) ! image ( him :om he hates4 ,?is condition g5]ally comes into play 9 ! case ( love = a woman3 = he :o ?9ks1 t a woman :om he loves pro/itutes h]self to ano!r1 w feel pa91 n only because 8 own desire is re/ra9$1 b also because1 be+ compell$ to associate ! image ( h] he loves ) ! p>ts ( %ame & ! excreta ( ano!r1 he !re=e %r9ks f h]4 ,we mu/ add1 t a jeal\s man is n greet$ by 8 belov$ ) ! same joyful c\nt5ance z be=e1 & ?is also gives him pa9 z a lov]1 z ,i w n[ %[4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxvi4 ,he :o rememb]s a ?+1 9 :i* he has once tak5 delight1 desires to possess x "u ! same circum/ances z :5 he fir/ took delight !re94 ,pro(4--,ev]y?+1 :i* a man has se5 9 conjunction ) ! object ( 8 love1 w be to him accid5tally a cause ( pleasure 7,,iii4 xv472 he w1 !re=e1 desire to possess x1 9 conjunction ) t :]e9 he has tak5 delight2 9 o!r words1 he w desire to possess ! object ( 8 love "u ! same circum/ances z :5 he fir/ took delight !re94 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,a lov] w1 !re=e1 feel pa9 if "o ( ! a=esaid att5dant circum/ances be miss+4 ,pro(4--,=1 9 s f> z he f9ds "s circum/ance to be miss+1 he conceives some?+ :i* excludes its exi/5ce4 ,z he is assum$ to be desir\s = love's sake ( t ?+ or circum/ance 7by ! la/ ,prop471 he w1 9 s f> z he conceives x to be miss+1 feel pa9 7,,iii4 xix474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is pa91 9 s f> z x has ref]5ce to ! abs5ce ( ! object ( love1 is call$ ,regret4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxvii4 ,desire aris+ ?r\gh pa9 or pleasure1 hatr$ or love1 is great] 9 proportion z ! emotion is great]4 ,pro(4--,pa9 dim9i%es or con/ra9s a man's p[] ( activity 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 vii471 dim9i%es or con/ra9s ! ef=t1 :]e) he endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 8 own be+2 !re=e 7,,iii4 v47 x is contr>y to ! said endeav\r3 ?us all ! endeav\rs ( a man affect$ by pa9 are direct$ to remov+ t pa94 ,b 7by ! def9ition ( pa971 9 proportion z ! pa9 is great]1 s also is x necess>ily oppos$ to a great] "p ( man's p[] ( activity2 !re=e ! great] ! pa91 ! great] ! p[] ( activity employ$ to remove x2 t is1 ! great] w be ! desire or appetite 9 endeav\r+ to remove x4 ,aga91 s9ce pleasure 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 increases or aids a man's p[] ( activity1 x may easily be %[n 9 l mann]1 t a man affect$ by pleasure has no desire fur!r ?an to pres]ve x1 & 8 desire w be 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( ! pleasure4 ,la/ly1 s9ce hatr$ & love are !mselves emotions ( pa9 & pleasure1 x foll[s 9 l mann] t ! endeav\r1 appetite1 or desire1 :i* arises ?r\gh hatr$ or love1 w be great] 9 proportion to ! hatr$ or love4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxviii4 ,if a man has begun to hate an object ( 8 love1 s t love is ?or\ghly de/roy$1 he w1 causes be+ equal1 reg>d x ) m hatr$ ?an if he _h nev] lov$ x1 & 8 hatr$ w be 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( 8 =m] love4 ,pro(4--,if a man beg9s to hate t :i* he _h lov$1 m ( 8 appetites are put "u re/ra9t ?an if he _h nev] lov$ x4 ,= love is a pleasure 7,,iii4 xiii4 note7 :i* a man endeav\rs z f> z he c to r5d] p]man5t 7,,iii4 xxviii472 he does s by reg>d+ ! object ( 8 love z pres5t1 & by affect+ x z f> z he c pleasurably2 ?is endeav\r is great] 9 proportion z ! love is great]1 & s also is ! endeav\r to br+ ab\t t ! belov$ %\ld return 8 affection 7,,iii4 xxxiii474 ,n[ ^! endeav\rs are con/ra9$ by hatr$ t[>ds ! object ( love 7,,iii4 xiii4 ,coroll4 & ,,iii4 xxiii472 :]e=e ! lov] 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 w = ?is cause also be affect$ ) pa91 ! m s 9 proportion z 8 love has be5 great]2 t is1 9 addition to ! pa9 caus$ by hatr$1 !re is a pa9 caus$ by ! fact t he has lov$ ! object2 :]e=e ! lov] w reg>d ! belov$ ) great] pa91 or 9 o!r words1 w hate x m ?an if he _h nev] lov$ x1 & ) ! m int5sity 9 proportion z 8 =m] love 0 great]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxix4 ,he :o hates anyone w endeav\r to d him an injury1 unless he fe>s t a great] injury w !reby accrue to himself2 on ! o!r h&1 he :o loves anyone w1 by ! same law1 seek to b5efit him4 ,pro(4--,to hate a man is 7,,iii4 xiii4 note7 to conceive him z a cause ( pa92 !re=e he :o hates a man w endeav\r to remove or de/roy him4 ,b if any?+ m pa9ful1 or1 9 o!r words1 a great] evil1 %\ld accrue to ! hat] !reby--& if ! hat] ?9ks he c avoid su* evil by n c>ry+ out ! injury1 :i* he plann$ aga9/ ! object ( 8 hate--he w desire to ab/a9 f inflict+ t injury 7,,iii4 xxviii471 & ! /r5g? ( 8 endeav\r 7,,iii4 xxxvii47 w be great] ?an 8 =m] endeav\r to d injury1 & w !re=e prevail ov] x1 z we ass]t$4 ,! second "p ( ?is pro( proce$s 9 ! same mann]4 ,:]e=e he :o hates ano!r1 etc4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,by good ,i "h mean e k9d ( pleasure1 & all t conduces !reto1 especially t :i* satisfies our long+s1 :atsoev] !y may be4 ,by evil1 ,i mean e k9d ( pa91 especially t :i* fru/rates our long+s4 ,= ,i h %[n 7,,iii4 ix4 note7 t we 9 no case desire a ?+ because we deem x good1 b1 contr>iwise1 we deem a ?+ good because we desire x3 consequ5tly we deem evil t :i* we %r9k f2 ev]yone1 !re=e1 accord+ to 8 p>ticul> emotions1 judges or e/imates :at is good1 :at is bad1 :at is bett]1 :at is worse1 la/ly1 :at is be/1 & :at is wor/4 ,?us a mis] ?9ks t abundance ( money is ! be/1 & want ( money ! wor/2 an ambiti\s man desires no?+ s mu* z glory1 & fe>s no?+ s mu* z %ame4 ,to an envi\s man no?+ is m delightful ?an ano!r's mis=tune1 & no?+ m pa9ful ?an ano!r's success4 ,s e man1 accord+ to 8 emotions1 judges a ?+ to be good or bad1 useful or useless4 ,! emotion1 :i* induces a man to turn f t :i* he wi%es1 or to wi% = t :i* he turns f1 is call$ timidity1 :i* may accord+ly be def9$ z ! fe> :]eby a man is induc$ to avoid an evil :i* he reg>ds z future by enc\nt]+ a less] evil 7,,iii4 xxviii474 ,b if ! evil :i* he fe>s be %ame1 timidity becomes ba%fulness4 ,la/ly1 if ! desire to avoid a future evil be *eck$ by ! fe> ( ano!r evil1 s t ! man kn[s n :i* to *oose1 fe> becomes con/]nation1 especially if bo? ! evils fe>$ be v great4 ,,prop4 ,,xl4 ,he1 :o conceives himself to be hat$ by ano!r1 & believes t he has giv5 him no cause = hatr$1 w hate t o!r 9 return4 ,pro(4--,he :o conceives ano!r z affect$ ) hatr$1 w !reupon be affect$ himself ) hatr$ 7,,iii4 xxvii471 t is1 ) pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,b1 by ! hypo!sis1 he conceives no cause = ?is pa9 except him :o is 8 enemy2 !re=e1 f conceiv+ t he is hat$ by "s "o1 he w be affect$ ) pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( 8 enemy2 9 o!r words1 he w hate 8 enemy 9 return4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,he :o ?9ks t he has giv5 j cause = hatr$ w 7,,iii4 xxx4 & note7 be affect$ ) %ame2 b ?is case 7,,iii4 xxv47 r>ely happ5s4 ,?is reciprocation ( hatr$ may also arise f ! hatr$1 :i* foll[s an endeav\r to injure ! object ( our hate 7,,iii4 xxxix474 ,he !re=e :o conceives t he is hat$ by ano!r w conceive 8 enemy z ! cause ( "s evil or pa92 ?us he w be affect$ ) pa9 or fe>1 accompani$ by ! idea ( 8 enemy z cause2 9 o!r words1 he w be affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds 8 enemy1 z ,i said above4 ,coroll>y ,i4--,he :o conceives1 t "o :om he loves hates him1 w be a prey to conflict+ hatr$ & love4 ,=1 9 s f> z he conceives t he is an object ( hatr$1 he is det]m9$ to hate 8 enemy 9 return4 ,b1 by ! hypo!sis1 he nev]!less loves him3 :]e=e he w be a prey to conflict+ hatr$ & love4 ,coroll>y ,,ii4--,if a man conceives t "o1 :om he has hi!rto reg>d$ )\t emotion1 has done him any injury f motives ( hatr$1 he w =?) seek to repay ! injury 9 k9d4 ,pro(4--,he :o conceives1 t ano!r hates him1 w 7by ! la/ proposition7 hate 8 enemy 9 return1 & 7,,iii4 xxvi47 w endeav\r to recall ev]y?+ :i* c affect him pa9fully2 he w moreov] endeav\r to d him an injury 7,,iii4 xxxix474 ,n[ ! fir/ ?+ ( ?is sort :i* he conceives is ! injury done to himself2 he w1 !re=e1 =?) endeav\r to repay x 9 k9d4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,! endeav\r to injure "o :om we hate is call$ ,ang]2 ! endeav\r to repay 9 k9d injury done to ourselves is call$ ,rev5ge4 ,,prop4 ,,xli4 ,if anyone conceives t he is lov$ by ano!r1 & believes t he has giv5 no cause = su* love1 he w love t o!r 9 return4 7,cf4 ,,iii4 xv4 ,coroll41 & ,,iii4 xvi47 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is prov$ 9 ! same way z ! prec$+ "o4 ,see also ! note app5d$ !reto4 ,note4--,if he believes t he has giv5 j cause = ! love1 he w take pride !re9 7,,iii4 xxx4 & note72 ?is is :at mo/ (t5 happ5s 7,,iii4 xxv471 & we said t its contr>y took place :5ev] a man conceives himself to be hat$ by ano!r4 7,see note to prec$+ proposition47 ,?is reciprocal love1 & consequ5tly ! desire ( b5efit+ him :o loves u 7,,iii4 xxxix471 & :o endeav\rs to b5efit u1 is call$ gratitude or ?ankfulness4 ,x ?us appe>s t m5 are mu* m prone to take v5geance ?an to return b5efits4 ,coroll>y4--,he :o imag9es t he is lov$ by "o :om he hates1 w be a prey to conflict+ hatr$ & love4 ,?is is prov$ 9 ! same way z ! fir/ coroll>y ( ! prec$+ proposition4 ,note4--,if hatr$ be ! prevail+ emotion1 he w endeav\r to injure him :o loves him2 ?is emotion is call$ cruelty1 especially if ! victim be believ$ to h giv5 no ord9>y cause = hatr$4 ,,prop4 ,,xlii4 ,he :o has conf]r$ a b5efit on anyone f motives ( love or hon\r w feel pa91 if he sees t ! b5efit is receiv$ )\t gratitude4 ,pro(4--,:5 a man loves some?+ simil> to himself1 he endeav\rs1 z f> z he c1 to br+ x ab\t t he %\ld be lov$ !reby 9 return 7,,iii4 xxxiii474 ,!re=e he :o has conf]r$ a b5efit conf]s x 9 ob$i5ce to ! desire1 :i* he feels ( be+ lov$ 9 return2 t is 7,,iii4 xxxiv47 f ! hope ( hon\r or 7,,iii4 xxx4 note7 pleasure2 h5ce he w endeav\r1 z f> z he c1 to conceive ?is cause ( hon\r1 or to reg>d x z actually exi/+4 ,b1 by ! hypo!sis1 he conceives some?+ else1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! said cause ( hon\r3 :]e=e he w !reat feel pa9 7,,iii4 xix474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xliii4 ,hatr$ is increas$ by be+ reciprocat$1 & c on ! o!r h& be de/roy$ by love4 ,pro(4--,he :o conceives1 t an object ( 8 hatr$ hates him 9 return1 w !reupon feel a new hatr$1 :ile ! =m] hatr$ 7by hypo!sis7 /ill rema9s 7,,iii4 xl474 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 he conceives t ! object ( hate loves him1 he w to ?is ext5t 7,,iii4 xxxviii47 reg>d himself ) pleasure1 & 7,,iii4 xxix47 w endeav\r to please ! cause ( 8 emotion4 ,9 o!r words1 he w endeav\r n to hate him 7,,iii4 xli471 & n to affect him pa9fully2 ?is endeav\r 7,,iii4 xxxvii47 w be great] or less 9 proportion to ! emotion f :i* x arises4 ,!re=e1 if x be great] ?an t :i* arises f hatr$1 & ?r\gh :i* ! man endeav\rs to affect pa9fully ! ?+ :i* he hates1 x w get ! bett] ( x & bani% ! hatr$ f 8 m9d4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xliv4 ,hatr$ :i* is completely vanqui%$ by love passes into love3 & love is !reupon great] ?an if hatr$ _h n prec$$ x4 ,pro(4--,! pro( proce$s 9 ! same way z ,prop4 xxxviii4 ( ?is ,"p3 = he :o beg9s to love a ?+1 :i* he 0 wont to hate or reg>d ) pa91 f ! v fact ( lov+ feels pleasure4 ,to ?is pleasure involv$ 9 love is add$ ! pleasure aris+ f aid giv5 to ! endeav\r to remove ! pa9 involv$ 9 hatr$ 7,,iii4 xxxvii471 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! =m] object ( hatr$ z cause4 ,note4--,?\gh ?is be s1 no "o w endeav\r to hate any?+1 or to be affect$ ) pa91 = ! sake ( enjoy+ ?is great] pleasure2 t is1 no "o w desire t he %\ld be injur$1 9 ! hope ( recov]+ f ! injury1 nor long to be ill = ! sake ( gett+ well4 ,= ev]yone w always endeav\r to p]si/ 9 8 be+1 & to w>d (f pa9 z f> z he c4 ,if ! contr>y is conceivable1 namely1 t a man %\ld desire to hate someone1 9 ord] t he might love him ! m !reaft]1 he w always desire to hate him4 ,= ! /r5g? ( love is 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! hatr$1 :]e=e ! man w\ld desire1 t ! hatr$ be cont9ually increas$ m & m1 &1 = a simil> reason1 he w\ld desire to become m & m ill1 9 ord] t he might take a great] pleasure 9 be+ re/or$ to heal?3 9 su* a case he w\ld always endeav\r to be ill1 :i* 7,,iii4 vi47 is absurd4 ,,prop4 ,,xlv4 ,if a man conceives1 t anyone simil> to himself hates any?+ also simil> to himself1 :i* he loves1 he w hate t p]son4 ,pro(4--,! belov$ object feels reciprocal hatr$ t[>ds him :o hates x 7,,iii4 xl472 !re=e ! lov]1 9 conceiv+ t anyone hates ! belov$ object1 conceives ! belov$ ?+ z affect$ by hatr$1 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xiii471 by pa92 consequ5tly he is himself affect$ by pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! hat] ( ! belov$ ?+ z cause2 t is1 he w hate him :o hates any?+ :i* he himself loves 7,,iii4 xiii4 note74 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xlvi4 ,if a man has be5 affect$ pleasurably or pa9fully by anyone1 ( a class or nation diff]5t f 8 own1 & if ! pleasure or pa9 has be5 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! said /rang] z cause1 "u ! g5]al category ( ! class or nation3 ! man w feel love or hatr$1 n only to ! individual /rang]1 b also to ! :ole class or nation :]eto he belongs4 ,pro(4--,?is is evid5t f ,,iii4 xvi4 ,,prop4 ,,xlvii4 ,joy aris+ f ! fact1 t any?+ we hate is de/roy$1 or suff]s o!r injury1 is nev] unaccompani$ by a c]ta9 pa9 9 u4 ,pro(4--,?is is evid5t f ,,iii4 xxvii4 ,= 9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ simil> to ourselves to be affect$ ) pa91 we ourselves feel pa94 ,note4--,?is proposition c also be prov$ f ! ,coroll>y to ,,ii4 xvii4 ,:5ev] we rememb] any?+1 ev5 if x does n actually exi/1 we reg>d x only z pres5t1 & ! body is affect$ 9 ! same mann]2 :]e=e1 9 s f> z ! remembrance ( ! ?+ is /rong1 a man is det]m9$ to reg>d x ) pa92 ?is det]m9ation1 :ile ! image ( ! ?+ 9 "q la/s1 is inde$ *eck$ by ! remembrance ( o!r ?+s exclud+ ! exi/5ce ( ! a=esaid ?+1 b is n de/roy$3 h5ce1 a man only feels pleasure 9 s f> z ! said det]m9ation is *eck$3 = ?is reason ! joy aris+ f ! injury done to :at we hate is repeat$1 e "t we rememb] t object ( hatr$4 ,=1 z we h said1 :5 ! image ( ! ?+ 9 "q1 is ar\s$1 inasmu* z x involves ! ?+'s exi/5ce1 x det]m9es ! man to reg>d ! ?+ ) ! same pa9 z he 0 wont to d1 :5 x actually did exi/4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce he has jo9$ to ! image ( ! ?+ o!r images1 :i* exclude its exi/5ce1 ?is det]m9ation to pa9 is =?) *eck$1 & ! man rejoices afre% z (t5 z ! repetition takes place4 ,?is is ! cause ( m5's pleasure 9 recall+ pa/ evils1 & delight 9 n>rat+ dang]s f :i* !y h escap$4 ,= :5 m5 conceive a dang]1 !y conceive x z /ill future1 & are det]m9$ to fe> x2 ?is det]m9ation is *eck$ afre% by ! idea ( fre$om1 :i* became associat$ ) ! idea ( ! dang] :5 !y escap$ !refrom3 ?is r5d]s !m secure afre%3 !re=e !y rejoice afre%4 ,,prop4 ,,xlviii4 ,love or hatr$ t[>ds1 = in/ance1 ,pet] is de/roy$1 if ! pleasure involv$ 9 ! =m]1 or ! pa9 involv$ 9 ! latt] emotion1 be associat$ ) ! idea ( ano!r cause3 & w be dim9i%$ 9 proportion z we conceive ,pet] n to h be5 ! sole cause ( ei!r emotion4 ,pro(4--,?is ,prop4 is evid5t f ! m]e def9ition ( love & hatr$ 7,,iii4 xiii4 note74 ,= pleasure is call$ love t[>ds ,pet]1 & pa9 is call$ hatr$ t[>ds ,pet]1 simply 9 s f> z ,pet] is reg>d$ z ! cause ( "o emotion or ! o!r4 ,:5 ?is condition ( causality is ei!r :olly or p>tly remov$1 ! emotion t[>ds ,pet] also :olly or 9 "p vani%es4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xlix4 ,love or hatr$ t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we conceive to be free1 mu/1 o!r conditions be+ simil>1 be great] ?an if x 7 felt t[>ds a ?+ act+ by necessity4 ,pro(4--,a ?+ :i* we conceive z free mu/ 7,i4 ,def4 vii47 be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh itself )\t any?+ else4 ,if1 !re=e1 we conceive x z ! cause ( pleasure or pa91 we %all !re=e 7,,iii4 xiii4 note7 love x or hate x1 & %all d s ) ! utmo/ love or hatr$ t c arise f ! giv5 emotion4 ,b if ! ?+ :i* causes ! emotion be conceiv$ z act+ by necessity1 we %all !n 7by ! same ,def4 vii4 ,"p ,i47 conceive x n z ! sole cause1 b z "o ( ! causes ( ! emotion1 & !re=e our love or hatr$ t[>ds x w be less4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,h5ce x foll[s1 t m51 ?9k+ !mselves to be free1 feel m love or hatr$ t[>ds "o ano!r ?an t[>ds any?+ else3 to ?is consid]ation we mu/ add ! imitation ( emotions treat$ ( 9 ,,iii4 xxvii41 xxxiv41 xl4 & xliii4 ,,prop4 ,l4 ,any?+ :atev] c be1 accid5tally1 a cause ( hope or fe>4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is prov$ 9 ! same way z ,,iii4 xv41 :i* see1 toge!r ) ! note to ,,iii4 xviii4 ,note4--,?+s :i* are accid5tally ! causes ( hope or fe> are call$ good or evil om5s4 ,n[1 9 s f> z su* om5s are ! cause ( hope or fe>1 !y are 7by ! def9itions ( hope & fe> giv5 9 ,,iii4 xviii4 note7 ! causes also ( pleasure & pa92 consequ5tly we1 to ?is ext5t1 reg>d !m ) love or hatr$1 & endeav\r ei!r to invoke !m z means t[>ds t :i* we hope =1 or to remove !m z ob/acles1 or causes ( t :i* we fe>4 ,x foll[s1 fur!r1 f ,,iii4 xxv41 t we are naturally s con/itut$ z to believe readily 9 t :i* we hope =1 & ) difficulty 9 t :i* we fe>2 moreov]1 we are apt to e/imate su* objects above or bel[ _! true value4 ,h5ce !re h aris5 sup]/itions1 :]eby m5 are ev]y:]e assail$4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n ?9k x wor? :ile to po9t out "h ! vacillations spr++ f hope & fe>2 x foll[s f ! def9ition ( ^! emotions1 t !re c be no hope )\t fe>1 & no fe> )\t hope1 z ,i w duly expla9 9 ! prop] place4 ,fur!r1 9 s f> z we hope = or fe> any?+1 we reg>d x ) love or hatr$2 ?us ev]yone c apply by himself to hope & fe> :at we h said conc]n+ love & hatr$4 ,,prop4 ,,li4 ,diff]5t m5 may be diff]5tly affect$ by ! same object1 & ! same man may be diff]5tly affect$ at diff]5t times by ! same object4 ,pro(4--,! human body is affect$ by ext]nal bodies 9 a v>iety ( ways 7,,ii4 ,po/4 iii474 ,two m5 may !re=e be diff]5tly affect$ at ! same "t1 & !re=e 7by ,ax4 i4 aft] ,lemma iii4 aft] ,,ii4 xiii47 may be diff]5tly affect$ by "o & ! same object4 ,fur!r 7by ! same ,po/47 ! human body c be affect$ sometimes 9 "o way1 sometimes 9 ano!r2 consequ5tly 7by ! same ,axiom7 x may be diff]5tly affect$ at diff]5t times by "o & ! same object4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,we ?us see t x is possible1 t :at "o man loves ano!r may hate1 & t :at "o man fe>s ano!r may n fe>2 or1 aga91 t "o & ! same man may love :at he once hat$1 or may be bold :]e he once 0 timid1 & s on4 ,aga91 z ev]yone judges accord+ to 8 emotions :at is good1 :at bad1 :at bett]1 & :at worse 7,,iii4 xxxix4 note71 x foll[s t m5's judgm5ts may v>y no less ?an _! emotions#aj1 h5ce :5 we comp>e "s ) o!rs1 we di/+ui% !m solely by ! div]sity ( _! emotions1 & /yle "s intrepid1 o!rs timid1 o!rs by "s o!r epi!t4 ,= in/ance1 ,i %all call a man intrepid1 if he despises an evil :i* ,i am accu/om$ to fe>2 if ,i fur!r take into consid]ation1 t1 9 8 desire to injure 8 enemies & to b5efit ^? :om he loves1 he is n re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( an evil :i* is suffici5t to re/ra9 me1 ,i %all call him d>+4 ,aga91 a man w appe> timid to me1 if he fe>s an evil :i* ,i am accu/om$ to despise2 & if ,i fur!r take into consid]ation t 8 desire is re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( an evil1 :i* is n suffici5t to re/ra9 me1 ,i %all say t he is c[>dly2 & 9 l mann] w ev]yone pass judgm5t4 #aj ,?is is possible1 ?\gh ! human m9d is "p ( ! div9e intellect1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,,ii4 xiii4 note4 ,la/ly1 f ?is incon/ancy 9 ! nature ( human judgm5t1 inasmu* z a man (t5 judges ?+s solely by 8 emotions1 & inasmu* z ! ?+s :i* he believes cause pleasure or pa91 & !re=e endeav\rs to promote or prev5t1 are (t5 purely imag9>y1 n to speak ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ?+s allud$ to 9 ,,iii4 xxviii42 we may readily conceive t a man may be at "o "t affect$ ) pleasure1 & at ano!r ) pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( himself z cause4 ,?us we c easily und]/& :at are ,rep5tance & ,self--complac5cy4 ,rep5tance is pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( "o's self z cause2 ,self--complac5cy is pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( "o's self z cause1 & ^! emotions are mo/ int5se because m5 believe !mselves to be free 7,,iii4 xlix474 ,,prop4 ,,lii4 ,an object :i* we h =m]ly se5 9 conjunction ) o!rs1 & :i* we d n conceive to h any prop]ty t is n common to _m1 w n be reg>d$ by u = s long1 z an object :i* we conceive to h "s prop]ty peculi> to itself4 ,pro(4--,z soon z we conceive an object :i* we h se5 9 conjunction ) o!rs1 we at once rememb] ^? o!rs 7,,ii4 xviii4 & note71 & ?us we pass =?) f ! contemplation ( "o object to ! contemplation ( ano!r object4 ,& ?is is ! case ) ! object1 :i* we conceive to h no prop]ty t is n common to _m4 ,= we !reupon assume t we are reg>d+ !re9 no?+1 :i* we h n be=e se5 9 conjunction ) o!r objects4 ,b :5 we suppose t we conceive an object some?+ special1 :i* we h nev] se5 be=e1 we mu/ ne$s say t ! m9d1 :ile reg>d+ t object1 has 9 itself no?+ :i* x c fall to reg>d+ in/ead !re(2 !re=e x is det]m9$ to ! contemplation ( t object only4 ,!re=e an object1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is m5tal modification1 or imag9ation ( a p>ticul> ?+1 9 s f> z x is alone 9 ! m9d1 is call$ ,wond]2 b if x be excit$ by an object ( fe>1 x is call$ ,con/]nation1 because wond] at an evil keeps a man s engross$ 9 ! simple contemplation !re(1 t he has no p[] to ?9k ( any?+ else :]eby he might avoid ! evil4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! object ( wond] be a man's prud5ce1 indu/ry1 or any?+ ( t sort1 inasmu* z ! said man1 is !reby reg>d$ z f> surpass+ ourselves1 wond] is call$ ,v5]ation2 o!rwise1 if a man's ang]1 envy1 c41 be :at we wond] at1 ! emotion is call$ ,horror4 ,aga91 if x be ! prud5ce1 indu/ry1 or :at n1 ( a man we love1 t we wond] at1 our love w on ?is acc\nt be ! great] 7,,iii4 xii471 & :5 jo9$ to wond] or v5]ation is call$ ,devotion4 ,we may 9 l mann] conceive hatr$1 hope1 confid5ce1 & ! o!r emotions1 z associat$ ) wond]2 & we %\ld ?us be able to d$uce m emotions ?an ^? :i* h obta9$ names 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,:5ce x is evid5t1 t ! names ( ! emotions h be5 appli$ 9 accordance r ) _! ord9>y manife/ations ?an ) an accurate k ( _! nature4 ,to wond] is oppos$ ,contempt1 :i* g5]ally arises f ! fact t1 because we see someone wond]+ at1 lov+1 or fe>+ some?+1 or because some?+1 at fir/ sight1 appe>s to be l ?+s1 :i* we ourselves wond] at1 love1 fe>1 c41 we are1 9 consequ5ce 7,,iii4 xv4 ,coroll4 & ,,iii4 xxvii471 det]m9$ to wond] at1 love1 or fe> t ?+4 ,b if f ! pres5ce1 or m accurate contemplation ( ! said ?+1 we are compell$ to d5y conc]n+ x all t c be ! cause ( wond]1 love1 fe>1 c41 ! m9d !n1 by ! pres5ce ( ! ?+1 rema9s det]m9$ to ?9k r ( ^? qualities :i* are n 9 x1 ?an ( ^? :i* are 9 x2 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( ! object w\ld cause x m p>ticul>ly to reg>d t :i* is !re94 ,z devotion spr+s f wond] at a ?+ :i* we love1 s does ,d]ision spr+ f contempt ( a ?+ :i* we hate or fe>1 & ,scorn f contempt ( folly1 z v5]ation f wond] at prud5ce4 ,la/ly1 we c conceive ! emotions ( love1 hope1 hon\r1 c41 9 association ) contempt1 & c !nce d$uce o!r emotions1 :i* are n di/+ui%$ "o f ano!r by any recogniz$ "n4 ,,prop4 ,,liii4 ,:5 ! m9d reg>ds itself & its own p[] ( activity1 x feels pleasure3 & t pleasure is great] 9 proportion to ! di/9ctness :]e) x conceives itself & its own p[] ( activity4 ,pro(4--,a man does n "k himself except ?r\gh ! modifications ( 8 body1 & ! ideas !re( 7,,ii4 xix4 & xxiii474 ,:51 !re=e1 ! m9d is able to contemplate itself1 x is !reby assum$ to pass to a great] p]fection1 or 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 to feel pleasure2 & ! pleasure w be great] 9 proportion to ! di/9ctness1 :]e) x is able to conceive itself & its own p[] ( activity4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,?is pleasure is fo/]$ m & m1 9 proportion z a man conceives himself to be prais$ by o!rs4 ,= ! m he conceives himself z prais$ by o!rs1 ! m he w imag9e !m to be affect$ ) pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( himself 7,,iii4 xxix4 note72 ?us he is 7,,iii4 xxvii47 himself affect$ ) great] pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( himself4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,liv4 ,! m9d endeav\rs to conceive only su* ?+s z ass]t its p[] ( activity4 ,pro(4--,! endeav\r or p[] ( ! m9d is ! actual ess5ce !re( 7,,iii4 vii472 b ! ess5ce ( ! m9d obvi\sly only affirms t :i* ! m9d is & c d2 n t :i* x nei!r is nor c d2 !re=e ! m9d endeav\rs to conceive only su* ?+s z ass]t or affirm its p[] ( activity4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,lv4 ,:5 ! m9d contemplates its own weakness1 x feels pa9 !reat4 ,pro(4--,! ess5ce ( ! m9d only affirms t :i* ! m9d is1 or c d2 9 o!r words1 x is ! m9d's nature to conceive only su* ?+s z ass]t its p[] ( activity 7la/ ,prop474 ,?us1 :5 we say t ! m9d contemplates its own weakness1 we are m]ely say+ t :ile ! m9d is attempt+ to conceive some?+ :i* ass]ts its p[] ( activity1 x is *eck$ 9 its endeav\r----9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 x feels pa94 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,?is pa9 is m & m fo/]$1 if a man conceives t he is blam$ by o!rs2 ?is may be prov$ 9 ! same way z ! coroll>y to ,,iii4 liii4 ,note4--,?is pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( our own weakness1 is call$ humility2 ! pleasure1 :i* spr+s f ! contemplation ( ourselves1 is call$ self--love or self--complac5cy4 ,& inasmu* z ?is feel+ is r5ew$ z (t5 z a man contemplates 8 own virtues1 or 8 own p[] ( activity1 x foll[s t ev]yone is fond ( n>rat+ 8 own exploits1 & display+ ! =ce bo? ( 8 body & m9d1 & also t1 = ?is reason1 m5 are tr\blesome to "o ano!r4 ,aga91 x foll[s t m5 are naturally envi\s 7,,iii4 xxiv4 note1 & ,,iii4 xxxii4 note71 rejoic+ 9 ! %ortcom+s ( _! equals1 & feel+ pa9 at _! virtues4 ,= :5ev] a man conceives 8 own actions1 he is affect$ ) pleasure 7,,iii4 liii471 9 proportion z 8 actions display m p]fection1 & he conceives !m m di/9ctly--t is 7,,ii4 xl4 note71 9 proportion z he c di/+ui% !m f o!rs1 & reg>d !m z some?+ special4 ,!re=e1 a man w take mo/ pleasure 9 contemplat+ himself1 :5 he contemplates "s quality :i* he d5ies to o!rs4 ,b1 if t :i* he affirms ( himself be attributable to ! idea ( man or animals 9 g5]al1 he w n be s greatly pleas$3 he w1 on ! contr>y1 feel pa91 if he conceives t 8 own actions fall %ort :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( o!rs4 ,?is pa9 7,,iii4 xxviii47 he w endeav\r to remove1 by putt+ a wrong con/ruction on ! actions ( 8 equals1 or by1 z f> z he c1 embelli%+ 8 own4 ,x is ?us app>5t t m5 are naturally prone to hatr$ & envy1 :i* latt] is fo/]$ by _! education4 ,= p>5ts are accu/om$ to incite _! *ildr5 to virtue solely by ! spur ( hon\r & envy4 ,b1 p]haps1 "s w scruple to ass5t to :at ,i h said1 because we n seldom admire m5's virtues1 & v5]ate _! possessors4 ,9 ord] to remove su* d\bts1 ,i app5d ! foll[+ coroll>y4 ,coroll>y4--,no "o envies ! virtue ( anyone :o is n 8 equal4 ,pro(4--,envy is a species ( hatr$ 7,,iii4 xxiv4 note7 or 7,,iii4 xiii4 note7 pa91 t is 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 a modification :]eby a man's p[] ( activity1 or endeav\r t[>ds activity1 is *eck$4 ,b a man does n endeav\r or desire to d any?+1 :i* _c foll[ f 8 nature z x is giv52 !re=e a man w n desire any p[] ( activity or virtue 7:i* is ! same ?+7 to be attribut$ to him1 t is appropriate to ano!r's nature & =eign to 8 own2 h5ce 8 desire _c be *eck$1 nor he himself pa9$ by ! contemplation ( virtue 9 "s "o unlike himself1 consequ5tly he _c envy su* an "o4 ,b he c envy 8 equal1 :o is assum$ to h ! same nature z himself4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,:51 !re=e1 z we said 9 ! note to ,,iii4 lii41 we v5]ate a man1 ?r\gh wond] at 8 prud5ce1 =titude1 c41 we d s1 because we conceive ^? qualities to be peculi> to him1 & n z common to our nature2 we1 !re=e1 no m envy _! possessor1 ?an we envy trees = be+ tall1 or lions = be+ c\rage\s4 ,,prop4 ,,lvi4 ,!re are z _m k9ds ( pleasure1 ( pa91 ( desire1 & ( e emotion comp\nd$ ( ^!1 su* z vacillations ( _s1 or d]iv$ f ^!1 su* z love1 hatr$1 hope1 fe>1 c41 z !re are k9ds ( objects :]eby we are affect$4 ,pro(4--,pleasure & pa91 & consequ5tly ! emotions comp\nd$ !re(1 or d]iv$ !refrom1 are passions1 or passive /ates 7,,iii4 xi4 note72 n[ we are necess>ily passive 7,,iii4 i471 9 s f> z we h inadequate ideas2 & only 9 s f> z we h su* ideas are we passive 7,,iii4 iii472 t is1 we are only necess>ily passive 7,,ii4 xl4 note71 9 s f> z we conceive1 or 7,,ii4 xvii4 & note7 9 s f> z we are affect$ by an emotion1 :i* involves ! nature ( our own body1 & ! nature ( an ext]nal body4 ,:]e=e ! nature ( e passive /ate mu/ necess>ily be s expla9$1 t ! nature ( ! object :]eby we are affect$ be express$4 ,namely1 ! pleasure1 :i* arises f1 say1 ! object ,a1 involves ! nature ( t object ,a1 & ! pleasure1 :i* arises f ! object ,b1 involves ! nature ( ! object ,b2 :]e=e ^! two pleasurable emotions are by nature diff]5t1 inasmu* z ! causes :5ce !y arise are by nature diff]5t4 ,s aga9 ! emotion ( pa91 :i* arises f "o object1 is by nature diff]5t f ! pa9 aris+ f ano!r object1 &1 simil>ly1 9 ! case ( love1 hatr$1 hope1 fe>1 vacillation1 c4 ,?us1 !re are necess>ily z _m k9ds ( pleasure1 pa91 love1 hatr$1 c41 z !re are k9ds ( objects :]eby we are affect$4 ,n[ desire is ea* man's ess5ce or nature1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z det]m9$ to a p>ticul> action by any giv5 modification ( itself 7,,iii4 ix4 note72 !re=e1 accord+ z a man is affect$ ?r\gh ext]nal causes by ?is or t k9d ( pleasure1 pa91 love1 hatr$1 c41 9 o!r words1 accord+ z 8 nature is dispos$ 9 ?is or t mann]1 s w 8 desire be ( "o k9d or ano!r1 & ! nature ( "o desire mu/ necess>ily diff] f ! nature ( ano!r desire1 z widely z ! emotions diff]1 :]efrom ea* desire arose4 ,?us !re are z _m k9ds ( desire1 z !re are k9ds ( pleasure1 pa91 love1 c41 consequ5tly 7by :at has be5 %[n7 !re are z _m k9ds ( desire1 z !re are k9ds ( objects :]eby we are affect$4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,among ! k9ds ( emotions1 :i*1 by ! la/ proposition1 mu/ be v num]\s1 ! *ief are luxury1 drunk5ness1 lu/1 av>ice1 & ambition1 be+ m]ely species ( love or desire1 display+ ! nature ( ^? emotions 9 a mann] v>y+ accord+ to ! object1 ) :i* !y are conc]n$4 ,= by luxury1 drunk5ness1 lu/1 av>ice1 ambition1 c41 we simply mean ! immod]ate love ( fea/+1 dr9k+1 v5]y1 ri*es1 & fame4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! emotions1 9 s f> z we di/+ui% !m f o!rs m]ely by ! objects :]e) !y are conc]n$1 h no contr>ies4 ,= temp]ance1 sobriety1 & *a/ity1 :i* we are wont to oppose to luxury1 drunk5ness1 & lu/1 are n emotions or passive /ates1 b indicate a p[] ( ! m9d :i* mod]ates ! la/--nam$ emotions4 ,h[ev]1 ,i _c "h expla9 ! rema9+ k9ds ( emotions 7see+ t !y are z num]\s z ! k9ds ( objects71 nor1 if ,i c\ld1 w\ld x be necess>y4 ,x is suffici5t = our purpose1 namely1 to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( ! emotions1 & ! m9d's p[] ov] !m1 to h a g5]al def9ition ( ea* emotion4 ,x is suffici5t1 ,i repeat1 to und]/& ! g5]al prop]ties ( ! emotions & ! m9d1 to enable u to det]m9e ! quality & ext5t ( ! m9d's p[] 9 mod]at+ & *eck+ ! emotions4 ,?us1 ?\gh !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 v>i\s emotions ( love1 hatr$1 or desire1 = in/ance betwe5 love felt t[>ds *ildr51 & love felt t[>ds a wife1 !re is no ne$ = u to take cognizance ( su* diff]5ces1 or to track out fur!r ! nature & orig9 ( ! emotions4 ,,prop4 ,,lvii4 ,any emotion ( a giv5 individual diff]s f ! emotion ( ano!r individual1 only 9 s f> z ! ess5ce ( ! "o individual diff]s f ! ess5ce ( ! o!r4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is evid5t f ,ax4 i4 7:i* see aft] ,lemma iii4 ,prop4 xiii41 ,"p ,,ii474 ,nev]!less1 we w prove x f ! nature ( ! ?ree prim>y emotions4 ,all emotions are attributable to desire1 pleasure1 or pa91 z _! def9itions above giv5 %[4 ,b desire is ea* man's nature or ess5ce 7,,iii4 ix4 note72 !re=e desire 9 "o individual diff]s f desire 9 ano!r individual1 only 9 s f> z ! nature or ess5ce ( ! "o diff]s f ! nature or ess5ce ( ! o!r4 ,aga91 pleasure & pa9 are passive /ates or passions1 :]eby e man's p[] or endeav\r to p]si/ 9 8 be+ is increas$ or dim9i%$1 help$ or h9d]$ 7,,iii4 xi4 & note74 ,b by ! endeav\r to p]si/ 9 its be+1 9 s f> z x is attributable to m9d & body 9 conjunction1 we mean appetite & desire 7,,iii4 ix4 note72 !re=e pleasure & pa9 are id5tical ) desire or appetite1 9 s f> z by ext]nal causes !y are increas$ or dim9i%$1 help$ or h9d]$1 9 o!r words1 !y are e man's nature2 :]e=e ! pleasure & pa9 felt by "o man diff] f ! pleasure & pa9 felt by ano!r man1 only 9 s f> z ! nature or ess5ce ( ! "o man diff]s f ! ess5ce ( ! o!r2 consequ5tly1 any emotion ( "o individual only diff]s1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! emotions ( ! animals :i* are call$ irrational 7= aft] le>n+ ! orig9 ( m9d we _c d\bt t brutes feel7 only diff] f man's emotions1 to ! ext5t t brute nature diff]s f human nature4 ,horse & man are alike c>ri$ away by ! desire ( procreation2 b ! desire ( ! =m] is equ9e1 ! desire ( ! latt] is human4 ,s also ! lu/s & appetites ( insects1 fi%es1 & birds mu/ ne$s v>y accord+ to ! sev]al natures4 ,?us1 al?\gh ea* individual lives cont5t & rejoices 9 t nature belong+ to him :]e9 he has 8 be+1 yet ! life1 :]e9 ea* is cont5t & rejoices1 is no?+ else b ! idea1 or s\l1 ( ! said individual1 & h5ce ! joy ( "o only diff]s 9 nature f ! joy ( ano!r1 to ! ext5t t ! ess5ce ( "o diff]s f ! ess5ce ( ano!r4 ,la/ly1 x foll[s f ! =ego+ proposition1 t !re is no small diff]5ce betwe5 ! joy :i* actuates1 say1 a drunk>d1 & ! joy possess$ by a philosoph]1 z ,i j m5tion "h by ! way4 ,?us f> ,i h treat$ ( ! emotions attributable to man1 9 s f> z he is passive4 ,x rema9s to add a few words on ^? attributable to him 9 s f> z he is active4 ,,prop4 ,,lviii4 ,besides pleasure & desire1 :i* are passivities or passions1 !re are o!r emotions d]iv$ f pleasure & desire1 :i* are attributable to u 9 s f> z we are active4 ,pro(4--,:5 ! m9d conceives itself & its p[] ( activity1 x feels pleasure 7,,iii4 liii473 n[ ! m9d necess>ily contemplates itself1 :5 x conceives a true or adequate idea 7,,ii4 xliii474 ,b ! m9d does conceive c]ta9 adequate ideas 7,,ii4 xl4 note #b474 ,!re=e x feels pleasure 9 s f> z x conceives adequate ideas2 t is1 9 s f> z x is active 7,,iii4 i474 ,aga91 ! m9d1 bo? 9 s f> z x has cle> & di/9ct ideas1 & 9 s f> z x has confus$ ideas1 endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+ 7,,iii4 ix472 b by su* an endeav\r we mean desire 7by ! note to ! same ,prop472 !re=e1 desire is also attributable to u1 9 s f> z we und]/&1 or 7,,iii4 i47 9 s f> z we are active4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,lix4 ,among all ! emotions attributable to ! m9d z active1 !re are none :i* _c be ref]r$ to pleasure or desire4 ,pro(4--,all emotions c be ref]r$ to desire1 pleasure1 or pa91 z _! def9itions1 already giv51 %[4 ,n[ by pa9 we mean t ! m9d's p[] ( ?9k+ is dim9i%$ or *eck$ 7,,iii4 xi4 & note72 !re=e1 9 s f> z ! m9d feels pa91 its p[] ( und]/&+1 t is1 ( activity1 is dim9i%$ or *eck$ 7,,iii4 i472 !re=e1 no pa9ful emotions c be attribut$ to ! m9d 9 virtue ( its be+ active1 b only emotions ( pleasure & desire1 :i* 7by ! la/ ,prop47 are attributable to ! m9d 9 t condition4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,all actions foll[+ f emotion1 :i* are attributable to ! m9d 9 virtue ( its und]/&+1 ,i set d[n to /r5g? ( "* 7=titudo71 :i* ,i divide into c\rage 7animositas7 & highm9d$ness 7g5]ositas74 ,by c\rage ,i mean ! desire :]eby e man /rives to pres]ve 8 own be+ 9 accordance solely ) ! dictates ( reason4 ,by highm9d$ness ,i mean ! desire :]eby e man endeav\rs1 solely "u ! dictates ( reason1 to aid o!r m5 & to unite !m to himself 9 fri5d%ip4 ,^? actions1 !re=e1 :i* h reg>d solely to ! good ( ! ag5t ,i set d[n to c\rage1 ^? :i* aim at ! good ( o!rs ,i set d[n to highm9d$ness4 ,?us temp]ance1 sobriety1 & pres5ce ( m9d 9 dang]1 c41 are v>ieties ( c\rage2 c\rtesy1 m]cy1 c41 are v>ieties ( highm9d$ness4 ,i ?9k ,i h ?us expla9$1 & display$ ?r\gh _! prim>y causes ! pr9cipal emotions & vacillations ( _s1 :i* arise f ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree prim>y emotions1 to wit1 desire1 pleasure1 & pa94 ,x is evid5t f :at ,i h said1 t we are 9 _m ways driv5 ab\t by ext]nal causes1 & t l waves ( ! sea driv5 by contr>y w9ds we toss to & fro unwitt+ ( ! issue & ( our fate4 ,b ,i h said1 t ,i h only set =? ! *ief conflict+ emotions1 n all t might be giv54 ,=1 by proce$+ 9 ! same way z above1 we c easily %[ t love is unit$ to rep5tance1 scorn1 %ame1 c4 ,i ?9k ev]yone w agree f :at has be5 said1 t ! emotions may be comp\nd$ "o ) ano!r 9 s _m ways1 & s _m v>iations may arise !refrom1 z to exce$ all possibility ( computation4 ,h[ev]1 = my purpose1 x is en\gh to h enum]at$ ! mo/ important2 to reckon up ! re/ :i* ,i h omitt$ w\ld be m curi\s ?an pr(itable4 ,x rema9s to rem>k conc]n+ love1 t x v (t5 happ5s t :ile we are enjoy+ a ?+ :i* we long$ =1 ! body1 f ! act ( enjoym5t1 acquires a new disposition1 :]eby x is det]m9$ 9 ano!r way1 o!r images ( ?+s are ar\s$ 9 x1 & ! m9d beg9s to conceive & desire some?+ fre%4 ,= example1 :5 we conceive some?+ :i* g5]ally delights u ) its flav\r1 we desire to enjoy1 t is1 to eat x4 ,b :il/ we are ?us enjoy+ x1 ! /oma* is fill$ & ! body is o!rwise dispos$4 ,if1 !re=e1 :5 ! body is ?us o!rwise dispos$1 ! image ( ! food :i* is pres5t be /imulat$1 & consequ5tly ! endeav\r or desire to eat x be /imulat$ also1 ! new disposition ( ! body w feel repugnance to ! desire or attempt1 & consequ5tly ! pres5ce ( ! food :i* we =m]ly long$ = w become odi\s4 ,?is revulsion ( feel+ is call$ satiety or we>9ess4 ,= ! re/1 ,i h neglect$ ! outw>d modifications ( ! body obs]vable 9 emotions1 su*1 = in/ance1 z trembl+1 pallor1 sobb+1 laught]1 c41 = ^! are attributable to ! body only1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! m9d4 ,la/ly1 ! def9itions ( ! emotions require to be supplem5t$ 9 a few po9ts2 ,i w !re=e repeat !m1 int]polat+ su* obs]vations z ,i ?9k %\ld "h & !re be add$4 ,,def9itions ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,i4 ,desire is ! actual ess5ce ( man1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$1 z det]m9$ to a p>ticul> activity by "s giv5 modification ( itself4 ,explanation4--,we h said above1 9 ! note to ,prop4 ix4 ( ?is "p1 t desire is appetite1 ) consci\sness !re(2 fur!r1 t appetite is ! ess5ce ( man1 9 s f> z x is det]m9$ to act 9 a way t5d+ to promote its own p]si/5ce4 ,b1 9 ! same note1 ,i also rem>k$ t1 /rictly speak+1 ,i recognize no di/9ction betwe5 appetite & desire4 ,= :e!r a man be consci\s ( 8 appetite or n1 x rema9s "o & ! same appetite4 ,?us1 9 ord] to avoid ! appe>ance ( tautology1 ,i h refra9$ f expla9+ desire by appetite2 b ,i h take c>e to def9e x 9 su* a mann]1 z to compreh5d1 "u "o head1 all ^? endeav\rs ( human nature1 :i* we di/+ui% by ! t]ms appetite1 w1 desire1 or impulse4 ,i might1 inde$1 h said1 t desire is ! ess5ce ( man1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z det]m9$ to a p>ticul> activity2 b f su* a def9ition 7cf4 ,,ii4 xxiii47 x w\ld n foll[ t ! m9d c be consci\s ( its desire or appetite4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to imply ! cause ( su* consci\sness1 x 0 necess>y to add1 9 s f> z x is det]m9$ by "s giv5 modification1 c4 ,=1 by a modification ( man's ess5ce1 we und]/& e disposition ( ! said ess5ce1 :e!r su* disposition be innate1 or :e!r x be conceiv$ solely "u ! attribute ( ?\ght1 or solely "u ! attribute ( ext5sion1 or :e!r1 la/ly1 x be ref]r$ simultane\sly to bo? ^! attributes4 ,by ! t]m desire1 !n1 ,i "h mean all man's endeav\rs1 impulses1 appetites1 & volitions1 :i* v>y accord+ to ea* man's disposition1 & are1 !re=e1 n seldom oppos$ "o to ano!r1 accord+ z a man is drawn 9 diff]5t directions1 & kn[s n :]e to turn4 ,,ii4 ,pleasure is ! transition ( a man f a less to a great] p]fection4 ,,iii4 ,pa9 is ! transition ( a man f a great] to a less p]fection4 ,explanation--,i say transition3 = pleasure is n p]fection itself4 ,=1 if man 7 born ) ! p]fection to :i* he passes1 he w\ld possess ! same1 )\t ! emotion ( pleasure4 ,?is appe>s m cle>ly f ! consid]ation ( ! contr>y emotion1 pa94 ,no "o c d5y1 t pa9 consi/s 9 ! transition to a less p]fection1 & n 9 ! less p]fection itself3 = a man _c be pa9$1 9 s f> z he p>takes ( p]fection ( any degree4 ,nei!r c we say1 t pa9 consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( a great] p]fection4 ,= abs5ce is no?+1 :]eas ! emotion ( pa9 is an activity2 :]e=e ?is activity c only be ! activity ( transition f a great] to a less p]fection--9 o!r words1 x is an activity :]eby a man's p[] ( action is less5$ or con/ra9$ 7cf4 ,,iii4 xi4 note74 ,i pass ov] ! def9itions ( m]rim5t1 /imulation1 melan*oly1 & grief1 because ^! t]ms are g5]ally us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! body1 & are m]ely k9ds ( pleasure or pa94 ,,iv4 ,wond] is ! conception 7imag9atio7 ( any?+1 :]e9 ! m9d comes to a /&1 because ! p>ticul> concept 9 "q has no connection ) o!r concepts 7cf4 ,,iii4 lii4 & note74 ,explanation--,9 ! note to ,,ii4 xviii4 we %[$ ! reason1 :y ! m9d1 f ! contemplation ( "o ?+1 /raightway falls to ! contemplation ( ano!r ?+1 namely1 because ! images ( ! two ?+s are s associat$ & arrang$1 t "o foll[s ! o!r4 ,?is /ate ( association is impossible1 if ! image ( ! ?+ be new2 ! m9d w !n be at a /& 9 ! contemplation !re(1 until x is det]m9$ by o!r causes to ?9k ( some?+ else4 ,?us ! conception ( a new object1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is ( ! same nature z o!r conceptions2 h5ce1 ,i d n include wond] among ! emotions1 nor d ,i see :y ,i %\ld s include x1 inasmu* z ?is di/raction ( ! m9d arises f no positive cause draw+ away ! m9d f o!r objects1 b m]ely f ! abs5ce ( a cause1 :i* %\ld det]m9e ! m9d to pass f ! contemplation ( "o object to ! contemplation ( ano!r4 ,i1 !re=e1 recognize only ?ree primitive or prim>y emotions 7z ,i said 9 ! note to ,,iii4 xi471 namely1 pleasure1 pa91 & desire4 ,i h spok5 ( wond] simply because x is cu/om>y to speak ( c]ta9 emotions spr++ f ! ?ree primitive ones by diff]5t names1 :5 !y are ref]r$ to ! objects ( our wond]4 ,i am l$ by ! same motive to add a def9ition ( contempt4 ,v4 ,contempt is ! conception ( any?+ :i* t\*es ! m9d s little1 t its pres5ce leads ! m9d to imag9e ^? qualities :i* are n 9 x r ?an su* z are 9 x 7cf4 ,,iii4 lii4 note74 ,! def9itions ( v5]ation & scorn ,i "h pass ov]1 = ,i am n aw>e t any emotions are nam$ aft] !m4 ,,vi4 ,love is pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,explanation--,?is def9ition expla9s suffici5tly cle>ly ! ess5ce ( love2 ! def9ition giv5 by ^? au?ors :o say t love is ! lov]'s wi% to unite himself to ! lov$ object expresses a prop]ty1 b n ! ess5ce ( love2 &1 z su* au?ors h n suffici5tly disc]n$ love's ess5ce1 !y h be5 unable to acquire a true conception ( its prop]ties1 accord+ly _! def9ition is on all h&s admitt$ to be v obscure4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be not$1 t :5 ,i say t x is a prop]ty ( love1 t ! lov] %\ld wi% to unite himself to ! belov$ object1 ,i d n "h mean by wi% cons5t1 or conclusion1 or a free decision ( ! m9d 7= ,i h %[n su*1 9 ,,ii4 xlviii41 to be fictiti\s72 nei!r d ,i mean a desire ( be+ unit$ to ! lov$ object :5 x is abs5t1 or ( cont9u+ 9 its pres5ce :5 x is at h&2 = love c be conceiv$ )\t ei!r ( ^! desires2 b by wi% ,i mean ! cont5tm5t1 :i* is 9 ! lov]1 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ! belov$ object1 :]eby ! pleasure ( ! lov] is /r5g!n$1 or at lea/ ma9ta9$4 ,,vii4 ,hatr$ is pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,explanation--,^! obs]vations are easily grasp$ aft] :at has be5 said 9 ! explanation ( ! prec$+ def9ition 7cf4 also ,,iii4 xiii4 note74 ,,viii4 ,incl9ation is pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ :i* is accid5tally a cause ( pleasure4 ,,ix4 ,av]sion is pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ :i* is accid5tally ! cause ( pa9 7cf4 ,,iii4 xv4 note74 ,x4 ,devotion is love t[>ds "o :om we admire4 ,explanation--,wond] 7admiratio7 arises 7z we h %[n1 ,,iii4 lii47 f ! novelty ( a ?+4 ,if1 !re=e1 x happ5s t ! object ( our wond] is (t5 conceiv$ by u1 we %all cease to wond] at x2 ?us we see1 t ! emotion ( devotion readily deg5]ates into simple love4 ,,xi4 ,d]ision is pleasure aris+ f our conceiv+ ! pres5ce ( a quality1 :i* we despise1 9 an object :i* we hate4 ,explanation--,9 s f> z we despise a ?+ :i* we hate1 we d5y exi/5ce !re( 7,,iii4 lii4 note71 & to t ext5t rejoice 7,,iii4 xx474 ,b s9ce we assume t man hates t :i* he d]ides1 x foll[s t ! pleasure 9 "q is n )\t alloy 7cf4 ,,iii4 xlvii4 note74 ,,xii4 ,hope is an incon/ant pleasure1 aris+ f ! idea ( some?+ pa/ or future1 :]e( we to a c]ta9 ext5t d\bt ! issue4 ,,xiii4 ,fe> is an incon/ant pa9 aris+ f ! idea ( some?+ pa/ or future1 :]e( we to a c]ta9 ext5t d\bt ! issue 7cf4 ,,iii4 xviii4 note74 ,explanation--,f ^! def9itions x foll[s1 t !re is no hope unm+l$ ) fe>1 & no fe> unm+l$ ) hope4 ,= he1 :o dep5ds on hope & d\bts conc]n+ ! issue ( any?+1 is assum$ to conceive some?+1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! said ?+ 9 ! future2 !re=e he1 to ?is ext5t1 feels pa9 7cf4 ,,iii4 xix472 consequ5tly1 :ile dep5d5t on hope1 he fe>s = ! issue4 ,contr>iwise he1 :o fe>s1 9 o!r words d\bts1 conc]n+ ! issue ( some?+ :i* he hates1 also conceives some?+ :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ 9 "q2 to ?is ext5t he feels pleasure1 & consequ5tly to ?is ext5t he hopes t x w turn out z he desires 7,,iii4 xx474 ,,xiv4 ,confid5ce is pleasure aris+ f ! idea ( some?+ pa/ or future1 :]efrom all cause ( d\bt has be5 remov$4 ,,xv4 ,despair is pa9 aris+ f ! idea ( some?+ pa/ or future1 :]efrom all cause ( d\bt has be5 remov$4 ,explanation--,?us confid5ce spr+s f hope1 & despair f fe>1 :5 all cause = d\bt z to ! issue ( an ev5t has be5 remov$3 ?is comes to pass1 because man conceives some?+ pa/ or future z pres5t & reg>ds x z su*1 or else because he conceives o!r ?+s1 :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ! causes ( 8 d\bt4 ,=1 al?\gh we c nev] be absolutely c]ta9 ( ! issue ( any p>ticul> ev5t 7,,ii4 xxxi4 ,coroll471 x may nev]!less happ5 t we feel no d\bt conc]n+ x4 ,= we h %[n1 t to feel no d\bt conc]n+ a ?+ is n ! same z to be q c]ta9 ( x 7,,ii4 xlix4 note74 ,?us x may happ5 t we are affect$ by ! same emotion ( pleasure or pa9 conc]n+ a ?+ pa/ or future1 z conc]n+ ! conception ( a ?+ pres5t2 ?is ,i h already %[n 9 ,,iii4 xviii41 to :i*1 ) its note1 ,i ref] ! read]4 ,,xvi4 ,joy is pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ pa/1 :i* has _h an issue beyond our hope4 ,,xvii4 ,disappo9tm5t is pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ pa/1 :i* has _h an issue contr>y to our hope4 ,,xviii4 ,pity is pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( evil1 :i* has befall5 someone else :om we conceive to be l ourselves 7cf4 ,,iii4 xxii4 note1 & ,,iii4 xxvii4 note74 ,explanation--,betwe5 pity & sympa?y 7mis]icordia7 !re seems to be no diff]5ce1 unless p]haps t ! =m] t]m is us$ 9 ref]5ce to a p>ticul> action1 & ! latt] 9 ref]5ce to a disposition4 ,,xix4 ,approval is love t[>ds "o :o has done good to ano!r4 ,,xx4 ,indignation is hatr$ t[>ds "o :o has done evil to ano!r4 ,explanation--,i am aw>e t ^! t]ms are employ$ 9 s5ses some:at diff]5t f ^? usually assign$4 ,b my purpose is to expla91 n ! mean+ ( words1 b ! nature ( ?+s4 ,i !re=e make use ( su* t]ms1 z may convey my mean+ )\t any viol5t dep>ture f _! ord9>y signification4 ,"o /atem5t ( my me?od w suffice4 ,z = ! cause ( ! above--nam$ emotions see ,,iii4 xxvii4 ,coroll4 i41 & ,,iii4 xxii4 note4 ,,xxi4 ,p>tiality is ?9k+ too highly ( anyone because ( ! love we be> him4 ,,xxii4 ,disp>agem5t is ?9k+ too meanly ( anyone because we hate him4 ,explanation--,?us p>tiality is an effect ( love1 & disp>agem5t an effect ( hatr$3 s t p>tiality may also be def9$ z love1 9 s f> z x induces a man to ?9k too highly ( a belov$ object4 ,contr>iwise1 disp>agem5t may be def9$ z hatr$1 9 s f> z x induces a man to ?9k too meanly ( a hat$ object4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 xxvi4 note4 ,,xxiii4 ,envy is hatr$1 9 s f> z x induces a man to be pa9$ by ano!r's good =tune1 & to rejoice 9 ano!r's evil =tune4 ,explanation--,envy is g5]ally oppos$ to sympa?y1 :i*1 by do+ "s viol5ce to ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 may !re=e be ?us def9$3 ,,xxiv4 ,sympa?y 7mis]icordia7 is love1 9 s f> z x induces a man to feel pleasure at ano!r's good =tune1 & pa9 at ano!r's evil =tune4 ,explanation--,conc]n+ envy see ! notes to ,,iii4 xxiv4 & xxxii4 ,^! emotions also arise f pleasure or pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ ext]nal1 z cause ei!r 9 itself or accid5tally4 ,i n[ pass on to o!r emotions1 :i* are accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ )9 z a cause4 ,,xxv4 ,self--approval is pleasure aris+ f a man's contemplation ( himself & 8 own p[] ( action4 ,,xxvi4 ,humility is pa9 aris+ f a man's contemplation ( 8 own weakness ( body or m9d4 ,explanation--,self--complac5cy is oppos$ to humility1 9 s f> z we !reby mean pleasure aris+ f a contemplation ( our own p[] ( action2 b1 9 s f> z we mean !reby pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( any action :i* we believe we h p]=m$ by ! free decision ( our m9d1 x is oppos$ to rep5tance1 :i* we may ?us def9e3 ,,xxvii4 ,rep5tance is pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( "s action1 :i* we believe we h p]=m$ by ! free decision ( our m9d4 ,explanation--,! causes ( ^! emotions we h set =? 9 ,,iii4 li4 note1 & 9 ,,iii4 liii41 liv41 lv4 & note4 ,conc]n+ ! free decision ( ! m9d see ,,ii4 xxxv4 note4 ,?is is p]haps ! place to call att5tion to ! fact1 t x is no?+ wond]ful t all ^? actions1 :i* are commonly call$ wrong1 are foll[$ by pa91 & all ^?1 :i* are call$ "r1 are foll[$ by pleasure4 ,we c easily ga!r f :at has be5 said1 t ?is dep5ds 9 great measure on education4 ,p>5ts1 by reprobat+ ! =m] class ( actions1 & by frequ5tly *id+ _! *ildr5 because ( !m1 & also by p]suad+ to & prais+ ! latt] class1 h br\ght x ab\t1 t ! =m] %\ld be associat$ ) pa9 & ! latt] ) pleasure4 ,?is is confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,= cu/om & religion are n ! same among all m51 b t :i* "s consid] sacr$ o!rs consid] pr(ane1 & :at "s consid] hon\rable o!rs consid] disgraceful4 ,accord+ z ea* man has be5 educat$1 he feels rep5tance = a giv5 action or glories !re94 ,,xxviii4 ,pride is ?9k+ too highly ( "o's self f self--love4 ,explanation--,?us pride is diff]5t f p>tiality1 = ! latt] t]m is us$ 9 ref]5ce to an ext]nal object1 b pride is us$ ( a man ?9k+ too highly ( himself4 ,h[ev]1 z p>tiality is ! effect ( love1 s is pride ! effect or prop]ty ( self--love1 :i* may !re=e be ?us def9$1 love ( self or self--approval1 9 s f> z x leads a man to ?9k too highly ( himself4 ,to ?is emotion !re is no contr>y4 ,= no "o ?9ks too meanly ( himself because ( self--hatr$2 ,i say t no "o ?9ks too meanly ( himself1 9 s f> z he conceives t he is incapable ( do+ ?is or t4 ,= :atsoev] a man imag9es t he is incapable ( do+1 he imag9es ?is ( necessity1 & by t notion he is s dispos$1 t he really _c d t :i* he conceives t he _c d4 ,=1 s long z he conceives t he _c d x1 s long is he n det]m9$ to d x1 & consequ5tly s long is x impossible = him to d x4 ,h[ev]1 if we consid] su* matt]s z only dep5d on op9ion1 we %all f9d x conceivable t a man may ?9k too meanly ( himself2 = x may happ51 t a man1 sorr[fully reg>d+ 8 own weakness1 %\ld imag9e t he is despis$ by all m51 :ile ! re/ ( ! _w are ?9k+ ( no?+ less ?an ( despis+ him4 ,aga91 a man may ?9k too meanly ( himself1 if he d5y ( himself 9 ! pres5t some?+ 9 relation to a future "t ( :i* he is unc]ta94 ,z1 = in/ance1 if he %\ld say t he is unable to =m any cle> conceptions1 or t he c desire & d no?+ b :at is wick$ & base1 c4 ,we may also say1 t a man ?9ks too meanly ( himself1 :5 we see him f excessive fe> ( %ame refus+ to d ?+s :i* o!rs1 8 equals1 v5ture4 ,we c1 !re=e1 set d[n z a contr>y to pride an emotion :i* ,i w call self--abasem5t1 = z f self--complac5cy spr+s pride1 s f humility spr+s self--abasem5t1 :i* ,i w accord+ly ?us def9e3 ,,xxix4 ,self--abasem5t is ?9k+ too meanly ( "o's self by reason ( pa94 ,explanation--,we are nev]!less g5]ally accu/om$ to oppose pride to humility1 b 9 t case we pay m att5tion to ! effect ( ei!r emotion ?an to its nature4 ,we are wont to call pr\d ! man :o boa/s too mu* 7,,iii4 xxx4 note71 :o talks ( no?+ b 8 own virtues & o!r p's faults1 :o wi%es to be fir/2 & la/ly :o goes ?r\gh life ) a /yle & pomp suitable to ^? f> above him 9 /ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we call humble ! man :o too (t5 blu%es1 :o confesses 8 faults1 :o sets =? o!r m5's virtues1 & :o1 la/ly1 walks ) b5t head & is neglig5t ( 8 attire4 ,h[ev]1 ^! emotions1 humility & self--abasem5t1 are extremely r>e4 ,= human nature1 consid]$ 9 itself1 /rives aga9/ !m z mu* z x c 7see ,,iii4 xiii41 liv472 h5ce ^?1 :o are believ$ to be mo/ self--abas$ & humble1 are g5]ally 9 reality ! mo/ ambiti\s & envi\s4 ,,xxx4 ,hon\r#aa is pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( "s action ( our own1 :i* we believe to be prais$ by o!rs4 #aa ,gloria4 ,,xxxi4 ,%ame is pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( "s action ( our own1 :i* we believe to be blam$ by o!rs4 ,explanation--,on ?is subject see ! note to ,,iii4 xxx4 ,b we %\ld "h rem>k ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 %ame & mode/y4 ,%ame is ! pa9 foll[+ ! de$ :]e( we are a%am$4 ,mode/y is ! fe> or dread ( %ame1 :i* re/ra9s a man f committ+ a base action4 ,mode/y is usually oppos$ to %amelessness1 b ! latt] is n an emotion1 z ,i w duly %[2 h[ev]1 ! names ( ! emotions 7z ,i h rem>k$ already7 h reg>d r to _! ex]cise ?an to _! nature4 ,i h n[ fulfill$ ! task ( expla9+ ! emotions aris+ f pleasure & pa94 ,i !re=e proce$ to treat ( ^? :i* ,i ref] to desire4 ,,xxxii4 ,regret is ! desire or appetite to possess some?+1 kept alive by ! remembrance ( ! said ?+1 & at ! same "t con/ra9$ by ! remembrance ( o!r ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( x4 ,explanation--,:5 we rememb] a ?+1 we are by t v fact1 z ,i h already said m ?an once1 dispos$ to contemplate x ) ! same emotion z if x 7 some?+ pres5t2 b ?is disposition or endeav\r1 :ile we are awake1 is g5]ally *eck$ by ! images ( ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( t :i* we rememb]4 ,?us :5 we rememb] some?+ :i* affect$ u ) a c]ta9 pleasure1 we by t v fact endeav\r to reg>d x ) ! same emotion ( pleasure z ?\gh x 7 pres5t1 b ?is endeav\r is at once *eck$ by ! remembrance ( ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ 9 "q4 ,:]e=e regret is1 /rictly speak+1 a pa9 oppos$ to t ( pleasure1 :i* arises f ! abs5ce ( some?+ we hate 7cf4 ,,iii4 xlvii4 note74 ,b1 z ! "n regret seems to ref] to desire1 ,i set ?is emotion d[n1 among ! emotions spr++ f desire4 ,,xxxiii4 ,emulation is ! desire ( some?+1 eng5d]$ 9 u by our conception t o!rs h ! same desire4 ,explanation--,he :o runs away1 because he sees o!rs runn+ away1 or he :o fe>s1 because he sees o!rs 9 fe>2 or aga91 he :o1 on see+ t ano!r man has burnt 8 h&1 draws t[>ds him 8 own h&1 & moves 8 body z ?\gh 8 own 7 burnt2 su* an "o c be said to imitate ano!r's emotion1 b n to emulate him2 n because ! causes ( emulation & imitation are diff]5t1 b because x has become cu/om>y to speak ( emulation only 9 him1 :o imitates t :i* we deem to be hon\rable1 useful1 or pleasant4 ,z to ! cause ( emulation1 cf4 ,,iii4 xxvii4 & note4 ,! reason :y ?is emotion is g5]ally c\pl$ ) envy may be se5 f ,,iii4 xxxii4 & note4 ,,xxxiv4 ,?ankfulness or ,gratitude is ! desire or zeal spr++ f love1 :]eby we endeav\r to b5efit him1 :o ) simil> feel+s ( love has conf]r$ a b5efit on u4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 xxxix4 note & xl4 ,,xxxv4 ,b5evol5ce is ! desire ( b5efit+ "o :om we pity4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 xxvii4 note4 ,,xxxvi4 ,ang] is ! desire1 :]eby ?r\gh hatr$ we are induc$ to injure "o :om we hate1 ,,iii4 xxxix4 ,,xxxvii4 ,rev5ge is ! desire :]eby we are induc$1 ?r\gh mutual hatr$1 to injure "o :o1 ) simil> feel+s1 has injur$ u4 7,see ,,iii4 xl4 ,coroll4 ii & note47 ,,xxxviii4 ,cruelty or savag5ess is ! desire1 :]eby a man is impell$ to injure "o :om we love or pity4 ,explanation--,to cruelty is oppos$ clem5cy1 :i* is n a passive /ate ( ! m9d1 b a p[] :]eby man re/ra9s 8 ang] & rev5ge4 ,,xxxix4 ,timidity is ! desire to avoid a great] evil1 :i* we dread1 by und]go+ a less] evil4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 xxxix4 note4 ,,xl4 ,d>+ is ! desire1 :]eby a man is set on to d some?+ dang]\s :i* 8 equals fe> to attempt4 ,,xli4 ,c[>dice is attribut$ to "o1 ^: desire is *eck$ by ! fe> ( "s dang] :i* 8 equals d>e to enc\nt]4 ,explanation--,c[>dice is1 !re=e1 no?+ else b ! fe> ( "s evil1 :i* mo/ m5 are wont n to fe>2 h5ce ,i d n reckon x among ! emotions spr++ f desire4 ,nev]!less1 ,i h *os5 to expla9 x "h1 because1 9 s f> z we look to ! desire1 x is truly oppos$ to ! emotion ( d>+4 ,,xlii4 ,con/]nation is attribut$ to "o1 ^: desire ( avoid+ evil is *eck$ by amazem5t at ! evil :i* he fe>s4 ,explanation--,con/]nation is1 !re=e1 a species ( c[>dice4 ,b1 inasmu* z con/]nation arises f a d\ble fe>1 x may be m conv5i5tly def9$ z a fe> :i* keeps a man s bewild]$ & wav]+1 t he is n able to remove ! evil4 ,i say bewild]$1 9 s f> z we und]/& 8 desire ( remov+ ! evil to be con/ra9$ by 8 amazem5t4 ,i say wav]+1 9 s f> z we und]/& ! said desire to be con/ra9$ by ! fe> ( ano!r evil1 :i* equally torm5ts him3 :5ce x comes to pass t he kn[s n1 :i* he may av]t ( ! two4 ,on ?is subject1 see ,,iii4 xxxix4 note1 & ,,iii4 lii4 note4 ,conc]n+ c[>dice & d>+1 see ,,iii4 li4 note4 ,,xliii4 ,c\rtesy1 or def]5ce 7,humanitas seu mode/ia71 is ! desire ( act+ 9 a way t %\ld please m51 & refra9+ f t :i* %\ld displease !m4 ,,xliv4 ,ambition is ! immod]ate desire ( p[]4 ,explanation--,ambition is ! desire1 :]eby all ! emotions 7cf4 ,,iii4 xxvii4 & xxxi47 are fo/]$ & /r5g!n$2 !re=e ?is emotion c ) difficulty be ov]come4 ,=1 s long z a man is b\nd by any desire1 he is at ! same "t necess>ily b\nd by ?is4 ,! be/ m51 says ,cic]o1 are especially l$ by hon\r4 ,ev5 philosoph]s1 :5 !y write a book contemn+ hon\r1 sign _! names !reto1 & s on4 ,,xlv4 ,luxury is excessive desire1 or ev5 love ( liv+ sumptu\sly4 ,,xlvi4 ,intemp]ance is ! excessive desire & love ( dr9k+4 ,,xlvii4 ,av>ice is ! excessive desire & love ( ri*es4 ,,xlviii4 ,lu/ is desire & love 9 ! matt] ( sexual int]c\rse4 ,explanation--,:e!r ?is desire be excessive or n1 x is /ill call$ lu/4 ,^! la/ five emotions 7z ,i h %[n 9 ,,iii4 lvi47 h on contr>ies4 ,= def]5ce is a species ( ambition4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 xxix4 note4 ,aga91 ,i h already po9t$ out1 t temp]ance1 sobriety1 & *a/ity indicate r a p[] ?an a passivity ( ! m9d4 ,x may1 nev]!less1 happ51 t an av>ici\s1 an ambiti\s1 or a timid man may ab/a9 f excess 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 or sexual indulg5ce1 yet av>ice1 ambition1 & fe> are n contr>ies to luxury1 drunk5ness1 & debau*]y4 ,= an av>ici\s man (t5 is glad to gorge himself ) food & dr9k at ano!r man's exp5se4 ,an ambiti\s man w re/ra9 himself 9 no?+1 s long z he ?9ks 8 indulg5ces are secret2 & if he lives among drunk>ds & debau*ees1 he w1 f ! m]e fact ( be+ ambiti\s1 be m prone to ^? vices4 ,la/ly1 a timid man does t :i* he w\ld n4 ,= ?\gh an av>ici\s man %\ld1 = ! sake ( avoid+ dea?1 ca/ 8 ri*es into ! sea1 he w none ! less rema9 av>ici\s2 s1 also1 if a lu/ful man is d[nca/1 because he _c foll[ 8 b5t1 he does n1 on ! gr\nd ( ab/5tion1 cease to be lu/ful4 ,9 fact1 ^! emotions are n s mu* conc]n$ ) ! actual fea/+1 dr9k+1 c41 z ) ! appetite & love ( su*4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be oppos$ to ^! emotions1 b high--m9d$ness & val\r1 :]e( ,i w speak pres5tly4 ,! def9itions ( jeal\sy & o!r wav]+s ( ! m9d ,i pass ov] 9 sil5ce1 fir/1 because !y arise f ! comp\nd+ ( ! emotions already describ$2 secondly1 because _m ( !m h no di/9ctive names1 :i* %[s t x is suffici5t = practical purposes to h m]ely a g5]al k ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 x is e/abli%$ f ! def9itions ( ! emotions1 :i* we h set =?1 t !y all spr+ f desire1 pleasure1 or pa91 or1 r1 t !re is no?+ besides ^! ?ree2 :]e=e ea* is wont to be call$ by a v>iety ( names 9 accordance ) its v>i\s relations & extr9sic tok5s4 ,if we n[ direct our att5tion to ^! primitive emotions1 & to :at has be5 said conc]n+ ! nature ( ! m9d1 we %all be able ?us to def9e ! emotions1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ! m9d only4 ,,g5]al ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,emotion1 :i* is call$ a passivity ( ! s\l1 is a confus$ idea1 :]eby ! m9d affirms conc]n+ its body1 or any "p !re(1 a =ce = exi/5ce 7exi/5di vis7 great] or less ?an be=e1 & by ! pres5ce ( :i* ! m9d is det]m9$ to ?9k ( "o ?+ r ?an ano!r4 ,explanation--,i say1 fir/1 t emotion or passion ( ! s\l is a confus$ idea4 ,= we h %[n t ! m9d is only passive1 9 s f> z x has inadequate or confus$ ideas4 7,,iii4 iii47 ,i say1 fur!r1 :]eby ! m9d affirms conc]n+ its body or any "p !re( a =ce = exi/5ce great] ?an be=e4 ,= all ! ideas ( bodies1 :i* we possess1 d5ote r ! actual disposition ( our own body 7,,ii4 xvi4 ,coroll4 ii47 ?an ! nature ( an ext]nal body4 ,b ! idea :i* con/itutes ! reality ( an emotion mu/ d5ote or express ! disposition ( ! body1 or ( "s "p !re(1 because its p[] ( action or =ce = exi/5ce is increas$ or dim9i%$1 help$ or h9d]$4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t1 :5 ,i say a great] or less =ce = exi/5ce ?an be=e1 ,i d n mean t ! m9d comp>es ! pres5t ) ! pa/ disposition ( ! body1 b t ! idea :i* con/itutes ! reality ( an emotion affirms some?+ ( ! body1 :i*1 9 fact1 involves m or less ( reality ?an be=e4 ,& inasmu* z ! ess5ce ( m9d consi/s 9 ! fact 7,,ii4 xi41 xiii471 t x affirms ! actual exi/5ce ( its own body1 & inasmu* z we und]/& by p]fection ! v ess5ce ( a ?+1 x foll[s t ! m9d passes to great] or less p]fection1 :5 x happ5s to affirm conc]n+ its own body1 or any "p !re(1 some?+ involv+ m or less reality ?an be=e4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,i said above t ! p[] ( ! m9d is increas$ or dim9i%$1 ,i m]ely meant t ! m9d _h =m$ ( its own body1 or ( "s "p !re(1 an idea involv+ m or less ( reality1 ?an x _h already affirm$ conc]n+ its own body4 ,= ! excell5ce ( ideas1 & ! actual p[] ( ?9k+ are measur$ by ! excell5ce ( ! object4 ,la/ly1 ,i h add$ by ! pres5ce ( :i* ! m9d is det]m9$ to ?9k ( "o ?+ r ?an ano!r1 s t1 besides ! nature ( pleasure & pa91 :i* ! fir/ "p ( ! def9ition expla9s1 ,i might also express ! nature ( desire4 ,,"p ,,iv3 ,( ,human ,bondage1 or ! ,/r5g? ( ! ,emotions ,,preface ,human infirmity 9 mod]at+ & *eck+ ! emotions ,i "n bondage3 =1 :5 a man is a prey to 8 emotions1 he is n 8 own ma/]1 b lies at ! m]cy ( =tune3 s mu* s1 t he is (t5 compell$1 :ile see+ t :i* is bett] = him1 to foll[ t :i* is worse4 ,:y ?is is s1 & :at is good or evil 9 ! emotions1 ,i propose to %[ 9 ?is "p ( my treatise4 ,b1 be=e ,i beg91 x w\ld be well to make a few prefatory obs]vations on p]fection & imp]fection1 good & evil4 ,:5 a man has purpos$ to make a giv5 ?+1 & has br\ght x to p]fection1 8 "w w be pron\nc$ p]fect1 n only by himself1 b by ev]yone :o rightly kn[s1 or ?9ks t he kn[s1 ! int5tion & aim ( its au?or4 ,= in/ance1 suppose anyone sees a "w 7:i* ,i assume to be n yet complet$71 & kn[s t ! aim ( ! au?or ( t "w is to build a h\se1 he w call ! "w imp]fect2 he w1 on ! o!r h&1 call x p]fect1 z soon z he sees t x is c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! end1 :i* its au?or _h purpos$ = x4 ,b if a man sees a "w1 ! l :]e( he has nev] se5 be=e1 & if he kn[s n ! int5tion ( ! artific]1 he pla9ly _c "k1 :e!r t "w be p]fect or imp]fect4 ,su* seems to be ! prim>y mean+ ( ^! t]ms4 ,b1 aft] m5 began to =m g5]al ideas1 to ?9k out types ( h\ses1 build+s1 t[]s1 c41 & to pref] c]ta9 types to o!rs1 x came ab\t1 t ea* man call$ p]fect t :i* he saw agree ) ! g5]al idea he _h =m$ ( ! ?+ 9 "q1 & call$ imp]fect t :i* he saw agree less ) 8 own preconceiv$ type1 ev5 ?\gh x _h evid5tly be5 complet$ 9 accordance ) ! idea ( its artific]4 ,?is seems to be ! only reason = call+ natural ph5om5a1 :i*1 inde$1 are n made ) human h&s1 p]fect or imp]fect3 = m5 are wont to =m g5]al ideas ( ?+s natural1 no less ?an ( ?+s artificial1 & su* ideas !y hold z types1 believ+ t ,nature 7:o !y ?9k does no?+ )\t an object7 has !m 9 view1 & has set !m z types be=e h]self4 ,!re=e1 :5 !y behold some?+ 9 ,nature1 :i* does n :olly con=m to ! preconceiv$ type :i* !y h =m$ ( ! ?+ 9 "q1 !y say t ,nature has fall5 %ort or has blund]$1 & has left h] "w incomplete4 ,?us we see t m5 are wont to /yle natural ph5om5a p]fect or imp]fect r f _! own prejudices1 ?an f true k ( :at !y pron\nce ^u4 ,n[ we %[$ 9 ! ,app5dix to ,"p ,i41 t ,nature does n "w ) an end 9 view4 ,= ! et]nal & inf9ite ,be+1 :i* we call ,god or ,nature1 acts by ! same necessity z t :]eby x exi/s4 ,= we h %[n1 t by ! same necessity ( its nature1 :]eby x exi/s1 x likewise works 7,i4 xvi474 ,! reason or cause :y ,god or ,nature exi/s1 & ! reason :y he acts1 are "o & ! same4 ,!re=e1 z he does n exi/ = ! sake ( an end1 s nei!r does he act = ! sake ( an end2 ( 8 exi/5ce & ( 8 action !re is nei!r orig9 nor end4 ,:]e=e1 a cause :i* is call$ f9al is no?+ else b human desire1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z ! orig9 or cause ( any?+4 ,= example1 :5 we say t to be inhabit$ is ! f9al cause ( ?is or t h\se1 we mean no?+ m ?an t a man1 conceiv+ ! conv5i5ces ( h\sehold life1 _h a desire to build a h\se4 ,:]e=e1 ! be+ inhabit$1 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ z a f9al cause1 is no?+ else b ?is p>ticul> desire1 :i* is really ! effici5t cause2 x is reg>d$ z ! prim>y cause1 because m5 are g5]ally ignorant ( ! causes ( _! desires4 ,!y are1 z ,i h (t5 said already1 consci\s ( _! own actions & appetites1 b ignorant ( ! causes :]eby !y are det]m9$ to any p>ticul> desire4 ,!re=e1 ! common say+ t ,nature sometimes falls %ort1 or blund]s1 & produces ?+s :i* are imp]fect1 ,i set d[n among ! glosses treat$ ( 9 ! ,app5dix to ,"p ,i4 ,p]fection & imp]fection1 !n1 are 9 reality m]ely modes ( ?9k+1 or notions :i* we =m f a comp>ison among "o ano!r ( individuals ( ! same species2 h5ce ,i said above 7,,ii4 ,def4 vi471 t by reality & p]fection ,i mean ! same ?+4 ,= we are wont to ref] all ! individual ?+s 9 nature to "o g5us1 :i* is call$ ! highe/ g5us1 namely1 to ! category ( ,be+1 :]eto absolutely all individuals 9 nature belong4 ,?us1 9 s f> z we ref] ! individuals 9 nature to ?is category1 & comp>+ !m "o ) ano!r1 f9d t "s possess m ( be+ or reality ?an o!rs1 we1 to ?is ext5t1 say t "s are m p]fect ?an o!rs4 ,aga91 9 s f> z we attribute to !m any?+ imply+ negation--z t]m1 end1 infirmity1 etc41 we1 to ?is ext5t1 call !m imp]fect1 because !y d n affect our m9d s mu* z ! ?+s :i* we call p]fect1 n because !y h any intr9sic defici5cy1 or because ,nature has blund]$4 ,= no?+ lies )9 ! scope ( a ?+'s nature1 save t :i* foll[s f ! necessity ( ! nature ( its effici5t cause1 & :atsoev] foll[s f ! necessity ( ! nature ( its effici5t cause necess>ily comes to pass4 ,z = ! t]ms good & bad1 !y indicate no positive quality 9 ?+s reg>d$ 9 !mselves1 b are m]ely modes ( ?9k+1 or notions :i* we =m f ! comp>ison ( ?+s "o ) ano!r4 ,?us "o & ! same ?+ c be at ! same "t good1 bad1 & indiff]5t4 ,= in/ance1 music is good = him t is melan*oly1 bad = him t m\rns2 = him t is deaf1 x is nei!r good nor bad4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ?is be s1 ! t]ms %\ld /ill be reta9$4 ,=1 inasmu* z we desire to =m an idea ( man z a type ( human nature :i* we may hold 9 view1 x w be useful = u to reta9 ! t]ms 9 "q1 9 ! s5se ,i h indicat$4 ,9 :at foll[s1 !n1 ,i %all mean by1 good t1 :i* we c]ta9ly "k to be a means ( approa*+ m ne>ly to ! type ( human nature1 :i* we h set be=e ourselves2 by bad1 t :i* we c]ta9ly "k to be a h9drance to u 9 approa*+ ! said type4 ,aga91 we %all t m5 are m p]fect1 or m imp]fect1 9 proportion z !y approa* m or less ne>ly to ! said type4 ,= x mu/ be specially rem>k$ t1 :5 ,i say t a man passes f a less] to a great] p]fection1 or vice v]s1 ,i d n mean t he is *ang$ f "o ess5ce or reality to ano!r2 = in/ance1 a horse w\ld be z completely de/roy$ by be+ *ang$ into a man1 z by be+ *ang$ into an insect4 ,:at ,i mean is1 t we conceive ! ?+'s p[] ( action1 9 s f> z ?is is und]/ood by its nature1 to be increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,la/ly1 by p]fection 9 g5]al ,i %all1 z ,i h said1 mean reality--9 o!r words1 ea* ?+'s ess5ce1 9 s f> z x exi/s1 & op]ates 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 & )\t pay+ any reg>d to its duration4 ,= no giv5 ?+ c be said to be m p]fect1 because x has pass$ a long] "t 9 exi/5ce4 ,! duration ( ?+s _c be det]m9$ by _! ess5ce1 = ! ess5ce ( ?+s involves no fix$ & def9ite p]iod ( exi/5ce2 b ev]y?+1 :e!r x be m p]fect or less p]fect1 w always be able to p]si/ 9 exi/5ce ) ! same =ce :]e) x began to exi/2 :]e=e1 9 ?is respect1 all ?+s are equal4 ,,def9itions4 ,i4 ,by good ,i mean t :i* we c]ta9ly "k to be useful to u4 ,,ii4 ,by evil ,i mean t :i* we c]ta9ly "k to be a h9drance to u 9 ! atta9m5t ( any good4 7,conc]n+ ^! t]ms see ! =ego+ preface t[>ds ! end47 ,,iii4 ,p>ticul> ?+s ,i call cont+5t 9 s f> z1 :ile reg>d+ _! ess5ce only1 we f9d no?+ !re91 :i* necess>ily ass]ts _! exi/5ce or excludes x4 ,,iv4 ,p>ticul> ?+s ,i call possible 9 s f> z1 :ile reg>d+ ! causes :]eby !y mu/ be produc$1 we "k n1 :e!r su* causes be det]m9$ = produc+ !m4 7,9 ,i4 xxxiii4 note4 i41 ,i drew no di/9ction betwe5 possible & cont+5t1 because !re 0 9 t place no ne$ to di/+ui% !m accurately47 ,v4 ,by conflict+ emotions ,i mean ^? :i* draw a man 9 diff]5t directions1 ?\gh !y are ( ! same k9d1 su* z luxury & av>ice1 :i* are bo? species ( love1 & are contr>ies1 n by nature1 b by accid5t4 ,,vi4 ,:at ,i mean by emotion felt t[>ds a ?+1 future1 pres5t1 & pa/1 ,i expla9$ 9 ,,iii4 xviii41 notes4 i4 & ii41 :i* see4 7,b ,i %\ld "h also rem>k1 t we c only di/9ctly conceive di/ance ( space or "t up to a c]ta9 def9ite limit2 t is1 all objects di/ant f u m ?an two hundr$ feet1 or ^: di/ance f ! place :]e we are exce$s t :i* we c di/9ctly conceive1 seem to be an equal di/ance f u1 & all 9 ! same plane2 s also objects1 ^: "t ( exi/+ is conceiv$ z remov$ f ! pres5t by a long] int]val ?an we c di/9ctly conceive1 seem to be all equally di/ant f ! pres5t1 & are set d[n1 z x 71 to ! same mom5t ( "t47 ,,vii4 ,by an end1 = ! sake ( :i* we d some?+1 ,i mean a desire4 ,,viii4 ,by virtue 7virtus7 & p[] ,i mean ! same ?+2 t is 7,,iii4 vii71 virtue1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to man1 is a man's nature or ess5ce1 9 s f> z x has ! p[] ( effect+ :at c only be und]/ood by ! laws ( t nature4 ,,axiom4 ,!re is no individual ?+ 9 nature1 ?an :i* !re is n ano!r m p[]ful & /rong4 ,:atsoev] ?+ be giv51 !re is some?+ /rong] :]eby x c be de/roy$4 ,,propositions4 ,,prop4 ,i4 ,no positive quality possess$ by a false idea is remov$ by ! pres5ce ( :at is true1 9 virtue ( its be+ true4 ,pro(4--,falsity consi/s solely 9 ! privation ( k :i* inadequate ideas involve 7,,ii4 xxxv471 nor h !y any positive quality on acc\nt ( :i* !y are call$ false 7,,ii4 xxxiii472 contr>iwise1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ,god1 !y are true 7,,ii4 xxxii474 ,:]e=e1 if ! positive quality possess$ by a false idea 7 remov$ by ! pres5ce ( :at is true1 9 virtue ( its be+ true1 a true idea w\ld !n be remov$ by itself1 :i* 7,,iv4 iii47 is absurd4 ,!re=e1 no positive quality possess$ by a false idea1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is proposition is m cle>ly und]/ood f ,,ii4 xvi4 ,coroll4 ii4 ,= imag9ation is an idea1 :i* indicates r ! pres5t disposition ( ! human body ?an ! nature ( ! ext]nal body2 n inde$ di/9ctly1 b confus$ly2 :5ce x comes to pass1 t ! m9d is said to err4 ,= in/ance1 :5 we look at ! sun1 we conceive t x is di/ant f u ab\t two hundr$ feet2 9 ?is judgm5t we err1 s long z we are 9 ignorance ( its true di/ance2 :5 its true di/ance is kn[n1 ! error is remov$1 b n ! imag9ation2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! idea ( ! sun1 :i* only expla9s ?o nature ( t lum9>y1 9 s f> z ! body is affect$ !reby3 :]e=e1 ?\gh we "k ! real di/ance1 we %all /ill nev]!less imag9e ! sun to be ne> u4 ,=1 z we said 9 ,,ii4 xxxv4 note1 we d n imag9e ! sun to be s ne> u1 because we are ignorant ( its true di/ance1 b because ! m9d conceives ! magnitude ( ! sun to ! ext5t t ! body is affect$ !reby4 ,?us1 :5 ! rays ( ! sun fall+ on ! surface ( wat] are reflect$ into our eyes1 we imag9e ! sun z if x 7 9 ! wat]1 ?\gh we are aw>e ( its real position2 & simil>ly o!r imag9ations1 :]e9 ! m9d is deceiv$1 :e!r !y indicate ! natural disposition ( ! body1 or t its p[] ( activity is increas$ or dim9i%$1 are n contr>y to ! tru?1 & d n vani% at its pres5ce4 ,x happ5s inde$ t1 :5 we mi/ak5ly fe> an evil1 ! fe> vani%es :5 we he> ! true tid+s2 b ! contr>y also happ5s1 namely1 t we fe> an evil :i* w c]ta9ly come1 & our fe> vani%es :5 we he> false tid+s2 ?us imag9ations d n vani% at ! pres5ce ( ! tru?1 9 virtue ( its be+ true1 b because o!r imag9ations1 /rong] ?an ! fir/1 sup]v5e & exclude ! pres5t exi/5ce ( t :i* we imag9$1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,,ii4 xvii4 ,,prop4 ,,ii4 ,we are only passive1 9 s f> z we are ap>t ( ,nature1 :i* _c be conceiv$ by itself )\t o!r p>ts4 ,pro(4--,we are said to be passive1 :5 some?+ arises 9 u1 :]e( we are only a p>tial cause 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii471 t is 7,,iii4 ,def4 i471 some?+ :i* _c be d$uc$ solely f ! laws ( our nature4 ,we are passive !re=e1 9 s f> z we are a "p ( ,nature1 :i* _c be conceiv$ by itself )\t o!r p>ts4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,iii4 ,! =ce :]eby a man p]si/s 9 exi/+ is limit$1 & is inf9itely surpass$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes4 ,pro(4--,?is is evid5t f ! axiom ( ?is "p4 ,=1 :5 man is giv51 !re is some?+ else--say ,a--m p[]ful2 :5 ,a is giv51 !re is some?+ else--say ,b--m p[]ful ?an ,a1 & s on to inf9ity2 ?us ! p[] ( man is limit$ by ! p[] ( "s o!r ?+1 & is inf9itely surpass$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,iv4 ,x is impossible1 t man %\ld n be a "p ( ,nature1 or t he %\ld be capable ( und]go+ no *anges1 save su* z c be und]/ood ?r\gh 8 nature only z _! adequate cause4 ,pro(4--,! p[]1 :]eby ea* p>ticul> ?+1 & consequ5tly man1 pres]ves 8 be+1 is ! p[] ( ,god or ( ,nature 7,i4 xxiv4 ,coroll472 n 9 s f> z x is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z x c be expla9$ by ! actual human ess5ce 7,,iii4 vii474 ,?us ! p[] ( man1 9 s f> z x is expla9$ ?r\gh 8 own actual ess5ce1 is a "p ( ! inf9ite p[] ( ,god or ,nature1 9 o!r words1 ( ! ess5ce !re( 7,i4 xxxiv474 ,?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 if x 7 possible1 t man %\ld und]go no *anges save su* z c be und]/ood solely ?r\gh ! nature ( man1 x w\ld foll[ t he w\ld n be able to die1 b w\ld always necess>ily exi/2 ?is w\ld be ! necess>y consequ5ce ( a cause ^: p[] 0 ei!r f9ite or inf9ite2 namely1 ei!r ( man's p[] only1 inasmu* z he w\ld be capable ( remov+ f himself all *anges :i* c\ld spr+ f ext]nal causes2 or ( ! inf9ite p[] ( ,nature1 :]eby all individual ?+s w\ld be s ord]$1 t man %\ld be incapable ( und]go+ any *anges save su* z t5d$ t[>ds 8 own pres]vation4 ,b ! fir/ alt]native is absurd 7by ! la/ ,prop41 ! pro( ( :i* is univ]sal1 & c be appli$ to all individual ?+s74 ,!re=e1 if x be possible1 t man %\ld n be capable ( und]go+ any *anges1 save su* z c be expla9$ solely ?r\gh 8 own nature1 & consequ5tly t he mu/ always 7z we h %[n7 necess>ily exi/2 su* a result mu/ foll[ f ! inf9ite p[] ( ,god1 & consequ5tly 7,i4 xvi47 f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ z affect$ by ! idea ( any giv5 man1 ! :ole ord] ( nature z conceiv$ "u ! attributes ( ext5sion & ?\ght mu/ be d$ucible4 ,x w\ld !re=e foll[ 7,i4 xxi47 t man is inf9ite1 :i* 7by ! fir/ "p ( ?is pro(7 is absurd4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible1 t man %\ld n und]go any *anges save ^? :]e( he is ! adequate cause4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s1 t man is necess>ily always a prey to 8 passions1 t he foll[s & obeys ! g5]al ord] ( nature1 & t he accommodates himself !reto1 z mu* z ! nature ( ?+s dem&s4 ,,prop4 ,v4 ,! p[] & increase ( e passion1 & its p]si/5ce 9 exi/+ are n def9$ by ! p[]1 :]eby we ourselves endeav\r to p]si/ 9 exi/+1 b by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own4 ,pro(4--,! ess5ce ( a passion _c be expla9$ ?r\gh our ess5ce alone 7,,iii4 ,deff4 i4 & ii471 t is 7,,iii4 vii471 ! p[] ( a passion _c be def9$ by ! p[]1 :]eby we ourselves endeav\r to p]si/ 9 exi/+1 b 7z is %[n 9 ,,ii4 xvi47 mu/ necess>ily be def9$ by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,vi4 ,! =ce ( any passion or emotion c ov]come ! re/ ( a man's activities or p[]1 s t ! emotion becomes ob/9ately fix$ to him4 ,pro(4--,! =ce & increase ( any passion & its p]si/5ce 9 exi/+ are def9$ by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own 7by ! =ego+ ,prop472 !re=e 7,,iv4 iii47 x c ov]come a man's p[]1 e4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,vii4 ,an emotion c only be controll$ or de/roy$ by ano!r emotion contr>y !reto1 & ) m p[] = controll+ emotion4 ,pro(4--,emotion1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! m9d1 is an idea1 :]eby ! m9d affirms ( its body a great] or less =ce ( exi/5ce ?an be=e 7cf4 ! g5]al ,def9ition ( ! ,emotions at ! end ( ,"p ,,iii474 ,:51 !re=e1 ! m9d is assail$ by any emotion1 ! body is at ! same "t affect$ ) a modification :]eby its p[] ( activity is increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,n[ ?is modification ( ! body 7,,iv4 v47 receives f its cause ! =ce = p]si/5ce 9 its be+2 :i* =ce c only be *eck$ or de/roy$ by a bodily cause 7,,ii4 vi471 9 virtue ( ! body be+ affect$ ) a modification contr>y to 7,,iii4 v47 & /rong] ?an itself 7,,iv4 ,ax472 :]e=e 7,,ii4 xii47 ! m9d is affect$ by ! idea ( a modification contr>y to1 & /rong] ?an ! =m] modification1 9 o!r words1 7by ! g5]al def9ition ( ! emotions7 ! m9d w be affect$ by an emotion contr>y to & /rong] ?an ! =m] emotion1 :i* w exclude or de/roy ! exi/5ce ( ! =m] emotion2 ?us an emotion _c be de/roy$ nor controll$ except by a contr>y & /rong] emotion4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,an emotion1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! m9d1 c only be controll$ or de/roy$ ?r\gh an idea ( a modification ( ! body contr>y to1 & /rong] ?an1 t :i* we are und]go+4 ,= ! emotion :i* we und]go c only be *eck$ or de/roy$ by an emotion contr>y to1 & /rong] ?an1 itself1 9 o!r words1 7by ! g5]al ,def9ition ( ! ,emotions7 only by an idea ( a modification ( ! body contr>y to1 & /rong] ?an1 ! modification :i* we und]go4 ,,prop4 ,,viii4 ,! k ( good & evil is no?+ else b ! emotions ( pleasure or pa91 9 s f> z we are consci\s !re(4 ,pro(4--,we call a ?+ good or evil1 :5 x is ( s]vice or ! rev]se 9 pres]v+ our be+ 7,,iv4 ,deff4 i4 & ii471 t is 7,,iii4 vii471 :5 x increases or dim9i%es1 helps or h9d]s1 our p[] ( activity4 ,?us1 9 s f> z we p]ceive t a ?+ affects u ) pleasure or pa91 we call x good or evil2 :]e=e ! k ( good & evil is no?+ else b ! idea ( ! pleasure or pa91 :i* necess>ily foll[s f t pleasurable or pa9ful emotion 7,,ii4 xxii474 ,b ?is idea is unit$ to ! emotion 9 ! same way z m9d is unit$ to body 7,,ii4 xxi472 t is1 !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 ?is idea & ! emotion or idea ( ! modification ( ! body1 save 9 conception only4 ,!re=e ! k ( good & evil is no?+ else b ! emotion1 9 s f> z we are consci\s !re(4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,ix4 ,an emotion1 :]e( we conceive ! cause to be ) u at ! pres5t "t1 is /rong] ?an if we did n conceive ! cause to be ) u4 ,pro(4--,imag9ation or conception is ! idea1 by :i* ! m9d reg>ds a ?+ z pres5t 7,,ii4 xvii4 note71 b :i* indicates ! disposition ( ! m9d r ?an ! nature ( ! ext]nal ?+ 7,,ii4 xvi4 ,coroll4 ii474 ,an emotion is !re=e a conception1 9 s f> z x indicates ! disposition ( ! body4 ,b a conception 7by ,,ii4 xvii47 is /rong]1 s long z we conceive no?+ :i* excludes ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal object2 :]e=e an emotion is also /rong] or m int5se1 :5 we conceive ! cause to be ) u at ! pres5t "t1 ?an :5 we d n conceive ! cause to be ) u4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,:5 ,i said above 9 ,,iii4 xviii4 t we are affect$ by ! image ( :at is pa/ or future ) ! same emotion z if ! ?+ conceiv$ 7 pres5t1 ,i expressly /at$1 t ?is is only true 9 s f> z we look solely to ! image ( ! ?+ 9 "q itself2 = ! ?+'s nature is un*ang$1 :e!r we h conceiv$ x or n2 ,i did n d5y t ! image becomes weak]1 :5 we reg>d z pres5t to u o!r ?+s :i* exclude ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! future object3 ,i did n expressly call att5tion to ! fact1 because ,i purpos$ to treat ( ! /r5g? ( ! emotions 9 ?is "p ( my "w4 ,coroll>y4--,! image ( some?+ pa/ or future1 t is1 ( a ?+ :i* we reg>d z 9 relation to "t pa/ or "t future1 to ! exclusion ( "t pres5t1 is1 :5 o!r conditions are equal1 weak] ?an ! image ( some?+ pres5t2 consequ5tly an emotion felt t[>ds :at is pa/ or future is less int5se1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 ?an an emotion felt t[>ds some?+ pres5t4 ,,prop4 ,x4 ,t[>ds some?+ future1 :i* we conceive z close at h&1 we are affect$ m int5sely1 ?an if we conceive t its "t = exi/5ce is sep>at$ f ! pres5t by a long] int]val2 s too by ! remembrance ( :at we conceive to h n long pass$ away we are affect$ m int5sely1 ?an if we conceive t x has long pass$ away4 ,pro(4--,9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ z close at h&1 or n long pass$ away1 we conceive t :i* excludes ! pres5ce ( ! object less1 ?an if its p]iod ( future exi/5ce 7 m di/ant f ! pres5t1 or if x _h long pass$ away 7?is is obvi\s7 !re=e 7by ! =ego+ ,prop47 we are1 s f>1 m int5sely affect$ t[>ds x4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,f ! rem>ks made 9 ,def4 vi4 ( ?is "p x foll[s t1 if objects are sep>at$ f ! pres5t by a long] p]iod ?an we c def9e 9 conception1 ?\gh _! dates ( occurr5ce be widely sep>at$ "o f ! o!r1 !y all affect u equally fa9tly4 ,,prop4 ,,xi4 ,an emotion t[>ds t :i* we conceive z necess>y is1 :5 o!r conditions are equal1 m int5se ?an an emotion t[>ds t :i* possible1 or cont+5t1 or non--necess>y4 ,pro(4--,9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ to be necess>y1 we1 to t ext5t1 affirm its exi/5ce2 on ! o!r h& we d5y a ?+'s exi/5ce1 9 s f> z we conceive x n to be necess>y 7,i4 xxxiii4 note4 i472 :]e=e 7,,iv4 ix47 an emotion t[>ds t :i* is necess>y is1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 m int5se ?an an emotion t :i* is non--necess>y4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xii4 ,an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we "k n to exi/ at ! pres5t "t1 & :i* we conceive z possible1 is m int5se1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 ?an an emotion t[>ds a ?+ cont+5t4 ,pro(4--,9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ z cont+5t1 we are affect$ by ! conception ( "s fur!r ?+1 :i* w\ld ass]t ! exi/5ce ( ! =m] 7,,iv4 ,def4 iii472 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we 7by hypo!sis7 conceive c]ta9 ?+s1 :i* exclude its pres5t exi/5ce4 ,b1 9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ to be possible 9 ! future1 we !re by conceive ?+s :i* ass]t its exi/5ce 7,,iv4 iv471 t is 7,,iii4 xviii471 ?+s :i* promote hope or fe>3 :]e=e an emotion t[>ds some?+ possible is m vehem5t4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we "k n to exi/ 9 ! pres5t1 & :i* we conceive z cont+5t1 is f> fa9t]1 ?an if we conceive ! ?+ to be pres5t ) u4 ,pro(4--,emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we conceive to exi/1 is m int5se ?an x w\ld be1 if we conceiv$ ! ?+ z future 7,,iv4 ix4 ,coroll471 & is mu* m vehem5t1 ?an if ! future "t be conceiv$ z f> di/ant f ! pres5t 7,,iv4 x474 ,!re=e an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 ^: p]iod ( exi/5ce we conceive to be f> di/ant f ! pres5t1 is f> fa9t]1 ?an if we conceive ! ?+ z pres5t2 x is1 nev]!less1 m int5se1 ?an if we conceiv$ ! ?+ z cont+5t1 :]e=e an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we reg>d z cont+5t1 w be f> fa9t]1 ?an if we conceiv$ ! ?+ to be pres5t ) u4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xiii4 ,emotion t[>ds a ?+ cont+5t1 :i* we "k n to exi/ 9 ! pres5t1 is1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 fa9t] ?an an emotion t[>ds a ?+ pa/4 ,pro(4--,9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ z cont+5t1 we are n affect$ by ! image ( any o!r ?+1 :i* ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( ! said ?+ 7,,iv4 ,def4 iii471 b1 on ! o!r h& 7by hypo!sis71 we conceive c]ta9 ?+s exclud+ its pres5t exi/5ce4 ,b1 9 s f> z we conceive x 9 relation to "t pa/1 we are assum$ to conceive some?+1 :i* recalls ! ?+ to memory1 or excites ! image !re( 7,,ii4 xviii4 & note71 :i* is s f> ! same z reg>d+ x z pres5t 7,,ii4 xvii4 ,coroll474 ,!re=e 7,,iv4 ix47 an emotion t[>ds a ?+ cont+5t1 :i* we "k does n exi/ 9 ! pres5t1 is fa9t]1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 ?an an emotion t[>ds a ?+ pa/4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xiv4 ,a true k ( good & evil _c *eck any emotion by virtue ( be+ true1 b only 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z an emotion4 ,pro(4--,an emotion is an idea1 :]eby ! m9d affirms ( its body a great] or less =ce ( exi/+ ?an be=e 7by ! g5]al ,def9ition ( ! ,emotions72 !re=e x has no positive quality1 :i* c be de/roy$ by ! pres5ce ( :at is true2 consequ5tly ! k ( good & evil _c1 by virtue ( be+ true1 re/ra9 any emotion4 ,b1 9 s f> z su* k is an emotion 7,,iv4 viii47 if x h m /r5g? = re/ra9+ emotion1 x w to t ext5t be able to re/ra9 ! giv5 emotion4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xv4 ,desire aris+ f ! k ( good & bad c be qu5*$ or *eck$ by _m ( ! o!r desires aris+ f ! emotions :]eby we are assail$4 ,pro(4--,f ! true k ( good & evil1 9 s f> z x is an emotion1 necess>ily arises desire 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i471 ! /r5g? ( :i* is proportion$ to ! /r5g? ( ! emotion :]efrom x arises 7,,iii4 xxxvii474 ,b1 inasmu* z ?is desire arises 7by hypo!sis7 f ! fact ( our truly und]/&+ any?+1 x foll[s t x is also pres5t ) u1 9 s f> z we are active 7,,iii4 i471 & mu/ !re=e be und]/ood ?r\gh our ess5ce only 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii472 consequ5tly 7,,iii4 vii47 its =ce & increase c be def9$ solely by human p[]4 ,aga91 ! desires aris+ f ! emotions :]eby we are assail$ are /rong]1 9 proportion z ! said emotions are m vehem5t2 :]e=e _! =ce & increase mu/ be def9$ solely by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes1 :i*1 :5 comp>$ ) our own p[]1 indef9itely surpass x 7,,iv4 iii472 h5ce ! desires aris+ f l emotions may be m vehem5t1 ?an ! desire :i* arises f a true k ( good & evil1 & may1 consequ5tly1 control or qu5* x4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xvi4 ,desire aris+ f ! k ( good & evil1 9 s f> z su* k reg>ds :at is future1 may be m easily controll$ or qu5*$1 ?an ! desire = :at is agreeable at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,pro(4--,emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we conceive z future1 is fa9t] ?an emotion t[>ds a ?+ t is pres5t 7,,iv4 ix4 ,coroll474 ,b desire1 :i* arises f ! true k ( good & evil1 ?\gh x be conc]n$ ) ?+s :i* are good at ! mom5t1 c be qu5*$ or controll$ by any head/rong desire 7by ! la/ ,prop41 ! pro( :]e( is ( univ]sal application74 ,:]e=e desire aris+ f su* k1 :5 conc]n$ ) ! future1 c be m easily controll$ or qu5*$1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xvii4 ,desire aris+ f ! true k ( good & evil1 9 s f> z su* k is conc]n$ ) :at is cont+5t1 c be controll$ f> m easily /ill1 ?an desire = ?+s t are pres5t4 ,pro(4--,?is ,prop4 is prov$ 9 ! same way z ! la/ ,prop4 f ,,iv4 xii4 ,coroll4 ,note4--,i ?9k ,i h n[ %[n ! reason1 :y m5 are mov$ by op9ion m readily ?an by true reason1 :y x is t ! true k ( good & evil /irs up conflicts 9 ! s\l1 & (t5 yields to e k9d ( passion4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s gave rise to ! exclamation ( ! poet3#ab---- ,! bett] pa? ,i gaze at & approve1 ,! worse--,i foll[4 #ab ,ov4 ,met4 vii4#bj1 ,video meliora proboque1 ,det]iora sequor4 ,ecclesia/es seems to h _h ! same ?\ght 9 8 m9d1 :5 he says1 ,he :o increase? k increase? sorr[4 ,i h n writt5 ! above ) ! object ( draw+ ! conclusion1 t ignorance is m excell5t ?an k1 or t a wise man is on a p> ) a fool 9 controll+ 8 emotions1 b because x is necess>y to "k ! p[] & ! infirmity ( our nature1 be=e we c det]m9e :at reason c d 9 re/ra9+ ! emotions1 & :at is beyond h] p[]4 ,i h said1 t 9 ! pres5t "p ,i %all m]ely treat ( human infirmity4 ,! p[] ( reason ov] ! emotions ,i h settl$ to treat sep>ately4 ,,prop4 ,,xviii4 ,desire aris+ f pleasure is1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 /rong] ?an desire aris+ f pa94 ,pro(4--,desire is ! ess5ce ( a man 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i471 t is1 ! endeav\r :]eby a man endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 8 own be+4 ,:]e=e desire aris+ f pleasure is1 by ! fact ( pleasure be+ felt1 increas$ or help$2 on ! contr>y1 desire aris+ f pa9 is1 by ! fact ( pa9 be+ felt1 dim9i%$ or h9d]$2 h5ce ! =ce ( desire aris+ f pleasure mu/ be def9$ by human p[] toge!r ) ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause1 :]eas desire aris+ f pa9 mu/ be def9$ by human p[] only4 ,?us ! =m] is ! /rong] ( ! two4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,9 ^! few rem>ks ,i h expla9$ ! causes ( human infirmity & incon/ancy1 & %[n :y m5 d n abide by ! precepts ( reason4 ,x n[ rema9s = me to %[ :at c\rse is m>k$ out = u by reason1 :i* ( ! emotions are 9 h>mony ) ! rules ( human reason1 & :i* ( !m are contr>y !reto4 ,b1 be=e ,i beg9 to prove my ,propositions 9 detail$ geometrical fa%ion1 x is advisable to sket* !m briefly 9 advance1 s t ev]yone may m readily grasp my mean+4 ,z reason makes no dem&s contr>y to nature1 x dem&s1 t e man %\ld love himself1 %\ld seek t :i* is useful to him--,i mean1 t :i* is really useful to him1 %\ld desire ev]y?+ :i* really br+s man to great] p]fection1 & %\ld1 ea* = himself1 endeav\r z f> z he c to pres]ve 8 own be+4 ,?is is z necess>ily true1 z t a :ole is great] ?an its "p4 7,cf4 ,,iii4 iv47 ,aga91 z virtue is no?+ else b action 9 accordance ) ! laws ( "o's own nature 7,,iv4 ,def4 viii471 & z no "o endeav\rs to pres]ve 8 own be+1 except 9 accordance ) ! laws ( 8 own nature1 x foll[s1 fir/1 t ! f\ndation ( virtue is ! endeav\r to pres]ve "o's own be+1 & t happ9ess consi/s 9 man's p[] ( pres]v+ 8 own be+2 secondly1 t virtue is to be desir$ = its own sake1 & t !re is no?+ m excell5t or m useful to u1 = ! sake ( :i* we %\ld desire x2 ?irdly & la/ly1 t suicides are weak--m9d$1 & are ov]come by ext]nal causes repugnant to _! nature4 ,fur!r1 x foll[s f ,po/ulate iv41 ,"p ,,ii41 t we c nev] arrive at do+ )\t all ext]nal ?+s = ! pres]vation ( our be+ or liv+1 s z to h no relations ) ?+s :i* are outside ourselves4 ,aga91 if we consid] our m9d1 we see t our intellect w\ld be m imp]fect1 if m9d 7 alone1 & c\ld und]/& no?+ besides itself4 ,!re are1 !n1 _m ?+s outside ourselves1 :i* are useful to u1 & are1 !re=e1 to be desir$4 ,( su* none c be disc]n$ m excell5t1 ?an ^? :i* are 9 entire agreem5t ) our nature4 ,= if1 = example1 two individuals ( entirely ! same nature are unit$1 !y =m a comb9ation twice z p[]ful z ei!r ( !m s+ly4 ,!re=e1 to man !re is no?+ m useful ?an man--no?+1 ,i repeat1 m excell5t = pres]v+ _! be+ c be wi%$ = by m51 ?an t all %\ld s 9 all po9ts agree1 t ! m9ds & bodies ( all %\ld =m1 z x 71 "o s+le m9d & "o s+le body1 & t all %\ld1 ) "o cons5t1 z f> z !y are able1 endeav\r to pres]ve _! be+1 & all ) "o cons5t seek :at is useful to !m all4 ,h5ce1 m5 :o are gov]n$ by reason--t is1 :o seek :at is useful to !m 9 accordance ) reason1 desire = !mselves no?+1 :i* !y d n also desire = ! re/ ( mank9d1 &1 consequ5tly1 are j1 fai?ful1 & hon\rable 9 _! conduct4 ,su* are ! dictates ( reason1 :i* ,i purpos$ ?us briefly to indicate1 be=e beg9n+ to prove !m 9 great] detail4 ,i h tak5 ?is c\rse1 9 ord]1 if possible1 to ga9 ! att5tion ( ^? :o believe1 t ! pr9ciple t e man is b\nd to seek :at is useful = himself is ! f\ndation ( impiety1 r ?an ( piety & virtue4 ,!re=e1 aft] briefly %[+ t ! contr>y is ! case1 ,i g on to prove x by ! same me?od1 z t :]eby ,i h hi!rto proce$$4 ,,prop4 ,,xix4 ,e man1 by ! laws ( 8 nature1 necess>ily desires or %r9ks f t :i* he deems to be good or bad4 ,pro(4--,! k ( good & evil is 7,,iv4 viii47 ! emotion ( pleasure or pa91 9 s f> z we are consci\s !re(2 !re=e1 e man necess>ily desires :at he ?9ks good1 & %r9ks f :at he ?9ks bad4 ,n[ ?is appetite is no?+ else b man's nature or ess5ce 7,cf4 ! ,def9ition ( ,appetite1 ,,iii4 ix4 note1 & ,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i474 ,!re=e1 e man1 solely by ! laws ( 8 nature1 desires ! "o1 & %r9ks f ! o!r1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xx4 ,! m e man endeav\rs1 & is able to seek :at is useful to him--9 o!r words1 to pres]ve 8 own be+--! m is he end[$ ) virtue2 on ! contr>y1 9 proportion z a man neglects to seek :at is useful to him1 t is1 to pres]ve 8 own be+1 he is want+ 9 p[]4 ,pro(4--,virtue is human p[]1 :i* is def9$ solely by man's ess5ce 7,,iv4 ,def4 viii471 t is1 :i* is def9$ solely by ! endeav\r made by man to p]si/ 9 8 own be+4 ,:]e=e1 ! m a man endeav\rs1 & is able to pres]ve 8 own be+1 ! m is he end[$ ) virtue1 &1 consequ5tly 7,,iii4 iv4 & vi471 9 s f> z a man neglects to pres]ve 8 own be+1 he is want+ 9 p[]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,no "o1 !re=e1 neglects seek+ 8 own good1 or pres]v+ 8 own be+1 unless he be ov]come by causes ext]nal & =eign to 8 nature4 ,no "o1 ,i say1 f ! necessity ( 8 own nature1 or o!rwise ?an "u compulsion f ext]nal causes1 %r9ks f food1 or kills himself3 :i* latt] may be done 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,a man1 = in/ance1 kills himself "u ! compulsion ( ano!r man1 :o twi/s r\nd 8 "r h&1 :]e) he happ5$ to h tak5 up a sword1 & =ces him to turn ! blade aga9/ 8 own he>t2 or1 aga91 he may be compell$1 l ,s5eca1 by a tyrant's comm&1 to op5 8 own ve9s--t is1 to escape a great] evil by incurr+1 a less]2 or1 la/ly1 lat5t ext]nal causes may s disord] 8 imag9ation1 & s affect 8 body1 t x may assume a nature contr>y to its =m] "o1 & :]e( ! idea _c exi/ 9 ! m9d 7,,iii4 x47 ,b t a man1 f ! necessity ( 8 own nature1 %\ld endeav\r to become non--exi/5t1 is z impossible z t some?+ %\ld be made out ( no?+1 z ev]yone w see = himself1 aft] a little reflection4 ,,prop4 ,,xxi4 ,no "o c desire to be bless$1 to act rightly1 & to live rightly1 )\t at ! same "t wi%+ to be1 act1 & to live--9 o!r words1 to actually exi/4 ,pro(4--,! pro( ( ?is proposition1 or r ! proposition itself1 is self--evid5t1 & is also pla9 f ! def9ition ( desire4 ,= ! desire ( liv+1 act+1 c41 bless$ly or rightly1 is 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i47 ! ess5ce ( man--t is 7,,iii4 vii471 ! endeav\r made by ev]yone to pres]ve 8 own be+4 ,!re=e1 no "o c desire1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxii4 ,no virtue c be conceiv$ z prior to ?is endeav\r to pres]ve "o's own be+4 ,pro(4--,! ef=t = self--pres]vation is ! ess5ce ( a ?+ 7,,iii4 vii472 !re=e1 if any virtue c\ld be conceiv$ z prior !reto1 ! ess5ce ( a ?+ w\ld h to be conceiv$ z prior to itself1 :i* is obvi\sly absurd4 ,!re=e no virtue1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,! ef=t = self--pres]vation is ! fir/ & only f\ndation ( virtue4 ,= prior to ?is pr9ciple no?+ c be conceiv$1 & )\t x no virtue c be conceiv$4 ,,prop4 ,,xxiii4 ,man1 9 s f> z he is det]m9$ to a p>ticul> action because he has inadequate ideas1 _c be absolutely said to act 9 ob$i5ce to virtue2 he c only be s describ$1 9 s f> z he is det]m9$ = ! action because he und]/&s4 ,pro(4--,9 s f> z a man is det]m9$ to an action ?r\gh hav+ inadequate ideas1 he is passive 7,,iii4 i471 t is 7,,iii4 ,deff4 i41 & iii471 he does some?+1 :i* _c be p]ceiv$ solely ?r\gh 8 ess5ce1 t is 7by ,,iv4 ,def4 viii471 :i* does n foll[ f 8 virtue4 ,b1 9 s f> z he is det]m9$ = an action because he und]/&s1 he is active2 t is1 he does some?+1 :i* is p]ceiv$ ?r\gh 8 ess5ce alone1 or :i* adequately foll[s f 8 virtue4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxiv4 ,to act absolutely 9 ob$i5ce to virtue is 9 u ! same ?+ z to act1 to live1 or to pres]ve "o's be+ 7^! ?ree t]ms are id5tical 9 mean+7 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( reason on ! basis ( seek+ :at is useful to "o's self4 ,pro(4--,to act absolutely 9 ob$i5ce to virtue is no?+ else b to act accord+ to ! laws ( "o's own nature4 ,b we only act1 9 s f> z we und]/& 7,,iii4 iii473 !re=e to act 9 ob$i5ce to virtue is 9 u no?+ else b to act1 to live1 or to pres]ve "o's be+ 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 & t on ! basis ( seek+ :at is useful = u 7,,iv4 xxii4 ,coroll474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxv4 ,no "o wi%es to pres]ve 8 be+ = ! sake ( any?+ else4 ,pro(4--,! endeav\r1 :]e) ev]y?+ endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its be+1 is def9$ solely by ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ itself 7,,iii4 vii472 f ?is alone1 & n f ! ess5ce ( any?+ else1 x necess>ily foll[s 7,,iii4 vi47 t ev]yone endeav\rs to pres]ve 8 be+4 ,moreov]1 ?is proposition is pla9 f ,,iv4 xxii4 ,coroll41 = if a man %\ld endeav\r to pres]ve 8 be+ = ! sake ( any?+ else1 ! la/--nam$ ?+ w\ld obvi\sly be ! basis ( virtue1 :i*1 by ! =ego+ coroll>y1 is absurd4 ,!re=e no "o1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxvi4 ,:atsoev] we endeav\r 9 ob$i5ce to reason is no?+ fur!r ?an to und]/&2 nei!r does ! m9d1 9 s f> z x makes use ( reason1 judge any?+ to be useful to x1 save su* ?+s z are conducive to und]/&+4 ,pro(4--,! ef=t = self--pres]vation is no?+ else b ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ 9 "q 7,,iii4 vii471 :i*1 9 s f> z x exi/s su* z x is1 is conceiv$ to h =ce = cont9u+ 9 exi/5ce 7,,iii4 vi47 & do+ su* ?+s z necess>ily foll[ f its giv5 nature 7see ! ,def4 ( ,appetite1 ,,iii4 ix4 note74 ,b ! ess5ce ( reason is n\ght else b our m9d1 9 s f> z x cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&s 7see ! def9ition 9 ,,ii4 xl4 note4 ii472 !re=e 7,,ii4 xl47 :atsoev] we endeav\r 9 ob$i5ce to reason is no?+ else b to und]/&4 ,aga91 s9ce ?is ef=t ( ! m9d :]e) ! m9d endeav\rs1 9 s f> z x reasons1 to pres]ve its own be+ is no?+ else b und]/&+2 ?is ef=t at und]/&+ is 7,,iv4 xxii4 ,coroll47 ! fir/ & s+le basis ( virtue1 nor %all we endeav\r to und]/& ?+s = ! sake ( any ult]ior object 7,,iv4 xxv472 on ! o!r h&1 ! m9d1 9 s f> z x reasons1 w n be able to conceive any good = itself1 save su* ?+s z are conducive to und]/&+4 ,,prop4 ,,xxvii4 ,we "k no?+ to be c]ta9ly good or evil1 save su* ?+s z really conduce to und]/&+1 or su* z are able to h9d] u f und]/&+4 ,pro(4--,! m9d1 9 s f> z x reasons1 desires no?+ beyond und]/&+1 & judges no?+ to be useful to itself1 save su* ?+s z conduce to und]/&+ 7by ! =ego+ ,prop474 ,b ! m9d 7,,ii4 xli41 xliii4 & note7 _c possess c]ta9ty conc]n+ any?+1 except 9 s f> z x has adequate ideas1 or 7:at by ,,ii4 xl4 note1 is ! same ?+7 9 s f> z x reasons4 ,!re=e we "k no?+ to be good or evil save su* ?+s z really conduce1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxviii4 ,! m9d's highe/ good is ! k ( ,god1 & ! m9d's highe/ virtue is to "k ,god4 ,pro(4--,! m9d is n capable ( und]/&+ any?+ high] ?an ,god1 t is 7,i4 ,def4 vi471 ?an a ,be+ absolutely inf9ite1 & )\t :i* 7,i4 xv47 no?+ c ei!r be or be conceiv$2 !re=e 7,,iv4 xxvi4 & xxvii471 ! m9d's highe/ utility or 7,,iv4 ,def4 i47 good is ! k ( ,god4 ,aga91 ! m9d is active1 only 9 s f> z x und]/&s1 & only to ! same ext5t c x be said absolutely to act virtu\sly4 ,! m9d's absolute virtue is !re=e to und]/&4 ,n[1 z we h already %[n1 ! highe/ t ! m9d c und]/& is ,god2 !re=e ! highe/ virtue ( ! m9d is to und]/& or to "k ,god4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxix4 ,no individual ?+1 :i* is entirely diff]5t f our own nature1 c help or *eck our p[] ( activity1 & absolutely no?+ c d u good or h>m1 unless x has some?+ 9 common ) our nature4 ,pro(4--,! p[] ( e individual ?+1 & consequ5tly ! p[] ( man1 :]eby he exi/s & op]ates1 c only be det]m9$ by an individual ?+ 7,i4 xxviii471 ^: nature 7,,ii4 vi47 mu/ be und]/ood ?r\gh ! same nature z t1 ?r\gh :i* human nature is conceiv$4 ,!re=e our p[] ( activity1 h[ev] x be conceiv$1 c be det]m9$ & consequ5tly help$ or h9d]$ by ! p[] ( any o!r individual ?+1 :i* has some?+ 9 common ) u1 b n by ! p[] ( any?+1 ( :i* ! nature is entirely diff]5t f our own2 & s9ce we call good or evil t :i* is ! cause ( pleasure or pa9 7,,iv4 viii471 t is 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 :i* increases or dim9i%es1 helps or h9d]s1 our p[] ( activity2 !re=e1 t :i* is entirely diff]5t f our nature c nei!r be to u good nor bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxx4 ,a ?+ _c be bad = u ?r\gh ! quality :i* x has 9 common ) our nature1 b x is bad = u 9 s f> z x is contr>y to our nature4 ,pro(4--,we call a ?+ bad :5 x is ! cause ( pa9 7,,iv4 viii471 t is 7by ! ,def41 :i* see 9 ,,iii4 xi4 note71 :5 x dim9i%es or *ecks our p[] ( action4 ,!re=e1 if any?+ 7 bad = u ?r\gh t quality :i* x has 9 common ) our nature1 x w\ld be able itself to dim9i% or *eck t :i* x has 9 common ) our nature1 :i* 7,,iii4 iv47 is absurd4 ,:]e=e no?+ c be bad = u ?r\gh t quality :i* x has 9 common ) u1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z x is bad = u1 t is 7z we h j %[n71 9 s f> z x c dim9i% or *eck our p[] ( action1 x is contr>y to our nature4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxi4 ,9 s f> z a ?+ is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 x is necess>ily good4 ,pro(4--,9 s f> z a ?+ is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 x _c be bad = x4 ,x w !re=e necess>ily be ei!r good or indiff]5t4 ,if x be assum$ t x be nei!r good nor bad1 no?+ w foll[ f its nature 7,,iv4 ,def4 i471 :i* t5ds to ! pres]vation ( our nature1 t is 7by ! hypo!sis71 :i* t5ds to ! pres]vation ( ! ?+ itself2 b ?is 7,,iii4 vi47 is absurd2 !re=e1 9 s f> z a ?+ is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 x is necess>ily good4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s1 t1 9 proportion z a ?+ is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 s is x m useful or bett] = u1 & vice v]s1 9 proportion z a ?+ is m useful = u1 s is x m 9 h>mony ) our nature4 ,=1 9 s f> z x is n 9 h>mony ) our nature1 x w necess>ily be diff]5t !refrom or contr>y !reto4 ,if diff]5t1 x c nei!r be good nor bad 7,,iv4 xxix472 if contr>y1 x w be contr>y to t :i* is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 t is1 contr>y to :at is good--9 %ort1 bad4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be good1 except 9 s f> z x is 9 h>mony ) our nature2 & h5ce a ?+ is useful1 9 proportion z x is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 & vice v]s4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxii4 ,9 s f> z m5 are a prey to passion1 !y _c1 9 t respect1 be said to be naturally 9 h>mony4 ,pro(4--,?+s1 :i* are said to be 9 h>mony naturally1 are und]/ood to agree 9 p[] 7,,iii4 vii471 n 9 want ( p[] or negation1 & consequ5tly n 9 passion 7,,iii4 iii4 note72 :]e=e m51 9 s f> z !y are a prey to _! passions1 _c be said to be naturally 9 h>mony4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is is also self--evid5t2 =1 if we say t :ite & black only agree 9 ! fact t nei!r is r$1 we absolutely affirm t ! d n agree 9 any respect4 ,s1 if we say t a man & a /one only agree 9 ! fact t bo? are f9ite--want+ 9 p[]1 n exi/+ by ! necessity ( _! own nature1 or1 la/ly1 indef9itely surpass$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes--we %\ld c]ta9ly affirm t a man & a /one are 9 no respect alike2 !re=e1 ?+s :i* agree only 9 negation1 or 9 qualities :i* nei!r possess1 really agree 9 no respect4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxiii4 ,m5 c diff] 9 nature1 9 s f> z !y are assail$ by ^? emotions1 :i* are passions1 or passive /ates2 & to ?is ext5t "o & ! same man is v>iable & incon/ant4 ,pro(4--,! nature or ess5ce ( ! emotions _c be expla9$ solely ?r\gh our ess5ce or nature 7,,iii4 ,deff4 i41 ii471 b x mu/ be def9$ by ! p[]1 t is 7,,iii4 vii471 by ! nature ( ext]nal causes 9 comp>ison ) our own2 h5ce x foll[s1 t !re are z _m k9ds ( ea* emotion z !re are ext]nal objects :]eby we are affect$ 7,,iii4 lvi471 & t m5 may be diff]5tly affect$ by "o & ! same object 7,,iii4 li471 & to ?is ext5t diff] 9 nature2 la/ly1 t "o & ! same man may be diff]5tly affect$ t[>ds ! same object1 & may !re=e be v>iable & incon/ant4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxiv4 ,9 s f> z m5 are assail$ by emotions :i* are passions1 !y c be contr>y "o to ano!r4 ,pro(4--,a man1 = in/ance ,pet]1 c be ! cause ( ,paul's feel+ pa91 because he 7,pet]7 possesses some?+ simil> to t :i* ,paul hates 7,,iii4 xvi471 or because ,pet] has sole possession ( a ?+ :i* ,paul also loves 7,,iii4 xxxii4 & note71 or = o!r causes 7( :i* ! *ief are enum]at$ 9 ,,iii4 lv4 note72 x may !re=e happ5 t ,paul %\ld hate ,pet] 7,def4 ( ,emotions1 vii471 consequ5tly x may easily happ5 also1 t ,pet] %\ld hate ,paul 9 return1 & t ea* %\ld endeav\r to d ! o!r an injury1 7,,iii4 xxxix471 t is 7,,iv4 xxx471 t !y %\ld be contr>y "o to ano!r4 ,b ! emotion ( pa9 is always a passion or passive /ate 7,,iii4 lix472 h5ce m51 9 s f> z !y are assail$ by emotions :i* are passions1 c be contr>y "o to ano!r4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,i said t ,paul may hate ,pet]1 because he conceives t ,pet] possesses some?+ :i* he 7,paul7 also loves2 f ?is x seems1 at fir/ sight1 to foll[1 t ^! two m51 ?r\gh bo? lov+ ! same ?+1 &1 consequ5tly1 ?r\gh agreem5t ( _! respective natures1 /& 9 "o ano!r's way2 if ?is 7 s1 ,props4 xxx4 & xxxi4 ( ?is "p w\ld be untrue4 ,b if we give ! matt] our unbias$ att5tion1 we %all see t ! discrepancy vani%es4 ,= ! two m5 are n 9 "o ano!r's way 9 virtue ( ! agreem5t ( _! natures1 t is1 ?r\gh bo? lov+ ! same ?+1 b 9 virtue ( "o diff]+ f ! o!r4 ,=1 9 s f> z ea* loves ! same ?+1 ! love ( ea* is fo/]$ !reby 7,,iii4 xxxi471 t is 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 vi47 ! pleasure ( ea* is fo/]$ !reby4 ,:]e=e x is f> f be+ ! case1 t !y are at v>iance ?r\gh bo? lov+ ! same ?+1 & ?r\gh ! agreem5t 9 _! natures4 ,! cause = _! opposition lies1 z ,i h said1 solely 9 ! fact t !y are assum$ to diff]4 ,= we assume t ,pet] has ! idea ( ! lov$ object z already 9 8 possession1 :ile ,paul has ! idea ( ! lov$ object z lo/4 ,h5ce ! "o man w be affect$ ) pleasure1 ! o!r w be affect$ ) pa91 & ?us !y w be at v>iance "o ) ano!r4 ,we c easily %[ 9 l mann]1 t all o!r causes ( hatr$ dep5d solely on diff]5ces1 & n on ! agreem5t betwe5 m5's natures4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxv4 ,9 s f> only z m5 live 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 d !y always necess>ily agree 9 nature4 ,pro(4--,9 s f> z m5 are assail$ by emotions t are passions1 !y c be diff]5t 9 nature 7,,iv4 xxxiii471 & at v>iance "o ) ano!r4 ,b m5 are only said to be active1 9 s f> z !y act 9 ob$i5ce to reason 7,,iii4 iii472 !re=e1 :at s ev] foll[s f human nature 9 s f> z x is def9$ by reason mu/ 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii47 be und]/ood solely ?r\gh human nature z its proximate cause4 ,b1 s9ce e man by ! laws ( 8 nature desires t :i* he deems good1 & endeav\rs to remove t :i* he deems bad 7,,iv4 xix472 & fur!r1 s9ce t :i* we1 9 accordance ) reason1 deem good or bad1 necess>ily is good or bad 7,,ii4 xli472 x foll[s t m51 9 s f> z !y live 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 necess>ily d only su* ?+s z are necess>ily good = human nature1 & consequ5tly = ea* individual man 7,,iv4 xxxi4 ,coroll472 9 o!r words1 su* ?+s z are 9 h>mony ) ea* man's nature4 ,!re=e1 m5 9 s f> z !y live 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 necess>ily live always 9 h>mony "o ) ano!r4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y ,i4--,!re is no individual ?+ 9 nature1 :i* is m useful to man1 ?an a man :o lives 9 ob$i5ce to reason4 ,= t ?+ is to man mo/ useful1 :i* is mo/ 9 h>mony ) 8 nature 7,,iv4 xxxi4 ,coroll472 t is1 obvi\sly1 man4 ,b man acts absolutely accord+ to ! laws ( 8 nature1 :5 he lives 9 ob$i5ce to reason 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii471 & to ?is ext5t only is always necess>ily 9 h>mony ) ! nature ( ano!r man 7by ! la/ ,prop472 :]e=e among individual ?+s no?+ is m useful to man1 ?an a man :o lives 9 ob$i5ce to reason4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y ,,ii4--,z e man seeks mo/ t :i* is useful to him1 s are m5 mo/ useful "o to ano!r4 ,= ! m a man seeks :at is useful to him & endeav\rs to pres]ve himself1 ! m is he end[$ ) virtue 7,,iv4 xx471 or1 :at is ! same ?+ 7,,iv4 ,def4 viii471 ! m is he end[$ ) p[] to act accord+ to ! laws ( 8 own nature1 t is to live 9 ob$i5ce to reason4 ,b m5 are mo/ 9 natural h>mony1 :5 !y live 9 ob$i5ce to reason 7by ! la/ ,prop472 !re=e 7by ! =ego+ ,coroll47 m5 w be mo/ useful "o to ano!r1 :5 ea* seeks mo/ t :i* is useful to him4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,:at we h j %[n is atte/$ by exp]i5ce s conspicu\sly1 t x is 9 ! m\? ( ne>ly ev]yone3 ,man is to man a ,god4 ,yet x r>ely happ5s t m5 live 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 = ?+s are s ord]$ among !m1 t !y are g5]ally envi\s & tr\blesome "o to ano!r4 ,nev]!less !y are sc>cely able to lead a solit>y life1 s t ! def9ition ( man z a social animal has met ) g5]al ass5t2 9 fact1 m5 d d]ive f social life mu* m conv5i5ce ?an injury4 ,let satiri/s !n laugh _! fill at human affairs1 let !ologians rail1 & let misan?ropes praise to _! utmo/ ! life ( untutor$ ru/icity1 let !m heap contempt on m5 & praises on bea/s2 :5 all is said1 !y w f9d t m5 c provide = _! wants mu* m easily by mutual help1 & t only by unit+ _! =ces c !y escape f ! dang]s t on e side beset !m3 n to say h[ mu* m excell5t & wor?y ( our k x is1 to /udy ! actions ( m5 ?an ! actions ( bea/s4 ,b ,i w treat ( ?is m at l5g? else:]e4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxvi4 ,! highe/ good ( ^? :o foll[ virtue is common to all1 & !re=e all c equally rejoice !re94 ,pro(4--,to act virtu\sly is to act 9 ob$i5ce ) reason 7,,iv4 xxiv471 & :atsoev] we endeav\r to d 9 ob$i5ce to reason is to und]/& 7,,iv4 xxvi472 !re=e 7,,iv4 xxviii47 ! highe/ good = ^? :o foll[ aft] virtue is to "k ,god2 t is 7,,ii4 xlvii4 & note7 a good :i* is common to all & c be possess$ by all m5 equally1 9 s f> z !y are ( ! same nature4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,someone may ask h[ x w\ld be1 if ! highe/ good ( ^? :o foll[ aft] virtue 7 n common to all8 ,w\ld x n !n foll[1 z above 7,,iv4 xxxiv471 t m5 liv+ 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 t is 7,,iv4 xxxv471 m5 9 s f> z !y agree 9 nature1 w\ld be at v>iance "o ) ano!r8 ,to su* an inquiry1 ,i make answ]1 t x foll[s n accid5tally b f ! v nature ( reason1 t ma9's highe/ good is common to all1 inasmu* z x is d$uc$ f ! v ess5ce ( man1 9 s f> z def9$ by reason2 & t a man c\ld nei!r be1 nor be conceiv$ )\t ! p[] ( tak+ pleasure 9 ?is highe/ good4 ,= x belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d 7,,ii4 xlvii471 to h an adequate k ( ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxvii4 ,! good :i* e man1 :o foll[s aft] virtue1 desires = himself he w also desire = o!r m51 & s mu* ! m1 9 proportion z he has a great] k ( ,god4 ,pro(4--,m51 9 s f> z !y live 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 are mo/ useful to _! fell[ m5 7,,iv4 xxxv2 ,coroll4 i472 !re=e 7,,iv4 xix471 we %all 9 ob$i5ce to reason necess>ily endeav\r to br+ ab\t t m5 %\ld live 9 ob$i5ce to reason4 ,b ! good :i* e man1 9 s f> z he is guid$ by reason1 or1 9 o!r words1 foll[s aft] virtue1 desires = himself1 is to und]/& 7,,iv4 xxvi472 :]e=e ! good1 :i* ea* foll[] ( virtue seeks = himself1 he w desire also = o!rs4 ,aga91 desire1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! m9d1 is ! v ess5ce ( ! m9d 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i472 n[ ! ess5ce ( ! m9d consi/s 9 k 7,,ii4 xi471 :i* involves ! k ( ,god 7,,ii4 xlvii471 & )\t x 7,i4 xv471 c nei!r be1 nor be conceiv$2 !re=e1 9 proportion z ! m9d's ess5ce involves a great] k ( ,god1 s also w be great] ! desire ( ! foll[] ( virtue1 t o!r m5 %\ld possess t :i* he seeks z good = himself4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,ano!r ,pro(4--,! good1 :i* a man desires = himself & loves1 he w love m con/antly1 if he sees t o!rs love x also 7,,iii4 xxxi472 he w !re=e endeav\r t o!rs %\ld love x also2 & z ! good 9 "q is common to all1 & !re=e all c rejoice !re91 he w endeav\r1 = ! same reason1 to br+ ab\t t all %\ld rejoice !re91 & ?is he w d ! m 7,,iii4 xxxvii471 9 proportion z 8 own enjoym5t ( ! good is great]4 ,note ,i4--,he :o1 guid$ by emotion only1 endeav\rs to cause o!rs to love :at he loves himself1 & to make ! re/ ( ! _w live accord+ to 8 own fancy1 acts solely by impulse1 & is1 !re=e1 hateful1 especially1 to ^? :o take delight 9 some?+ diff]5t1 & accord+ly /udy &1 by simil> impulse1 endeav\r1 to make m5 live 9 accordance ) :at pleases !mselves4 ,aga91 z ! highe/ good s\ght by m5 "u ! guidance ( emotion is (t5 su*1 t x c only be possess$ by a s+le individual1 x foll[s t ^? :o love x are n consi/5t 9 _! int5tions1 b1 :ile !y delight to s+ its praises1 fe> to be believ$4 ,b he1 :o endeav\rs to lead m5 by reason1 does n act by impulse b c\rte\sly & k9dly1 & 8 int5tion is always consi/5t4 ,aga91 :atsoev] we desire & d1 :]e( we are ! cause 9 s f> z we possess ! idea ( ,god1 or "k ,god1 ,i set d[n to ,religion4 ,! desire ( well--do+1 :i* is eng5d]$ by a life accord+ to reason1 ,i call piety4 ,fur!r1 ! desire1 :]eby a man liv+ accord+ to reason is b\nd to associate o!rs ) himself 9 fri5d%ip1 ,i call hon\r#ac2 by hon\rable ,i mean t :i* is prais$ by m5 liv+ accord+ to reason1 & by base ,i mean t :i* is repugnant to ! ga9+ ( fri5d%ip4 ,i h also %[n 9 addition :at are ! f\ndations ( a /ate2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 true virtue & infirmity may be readily ga!r$ f :at ,i h said2 namely1 t true virtue is no?+ else b liv+ 9 accordance ) reason2 :ile infirmity is no?+ else b man's all[+ himself to be l$ by ?+s :i* are ext]nal to himself1 & to be by !m det]m9$ to act 9 a mann] dem&$ by ! g5]al disposition ( ?+s r ?an by 8 own nature consid]$ solely 9 itself4 #ac ,hone/as ,su* are ! matt]s :i* ,i engag$ to prove 9 ,prop4 xviii4 ( ?is ,"p1 :]eby x is pla9 t ! law aga9/ ! slaught]+ ( animals is f\nd$ r on va9 sup]/ition & womani% pity ?an on s\nd reason4 ,! rational que/ ( :at is useful to u fur!r tea*es u ! necessity ( associat+ ourselves ) our fell[ m51 b n ) bea/s1 or ?+s1 ^: nature is diff]5t f our own2 we h ! same rights 9 respect to !m z !y h 9 respect to u4 ,nay1 z ev]yone's "r is def9$ by 8 virtue1 or p[]1 m5 h f> great] rights ov] bea/s ?an bea/s h ov] m54 ,/ill ,i d n d5y t bea/s feel3 :at ,i d5y is1 t we may n consult our own advantage & use !m z we please1 treat+ !m 9 ! way :i* be/ suits u2 = _! nature is n l ours1 & _! emotions are naturally diff]5t f human emotions 7,,iii4 lvii4 note74 ,x rema9s = me to expla9 :at ,i mean by j & unju/1 s9 & m]it4 ,on ^! po9ts see ! foll[+ note4 ,note ,,ii4--,9 ! ,app5dix to ,"p ,i4 ,i und]took to expla9 praise & blame1 m]it & s91 ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,conc]n+ praise & blame ,i h spok5 9 ,,iii4 xxix4 note3 ! "t has n[ come to treat ( ! rema9+ t]ms4 ,b ,i mu/ fir/ say a few words conc]n+ man 9 ! /ate ( nature & 9 society4 ,e man exi/s by sov]eign natural "r1 &1 consequ5tly1 by sov]eign natural "r p]=ms ^? actions :i* foll[ f ! necessity ( 8 own nature2 !re=e by sov]eign natural "r e man judges :at is good & :at is bad1 takes c>e ( 8 own advantage accord+ to 8 own disposition 7,,iv4 xix4 & ,,iv4 xx471 av5ges ! wrongs done to him 7,,iii4 xl4 ,coroll4 ii471 & endeav\rs to pres]ve t :i* he loves & to de/roy t :i* he hates 7,,iii4 xxviii474 ,n[1 if m5 liv$ "u ! guidance ( reason1 ev]yone w\ld rema9 9 possession ( ?is 8 "r1 )\t any injury be+ done to 8 neighb\r 7,,iv4 xxxv4 ,coroll4 i474 ,b see+ t !y are a prey to _! emotions1 :i* f> surpass human p[] or virtue 7,,iv4 vi471 !y are (t5 drawn 9 diff]5t directions1 & be+ at v>iance "o ) ano!r 7,,iv4 xxxiii4 xxxiv471 /& 9 ne$ ( mutual help 7,,iv4 xxxv4 note74 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] t m5 may live toge!r 9 h>mony1 & may aid "o ano!r1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld =ego _! natural "r1 &1 = ! sake ( security1 refra9 f all actions :i* c injure _! fell[--m54 ,! way 9 :i* ?is end c be obta9$1 s t m5 :o are necess>ily a prey to _! emotions 7,,iv4 iv4 ,coroll471 incon/ant1 & div]se1 %\ld be able to r5d] ea* o!r mutually secure1 & feel mutual tru/1 is evid5t f ,,iv4 vii4 & ,,iii4 xxxix4 ,x is !re %[n1 t an emotion c only be re/ra9$ by an emotion /rong] ?an1 & contr>y to itself1 & t m5 avoid inflict+ injury ?r\gh fe> ( incurr+ a great] injury !mselves4 ,on ?is law society c be e/abli%$1 s long z x keeps 9 its own h& ! "r1 possess$ by ev]yone1 ( av5g+ injury1 & pron\nc+ on good & evil2 & provid$ x also possesses ! p[] to lay d[n a g5]al rule ( conduct1 & to pass laws sanction$1 n by reason1 :i* is p[]less 9 re/ra9+ emotion1 b by ?reats 7,,iv4 xvii4 note74 ,su* a society e/abli%$ ) laws & ! p[] ( pres]v+ itself is call$ a ,/ate1 :ile ^? :o live "u its protection are call$ citiz5s4 ,we may readily und]/& t !re is 9 ! /ate ( nature no?+1 :i* by univ]sal cons5t is pron\nc$ good or bad2 = 9 ! /ate ( nature ev]yone ?9ks solely ( 8 own advantage1 & accord+ to 8 disposition1 ) ref]5ce only to 8 individual advantage1 decides :at is good or bad1 be+ b\nd by no law to anyone besides himself4 ,9 ! /ate ( nature1 !re=e1 s9 is inconceivable2 x c only exi/ 9 a /ate1 :]e good & evil are pron\nc$ on by common cons5t1 & :]e ev]yone is b\nd to obey ! ,/ate au?ority4 ,s91 !n1 is no?+ else b disob$i5ce1 :i* is !re=e puni%$ by ! "r ( ! ,/ate only4 ,ob$i5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 is set d[n z m]it1 inasmu* z a man is ?\ght wor?y ( m]it1 if he takes delight 9 ! advantages :i* a ,/ate provides4 ,aga91 9 ! /ate ( nature1 no "o is by common cons5t ma/] ( any?+1 nor is !re any?+ 9 nature1 :i* c be said to belong to "o man r ?an ano!r3 all ?+s are common to all4 ,h5ce1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 we c conceive no wi% to r5d] to e man 8 own1 or to deprive a man ( t :i* belongs to him2 9 o!r words1 !re is no?+ 9 ! /ate ( nature answ]+ to ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,su* ideas are only possible 9 a social /ate1 :5 x is decre$ by common cons5t :at belongs to "o man & :at to ano!r4 ,f all ^! consid]ations x is evid5t1 t ju/ice & inju/ice1 s9 & m]it1 are extr9sic ideas1 & n attributes :i* display ! nature ( ! m9d4 ,b ,i h said en\gh4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxviii4 ,:atsoev] disposes ! human body1 s z to r5d] x capable ( be+ affect$ 9 an increas$ numb] ( ways1 or ( affect+ ext]nal bodies 9 an increas$ numb] ( ways1 is useful to man2 & is s1 9 proportion z ! body is !reby r5d]$ m capable ( be+ affect$ or affect+ o!r bodies 9 an increas$ numb] ( ways2 contr>iwise1 :atsoev] r5d]s ! body less capable 9 ?is respect is hurtful to man4 ,pro(4--,:atsoev] ?us increases ! capabilities ( ! body increases also ! m9d's capability ( p]ception 7,,ii4 xiv472 !re=e1 :atsoev] ?us disposes ! body & ?us r5d]s x capable1 is necess>ily good or useful 7,,iv4 xxvi4 xxvii472 & is s 9 proportion to ! ext5t to :i* x c r5d] ! body capable2 contr>iwise 7,,ii4 xiv41 ,,iv4 xxvi4 xxvii471 x is hurtful1 if x r5d]s ! body 9 ?is respect less capable4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxix4 ,:atsoev] br+s ab\t ! pres]vation ( ! proportion ( motion & re/1 :i* ! p>ts ( ! human body mutually possess1 is good2 contr>iwise1 :atsoev] causes a *ange 9 su* proportion is bad4 ,pro(4--,! human body ne$s _m o!r bodies = its pres]vation 7,,ii4 ,po/4 iv474 ,b t :i* con/itutes ! specific reality 7=ma7 ( a human body is1 t its p>ts communicate _! sev]al motions "o to ano!r 9 a c]ta9 fix$ proportion 7,def4 be=e ,lemma iv4 aft] ,,ii4 xiii474 ,!re=e1 :atsoev] br+s ab\t ! pres]vation ( ! proportion betwe5 motion & re/1 :i* ! p>ts ( ! human body mutually possess1 pres]ves ! specific reality ( ! human body1 & consequ5tly r5d]s ! human body capable ( be+ affect$ 9 _m ways & ( affect+ ext]nal bodies 9 _m ways2 consequ5tly x is good 7by ! la/ ,prop474 ,aga91 :atsoev] br+s ab\t a *ange 9 ! a=esaid proportion causes ! human body to assume ano!r specific "*1 9 o!r words 7see ,preface to ?is ,"p t[>ds ! end1 ?\gh ! po9t is inde$ self--evid5t71 to be de/roy$1 & consequ5tly totally incapable ( be+ affect$ 9 an increas$ numb]s ( ways2 !re=e x is bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,! ext5t to :i* su* causes c injure or be ( s]vice to ! m9d w be expla9$ 9 ! ,fif? ,"p4 ,b ,i w\ld "h rem>k t ,i consid] t a body und]goes dea?1 :5 ! proportion ( motion & re/ :i* obta9$ mutually among its sev]al p>ts is *ang$4 ,= ,i d n v5ture to d5y t a human body1 :ile keep+ ! circulation ( ! blood & o!r prop]ties1 :]e9 ! life ( a body is ?\ght to consi/1 may none ! less be *ang$ into ano!r nature totally diff]5t f its own4 ,!re is no reason1 :i* compels me to ma9ta9 t a body does n die1 unless x becomes a corpse2 nay1 exp]i5ce w\ld seem to po9t to ! opposite conclusion4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 t a man und]goes su* *anges1 t ,i %\ld h>dly call him ! same4 ,z ,i h he>d tell ( a c]ta9 ,spani% poet1 :o _h be5 seiz$ ) sickness1 & ?\gh he recov]$ !refrom yet rema9$ s oblivi\s ( 8 pa/ life1 t he w\ld n believe ! plays & trag$ies he _h writt5 to be 8 own3 inde$1 he might h be5 tak5 = a gr[n--up *ild1 if he _h also =gott5 8 native tongue4 ,if ?is in/ance seems incr$ible1 :at %all we say ( infants8 ,a man ( ripe age deems _! nature s unlike 8 own1 t he c only be p]suad$ t he too has be5 an infant by ! analogy ( o!r m54 ,h[ev]1 ,i pref] to leave su* que/ions undiscuss$1 le/ ,i %\ld give gr\nd to ! sup]/iti\s = rais+ new issues4 ,,prop4 ,,xl4 ,:atsoev] conduces to man's social life1 or causes m5 to live toge!r 9 h>mony1 is useful1 :]eas :atsoev] br+s discord into a ,/ate is bad4 ,pro(4--,= :atsoev] causes m5 to live toge!r 9 h>mony also causes !m to live accord+ to reason 7,,iv4 xxxv471 & is !re=e 7,,iv4 xxvi4 xxvii47 good1 & 7= ! same reason7 :atsoev] br+s ab\t discord is bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xli4 ,pleasure 9 itself is n bad b good3 contr>iwise1 pa9 9 itself is bad4 ,pro(4--,pleasure 7,,iii4 xi4 & note7 is emotion1 :]eby ! body's p[] ( activity is increas$ or help$2 pa9 is emotion1 :]eby ! body's p[] ( activity is dim9i%$ or *eck$2 !re=e 7,,iv4 xxxviii47 pleasure 9 itself is good1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xlii4 ,mir? _c be excessive1 b is always good2 contr>iwise1 ,melan*oly is always bad4 ,pro(4--,mir? 7see its ,def4 9 ,,iii4 xi4 note7 is pleasure1 :i*1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! body1 consi/s 9 all p>ts ( ! body be+ affect$ equally3 t is 7,,iii4 xi471 ! body's p[] ( activity is increas$ or aid$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ! sev]al p>ts ma9ta9 _! =m] proportion ( motion & re/2 !re=e ,mir? is always good 7,,iv4 xxxix471 & _c be excessive4 ,b ,melan*oly 7see its ,def4 9 ! same note to ,,iii4 xi47 is pa91 :i*1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! body1 consi/s 9 ! absolute decrease or h9drance ( ! body's p[] ( activity2 !re=e 7,,iv4 xxxviii47 x is always bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xliii4 ,/imulation may be excessive & bad2 on ! o!r h&1 grief may be good1 9 s f> z /imulation or pleasure is bad4 ,pro(4--,localiz$ pleasure or /imulation 7titillatio7 is pleasure1 :i*1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! body1 consi/s 9 "o or "s ( its p>ts be+ affect$ m ?an ! re/ 7see its ,def9ition1 ,,iii4 xi4 note72 ! p[] ( ?is emotion may be suffici5t to ov]come o!r actions ( ! body 7,,iv4 vi471 & may rema9 ob/9ately fix$ !re91 ?us r5d]+ x incapable ( be+ affect$ 9 a v>iety ( o!r ways3 !re=e 7,,iv4 xxxviii47 x may be bad4 ,aga91 grief1 :i* is pa91 _c z su* be good 7,,iv4 xli474 ,b1 z its =ce & increase is def9$ by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own 7,,iv4 v471 we c conceive inf9ite degrees & modes ( /r5g? 9 ?is emotion 7,,iv4 iii472 we c1 !re=e1 conceive x z capable ( re/ra9+ /imulation1 & prev5t+ its becom+ excessive1 & h9d]+ ! body's capabilities2 ?us1 to ?is ext5t1 x w be good4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xliv4 ,love & desire may be excessive4 ,pro(4--,love is pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause 7,def4 ( ,emotions1 vi472 !re=e /imulation1 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause is love 7,,iii4 xi4 note72 h5ce love maybe excessive4 ,aga91 ! /r5g? ( desire v>ies 9 proportion to ! emotion f :i* x arises 7,,iii4 xxxvii474 ,n[ emotion may ov]come all ! re/ ( m5's actions 7,,iv4 vi472 s1 !re=e1 c desire1 :i* arises f ! same emotion1 ov]come all o!r desires1 & become excessive1 z we %[$ 9 ! la/ proposition conc]n+ /imulation4 ,note4--,mir?1 :i* ,i h /at$ to be good1 c be conceiv$ m easily ?an x c be obs]v$4 ,= ! emotions1 :]eby we are daily assail$1 are g5]ally ref]r$ to "s "p ( ! body :i* is affect$ m ?an ! re/2 h5ce ! emotions are g5]ally excessive1 & s fix ! m9d 9 ! contemplation ( "o object1 t x is unable to ?9k ( o!rs2 & al?\gh m51 z a rule1 are a prey to _m emotions--& v few are f\nd :o are always assail$ by "o & ! same--yet !re are cases1 :]e "o & ! same emotion rema9s ob/9ately fix$4 ,we sometimes see m5 s absorb$ 9 "o object1 t1 al?\gh x be n pres5t1 !y ?9k !y h x be=e !m2 :5 ?is is ! case ) a man :o is n asleep1 we say he is deliri\s or mad2 nor are ^? p]sons :o are inflam$ ) love1 & :o dream all night & all day ab\t no?+ b _! mi/ress1 or "s woman1 consid]$ z less mad1 = !y are made objects ( ridicule4 ,b :5 a mis] ?9ks ( no?+ b ga9 or money1 or :5 an ambiti\s man ?9ks ( no?+ b glory1 !y are n reckon$ to be mad1 because !y are g5]ally h>mful1 & are ?\ght wor?y ( be+ hat$4 ,b1 9 reality1 ,av>ice1 ,ambition1 ,lu/1 c41 are species ( madness1 ?\gh !y may n be reckon$ among diseases4 ,,prop4 ,,xlv4 ,hatr$ c nev] be good4 ,pro(4--,:5 we hate a man1 we endeav\r to de/roy him 7,,iii4 xxxix471 t is 7,,iv4 xxxvii471 we endeav\r to d some?+ t is bad4 ,!re=e1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,n4,b4 ,"h1 & 9 :at foll[s1 ,i mean by hatr$ only hatr$ t[>ds m54 ,coroll>y ,i4--,envy1 d]ision1 contempt1 ang]1 rev5ge1 & o!r emotions attributable to hatr$1 or aris+ !refrom1 are bad2 ?is is evid5t f ,,iii4 xxxix4 & ,,iv4 xxxvii4 ,coroll>y ,,ii4--,:atsoev] we desire f motives ( hatr$ is base1 & 9 a ,/ate unju/4 ,?is also is evid5t f ,,iii4 xxxix41 & f ! def9itions ( bas5ess & inju/ice 9 ,,iv4 xxxvii4 note4 ,note4--,betwe5 d]ision 7:i* ,i h 9 ,coroll4 ,i4 /at$ to be bad7 & laught] ,i recognize a great diff]5ce4 ,= laught]1 z also jocul>ity1 is m]ely pleasure2 !re=e1 s long z x be n excessive1 x is 9 itself good 7,,iv4 xli474 ,assur$ly no?+ =bids man to enjoy himself1 save grim & gloomy sup]/ition4 ,= :y is x m lawful to satiate "o's hung] & ?ir/ ?an to drive away "o's melan*oly8 ,i reason1 & h conv9c$ myself z foll[s3 ,no deity1 nor anyone else1 save ! envi\s1 takes pleasure 9 my infirmity & discom=t1 nor sets d[n to my virtue ! te>s1 sobs1 fe>1 & ! l1 :i* axe signs ( infirmity ( _s2 on ! contr>y1 ! great] ! pleasure :]e) we are affect$1 ! great] ! p]fection :]eto we pass2 9 o!r words1 ! m mu/ we necess>ily p>take ( ! div9e nature4 ,!re=e1 to make use ( :at comes 9 our way1 & to enjoy x z mu* z possible 7n to ! po9t ( satiety1 = t w\ld n be enjoym5t7 is ! "p ( a wise man4 ,i say x is ! "p ( a wise man to refre% & recreate himself ) mod]ate & pleasant food & dr9k1 & also ) p]fumes1 ) ! s(t beauty ( gr[+ plants1 ) dress1 ) music1 ) _m sports1 ) !atres1 & ! l1 su* z e man may make use ( )\t injury to 8 neighb\r4 ,= ! human body is compos$ ( v num]\s p>ts1 ( div]se nature1 :i* cont9ually /& 9 ne$ ( fre% & v>i$ n\ri%m5t1 s t ! :ole body may be equally capable ( p]=m+ all ! actions1 :i* foll[ f ! necessity ( its own nature2 &1 consequ5tly1 s t ! m9d may also be equally capable ( und]/&+ _m ?+s simultane\sly4 ,?is way ( life1 !n1 agrees be/ ) our pr9ciples1 & also ) g5]al practice2 !re=e1 if !re be any "q ( ano!r plan1 ! plan we h m5tion$ is ! be/1 & 9 e way to be comm5d$4 ,!re is no ne$ = me to set =? ! matt] m cle>ly or 9 m detail4 ,,prop4 ,,xlvi4 ,he1 :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 endeav\rs1 z f> z possible1 to r5d] back love1 or k9dness1 = o!r m5's hatr$1 ang]1 contempt1 c41 t[>ds him4 ,pro(4--,all emotions ( hatr$ are bad 7,,iv4 xlv4 ,coroll4 i472 !re=e he :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason w endeav\r1 z f> z possible1 to avoid be+ assail$ by su* emotions 7,,iv4 xix472 consequ5tly1 he w also endeav\r to prev5t o!rs be+ s assail$ 7,,iv4 xxxvii474 ,b hatr$ is increas$ by be+ reciprocat$1 & c be qu5*$ by love 7,,iii4 xliii471 s t hatr$ may pass into love 7,,iii4 xliv472 !re=e he :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason w endeav\r to repay hatr$ ) love1 t is1 ) k9dness4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,he :o *ooses to av5ge wrongs ) hatr$ is assur$ly wret*$4 ,b he1 :o /rives to conqu] hatr$ ) love1 fights 8 battle 9 joy & confid5ce2 he )/&s _m z easily z "o1 & has v little ne$ ( =tune's aid4 ,^? :om he vanqui%es yield joyfully1 n ?r\gh failure1 b ?r\gh increase 9 _! p[]s2 all ^! consequ5ces foll[ s pla9ly f ! m]e def9itions ( love & und]/&+1 t ,i h no ne$ to prove !m 9 detail4 ,,prop4 ,,xlvii4 ,emotions ( hope & fe> _c be 9 !mselves good4 ,pro(4--,emotions ( hope & fe> _c exi/ )\t pa94 ,= fe> is pa9 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xiii471 & hope 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 ,explanation xii4 & xiii47 _c exi/ )\t fe>2 !re=e 7,,iv4 xli47 ^! emotions _c be good 9 !mselves1 b only 9 s f> z !y c re/ra9 excessive pleasure 7,,iv4 xliii474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,we may add1 t ^! emotions %[ defective k & an abs5ce ( p[] 9 ! m9d2 = ! same reason confid5ce1 despair1 joy1 & disappo9tm5t are signs ( a want ( m5tal p[]4 ,= al?\gh confid5ce & joy are pleasurable emotions1 !y nev]!less imply a prec$+ pa91 namely1 hope & fe>4 ,:]e=e ! m we endeav\r to be guid$ by reason1 ! less d we dep5d on hope2 we endeav\r to free ourselves f fe>1 &1 z f> z we c1 to dom9ate =tune1 direct+ our actions by ! sure c\nsels ( wisdom4 ,,prop4 ,,xlviii4 ,! emotions ( ov]--e/eem & disp>agem5t are always bad4 ,pro(4--,^! emotions 7see ,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxi4 xxii47 are repugnant to reason2 & are !re=e 7,,iv4 xxvi4 xxvii47 bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xlix4 ,ov]--e/eem is apt to r5d] its object pr\d4 ,pro(4--,if we see t any "o rates u too highly1 = love's sake1 we are apt to become elat$ 7,,iii4 xli471 or to be pleasurably affect$ 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxx472 ! good :i* we he> ( ourselves we readily believe 7,,iii4 xxv472 & !re=e1 = love's sake1 rate ourselves too highly2 9 o!r words1 we are apt to become pr\d4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,l4 ,pity1 9 a man :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 is 9 itself bad & useless4 ,pro(4--,pity 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xviii47 is a pa91 & !re=e 7,,iv4 xli47 is 9 itself bad4 ,! good effect :i* foll[s1 namely1 our endeav\r to free ! object ( our pity f mis]y1 is an action :i* we desire to d solely at ! dictation ( reason 7,,iv4 xxxvii472 only at ! dictation ( reason are we able to p]=m any action1 :i* we "k = c]ta9 to be good 7,,iv4 xxvii472 ?us1 9 a man :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 pity 9 itself is useless & bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,he :o rightly realizes1 t all ?+s foll[ f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 & come to pass 9 accordance ) ! et]nal laws & rules ( nature1 w n f9d any?+ wor?y ( hatr$1 d]ision1 or contempt1 nor w he be/[ pity on any?+1 b to ! utmo/ ext5t ( human virtue he w endeav\r to d well1 z ! say+ is1 & to rejoice4 ,we may add1 t he1 :o is easily t\*$ ) compassion1 & is mov$ by ano!r's sorr[ or te>s1 (t5 does some?+ :i* he aft]w>ds regrets2 p>tly because we c nev] be sure t an action caus$ by emotion is good1 p>tly because we are easily deceiv$ by false te>s4 ,i am 9 ?is place expressly speak+ ( a man liv+ "u ! guidance ( reason4 ,he :o is mov$ to help o!rs nei!r by reason nor by compassion1 is rightly /yl$ inhuman1 = 7,,iii4 xxvii47 he seems unlike a man4 ,,prop4 ,,li4 ,approval is n repugnant to reason1 b c agree !re) & arise !refrom4 ,pro(4--,approval is love t[>ds "o :o has done good to ano!r 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xix472 !re=e x may be ref]r$ to ! m9d1 9 s f> z ! latt] is active 7,,iii4 lix471 t is 7,,iii4 iii471 9 s f> z x und]/&s2 !re=e1 x is 9 agreem5t ) reason1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,ano!r ,pro(4--,he1 :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 desires = o!rs ! good :i* he seeks = himself 7,,iv4 xxxvii472 :]e=e f see+ someone do+ good to 8 fell[ 8 own endeav\r to d good is aid$2 9 o!r words1 he w feel pleasure 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! b5efactor4 ,!re=e he approves ( him4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,indignation z we def9$ x 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xx47 is necess>ily evil 7,,iv4 xlv472 we may1 h[ev]1 rem>k t1 :5 ! sov]eign p[] = ! sake ( pres]v+ peace puni%es a citiz5 :o has injur$ ano!r1 x %\ld n be said to be indignant ) ! crim9al1 = x is n incit$ by hatr$ to ru9 him1 x is l$ by a s5se ( duty to puni% him4 ,,prop4 ,,lii4 ,self--approval may arise f reason1 & t :i* arises f reason is ! highe/ possible4 ,pro(4--,self--approval is pleasure aris+ f a man's contemplation ( himself & 8 own p[] ( action 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxv474 ,b a man's true p[] ( action or virtue is reason h]self 7,,iii4 iii471 z ! said man cle>ly & di/9ctly contemplates h] 7,,ii4 xl4 xliii472 !re=e self--approval arises f reason4 ,aga91 :5 a man is contemplat+ himself1 he only p]ceiv$ cle>ly & di/9ctly or adequately1 su* ?+s z foll[ f 8 p[] ( action 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii471 t is 7,,iii4 iii471 f 8 p[] ( und]/&+2 !re=e 9 su* contemplation alone does ! highe/ possible self--approval arise4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,self--approval is 9 reality ! highe/ object = :i* we c hope4 ,= 7z we %[$ 9 ,,iv4 xxv47 no "o endeav\rs to pres]ve 8 be+ = ! sake ( any ult]ior object1 &1 z ?is approval is m & m fo/]$ & /r5g!n$ by praise 7,,iii4 liii4 ,coroll471 & on ! contr>y 7,,iii4 lv4 ,coroll47 is m & m di/urb$ by blame1 fame becomes ! mo/ p[]ful ( incitem5ts to action1 & life "u disgrace is almo/ un5durable4 ,,prop4 ,,liii4 ,humility is n a virtue1 or does n arise f reason4 ,pro(4--,humility is pa9 aris+ f a man's contemplation ( 8 own infirmities 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxvi474 ,b1 9 s f> z a man kn[s himself by true reason1 he is assum$ to und]/& 8 ess5ce1 t is1 8 p[] 7,,iii4 vii474 ,:]e=e1 if a man 9 self--contemplation p]ceives any infirmity 9 himself1 x is n by virtue ( 8 und]/&+ himself1 b 7,,iii4 lv47 by virtue ( 8 p[] ( activity be+ *eck$4 ,b1 if we assume t a man p]ceives 8 own infirmity by virtue ( und]/&+ some?+ /rong] ?an himself1 by ! k ( :i* he det]m9es 8 own p[] ( activity1 ?is is ! same z say+ t we conceive t a man und]/&s himself di/9ctly 7,,iv4 xxvi471 because#ad 8 p[] ( activity is aid$4 ,:]e=e humility1 or ! pa9 :i* arises f a man's contemplation ( 8 own infirmity1 does n arise f ! contemplation or reason1 & is n a virtue b a passion4 ,q4,e4,d4 #ad ,l& reads3 ,quod ipsius ag5di pot5tia juvatur--:i* ,i h translat$ above4 ,he sugge/s z alt]native read+s to 'quod'1 'quo' 7 :]eby7 & 'quodque' 7 & t74 ,,prop4 ,,liv4 ,rep5tance is n a virtue1 or does n arise f reason2 b he :o rep5ts ( an action is d\bly wret*$ or infirm4 ,pro(4--,! fir/ "p ( ?is proposition is prov$ l ! =ego+ "o4 ,! second "p is prov$ f ! m]e def9ition ( ! emotion 9 "q 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxvii474 ,= ! man all[s himself to be ov]come1 fir/1 by evil desires2 secondly1 by pa94 ,note4--,z m5 seldom live "u ! guidance ( reason1 ^! two emotions1 namely1 ,humility & ,rep5tance1 z also ,hope & ,fe>1 br+ m good ?an h>m2 h5ce1 z we mu/ s91 we _h bett] s9 9 t direction4 ,=1 if all m5 :o are a prey to emotion 7 all equally pr\d1 !y w\ld %r9k f no?+1 & w\ld fe> no?+2 h[ !n c\ld !y be jo9$ & l9k$ toge!r 9 bonds ( union8 ,! cr[d plays ! tyrant1 :5 x is n 9 fe>2 h5ce we ne$ n wond] t ! prophets1 :o consult$ ! good1 n ( a few1 b ( all1 s /r5u\sly comm5d$ ,humility1 ,rep5tance1 & ,rev]5ce4 ,inde$ ^? :o are a prey to ^! emotions may be l$ mu* m easily ?an o!rs to live "u ! guidance ( reason1 t is1 to become free & to enjoy ! life ( ! bless$4 ,,prop4 ,,lv4 ,extreme pride or dejection indicates extreme ignorance ( self4 ,pro(4--,?is is evid5t f ,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxviii4 & xxix4 ,,prop4 ,,lvi4 ,extreme pride or dejection indicates extreme infirmity ( _s4 ,pro(4--,! fir/ f\ndation ( virtue is self--pres]vation 7,,iv4 xxii4 ,coroll47 "u ! guidance ( reason 7,,iv4 xxiv474 ,he1 !re=e1 :o is ignorant ( himself1 is ignorant ( ! f\ndation ( all virtues1 & consequ5tly ( all virtues4 ,aga91 to act virtu\sly is m]ely to act "u ! guidance ( reason 7,,iv4 xxiv473 n[ he1 t acts "u ! guidance ( reason1 mu/ necess>ily "k t he s acts 7,,ii4 xliii474 ,!re=e he :o is 9 extreme ignorance ( himself1 & consequ5tly ( all virtues1 acts lea/ 9 ob$i5ce to virtue2 9 o!r words 7,,iv4 ,def4 viii471 is mo/ infirm ( _s4 ,?us extreme pride or dejection indicates extreme infirmity ( _s4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x mo/ cle>ly foll[s1 t ! pr\d & ! deject$ specially fall a prey to ! emotions4 ,note4--,yet dejection c be m easily correct$ ?an pride2 = ! latt] be+ a pleasurable emotion1 & ! =m] a pa9ful emotion1 ! pleasurable is /rong] ?an ! pa9ful 7,,iv4 xviii474 ,,prop4 ,,lvii4 ,! pr\d man delights 9 ! company ( flatt]]s & p>asites1 b hates ! company ( ! high--m9d$4 ,pro(4--,pride is pleasure aris+ f a man's ov] e/imation ( himself 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxviii4 & vi472 ?is e/imation ! pr\d man w endeav\r to fo/] by all ! means 9 8 p[] 7,,iii4 xiii4 note72 he w !re=e delight 9 ! company ( flatt]]s & p>asites 7^: "* is too well kn[n to ne$ def9ition "h71 & w avoid ! company ( high--m9d$ m51 :o value him accord+ to 8 des]ts4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,x w\ld be too long a task to enum]ate "h all ! evil results ( pride1 inasmu* z ! pr\d are a prey to all ! emotions1 ?\gh to none ( !m less ?an to love & pity4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! fact1 t a man may be call$ pr\d f 8 und]e/imation ( o!r p2 &1 !re=e1 pride 9 ?is s5se may be def9$ z pleasure aris+ f ! false op9ion1 :]eby a man may consid] himself sup]ior to 8 fell[s4 ,! dejection1 :i* is ! opposite quality to ?is sort ( pride1 may be def9$ z pa9 aris+ f ! false op9ion1 :]eby a man may ?9k himself inf]ior to 8 fell[s4 ,su* be+ ! ease1 we c easily see t a pr\d man is necess>ily envi\s 7,,iii4 xli4 note71 & only takes pleasure 9 ! company1 :o fool 8 weak m9d to ! top ( 8 b5t1 & make him insane in/ead ( m]ely fooli%4 ,?\gh dejection is ! emotion contr>y to pride1 yet is ! deject$ man v ne> ak9 to ! pr\d man4 ,=1 inasmu* z 8 pa9 arises f a comp>ison betwe5 8 own infirmity & o!r m5's p[] or virtue1 x w be remov$1 or1 9 o!r words1 he w feel pleasure1 if 8 imag9ation be occupi$ 9 contemplat+ o!r m5's faults2 :5ce arises ! prov]b1 ,! unhappy are com=t$ by f9d+ fell[--suff]]s4 ,contr>iwise1 he w be ! m pa9$ 9 proportion z he ?9ks himself inf]ior to o!rs2 h5ce none are s prone to envy z ! deject$1 !y are specially ke5 9 obs]v+ m5's actions1 ) a view to fault--f9d+ r ?an correction1 9 ord] to res]ve _! praises = dejection1 & to glory !re91 ?\gh all ! "t ) a deject$ air4 ,^! effects foll[ z necess>ily f ! said emotion1 z x foll[s f ! nature ( a triangle1 t ! ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles4 ,i h already said t ,i call ^! & simil> emotions bad1 solely 9 respect to :at is useful to man4 ,! laws ( nature h reg>d to nature's g5]al ord]1 :]e( man is b a "p4 ,i m5tion ?is1 9 pass+1 le/ any %\ld ?9k t ,i h wi%$ to set =? ! faults & irrational de$s ( m5 r ?an ! nature & prop]ties ( ?+s4 ,=1 z ,i said 9 ! preface to ! ?ird ,"p1 ,i reg>d human emotions & _! prop]ties z on ! same foot+ ) o!r natural ph5om5a4 ,assur$ly human emotions indicate ! p[] & +5uity1 ( nature1 if n ( human nature1 q z fully z o!r ?+s :i* we admire1 & :i* we delight to contemplate4 ,b ,i pass on to note ^? qualities 9 ! emotions1 :i* br+ advantage to man1 or inflict injury ^u him4 ,,prop4 ,,lviii4 ,hon\r 7gloria7 is n repugnant to reason1 b may arise !refrom4 ,pro(4--,?is is evid5t f ,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxx41 & also f ! def9ition ( an hon\rable man 7,,iv4 xxxvii4 note4 i474 ,note--,empty hon\r1 z x is /yl$1 is self--approval1 fo/]$ only by ! good op9ion ( ! populace2 :5 ?is good op9ion ceases !re ceases also ! self--approval1 9 o!r words1 ! highe/ object ( ea* man's love 7,,iv4 lii4 note72 consequ5tly1 he ^: hon\r is root$ 9 popul> approval mu/1 day by day1 anxi\sly /rive1 act1 & s*eme 9 ord] to reta9 8 reputation4 ,= ! populace is v>iable & incon/ant1 s t1 if a reputation be n kept up1 x quickly )]s away4 ,ev]yone wi%es to cat* popul> applause = himself1 & readily represses ! fame ( o!rs4 ,! object ( ! /rife be+ e/imat$ z ! greate/ ( all goods1 ea* combatant is seiz$ ) a fi]ce desire to put d[n 8 rivals 9 e possible way1 till he :o at la/ comes out victori\s is m pr\d ( hav+ done h>m to o!rs ?an ( hav+ done good to himself4 ,?is sort ( hon\r1 !n1 is really empty1 be+ no?+4 ,! po9ts to note conc]n+ %ame may easily be inf]r$ f :at 0 said on ! subject ( m]cy & rep5tance4 ,i w only add t %ame1 l compassion1 ?\gh n a virtue1 is yet good1 9 s f> z x %[s1 t ! feel] ( %ame is really imbu$ ) ! desire to live hon\rably2 9 ! same way z suff]+ is good1 z %[+ t ! injur$ "p is n mortifi$4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh a man :o feels %ame is sorr[ful1 he is yet m p]fect ?an he1 :o is %ameless1 & has no desire to live hon\rably4 ,su* are ! po9ts :i* ,i und]took to rem>k ^u conc]n+ ! emotions ( pleasure & pa92 z = ! desires1 !y are good or bad accord+ z !y spr+ f good or evil emotions4 ,b all1 9 s f> z !y are eng5d]$ 9 u by emotions :]e9 ! m9d is passive1 are bl9d 7z is evid5t f :at 0 said 9 ,,iv4 xliv4 note71 & w\ld be useless1 if m5 c\ld easily1 be induc$ to live by ! guidance ( reason only1 z ,i w n[ briefly1 %[4 ,,prop4 ,,lix4 ,to all ! actions1 :]eto we are det]m9$ by emotion :]e9 ! m9d is passive2 we c be det]m9$ )\t emotion by reason4 ,pro(4--,to act rationally1 is no?+ else 7,,iii4 iii4 & ,def4 ii47 b to p]=m ^? actions1 :i* foll[ f ! necessity1 ( our nature consid]$ 9 itself alone4 ,b pa9 is bad1 9 s f> z x dim9i%es or *ecks ! p[] ( action 7,,iv4 xli472 :]e=e we _c by pa9 be det]m9$ to any action1 :i* we %\ld be unable to p]=m "u ! guidance ( reason4 ,aga91 pleasure is bad only 9 s f> z x h9d]s a man's capability = action 7,,iv4 xli4 xliii472 !re=e to ?is ext5t we c\ld n be det]m9$ by x to any action1 :i* we c\ld n p]=m "u ! guidance ( reason4 ,la/ly1 pleasure1 9 s f> z x is good1 is 9 h>mony ) reason 7= x consi/s 9 ! fact t a man's capability = action is increas$ or aid$72 nor is ! m9d passive !re91 except 9 s f> z a man's p[] ( action is n increas$ to ! ext5t ( af=d+ him an adequate conception ( himself & 8 actions 7,,iii4 iii41 & note74 ,:]e=e1 if a man :o is pleasurably affect$ be br\ght to su* a /ate ( p]fection1 t he ga9s an adequate conception ( himself & 8 own actions1 he w be equally1 nay m1 capable ( ^? actions1 to :i* he is det]m9$ by emotion :]e9 ! m9d is passive4 ,b all emotions are attributable to pleasure1 to pa91 or to desire 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 iv4 explanation72 & desire 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i47 is no?+ else b ! attempt to act2 !re=e1 to all actions1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,ano!r ,pro(4--,a giv5 action is call$ bad1 9 s f> z x arises f "o be+ affect$ by hatr$ or any evil emotion4 ,b no action1 consid]$ 9 itself alone1 is ei!r good or bad 7z we po9t$ out 9 ! preface to ,pt4 ,,iv471 "o & ! same action be+ sometimes good1 sometimes bad2 :]e=e to ! action :i* is sometimes bad1 or arises f "s evil emotion1 we may be l$ by reason 7,,iv4 xix474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,an example w put ?is po9t 9 a cle>] light4 ,! action ( /rik+1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ physically1 & 9 s f> z we m]ely look to ! fact t a man raises 8 arm1 cl5*es 8 fi/1 & moves 8 :ole arm viol5tly d[nw>ds1 is a virtue or excell5ce :i* is conceiv$ z prop] to ! /ructure ( ! human body4 ,if1 !n1 a man1 mov$ by ang] or hatr$1 is l$ to cl5* 8 fi/ or to move 8 arm1 ?is result takes place 7z we %[$ 9 ,pt4 ,,ii471 because "o & ! same action c be associat$ ) v>i\s m5tal images ( ?+s2 !re=e we may be det]m9$ to ! p]=mance ( "o & ! same action by confus$ ideas1 or by cle> & di/9ct ideas4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t e desire :i* spr+s f emotion1 :]e9 ! m9d is passive1 w\ld become useless1 if m5 c\ld be guid$ by reason4 ,let u n[ see :y desire :i* arises f emotion1 :]e9 ! m9d is passive1 is call$ by u bl9d4 ,,prop4 ,,lx4 ,desire aris+ f a pleasure or pa91 t is n attributable to ! :ole body1 b only to "o or c]ta9 p>ts !re(1 is )\t utility 9 respect to a man z a :ole4 ,pro(4--,let x be assum$1 = in/ance1 t ,a1 a "p ( a body1 is s /r5g!n$ by "s ext]nal cause1 t x prevails ov] ! rema9+ p>ts 7,,iv4 vi474 ,?is "p w n endeav\r to d away ) its own p[]s1 9 ord] t ! o!r p>ts ( ! body may p]=m its (fice2 = ?is x w\ld be necess>y = x to h a =ce or p[] ( do+ away ) its own p[]s1 :i* 7,,iii4 vi47 is absurd4 ,! said "p1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! m9d also1 w endeav\r to pres]ve its condition4 ,:]e=e desire aris+ f a pleasure ( ! k9d a=esaid has no utility 9 ref]5ce to a man z a :ole4 ,if x be assum$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! "p1 ,a1 be *eck$ s t ! rema9+ p>ts prevail1 x may be prov$ 9 ! same mann] t desire aris+ f pa9 has no utility 9 respect to a man z a :ole4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,z pleasure is g5]ally 7,,iv4 xliv4 note7 attribut$ to "o "p ( ! body1 we g5]ally desire to pres]ve our be+ ) out tak+ into consid]ation our heal? z a :ole3 to :i* x may be add$1 t ! desires :i* h mo/ hold ov] u 7,,iv4 ix47 take acc\nt ( ! pres5t & n ( ! future4 ,,prop4 ,,lxi4 ,desire :i* spr+s f reason _c be excessive4 ,pro(4--,desire 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i47 consid]$ absolutely is ! actual ess5ce ( man1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z 9 any way det]m9$ to a p>ticul> activity by "s giv5 modification ( itself4 ,h5ce desire1 :i* arises f reason1 t is 7,,iii4 iii471 :i* is eng5d]$ 9 u 9 s f> z we act1 is ! actual ess5ce or nature ( man1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z det]m9$ to su* activities z are adequately conceiv$ ?r\gh man's ess5ce only 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii474 ,n[1 if su* desire c\ld be excessive1 human nature consid]$ 9 itself alone w\ld be able to exce$ itself1 or w\ld be able to d m ?an x c1 a manife/ contradiction4 ,!re=e1 su* desire _c be excessive4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,lxii4 ,9 s f> z ! m9d conceives a ?+ "u ! dictates ( reason1 x is affect$ equally1 :e!r ! idea be ( a ?+ future1 pa/1 or pres5t4 ,pro(4--,:atsoev] ! m9d conceives "u ! guidance ( reason1 x conceives "u ! =m ( et]nity or necessity 7,,ii4 xliv4 ,coroll4 ii471 & is !re=e affect$ ) ! same c]titude 7,,ii4 xliii4 & note74 ,:]e=e1 :e!r ! ?+ be pres5t1 pa/1 or future1 ! m9d conceives x "u ! same necessity & is affect$ ) ! same c]titude2 & :e!r ! idea be ( some?+ pres5t1 pa/1 or future1 x w 9 all cases be equally true 7,,ii4 xli472 t is1 x w always possess ! same prop]ties ( an adequate idea 7,,ii4 ,def4 iv472 !re=e1 9 s f> z ! m9d conceives ?+s "u ! dictates ( reason1 x is affect$ 9 ! same mann]1 :e!r ! idea be ( a ?+ future1 pa/1 or pres5t4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,if we c\ld possess an adequate k ( ! duration ( ?+s1 & c\ld det]m9e by reason _! p]iods ( exi/5ce1 we %\ld contemplate ?+s future ) ! same emotion z ?+s pres5t2 & ! m9d w\ld desire z ?\gh x 7 pres5t ! good :i* x conceiv$ z future2 consequ5tly x w\ld necess>ily neglect a less] good 9 ! pres5t = ! sake ( a great] good 9 ! future1 & w\ld 9 no wise desire t :i* is good 9 ! pres5t b a s\rce ( evil 9 ! future1 z we %all pres5tly %[4 ,h[ev]1 we c h b a v inadequate k ( ! duration ( ?+s 7,,ii4 xxxi472 & ! p]iods ( _! exi/5ce 7,,ii4 xliv4 note47 we c only det]m9e by imag9ation1 :i* is n s p[]fully affect$ by ! future z by ! pres5t4 ,h5ce su* true k ( good & evil z we possess is m]ely ab/ract or g5]al1 & ! judgm5t :i* we pass on ! ord] ( ?+s & ! connection ( causes1 ) a view to det]m9+ :at is good or bad = u 9 ! pres5t1 is r imag9>y ?an real4 ,!re=e x is no?+ wond]ful1 if ! desire aris+ f su* k ( good & evil1 9 s f> z x looks on into ! future1 be m readily *eck$ ?an ! desire ( ?+s :i* are agreeable at ! pres5t "t4 7,cf4 ,,iv4 xvi47 ,,prop4 ,,lxiii4 ,he :o is l$ by fe>1 & does good 9 ord] to escape evil1 is n l$ by reason4 ,pro(4--,all ! emotions :i* are attributable to ! m9d z active1 or 9 o!r words to reason1 are emotions ( pleasure & desire 7,,iii4 lix472 !re=e1 he :o is l$ by fe>1 & does good 9 ord] to escape evil1 is n l$ by reason4 ,note4--,sup]/itions p]sons1 :o "k bett] h[ to rail at vice ?an h[ to tea* virtue1 & :o /rive n to guide m5 by reason1 b s to re/ra9 !m t !y w\ld r escape evil ?an love virtue1 h no o!r aim b to make o!rs z wret*$ z !mselves2 :]e=e x is no?+ wond]ful1 if !y be g5]ally tr\blesome & odi\s to _! fell[--m54 ,coroll>y4--,"u desire :i* spr+s f reason1 we seek good directly1 & %un evil indirectly4 ,pro(4--,desire :i* spr+s f reason c only spr+ f a pleasurable emotion1 :]e9 ! m9d is n passive 7,,iii4 lix471 9 o!r words1 f a pleasure :i* _c be excessive 7,,iv4 lxi471 & n f pa92 :]e=e ?is desire spr+s f ! k ( good1 n ( evil 7,,iv4 viii472 h5ce "u ! guidance ( reason we seek good directly & only by implication %un evil4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is ,coroll>y may be illu/rat$ by ! example ( a sick & a heal?y man4 ,! sick man ?r\gh fe> ( dea? eats :at he naturally %r9ks f1 b ! heal?y man takes pleasure 9 8 food1 & ?us gets a bett] enjoym5t out ( life1 ?an if he 7 9 fe> ( dea?1 & desir$ directly to avoid x4 ,s a judge1 :o condemns a crim9al to dea?1 n f hatr$ or ang] b f love ( ! public well--be+1 is guid$ solely by reason4 ,,prop4 ,,lxiv4 ,! k ( evil is an inadequate k4 ,pro(4--,! k ( evil 7,,iv4 viii47 is pa91 9 s f> z we are consci\s !re(4 ,n[ pa9 is ! transition to a less] p]fection 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 iii47 & !re=e _c be und]/ood ?r\gh man's nature 7,,iii4 vi41 & vii472 !re=e x is a passive /ate 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii47 :i* 7,,iii4 iii47 dep5ds on inadequate ideas2 consequ5tly ! k !re( 7,,ii4 xxix471 namely1 ! k ( evil1 is inadequate4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t1 if ! human m9d possess$ only adequate ideas1 x w\ld =m no conception ( evil4 ,,prop4 ,,lxv4 ,"u ! guidance ( reason we %\ld pursue ! great] ( two goods & ! less] ( two evils4 ,pro(4--,a good :i* prev5ts our enjoym5t ( a great] good is 9 reality an evil2 = we apply ! t]ms good & bad to ?+s1 9 s f> z we comp>e !m "o ) ano!r 7see preface to ?is ,"p72 !re=e1 evil is 9 reality a less] good2 h5ce "u ! guidance ( reason we seek or pursue only ! great] good & ! less] evil4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,we may1 "u ! guidance ( reason1 pursue ! less] evil z ?\gh x 7 ! great] good1 & we may %un ! less] good1 :i* w\ld be ! cause ( ! great] evil4 ,= ! evil1 :i* is "h call$ ! less]1 is really good1 & ! less] good is really evil1 :]e=e we may seek ! =m] & %un ! latt]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,lxvi4 ,we may1 "u ! guidance ( reason1 seek a great] good 9 ! future 9 pref]5ce to a less] good 9 ! pres5t1 & we may seek a less] evil 9 ! pres5t 9 pref]5ce to a great] evil 9 ! future4#ae #ae ,maltim praes5s m9us prae majori futuro4 7,van ,vlot574 ,brud] reads3 ,malum praes5s m9us1 quod causa e/ faturi alicujus mali4 ,! la/ ^w ( ! latt] is an obvi\s mispr9t1 & is correct$ by ! ,dut* translator into majoris boni4 7,pollock1 p4 #bfh1 note47 ,pro(4--,if ! m9d c\ld h an adequate k ( ?+s future1 x w\ld be affect$ t[>ds :at is future 9 ! same way z t[>ds :at is pres5t 7,,iv4 lxii472 :]e=e1 look+ m]ely to reason1 z 9 ?is proposition we are assum$ to d1 !re is no diff]5ce1 :e!r ! great] good or evil be assum$ z pres5t1 or assum$ z future2 h5ce 7,,iv4 lxv47 we may seek a great] good 9 ! future 9 pref]5ce to a less] good 9 ! pres5t1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,we may1 "u ! guidance ( reason1 seek a less] evil 9 ! pres5t1 because x is ! cause ( a great] good 9 ! future1 & we may %un a less] good 9 ! pres5t1 because x is ! cause ( a great] evil 9 ! future4 ,?is ,coroll>y is relat$ to ! =ego+ ,proposition z ! ,coroll>y to ,,iv4 lxv4 is relat$ to ! said ,,iv4 lxv4 ,note4--,if ^! /atem5ts be comp>$ ) :at we h po9t$ out conc]n+ ! /r5g? ( ! emotions 9 ?is ,"p up to ,prop4 xviii41 we %all readily see ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man1 :o is l$ solely by emotion or op9ion1 & a man1 :o is l$ by reason4 ,! =m]1 :e!r w or no1 p]=ms actions :]e( he is utt]ly ignorant2 ! latt] is 8 own ma/] & only p]=ms su* actions1 z he kn[s are ( prim>y importance 9 life1 & !re=e *iefly desires2 :]e=e ,i call ! =m] a slave1 & ! latt] a free man1 conc]n+ ^: disposition & mann] ( life x w be well to make a few obs]vations4 ,,prop4 ,,lxvii4 ,a free man ?9ks ( dea? lea/ ( all ?+s2 & 8 wisdom is a m$itation n ( dea? b ( life4 ,pro(4--,a free man is "o :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 :o is n l$ by fe> 7,,iv4 lxiii471 b :o directly desires t :i* is good 7,,iv4 lxiii4 ,coroll471 9 o!r words 7,,iv4 xxiv471 :o /rives to act1 to live1 & to pres]ve 8 be+ on ! basis ( seek+ 8 own true advantage2 :]e=e su* an "o ?9ks ( no?+ less ?an ( dea?1 b 8 wisdom is a m$itation ( life4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,lxviii4 ,if m5 7 born free1 !y w\ld1 s long z !y rema9$ free1 =m no conception ( good & evil4 ,pro(4--,i call free him :o is l$ solely by reason2 he1 !re=e1 :o is born free1 & :o rema9s free1 has only adequate ideas2 !re=e 7,,iv4 lxiv4 ,coroll47 he has no conception ( evil1 or consequ5tly 7good & evil be+ correlative7 ( good4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,x is evid5t1 f ,,iv4 iv41 t ! hypo!sis ( ?is ,proposition is false & inconceivable1 except 9 s f> z we look solely to ! nature ( man1 or r to ,god2 n 9 s f> z ! latt] is inf9ite1 b only 9 s f> z he is ! cause ( man's exi/5ce4 ,?is1 & o!r matt]s :i* we h already prov$1 seem to h be5 signifi$$ by ,moses 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ man4 ,= 9 t n>rative no o!r p[] ( ,god is conceiv$1 save t :]eby he creat$ man1 t is ! p[] :]e) he provid$ solely = man's advantage2 x is /at$ t ,god =bade man1 be+ free1 to eat ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 & t1 z soon z man %\ld h eat5 ( x1 he w\ld /raightway fe> dea? r ?an desire to live4 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 t :5 man _h f\nd a wife1 :o 0 9 entire h>mony ) 8 nature1 he knew t !re c\ld be no?+ 9 nature :i* c\ld be m useful to him2 b t aft] he believ$ ! bea/s to be l himself1 he /raightway began to imitate _! emotions 7,,iii4 xxvii471 & to lose 8 fre$om2 ?is fre$om 0 aft]w>ds recov]$ by ! patri>*s1 l$ by ! _s ( ,*ri/2 t is1 by ! idea ( ,god1 :]eon alone x dep5ds1 t man may be free1 & desire = o!rs ! good :i* he desires = himself1 z we h %[n above 7,,iv4 xxxvii474 ,,prop4 ,,lxix4 ,! virtue ( a free man is se5 to be z great1 :5 x decl9es dang]s1 z :5 x ov]comes !m4 ,pro(4--,emotion c only be *eck$ or remov$ by an emotion contr>y to itself1 & possess+ m p[] 9 re/ra9+ emotion 7,,iv4 vii474 ,b bl9d d>+ & fe> are emotions1 :i* c be conceiv$ z equally great 7,,iv4 v4 & iii473 h5ce1 no less virtue or firmness is requir$ 9 *eck+ d>+ ?an 9 *eck+ fe> 7,,iii4 lix4 note72 9 o!r words 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xl4 & xli471 ! free man %[s z mu* virtue1 :5 he decl9es dang]s1 z :5 he /rives to ov]come !m4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,! free man is z c\rage\s 9 timely retreat z 9 combat2 or1 a free man %[s equal c\rage or pres5ce ( m9d1 :e!r he elect to give battle or to retreat4 ,note4--,:at c\rage 7animositas7 is1 & :at ,i mean !reby1 ,i expla9$ 9 ,,iii4 lix4 note4 ,by dang] ,i mean ev]y?+1 :i* c give rise to any evil1 su* z pa91 hatr$1 discord1 c4 ,,prop4 ,,lxx4 ,! free man1 :o lives among ! ignorant1 /rives1 z f> z he c1 to avoid receiv+ fav\rs f !m4 ,pro(4--,ev]yone judges :at is good accord+ to 8 disposition 7,,iii4 xxxix4 note72 :]e=e an ignorant man1 :o has conf]r$ a b5efit on ano!r1 puts 8 own e/imate ^u x1 &1 if x appe>s to be e/imat$ less highly by ! receiv]1 w feel pa9 7,,iii4 xlii474 ,b ! free man only desires to jo9 o!r m5 to him 9 fri5d%ip 7,,iv4 xxxvii471 n repay+ _! b5efits ) o!rs reckon$ z ( l value1 b guid+ himself & o!rs by ! free decision ( reason1 & do+ only su* ?+s z he kn[s to be ( prim>y importance4 ,!re=e ! free man1 le/ he %\ld become hateful to ! ignorant1 or foll[ _! desires r ?an reason1 w endeav\r1 z f> z he c1 to avoid receiv+ _! fav\rs4 ,note4--,i say1 z f> z he c4 ,= ?\gh m5 be ignorant1 yet are !y m51 & 9 cases ( necessity c\ld af=d u human aid1 ! mo/ excell5t ( all ?+s3 !re=e x is (t5 necess>y to accept fav\rs f !m1 & consequ5tly to repay su* fav\rs 9 k9d2 we mu/1 !re=e1 ex]cise caution 9 decl9+ fav\rs1 le/ we %\ld h ! appe>ance ( despis+ ^? :o be/[ !m1 or ( be+1 f av>ici\s motives1 unwill+ to requite !m1 & s give gr\nd = (f5ce by ! v fact ( /riv+ to avoid x4 ,?us1 9 decl9+ fav\rs1 we mu/ look to ! requirem5ts ( utility & c\rtesy4 ,,prop4 ,,lxxi4 ,only free m5 are ?or\ghly grateful "o to ano!r4 ,pro(4--,only free m5 are ?or\ghly useful "o to ano!r1 & associat$ among !mselves by ! close/ necessity ( fri5d%ip 7,,iv4 xxxv41 & ,coroll4 i471 only su* m5 endeav\r1 ) mutual zeal ( love1 to conf] b5efits on ea* o!r 7,,iv4 xxxvii471 &1 !re=e1 only !y are ?or\ghly grateful "o to ano!r4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,! goodwill1 :i* m5 :o are l$ by bl9d desire h = "o ano!r1 is g5]ally a b>ga9+ or enticem5t1 r ?an pure goodwill4 ,moreov]1 +ratitude is n an emotion4 ,yet x is base1 inasmu* z x g5]ally %[s1 t a man is affect$ by excessive hatr$1 ang]1 pride1 av>ice1 c4 ,he :o1 by reason ( 8 folly1 kn[s n h[ to return b5efits1 is n ungrateful1 mu* less he :o is n ga9$ ov] by ! gifts ( a c\rtesan to s]ve h] lu/1 or by a ?ief to conceal 8 !fts1 or by any simil> p]sons4 ,contr>iwise1 su* an "o %[s a con/ant m9d1 inasmu* z he _c by any gifts be corrupt$1 to 8 own or ! g5]al hurt4 ,,prop4 ,,lxxii4 ,! free man nev] acts fraudul5tly1 b always 9 good fai?4 ,pro(4--,if x be ask$3 ,:at %\ld a man's conduct be 9 a case :]e he c\ld by break+ fai? free himself f ! dang] ( pres5t dea?8 ,w\ld n 8 plan ( self--pres]vation completely p]suade him to deceive8 ,?is may be answ]$ by po9t+ out t1 if reason p]suad$ him to act ?us1 x w\ld p]suade all m5 to act 9 a simil> mann]1 9 :i* case reason w\ld p]suade m5 n to agree 9 good fai? to unite _! =ces1 or to h laws 9 common1 t is1 n to h any g5]al laws1 :i* is absurd4 ,,prop4 ,,lxxiii4 ,! man1 :o is guid$ by reason1 is m free 9 a ,/ate1 :]e he lives "u a g5]al sy/em ( law1 ?an 9 solitude1 :]e he is indep5d5t4 ,pro(4--,! man1 :o is guid$ by reason1 does n obey ?r\gh fe> 7,,iv4 lxiii473 b1 9 s f> z he endeav\rs to pres]ve 8 be+ accord+ to ! dictates ( reason1 t is 7,,iv4 lxvi4 note71 9 s f> z he endeav\rs to live 9 fre$om1 he desires to ord] 8 life accord+ to ! g5]al good 7,,iv4 xxxvii471 &1 consequ5tly 7z we %[$ 9 ,,iv4 xxxvii4 note4 ii471 to live accord+ to ! laws ( 8 c\ntry4 ,!re=e ! free man1 9 ord] to enjoy great] fre$om1 desires to possess ! g5]al rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,^! & simil> obs]vations1 :i* we h made on man's true fre$om1 may be ref]r$ to /r5g?1 t is1 to c\rage & nobility ( "* 7,,iii4 lix4 note74 ,i d n ?9k x wor? :ile to prove sep>ately all ! prop]ties ( /r5g?2 mu* less ne$ ,i %[1 t he t is /rong hates no man1 is angry ) no man1 envies no man1 is indignant ) no man1 despises no man1 & lea/ ( all ?+s is pr\d4 ,^! propositions1 & all t relate to ! true way ( life & religion1 are easily prov$ f ,,iv4 xxxvii4 & ,,iv4 xlvi42 namely1 t hatr$ %\ld be ov]come ) love1 & t e man %\ld desire = o!rs ! good :i* he seeks = himself4 ,we may also repeat :at we drew att5tion to 9 ! note to ,,iv4 l41 & 9 o!r places2 namely1 t ! /rong man has ev] fir/ 9 8 ?\ghts1 t all ?+s foll[ f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature2 s t :atsoev] he deems to be hurtful & evil1 & :atsoev]1 accord+ly1 seems to him impi\s1 horrible1 unju/1 & base1 assumes t appe>ance ow+ to 8 own disord]$1 fragm5t>y1 & confus$ view ( ! univ]se4 ,:]e=e he /rives be=e all ?+s to conceive ?+s z !y really are1 & to remove ! h9drances to true k1 su* z are hatr$1 ang]1 envy1 d]ision1 pride1 & simil> emotions1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ above4 ,?us he endeav\rs1 z we said be=e1 z f> z 9 him lies1 to d good1 & to g on 8 way rejoic+4 ,h[ f> human virtue is capable ( atta9+ to su* a condition1 & :at its p[]s may be1 ,i w prove 9 ! foll[+ ,"p4 ,,app5dix4 ,:at h said 9 ?is ,"p conc]n+ ! "r way ( life has n be5 arrang$1 s z to admit ( be+ se5 at "o view1 b has be5 set =? piece--meal1 accord+ z ,i ?\ght ea* ,proposition c\ld mo/ readily be d$uc$ f :at prec$$ x4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 to re>range my rem>ks & to br+ !m "u lead+ heads4 ,i4 ,all our endeav\rs or desires s foll[ f ! necessity ( our nature1 t !y c be und]/ood ei!r ?r\gh x alone1 z _! proximate cause1 or by virtue ( our be+ a "p ( nature1 :i* _c be adequately conceiv$ ?r\gh itself )\t o!r individuals4 ,,ii4 ,desires1 :i* foll[ f our nature 9 su* a mann]1 t !y c be und]/ood ?r\gh x alone1 are ^? :i* are ref]r$ to ! m9d1 9 s f> z ! latt] is conceiv$ to consi/ ( adequate ideas3 ! rema9+ desires are only ref]r$ to ! m9d1 9 s f> z x conceives ?+s inadequately1 & _! =ce & increase are g5]ally def9$ n by ! p[] ( man1 b by ! p[] ( ?+s ext]nal to u3 :]e=e ! =m] are rightly call$ actions1 ! latt] passions1 = ! =m] always indicate our p[]1 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 %[ our infirmity & fragm5t>y k4 ,,iii4 ,our actions1 t is1 ^? desires :i* are def9$ by man's p[] or reason1 are always good4 ,! re/ may be ei!r good or bad4 ,,iv4 ,?us 9 life x is be=e all ?+s useful to p]fect ! und]/&+1 or reason1 z f> z we c1 & 9 ?is alone man's highe/ happ9ess or bless$ness consi/s1 inde$ bless$ness is no?+ else b ! cont5tm5t ( _s1 :i* arises f ! intuitive k ( ,god3 n[1 to p]fect ! und]/&+ is no?+ else b to und]/& ,god1 ,god's attributes1 & ! actions :i* foll[ f ! necessity ( 8 nature4 ,:]e=e ( a man1 :o is l$ by reason1 ! ultimate aim or highe/ desire1 :]eby he seeks to gov]n all 8 fell[s1 is t :]eby he is br\ght to ! adequate conception ( himself & ( all ?+s )9 ! scope ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,v4 ,!re=e1 )\t intellig5ce !re is n rational life3 & ?+s are only good1 9 s f> z !y aid man 9 8 enjoym5t ( ! intellectual life1 :i* is def9$ by intellig5ce4 ,contr>iwise1 :atsoev] ?+s h9d] man's p]fect+ ( 8 reason1 & capability to enjoy ! rational life1 are alone call$ evil4 ,,vi4 ,z all ?+s :]e( man is ! effici5t cause are necess>ily good1 no evil c befall man except ?r\gh ext]nal causes2 namely1 by virtue ( man be+ a "p ( univ]sal nature1 ^: laws human nature is compell$ to obey1 & to con=m to 9 almo/ inf9ite ways4 ,,vii4 ,x is impossible1 t man %\ld n be a "p ( nature1 or t he %\ld n foll[ h] g5]al ord]2 b if he be ?r[n among individuals ^: nature is 9 h>mony ) 8 own1 8 p[] ( action w !reby be aid$ & fo/]$1 :]eas1 if he be ?r[n among su* z are b v little 9 h>mony ) 8 nature1 he w h>dly be able to accommodate himself to !m )\t und]go+ a great *ange himself4 ,,viii4 ,:atsoev] 9 nature we deem to be evil1 or to be capable ( injur+ our faculty = exi/+ & enjoy+ ! rational life1 we may endeav\r to remove 9 :atev] way seems safe/ to u2 on ! o!r h&1 :atsoev] we deem to be good or useful = pres]v+ our be+1 & enabl+ u to enjoy ! rational life1 we may appropriate to our use & employ z we ?9k be/4 ,ev]yone )\t exception may1 by sov]eign "r ( nature1 d :atsoev] he ?9ks w advance 8 own int]e/4 ,,ix4 ,no?+ c be 9 m h>mony ) ! nature ( any giv5 ?+ ?an o!r individuals ( ! same species2 !re=e 7cf4 vii47 = man 9 ! pres]vation ( 8 be+ & ! enjoym5t ( ! rational life !re is no?+ m useful ?an 8 fell[--man :o is l$ by reason4 ,fur!r1 z we "k n any?+ among individual ?+s :i* is m excell5t ?an a man l$ by reason1 no man c bett] display ! p[] ( 8 skill & disposition1 ?an 9 s tra9+ m51 t !y come at la/ to live "u ! dom9ion ( _! own reason4 ,x4 ,9 s f> z m5 are influ5c$ by envy or any k9d ( hatr$1 "o t[>ds ano!r1 !y are at v>iance1 & are !re=e to be fe>$ 9 proportion1 z !y are m p[]ful ?an _! fell[s4 ,,xi4 ,yet m9ds are n conqu]$ by =ce1 b by love & high--m9d$ness4 ,,xii4 ,x is be=e all ?+s useful to m5 to associate _! ways ( life1 to b9d !mselves toge!r ) su* bonds z !y ?9k mo/ fitt$ to ga!r !m all into unity1 & g5]ally to d :atsoev] s]ves to /r5g!n fri5d%ip4 ,,xiii4 ,b = ?is !re is ne$ ( skill & wat*fulness4 ,= m5 are div]se 7see+ t ^? :o live "u ! guidance ( reason are few71 yet are !y g5]ally envi\s & m prone to rev5ge ?an to sympa?y4 ,no small =ce ( "* is !re=e requir$ to take ev]yone z he is1 & to re/ra9 "o's self f imitat+ ! emotions ( o!rs4 ,b ^? :o c>p at mank9d1 & are m skill$ 9 rail+ at vice ?an 9 in/ill+ virtue1 & :o break r ?an /r5g!n m5's dispositions1 are hurtful bo? to !mselves & o!rs4 ,?us _m f too great impati5ce ( _s1 or f misguid$ religi\s zeal1 h pref]r$ to live among brutes r ?an among m52 z boys or y\?s1 :o _c peaceably endure ! *id+s ( _! p>5ts1 w enli/ z soldi]s & *oose ! h>d%ips ( w> & ! despotic discipl9e 9 pref]5ce to ! com=ts ( home & ! admonitions ( _! fa!r3 suff]+ any burd5 to be put ^u !m1 s long z !y may spite _! p>5ts4 ,,xiv4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh m5 are g5]ally gov]n$ 9 ev]y?+ by _! own lu/s1 yet _! association 9 common br+s _m m advantages ?an drawbacks4 ,:]e=e x is bett] to be> pati5tly ! wrongs !y may d u1 & to /rive to promote :atsoev] s]ves to br+ ab\t h>mony & fri5d%ip4 ,,xv4 ,^? ?+s1 :i* beget h>mony1 are su* z are attributable to ju/ice1 equity1 & hon\rable liv+4 ,= m5 brook ill n only :at is unju/ or iniquit\s1 b also :at is reckon$ disgraceful1 or t a man %\ld slight ! receiv$ cu/oms ( _! society4 ,= w9n+ love ^? qualities are especially necess>y :i* h reg>d to religion & piety 7cf4 ,,iv4 xxxvii4 notes4 i4 ii42 xlvi4 note2 & lxxiii4 note74 ,,xvi4 ,fur!r1 h>mony is (t5 ! result ( fe>3 b su* h>mony is insecure4 ,fur!r1 fe> arises f infirmity ( _s1 & moreov] belongs n to ! ex]cise ( reason3 ! same is true ( compassion1 ?\gh ?is latt] seems to be> a c]ta9 resemblance to piety4 ,,xvii4 ,m5 are also ga9$ ov] by lib]ality1 especially su* z h n ! means to buy :at is necess>y to su/a9 life4 ,h[ev]1 to give aid to e poor man is f> beyond ! p[] & ! advantage ( any private p]son4 ,= ! ri*es ( any private p]son are :olly inadequate to meet su* a call4 ,aga91 an individual man's res\rces ( "* are too limit$ = him to be able to make all m5 8 fri5ds4 ,h5ce provid+ = ! poor is a duty1 :i* falls on ! ,/ate z a :ole1 & has reg>d only to ! g5]al advantage4 ,,xviii4 ,9 accept+ fav\rs1 & 9 return+ gratitude our duty mu/ be :olly diff]5t 7cf4 ,,iv4 lxx4 note2 lxxi4 note74 ,,xix4 ,aga91 m]etrici\s love1 t is1 ! lu/ ( g5]ation aris+ f bodily beauty1 & g5]ally e sort ( love1 :i* owns any?+ save fre$om ( s\l z its cause1 readily passes into hate2 unless inde$1 :at is worse1 x is a species ( madness2 & !n x promotes discord r ?an h>mony 7cf4 ,,iii4 xxxi4 ,coroll474 ,,xx4 ,z conc]n+ m>riage1 x is c]ta9 t ?is is 9 h>mony ) reason1 if ! desire = physical union be n eng5d]$ solely by bodily beauty1 b also by ! desire to beget *ildr5 & to tra9 !m up wisely2 & moreov]1 if ! love ( bo?1 to wit1 ( ! man & ( ! woman1 is n caus$ by bodily beauty only1 b also by fre$om ( s\l4 ,,xxi4 ,fur!rmore1 flatt]y begets h>mony2 b only by means ( ! vile (f5ce ( slavi%ness or trea*]y4 ,none are m readily tak5 ) flatt]y ?an ! pr\d1 :o wi% to be fir/1 b are n4 ,,xxii4 ,!re is 9 abasem5t a spuri\s appe>ance ( piety & religion4 ,al?\gh abasem5t is ! opposite to pride1 yet is he t abases himself mo/ ak9 to ! pr\d 7,,iv4 lvii4 note74 ,,xxiii4 ,%ame also br+s ab\t h>mony1 b only 9 su* matt]s z _c be hid4 ,fur!r1 z %ame is a species ( pa91 x does n conc]n ! ex]cise ( reason4 ,,xxiv4 ,! rema9+ emotions ( pa9 t[>ds m5 are directly oppos$ to ju/ice1 equity1 hon\r1 piety1 & religion2 &1 al?\gh indignation seems to be> a c]ta9 resemblance to equity1 yet is life b lawless1 :]e e man may pass judgm5t on ano!r's de$s1 & v9dicate 8 own or o!r m5's rights4 ,,xxv4 ,correctness ( conduct 7mode/ia71 t is1 ! desire ( pleas+ m5 :i* is det]m9$ by reason1 is attributable to piety 7z we said 9 ,,iv4 xxxvii4 note4 i474 ,b1 if x spr+ f emotion1 x is ambition1 or ! desire :]eby1 m51 "u ! false cloak ( piety1 g5]ally /ir up discords & s$itions4 ,= he :o desires to aid 8 fell[s ei!r 9 ^w or 9 de$1 s t !y may toge!r enjoy ! highe/ good1 he1 ,i say1 w be=e all ?+s /rive to w9 !m ov] ) love3 n to draw !m into admiration1 s t a sy/em may be call$ aft] 8 "n1 nor to give any cause = envy4 ,fur!r1 9 8 conv]sation he w %r9k f talk+ ( m5's faults1 & w be c>eful to speak b sp>+ly ( human infirmity3 b he w dwell at l5g? on human virtue or p[]1 & ! way :]eby x may be p]fect$4 ,?us w m5 be /irr$ n by fe>1 nor by av]sion1 b only by ! emotion ( joy1 to endeav\r1 s f> z 9 !m lies1 to live 9 ob$i5ce to reason4 ,,xxvi4 ,besides m51 we "k ( no p>ticul> ?+ 9 nature 9 ^: m9d we may rejoice1 & :om we c associate ) ourselves 9 fri5d%ip or any sort ( fell[%ip2 !re=e1 :atsoev] !re be 9 nature besides man1 a reg>d = our advantage does n call on u to pres]ve1 b to pres]ve or de/roy accord+ to its v>i\s capabilities1 & to adapt to our use z be/ we may4 ,,xxvii4 ,! advantage :i* we d]ive f ?+s ext]nal to u1 besides ! exp]i5ce & k :i* we acquire f obs]v+ !m1 & f recomb9+ _! elem5ts 9 diff]5t =ms1 is pr9cipally ! pres]vation ( ! body2 f ?is po9t ( view1 ^? ?+s are mo/ useful :i* c s fe$ & n\ri% ! body1 t all its p>ts may rightly fulfil _! functions4 ,=1 9 proportion z ! body is capable ( be+ affect$ 9 a great] v>iety ( ways1 & ( affect+ ext]nal bodies 9 a great numb] ( ways1 s mu* ! m is ! m9d capable ( ?9k+ 7,,iv4 xxxviii41 xxxix474 ,b !re seem to be v few ?+s ( ?is k9d 9 nature2 :]e=e = ! due n\ri%m5t ( ! body we mu/ use _m foods ( div]se nature4 ,= ! human body is compos$ ( v _m p>ts ( diff]5t nature1 :i* /& 9 cont9ual ne$ ( v>i$ n\ri%m5t1 s t ! :ole body may be equally capable ( do+ ev]y?+ t c foll[ f its own nature1 & consequ5tly t ! m9d also may be equally capable ( =m+ _m p]ceptions4 ,,xxviii4 ,n[ = provid+ ^! n\ri%m5ts ! /r5g? ( ea* individual w\ld h>dly suffice1 if m5 did n l5d "o ano!r mutual aid4 ,b money has furni%$ u ) a tok5 = ev]y?+3 h5ce x is ) ! notion ( money1 t ! m9d ( ! multitude is *iefly engross$3 nay1 x c h>dly conceive any k9d ( pleasure1 :i* is n accompani$ ) ! idea ( money z cause4 ,,xxix4 ,?is result is ! fault only ( ^?1 :o seek money1 n f pov]ty or to supply _! necess>y wants1 b because !y h le>n$ ! arts ( ga91 :]e) !y br+ !mselves to great spl5d\r4 ,c]ta9ly !y n\ri% _! bodies1 accord+ to cu/om1 b scantily1 believ+ t !y lose z mu* ( _! weal? z !y sp5d on ! pres]vation ( _! body4 ,b !y :o "k ! true use ( money1 & :o fix ! measure ( weal? solely ) reg>d to _! actual ne$s1 live cont5t ) little4 ,,xxx4 ,z1 !re=e1 ^? ?+s are good :i* assi/ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 & enable !m to p]=m _! functions2 & z pleasure consi/s 9 an increase (1 or aid to1 man's p[]1 9 s f> z he is compos$ ( m9d & body2 x foll[s t all ^? ?+s :i* br+ pleasure are good4 ,b see+ t ?+s d n "w ) ! object ( giv+ u pleasure1 & t _! p[] ( action is n temp]$ to suit our advantage1 &1 la/ly1 t pleasure is g5]ally ref]r$ to "o "p ( ! body m ?an to ! o!r p>ts2 !re=e mo/ emotions ( pleasure 7unless reason & wat*fulness be at h&71 & consequ5tly ! desires aris+ !refrom1 may become excessive4 ,moreov] we may add t emotion leads u to pay mo/ reg>d to :at is agreeable 9 ! pres5t1 nor c we e/imate :at is future ) emotions equally vivid4 7,,iv4 xliv4 note1 & lx4 note47 ,,xxxi4 ,sup]/ition1 on ! o!r h&1 seems to acc\nt z good all t br+s pa91 & z bad all t br+s pleasure4 ,h[ev]1 z we said above 7,,iv4 xlv4 note71 none b ! envi\s take delight 9 my infirmity & tr\ble4 ,= ! great] ! pleasure :]eby we are affect$1 ! great] is ! p]fection :]eto we pass1 & consequ5tly ! m d we p>take ( ! div9e nature3 no pleasure c ev] be evil1 :i* is regulat$ by a true reg>d = our advantage4 ,b contr>iwise he1 :o is l$ by fe> & does good only to avoid evil1 is n guid$ by reason4 ,,xxxii4 ,b human p[] is extremely limit$1 & is inf9itely surpass$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes2 we h n1 !re=e1 an absolute p[] ( %ap+ to our use ^? ?+s :i* are )\t u4 ,nev]!less1 we %all be> ) an equal m9d all t happ5s to u 9 contrav5tion to ! claims ( our own advantage1 s long z we are consci\s1 t we h done our duty1 & t ! p[] :i* we possess is n suffici5t to enable u to protect ourselves completely2 rememb]+ t we are a "p ( univ]sal nature1 & t we foll[ h] ord]4 ,if we h a cle> & di/9ct und]/&+ ( ?is1 t "p ( our nature :i* is def9$ by intellig5ce1 9 o!r words ! bett] "p ( ourselves1 w assur$ly acquiesce 9 :at befalls u1 & 9 su* acquiesc5ce w endeav\r to p]si/4 ,=1 9 s f> z we are intellig5t be+s1 we _c desire any?+ save t :i* is necess>y1 nor yield absolute acquiesc5ce to any?+1 save to t :i* is true3 :]e=e1 9 s f> z we h a "r und]/&+ ( ^! ?+s1 ! endeav\r ( ! bett] "p ( ourselves is 9 h>mony ) ! ord] ( nature z a :ole4 ,,"p ,v3 ,( ! ,p[] ( ! ,und]/&+1 or ( ,human ,fre$om ,,preface ,at l5g? ,i pass to ! rema9+ portion ( my ,e?ics1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! way lead+ to fre$om4 ,i %all !re=e treat !re9 ( ! p[] ( ! reason1 %[+ h[ f> ! reason c control ! emotions1 & :at is ! nature ( ,m5tal ,fre$om or ,bless$ness2 we %all !n be able to see1 h[ mu* m p[]ful ! wise man is ?an ! ignorant4 ,x is no "p ( my design to po9t out ! me?od & means :]eby ! und]/&+ may be p]fect$1 nor to %[ ! skill :]eby ! body may be s t5d$1 z to be capable ( ! due p]=mance ( its functions4 ,! latt] "q lies 9 ! prov9ce ( ,m$ic9e1 ! =m] 9 ! prov9ce ( ,logic4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ,i repeat1 ,i %all treat only ( ! p[] ( ! m9d1 or ( reason2 & ,i %all ma9ly %[ ! ext5t & nature ( its dom9ion ov] ! emotions1 = _! control & mod]ation4 ,t we d n possess absolute dom9ion ov] !m1 ,i h already %[n4 ,yet ! ,/oics h ?\ght1 t ! emotions dep5d$ absolutely on our w1 & t we c\ld absolutely gov]n !m4 ,b ^! philosoph]s 7 compell$1 by ! prote/ ( exp]i5ce1 n f _! own pr9ciples1 to confess1 t no slight practice & zeal is ne$$ to control & mod]ate !m3 & ?is someone endeav\r$ to illu/rate by ! example 7if ,i rememb] rightly7 ( two dogs1 ! "o a h\se--dog & ! o!r a hunt+--dog4 ,= by long tra9+ x c\ld be br\ght ab\t1 t ! h\se--dog %\ld become accu/om$ to hunt1 & ! hunt+--dog to cease f runn+ aft] h>es4 ,to ?is op9ion ,desc>tes n a little incl9es4 ,= he ma9ta9$1 t ! s\l or m9d is specially unit$ to a p>ticul> "p ( ! bra91 namely1 to t "p call$ ! p9eal gl&1 by ! aid ( :i* ! m9d is enabl$ to feel all ! movem5ts :i* are set go+ 9 ! body1 & also ext]nal objects1 & :i* ! m9d by a simple act ( volition c put 9 motion 9 v>i\s ways4 ,he ass]t$1 t ?is gl& is s susp5d$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! bra91 t x c\ld be mov$ by ! slighte/ motion ( ! animal spirits3 fur!r1 t ?is gl& is susp5d$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! bra9 9 z _m diff]5t mann]s1 z ! animal spirits c imp+e !reon2 &1 aga91 t z _m diff]5t m>ks are impress$ on ! said gl&1 z !re are diff]5t ext]nal objects :i* impel ! animal spirits t[>ds x2 :5ce x foll[s1 t if ! w ( ! s\l susp5ds ! gl& 9 a position1 :]e9 x has already be5 susp5d$ once be=e by ! animal spirits driv5 9 "o way or ano!r1 ! gl& 9 its turn reacts on ! said spirits1 driv+ & det]m9+ !m to ! condition :]e9 !y 71 :5 repuls$ be=e by a simil> position ( ! gl&4 ,he fur!r ass]t$1 t e act ( m5tal volition is unit$ 9 nature to a c]ta9 giv5 motion ( ! gl&4 ,= in/ance1 :5ev] anyone desires to look at a remote object1 ! act ( volition causes ! pupil ( ! eye to dilate1 :]eas1 if ! p]son 9 "q _h only ?\ght ( ! dilatation ( ! pupil1 ! m]e wi% to dilate x w\ld n h br\ght ab\t ! result1 inasmu* z ! motion ( ! gl&1 :i* s]ves to impel ! animal spirits t[>ds ! optic n]ve 9 a way :i* w\ld dilate or contract ! pupil1 is n associat$ 9 nature ) ! wi% to dilate or contract ! pupil1 b ) ! wi% to look at remote or v ne> objects4 ,la/ly1 he ma9ta9$ t1 al?\gh e motion ( ! a=esaid gl& seems to h be5 unit$ by nature to "o p>ticul> ?\ght out ( ! :ole numb] ( our ?\ghts f ! v beg9n+ ( our life1 yet x c nev]!less become ?r\gh habituation associat$ ) o!r ?\ghts2 ?is he endeav\rs to prove 9 ! ,passions de l'me1 ,i4#ej4 ,he !nce concludes1 t !re is no s\l s weak1 t x _c1 "u prop] direction1 acquire absolute p[] ov] its passions4 ,= passions z def9$ by him are p]ceptions1 or feel+s1 or di/urbances ( ! s\l1 :i* are ref]r$ to ! s\l z species1 & :i* 7m>k ! expression7 are produc$1 pres]v$1 & /r5g!n$ ?r\gh "s movem5t ( ! spirits4 7,passions de l'me1 ,i4#bg74 ,b1 see+ t we c jo9 any motion ( ! gl&1 or consequ5tly ( ! spirits1 to any volition1 ! det]m9ation ( ! w dep5ds entirely on our own p[]s2 if1 !re=e1 we det]m9e our w ) sure & firm decisions 9 ! direction to :i* we wi% our actions to t5d1 & associate ! motions ( ! passions :i* we wi% to acquire ) ! said decisions1 we %all acquire an absolute dom9ion ov] our passions4 ,su* is ! doctr9e ( ?is illu/ri\s philosoph] 79 s f> z ,i ga!r x f 8 own words72 x is "o :i*1 _h x be5 less +5i\s1 ,i c\ld h>dly believe to h proce$$ f s great a man4 ,inde$1 ,i am lo/ 9 wond]1 t a philosoph]1 :o _h /\tly ass]t$1 t he w\ld draw no conclusions :i* d n foll[ f self--evid5t premisses1 & w\ld affirm no?+ :i* he did n cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceive1 & :o _h s (t5 tak5 to task ! s*ola/ics = wi%+ to expla9 obscurities ?r\gh occult qualities1 c\ld ma9ta9 a hypo!sis1 beside :i* occult qualities are commonplace4 ,:at does he und]/&1 ,i ask1 by ! union ( ! m9d & ! body8 ,:at cle> & di/9ct conception has he got ( ?\ght 9 mo/ intimate union ) a c]ta9 p>ticle ( ext5d$ matt]8 ,truly ,i %\ld l him to expla9 ?is union ?r\gh its proximate cause4 ,b he _h s di/9ct a conception ( m9d be+ di/9ct f body1 t he c\ld n assign any p>ticul> cause ( ! union betwe5 ! two1 or ( ! m9d itself1 b 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! cause ( ! :ole univ]se1 t is to ,god4 ,fur!r1 ,i %\ld mu* l to "k1 :at degree ( motion ! m9d c imp>t to ?is p9eal gl&1 & ) :at =ce c x hold x susp5d$8 ,= ,i am 9 ignorance1 :e!r ?is gl& c be agitat$ m sl[ly or m quickly by ! m9d ?an by ! animal spirits1 & :e!r ! motions ( ! passions1 :i* we h closely unit$ ) firm decisions1 _c be aga9 disjo9$ !refrom by physical causes2 9 :i* case x w\ld foll[ t1 al?\gh ! m9d firmly int5d$ to face a giv5 dang]1 & _h unit$ to ?is decision ! motions ( boldness1 yet at ! sight ( ! dang] ! gl& might become susp5d$ 9 a way1 :i* w\ld preclude ! m9d ?9k+ ( any?+ except runn+ away4 ,9 tru?1 z !re is no common /&>d ( volition & motion1 s is !re no comp>ison possible betwe5 ! p[]s ( ! m9d & ! p[] or /r5g? ( ! body2 consequ5tly ! /r5g? ( "o _c 9 any wise be det]m9$ by ! /r5g? ( ! o!r4 ,we may also add1 t !re is no gl& discov]able 9 ! mid/ ( ! bra91 s plac$ t x c ?us easily be set 9 motion 9 s _m ways1 & also t all ! n]ves are n prolong$ s f> z ! cavities ( ! bra94 ,la/ly1 ,i omit all ! ass]tions :i* he makes conc]n+ ! w & its fre$om1 inasmu* z ,i h abundantly prov$ t 8 premisses are false4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! p[] ( ! m9d1 z ,i h %[n above1 is def9$ by ! und]/&+ only1 we %all det]m9e solely by ! k ( ! m9d ! rem$ies aga9/ ! emotions1 :i* ,i believe all h _h exp]i5ce (1 b d n accurately obs]ve or di/9ctly see1 & f ! same basis we %all d$uce all ^? conclusions1 :i* h reg>d to ! m9d's bless$ness4 ,,axioms4 ,i4 ,if two contr>y actions be />t$ 9 ! same subject1 a *ange mu/ necess>ily take place1 ei!r 9 bo?1 or 9 "o ( ! two1 & cont9ue until !y cease to be contr>y4 ,,ii4 ,! p[] ( an effect is def9$ by ! p[] ( its cause1 9 s f> z its ess5ce is expla9$ or def9$ by ! ess5ce ( its cause4 7,?is axiom is evid5t f ,,iii4 vii47 ,,propositions4 ,,prop4 ,i4 ,ev5 z ?\ghts & ! ideas ( ?+s are arrang$ & associat$ 9 ! m9d1 s are ! modifications ( body or ! images ( ?+s precisely 9 ! same way arrang$ & associat$ 9 ! body4 ,pro(4--,! ord] & connection ( ideas is ! same 7,,ii4 vii47 z ! ord] & connection ( ?+s1 & vice v]s ! ord] & connection ( ?+s is ! same 7,,ii4 vi4 ,coroll4 & vii47 z ! ord] & connection ( ideas4 ,:]e=e1 ev5 z ! ord] & connection ( ideas 9 ! m9d takes place accord+ to ! ord] & association ( modifications ( ! body 7,,ii4 xviii471 s vice v]s 7,,iii4 ii47 ! ord] & connection ( modifications ( ! body takes place 9 accordance ) ! mann]1 9 :i* ?\ghts & ! ideas ( ?+s are arrang$ & associat$ 9 ! m9d4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,ii4 ,if we remove a di/urbance ( ! _s1 or emotion1 f ! ?\ght ( an ext]nal cause1 & unite x to o!r ?\ghts1 !n w ! love or hatr$ t[>ds t ext]nal cause1 & also ! vacillations ( _s :i* arise f ^! emotions1 be de/roy$4 ,pro(4--,t1 :i* con/itutes ! reality ( love or hatr$1 is pleasure or pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 vi4 vii472 :]e=e1 :5 ?is cause is remov$1 ! reality ( love or hatr$ is remov$ ) x2 !re=e ^! emotions & ^? :i* arise !refrom are de/roy$4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,iii4 ,an emotion1 :i* is a passion1 ceases to be a passion1 z soon z we =m a cle> & di/9ct idea !re(4 ,pro(4--,an emotion1 :i* is a passion1 is a confus$ idea 7by ! g5]al ,def4 ( ! ,emotions74 ,if1 !re=e1 we =m a cle> & di/9ct idea ( a giv5 emotion1 t idea w only be di/+ui%$ f ! emotion1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! m9d only1 by reason 7,,ii4 xxi41 & note72 !re=e 7,,iii4 iii471 ! emotion w cease to be a passion4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y--,an emotion !re=e becomes m "u our control1 & ! m9d is less passive 9 respect to x1 9 proportion z x is m kn[n to u4 ,,prop4 ,,iv4 ,!re is no modification ( ! body1 :]e( we _c =m "s cle> & di/9ct conception4 ,pro(4--,prop]ties :i* are common to all ?+s c only be conceiv$ adequately 7,,ii4 xxxviii472 !re=e 7,,ii4 xii4 & ,lemma ii4 aft] ,,ii4 xiii47 !re is no modification ( ! body1 :]e( we _c =m "s cle> & di/9ct conception4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t !re is no emotion1 :]e( we _c =m "s cle> & di/9ct conception4 ,= an emotion is ! idea ( a modification ( ! body 7by ! g5]al ,def4 ( ! ,emotions71 & mu/ !re=e 7by ! prec$+ ,prop47 involve "s cle> & di/9ct conception4 ,note4--,see+ t !re is no?+ :i* is n foll[$ by an effect 7,i4 xxxvi471 & t we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/& :atev] foll[s f an idea1 :i* 9 u is adequate 7,,ii4 xl471 x foll[s t ev]yone has ! p[] ( cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&+ himself & 8 emotions1 if n absolutely1 at any rate 9 "p1 & consequ5tly ( br++ x ab\t1 t he %\ld become less subject to !m4 ,to atta9 ?is result1 !re=e1 we mu/ *iefly direct our ef=ts to acquir+1 z f> z possible1 a cle> & di/9ct k ( e emotion1 9 ord] t ! m9d may ?us1 ?r\gh emotion1 be det]m9$ to ?9k ( ^? ?+s :i* x cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceives1 & :]e9 x fully acquiesces3 & ?us t ! emotion itself may be sep>at$ f ! ?\ght ( an ext]nal cause1 & may be associat$ ) true ?\ghts2 :5ce x w come to pass1 n only t love1 hatr$1 c4 w be de/roy$ 7,v4 ii471 b also t ! appetites or desires1 :i* are wont to arise f su* emotion1 w become incapable ( be+ excessive 7,,iv4 lxi474 ,= x mu/ be especially rem>k$1 t ! appetite ?r\gh :i* a man is said to be active1 & t ?r\gh :i* he is said to be passive is "o & ! same4 ,= in/ance1 we h %[n t human nature is s con/itut$1 t ev]yone desires 8 fell[--m5 to live aft] 8 own fa%ion 7,,iii4 xxxi4 note72 9 a man1 :o is n guid$ by reason1 ?is appetite is a passion :i* is call$ ambition1 & does n greatly diff] f pride2 :]eas 9 a man1 :o lives by ! dictates ( reason1 x is an activity or virtue :i* is call$ piety 7,,iv4 xxxvii4 note4 i4 & second pro(74 ,9 l mann] all appetites or desires are only passions1 9 s f> z !y spr+ f inadequate ideas2 ! same results are accr$it$ to virtue1 :5 !y are ar\s$ or g5]at$ by adequate ideas4 ,= all desires1 :]eby we are det]m9$ to any giv5 action1 may arise z mu* f adequate z f inadequate ideas 7,,iv4 lix474 ,?an ?is rem$y = ! emotions 7to return to ! po9t f :i* ,i />t$71 :i* consi/s 9 a true k !re(1 no?+ m excell5t1 be+ )9 our p[]1 c be devis$4 ,= ! m9d has no o!r p[] save t ( ?9k+ & ( =m+ adequate ideas1 z we h %[n above 7,,iii4 iii474 ,,prop4 ,v4 ,an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we conceive simply1 & n z necess>y1 or z cont+5t1 or z possible1 is1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 great] ?an any o!r emotion4 ,pro(4--,an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we conceive to be free1 is great] ?an "o t[>ds :at we conceive to be necess>y 7,,iii4 xlix471 &1 consequ5tly1 /ill great] ?an "o t[>ds :at we conceive z possible1 or cont+5t 7,,iv4 xi474 ,b to conceive a ?+ z free c be no?+ else ?an to conceive x simply1 :ile we are 9 ignorance ( ! causes :]eby x has be5 det]m9$ to action 7,,ii4 xxxv4 note72 !re=e1 an emotion t[>ds a ?+ :i* we conceive simply is1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 great] ?an "o1 :i* we feel t[>ds :at is necess>y1 possible1 or cont+5t1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is ! greate/ ( all4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,vi4 ,! m9d has great] p[] ov] ! emotions & is less subject !reto1 9 s f> z x und]/&s all ?+s z necess>y4 ,pro(4--,! m9d und]/&s all ?+s to be necess>y 7,i4 xxix47 & to be det]m9$ to exi/5ce & op]ation by an inf9ite *a9 ( causes2 !re=e 7by ! =ego+ ,proposition71 x ?us f> br+s x ab\t1 t x is less subject to ! emotions aris+ !refrom1 & 7,,iii4 xlviii47 feels less emotion t[>ds ! ?+s !mselves4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,! m ?is k1 t ?+s are necess>y1 is appli$ to p>ticul> ?+s1 :i* we conceive m di/9ctly & vividly1 ! great] is ! p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! emotions1 z exp]i5ce also te/ifies4 ,= we see1 t ! pa9 aris+ f ! loss ( any good is mitigat$1 z soon z ! man :o has lo/ x p]ceives1 t x c\ld n by any means h be5 pres]v$4 ,s also we see t no "o pities an infant1 because x _c speak1 walk1 or reason1 or la/ly1 because x passes s _m ye>s1 z x 71 9 unconsci\sness4 ,:]eas1 if mo/ p 7 born full--gr[n & only "o "h & !re z an infant1 ev]yone w\ld pity ! infants2 because infancy w\ld n !n be look$ on z a /ate natural & necess>y1 b z a fault or del9qu5cy 9 ,nature2 & we may note sev]al o!r in/ances ( ! same sort4 ,,prop4 ,,vii4 ,emotions :i* are ar\s$ or spr+ f reason1 if we take acc\nt ( "t1 are /rong] ?an ^?1 :i* are attributable to p>ticul> objects t we reg>d z abs5t4 ,pro(4--,we d n reg>d a ?+ z abs5t1 by reason ( ! emotion :]e) we conceive x1 b by reason ( ! body1 be+ affect$ by ano!r emotion exclud+ ! exi/5ce ( ! said ?+ 7,,ii4 xvii474 ,:]e=e1 ! emotion1 :i* is ref]r$ to ! ?+ :i* we reg>d z abs5t1 is n ( a nature to ov]come ! re/ ( a man's activities & p[] 7,,iv4 vi471 b is1 on ! contr>y1 ( a nature to be 9 "s sort controll$ by ! emotions1 :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( its ext]nal cause 7,,iv4 ix474 ,b an emotion :i* spr+s f reason is necess>ily ref]r$ to ! common prop]ties ( ?+s 7see ! def4 ( reason 9 ,,ii4 xl4 note4 ii471 :i* we always reg>d z pres5t 7= !re c be no?+ to exclude _! pres5t exi/5ce71 & :i* we always conceive 9 ! same mann] 7,,ii4 xxxviii474 ,:]e=e an emotion ( ?is k9d always rema9s ! same2 & consequ5tly 7,v4 ,ax4 i47 emotions1 :i* are contr>y !reto & are n kept go+ by _! ext]nal causes1 w be oblig$ to adapt !mselves to x m & m1 until !y are no long] contr>y to x2 to ?is ext5t ! emotion :i* spr+s f reason is m p[]ful4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,viii4 ,an emotion is /rong] 9 proportion to ! numb] ( simultane\s concurr5t causes :]eby x is ar\s$4 ,pro(4--,_m simultane\s causes are m p[]ful ?an a few 7,,iii4 vii473 !re=e 7,,iv4 v471 9 proportion to ! increas$ numb] ( simultane\s causes :]eby x is ar\s$1 an emotion becomes /rong]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note--,?is proposition is also evid5t f ,v4 ,ax4 ii4 ,,prop4 ,,ix4 ,an emotion1 :i* is attributable to _m & div]se causes :i* ! m9d reg>ds z simultane\s ) ! emotion itself1 is less hurtful1 & we are less subject !reto & less affect$ t[>ds ea* ( its causes1 ?an if x 7 a diff]5t & equally p[]ful emotion attributable to few] causes or to a s+le cause4 ,pro(4--,an emotion is only bad or hurtful1 9 s f> z x h9d]s ! m9d f be+ able to ?9k 7,,iv4 xxvi4 xxvii472 !re=e1 an emotion1 :]eby ! m9d is det]m9$ to ! contemplation ( sev]al ?+s at once1 is less hurtful ?an ano!r equally p[]ful emotion1 :i* s engrosses ! m9d 9 ! s+le contemplation ( a few objects or ( "o1 t x is unable to ?9k ( any?+ else2 ?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 z ! m9d's ess5ce1 9 o!r words1 its p[] 7,,iii4 vii471 consi/s solely 9 ?\ght 7,,ii4 xi471 ! m9d is less passive 9 respect to an emotion1 :i* causes x to ?9k ( sev]al ?+s at once1 ?an 9 reg>d to an equally /rong emotion1 :i* keeps x engross$ 9 ! contemplation ( a few or ( a s+le object3 ?is 0 our second po9t4 ,la/ly1 ?is emotion 7,,iii4 xlviii471 9 s f> z x is attributable to sev]al causes1 is less p[]ful 9 reg>d to ea* ( !m4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,x4 ,s long z we are n assail$ by emotions contr>y to our nature1 we h ! p[] ( arrang+ & associat+ ! modifications ( our body accord+ to ! intellectual ord]4 ,pro(4--,! emotions1 :i* are contr>y to our nature1 t is 7,,iv4 xxx471 :i* are bad1 are bad 9 s f> z !y imp$e ! m9d f und]/&+ 7,,iv4 xxvii474 ,s long1 !re=e1 z we are n assail$ by emotions contr>y to our nature1 ! m9d's p[]1 :]eby x endeav\rs to und]/& ?+s 7,,iv4 xxvi471 is n imp$$1 & !re=e x is able to =m cle> & di/9ct ideas & to d$uce !m "o f ano!r 7,,ii4 xl4 note4 ii4 & ,,ii4 xlvii4 note72 consequ5tly we h 9 su* cases ! p[] ( arrang+ & associat+ ! modifications ( ! body accord+ to ! intellectual ord]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,by ?is p[] ( rightly arrang+ & associat+ ! bodily modifications we c gu>d ourselves f be+ easily affect$ by evil emotions4 ,= 7,v4 vii47 a great] =ce is ne$$ = controll+ ! emotions1 :5 !y are arrang$ & associat$ accord+ to ! intellectual ord]1 ?an :5 !y1 are unc]ta9 & unsettl$4 ,! be/ we c d1 !re=e1 s long z we d n possess a p]fect k ( our emotions1 is to frame a sy/em ( "r conduct1 or fix$ practical precepts1 to commit x to memory1 & to apply x =?)#af to ! p>ticul> circum/ances :i* n[ & aga9 meet u 9 life1 s t our imag9ation may become fully imbu$ !re)1 & t x may be always ready to our h&4 ,= in/ance1 we h laid d[n among ! rules ( life 7,,iv4 xlvi4 & note71 t hatr$ %\ld be ov]come ) love or high--m9d$ness1 & n requir$ ) hatr$ 9 return4 ,n[1 t ?is precept ( reason may be always ready to our h& 9 "t ( ne$1 we %\ld (t5 ?9k ov] & reflect ^u ! wrongs g5]ally committ$ by m51 & 9 :at mann] & way !y may be be/ w>d$ (f by high--m9d$ness3 we %all ?us associate ! idea ( wrong ) ! idea ( ?is precept1 :i* accord+ly w always be ready = use :5 a wrong is done to u 7,,ii4 xviii474 ,if we keep also 9 read9ess ! notion ( our true advantage1 & ( ! good :i* foll[s f mutual fri5d%ips1 & common fell[%ips2 fur!r1 if we rememb] t complete acquiesc5ce is ! result ( ! "r way ( life 7 ,,iv4 lii471 & t m51 no less ?an ev]y?+ else1 act by ! necessity ( _! nature3 9 su* case ,i say ! wrong1 or ! hatr$1 :i* commonly arises !refrom1 w engross a v small "p ( our imag9ation & w be easily ov]come2 or1 if ! ang] :i* spr+s f a griev\s wrong be n ov]come easily1 x w nev]!less be ov]come1 ?\gh n )\t a spiritual conflict1 f> soon] ?an if we _h n ?us reflect$ on ! subject be=eh&4 ,z is inde$ evid5t f ,v4 vi4 vii4 viii4 ,we %\ld1 9 ! same way1 reflect on c\rage z a means ( ov]com+ fe>2 ! ord9>y dang]s ( life %\ld frequ5tly be br\ght to m9d & imag9$1 toge!r ) ! means :]eby ?r\gh read9ess ( res\rce & /r5g? ( m9d we c avoid & ov]come !m4 ,b we mu/ note1 t 9 arrang+ our ?\ghts & conceptions we %\ld always be> 9 m9d t :i* is good 9 e individual ?+ 7,,iv4 lxiii4 ,coroll4 & ,,iii4 lix471 9 ord] t we may always be det]m9$ to action by an emotion ( pleasure4 ,= in/ance1 if a man sees t he is too ke5 9 ! pursuit ( hon\r1 let him ?9k ov] its "r use1 ! end = :i* x %\ld be pursu$1 & ! means :]eby he may atta9 x4 ,let him n ?9k ( its misuse1 & its empt9ess1 & ! fickl5ess ( mank9d1 & ! l1 :]e( no man ?9ks except ?r\gh a morbidness ( disposition2 ) ?\ghts l ^! d ! mo/ ambiti\s mo/ torm5t !mselves1 :5 !y despair ( ga9+ ! di/9ctions !y hank] aft]1 & 9 ?us giv+ v5t to _! ang] w\ld fa9 appe> wise4 ,:]e=e x is c]ta9 t ^?1 :o cry out ! l\de/ aga9/ ! misuse ( hon\r & ! vanity ( ! _w1 are ^? :o mo/ gre$ily covet x4 ,?is is n peculi> to ! ambiti\s1 b is common to all :o are ill--us$ by =tune1 & :o are infirm 9 _s4 ,= a poor man also1 :o is mis]ly1 w talk incessantly ( ! misuse ( weal? & ( ! vices ( ! ri*2 :]eby he m]ely torm5ts himself1 & %[s ! _w t he is intol]ant1 n only ( 8 own pov]ty1 b also ( o!r p's ri*es4 ,s1 aga91 ^? :o h be5 ill receiv$ by a woman !y love ?9k ( no?+ b ! incon/ancy1 trea*]y1 & o!r /ock faults ( ! fair sex2 all ( :i* !y consign to oblivion1 directly !y are aga9 tak5 into fav\r by _! swee!>t4 ,?us he :o w\ld gov]n 8 emotions & appetite solely by ! love ( fre$om /rives1 z f> z he c1 to ga9 a k ( ! virtues & _! causes1 & to fill 8 _s ) ! joy :i* arises f ! true k ( !m3 he w 9 no wise desire to dwell on m5's faults1 or to c>p at 8 fell[s1 or to revel 9 a false %[ ( fre$om4 ,:osoev] w dilig5tly obs]ve & practise ^! precepts 7:i* inde$ are n difficult7 w v]ily1 9 a %ort space ( "t1 be able1 = ! mo/ "p1 to direct 8 actions accord+ to ! comm&m5ts ( reason4 #af ,cont9uo4 ,r5d]$ con/antly by ,mr4 ,pollock on ! gr\nd t ! classical mean+ ( ! ^w does n suit ! context4 ,,prop4 ,,xi4 ,9 proportion z a m5tal image is ref]r$ to m objects1 s is x m frequ5t1 or m (t5 vivid1 & occupies ! m9d m4 ,pro(4--,9 proportion z a m5tal image or an emotion is ref]r$ to m objects1 s are !re m causes :]eby x c be ar\s$ & fo/]$1 all ( :i* 7by hypo!sis7 ! m9d contemplates simultane\sly 9 association ) ! giv5 emotion2 !re=e ! emotion is m frequ5t1 or is m (t5 9 full vig\r1 & 7,v4 viii47 occupies ! m9d m4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xii4 ,! m5tal images ( ?+s are m easily associat$ ) ! images ref]r$ to ?+s :i* we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&1 ?an ) o!rs4 ,pro(4--,?+s1 :i* we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&1 are ei!r ! common prop]ties ( ?+s or d$uctions !refrom 7see def9ition ( ,reason1 ,,ii4 xl4 note ii471 & are consequ5tly 7by ! la/ ,prop47 m (t5 ar\s$ 9 u4 ,:]e=e x may m readily happ51 t we %\ld contemplate o!r ?+s 9 conjunction ) ^! ?an 9 conjunction ) some?+ else1 & consequ5tly 7,,ii4 xviii47 t ! images ( ! said ?+s %\ld be m (t5 associat$ ) ! images ( ^! ?an ) ! images ( some?+ else4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xiii4 ,a m5tal image is m (t5 vivid1 9 proportion z x is associat$ ) a great] numb] ( o!r images4 ,pro(4--,9 proportion z an image is associat$ ) a great] numb] ( o!r images1 s 7,,ii4 xviii47 are !re m causes :]eby x c be ar\s$4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xiv4 ,! m9d c br+ x ab\t1 t all bodily modifications or images ( ?+s may be ref]r$ to ! idea ( ,god4 ,pro(4--,!re is no modification ( ! body1 :]e( ! m9d may n =m "s cle> & di/9ct conception 7,v4 iv472 :]e=e x c br+ x ab\t1 t !y %\ld all be ref]r$ to ! idea ( ,god 7,i4 xv474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xv4 ,he :o cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&s himself & 8 emotions loves ,god1 & s mu* ! m 9 proportion z he m und]/&s himself & 8 emotions4 ,pro(4--,he :o cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&s himself & 8 emotions feels pleasure 7,,iii4 liii471 & ?is pleasure is 7by ! la/ ,prop47 accompani$ by ! idea ( ,god2 !re=e 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 vi47 su* an "o loves ,god1 & 7= ! same reason7 s mu* ! m 9 proportion z he m und]/&s himself & 8 emotions4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xvi4 ,?is love t[>ds ,god mu/ hold ! *ief place 9 ! m9d4 ,pro(4--,= ?is love is associat$ ) all ! modifications ( ! body 7,v4 xiv47 & is fo/]$ by !m all 7,v4 xv472 !re=e 7,v4 xi471 x mu/ hold ! *ief place 9 ! m9d4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xvii4 ,god is )\t passions1 nei!r is he affect$ by any emotion ( pleasure or pa94 ,pro(4--,all ideas1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ,god1 are true 7,,ii4 xxxii471 t is 7,,ii4 ,def4 iv47 adequate2 & !re=e 7by ! g5]al ,def4 ( ! ,emotions7 ,god is )\t passions4 ,aga91 ,god _c pass ei!r to a great] or to a less] p]fection 7,i4 xx4 ,coroll4 ii472 !re=e 7by ,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 ii4 iii47 he is n affect$ by any emotion ( pleasure or pa94 ,coroll>y4--,/rictly speak+1 ,god does n love or hate anyone4 ,= ,god 7by ! =ego+ ,prop47 is n affect$ by any emotion ( pleasure or pa91 consequ5tly 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 vi4 vii47 he does n love or hate anyone4 ,,prop4 ,,xviii4 ,no "o c hate ,god4 ,pro(4--,! idea ( ,god :i* is 9 u is adequate & p]fect 7,,ii4 xlvi4 xlvii472 :]e=e1 9 s f> z we contemplate ,god1 we are active 7,,iii4 iii472 consequ5tly 7,,iii4 lix47 !re c be no pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( ,god1 9 o!r words 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 vii471 no "o c hate ,god4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,love t[>ds ,god _c be turn$ into hate4 ,note4--,x may be object$ t1 z we und]/& ,god z ! cause ( all ?+s1 we by t v fact reg>d ,god z ! cause ( pa94 ,b ,i make answ]1 t1 9 s f> z we und]/& ! causes ( pa91 x to t ext5t 7,v4 iii47 ceases to be a passion1 t is1 x ceases to be pa9 7,,iii4 lix472 !re=e1 9 s f> z we und]/& ,god to be ! cause ( pa91 we to t ext5t feel pleasure4 ,,prop4 ,,xix4 ,he1 :o loves ,god1 _c endeav\r t ,god %\ld love him 9 return4 ,pro(4--,=1 if a man %\ld s endeav\r1 he w\ld desire 7,v4 xvii4 ,coroll47 t ,god1 :om he loves1 %\ld n be ,god1 & consequ5tly he w\ld desire to feel pa9 7,,iii4 xix472 :i* is absurd 7,,iii4 xxviii474 ,!re=e1 he :o loves ,god1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xx4 ,?is love t[>ds ,god _c be /a9$ by ! emotion ( envy or jeal\sy3 contr>iwise1 x is ! m fo/]$1 9 proportion z we conceive a great] numb] ( m5 to be jo9$ to ,god by ! same bond ( love4 ,pro(4--,?is love t[>ds ,god is ! highe/ good :i* we c seek = "u ! guidance ( reason 7,,iv4 xxviii471 x is common to all m5 7,,iv4 xxxvi471 & we desire t all %\ld rejoice !re9 7,,iv4 xxxvii472 !re=e 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxiii471 x _c be /a9$ by ! emotion envy1 nor by ! emotion ( jeal\sy 7,v4 xviii4 see def9ition ( ,jeal\sy1 ,,iii4 xxxv4 note72 b1 contr>iwise1 x mu/ ne$s be ! m fo/]$1 9 proportion z we conceive a great] numb] ( m5 to rejoice !re94 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,we c 9 ! same way %[1 t !re is no emotion directly contr>y to ?is love1 :]eby ?is love c be de/roy$2 !re=e we may conclude1 t ?is love t[>ds ,god is ! mo/ con/ant ( all ! emotions1 & t1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! body1 x _c be de/roy$1 unless ! body be de/roy$ also4 ,z to its nature1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! m9d only1 we %all pres5tly inquire4 ,i h n[ gone ?r\gh all ! rem$ies aga9/ ! emotions1 or all t ! m9d1 consid]$ 9 itself alone1 c d aga9/ !m4 ,:5ce x appe>s t ! m9d's p[] ov] ! emotions consi/s3---- ,i4 ,9 ! actual k ( ! emotions 7,v4 iv4 note74 ,,ii4 ,9 ! fact t x sep>ates ! emotions f ! ?\ght ( an ext]nal cause1 :i* we conceive confus$ly 7,v4 ii4 & ,v4 iv4 note74 ,,iii4 ,9 ! fact1 t1 9 respect to "t1 ! emotions ref]r$ to ?+s1 :i* we di/9ctly und]/&1 surpass ^? ref]r$ to :at we conceive 9 a confus$ & fragm5t>y mann] 7,v4 vii474 ,,iv4 ,9 ! numb] ( causes :]eby ^? modifications#ag are fo/]$1 :i* h reg>d to ! common prop]ties ( ?+s or to ,god 7,v4 ix4 xi474 #ag ,affectiones4 ,cam]] reads affectus----emotions4 ,v4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ord] :]e9 ! m9d c arrange & associate1 "o ) ano!r1 its own emotions 7,v4 x4 note & xii4 xiii4 xiv474 ,b1 9 ord] t ?is p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! emotions may be bett] und]/ood1 x %\ld be specially obs]v$ t ! emotions are call$ by u /rong1 :5 we comp>e ! emotion ( "o man ) ! emotion ( ano!r1 & see t "o man is m tr\bl$ ?an ano!r by ! same emotion2 or :5 we are comp>+ ! v>i\s emotions ( ! same man "o ) ano!r1 & f9d t he is m affect$ or /irr$ by "o emotion ?an by ano!r4 ,= ! /r5g? ( e emotion is def9$ by a comp>ison ( our own p[] ) ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause4 ,n[ ! p[] ( ! m9d is def9$ by k only1 & its infirmity or passion is def9$ by ! privation ( k only3 x !re=e foll[s1 t t m9d is mo/ passive1 ^: greate/ "p is made up ( inadequate ideas1 s t x may be *>act]iz$ m readily by its passive /ates ?an by its activities3 on ! o!r h&1 t m9d is mo/ active1 ^: greate/ "p is made up ( adequate ideas1 s t1 al?\gh x may conta9 z _m inadequate ideas z ! =m] m9d1 x may yet be m easily *>act]iz$ by ideas attributable to human virtue1 ?an by ideas :i* tell ( human infirmity4 ,aga91 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t spiritual unheal?9ess & mis=tunes c g5]ally be trac$ to excessive love = some?+ :i* is subject to _m v>iations1 & :i* we c nev] become ma/]s (4 ,= no "o is solicit\s or anxi\s ab\t any?+1 unless he loves x2 nei!r d wrongs1 suspicions1 enmities1 c4 arise1 except 9 reg>d to ?+s :]e( no "o c be really ma/]4 ,we may ?us readily conceive ! p[] :i* cle> & di/9ct k1 & especially t ?ird k9d ( k 7,,ii4 xlvii4 note71 f\nd$ on ! actual k ( ,god1 possesses ov] ! emotions3 if x does n absolutely de/roy !m1 9 s f> z !y are passions 7,v4 iii4 & iv4 note72 at any rate1 x causes !m to occupy a v small "p ( ! m9d 7,v4 xiv474 ,fur!r1 x begets a love t[>ds a ?+ immutable & et]nal 7,v4 xv471 :]e( we may really ent] into possession 7,,ii4 xlv472 nei!r c x be defil$ ) ^? faults :i* are inh]5t 9 ord9>y love2 b x may gr[ f /r5g? to /r5g?1 & may engross ! great] "p ( ! m9d1 & deeply p5etrate x4 ,& n[ ,i h f9i%$ ) all t conc]ns ?is pres5t life3 =1 z ,i said 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is note1 ,i h briefly describ$ all ! rem$ies aga9/ ! emotions4 ,& ?is ev]yone may readily h se5 = himself1 if he has att5d$ to :at is advanc$ 9 ! pres5t note1 & also to ! def9itions ( ! m9d & its emotions1 &1 la/ly1 to ,propositions i4 & iii4 ( ,"p ,,iii4 ,x is n[1 !re=e1 "t to pass on to ^? matt]s1 :i* app]ta9 to ! duration ( ! m9d1 )\t relation to ! body4 ,,prop4 ,,xxi4 ,! m9d c only imag9e any?+1 or rememb] :at is pa/1 :ile ! body endures4 ,pro(4--,! m9d does n express ! actual exi/5ce ( its body1 nor does x imag9e ! modifications ( ! body z actual1 except :ile ! body endures 7,,ii4 viii4 ,coroll472 &1 consequ5tly 7,,ii4 xxvi471 x does n imag9e any body z actually exi/+1 except :ile its own body endures4 ,?us x _c imag9e any?+ 7= def9ition ( ,imag9ation1 see ,,ii4 xvii4 note71 or rememb] ?+s pa/1 except :ile ! body endures 7see def9ition ( ,memory1 ,,ii4 xviii4 note74 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxii4 ,nev]!less 9 ,god !re is necess>ily an idea1 :i* expresses ! ess5ce ( ?is or t human body "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,pro(4--,god is ! cause1 n only ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is or t human body1 b also ( its ess5ce 7,i4 xxv474 ,?is ess5ce1 !re=e1 mu/ necess>ily be conceiv$ ?r\gh ! v ess5ce ( ,god 7,i4 ,ax4 iv471 & be ?us conceiv$ by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity 7,i4 xvi472 & ?is conception mu/ necess>ily exi/ 9 ,god 7,,ii4 iii474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxiii4 ,! human m9d _c be absolutely de/roy$ ) ! body1 b !re rema9s ( x some?+ :i* is et]nal4 ,pro(4--,!re is necess>ily 9 ,god a concept or idea1 :i* expresses ! ess5ce ( ! human body 7la/ ,prop471 :i*1 !re=e1 is necess>ily some?+ app]ta9+ to ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d 7,,ii4 xiii474 ,b we h n assign$ to ! human m9d any duration1 def9able by "t1 except 9 s f> z x expresses ! actual exi/5ce ( ! body1 :i* is expla9$ ?r\gh duration1 & may be def9$ by "t--t is 7,,ii4 viii4 ,coroll471 we d n assign to x duration1 except :ile ! body endures4 ,yet1 z !re is some?+1 not)/&+1 :i* is conceiv$ by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity ?r\gh ! v ess5ce ( ,god 7la/ ,prop472 ?is some?+1 :i* app]ta9s to ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 w necess>ily be et]nal4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?is idea1 :i* expresses ! ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 is1 z we h said1 a c]ta9 mode ( ?9k+1 :i* belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 & is necess>ily et]nal4 ,yet x is n possible t we %\ld rememb] t we exi/$ be=e our body1 = our body c be> no trace ( su* exi/5ce1 nei!r c et]nity be def9$ 9 t]ms ( "t1 or h any relation to "t4 ,b1 not)/&+1 we feel & "k t we are et]nal4 ,= ! m9d feels ^? ?+s t x conceives by und]/&+1 no less ?an ^? ?+s t x rememb]s4 ,= ! eyes ( ! m9d1 :]eby x sees & obs]ves ?+s1 are none o!r ?an pro(s4 ,?us1 al?\gh we d n rememb] t we exi/$ be=e ! body1 yet we feel t our m9d1 9 s f> z x involves ! ess5ce ( ! body1 "u ! =m ( et]nity1 is et]nal1 & t ?us its exi/5ce _c be def9$ 9 t]ms ( "t1 or expla9$ ?r\gh duration4 ,?us our m9d c only be said to endure1 & its exi/5ce c only be def9$ by a fix$ "t1 9 s f> z x involves ! actual exi/5ce ( ! body4 ,?us f> only has x ! p[] ( det]m9+ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s by "t1 & conceiv+ !m "u ! category ( duration4 ,,prop4 ,,xxiv4 ,! m we und]/& p>ticul> ?+s1 ! m d we und]/& ,god4 ,pro(4--,?is is evid5t f ,i4 xxv4 ,coroll4 ,,prop4 ,,xxv4 ,! highe/ endeav\r ( ! m9d1 & ! highe/ virtue is to und]/& ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k4 ,pro(4--,! ?ird k9d ( k proce$s f an adequate idea ( c]ta9 attributes ( ,god to an adequate k ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s 7see its def9ition ,,ii4 xl4 note4 ii472 &1 9 proportion z we und]/& ?+s m 9 ?is way1 we bett] und]/& ,god 7by ! la/ ,prop472 !re=e 7,,iv4 xxviii47 ! highe/ virtue ( ! m9d1 t is 7,,iv4 ,def4 viii47 ! p[]1 or nature1 or 7,,iii4 vii47 highe/ endeav\r ( ! m9d1 is to und]/& ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxvi4 ,9 proportion z ! m9d is m capable ( und]/&+ ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k1 x desires m to und]/& ?+s by t k9d4 ,pro(--,?is is evid5t4 ,=1 9 s f> z we conceive ! m9d to be capable ( conceiv+ ?+s by ?is k9d ( k1 we1 to t ext5t1 conceive x z det]m9$ ?us to conceive ?+s2 & consequ5tly 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i471 ! m9d desires s to d1 9 proportion z x is m capable !re(4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxvii4 ,f ?is ?ird k9d ( k arises ! highe/ possible m5tal acquiesc5ce4 ,pro(4--,! highe/ virtue ( ! m9d is to "k ,god 7,,iv4 xxviii471 or to und]/& ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k 7,v4 xxv471 & ?is virtue is great] 9 proportion z ! m9d kn[s ?+s m by ! said k9d ( k 7,v4 xxiv473 consequ5tly1 he :o kn[s ?+s by ?is k9d ( k passes to ! summit ( human p]fection1 & is !re=e 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 ii47 affect$ by ! highe/ pleasure1 su* pleasure be+ accompani$ by ! idea ( himself & 8 own virtue2 ?us 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxv471 f ?is k9d ( k arises ! highe/ possible acquiesc5ce4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxviii4 ,! endeav\r or desire to "k ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k _c arise f ! fir/1 b f ! second k9d ( k4 ,pro(4--,?is proposition is self--evid5t4 ,= :atsoev] we und]/& cle>ly & di/9ctly1 we und]/& ei!r ?r\gh itself1 or ?r\gh t :i* is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself2 t is1 ideas :i* are cle> & di/9ct 9 u1 or :i* are ref]r$ to ! ?ird k9d ( k 7,,ii4 xl4 note4 ii47 _c foll[ f ideas t are fragm5t>y & confus$1 & are ref]r$ to k ( ! fir/ k9d1 b mu/ foll[ f adequate ideas1 or ideas ( ! second & ?ird k9d ( k2 !re=e 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i471 ! desire ( kn[+ ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k _c arise f ! fir/1 b f ! second k9d4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxix4 ,:atsoev] ! m9d und]/&s "u ! =m ( et]nity1 x does n und]/& by virtue ( conceiv+ ! pres5t actual exi/5ce ( ! body1 b by virtue ( conceiv+ ! ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,pro(4--,9 s f> z ! m9d conceives ! pres5t exi/5ce ( its body1 x to t ext5t conceives duration :i* c be det]m9$ by "t1 & to t ext5t only has x ! p[] ( conceiv+ ?+s 9 relation to "t 7,v4 xxi4 ,,ii4 xxvi474 ,b et]nity _c be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( duration 7,i4 ,def4 viii4 & explanation74 ,!re=e to ?is ext5t ! m9d has n ! p[] ( conceiv+ ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity1 b x possesses su* p[]1 because x is ( ! nature ( reason to conceive ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity 7,,ii4 xliv4 ,coroll4 ii471 & also because x is ( ! nature ( ! m9d to conceive ! ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity 7,v4 xxiii471 = besides ^! two !re is no?+ :i* belongs to ! ess5ce ( m9d 7,,ii4 xiii474 ,!re=e ?is p[] ( conceiv+ ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity only belongs to ! m9d 9 virtue ( ! m9d's conceiv+ ! ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,?+s are conceiv$ by u z actual 9 two ways2 ei!r z exi/+ 9 relation to a giv5 "t & place1 or z conta9$ 9 ,god & foll[+ f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature4 ,:atsoev] we conceive 9 ?is second way z true or real1 we conceive "u ! =m ( et]nity1 & _! ideas involve ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god1 z we %[$ 9 ,,ii4 xlv4 & note1 :i* see4 ,,prop4 ,,xxx4 ,our m9d1 9 s f> z x kn[s itself & ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 has to t ext5t necess>ily a k ( ,god1 & kn[s t x is 9 ,god1 & is conceiv$ ?r\gh ,god4 ,pro(4--,et]nity is ! v ess5ce ( ,god1 9 s f> z ?is involves necess>y exi/5ce 7,i4 ,def4 viii474 ,!re=e to conceive ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity1 is to conceive ?+s 9 s f> z !y are conceiv$ ?r\gh ! ess5ce ( ,god z real entities1 or 9 s f> z !y involve exi/5ce ?r\gh ! ess5ce ( ,god2 :]e=e our m9d1 9 s f> z x conceives itself & ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 has to t ext5t necess>ily a k ( ,god1 & kn[s1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxi4 ,! ?ird k9d ( k dep5ds on ! m9d1 z its =mal cause1 9 s f> z ! m9d itself is et]nal4 ,pro(4--,! m9d does n conceive any?+ "u ! =m ( et]nity1 except 9 s f> z x conceives its own body "u ! =m ( et]nity 7,v4 xxix472 t is1 except 9 s f> z x is et]nal 7,v4 xxi4 xxiii472 !re=e 7by ! la/ ,prop471 9 s f> z x is et]nal1 x possesses ! k ( ,god1 :i* k is necess>ily adequate 7,,ii4 xlvi472 h5ce ! m9d1 9 s f> z x is et]nal1 is capable ( kn[+ ev]y?+ :i* c foll[ f ?is giv5 k ( ,god 7,,ii4 xl471 9 o!r words1 ( kn[+ ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k 7see ,def4 9 ,,ii4 xl4 note4 ii471 :]e( accord+ly ! m9d 7,,iii4 ,def4 i471 9 s f> z x is et]nal1 is ! adequate or =mal cause ( su* k4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,9 proportion1 !re=e1 z a man is m pot5t 9 ?is k9d ( k1 he w be m completely consci\s ( himself & ( ,god2 9 o!r words1 he w be m p]fect & bless$1 z w appe> m cle>ly 9 ! sequel4 ,b we mu/ "h obs]ve t1 al?\gh we are already c]ta9 t ! m9d is et]nal1 9 s f> z x conceives ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity1 yet1 9 ord] t :at we wi% to %[ may be m readily expla9$ & bett] und]/ood1 we w consid] ! m9d itself1 z ?\gh x _h j begun to exi/ & to und]/& ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity1 z inde$ we h done hi!rto2 ?is we may d )\t any dang] ( error1 s long z we are c>eful n to draw any conclusion1 unless our premisses are pla94 ,,prop4 ,,xxxii4 ,:atsoev] we und]/& by ! ?ird k9d ( k1 we take delight 91 & our delight is accompani$ by ! idea ( ,god z cause4 ,pro(4--,f ?is k9d ( k arises ! highe/ possible m5tal acquiesc5ce1 t is 7,def ( ! ,emotions1 xxv471 pleasure1 & ?is acquiesc5ce is accompani$ by ! idea ( ! m9d itself 7,v4 xxvii471 & consequ5tly 7,v4 xxx47 ! idea also ( ,god z cause4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,f ! ?ird k9d ( k necess>ily arises ! intellectual love ( ,god4 ,f ?is k9d ( k arises pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( ,god z cause1 t is 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 vi471 ! love ( ,god2 n 9 s f> z we imag9e him z pres5t 7,v4 xxix471 b 9 s f> z we und]/& him to be et]nal2 ?is is :at ,i call ! intellectual love ( ,god4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxiii4 ,! intellectual love ( ,god1 :i* arises f ! ?ird k9d ( k1 is et]nal4 ,pro(4--,! ?ird k9d ( k is et]nal 7,v4 xxxi4 ,i4 ,ax4 iii472 !re=e 7by ! same ,axiom7 ! love :i* arises !refrom is also necess>ily et]nal4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,al?\gh ?is love t[>ds ,god has 7by ! =ego+ ,prop47 no beg9n+1 x yet possesses all ! p]fections ( love1 j z ?\gh x _h aris5 z we feign$ 9 ! ,coroll4 ( ! la/ ,prop4 ,nor is !re "h any diff]5ce1 except t ! m9d possesses z et]nal ^? same p]fections :i* we feign$ to accrue to x1 & !y are accompani$ by ! idea ( ,god z et]nal cause4 ,if pleasure consi/s 9 ! transition to a great] p]fection1 assur$ly bless$ness mu/ consi/ 9 ! m9d be+ end[$ ) p]fection itself4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxiv4 ,! m9d is1 only :ile ! body endures1 subject to ^? emotions :i* are attributable to passions4 ,pro(4--,imag9ation is ! idea :]e) ! m9d contemplates a ?+ z pres5t 7,,ii4 xvii4 note72 yet ?is idea indicates r ! pres5t disposition ( ! human body ?an ! nature ( ! ext]nal ?+ 7,,ii4 xvi4 ,coroll4 ii474 ,!re=e emotion 7see g5]al ,def4 ( ,emotions7 is imag9ation1 9 s f> z x indicates ! pres5t disposition ( ! body2 !re=e 7,v4 xxi47 ! m9d is1 only :ile ! body endures1 subject to emotions :i* are attributable to passions4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t no love save intellectual love is et]nal4 ,note4--,if we look to m5's g5]al op9ion1 we %all see t !y are inde$ consci\s ( ! et]nity ( _! m9d1 b t !y confuse et]nity ) duration1 & ascribe x to ! imag9ation or ! memory :i* !y believe to rema9 aft] dea?4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxv4 ,god loves himself ) an inf9ite intellectual love4 ,pro(4--,god is absolutely inf9ite 7,i4 ,def4 vi471 t is 7,,ii4 ,def4 vi471 ! nature ( ,god rejoices 9 inf9ite p]fection2 & su* rejoic+ is 7,,ii4 iii47 accompani$ by ! idea ( himself1 t is 7,i4 xi4 & ,def4 i471 ! idea ( 8 own cause3 n[ ?is is :at we h 79 ,v4 xxxii4 ,coroll47 describ$ z intellectual love4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxvi4 ,! intellectual love ( ! m9d t[>ds ,god is t v love ( ,god :]eby ,god loves himself1 n 9 s f> z he is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z he c be expla9$ ?r\gh ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d reg>d$ "u ! =m ( et]nity2 9 o!r words1 ! intellectual love ( ! m9d t[>ds ,god is "p ( ! inf9ite love :]e) ,god loves himself4 ,pro(4--,?is love ( ! m9d mu/ be ref]r$ to ! activities ( ! m9d 7,v4 xxxii4 ,coroll4 & ,,iii4 iii472 x is itself1 inde$1 an activity :]eby ! m9d reg>ds itself accompani$ by ! idea ( ,god z cause 7,v4 xxxii4 & ,coroll472 t is 7,i4 xxv4 ,coroll4 & ,,ii4 xi4 ,coroll471 an activity :]eby ,god1 9 s f> z he c be expla9$ ?r\gh ! human m9d1 reg>ds himself accompani$ by ! idea ( himself2 !re=e 7by ! la/ ,prop471 ?is love ( ! m9d is "p ( ! inf9ite love :]e) ,god loves himself4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t ,god1 9 s f> z he loves himself1 loves man1 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! love ( ,god t[>ds m51 & ! intellectual love ( ! m9d t[>ds ,god are id5tical4 ,note4--,f :at has be5 said we cle>ly und]/&1 :]e9 our salvation1 or bless$ness1 or fre$om1 consi/s3 namely1 9 ! con/ant & et]nal love t[>ds ,god1 or 9 ,god's love t[>ds m54 ,?is love or bless$ness is1 9 ! ,bible1 call$ ,glory1 & n undes]v$ly4 ,= :e!r ?is love be ref]r$ to ,god or to ! m9d1 x may rightly be call$ acquiesc5ce ( _s1 :i* 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxv4 xxx47 is n really di/+ui%$ f glory4 ,9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ,god1 x is 7,v4 xxxv47 pleasure1 if we may /ill use t t]m1 accompani$ by ! idea ( itself1 &1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! m9d1 x is ! same 7,v4 xxvii474 ,aga91 s9ce ! ess5ce ( our m9d consi/s solely 9 k1 :]e( ! beg9n+ & ! f\ndation is ,god 7,i4 xv41 & ,,ii4 xlvii4 note71 x becomes cle> to u1 9 :at mann] & way our m9d1 z to its ess5ce & exi/5ce1 foll[s f ! div9e nature & con/antly dep5ds on ,god4 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile "h to call att5tion to ?is1 9 ord] to %[ by ?is example h[ ! k ( p>ticul> ?+s1 :i* ,i h call$ intuitive or ( ! ?ird k9d 7,,ii4 xl4 note4 ii471 is pot5t1 & m p[]ful ?an ! univ]sal k1 :i* ,i h /yl$ k ( ! second k9d4 ,=1 al?\gh 9 ,"p ,i4 ,i %[$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 t all ?+s 7& consequ5tly1 also1 ! human m9d7 dep5d z to _! ess5ce & exi/5ce on ,god1 yet t demon/ration1 ?\gh legitimate & plac$ beyond ! *ances ( d\bt1 does n affect our m9d s mu*1 z :5 ! same conclusion is d]iv$ f ! actual ess5ce ( "s p>ticul> ?+1 :i* we say dep5ds on ,god4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxvii4 ,!re is no?+ 9 nature1 :i* is contr>y to ?is intellectual love1 or :i* c take x away4 ,pro(4--,?is intellectual love foll[s necess>ily f ! nature ( ! m9d1 9 s f> z ! latt] is reg>d$ ?r\gh ! nature ( ,god z an et]nal tru? 7,v4 xxxiii4 & xxix474 ,if1 !re=e1 !re %\ld be any?+ :i* w\ld be contr>y to ?is love1 t ?+ w\ld be contr>y to t :i* is true2 consequ5tly1 t1 :i* %\ld be able to take away ?is love1 w\ld cause t :i* is true to be false2 an obvi\s absurdity4 ,!re=e !re is no?+ 9 nature :i*1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,! ,axiom ( ,"p ,,iv4 has ref]5ce to p>ticul> ?+s1 9 s f> z !y are reg>d$ 9 relation to a giv5 "t & place3 ( ?is1 ,i ?9k1 no "o c d\bt4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxviii4 ,9 proportion z ! m9d und]/&s m ?+s by ! second & ?ird k9d ( k1 x is less subject to ^? emotions :i* are evil1 & /&s 9 less fe> ( dea?4 ,pro(4--,! m9d's ess5ce consi/s 9 k 7,,ii4 xi472 !re=e1 9 proportion z ! m9d und]/&s m ?+s by ! second & ?ird k9ds ( k1 ! great] w be ! "p ( x t endures 7,v4 xxix4 & xxiii471 &1 consequ5tly 7by ! la/ ,prop471 ! great] w be ! "p t is n t\*$ by ! emotions1 :i* are contr>y to our nature1 or 9 o!r words1 evil 7,,iv4 xxx474 ,?us1 9 proportion z ! m9d und]/&s m ?+s by ! second & ?ird k9ds ( k1 ! great] w be ! "p ( x1 t rema9s unimpair$1 &1 consequ5tly1 less subject to emotions1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,h5ce we und]/& t po9t :i* ,i t\*$ on 9 ,,iv4 xxxix4 note1 & :i* ,i promis$ to expla9 9 ?is ,"p2 namely1 t dea? becomes less hurtful1 9 proportion z ! m9d's cle> & di/9ct k is great]1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 proportion z ! m9d loves ,god m4 ,aga91 s9ce f ! ?ird k9d ( k arises ! highe/ possible acquiesc5ce 7,v4 xxvii471 x foll[s t ! human m9d c atta9 to be+ ( su* a nature1 t ! "p !re( :i* we h %[n to p]i% ) ! body 7,v4 xxi47 %\ld be ( little importance :5 comp>$ ) ! "p :i* endures4 ,b ,i w soon treat ( ! subject at great] l5g?4 ,,prop4 ,,xxxix4 ,he1 :o possesses a body capable ( ! greate/ numb] ( activities1 possesses a m9d :]e( ! greate/ "p is et]nal4 ,pro(4--,he1 :o possesses a body capable ( ! greate/ numb] ( activities1 is lea/ agitat$ by ^? emotions :i* are evil 7,,iv4 xxxviii47--t is 7,,iv4 xxx471 by ^? emotions :i* are contr>y to our nature2 !re=e 7,v4 x471 he possesses ! p[] ( arrang+ & associat+ ! modifications ( ! body accord+ to ! intellectual ord]1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( br++ x ab\t1 t all ! modifications ( ! body %\ld be ref]r$ to ! idea ( ,god2 :5ce x w come to pass t 7,v4 xv47 he w be affect$ ) love t[>ds ,god1 :i* 7,v4 xvi47 mu/ occupy or con/itute ! *ief "p ( ! m9d2 !re=e 7,v4 xxxiii471 su* a man w possess a m9d :]e( ! *ief "p is et]nal4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,s9ce human bodies are capable ( ! greate/ numb] ( activities1 !re is no d\bt b t !y may be ( su* a nature1 t !y may be ref]r$ to m9ds possess+ a great k ( !mselves & ( ,god1 & :]e( ! greate/ or *ief "p is et]nal1 &1 !re=e1 t !y %\ld sc>cely fe> dea?4 ,b1 9 ord] t ?is may be und]/ood m cle>ly1 we mu/ "h call to m9d1 t we live 9 a /ate ( p]petual v>iation1 &1 accord+ z we are *ang$ = ! bett] or ! worse1 we are call$ happy or unhappy4 ,= he1 :o1 f be+ an infant or a *ild1 becomes a corpse1 is call$ unhappy2 :]eas x is set d[n to happ9ess1 if we h be5 able to live ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( life ) a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body4 ,&1 9 reality1 he1 :o1 z 9 ! case ( an infant or a *ild1 has a body capable ( v few activities1 & dep5d+1 = ! mo/ "p1 on ext]nal causes1 has a m9d :i*1 consid]$ 9 itself alone1 is sc>cely consci\s ( itself1 or ( ,god1 or ( ?+s2 :]eas1 he1 :o has a body capable ( v _m activities1 has a m9d :i*1 consid]$ 9 itself alone1 is highly consci\s ( itself1 ( ,god1 & ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is life1 !re=e1 we prim>ily endeav\r to br+ x ab\t1 t ! body ( a *ild1 9 s f> z its nature all[s & conduces !reto1 may be *ang$ into some?+ else capable ( v _m activities1 & ref]able to a m9d :i* is highly consci\s ( itself1 ( ,god1 & ( ?+s2 & we desire s to *ange x1 t :at is ref]r$ to its imag9ation & memory may become insignificant1 9 comp>ison ) its intellect1 z ,i h already said 9 ! note to ! la/ ,proposition4 ,,prop4 ,,xl4 ,9 proportion z ea* ?+ possesses m ( p]fection1 s is x m active1 & less passive2 &1 vice v]s1 9 proportion z x is m active1 s is x m p]fect4 ,pro(4--,9 proportion z ea* ?+ is m p]fect1 x possesses m ( reality 7,,ii4 ,def4 vi471 &1 consequ5tly 7,,iii4 iii4 & note71 x is to t ext5t m active & less passive4 ,?is demon/ration may be rev]s$1 & ?us prove t1 9 proportion z a ?+ is m active1 s is x m p]fect4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4--,h5ce x foll[s t ! "p ( ! m9d :i* endures1 be x great or small1 is m p]fect ?an ! re/4 ,= ! et]nal "p ( ! m9d 7,v4 xxiii4 xxix47 is ! und]/&+1 ?r\gh :i* alone we are said to act 7,,iii4 iii472 ! "p :i* we h %[n to p]i% is ! imag9ation 7,v4 xxi471 ?r\gh :i* only we are said to be passive 7,,iii4 iii4 & g5]al ,def4 ( ! ,emotions72 !re=e1 ! =m]1 be x great or small1 is m p]fect ?an ! latt]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,su* are ! doctr9es :i* ,i _h purpos$ to set =? conc]n+ ! m9d1 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ )\t relation to ! body2 :5ce1 z also f ,i4 xxi4 & o!r places1 x is pla9 t our m9d1 9 s f> z x und]/&s1 is an et]nal mode ( ?9k+1 :i* is det]m9$ by ano!r et]nal mode ( ?9k+1 & ?is o!r by a ?ird1 & s on to inf9ity2 s t all tak5 toge!r at once con/itute ! et]nal & inf9ite intellect ( ,god4 ,,prop4 ,,xli4 ,ev5 if we did n "k t our m9d is et]nal1 we %\ld /ill consid] z ( prim>y importance piety & religion1 & g5]ally all ?+s :i*1 9 ,"p ,,iv41 we %[$ to be attributable to c\rage & high--m9d$ness4 ,pro(4--,! fir/ & only f\ndation ( virtue1 or ! rule ( "r liv+ is 7,,iv4 xxii4 ,coroll4 & xxiv47 seek+ "o's own true int]e/4 ,n[1 :ile we det]m9$ :at reason prescribes z useful1 we took no acc\nt ( ! m9d's et]nity1 :i* has only become kn[n to u 9 ?is ,fif? ,"p4 ,al?\gh we 7 ignorant at t "t t ! m9d is et]nal1 we nev]!less /at$ t ! qualities attributable to c\rage & high--m9d$ness are ( prim>y importance4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if we 7 /ill ignorant ( ?is doctr9e1 we %\ld yet put ! a=esaid precepts ( reason 9 ! fir/ place4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,! g5]al belief ( ! multitude seems to be diff]5t4 ,mo/ p seem to believe t !y are free1 9 s f> z !y may obey _! lu/s1 & t !y c$e _! rights1 9 s f> z !y are b\nd to live accord+ to ! comm&m5ts ( ! div9e law4 ,!y !re=e believe t piety1 religion1 &1 g5]ally1 all ?+s attributable to firmness ( m9d1 are burd5s1 :i*1 aft] dea?1 !y hope to lay aside1 & to receive ! rew>d = _! bondage1 t is1 = _! piety & religion2 x is n only by ?is hope1 b also1 & *iefly1 by ! fe> ( be+ horribly puni%$ aft] dea?1 t !y are induc$ to live accord+ to ! div9e comm&m5ts1 s f> z _! feeble & infirm _s w c>ry !m4 ,if m5 _h n ?is hope & ?is fe>1 b believ$ t ! m9d p]i%es ) ! body1 & t no hope ( prolong$ life rema9s = ! wret*es :o are brok5 d[n ) ! burd5 ( piety1 !y w\ld return to _! own incl9ations1 controll+ ev]y?+ 9 accordance ) _! lu/s1 & desir+ to obey =tune r ?an !mselves4 ,su* a c\rse appe>s to me n less absurd ?an if a man1 because he does n believe t he c by :olesome food su/a9 8 body = ev]1 %\ld wi% to cram himself ) poisons & deadly f>e2 or if1 because he sees t ! m9d is n et]nal or immortal1 he %\ld pref] to be out ( 8 m9d altoge!r1 & to live )\t ! use ( reason2 ^! ideas are s absurd z to be sc>cely wor? refut+4 ,,prop4 ,,xlii4 ,bless$ness is n ! rew>d ( virtue1 b virtue itself2 nei!r d we rejoice !re91 because we control our lu/s1 b1 contr>iwise1 because we rejoice !re91 we are able to control our lu/s4 ,pro(4--,bless$ness consi/s 9 love t[>ds ,god 7,v4 xxxvi & note71 :i* love spr+s f ! ?ird k9d ( k 7,v4 xxxii4 ,coroll472 !re=e ?is love 7,,iii4 iii4 lix47 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! m9d1 9 s f> z ! latt] is active2 !re=e 7,,iv4 ,def4 viii47 x is virtue itself4 ,?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 9 proportion z ! m9d rejoices m 9 ?is div9e love or bless$ness1 s does x ! m und]/& 7,v4 xxxii472 t is 7,v4 iii4 ,coroll471 s mu* ! m p[] has x ov] ! emotions1 & 7,v4 xxxviii47 s mu* ! less is x subject to ^? emotions :i* are evil2 !re=e1 9 proportion z ! m9d rejoices 9 ?is div9e love or bless$ness1 s has x ! p[] ( controll+ lu/s4 ,&1 s9ce human p[] 9 controll+ ! emotions consi/s solely 9 ! und]/&+1 x foll[s t no "o rejoices 9 bless$ness1 because he has controll$ 8 lu/s1 b1 contr>iwise1 8 p[] ( controll+ 8 lu/s arises f ?is bless$ness itself4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4--,i h ?us complet$ all ,i wi%$ to set =? t\*+ ! m9d's p[] ov] ! emotions & ! m9d's fre$om4 ,:5ce x appe>s1 h[ pot5t is ! wise man1 & h[ mu* he surpasses ! ignorant man1 :o is driv5 only by 8 lu/s4 ,= ! ignorant man is n only di/ract$ 9 v>i\s ways by ext]nal causes )\t ev] ga9+ ! true acquiesc5ce ( 8 _s1 b moreov] lives1 z x 7 unwitt+ ( himself1 & ( ,god1 & ( ?+s1 & z soon z he ceases to suff]1 ceases also to be4 ,:]eas ! wise man1 9 s f> z he is reg>d$ z su*1 is sc>cely at all di/urb$ 9 _s1 b1 be+ consci\s ( himself1 & ( ,god1 & ( ?+s1 by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity1 nev] ceases to be1 b always possesses true acquiesc5ce ( 8 _s4 ,if ! way :i* ,i h po9t$ out z lead+ to ?is result seems exce$+ly h>d1 x may nev]!less be discov]$4 ,ne$s mu/ x be h>d1 s9ce x is s seldom f\nd4 ,h[ w\ld x be possible1 if salvation 7 ready to our h&1 & c\ld )\t great lab\r be f\nd1 t x %\ld be by almo/ all m5 neglect$8 ,b all ?+s excell5t are z difficult z !y are r>e4 ,end ( ! ,e?ics by ,b5$ict de ,sp9oza #a ,affectiones #b ,=ma #c ,animata #d ,a ,baconian phrase4 ,nov4 ,org4 ,aph4 #ajj4 ,pollock1 p4 #abf1 n4 #e ,consci5ti morsus--?us r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,pollock4 #f ,by m5 9 ?is & ! foll[+ propositions1 ,i mean m5 :om we reg>d )\t any p>ticul> emotion4 #g ,s ,van ,vlot5 & ,brud]4 ,! ,dut* v]sion & ,cam]] read1 an int]nal cause4 ,honor ,gloria4 #h ,see previ\s endnote4 #i ,ovid1 ,amores1 ,,ii4 xix4 #d1e4 ,sp9oza transposes ! v]ses4 ,sp]emus p>it]1 p>it] metuamus amantes2 ,f]reus e/1 si quis1 quod s9it alt]1 amat4 #aj ,?is is possible1 ?\gh ! human m9d is "p ( ! div9e intellect1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,,ii4 xiii4 note4 #aa ,gloria4 #ab ,ov4 ,met4 vii4#bj1 ,video meliora proboque1 ,det]iora sequor4 #ac ,hone/as #ad ,l& reads3 ,quod ipsius ag5di pot5tia juvatur--:i* ,i h translat$ above4 ,he sugge/s z alt]native read+s to 'quod'1 'quo' 7 :]eby7 & 'quodque' 7 & t74 #ae ,maltim praes5s m9us prae majori futuro4 7,van ,vlot574 ,brud] reads3 ,malum praes5s m9us1 quod causa e/ faturi alicujus mali4 ,! la/ ^w ( ! latt] is an obvi\s mispr9t1 & is correct$ by ! ,dut* translator into majoris boni4 7,pollock1 p4 #bfh1 note47 #af ,cont9uo4 ,r5d]$ con/antly by ,mr4 ,pollock on ! gr\nd t ! classical mean+ ( ! ^w does n suit ! context4 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t a tol]able s5se may be obta9$ )\t do+ viol5ce to ,sp9oza's s*ol>%ip4 #ag ,affectiones4 ,cam]] reads affectus----emotions4