,university of ,michigan's ,making of ,america collection47 ,illustration3 ,a ,west ,highland ,ox ,the ,property of ,mr4 ,elliott of ,east ,ham ,essex4 ,,the ,,american ,,reformed ,,cattle ,,doctor2 ,,containing ,,the ,,necessary ,,information ,,for ,,preserving ,,the ,,health ,,and ,,curing ,,the ,,diseases ,,of ,,oxen1 ,,cows1 ,,sheep1 ,,and ,,swine1 ,,with ,a ,,great ,,variety ,,of ,,original ,,recipes1 ,,and ,,valuable ,,information ,,in ,,reference ,,to ,,farm ,,and ,,dairy ,,management2 ,,whereby ,,every ,,man ,,can ,,be ,,his ,,own ,,cattle ,,doctor4 ,,the ,,principles ,,taught ,,in ,,this ,,work ,,are1 ,,that ,,all ,,medication ,,shall ,,be ,,subservient ,,to ,,nature2 ,,that ,,all ,,medicinal ,,agents ,,must ,,be ,,sanative ,,in ,,their ,,operation1 ,,and ,,administered ,,with ,a ,,view ,,of ,,aiding ,,the ,,vital ,,powers1 ,,instead ,,of ,,depressing1 ,,as ,,heretofore1 ,,with ,,the ,,lancet ,,and ,,poison4 ,,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,dadd1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,veterinary ,,practitioner1 ,,author ,,of ,,anatomy ,,and ,,physiology ,,of ,,the ,,horse4 ,,boston3 ,,phillips1 ,,sampson1 ,,and ,,company1 #aaj ,,washington ,,street4 #ahea4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahea1 by ,g4 ,h4 ,,dadd1 ,m4 ,d41 ,in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court for the ,district of ,massachusetts4 ,,stereotyped ,,at ,,the ,,boston ,,stereotype ,,foundry4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,introduction1 #i ,,cattle4 ,importance of supplying ,cattle with pure ,water1 #ae ,remarks on feeding ,cattle1 #ag ,the ,barn and ,feeding ,byre1 #ba ,milking1 #bd ,knowledge of ,agricultural and ,animal ,chemistry important to ,farmers1 #be ,on ,breeding1 #cj ,the ,bull1 #cd ,value of ,different ,breeds of ,cows1 #ce ,method of preparing ,rennet1 as practised in ,england1 #cf ,making ,cheese1 #cg ,gloucester ,cheese1 #ch ,chester ,cheese1 #ci ,stilton ,cheese1 #dj ,dunlop ,cheese1 #da ,green ,cheese1 #db ,making ,butter1 #dd ,washing ,butter1 #de ,coloring ,butter1 #df ,description of the ,organs of ,digestion in ,cattle1 #dg ,respiration and ,structure of the ,lungs1 #ec ,circulation of the ,blood1 #ed ,the ,heart viewed externally1 #ee ,remarks on ,blood-letting1 #eh ,efforts of ,nature to remove ,disease1 #fg ,proverbs of the ,veterinary ,reformers1 #gj ,an ,inquiry concerning the ,souls of ,brutes1 #gb ,the ,reformed ,practice--,synoptical ,view of the ,prominent ,systems of ,medicine1 #ge ,creed of the ,reformers1 #gi ,true ,principles1 #hj ,inflammation1 #hh ,remarks1 showing that very little is known of the ,nature and ,treatment of ,disease1 #id ,nature1 ,treatment1 and ,causes of ,disease in ,cattle1 #aje ,pleuro-,pneumonia1 #ajg ,locked-,jaw1 #aae ,inflammatory ,diseases1 #aba ,inflammation of the ,stomach1 7,gastritis17 #aba ,inflammation of the ,lungs1 7,pneumonia17 #abb ,inflammation of the ,bowels1 7,enteritis4--,inflammation of the ,fibro-,muscular ,coat of the ,intestines17 #abd ,inflammation of the ,peritoneal ,coat of the ,intestines1 7,peritonitis17 #abe ,inflammation of the ,kidneys1 7,nephritis17 #abe ,inflammation of the ,bladder1 7,cystitis17 #abf ,inflammation of the ,womb1 #abf ,inflammation of the ,brain1 7,phrenitis17 #abg ,inflammation of the ,eye1 #abh ,inflammation of the ,liver1 7,hepatitis17 #abh ,jaundice1 or ,yellows1 #acj ,diseases of the ,mucous ,surface1 #acb ,catarrh1 or ,hoose1 #acc ,epidemic ,catarrh1 #acd ,malignant ,epidemic1 7,murrain17 #ace ,diarrhoea1 7,looseness of the ,bowels17 #acf ,dysentery1 #ach ,scouring ,rot1 #aci ,disease of the ,ear1 #adj ,serous ,membranes1 #adj ,dropsy1 #ada ,hoove1 or ,blasting1 #add ,joint ,murrain1 #adg ,black ,quarter1 #adi ,open ,joint1 #aea ,swellings of ,joints1 #aeb ,sprain of the ,fetlock1 #aec ,strain of the ,hip1 #aed ,foul in the ,foot1 #aed ,red ,water1 #aeg ,black ,water1 #afj ,thick ,urine1 #afj ,rheumatism1 #afa ,blain1 #afb ,thrush1 #afc ,black ,tongue1 #afc ,inflammation of the ,throat and its ,appendages1 #afc ,bronchitis1 #afd ,inflammation of ,glands1 #afd ,loss of ,cud1 #aff ,colic1 #aff ,spasmodic ,colic1 #afg ,constipation1 #afh ,falling down of the ,fundament1 #aga ,calving1 #aga ,embryotomy1 #age ,falling of the ,calf-,bed1 or ,womb1 #agf ,garget1 #agg ,sore ,teats1 #agh ,chapped ,teats and ,chafed ,udder1 #agh ,fever1 #agh ,milk or ,puerperal ,fever1 #ahb ,inflammatory ,fever1 #ahc ,typhus ,fever1 #ahf ,horn ,ail in ,cattle1 #ahi ,abortion in ,cows1 #aia ,cow-,pox1 #aid ,mange1 #aie ,hide-bound1 #aif ,lice1 #aif ,importance of keeping the ,skin of ,animals in a ,healthy ,state1 #aig ,spaying ,cows1 #bja ,operation of ,spaying1 #bjd ,,sheep4 ,preliminary ,remarks1 #bji ,staggers1 #bai ,foot ,rot1 #bbj ,rot1 #bba ,epilepsy1 #bbb ,red ,water1 #bbc ,cachexy1 or ,general ,debility1 #bbd ,loss of ,appetite1 #bbd ,foundering1 7,rheumatism17 #bbd ,ticks1 #bbe ,scab1 or ,itch1 #bbe ,diarrhoea1 #bbg ,dysentery1 #bbg ,constipation1 or ,stretches1 #bbh ,scours1 #bcj ,dizziness1 #bca ,jaundice1 #bcb ,inflammation of the ,kidneys1 #bcb ,worms1 #bcc ,diseases of the ,stomach from eating ,poisonous ,plants1 #bcc ,sore ,nipples1 #bcd ,fractures1 #bcd ,common ,catarrh and ,epidemic ,influenza1 #bce ,castrating ,lambs1 #bcf ,nature of ,sheep1 #bcg ,the ,ram1 #bch ,leaping1 #bci ,argyleshire ,breeders1 #bci ,fattening ,sheep1 #bdj ,improvement in ,sheep1 #bdd ,description of the ,different ,breeds of ,sheep1 #bdi ,teeswater ,breed1 #bdi ,lincolnshire ,breed1 #bej ,dishley ,breed1 #bej ,cotswold ,breed1 #bej ,romney ,marsh ,breed1 #bea ,devonshire ,breed1 #bea ,dorsetshire ,breed1 #bea ,wiltshire ,breed1 #beb ,south ,down ,breed1 #beb ,herdwick ,breed1 #bec ,cheviot ,breed1 #bec ,merino ,breed1 #bec ,welsh ,sheep1 #bed ,,swine4 ,preliminary ,remarks1 #bee ,natural ,history of the ,hog1 #bei ,generalities1 #bfb ,general ,debility1 or ,emaciation1 #bfc ,epilepsy1 or ,fits1 #bfd ,rheumatism1 #bfd ,measles1 #bfe ,ophthalmia1 #bff ,vermin1 #bff ,red ,eruption1 #bfg ,dropsy1 #bfg ,catarrh1 #bfg ,colic1 #bfh ,diarrhoea1 #bfh ,frenzy1 #bfh ,jaundice1 #bfi ,soreness of the ,feet1 #bfi ,spaying1 #bgj ,various ,breeds of ,swine1 #bga ,berkshire ,breed1 #bga ,hampshire ,breed1 #bga ,shropshire ,breed1 #bgb ,chinese ,breed1 #bgb ,boars and ,sows for ,breeding1 #bgb ,rearing ,pigs1 #bgc ,fattening ,hogs1 #bge ,method of ,curing ,swine's ,flesh1 #bgg ,,appendix4 ,on the ,action of ,medicines1 #bgi ,clysters1 #bha ,forms of ,clysters1 #bhc ,infusions1 #bhf ,antispasmodics1 #bhg ,fomentations1 #bhg ,mucilages1 #bhi ,washes1 #bhi ,physic for ,cattle1 #bij ,mild ,physic for ,cattle1 #bia ,poultices1 #bib ,styptics1 to arrest ,bleeding1 #bif ,absorbents1 #bif ,forms of ,absorbents1 #big ,,veterinary ,,materia ,,medica1 embracing a ,list of the various ,remedies used by the ,author of this ,work in the ,practice of ,medicine on ,cattle1 ,sheep1 and ,swine1 #bii ,general ,remarks on ,medicines1 #cab ,properties of ,plants1 #cae ,potato1 #caf ,,treatment ,,of ,,disease ,,in ,,dogs--,preliminary ,remarks1 #cbc ,distemper1 #cbe ,fits1 #cbf ,worms1 #cbg ,mange1 #cbh ,internal ,abscess of the ,ear1 #cbi ,ulceration of the ,ear1 #cbi ,inflammation of the ,bowels1 #cbi ,inflammation of the ,bladder1 #ccj ,asthma1 #cca ,piles1 #cca ,dropsy1 #ccb ,sore ,throat1 #ccb ,sore ,ears1 #ccb ,sore ,feet1 #ccc ,wounds1 #ccc ,sprains1 #ccc ,scalds1 #ccd ,ophthalmia1 #ccd ,weak ,eyes1 #cce ,fleas and ,vermin1 #cce ,hydrophobia1 #cce ,,malignant ,,milk ,,sickness of the ,western ,states1 or ,contagious ,typhus1 #cci ,,bone ,,disorder ,,in ,,cows1 #cea ,,introduction4 ,there is no period in the history of the ,united ,states when our domestic animals have ranked so high as at the present time2 yet there is no subject on which there is such a lamentable want of knowledge as the proper treatment of their diseases4 ,governor ,briggs1 in a recent letter to the author1 says1 ,you have my thanks1 and1 in my opinion1 are entitled to the thanks of the community1 for entering upon this important work4 ,while the subject has engaged the attention of scientific men in other countries1 it has been too long neglected in our own4 ,cruelty and ignorance have marked our treatment to diseased animals4 ,ignorant himself both of the disease and the remedy1 the owner has been in the habit of administering the popular remedy of every neighbor who had no better powers of knowing what should be done than himself1 until the poor animal1 if the disease would not have proved fatal1 is left alone1 until death1 with a friendly hand1 puts a period to his sufferings3 he is1 however1 often destroyed by the amount or destructive character of the remedies1 or else by the cruel mode of administering them4 ,i am persuaded that the community will approve of your exertions1 and find it to their interest to support and sustain your system4 ,the author has labored for several years to substitute a safer and a more efficient system of medication in the treatment of diseased animals1 and at the same time to point out to the ,american people the great benefits they will derive from the diffusion of veterinary education4 ,that many thousands of our most valuable cattle die under the treatment1 which consists of little else than blood-letting1 purging1 and blistering1 no one will deny2 and these dangerous and destructive agents are frequently administered by men who are totally unacquainted with the nature of the agents they prescribe4 ,but a better day is dawning2 veterinary information is loudly called for--demanded2 and the farmers will have it2 but it must be a safer and a more efficient system than that heretofore practised4 ,the object of the veterinary art is not only congenial with human medicine1 but the very same paths that lead to a knowledge of the diseases of man lead also to a knowledge of those of brutes4 ,our domestic animals deserve consideration at our hands4 ,we have tried all manner of experiments on them for the benefit of science2 and science and scientific men should do something to repay the debt1 by alleviating their sufferings and improving their condition4 ,we are told that physicians of all ages have applied themselves to the dissection of animals1 and that it was by analogy that those of ,greece and ,rome judged of the structure of the human body4 ,for example1 the ,greeks and ,arabians confined themselves to the dissection of apes and other quadrupeds4 ,galen has given us the anatomy of the ape for that of man2 and it is clear that his dissections were restricted to brutes1 when he says1 that if learned physicians have been guilty of gross errors1 it is because they neglected to dissect animals4 ,we advocate the establishment of veterinary schools1 and the cultivation of our reformed system of veterinary medicine1 on the broad principles of humanity4 ,these poor animals are as susceptible to pain and suffering as we are4 ,has not the ,almighty given us dominion over them1 and placed them under our protection8 ,have we done our duty by them8 ,can we render a good account of our stewardship8 ,in almost every department of science the spirit of inquiry is abroad1 investigation is active2 yet1 in this department1 every thing is left to chance and ignorance4 ,men of all professions find it for their interest to protect property4 ,the merchant1 previous to sending his vessel on a voyage to a distant port1 seeks out a skilful navigator to pilot that vessel into her desired haven with safety4 ,he protects his property4 ,we protect our property against the ravages of fire by insurance--we defend our houses from the lightning by conducting that fluid down the sides of the building into the earth4 ,and shall we not protect our animals8 ,is not property invested in live stock as valuable1 in proportion1 as that invested in real estate8 ,can we permit live stock to degenerate and die prematurely from a want of knowledge of the fundamental laws of their being8 ,can we look on and see their heart's blood drawn from them--their flesh setoned1 burned1 and blistered--simply because it was the misguided custom of our ancestors8 ,we appeal to the ,american people at large4 ,they have great encouragement to educate young men in this important branch of study2 for the beneficial results will be1 that the diseases of all classes of domestic animals will be better understood1 and the great losses which this country sustains will1 in a few years1 be materially diminished4 ,this is not all4 ,the value of live stock will be increased at least twenty-five per cent6 ,look for a moment at the amount of capital invested in live stock2 and from these statistics the reader will perceive that not only the farmers1 but the whole nation1 will be enriched4 ,there are in the ,united ,states at least #f1jjj1jjj horses and mules2 these1 at the rate of #ej per head1 amount to #cjj1jjj1jjj4 ,it is also estimated that there are #bj1jjj1jjj of neat cattle2 reckon these at #be per head1 and we get the snug little sum of #ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,we have also #bj1jjj1jjj sheep1 worth the same number of dollars4 ,the number of swine have been computed at #bd1jjj1jjj2 and these1 at #c per head1 give us #gb1jjj1jjj4 ,hence the reader will see that the capital invested in this class of live stock reaches the enormous sum of #hib1jjj1jjj4 ,add the #be per cent4 just alluded to1 and we get a clear gain of #bbc1jjj1jjj4 ,this sum would be sufficient to build veterinary schools and colleges capable of affording ample accommodations to every farmer's son in the ,union4 ,hence we entreat the farming community to ponder on these subjects4 ,they have only to say the word1 and schools for the dissemination of veterinary information shall spring up in every section of the ,union4 ,does the reader wish to know how the farmers can accomplish this important object8 ,we answer1 there are four millions of men engaged in agricultural pursuits4 ,their number is three times greater than that of those engaged in navigation1 the learned professions1 commerce1 and manufactures4 ,hence they have the numerical power to control the government of these ,united ,states1 and of course can plead their own cause in the halls of congress1 and vote their own supplies for educational purposes4 ,when the author first commenced a warfare against the lancet and other destructive agents1 his only hopes of success were based on the cooeperation of this mighty host of husbandmen2 he well knew that there were many prejudices to be overcome1 and none greater than those existing among his brethren of the same profession4 ,the farmers have just begun to see the absurdity of bleeding an animal to death1 with a view of saving life2 or pouring down their throats powerful and destructive agents1 with a view of making one disease to cure another6 ,if the cattle doctors1 then1 will not reform1 they must be reformed through the giant influence of popular opinion4 ,already the cry is1 and it emanates from some of the most influential agriculturists in the country1--,no more blood-letting6 ,use your poisons on yourselves4 ,to the cattle-rearing interest1 at the hands of many of whom the author has received aid and encouragement1 the following pages are dedicated2 they are intended to furnish them with practical information1 with a view of preventing disease1 increasing the value of their stock1 and restoring them to health when sick4 ,in reference to our reformed system of veterinary medication1 it will be sufficient1 in the present place1 just to glance at the fundamental principles4 ,in the succeeding pages these principles will be more fully explained4 ,we contemplate the animal system as a complicated piece of mechanism1 subject to the uncompromising and immutable laws of nature1 as they are written upon the face of animate nature by the finger of ,omnipotence4 ,all our intentions of cure being in accordance with nature's laws1 7viz41 promoting the integrity of the living powers17 we have termed our system a physiological one1 though it is sometimes termed botanic1 in allusion to the fact that most of our remedial agents are derived from the vegetable kingdom4 ,we recognize a conservative or healing power in the animal economy1 whose unerring indications we endeavor to follow2 considering nature the physician1 and the doctor her servant4 ,our system proposes1 under all circumstances1 to restore the diseased organs to a healthy state1 by cooeperating with the vitality remaining in those organs1 by the exhibition of sanative means1 and1 under all circumstances1 to assist1 and not oppose1 nature in her curative processes4 ,poisonous substances1 blood-letting1 or processes of cure that act pathologically1 cannot be used by us4 ,the laws of animal life are physiological3 they never were1 nor ever will be1 pathological4 ,the agents we use are just as we find them in the forest and the field1 compounded by the ,great ,physician4 ,hence the reader will perceive that our aim is to depart from the popular debilitating and life-destroying practice1 and approach as near as possible to the sanative4 ,g4 ,h4 ,d4 ,,the ,,american ,,reformed ,,cattle ,,doctor4 ,,importance ,,of ,,supplying ,,cattle ,,with ,,pure ,,water4 ,in order to prevent many of the diseases to which cattle are liable1 it is important that they be supplied with pure water4 ,cattle have often been known to turn away from the filthy fluid found in some troughs1 which abound in slime and decayed vegetable matter2 and1 indeed1 the common stagnated pond water is no better than the former4 ,such water has1 in former years1 proved itself to be a serious cause of disease2 and1 at the present day1 death is running riot among the stock of our western1 and also our northern farmers1 when1 to our certain knowledge1 the cause exists1 in some cases1 under their very noses4 ,the farmers ofttimes see their best stock sicken and die without any apparent cause2 and the cattle doctors are running rough-shod through the materia medica1 pouring down the throats of the poor brutes salts by the pound1 castor oil by the quart2 aloes1 lard1 and a host of kindred trash1 follow in rapid succession1 converting the stomach into a sort of apothecary's shop2 setons are inserted in the dewlap2 the horns are bored1 and sometimes sawed off2 and1 as a last resort1 the animals are blistered and bled4 ,they sometimes recover1 in spite of the violence done to the constitution2 yet they drag out a low form of vitality1 living1 it may be said1 yet half dead1 until some friendly epidemic puts a period to their sufferings4 ,the author's attention was first called to this subject on reading an article in an ,english work1 the substance of which is as follows3 ,a number of working oxen were put into a pasture1 in which was a pond1 considered to abound in good water4 ,soon after putting them there1 they were attacked with scouring1 upon which they were immediately removed to another field4 ,the scouring continued4 ,they still1 however1 drank at the same pond4 ,they were shifted to another piece of very sweet pasture without arresting the disease4 ,the farmer thought it evident that the pastures were not the cause of the disease2 and1 contrary to the advice of his friends1 who affirmed that the spring was always noticed for the excellence of its water1 fenced his pond round1 so that the cattle could not drink2 they were then driven to a distance and watered4 ,the scouring gradually disappeared4 ,the farmer now proceeded to examine the suspected pond2 and1 on stirring the water1 he found it all alive with small creatures4 ,he now stirred into the water a quantity of lime1 and soon after an immense number of animalculae were seen dead on the surface4 ,in a short time1 the cattle drank of this water without any injurious results4 ,there is no doubt but that inferior kinds of water produce derangement of the digestive organs1 and subsequently loss of flesh1 debility1 c4 ,we have frequently made post mortem examinations of animals that have died from disease induced by debility1 and have often found a large number of worms in the stomach and intestines1 which1 we firmly believe1 had their origin either primarily from the water itself1 or subsequently from its effects on the digestive function4 ,all decayed animal and vegetable matter tends to corrupt water1 and render it unfit for the purposes of life4 ,now1 if the farmer has the best spring in the world1 and the water shall flow from it1 as it sometimes does1 through whole fields of gutter or dike1 abounding in decayed filth1 such water will be impregnated with agents that will more or less affect its purity4 ,,remarks ,,on ,,feeding ,,cattle4 ,many of the most complicated diseases of cattle originate from the food3 for example1 it may be given in too large quantities--more than is needed to build up and repair the waste that is constantly going on4 ,the consequence is1 the animals get into a state of plethora1 which is known by heaviness1 dulness1 unwillingness to move2 there is a disposition to sleep1 and they will lie down and often go to sleep in damp places4 ,a chill of the extremities1 or collapse of the capillaries1 takes place1 resulting in diseases of the lungs and pleura4 ,at other times1 if driven a short distance1 and made to walk fast1 they are liable to disease of the brain and other organs1 which frequently terminates fatally4 ,the food may be of such a nature as shall be very difficult of digestion1 such as cornstalks1 foxgrass1 frosted turnips1 c4 ,the clover and grasses may abound in woody fibre1 in consequence of being cut too late2 they will then require more than the usual amount of gastric fluids to insalivate them1 and more time to masticate1 and1 finally1 extract their nutrimental properties4 ,the stomach becomes overworked1 producing sympathetic diseases of the brain and nervous structures4 ,the stomach not being able to act on fibrous matter with the same despatch as on softer materials1 the former accumulates in its different compartments1 distends the viscera1 interferes with the motion of the diaphragm1 presses on the liver1 seriously interfering with the bile-secreting process4 ,in order to prevent the grass and clover from becoming tough and fibrous1 it should be mowed early1 and while in flower1 and should be afterwards almost constantly attended to1 if the weather is favorable2 the more it is scattered about1 the better will it be made1 and the more effectually will its fragrance and other good qualities be preserved4 ,the food may also be deficient in nutriment4 ,the effects of insufficient food are too well known to need much description3 debility includes them all2 it invades every function of the animal economy4 ,and as life is the sum of the powers that resist disease1 if disease is only the instrument of death1 it follows1 of course1 that whatever enfeebles life1 or1 in other words1 produces debility1 must predispose to disease4 ,many cattle1 during the winter1 live on bad hay1 which does not appear to contain any of that saccharine and mucilaginous matter which is found in good hay4 ,when the spring comes1 they are turned out to grass1 and thus regain their flesh4 ,many1 however1 die in consequence of the sudden change4 ,it has been satisfactorily proved that fat cattle1 of the best quality1 may be produced by feeding them on boiled food4 ,dr4 ,whitlaw says1 ,on one occasion1 a number of cows were selected from a large stock1 for the express purpose of making the trial3 they were such as appeared to be of the best kind1 and those that gave the richest milk4 ,in order to ascertain what particular food would produce the best milk1 different species of grass and clover were tried separately1 and the quality and flavor of the butter were found to vary very much4 ,but what was of the most importance1 many of the grasses were found to be coated with silecia1 or decomposed sand1 too hard and insoluble for the stomachs of cattle4 ,in consequence of this1 the grass was cut and well steamed1 and it was found to be readily digested2 and the butter1 that was made from the milk1 much firmer1 better flavored1 and would keep longer without salt than any other kind4 ,another circumstance that attended the experiment was that1 in all the various grasses and grain that were intended by our ,creator as food for man or beast1 the various oils that enter into their composition were so powerfully assimilated or combined with the other properties of the farinaceous plants1 that the oil partook of the character of essential oil1 and was not so easily evaporated as that of poisonous vegetables2 and experience has proved that the same quantity of grass1 steamed and given to the cattle1 will produce more butter than when given in its dry state4 ,this fact being established from numerous experiments1 then there must be a great saving and superiority in this mode of feeding4 ,the meat of such cattle is more wholesome1 tender1 and better flavored than when fed in the ordinary way4 7,for process of steaming1 see ,dadd's work on the ,horse1 p4 #fg47 ,a mixed diet 7boiled7 is supposed to be the most economical for fattening cattle4 ,a ,scotchman1 who fattens #aej head of ,galloway cattle1 annually1 finds it most profitable to feed with bruised flaxseed1 boiled with meal or barley1 oats or ,indian corn1 at the rate of one part flaxseed to three parts meal1 by weight1--the cooked compound to be afterwards mixed with cut straw or hay4 ,from four to twelve pounds of the compound are given to each beast per day4 ,the editor of the ,albany ,cultivator adds1 ,would it not be well for some of our farmers1 who stall-feed cattle1 to try this or a similar mode8 ,we are by no means certain that the ordinary food 7meaning1 probably1 bad hay and cornstalks7 would pay the expense of cooking2 but flaxseed is known to be highly nutritious1 and the cooking would not only facilitate its digestion1 but it would serve1 by mixing1 to render the other food palatable1 and1 by promoting the appetite and health of the animal1 would be likely to hasten its thrift4 ,mr4 ,hutton1 who has long been celebrated for producing exceedingly fat cattle at a small cost1 estimates that cost as follows3-- s4 d4 #ac lbs4 of linseed1 bruised1 or #b lbs4 per day for six days1 and #a lb4 for ,sunday1 #a #i #cb lbs4 of ground corn1 or #e lbs4 per day for six days1 and #b-a_/b lbs4 for ,sunday1 at #a d4 per lb41 #b #h #ce lbs4 of turnips1 given twice a day for six days1 and thrice on ,sunday1 #a #f ,oats1 #a-a_/b d43 labor on each beast1 #f d41 #g-a_/b --------- ,total cost of each beast per week1 #f #f-a_/b ,the horses1 cows1 and young stock are also fed on this food1 evidently with great advantage4 ,mr4 ,workington1 a successful dairyman1 combining cut feed and oil-cake with different sorts of green food1 found that1 by giving a middle-sized cow sixteen pounds of green food and two of boiled hay1 with two pounds of ground oil cake1 7linseed would be preferable17 and eight pounds of cut straw1 the daily expense of her keep was only #e-a_/b d41 7about ten cents47 ,the oil-cake he found to be much more productive of milk when given with steamed food1 than when employed without it4 ,varying their food from time to time is found to be of much more advantage to the cow2 and this may probably arise from the additional relish with which the animal eats1 or from the superior excitement of a new stimulus on the different secretions4 ,the following table represents the nutritive properties in each article of food3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,husk1 or ,starch1 ,gluten1 woody gum1 andalbumen1 ,fatty ,saline ,water4 fibre4 sugar4 c4 matter matter ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,oats1 #af #bj #de #aa #f #b4e ,beans1 #ad #h to #aa #dj #bf #b4e #c ,pease1 #ad #i #ej #bd #b4a #c ,indian corn1 #ad #f #gj #ab #e to #i #a4e ,barley1 #ae #ad #eb #ac4e #b to #c #c ,meadow hay1 #ad #cj #dj #g4a #b to #e #e to #aj ,clover hay1 #ad #be #dj #i4c #c to #e #i ,pea straw1 #aj to #ae #be #de #ab4c #a4e #d to #e ,oat straw1 #ab #de #ce #a4c #j4h #f ,carrots1 #he #c #aj #a4e #j4d #a to #b ,linseed1 #i4b #h to #i #ce4c #bj4c #bj4j #f4c ,bran1 #ac4a #ec4f #b #ai4c #d4g #g4c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the most nutritious grasses are those which abound in sugar1 starch1 and gluten4 ,sugar is an essential element in the formation of good milk2 hence the sweet-scented grasses are the most profitable to cultivate and feed to milch cows4 ,at the same time1 the farmer1 if he does not1 ought to know that large quantities of saccharine matter are extracted from clover and sweet grasses by the bees4 ,mr4 ,white tells us that1 on a farm situated a few miles from ,london1 the eldest son of the occupier had the management and profit of the bees given him1 which induced him to increase the number of stocks beyond what had ever been kept on the farm before4 ,it so happened that the sheep did not thrive so well as in former years1 and on the farmer complaining at the cause to his man1 as they had plenty of keep1 the man replied1 ',you will never have fat sheep so long as you suffer my young master to keep so many stocks of bees2 they suck all the honey from the flowers1 so that the clover is not half so nourishing1 and does not produce half such good milk4' ,had this man been acquainted with agricultural and animal chemistry1 he would have had a clear conception of the seeming absurdity4 ,all our labor or efforts to improve stock or crops will be fruitless1 unless guided by chemical science4 ,we must have sugar1 starch1 gluten1 and other materials1 to perfect animal organization4 ,the animal may be in good health1 the different functions free and unobstructed1 and possess the power of reproducing the species2 yet1 if fed on substances which lack the materials necessary to the composition of bones1 blood-vessels1 and nerves1 sooner or later its health becomes impaired4 ,reader1 if you own cattle1 and wish to preserve their health1 give them boiled food occasionally2 let them have their meals at regular hours1 in sufficient quantity1 and no more1 unless they are intended for the butcher2 then1 an extra allowance may be given1 with a view of fattening4 ,they should be well littered1 and the barns well ventilated2 finally1 keep them clean1 avoid undue exposure1 and govern them in a spirit of kindness and mercy4 ,,the ,,barn ,,and ,,feeding ,,byre4 ,it is well known that the more cleanly and comfortable cattle are kept1 and the better the order in which their food is presented to them1 the better they will thrive1 and the more profitable they will be to the owner4 ,dr4 ,gunthier remarks1 that constant confinement to the barn is opposed to the nature of oxen1 and becomes the source of numberless diseases4 ,endeavors are made to promote the lacteal secretion in cows1 and the fattening of oxen1 by means of heat3 for this purpose1 stables barns are converted into real stoves1 either by not making them sufficiently large1 or by crowding them to excess1 or by preventing the access of air from without2 and all this without recollecting that the skin1 thus over-excited1 must necessarily fall into a state of atony in a short time4 ,besides1 the moist heat and the emanations of the dung cannot fail to exercise a destructive influence on the lungs and entire system4 ,to these causes if we add the absolute want of exercise and the excess of food1 we shall not be surprised at the number of diseases resulting from these different practices1 and at the extraordinary forms which they ofttimes assume4 ,persons propose to themselves1 by feeding in the barn1 to augment the mass of dung2 and the beasts are left in their excrement1 sometimes up to the very knees4 ,seldom is there any care taken to cleanse their skin1 and still less attention is directed to the feet4 ,what wonder1 then1 if they exhibit so many forms of disease8 ,the byre recommended by ,mr4 ,lawson consists of two apartments--an inner apartment1 or byre for feeding the cattle1 and an outer apartment1 or barn for containing the fodder4 ,the byre is constructed at right angles with the barn1 as follows3 ,at the distance of about three feet and a half from the side of the building1 within1 there are constructed1 on the ground1 in a straight line1 a trough1 having ten partitions for feeding ten animals4 ,the troughs are so constructed1 that there is a small and gradual declivity from the first or innermost to the last or outermost one2 and the partitions separating them being made with a small arch at the bottom1 a bucket of water1 poured in at the uppermost1 runs out at the last one through a spout in the wall2 and a sweep of the broom carries off the whole remains of the food1 rendering all the troughs quite clean and sweet4 ,the whole food of the cattle is thus kept perfectly clean at all times4 ,in a line with the feeding troughs1 and immediately over them1 runs a strong beam of wood1 from one end of the byre to the other2 which is strengthened by two strong upright supporters to the roof1 placed at equal distances from the ends of the byre2 and the main beam is again subdivided by the cattle stakes and chains1 so as to keep each of the ten oxen opposite to his own feeding trough and stall4 ,the three and a half feet of space between the troughs and outer wall1 lighted by a glazed window1 is the cattle feeder's walk1 who passes along it in front of the cattle1 and1 with a basket1 deposits before each of the cattle the food into the feeding trough of each4 ,to prevent any of the cattle from choking on small pieces of turnips1 c41 as they are very apt to do1 the chains at the stakes are contrived of such a length1 that no ox can raise his head too high when eating2 for in this way1 it is observed1 cattle are generally choked4 ,at the distance of about six feet eight inches from the feeding troughs1 and parallel to them1 is a dung grove and urine gutter4 ,here too1 like the trough1 there is a gradual declivity2 so that the moment the urine passes from the cattle1 it runs to the lowest end of the gutter1 whence it is conveyed through the outer wall1 in a spout1 and deposited in the urinarium outside of the building4 ,at this place is a large enclosed space1 occupied as a compost dung-court4 ,here all sorts of stuff are collected for increasing the manure1 such as fat1 earth1 cleanings of roads1 ditches1 ponds1 rotten vegetables1 c42 and the urine from the byre1 being caused to run over all these collected together1 which is done very easily by a couple of wooden spouts1 moved backwards and forwards to the urinarium at pleasure1 renders the whole mass1 in a short time1 a rich compost dunghill2 and this is done by the urine alone1 which1 in general1 is totally lost4 ,the dung of the byre1 again1 is cleared several times each day1 and deposited in the dung-court4 ,along the edge of the dung-court a few low sheds are constructed1 in which swine are kept1 and these consume the refuse of the food4 ,in the side wall of the byre1 and opposite to the heads of the cattle1 are constructed three ventilators2 these are placed at the distance of about two feet four inches from the ground1 in the inside of the byre1 and pass out just under the roof4 ,the inside openings of these are about thirteen inches in length1 seven in breadth1 and nine in depth2 and they serve two good purposes4 ,the breath of cattle being superficially lighter than atmospheric air1 the consequence is1 that in some byres the cattle are kept in a constant heat and sweat1 because their breath and heat have no way to escape2 whereas1 by means of the ventilators1 the air of the barn is kept in proper circulation1 which conduces as much to the health of the cattle as to the preservation of the walls and timber of the byre1 by drying up the moisture produced from the breath and sweat of the cattle1 which is found to injure those parts of the building4 ,,milking4 ,the operation of milking should1 if possible1 always be performed by the same person1 and in the most gentle manner2 the violent tugging at the teats by an inexperienced hand is apt to make the animal irritable and uneasy during the operation1 and unwilling to be milked4 ,many of the diseases of the teats and udder can be traced to violence done to the parts under the operation of milking4 ,young animals are often unwilling to be milked3 here a little patience and kindness will perform wonders4 ,it is not the quantity of milk that gives value to the dairy cow2 for the milk of one good cow will make more butter than that of two poor ones1 each giving the same quantity of milk4 ,its most abundant principles are cream1 caseous matter or curd1 and whey4 ,in these are also contained a saccharine matter1 7sugar of milk17 muriate and phosphate of potassa1 phosphate of lime1 acetic acid1 acetate of potassa1 and a trace of acetate of iron4 ,the three principal constituents 7cream1 curd1 and whey7 can easily be separated3 thus the cream rises to the surface1 and the curd and whey will separate if the milk becomes sour1 or a little rennet is poured into it4 ,when milk is intended to be made into cheese1 no part of the cream should be separated4 ,good cheese is1 consequently1 rarely produced in those dairies where much butter is made2 the former being robbed for the sake of the latter4 ,sir ,j4 ,sinclair says1 ,if a few spoonfuls of milk are left in the udder of the cow at milking2 if any of the implements used in the dairy are allowed to be tainted by neglect2 if the dairy-house be kept dirty1 or out of order2 if the milk is either too hot or too cold at coagulation2 if too much or too little rennet is put into the milk2 if the whey is not speedily taken off2 if too much or too little salt is applied2 if butter is too slowly or too hastily churned2 or if other minute attentions are neglected1 the milk will be in a great measure lost4 ,if these nice operations occurred once a month1 or once a week1 they might be easily guarded against2 but as they require to be observed during every stage of the process1 and almost every hour of the day1 the most vigilant attention must be kept up during the whole season4 ,a ,,knowledge ,,of ,,agricultural ,,and ,,animal ,,chemistry ,,important ,,to ,,farmers4 ,it is a well-known fact that plants require for their germination and growth different constituents of soil1 and that animals require different forms of food to build up the waste1 and promote the living integrity--the vital powers4 ,its order to supply the materials necessary for animal and vegetable nutrition1 we require alternate changes--the former in the diet1 and the latter in the soil4 ,experience has proved that the cultivation of a plant for several successive years on the same soil impoverishes it1 or the plant degenerates4 ,on the contrary1 if a piece of land be suffered to lie uncultivated for a short time1 it will yield1 in spite of the loss of time1 a greater quantity of grain2 for1 during the interval of rest1 the soil regains its original equilibrium4 ,it has been satisfactorily demonstrated that a fruit-tree cannot be made to grow and bring forth good fruit on the same spot where another of the same species has stood2 at least not until a lapse of years4 ,this is a fact worth knowing1 for it applies more or less to all forms of vegetation4 ,another fact of experience is1 that some plants thrive on the same soil only after a lapse of years1 while others may be cultivated in close succession1 provided the soil is kept in equilibrium by artificial means2 these are subsoiling1 c4 ,some kinds of plants improve the sod1 while others impoverish or exhaust it4 ,professor ,liebig tells us1 turnips1 cabbages1 beets1 oats1 and rye are considered to belong to the class which impoverish the soil2 while by wheat1 hops1 madder1 hemp1 and poppies1 it is supposed to be entirely exhausted4 ,many of our farmers expend large sums of money in the purchase of manure1 with a view of improving the soil2 and they suppose that their crops will be abundant in proportion to the amount of manure2 yet many have discovered that1 in spite of the extra expense and labor1 the produce of their farms decreased4 ,the alternation of crops seems destined to effect a great change in agriculture4 ,a ,french chemist informs us that the roots of plants imbibe matter of every kind from the soil1 and thus necessarily abstract a number of substances1 which are not adapted to the purposes of nutrition1 and that they are ultimately expelled by the excretory vessels1 and return to the soil as excrement4 ,the excrementitious portion of the food also returns to the soil4 ,now1 as excrement cannot be assimilated by the same animal or plant that ejected it1 without danger to the organs of digestion or eliminations1 it follows that the more vegetable excrement the soil contains1 the more unfitted must it be for plants of the same species2 yet these excrementitious matters may1 however1 still be capable of assimilation by another kind of plant1 which would absorb them from the soil1 and render it again fertile for the first4 ,in connection with this1 it has been observed that several plants will flourish when growing beside each other2 but it is not good policy to sow two kinds of seed together3 on the other hand1 some plants mutually prevent each other's development4 ,the same happens if young cattle are suffered to graze and sleep in the barn together2 the one lives at the expense of the other1 which soon shows evidences of disease4 ,the injurious effects of permitting young children to sleep with aged relatives are known to many of our readers2 yet some parents see their children sicken and die without knowing the why or wherefore4 ,from such facts as these1--which we might multiply to an indefinite extent1 were it necessary1--we learn that nature's laws are immutable and uncompromising2 and woe be to the man that transgresses them3 they are a part of the divine law1 which cannot be set at nought with impunity4 ,ignorance on these important subjects has existed too long3 yet we perceive in the distant horizon a ray of intellectual light1 streaming through our schools and agricultural societies4 ,the result will be1 that succeeding generations will be better acquainted with nature's laws1 from which shall flow untold blessings4 ,chemistry teaches us that animals and vegetables are composed of a vast number of different compounds1 which are nearly all produced by the same elementary principles4 ,vegetables consist of carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen2 and the same substances1 with the addition of nitrogen1 are the principal constituents of the animal economy4 ,in a word1 all the constituents of animal creation have actually been discovered in vegetables3 this has1 we presume1 led to the conclusion that all flesh is grass4 ,many horticulturists complain that certain fruits and seeds have run out1 or degenerated4 ,has the stately oak1 the elm1 or the cedar degenerated8 ,no4 ,each has preserved its identity1 and will continue so to do1 at least just as the ,divine ,artist intended they should1 unless man1 by his fancied improvements1 interferes2 and here1 reader1 permit us to ask if you ever knew a piece of nature's mechanism improved by human agency4 ,can we make a light better adapted to the wants of animate and inanimate creation than that which the sun1 moon1 and stars afford8 ,whenever we attempt to improve on immutable laws1 as they are written on the face of creation1 that moment we prevent the full and free play of these laws4 ,hence the practice of grafting scions of delicious fruit-trees on stock of an inferior order compromises its identity2 and successive crops will show unmistakable evidences of encroachment4 ,a son of the lamented ,mr4 ,phinney tells us that he had some very fine sows1 that he was desirous of breeding from1 with a view of making improvements4 ,he bred in a close degree of relationship3 in a short time1 to use his own expression1 their sides appeared like two boards nailed together4 ,does the farmer wish to know how to prevent seeds and fruit running out8 ,let him study chemistry4 ,chemistry furnishes the information2 it also teaches the husbandman the fact1 that to put a plant1 composed of certain essential elements1 on a soil destitute of those elements1--or to graft a scion1 requiring a certain amount of sap or juice1 on a stock destitute of such sap or juice1 expecting that they will germinate1 grow to perfection1 and preserve their identity1--would be just as absurd as to expect that a dry sow would nourish a sucking pig4 ,agriculture being based on the equilibrium of the soils1 a knowledge of chemistry is indispensable to every one who is desirous of keeping pace with the reforms of the age2 for it is through the medium of that science alone that we are enabled to ascertain with certainty how this equilibrium is disturbed by the growth of vegetation4 ,then is it not a matter of deep interest to the farmer to know how this equilibrium is restored8 ,does the farmer wish to know what kind of soil is necessary to nourish and mature a plant8 ,chemistry solves the problem4 ,does the farmer wish to know how to improve the soil8 ,let him refer to chemistry4 ,chemistry will teach the farmer how to analyze the soil2 by that means he will learn which of the constituent elements of the plants and soil are constant1 and which are changeable4 ,by making an analysis of the soil at different periods1 through the process of germination1 growth1 and maturity1 we are enabled to ascertain the amount of excretory elements given out4 ,bergman tells us that he found1 by analysis1 in #ajj parts of fertile soil1 coarse silex #cj parts1 silecia #cj parts1 carbonate of lime #cj parts3 hence the fertility of the soil diminishes in proportion as one or the other of these elements predominates4 ,ashes of wheat contain1 among other elementary substances1 #dh parts of silecia4 ,now1 what farmer could expect to raise a good crop of wheat from a soil destitute of silecious earth1 since this earth constitutes a large amount of the earthy part of wheat8 ,there is no barrier to agricultural improvement so effectual as for farmers to continue their old customs purely because their forefathers did so4 ,but prejudices are fast dying away before the rays of intellectual illumination2 the farmers are fast seceding from the supposed infallibles of their forefathers1 and will soon become book as well as practical husbandmen4 ,book farming1 assisted by practical knowledge1 teaches that manures require admixture of milder materials to mitigate their force2 for some of them communicate a disgusting or offensive quality to vegetables4 ,they are charged with imparting a biting and acrimonious taste to radishes and turnips4 ,potatoes and grapes are known to borrow the foul taint of the ground4 ,millers observe a strong1 disagreeable odor in the meal of wheat that grew upon land highly charged with the rotten recrements of cities4 ,stable dung is known to impart a disagreeable flavor to vegetables4 ,the same effects may be illustrated in the animal kingdom4 ,ducks are rendered so ill tasted from stuffing down garbage as sometimes to be offensive to the palate when cooked4 ,the quality of pork is known by the food of the swine1 and the peculiar flavor of water-fowl is rationally traced to the fish they devour4 ,thus a portion of the elements of manure and nutrimental matter passes into the living bodies without being entirely subdued4 ,for example1 we can alter the color of the cow's milk by mixing madder or saffron in the food2 the odor may be influenced by garlic2 the flavor may be altered by pine and wormwood2 and lastly1 the medicinal effect may be influenced4 ,in the cultivation of grass the farmer will find it to his advantage to cultivate none but the best kinds2 the whole pasture lands will then be filled with valuable grass seeds4 ,the number of grass seeds worth cultivating is but few1 and these should be sown separately4 ,it is bad policy to sow different kinds of grass seed together--just as bad as to sow wheat1 oats1 turnips1 and corn promiscuously4 ,the reason why the farmers1 as a community1 will be benefited by sowing none but the best seed is1 because grass seeds are distributed through neighboring pastures by the winds1 and there take root4 ,now1 if the neighboring pastures abound in inferior grasses1 the fields will soon be filled with useless plants1 which are very difficult to be got rid of4 ,we refer those of our readers who desire to make themselves acquainted with animal chemistry to ,professor ,liebig's work on that science4 ,,on ,,breeding4 ,large sums of money have1 from time to time1 been expended with a view of improving stock1 and many superior cattle have been introduced into this country2 yet1 after a few generations1 the beautiful form and superior qualities of the originals are nearly lost1 and the importer finds to his cost that the produce is no better than that of his neighbors4 ,what are the causes of this deterioration8 ,we are told--and experience confirms the fact--that like produces like4 ,good qualities and perfect organization are perpetuated by a union of animals possessing those properties3 of course it follows1 that malformation1 hereditary taints1 and vices are transmitted and aggravated4 ,the destructive practice of breeding in and in1 or1 in other words1 selecting animals of the same family1 is one of the first causes of degeneracy2 and this destructive practice has proved equally unfortunate in the human family4 ,physical defects are the result of the intermarriage of near relatives4 ,in ,spain1 the deformed and feeble state of the aristocracy arises from their alliances being confined to the same class of relatives through successive generations4 ,but we need not go to ,spain to verify such facts4 ,go into our churchyards1 and read on the tombstones the names of thousands of infants1--gems withered in the bud1--young men1 and maidens1 cut down and consigned to a premature grave2 and then prove1 if you can1 that early marriages and near alliances are not the chief causes of this great mortality4 ,mr4 ,colman1 in an article on live stock1 says1 ,there seems to be a limit beyond which no person can go4 ,the particular breed may be altered and improved1 but an entirely new breed cannot be produced2 and in every departure from the original there is a constant tendency to revert back to it4 ,the stock of the improved ,durham cattle seems to establish this fact4 ,if we have the true history of it1 it is a cross of a ,teeswater bull with a ,galloway cow4 ,the ,teeswater or ,yorkshire stock are a large1 coarse-boned animal3 the object of this cross was to get a smaller bone and greater compactness4 ,by attempting to carry this improvement1 if ,i may so call it1 still further by breeding continually in and in1 that is1 with members of the same family1 in a close degree of affinity1 the power of continuing the species seems to become extinct2 at least it approximates to such a result4 ,on the other hand1 by wholly neglecting all selection1 and without an occasional good cross with an animal of some foreign blood1 there appears a tendency to revert back to the large-boned1 long-legged animal1 from which the improvement began4 ,there are1 however1 several instances of superior animals bred in the closest affinity2 whilst1 in a very great majority of cases1 the failure has been excessive4 ,overtaxing the generative powers of the male is another cause of deterioration4 ,the reader is probably aware of the woful results attending too frequent sexual intercourse4 ,if he has not given this subject the attention it demands1 then let him read the records of our lunatic asylums3 they tell a sad tale of woe1 and prove to demonstration that1 before the blast of this dire tornado1 sexual excess1 lofty minds1 the suns and stars of our intellectual world1 are suddenly blotted out4 ,it spares neither age1 sex1 profession1 nor kind4 ,dr4 ,white relates a case which substantiates the truth of our position4 ,the ,prince of ,wales1 who afterwards became ,george the ,fourth1 had a stud horse of very superior qualities4 ,his highness caused a few of his own mares to be bred to this stallion1 and the produce proved every way worthy of the sire4 ,this horse was kept at ,windsor for public covering without charge1 except the customary groom's fee of half a guinea4 ,the groom1 anxious to pocket as many half guineas as possible1 persuaded all he could to avail themselves of the prince's liberality4 ,the result was1 that1 being kept in a stable without sufficient exercise1 and covering nearly one hundred mares yearly1 the stock1 although tolerably promising in their early age1 shot up into lank1 weakly1 awkward1 good-for-nothing creatures1 to the entire ruin of the horse's character and sire4 ,some gentlemen1 aware of the cause1 took pains to explain it1 proving the correctness of their statement by reference to the first of the horses got1 which were among the best horses in ,england4 ,there is no doubt but that brutes are often endowed with extraordinary powers for sexual indulgence2 yet1 when kept for the purpose alluded to1 without sufficient muscular exercise1--breathing impure air1 and living on the fat of the farm1--his services in constant requisition1--then it is no wonder1 that if1 under these circumstances1 the offspring are weak and inefficient4 ,professor ,youatt recommends that valuable qualities once established1 which it is desirable to keep up1 should thereafter be preserved by occasional crosses with the best animals to be had of the same breed1 but of a different family4 ,this is the great secret which has maintained the blood horse in his great superiority4 ,the live stock of our farmers frequently degenerates in a very short space of time4 ,the why and the wherefore is not generally understood2 neither will it be1 until animal physiology shall be better understood than it is at the present time4 ,men are daily violating the laws of animal organization in more ways than one1 in the breeding1 rearing1 and general management of all kinds of domestic animals1--until the different breeds are so amalgamated1 that1 in many cases1 it is a difficult task to ascertain1 with any degree of certainty1 their pedigree4 ,if a farmer has in his possession a bull of a favorite breed1 the neighboring stock-raisers avail themselves of his bullship's services by sending as many cows to him as possible3 the consequence is1 that the offspring got in the latter part of the season are good for nothing4 ,the cow also1 at the time of impregnation1 may be in a state of debility1 owing to some derangement in the organs of digestion2 if so1 impregnation is very likely to make the matter worse2 for great sympathy exists between the organs of generation and those of digestion1 and females of every order suffer more or less from a disturbed state of the stomach during the early months of pregnancy4 ,in fact1 during the whole stage they should be considered far from a state of health4 ,add to this the fact that impregnated cows are milked1 7not generally1 yet we know of such cases37 the foetus is thus deprived of its due share of nourishment1 and the extra nutrimental agents1 necessary for its growth and development1 must be furnished at the expense of the mother4 ,she1 in her turn1 soon shows unmistakable evidences of this robbing ,peter to pay ,paul system1 by her sunken eye1 loss of flesh1 c41 and often1 before she has seen her sixth month of pregnancy1 liberates the foetus by a premature birth--in short1 pays the penalty of disobedience to the immutable law of nature4 ,on the other hand1 should such a cow go safely through the whole period of gestation and parturition1 the offspring will not be worth keeping1 and the milk of the former will lack1 in some measure1 those constituents which go to make good milk1 and without which it is almost worthless for making butter or cheese4 ,a cow should never be bred from unless she shall be in good health and flesh4 ,if she cannot be fatted1 then she may be spayed4 7,see article ,spaying ,cows47 ,by that means1 her health will improve1 and she will be made a permanent milker4 ,degeneracy may arise from physical defects on the part of the bull4 ,it is well known that infirmities1 faults1 and defects are communicated by the sexual congress to the parties as well as their offspring4 ,hence a bull should never be bred to unless he possesses the requisite qualifications of soundness1 form1 size1 and color4 ,there are a great number of good-for-nothing bulls about the country1 whose services can be had for a trifle2 under these circumstances1 and when they can be procured without the trouble of sending the cow even a short distance1 it will be difficult to effect a change4 ,if the farming community desire to put a stop to this growing evil1 let them instruct their representatives to advocate the enactment of a law prohibiting the breeding to bulls or stallions unless they shall possess the necessary qualifications4 ,illustration3 ,a ,first ,prize ,short ,horned ,bull ,,the ,,bull4 ,mr4 ,lawson gives us the following description of a good bull4 ,it would be difficult to find one corresponding in all its details to this description2 yet it will give the reader an idea of what a good bull ought to be4 ,the head of the bull should be rather long1 and muzzle fine2 his eyes lively and prominent2 his ears long and thin2 his horns white2 his neck rising with a gentle curve from the shoulders1 and small and fine where it joins the head2 his shoulders moderately broad at the top1 joining full to his chine and chest backwards1 and to the neck-vein forwards2 his bosom open2 breast broad1 and projecting well before his legs2 his arms or fore thighs muscular1 and tapering to his knees2 his legs straight1 clean1 and very fine boned2 his chine and chest so full as to leave no hollows behind the shoulders2 the plates strong1 to keep his belly from sinking below the level of his breast2 his back or loin broad1 straight1 and flat2 his ribs rising one above another1 in such a manner that the last rib shall be rather the highest1 leaving only a small space to the hips1 the whole forming a round or barrel-like carcass2 his hips should be wide placed1 round or globular1 and a little higher than the back2 the quarters 7from the hips to the rump7 long1 and1 instead of being square1 as recommended by some1 they should taper gradually from the hips backwards2 rump close to the tail2 the tail broad1 well haired1 and set on so as to be in the same horizontal line with his back4 ,,value ,,of ,,different ,,breeds ,,of ,,cows4 ,mr4 ,culley1 in speaking of the relative value of long and short horns1 says1 ,the long-horns excel in the thickness and firm texture of the hide1 in the length and closeness of the hair1 in their beef being finer grained and more mixed and marbled than that of the short-horns1 in weighing more in proportion to their size1 and in giving richer milk2 but they are inferior to the short-horns in giving a less quantity of milk1 in weighing less upon the whole1 in affording less fat when killed1 in being generally slower feeders1 in being coarser made1 and more leathery or bullish in the under side of the neck4 ,in a few words1 the long-horns excel in hide1 hair1 and quality of beef2 the short-horns in the quantity of beef1 fat1 and milk4 ,each breed has long had1 and probably may have1 their particular advocates2 but if ,i may hazard a conjecture1 is it not probable that both kinds may have their particular advantages in different situations8 ,why not the thick1 firm hides1 and long1 closer set hair1 of the one kind be a protection and security against tempestuous winds and heavy fogs and rains1 while a regular season and mild climate are more suitable to the constitutions of the short-horns8 ,but it has hitherto been the misfortune of the short-horned breeders to seek the largest and biggest boned ones for the best1 without considering that those are the best that bring the most money for a given quantity of food4 ,however1 the ideas of our short-horned breeders being now more enlarged1 and their minds more open to conviction1 we may hope in a few years to see great improvements made in that breed of cattle4 ,i would recommend to breeders of cattle to find out which breed is the most profitable1 and which are best adapted to the different situations1 and endeavor to improve that breed to the utmost1 rather than try to unite the particular qualities of two or more distinct breeds by crossing1 which is a precarious practice1 for we generally find the produce inherit the coarseness of both breeds1 and rarely attain the good properties which the pure distinct breeds individually possess4 ,short-horned cows yield much milk2 the long-horned give less1 but the cream is more abundant and richer4 ,the same quantity of milk also yields a greater proportion of cheese4 ,the ,polled or ,galloway cows are excellent milkers1 and their milk is rich4 ,the ,suffolk duns are much esteemed for the abundance of their milk1 and the excellence of the butter it produces4 ,ayrshire or ,kyloe cows are much esteemed in ,scotland2 and in ,england the improved breed of the long-horned cattle is highly prized in many dairy districts4 ,every judicious selector1 however1 will always1 in making his choice1 keep in view not only the different sons and individuals of the animal1 but also the nature of the farm on which the cows are to be put1 and the sort of manufactured produce he is anxious to bring to market4 ,the best age for a milch cow is betwixt four1 or five1 and ten4 ,when old1 she will give more milk2 but it is of an inferior quality1 and she is less easily supported4 ,,method ,,of ,,preparing ,,rennet1 ,,as ,,practised ,,in ,,england4 ,take the calf's maw1 or stomach1 and having taken out the curd contained therein1 wash it clean1 and salt it thoroughly1 inside and out1 leaving a white coat of salt over every part of it4 ,put it into an earthen jar1 or other vessel1 and let it stand three or four days2 in which time it will have formed the salt and its own natural juice into a pickle4 ,take it out of the jar1 and hang it up for two or three days1 to let the pickle drain from it2 resalt it2 place it again in the jar2 cover it tight down with a paper1 pierced with a large pin2 and let it remain thus till it is wanted for use4 ,in this state it ought to be kept twelve months2 it may1 however1 in case of necessity1 be used a few days after it has received the second salting2 but it will not be as strong as if kept a longer time4 ,to prepare the rennet for use1 take a handful of the leaves of the sweet-brier1 the same quantity of rose and bramble leaves2 boil them in a gallon of water1 with three or four handfuls of salt1 about a quarter of an hour2 strain off the liquor1 and1 having let it stand until perfectly cool1 put it into an earthen vessel1 and add to it the maw prepared as above4 ,to this add a sound1 good lemon1 stuck round with about a quarter of an ounce of cloves1 which give the rennet an agreeable flavor4 ,the longer the bag remains in the liquor1 the stronger1 of course1 will be the rennet4 ,the amount1 therefore1 requisite to turn a given quantity of milk1 can only be ascertained by daily use and observation4 ,a sort of average may be something less than a half pint of good rennet to fifty gallons of milk4 ,in ,gloucestershire1 they employ one third of a pint to coagulate the above quantity4 ,,making ,,cheese4 ,,it is generally admitted that many dairy farmers pay more attention to the quantity than the quality of this article of food2 now1 as cheese is a surly elf1 digesting every thing but itself1 7this of course applies to some of the white oak specimens1 which1 like the ,jew's razors1 were made to sell17 it is surely a matter of great importance that they should attend more to the quality1 especially if it be intended for exportation4 ,there is no doubt but the home consumption of good cheese would soon materially increase1 for many thousands of our citizens refuse to eat of the miserable stuff misnamed cheese4 ,the ,english have long been celebrated for the superior quality of their cheese2 and we have thought that we cannot do a better service to our dairy farmers than to give1 in as few words as possible1 the various methods of making the different kinds of cheese1 for which we are indebted to ,mr4 ,lawson's work on cattle4 ,it is to be observed1 in general1 that cheese varies in quality1 according as it has been made of milk of one meal1 or two meals1 or of skimmed milk2 and that the season of the year1 the method of milking1 the preparation of the rennet1 the mode of coagulation1 the breaking and gathering of the curd1 the management of the cheese in the press1 the method of salting1 and the management of the cheese-room1 are all objects of the highest importance to the cheese manufacturer2 and yet1 notwithstanding this1 the practice1 in most of these respects1 is still regulated by little else than mere chance or custom1 without the direction of enlightened observation or the aid of well-conducted experiment4 ,,gloucester ,,cheese4 ,in ,gloucestershire1 where the manufacture of cheese is perhaps as well understood as in any part of the world1 they make the best cheeses of a single meal of milk2 and1 when this is done in the best manner1 the entire meal of milk is used1 without any addition from a former meal4 ,but it not unfrequently happens that a portion of the milk is reserved and set by to be skimmed for butter2 and at the next milking this proportion is added to the new milk1 from which an equal quantity has been taken for a similar purpose4 ,one meal cheeses are principally made here1 and go by the name of best making1 or simply one meal cheeses4 ,the cheeses are distinguished into thin and thick1 or single and double2 the last having usually four to the hundred weight1 7#aab pounds17 the other about twice that number4 ,the best double ,gloucester is always made from new milk4 ,the true single ,gloucester cheese is thought by many to be the best1 in point of flavor1 of any we have4 ,the season for making their thin or single cheese is mostly from ,april to ,november2 but the principal season for the thick or double is confined to ,may1 ,june1 and the early part of ,july4 ,this is a busy season in the dairy2 for at an earlier period the milk is not rich enough1 and if the cheese be made later in the summer1 they do not acquire sufficient age to be marketable next spring4 ,very many cheeses1 however1 can be made even in winter from cows that are well fed4 ,the cows are milked in summer at a very early hour2 generally by four o'clock in the morning1 before the day becomes hot1 and the animals restless and unruly4 ,,chester ,,cheese4 ,after the milk has been strained1 to free it from any impurities1 it is conveyed into a cooler placed upon feet like a table1 having a spigot at the bottom for drawing off the milk4 ,this1 when sufficiently cooled1 is drawn off into pans1 and the cooler again filled4 ,in so cases1 the cooler is large enough to hold a whole meal's milk at once4 ,the rapid cooling thus produced 7which1 however1 is necessary only in hot weather1 and during the summer season7 is found to be of essential utility in retarding the process of fermentation1 and thereby preventing putridity from commencing in the milk before two meals of it can be put together4 ,some have thought that the cheese might be improved by cooling the evening's milk still more rapidly1 and that this might be effected by repeatedly drawing it off from and returning it into the cistern4 ,when the milk is too cold1 a portion of it is warmed over the fire and mixed with the rest4 ,the coloring matter1 7annatto17 in ,cheshire1 is added by tying up as much of the substance as is thought sufficient in a linen rag1 and putting it into a half pint of warm water1 to stand over night4 ,the whole of this infusion is1 in the morning1 mixed with the milk in the cheese-tub1 and the rag dipped in the milk and rubbed on the palm of the hand as long as any of the coloring matter can be made to come away4 ,the next operation is salting2 and this is done1 either by laying the cheese1 immediately after it comes out of the press1 on a clean1 fine cloth in the vat1 immersed in brine1 to remain for several days1 turning it once every day at least2 or by covering the upper surface of the cheese with salt every time it is turned1 and repeating the application for three successive days1 taking care to change the cloth twice during the time4 ,in each of these methods1 the cheese1 after being so treated1 is taken out of the vat1 placed upon the salting bench1 and the whole surface of it carefully rubbed with salt daily for eight or ten days4 ,if it be large1 a wooden hoop or a fillet of cloth is employed to prevent renting4 ,the cheese is then washed in warm water or whey1 dried with a cloth1 and laid on what is called the drying bench4 ,it remains there for about a week1 and is thence removed to the keeping house4 ,in ,cheshire1 it is found that the greatest quantity of salt used for a cheese of sixty pounds is about three pounds2 but the proportion of this retained in the cheese has not been determined4 ,when1 after salting and drying1 the cheeses are deposited in the cheese-room or store-house1 they are smeared all over with fresh butter1 and placed on shelves fitted to the purpose1 or on the floor4 ,during the first ten or fifteen days1 smart rubbing is daily employed1 and the smearing with butter repeated4 ,as long1 however1 as they are kept1 they should be every day turned2 and the usual practice is to rub them three times a week in summer and twice in winter4 ,,stilton ,,cheese4 ,stilton cheese is made by putting the night's cream into the morning's new milk along with the rennet4 ,when the curd has come1 it is not broken1 as in making other cheese1 but taken out whole1 and put into a sieve to drain gradually4 ,while this is going on1 it is gently pressed1 and1 having become firm and dry1 is put into a vat1 and kept on a dry board4 ,these cheeses are exceedingly rich and valuable4 ,they are called the ,parmesan of ,england1 and weigh from ten to twelve pounds4 ,the manufacture of them is confined almost exclusively to ,leicestershire1 though not entirely so4 ,,dunlop ,,cheese4 ,in ,scotland1 a species of cheese is produced1 which has long been known and celebrated under the name of ,dunlop cheese4 ,the best cheese is made by such as have a dozen or more cows1 and consequently can make a cheese every day2 one half of the milk being immediately from the cow1 and the other of twelve hours' standing4 ,their method of making it is simple4 ,they endeavor to have the milk as near as may be to the heat of new milk1 when they apply the rennet1 and whenever coagulation has taken place1 7which is generally in ten or twelve minutes17 they stir the curd gently1 and the whey1 beginning to separate1 is taken off as it gathers1 till the curd be pretty solid4 ,when this happens1 they put it into a drainer with holes1 and apply a weight4 ,as soon as this has had its proper effect1 the curd is put back again into the cheese-tub1 and1 by means of a sort of knife with three or four blades1 is cut into very small pieces1 salted1 and carefully mixed by the hand4 ,it is now placed in the vat1 and put under the press4 ,this is commonly a large stone of a cubical shape1 from half a ton to a ton in weight1 fixed in a frame of wood1 and raised and lowered by an iron screw4 ,the cheese is frequently taken out1 and the cloth changed2 and as soon as it has been ascertained that no more whey remains1 it is removed1 and placed on a dry board or pine floor4 ,it is turned and rubbed frequently with a hard1 coarse cloth1 to prevent moulding or breeding mites4 ,no coloring matter is used in making ,dunlop cheese1 except by such as wish to imitate the ,english cheese4 ,,green ,,cheese4 ,green cheese is made by steeping ever night1 in a proper quantity of milk1 two parts of sage with one of marigold leaves1 and a little parsley1 after being bruised1 and then mixing the curd of the milk1 thus greened1 as it is called1 with the curd of the white milk4 ,these may be mixed irregularly or fancifully1 according to the pleasure of the operator4 ,the management in other respects is the same as for common cheese4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,colman says1 ,in conversation with one of the largest wholesale cheesemongers and provision-dealers in the country1 he suggested that there were two great faults of the ,american cheese1 which somewhat prejudiced its sale in the ,english market4 ,he is a person in whose character and experience entire confidence may be placed4 ,the first fault was the softness of the rind4 ,it often cracked1 and the cheese became spoiled from that circumstance4 ,the second fault is the acridness1 or peculiar1 smart1 bitter taste often found in ,american cheese4 ,he thought this might be due1 in part1 to some improper preparation or use of the rennet1 and1 in part1 to some kind of feed which the cows found in the pastures4 ,the rind may be made of any desired hardness1 if the cheese be taken from the press1 and allowed to remain in brine1 so strong that it will take up no more salt1 for four or five hours4 ,there must be great care1 however1 not to keep it too long in the brine4 ,the calf from which the rennet is to be taken should not be allowed to suck on the day on which it is killed4 ,the office of the rennet1 or stomach of the calf1 is1 to supply the gastric juice by which the curdling of the milk is effected4 ,if it has recently performed that office1 it will have become1 to a degree1 exhausted of its strength4 ,too much rennet should not be applied4 ,dairymaids1 in general1 are anxious to have the curd 'come soon1' and so apply an excessive quantity1 to which he thinks much of the acrid taste of the cheese is owing4 ,only so much should be used as will produce the effect in about fifty minutes4 ,for the reason above given1 the rennet should not1 he says1 be washed in water when taken from the calf1 as it exhausts its strength1 but be simply salted4 ,when any cream is taken from the milk to be made into butter1 the buttermilk should be returned to the milk of which the cheese is to be made4 ,the greatest care should be taken in separating the whey from the cheese4 ,when the pressing or handling is too severe1 the whey that runs from the curd will appear of a white color4 ,this is owing to its carrying off with it the small creamy particles of the cheese1 which are1 in fact1 the richest part of it4 ,after the curd is cut or broken1 therefore1 and not squeezed with the hand1 and all the whey is allowed to separate from it that can be easily removed1 the curd should be taken out of the tub with the greatest care1 and laid upon a coarse cloth attached to a frame like a sieve1 and there suffered to drain until it becomes quite dry and mealy1 before being put into the press4 ,the object of pressing should be1 not to express the whey1 but to consolidate the cheese4 ,there should be no aim to make whey butter4 ,all the butter extracted from the whey is so much of the proper richness taken from the cheese4 ,,making ,,butter4 ,it is a matter of impossibility to make a superior article of butter from the milk of a cow in a diseased state2 for if either of the organs of secretion1 absorption1 digestion1 or circulation1 be deranged1 we cannot expect good blood4 ,the milk being a secretion from the blood1 it follows that1 in order to have good milk1 we must have pure blood4 ,a great deal depends also on the food2 certain pastures are more favorable to the production of good milk than others4 ,we know that many vegetables1 such as turnips1 garlic1 dandelions1 will impart a disagreeable flavor to the milk4 ,on the other hand1 sweet-scented grasses and boiled food improve the quality1 and1 generally1 increase the quantity of the milk1 provided1 however1 the digestive organs are in a physiological state4 ,the processes of making butter are various in different parts of the ,united ,states4 ,we are not prepared1 from experience1 to discuss the relative merits of the different operations of churning2 suffice it to say1 that the important improvements that have recently been made in the construction of churns promise to be of great advantage to the dairyman4 ,the method of churning in ,england is considered to be favorable to the production of good butter4 ,from twelve to twenty hours in summer1 and about twice as long in winter1 are permitted to elapse before the milk is skimmed1 after it has been put into the milk-pans4 ,if1 on applying the tip of the finger to the surface1 nothing adheres to it1 the cream may be properly taken off2 and during the hot summer months1 this should always be done in the morning1 before the dairy becomes warm4 ,the cream should then be deposited in a deep pan1 placed in the coolest part of the dairy1 or in a cool cellar1 where free air is admitted4 ,in hot weather1 churning should be performed1 if possible1 every other day2 but if this is not convenient1 the cream should be daily shifted into a clean pan1 and the churning should never be less frequent than twice a week4 ,this work should be performed in the coolest time of the day1 and in the coolest part of the house4 ,cold water should be applied to the churn1 first by filling it with this some time before the cream is poured in1 or it may be kept cool by the application of a wet cloth4 ,such means are generally necessary1 to prevent the too rapid acidification of the cream1 and formation of the butter4 ,we are indebted for much of the poor butter1 7cart-grease would be a more suitable name17 in which our large cities abound1 to want of due care in churning3 it should never be done too hastily1 but--like ,billy ,gray's drumming--well done4 ,in winter the churn may be previously heated by first filling it with hot water1 the operation to be performed in a moderately warm room4 ,in churning1 a moderate and uninterrupted motion should be kept up during the whole process2 for if the motion be too rapid1 heat is generated1 which will give the butter a rank flavor2 and if the motion is relaxed1 the butter will go back1 as it is termed4 ,,washing ,,butter4 ,when the operation is properly conducted1 the butter1 after some time1 suddenly forms1 and is to be carefully collected and separated from the buttermilk4 ,but in doing this1 it is not sufficient merely to pour off the milk1 or withdraw the butter from it2 because a certain portion of the caseous and serous parts of the milk still remains in the interstices of the butter1 and must be detached from it by washing1 if we would obtain it pure4 ,in washing butter1 some think it sufficient to press the mass gently between the hands2 others press it strongly and frequently1 repeating the washings till the water comes off quite clear4 ,the first method is preferable when the butter is made daily1 for immediate use1 from new milk or cream2 because the portions of such adhering to it1 or mixed with it1 contribute to produce the sweet agreeable flavor which distinguishes new cream4 ,but when our object is to prepare butter for keeping1 we cannot repeat the washings too often1 since the presence of a small quantity of milk in it will1 in less than twelve hours after churning1 cause it sensibly to lose its good qualities4 ,the process of washing butter is usually nothing more than throwing it into an earthen vessel of clear cool water1 working it to and fro with the hands1 and changing the water until it comes off clear4 ,a much preferable method1 however1 and that which we believe is now always practised by those who best understand the business1 is to use two broad pieces of wood1 instead of the hands4 ,this is to be preferred1 not only on account of its apparently greater cleanliness1 but also because it is of decided advantage to the quality of the butter4 ,to this the warmth of the hand gives always1 more or less1 a greasy appearance4 ,the influence of the heat of the hand is greater than might at first have been suspected4 ,it has always been remarked1 that a person who has naturally a warm hand never makes good butter4 ,,coloring ,,butter4 ,as butter made in winter is generally pale or white1 and its richness1 at the same time1 inferior to that which is made during the summer months1 the idea of excellence has been associated with the yellow color4 ,means are therefore employed1 by those who prepare and sell butter1 to impart to it the yellow color where that is naturally wanting4 ,the substances mostly employed in ,england and ,scotland are the root of the carrot and the flowers of the marigold4 ,the juice of either of these is expressed and passed through a linen cloth4 ,a small quantity of it 7and the proportion of it necessary is soon learned by experience7 is diluted with a little cream1 and this mixture is added to the rest of the cream when it enters the churn4 ,so little of this coloring matter unites with the butter1 that it never communicates to it any peculiar taste4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,organs ,,of ,,digestion ,,in ,,cattle4 ,oesophagus1 or ,gullet4--,this tube extends from the mouth to the stomach1 and is the medium through which the food is conveyed to the latter organ4 ,this tube is furnished with spiral muscles1 which run in different directions4 ,by this arrangement1 the food ascends or descends at the will of the animal4 ,the inner coat of the gullet is a continuation of the same membrane that lines the mouth1 nostrils1 c4 ,the gullet passes down the neck1 inclining to the left side of the windpipe1 until it reaches the diaphragm1 through a perforation of which it passes1 and finally terminates in the stomach4 ,the food1 having undergone a slight mastication by the action of the teeth1 is formed into a pellet1 and1 being both moistened and lubricated with saliva1 passes down the gullet1 by the action of the muscles1 and falls immediately into the paunch1 or rumen2 here the food undergoes a process of maceration1 or trituration4 ,the food1 after remaining in this portion of the stomach a short time1 and being submitted to the united action of heat and moisture1 passes into another division of the stomach1 called reticulum1 the inner surface of which abounds in cells3 at the bottom1 and indeed in all parts of them there are glands1 which secrete from the blood the gastric fluids4 ,this stomach possesses a property similar to that of the bladder1 viz41 that of contracting upon its contents4 ,in the act of contracting1 it squeezes out a portion of the partly masticated food and fluids2 the former comes within the spiral muscles1 is embraced by them1 and thus ascends the gullet1 and passes into the mouth for remastication4 ,the soft and fluid parts continue on to the many plus and true digestive stomach4 ,the second stomach again receives a portion from the paunch1 and the process is continued4 ,rumination and digestion1 however1 are mechanico-vital actions1 and can only be properly performed when the animal is in a healthy state4 ,now1 a portion of the food1 we just observed1 had ascended the gullet by the aid of spiral muscles1 and entered the mouth2 it is again submitted to the action of the grinders1 and a fresh supply of saliva2 it is at length swallowed a second time1 and goes through the same routine as that just described1 passing into the manyplus or manifolds1 as it is termed4 ,the manyplus abounds internally in a number of leaves1 called laminae4 ,some of these are attached to the upper and lower portion of the division1 and also float loose1 and penetrate into the oesophagian canal4 ,the laminae have numerous projections on their surface1 resembling the papillae to be found on the tongue4 ,the action of this stomach is one of alternate contraction and expansion3 it secretes1 however1 like the other compartments of the stomach1 its due share of gastric fluids1 with a view not only of softening its contents1 but for the purpose of defending its own surface against friction4 ,the mechanical action of the stomach is communicated to it partly by the motion of the diaphragm1 and its own muscular arrangement4 ,it will readily be perceived1 that by this joint action the food is submitted to a sort of grinding process4 ,hence any over-distention of the viscera1 from either food or gas1 will embarrass and prevent the free and full play of this organ4 ,the papillae1 or prominences1 present a rough and sufficiently hard exterior to grind down the food1 unless it shall have escaped the reticulum in too fibrous a form3 foxgrass1 cornstalks1 and frosted turnips are very apt to make sad havoc in this and other parts of the stomach1 owing to their unyielding nature2 for the stomach1 like other parts of the organization1 suffers from over-exertion1 and a corresponding debility ensues4 ,the fourth division of the stomach of the ox is called abomasum4 ,it somewhat resembles the duodenum of the horse in its function1 it being the true digestive stomach4 ,it is studded with numerous nerves1 blood-vessels1 and small glands4 ,it is a laboratory admirably fitted up by the ,divine ,artist1 and is capable of carrying on the chemico-vital process as long as the animal lives1 provided its healthy functions are not impaired4 ,the glands alluded to secrete from the blood a powerful solvent1 called the gastric juice1 which is the agent in reducing the food to chyme and chyle4 ,this1 however1 is accomplished by the united agency of the bile and pancreatic juice4 ,both these fluids are conveyed into the abomasum by means of small tubes or canals4 ,secretions also take place from the inner membrane of the intestines1 and1 as the result of the united action of all these fluids1 aided by the muscular motion just alluded to1 which is also communicated to the intestines1 a substance is formed called chyle1 which is the most nutritious portion of the food1 and has a milky appearance4 ,the chyle is received into a set of very minute tubes1 called lacteals1 which are exceedingly numerous1 and arise by open mouths from the inner surface of the abomasum and intestines4 ,they receive the chyle2 from thence it passes into a receptacle1 and finally into the thoracic duct4 ,the thoracic duct opens into a vein leading directly to the heart2 so that whatever portion of the chyle is not actually needed by the organism is thoroughly mixed with the general mass of blood4 ,that portion of chyme which is not needed1 or cannot be converted into chyle1 descends into the intestines1 and is finally carried out of the body by the rectum4 ,the manner in which the gastric fluids act on alimentary matter1 is by solution and chemical action2 for cornstalks and foxgrass1 that cannot be dissolved by ammonia or alcohol1 yield readily to the solvent power of the gastric secretion4 ,bones and other hard substances are reduced to a pulpy mass in the stomach of a dog2 while1 at the same time1 many bodies of delicate texture remain in the stomach1 and ultimately are ejected1 without being affected by the gastric fluids4 ,this different action on different subjects is analogous to the operation of chemical affinity1 and corroborates the theory that digestion is effected by solution and chemical action4 ,the ,spleen1 or ,milt1 is an oblong1 dark-colored substance1 having attachments to the paunch4 ,it is composed of blood-vessels1 nerves1 and lymphatics1 united by cellular structure4 ,it appears to serve as a reservoir for the blood that may be designed for the secretions of bile in the liver4 ,p4 ,m4 ,roget says1 ,any theory that assigns a very important function to the spleen will be overturned by the fact1 that in many animals the removal of this organ1 far from being fatal1 or interrupting1 in any sensible manner1 the continuance of the functions1 seems to be borne with perfect impunity4 ,sir ,e4 ,home1 ,bichat1 ,leuret1 ,lassaigne1 and others1 suppose that the spleen serves as a receptacle for the superfluous quantity of fluid taken into the stomach4 ,the ,liver is a dense gland1 of a lobulated structure1 situated below the diaphragm1 or skirt4 ,it is supplied1 like other organs1 with arterial blood1 by vessels1 called hepatic arteries1 which are sent off from the great aorta4 ,it receives also a large amount of venous blood1 which is distributed through its substance by a separate set of vessels1 derived from the venous system4 ,the veins which receive the blood that has circulated in the usual manner unite together into a large trunk1 called vena portae1 7gate vein17 and this vein1 on entering the liver1 ramifies like an artery1 and ultimately terminates in the branches of the hepatic veins1 which transmit the blood1 in the ordinary course of circulation1 to the vena cava1 7hollow vein47 ,mr4 ,kiernan says1 ,the hepatic veins1 together with the lobules which surround them1 resemble1 in their arrangement1 the branches and leaves of a tree1 the substance of the lobules being disposed around the minute branches of the veins like the parenchyma of a leaf around its fibres4 ,the hepatic veins may be divided into two classes1 namely1 those contained in lobules1 and those contained in canals formed by lobules4 ,the first class is composed of interlobular branches1 one of which occupies the centre of each lobule1 and receives the blood from a plexus formed in the lobule by the portal vein2 and the second class of hepatic veins is composed of all those vessels contained in canals formed by the lobules1 and including numerous small branches1 as well as the large trunks terminating in the inferior cava4 ,the external surface of every lobule is covered by an expansion of ',glisson's capsule1' by which it is connected to1 as well as separated from1 contiguous lobules1 and in which branches of the hepatic duct1 portal veins1 and hepatic artery ramify4 ,the ultimate branches of the hepatic artery terminate in the branches of the portal vein1 where the blood they respectively contain is mixed together1 and from which mixed blood the bile is secreted by the lobules1 and conveyed away by the hepatic ducts4 ,the remaining blood is returned to the heart by the hepatic veins1 the beginnings of which occupy the centre of each lobule1 and1 when collected into trunks1 pour their contents into the inferior cava4 ,hence the blood which has circulated through the liver1 and has thereby lost its arterial character1 is1 in common with that which is returning from other parts1 poured into the vena portae1 and contributes its share in furnishing materials for the biliary secretion4 ,the hepatic artery furnishes nutrition to the liver itself4 ,the bile1 having been secreted1 accumulates in the gall-bladder1 where it is kept for future use4 ,when the healthy action of the fourth stomach is interrupted1 the bile is supposed to be reabsorbed1--it enters into the different tissues1 producing yellowness of the eyes2 the malady is then termed yellows1 jaundice1 c4 ,sometimes the passage of the bile is obstructed by calculi1 or gall-stones2 they have been found in great numbers in oxen4 ,the ,pancreas is composed of a number of lobules or glands2 a small duct proceeds from each2 they unite and form a common canal1 which proceeds towards1 and terminates in1 the fourth stomach4 ,the pancreatic juice appears to be exceedingly analogous1 both in its sensible properties and chemical composition1 to the saliva4 ,the recent researches of ,,mm4 ,bouchardat1 ,sandras1 ,mialhe1 ,bareswil1 and ,bernard himself1 have placed beyond a doubt the existence of a ferment1 in some of the fluids which mix with the alimentary mass1 destined to convert starchy matters into sugar4 ,they have proved that the gastric juice has for its peculiar office the solution and digestion of azotized substances4 ,there remained to be ascertained the real agent for the digestion of fatty matters2 that is to say1 the agent in the formation of chyle out of those substances4 ,m4 ,bernard has proved that this remarkable office is performed by the pancreatic juice2 he has demonstrated the fact by three conclusive proofs4 #a4 ,the pancreatic juice1 pure and recently formed1 forms an emulsion with oils and fats with the greatest facility4 ,this emulsion may be preserved for a long time1 and the fatty substance soon undergoes a fermentation which separates its constituent acids4 #b4 ,the chyle only begins to appear in the lacteals below that part of the intestinal tube where the pancreatic juice enters it to mix with the alimentary matters4 #c4 ,in disorders of the pancreas1 we find that the fatty matters1 contained in the food1 pass entire in the evacuations4 ,the above is an extract from the report of a body composed of several members of the ,french ,academy of ,sciences4 ,m4 ,bernard 7continues the report7 has exhibited to us the first of these experiments1 and has furnished us with the means of repeating it with the several varieties of the gastric juice4 ,we have not the slightest doubt on the subject4 ,it is incontestable that fatty substances are converted into an emulsion by this juice1 in a manner easy and persistent1 and it is no less true that the saliva1 the gastric juice1 and the bile are destitute of this property4 ,the second demonstration can be given in various modes2 but the author has discovered1 in the peculiar arrangement of the digestive apparatus of the rabbit1 an unexceptional means of obtaining it with the greatest precision1 and at will4 ,the pancreatic juice enters the intestinal tube of this animal about fourteen inches below the point where the bile is poured in4 ,now1 as long as the food is above the region where it mixes with the pancreatic juice1 there appears to be no formation and separation of a milky chyle2 nothing shows that the fatty matters are reduced to an emulsion4 ,on the contrary1 as soon as the pancreatic juice mixes with the alimentary matters1 we observe the fat to be converted into an emulsion1 and a milky chyle to fill the corresponding lacteals4 ,nothing can give an idea of the result of these experiments1 which have all the accuracy of a chemical operation performed in the laboratory1 and all the beauty of the most perfect injection4 ,we are not1 therefore1 surprised that divers pathological cases1 hitherto imperfectly understood1 should come to confirm the views of ,m4 ,bernard1 by proving that1 in diseases of the pancreas1 fatty matters have been observed to pass unchanged in the dejections4 ,the committee cannot hesitate to conclude that the author has perfectly demonstrated his physiological propositions2 that he has completed the general characters of the theory of digestion1 and that he has made known the mode of formation of the fatty matter of the chyle1 and the manner of the digestion of the fatty matters4 ,the ,kidneys4--,their office is1 to secrete from the blood the useless or excrementitious fluids in the form of urine4 ,when the skin is obstructed1 the secretion is augmented1 and profuse perspiration lessens it4 ,from a cavity in the centre of each kidney a canal or tube proceeds1 by which the urine is conveyed into the bladder4 ,these tubes are named ureters4 ,as the ureters enter the bladder1 they pass forward1 a short distance between its coats2 which effectually prevents the urine from taking a retrograde course4 ,the urine is expelled by the muscular power which the bladder possesses of contracting upon its contents4 ,,respiration ,,and ,,structure ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4 ,the organs of respiration are the larynx1 the trachea1 or windpipe1 bronchia1 and the lungs4 ,the air is expelled from the lungs principally by the action of the muscles of respiration2 and when these relax1 the lungs expand by virtue of their own elasticity4 ,this may be exemplified by means of a sponge1 which may be compressed into a small compass by the hand1 but1 upon opening the hand1 the sponge returns to its natural size1 and all its cavities become filled with air4 ,the purification of the blood in the lungs is of vital importance1 and indispensably necessary to the due performance of all the functions2 for if they be in a diseased state1--either tuberculous1 or having adhesions to the pleura1 their function will be impaired2 the blood will appear black2 loaded with carbon2 and the phlebotomizer will have the very best 7worst7 excuse for taking away a few quarts with a view of purifying the remainder6 ,the trachea1 or windpipe1 after dividing into smaller branches1 called bronchia1 again subdivides into innumerable other branches1 the extremities of which are composed of an infinite number of small cells1 which1 with the ramifications of veins1 arteries1 nerves1 and connecting membranes1 make up the whole mass or substance of the lungs4 ,the internal surface of the windpipe1 bronchia1 and air-cells1 is lined with a delicate membrane1 highly organized with blood-vessels1 c4 ,the whole is invested with a thin1 transparent membrane--a continuation of that lining the chest1 named pleura4 ,it also covers the diaphragm1 and1 by a duplication of its folds1 forms a separation between the lobes of the lungs4 ,,circulation ,,of ,,the ,,blood4 ,the blood contains the elements for building up1 supplying the waste of1 and nourishing the whole animal economy4 ,on making an examination of the blood with a microscope1 it is found full of little red globules1 which vary in their size and shape in different animals1 and are more numerous in the warm than in the cold-blooded4 ,probably this arises from the fact that the latter absorb less oxygen than the former4 ,when blood stands for a time after being drawn1 it separates into two parts4 ,one is called serum1 and resembles the white of an egg2 the other is the clot1 or crassamentum1 and forms the red coagulum1 or jelly-like substance4 ,this is accompanied by whitish tough threads1 called fibrine4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,heart ,,viewed ,,externally4 a1 the left ventricle2 b1 the right ventricle2 c1 e1 f1 the aorta2 g1 h1 i1 the carotid and other arteries springing from the aorta2 k1 the pulmonary artery2 l1 branches of the pulmonary artery in the lungs2 m1 m1 the pulmonary veins emptying into the left auricle2 n1 the right auricle2 o1 the ascending vena cava2 q1 the descending vena cava2 r1 the left auricle2 s1 the coronary vein and artery4 7,see ,circulation of the ,blood1 on the opposite page47 ,when blood has been drawn from an animal1 and it assumes a cupped or hollow form1 if serum1 or buffy coat1 remains on its surface1 it denotes an impoverished state2 but if the whole1 when coagulated1 be of one uniform mass1 it indicates a healthy state of that fluid4 ,the blood of a young animal1 provided it be in health1 coagulates into a firm mass1 while that of an old or debilitated one is generally less dense1 and more easily separated4 ,the power that propels the blood through the different blood-vessels is a mechanico-vital power1 and is accomplished through the involuntary contractions and relaxations of the heart2 from certain parts of which arteries arise1 in other parts veins terminate4 7,see ,plate47 ,the heart is invested with a strong membranous sac1 called pericardium1 which adheres to the tendinous centre of the diaphragm1 and to the great vessels at its superior portion4 ,the heart is lubricated by a serous fluid1 secreted within the pericardium1 for the purpose of guarding against friction4 ,when an excess of fluid accumulates within the sac1 it is termed dropsy of the heart4 ,the heart is divided into four cavities1 viz41 two auricles1 named from their resemblance to an ear1 and two ventricles1 7as seen at a1 b17 forming the body4 ,the left ventricle is smaller than the right1 yet its walls are much thicker and stronger than those of the latter3 it is from this part that the large trunk of the arteries proceed1 called the great aorta4 ,the right cavity1 or ventricle1 is the receptacle for blood returned by the venous structure after having gone the rounds of the circulation2 the veins terminating1 as they approach the heart1 in a single vessel1 called vena cava1 7see plate1 o1 q1 ascending and descending portion47 ,the auricle on the left side of the heart receives the blood that has been distributed through the lungs for purification4 ,where the veins terminate in auricles1 there are valves placed1 to prevent the blood from returning4 ,for example1 the blood proceeds out of the heart along the aorta2 the valve opens upwards2 the blood also moves upwards1 and raises the valve1 and passes through2 the pressure from above effectually closes the passage4 ,the valves of the heart are composed of elastic cartilage1 which admits of free motion4 ,they sometimes1 however1 become ossified4 ,the heart and its appendages are1 like other parts of the system1 subject to various diseases1 which are frequently very little understood1 yet often fatal4 ,now1 the blood1 having passed through the veins and vena cava1 flows into the right auricle2 and this1 when distended1 contracts1 and forces its contents into the right ventricle1 which1 contracting in its turn1 propels the blood into the pulmonary arteries1 whose numerous ramifications bring it in contact with the air-cells of the lungs4 ,it then1 being deprived of its carbon1 assumes a crimson color4 ,having passed through its proper vessels1 it accumulates in the left auricle4 ,this also contracts1 and forces the blood through a valve into the left ventricle4 ,this ventricle then contracts in its turn1 and the blood passes through another valve into the great aorta1 to go the round of the circulation and return in the manner just described4 ,many interesting experiments have been made to estimate the quantity of blood in an animal4 ,the weight of a dog1 says ,mr4 ,percival1 being ascertained to be seventy-nine pounds1 a puncture was made with the lancet into the jugular vein1 from which the blood was collected4 ,the vein having ceased to bleed1 the carotid artery of the same side was divided1 but no blood came from it2 in a few seconds afterwards1 the animal was dead4 ,the weight of the carcass was now found to be seventy-three and a half pounds2 consequently it had sustained a loss of five and a half pounds--precisely the measure of the blood drawn4 ,it appears from this experiment1 that an animal will lose about one fifteenth part of its weight of blood before it dies2 though a less quantity may so far debilitate the vital powers1 as to be1 though less suddenly1 equally fatal4 ,in the human subject1 the quantity of blood has been computed at about one eighth part of the weight of the body2 and as such an opinion has been broached from the results of experiments on quadrupeds1 we may fairly take that to be about the proportion of it in the horse2 so that if we estimate the weight of a horse to be thirteen hundred and forty-four pounds1 the whole quantity of blood will amount to eighty-four quarts1 or one hundred and sixty-eight pounds2 of which about forty-five quarts1 or ninety pounds1 will commonly flow from the jugular vein prior to death2 though the loss of a much less quantity will deprive the animal of life4 ,,remarks ,,on ,,blood-,,letting4 ,the author has been1 for several years1 engaged in a warfare against the use of the lancet in the treatment of the various diseases of animals4 ,when this warfare was first commenced1 the prospect was poor indeed4 ,the lancet was the great anti-phlogistic of the allopathic school2 it had powerful1 talented1 and uncompromising advocates1 who had been accustomed to resort to it on all occasions1 from the early settlement of ,america up to that period4 ,the great mass had followed in the footsteps of their predecessors1 supposing them to be infallible4 ,men and animals were bled2 rivers of blood have been drawn from their systems2 yet they often got well1 and men looked upon the lancet as one of the blessings of the age1 when1 in fact1 it is the greatest curse that ever afflicted this country3 it has produced greater losses to owners of domestic animals than did ever pestilence or disease4 ,a few philanthropic practitioners have1 from time to time1 in other countries1 as well as in this1 labored during their life1 and on their death-bed1 to convince the world of the destructive tendency of blood-letting in human practice2 but none that we know of ever had the moral courage to wage a general warfare against the practice in the veterinary department1 until we commenced it4 ,we have met with great success1 and have given the blood-letting gentry who practise it at the present day 7just to please their employers or to make out a case7 a partial quietus3 in a few more years1 unless they abandon their false theories1 their occupation1 notwithstanding their pretensions to cure secundum artem1 will1 like ,othello's1 be gone4 ,but we are not writing for doctors4 ,our business is with the farmers--the lords of creation4 ,the former are mere lords of pukes and purges2 they1 like the farmers1 have the materials1 however1 to mould themselves into men of common sense2 but the fact is1 they are hide-bound2 they want a national sweat1 to rid their systems1 especially their upper works1 of the theories of ,sydenham and ,paracelsus1 which have shipwrecked many thousands of the medical profession4 ,they shut their eyes to the results of medical reform1 and cling1 with all their soul1 and with all their might1 worthy a better cause1 to a system that always was false4 ,lord ,byron1 like many other learned men1 was well acquainted with the impotency of the healing art1 and held the lancet in utter abhorrence3 when beset1 day and night1 to be bled1 the bard1 in an angry tone1 exclaimed1 ,you are1 ,i see1 a d----d set of butchers2 take away as much blood as you like4 ,we seized the opportunity1 says ,dr4 ,milligan1 and drew twenty ounces2 yet the relief did not correspond to the hopes we had formed4 ,on the #agth1 the bleeding was twice repeated1 dangerous symptoms still increasing1 and on the #aith he expired1 just about bled to death4 ,washington1 a man whose name is dear to every ,american1 died from the effects of an evil system of medication4 ,he was attacked with croup3 his physician bled him1 and gave him calomel and antimony4 ,the next day1 physicians were called in1 7to share the responsibility of the butchery17 and he was subjected to two more copious bleedings3 in all he lost ninety ounces of blood4 ,which of our readers1 at the present day1 would submit to such unwarrantable barbarity8 ,we just said we were not writing for doctors2 yet we find ourselves off the track in thus administering a small dose1 as a sample of good and efficient treatment4 ,in reference to the success attending our labors in veterinary reform1 we do not claim the whole credit3 much of it is due to the intelligence of the ,american farmers1 in appreciating the value and importance of a safer and a more effectual system of medication2 such a system as we advocate4 ,they have witnessed the results attending the practice of cattle doctors generally1 and they have seen the results of our sanative system of medication1 and a great majority in ,massachusetts have decided in favor of the latter4 ,we have demonstrated to the satisfaction of our patrons1 and we are ready and willing to repeat our experiments on diseased animals for the satisfaction of others1 in showing that we can restore an animal1 when suffering under acute attacks of disease1 in a few hours1 when1 by the popular method1 it takes weeks and months1 if indeed they ever recover from the effects of the destructive agents used4 ,we are told that horses and cattle are bled and get well immediately4 ,this may apply to some cases2 but1 in very many instances1 the animals are sent for a few weeks to ,dr4 ,green1#a to put them in the same condition they were at the time of bleeding4 ,but suppose that some animals do get well after bleeding2 is it thus proved that more would not get well if no blood were drawn from any8 ,a cow may fall down1 and1 in so doing1 lacerate her muscles1 blood-vessels1 c41 and lose a large quantity of blood4 ,she may get well1 in spite of the violence and loss of blood4 ,so we say of blood-letting1 if the abstraction of a certain number of gallons of blood will kill a strong animal1 then the abstraction of a small quantity must injure it proportionately4 ,there is in the animal economy a power1 called the vital principle1 which always operates in favor of health4 ,if the provocation be gentle1 and does not seriously derange the machinery1 then this power may overcome both it and any disease the animal may at the time labor under4 ,for example1 a horse falls down in the street1 perhaps laboring under a temporary congestion of the brain3 now1 if he were let alone until nature has restored an equilibrium of the circulating fluid and nervous action1 he would soon get up and proceed on his way1 as many thousands do when a knife or lancet is not to be had4 ,but1 unfortunately1 people are too hasty4 ,the moment a beast has fallen1 they are bound to have him on his perpendiculars in double quick time4 ,the teamster cannot wait for nature2 she is too slow a coach for him4 ,he tries what virtue there is in the whip2 this failing1 he obtains a knife1 if one is to be had1 and starts the blood4 ,by this time1 nature1 about resuming her empire1 causes the horse to show signs of returning animation1 and the credit is awarded to the blood-starter4 ,animals are often bled when diseased1 and the prominent symptoms that previously marked the character of the malady disappear1 or give place to symptoms of another order1 less evident1 and men have supposed that a cure is effected1 when1 in fact1 they have just sown the seeds of a future disease4 ,we are not bound to prove1 in every case1 how an animal gets well after two or three repeated bleedings4 ,it is enough for us to prove that this operation always tends to death1 which can easily be produced by opening the carotid artery of an animal4 ,permit us1 dear reader1 at this stage of our article1 to observe1 that confession is good for the soul4 ,we mean to put it in practice4 ,so here goes4 ,we plead guilty to bleeding1 blistering1 calomelizing1 narcotizing1 antimonializing1 a great number of patients of the human kind4 ,we did it in our verdant days1 because it was so scientific and popular1 and because we had been taught to reverence the stereotyped practice of the allopathists4 ,we have1 however1 done penance1 and sought forgiveness2 and through the aid of a few men1 devoted to medical reform1 we have been washed in the regenerating waters flowing through the vineyard of reason and experience1 and now advocate and observe the self-regulating powers of the laws of life4 ,on the other hand1 we are free from the charge of bleeding or poisoning domestic animals1 and can say1 with a clear conscience1 that we have never drawn a drop of blood from a four-footed creature1 7except in surgical operations1 when it could not be avoided27 neither will we1 under any circumstances1 resort to the lancet2 for we are convinced that blood-letting is a powerful depressor of the vital powers4 ,blood is the fuel that keeps the lamp of life burning2 if the fuel be withdrawn1 the light is extinguished4 ,professor ,lobstein says1 ,so far from blood-letting being beneficial1 it is productive of the most serious consequences--a cruel practice1 and a scourge to humanity4 ,how many thousands are sent by it to an untimely grave6 ,without blood there is no heat1 no motion in the body4 ,dr4 ,reid says1 ,if the employment of the lancet was abolished altogether1 it would perhaps save annually a greater number of lives than pestilence ever destroyed4 ,the fact of blood-letting having been practised by horse and cattle doctors from time immemorial is certainly not a clear proof of its utility1 nor is it a sufficient recommendation that it may be practised with safety4 ,during my professional career1 the preconceived theories have commanded a due share of consideration2 and1 when weighed in the scale of uninfluenced experience1 they never failed of falling short4 ,if we grant that any deviation from the healthy state denotes debility of one or more functions1 then whatever has a tendency to debilitate further cannot restore the animal to health4 ,the following case will serve to illustrate our position3 ,a horse was brought to be bled1 merely because he had been accustomed to it at that season of the year4 ,i did not examine him minutely2 but as the groom stated there was nothing amiss with him1 ,i directed a moderate quantity of blood to be drawn4 ,about five pints were taken off2 and while the operator was pinning up the wound1 the horse fell4 ,he appeared to suffer much pain1 and had considerable difficulty of breathing4 ,in this state he remained twelve hours1 and then died4 ,judging from the appearances at the post mortem examination1 it is probable that a loss of a moderate quantity of blood caused a fatal interruption of the functions of the heart4 ,it is strange that such cases as these do not open men's eyes1 and compel them to acknowledge that there is something wrong in the medical world4 ,such cases as these furnish us with unanswerable arguments against blood-letting2 for as the blood1 which is the natural stimulus of1 and gives strength to1 the organs1 is withdrawn1 its abstraction leaves all those organs less capable of self-defence4 ,horse and cattle doctors have recommended bleeding when animals have been fed too liberally1 or if their systems abound in morbific matter4 ,now1 the most sensible course would be1 provided the animal had been overfed1 to reduce the quantity of food1 or1 in other words1 remove the cause4 ,if the secretions are vitiated1 or in a morbid state1 then regulate them by the means laid down in this work4 ,for we cannot purify a well of water by abstracting a few buckets2 neither can we purify the whole mass of blood by taking away a few quarts2 for that which is left will still be impure4 ,if the different parts had between them partitions impervious to fluids1 then there would be some sense in drawing out of the vessels over-filled2 but unfortunately1 if you draw from one1 you draw from all the rest4 ,in every disease wherein bleeding has been used1 complete recovery has been protracted1 and the animal manifests the debility by swelled legs and other unmistakable evidences4 ,in some cases1 however1 the ill effects of the loss of blood1 unless excessive1 are not always immediately perceived2 yet such animals1 in after years1 are subject to staggers1 and diseases of the lungs1 pleura1 and peritoneum4 ,dr4 ,beach says1 ,the blood is properly called the vital fluid1 and the life of a person is said to be in the blood4#b ,we know that just in proportion to the loss of this substance are our vigor and strength taken from us4 ,when taken from the system by accident or the lancet1 it is succeeded by great prostration of strength1 and a derangement of all the functions of the body4 ,these effects are invariably1 in a greater or less degree1 consequent on bleeding4 ,is it not1 then1 reasonable to suppose1 that what will debilitate the strongest constitution in a state of health1 will be attended with most serious evils when applied to a person laboring under any malady8 ,is it not like throwing spirits on a fire to extinguish it8 ,bleeding is resorted to in all inflammatory complaints2 but did practitioners know the nature and design of inflammation1 their treatment would be different4 ,in fever it is produced by an increased action of the heart and arteries1 to expel acrid and noxious humors1 and should be promoted until the irritating matter is dislodged from the system4 ,this should be effected1 in general1 by opening the outlets of the body1 inducing perspiration2 to produce which a preternatural degree of heat or inflammation must be excited by internal remedies4 ,fever is nothing more or less than a wholesome and salutary effort of nature to throw off some morbific matter2 and1 therefore1 every means to lessen this indication proves injurious4 ,bleeding1 in consequence of the debility it produces1 prevents such indication from being fulfilled4 ,the inveterate phlebotomizers recommend and practise bleeding when the animal has too much blood4 ,there may be at times too much blood1 and at others too little2 but suppose there is--has any body found out any better method of reducing what they please to term an excess1 than that of regular exercise in the open air1 combined with a less quantity of fodder than usual8 ,or has any body found out any method of making good healthy blood1 other than the slow process of nature1 as exhibited in the results of digestion1 secretion1 circulation1 and nutrition8 ,have they discovered any artificial means of restoring the blood to its healthful quantity when it is deficient8 ,have they found any means of purifying the blood1 save the healthful operations of nature's secreting and excreting laboratory8 ,finally1 have they found any safety-valve or outlet for the reduction of this excess other than the excrementitious vessels8 ,and if they have1 are they better able to adjust the pressure on that valve than ,he who made the whole machinery1 and knows the relative strength of all its parts8 ,in an article on blood-letting1 found in the ,farmer's ,cyclopaedia1 the author says1 ,in summer1 bleeding is often necessary to prevent fevers4 ,now1 it is evident that nature's preventives are air1 exercise1 food1 water1 and sleep4 ,attention to the rules laid down in this work1 under the heads of ,watering1 ,feeding1 c41 will be more satisfactory and less dangerous than that recommended by the ,cyclopaedia4 ,if the directions given in the latter were fully carried out1 the stock of our farms would be swept away as by the blast of a tornado4 ,such a barbarous system would entail universal misery and degeneracy on all classes of live stock2 and we might then exclaim1 ,they are living1 yet half dead--victims to an inconsistent system of medication6 ,but thanks to a discerning public1 they just begin to see the absurdity and wickedness of draining the system of the living principles4 ,veterinary reform has germinated in the ,new ,england ,states1 and1 in spite of all opposition1 has struck its roots deep into the minds of a class of men who have the means and power to send forth its healing branches1 and apply them to their own interest and the welfare of their stock4 ,the same author continues3 ,some farmers bleed horses three or four times a year4 ,we hope the farmers have too much good sense to follow the wicked example of the former4 ,frequent bleeding is an indirect mode of butchery--killing by inches2 for it gives to the blood-vessels the power to contract and adapt themselves to the measure of blood that remains4 ,it impoverishes the blood1 and leads to hydrothorax1 7accumulation of water in the chest17 and materially shortens life4 ,mackintosh says1 ,some are bled who cannot bear it1 and others who do not require it2 and the result is death4 ,the conservative power of life always operates in favor of health1 and resists the encroachments upon her province with all her might1 and often recovers the dominion2 but by frequent bleedings1 she is exhausted1 and1 on taking a little more blood than usual1 the animal drops down and dies2 and the owner attributes to disease what1 in fact1 is the result of bad treatment4 ,patients who recover after general and copious bleedings have been employed1 may attribute their recovery to the strength of their constitution4 ,if you should ask a modern ,sangrado what was most necessary in the treatment of disease1 doubtless he would reply1 ',bleeding4' ,our modern pathologists1 surgeons and others1 think bleeding the factotum in all maladies2 it is the ne plus ultra1 when drawn in large quantities4 ,blood-letting1 say these authors1 is not only the most powerful and important1 but the most generally used1 of all our remedies4 ,scarcely a case of acute1 or1 indeed1 of chronic1 disease occurs in which it does not become necessary to consider the propriety of having recourse to the lancet4 7887 ,to what extent blood-letting is carried1 in our modern age1 may be learned by reading ,youatt and others1 who recommend it when animals rub themselves1 and the hair falls off2 when the eyes appear dull and languid1 red or inflamed2 in all inflammatory complaints1 as of the brain1 lungs1 kidneys1 bowels1 womb1 bladder1 and joints2 in all bruises1 hurts1 wounds1 and all other accidents2 in cold1 catarrh1 paralysis1 and locked-jaw4 ,yet1 strange to say1 one of these authors qualifies his recommendations as follows3 ,no man1 however wise1 can tell exactly how much blood ought to be taken in a given case4 ,now1 it is well known that the draining of blood from a vein1 though it diminishes the vital resistance1 and lessens the volume of fluids1 does not mend the matter2 for it thus gives to cold and atmospheric agents the ascendant influence4 ,a collapse takes place1 the secretions become impaired1 the animal refuses its food1 looks dumpish1 c4 ,we might continue this article to an indefinite length2 but as we shall1 in the following pages1 have occasion to refer to the use of the lancet as a destructive agent1 we conclude it with the following remarks of an ,english physician3 ,our most valuable remedies against inflammation are but ill adapted for curing that state of disease4 ,they do not act directly on the diseased part2 the action is only indirect2 therefore it is imperfect4 ,bleeding1 the best of any of these remedies1 is in this predicament4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,a piece of pasture land4 #b ,then the life of an animal is also in the blood2 and the same evil consequences follow its abstraction4 ,,efforts ,,of ,,nature ,,to ,,remove ,,disease4 ,nature is ever busy1 by the silent operations of her own forces1 in curing disease4--,dixon4 ,whenever any irritating substance comes in contact with sensitive surfaces1 nature1 or the vis medicatrix naturae1 goes immediately to work to remove the offending cause3 for example1 should any substance lodge on the mucous surface1 within the nostril1 although it be imperceptible1 as often happens when the hay is musty1 it abounds in particles whose specific gravity enables them to float in atmospheric air2 they are then inhaled in the act of respiration1 and nature1 in order to wash off the offending matter1 sends a quantity of fluid to the part4 ,the same process may be observed when a small piece of hay1 or other foreign matter1 shall have fallen into the eye3 the tears then flow in great abundance1 to prevent that delicate organ being injured4 ,when a blister is applied to the surface1 it first excites a genial warmth1 with inflammation of the skin2 and nature1 distressed1 goes instantly to work1 separates the cuticle to form a bag1 interposes serum between the nerves and the offensive matter1 then prepares another cuticle1 that1 when the former1 with the adhering substance1 shall fall off1 the nervous papillae may be again provided with a covering4 ,the same reasoning will apply to the operation of emetics and cathartics2 for not only is the peristaltic motion either greatly quickened or inverted1 according to the urgency of the distress1 but both the mucous glands and the exhalent arteries pour forth their fluids in abundance to wash away the offending matter1 which at one time acts chemically1 at others mechanically4 ,if a horse1 or an ox1 be wounded in the foot with a nail1 and a portion of it is broken off and remains in the wound1 inflammation sets in1 producing suppuration1 and the nail is discharged4 ,a few days ago1 we were called to see a horse1 said to have swelling on the tarsus1 7hock47 ,on an examination1 it proved to be an abscess1 well developed2 the matter could be distinctly felt at the most prominent part4 ,we should certainly have been justified 7at least in the eyes of the medical world2 and then it would have looked so doctor-like67 in displaying a case of instruments and opening the tumor4 ,if ulceration1 gangrene1 c41 set in and the horse ultimately became lame1 no blame could be attached to us1 because the practice is scientific6--recognized by the schools as good and efficient treatment4 ,what was to be done8 ,why1 it was evident that we could not do better than to aid nature4 ,a relaxing1 anti-spasmodic poultice was confined to the parts1 and in six hours after1 the sac discharged its contents1 and with it a piece of splinter two inches in length4 ,the pain immediately ceased1 and the animal is now free from lameness4 ,we here see the design of nature3 the consequent inflammation was to produce suppuration1 and make an outlet for the splinter4 ,professor ,kost says1 ,the laws of all organic life are remarkably peculiar2 they possess1 in an eminent degree1 the power of self-regulation4 ,when interrupted1 disease1 indeed1 supervenes2 but unless the circumstances are particularly unfavorable1 the physiological state will soon be restored4 ,all observation most clearly corroborates this fact4 ,the healing of wounds1 restoration of fractured bones1 expulsion of obtruded substances1 and particularly the manner in which extravasated matter or pus is removed from internal organs1 as in case of abscess in the liver1 in which exit may be gained by ulceration through the parietes1 or by an adhesion to and ulceration into the intestines1 or even by the adhesions to the diaphragm and lungs1 in such a manner as1 by ulceration into the bronchia1 a passage may be gained1 and the pus thus removed by expectoration1--all evince a most singular conservative power4 ,what is most remarkable in cases like the latter1 is1 that the adhesions are so formed as to prevent the escape of the pus into the peritoneal sac1 which accident must inevitably prove fatal4 ,some very interesting experiments have been performed to test the restorative power of the different tissues of the animal body4 ,if a portion of the intestines of a dog be taken out1 and tied1 so as to obstruct completely the passage1 it will be found that the adjacent portions of the intestine will reunite1 the ligature will separate into the canal and be discharged1 and the gut will heal up so as to preserve its normal continuity1 and the animal1 in a fortnight1 will have recovered entirely from the effects of this fearful operation4 ,when noxious or poisonous substances are thrown into any of the cavities of the body from which their escape is impracticable1 a cyst will often form around them1 and they thus become isolated from absorption and the circulation1 so as to prevent their doing harm4 ,the less remarkable instances of this character are of more common occurrence2 and the self-regulating power of the laws of life1 alias vis conservatrix naturae1 is so universally known and depended on1 that it is rare1 indeed1 that indisposed persons take medicine1 until they have first waited at least a little1 to see what nature would do for them2 and they are seldom disappointed1 as it may perhaps be safely asserted1 that nine tenths of all the attacks of disease 7taking the slight indispositions2 for such are most of them1 as they are checked before they become severe7 are warded off by the vital force1 unassisted4 ,such1 then1 are the facts deduced from observing the operations of nature in disease unassisted4 ,dr4 ,beach says1 ,we are well aware1 from what passes in the system daily1 that the ,author of nature has wisely provided a principle which is calculated to remove disease4 ,it is very observable in fevers4 ,no sooner is noxious or morbid matter retained in the system1 than there is an increased action of the heart and arteries1 to eliminate the existing cause from the skin2 or it may pass off by other outlets established for that purpose4 ,with what propriety1 then1 can this provision of nature be denied1 as it is by some8 ,a noted professor in ,philadelphia or ,baltimore ridicules this power in the constitution2 he says to his class1 ',kick nature out of doors4' ,it was this man1 or a brother professor1 who exclaimed to his class1 ',give me mercury in one hand and the lancet in the other1 and ,i am prepared to cope with disease in every shape and form4' ,i have not time to stop here1 and comment upon such palpable and dangerous doctrine4 ,i have only to say1 let the medical historian record this sentiment1 maintained in the highest medical universities in ,america in the nineteenth century4 ,i am pleased1 however1 to observe1 that all physicians do not coincide with such views4 ,,proverbs ,,of ,,the ,,veterinary ,,reformers4 ,the merciful man is merciful to his domestic animals4 ,avoid blood-letting and poisons1 for they are powerful depressors of the vital energies4 ,there are two medical fulcra--reason and experience4 ,experience precedes1 reason follows2 hence1 reasoning not founded on experience avails nothing4 ,he who cures by simples need not seek for compounds4--,villanov4 ,the physician destitute of a knowledge of plants can never properly judge of the power of a plant4--,whitlaw4 ,the vegetable kingdom is the most noble in medicines4--,ibid4 ,innocent medicines1 which approach as near to food as possible1 preserve health1 while chemical compounds destroy it4 ,heroic medicines 7such are antimony1 copper1 corrosive sublimate1 lead1 opium1 hellebore1 arsenic1 belladonna7 are like the sword in the hands of a madman4 ,nature unassisted by art sometimes effects miracles4--,whitlaw4 ,it is the part of a wise physician to decline prescribing in a lost case4--,ibid4 ,whenever there is free1 full circulation of blood1 there is animal heat4 ,if the heat of a part becomes deficient1 the circulation is correspondingly diminished4 ,as soon as voluntary motion in a part ceases1 so soon the circulation becomes enfeebled2 and if continued1 the part will wither and waste away4 ,the strength and health of an animal depend on a due share of exercise1 pure air1 and suitable food4 ,deprive an animal of these1 and he will cease to exist4 ,we believe in the great doctrine that the duty of the physician is to aid nature in protecting herself in the enjoyment of health1 by proper attention to breeding1 rearing1 ventilation1 and proper farm and stable management4 ,the tinsel glitter of fine-spun theory1 or favorite hypothesis1 which prevails wherever allopathy hath been taught1 so dazzles1 flatters1 and charms human vanity and folly1 that1 so far from contributing to the certain and speedy cure of diseases1 it hath1 in every age1 proved the bane and disgrace of healing art4--,graham1 p4 #ae4 ,those physicians generally become the most distinguished who soonest emancipate themselves from the tyranny of the schools of physic4--,,rush4 ,availing ourselves of the privileges we possess1 and animated by the noblest impulses1 let us cordially cooeperate to give to medicine a new direction1 and attempt those great improvements which it imperiously demands4--,ther41 vol4 i4 p4 #ea4 ,it has been proved by allopathists themselves1 that 'a physician should be nature's servant2' that 'bleeding tends directly to subdue nature's efforts2' that 'all poisons suddenly and rapidly destroy a great proportion of the vitality of the system2' that whatever be the quantity1 use1 or manner of application1 all the influence they inherently possess is injurious1 and that they are not fatal in every instance of their use only because nature overpowers them4--,curtis4 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,concerning ,,the ,,souls ,,of ,,brutes4 ,are these then made in vain8 ,is man alone1 ,of all the marvels of creative love1 ,blest with a scintillation of ,his essence-- ,the heavenly spark of reasonable soul8 ,and hath not yon sagacious dog1 that finds ,a meaning in the shepherd's idiot face2 ,or the huge elephant1 that lends his strength ,to drag the stranded galley to the shore1 ,and strives with emulative pride t' excel ,the mindless crowd of slaves that toil beside him2 ,or the young generous war-horse1 when he sniffs ,the distant field of blood1 and quick and shrill ,neighing for joy1 instils a desperate courage ,into the veteran trooper's quailing heart1-- ,have they not all an evidence of soul1 7,of soul1 the proper attribute of man17 ,the same in kind1 though meaner in degree8 ,why should not that which hath been--be forever8 ,and death1 ,o1 can it be annihilation8 ,no1--though the stolid atheist fondly clings ,to that last hope1 how kindred to despair6 ,no1--'tis the struggling spirit's hour of joy1 ,the glad emancipation of the soul1 ,the moment when the cumbrous fetters drop1 ,and the bright spirit wings its way to heaven6 ,to say that ,god annihilated aught1 ,were to declare that in an unwise hour ,he planned and made somewhat superfluous4 ,why should not the mysterious life that dwells ,in reptiles as in man1 and shows itself ,in memory1 gratitude1 love1 hate1 and pride1 ,still energize1 and be1 though death may crush ,yon frugal ant or thoughtless butterfly1 ,or1 with the simoom's pestilential gale ,strike down the patient camel in the desert8 ,there is one chain of intellectual soul1 ,in many links and various grades1 throughout ,the scale of nature2 from the climax bright1 ,the first great ,cause of all1 ,spirit supreme1 ,incomprehensible1 and unconfined1 ,to high archangels blazing near the throne1 ,seraphim1 cherubim1 virtues1 aids1 and powers1 ,all capable of perfection in their kind2-- ,to man1 as holy from his ,maker's hand ,he stood in possible excellence complete1 7,man1 who is destined now to brighter glories1-- ,as nearer to the present ,god1 in ,one ,his ,lord and ,substitute1--than angels reach27 ,then man has fallen1 with every varied shade ,of character and capability1 ,from him who reads his title to the skies1 ,or grasps1 with giant-mind1 all nature's wonders1 ,down to the monster-shaped1 inhuman form1 ,murderer1 slavering fool1 or blood-stained savage2 ,then to the prudent elephant1 the dog ,half-humanized1 the docile ,arab horse1 ,the social beaver1 and contriving fox1 ,the parrot1 quick in pertinent reply1 ,the kind-affectioned seal1 and patriot bee1 ,the merchant-storing ant1 and wintering swallow1 ,with all those other palpable emanations ,and energies of one ,eternal ,mind ,pervading and instructing all that live1 ,down to the sentient grass and shrinking clay4 ,in truth1 ,i see not why the breath of life1 ,thus omnipresent1 and upholding all1 ,should not return to ,him and be immortal1 7,i dare not say the same17 in some glad state ,originally destined for creation1 ,as well from brutish bodies1 as from man4 ,the uncertain glimmer of analogy ,suggests the thought1 and reason's shrewder guess2 ,yet revelation whispers nought but this1-- ',our ,father careth when a sparrow dies1' ,and that 'the spirit of a brute descends1' ,as to some secret and preserving ,hades4 ,but for some better life1 in what strange sort ,were justice1 mixed with mercy1 dealt to these8 ,innocent slaves of sordid1 guilty man1 ,poor unthanked drudges1 toiling to his will1 ,pampered in youth1 and haply starved in age1 ,obedient1 faithful1 gentle1 though the spur1 ,wantonly cruel1 or unsparing thong1 ,weal your galled hides1 or your strained sinews crack ,beneath the crushing load1--what recompense ,can ,he who gave you being render you1 ,if in the rank1 full harvest of your griefs ,ye sink annihilated1 to the shame ,of government unequal8--,in that day ,when crime is sentenced1 shall the cruel heart ,boast uncondemned1 because no tortured brute ,stands there accusing8 ,shall the embodied deeds ,of man not follow him1 nor the rescued fly ,bear its kind witness to the saving hand8 ,shall the mild ,brahmin stand in equal sin ,regarding nature's menials1 with the wretch ,who flays the moaning ,abyssinian ox1 ,or roasts the living bird1 or flogs to death ,the famishing pointer8--and must these again1 ,these poor1 unguilty1 uncomplaining victims1 ,have no reward for life with its sharp pains8-- ,they have my suffrage3 ,nineveh was spared1 ,though ,jonah prophesied its doom1 for sake ,of sixscore thousand infants1 and 'much cattle2' ,and space is wide enough for every grain ,of the broad sands that curb our swelling seas1 ,each separate in its sphere to stand apart ,as far as sun from sun2 there lacks not room1 ,nor time1 nor care1 where all is infinite4--,tupper4 ,,the ,,reformed ,,practice4 ,,synoptical ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,prominent ,,systems ,,of ,,medicine4 ,some of our readers1 especially the non-medical1 may desire to know what the following remarks1 which appear to apply generally to the human family1 have to do with cattle doctoring4 ,we answer them in the language of ,professor ,percival4 ,the object of the veterinary art is not only congenial with human medicine1 but the very same paths which lead to a knowledge of the diseases of man1 lead also to a knowledge of those of brutes4 ,an accurate examination of the interior parts of their bodies2 a studious survey of the arrangement1 structure1 use1 connection1 and relation of these parts1 and of the laws by which they act2 as also of the nature and properties of the various food and other agents which the earth so liberally provides for their support and cure1--these form1 in a great measure1 the sound and sure foundation of all medical science1 whatever living individual animal be the subject of our consideration4 ,whether we prescribe for a man1 horse1 dog1 or cat1 the laws of the animal economy are the same2 and one system1 and that based upon established facts1 is to guide our practice in all4 ,the theory of medicine in the human subject is the theory of medicine in the brute2 it is the application of that theory--the practice alone--that is different4 ,we might as well1 in reference to the principles of each1 attempt to separate surgery from medicine1 as insist that either of these arts1 in theory1 is essentially different from the veterinary3 every day's experience serves to confirm this our belief1 and in showing us how often the diseases of animals arise from the same causes as those of a man1 exhibit the same indications1 and require a similar method of cure4 ,the science of medicine1 like others1 consists of a collection of facts of a common and not a specific character4 ,these1 therefore1 admit of arrangement into different systems1 according to the notions of theorists1 and the various species of philosophy1 brought to bear on the subject4 ,the first regular system was founded by ,hippocrates1 about three hundred and eighty years before ,christ4 ,it was founded upon theory1 and comprised the doctrines of the ancient dogmatic school4 ,its pathology rested upon a supposed change of the humors of the body1 particularly the blood and bile2 and here are the first elements of the 'humoral pathology4' ,its remedial intentions were founded upon the existence of the 'vis conservatrix' et 'medicatrix naturae2' and1 although often maintaining direct antipathic principles of action1 it rested mainly on physo-dynamic influence for the accomplishment of its therapeutic purposes4 ,about two hundred and ninety years before ,christ1 ,philinus of ,cos introduced the ancient ,empiric ,system1 which was founded upon experience and observation4 ,about one hundred years before the ,christian era1 the ,methodic ,system was introduced by ,asclepiades of ,bithynia4 ,this system was got up with an avowed opposition to that of ,hippocrates1 which was called 'a study of death4' ,themison of ,laodicea1 pupil of ,asclepiades1 gives an exposition of the fundamental principles of the methodic system2 and it seems that all physiological and pathological action was considered to be dependent upon the strictum and laxum of the organic pores1 or increased and decreased secretion1 and that all medicines act only on two principles1 i4 e41 by inducing contraction and relaxation1 or an increase and decrease of the secretions4 ,it would seem that1 in the first century of the ,christian era1 the methodic system was divided into various subordinate ones--the ,pneumatic1 ,episynthetic1 and ,eclectic4 ,the pneumatic system1 which was the most popular of the fragments of the methodic1 was most indebted to ,athenaeus of ,attalia for its successful introduction4 ,this system contemplated the doctrine of the ,stoics1 which recognized the existence of a spirit governing and directing every thing1 and which1 when offended1 would produce disease2 hence the name pneumatic4 ,the indications of cure were more moral than physical4 ,fire1 air1 water1 c41 were not considered elements1 but their properties--heat1 cold1 dryness1 moisture1 c4--were alone entitled to the name4 ,in the second century1 the ,galenic ,system was founded by ,claudius ,galenus4 ,this might1 indeed1 only be considered the revival of the dogmatic or ,hippocratean system4 ,galen professed to have selected what he found valuable from all the prevailing systems1 and has embraced the elements and ruling spirit of the pneumatic school4 ,thus he explained the operation of medicines by reference to their elementary qualities1--that is1 heat1 cold1 dryness1 and moisture1--of each of which he admitted four degrees4 ,but he was governed by a prevailing partiality for the system of ,hippocrates1 which1 he states1 was either misunderstood or misrepresented by all theorists1 ever since the establishment of the empiric and methodic schools4 ,he devoted most of his time to commenting upon and embellishing it1 and thus again established a system1 founded on reason1 observation1 and sound induction1 which maintained its character1 without a rival1 for more than one thousand five hundred years4 ,near the middle of the sixteenth century1 ,paracelsus introduced the ,chemical ,system4 ,this was strongly opposed by ,bellonius and ,riverius1 who maintained the doctrine of ,hippocrates and ,galen4 ,but the presumptuous ,paracelsus burned1 'in solemn state1' the works of the ancients2 and being succeeded by the indefatigable ,van ,helmont1 the whole science of medicine was overwhelmed by the mysticism of the alchemical doctrines and languages4 ,the chemical theory1 in the main1 rejects the influence1 or even the existence1 of the vis medicatrix naturae1 and explains all physiological1 pathological1 and therapeutic operations upon abstract chemical laws4 ,thus chemical or inorganic agents1 and many of the most virulent poisons1 as arsenic1 mercury1 antimony1 c41 were placed among the most prominent remedies4 ,soon after the introduction of the chemical system1 medical science1 if we make one exception1 became less eccentric1 but much less marked for the permanency of its systems4 ,boerhaave ingeniously blended most of the prominent doctrines of the ,galenic and chemical systems2 and by an application of several of the newly-developed natural sciences1 especially mathematics and natural philosophy1 he led his successors into a more even path and fixed method of investigation2 for no more do we find any abstract physical laws the sole basis of a system4 ,but these were the highest honors allowed ,boerhaave2 his particular system was soon subverted by ,stahl1 who proved the supreme superintendence of an immaterial1 vital principle1 corresponding to that pointed out by ,hippocrates4 ,to this he ascribes intelligence1 if not moral attributes4 ,hoffman led ,cullen into the path that brought him into the fruitful field of nervous pathology and solidism1 which1 with a modification of ,stahl's ruling immaterial essence1 formed the groundwork of his admired system4 ,if1 now1 we except the eccentricities of ,brown1 comprising his system1 founded on the sthenic and asthenic diathesis1 we find little interruption to the general prevalence of the ,cullenian system1 till nearly the present juncture4 ,the succeeding authors1 colleges1 and medical societies have only modified and amplified the general theory1 and regulated the practice into a comparative uniformity1 which now constitutes the popular ,allopathic ,system4 ,but notwithstanding the comparatively settled state of medical science1 it could not be supposed that in this remarkable age of improvement1 while all other liberal sciences and arts are progressing as if prosecuted by superhuman agency1 medicine should fail to undergo corresponding improvement4 ,several new systems of medicine date themselves within the last forty years1 viz43 #a4 ,the ,homaeopathic1 introduced by ,hahnemann1 and founded upon the principle1 similia similibus curantur4 #b4 ,the ,botanic1 established by a new class of medical philosophers1 within the last twenty years4 #c4 ,the ,eclectic1 corresponding1 in its essential doctrines1 with the ancient eclectic system4 ,,creed ,,of ,,the ,,reformers4 ,we believe that a perfect system of medical science is that which never allows disease to exist at all2 which prevents disease1 instead of curing it1 by means of a perfect hygienic system1 proper modes of life1 attention to diet1 ventilation1 and exercise4 ,we believe that the next best system is that which1 after disease has made its appearance1 promptly meets its development by the use of such agencies as are perfectly in harmony with the laws of life and health1 and physiological in their action2 such1 for example1 as water1 air1 heat and cold1 friction1 food1 drink1 and medicines that are not usually regarded as poisons1 and are known to prove congenial to the animal constitution4 ,we have no attachment to any remedy which experience shows unsafe2 but1 on the contrary1 we rejoice in the success of every attempt to substitute sanative for disease-creating agents1 and believe that a number of the articles which are still occasionally used in the old school1 will in time become obsolete1 as medical science progresses4 ,we hold that our opposition to any course of medical treatment should be in proportion to the mischief it produces1 entirely irrespective of medical theories4 ,hence our hostility to the lancet4 ,we do not profess to know more about anatomy1 physiology1 surgery1 c41 than our allopathic brethren2 but the superiority which our system claims over others is1 in the main1 to be found in our therapeutic agents1 all of which are harmless1 safe1 and efficient4 ,while they arouse the energies of nature to resist the ravages of disease1 they act harmoniously with the vital principle1 in the restoration of the system from a pathological to the physiological state4 ,,true ,,principles4 ,our objection to the old school1 says ,professor ,curtis1 has ever been1 that they not only have no true principles to guide their practice1 but they have adopted1 fixed1 and obstinately adhered to principles the very reverse of the true4 ,they have resolved that1 in disease1 nature turns a somerset--reverses all her normal laws1 and requires them to do the same4 ,they have decreed that the best means and processes to cure the sick are those which will most speedily kill them when in health4 ,in the face of all reason and common sense1 they have adhered to this doctrine and practice for the last three centuries1 and they have been constrained to confess that the destruction they have produced on human life and health has far exceeded all that has been effected by the sword1 pestilence1 and famine4 ,still they obstinately persevere4 ,they say their science is progressive--improving2 yet its progression consists in contriving new ways and means to take part of the life's blood1 and poison all the balance4 ,medicine1 being based on the laws of nature1 is in itself an exact science2 and every process of the act should be directed by those laws4 ,medicine is a demonstrative science1 and all its processes should be based on fixed laws1 and be governed by positive inductions4 ,then1 and not till then1 will it deserve to be ranked among the exact sciences1 and contemplated as a liberal art4 ,truth is stationary2 it never progresses4 ,what was true in principle in the days of ,adam is so still4 ,to talk of progress in principle is ridiculous4 ,neither does a given practice progress4 ,that which was ever intrinsically good is so still4 ,to talk1 then1 of the progress in principles of medicine is absurd4 ,we may learn the truth or error of principles1 and the comparative value or worthlessness of practices2 but the principles are still the same4 ,this is our progress in knowledge1 not the progress of science or art4 ,the constant changes that have taken place in the adoption and rejection of various principles and practices have ever been an injury to the healing art4 ,both truth and falsehood1 separately and combined1 have been alternately received and rejected2 and this is that progress which is made in a circle1 and not in lines direct4 ,the fault of the cultivators of medicine has been1 not that they never discovered the truth nor adopted the right practice1 but that they adopted wrong principles and practices as often as the right1 and rejected the right as readily as the wrong4 ,they have ever been ready to prove many1 if not all things2 but to cast off the bad and hold fast to the good1 they seem to have had but little discrimination and power4 ,they say truly1 that the object of the healing art is to aid nature in the prevention and cure of her diseases2 yet1 in practice1 they do violence to nature in the use of the lancet and poison4 ,we are told by the professors of allopathy that their medicines constitute a class of deadly poisons1 7see ,pocket ,pharmacopoeia27 that1 when given with a scientific hand1 in small doses1 they cure disease4 ,we deny their power to cure4 ,if antimony1 corrosive sublimate1 c41 ever proved destructive1 they always possess that power1 and can never be used with any degree of assurance that they will make a sick animal well4 ,on the other hand1 we have abundant every-day evidence of their ability to make a well animal sick at any time4 ,what difference does it make whether poisons are given with a scientific or an unscientific hand8 ,does it alter the tendency which all poisons possess1 namely1 that of rapidly depriving the system of vitality8 ,the veterinary science was ushered into existence by men who practised according to the doctrines of the theoretical schools4 ,we may trace it in its infancy when1 in ,england1 in the year #aghh1 it was rocked in the cradle of allopathy by ,sainbel1 its texture varying to suit the skill of ,clark1 ,lawrence1 ,field1 ,blaine1 and ,coleman2 yet with all their amount of talent and wisdom1 their pupils must acknowledge that the melancholy triumph of disease over its victims clearly evinces that their combined stock of knowledge is insufficient to perfect the veterinary science4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,bell says1 ,anatomy is the basis of medical skill2 yet1 in another part of his work he says1 ,it enables the physician to ,,guess at the seat1 or causes1 or consequences of disease6 ,this is what we propose hereafter to call the science--the science of guessing6 ,if such is the immense mortality in ,england1 7amounting1 as ,mr4 ,youatt states1 in loss of cattle1 alone1 to #ej1jjj1jjj17--;a country that boasts of her veterinary institutions1 and embraces within her medical halo some of the brightest luminaries of the present century1--what1 we ask1 is the mortality in the ,united ,states1 where the veterinary science scarcely has an existence1 and where not one man in a hundred can tell a disease of the bowels from one of the lungs8 ,profiting by the experience of these men1 we are in hopes to build up a system of practice that will stand a tower of strength amid the rude shock of medical theories4 ,we have discovered that the lancet is a powerful depressor of vitality1 and that poisons derange1 instead of producing1 healthy action4 ,that they are generally resorted to in this country1 no one will deny1 and often by men who are unacquainted with the nature of the destructive agents they making use of4 ,hence our business1 as reformers1 is to expose error1 and disseminate true principles4 ,in doing so1 we must be guided by the light of reason1 and interpret aright the doctrines of nature as they are written by the ,creator on the tablets of the whole universe1 animate and inanimate4 ,in our reformed practice1 we have true principles to guide us1 which no man can controvert2 for they are based on the recognition of a curative power in nature1 identical with the vital principle1 and governed by the same laws that control its action in the healthy state4 ,while1 therefore1 this system must not change1 it may improve2 and while it remains on the same foundation1 it should progress4 ,the necessity of aiding nature1 in all our modes of medication1 is the only true principle which should guide us4 ,this we do by the aid of medicines known to be harmless1 at the same time paying proper attention to diet1 ventilation1 exercise1 c41 rejecting all processes of cure that depress the vital energy1 or destroy the equilibrium of its action4 ,our reformed principles teach us that1 ,fever is the same in its essential character1 under all circumstances and forms which it exhibits4 ,the different kinds1 as they are called1 are but varieties of the same condition1 produced by variations in the prevailing cause1 or the strength of vital resistance1 or some other peculiarity of the patient4 ,facts in abundance might be stated to justify this position4 ,again1 fever is not to be regarded as disease1 but as a sanative effort2 in other words1 as an increased or excited state of vital action1 whose tendency is to remove from the system any agents or causes that would effect its integrity4 ,or1 perhaps1 it might be more properly said1 that fever is the effect1 or symptom1 of accumulated vital action--an index pointing to the progress of causes1 operating to ward off disease and restore health4 ,our indications of cure and modes of treatment are to be learned from those manifestations of the vital operations uniformly witnessed in the febrile state4 ,if fever marks the action of the healing power of nature1 which we must copy to be successful1 why should we not consult the febrile phenomena for our rule of action8 ,now1 what are the indications of cure which we derive from this source8 ,in other words1 what are the results which nature designs to accomplish through the instrumentality of fever8 ,they are1 an equilibrium of the circulation1 a properly-proportioned action of all the organs1 and an increased depuration of the system1 principally by cutaneous evacuations4 ,suppose the resistance of some local obstruction1 as1 for example1 an accumulation of partly digested food in the manyplus of the ox1 and1 for want of a due portion of the gastric fluids to soften the mass and prevent friction1 it irritates the mucous covering of the laminae4 ,the result is inflammation1 7local fever17 then general excitement1 manifested in an increased state of the circulation generally4 ,the consequences of this general excitement of the mass of the circulation are1 a more equal distribution of the blood1 and the stimulation of every organ to do a part1 according to its capacity1 in removing disease4 ,in such cases1 the cattle doctors1 generally1 suppose that the inflammation is confined to the part1 7manyplus27 yet it is evident that nature has marshalled her forces and produced a like action on the external surface4 ,how can we prove that this is the case8 ,by the heat1 and red surfaces of the membrane lining the nostril1 by the accelerated pulse1 thirst1 c4 ,without heat there is no vitality in the system4 ,now1 if the surface be hot1 it proves that a large quantity of blood is sent there for the purpose of relieving the deranged internal organ4 ,hence the reader will perceive1 that the cattle doctor whose creed is1 ,the more fever1 the more blood-letting1 must be one of the greatest opponents nature has to deal with4 ,then it is no wonder that so many cattle1 sheep1 and oxen die of fever4 ,the practice of purging1 in such a case1 would be almost as destructive as the former2 for many articles used as purges act on the mucous surfaces of the alimentary canal as mechanical irritants4 ,nature would1 in this case1 have to recall her forces from the surface1 and concentrate them in the vicinity of parts where they were not wanted1 had not man's interference conflicted with her well-planned arrangement1 and made her turn a somerset4 ,when the increased action and heat are manifested on the surface1 does it not prove that the different organs are acting harmoniously in self-defence8 ,and is not this action manifested through the same channels in a state of health8 ,then why call it disease8 ,if obstructions exist as the cause of fever1 will the mode of evacuation be different from that of health8 ,certainly not4 ,hence the marked tendency of fever to evacuation by the skin or the bowels2 the former by perspiration1 and the latter by diarrhoea4 ,fever1 then1 is a vital action1 and the reformers have correct principles4 ,on the other hand1 the allopathists tell us that they know very little about fever1 but that it is disease1 and they treat it as such2 hence1 then1 five1 ten1 and fourteen days' fever1 and often the death of the patient4 ,our treatment is not directed with a view of combating the fever3 we generally aid it by following the indications which it presents2 and we often find it necessary1 although the surface of the animal shall be hot1 and feverish symptoms appear1 to use stimulants1 7not alcoholic17 combined with antispasmodics and relaxants4 7,see ,stimulants1 in the ,,appendix47 ,this class of medicines1 aided by warmth and moisture1 favors the cutaneous exhalation1 and promotes the free and full play of all the functions4 ,that the allopathist has but few principles to guide him is evident from the following quotations3-- ,veterinary surgeon ,haycock says1 ,the profession may flatter itself that it is advancing3 for my part1 however1 ,i see little or no advancement4 ,our labors1 for the last ten years1 have been little more than a repetition of what has gone before4 ,our books are things of shreds and patches2 the system which is followed in the investigation of disease1 in the treatment of disease1 and in the reporting of it1 is altogether so crude and barbarous1 that ,i am thoroughly ashamed of the whole matter4 ,i have heard much noise about a charter1 which1 we presume1 means a charter by which men may be licensed to kill secundum artem1 and 'no questions ,,asked1' the clamor of which may be compared to the rattling of peas in a dried bladder1 or to a storm in a horse-pond4 ,i have also read much which has been said about the spirit of this charter4 ,until ,i am convinced that it is the best term which can be applied to it1 verily the whole is a spirit2 for no one1 ,i am persuaded1 has ever yet discovered the substance4#c ,it is not charters that we want1 but it is that quiet spirit of earnestness which characterizes the true laborer on science4 ,we require men who will labor for the advancement of the profession from the pure love of the thing2 we want1 in fact1 a few ,john ,fields1 or men who know how to work1 and who are possessed of the will to do it4 ,we hear a great deal said about sending young men from this country to ,europe to acquire the principles of the veterinary art1 with a view to public teaching4 ,now1 it appears to us that the ,united ,states can boast of as great a number of talented physicians1 as well qualified to soon learn and understand the fundamental principles of the veterinary art1 as their brethren of the old world4 ,there is no country1 probably1 that can boast of such an amount of talent1 in every department of literature and art1 in proportion to the population1 as the ,united ,states4 ,we know that the veterinary art1 with one exception1 had its existence from human practitioners1 received their fostering care and attention1 and grew with their growth4 ,have we not the materials1 then1 in this country1 to educate and qualify young men to practise this important branch of science8 ,most certainly4 ,just send a few to us1 for example1 and if we do not impart to them a better system of medication than that practised in ,europe1 by which they will be enabled to treat disease with more success and less deaths1 then we will agree to throw physic to the dogs1 and abandon our profession4 ,the greatest part of the most valuable time of the students of veterinary medicine is devoted to the study of pathology1 in such a manner as to afford little instruction4 ,for example1 we are told that in ,bright's disease of the kidneys they have detected albumen4 ,what does this amount to8 ,does it throw any rational light on the treatment other than that proposed by us1 of toning up the animal1 and restoring the healthy secretions8 ,they have studied pathology to their hearts' content2 yet any intelligent farmer in this country1 with a few simple herbs1 can beat them at curing disease4 ,we would give details1 were it necessary4 ,suffice it to say1 that it is done here every day1 and often through the aid of a little thoroughwort tea1 or other harmless agent4 ,the pathologist may discover alterations in tissues1 in the blood1 and the various organs1 and tell us that herein lie the cause and seat of disease2 yet these changes themselves are but results1 and preceding these were other manifestations of disorder2 therefore pathology must always be imperfect1 because it is a science of consequences4 ,the most powerful microscopes have been used to discover the seat of disease2 yet this has not taught us to cure one single disease hitherto incurable4 ,the old school boast that their whole system of blood-letting1 purging1 and poisoning is based on enlightened experience6 yet their victims have often discovered1 by dear-bought experience1 7many of whom are now doing penance with ulcerated gums1 rotten teeth1 and foetid breath17 that1 however valuable this experience may be to the ,m4 ,d4's1 they1 the recipients1 have not derived that benefit which they were led to expect would accrue to them4 ,from what has already been written in this work1 the reader1 provided he divests himself of all prejudice1 will perceive that allopathic experience is not to be trusted1 for their principles are false2 hence their experience is also false4 ,professor ,curtis1 to whom we are indebted for much valuable information1 says1 ,do not the old school argue that the most destructive agents in nature may be made to 'aid the vital forces in the removal of disease by the judicious application of them'8 ,does not ,professor ,harrison say1 that the lancet is the great anti-inflammatory agent of the materia medica1 that opium is the magnum ,dei donum 7the great gift of ,god7 for the relief of pain1 and that mercury is the great regulator of all the secretions8 ,anatomy and physiology are now being taught in our public schools4 ,the people will1 ere long1 constitute themselves umpires to decide when doctors disagree4 ,we apprehend it will then be hard work to convince the intelligent and thinking part of the community that poisons and the lancet are sanative agents4 ,,footnote3 #c ,mr4 ,white says1 ,according to the present system of teaching in these chartered institutions1 there is very little benefit to be derived by the student4 ,mr4 ,blane experienced in his own person the results of this imperfect system of teaching4 ,he was sent for to fire a valuable horse1 and gives the following account of it3 ,it was my first essay in firing on my own account1 and fired as ,i was with my wishes to signalize myself1 ,i labored to enter my novitiate with all due honor4 ,the farrier of the village was ordered to attend1 a sturdy old man1 civil enough1 but looking as though impressed with no very high respect for a gentleman farrier's knowledge4 ,the horse was cast1 awkwardly enough1 and secured1 as will appear1 even more so4 ,i1 however1 proceeded to show the superiority of the new over the old schools4 ,i had just then left the veterinary college1 not as a pupil1 but as a teacher1 which ,i only mention to mark the climax4 ,on the very first application of the iron1 up started my patient1 flinging me and my assistants in all directions from him1 while he trotted and snorted round the yard with rope1 c4 at his heels4 ,as may be supposed1 ,i was taken aback1 and might have gone back as ,i came1 had not the old farrier1 with much good humor1 caught the horse round the neck with his arms1 and by some dexterous manoeuvre brought him on his knees2 when1 with a jerk1 as quick as unexpected1 he threw him at once on his side1 when our immediate assistants fixed him1 and we proceeded4 ,it is needless to remark that ,i retired mortified1 and left the village farrier lord of the ascendant4 ,it cannot be doubted that the best operators in this case are always the common country farriers1 who1 from devoting themselves entirely to the occupation1 soon become proficient4 ,this admission on the part of a regular graduate of a veterinary institution of ,london shows that the veterinary science1 as taught at the present day1 is a matter for reproach4 ,the melancholy triumph of disease over its victims shows that the science is mere moonshine2 that1 in regard to its most important object1 the cure of disease1 it is mere speculation1 rich in theory1 but poverty-stricken in its results4 ,hence we have not only proof that the ,american people will be immense gainers by availing themselves of the labors of reforms1 but1 as interested individuals1 they have great encouragement to favor our more rational system of treatment4 7,for additional remarks on this subject1 see the author's work on the ,horse1 p4 #aje47 ,,inflammation4 ,inflammation has generally been considered the great bugbear of the old school1 and the scarecrow of the cattle doctor4 ,but what do they know about it8 ,let us see4 ,dr4 ,thatcher says1 ,numerous hypotheses or opinions respecting the true nature and cause of inflammation have for ages been advanced1 and for a time sustained2 but even at the present day1 the various doctrines appear to be considered altogether problematical4 ,professor ,percival says1 ,inflammation consists in an increased action of the arteries1 and may be either healthy or unhealthy#d--;a distinction that appears to relate to some peculiarity of the constitution4 ,we find inflammation described by most old school authors as disease1 and they treat it as such4 ,professor ,payne says1 ,a great majority of all the disorders to which the human frame is liable begin with inflammation1 or end in inflammation1 or are accompanied by inflammation in some part of their course1 or resemble inflammation in their symptoms4 ,most of the organic changes in different parts of the body recognize inflammation as their cause1 or lead to it as their effect4 ,in short1 a very large share of the premature extinctions of human life in general is more of less attributable to inflammation4 ,the term inflammation has long been employed by medical men to denote the existence of an unusual degree of redness1 pain1 heat1 and swelling in any of the textures or organs of which the body is composed4 ,professor ,curtis says1 ,but as inflammation sometimes exists without the exhibition of any of these symptoms1 authors have been obliged to describe it by its causes1 in attendant symptoms1 and its effects4 ,it is not more strange than true1 that1 after studying this subject for1 as they say1 four thousand years1 experimenting on it and with it1 and defining it1 the sum of all their knowledge and definitions is this--inflammation in the animal frame is either a simple or compound action1 increased or diminished1 or a cessation of all action2 it either causes1 or is caused1 or is accompanied1 by all the forms of disease to which the body is subject2 it is the only agent of cure in every case in which a cure is effected2 it destroys all that die1 except by accident or old age2 it is both disease itself1 and the only antidote to disease2 it is the pathological principle which lies at the base of all others2 it is that which the profession least of all understand4 ,who believes1 then1 that the science of medicine is based on a sure foundation8 ,the following selections from the allopathic works will prove what is above stated4 ,pure inflammation is rather an effort of nature than a disease2 yet it always implies disease or disturbance1 inasmuch as there must be a previous morbid or disturbed state to make such an effort necessary4--,hunter1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #bic1 #bid4 ,as inflammation is an action produced for the restoration of the most simple injury in sound parts which goes beyond the power of union by the first intention1 we must look upon it as one of the most simple operations in nature1 whatever it may be when arising from disease1 or diseased parts4 ,inflammation is to be considered only a disturbed state of parts1 which requires a new but salutary mode of action to restore them to that state wherein a natural mode of action alone is necessary4 ,therefore inflammation in itself is not to be considered a disease1 but a salutary operation consequent either to some violence or to some disease4--,ibid4 vol4 iv4 p4 #bhe4 ,a wound or bruise cannot recover itself but by inflammation4--,ibid4 p4 #bhf4 ,from whatever cause inflammation arises1 it appears to be nearly the same in all2 for in all it is an effort intended to bring about a reinstatement of the parts to their natural function4--,ibid4 p4 #bhf4 ,results of ,inflammation4--,inflammation is said to terminate in resolution1 effusion1 adhesion1 suppuration1 ulceration1 granulation1 cicatrization1 and mortification4 ,all these different terminations1 except the last1 may be regarded as so many vital processes1 exerted in different parts of the animal economy4--,prof4 ,thompson1 p4 #ig4 ,inflammation must needs occupy a large share of attention of both the physician and the surgeon4 ,in nine cases out of ten1 the first question which either of them asks himself1 on being summoned to the patient1 is1 ,have ,i to deal with inflammation here8 ,it is constantly the object of his treatment and watchful care4 ,it affects all parts that are furnished with blood-vessels1 and it affects different parts very variously4444 ,it is by inflammation that wounds are closed and fractures repaired--that parts adhere together when their adhesion is essential to the preservation of the individual1 and that foreign and hurtful matters are conveyed out of the body4 ,a cut finger1 a deep sabre wound1 alike require inflammation to reunite the divided parts4 ,does ulceration occur in the stomach or intestines1 and threaten to penetrate through them--inflammation will often forerun and provide against the danger--glue the threatened membrane to whatever surface may be next it4444 ,the foot mortifies1 is killed by injury or by exposure to cold--inflammation will cut off the dead and useless part4 ,an abscess forms in the liver1 or a large calculus concretes in the gall-bladder3 how is the pus or the calculus to be got rid of8444 ,partial inflammation precedes and prepares for the expulsion2 the liver or the gall-bladder becomes adherent to the walls of the abdomen on the one hand1 or to the intestinal canal on the other2 and then the surgeon may plunge his lancet into the collection of pus1 or the abscess2 or the calculus may cut its own way safely out of the body1 through the skin or into the bowels4--,watson1 p4 #id4 ,the salutary acts of restoration and prevention just adverted to1 are such as nature conducts and originates4 ,but we are ourselves able1 in many instances1 to direct and control the effect of inflammation--nay1 we can excite it at our pleasure2 and1 having excited it1 we are able1 in a great degree1 to regulate its course4 ,and for this reason it becomes1 in skilful hands1 an instrument of cure4--,ibid4 p4 #id4 ,the above quotations are not complete4 ,they are selections from the sources whence they are drawn of those portions which testify that fever and inflammation are one and the same thing1 and that this same thing consists in a salutary effort of nature to protect the organs of the body from the action of the causes of disease1 or to remove those causes and their effects from the organs once diseased4 ,that the same authors teach the very contrary of all this in the same paragraphs1 and often in the same sentences1 the following extracts will clearly prove3-- ,inflammation produces disease4--,when inflammation cannot accomplish that salutary purpose1 7a cure17 as in cancer1 scrofula1 c41 it does mischief4--,hunter1 p4 #bhe4 ,inflammation is occasionally the cause of disease4--,ibid4 p4 #bhf4 ,in one point of view1 it may be considered as a disease itself4--,ibid4 ,it may be divided into two kinds1 the healthy and the unhealthy4444 ,the unhealthy admits of a vast variety1 c4--,ibid4 ,inflammation often produces mortification or death in the inflamed part4--,ibid4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cje4 ,in the light of such authorities1 it is surely not strange that no definite knowledge can be obtained of the nature1 character1 or tendency of inflammation4 ,of course1 no one will dispute the proposition1 that medicine1 as taught in the schools1 is a superstructure without a foundation1 and should be wholly rejected4--,prof4 ,curtis4 ,if the regulars have no correct theory of inflammation1 then their system of blood-letting is all wrong4 ,this they acknowledge2 for many with whom we have lately conversed say1 ,we do not use the lancet so often as formerly4 ,one very good reason is1 the sovereign people will not let them4 ,would it not be better for them to abolish its use altogether1 as we have done1 and avail themselves of the reform of the age8 ,the following remarks1 selected from an address delivered by our respected preceptor1 ,professor ,brown1 ought to be read by every friend of humanity4 ,the very air groans with the bitter anathemas the people pronounce upon calomel1 antimony1 copper1 zinc1 arsenic1 arsenious acid1 stramonium1 foxglove1 belladonna1 henbane1 nux vomica1 opium1 morphia1 and narcotin4 ,hear their bitter cries1 borne on every breeze1 ',help6 help6 help6' ,see the dim taper of life2 it glimmers--'tis gone6 ,vitality struggled1 and struggled manfully to the last4 ,the poisonous dose was repeated1 till the citadel was yielded up4 ,the doctor arrives and attempts to comfort and quiet the broken-hearted widow1 and helpless1 dependent1 fatherless children1 by recounting the frailties of poor human nature1 and reminding them of the fact that all men must die4 ,and thus the work of death goes on3 the tenderest ties are severed2 children are left fatherless2 parents are bereaved of their children2 families are reduced to fragments2 society deprived of her best citizens1 and the world filled with misery1 confusion1 and poverty1 in consequence of an evil system of medication4444 ,the ball is in motion1 the banner of medical reform waves gracefully over our beloved country4 ,hosts of the right stripe are coming to the rescue4 ,poisons are condemned1 the lancet is growing dull1 the effusion of blood will soon cease1 the battles are half fought1 and the victory is sure4444 ,while we would have you adhere to the well-established1 fundamental principles of reformed medical science1 as taught in this school1 we would have you recollect that discoveries in knowledge are progressing4444 ,never entertain the foolish1 absurd1 and dangerous idea1 that because you have been to college1 you have learned all that is to be learned--that your education is finished1 and you have nothing more to learn4 ,the college is a place where we go to learn how to learn1 and the world is the great university1 in which our educational exercises terminate with our last expiring breath4 ,the author craves the reader's indulgence for introducing ,dr4 ,brown's remarks at this stage of the work4 ,it is intended for a class of readers 7the farmers7 who have not the time to make themselves acquainted with all that is going on in the medical world4 ,we aim to make the book acceptable to that class of men4 ,if we fail1 the fault is in us1 not in our subjects4 ,,footnote3 #d ,inflammation is a vital action1 and cannot be properly termed diseased action4 ,the only action that can be properly termed diseased is the chemical action4 ,,remarks1 ,,showing ,,that ,,very ,,little ,,is ,,known ,,of ,,the ,,nature ,,and ,,treatment ,,of ,,disease4 ,mr4 ,percival details a case of peritonitis1#e after the usual symptoms in the early stage had subsided4 ,the horse's bowels became much relaxed3 suspecting that there was some disorder in the alimentary canal1 and that this was an effort of nature to get rid of it1 ,i promoted the diarrhoea by giving mild doses of cathartic medicine1 in combination with calomel6 ,nature did not require such assistance3 warm drinks1 composed of marshmallows1 or slippery elm1 would have been just the thing4 ,on the third day from this1 prolapsus ani 7falling of the fundament7 made its appearance4 ,after the return of the gut1 the animal grew daily duller1 and more dejected1 manifesting evident signs of considerable inward disorder1 though he showed none of acute pain2 the diarrhoea continued2 swelling of the belly and tumefaction of the legs speedily followed3 eight pounds of blood were drawn1 and two ounces of oil of turpentine were given internally1 and in spite of another bleeding1 and some subordinate measures1 carried him off the treatment1 we presume in the course of a few hours4 ,dissection3 a slight blush pervaded the peritoneum2 at least the parietal portion of it1 for the coats of the stomach and intestines preserved their natural whiteness4 ,about eight gallons of water were measured out of the belly4#f ,the abdominal viscera1 as well as the thoracic1 showed no marks of disease4 ,we have stated1 in the preceding pages1 that the farmers can generally treat some cases of disease1 by simple means1 with much better success than some of the regulars2 yet there are exceptions4 ,some of them have been inoculated with the virus of allopathy2 and when an animal is taken sick1 and manifests evident signs of great derangement1 they seem to suppose that the more medicine they cram down the better1 forgetting1 perhaps not knowing1 that the province of the physician is to know when to do nothing4 ,others err from want of judgment2 and if they have an animal sick1 they send for the neighbors2 each one has a favorite remedy2 down go castor oil1 aloes1 gin and molasses1 in rapid succession4 ,he has inflammation of the insides1 says one2 give him salts4 ,no sooner said than done2 the salts are hurried down1 and1 of course1 find their way into the paunch4 ,these1 together with a host of medicines too numerous to mention1 are tried without effect3 all is commotion within2 fermentation commences2 gas is evolved2 the animal gives signs of woe4 ,as a last resort1 paunching1 bleeding1 c41 follow2 perhaps the horns are bored1 or some form of barbarity practised1 and the animal dies under the treatment4 ,a case similar to the above came under our notice a few months since4 ,a cow1 of a superior breed1 was sent a few miles into the country to winter4 ,having always had the very best of feed1 the owner gave particular instructions that she should be fed accordingly2 instead of which1 however1 she was fed on foxgrass and other indigestible matter1 in consequence of which she was attacked with acute indigestion1 7gastric fever1 as it is generally called17 more popularly known1 in barn-yard language1 as a stoppage4 ,a man professing to understand cow-doctoring was sent for1 who1 after administering every thing he could think of without success1 gave a mixture of hog's lard and castor oil4 ,when asked what indication he expected to fulfil1 he replied1 ,my object was to wake up the cow's ideas6 ,unfortunately1 he awoke the wrong ideas2 for the cow died4 ,on making a post mortem examination1 about half a bushel of partly-masticated foxgrass was found in the paunch1 and the manyplus was distended beyond its physiological capacity4 ,on making an incision into it1 the partly-digested food was quite hard and dry1 and the mucous covering of the laminae--even the laminae themselves--could be detached with the slightest force4 ,the farmer will probably inquire1 ,what ought to be done in such cases8 ,before we answer the question1 a few remarks on the nature of the obstruction seem to be necessary4 ,in the article ,description of the ,organs of ,digestion1 the reader will learn the modes by which the food reaches the different compartments of the stomach4 ,in reference to the above case1 the causes of derangement are self-evident1 which will be seen as we proceed4 ,the animal had1 previous to the journey1 7thirty miles17 received the greatest care and attention2 in short1 she had been petted4 ,being pregnant at the time1 the stomach was more susceptible to derangement than at any other time4 ,the long journey could not act otherwise than unfavorably3 first1 because it would fatigue the muscular system2 secondly1 because it would irritate the nervous4 ,here1 then1 are the first causes2 and it is important1 in all cases of a deviation from health1 to ascertain1 as near as possible1 the causes1 and remove them4 ,this is considered the first step towards a cure4 ,if we cannot remove the causes1 we are enabled1 by an inquiry into them1 to adopt the most efficient means for the recovery of the animal4 ,the animal having had a bountiful meal before starting on the journey1 and not being allowed sufficient time to remasticate1 7rumination is partially or totally suspended during active exercise17 probably1 combined with the above causes1 an acute attack of the stomach set in--subsided after a few days1 and left those organs in a debilitated state4 ,the sudden change in diet also acted unfavorably1 especially as the foxgrass required more than ordinary gastric power to reduce it to a pulpy mass1 fit to enter the fourth1 or true digestive stomach4 ,for want of a due share of vital action in the abomasum1 7fourth stomach17 it was unable to perform its part in the physiological process of digestion2 hence the accumulation found in the manyplus4 ,the causes of the detachment of laminae1 and the blanched appearances1--for it was as white as new linen1--were partly chemical and partly mechanical4 ,the mechanical obstruction consisted in over-distention of the manyplus from food1 thereby obstructing the circulation of the blood through its parietes1 7walls17 and depriving it not only of nutriment1 from the nerves of nutrition1 but paralyzing its secretive function4 ,it then became a prey to chemical action and decomposition4 ,the indications of cure were1 to arouse the digestive organs by stimulants1 then by anti-spasmodic1 relaxing1 and tonic medicines1 7for which see ,,appendix37 the digestive organs would probably have recommenced their healthy action1 and the life of the animal might have been saved4 ,oil and grease1 of every description and kind1 are not suitable remedies to administer to cattle when laboring under indigestion2 for at best their action is purely mechanical1 and cannot be assimilated by the nutritive function so as to act medicinally4 ,linseed oil is1 however1 absorbed and diffused4 ,if the animal labors under obstinate constipation1 and it is evident that the obstruction is confined to the intestines1 then we may resort to a dose of oil4 ,the reader will perceive the benefits to be derived from a knowledge of animal physiology and veterinary medicine1 when based upon sound principles and common sense4 ,he will also see the importance of having educated and honorable men employed in cattle-doctoring4 ,no doubt there are such2 but surely something is rotten in ,denmark2 for we are repeatedly told by our patrons that they judge of the merits of the veterinary art by the men they find engaged in it4 ,scientific ,treatment of ,colic1 or ,gripes4--,on the #eth ,september1 #ahbd1 a young bay mare was admitted into the infirmary with symptoms of colic1 for which she lost eight pounds of blood before she came in4 ,the following drench was prescribed to be given immediately3 laudanum and oil of turpentine1 of each1 three ounces1 with the addition of six ounces of decoction of aloes4 ,in the course of half an hour1 this was repeated6 ,but shortly after1 she vomited the greater part by the mouth and nostrils4 ,no relief having been obtained1 twelve pounds of blood were taken from her1 and the same drink was given4 ,in another hour1 this drench was repeated2 and1 for the fourth time1 during the succeeding hour2 both of which1 before death1 she rejected1 as she had done the second drink4 ,notwithstanding these active measures were promptly taken1 she died about three hours after her admission4 7,see ,clark's ,essay on ,gripes47 ,it appears that the doctors made short work of it4 ,twelve ounces of laudanum1 and the same of turpentine1#g in three hours6 ,but this is secundum artem skilful treatment--a specimen of science and skill1 and justifiable in every case where the symptoms are alarming4 ,let the reader1 if he has ever seen a case of colic treated by us1 contrast the result4 ,had the case been treated with relaxing1 anti-spasmodic1 carminative drinks1 warmth and moisture externally1 injections internally1 and frictions generally1 the poor animal would1 probably1 have been saved4 ,we have attended many cases of the same sort1 and have not yet lost the first one4 ,extraordinary case of cattle doctoring6--which ought to be termed cattle-killing4--,we were requested by ,mr4 ,s4 of ,waltham1 ,december #ah1 #ahej1 to see a sick cow4 ,the following is the history of the case3 ,the cow1 as near as we could judge1 was of native breed1 in good condition1 and in her eighth pregnant month2 pulse1 #hj per minute2 respirations1 #cf per minute2 external surface1 ears1 horns1 and legs1 cold4 ,she had not dunged for several days4 ,she was found lying on her belly1 with her head turned round towards the left side4 ,she struggled occasionally1 and appeared to suffer from abdominal pain4 ,she uttered a low1 moaning sound when pressure was made on the abdominal muscles4 ,the following facts were related to us by the owner1 which we give in his own language4 ,i bought the cow1 and drove her about #bjj miles to this place4 ,she had been here about a week1 when ,i perceived she did not eat her feed as well as usual4 ,she became sick about nine days ago1 ,i thought it best to begin to doctor her6 ,i employed a man who was reputed to be a pretty good cattle doctor4 ,she got pretty well dosed between us1 for we first gave her one pound of salts4 ,the next day we gave her another pound4 ,finding this also failed to have the desired effect1 we gave her one pound eight ounces more4 ,she kept getting worse4 ,we next gave her a quart of urine4 ,she still grew worse4 ,two table-spoonfuls of gunpowder and a quarter of a pound of antimony were then given2 still no improvement4 ,as a last resort1 we gave her eight drops of croton oil2 a few hours afterwards1 nine drops more were given2 and a final dose of twenty drops of the same article was administered4 ,the cow rolled her eyes as if she were about to die4 ,i then called in the neighbors to kill her1 when one of them advised me to come and see you4 ,the reader will here perceive that we had a pretty desperate case2 having been called in just at the eleventh hour4 ,we may here remark that the cow had been under treatment nine days1 during which time she had eaten scarcely any food1 and passed but very little excrement4 ,the medicine had been given at different stages during that period4 ,there was evidently no accumulation of excrement in the rectum1 for she had been raked and received several injections4 ,as we were not requested to take charge of the case1 the owner being unwilling to incur additional expense1 we1 therefore1 with a view of giving present relief1 and fulfilling the necessary indications1 ordered the following3 ,powdered slippery elm1 #a table-spoonful4 caraways1 #a tea-spoonful4 marshmallows1 #a table-spoonful4 skullcap1 #a tea-spoonful4 grains of paradise1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,a sufficient quantity of boiling water to form it into the consistence of thin gruel2 a junk bottle full to be given every two hours4 ,directions were given to rub the ears and extremities until they were warm1 and the strength of the animal to be supported with thin flour gruel4 ,the indications to be fulfilled were as follows3-- #ast4 ,to lubricate the mucous surfaces1 and defend them from the action of the drugs4 #b;d4 ,to arouse the digestive function1 and prevent the generation of carbonic acid gas4 #c;d4 ,to allay nervous excitement1 and remove spasms4 ,lastly4 ,to equalize the circulation4 ,the first indication can be fulfilled by slippery elm and marshmallows2 the second1 by caraway seeds2 the third1 by skullcap2 and the fourth1 by grains of paradise4 ,we have not been able1 up to the present time1 to ascertain the result4 ,here1 then1 are a few examples of horse and cattle doctoring1 which we might multiply indefinitely1 did we think it would benefit the reader4 ,we ask the reader to ponder on these facts1 and then answer the question1 ,what do horse and cattle doctors know about the treatment of disease8 ,it gives us much pleasure1 however1 and probably it will the reader1 to know that a few of the veterinary surgeons of ,london are just beginning to see the error of their ways4 ,the following contribution to the ,veterinarian1 from the pen of ,veterinary ,surgeon ,haycock1 will be read with interest4 ,the quotations are not complete4 ,we only select those portions which we deem most instructive to our readers4 ,the disease to which it alludes1 puerperal fever1 has made1 and is at the present time making1 sad havoc among the stock of our cattle-growing interest2 and it stands us in hand to gather honey wherever we can find it4 ,of the various questions which present themselves to traders and owners of cattle respecting puerperal fever1 the following are1 perhaps1 a few of the most important3 ,first4 ,at what period of their life are cows the most liable to be attacked with puerperal fever8 ,secondly4 ,at what period after the animal has calved does the disease generally supervene8 ,thirdly4 ,what is the average rate of mortality amongst cows attacked with this disease8 ,fourthly4 ,what is the best method to pursue with cattle1 in order1 if possible1 to prevent the disease8 ,fifthly4 ,what is the best mode of treatment to be pursued with cattle when so attacked8 ,to these several questions ,i shall endeavor to reply as fully as my own knowledge of the matter will allow me4 ,they are questions which ought to have been answered years ago2 so they would have been1 doctor1 if1 as ,curtis says1 your brethren had not been progressing in a circle1 instead of direct lines2 but no one appears to have thought it necessary4 ,they are questions of great importance to the agriculturist2 if they were fully answered1 he would be able to form a pretty accurate estimate as to the amount of risk he was likely at all times to incur with respect to puerperal diseases of a febrile nature4 ,for instance1 suppose it was fully ascertained1 from data furnished by the correct observations of a number of practitioners1 at what period of the cow's life the animal is most liable to be attacked with puerperal fever2 the agriculturist and cow-keeper would be able1 in a considerable degree1 to guard against it1 either by feeding the animal1 or taking such other steps as a like experience proved to be the best4 ,it is of no earthly use practitioners writing 'grandiloquent' papers upon diseases like puerperal fever2 or in their telling the world1 that puerperal fever is a disease of the nervous system2 or that the name which is given to it is very improper1 and not suggestive2 or that bleeding and the administration of a powerful purgative are proper to commence with2 together with hosts of stereotyped statements of a like nature--statements which are unceasingly repeated1 and which are without one jot of sound experience to substantiate them4 ,all good and sound doctrine4 ,question ,first4 ,at what period of their lives are cows the most liable to be attacked with puerperal fever8 ,i have in my possession notes and memoranda of twenty-nine cases of this disease1 which notes and memoranda ,i have collected from cases ,i have treated from the month of ,july1 #ahdb1 to the month of ,july1 #ahdi--;a period of seven years2 and with reference to the above question the figures stand thus3 ,out of the twenty-nine1 three of them were attacked at the third parturient period1 five ditto at the fourth1 sixteen at the fifth1 two at the sixth1 and three at the eighth4 ,it appears1 then1 from the above numbers1 that cows are the most liable to puerperal fever at the fifth parturient period--a fact which is noticed by ,mr4 ,barlow4 ,secondly4 ,at what period after the animal has calved does the disease generally supervene8 ,with reference to this question1 the twenty-nine cases stand thus3-- #e cows immediately after parturition4 #h in #bj hours #f in #bc #e in #bd #c in #cj #b in #cf #a in #gb ,it appears1 then1 from the above1 that after the twentieth and twenty-fourth hours1 the animals1 comparatively speaking1 may be considered as safe from the disease2 and that after the seventy-second or seventy-third hour1 all danger may be considered as past1 beyond doubt4 ,thirdly4 ,what is the average rate of mortality amongst cows attacked with this disease8 ,out of the #bi cases1 #ab1 ,i find1 recovered and #ag died2 which loss is equivalent to somewhere about #ei per cent4--a loss which1 ,i am inclined to think1 is not so great as that of many other practitioners4 ,it will be still less if you reject poison as well as the lancet4 ,mr4 ,cartwright1 in the ,may number of the ,veterinarian of the present year1 states that1 ',although ,i have seen at least a hundred cases1 chiefly in this neighborhood1 ,whitchurch1 during the last twenty-five years1 yet ,i am almost ashamed to confess that ,i cannot call to recollection that ,i ever cured a single case1 neither will you ever cure one as long as the lancet and poison are cooeperative1 nor have ,i ever heard of a case ever being cured by any of the quacks in the neighborhood4' ,of course not1 for the quacks follow in the footsteps of their prototypes1 the regular veterinary surgeons4 ,fourthly4 ,what is the best method to pursue with cattle1 in order1 if possible1 to ,,prevent the disease8 ,this is a question which ,i hope to see amply discussed by veterinarians4 ,i have but little to offer respecting it myself2 but ,i labor under a kind of feeling that something valuable may not only be said1 but done1 by way of prevention4 ,with reference to preventing the disease1 ,mr4 ,barlow1 in his ,essay1 says1 ',there is a pretty certain preventive in milking the cow some time before calving in full blood-letting before or immediately after2 in purgatives1 very limited diet1 and other depletive measures2 each and all tending to illustrate the necessity of a vascular state of the system for its development6' ,mr4 ,haycock continues3 ,so far as my own experience is concerned1 it is at variance with almost every one of my observations4 ,in the table which ,i have given respecting question #b1 the reader will recollect that ,i stated that puerperal fever supervened in five cows immediately after parturition4 ,now1 it is worthy of remark1 of these five cases1 that every animal had been milked many hours previous to calving4 ,the full udder1 under such circumstances1 is a powerful excitant to the uterus3 this is a well-known fact1 and the consequence is1 that if this natural excitant be withdrawn1 the action of the process at once becomes diminished4 ,i have known many cases1 in addition to those already given1 where the parturient process was prolonged for hours in consequence of the animal's being milked1 in whom fever supervened almost immediately afterwards4 ,the prolonged process1 ,i think1 greatly weakens the animal1 and1 as a natural result1 the vital energies become less capable of maintaining their normal integrity4 ,with reference1 again1 to bleeding and purging as preventives1 ,i have nothing to offer in favor of either mode4 ,i do not believe that they are preventives4 ,good1 again1 doctor3 you are one of the right stripe4 ,it would give us pleasure to see a few such as you on this side of the water4 ,first of all1 we require to know what percentage of calving cows are liable to be affected with puerperal fever2 then1 whether that percentage becomes reduced in number in consequence of such preventive measures being brought into force3 these are the only modes whereby the matter can be proved2 and1 so far as ,i know1 no one has ever brought the question to such a test4 ,that bleeding and purging are considered as preventives by people in general1 ,i know perfectly2 but1 like many other popular opinions1 the thing which is believed requires first to be proved ere it becomes truth4 ,i perfectly agree with ,mr4 ,barlow in recommending spare diet4 ,i regard it1 in fact1 as the great preventive4444 ,when ,i say spare diet1 ,i do not mean poor diet4 ,the food should be good1 but they should not have that huge bulk of matter which they are capable of devouring1 and which they appear so much to desire4 ,i should commence the process for eight or ten days prior to calving1 or even1 with some animals1 much earlier2 and the diet ,i would give should consist of beans1 boiled linseed1 and boiled oats1 with occasionally small portions of hay4 ,i should not always feed upon one mixture4 ,i might occasionally substitute boiled barley in place of oats2 and when the time for calving was very near at hand1 say within a day or so1 ,i should become more sparing with my hay1 and more copious with my allowance of bran4 ,with regard to the diet after calving1 ,i should pursue much the same course ,i have named3 perhaps for the first thirty hours ,i might allow the animal nothing but gruel and bran mash1 in which ,i should mix a little oatmeal1 or very thick gruel4 ,i have sometimes thought--but hitherto it has not gone beyond a thought with me--that a broad cotton or linen bandage1 fixed moderately tight round the cow's body immediately after calving1 might prove of some assistance as a preventive4 ,i have had no experience in its benefit myself2 ,i merely suggest the thing2 and if it did nothing more1 it would prevent1 in some measure1 the animal from feeling that sensation of vacuity which must necessarily exist immediately and for some time after calving1 and which1 ,i think1 under some conditions of the system1 may be injurious to the animal4 ,i am told by a medical friend of mine1 that he has known puerperal fever produced in women solely from midwives' neglecting to bandage them after delivery2 at any rate1 a bandage1 or a broad belt having straps and buckles attached1 and placed securely round the cow's body immediately after calving1 and kept there for a day or two1 could do no harm1 if it failed of doing good4 ,fifthly4 ,which is the best method of treatment to pursue with cows when attacked with puerperal fever8 ,upon this question ,i feel that ,i could say much2 but at present ,i defer its consideration4444 ,suffice it to say1 then1 that ,i never either bleed or administer purges4 ,i used once to do both1 but my experience has shown me1 in numerous cases1 that neither is necessary4444 ,this malady ,i have written upon is fearfully destructive2 and if such diseases cannot be met with powers capable of wrestling with it1 ,i1 for one1 shall say that it is a stigma upon our art--,i will say that when we are most wanted1 we are of the least use4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,inflammation of the peritoneum4 #f ,water very frequently accumulates in the belly or chest1 after blood-letting4 #g ,on remonstrating with a man who was about to administer half a pint of turpentine to a cow1 he replied1 ,she has no business to be a cow6 ,we presume that some of the regulars have just as much1 and not a particle more1 of the milk of animal kindness as this man seemed to show4 ,,nature1 ,,treatment1 ,,and ,,causes ,,of ,,disease ,,in ,,cattle4 ,the pathology1 or doctrine of diseases1 is1 as we have previously stated1 little understood4 ,many different causes have been assigned for disease1 and as many different modes of cure have been advocated4 ,we shall not discuss either the ancient or modern doctrines any further than we conceive they interfere with correct principles4 ,in doing so1 we shall endeavor to confine ourselves to truth1 reason1 and nature4 ,we entirely discard the popular doctrine that fever and inflammation are disease4 ,we look upon them as simple acts of the constitution--sanative in their nature4 ,then the reader may ask1 ,why do you recommend medicine for them8 ,we do not4 ,we only prescribe medicine1 for the purpose of aiding nature to cure the diseases of which they 7the fever and inflammation7 are symptoms1 and we do not expect to accomplish even that by medicine alone4 ,ventilation1 diet1 and exercise1 in nine cases out of ten1 will do more good than the destructive agents that have hitherto been used1 and christened cattle medicines4 ,the great secret of curing diseases is1 by accurately observing the indications of nature to carry off and cure disease1 and by observing by what critical evacuations she does at last cast off the morbid matter which caused them1 and so restores health4 ,by thus observing1 following1 and assisting nature1 agreeably to her indications1 our practice will always be more satisfactory4 ,whenever the great outlets 7skin1 lungs1 and kidneys7 of the animal body are obstructed1 morbific and excrementitious substances are retained in the system2 they irritate1 stimulate1 and offend nature in such a manner1 that she always exerts her power to throw them off4 ,and she acts with great regularity in her endeavors to expel the offending matter1 and thus restore the animal to a healthy state4 ,suppose an animal to be attacked with disease1 and fever supervenes2 the whole system is then aroused to cast out this disease3 nature invariably points to certain outlets1 as the only passages through which the enemy must evacuate the system2 and it is the province of the physician to aid in this wise and well-established effort2 but when such means are resorted to as in the case of the cow at ,waltham1 7p4 #ih17 instead of rendering nature the necessary assistance1 her powers and energies are entirely crushed4 ,let us suppose a horse to have been exercised2 during that exercise1 there is a determination of heat and fluids to the surface3 the pores of the skin expand and permit the fluids to make their exit3 now1 if the horse is put into a cold stable1 evaporation commences1 leaving the surface cold and the pores constricted1 so that1 after the circulating system has rested a while1 it commences a strong action again1 to throw off the remaining fluids that were thus suddenly arrested2 there is no chance for their escape1 as the pores are closed2 the skin then becomes dry and harsh1 the coat stares1 and the animal has1 in common parlance1 taken cold1 and it has thrown him into a fever4 ,now1 the cold is the real enemy to be overcome1 and the fever should be aided by warmth1 moisture1 friction1 and diffusables4 ,if1 at this stage1 the cold is removed1 the fever will disappear2 but if the disease 7the cold7 has been allowed to advance until a general derangement or sympathetic action is set up1 and there is an accumulation of morbific matter in the system1 then the restorative process must be more powerful and energetic2 constantly bearing in mind that we must assist nature in her endeavors to throw off whatever is the cause of her infirmities4 ,instead of attacking the disease with the lancet and poison1--which is on the principle of killing the horse to cure the fever1--we should use remedies that are favorable to life4 ,it matters not what organs are affected2 the means and processes are the same1 and therefore the division of inflammation and fever into a great number of parts designated by as many names1 and indicated by twenty times as many complications of symptoms which may never be present1 only serve to bewilder the practitioner1 and render his practice ineffectual4 ,,pleuro-,,pneumonia4 ,as very little is1 at present1 known of the nature of this disease1 we give the reader the views of ,mr4 ,dun1 who received the gold medal offered by the ,agricultural ,society for the best essay on this subject4 ,the causes of the disease1 both immediate and remote1 are subjects full of interest and importance2 and a knowledge of them not only aids in the prevention of disease1 but also leads the practitioner to form a more correct prognosis1 and to pursue the most approved course of treatment4 ,it is1 however1 unfortunate that the causes of pleuro-pneumonia have not as yet been satisfactorily explained4 ,no department of the history of the disease is less understood1 or more involved in doubt and obscurity4 ,but in this respect pleuro-pneumonia is not peculiar3 it is but one of an extensive class which embraces most epidemic and epizooetic diseases4 ,and if the causes which produce influenza1 fevers1 and cholera1 were clearly explained1 those which produce pleuro-pneumonia would1 in all probability1 be easy of solution4 ,viewing the wide-spread and similar effects of pleuro-pneumonia1 we may surmise that they are referable to some common cause4 ,and although much difference of opinion exists upon this subject1 it cannot be denied that contagion is a most active cause in the diffusion of the disease4 ,indeed1 a due consideration of the history and spread of pleuro-pneumonia over all parts of the land will be sufficient to show that1 in certain stages of the disease1 it possesses the power of infecting animals apparently in a sound and healthy condition1 and otherwise unexposed to the action of any exciting cause4 ,the peculiarity of the progress of this disease1 from the time that it first appeared in ,england1 is of itself no small evidence of its contagious nature4 ,its slow and gradual progress is eminently characteristic of diffusion by contagion2 and not only were the earlier cases which occurred in this island distinctly proved to have arisen from contact with the ,irish droves1 but also subsequent cases1 even up to the present day1 show numerous examples in which contagion is clearly and unequivocally traceable4444 ,although pleuro-pneumonia is not produced by the action of anyone of these circumstances alone1 referring to noxious effluvia1 c41 yet many of them must be considered as predisposing to the disease2 and although not its immediate exciting causes1 yet1 by depressing the physical powers1 they render the system more liable to disease1 and less able to withstand its assaults4 ,deficient ventilation1 filth1 insufficient and bad food1 may indeed predispose to the disease1 concentrate the animal effluvia1 and become the matrix and nidus of the organic poison2 but still1 not one1 alone1 of these circumstances1 or even all of them combined1 can produce the disease in question4 ,there must be the subtle poison to call them into operation1 the specific influence to generate the disease4 ,on the other hand1 it appears probable that the exciting cause1 whether it be contagion1 or whatever else1 cannot1 of itself1 generate the disease2 but that certain conditions or predisposing causes are necessary to its existence1 and without which its specific effects cannot be produced4 ,but although these remote or predisposing causes are very numerous1 they are often difficult of detection2 nay1 it is sometimes impossible to tell to what the disease is referable1 or upon what weak point the exciting cause has fixed itself4 ,a source of perplexity results from the fact4444 ,the predisposing causes of the disease admit of many divisions and subdivisions2 they may1 however1 be considered under two general heads--hereditary and acquired4 ,with reference to the former1 we know that good points and properties of an animal are transmitted from one generation to another2 so also are faults1 and the tendencies to particular diseases4 ,as in the same families there is a similarity of external form1 so is there also an internal likeness1 which accounts for the common nature of their constitution1 modified1 however1 by difference of age1 sex1 c4 ,among the acquired predisposing causes of pleuro-pneumonia may be enumerated general debility1 local weakness1 resulting from previous disease1 irritants and stimulants1 exposure to cold1 damp or sudden changes of temperature1 the want of cleanliness1 the breathing of an atmosphere vitiated by the decomposition of animal or vegetable matters1 or laden with any other impurity4 ,in short1 under this head may be included every thing which tends to lower the health and vigor of the system1 and consequently to increase the susceptibility to disease4 ,the primary symptoms of pleuro-pneumonia are generally obscure1 and too often excite but little attention or anxiety4 ,as the disease steals on1 the animal becomes dull and dejected1 and1 if in the field1 separates itself from its fellows4 ,it becomes uneasy1 ceases to ruminate1 and the respirations are a little hurried4 ,if it be a milk-cow1 the lacteal secretion is diminished1 and the udder is hot and tender4 ,the eyes are dull1 the head is lowered1 nose protruded1 and the nostrils expanded4 ,the urine generally becomes scanty and high-colored4 ,it is seldom thought that much is the matter with the animal until it ceases to eat2 but this criterion does not hold good in most cases of the disease1 for the animal at the outset still takes its food1 and continues to do so until the blood becomes impoverished and poisoned2 it is then that the system becomes deranged1 the digestive process impaired1 and fever established4 ,the skin adheres to the ribs1 and there is tenderness along the spine4 ,manipulation of the trachea1 and percussion applied to the sides1 causes the animal to evince pain4 ,although the beast may have been ill only three days1 the number of pulsations are generally about seventy per minute2 but they are sometimes eighty1 and even more4 ,in the first stage1 the artery under the jaw feels full and large2 but as the disease runs on1 the pulse rapidly becomes smaller1 quicker1 and more oppressed4 ,the breathing is labored1 and goes on accelerating as the local inflammation increases4 ,the fore extremities are planted wide apart1 with the elbows turned out in order to arch the ribs1 and form fixed points for the action of those muscles which the animal brings into operation to assist the respiratory process4 ,in pleuro-pneumonia1 the hot stage of fever is never of long duration1 simply because there is not enough vitality in the system to keep up a continued fever4 ,the state of collapse quickly ensues1 when the surface heat again decreases1 and the pulse becomes small and less distinct4 ,we have now that low typhoid fever so much to be dreaded1 and which characterizes the disease in common with epizooetics4 444 ,the horse laboring under pleuro-pneumonia1 or1 indeed1 any pulmonary disease1 will not lie down2 but1 in the same circumstances1 cattle do so as readily as in health4 ,they do not1 however1 lie upon their side1 but couch upon the sternum1 which is broad and flat1 and covered by a quantity of fibro-cellular substance1 which serves as a cushion2 while the articulation between the lower extremities of the ribs admits of lateral expansion of the chest4 ,in this position cattle generally lie towards the side principally affected1 thus relieving the sounder side1 and enabling it to act more freely4 ,there is sometimes a shivering and general tremor1 which may exist throughout the whole course of the disease4 7,this is owing to a loss of equilibrium between the nerves of nutrition and the circulation47 444 ,as the case advances in severity1 and runs on to an unfavorable termination1 the pulse loses its strength and becomes quicker4 ,respiration is in most cases attended by a grunt at the commencement of expiration--a symptom1 however1 not observable in the horse4 ,the expired air is cold1 and of a noisome odor4 ,the animal crouches4 ,there is sometimes an apparent knuckling over at the fetlocks1 caused by pain in the joints4 ,this symptom is mostly observable in cases when the pleura and pericardium are affected4 ,the animal grinds its teeth4 ,the appetite has now entirely failed1 and the emaciation becomes extreme4 ,the muscles1 especially those employed in respiration1 become wasted2 the belly is tucked1 and the flanks heave2 the oppressive uneasiness is excessive2 the strength fails1 under the convulsive efforts attendant upon respiration1 and the poor animal dies4 ,in using means to prevent the occurrence of the disease1 we should endeavor to maintain in a sound and healthy tone the physical powers of the stock1 and to avoid whatever tends to depress the vital force4 ,exposure to the influence of contagion and infection must be guarded against1 and1 on the appearance of the disease1 every precaution must be used to prevent the healthy having communication with the sick4 ,by a steady pursuance1 on the part of the stock proprietor1 of these precautionary measures1 and by the exercise of care1 prudence1 and attention1 the virulence of the disease will1 we are sure1 be much abated1 and its progress checked4 ,as the reader could not be benefited by our detailing the system of medication pursued in ,england1--at least we should judge not1 when we take into consideration the great loss that attends their best efforts1--we shall therefore proceed to inform the reader what the treatment ought to be in the different stages of the disease4 ,general ,indication of ,cure in ,pleuro-,pneumonia4--,restore the suppressed evacuations1 or the secretions and excretions1 if they are obstructed4 ,if bronchial irritation or a cough be present1 shield and defend the mucous surfaces from irritation4 ,relieve congestions by equalizing the circulation4 ,support the powers of the system4 ,relieve all urgent symptoms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,special ,practice4--,suppose a cow to be attacked with a slight cough4 ,she appears dull1 and is off her feed2 pulse full1 and bowels constipated2 and she is evidently out of condition4 ,then the medicines should be anti-spasmodic and relaxant1 tonic1 diaphoretic1 and lubricating4 ,the following is a good example3-- ,powdered golden seal1 7tonic17 #a table-spoonful4 mandrake1 7relaxant17 #b tea-spoonfuls4 lobelia1 7anti-spasmodic17 #a tea-spoonful4 slippery elm or mallows1 7lubricating17 #a table-spoonful4 hyssop tea1 7diaphoretic17 #a gallon4 ,after straining the hyssop tea1 mix with it the other ingredients1 and give a quart every two hours4 ,in the mean time1 administer the following injection3-- ,powdered lobelia1 of each1 half a ginger1 table-spoonful4 ,boiling water1 #a gallon4 ,when cool1 inject4 ,particular attention must be paid to the general surface1 ,if the surface and the extremities are cold1 then employ friction1 warmth1 and moisture4 ,the animal must be in a comfortable barn1 neither too hot nor too cold2 if it be imperfectly ventilated1 the atmosphere may be improved by stirring a red-hot iron in vinegar or pyroligneous acid1 or by pouring either of these articles on heated bricks4 ,the strength is to be supported1 provided the animal be in poor condition1 with gruel1 made of flour and shorts1 equal parts2 but1 as it frequently happens 7in this country7 that animals in good flesh are attacked1 in such case food would be inadmissible4 ,suppose the animal to have been at pasture1 and she is not observed to be ailing until rumination is suspended4 ,she then droops her head1 and has a cough1 accompanied with difficult breathing1 weakness in the legs1 and sore throat4 ,then1 in addition to warmth1 moisture1 and friction1 as already directed1 apply to the joints and throat the following3 ,boiling vinegar1 #a quart4 ,african cayenne1 #a table-spoonful4 ,the throat being sore1 the part should be rubbed gently4 ,the joints may be rubbed with energy for several minutes4 ,the liquid must not be applied too hot4 ,take ,virginia snakeroot1 of each1 #b ounces4 ,sage1 ,skullcap1 7herb17 #a ounce4 ,pleurisy root1 #a ounce4 ,infuse in boiling water1 #a gallon4 ,after standing for the space of one hour1 strain2 then add a gill of honey and an ounce of powdered licorice or slippery elm4 ,give a quart every four hours4 ,should the cough be troublesome1 give ,balsam copaiba1 #a table-spoonful4 ,sirup of garlic1 #a ounce4 ,thin gruel1 #a quart4 ,give the whole at a dose1 and repeat as occasion may require4 ,a second dose1 however1 should not be given until twelve hours have elapsed4 ,injections must not be overlooked1 for several important indications can be fulfilled by them4 7,for the different forms1 see ,,appendix47 ,if the disease has assumed a typhus form1 then the indications will be1-- ,first4 ,to equalize the circulation and nervous system1 and maintain that equilibrium4 ,this is done by giving the following3-- ,powdered ,african cayenne1 #a tea-spoonful4 flagroot1 #a table-spoonful4 ,skullcap1 #a_/b ounce4 ,marshmallows1 #d ounces4 ,put the whole of the ingredients into a gallon of water2 boil for five minutes2 and1 when cool1 strain2 sweeten with a small quantity of honey2 then give a quart every two hours4 ,the next indication is1 to counteract the tendency to putrescence4 ,this may be done by causing the animal to inhale the fumes of pyroligneous acid1 and by the internal use of bayberry bark4 ,they are both termed antiseptics4 ,the usual method of generating vapor for inhalation is1 by first covering the animal's head with a horse-cloth1 the corners of which are suffered to fall below the animal's nose1 and held by assistants in such a manner as to prevent1 as much as possible1 the escape of the vapor4 ,a hot brick is then to be grasped in a pair of tongs1 and held about a foot beneath the nose4 ,an assistant then pours the acid1 7very gradually17 on the brick4 ,half a pint of acid will be sufficient for one steaming1 provided it be used with discretion2 for if too much is poured on the brick at once1 the temperature will be too rapidly lowered4 ,in reference to the internal use of bayberry1 it may be well to remark1 that it is a powerful astringent and antiseptic1 and should always be combined with relaxing1 lubricating medicines4 ,such are licorice and slippery elm4 ,the following may be given as a safe and efficient antiseptic drink3-- ,powdered bayberry bark1 half a table-spoonful4 charcoal1 #a table-spoonful4 ,slippery elm1 #a ounce4 ,boiling water1 #a gallon4 ,mix4 ,give a quart every two hours4 ,the diet should consist of flour gruel and boiled carrots4 ,boiled carrots may be allowed 7provided the animal will eat them7 during the whole stage of the malady4 ,the object of these examples of special practice is to direct the mind of the farmer at once to something that will answer a given purpose1 without presuming to say that it is the best in the world for that purpose4 ,the reader will find in our materia medica a number of articles that will fulfil the same indications just as well4 ,,locked-,,jaw4 ,mr4 ,youatt says1 ,working cattle are most subject to locked-jaw1 because they may be pricked in shoeing2 and because1 after a hard day's work1 and covered with perspiration1 they are sometimes turned out to graze during a wet or cold night4 ,over-driving is not an uncommon cause of locked-jaw in cattle4 ,the drovers1 from long experience1 calculate the average mortality among a drove of cattle in their journey from the north to the southern markets2 and at the head of the list of diseases1 and with the greatest number of victims1 stands 'locked-jaw1' especially if the principal drover is long absent from his charge4 ,the treatment of locked-jaw1 both in horses and cattle1 has1 hitherto1 been notoriously unsuccessful4 ,this is not to be wondered at when we take into consideration the destructive character of the treatment4 ,take1 says ,mr4 ,youatt1 twenty-four pounds of blood from the animal2 or bleed him almost to fainting4444 ,give him ,epsom salts in pound and a half doses 767 until it operates4 ,purging being established1 an attempt must be made to allay the irritation of the nervous system by means of sedatives2 and the best drug is opium4#h ,the dose should be a drachm three times a day4 ,one fortieth part of the quantity here recommended to be given in one day would kill a strong man who was not addicted to its use4 ,at the same time1 the action of the bowels must be kept up by ,epsom salts1 or common salt1 or sulphur1 and the proportion of the purgative and the sedative must be so managed1 that the constitution shall be under the influence of both4#i ,a seton of black hellebore root may be of service4 ,it frequently produces a great deal of swelling and inflammation4#aj 444 ,if the disease terminates successfully1 the beast will be left sadly out of condition1 and he will not thrive very rapidly4 ,he must1 however1 be got into fair plight1 as prudence will allow1 and then sold2 for he will rarely stand much work afterwards1 or carry any great quantity of flesh4 ,the same happens to us poor mortals when we have been dosed secundum artem4 ,we resemble walking skeletons4 ,our own opinion of the disease is1 that it is one of nervous origin1 and that the tonic spasm1 always present in the muscles of voluntary motion1 is only symptomatic of derangement in the great1 living electro-galvanic battery1 7the brain and spinal cord17 or in some of its wires 7nerves7 of communication4 ,mr4 ,percival says1 ,tetanus consists1 in a spasmodic contraction1 more or less general1 of the muscles of voluntary motion1 and especially of those that move the lower jaw2 hence the vulgar name of it1 locked-jaw1 and the technical one of trismus4 ,in order to make ourselves clearly understood1 and furnish the reader with proper materials for him to prosecute his inquiries with success1 a few remarks on the origin of muscular motion seem to be absolutely necessary4 ,it is generally understood by medical men1 and taught in the schools1 that there are in the animal economy four distinct systems of nerves4 #ast system4 ,this consists of the sensitive nerves1 which are distributed to all parts of the animal economy endowed with feeling2 and all external impulses are reflected to the medulla oblongata1 c4 7,see ,dadd's work on the ,horse1 p4 #abg47 ,in short1 these nerves are the media through which the animal gets all his knowledge of external relations4 #b;d system4 ,the motive4 ,these proceed from nearly the same centre of perception1 and distribute themselves to all the muscles of voluntary motion4 ,it is evident that the muscle itself cannot perform its office without the aid of the nerves1 7electric wires27 for it has been proved by experiment on the living animal1 that when the posterior columns of nervous matter1 which pass down from the brain towards the tail1 are severed1 then all voluntary motion ceases4 ,motion may1 however1 continue2 but it can only be compared to a ship at sea without a rudder1 having nothing to direct its course4 ,it follows1 then1 that if the nerves of motion and sensation are severed1 there is no communication between the parts to which they are distributed and the brain4 ,and the part1 if its nutritive function be also paralyzed1 will finally become as insensible as a stone--wither and die4 #c;d system4 ,the respiratory4 ,these are under the control of the will only through the superior power1 as manifested by the motive nerves4 ,for the animal will breathe whether it wishes to or not1 as long as the vital spark burns4 #dth system4 ,the sympathetic1 sometimes called nutritive nerves4 ,they are distributed to all the organs of digestion1 absorption1 circulation1 and secretion4 ,these four nervous structures1 or systems1 must all be in a physiological state1 in order to carry on1 with unerring certainty1 their different functions4 ,if they are injured or diseased1 then the perceptions of external relations are but imperfectly conveyed to the mind4 7,brutes have a mind47 ,on the other hand1 if the brain1 or its appendages1 spinal marrow1 c41 be in a pathological state1 then the manifestations of mind or will are but imperfectly represented4 ,now1 it is evident to every reasonable man1 that the nerves may become diseased from various causes2 and this explains the reason why locked-jaw sometimes sets in without any apparent cause4 ,the medical world have then agreed to call it idiopathic4 ,this term only serves to bewilder us1 and fails to throw the least light on the nature of the malady1 or its causes4 ,many men ridicule the idea of the nerves being diseased1 just because alterations in their structure are not evident to the senses4 ,we cannot see the atoms of water1 nor even the myriads of living beings abounding in single drop of water6 yet no one doubts that water contains many substances imperceptible to the naked eye4 ,we know that epizooetic diseases are wafted1 by the winds1 from one part of the world to another2 yet none of us have ever seen the specific virus4 ,can any man doubt its existence8 ,hence it appears that diseases may exist in delicately-organized filaments1 without the cognizance of our external perceptions4 ,it is further manifest that locked-jaw is only symptomatic of diseased nervous structures1 and that a pathological state of the nervous filaments may be brought about independent of a prick of a nail1 or direct injury to a nerve4 ,hence1 instead of tetanus consisting in a spasmodic contraction of the muscles of voluntary motion1 it consists in a deranged state of the nervous system2 and the contracted state of the muscles is only symptomatic of such derangement4 ,then what sense is there in blistering1 bleeding1 and inserting setons in the dewlap8 ,of what use is it to treat symptoms8 ,suppose a man to be attacked with hepatitis1 7inflammation of the liver37 he has a pain in the right shoulder4 ,suppose the physician prescribes a plaster for the latter1 without ascertaining the real cause1 or perhaps not knowing of its existence4 ,we should then say that the doctor only treated symptoms4 ,and he who treats symptoms never cures disease4 ,suppose locked-jaw to have supervened from an attack of acute indigestion3 would it not be more rational to restore the lost function8 ,suppose locked-jaw to have set in from irritating causes1 such as bots in the stomach1 worms in the intestines1 c43 would bleeding remove them8 would it not render the system less capable of recovering its physiological equilibrium1 and resisting the irritation produced by these animals on the delicate nervous tissues8 ,suppose1 as ,mr4 ,youatt says1 that locked-jaw sets in after turning the animal out to graze during a cold night3 will a blister to the spine1 or a seton in the dewlap1 restore the lost function of the skin8 ,in short1 would it not be more rational1 in cases of locked-jaw1 to endeavor to restore the healthy action of all the functions1 instead of depressing them with the agents referred to8 ,then the question arises1 ,what are the indications to be fulfilled8 ,first4 ,restore the lost function4 ,secondly4 ,equalize the circulation1 and maintain an equilibrium between nervous and arterial action4 ,thirdly4 ,support the powers of life4 ,fourthly4 ,if locked-jaw arise from a wound1 then apply suitable remedial agents to the part1 and rescue the nervous system from a pathological state4 ,to fulfil the fourth indication1 we commence the treatment as follows3-- ,suppose the foot to have been pricked or wounded4 ,we make an examination of the part1 and remove all extraneous matter4 ,the following poultice must then be applied3 ,powdered skunk cabbage1 lobelia1 equal parts4 poplar bark1 ,indian meal1 #a pint4 ,make it of the proper consistence with boiling water4 ,when sufficiently cool1 put it into a flannel bag1 and secure it above the pastern4 ,to be renewed every twelve hours4 ,after the second application1 examine the foot1 and if suppuration has commenced1 and matter can be felt1 or seen1 a small puncture may be made1 taking care not to let the knife penetrate beyond the bony part of the hoof4 ,in the mean time1 prepare the following drink3-- ,indian hemp or milkweed1 7herb17 #a ounce4 ,powdered mandrake1 #a table-spoonful4 ,powdered lobelia seeds1 #a tea-spoonful4 poplar bark1 7very fine17 #a ounce4 ,make a tea1 in the usual manner--about one gallon4 ,after straining it through a cloth1 add the other ingredients1 and give a quart every two hours4 ,a long-necked bottle is the most suitable vehicle in which to administer2 but it must be poured down in the most gradual manner4 ,the head should not be elevated too high4 ,a liberal allowance of camomile tea may be resorted to1 during the whole stage of the disease4 ,next stimulate the external surface1 by warmth and moisture1 in the following manner3 ,take about two quarts of vinegar1 into which stir a handful of lobelia2 have a hot brick ready1 7the animal having a large cloth1 or blanket1 thrown around him27 pour the mixture gradually on the brick1 which is held over a bucket to prevent waste2 the steam arising will relax the surface4 ,after repeating the operation1 apply the following mixture around the jaws1 back1 and extremities3 take of cayenne1 skunk cabbage1 and cypripedium1 7lady's slipper17 powdered1 each two ounces1 boiling vinegar two quarts2 stir the mixture until sufficiently cool1 rub it well in with a coarse sponge2 this will relax the jaws a trifle1 so that the animal can manage to suck up thin gruel1 which may be given warm1 in any quantity4 ,this process must be persevered in2 although it may not succeed in every case1 yet it will be more satisfactory than the blood-letting and poisoning system4 ,no medicine is necessary2 the gruel will soften the faeces sufficiently2 if the rectum is loaded with faeces1 give injections of an infusion of lobelia4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,this is a narcotic vegetable poison2 and although large quantities have been occasionally given to the horse without apparent injury1 experience teaches us that poisons in general--notwithstanding the various modes of their action1 and the difference in their symptoms--all agree in the abstraction of vitality from the system4 ,dr4 ,eberle says1 ,opiates never fail to operate perniciously on the whole organization4 ,dr4 ,gallup says1 ,the practice of using opiates to mitigate pain is greatly to be deprecated4 ,it is probable that opium and its preparations have done seven times the injury that they have rendered benefit on the great scale of the civilized world4 ,opium is the most destructive of all narcotics4 #i ,this is a perfect seesaw between efforts to kill and efforts to cure4 #aj ,then it ought not to be used4 ,,inflammatory ,,diseases4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,stomach1 7,,gastritis47 ,such a complicated piece of mechanism is the stomach of the ox1 that organ is particularly liable to disease4 ,inflammation1 being the same as local fever1 7or a high grade of vital power1 concentrated within a small space17 may be produced by over-feeding1 irritating and indigestible food1 or acrid1 poisonous1 and offensive medicines4 ,the farmer must remember that a small quantity of good1 nutritious food1 capable of being easily penetrated by the gastric fluids1 will repair the waste that is going on1 and improve the condition with more certainty than an abundance of indifferent provender4 ,cure4--,the first indication will be to allay the irritability of the stomach2 this will moderate the irritation and lessen the fever4 ,make a mucilaginous drink of slippery elm1 or marshmallows1 and give half a pint every two hours4 ,all irritating food and drink must be carefully avoided1 and the animal must be kept quiet2 all irritating cordials1 including the popular remedy1 gin and molasses1 must be avoided4 ,these never fail to increase the malady1 and may occasion death4 ,if there is an improper accumulation of food in the viscera1 the remedies will be1 relaxing clysters1 abstinence from food1 and a tea of sassafras and mandrake1 made thus3-- ,sassafras1 7laurus sassafras17 #a ounce4 ,mandrake1 7podophyllum peltatum17 #d drachms4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,let the mixture stand until quite cool1 and give a pint every four hours4 ,almost all animals1 when suffering under acute symptoms1 require diluting1 cooling drinks4 ,this at once points out the use of water1 or any weak gruel of which water is the basis2 the necessity of diluting liquors is pointed out by the heat and dryness of the mouth1 and rigidity of the coat4 ,when the thirst is great1 the following forms a grateful and cooling beverage3 ,take lemon balm1 7melissa officinalis17 two ounces2 boiling water1 two quarts2 when cool1 strain1 and add half a tea-spoonful of cream of tartar4 ,give half a pint at intervals of two hours4 ,if the stomach continues to exhibit a morbid state1 which may be known by a profuse discharge of saliva from the mouth1 then administer camomile tea in small quantities3 the addition of a little powdered charcoal will prove beneficial4 ,remarks4--,gastritis cannot be long present without other parts of the system sharing the disturbance3 it is then termed gastric fever4 ,this fever is the result of the local affection4 ,our object is1 to get rid of the local affection1 and the fever will subside4 ,authors have invariably recommended destructive remedies for the cure of gastritis2 but they generally fail of hitting the mark1 and always do more or less injury4 ,a light diet1 rest1 a clean bed of straw in a well-ventilated barn1 will generally perfect the cure4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,lungs1 7,,pneumonia47 ,causes4--,errors in feeding1 over-exertion1 exposure in wet pastures1 or suffering the animal1 when in a state of perspiration1 to partake too bountifully of cold water1 are among the direct causes of a derangement of vital equilibrium4 ,want of pure air for the purpose of vitalizing the blood1 the inhalation of noxious gases1 and filth and uncleanliness1 may produce this disease in its worst form2 yet it must be borne in mind that the same exciting causes will not develop the same form of disease in all animals4 ,it altogether depends on the amount of vital resistance1 or what is termed the peculiar idiosyncrasy of the animal4 ,on the other hand1 several animals often suffer from the same form of disease1 from causes varying in their general character4 ,hence the reader will see that it would be needless1 in fact impossible1 to point to the direct cause in each grade of disease4 ,the least obstruction to universal vital action will produce pneumonia in some animals1 while in others it may result in disease of the bowels4 ,cure4--,no special treatment can be successfully pursued in pneumonia2 for the lungs are not the only organs involved3 no change of condition can occur in the animal functions without the nervous system being more or less deranged2 for the latter is essential to all vital motions4 ,hence disease1 in every form1 should be treated according to its indications4 ,a few general directions may1 however1 be found useful4 ,the first indication to be fulfilled is to equalize the blood4 ,flannels saturated with warm vinegar should be applied to the extremities2 they may be folded round the legs1 and renewed as often as they grow cold4 ,poultices of slippery elm1 applied to the feet1 as hot as the animal can bear them1 have sometimes produced a better result than vinegar4 ,if the animal has shivering fits1 and the whole surface is chilled1 apply warmth and moisture as recommended in article ,locked-,jaw4 ,at the same time1 endeavor to promote the insensible perspiration by the internal use of diaphoretics--lobelia or thoroughwort tea4 ,a very good diaphoretic and anti-spasmodic drink may be made thus3-- ,lobelia1 7herb7 #b ounces4 ,spearmint1 #a ounce4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,let the above stand for a few minutes2 strain1 then add two table-spoonfuls of honey4 ,give half a pint every hour1 taking care to pour it down the oesophagus very gently1 so as to insure its reaching the fourth or true digestive stomach4 ,the following clyster must be given3-- ,powdered lobelia1 #b ounces4 ,boiling water1 #c quarts4 ,when sufficiently cool1 inject with a common metal syringe4 ,these processes should be repeated as the symptoms require1 until the animal gives evidence of relief2 when a light diet of thin gruel will perfect the cure4 ,it must ever be borne in mind that in the treatment of all forms of disease--those of the lungs more especially--the animal must have pure1 uncontaminated atmospheric air1 and that any departure from purity in the air which the animal respires1 will counteract all our efforts to cure4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bowels1 7,,enteritis1--,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,fibro-,,muscular ,,coat ,,of ,,the ,,intestines47 ,character4--,acute pain2 the animal appears restless1 and frequently turns his head towards the belly2 moans1 and appears dull2 frequent small1 hard pulse2 cold feet and ears4 ,causes4--,plethora1 costiveness1 or the sudden application of cold either internally or externally1 overworking1 c4 ,cure4--,in the early stages of the disease1 all forms of medication that are in any way calculated to arouse the peristaltic motion of the intestines should be avoided2 hence purges are certain destruction4 ,relax the muscular structure by the application of a blanket or horse-cloth wrung out in hot water4 ,in this disease1 it is generally sufficient to apply warmth and moisture as near the parts affected as possible2 yet if the ears and legs are cold1 the general application of warmth and moisture will more speedily accomplish the relaxation of the whole animal4 ,after the application of the above1 injections of a mild1 soothing character 7slippery elm1 or flaxseed tea7 should be used very liberally4 ,a drink of any mucilaginous1 lubricating1 and innocent substance may be given1 such as mallows1 linseed1 ,iceland moss1 slippery elm4 ,during convalescence1 the diet must be light and of an unirritating character1 such as boiled carrots1 scalded meal1 c4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,tile ,,peritoneal ,,coat ,,of ,,the ,,intestines1 7,,peritonitis47 ,this disease requires the same treatment as the latter malady4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys1 7,,nephritis47 ,the usual symptoms are a quick pulse2 loss of appetite2 high-colored urine1 passed in small quantities1 with difficulty and pain4 ,pressure on the loins gives pain1 and the animal will shrink on placing the hand over the region of the kidneys4 ,causes4--,cold1 external injury1 or injury from irritating substances1 that are often sent full tilt through the kidneys1 as spirits of turpentine1 gin and molasses1 saleratus4 ,it is unnecessary to detail all the causes of the disease3 suffice it to say1 that they exist in any thing that can for a time obstruct the free and full play of the different functions4 ,treatment4--,this1 too1 will consist in the invitation of the blood to the surface and extremities1 and by removing all irritating matter from the system1 in the same manner as for inflammation of the bowels4 ,the application of a poultice of ground hemlock1 or a charge of gum hemlock1 will generally be found useful4 ,the best drinks--and these should only be allowed in small quantities--are gum arabic and marshmallow decoctions4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bladder1 7,,cystitis47 ,during the latter months of pregnancy1 the bladder is often in an irritable state1 and a frequent desire to void the urine is observed1 which frequently results from constipation4 ,a peculiar sympathy exists between the bladder and rectum2 and when constipation is present1 there is a constant effort on the part of the animal to void the excrement4 ,this expulsive action also affects the bladder3 hence the frequent efforts to urinate4 ,the irritable state of the bladder is caused by the pressure of the loaded rectum on the neck of the former4 ,the common soap-suds make a good injection1 and will quickly soften the hardened excrement2 after which the following clyster may be used3-- ,linseed tea1 #c quarts4 ,cream of tartar1 #a ounce4 ,after throwing into the rectum about one third of the above1 press the tail on the anus4 ,the object is1 to make it act as a fomentation in the immediate vicinity of the parts4 ,after the inflammation shall have subsided1 administer the following in a bottle1 or horn3-- ,powdered blackroot1 7leptandra virginica17 half an ounce4 ,warm water1 #a pint4 ,repeat the dose1 if the symptoms are not relieved4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,womb4 ,this may be treated in the same manner as the last-named disease4 ,the malady may be recognized by lassitude1 loss of appetite1 diminution in the quantity1 and deterioration in the quality1 of the milk4 ,as the disease advances1 there is often a fetid discharge from the parts2 a constant straining1 which is attended with a frequent flow of urine4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,brain1 7,,phrenitis47 ,in this disease1 the pia mater1 arachnoid membrane1 or the brain itself1 may be inflamed4 ,it matters very little which of the above are deranged1 for the means of cure are the same4 ,we have no method of making direct application to either of the above1 as they all lie within the cranium4 ,neither can we act upon them medicinally except through the organs of secretion1 absorption1 and circulation4 ,post mortem examinations reveal to us evident marks of high inflammatory action1 both in the substance of the brain and in its membranes2 and an effusion of blood1 serum1 or of purulent matter1 has been found in the ventricles of the brain4 ,treatment4--,the indications are1 to equalize the circulation by warmth and moisture externally1 and maintain the action to the surface by rubbing the legs with the following counter-irritant3-- ,vinegar1 #a quart4 ,common salt1 #b ounces4 ,set the mixture on the fire1 7in an earthen vessel17 and allow it to simmer for a few moments2 then apply it to the legs4 ,after the circulation is somewhat equalized1 give the following drench3-- ,extract of butternut1 half an ounce4 ,tea of hyssop1 #a pint4 ,a stimulating clyster may then be given1 composed of warm water1 into which a few grains of powdered capsicum may be sprinkled4 ,if due attention be paid to counter-irritation1 and the head kept cool by wet cloths1 the chances of recovery are pretty certain4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,eye4 ,this disease is too well known to require any description2 we shall therefore1 at once1 proceed to point out the ways and means for its cure4 ,treatment4--,first wash the eyes with a weak decoction of camomile flowers until they are well cleansed2 then give a cooling drink1 composed of ,cream of tartar1 #a ounce4 ,decoction of lemon balm1 #a quart4 ,repeat this drink every six hours1 until the bowels am moved4 ,should the disease occur where these articles cannot be procured1 give two ounces of common salt in a pint of water4 ,should the eye still continue red and swollen1 give a dose of physic4 7,see ,physic for ,cattle47 ,if a film can be observed1 wash with a decoction of powdered bloodroot2 and if a weeping remain1 use the following astringent3-- ,powdered bayberry bark1 #a ounce4 ,boiling water1 #a pint4 ,when cool1 pour off the clear liquor4 ,it is then fit for use4 ,inflammation of the eye may assume different forms1 but the above treatment1 combined with attention to rest1 ventilation1 a dark location1 and a light diet1 will cover the whole ground4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,liver1 7,,hepatitis47 ,cattle very frequently show signs of diseased liver4 ,stall-fed oxen and cows kept in cities are most liable to derangement of the liver2 in such animals1 7after death17 there is an unusual yellowness of the fat4 ,a disease of the liver may exist for a long time without interfering much with the general health4 ,mr4 ,youatt informs us that a chronic form of diseased liver may exist for some months1 or years1 not characterized by any decided symptom1 and but little interfering with health4 ,symptoms4--,permanent yellowness of the eyes2 quick pulse2 dry muzzle2 hot mouth2 considerable pain when pressure is made on the right side4 ,occasionally the animal looks round and licks the spot over the region of the liver4 ,treatment4--,first give half pint doses of thoroughwort tea1 at intervals of one hour1 7to the amount of two quarts47 ,this will relax the system1 and equalize vital action4 ,the following drench is then to be given3-- ,extract of butternut1 half an ounce4 ,warm water1 #a quart4 ,if the butternut cannot be obtained1 substitute a dose of physic4 7,see ,,appendix47 ,stimulate the bowels to action by injections of soap-suds4 ,if the extremities are cold1 proceed to warm them in the manner alluded to in article ,inflammation of the ,bowels4 ,on the other hand1 if the surface of the body is hot and dry1 and there is much fever present1 indicated by a quick pulse and dry muzzle1 then bathe the whole surface with weak saleratus water1 sufficiently warm to relax the external surface4 ,the following fever drink may be given daily until rumination again commences3-- ,lemon balm1 #b ounces4 ,cream of tartar1 #a ounce4 ,honey1 #a gill4 ,water1 #b quarts4 ,first pour the boiling water on the balm2 after standing a few minutes1 strain2 then add the above ingredients4 ,,jaundice1 ,,or ,,yellows4 ,,this disease is well known to every farmer2 the yellow appearance of the skin1 mouth1 eyes1 and saliva at once betray its presence4 ,it consists in the absorption of unchanged bile into the circulation1 which bile becomes diffused1 giving rise to the yellow appearances4 ,in the treatment of jaundice1 we first give a dose of physic1 7see ,,appendix17 and assist its operation by injections of weak lie1 made from wood ashes4 ,the animal may roam about in the barn-yard1 if the weather will permit2 or rub the external surface briskly with a wisp or brush1 which will answer the same purpose4 ,the following may be given in one dose1 and repeated every day1 or every other day1 as the symptoms may require3-- ,powdered golden seal17hydrastus canadensis71 #a table-spoonful4 slippery elm1 #b ounces4 ,water sufficient to make it of the consistence of gruel4 ,should a diarrhoea set in1 it ought not to occasion alarm1 but may be considered as an effort of nature to rid the system of morbific matter4 ,it will be prudent1 however1 to watch the animal1 and if the strength and condition fail1 then add to the last prescription a small quantity of powdered gentian and caraway seeds4 ,there are various forms of disease in the liver1 yet the treatment will not differ much from that of the last-named disease4 ,there is no such thing as a medicine for a particular symptom1 in one form of disease1 that is not equally good for the same symptom in every form4 ,in short1 there is no such thing as a specific4 ,any medicine that will promote the healthy action of the liver in one form of jaundice will be equally good for the same purpose in another form of that disease4 ,mr4 ,youatt states1 ,there are few diseases to which cattle are so frequently subject1 or which are so difficult to treat1 as jaundice1 or yellows4 ,hence it is important that the farmer should know how and in what manner the disease may be prevented4 ,and he will succeed best who understands the causes1 which often exist in overworking the stomach1 with a desire to fatten4 ,men who raise cattle for the market often attempt to get them in fine condition and flesh1 without any regard to the state of the digestive organs1 the liver included2 for the bile which the latter secretes is absolutely necessary for the perfection of the digestive process4 ,they do not take into consideration the state of the animals' health1 the climate1 the quality of food1 and the quantity best adapted to the digestive powers2 and what is of still greater importance1 and too often overlooked1 is1 that all animals should be fed at regular intervals4 ,some men suppose that so long as their cattle shall have good food1 without any regard to quantity1--if they eat all day long1 and cram their paunch to its utmost capacity1--they must fatten2 when1 in fact1 too much food deranges the whole digestive apparatus4 ,as soon as the paunch and stomach are overloaded1 they press on the liver1 interfering with the bile-secreting process1 producing congestion and disorganization4 ,diseases of the liver may be produced by any thing that will for a time suspend the process of rumination3 the known sympathy that exists between the stomach and liver explains this fact4 ,digestion1 like every other vital process1 requires a concentration of power to accomplish it3 now1 if an ox should have a bountiful meal1 and then be driven several miles1 the process of digestion1 during the journey1 will be partly suspended4 ,the act of compelling an ox to rise1 or annoying him in any way1 will immediately suspend rumination1 which may result in an acute disease of the liver4 ,in most cases1 however1 the stomach is primarily affected4 ,dealers in cattle often overfeed the animals they are about to dispose of1 in order to improve their external appearance1 and increase their own profits3 the consequence is1 that such animals are in a state of plethora1 and are liable at any moment to be attacked with congestion of the liver or brain4 ,again4 ,if oxen are driven a long journey1 and then turned into a pasture abounding in highly nutritious grasses or clover1 to which they are unaccustomed1 they fill the paunch to such an extent that it becomes a matter of impossibility on the part of the animal to throw it up for rumination2 this mass of food1 being submitted to the combined action of heat and moisture1 undergoes fermentation2 carbonic acid gas is evolved2 the animal is then said to be blown1 hoven1 or blasted4 ,post mortem examination1 in such cases1 reveals a highly-congested state of the liver and spleen4 ,in fattening cattle1 the injury done to the organs of digestion is not always observed in the early stages2 for the vital power1 which wages a warfare against all encroachments1 endeavors to accommodate itself to the increased bulk2 yet1 by continuing to give an excess of diet1 it finally yields up the citadel to the insidious foe4 ,chemical action then overpowers the vital1 and disease is the result4 ,thousands of valuable cattle are yearly destroyed by being too well1 or1 rather1 injudiciously fed4 ,many diseases of the liver and digestive organs result from feeding on unwholesome1 innutritious1 and hard1 indigestible food4 ,bad water1 and suffering the animal to partake too bountifully of cold water when heated and fatigued1 are among the direct causes of disease4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,mucous ,,surface4 ,the mucous membrane is a duplicature of the skin1 and is folded into the external orifices of the animal1 as the mouth1 ears1 nose1 lungs1 stomach1 intestines1 and bladder2 but not being so much exposed to the action of external agents1 it is not so strong or thick as the skin4 ,it performs1 however1 nearly the same office as the skin4 ,if the action of one is suppressed1 the other immediately commences the performance of its office4 ,thus a common cold1 which collapses the skin1 immediately stops insensible perspiration1 which recedes to the mucous membrane1 producing a discharge from the nose1 eyes1 bowels1 c4 ,so1 when great derangement of the mucous membrane exists1 debilitating perspiration succeeds4 ,in the treatment of diseases of the mucous membrane1 we endeavor to remove the irritating causes from the organs affected1 restore the general tone of the system1 and invite action to the external surface4 ,,catarrh1 ,,or ,,hoose4 ,this disease often arises from exposure to wet or cold weather1 and from the food being of a bad quality1 or deficient in quantity4 ,if the animal is enfeebled by poor feed1 old age1 or any other cause1 then there is very little resistance offered against the encroachments of disease3 hence young beasts and cows after calving are often the victims4 ,treatment4--,it is necessary to attend to this disorder as soon as it makes its appearance2 for a common cold1 neglected1 often lays the foundation of consumption4 ,on the other hand1 a little attention in the early stages1 and before sympathetic action sets in1 would set all right4 ,the first indication to be fulfilled is to invite action to the surface by friction and counter-irritants4 ,the following liniment may be applied to the feet and throat3-- ,olive oil1 #d ounces4 ,oil of cedar1 #a ounce4 ,liquid ammonia1 half an ounce4 ,rub the mixture in well2 then give ,gruel1 #a quart4 ,powdered licorice1 #a ounce4 ,composition1 half a tea-spoonful4 ,give this at a dose1 and repeat two or three times during the twenty-four hours4 ,a drink of any warm aromatic tea1 such as pennyroyal1 hyssop1 catnip or aniseed will have a good effect4 ,the diet should consist of scalded meal1 boiled carrots1 flaxseed1 or any substance that is light and easy of digestion4 ,should the discharge increase and the eyelids swell1 recourse must be had to vapor1 which may be raised by pouring vinegar on a hot brick2 the latter held1 with a pair of tongs1 beneath the animal's nose1 at the same time covering the head with a blanket4 ,a small quantity of bayberry bark may occasionally be blown up the nostrils from a quill4 ,it is very important1 during the treatment1 that the animal be in a warm situation1 with a good bed of straw to rest on4 ,if the glands under the jaw enlarge1 the following mixture should be rubbed about the throat3-- ,neat's foot oil1 #d ounces4 ,hot drops1 #b ounces4 ,vinegar1 #a gill4 ,if the disease assumes a chronic form1 and the animal is evidently losing flesh1 then give the following3-- ,golden seal1 powdered1 #a table-spoonful4 ,caraway seeds1 #a ,divide into three parts2 which may be given daily1 7in thin gruel17 until the animal is convalescent4 ,,epidemic ,,catarrh4 ,this often prevails at particular seasons1 and spreads over whole districts1 sometimes destroying a great number of cattle4 ,it is a disorder whose intensity varies considerably1 being sometimes attended with a high grade of fever1 at other times quickly followed by general debility4 ,treatment4--,this requires the same treatment as the last-named disease1 but only more thoroughly and perseveringly applied2 for every portion of the system seems to be affected1 either through sympathetic action or from the absorption of morbid matter4 ,hence we must aid the vital power to maintain her empire and resist the encroachments on her sanative operations by the use of antiseptics and stimulants4 ,the following is a good example3-- ,powdered charcoal1 #a ounce4 bayberry bark1 half an ounce4 pleurisy root1 #a ounce4 ,honey1 #a table-spoonful4 ,thin gruel1 #a quart4 ,,malignant ,,epidemic1 7,,murrain47 ,this disease has been more or less destructive from the time of ,pharaoh up to the present period4 ,for information on the origin1 progress1 and termination of this malignant distemper1 the reader is referred to ,mr4 ,youatt's work on cattle4 ,treatment4--,the indications to be fulfilled are1 first1 to preserve the system from putrescence1 which can be done by the use of the following drink3-- ,powdered capsicum1 #a tea-spoonful4 charcoal1 #b ounces4 ,lime water1 #d ounces4 ,sulphur1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,add to the capsicum1 charcoal1 and sulphur1 a small quantity of gruel2 lastly1 add the lime water4 ,a second and similar dose may be given six hours after the first1 provided1 however1 the symptoms are not so alarming4 ,the next indication is1 to break down the morbid action of the nervous and vascular systems2 for which the following may be given freely3-- ,thoroughwort tea1 #b quarts4 ,powdered assafoetida1 #b drachms4 ,aid the action of these remedies by the use of one of the following injections3-- ,powdered lobelia1 #b ounces4 ,oil of peppermint1 #bj drops4 ,warm water1 #b quarts4 ,another4 ,infusion of camomile1 #b quarts4 ,common salt1 #d ounces4 ,in all cases of putrid or malignant fever1 efforts should be made to supply the system with caloric1 7by the aid of stimulants17 promote the secretions1 and rid the system of morbific materials4 ,,diarrhoea1 7,,looseness ,,of ,,the ,,bowels47 ,in the early stages of this disease1 it is not always to be checked4 ,it is often a salutary operation of nature to rid the system of morbific materials1 and all that we can do with safety is1 to sheathe and lubricate the mucous surfaces1 in order to protect them from the acrid and stimulating properties of the agents to be removed from the alimentary canal4 ,when the disease1 of which diarrhoea is only a symptom1 proceeds from exposure1 apply warmth1 moisture1 friction1 and stimulants to the external surface1 aided by the following lubricant3-- ,powdered slippery elm1 #a ounce4 charcoal1 #a table-spoonful4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,common starch1 or flour1 may be substituted for slippery elm4 ,the mixture should be given in pint doses1 at intervals of two hours4 ,when the fecal discharges appear more natural and less frequent1 a tea of raspberry leaves or bayberry bark will complete the cure4 ,when the disease assumes a chronic form1 and the animal loses flesh1 the following tonic1 stimulating1 astringent drink is recommended3-- ,infusion of camomile1 #a quart4 ,powdered caraway seeds1 #a ounce4 ,bayberry1 powdered1 half an ounce4 ,mix for one dose4 ,remarks4--,in the treatment of this disease1 it is necessary for the farmer to know1 that through the instrumentality of the nervous structure1 there is constantly a sympathy kept up between the different parts of the animal2 whenever any part is affected1 the corresponding part feels the influence4 ,thus the external surface is opposed to the internal1 so that1 if the function of the former be diminished1 or excessive1 or suspended1 that of the latter will soon become deranged2 and the restoration of the lost function is the only true way to effect a cure4 ,for example1 if an animal be suffered to feed in wet lands1 the feet and external surface become cold2 and hence diarrhoea1 catarrh1 garget1 dysentery1 c4 ,if the circulation of the blood is obstructed by exposure1 we should restore the lost function by rubbing the surface1 and by the application of warmth and moisture4 ,if the animal is in poor condition1 and there is not enough vitality to equalize the circulation1 give warm anti-spasmodics4 7,see ,,appendix47 ,in cases where diarrhoea results from a want of power in the digestive organs to assimilate the food1 the latter acts on the mucous surfaces as a mechanical irritant1 producing inflammation1 c4 ,inflammation is the concentration of the available vital force too much upon a small region of the body1 and it is invited there by irritation4 ,now1 instead of the popular error1--bleeding and purging1--the most rational way to proceed is1 to remove the cause of irritation1 7no matter whether the stomach or bowels are involved17 and invite the blood to the surface by means already alluded to1 and distribute it over the general system1 so that it will not be in excess any where4 ,there is generally but little difficulty in producing an equilibrium of action2 the great point is to sustain it4 ,when the blood accumulates in a part1 as in inflammation of the bowels1 the sensibility of the part is so highly exalted that the least irritation causes a relapse2 therefore the general treatment must not be abandoned too early4 ,,dysentery4 ,the disease is generally ushered in with some degree of fever2 as1 trembling1 hot and cold stages1 dryness of the mouth1 loss of appetite1 general prostration1 drooping of the head and ears1 heaving of the flanks2 there are frequent stools1 yet these seldom consist of natural excrement1 but are of a viscid1 mucous character2 the animal is evidently in pain during these discharges1 and sometimes the fundament appears excoriated4 ,causes4--,the cause of this complaint appears to be1 generally1 exposure4 ,dr4 ,white says1 ,almost all the diseases of cattle arise either from exposure to wet or cold weather1 from their food being of a bad quality1 or deficient in quantity1 or from the animal being changed too suddenly from poor1 unwholesome keep to rich pasture4 ,it is necessary to observe1 also1 that the animal is more liable to be injured by exposure to wet and cold1 when previously enfeebled by bad keep1 old age1 or any other cause2 and particularly when brought from a mild into a cold situation4 ,i have scarcely met with a disease that is not attributable to a chill4 ,treatment4--,this must be much the same as in diarrhoea--sheathing the mucous membrane1 and inviting action to the surface4 ,the animal must be warmly housed1 well littered1 and the extremities clothed with flannel bandages4 ,the diet must consist of flour gruel1 scalded meal4 ,raspberry tea will be the most suitable drink4 ,much can be done by good nursing4 ,mr4 ,ellman says1 ,if any of my cattle get into a low1 weak state1 ,i generally recommend nursing1 which1 in most cases1 is much better than a doctor2 meaning some of the poor specimens always to be found in large cities2 having often seen the beast much weakened1 and the stomach relaxed1 by throwing in a quantity of medicine injudiciously1 and the animal lost2 when1 with good nursing1 in all probability1 it might have been otherwise4 ,,scouring ,,rot4 ,cause4--,any thing that can reduce the vital energies4 ,symptoms4--,a gradual loss of flesh1 although the animal often feeds well and ruminates4 ,the excrements are of a dark color1 frothy1 and fetid1 and1 in the latter stages1 appear to be only half digested4 ,there are many symptoms and different degrees of intensity1 during the progress of this disease1 indicate the amount of destruction going on2 yet the author considers them unimportant in a practical point of view1 at least as far as the treatment is concerned2 for the disease is so analogous to dysentery1 that the same indications are to be fulfilled in both2 more care1 however1 should be taken to prevent and subdue mortification4 ,in addition to the treatment recommended in article ,malignant ,epidemic1 the following injection may be substituted for the one prescribed under that head3-- ,powdered charcoal1 a tea-cupful4 ,common salt1 #b ounces4 ,pyroligneous acid1#aa half a wine-glass4 ,warm water1 #b quarts4 ,throw one quart of the above into the rectum1 and the remainder six hours after the first4 ,,footnote3 #aa ,vinegar obtained from wood4 ,,disease ,,of ,,the ,,ear ,diseases of the ear are very rare in cattle2 yet1 as simple inflammatory action does now and then occur1 it is well that the farmer should be able to recognize and treat it4 ,symptoms4--,an unnatural heat and tenderness about the base of the ear1 and the animal carries the head on one side4 ,cure4--,fomentations of marshmallows2 a light diet of scalded shorts2 an occasional drink of thoroughwort tea4 ,these with a little rest1 in a comfortable barn1 will perfect the cure4 ,remarks4--,if any irritating substance is suspected to have fallen into the ear1 efforts must be made to remove it3 if it cannot be got at1 a small quantity of olive oil may be poured into the cavity2 then1 by rotating the head1 with the affected ear downwards1 the substances will often pass out4 ,,serous ,,membranes4 ,these membranes derive their name from the serous or watery fluid they secrete1 by which their surface is constantly moistened4 ,they are to be found in the three cavities of the chest2 namely1 one on each side1 containing the right and left lung1 and the intermediate cavity1 occupied by the heart4 ,the portion of the membrane lining the lungs is named the pleura1 and that lining and covering the heart is called the pericardium4 ,the membrane lining the abdomen is named the peritoneum4 ,the ventricles of the brain are also lined by this membrane4 ,the serous membranes1 after lining their respective cavities1 are extended still farther1 by being reflected back upon the organs enclosed in their cavities2 hence1 if it were possible to dissect these membranes from off the parts which they invest1 they would have the appearance of a sac without an opening4 ,in the natural state1 these membranes are exceedingly thin and transparent2 but they become thickened by disease1 and lose their transparency4 ,the excessive discharge of fluids into cavities lined by these membranes constitutes the different forms of dropsy1 on which we shall now treat4 ,,dropsy4 ,this disease consists in the accumulation of fluid in a cavity of the body1 as the abdomen or belly1 the chest1 and ventricles of the brain1 or in the cellular membrane under the skin4 ,as the treatment of the several forms of dropsy requires that the same indications shall be fulfilled1--viz41 to equalize the circulation1 invite action to the surface1 promote absorption1 and invigorate the general system1--so it matters but little whether the effusion takes place under the skin1 producing anasarca1 or within the chest or abdomen4 ,the popular treatment1 which comprehends blood-letting1 physicking1 and the use of powerful diuretics1 has proved notoriously unsuccessful4 ,blood-letting is charged as one of the direct causes of dropsy3 how then can it be expected that a system that will produce this form of disease can ever cure it8 ,in reference to physicking1 if the bowels are forced to remove the excess of fluids in a short time1 they become much exhausted1 lose their tone1 and do not recover their healthy power for some time4 ,dr4 ,curtis says1 ,may we not give diuretics and drastic cathartics in dropsy8 ,i answer1 if you do1 and carry off the fluids of the body in those directions1 as you sometimes may1 you have not always removed the cause of the disease1 which was the closing of the surface1 or stoppage of some natural secretion1 while you have rendered the patient liable to other forms of disease1 quite as much to be dreaded as the dropsy which was exchanged for it4 ,mild diuretic medicines may1 however1 be given1 provided attention he paid at the same time to the lungs and external surface4 ,the kidneys1 lungs1 and external surface constitute the great outlets through which the excess of fluids finds egress2 and if one of these functions be excited to dislodge an accumulation of fluid1 without the cooeperation of the rest1 the excessive action is sure to injure the organ2 hence it is an injurious practice1 and ought to be rejected4 ,causes4--,dropsy will occasionally be produced by the sudden stopping of any evacuation2 for example1 if a diarrhoea be checked too suddenly1 it frequently results in dropsy of the belly4 ,in pleurisy1 and when blood-letting has been practised to any extent1 dropsy of the chest will be the consequence4 ,exposure1 poor diet1 diseases of the liver and spleen1 want of exercise1 and poisonous medicines are among the general causes of dropsy4 ,treatment4--,it is a law of the animal economy that all fluids are determined to those surfaces from which they can most readily escape4 ,now1 instead of cramming down nauseous and poisonous drugs1 with a view of carrying off the fluid by the kidneys1 we should restore the lost function of the external exhalents1 by warmth1 moisture1 friction1 and the application of stimulating embrocations to the general surface4 ,the following embrocation may be applied to the spine1 ears1 belly1 and legs3-- ,oil of cedar1 #a ounce4 ,oil of juniper1 #a ounce4 ,soft soap1 #a pound4 ,a portion of the above should be rubbed in twice a day4 ,the best medicine is the following3-- ,powdered mandrake1 #a ounce4 lobelia1 #a ounce4 ,poplar bark1 #b ounces4 ,lemon balm1 #d ounces4 ,boiling water1 #c quarts4 ,let the whole stand in a covered vessel for an hour2 then strain1 and add a gill of honey4 ,give half a pint every third hour4 ,if the animal be in poor condition1 the diet must be nourishing and easy of digestion4 ,flour gruel and scalded meal will be the most appropriate4 ,a drink made by steeping cleavers1 or hyssop1 in boiling water may be given at discretion4 ,if there is not sufficient vitality in the system to equalize the circulation1 7which may be known by the surface and extremities still continuing cold17 the following drink will be found efficacious3-- ,hyssop tea1 #b quarts4 ,powdered cayenne1 7,african17 #a tea-spoonful4 licorice1 #a ounce4 ,mix4 ,to be given at a dose1 and repeated if necessary4 ,should inflammatory symptoms make their appearance1 omit the cayenne1 and substitute the same quantity of cream of tartar4 ,the treatment of all the different forms of dropsy is upon the plan here laid down4 ,they are one and the same disease1 only located in different parts2 and from predisposing causes the fluid is sometimes found in the thorax1 at others in the abdomen4 ,whenever costiveness occurs in dropsy1 the following laxative may be given3-- ,wormwood1 #b ounces4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,set them over the fire1 and let them boil for a few moments2 then add two ounces of castile soap and a gill of molasses or honey4 ,the whole to be given at one dose4 ,the operation of tapping has been performed1 but with very little success2 for1 unless the function of the skin be restored1 the water will again accumulate4 ,if1 however1 the disease shall be treated according to the principles here laid down1 there is no good reason why the operation should not prove successful4 ,it may be performed for dropsy of the belly in the following manner3 ,take a common trocar and canula1 and after pinching upwards a fold of the skin1 about three inches from the line1 7linea alba17 or centre of the belly1 and about seven from the udder1 push the trocar through the skin1 muscles1 c41 into the abdominal cavity2 withdraw the trocar1 and the water will flow4 ,the operation is usually performed on the right side1 taking care1 however1 not to wound the milk vein1 or artery4 ,,hoove1 ,,or ,,blasting4 ,when cattle or sheep are first turned into luxuriant pasture1 after being poorly fed1 or laboring under any derangement of the digestive organs1 they are apt to be hoven1 blown1 or blasted4 ,treatment4--,should the symptoms be very alarming1 a flexible tube may be passed down the gullet4 ,this will generally allow a portion of gas to escape1 and thus afford temporary relief1 until more efficient means are resorted to4 ,these consist in arousing the digestive organs to action1 by the following stimulant and carminative drink3-- ,cardamom seeds1 #a ounce4 ,fennel seeds1 #a ounce4 ,powdered charcoal1 #a table-spoonful4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,let the mixture stand until sufficiently cool2 then strain1 and administer in pint doses1 every ten minutes4 ,the following clyster should be given3-- ,powdered lobelia1 #b ounces4 charcoal1 #f ounces4 ,common salt1 #a table-spoonful4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,when cool1 strain1 and inject4 ,if the animal is only blasted in a moderate degree1 this treatment will generally prove successful4 ,some practitioners recommend puncturing the rumen or paunch2 but there is always great danger attending it1 and at best it is only a palliative3 the process of fermentation will continue while the materials still remain in the paunch4 ,some cattle doctors make a large incision into the paunch1 and shovel out the contents with the hand2 but the remedy is quite as bad as the disease4 ,for example1 ,mr4 ,youatt tells us that a cow had eaten a large quantity of food1 and was hoven4 ,a neighbor1 who was supposed to know a great deal about cattle1 made an incision into the paunch2 the gas escaped1 a great portion of the food was removed with the hand1 and the animal appeared to be considerably relieved2 but rumination did not return4 ,on the following day1 the animal was dull2 she refused her food1 but was eager to drink4 ,she became worse and worse1 and on the sixth day she died4 ,in all dangerous cases of hoove1 we must not forget that our remedies may be aided by the external application of warmth and moisture2 flannels wrung out in hot water should be secured to the belly2 at the same time1 the legs and brisket should be rubbed with tincture of assafoetida4 ,these remedies must be repeated until the animal is relieved4 ,steady and long-continued perseverance in rubbing the abdomen often succeeds in liberating the gas4 ,if the animal recovers1 he should be fed1 very sparingly1 on scalded food1 consisting of equal parts of meal and shorts1 with the addition of a few grains of caraway seeds4 ,a drink composed of the following ingredients will aid in rapidly restoring the animal to health3-- ,marshmallows1 #b ounces4 ,linseed1 #a ounce4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,set the mixture near the fire1 and allow it to macerate for a short time2 after straining through a sieve or coarse cloth1 it may be given and repeated at discretion4 ,remarks4--,as prevention is much more convenient and less expensive than the fashionable system of making a chemical laboratory of the poor brute's stomach1 the author would remind owners of stock that the practice of turning the latter into green1 succulent pasture when the ground is damp1 or permitting them to remain exposed to the night air1 is among the direct causes of hoove4 ,the ox and many other animals are governed by the same laws of nature to which man owes allegiance1 and any departure from the legitimate teachings1 as they are fundamentally ingrafted in the animate kingdom by the ,omnipotent ,creator1 is sure to subject us to the penalty4 ,we are told that1 during the night1 noxious gases and poisonous miasmata emanate from the soil1 and that plants throw off excrementitious matters1 which assume a gaseous form1 and are more or less destructive4 ,now1 these animals have no better powers of resisting the encroachments on their organization 7through the agency of these deleterious gases7 than we have2 they must have atmospheric air to vitalize the blood2 any impurity in the air they breathe must impair their health4 ,still1 however1 the powers of resistance are greater in some than in others2 this explains the reason why all do not suffer4 ,sometimes1 the gases are not in sufficient quantities to produce instant death1 but only derange the general health2 yet if an animal be turned into a pasture1 the herbage and soil of which give out an excess of nitrogen and carbonic acid1 the animal will die2 just as a man will1 if you lower him into a well abounding in either of these destructive agents4 ,from these brief remarks1 the farmer will see the importance of housing domestic animals at night4 ,,joint ,,murrain4 ,this malady1 in its early stages1 assumes different forms2 sometimes making its appearance under a high grade of vital action1 commonly called inflammatory fever1 and known by the red appearance of the sclerotica1 7white of the eye17 hurried breathing1 expanded nostrils1 hot tongue1 and dry muzzle1 pulse full and bounding1 manifestations of pain1 c4 c4 ,different animals show1 according to local or constitutional peculiarities1 different symptoms4 ,this disease1 in consequence of its assuming different forms during its progress1 has a host of names applied to it1 which rather embarrass than assist the farmer4 ,we admit that there are numerous tissues to be obstructed2 and if the disease were named from the tissue1 it would have as many names as there are tissues4 ,if it were named from the location1 which often happens1 then we get as many names as there are locations2 for example1 horn ail1 black leg1 quarter evil1 joint murrain1 foot rot1 c4 ,in the above disease1 the whole system partakes more or less of constitutional disturbance2 therefore it is of no use1 except when we want to avail ourselves of local applications1 to decide what particular muscle1 blood-vessel1 or nerve is involved1 seeing that the only rational treatment consists in acting on all the nerves1 blood-vessels1 and muscles1 and that this can only be accomplished through the healthy operations of nature's secreting and excreting processes4 ,the indications of cure1 according to the reformed principles1 are1 to relax spasm1 as in locked-jaw1 stoppages of the bladder or intestines1 obstructed surfaces1 c42 to contract and strengthen weak and relaxed organs1 as in general or local debility1 diarrhoea1 scouring1 lampas1 c42 to stimulate inactive parts1 as in black leg1 joint murrain1 quarter ill1 foot rot2 to equalize the circulation1 and distribute the blood to the external surface and extremities1 as in congestions2 to furnish the animal with sufficient nutriment for its growth and development4 ,no matter what the nature of disease may be1 the treatment should be conducted on these principles4 ,the farmer will overcome a host of obstacles1 that might otherwise fall in his way1 in the treatment of joint murrain1 when he learns that this malady1 together with black leg1 quarter ill or evil1 black quarter1 and dry gangrene are all analogous3 by the different names are meant their grades4 ,in the early or mild forms1 it consists of congestion in the veins or venous radicles1 and effusions into the cellular tissue4 ,when chemical action overpowers the vital1 decomposition sets in2 it then assumes a putrid type2 mortification1 or a destruction of organic integrity1 is the result4 ,causes4--,its proximate causes exist in any thing that can for a time interrupt the free and full play of any part of the vital machinery4 ,its direct cause may be found in over-feeding1 miasma1 exposure1 poisonous plants1 poor diet1 c4 ,the milk of diseased cows is a frequent cause of black leg in young calves4 ,the reason why the disease is more likely to manifest itself in the legs is1 because they are more exposed1 by the feet coming in contact with damp ground1 and because the blood has a kind of up-hill work to perform4 ,treatment4--,in the early stages of joint murrain and its kindred maladies1 if inflammatory fever is present1 the first and most important step is to relax the external surface1 as directed in article ,pneumonia1 p4 #ajg4 ,should the animal be in a situation where it is not convenient to do so1 give the following anti-spasmodic3-- ,thoroughwort1 #a ounce4 ,lemon balm1 #b ounces4 ,garlic1 bruised1 a few kernels4 ,boiling water1 #c quarts4 ,allow the infusion to stand until cool2 then strain1 and give it a dose4 ,if the bowels are constipated1 inject the following3-- ,soft soap1 half a pint4 ,warm water1 #b quarts4 ,rub the joints with the following embrocation3-- ,oil of cedar1 equal parts4 ,fir balsam1 ,keep the animal on warm1 bland teas1 such as catnip1 pennyroyal1 lemon balm1 and a light diet of powdered slippery elm gruel4 ,,black ,,quarter4 ,symptoms4--,rapid decomposition1 known by the pain which the slightest pressure gives the animal4 ,carbonic acid gas is evolved from the semi-putrid state of the system1 which finds its way into the cellular tissue1 beneath the skin4 ,a crackling noise can then be heard and felt by pressing the finger on the hide4 ,causes4--,among the chief causes are the blood-letting and scouring systems recommended by writers on cattle doctoring4 ,in the inflammatory stage1 we are told1 ,the first and most important step is copious bleeding4 ,as much blood must be taken as the animal will bear to lose2 and the stream must flow on until the beast staggers or threatens to fall4 ,here1 more than in any other disease1 there must be no foolish directions about quantities4 ,the heroic practice6 ,as much blood must be taken away as can be got2 for it is only by the bold and persevering use of the lancet that a malady can be subdued that runs its course so rapidly4 7,see ,youatt1 p4 #cei47 ,from these directions we are led to suppose that there are some hopes of bleeding the animal to life2 for the author above quoted seems to entertain no apprehension of bleeding the animal to death4 ,mr4 ,percival and other veterinary writers inform us1 that an animal will lose about one fifteenth part of its weight of blood before it dies2 though a less quantity may so far debilitate the vital powers1 as to be1 though less suddenly1 equally fatal4 ,the latter portion of the sentence means simply this2 that if the bleeding does not give the animal its quietus on the spot1 it will produce black quarter1 gangrene1 c41 which will be equally fatal4 ,in the latter stages of the disease now under consideration1 and1 indeed1 in dry gangrene1 there is a tendency to the complete destruction of life to the parts involved3 hence our remedies should be in harmony with the vital operations4 ,we should relax1 stimulate1 and cleanse the whole system1 and arouse every part to healthy action1 by the aid of vapor1 injections1 stimulating applications1 poultices of charcoal and capsicum1 to parts where there is danger of rapid mortification2 lastly1 stimulating drinks to vitalize the blood1 which only requires distribution1 instead of abstraction4 ,in reference to the scouring system1 7purging17 as a cause of mortification1 we leave the reader to form his own views1 after reading the following3 ,after abstracting as much blood as can be got away1 purging must immediately follow4 ,a pound and a half of ,epsom salts dissolved in water or gruel1 and poured down the throat as gently as possible1 should be our first dose4 ,if this does not operate in the course of six hours1 another pound should be given2 and after that1 half pound doses every six hours until the effect is produced66--,youatt1 p4 #cei4 ,treatment4--,as the natural tendency of these different maladies is the complete destruction of life to all parts of the organization1 efforts must be made to depurate the whole animal1 and arouse every part to healthy action in the manner recommended under article ,joint ,murrain4 ,antiseptics may be freely used in the following form3-- ,powdered bayberry bark1 #b ounces4 charcoal1 #f ounces4 cayenne1 #a tea-spoonful4 slippery elm1 #a ounce4 ,add boiling water sufficient to make it of the consistence of thin gruel4 ,all sores and foul ulcers may be washed with ,pyroligneous acid1 #a ounce4 ,water1 #a gill4 ,another4 ,chloride of lime1 #a ounce4 ,water1 #a pint4 ,another4 ,chloride of soda1 #a ounce4 ,water1 #f ounces4 ,the affected parts should be often bathed with one of these washes4 ,if the disease is not arrested by these means1 repeat them1 and put the animal on a diet of flour gruel4 ,,open ,,joint4 ,joints are liable to external injury from wounds or bruises1 and1 although a joint may not be open in the first instance1 subsequent sloughing may expose its cavity4 ,the ordinary effects of disease in membranes covering joints are1 a profuse discharge of joint oil1 7synovia17 and a thickening of the synovial membrane4 ,sometimes the joint is cemented together2 it is then termed anchylosis4 ,treatment4--,the first object is1 to promote adhesion1 by bringing the edges of the wound together1 and confining them in contact by stitches4 ,a pledget of lint or linen1 previously moistened with tincture of myrrh1 should then be bound on with a bandage forming a figure #h around the joint4 ,if the parts feel hot and appear inflamed1 apply a bandage1 which may be kept constantly wet with cold water4 ,if adhesion of the parts does not take place1 apply the following3-- ,powdered bayberry bark1 #a ounce4 ,fir balsam1 sufficient to form a thick1 tenacious mass1 which may be spread thickly over the wound2 lastly1 a bandage4 ,should a fetid discharge take place1 poultice with ,powdered charcoal1 equal parts4 bayberry1 ,in cases where the nature of the injury will not admit of the wounded edges being kept in contact1 and a large surface is exposed1 we must promote granulation by keeping the parts clean1 and by the daily application of fir balsam4 ,unhealthy granulations may be kept down by touching them with burnt alum1 or sprinkling on their surface powdered bloodroot4 ,the author has treated several cases1 in which there was no hope of healing by the first intention1 by the daily use of tincture of capsicum1 together with tonic1 stimulating1 astringent1 antiseptic poultices and fomentations1 as the case seemed to require1 and they always terminated favorably4 ,in all cases of injury to joints1 rest and a light diet are indispensable4 ,,swellings ,,of ,,joints4 ,swellings frequently arise from bruises and strains2 they are sometimes1 however1 connected with a rheumatic affection1 caused by cold1 exposure to rain1 or turning an animal into wet pasture lands after active exercise4 ,in the acute stage1 known by tenderness1 unnatural heat1 and lameness1 the animal should be put on a light diet of scalded shorts1 c42 the parts to be frequently bathed with cold water2 and1 if practicable1 a bandage may be passed around the limb1 and kept moist with the same4 ,if the part still continues painful1 take four ounces of arnica flowers1 moisten them with boiling water1 when cool1 bind them around the part1 and let them remain twenty-four hours4 ,this seldom fails4 ,on the other hand1 should the parts be in a chronic state1 which may be recognized by inactivity1 coldness1 c41 then the following embrocation will restore the lost tone3-- ,oil of wormwood1 #a ounce4 cedar1 #a ounce4 ,hot drops1 #d ounces4 ,vinegar1 #a pint4 ,mix1 and rub the part faithfully night and morning4 ,friction with the hand or a brush will materially assist to cure4 ,in all cases where suppuration has commenced1 and matter can be distinctly felt1 the sooner the following poultice shall be applied1 the better3-- ,powdered slippery elm1 equal parts4 linseed1 ,boiling water sufficient to moisten2 then add a wine-glass of vinegar4 ,to be renewed every twelve hours1 until the matter escapes4 ,,sprain ,,of ,,the ,,fetlock4 ,sprain1 or strain1 as it is commonly termed1 sometimes arises from violent exertions2 at other times1 by the animal unexpectedly treading on some uneven surface4 ,treatment4--,first wash the foot clean1 then carefully examine the cleft1 and remove any substance that may have lodged there4 ,a cotton bandage folded around the claws and continued above the fetlock1 kept wet with the following lotion1 will speedily reduce any excess of inflammatory action that may exist3-- ,acetic acid1 #a ounce4 ,water1 #a pint4 ,another4 ,vinegar1 #a pint4 ,water1 #c pints4 ,,strain ,,of ,,the ,,hip4 ,this may sometimes occur in working oxen4 ,rest is the principal remedy4 ,the part may1 however1 be bathed daily with the following3-- ,wormwood1 #d ounces4 ,scalding vinegar1 #b quarts4 ,the liquor must be applied cold4 ,strain of the knees or shoulder may be treated in the same manner as above4 ,,foul ,,in ,,the ,,foot4 ,a great deal of learned nonsense has been written on this subject1 which only serves to plunge the farmer into a labyrinth from which there is no escape4 ,the author will not trespass on the reader's patience so much as to transcribe different authors' opinions in relation to the nature of the disease and its treatment1 but will proceed at once to point out a common-sense explanation of its cause1 and the proper mode of treating it4 ,the disease is analogous to foot rot in sheep1 and is the consequence of feeding in wet pastures1 or suffering the animals to wallow in filth4 ,a large quantity of morbific or excrementitious matter is thrown off from the system through the surfaces between the cleft4 ,now1 should those surfaces be obstructed by filth1 or contracted by cold1 the delicate mouths of these excrementitious vessels1 or outlets1 are unable to rid the parts of their morbid accumulations3 these vessels become distended beyond their usual capacity1 communicate with each other1 and1 when no longer able to contain this mass of useless material1 an artificial drain1 in the form of foot rot1 is established1 by which simple method the parts recover their reciprocal equilibrium4 ,in this case1 as in diarrhoea1 we recognize a simple and sanative operation of nature's law1 which1 if aided1 will generally prove beneficial4 ,that foul in the foot is caused by the sudden stoppage of some natural evacuation is evident from the following facts3 ,first1 the disease is most prevalent in cold1 low1 marshy countries1 where the foot is kept constantly moist4 ,secondly1 the disease is neither contagious nor epidemic4 7,see ,journal de ,med4 ,vet4 et comparee1 #ahbf1 p4 #cai47 ,treatment4--,in all cases of obstruction to the depurating apparatus1 there is a loss of equilibrium between secretion and excretion4 ,the first indication is1 to restore the lost function4 ,previously1 however1 to doing so1 the animal must be removed to a dry situation4 ,the cause once removed1 the cure is easy1 provided we merely assist nature and follow her teachings4 ,as warmth and moisture are known to relax all animal fibre1 the part should be relaxed1 warmed1 and cleansed1 first by warm water and soap1 lastly by poultice2 at the same time bearing in mind that the object is not to produce or invite suppuration1 7formation of matter17 but only to liberate the excess of morbid materials that may already be present3 as soon as this is accomplished1 the poultice should be discontinued4 ,poultice for ,foul ,feet4 ,roots of marshmallows1 bruised1 half a pound4 ,powdered charcoal1 a handful4 lobelia1 a few ounces4 ,meal1 a tea-cupful4 ,boiling water sufficient to soften the mass4 ,another4 ,powdered lobelia1 ,slippery elm1 equal parts4 ,pond lily1 bruised1 ,mix with boiling water4 ,put the ingredients into a bag1 and secure it above the fetlock4 ,give the animal the following at a dose3-- ,flowers of sulphur1 half an ounce4 ,powdered sassafras bark1 #a ounce4 ,burdock1 7any part of the plant17 #b ounces4 ,the above to be steeped in one quart of boiling water4 ,when cool1 strain4 ,all that is now needed is to keep the part cleansed1 and at rest4 ,if a fetid smell still remains1 wet the cleft1 morning and evening1 with ,chloride of soda1 #a ounce4 ,water1 #f ounces4 ,mix4 ,another4 ,pyroligneous acid1 #b ounces4 ,water1 a pint4 ,mix4 ,another4 ,common salt1 #a table-spoonful4 ,vinegar1 a wine-glass4 ,water1 #a quart4 ,whenever any fungous excrescence makes its appearance between the claws1 apply powdered bloodroot or burnt alum4 ,,red ,,water4 ,this affection takes its name from the high color of the urine4 ,it is not1 strictly speaking1 a disease1 but only a symptom of derangement1 caused by high feeding or the suppression of some natural discharge4 ,if1 for example1 the skin be obstructed1 then the insensible perspiration and excrementitious matter1 which should pass through this great outlet1 find some other mode of egress2 either the lungs of kidneys have to perform the extra work4 ,if the lot falls on the latter1 and they are not in a physiological state1 they give evidence of febrile or inflammatory action 7caused by the irritating1 acrid character of their secretion7 in the form of high-colored urine4 ,in all cases of derangement in the digestive apparatus1 liver included1 both in man and oxen1 the urine is generally high colored2 and the use of diuretic medicines is objectionable1 for1 at best1 it would only be treating symptoms4 ,we lay it down as a fundamental principle1 that those who treat symptoms alone never cure disease1 for the animal often dies a victim to the treatment1 instead of the malady4 ,whenever an animal is in a state of plethora1 and the usual amount of morbific matter cannot find egress1 some portion of it is reabsorbed1 producing a deleterious effect3 the urine will then be high colored1 plainly demonstrating that nature is making an effort to rid the system of useless material1 and will do so unless interfered with by the use of means opposed to the cure1 such as blood-letting1 physicking1 and diuretics4 ,the urine will appear high colored1 and approach a red hue1 in many cows after calving1 in inflammation of the womb1 gastric fever1 puerperal fever1 fevers generally1 inflammation of the kidneys1 indigestion2 in short1 many forms of acute disease are accompanied by high-colored urine4 ,the treatment1 like that of any other form of derangement1 must be general4 ,excite all parts of the system to healthy action4 ,if the bowels are constipated1 give the following3-- ,golden seal1 #a table-spoonful4 ,thoroughwort tea1 #b quarts4 ,to be given at a dose4 ,scalded shorts will be the most suitable food1 if any is required2 but1 generally1 abstinence is necessary1 especially if the animal be fat4 ,if the surface and extremities are cold1 give an infusion of pennyroyal1 catnip1 sage1 or hyssop2 and rub the belly and legs with ,hot vinegar1 #a quart4 ,powdered lobelia or cayenne1 #a ounce4 ,if the kidneys are inflamed1--which may be known by tenderness in the region of the loins1 and by the animal standing with the legs widely separated1--the urine being of a dark red color1 then1 in addition to the application of stimulating liniment to the belly and legs1 a poultice may be placed over the kidneys4 ,poultice for inflamed ,kidneys4 ,slippery elm1 #h ounces4 ,lobelia1 #d ounces4 ,boiling water sufficient4 ,another4 ,linseed1 equal parts ,marshmallows1 ,boiling water sufficient4 ,lay the poultice on the loins1 pass a cloth over it1 and secure under the belly4 ,a drink of marshmallows is the only fluid that can with safety be allowed4 ,if the horns1 ears1 and surface are hot1 sponge the whole surface with weak lie or saleratus water1 and give the following antifebrile drink3-- ,lemon balm1 #b ounces4 ,cream of tartar1 #a ounce4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,honey1 #a gill4 ,when cold1 strain1 and give a pint every fifteen minutes4 ,if the bowels are constipated1 use injections of soap-suds4 ,suppose the animal to be in poor condition1 hide bound1 liver inactive1 the excrement of a dark color and fetid odor4 ,then use ,powdered golden seal1 #b ounces4 caraways1 #a ounce4 cayenne1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,poplar bark1 or slippery elm1 #b ounces4 ,mix1 divide into ten parts1 and give one1 in thin gruel1 three times a day4 ,the animal should be fed on boiled carrots1 scalded shorts1 into which a few handfuls of meal or flour may be stirred4 ,in short1 consider the nature of the case2 look beyond the symptoms1 ascertain the cause1 and1 if possible1 remove it4 ,an infusion of either of the following articles may be given at discretion3 marshmallows1 linseed1 juniper berries1 pond lily roots1 poplar bark1 or queen of the meadow4 ,mr4 ,cole remarks that red water is most common in cows of weak constitution1 a general relaxation1 poor blood1 c4 ,in such cases1 a nutritious diet1 cleanliness1 good nursing1 friction on the surface1 comfortable quarters at night1 and an occasional tonic will accomplish wonders4 ,tonic ,mixture4 ,powdered golden seal1 #a tea-spoonful4 balmony1 #b tea-spoonfuls4 ,mix the above in shorts or meal4 ,repeat night and morning until convalescence is established4 ,in cases of great prostration1 where it is necessary to act with promptitude1 the following infusion may be substituted3-- ,thoroughwort1 ,golden seal1 of each1 #a ounce4 ,camomile flowers1 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,after standing one hour1 strain1 and give a pint every four hours4 ,,black ,,water4 ,my plan of treatment1 in this malady1 is similar to that for red water4 ,in both cases1 it is indispensable to attend to the general health1 to promote the discharge of all the secretions1 to remove all obstructions to the full and free play of all parts of the living machinery4 ,the same remedies recommended in the preceding article are equally good in this case1 only they must be more perseveringly applied4 ,,thick ,,urine4 ,whenever the urine is thick and turbid1 deficient in quantity1 or voided with difficulty1 either of the following prescriptions may be administered3-- ,juniper berries1 #b ounces4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,strain4 ,dose1 #a pint every four hours4 ,another4 ,slippery elm1 #a ounce4 ,poplar bark1 #b ounces4 ,make a tea2 sweeten with molasses1 and give pint doses every four hours4 ,another4 ,make a tea of cedar or pine boughs1 sweeten with honey1 and give it at discretion4 ,,rheumatism4 ,rheumatism thrives in cold1 damp situations1 and in wet1 foggy weather4 ,it is often confined to the membranes of the large joints1 and sometimes consists in a deficiency of joint oil1 7synovia47 ,it is liable to become chronic1 and involve the fibro-muscular tissues4 ,acute rheumatism is known by the pain and swelling in certain parts4 ,chronic rheumatism is recognized by coldness1 rigidity about the muscles1 want of vital action1 c4 ,when lameness1 after a careful examination1 cannot be accounted for1 and is found to go off after exercise1 and return again1 it is probably rheumatism4 ,treatment of ,acute ,rheumatism4--,bathe the parts with an infusion of arnica flowers1 made thus3-- ,arnica flowers1 #d ounces4 ,boiling water1 #c quarts4 ,when sufficiently cool1 it is fit for use4 ,give the following3-- ,sulphur1 #b ounces4 ,cream of tartar1 #c ounces4 ,powdered pleurisy root1 #a ounce4 licorice1 #b ounces4 ,indian meal1 #a pound4 ,mix4 ,give a table-spoonful three times a day in the feed4 ,a light diet and rest are indispensable4 ,treatment of ,chronic ,rheumatism4--,put the animal on a generous diet1 and give an occasional spoonful of golden seal or balmony in the food1 and a drink of sassafras tea4 ,the parts may be rubbed with stimulating liniment1 for which1 see ,,appendix4 ,,blain4 ,some veterinary writers describe this disease as a watery tumor1 growing at the root of the tongue1 and threatening suffocation4 ,the first symptoms are foaming at the mouth1 gaping1 and lolling out of the tongue4 ,the disease first originates in the mucous surfaces1 which enter into the mouth1 throat1 and stomach4 ,it partakes somewhat of the character of thrush1 and requires nearly the same treatment4 ,make an infusion of raspberry leaves1 to which add a small quantity of borax or alum4 ,wash the mouth and tongue with the same by means of a sponge4 ,if there are any large pustules1 open them with the point of a penknife4 ,after cleansing them1 sprinkle with powdered bayberry bark1 or bloodroot4 ,rid the system of morbid matter by injection and physic1 7which see1 in ,,appendix47 ,the following antiseptic drink will then complete the cure3-- ,make a tea of raspberry leaves by steeping two ounces in a quart of boiling water2 when cool1 strain2 then add ,powdered charcoal1 #b ounces4 bayberry bark1 #a ounce4 ,honey1 #b table-spoonfuls4 ,give a pint every four hours4 ,the diet should consist of scalded meal1 boiled turnips1 carrots1 c41 to which a small portion of salt may be added4 ,if the glands under the ears and around the throat are sympathetically affected1 and swollen1 they must be rubbed twice a day with the stimulating liniment4 7,see ,,appendix47 ,the disease is supposed1 by some veterinarians1 to originate in the tongue1 but post mortem examinations lead us to determine otherwise4 ,mr4 ,youatt informs us that post mortem examination shows intense inflammation1 or even gangrene1 of the tongue1 oesophagus1 paunch1 and fourth stomach4 ,the food in the paunch has a most offensive smell1 and that in the manyplus is hard and dry4 ,inflammation reaches to the small intestines1 which are covered with red and black patches in the coecum1 colon1 and rectum4 ,,thrush4 ,thrush1 and all eruptive diseases of the throat and internal surface1 are treated in the same manner as laid down in ,blaine4 ,,black ,,tongue4 ,black ,tongue appears when the system is deprived of vital force1 as in the last stages of blaine1 c4 ,the indications to be fulfilled are the same as in blaine1 but applied with more perseverance4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,throat ,,and ,,its ,,appendages4#ab ,in many cases1 if attended to immediately1 nothing more will be necessary than confining the animal to a light diet1 with frequent drinks of linseed tea1 warmth and moisture applied locally in the form of a slippery elm poultice1 which may be kept in close contact with the throat by securing it to the horns4 ,but1 in very severe attacks1 mullein leaves steeped in vinegar and applied to the parts1 with an occasional stimulating injection1 7see ,,appendix17 together with a gruel diet1 are the only means of relief4 ,,footnote3 #ab ,this includes the larynx1 pharynx1 and trachea4 ,,bronchitis4 ,bronchitis consists in a thickening of the fibrous and mucous surfaces of the trachea1 and generally results from maltreated hoose or catarrh4 ,symptoms4--,a dry1 husky1 wheezing cough1 laborious breathing1 hot breath1 and dry tongue4 ,treatment4--,warm poultices of slippery elm or flaxseed1 on the surface of which sprinkle powdered lobelia4 ,apply them to the throat moderately warm2 if they are too hot they will prove injurious4 ,in the first place administer the following drink3-- ,powdered licorice1 #a ounce4 elecampane1 half an ounce4 ,slippery elm1 #a ounce4 ,boiling water sufficient to make it of the consistence of thin gruel4 ,if there is great difficulty of breathing1 add half a tea-spoon of lobelia to the above1 and repeat the dose night and morning4 ,linseed or marshmallow tea is a valuable auxiliary in the treatment of this disease4 ,the animal should be comfortably housed1 and the legs kept warm by friction with coarse straw4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,glands4 ,there are numerous glandular bodies distributed over the animal structure4 ,those to which the reader's attention is called are1 first1 the parotid1 situated beneath the ear2 secondly1 the sub-lingual1 beneath the tongue2 lastly1 the sub-maxillary1 situated just within the angle of the jaw4 ,they are organized similarly to other glands1 as the kidneys1 c41 possessing arteries1 veins1 lymphatics1 c41 which terminate in a common duct4 ,they have also a ramification of nerves1 and the body of the gland has its own system of arterial vessels and absorbents1 which are enclosed by a serous membrane4 ,they produce a copious discharge of fluid1 called saliva4 ,its use is to lubricate the mouth1 thereby preventing friction2 also to lubricate the food1 and assist digestion4 ,inflammation of either of these glands may be known by the heat1 tenderness1 enlargement1 and difficulty of swallowing4 ,they are usually sympathetically affected1 as in hoose1 catarrh1 influenza1 c41 and generally resume their natural state when these maladies disappear4 ,treatment4--,in the inflammatory stage1 warm teas of marshmallows1 or slippery elm1 and poultices of the same1 are the best means yet known to reduce it2 they relax constricted or obstructed organs1 and by being directly applied to the parts affected1 the more speedily and effectually is the object accomplished4 ,two or three applications of some relaxing poultice will be all that is needed2 after which1 apply ,olive oil1 or goose grease1 #a gill4 ,spirits of camphor1 #a ounce4 ,oil of cedar1 #a ounce4 ,vinegar1 half a gill4 ,mix4 ,another4 ,pyroligneous acid1 #b ounces4 ,beef's gall1 #a gill4 ,cayenne1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,to be rubbed around the throat as occasion may require4 ,all hard or indigestible food will be injurious4 ,,loss ,,of ,,cud4 ,loss of ,cud is a species of indigestion1 and may be brought on by the animal's eating greedily of some food to which it has been unaccustomed4 ,loss of cud and loss of appetite are synonymous4 ,compound for ,loss of ,cud4 ,golden seal1 powdered1 #a ounce4 ,caraway1 #b ounces4 ,cream of tartar1 half an ounce4 ,powdered poplar bark1 #b ounces4 ,mix4 ,divide into six powders1 and give one every four hours in a sufficient quantity of camomile tea4 ,,colic4 ,colic is occasioned by a want of physiological power in the organs of digestion1 so that the food1 instead of undergoing a chemico-vital process1 runs into fermentation1 by which process carbonic acid gas is evolved4 ,symptoms4--,the animal is evidently in pain1 and appears very restless2 it occasionally turns its head1 with an anxious gaze1 to the left side1 which seems to be distended more than the right2 there is an occasional discharge of gas from the mouth and anus4 ,treatment4--,give the following carminative3-- ,powdered aniseed1 half a tea-spoonful4 cinnamon1 ,to be given in a quart of spearmint tea1 and repeated if necessary4 ,another4 ,powdered assafoetida1 half a tea-spoon4 ,thin gruel of slippery elm1 #b quarts4 ,oil of aniseed1 #bj drops4 ,to be given at a dose4 ,if the animal suffers much pain1 apply fomentations to the belly1 and give the following injection3-- ,powdered ginger1 half an ounce4 ,common salt1 #a table-spoonful4 ,hot water1 #a gallon4 ,,spasmodic ,,colic4 ,this affection may be treated in the same manner as flatulent colic1 aided by warmth and moisture externally4 ,the author has in many cases cured animals of spasmodic colic with a little peppermint tea1 brisk friction upon the stomach and bowels1 and an injection of warm water2 whereas1 had the animals been compelled to swallow the usual amount of gin1 saleratus1 castor oil1 salts1 and other nauseous1 useless drugs1 they would probably have died4 ,the reader1 especially if he is an advocate of the popular poisoning and blood-letting system1 may ask1 ,what good can a little simple peppermint tea accomplish8 ,we answer1 ,nature delights in simples1 and in all her operations invites us to follow her example4 ,the fact is1 warm peppermint tea1 although in the estimation of the learned it is not entitled to any confidence as a therapeutic agent1 yet is an efficient anti-spasmodic in the hands of reformers and common-sense farmers4 ,it is evident that if any changes are made in the symptoms1 they ought to be for the better2 yet under the heroic practice they often grow worse4 ,,constipation4 ,in constipation there is a retention of the excrement1 which becomes dry and hard4 ,it may arise from derangement of the liver and other parts of the digestive apparatus3 at other times1 there is a loss of equilibrium between the mucous and external surface1 the secretion of the former being deficient1 and the external surface throwing off too much moisture in the form of perspiration4 ,in short1 constipation1 in nine cases out of ten1 is only a symptom of a more serious disorder in some important function4 ,the use of powerful purges is at all times attended with danger1 and in very many cases they fall short of accomplishing the object4 ,mr4 ,youatt tells us that a heifer had been feverish1 and had refused all food during five days2 and four pounds of ,epsom salts1 and the same quantity of treacle1 and three fourths of a pint of castor oil1 and numerous injections1 had been administered before any purgative effect could be produced4 ,several cases have come under the author's notice where large doses of aloes1 salts1 and castor oil had been given without producing the least effect on the bowels1 until within a few minutes of the death of the animal4 ,if the animal ever recovers from the dangerous effects resulting from powerful purges1 it is evident that the delicate membranes lining the alimentary canal must lose their energy and become torpid4 ,all mechanical irritants--for purges are of that class--divert the fluids of the body from the surface and kidneys1 producing watery discharges from the bowels4 ,this may be exemplified by a person taking a pinch of snuff2 the irritating article comes in contact with the mucous surfaces3 they endeavor to wash off the offending matter by secreting a quantity of fluid2 this1 together with what is forced through the membranes in the act of sneezing1 generally accomplishes the purpose4 ,a constant repetition of the vile habit renders the parts less capable of self-defence2 they become torpid1 and lose their natural power of resisting encroachments2 finally1 the altered voice denotes the havoc made on the mucous membrane4 ,this explains the whole modus operandi of artificial purging2 and although1 in the latter case1 the parts are not adapted to sneezing1 yet there is often a dreadful commotion1 which has destroyed many thousands of valuable animals4 ,an eminent professor has said that purgatives1 besides being uncertain and uncontrollable1 often kill from the dangerous debility they produce4 ,the good results that sometimes appear to follow the exhibition of irritating purges must be attributed to the sanative action of the constitution1 and not to the agent itself2 and the life of the patient depends1 in all cases1 on the existing ability of the vital power to counteract the effects of purging1 bleeding1 poisoning1 and blistering4 ,the author does not wish to give the reader occasion to conclude that purgatives can be entirely dispensed with2 on the contrary1 he thinks that in many cases they are decidedly beneficial1 when given with discretion1 and when the nature of the disease requires them2 yet even such cases1 too much confidence should not be placed on them1 so as to exclude other and sometimes more efficient remedies1 which come under the head of laxatives1 aperients1 c4 ,treatment4--,if costiveness is suspected to be symptomatic of some derangement1 then a restoration of the general health will establish the lost function of the bowels4 ,in this case1 purges are unnecessary2 the treatment will altogether depend on the symptoms4 ,for example1 suppose the animal constipated2 the white of the eye tinged yellow1 head drooping1 and the animal is drowsy1 and off its feed2 then give the following3-- ,powdered mandrake1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,castile soap1 in shavings1 quarter of an ounce4 ,beef's gall1 half a wine-glass4 ,powdered capsicum1 third of a table-spoon4 ,dissolve the soap in a small quantity of hot water1 then mix the whole in three pints of thin gruel4 ,this makes a good aperient1 and can be given with perfect safety in all cases of constipation arising from derangement of the liver4 ,the liquid must be poured down the throat in a gradual manner1 in order to insure its reaching the fourth stomach4 ,aid the medicine by injections1 and rub the belly occasionally with straw4 ,suppose the bowels to be torpid during an attack of inflammation of the brain2 then it will be prudent to combine relaxants and anti-spasmodics1 in the following form3-- ,extract of butternut1 half an ounce4 ,powdered skunk cabbage1 ,cream of tartar1 ,powdered lobelia1 #b drachms4 ,first dissolve the butternut in two quarts of hot water2 after which add the remaining ingredients1 and give it for a dose4 ,the operation of this prescription1 like the preceding1 must be aided by injection1 friction1 and warm drinks made of hyssop or pine boughs4 ,suppose the bowels to be constipated1 at the same time the animal is hide-bound1 in poor condition1 c42 the aperient must then be combined with tonics1 as follows3-- ,extract of butternut1 half an ounce4 ,rochelle salt1 #d ounces4 ,golden seal1 #a ounce4 ,ginger1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,hot water1 #c quarts4 ,dissolve and administer at a dose4 ,in order to relieve the cold1 constricted1 inactive state of the hide1 recourse must be had to warmth1 moisture1 and friction4 ,a simple aperient of linseed oil may be given in cases of stricture or intussusception of the bowels4 ,the dose is one pint4 ,,falling ,,down ,,of ,,the ,,fundament4 ,return the prolapsed part as quickly as possible by gently kneading the parts within the rectum4 ,in recent cases1 the part should be washed with an infusion of bayberry bark4 7,see ,,appendix47 ,the bowel may be kept in position by applying a wad of cotton1 kept wet with the astringent infusion1 confined with a bandage4 ,a weak solution of alum water may1 however1 be substituted1 provided the bayberry or white oak bark is not at hand4 ,should the parts appear swollen and much inflamed1 apply a large slippery elm poultice1 on the surface of which sprinkle powdered white oak or bayberry bark4 ,this will soon lessen the swelling1 so that the rectum may be returned4 ,the diet must be very sparing1 consisting of flour gruel2 and if the bowels are in a relaxed state1 add a small quantity of powdered bayberry4 ,,calving4 ,at the end of nine months1 the period of the cow's gestation is complete2 but parturition does not always take place at that time2 it is sometimes earlier1 at others later4 ,one hundred and sixteen cows had their time of calving registered3 fourteen of them calved from the two hundred and forty-first day to the two hundred and sixty-sixth day1--that is1 eight months and one day to eight months and twenty-six days2 fifty-six from the two hundred and seventieth to the two hundred and eightieth day2 eighteen from the two hundred and eightieth to the two hundred and ninetieth2 twenty on the three hundredth day2 five on the three hundred and eighth day2 consequently there were sixty-seven days between the two extremities4 ,immediately before calving1 the animal appears uneasy2 the tail is elevated2 she shifts from place to place1 and is frequently lying down and getting up again4 ,the labor pains then come on2 and by the expulsive power of the womb1 the foetus1 with the membranes enveloping it1 is pushed forward4 ,at first1 the membranes appear beyond the vagina1 or shape1 often in the form of a bladder of water2 the membranes burst1 the water is discharged1 and the head and fore feet of the calf protrude beyond the shape4 ,we are now supposing a case of natural labor4 ,the body next appears1 and soon the delivery is complete4 ,in a short time1 a gradual contraction of the womb takes place1 and the cleansings 7afterbirth7 are discharged4 ,when the membranes are ruptured in the early stage of calving1 and before the outlet be sufficiently expanded1 the process is generally tedious and attended with danger2 and this danger arises in part from the premature escape of the fluids contained within the membranes1 which are intended1 ultimately1 to serve the double purpose of expanding or dilating the passage1 and lubricating the parts1 thereby facilitating the birth4 ,under these circumstances1 it will be our duty to supply the latter deficiency by carefully anointing the parts with olive oil2 at the same time1 allow the animal a generous supply of slippery elm gruel3 if she refuses to partake of it1 when offered in a bucket1 it must be gently poured down the throat from a bottle4 ,at times1 delivery is very slow2 a considerable time elapses before any part of the calf makes its appearance4 ,here we have only to exercise patience2 for if there is a natural presentation1 nature1 being the best doctor under all circumstances1 will do the work in a more faithful manner unassisted than when improperly assisted4 ,a meddlesome midwifery is bad4 ,therefore the practice of attempting to hurry the process by driving the animal about1 or annoying her in any way1 is very improper4 ,in some cases1 however1 when a wrong presentation is apparent1 which seems to render calving impracticable1 we should1 after smearing the hand with lard1 introduce it into the vagina1 and endeavor to ascertain the position of the calf1 and change it when it is found unfavorable4 ,when1 for example1 the head presents without the fore legs1 which are bent under the breast1 we may gently pass the hand along the neck1 and1 having ascertained the position of the feet1 we grasp them1 and endeavor to bring them forward1 the cow at the same time being put into the most favorable position1 viz41 the hind quarters being elevated4 ,by this means the calf can be gently pushed back1 as the feet are advanced and brought into the outlet4 ,the calf being now in a natural position1 we wait patiently1 and give nature an opportunity to perform her work4 ,should the expulsive efforts cease1 and the animal appear to be rapidly sinking1 no time must be lost2 nature evidently calls for assistance1 but not in the manner usually resorted to1 viz41 that of placing a rope around the head and feet of the calf1 and employing the united strength of several men to extract the foetus1 without regard to position4 ,our efforts must be directed to the mother2 the calf is a secondary consideration3 the strength of the former1 if it is failing1 must be supported2 the expulsive power of the womb and abdominal muscles1 now feeble1 must be aroused2 and there are no means or processes that are better calculated to fulfil these indications than that of administering the following drink3-- ,bethroot1 #b ounces4 ,powdered cayenne1 one third of a tea-spoon4 ,motherwort1 #a ounce4 ,infuse in a gallon of boiling water4 ,when cool1 strain1 then add a gill of honey1 and give it in pint doses1 as occasion may require4 ,under this treatment1 there is no difficulty in reestablishing uterine action4 ,if1 however1 the labor is still tedious1 the calf may be grasped with both hands1 and as soon as a pain or expulsive effort is evident1 draw the calf from side to side4 ,while making this lateral motion1 draw the calf forward4 ,expulsion generally follows4 ,if1 on examination1 it is clearly ascertained that the calf is lying in an unnatural position1--for example1 the calf may be in such a position as to present its side across the outlet1--in such cases delivery is not practicable unless the position is altered4 ,mr4 ,white says1 ,i have seen a heifer that it was found impossible to deliver4 ,on examining her after death1 a very large calf was found lying quite across the mouth of the uterus4 ,in such cases1 ,mr4 ,lawson recommends that1 when every other plan has failed for taming the calf1 so as to put it in a favorable position for delivery1 the following has often succeeded3 ,let the cow be thrown down in a proper position1 and placed on her back2 then1 by means of ropes and a pulley attached to a beam above1 let the hind parts be raised up1 so as to be considerably higher than the fore parts2 in this position1 the calf may be easily put back towards the bottom of the uterus1 so as to admit of being turned1 or his head and fore legs brought forward without difficulty4 ,we must ever bear in mind the important fact that the successful termination of the labor depends on the strength and ability of the parent2 that if these fail1 however successful we may be in bringing about a right presentation1 the birth is still tedious1 and we may finally have to take the foetus away piecemeal2 by which process the cow's life is put in jeopardy4 ,to avoid such an unfortunate occurrence1 support the animal's strength with camomile tea4 ,the properties of camomile are antispasmodic1 carminative1 and tonic--just what is wanted4 ,mr4 ,white informs us that instances sometimes occur of the calf's head appearing only1 and so large that it is found impossible to put it back4 ,when this is found to be the case1 the calf should be killed1 and carefully extracted1 by cutting off the head and other parts that prevent the extraction2 thus the cow's life will be saved4 ,in cases of malformation of the head of the foetus1 or when the cranium is enormously distended by an accumulation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain1 after all other remedies1 in the form of fomentations1 lubricating antispasmodic drinks1 have failed1 then recourse must be had to embryotomy4 ,,embryotomy4 ,for the following method of performing the operation we are indebted to ,mr4 ,youatt's work4 ,the details appeared in the ,london ,veterinarian of #ahca1 and will illustrate the operation4 ,m4 ,thibeaudeau1 the operating surgeon1 says1 ,i was consulted respecting a ,breton cow twenty years old1 which was unable to calve4 ,i soon discovered the obstacle to the delivery4 ,the fore limbs presented themselves as usual2 but the head and neck were turned backwards1 and fixed on the left side of the chest1 while the foetus lay on its right side1 on the inferior portion of the uterus4 ,m4 ,thibeaudeau then relates the ineffectual efforts he made to bring the foetus into a favorable position1 and he at length found that his only resource to save the mother was1 to cut in pieces the calf1 which was now dead4 ,i amputated the left shoulder of the foetus1 says he1 in spite of the difficulties which the position of the head and neck presented4 ,having withdrawn the limb1 ,i made an incision through all the cartilages of the ribs1 and laid open the chest through its whole extent1 by which means ,i was enabled to extract all the thoracic viscera4 ,thus having lessened the size of the calf1 ,i was enabled1 by pulling at the remaining fore leg1 to extract the foetus without much resistance1 although the head and neck were still bent upon the chest4 ,the afterbirth was removed immediately afterwards4 ,this shows the importance of making an early examination1 to determine the precise position of the foetus2 for if the head had been discovered in such position in the early stage of labor1 it might have been brought forward1 and thus prevented the butchery4 ,,falling ,,of ,,the ,,calf-,,bed1 ,,or ,,womb4 ,when much force used in extracting the calf1 it sometimes happens that the womb falls out1 or is inverted2 and great care is required in putting it back1 so that it may remain in that situation4 ,treatment4--,if the cow has calved during the night1 in a cold situation1 and1 from the exhausted state of the animal1 we have reason to suppose that the labor has been tedious1 or that she has taken cold1 efforts must be made to restore the equilibrium4 ,the following restorative must be given3-- ,motherwort tea1 #b quarts4 ,hot drops1 #a table-spoonful4 ,powdered cinnamon1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,give a pint every ten minutes1 and support the animal with flour gruel4 ,the uterus should be returned in the following manner3 ,place the cow in such a position that the hind parts shall be higher than the fore4 ,wash the uterus with warm water1 into which sprinkle a small quantity of powdered bayberry2 remove any extraneous substance from the parts4 ,a linen cloth is then to be put under the womb1 which is to be held by two assistants4 ,the cow should be made to rise1 if lying down1--that being the most favorable position1--and the operator is then to grasp the mouth of the womb with both hands and return it4 ,when so returned1 one hand is to be immediately withdrawn1 while the other remains to prevent that part from falling down again4 ,the hand at liberty is then to grasp another portion of the womb1 which is to be pushed into the body1 like the former1 and retained with one hand4 ,this is to be repeated until the whole of the womb is put back4 ,if the womb does not contract1 friction1 with a brush1 around the belly and back1 may excite contraction4 ,an attendant must1 at the same time1 apply a pad wetted with weak alum water to the shape1 and keep it in close contact with the parts1 while the friction is going on4 ,it is sometimes necessary to confine the pad by a bandage4 ,,garget4 ,in order to prevent this malady1 the calf should be put to suck immediately after the caw has cleansed it2 and1 if the bag is distended with an overplus of milk1 some of it should be milked off4 ,if1 however1 the teats or quarters become hot and tender1 foment with an infusion of elder or camomile flowers1 which must be perseveringly applied1 at the same time drawing1 in the most gentle manner1 a small quantity of milk2 by which means the over-distended vessels will collapse to their healthy diameter4 ,an aperient must then be given1 7see ,,appendix17 and the animal be kept on a light diet4 ,if there is danger of matter forming1 rub the bag with the following liniment3-- ,goose oil1 equal parts4 ,hot drops1 ,if the parts are exceedingly painful1 wash with a weak lie1 or wood ashes1 or sal soda4 ,in spite of all our efforts1 matter will sometimes form4 ,as soon as it is discovered1 a lancet may be introduced1 and the matter evacuated2 then wash the part clean1 and apply the stimulating liniment4 7,see ,,appendix47 ,,sore ,,teats4 ,first wash with castile soap and warm water2 then apply the following3-- ,lime water1 equal parts4 ,linseed oil1 ,,chapped ,,teats ,,and ,,chafed ,,udder4 ,these may be treated in the same manner4 ,if the above preparation is not at hand1 substitute bayberry tallow1 elder or marshmallow ointment4 ,,fever4 ,description and ,definition4--,fever is a powerful effort of the vital principle to expel from the system morbific or irritating matter1 or to bring about a healthy action4 ,the reason why veterinary practitioners have not ascertained this fact heretofore is1 because they have been guided by false principles1 to the exclusion of their own common experience4 ,let them receive the truth of the definition we have given2 then the light will begin to shine1 and medical darkness will be rendered more visible4 ,fever1 we have said1 is a vital action--an effort of the vital power to regain its equilibrium of action through the system1 and should never be subdued by the use of the lancet1 or any destructive agents that deprive the organs of the power to produce it4 ,fever will be generally manifested in one or more of that combination of signs known as follows3 loss of appetite1 increased velocity of the pulse1 difficult respiration1 heaving at the flank1 thirst1 pain1 and swelling2 some of which will be present1 local or general1 in greater or less degree1 in all forms of disease4 ,when an animal has taken cold1 and there is power in the system to keep up a continual warfare against encroachments1 the disturbance of vital action being unbroken1 the fever is called pure or persistent4 ,emanations from animal or vegetable substances in a state of decomposition or putrefaction1 or the noxious miasmata from marshy lands1 if concentrated1 and not sufficiently diluted with atmospheric air1 enter into the system1 and produce a specific effect4 ,in order to dethrone the intruder1 who keeps up a system of aggression from one tissue to another1 the vital power arrays her artillery1 in good earnest1 to resist the invading foe2 and if furnished with the munitions of war in the form of sanative agents1 she generally conquers the enemy1 and dictates her own terms4 ,while the forces are equally balanced1 which may be known by a high grade of vital action1 it is also called unbroken or pure fever4 ,the powers of the system may become exhausted by efforts at relief1 and the fever will be periodically reduced2 this form of fever is called remittent4 ,by remittent fever is to be understood this modification of vital action which rests or abates1 but does not go entirely off before a fresh attack ensues4 ,it is evident1 in this case1 also1 that nature is busily engaged in the work of establishing her empire2 but being more exhausted1 she occasionally rests from her labors4 ,it would be as absurd to expect that the most accurate definition of fever in one animal would correspond in all its details with another case1 as to expect all animals to be alike4 ,there are many names given to fevers2 for example1 in addition to the two already alluded to1 we have milk or puerperal fever1 symptomatic1 typhus1 inflammatory1 c4 ,veterinary ,surgeon ,percival1 in an article on fever1 says1 ,we have no more reason--not near so much--to give fever a habitation in the abdomen1 than we have to enthrone it in the head2 but it would appear from the full range of observation1 that no part of the body can be said to be unsusceptible of inflammation1 7local fever17 though1 at the same time1 no organ is invariably or exclusively affected4 ,from this we learn that disease always attacks the weakest organ1 and that our remedies should be adapted to act on all parts of the system4 ,the same author continues1 ,all ,i wish to contend for is1 that both idiopathic and symptomatic fevers exhibit the same form1 character1 species1 and the same general means of cure2 and that1 were it not for the local affection1 it would be difficult or impossible to distinguish them4 ,fever has always been the great bugbear1 to scare the farmer and cattle doctor into a wholesale system of blood-letting and purging2 they believe that the more fever the animal manifests1 the more unwearied must be their exertions4 ,the author advises the farmer not to feel alarmed about the fever2 for when that is present it shows that the vital principle is up and doing4 ,efforts should be made to open the outlets of the body1 through which the morbific materials may pass3 the fever will then subside4 ,it will be difficult to make the community credit this simple truth1 because fever is quite a fashionable disease1 and it is an easy matter to make the farmer believe that his cow has a very peculiar form of it1 that requires an entirely different mode of treatment from that of another form4 ,then it is very profitable to the interested allopathic doctor1 who can produce any amount of learned nonsense to justify the ways and means1 and support his theory4 ,the author does not wish1 at the present time1 to enter into a learned discussion of the merit or demerit of allopathy3 the object of this work is1 to impart practical information to farmers and owners of stock4 ,in order to accomplish this object1 an occasional reference to the absurdities of the old school is unavoidable4 ,a celebrated writer has said1 ,the very medicines meaning those used by the old school1 which kill more than they ever cure which aggravate and protract the malady bind a laurel on the doctor's brow4 ,when1 at last1 the sick are saved by the living powers of nature struggling against death and the physician1 he receives all the credit of a miraculous cure2 he is lauded to the skies for delivering the sick from the details of the most deadly symptoms of misery into which he himself had plunged them1 and out of which they never would have arisen1 but by the restorative efforts of that living power which at once triumphed over poison1 blood-letting1 disease1 and death4 ,in the treatment of disease1 and when fever is manifested by the signs just enumerated1 the object is1 to invite the blood to the external surface2 or1 in other words1 equalize the circulation by warmth and moisture2 give diaphoretic or sudorific medicines1 7see ,,appendix17 with a view of relaxing the capillary structure1 ridding the system of morbific materials1 and allaying the general excitement4 ,if the ears and legs are cold1 rub them diligently with a brush2 if they again relapse into a cold state1 rub them with stimulating liniment1 and bandage them with flannel4 ,in short1 to contract1 to stimulate1 remove obstructions1 and furnish the system with the materials for self-defence1 are the means to be resorted to in the cure of fevers4 ,we shall now give a few examples of the treatment of fever2 from which the reader will form some idea of the course to be pursued in other forms not enumerated4 ,but we may be asked why we make so many divisions of fever when it is evidently a unit4 ,we answer the question1 in the words of ,professor ,curtis1 whose teachings first emancipated us from the absurdity of allopathic theories4 ,these divisions were made by the learned in physic1 and we follow them out in their efforts to divide what is in its nature indivisible1 to satisfy the demands of the public1 and to give it in small crumbs to those practitioners of the art who have not capacity enough to take in the whole at a single mouthful4 ,in the treatment of fevers1 we must endeavor to remove all intruding agents1 their influences and effects1 and reestablish a full1 free1 and universal equilibrium throughout the system4 ,the means are1 says ,professor ,curtis1 antispasmodics1 stimulants1 and tonics1 with emollients to grease the wheels of life4 ,disprove these positions1 and we lay by the pen and 'throw physic to the dogs4' ,adhere strictly to them in the use of the best means1 and you will do all that can be done in the hour of need4 ,,milk ,,or ,,puerperal ,,fever4 ,treatment4--,aperients are exceedingly important in the early stages1 for they liberate any offending matter that may have accumulated in the different compartments of the stomach or intestines1 and deplete the system with more certainty and less danger than blood-letting4 ,aperient for ,puerperal ,fever4 ,rochelle salts1 #d ounces4 ,manna1 #b ounces4 ,extract of butternut1 half an ounce4 ,dissolve in boiling water1 #c quarts4 ,to be given at a dose4 ,by the aid of one or more of the following drinks1 the aperient will generally operate3-- ,give a bountiful supply of hyssop tea1 sweetened with honey4 ,keep the surface warm4 ,suppose the secretion of milk to be arrested2 then apply warm fomentations to the udder4 ,suppose the bowels to be torpid2 then use injections of soap-suds and salt4 ,suppose the animal to be in poor condition2 then give the following3-- ,powdered balmony or gentian1 #a ounce4 ,golden seal1 #a ounce4 ,flour gruel1 #a gallon4 ,to be given in quart doses1 every four hours4 ,suppose the bowels to be distended with gas2 then give the following3-- ,powdered caraways1 #a ounce4 ,assafoetida1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,to be given at a dose4 ,any of the above preparations may be repeated1 as circumstances seem to require4 ,yet it must be borne in mind that we are apt to do too much1 and that the province of the good physician is to know when to do nothing4 ,the following case from ,mr4 ,youatt's work illustrates this fact3-- ,a very singular variety of milk fever has already been hinted at4 ,the cow is down1 but there is apparently nothing more the matter with her than that she is unable to rise2 she eats and drinks1 and ruminates as usual1 and the evacuations are scarcely altered4 ,in this state she continues from ten days to a fortnight1 and then she gets up well4 ,yes1 and many thousands more would get up well1 if they were only let alone4 ,nature requires assistance sometimes2 hence the need of doctors and nurses4 ,all1 however1 that is required of the doctor to do is1 just to attend to the calls of nature1--whose servant he is1--and bring her what she wants to use in her own way4 ,the nearer the remedies partake or consist of air1 water1 warmth1 and food1 the more sure and certain are they to do good4 ,if a cow1 in high condition1 has just calved1 appears restless1 becomes irritable1 the eye and tongue protruding1 and a total suspension of milk takes place1 we may conclude that there is danger of puerperal fever4 ,no time should be lost3 the aperient must be given immediately2 warm injections must be thrown into the rectum1 and the teats must be industriously drawn1 to solicit the secretion of milk4 ,in this case1 all food should be withheld3 starve a fever suits this case exactly4 ,,inflammatory ,,fever4 ,inflammatory fever manifests itself very suddenly4 ,the animal may appear well during the day1 but at night it appears dull1 refuses its food1 heaves at the flanks1 seems uneasy1 and sometimes delirious2 the pulse is full and bounding2 the mouth hot2 urine high colored and scanty4 ,sometimes there are hot and cold stages4 ,remarks4--,when disease attacks any particular organ suddenly1 or in an acute form1 inflammatory fever generally manifests itself4 ,now1 disease may attack the brain1 the lungs1 kidneys1 spleen1 bowels1 pleura1 or peritoneum4 ,inflammatory fever may be present in each case4 ,now1 it is evident that the fever is not the real enemy to be overcome2 it is only a manifestation of disorder1 not the cause of it4 ,the skin may be obstructed1 thereby retaining excrementitious materials in the system3 the reabsorption of the latter produces fever2 hence it is obvious that a complete cure can only be effected by the removal of its causes1 or1 rather1 the restoration of the suppressed evacuations1 secretions1 or excretions4 ,it is very important that we observe and imitate nature in her method of curing fever1 which is1 the restoration of the secretions1 and1 in many cases1 by sweat1 or by diarrhoea2 either of which processes will remove the irritating or offending cause1 and promote equilibrium of action throughout the whole animal system4 ,in fulfilling these indications consists the whole art of curing fever4 ,but says one1 ,it is a very difficult thing to sweat an ox4 ,then the remedies should be more perseveringly applied4 ,warm1 relaxing1 antispasmodic drinks should be freely allowed1 and these should be aided by warmth1 moisture1 and friction externally2 and by injection1 if needed4 ,if the ox does not actually sweat under this system of medication1 he will throw off a large amount of insensible perspiration4 ,causes4--,in addition to the causes already enumerated1 are the accumulation of excrementitious and morbific materials in the system4 ,dr4 ,eberle says1 ,a large proportion of the recrementitious elements of perspirable matter must1 when the surface is obstructed1 remain and mingle with the blood1 7unless speedily removed by the vicarious action of some other emunctory17 and necessarily impart to this fluid qualities that are not natural to it4 ,most assuredly the retention of materials which have become useless to the system1 and for whose constant elimination nature has provided so extensive a series of emunctories as the cutaneous exhalents1 cannot be long tolerated by the animal economy with entire impunity4 ,dr4 ,white says1 ,many of the diseases of horses and cattle are caused by suppressed or checked perspiration2 the various appearances they assume depending1 perhaps1 in great measure1 upon the suddenness with which this discharge is stopped1 and the state of the animal at the time it takes place4 ,cattle often suffer from being kept in cold1 bleak situations1 particularly in the early part of spring1 during the prevalence of an easterly wind2 in this case1 the suppression of the discharge is more gradual1 and the diseases which result from it are slower in their progress1 consequently more insidious in their nature2 and it often happens that the animal is left in the same cold situation until the disease is incurable4 ,it seems probable that1 in these cases1 the perspiratory vessels gradually lose their power1 and that1 at length1 a total and permanent suppression of that necessary discharge takes place2 hence arise inflammatory fever1 consumption1 decayed liver1 rot1 mesenteric obstructions1 and various other complaints4 ,how necessary1 therefore1 is it for proprietors of cattle to be provided with sheltered situations for their stock6 ,how many diseases might they prevent by such precaution1 and how much might they save1 not only in preserving the lives of their cattle1 but in avoiding the expense 7too often useless1 to say the least of it7 of cattle doctoring6 ,treatment4--,we first give an aperient1 7see ,,appendix17 to deplete the system4 ,the common practice is to deplete by blood-letting1 which only protracts the malady1 and often brings on typhus1 black quarter1 joint murrain1 c4 ,promote the secretions and excretions in the manner already referred to under the head of ,puerperal ,fever2 this will relieve the stricture of the surface4 ,a drink made from either of the following articles should be freely given3 lemon balm1 wandering milk weed1 thoroughwort1 or lady's slipper1 made as follows3-- ,take either of the above articles1 #b ounces4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,when cool1 strain1 and add a wine-glass of honey4 ,if there is great thirst1 and the mouth is hot and dry1 the animal may have a plentiful supply of water4 ,if the malady threatens to assume a putrid or malignant type1 add a small quantity of capsicum and charcoal to the drink1 and support the strength of the animal with flour gruel4 ,,typhus ,,fever4 ,causes4--,sudden changes in the temperature of the atmosphere1 the animal being at the same time in a state of debility1 unable to resist external agencies4 ,treatment4--,support the powers of the system through the means of nutritious diet1 in the form of flour gruel1 scalded meal and shorts1 bran-water1 c4 ,give tonics1 relaxants1 and antispasmodics1 in the following form3-- ,powdered capsicum1 #a tea-spoonful4 bloodroot1 #a ounce4 cinnamon1 half an ounce4 ,thoroughwort or valerian1 #b ounces4 ,boiling water1 #a gallon4 ,when cold1 strain1 and give a quart every two hours4 ,remove the contents of the rectum by injections of a stimulating character1 and invite action to the extremities by rubbing them with stimulating liniment1 7which see47 ,a drink of camomile tea should be freely allowed2 if diarrhoea sets in1 add half a tea-spoon of bayberry bark to every two quarts of the tea4 ,these few examples of the treatment of fever will give the farmer an idea of the author's manner of treating it1 who can generally break up a fever in a few hours1 whereas the popular method of smothering the fire1 as ,mr4 ,youatt terms the blood-letting process1 instead of curing1 will produce all forms of fever4 ,here is a specimen of the treatment1 in fever of a putrid type1 recommended by ,dr4 ,brocklesby4 ,he says1 ,immediately upon refusing fodder1 the beast should have three quarts of blood taken away2 and after twelve hours1 two quarts more2 after the next twelve hours1 about three pints may be let out2 and after the following twelve hours1 diminish a pint of blood from the quantity taken away at the preceding blood-letting2 lastly1 about a single pint should be taken away in less than twelve hours after the former bleeding2 so that1 when the beast has been blooded five times1 in the manner here proposed1 the worst symptoms will1 it is hoped1 abate2 but if the difficulty and panting for breath continue very great1 ,i see no reason against repeated bleeding4 7,see ,lawson's work on cattle1 p4 #cab47 ,the author has consulted several authorities on the treatment of typhus1 and finds that the use of the lancet is invariably recommended4 ,we do not expect to find1 among our ,american farmers1 any one so reckless1 so lost to the common feelings of humanity1 and his own interest1 as to follow out the directions here given by ,dr4 ,b42 still blood-letting is practised1 to some extent1 in every section of the ,union1 and will continue to be the sheet-anchor of the cattle doctor just so long as the influential and cattle-rearing community shall be kept in darkness to its destructive tendency4 ,unfortunately for the poor dumb brute1 veterinary writers have from time immemorial been uncompromising advocates for bleeding2 and through the influence which their talents and position confer1 they have wielded the medical sceptre with a despotism worthy of a better cause4 ,it were a bootless task to attempt to reform the disciples of allopathy2 for1 if you deprive them of the lancet1 and their materia medica of poisons1 they cannot practise4 ,they must be reformed through public opinion2 and for this purpose we publish our own experience1 and that of others who have dared to assail allopathy1 with the moral certainty that they would expose themselves to contempt1 and be branded as medical heretics4 ,no treatment is scientific1 in the estimation of some1 unless it includes the lancet1 firing-iron1 setons1 boring horns1 cramming down salts by the pound1 and castor oil by the quart4 ,the object of this work is to correct this erroneous notion1 and show the farming community that a safer and more efficient system of medication has just sprung into existence4 ,when the principles of this reformed system of medication are understood and practised1 then the veterinary science will be a very different thing from what it has heretofore been1 and men will hail it as a blessing instead of a curse4 ,they will then know the power that really cures1 and devise means of prevention4 ,and here1 reader1 permit us to introduce the opinions of an able advocate of reform in human practice3#ac the same remarks apply to cattle2 for they are governed by the same universal laws that we are1 and whether we prescribe for a man or an ox1 the laws of the animal economy are the same1 and require that the same indications shall be fulfilled4 ,a little examination into the consequences of blood-letting will prove that1 so far from its being beneficial1 it is productive of the most serious effects4 ,nature has endowed the animal frame with the power of preparing1 from proper aliment1 a certain quantity of blood4 ,this vital fluid1 subservient to nutrition1 is1 by the amazing structure of the heart and blood-vessels1 circulated through the different parts of the system4 ,a certain natural balance between what is taken in and what passes off by the several outlets of the body is1 in a state of health1 regularly preserved4 ,when this balance1 so essential to health and life1 is1 contrary to the laws of the animal constitution1 interrupted1 either a deviation from a sound state is immediately perceived1 or health from that moment is rendered precarious4 ,blood-letting tends artificially to destroy the natural balance in the constitution4 7,for more important information on blood-letting1 see the author's work on the ,horse2 also page #eh of the present volume47 ,,footnote3 #ac ,dr4 ,beach4 ,,horn ,,ail ,,in ,,cattle4 ,on applying the hand to the horn or horns of a sick beast1 an unnatural heat1 or sometimes coldness1 is felt3 this enables us to judge of the degree of sympathetic disturbance4 ,and here1 reader1 permit us to protest against a cruel practice1 that is much in fashion1 viz41 that of boring the horns with a gimlet2 for it does not mend the matter one jot1 and at best it is only treating symptoms4 ,the gimlet frequently penetrates the frontal sinuses which communicate with the nasal passages1 and where mucous secretion1 if vitiated or tenacious1 will accumulate4 ,on withdrawing the gimlet1 a small quantity of thick mucus1 often blood1 escapes1 and the interested operator will probably bore the other horn4 ,now1 it often happens that after the point of the gimlet has passed through one side of the horn and bony structure1 it suddenly enters a sinus1 and does not meet with any resistance until it reaches the opposite side4 ,many a mare's nest has been found in this way1 usually announced as follows3 ,the horn is hollow6 ,again1 in aged animals1 the bony structure within the horn often collapses or shrinks1 forming a sinus or cavity within the horn3 by boring in a lateral direction1 the gimlet enters it2 the horn is then pronounced hollow6 and1 according to the usual custom1 must be doctored4 ,an abscess will sometimes form in the frontal sinuses1 resulting from common catarrh or hoose2 the gimlet may penetrate the sac containing the pus1 which thus escapes2 but it would escape1 finally1 through the nostrils1 if it were let alone4 ,here1 again1 the horns are diseased2 and should the animal recover1 7which it would1 eventually1 without any interference17 the recovery is strangely attributed to the boring process4 ,an author1 whose name has escaped our memory1 recommends cow doctors to carry a gimlet in their pocket4 ,we say to such men1 ,lead yourselves not into temptation6 if you put a gimlet into your pocket1 you will be very likely to slip it into the cow's horn4 ,some men have a kind of instinctive impulse to bore the cow's horns2 we allude to those who are unacquainted with the fact that horn ail is only a symptom of derangement4 ,it is no more a disease of the horns than it is of the functions generally2 for if there be an excess or deficiency of vital action within or around the base of the horn1 there must be a corresponding deficiency or excess1 as the case may be1 in some other region4 ,horn ail1 as it is improperly termed1 we have said1 may accompany common catarrh1 also that of an epidemic form2 the horns will feel unnatural if there be a determination of blood to the head3 this might be easily equalized by stimulating the external surface and extremities1 at the same time giving antispasmodic teas and regulating the diet4 ,the horns will feel cold whenever there is an unnatural distribution of the blood1 and this may arise from exposure1 or suffering the animal to wallow in filth4 ,the author has been consulted in many cases of horn ail1 in several of which there were slow fecal movements1 or constipation2 the conjunctiva of the eyes were injected with yellow fluid1 and of course a deficiency of bile in the abomasum1 or fourth stomach2 thus plainly showing that the animals were laboring under derangement of the digestive organs4 ,our advice was1 to endeavor to promote a healthy action through the whole system2 to stimulate the digestive organs2 to remove obstructions1 both by injection1 if necessary1 and by the use of aperients2 lastly1 to invite action to the extremities1 by stimulating liniments4 ,whenever these indications are fulfilled1 horn ail soon disappears4 ,,abortion ,,in ,,cows4 ,cows are particularly liable to the accident of slinking the calf4 ,the common causes of abortion are1 the respiration and ultimate absorption of emanations from putrid animal remains1 over-feeding1 derangement of the stomach1 c4 ,the filthy1 stagnant water they are often compelled to drink is likewise a serious cause1 not only of abortion1 but also of general derangement of the animal functions4 ,dr4 ,white1 ,v4 ,s41 tells us that a farm in ,england had been given up three successive times in consequence of the loss the owners sustained by abortion in their cattle4 ,at length the fourth proprietor1 after suffering considerably in losses occasioned by abortion in his stock1 suspected that the water of his ponds1 which was extremely filthy1 might be the cause of the mischief4 ,he therefore dug three wells upon his farm1 and1 having fenced round the pond to prevent the cattle from drinking there1 caused them to be supplied with the well water1 in stone troughs erected for the purpose2 and from this moment the evil was remedied1 and the quality of the butter and cheese made on his farm was greatly improved4 ,in order to show1 says the same author1 that the accident of abortion may arise from a vitiated state of the digestive organs1 ,i will here notice a few circumstances tending to corroborate this opinion4 ,in #aghb1 all the cows of the farmer ,d',euruse1 in ,picardy1 miscarried4 ,the period at which they warped was about the fourth or fifth month4 ,the accident was attributed to the excessive heat of the preceding summer2 but1 as the water they were in the habit of drinking was extremely bad1 and they had been kept on oat1 wheat1 and rye straw1 it appears to me more probable1 that the great quantity of straw they were obliged to eat1 in order to obtain sufficient nourishment1 and the injury sustained by the third stomach in expressing the fluid parts of the masticated or ruminated mass1 together with the large quantity of water they drank1 while kept on this dry food1 were the real causes of the miscarriage4 ,a farmer at ,chariton1 out of a dairy of twenty-eight cows1 had sixteen slip their calves at different periods of gestation4 ,the summer had been very dry2 they had been pastured in a muddy place1 which was flooded by the ,seine4 ,here the cows were generally up to their knees in mud and water4 ,in #aghi1 all the cows in a village near ,mantes miscarried4 ,all the lands in this place were so stiff as to be1 for some time1 impervious to water2 and as a vast quantity of rain fell that year1 the pastures were for a time completely inundated1 on which account the grass became bad4 ,this proves that keeping cows on food that is deficient in nutritive properties1 and difficult of digestion1 is one of the principal causes of miscarriage4 ,mr4 ,youatt says1 ,it is supposed that the sight of a slipped calf1 or the smell of putrid animal substances1 are apt to produce warping4 ,some curious cases of abortion1 which are worthy of notice1 happened in the dairy of a ,french farmer4 ,for thirty years his cows had been subject to abortion4 ,his cow-house was large and well ventilated2 his cows were in apparent health2 they were fed like others in the village2 they drank the same water2 there was nothing different in the posture2 he had changed his servants many times in the course of thirty years2 he pulled down the barn and cow-house1 and built another1 on a different plan2 he even1 agreeably to superstition1 took away the aborted calf through the window1 that the curse of future abortion might not be entailed on the cow that passed over the same threshold4 ,to make all sure1 he had broken through the wall at the end of the cow-house1 and opened a new door4 ,but still the trouble continued4 ,several of his cows had died in the act of abortion1 and he had replaced them by others2 many had been sold1 and their vacancies filled up4 ,he was advised to make a thorough change4 ,this had never occurred to him2 but at once he saw the propriety of the counsel4 ,he sold every beast1 and the pest was stayed1 and never appeared in his new stock4 ,this was owing1 probably1 to sympathetic influence3 the result of such influence is as fatal as the direst contagion4 ,my own opinion of this disease is1 that it is one of nervous origin2 that there is a loss of equilibrium between the nerves of voluntary and involuntary motion4 ,the direct causes of this pathological state exist in any thing that can derange the organs of digestion4 ,great sympathy is known to exist between the organs of generation and the stomach3 if the latter be deranged1 the former feels a corresponding influence1 and the sympathetic nerves are the media by which the change takes place4 ,it invariably follows that1 as soon as impregnation takes place1 the stomach from that moment takes on an irritable state1 and is more susceptible to the action of unfavorable agents4 ,thus the odor of putrid substances cases nausea or relaxation when the animal is in a state of pregnancy2 otherwise1 the same odor would not affect it in the least4 ,professor ,curtis says1 ,the nervous system constitutes the check lines by which the vital spirit governs1 as a coachman does his horses1 the whole motive apparatus of the animal economy2 that every line1 or pencil1 or ganglion of lines1 in it1 is antagonistic to some other line or ganglion1 so that1 whenever the function of one is exalted1 that of some other is depressed4 ,it follows1 of course1 that to equalize the nervous action1 and to sustain the equilibrium1 is one of the most important duties of the physician4 ,in addition to the causes of abortion already enumerated1 we may add violent exercise1 jumping dikes or hedges1 sudden frights1 and blows or bruises4 ,treatment4--,when a cow has slipped her foetus1 and appears in good condition1 the quantity of food usually given should be lessened4 ,give the following drink every night for a week3-- ,valerian1 7herb17 #a ounce4 ,powdered skunk cabbage1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,steep in half a gallon of boiling water4 ,when cold1 strain and administer4 ,suppose the animal to be in poor condition2 then put her on a nourishing diet1 and give tonics and stimulants1 as follows3-- ,powdered gentian1 #a ounce4 sassafras1 #a ounce4 ,linseed or flaxseed1 #a pound4 ,mix4 ,divide into six portions1 and give one1 night and morning1 in the food1 which ought to consist of scalded meal and shorts4 ,a sufficient quantity of hay should be allowed2 yet grass will be preferable1 if the season permits4 ,suppose the animal to have received an injury2 then rest and a scalded diet are all that are necessary4 ,as a means of prevention1 see article ,feeding1 page #ag4 ,,cow-,,pox4 ,this malady makes its appearance on the cow's teats in the form of small pustules1 which1 after the inflammatory stage1 suppurate4 ,a small quantity of matter then escapes1 and forms a crust over the circumference of each pustule4 ,if the crust be suffered to remain until new skin is formed beneath1 they will heal without any interference4 ,it often happens1 however1 that1 in the process of milking1 the scabs are rubbed off4 ,the following wash must then be resorted to3-- ,pyroligneous acid1 a wine-glass4 ,water1 #a pint4 ,wet the parts two or three times a day2 medicine is unnecessary4 ,a few meals of scalded food will complete the cure4 ,,mange4 ,mange may be generated either from excitement of the skin itself1 or through the medium of that sympathetic influence which is known to exist between the skin and organs of digestion4 ,we have1 it appears to me1 an excellent illustration of this in the case of mange supervening upon poverty--a fact too notorious to be disputed1 though there may be different ways of theorizing on it4 ,mr4 ,blanie says1 ,mange has three origins--filth1 debility1 and contagion4 ,treatment4--,rid the system of morbific materials with the following3-- ,powdered sassafras1 #b ounces4 charcoal1 a handful4 ,sulphur1 #a ounce4 ,mix1 and divide into six parts2 one to be given in the feed1 night and morning4 ,the daily use of the following wash will then complete the cure1 provided proper attention be paid to the diet4 ,wash for ,mange4 ,pyroligneous acid1 #d ounces4 ,water1 a pint4 ,the mange is known to be infectious3 this suggests the propriety of removing the animal from the rest of the herd4 ,,hide-,,bound4 ,this is seldom1 if ever1 a primary disease4 ,the known sympathy existing between the digestive organs and the skin enables us to trace the malady to acute or chronic indigestion4 ,treatment4--,the indications to be fulfilled are1 to invite action to the surface by the aid of warmth1 moisture1 friction1 and stimulants1 to tone up the digestive organs1 and relax the whole animal4 ,the latter indications are fulfilled by the use of the following3-- ,powdered balmony1 7snakehead17 #b ounces4 sassafras1 #a ounce4 ,linseed1 #b pounds4 ,sulphur1 #a ounce4 ,mix together1 and divide the mass into eight equal parts1 and give one night and morning1 in scalded shorts or meal2 the better way1 however1 is1 to turn it down the throat4 ,a few boiled carrots should be allowed1 especially in the winter season1 for they possess peculiar remedial properties1 which are generally favorable to the cure4 ,,lice4 ,treatment4--,wash the skin1 night and morning1 with the following3-- ,powdered lobelia seeds1 #b ounces4 ,boiling water1 #a quart4 ,after standing a few hours1 it is fit for use1 and can be applied with a sponge4 ,,importance ,,of ,,keeping ,,the ,,skin ,,of ,,animals ,,in ,a ,,healthy ,,state4 ,this is a subject of great importance to the farmer2 for many of the diseases of cattle arise from the filthy1 obstructed state of the surface4 ,this neglect of cleansing the hide of cattle arises1 in some cases1 from the absurd notion 7often expressed to the author7 that the hide of cattle is so thick and dense that they never sweat1 except on the muzzle6 ,for the information of those who may have formed such an absurd and dangerous notion1 we give the views of ,professor ,bouley4 ,in all animals1 from the exterior tegumentary surface incessantly exhale vaporous or gaseous matters1 the products of chemical operations going on in the interior of the organism1 of which the uninterrupted elimination is a necessary condition for the regular continuance of the functions4 ,regarded in this point of view1 the skin may be considered as a dependency of the respiratory apparatus1 of which it continues and completes the function1 by returning incessantly to the atmosphere the combusted products1 which are water and carbonic acid4 ,therefore the skin1 properly speaking1 is an expiratory apparatus1 which1 under ordinary conditions of the organism1 exhales1 in an insensible manner1 products analogous to those expired from the pulmonary surface2 with this difference1 that the quantity of carbonic acid is very much less considerable in the former than in the latter of these exhalations2 according to ,burbach1 the proportion of carbonic acid1 as inhaled by the skin1 being to that expired by the lungs as #cej to #bc1dej1 or as #a to #fg4 ,the experiments made on inferior animals1 such as frogs1 toads1 salamanders1 or fish1 have demonstrated the waste by general transpiration to be1 in twenty-four hours1 little less than half the entire weight of the body4 ,the same author remarks1 ,direct experiment has shown1 in the clearest manner1 the close relation of function existing between the perspiratory and respiratory membranes4 ,m4 ,fourcault1 with a view of observing1 through different species of animals1 the effect of the suppression of perspiration1 conceived the notion of having the skins of certain live animals covered with varnish4 ,after having been suitably prepared1 some by being plucked1 others by being shorn1 he smeared them with varnish of variable composition2 the substances employed being tar1 paste1 glue1 pitch1 and other plastic matters4 ,sometimes these1 one or more of them1 were spread upon parts1 sometimes upon the whole of the body4 ,the effects of the operation have varied1 showing themselves1 soon or late afterwards1 decisively or otherwise1 according as the varnishing has been complete or general1 or only partial1 thick1 thin1 c4 ,in every instance1 the health of the animal has undergone strange alterations1 and life has been grievously compromised4 ,those that have been submitted to experiment under our eyes have succumbed in one1 two1 three days1 and even at the expiration of some hours4 7,see ,london ,veterinarian for #ahej1 p4 #cec47 ,in a subsequent number of the same work we find the subject resumed2 from which able production we select the following3-- ,the suppression of perspiration has at all times been thought to have a good deal to do with the production of disease4 ,without doubt this has been exaggerated4 ,but1 allowing this exaggeration1 is it not admitted by all practitioners that causes which act through the medium of the skin are susceptible1 in sufficient degree1 of being appreciated in the circumstances ushering in the development of very many diseases1 especially those characterized by any active flux of the visceral organs8 ,for example1 is it not an incontestable pathological fact1 that catarrhal1 bronchial1 pulmonic1 and pleuritic affections1 congestions of the most alarming description in the vascular abdominal system of the horse1 inflammation of the peritoneum and womb following labor1 catarrhal inflammations of the bowels1 even congestions of the feet1 c41 derive their origin1 in a great number of instances1 from cold applied to the skin in a state of perspiration8 ,what happens in the organism after the application of such a cause8 ,is its effect instantaneous8 ,let us see4 ,immediately on the repercussive action of cold being felt by the skin1 the vascular system of internal parts finds itself filled with repelled blood4 ,though this effect1 however1 be simply hydrostatic1 the diseased phenomena consecutive on it are far otherwise4 ,it is quite certain that1 in the immense system of communicating vessels forming the circulating apparatus1 whenever any large quantity of blood flows to any one particular part of the body1 the other vessels of the system must be comparatively empty4#ad ,the knowledge of this organic hydrostatic fact it is that has given origin to the use of revulsives under their various forms1 and we all well know how much service we derive from their use4 ,but in what does this diseased condition consist8 ,whereabouts is it seated8 ,the general and undefined mode it has of showing its presence in the organism points this out4 ,immediately subsequent to the action of the cause1 the actual seat of the generative condition of the disease about to appear is the blood2 this fluid it is which1 having become actually modified in its chemical compositions under the influence of the cause that has momentarily obstructed the cutaneous exhalations1 carries about every where with it the disordered condition1 and ultimately giving rise1 through it1 to some local disease1 as a sort of eruptive effort1 analogous in its object1 but often less salutary in its effect2 owing to the functional importance of the part attacked1 to the external eruptions produced by the presence in the blood of virus1 which alters both its dynamic and chemical properties4 ,but what is the nature of this alteration8 ,in this case1 every clew to the solution of this question fails us4 ,we know well1 when the experiment is designedly prolonged1 the blood grows black1 as in asphyxia1 7loss of pulse17 through the combination with it of carbonic acid1 whose presence is opposed to the absorption of oxygen4 ,but what relation is there between this chemical alteration of blood here and the modifications in composition it may undergo under the influence of instantaneous suppression1 but not persistent1 of the cutaneous exhalations and secretions8 ,the experiments of ,dr4 ,fourcault tend1 on the whole1 to explain this4 ,his experiments discover the primitive form and almost the nature of the alteration the blood undergoes under the influence of the cessation of the functions of the skin4 ,they demonstrate that under these conditions the regularity of the course of this fluid is disturbed--that it has a tendency to accumulate and stagnate within the internal organs3 witness the abdominal pains so frequently consequent on the application of plasters upon the skin1 and the congestions of the abdominal and pulmonary vascular systems met with almost always on opening animals which have been suffocated through tar or pitch plasters4 ,they prove1 in fact1 the thorough aptitude of impression of the nervous system to blood altered in its chemical properties1 while they afford us an explication of the phenomena of depression1 and muscular prostration1 and weakness1 which accompany the beginning of disease consecutive on the operation of cold4 ,how often do we put a stop to the ulterior development of disease by restoring the function of the skin by mere dry friction1 putting on thick clothing1 exposing to exciting fumigation1 applying temporary revulsives in the shape of mustard poultices1 administering diffusible stimuli made warm in drenches1 trying every means to force the skin1 and so tend1 by the reestablishment of its exhalent functions1 to permit the elimination of blood saturated with carbonic matters opposed to the absorption by it of oxygen6 ,do we not here perceive1 so to express ourselves1 the evil enter and depart through the skin8 ,m4 ,roche-,lubin gives an account of some lambs which were exposed1 after being shorn1 to a humid icy cold succeeding upon summer heat4 ,these animals all died2 and their post mortem examination disclosed nothing further than a blackened condition of blood throughout the whole circulating system1 with stagnation in some organs1 such as the liver1 the spleen1 or abdominal vascular system4 ,from the foregoing disclosures1 which might be multiplied if there was need of it1 we learn that the regularity or perversion of the functions of the skin exercises an all-powerful influence over the conservation or derangement of the health1 and that very many diseases can be traced to no other origin than the interruption1 more or less1 of these functions4 ,these remarks are valuable1 inasmuch as they go to prove the importance1 in the treatment of disease1 of a restoration of the lost function4 ,our system of applying friction1 warmth1 and moisture to the external surface1 in all cases of internal disease1 here finds1 in the authors just quoted1 able advocates4 ,,footnote3 #ad ,what a destructive system1 then1 must blood-letting be1 which proposes to supply this deficiency in the empty vessels by opening a vein and suffering the contents of the overcharged vessels to fall to the ground6 ,if the blood abstracted from the full veins could be returned into those empty ones1 then there would be some sense in blood-letting4 ,,spaying ,,cows4 ,the castration of cows has been practised for several years in different parts of the world1 with such remarkable success1 that no one will doubt there are advantages to be derived from it4 ,for the benefit of those who may have doubts on this subject1 we give the opinions of a committee appointed by the ,rheims ,academy to investigate the matter4 ,to the question put to the committee-- #ast4 ,is the spaying of cows a dangerous operation8 ,the answer is1 ,this operation1 in itself1 involves no more danger than many others of as bold a character1 7as puncture of the rumen17 which are performed without accident by men even strangers to the veterinary art4 ,two minutes suffice for the extraction of the ovaries2 two minutes more for suturing the wound4 #b;dly4 ,will not the spaying of cows put an end to the production of the species8 ,without doubt1 this is an operation which must be kept within bounds4 ,it is in the vicinity of large towns that most benefit will be derived from it1 where milk is most generally sought after1 and where pasturage is scanty1 and consequently food for cows expensive4 ,on this account it is not the practice to raise calves about the environs of ,paris4 ,indeed1 at ,cormenteul1 near ,rheims1 out of one hundred and forty-five cows kept1 not more than from ten to fifteen calves are produced yearly4 #c;dly4 ,is spaying attended with amelioration of the quality of the meat8 ,that cows fatten well after being spayed is an incontestable fact1 long known to agriculturists4 #dthly4 ,does spaying prolong the period of lactation1 and increase the quantity of milk8 ,the cow will be found to give as much milk after eighteen months as immediately after the operation2 and there was found in quantity1 in favor of the spayed cows1 a great difference4 #ethly4 ,is the quality of the milk ameliorated by spaying8 ,to resolve this question1 we have thought proper to make an appeal to skilful chemists resident in the neighborhood2 and they have determined that the milk abounds more by one third in cheese and butter than that of ordinary cows4 ,mr4 ,percival says1 ,no person hesitates to admit the advantages derivable from the castration of bulls and stallions4 ,i do not hesitate to aver1 that equal1 if not double1 advantages are to be derived from the same operation when performed on cows4 ,it is to ,america we are indebted for this discovery4 ,in #ahcb1 an ,american traveller1 a lover of milk1 no doubt1 asked for some of a farmer at whose house he was4 ,surprised at finding at this farm better milk than he had met with elsewhere1 he wished to know the reason of it4 ,after some hesitation1 the farmer avowed1 that he had been advised to perform on his cows the same operation as was practised on the bulls4 ,the traveller was not long in spreading this information4 ,the ,veterinary ,society of the country took up the discovery1 when it got known in ,america4 ,the ,english--those ardent admirers of beefsteaks and roast beef--profited by the new procedure1 as they know how to turn every thing to account1 and at once castrated their heifers1 in order to obtain a more juicy meat4 ,the ,swiss1 whose principal employment is agricultural1 had the good fortune to possess a man distinguished in his art1 who foresaw1 and was anxious to realize1 the advantages of castrating milch cows4 ,m4 ,levrat1 veterinary surgeon at ,lausanne1 found in the government of his country an enlightened assistant in his praiseworthy and useful designs1 so that1 at the present day1 instructions in the operation of spaying enter into the requirements of the programme of the professors of agriculture1 and the gelders of the country are not permitted to exercise their calling until they have proved their qualifications on the same point4--,london ,vet4 p4 #bgd1 #ahej4 ,for additional evidence in favor of spaying1 see ,albany ,cultivator1 p4 #aie1 vol4 vi4 ,we have conversed with several farmers in this section of the ,united ,states1 and find1 as a general thing1 that they labor under the impression that spaying is chiefly resorted to with a view of fattening cattle for the market4 ,we have1 on all occasions1 endeavored to correct this erroneous conclusion1 and at the same time to point out the benefits to be derived from this practice4 ,the quality of the milk is superior1 and the quantity is augmented4 ,many thousands of the miserable specimens of cows1 that the farmer1 with all his care1 and having1 at the same time an abundance of the best kind of provender1 is unable to fatten1 might1 after the operation of spaying1 be easily fattened1 and rendered fit for the market2 or1 if they shall have had calves1 they may be made permanent1 and1 of course1 profitable milkers4 ,if a cow be in a weak1 debilitated state1 or1 in other words1 out of condition1 she may turn out to be a source of great loss to the owner4 ,in the first place1 her offspring will be weak and inefficient2 successive generations will deteriorate2 and if the offspring be in a close degree of relationship1 they will scarcely be worth the trouble of rearing4 ,the spaying of such a cow1 rather than she shall give birth to weak and worthless offspring1 would be a great blessing2 for then one of the first causes of degeneracy in live stock will have been removed4 ,again1 a cow in poor condition is a curse to the farmer2 for she is often the medium through which epidemics1 infectious diseases1 puerperal fever1 c41 are communicated to other stock4 ,if there are such diseases in the vicinity1 those in poor flesh are sure to be the first victims2 and they1 coming in contact with others laboring under a temporary indisposition1 involve them in the general ruin4 ,if prevention be cheaper than cure1--and who doubts it8--then the farmer should avail himself of the protection which spaying seems to hold out4 ,,operation ,,of ,,spaying4 ,the first and most important object in the successful performance of this operation is to secure the cow1 so that she shall not injure herself1 nor lie down1 nor be able to kick or injure the operator4 ,the most convenient method of securing the cow is1 to place her in the trevis2#ae the hind legs should then be securely tied in the usual manner3 the band used for the purpose of raising the hind quarters when being shod must be passed under the belly1 and tightened just sufficient to prevent the animal lying down4 ,having secured the band in this position1 we proceed1 with the aid of two or more assistants1 in case the animal should be irritable1 to perform the operation4 ,and here1 for the benefit of that portion of our readers who desire to perform the operation secundum artem1 we detail the method recommended by ,morin1 a ,french veterinary surgeon2 although it has been1 and can again be1 performed with a common knife1 a curved needle1 and a few silken threads to close the external wound4 ,the author is acquainted with a farmer1 now a resident of ,east ,boston1 who has performed this operation with remarkable success1 both in this country and ,scotland1 with no other instruments than a common shoemaker's knife and a curved needle4 ,the fact is1 the ultimate success of the operation does not depend so much on the instruments as on the skill of the operator4 ,if he is an experienced man1 understands the anatomy of the parts1 and is well acquainted1 by actual experience1 with the nature of the operation1 then the instruments become a matter of taste4 ,the best operators are those who devote themselves entirely to the occupation4 7,see ,mr4 ,blane's account of his first essay in firing1 p4 #he1 note47 ,morin advises us to secure the cow1 by means of five rings1 to the wall4 7,see ,albany ,cultivator1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bdd1 #ahej47 ,the cow being conveniently disposed of1 and the instruments and appliances1--such as curved scissors1 upon a table1 a convex-edged bistoury1 a straight one1 and one buttoned at the point1 suture needle filled with double thread of desired length1 pledgets of lint of appropriate size and length1 a mass of tow 7in pledgets7 being collected in a shallow basket1 held by an assistant1--we place ourselves opposite to the left flank1 our back turned a little towards the head of the animal2 we cut off the hair which covers the hide in the middle of the flanks1 at an equal distance between the back and hip1 for the space of thirteen or fourteen centimetres in circumference2 this done1 we take the convex bistoury1 and place it open between our teeth1 the edge out1 the point to the left2 then1 with both hands1 we seize the hide in the middle of the flank1 and form of it a wrinkle of the requisite elevation1 and running lengthwise of the body4 ,we then direct an assistant to seize1 with his right hand1 the right side of this wrinkle4 ,we then take the bistoury1 and cut the wrinkle at one stroke through the middle1 the wrinkle having been suffered to go down1 a separation of the hide is presented of sufficient length to enable us to introduce the hand2 thereupon we separate the edges of the hide with the thumb and fore finger of the left hand1 and1 in like manner1 we cut through the abdominal muscles1 the iliac1 7rather obliquely17 and the lumbar1 7cross17 for a distance of a centimetre from the lower extremity of the incision made in the hide3 this done1 armed with the straight bistoury1 we make a puncture of the peritoneum1 at the upper extremity of the wound2 we then introduce the buttoned bistoury1 and we move it obliquely from above to the lower part up to the termination of the incision made in the abdominal muscles4 ,the flank being opened1 we introduce the right hand into the abdomen1 and direct it along the right side of the cavity of the pelvis1 behind the paunch and underneath the rectum1 where we find the horns of the uterus2 after we have ascertained the position of these viscera1 we search for the ovaries1 which are at the extremity of the cornua1 or horns1 7fallopian tubes17 and when we have found them1 we seize them between the thumb and fore finger1 detach them completely from the ligaments that keep them in their place1 pull lightly1 separating the cord1 and the vessels 7uterine or fallopian tubes7 at their place of union with the ovarium1 by means of the nails of the thumb and fore finger1 which presents itself at the point of touch2 in fact1 we break the cord1 and bring away the ovarium4 ,we then introduce again the hand in the abdominal cavity1 and we proceed in the same manner to extract the other ovarium4 ,this operation terminated1 we1 by the assistance of a needle1 place a suture of three or four double threads1 waxed1 at an equal distance1 and at two centimetres1 or a little less1 from the lips of the wound2 passing it through the divided tissues1 we move from the left hand with the piece of thread2 having reached that point1 we fasten with a double knot2 we place the seam in the intervals of the thread from the right1 and as we approach the lips of the wound1 we fasten by a simple knot1 being careful not to close too tightly the lower part of the seam1 so that the suppuration1 which may be established in the wound1 may be able to escape4 ,the operation effected1 we cover up the wound with a pledget of lint1 kept in its place by three or four threads passed through the stitches1 and all is completed4 ,it happens1 sometimes1 that in cutting the muscles of which we have before spoken1 we cut one or two of the arteries1 which bleed so much that there is necessity for a ligature before opening the peritoneal sac1 because1 if this precaution be omitted1 blood will escape into the abdomen1 and may occasion the most serious consequences4 ,the best time for spaying cows1 with a view of making them permanent milkers1 is between the ages of five and seven1 especially if they have had two or three calves4 ,if intended to be fattened for beef1 the operation should not be performed until the animal has passed its second year1 nor after the twelfth4 ,we usually prepare the animal by allowing a scalded mash every night1 within a few days of the operation4 ,the same precaution is observed after the operation4 ,if1 after the operation1 the animal appears dull and irritable1 and refuses her food1 the following drink must be given3-- ,valerian1 #b ounces4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,set the mixture aside to cool4 ,then strain1 and add infusion of marshmallows 7see ,,appendix7 one quart2 which may be given in pint doses every two hours4 ,if a bad discharge sets up from the wound1--but this will seldom happen1 unless the system abounds in morbific materials1--then1 in addition to the drink1 wash the wound with ,pyroligneous acid1 #b ounces4 ,water1 #b quarts4 ,mix4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,although we recommend that cows be confined in the trevis for the purpose of performing this operation1 it by no means follows that it cannot be done as well in other ways4 ,in fact1 the trevis is inadmissible where chloroform is used4 ,the animal must be cast in order to use that agent with any degree of safety4 ,if the trevis is not at hand1 we should prefer to operate1 having the cow secured to the floor1 or held in that position by trusty assistants4 ,we lately operated on a cow1 the property of ,mr4 ,c4 ,drake of ,holliston1 in this state1 under very unfavorable circumstances2 yet1 as will appear from the accompanying note1 the cow is likely to do well1 notwithstanding4 ,the history of the case is as follows3 ,we were sent for by ,mr4 ,d4 to see a heifer having a swelling under the jaw1 which proved to be a scirrhous gland4 ,after giving our opinion and prescribing the usual remedies1 the conversation turned upon spaying cattle2 and ,mr4 ,d4 remarked that he had a five year old cow1 on which we might1 if we chose1 operate4 ,this we rather objected to at first1 as the cow was in a state of plethora1 and the stomach very much distended with food2 yet1 as the owner appeared willing to share the responsibility1 we consented to perform the operation4 ,the cow was accordingly cast1 in the usual manner1 she lying on her right side1 her head being firmly held by an assistant4 ,we then made an incision through the skin1 muscles1 and peritoneum4 ,the hand was then introduced1 and each ovary in its turn brought as near to the external wound as possible1 and separated from its attachment with a button-pointed bistoury4 ,the wound was then brought together with four interrupted sutures1 and dressed as already described4 ,directions were given to keep the animal quiet1 and on a light diet3 the calf1 which was four weeks old1 to suckle as usual4 ,the operation was performed on the #agth of ,january1 #ahea1 and on the #bgth1 the following communication was received3-- ,,dr4 ,,dadd4 ,dear ,sir3 ,agreeably to request1 ,i will inform you as regards the cow4 ,i must say that1 so far as appearances are concerned1 she is doing well4 ,she has a good appetite1 and chews her cud1 and the wound is not swelled or inflamed4 ,yours truly1 ,c4 ,,drake4 ,,holliston1 ,jan #bg1 #ahea4 ,illustration3 ,three ,south ,down ,wethers ,the ,property of ,mr4 ,jonas ,webb of ,babraham1 near ,cambridge1 which obtained ,prizes in their respective classes at the ,smithfield ,cattle ,show1 ,decr4 #ahci4 ,,sheep4 ,,preliminary ,,remarks4 ,many of the diseases to which sheep are subject can be traced to want of due care in their management4 ,the common practice of letting them range in marshy lands is one of the principal causes of disease4 ,the feet of sheep are organized in such a manner as to be capable1 when in a healthy state1 of eliminating from the system a large amount of worn-out materials--excrementitious matter1 which1 if retained in the system1 would be injurious4 ,the direct application of cold tends to contract the mouths of excrementitious vessels1 and the morbid matter accumulates4 ,this is not all4 ,there are in the system numerous outlets1--for example1 the kidneys1 lungs1 surface1 feet1 c4 ,the health of the animal depends on all these functions being duly performed4 ,if a certain function be interrupted for any length of time1 it is sure to derange the system4 ,diseases of the feet are very common in wet situations1 and are a source of great loss to the farming community4 ,hence it becomes a matter of great importance to know how to manage them so as to prevent diseases of the feet4 ,professor ,simonds says1 ,no malady was probably so much feared by the agriculturist as the rot2 and with reason1 for it was most destructive to his hopes4 ,it was commonly believed to be incurable1 and therefore it was all important to inquire into the causes which gave rise to it4 ,some pastures were notorious for rotting sheep2 on other lands1 sheep1 under all ordinary circumstances1 were pastured with impunity2 but1 as a broad principle1 it might be laid down that an excess of moisture is prejudicial to the health of the animal4 ,sheep1 by nature1 are not only erratic animals1 wandering over a large space of ground1 but are also inhabitants of arid districts4 ,the skill of man has increased and improved the breed1 and has naturalized the animal in moist and temperate climates4 ,but1 nevertheless1 circumstances now and then take place which show that its nature is not entirely changed2 thus1 a wet season occurs1 the animals are exposed to the debilitating effects of moisture1 and the rot spreads among them to a fearful extent4 ,the malady is not confined to ,england or to ,europe2 it is found in ,asia and ,africa1 and occurs also in ,egypt on the receding of the waters of the ,nile4 ,these facts are valuable1 because they show that the cause of the disease is not local--that it is not produced by climate or temperature2 for it is found that animals in any temperature become affected1 and on any soil in certain seasons4 ,a great deal had been written on rot in sheep1 which it were to be wished had not been4 ,many talented individuals had devoted their time to its investigation1 endeavoring to trace out a cause for it1 as if it originated from one cause alone4 ,but the facts here alluded to would show that it arose from more causes than one4 ,he had mentioned the circumstance with regard to land sometimes producing rot1 and sometimes not2 but he would go a step further1 and ask1 ,was there any particular period of the year when animals were subject to the attack8 ,undoubtedly there was4 ,in the rainy season1 the heat and moisture combined would produce a most luxuriant herbage2 but that herbage would be deficient in nutriment1 and danger would be run2 the large quantity of watery matter in the food acting as a direct excitement to the abnormal functions of the digestive organs4 ,early disturbance of the liver led to the accumulation of fat1 7state of plethora27 consequently1 an animal being 'touched with the rot' thrived much more than usual4 ,this reminded him that the celebrated ,bakewell was said to be in the habit of placing his sheep on land notorious for rotting them1 in order to prevent other people from getting his stock1 and likewise to bring them earlier to market for the butcher4 ,referring to diseases of the liver1 ,professor ,s4 remarked1 that the bile in rot1 in consequence of the derangement of the liver being continued1 lost the property of converting the chymous mass into nutritious matter1 and the animal fell away in condition4 ,every part of the system was now supplied with impure blood1 for we might as well expect pure water from a poisoned fountain as pure blood when the secretion of bile was unhealthy4 ,this state of the liver and the system was associated with the existence of parasites in the liver4 ,some persons suppose that these parasites1 which1 from their particular form1 were called flukes1 were the cause of the rot4 ,they are only the effect2 yet it is to be remembered that they multiply so rapidly that they become the cause of further diseased action4 ,sheep1 in the earlier stages of the affection1 before their biliary ducts become filled with flukes1 may be restored2 but1 when the parasites existed in abundance1 there was no chance of the animal's recovery4 ,those persons who supposed flukes to be the cause of rot had1 perhaps1 some reason for that opinion4 ,flukes are oviparous2 their ova mingle with the biliary secretion1 and thus find their way out of the intestinal canal into the soil2 as in the feculent matter of rotten sheep may be found millions of flukes4 ,a ,mr4 ,king1 of ,bath1 7,england17 had unhesitatingly given it as his opinion that flukes were the cause of rot2 believing that1 if sheep were pastured on land where the ova existed1 they would be taken up with the food1 enter into the ramifications of the biliary ducts1 and thus contaminate the whole liver4 ,there appeared some ground for this assertion1 because very little indeed was known with reference to the duration of life in its latent form in the egg4 ,how long the eggs of birds would remain without undergoing change1 if not placed under circumstances favorable to the development of life in a more active form1 was undecided4 ,it was the same with the ova of these parasites2 so long as they remained on the pasture they underwent no change2 but place them in the body of the animal1 and subject them to the influence of heat1 c41 then those changes would commence which ended in the production of perfect flukes4 ,take another illustration of the long duration of latent life3 ,wheat had been locked up for hundreds of years--nay1 for thousands--in ,egyptian mummies1 without undergoing any change1 and yet1 when planted1 had been found prolific4 444 ,he was not1 then1 to say that rot was in all cases a curable affection2 but at the same time he was fully aware that many animals1 that are now considered incurable1 might be restored1 if sufficient attention was given to them4 ,about two years ago1 he purchased seven or eight sheep1 all of them giving indisputable proof of rot in its advanced stage4 ,he intended them for experiment and dissection2 but as he did not require all of them1 and during the winter season only he could dissect1 he kept some till summer4 ,they were supplied with food of nutritious quality1 free from moisture2 they were also protected from all storms and changes of weather1 being placed in a shed4 ,the result was1 that without any medicine1 two of these rotten sheep quite recovered2 and when he killed them1 although he found that the liver had undergone some change1 still the animals would have lived on for years4 ,rot1 in its advanced stage1 was a disease which might be considered as analogous to dropsy4 ,a serous fluid accumulates in various parts of the body1 chiefly beneath the cellular tissue2 consequently1 some called it the water rot1 others the fluke rot2 but these were merely indications of the same disease in different stages4 ,if flukes were present1 it was evident that1 in order to strike at the root of the malady1 they must get rid of these entozoa1 and that could only be effected by bringing about a healthy condition of the system4 ,nothing that could be done by the application of medicine would act on them to affect their vitality4 ,it was only by strengthening their animal powers that they were enabled to give sufficient tone to the system to throw off the flukes2 for this purpose many advocated salt4 ,salt was an excellent stimulative to the digestive organs1 and might also be of service in restoring the biliary secretion1 from the soda which it contained4 ,so well is its stimulative action known1 that some individuals always keep salt in the troughs containing the animal's food4 ,this was a preventive1 they had good proof1 seeing that it mattered not how moist the soil might be in salt marshes2 no sheep were ever attacked by rot in them1 whilst those sent there infected very often came back free4 ,salt1 therefore1 must not be neglected2 but then came the question1 ,could they not do something more8 ,he believed they could give tonics with advantage4444 ,the principles he wished to lay down were1 to husband the animals' powers by placing them in a situation where they should not be exposed to the debilitating effects of cold storms2 to supply them with nutritious food1 and such as contained but a small quantity of water2 and1 as a stimulant to the digestive organs1 to mix it with salt4 ,the remarks of ,professor ,s4 are valuable to the ,american farmer4 ,first1 because they throw some light on the character of a disease but imperfectly understood2 secondly1 they recommend a safe1 efficient1 and common-sense method of treating it2 and lastly1 they recommend such preventive measures as1 in this enlightened age1 every farmer must acknowledge to be the better part of sheep doctoring4 ,the reader will easily perceive the reason why the food of sheep is injurious when wet or saturated with its own natural juices1 when he learns that the digestive process is greatly retarded1 unless the masticated food be well saturated with the gastric fluid4 ,if the gastric fluid cannot pervade it1 then fermentation takes place2 by which process the nutritive properties of the food are partly destroyed1 and what remains cannot be taken up before it passes from the vinous into the acetous or putrefactive fermentation2 the natural consequence is1 that internal disease ensues1 which often gravitates to the feet1 thereby producing rot4 ,this is not all4 ,such food does not furnish sufficient material to replenish the daily waste and promote the living integrity4 ,in short1 it produces debility1 and debility includes one half the causes of disease4 ,it must be a matter of deep interest to the farmer to know how to prevent disease in his flock1 and improve their condition1 c42 for if he possessed the requisite knowledge1 he would not be compelled to offer mutton at so low a rate as from three to four cents a pound1 at which price it is often sold in the ,boston market4 ,we have already alluded to the fact that neat cattle can1 with the requisite knowledge1 be improved at least twenty-five per cent42 and we may add1 without fear of contradiction1 that the same applies to sheep4 ,if1 then1 their value can be increased in the same ratio as that of other classes of live stock1 how much will the proprietors of sheep gain by the operation8 ,suppose we set down the number of sheep in the ,united ,states at twenty-seven millions1--which will not fall far short of the mark1--and value them at the low price of one dollar per head3 we get a clear gain1 in the carcasses alone1 of six millions seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars4 ,the increase in the quantity1 and of course in the value1 of wool would pay the additional expenses incurred4 ,it is a well-known fact that1 when ,general ,washington left his estate to engage in the councils of his country1 his sheep then yielded five pounds of wool4 ,at the time of his return1 the animals had so degenerated as to yield but two and a half pounds per fleece4 ,this was not altogether owing to the quality of their food1 but in part to want of due care in breeding4 ,it is well known that many diseases are propagated and aggravated through the sexual congress2 and no matter how healthy the dam is1 or how much vital resistance she possesses1--if the male be weak and diseased1 the offspring will be more or less diseased at birth4 7,see article ,breeding47 ,dr4 ,whitlaw observes1 ,the ,deity has given power to man to ameliorate his condition1 as may be truly seen by strict attention to the laws of nature4 ,an attentive observer may soon perceive1 that milk1 butter1 and meat1 of animals that feed on good herbage1 in high and dry soils1 are the best2 and that strong nourishment is the produce of those animals that feed on bottom land2 but those that feed on a marshy1 wet soil produce more acrid food1 even admitting that the herbage be of the bland and nutritious kind2 but if it be composed in part of poisonous plants1 the sheep become diseased and rotten1 much more so than cattle1 for they do not drink to the same degree1 and therefore 7particularly those that chew the cud7 are not likely to throw off the poison4 ,horses would be more liable to disease than cattle were it not for their sagacity in selecting the wholesome from the poisonous herbage4 ,a great portion of the mutton slaughtered is unfit for food1 from the fact that their lungs are often in a state of decomposition1 their livers much injured by insects1 and their intestines in a state of ulceration1 from eating poisonous herbs4 ,linnaeus says1 ,a dry place renders plants sapid2 a succulent place1 insipid2 and a watery place1 corrosive4 ,one farmer1 in the vicinity of ,sherburne1 7,england17 had1 during the space of a few weeks1 lost nearly nine hundred sheep by the rot4 ,the fear of purchasing diseased mutton is so prevalent in families1 that the demand for mutton has become extremely limited4 ,in the ,december number of the ,london ,veterinarian we find an interesting communication from the pen of ,mr4 ,tavistock1 ,v4 ,s41 which will throw some light on the causes of disease in sheep4 ,the substance of these remarks is as follows3 ,on a large farm1 situated in the fertile valley of the ,tavey1 is kept a large flock of sheep1 choice and well bred4 ,it is deemed an excellent sheep farm1 and for some years no sheep could be healthier than were his flock4 ,about eighteen months ago1 however1 some ewes were now and then found dead4 ,this was attributed to some of the many maladies sheep-flesh is 'heir to1' and thought no more about4 ,still it did not cease2 another and another died1 from time to time1 until at length1 it becoming a question of serious consequence1 my attention was called to them4 ,i made1 as opportunities occurred1 minute post mortem examinations4 ,the sheep did not die rapidly1 but one a week1 and sometimes one a fortnight1 or even three weeks4 ,no previous illness whatever was manifested4 ,they were always found dead in the attitude of sleep2 the countenance being tranquil and composed1 not a blade of grass disturbed by struggling2 nor did any circumstance evidence that pain or suffering was endured4 ,it was evident that the death was sudden4 ,we fancied the ewes must obtain something poisonous from the herbage1 and the only place they could get any thing different from the other sheep was in the orchards1 since there the ewes went at the lambing time1 and occasionally through the summer4 ,but so they had done for years before1 and yet contracted no disease4 ,well1 then1 the orchards were the suspected spots1 and it was deemed expedient to request ,mr4 ,bartlett1 a botanist1 to make a careful examination of the orchards1 and give us his opinion thereon4 ,the following is the substance of his report3-- ,the part of the estate to which the sheep unfortunately had access1 where the predisposing causes of disease prevailed1 was an orchard1 having a gradual slope of about three quarters of a mile in extent1 from the high ground to the bed of the river1 ranging about east and west2 the hills on each side being constituted of argillaceous strata of laminated slate1 which1 although having an angle of inclination favoring drainage on the slopes1 yet in the valleys often became flat or horizontal1 and on which also accumulated the clays1 and masses of rock1 in detached blocks1 often to the depth of twenty feet--a state of things which gives the valley surface and soil a very rugged and unequal outline2 the whole1 at the same time1 offering the greatest obstruction to regular drainage4 ,these are spots selected for orchard draining in ,england2 the truth being lost sight of1 that surfaces and soil for apple-tree growth require the most perfect admixture with atmospheric elements1 and the freest outlet for the otherwise accumulating moisture1 to prevent dampness and acidity1 the result of the shade of the tree itself1 produced by the fall of the leaf4 ,on this estate these things had never been dreamt of before planting the orchards4 ,the apple-tree1 in short1 as soon as its branches and leaves spread with the morbid growth of a dozen years1 aids itself in the destructive process2 the soil becomes yearly more poisonous1 the roots soon decay1 and the tree falls to one side1 as we witness daily1 while the herbage beneath and around becomes daily more unfit to sustain animal life4 ,numerous forms of poisonous fungi1 microscopic and otherwise1 are here at home1 and nourished by the carburetted and other forms of hydrogen gas hourly engendered and saturating the soil2 while on the dampest spots the less noxious portions of such hydrates are assimilated by the mint plant in the shape of oil2 and which disputes with sour1 poisonous1 and blossomless grasses for the occupancy of the surface1 mingled with the still more noxious straggling forms of the ethusa1 occasionally the angelica1 vison1 conium1 c4 ,this state of things1 brought into existence by this wretched and barbarous mode of planting orchard valleys1 usually reaches its consummation in about thirty years1 and sometimes much less1 as in the valley under notice4 ,thus it is that such spots1 often the richest in capabilities on the estate1 7the deep soil being the waste and spoil of the higher ground and slopes17 become a bane to every form of useful vegetation2 and1 at the same time1 are a hotbed of luxuriance to every thing that is poisonous1 destructive1 and deleterious to almost every form of animal life4 ,and such an animal as the sheep1 while feeding among such herbage1 would inhale a sufficiency of noxious gases1 especially in summer1 through the nostrils alone1 to produce disease even in a few hours1 though the herbage devoured should lie harmless in the stomach4 ,but with regard to the sheep in the present case1 we fear they had no choice in the matter1 and were driven by hunger to feed1 being shut into these orchards2 and thus not only ate the poisoned grasses1 but with every mouthful swallowed a portion of the water-engendering mint1 the acrid crowfoot1 ranunculus leaves1 c41 surrounding every blade of grass2 while the other essential elements of vegetable poison1 the most virulent forms of agarici and their spawn1 with other destructive fungi1 were swallowed as a sauce to the whole4 ,this fearful state of things1 to which sheep had access1 soon manifested its results2 for although a hog or a badger might here fatten1 yet to an animal so susceptible to atmospheric influences1 unwholesome1 undrained land1 c41 as the sheep1 the organization forbids the assimilation of such food2 and although a process of digestion goes on1 yet its hydrous results 7if we may use such a term7 not only overcharge the blood with serum1 but1 through unnatural channels1 cause effusion into the chest1 heart1 veins1 c41 when its effects are soon manifested in sudden and quick dissolution1 being found dead in the attitude of sleep4 ,it is probable that the gases which arose from this imperfectly drained estate played their part in the work of destruction2 not only by coming in immediate contact with the blood through the medium of the air-cells in the lungs1 but by mixing with the food in the process of digestion4 ,this may appear a new idea to those who have never given the subject a thought2 yet it is no less true4 ,during the mastication of food1 the saliva possesses the remarkable property of enclosing air within its globules4 ,professor ,liebig tells us that the saliva encloses air in the shape of froth1 in a far higher degree than even soap-suds4 ,this air1 by means of the saliva1 reaches the stomach with the food1 and there its oxygen enters into combination1 while its nitrogen is given out through the skin and lungs4 ,this applies to pure air4 ,now1 suppose the sheep are feeding in pastures notorious for giving out noxious gases1 and at the same time the function of the skin or lungs is impaired2 instead of the nitrogen or noxious gases being set free1 they will accumulate in the alimentary canal and cellular tissues1 to the certain destruction of the living integrity4 ,prof4 ,l4 further informs us that the longer digestion continues1--that is1 the greater resistance offered to the solvent action by the food1--the more saliva1 and consequently the more air1 enter the stomach4 ,,staggers4 ,this disease is known to have its origin in functional derangement of the stomach2 and owing to the sympathy that exists between the brain and the latter1 derangements are often overlooked1 until they manifest themselves by the animal's appearing dull and stupid1 and separating itself from the rest of the flock4 ,an animal attacked with staggers is observed to go round in a giddy manner2 the optic nerve becomes paralyzed1 and the animal often appears blind4 ,it sometimes continues to feed well until it dies4 ,indications of ,cure4--,first1 to remove the cause4 ,if it exist in a too generous supply of food1 reduce the quantity4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the animal be in poor condition1 a generous supply of nutritious food must be allowed4 ,secondly1 to impart healthy action to the digestive organs1 and lubricate their surfaces4 ,having removed the cause1 take ,powdered snakeroot1 #a ounce4 slippery elm1 #b ounces4 fennel seed1 half an ounce4 ,mix4 ,half a table-spoonful may be given daily in warm water1 or it may be mixed in the food4 ,another4 ,powdered gentian1 #a ounce4 poplar bark1 #b ounces4 aniseed1 half an ounce4 ,mix1 and give as above4 ,if the bowels are inactive1 give a wine-glass of linseed oil4 ,the animal should be kept free from all annoyance by dogs1 c42 for fear indirectly influences the stomach through the pneumogastric nerves1 by which the secretion of the gastric juice is arrested1 and an immediate check is thus given to the process of digestion4 ,for the same reason1 medicine should always be given in the food1 if possible4 ,in cases of great prostration1 accompanied with loss of appetite1 much valuable time would be lost4 ,in such cases1 we must have recourse to the bottle4 ,,foot ,,rot4 ,when a sheep is observed to be lame1 and1 upon examination1 matter can be discovered1 then pare away the hoof1 and make a slight puncture1 so that the matter may escape2 then wash the foot with the following antiseptic lotion3-- ,pyroligneous acid1 #b ounces4 ,water1 #c ounces4 ,suppose that1 on examination1 the feet have a fetid odor2 then apply the following3-- ,vinegar1 half a pint4 ,common salt1 #a table-spoonful4 ,water1 half a pint4 ,mix1 and apply daily4 ,at the same time1 put the sheep in a dry place1 and give a dose of the following every morning3-- ,powdered bayberry bark1 half an ounce4 flaxseed1 #b pounds4 sulphur1 #a ounce4 charcoal1 #a ounce4 sassafras1 #a ounce4 ,mix4 ,a handful to be given in the food twice a day4 ,remarks4--,foot rot is generally considered a local disease2 yet should it be neglected1 or maltreated1 the general system will share in the local derangement4 ,,rot4 ,the progress of this disease is generally very slow1 and a person unaccustomed to the management of sheep would find some difficulty in recognizing it4 ,a practical eye would distinguish it1 even at a distance4 ,the disease is known by one or more of the following symptoms3 ,the animal often remains behind the flock1 shaking its head1 with its ears depressed2 it allows itself to be seized1 without any resistance4 ,the eye is dull and watery2 the eyelids are swollen2 the lips1 gums1 and palate have a pale tint2 the skin1 which is of a yellowish white1 appears puffed1 and retains the impression2 the wool loses its brightness1 and is easily torn off2 the urine is high colored1 and the excrement soft4 ,as the disease progresses1 there is loss of appetite1 great thirst1 general emaciation1 c4 ,the indications are1 to improve the secretions1 vitalize the blood1 and sustain the living powers4 ,for which purpose1 take ,powdered charcoal1 #b ounces4 ginger1 #a ounce4 golden seal1 #a ounce4 ,oatmeal1 #a pound4 ,mix4 ,feed to each animal a handful per day1 unless rumination shall have ceased2 then omit the oatmeal1 and give a tea-spoonful of the mixed ingredients1 in half a pint of hyssop1 or horsemint tea4 ,continue as occasion may require4 ,the food should be boiled1 if possible4 ,the best kind1 especially in the latter stages of rot1 is1 equal parts of linseed and ground corn4 ,if the urine is high colored1 and the animal is thirsty1 give an occasional drink of ,cleavers1 7galium aparine17 #b ounces4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,when cold1 strain4 ,dose1 one pint4 ,to be repeated1 if necessary4 ,,epilepsy4 ,this is somewhat different from staggers1 as the animal does not remain quietly on the ground1 but it suffers from convulsions1 it kicks1 rolls its eyes1 grinds its teeth1 c4 ,the duration of the fit varies much1 sometimes it terminates at the expiration of a few minutes2 at other times1 a quarter of an hour elapses before it is perfectly conscious4 ,in this malady1 there is a loss of equilibrium between the nervous and muscular systems1 which may arise from hydatids in the brain1 offering mechanical obstructions to the conducting power of the nerves4 ,this malady may attack animals in apparently good health4 ,we frequently see children attacked with epilepsy 7fits7 without any apparent cause1 and when they are in good flesh4 ,the symptoms are not considered dangerous1 except by their frequent repetition4 ,the following may be given with a view of equalizing the circulation and nervous action3-- ,assafoetida1 one third of a tea-spoonful4 ,gruel made from slippery elm1 #a pint4 ,mix1 while hot4 ,repeat the dose every other day4 ,make some change in the food4 ,thus1 if the animal has been fed on green fodder for any length of time1 let it have a few meals of shorts1 meal1 linseed1 c4 ,the water must be of the best quality4 ,suppose the animal to be in poor condition2 then combine tonics and alteratives in the following form3-- ,assafoetida1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,powdered golden seal1 #a ounce4 slippery elm1 #b ounces4 ,oatmeal1 #a pound4 ,mix thoroughly1 and divide into eight equal parts4 ,a powder to be given every morning4 ,,red ,,water4 ,this is nothing more nor less than a symptom of deranged function4 ,the cure consists in restoring healthy action to all parts of the animal organization4 ,for example1 high-colored urine shows that there is too much action on the internal surfaces1 and too little on the external4 ,this at once points to the propriety of keeping the sheep in a warm situation1 in order to invite action to the skin4 ,compound for ,red ,water4 ,powdered slippery elm1 pleurisy root1 of each1 #a ounce4 poplar bark1 ,indian meal1 #a pound4 ,mix4 ,to be divided into ten parts1 one of which may be given every morning4 ,,cachexy1#af ,,or ,,general ,,debility4 ,indications of ,cure4--,first4 ,to build up and promote the living integrity by a generous diet1 one or more of the following articles may be scalded and given three times a day3 carrots1 parsnips1 linseed1 corn meal1 c4 ,secondly4 ,to remove morbific materials from the system1 and restore the lost functions1 one of the following powders may be given1 night and morning1 in the fodder3-- ,powdered balmony1 7snakehead17 #a ounce4 marshmallows1 #a ounce4 common salt1 #a table-spoonful4 ,linseed meal1 #a pound4 ,mix4 ,divide into ten powders4 ,,footnote3 #af ,it implies a vitiated state of the solids and fluids4 ,,loss ,,of ,,appetite4 ,this is generally owing to a morbid state of the digestive organs4 ,all that is necessary in such case is1 to restore the lost tone by the exhibition of bitter tonics4 ,a bountiful supply of camomile tea will generally prove sufficient4 ,if1 however1 the bowels are inactive1 add to the above a small portion of extract of butternut4 ,the food should be slightly salted4 ,,foundering1 7,,rheumatism7 ,in this malady1 the animal becomes slow in its movements2 its walk is characterized by rigidity of the muscular system1 and1 when lying down1 requires great efforts in order to rise4 ,causes4--,exposure to sudden changes in temperature1 feeding on wet lands1 c4 ,indications of ,cure4--,to equalize the circulation1 invite and maintain action to the external surface1 and remove the cause4 ,to fulfil the latter indication1 remove the animal to a dry1 warm situation4 ,the following antispasmodic and diaphoretic will complete the cure3 ,powdered lady's slipper1 7cypripedium17 #a tea-spoonful4 ,to be given every morning in a pint of warm pennyroyal tea4 ,if the malady does not yield in a few days1 take ,powdered sassafras bark1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,boiling water1 #a pint4 ,honey1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,mix1 and repeat the dose every other morning4 ,,ticks4 ,ticks1 or1 in short1 any kind of insects1 may be destroyed by dropping on them a few drops of an infusion or tincture of lobelia seeds4 ,,scab1 ,,or ,,itch4 ,scab1 itch1 erysipelas1 c41 all come under the head of cutaneous diseases1 and require nearly the same general treatment4 ,the following compound may be depended on as a safe and efficient remedy in either of the above diseases3-- ,sulphur1 #b ounces4 ,powdered sassafras1 #a ounce4 ,honey1 sufficient to amalgamate the above4 ,dose1 a table-spoonful every morning4 ,to prevent the sheep from rubbing themselves1 apply ,pyroligneous acid1 #a gill4 ,water1 #a quart4 ,mix1 and wet the parts with a sponge4 ,remarks4--,in reference to the scab1 ,dr4 ,gunther says1 ,of all the preservatives which have been proposed1 inoculation is the best4 ,it has two advantages3 first1 the disease so occasioned is much more mitigated1 and very rarely proves fatal2 in the next place1 an entire flock may get well from it in the space of fifteen days1 whilst the natural form of the disorder requires care and attention for at least six months4 ,it has been ascertained that the latter kills#ag more than one half of those attacked2 whilst among the sheep that have been inoculated1 the greatest proportion that die of it is one per cent4 ,whenever the scab makes its appearance1 the whole flock should be examined1 and every one having the least abrasion eruption of the skin should be put under medical treatment4 ,in most cases1 itch is the result of infection4 ,a single sheep infected with it is sufficient to infect a whole flock4 ,if a few applications of the pyroligneous wash1 aided by the medicine1 are not sufficient to remove the malady1 then recourse must be had to the following3-- ,fir balsam1 half a pint4 ,sulphur1 #a ounce4 ,mix4 ,anoint the sores daily4 ,the only additional treatment necessary in erysipelas is1 to give a bountiful supply of tea made of lemon balm1 sweetened with honey4 ,,footnote3 #ag ,more likely the remedies4 ,they are tobacco and corrosive sublimate--destructive poisons4 ,,diarrhoea4 ,this is not always to be considered as a disease1 but in many cases it proves salutary operation of nature2 therefore it should not be too suddenly checked4 ,we commence the treatment by feeding on boiled meal4 ,we then give mucilaginous drink made from marshmallows1 slippery elm1 or poplar bark4 ,if1 at the end of two days1 symptoms of amendment have not made their appearance1 the following draught must be given3-- ,make a strong infusion of raspberry leaves1 to a pint of which add a tea-spoonful of tincture of capsicum1 7hot drops17 and one of charcoal4 ,to be repeated every morning1 until healthy action is established4 ,,dysentery4 ,this malady may be treated in the same manner as diarrhoea4 ,should blood and slime be voided in large quantities1 the excrement emit a fetid odor1 and the animal waste rapidly1 then1 in addition to the mucilaginous drink1 administer the following3-- ,powdered charcoal1 #a tea-spoonful4 golden seal1 half a tea-spoonful4 ,to be given1 in hardhack tea1 as occasion may require4 ,a small quantity of charcoal1 given three times a day1 with boiled food1 will frequently cure the disease1 alone4 ,dysentery is sometimes mistaken for diarrhoea2 but they may be distinguished by the following characteristics3-- #ast4 ,diarrhoea most frequently attacks weak animals2 whereas dysentery ofttimes attacks animals in good condition4 #b;d4 ,dysentery generally attacks sheep in the hot months2 on the other hand1 diarrhoea terminates at the commencement of the hot season4 #c;d4 ,in diarrhoea1 there are scarcely any feverish symptoms1 and no straining before evacuation1 as in dysentery4 #dth4 ,in diarrhoea1 the excrement is loose1 but in other respects natural1 without any blood or slime2 whereas in dysentery the faeces consist of hard lumps1 blood1 and slime4 #eth4 ,there is not that degree of fetor in the faeces1 in diarrhoea1 which takes place in dysentery4 #fth4 ,in dysentery1 the appetite is totally gone2 in diarrhoea1 it is generally better than usual4 #gth4 ,diarrhoea is not contagious2 dysentery is supposed to be highly so4 #hth4 ,in dysentery1 the animal wastes rapidly2 but by diarrhoea1 only a temporary stop is put to thriving1 after which it makes rapid advances to strength1 vigor1 and proportion4 ,,constipation1 ,,or ,,stretches4 ,by these terms are implied a preternatural or morbid detention and hardening of the excrement2 a disease to which all animals are subject1 unless proper attention be paid to their management4 ,it mostly arises from want of exercise1 feeding on frosted oats1 indigestible matter of every kind1 impure water1 c4 ,costiveness is often the case of flatulent and spasmodic colic1 and often of inflammation of the bowels4 ,mr4 ,morrill says1 ,i have always found that the quantity of medicine necessary to act as an opiate on this dry mass alluding to that found in the manyplus and intestines will kill the animal4 ,if ,i am mistaken1 ,i will take it kindly to be set right4 ,you are quite right4 ,let us see what ,professor ,j4 ,a4 ,gallup says1 in his ,institutes of ,medicine1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahg4 ,the practice of giving opiates to mitigate pain1 c41 is greatly to be deprecated2 it is not only unjustifiable1 but should be esteemed unpardonable4 ,it is probable that1 for forty years past1 opium and its preparations have done seven times the injury that they have rendered benefit--killed seven where they have saved one6 ,page #bih1 he calls opium the most destructive of all narcotics1 and wishes he could speak through a lengthened trumpet1 that he might tingle the ears of those who use and prescribe it4 ,all the opiates used by the allopathists contain more or less of this poisonous drug4 ,opiates given with a view of softening mass alluded to will certainly disappoint those who administer them2 for1 under the use of such palliatives1 the digestive powers fail1 and a general state of feebleness and inactivity ensues1 which exhausts the vital energies4 ,it will be found in stretches1 that other organs1 as well as the manyplus1 are not performing their part in the business of physiological or healthy action1 and they must be excited to perform their work2 for example1 if the food remains in either of the stomachs in the form of a hard mass1 then the surface of the body is evaporating too much moisture from the general system2 the skin should be better toned4 ,pure air is one of the best and most valuable of nature's tonics4 ,let the flock have pure air to breathe1 and sufficient room to use their limbs1 with proper diet1 and there will be little occasion for medicine4 ,treatment4--,the disease is to be obviated by proper attention to diet1 exercise1 and ventilation2 and when these fail1 to have recourse to bitter laxatives1 injections1 and aperients4 ,the use of salts and castor oil creates a necessity for their repetition1 for they overwork the mucous surfaces1 and their delicate vessels lose their natural sensibility1 and become torpid4 ,scalded shorts are exceedingly valuable in this complaint1 as also are boiled carrots1 parsnips1 e4 ,the derangement must be treated according to its indications1 thus3-- ,suppose the digestive organs to be deranged1 and rumination to have ceased2 then take a tea-spoonful of extract of butternut1 and dissolve it in a pint of thoroughwort tea1 and give it at a dose4 ,use an injection of soap-suds1 if necessary4 ,suppose the excrement to be hard1 coated with slime1 and there be danger of inflammation in the mucous surfaces2 then give a wine-glass of linseed oil1#ah to which add a raw egg4 ,it is scarcely ever necessary to repeat the dose1 provided the animal is allowed a few scalded shorts4 ,if the liver is supposed to be inactive1 give1 daily1 a tea-spoonful of golden seal in the food4 ,if the animal void worms with the faeces1 then give a tea made from cedar boughs1 or buds1 to which add a small quantity of salt4 ,,footnote3 #ah ,olive oil will answer the same purpose4 ,,scours4 ,in scours1 the surface evaporates too little of the moisture1 and should be relaxed by diffusible stimulants in the form of ginger tea4 ,the treatment that we have found the most successful is as follows3 take four ounces raw linseed oil1 two ounces of lime water2 mix4 ,let this quantity be given to a sheep on the first appearance of the above disease2 half the quantity will suffice for a lamb4 ,give about a wine-glass full of ginger tea at intervals of four hours1 or mix a small quantity of ginger in the food4 ,let the animal be fed on gruel1 or mashes of ground meal4 ,if the above treatment fails to arrest the disease1 add half a tea-spoonful of powdered bayberry bark4 ,if the extremities are cold1 rub them with the tincture of capsicum4 ,,dizziness4 ,mr4 ,gunther says1 ,sheep are often observed to describe eccentric circles for whole hours1 then step forwards a pace1 then again stop1 and turn round again4 ,the older the disease1 the more the animal turns1 until at length it does it even in a trot4 ,the appetite goes on diminishing1 emaciation becomes more and more perceptible1 and the state of exhaustion terminates in death4 ,on opening the skull1 there are met1 either beneath the bones of the cranium1 or beneath the dura mater1#ai or in the brain itself1 hydatids varying in number and size1 sometimes a single one1 often from three to six1 the size of which varies3 according as these worms occupy the right side or the left1 the sheep turns to the right or left2 but if they exist on both sides1 the turning takes place to the one and the other alternately4 ,the animal very often does not turn1 which happens when the worm is placed on the median line2 then the affected animal carries the head down1 and though it seems to move rapidly1 it does not change place4 ,when the hydatid is situated on the posterior part of the brain1 the animal carries the head high1 runs straight forward1 and throws itself on every object it meets4 ,treatment4--,take ,powdered worm seeds1 7chenopodium #a ounce4 anthelminticum17 sulphur1 half an ounce4 charcoal1 #b ounces4 ,linseed1 or flaxseed1 #a pound4 ,mix4 ,divide into eight parts1 and feed one every morning4 ,make a drink from the white ,indian hemp1 7asclepias incarnata17 one ounce of which may be infused in a quart of water1 one fourth to be given every night4 ,,footnote3 #ai ,the membrane which lines the interior of the skull4 ,,jaundice4 ,this malady generally involves the whole system in its deranged action4 ,it is recognized by the yellow tint of the conjunctiva1 7white of the eye17 and mucous membranes lining the nostrils and mouth4 ,we generally employ for its cure ,powdered mandrake1 #a tea-spoonful4 ginger1 #a tea-spoonful4 golden seal1 #b tea-spoonfuls4 ,mix4 ,divide into two parts4 ,give one dose in the morning1 and the other at night4 ,an occasional drink of camomile tea1 a few bran mashes1 and boiled carrots1 will complete the cure4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys4 ,a derangement of these organs may result from external violence1 or it may depend on the animal having eaten stimulating or poisonous plants4 ,its symptoms are1 pain in the region of the kidneys2 the back is arched1 and the walk stiff and painful1 with the legs widely separated2 there is a frequent desire to make water1 and that is high colored or bloody2 the appetite is more or less impaired1 and there is considerable thirst4 ,the indications are1 to lubricate the mucous surfaces1 remove morbific materials from the system1 and improve the general health4 ,we commence the treatment by giving ,poplar bark1 finely powdered1 #a ounce4 ,pleurisy root1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,make a mucilage of the poplar bark1 by stirring in boiling water2 then add the pleurisy root2 the whole to be given in the course of twenty-four hours4 ,the diet should consist of a mixture of linseed1 boiled carrots1 and meal4 ,,worms4 ,the intestinal worms generally arise from impaired digestion4 ,the symptoms are1 a diminution of rumination1 wasting away of the body1 and frequent snorting1 obstruction of the nostrils with mucus of a greater or less thickness4 ,compound for ,worms4 ,powdered worm seed1 skunk cabbage1 equal parts4 ginger1 ,dose1 a tea-spoonful night and morning in the fodder4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,stomach ,,from ,,eating ,,poisonous ,,plants4 ,treatment4--,take the animal from pasture1 and put it on a boiled diet1 of shorts1 meal1 linseed1 and carrots4 ,the following alterative may be mixed in the food3-- ,powdered marshmallows1 #a ounce4 sassafras bark1 #b ounces4 charcoal1 #b ounces4 licorice1 #b ounces4 ,dose1 one table-spoonful every night4 ,,sore ,,nipples4 ,lambs often die of hunger1 from their dams refusing them suck4 ,the cause of this is sore nipples1 or some tumor in the udder1 in which violent pain is excited by the tugging of the lamb4 ,washing with poplar bark1 or anointing the teats with powdered borax and honey1 will generally effect a cure4 ,,fractures4 ,the mending of a broken bone1 though somewhat tedious1 is by no means difficult1 when the integuments are not torn4 ,let the limb be gently distended1 and the broken ends of the bone placed in contact with each other4 ,a piece of stiff leather1 of pasteboard1 or of thin shingle1 wrapped in a soft rag1 is then to be laid along the limb1 so that it may extend an inch or two beyond the contiguous part4 ,the splints are then to be secured by a bandage of linen an inch and a half broad4 ,after being firmly rolled up1 it should be passed spirally round the leg1 taking care that every turn of the bandage overlaps about two thirds of the preceding one4 ,when the inequality of the parts causes the margin to slack1 it must be reversed or folded over2 that is1 its upper margin must become the lower1 c4 ,the bandage should be moderately tight1 so as to support the parts without intercepting the circulation1 and should be so applied as to press equally on every part4 ,the bandage may be occasionally wet with a mixture of equal parts of vinegar and water4 ,,common ,,catarrh ,,and ,,epidemic ,,influenza4 ,the seat of the disease is in the mucous membrane1 which is a continuation of the external skin1 folded into all the orifices of the body1 as the mouth1 eyes1 nose1 ears1 lungs1 stomach1 intestines and bladder2 its structure of arterial capillaries1 veins1 arteries1 nerves1 c41 is similar to the external skin2 its most extensive surfaces are those of the lungs and intestines1 the former of which is supposed to be greater than the whole external surface of the body4 ,the healthy office of this membrane is to furnish from the blood a fluid called mucus1 to lubricate its own surface1 and protect it from the action of materials taken into the system4 ,the mucous membrane and the external surface of the body seem to be a counterpart of each other1 and perform nearly the same offices2 hence1 if the action of one is suppressed1 the other commences the performance of its office2 thus a cold which closes the skin immediately stops the perspiration1 which is now forced through the mucous membrane1 producing the discharge of watery humors1 pus intermixed with blood1 dry cough1 emaciation1 c4 ,there are two varieties of this disease2 the first is called common catarrh1 which proceeds from cold taken in pasture that is not properly drained1 also from atmospheric changes2 it may also proceed from acrid or other irritating effluvia inhaled in the air1 or from poisonous substances taken in the stomach in the form of food4 ,the second variety is called epidemic influenza1 and is produced by general causes2 the attack is sometimes sudden2 although of nearly the same nature as the first form1 it is more obstinate1 and the treatment must be more energetic4 ,it is very difficult to lay down correct rules for the treatment of this malady1 under its different forms and stages4 ,the principal object to be kept in view is1 to equalize the circulation1 remove the irritating causes from the organs affected1 and restore the tone of the system4 ,for this purpose1 we make use of the following articles3-- ,horehound1 7herb17 #a ounce4 ,marshmallow1 7root17 #a ounce4 ,powdered elecampane1 7root17 half an ounce4 licorice1 half an ounce4 ,powdered cayenne1 half a tea-spoonful4 ,molasses1 #b table-spoonfuls4 ,vinegar1 #b table-spoonfuls4 ,mix1 pour on the whole one quart of boiling water1 set it aside for two hours1 then strain through cotton cloth1 and give a table-spoonful night and morning4#bj ,if the bowels are constipated1 a dose of linseed oil should precede the mixture4 ,no water should be allowed during the treatment4 ,the following injection may be used3-- ,powdered bayberry bark1 #a ounce4 gum arabic1 half an ounce4 ,boiling water1 #a pint4 ,stir occasionally while cooling1 and strain as above4 ,the legs and ears should be briskly rubbed with tincture of capsicum2 this latter acts as a counter-irritant1 equalizes the circulation1 and1 entering into the system1 gives tone and vigor to the whole animal economy4 ,,footnote3 #bj ,this preparation undergoes a process of fermentation in the course of forty-eight hours1 and should therefore only be made in sufficient quantities for present use4 ,,castrating ,,lambs4 ,the lambs are first driven into a small enclosure4 ,select the ewe from the ram lambs1 and let the former go4 ,two assistants are necessary4 ,one catches the lambs2 the other is seated on a low bench for the purpose of taking the lamb on his lap1 where he holds it by the four legs4 ,the operator1 having previously supplied himself with a piece of waxed silk and the necessary implements1 grasps the scrotum in his left hand4 ,he then makes an incision over the most prominent part of the testicle1 through the skin1 cellular structure1 c4 ,the testicle escapes from the scrotum4 ,a ligature is now passed around the spermatic artery1 and tied1 and the cord is severed1 bringing the testicle away at one stroke of the knife4 ,as soon as the operation is completed1 the animal is released4 ,the evening is the best time for performing the operation1 for then the animal remains quiet during the night1 and the wound heals kindly4 ,,nature ,,of ,,sheep4 ,the sheep1 though in most countries under the protection and control of man1 is not that stupid and contemptible animal that has been represented4 ,amidst those numerous flocks which range without control on extensive mountains1 where they seldom depend upon the aid of man1 it will be found to assume very different character4 ,in those situations1 a ram or a wether will boldly attack a single dog1 and often come off victorious2 but when the danger is more alarming1 they have recourse to the collected strength of the whole flock4 ,on such occasions1 they draw up into a compact body1 placing the young and the females in the centre1 while the males take the foremost ranks2 keeping close by each other4 ,thus an armed front is presented to all quarters1 and cannot be easily attacked1 without danger or destruction to the assailant4 ,in this manner they wait with firmness the approach of the enemy2 nor does their courage fail them in the moment of attack2 for when the aggressor advances to within a few yards of the line1 the rams dart upon him with such impetuosity1 as to lay him dead at their feet1 unless he save himself by flight4 ,against the attack of a single dog1 when in this situation1 they are perfectly secure4 ,,the ,,ram4 ,mr4 ,lawson says1 ,it may be observed that the rams of different breeds of sheep vary greatly in their forms1 wools1 and fleeces1 and other properties2 but the following description1 by that excellent stock-farmer1 ,mr4 ,culley1 deserves the attention of the breeder and grazier4 ,according to him1 the head of the ram should be fine and small2 his nostrils wide and expanded2 his eyes prominent1 and rather bold or daring2 his ears thin2 his collar fall from his breast and shoulders1 but tapering gradually all the way to where the neck and head join1 which should be very fine and graceful1 being perfectly free from any coarse leather hanging down2 the shoulders full1 which must1 at the same time1 join so easy to the collar forward1 and chine backward1 as to leave not the least hollow in either place2 the mutton upon his arm or fore thigh must come quite to the knee2 his legs upright1 with a clean fine bone1 being equally clear from superfluous skin and coarse1 hairy wool from the knee and hough downwards2 the breast broad and well forward1 which will keep his fore legs at a proper width2 his girt or chest full and deep1 and instead of a hollow between the shoulders1 that part by some called the fore flank should be quite full2 the back and loins broad1 flat1 and straight1 from which the ribs must rise with a fine circular arch2 his belly straight2 the quarters long and full1 with the mutton quite down to the hough1 which should neither stand in nor out2 his twist1 or junction of the inside of the thighs1 deep1 wide1 and full1 which1 with the broad breast1 will keep his legs open and upright2 the whole body covered with a thin pelt1 and that with fine1 bright1 soft wool4 ,it is to be observed that the nearer any breed of sheep come up to the above description1 the nearer they approach towards excellence of form4 ,,leaping4 ,the manner of treating rams has lately received a very great improvement4 ,instead of turning them loose among the ewes at large1 as heretofore1 and agreeably to universal practice1 they are kept apart1 in a separate paddock1 or small enclosure1 with a couple of ewes only each1 to make them rest quietly2 having the ewes of the flock brought to them singly1 and leaping each only once4 ,by this judicious and accurate regulation1 a ram is enabled to impregnate near twice the number of ewes he would do if turned loose among them1 especially a young ram4 ,in the old practice1 sixty or eighty ewes were esteemed the full number for a ram4 ,overtaxing the male gives rise to weak and worthless offspring4 ,the period during which the rams are to go with the ewes must be regulated by climate1 and the quantity of spring food provided4 ,it is of great importance that lambs should be dropped as early as possible1 that they not only be well nursed1 but have time to get stout1 and able to provide for themselves before the winter sets in4 ,it is also of good advantage to the ewes that they may get into good condition before the rutting season4 ,the ram has been known to live to the age of fifteen years1 and begins to procreate at one4 ,when castrated1 they are called wethers2 they then grow sooner fat1 and the flesh becomes finer and better flavored4 ,,argyleshire ,,breeders4 ,in ,argyleshire1 the principal circumstances attended to by the most intelligent sheep-farmers are these3 to stock lightly1 which will mend the size of the sheep1 with the quantity and quality of the wool1 and also render them less subject to diseases2 7in all these respects it is allowed1 by good judges1 that five hundred sheep1 kept well1 will return more profit than six hundred kept indifferently27 to select the best lambs1 and such as have the finest1 closest1 and whitest wool1 for tups and breeding ewes1 and to cut and spay the worst2 to get a change of rams frequently1 and of breeding ewes occasionally2 to put the best tups to the best ewes1 which is considered necessary for bringing any breed to perfection2 not to top three-year-old ewes1 7which1 in bad seasons especially1 would render the lambs produced by them of little value1 as the lambs would not have a sufficiency of milk2 and would also tend to lessen the size of the stock27 to keep no rams above three1 or at most four years old1 nor any breeding ewes above five or six2 to separate the rams from the #ajth of ,october1 for a month or six weeks1 to prevent the lambs from coming too early in the spring2 to separate the lambs between the #aeth and #beth of ,june2 to have good grass prepared for them2 and if they can1 to keep them separate1 and on good grass all winter1 that they may be better attended to1 and have the better chance of avoiding disease4 ,a few1 whose possessions allow them to do it1 keep not only their lambs1 but also their wethers1 ewes1 c41 in separate places1 by which every man1 having his own charge1 can attend to it better than if all were in common2 and each kind has its pasture that best suits it4 ,,fattening ,,sheep4 ,we are indebted to ,mr4 ,cole1 editor of the ,new ,england ,farmer1 for the following article1 which is worthy the attention of the reader3-- ,quietude and warmth contribute greatly to the fattening process4 ,this is a fact which has not only been developed by science1 but proved by actual practice4 ,the manner in which these agents operate is simple1 and easily explained4 ,motion increases respiration1 and the excess of oxygen1 thus taken1 requires an increased quantity of carbon1 which would otherwise be expended in producing fat4 ,so1 likewise1 cold robs the system of animal heat2 to supply which1 more oxygen and more carbon must be employed in extra combustion1 to restore the diminution of temperature4 ,nature enforces the restoration of warmth1 by causing cold to produce both hunger and a disposition for motion1 supplying carbon by the gratification of the former1 and oxygen by the indulgence of the latter4 ,the above facts are illustrated by ,lord ,ducie3-- ,one hundred sheep were placed in a shed1 and ate twenty pounds of ,swedish turnips each per day2 whilst another hundred1 in the open air1 ate twenty-five pounds each2 and at that rate for a certain period3 the former animals weighed each thirty pounds more than the latter2 plainly showing that1 to a certain extent1 warmth is a substitute for food4 ,this was also proved1 by the same nobleman1 in other experiments1 which also illustrated the effect of exercise4 ,no4 #a4 ,five sheep were fed in the open air1 between the #bast of ,november and the #ast of ,december4 ,they consumed ninety pounds of food per day1 the temperature being #dd deg44 ,at the end of this time1 they weighed two pounds less than when first exposed4 ,no4 #b4 ,five sheep were placed under shelter1 and allowed to run at a temperature of #di deg44 ,they consumed at first eighty-two pounds1 then seventy pounds1 and increased in weight twenty-three pounds4 ,no4 #c4 ,five sheep were placed in the same shed1 but not allowed any exercise4 ,they ate at first sixty-four pounds1 then fifty-eight pounds1 and increased in weight thirty pounds4 ,no4 #d4 ,five sheep were kept in the dark1 quiet and covered4 ,they ate thirty-five pounds per day1 and increased in weight eight pounds4 ,a similar experiment was tried by ,mr4 ,childers1 ,m4 ,p4 ,he states1 that eighty ,leicester sheep1 in the open field1 consumed fifty baskets of cut turnips per day1 besides oil cake4 ,on putting them in a shed1 they were immediately able to consume only thirty baskets1 and soon after but twenty-five1 being only one half the quantity required before2 and yet they fattened as rapidly as when eating the largest quantity4 ,from these experiments1 it appears that the least quantity of food1 which is required for fattening1 is when animals are kept closely confined in warm shelters2 and the greatest quantity when running at large1 exposed to all weather4 ,but1 although animals will fatten faster for a certain time without exercise than with it1 if they are closely confined for any considerable time1 and are at the same time full fed1 they become1 in some measure1 feverish2 the proportion of fat becomes too large1 and the meat is not so palatable and healthy as when they are allowed moderate exercise1 in yards or small fields4 ,as to the kinds of food which may be used most advantageously in fattening1 this will generally depend upon what is raised upon the farm1 it being preferable1 in most cases1 to use the produce of the farm4 ,sheep prefer beans to almost any other grain2 but neither beans nor peas are so fattening as some other grains1 and are used most advantageously along with them4 ,beans1 peas1 oats1 barley1 rye1 buckwheat1 c41 may be used along with ,indian corn1 or oil cake1 or succulent food1 making various changes and mixtures1 in order to furnish the variety of food which is so much relished by the sheep1 and which should ever be attended to by the sheep fattener4 ,this will prevent their being cloyed1 and will hasten the fattening process4 ,a variety of food1 says ,mr4 ,spooner1 operates like cookery in the human subject1 enabling more sustenance to be taken4 ,the quantity of grain or succulent food1 which it will be proper to feed1 will depend upon the size1 age1 and condition of the sheep2 and judgment must be used in ascertaining how much they can bear4 ,mr4 ,childers states that sheep 7,new ,leicester7 fed with the addition of half a pint of barley per sheep1 per day1 half a pound of linseed oil cake1 with hay1 and a constant supply of salt1 became ready for the butcher in ten weeks2 the gain of flesh and tallow1 thirty-three pounds to forty pounds per head4 7,one sheep gained fifty-five pounds in twelve weeks47 ,this experiment shows what is about the largest amount of grain which it is necessary or proper to feed to ,new ,leicester sheep1 at any time while fattening4 ,the average weight of forty ,new ,leicester wethers1 before fattening1 was found by ,mr4 ,childers to be one hundred and twenty-eight pounds each4 ,by weighing an average lot of any other kind of sheep1 which are to be fattened1 and by reference to the table of comparative nutriment of the different kinds of food1 a calculation may be readily made1 as to the largest amount1 which will be necessary for them1 of any article of food whatever4 ,when sheep are first put up for fattening1 they should be sorted1 when convenient1 so as to put those of the same age1 size1 and condition1 each by themselves1 so that each may have a fair chance to obtain its proportion of food1 and may be fed the proper length of time4 ,they should be fed moderately at first1 gradually increasing the quantity to the largest amount1 and making the proper changes of food1 so as not to cloy them1 nor produce acute diseases of the head or intestines1 and never feeding so much as to scour them4 ,sheep1 when fattening1 should not be fed oftener than three times a day1 viz41 morning1 noon1 and evening4 ,in the intervals between feeding1 they may fill themselves well1 and will have time sufficient for rumination and digestion3 these processes are interrupted by too frequent feeding4 ,but they should be fed with regularity1 both as to the quantity of food and the time when it is given4 ,when convenient1 they should have access to water at all times2 otherwise a full supply of it should be furnished to them immediately after they have consumed each foddering4 ,when sheep become extremely fat1 whether purposely or not1 it is generally expedient to slaughter them4 ,permitting animals to become alternately very fat and lean is injurious to all stock4 ,therefore1 if animals are too strongly inclined to fatten at an age when wanted for breeding1 their condition as to flesh should be regulated by the quantity and quality of their food or pasture4 ,,improvement ,,in ,,sheep4 ,no country in the world is better calculated for raising sheep than the ,united ,states4 ,the diversity of climate1 together with the abundance and variety of the products of the soil1 united with the industry and perseverance of the agriculturist1 renders this country highly favorable for breeding1 maturing1 and improving the different kinds of sheep4 ,the ,american people1 taken as a whole1 are intellectually stronger than any other nation with the like amount of population1 on the face of the globe2 consequently they are all-powerful1 for the mind is mightier than the sword4 ,all that we aim at1 in these pages1 is to turn the current of the ,american mind to the important subject of improvement in the animal kingdom2 to show them the great benefits they will derive from practical experience in the management of all classes of live stock2 and1 lastly1 to show them the value and importance of the veterinary profession1 when flourishing under the genial influence of a liberal community4 ,if we can only succeed in arresting the attention of ,american stock raisers1 and they1 on the other hand1 direct their whole attention to the matter1 then1 in a few years1 ,america will outshine her more favored ,european rivals1 and feel proud of her improved stock4 ,what the ,american people have done during the last half century in the improvement of the soil1 manufactures1 arts1 and sciences1 is an earnest of what they can do in ameliorating the condition of all classes of live stock1 provided they take hold of the subject in good earnest4 ,let any one who is acquainted with the subject of degeneration1 its causes and fatal results1 not only in reference to the stock itself1 but as regards the pocket of the breeder1 and the health of the whole community1--let such a one go into our slaughter-houses and markets1 and if he does not see a wide field for improvement1 then we will agree to let the subject sink into oblivion4 ,in order to show what a whole community can accomplish when their efforts are directed to one object1 let us look on what a single individual1 by his own industry and perseverance1 has accomplished simply in improving the breed of sheep4 ,the person referred to is ,mr4 ,bakewell4 ,his breeding animals were1 in the first place1 selected from different breeds4 ,these he crossed with the best to be had4 ,after the cross had been carried to the desired point1 he confined his selections to his own herds or flocks4 ,he formed in his mind a standard of perfection for each kind of animals1 and to this he constantly endeavored to bring them4 ,that he was eminently successful in the attainment of his object1 cannot be denied4 ,he began his farming operations about #agej4 ,in #agfj1 his rams did not sell for more than two or three guineas per head4 ,from this time he gradually advanced in terms1 and in #aggj he let some for twenty-five guineas a head for the season4 ,marshall states that1 in #aghf1 ,bakewell let two thirds of a ram 7reserving a third for himself7 to two breeders1 for a hundred guineas each1 the entire services of the ram being rated at three hundred guineas the season4 ,it is also stated that he made that year1 by letting rams1 more than one thousand pounds4 ,in #aghi1 he made twelve hundred guineas by three 'ram brothers1' and two thousand guineas from seven1 and1 from his whole letting1 full three thousand guineas4 ,six or seven other breeders made from five hundred to a thousand guineas each by the same operation4 ,the whole amount of ram-letting of ,bakewell's breed is said to have been not less1 that year1 than ten thousand pounds1 forty-eight thousand dollars4 ,it is true that still more extraordinary prices were obtained for the use of rams of this breed after ,mr4 ,bakewell's death4 ,pitt1 in his ',survey of ,leicestershire1' mentions that1 in #agie1 ,mr4 ,astley gave three hundred guineas for the use of a ram of this breed1 engaging1 at the same time1 that he should serve gratis twenty ewes owned by the man of whom the ram was hired2 making for the entire use of the ram1 that season1 four hundred and twenty guineas4 ,in #agif1 ,mr4 ,astley gave for the use of the same ram three hundred guineas1 and took forty ewes to be served gratis4 ,at the price charged for the service of the ram to each ewe1 the whole value for the season was five hundred guineas4 ,he served one hundred ewes4 ,in #agig1 the same ram was let to another person at three hundred guineas1 and twenty ewes sent with him2 the serving of which was reckoned at a hundred guineas1 and the ram was restricted to sixty more1 which brought his value for the season to four hundred guineas4 ,thus the ram made1 in three seasons1 the enormous sum of thirteen hundred guineas4 ,we have nothing to do1 at present1 with the question whether the value of these animals was not exaggerated4 ,the actual superiority of the breed over the stock of the country must have been obvious1 and this point we wish kept in mind4 ,this breed of sheep is continued to the present day1 and it has been remarked by a respected writer1 that they will 'remain a lasting monument of ,bakewell's skill4' ,as to their origin1 the testimony shows them to have been of mixed blood2 though no breed is more distinct in its characters1 or transmits its qualities with more certainty2 and if we were without any other example of successful crossing1 the advocates of the system might still point triumphantly to the ,leicester or ,bakewell sheep4 ,but what are the opinions of our best modern breeders in regard to the practicability of producing distinct breeds by crossing8 ,robert ,smith1 of ,burley1 ,rutlandshire1 an eminent sheep-breeder1 in an essay on the ',breeding and ,management of ,sheep1' for which he received a prize from the ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 7#ahdg17 makes the following remarks3 ',the crossing of pure breeds has been a subject of great interest amongst every class of breeders4 ,while all agree that the first cross may be attended with good results1 there exists a diversity of opinion upon the future movements1 or putting the crosses together4 ,having tried experiments 7and ,i am now pursuing them for confirmation7 in every way possible1 ,i do not hesitate to express my opinion1 that1 by proper and judicious crossing through several generations1 a most valuable breed of sheep may be raised and established2 in support of which ,i may mention the career of the celebrated ,bakewell1 who raised a new variety from other long-wooled breeds by dint of perseverance and propagation1 and which have subsequently corrected all other long-wooled breeds4' ,we have alluded to the low price of some of the mutton brought to the ,boston market4 ,we do not wish the reader to infer that there is none other to be had3 on the contrary1 we have occasionally seen as good mutton there as in any ,european market4 ,there are a number of practical and worthy men engaged in improving the different kinds of live stock1 and preventing the degeneracy to which we refer4 ,they have taken much interest in that class of stock1 and they have been abundantly rewarded for their labor4 ,but the great mass want more light on this subject1 and for this reason we endeavor to show the causes of degeneracy1 to enable them to avoid the errors of their forefathers4 ,mr4 ,roberts1 of ,pennsylvania1 says1 ,early in my experience1 ,i witnessed the renovation of a flock of what we call country sheep1 that had been too long propagated in the same blood4 ,this was about the year #agih4 ,an imported ram from ,england1 with heavy horns1 very much resembling the most vigorous ,spanish ,merinos1 was obtained4 ,the progeny were improved in the quality of fleece1 and in the vigor of constitution4 ,on running this stock in the same blood for some twelve years1 a great deterioration became apparent4 ,a male was then obtained of the large coarse-wooled ,spanish stock3 improvement in the vigor of the progeny was again most obvious4 ,a ,tunis mountain ram was then obtained1 with a result equally favorable4 ,in this process1 fineness of fleece or weight was less the object than the carcass4 ,in #ahaj1 a male of not quite pure ,merino blood was placed with the same stock of ewes2 and a change of the male from year to year1 for some time1 produced a superior ,merino stock4 ,wool of a marketable quality for fine cloths was now the object2 and it was not an unprofitable husbandry1 when it would sell in the fleece1 unwashed1 from eighty-six cents to one dollar4 ,the ,saxon stock then became the rage1 and the introduction of a tup of that country diminished greatly the weight of the fleece1 without adequately improving its fineness4 ,a male of the ,spanish stock would give sometimes nine pounds2 and the marsh graziers say that they went as high as fifteen pounds4 ,saxon males scarcely exceed five pounds1 and the ewes two and a half pounds4 ,by running in the same blood1 and poor keeping1 the fleece may be made finer1 but it will be lightened in proportion1 and of a weak and infirm texture4 ,there are few stock-keepers who have mixed the ,spanish with the ,saxon breeds but what either do or will have cause to regret it4 ,in this part of the country1 a real ,spanish ,merino is not to be obtained4 ,sheep-raising has ceased to be a business of any profit nearer to the maritime coast than our extensive mountain ranges1 whether for carcass or fleece4 ,i sold1 the last season1 water-washed wool1 of very fine quality1 for thirty cents per pound4 ,at such a price for wool1 land near our seaports can be turned to better account1 even in these dull times1 than wool-growing4 ,stock sheep do best in stony and elevated locations1 where they have to use diligence to pick the scanty blade4 ,sheep on the sea-board region should be kept more for carcass than fleece2 and feeding1 more than breeding1 ought to be the object for some one hundred miles from tide water4 ,it is now a well-ascertained fact1 that health and vigor can only be perpetuated by not running too long on the same blood4 ,the evils ,i have witnessed were due to a want of care on this head more than to any endemical quality in our climate4 ,sheep kept on smooth land and soft pasture are liable to the foot rot4 ,the hoofs of the ,merino require paring occasionally1 for want of a stony mountain side to ascend4 ,it is no longer a problem that this is to be a great wool-growing country1 as well as a wool-consuming one4 ,there is1 in our wool-growing country1 land in abundance1 held at a price that will enable the wool-grower to produce the finest qualities at thirty cents per pound1 the cloths to be manufactured in proportion1 and the market to be steady4 ,i have seen ,merino wool1 since #ahaj1 range from one dollar per pound to eighteen and three fourths cents1 though ,i do not recollect selling below twenty-two cents4 ,the best variety of sheep stock ,i have seen1 putting fineness of fleece aside1 was the mixed ,bakewell and ,south ,down1 imported by ,mr4 ,smith1 of ,new ,jersey4 ,the flesh of the ,merino has been pronounced of inferior flavor4 ,this1 however1 does not agree with my experience1 as ,i have found the lambs command a readier sale than any other1 from being preferred by consumers4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,different ,,breeds ,,of ,,sheep4 ,mr4 ,lawson tells us that the variety in sheep is so great1 that scarcely any two countries produce sheep of the same kind4 ,there is found a manifest difference in all1 either in the size1 the covering1 the shape1 or the horns4 ,,teeswater ,,breed4 ,this is a breed of sheep said to be the largest in ,england4 ,it is at present the most prevalent in the rich1 fine1 fertile1 enclosed lands on the banks of the ,tees1 in ,yorkshire4 ,in this breed1 which is supposed to be from the same stock as those of the ,lincolns1 greater attention seems to have been paid to size than wool4 ,it is1 however1 a breed only calculated for warm1 rich pastures1 where they are kept in small lots1 in small enclosures1 and well supported with food in severe winter seasons4 ,the legs are longer1 finer boned1 and support a thicker and more firm and heavy carcass than the ,lincolnshires2 the sheep are much wider on the backs and sides1 and afford a fatter and finer-grained mutton4 ,,lincoln ,,shire ,,breed4 ,this is a breed of sheep which is characterized by their having no horns2 white faces2 long1 thin1 weak carcasses thick1 rough1 white legs2 bones large2 pelts thick2 slow feeding2 mutton coarse grained2 the wool from ten to eighteen inches in length2 and it is chiefly prevalent in the district which gives the name1 and other rich grazing ones4 ,the new1 or improved ,lincolns1 have now finer bone1 with broader loins and trussed carcasses1 are among the best1 if not actually the best1 long-wooled stock we have4 ,,the ,,dishley ,,breed4 ,this is an improved breed of sheep1 which is readily distinguished from the other long-wooled sorts2 having a fulness of form and substantial width of carcass1 with peculiar plainness and meekness of countenance2 the head long1 thin1 and leaning backward2 the nose projecting forward2 the ears somewhat long1 and standing backward2 great fulness of the fore quarters2 legs of moderate length1 and the finest bone2 tail small2 fleece well covering the body1 of the shortest and finest of the combing wools1 the length of staple six or seven inches4 ,,cotswold ,,breed4 ,this is a breed of sheep answering the following description3 long1 coarse head1 with a particularly blunt1 wide nose2 a top-knot of wool on the forehead1 running under the ears2 rather long neck2 great length and breadth of back and loin2 full thigh1 with more substance in the hinder than fore quarters2 bone somewhat fine2 legs not long2 fleece soft1 like that of the ,dishley1 but in closeness and darkness of color bearing more resemblance to short or carding wool4 ,although very fat1 they have all the appearance of sheep that are full of solid flesh1 which would come heavy to the scale4 ,at two years and a half old1 they have given from eleven to fourteen pounds of wool each sheep2 and1 being fat1 they are indisputably among the larger breeds4 ,,romney ,,marsh ,,breed4 ,this is a kind which is described1 by ,mr4 ,young1 as being a breed of sheep without horns2 white faces and legs2 rather long in the legs2 good size2 body rather long1 but well barrel-shaped2 bones rather large4 ,in respect to the wool1 it is fine1 long1 and of a delicate white color1 when in its perfect state4 ,,devonshire ,,breed4 ,this is a breed or sort of sheep which is chiefly distinguished by having no horns2 white faces and legs2 thick necks2 backs narrow1 and back-bones high2 sides good2 legs short1 and bones large2 and probably without any material objection1 being a variety of the common hornless sort4 ,length of wool much the same as in the ,romney ,marsh breed4 ,it is a breed found to be prevalent in the district from which it has derived its name1 and is supposed to have received considerable improvement by being crossed with the new ,leicester1 or ,dishley4 ,,the ,,dorsetshire ,,breed4 ,this breed is known by having the face1 nose1 and legs white1 head rather long1 but broad1 and the forehead woolly1 as in the ,spanish sort2 the horn round and bold1 middle-sized1 and standing from the head2 the shoulders broad at top1 but lower than the hind quarters2 the back tolerably straight2 carcass deep1 and loins broad2 legs not long1 nor very fine in the bone2 the wool is fine and short4 ,it is a breed which has the peculiar property of producing lambs at any period of the season1 even so early as ,september and ,october1 so as to suit the purposes of the lamb-suckler4 ,,the ,,wiltshire ,,breed4 ,this is a sort which has sometimes the title of horned crocks4 ,the writer on live stock distinguishes the breed as having a large head and eyes2 ,roman nose2 wide nostrils2 horns bending down the cheeks2 color all white2 wide bosom2 deep1 greyhound breast2 back rather straight2 carcass substantial2 legs short2 bone coarse2 fine middle wool1 very thin on the belly1 which is sometimes bare4 ,he supposes1 with ,culley1 that the basis of this breed is doubtless the ,dorsets1 enlarged by some long-wooled cross2 but how the horns came to take a direction so contrary1 is not easy1 he thinks1 to conjecture2 he has sometimes imagined it must be the result of some foreign1 probably ,tartarian cross4 ,,the ,,south ,,down ,,breed4 ,this is a valuable sort of sheep1 which ,culley has distinguished by having no horns2 gray faces and legs2 fine bones2 long1 small necks2 and by being rather low before1 high on the shoulder1 and light in the fore quarter2 sides good2 loin tolerably broad2 back-bone rather high2 thigh full2 twist good2 mutton fine in grain and well flavored2 wool short1 very close and fine2 in the length of the staple from two to three inches4 ,it is a breed which prevails on the dry1 chalky downs in ,sussex1 as well as the hills of ,surrey and ,kent1 and which has lately been much improved1 both in carcass and wool1 being much enlarged forward1 carrying a good fore flank2 and for the short1 less fertile1 hilly pastures is an excellent sort1 as feeding close4 ,the sheep are hardy1 and disposed to fatten quickly2 and where the ewes are full kept1 they frequently produce twin lambs1 nearly in proportion of one third of the whole1 which are1 when dropped1 well wooled4 ,,the ,,herdwick ,,breed4 ,this is a breed which is characterized by ,mr4 ,culley as having no horns1 and the face and legs being speckled2 the larger portion of white1 with fewer black spots1 the purer the breed2 legs fine1 small1 clean2 the lambs well covered when dropped2 the wool1 short1 thick1 and matted in the fleece4 ,it is a breed peculiar to the elevated1 mountainous tract of country at the head of the ,river ,esk1 and ,duddon in ,cumberland1 where they are let in herds1 at an annual sum2 whence the name4 ,at present1 they are said to possess the property of being extremely hardy in constitution1 and capable of supporting themselves on the rocky1 bare mountains1 with the trifling support of a little hay in the winter season4 ,,the ,,cheviot ,,breed4 ,this breed of sheep is known by the want of horns2 by the face and legs being mostly white2 little depth in the breast2 narrow there and on the chine2 clean1 fine1 small-boned legs1 and thin pelts2 the wool partly fine and partly coarse4 ,it is a valuable breed of mountain sheep1 where the herbage is chiefly of the natural grass kind1 which is the case in the situations where these are found the most prevalent1 and from which they have obtained their name4 ,it is a breed which has undergone much improvement1 within these few years1 in respect to its form and other qualities1 and has been lately introduced into the most northern districts2 and from its hardiness1 its affording a portion of fine wool1 and being quick in fattening1 it is likely to answer well in such situations4 ,,the ,,merino ,,breed ,in this breed of sheep1 the males have horns1 but the females are without them4 ,they have white faces and legs2 the body not very perfect in shape2 rather long in the legs2 fine in the bone2 a production of loose1 pendulous skin under the neck2 and the pelt fine and clear2 the wool very fine4 ,it is a breed that is asserted by some to be tolerably hardy1 and to possess a disposition to fatten readily4 ,,the ,,welsh ,,sheep4 ,these1 which are the most general breed in the hill districts1 are small horned1 and all over of a white color4 ,they are neat1 compact sheep4 ,there is likewise a polled1 short-wooled sort of sheep in these parts of the country1 which are esteemed by some4 ,the genuine ,welsh mutton1 from its smallness and delicate flavor1 is commonly well known1 highly esteemed1 and sold at a high price4 ,illustration3 ,a ,boar4 ,bred and fed by ,willm4 ,fisher ,hobbs1 ,esq4 of ,marks ,hall1 ,coggleshall1 ,essex for which a ,prize of ,l#aj was awarded at the ,meeting of the ,r4,a4,s of ,e4 at ,derby #ahdc4 ,,swine4 ,,preliminary ,,remarks4 ,swine have generally been considered unclean1 creatures of gross habits1 c42 but these epithets are unjust3 they are not1 in their nature1 the unclean1 gross1 insensible brutes that mankind suppose them4 ,if they are unclean1 they got their first lessons from the lords of creation1 by being confined in narrow1 filthy sties--often deprived of light1 and pure air1 by being shut up in dark1 underground cellars1 to wallow in their own excrement2 at other times1 confined beneath stables1 dragging out their existence in a perfect hotbed of corruption--respiring the emanations from the dung and urine of other animals2 and often compelled to satisfy the cravings of hunger by partaking of whatever comes in their way4 ,all manner of filth1 including decaying and putrid vegetable and animal substances1 are considered good enough for the hogs4 ,and as long as they get such kind of trash1 and no other1 they must eat it2 the cravings of hunger must be satisfied4 ,the ,almighty has endowed them with powerful organs of digestion2 and as long as there is any thing before them that the gastric fluids are capable of assimilating1 although it be disgusting to their very natures1 rather than suffer of hunger1 they will partake of it4 ,much of the indigestible food given to swine deranges the stomach1 and destroys the powers of assimilation1 or1 in other words1 leaves it in morbid state4 ,there is then a constant sensation of hunger1 a longing for any and every thing within their reach4 ,does the reader wonder1 then1 at their morbid tastes8 ,what will man do under the same circumstances8 ,suppose him to be the victim of dyspepsia or indigestion4 ,in the early stages1 he is constantly catering to the appetite4 ,at one time1 he longs for acids2 at another1 alkalies2 now1 he wants stimulants2 then1 refrigerants1 c4 ,again3 what will not a man do to satisfy the cravings of hunger8 ,will he not eat his fellow1 and drink of his blood8 ,and all to satisfy the craving of an empty stomach4 ,we know from experience that1 if young pigs are daily washed1 and kept on clean cooked food1 they will not eat the common city swill2 they eat it only when compelled by hunger4 ,when free from the control of man1 they show as much sagacity in the selection of their food as any other animals2 and1 indeed1 more than some1 for they seldom get poisoned1 like the ox1 in mistaking noxious for wholesome food4 ,the ,jews1 as well as our modern physiologists1 consider the flesh of swine unfit for food4 ,no doubt some of it is1 especially that reared under the unfavorable circumstances alluded to above4 ,but good home-fed pork1 kept on good country produce1 and not too fat1 is just as good food for man as the flesh of oxen or sheep1 notwithstanding the opinion of our medical brethren to the contrary4 ,their flesh has long been considered as one of the principal causes of scrofula1 and other diseases too numerous to mention3 without doubt this is the case4 ,but that good1 healthy pork should produce such results we are unwilling to admit4 ,we force them to load their stomachs with the rotten offal of large cities1 and thus derange their whole systems2 they become loaded with fat2 their systems abound in morbific fluids2 their lungs become tuberculous2 their livers enlarge2 calcerous deposits or glandular disorganization sets in4 ,take into consideration their inactive habits2 not voluntary1 for instinct teaches them1 when at liberty1 to run1 jump1 and gambol1 by which the excess of carbon is thrown off4 ,depriving them of exercise may be profitable to the breeder1 but it induces a state of plethora4 ,the cellular structures of such an animal are distended to their utmost capacity1 preventing the full and free play of the vital machinery1 obstructing the natural outlets 7excrementitious vessels7 on the external surface1 and retaining in the system morbid materials that are positively injurious4 ,at the present time1 there is on exhibition in ,boston a woman1 styled the fat girl2 she weighs four hundred and ninety-five pounds4 ,a casual observer could detect nothing in her external appearance that denoted disease2 yet she is liable to die at any moment from congestion of the brain1 lungs1 or liver4 ,any one possessing a knowledge of physiology would immediately pronounce her to be in a pathological state4 ,hence1 the laws of the animal economy being uniform1 we cannot arrive at any other conclusion in reference to the same plethoric state in animals of an inferior order4 ,professor ,liebig tells us that excess of carbon1 in the form of food1 cannot be employed to make a part of any organ2 it must be deposited in the cellular tissue in the form of tallow or oil4 ,this is the whole secret of fattening4 ,at every period of animal life1 when there occurs a disproportion between the carbon of the food and the inspired oxygen1 the latter being deficient1--which must happen beneath stables and in ill-constructed hog-sties1--fat must be formed4 ,experience teaches us that in poultry the maximum of fat is obtained by preventing them from taking exercise1 and by a medium temperature4 ,these animals1 in such circumstances1 may be compared to a plant possessing in the highest degree the power of converting all food into parts of its own structure4 ,the excess of the constituents of blood forms flesh and other organized tissues1 while that of starch1 sugar1 c41 is converted into fat4 ,when animals are fed on food destitute of nitrogen1 only certain parts of their structure increase in size4 ,thus1 in a goose fattened in the manner alluded to1 the liver becomes three or four times larger than in the same animal when well fed1 with free motion2 while we cannot say that the organized structure of the liver is thereby increased4 ,the liver of a goose fed in the ordinary way is firm and elastic2 that of the imprisoned animal is soft and spongy4 ,the difference consists in a greater or less expansion of its cells1 which are filled with fat4 ,hence1 when fat accumulates and free motion is prevented1 the animal is in a diseased state4 ,now1 many tons of pork are eaten in this diseased state1 and it communicates disease to the human family3 they blame the pork1 when1 in fact1 the pork raisers are often more to blame4 ,the reader is probably aware that some properties of food pass into the living organism being assimilated by the digestive organs1 and produce an abnormal state4 ,for example1 the faculty of ,new ,york have1 time and again1 testified to the destructive tendency of milk drawn from cows fed in cities1 without due exercise and ordinary care in their management1 giving it as their opinion that most of the diseases of children are brought about by its use4 ,if proof were necessary to establish our position1 we could cite it in abundance4 ,a single case1 which happened in our own family1 will suffice4 ,a liver1 taken from an apparently healthy sow1 7yet abounding in fat1 and weighing about two hundred pounds17 was prepared in the usual manner for dinner4 ,we observed1 however1 previous to its being cooked1 that it was unusually large2 yet there was no appearance of disease about it2 it was quite firm4 ,each one partook of it freely4 ,towards night1 and before partaking of any other kind of food1 we were all seized with violent pains in the head1 sickness at the stomach1 and delirium3 this continued for several hours1 when a diarrhoea set in1 through which process the offending matter was liberated1 and each one rapidly recovered2 pretty well convinced1 however1 that we had had a narrow escape1 and that the liver was the sole cause of our misfortune4 ,hence the proper management of swine becomes a subject of great importance2 for1 if more attention were paid to it1 there would be less disease in the human family4 ,when we charge these animals with being unclean creatures of gross habits1 let us consider whether we have not1 in some measure1 contributed to make them what they are4 ,again3 the hog has been termed insensible1 destitute of all those finer feelings that characterize brutes of a higher order4 ,yet we have learned pigs1 c4--a proof that they can be taught something4 ,a celebrated writer tells us that no animal has a greater sympathy for those of his own kind than the hog4 ,the moment one of them gives a signal1 all within hearing rush to his assistance4 ,they have been known to gather round a dog that teased them and kill him on the spot2 and if a male and female be enclosed in a sty when young1 and be afterwards separated1 the female will decline from the instant her companion is removed1 and will probably die--perhaps of what would be termed1 in the human family1 a broken heart6 ,in the ,island of ,minorca1 hogs are converted into beasts of draught2 a cow1 a sow1 and two young horses1 have been seen yoked together1 and of the four the sow drew the best4 ,a gamekeeper of ,sir ,h4 ,mildmay actually broke a sow to find game1 and to back and stand4 ,swine are frequently troubled with cutaneous diseases1 which produce an itching sensation2 hence their desire to wallow and roll in the mire and dirt4 ,the lying down in wet1 damp places relieves the irritation of the external surface1 and cools their bodies4 ,this mud and filth1 however1 in which they are often compelled to wallow1 is by no means good or wholesome for them4 ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,hog4 ,the hog1 says ,professor ,low1 is subject to remarkable changes of form and characters1 according to the situations in which he is placed4 ,when these characters assume a certain degree of permanence1 a breed or variety is formed2 and there is none of the domestic animals which more easily receives the characters we desire to impress upon it4 ,this arises from its rapid powers of increase1 and the constancy with which the characters of the parents are reproduced in the progeny4 ,there is no kind of live stock that can be so easily improved by the breeder1 and so quickly rendered suitable for the purposes required4 ,the body is large in proportion to the limbs1 or1 in other words1 the limbs are short in proportion to the body2 the extremities are free from coarseness2 the chest is broad1 and the trunk round4 ,possessing these characters1 the hog never fails to arrive at early maturity1 and with a smaller consumption of food than when he possesses a different conformation4 ,the wild boar1 which was undoubtedly the progenitor of all the ,european varieties1 and of the ,chinese breed1 was formerly a native of the ,british ,islands1 and very common in the forests until the time of the civil wars in that country4 ,we are told1 that the wild hog is now spread over the temperate and warmer parts of the old continent and its adjacent islands4 ,his color varies with age and climate1 but is generally a dusky brown1 with black spots and streaks4 ,his skin is covered with coarse hairs and bristles1 intersected with soft wool1 and with coarser and longer bristles upon the neck and spine1 which he erects when in anger4 ,he is a very bold and powerful creature1 and becomes more fierce and indocile with age4 ,from the form of his teeth1 he is chiefly herbivorous in his habits1 and delights in roots1 which his acute sense of smell and touch enables him to discover beneath the surface4 ,he also feeds on animal substances1 such as worms and larvae1 which he grubs up from the earth1 the eggs of birds1 small reptiles1 the young of animals1 and occasionally carrion2 he even attacks venomous snakes with impunity4 ,in the natural state1 the female produces a litter but once a year2#ba and in much smaller numbers than when domesticated4 ,she usually carries her young about four months4 ,in the wild state1 the hog has been known to live more than thirty years2 but when domesticated1 he is usually slaughtered before he is two years old4 ,when the wild hog is tamed1 it undergoes the following amongst other changes in its conformation3 the ears become less movable1 not being required to collect distant sounds2 the formidable tusks of the male diminish1 not being necessary for self-defence2 the muscles of the neck become less developed1 from not being so much exercised as in the natural state2 the head becomes more inclined1 the back and loins are lengthened1 the body rendered more capacious1 the limbs shorter and less muscular2 and anatomy proves that the stomach and intestinal canals have also become proportionately extended along with the form of the body4 ,the habits and instincts of the animal change2 it becomes diurnal in its habits1 not choosing the night for its search of food2 is more insatiate in its appetite1 and the tendency to obesity increases4 ,the male1 forsaking its solitary habits1 becomes gregarious1 and the female produces her young more frequently1 and in larger numbers4 ,with its diminished strength1 and its want of active motion1 the animal loses its desire for liberty4 ,the true hog does not appear to be indigenous to ,america1 but was taken over by the early voyagers from the old world1 and it is now spread and multiplied throughout the continent4 ,the first settlers of ,north ,america and the ,united ,states carried with them the swine of the parent country1 and a few of the breeds still retain traces of the old ,english character4 ,from its nature and habits1 the hog was the most profitable and useful of all the animals bred by the early settlers in the distant clearings4 ,it was his surest resource during the first years of toil and hardship4 ,their widely-extended foreign commerce afforded the ,americans opportunity of procuring the varieties from ,china1 ,africa1 and other countries4 ,the large consumption of pork in the ,united ,states1 and the facilities for disposing of it abroad1 will probably cause more attention to be paid to the principles of breeding1 rearing1 feeding1 c4 ,the ,american farmers are doing good service in this department1 and any attempt on their part to improve the quality of pork ought to meet with a corresponding encouragement from the community4 ,we have no doubt that many stock-raisers find their profits increase in proportion to the care bestowed in rearing4 ,here is an example3 ,a ,mr4 ,hallock1 of the town of ,coxsackie1 has a sow which raised forty pigs within a year1 which sold for #bge1--none of them being kept over nine months4 ,mr4 ,little1 of ,poland1 ,ohio1 states1 in the ,cultivator1 that he has a barrow three years old1 a full-blood ,berkshire1 which will now weigh nearly #ajjj pounds1 live weight4 ,he was weighed on the #c;d of ,october1 and then brought down #hhj2 since which he has improved rapidly1 and will doubtless reach the above figures4 ,i have had this breed for seven years pure1--descended from hogs brought from ,albany and ,buffalo1 and a boar imported by ,mr4 ,fahnestock1 of ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 from ,england1 7the latter a very large animal47 ,the stock have all been large and very profitable--weighing1 at seven to ten months old1 from #bej to #cjj pounds4 ,several individuals have weighed over #djj1 and the sire of this present one reached #gej4 ,this is1 however1 much the largest ,i have yet raised4 ,,footnote3 #ba ,in the domesticated state1 the sow is often permitted to have two and even three litters in a year4 ,this custom is very pernicious2 it debilitates the mother1 overworks all parts of the living machinery1 and being in direct opposition to the laws of their being1 their progeny must degenerate4 ,then1 again1 let the reader take into consideration the fact that members of the same litter impregnate each other1 in the same ratio1 and he cannot but come to a conclusion that we have long since arrived at--that these practices are among the chief causes of deterioration4 ,,generalities4 ,dr4 ,gunther observes1 that the robust constitution of the pig causes it to be less liable to fall sick than oxen and sheep4 ,it would be still less liable to disease1 if persons manifested more judgment in the choice of the animals to be reared1 and if more care were shown in the matter4 ,with reference to the latter point1 it is very true that the voracity of the pig urges it to eat every thing it meets2 but to keep it in a state of health1 it is1 notwithstanding1 necessary to restrict its regimen to certain rules4 ,the animal which it is proposed to fatten should remain under the roof1 and receive good food there1 whilst the others may be sent out for the greater part of the year1 care being taken to avoid fields that are damp and marshy1 and that the pigs be preserved from the dew4 ,it is also of importance that they should not be driven too hard during warm days4 ,there are two other points which deserve to be taken into consideration1 if we wish swine to thrive3 these are1 daily exercise in the open air whenever the weather permits1 and cleanliness in the sty4 ,constant confinement throws them into what may be called a morbid state1 which renders their flesh less wholesome for man4 ,the manner in which the animal evinces its joy when set at liberty proves sufficiently how disagreeable confinement is to it4 ,a very general prejudice prevails1 viz41 that dung and filth do not injure swine2 this opinion1 however1 is absurd4 ,,general ,,debility1 ,,or ,,emaciation4 ,the falling off in flesh1 or wasting away1 of swine is in most cases owing to derangement in the digestive organs4 ,the cure consists in restoring the tone of these organs4 ,we commence the treatment by putting the animal on a boiled diet1 consisting of bran1 meal1 or any wholesome vegetable production4 ,the following tonic and diffusible stimulant will complete the cure3-- ,powdered golden seal1 ginger1 equal parts4 ,dose1 a tea-spoonful1 repeated night and morning4 ,when loss in condition is accompanied with cough and difficulty of breathing1 mix1 in addition to the above1 a few kernels of garlic with the food4 ,the drink should consist of pure water4 ,should the cough prove troublesome1 take a tea-spoonful of fir balsam1 and the same quantity of honey2 to be given night and morning1 either in the usual manner1 or it may be stirred into the food while hot4 ,,epilepsy1 ,,or ,,fits4 ,the symptoms are too well known to need any description4 ,it is generally caused by plethora1 yet it may exist in an hereditary form4 ,treatment4--,feed with due care1 and put the animal in a well-ventilated and clean situation2 give a bountiful supply of valerian tea1 and sprinkle a small quantity of scraped horseradish in the food2 or give ,powdered assafoetida1 #a ounce4 capsicum1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,table salt1 #a table-spoonful4 ,mix4 ,give half a tea-spoonful daily4 ,,rheumatism4 ,causes4--,exposure1 wallowing in filth1 c4 ,symptoms4--,it is recognized by a muscular rigidity of the whole system4 ,the appetite is impaired1 and the animal does not leave its sty willingly4 ,treatment4--,keep the animal on a boiled diet1 which should be given to him warm4 ,remove the cause by avoiding exposure and filth1 and give a dose of the following3 ,powdered sulphur1 sassafras1 equal parts4 cinnamon1 ,dose1 half a tea-spoonful1 to be given in warm gruel4 ,if this does not give immediate relief1 dip an old cloth in hot water1 7of a proper temperature17 and fold it round the animal's body4 ,this may be repeated1 if necessary1 until the muscular system is relaxed4 ,the animal should be wiped dry1 and placed in a warm situation1 with a good bed of straw4 ,,measles4 ,this disease is very common1 yet is often overlooked4 ,symptoms4--,it may be known by eruptions on the belly1 ears1 tongue1 or eyelids4 ,before the eruption appears1 the animal is drowsy1 the eyes are dull1 and there is sometimes loss of appetite1 with vomiting4 ,on the other hand1 if the disease shall have receded towards the internal organs1 its presence can only be determined by the general disturbance of the digestive organs1 and the appearance of a few eruptions beneath the tongue4 ,treatment4--,remove the animal from its companions to a warm place1 and keep it on thin gruel4 ,give a tea-spoonful of sulphur daily1 together with a drink of bittersweet tea4 ,the object is to invite action to the surface1 and maintain it there4 ,if the eruption does not reappear on the surface1 rub it with the following liniment3-- ,take one ounce of oil of cedar2 dissolve in a wine-glass of alcohol2 then add half a pint of new rum and a tea-spoonful of sulphur4 ,almost all the diseases of the skin may be treated in the same manner4 ,,ophthalmia4 ,causes4--,sudden changes in temperature1 unclean sties1 want of pure air1 and imperfect light4 ,treatment4--,keep the animal on thin gruel1 and allow two tea-spoonfuls of cream of tartar per day4 ,wash the eyes with an infusion of marshmallows1 until a cure is effected4 ,,vermin4 ,some animals are covered with vermin1 which even pierce the skin1 and sometimes come out by the mouth1 nose1 and eyes4 ,symptoms4--,the animal is continually rubbing and scratching itself1 or burrowing in the dirt and mire4 ,treatment4--,first wash the body with a strong lie of wood ashes or weak saleratus water1 then with an infusion of lobelia4 ,mix a tea-spoonful of sulphur1 and the same quantity of powdered charcoal1 in the food daily4 ,,red ,,eruption4 ,this disease is somewhat analogous to scarlet fever4 ,it makes its appearance in the form of red pustules on the back and belly1 which gradually extend to the whole body4 ,the external remedy is3-- ,powdered bloodroot1 half an ounce4 ,boiling vinegar1 #a pint4 ,when cool1 it should be rubbed on the external surface4 ,the diet should consist of boiled vegetables1 coarse meal1 c41 with a small dose of sulphur every night4 ,,dropsy4 ,symptoms4--,the animal is sad and depressed1 the appetite fails1 respiration is performed with difficulty1 and the belly swells4 ,treatment4--,keep the animal on a light1 nutritive diet1 and give a handful of juniper berries1 or cedar buds1 daily4 ,if these fail1 give a table-spoonful of fir balsam daily4 ,,catarrh4 ,symptoms4--,occasional fits of coughing1 accompanied with a mucous discharge from the nose and mouth4 ,causes4--,exposure to cold and damp weather4 ,treatment4--,give a liberal allowance of gruel made with powdered elm or marshmallows1 and give a tea-spoonful of balsam copaiba1 or fir balsam1 every night4 ,the animal must be kept comfortably warm4 ,,colic4 ,spasmodic and flatulent colic requires antispasmodics and carminatives1 in the following form3-- ,powdered caraway seeds1 #a tea-spoonful4 assafoetida1 one third of a tea-spoonful4 ,to be given at a dose in warm water1 and repeated at the expiration of an hour1 provided relief is not obtained4 ,,diarrhoea4 ,for the treatment of this malady1 see division ,,sheep1 article ,scours4 ,,frenzy4 ,this makes its appearance suddenly4 ,the animal1 having remained in a passive and stupid state1 suddenly appears much disturbed1 to such a degree that it makes irregular movements1 strikes its head against every thing it meets1 scrapes with its feet1 places itself quite erect alongside of the sty1 bites any thing in its way1 and frequently whirls itself round1 after which it suddenly becomes more tranquil4 ,treatment4--,give half an ounce of ,rochelle salts1 in a pint of thoroughwort tea4 ,if the bowels are not moved in the course of twelve hours1 repeat the dose4 ,a light diet for a few days will generally complete the cure4 ,,jaundice4 ,this disease is recognised by the yellow tint of the conjunctiva1 7white of the eye17 loss of appetite1 c4 ,the remedy is1-- ,powdered golden seal1 half an ounce4 sulphur1 one fourth of an ounce4 blue flag1 half an ounce4 ,flaxseed1 #a pound4 ,mix1 and divide into four parts1 and give one every night4 ,the food must be boiled1 and a small quantity of salt added to it4 ,,soreness ,,of ,,the ,,feet4 ,this often occurs to pigs that have travelled any distance3 the feet often become tender and sore4 ,in such cases1 they should be examined1 and all extraneous matter removed from the foot4 ,then wash with weak lie4 ,if the feet discharge fetid matter1 wash with the following mixture3-- ,pyroligneous acid1 #b ounces4 ,water1 #d ounces4 ,in the treatment of diseased swine1 the issues1 as they are called1 ought to be examined1 and be kept free4 ,they may be found on the inside of the legs1 just above the pastern joint4 ,they seem to serve as a drain or outlet for the morbid fluids of the body1 and whenever they are obstructed1 local or general disturbance is sure to supervene4 ,,spaying4 ,this is the operation of removing the ovaries of sows1 in order to prevent any future conception1 and promote their fattening4 7,see article ,spaying ,cows1 p4 #bja47 ,it is usually performed by making incision in the middle of the flank1 on the left side1 in order to extirpate or cut off the ovaries1 7female testes17 and then stitching up the wound1 and wetting the part with ,turlington's balsam4 ,an able writer on this subject says1 ,the chief reason why a practice1 which is beneficial in so many points of view to the interests and advantages of the farmer1 has been so little attended to1 is the difficulty which is constantly experienced from the want of a sufficient number of expert and proper persons to perform the operation4 ,such persons are far from being common in any1 much less in every district1 as some knowledge1 of a nature which is not readily acquired1 and much experience in the practice of cutting1 are indispensably necessary to the success of the undertaking4 ,when1 however1 the utility and benefits of the practice become better understood and more fully appreciated by the farmer1 and the operators more numerous1 greater attention and importance will be bestowed upon it2 as it is capable of relieving him from much trouble1 of greatly promoting his profits1 and of benefiting him in various ways4 ,the facts are since well proved and ascertained1 that animals which have undergone this operation are more disposed to take on flesh1 more quiet in their habits1 and capable of being managed with much greater ease and facility in any way whatever1 than they were before the operation was performed4 ,it may also have advantages in other ways in different sorts of animals2 it may render the filly nearly equal to the gelded colt for several different uses2 and the heifer nearly equal to the ox for all sorts of farm labor4 ,the females of some other sorts of animals may likewise1 by this means1 be made to nearly equal the castrated males in usefulness for a variety of purposes and intentions1 and in all cases be rendered a good deal more valuable1 or manageable1 than they are at present4 ,,various ,,breeds ,,of ,,swine4 ,,berkshire ,,breed4 ,this breed is distinguished by being in general of a tawny1 white1 or reddish color1 spotted with black2 large ears hanging over the eyes2 thick1 close1 and well made in the body2 legs short2 small in the bone2 having a disposition to fatten quickly4 ,when well fed1 the flesh is fine4 ,the above county has long been celebrated for its breed of swine4 ,the ,berkshire breeders have made a very judicious use of the pug cross1 by not repeating it to the degree of taking away all shape and power of growing flesh1 in their stock4 ,this breed is supposed by many to be the most hardy1 both in respect to their nature and the food on which they are fed4 ,their powers of digestion are exceedingly energetic1 and they require constant good keep1 or they will lose flesh very fast4 ,they thrive well in the ,united ,states1 provided1 however1 due care is exercised in breeding4 ,,hampshire ,,breed4 ,this breed is distinguished by being longer in the body and neck1 but not of so compact a form as the ,berkshire4 ,they are mostly of a white color1 or spotted1 and are easily fattened4 ,the goodness of the ,hampshire hog is proverbial1 and in ,england they are generally fattened for hams4 ,,shropshire ,,breed4 ,these are not so well formed as those of the ,berkshire kind1 or equal to them in their disposition to fatten1 or to be supported on such cheap food4 ,their color is white or brinded4 ,they are flat boned2 deep and flat sided2 harsh1 or rather wiry-haired2 the ear large2 head long1 sharp1 and coarse2 legs long2 loin1 although very substantial1 yet not sufficiently wide1 considering the great extent of the whole frame4 ,they have been much improved by the ,berkshire cross4 ,there are various other breeds1 which take their name from the different counties in the mother country4 ,thus we have the ,herefordshire1 ,wiltshire1 ,yorkshire1 c4 ,yet they are not considered equal to those already alluded to4 ,many of the different ,english breeds might1 however1 serve to improve some species of breed in this country4 ,,chinese ,,breed4 ,this is of small size2 the body being very close1 compact1 and well formed2 the legs very short2 the flesh delicate and firm4 ,the prevailing color1 in ,china1 is white4 ,they fatten very expeditiously on a small quantity of food1 and might be reared in the ,united ,states to good advantage1 especially for home consumption4 ,,boars ,,and ,,sows ,,for ,,breeding4 ,mr4 ,lawson says1 ,the best stock may be expected from the boar at his full growth1 but no more than from three to five years old4#bb ,no sows should be kept open for breeding unless they have large1 capacious bellies4 ,it may be remarked1 in respect to the period of being with young1 that in the sow it is about four months2 and the usual produce is about eight to ten or twelve pigs in the large1 but more in the smaller breeds4 ,in the ordinary management of swine1 sows1 after they have had a few litters1 may be killed2 but no breeder should part with one while she continues to bring good litters1 and rear them with safety4 ,pregnant sows should always be lodged separately1 especially at the time of bringing forth their young1 else the pigs would most probably be devoured as they fall4 ,the sow should also be attended with due care while pigging1 in order to preserve the pigs4 ,it is found that dry1 warm1 comfortable lodging is of almost as much importance as food4 ,the pigs may be weaned in about eight weeks1 after which the sow requires less food than she does while nursing4 ,in the management of these animals1 it is of great utility and advantage to separate the males from the females1 as it lessens their sexual desires4 ,,footnote3 #bb ,sows are generally bred from too early--before they come to maturity4 ,this not only stints their own growth1 but their offspring give evidence of deterioration4 ,a sow should never be put to the boar until she be a year old4 ,,rearing ,,pigs4 ,as the breeding of pigs is a business that affords the farmer a considerable profit and advantage in various views1 it is of essential importance that he be provided with suitable kinds of food in abundance for their support4 ,upon this being properly and effectually done1 his success and advantage will in a great measure depend4 ,the crops capable of being cultivated with the most benefit in this intention are1 beans1 peas1 barley1 buckwheat1 ,indian corn1 potatoes1 carrots1 parsnips1 ,swedish turnips1 cabbages1 c4 ,the sows considerably advanced in pig1 and those with pigs1 should be fed in a better manner than the stone pigs4 ,the former should be supplied with boiled meal1 potatoes1 carrots1 c41 so as to keep them in good condition4 ,the sows with pigs should be kept with the litters in separate sties1 and be still better fed than those with pig4 ,when dairying is practised1 the wash of that kind which has been preserved for that purpose while the dairying was profitable1 must be given them1 with food of the root kind1 such as carrots1 parsnips1 c41 in as large proportions as they will need to keep them in condition4 ,pea-soup is an admirable article when given in this intention2 it is prepared by boiling six pecks of peas in about sixty gallons of water1 till they are well broken down and diffused in the fluid3 it is then put into a tub or cistern for use4 ,when dry food is given in combination with this1 or of itself1 the above writer advises oats1 as being much better than any other sort of grain for young pigs1 barley not answering nearly so well in this application4 ,oats coarsely ground have been found very useful for young hogs1 both in the form of wash with water1 and when made of a somewhat thicker consistence4 ,but in cases where the sows and pigs can be supported with dairy-wash and roots1 as above1 there will be a considerable saving made1 by avoiding the use of the expensive articles of barley-meal1 peas1 or bran4 ,mr4 ,donaldson remarks1 that in the usual mode1 the pigs reared by the farmer are fed1 for some weeks after they are weaned1 on whey or buttermilk1 or on bran or barley-meal mixed with water4 ,they are afterwards maintained on other food1 as potatoes1 carrots1 the refuse of the garden1 kitchen1 scullery1 c41 together with such additions as they can pick up in the farmyard4 ,sometimes they are sent into the fields at the close of harvest1 where they make a comfortable living for several weeks on the gleanings of the crop2 at other times1 when the farm is situated in the neighborhood of woods or forests1 they are sent thither to pick up the beech-nuts and acorns in the fall of the year2 and when they have arrived at a proper age for fattening1 they are either put into sties fitted up for the purpose1 or sold to distillers1 starch-makers1 dairymen1 or cottagers4 ,nothing tends more effectually to preserve the health and promote the growth of young pigs than the liberal use of hay tea4 ,the tea should be thickened with corn meal and shorts4 ,this1 given lukewarm1 twice a day1 will quicken their growth1 and give the meat a rich flavor4 ,a few parsnips#bc or carrots 7boiled7 may be made use of with much success4 ,,footnote3 #bc ,the ,sussex 7,eng47 ,express says1 ,at our farm we have been in the habit of employing parsnips for this purpose for some time4 ,upon reference to our books1 we find that on the #aath of ,october1 #ahdg1 we put up two shotes of eleven weeks old1 and fed them on skim milk and parsnips for three months1 when they were killed1 weighing #bca and #bch pounds4 ,they were well fattened1 firm in flesh1 and the meat of excellent flavor4 ,the quantity of parsnips consumed by them was nine bushels each4 ,,fattening ,,hogs4 ,f4 ,dodge1 of ,danvers1 ,mass41 states that1 in the spring of #ahdh1 he bought1 from a drove1 seven shotes1 the total weight of which was #ibe pounds4 ,the price paid for them was seven cents per pound4 ,they were fed an average of #ahd days1 and their average gain was #agi pounds of net pork4 ,the cost of the food they consumed was as follows3-- #fh bushels corn at #ec cents1 #cf #jd #cj damaged1 at #ce cents1 #aj #ej #ej at #fe cents1 #cb #ej #h meal at #fe cents1 #e #bj ------- #hd #bd ,add first cost of pigs1 #fd #ge ------- ,making a total cost of #adh #ii ,the whole quantity of pork afforded by the pigs killed was #bagh pounds1 which was sold at #f-a_/c cents per pound1 amounting to #ada #eg2 leaving a balance against the pigs of #g #db4 ,the inference from this statement is1 that1 at the above prices of grain1 pork could not be profitably produced at six and a half cents per pound4 ,but it is suggested that something might be saved by breeding the stock1 instead of purchasing shotes at seven cents per pound1 live weight4 ,it is thought1 however1 that the manure afforded by the hogs would be of sufficient value to more than overbalance any deficiency which might appear in the account by only crediting the pork4 ,the food in the above case was too costly4 ,one half of it1 mixed with parsnips1 carrots1 beets1 or turnips1 would have answered the purpose better4 ,the balance would then have been in favor of the pigs4 ,we are told1 by an able writer on swine1 that they will feed greedily1 and thrive surprisingly1 on most kinds of roots and tubers1 such as carrots1 beets1 parsnips1 potatoes1 c41 particularly when prepared by boiling4 ,it may be taken as a general rule1 that boiled or prepared food is more nutritious and fattening than raw cold food2 the additional expense and labor will be more than compensated by the increased weight and quality4 ,cornstalks might be used as food for swine by first cutting them#bd in small pieces1 and then boiling them until they are quite soft2 a small quantity of meal is then to be mixed in the fluid1 and the stalks again added1 and fed to the pigs twice a day4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,wing1 of ,farmersville1 ,c4 ,w41 gives us his experience in feeding swine2 and he requests his brother farmers to make similar experiments with various kinds of food1 and1 by preparing them in various ways1 to ascertain what way it will yield the most nutriment--that is1 make the most pork4 ,he says1-- ,i now give the result of feeding #ajj bushels of good peas to sixteen hogs1 of various mixed breeds1 as found in this section4 ,the peas were boiled until fine1 making what ,i call thick soup4 ,after having fed the hogs on the same kind of food for two weeks1 ,i gave them their morning feed1 and weighed each one separately1 noting the weight4 ,twelve of them were about eighteen months old2 one was a three year old sow1 and three pigs were seven and half months old when weighed4 ,i found their total weight #dbfg lbs42 and after consuming the above amount1 which took forty-two days1 ,i weighed them again1 and found that they had gained #aceh lbs42 and on the supposition that as they gained in flesh they shrunk in offal1 ,i estimated their net gain to have been #adjj lbs4 ,their drink consisted of ten pails of whey per day4 ,it was allowed to stand forty-eight hours1 and the cream was skimmed off4 ,i find that there is a great difference in breeds of hogs4 ,the three year old sow small framed1 and pretty full-fleshed1 weighing #ejd lbs4 ,her gain in the forty-two days was #ff lbs4 ,the three pigs were from her1 and showed traces of three distinct breeds of hogs4 ,their first weight and gain were as follows3 the first weighed #bec lbs4--gain1 #ig lbs42 the second1 #bah lbs4--gain1 #ge lbs42 the third1 #aga lbs4--gain1 #df lbs4 ,when butchered1 the smallest one was the best pork1 being the fattest4 ,two of the most inferior of the hogs gained #a-a_/b lbs4 per day2 six1 mixture of the ,berkshire1 7,i should think about one fourth17 gained #a-c_/d lbs4 per day2 three of the common stock of our country gained #b-a_/b lbs42 and one of a superior kind weighted #cah lbs41 and in the forty-two days gained #acd lbs4 ,they were weighed on the #bjth ,september1 the first time4 ,they were kept confined in a close pen1 except once a week ,i let them out for exercise1 and to wallow1 for the most pint of a day4 ,,method ,,of ,,curing ,,swine',s ,,flesh4 ,in the county of ,kent1 when pork is to be cured as bacon1 it is the practice to singe off the hairs by making a straw fire round the carcass--an operation which is termed swaling4 ,the skin1 in this process1 should be kept perfectly free from dirt of all sorts4 ,when the flitches are cut out1 they should be rubbed effectually with a mixture of common salt and saltpetre1 and afterwards laid in a trough1 where they are to continue three weeks or a month1 according to their size1 keeping them frequently turned2 and then1 being taken out of the trough1 are to be dried by a slack fire1 which will take up an equal portion of time with the former2 after which1 they are to be hung up1 or thrown upon a rack1 there to remain until wanted4 ,but in curing bacon on the continent1 it is mostly the custom to have closets contrived in the chimneys1 for the purpose of drying and smoking by wood fires1 which is said to be more proper for the purpose4 ,and a more usual mode of curing this sort of meat is that of salting it down for pickled pork1 which is far more profitable than bacon4 ,in the county of ,westmoreland1 where the curing of hams has long been practised with much success1 the usual method is for them to be at first rubbed very hard with bay salt2 by some they are covered close up2 by others they are left on a stone bench1 to allow the brine and blood to run off4 ,at the end of five days1 they are again rubbed1 as hard as they were at first1 with salt of the same sort1 mixed with an ounce of saltpetre to a ham4 ,having lain about a week1 either on a stone bench or in hogsheads amongst the brine1 they are hung up1 by some in the chimney1 amidst the smoke1 whether of peat or coals2 by others in places where the smoke never reaches them4 ,if not sold sooner1 they are suffered to remain there till the weather becomes warm4 ,they are then packed in hogsheads with straw or oatmeal husks1 and sent to the place of sale4 ,a small portion of pyroligneous acid may be added to the brine4 ,it is a good antiseptic1 and improves the flavor of ham and bacon4 7,see ,acid1 ,pyroligneous1 in the ,materia ,medica47 ,,appendix4 ,,on ,,the ,,action ,,of ,,medicines4 ,in reference to the action of medicines and external agents on the animal body1 we would observe1 that warmth and moisture always expand it1 and bayberry bark1 tannin1 and gum catechu always contract it2 and that these agents have these effects at all times 7provided1 however1 there be sufficient vitality in the part to manifest these peculiar changes7 and under all circumstances4 ,if a blister be applied to the external surface of an animal1 and it produces irritation1 it always has a tendency to produce that effect1 whatever part of the living organism it may be applied to4 ,so alcohol always has a tendency to stimulate2 whether given by the mouth1 or rubbed on the external surface1 it will produce an excitement of nerves1 heart1 and arteries1 and of course the muscles partake of the influence4 ,again1 marshmallows1 gum acacia1 slippery elm1 c41 always lubricate the mucous surfaces1 quiet irritation1 and relieve inflammatory symptoms4 ,it follows1 of course1 #ast4 ,that when any other effects than those just named are seen to follow the administration of these articles1 they must be attributed to the morbid state of the parts to which they are applied2 #b;d4 ,that a medicine which is good to promote a given effect in one form of disease1 will be equally good for the same purpose in another form of disease in the same tissue4 ,thus1 if an infusion of mallows is good for inflammation of the stomach1 and will lubricate the surface1 and allay irritation in that organ1 then it is equally good for the same purpose in inflammation of the bowels and bladder4 ,what we wish the reader to understand is this3 that a medicine used for any particular symptom in one form of disease1 if it be a sanative agent1 is equally good for the same symptom in every form4 ,medical men range their various remedies under different heads4 ,thus opium is called narcotic1 aloes purgative or cathartic1 potass diuretic1 c4 ,and because the same results do not always follow the administration of these articles1 they are perplexed1 and are compelled to try every new remedy1 in hopes to find a specific2 not knowing that many of their best medicines 7opium1 for example7 war against the vital principle1 and as soon as they get into the system1 nature sets up a strong action to counteract their effects2 in short1 to get them out of the system in the quickest possible manner3 sometimes they pass through the kidneys2 at other times1 the intestinal canal1 the lungs1 or surface1 afford them egress4 ,and because a certain agent does not always act in their hands with unerring certainty1 they seem to suppose that the same uncertainty attends the administration of every article in the materia medica4 ,the medicines we recommend owe their diuretic1 astringent1 diaphoretic1 and cathartic powers to their aromatic1 relaxing1 antispasmodic1 lubricating1 and irritating properties2 and if we give them with a view of producing a certain result1 and they do not act just as we wish1 it is no proof that they have not done good4 ,the fact is1 all our medicines act on the parts where nature is making the greatest efforts to restore equilibrium2 hence they relieve the constitution1 whatever may be the nature of their results4 ,many of the remedies recommended in this work are denounced by the ,united ,states ,dispensatory a useless1 inert1 c42 yet many of our most celebrated physicians are in the daily habit of using them4 ,mr4 ,bracy ,clark1 ,v4 ,s41 recommends tincture of allspice for gripes4 ,and ,mr4 ,causer1 an experienced veterinarian1 says1 ,i ordered a dessert spoonful 7about two drachms7 of tincture of gentian and bark to be given twice a day in a case of gripes4 ,scarcely an hour after the animal had taken the first dose1 he began to eat some hay1 and on the next day he ate every thing that was offered him4 ,after this1 ,i ordered a quart of cold boiled milk to be given him every morning and evening4 ,by these means1 together with the good care of the coachman1 he recovered his strength4 ,mr4 ,white1 ,v4 ,s41 says1 ,i have been assured by a veterinary surgeon1 that he once cured a horse of gripes by a dose of hot water2 and it is by no means unlikely that a warm infusion of some of our medicinal herbs1 such as peppermint1 pennyroyal1 rosemary1 c41 would be found effectual4 ,mr4 ,gibson says1 ,it is a fact that cannot be too generally known1 that an infusion of garlic has1 to my certain knowledge1 cured several cases of epilepsy--a dreadful disease1 that seems to have baffled1 in most instances1 every effort of medical skill4 ,an intelligent farmer assures ,dr4 ,white that he has had forty sheep at a time hoven or blasted from feeding on vetches1 and so swollen that he hardly knew which would drop first4 ,his usual remedy was a quart of water for each sheep2 and that generally had the desired effect1 though many died before it could be given4 ,we might give our own experience in favor of numberless simple agents1 which we are in the constant habit of using1 were it necessary2 suffice it to say1 that at the present time we use nothing else than simple means4 ,,clysters4 ,remarks4--,as the more general use of clysters is recommended by the author1 especially in acute diseases1 he has thought proper to introduce1 in this part of the work1 a few remarks on them1 with examples of their different forms4 ,they serve not only to evacuate the rectum of its contents1 but assist to evacuate the intestines1 and serve also to convey nourishment into the system2 as in cases of locked-jaw1 and great prostration4 ,they soften the hardened excrement in the rectum1 and cause it to be expelled2 besides1 by their warm and relaxing powers1 they act as fomentations4 ,a stimulating clyster in congestion of the brain1 or lungs1 will relieve those parts by counter-irritation4 ,an animal that is unable to swallow may be supported by nourishing clysters2 for the lacteals1 which open into the inner cavity of the intestines1 absorb1 or take up1 the nourishment1 and convey it into the thoracic duct1 as already described4 ,some persons deny the utility of injections4 ,we are satisfied on that point1 and are able to convince any one1 beyond a reasonable doubt1 that fluids are absorbed in the rectum1 notwithstanding the opinion of some men to the contrary4 ,in administering clysters1 it ought always to be observed that the fluids should be neither too hot nor too cold3 they should be about the temperature of the blood4 ,the common sixteen-ounce metal syringe1 with a wooden pipe about six inches in length1 and gradually tapering from base to point1 is to be preferred4 ,it is1 after being oiled1 much more easily introduced into the fundament than one that is considerably smaller2 and1 having a blunt point1 there is no danger of hurting the animal1 or wounding the rectum4 ,the following injections are suitable for all kinds of animals4 ,the quantity1 however1 should be regulated according to the size of the patient4 ,thus a quart will suffice for a sheep or pig1 while three or four quarts are generally necessary in the case of horses and cattle4 ,if clysters are intended to have a nutritive effect1 they must be introduced in the most gentle manner1 and not more than one pint should be given at any one time1 for fear of exciting the expulsive action of the rectum4 ,in constriction and intussusception of the intestines1 and when relaxing clysters are indicated1 they should not be too long persevered in1 for falling of the rectum has been known1 in many instances1 to arise from repeated injections4 ,efforts should be made to relax the whole animal by warmth and moisture externally1 and in the use of antispasmodic teas1 rather than to place too much dependence on clysters4 ,,forms ,,of ,,clysters4 ,laxative ,clyster4 ,warm water1 #c or #d quarts4 ,linseed oil1 #h ounces4 ,common salt1 7fine17 #a table-spoonful4 ,another4 ,warm water1 #d quarts4 ,soft soap1 #a gill4 ,fine salt1 half a table-spoonful4 ,use4--,either of the above clysters is useful in obstinate constipation1 stoppage1 or whenever the excrement is hard and dark colored4 ,emollient ,clyster4 ,slippery elm bark1 #b ounces4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,let them simmer over the fire for a few minutes1 then strain through a fine sieve1 and inject4 ,the following articles may be substituted for elm3 flaxseed1 lily roots1 gum arabic1 poplar bark1 ,iceland moss4 ,use4--,in all cases of irritation and inflammation of the intestines and bladder4 ,stimulating ,clyster4 ,thin mucilage of slippery elm or linseed tea1 #c quarts4 ,african cayenne1#be #a tea-spoonful4 ,another4 ,powdered ginger1 half a table-spoonful4 ,boiling water1 #c quarts4 ,when cool1 inject4 ,use4--,in all cases1 when the rectum and small intestines are inactive1 and loaded with excrement1 or gas4 ,anodyne ,clyster4 ,lady's slipper1 7cypripedium17 #a ounce4 ,camomile flowers1 #a ounce4 ,boiling water1 #c quarts4 ,let the mixture stand a short time1 then strain through a fine sieve1 when it will be fit for use4 ,use4--,to relieve pain and relax spasms4 ,diuretic ,clyster4 ,linseed tea1 #c quarts4 ,oil of juniper1 #a table-spoonful4 ,or1 substitute for the latter1 cream of tartar1 half an ounce4 ,use4--,this form of clyster may be used with decided advantage in all acute diseases of the urinary organs4 ,this injection is useful in cases of red water1 both in cattle and sheep2 and when the malady is supposed to result from general or local debility1 the addition of tonics 7golden seal or gentian#bf7 will be indicated4 ,astringent ,clyster4 ,take an infusion of hardhack1 strain1 and add a table-spoonful of finely-pulverized charcoal to every three quarts of fluid4 ,another4 ,an infusion of witch hazel4 ,another4 ,powdered bayberry bark1 #a table-spoonful4 ,boiling water1 #c quarts4 ,when cool1 it is fit for use4 ,use4--,astringent injections are used in all cases where it is desired to contract the living fibre1 as in scouring1 dysentery1 scouring rot1 diarrhoea1 bloody flux1 falling of the womb1 fundament1 c4 ,nourishing ,clyster4 ,nourishing clysters are composed of thin gruel made from flour1 c4 ,injection for ,worms4 ,make an infusion of pomegranate1 7rind of the fruit17 and inject every night for a few days4 ,this will rid the animal of worms that infest the rectum2 but if the animal is infested with the long1 round worm1 7teres17 then half a pint of the above infusion must be given for a few mornings1 before feeding4 ,another for ,worms4 ,powdered lobelia1 #a ounce4 ,wood ashes1 a handful4 ,boiling water1 #c quarts4 ,when cool1 it is fit for use4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,messrs4 ,parker ,white1 in ,boston1 have shown us an excellent machine used for the purpose of cutting cornstalks4 ,every farmer should have one in his possession4 #be ,a large portion of the cayenne found in the stores is adulterated with logwood1 and is positively injurious1 as it would thus prove astringent4 #bf ,their active properties may be extracted by infusion4 ,,infusions4 ,these are made by steeping herbs1 roots1 and other medicinal substances in boiling water4 ,no particular rules can be laid down as to the quantity of each article required3 it will1 however1 serve as some sort of a guide1 to inform the reader that we generally use from one to two ounces of the aromatic herbs and roots to every quart of fluid4 ,a bitter infusion1 such as wormwood or camomile1 requires less of the herb4 ,all kinds of infusions can be rendered palatable by the addition of a small quantity of honey or molasses4 ,as a general rule1 the human palate is a good criterion2 for if an infusion be too strong or unpalatable for man1 it is unfit for cattle or sheep4 ,we do not depend so much on the strength of our agents3 the great secret is to select the one best adapted to the case in view4 ,if it be an agent that is capable of acting in concert with nature1 then the weaker it is1 the better4 ,in short1 nature requires but slight assistance under all ordinary circumstances1 unless the animal is evidently suffering from debility2 then our efforts must act in concert with the living powers4 ,we must select the most nutritious food--that which can be easily converted into blood1 bones1 and muscles4 ,if1 on the other hand1 we gave an abundance of provender1 and it lacked the constituents necessary for the purposes in view1 or was of such an indigestible nature that its nutritive properties could not be extracted by the gastric fluids1 this would be just as bad as giving improper medicines1 both in reference to its quantity and quality4 ,an infusion of either of the following articles is valuable in colic1 both flatulent and spasmodic1 in all classes of animals3 caraways1 peppermint1 spearmint1 fennel-seed1 angelica1 bergamot1 snakeroot1 aniseed1 ginseng1 c4 ,,antispasmodics4 ,by antispasmodics are meant those articles that assist1 through their physiological action1 in relaxing the nervous and muscular systems4 ,hence the reader will perceive1 by the definition we have given of this class of remedies1 that we cannot recommend or employ the agents used by our brethren of the allopathic school1 for many of them act pathologically4 ,the class we use are simple1 yet none the less efficient4 ,professor ,curtis says1 when alluding to the action of medicinal agents1 ,experiments have shown that many vegetable substances1 which seem in themselves quite bland and harmless1 are antidotes to various poisons4 ,thus the skullcap 7scutellaria laterifolia7 is said to be a remedy for hydrophobia1 the alisma plantago and polemonium reptans for the bites of serpents1 and lobelia for the sting of insects4 ,they are good2 but why8 ,because they are permanently relaxing and stimulating1 and depurate the whole system4 ,natural antispasmodics are warmth and moisture4 ,the medicinal ones are lobelia1 ,indian hemp1 castor musk1 ginseng1 assafoetida1 pleurisy root1 ,virginia snakeroot1 camomile1 wormwood4 ,the above are only specimens4 ,there is no limit to the number and variety of articles in the vegetable kingdom that will act as antispasmodics or relaxants4 ,they may be given internally or applied externally3 the effect is the same4 ,,fomentations4 ,this class of remedies is usually composed of relaxants1 c41 of several kinds1 combined with tonics1 stimulants1 and anodynes4 ,they are very useful to relieve pain1 to remove rigidity1 to restore tone1 and to stimulate the parts to which they are applied4 ,common ,fomentation4 ,wormwood1 ,tansy1 equal parts4 ,hops1 ,moisten them with equal parts of boiling water and vinegar1 and apply them blood warm4 ,use4--,for all kinds of bruises and sprains4 ,they should be confined to the injured parts1 and kept moist with the superabundant fluid4 ,when it is not practicable to confine a fomentation to the injured parts1 as in shoulder or hip lameness1 constant bathing with the decoction will answer the same purpose4 ,anodyne ,fomentation4 ,hops1 a handful4 ,white poppy heads1 #a ounce4 ,water and vinegar1 equal parts4 ,simmer a few minutes4 ,use4--,in all painful bruises4 ,relaxing ,fomentation ,powdered lobelia1 #b ounces4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,simmer for a few minutes1 and when sufficiently cool1 bathe the parts with a soft sponge4 ,use4--,in all cases of stiff joints1 and rigidity of the muscles4 ,animals often lie down in wet pastures1 from which rheumatism and stiffness of the joints arise4 ,in such cases1 the animal must be taken from grass for a few days1 and the affected parts be faithfully bathed4 ,stimulating ,fomentation4 ,cedar buds1 or boughs1 any quantity1 to which add a small quantity of red pepper and ginger1 boiling water sufficient4 ,use4--,this will be found very efficacious in chronic lameness and paralysis1 for putrid sore throat1 and when the glands are enlarged from cold and catarrh4 ,,mucilages4 ,mucilages are soft1 bland substances1 made by dissolving gum arabic in hot water2 or by boiling marshmallows1 slippery elm1 or lily roots1 until their mucilaginous properties are extracted4 ,a table-spoonful of either of the above articles1 when powdered1 will generally suffice for a quart of water4 ,use4--,in all cases of catarrh1 diarrhoea1 inflammation of the kidneys1 womb1 bladder1 and intestines4 ,they shield the mucous membranes1 and defend them from the action of poisons and drastic cathartics4 ,,washes4 ,washes generally contain some medicinal agent1 and are principally used externally4 ,wash for ,diseases of the ,feet4 ,pyroligneous acid1 #d ounces4 ,water1 #h ounces4 ,use4--,this wash excels every other in point of efficacy1 and removes rot and its kindred diseases sooner than any other4 ,cooling ,wash for the ,eye4 ,rain water1 #a pint4 ,acetic acid1 #bj drops4 ,use4--,in ophthalmia4 ,tonic and ,antispasmodic ,wash4 ,camomile flowers1 half an ounce4 ,boiling water1 #a pint4 ,when cool1 strain through fine linen4 ,use4--,in chronic diseases of the eye1 and when a weeping remains after an acute attack4 ,wash for unhealthy 7or ulcerated7 ,sores4 ,a weak solution of sal soda or wood ashes4 ,wash for ,diseases of the ,skin4 ,take one ounce of finely-pulverized charcoal1 pour on it one ounce of pyroligneous acid1 then add a pint of water4 ,bottle1 and keep it well corked4 ,it may be applied to the skin by means of a sponge4 ,it is also an excellent remedy for ill-conditioned ulcers4 ,,physic ,,for ,,cattle4 ,extract of butternut1 7juglans cinerea17 half an ounce4 ,cream of tartar1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,mix4 ,when cool1 administer4 ,another4 ,extract of blackroot1 7leptandra virginica17 half an ounce4 ,rochelle salts1 #a ounce4 ,powdered ginger1 #a_/b tea-spoonful4 ,dissolve in two quarts of warm water4 ,another4 ,powdered mandrake1 #a table-spoonful4 ,cream of tartar1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,hot water1 #b quarts4 ,here are three different forms of physic for cattle1 which do not debilitate the system1 like aloes and salts1 because they determine to the surface as well as the bowels4 ,they may be given in all cases where purges are necessary4 ,one third of the above forms will suffice for sheep4 ,,mild ,,physic ,,for ,,cattle4 ,sirup of buckthorn1 #b ounces4 ,sulphur1 half a table-spoonful4 ,ginger1 half a tea-spoonful4 ,hot water1 #b quarts4 ,aperient4 ,linseed oil1 #a pint4 ,yolks of two eggs4 ,mix4 ,another4 ,sweet oil1 #a pint4 ,powdered cayenne1 half a tea-spoonful4 ,mix4 ,a sheep will require about one half of the above4 ,stimulating ,tincture4 ,boiling vinegar1 #a pint4 ,tincture of myrrh1 #b ounces4 ,powdered capsicum1 #b tea-spoonfuls4 ,use4--,for external application in putrid sore throat4 ,another4 ,tincture of camphor1 #d ounces4 ,oil of cedar1 half an ounce4 ,tincture of capsicum1 7hot drops17 #d ounces4 ,to be rubbed around the throat night and morning4 ,stimulating ,tincture for ,chronic ,rheumatism4 ,tincture of capsicum1 #d ounces4 ,oil of cedar1 #a ounce4 ,oil of wormwood1 #a ounce4 ,vinegar1 half a pint4 ,goose grease1 #a gill4 ,mix4 ,to be applied night and morning4 ,the mixture should be kept in a well-corked bottle1 and shaken before being used4 ,,poultices4 ,preliminary ,remarks4--,as oxen1 sheep1 and pigs are liable to have accumulations of matter1 in the form of abscess1 resulting from injury or from the natural termination of diseases1 it becomes a matter of importance that the farmer should rightly understand their character and treatment4 ,if a foreign substance enters the flesh1 the formation of matter is a part of the process by which nature rids the system of the enemy4 ,a poultice relaxing and lubricating will then be indicated4 ,if1 however1 the foreign body shall have entered at a point where it is impossible to confine a poultice1 then the suppurative stage may be shortened by the application of relaxing fomentations1 and lastly1 by stimulants4 ,it is a law of the animal economy1 that1 unless there be some obstacle1 matter always seeks its exit by an external opening2 and it becomes part of our duty to aid nature in her efforts to accomplish this salutary object4 ,nature requires aid in consequence of the unyielding character of the hide1 and the length of time it takes to effect an opening through it4 ,animals are known to suffer immensely from the pressure a large accumulation of pus makes on the surrounding nerves1 c41 and also from the reabsorption of this pus when it cannot readily make its exit4 ,this is not all2 for1 if pus accumulates1 and cannot in due time find an outlet1 it produces destruction of the blood-vessels1 nerves1 and surrounding tissues4 ,these vessels are distributed to the different surfaces2 their supply of blood and nervous energy being cut off1 they decompose1 and in their turn become pus1 and their open mouths allow the morbid matter to enter the circulation1 and thus poison the blood4 ,hence it becomes our duty1 whenever matter can be distinctly felt1 to apply that sort of poultice which will be most likely to aid nature4 ,there is no article in the materia medica of so much value to the farmer as marshmallows2 he cannot place too much value on it4 ,whether he uses it in his own family or confines it exclusively to cattle practice1 it is equally valuable4 ,it has numerous advantages over many similar remedies3 the most important one to the farmer is1 that it can be procured in this country at a small cost4 ,we have used it for a number of years1 and in many cases we consider it our sheet-anchor4 ,in short1 we cannot supply its place4 ,mr4 ,cobbett says1 ,i cannot help mentioning another herb1 which is used for medicinal purposes4 ,i mean the marshmallows4 ,it is amongst the most valuable of plants that ever grew4 ,its leaves stewed1 and applied wet1 will cure1 and almost instantly cure1 any cut1 or bruise1 or wound of any sort4 ,poultices made of it will cure sprains2 fomenting with it will remove swellings2 applications of the liquor will cure chafes made by saddles and harness2 and its operation1 in all cases1 is so quick that it is hardly to be believed4 ,those who have this weed at hand need not put themselves to the trouble and expense of sending to doctors and farriers on trifling occasions4 ,it signifies not whether the wound be old or new4 ,the mallows1 if you have it growing near you1 may be used directly after it is gathered1 merely washing off the dirt first4 ,but there should be some always ready in the house for use4 ,it should be gathered just before it blooms1 and dried and preserved just in the same manner as other herbs4 ,it should be observed1 however1 that1 if it should happen not to be gathered at the best season1 it may be gathered at any time4 ,i had two striking instances of the efficacy of mallows4 ,a neighboring farmer had cut his thumb in a very dangerous manner1 and1 after a great deal of doctoring1 it had got to such a pitch that his hand was swelled to twice its natural size4 ,i recommended the use of the mallows to him1 gave him a little bunch out of my store1 7it being winter time17 and his hand was well in four days4 ,he could go out to his work the very next day1 after having applied the mallows over night4 ,the other instance was this4 ,i had a valuable hog1 that had been gored by a cow4 ,it had been in this state for two days before ,i knew of the accident1 and had eaten nothing4 ,the gore was in the side1 making a large wound4 ,i poured in the liquor in which the mallows had been stewed1 and rubbed the side well with it4 ,the next day the hog got up and began to eat4 ,on examining the wound1 ,i found it so far closed that ,i did not think it right to disturb it4 ,i bathed the side again2 and in two days the hog was turned out1 and was running about along with the rest4 ,now1 a person must be criminally careless not to make provision of this herb4 ,mine was nearly two years old when ,i made use of it upon the last-mentioned occasion4 ,if the use of this weed was generally adopted1 the art and mystery of healing wounds1 and of curing sprains1 swellings1 and other external maladies1 would very quickly be reduced to an unprofitable trade4 ,lubricating and healing ,poultice4 ,powdered marshmallow roots1 ,marshmallow leaves1 equal parts4 ,moisten with boiling water1 and apply4 ,use4--,in ragged cuts1 wounds1 and bruises4 ,stimulating ,poultice4 ,indian meal1 ,slippery elm1 equal parts4 ,mix them together1 and add sufficient boiling water to moisten the mass4 ,spread it on a cloth1 and sprinkle a small quantity of powdered cayenne on its surface4 ,use4--,to stimulate ill-conditioned ulcers to healthy action4 ,where there is danger of putrescence1 add a small quantity of powdered charcoal4 ,poultice for ,bruises4 ,nothing makes so good a poultice for recent bruises as boiled carrots or marshmallows4 ,poultice to promote ,suppuration4 ,indian meal1 a sufficient quantity4 ,linseed1 a handful4 ,cayenne1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,to be moistened with boiling vinegar1 and applied at the usual temperature4 ,,styptics1 ,,to ,,arrest ,,bleeding4 ,witch hazel1 7winter bloom17 bark or leaves1 #b ounces4 ,make a decoction with the smallest possible quantity of water1 and if the bleeding is from the nose1 throw it up by means of a syringe2 if from the stomach1 lungs1 or bowels1 add more water1 and let the animal drink it1 and give some by injection4 ,styptic to arrest external ,bleeding4 ,wet a piece of lint with tincture of muriate of iron1 and bind it on the part4 ,there are various other styptics1 such as alum water1 strong tincture of nutgalls1 bloodroot1 common salt1 fine flour1 c4 ,,absorbents4 ,remarks4--,absorbents are composed of materials partaking of an alkaline character1 and are used for the purpose of neutralizing acid matter4 ,the formation of an acid in the stomach arises from some derangement of the digestive organs1 sometimes brought on by the improper quantity or quality of the food4 ,it is useless1 therefore1 to give absorbents1 with a view of neutralizing acid1 unless the former are combined with tonics1 or agents that are capable of restoring the stomach to a healthy state4 ,this morbid state of the stomach is recognized in oxen by a disposition to eat all kinds of trash that comes in their way1 such as dirt1 litter1 c4 ,they are frequently licking themselves1 and often swallow a great deal of hair1 which is formed into balls in the stomach1 and occasions serious irritation4 ,calves1 when fattening1 are often fed so injudiciously1 that the stomach is incapable of reducing the food to chyme and chyle3 the consequence is1 that a large amount of carbonic acid gas is evolved4 ,many calves and lambs die from this cause4 ,a mixture of chalk1 saleratus1 and soda is often given by farmers2 yet they do not afford permanent relief4 ,they do some good by correcting the acidity of the stomach2 but the animals are often affected with diarrhoea1 or costiveness1 loss of appetite1 colic1 and convulsions4 ,attention to the diet would probably do more than all the medicine in the world4 ,yet if they do get sick1 something must be done4 ,the best forms of absorbents are the following3 they restore healthy action to the lost function at the same time that they neutralize the gas4 ,,forms ,,of ,,absorbents4 ,powdered charcoal1 #a table-spoonful4 snakeroot1 half a table-spoonful4 caraways1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,hot water1 #a quart4 ,mix4 ,to be given at one dose1 for a cow2 half the quantity1 or indeed one third1 is sufficient for a calf1 sheep1 or pig4 ,another4 ,powdered charcoal1 #a table-spoonful4 ,to be given in thoroughwort tea1 to which may be added a very small portion of ginger4 ,another1 adapted to ,city ,use4 ,subcarbonate of soda1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,tincture of gentian1 #a ounce4 ,infusion of spearmint1 #a pint4 ,mix4 ,give a cow the whole at a dose1 and repeat daily1 for a short time1 if necessary4 ,one half the quantity will suffice for a smaller animal4 ,drink for ,coughs4 ,balm of ,gilead buds1 half an ounce4 ,honey1 #b table-spoonfuls4 ,vinegar1 #a wine-glassful4 ,water1 #a pint4 ,set the mixture on the fire1 in an earthen vessel2 let it simmer a few minutes4 ,when cool1 strain1 and it is fit for use4 ,dose1 a wine-glassful1 twice a day4 ,another4 ,balsam copaiba1 #a ounce4 ,powdered licorice1 #a ounce4 ,honey1 #b table-spoonfuls4 ,boiling water1 #a quart4 ,rub the copaiba1 licorice1 and honey together in a mortar3 after they are well mixed1 add the water4 ,dose1 half a pint1 night and morning4 ,another4 ,balsam of ,tolu1 half an ounce4 ,powdered marshmallow roots1 #a ounce4 ,honey1 half a gill4 ,boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,min4 ,dose1 half a pint1 night and morning4 ,drink for a ,cow after ,calving4 ,bethwort1 #a ounce4 ,marshmallows1 #a ounce4 ,first make an infusion of bethwort by simmering it in a quart of water4 ,when cool1 strain1 and stir in the mallows4 ,dose1 half a pint1 every two hours4 ,,veterinary ,,materia ,,medica1 ,,embracing ,a ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,various ,,remedies ,,used ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of ,,this ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,medicine ,,on ,,cattle1 ,,sheep1 ,,and ,,swine4 ,,acacia1 ,,catechu1 or ,,japan ,,earth4 ,it is a powerful astringent and tonic1 and given1 in half tea-spoonful doses1 in mucilage of slippery elm or mallows1 is a valuable remedy in diarrhoea1 or excessive discharges of urine4 ,,acacia ,,gum makes a good mucilage1 and is highly recommended in diseases of the mucous surfaces and urinary organs4 ,it is highly nutritious1 and consequently can be given with advantage in locked-jaw4 ,,acetum1 7vinegar47 ,this is cooling1 and a small portion of it1 with an equal quantity of honey1 administered in thin gruel1 makes an excellent drink in fevers4 ,diluted with an equal quantity of water1 it is employed externally in bruises and sprains4 ,it neutralizes pestilential effluvia1 and1 combined with capsicum1 makes a good application for sore throat4 ,,acid1 ,,pyroligneous4 ,this is one of the most valuable articles in the whole materia medica4 ,diluted with equal parts of water1 it is applied to ill-conditioned sores and ulcers2 it acts as an antiseptic and stimulant4 ,it is obtained from wood by destructive distillation in close vessels4 ,this acid is advantageously applicable to the preservation of animal food4 ,mr4 ,william ,ramsay 7,edinburgh ,philosophical ,journal1 iii4 #ba7 has made some interesting experiments on its use for this purpose4 ,herrings and other fish1 simply dipped in the acid and afterwards dried in the shade1 were effectually preserved1 and1 when eaten1 were found very agreeable to the taste4 ,herrings slightly cured with salt1 by being sprinkled with it for six hours1 then drained1 next immersed in pyroligneous acid for a few seconds1 and afterwards dried in the shade for two months1 were found by ,mr4 ,ramsay to be of fine quality and flavor4 ,fresh beef1 dipped in the acid1 in the summer season1 for the short space of a minute1 was perfectly sweet in the following spring4 ,professor ,silliman states1 that one quart of the acid added to the common pickle for a barrel of hams1 at the time they are laid down1 will impart to them the smoked flavor as perfectly as if they had undergone the common process of smoking4 ,,alder ,,bark1 ,,black1 7prinos verticillatus47 ,a strong decoction makes an excellent wash for diseases of the skin1 in all classes of domestic animals4 ,,allium1 7garlic47 ,this is used chiefly as an antispasmodic4 ,it improves all the secretions1 and promotes the function of the skin and kidneys4 ,it is useful also to expel wind and worms4 ,a few kernels may be chopped fine and mixed with the food4 ,when used for the purpose of expelling worms1 an ounce of the root should be boiled in a pint of milk1 and given in the morning1 about an hour before feeding4 ,,aloes4 ,the best kind is brought from the ,island of ,socotra1 and is supposed to be more safe in its operation than the other kinds4 ,in consequence of the irritative properties of aloes1 they are ill adapted to cattle practice2 and as a safer article has been recommended1 7see ,physic for ,cattle17 we have entirely dispensed with them4 ,,althea1 7marshmallows47 ,see ,remarks on ,poultices4 ,,alum4 ,it possesses powerful astringent properties1 and1 when burnt and pulverized1 is useful to remove proud flesh4 ,,ammoniacum4 ,gum ammoniacum is useful for chronic coughs4 ,the dose is two drachms daily1 in a quart of gruel4 ,,aniseed4 ,a good carminative in flatulent colic4 ,the dose is about one ounce1 infused in a quart of boiling water4 ,,anthemis1 7camomile47 ,it is used as a tonic in derangement of the digestive organs1 c4 ,an ounce of the flowers may be infused in a quart of water1 and given when cool4 ,it is useful also as an external application in bruises and sprains4 ,,ash ,,bark1 ,,white4 ,this is a useful remedy in loss of cud1 caused by disease of the liver4 ,dose1 one ounce of the bark1 infused in boiling water4 ,when cool1 pour off the clear liquor4 ,,assafoetida4 ,this article is used as an antispasmodic4 ,the dose is from one to two drachms1 administered in thin gruel4 ,,balm1 ,,lemon4 ,see ,fever ,drink4 ,,balm ,,of ,,gilead ,,buds4 ,one ounce of the buds1 after being infused in boiling water and strained1 makes a good drink for chronic coughs4 ,,balmony4 ,a good tonic and vermifuge4 ,,balsam1 ,,canada1 is a diuretic1 and may be given in slippery elm1 in doses of one table-spoonful for diseases of the kidneys4 ,,balsam ,,of ,,copaiba1 or ,,capivi1 is useful in all diseases of the urinary organs1 and1 combined with powdered marshmallows and water1 makes a good cough drink4 ,dose1 half an ounce4 ,,baleam ,,of ,,tolu4 ,used for the same purpose as the preceding4 ,,barley4 ,barley water1 sweetened with honey1 is a useful drink in fevers4 ,,bayberry ,,bark4 ,we have frequently prescribed this article in the preceding pages as an antiseptic and astringent for scouring and dysentery4 ,,bearberry1 7uva ursi47 ,this is a popular diuretic1 and is useful when combined with marshmallows4 ,when the urine is thick and deficient in quantity1 or voided with difficulty1 it may be given in the following form3-- ,powdered bearberry1 #a ounce4 marshmallows1 #b ounces4 ,indian meal1 #b pounds4 ,mix4 ,dose1 half a pound daily1 in the cow's feed4 ,,bitter ,,root1 7apocynum androsaemifolium47 ,given in doses of half an ounce of the powdered bark1 it acts as an aperient1 and is good wherever an aperient is indicated4 ,,blackberry ,,root1 7rubus trivialis47 ,a valuable remedy for scours in sheep4 ,,black ,,root1 7leptandra virginica47 ,the extract is used as physic1 instead of aloes4 7,see ,physic for ,cattle47 ,a strong decoction of the fresh roots will generally act as a cathartic on all classes of animals4 ,,bloodroot1 7sanguinaria canadensis47 ,it is used in our practice as an escharotic4 ,it acts on fungous excrescences1 and is a good substitute for nitrate of silver in the dispersion of all morbid growth4 ,one ounce of the powder1 infused in boiling vinegar1 is a valuable application for rot and mange4 ,,blue ,,flag1 7iris versicolor47 ,the powdered root is a good vermifuge4 ,,boneset1 7eupatorium perfoliatum47 ,this is a valuable domestic remedy4 ,its properties are too well known to the farming community to need any description4 ,,borax4 ,this is a valuable remedy for eruptive diseases of the tongue and mouth4 ,powdered and dissolved in water1 it forms an astringent1 antiseptic wash4 ,the usual form of prescription1 in veterinary practice1 is1-- ,powdered borax1 half an ounce4 ,honey1 #b ounces4 ,mix4 ,,buckthorn1 7rhamnus catharticus47 ,a sirup made from this plant is a valuable aperient in cattle practice4 ,the dose is from half an ounce to two ounces4 ,,burdock1 7arctium lappa47 ,the leaves1 steeped in vinegar1 make a good application for sore throat and enlarged glands4 ,the seeds are good to purify the blood1 and may be given in the fodder4 ,,butternut ,,bark1 7juglans cinerea47 ,extract of butternut makes a good cathartic1 in doses of half an ounce4 ,it is much safer than any known cathartic1 and1 given in doses of two drachms1 in hot water1 combined with a small quantity of ginger1 it forms a useful aperient and alterative4 ,in a constipated habit1 attended with loss of cud1 it is invaluable4 ,during the ,american revolution1 when medicines were scarce1 this article was brought into use by the physicians1 and was esteemed by them an excellent substitute for the ordinary cathartics4 ,,calamus1 7acorus calamus47 ,a valuable remedy for loss of cud4 ,,camomile4 ,see ,anthemis4 ,,canella ,,bark is an aromatic stimulant1 and forms a good stomachic4 ,,capsicum4 ,a pure stimulant4 ,useful in impaired digestion4 ,,caraway ,,seed1 7carum carui47 ,a pleasant carminative for colic4 ,,cardamom ,,seeds4 ,used for the same purpose as the preceding4 ,,cassia ,,bark1 7laurus cinnamomum47 ,used as a diffusible stimulant in flatulency4 ,,catechu1 7see ,,acacia47 ,,catnip1 7nepeta cataria47 ,an antispasmodic in colic4 ,,cedar ,,buds4 ,an infusion of the buds makes a good vermifuge for sheep and pigs4 ,,charcoal4 ,this is a valuable remedy as an antiseptic for foul ulcers1 foot rot1 c4 ,,cleavers1 7galium aparine47 ,the expressed juice of the herb acts on the skin and kidneys1 increasing their secretions4 ,one tea-spoonful of the juice1 given night and morning in a thin mucilage of poplar bark1 is an excellent remedy for dropsy1 and diseases of the urinary organs4 ,an infusion of the herb1 made by steeping one ounce of the leaves and seeds in a quart of boiling water1 may be substituted for the expressed juice4 ,,cohosh1 ,,black1 7macrotrys racemosa47 ,useful in dropsy4 ,,coltsfoot1 7tussilago farfara47 ,an excellent remedy for cough4 ,,cranesbill1 7geranium maculatum47 ,useful in scours1 dysentery1 and diarrhoea4 ,,dill ,,seed1 7anethum graveolens47 ,its properties are the same as caraways4 ,,dock1 ,,yellow1 7rumex crispus47 ,good for diseases of the liver and of the skin4 ,,elecampane1 7inula helenium47 ,an excellent remedy for cough and asthma1 and diseases of the skin4 ,,elder ,,flowers1 7sambucus canadensis47 ,used as an aperient for sheep1 in constipation4 ,,elm ,,bark1 7ulmus fulva47 ,this makes a good mucilage4 ,see ,poultices4 ,,essence ,,of ,,peppermint4 ,used for flatulent colic4 ,one ounce is the usual dose for a cow4 ,to be given in warm water4 ,,fennel ,,seed4 ,useful to expel wind4 ,,fern1 ,,male1 7aspidium felix mas47 ,used as a remedy for worms4 ,,flaxseed4 ,a good lubricant1 in cold and catarrh1 and in diseases of the mucous surfaces4 ,it makes a good poultice4 ,,flower ,,of ,,sulphur4 ,this is used extensively1 in veterinary practice1 for diseases of the skin4 ,it is a mild laxative4 ,,fumigations4 ,for foul barns and stables1 take of ,common salt1 #d ounces4 ,manganese1 #a ounce and a half4 ,let these be well mixed1 and placed in a shallow earthen vessel2 then pour on the mixture1 gradually1 sulphuric acid1 four ounces4 ,the inhalation of the gas which arises from this mixture is highly injurious2 therefore1 as soon as the acid is poured on1 all persons should leave the building1 which should immediately be shut1 and not opened again for several hours4 ,dr4 ,white1 ,v4 ,s41 says1 ,this is the only efficacious fumigation1 it having been found that when glanderous or infectious matter is exposed to it a short time1 it is rendered perfectly harmless4 ,,galbanum4 ,this gum is used for similar purposes as gum ammoniac and assafoetida4 ,,galls4 ,they contain a large amount of tannin1 and are powerfully astringent4 ,a strong decoction is useful to arrest hemorrhage4 ,,garlic4 ,see ,allium4 ,,gentian4 ,this is a good tonic1 and is often employed to remove weakness of the stomach and indigestion4 ,,ginger4 ,a pure stimulant4 ,ginger tea is a useful remedy for removing colic and flatulency1 and is safer and better adapted to the animal economy1 where stimulants are indicated1 than alcoholic preparations4 ,,ginseng1 7panax quinquefolium47 ,it possesses tonic and stimulant properties4 ,,golden ,,seal1 7hydrastis canadensis47 ,a good tonic1 laxative1 and alterative4 ,,goldthread1 7coptis trifolia47 ,a strong infusion of this herb makes a valuable application for eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth4 ,we use it in the following form3-- ,goldthread1 #a ounce4 ,boiling water1 #a pint4 ,set the mixture aside to cool2 then strain1 and add a table-spoonful of honey1 and bathe the parts twice a day4 ,,grains ,,of ,,paradise4 ,a warming1 diffusible stimulant4 ,,hardhack1 7spiraea tomentosa47 ,its properties are astringent and tonic4 ,we have used it in cases of scours with great success4 ,it is better adapted to cattle practice in the form of extract1 which is prepared by evaporating the leaves1 stems1 or roots4 ,the dose is from one scruple to a drachm for a cow1 and from ten grains to one scruple and a half for a sheep1 which may be given twice a day1 in any bland liquid4 ,,honey1 7mel47 ,honey is laxative1 stimulant1 and nutritious4 ,with vinegar1 squills1 or garlic1 it forms a good cough mixture4 ,combined with tonics1 it forms a valuable gargle1 and a detergent for old sores and foul ulcers4 ,,hops1 7humulus47 ,an infusion of hops is highly recommended in derangement of the nervous system1 and for allaying spasmodic twitchings of the extremities4 ,one ounce of the article may be infused in a quart of boiling water1 strained1 and sweetened with honey1 and given1 in half pint doses1 every four hours4 ,they are used as an external application1 in the form of fomentation1 for bruises1 c4 ,,horehound1 7marrubium47 ,this is a valuable remedy for catarrh and chronic affections of the lungs4 ,it is generally used1 in the author's practice1 in the following form3 ,an infusion is made in the proportion of an ounce of the herb to a quart of boiling water4 ,a small quantity of powdered marshmallows is then stirred in1 to make it of the consistence of thin gruel4 ,the dose is half a pint1 night and morning4 ,for sheep and pigs half the quantity will suffice4 ,,horsemint1 7monarda punctata47 ,like other mints1 it is antispasmodic and carminative4 ,useful in flatulent colic4 ,,horseradish4 ,the root scraped and fed to animals laboring under loss of cud1 from chronic disease of the digestive organs1 and general debility1 is generally attended with beneficial results4 ,if beaten into paste with an equal quantity of powdered bloodroot1 it makes a valuable application for foul ulcers4 ,,hyssop1 7hyssopus officinalis47 ,hyssop tea1 sweetened with honey1 is useful to promote perspiration in colds and catarrh4 ,,indian ,,hemp1 7apocynum cannabinum47 ,an infusion of this herb acts as an aperient1 and promotes the secretions4 ,it may be prepared by infusing an ounce of the powdered or bruised root in a quart of boiling water1 which must be placed in a warm situation for a few hours3 it should then be strained1 and given in half pint doses1 at intervals of six hours4 ,a gill of this mixture will sometimes purge a sheep4 ,,indigo1 ,,wild1 7baptisia tinctoria47 ,we have made some experiments with the inner portion of the bark of this plant1 and find it to be very efficacious in the cure of eruptive diseases of the mouth and tongue1 lampas1 and inflamed gums4 ,a strong decoction 7one ounce of the bark boiled for a few minutes in a pint of water7 makes a good wash for old sores4 ,a small quantity of powdered slippery elm1 stirred into the decoction while hot1 makes a good emollient application to sore teats and bruised udder4 ,,juniper ,,berries1 7juniperus47 ,these are used in dropsical affections1 in conjunction with tonics2 also in diseases of the urinary organs4 ,,kino4 ,this is a powerful astringent1 and may be used in diarrhoea1 dysentery1 and red water1 after the inflammatory symptoms have subsided4 ,we occasionally use it in the following form for red water and chronic dysentery3-- ,powdered kino1 #bj grains4 ,thin flour gruel1 #a quart4 ,to be given at a dose1 and repeated night and morning1 as occasion requires4 ,,lady',s ,,slipper1 7cypripedium pubescens47 ,this is a valuable nervine and antispasmodic1 and has been used with great success1 in my practice1 for allaying nervous irritability4 ,it is a good substitute for opium4 ,it is1 however1 destitute of all the poisonous properties of the latter4 ,dose for a cow1 half a table-spoonful of the powder1 night and morning2 to be given in bland fluid4 ,,licorice4 ,used principally to alleviate coughs4 ,the following makes an excellent cough remedy3-- ,powdered licorice1 #a ounce4 ,balsam of ,tolu1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,boiling water1 #a quart4 ,to be given at a dose4 ,,lily ,,root1 7nymphaea odorata47 ,used principally for poultices4 ,,lime ,,water4 ,this article is used in diarrhoea1 and when the discharge of urine is excessive4 ,being an antacid1 it is very usefully employed when cattle are hoven or blown4 ,it is unsafe to administer alone1 as it often deranges the digestive organs3 it is therefore very properly combined with tonics4 ,the following will serve as an example3-- ,lime water1 #b ounces4 ,infusion of snakehead1 7balmony17 #b quarts4 ,dose1 a quart1 night and morning4 ,,lobelia1 7herb17 7lobelia inflata47 ,this is an excellent antispasmodic4 ,it is used in the form of poultice for locked-jaw1 and as a relaxant in rigidity of the muscular structure4 ,,mandrake1 7podophyllum peltatum47 ,used as physic for cattle1 7which see47 ,,marshmallows4 ,see ,althea ,,meadow ,,cabbage ,,root1 7ictodes foetida47 ,this plant is used as an antispasmodic in asthma and chronic cough4 ,dose1 a tea-spoonful of the powder1 night and morning2 to be given in mucilage of slippery elm4 ,,motherwort1 7leonurus cardiaca47 ,a tea of this herb is valuable in protracted labor4 ,,mullein1 7verbascum47 ,the leaves steeped in vinegar make a good application for sore throat4 ,,myrrh4 ,the only use we make of this article1 in cattle practice1 is to prepare a tincture for wounds1 as follows3-- ,powdered myrrh1 #b ounces4 ,proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,set it aside in a close-covered vessel for two weeks1 then strain through a fine sieve1 and it is fit for use4 ,,oak ,,bark1 7quercus alba47 ,a decoction of oak bark is a good astringent1 and may be given internally1 and also applied externally in falling of the womb or fundament4 ,,ointments4 ,we have long since discontinued the use of ointments1 from a conviction that they do not agree with the flesh of cattle4 ,marshmallows1 or tincture of myrrh1 will heal a wound much quicker than any greasy preparation4 ,we have1 however1 often applied fresh marshmallow ointment to chapped teats1 and chafed udder1 with decided advantage4 ,it is made as follows3 ,take of white wax1 mutton tallow1 and linseed oil1 each a pound2 marshmallow leaves1 two ounces4 ,first melt the wax and tallow1 then add the oil1 lastly a handful of mallows4 ,simmer over a slow fire until the leaves are crisp1 then strain through a piece of flannel1 and stir the mixture until cool4 ,,oleum ,,lini1 7flaxseed oil47 ,this is a useful aperient and laxative in cattle practice1 and may be given in all cases of constipation1 provided1 however1 it is not accompanied with chronic indigestion3 if such be the case1 a diffusible stimulant1 combined with a bitter tonic1 7golden seal17 aided by an injection1 will probably do more good1 as they will arouse the digestive function4 ,the above aperient may then be ventured on with safety4 ,the dose for a cow is one pint4 ,,olive ,,oil4 ,this is a useful aperient for sheep4 ,the dose is from half a gill to a gill4 ,,opodeldoc4 ,the different preparations of this article are used for strains and bruises1 after the inflammatory action has somewhat subsided4 ,liquid ,opodeldoc4 ,soft soap1 #f ounces4 ,new ,england rum1 #a pint and a half4 ,vinegar1 half a pint4 ,oil of lavender1 #b ounces4 ,the oil of lavender should first be dissolved in an equal quantity of alcohol1 and then added to the mixture4 ,,pennyroyal1 7hedeoma47 ,this plant1 administered in warm infusion1 promotes perspiration1 and is good in flatulent colic4 ,,peppermint1 7mentha piperita47 ,an ounce of the herb infused in a quart of boiling water relieved spasmodic pains of the stomach and bowels1 and is a good carminative1 7to expel wind17 provided the alimentary canal is free from obstruction4 ,,plantain ,,leaves1 7plantago major47 ,this article is held in high repute for the cure of hydrophobia and bites from poisonous reptiles4 ,the bruised leaves are applied to the parts2 the powdered herb and roots to be given internally at discretion4 ,,pleurisy ,,root1 7asclepias tuberosa47 ,we have given this article a fair trial in cattle practice1 and find it to be invaluable in the treatment of catarrh1 bronchitis1 pleurisy1 pneumonia1 and consumption4 ,the form in which we generally prescribe it is1-- ,powdered pleurisy root1 half a table-spoonful4 marshmallow roots1 #a ounce4 ,boiling water sufficient to make a thin mucilage4 ,the addition of a small quantity of honey increases its diaphoretic properties4 ,,pomegranate1 7punica granatum47 ,the rind of this article is a powerful astringent1 and is occasionally used to expel worms4 ,a strong decoction makes a useful wash for falling of the womb1 or fundament4 ,given as an infusion1 in the proportion of half an ounce of the rind to a quart of water1 it will arrest diarrhoea4 ,,poplar1 7populus tremuloides47 ,it possesses tonic1 demulcent1 and alterative properties4 ,it is often employed1 in our practice1 as a local application1 in the form of poultice4 ,the infusion is a valuable remedy in general debility1 and in cases of diseased urinary organs4 ,,prince',s ,,pine1 7chimaphila47 ,this plant is a valuable remedy in dropsy4 ,it possesses diuretic and tonic properties4 ,it does not produce the same prostration that usually attends the administration of diuretics1 for its tonic property invigorates the kidneys1 while1 at the same time1 it increases the secretion of urine4 ,the best way of administering it is by decoction4 ,it is made by boiling four ounces of the fresh-bruised leaves in two quarts of water4 ,after straining1 a table-spoonful of powdered marshmallows may be added1 to be given in pint doses1 night and morning4 ,,pyroligneous ,,acid4 ,see ,acid4 ,,raspberry ,,leaves1 7rubus strigosus47 ,an infusion of this plant may be employed with great advantage in cases of diarrhoea4 ,,roman ,,wormwood1 7ambrosia artemisifolia47 ,this plant is a very bitter tonic1 and vermifuge4 ,an infusion may be advantageously given in cases of general debility and loss of cud4 ,a strong decoction may be given to sheep and pigs that are infested with worms4 ,if given early in the morning1 and before the animals are fed1 it will generally have the desired effect4 ,,rose1 ,,red1 7rosa gallica47 ,we have occasionally used the infusion1 and find it of great value as a wash for chronic ophthalmia4 ,the infusion is made by pouring a pint of boiling water on a quarter of an ounce of the flowers4 ,it is then strained through fine linen1 when it is fit for use4 ,,sassafras1 7laurus sassafras47 ,the bark of sassafras root is stimulant1 and possesses alterative properties4 ,we have used it extensively1 in connection with sulphur1 for eruptive diseases1 and for measles in swine1 in the following proportions3-- ,powdered sassafras1 #a ounce4 sulphur1 half a table-spoonful4 ,mix1 and divide into four parts1 one of which may be given1 night and morning1 in a hot mash4 ,the pith of sassafras makes a valuable soothing and mucilaginous wash for inflamed eyes4 ,,senna ,a safe and efficient aperient for cattle may be made by infusing an ounce of senna in a quart of boiling water4 ,when cool1 strain1 then add1 manna one ounce1 powdered golden seal one tea-spoonful4 ,the whole to be given at a dose4 ,,skullcap1 7scutellaria lateriflora47 ,this is an excellent nervine and antispasmodic4 ,it is admirably adapted to the treatment of locked-jaw1 and derangement of the nervous system4 ,an ounce of the leaves may be infused in two quarts of boiling water4 ,after straining1 a little honey may be added1 and then administered1 in pint doses1 every four hours4 ,,snakeroot1 ,,virginia1 7aristolochia serpentaria47 ,this article1 given by infusion in the proportion of half an ounce of the root to a pint of water1 acts as a stimulant and alterative4 ,it is admirably adapted to the treatment of chronic indigestion4 ,,soap4 ,this article acts on all classes of animals1 as a laxative and antacid4 ,it is useful in obstinate constipation of the bowels1 in diseases of the liver1 and for softening hardened excrement in the rectum4 ,by combining castile soap with butternut1 blackroot1 golden seal1 or balmony1 a good aperient is produced1 which will generally operate on the bowels in a few hours4 ,,squill1 7scilla maritima47 ,a tea-spoonful of the dried root1 given in a thin mucilage of marshmallows1 is an excellent remedy for cough1 depending on an irritability of the lungs and mucous surfaces4 ,,sulphur4 ,this is one of the most valuable articles in the veterinary materia medica4 ,it possesses laxative1 diaphoretic and alterative properties1 and is extensively employed1 both internally and externally1 for diseases of the skin4 ,the dose for a cow is a tea-spoonful daily4 ,its alterative effect may be increased by combining it with sassafras1 7which see47 ,,sunflower1 ,,wild1 7helianthus divaricatus47 ,the seeds of this plant1 when bruised and given it any bland fluid1 act as a diuretic and antispasmodic4 ,half a table-spoonful of the seeds may be given at a dose1 and repeated as occasion requires4 ,,tolu1 ,,balsam ,,of4 ,this balsam is procured by making incisions into the trunk of a tree which flourishes in ,tolu and ,peru4 ,it has a peculiar tendency to the mucous surfaces1 and therefore is very properly prescribed for epizooetic diseases of catarrhal nature4 ,the dose is half a table-spoonful every night1 to be administered in a mucilage of marshmallows4 ,one half the quantity is sufficient for a sheep4 ,,vinegar4 ,see ,acetum4 ,,witch ,,hazel ,,bark1 7hamamelis virginica47 ,a decoction of this bark is a valuable application for falling of the fundament1 or womb4 ,being a good astringent1 an infusion of the leaves is good for scouring in sheep4 ,,wormseed1 7chenopodium anthelminticum47 ,a tea-spoonful of the powdered seeds1 given in a tea of snakeroot1 is a good vermifuge3 it will1 however1 require repeated doses1 and they should be given at least an hour before the morning meal4 ,,general ,,remarks ,,on ,,medicines4 ,here1 reader1 is our materia medica2 wherein you will find a number of harmless1 yet efficient agents1 that will1 in the treatment of disease1 fulfil any and every indication to your entire satisfaction4 ,they act efficiently in the restoration of the diseased system to a healthy state1 without producing the slightest injury to the animal economy4 ,the ,almighty has furnished us1 if we did but know it1 a healing balm for every malady to which man and the lower animals are subject4 ,yet how many of these precious gifts are disregarded for the more popular ones of the chemist6 ,dr4 ,brown1 professor of botany in the ,ohio ,college1 says1 ,of the twenty or more thousand species of plants recognized and described by botanists1 probably not more than one thousand have ever been used in the art of healing2 and not more than one fourth of that number even have a place in our materia medica at present4 ,the glorious results1 however1 attending the researches of those who have preceded us1 should inspire us with that confidence and spirit of investigation which will ultimately result in the selection1 preparation1 and systematic arrangement1 of a full1 convenient1 and efficient materia medica4 ,unfortunately1 the medical fraternity1 as well as the farmers1 have been accustomed to judge of the power of the remedy by its effects1 and not in proportion to its ultimate good4 ,thus1 if a pound of salts be given to a cow1 and they produce liquid stools1--in short1 operate well1--they are styled a good medicine1 although they leave the mucous surface of the alimentary canal in a weak1 debilitated state1 and otherwise impair the health2 yet this is a secondary consideration4 ,for1 if the symptoms of the present malady1 for which the salts were given1 shall disappear1 nothing is thought of the after consequences4 ,the cow may be constipated for several succeeding days1 and finally refuse her food2 but who suspects that the salts were the cause of it8 ,who believes that the abstraction of ninety ounces of blood cut short the life of our beloved ,washington8 ,we do1 and so do others4 ,we are told1 in reference to the treatment of a given case1 that the patient will grow worse before he can get better4 ,what makes him worse8 ,the medicine1 surely1 and nothing else4 ,now1 if ever symptoms are altered1 they should be for the better2 and if the medicines recommended in this work 7provided1 however1 they are given with ordinary prudence7 ever make an animal worse1 then we beg of the reader to avoid them as he would a pest-house4 ,this is not all4 ,if any article in this materia medica1 when given1 in the manner we recommend1 to an animal in perfect health1 shall operate so as to derange such animal's health1--in short1 act pathologically1--then it does not deserve a place here1 and should not be depended on4 ,but such will not be the result4 ,we recommend farmers to select and preserve a few of these herbs for family use2 for they are efficient in the cure of many diseases4 ,and as the services of a physician are not always to be had in small country towns1 a little experience in the use and application of simple articles to various diseases seems to be absolutely necessary4 ,it was by the aid of a few of these and similar simple remedies1 that we were enabled to preserve the health of the passengers of that ill-fated ship1 the ,anglo-,saxon4 ,the following testimony has never1 until the present time1 been made public1 and we would not now make use of it1 were it not that we wish to show that there are men1 and women too1 that can appreciate our labors3-- ,the undersigned1 passengers in the ,anglo-,saxon from ,boston1 feeling it a duty they owe to ,dr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,dadd1 surgeon of the ship1 would here bear testimony to the valuable medical services and advice rendered by him to us1 whilst on shipboard2 believing his attendance has been conducive of the greatest benefit2 at times almost indispensable1 not only during the short passage1 but also through the trying period subsequent to the wreck through all of which1 the coolness and devotion to the best interests of his employers and of the passengers1 exhibited by him1 deserve at our hands the highest terms of commendation4 ,,robert ,,earle1 ,s4 ,c4 ,,ames1 ,,benjamin ,,champney1 ,,lewis ,,jones1 ,,hamilton ,g4 ,,wild1 ,w4 ,a4 ,,barnes1 ,,gideon ,d4 ,,scull1 ,w4 ,,allan ,,gay1 ,,isaac ,,jenkins1 ,,prescott ,,bigelow1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,earle1 ,,rosalie ,,pelby1 ,,ophelia ,,anderson1 ,,helen ,c4 ,,dove1 ,,eleanor ,,teresa ,,mchugh1 ,,john ,,hills1 ,,frances ,,blenkam1 ,,harriet ,,phillips1 ,,louisa ,a4 ,,bigelow1 ,,eastport1 ,may #i1 #ahdg4 ,notwithstanding this disaster1 ,enoch ,train1 ,esq41 of ,boston1 with a liberality which does him credit1 appointed us surgeon of the ship ,mary ,ann1 commanded by ,captain ,albert ,brown2 thus giving us a second opportunity of proving what we had asserted1 viz41 that the emigrants might be brought to the ,united ,states in better condition1 and with less deaths1 than had heretofore been done4 ,it must be remembered that about this time the typhus1 or ship fever1 was making sad havoc amongst all classes of men1 and many talented professional men fell victims to the dire malady4 ,we left ,liverpool at a sickly season1 having on board two hundred persons1 and were fortunate enough to land them in this city1 all in good health4 ,several ships which sailed at the same time1 bound also to different ports in the ,united ,states1 lost1 on the passage1 from ten to twenty persons1 although each ship was furnished with a medical attendant4 ,here1 then1 is a proof that our agents cure while others fail4 ,,properties ,,of ,,plants4 ,professor ,curtis tells us that herbs1 during their growth1 preserve their medicinal properties1 commencing at the root1 and continuing upward1 through the stem and leaves1 to the flowers and seeds1 until fully grown4 ,when the root begins to die1 the properties ascend from it towards the seed1 where1 at last1 they are the strongest4 ,even the virtues of the leaves1 after they get their full growth1 often go into the seed1 which will not be so well developed if the leaves are plucked off early2 as corn fills and ripens best when the leaves are left on the stalks till they die4 ,in the annual and biennial plants1 the root is worthless after the seed is ripe1 and the stem also is of very little value2 what virtue there is residing in the bark and leaves also lose their properties as fast as they lose their freshness4 ,all leaves and stems that have lost their color1 or become shrivelled1 while the roots are in the earth1 have lost much of their medicinal power1 and should be rejected from medicine4 ,seeds and fruit should be gathered when ripe or fully matured4 ,flowers should be gathered just at the time they come into bloom4 ,leaves should be gathered when they have arrived at their full growth1 are green1 and full of the juices of the plant4 ,barks should be gathered as early in the spring as they will peel4 ,roots should be gathered in the fall1 after they have perfectly matured1 or early in the spring1 before they commence germinating and growing4 ,,potato4 ,boiled potatoes1 mixed up with steamed cornstalks1 shorts1 c41 make an excellent compound for fattening cattle2 yet1 at the present time1 they are too expensive for general use4 ,we hope1 however1 that ere long our farmers will take hold of this subject in good earnest1--we allude to the causes of potato rot1--and restore this valuable article of food to its original worth4 ,a few remarks on this subject seem to be called for4 ,remarks on the ,potato ,rot4 ,where are the fine1 mealy1 substantial apples of the earth gone8--and ,echo answers1 ,where8 ,they are not to be found at the present day4 ,the farmers have suffered great losses1 in some instances by a partial1 and in others by a total1 failure of their crops4 ,numberless experiments have been tried to prevent this great national calamity1 yet they have all proved abortive1 for the simple reason that we have been only treating the symptoms1 while the disease has taken a firmer hold1 and hurried our subjects to a premature decay4 ,different theories have been suggested with a view of explaining the causes of the potato rot1 none of which are satisfactory4 ,we have the fungous theory1 insect theory1 moisture theory1 theory of degeneration1 and the chemical theory of defective elements4 ,in relation to the fungous theory we observe that fungi inhabit decaying organic bodies4 ,they are considered to be a common pest to all kinds of plants1 like parasites1 living at the expense of those plants4 ,we do not expect to find fungi in good healthy vegetables1 at least while they possess a high grade of vital action4 ,it is only when morbid deposits and chemical agencies overcome the integrity or vital affinity of the vegetable that fungous growth commences4 ,in the fungous development1 the living parts of the vegetable are not always destroyed2 yet these fungi obstruct vital action by their deposits or accumulations2 hence the small vessels that lead from centre to surface are partly paralyzed1 and the power peculiar to all vegetables of throwing off useless or excrementitious matter is intercepted4 ,this is not all4 ,the process of imperceptible elimination1 which might restore the balance of power in any thing like a vigorous plant1 is thus impaired4 ,now1 it is evident that the fungi are not the cause of the potato rot2 they are only the mere effects1 the symptoms3 preceding these were other manifestations of disorder1 and these manifestations1 in their different grades1 might with equal propriety be charged as causes of the potato rot4 ,the deterioration of the potato has been going on in a gradual manner for a long time4 ,a mild form of disease has existed for a number of years1 making such imperceptible change that it has escaped the observation of many until late years1 when the article became so unpalatable that our attention has been called to it in good earnest2 and by the aid of the microscope we have discovered the fungi4 ,has this discovery benefited the agriculturist8 ,not a particle4 ,the theory of degeneration1 without doubt1 will assist us to explain the why and wherefore of the potato rot4 ,but this is not all2 the community want to know the cause of this degeneracy4 ,we have spent some time in the investigation of this subject1 and now give the public1 in a condensed form1 our opinion of this matter4 ,we may err1 but our progress is towards the full discovery of the direct cause1 and the ways and means best adapted to prevent this sad calamity4 ,the potato came into existence at a certain period in the history of the world4 ,after its discovery1 it was taken from the mother soil1 the land of its nativity1 planted in different parts of the world1 and grew to apparent perfection4 ,our opinion is1 that the transplanting was one of the causes of this degeneracy4 ,it is generally known that indigenous plants do not thrive so well on foreign soil as in their native2 for example1 the plants of the sunny south cannot be made to flourish here in the same degree of perfection as at the south2 they require the genial warmth of the sun's rays1 which our northern climates lack4 ,the soil1 too1 mast be adapted to each particular plant4 ,it is true we do cultivate them by ingenuity and chemical agency2 yet they seldom equal the original4 ,need we ask the farmer if he can1 from the soil of ,new ,england1 produce a ,st4 ,michael orange equal to one grown on its native soil8 or if a squash will grow in the deserts of ,arabia8 ,all vegetables1 as well as animals1 possess a certain amount of vital power1 which enables them to resist1 to a certain degree1 all encroachments on their healthy operations4 ,the potato1 having been deprived1 in some measure1 of its essential element1 lost its reciprocal equilibrium1 and has ever since been a prey to whatever destructive agents may be present1 whether they exist in the soil or atmosphere4 ,yet we conceive that its total destruction is dependent on another cause1 which has been entirely overlooked2 for1 in spite of the gradual deterioration alluded to1 the potato will1 for a number of years1 continue to keep up a low form of vitality1 and result in something like a potato4 ,in order to comprehend the subject1 let us1 for a moment1 consider the conditions necessary for the germination and perfection of vegetable bodies4 ,we shall then be able to decide as to whether or not we have complied with such conditions4 ,the first condition is1 we must have a perfect germ2 secondly1 a ripe seed2 and lastly1 nutrimental agents in the sail1 composed of carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen4 ,the potato requires but a small quantity of moisture to develop the germinating principle2 for we have every day evidences of its ability to send forth its fibres1 even in the open air4 ,now1 the premature development of these fibrous radicles1 or roots1 debilitates the tuber2 in short1 we have a sick potato4 ,is the potato1 under such circumstances1 a perfect germ8 ,no4 ,if you examine the potato1 with its roots and stem1 you will find the cutis1 or skin1 and mucous membrane4 ,this external skin1 including that of plant1 stalk1 leaf1 and ball1 is to the potato what the skin and lungs are to animals2 they1 each of them1 absorb atmospheric food1 and throw off excrementitious matter2 the roots and fibres are to the vegetable what the alimentary canal is to the animal4 ,a large portion of the food of vegetables is found in the soil1 and enters the vegetable system1 through its capillary circulation1 by the process of imperceptible elimination and absorption4 ,now1 you must bear in mind that the fibres1 stem1 and leaves are delicate and tender organs2 they are studded with millions of little pores1 covered with a membrane of delicate texture1 easily lacerated4 ,when these delicate organs are rudely torn off or lacerated1 the potato immediately gives evidence of the encroachments of disease2 it shrinks1 withers1 and1 although the soil abounds in all that is necessary for its growth and future development1 it is not in a fit state to carry on the chemico-vital process4 ,we often take the potato from the soil with a view of preserving it for seed1 without any definite knowledge of the exact time of its maturity2 as the season arrives for again replanting1 the fibres are torn off1 and the potato itself is often cut up into two or three pieces2 sometimes1 however1 the smaller potatoes are used for seed4 ,both practices are open to strong objection4 ,oftentimes the cut surfaces of the potato are exposed to atmospheric air2 evaporation commences1 they lose their firm texture1 and are more fit for swine than for planting4 ,the cause of the total destruction may exist in a loss of polarity6 ,we know that all organic and inorganic bodies are subject to the laws of electricity--each has its polarity4 ,men who are engaged in mining can testify that the stratification of the earth is alternately negative and positive4 ,the hemispheres of the earth are also governed by the same law2 for1 if you take a magnetic needle and toss it up in this hemisphere1 which is negative1 the positive end will come to the ground first2 but if you pass the magnetic equator1 which crosses the common equator in #bc deg4 #bh'1 and then toss the needle up1 its negative end will fall downwards4 ,hence we infer that the potato has a polarity1 just as man has2 and this is the reason of their definite character4 ,take a bean1 and destroy its polarity by cutting it into several pieces1 as you do the potato1 and all the men on earth cannot make it germinate and grow to perfection4 ,it will die just as a man will1 if you destroy the polarity of his brain by wounding it4 ,take an egg1 and destroy its polarity by making a small puncture through it1 and you can never get a chicken from it4 ,a man or an animal will die of locked-jaw1 caused by a splinter entering the living organism2 and why8 ,because their electrical equilibrium1 or their polarity is destroyed4 ,some of our readers may desire to know how we can prove that electricity plays a part in the germination and growth of animals and vegetables4 ,in verification of it1 we will give a few examples4 ,a dish of salad may1 by the aid of electricity1 be raised in an hour4 ,hens' eggs can be hatched by a similar process in a few hours1 which would require many days by animal heat4 ,by the aid of electricity1 water1 which consists of oxygen and hydrogen1 may be decomposed1 and its elements set free4 ,the poles of a galvanic battery may be applied to a dead body1 and that body made to imitate the functions of life4 ,and lastly1 it is through the medium of electrical attraction which bodies have for each other1 that all the chemical compositions and decompositions depend4 ,bodies must be in opposite states of electricity in order to produce a result4 ,now1 if the polarity of the potato is destroyed in the manner we have just alluded to1 or should it be destroyed by coming in contact with the blade of a knife1 the latter conducting off the electrical current1 or by any other means1 it must deteriorate4 ,we are told that the potato has several germinating points1 and that a part will grow just as well as the whole4 ,such reasoning will not stand the test of common experience4 ,for example3 the ,almighty has endowed man with various faculties1 and the perfection of his organism depends on these faculties1 as a whole4 ,now1 he may lose a leg1 and yet be capable of performing the ordinary duties of life2 but this does not prove that he might not perform them much better with both legs4 ,so in reference to the potato4 ,the fact of its ability to reproduce its kind from a small portion of the whole--a mere bud--should not satisfy us that a perfect germ is unnecessary4 ,then the question arises1 ,how shall we restore the original identity of this valuable article of food8 ,we have1 in the early part of this work1 recommended the farmers to study the laws of vegetable physiology4 ,this will furnish them with the right kind of information4 ,we would1 however1 suggest to those who are desirous of making experiments1 to comply with the conditions already alluded to1 viz41 plant a perfect germ1 by which means the potato may be improved4 ,yet1 in order to restore its identity1 we must commence by germinating from the seed1 and plant that on soil abounding in the constituents necessary for its development4 ,elevated land abounding in small stones1 and hill sides facing the south1 are the best situations4 ,potatoes should never be cultivated on the same spot for two successive years4 ,in relation to the insect theory1 we would observe1 that it throws no light on the cause of the potato rot2 for1 in its gradual decay1 that vegetable undergoes various changes2 the particles of which it is composed assume new forms1 and enter into new combinations2 its elementary substances are separated1 giving birth to new compounds1 some of which result in an insect4 ,we all know that animal and vegetable bodies may remain in a state of putrefaction in water1 and be dissolved in the dust2 yet some of their original atoms appear in a new system4 ,hence the insect theory has no more to do with the cause of the potato rot than the fungus4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,disease ,,in ,,dogs4 ,,preliminary ,,remarks4 ,a good watch dog is of inestimable value to the farmer2 and as very little is at present understood of the nature and treatment of their maladies1 we have thought that a few general directions would be acceptable1 not only to the farmer1 but to every man who loves a dog4 ,we have paid considerable attention to the treatment of disease in this class of animals1 and have generally found that must of their maladies will yield very readily to our sanative agents4 ,most of the remedies recommended by allopathic writers for dogs1 like those recommended for horses and cattle1 would at any time destroy the animal2 consequently1 if it ever recovers1 it does so in spite of the violence done to the constitution4 ,we hope to rescue the dog1 as well as other classes of domestic animals1 from a cruel system of medication2 for this we labor1 and to this work our life is devoted4 ,we ask the reader to take into consideration the destructive nature of the articles used on these faithful animals4 ,some of them are the most destructive poisons that can be found in the whole world4 ,for example1 several authors recommend1 in the treatment of disease in the canine race1 the following3-- ,tartar emetic1 a very few grains of which will kill a man--yet recommended for dogs4 ,calomel1 a very fashionable remedy1 used for producing ulcerated gums and for rotting the teeth of thousands of the human family1 as the dentists can testify4 ,not fit for a dog1 yet prescribed by most dog fanciers4 ,lunar caustic1 recommended by ,mr4 ,lawson for fits2 to be given internally with cobwebs66 ,our opinion is1 that it would be likely to give any four-footed creature fits that took it4 ,cowhage1 corrosive sublimate1 tin-filings1 sugar of lead1 white precipitate1 oil of turpentine1 opium nitre--these1 together with aloes1 jalap1 tobacco1 hellebore1 and a very small proportion of sanative agents1 make up the list4 ,in view of the great destruction that is likely to attend the administration of these and kindred articles1 we have substituted others1 which may be given with safety4 ,why should the poor dog be compelled to swallow down such powerful and destructive agents8 ,he is entitled to better treatment1 and we flatter ourselves that wherever these pages shall be read1 he will receive it4 ,in reference to the value of dogs1 ,mr4 ,lawson says1 ,independent of his beauty1 vivacity1 strength1 and swiftness1 he has the interior qualities that must attract the attention and esteem of mankind4 ,intelligent1 humble1 and sincere1 the sole happiness of his life seems to be to execute his master's commands4 ,obedient to his owner1 and kind to all his friends1 to the rest he is indifferent4 ,he knows a stranger by his clothes1 his voice1 or his gestures1 and generally forbids his approach with marks of indignation4 ,at night1 when the guard of the house is committed to his care1 he seems proud of the charge2 he continues a watchful sentinel1 goes his rounds1 scents strangers at a distance1 and by barking gives them notice that he is on duty2 if they attempt to break in1 he becomes fiercer1 threatens1 flies at them1 and either conquers alone1 or alarms those who have more interest in coming to his assistance4 ,the flock and herd are even more obedient to the dog than to the shepherd3 he conducts them1 guards them1 and keeps them from capriciously seeking danger2 and their enemies he considers as his own4 ,,distemper4 ,symptoms4--,if the animal is a watch dog1 7such are usually confined in the daytime17 the person who is in the daily habit of feeding him will first observe a loss of appetite2 the animal will appear dull and lazy2 shortly after1 there is a watery discharge from the eyes and nose1 resembling that which accompanies catarrh4 ,as the disease advances1 general debility supervenes1 accompanied with a weakness of the hind extremities4 ,the secretions are morbid2 for example1 some are constipated1 and pass high-colored urine2 others are suddenly attacked with diarrhoea1 scanty urine1 and vomiting4 ,fits are not uncommon during the progress of the disease4 ,treatment4--,if the animal is supposed to have eaten any improper food1 we commence the treatment by giving an emetic4 ,emetic for ,dogs4 ,powdered lobelia1 7herb17 #a tea-spoonful4 ,warm water1 #a wine-glass4 ,mix1 and administer at a dose4 7,a table-spoonful of common salt and water will generally vomit a dog47 ,if this dose does not provoke emesis1 it should not be repeated1 for it may act as a relaxant1 and carry the morbid accumulations off by the alimentary canal4 ,if the bowels are constipated1 use injections of soap-suds4 ,if the symptoms are complicated1 the following medicine must be prepared3-- ,powdered mandrake1 #a table-spoonful4 sulphur1 #a tea-spoonful4 charcoal1 #b tea-spoonfuls4 marshmallows1 #a table-spoonful4 ,mix4 ,divide the mass into six parts1 and administer one in honey1 night and morning1 for the first day2 after which1 a single powder1 daily1 will suffice4 ,the diet to consist of mush1 together with a drink of thin arrowroot4 ,if1 however1 the animal be in a state of plethora1 very little food should be given him4 ,if the strength fails1 support it with beef tea4 ,should a diarrhoea attend the malady1 give an occasional drink of hardhack tea4 ,,fits4 ,dogs are subject to epileptic fits1 which are often attended with convulsions4 ,they attack dogs of all ages1 and under every variety of management4 ,dogs that are apparently healthy are often suddenly attacked4 ,the nervous system of the dog is very susceptible to external agents2 hence whatever raises any strong passion in them often produces fits4 ,pointers and setters have often been known to suffer an attack during the excitement of the chase4 ,fear will also produce fits2 and bitches1 while suckling1 if burdened with a number of pups1 and not having a sufficiency of nutriment to support the lacteal secretion1 often die in convulsive fits4 ,young puppies1 while teething1 are subject to fits3 simply scarifying their gums will generally give temporary relief4 ,lastly1 fits may be hereditary1 or they may be caused by derangement of the stomach4 ,in all cases of fits1 it is very necessary1 in order to treat them with success1 that we endeavor1 as far as possible1 to ascertain the causes1 and remove them as far as lies in our power3 this accomplished1 the cure is much easier4 ,treatment4--,whenever the attack is sudden and violent1 and the animal is in good flesh1 plunge him into a tub of warm water1 and give an injection of the same1 to which a tea-spoonful of salt may be added4 ,it is very difficult1 in fact improper1 to give medicine during the fit2 but as soon as it is over1 give ,manna1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,common salt1 half a tea-spoonful4 ,add a small quantity of water1 and give it at a dose4 ,another4 ,make an infusion of mullein leaves1 and give to the amount of a wine-glass every four hours4 ,with a view of preventing a recurrence of fits1 keep the animal on a vegetable diet4 ,if the bowels are constipated1 give thirty grains of extract of butternut1 or1 if that cannot be readily procured1 substitute an infusion of senna and manna1 to which a few caraways may be added4 ,if the nervous system is deranged1 which may be known by the irritability attending it1 then give a tea-spoonful of the powdered nervine1 7lady's slipper47 ,the diet must consist of boiled articles1 and the animal must be allowed to take exercise4 ,,worms4 ,worms may proceed from various causes2 but they are seldom found in healthy dogs4 ,one of the principal causes is debility in the digestive organs4 ,indications of ,cure4--,to tone up the stomach and other organs1--by which means the food is prevented from running into fermentation1--and administer vermifuges4 ,the following are good examples3-- ,oil of wormseed1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,powdered assafoetida1 #cj grains4 ,to be given every morning1 fasting4 ,two doses will generally suffice4 ,another4 ,powdered mandrake1 half a table-spoonful4 ,virginia snakeroot1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,divide into four doses1 and give one every night1 in honey4 ,another4 ,make an infusion of the sweet fern1 7comptonea asplenifolia17 and give an occasional drink1 followed by an injection of the same4 ,another4 ,powdered golden seal1 half a table-spoonful4 ,common brown soap1 #a ounce4 ,rub them well together in a mortar1 and form the mass into pills about the size of a hazel-nut1 and give one every night4 ,,mange4 ,this disease is too well known to need any description4 ,the following are deemed the best cures3-- ,external ,application for ,mange4 ,powdered charcoal1 half a table-spoonful4 sulphur1 #a ounce4 ,soft soap sufficient to form an ointment4 ,to be applied externally for three successive days2 at the end of which time1 the animal is to be washed with castile soap and warm water1 and afterwards wiped dry4 ,the internal remedies consist of equal parts of sulphur and cream of tartar1 half a tea-spoonful of which may be given daily1 in honey4 ,when the disease becomes obstinate1 and large1 scabby eruptions appear on various parts of the body1 take ,pyroligneous acid1 #b ounces4 ,water1 #a pint4 ,wash the parts daily1 and keep the animal on a light diet4 ,,internal ,,abscess ,,of ,,the ,,ear4 ,in this complaint1 the affected side is generally turned downwards1 and the dog is continually shaking his head4 ,treatment4--,in the early stages1 foment the part twice a day with an infusion of marshmallows4 ,as soon as the abscess breaks1 wash with an infusion of raspberry leaves1 and if a watery discharge continues1 wash with an infusion of white oak bark4 ,,ulceration ,,of ,,the ,,ear4 ,external ulcerations should be washed twice a day with ,pyroligneous acid1 #b ounces4 ,water1 #h ounces4 ,mix4 ,as soon as the ulcerations assume a healthy appearance1 touch them with ,turlington's balsam or tincture of gum catechu4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bowels4 ,whenever inflammation of the bowels makes its appearance1 it is a sure sign that there is a loss of equilibrium in the circulation2 and this disturbance may arise from a collapse of the external surface1 or from irritation produced by hardened excrement on the mucous membrane of the intestines4 ,an attack is recognized by acute pain in the abdominal region4 ,the dog gives signs of suffering when moved1 and the bowels are generally constipated4 ,treatment4--,endeavor to equalize the circulation by putting the animal into a warm bath1 where he should remain about five minutes4 ,when taken out1 the surface must be rubbed dry4 ,then give the following injection3-- ,linseed oil1 #d ounces4 ,warm water1 #a gill4 ,mix4 ,to allay the irritation of the bowels1 give the following3-- ,powdered pleurisy root1 #a tea-spoonful4 marshmallow root1 #a table-spoonful4 ,mix1 and divide into three parts2 one to be given every four hours4 ,should vomiting be a predominant symptom1 a small quantity of saleratus1 dissolved in spearmint tea1 may be given4 ,should not this treatment give relief1 make a fomentation of hops1 and apply it to the belly2 and give half an ounce of manna4 ,the only articles of food and drink should consist of barley gruel and mush4 ,if1 however1 the dog betrays great heat1 thirst1 panting1 and restlessness1 a small quantity of cream of tartar may be added to the barley gruel4 ,the bath and clysters may be repeated1 if necessary4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bladder4 ,this requires the same treatment as the preceding malady4 ,,asthma4 ,dogs that are shut up in damp cellars1 and deprived of pure air and exercise1 are frequently attacked with asthma4 ,old dogs are more liable to asthma than young ones4 ,treatment4--,endeavor to ascertain the cause1 and remove it4 ,let the animal take exercise in the open air4 ,the diet to consist of cooked vegetables2 a small quantity of boiled meat may be allowed2 raw meat should not be given4 ,compound for ,asthma4 ,powdered bloodroot1 lobelia1 of each1 #a tea-spoonful4 marshmallows1 licorice1 ,mix4 ,divide into twelve parts1 and give one night and morning4 ,if they produce retching1 reduce the quantity of lobelia4 ,the object is not to vomit1 but to induce a state of nausea or relaxation4 ,,piles4 ,piles are generally brought on by confinement1 over-feeding1 c41 and show themselves by a red1 sore1 and protruded rectum4 ,dogs subject to constipation are most likely to be attacked4 ,treatment4--,give the animal half a tea-spoonful of sulphur for two or three mornings1 and wash the parts with an infusion of white oak bark4 ,if they are very painful1 wash two or three times a day with an infusion of hops1 and keep the animal on a light diet4 ,,dropsy4 ,dropsy is generally preceded by loss of appetite1 cough1 diminution of natural discharge of urine1 and costiveness4 ,the abdomen shortly afterwards begins to enlarge4 ,treatment4--,it is sometimes necessary to evacuate the fluid by puncturing the abdomen2 but this will seldom avail much unless the general health is improved1 and the suppressed secretions restored4 ,the following is the best remedy we know of3-- ,powdered flagroot1 of each a quarter of male fern1 an ounce4 ,scraped horseradish1 a tea-spoonful4 ,mix4 ,divide into eight parts1 and give one night and morning4 ,good nutritious diet must be allowed4 ,,sore ,,throat4 ,a strong decoction of mullein leaves applied to a sore throat will seldom fail in curing it4 ,,sore ,,ears4 ,a dog's ears may become sore and scabby from being torn1 or otherwise injured4 ,in such cases1 they should be anointed with marshmallow ointment4 ,,sore ,,feet4 ,if the feet become sore from any disease between the claws1 apply a poultice composed of equal parts of marshmallows and charcoal2 after which the following wash will complete the cure3-- ,pyroligneous acid1 #a ounce4 ,water1 #f ounces4 ,mix1 and wash with a sponge twice a day4 ,,wounds4 ,turlington's ,balsam is the best application for wounds4 ,should a dog be bitten by one that is mad1 give him a tea-spoonful of lobelia in water1 and bind some of the same article on the wound4 ,,sprains4 ,for sprains of any part of the muscular structure1 use one of the following prescriptions3-- ,oil of wormwood1 #a ounce4 ,tincture of lobelia1 #b ounces4 ,infusion of hops1 #a quart4 ,mix4 ,bathe the part twice a day4 ,another4 ,wormwood1 of each a handful4 ,thoroughwort1 ,new ,england rum1 #a pint4 ,set them in a warm place for a few hours1 then bathe the part with the liquid2 and bind some of the herb on the part1 if practicable4 ,,scalds4 ,if a dog be accidentally scalded1 apply1 with as little delay as possible1-- ,lime water1 equal parts4 ,linseed oil1 ,,ophthalmia4 ,ophthalmia is supposed to be contagious2 yet a mild form may result from external injury1 as blows1 bruises1 or extraneous bodies introduced under the eyelid4 ,the eye is such a delicate and tender organ1 that the smallest particle of any foreign body lodging on its surface will cause great pain and swelling4 ,treatment4--,take a tea-spoonful of finely-pulverized marshmallow root1 add sufficient hot water to make a thin mucilage1 and with this wash the eye frequently4 ,keep the animal in a dark place1 on a light diet2 and if the eyes are very red and tender1 give a pill composed of twenty-nine grains extract of butternut and ten grains cream of tartar4 ,if purulent discharge sets in1 bathe the eye with infusion of camomile or red rose leaves1 and give the following3-- ,powdered pleurisy root1 bloodroot1 equal parts4 sulphur1 ,dose1 half a table-spoonful daily4 ,to be given in honey4 ,when the eyelids adhere together1 wash with warm milk4 ,,weak ,,eyes4 ,it often happens that1 after an acute attack1 the eyes are left in a weak state1 when there is a copious secretion of fluid continually running from them4 ,in such cases1 the eyes may be washed1 night and morning1 with pure cold water1 and the general health must be improved3 for the latter purpose1 the following preparation is recommended3-- ,manna1 #a ounce4 ,powdered gentian1 #a tea-spoonful4 mandrake1 half a tea-spoonful4 ,rub them together in a mortar1 and give a pill1 about the size of a hazel-nut1 every night4 ,if the manna is dry1 a little honey will be necessary to amalgamate the mass4 ,,fleas ,,and ,,vermin4 ,fleas and vermin are very troublesome to dogs2 yet they may easily be got rid of by bathing the dog with an infusion of lobelia for two successive mornings1 and afterwards washing with water and castile soap4 ,,hydrophobia4 ,whenever one dog is bitten by another1 and the latter is supposed to labor under this dreadful malady1 immediate steps should be taken to arrest it2 for a dog once bitten by another1 whatever may be the stage or intensity of the disease1 is never safe4 ,the disease may appear in a few days2 in some instances1 it is prolonged for eight months4 ,symptoms4--,mr4 ,lawson tells us that the first symptom appears to be a slight failure of the appetite1 and a disposition to quarrel with other dogs4 ,a total loss of appetite generally succeeds4 ,a mad dog will not cry out on being struck1 or show any sign of fear on being threatened4 ,in the height of the disorder1 he will bite all other dogs1 animals1 or men4 ,when not provoked1 he usually attacks only such as come in his way2 but1 having no fear1 it is very dangerous to strike or provoke him4 ,the eyes of mad dogs do not look red or fierce1 but dull1 and have a peculiar appearance1 not easy to be described4 ,mad dogs seldom bark1 but occasionally utter a most dismal and plaintive howl1 expressive of extreme distress1 and which they who have once heard can never forget4 ,they do not froth at the mouth2 but their lips and tongue appear dry and foul1 or slimy4 ,they cannot swallow water4 ,mr4 ,lawson1 and indeed many veterinary practitioners1 have come to the conclusion that all remedies are fallacious6#bg ,remarks4--,in ,white's ,dictionary we are informed that the tops of yellow broom have been used for hydrophobia in the human subject with great success2 and we do not hesitate to say that they might be used with equal success on beasts4 ,dr4 ,muller1 of ,vienna1 has lately published1 in the ,gazette de ,sante1 some facts which go to show that the yellow broom is invaluable in the treatment of this malady4 ,dr4 ,white tells us that ,m4 ,marochetti gave a decoction of yellow broom to twenty-six persons who had been bitten by a mad dog1 viz41 nine men1 eleven women1 and six children4 ,upon an examination of their tongues1 he discovered pimples in five men1 three children1 and in all the women4 ,the seven that were free from pimples took the decoction of broom six weeks and recovered4 ,the same author informs us that ,m4 ,marochetti1 during his residence at ,ukraine1 in the year #ahac1 attended fifteen persons who had been bitten by a mad dog4 ,while he was making preparations for cauterizing the wounds1 some old men requested him to treat the unfortunate people according to the directions of a peasant in the neighborhood1 who had obtained great reputation for the cure of hydrophobia4 ,the peasant gave to fourteen persons1 placed under his care1 a strong decoction of the yellow broom2 he examined1 twice a day1 the under part of the tongue1 where he had generally discovered little pimples1 containing1 as he supposed1 the hydrophobic poison4 ,these pimples at length appeared1 and were observed by ,m4 ,marochetti himself4 ,as they formed1 the peasant opened them1 and cauterized the parts with a red-hot needle2 after which the patients gargled with the same decoction4 ,the result of this treatment was1 that the fourteen patients returned cured1 having drank the decoction six weeks4 ,the following case will prove the value of the plantain1 7plantago major47 ,we were called upon1 ,october #be1 #ahej1 to see a dog1 the property of ,messrs4 ,stewart ,forbes1 of ,boston4 ,from the symptoms1 we were led to suppose that the animal was in the incipient stage of canine madness4 ,we directed him to be securely fastened1 kept on a light diet1 c4 ,the next day1 a young ,newfoundland pup was placed in the cellar with the patient1 who seized the little fellow1 and crushed his face and nose in a most shocking manner1 both eyes being almost obliterated4 ,the poor pup lingered in excruciating torment until the owner1 considering it an act of charity1 had it killed4 ,this act of ferocity on the part of the patient confirmed our suspicions as to the nature of the malady4 ,we commenced the treatment by giving him tea-spoonful doses of powdered plantain1 7plantago major17 night and morning1 in the food1 and in the course of a fortnight1 the eye 7which1 during the early stage of the malady1 had an unhealthy appearance7 assumed its natural state1 and the appetite returned2 in short1 the dog got rapidly well4 ,we feel confident that1 if this case had been neglected1 it might have terminated in canine madness4 ,we are satisfied that the plantain possesses valuable antiseptic and detergent properties4 ,dr4 ,beach tells us that a negro at the south obtained his freedom by disclosing a nostrum for the bites of snakes1 the basis of which was the plantain4 ,a writer states that a toad1 in fighting with a spider1 as often as it was bitten1 retired a few steps1 ate of the plantain1 and then renewed the attack4 ,the person deprived it of the plant1 and it soon died4 ,treatment4--,let the suspected dog be confined by himself1 so that he cannot do injury4 ,then take two ounces of lobelia1 and one ounce of sulphur1 place them in a common wash tub1 and add several gallons of boiling water4 ,as soon as it is sufficiently cool1 plunge the dog into it1 and let him remain in it several minutes4 ,then give an infusion of either of the following articles3 yellow broom1 plantain1 or ,greek valerian1 one ounce of the herb to a pint of water4 ,an occasional tea-spoonful of the powdered plantain may be allowed with the food1 which must be entirely vegetable4 ,if the dog has been bitten1 wash the part with a strong infusion of lobelia1 and bind some of the herb on the part4 ,the treatment should be continued for several days1 or until the animal recovers1 and all danger is past4 7,for information on the causes of madness1 the reader is referred to my work on the ,horse1 p4 #ajh47 ,,footnote3 #bg ,they probably only allude to cauterization1 cutting out the bitten part1 and the use of poisons4 ,it cannot be expected that such processes and agents should ever cure the disease4 ,let them try our agents before they pronounce all remedies fallacious4 ,let them try the alisma plantago1 7plantain17 yellow broom tops1 scutellaria1 7skullcap17 lobelia1 ,greek valerian1 c4 ,,malignant ,,milk ,,sickness ,,of ,,the ,,western ,,states1 ,,or ,,contagious ,,typhus4 ,this name applies to a disease said to be very fatal in the ,western ,states1 attacking certain kinds of live stock1 and also persons who make use of the meat and dairy products of such cattle4 ,the cause1 nature1 and treatment of this disease is so little understood among medical men1 and such an alarming mortality attends their practice1 that many of the inhabitants of the west and south-west depend entirely on their domestic remedies4 ,it is in that country emphatically one of the opprobria medicorum4 ,nor are the mineralites any more successful in the treatment of other diseases incidental to the ,great ,west4 ,their ,peruvian bark1 quinine1 and calomel1 immense quantities of which are used without any definite knowledge of their modus operandi1 fail in a great majority of cases4 ,if they were only to substitute powdered charcoal and sulphur for calomel1 both in view of prevention and cure1 aided by good nursing1 then the mortality would be materially diminished4 ,the success attending the treatment of upwards of sixty cases of yellow fever1 by ,mrs4 ,shall1 the proprietress of the ,city ,hotel1 ,new ,orleans1 only one of which proved fatal1 is attributed to good nursing4 ,she knew nothing of blood-letting1 calomelizing1 narcotizing4 ,the same success attended the practice of ,dr4 ,a4 ,hunn1 of ,kentucky1 in the treatment of typhus fever1 7which resembles milk sickness17 who cured every case by plunging his patients immediately into a hot bath4 ,the whole indication of cure in this disease is to bring on reaction1 to recall the poison which is mixed with the blood and thrown to the centre1 which can only be done by inducing a copious perspiration in the most prompt and energetic manner4 ,if ,i mistake not1 where sweating was produced in this complaint1 recovery invariably followed1 while bleeding1 mercury1 c41 only aggravated it4 ,from such facts as these1 as well as from numerous others1 we may learn1 that disease is not under the control of the boasted science of medicine1 as practised by our allopathic brethren4 ,many millions of animals1 as well as members of the human family1 have died from a misapplication of medicine1 and officious meddling4 ,the destruction that in former years attended milk sickness may be learned from the fact1 that in the western settlements1 its prevalence often served as a cause to disband a community1 and compel the inhabitants to seek a location which enjoyed immunity from its occurrence4 ,the legislatures of several of the ,western ,states have offered rewards for the discovery of the origin of the milk sickness4 ,no one that we know of has ever yet claimed the reward4 ,in view of the great lack of information on this subject1 we freely contribute our mite1 which may serve1 in some degree1 to dispel the impenetrable mystery by which it is surrounded4 ,we shall first show that it is not produced by the atmosphere alone1 which by some is supposed to be the cause4 ,it is often found to occupy an isolated spot1 comprehending an area of one hundred acres1 whilst for a considerable distance around it is not produced4 ,if the disease had its sole origin in the atmosphere1 it would not be thus confirmed to a certain location2 for every one knows1 that the gentlest zephyr would waft the enemy into the surrounding localities1 and there the work of destruction would commence4 ,the reader is probably aware that bodies whose specific gravity exceeds that of air1 such as grass1 seeds1 c41 are conveyed through that medium from one field to another4 ,the miasma of epidemics is said to be conveyed from one district to another on the wings of the wind4 ,hence1 if milk sickness was of atmospheric or even epidemic origin1 it would prevail in adjoining states4 ,this is not the case2 for we are told that this fatal disease seldom1 if ever1 prevails westward of the ,alleghany ,mountains or in the bordering states4 ,the atmosphere which surrounds this globe was intended by the divine ,artist for the purpose of respiration1 and it is well adapted to that purpose3 it cannot be considered a pathological agent1 or a cause of disease4 ,in crowded assemblies1 and in close barns and stables1 it may hold in solution noxious gases1 which1 as we have already stated in different parts of this work1 are injurious to the lungs2 but as regards the atmosphere itself1 in an uncontaminated state1 it is a physiological agent4 ,it always preserves its identity1 and is always represented by the same equivalents of oxygen1 nitrogen1 and carbonic acid gas4 ,liebig says1 ,one hundred volumes of air have been found1 at every period and in every climate1 to contain twenty-one volumes of oxygen4 ,thus oxygen and nitrogen unite in certain equivalents3 the result is atmospheric air2 and they cannot be made to unite in any other proportions4 ,suppose the oxygen to be in excess1 what would be the result8 ,a universal conflagration would commence2 the hardest rocks1 and even the diamond1 7considered almost indestructible17 would melt with fervent heat4 ,if1 on the other hand1 nitrogen was in excess1 then every living thing1 including both animal and vegetable1 would instantly die4 ,hence we infer that the atmosphere cannot be considered as the cause of this disease4 ,causes4--,a creeping vine has been supposed to occasion the disease4 ,this cannot be the case1 for it occurs very frequently when the ground is covered with snow4 ,we are satisfied1 although we may not succeed in satisfying the reader1 that no one cause alone can produce the disease3 there must be a diminution of vital energy1 and this diminution may result1 first1 from poor diet4 ,dr4 ,graff tells us that the general appearance of these infected districts is somewhat peculiar4 ,the quality of the soil is1 in general1 of an inferior description4 ,the growth of timber is not observed to be so luxuriant as in situations otherwise similar1 but is scrubby1 and stunted in its perfect development1 in many instances simulating what in the west is denominated 'barrens4' ,we can easily conceive that these barrens do not furnish the proper amount of carbon 7in the form of food7 for the metamorphosis of the tissues2 and if we take into consideration that the animal receives1 during the day1 while in search of this food1 a large supply of oxygen1 and at the same time the waste of the body is increased by the extra labor required to select sufficient nutriment1--it being scanty in such situations1--then it follows that this disproportion between the quantity of carbon in the food1 and that of oxygen absorbed by the skin and lungs1 must induce a diseased or abnormal condition4 ,the animal is sometimes fat1 at others lean4 ,some of the cows attacked with this disease were fat1 and in apparent health1 and nothing peculiar was observed until immediately preceding the outbreak of the fatal symptoms4 ,the presence of fat is generally proof positive of an abnormal state2 and in such cases the liver is often diseased2 the blood then becomes loaded with fat and oil1 and is finally deposited in the cellular tissues4 ,the reader will now understand how an animal accumulates fat1 notwithstanding it be furnished with insufficient diet4 ,all that we wish to contend for is1 that in such cases vital resistance is compromised4 ,we have observed that1 in the situation alluded to1 vegetation was stunted1 c41 and knowing that vegetables are composed of nearly the same materials which constitute animal organization1--the carbon or fat of the former being deposited in the seeds and fruits1 and that of the latter in the cellular structure1--then we can arrive at but one conclusion1 viz41 that any location unfavorable to vegetation is likewise ill adapted to preserve the integrity of animal life4 ,in connection with this1 it must be remembered that during the night the soil emits excrementitious vapors which are taken into the animal system by the process of respiration4 ,in the act of rumination1 vapor is also enclosed in the globules of saliva1 and thus reach the stomach4 ,many plants which during the day may be eaten with impunity by cattle1 actually become poisonous during the night6 ,this1 we are aware1 will meet with some opposition2 to meet which we quote from ,liebig3-- ,how powerful1 indeed1 must the resistance appear which the vital force supplies to leaves charged with oil of turpentine or tannic acid1 when we consider the affinity of oxygen for these compounds6 ,this intensity of action1 or of resistance1 the plant obtains by means of the sun's light2 the effect of which in chemical actions may be1 and is1 compared to that of a very high temperature1 7moderate red heat47 ,during the night1 an opposite process goes on in the plant2 we see then that the constituents of the leaves and green parts combine with the oxygen of the air--a property which in daylight they did not possess4 ,from these facts we can draw no other conclusion but this3 that the intensity of the vital force diminishes with the abstraction of light2 that1 with the approach of night1 a state of equilibrium is established2 and that1 in complete darkness1 all those constituents of plants which1 during the day1 possessed the power of separating oxygen from chemical combinations1 and of resisting its action1 lose their power completely4 ,a precisely similar phenomenon is observed in animals4 ,the living animal body exhibits its peculiar manifestations of vitality only at certain temperatures4 ,when exposed to a certain degree of cold1 these vital phenomena entirely cease4 ,the abstraction of heat must1 therefore1 be viewed as quite equivalent to a diminution of the vital energy2 the resistance opposed by the vital force to external causes of disturbance must diminish1 in certain temperatures1 in the same ratio in which the tendency of the elements of the body to combine with the oxygen of the air increases4 ,secondly4 ,in the situations alluded to1 we generally find poisonous and noxious plants1 with an abundance of decayed vegetable matter4 ,an ,english writer has said1 ,the farmers of ,england might advantageously employ a million at least of additional laborers in clearing their wide domains of noxious plants1#bh which would amply repay them in the superior quality of their produce4 ,they would then feel the truth of that axiom in philosophy1 that he who can contrive to make two blades of grass1 or wholesome grain1 grow where one poisonous plant grew before1 is a greater benefactor to the human race than all the conquerors or heroes who have ever lived4 ,the noxious plants found in such abundance in the ,western ,states are among the principal causes1 either directly or indirectly1 of the great mortality among men1 horses1 cattle1 and sheep4 ,the hay would be just as destructive as when in its green state1 were it not that1 in the process of drying1 the volatile and poisonous properties of the buttercup1 dandelion1 poppy1 and hundreds of similar destructive plants found in the hay1 evaporate4 ,it is evident that if animals have partaken of such plants1 although death in all cases do not immediately follow1 there must be a deficiency of vital resistance1 or loss of equilibrium1 and the animal is in a negative state4 ,it is consequently obvious that when in such a state it is more liable to receive impressions from external agents--in short1 is more subject to disease1 and this disease may assume a definite form1 regulated by location4 ,thirdly4 ,a loss of vital resistance may result from drinking impure water4 7,see ,watering1 p4 #ae47 ,dr4 ,graff tells us that another peculiar appearance1 which serves to distinguish these infected spots1 is the breaking forth of numerous feeble springs1 called oozes1 furnishing but a trifling supply of water4 ,such water is generally considered unwholesome1 and will1 of course1 deprive the system of its vital resistance1 if partaken of4 ,fourthly4 ,a loss of vital resistance may result from exposure2 for it is well known that cattle which have been regularly housed every night have escaped the attacks of this malady1 and that when suffered to remain at large1 they were frequently seized with it4 ,lastly4 ,the indirect causes of milk fever exist in any thing that can for a time prevent the free and full play of any part of the animal functions4 ,the direct causes of death are chemical action1 resulting from decomposition1 which overcomes the vital principle4 ,professor ,liebig tells us1 that chemical action is opposed by the vital principle4 ,the results produced depend upon the strength of their respective actions2 either an equilibrium of both powers is attained1 or the acting body yields to the superior force4 ,if chemical action obtains the ascendency1 it acts as a poison4 ,remarks4--,let us suppose that one1 or a combination of the preceding causes1 has operated so as to produce an abnormal state in the system of a cow4 ,she is then suffered to remain in the unhealthy district during the night3 while there1 exposed to the emanations from the soil1 she requires the whole force of her vital energies to ward off chemical decompositions1 and prevent encroachment on the various functions4 ,a contest commences between the vital force and chemical action1 and1 after a hard conflict in their incessant endeavors to overcome each other1 the chemical agency obtains the ascendency1 and disease of a putrid type 7milk fever7 is the result4 ,the disease may not immediately be recognized1 for the process of decomposition may be insidious2 yet the milk and flesh of such an animal may communicate the disease to man and other animals4 ,it is well known that almost any part of animal bodies in a state of putrefaction1 such as milk1 cheese1 muscle1 pus1 c41 communicate their own state of decomposition to other bodies4 ,many eminent medical men have lost their lives while dissecting1 simply by putrefactive matter coming in contact with a slight wound or puncture4 ,dr4 ,graff made numerous experiments on dogs with the flesh1 c41 of animals having died of milk sickness4 ,he says1 ,my trials with the poisoned flesh were1 for the most part1 made on dogs1 which ,i confined2 and ,i often watched the effect of the poison when administered at regular intervals4 ,in the space of forty-eight hours from the commencement of the administration of either the butter1 cheese1 or flesh1 ,i have observed unequivocal appearances of their peculiar action1 while the appetite remains unimpaired until the expiration of the fourth or fifth day4 ,from the foregoing remarks1 the reader will agree with us1 that the disease is of a putrid type1 and has a definite character4 ,what is the reason of this definite character8 ,all diseases are under the control of the immutable laws of nature4 ,they preserve their identity in the same manner that races of men preserve theirs4 ,milk sickness of the malignant type luxuriates in the locations referred to1 for the same reasons that yellow fever is peculiar to warm climates1 and consumption to cold ones2 and that different localities have distinct diseases2 for example1 ship fever1 jail fever1 c4 ,before disease can attack1 and develop itself in the bodies of men or animals1 the existing equilibrium of the vital powers must be disturbed2 and the most common causes of this disturbance we have already alluded to4 ,in reference to the milk1 butter1 cheese1 c41 of infected animals1 and their adaptation to develop disease in man1 and in other locations than those referred to1 we observe1 that when a quantity1 however small1 of contagious matter is introduced into the stomach1 if its antiseptic properties are the least deranged1 the original disease 7milk sickness7 is produced1 just as a small quantity of yeast will ferment a whole loaf4 ,the transformation takes place through the medium of the blood1 and produces a body identical with1 or similar to1 the exciting or contagious matter4 ,the quantity of the latter must constantly augment2 for the state of change or decomposition which affects one particle of the blood is imparted to others4 ,the time necessary to accomplish it1 however1 depends on the amount of vital resistance1 and of course varies in different animals4 ,in process of time1 the whole body becomes affected1 and in like manner it is communicated to other individuals2 and this may take place by simply respiring the carbonic acid gas1 or morbific materials from the lungs1 of diseased animals in the infected districts4 ,we are told that the latent condition of the disease may be discovered by subjecting the suspected animal to a violent degree of exercise4 ,this is a precaution practised by butchers before slaughtering animals in any wise suspected of the poisonous contamination2#bi for according to the intensity of the existing cause1 or its dominion over the vital power1 it will be seized with tremors1 spasms1 convulsions1 or even death4 ,the reader is1 probably1 aware that an excess of motion will sometimes cause instant death2 for both men and animals1 supposed to be in excellent health1 are known to die suddenly from excessive labor4 ,in some cases of excess of muscular exertion1 the active force in living parts may be entirely destroyed in producing these violent mechanical results3 hence we have a loss of equilibrium between voluntary and involuntary motion1 and there is not sufficient vitality left to carry on the latter4 ,professor ,liebig says1 ,a stag may be hunted to death4 ,the condition of metamorphosis into which it has been brought by an enormous consumption both of force and of oxygen continues when all phenomena of motion have ceased1 and the flesh becomes uneatable4 ,a perfect equilibrium1 therefore1 between the consumption of vital force for the supply of waste1 protecting the system from encroachments1 and for mechanical effects1 must exist2 the animal is then in health3 the contrary is obvious4 ,treatment4--,the greatest care must be taken to secure the patient good nutritious food1 pure air1 and water4 ,the food should consist of a mixture of two or more of the following articles1 which must be cooked3 linseed1 parsnips1 shorts1 carrots1 meal1 apples1 barley1 oats1 turnips1 slippery elm1 oil cake1 c4 ,we again remind the reader that no single or compound medicine can be procured that will be suitable for every stage of the disease2 it must be treated according to its indications4 ,yet the following compound1 aided by warmth1 moisture1 and friction1 externally1 will be found better than any medicine yet known4 ,it consists of ,powdered charcoal1 #h ounces4 sulphur1 #b ounces4 ,fine salt1 #c ounces4 ,oatmeal1 #b pounds4 ,mandrake1 7podophyllum peltatum17 #a ounce4 ,after the ingredients are well mixed1 divide the mass into fourteen parts1 and give one night and morning4 ,special ,treatment with reference to the ,symptoms4--,suppose the animal to be off her feed1 and the bowels are constipated2 then give an aperient composed of ,extract of butternut1 #b drachms4 ,powdered capsicum1 one third of a tea-spoonful4 ,thoroughwort tea1 #b quarts4 ,to be given at a dose1 taking care to pour it down the throat in a gradual manner2 for1 if poured down too quick1 it will fall into the paunch4 ,if the rectum is suspected to be loaded with excrement1 make use of the common soap-suds injection4 ,if the animal appears to walk about without any apparent object in view1 there is reason to suppose that the brain is congested4 ,this may be verified if the sclerotica 7white of the eye7 is of a deep red color4 ,the following will be indicated3-- ,mandrake1 7podophyllum peltatum17 #a table-spoonful4 ,sulphur1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,cream of tartar1 #a tea-spoonful4 ,hot water1 #b quarts4 ,to be given at a dose4 ,at the same time apply cold water to the head1 and rub the spine and legs 7below the knees7 with the following counter-irritant3-- ,powdered bloodroot or cayenne1 #a ounce4 black pepper1 half an ounce4 ,boiling vinegar1 #a quart4 ,rub the mixture in while hot1 with a piece of flannel4 ,if a trembling of the muscular system is observed1 then give ,powdered ginger1 cinnamon1 of each half golden seal1 a tea-spoonful4 ,to be given at a dose1 in half a gallon of catnip tea4 ,aid the vital powers in producing a crisis by the warmth and moisture1 as directed in the treatment of colds1 c4 ,it is necessary to keep the rectum empty by means of injections1 forms of which will be found in this work4 ,the remedies we here recommend can be safely and successfully used by those unskilled in medicine2 and1 when aided by proper attention to the diet1 ventilation1 and comfort of the patient1 we do not hesitate to say 7provided1 however1 they are resorted to in the early stages7 they will cure forty-nine cases out of fifty1 without the advice of a physician4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,the ,american farmers are just beginning to wake up on this subject1 and before long we hope to see our pasture lands free from all poisonous plants4 ,dr4 ,whitlaw says1 ,a friend of mine had two fields cleared of buttercups1 dandelion1 ox-eye1 daisy1 sorrel1 hawk-weed1 thistles1 mullein1 and a variety of other poisonous or noxious plants3 they were dried1 burnt1 and their ashes strewed over the fields4 ,he had them sown as usual1 and found that the crops of hay and pasturage were more than double what they had been before4 ,i was furnished with butter for two successive summers during the months of ,july and ,august of #ahbg4 ,the butter kept for thirty days1 and proved1 at the end of that time1 better than that fresh churned and brought to the ,brighton or ,margate markets4 ,it would bear salting at that season of the year4 #bi ,unfortunately1 they do not all practise it4 ,dr4 ,graff says1 ,there is a murderous practice now carried on in certain districts1 in which the inhabitants will not themselves consume the butter and cheese manufactured2 but1 with little solicitude for the lives or health of others1 they send it1 in large quantities1 to be sold in the cities of the west1 particularly ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 and ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,of the truth of this ,i am well apprised by actual observation2 and ,i am as certain that it has often caused death in those cities1 when the medical attendants viewed it as some anomalous form of disease1 not suspecting the means by which poison had been conveyed among them4 ,physicians of the latter city1 having been questioned particularly on this subject1 have mentioned to me a singular and often fatal disease1 which appeared in certain families1 the cases occurring simultaneously1 and all traces of it disappearing suddenly1 and which ,i cannot doubt were the result of poisoned butter or cheese4 ,this recklessness of human life it should be our endeavor to prevent2 and the heartless wretches who practise it should be brought to suffer a punishment commensurate with the enormity of their crime4 ,from the wide extent of the country in which it is carried on1 we readily perceive the difficulties to be encountered in the effort to put a stop to the practice4 ,this being the case1 our next proper aim should be to investigate the nature of the cause1 and establish a more proper plan of treatment1 by which it may be robbed of its terrors1 and the present large proportionate mortality diminished4 ,,bone ,,disorder ,,in ,,cows4 ,we have frequently seen accounts1 in various papers1 of bone disorder in milch cows4 ,the bony structure of animals is composed of vital solids studded with crystallizations of saline carbonates and phosphates1 and is liable to take on morbid action similar to other textures4 ,disease of the bones may originate constitutionally1 or from derangement of the digestive organs4 ,we have1 for example1 mollities ossium1 7softening of the bones27 the disease1 however1 is very rare4 ,it may be known by the substance of the bones being soft and yielding1 liable to bend with small force4 ,we have also fragilitas ossium1 7brittleness of bones47 ,this is characterized by the bony system being of a friable nature1 and liable to be fractured by slight force4 ,we have in our possession the fragments of the small pastern of a horse1 the bone having been broken into seventeen pieces1 by a slight concussion1 without any apparent injury to the skin and cellular substance2 not the slightest external injury could be perceived4 ,there are several other diseases of the bones1 which1 we presume1 our readers are acquainted with2 such as exostosis1 caries1 c41 neither of which apply to the malady under consideration4 ,we merely mention these for the purpose of showing that the bones are not exempt from disease1 any more than other structures2 yet it does not always follow that a lack of the phosphate of lime in cow's milk is a sure sign of diseased bones4 ,reader1 we do not like the term bone disorder3 it does not throw the least light on the nature of the malady2 it savors too much of horn ail1 tail ail--terms which only apply to symptoms4 ,we are told also that1 in this disease1 the bones threaten to cave in--have wasted away4 ,if they do threaten to cave in1 the best way we know of to give them an outward direction is1 to promote the healthy secretions and excretions by a well-regulated diet1 and to stimulate the digestive organs to healthy action4 ,if the bones have wasted away1 we should like to have a few of them in our collection of morbid anatomy4 ,that the bones should waste away1 and be capable of assuming their original shape simply by feeding bone meal1 is something never dreamt of in our philosophy4#cj ,besides1 if the cows get well1 7we are told they do17 then we must infer that the bones possess the properties of sudden expansion and contraction1 similar to those of the muscles4 ,it may be well for us to observe1 that not only the bones1 but all parts of animal organization1 expand and contract in an imperceptible manner4 ,thus1 up to the period of puberty1 all parts expand3 old age comes on1 and with it a gradual wasting and collapse4 ,this is a natural result--one of the uncompromising laws of nature1 over which human agency 7bone meal included7 has not the least control4 ,if the bones are diseased1 it results either from impaired digestion or a disproportion between the carbon of the food and the oxygen respired2 hence the bone disorder1 not being persistent1 is only a result--a symptom2 and as such we view it4 ,as far as we have been able to ascertain the nature of the malady1 as manifested by the symptoms1 7caving in1 wasting1 absence of phosphate of lime in the milk1 c417 we give it as our opinion1--and we think our medical brethren will agree with us1 7although we do not often agree17--that bone disorder is a symptom of a disease very prostrating in its character1 originating in the digestive organs2 hence not confined to the bones1 but affecting all parts of the animal more or less4 ,and the only true plan of treatment consists in restoring healthy action to the whole animal system4 ,the ways and means of accomplishing this object are various4 ,if it is clearly ascertained that the animal system is deficient in phosphate of lime1 we see no good reason why bone meal should not be included among our remedial agents2 yet1 as corn meal and linseed contain a large amount of phosphate1 we should prefer them to bone dust1 although we do not seriously object to its use4 ,the value of food or remedial agents consists in their adaptation to assimilation2 in other words1 an absence of chemical properties4 ,these may be very complex2 yet1 if they are only held together by a weak chemical action1 they readily yield to the vital principle1 and are transformed4 ,atoms of bones are held together by a strong chemical affinity2 and the vital principle1 in order to convert bone dust into component parts of the organism1 must employ more force to transform them than it would require for the same purpose when corn meal or linseed were used1 their chemical affinity being weaker than that of bones4 ,in the treatment of any disease1 we always endeavor to ascertain its causes1 and1 if possible1 remove them2 and whatever may be indicated we endeavor to supply to the system4 ,thus1 if phosphates were indicated1 we should use them4 ,in cases of general debility1 however1 we should prefer linseed or corn meal1 aided by stimulants1 to bone dust4 ,why not use the bone dust for manure8 ,the animal would then have the benefit of it in its fodder4 ,in reference to a deficiency of phosphate of lime in the milk1 we would observe1 that it may result either from impaired digestion1 7in such cases1 a large amount of that article may be expelled from the system in the form of excrements17 or the food may lack it4 ,we then have a sick plant1 for we believe that the phosphate of lime is as necessary for the growth of the plant as it seems to be for animal development4 ,if the plant lacks this important constituent1 then its vitality1 as a whole1 will be impaired4 ,this is all we desire to contend for in the animal1 viz41 that the disease is general1 and cannot be considered or treated as a local affection4 ,it has been observed that successive cultivation exhausts the soil1 and deprives it of the constituents necessary for vegetable development4 ,if so1 it follows that there will be a deficiency of silecia1 carbonate of lime1--in short1 a loss of carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen1 and oxygen1 not of phosphate of lime alone4 ,the fields might be made to produce the requisite amount of nutriment by replacing every year1 in the form of animal excrement1 straw1 wood-ashes1 and charcoal1 as much as we remove from them in the form of produce4 ,an increase of crop can only be obtained when we add more to the soil than we take away from it4 ,in ,flanders1 the yearly loss of the necessary matters in the soil is completely restored by covering the fields with ashes of wood or bones1 which may1 or may not1 have been lixiviated4 ,the great importance of manuring with ashes has been long recognized by agriculturists as the result of experience4 ,so great a value1 indeed1 is attached to this material in the vicinity of ,marburg1 and in the ,wetterau1--two well-known agricultural districts1--that it is transported1 as a manure1 from the distance of eighteen or twenty-four miles4 ,its use will be at once perceived1 when it is considered that the ashes1 after being washed with water1 contain silicate of potass exactly in the same proportion as in the straw1 and that their only other constituents are salts of phosphoric acid4 ,it is well known that phosphate of lime1 potass1 silecia1 carbonate of lime1 magnesia1 and soda are discharged in the excrement and urine of the cow2 and this happens when they are not adapted to assimilation as well as when present in excess4 ,if it is clearly proved that the bones of a cow are weak1 then we should be inclined to prescribe phosphates2 if they are brittle1 we should prescribe gelatinous preparations2 but not in the form of bone dust3 we should use linseed1 which is known to be rich in phosphates4 ,at the same time1 the general health must be improved4 ,it is well known that some cows cannot be fattened1 although they have an abundance of the best kind of fodder4 ,in such cases1 we find the digestive organs deranged1 which disturbs the equilibrium of the whole animal economy4 ,the food may then be said to be a direct cause of disease4 ,the effects of insufficient food are well known2 debility includes them all4 ,if there is not sufficient carbon in the food1 the animal is deprived of the power of reproducing itself1 and the cure consists in supplying the deficiency4 ,at the same time1 every condition of nutrition should be considered2 and if the function of digestion is impaired1 we must look to those of absorption1 circulation1 and secretion also1 for they will be more or less involved4 ,if the appetite is impaired1 accompanied by a loss of cud1 it shows that the stomach is overloaded1 or that its function is suspended3 stimulants and tonics are then indicated4 ,a voracious appetite indicates the presence of morbid accumulations in the stomach and bowels1 and they should be cleansed by aperients2 after which1 a change of diet will generally effect a cure4 ,when gas accumulates in the intestines1 we have evidence of a loss of vital power in the digestive organs2 fermentation takes place before the food can be digested4 ,the cure consists in restoring the lost function4 ,diarrhoea is generally caused by exposure1 7taking cold17 or by eating poisons and irritating substances2 the cure may be accomplished by removing the cold1 and cleansing the system of the irritants4 ,costiveness often arises from the absorption of the fluids from the solids in their slow progress through the intestines2 exercise will then be indicated4 ,an occasional injection1 however1 may be given1 if necessary4 ,general debility1 we have said1 may arise from insufficient food2 to which we may add the popular practice of milking the cow while pregnant1 much of which milk is yielded at the hazard of her own health and that of her foetus4 ,whatever is taken away from the cow in the form of milk ought to be replaced by the food4 ,proper attention1 however1 must be paid to the state of the digestive organs3 they must not be overtaxed with indigestible substances4 ,with this object in view1 we recommend a mixed diet2 for no animal can subsist on a single article of food4 ,dogs die1 although fed on jelly2 they cannot live upon white bread1 sugar1 or starch1 if these are given as food1 to the exclusion of all other substances4 ,neither can a horse or cow live on hay alone3 they will1 sooner or later1 give evidences of disease4 ,they require stimulants4 ,common salt is a good stimulant4 ,this explains why salt hay should be occasionally fed to milch cows2 it not only acts as a stimulant1 but is also an antiseptic1 preventing putrefaction1 c4 ,a knowledge of the constituents of milk may aid the farmer in selecting the substances proper for the nourishment of animals1 and promotive of the lacteal secretion2 for much of the food contains those materials united1 though not always in the same form4 ,the constituents of milk are cheese1 or caseine--a compound containing nitrogen in large proportion2 butter1 in which hydrogen abounds2 and sugar of milk1 a substance with a large quantity of hydrogen and oxygen in the same proportions as in water4 ,it also contains1 in solution1 lactate of soda1 phosphate of lime1 7the latter in very small quantities17 and common salt2 and a peculiar aromatic product exists in the butter1 called butyric acid4--,liebig4 ,it is very difficult to explain the changes which the food undergoes in the animal laboratory1 7the stomach17 because that organ is under the dominion of the vital force--an immaterial agency which the chemist cannot control4 ,yet we are justified in furnishing the animal with the elements of its own organization2 for although they may not be deposited in the different structures in their original atoms1 they may be changed into other compounds1 somewhat similar4 ,liebig tells us that whether the elements of non-azotized food take an immediate share in the act of transformation of tissues1 or whether their share in that process be an indirect one1 is a question probably capable of being resolved by careful and cautious experiment and observation4 ,it is possible that these constituents of food1 after undergoing some change1 are carried from the intestinal canal directly to the liver1 and that there they are converted into bile1 where they meet with the products of the metamorphosed tissues1 and subsequently complete their course through the circulation4 ,this opinion appears more probable1 when we reflect that as yet no trace of starch or sugar has been detected in arterial blood1 not even in animals that have been fed exclusively with these substances4 ,the following tables1 from ,liebig's ,chemistry1 will give the reader the difference between what is taken into the system and what passes out4 ,,food ,,consumed ,,by ,a ,,cow ,,in ,,twenty-,,four ,,hours4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,weight,weight ,salts ,articles in thein the,carbon4,hydrogen4,oxygen4,nitrogen4 and of food4 fresh dry earthly state4state4 matters4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,potatoes1 #aejjj #dagj #ahci4j #bda4i #ahcj4f #ej4j #bjh4e ,after grass1 #gejj #fcae #bigd4d #cec4f #bbjd4j #aea4e #fca4e ,water1 #fjjjj -- -- -- -- -- #ej4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total1 #hbejj #ajdhe #dhac4d #eie4e #djcd4f #bja4e #hhi4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,excretions ,,of ,a ,,cow ,,in ,,twenty-,,four ,,hours4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,weight,weight ,salts ,excretions4in thein the ,carbon4,hydrogen4,oxygen4,nitrogen4 and fresh dry earthly state4state4 matters4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,excrements1 #bhdac #djjj4j #agab4j #bjh4j #aejh4j #ib4j #dhj4j ,urine1 #hbjj #ifj4h #bfa4d #be4j #bec4g #cf4e #chd4b ,milk1 #heci #aaej4f #fbh4b #ii4j #cba4j #df4j #ef4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total1 #deaeb #faaa4d #bfja4f #ccb4j #bjhb4g #agd4e #ibj4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total of first part #hbejjajdhe4j #dhac4d #eie4e #djcd4f #bja4e #hhi4j of this table1 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,difference1 #cgcdh #dcgd4f #bbaa4h #bfc4e #aiea4i #bg4j #ca4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,food ,,consumed ,,by ,a ,,horse ,,in ,,twenty-,,four ,,hours4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,articles,weight,weight ,salts of food4in thein the,carbon4,hydrogen4,oxygen4,nitrogen4 and fresh dry earthy state4state4 matters4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,hay1 #gejj #fdfe #bifa4j #cbc4b #bejb4j #ig4j #eha4h ,oats1 #bbgj #aibg #igg4j #abc4c #gjg4b #db4d #gg4a ,water1 #afjjj -- -- -- -- -- #ac4c ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,total1 #beggj #hcib #cich4j #ddf4e #cbji4b #aci4d #fgb4b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,excretions ,,of ,a ,,horse ,,in ,,twenty-,,four ,,hours4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,weight,weight ,salts ,excretions4 in thein the,carbon4,hydrogen4,oxygen4,nitrogen4 and fresh dry earthy state4state4 matters4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,urine1 #accj #cjb #ajh4g #aa4e #cd4a #cg4h #aji4i ,excrements1 #adbej #cebe #acfd4d #agi4h #acbh4i #gg4f #egd4f ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total1 #aeehj #chbg #adgb4i #aia4c #acfc4j #aae4d #fhd4e ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total of first part of this #beggj #hcib #cich4j #ddf4e #cbji4b #aci4d #fgb4b table1 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,difference1 #ajaij #defe #bdfe4a #bee4b #ahdf4b #bd4j #ab4c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,the weights in these tables are given in grammes4 #a gramme is equal to #ae4dd grains ,troy1 very nearly4 ,it will be seen from these tables that a large proportion of carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 nitrogen1 and earthy matters are again returned to the soil4 ,from this we infer that more of these matters being present in the food than were requisite for the purpose of assimilation1 they were removed from the system in the form of excrement4 ,two suggestions here present themselves for the consideration of the farmer1 viz41 that the manure increases in value in proportion to the richness of food1 and that more of the latter is often given to a cow than is necessary for the manufacture of healthy chyle4 ,in view1 then1 of preventing bone disorder1 which we have termed indigestion1 we should endeavor to ascertain what articles are best for food1 and learn1 from the experience of others1 what have been universally esteemed as such1 and1 by trying them on our own animals1 prove whether we actually find them so4 ,scalded or boiled food is better adapted to the stomach of animals than food otherwise prepared1 and is so much less injurious4 ,the agents that act on the internal system are those which1 in quantities sufficient for an ordinary meal1 supply the animal system with stimulus and nutriment just enough for its wants1 and contain nothing in their nature inimical to the vital operations4 ,all such articles are properly termed food4 7,for treatment1 see ,hide-bound1 p4 #aif47 ,,footnote3 #cj ,whenever there is a deficiency of carbon1 bone meal may assist to support combustion in the lungs1 and by that means restore healthy action of the different functions1 provided1 however1 the digestive organs1 aided by the vital power1 can overcome the chemical action by which the atoms of bone meal are held together4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved4 ,typographical errors corrected in the text3 ,page #cf selecter changed to selector ,page #dh relaxents changed to relaxants ,page #ed bronchea changed to bronchi ,page #he relaxents changed to relaxants ,page #aab relaxent changed to relaxant ,page #ace antispetics changed to antiseptics ,page #afb ,,blaine changed to ,,blain ,page #aha crums changed to crumbs ,page #ahf puarts changed to quarts ,page #bcf ,marshallow changed to ,marshmallow ,page #bdg ,merinoes changed to ,merinos ,page #cjg cypripedum changed to cypripedium ,page #cab duretic changed to diuretic ,page #caf peal changed to peel ,page #cda similating changed to simulating ---------------------------------------- -------