,,climbing ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,isles ,,england ,,climbing ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,isles #c vols4 #afmo4 ,sold separately4 ,i4 ,,england4 ,,ii4 ,,wales4 ,in preparation4 ,,iii4 ,,scotland4 ,in preparation4 ,,london ,,and ,,new ,,york3 ,,longmans1 ,,green1 ,,and ,,co4 ,,climbing ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,isles ,i4--,,england ,,by ,w4,p4 ,,haskett ,,smith1 ,m4,a4 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,alpine ,,club ,,with ,,twenty-,,three ,,illustrations ,,by ,,ellis ,,carr ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,alpine ,,club ,,and ,,five ,,plans ,,london ,,longmans1 ,,green1 ,,and ,,co4 ,,and ,,new ,,york3 #ae ,,east #afth ,,street #ahid ,all rights reserved ,,contents ,introduction ,the headings1 for convenience of reference1 are arranged in one continuous alphabetical series1 comprising the following classes of subject3 ,i4 ,,counties ,,and ,,districts ,,which ,,are ,,of ,,interest ,,to ,,the ,,mountaineer 7e4g4 ,cumberland1 ,cornwall1 ,derbyshire1 ,ennerdale7 ,,ii4 ,,places ,,which ,,are ,,convenient ,,as ,,climbing ,,centres 7e4g4 ,keswick1 ,patterdale1 ,wastdale ,head7 ,,iii4 ,,mountains ,,and ,,rocks ,,which ,,afford ,,climbs 7e4g4 ,dow ,crag1 ,pillar1 ,scafell7 ,,iv4 ,,climbs ,,of ,,reputation1 ,,with ,,directions ,,for ,,finding ,,and ,,accomplishing ,,them 7e4g4 ,deep ,gill1 ,mickledoor1 ,napes ,needle7 ,v4 ,,technical ,,terms ,,and ,,expressions 7e4g4 back-and-knee1 chimney1 toe-scrape7 ,,vi4 ,,local ,,names ,,found ,,among ,,the ,,hills1 ,,with ,,occasional ,,notes ,,on ,,their ,,origin ,,and ,,meaning 7e4g4 bink1 clough1 gill1 hause1 hope7 ,,introduction ,for some years past there has been a remarkably rapid increase in the number of men who climb for climbing's sake within the bounds of the ,british ,isles4 ,when any young and active ,englishman sees a rock and is told that the ascent of it is regarded as a kind of feat1 there is no doubt what he will want to do4 ,he will obey what has been the instinct of the race at any time this forty years4 ,but lately there has been a change4 ,what was formerly done casually and instinctively has for the last dozen years or so been done systematically and of set purpose1 for it is now recognised that hill-climbing in these islands may form part of a real mountaineering education4 ,many might-be mountaineers have missed their vocation because they were in the position of the prudent individual who would not go into the water until after he should have learned to swim3 they did not become ,alpine because they were afraid that they should make fools of themselves if they went on the ,alps4 ,yet1 had they only known it1 they might have found without crossing the sea many a place which might have been to their undeveloped instincts what the little pond at the end of the garden has been to many a would-be skater--a quiet spot where early flounderings would be safe from the contemptuous glances of unsympathetic experts4 ,icemanship can only be acquired through a long apprenticeship1 by tramping many a weary mile helplessly tied to the tail of a guide4 ,but one principal charm of hill-climbing lies in the fact that it may be picked up by self-directed practice and does not demand the same preliminary subjection4 ,the course of ,alpine instruction can only be considered complete when ,mr4 ,girdlestone's ideal of ',the ,high ,alps without ,guides' is realised 7an ideal1 be it clearly understood1 which for fully ninety-nine out of every hundred climbers it would be downright madness to attempt to carry into practice72 whereas1 while rock-climbing may be enjoyed by amateurs without incurring the reproach of recklessness1 they at the same time experience the exquisite pleasure of forming their own plans of attack1 of varying the execution of them according to their own judgment1 and finally of meeting obstacles1 as they arise1 with their own skill and with their own strength1 and overcoming them without the assistance of a hired professional4 ,nowhere can the mere manual dexterity of climbing be better acquired than among the fells of ,cumberland2 excellent practising-ground presents itself on nearly every hill4 ,compared with real mountains the crags of ,cumberland are but toys1 but small as they are1 they have made many and many a fine climber2 and the man who has gone through a course of training among them1 who has learnt to know the exact length of his own stride and reach1 and to wriggle up a 'chimney' in approved style with shoulder1 hip and knee1 may boldly fly at higher game1 and when he proceeds to tackle the giants of the ,alps or ,caucasus has no cause to be afraid of the result4 ,as if with the express object of increasing their educational value to the mountaineer1 the hilly parts of ,great ,britain are peculiarly subject to atmospheric changes4 ,no one who has not experienced their effects would believe the extent to which mist1 snow1 and even rain can change the appearance of landmarks among the mountains2 and1 where landmarks are less abundant or less striking1 even the buffeting of violent wind may cause an inexperienced man to change his direction unconsciously4 ,valuable experience in things of this kind may be gained even in summer1 but in winter the conditions become more ,alpine1 and splendid practice may be had in the use of the axe and rope4 ,not that the latter should be neglected on difficult rocks at any time of the year4 ,even in places where it gives the leader no security and to some extent actually impedes him1 the moral effect of it is good4 ,it wonderfully increases those feelings of united and ordered effort1 of mutual dependence and mutual confidence1 and finally of cheery subordination of self1 which are not the least of the virtues or the joys of mountaineering4 ,how these opportunities may be used the novice will readily learn from ,mr4 ,charles ,pilkington's admirable chapters in the ,badminton ',mountaineering1' and from ,dr4 ,claude ,wilson's excellent little handbook on the same subject4 ,it is the aim of the present work to enable him to find suitable places where the principles so admirably laid down by those authorities may be tested and applied1 and to understand the descriptions--often involving difficult technical and local terms--which have been published of them4 ,when anyone with climbing instincts finds himself in a strange place his first desire is to discover a climb1 his second to learn what its associations are2 what is it called1 and why8 has anyone climbed it1 and what did he think of it8 ,to such questions as these this book endeavours to provide an answer4 ,it offers1 in short1 to the would-be climber a link1 with the guidebook on the one hand and the local specialist on the other4 ,it must always be remembered that a very fine rock may be a very poor climb4 ,it may be impossible or it may be too easy1 or1 again1 the material maybe dangerously rotten2 and thus1 though there are many places where men can and do obtain useful climbing practice1 there is only one part of ,england to which resort is made simply for the sake of its climbing4 ,in consequence of this fact the greater part of the book is devoted to the ,english ,lakes1 and especially to the south-west portion of them1 where the best climbs of all are to be found4 ,but in that district the art has been highly elaborated1 and the standard of difficulty and dexterity is even dangerously high4 ,if men would be content to serve an apprenticeship and to feel their way gradually from the easier climbs onward1 they would excite less apprehension in the minds of those who know what these climbs are4 ,if1 on the other hand1 they rush1 as too many do1 straight from the desk in a crowded city1 with unseasoned lungs and muscles1 in the cold and the wet1 to attack alone or with chance companions whatever climb enjoys for the moment the greatest notoriety1 frightful accidents are certain to occur4 ,the books1 too1 which are kept specially for climbing records at some places in the ,lakes1 such as ,dungeon ,gill1 ,buttermere1 and1 notably1 ,wastdale ,head1 are misleading1 owing to the widely different standards of difficulty among the various writers4 ,printed accounts are so few that this objection hardly applies to them4 ,the most noteworthy beyond all doubt are the two articles written for ,all the ,year ,round1 in ,november #ahhd1 by ,mr4 ,c4,n4 ,williamson1 the late editor of ,black and ,white4 ,it would be hard to exaggerate the effect which these articles had in making the ,lake climbs known4 ,the same writer had previously contributed articles of less permanent value to the ,graphic and the ,daily ,news4 ,in #ahcg two articles had appeared in the ,penny ,magazine 7see ,lord's ,rake72 in #ahei the late ,professor ,tyndall had written of ,mickledoor in the ,saturday ,review1 and more recently articles have appeared in the ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,brunskill and by ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,gwynne4 ,the present writer contributed an article to the ,alpine ,journal of ,august #ahib1 and one containing very clear illustrations of 'back-and-knee' work and of an episode in the long climb on the ,pillar ,rock to the pages of ,black and ,white1 in ,june #ahib1 while numerous articles have appeared from time to time in such local papers as the ,whitehaven ,news and the ,west ,cumberland ,times1 and in the ,manchester1 ,leeds1 and ,bradford press4 ,of guidebooks the only one of any value to climbers is ,mr4 ,herman ,prior's ',pedestrian ,guide4' ,any value which the present book may have is largely due to the excellent drawings of ,mr4 ,ellis ,carr1 who most kindly came forward to fill the place left by the lamented death of ,professor ,a4,m4 ,marshall4 ,much assistance has been derived from sketches and photographs kindly lent1 those of ,mr4 ,abraham1 of ,keswick1 being especially useful4 ,for the valuable article on ',chalk' ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,a4,f4 ,mummery1 whose knowledge of the subject is unrivalled2 while ,mr4 ,j4,w4 ,robinson1 of ,lorton1 has zealously assisted in all matters connected with ,cumberland2 and ,i must gratefully acknowledge help given in other ways by ,mr4 ,j4,e4 ,morris and the ,rev4 ,c4,j4 ,buckmaster4 ,,climbing ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,isles ,,england ,alum ,pot1 the name of which is also found in such forms as ,allen and ,hellan1 lies just west of the ,midland ,railway1 about halfway between ,horton and ,ribblehead stations1 and on the north-east side of ,ingleborough4 ,it is one of the most striking and most famous of the ,yorkshire potholes1 being an elliptical opening in the limestone1 #abj ft4 long and #dj ft4 wide1 with a perpendicular depth of #bjj ft4 ,the exploration of it was begun by ,mr4 ,birkbeck of ,anley in #ahdg1 who1 assisted by ,prof4 ,boyd ,dawkins and a large party including three ladies1 made a complete examination in #ahgj4 ,angler's ,crag1 on the south side of ,ennerdale ,water4 ,the steep portion is about #cjj ft4 ,there are also some similar crags on ,grike and ,revelin1 close by2 but none of them are worth a long walk1 and the only resting-place near is the ,angler's ,inn1 at the foot of ,ennerdale ,water4 ,apron-strings4--,throughout ,scotland and the ,north of ,england the traditional explanation of large heaps of stones is that while some one 7generally the ,devil or ,samson7 was carrying the stones in his apron the strings broke and the stones fell in a heap4 ,many such heaps are to be found1 bearing the name of 'apronful' or 'bratful1' which means the same thing4 ,a good instance of the latter form is ,samson's ,bratful1 in ,cumberland1 between the rivers ,bleng and ,calder4 ,for another good instance see what is said about ,wade's ,causeway in ,murray's ,handbook for ,yorkshire1 at p4 #bjf4 ,aron4--,so ,wilkinson 7in his ',select ,views'7 calls ,great ,end4 ,it may be that he misunderstood his guide1 who was1 perhaps1 speaking at the time of ,aaron ,crags1 which are on ,sprinkling ,fell1 and would be in the line of sight to any one coming up from ,borrowdale4 ,in fact1 the path to ,sty ,head passes not only ,aaron ,crags on the left1 but also ,aaron ,slack on the right4 ,it is1 of course1 tempting to suggest that ,aron was the original ,keltic name of ,great ,end2 but in ,wales the name ,aran is generally applied to mountains of very different appearance to ,great ,end4 ,arrowhead1 a prominent rock in the ,napes of ,great ,gable1 being part of the ridge immediately west of ,eagle's ,nest4 ,it was climbed on ,april #ag1 #ahib1 by a large party1 including ,messrs4 ,horace ,walker1 ,baker1 ,slingsby1 and others4 ,in the following year1 on the last day of ,march1 this climb was repeated by ,messrs4 ,solly1 ,schintz1 ,brant1 and ,bowen1 who continued it right on to the top of the ridge4 ,they kept rather more on the ridge itself than the former party had done on the way to the ,arrowhead1 and from that point the climb is along the crest of the ridge4 ,it is not a difficult climb for an experienced party4 ,the ridge has been called the ,arrowhead ,ridge4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,arrowhead 7,south side of ,great ,gable7 ,ash ,crag1 a rock in ,ennerdale1 near the ,black ,sail end of the ,pillar ,fell4 ,it is the writer's belief that this is the rock which the poet ,wordsworth1 in ',the ,brothers1' has confused with the ,pillar ,rock4 ,at least a lad belonging to an old ,ennerdale family1 the ,bowmans of ,mireside1 was killed by falling from this rock at a date closely corresponding to that indicated in the poem4 ,attermire1 one of the most picturesque limestone scars in ,yorkshire4 ,it is reached from ,settle on the ,midland ,railway1 and may be seen on the way to ,malham ,cove4 ,back-and-knee3 the process of supporting or raising the body in a 'chimney' by pressure against opposite sides with back and knees1 or1 more usually1 back and feet4 ,band4--,this word forms part of many hill names in the ,north of ,england1 and is also found in ,scotland4 ,dr4 ,murray deals with it in the ',new ,english ,dictionary1' but not in a satisfactory manner4 ,he defines it as 'a long ridge-like hill of minor height or a long narrow sloping offshoot from a hill or mountain1' but it would be easy to adduce instances where this could have no application4 ,the word is used by ,douglas in his translation of ,virgil to represent the ,latin word 'jugum'3 ,himself ascendis the hie band of the hill2 and from this ,jamieson concluded that the word meant simply 'top of a hill'--a definition almost as unsuitable as the last4 ,the late ,mr4 ,dickinson1 the leading authority on the ,cumberland dialect1 gave to the word the meaning of 'a boundary on high uninclosed land1' and indeed the frequent association of the word with personal names 7often of clearly ,scandinavian character7 seems to indicate some territorial significance4 ,bannerdale ,crag 7,c4 sh4 #eg7 may be taken on the way up ,saddleback from ,troutbeck station on the line between ,keswick and ,penrith4 ,about three miles up the stream is ,mungrisdale1 and still farther up along the course of the stream one fork leads to ,scales ,tarn and another to ,bannerdale1 where there is a lead mine just north of the crags4 ,there is a rocky face some #fjj ft4 to #hjj ft4 high1 offering climbing1 which is steep1 but by no means first-rate4 ,barf4--,from the southern shore of ,bassenthwaite ,water there is a fine steep scramble up this hill4 ,on a bright winter's day it is rather inspiriting1 and the views are good4 ,the name is more frequent in ,yorkshire1 where1 according to ,phillips1 it has the meaning of 'a detached low ridge or hill4' ,beachy ,head1 close to ,eastbourne1 in ,sussex1 is a very fine bold chalk cliff1 the first ascent of which is made about once in every two years1 if we may believe all that we see in the papers4 ,the truth is that there is a treacherous incline of some #fjj ft41 formed of chalk and grass1 both very steep and often dangerously slippery2 and during the ,eastbourne season the coastguards at the top find their principal occupation in supplying mechanical assistance to exhausted clamberers2 but for difficulty these cliffs will not for a moment compare with those of half the height which carry on the line westward to ,birling ,gap4 ,the tops of these in many places literally overhang the sea1 and there are few points where a climber could make the slightest impression upon them4 ,on ,beachy ,head there is a dangerous-looking pinnacle1 which was climbed 7by dint of cutting a step or two7 in ,april #ahid1 by ,mr4 ,e4,a4 ,crowley4 ,bear ,rock1 a queerly-shaped rock on ,great ,napes1 which in the middle of ,march #ahhi was gravely attacked by a large party comprising some five or six of the strongest climbers in ,england4 ,it is a little difficult to find1 especially in seasons when the grass is at all long4 ,beck4--,in the ,north of ,england 7except in ,northumberland and ,durham1 where 'burn' prevails7 this is the usual word for a brook4 ,it differs from a 'gill' in being more open1 and having banks less rocky and a stream somewhat more copious4 ,a gill may contain only a few drops of water1 or none at all1 and still preserve its self-respect1 but not so a beck4 ,camden speaks of ',beakes and ,brookes4' ,bell enters into many ,north ,country hill-names4 ,it is commonly said to indicate spots which were specially devoted to the worship of ,baal1 and many arguments have been based upon its occurrence and distribution4 ,if there is anything in this assertion1 the 'high places' for the worship of ,baal must have been most capriciously selected4 ,my own belief is that the term is purely descriptive and is applied to a convexity in the slope of a hill4 ,in ,lowland ,scotch the phrase 'bell of the brae' is not uncommon and has the same significance4 ,bell ,rib ,end1 a short drop on the narrow south ridge of ,yewbarrow4 ,though on a very small scale1 it is not without interest1 and was a favourite with ,mr4 ,maitland1 one of the early explorers of ,wastdale4 ,bield4--,this word not only occurs frequently in place names1 but is still part of living speech in ,north ,england and ,south ,scotland4 ,it means shelter of any kind for man or beast1 and in the latter case especially a fox or a sheep4 ,it is also used as a verb2 in fox hunting1 for instance1 the animal when run to earth is said to be 'bielded4' ,bink3 a long narrow grassy ledge4 7,n4 of ,eng47 ,black ,sail4--,it has been suggested that this name1 now borne by the pass from ,wastdale to ,ennerdale between ,pillarfell and ,kirkfell1 may have originally been named from the mountain it crossed1 and so may possibly now preserve an older name of one of those two mountains4 ,dr4 ,murray1 writing to a local paper some years ago1 did not hesitate to affirm positively that ,pillar ,fell is entirely due to the ,ordnance surveyors1 and that the original name was ,black ,sail1 a fact which he said could be proved by historical evidence4 ,it would be extremely interesting to see this evidence1 but the name ',pillar' certainly appears in maps published long before that of the ,ordnance4 7,see ,sail47 ,the pass 7#a1gej ft47 is very familiar to all climbing folk1 being the ordinary way of reaching the ,pillar ,rock from ,wastdale ,head4 ,it is generally preferred to ,wind ,gap on account of greater variety of view and better 'going1' and some make use of it even for the purpose of reaching the ,ennerdale side of ,great ,gable4 ,the route1 however1 has one disadvantage4 ,it is hot4 ,it is no uncommon thing to hear enthusiastic frequenters of the ,lakes complaining of the popular misapprehension that the sun never shines there1 and urging that people are so unreasonable as to notice the wet but to disregard the warmth4 ,among these traducers of the ,cumberland climate the frequenters of the ,black ,sail route are not found4 ,argue not with such2 but some fair morning1 when the reviler is most rampant1 lead him gently into ,mosedale and watch with calm delight while he pants painfully up the pass1 trying his utmost to look cool1 with the sun1 which he has maligned1 beating down squarely upon his back and exacting a merciless revenge4 ,many a time will he turn about and feign rapture at the taper cone of ,yewbarrow and the bold outline of ,scafell2 often will his bootlace strangely come untied before his reverted glance catches the welcome gleam of ,burnmoor ,tarn2 but long before that time his heart within him will have melted even as wax1 and he will have registered a vow that1 when next the ,cumberland sunshine is discussed1 the seat of the scornful shall know him no more4 ,mr4 ,james ,payn1 having occasion to allude to 'dry weather' in the ,lakes1 adds demurely1 'which is said to have occurred about the year #ahbd'2 but1 from his own description of ,black ,sail1 it is clear that he deeply rued the sarcasm3 ',you will begin to find your pass quite sufficiently steep4 ,indeed1 this is the severest pull of any of the cols in the ,district1 and has proved the friend of many a gallant with his ladylove4 ,to offer a young woman your hand when you are going up ,black ,sail is in my mind one of the greatest proofs of attachment that can be given1 and1 if she accepts it1 it is tantamount to the everlasting ,yes6' ,we may be sure that1 before he reached the top1 the witty novelist experienced remarkably 'dry weather1' and also some of those symptoms which elsewhere he has himself described with such scientific accuracy3 ',inordinate perspiration and a desperate desire for liquids2 if the ascent be persisted in1 the speech becomes affected to the extent of a total suspension of conversation4 ,the temper then breaks down2 an unseemly craving to leave our companion behind1 and a fiendish resolution not to wait for him if his bootlace comes undone1 distinguish the next stage of the climbing fever2 all admiration of the picturesque has long since vanished1 exuded1 ,i fancy1 through the pores of the skin3 nothing remains but ,selfishness1 ,fatigue1 and the hideous reflection that the higher we go the longer will be our journey down again4 ,the notion of malignant spirits occupying elevated regions--,fiends of the ,fell--doubtless arose from the immoral experiences of the ,early ,climbers4' ,green's ,guide 7#ahai7 records a touching instance of a husband's attentions surviving a test which we saw above1 that even lovers find severe3 ',this is a steep and craggy ascent1 and so laborious to man that it might be imagined horses could not travel it2 yet ,mr4 ,thomas ,tyson1 of ,wasdale ,head1 has conducted ,mrs4 ,tyson over this stony ground while sitting on the back of her horse4' ,in ,switzerland one might look back after a day's work1 and fairly forget ups and downs so slight as ,black ,sail2 but many of the guide books speak of it in terms which might apply to the ,adler or the ,felik ,joch4 ,for instance1 ,black's ,picturesque ,guide 7ed4 #ahgb7 says3 ',the hardy pedestrian with very minute instructions might succeed in finding his way over the mountains1 yet every one who has crossed them will beware of the danger of the attempt and of the occasional fatal consequences attending a diversion from the proper path4' ,this is highly encouraging2 and the enterprising traveller who only breaks his neck two or three times in the course of the journey will be of good cheer1 for he is making rather a prosperous expedition than otherwise4 ,blea ,crag1 an isolated square stone on the left of the path to the ,stake1 a long mile up ,longstrath4 ,it is climbed on the side which looks down the valley4 ,messrs4 ,jones and ,robinson recorded their ascent of it in ,september #ahic1 but it seems that four or five years ago there were traces on it of a previous ascent4 ',crag' is not very commonly used of a single stone1 as it is here and in the case of ,carl ,crag4 ,borrowdale4--',divers ,springes1' says old ,leland in his ',itinerary1' 'cummeth owt of ,borodale1 and so make a great ,lowgh that we cawle a ,poole4' ,the ',lowgh' is1 of course1 ,derwentwater1 and ,borrowdale is the heart of the finest scenery and the best climbing in ,england4 ,it may be said to stretch from ,scafell to ,skiddaw1 and excellent headquarters for climbers may be found in it at ,lowdore1 ,grange1 ,rosthwaite1 and ,seatoller4 ,with the aid of its wad mines and its ,bowder ,stone1 it probably did more during last century than anything else to arouse public interest in the ,lake country4 ,the natives were not famed for their intelligence1 and many stories are told in support of their nickname of ',borrowdale gowks4' ,there is another ,borrowdale in ,westmorland1 and ,boredale is perhaps the same name4 ,bowder ,stone in ,borrowdale was already a curiosity about a century and a half ago1 when it was visited by ,mr4 ,george ,smith1 the correspondent of the ,gentleman's ,magazine4 ,clarke1 writing some years later1 says it bore the alternative names of ,powderstone and ,bounderstone2 and being 'thirty-one yards long by eight yards high1 must therefore weigh over #fjj tons1 and is said to be the largest self-stone in ,england4' ,it is not really a 'boulder' at all1 but the word is rather loosely used in ,cumberland4 ,bow ,fell 7#b1ifj ft474--,the name is probably the same as that of ,baugh ,fell1 also called ,bow ,fell1 in ,yorkshire4 ,this graceful peak1 standing as it does at the head of several important valleys--,eskdale1 ,langdale1 ,dunnerdale1 and ,borrowdale--is a great feature in ,lake scenery4 ,there is not much rock-work on it1 but a good deal of rough walking and scrambling4 ,from ,borrowdale or ,wastdale it is approached by way of ,esk ,hause4 ,on this side there is no climbing1 except that ,hanging ,knot1 as the ,n4 end of ,bow ,fell is called1 descends to ,angle ,tarn in a long1 steep1 rocky slope which offers a pleasant scramble4 ,on the ,eskdale side there is a gully or two which might be worth exploring4 ,by inclining to the right hand on emerging at the top of ,hell ,gill1 or to the left hand from the pony-track at the foot of ,rossett ,gill we reach ,flat ,crags1 huge glacier-planed slopes of rock1 overlooked by what in winter is a fine couloir of most alpine appearance4 ,when ,messrs4 ,j4 ,a4,r4 ,stogdon ascended it 7,alpine ,journal1 v4 p4 #ce7 the inclination of the snow increased from #cj deg4 at the foot to #fc deg4 after #cej ft4 or more1 and there was a large cornice at the top4 ,in the account which the same party inserted at the time in the ,wastdale ,head ,book steeper angles are given4 ,in summer it is merely an open scree-gully2 but the insignificant-looking chimney just ,n4 of it1 and only separated from it by a narrow ridge1 is quite worthy of attention1 though it has but one pitch in it after the one at the foot4 ,the descent is harder than the ascent1 and takes about twenty minutes4 ,there is a fine rocky walk along the ,s4 ridge1 called ,shelter ,crags and ,crinkle ,crags1 which descends towards the head of ,dunnerdale1 but it is extremely unfrequented4 ,bram ,crag and ,wanthwaite ,crag flank the coach road between ,threlkeld and ,grasmere on the east4 ,the best part is rather more than two miles south of ,threlkeld station4 ,the climbing is somewhat similar to that about ,swarthbeck on ,ullswater1 but on better and sounder rock1 and there is more of it4 ,a good day's work will be found among these crags1 and a fine specimen of a 'sledgate' is deserving of notice4 ,brandreth is between ,borrowdale and the head of ,ennerdale4 ,the name1 which occurs elsewhere in the neighbourhood1 denotes a tripod 7literally a 'grate1' usually made with three legs74 ,the meeting-point of three boundaries of counties1 parishes1 c4 is often so named4 ,brandreth has only one short bit of bold rock--one of the many ,raven ,crags4 ,it is hardly worth a special journey1 but may very easily be taken by any one who attacks ,great ,gable from ,borrowdale4 ,brimham ,rocks1 in ,yorkshire1 are very easily visited from ,harrogate or from ,pateley ,bridge4 ,from the latter they are only four miles to the eastward4 ,the station for those who come from ,harrogate is ,dacre ,banks1 from which the ,rocks may be reached in an hour's walking4 ,they are of millstone grit and well deserve a visit1 for nowhere are the grotesque forms which that material delights to assume more remarkable4 ,some resemble the sandstone forms common about ,tunbridge ,wells1 and many might very well stand for ,dartmoor ,tors2 but others at first sight seem so evidently and unmistakably to suggest human handiwork that one can feel no surprise at the common notion that they were fashioned by the ingenuity of the ,druids4 ,several of them1 though very small1 can only be climbed with considerable difficulty4 ,broad ,stand--a term commonly but1 in my opinion1 incorrectly used to denote a particular route by which the crags of ,scafell may be ascended direct from ,mickledoor4 ,there are numerous other places within a few miles of this into the names of which this word 'stand' enters1 and a consideration of them leads me to the belief that it signifies 'a large grassy plot of ground awkward of access4' ,this is exactly what we find here4 ,a break in the cliffs produces a large open space which is the key to the ascent by the ,mickledoor ,chimney1 to that by the ,north ,climb1 and to that which1 being the oldest1 easiest1 and most frequented1 has arrogated to itself as distinctive the name of a feature which it should only share with the other two4 ,really all three routes are merely different ways of reaching the ,broad ,stand4 ,one of the earliest recorded ascents is that of ,mr4 ,c4,a4,o4 ,baumgartner in ,september #ahej1 an account of which was sent by one of the people of the dale to the local paper in these terms3 ',the ,broad ,stand1 a rocky and dangerous precipice1 situated between ,scaw ,fell and the ,pikes1 an ascent which is perhaps more difficult than even that of the ,pillar ,stone4' ,the late ,professor ,tyndall climbed it in #ahei1 and described it in the ,saturday ,review of that year4 ,it evidently had a great reputation then1 which was not1 in his opinion1 entirely deserved4 ,it seems to have been known in #ahcg 7see the ,penny ,magazine7 to the shepherds2 and even in ,green's time1 at the beginning of the century1 one or two daring spirits had accomplished the feat4 ,buckbarrow 7,c4 sh4 #gi74--;,broadcrag 7more north-east7 is really part of it1 and about #djj ft4 high4 ,buckbarrow rises near the foot of ,wastwater1 opposite the best part of the ,screes4 ,when approached from the head of the lake it appears as two huge rocky steps2 but1 as in the case of ,eagle ,crag in ,greenup1 the steps are not really in the same plane4 ,seen from the slopes of ,lingmell1 it forms the boundary between the mountains and the plain1 to which it sinks in one very graceful concave curve4 ,it is not lofty--there are perhaps some #djj ft4 of rock--but by the shepherds it is reputed inaccessible4 ,this is only true in the sense that there are stiff bits on it which have to be evaded4 ,it is haunted by both the fox and the buzzard--connoisseurs on whose taste in rocks the climber can generally rely4 ,there is also climbing in the whole line of rock 7,broad ,crag7 which stretches away towards ,greendale4 ,since #ahhd1 when the writer first became acquainted with it1 ,buckbarrow has become rather popular1 considering its remoteness from ,wastdale ,head4--,at ,christmas #ahia a strong party1 led by ,messrs4 ,robinson1 ,hastings1 and ,collie1 ascended it 'from the fox's earth to the hawk's nest1' and on ,april #ae1 #ahib1 a party containing several of the same members climbed 'the first main gully on this the north side4 ,there are two short chimneys at the end of this little gill--one in each corner1 about ten to twelve yards apart4' ,the left one1 up which ,mr4 ,brunskill led1 was considered the harder4 ,afterwards ,dr4 ,collie led two of the party up the face of the cliff to the right of the next gully on the west1 which is marked by a pitch of about fifty feet low down4 ,to a house near the foot of ,buckbarrow old ,will ,ritson and his wife retired1 after giving up the inn which they had kept for so many years and made so famous at ,wastdale ,head4 ,buresdale1 the proper name of the valley between ,thirlmere and ,threlkeld4 ,hutchinson1 for instance1 says3 ',at the foot of ,wythburn is ,brackmere i4e4 ,thirlmere1 a lake one mile in length 444 from the ,n4 end of this mere issues the river ,bure1 which falls into ,derwent below ,keswick4' ,he also mentions ,buresdale in connection with ,layswater1 yet another equivalent for ,thirlmere4 ,guidebook writers seem to have conspired together to obliterate this name from the map1 and to substitute for it the name ,vale of ,st4 ,john1 which ,sir ,walter ,scott made famous4 ,to revive the name of the river would be an act of only posthumous justice1 now that the ,manchester waterworks have taken away all its water2 but the valley is still there1 and ought to be called by its genuine old name1 which is of ,scandinavian origin2 compare with it the ,bure river in ,norfolk1 and fishermen will recall similar names in ,norway4 ,burn3 the ,scotch word for a brook is hardly found south of the river ,wear4 ,in ,wythburn1 ,greenburn1 and other cases it probably represents borran 7stone heap74 ,buttermere1 a pleasant stopping-place from which many of the ,cumberland fells can be explored4 ,it is a good centre for ,grassmoor1 ,melbreak and the ,red ,pike range1 while ,borrowdale and ,ennerdale are quite within reach4 ,once a day the ,keswick waggonettes swoop upon the place1 bringing trippers by the score1 but at other times it is a quiet and enjoyable spot4 ,calf 7,the7 7#b1bbj ft471 in ,yorkshire1 near ,sedbergh4 ,cautley ,crag1 on the ,e4 side of it1 is very steep4 ,in this corner of the county the ,yorkshire climber experiences the intense relief of seeing rocks which are neither chalk1 limestone1 nor millstone grit4 ,camping4--,camping out by rivers has always been more popular in ,england than the same form of airy entertainment among the mountains4 ,the labour of carrying tents or sleeping-bags acts as the chief deterrent4 ,it is true that some thirty years ago a distinguished member of the ,alpine ,club applied to ,scafell ,pike1 and one or two other spots where ,england is loftiest1 the practice1 which he has carried out on many of the higher peaks of the ,alps and ,pyrenees1 of watching sunset and sunrise from the loftiest possible gite which the mountain can afford4 ,mr4 ,payn1 too1 has given us a most humorous narrative of how he and his friends encamped on ,fairfield4 ,also1 about twenty years ago1 four stalwart climbers from ,penrith made a regular camping tour of the ,lakes4 ,their tent was pitched on these spots3 ,penrith ,beacon1 ,red ,tarn on ,helvellyn1 in ,langdale under ,pike o' ,stickle1 ,sty ,head1 in ,ennerdale under ,gable ,crag1 and on ,honister4 ,it weighed only #e-a_/b lbs41 and yet had a floor space of #h ft4 by #h ft4 ,it may be that1 just as bicyclists suffered by the scathing definition 'cads on casters1' so the enthusiasm of the camper may have received a check when he heard himself described with cruel terseness as 'a fool in a bag4' ,perhaps1 again1 our climate is not one which offers much encouragement to any but the hardiest of campers4 ,in the ,lakes by far the most popular 7and probably1 therefore1 the most convenient7 place is the shore of ,ullswater1 where tents have been seen even in the depth of winter4 ,carl ,crag lies on the sea-shore in ,drigg parish4 ,mr4 ,jefferson says that it is of syenite1 and measures in feet twelve by nine by five and a half1 but it is deep in the sand4 ,the legend is that while ,satan was carrying it in his apron to make a bridge over to the ,isle of ,man1 his apron strings 7q4 vid47 broke and let it fall4 ,it is probably an erratic4 ,with the name compare ,carlhow1 ,carlwark1 c4 ,carrs1 in ,lancashire1 in the ,coniston range1 north of the ,old ,man4 ,it is craggy on the east side4 ,in ,far ,easdale there is a line of crag which bears the same name4 ,clearly neither can have anything to do with 'carrs' in its usual sense in the north1 viz4 'low marshy ground4' ,castle ,rock 7,c4 sh4 #fd74--,this rock in ,borrowdale is said to have been crowned by a ,roman fort4 ,the west side is craggy for a couple of hundred feet4 ,it may serve to occupy a few odd hours for any one stopping at ,grange1 ,rosthwaite1 or ,seatoller4 ,caw ,fell 7,c4 sh4 #gc74--,the name is possibly the same as ,calf1 ,calva2 compare also ,caudale1 ,codale1 c4 ,on the north side there is a craggy bit about #bjj ft4 high4 ,chalk4--,though this can hardly be regarded as a good rock for climbing1 much excellent practice can be gained on it4 ,as a general rule1 it is only sufficiently solid for real climbing for the first twenty feet above high-water mark1 though here and there forty feet of fairly trustworthy rock may be found4 ,these sections of hard chalk are invariably those which at their base are washed by the sea at high tide2 all others are soft and crumbly4 ,illustration3 ,,chalk ,,cliffs ,,near ,,dover ,whilst any considerable ascent1 other than up the extremely steep slopes of grass which sometimes clothes the gullies and faces1 is out of the question1 traverses of great interest and no slight difficulty are frequently possible for considerable distances4 ,a good objectif may be found in the endeavour to work out a route to the various small beaches that are cut off from the outer world by the high tide and cliffs4 ,the best instances of this sort of work are to be found along the coast to the eastward of ,dover 7between that town and ,st4 ,margaret's74 ,between the ledges by which these traverses are in the main effected1 and the beach below1 scrambles of every variety of difficulty may be found1 some being amongst the hardest mauvais pas with which ,i am acquainted4 ,owing to the proximity of the ground1 they afford the climber an excellent opportunity of ascertaining the upper limit of his powers4 ,such knowledge is a possession of extreme value1 yet in most other places it is undesirable to ascertain it too closely4 ,chalk1 it must be remembered1 is extremely rotten and treacherous1 very considerable masses coming away occasionally with a comparatively slight pull4 ,in any place where a slip is not desirable1 it is unwise to depend exclusively on a single hold1 as even the hardest and firmest knobs1 that have stood the test of years1 give way suddenly without any apparent reason4 ,the flints imbedded in the chalk are similarly untrustworthy2 in fact1 if they project more than an inch or so1 they are1 as a rule1 insecure4 ,the surface of the chalk is smooth and slimy if wet1 dusty if dry1 and does not afford the excellent hold obtained on granite4 ,as a whole it may be regarded as a treacherous and difficult medium1 and one which is likely to lead those practising on it to be very careful climbers4 ,to the westward of ,dover 7between it and ,folkestone7 a great amount of climbing on grass and crumbly chalk slopes can be obtained2 almost every gully and face can be ascended from the sea1 or the ,s4,e4 ,railway1 to the top4 ,it is desirable to remember that in dry weather the grass and the earth which underlies it is of the consistency of sand1 and great care is requisite2 after rain the grass is of course slippery2 but the underlying material adheres more firmly to the cliff4 ,it is unnecessary to add that a slip on any of these slopes would almost certainly prove fatal4 ,on the face of ,abbot's ,cliff1 and to the westward 7about halfway between ,dover and ,folkestone71 some traverses may be effected at a height of #bjj ft4 or more above the base2 they do not1 however1 compare for climbing with the traverses on the other side of ,dover4 ,as one goes westwards1 the angle of the cliffs becomes less1 and from ,abbot's ,cliff towards ,folkestone it is rarely necessary to use one's hands1 though very nice 'balance' is essential1 as the results of a slip would usually be serious4 ,above the ,warren1 still nearer ,folkestone1 the slopes become easy1 and after heavy snow afford excellent glissades4 ,the cliffs between ,dover and ,st4 ,margaret's vary from #bjj to #cej ft41 whilst those between ,dover and ,folkestone vary from #bej to #ejj ft4 in height4 ,in ,sussex the chalk is well developed at and near ,beachy ,head1 where it attains a height of some #fjj ft4 ,just west of this come several miles of cliffs1 lower indeed 7about #cjj ft471 but amazingly vertical4 ,about ,flamborough ,head1 in ,yorkshire1 this formation attains fine proportions1 while as far west as ,devonshire ,beer ,head is upwards of #djj ft4 high4 ,chimney3 a recess among rocks resembling the interior of a chimney open on one side4 7,see ,back-and-knee47 ,chockstone3 a northern word for a stone wedged between the sides of a gully4 ,a short word for this is greatly needed1 and ,i would suggest that it might be called a 'chock1' simply4 ,clapham1 a station on the ,midland ,railway1 is an excellent centre for ,ingleborough and the ,potholes4 ,clark's ,leap1 near ,swirl's ,gap on ,thirlmere1 is a jutting rock1 so called from a suicide which took place there over #ajj years ago4 ,it is one of many local absurdities of the novel called ',the ,shadow of a ,crime' that this name is brought in as an antiquity in the eyes of characters supposed to be living two centuries ago4 ,clough 7,cleugh1 ,cloof1 ,cluff1 ,clowe7 is a ,north of ,england word for a kind of valley formed in the slope of a hill4 ,the first cut in carving a shoulder of mutton produces a typical 'clough4' ,there is seldom any climbing about a genuine clough1 because it implies soil rather than rock4 ,dr4 ,murray tells us that the word has no connection with the ,icelandic 'klofi1' yet assigns to the latter word the origin of 'cloof1' in the sense of the fork of a tree1 or of the human body4 ,to a layman in such matters the two words bear a singular resemblance1 both in sound and in sense4 ,collier's ,climb on ,scafell was made by ,messrs4 ,collier and ,winser on ,april #b1 #ahic1 and a very severe climb it is4 ,it begins from the ,rake's ,progress at a point #aje ft4 west from the ,north ,climb4 ,after a direct ascent of about #dj ft41 a grassy platform on the right 7facing the wall7 is reached4 ,from here a narrow and somewhat awkward traverse leads back to above the first part of the climb4 ,this traverse could probably be avoided by climbing directly upwards4 ,there follows an easy ascent for #cj ft4 still directly upwards4 ,by traversing broad grassy ledges to the right--i4e4 towards ,moss ,gill--one of the inclined cracks so plainly seen on the face of the cliff is reached1 and the rest of the ascent made in it4 ,the only severe difficulties in the climb are3 #a4 at the beginning1 in leaving ,rake's ,progress2 #b4 at one point in the crack where there is not much handhold for #aj or #ae ft4 ,combe ,gill1 a fine gill in the north end of ,glaramara4 ,the climb is a little over two miles from ,rosthwaite1 and about a mile less from ,seatoller4 ,a very fine mass of rock 7one of the many ,eagle ,crags7 stands at the head of the little valley1 and up the centre of this crag lies the way4 ,it was climbed on ,september #a1 #ahic1 by ,messrs4 ,j4,w4 ,robinson and ,w4,a4 ,wilson1 whose account of it is as follows3 ',this very fine gorge has three good-sized pitches in the lower part4 ,these were passed by climbing the right-hand edge of the gill--interesting work4 ,a return on to the floor of the gill was made near the top of the third pitch1 when a little scrambling led to a very fine waterfall more than #ajj ft4 high4 ,here climb in the water as little as you can2 then diverge slightly on to the right-hand wall of the gill just where the water spouts over a small recess2 next traverse across a rather difficult slab into the cave under the final boulder1 which is climbed on the left-hand and is the last difficulty4' ,coniston1 having the advantage of both railway and steamboat1 is very accessible1 and1 notwithstanding this1 it is agreeably free from the rush of excursionists4 ,practically it has one fine mountain--the ,old ,man--and no more1 though ,bow ,fell and the ,langdale ,pikes are not entirely out of reach4 ,there is much good scrambling in the rocks which fringe the ,old ,man and ,wetherlam1 and superb climbing in ,dow ,crag4 ,coniston ,old ,man4--,quarrymen and miners have between them done an immense deal towards spoiling a very fine mountain4 ,they have converted to base industrial uses the whole east side of the mountain1 which ,nature intended for climbers4 ,they have not yet invaded ,doe ,crag 7q4v471 which is really part of it1 but practically no one goes up the ,old ,man proper1 except for the sake of the view1 which is magnificent1 and no one ascends except from ,coniston1 varied in a few cases by working north along the summit ridge and descending via ,grey ,friars on to the pass of ,wrynose4 ,copeland4--,camden says of ,cumberland3 ',the south part of this shire is called ,copeland and ,coupland1 for that it beareth up the head aloft with sharpedged and pointed hilles1 which the ,britans tearme ,copa4' ,leland alludes to this when he makes a ludicrously pedantic suggestion3 ',capelande1 part of ,cumbrelande1 may be elegantly caullid ,cephalenia4' ,cop is found in ,derbyshire also1 as a hill-name1 and hunting men will not need to be reminded of the ,coplow in ,leicestershire4 ,illustration3 ,,coniston ,,and ,,doe ,,crag ,cornwall4--,to the true-souled climber1 who can enjoy a tough bit of rock1 even if it is only fifty1 aye1 or twenty feet high1 the coast of ,cornwall with its worn granite cliffs and bays has much to offer4 ,it is interesting almost the whole way round the coast4 ,granite prevails1 but at ,polperro we have cliffs belonging to the ,lower ,devonian period1 and for some ten or twelve miles going west from ,chapel ,point we find rocks of the ,silurian order4 ,at many points round the ,lizard ,promontory there are remarkable rocks2 but some of the finest cliff scenery in ,england is to be found between the ,logan ,rock and the ,land's ,end4 ,these are on the regular tourist tracks1 and conveniently reached from good hotels2 but the north coast of ,cornwall is here easy of access4 ,there are fine cliffs about ,gurnard's ,head and ,bosigran1 which are well worth a visit1 from ,st4 ,ives or ,penzance 7#g or #h miles74 ,there is a small inn at ,gurnard's ,head4 ,bedruthan ,steps are well-known1 and ,trevose ,head1 ,pentire 7,padstow71 ,tintagel and ,penkenner ,point are only a few of the many grand rock-scenes on this coast4 ,coterine ,hill4--,leland1 in his ',itinerary1' says that ,ure1 ,sawle1 and ,edon rise in this hill1 and that 'the ,hedde of ,lune ,river by al ,aestimation must be in ,coterine ,hill1 or not far fro the ,root of it1' adding that1 in the opinion of ,mr4 ,moore of ,cambridge1 the river ,lune 'risith yn a hill cawlled ,crosho1 the which is yn the egge of ,richemontshire4' ,there is ,cotter-dale on the ,yorkshire slope of the hill in which these rivers rise1 and the celebrated ,countess of ,pembroke1 in #affc1 when she crossed from ,wensleydale to ,pendragon ,castle1 calls her journey 'going over ,cotter1 which ,i lately repaired1' the last words showing that it was a recognised pass4 ,in all probability ,leland's form represents ',cotter ,end1' by which name1 though not given in most of the maps1 part of the hill is still known4 ,cove3 often means 'cave' in ,yorkshire and ,scotland1 but as a rule it is a large recess in a hill-side4 ,craven--,camden remarks that the country lying about the head of the river ,aire is called in our tongue ,craven1 'perchance of the ,british word ,crage1 that is a ,stone4 ,for the whole tract there is rough all over1 and unpleasant to see to2 which with8 craggie stones1 hanging rockes1 and rugged waies4' ,modern climbers1 however1 find it hardly rocky enough for them1 at least above ground1 and have been driven to invent a new variety of climbing--the subterranean4 ,exploration of the numerous potholes which honeycomb the limestone hills has of late years become a favourite pastime1 and1 in truth1 it combines science with adventure to a marked degree4 ,any one who tarries for any length of time among these ,yorkshire dales should read ,mr4 ,h4 ,speight's handsome volume1 which gives a very complete account of the beauties and the curiosities which they have to show4 ,cross ,fell1 in ,cumberland1 long enjoyed the reputation being one of the highest mountains in ,england1 and as late as #aggj its height was calculated at #c1cij ft41 which is some #ejj ft4 more than it is entitled to4 ,it was earlier than most ,english mountains in becoming the object of scientific curiosity1 and an account of it will be found in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for #agdg4 ,it is chiefly celebrated for the ,helm ,wind originating from it4 ,cumberland is the premier climbing county4 ,the best centres are ,wastdale ,head1 ,rosthwaite or ,seatoller1 ,buttermere1 ,keswick and ,eskdale4 ,the cream of the climbing is on those fells which are composed of rocks belonging to what is called 'the ,borrowdale ,series1' such as ,scafell ,pillar1 ,gable1 ,bowfell1 and as a rule the finest climbs are found on the sides which face the north and east4 ,cross ,fell does not belong to the same mountain-system as those just mentioned1 and offers little climbing4 ,the best cliffs on the coast are about ,st4 ,bees ,head4 ,cust's ,gully1 on ,great ,end4--,to the large and increasing number of men who visit the ,lakes in winter1 perhaps no climb is better known than this4 ,in the spring of #ahhj1 a party1 including one of the greatest of lady mountaineers1 and over twenty members of the ,alpine ,club1 ascended this 'very interesting chimney or couloir1 which1 being filled with ice and snow1 gave unexpected satisfaction4 ,there is a very remarkable natural arch in this couloir1 which ,mr4 ,cust claims to have been the first to discover1 and he was therefore entrusted with the guidance of the party4' ,the orthodox approach is by way of ,skew ,gill1 which is conspicuous at the right hand on nearing ,sty ,head from ,wastdale4 ,a short distance beyond the head of this gill our gully is seen rising on the right1 marked by the conspicuous block of stone4 ,being1 as the ,scotch say1 'back of the sun1' this gully often holds snow till comparatively late in the season4 ,indeed1 in winter1 it is sometimes so much choked with snow that the arch disappears1 and it is even said that self-respecting climbers1 who recognise that a gully ought to be followed with strictness1 have felt bound to reach the block by tunnelling1 instead of walking over the top4 ,in the spring of #ahij there was a tremendous fall of stones1 by which the gully was nearly filled4 ,except in snow time1 loose stones are an objection1 and many find it more interesting to ascend by a small gully1 almost a branch of ',cust's1' on the right hand4 ,as climbs neither of them will compare with the more eastern gullies4 ,dale3 curiously used in ,derbyshire for each separate section of a river valley1 which elsewhere would form only one dale4 ,dalegarth ,force1 in ,cumberland1 near ,boot1 in ,eskdale4 ,the wall on the north side of this extremely pretty little fall is very low2 but1 being granite1 offers one or two problems to the climber4 ,stanley ,gill is another name for the same place4 ,dartmoor1 a high upland moor1 forming a vast reservoir1 from which most of the ,devonshire rivers are fed4 ,it is curious rather than beautiful1 and more interesting to the geologist1 the antiquary1 and the fisherman than it is to the mountaineer4 ,yet it is instructive even to him1 for the frequency of rain and mist and the paucity of landmarks which can be seen more than a few yards off1 coupled with the necessity of constantly watching the ground1 render it one of the easiest places in the world in which to lose one's way in any but the finest weather4 ,there are no true hills1 but here and there a gradual rise of the ground is seen1 with a lump or two of granite grotesquely planted on the top of it4 ,these are the ,tors4 ,as a rule they are very small1 but often present problems to the climber1 and are seldom without interest of some sort4 ,a great many may be reached from ,tavistock or the little inn at ,merivale ,bridge4 ,dead ,crags 7,c4 sh4 #ef7 are lofty but disappointing rocks on the north side of ,skiddaw4 ,there is perhaps #ejj ft4 of steep crumbly rock1 something like ,hobcarton4 ,deep ,gill4--,the name is not infrequent2 for example1 there is one on the south side of ,great ,gable1 east of the ,napes1 but now it is always called ,hell ,gate4 ,the ,deep ,gill is on ,scafell1 and falls into the ,lord's ,rake4 ,the first mention of it was made in ,august #ahfi by ,mr4 ,t4,l4 ,murray ,browne1 who wrote in the ,visitors' ,book at ,wastdale ,head3 ',the attention of mountaineers is called to a rock on ,scafell on the right 7looking down7 of a remarkable gill which cleaves the rocks of ,scafell and descends into ,lingmell ,gill4 ,it looks stiff4' ,the rock alluded to is the ,scafell ,pillar and the gill is ,deep ,gill4 ,it is well described by ,mr4 ,slingsby in the ,alpine ,journal1 vol4 xiii4 p4 #ic3 ',after a couple of hundred steps had been cut in the snow in ,lord's ,rake and at the bottom of ,deep ,gill1 which joins the former at right angles1 we reached the first block--a large rock perhaps #ae ft4 square--which overhangs the gill1 and so forms a cave4 ,below the rock the snow was moulded into most fantastic shapes by occasional water-drips from above4 ,at the right hand of the big rock a few small stones are jammed fast between it and the side of the ravine1 and they afford the only route up above the rock4 ,these stones can be reached from the back of the little cave1 and occasionally from the snow direct4 ,hastings--who is a very powerful fellow and a brilliant climber--and ,i got on the stones1 as we did last year4 ,he then stood on my shoulder1 and1 by the aid of long arms and being steadied by me1 he reached a tiny ledge and drew himself up4 ,mason and ,i found it no child's play to follow him with the rope4 ,some two hundred more steps in hard snow brought us to the only place where we could attack the second block4 ,here three fallen rocks stop the way1 and on the left hand is the well-nigh ledgeless cliff which terminates far away overhead in the ,sca ,fell ,pinnacle1 or ,sca ,fell ,pillar4 ,on the right a high perpendicular wall effectually cuts off the gill from the terraces of ,lord's ,rake4 ,on the left hand of the gill a small tongue of rock1 very steep1 juts out perhaps #dj ft4 down the gully from the fallen block nearest to the ,pinnacle wall1 and forms a small crack1 and this crack is the only way upward4 ,from a mountaineer's point of view the stratification of the rocks here is all wrong4 ,the crack ends in a chimney about #bj ft4 high1 between the wall and a smoothly polished boss of rock4 ,hastings1 still leading1 found the crack to be difficult1 but climbed it in a most masterly way4 ,all loose stones1 tufts of grass and moss1 had to be thrown down1 and1 in the absence of hand and foot hold1 the knees1 elbows1 thighs1 and other parts of the body had to do the holding on1 whilst1 caterpillar-like1 we drew ourselves upward bit by bit4 ,the chimney is best climbed by leaning against the ,pinnacle wall with one's back and elbows1 and1 at the same time1 by walking with the feet fly-like up the boss opposite4 ,from the top of the boss a narrow sloping traverse1 perhaps #ab ft4 long1 leads into the trough of the gill4 ,with a rope this is an easy run2 without one it would not be nice4 ,a stone thrown down from here falls over both blocks and rolls down the snow out of the mouth of ,lord's ,rake on to the screes far away below4 ,the crack1 chimney1 and traverse1 short distance though it is1 took us about an hour to pass4 ,the climb from ,deep ,gill to the gap from which the ,pinnacle is ascended is a very good one1 which two men can do much better than one4 ,the ,pinnacle itself from the gap is perhaps #be ft4 high1 and is really a first-rate little climb1 where the hands and the body have to do the bulk of the work4' ,illustration3 ,,deep ,,gill1 ,,scafell 7,the ,lower ,pitch7 ,the date of ,mr4 ,slingsby's attempt was ,march #b1 #ahhe1 and that of his successful ascent ,march #bh1 #ahhf3 but as early as #ahhb this climb had been made1 piecemeal1 by the present writer1 who1 however1 never1 so far as he can remember1 blended the different items into a continuous climb until the summer of #ahhd1 when he descended the whole length of the gill in company with ,mr4 ,chr4 ,cookson1 of ,c4,c4,c41 ,oxford4 ,a yet earlier descent of the gill had been made at ,easter #ahhb by ,messrs4 ,arnold ,mumm and ,j4,e4 ,king1 of the same college1 who found such a phenomenal depth of snow that the obstacles were buried1 and they were able to walk from end to end without using their hands4 ,the same thing happened again in ,january #ahhg1 when ,messrs4 ,creak and ,robinson were able to walk up over both pitches without having even to cut a step4 ,the lower pitch may also be passed by using a recess resembling one half of a funnel in the red rock of the vertical south wall of the gill4 ,the worst part of this is where you leave the funnel and begin to coast round in order to re-enter the gill4 ,the space comprised between the two pitches can be entered very easily by passing round the foot of the ,scafell ,pillar1 or with much more difficulty down the vertical south wall4 ,the upper pitch may be passed in two ways1 besides the incline4 ,one is by means of a narrow side gully1 the upper stage of which is most easily passed by following the ridge which divides it from the main gill4 ,the third way is the most direct and the most difficult1 lying between the incline and the great block4 ,mr4 ,owen ,jones seems to have invented it in the year #ahib1 and took up a party by it on that occasion with the assistance of a good deal of snow1 and another party in the month of ,august #ahic1 when there was no snow at all4 ,there is no more fashionable winter climb than ,deep ,gill1 and about ,christmas time the clink of the axe echoes among its crags from dawn to dusk4 ,it is reached from ,wastdale ,head in about an hour and a half4 ,the shoulder of ,lingmell has first to be rounded1 and it makes little difference either in time or fatigue whether this be done comparatively high up or by taking the high road to the bridge near the head of the lake or by an intermediate course4 ,at any rate1 a long grind up ,brown ,tongue1 in the hollow between ,lingmell and ,scafell1 cannot be avoided1 and when the chaos called ,hollow ,stones is reached a vast outburst of scree high up on the right hand indicates the mouth of ,lord's ,rake4 ,after a laborious scramble up this scree the rake is entered1 and only a few yards further the lower pitch of ,deep ,gill is seen on the left hand4 ,deep ,gill ,pillar4--,see ,deep ,gill and ,scafell ,pillar4 ,derbyshire is well endowed in point of rock scenery1 but it is not really a climber's country4 ,the rocks are of two kinds--the ,limestone1 of which ,dovedale may be taken as a type1 and the ,millstone ,grit1 which prevails further north4 ,the former shows many a sharp pinnacle and many a sheer cliff1 but is often dangerously rotten1 while the latter assumes strange1 grotesque forms1 and1 when it does offer a climb1 ends it off abruptly1 just as one thinks the enjoyment is about to begin4 ,it is1 nevertheless1 much more satisfactory than the limestone1 and many pleasing problems may be found on it1 especially in the neighbourhood of the ,downfall on ,kinder ,scout4 ,for this ,buxton or ,chapel-en-le-,frith is of course a better centre than ,matlock4 ,devonshire4--,the inland climbing in this county is very limited4 ,of granite there are the ,tors of ,dartmoor and the ,dewerstone near ,plymouth1 and there is a remarkably fine limestone ravine at ,chudleigh1 but there is little else worthy of mention4 ,but the coast of ,devonshire is exceptionally fine1 and perhaps no other county can show such a variety of fine cliffs4 ,at ,beer ,head we have chalk2 at ,anstis ,cove1 ,torbay1 and ,berry ,head limestone2 at ,start ,point and ,stoke ,point slate4 ,for bold cliff scenery few parts of the ,channel can rival the piece between ,start ,point and ,bolt ,tail4 ,on the north coast of ,devon there are many striking cliffs4 ,among them may be noticed ,heddon's ,mouth1 ,castle ,rock 7at ,lynton71 some rocks about ,ilfracombe1 the granite cliffs of ,lundy1 ,hartland ,point2 in fact much of the coast from ,clovelly right away to ,bude in ,cornwall is remarkably fine4 ,dixon's ,three ,jumps1 on ,blea ,water ,crag 7,high ,street1 ,westmorland71 so called from the famous fall here of a fox-hunter about the year #agfb4 ,perhaps no one ever fell so far and yet sustained so little permanent injury4 ,as an instance of 'the ruling passion strong in death1' or at least in appalling proximity to death1 it may be mentioned that1 on arriving at the bottom1 he got on his knees and cried out1 ',lads1 t' fox is gane oot at t' hee eend4 ,lig t' dogs on an' aa'l cum syun4' ,he then fell back unconscious1 but recovered1 and lived many years after4 ,another ,dixon fell while fox-hunting on ,helvellyn in #aheh1 but was killed4 ,there is a monument to him on ,striding ,edge4 ,dodd3 a round-topped hill4 ,the word is common in the ,lowlands and in the ,north of ,england4 ,it is often said to mean a limb of a larger mountain1 but ,dodd ,fell in ,yorkshire would alone refute this1 being the highest hill in its neighbourhood4 ,doe ,crag1 in ,eskdale 7,c4 sh4 #gd71 is a bold rock1 long reputed inaccessible1 low down on the north side of the approach to ,mickledoor from the east4 ,the ,woolpack in ,eskdale is the nearest inn4 ,the rock1 as a climb1 is very inferior to its namesake at ,coniston 7see ,dow ,crag74 ,door ,head1 the col between ,yewbarrow and ,red ,pike4 ,there is capital scree here1 and a very rapid descent into ,mosedale may be made by it4 ,men who have spent the day on the ,pillar sometimes return to ,wastdale ,head round the head of ,mosedale1 and wind up by racing down these screes from the col to the stream below4 ,the distance is about #fej yards1 and the perpendicular drop about #a1bjj ft4 ,anything less than five minutes is considered very 'good time4' ,doup3 any semicircular cavity resembling half an egg-shell 7,n4 of ,eng474 ,dow 7or ,doe7 ,crag1 in ,lancashire1 lies just west of ,coniston ,old ,man1 being only divided from it by ,goat's ,water4 ,the climbing here is second to none4 ,there are three or four superb gullies4 ,perhaps the best is in a line with the head of the tarn and the cairn on the ,old ,man1 and another scarcely1 if at all1 inferior is nearly opposite a very large stone in the tarn4 ,the first ascent of one was made by ,mr4 ,robinson and the writer in the year #ahhf2 that of the other by a party including ,messrs4 ,slingsby1 ,hastings1 ,e4 ,hopkinson1 and the writer in ,july #ahhh4 ,the last-mentioned 7with indispensable aid from the rope7 afterwards descended an intermediate gully of terrific aspect4 ,illustration3 ,,doe ,,crag1 ,,coniston ,the lowest pitch of the central gully4 ,the top of the wedged block is reached by mounting the shallow scoop on the left of the picture1 and then coasting round into the gully again4 ,towards the foot of the tarn the gullies are much less severe4 ,above is an illustration of the first pitch of the gully climbed in #ahhh4 ,mr4 ,hastings led up the shallow crevice seen on the left of the picture1 and on reaching the level of the top of the pitch contoured the intervening buttress into the chimney again4 ,this is no easy matter and required great care4 ,dunald ,mill ,hole4--,one of the earliest descriptions of a ',pothole' will be found in the ',annual ,register' for #agfj1 where this curiosity is treated of at some length4 ,it is a good specimen of a common type1 and lies between ,lancaster and ,carnforth4 ,dungeon ,gill1 in ,langdale1 deserves mention in any treatise on ,british climbing1 inasmuch as the poet ,wordsworth has made it the scene of an early deed of daring performed by an idle shepherd boy-- ,into a chasm a mighty block ,hath fallen and made a bridge of rock1 ,the gulf is deep below4 ,the gulf and the mighty block are both there still2 but there is more pleasure in seeing the former than there is excitement in crossing by the latter4 ,eagle ,crag4--,rocks of this name are pretty numerous in the ,north of ,england1 and1 like the ',raven ,crags1' are1 as might be expected1 always bold and precipitous4 ,on ,helvellyn4--,canon ,butler1 in his article on the ,lakes in #ahdd1 which appeared in ,longman's ,magazine1 describes in an amusing manner an adventure which he had on this rock4 ,it is on the right-hand side of the track from ,patterdale to ,grisedale ,hause4 ,in ,easdale 7,w4 sh4 #ag74--,this is easily found by following up the stream which runs into ,easdale ,tarn4 ,there is not more than #bjj-cjj ft4 of crag1 and much of it is very rotten1 but with pretty bits of climbing here and there4 ,grasmere is the only place from which it is conveniently reached4 ,in ,greenup 7,c4 sh4 #ge7 is as noble a rock as can be found in ,england4 ,as seen from ,borrowdale near ,rosthwaite it has the appearance of two huge steps of rock1 but the steps are really separate rocks1 one behind the other--,eagle ,crag and ,pounsey ,crag4 ,large portions of each of them are quite unclimbable1 and much of them is too easy to be worth doing1 so that the amount of interesting climbing to be met with is less than might be expected4 ,close by is ,longstrath1 where there is a little work which may be combined with this 7see ,blea ,crag and ,serjeant ,crag74 ,the foot of ,eagle ,crag is reached from ,rosthwaite or ,seatoller in less than an hour4 ,eagle's ,nest--one of the ridges of the ,napes lying between the ,needle and the ,arrowhead4 ,on ,april #ae1 #ahib1 ,messrs4 ,slingsby1 ,baker1 ,solly1 and ,brigg ascended it and found it extremely difficult for #aej ft4 ,at one point1 about on a level with the top of the ,needle1 there is room for one person to sit down1 and here the second man on the rope joined the leader and gave him a shoulder up4 ,to this place they gave the name of the ,eagle's ,nest1 and it is almost the only point at which any material help can be given to the leader4 ,the part just above this they considered the stiffest part of the climb2 but when they reached a patch of grass just below a slanting chimney the difficulties moderated4 ,from the bottom to where the ridge joins the ,needle ,ridge they took two hours and ten minutes4 ,eel ,crag4--,the word ',eel1' we are told1 is identical with ',ill1' which is seen in ,ill ,bell and the numerous ,ill ,gills1 and means 'steep4' ,if so the name ought to be more frequent in the ,lake country than it is1 and it might be suggested that in some cases 'eagle' may have been worn down to 'eel4' ,there are two crags of the name in ,cumberland1 not very far apart4 ,in ,coledale4--,these rocks are steep1 but too much broken up to be really worth a visit on their own account4 ,however1 after ,force ,crag has been tried1 these are conveniently near4 ,in ,newlands 7,c4 sh4 #gj74--;,among the rocks which flank ,newlands on the east much good material may be found4 ,one is reminded a little of the ,wastwater ,screes1 but of course these are not on anything approaching that scale4 ,the greatest height of the craggy part is only about #djj ft4 ,eight-foot ,drop4--,on the ,pillar ,rock is the passage from the ridge of the ,curtain down onto the lower part of the ,steep ,grass4 ,it figures in some of the earlier accounts as a formidable feature of the ascent4 ,nowadays it is known how much easier it is to keep on the flank of the curtain1 and only leave it when at the top of the chimney which runs up from the head of ,steep ,grass4 ,no 'drop' is1 in fact1 necessary2 but the climb1 though not in any sense difficult1 is generally regarded as a good test of neatness of style4 ,ennerdale4--,for a valley which not only is one of the largest and most impressive in the ,lake country1 but contains moreover a share of the most perfect mountain in broad ,england--,great ,gable--and all of the most famous rock--the ,pillar--singularly little is popularly known of ,ennerdale4 ,but1 when we consider that the place is one which is1 or should be1 hallowed to all devout ,wordsworthians as the scene of one of the finest productions of their poet1 the thing becomes incomprehensible4 ,to begin with1 the guide-books have never done it justice4 ,in area of paper covered with descriptions of it ,english ,lakeland is probably many square miles ahead of any equal portion of the earth's surface4 ,but guide-book writers love to stand upon the ancient ways2 and any one who takes the trouble to compare ,west or ,otley with the works of to-day must admit that1 except in matters of detail1 the advance has been incredibly small4 ,the public are better judges of accuracy than of enterprise1 and what pleases the public pays4 ,these gentlemen1 therefore1 worthy and painstaking as they are1 share to some extent in the narrow aspirations of the hireling1 and1 indeed1 we are tempted to believe that their motives in shunning ,ennerdale were not wholly foreign to the character of him who 'fleeth because he is afraid1' for they have brought up a terrible report of the dale4 ,if1 however1 this has been a wise precaution on their part1 a means of deterring any inquirer from exposing their want of energy1 it has been rewarded with a large measure of success4 ,here is an inviting prospect for a timid traveller3 ',ennerdale ,lake 444 is so wild in the character of its shores and in its position among the mountains as to have caused more terrors and disasters to strangers than any other spot in the district4 ,at every house from ,wastdale ,head to ,ennerdale ,bridge stories may be heard of adventures and escapes of pedestrians and horsemen in ,mosedale and the passes of ,black ,sail and ,scarf ,gap' 7,whellan's ',history of ,cumberland1' #ahfj74 ,can it be wondered at that1 in the face of such terrors as this1 very few people find their way into ,ennerdale1 except those who with fear and trembling cross the head of it on their way between ,buttermere and ,wastdale ,head8 ,every guide-book1 indeed1 mentions ,ennerdale and the ,pillar by name1 because it gives an opportunity for quoting the well-worn lines from ',the ,brothers1' after which a few meagre remarks may be expected to follow on the ',pillar ,mountain1' the ',pillar ,rock1' and ',ennerdale ,lake1' expressions of which not one1 strictly speaking1 is correct1 for the proper name of the first is beyond all doubt ',pillar ,fell1' 'mountain' being an innovation of tourists and guide-book writers1 who between them have made ',pillar ,rock' sound more familiar than the genuine name ',pillar ,stone1' and have almost ousted ',broadwater' in favour of ',ennerdale ,lake4' ,printed authorities are scanty1 because ,ennerdale is of very recent discovery4 ,the early guide-books simply know nothing about it4 ,west 7#aggh7 does not mention it1 and the gifted authoress of that touching poem ',edwina' did not even know how to spell its name3 ,but chiefly1 ,ennersdale1 to thee ,i turn1 ,and o'er thy healthful vales heartrended mourn1 ,vain do thy riv'lets spread their curving sides ,while o'er thy glens the summer zephyr glides4 ,and yet ,mrs4 ,cowley was by no means indifferent to such points4 ,indeed1 we owe the origin of this exquisite poem to her etymological zeal and to her desire to immortalise the brilliant suggestion that the name ',wotobank' was derived from some one having once said1 ',woe to this bank6' ,it may even be that the spelling is a symbolical subtlety--a kind of refinement on 'word-painting' intended to shadow forth to less poetic minds1 by the sinuosity of the superfluous 's1' the unique manner in which the rivulets of this happy valley are wont to 'spread their curving sides4' ,one of the earliest visitors to ,ennerdale appears to have been the artist ,smith1 of ,derby 7#agfg71 who sketched the lake1 as did also ,wilkinson in #ahaj4 ,wordsworth had been there before #ahjj1 and ,green's description shows that he was much struck by the scenery of upper ,ennerdale4 ,but1 though visitors to ,ennerdale have been and still are few1 most of these few speak highly of its beauties1 'partly perhaps1' says ,mr4 ,payn1 'in consequence of their having endured certain inconveniences 7with which they are anxious that you should also become acquainted7 when belated in that lovely spot4' ,the dale is not without its associations4 ,formerly it was a deer forest1 the property of the ,crown by forfeiture from the father of the ill-fated ,lady ,jane ,grey4 ,the ,sandford manuscript speaks enthusiastically of 'the montaines and fforest of ,innerdale1 wher ther is reed dear and as great ,hartts and ,staggs as in any part of ,england4 ,the bow-bearer is a brave gentleman4' ,but it is now many years since the last of the herd was destroyed1 and no one living can remember the days when ,ennerdale could show--what in almost any landscape is a crowning beauty--the stately figure of a great red stag4 ,certainly an element of romance has here been lost2 but how can that be felt so long as here and there some aged man survives to keep green among the dalesmen the memory of 't' girt wild dog'8 ,the stories told of this remarkable animal would fill volumes and form a highly interesting study in contemporary mythology2 and yet1 when we consider the state of unparalleled excitement into which the whole countryside was thrown at the time1 and the assiduity with which it has ever since been talking over the events of that stirring period1 we shall find cause to wonder1 not that the story in some of its details should have acquired a slight legendary flavour1 but rather that the great bulk of the incidents narrated should be so thoroughly well authenticated4 ,certainly it is a lesson in faith1 and makes it easier to credit stories such as that which ,ovid tells with so much spirit of the ,calydonian boar2 for if in the days of modern firearms a dog can defy a large district and kill a couple of sheep a day for nearly half a year together1 there is less reason for doubting that in old days an amount of destruction and devastation which would not discredit a modern minister could be wrought by the unaided exertions of one malevolent pig4 ,for months the dog was hunted and shot at1 but seemed to lead a charmed life2 in the excitement farming operations were terribly neglected1 until at last1 in the person of ,john ,steel of ,asby1 arose the modern ,meleager4 ,many a story is told of that exciting time1 and one especially has hit the fancy of the dale4 ,until recently the custom was that fox-hunts should take place on one particular day of the week--a day the selection of which for a ,southern meet would1 however convenient1 be regarded with considerable surprise4 ,possibly this custom was held to govern dog-hunting also2 for one ,sunday1 as the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,ponsonby 7probably the identical 'homely priest' who is mentioned in ',the ,brothers'7 was conducting ,divine ,service1 the attentive cars of the congregation caught the sound of some commotion without1 followed by the rush of hounds and the panting of human lungs4 ,there could be no mistaking these signs4 ,a faint murmur passed round the sacred building1 ',t' girt dog6' and in an instant the reverend gentleman was the only male within the walls4 ,a moment's pause1 and then female sympathy and female curiosity triumphed1 and the other and better half of the congregation disappeared4 ,the story goes in ,ennerdale 7but for this we decline to vouch7 that the aged pastor1 casting a sorrowful glance upon the empty benches1 hastily adjusted the robes of his office1 and ere the last petticoat had fluttered from the porch was in full career to join the headlong hunt4 ,for five months ,ennerdale had been in a state of convulsive excitement1 for the first and last time1 it is said1 'syn t' ,flud'2 the honour of having enlivened the dale is fairly divided between the ,deluge and the ,dog4 ,to see ,ennerdale as it should be seen1 and to get a clear idea of the surrounding district1 there is no better plan than to mount from ,buttermere to ,red ,pike--the ,rigi of ,cumberland--and from there follow with eye and1 if necessary1 map the following account of a 'run1' telling how 'oald ,jobby o' ,smeathat tallyho't a fox ya ,sunday mworning1 just as day brak1 oot ov a borran o' steeans1 abeunn ,flootern ,tarn1 i' ,herdas end2 an' hoo it teukk ower be t' ,cleugh gill an' t' hoonds viewt him sa hard 'at he teuk t' ,broadwater an' swam 'cross t' hee end on't1 an t' dogs went roond an' oop t' ,side ,wood 444 an' they whisselt him oop be t' ,iron ,crag1 an' be t' ,silver ,cwove an then throo t' ,pillar1 an' a gay rough bit o' grund it is4 ,hoo he shakt 'em off a bit theer1 an' they at him agean an' meadd o' ring amang t' rocks4 ,hoo they ran him roond be ,black ,sail1 an' ,lizza hee faulds an' clam oot be t' ,scarf ,gap an' on to t' ,wo' heead an' they beeldit 'am onder t' ,brock ,steeans an' he was seaff aneugh theer4' ,with or without the fox-hunt this view from ,red ,pike is magnificent1 yet there are several others which run it very close4 ,what1 for instance1 can be better1 just at the clearing of a shower1 than the look-out from the ,pillar ,fell on the opposite side of the valley8 ,from the gloom and grandeur around it the eye travels right along to the smiling green of the open country beyond the lake bordered by a line of glittering sea4 ,this view has one drawback in that you cannot at one time be looking both from the ,pillar and at it2 but then it is hardly possible to enter ,ennerdale at all without seeing this rock1 the real glory of the valley1 from many effective points2 and1 moreover1 no day there is complete without a quiet half-hour spent in floating on the lake about sunset2 for1 whether it be due to the westerly lie of the dale or to some other cause1 the fact remains that the ,ennerdale sunsets are not to be beaten among the ,lakes4 ,by the early morning light the upper part of the valley should be explored1 and the marvellous view enjoyed from ,haystacks3 from the 'bulky red bluff of ,grasmoor' on the right to the dark recess of ,mosedale half seen upon the left all is beautiful2 separated from ,crummock and ,buttermere1 which are both well seen1 by the steep ,red ,pike range1 ,broadwater throws in a dash of life to relieve the desolation of upper ,ennerdale1 while the richly coloured screes of ,red ,pike sweep down in striking contrast to the forbidding frown of the ,pillar ,fell4 ,we have seen a fine water-colour sketch which renders this view with great fidelity4 ,it has additional interest as the work of the first amateur who ever scaled the ,pillar ,stone--,lieut4 ,wilson1 ,r4,n4 ,the scenery of ,ennerdale1 however1 would not long have remained beautiful if the ,ennerdale ,railway ,bill1 promoted in #ahhc and #ahhd1 had been suffered to pass into law4 ,that scheme was happily defeated1 and the only modern touches added to the dale have been the galvanised wire railings recently erected along the sky-line1 and the blue indicators set up on the ,black ,sail and ,scarf ,gap track4 ,eskdale4--,there are two dales of the name in ,cumberland1 but the only one which is of interest to mountaineers is reached by the little railway from ,ravenglass4 ,lodgings1 largely used by ,whitehaven people1 are to be had1 but the most convenient inn is the ,woolpack1 about a mile up the valley from the terminus of the line4 ,from no place can ,scafell1 ,the ,pikes1 or ,bow ,fell be more easily explored1 while the ,coniston range is quite within reach1 and the ,wastwater ,screes are more accessible than they are from ,wastdale ,head4 ,the valley itself is only second to ,borrowdale1 and there are grand falls and deep pools in the ,esk4 ,there are also some good rocks1 though not quite equal to the description of ,hutchinson1 who says that ',doe ,cragg and ,earn ,cragg are remarkable precipices1 whose fronts are polished as marble1 the one #afj perpendicular yards in height1 the other #abj yards4' ,both of these will be seen on the way up to ,mickledoor1 the former standing on the right-hand side at the foot of the steep ascent4 ,it is strange that so few climbers ever go to this valley4 ,esk ,pike1 a name given by the shepherds to a peak of #b1ijc ft41 which stands at the head of the ,esk valley4 ,being left nameless by the ,ordnance six-inch map1 it has attracted to itself the nearest name it could find1 and is very commonly called ,hanging ,knot1 which1 in strictness1 applies only to the north shoulder of ,bow ,fell1 where it hangs over ,angle ,tarn4 ,it would save some confusion if this name had a wider currency than it has4 ,at the head of ,eskdale there is a rather good gully1 which was climbed at the end of ,september #ahib by ,messrs4 ,brunskill and ,gibbs1 whose account of it is that 'its direction is ,w4,n4,w41 and it consists first of a short pitch of about #aj ft42 then a slope of #bj ft4 at an angle of #fj deg4-#fe deg41 the holds in which are fairly good2 and1 last1 another pitch at a somewhat similar angle1 with an awkward corner of rock to round4 ,above this to the top is an easy scramble4' ,fairfield 7#b1hfc ft471 in ,westmorland1 sometimes called ,rydal ,head in old books1 stretches down to ,grasmere and ,ambleside2 but it is from ,patterdale that it should be seen and climbed4 ,one of the best things on it is ,greenhow ,end1 which stands at the head of ,deepdale4 ,the steep part1 which is not wholly crag1 is #djj or #ejj ft4 high1 and faces ,n4,e4 ,this is the mountain which ,miss ,martineau so greatly longed to ascend1 and every one knows ,mr4 ,payn's account of how he encamped upon it4 ,there is another ,fairfield in the ,coniston ,fells4 ,falcon ,crag1 a couple of miles from ,keswick1 beside the road to ,borrowdale1 is not more than #aej or #bjj ft4 high1 but at many points so vertical as to be quite unclimbable4 ,the steepest side is also the most exposed to the public gaze4 ,on the south side there is a deep gully in which excellent scrambling is to be had4 ,fellpole is a much better word than its foreign equivalent1 'alpenstock'4 ,except in the depth of winter on the highest fells it is of much more use than an axe1 which is1 of course1 indispensable when there is much snow or ice4 ,on difficult rocks either axe or pole is a great incumbrance2 but where there is much scree1 or steep grass1 or broken ground1 all three of which abound on the ,fells1 a pole is a very great comfort on the descent4 ,of course1 while being used for this purpose1 it must be kept behind the body4 ,on the steep nose of ,fleetwith a fatal accident occurred to a young woman solely in consequence of her attempting to descend with her stick held improperly in front of her4 ,this is a fault which nearly all beginners commit4 ,nevertheless1 it is perfectly legitimate to use the pole in that way if it is to break the force of an abrupt drop from rest to rest--as1 for instance1 when a slope is broken into binks separated by drops of from three to six feet4 ,in such cases a jump is often dangerous1 and the life of ,mr4 ,pope1 lost on ,great ,gable in #ahhb1 is only one of many which have been similarly sacrificed4 ,force ,crag is reached from ,keswick by way of ,braithwaite station and the long ,coledale valley4 ,here the track of the disused mining tram is a well-engineered road direct to the foot of the crag1 where the fragments of the baryta mine are littered about4 ,the best climb is up to the basin1 into which pours the force1 and then1 leaving the force on the right1 ascend a steep1 dry gully4 ,the rock is very treacherous1 being not only loose1 but covered with long fringes of rotten heather4 ,it is very difficult to get out1 as the top part steepens rapidly4 ,the force is very fatal to sheep4 ,on one occasion the writer counted no less than six of their carcasses in the basin4 ,froswick4--,it is most easily reached from ,staveley or ,windermere by following up the valley of the ,kent1 or from ,ambleside by crossing the ,garbourn ,pass into the same valley4 ,this hill resembles ,ill ,bell and ,rainsborrow ,crag in character1 and has a very steep face towards the north-east1 #cjj or #djj ft4 high4 ,it is on sheet #bj of the ,ordnance map of ,westmorland4 ,gaping ,gill ,hole1 in ,yorkshire1 on the south side of ,ingleborough1 is most easily got at from ,clapham1 on the ,midland ,railway4 ,it lies higher up than the well-known ,clapham or ,ingleborough ,cave1 and both should be visited in the same expedition4 ,the actual funnel is about #h ft4 by #bj ft41 and ,mr4 ,birkbeck1 of ,settle1 partly descended it many years ago4 ,there is a ledge of rock about #aij ft4 down1 from which a plumb-line drops a further distance of #aff ft4 ,strangers often pass close to the place without finding it4 ,gash ,rock4--,we are indebted to ,colonel ,barrow for this name1 which he bestowed on ,blea ,crag in ,langstrath apparently for no better reason than that he knew a man called ,gash1 who did not know the name of the rock1 or how to climb it4 ,this rock is the 'spy fortalice' spoken of in ,prior's ,guide4 ,it is an upstanding block of squarish outline1 conspicuous on the left hand as one ascends ,langstrath from ,borrowdale4 ,it is climbed from the side which faces down the valley1 and is rather a stiff little rock of its inches4 ,it was climbed by ,mr4 ,owen ,jones and ,mr4 ,robinson on ,september #f1 #ahic1 but there is some doubt whether it had not been done before 7see ,blea ,crag74 ,gavel--apparently the local form in the ,north of ,england of the ,southern ',gable4' ,in the older maps ',great ,gable' is usually spelt in this way1 and for part of that mountain the name ,gavel ,neese 7i4e4 nose7 still lingers among the shepherds4 ,generally speaking1 in the less frequented parts1 where the names are used only by the shepherds1 we find this form4 ,thus we have ,gavel ,fell between ,loweswater and ,ennerdale1 ,gavel-pike on ,st4 ,sunday ,crag1 ,gavelcrag on the south end of ,high ,street1 and again on ,seat ,sandal1 and this form is used in the ,lowlands of ,scotland1 while on the more frequented ,skiddaw we get ,gablegill4 ,in ,icelandic1 'gafl' is said to mean 'the end of a house or of a ship4' ,gill 7or ,ghyll74--,in a large part of the ,north of ,england this is the regular word for a stream flowing between walls of rock4 ,it is by many regarded as a test-word for ,scandinavian settlements1 and it is certainly more abundant in such districts1 but notice should be taken of the fact that in ,kent it is applied to the steep wooded slopes of a brook-valley4 ,there is good authority for both spellings1 but the less romantic of the two is to be preferred4 ,gimmer ,crag1 just behind the inns at ,dungeon ,gill in ,langdale1 has good scrambling on it4 ,mr4 ,gwynne says of it3 ',between ,harrison ,stickle and the ,pike ,o' ,stickle1 commonly called the ,sugarloaf1 there is a splendid crag that is full of opportunities4 ,this fine piece of rock1 although it has the appearance of being easy1 has the disadvantage of being wet1 and therefore more or less dangerous4 ,however1 there are times even in the ,lake ,district when the rain ceases and the sun shines1 and it is then that the climber should gambol upon this crag4' ,glaramara--a long broken hill stretching from ,stonethwaite along the east side of ,borrowdale to ,esk ,hause4 ,its name is only less disguised than its nature in the description given of it in the ',beauties of ,england1' p4 #fe3 ',glamarara is a perpendicular rock of immense height4' ,sir ,w4 ,scott has confused it with ,blencathra4 ,it contains very little climbing1 but ,combe ,gill and ,pinnacle ,bield may be mentioned4 ,gordale ,scar--a magnificent limestone ravine near ,malham ,cove1 in ,yorkshire1 on the line of the great ,craven ,fault4 ,bell ,busk is the nearest station1 but ,settle 7#f miles7 is generally more convenient4 ,it has been prosaically compared to a winding street between enormously high houses1 with a river falling out of the first-floor window of one of them4 ,it is easy to pass out at the head1 leaving the water on the right hand2 but on the other side of the water there is quite a little climb1 which1 however1 the writer has seen a lady do without assistance4 ,goyal4--,this west-country word for a gully will not require explanation for readers of ,mr4 ,blackmore's ',lorna ,doone4' ,grain3 the northern word for a prong1 and hence the usual name for the branches of a stream4 ,grassmoor 7#b1gia ft47 in the older maps and guide-books 7such as ,robinson's7 is often called ,grasmere or ,grasmire4 ,the only climbs which it presents are on the side which drops steeply down towards the foot of ,crummock ,water1 and the only inns within a convenient distance are at ,scale ,hill 7#a mile7 and ,buttermere 7#c miles74 ,there are two gullies which furrow the mountain side nearly from top to bottom4 ,the more southerly of these has two pitches in it close to the foot1 and the upper of the two is generally thought as hard as anything on the mountain4 ,the approved method of doing it is to keep the back to the rock until the top of the pitch is nearly reached1 and then to break out on the south side4 ,above this pitch the gully is of little interest4 ,the north gully is of more sustained merit1 but1 as seen from below1 less prominent1 and therefore easily overlooked4 ,it may1 however1 be recognised by its liberal output of scree4 ,it has three pitches near the foot1 and in all three the hold is somewhat scanty4 ,the first forms a narrow gully rising from left to right1 and is the highest and hardest4 ,higher up than these a broad wall of rock some #dj ft4 high cuts across the gully and gives a pretty climb4 ,above the wall there is a branch to the left containing one little pitch1 but the main channel continues4 ,loose stones are now the only source of excitement1 and climbers are recommended to get out to the right and finish the ascent along the rocky ridge of the bank4 ,it is very safe climbing on this face1 yet full of interest and instruction1 and for the initiation of a 'young hand' nothing could be better4 ,great ,end 7#b1ihd ft47 has not received justice at the hands of the ,government map-makers1 who have scamped their work most shockingly4 ,the six-inch map would lead the innocent1 stranger to imagine that he could ascend from ,sprinkling ,tarn by a smooth and gradual slope4 ,the cliffs are on the right-hand side on the way from ,sty ,head to ,esk ,hause1 and are reached from ,wastdale or ,borrowdale by way of ,sty ,head1 and from ,langdale by ,rossett ,gill4 ,the best general view is from ,sprinkling ,tarn4 ,col4 ,barrow1 when citing ,great ,end in his book as an instance of a mountain with one impossible side1 no doubt refers to these cliffs1 which1 however1 long before he wrote1 had been climbed in every direction4 ,he might reasonably object to ,cust's ,gully1 invented in #ahhj1 as being quite at the end of the cliff2 but from a point some way below the foot of that gully there is an easy passage1 sloping up the face of the cliff very much like ,jack's ,rake on ,pavey ,ark1 and this passage was descended by ,mr4 ,cust in the same year that he discovered the gully4 ,a little later a couple of ardent fox-hunters got into difficulties in one of the main gullies1 and so drew more attention to these rocks4 ,the whole face was pretty thoroughly explored by the present writer in the summer of #ahhb4 ,two very fine gullies face ,sprinkling ,tarn4 ,great or ,central ,gully1 the nearer of the two to ,cust's1 is also the wider1 but not quite so long as the other4 ,it has a copious scree at the foot1 and more than half-way up it divides into three4 ,the central fork is grassy1 that to the right is more abrupt1 while the left-hand way lies for several yards up a wet slide of smooth and very steep rock4 ,on the slide itself there is hold enough for comfort2 but on getting off it at the head to the left hand there comes a bit on a disgustingly rotten buttress which even good climbers have often found very unpleasant4 ,above this the gully is more open and very easy1 but splendid climbing may be had on either side of it4 ,illustration3 ,,great ,,end ,,from ,,sprinkling ,,tarn ,a1 ,position of ,brigg's climb 7not seen72 ,b1 ,the east gully2 ,c1 ,the great central gully2 ,d1 ,cust's gully4 ,the ,south-,east ,gully1 as it is usually called1 has its mouth only some #bj yards east from that of the last4 ,being much narrower1 it is bridged by numerous 'choke-stones1' and1 while less fine than the other in snow time1 offers in summer a better and rather longer climb4 ,half-way up or less there is a fork1 the dividing ridge forming quite a sharp arete4 ,above it the forks coalesce1 and as it nears the top the climb can be varied a good deal4 ,brigg's 7or ,holmes'7 ,pitch1 of which a photograph will be found in the ,climbers' ,book at ,wastdale ,head1 is still nearer to ,esk ,hause1 which it faces4 ,mr4 ,holmes and the ,messrs4 ,brigg1 who climbed it on ,easter ,monday #ahic1 describe the difficulty as consisting in a cave formed quite at the foot of the cliff by a jammed stone1 the top of which is reached by way of the rocks on the north side of it4 ,great ,gable 7#b1idi ft47 may be ascended with equal ease from ,wastdale or the head of ,borrowdale1 and is within easy reach of ,buttermere4 ,the simplest way up is by ,sty ,head1 from which half an hour's rough walking lands one on to the top4 ,the only alternative for ,wastdale is ',moses ,sledgate1' alias ,gavel ,neese1 a ridge of rather steep grass1 which offers a very direct way4 ,there is a bit of scrambling on ,white ,napes1 a rocky mass which tops the ,neese4 ,beyond this ,westmorland's ,cairn is left on the right hand and the summit cairn comes into sight4 ,people coming from ,buttermere usually go round the head of ,ennerdale over ,green ,gable1 and this is the way generally taken by ,borrowdale visitors for the return journey4 ,the climbing on this mountain is quite first-class4 ,the ,napes1 ,napes ,needle1 and ,kern ,knotts are separately described1 but in addition to these there are grand crags overlooking ,ennerdale4 ,these are referred to in ,col4 ,barrow's book in the passage where he defies the ,alpine ,club to ascend the most difficult side of certain ,lake mountains4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,great ,,gable ,a1 ,westmorland's ,cairn2 ,b1 ,white ,napes2 ,c1 ,e1 ,little and ,great ,hell ,gate2 ,d1 ,great ,napes2 ,f1 ,napes ,needle4 ,illustration3 ,,great ,,gable ,,from ,,the ,,south-,,east ,a1 ,kirkfell2 ,b1 ,beckhead2 ,c1 ,white ,napes2 ,d1 ,great ,napes2 ,e1 ,westmorland's ,cairn2 ,f1 ,summit2 ,g1 ,tom ,blue2 ,h1 ,kern ,knotts4 ,the path to ,sty ,head is seen mounting from left to right4 ,no one seems even to have looked at these crags till in #ahhb ,mr4 ,pope met his death on this side of the mountain4 ,in that year the writer found that it was an easy matter to coast along the face of the cliff at about two-thirds of the height of it1 and a year or two later that for all the ferocious appearance of these rocks there is a natural passage by which a mountain sheep of ordinary powers might ascend them4 ,close to this are the remains of a sort of hut of loose stones1 evidently the refuge of some desperate fugitive of half a century or more ago4 ,local tradition speaks of a notorious distiller of illicit whisky1 who was known to have a 'hide' somewhere in this wild neighbourhood4 ,the top of the easy passage bears by prismatic compass #bc deg4 from the highest cairn1 and is marked by a large stone4 ,to the east of this spot there is fine climbing1 the rocks being on a grand scale and difficult on that account4 ,at intervals large masses are detached by such agencies as frost1 and heavy falls result4 ,one of these carried with it a slab pinnacle which1 though only about #ae ft4 high1 was remarkably difficult4 ,the writer1 and ,messrs4 ,hastings and ,robinson gave themselves the trouble of climbing it1 and consequently heard of its untimely departure with deep regret4 ,in ,april #ahij ,mr4 ,j4,w4 ,robinson greatly assisted subsequent climbers by inserting a sketch in the ,wastdale ,head book1 and this sketch has been the usual basis of later work4 ,gable has the threefold excellence of being splendid to look at1 splendid to look from1 and splendid to climb2 and one can easily understand the enthusiasm of ,mr4 ,f4,h4 ,bowring1 who has ascended it over one hundred times4 ,green ,crag4--,a good piece of rock1 though not as sound as it might be1 at the head of ,warnscale1 the recess between ,fleetwith and ,scarf ,gap4 ,it is reached from ,buttermere by way of ,gatesgarth1 and then by the quarry track which goes up on the south side of ,fleetwith to ,dubs4 ,there is a fine gully in the crag which is unmistakable4 ,a note of the ascent of it was made by ,messrs4 ,j4,w4 ,robinson and ,w4,a4 ,wilson in ,august #ahhi4 ,griff--a valley-name in east ,yorkshire1 probably connected with 'greave1' which is common in ,derbyshire4 ,phillips says that the ,yorkshire word means 'a narrow1 rugged valley4' ,gurnard's ,head1 in ,cornwall1 not far from ,st4 ,ives1 is a fine promontory on which there is good climbing4 ,it is here that the greenstone ends and the granite begins1 prevailing from this point practically right on to the ,land's ,end4 ,hanging ,knot4--,see also ,esk ,pike4 ,the steep breast above ,angle ,tarn contains no continuous climb1 but there are several good bits in the rocks and gullies which connect the terraces4 ,hard ,knot4--',eske1' says ,camden1 'springeth up at the foote of ,hardknot1 an high steepe mountaine1 in the top whereof were discovered of late huge stones and foundations of a castle not without great wonder1 considering it is so steepe and upright that one can hardly ascend up to it4' ,this refers of course to the ,roman camp1 which is nowhere near the top4 ,the 'mountaine' scarcely deserves the name2 it is not high1 and though rugged offers no climbing4 ,writers much later than ,camden refer to it as if it were one of the highest hills in ,england4 ,even ,gray1 in his ,journal1 says ',wrynose and ,hardknot1 two great mountains1 rise above the rest4' ,illustration3 ,,hanging ,,knot ,,from ,,angle ,,tarn ,the usually accurate ,west introduces in the funniest way both 'the broken ridge of ,wrynose' and 'the overhanging cliff of ,hardknot' into his description of the view from ,belle ,isle on ,windermere1 and says that they1 with others1'form as magnificent an amphitheatre1 and as grand an assemblage of mountains1 as ever the genius of ,poussin1' c42 and then adds a note to say that they 'are named as being in the environs1 and are in reality not seen from the island4' ,harrison ,stickle1 'the next neighbour of ,pavey ,ark1 is another happy hunting-ground for beginners4 ,there are at least four good routes up4 ,there is one to the north-east which is fairly difficult4 ,due south there are two or three rather steep gills1 that may be climbed with a certain amount of ease4 ,but in no case should the climber1 even on the easiest of these routes1 omit to use the rope and take every precaution against preventable accidents4' ,thus speaks ,mr4 ,gwynne in the ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 and to his remarks little need be added1 except that it must be borne in mind nothing on this group is quite in the same class as ,pavey ,ark4 ,the obvious starting-point for either is ,dungeon ,gill at the very foot1 where there are two inns1 but ,grasmere is within easy reach1 being only about an hour further off4 ,hause 7hass1 horse1 -ourse1 -ose73 used in the ,north for a pass4 ,the word means 'neck' or 'throat1' the latter being the sense most felt in local names1 where it refers more to lateral contraction than to vertical depression1 being thus parallel to gorge rather than to col4 ,haystacks1 just east of ,scarf ,gap1 has one craggy bit on it where1 as appears from the curious map published in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for #agea1 eagles then built4 ,the name is often quoted as an instance of the ,norse word which occurs in ,stack ,polly1 and frequently on the ,scotch coast1 but ,west says it was called ,hayrick 7sic7 on account of its shape4 ,hell ,gate4--,a channel on ,great ,gable1 just by the east end of the ,napes4 ,it is the outlet for immense quantities of scree4 ,the older name1 ,deep ,gill1 has during the last twenty years being quite supplanted4 ,the present name1 if less pretty1 is more precise1 and saves confusion with the better known ,deep ,gill on ,scafell4 ,hell ,gill4--,there are many gills and becks bearing this name4 ,speaking of one in ,yorkshire1 ,leland says it is 'a ,bek called ,hell ,gill because it runnithe in such a deadely place4 ,this ,gill commithe to ,ure4' ,the idea is amplified by ,camden3 ',where ,richmondshire bordereth upon ,lancashire amongst the mountaines it is in most places so vast1 solitary1 unpleasant and unsightly1 so mute and still also that the borderers dwelling thereby have called certaine riverets creeping this waie ,hellbecks4 ,but especially that about the head of the river ,ure1 which having a bridge over it of one entier stone falleth downe such a depth1 that it striketh in a certaine horror to as many as looke downe4' ,the best known ,hell ,gill1 which at one time had considerable reputation as a climb1 is quite near the foot of ,bowfell on the ,langdale side4 ,though on a small scale1 it is highly picturesque4 ,the south fork is hardly passable in ordinary weather owing to a small waterfall1 below which is a deep pool flanked by perpendicular walls of rock1 and except in very dry seasons it is necessary to crawl up the red rotten slabs1 steep1 slimy1 and wet1 which form the north fork4 ,the gill should be visited more often than it is1 as it is directly on one of the best ways up the mountain from ,dungeon ,gill and ,langdale generally4 ,helm ,crag4--,colonel ,barrow1 speaking of this hill1 observes that climbing among these rocks requires care4 ,there are places quite as dangerous and as difficult as on any rock-work on the ,alps4 ,he was deterred from climbing the rock which is supposed to resemble a mortar1 by a slab of rock slanting sideways1 but in his opinion there was no great difficulty1 except that arising from the absence of hold for hand and foot--an exception of some importance4 ,helvellyn4--,a mountain which belongs equally to ,grasmere and to ,patterdale1 though the latter has by far the finest side of it4 ,striding ,edge on this side was at one time considered to present terrors such as the hardy mountaineer was not likely to encounter elsewhere4 ,this side is cut up into deep coves1 which are exceedingly steep and afford many opportunities for scrambling1 and near the path in ,grisedale there is one of the numerous ,eagle ,crags4 ,on the west side there is no climbing on the mountain itself1 but on the range of ,dodds1 which runs away to the north1 there is capital work to be found2 see ,bram ,crag and ,wanthwaite ,crags4 ,it was in connection with ,helvellyn that ,colonel ,barrow issued his famous challenge to the ,alpine ,club4 ,after stating that he had ascended the mountain by every possible way of getting up it1 and that it is the easiest of mountains to ascend from any direction that is possible1 he continues3 ',no one1 ,i think1 will venture the impossible1 which may be found on all the highest mountains in the ,lake ,district4 ,they have their precipitous sides for adventurous climbers1 who1 ,i promise1 will never get up them even if they have a mind to try--viz41 these1 ,great ,gable1 ,great ,end1 ,helvellyn1 ,fairfield1 c4 ,most of the difficult things in the ,alps have been accomplished4 ,here is a new field for any of the adventurous climbers of our club3 let them try these precipitous sides6' ,helvellyn was long regarded as the loftiest of the ,lake mountains1 the height assigned to it by ,west being #c1cbd ft41 and even its tame grassy slopes towards ,wythburn were thought very terrible indeed4 ,in the ',beauties of ,england' ,thirlmere is described as 'a scene of desolation which is much heightened by the appearance of the immense craggy masses1 that seem to hang on the sides of ,helvellyn1 from whose slopes they have apparently been severed1 but arrested in their tremendous progress down the mountain by the impulse of gravitation4 ,huge and innumerable fragments of rocks hang pendant from its sides1 and appear ready to fall and overwhelm the curious traveller who dares to ascend its wild and fantastic heights4' ,heron ,crag1 ,eskdale4--,a rock in ,eskdale 7q4v47 which was long reputed inaccessible4 ,it was supposed to be #abj yards high1 and to have a front like polished marble4 ,it will be found north of the ,esk river1 not far from ,throstlegarth 7,cumberland1 sheet #gi74 ,high ,level4--,this name was bestowed about the year #ahhj on a particular route1 by means of which the north-east foot of the ,pillar ,rock may be reached from ,black ,sail along the face of the mountain1 thus avoiding the descent into ,ennerdale and the subsequent laborious ascent to the rock4 ,the saving in time is very considerable1 but the way is so easily missed in thick weather that a stranger who attempted it would probably gain nothing but an exciting walk4 ,after reaching the slight hollow between ,lookingstead and ,pillar ,fell1 ,green ,cove is seen below4 ,here a descent may be made at once1 but it is better to proceed westward till about two dozen uprights of the iron railing are passed1 and then to descend1 keeping as much to the left as the cliffs will allow4 ,the whole art of choosing a line along this face is to cross each successive cove as high up as may be done without getting impeded by rocky ground4 ,the ridges which separate the coves mostly form small headlands1 and just above each headland a strip of smooth grass crosses the ridge4 ,economy in time is usually of more importance at the end than at the beginning of a day1 and it is well to know that1 whereas from the foot of the rock to ,black ,sail by way of the valley would take up the greater part of an hour1 ,mr4 ,hastings and the writer once timed themselves on the ,high ,level1 and found that they reached ,lookingstead in #ah minutes and the ford in ,mosedale in seven minutes more4 ,high ,stile1 in ,cumberland1 between ,ennerdale and ,buttermere1 has a height of #b1fdc ft41 and on its north-west side a few good crags4 ,it is best reached by following up the course of ,sour ,milk ,gill from the foot of ,buttermere to ,bleaberry ,tarn1 which can be reached from any of the inns in an hour's walking4 ,in a note made in the ,wastdale ,head book in ,august #ahhg1 ,mr4 ,robinson called attention to these rocks1 and he it is who has done most of the exploration here4 ,the principal climbing is in and about a gully in the centre4 ,a course may be taken up very steep grassy binks with the gully on the right hand4 ,the gully itself was climbed direct in ,september #ahic by ,messrs4 ,jones1 ,robinson and ,wilson1 and they found the second pitch very difficult4 ,the same party also ascended 'a short1 black-looking chimney away round on the left of the great crag1 and nearer the top of the mountain4' ,the very hard upper pitch was passed on the right hand1 and the final pull was by the arms alone4 ,both climbs are in full view from ,rigg's ,buttermere ,hotel4 ,the mountain is called ,high ,steel in some early maps1 and in that of the ,ordnance it comes on sheet #fi4 ,high ,street1 with the ,roman road running all along its ridge1 lies between ,patterdale and ,mardale ,green1 in ,westmorland4 ,it has a fine precipitous side towards the latter place at ,blea ,water 7see ,dixon's ,three ,jumps71 and at the south end of it1 about ,gavel ,crag and ,bleathwaite ,crag1 there are some good rocky faces1 which can be readily found by following up the course of the beck from ,kentmere4 ,hobcarton ,crags have a considerable repute1 which they have only retained by reason of their not being very easily got at4 ,the simplest way of reaching them from ,keswick is to take the train to ,braithwaite1 then go up the straight ,coledale until ,force ,crag is passed1 then trace the stream which comes down the hill on the right4 ,hobcarton is just over the ridge1 and the crags are on the left-hand side of the valley4 ,a descent may be made of a ridge which forms the right bank of a gill1 which runs from near the col where you are now standing2 the gill itself is too rotten4 ,the ,crags are very steep and very rotten2 but there is one curiosity about them1 in the shape of a continuous sloping ledge1 growing very narrow indeed towards the top4 ,it rises gradually in the direction of ,hopegillhead4 ,the crags are picturesque1 but can be traversed in any direction without difficulty1 and present no definite climb4 ,another way of reaching them from ,keswick is by crossing ,whinlatter ,pass1 and on the far side turning up the first valley to the left hand4 ,honister1 one of the grandest crags in ,cumberland1 is reached from either ,buttermere or ,borrowdale4 ,it is one of the chief attractions of the ',buttermere ,round' made by the breaks from ,keswick4 ,if quarrymen could only have been persuaded to let it alone1 it would have been a delightful climbing ground2 as things are1 we can only look and long4 ,apart from the great crag there is a fine view of the lakes below from the summit 7called ,fleetwith ,pike74 ,owing to its position near the black-lead mines1 this was one of the earliest ,lake mountains of which we have a recorded ascent4 ,it was made before the middle of last century1 and1 so far as can be made out1 these early mountaineers ascended from ,seathwaite and passed to the northward of ,grey ,knotts1 and so to the top of ,fleetwith4 ',the precipices were surprisingly variegated with apices1 prominencies1 spouting jets of water1 cataracts and rivers that were precipitated from the cliffs with an alarming noise' ,sourmilkgill4 ,on reaching the apparent top1 they were astonished to perceive a large plain to the west1 and from thence another craggy ascent1 which they reckoned at #ejj yards4 ',the whole mountain is called ,unnisterre or1 as ,i suppose1 ,finisterre1 for such it appears to be4' ,in about another hour two of the party gained this summit--'the scene was terrifying--the horrid projection of vast promontories1 the vicinity of the clouds1 the thunder of the explosions in the slate quarries1 the dreadful solitude1 the distance of the plain below1 and the mountains heaped on mountains that were lying around us desolate and waste1 like the ruins of a world which we only had survived excited such ideas of horror as are not to be expressed4 ,we turned from this fearful prospect1 afraid even of ourselves1 and bidding an everlasting farewell to so perilous an elevation4 ,we descended to our companions1 repassed the mines1 got to ,seathwayte1 were cheerfully regaled by an honest farmer in his puris naturalibus1 and returned to ,keswic about nine at night4' ,hope 7-hop1 -up73 used by ,leland as equivalent to 'brook1' but usually taken to mean a retired upland valley4 ,the ,icelandic 'hop' is applied to landlocked bays4 ,hough--a hill name in east ,yorkshire4 ,phillips says that it is equivalent to 'barf1' and means 'a detached hill4' ,it is pronounced 'hauf4' ,if this be the exact sense1 it can hardly be the same word as 'heugh1' which is used further north for 'crag' or 'precipice1' and it is perhaps merely another form of 'how' or 'haugh4' ,how 7-oe1 -ah1 -a1 -haw73 a ,norse word for a burial mound1 found all over the ,north of ,england4 ,ice-axe4--,on the high ,fells in time of snow an axe is a safeguard of vital importance4 ,quite apart1 too1 from the comfort and security which it alone can give1 it is an implement which can only be properly manipulated after long practice1 and consequently a beginner should eagerly avail himself of every opportunity of acquiring dexterity in the use of it4 ,from ,christmas to ,easter there is nearly always snow enough on the fells of ,cumberland to give excellent practice in step-cutting4 ,ill ,bell4--,a ,westmorland hill forming a series of three with ,froswick and ,rainsborrow ,crag4 ,its north or north-easterly face is very steep for a height of about #cjj ft4 ,staveley is perhaps the best starting-point for these three2 but they can be managed quite easily from ,ambleside or ,mardale ,green4 ,ill ,bell is on sheet #bj of the ,ordnance map of ,westmorland4 ,ingleborough1 #b1cfa ft41 one of the most striking of the ,yorkshire mountains1 of which the poet ,gray spoke as 'that huge creature of ,god4' ,readers of the ',heart of ,midlothian' will remember how it reminded ,jeannie ,deans of her 'ain countrie4' ,the most exaggerated ideas of its height formerly prevailed4 ,even in #aggj it was commonly reckoned at #c1ihg ft41 and ,hurtley actually gives #e1bhj ft4 ,its top is only about four miles from ,clapham1 and ponies can go all the way4 ,it is ascended far and away more frequently than any other ,yorkshire hill1 and consists mainly of limestone cliffs and slopes of shale1 with a certain amount of millstone grit4 ,here are some very remarkable caves 7see ,alum ,pot and ,gaping ,gill ,hole71 and of some of these there is an early description by ,mr4 ,adam ,walker in the ,evening ,general ,post for ,september #be1 #aggi1 which is quoted by ,west1 and an account of an ascent of it made in the year #agfa is also extant4 ,jack's ,rake is a natural passage across the face of ,pavey ,ark in ,langdale4 ,the first notice ever taken of it by any but shepherds was a note in the visitors' book belonging to the inn at ,dungeon ,gill by ,mr4 ,r4 ,pendlebury1 who spoke highly of it1 considering it to be a striking yet simple excursion among magnificent rock scenery4 ,after a time the world came to look at ,pavey ,ark1 and seeing an impossible-looking combination of ravine and precipice1 concluded1 not unnaturally1 that it must be what ,mr4 ,pendlebury had found a pleasant yet simple stroll4 ,under this delusion1 they began to try to climb what is now known as the ,great ,gully in ,pavey ,ark1 and did not expect to find a place anything like the real ,jack's ,rake4 ,mr4 ,gwynne1 in #ahib1 says of it3 ',along the face of the cliff there runs a ledge that looks from below hardly wide enough for a cat to stand upon4 ,however1 if an attempt is made to climb it1 it will be found wide enough for two fat men walking abreast4 ,towards the top it tapers off again1 and the climber will have to do a bit of scrambling to get on to the summit of the precipice4 ,this is a climb which offers no difficulty whatever1 unless the climber is given to attacks of giddiness1 and if that is the case there will hardly be any need to tell him that he has no business there at all4 ,this ledge1 however1 offers a multitude of good opportunities to the climber4 ,it runs obliquely across the face of the precipice1 but it need not necessarily be followed throughout its length by the mountaineer who wishes for something a little more exciting4 ',about halfway up there runs on to the ledge a chimney which1 when it is not a small waterfall1 forms a pleasant climb to some broken rock above1 whence the summit is easily reached4 ,if1 however1 the water in the chimney makes it uncomfortable and unpleasant for the climber1 he may still arrive at the top of it by choosing a long bit of steep smooth rock to the left4 ,there are two cliffs which afford fairly good hand and foot holds1 and from there the top of the chimney is attained4' ,it is remarkable that a gallery more or less resembling this is found on many of the chief precipices in the ,lakes4 ,there is a steeper one on the ,ennerdale ,crags of ,great ,gable2 there are two on the ,ennerdale face of the ,pillar ,rock1 and on ,scafell the ,rake's ,progress and ,lord's ,rake in their mutual relation closely resemble this rake and the wide gully at the north end of it4 ,illustration3 ,,pavey ,,ark ,,and ,,stickle ,,tarn ,a1 ,narrow gully2 ,b1 ,big gully2 ,c1 ,d1 ,smaller gullies2 ,e1 ,wide scree gully4 ,from the foot of ,e to ,a runs ,jack's ,rake4 ,kern ,knotts are on the south side of ,gable1 close to the ,sty ,head4 ,there is a short but difficult gully here on the side facing ,wastdale1 which was climbed by ,messrs4 ,owen ,jones and ,robinson in #ahic1 but described by them under the name of ,tom ,blue1 a rock much higher up the mountain4 ,keswick4--,though rather too distant from the very best climbing1 this is an excellent centre in point of variety4 ,of ,skiddaw and ,saddleback it enjoys a monopoly1 while ,helvellyn1 ,gable and ,scafell ,pikes are all within the compass of a day's work4 ,the railway is a convenience1 of course1 but not as useful as one might expect in extending the field of operations1 because most of the places to which it goes are of little interest4 ,the town is very well supplied with driving facilities1 such as coaches1 breaks and omnibuses4 ,the clay-slate of which the ,skiddaw and ,grassmoor groups are composed provides climbing of smaller quantity and inferior quality to that found among the harder rocks of what is called the ',borrowdale ,series1' but there are a few good scrambles west of ,derwentwater1 such as ,eel 7or ,ill7 ,crag1 ,force ,crag1 and ,hobcarton4 ,the nearest good rocks are in the neighbourhood of ,wallow ,crag1 but there is no pleasure in climbing with a crowd of gaping excursionists below4 ,a much pleasanter day may be spent in a visit to ,wanthwaite4 ,of ,keswick itself an early writer says that the poorer inhabitants subsist chiefly by stealing or clandestinely buying of those who steal the black-lead1 which they sell to ,jews and other hawkers2 but whatever changes the character of the people has or has not undergone1 it is not easy to believe that the scenery is the same as that which the early writers describe4 ,camden's tone is neutral3 ',compassed about with deawy hilles and fensed on the ,north side with that high mountaine ,skiddaw lieth ,keswike2' but two centuries later1 when the place began to be fashionable1 this description would not have satisfied any one4 ,the great characteristic of the scenery was considered to be its power of inspiring terror4 ,dr4 ,brown in his famous ',letter' dwells upon the 'rocks and cliffs of stupendous height hanging broken over the lake in horrible grandeur1 some of them a thousand feet high1 the woods climbing up their steep and shaggy sides1 where mortal foot never yet approached4 ,on these dreadful heights the eagles build their nests1 444 while on all sides of this immense amphitheatre the lofty mountains rise round1 piercing the clouds in shapes as spiry and fantastic as the very rocks of ,dovedale4444 ,the full perfection of ,keswick consists of three circumstances1 beauty1 horror and immensity united4' ,kirkfell has two fine buttresses of rock at the back1 facing ,ennerdale1 but they are broken up and so only fit for practice climbs4 ,they are1 however1 not unfrequently assailed by climbers who imagine themselves to be scaling the crags of ,great ,gable4 ,the direct ascent from ,wastdale is one of the steepest lengths of grass slope to be found among these hills4 ,the only gully on this fell is ,illgill1 which faces ,lingmell and contains two or three severe pitches4 ,it is rather seldom visited1 and is exposed to falling stones4 ,lancashire4--,though some of the rough country which borders on ,yorkshire contains a rocky bit here and there1 ,lancashire climbing has no real interest except in that part of it which belongs to the ,lake country4 ,the climax of this part is reached in the neighbourhood of ,coniston4 ,south of the ,lakes there are some limestone crags of striking form4 ,the impression produced on ,defoe by what we consider the exceptionally beautiful scenery of the ,lune valley is curious4 ',this part of the country seemed very strange and dismal to us 7nothing but mountains in view and stone walls for hedges2 sour oatcakes for bread1 or clapat-bread as it is called74 ,as these hills were lofty1 so they had an aspect of terror4 ,here were no rich pleasant valleys between them as among the ,alps2 no lead mines and veins of rich ore as in the ,peak2 no coal-pits as in the hills about ,halifax1 but all barren and wild and of no use either to man or beast4' ,langdale4--7,see ,bowfell1 ,pavey ,ark and ,pike o',stickle1 ,gimmer ,crag1 ,harrison ,stickle1 ,oak ,how47 ,by many thought the finest valley in ,westmorland2 the name is often written ,langden or ,langdon by old authorities4 ,dungeon ,gill has always been a favourite haunt of climbing folk1 and from this base strong walkers can easily manage to reach ,scafell1 ,gable1 ,coniston1 ,old ,man1 or ,helvellyn in the day4 ,limestone is abundant in ,derbyshire and ,yorkshire1 and forms the fine cliffs of ,cheddar in ,somerset1 ,berry ,head in ,devon1 ,anstis ,cove and others2 indeed most of the south coast of ,devon and ,cornwall east of ,penzance is of this material4 ,chudleigh ,rock and ,morwell ,rocks on the river ,tamar are very striking4 ,west1 speaking of this rock in ,lancashire1 says1 ',the whiteness and neatness of these rocks take off every idea of horror that might be suggested by their bulk or form4' ,in ,england it is very rare to find limestone which is a satisfactory material on which to climb4 ,lingmell1 called ,lingmoor by ,wilkinson1 is a mere shoulder of ,scafell ,pike4 ,it has1 however1 some fine cliffs facing those of ,great ,napes on ,gable2 between these two ,housman thought a collision imminent4 ,these used to be thought inaccessible1 but were climbed by ,mr4 ,bowring about #ahhj4 ,there is a striking view of them from near ,sty ,head4 ,the eye looks right along the dark ravine of ,piers ,gill1 which is apparently overhung by the long line of these crags1 rising from tongues of rock divided by huge fan-shaped banks of scree4 ,there is a good deal of chance about the climbing here4 ,it may be exciting1 or you may just happen to avoid what difficulties there are4 ,it is a very treacherous rock1 especially low down1 where curious long stone pegs are lightly stuck in the ground and come away at the first touch4 ,a few feet below the top stands a curious pinnacle of forbidding appearance1 of which a sensational photograph has been taken2 but ,mr4 ,robinson found one side from which the top is reached with ridiculous ease4 ,further west there are gullies facing ,kirkfell which are worth climbing1 though there is much unsound rock4 7,see also ,piers ,gill47 ,illustration3 ,,lingmell ,,and ,,piers ,,gill ,lingmoor1 rather over a mile south-east of ,millbeck ,inn1 and near ,oak ,how1 is a little pinnacle of which a photograph and a description by ,mr4 ,h4,a4 ,gwynne will be found in the ,climbers' book at that place4 ,in old maps the name is sometimes found applied to ,lingmell4 ,illustration3 ,,lord',s ,,rake ,,and ,,rake',s ,,progress ,a1 ,the foot of ,moss ,gill2 ,b1 ,the foot of ,steep ,gill2 ,c-,d1 ,lord's ,rake2 ,c-,a1 ,part of ,rake's ,progress4 ,lord's ,rake4--,a well-known scree-shoot in the north face of ,scafell1 for the ascent of which from ,mickledoor it offers an easy route without climbing4 ,the earliest account of its being used for this purpose is in the ,penny ,magazine for #ahcg at p4 #bic3 ',it is very laborious and looks dangerous1 but in fact there is no risk except that of a sprained ankle4 ,it is through the ,lord's ,rake1 a shaft between two vertical walls of rock about five yards across all the way up1 and twenty or twenty-five minutes' hard climbing on all fours up a slope of about #de deg44 ,the place must have been cut out by a watercourse1 but is now dry and covered with light shingle4 ,it looks right down into ,hollow ,stones 7the deep vale between the ,pikes and ,scafell71 and most fearful it does look1 but it is not dangerous4 ,when we reached the inn at ,eskdale over ,scafell my shepherd was very proud of having brought me through the ,lord's ,rake1 and the people were much surprised4 ,it seems to be rather a feat in the country4 ,it is the strangest place ,i ever saw4 ,it may be recommended to all who can bear hard labour and enjoy the appearance of danger without the reality4' ',prior's ,guide' contained the first good description of this rake4 ,luxulion1 in ,cornwall1 is of interest to the mineralogist and the travelled mountaineer on account of its enormous block4 ,according to ,mr4 ,baddeley1 this is the largest block in ,europe1 larger than any of the famous boulders at the head of the ,italian lakes1 and it may take rank with the largest known1 the ,agassiz blocks in the ,tijuca mountains near ,rio ,janeiro4 ,he gives the dimensions as #di feet by #bg feet with #gb feet girth1 yet makes no allusion to the ,bowder ,stone in ,borrowdale1 which in another work he describes as being #fj feet long1 #cj feet high1 and weighing #a1ijj tons4 ,it would appear1 therefore1 that the ,bowder ,stone is considerably larger than the largest stone in ,europe without being so remarkable for size as another stone in ,england4 ,malham ,cove4--,a fine example of the limestone scenery of the ,craven ,fault4 ,the river ,aire gushes forth from the base of the cove1 which can easily be seen in the same excursion as ,gordale ,scar4 ,the nearest town is ,skipton-in-,craven and the nearest station ,bell ,busk1 but ,settle is very little farther and will generally be found the most convenient starting-point4 ,mardale ,green1 at the head of ,hawes ,water1 is a delightful and little visited spot4 ,in the way of climbing it commands ,high ,street1 ,harter ,fell1 ,froswick1 ,ill ,bell1 and ,rainsborrow ,crag4 ,the best near climbs are about ,bleawater and ,riggindale4 ,mellbreak4--,one of the few ,cumberland fells which the indefatigable ,colonel ,barrow seems to have left unvisited2 yet no one who stops at ,scale ,hill or ,buttermere will consider wasted a day spent upon it4 ,the proper course is to begin at the end which faces ,loweswater village and ascend by ,frier's ,gill1 a nice little climb4 ,having reached the top of the gill and then the summit plateau1 proceed to the hollow about the middle of the mountain1 and from there descend the highly curious ,pillar ,rake1 which gradually slopes down towards the foot of ,crummock ,water4 ,it is not a climb1 but any one who is not content with the study of mountain form can find climbing in the little gullies which ascend the rocks above the rake4 ,sheet #fc of the ,ordnance map of ,cumberland contains it4 ,mickledoor ,chimney1 in the cliffs of ,scafell1 is not the easiest1 but the most obvious point at which to attack them4 ,it is conspicuous from the ,pikes1 and would probably be selected by any experienced stranger as the most vulnerable point4 ,it was visited about the year #ahfi by ,mr4 ,c4,w4 ,dymond1 who contributed to ',prior's ,guide' the earliest and best description of it4 ,he says that1 'leaving ,mickledoor ,ridge1 you pass the fissure leading to ,broad ,stand1 and continue descending steeply for two minutes1 which brings you to a narrow gully in the rock1 with a thread of water trickling down it over moss4 ,this is the cheminee to be ascended1 and there is no special difficulty in it until you are near the top4 ,here the gully1 of which the 'chimney' forms the lower section1 is effectually blocked for some distance1 and the only alternative is to climb out of it by the rock which forms the right wall1 and which is about #ab ft4 high1 the lower six vertical and the upper a steep slant4 ,this1 which can only be scaled a la chimney-sweep1 is exceedingly difficult1 as is also the gymnastic feat of escaping to terra firma from the narrow shelf on which the shoulder-and-hip work lands you4' ,this is very clear and in the main correct1 but there is another and easier exit much lower down called 'the ,corner1' and there is a third exit only a few feet from the mouth of the chimney4 ,all these are on the right hand1 for the opposite bank is not only much higher and much smoother1 but would lead to nothing if it were surmounted4 ,it is not really necessary to enter the chimney at all1 for the edge presented where the bank cuts the wall bounding the screes is quite assailable1 and just right of it there is a point which may even be called easy2 but two terrible accidents which have occurred at this spot prove the necessity of care4 ,until the extraordinarily dry season of #ahic the moss-grown block at the very head of the chimney had never been climbed4 ,it was accomplished on the #abth of ,september by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,fowler4 ,by standing on the shoulders of a tall man he was able to reach a slight hold and to establish himself on a rough rectangular block forming the floor of a recess big enough to hold one man4 ,the block above it was holdless1 and overhanging and loose stones were a great nuisance4 ,micklefell4--,the highest mountain in ,yorkshire1 but except on that account it possesses no special attraction4 ,the best starting-point is the ,high ,force ,inn in ,teesdale1 #e miles from ,middleton4 ,by making the round of the mountain from ,high ,force to ,appleby some very fine rock-scenery may be enjoyed4 ,millstone grit4--,a material which is very abundant in ,yorkshire and ,derbyshire4 ,it is fairly firm1 but seldom affords a climb of any sustained interest4 ,few kinds of rock weather into such eccentric forms1 and of this propensity ,brimham ,rocks are a good example4 ,it forms most of the ',edges' in ,derbyshire1 and generally speaking a precipice at the top of a hill is of this material1 while those at the foot are of limestone4 ,moses' ,sledgate is a curious track1 which has evidently been engineered with considerable care1 running from near ,seatoller in ,borrowdale at the back of ,brandreth1 round the head of ,ennerdale below ,green and ,great ,gable1 and then over ,beck ,head and down ,gavel ,neese into ,wastdale4 ,the question is1 who made it and for what purpose was it used8 ,a few years ago1 the writer1 while climbing with two friends among the crags on the ,ennerdale side of ,great ,gable1 stumbled quite by chance on something which seemed to throw a side-light on the question4 ,this was a ruined hut thickly overgrown with moss1 and showing no trace of any wood having been employed in its construction4 ,the spot had evidently been chosen primarily with a view to concealment1 and the result of enquiries kindly made since then by one of my friends has been to elicit proof of certain traditions still lingering among the older inhabitants of these dales concerning a noted distiller of illicit spirits1 who flourished and defied the law among these wild retreats4 ,at the same time it is not easy to believe that a smuggler would have undertaken the construction of such a path as this4 ,in the ,south of ,england1 it is true that the smugglers were considerable roadmakers2 but that was at a time when smuggling was a great and well-organised institution1 and it seems much more probable in this case that ,moses made use of an old path constructed for some purpose which had at that time been abandoned4 ,the terms ',moses' ,path' and ',moses' ,trod' are also used to describe this track4 ,it is not noticed in the guide-books1 but something is said about it by ,mrs4 ,lynn ,linton4 ,moss ,gill1 on ,scafell1 is the next gully on the east or ,mickledoor side of ,steep ,gill4 ,the name ,sweep ,gill 7'from the probable profession of the future first climber of its extraordinary vertical chimneys'7 was suggested for it by ,mr4 ,gilson shortly after its discovery1 but that name has been entirely superseded4 ,the first mention of it in the ,wastdale ,head book is a note by the present writer in ,june #ahhi1 recommending it to any one in search of a new and difficult climb4 ,his party on that occasion was repulsed after reaching the great blocks1 which have only been passed since by the aid of the artificial step subsequently cut in the rock4 ,it was tried again a fortnight later by a party under ,mr4 ,r4,c4 ,gilson1 which got very nearly1 but not quite as far4 ,two days later the same party explored the gill from above and descended in it for a considerable distance4 ,it was not1 however1 till three and a half years later1 at ,christmas1 #ahib1 that the climb was accomplished by ,dr4 ,j4,n4 ,collie1 ,g4 ,hastings1 and ,j4,w4 ,robinson1 and their account of it is3 ,illustration3 ,,moss ,,gill ,,and ,,steep ,,gill ,a1 ,moss ,gill 7,collie's exit72 ,b1 ,moss ,gill 7,collier's exit73 ,c1 ,top of ,steep ,gill4 ,just below the point to which ,a and ,b converge is the artificial step4 ',the chief points in this climb are1 ,first--to begin on the rock wall to the right of the foot of the gill and not in the very foot of the chimney itself1 then enter the gill just below the first great pitch1 which may be turned by climbing the wall on the right hand on to a grass ledge of considerable size1 called the ,tennis ,court2 enter the gill from here again1 and pass into the cavern under the great boulder4' ',we found1' says ,dr4 ,collie1 'that below the great slab which formed the roof1 another smaller one was jammed in the gully1 which1 stretching across from side to side1 formed the top of a great doorway4 ,under this we passed and clambered up on to the top of it4 ,over our heads the great rock roof stretched some distance over the gill4 ,our only chance was to traverse straight out along the side of the gill1 till one was no longer overshadowed by the roof above1 and then1 if possible1 climb up the face of rock and traverse back again above the obstacle into the gill once more4 ,this was easier to plan than to carry out2 absolutely no hand-hold1 and only one little projecting ledge jutting out about a quarter of an inch and about two inches long to stand on1 and six or eight feet of the rock wall to be traversed4 ,i was asked to try it4 ,accordingly1 with great deliberation1 ,i stretched out my foot and placed the edge of my toe on the ledge4 ,just as ,i was going to put my weight on to it1 off slipped my toe1 and if ,hastings had not quickly jerked me back1 ,i should instantly have been dangling on the end of the rope4 ,but we were determined not to be beaten4 ,hastings' ice-axe was next brought into requisition1 and what followed ,i have no doubt will be severely criticised by more orthodox mountaineers than ourselves4 ,as it was my suggestion ,i must take the blame4 ,peccavi6 ,i hacked a step in the rock--and it was very hard work4 ,but ,i should not advise any one to try and do the same thing with an ordinary axe4 ,hastings' axe is an extraordinary one1 and was none the worse for the experiment4 ,i then stepped across the mauvais pas1 clambered up the rock till ,i had reached a spot where a capital hitch could be got over a jutting piece of rock1 and the rest of the party followed4 ,we then climbed out of the gill on the left1 up some interesting slabs of rock4 ,a few days later the gill was again ascended by a party led by ,mr4 ,j4 ,collier4 ,they did not follow our track to the left after the overhanging rock had been passed1 but climbed straight up1 using a crack which looks impossible from down below1 thus adding an extra piece of splendid climbing to the expedition4' ,only four days after ,dr4 ,collie1 a party of five climbers1 led by ,dr4 ,j4 ,collier1 made the second ascent of ,moss ,gill4 ,the description given by their precursors was of great assistance1 and except that the gill was entered much lower1 the same line was followed up to the traverse from the great boulder4 ,here1 instead of climbing out to the sky line on the left side1 the ascent of the gill itself was completed by climbing the vertical moss-grown wall on the right4 ,this part was entirely new1 and ,dr4 ,collier's note of his variation1 or we may say correction1 for his climb is the more direct of the two1 is that the ascent of the wall was made by using the cleft of the gill for about #ae ft41 when a resting place was reached4 ,above this point they climbed about #ae ft41 and then traversed out on the face of the wall for about #h ft4 by some ledges which afforded just sufficient hold4 ,they then ascended vertically about #f or #h ft41 re-entering the cleft above a small platform of jammed stones 7',sentry ,box'74 ,this gave a starting-point for the completion of the ascent1 which was made by climbing out on to the face of the wall to enable the jammed stones at the top of the pitch to be turned4 ,these last stones did not appear to be secure and were avoided4 ,from this point the gill continues upward at an easy slope1 with one pitch of about #ae ft4 to the back of the small summit on the left of ,deep ,gill4 ,two days later the ascent was repeated by ,dr4 ,collier in company with ,professor ,h4,b4 ,dixon and the late ,professor ,a4,m4 ,marshall1 the latter of whom inserted in the ,climbers' book a remarkably bold and effective outline sketch of the gill1 with explanatory notes4 ,speaking of the climb1 he said that ,mr4 ,collier led throughout1 and that the success of the climb was due entirely to him4 ,the climb is a very fine one1 and1 except for the leader1 is entirely free from danger4 ,at the very awkward return from ,tennis ,court ,ledge into the gully1 the leader can by a short traverse fix himself directly above the rest of the party4 ,during the traverse from the 'window' the leader can fix the rope over the 'belaying-pin4' ,in the great chimney the ,sentry ,box is a place of absolute safety4 ,the climb is difficult1 but no part of the chimney is harder than the short rock face leading up to ,tennis ,court ,ledge1 and the most awkward traverse 7if covered with snow7 is the one from ,tennis ,court ,ledge back into the gully4 ,for a party of three #hj ft4 of rope would be enough2 #ajj ft4 perhaps better4 ,on ,january #i1 #ahic1 ,mr4 ,o4,g4 ,jones attacked this formidable climb entirely by himself1 following ,mr4 ,collier's route up to the foot of the ,great ,chimney1 and then ,mr4 ,hastings' exit to the left4 ,heavy snow had fallen since the previous ascents and the climb appeared to be exceedingly difficult4 ,almost every hold had to be cleared of snow2 essential precautions rendered the climb of five hours' duration1 and it was not completed till after dark 7#e4de p4m474 ,while clearing snow from the more remote portions of the ,collie traverse from the window1 in search of the third step1 the difficulty of balancing proved too great1 and he fell into the gully below4 ,a rope had been secured round the window and thus prevented his passing beyond the snow patch on which he fell4 ,the window 'sill1' already loose1 was on the verge of falling1 and was therefore pushed over into the gully4 ,returning two days later1 he found that the two lowest chimneys in the gill could be taken straight up1 and that the simplest way of reaching ,tennis ,court ,ledge is by 'backing up' the chimney till the level of the recess in the right-hand face is reached4 ',the recess is near enough to be taken with a stride4 ,it would seem that the ,tennis ,court ,ledge and traverse back into the gully may be entirely dispensed with by continuing up the chimney1 the small jammed stones being firm enough to render the necessary assistance4 ,while making these suggestions concerning small details in the climb1 it may be mentioned that at the ,collie traverse1 which the writer's experience leads him to think is the most dangerous piece in the gill1 an axe may be of much help to a party4 ,a man fixed on the window sill may press the point of the axe into a conveniently placed notch in the slab facing him1 so that the lower end of the handle shall supply a firm hand-hold for any one stretching round the third step4 ,heights calculated by ,mr4 ,jones4 ,foot of ,gill on ,rake's ,progress #b1fbe ft4 ,snow ,patch below ,tennis ,court ,ledge #b1hje ,tennis ,court ,ledge #b1hdj ,foot of jammed stone pitch #b1hgj ,window in jammed stones #b1hie ,snow patch above #b1ibj ,top of left-hand exit #c1adj ,top of ,moss ,gill proper #c1agj ,it must1 however1 be borne in mind that these measurements1 though useful for the purposes of comparison1 cannot be absolutely correct1 seeing that ,scafell itself is only #c1afb ft4 high4 ,on ,february #aa ,messrs4 ,slingsby1 ,woolley1 and ,r4 ,williams found the gully very difficult owing to ice1 and recorded an emphatic protest against any one following their example by attempting it1 'except when the rocks are dry and quite free from ice4' ,on the last day of ,march ,messrs4 ,brunskill and ,gibbs followed1 with a slight improvement1 ,dr4 ,collier's route1 and made the subjoined observations1 taken apparently with greater care than those by ,mr4 ,jones3 ,foot of ,gill at ,rake's ,progress #b1egj ft4 ,snow ,patch above jammed stones #b1hfe ,top of ,great ,chimney or ,moss wall #b1ife ,top of ,gill 7neck leading to ,deep ,gill ,pisgah7 #c1jfe ,it will be seen that while the points are all made lower than ,mr4 ,jones's table1 the height between the commencement of the climb and the snow patch above the jammed stones is exactly the same--#bie ft4 ,in this case an observation was taken at the cairn on the top of ,scafell1 and the aneroid stood at almost exactly the correct figure1 which somewhat confirms the figures now given4 ,napes4--,a collection of fine rocks1 starting up like a stack of organ pipes on the south side of ,great ,gable4 ,the extremity of them nearest to ,kirkfell is called ,white ,napes1 and sometimes ,gable ,horn4 ,east of this is a gap known as ,little ,hell ,gate4 ,east of this comes ,great ,napes1 and east of them again is ,great ,hell ,gate1 which is called ,deep ,gill in the ,ordnance map4 ,in ,september1 #ahhd1 a note by the present writer in the book at ,wastdale ,head drew attention to these excellent rocks4 ,they are now one of the most favourite climbs in ,wastdale1 and contain the well-known ,needle1 the ,bear ,rock1 and the ,arrowhead1 with their respective gullies and aretes4 ,just west of ,hell ,gate there is a considerable width of very large and steep rock1 which continues nearly to the ,needle ,ridge1 with only a few steep and shallow gullies1 in which the grass is very rotten4 ,west of this ridge there is a deep gully1 grassy1 but exceedingly steep4 ,the ridge beyond this was ascended in ,april1 #ahib1 by ,messrs4 ,slingsby1 ,baker1 ,solly1 and ,brigg1 who called it the ,eagle's ,nest 7q4v474 ,the narrow gully west of this ridge is apparently that which was climbed on ,december #bi1 #ahij1 by ,mr4 ,r4,c4 ,gilson4 ,he describes it as 'the gully on the left as you face the mountain of the gully coming down left of the ,needle4' ,he proceeds to say that it presented no special difficulty1 except at a point about one-third of the way up1 where there was a large boulder and a smooth slab thinly glazed with ice4 ,it was claimed as a first ascent when climbed on ,april #ag1 #ahib1 by ,messrs4 ,solly and ,schintz4 ,west again of this is the ridge of the ,arrowhead 7q4v474 ,we are here getting near the end of ,great ,napes1 which are separated on the west from ,white ,napes by the scree gully which is called ,little ,hell ,gate4 ,napes ,needle4--,a rock of very striking form1 which1 by an eminent mountaineer1 has been compared to a violon-cello4 ,it stands at the foot of the ,needle ,ridge in the ,napes1 and was first climbed by the writer about the end of ,june1 #ahhf4 ,the second ascent was made on ,march #ag1 #ahhi1 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,hastings1 and the third by ,mr4 ,f4 ,wellford on ,june #bb1 ,mr4 ,j4,w4 ,robinson following on ,august #ab in the same year4 ,illustration3 ,,napes ,,needle ,,from ,,the ,,west ,a1 ,needle ,ridge2 ,b is reached from below by means of a deep crack which goes right through the rock4 ,in order to get to ,c from ,b it is necessary to pass round behind to the crack seen at ,d1 along which one may pass to ,c1 and thence direct to the top4 ,miss ,koecher 7,march #ca1 #ahij7 was apparently the first lady to ascend4 ,it was first climbed from the west2 the way on the opposite side is perhaps less severe1 but longer and more varied4 ,the rock is frequently photographed1 and an illustrated article on it appeared in the ,pall ,mall ,budget of ,june #e1 #ahij4 ,needle ,ridge is that ridge of the ,napes on ,great ,gable which is immediately behind the ,napes ,needle4 ,it was discovered in #ahhd by the writer and ,mr4 ,robinson1 and ascended by them in a somewhat desultory fashion2 that is to say1 they cut in from the east side nearly at the top of the difficult face which forms its lower extremity1 and also avoided the topmost piece by passing over on to the easy terrace on the west side of the ridge4 ,the arete was climbed in a strict and conscientious manner for the first time by the writer in #ahhf4 ,this was a descent1 and apparently the first strict ascent was made by ,messrs4 ,slingsby1 ,hastings ,hopkinson1 and a brother of the writer4 ,north ,climb4--,the first to describe this climb on ,scafell was ,mr4 ,seatree1 who says3 ',from the ridge we traversed a ledge of grass-covered rock the ,rake's ,progress to the right1 until we reached a detached boulder1 stepping upon which we were enabled to get hand-hold of a crevice #f or #g ft4 from where we stood4 ,to draw ourselves up so as to get our feet upon this was the difficulty2 there is only one small foot-hold in that distance1 and to have slipped here would have precipitated the climber many feet below4 ,having succeeded in gaining this foot-hold1 we found ourselves in a small rectangular recess1 with barely room to turn round4 ,from here it was necessary to draw ourselves carefully over two other ledges into a small rift in the rocks1 and then traverse on our hands and knees another narrow ledge of about #h ft4 to the left1 which brought us nearly in a line with ,mickledoor ,ridge4 ,from here all was comparatively smooth sailing4' ,this climb had been made many years before 7#ahfi7 by ,major ,ponsonby ,cundill1 ,r4,e41 who left his stick in the deep crack behind the ledge which ,mr4 ,seatree traversed on his hands and knees4 ,the stick was found in #ahhd by ,mr4 ,chas4 ,cookson4 ,this ledge1 by the way1 should certainly be walked or at least sidled in an upright attitude1 otherwise ungainly gambollings are necessary when the time comes for stepping off at the other end4 ,the descent of the ,north ,climb is decidedly difficult1 unless the ascent has been made just previously1 and the climb whether up or down is an excellent test of style4 ,a couple of yards to the left there is an alternative to the 'rectangular recess1' and it is known as the ',rift4' ,it is to be done by a wild struggle4 ,it was at one time the wetter and harder of the two ways1 but the conditions are now reversed4 ,old ,wall4--,on the east side of the ,pillar ,rock a natural line of rock runs down to the head of ,walker's ,gully1 having1 however1 a narrow passage by means of which sheep may reach the ,low ,man4 ,a hundred years ago or more1 the shepherds built a wall of loose stones to stop the sheep1 and though little of the wall remains1 the name clings to the spot4 ,at one time the ,north-east ,route was usually spoken of as the ,old ,wall ,way4 ,patriarch4--,by this name the ,rev4 ,james ,jackson1 of ,sandwith in ,cumberland1 was very widely known4 ,it is an abbreviation of one which he himself invented and assumed--',patriarch of the ,pillarites4' ,some considerable mention of him is made by ,mr4 ,williamson1 but his readers will be glad to have further particulars1 for this was a man of no ordinary stamp4 ,born at ,millom just before the series of naval victories which closed the eighteenth century1 he passed his boyhood in the thick of the ,buonaparte struggle and shared in it personally when a mere lad4 ,however1 he soon changed the colour of his coat and entered the ,church2 but long before his connection with the ,pillar he had ceased to take any active part in his profession4 ,thenceforward he lived at his ease1 amusing himself by rambles and scrambles far and near among the fells4 ',i have knocked about1' he said himself1 'among the mountains ever since1 till ,i may almost say ,i knaw iv'ry craag4' ,that he was somewhat of an egotist cannot be denied4 ,in his letters as in his poems his own feats form the burden of his song4 ,to this point all topics converged with the same certainty that all roads are said to lead to ,rome4 ,he was never tired of relating how1 for instance1 in his sixty-ninth year he had one day walked #df miles in #ad-a_/b hours1 on the third day following #ef miles in #ah hours1 and after a similar interval #fj miles in less than #bj hours1 thus accomplishing within one week three walks1 any one of which might well knock up many a man of half his age2 how1 on another occasion1 he had found two brethren of his own cloth struggling feebly to surmount the difficulties of ,rossett ,gill2 how1 taking pity upon their tender years1 he had transferred their knapsacks to his own venerable shoulders and1 striding on before1 encouraged them to complete their weary task4 ,a man aged between sixty and seventy might fairly plume himself on such an exploit4 ,he also rejoiced greatly in the fact that he had been the first student of ,st4 ,bees ,college--a distinction of which1 as he justly said1 no one could ever deprive him4 ,but the feat on which he especially prided himself was one of bodily activity4 ,during the third part of a century he held the living of ,rivington1 near ,bolton-le-,moors4 ,it chanced that the weathercock of his church had become loose1 and the masons rather shrank from the risk of going up to secure it4 ,here was an opportunity which our friend could not forego2 and ,rivington witnessed the unwonted spectacle of a beneficed clergyman of the ,church of ,england solemnly swarming up his own steeple and making fast the vane 'under circumstances of terror which made the workmen recoil from the task1 and the gazing rustics turn sick with horror at the sight6' ,while walking proudly back to his parsonage he composed a commemorative epigram which will bear quotation3 ,who has not heard of ,steeple ,jack1 ,that lion-hearted ,saxon8 ,though ,i'm not he1 he was my sire1 ,for ,i am ',steeple ,jackson'6 ,indeed1 his fancy was as lively as his limbs were supple4 ,he was ever on the watch for some analogy or antithesis2 ever producing some new alliteration or epigram expressive of such contrasts as that between his age and his activity4 ,his favourite description of himself was 'senex juvenilis'--an idea which he frequently put into ,english1 e4g43 ,if this in your mind you will fix ,when ,i make the ,pillar my toy1 ,i was born in #a1 #g1 #i1 #f1 ,and you'll think me a nimble old boy4 ,on the late ,mr4 ,maitland1 a well-known climber1 as only second to himself in age and ardour1 he bestowed the title ',maitland of ,many ,mounts' and ',patriarch ,presumptive of the ,pillarites4' ,there is nothing strange in his thus designating a successor and bestowing titles of honour2 for these are matter of royal privilege1 and he looked upon himself as the ,mountain ,monarch and always expected climbers to attend his mimic court and pay him homage4 ,but he had many a high-flown alias besides4 ,when ,mr4 ,pendlebury came under his notice he contrasted himself with the ,senior ,wrangler1 rather neatly1 as the ',senior ,scrambler'2 after his ascent of the ,pillar he dubbed himself ',st4 ,jacobus ,stylites'2 and many other titles are introduced into the occasional poems on which he expended much of his ingenuity4 ,his bodily powers were not allowed to rust away4 ',my adopted motto1' he said1 'is ,stare nescio1' and some idea of his boundless love of enterprise may be formed from one of his letters3 ',i have been twelve months afloat on the wide1 wide sea4 ,i have been beneath the falls of ,niagara4 ,i have sung ,god save the ,king in the hall of ,st4 ,peter's2 ,i have ascended ,vesuvius in the eruption of #ahbh2 ,i have capped ,snowdon in ,wales and ,slieve ,donard in ,ireland1 and nearly all the hills in this district4444 ,it only remains for me to mount the ,pillar ,rock6' ,before the end of the following ,may this hope was gratified1 and a proud moment it was for this veteran climber when1 seated serenely on the summit1 he was able to record in a ,greek inscription 7written1 as he carefully notes1 'without specs'7 his ascent of the famous rock4 ,think of the life1 the energy1 the determination that must have been in him6 ,years seemed to be powerless to check the current of his blood4 ,where are we to look for another of his age--he was now in his eightieth year--showing any approach to the same combination of enterprise1 pluck and bodily vigour8 ,it cannot be wondered at that his success filled him with the keenest delight4 ,he wrote off at once in high glee to his friends and felt quite injured if1 in their reply or their delay in replying1 he detected any sign of indifference to his exploit4 ,but true to his motto ',stare nescio1' he was not content with this4 ,within a month we find him expressing a fear that his title ',patriarch of the ,pillarites' might not be acknowledged by 'the ,western division of the ,order1' and announcing his intention of climbing the ,pillar from the west also in order to secure his claim4 ,he playfully proposes1 moreover1 that while he1 'the aged errant knight1' with his faithful squire toiled up from the west1 a certain fair ,pillarite should arrive at the summit from the east and crown his success on the spot by the bestowal on him of her hand and heart4 ,according to all approved precedent the 'aged errant knight' ought to have bound his lady's favour around his clerical hat and ranged the mountains extorting from the passing tourist at the point of his alpenstock a confession of her peerless beauty2 or for her sake betaken himself to the ,rock and there passed nights of vigil and days of toil assisting distressed damsels in the terrible passage of the ',slab4' ,whatever he did1 he made no attempt on the west route4 ,perhaps despair of the reward had cooled his zeal--zeal conditional like that of the ,hindoo teacher who1 when asked whether he professed the creed which he was anxious to teach1 naively replied1 ',i am not a ,christian2 but ,i expect to be one shortly--if sufficient inducement offers4' ,there is a sad and sharp contrast in turning from his high spirits and playful fancy to his sudden death4 ,it has been described elsewhere4 ,though fourscore and two was 7as he himself expressed it on the very day of his death7 the 'howdah' on his back1 it cannot be said that the ever-growing howdah had crushed its bearer4 ,his vigour was unimpaired4 ,like ,walter ,ewbank1 ,to the very last1 ,he had the lightest foot in ,ennerdale4 ,indeed1 the same thing might have happened to a boy4 ,it was an accident2 but it might be rash to say that it was a misfortune1 or that he would himself have regarded any other death as preferable4 ,his life had already been longer and more varied than falls to ordinary men2 but the change could not long have been delayed4 ,a few months would have seen his faculties failing and his powers decayed4 ,to a man of his habits and temperament inaction would have been the most terrible affliction1 and though he might have dragged on for years1 his strength would truly have been labour and sorrow4 ,two years before he had stood close to this very spot4 ',almost all the mountains1' he said1 'which ,i had known in youth1 in manhood1 and in old age were visible1 and seemed to give me a kindly greeting for auld lang syne4 ,in the fervour of admiration ,i might have chanted1 ,nunc dimittis1 ,domine1 servum tuum in pace4' ,we may well believe that1 had the old man foreseen his fate1 he would have gladly welcomed it1 and have found for it no fitter place among all his beloved mountains than this quiet cove almost within the shadow of the majestic rock4 ,patterdale is a place where a climber may spend a week or two with much enjoyment1 though the quality of the rocks is by no means first-rate4 ,it is the best centre for ,helvellyn1 ,fairfield1 and ,st4 ,sunday ,crag1 and convenient for ,swarthbeck and the whole ,high ,street range4 ,on ,place ,fell1 fine as it looks1 there is not much worth climbing4 ,deepdale and ,dovedale are both worth exploring4 ,pavey ,ark1 one of the ,langdale ,pikes1 is easily reached in three-quarters of an hour from ,dungeon ,gill4 ,on it will be found some splendid climbing1 including the ,big ,gully1 the ,little ,gully1 ,jack's ,rake 7q4v471 and many minor points of interest4 ,the two chief gullies stand on either side of a buttress of rock1 the top of which forms a tooth on the sky line4 ,the ,little ,gully is on the south side of it1 and is ,v-shaped1 giving a very straightforward but pleasant climb4 ,but the ,great ,gully has two considerable difficulties1 one low down and the other near the top4 ,the lower is caused by a huge block covering a considerable cavern4 ,the way is either right through the cavern and out again through a narrow hole1 or up a high grassy bank on the right hand4 ,in either case a narrow place is reached1 walled in between the big block and a smaller one on the right hand4 ,here the difficulty is that the walls nearly meet towards the top1 so that it is necessary1 in order to get room for the head1 to go rather 'outside4' ,however1 a second man with a rope can hold the leader very securely1 and a piece of rock having come away1 the headroom is much more commodious than it used to be4 ,just below the level of ,jack's ,rake there are some very 'brant and slape' inclines of wet or muddy rock1 which most people consider the worst part of the climb4 ,there is very little hold1 and what there is was on the occasion of the first ascent lubricated by a film of fine mud4 ,on reaching ,jack's ,rake several variations may be made1 and straight ahead there is a very neat little chimney4 ,these upper rocks are of splendid gripping quality2 rough as a cow's tongue1 it would be quite difficult to make a slip on them4 ,the ,big ,gully was climbed by the writer in the summer of #ahhb1 and the small one in ,june #ahhf4 ,in ,march #ahhg ,mr4 ,slingsby made a note about the former in the ,wastdale ,head book4 ,he says that it took his party two hours and forty minutes1 but his estimate of the height of the gully at #a1cjj ft4 is more than double of the truth1 and must be due to a slip of the pen4 ,illustration3 ,,pavey ,,ark 7,,near ,,view7 ,a1 ,narrow gully2 ,b1 ,big gully2 ,c1 ,d1 ,smaller gullies2 ,e1 ,wide scree gully4 ,from the foot of ,e to ,a runs ,jack's ,rake4 ,in the book at ,millbeck there is a note by the same distinguished climber1 dated ,may #cj1 #ahhg1 in which he records an ascent of this gully made by ,miss ,mabel ,hastings1 and gives the height of it as #fjj or #fej ft4 ,penyghent4--,the sixth in height of the ,yorkshire hills1 but long supposed1 on account of its finer shape1 to be the highest of them all4 ,as late as #aggj it was reckoned at #c1icj ft4 ,it can be ascended from ,horton station in little over an hour4 ,celtic scholars revel in the name2 they practically agree that it means 'head of something1' but cannot accept each other's views as to what that something is4 ,when ,defoe was in this neighbourhood he saw 'nothing but high mountains1 which had a terrible aspect1 and more frightful than any in ,monmouthshire or ,derbyshire1 especially ,pengent ,hill4' ,piers ,gill1 in ,wastdale1 on the north front of ,lingmell1 has a vast literature of its own4 ,as a rock ravine1 not in limestone1 it is only second to ,deep ,gill on ,scafell and the great gully in the ,wastwater ,screes1 both of which are far less easy of access than this1 which can be reached from ,wastdale ,head in half an hour4 ,the difficulties depend entirely on the quantity of water4 ,one1 the 'cave pitch1' may be passed at the cost of a wetting almost at any time2 but above it is another1 known as the ',bridge ,fall1' from a vast column of fallen rock which spans the stream a few yards above it1 which is at all times difficult1 and in nineteen seasons out of twenty wholly impossible4 ,until the unprecedented drought of #ahic it had never been climbed4 ,even then a less brilliant climber than ,dr4 ,collier would scarcely have succeeded4 ,his ascent was made on ,april #bi1 #ahic1 and his companions were ,messrs4 ,winser1 ,w4 ,jones1 and ,fairbairn4 ,the big pitch was found to be #dj or #ej ft4 high1 the lowest part of it apparently overhanging4 ,the first few feet were climbed about three feet to the right of the falling water1 after which the leader was able to reach the other side of the gill by stretching his left foot across it just outside the water4 ,by this means this great and hitherto insuperable difficulty was overcome4 ,unless we are entering on a cycle of dry seasons1 the exploit is one which will not be repeated for some time4 ,various accidents and minor mishaps have taken place in ,piers ,gill4 ,one is described by ,mr4 ,payn1 and the injured man was1 ,i believe1 a shepherd called ,tom ,hale4 ,mr4 ,w4,o4 ,burrows had a bad fall above the bridge1 and people descending from the ,pikes are often pounded about the same spot4 ,some years ago a tourist had to pass the night in the gill without food1 but protested that he was 'quite consoled by the beautiful scenery4' ,the discovery of the route up the east side of the ,pillar ,rock was within an ace of being delayed for years1 owing to the band of bold explorers who were to work it out becoming entangled in ,piers ,gill while on their way to ,wastdale ,head4 ,the name is spelt ',pease' by ,mr4 ,payn and by most of the early authorities1 and judging by the analogy of other places in the ,north of ,england this would appear to be more correct4 ,pike o' ,stickle1 also known as ,steel ,pike and sometimes as the ,sugarloaf1 drops into ,langdale from the north in one continuous slope1 which for length and steepness has not many rivals in ,england4 ,the top piece of the hill is curiously symmetrical1 and resembles a haycock or a thimble4 ,it is not easy to find satisfactory climbs on it4 ,mr4 ,gwynne says of it3 ',a very fine peak1 that1 viewed from the valley1 has very much the appearance of the ,moench4 ,it runs down towards the ,stake ,pass in a spur1 which must be the starting-point of most of the climbs on this mountain4 ,there is a curious gully here1 too1 which is worthy of the climber's attention4 ,it does not run from top to bottom1 but suddenly begins about the middle of the crag4 ,the difficulty is to get at this gully1 and some pretty climbing can be obtained in the attempt4' ,pillar ,rock4--,there are but three directions from which the ,pillar is commonly approached--namely1 ,ennerdale 7,gillerthwaite71 ,buttermere1 and ,wastdale ,head4 ,in each case the guide-books 7except ,baddeley's7 exhibit a suspicious shyness of specifying any time for the walk4 ,wherever the present writer gives times1 they must be understood to be the quickest of which he happens to have made any note2 for the best test of times is a 'reductio ad minima4' ,a journey may be indefinitely prolonged1 but it cannot be shortened beyond a certain limit2 thus1 ,scafell ,pike cannot be reached from ,wastdale ,head in much less than #fj minutes of hard going1 while the walk up the ,pillar ,fell cannot be cut down much below #ge minutes4 ,this supplies us with a trustworthy comparison1 although for a hot day that pace is not to be recommended2 in each case double the time is not more than a fair allowance4 ,never let yourself be hurried at starting1 come home as hard as ever you like2 it is the chamois-hunter's system1 and by far the best4 ,baddeley seems to reverse the principle1 for he allows #b to #b-a_/b hours for the ascent via ,black ,sail1 and says that it is shorter by ,wind ,gap2 yet for the descent from ,wind ,gap 7which is1 say1 #bj minutes short of the summit7 he gives as a fair allowance #b to #c hours4 ,perhaps he preferred conforming to what is apparently the approved fox-hunting style3 ,illustration3 ,,pillar ,,rock ,a1 ,b1 ,summits of ,shamrock2 ,c1 ,shamrock gully2 ,d1 ,pisgah2 ,e1 ,high ,man2 ,g1 ,curtain2 ,h1 ,steep ,grass2 ,i1 ,foot of ,great ,chimney2 ,i1 ,k1 ,walker's gully2 ,j1 ,low ,man2 ,l1 ,j1 ,west route2 ,m1 ,waterfall2 ,n1 ,i1 ,east ,scree4 ,harkaway6 ,see1 she's off6 ,o'er hill and through whol ,we spank till we're gaily nar done1 ,than1 hingan a lip like a motherless fwol1 ,sledder heammward1 but nit in a run4 ,illustration3 ,,pillar ,,rock ,,from ,,the ,,north ,a1 ,high ,man2 ,b1 ,low ,man2 ,c1 ,shamrock2 ,d1 ,walker's gully2 ,e1 ,below this is the waterfall4 ,the terrace runs past the foot of ,walker's gully to the foot of the waterfall4 ,illustration3 ,,pillar ,,rock ,,from ,,the ,,south ,a1 ,top of rock and of ,west ,jordan climb2 ,b1 ,top of ,central ,jordan climb2 ,c1 ,top of ,east ,jordan climb2 ,d1 ,g1 ,the ,curtain2 ,e1 ,the ,notch2 ,f1 ,the ,ledge4 ,the mass of rock in the foreground is ,pisgah4 ,from ,ennerdale3 ,from ,gillerthwaite1 a farmhouse nearly a mile and a half above the lake1 the ,pillar is not far distant2 but the direct way is exceedingly rough1 and it will be found best to make use of the path up ,wingate ,cove1 skirting round the mountain1 when by that means a considerable height has been gained4 ,the way is so rough that many people think it an economy of labour to go right on up the gap1 and then left over the summit of the mountain4 ,one of the best ways of approaching the ,pillar is to sleep at the little inn at the foot of the lake and row up from there to the water head4 ,for walking the whole way from the inn to the fell-top ,baddeley allows #c to #c-a_/b hours4 ,from ,buttermere3 ,after crossing ,scarf ,gap some keep to the track as far as the summit of the ,black ,sail ,pass1 and then turn to the right up the ridge of the ,pillar ,fell1 while others adopt the more laborious plan of working upwards after descending the valley until nearly opposite the ,rock1 which in this way is certainly seen to much greater advantage4 ,if the return be made by way of the mountain ridge1 some little time may be saved by descending into ,ennerdale down ,green ,cove1 nearly half a mile short of ,black ,sail and #bej ft4 higher2 for ,black ,sail1 being much nearer the head of the valley than either ,scarf ,gap or the ,pillar1 can only be used for going from one to the other at the expense of making a considerable detour4 ,for the ascent1 however1 ,green ,cove is not so decidedly recommended1 as many will prefer to make the round by the regular pass for the sake of the more gradual rise4 ,from ,wastdale3 ,the vast majority of visitors come from this direction1 and almost all follow the same track1 plodding up from ,mosedale to the top of ,black ,sail and then turning left along the ridge of the mountain4 ,mosedale1 by the way1 must not be confused with any of the numerous other valleys of the same name3 it sometimes appears in the form ',moresdale' or ',mossdale' 7,moos-thal1 near ,laibach in ,austria1 is exactly parallel71 and generally indicates scenery of a dreary character2 for such valleys are often1 as in this case1 the half-drained beds of ancient lakes1 by the loss of which the scenery has seriously suffered4 ,illustration3 ,,pillar ,,fell ,ladies who ascend by ,black ,sail will find it best to keep to the path as long as possible1 i4e4 as far as the top of the pass1 but others may save something by breasting the hill on the left soon after reaching ,gatherstone ,head1 apparently a glacier mound1 which rises just beyond where the track crosses the stream 7,gatherstone ,beck7 which comes down from the pass4 ,on reaching the ridge it is no doubt safer1 especially if there be mist about1 for those who are not familiar with the way to go right on to the flat top of the mountain2 the proper point from which to commence the descent is easily found1 in all weathers1 by following the compass-needle from the cairn to the edge of the mountain2 a rough and steep descent of #djj ft4 follows1 which in winter demands considerable care4 ,at first the course is to the right1 but it soon strikes a small ridge which curves down to the ,rock4 ,it is1 however1 a waste of labour to ascend to the summit of the mountain at all4 ,the ridge of the mountain is divided into steps1 and at the foot of the uppermost of these a deep cove called ,great ,doup is seen on the right4 ,it may be recognised even in a mist1 as it is just beyond a curious rock running out with a narrow edged top many feet from the hill-side4 ,less than #ajj yards down the ,doup the falling scree has nearly buried the cairn and iron cross erected to the memory of the ,rev4 ,james ,jackson4 ,beyond this1 as soon as the big rocks on the left permit1 the track skirts round1 and after one or two ups and downs comes into full view of the famous ,rock4 ,if1 however1 the object be to reach the north or lowest side of the ,rock1 it is not necessary to descend into ,ennerdale from ,black ,sail2 for there is the ,high ,level1 a fine scramble all along the breast of the mountain from ,green ,cove--the first large hollow on the right1 just beyond ,lookingsteads2 but the way is rather intricate1 and unless properly hit off involves considerable fatigue and loss of time4 ,at the very least half an hour will be required in either direction1 and a stranger will certainly take much longer4 ,those who are anxious to pursue 't' bainest rwoad' may save ten minutes or more in the walk from ,wastdale by making use of ,wind ,gap at the head of ,mosedale4 ,hard work it undeniably is1 but more shady than ,black ,sail1 and--when the way is familiar1 though no one can go very far wrong1 unless he clings to the main valley too long and goes up to ,blackem 7,black ,combe7 ,head--quicker also1 occupying about ninety minutes4 ,mr4 ,james ,payn calls it 7poetically7 'a sort of perpendicular shaft--a chimney such as no sweep would adventure1 but would use the machine--which is said to be the dalesman's pass into ,ennerdale2 you may thank your stars that it is not your pass4' ,it really adds little to the labour of this way and affords a far finer walk if the complete circuit of ,mosedale be made along the hill-tops4 ,ascending behind the inn and keeping round just under ,stirrup ,crag--the north end of ,yewbarrow1 ,dore ,head is soon reached1 and it is easy walking by the ,chair1 ,red ,pike1 ,black ,crag and ,wind ,gap on to the ,pillar ,fell4 ,for the return to ,wastdale ,wind ,gap is very rough and hardly to be recommended4 ,mr4 ,baddeley is not very consistent about it1 for he says1 'the best descent is by ,windy ,gap'2 but again1 'the descent from ,windy ,gap to ,wastdale is1 for reasons stated before1 unsatisfactory'2 and thereupon he recommends ,black ,sail4 ,the latter gives a rapid descent--the inn may be reached in twenty-five minutes from the top of the pass2 but a quicker return may be made by crossing the ridge after emerging from ,great ,doup1 and shooting down ,wistow ,crags into ,mosedale by a large gully filled with deliciously fine scree4 ,should it be preferred to make the circuit of ,mosedale on the return journey1 an equally fine glissade may be enjoyed from ,dore ,head2 but the screes require judicious selection and dexterity on the part of the slider4 ,illustration3 ,,pillar ,,rock ,,from ,,the ,,west ,a1 ,summit of ,high ,man2 ,b1 ,pisgah2 ,c1 ,low ,man2 ,d1 ,jordan ,gap4 ,the ,west route ascends from this side to the depression between ,a and ,c4 ,it may here be said that stout walkers may visit all the mountains of ,wastdale ,head in one day comfortably1 and in few places is a finer walk to be found4 ,start1 say1 at #aj ,a4,m4 for ,scafell2 then1 by ,mickledoor1 the ,pike1 ,great ,end1 ,sty ,head1 ,great ,gable and ,kirkfell to the ,pillar1 returning in the manner described above in time for dinner4 ,in ,june #ahfd1 as ,ritson's ,visitors' ,book records1 ,j4,m4 ,elliott1 of ,trin4 ,coll4 ,camb41 made this round1 including ,steeple and ,yewbarrow1 and found that it took eight and a half hours2 probably1 however1 he came over ,stirrup ,crag and not ,yewbarrow top1 which would entail something like three miles extra walking4 ,he approached ,scafell by way of ,mickledoor1 returning from it to the same point1 and those who do not know the ,broad ,stand well had better follow his example2 for it is a bit of a climb1 and the descent especially is not easy to find4 ,by going to ,mickledoor first 7and there is no shorter way to ,scafell7 each man can see what he has before him1 and decide for himself whether it would not be better to leave ,scafell out of his programme4 ,before entering into the history of the ,pillar it is almost indispensable to give a short general description of its main features in order to assist the comprehension of the facts narrated4 ,difficult as it must always be to find an image which shall supply a stranger with any clear idea of a mass so irregular and unsymmetrical as this1 yet its general appearance and the arrangement of its parts may be roughly apprehended in the following manner3--,imagine a large two-gabled church planted on the side of a steep hill4 ,from the western and loftier gable let there rise1 at the end nearest the mountain1 a stunted tower4 ,finally let the building be shattered and all but overwhelmed under an avalanche of debris4 ,what will be the effect8 ,naturally the stream of stones will be much deeper above than below1 and1 while nearly burying the tower and upper ends of the roof1 will flow along between the two gables and run off1 as rainwater would do1 at the far end4 ,angular fragments1 however1 remain at rest unless the slope is very steep1 and consequently a long talus will be formed sloping down to the brink of the sudden drop at an angle of something like #de degrees4 ,here we have a fair representation of the ,pillar mass3 the tower will be the ,high ,man1 and the gable from which it rises the ,low ,man4 ,it will be readily understood that the second gable may be a source of some confusion to those who are ignorant that there is more than one1 and from some points may disguise or altogether conceal the tower4 ,this is why it is called the ,sham ,rock2 but it is only from below that it would be recognised as part of the ,pillar mass1 for from above it is wholly insignificant4 ,when viewed from immediately below1 the tower is concealed behind the gable from which it rises1 and the whole mass of rock bears a rough resemblance to the letter ,m2 but from above1 the ,high ,man1 with which alone the climber from the east side has to reckon1 is also the only part of the rock which he is likely to observe4 ,the result is that1 when the ,low ,man is mentioned to anyone who knows only the ,easy ,way1 the reply is usually on the model of the poet ,wordsworth's only joke3 ',why1 my good man1 till this moment ,i was not even aware that there was a ,low ,man6' ,yet the ,low ,man is by far the finer object of the two1 and its cliffs are at least six times as high as those of what is called the ,high ,man4 ,the only side from which the latter shows a respectable elevation is the west1 where the scree lies much lower1 because it has a free escape1 instead of being pent up between the two gables like the east scree4 ,in winter-time1 when the inequalities are all smoothed over with a sheet of hard snow1 both sides of the rock are rather dangerous1 but especially the eastern1 where a man who slipped would have the greatest difficulty in stopping himself before he shot over the precipitous gully at the end4 ,this gully 7occupying1 as it were1 the place of the water-pipe7 is known1 in allusion to an accident which occurred there in #ahhc1 as ,walker's ,gully4 ,when the question arises of how to climb the ,high ,man1 it is obvious that the scree just above it will be the nearest point to the summit2 but equally obvious that the climb1 though short1 would be nearly vertical4 ,the plan which at once suggests itself for getting to the top is to work round to the back of the rock and climb it from the top of the ridge behind4 ,the ridge may be reached from either side1 and in this fact we have the secret of two of the most important climbs4 ,so much for the general appearance of the ,pillar2 but the part which admits of the easiest and most varied attack is the east wall of the ,high ,man1 and of this side it is necessary to give a more detailed description4 ,this part of the rock is the only one which is at all well known to the general public1 and its chief features1 being well marked1 have for the most part received1 by common consent of climbers1 distinctive names4 ,in order to see the formation of the rock properly it is well worth the climber's while to descend for a few yards and mount the ,sham ,rock on the other side of the east scree4 ,the peculiar structure of the opposite wall may now be clearly seen4 ,illustration3 ,,pillar ,,rock ,,from ,,the ,,south-,,east ,a1 ,pisgah2 ,b1 ,jordan2 ,c1 ,summit2 ,d1 ,top of ,curtain2 ,e1 ,corner between the ,curtain and the main rock4 ,on our left hand1 between the mountain and the rock1 is seen an outlying mass severed from the ,high ,man by a deep square-cut gap4 ,when the ,pillar is looked at from the direction of the mountain-top1 this gap is entirely concealed by the outlying piece1 which then appears to present a fairly easy way direct to the summit4 ',the climber 7says ,mr4 ,williamson7 mounts gaily and with confidence1 only to find himself cut off from the ,high ,man by an impassable cleft4' ,he sees it indeed with his eyes1 but he cannot go up thither4 ,hence the names--,pisgah for the false rock1 and ,jordan for the chasm4 ,a very well-known ,pillarite once proposed to bridge the cleft with a plank or ladder and hold a tea-party on the top4 ,this very original idea was not carried into execution1 but certainly1 without some such application1 the passage of ,jordan ,gap is a formidable undertaking2 for the north wall is only less vertical than the other1 and though barely #fj ft4 high--not much more1 that is1 than half as much as must be climbed by any other route--this is decidedly one of those cases in which the longer way round will prove to be the shorter way up4 ,on the extreme right--and rather below us--is the nearly level top of the ,low ,man2 while not far from where broken cliffs lead up to the higher rock a curious natural post standing on the ridge marks the point from which a small deep channel is seen to come down towards ,walker's ,gully4 ,this channel is of small importance1 except that high up on the southern bank of it the glacier markings are most distinctly to be seen4 ,the channel itself soon curves more towards the north and plunges over the fearful cliff which faces the ,liza1 forming the key to the great climb on that face4 ,from the foot of ,jordan ,gap a broad smooth slope of rock runs horizontally along the face of the ,high ,man1 giving to it somewhat the formation of the 'pent-house wall' of a tennis court4 ,the steepness of the scree1 which runs down from left to right before our feet1 makes the drop from this slope much greater at the ,low ,man end2 but it will give no false idea of this side to say that1 roughly speaking1 the cliff is broken into three fairly equal portions1 of about #fj ft4 each1 namely1 a vertical wall above1 connected with a steep and rugged part below by a smooth stretch sloping at an angle not far short of #dj degrees4 ,the importance of this 'pent-house' is very great2 for1 as it gives an easy passage right across this face of the rock1 every climb which is possible from below may be cut into from the side1 and thus more than half the labour of the ascent is saved4 ,indeed1 any mountain which allows its entire front to be traversed in this way by a passable ledge exposes every weak point in so reckless a manner that the attack becomes marvellously simplified4 ,lastly should be noticed two rough curtains of rock which run down from the top of the ,stone near the centre1 and enclose between them what is called the ,great ,chimney4 ,this chimney is the key to the climb on this side4 ,the curtain on the south of it is the only one which is at all complete1 and as it forms a kind of arete running up to the summit1 it is known indifferently by either name--the ,curtain or the ,arete4 ,the easiest way to picture to oneself the features of the ,great ,chimney is to imagine a huge armchair1 the 'seat' of which measures #bj yards from back to front and is tipped uncomfortably forward and downward at an angle of nearly #de degrees4 ,the ,curtain forms the right 'arm1' and from a level with the top of the 'back1' which is #ej ft4 high1 runs down very nearly but not quite as far as the front edge of the 'seat4' ,in the narrow space thus left lies the ,ledge1 which makes it possible to pass round under the end of the arm and gain the 'seat1' which is called the ,steep ,grass4 ,the same point may also be reached by climbing1 as an alternative to the ,ledge1 over the lower part of the 'arm' through a deep nick--the ,notch2 and in either case the joint between 'arm' and 'back1' being badly cracked1 offers an easy way 7the 'small chimney' or 'jammed-stone chimney'7 of reaching the top of the back1 which is the edge of a small plateau forming the summit of the ,high ,man4 ,lastly1 it should be noticed that the ,steep ,grass can only be reached from below by a severe climb of #gj ft4--the ,great ,chimney climb4 ,the side from which the ,pillar is commonly climbed is not that by which the summit was first attained4 ,the first successful attempt was made from the ,west1 and it is doubtful whether for a quarter of a century any other route was known4 ,but on the discovery of the ,easy ,way the older route was forgotten1 and now enjoys a reputation for difficulty which is not deserved3 it is looked upon as some little distinction to have accomplished it4 ,in the preface to one of ,wordsworth's poems the year #ahbf is mentioned as the date of the first ascent4 ,this is confirmed by a comparison of the second and third editions of ,otley's ',guide' 7#ahbe and #ahbg71 in the former of which the rock is declared unclimbable1 while the latter mentions the victory of 'an adventurous shepherd4' ,the successful climber was not1 however1 a shepherd1 but a cooper1 named ,atkinson1 and living at ,croftfoot1 in ,ennerdale4 ,it is likely that his adventurous soul may have been fired by ,otley's declaration that the rock was inaccessible4 ,the perseverance of a friend has hunted out a contemporary notice of the ascent in the county paper1 which remarks that1 'though the undertaking has been attempted by thousands1 it was always relinquished as hopeless4' ,this proves1 at all events1 that even then the rock had a reputation4 ,subjoined is a list of those who have followed on ,atkinson's track1 so far as is known1 up to #ahgc3 ,j4 ,colebank 7shepherd72 ,w4 ,tyson 7shepherd71 and ,j4 ,braithwaite 7shepherd72 ,lieut4 ,wilson1 ,r4,n42 ,c4,a4,o4 ,baumgartner2 ,m4 ,beachcroft and ,c4 ,tucker4 ,summarising the various methods of ascending the rock1 we may say that the west side first yielded in #ahbf2 the east side probably about #ahfj2 the south side in #ahhb1 and the north side in #ahia4 ,the ,easy ,way 7as it is generally called7 on the east side was discovered in #ahfc by a party of ,cambridge men led by ,mr4 ,conybeare1 and ,mr4 ,a4,j4 ,butler1 the late editor of the ,alpine ,journal4 ,mr4 ,leslie ,stephen had visited the rock earlier in that year without finding a way up it1 but in #ahfe he was more successful1 and wrote an account of it in ,ritson's book2 the account1 as usual1 was first defaced and afterwards stolen4 ,the ,northeast1 or ,old ,wall1 way was discovered by ,matthew ,barnes1 the ,keswick guide1 while with ,mr4 ,graves1 of ,manchester4 ,the central and western climbs from ,jordan were done by the writer in #ahhb1 as was the eastern one in #ahhd1 the last being scarcely justifiable under any circumstances1 and especially without a rope4 ,the direct climb of the ,great ,chimney 7starting on the south wall of it7 was done about the same time1 and curiously enough--for it is safe and comparatively easy--does not appear to have been done since4 ,the long climb on the north face was accomplished by ,messrs4 ,hastings1 ,slingsby1 and the writer in #ahia4 ,it has been described in an illustrated article in ,black and ,white 7,june #d1 #ahib71 and by ,mr4 ,gwynne in the ,pall ,mall ,budget4 ,it should not be touched except by experienced climbers4 ,pinnacle ,bield1 on the east side of ,glaramara1 is a rocky part of the mountain and a famous stronghold for foxes4 ,on the way up from ,langstrath there is a very steep bit for about #ejj ft4 ,pisgah4--,a name given in #ahhb to the outlying rock on the south side of the ,pillar ,rock1 from which it is severed by an all but impassable chasm1 not seen until it bars the way4 ,the term has in subsequent years been applied almost generically4 ,pitch3 any sudden drop in the course of a rock gully1 usually caused by some large stone choking the channel and penning back the loose stones behind it4 ,such a stone is then said to be 'jammed1' 'wedged1' or 'pitched1' and is sometimes called a 'chockstone' 7q4v474 ,pot-holes are frequent in the ,yorkshire limestone4 ,the rivers for considerable distances have underground courses4 ,at each spot where the roof of one of these tunnels happens to fall in a 'pot-hole' is produced4 ,they are very numerous about ,settle and ,clapham4 ,some are of very great depth and can only be explored with the aid of much cordage and many lights4 ,the explorer of pot-holes has to face all the perils of severe rock climbing1 and1 moreover1 to face them for the most part in the dark4 ,it would be hard to imagine anything more weird than one of these darksome journeys1 rendered doubly impressive by the roar of unseen waters and the knowledge that abrupt pitches of vast depth are apt to occur in the course of the channel without the slightest warning4 7,see ,alum ,pot1 ,dunald ,mill ,hole1 ,gaping ,gill ,hole47 ,pow3 a sluggish rivulet4 ,professor's ,chimney4--,a name bestowed by ,messrs4 ,hopkinson on the exit most towards the left hand as one comes up ,deep ,gill on ,scafell4 ,out of this chimney1 again to the left1 diverges that which leads up to the neck between the ,scafell ,pillar and its ,pisgah4 ,to this latter chimney the name is erroneously applied by many1 though1 indeed1 they might urge with some reason that if it comes to a scramble for one name between two gullies the more frequented ought to get it4 ,rainsborrow ,crag4--,a noble rock in ,kentdale1 ,westmorland4 ,it is1 perhaps1 most easily got at from ,staveley1 but from ,ambleside it is only necessary to cross the ,garbourne ,pass1 and the crag is at once conspicuous4 ,it is of the same type as ,froswick and ,ill ,bell1 but finer and more sheer than either of them4 ,rake3 a word common in ,derbyshire1 ,yorkshire1 and the ,lakes1 which has been much misunderstood4 ,it usually happens to be a scree-gully1 but the fundamental idea is straightness4 ,rake's ,progress4--,this is a natural gallery on the face of the ,mickledoor crags of ,scafell4 ,it has been best described by ,mr4 ,williamson1 who says3 ',mickledoor may be reached by scrambling up the steeply sloping screes which form its ,wastdale slope2 but the easier and more romantic approach is by the grassy ledge1 which will be seen projecting from the face of the ,scafell precipice4 ,this ledge or shelf is in but few places less than four feet wide4 ,in places it is composed of shattered heaps of rock1 which seem barely to keep their equilibrium2 but though there is a precipice of considerable height on the left hand1 the passage along the ledge is free from risk so long as the rock wall on the right is closely hugged4 ,by one who watched from below the passage along the ledge of some of the early pioneers of lake climbing it was christened the ,rake's ,progress1 and the name appears apt when it is remembered that the ledge leads from the lower limb of the ,lord's ,rake to the ,mickledoor ,ridge4' ,the first published description of the ,rake's ,progress is contained in a letter by the late ,mr4 ,maitland to one of the local papers in ,october #ahha4 ,he there states that he had recently traversed it for the fifth time1 but had not previously to that occasion visited ,deep ,gill4 ,several grand climbs start from the ,progress1 including ,north ,climb1 ,collier's ,climb1 ,moss ,gill1 ,steep ,gill1 and the ,scafell ,pillar4 ,raven ,crag4--,this name is generally the sign of a hard1 if not of a good1 climb4 ,one of the finest stands on the west side of ,thirlmere1 near the foot1 or what used to be the foot of it before ,manchester took it in hand2 a second is on the ,pillar ,fell just east of the rock2 a third and fourth on ,brandreth and ,gable1 and indeed there is one on almost every fell4 ,red ,pike1 in ,cumberland1 overlooking ,buttermere1 is a syenite hill1 and commands a glorious view1 especially strong in lakes1 but there is next to no climbing to be had on it4 ,the best way up it is to follow the course of ,ruddy ,beck from the southernmost corner of ,crummock ,water1 but the rocky amphitheatre in which ,bleaberry ,tarn lies is better seen if the somewhat rougher route by ,sourmilkgill and its east bank be followed4 ,red ,pike1 also in ,cumberland1 is a ,wastdale fell1 and lies between ,yewbarrow and the ,steeple4 ,the north side of it has abundance of small climbs1 which1 with the exception of ,yewbarrow1 are1 perhaps1 more easily reached than any others from the inn at ,wastdale ,head2 but they are little visited1 because everyone wants to fly at the highest game and do the climbs which are most talked about4 ,this fell is sometimes called ,chair1 from the fact of there being a curious stone seat on it near the ridge1 and not far from ,door ,head4 ,red ,screes1 in ,westmorland 7#b1eda ft471 are very steep in the direction of the ,kirkstone 7after which the pass of that name is said to be called71 falling about #a1jjj ft4 in a horizontal distance of a quarter of a mile2 but the ascent is not more than an exhilarating scramble4 ,there is a well-known view from the top4 ,rope4--,some remarks on the use of the rope as a safeguard in climbing will be found in the ,introduction4 ,rossett ,gill4--,a rough pass just over #b1jjj ft4 in height1 which is the only approach from ,langdale to ,scafell1 ,gable1 and the ,wastdale fells generally4 ,on the ,langdale side you cannot go far wrong1 but it is very rugged1 so rugged that ,mr4 ,payn has caustically observed that all expeditions in this region admit of being made by driving1 by riding1 or by walking1 'except ,rossett ,gill1 which must be done on all fours4' ,on the ,eskhause side the walking is perfectly easy1 but mistakes are very liable to occur4 ,on this high ground mists are extremely frequent1 and blinding rain is abundant4 ,the result is that people making for ,langdale are surprised at having to mount again after the long descent to ,angle ,tarn1 and often end by going away to the left down ,langstrath1 and find themselves to their great surprise in ,borrowdale4 ,the only safeguard is1 of course1 to bear clearly in mind that the ups and downs hereabout are considerable1 and to arm oneself with map and compass4 ,saddleback 7#b1hdg ft47 was at one time thought to be higher than its neighbour ,skiddaw4 ,to ,mrs4 ,radcliffe1 on the summit of the latter in #agie1 the former was 'now preeminent over ,skiddaw4' ',the ,beauties of ,england' informs us that 'the views from the summit are exceedingly extensive1 but those immediately under the eye on the mountain itself so tremendous and appalling that few persons have sufficient resolution to experience the emotions which those awful scenes inspire4' ,we have a very full account of an ascent made in #agic4 ,the narrator says3 ',when we had ascended about a mile1 one of the party1 on looking round1 was so astonished with the different appearance of objects in the valley so far beneath us that he declined proceeding4 ,we had not gone much further till the other companion 7of the relator7 was suddenly taken ill and wished to loose blood and return4' ,the great feature of the mountain is its southern front1 which is cut away to form enormous cloughs1 divided by narrow ridges4 ,the latter are the ,edges of ,saddleback4 ,narrow ,edge 7as ,halls ,fell top is now generally called7 is the finest and most romantic4 ,it runs up from ,threlkeld1 where there is a convenient station4 ,the proper name of ,broad ,edge is ,gategill ,fell4 ,part of ,middle ,tongue straight behind the lead-mine is also very narrow4 ,a writer in the ,penny ,magazine for #ahcg speaks of 'the serrated precipices above ,threlkeld1' and adds1 ',one of these is called ,razor ,edge4' ,that name1 however1 has now for many years at least been used as the equivalent of ,sharp ,edge1 which is on the east side of the mountain and on the north side of ,scales ,tarn1 and at one time enjoyed a tremendous reputation as a perilous climb4 ,the name of the mountain itself has been jeered at as a post-boy's name1 and romantically-minded people use the name ,blencathara1 for which many ,celtic etymons have been suggested4 ,the most usual form seems to have been ,blenkarthur1 and only the more northern of the two peaks was so called4 ,the quickest ascent of the mountain is from ,threlkeld up ,narrow ,edge1 but if the return is to ,keswick1 it should be made along the shoulder towards ,skiddaw1 and so by ,brundholme ,wood4 ,sail4--,this word1 in the opinion of ,dr4 ,murray1 the learned editor of the new ',english ,dictionary1' signifies 'a soaring dome-shaped summit4' ,it occurs as a hill-name in the ,grassmoor group1 near ,buttermere in ,cumberland2 but the characteristics required by the above definition are1 to say the least1 not conspicuously evident either there or in the other cases where this element is found in fell-country place-names4 7,see ,black ,sail47 ,st4 ,bees4--,in ,cumberland1 on the west coast4 ,several accidents have occurred on the cliffs here4 ,they are of sandstone1 and incline to be rotten4 ,the best are about ,fleswick ,bay4 ,the height is only about #bjj ft4 ,the ,rev4 ,james ,jackson--the ,patriarch 7q4v47--lived at ,sandwith close by1 and was fond of climbing about on these cliffs4 ,st4 ,john's ,vale4--,a name of modern invention1 which has ousted ,buresdale 7q4v474 ,it is used in an article in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for #aged1 and also in ',gray's ,journal1' which possibly misled ,sir ,walter ,scott1 whose poem caused it to meet with general acceptance4 ,st4 ,sunday ,crag1 in ,westmorland 7sheet #ai of the ,ordnance map71 is of far more importance than ,helvellyn to the views of and from ,ullswater4 ,moreover1 it has some capital crags facing north-west1 among which many a good rock-problem may be found4 ,they were long a favourite scrambling-ground with ,major ,cundill1 ,r4,e41 the inventor of the ,north ,climb on ,scafell1 and are within easy reach of ,patterdale4 ,scafell 7#c1afb ft47 presents some fine rocks to ,eskdale1 but the grandest rocks1 both to look at and to climb1 are towards ,mickledoor4 ,as a climbing-ground it is perhaps even more popular than the ,pillar1 especially in winter4 ,in consequence of this the ground has been gone over very closely by climbers of exceptional skill1 and climbing of a somewhat desperate character has occasionally been indulged in4 ,this applies mainly to the west side of ,mickledoor4 ,the other side is easier1 and has long been more or less well known4 ,mr4 ,green says of it3 ',the crags on the south-west of ,mickledoor1 though seeming frightfully to oppose all passage1 have been ascended as the readiest way to the top of ,scafell1 and1 amongst other adventurers1 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,tyson1 of ,wastdale ,head1 and ,mr4 ,towers1 of ,toes in ,eskdale2 but ,messrs4 ,ottley and ,birkett contented themselves by proceeding for some distance in the direction of ,eskdale1 to a deep fissure1 through which they scrambled to the top of ,scafell4' ,it might be thought that this 'fissure' was ',mickledoor ,chimney1' but it is more likely that it was another and easier gully a good way farther down4 ,mr4 ,herman ,prior's excellent ',pedestrian ,guide' 7#crd edition1 p4 #aid7 has a very clear and accurate account of it from the pen of ,mr4 ,c4,w4 ,dymond1 who visited it about #ahfi1 and another in ,mr4 ,c4,n4 ,williamson's second article in ,all the ,year ,round for ,november #h1 #ahhd2 and in the local press scores of descriptions have appeared4 ,illustration3 ,,scafell ,,crags ,a1 ,top of ,broad ,stand2 ,b1 ,pisgah2 ,c1 ,scafell ,pillar2 ,d1 ,head of ,deep ,gill4 ,the beginning of the climb is very easily overlooked by a stranger1 being just a vertical slit about eighteen inches wide1 by means of which it is easy to walk three or four yards straight into the mountain4 ,it will be found by descending the ,eskdale slope from ,mickledoor ridge for twenty-one yards1 and disregarding a much more promising point which presents itself midway and is noticed both by ,professor ,tyndall and ,mr4 ,dymond4 ,the floor of the proper 'adit' rises slightly towards the inner end1 and consequently allows an easy exit to be made on the left-hand side4 ,from this point three large steps in the rock1 each #g ft4 to #aj ft4 high have to be mounted1 and many will be reminded of the ascent of the ,great ,pyramid4 ,what builders call the 'riser' of each step is vertical1 but the 'tread' of the two upper ones becomes very steep and smooth1 and when there is ice about it1 this is the chief danger of the climb4 ,if a fall took place it would probably be to the left hand1 in which direction the rock is much planed away1 and forms a steep and continuous slope almost to the foot of the ,mickledoor ,chimney4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,scafell ,a1 ,broad ,stand2 ,b1 ,mickledoor ,ridge2 ,c1 ,scafell ,pillar2 ,d1 ,lord's ,rake2 ,f1 ,pikes ,crag2 ,g1 ,deep ,gill4 ,this slope is climbable1 but far from easy4 ,at the top of the steps the ,broad ,stand proper begins1 at the head of which there is one little bit to climb1 and then a walk among huge blocks of stone leads out on to the ridge of ,scafell1 close to the head of ,deep ,gill4 ,the way is not easy to miss1 but in descending--especially in misty weather--mistakes are often made1 either in finding the entrance at the top or the steps at the bottom4 ,the latter difficulty is the more serious1 but may be obviated by keeping close to the foot of the cliff on the left hand and making straight for ,mickledoor ridge2 when further progress is barred1 the exit is reached by a short descent to the right4 ,scafell ,pikes--the highest mountain in ,england 7#c1baj ft474 ,curiously enough the name seems to be very modern4 ,till quite the end of last century it was always known as ',the ,pikes1' and it was only when careful surveys promoted it that it became necessary to add the name of its finer-shaped and better-known neighbour1 to show what ',pikes' were being spoken of4 ,the present name1 therefore1 and the older form1 ',pikes of ,scafell1' really mean ',the ,pikes near ,scafell4' ,on the ,eskdale side there are a few climbs1 including ,doe ,crag2 but the best are on the side of ,great ,end and ,lingmell1 which are merely buttresses of it4 ,illustration3 ,,scafell ,,pillar 7,,seen ,,across ,,deep ,,gill7 ,scafell ,pillar stands between ,deep ,gill and ,steep ,gill4 ,it has a short side close to the summit ridge of ,scafell1 and a long side towards the ,rake's ,progress4 ,the first ascent was made on the short side by the writer on ,september #c1 #ahhd1 and the first from the ,rake's ,progress by ,mr4 ,robinson and the writer on the #bjth of the same month4 ,illustration3 ,,scafell ,,pillar ,,and ,,the ,,upper ,,pitch ,,of ,,deep ,,gill ,they climbed by way of ,steep ,gill on to the ,low ,man1 and thence to the ,high ,man4 ,on ,july #ae1 #ahhh1 a way was made up the outside of the rock from near the foot of ,steep ,gill by ,messrs4 ,slingsby1 ,hastings1 ,e4 ,hopkinson1 and the writer4 ,miss ,corder made the first lady's ascent by the short way 7,august #ahhg71 and ,miss ,m4 ,watson the first by the outside route 7,june #ahij71 both ladies having the advantage of ,mr4 ,robinson's escort4 ,marvellous feats of climbing and engineering have been performed by the brothers ,hopkinson in their endeavours to make a way direct into ,deep ,gill1 in which they have not entirely succeeded4 ,scree3 the debris of decaying rocks1 forming a talus on the lower parts of a mountain4 ,it is the ,icelandic 'skrida4' ,screes 7,the74--,a long range flanking ,wastwater on the south-west4 ,they are often called the ',wastdale' ,screes1 but it appears from ,hutchinson that they were in his time known as the ',eskdale' ,screes1 and--like most hills at that period--were said to be a mile high4 ,apparently in those days they thought less of the climbs on it than of the sheep-runs1 which latter are in ,eskdale4 ,the rock is of very loose construction and comes away at a touch1 or without one1 sometimes many tons at a time2 but it improves towards the foot of the lake1 and the great bastion opposite ,wastdale ,hall is full of magnificent climbing4 ,the writer1 at the suggestion of ,mr4 ,g4 ,musgrave1 tried the great gully both alone and in good company1 namely1 that of two of the party which ultimately succeeded4 ,dr4 ,collie contributed a vivid account of the first ascent to the ,scottish ,mountaineering ,journal1 a publication which should be better known to climbers4 ,the party found no difficulty till they were in the left-hand branch above the point where the gully divides1 and the first pitch gave them some trouble1 as the stream1 being frozen1 formed a cascade of ice1 and they were forced on to the buttress which divides the two gullies4 ,hastings was sent on to prospect1 whilst ,i had to back him up as far as possible4 ,with considerable trouble he managed to traverse back to the left into the main gully1 using infinitesimal knobs of rock for hand and foot hold4 ,we then followed him1 and found ourselves in a narrow cleft cut far into the side of the hill4 ,perpendicular walls rose on either side for several hundred feet2 above us stretched cascade after cascade of solid ice1 always at a very steep angle1 and sometimes perpendicular4 ,up these we cut our way with our axes1 sometimes being helped by making the steps close to the walls on either side1 and using any small inequalities on the rock-face to steady us in our steps4 ,at last we came to the final pitch4 ,far up above at the top1 the stream coming over an overhanging ledge on the right had frozen into masses of insecure icicles1 some being #bj ft4 to #cj ft4 long4 ,obviously we could not climb up these4 ,however1 at the left-hand corner at the top of the pitch a rock was wedged1 which overhung1 leaving underneath a cave of considerable size4 ,we managed to get as far up as the cave1 in which we placed ,robinson1 where he hitched himself to a jammed boulder at the back4 ,i was placed in a somewhat insecure position2 my right foot occupied a capacious hole cut in the bottom of the icicles1 whilst my left was far away on the other side of the gully on a small1 but obliging1 shelf in the rock-face4 ,in this interesting attitude1 like the ,colossus of ,rhodes1 ,i spanned the gulf1 and was anchored both to the boulder and to ,robinson as well4 ,then ,hastings1 with considerable agility1 climbed on to my shoulders4 ,from that exalted position he could reach the edge of the overhanging stone underneath which ,robinson was shivering1 and was thus enabled to pull himself up on to the top4 ,robinson and ,i afterwards ascended this formidable place by means of the moral support of the rope alone4 ,but ,i know that in my case1 if that moral support had not been capable of standing the strain produced by a dead weight of about ten stone1 ,i should probably have been spoiling a patch of snow several hundreds of feet lower down the gill4 ,above this pitch the climbing is easier as the gully opens out4' ,illustration3 ,,wastwater ,,and ,,the ,,screes ,a1 ,a long gully1 not very difficult2 ,b1 ,the great gully1 extremely difficult2 ,c1 ,a minor gully1 also very difficult4 ,sergeant ,crag4--,about half a mile up the valley of ,longstrath1 which bounds ,glaramara on the east as ,borrowdale does on the west1 there is a line of crag on the left hand4 ,the part nearest to ,eagle ,crag is called ,sergeant ,crag1 and is some #cjj ft4 higher than the other1 which is ,bull ,crag4 ,in these rocks there is a very fine gully1 discovered in #ahhf by ,mr4 ,robinson and the writer1 for whom a high wet slab of smooth slate proved too difficult4 ,in ,september last the former returned to the attack accompanied by ,mr4 ,o4,g4 ,jones1 who1 taking a different and to all appearance more difficult way to the right1 forced his way over the two stones which form the pitch4 ,his companion followed by working out of the gill to the right and in again above the obstacle1 and this way has commended itself to later climbers4 ',there are six large pitches and several small ones4 ,the total climb must be #ejj ft41 and the climbing is of exceptional interest all the way4' ,shamrock1 in ,cumberland1 stands just east of the ,pillar ,rock1 divided from it only by ,walker's ,gully4 ,seen from ,scarf ,gap it looks very well1 and its outline can with difficulty be distinguished from that of the main rock4 ,it derives its name 7bestowed on it about #ahhb7 from this deceptive character4 ,the face of it towards the north affords a good climb1 and on the east side there is a gully1 which is choked near the top by a block1 which makes one of the stiffest pitches in all ,cumberland4 ,it was first climbed1 with the aid of deep snow1 by a party led by ,messrs4 ,hastings and ,e4 ,haskett ,smith in ,march #ahhg1 and in ,december #ahij ,mr4 ,hastings succeeded in repeating his ascent without any snowdrift to help him1 as did ,dr4 ,collier exactly two years later4 ,sharp ,edge1 on ,saddleback1 runs along the north side of ,scales ,tarn4 ,mr4 ,prior's ',guide' observes3 ',the ascent 7or descent7 by this ,edge is considered something of an exploit1 but without sufficient reason4 ,to a giddy head1 indeed1 it is unquestionably several degrees worse than ,striding ,edge1 which it somewhat resembles2 possibly1 to a head so constituted1 just without the limits of safety1 as ,striding ,edge is decidedly well within them4 ,the main difficulty lies in the descent of the cliff above the ,edge1 and in the two or three rocky knolls by which this cliff connects itself with the latter1 and from which there is an unpleasant drop on each side4444 ,excepting head1 however1 no other quality of a cragsman is required for ,sharp ,edge2 the footing is ample1 and the hands would be less called into requisition than even on ,striding ,edge4' ,this is a very just estimate1 but it need hardly be said that not only ,sharp ,edge but also those on the ,threlkeld side undergo marvellous changes in winter1 and then give splendid chances of real mountaineering practice4 ,shuttenoer is mentioned by more than one of the old authorities as one of the rocks at ,lowdore between which the water falls4 ,my belief is that the intelligent travellers of that date1 not having mastered the ',cummerlan' mak o' toak1' mistook for the name of the rock what was merely intended for a casual description of it1 namely1 ',shuttan' ower'--'shooting over1' 'projecting4' ,sike3 a rill in marshy ground4 ,silver ,howe 7#a1cde ft471 near ,grasmere1 is only notable as being the scene of the annual fell race1 or ',guides' race1' as it is sometimes called1 though there are few guides1 and of them very few would have any chance of success in this race4 ,the course is uphill to a flag and down again4 ,the time is generally about ten minutes to go up and something less than five minutes to come down4 ,it is a pretty race to watch1 but the scientific interest for mountaineers would be increased if the course were free from all obstacles and of accurately measured height and length4 ,skew ,gill4--,a curious deep channel in the ,wastdale side of ,great ,end1 giving a convenient approach to the foot of the gullies on the other side4 ,to go by ,grainy ,gill and this one1 and so up ,cust's ,gully1 has for many years been the regulation expedition for the first day of a winter sojourn at ,wastdale ,head4 ,skiddaw 7,cumberland1 sh4 #ef7 is #c1jeh ft4 high1 'with two heads like unto ,parnassus1' as old ,camden observed1 and ,wordsworth and others have repeated it after him4 ,on this characteristic1 which is not very strongly marked1 many derivations of the name have been based4 ,in older writings1 however1 the word much more commonly ends in -ow1 a termination which in countless instances represents the well-known word 'how4' ,whatever its name may signify1 ,skiddaw is not a mountaineer's mountain1 and no amount of snow and ice can make it so4 ,as a local bard has truly sung3 ,laal brag it is for any man ,to clim oop ,skidder side2 ,auld wives and barns on ,jackasses ,to tippy twop ma ride4 ,it is true that there are great facilities for procuring gingerbeer on the way1 but even that luxury is scarcely an adequate compensation for the complete absence of anything like a respectable rock on the mountain4 ,keswick has ,skiddaw almost entirely to itself1 and on the matter of routes it will be enough to say that by the back of ,latrigg and the gingerbeer shanties is the easiest way1 and by ,millbeck and ,carlside is the shortest and quickest1 being made up of two miles of good road and of two of steep fell as against five miles of easy hillside4 ,the mountain used to enjoy a great reputation1 and is put first in ,camden's ',byword'3 ,skiddaw1 ,lauvellin and ,casticand ,are the highest hills in all ,england1 and the early climbers of it were deeply impressed with the importance of their adventurous undertaking4 ,mrs4 ,radcliffe1 in #agie1 ascended 'this tremendous mountain1' and says that when they were still more than a mile from the summit 'the air now became very thin1' and 'the way was indeed dreadfully sublime4' ,on reaching the top they 'stood on a pinnacle commanding the whole dome of the sky1' but unluckily 'the ,german ,ocean was so far off as to be discernible only like a mist4' ,even ,hutchinson remarks that1 on the top1 'the air was remarkably sharp and thin compared with that of the valley1 and respiration seemed to be performed with a kind of oppression4' ,skiddaw reserves what little natural ferocity it has for ,dead ,crags on the north side1 but there are also a few rocky bits on the side which faces ,bassenthwaite ,water4 ,smoking ,rock is at the head of ,great ,doup1 east of the ,pillar ,stone and level with the ridge of the ,pillar ,fell4 ,for fear of the name being adduced as a proof of recent volcanic action it is well to say that it is so called not as itself smoking1 but because a well-known climber of the old school loved to smoke an evening pipe upon it4 ,it affords a pleasant climb taken on the outside straight up from the foot4 ,this was done by a party of four1 of whom the writer was one1 on ,june #e1 #ahhi4 ,see a note in the ,wastdale ,head ,visitors' ,book at p4 #bej4 ,somersetshire has little to attract the mountaineer1 except the very remarkable limestone scenery on the south side of the ,mendips at ,cheddar1 ,ebber and ,wookey4 ,there are magnificent cliffs and pinnacles1 especially at the first-named place1 but not many bits of satisfactory climbing4 ,the cliffs are rotten at one point1 unclimbably vertical at another1 and perhaps at a third the climber is pestered by clouds of angry jackdaws4 ,ebber ,rocks are rather more broken1 but on the whole the climbing is not worth much at either place1 though the scenery both above ground and below it is such as no one ought to miss4 ,stand4--,see under ,broad ,stand4 ,steep ,gill4--,on ,scafell1 forming the boundary of the ,scafell ,pillar on the ,mickledoor side4 ,it contains a very striking vertical chimney more than #ej ft4 high1 the upper part of which is rather a tight fit for any but the slimmest figures4 ,at the foot of this chimney on the right-hand side there is an exit by which either the ridge of the ,scafell ,pillar can be reached or the chimney circumvented4 ,the ,gill becomes very wet and steep just below the top1 and extreme care is necessary in following it out on to the neck between ,scafell ,pillar and the mountain4 ,except in dry weather this bit may be considered a little dangerous4 ,it is usual and more interesting to work out here by a grass ledge on the right on to the ,low ,man4 ,the ,gill was discovered by the writer1 and first climbed by him and ,mr4 ,robinson in ,september #ahhd4 ,a note by the former in the ,visitors' ,book at ,wastdale ,head describes it as 'a chimney of unusual steepness and severity4' ,the name is quite recent4 ,steeple4--,in ,cumberland1 separated from ,pillar ,fell by ,wind ,gap4 ,there are some grand scrambles on the ,ennerdale side of it1 and it is extremely interesting to the student of mountain structure to note the points of parallelism between this group and that of ,scafell1 ,wind ,gap1 of course1 representing ,mickledoor4 ,stirrup ,crag1 on the north end of ,yewbarrow1 is probably the very nearest climb to ,wastdale ,head1 and may therefore be useful in cases when a wet day clears up towards evening and exercise within easy reach is required4 ,the quickest way to it is to cross the beck by the bridge behind the inn and go up the hill straight to the rectangular clump of larches1 and then on beyond it in the same direction4 ,there is a nice little climb on an isolated bit of rock1 noted by ,mr4 ,robinson in the ,wastdale book1 at ,easter in #ahhh4 ,the little rock should be crossed from north to south and the same course continued up to the open fell above1 after which a short descent towards ,door ,head1 keeping rather to the left hand1 will bring to light several small but pretty rock-problems4 ,striding ,edge1 a ridge on the east side of ,helvellyn1 is called in one of the old maps ,strathon ,edge4 ,the difficulties of it have been absurdly exaggerated4 ,miss ,braddon wrote amusingly about the exploits upon it of a certain gallant colonel1 identified by ,colonel ,barrow with himself4 ,in winter it is sometimes an exciting approach to ,helvellyn1 in summer just a pleasant walk4 ,the idea of its danger probably arose from the celebrity given to the death of ,charles ,gough by the poems of ,scott and ,wordsworth4 ,sty ,head4--,this name applies to the top only of the pass from ,borrowdale to ,wastdale1 though often incorrectly used to designate the whole way from ,seathwaite to ,wastdale ,head4 ,the natives always speak of the whole pass as ,the ,sty or ,the ,stee4 ,hutchinson says1 and the statement has been repeated by ,lord ,macaulay1 that this was at one time the only road between ,keswick and the ,west ,coast4 ,it has lately been proposed to construct a driving road across it1 but the project is not likely to be carried out for some time4 ,the way is not easy to find on a really dark night4 ,some years ago two tourists who had been benighted on the pass wrote a most amusing account of their experiences in the ,graphic1 and it is only a year or two since two well-known ,cumberland climbers were caught in the same ignominious fashion4 ,swarthbeck1 in ,westmorland1 and on the east shore of ,ullswater and the west slope of ,arthur's ,pike1 would appear to be identical with the 'chasm' noticed by ,mr4 ,radcliffe in #agie4 ',among the boldest fells that breast the lake on the left shore are ,holling ,fell and ,swarth ,fell1 now no longer boasting any part of the forest of ,martindale1 but showing huge walls of naked rock and scars which many torrents have inflicted4 ,one channel only in this dry season retained its shining stream4 ,the chasm was dreadful1 parting the mountain from the summit to the base4' ,it occurred to ,messrs4 ,t4 and ,e4 ,westmorland1 of ,penrith1 to explore it1 and they found it to be a capital little climb4 ,they published a bright and vigorous account of their climb in a ,penrith paper1 in consequence of which a good sprinkling of climbers have been induced to visit it4 ,the writer has cause to remember the steepness of this gill1 for on one occasion1 just as the last few feet of the climb were being done1 the alpenstocks1 which had been a great impediment all the way up1 slipped and fell1 and were afterwards found on the scree at the very bottom4 ,the steamers stop at ,howtown1 about a mile further up the lake1 and the inn at that place is much the most convenient place to start from4 ,tarn ,crag 7,cumberland1 sh4 #eg7 is a precipitous bit of not very sound rock1 perhaps #bjj to #cjj ft4 in height1 rising on the south-west side of ,bowscale ,tarn4 ,there is a better-known crag of this name just by ,scales ,tarn on ,saddleback1 and1 in fact1 they are exceedingly numerous1 which is natural enough1 seeing that it is essential to every genuine tarn that it should be more or less under a precipice of some sort4 ,toe-scrape4--,may be defined as 'foot-hold at or below its minimum4' ,tors1 on ,dartmoor 7q4v474--,the word is also found in ,derbyshire1 though not there applied to quite the same kind of rock4 ,the ,ordnance also give it in some instances in the ,north of ,england2 but there it is by no means clear that they have taken pains to distinguish it from the sound of the word 'haw' when there is a final t in the preceding word4 ,what1 for instance1 they call ,hen ,tor may be in reality ,hent ,haw4 ,in ,scotland tor is1 of course1 a common component in place names4 ,a few of the more interesting tors are-- ,belliver ,tor4--,turn squarely to the right two miles from ,two ,bridges on the ,moreton ,hampstead ,road4 ,blackingstone ,rock4--,a true tor1 though not on ,dartmoor4 ,it is a fine piece of rock two miles east of ,moreton ,hampstead4 ,it is of loaf-like form1 and gave a difficult climb until a staircase of solid and obtrusive construction was put there4 ,brent ,tor4--,a curious cone of volcanic rock a long mile south-west of ,brentor ,station1 and fully four miles north of ,tavistock4 ,fur ,tor4--,about six miles in a northerly direction from ,merivale ,bridge1 ,two ,bridges1 or ,princetown4 ,hey ,tor4--,four miles west of ,bovey ,tracy2 was quite a nice climb1 but has been spoilt by artificial aids4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,typical ,,tor 7,,hey ,,tor1 ,,dartmoor7 ,links 7,great7 ,tor4--,about two miles east of ,bridestow station4 ,longaford ,tor4--,strike off to the left about halfway between ,two ,bridges and ,post ,bridge4 ,mis ,tor 7,great and ,little74--,two miles north from ,merivale ,bridge4 ,they are fine objects1 especially the larger4 ,row ,tor4--,on the ,west ,dart some four miles north of ,two ,bridges4 ,it has a very striking block of granite on it4 ,sheep's ,tor4--,about two miles east of ,dousland ,station4 ,it is finely shaped4 ,shellstone ,tor4--,near ,throwleigh1 about halfway between ,chagford and ,oakhampton4 ,staple ,tor4--,under a mile north-west from ,merivale ,bridge1 and four miles east of ,tavistock4 ,vixen ,tor4--,one mile from ,merivale ,bridge1 or four miles north from ,dousland ,station4 ,it is near the ,walkham ,river1 and is almost the only tor which has a distinct reputation as a climb4 ,it is got at by means of the cleft shown in the illustration4 ,here it is usual to 'back up4' ,the struggles of generations of climbers are said to have communicated a high polish to the surface of the cleft4 ,watern ,tor4--,five or six miles west of ,chagford1 on the left bank of the ,north ,teign4 ,it has three towers of friable granite much weathered4 ,yar ,tor4--,halfway between ,two ,bridges and ,buckland-in-the-,moor2 it has a curiously fortified appearance4 ,vixen ,tor4--,one of the finest of the ,devonshire ,tors 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,,vixen ,,tor 7,,dartmoor7 ,walker's ,gully is the precipice in which ends the ,east ,scree1 between the ,pillar ,rock and the ,shamrock4 ,it is named after an unfortunate youth of seventeen who was killed by falling over it on ,good ,friday1 #ahhc4 ,he had reached the rock with four companions1 and found there two climbers from ,bolton1 who had been trying for nearly three hours to find a way up1 and were apparently then standing in or near ,jordan ,gap4 ,seeing ,walker1 they shouted to him for advice as to the ascent4 ,he thereupon endeavoured to join them by sliding down on the snow2 but he had miscalculated the pace1 and when he reached the rock at which he had aimed1 it was only to find that his impetus was too powerful to be arrested4 ,he shot off to one side1 rolled over once or twice1 and then darted away down the steep ,east ,scree1 passing the ,bolton men1 who could not see him owing to that position1 and disappeared over the precipice4 ,wallow ,crag1 a long mile south of ,keswick1 is abrupt but not high1 and somewhat incumbered by trees4 ,it contains ,lady's ,rake1 and ,falcon ,crag is really a continuation of it4 ,both are too near ,keswick to please climbers1 who do not enjoy having their every movement watched by waggon-loads of excursionists4 ,wanthwaite ,crags 7,cumberland1 sh4 #fd7 rise on the east side of the stream which flows1 or used to flow1 from ,thirlmere4 ,there is good climbing in them1 and they are easily reached from ,keswick 7#a hour71 or ,grasmere1 taking the ,keswick coach as far as the foot of ,thirlmere2 and ,threlkeld station is nearer still 7half an hour74 ,the rocky part has a height of #fjj to #gjj ft4 ,bram ,crag1 just a little south1 is really part of it4 ,wastdale4--,there are two valleys of this name1 one near ,shap in ,westmorland1 and the other and more famous in ,cumberland1 at the head of ,wastwater4 ,it is the ,chamouni of ,england1 and would be the ,zermatt also1 only it lacks the charm of a railway4 ,fine climbs abound among the various fells which hem it closely in4 7,see under the heads of ,scafell1 ,lingmell1 ,great ,gable1 ,pillar1 ,yewbarrow1 ,steeple1 ,red ,pike1 and ,great ,end47 ,a well-filled ',climbing book' is kept at the inn1 where also are some fine rock-views and a very complete set of large-scale maps4 ,men with luggage must drive up from ,drigg ,station2 those who have none can walk over ,burnmoor from ,boot ,station in one hour and a half or less4 ,westmorland1 as a climber's county1 is second only to ,cumberland4 ,langdale is perhaps the pick of it1 but about ,patterdale1 ,mardale1 and ,kentdale abundant work may be found1 and there are few parts of the whole county which have not small local climbs of good quality set in the midst of charming scenery4 ,defoe's account of it is extremely amusing3 ',i now entered ,westmorland1 a county eminent only for being the wildest1 most barren1 and frightful of any that ,i have passed over in ,england or in ,wales4 ,the west side1 which borders on ,cumberland1 is indeed bounded by a chain of almost unpassable ,mountains1 which in the language of the country are called ,fells4444 ,it must be owned1 however1 that here are some very pleasant manufacturing towns4' ,the notion of lake scenery being rendered tolerable by manufacturing towns is one which may be recommended to the ,defence ,society2 but ,mr4 ,defoe has not done yet3 ',when we entered at the ,south ,part of this ,county1 ,i began indeed to think of the mountains of ,snowden in ,north ,wales1 seeing nothing round me in many places but unpassable ,hills whose tops covered with snow seemed to tell us all the pleasant part of ,england was at an end4' ,westmorland's ,cairn is a conspicuous object at the edge nearest to ,wastwater of the summit plateau of ,great ,gable4 ,there is a wide-spread impression that this cairn1 which is built in a style which would do credit to a professional 'waller1' was intended to celebrate a climb2 but ,messrs4 ,t4 and ,e4 ,westmorland1 of ,penrith1 who built it in ,july #ahgf1 wished to mark a point from which they 'fearlessly assert that the detail view far surpasses any view from ,scafell ,pikes1 ,helvellyn1 or ,skiddaw1 or even of the whole ,lake ,district4' ,at the same time the short cliff on the edge of which the cairn stands is full of neat 'problems1' and it is customary to pay it a visit on the way to ,gable ,top after a climb on the ,napes4 ,wetherlam1 in ,lancashire1 is about #b1ejj ft41 and has some crags on the north side among which here and there good climbing may be found4 ,they can be reached in about an hour and a half from either ,coniston or the inn at ,skelwith ,bridge4 ,in an article signed ',h4,a4,g4' 7i4e4 ,gwynne71 which appeared in the ,pall ,mall ,gazette in ,april #ahib1 the following description of a part of it is given3 ',on the west face there is a bold cliff that stands between two steep gullies4 ,the cliff itself can be climbed1 and in winter either of the gullies would afford a good hour's hard step-cutting4 ,just now1 after the late snowstorm1 the mountaineer would have the excitement of cutting through a snow-cornice when he arrives at the top4 ,the precipice itself is fairly easy4 ,i happened to find it in very bad condition4 ,all the rocks were sheeted with ice and extremely dangerous4 ,in one part there was a narrow1 steep gully ending in a fall4 ,it was full of snow and looked solid4 ,i had scarcely put my foot on it when the snow slipped away with a hiss and left me grabbing at a knob of iced rock that luckily was small enough for my grasp4 ,this climb1 however1 in ordinary weather is by no means difficult4' ,whernside1 in ,yorkshire1 was considered even as late as #aggj to be the highest mountain in ,england1 #d1jej ft4 above the sea4 ,white ,gill1 in ,langdale1 ,westmorland1 nearly at the back of the inn at ,millbeck1 derives its chief interest from the loss of the two ,greens there1 so graphically described by ,de ,quincey4 ,this and the other gills between it and ,stickle ,tarn afford good climbing up the walls by which they are enclosed4 ,winter ,climbs4--,only a few years ago a man who announced that he was going to the ,lakes in the depth of winter would have been thought mad4 ,exclamations of this kind are even now not unfrequently called forth at that season of the year2 yet they seem to have little or no effect in diminishing the number of those who year by year find themselves somehow attracted to the little inns which lie at the foot of ,snowdon or of ,scafell ,pikes4 ,on ,swiss mountains winter excursions have been made even by ladies1 and perhaps the ,british public was first rendered familiar with the idea by ,mrs4 ,burnaby's book on the subject4 ,but1 in truth1 the invention is no new one1 and those bold innovators who first dared to break through the pale of custom and to visit ,north ,wales or the ,lakes in mid-winter were richly repaid for their audacity2 for there is hardly any time of year at which a trip to ,lakeland is more thoroughly enjoyable4 ,in the first place1 there is no crowd4 ,you can be sure that you will get a bed1 and that the people of the house will not be1 as they too often are in the summer time1 too much overworked to have time to make you comfortable1 or too full of custom to care much whether you are comfortable or not4 ,out of doors there is the same delightful difference4 ,you stride cheerily along1 freed for a time from the din of toiling cities1 and are not harassed at every turn by howling herds of unappreciative 'trippers4' ,the few who do meet on the mountains are all bent on the same errand and 'mean business'2 half-hearted folk who have not quite made up their minds whether they care for the mountains or not1 people who come to the ,lakes for fashion's sake1 or just to be able to say that they have been there1 are snugly at home coddling themselves before the fire4 ,you will have no companions but life-long lovers of the mountains1 and robust young fellows whose highest ambition is to gain admission to the ,alpine ,club1 or1 having gained it1 to learn to wield with some appearance of dexterity the ponderous ice-axes which are indispensable to the dignity of their position4 ,then what views are to be had through the clear1 frosty air6 ,how different are the firm outlines of those distant peaks from the hazy indistinctness which usually falls to the lot of the summer tourist6 ,what sensation is more delightful than that of tramping along while the crisp snow crunches under foot1 and gazing upward at the lean black crags standing boldly out from the long smooth slopes of dazzling white6 ,there is no great variety of colour2 for the rocks1 though a few are reddish1 are for the most part of grey in varying shades2 yet there is no monotony4 ,it is true that ,january days have one fault2 they are too short4 ,or shall we not rather say that they seem so because--like youth1 like life itself--they are delightful8 ,they would not be too short if they were passed 7let us say7 in breaking stones by the roadside4 ,after all1 the hills hereabouts are not so big but that in eight or nine hours of brisk exertion a very satisfactory day's work can be accomplished4 ,in short1 youth and strength 7and no one can be said to have left these behind who can still derive enjoyment from a winter's day on the ,fells7 can hardly find a more delightful way of spending a week of fine frosty weather4 ,wrynose4--,the pass between ,dunnerdale and ,little ,langdale1 and the meeting-point of the three counties of ,cumberland1 ,westmorland1 and ,lancashire4 ,it would seem that we are poorer than our ancestors by one mountain1 for all the old authorities speak of this as a stupendous peak4 ,defoe's ,tour 7#agec7 says3 ',wrynose1 one of its highest ,hills1 is remarkable for its three ,shire ,stones1 a ,foot ,distance each4' ,the name properly understood would have put them right4 ,the natives pronounce it 'raynus1' and ,i have not the least doubt that it represents ',raven's ,hause4' ,indeed1 in early charters the form ',wreneshals' is actually found1 and the intermediate form ',wrenose' is found in a sixteenth-century map4 ,yewbarrow 7#b1jeh ft42 ,cumberland sh4 #gd7 is a narrow ridge a couple of miles long1 which1 seen end-on from the shore of ,wastwater1 has all the appearance of a sharp peak4 ,there is climbing at the north end about ,door ,head and ,stirrup ,crag1 while towards the south end there are two very interesting square-cut 'doors' in the summit ridge1 apparently due to 'intrusive dykes1' and beyond them the little climb called ,bell ,rib ,end4 ,yorkshire 7see ,attermire1 ,calf1 ,craven1 ,gordale1 ,ingleborough1 ,malham1 ,micklefell1 ,penyghent1 ,pot-holes1 ,whernside7--a county whose uplands fall naturally into three great divisions1 only one of which1 however1 demands the attention of the mountaineer4 ,the chalk ,wolds in the ,east ,riding1 and the moorland group formed by the ,hambleton and ,cleveland ,hills1 may be dismissed here with a mere mention4 ,the third division1 which constitutes a portion of the ,pennine ,chain1 and1 entering the county from ,westmorland and ,durham on the north1 stretches in an unbroken line down its western border to ,derbyshire on the south1 approaches more nearly to the mountain standard4 ,even in this division1 however1 only that portion which lies to the north of ,skipton attains to any considerable importance4 ,it is in this latter district--in ,craven1 that is1 and in the valleys of the ,yore1 the ,swale1 and the ,tees--that we must look for the finest hill scenery in ,yorkshire4 ,most of these mountains consist of limestone1 capped in many cases by millstone grit1 and of such summits some twenty-five or thirty rise to a height of #b1jjj ft4 ,very few of them1 however1 exhibit individuality of outline1 and1 with the exception of the low lines of limestone precipice which occasionally girdle them1 and of the wasting mill-stone bluffs which1 as in the case of ,pen-hill or ,ingleborough1 sometimes guard their highest slopes1 they are altogether innocent of crag4 ,if any climbing is to be found at all1 it will probably be among the numerous 'pot-holes1' or on the limestone 'scars1' such as ,attermire or ,gordale1 which mark the line of the ,craven ,fault4 ,the ,howgill ,fells1 north of ,sedburgh1 form an exception to the above remarks4 7,see ,calf47 ,although the climber may find little opportunity to exercise his art among the ,yorkshire mountains1 yet the ordinary hill-lover will discover ample recompense for the time spent in an exploration of these hills and dales4 ,the ascent of ,micklefell1 of ,great ,whernside1 of ,penyghent1 or of ,ingleborough1 whilst not lacking altogether the excitement of mountain climbing1 will introduce him to many scenes of novel character and of astonishing beauty4 ,it is only fair to mention that the ,yorkshire waterfalls are second to few in the kingdom4 ,it is necessary to add a word or two with regard to the coast4 ,the rapidly wasting cliffs to the south of ,flamborough are too insignificant for further notice4 ,flamborough ,head1 where the chalk attains to a height of #dcf ft41 is noticed elsewhere4 7,see ,chalk47 ,the line of coast from ,flamborough to ,saltburn1 passing ,filey1 ,scarborough1 and ,whitby1 presents an almost unbroken stretch of cliff1 which1 however1 will find greater favour with the landscape-lover than the climber4 ,these cliffs1 which consist chiefly of the oolite and lias series1 are throughout crumbling and insecure1 and are very frequently composed of little more than clay and shale4 ,rockcliff1 or ,boulby ,cliff1 however1 near ,staithes1 merits a certain amount of attention4 ,in addition to not a little boldness of outline1 it enjoys--or1 at any rate1 enjoyed--the reputation of being the highest cliff 7#ffj ft47 on the ,english coast4 ,,printed ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,and ,,co41 ,,new-,,street ,,square ,,london ,,the ,,badminton ,,library4 ,edited by the ,,duke ,,of ,,beaufort1 ,k4,g4 and ,a4,e4,t4 ,,watson4 ,,athletics ,,and ,,football4 ,by ,,montague ,,shearman4 ,with an ,introduction by ,,sir ,,richard ,,webster1 ,q4,c4 ,m4,p4 ,with #ea ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,big ,,game ,,shooting4 ,by ,,clive ,,phillipps-,,wolley4 ,with ,contributions by ,sir ,,samuel ,w4 ,,baker1 ,w4,c4 ,,oswell1 ,f4,j4 ,,jackson1 ,,warburton ,,pike1 ,f4,c4 ,,selous1 ,,lieut4-,,col4 ,r4 ,,heber ,,percy1 ,,arnold ,,pike1 ,major ,,algernon ,c4 ,,heber ,,percy1 ,w4,a4 ,,baillie-,,grohman1 c4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,africa and ,america4 ,with #bj ,plates and #eg ,illustrations in the ,text4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,europe1 ,asia1 and the ,arctic ,regions4 ,with #ag ,plates and #ef ,illustrations in the ,text4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,boating4 ,by ,w4,b4 ,,woodgate4 ,with an ,introduction by the ,rev4 ,,edmond ,,warre1 ,d4,d4 and a ,chapter on ',rowing at ,eton' by ,r4 ,,harvey ,,mason4 ,with #di ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,coursing ,,and ,,falconry4 ,by ,,harding ,,cox and the ,hon4 ,,gerald ,,lascelles4 ,with #gf ,illustrations4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,cricket4 ,by ,a4,g4 ,,steel and the ,hon4 ,r4,h4 ,,lyttelton4 ,with ,contributions by ,,andrew ,,lang1 ,r4,a4,h4 ,,mitchell1 ,w4,g4 ,,grace1 and ,f4 ,,gale4 ,with #fd ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,cycling4 ,by ,,viscount ,,bury1 ,k4,c4,m4,g4 7the ,earl of ,albemarle71 and ,g4 ,,lacy ,,hillier4 ,with #hi ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,driving4 ,by ,his ,grace the ,,duke ,,of ,,beaufort1 ,k4,g4 ,with #fe ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,fencing1 ,,boxing1 and ,,wrestling4 ,by ,,walter ,h4 ,,pollock1 ,f4,o4 ,,grove1 ,c4 ,,prevost1 ,e4,b4 ,,mitchell1 and ,,walter ,,armstrong4 ,with #db ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,fishing4 ,by ,h4 ,,cholmondeley-,,pennell4 ,with ,contributions by the ,,marquis ,,of ,,exeter1 ,,henry ,r4 ,,francis1 ,major ,,john ,p4 ,,traherne1 ,,frederic ,m4 ,,halford1 ,g4 ,,christopher ,,davies1 ,r4,b4 ,,marston1 c4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,salmon and ,trout4 ,with #aeh ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,pike and other ,coarse ,fish4 ,with #acc ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,golf4 ,by ,,horace ,g4 ,,hutchinson1 the ,right ,hon4 ,a4,j4 ,,balfour1 ,m4,p4 ,sir ,,walter ,g4 ,,simpson1 ,bart4 ,,lord ,,wellwood1 ,h4,s4,c4 ,,everard1 ,,andrew ,,lang1 and other ,writers4 ,with #hi ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,hunting4 ,by the ,,duke ,,of ,,beaufort1 ,k4,g4 and ,,mowbray ,,morris4 ,with ,contributions by the ,,earl ,,of ,,suffolk ,,and ,,berkshire1 ,rev4 ,e4,w4,l4 ,,davies1 ,,digby ,,collins1 ,sir ,,marteine ,,lloyd1 ,,george ,h4 ,,longman1 ,j4,c4 ,,gibbons1 and ,,alfred ,e4,t4 ,,watson4 ,with #fj ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,mountaineering4 ,by ,c4,t4 ,,dent1 with ,contributions by ,w4,m4 ,,conway1 ,d4,w4 ,,freshfield1 ,c4,e4 ,,mathews1 ,c4 ,,pilkington1 ,sir ,f4 ,,pollock1 ,h4,g4 ,,willink1 and an ,introduction by ,mr4 ,,justice ,,wills4 ,with #ajh ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,racing ,,and ,,steeple-,,chasing4 ,racing3 ,by the ,,earl ,,of ,,suffolk ,,and ,,berkshire and ,w4,g4 ,,craven4 ,with a ,contribution by the ,hon4 ,f4 ,,lawley4 ,steeple-chasing3 ,by ,,arthur ,,coventry and ,,alfred ,e4,t4 ,,watson4 ,with #eh ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,riding ,,and ,,polo4 ,by ,captain ,,robert ,,weir1 ,riding ,master1 ,r4,h4,g4 and ,j4 ,,moray ,,brown4 ,with ,contributions by the ,,duke ,,of ,,beaufort1 the ,,earl ,,of ,,suffolk ,,and ,,berkshire1 the ,,earl ,,of ,,onslow1 ,e4,l4 ,,anderson1 and ,,alfred ,e4 ,t4 ,,watson4 ,with #ei ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,shooting4 ,by ,,lord ,,walsingham and ,sir ,,ralph ,,payne-,,gallwey1 ,bart4 ,with ,contributions by ,,lord ,,lovat1 ,,lord ,,charles ,,lennox ,,kerr1 the ,hon4 ,g4 ,,lascelles1 and ,a4,j4 ,,stuart-,,wortley4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,field and ,covert4 ,with #aje ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4#f;d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,moor and ,marsh4 ,with #fe ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,skating1 ,,curling1 ,,tobogganing1 and other ,,ice ,,sports4 ,by ,j4,m4 ,,heathcote1 ,c4,g4 ,,tebbutt1 ,t4 ,,maxwell ,,witham1 the ,rev4 ,,john ,,kerr1 ,,ormond ,,hake1 and ,,henry ,a4 ,,buck4 ,with #bhd ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,swimming4 ,by ,,archibald ,,sinclair and ,,william ,,henry1 ,hon4 ,secs4 of the ,life-,saving ,society4 ,with #aai ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,tennis1 ,,lawn ,,tennis1 ,,rackets1 and ,,fives4 ,by ,j4,m4 and ,c4,g4 ,,heathcote1 ,e4,o4 ,,pleydell-,,bouverie1 and ,a4,c4 ,,ainger4 ,with ,contributions by the ,hon4 ,a4 ,,lyttelton1 ,w4,c4 ,,marshall1 ,miss ,l4 ,,dodd1 ,h4,w4,w4 ,,wilberforce1 ,h4,f4 ,,lawford1 c4 ,with #gi ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,yachting4 ,by ,sir ,,edward ,,sullivan1 ,,lord ,,brassey1 ,r4,t4 ,,pritchett1 the ,,earl ,,of ,,onslow1 ,,lewis ,,herreshoff1 c4 ,with #cji ,illustrations4 #b vols4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 each4 ,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,green1 ,,co4 444 ,transcriber's note3 ,inconsistent hyphenation is as in the original4 444