,illu/ration3 ,a ,s ,full] ,,! ,,nut ,,culturi/ ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,propagation1 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,cultivation ,,( ,,nut-,,be>+ ,,trees ,,& ,,%rubs ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,! ,,climate ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,) ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,common ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,fruits ,,kn[n ,,9 ,,comm]ce ,,z ,,edible ,,or ,,o!rwise ,,useful ,,nuts ,by ,,&rew ,s4 ,,full]1 ,au?or ( ! ,grape ,culturi/1 ,small ,fruit ,culturi/1 ,practical ,=e/ry1 ,propagation ( ,plants1 etc41 etc4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,company #ahif ,,copyright1 #ahif1 ,,by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,,preface ,believ+ t ! "t is opportune = mak+ an ef=t to cultivate all k9ds ( edible & o!rwise useful nut-be>+ trees & %rubs adapt$ to ! soil & climate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !reby inaugurat+ a great1 p]man5t & f>-rea*+ indu/ry1 ! foll[+ pages h be5 p5n$1 & ) ! hope ( enc\rag+ & aid+ ! f>m] to increase 8 income & enjoym5ts1 )\t1 to any appreciable ext5t1 add+ to 8 exp5ses or labors4 ,) ?is idea 9 m9d1 ,i h n advis$ ! g5]al plant+ ( nut or*>ds on l& adapt$ to ! production ( gra9 & o!r indisp5sable f>m crops1 b ma9ly z roadside trees & :]e desir$ = %ade1 %elt] & ornam5t1 be+ confid5t t :5 all su* positions are occupi$ ) *oice nut-be>+ trees1 to ! exclusion ( ^? yield+ no?+ ( intr9sic value1 !re w h be5 add$ _m millions ( doll>s to ! weal? ( ! c\ntry1 z well z a va/ /ore ( edible & delici\s food4 ,?is "w has n be5 writt5 = ! edification1 or ! special approbation1 ( sci5tific botani/s1 b = ^? :o1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 are mo/ likely to pr(it by a treatise ( ?is k9d4 ,unfamili> t]ms h be5 omitt$ :]ev] simple common words w\ld answ] equally z well 9 convey+ ! int5d$ in=mation4 ,!re be+ no "w ( ?is k9d publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry t w\ld s]ve z a guide1 ,i h be5 compell$ to =mulate a plan ( my own1 & to describe all ! new] v>ieties f ! be/ specim5s obta9able1 & ^! may n1 9 all cases1 h be5 p]fect4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ?is "w mu/ necess>ily be incomplete1 & especially :]e ! possessors ( claim$-to-be new & valuable v>ieties h ei!r refus$ or fail$ to give any in=mation 9 reg>d to !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to _m correspond5ts1 :o h s g5]\sly plac$ specim5s ( bo? trees & nuts ( r>e new v>ieties 9 my h&s = te/+ & describ+1 z well z assi/+ me 9 trac+ _! hi/ory & orig94 ,t ?is treatise may become ! pione] ( _m o!r & bett] works on nut culture is ! s9c]e wi% ( ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j41 #ahif4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction1 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,almond1 #ab ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,bee*nut1 #dd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ca/anopsis1 #ee ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,*e/nut1 #fj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,filb]t ,,or ,,hazelnut1 #aah ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,hickory ,,nuts1 #adg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,walnut1 #bjc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,miscellane\s ,,nuts--,,edible ,,& ,,o!rwise1 #bed ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,fig4 ,page4 #a4 ,a ,cali=nia almond or*>d1 #ah #b4 ,budd+ knife1 #bd #c4 ,yankee budd+ knife1 #bd #d4 ,prep>$ %oot1 #bf #e4 ,incision = bud1 #bg #f4 ,bud 9 position1 #bh #g4 ,h>d-%ell$ almond1 #cf #h4 ,?9-%ell$ almond1 #cg #i4 ,bee*nut leaf1 bur & nut1 #ea #aj4 ,leaves & nut ( ,ca/anopsis *rysophylla1 #ef #aa4 ,ca/anopsis bur1 #eg #ab4 ,*e/nut fl[]s1 #fa #ac4 ,splice graft1 #ge #ad4 ,splice graft ins]t$1 #ge #ae4 ,/ock1 #gg #af4 ,cion1 #gg #ag4 ,two cions ins]t$1 #gg #ah4 ,"o cion ins]t$1 #gg #ai4 ,am]ican *e/nut leaf1 #hh #bj4 ,spike ( burs ( bu% *9quap9 7,ca/anea nana71 #hi #ba4 ,spike ( *9quap9 *e/nut bur 7,c4 pumila71 #ij #bb4 ,s+le bur1 nut & leaf ( *9quap9 *e/nut 7,c4 pumila71 #ia #bc4 ,japan *e/nut leaf1 #ib #bd4 ,burs ( ,full]'s *9quap9 7"o-half natural size71 #ig #be4 ,full]'s *9quap91 five ye>s old f nut1 #ih #bf4 ,bur ( ,numbo *e/nut1 #aja #bg4 ,sp9es ( ,numbo *e/nut1 #ajb #bh4 ,numbo *e/nut1 #ajb #bi4 ,p>agon *e/nut bur 7"o-half natural size71 #ajc #cj4 ,sp9es ( ,p>agon *e/nut bur1 #ajc #ca4 ,p>agon *e/nut1 #ajd #cb4 ,f\r-ye>-old ,p>agon *e/nut tree1 #aje #cc4 ,op5 bur ( ! ,ridgely *e/nut1 #ajf #cd4 ,japan ,giant *e/nut1 #aaj #ce4 ,sp9es ( ,japan *e/nut1 #aaj #cf4 ,*e/nut weevil1 #aad #cg4 ,l>ge filb]t1 #aai #ch4 ,l>ge se$l+ hazelnut1 #abj #ci4 ,con/ant9ople hazel1 #abi #dj4 ,engli% filb]t or*>d1 five ye>s f se$1 #acd #da4 ,v>ieties ( filb]ts & hazel se$l+s1 #ace #db4 ,extra l>ge hazel se$l+ or r\nd ,engli% filb]t1 #acf #dc4 ,filb]t or*>d /ruck ) blight1 fif? ye> f se$1#acg #dd4 ,hazel fungus1 #ada #de4 ,f\rte5-ye>s-old pecan tree 9 ,mississippi1 #aed #df4 ,leaf & /]ile catk9s ( %ellb>k hickory1 #aef #dg4 ,we/]n %ellb>k1 #aeh #dh4 ,section ,we/]n %ellb>k1 #aeh #di4 ,leaf ( pignut1 #afa #ej4 ,bitt]nut bran* & leaf1 #afc #ea4 ,bitt]nut1 #afd #eb4 ,l>ge1 long pecan nut1 #aff #ec4 ,oval pecan nut1 #aff #ed4 ,small oval pecan nut1 #afg #ee4 ,little ,mobile pecan nut1 #afg #ef4 ,/u>t pecan nut1 #afi #eg4 ,van ,deman pecan nut1 #afi #eh4 ,risi5 pecan nut1 #afi #ei4 ,lady ,f+] pecan nut1 #afi #fj4 ,! orig9al ,hales' ,pap]-%ell hickory tree1 #aga #fa4 ,hales' hickory1 #agb #fb4 ,section ( ,hales' hickory1 #agb #fc4 ,long %ellb>k hickory1 #agc #fd4 ,%ellb>k ,miss\ri1 #agc #fe4 ,long ,we/]n %ellb>k1 #agd #ff4 ,fre% ,nussbaum] hybrid1 #age #fg4 ,nussbaum]'s hybrid1 #agf #fh4 ,cr[n graft+ on roots ( ! hickory1 #ahi #fi4 ,spr\ts f sev]$ hickory roots1 #aij #gj4 ,! hickory-twig girdl]1 #aif #ga4 ,hickory bor]1 #aih #gb4 ,burr[s ( hickory scolytus1 #bjj #gc4 ,p]sian walnut1 %[+ position ( sexual organs1 #bjd #gd4 ,be>+ bran* ( ,engli% walnut1 #bje #ge4 ,se$l+ walnut1 #baf #gf4 ,flute budd+1 #bbj #gg4 ,fl[]+ bran* ( hybrid walnut1 #bbh #gh4 ,hybrid walnut1 #bcj #gi4 ,hybrid walnut1 %ell remov$1 #bcj #hj4 ,juglans ,sieboldiana raceme1 #bca #ha4 ,black walnut 9 husk1 #bcb #hb4 ,juglans nigra1 husk remov$1 #bcc #hc4 ,juglans ,cali=nica1 #bce #hd4 ,juglans rupe/ris1 %[+ small k]nel1 #bce #he4 ,juglans ,sieboldiana1 #bch #hf4 ,juglans cordi=mis1 #bci #hg4 ,small fruit$ walnut1 #bdj #hh4 ,b>!re walnut1 #bdb #hi4 ,*ab]te walnut1 #bdb #ij4 ,*ile walnut1 #bdb #ia4 ,cut-leav$ walnut1 #bdc #ib4 ,gibbons walnut1 #bdd #ic4 ,mayette walnut1 #bde #id4 ,k]nel ( walnut1 #bde #ie4 ,juglans regia octogona1 #bde #if4 ,cross section1 #bde #ig4 ,p>isi5ne walnut1 #bdf #ih4 ,s]ot9a or ,/4 ,john walnut1 #bdg #ii4 ,! cat]pill> ( ! regal walnut mo?1 #beb #ajj4 ,! regal walnut mo?--,ci!ronia regalis1 #beb #aja4 ,brazil nut1 #beh #ajb4 ,! ca%ew nut1 #bfj #ajc4 ,lit*i or ,lee*ee nut1 #bgj #ajd4 ,bran* ( nut p9e1 #bgg #aje4 ,p>adise or sapucaia nut1 #bgi #ajf4 ,s\>i nut1 #bha #ajg4 ,wat] *e/nut1 #bhc ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,no special am\nt ( prophetic acum5 is requir$ to =esee t ! "t w soon come :5 ! p ( ?is c\ntry mu/ necess>ily place a mu* high] value ^u all k9ds ( food ?an !y d at pres5t1 or h done 9 ! pa/4 ,9 ?is we are pre-suppos+ t 9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 our population w cont9ue to increase 9 ne>ly ! same ratio x has s9ce we assum$ ! responsibilities ( an indep5d5t nation4 ,! v exi/5ce ( animal life on ?is planet dep5ds ^u ! quantity & quality ( available food1 & :ile "s s5tim5tali/s may assume to ignore & ev5 attempt to deprecate ! animal desires ( _! race1 nature compels u to recognize ! fact t !re c be no fire )\t fuel1 & ! great & useful intellectual p[]s ( man are ! emanations ( ! animal tissues ( a well-n\ri%$ bra94 ,! brawny arm t r5ds ! rock & hurls ! fragm5ts aside1 gets its p[] ?r\gh ! same *annel & f ! same s\rce z ^? ( o!r memb]s ( society1 :atev] ! nature ( _! call+2 = mank9d is built ^u "o univ]sal & g5]al plan1 v>i$ ?\gh x may be 9 "s ( ! m9or details ( con/ruction4 ,we c]ta9ly h no cause to fe> t ! !ories ( ,mal?us1 9 reg>d to ! ov]population ( ! e>? z a :ole1 w ev] be v]ifi$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! human race1 because ) necessity comes indu/ry1 also ! inv5tions ( devices to enable u to avoid j su* dang]s1 & if ^! fail to keep pace ) our wants & ne$s1 w>s1 e>?quakes1 dr\?s1 floods1 & contagi\s1 epidemic & o!r diseases1 become ! weapons :i* nature employs to prev5t ov]population4 ,b we _c d5y t nature does sometimes enc\rage or p]mit a some:at r$undant population 9 c]ta9 favorable c\ntries & localities1 & !n foll[s a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & food becomes ! p>am\nt object 9 life4 ,to w>d (f dang] ( ?is k9d & keep ! supply 9 excess ( ! dem&1 is a problem :i* %\ld s]i\sly engage ! att5tion ( e "o :o takes ! lea/ int]e/ 9 ! g5]al welf>e ( 8 c\ntrym51 ev5 ?\gh ! day ( want or sc>city ( food may be v f> di/ant4 ,among ! v>i\s s\rces ( acceptable & nutriti\s food products h]et(ore almo/ entirely neglect$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! edible nuts /& preem95tly & conspicu\sly 9 ! =egr\nd1 await+ ! skill & att5tion ( all :o seek pleasure & pr(it--to be d]iv$ f ! products ( ! soil4 ,= _m c5turies ^! nuts h held a prom95t position among ! desirable & valuable food products ( v>i\s ,european & ,ori5tal c\ntries2 n only because !y 7 important & almo/ indisp5sable 9 mak+ up ! h\sehold supplies ( all classes ( ! p1 b (t5 because available = fill+ a deplet$ purse1 & ! ?+ ne$ful = ?is purpose has1 9 ! ma91 be5 receiv$ f f>-di/ant nations1 :o ?r\gh indiff]5ce & neglect fail$ to provide !mselves ) su* a simple & valuable article z ! edible nuts4 ,mu* z we may boa/ ( our imm5se natural res\rces & advantages1 we h n1 z yet1 avail$ ourselves ( "o-half ( ^? we possess1 & ! rema9d] is /ill await+ our att5tion4 ,we also neglect to avail ourselves ( ! _m sup]ior dome/ic traits & practices ( ! =eign nations ) :om we are 9 con/ant communication4 ,x may be t ! abs5ce ( inc5tives has made u c>eless & indiff]5t 9 reg>d to a day ( ne$1 :i* 9 all probability w come to u soon] or lat]2 b :atev] ! cause1 ! fact rema9s t we h be5 sp5d+ millions annually on wor?less articles & s5tim5tal problems & projects1 :i* h br\ght u nei!r ri*es nor honor2 9 tru?1 to use a homely phrase1 we h be5 foll[+ ! bellwe!r 9 ne>ly all ( our rural affairs & pursuits4 ,z a natural result we are sp5d+ millions = import$ articles ( ev]yday use :i* might easily & ) l>ge pr(it be produc$ at home1 & 9 _m in/ances ! mo/ humiliat+ "p ( ! transaction is t we s5d our money to p :o d n pur*ase any ( our productions & almo/ ignore u 9 comm]cial matt]s4 ,i am n ref]r+ to ^? products ill-adapt$ to our climate1 nor to ^? :i*1 ow+ to sc>city & high price ( labor1 we are unable to produce pr(itably1 b to su* nuts z ! almond1 walnut & *e/nut1 :i* we c raise z readily z pea*es1 apples & pe>s4 ,!re c]ta9ly c be no excuse = ! neglect ( su* nut trees on ! score ( co/ ( labor 9 propagation & plant+1 because our /reets & highways are l9$ & %ad$ ) equally z exp5sive k9ds1 al?\gh !y are absolutely wor?less = any o!r purpose ?an %ade or %elt]1 yield+ no?+ 9 ! way ( food = ei!r man or bea/4 ,c any "o inv5t a reasonable excuse = plant+ miles & miles ( roadside trees ( su* k9ds z elm1 maple1 a%1 will[1 cottonwood1 & a hundr$ o!r simil> k9ds1 :]e %ellb>k hickory1 *e/nut1 walnut1 pecan & butt]nut w\ld ?rive j z well1 co/ no m1 & yet yield bu%els ( delici\s & highly priz$ nuts1 & ?is annually or 9 alt]nate ye>s1 cont9u+ & increas+ 9 productiv5ess = "o1 two or m c5turies4 ,aside f ! intr9sic value ( su* trees1 !y are1 9 ! way ( ornam5t1 j z beautiful z1 & 9 _m in/ances mu* sup]ior to ^? yield+ no?+ 9 ! way ( food except1 p]haps1 some?+ = noxi\s insects4 ,i am n attempt+ to pose z ! "o wise man engag$ 9 rural affairs1 b am m]ely rec\nt+ my p]sonal obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 hav+ 9 my y\ng] days tak5 ! advice ( my eld]s1 & at a "t :5 a h9t ( ! future value ( nut trees w\ld h be5 wor? m ?an a paid-up life insurance policy4 ,b z ! h9t 0 n giv51 ,i select$ = roadside trees a%1 maples1 tulip1 magnolias1 & o!r popul> k9ds1 all ( :i* ?riv$1 & by ! "t !y 7 tw5ty ye>s old began to be admir$ = _! beauty1 al?\gh _! roots 7 spread+ into ! adjo9+ field1 robb+ ! soil ( ! nutrim5t requir$ = less vigor\s-gr[+ plants4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ! discov]y 0 made t ,i 0 pay+ v de>ly = a crop ( leaves & s5tim5t1 nei!r ( :i* 0 salable or available = fill+ "o's purse4 ,:5 ?irty ye>s ( age ! v be/ ( my roadside trees 7 probably wor? two doll>s ea* = firewood1 or "o doll> m ?an ! nurs]yman's price at ! "t ( plant+4 ,! great] "p ( ^! trees1 h[ev]1 h s9ce be5 cremat$1 a few be+ left z rem9d]s ( ! misdirect$ labors ( y\? & inexp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is matt] ( foll[+ a lead] 9 tree-plant+ along ! highways1 x appe>s to be a pr$om9ant trait ( our rural population & z old z ! settlem5t ( ?is c\ntry1 = n[h]e is x m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 :]e ! ,am]ican elms attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,pilgrims & _! contempor>ies & desc5dants1 & ev5 cont9u$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,no "o w d5y t ! ,am]ican elm is a noble tree 9 appe>ance1 is easily transplant$ & ( rapid gr[?1 & yet x is "o ( ! mo/ wor?less = any economic purpose4 ,x may be t its wor?lessness = o!r purposes made x all ! m acceptable = /reets & roadsides1 ! bett] k9ds be+ res]v$ = firewood1 f5c+1 furniture1 & ! manufacture ( agricultural & o!r implem5ts4 ,b :atev] ! cause or object1 ! elm became ! "o tree g5]ally select$ = plant+ 9 p>ks1 villages1 cities1 & along roadsides 9 ! c\ntry1 n only 9 ! old] b 9 _m ( ! new] ,/ates4 ,f pres5t indications1 h[ev]1 ! glory ( ?is mu* ov]-prais$ tree is on ! wane1 = ! import$ elm-leaf beetle 7,gal]uca calm>i5sis7 is sl[ly b surely spread+ ov] ! c\ntry1 defoliat+ ! elms ( all species & v>ieties1 & x is a "q :e!r we %\ld bless ?is insect = ! "w x is do+ or look ^u x z a pe/4 ,p]haps future g5]ations w s+ paeons 9 its praise1 & !y c]ta9ly w h reasons = rejoic+ if bett] & m useful k9ds are plant$ 9 ! places n[ occupi$ by ! wor?less elms4 ,9 o!r localities "s pione] or lead] 9 roadside ornam5tation select$ or recomm5d$ "s species ( maple1 l9d51 catalpa1 popl> or will[1 b x made little or no diff]5ce z to k9d1 because1 z a rule1 all 8 neighbors foll[$ )\t a ?\ght or "q 9 reg>d to adaptation to soil1 climate1 or fitness 9 ! local or surr\nd+ sc5]y1 or ( its future economic value4 ,! result ( ?is want ( ta/e & =e?\ght may be se5 9 :atev] direction "o travels ?r\gh\t ! old] & m ?ickly settl$ portions ( ?is c\ntry4 ,_h ! e>ly settl]s ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates plant$ %ellb>k hickories1 or ev5 ! native *e/nut1 9 place ( ! ,am]ican elm1 !y w\ld n only h _h equally z beautiful trees = %ade & ornam5t1 b ! nutriti\s nuts w\ld sc>cely h fail$ to br+ bright *e] to _m a h\sehold & money to fill (t-deplet$ purses1 :ile _! desc5dants w\ld h bless$ !m = _! =e?\ght4 ,( c\rse !re are o!r valuable k9ds ( nuts :i* ?rive ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 b ,i ref] only to ! two1 :i* 7 s abundant 9 ! =e/s t "o or bo? c\ld h be5 obta9$ = ! m]e co/ ( transplant+4 ,b x is n fair to prate ab\t ! remissness & follies ( our ance/ors1 unless we c %[ by our works t wisdom has come d[n to u ?r\gh _! exp]i5ce4 ,:at is true ( ! ,new ,engl& is equally true ( all ! old] ,/ates1 & is rapidly becom+ s 9 _m ( ! new]1 little att5tion be+ paid to ! intr9sic value ( ! wood or ! product ( ! trees plant$ along ! highways4 ,!re are also millions ( acres ( wild l&s n suitable = cultivation1 b well adapt$ to ! gr[? ( trees1 :e!r ( ! nut-be>+ or o!r k9ds4 ,b = ! pres5t ,i w omit fur!r ref]5ce to ! plant+ ( nut trees except on ! l9e ( ! highways1 j :]e o!r k9ds h long be5 9 vogue & are /ill be+ cultivat$ = %ade & ornam5t1--) no ?\ght1 p]haps1 on ! "p ( ! plant]1 t bo? c\ld be obta9$ 9 ! nut trees1 ) some?+ ( m intr9sic value add$4 ,! nut trees :i* gr[ to a l>ge size are z well adapt$ = plant+ along roadsides1 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 z o!r k9ds t yield no?+ 9 ! way ( food = ei!r man or bea/4 ,!y are also fully z beautiful 9 =m & foliage1 & 9 _m in/ances f> sup]ior1 to ! k9ds (t5 select$ = su* purposes4 ,! only objection ,i h he>d ( z be+ urg$ aga9/ plant+ fruit & nut trees along ! highway is t !y tempt boys & girls--z well z p]sons ( l>g] gr[?--to become trespass]s2 b ?is only applies to :]e !re is su* a sc>city t ! quantity tak5 p]ceptibly less5s ! total crop4 ,b :]e !re is an abundance1 ei!r ! temptation to trespass disappe>s1 or we fail to recognize our loss4 ,z we _c v well disp5se ) ! small boy & 8 si/]1 ,i am 9 favor ( provid+ !m b\ntifully ) all ! good ?+s t climate & circum/ance w af=d4 ,x is a truism t consci5ce is nev] /r5g!n$ by an empty /oma*4 ,a mile1 9 ?is c\ntry1 is #ebhj feet1 & if trees are set #dj feet ap>t--:i* is all[+ suffici5t room = !m to gr[ dur+ an ord9>y lifetime--we get #acc p] mile 9 a s+le r[2 b :]e ! roads are ?ree to f\r rods wide1 two r[s may be plant$1 "o on ea* side1 or #bff p] mile4 ,) su* k9ds z ! ,p]sian walnut & ,am]ican & =eign *e/nuts1 we c safely e/imate ! crop1 :5 ! trees are tw5ty ye>s old1 at a half bu%el p] tree1 or #ff bu%els = a s+le r[1 & #acc = a d\ble r[ p] mile4 ,) graft$ trees ( ei!r k9d we may c\nt on d\ble ! quantity nam$1 presum+1 ( c\rse1 t ! trees are giv5 prop] c>e4 ,b to be on ! safe side1 let u keep our e/imate d[n to ! half-bu%el m>k p] tree1 & ) ?is crop1 at ! mod]ate price ( f\r doll>s p] bu%el1 we w\ld get #bfd f ! crop on a s+le r[1 & d\ble ?is sum1 or #ebh1 = ! crop on a d\ble r[--) a fair assurance t ! yield w\ld increase /eadily = ! next hundr$ ye>s or m2 :ile ! co/ ( ga!r+ & m>ket+ ! nuts is no great]1 & 9 _m in/ances mu* less ?an t ( ! ord9>y gra9 crops4 ,at ! expiration ( ! fir/ half c5tury1 "o-half ( ! trees may be remov$1 if !y beg9 to cr[d1 & ! timb] us$ = :atev] purpose x may be/ be adapt$4 ,! rema9+ trees w\ld probably improve1 on acc\nt ( hav+ m room = developm5t4 ,!re has be5 a /eady increase 9 ! dem&1 & a correspond+ advance 9 ! price ( all k9ds ( edible nuts1 dur+ ! pa/ ?ree or f\r decades1 & ?is is likely to cont9ue = _m ye>s to come1 because consum]s are increas+ f> m rapidly ?an produc]s2 besides1 ! =e/s1 :i* h long be5 ! only s\rce ( supply ( ! native k9ds1 are rapidly disappe>+1 :ile !re has n be51 z yet1 any special ef=t to make good ! loss1 by replant+ or o!rwise4 ,! deal]s 9 su* articles 9 our l>g] cities assure me t ! dem& = our be/ k9ds ( edible nuts is f> 9 excess ( ! supply1 & yet n "o h\sewife or cook 9 a ?\s& 9 ?is c\ntry has ev] attempt$ to use nuts ( any k9d 9 ! prep>ation ( meats & o!r di%es = ! table1 z is s g5]ally practic$ 9 ,european & ,ori5tal c\ntries4 ,! "q may be ask$1 if ! dem& is suffici5t to w>rant ! plant+ ( ! h>dy nut trees ext5sively along our highways or else:]e4 ,9 answ] to su* a "q x may be said t we n only consume all ( ! edible nuts rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b import millions ( p\nds annually ( ! v k9ds :i* ?rive "h z well z 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,i h be=e me ! records ( our imports f ! ye> #agij to #ahid1 b z ,i purpose deal+ m ) ! pres5t & future ?an ) ! di/ant pa/1 ,i w ref] "h only to ! /ati/ics ( ! f\r ye>s ( ! pres5t decade1 leav+ out all ref]5ce to ! tropical nuts1 :i* are n suppos$ to be adapt$ to our climate4 ,( almonds1 n %ell$1 & on :i* !re is a protective duty ( ?ree c5ts p] p\nd1 we import$ f #ahij to ! close ( #ahic1 #ab1ddc1hie p\nds1 valu$ at #a1ajj1dgg4fe4 ,( almonds1 %ell$1 on :i* ! duty is n[ five c5ts1 we import$ #a1cbf1fcc p\nds4 ,! total value ( bo? k9ds = ! f\r ye>s1 am\nt$ to #a1gaf1bgg4cb4 ,:e!r ?is high protective duty is to rema9 or n is unc]ta91 b x is q evid5t t x has _h v little effect 9 /imulat+ ! cultivation ( ?is nut except 9 circumscrib$ localities on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,( filb]ts & walnuts1 n %ell$1 & ) a duty ( two c5ts p] p\nd1 we import$ dur+ ! same ye>s f elev5 to fifte5 million p\nds annually1 or a total = ! f\r ye>s ( #ed1ebf1aha p\nds1 & 9 addition ab\t two million p\nds ( ! %ell$ k]nels1 on :i* ! duty 0 six c5ts 7n[ f\r7 p] p\nd4 ,! total value ( ^! importations am\nt$ to #c1agf1jhe4cd4 ,i d n f9d ! ,european *e/nut m5tion$ 9 any li/ ( imports1 al?\gh an imm5se quantity mu/ be receiv$ f ,france1 ,italy & ,spa9 e ye>1 & !y are probably import$ "u ! head ( miscellane\s nuts1 n specially provid$ =1 & ^u :i* ! duty 0 two c5ts p] p\nd 9 #ahij-'ia1 b 0 lat] r$uc$ to "o & a half c5ts4 ,"u ! head miscellane\s nuts1 or all o!r %ell$ & un%ell$ n specially provid$ =1 !re 0 import$ dur+ ! p]iod nam$ #f1ddb1ijh p\nds1 valu$ at #bce1igf4je4 ,! total = all k9ds ( edible nuts import$ 0 #g1abd1ege4hb4 ,^! figures are suffici5t to prove t we are neglect+ an opportunity to l>gely engage 9 & ext5d a mo/ important & pr(itable indu/ry4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates consid]able att5tion has be5 giv51 ( late1 to ! pres]vation ( ! old pecan nut trees & ! plant+ ( "y /ock1 b x w be _m ye>s be=e ! increase f ?is s\rce c ov]take ! ev]-increas+ dem& = ?is delici\s native nut4 ,cali=nians are also mak+ an ef=t to raise sev]al =eign v>ieties ( edible nuts on a some:at ext5sive scale1 b all ^! widely scatt]$ exp]im5ts are m]e drops 9 ! ocean ( our wants4 ,"u su* conditions ,i ask1 9 all s]i\sness1 if x is n ab\t "t t our f>m]s & rural population g5]ally began to c\nt _! wor?less & unproductive possessions1 9 ! =m ( roadside & o!r %ade trees--:i* h probably co/ fully z mu* to secure1 plant & c>e = dur+ ! few or _m ye>s s9ce !y 7 set out1 z w\ld h be5 exp5d$ ^u ! mo/ beautiful & valuable nut-be>+ k9ds4 ,if our ance/ors 7 at fault 9 ! selection ( trees = plant+1 we ne$ n expect t po/]ity w excuse u = cont9u+ & repeat+ _! folly1 especially :5 our de>-b\ght exp]i5ce %\ld tea* u bett]4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re might be "s difficulty 9 procur+1 at ! nurs]ies1 a *oice selection ( nut trees 9 any consid]able quantity1 suit$ to roadside plant+1 because h]et(ore !re has be5 little dem& = su* /ock2 & nurs]ym5 are only human1 & conduct _! e/abli%m5ts on bus9ess pr9ciples1 propagat+ ! k9d ( trees 9 greate/ dem&1 reg>dless ( _! intr9sic or future value to pur*as]s4 ,!y w also cont9ue produc+ su* /ock j s long z ! dem& w w>rant x1 & fur!r1 x is b natural t !y %\ld sometimes recomm5d & advise _! cu/om]s to pur*ase wor?less1 & ev5 pe/if]\s k9ds1 su* z ! ailan?us & :ite popl>1 because ! pr(its 9 rais+ ^! trees are l>ge & !re is little dang] ( loss 9 transplant+4 ,b if pur*as]s w insi/ on hav+ bett] k9ds & refuse to accept any o!r1 !y w soon be accommodat$2 & if n1 !n let ev]yone :o owns a plot ( gr\nd become 8 own propagator ( trees4 ,x is n beyond ! ability ( any mod]ately intellig5t man 7or woman1 = t matt]7 to raise nut trees1 & z readily z "o c\ld potatoes or corn4 ,:]e f>m]s want a r[ ( trees along ! roadside1 to be utiliz$ = l9e f5ce po/s1 !y _c possibly f9d any k9ds bett] adapt$ = ?is purpose ?an *e/nut1 walnut & hickory2 & ^! w give j z d5se a %ade1 & look z well--besides1 9 a few ye>s !y may yield en\gh to pay ! taxes on ! entire f>m1 ! crop increas+ 9 am\nt & value n only dur+ ! lifetime ( ! plant]1 b t ( _m g5]ations ( 8 desc5dants4 ,?is appeal to ! good s5se ( our rural population is made 9 all s9c]ity & ) ! hope t x w be he$$ by e man :o has a sp>k ( patriotism 9 8 s\l1 & :o d>es %[ x 9 8 labors1 & by sett+ up a few mile/ones 9 ! =m ( nut-be>+ trees along ! roadsides--if = no o!r purpose ?an ! pres5t pleasure ( anticipat+ ! gratification su* monum5ts w af=d ! _m :o are c]ta9 to pass along ^! highways ye>s h5ce4 ,x is surely n good policy to enri* o!r nations at ! exp5se ( our own p1 z we are n[ do+ 9 s5d+ millions ( doll>s annually to =eign c\ntries 9 paym5t = su* luxuries z edible nuts t c\ld be readily & pr(itably produc$ at home4 ,!re ne$ be no fe> ( an ov]production ( su* ?+s1 no matt] h[ _m may engage 9 _! cultivation1 because 9 su* indu/ries _m w resolve to d1 & ev5 make an attempt1 b a comp>atively small numb] w rea* any m>k$ degree ( success4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,almond4 ,amygdalus1 ,t\rne=t4 ,"n suppos$ to be d]iv$ f amysso1 to lac]ate1 because ( ! prom95t %>p1 knifelike m>g9 ( "o edge ( ! deeply pitt$1 wr9kl$ nut4 ,m>tius1 an ,italian botani/1 sugge/s t ! "n came f ! ,hebrew ^w %akad1 signify+ vigilant1 or to awake1 because aft] ! rigors ( w9t] ! almond tree is "o ( ! e>lie/ to hail ! com+ ( spr+1 ) its fl[]s4 ,! common ,engli% "n is f ! ,lat9 am&ola1 corrupt$ f amygdala4 ,9 ,fr5* x is am&i]2 9 ,g]man1 m&el2 ,portuguese1 am5doa2 ,spani%1 alm5dro2 ,italian1 am&ola1 m&alo1 m&orla1 etc42 ,dut*1 am5del2 ,*9ese1 him-ho-g94 ,"u ! natural classification ( plants ! almond belongs to ! ord] ,rosaceae1 & 9 ! tribe ,drupaceae4 ,l9naeus plac$ ! pea* & almond 9 ! same g5us1 & !y are n[ g5]ally consid]$ to be only v>ieties ( "o species1--! wild almond tree is probably ! p>5t f :i* all ! cultivat$ pea*es & nect>9es h desc5d$4 ,9 mo/ ( our mod]n botanical works ^! fruits are class$ z a sub-section ( ,prunus1 ! plum4 ,!y are ma9ly decidu\s %rubs1 or small trees4 ,! fl[]s are v>iable1 bo? 9 size & color2 b 9 ! almond !y are usually some:at l>g] ?an 9 ! pea*1 almo/ sessile1 & f sep>ate scaly buds on ! %oots ( ! prec$+ season1 appe>+ 9 e>ly spr+1 be=e or ) ! unfold+ leaves1 ! latt] be+ fold$ l5g?wise 9 ! bud4 ,leaves ?ree to f\r in*es long1 tap]+1 f9ely s]rate1 ) few or no gl&s at ! base ( ! blade1 z se5 9 _m v>ieties ( ! common pea*4 ,fruit clo!d ) a f9e d5se pubesc5ce 9 bo? pea* & almond2 b 9 ! latt] ! pulpy envelope becomes dry & fibr\s at maturity1 crack+ op5 irregul>ly1 all[+ ! r\gh & deeply ind5t$ nuts to drop out2 :ile 9 ! pea* ! pulpy "p becomes s(t1 juicy & edible1 ! rev]se ( ! almond4 ,! nect>9e is only a smoo?-sk9n$ pea*4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,almond4--,z ) mo/ ( our long-cultivat$ fruits & nut trees1 v little is n[ kn[n ( ! e>ly hi/ory or orig9 ( ! almond1 & ev5 its native c\ntry has n be5 positively det]m9$1 al?\gh x is suppos$ to be indig5\s to p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,africa & ! m\nta9\s region ( ,asia4 ,!ophra/us1 :o wrote a hi/ory ( plants ab\t ?ree c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 m5tions ! almond z ! only tree 9 ,greece t produces blossoms be=e ! leaves4 ,f ,greece x 0 introduc$ into ,italy1 :]e ! nuts 7 call$ nuces graecae1 or ,greek nuts4 ,columella1 ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 0 ! e>lie/ ,roman writ] to m5tion ! almond z di/9ct f ! pea*4 ,f ,italy ?is nut 0 sl[ly dissem9at$1 mak+ its way nor?w>d ma9ly ?r\gh ,france1 rea*+ ,great ,brita9 z late z #aech 7,hortus ,kew5sis74 ,b its cultivation has nev] ext5d$ 9 ,brita91 beyond %elt]$ g>d5s & or*>d h\ses1 ow+ to ! cool & o!rwise uncong5ial climate1 & ! same is true ( ,nor!rn ,france & o!r regions to ! ea/w>d 9 ,europe4 ,b 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 also 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,sicily1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,africa1 ! almond ?rives1 & has long be5 ext5sively cultivat$4 ,^! nuts are an important article ( comm]ce1 imm5se quantities be+ export$ by ,spa91 ma9ly f ,val5cia1 :ile ! s-call$ ,jordan almond comes f ,malaga1 z v few are rais$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,jordan4 ,bitt] almonds come pr9cipally f ,mogador 9 ,morocco4 ,z = almond culture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 v little is to be said fur!r ?an t1 :ile we h few exp]im5ts to ref] to z hav+ be5 made ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 n "o ( our great pomologi/s1 9 _! publi%$ works1 has ev] giv5 any reason = ! almo/ entire neglect ( ?is nut4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,:ite1 au?or ( ,g>d5+ = ! ,s\? 7#ahfh71 ?r[s no light ^u ! subject1 m]ely describ+ a few ( ! well-kn[n v>ieties ( ! almond4 ,d[n+'s ,fruit & ,fruit ,trees ( ,am]ica1 ,?omas' ,am]ican ,fruit ,culturi/1 ,b>ry's ,fruit ,g>d51 & a score ( o!r /&>d pomological works may be consult$1 )\t obta9+ !refrom any in=mation 9 reg>d to ! culture ( ?is nut fur!r ?an to be assur$ t ! h>d-%ell$ v>ieties are h>dy 9 ! ,nor? :]ev] ! pea* tree ?rives1 & ! ?91 or pap] %ell$1 succe$ only 9 w>m climates4 ,all ^! au?ors agree 9 say+ t ! propagation & cultivation ( ! almond is ! same z practic$ ) ! pea*4 ,com+ d[n to rec5t ye>s = in=mation 9 reg>d to almond culture1 we f9d ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman1 pomologi/ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 dismiss+ ! subject 9 8 report = #ahib1 z foll[s3 ,i only m5tion ?is nut to /ate to all exp]im5t]s t x is useless to try to gr[ ! almond ( comm]ce ?is side ( ! ,rocky m\nta9s1 except1 possibly1 9 ,new ,mexico & s\?we/]n ,texas4 ,?is is ?or\ghly e/abli%$ by _m reports f ^? :o h tri$ x 9 ne>ly e ,/ate & = _m ye>s pa/4 ,x is too t5d] 9 ! ,nor? & does n be> 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ,cali=nia x is an em95t success4 ,! flavor ( ! h>d-%ell$ almond1 s f> z ,i h te/$ x1 is little or no bett] ?an a pea* k]nel1 & is !re=e practically wor?less4 ,! tree ( ?is v>iety is ab\t z h>dy z ! pea*1 & be>s q freely4 ,! att5tion paid to ! almond 9 ! ,atlantic & ,c5tral ,/ates might well be giv5 to o!r nuts4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a v easy way ( dispos+ ( ! cultivation ( a nut :i* has s long figur$ among our importations f ,european c\ntries2 besides1 no exp]im5ts are cit$1 exp]im5t]s nam$1 or reasons giv5 :y almond culture is a failure 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,b =tunately !re are m5 9 ! ,s\? :o are able & ready to give reasons = _! op9ions & /atem5ts1 9 reg>d to ! cultivation ( crops or plants ) :i* !y h become famili> ?r\gh p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ,i ask$ ,mr4 ,p4 ,j4 ,b]ckmans1 ,augu/a1 ,ga41 presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society1 = in=mation on ?is po9t1 he promptly repli$ z foll[s3 ,! reason t almonds are n cultivat$ 9 ,georgia & o!r ,s\!rn ,/ates is because ( _! e>ly bloom+1 z spr+ fro/s usually de/roy all ! blossoms4 ,we h tri$ _m v>ieties ( ! s(t-%ell )\t success4 ,! h>d-%ell w occasionally be> a crop ( fruit1 z x blooms lat]1 & ! blooms seem to resi/ cold bett] ?an ! o!r v>ieties4 ,9 middle ,florida s(t-%ell almonds are sometimes successful1 b !y h be5 tri$ s sp>+ly t ,i _c obta9 any satisfactory reports4 ,admitt+1 z we d1 t ,presid5t ,b]ckmans' long exp]i5ce 9 ! cultivation ( nut & fruit trees 9 ! ,s\? enables him to speak ) au?ority on ?is subject1 /ill1 we h "s enc\ragem5t = cont9u+ exp]im5ts ) ! almond 9 regions kn[n to be favorable = ! cultivation ( its ne> relative1 ! pea*4 ,fur!rmore1 exp]im5ts seem to be want+ ) ! almond 9 ! m elevat$ regions ( ! nor!rn l9e ( ,s\!rn ,/ates1 also 9 ,m>yl&1 ,delaw>e & s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 ne> ! seacoa/1 or o!r l>ge bodies ( wat]1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 h consid]able influ5ce 9 ret>d+ ! e>ly bloom+ ( fruit trees1 z well z w>d+ (f late spr+ & e>ly autumn fro/s4 ,x is sc>cely reasonable to suppose t a region ( c\ntry z ext5sive z t ( "o-half ( ! ,middle & all ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ) a range ( climate admitt+ ( ! successful cultivation ( su* h>dy fruits z ! apple & pe>1 & f ^! d[n to ! p9eapple & cocoa-nut1 %\ld n yield a locality or localities admirably adapt$ to ! cultivation ( ! half-h>dy almond tree4 ,x is no d\bt true t !re are ext5sive regions 9 ! ,s\? :]e late spr+ fro/s are exce$+ly tr\blesome1 & sometimes disa/r\sly s1 to fruit gr[]s2 b ev5 ^! h _! limits1 z %[n 9 ! va/ quantity & v>iety ( fruits annually produc$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,b great local v>iations 9 climate are natural to all c\ntries 9 ! temp]ate zone1 & we frequ5tly f9d ! mo/ favorable & ! unfavorable = fruit culture )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r4 ,if !re are n ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( acres ( l& locat$ 9 favorable positions betwe5 ,virg9ia & ,florida1 adapt$ to produce ! comm]cial almond 9 "s ( its v>ieties1 !n we mu/ confess t ! /udy ( climatology is ( little use to ! pomologi/4 ,fur!rmore1 all ! v>ieties ( ! s-call$ h>d-%ell$ almonds :i* ?rive 9 our nor!rn ,/ates are n wor?less1 nei!r are ! k]nels ( all ( !m bitt]1 & ev5 if !y 71 !y w\ld /ill be wor? cultivat+1 else we w\ld n import su* va/ quantities f ,morocco to supply ! dem&4 ,if none ( ! ?9-%ell$ v>ieties h]et(ore tri$ 9 ! ,s\? are successful1 x is "t t ei!r our exp]im5t /ations or individual horticulturi/s made "s attempt to produce ^? t are adapt$ to t region ( c\ntry4 ,b until we h "s m def9ite in=mation ?an h]et(ore dissem9at$1 9 reg>d to almond culture 9 ! ,s\?1 x is safe to conclude t failures 9 ! pa/ h be5 due ma9ly to want ( judgm5t1 or k ( v>ieties & ( positions = ! or*>d1 )1 p]haps1 "s neglect 9 c>e & cultivation4 ,9 ,cali=nia almond culture has be5 pu%$ ) vigor = sev]al decades1 b at fir/ ) r indiff]5t results1 because gr[]s dep5d$ ^u not$ ,european v>ieties1 :i*1 z exp]i5ce prov$1 7 n adapt$ to ! soil & climate ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society at its session held at ,sacram5to1 ,cal41 ,jan4 #af-ah1 #ahie1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,j4 ,wickson1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 allud$ to ?is subject ( almond culture 9 ! ,/ate z foll[s3 ,9 no bran* ( ?is ef=t = improv$ v>ieties has our success be5 m m>k$ ?an 9 ! developm5t ( se$l+ almonds4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( ,a4 ,t4 ,hat* 9 ?is l9e are too well kn[n to require b a pass+ allusion4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ?is "w rescu$ almond culture to ,cali=nia4 ,:5 he began1 ! almond1 because ( almo/ univ]sal failure ( ! old v>ieties1 0 a je/ & a byword 9 our horticulture4 ,n9e-t5?s ( all ! almonds plant$ dur+ ! prec$+ tw5ty-five ye>s _h gone = firewood or 7 c>ry+ ! foliage ( ! prune to conceal _! hat$ /ems4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ?r\gh ! dissem9ation ( ,mr4 ,hat*'s v>ieties1 ! almond1 9 all regions dec5tly adapt$ to ! tree1 is productive & pr(itable & has a future4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,a ,,cali=nia ,,almond ,,or*>d4 ,t almond culture 9 ,cali=nia is rapidly becom+ an important & successful indu/ry1 we h an ocul> demon/ration 9 ! tons ( ^! valuable nuts receiv$ f !re 9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 & plac$ on sale 9 ,ea/]n m>kets4 ,if "o man1 by 8 individual ef=ts1 c revolutionize or e/abli% a great indu/ry 9 a region z l>ge z ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia1 x is n too mu* to expect t some?+ ( ! k9d c\ld be done else:]e1 ) ! comb9$ ef=ts ( sev]al m54 ,if ! v>ieties h]et(ore tri$ 9 ! ,ea/ are unsuit$ to ! climate1 x is c]ta9ly )9 ! range ( probabilities t o!rs bett] adapt$ to surr\nd+ conditions c be produc$4 ,! native grape1 raspb]ry & /rawb]ry h _h a hi/ory simil> to ! almond1 b n[ all are ext5sively & successfully cultivat$4 ,propagation ( ! ,almond4--,! propagation ( ! almond is id5tical ) t ( ! pea*3 t is1 f se$ to procure new v>ieties1 or by budd+ ! m desirable ones1 :5 obta9$1 ^u se$l+ almond1 pea* or plum /ocks4 ,! half-wild h>d-%ell$ almond is probably ! mo/ cong5ial & be/ /ock = ?is purpose1 b se$l+s ( ! pea* are mo/ g5]ally employ$ because ! mo/ abundant & *eape/4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 su* z cold1 heavy1 moi/ soils1 & :]e r dw>fi% trees are desir$1 ! plum may be employ$ ) advantage z a /ock1 b x is n to be recomm5d$ = g5]al or*>d culture4 ,9 mild climates se$l+s ( ! be/ ( ! s(t-%ell$ v>ieties may be rais$ & plant$ 9 or*>ds )\t budd+1 b ! nuts f su* trees are likely to be some:at v>iable 9 size & quality1 al?\gh ! trees w usually prove to be z heal?y & productive z ^? subject$ to artificial modes ( propagation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! gr[] desires a uni=m product1 he mu/ resort to ! usual means ( obta9+ x2 t is1 multiply+ sup]ior or di/9ct v>ieties by budd+1 ei!r ^u pea*1 almond or o!r /ocks4 ,x is advisable1 z well z exce$+ly important1 = all :o int5d or feel incl9$ to cultivate almonds 9 regions :]e ! adaptation ( ?is nut has n be5 fully e/abli%$ by ye>s ( practical exp]i5ce1 t se$l+s %\ld be rais$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 & f ^! a selection be made to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! climate & o!r conditions "u :i* !y are to be propagat$ & gr[n4 ,if spr+ fro/s h be5 h]et(ore inimical to ! cultivation ( ! almond1 !n ! production ( late-bloom+ v>ieties w\ld be a rem$y4 ,!re w also be v>iations 9 ! season ( rip5+2 "s may come on too e>ly1 o!rs f> too late = special localities1 b all ^! faults or v>iations may be readily ov]come by rais+ se$l+s1 & !n select+ = propagation ^? com+ ne>e/ fulfill+ ! requirem5ts ( local conditions or circum/ances4 ,x is by su* exp]im5ts & means t fruit culture has rea*$ its pres5t position 9 ?is & all o!r c\ntries1 :]e x is practic$ z an art or indu/rial pursuit4 ,v>ieties t h become exce$+ly popul> & pr(itable 9 "o locality or c\ntry1 may n h succe$$ else:]e1 & ?is holds good ) all cultivat$ plants4 ,9 mak+ exp]im5ts ) ! almond 9 regions :]e x has n be5 cultivat$1 b "u conditions :i* appe> to be favorable1 ,i w\ld c]ta9ly advise te/+ ! well-kn[n v>ieties fir/1 & if ^! fail1 !n see :at c be done 9 ! way ( produc+ new ones adapt$ to ! locality & climate4 ,rais+ ,se$l+s = ,/ocks4--,9 w>m or mod]ately mild climates ! nuts1 :e!r pea* or almond1 may be plant$ soon aft] !y are ga!r$ 9 ! fall1 b %\ld ! wea!r cont9ue w>m & moi/ ! nuts w sometimes spr\t prematurely & ! "y spr\ts get fro/$ lat] 9 ! season1 & = ?is reason x is bett] to /ore !m 9 a cool room1 pack$ 9 dry s& or soil1 until ! approa* ( /eady cold wea!r1 & !n plant4 ,hav+ lo/ *oice k9ds ( nuts f be+ 9 too great ha/e 9 gett+ !m into ! gr\nd 9 ! fall1 ,i am prompt$ to give ?is w>n+ to ^? :o h _h no exp]i5ce 9 rais+ nut trees4 ,if n conv5i5t to plant 9 ! fall1 nuts ( all k9ds may be pack$ 9 b>rels1 boxes1 or simil> vessels1 mix$ ) or /ratifi$ ) %>p s& or light soil1 !n /or$ 9 a dry1 cool place1--a v cool cell> w answ]1 b 9 my exp]i5ce1 out ( doors is pref]able1--& 9 ! %ade ( "s ev]gre5 tree or on ! nor? side ( a build+1 & !re bank$ ov] ) e>? j suffici5t to keep ! nuts at an equably l[ temp]ature4 ,x is advisable to h a few small holes 9 ! bottom ( ! b>rels or boxes1 to insure prop] dra9age1 %\ld any consid]able am\nt ( wat] get 9 at ! top2 b ?is w n occur if ! vessels are prop]ly cov]$ ) bo>ds :5 plac$ 9 position = w9t]4 ,x mu/ also be kept 9 m9d t mice1 squirrels & *ipmunks are fond ( almonds & o!r k9ds ( edible nuts1 & if plac$ :]e ^! little rod5ts c f9d !m1 !y are sure to take a %>e1 or p]haps ! entire /ore1 be=e _! visits are discov]$4 ,i h kn[n field mice to dig d[n "u boxes ( nuts1 enl>ge ! holes left = dra9age1 & sp5d ! w9t] among ! *e/nuts :i* ,i _h put away = plant+ 9 spr+4 ,! safe/ way is to place f9e wire nett+ on ! bottom ( ! box1 & !n cov] x ) ! same4 ,ow+ to ! abundance ( mice & o!r little nut-eat+ animals1 ,i h nev] d>$ to plant out nuts 9 ! fall1 & s h always /or$ !m 9 s&1 b out ( doors dur+ ! w9t]1 & well cov]$ ) e>?4 ,9 o!r localities x may be safe to s[ 9 autumn1 & if protection f v]m9 is requir$1 coat ! nuts ) gas t>1 ! same z practic$ by f>m]s 9 protect+ se$ corn aga9/ ! attacks ( cr[s & o!r corn-pull+ birds4 ,"o p9t ( w>m t> w be suffici5t = a bu%el ( nuts1 & ! application is readily made by plac+ ! nuts 9 a b>rel1 p\r+ ! t> on !m1 & /irr+ ) a /ick until e nut is coat$4 ,to prev5t ! t> /ick+ to ! h&s 9 plant+1 du/ ! nuts ) dry wood a%es1 l& pla/]1 or f9e dry s&4 ,if pea* /ones are to be plant$ = /ocks !y may be put into ! gr\nd z soon z ready 9 autumn1 because !y are r>ely di/urb$ by v]m92 or if m conv5i5t1 mix ) common soil1 & 9 heaps1 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 & leave 9 ?is position until spr+1 !n pick out z !y beg9 to spr\t1 & plant4 ,! h>d-%ell$ almond may be treat$ 9 ! same way1 only !y are n to be h&l$ q z r\ghly z pea* /ones1 & = protection x is be/ to put !m 9 b>rels or boxes1 z describ$ above4 ,:5 ready = plant+ take out ! nuts & drop !m 9 %all[ drills1 "o e t5 or twelve in*es1 !n cov] ) ab\t two in*es ( soil4 ,x is to be suppos$1 ( c\rse1 t a se$ b$ has be5 prep>$1 by ?or\gh work+ ov] & enri*+1 if necess>y1 9 advance ( plant+4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! drills or r[s %\ld be suffici5t to admit ( cultivat+ ! plants ) a horse or mule1 & cultivator1 dur+ ! summ]1 & if ?is is done & ! soil /irr$ (t5 en\gh to keep d[n all we$s1 ! /ocks %\ld become l>ge en\gh to admit ( budd+ ! fir/ season2 if n1 !n ?is op]ation mu/ be def]r$ until ! foll[+ ye>4 ,b 9 case ! se$l+s are rais$ f *oice v>ieties & to be left 9 _! natural condition = fruit+1 !y may be lift$ :5 "o or two seasons old & set :]e !y are to rema9 p]man5tly4 ,! ,season = ,budd+4--,s mu* dep5ds ^u climate1 location1 & v>iation ( seasons1 t no special date or "t c be giv5 = budd+ trees ( any k9d1 b x is always to be done :ile ! /ocks are 9 active gr[?1 because ! b>k mu/ "p freely f ! wood und]nea?1 9 ord] to admit ( ins]t+ ! bud "u x4 ,if ! buds are set too e>ly 9 ! season !re is dang] ( a premature gr[?2 t is1 ( pu%+ out a %oot 9 ! fall in/ead ( rema9+ dormant until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 h[ev]1 & = special purposes1 x may be advisable to =ce ! buds z soon z !y h =m$ a union ) ! /ock1 b z a rule1 9 ! propagation ( h>dy & half-h>dy trees1 x is bett] to keep ! buds dormant dur+ ! cool or cold w9t] mon?s4 ,"h 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates we usually beg9 to look ov] our /ocks dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,july or fir/ week 9 ,augu/1 & note _! progress & condition4 ,%\ld !y %[ ! lea/ signs ( cessation ( gr[?1 we beg9 budd+ !m1 & pu% ! "w z rapidly z possible4 ,if ! season is a wet "o ! /ocks may cont9ue to gr[ & rema9 9 good condition = budd+ until ! middle ( ,septemb]2 b 9 a dry season !y may cease to gr[ 9 ,augu/1 & x is ^! v>iable conditions :i* gives to ! close obs]v] & man ( exp]i5ce su* an advantage ov] ! novice 9 ! propagation ( plants4 ,x is bett] to beg9 budd+ too e>ly ?an to be a few days too late4 ,! op]ation call$ budd+ consi/s 9 tak+ a bud1 ) a small portion ( ! b>k adjo9+1 f "o plant1 & ins]t+ x 9 ano!r1 or 9 "s o!r "p ( ! same plant f :i* x 0 tak54 ,! physiological pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! op]ation are1 t !re mu/ exi/ an aff9ity betwe5 ! plant f :i* ! bud is tak5 & ! "o ^u :i* x is to be plac$1 & ! ne>] ! relation%ip ! m readily w x unite & ! m p]fect ! union4 ,= in/ance1 ! cultivat$ pea* & almond are suppos$ to be ( ! same orig91 & desc5dants ( "o orig9al species2 consequ5tly !re is a close relation%ip betwe5 ! v>ieties ( bo? sections1 & _! se$l+s may be employ$ indiscrim9ately = /ocks4 ,! next ne>e/ relatives 9 ! family l9e are ! plums 7,prunus71 "s ( :i* answ] v well z /ocks = ! almond1 al?\gh v r>ely us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! next gr\p 9 ! l9e ( botanical relation%ip are ! *]ries 7,prunus c]asus71 b ^! are too f> remov$ to be employ$ z /ocks = ei!r ! pea* or almond4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,budd+ ,,knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,yankee ,,budd+ ,,knife4 ,= budd+ are necess>y a small knife = prep>+ ! buds = ins]tion & mak+ an incision 9 ! b>k ( ! /ock to admit !m2 & a quantity ( "s mat]ial to tie ar\nd ! /ock1 s z to hold ! bud 9 place4 ,budd+ knives are made aft] v>i\s patt]ns2 "o t is commonly us$ has an ivory or bone h&le1 made v ?9 at ! end1 t is us$ to peel ! b>k f ! /ock :]e ! bud is to be ins]t$ 7,fig4 #b74 ,ano!r =m ( budd+ knife is made ) a horn h&le1 & a small tap]+ piece ( ivory fa/5$ 9 ! end4 ,^! knives1 ( v>i\s %apes & sizes1 c be _h at ! se$ /ores2 b ano!r & q a diff]5t =m ( budd+ knife is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 & is kn[n z ! ,yankee budd+ knife4 ,x is m]ely a small "o-blad$ pocket knife ) a ?9 blade1 r\nd at ! end4 ,! cutt+ portion ext5ds ab\t "o-?ird ar\nd ! end ( ! blade & two-?irds ( its l5g?1 leav+ ! l[] "p dull4 ,al?\gh ?is =m ( budd+ knife has be5 9 con/ant use 9 "s ( ! old] nurs]ies 9 ?is c\ntry = ne>ly a c5tury1 x does n appe> to h be5 manufactur$ = ! g5]al trade1 b only on special ord]s = nurs]ym54 ,x is s simple a knife1 h[ev]1 t ) a little gr9d+ almo/ any small "o-blad$ pocket knife c be trans=m$ into "o ( ^! h&y budd+ knives4 ,! r\nd$ end ( ! blade is us$ = lift+ ! b>k1 & = rapid "w x is f> m conv5i5t ?an any =m ( knife t mu/ be rev]s$ 9 ! h& e "t a bud is ins]t$4 ,9 addition1 a poli%$ bit ( /eel is smoo!r & f> less likely to lac]ate ! alburn\s matt] betwe5 ! b>k & wood ?an ! be/ piece ( bone or ivory4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t x is immat]ial :at =m ( knife is employ$1 provid$ x has a ke5 edge & is dext]\sly us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,prep>$ ,,%oot4 ,! mat]ial mo/ commonly us$ 9 times pa/ = ty+ 9 ! bud is ! inn] b>k ( ! l9d5 or basswood tree1 usually call$ bass1 & always to be procur$ 9 ! =m ( mats1 or z prep>$ f our indig5\s basswoods & kept on sale at ! se$ /ores4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ano!r excell5t ty+ mat]ial has come into use1 kn[n 9 ! trade z raffia or r(fia4 ,x is ! cuticle ( ! ,jupati palms4 ,"o species 7,raphia ta$ig]a7 is a native ( ! l[] valley ( ! ,amazon & ,or9oco1 & ano!r 7,r4 ,ruffia7 ( ,madagasc> & adjac5t isl&s4 ,raffia is some:at s(t] & m pliable ?an ! ord9>y bass1 al?\gh x does n hold its =m q z well2 b x is s *eap1 s(t & /rong1 t x has become v popul>1 & is ext5sively us$ = budd+ & _m o!r purposes4 ,b if none ( ^! ty+ mat]ials are at h&1 ! inn] b>k ( ! p]simmon1 corn husks1 cotton tw9e1 wool5 y>n1 or ev5 /rips ( old musl9 & calico may be employ$ ) equally z good results1 al?\gh n z h&y & conv5i5t = su* purposes4 ,! amateur1 ) only a few /ocks to bud1 c readily improvise implem5ts & mat]ials = do+ ! "w1 ev5 if !y are n ( ! regulation type4 ,9 select+ buds1 ! "y %oots ( ! pres5t season's gr[? are pref]r$1 & ^! %\ld be tak5 f ! mo/ heal?y & vigor\s bran*es ( be>+ trees1 if possible4 ,! leaves %\ld be imm$iately remov$1 n by break+ or pull+ (f ) ! h&1 b by sev]+ ! leaf-/alks ) a knife1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,if ! leaves h fall5 f ! twig1 ! buds may be too ripe1 ) "s k9ds ( plants1 b ) ! almond1 & :]e only a few leaves ne> ! base h dropp$1 all may be us$ ) fair success4 ,if !re are any s(t & immature buds on ! upp] "p ( ! %oot1 or any undevelop$ ones at ! base1 !y %\ld be reject$4 ,success 9 budd+ dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! condition ( ! /ocks at ! "t ! op]ation is p]=m$4 ,unless ! sap is fl[+ & 9 suffici5t abundance to all[ ! b>k to "p or peel readily f ! wood und]nea?1 ! bud is c]ta9 to fail4 ,if ! buds us$ %\ld happ5 to be a little ov]-ripe or :olly dormant :5 plac$ 9 direct contact ) ! liv+ tissues & ! juices ( ! /ock1 !y w absorb moi/ure & nutrim5t1 & be z likely to unite & live z "u opposite conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,incision ,,= ,,bud4 ,9 p]=m+ ! op]ation ( budd+1 ! foll[+ rules may be obs]v$3 ,take ! twig f :i* ! buds are to be remov$1 9 ! left h&1 ) ! small end po9t+ "u ! left arm2 ins]t ! knife-blade half an in*1 or a little m1 bel[ ! bud1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! b>k & a little into ! wood2 pass ! knife "u ! bud1 & br+ x out ab\t ! same di/ance above x1 tak+ (f ! bud ) ! b>k1 & a ?9 slice ( wood atta*$1 z at c1 ,fig4 #d4 ,!n1 if us+ ! ,yankee budd+ knife1 or "o ( simil> =m1 let ! =ef+] clasp ! l[] "p ( ! blade1 make ! horizontal incision 9 ! /ock fir/1 & f ?is an incision d[nw>d ab\t an in* long1--or x may be twice ?is l5g? )\t do+ any h>m1--be+ c>eful n to cut too deep4 ,lift up ! edge ( ! b>k by pass+ ! back ( ! end ( ! blade 7)\t remov+ x7 up to ! horizontal incision4 ,lift ! b>k on ! o!r side 9 ! same mann]1 ! two incisions mak+ a w\nd 9 ! /ock resembl+ ! lett] ,t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,if o!r =ms ( budd+ knives are us$1 ! ?9 end ( ! ivory h&le is ?ru/ "u ! b>k1 rais+ x suffici5tly to admit ! bud4 ,! budd] holds ! bud betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( 8 left h& :ile mak+ ! incision 9 ! /ock2 & z ! knife leaves x he places ! l[] po9t ( ! b>k atta*$ to ! bud "u ! b>k ( ! /ock be=e ?is falls back into place1 & ?ru/s x d[n into position4 ,if ! upp] end ( ! b>k atta*$ to ! bud does n pass completely "u ! b>k ( ! /ock1 x mu/ be cut across1 s z to all[ t :i* rema9s ) ! bud to fall into place & re/ firmly on ! wood ( ! /ock1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,:5 ! bud is 9 position & fitt$ to ! /ock1 z %[n1 w9d ! raffia1 or o!r mat]ial us$1 ar\nd ! /ock1 bo? above & bel[1 cov]+ ! entire incision1 leav+ only ! bud & "p ( leaf/alk uncov]$4 ,( c\rse exp]i5c$ propagators h _! own individual sy/ems & modes ( op]ation1 b ! above may be tak5 z a safe guide = ! amateur budd]4 ,! ligatures %\ld be loos5$ or remov$ z soon z ! bud has become firmly unit$ ) ! /ock1 :i* w usually be 9 t5 or fifte5 days1 if at all4 ,:5 ! buds h fail$1 o!rs may be ins]t$1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 ! /ocks are 9 condition to admit ( ! op]ation4 ,exceptions1 h[ev]1 may be made :]e ! budd+ has be5 done s late 9 ! season t ! /ock has ceas$ to gr[ by ! "t ! buds h tak51 & 9 su* cases ! ligatures may be left on lat] & remov$ any "t be=e w9t]4 ,9 cold climates ! sn[1 ice & wat] are likely to get 9 ar\nd ! bud if ! ligatures are n remov$4 ,b :]e ! /ocks are vigor\s & ! buds set e>ly1 !re w be dang] ( ! ligatures cutt+ into ! b>k z ! /ocks swell or increase 9 diamet]1 unless !y are loos5$ or entirely remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,bud ,,9 ,,position4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances budd$ /ocks %\ld n be head$ back until ! foll[+ spr+1 & !n %\ld be cut (f two or ?ree in*es above ! ins]t$ bud2 & :5 ?is pu%es into gr[?1 all suck]s & spr\ts bel[ & above x %\ld be rubb$ (f z !y appe>1 = ! object is to ?r[ ! entire /r5g? ( ! /ock into ?is "o bud1 & :5 ?is has made a gr[? ( two or ?ree feet ! %ort /ump ( ! /ock above ! base ( ! %oot may be c>efully remov$ ) a %>p knife4 ,?is is usually done ! la/ ( ,july or fir/ ( ,augu/1 :i* gives "t = ! heal+ ( ! w\nd be=e ! close ( ! gr[+ season4 ,sometimes x may be necess>y to place small /akes by ! side ( ^! %oots = _! support & to prev5t break+ at ! po9t ( union ) ! /ock2 b ?is w r>ely be necess>y1 except 9 v expos$ situations4 ,if ! "y trees make a fairly good gr[? !y w be ready = plant+ out 9 ! or*>d ! foll[+ spr+1 & "o-ye>-old almond trees are usually pref]able = transplant+ ?an old]4 ,x is n advisable to prune ^! "y trees dur+ ! gr[+ season ! fir/ summ]1 b all[ all ! side %oots or bran*es to gr[ un*eck$1 = by s do+ we secure a m /ocky plant1 if n z tall a "o1 ?an we w\ld if trimm+ up 0 practic$4 ,b :5 ! trees are tak5 up = transplant+1 9 ! late fall or e>ly spr+1 !n !y may be prun$ & ! lat]al bran*es cut (f close to ! ma9 /em1 leav+ a nak$ rod1 & if l[-head$ trees are desir$ 7& !y usually are71 cut back ! ma9 /em to ab\t ?ree feet f ! gr\nd4 ,if ! "y trees h made a gr[? ( f f\r to six feet1 !n prune away ! lat]al bran*es to a hight ( ?ree feet or a little m1 & cut 9 all bran*es above ?is po9t to )9 f\r to six in*es ( ! ma9 /em1 leav+ ! buds on ^! /umps to =m ! head ( ! tree4 ,f\r or five bran*es at ! top ( ! /em w be suffici5t = ! f\ndation = an op51 r\nd-head$ tree1 or 9 :at may be t]m$ a vase =m1 :i* is ! be/ = almonds4 ,soil & ,exposure = ,almonds4--,! almond requires a w>m1 r light & well-dra9$ soil4 ,cold1 heavy clays1 & l[1 moi/ soils1 :e!r light or heavy1 are always to be avoid$ = ! almond & closely alli$ trees4 ,t ! soil %\ld be mod]ately ri* is1 ( c\rse1 a condition requir$ ) all cultivat$ nut & fruit trees1 b ov]-/imulation may result 9 excessive & immature gr[? late 9 ! season1 ?is leav+ ! twigs 9 su* a /ate t !y w be unable to resi/ ev5 a few degrees ( fro/1 to :i* !y may be subject$ ! ensu+ w9t]4 ,9 :at are g5]ally t]m$ mild climates1 or :]e ! temp]ature seldom goes m ?an f\r to six degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 h>dy trees1 if !y h made a late gr[?1 are (t5 injur$ m ?an !y w\ld h be5 9 a cold] climate1 ) e>ly matur$ wood4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( :at we consid] v h>dy trees & %rubs "h 9 ! ,nor?1 t are v likely to be w9t]kill$ or sev]ely fro/$ :5 gr[n at ! ,s\?1 simply because ! conditions are su* t !y d n rip5 up 9 "t to resi/ ! cold4 ,9 t\*+ ^u ! subject ( location = an almond or*>d ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to relegate ?is valuable nut to semi-tropical ,florida1 7 x n = ! fact t almo/ a score ( ornam5tal species & v>ieties ( ! same g5us1--to say no?+ ( ! widely cultivat$ pea*1--fl\ri% ov] a v wide range ( c\ntry & climate1 & n[h]e bett] ?an ne> ! ,atlantic ocean 9 ! ,middle & "s ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,x is also g5]ally conc$$ t sev]al ( :at are call$ h>d-%ell$ v>ieties ?rive & be> fruit 9 ne>ly all ( our be/ pea*-gr[+ regions4 ,f all t ,i h be5 able to le>n ( almond culture1 & ) my own limit$ exp]i5ce ) ?is nut1 exp]im5ts are want+ to prove t x _c be successfully cultivat$ 9 ! pea*-gr[+ region ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,i w n say pr(itably cultivat$1 = ?is is a r vague t]m :5 appli$ to horticultural op]ations ( any k9d4 ,success is n synonym\s ) pr(it2 9 fact1 x is frequ5tly q ! opposite1 & an abundant crop may mean glutt$ m>kets & a correspond+ loss to ! produc]4 ,b1 to return to location1 ! pr9cipal cause ( failure 9 almond culture1 :]e x has be5 tri$ 9 ! old] ,/ates1 seems to be ! e>ly bloom+ ( ! trees & subsequ5t de/ruction ( ! embryo fruit by fro/s4 ,to avoid ?is1 high1 op51 airy situations1 & ev5 ! nor? side ( hills1 w\ld c]ta9ly be pref]able to s\!rn slopes & protect$ locations1 especially 9 ! ,s\? or :]e ! temp]ature 9 w9t] does n g l[ en\gh to kill ! wood ( ! previ\s season's gr[?4 ,!oretically1 we might suppose t !re are _m locations favorable to almond culture 9 ! elevat$ regions ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,t5nessee1 z well z 9 ! nor!rn ti] ( c\nties 9 ,alabama & ,georgia4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts 9 ^! regions1 we h only to wait = _! consummation at "s future "t1 to prove ! tru? or falsity ( our !ory4 ,9 ! ri*1 w>m valleys ( ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona & ,cali=nia1 cong5ial locations are pl5tiful1 inasmu* z almo/ e v>iety ( climate is at h&1 ) a temp]ature rang+ f t ( p]petual summ] to ! opposite extreme1 & all to be f\nd )9 a few miles1 & frequ5tly to be f\nd 9 ! same c\nty4 ,"u su* conditions1 x re/s ) ! w\ld-be cultivator to decide ^u ! k9ds ( fruits desir$1 !n to seek a location be/ adapt$ to 8 purpose4 ,if1 z claim$1--b n prov51--!re are no limit$ or ext5d$ areas fitt$ = almond culture ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]1 !re are c]ta9ly pl5ty ( su* we/ ( x1 await+ ! indu/ri\s & intellig5t nut culturi/4 ,almond or*>ds h be5 plant$ 9 ,cali=nia & ,arizona1 & ! quality ( ! nuts1 z well z ! quantity1 is v satisfactory2 b a great] numb] & m ext5sive or*>ds are ne$$ to meet ! home dem&4 ,plant+ & ,prun+4--,9 plant+ & prun+ ! almond tree ! same sy/em %\ld be adopt$ z ) its ne> relative1 ! pea*4 ,"o-ye>-old budd$ trees are pref]r$ = plant+ 9 an or*>d1 to old]1 except 9 ! case ( se$l+s1 !n two-ye>-old may be select$1 because ^! are seldom l>g] ?an "o-ye> budd$ trees4 ,! trees %\ld be set fifte5 to eighte5 feet ap>t1 v>y+ ! di/ance accord+ to v>iety1 soil1 & o!r local conditions1 & x is be/ to place !m 9 r[s & at "r angles1 9 ord] to admit ( cultivat+ bo? ways1 z x is t]m$1 !reby sav+ z mu* h& labor z possible4 ,= ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s aft] plant+1 all we$s & grass %\ld be kept away f ! /ems & ov] ! roots1 ei!r by frequ5t hoe+1 or cov]+ ) a mul*4 ,! be/ way1 p]haps1 to prev5t ! gr[? ( we$s1 is to use ! l& among ! trees = "s l[-gr[+ crops1 su* z beans1 tomatoes1 melons or potatoes1 !n see t ! workm51 :5 hoe+ ^! crops1 hoe up ! we$s & grass ab\t ! trees at ! same "t4 ,we might reasonably suppose t ! mo/ c>eless cultivator ( trees w\ld ?9k ( ?is1 b1 un=tunately1 ext5d$ obs]vation proves q ! contr>y1 & x is sc>cely possible to g ?r\gh any v ext5sive fruit-gr[+ region )\t see+ _m su* in/ances ( neglect4 ,a squ>e y>d or m ( t\gh sw>d is frequ5tly left = ye>s undi/urb$ ab\t ! /ems ( all ! trees 9 an or*>d1 :ile ! little annual plants gr[+ ne> by1 & n wor?1 at an extreme valuation1 five c5ts ea*1 are cultivat$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,! fir/ prun+ ( ! trees %\ld be done at ! "t ( transplant+ f ! nurs]y r[s1 z direct$ on a prec$+ page1 & f ! top ( ! /em only ?ree or f\r %oots all[$ to gr[ ! fir/ season1 all o!rs be+ rubb$ (f z soon z !y appe>1 or :5 !y h made a gr[? ( two or ?ree in*es4 ,^! ?ree or f\r upp] bran*es are to become ! f\ndation ( ! future head ( ! tree1 & %\ld be all[$ to gr[ un*eck$ ! fir/ season2 ! next spr+ cut back "o-half to two-?irds ( _! orig9al l5g?4 ,?is prun+ w =ce out /rong side or lat]al %oots ne> ! base1 ?us giv+ a /urdy f\ndation to build ^u lat]1 ! prun] keep+ 9 m9d t ! weak] ! gr[? ! m sev]e %\ld be ! prun+4 ,bett] leave a few /rong buds1 f :i* vigor\s %oots w be produc$1 ?an a great numb] succe$$ by _m feeble twigs4 ,if blossoms & fruit appe> on ! "y two-ye>-old trees1 a limit$ numb] may be left to mature1 al?\gh no consid]able crop ought to be ga!r$ be=e ! ?ird ye>4 ,9 aft] ye>s a some:at diff]5t sy/em ( prun+ may be adopt$1 keep+ 9 view ! fact t ! fruit buds & fruit are always produc$ on ! "y %oots ( ! previ\s season's gr[?1 & = ?is reason an annual r5ewal ( su* p>ts ( ! tree is absolutely requir$1 9 ord] to secure a good crop on trees ( any age4 ,9 "s localities & c\ntries x may be possible t almond trees produce a crop e ye>2 b ?is is sc>cely to be expect$ any:]e4 ,consequ5tly a sy/em ( prun+ %\ld be foll[$ :i* w con=m to ! v>iations ( circum/ances & conditions2 & ?is br+s u to ! consid]ation (-- ,! ,prop] ,"t to ,prune4--,if ! gr[? ( ! trees & _! fruit+ 7 always uni=m1 !n we might readily adopt "s inv>iable sy/em & season = prun+2 b z we are deal+ ) unc]ta9ties1 our rules mu/ be equally flexible & v>iable4 ,if ! season is favorable1 & ! trees bloom freely & fruit sets abundantly1 we may proce$ to prune z soon z ! embryo nuts are z l>ge z peas1--b only cutt+ back "s ( ! l>ge/ be>+ %oots1 & ?9n+ out o!rs "h & !re1 j en\gh to equalize & ev5ly di/ribute ! crop ?r\gh ! head ( ! tree4 ,b 9 case ! fro/ or cold ( w9t] has de/roy$ ! crop = ! season1 !n z soon z ?is is discov]$1 prune & cut back all ! %oots & bran*es suffici5t to insure a vigor\s gr[? ( "y be>+ wood = ! ensu+ ye>4 ,"u ?is sy/em ( prun+ we fix ! "t z aft] bloom+ 9 ! spr+1 9 ord] to h our "w correspond to circum/ances & conditions1 & :]e !re is a crop 9 prospect ! prun+ is comp>atively light2 b if !re is to be no fruit1 or b little1 !n "o %\ld aim to produce an abundance ( be>+ %oots = ! foll[+ season4 ,9 o!r words1 we prune sev]ely 9 non-be>+ ye>s1 :e!r !y occur alt]nately or o!rwise2 b ?is sy/em is only applicable to trees l ! almond & pea*1 :i* produce _! fruit on ! %oots ( ! prec$+ ye>'s gr[?4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,almond4 ,almonds are usually divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 viz43 ,bitt]1 h>d-%ell$1 & s(t1 or pap]-%ell$4 ,9 ea* !re are _m v>ieties1 al?\gh !y are r>ely kn[n 9 m>ket except by ! g5]al "n ( ! gr\p to :i* !y belong4 ,if !y are s(t1 h>d or bitt]1 ?is is suffici5t designation = comm]cial purposes1 )1 p]haps1 ! addition ( ! "n ( c\ntry 9 :i* !y 7 gr[n1 or t ( ! city or seaport f :5ce export$4 ,bitt] ,almond1 ,amygdalus communis am>a4--,! v>ieties ( ?is gr\p are n specifically di/9ct1 & "s h s(t1 ?9 %ells1 :ile o!rs are ?ick & h>d2 b ! k]nels are v bitt]1 h5ce ! "n4 ,b 9 ! c\ntries :]e ^! almonds are mo/ ext5sively cultivat$1 z 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 ,au/ria1 ,spa9 & ,greece1 ! trees are g5]ally rais$ f ! nut1 &1 z might be expect$1 ! crop produc$ "u su* conditions is exce$+ly v>iable1 ! nuts be+ l>ge or small1 & ! %ells ( v>i\s degrees ( h>dness1 ) an occasional tree produc+ bo? bitt] & sweet k]nel$ nuts4 ,^! wild+ trees are1 9 ! ma91 m h>dy ?an ! improv$ v>ieties1 h5ce are l>gely employ$ z /ocks = ! bett] sorts1 z well z = ! plum & apricot4 ,x is also claim$ t1 z a rule1 ! bitt] almond trees bloom lat] 9 ! spr+ ?an ^? ( ! o!r two gr\ps1 & = ?is reason are n s liable to be injur$ by spr+ fro/s4 ,! trees are h>dy 9 all ( our mo/ favorable pea*-gr[+ regions ( ! ,middle & ,nor!rn ,/ates1 b "s ( ! v>ieties rip5 r too late = localities nor? ( ! latitude ( ,new ,york city4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 & o!r ob/acles1 w soon disappe>1 :5ev] ! "t arrives = our horticulturi/s to take up almond culture & pursue x ) half ! zeal !y h ! cultivation ( ! pea* & _m o!r k9ds ( fruits4 ,h>d-,%ell$ ,almond1 ,a4 c4 dulcis1 or sweet-k]nel$ almond4--,! v>ieties ( ?is gr\p1 z a :ole1 diff] f ^? ( ! next only 9 ! firmness ( _! %ells1 :i* are mod]ately firm1 ) a slightly r\gh & deeply pitt$ surface1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,v>ieties ( ?is gr\p are fully z l>ge z1 & p]haps a little long] ?an ! ?9-%ell$1 & ! k]nels are fully z valuable :5 remov$ & sold z %ell$ almonds4 ,x may require a little m labor to crack & remove ! k]nels = m>ket1 b ! diff]5ce is sc>cely wor? tak+ into consid]ation by ! gr[]4 ,! common sweet1 h>d-%ell$ almond ?rives 9 pea*-gr[+ regions z f> nor? z ,c5tral ,new ,york1 & ,i well rememb] ( see+ trees load$ ) ^! nuts1 9 my boyhood days1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,! late ,patrick ,b>ry1 9 ! ,fruit ,g>d51 :5 ref]r+ to ?is nut1 says3 ,?is is a h>dy & productive tree1 succe$+ well 9 ! climate ( ,we/]n ,new ,york1 & /ill f>!r nor?4 ,nut v l>ge1 ) a h>d %ell & a l>ge sweet k]nel2 ripe "h 7,ro*e/]7 ab\t ! fir/ ( ,octob]4 ,! tree is v vigor\s1 has smoo?1 glauc\s leaves1 & :5 9 bloom 9 ! spr+ is m brilliant & %[y ?an any o!r fruit tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,h>d-,,%ell$ ,,almond4 ,ne>ly e "o ( our not$ horticulturi/s :o h said any?+ ab\t almond culture 9 ! ,nor?1 agree ) ,mr4 ,b>ry 9 reg>d to ! beauty ( ?is tree & its productiv5ess2 b x is well to keep 9 m9d t x is no m to be dep5d$ ^u ?an ! pea*1 & ! b>r5 ye>s w f> outnumb] ! be>+ ones4 ,b ! almond is probably z c]ta9 "h z 9 ,france1 :]e x is cultivat$ ext5sively z an article ( comm]ce1 al?\gh a full crop once 9 ab\t five ye>s is ab\t all t is expect$4 ,we c probably d mu* bett] ?an ?is1 especially if prop] att5tion is giv5 to ! production ( new v>ieties adapt$ to our climate1 z has be5 done 9 ,cali=nia ) ! almond1 & "h 9 ! ,ea/ ) ! pea* & _m o!r k9ds ( fruits2 & :5 su* h be5 secur$1 proce$ to multiply !m 9 ! usual mode ( budd+ ^u se$l+ /ocks4 ,s(t1 or ,brittle-,%ell$1 ,a4 c4 fragilis4--,9 ?is gr\p we h _m di/9ct v>ieties1 besides o!rs :i* are kn[n by local names1 b h no p]man5t & pron\nc$ di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics t w\ld aid 9 sep>at+ !m1 %\ld ?is be desir$4 ,! mo/ common =m1 widely kn[n z ! sweet-k]nel$ ?9-%ell$ 7,fig4 #h71 is "o ( ! olde/ 9 cultivation 9 ,european c\ntries4 ,! fl[]s usually appe> ) ! leaves1 or be=e !y unfold1 & are l>ge & ( a pale rose color4 ,! tree is r t5d] = latitudes nor? ( ,philadelphia1 b succe$s s\?w>d1 & we/w>d to ! ,pacific1 if late fro/s d n come to de/roy ! fl[]s or embryo nuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,?9-,,%ell$ ,,almond4 ,l>ge ,fruit$ ,almond1 ,a4 c4 macroc>pa4--,?is is an old ,fr5* v>iety1 & p]haps mo/ widely kn[n z ! ,sultana1 al?\gh ! latt] "n is (t5 appli$ 9 m>ket to almo/ e v>iety ( sweet almond4 ,! leaves ( ! g5u9e v>iety are mu* broad] ?an ^? ( ! prec$+ gr\ps1 & are smoo? & deep gre54 ,fl[]s v l>ge & %[y1 ( a pale rose color1 & always appe> 9 spr+ be=e ! leaves1 & = ?is reason x has long be5 cultivat$ 9 ,engl& z an ornam5tal tree4 ,fruit l>ge1 depress$ or flatt5$ at ! base1 b po9t$ at ! top4 ,%ell r h>d & firm1 & w )/& r\gh h&l+ & transportation long di/ances4 ,k]nel v sweet & t5d]1 h5ce highly priz$ ev]y:]e4 ,!re are sev]al sub-v>ieties2 "o1 kn[n z ! ,pi/a*e almond1 is highly e/eem$ = ! table1 on acc\nt ( its delicate flavor1 al?\gh x is v small & n popul> = comm]cial purposes4 ,! ,pea* ,almond1 ,a4 c4 p]sicoides4--,?is is ano!r old v>iety1 describ$ by ,du ,hamel ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 "u ! "n ( ,am&i]-,pe*]1 or pea*-leav$ almond4 ,leaves simil> to ^? ( ! common pea*4 ,fruit ovate1 obtuse2 husk slightly succul5t2 %ell ( a yell[i% color1 & ! k]nel sweet-flavor$ & excell5t4 ,du ,hamel says ! fruit v>ies widely1 ev5 ^u ! same tree or bran*1 "s hav+ a dry1 ?9 husk1 :ile on o!rs x is s(t & fle%y1 some:at l t ( ! pea*4 ,z ! almond & pea* are ( ! same species1 x w\ld n be at all /range if an occasional v>iety rais$ f ! se$ ( ei!r class %\ld div]ge t[>ds1 or ev5 pass completely ov] to a closely alli$ gr\p4 ,f ! v>ieties f\nd 9 ! =em5tion$ gr\ps we mu/ seek to f9d1 or produce !refrom1 ^? :i* w succe$ 9 ?is c\ntry :]ev] x may be ?\ght desirable to attempt ! cultivation ( ?is nut4 ,s f> z my k ext5ds1 no attempts h1 z yet1 be5 made to produce di/9ct ,am]ican v>ieties 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 z ) its ne> relative1 ! pea*1 b all ! almonds ?us f> cultivat$ "h are ( well-kn[n =eign v>ieties4 ,p]haps ! dem& = almond trees has n be5 suffici5t h]et(ore to enc\rage v ext5d$ exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction1 b ,i _c believe t our p w cont9ue = ano!r c5tury to import millions ( p\nds annually ( almonds if x is possible to raise !m 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,t x is possible on ! ,pacific coa/ has already be5 fully demon/rat$1 b we want to see ! field greatly enl>g$1 & give ! p ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates a %>e 9 :at is evid5tly soon to become a l>ge & pr(itable indu/ry4 ,ornam5tal ,v>ieties ( ! ,almond4--,^! are only ref]r$ to because "s ( ! _m 9 cultivation belong to ! gr\ps produc+ ! mo/ valuable nuts1 b ! great] "p ( ! purely ornam5tal v>ieties are wor?less = o!r purposes4 ,amygdalus co*9*95sis gr[s to q a l>ge tree 9 its native c\ntry1 or ?irty to =ty feet high2 fl[]s small1 :ite1 produc$ 9 long racemes2 t5d]4 ,a4 ori5talis1 a small %rub1 ) grayi% or ho>y leaves1 & small rose-color$ fl[]s2 sometimes cultivat$ "u ! "n ( arg5tea1 or ,silv]y almond4 ,a4 incana 7ho>y7 is ano!r dw>f species1 f ! ,caucasus1 ) solit>y r$ fl[]s4 ,a4 nana & ,a4 pumila are ori5tal species ( v dw>f %rubs1 ) ei!r r$ or :ite fl[]s4 ,! d\ble-fl[]+ v>ieties ( ^! h long be5 inhabitants ( our g>d5s4 ,prop]ties & ,uses4--,= dome/ic purposes ! almond is highly e/eem$ :]ev] x is kn[n1 & is employ$ 9 hundr$s ( diff]5t ways 9 ! prep>ation ( appetiz+ di%es & da9ties = ! table4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ?is nut is 9 cultivation1 x is br\ght to ! table 9 ! half-op5$ gre5 husk1 = at ?is "t ! k]nels are j pass+ f ! milky /age1 & are consid]$ m readily dige/$ ?an lat]1 or :5 fully ripe4 ,b x is only :5 !y are fully mature t !y are ga!r$ = m>ket1 & aft] ?or\gh dry+ !y are plac$ 9 /rong sacks & di/ribut$ among deal]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b only c]ta9 v>ieties are export$ 9 ?is condition1 & pr9cipally ^? ) v ?9 %ells1 because ^! are mo/ 9 dem&1 = ! table & dess]t1 :]e ! almond is n a home product4 ,o!r sweet v>ieties1 :e!r ) v h>d or v t5d] %ells1 are crack$ & only ! k]nels export$4 ,! importation ( %ell$ almonds into ?is c\ntry is some:at 9 excess ( ! un%ell$1 & z !y are ( great] value p] p\nd1 ! duty levi$ is proportionally high]4 ,!re is also a great sav+ to ! import] & consum]1--n only 9 freight1 b ! extraction ( ! k]nels is done 9 c\ntries :]e labor is abundant & *eap4 ,:e!r ! almond %ells are us$ = any purpose 9 ,european c\ntries1 or are consid]$ z :olly a wa/e product1 ,i h be5 unable to le>n1 b x is ass]t$1 & by m5 ^: ^w is wor?y ( cr$5ce1 t almond %ells gr\nd into a f9e gold5 color$ fl\r1 is mu* us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = adult]at+ r$ pepp]1 c9namon & o!r spices4 ,almonds are n only us$ ext5sively at all times & seasons1 by p]sons ( all ages & sexes1 at table & else:]e1 b !y are employ$ l>gely 9 ! mak+ ( fancy confection]y ) sug>1 or 9 ! =m ( salt$ almonds1 ! k]nels hav+ be5 fir/ ?or\ghly /eam$ or scald$1 to remove ! sk91 & !n roll$ or du/$ ) f9e salt4 ,prep>$ 9 ?is way !y are usually consid]$ m readily dige/ible & heal?ful ?an 9 _! natural /ate4 ,sweet almonds are also valu$ 9 ! =m ( emulsions1 z a m$ic9e 9 pulmon>y disord]s1 & ! oil ( almonds is a common /&>d article 9 ! /ock ( druggi/s ev]y:]e1 z x ent]s into ! composition ( cosmetics1 syrups1 pa/es & p[d]s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! k]nels ( ! wild bitt] almond conta9 a poison\s pr9ciple kn[n z hydrocyanic or ,prussic acid1 :i* does n exi/ 9 ! sweet v>ieties1 al?\gh f\nd 9 _! leaves & ! b>k ( _! twigs4 ,b z bitt] almonds are n palatable1 !re is little dang] ( anyone be+ poison$ f eat+ !m1 %\ld ^! nuts ev] be cultivat$ "h = any special purpose1 z 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,insects & ,diseases4--,:5ev] ! almond tree becomes common "h 9 or*>ds x w d\btless suff] f ! attacks ( ! same k9ds ( natural enemies z affect ! pea*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( ^! pe/s is ! common pea*-tree bor]4 ,! p>5ts ( ^! bor]s are small1 sl5d]-bodi$1 blui%1 transp>5t-w+$ mo?s1 ! male some:at small] ?an ! female4 ,^! mo?s usually appe> 9 ?is latitude dur+ ! mon? ( ,june1 & ! female deposits h] eggs on ! /ems ( ! trees ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or a little bel[ x if %e c f9d a conv5i5t op5+ to suit h] purpose4 ,! eggs deposit$ soon hat*1 & ! "y l>vae bore ?r\gh ! t5d] b>k at ?is po9t1 & :5 fairly "u x1 bran* (f1 cutt+ gall]ies ?r\gh ! s(t alburnum und]nea?4 ,:5 a numb] ( ^! bor]s are at "w on ! same tree !y sometimes girdle & kill x ! fir/ season1 especially if x is "y or a small specim54 ,b if ! tree is n kill$ outright x w %[1 by ! *eck to its gr[?1 t bor]s are at "w4 ,! bor]s cont9ue fe$+ ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! season1 & up to ! "t freez+ wea!r sets 9 = ! w9t]1 & if n full gr[n at ?is "t !y w f9i% _! gr[? e>ly 9 spr+1 !n crawl to ne> ! outside1 or j "u ! old b>k1 & !re sp9 a ?9 cocoon1 9 :i* !y are trans=m$ to ! pupal /age1 rema9+ 9 ?is =m = a few weeks1 !n issu+ 9 ! w+$ or mo? /age4 ,9 ! l9e ( prev5tives & rem$ies !re is no?+ bett] ?an clean cultivation ab\t ! trees1 & annual exam9ation ( ea* tree e>ly 9 summ] & ! cru%+ ( e bor] f\nd4 ,! next be/ ?+1 9 ! way ( a prev5tive1 is to wrap ! /ems f a little bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd to a foot or m above x ) heavy pap]1 clo?1 or b>k ( "s k9d1 to keep ! mo? f lay+ h] eggs on ! b>k ( ! tree4 ,i h us$ common t> pap] = ?is purpose1 n only because x is v *eap & does n decay :5 expos$ to ! wea!r1 b ! exhalation or odor ( t> seems to be (f5sive to ! mo?s4 ,9 ! use ( ?is mat]ial ,i h nev] f\nd t x 0 9 ! lea/ injuri\s to ! b>k und]nea?4 ,pa9t+ ! /ems ) soap1 cem5t1 clay1 or ev5 common m9]al pa9ts1 w answ] v well if a little c>e is giv5 to keep+ d[n ! numb] ( insects by remov+ ! l>g] "p ( ! bor]s ) knife or g\ge4 ,9 rec5t ye>s a pe/ kn[n z ! %ot-hole bor] 7,scolytus rugulosus7 has appe>$ 9 _m & widely sep>at$ localities1 9 bo? ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,/ates1 attack+ ! almond1 pea* & plum tree4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 introduc$ f ,europe ) import$ nurs]y /ock1 & !nce rapidly di/ribut$1 by simil> means1 ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,9 its p]fect /ages x is a m9ute br[n beetle1 ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in* long & "o-?irtie? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is pe/ appe>s ab\t midsumm]1 bor+ num]\s m9ute holes ?r\gh ! b>k & into ! sapwood und]nea?1 & 9 ?is ! female deposits h] eggs1 & f ^! are hat*$ ! little grubs f\nd lat] fe$+ on ! s(t inn] b>k & alburn\s matt] b5ea? x4 ,f e hole made 9 ! b>k a small globule ( gum w soon appe>1 dry+ ^u ! surface--!nce onw>d until autumn--& gli/5+ 9 ! sun1 an immutable sign ( ! pres5ce ( a m9ute b de/ructive enemy4 ,:5 ! beetles & _! eggs are once 9 possession !re is no practical way kn[n ( remov+ !m1 & ! be/ ?+ to be done is to cut d[n & burn e infe/$ tree1 & j z soon z x is kn[n to be 9 ?is condition4 ,!re are also sev]al indig5\s species ( b>k beetles1 :i* w v likely attack almond trees z soon z !y are z abundant z pea* trees1 b all may be de/roy$ ) ! same1 or v simil> weapons & mat]ials4 ,:at are call$ prev5tives consi/ ma9ly ( sub/ances to be appli$ to ! /ems 9 a semi-liquid =m1 & ( su* a nature z to be (f5sive to ! beetles because ( _! odor1 ta/e1 or because s h>d t ! insects _c cut ?r\gh !m ) _! m&ibles4 ,common lime :itewa%1 s(t soap1 :ale-oil soap1 or a ?9 m9]al pa9t made ( pure l9se$ oil1 w answ] v well = ?is purpose if appli$ (t5 en\gh to keep ! b>k con/antly coat$4 ,( ! fung\s diseases affect+ ! almond 9 ?is c\ntry1 v little is z yet kn[n1 al?\gh we may safely include "u ?is head all ^? t h be5 inimical to ! pea*1 = ! transition f ?is tree to ! almond w\ld only be a natural sequ5ce4 ,! pea*-leaf curl 7,taphr9a de=mans7 w\ld n be f> f home on ! almond leaf1 nei!r c\ld we expect t almond or*>ds w\ld be :olly exempt f t my/]i\sly di/ribut$ & uncontrollable disease kn[n z pea* yell[s4 ,9 ,cali=nia an almond-leaf blight has already appe>$ & s]i\sly affect$ ! trees 9 "s ( ! or*>ds4 ,x is caus$ by a fungus kn[n z ,c]cospora circumscissa ,sacc4 ,?is fungus attacks ! leaves & "y twigs1 caus+ ! =m] to fall (f e>ly 9 ! season1 !reby *eck+ ! gr[? ( ! tree & prev5t+ ! matur+ ( ! fruit4 ,x is ?\ght t rem$ies may be appli$ to *eck ?is disease1 & !re w probably be "s =m ( copp] solution employ$ = de/roy+ x1 z ) v>i\s species ( fungi on o!r k9ds ( fruit trees4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,bee*nut4 ,fagus1 ,l9n4 ,! ,bee*4 ,! ,lat9 "n ( ! g5us 7,fagus7 suppos$ to be an equival5t ( ! ,greek phegos1 an oak1 or x may be d]iv$ f phago1 to eat2 ! nuts ( ?is tree hav+ be5 us$ z food by man 9 all ages & c\ntries :]e x is a native4 ,! mod]n ,engli% "n1 bee*1 0 probably d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon bece or boc2 9 ,dut* x is beuk2 ,fr5*1 hetre2 ,icel&ic1 beyk2 ,dani%1 bog2 ,sw$i%1 bok2 ,g]man1 bu*e or buo*e2 ,russian1 buk2 ,italian1 faggio2 ,arm5ian1 fao2 & 9 ,wel% ffawydd4 ,! bee* belongs to ! ord] ,cupulif]ae1 or oak family4 ,! g5us conta9s ab\t fifte5 species ( h&some decidu\s & ev]gre5 trees1 or %rubs1 v widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! temp]ate & cold] regions ( bo? ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es4 ,male fl[]s are bell-%ap$1 9 long-/alk$ droop+ heads2 calyx five to sev5 cleft1 conta9+ num]\s /am5s4 ,female fl[]s two to f\r 9 a clu/] on ! summit ( ! scaly-bract$ p$uncle2 ! inside scales unit+1 =m+ a f\r-lob$ involucre ( imbricat$ bracts1 ! :ole becom+ at maturity a some:at prickly1 scaly bur1 )9 :i* are f\nd a pair ( %>p-edg$ triangul> nuts1 conta9+ a t5d] & sweet-flavor$ k]nel4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,bee*4--,! common bee*es ( bo? ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica are s closely relat$ t ! two species may be consid]$ z "o = all practical purposes1 su* z propagation1 cultivation1 & value ( ! wood & nuts4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t our native bee* is n environ$ ) anci5t my?s & /ories ( love & w>1 nei!r is x celebrat$ 9 poetry & song1 yet x has1 d\btless1 play$ j z noble a "p 9 human affairs among ! pre-hi/oric races ( ,am]ica z ^? record$ ( its ,european contempor>y4 ,z ! bee* 9 ,europe is f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ,great ,brita91 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,france1 ,g]many1 & s\?w>d to ,con/ant9ople1 ,pale/9e1 ,asia ,m9or & ,arm5ia1 x 0 well kn[n & highly appreciat$ by all ! e>ly inhabitants ( ^! c\ntries1 & is frequ5tly ref]r$ to by ! e>li] writ]s ( ,greece & ,rome :o t\* ^u ! rural affairs ( _! times4 ,x is suppos$ t ,!ophra/us ref]s to ! bee* "u ! "n ( ,oxua1 & ,dioscorides z ,phegos1 & ! latt] au?or places x among ! oaks1 9 :i* he 0 n f> out ( ! way1 because ! bee* is a memb] ( ! oak family 9 our mod]n classification4 ,virgil & ,pl9y speak highly ( ! little triangul> nuts1 & ! p ( _! times set consid]able value ^u bee*-nuts z an article ( food4 ,pl9y also assures u t at ! siege ( ,*ios1 ! besieg$ inhabitants liv$ = "s "t entirely on ^! nuts4 ,we are incl9$ to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t bo? ,virgil & ,pl9y are 9 error :5 !y tell u t ! bee* 0 propagat$ by be+ graft$ on ! *e/nut4 ,!y 7 probably l$ a/ray 9 ?is by "s romanc+ g>d5] ( _! "t1 = we ev5 h "s ( ! same ilk ) u at ?is day4 ,pl9y ref]s to ! bee* sev]al times 9 8 writ+s1 & places a mu* high] value ^u ?is nut ?an he does ^u ! *e/nut2 9 fact1 speaks r contemptu\sly ( ! latt]1 & seems to be surpris$ t nature %\ld h tak5 su* c>e ( ! nuts1 :i* he calls vilissima1 z to enclose !m ) a prickly involucre or bur4 ,b my limit$ space w n all[ ( trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! bee* f anci5t to mod]n times1 al?\gh x has always be5 e/eem$ z food = man1 z well z = wild & dome/icat$ animals4 ,sw9e fatt5$ on bee* & oak ma/ h = ages be5 not$ = _! excell5t fle%1 & ! value ( _m an old e/ate 9 ,great ,brita9 0 det]m9$ m ^u ! ma/ ! =e/ produc$1 ?an ! area or numb] ( squ>e miles !y conta9$4 ,z a monum5tal tree ! bee* has no rival1 = its smoo? gray b>k1 p]5nial & almo/ un*angeable1 has ev] be5 a conv5i5t place to regi/] *all5ges to enemies1 epitaphs1 epi!ts1 & probably m frequ5tly ?an all1 ! initials ( ! "n ( "s lov$ "o1 :o might possibly pass t way & f9d h] "n engrav$ on ! bee*5 tree4 ,i d\bt mu* if !re is a bee* grove 9 all ,europe or 9 ,am]ica1 )9 a conv5i5t di/ance ( a city1 c\ntry village or s*oolh\se1 on :i* ! b>k ( ! trees is n sc>ifi$ by ! knives ( boys 9 record+ ! initials ( _! own names1 & ^? ( _! favorites ( ! opposite sex4 ,^! liv+ regi/]s 7 long ago recogniz$ by ! poets1 & m ?an eighte5 c5turies ago ,virgil admits x 9 ^! l9es3 ,or %all ,i r ! sad v]se repeat1 ,:i* on ! bee*'s b>k ,i lately writ4 ,9 m mod]n times ,tasso h9ts ( ! same habit1 9 ,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 to wit3 ,on ! smoo? bee*5 r9d1 ! p5sive dame ,c>ves 9 a ?\s& =ms h] ,tancr$'s "n4 ,t ! ,spani% y\?s 7 n oblivi\s to _! opportunities = record+ ! names ( _! favorites we mu/ assume to be true1 f ! l9es ( ,don ,luis de ,gongora1 :o tells u t3 ,n a bee* b be>s "s ciph]1 ,t5d] ^w1 or amor\s text4 ,if "o vale s\nds ,angel9a1 ,angel9a s\nds ! next4 ,propagation ( ! ,bee*4--,! bee*1 9 all its species & v>ieties1 may be propagat$ by ! usual modes1 viz43 ,by se$1 lay]s1 budd+ & graft+4 ,! se$s1 :5 ga!r$1 %\ld be mix$ ) clean1 %>p1 moi/ s&1 plac$ 9 boxes1 & !n /or$ 9 a cool or cold place & c>efully protect$ f mice1 until ! "t arrives = s[+ 9 spr+4 ,!y may also be s[n 9 ! fall & lightly cov]$ ) leaf mold or o!r light soil1 b unless coat$ ) t> or "s (f5sive poison\s sub/ance1 v]m9 ( "s =m w be v likely to f9d !m & leave few to gr[4 ,se$l+s are us$ = /ocks ^u :i* to "w ! _m v>ieties 9 cultivation2 b z ,i am n writ+ ?is = ! enc\ragem5t ( propagators ( purely ornam5tal trees1 ,i w omit giv+ any v ext5d$ description ( ! diff]5t modes ( propagat+ ! bee*1 fur!r ?an to say t %\ld rem>kably f9e v>ieties ) extra-siz$ nuts be discov]$ or produc$1 !y c be p]petuat$ & multipli$ by ! same processes adopt$ = o!r k9ds ( nut trees4 ,soil & ,location4--,! bee*es ( ,nor!rn c\ntries1 9 _! _m v>ieties1 ?rive be/ 9 a cool1 moi/ soil1 = _! roots r>ely p5etrate v deeply1 b spread out widely & ne> ! surface1 =m+ an intricate network1 :i* w try ! pati5ce ( ! woodman :o attempts to cle> away a =e/ ( bee* & break up ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 z well z 9 ,europe1 ! bee* ?rives 9 calc>e\s soils1 or :at is usually t]m$ lime/one regions2 consequ5tly1 :5 transplant$ or rais$ 9 s&y soils1 or on ! r$ s&/one =mation1 light applications ( lime are usually f\nd v b5eficial2 b m ?an all1 ! bee* requires moi/ure1 & if n plant$ 9 a moi/ soil ! surface ov] ! roots %\ld be kept con/antly cov]$ ) "s k9d ( mul*4 ,species & ,v>ieties ( ! ,bee*4--,9 ! ,diction>y ( ,g>d5+1 edit$ by ,george ,ni*olson1 ( ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ,kew1 ,engl&1 ! foll[+ species ( ,fagus are briefly describ$1 viz3 ,f4 ant>ctica4--,leaves ovate1 blunt1 glabr\s1 att5uat$ at ! base1 d\bly d5tate1 alt]nate1 petiolate1 "o & a half in*es long4 ,a small decidu\s tree or %rub1 ) rugg$1 tortu\s bran*es4 ,native ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ,s4 ,a4 ,f4 betuloides 7bir*-l74 ,ev]gre5 bee*4--,leaves ovate1 elliptic1 obtuse cr5ulate1 lea!ry1 %9+ glabr\s1 r\nd at ! base or %ort foot/alks4 ,an ev]gre5 tree1 native ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ,s4 ,a4 ,f4 f]rug9ea 7ru/y74 ,am]ican bee*4--,leaves ovate1 acum9ate1 ?ickly too!d1 d[ny b5ea?1 ciliate on ! m>g94 ,a l>ge decidu\s tree1 v closely resembl+ ! common ,european species1 f :i* x is di/+ui%$ by its long]1 ?9n] & less %9+ leaves4 ,f4 obliqua 7oblique74 ,*ile bee*4--,leaves ovate1 oblong1 oblique1 some:at rhomboid1 blunt1 d\bly s]rat$1 entire at ! base1 att5uat$ into ! petiole1 & some:at d[ny4 ,a h>dy decidu\s tree1 native ( ! cool] elevat$ regions ( ,*ile1 ,s4 ,a4 ,f4 sylvatica 7sylvan74 ,european bee*4--,leaves oblong1 ovate1 obscurely too!d2 m>g9 ciliate4 ,a well-kn[n l>ge decidu\s tree1 widely di/ribut$ 9 ,europe f ,norway s\?w>d to ,asia ,m9or4 ,f ?is species a l>ge numb] ( ornam5tal v>ieties h be5 produc$1 _m ( !m m]ely accid5tal v>iations ( ! wild =ms ( ! =e/s1 :ile o!rs h orig9at$ 9 ! se$b$s ( nurs]ym54 ,b s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no v>iety has ev] be5 introduc$ be>+ sup]ior or improv$ =ms ( nuts4 ,our ,am]ican bee* 7,f4 f]rug9ea7 is a widely di/ribut$ tree1 ext5d+ f ,nova ,scotia 9 ! nor?1 s\? to ,florida1 & we/w>d to ,wiscons9 & ,miss\ri4 ,=m]ly x 0 exce$+ly abundant1 b l _m o!r ( our mo/ valuable =e/ trees1 x is disappe>+ be=e ! axe ( ! woodman1 :o has always f\nd a ready sale = bee* timb]4 ,x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( plane /ocks1 %oe la/s1 h&les = p>+ *isels1 & hundr$s ( simil> articles4 ,bee* wood is h>d1 firm1 & takes a good poli%1 b is n v flexible4 ,x makes excell5t fuel1 & ranks next 9 value to h>d maple & hickory = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! m nor!rn ,/ates & :]e ! bee* gr[s to its l>ge/ size1 ! he>twood is usually ( a r$di% color2 b "h 9 ,new ,j]sey & f>!r s\?1 ! wood is usually :ite almo/ to ! c5t] ( ! tree1 no matt] h[ l>ge x may be4 ,! color ( ! wood1 h[ev]1 does n 9 any way detract f its value1 = fuel & _m o!r purposes1 al?\gh "s ,european d5drologi/s h be5 deceiv$ into suppos+ t ! :ite bee* 0 almo/ or q wor?less4 ,l\don1 9 ,arboretum et ,fruticetum ,britannicum1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 9 ref]r+ to our bee*1 says3 ,! wood ( ! :ite bee* is little valu$ 9 ,am]ica1 ev5 = fuel2 & ! b>k is us$ = tann+1 b is little e/eem$1 etc4 ,b if any "o1 9 ^! lat] ye>s1 has _h occasion to pur*ase bee* timb] = any purpose1 he has probably le>n$1 f ! price *>g$1 t x is e/eem$1 ev5 = su* base purposes z firewood4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 attempt+ to extol ! ,am]ican bee* z a timb] tree1 b ask t x be giv5 a place among ! select ornam5tal nut-be>+ k9ds4 ,& ,i ?9k e f>m] :o has a pa/ure lot c\ld af=d a place = at lea/ "o bee* tree1 & if !re is a l[1 moi/ spot 9 ! field1 or a /ony corn]1 ?is w be a suitable place = su* a tree2 & ! horses1 cattle or %eep out 9 pa/ure dur+ hot days 9 summ] w be v grateful = ! %ade :i* a wide-spread+ specim5 w give !m4 ,x may be t ! own] ( said pa/ure may recall ! l9es ( ,g>cilaso3 ,b 9 calm idlesse laid1 ,sup9e 9 ! cool %ade ,( oak or ilex1 bee* or p5dant p9e1 ,sees 8 flocks fe$+ /ray1 ,:it5+ a l5g? ( way1 ,or numb]s up 8 homew>d-t5d+ k9e4 ,he may be sure ( "o ?+1 & t is1 ! bee*-nuts produc$ by "o or _m trees w always be acceptable to ! *ildr51 & ( ^! hungry mortals !re is likely to be a few1 at lea/1 roam+ ab\t 9 ages to come1 z 9 times pa/4 ,! bee* is n really a desirable tree to plant on a lawn or ne> "o's dwell+1 because ( its p]si/5t foliage1 :i* cl+s to ! twigs v late 9 w9t]1 & ! ru/l+ ( ! w9d ?r\gh ! dry leaves is n soo?+ to "o's n]ves1 al?\gh n q z dismal z ! moan+ p9es4 ,9 summ]1 & until late 9 autumn1 ! ,am]ican bee* is a noble & graceful tree1--& if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 "o ( ! cleane/ ( trees2 its l>ge1 ?91 bright-gre5 & glossy leaves reta9 none ( ! du/ & ca/-(f mat]ial ( o!r trees :i* may be float+ ?r\gh ! air1 b are ev] bright & pure4 ,! tree has naturally wide-spread+ & some:at droop+ bran*es1 & %\ld be giv5 pl5ty ( room = developm5t :5 plant$ = ! nuts or z an ornam5tal tree4 ,its leaves & ! small sl5d] bran*lets 7,fig4 #i7 are eat5 ) avidity by all k9ds ( f>m animals2 consequ5tly1 protection may be requir$ until ! trees h rea*$ a hight to be safe f su* depr$ators4 ,bee* se$l+s d n usually come into be>+ 9 less ?an tw5ty to ?irty ye>s1 b z no "o 9 ?is c\ntry has ev] attempt$ to cultivate ?is tree = its nuts1 or se>* our =e/s = precoci\s & sup]ior v>ieties1 we h to admit t ! field rema9s unexplor$1 & z b>r5 ( results z x 0 :5 our ance/ors fir/ discov]$ ,am]ica4 ,e hunt]1 woodman1 f>m] & botani/ :o has roam$ ?r\gh =e/s :]e ! bee* trees gr[1 is well aw>e ( ! fact t di/9ct v>ieties are n at all r>e1 "s hav+ nuts twice ! size ( o!rs 9 ! same woods or groves1 & x is possible & probable t "s nut culturi/ 9 ! ne> future w f9d "t to select ^! *oice wild v>ieties = cultivation & propagation4 ,x w\ld n1 9 my op9ion1 be b5ea? ! dignity ( our national dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 or "s ( its num]\s co/ly annexes1 to occasionally take into consid]ation ! natural products ( ?is great c\ntry1 & det]m9e1 by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 :e!r or no !y 7 n wor?y ( att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,bee*nut ,,leaf1 ,,bur ,,& ,,nut4 ,insects ,injuri\s to ! ,bee*4--,no disease has1 z yet1 be5 kn[n to s]i\sly affect ! bee*1 & z = insect enemies1 x probably has a less numb] ?an any o!r d5iz5 ( our =e/s4 ,x is true t transplant$ trees1 & ^? left expos$ by cutt+ away protect+ neighbors1 are sometimes attack$ by bor]s 9 ! /em1 bran*es & twigs1 b ^! enemies naturally foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( debility1 x be+ "o ( ! immutable economic laws ( nature to ha/5 ! demise & decomposition ( ! half-/>v$ or o!rwise enfeebl$ memb]s ( bo? ! animal & vegetable k+dom4 ,isolat$ bee* trees gr[+ by ! roadsides 9 p>ks & fields are occasionally attack$ by a l>ge grayi%1 long-horn beetle1 ! ,goes pulv]ul5ta4 ,x is ab\t "o in* long1 & a r /urdy beetle ( a light grayi% color1 & usually infe/s ! bran*es1 b may occasionally attack ! ma9 /em4 ,x is n abundant1 & has seldom be5 f\nd infe/+ ! bee*4 ,!re are also two or ?ree bor]s ( ! ,bupre/is family ( beetles :i* occasionally attack bee* trees4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by ! broad heads & flatt5$ bodies ( ! grubs1 & !y "w j b5ea? ! b>k 9 ! sapwood1 caus+ dead pat*es1 ma9ly on ! s\? side ( ! /em & l>g] bran*es4 ,if ! dead b>k is remov$ & ! w\nds pa9t$ !y w soon heal ov]1 unless ! tree is suff]+ = moi/ure & nutri5ts at ! roots4 ,a few twig bor]s1 ) an occasional colony ( cat]pill>s on ! leaves1 embody ab\t all ! insect enemies ( ! bee* call+ = any special att5tion1 b !re are a ho/ ( diff]5t species & k9ds ev] ready to p\nce ^u a sickly or dead tree1 :e!r f\nd 9 ! field or =e/4 ,prop]ties & ,uses4--,! bee*nut has be5 s long & favorably kn[n t v little ne$ be said "h 9 reg>d to its prop]ties & uses4 ,9 ! =e/s x af=ds food = _m k9ds ( birds1 su* z ! wild turkey1 p>tridge or gr\se1 & especially ! pigeon1 & imm5se flocks ( ^! collect 9 ! bee* =e/s 9 autumn to fe$ ^u ! nuts4 ,de] are v fond ( ^! nuts1 & s are all ( ! squirrel family1 & ! little gr\nd squirrel or *ipmunk1 ,tamias /riatus1 ( our ,nor!rn ,/ates1 gives u a good practical lesson 9 ! way ( pres]v+ ! nuts ov] w9t]4 ,^! little rod5ts pack away ! nuts 9 small pockets 9 _! burr[s & f two to ?ree feet bel[ ! surface1 :]e !y are protect$ f excessive moi/ure & any consid]able *ange ( temp]ature4 ,! *ipmunk always /ores ! nuts 9 ! gr\nd1 & n 9 holl[ logs1 z is sometimes ass]t$4 ,! de]-m\se 7,hesp]omys leucopus71 h[ev]1 does select su* places = putt+ away 8 w9t]'s supply1 b m frequ5tly he *ooses a holl[ 9 ! /em ( "s old tree1 & sev]al feet f ! gr\nd4 ,unlike ! *ipmunk1 ?is m\se cleans ! %ells f ! k]nels1 /or+ only ! latt]1 & ,i h (t5 f\nd a qu>t or m :5 cutt+ d[n trees 9 w9t]4 ,^! k]nels are usually s clean1 bright1 & free f odor1 t x is to be fe>$ ! f9d] always confiscates !m = 8 own use4 ,z ! bee*nut conta9s consid]able oil1 _m s*emes h be5 set on foot1 9 ,european c\ntries1 = its extraction & use z a salad oil4 ,e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury 7#agba7 ,a>on ,hill1 an ,engli% poet1 propos$ to pay (f ! national debt f ! pr(its to be d]iv$ f ! manufacture ( bee*nut oil2 b 8 s*eme fell ?r\gh1 l _m o!rs ( its k9d4 ,x is also /at$ t ,h5ry ,field+1 s well kn[n by 8 delightful /ories ( ,engli% society1 once speculat$ r l>gely on ! manufacture ( bee*nut oil4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 bee*nut oil 0 =m]ly made 9 consid]able quantities1 & us$ 9 cook+ fi% & z a salad oil4 ,9 ,silesia x is us$ by ! c\ntry p in/ead ( butt]1 & ! cakes :i* rema9 f ! pressure are giv5 to fatt5 sw9e1 ox5 & p\ltry4 ,! =e/s ( ,eu & ( ,crecy1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,oise1 x is /at$ by ,duhamel du ,monceau1 h yield$1 9 a s+le season1 m ?an #b1jjj1jjj bu%els ( ma/1 b probably ?is ref]r$ to all k9ds ( nuts1 & n bee*-nuts alone4 ,ye>s lat]1 or 9 #aggi1 ,mi*aux /ates t ! =e/s ( ,compiegne1 ne> ! ,v]b]ie dep>tm5t ( ! ,somme1 af=d$ oil en\gh to supply ! wants ( ! di/rict = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,france bee*-nuts are roa/$ & s]v$ z a sub/itute = c(fee4 ,_m ( ^! old =e/s h disappe>$1 b o!r k9ds ( nut trees are /ill be+ plant$ 9 ,france1 & ! product is simply enorm\s1 & a s\rce ( weal? to ! peasant1 z well z ! own]s ( ext5sive =e/s & or*>ds4 ,! bee*nut has nev] be5 an article ( comm]ce 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x is r>ely se5 on sale 9 ei!r c\ntry villages or our l>g] cities1 n because ( its sc>city or want ( dem&1 b all t ! c\ntry boys & girls f9d "t to ga!r are want$ = _! own pleasure & use4 ,pick+ up bee*-nuts among ! leaves 9 a =e/1 or ev5 aft] rak+ (f ! leaves & !n :ipp+ ! trees1 is1 at be/1 sl[ & r t$i\s "w1 z ,i "k full well f exp]i5ce1 & only once d ,i rememb] ( hav+ secur$ a r\nd$ half bu%el z ! sum total ( _m raids on ! bee* trees 9 ! neighborhood4 ,b z ! bee*nut is ! diamond among ! l>g] & less preci\s gems ( our =e/s1 we %\ld set a high] value ^u x because small & r difficult to obta94 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ca/anopsis4 ,cali=nia *e/nut4 ,we/]n *9quap94 ,ev]gre5 *e/nut4 ,ca/anopsis1 ,spa*4 ,"n d]iv$ f ,ca/anea1 ! *e/nut4 ,ord]1 ,cupulif]ae4 ,a g5us ( ev]gre5 %rubs & trees1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! oaks 7,qu]cus7 & ! *e/nuts 7,ca/anea74 ,!re are ab\t a doz5 species indig5\s to ,ea/]n ,asia & ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,blume1 9 ,flora ,javae1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahbh-cf1 describes ?ree species "u ,ca/anea1 :i* he f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s & m elevat$ regions ( ! ,javanese isl&s4 ,v little1 h[ev]1 is kn[n ( ^! ori5tal ev]gre5 *e/nuts outside ( ! h]b>iums ( pr(essional botani/s1 & !y are r>ely ref]r$ to1 ev5 9 /&>d botanical diction>ies1 or diction>ies ( g>d5+1 & :5 m5tion$ !y are usually plac$ 9 ! g5us ,ca/anea4 ,ed\>d ,spa*1 a half-c5tury or m ago1 gave a synopsis ( ! g5us1 = :i* he propos$ ! "n ( ,ca/anopsis1 & al?\gh n recogniz$ by botani/s 9 g5]al = a numb] ( ye>s1 x is n[ accept$ by botanical au?orities ev]y:]e4 ,we h b "o indig5\s species1 & ?is on ! ,pacific coa/1 viz3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,leaves ,,& ,,nut ,,( ,,ca/anopsis ,,*rysophylla4 ,ca/anopsis *rysophylla1 ,a4 de ,c&olle4 ,ca/anea *rysophylla1 ,d\glas4 ,ca/anea semp]vir5s1 ,kellogg4 ,leaves coriace\s1 ev]gre51 lanceolate or oblong1 "o to f\r in*es long1 acum9ate or only acuti% 7,fig4 #aj71 cuneate at base & %ortly petiol$1 entire gre5 & glabr\s above or some:at scurfy1 d5sely scurfy b5ea?1 ) none or few yell[ scales2 male am5ts "o to ?ree in*es long1 d5sely pubesc5t2 /yles ?ree1 /\t1 glabr\s1 div]g5t2 fruit+ involucre ) /\t div]g5t sp9es 7,fig4 #aa7 "o-half to "o in* long1 subv]ticillately _m bran*$2 nut usually solit>y1 obv]sely triangul>1 six l9es long4--,geological ,survey ( ,cali=nia1 ,botany1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajj4 ,?is h&some broad-leav$ ev]gre5 tree is indig5\s to ! elevat$ regions1 f ,mont]ey1 ,cali=nia1 nor?w>d to ! ,columbia riv] 9 ,oregon4 ,x is also common 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevadas at elevations ( six ?\s& feet1 b 9 its s\!rn limits r>ely bel[ t5 ?\s& feet elevation4--,c4 ,s4 ,s>g5t 7,woods ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates74 ,9 ! w>m] & dri] regions ( ,cali=nia x is a m]e %rub two to six feet high1 & ^! dw>f =ms h1 9 "s in/ances1 be5 describ$ z v>ieties4 ,z1 = in/ance1 ,ca/anea *rysophylla1 v>4 m9or1 ,b5?am2 ,c4 *rysophylla1 v>4 m9or1 ,a4 de ,c&olle2 & ,c4 *rysophylla1 v>4 pumila1 ,vasey4 ,b nor?w>d1 :]e ! climate is m moi/1 x becomes a l>ge tree fifty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet high1 ) a /em two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,9 its wide v>iation 9 habit ( gr[?1 ?is we/]n *9quap9 is simil> to our ,ea/]n dw>f *e/nut1 :i* is ma9ly a l[ %rub 9 ! m ,s\!rn ,/ates1 b becomes a fair-siz$ tree 9 ! ,middle ,/ates1 or ne> its nor!rn limits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,ca/anopsis ,,bur4 ,i h introduc$ ! ,we/]n *9quap9 "h among ! nut-be>+ trees1 n ) ! idea t x w ev] be ext5sively cultivat$ = its edible nuts1 b because x is a beautiful broad-leav$ ev]gre5 tree1 & ( :i* we h f> too few k9ds 9 cultivation to give w>m? & a *e]ful aspect to our g>d5s & pleasure gr\nds 9 w9t]4 ,x is true t1 s f> z c be le>n$ at ?is "t1 no ext5d$ exp]im5ts h ev] be5 made to introduce or cultivate ! ,ca/anopsis 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 consequ5tly no?+ positive is kn[n z to :e!r x w succe$ "h or n4 ,9 its nor!rnmo/ range x ?rives 9 =e/s among _m k9ds ( trees & %rubs t are already common 9 our g>d5s1 & ?is leads me to ?9k t specim5s or se$s ( ?is tree procur$ f ! m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,oregon w )/& ! rigors ( our climate4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,b4 ,p>sons writes me t he fir/ saw ,ca/anopsis *rysophylla 9 ,kew ,g>d5s 7,eng47 ?irty-five ye>s ago1 & procur$ specim5s1 :i* 7 plant$ 9 8 g>d5s at ,flu%+1 ,n4 ,y41 b !y fail$1 presumably because n h>dy4 ,x may be t 8 specim5s 7 rais$ f nuts procur$ 9 ! w>m] "p ( ,cali=nia1 &1 z ) _m o!r ,pacific coa/ plants1 prov$ to be t5d]1 :ile lat] introductions ( ! same species collect$ 9 cold] localities h prov$ h>dy "h4 ,9 my exp]i5ce ,i h f\nd a great diff]5ce 9 ! h>d9ess ( trees & plants obta9$ f ! high] & l[] levels ( ! m\nta9s f ,colorado we/w>d to ! ,coa/ range1 = 9 ^? regions acclimation ext5d+ ov] ?\s&s ( ye>s has develop$ & fix$ c]ta9 physiological attributes1 :i* enables !m to readily adapt !mselves to simil> conditions else:]e1 especially 9 ! l9e ( temp]ature4 ,x may make no diff]5ce to ^? :o want plants = w>m climates1 :e!r !y are obta9$ f m\nta9 or valley1 b x c]ta9ly does to ^? :o value h>d9ess above all o!r m]its4 ,9 horticultural matt]s we are suppos$ to conf9e ourselves )9 c]ta9 natural l9es 9 mak+ exp]im5ts1 b if we fail 9 "o1 or "o hundr$1 x proves little beyond ! b>e fact t we h n be5 successful4 ,i h exp]im5t$ en\gh to h become some:at w>y ( decid+ t a ?+ _c be done1 or is impossible1 because ( my own & o!rs' failures4 ,e practical horticulturi/ c call to m9d _m productions :i* _h evad$ ! pursuit ( exp]im5t]s = decades & ev5 c5turies4 ,= specim5s ( ! nuts1 burs & plants ( ?is h&some nut-be>+ tree ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,h>d51 ( ,/ayton1 ,oregon1 :o in=ms me t x gr[s 9 ! m\nta9s ne> by to a v l>ge size1 & among su* well-kn[n k9ds ( %rubs & trees z ,rhamnus ,pur%ianus1 ,cornus ,nuttalli1 ,corylus ro/rata1 & v>i\s species ( conif]s :i* are n[ m or less common 9 our ,ea/]n g>d5s & p>ks4 ,! twigs & leaves are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & bel[ a nut1 & 9 ,fig4 #aa a bur1 all ( natural size4 ,! small conical nut is slightly triangul>1 ) a r firm1 brittle %ell1 n fibr\s z 9 ! acorn & *e/nut4 ,! burs are produc$ s+ly1 b sometimes sev]al on a twig1 & :5 mature1 in/ead ( op5+ by valves1 z 9 ! true *e/nut1 !y break up irregul>ly4 ,! k]nels are sweet & excell5t flavor$1 & are s\ght = by v>i\s k9ds ( birds1 z well z by all ! squirrel tribe1 & = ?is reason x is v difficult to procure specim5s1 unless ga!r$ be=e !y are fully ripe4 ,! nuts d n mature ! fir/ season1 b pass ! w9t] 9 a p>tly develop$ /age1 usually rip5+ ! second ye> ab\t midsumm] or1 9 nor!rn ,oregon1 9 ,july4 ,x is q probable t ?is ,ca/anopsis1 :5 plant$ 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 w require a little %ade or protection1 l ! ,am]ican holly & simil> broad-leav$ ev]gre5s1 & :ile x may n ?rive any:]e nor? ( ,delaw>e & ,m>yl&1 x is wor? try+1 z ! sole native repres5tative ( a g5us conta9+ sev]al species ( noble ev]gre5 trees4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,*e/nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,*e/nut ,,fl[]s4 ,ca/anea1 ,t\rne=t4 ,! anci5t classical "n d]iv$ ei!r f ,ca/anis1 a t[n 9 ,!ssaly1 or "o 9 ,pontius1 z hi/orians disagree 9 reg>d to its d]ivation4 ,! g5us belongs to ! ord] ,cupulif]ae4 ,male fl[]s irregul>ly clu/]$ 9 long1 nak$1 cyl9drical catk9s f ! axils ( ! leaves & on ! new %oots ( ! season4 ,calyx five or six p>t$2 /am5s or poll5-be>+ organs sev5 to fifte52 an!r two-cell$4 ,on old1 mature trees1 ! male catk9s are usually cr[d$ ne> ! end ( ! %ort new twigs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 ! t]m9al "o productive2 b on "y ?rifty trees1 wide ap>t4 ,female fl[]s always on & ne> ! base ( a late-develop$ male catk91 sometimes two or ?ree toge!r1--or ev5 six or eight on ! *9quap9s1--oval or ovoid1 scaly1 prickly1 two- to f\r-valv$ involucre or bur2 calyx usually ) a f\r- to six-lob$ bord] cr[n+ ! ?ree- to sev5-cell$ ov>y2 /igmas bri/le-%ap$1 & z _m 9 numb] z !re are cells 9 ! ov>y4 ,%ell ( ! nut lea!ry1 n brittle1 ovoid1 two or m toge!r 9 ! l>g] species1 9 o!rs solit>y1 or only "o 9 a bur4 ,k]nel v ?ick1 fle%y1 & some:at plait$1 sweet & edible4 ,bo? male & female fl[]s appe> late 9 spr+1 ! males usually exce$+ly s1 exhal+ a slightly nauseat+ odor4 ,! productive male catk9s appe> ! late/1 _! base becom+ ! ra*is or /alk support+ ! burs1 ?is r anomal\s arrangem5t appe>+ to be a natural provision to secure f]tilization 9 case ! e>li] catk9s fail$4 ,! g5us ,ca/anea1 z n[ re/rict$1 conta9s %rubs & l>ge trees1 ) simple1 alt]nate decidu\s leaves1 co>sely s]rate1 ) po9t$ sp9y tee?4 ,indig5\s1 & widely di/ribut$ ov] nor!rn ,africa1 s\!rn ,europe1 ,asia & ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! common ,engli% "n ( ?is nut is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon cy/el1 *e/nut1 & cy/-beam or ci/5-beam1 *e/nut tree2 ,old ,engli%1 *a/e9 or *e/52 ,old ,g]man1 *e/9na or ke/9na2 ,mod]n ,g]man1 ke/5e or ka/anie2 ,fr5*1 ca/aigne or *ataigne2 ,prov5cal1 ca/anha2 ,spani%1 ca/ana2 ,italian1 ca/agna1 f ! ,lat9 ca/anea4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*e/nut4--,! s-call$ ,european *e/nut is suppos$ to be indig5\s to ,asia ,m9or1 ,arm5ia1 ,caucasus & nor!rn ,africa1 & f ^! c\ntries x 0 introduc$ & became naturaliz$ ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( temp]ate ,europe1 :]e x has be5 cultivat$ f "t immemorial4 ,! ,romans are suppos$ to h di/ribut$ x nor?w>d ?r\gh ,france & ,great ,brita91 & 9 ! latt] c\ntry !re 7 trees c5turies ago ( su* l>ge size t _m ( ! e>ly ,engli% au?ors claim$ ?is tree 0 indig5\s4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( any natural =e/s ( *e/nut1 ! claim _h to be ab&on$4 ,9 p>ts ( ,france1 ,italy & ,spa91 ! *e/nut has become ?or\ghly naturaliz$ &1 z we may say1 run wild1 b z "o ( ! e>ly inve/igators says1 9 speak+ ( ! abundance ( old *e/nut trees on ! ,ap5n9es1 !y are g5]ally scatt]$ ov] ! surface l trees on a well-arrang$ lawn1 & n cr[d$ & mass$1 z !y w\ld be 9 a /ate ( nature or 9 a =e/4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! ,alps ! trees gr[ up to an altitude ( tw5ty-five hundr$ feet1 & on ! ,pyr5ees "s two or ?ree hundr$ feet high]4 ,!re are old trees ( imm5se size almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! mild] regions ( ,europe1 & ! celebrat$ mon>*s ( ,etna h be5 _m times describ$ by travel]s4 ,! l>ge/ measure "o hundr$ & eighty feet 9 circumf]5ce ne> ! root4 ,all ! e>ly ,roman writ]s :o h any?+ to say ab\t rural affairs1 m5tion ! *e/nut z "o ( _! valuable trees1 produc+ nuts us$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,pl9y enum]ates eight v>ieties1 b ,columella appe>s to place m value ^u ! timb]1 especially ! spr\ts1 = /akes1 ?an he does on ! nuts4 ,b long be=e ! ,romans began to cultivate ! *e/nut1 ! ,greeks held x 9 high e/eem "u ! "n ( ,s>dianos ,balanos or ,s>dis nut1 & /ill lat] x 0 call$ ,dios ,balanos ,lopimon4 ,! ,european *e/nut has be5 s frequ5tly & ext5sively ref]r$ to by anci5t & mod]n au?ors t x w\ld n be at all difficult to fill a l>ge volume ) brief extracts f _! works1 b my aim is n s mu* to %[ :at has be5 done ) ?is nut 9 o!r c\ntries z :at we may d ) x "h4 ,all nations :o h any exp]i5ce ) x admit its value z food = _m wild & dome/icat$ animals1 z well z = ! human race1 & we "k1 f our long exp]i5ce ) ! native species1 t x is highly e/eem$ :]ev] kn[n1 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t our sp>se population & ! abundance ( o!r k9ds ( food1 h t5d$ to make u c>eless & neglectful ( ! indig5\s *e/nut4 ,x may be well1 be=e dismiss+ ?is brief hi/ory ( ! *e/nut1 to add t :ile ne>ly all ! anci5t au?ors1 9 ref]r+ to x1 employ$ its pres5t sci5tific "n ( ,ca/anea1 /ill1 :5 botani/s fir/ attempt$ :at has s9ce be5 recogniz$ z ! sci5tific classification ( plants1 _m ( !m plac$ ! *e/nut 9 ! same g5us z ! bee*1 reta9+ ! g5]ic "n ( ,fagus = bo?4 ,l9naeus1 9 8 ,sy/ema ,naturae1 #agff1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fcj1 describes two species ( ! *e/nut & "o ( bee* 9 ! g5us ,fagus1 al?\gh ,t\rne=t1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,plants ,gr[+ ,ab\t ,p>is1 publi%$ sev5ty ye>s be=e t ( ,l9naeus1 _h recogniz$ ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ^! two gr\ps ( nut trees1 & he adopt$ ! pres5t "n ( ,ca/anea = ! g5]ic "n ( ! *e/nut1 & ,fagus = t ( ! bee*4 ,b ne>ly all ( ! ,engli% & e>li] ,am]ican botani/s adopt$ & foll[$ ,l9naeus 9 8 classification1 ignor+ ! works ( ! e>li] z well z contemporane\s cont95tal botani/s4 ,i m]ely ref] to ?is matt] ( botanical nom5clature because "s ( my read]s may h occasion to consult ! e>li] au?ors :o describe ,am]ican plants1 z1 = in/ance1 su* works z ,john ,clayton's ,flora ( ,virg9ia1 #agci1 ,?omas ,walt]'s ,flora ,c>ol9iana1 #aghg1 or ,humphrey ,m>%all's ,am]ican ,grove1 #aghe4 ,9 all ( ^!1 & o!rs1 ! *e/nut is describ$ z a species ( bee* 7,fagus74 ,propagation ( ! ,*e/nut4--,! usual mode ( propagat+ ! *e/nut is f se$1 :5 trees are want$ = g5]al plant+ or = /ocks ^u :i* to graft improv$ & r>e v>ieties4 ,"u "s conditions & circum/ances1 x is be/ to plant ! nuts soon aft] !y are ripe 9 autumn1 & ?is appe>s to be ! mo/ natural me?od2 9 fact1 x is ! way 9 :i* =e/s h be5 produc$ & are con/antly r5ew$ & p]petuat$1 :5 man does n int]f]e to prev5t x4 ,b nature is 9 no hurry 9 su* matt]s1 :ile man always is1 because 8 "t is limit$2 consequ5tly1 9 our attempts at ! multiplication & cultivation ( plants we aim to save bo? "t & mat]ial1 !re=e _c af=d to adopt nature's sl[ & wa/eful processes4 ,! pr9cipal objection to plant+ *e/nuts 9 ! fall is ! dang] ( hav+ !m de/roy$ by v]m91 :i* ab\nd almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,!re is also dang] ( ! nuts spr\t+ prematurely 9 ! autumn1 & ( ! "y gr[? be+ kill$ by cold or by excessive moi/ure dur+ late fall ra9s4 ,b ^! natural enemies & ob/acles prev5t an excess 9 numb] & ! ov]cr[d+ ( trees 9 our =e/s4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 possible & practicable to sme> ! nuts ) poison\s sub/ances1 or ^? suffici5tly (f5sive to prev5t ! depr$ations ( v]m91 b tak+ all ?+s into consid]ation1 ,i am decid$ly 9 favor ( pres]v+ ! nuts 9 bulk & 9 a dormant /ate until ! season arrives = insur+ a rapid & cont9u\s gr[?1 & !n plant+ !m4 ,to d ?is 9 our cold nor!rn climate1 z well z 9 ! ,s\?1 requires m c>e & att5tion ) *e/nuts ?an ) ! h>d]-%ell$ k9ds1 l ! walnut & hickory nut4 ,z a rule1 x may be said t all ! h>dy k9ds ( nuts spr\t at a r l[ temp]ature & a few degrees above ! freez+ po9t1 & = ?is reason x is well to select z cool a spot 9 ! op5 gr\nd z possible = _! w9t] qu>t]s1 & !n exam9e !m z e>ly z c be done conv5i5tly 9 ! spr+4 ,9 ?is matt] ( manipulat+ & pres]v+ *e/nuts = plant+1 z well z :at foll[s 9 reg>d to transplant+1 prun+ & graft+1 ,i %all give my own practice1 ) results2 & :ile x may diff] f t ( o!r propagators1 x is "o evolv$ f long exp]i5ce1 _m successes1 & a few failures4 ,ga!r+ & ,assort+ ,nuts4--,:5 ! nuts beg9 to rip5 & fall1 ga!r z soon z possible1 & if ! trees are on y\r own gr\nds & w admit ( su* an op]ation1 ?ra% !m & secure ! entire crop at once4 ,! object ( ?is e>ly ga!r+ is to collect ! false & weevil-infe/$ specim5s & de/roy !m4 ,b 9 :atev] way ! nuts are collect$1 !y %\ld be /or$ 9 ! %ade & 9 %all[ boxes1 or spread out on a tight floor2 b ! bett] way w\ld be on scre5s ov] a floor1 & !n :5 ! grubs work$ _! way d[nw>d ?r\gh ! nuts & scre51 !y w\ld fall ^u ! floor1 f :i* !y c\ld be tak5 up & burn$ or o!rwise de/roy$4 ,! nuts1 :ile on ! scre5 or o!r receptacle1 %\ld be /irr$ ov] daily = two or ?ree weeks1 & by t "t !y w be 9 good condition = ei!r plant+ or pack+ away = ! w9t]4 ,b be=e f9ally dispos+ ( ! nuts 9 ei!r way1 !y %\ld be c>efully look$ ov]1 & e %runk5 specim51 z well z all ) punctur$ %ells f :i* ! grubs h escap$1 remov$ f among ! s\nd /ock1 because ^! damag$ nuts are n only useless1 b are v likely to decay & affect all ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,x is n to be expect$ t by su* means or h&l+ we c get rid ( all ! grubs enclos$ 9 ! nuts :5 ga!r$1 = !re w always be a few n m ?an half gr[n at ! "t1 & ^! w rema9 hidd5 9 ! nuts until midw9t]1 or lat]1 b ! great] "p ( ! brood w rea* maturity )9 two or ?ree weeks aft] ! nuts are ripe4 ,( c\rse1 :at is said "h ab\t *e/nut weevils is only applicable to *e/nuts gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 b all species & v>ieties1 :5 plant$ "h1 are subject to ! attacks ( ?is pe/--at lea/1 ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,hav+ assort$ ! nuts c>efully1 ! s\nd ones %\ld be res]v$ = plant+2 ^! %\ld be mix$ ) or /ratifi$ ) moi/1 %>p s&1 & /or$ 9 boxes ( conv5i5t size = h&l+ & exam9ation1 :5ev] ?is is requir$4 ,9 prep>+ ! boxes1 bore a numb] ( small holes ?r\gh ! bottom1 & ov] ea* ( ^! lay a piece ( a brok5 fl[]-pot1 brick or /one1 !n cov] ! bottom "o in* deep ) ! moi/ s&1 & on ?is place a s+le lay] ( nuts1 !n fill 9 all int]/ices ) s&1 & also use en\gh m to fairly cov] ! lay]2 & proce$ 9 ?is way until all ! nuts are dispos$ ( or ! box is full1 cov]+ ! top lay] "o or two in*es deep1 because ! s& w settle "s aft] ! "w seems complete4 ,! boxes may be cov]$ ) f9e wire nett+ or ) n>r[ /rips ( bo>ds1 fitt+ ^! s t mice _c get 91 b %\ld n be air-tight4 ,!y may !n be buri$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 select+ "s knoll or dry spot = ?is purpose1 = ! nuts %\ld n be plac$ :]e !y w be subm]g$1 or ev5 be wat]soak$1 at any "t dur+ ! fall1 w9t] or e>ly spr+4 ,if no su* spot is conv5i5tly ne>1 !n set ! boxes on ! top ( ! gr\nd1 & on ! nor? side ( "s build+ or 9 ! %ade ( an ev]gre5 tree1 & bank ov] ) soil1 cov]+ ! boxes a foot deep4 ,if ! spot select$ is "u ! eaves ( a build+1 place bo>ds ov] ! heap ( soil1 to c>ry (f ! wat]1 = ! object is to keep ! nuts mod]ately moi/1 cool1 & :]e !y w n be subject$ to frequ5t *anges ( temp]ature4 ,9 our ,nor!rn ,/ates ! nuts1 "u su* conditions1 usually become froz5 dur+ ! colde/ wea!r1 b ?is does n injure !m if ! s& is moi/ & !y rema9 froz51 z !re w be no dang] ( g]m9ation2 :ile if kept too w>m1 !y may />t to gr[ be=e ! se$b$ is ready1 9 spr+1 = _! reception4 ,i h tri$ keep+ ! nuts mix$ ) s& 9 a cool cell>1 also 9 outbuild+s1 b h n f\nd any o!r place s c]ta9 z pits 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,se$b$ & ,soil4--,x is well to h ! se$b$ prep>$ ! previ\s autumn1 b x is n absolutely necess>y4 ,! soil = ! b$ %\ld be light1 ei!r s&y or loamy1 & if n ri*1 made s by add+ v old & f9e /able manure1 or leaf mold f ! =e/--,i pref] ! latt]1 z x is ! mo/ natural = all k9ds ( se$l+ nut trees4 ,:atev] f]tiliz+ mat]ials are us$1 !y %\ld be plac$ on or ne> ! surface1 & nev] work$ 9 deeply1 = our aim %\ld be ! production ( side or lat]al fib]s1 & n co>se p]p5dicul> roots4 ,fur!rmore1 se$l+ nut trees gr[n on light1 s&y soils or 9 pure leaf mold1 produce a f> great] numb] ( small fibr\s roots ?an on heavy soils1 & ?is is a decid$ advantage ) ^? :i* are to be transplant$4 ,plant+ ! ,nuts4--,:5 ! "t arrives = plant+1 take ! nuts f _! w9t] qu>t]s1 & aft] sift+ out ! s&1 s[ or drop !m 9 drills1 cov]+ ab\t two in*es deep ) f9e soil4 ,) ! small native v>ieties my practice has be5 to s[ 9 wide drills2 t is1 ^? made ) ! blade ( a common g>d5 hoe1 & ( ! same wid?1 ! nuts be+ scatt]$ along ! bottom two to ?ree in*es ap>t4 ,! soil is !n drawn 9 ov] !m & press$ d[n ) ! back ( ! hoe1 or by pass+ a light g>d5 roll] ov] ! surface4 ,if ! size ( ! se$b$ is n limit$1 or only a small quantity ( nuts are to be s[n1 !n ! s+le r[ w\ld be pref]able1 because less h& we$+ w be ne$$ to subdue ! we$s1 & = all ! l>g] v>ieties ,i %\ld c]ta9ly recomm5d x1 because !y are ( a m /ocky gr[?4 ,! di/ance all[$ betwe5 ! drills w dep5d some:at ^u ! implem5ts to be employ$ 9 cultivation1 z well z h[ long ! se$l+s are to rema9 9 ! se$b$ be=e transplant+1 b f two to ?ree feet w be f\nd conv5i5t = ! ord9>y modes ( cultivation4 ,if ! se$l+s make a fair av]age gr[? ! fir/ season !y w be f "o to ?ree feet high 9 ! autumn1 & z soon z ! leaves h fall5 !y may be tak5 up1 or all[$ to rema9 until ! foll[+ spr+ & !n lift$4 ,b if1 f any cause1 !y h made a feeble gr[?1 x is bett] to let !m rema9 9 ! se$b$ ano!r ye>4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( se$l+s are rais$ !y are usually tak5 up ) a tree-digg] drawn by a span ( horses or mules1 b ) only a few hundr$ or a ?\s& to dig1 a common spade w answ] e purpose2 & if1 :5 remov$ f ! se$b$1 !y are f\nd to h produc$ long p]p5dicul> taproots1 ^! %\ld be %ort5$ to ab\t "o-half _! orig9al l5g?4 ,= in/ance1 if ^! taproots are tak5 up entire & are eighte5 to tw5ty in*es long1 cut away ! l[] half1 :e!r x consi/s ( "o or m long p]p5dicul> roots1 z ?is prun+ w =ce ! plants to produce a great] numb] ( lat]al roots1 & x is ^u ^! we dep5d ma9ly = keep+ our trees alive & vigor\s if transplant$ :5 l>g] & old]4 ,all side bran*es %\ld be prun$ (f close to ! ma9 /em1 = we aim to favor ! latt] 9 its gr[? upw>d until x rea*es ! requir$ hight = ei!r graft+ or =m+ ! future head ( ! tree4 ,9 tak+ up se$l+s1 x is n safe to leave !m = any consid]able "t expos$ to ! sun & dry+ w9ds1 & !y %\ld be c>ri$ ei!r to a %$ or o!r build+ :ile be+ prun$1 & also cov]$ ) blankets 9 ! field1 except dur+ moi/1 cl\dy days4 ,a v little dry+ ( ! small fib]s on su* plants is always m or less injuri\s4 ,plant+ 9 ,nurs]y ,r[s4--,aft] ! se$l+s h be5 tak5 f ! se$b$ & prun$1 !y %\ld be set out 9 nurs]y r[s1 f\r feet ap>t1 & ! plants ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 ! r[4 ,tr5*es %\ld be op5$ = ! reception ( ! plants1 & wide en\gh to all[ all ! roots to be spread out 9 a natural position2 & x is well to set a little deep] ?an ! se$l+s 7 9 ! se$b$1 because newly pl[$ gr\nd w settle "s aft] ! plant+ is f9i%$1 al?\gh ! soil %\ld always be pack$ firmly ab\t ! /ems ( newly set trees1 :e!r l>ge or small4 ,! m frequ5t & ?or\gh ! cultivation dur+ ! ensu+ summ]1 ! m rapid w be ! gr[? ( ! trees4 ,if ! transplant$ se$l+s h produc$ any consid]able numb] ( side bran*es1--& especially1 l[ d[n1--^! may be prun$ (f at any "t dur+ ! summ]1 = our object is usually to secure /raight1 upright /ems = graft+ ! foll[+ spr+1 if !y are l>ge & tall en\gh2 if n1 we may delay ?is op]ation = ano!r ye>4 ,( c\rse1 small *e/nut /ocks may be graft$ close to ! gr\nd1 b !re is no?+ really ga9$ by ?is1 = a good /rong /ock w pu% a cion =w>d m 9 "o season ?an a weak /ock 9 two or ?ree seasons4 ,b :5 ! /ocks h rea*$ a diamet] ( f ?ree-eigh?s to "o-half an in* ?ree or f\r feet f ! gr\nd1 !y may be graft$1 b ,i w\ld pref] to h !m a little ov] ?an "u ^! sizes4 ,/ocks ,f ! ,=e/s4--,x is n necess>y = a man :o may ne$ a few *e/nut /ocks = exp]im5tal or o!r purposes1 to wait until !y c be gr[n f ! nut1 because ^! c always be pur*as$ at ! nurs]ies2 b if "o does n wi% to incur ev5 ?is small outlay1 x may be avoid$ by obta9+ a supply f ! =e/s1 provid$ !re are any 9 ! neighborhood :]e *e/nut se$l+s are to be f\nd1 & ! own] w p]mit _! removal4 ,! be/ wild /ocks are usually to be f\nd 9 rec5t cle>+s1 or :]e ! l>g] trees h be5 cut (f = timb]1 & ! und]bru%1 compos$ ( se$l+s & spr\ts1 is left to gr[ up aga9 into a =e/4 ,!re are _m ?\s&s ( acres 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 & o!r ,ea/]n ,/ates1 f :i* ! timb] is cut e tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 & no fur!r att5tion paid to ! l& or :at x produces4 ,:]ev] su* cle>+s are f\nd conta9+ *e/nut trees1 good /ocks c usually be procur$ by select+ ^? v>y+ f "o to two in*es 9 diamet] at ! gr\nd1 & if ! soil 9 :i* !y are gr[+ is r poor & /ony !y w usually h pretty good roots1 if c>efully tak5 up4 ,!y %\ld be prun$ to a s+le /em1 & ?is cut (f at a hight ( f five to six feet or less1 !n plant$ :]e !y are to rema9 p]man5tly4 ,su* /ocks1 if c>efully tak5 up & plant$1 w ?r[ out num]\s spr\ts f _! /ems dur+ ! summ]1 b all %\ld be rubb$ (f :ile small & t5d]1 except ?ree or f\r at ! top1 & ! foll[+ spr+1 if want$ = ?is purpose1 !y may be graft$ 9 ! same way z ! "y /ocks gr[+ 9 ! nurs]y1 !reby sav+ ?ree or f\r ye>s ( "t 9 secur+ be>+ trees4 ,hav+ (t5 employ$ su* wild+s = /ocks ) j z good results z ) ^? rais$ f ! nuts 9 nurs]y r[s1 ,i am incl9$ to recomm5d !m1 :]e obta9able1 kn[+ t !re are ?\s&s ( f>m]s & own]s ( small places 9 ! c\ntry :o c d likewise1 b may h nev] ?\ght x practicable to transplant nut trees f ! =e/1 al?\gh well aw>e ( ! fact t elms1 maples1 & simil> k9ds 7 obta9$ !re1 & 9 imm5se numb]s1 = plant+ 9 ! /reets ( villages & alongside c\ntry highways4 ,! ,season = ,graft+4--,! prop] "t = graft+ ! *e/nut is 9 e>ly spr+1 j z ! buds beg9 to swell1 b n until all dang] ( freez+ wea!r is pa/1 al?\gh light fro/s w n s]i\sly injure newly set cions4 ,! graft+ may be cont9u$ :ile ! leaves are unfold+1 provid$ ! cions 7 cut e>ly & /or$ 9 a cool place1 :]e !y rema9 9 a dormant /ate until us$4 ,i usually cut ! %oots want$ = ?is purpose dur+ ! late fall or w9t]1 & !n pack !m away 9 a cool cell> betwe5 lay]s ( damp moss 7sphagnum7 to be obta9$ 9 almo/ any swamp4 ,cions may be tak5 f ! tree on ! same day t !y are us$1 b !re is "s risk 9 ?is1 because we _c control ! wea!r1 & a week ( w>m ra9 9 spr+ may delay u 9 graft+1 :ile x is pu%+ our /ocks into leaf2 & !n1 our dormant cions are available1 :ile ^? on ! trees are n1 ow+ to _! exp&$ & t5d] buds4 ,! %oots us$ = cions are ^? ( ! previ\s season's gr[?1 or z usually t]m$1 "o-ye>-old wood2 & 9 select+ ^!1 endeavor to get su* z are plump1 well rip5$ & firm4 ,if tak5 f "y & v ?rifty *e/nut trees1 !re is likely to be a consid]able portion ( ! upp] end ( ! %oot t is r s(t1 spongy & immature1 & ?is %\ld be disc>d$1 z x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to use x4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am suppos+ t ! graft] is s =tunate z to be able to make 8 own selection ( ! wood desir$2 if n1 !n he may be compell$ to d ! be/ he c ) t obta9$ else:]e4 ,graft+ ,mat]ials4--,! really ess5tial mat]ials & implem5ts requir$ 9 graft+ nut trees are few 9 numb]4 ,graft+ wax mu/ be provid$1 & :ile !re are _m diff]5t compositions us$ = ?is purpose1 ,i mu* pref]1 = ord9>y "w 9 ! op5 air1 a wax made aft] ! old =mula1 & z foll[s3 ,take "o p\nd ( common ros91 "o-half p\nd ( beeswax1 & "o-qu>t] ( a p\nd ( beef tall[2 melt toge!r & /ir en\gh to insure ! ?or\gh int]m+l+ ( ! +r$i5ts1 & !n set away to cool1 or p\r into cold wat] & "w up into cakes or rolls & wrap 9 pap] until want$ = use4 ,l>g] quantities may be made if requir$1 pres]v+ ! same proportions ( ! mat]ials us$4 ,if to be us$ imm$iately 9 graft+ *e/nuts & simil> trees1 !n procure "s %eets ( t\gh ,manilla pap] ( only mod]ate ?ickness1 & cut ?is up into %eets ab\t six in*es wide & a foot long4 ,:ile ! fre%-made wax is melt$1 take an old & r /iff pa9t bru%1 dip x into ! hot wax & coat ! pap]s ?9ly ) x1 & !n spread !m out on %elves or else:]e to cool1 & let !m rema9 undi/urb$ until want$ = use4 ,any ?9 k9d ( clo? may be us$ in/ead ( pap]1 b ,i pref] ! latt] because x w yield to ! pressure ( ! enl>g+ /ock & cion :5 gr[? beg9s1 & x w n be necess>y to exam9e ! graft$ /ock s frequ5tly dur+ ! summ] to prev5t girdl+1 z is usually ! case :5 a t\gh] mat]ial is employ$ = wrapp]s4 ,be=e ^! wax$ %eets are tak5 into ! field = use1 lay ea* "o sep>ately on a piece ( bo>d ) ! wax$ side up1 & ) ! po9t ( a %>p knife cut !m crossways into n>r[ /rips ( f "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide4 ,b = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+1 ins]t ! po9t ( ! knife a half-in* f "o edge1 b cut ! o!r clean ?r\gh1 s t ! :ole %eet ( /rips c be lift$ toge!r4 ,9 e>ly spr+ !re is usually m or less w9dy wea!r1 & if wax$ %eets ( pap] are tak5 out into ! field unprotect$ !y are v likely to become tangl$ up & useless4 ,to prev5t ?is1 procure a numb] ( l>ge b v %all[ pap] boxes1 su* z c usually be _h at ! /ores & groc]ies ( almo/ any village1 & 9 ^! place a s+le lay] ( ! cut wax$ %eets1 :]e !y w be protect$ f w9d & du/ until remov$ = imm$iate use4 ,o!r k9ds ( graft+ wax c1 ( c\rse1 be us$1 & are usually procurable at ! se$ /ores or made at home1 & ,i h giv5 _! composition & ! =mulas = _! manufacture 9 my "w1 ,! ,propagation ( ,plants2 b1 z ,i h already said1 ?is old /&>d k9d ( wax is j z good z any o!r1 al?\gh a little m tr\blesome to use on acc\nt ( its /icky consi/5cy4 ,raffia or bass may be employ$ z ligatures = hold+ ! cions 9 place1 !n cov]$ ) ,leport's or o!r k9ds ( liquid graft+ wax2 b :5 ^! are employ$ x w be necess>y to exam9e ! graft$ trees frequ5tly1 9 ord] to cut ! ligatures to prev5t girdl+4 ,! be/ implem5t = graft+ is a common broad-blade pocket knife4 ,"o ) a blade ?ree to ?ree & a half in*es long & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide1 is a h&y size4 ,x %\ld be ( ! be/ mat]ial = graft+ *e/nuts1 because ! wood ( ?is tree is co>se-gra9$1 & s fill$ ) silice\s matt] t x soon dulls ! ke5e/ blade1 & ! graft] w1 ( necessity1 h to use 8 :et/one frequ5tly4 ,9 gr9d+ ! knife-blade h ! sides a true level1 f ! back to ! edge1 especially ! und]side :5 to be held 9 ! "r h& ) ! edge t[>ds ! body4 ,! importance ( hav+ a blade ( ?is =m w soon become app>5t :5 ! graft] attempts to make a true slop+ cut on ei!r /ock or cion1 & x w\ld be well = ! novice to practice = an h\r or two 9 splic+ "s wor?less twigs be=e comm5c+ ^u m valuable mat]ial1 = ev5 an exp]t workman is v likely to make "s awkw>d dissections & jo9ts :5 out ( practice4 ,! pr(essional propagator ( plants may ?9k su* details are unimportant1 b ,i wi% to impress ^u ! amateur t 9 graft+ nut trees we are deal+ ) k9ds t w n respond satisfactorily to su* free manipulations z ! apple & pe>2 consequ5tly1 bett] & m c>eful h&l+ is requir$ to insure success4 ,:5 ready to beg9 op]ations 9 ! field1 take out a quantity ( ! %oots to be us$ = cions1 & keep !m wrapp$ 9 damp clo? or pack$ 9 a box1 basket or o!r receptacle ) wet moss1 to prev5t dry+4 ,if any consid]able numb] ( /ocks are to be graft$1 !n an assi/ant or two w be requir$1 = ! graft] _c be alt]nately h&l+ ! knife & cions & wax1 & d good "w1 b if he only ins]ts ! cions & 8 assi/ant applies ! wax$ ligatures1 ! op]ation w proce$ m rapidly & satisfactorily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,splice ,,graft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,splice ,,graft ,,ins]t$4 ,modes ( ,graft+4--,! only two modes ( graft+ t ,i %all recomm5d = ! *e/nut are ! splice or :ip graft1 & ! cleft or w$ge graft4 ,9 ! splice graft1 ! cion & /ock %\ld be ( ab\t ! same diamet]1 b if !re is any diff]5ce let x be 9 favor ( ! /ock1 & ?is ! l>ge/4 ,9 ?is mode ( graft+1 ! /ock is cut (f ) an upw>d slope1 expos+ two or ?ree in*es ( wood2 & ab\t midway on ?is slope a small cleft or incision is made1 =m+ :at is call$ a tongue4 ,! cion is !n cut 9 ! same way f ! upp] end d[nw>d1 ) a correspond+ incision1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,!n ! two are neatly fitt$ toge!r1 ! tongue on "o ent]+ ! cleft on ! o!r1 mak+ a close jo9t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! b>k ( ! cion & /ock %\ld be exactly ev5 on "o side at lea/2 & if !y are ( ! same size1 s mu* ! bett]1 = !n !y w be ev5 on bo? sides2 b we _c expect to secure su* p]fect jo9ts on e /ock1 or any consid]able numb]1 al?\gh we aim to d s z frequ5tly z possible4 ,:5 ! cion is fitt$1 ! wax$ pap] is appli$ by plac+ "o end ( ! /rip at or ne> ! base ( ! splice1 !n w9d x spirally & firmly upw>d until ! entire w\nd is cov]$4 ,if "o ( ! wax$ /rips is n en\gh use ano!r1 = x w d no h>m if !y are d\ble on a "p or all ov] ! jo9t4 ,! cion %\ld n be mu* ov] f\r in*es long1 & a less l5g? is pref]able1 b n s conv5i5t = h&l+4 ,"o good prom95t bud on ea* cion is suffici5t1 & ?is left ne> ! upp] end1 b on %ort-jo9t$ wood we may use cions ) two or m buds )\t greatly increas+ _! l5g?4 ,aft] ! cion is 9 place & e "p ( ! splice is c>efully seal$ ) ! wax$ pap]1 place a small piece or a little wax on ! upp] end ( ! cion1 j en\gh to cov] ! expos$ w\nd & prev5t evaporation ( ! natural moi/ure or sap 9 ! wood4 ,i h f\nd1 9 practice1 t ?is seal+ ! end ( ! cion is "t well sp5t2 9 fact1 to leave any ( ! wood cells expos$ to ! air endang]s ! success ( ! op]ation4 ,"y %oots f a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet] up to five-eigh?s may be us$ = cions1 9 splice graft+2 & ) a little c>e 9 ! selection ( /ocks1 or by cutt+ !m (f a few in*es high] or l[]1 we may readily manage to h !m ne>ly ( ! same diamet] to mat* our cions1 :e!r !y are l>ge or small1 & su* unions w soon heal ov]1 leav+ no sc> at ! po9t :]e ! two h be5 jo9$4 ,if ! new gr[? or %oot to be employ$ z a cion is sl5d] & feeble1 !n ! base ( ! cion may be ( two-ye>-old wood1 leav+ j a bud or two on ! upp] end ( ! "o-ye> %oot4 ,b x w seldom be necess>y to employ su* cions 9 graft+ ! *e/nut1 al?\gh x may occur :5 seek+ to secure wood = propagation1 f v old trees :i* h made only a feeble annual gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,/ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,cion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,cleft ,graft+4--,?is me?od is employ$ pr9cipally ^u /ocks or bran*es ( trees too l>ge = splic+4 ,! /ock is fir/ cut (f at ! po9t :]e x is desirable to ins]t ! cion2 !n split ) a knife1 be+ c>eful to divide x1 s t ! edges w be kept smoo?1 & n r\gh & ragg$ 7,fig4 #ae74 ,:5 ! knife blade is )drawn1 ! cleft may be kept op5 ) a h>d wood w$ge1 if ! /ock is too l>ge to admit ( op5+ x ) ! po9t ( ! knife :5 ready to ins]t ! cion4 ,! cion may be ?ree or f\r in*es long1 conta9+ two or m buds2 ! l[] end is cut w$ge-%ape1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 & slightly ! ?icke/ on ! side to be set aga9/ ! b>k ( ! /ock4 ,9 /ocks ( an in* or m 9 diamet]1 two cions1 "o on ea* side1 may be ins]t$ 7,fig4 #ag71 & if bo? gr[ "o %\ld be cut away1 else ! tree1 9 lat] ye>s1 w be v likely to divide or break ap>t at ?is po9t4 ,9 /ocks ( an in* or less 9 diamet]1 "o cion is suffici5t1 ! top ( ! /ock to be cut (f ) an upw>d slope1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,aft] ! cions are ins]t$1 ! entire expos$ surface ( ! wood mu/ be cov]$ ) graft+ wax or wax$ pap]1 & usually bo? may be employ$ ) b5efit4 ,all ! v>i\s =ms ( graft+ 9 ! op5 air1 z describ$ 9 my "w on ! ,propagation ( ,plants1 may be employ$ on ! *e/nut1 b ! two "h giv5 w probably answ] j z well z o!rs = ^? :o may h occasion to propagate ?is tree4 ,success 9 ,graft+4--,! "q has be5 ask$ _m times1 & w1 no d\bt1 be frequ5tly repeat$1 ,:at p]c5tage ( cions %\ld "o accu/om$ to graft+ make gr[8 ,z !re are no /ati/ics ^u :i* to base an answ] to ! "q1 ,i c only give my own p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & ?is leads me to say t sev5ty-five p] c5t may be consid]$ an excell5t1 if n a high av]age4 ,9 "s seasons ?is has be5 exce$$ by at lea/ t5 p] c5t1 :ile 9 o!rs x has fall5 z mu* or m bel[1 ) no app>5t reason = ! diff]5ce4 ,n9ety-five p] c5t ( ! cions may pu% _! buds1 or ev5 make a gr[? ( sev]al in*es1 !n beg9 to die (f2 consequ5tly1 ! "t to c\nt y\r successfully graft$ trees is 9 ! autumn1 & n 9 spr+ or midsumm]1 z x is to be fe>$ "s are 9 ! habit ( do+ :5 mak+ a report ^u :at !y call success 9 graft+ nut trees4 ,gr[? ( ,cions4--,cions set 9 /rong /ocks usually make a v rapid & vigor\s gr[?1 & if left un*eck$1 !re is dang] ( loss by be+ brok5 or bl[n (f by /rong w9ds dur+ ! summ] & autumn4 ,to prev5t ?is z mu* z possible1 x has be5 my practice to p9* (f ! ends ( ! "y %oots :5 !y are ab\t two feet long4 ,lat]al %oots w !n pu% out freely1 & 9 "s seasons x may be necess>y to *eck _! gr[? 9 ! same way lat]4 ,on feeble /ocks1 or ^? q small1 & ) ! less vigor\s gr[+ v>ieties1 no summ] p9*+ or prun+ w be requir$4 ,my exp]im5tal gr\nds are well protect$ ^u ! nor? & we/1 n only by ris+ gr\nd1 b by ,norway spruce & ,am]ican arbor vitae h$ges twice z high z ! graft$ *e/nut trees 9 ! nurs]y r[s1 & yet almo/ e season "s ( ! /rong]-gr[+ grafts are bl[n out or brok5 (f by ! w9d4 ,aft] ! fir/ season !re is little dang] ( injury1 probably because ! union betwe5 cion & /ock has become /rong]4 ,graft+ ,*e/nut ,spr\ts4--,9 graft+ ! vigor\s spr\ts t always spr+ up f ! /umps ( old trees t h be5 rec5tly cut d[n1 we may reasonably expect a prodigi\s gr[? ( ! cion ! fir/ season1 z well z 9 succe$+ ones1 & if all goes well ) !m we w secure l>ge be>+ trees 9 a v few ye>s1 b su* /ocks are only available :]e old trees are sacrific$ = _! timb] or o!r purposes4 ,hav+ a few su* spr\ts on my place1 !y h be5 utiliz$ f "t to "t 9 te/+ "s ( ! new] v>ieties4 ,9 "o in/ance ,i all[$ ! cion1 set on a spr\t ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 six feet f ! base1 to gr[ un*eck$ ?r\gh\t ! season1 z x 0 9 a protect$ position1 & 9 ! fall ! entire l5g? ( ! ma9 /em & lat]al bran*es 0 sixty-five feet1 & all f "o bud on a cion set e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,! ?ird ye> ?is tree bore ab\t a peck ( v l>ge nuts1 to :i* ,i %all h occasion to ref] aga9 "u ,injuri\s ,insects4 ,graft+ ,l>ge ,trees4--,graft+ l>ge *e/nut trees ) /ems ( six in*es or m 9 diamet]1 & ) l>ge spread+ heads1 is possible1 b f> f be+ economical or practicable1 especially if ! trees /& out :]e !y w get ! full sweep ( prevail+ w9ds4 ,by cutt+ (f & graft+ a few ( ! bran*es at a "t = sev]al seasons 9 succession1 "o may1 9 a few ye>s1 succe$ 9 gett+ ! entire head graft$1 b !re is con/ant dang] ( "s ( ! cions be+ brok5 out if !y make a vigor\s gr[?1 leav+ a di/ort$ & ill-%ap5 tree4 ,hav+ exp]im5t$ some:at 9 ?is l9e ) v>iable success1 ,i am n incl9$ to recomm5d x1 because t5 trees c be rais$ to a be>+ age on mod]ate-siz$ /ocks ) less labor1 & ! results w be m satisfactory4 ,budd+ ,*e/nuts4--,i h frequ5tly tri$ budd+ *e/nut /ocks z describ$ = ! almond1 & ext5sively employ$ ) o!r k9ds ( fruit trees4 ,b ! results ( my exp]im5ts h be5 unsatisfactory1 al?\gh buds 7 set f v e>ly 9 summ] until late 9 ! fall1 also on "y & old wood2 b s few h tak5 & rema9$ alive ov] w9t] t my p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ?is mode ( propagation w n ju/ify its recomm5dation to o!rs4 ,p]haps !re is "s secret connect$ ) ! op]ation t ,i h n yet discov]$1 b :i* is kn[n to o!r propagators4 ,( c\rse1 budd+ ) semi-dormant wood & buds 9 spr+1 z soon z ! b>k w peel f ! wood1 is practicable1 b !re is really no?+ to be ga9$ by ?is mode ( propagation ov] t ( graft+4 ,transplant+ & ,prun+4--,!re is no tree t w be> or )/& m sev]e prun+ ?an ! *e/nut4 ,if trees ( "o or five hundr$ ye>s ( age are cut d[n1 ! /umps are sure to ?r[ up an imm5se numb] ( spr\ts f adv5titi\s buds1 z ^! are readily produc$ at almo/ any po9t on ! sapwood or alburnum "u ! b>k2 & yet1 ) ?is inh]5t vitality & faculty ( recup]ation1 ! *e/nut tree does n naturally1 l _m o!r decidu\s k9ds1 ?r[ up suck]s f ! roots4 ,keep+ ?is peculi>ity 9 m9d1 ! cultivator has only to use 8 prun+ knife freely ^u ! trees to secure almo/ any =m desir$4 ,b aft] ! trees h become well e/abli%$1 v little prun+ w be requir$1 except to occasionally ?9 out or remove a rambl+ bran*1 to secure a well-balanc$ & %apely head to ! tree4 ,9 transplant+ f ! nurs]y r[s1 aft] graft+1 & especially if ! trees are ( "s consid]able size & l>ge en\gh to set :]e !y are to rema9 p]man5tly1 !re is sure to be a loss ( roots1 & ^? t are pres]v$ are likely to rema9 = a %ort "t inactive & incapable ( absorb+ nutri5ts f ! soil to :i* !y are transf]r$1 or until new rootlets are produc$4 ,"u ^! conditions we aim to favor ! roots by remov+ or cutt+ back ! great] "p ( ! bran*es4 ,no matt] h[ c>efully su* trees are lift$ & _! roots protect$ dur+ ! op]ation ( transplant+1 x w *eck ! gr[?1 & ! be/ & mo/ practical re/orative is sev]e prun+ ( ! top1 & e "y %oot ( ! previ\s season's gr[? %\ld be cut back to )9 ?ree or f\r in*es ( its base4 ,i am presum+ t ! trees h be5 graft$ only "o ye>1 b if old]1 & ! cions 7 set high en\gh to beg9 ! =mation ( ! head ( ! tree1 !n ! entire "y gr[? may be cut away & "s ( ! old] wood1 b ( c\rse n bel[ ! graft4 ,all brok5 roots mu/ be cut (f2 & ! ends ( ! l>g] ones1 r\ghly sev]$ ) ! spade or o!r implem5ts employ$ 9 digg+1 %\ld h _! w\nds smoo!d ) a %>p knife4 ,frequ5t transplant+ & root-prun+ "y nurs]y /ock t5ds to keep up a prop] root sy/em1 & an abundance ( small fibr\s roots ne> ! ma9 /em1 & trees s treat$ are wor? mu* m1 if to be transplant$ lat]1 ?an ^? left undi/urb$2 b :ile ! latt] may be twice ! size ( ! =m] :5 ( ! same age1 !y are n wor? half z mu* to ! pur*as]1 or = transplant+ 9 our own gr\nds4 ,/ak+ ,transplant$ ,trees4--,?is is always necess>y = rec5tly plant$ trees1 if !y are ( any consid]able size1 or f six feet high & upw>ds4 ,if n support$ by /akes !y are sure to be sway$ ab\t1 if n ?r[n ov]1 by /rong w9ds 9 summ]4 ,a /rong /ake1 two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 w\ld bett] be set at ! "t ( plant+ ! tree1 !reby avoid+ break+ (f or cru%+ ! roots1 z frequ5tly happ5s :5 /akes are driv5 d[n among !m lat] 9 ! season4 ,set ! /akes or drive into ! subsoil six in*es f ! /em1 !n use /rips ( clo?1 sacks1 c>pet1 or "s simil> mat]ial1 = ty+1 because h>d cord or tw9e w be v likely to cut ?r\gh ! t5d] b>k f ! con/ant sway+ ab\t ( ! /ems4 ,w9d ! /rips ar\nd ! /em1 & !n cross betwe5 x & ! /ake once or twice1 to prev5t ! tree f press+ aga9/ or com+ 9 contact ) ! /ake4 ,r5ew ! /akes & ty+ mat]ials1 if necess>y1 until ! trees become firmly e/abli%$1 & provid$ ) lat]al roots l>ge en\gh to keep !m 9 an upright position4 ,mul*+4--,plac+ a few =kfuls ( co>se /able manure1 half-rott$ /raw1 leaves1 or any simil> mat]ial1 on ! surface ab\t ! /ems ( rec5tly plant$ trees1 w prove v b5eficial1 9 n only keep+ d[n ! we$s1 b aid+ greatly 9 reta9+ moi/ure 9 ! soil ab\t ! roots4 ,! application ( "s su* mat]ial z a mul* is all ! m important ) ! *e/nut1 because ^! trees are always to be plant$ 9 a naturally dry & well dra9$ soil4 ,di/ance ,betwe5 ,trees4--,h[ f> ap>t *e/nut trees %\ld be plant$ w dep5d v mu* ^u ! species & v>ieties1 "s gr[+ to imm5se trees1 :ile o!rs are only fair-siz$ %rubs at maturity4 ,b = ! l>g]-gr[+ v>ieties1 =ty to fifty feet betwe5 ! trees is none too mu* space1 :5 plant$ = _! nuts & n = timb]4 ,if set 9 a s+le r[ along ! public highways1 f>m lanes or ar\nd ! outbuild+s1 to s]ve z %ade or ornam5t1 & = _! nuts1 !n ab\t =ty feet w answ] v well = ! l>g]-gr[+ species2 & ,i w add t1 9 my op9ion1 all ! l>g] k9ds ( nut trees w give bett] returns if plac$ 9 su* positions1 ?an :5 set 9 or*>ds or 9 compact masses4 ,:5 set 9 s+le r[s or widely scatt]$1 !y are less liable to be attack$ by insects & diseases1 :ile !y w /ill s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( be+ bo? ornam5tal & useful4 ,i mu/ admit1 h[ev]1 t 9 my exp]im5tal gr\nds ! trees are plant$ only tw5ty feet ap>t1 b ) ! expectation ( soon cutt+ out e alt]nate specim54 ,soil & ,climate4--,! *e/nut ?rives be/ 9 light1 well-dra9$ soils1 & ^? conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( s& or decompos$ qu>tz1 slate1 or volcanic scoria2 b x is r>ely f\nd1 nor does x succe$1 9 heavy clays1 lime/one soils1 or on ! ri* we/]n prairies1 :]e we might ?9k x w\ld gr[ mo/ luxuriantly4 ,t lime/one soils are inimical to ! *e/nut has (t5 be5 disput$1 b my own obs]vations1 :i* h be5 some:at ext5sive 9 ye>s & range ( c\ntry1 r confirm ! impression t ?is tree avoids l& conta9+ any consid]able p]c5tage ( lime4 ,x is true t *e/nut groves1 & sometimes ext5sive =e/s1 are f\nd on hills & ridges ov]ly+ lime/one1 b a c>eful exam9ation ( ! soil among ! trees w %[ t x is a drift deposit conta9+ little or no lime4 ,su* groves c be f\nd 9 all ! s\!rn ti] ( c\nties ( ,new ,york1 also among ! hills ( nor!rn & we/]n p>ts ( ,new ,j]sey1 & !nce we/ & s\? along ! ,blue ,ridge & ,alleghany m\nta9s to ! ,c>ol9as1 & we/w>d 9 ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky4 ,! *e/nut is sometimes f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey & o!r nor!rn ,atlantic ,/ates gr[+ 9 consid]able abundance ne> /reams only a few feet above sea level1 b :5 f\nd 9 su* situations ! subsoil is inv>iably s&1 gravel or por\s %ale4 ,! range ( climate 9 :i* ! native sweet *e/nut ?rives is q ext5sive1 z x is f\nd sp>+ly 9 ,ma9e 9 latitude #dd deg41 ext5d+ we/w>d1--b n v abundant on ?is l9e1--?r\gh ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york1 cross+ ! ,niag>a riv]1 skirt+ ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,erie 9 ,canada1 & !nce into s\!rn ,mi*igan1 b does n rea* ,ill9ois4 ,f ?is l9e s\?w>d x increases 9 abundance 9 ,virg9ia1 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ea/]n ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky4 ,b 9 foll[+ ?is tree s\?w>d we meet ano!r indig5\s species1 widely kn[n z ! *9quap9 7,ca/anea pumila74 ,?is species is indig5\s to s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 & sp>+ly 9 p>ts ( ,p5nsylvania1 becom+ m pl5tiful z we proce$ s\?w>d1 ! two species nam$ ov]lapp+ & 9 "p occupy+ ! same region2 b ! *9quap9 ext5ds fur!r s\?1 & also to ! we/w>d1 ne> its nor!rn limits cross+ ! ,mississippi into s\!rn ,miss\ri1 !n ext5ds s\? aga91 becom+ q abundant 9 ,arkansas4 ,! ,european *e/nut1 9 its _m v>ieties1 ext5ds ov] ab\t ! same numb] ( degrees ( latitude 9 ,europe z our species d "h1 al?\gh rea*+ a high] latitude 9 c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,atlantic1 z %[n 9 ! old *e/nut trees ( ,engl&4 ,! ,ori5tal *e/nut has also a v wide range1 b ! limits are n s well kn[n z ^? ( ! ,european & ,am]ican species2 b a /udy ( its geographical di/ribution is ( consid]able importance1 n[ t we are import+ ^! nuts = cultivation4 ,! same is also true ( ! ,european v>ieties1 & ! cultivator :o neglects to take ?is matt] into consid]ation w fail to secure :atev] advantages may h accru$ f acclimation1 an ag5cy :i*1 und\bt$ly1 has be5 active & cont9u\s 9 modify+ & *ang+ ! prim>y *>act]i/ics ( ^! plants dur+ unkn[n ages4 ,to m fully impress ^u ! read] ! importance ( c>e 9 ! selection ( mat]ials to be employ$ 9 any pursuit ) :i* he is n p]fectly famili>1 ,i am prompt$ to relate ! /ory ( my fir/ p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 *e/nut culture1 z x may s]ve z a w>n+ to o!rs :o may attempt to raise ^! nuts 9 a cold climate4 ,at ! "t ( pur*as+ ! f>m :i* has be5 my home = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s1 nut trees ( v>i\s k9ds 7 on my li/ ( ?+s want$1 & ! *e/nut occupi$ a lead+ position1 probably because !re 7 already _m old & l>ge native trees on ! place4 ,my fir/ plant+ consi/$ ( a numb] ( import$ se$l+s1 obta9$ f a well-kn[n ,fr5* nurs]y4 ,! trees 7 ?ree or f\r ye>s old1 v /ocky & vigor\s1 & !y made a good gr[? ! fir/ season2 b ! foll[+ w9t] ! "y %oots 7 all froz5 d[n to old wood1 ) ! exception ( "o tree1 & ?9k+ t ?is might prove h>dy1 cions 7 tak5 f x & set 9 ?rifty spr\ts gr[+ 9 a grove ne> by4 ,! cions made rapid gr[?1 & f "o ( ^! ,i soon _h a l>ge tree1 :i* rema9$ 9 good heal? = tw5ty ye>s1 b dur+ all t "t x produc$ b "o bur1 conta9+ two half-develop$ nuts4 ,:y x 0 unfruitful ,i d n pret5d to "k1 b x 0 c]ta9ly n = want ( company1 = x _h l>ge native *e/nut trees all ab\t x1 & ^! be>+ heavy crops4 ,! se$l+ trees plant$ 9 ! or*>d also fail$ to be fruitful1 & 7 f9ally dug up & burn$4 ,?us end$ my fir/ exp]im5t 9 ! cultivation ( ! ,european *e/nut4 ,_h my location be5 f>!r s\? & 9 a mild] climate1 ! exp]im5t might h end$ diff]5tly1 b ,i am relat+ exp]i5ce1 & n attempt+ to guess :at might h be5 ! results "u m favorable conditions4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ,i _h se5 a few trees ( ! ,japan *e/nut be>+ on ,long ,isl&1 & _h receiv$ specim5s ( ! ,numbo & ,p>agon1 two n[ well-kn[n & sup]ior v>ieties ( ! ,european species1 al?\gh rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! v>ieties 7 secur$1 & succe$$ s well t ,i h cont9u$ to add o!rs f "t to "t1 or z soon z trees or cions 7 obta9able4 ,! success :i* appe>s to h att5d$ ! propagation & dissem9ation ( ^! two v>ieties ( ,european p>5tage has awak5$ consid]able int]e/ 9 *e/nut culture1 besides attract+ ! att5tion ( ^? int]e/$ 9 su* matt]s to ! fact t !re are _m old trees ( ! same or simil> orig9 scatt]$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 await+ ! com+ nut culturi/ to propagate !m & make kn[n _! m]its4 ,x may be well1 be=e leav+ ?is subject1 to rem9d ! novice 9 *e/nut culture t se$l+s ( ^! h>dy & productive desc5dants ( ! ,european species w n come true f ! nut or se$1 & :ile x w be admitt$ t ! *ances are some:at bett] = procur+ a h>dy v>iety f su* nuts ?an f ^? import$1 /ill1 !re is no c]ta9ty ( any consid]able numb] be+ equal 9 h>d9ess or o!r respects to ! p>5t tree4 ,!re is an inh]5t t5d5cy1 9 tree se$l+s ( all k9ds1 to rev]t to ! wild =m or type1 & ! *e/nut is no exception to ?is rule4 ,species ( ,*e/nut4--,:at is call$ a species1 among plants1 is a p>ticul> =m or type suppos$ to h desc5d$ f "o orig9al /ock1 :e!r ?is 0 compos$ ( "o or m individuals4 ,b v>iations d\btless occurr$ at ! fir/ inception or multiplication ( ! orig9al1 b s long z ! (fspr+s d n diff] s widely z to be untraceable to ! proemial types1 !y are held to be v>ieties ( "o species4 ,:e!r all ! *e/nuts f\nd 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ! _w are desc5dants ( "o orig9al tree or gr\p ( trees is n[ beyond our ability to det]m9e2 consequ5tly1 :at are n[ t]m$ species re/s v mu* ^u ! op9ions ( botani/s1 z may readily be demon/rat$ by consult+ ! works ( hundr$s ( au?ors :o h essay$ to describe & classify ! plants ( any locality or c\ntry1 & ?is1 too1 )\t rea*+ an absolute f9ality acceptable to _! contempor>ies1 or at all likely to %>e a bett] fate ) po/]ity4 ,= _m ye>s aft] botany began to be recogniz$ z a sci5ce1 ! common ,am]ican sweet *e/nut 0 consid]$ a di/9ct species1 b 9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 relegat$ to ! position ( a widely di/ribut$ v>iety ( ! ,european *e/nut1 & x is s describ$ & classifi$ 9 mo/ ( ! botanical works ( ! pres5t "t1 & "u su* names z ,ca/anea vesca1 v>iety ,am]icana2 ,ca/anea sativa1 v>iety ,am]icana2 ,ca/anea vulg>is1 v>iety ,am]icana1 etc4 ,! ,asiatic species or v>ieties--"u :i*ev] cognom5 we may f9d !m describ$ 9 botanical works--h f>$ little bett] ?an our ,am]ican k9ds1 = "s botani/s h describ$ ! ,japan *e/nut z a di/9ct species1 :ile o!rs only z a widely div]g5t v>iety ( ! common ,european *e/nut4 ,i regret t !re %\ld be any ne$ ( giv+ s mu* space to ?is matt] ( species & v>ieties1 yet presum+ t f> ! l>g] numb] ( my read]s w n be pr(essional botani/s1 nor p]sons ) a botanical libr>y at h& to consult = unfamili> t]ms1 ,i h ?\ght ?is explanation 9 reg>d to classification might assi/ !m 9 mak+ cle> ! app>5t confusion ( names :i*1 9 ! ma91 are only synonyms4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i purpose reta9+ "s ( ! old] specific names ( ! di/9ct gr\ps ( v>ieties1 :e!r x be /rictly 9 accord ) ! ideas ( em95t au?orities or o!rwise1 because x w be m conv5i5t to d s1 & c]ta9 phases w ?us be made cle>] to ! practical cultivators ( nut trees1 = :om ?is "w is writt54 ,my wi% is to assi/ ^? :o d n "k1 b want to le>n h[ to obta91 plant & make nut trees gr[ & be> remun]ative crops4 ,,ca/anea ,,am]icana 7,am]ican sweet *e/nut74--,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 s]rate1 ) r co>se tee?1 ea* t]m9at$ ) a feeble prickle or sp9e2 smoo? on bo? sides 7,fig4 #ai74 ,burs ?ickly cov]$ ) %>p1 bran*+ sp9es a half in* long or less1 f a fle%y gre5 envelope1 becom+ h>d & some:at woody2 op5+ by f\r valves or divisions :5 mature4 ,usually ?ree nuts 9 ea* bur1 ! c5t] "o flatt5$ by compression1 ! two out] ones plano-convex4 ,%ell t\gh & lea!ry1 d>k br[n1 smoo?1 or m or less inv]t$1 ) a silv]y pubesc5ce f ! po9t d[nw>d2 v>iable 9 size f five-eigh?s to an in* 9 diamet]4 ,k]nel sweet & f9e-gra9$4 ,a v l>ge & common tree 9 ! ,middle & ,nor!rn ,/ates1 liv+ to a great age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,am]ican ,,*e/nut ,,leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,spike ,,( ,,burs ,,( ,,bu% ,,*9quap94 ,c4 nana4 ,,ca/anea ,,nana 7bu% *9quap974--,leaves oval-lanceolate1 s]rate1 ) feeble prickles on tee? & (t5 want+2 pale gre5 above & :ite tom5tose und]nea?4 ,burs 9 racemes1 small2 husk ?91 op5+ by two divisions or lobes1 in/ead ( f\r1 z 9 ! la/ species2 sp9es %ort1 some:at scatt]+1 sessile or v %ort-/alk$2 nuts small1 po9t$1 br[n1 smoo?1 ?9-%ell$1 solit>y or only "o 9 a bur4 ,k]nel f9e-gra9$1 sweet & delici\s4 ,common f ,nor? ,c>ol9a s\?w>d to ,florida1 9 dry soils & b>r5s4 ,a m$ium-siz$ %rub or l[-spread+ bu%1 r>ely rea*+ a hight ( t5 feet1 ! sl5d] twigs usually tom5tose4 ,a spike ( burs & leaves ( ?is species are se5 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,spike ,,( ,,*9quap9 ,,*e/nut ,,bur4 ,c4 pumila4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,s+le ,,bur1 ,,nut ,,& ,,leaf ,,( ,,*9quap9 ,,*e/nut4 ,c4 pumila4 ,,ca/anea ,,pumila 7*9quap9 *e/nut74--,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 %ort or acutely po9t$1 co>sely s]rate1 ) incurv$ po9t$ tee?1 gre5 above1 tom5tose und]nea?4 ,burs 9 racemes 7,fig4 #ba71 two-valv$4 ,sometimes ! burs are s+le1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,sp9es bran*+ f a %ort /alk2 nuts solit>y1 ovoid1 po9t$1 ) d>k-br[n poli%$ %ell4 ,k]nel f9e-gra9$1 sweet & excell5t4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree tw5ty to =ty feet high2 9 ri* soils f ,new ,j]sey1 ,s\!rn ,p5nsylvania & s\?w>d1 to ,georgia1 & sp>+ly we/w>d to ,arkansas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,japan ,,*e/nut ,,leaf4 ,,ca/anea ,,sativa ,,or ,,vesca 7,european *e/nut74--,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 po9t$1 co>sely s]rate1 ) r long incurv$ sp9es on ! tee?2 smoo? on bo? sides1 b glossy & d>k gre5 above2 ?ick] & ( m sub/ance ?an 9 any o!r species4 ,burs v l>ge1 ) ?ick husk1 & long1 /\t1 bran*+ sp9es1 f a woody /em at ! base2 %ell ( nut ?ick1 t\gh & lea!ry1 ( a d>k mahogany br[n2 k]nel enclos$ 9 a r t\gh b ?9 sk9 t is usually int5sely bitt]1 a *>act]i/ic t readily di/+ui%es ?is f any ( our species4 ,trees ( l>ge size1 r /ocky2 "y %oots co>se1 ) smoo? b>k2 buds prom95t1 glossy1 & ( a light yell[i%-br[n color4 ,,ca/anea ,,japonica 7,japan *e/nut74--,leaves lanceolate-oblong 7,fig4 #bc71 f9ely s]rate1 ind5tations %all[1 & ! tee? sl5d] po9t$2 pale gre5 above & silv]y or ru/y :ite und]nea?4 ,burs ) a v ?9 husk2 sp9es %ort1 widely bran*+ f a %ort /em4 ,nuts l>ge to v l>ge1 usually ?ree 9 a bur2 %ell ?91 & ( a light br[n color2 ! inn] sk9 ?91 fibr\s1 b n z bitt] z 9 ! ,european v>ieties1 & ! k]nel some:at f9] gra9$ & sweet]4 ,trees ( mod]ate gr[? & are said to r>ely exce$ fifty feet high 9 ,japan4 ,! gr[? is sl5d] 9 comp>ison ) ! ,european or ,am]ican *e/nut1 & ! habit is decid$ly bu%y1 ! new gr[? ( ! season usually produc+ a numb] ( lat]al twigs late 9 summ]4 ,! leaves "h seem to be m p]si/5t1 probably because ! season is n long en\gh to insure ?or\gh rip5+4 ,! read] w please be> 9 m9d t ?is description ( ! ,japan *e/nut is drawn f ! introduc$ v>ieties or ^? rais$ f ! import$ nuts1 & n f ! trees gr[+ 9 _! native habitats4 ,all ! v>ieties t ,i h se5 appe> to belong to "o type or species1 & !y come f ! w>m] p>ts ( t c\ntry2 b ,pr(4 ,s>g5t1 9 8 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,japan1 says t :ile ! l>ge/ nuts appe> 9 ! m>kets ( ,kobe & ,osaka1 f :5ce !y come to ?is c\ntry1 !re are v>ieties (f]$ = sale 9 ! m>kets ( ,aomori1 :i* is mu* fur!r nor?1 & ^!1 he ?9ks1 w\ld produce a m h>dy race ( v>ieties ?an ^? we h already receiv$ f t c\ntry4 ,z a race1 all ! ,japan *e/nuts are v precoci\s1 ! trees com+ into be>+ e>ly :e!r rais$ f ! nut or propagat$ by graft+4 ,native ,v>ieties4 7,gr\p ,"o74--,:ile x is well kn[n t our ,am]ican sweet *e/nut v>ies widely 9 ! size1 flavor1 =m1 color & g5]al appe>ance ( ! nuts1 no special ef=t has be5 made to select & p]petuate ! mo/ di/9ct & valuable v>ieties4 ,?is is to be regrett$1 inasmu* z ! opportunities = mak+ su* selections1 & pres]v+ & propagat+ ^? mo/ wor?y ( x1 are rapidly pass+ away ) ! de/ruction ( our *e/nut =e/s2 b !re is /ill "t to d some?+ 9 ?is direction1 & p]haps save a few v>ieties z valuable z ^? already de/roy$4 ,x is to be hop$ t e man :o kn[s ( a l>ge v>iety1 w ei!r propagate x himself1 or po9t x out to "s "o :o is suffici5tly int]e/$ to d s4 ,if prop] att5tion 0 giv5 to ! rais+ ( se$l+s1 we might soon secure _m improv$ native v>ieties1 & ,i w\ld urge ?is mode ( propagation ^u all ^: circum/ances & surr\nd+s w admit ( x1 & especially ^u ! "y m5 :o possess ! tal5t & incl9ation to make su* exp]im5ts2 = !re is a wide & f]tile field op5 to !m1 & !y c sc>cely fail to reap a ri* rew>d = _! labors1 if appli$ ) e>ne/ness & a mod]ate am\nt ( intellig5ce4 ,,burless ,,*e/nut4--,?is is a peculi> v>iety or freak1 9 :i* ! burs are m]ely %all[ cups ^u :i* ! nuts re/1 & at no /age ( _! gr[? are !y enclos$ 9 a husk or bur4 ,! nuts are small & usually p]fect1 b be+ unprotect$ !y are prey$ ^u by birds & squirrels z soon z ! k]nels are well =m$1 few escap+ to rea* maturity4 ,?is *e/nut is ( no economic value1 b is wor? pres]v+ z an illu/ration ( extremes 9 v>iation4 ,! orig9al tree 0 f\nd 9 ! =e/ ne> ,freehold1 ,gre5 ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 by ,mr4 ,h>ry ,bagley1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = cions s5t me 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhe4 ,ano!r & v simil> v>iety 0 f\nd ab\t ! same "t on ,/at5 ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y41 & ?is also has be5 propagat$1 to a limit$ ext5t1 z a curiosity4 ,,ha?away4--,a v l>ge & h&some native v>iety1 & "o ( ! v be/4 ,a /rong & vigor\s gr[]1 & productive4 ,rais$ by ,mr4 ,b4 ,ha?away1 ! vet]an & widely kn[n pomologi/ ( ,little ,prairie ,ronde1 ,mi*4 ,"s ?irty ye>s ago ,mr4 ,ha?away pur*as$ a half bu%el ( native *e/nuts ( a deal] 9 ,ohio1 & f ^! rais$ a l>ge numb] ( trees = sale2 b a few 7 res]v$ = plant+ out on 8 own gr\nds1 & :5 ^! came into be>+ ! "o nam$ "h 0 select$ = propagation1 because ( its l>ge size & productiv5ess4 ,,phillips4--,a l>ge & h&some v>iety ( excell5t flavor1 ) a v smoo?1 d>k-br[n %ell4 ,graft$ trees exce$+ly vigor\s1 upright gr[?1 z well z precoci\s & productive4 ,! orig9al tree is gr[+ 9 ! gr\nds ( ! late ,:itman ,phillips1 at ,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j4 ,sev]al ye>s ago my att5tion 0 call$ to a numb] ( l>ge v>ieties ( ! *e/nut gr[+ 9 & ne> ! village1 & f ^! ,i obta9$ cions = propagation2 b ,i "n only "o at ?is "t1 res]v+ ! o!rs until m fully te/$4 ,?is is r an insignificant numb] ( v>ieties to be nam$ among ! _m hundr$s t are to be f\nd 9 almo/ e t[n or neighborhood :]e ! *e/nut is a native1 & yet ,i h be5 able to f9d only "o nam$ 9 nurs]ym5's catalogues z be+ propagat$ by graft+4 ,x is true t ne>ly all deal]s 9 trees (f] se$l+ ,am]ican *e/nuts1 :i* may mean good1 bad or indiff]5t v>ieties :5 ! trees come into be>+4 ,among all ( ! _m ?\s&s t h be5 rais$ & plant$ 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 beyond ! natural range ( ! *e/nut1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,miss\ri1 ,kansas & ,i[a1 !re mu/ be "s di/9ct & valuable v>ieties wor?y ( names & propagation4 ,!re are n only di/9ct v>ieties to be f\nd 9 e =e/1 b 9 "s in/ances ! entire product ( an ext5d$ area ( c\ntry are di/9ct 9 _! color1 size1 & g5]al appe>ance ( ! nuts produc$2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! woolly *e/nuts ( ! ,pi$mont di/rict ( ,virg9ia1 ^! be+ s ne>ly cov]$ ) a :ite d[n t !y rem9d "o ( popcorn4 ,hundr$s ( bu%els ( ^! woolly *e/nuts come to our m>kets1 & among !m ,i h (t5 f\nd v l>ge specim5s1 b s f> z kn[n1 no ef=t has be5 made to p]petuate !m4 ,s f> z c n[ be det]m9$1 ! wild or orig9al ,european *e/nut 0 mu* inf]ior 9 its flavor1 & little1 if any1 l>g] ?an our ,am]ican sweet *e/nut2 b by cont9u$ selections ( ! l>ge/ = plant+1 & propagation by graft+1 x has atta9$ to its pres5t size & excell5ce2 b ?is sy/em ( improv+ our native v>ieties has sc>cely1 z yet1 be5 attempt$1 a fact :i* does n1 9 ! lea/1 r$\nd to our cr$it4 ,,bu% ,,*9quap9 7,c4 nana4 ,muhl5b]g74--,( ?is ,i d n "k ( any nam$ v>ieties 9 cultivation4 ,plants are occasionally se5 9 cultivat$ gr\nds1 & ,i h "o 9 my g>d5 gr[+ 9 a %elt]$ position1 :]e x has fruit$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,x is a pretty1 r\nd-head$1 silv]y-leav$ bu%1 ab\t six feet high2 ornam5tal1 if n specially valuable = o!r purposes1 al?\gh ! little sweet nuts are always acceptable4 ,z a rule1 ! se$l+s ( ?is species are n h>dy 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 b an occasional "o w survive if plant$ 9 a light1 por\s soil & a protect$ situation4 ,,common ,,*9quap9 7,c4 pumila4 ,mill]74--,?is is a small tree1 sometimes ?irty to =ty feet high2 f\nd sp>+ly z f> nor? z c5tral ,new ,j]sey1 & on ,long ,isl&4 ,x is m common 9 cultivation ?an ! bu% *9quap91 probably because m h>dy & bett] kn[n1 b ,i d n "k ( any improv$ v>ieties t h be5 dissem9at$ "u di/9ct names except ! "o h]e9aft] describ$4 ,among _m se$l+s rais$1 ( ?is species1 ,i h select$ "o :i* good judges ( su* ?+s h ?\ght wor?y ( propagation1 & z ,i d n raise plants = sale1 no "o w be likely to accuse me ( hav+ any selfi% motives1 fur!r ?an a p>donable pride 9 produc+ some?+ wor?y ( p]petuation4 ,fur!rmore1 z an e>ne/ ( my confid5ce 9 its m]its1 ,i h di/ribut$ x "u my own "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,burs ,,( ,,full]',s ,,*9quap94 ,,"o-,,half ,,natural ,,size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,full]',s ,,*9quap94 ,,five ,,ye>s ,,old ,,f ,,nut4 ,,full]',s ,,*9quap94--,leaves l>ge1 broadly oval1 po9t$1 co>sely s]rate1 pale gre5 above1 cle> silv]y :ite bel[4 ,b>k on ma9 /em2 bran*es & twigs smoo?1 light gray1 ) num]\s :ite dots4 ,! "y twigs ?ick & /ocky1 cyl9drical1 ) mod]ately prom95t1 grayi% buds4 ,burs 9 long racemes 7,fig4 #bd71 v l>ge = ?is species2 sp9es long1 /rong1 bran*+ & %>p4 ,nuts only "o 9 ea* bur1 r %ort1 broad1 top-%ap$1 ) blunt po9t2 %ell v smoo?1 glossy1 almo/ black2 k]nel f9e-gra9$ & sweet4 ,rip5s e>ly1 or ) ! e>lie/ ( ! native sweet *e/nuts4 ,! orig9al tree is only six ye>s old1 twice transplant$1 & is n[ t5 feet high1 ) a head fully z broad1 & z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,al?\gh gr[+ 9 a r expos$ position1 x has nev] be5 injur$ by l[ temp]ature 9 w9t] or a high "o 9 summ]4 ,x has ?us f> be5 ! mo/ rapid-gr[+ *e/nut tree 9 my gr\nds1 al?\gh giv5 no special c>e4 ,:e!r x w ev5tually become a l>ge tree1 or soon cease to ext5d1 is1 ( c\rse1 a "q to be answ]$ at "s future "t1 b f pres5t indications ?is tree w be well wor?y ( cultivation z an ornam5tal %ade tree1 ev5 if we leave out ( ! acc\nt its rapid gr[?1 productiv5ess1 & delici\s little nuts1 :i* w be v acceptable = home use1 if n possess+ any great comm]cial value4 ,european ,v>ieties4--,9 ! use ( ?is t]m ,i wi% x und]/ood t ! v>ieties nam$ & describ$ 9 ?is gr\p are all ( ,am]ican orig92 t is1 rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry f se$4 ,at ! same "t !y are desc5dants ( ! ,european species4 ,!y are1 9 o!r words1 ,survivals ( ! fitte/s1 ! few t h surviv$ ! _m be+ rais$ f import$ nuts 7p]haps "o out ( a ?\s&7 t te/s & "t h %[n 7 adapt$ to our climate4 ,!re may be _m o!r v>ieties scatt]$ ab\t ! c\ntry :i* are wor?y ( a "n & ( propagation1 b ,i c speak only ( ^? ,i h be5 able to procure1 or t h be5 br\ght to my notice4 ,9 describ+ ! foll[+ v>ieties1 & 9 seek+ to get at ! facts relat+ to _! orig91 "n & hi/ory1 ! read] w please be> 9 m9d t !re has be5 no previ\s attempt to arrange or classify ^! semi-,am]ican v>ieties4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is mu* confusion 9 reg>d to ! true names ( a numb] ( !m1 & ! mo/ ,i c say is t ,i h endeavor$1 "u ! circum/ances1 to get z ne> ! tru? z possible4 ,c\ld ,i def] writ+ ?is *apt] t5 ye>s1 "s moot po9ts might be cle>$ up1 b z ?is is out ( ! "q ,i mu/ foll[ ! light already 9 my possession4 ,to ,mr4 ,john ,r4 ,p>ry1 ( ,p>ry1 ,n4 ,j41 ,i am greatly indebt$1 n only = specim5s ( new & r>e v>ieties1 b also notes relat+ to ! hi/ory ( sev]al ( ! old] ones4 ,,com=t4--,burs v l>ge1 broad1 some:at flatt5$2 sp9es v /rong & long1 bran*+2 nuts v broad1 ) %ort po9t1 & %ell cov]$ f base to po9t ) scatt]+ silky hairs1 ?ick] at upp] end4 ,9 quality1 ab\t ! same z 9 ! ord9>y v>ieties ( ! species1 b to "s p]sons' ta/e x is bett]1 hav+ less a/r+5cy 9 ! sk9 surr\nd+ ! k]nel4 ,orig9 unc]ta91 b said to h be5 gr[n = _m ye>s at ,g]mant[n1 a suburb ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 :]e ! ,p>agon *e/nut 0 discov]$4 ,! ,com=t c]ta9ly closely resembles ! ,p>agon1 b ,i h n _h an opportunity ( fruit+ trees "u ! two names side by side1 z w\ld be necess>y to det]m9e _! id5tity or diff]5ce1 if !y are really di/9ct4 ,,coop]4--,a v l>ge v>iety2 has be5 9 cultivation = sev]al ye>s 9 ,camd5 ,co41 ,n4 ,j41 b up to ! pres5t "t ! trees h n be5 propagat$ = sale1 al?\gh ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,john ,r4 ,p>ry t !re are a l>ge numb] "u cultivation4 ,! tree is describ$ z ( a broad spread+ habit1 ) enorm\sly l>ge leaves1 & imm5sely productive4 ,nuts v l>ge1 smoo? & glossy1 ) little fuzz ne> ! top4 ,9 quality !y may be consid]$ excell5t = a v>iety ( ?is class4 ,! burs are v l>ge1 & ?is is its greate/ or only fault2 = :5 ne>ly mature !y absorb & reta9 su* a quantity ( wat] dur+ heavy ra9s1 9 addition to ! orig9al weight & ! enclos$ nuts1 t ! trees are liable to be brok5 d[n by /rong w9ds4 ,,corson4--,burs ( imm5se size2 sp9es an in* or m 9 l5g?1 f a /\t1 woody1 irregul>ly bran*+ /em1 re/+ on ! mod]ately ?9 husk4 ,nuts extra l>ge1 usually ?ree 9 a bur2 %ell d>k br[n1 some:at ridg$2 ! upp] end or po9t ( ! %ell d5sely cov]$ ) a :ite1 almo/ woolly1 pubesc5ce1 or fuzz z x is usually t]m$4 ,?is is a rem>kably l>ge & f9e v>iety & ( good quality4 ,orig9at$ ) ,mr4 ,walt] ,h4 ,corson1 ,plym\? ,meet+1 ,montgom]y ,co41 ,pa4 ,,dag]4--,a l>ge v>iety orig9at$ ne> ,wyom+1 ,delaw>e1 f se$ ( ! ,ridgely4 ,my specim5 trees are good vigor\s gr[]s1 & h>dy1 b h n1 z yet1 produc$ fruit4 ,x is said t ! nuts are ( fair quality1 b n z good z ! be/ ( its class4 ,,moncur4--,ano!r se$l+ ( ! ,ridgely1 rais$ on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,frank ,moncur1 ne> ,dov]1 ,del4 ,! orig9al tree is ab\t ?irty ye>s old4 ,describ$ z small] ?an its p>5t1 b ( bett] quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,bur ,,( ,,numbo ,,*e/nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,sp9es ,,( ,,numbo ,,*e/nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,numbo ,,*e/nut4 ,,numbo4--,burs m$ium1 & di/9ctly long po9t$ be=e op5+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 ! f\r divisions ( ! burs ext5d+ an in* or m beyond ! nut z !y op54 ,?is is an exceptional =m ( ! bur1 & w enable almo/ any p]son to recognize ! v>iety ) be>+ trees4 ,sp9es only m$ium 9 l5g? 7,fig4 #bg71 & n z /rong z 9 mo/ o!r v>ieties ( ?is species4 ,nuts v l>ge 7,fig4 #bh71 smoo?1 decid$ly po9t$1 light br[n :5 fir/ mature1 & ( good flavor4 ,tree h>dy & a vigor\s1 free gr[]1 & is v productive ev5 :5 "y4 ,! orig9al tree is n[ "s =ty ye>s old1 & is "o ( a l>ge numb] rais$ f import$ nuts1 by ! late ,mahlon ,moon1 ( ,morrisville1 ,pa4 ,,mill]',s ,,dupont4--,burs l>ge1 sp9es long & /rong b n z /\t z 9 "s ( ! closely relat$ v>ieties4 ,nut m$ium1 & k]nel ( fair quality4 ,a promis+ v>iety4 ,orig9 unkn[n4 ,receiv$ f ,jos4 ,evans1 ,delaw>e ,co41 ,pa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,p>agon ,,*e/nut ,,bur4 7,"o-half natural size47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,sp9es ,,( ,,p>agon ,,*e/nut ,,bur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,p>agon ,,*e/nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,f\r ,,ye> ,,old ,,p>agon ,,*e/nut ,,tree4 ,,p>agon4--,burs ( imm5se size1 (t5 five in*es & m 9 lat]al diamet]2 di/9ctly flatt5$ on ! top1 or cu%ion %ape 7,fig4 #bi72 sp9es an in* 9 l5g?1 widely & irregul>ly bran*+ f a /\t /em spr++ f a ?ick1 fle%y husk1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 ! :ole mak+ an involucre or bur out ( proportion to ! nuts )94 ,nuts ( l>ge size1 slightly depress$ at ! top 7,fig4 #ca71 & !y are usually broad] ?an long2 %ell v d>k br[n1 slightly ridg$1 & cov]$ ) a f9e b n v conspicu\s pubesc5ce4 ,k]nel sweet1 f9e-gra9$1 & ( sup]ior flavor = "o ( ?is species4 ,tree h>dy1 exce$+ly precoci\s & productive :5 graft$ on /rong1 heal?y /ock4 ,a f\r-ye>-old tree on my gr\nds is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,x 0 load$ ) nuts 9 ! fall ( #ahid4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ ( its class4 ,orig9 some:at 9 d\bt1 b x is claim$ t ! late ,w4 ,l4 ,%aff]1 ( ,philadelphia1 rais$ x f a =eign nut plant$ 9 8 g>d51 & :o1 "s eighte5 ye>s or m ago1 gave cions to ,w4 ,h4 ,engle1 ( ,m>ietta1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,engle has s9ce propagat$ & dissem9at$ ?is v>iety q ext5sively "u its pres5t "n1 b %\ld fur!r inve/igation prove x to be di/9ct & t x 0 rais$ by ,mr4 ,%aff]1 !n x %\ld c]ta9ly be> 8 "n1 & ,p>agon become a synonym4 ,no m appropriate monum5t c\ld possibly be erect$ 9 honor ( a di/+ui%$ horticulturi/ l ! late ,mr4 ,%aff]1 ?an a *e/nut tree1 nor c\ld 8 memory be p]petuat$ "u m pleasant & agreeable surr\nd+s ?an to h 8 "n l9k$ insep>ably ) su* an excell5t & valuable v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,op5 ,,bur ,,( ,,! ,,ridgely ,,*e/nut4 ,,ridgely4--,burs l>ge1 ) d5se sp9es1 b n z long z ^? ( ! ,p>agon4 ,nuts l>ge1 po9t$2 %ell d>k br[n1 ) v little pubesc5ce1 & ?is ma9ly at ! po9t 7,fig4 #cc74 ,9 quality ?is v>iety ranks v ne>1 if n ! equal (1 ! be/ ( its class1 & x has be5 highly comm5d$1 by ^? :o h be5 acqua9t$ ) x1 = _m ye>s4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,ridgely1 z record$1 leaves ! "q ( "n a debatable "o4 ,"s sixty ye>s ago a ,mr4 ,dupont1 ( ,wilm+ton1 ,del41 gave or s5t to ,mr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,ridgely1 ( ,dov]1 ,del41 a spr\t$ *e/nut1 & ?is 0 plant$ & became ! orig9al tree ( ! v>iety "u consid]ation4 ,x has be5 call$ ,dupont1 because he rais$ ! nut & kept x ov] w9t] & until x spr\t$2 !n x pass$ into ! c>e ( ,mr4 ,ridgely1 :o !nce=w>d gave x 8 att5tion4 ,! tree is n[ ( imm5se size1 & "s seasons has produc$ m ?an five bu%els ( nuts1 sell+ at elev5 doll>s p] bu%el4 ,x is q probable t ! ,dupont family 7 ! fir/ to raise ,european *e/nut trees to a be>+ size 9 ?is c\ntry1 = "s ( its memb]s 7 settl$ 9 ,delaw>e be=e ! w> ( ! ,revolution4 ,pi]re ,samuel ,dupont de ,nem\rs1 dur+ ! ,fr5* m9i/ry ( ,v]g5nes1 0 employ$ 9 =m+ ! treaty ( #aghc1 9 :i* ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 =mally recogniz$ by ,engl&4 ,9 #agie 7,am4 encyclop$ia7 he came to ?is c\ntry & jo9$ 8 sons1 :o _h become successful manufactur]s ( gunp[d] at or ne> ,wilm+ton1 ,del41 :]e _! desc5dants1 or at lea/ "s ( !m1 are /ill engag$ 9 ! same bus9ess4 ,if any ( ! old & orig9al *e/nut trees h escap$ ! num]\s p[d] mill explosions :i* h frequ5tly occurr$ 9 t neighborhood1 !y are probably mu* old] ?an ! ,ridgely4 ,i am also incl9$ to believe t a v l>ge majority ( all ! h>dy *e/nut trees ( ! ,european species scatt]$ ab\t ! c\ntry are ! direct desc5dants ( ! old ,dupont /ock4 ,,scott4--,burs l>ge1 ) long bran*+ sp9es4 ,nuts f ! orig9al tree1 z receiv$ ! pa/ season1 are only ( m$ium size1 b said to be mu* l>g] on y\ng] trees4 ,%ell d>k br[n1 smoo?1 ) a little fuzz ar\nd ! po9t4 ,z my specim5 tree has n1 z yet1 fruit$1 ,i am unable to say any?+ ( its productiv5ess f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 b 9 a note f ,mr4 ,william ,p>ry1 "u date ( ,oct4 #ae1 #ahid1 he says3 ,i s5d specim5s ( ! ,scott *e/nuts1 gr[n by ,judge ,scott1 ( ,burl+ton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! crop is ab\t gone & x 0 ) difficulty ,i c\ld get ^!1 :i* are ab\t ! av]age size2 e>li] 9 ! season _m are l>g]4 ,judge ,scott has gr[n ^? nuts = m>ket sev]al ye>s4 ,! orig9al tree 0 b\ght by 8 fa!r _m ye>s ago f ! nurs]y ( ,?omas ,hancock4 ,he b\ght ?ree trees = ,spani% *e/nuts1 plant$ !m 9 a r[ ab\t ?irty feet ap>t1 & ! "o f :i* ^! nuts 7 obta9$ happ5$ to be 9 ! middle4 ,x is n[ a l>ge tree1 ! trunk ab\t five feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is a regul> & heavy be>]4 ,judge ,scott has propagat$ & plant$ an or*>d f ?is v>iety1 & claims among its important features1 l>ge size & e>ly be>+1--two-ye> grafts g5]ally produce nuts2 imm5se productiv5ess & good quality2 beautiful1 glossy1 mahogany color2 fre$om f fuzz1 & an almo/ entire exemption f ! attacks ( ! *e/nut weevil4 ,:ile ! crop ( two trees /&+ on ei!r side ( ! ,scott is badly damag$ by worms1 x is ! exception to f9d a wormy nut among ! ,scott4 ,! crop sells readily at t5 to twelve doll>s p] bu%el4 ,?is ye> 7#ahid7 "s sold z l[ z eight doll>s1 ! l[e/ ev] kn[n = ?is v>iety4 ,,/y]4--,burs l>ge1 r\nd2 sp9es long1 bran*+1 b n z co>se z ^? ( ,com=t4 ,nuts m$ium to l>ge1 decid$ly po9t$1 & ! po9t fuzzy4 ,%ell d>k br[n1 ) a few longitud9al /ripes1 b n ridg$4 ,a h&some nut ( good quality4 ,?is v>iety has be5 di/ribut$ "u ! "n ( ,hannum4 ,! orig9al tree1 :i* is a mammo? 9 size1 is /ill /&+ on ! f>m ( a ,mr4 ,hannum1 ne> ,concordville1 ,delaw>e ,co41 ,p5n4 ,b ,mr4 ,t4 ,walt] ,/y]1 ( ! same place1 is propagat+ & introduc+ x z ! ,/y]4 ,"s ( ! v>ieties 9 ?is gr\p may n prove to be di/9ct1 & lat] !y w be relegat$ to _! prop] place z synonyms1 b ,i h ?\ght x be/ to record !m by ! names "u :i* !y h be5 receiv$4 ,9 writ+ ^! descriptions ,i h _h ! nuts & leaves be=e me1 b !re may be *>act]s ov]look$ :i* w become m conspicu\s z ! graft$ trees become old] & m mature4 ,! ,dag] *e/nut1 f ,delaw>e1 is a promis+ v>iety1 dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 b z ,i h n se5 ! nuts at ?is writ+1 a description is necess>ily omitt$4 ,among ! ,fr5* v>ieties ( ?is species :i* are said to succe$ admirably 9 ,cali=nia1 a l>ge proportion w\ld probably d equally well 9 ,delaw>e & fur!r s\?4 ,among ^? wor?y ( trial ,i may "n ! ,avant ,*ataigne1 ,comale1 ,exalade1 ,gre5 ( ,lem\s91 ,grosse ,precoce1 ,jaune ,r\sse1 ,lyons1 ,m]le1 ,n\zill>d1 ,qu]cy1 etc4 ,i h tri$ "s ( ^!1 b ) su* indiff]5t results t !y 7 ab&on$4 ,cultivators ( nut trees locat$ 9 a mild] climate1 %\ld take advantage ( :atev] improvem5ts !re h be5 made 9 ,europe1 by import+ graft$ trees or cions4 ,!re are a few ornam5tal v>ieties ( ! ,european *e/nut1 b none wor?y ( any special att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,japan ,,giant ,,*e/nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,sp9es ,,( ,,japan ,,*e/nut4 ,,japan ,,*e/nuts4--,! fir/ au!ntic acc\nt ,i h be5 able to f9d ( ! introduction ( ! ,japan *e/nut into ?is c\ntry1 is ( a numb] ( trees receiv$ by ,s4 ,b4 ,p>sons ,co41 ,flu%+1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgf1 f ! late ,?os4 ,hogg1 :o1 z is well kn[n to all horticulturi/s1 sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 ,japan collect+ _m r>e k9ds ( trees & %rubs1 :i* 7 %ipp$ direct to ,p>sons ,co4 ,! *e/nut trees receiv$ 9 #ahgf fruit$ two ye>s lat]1 or 9 #ahgh1 & soon attract$ att5tion1 on acc\nt ( ! l>ge size & excell5t quality ( ! nuts & ! precoci\s habits ( ! trees4 ,! success ( ?is typical v>iety ( ! ,japanese species1 z ,i h assum$ to designate x1 prov$ t !re 7 ori5tal *e/nuts--h]et(ore unte/$ 9 ?is c\ntry--t 7 c]ta9ly wor?y ( an attempt to obta94 ,?is v>iety1 introduc$ by ! ,messrs4 ,p>sons ,co41 does n appe> to h be5 dissem9at$ "u any di/9ct v>ietal "n1 b m]ely be>s ! r mean+less "o ( ,japan *e/nut1 & = ! purpose ( giv+ x a position :]e x may be recogniz$--by "n at lea/--f o!r v>ieties m rec5tly introduc$1 ,i %all take ! lib]ty ( call+ x ,p>sons' ,japan4 ,soon aft] x became kn[n t ! ori5tal *e/nuts w\ld succe$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! fruit gr[]s & nurs]ym5 ( ,cali=nia began to import & plant ^! nuts1 %ipp+ an occasional lot to _! cu/om]s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 & f ^! hundr$s ( se$l+s h be5 rais$ & di/ribut$1 "u ! g5]al "n ( ,japan *e/nut4 ,among ! nuts import$ !re are "s ( extraord9>y size1 ev5 l>g] ?an any?+ ( ! k9d obta9$ f ,europe1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd1 natural size1 & f a specim5 receiv$ direct f ,japan4 ,"s ( ! nurs]ym5 :o h secur$ ^! v l>ge nuts = plant+1 (f] ! se$l+s rais$ !refrom "u su* names z ,mammo? & ,giant ,japan1 b z !re is no c]ta9ty1 & sc>cely a probability1 t su* se$l+s w produce nuts z l>ge z ^? plant$1 ! names are r mislead+1 al?\gh prop] en\gh if giv5 to graft$ v>ieties ( l>ge size4 ,:5 an extra-f9e v>iety is produc$ f ! nut1 x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be pres]v$ & propagat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! late ,wm4 ,p>ry1 ( ,p>ry1 ,n4 ,j41 0 "o ( ! fir/ nurs]ym5 to attempt to produce new v>ieties ( ! ,japan *e/nut 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 8 sons h cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,o!rs may h be5 equally successful1 b ,i h be5 unable to obta9 any satisfactory reports f ^? to :om ,i h appli$ = in=mation2 consequ5tly1 ,i c only say t ! foll[+1 ) few exceptions1 orig9at$ at ! ,wm4 ,p>ry nurs]ies4 ,,advance 7,p>ry74--,burs m$ium1 slightly flatt5$ on top2 sp9es m$ium1 %ort1 almo/ sessile1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 & ?is is a *>act]i/ic ( all ! ,japan *e/nuts2 bran*+ & widely sep>at$ on a v ?9 husk4 ,nuts v l>ge2 %ell a light yell[i% br[n1 ) a few slight d>k] /reaks f base to apex4 ,quality excell5t = "o ( ?is species4 ,rip5s e>ly1 & long be=e t\*$ by fro/4 ,,alpha 7,p>ry74--,v simil> to ! la/1 b rip5s e>li]1 :i* w\ld be an advantage 9 "s localities4 ,tree vigor\s & productive4 ,,beta 7,p>ry74--,bur m$ium2 sp9es r long & ?9 = "o ( ?is gr\p1 set on a ?9 husk4 ,nut l>ge2 %ell light br[n1 smoo?1 ) a slight trace ( pubesc5ce ne> ! tip4 ,! leaves are %all[ & co>sely s]rate1 & on "s ! tee? or s]ratures are entirely want+4 ,rip5s a little lat] ?an ! ,alpha1 or ab\t ! fir/ ( ,octob] 9 nor!rn ,new ,j]sey4 ,,e>ly ,,reliance 7,p>ry74--,burs m$ium1 ) %ort1 almo/ deflex$ sp9es1 on an exce$+ly ?9 husk4 ,nuts l>ge1 m po9t$ ?an 9 ! la/1 & ( a light] color ! pa/ season1 b ?is may n be con/ant1 & may be due to ! long & sev]e dr\? ( ! summ] ( #ahid4 ,usually ?ree nuts 9 a bur1 & sometimes f\r or five1 b ,i d n consid] ?is increase 9 numb] a m]it 9 any v>iety1 = :]e !re are m ?an ?ree !y are likely to be ( small size & v mu* de=m$4 ,! orig9al tree ( ! ,reliance is enorm\sly productive1 & a regul> be>]4 ,,felton4--,a se$l+ ( ! common ,japanese *e/nut1 rais$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,kill51 ( ,felton1 ,delaw>e4 ,,giant ,,japan 7,p>ry74--,burs l>ge to extra l>ge = a v>iety ( ?is species1 ) m$ium l[ bran*+ sp9es on a v ?91 p>*m5t-l husk4 ,nuts extra l>ge1 usually only two 9 a bur1 (t5 only "o1 & ab\t two in*es broad1 mu* depress$ at ! top1 ) a %ort po9t set 9 an irregul> depression or bas94 ,%ell d>k mahogany color1 m or less ribb$2 k]nel co>se gra9$1 z is usual 9 ! extra l>ge v>ieties ( ne>ly all species ( ! *e/nut4 ,?is is probably ! l>ge/ v>iety ( ! ,japanese *e/nut rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ( :i* graft$ trees are obta9able at ?is "t4 ,!re may be o!rs equally z l>ge1 b if s !y are unkn[n to ! writ]4 ,,kill54--,( ! ,japan species1 & describ$ z v l>ge1 ! nuts ov] two in*es 9 diamet] & ( fair quality4 ,rais$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,kill51 ( ,felton1 ,del4 ,,p>sons' ,,japan4--,burs m$ium1 ) r ?ick-set & long sp9es4 ,nuts l>ge1 "o in* & a half broad1 curv+ regul>ly to a po9t2 %ell smoo?1 almo/ glossy1 br[n1 ) fa9t /ripes ( a d>k] %ade ext5d+ f base to apex4 ,9 quality ! k]nel is f> bett] ?an mo/ ( ! ,european v>ieties1 be+ f9] gra9$ & sweet]4 ,:5 graft$ on /rong /ocks ! trees come into be>+ e>ly1 or 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,?is is ! be/ kn[n1 & probably ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ v>iety1 ( ! ,japanese species 9 ?is c\ntry1 hav+ be5 introduc$1 z ,i h /at$ else:]e1 9 #ahgf4 ,,p>ry',s ,,sup]b 7,p>ry74--,burs broad1 cu%ion-%ap$1 or mu* flatt5$ on top1 ) extra long1 widely bran*+ sp9es f s+le or multiple /ems1 v mu* z 9 ! ,european v>ieties4 ,b ! ?9 husk1 ! nuts1 & ! gr[? ( tree1 wood & leaves1 /amp x z a pure ,japanese v>iety4 ,nuts l>ge1 broad] ?an long1 ) a decid$ %>p woody po9t2 almo/ entirely de/itute ( ev5 a sign ( pubesc5ce4 ,a v promis+ & di/9ct v>iety4 ,,success 7,p>ry74--,burs v l>ge1 broad1 ) only a few %ort1 scatt]+1 bran*+ sp9es on ! top1 ?ick] t[>d ! base2 on a ?91 p>*m5t-l husk1 & ?is is s ?9 t x sometimes cracks op5 & exposes ! nuts )9 be=e !y are fully ripe4 ,nuts extra l>ge1 ne>ly equal to ! ,giant1 b ( a m regul> & symmetrical =m1 be+ ne>ly z long z broad1 tap]+ to a po9t4 ,%ell smoo?1 d>k br[n1 ) a slight pubesc5ce ab\t ! po9t4 ,usually ?ree nuts 9 a bur2 an ideal v>iety 9 e respect4 ,!re is a v>iety ( ! ,japan *e/nut rec5tly mu* laud$ "u ! "n ( ,mammo? or ,burbank1 :i* is said to be ( imm5se size1 & z sweet z ! common ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,injuri\s ,insects4--,! *e/nut tree is r>ely attack$ by insects4 ,x is true t grubs may occasionally be f\nd bor+ into ! wood or cutt+ s9u\s burr[s "u ! b>k1 b ?is is ma9ly 9 trees weak5$ by exposure1 9 remov+ protect+ companions1 z :5 remov+ =e/s1 or by pl[+ up & de/roy+ ! roots1 9 cultivat+ ! l& ab\t !m2 b ! attacks ( insects ^u su* specim5s is nature's way ( gett+ rid ( ! feeble & lea/ valuable1 mak+ room = ! heal?y & /rong4 ,b my ?irty ye>s' resid5ce 9 a *e/nut grove leads me to ?9k t ?is nut tree is exce$+ly free f wood bor]s ( any k9d4 ,entomologi/s1 h[ev]1 h not$ sev]al in/ances ( insect depr$ations ^u individual trees1 by a few species ( ! long-horn beetles1 ?ree or f\r 9 all1 b ^! occur s r>ely t !y are sc>cely wor?y ( notice z pe/s ( ! *e/nut4 ,!re are also sev]al species ( cat]pill>s occasionally f\nd fe$+ on ! leaves ( ?is tree1 also "s suck+ bugs or tree hopp]s1 & two or ?ree k9ds ( plant lice1 b none ( ^! h1 z yet1 become at all =midable enemies1 or likely to become s lat]4 ,b ! *e/nut has "o enemy :i* is s abundant & de/ructive to ! nuts z to call = an ext5d$ notice4 ,i ref] to ! common native *e/nut weevil 7,balan9us c>ytripes1 ,boheman74 ,! little fat1 :ite1 r\nd1 legless grubs1 ne>ly or q a half-in* long1 mu/ be famili> to e p]son :o has h&l$ or eat5 *e/nuts rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :e!r ( ! exotic or native v>ieties4 ,! p>5ts ( ?is grub are oval-%ap$ beetles ab\t "o-half in* long or less2 w+ cov]s1 body & legs d5sely cov]$ ) a %ort yell[ d[n1 & f ! front or ?orax !re ext5ds a long1 slightly curv$1 sl5d] sn\t 7,fig4 #cf71 sometimes ne>ly an in* 9 l5g? 9 ! females1 b usually less 9 ! males4 ,! m\? p>ts are at ! extreme end ( ?is sn\t or proboscis1 & ! female1 ) h] m&ibles1 x is claim$1 rea*es d[n among ! *e/nut sp9es & gnaws a hole 9 ! husk1 into :i* %e drops an egg2 & :5 ?is hat*es1 ! m9ute grub cuts its way ?r\gh ! gre5 husk & into ! nut1 ! hole made 9 its progress clos+ up beh9d1 leav+ no m>k or sc>4 ,al?\gh ,i h tak5 hundr$s ( ^! weevils on *e/nut trees1 ,i nev] h be5 s =tunate z to take "o 9 ! act ( oviposit+1 b h come s ne> x z to f9d ! ovipositor /ill ext5d$ z ! insect crawl$ out f among ! sp9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,*e/nut ,,weevil4 ,! *e/nut weevil usually appe>s 9 great numb]s soon aft] ! trees bloom 9 spr+1 b !y cont9ue to come out all ?r\gh ! summ]2 ,i h occasionally f\nd !m late 9 ,septemb]1 :i* probably acc\nts = f9d+ small & half-gr[n grubs 9 ! nuts z !y rip5 & fall f ! trees4 ,^! late grubs (t5 rema9 9 ! nuts all w9t]1 b ! great] "p escape e>li]1 or v soon aft] ! crop is ripe4 ,! grubs crawl out ( ! nuts & "w _! way into ! gr\nd to a dep? ( f a few in*es to two feet1 mu* dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! soil4 ,hav+ v p[]ful jaws1 !y readily cut ?r\gh a lay] ( leaves or s(t wood1 & ,i h kn[n !m to cut holes 9 %eets ( dry cork4 ,^! grubs rema9 9 ! gr\nd until ! foll[+ season1 !n come =? 9 _! w+$ or weevil /age1 except ! belat$1 broods1 or ^? t h n rea*$ full size 9 ! autumn2 ^! rema9 9 ! gr\nd ! entire summ]1 com+ out late 9 ! fall1 or pass ov] until ! second ye>1 z ,i h prov$ by bury+ ! grubs 9 a b>rel sunk 9 ! gr\nd1 cov]+ ! top ) f9e wire nett+1 to prev5t ! escape ( ! weevils z !y em]g$ f "t to "t dur+ ! season4 ,z a rule1 we f9d only "o grub 9 a nut1 ( ! ,am]ican sweet *e/nut1 b 9 ! l>g] v>ieties ( ! ,european & ,japanese1 two or m is n unusual1 :i* r favors ! idea t ! female weevil does possess some?+ ak9 to reason1 :i* guides h] 9 locat+ /ores ( food available = h] prog5y4 ,i h nev] obs]v$ t ! weevils _h any *oice among v>ieties1 all be+ subject to _! attacks alike1 provid$ all 7 gr[+ 9 equally favorable positions4 ,b if ! trees are ( diff]5t sizes1 "s tall & o!rs %ort1 "s expos$ to ! w9ds & o!rs protect$1 !n ! ravages ( ?is pe/ w1 no d\bt1 be z v>iable z ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,z ! weevils em]ge f ! gr\nd 9 spr+ or e>ly summ]1 !y w naturally seek ! nuts mo/ conv5i5t & on ! small trees1 !n ^? on ! l[] bran*es ( ! l>g] ones1 :ile ^? on ! upp] "p ( ! tree1 :]e !y are fully expos$ to ! w9ds1 may :olly escape ! attacks ( ^! pe/s4 ,?is leads me to ?9k t :oev] attempts to cut (f native *e/nut =e/s1 ) ! expectation ( r5ewal ) ! l>g] v>ieties1 by graft+ ! spr\ts1 w f9d ! *e/nut weevil a r =midable enemy4 ,i h f\nd x s on a limit$ numb] ( trees 9 my own gr\nds1 t are gr[n f graft$ spr\ts ne> l>ge native specim5s1 ! weevils de/roy+ ne>ly e nut2 b out 9 ! field1 away f ! woods1 & :]e ! "y trees are scatt]$ & expos$ to ! full sweep ( ! w9ds1 ! nuts are s\nd & free f insect enemies4 ,! only rem$y is to collect & de/roy ! weevils1 :i* is n a s]i\s matt] :]e only ! l>g] v>ieties are cultivat$4 ,diseases ( ! ,*e/nut4--,i h nev] notic$ any special disease among *e/nuts1 nei!r d ,i f9d any m5tion$ 9 ,european works on =e/ry4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to any su* malady be+ record$ z hav+ appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 is f\nd 9 a p>agraph 9 ,h\gh's ,report on ,=e/ry1 #ahgg1 p4 #dgj1 :]e ! au?or copies f ,pr(4 ,w4 ,c4 ,k]r1 ,/ate ,geologi/1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 z foll[s3 ,! *e/nut 0 =m]ly abundant 9 ! ,pi$mont region1 d[n to ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,catawba & ,yadk9 riv]s1 b )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s !y h mo/ly p]i%$4 ,!y are n[ f\nd ea/ ( ! ,blue ,ridge only1 on high] ridges & spurs ( ! m\nta9s4 ,!y h suff]$ injury "h1 & are dy+ out bo? "h & beyond ! ,blue ,ridge4 ,!y are mu* less fruitful ?an !y 7 a g5]ation ago1 & ! crop is mu* m unc]ta94 ,:ile !re is no?+ said ab\t any *e/nut disease 9 ! p>agraph quot$1 we only inf] t ! au?or int5d$ to convey ! idea t ! trees 7 suff]+ f "s endemic malady1 al?\gh x may h be5 due to long dr\?s1 insect depr$ators1 or o!r causes4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,h\gh1 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,=e/ry1 ref]s to ! subject aga91 & admits t ! cause ( ! malady is unkn[n4 ,b z *e/nuts cont9ue to come to our m>kets 9 va/ quantities f ! ,pi$mont regions1 !re mu/ be a goodly numb] ( heal?y trees rema9+4 ,uses4--,! economic value ( ! *e/nut1 z food = mank9d & ! l[] animals1 has be51 & is /ill1 s well kn[n1 t no ext5d$ diss]tation or compilation ( hi/oric in/ances ( its usefulness are requir$ "h4 ,= almo/ two ?\s& ye>s x has be5 an important article ( food ?r\gh\t s\!rn ,europe1 & 9 "s ( ! m\nta9\s di/ricts x is almo/ ! /aff ( life among ! poor] p1 :o n only use ^! nuts 9 _! raw /ate1 b roa/$1 boil$1 /ew$1 & ev5 dri$ & gr\nd into fl\r1 f :i* a co>se b nutriti\s k9d ( cake or bread is made4 ,^! nuts are also us$ 9 ! same way by ! poor] classes ( ,*9a & ,japan1 & probably 9 o!r ori5tal c\ntries4 ,9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ! *e/nut crop is ( imm5se importance1 n only = dome/ic use1 b comm]cially1 because all surplus is want$ by o!r nations1 :o are ev] ready to take a %>e1 & pay a good r\nd price = ! same4 ,9 ?is c\ntry *e/nuts are ma9ly us$ z a luxury or a k9d ( pocket lun* = ! *ildr51 z !y are r>ely br\ght to ! table1 & x is v d\btful if ! ,am]ican h\sewife1 or our cooks1--unless =eign born & br$1--"k any?+ ab\t prep>+ ^! delici\s nuts = come/ible purposes4 ,c]eals1 meats1 fruits & vegetables h always be5 s abundant & *eap 9 ?is c\ntry1 t ! poore/ ( ! poor c\ld indulge 9 !m )\t /9t or limit2 b all ?is w *ange soon] or lat]1 & :5 our population has d\bl$ or trebl$1 ! edible nuts mu/ become ( mu* m importance ?an n[1 & a roa/ turkey /uff$ ) *e/nuts may figure z ! ideal ( ga/ronomic art4 ,z our native *e/nuts are n[ annually consum$ by ! ?\s&s ( bu%els1 & ! import$ v>ieties by millions ( p\nds1 & all z a m]e luxury1--n a necessity nor an article :i* we c\ld n disp5se ) )\t any s]i\s inconv5i5ce1--we may well consid] :at ! future dem& mu/ be1 & make ha/e to meet x ) an abundant supply4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,filb]t ,,or ,,hazelnut4 ,corylus1 ,t\rne=t4 ,"n f korys1 a hood1 helmet or bonnet1 9 ref]5ce to ! =m ( ! calyx or husk enclos+ ! nut4 ,ord]1 ,corylaceae4 ,decidu\s trees or l[ %rubs4 ,male fl[]s appe>+ 9 ! autumn 9 p5dul\s cyl9drical catk9s two in*es or m 9 l5g?1 ) a two-cleft calyx p>tly unit$ ) ! bracts or scales4 ,^! catk9s rema9 on ! plants all w9t]1 becom+ fully develop$1 & %$d+ _! poll5 e>ly ! foll[+ spr+4 ,female fl[]s m9ute1 entirely hidd5 )9 ! buds dur+ ! w9t]1 b e>ly 9 spr+ _! bright r$1 ?read-l /igmas pu% out f ! tips ( ! lat]al or t]m9al buds4 ,ov>y two-cell$1 ) "o ovule 9 ea*4 ,nut globul>1 ovoid or oblong1 (t5 9 clu/]s1 b ea* enclos$ 9 a leafy1 two- or ?ree-valv$ husk1 fr+$ or deeply not*$ at ! upp] end4 ,leaves broadly he>t-%ap$1 s]rate1 ) /urdy1 %ort leaf-/alks4 ,! filb]t & hazel always bloom be=e ! leaves appe> 9 spr+1 & ! male catk9s usually op5 & beg9 to scatt] _! poll5 9 ?is latitude dur+ w>m days 9 ,m>*1 ! females soon foll[+1 _! bright-r$ /igmas pu%+ out f ! ends ( ! buds1 b z soon z f]tilization has be5 consummat$ !y %rivel & disappe>4 ,! trees may !n rema9 leafless = weeks foll[+1 & yet produce a heavy crop ( fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,l>ge ,,filb]t4 ,! common ,engli% "n1 filb]t1 is f full-be>d4 ,all ! v>ieties ) husks ext5d+ beyond ! nut1 & ) fr+$ edges1 are filb]ts 7,fig4 #cg72 :ile ^? ) husks %ort] ?an ! nuts 7,fig4 #ch7 are hazels1 f ! old ,anglo-,saxon ^w1 haesel1 a hood or bonnet4 ,! p>5tage1 size1 =m or quality ( ! nut1 is n to be consid]$ 9 ?is classification1 = :5 ! nuts are ripe & fall5 f ! husks1 !re is no?+ left to di/+ui% ! hazelnuts f filb]ts1 unless a p]son is suffici5tly famili> ) a v>iety to "k to :i* gr\p x belongs4 ,9 ,france ^! nuts are kn[n "u ! g5]al "n ( ,noysette2 :ile 9 ,g]many x is ,haselnuss2 9 ,holl& ,hazelnoot2 & 9 ,italy ,avellana1 f ,avellana1 a city ( ,naples1 ne> :i* !re is a valley :]e ^! nuts h be5 ext5sively cultivat$ = _m c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,l>ge ,,se$l+ ,,hazelnut4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,filb]t4--,x is claim$ t ! filb]t 0 fir/ kn[n to ! ,romans z ,nux ,pontica1 because introduc$ f ,pontus2 b x mu/ h become naturaliz$ ?r\gh\t s\!rn ,europe 9 v e>ly times4 ,b ! ,italian "n ( ,avellana appe>s to h be5 appli$ to ! wild hazel ( ,brita91 long be=e ,l9naeus adopt$ x z ! specific "n ( ! indig5\s species4 ,john ,evelyn1 "o ( ! mo/ c>eful & le>n$ ( ,engli% arboriculturi/s ( 8 "t1 9 ref]r+ to ^! nuts1 9 8 ,sylva1 #affd1 says3 ,i d n conf\nd ! filb]t ,pontic1 di/+ui%$ by its be>d1 ) our =e/]s or bald hazelnuts1 :i*1 d\btless1 we _h f abroad1 be>+ ! names ( ,avelan or ,avel91 z ,i f9d 9 "s anci5t records & de$s 9 my cu/ody1 :]e my ance/ors' names 7 writt5 ,avelan1 alias ,evel94 ,! filb]t has be5 celebrat$ 9 prose & poetry f anci5t times1 z we may inf] f a rem>k ( ,virgil1 :o says t x has be5 m honor$ ?an ! v9e1 ! myrtle1 or ev5 ! bay itself 7,eclogue vii74 ,! suppos$ occult p[] ( a =k$ twig ( ! hazel z a div9+-rod 7virgula div9atoria7 = f9d+ hidd5 treasures1 ve9s ( metals1 subt]ranean /reams ( wat]1 & ev5 po9t+ out crim9als1 is1 ( c\rse1 purely my?ical1 al?\gh s solemnly atte/$ by _m le>n$ m5 9 ! pa/2 & ,i w\ld n consid] ?is my? wor?y ( a notice "h 7 x n = ! fact t x 0 e>ly import$ into ?is c\ntry1 & is /ill firmly believ$ by _m p]sons among our rural population4 ,x is true t ! suppos$ attributes ( ! ,european hazel h be5 transf]r$ to diff]5t plants 9 ?is c\ntry1 ma9ly to ! pea* & our indig5\s wit*-hazel 7,hamamelis ,virg9iana71 b ! my? /ill lives1 a legitimate desc5dant ( an ,old ,_w nut tree4 ,!re is little to be said 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( ! filb]t & hazelnut 9 ?is c\ntry1 b x is q likely t bo? ( ! ,european species1 & _m v>ieties1 7 br\ght "h & plant$ by ! e>ly settl]s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 & bu%es ( ! same c\ld h be5 se5 9 _m g>d5s a hundr$ ye>s ago2 b ,i h be5 unable to f9d any acc\nt ( ext5sive plant+s ( ^! nuts1 al?\gh nurs]ym51 all along1 h be5 (f]+ *oice v>ieties to _! cu/om]s4 ,9 ! ma91 our pomologi/s h ei!r rema9$ sil5t 9 reg>d to ^! nuts1 or1 at mo/1 ref]r$ to !m v briefly 9 _! publi%$ works4 ,william ,pr9ce1 ( ,flu%+1 ,n4 ,y41 9 a ,%ort ,treatise on ,horticulture1 publi%$ 9 #ahbh1 ref]s to ! filb]t z foll[s3 ,?is %rub or1 9 "s cases1 tree1 accommodates itself to e exposition1 & to e v>iety ( soil1 b pref]s a moi/ loam on a s&y bottom1 ) a nor!rn exposure4 ,x is easily multipli$ by se$s1 lay]s or inoculation4 ,9 fact1 ^! nuts1 :i* are v5d$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 our m>kets1 gr[ z well 9 our climate z ! common hazelnut1 & produce v abundantly4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x is hop$1 ere long1 suffici5t w be produc$ f our soil to sup]s$e ! necessity ( importation1 z plantations ( ?is tree w\ld amply remun]ate ! possessor2 or if plant$ z a h$ge1 w\ld be f\nd to be v productive4 ,a s+le bu% ( ! ,spani% filb]t 9 my g>d5 has produc$ a half-bu%el annually4 ,mr4 ,pr9ce !n names a few ( ! be/ v>ieties1 :i* are ab\t ! same z ^? recomm5d$ at ! pres5t "t1 & he 01 no d\bt1 hone/ 9 recomm5d+ filb]t culture to 8 c\ntrym51 = 8 own limit$ exp]i5ce prov$ t ! trees w\ld gr[ "h & fruit abundantly4 ,a4 ,j4 ,d[n+1 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,fruits & ,fruit ,trees ( ,am]ica1 #ahde1 says3 ,! ,spani% filb]t1 common 9 _m ( our g>d5s1 is a wor?less1 ne>ly b>r5 v>iety2 b we h f\nd ! bett] ,engli% sorts productive & excell5t 9 ?is climate 7,newburg1 ,n4 ,y471 & at lea/ a few plants ( ^! %\ld h a place 9 all our g>d5s4 ,if a few plants w succe$ 9 a g>d51 !n we might reasonably suppose t ! numb] might be safely increas$1 & ?is 0 ! idea ( ,mr4 ,pr9ce1 & _m o!r writ]s on ! subject s9ce 8 "t1 b ,i fail to f9d any record ( ext5d$ exp]im5ts ) ^! nuts 9 ?is c\ntry1 & z !re mu/ be "s good reason = ?is neglect1 p]haps my own exp]i5ce 9 ! cultivation ( ! filb]t & hazel1 to be giv5 9 succe$+ pages1 may ?r[ "s light on ?is "q4 ,propagation4--,filb]ts are readily propagat$ by almo/ all ! modes employ$ 9 ! multiplication ( ord9>y fruit trees & %rubs4 ,! nuts are n at all delicate1 & may be plant$ 9 ! fall1 or /or$ 9 a cool place1 mix$ ) s& or sphagnum1 & !n put out 9 spr+1 always select+ a r light & ri* soil = a se$ b$1 & 9 su* b$s plants f "o to ?ree feet high may be obta9$ ! fir/ season4 ,! se$l+s produce su* a mass ( f9e roots t !y are readily transplant$ )\t dang] ( loss4 ,v>ieties are p]petuat$ & multipli$ by budd+1 graft+1 suck]s1 lay]s1 & "s gr[ q readily f cutt+s made ( ! "y1 vigor\s %oots1 cut up into prop] l5g?s 9 ! fall1 & !n buri$ 9 ! gr\nd until ! foll[+ spr+1 !n plant$ out 9 tr5*es1 z usually practic$ ) currants1 grapes & simil> plants4 ,! me?od ( propagation mo/ g5]ally practic$ 9 ,europe & ?is c\ntry is by suck]s1 & z ! cultivat$ v>ieties ( ! filb]t usually produce ^! f ! base ( _! /ems 9 pr(usion1 !re is no lack ( mat]ial2 besides1 !y make z /rong1 heal?y & productive plants z c be procur$ 9 any o!r way4 ,to secure an extra numb] ( roots on ^! suck]s1 !y %\ld be bank$ up ) a few in*es 9 dep? ( good ri* soil1 or old manure1 ab\t midsumm]1 & !n late 9 ! autumn dig d[n to ! base & remove ) knife or *isel1 aft] :i* !y may be head$ d[n to ab\t fifte5 or eighte5 in*es1 & heel$-9 = ! w9t]1 to be plant$ out 9 nurs]y r[s e>ly 9 spr+4 ,if a great] numb] ( spr\ts are want$ ?an ! plants naturally produce1 ! ma9 /em may be cut d[n2 b ?is w seldom be necess>y1 because ! "y transplant$ suck]s w usually produce m or less new ones ! fir/ season1 all ( :i* c be utiliz$ = multiply+ ! /ock if !y are want$4 ,soil1 ,location & ,climate4--,european v>ieties ( ! filb]t ?rive be/ 9 :at may be t]m$ a ri* loam1 ) a dry subsoil4 ,if ! soil is too moi/1 ! trees are incl9$ to run too mu* to wood1 produc+ less fruit4 ,9 ! fam\s nut or*>ds ( ,k5t1 ,engl&1 ! soil is loam ^u a dry1 s&y rock4 ,! trees 9 ^! or*>ds are manur$ at lea/ once 9 two ye>s1 especially aft] !y rea* ! full be>+ age4 ,almo/ any good soil t is ri* en\gh to produce a good crop ( corn1 & is n subm]g$ 9 w9t]1 w answ] = ! filb]t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 select+ a location = a filb]t or*>d1 an op51 airy "o w\ld probably be pref]able to a spot s %elt]$ z to cause ! fl[]s to appe> s e>ly z to be injur$ by fro/s4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i w\ld w>n cultivators to keep z f> away z possible f any h$g][s or plantation ( ! wild native hazel bu%es1 = ^! are always load$ ) disease g]ms t are fatal to ! =eign species4 ,we might reasonably suppose t filb]ts w\ld succe$ bett] 9 ! ,s\!rn ?an 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 b if ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h tri$ !m !re c\nt = any?+1 !n ^! nuts are n adapt$ to ! ,s\?1 ow+ to ! fact t ! fl[]s almo/ inv>iably pu% out dur+ w>m days 9 w9t]1 & ^! are de/roy$ lat] by fro/s4 ,9 ! m elevat$ regions ( ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,s\!rn1 & 9 simil> locations 9 ! ,middle ,/ates1 ^! nuts w d\btless ?rive1 or at lea/ ! climate w prove cong5ial4 ,! m equable ! climate & free f extremes 9 temp]ature1 ! bett]2 b ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ?is c\ntry is moi/ure1 especially 9 summ]1 :5 ! nuts are fill+ out2 & ! be/ way to supply ?is1 :]e irrigation _c be practic$1 is to keep ! gr\nd ar\nd ! trees cont9ually cov]$ ) a mul* ( leaves or o!r co>se vegetable matt]4 ,plant+ & ,prun+4--,! space to be all[$ betwe5 ! plants1 :5 set out = be>+1 w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d v mu* ^u ! size !y are expect$ to atta94 ,^? v>ieties :i* assume & rema9 9 ! bu% =m may be plant$ v close toge!r1 or n m ?an six to eight feet betwe5 ! plants2 b ^? :i* become small trees mu/ be giv5 m room4 ,! l>g] ,european sorts1 :i* are at pres5t ! only ones wor? cultivat+ = _! nuts1 %\ld be set t5 or twelve feet ap>t1 & ! r[s fifte5 to sixte5 feet1 !n if prop]ly prun$ !y w %ade ! gr\nd & be 9 a conv5i5t =m = ga!r+ ! crop4 ,! trees may be plant$ 9 ! or*>d :5 q small1 & "s k9d ( vegetable crop gr[n among !m = ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s1 b ,i w\ld pref] keep+ ! plants 9 nurs]y r[s until !y 7 f\r or five feet high1 & !n transplant to ! or*>d1 & set a %ort1 /\t /ake by ! side ( ea*1 to keep ! ma9 /em 9 an upright position until ! tree is well e/abli%$4 ,! fir/ prun+1--except remov+ suck]s f ^? 9 ! nurs]y r[s1--w be ! head+ back ( ! ma9 or c5tral /em to a hight ( two or ?ree feet1 = ! purpose ( lay+ ! f\ndation1 z x 71 ( ! head ( ! future tree4 ,?ree or f\r ( ! l>g] bran*es1 :i* w pu% out f ne> ! top ( ! sev]$ ma9 /em1 are to be select$ to =m ! top1 & all o!rs remov$4 ,small lat]al bran*es or twigs w spr+ out f ! l>g] or ma9 ones1 & 9 ?is way ! head ( a be>+ tree is =m$4 ,b be=e attempt+ to prune a mature or fruitful tree1 we mu/ consid] ! mode ( fructification1 = ! filb]t does n be> nuts on ! "y gr[? ( ! season1 z 9 ! *e/nut1 b on ! small bran*lets or spur-l twigs ( ! prec$+ season1 or1 z we may say1 on ! "o-ye>-old twigs4 ,! small fruit+ twigs are seldom m ?an f\r to six in*es long1 & sometimes almo/ e well-develop$ bud on ^! conta9 pi/illate fl[]s & embryo nuts1 ei!r s+ly or 9 clu/]s4 ,9 prun+ ! be>+ trees1 ! ma9 po9t to be obs]v$ is to head back ! /rong lead+ %oots1 to prev5t ! trees gr[+ too tall1 z well z to =ce out ! side or lat]al twigs z fruit+ wood = ! ensu+ ye>4 ,if ! heads ( ! trees become too mu* cr[d$ to admit light & air to ! c5t]1 "s ( ! l>g] bran*es mu/ be remov$ entire4 ,! be/ "t to prune is 9 e>ly spr+1 :5 ! trees are 9 bloom1 = at ?is season we c readily det]m9e ! injur$ f ! s\nd male catk9s1 & pres]ve en\gh ( ^! to insure p]fect f]tilization4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 t !re %\ld be heal?y poll5-be>+ catk9s on e tree 9 an or*>d1 = if "o 9 a doz5 is well suppli$1 !re w be suffici5t to f]tilize ! fl[]s ( all gr[+ ne> by4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 9 our r sev]e climate1 t ! catk9s ( "s trees or v>ieties are w9t]kill$1 :ile ! pi/illate fl[]s enclos$ 9 ! buds escape injury1 & :5 ?is occurs x is well to h "s h>dy v>iety at h&1 f :i* poll5 c be obta9$ :5 ne$$4 ,! inf]ior v>ieties are usually ! mo/ h>dy1 & ! wild ,european hazel or our nor!rn beak$ hazel1 w usually escape injury :]e all ! l>ge improv$ sorts fail1 & x requires b a few m9utes' labor to cut bran*es be>+ s\nd catk9s1 & scatt] ^! ab\t ?r\gh ! heads ( trees requir+ su* assi/ance to make !m fruitful4 ,,species ,,( ,,am]ican ,,hazels4 ,,corylus ,,am]icana 7,walt]s74 ,common hazel bu%4--,leaves r\ndi%1 he>t-%ap$1 po9t$1 co>sely s]rate2 husk some:at d[ny1 ) a wide1 flatt5$1 fr+$ bord] ext5d+ beyond ! r\ndi% nut4 ,%ell r ?ick & brittle2 k]nel sweet & good1 b ! nut is too small to be consid]$ ( mu* value4 ,a l[ %rub1 ) _m /ems spr++ f ! roots4 ,"y %oots & twigs d[ny & gl&ul>-hairy4 ,common 9 woods & old fields f ,canada to ,florida4 ,,corylus ,,ro/rata 7,aiton74 ,beak$ hazel4--,leaves ovate or oblong1 some:at he>t-%ap$1 po9t$1 d\bly s]rate2 husk ext5d+ an in* or m beyond ! r\nd or ovoid nut1 =m+ be=e x op5s a long tubul> beak1 h5ce ! "n4 ,! husk is d5sely cov]$ ) nettle-l bri/les1 :i* are q irritat+ to t5d] h&s4 ,! nuts are small1 usually gr[+ 9 clu/]s at ! ends ( ! twigs1 only a few com+ to maturity4 ,a l[ %rub or small tree1 usually gr[+ 9 a d5se clump1 n spread+ f subt]ranean /ems1 z 9 ! la/ species4 ,common on r firm & ri* soil along ! bord]s ( /reams1 9 ! nor!rn bord] ,/ates1 & s\?w>d on ! ,alleghanies1 b mo/ abundant 9 ! nor? ?r\gh ,canada1 & we/w>d to ! ,pacific 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 :]e1 9 ! m\nta9s1 x (t5 assumes ! tree =m1 gr[+ to a hight ( tw5ty-five to ?irty feet1 ) a /em f f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 & v :ite to ! c5t]4 ,x also ext5ds s\?w>d to c5tral ,cali=nia1 b "h x is only a small bu%1 ?is =m hav+ be5 describ$ "u ! "n ( ,corylus ro/rata1 v>4 ,cali=nica1 ,a4 de ,c4 ,?is species probably rea*es its highe/ developm5t 9 ! ,cascade range1 9 nor!rn ,oregon4 ,! same or a closely alli$ species ( ! hazel ext5ds f> into nor!rn ,asia4 ,!re are no improv$ v>ieties ( ei!r ( our native species ( ! hazel 9 cultivation4 ,,european ,,species ,,( ,,corylus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,con/ant9ople ,,hazel4 ,,corylus ,,avellana 7,l9n474 ,common hazelnut4--,leaves r\ndi%1 he>t-%ap$1 po9t$1 co>sely & unev5ly s]rate2 husk bell-%ap$1 spread+1 ) a fr+$ or deeply cut m>g94 ,! orig9al =m ( ?is nut is suppos$ to h be5 ovate or oval1 b ) a plant indig5\s to su* a wide range ( climate & c\ntry1 & "o t has be5 s long "u cultivation1--runn+ wild 9 _m localities :]e x is n a native1--x w\ld be v difficult at ?is "t to det]m9e its prim>y botanical *>act]s4 ,a common %rub or small tree ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,,corylus ,,colurna 7,l9n474--,con/ant9ople hazel4 ,leaves r\ndi% ovate1 he>t-%ap$2 husk d\ble1 ! inn] "o divid$ into ?ree deeply cleft divisions1 ! out] ) _m long1 sl5d]1 curv$ segm5ts1 giv+ to ! calyx or husk a fr+$ appe>ance1 b leav+ ! end ( ! nut fully expos$ 7,fig4 #ci74 ,nuts small1 & = ?is reason r>ely cultivat$4 ,native ( ,asia ,m9or1 :]e ! tree atta9s a hight ( f fifty to sixty feet4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 h>dy 9 ,france & ,engl&1 & 0 introduc$ into ! latt] c\ntry "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 probably by ,clusius1 :o receiv$ ei!r nuts or plants f ,con/ant9ople1 h5ce its pres5t "n4 ,!re are sev]al o!r hazels & filb]ts1 s di/9ct f ! two common ,european types t botani/s h1 9 a few in/ances1 be5 incl9$ to elevate !m to ! rank ( species1 & among ^! ,i may "n ,corylus het]ophylla1 or v>i\s-leav$ filb]t1 f ea/]n ,asia1 also ! ,corylus f]ox1 or sp9y filb]t1 :i* has a long & deeply cut or fr+$ husk4 ,x is a native ( ! ,%eopur m\nta9 9 ,nepaul4 ,b f ! two common ,european species1 ,c4 ,avellana & ,c4 ,colurna1 & _! hybrids1 _m hundr$s ( v>ieties h be5 rais$1 & f among ^! we may readily select a doz5 possess+ all ! di/9ct & e/imable prop]ties to be f\nd 9 ?is g5us ( nut-be>+ plants2 to multiply names )\t secur+ any?+ ( intr9sic value1 is b a wa/e ( "t & labor on ! "p ( ! cultivator4 ,z we h no popul> v>ieties ( ,am]ican orig91 ,i am compell$ to consult ,european catalogues 9 mak+ a selection ( ^? mo/ promis+ = cultivation "h1 & ?is is1 p]haps1 an advantage1 inasmu* z our transatlantic c\s9s h _h a long exp]i5ce & abundant opportunities = det]m9+ ! m]its ( ! v>ieties !y recomm5d4 ,if h>d9ess & adaptation to our soil & climate are to be tak5 into acc\nt1 9 mak+ a selection1 !n we may fail = ! want ( exp]i5c$ guides1 z x is und5iable t v few p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry h ev] attempt$ to conduct ext5d$ exp]im5ts 9 ! cultivation ( ei!r ! native or ,european species & v>ieties ( ! hazel4 ,tak+ ?is view ( ! situation1 ,i %all avail myself ( ! small b select li/ ( v>ieties giv5 9 t /&>d "w1 ,! ,diction>y ( ,g>d5+1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,george ,ni*olson1 ( ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew1 ,engl&4 ,,select ,,li/ ,,( ,,v>ieties4 ,,alba1 ,,or ,,:ite ,,filb]t4--,consid]$ 9 ,engl& "o ( ! be/ v>ieties 9 cultivation4 ,f ! peculi> /ructure ( ! husk1 :i* contracts r ?an op5s at ! out] edge1 ?is filb]t c be kept long] 9 its cov] ?an mo/ o!rs4 ,z fa%ion dem&s t fre% filb]ts mu/ be br\ght to ! table 9 _! husks1 ?is v>iety des]ves special att5tion4 ,x is also kn[n z ,avel9i] ,blan*e1 ,wro?am ,p>k1 etc4 ,,cos=d1 ,,or ,,miss ,,"y',s ,,?9-,,%ell$4--,nut oblong1 ( excell5t quality2 husk hairy1 deeply cut1 ab\t z long z ! nut4 ,highly valu$ on acc\nt ( ! ?9ness ( ! %ell4 ,,crispa1 ,,or ,,frizzl$ ,,filb]t4--,%ell ?91 some:at flatt5$2 husk ri*ly & curi\sly frizzl$ ?r\gh\t1 op5 wide at ! m\?1 & hang+ ab\t z long aga9 z ! nut4 ,rip5s late1 & "o ( ! mo/ productive4 ,,d[nton ,,l>ge ,,squ>e4--,nut v l>ge2 %ell ?ick & well-fill$2 husk smoo?1 %ort] ?an ! nut4 ,a peculi>ly =m$ semi-squ>e nut1 ( ! be/ quality4 ,,lamb]t',s ,,filb]t 7,corylus tubulosa74--,nut l>ge1 oblong2 %ell ?ick & /rong1 ! k]nel be+ cov]$ ) a r$ sk92 husk long1 r smoo?1 s]rat$ at ! edges1 long] ?an ! nut4 ,a f9e1 /rong-gr[+1 free-fruit+ v>iety4 ,x is q popul> 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e x has be5 9 cultivation = tw5ty ye>s or m "u ! "n ( ,r$ ,avel9e4 ,specim5s ,i h receiv$ f !re 7 n z l>ge z ^? rais$ 9 ,engl&1 b ?is c be acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5ce 9 climate4 ,?is v>iety is cultivat$ 9 ,europe "u v>i\s local names1 z1 = in/ance1 ,great ,cob1 ,k5ti% ,cob1 ,filb]t ,cob1 & ,l>ge ,bond ,cob4 ,,gr&is1 ,,or ,,r\nd ,,cob-,,nut4--,nut l>ge1 %ort1 slightly compress$1 v ?ick & h>d2 husk %ort] ?an ! fruit1 mu* frizzl$ & hairy4 ,?is is suppos$ to be ! true ,b>celona nut ( comm]ce1 & is "o ( ! f9e/ gr[n4 ,?is is ! l>ge r\nd hazel or filb]t s l>gely import$ = ! trade 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x has _m synonyms1 & among !m we may record ,d[nton1 ,dw>f ,prolific1 ,great ,cob & ,r\nd ,cob4 ,,purple-,,leav$ ,,filb]t4--,usually cultivat$ z an ornam5tal %rub 9 ?is c\ntry1 b "u prop] treatm5t x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable = its fruit4 ,leaves v l>ge1 & ( a deep purple color4 ,nuts & husk ( ! same color1 :i* !y reta9 until cut by fro/s4 ,nuts l>ge1 an in* 9 l5g?2 husks mu* long] ?an ! nut1 & slightly hairy4 ,! catk9s are t5d] & become w9t]kill$ 9 our ,nor!rn ,/ates1 b if ! pi/illate fl[]s are f]tiliz$ by poll5 f "s m h>dy plant1 ?is purple-leav$ filb]t is exce$+ly prolific4 ,i h ga!r$ eighty nuts f a small bu% 9 my g>d51 ! fl[]s ( :i* _h be5 f]tiliz$ f ano!r v>iety 9 e>ly spr+4 ,,r$ ,,filb]t4 ,r$ ,hazel1 ,avel9i] ,r\ge4--,nut m$ium ovate1 n long z 9 ! tubulosa1 or ,lamb]t's filb]t2 %ell ?ick2 husk long & hispid4 ,a v productive v>iety ( good quality4 ,,spani% ,,filb]t4--,nut v l>ge1 oblong2 %ell ?ick2 husk smoo?1 long] ?an ! nut4 ,a v l>ge v>iety1 sometimes conf\nd$ ) ! ,r\nd cob-nut & its synonyms4 ,,p]sonal ,,exp]i5ce ,,) ,,filb]ts4 ,believ+ t our failures are (t5 ( f> m value1 9 ! l9e ( education1 ?an our successes1 ,i %all n hesitate to place my own on record z guidepo/s to ^? :o may be seek+ ! mo/ direct road to success 9 nut culture4 ,hav+ _h a r ext5d$ & exp5sive exp]i5ce 9 ! cultivation ( filb]ts1 ,i propose giv+ a brief acc\nt ( x "h1 ) ! hope t x may save "s o!r en?usia/ f los+ "t & money4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ specially drawn to ^! nuts 9 #aheh1--:ile a resid5t ( ! city ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41--by a neighbor :o _h a mod]ately l>ge g>d51 on ?ree sides ( :i* he _h plant$ a r[ ( ,engli% filb]ts4 ,^! trees1 at ! "t1 _h atta9$ a hight ( ab\t fifte5 feet1 ) broad1 op5 heads1 & !y r>ely fail$ to produce a heavy crop ( nuts1 :i* sold readily at v remun]ative prices1 = z !y 7 always ga!r$ 9 ! husks & sold by ! p\nd1 ! am\nt obta9$ f ^! few trees seem$ to be enorm\s1 consid]+ ! small space !y occupi$ 9 ?is g>d54 ,! own] ( ^! filb]t trees1 be+ an ,engli%man by bir?1 nev] tir$ ( %[+ 8 ,engli% filb]ts to visitors1 & ( descant+ ^u _! value1 z well z ^u ! /upid indiff]5ce ( ! ,yankees 9 neglect+ ! cultivation ( ^! valuable nuts4 ,i imbib$ en\gh ( my neighbor's en?usiasm to secure a good /ock ( 8 plants1 a few ye>s lat]1 = cultivation 9 my gr\nds "h4 ,! ?ird ye> aft] plant+1 q a numb] ( ! bu%es produc$ a fair crop ( nuts1 b ,i notic$ t an occasional %oot 0 affect$ ) blight1 & ^! 7 imm$iately cut out & burn$4 ,! next season m ( ! bran*es 7 affect$1 & f ^! ! blight ext5d$ d[nw>d on ! ma9 /ems1 & :5 ^! 7 cut away ! spr\ts f bel[ made a v vigor\s & app>5tly heal?y gr[?1 "s rea*+ a hight ( six feet ! fir/ season1 b a ye> or two lat] ^! 7 also attack$ & de/roy$ by blight4 ,f9d+ t ! filb]ts 9 my gr\nds 7 doom$1 ,i visit$ my old neighbor 9 ,brooklyn1 hop+ to le>n some?+ ( ! orig9 or cause ( ! disease2 b ! blight _h invad$ 8 g>d51 & n a tree rema9$4 ,on my return f ?is visit ,i _h e filb]t & hazel plant on my place dug up & burn$1 ?9k+ by su* means to /amp out ! disease4 ,aft] wait+ t5 ye>s1 ,i ?\ght x "t to try filb]ts aga91 & to be c]ta9 ( secur+ pure & heal?y plants1 ,i conclud$ to raise !m f ! nuts1 & s5t an ord] = a few p\nds ( ! l>ge/ & be/ v>iety to be f\nd 9 ! celebrat$ filb]t or*>ds ( ,k5t1 ,eng4 ,9 due "t ! nuts arriv$1 & !y 7 v l>ge1 & all ( "o v>iety1 z ord]$4 ,!y 7 mix$ ) s& & buri$ 9 ! g>d5 until ! foll[+ spr+1 !n s[n ?9ly 9 %all[ drills & cov]$ ) ab\t two in*es ( ri* soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,engli% ,,filb]t ,,or*>d1 ,,five ,,ye>s ,,f ,,se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,extra ,,l>ge ,,hazel ,,se$l+ ,,or ,,r\nd ,,engli% ,,filb]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,filb]ts ,,& ,,hazel ,,se$l+s4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ season ! plants 7 f "o to two feet high & q /ocky1 ) a mass ( small fibr\s roots4 ,! next spr+ !y 7 transplant$ into nurs]y r[s1 & set ab\t "o foot ap>t4 ,! ?ird spr+ ,i laid out ab\t "o acre = a specim5 filb]t or*>d1 & aft] ! gr\nd _h be5 ?or\ghly prep>$1 ! plants 7 set t5 feet ap>t 9 ! r[1 & twelve betwe5 ! r[s4 ,no crop 0 plant$ among ! trees1 b ! gr\nd 0 kept clean & free f we$s dur+ ! summ]1 ) cultivator & h>r[4 ,all suck]s spr++ f ! base ( ! /ems 7 remov$ z soon z !y appe>$1 & "u su* treatm5t ! plants made a vigor\s gr[?4 ,two ye>s lat] q a numb] ( ! trees came into be>+1 ^! %[+ t ,i 0 likely to h ne>ly z _m v>ieties 9 my or*>d z !re 7 trees4 ,"s ( ! v>ieties might be bett] ?an ! p>5t1 b ! great] "p 7 c]ta9 to be inf]ior 9 size4 ,! f\r? ye> aft] plant+ 9 ! or*>d ! trees gave me a heavy crop ( nuts1 & !y made a f9e appe>ance z "o look$ d[n betwe5 ! long r[s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,b ?is season my old enemy1 ! filb]t blight1 appe>$ aga91 & bran*es & ma9 /ems began to black5 & ! leaves to )]4 ,b ,i _h bu%els ( nuts & 9 great v>iety1 & by s5d+ specim5 baskets ( ! long-husk v>ieties to deal]s 9 ,new ,york1 le>n$ t !re 0 an almo/ unlimit$ dem& = su* nuts1 at prices rang+ f ?irty to sev5ty-five c5ts p] p\nd1 if s5t to m>ket 9 _! fre%1 half-rip5$ husk2 b lat] on1 :5 ! nuts h fall5 out & become ?or\ghly rip5$1 z :5 import$1 t5 c5ts a p\nd may be consid]$ an av]age price = ! l>g] v>ieties4 ,sev]al ( ^! are %[n 9 ,fig4 #da1 ( natural size & =m4 ,ano!r extra-l>ge hazel is %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,! fif? ye> aft] plant+1 my specim5 filb]t or*>d _h suff]$ s mu* f blight t x appe>$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc2 b a few doz5 trees h be5 res]v$1 ! re/ be+ remov$ & r$uc$ to a%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,filb]t ,,or*>d ,,/ruck ,,) ,,blight1 ,,fif? ,,ye> ,,f ,,se$4 ,"n & ,nature ( ! ,filb]t ,blight4--,! read] mu/ n suppose t "o :o has sp5t z mu* "t & money z ! writ] 9 exp]im5t+ ) ^! nuts1 w\ld make no ef=t to discov] ! orig9 & "n ( su* a virul5t disease1 & means ( de/roy+ x if ^! 7 kn[n4 ,= _m ye>s ,i _h be5 well aw>e ( its pres5ce 9 ne>ly all ( ! nurs]ies ( ! old] ,/ates1 z well z 9 ! public p>ks & private g>d5s4 ,9 ! meantime ,i _h dilig5tly exam9$ ! reports ( ! ,division ( ,vegetable ,pa?ology ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 z well z ! hundr$s ( bullet9s ( ! v>i\s ,/ate exp]im5t /ations1 treat+ ( ! fung\s diseases ( plants1 all )\t f9d+ a h9t or ref]5ce to ?is widely di/ribut$ & de/ructive blight ( ! filb]t4 ,i also s5t _m specim5s ( ! diseas$ twigs & bran*es to pr(essional mycologi/s1 ) no bett] results4 ,) ! nature ( ! disease1 its mode ( multiplication & di/ribution1 ,i _h become some:at famili>1 b ! in=mation s\ght 03 ,_h x ev] be5 describ$ & giv5 a sci5tific "n1 & if s1 :]e1 & by :om8 ,?is mu* ( its hi/ory _h someh[ escap$ me1 &1 z x w\ld appe> f ! foll[+ correspond5ce1 ! *ances 7 none too good ( f9d+ x4 ,9 reply to an inquiry direct$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,vegetable ,pa?ology1 ,i receiv$ ! foll[+3 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,aug4 #d1 #ahid4 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,y\r lett] ( ,aug4 #b1 relat+ to ! disease ( ! filb]t1 is at h&4 ,9 reply ,i h to say t we h n inve/igat$ ?is tr\ble1 & are !re=e unable to furni% y ) any def9ite in=mation ^u x4 ,specim5s ( ! disease1 z y describe x1 h nev] be51 s f> z ,i "k1 ref]r$ to ! ,division1 nor am ,i able to f9d any record ( any su* disease 9 =eign or dome/ic lit]ature4 ,if y w s5d u specim5s we %all be pleas$ to exam9e !m & furni% y a report4 ,we %\ld also be pleas$ to h any in=mation f y 9 reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* ! disease works4 ,v truly1 ,b4 ,t4 ,,gall[ay1 ,*ief ( ,division4 ,! specim5s reque/$ 7 =w>d$ promptly by mail1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,*ief ( ,division1 !y fell into ! h&s ( "o ( 8 assi/ants1 :o report$ z foll[s3 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,y\r lett] ( ,aug4 #g is receiv$1 toge!r ) ! specim5s4 ,! /ems ( ! ,corylus are affect$ ) "o ( ! ,pyr5omycetes4 ,cryptospora anomala1 ,pk4 ,! fungus is describ$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,pyr5omycetes1 by ,ellis & ,ev]h>t1 p4 #eca4 ,x attacks ,corylus ,am]icana1 b appe>s to be wor/ on ! ,european v>ieties1 z y say4 ,! pu/ules appe> fir/ on ! "y bran*es1 & lat] on ! old] ones & on ! trunk4 ,! roots are n kill$4 ,! only rem$y kn[n is to cut out & burn ! diseas$ /ems4 ,:e!r ,bordeaux mixture or any o!r copp] solution w protect ! %rub f attack1 is n kn[n4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 x has n be5 tri$4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t if ! /ems 7 ?or\ghly spray$ ) ! ,bordeaux mixture !y w\ld be protect$ f attack4 ,! mycelium ( ! fungus gr[s into ! cambium & practically girdles ! /ems4 ,! black pu/ules conta9 ! spores4 ,v truly y\rs1 ,,alb]t ,f4 ,,woods1 ,act+ ,*ief4 ,on ! receipt ( ?is note ( ,pr(4 ,woods1 ,i look$ up ,ellis & ,ev]h>t's "w1 a volum9\s "o ( ov] #hjj octavo pages1 publi%$ by ! au?ors at ,newfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,?is filb]t blight is briefly describ$ "u ! sci5tific "n ( ,cryptospora anomala1 ,pk41 b ,pr(4 ,peck writes me t ! description 0 made f specim5s discov]$ ne> ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 9 ,may1 #ahgd4 ,9 #ahhb ?is description 0 republi%$ by ,sacc>do1 9 8 ,syllage ,fungorum1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dgj1 "u ! "n ( ,cryptosporella anomala4 ,! orig9al "n 9 ,report #bh1 p4 #gb1 0 ,diatrype anomala4 ,9 #ahib ,ellis & ,ev]h>t1 9 ,pyr5omycetes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #eca1 *ang$ ! "n aga91 mak+ x ,cryptospora anomala4 ,s at pres5t we h ! names ( ?is fungus 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,diatrypes anomal1 ,peck1 #ahgf4 ,cryptosporella anomala1 ,sacc41 #ahhb4 ,cryptospora anomala1 ,e4 & ,e41 #ahib4 ,ellis & ,ev]h>t1 aft] giv+ sci5tific description1 add1 ,on liv+ /ems ( ,corylus ,am]icana1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 7,peck71 ,i[a 7,hol[ay71 on ,corylus ,avellana1 ,newfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! pu/ules appe> fir/ on ! small] bran*es1 & are s]rately arrang$ along "o side ( ! bran*2 aft]w>ds !y appe> also on ! l>g] bran*es & on ! trunk itself1 & 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree ye>s ! "p ( tree above gr\nd is entirely kill$4 ,! roots1 h[ev]1 /ill reta9 _! vitality1 & cont9ue to s5d up ea* ye> a luxuriant gr[? ( new %oots1 de/9$ to be de/roy$ ! succe$+ ye> by ! inexorable pe/4 ,! import$ trees seem to be m injuri\sly affect$ ?an ! native species4 ,! obs]vations ( ,ellis & ,ev]h>t & ,pr(4 ,woods accord ) my own1 b ,i may say t ! infe/$ bran*es (t5 %[ ! pres5ce ( ! mycelium 9 ! b>k & alburnum1--by a slight %r9k+1--weeks or mon?s be=e ! pu/ules appe>1 = ^! are m]ely indications ( ! la/ /age 9 ! life ( ! fungus1 & ) ! ?r[+ (f ! spores f ^! pu/ules ! old p>asite p]i%es4 ,! pu/ules1 :5 fully op51 are f "o-sixte5? to "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 usually r\nd1 b sometimes slightly oval 9 =m1 & plac$ ma9ly 9 almo/ /raight r[s l5g?ways ( ! bran*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,^! pu/ules appe> on wood ( all ages1 f two ye>s upw>d1 & 9 :at may be t]m$ pat*es1 rang+ f a few in*es to a foot or m 9 l5g?1 & m frequ5tly on ! upp] side ?an ! und]side ( ! bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,hazel ,,fungus4 ,?is fungus is und\bt$ly indig5\s1 & its ho/ plant is ! common ,am]ican hazel 7,c4 ,am]icana74 ,f a v c>eful se>*1 ,i h n be5 able to f9d any clump ( ^! bu%es ( any consid]able size t 0 entirely free f pu/ul\s /ems4 ,b on ^! wild plants x seems to d b little h>m1 = if a /em is kill$1 ano!r soon spr+s up f ! roots to take its place2 b :5 ?is fungus invades our or*>ds & g>d5s & attacks filb]t trees1 we recognize x z an implacable enemy4 ,h[ f> ! spores ( ?is fungus are likely to be c>ri$ by ! w9d1 transport$ on ! clo!s ( a p]son1 or ! hair ( dome/ic animals1 ,i d n "k1 b x c]ta9ly is n safe to plant ! susceptible species & v>ieties )9 a mile ( ! wild hazel bu%es1 unless ! plant] is prep>$ to use fungicides freely on 8 trees4 ,!re are c]ta9 phases ( ?is filb]t blight t are r obscure & sc>cely expla9able2 z1 = in/ance1 its virul5ce among "s species & v>ieties1 & almo/ if n total abs5ce among o!rs4 ,s f> z my obs]vation ext5ds1 ,i h nev] f\nd x attack+ ! native beak$ hazel 7,corylus ro/rata71 & my correspond5ts 9 ! ,nor?we/ & 9 ! ,pacific ,/ates assure me t no blight on ! hazel has1 z yet1 be5 f\nd !re1 & its abs5ce is probably due to ! fact t ! common hazel 7,c4 ,am]icana7 is n an inhabitant ( ^! regions4 ,9 a neighbor's g>d5 j across ! highway f my own1 !re are1 at ?is "t1 f\r old ,european hazelnut trees1 fully tw5ty feet high & z _m ye>s old4 ,!y are ( two v>ieties3 "o a small r\nd nut1 ! o!r a long1 sl5d] nut1 b nei!r ( mu* value1 because ( _! small size4 ,! trees1 h[ev]1 are p]fectly heal?y1 nev] hav+ suff]$ f ! blight1 al?\gh ^! f\r are all t rema9 ( a long r[ ( *oice ,european v>ieties all plant$ at ! same "t4 ,blight de/roy$ ! bett] v>ieties1 :ile ^! inf]ior ones cont9ue to ?rive & are exce$+ly productive4 ,?is native fungus t causes blight 9 ! hazels is b "o ( a l>ge numb] ( simil> maladies :i* h appe>$ & (t5 wor/$ ! horticulturi/1 9 8 endeavor to introduce & cultivate =eign species & v>ieties ( plants1 & l ! tropical fev]s1 !y may pass unnotic$ among ! natives1 b are t]ribly fatal to immigrants f cool] climates4 ,! disease s well kn[n z ! black knot 7,ot?ia morbosa1 ,s*u471 & widely de/ructive to ! ,european v>ieties ( ! plum1 & ,morello *]ries1 has exi/$ = ages among our native plums & black *]ries1 do+ comp>atively little h>m2 b x seems to prote/1 by its virul5ce1 aga9/ ! introduction ( "s =eign species4 ,! same is true ) v>i\s blights & ru/s :i* attack ! exotic pe>1 apple1 qu9ce1 pea*1 & o!r ( ! l>g] fruits1 & we h only to asc5d ! scale a few degrees f ! microscopic fungi to ! microscopic insects1 to meet on ! v ?re%old ( ?is realm ! m9ute b unconqu]able grape l\se 7,phyllox]a va/atrix71 :i* = m ?an two c5turies has prev5t$ ! successful cultivation ( ! ,european v>ieties ( ! grape 9 ! op5 air ev]y:]e ea/ ( ! ,rocky m\nta9s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 al?\gh ?is m9ute insect has ev] be5 pres5t & a con/ant p>asite ( ! indig5\s species ( ! grape1 b sc>cely affect+ ! heal? ( its ho/4 ,! plum curculio1 *e/nut & hickory weevils1 bean weevil1 & _m o!r simil> species ( insects appe> to be ev] prote/+ aga9/ ! introduction ( exotic plants1 z well z ! improvem5t ( our indig5\s k9ds4 ,x is ?is blight1 & no?+ else1 t has prev5t$ ! ext5sive cultivation ( ! improv$ v>ieties ( ! ,european filb]t & hazelnut 9 ?is c\ntry1 & n ! uncong5ial soil & climate1 z has be5 s (t5 (ficially proclaim$ by m5 ^: !ories are f> great] ?an _! practical k ( su* subjects4 ,m5 ^: exp]i5ce ) ^! nuts has be5 limit$ to a few isolat$ bu%es or trees 9 g>d5s or nurs]ies1 :]e !y 7 protect$1 or beyond ! rea* ( ! spores ( ! blight fungus1 z has already be5 not$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,pr9ce1 ,d[n+1 ,b>ry1 & my neighbor ,butl]1 ( ,brooklyn1 c\ld sc>cely und]/& :y o!rs %\ld rema9 s indiff]5t to su* a promis+ indu/ry1 or :y ! dem& = ! trees rema9$ s limit$1 ) sc>cely an attempt to plant filb]t or*>ds any:]e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,nurs]ym5 h cont9u$ to (f] ! *oice v>ieties at l[ prices p] plant1 & to advise _! cu/om]s to cultivate filb]ts ext5sively1 ev5 to sett+ !m 9 h$g][s2 & yet home-gr[n filb]ts rema9 z r>e 9 our m>kets z !y 7 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & all due to ! simple reason t ! insidi\s filb]t blight /ill scatt]s its spores unre/ra9$4 ,) ! pres5t almo/ univ]sal employm5t ( v>i\s fungicides = ! de/ruction ( blights1 mildews & ru/s on cultivat$ fruits & vegetables1 we may confid5tly ass]t t ! diseases ( ! filb]t may be readily controll$ by ! same means4 ,! spray+ ( ! trees ) ,bordeaux mixture & o!r copp] solutions w c]ta9ly de/roy ! fungus spores1 & ) ^! out ( ! way filb]t culture may become ( z mu* importance & z popul> "h z x is 9 c]ta9 c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,9 my own exp]i5ce ,i h f\nd no o!r nut tree 7b>r+ always ! blight7 t has be5 m satisfactory4 ,! plants come =w>d rapidly1 fruit+ freely & abundantly :5 "y1 & if prop]ly tra9$1 ! crop c be ga!r$ ) little labor1 & z x is ready = use a mon? or m 9 advance ( ! arrival ( fre% nuts f abroad1 ! home m>ket dur+ ! "t is at our comm&4 ,! numb] ( applications ( ! fungicides t w be necess>y dur+ ! season to rid ! trees ( blight1 or ! /r5g? ( ! copp] solution us$1 w dep5d some:at ^u circum/ances & ! condition ( ! subjects op]at$ ^u4 ,if ! trees are gr[+ ne> h$ges ( wild hazels1 :]e !re is a con/ant or annual influx ( ! fungus spores1 !n great] c>e w be requir$ to suppress !m ?an if ! trees are "s di/ance f su* s\rces ( contagion2 & x may be well = ^? contemplat+ plant+ filb]t or*>ds1 to exam9e _! surr\nd+s c>efully 9 advance1 9 ord] to avoid local blight-bre$+ plants1 & h ^! de/roy$ if any are f\nd4 ,i w\ld also w>n ! cultivator aga9/ collect+ bran*es ( ! wild hazel 9 ! spr+1 c>ry+ poll5-be>+ catk9s to be employ$ 9 f]tiliz+ ! pi/illate fl[]s ( ! cultivat$ v>ieties1 = by su* means blight spores may be readily introduc$ into or*>d & g>d54 ,x w seldom be necess>y to practice artificial f]tilization1 :]e any consid]able numb] ( trees are gr[n ne> toge!r1 because if n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! male catk9s are w9t]kill$1 ! few rema9+ w be suffici5t to supply poll5 = ! pi/illate fl[]s4 ,9 my gr\nds filb]ts h nev] fail$ to produce annual crops aft] rea*+ a be>+ age1 al?\gh !y h be5 subject$ to great extremes ( temp]ature 9 w9t]4 ,"o ye> ! trees 7 9 full bloom ! la/ week 9 ,febru>y1 & al?\gh cold wea!r foll[$1 ! protect$ pi/illate fl[]s 7 n injur$4 ,! w9t]s ( #ahid & #ahie 7 among ! sev]e/1 9 ! way ( cont9u\s l[ temp]ature1 ,i h ev] exp]i5c$ "h1 & :ile ! filb]ts did n bloom until ! fir/ week 9 ,april1 ! crop prov$ to be abundant4 ,insects ,injuri\s to ,filb]ts4--,my p]sonal obs]vations lead me to believe t ! filb]ts & hazels are1 9 ?is c\ntry1 rem>kably free f ! depr$ations ( noxi\s insects4 ,two species ( nut weevils h be5 report$ z bre$+ 9 ! wild hazelnuts1 viz41 ,balan9us obtusus1 & ,b4 nasicus1 b among ! _m bu%els ( ! ,european v>ieties ( ! filb]t produc$ 9 my gr\nds ,i h nev] f\nd "o infe/$ by a weevil or o!r insect4 ,9 ,europe a nut weevil 7,b4 nucum7 is said to be v de/ructive to ! wild hazel1 (t5 invad+ ! filb]t or*>ds1 & ?is we c readily believe1 because !y are n at all uncommon 9 ! import$ nuts1 b =tunately h n1 z yet1 become naturaliz$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! great hazel-leaf beetle1 or z m g5]ally kn[n1 elm-leaf beetle 7,monoce/a coryli71 has be5 kn[n 9 a few in/ances to attack & defoliate l>ge pat*es ( ! wild hazel bu%es1 b ?is insect seems to pref] ! elm1 h5ce is r>ely f\nd on ! hazels4 ,b %\ld x ev] invade our filb]t or*>ds1 x c be readily de/roy$ by du/+ or spray+ ! trees ) ,p>is gre51 ,london purple1 or o!r well-kn[n insecticides4 ,!re may be an occasional invasion ( cat]pill>s1 l ! t5t worms1 spanworms1 leaf roll]s ( v>i\s species1 & :at are call$ leaf m9]s1 b z ^! infe/ almo/ all k9ds ( decidu\s trees & %rubs1 we _c consid] !m specially injuri\s to ! filb]ts & hazels4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,hickory ,,nuts4 ,hicoria1 ,raf9esque4 ,"n probably d]iv$ f ! aborig9al or ,indian ^w hick]y1 or hickory1 ! common "n = ^! nuts among ! tribes =m]ly inhabit+ ! ,middle & ,s\!rn ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,ord]1 ,jugl&aceae 7,walnut family74--,native decidu\s trees ( l>ge size1 ) comp\nd s]rate leaves ) an odd numb] ( leaflets1 v>y+ f five to fifte5 9 ! diff]5t species1 ! ?ree t]m9al ones usually mu* ! l>ge/1 ! l[] ones on opposite sides ( ! r /\t leaf/alk4 ,male catk9s sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 p5dul\s1 two to six in*es long1 ?ree 9 a clu/]1 on a nak$ p$uncle or /alk 7,fig4 #df7 spr++ f ! base ( ! t]m9al buds ( ! previ\s season's twigs1 & j bel[ ! fir/ set ( new leaves 9 spr+2 calyx unequally ?ree-p>t$2 /am5s ?ree to eight4 ,female fl[]s two or m 9 a clu/]1 f ! end ( ! new gr[? ( ! season1 :i* becomes ! common p$uncle or fruit-/alk ( a s+le nut or clu/] ( nuts4 ,! fl[]s are de/itute ( petals2 /igma %ort1 broad1 & f\r-lob$2 husk fle%y or lea!ry1 smoo?1 v ?ick 9 "s species & ?9 9 o!rs1 p>tly or :olly f\r-lob$1 op5+ 9 "s1 all[+ ! nut to drop out at maturity1 9 o!rs adh]+1 fall+ (f entire :5 ripe4 ,nuts ) h>d1 bone-l %ell1 r\nd or oblong1 smoo? or deeply f\r to six angl$1 some:at flatt5$ or compress$ 9 mo/ ( ! species2 k]nel two-lob$1 oily1 sweet & delici\s1 z 9 ! common %ellb>k hickory1 or extremely bitt]1 z 9 ! bitt] nut4 ,hi/ory4--,! e>ly :ite settl]s ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates f\nd ! hickory nut 9 common use among ! ,indians1 :o ga!r$ & /or$ !m 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! fall1 = food dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & :ile our ance/ors :o s\ght to make homes 9 ! we/]n wild]ness may h appreciat$ ^! luxuries1 !y ne$$ l& = cultivation1 & to secure x ! =e/s 7 de/roy$1 ) no ?\ght ( pres]v+ trees t w\ld yield food = !mselves or succe$+ g5]ations4 ,n only 7 ! =e/s cle>$ away1 z ?+s to be bani%$ f sight & m9d1 b z ! hickories yield$ sup]ior timb] = v>i\s agricultural & o!r implem5ts1 z well z = fuel1 !y 7 (t5 s\ght = & utiliz$ 9 advance ( ! g5]al cle>+ ( wood l&s1 & ! fir/ to feel ! woodman's axe4 ,william ,b>tram1 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 travels ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,atlantic ,/ates1 f #aggc to #aggh1 & publi%$ 9 ,philadelphia 9 #agia1 says1 9 ref]r+ to ^! nuts1 t !y are held 9 great e/imation ) ! pres5t g5]ation ( ,indians1 p>ticul>ly ,juglans exaltata1 commonly call$ %ellb>k$ hickory2 ! ,creeks /ore up ! latt] 9 _! t[ns4 ,i h se5 above an hundr$ bu%els ( ^! nuts belong+ to "o family4 ,!y p\nd !m to pieces1 & !n ca/ !m into boil+ wat]1 :i*1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh f9e /ra9]s1 pres]ves ! mo/ oily "p ( ! liquid2 ?is !y call by a "n :i* signifies 'hickory milk2' x is z sweet & ri* z fre% cream1 & is an +r$i5t 9 mo/ ( _! cook]y1 especially 9 hom9y & corn cakes4 ,we c readily imag9e :at a delici\s liquid hickory milk mu/ be 9 :i* to cook hom9y1 rice1 & simil> k9ds ( gra92 & !re w\ld be no dang] f tub]culosis 9 ?is natural product ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,p]haps at "s future day1 :5 mil* c[s are z r>e 9 ?is c\ntry z !y h be5 = ages 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 hickory milk w come into vogue aga9 & be m highly valu$ by our p ?an x ev] 0 by ! aborig9es4 ,:ile we h no romantic tales to repeat 9 :i* ei!r hickory trees or ! nuts h play$ an important "p1 yet we c well imag9e t su* delici\s food mu/1 9 ages pa/1 z well z 9 our own times1 h be5 a covet$ luxury1 enjoy$ at _m a social ga!r+ ( fri5ds & neighbors4 ,_m a c\ntry boy & girl has welcom$ ! e>ly autumn fro/s1 because !y ann\nc$ ! op5+ ( ! nutt+ season1 rem9d+ !m ( ! long w9t] ev5+s ne> at h&1 & t ! indu/ri\s & nimble squirrel 0 a %>p competitor 9 ! nutt+ field2 consequ5tly1 no "t c\ld be wa/$ if a /ore ( su* luxuries 0 to be ga!r$ = home use1 or to be s5t to city or village m>ket = ! b5efit ( less =tunate consum]s4 ,x is to be hop$ t ?is s\rce ( pleasure & pr(it may cont9ue long aft] ! orig9al =e/s ( our c\ntry h disappe>$1 & ?r\gh ! pres]vation & plant+ ( ! noble food-be>+ hickories by ! roadsides1 9 or*>ds1 also = %elt]1 %ade & ornam5t4 ,valuable z hickory timb] & hickory nuts h always be5 to ! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry1 we might reasonably suppose t !re w\ld be _m ?\s&s ( ^! trees plant$ e ye>1 9 ord] to keep up a supply & make good ! annual loss su/a9$ 9 ! de/ruction con/antly go+ on 9 our =e/s4 ,b no su* plant+s appe> to h be5 und]tak5 9 our ,nor!rn ,/ates1 & only q rec5tly 9 ! ,s\!rn1 :]e ! pecan nut is attract+ consid]able att5tion1 on acc\nt ( ! increase 9 dem&1 & ! advance 9 price obta9$ = !m 9 ! m>kets4 ,fur!rmore1 ) ! _m millions ( doll>s exp5d$ by ! g5]al gov]nm5t to enc\rage ! plant+1 pres]vation & cultivation ( =e/ trees1 no special enc\ragem5t has be5 ext5d$ to ! nut-be>+ k9ds1 & ! man :o plants a cottonwood or wor?less will[ is giv5 z mu* cr$it z ?\gh he plant$ & re>$ a tree a ?\s& times m valuable to himself & ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,?is may n be a v cr$itable phase ( nut culture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b x is hi/ory1 nev]!less1 & to attempt to suppress x w\ld m]ely be enc\rag+ neglig5ce1 :i* has already become s g5]al t ! inf]ior v>ieties ( hickory nuts comm& a mu* high] price 9 our m>kets ?an ! v *oice/ did a few ye>s ago4 ,! nom5clature ( ! walnut family has be5 subject$ to v>i\s revisions by botani/s1 dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 & !re are probably o!rs yet to foll[ 9 ! ne> or di/ant future4 ,9 all o!r /&>d botanical works publi%$ prior to #ahag-ahah1 ! hickories 7 class$ ) ! butt]nut1 black walnut & ,p]sian walnut1 & "u ! g5]ic "n ( ,juglans4 ,b 9 ! ye> #ahah ,mr4 ,?omas ,nuttall1 an em95t ,engli% botani/1 :o _h giv5 ye>s to w&]+ ?r\gh our =e/s & /udy+ ,am]ican plants1 sep>at$ ! hickories f ! old] g5us ( ,juglans1 plac+ !m 9 a new "o1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,c>ya1 f an anci5t ,greek "n ( ! walnut tree4 ,?is classification ( ,nuttall's 0 imm$iately adopt$ by ! botani/s ( 8 "t1 & has be5 obs]v$1 sc>cely )\t "q1 by ! au?ors ( all ! num]\s botanical works publi%$ 9 ,am]ica & ,europe dur+ ! pa/ sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,b n[ we are in=m$ by "s ( our not$ botani/s t1 9 def]5ce to ! law ( priority dom9ant 9 matt]s sci5tific1 ,nuttall's "n = ?is g5us mu/ be ab&on$1 inasmu* z ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque1 an erratic ,fr5*man possess+ consid]able ability = botanical rese>*1 & :o came to ?is c\ntry sev]al ye>s be=e ,nuttall1--z "s rec5t inve/igations appe> to prove1--def9$ ! di/9ct *>act]i/ics ( ! hickories1 & n only propos$1 b publi%$ ! "n ,hicoria = ?is g5us 9 #ahag1 :ile ,nuttall's ,c>ya did n appe> until "o ye> lat]1 viz43 #ahah4 ,= ^! dates ,i am ma9ly indebt$ to ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 :o appe>s to h be5 delv+ among fir/ editions ( ! works ( ! au?ors nam$ 7,bullet91 ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 #ahhh74 ,x seems /range1 h[ev]1 at ?is late date1 t su* em95t botani/s z ! late ,dr4 ,john ,torrey & ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 :o 7 bo? intimately acqua9t$ )1 9 fact associates (1 ,raf9esque1 %\ld h ignor$ 8 rights 9 reg>d to ! "n ( ,hicoria1 if he 0 really entitl$ to ! honor ( f\nd+ ?is g5us & sep>at+ ! hickories f ! ,juglans4 ,b = "s good reason !y left ! matt] 9 abeyance1 = _! successors to settle4 ,dr4 ,torrey does1 9 a way1 recognize ,raf9esque1 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,plants ,)9 ,?irty ,miles ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 publi%$ 9 #ahai1 b 9 a mann] :i* %[s t he _h no confid5ce 9 ,raf9esque's claim1 b did approve ( ,nuttall's classifications & "n ( ,c>ya1 = on page #gd he ref]s to ! hickories z foll[s3 ,c>ya1 ,nuttall2 ,hickoria1 ,raf9esque4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ,dr4 ,torrey did n adopt ,hicoria z ! prop] mode ( spell+ ?is ^w1 b reta9$ ! lett] k 9 giv+ x a ,lat9 =m4 ,?is is n /range1 inasmu* z ,raf9esque _h no settl$ =m ( 8 own1 & v>i$ ! spell+ at diff]5t times2 z1 = in/ance1 ,scoria1 ,hicoria1 ,hickorius & ,hicorius4 ,x is b reasonable to suppose t ,dr4 ,torrey 0 famili> ) ,raf9esque's e>li] writ+s1 & also :e!r 8 propos$ g5]ic "n ( ,scoria1 9 #ahjh1 0 legitimate1 or a misspell+ ( ,hicoria1 z sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,britton4 ,b ( "o ?+ we may re/ assur$1 & t is1 ,dr4 ,torrey w\ld n kn[+ly detract f1 nor fail to give e man full cr$it = 8 labors 9 any bran* ( natural hi/ory or else:]e1 & he c]ta9ly mu/ h kn[n ,raf9esque 9 all 8 ecc5tricities & moods1 = :5 9 ,new ,york city he 0 usually ! gue/ ( ,dr4 ,torrey1 & ^! relations cont9u$ = _m ye>s4 ,a few ( our lead+ botani/s1 hav+ rec5tly decid$ t ,raf9esque's "n ( ,hicoria mu/ be re/or$1 9 def]5ce to ! laws ( priority1 & ,nuttall's ,c>ya be relegat$ to ! position ( a synonym1 ,i h conclud$ to adopt x 9 ?is "w1 al?\gh ,i am well aw>e t a l>ge majority ( our botani/s h prote/$ aga9/ ?is *ange1 probably because ( ! confusion x is likely to cause 9 ! botanical lit]ature ( our times4 ,my own reason = adopt+ ,hicoria is n s mu* f any special rev]5ce to ! laws ( priority1 b because x is d]iv$ f an old ,am]ican ,indian "n1 & = all su* ,i h a pr(\nd reg>d1 & w\ld reta9 & adopt !m :5ev] & :]ev] !y are at all appropriate to products indig5\s to ?is c\ntry4 ,! hickories be+ purely ,am]ican1 & unkn[n to ,greece or ,greeks1 a semi-native "n is all ! m acceptable4 ,x is n to be expect$ t botanical quibbles are ( any special int]e/ to ! practical nut culturi/1 = a pecan or a %ellb>k hickory w ta/e j z sweet & comm& z high a price 9 m>ket "u "o sci5tific "n z ano!r2 b ! cultivator may h occasion to look up ! botanical "n ( 8 trees 9 "s s*ool botany1 or o!r botanical "w1 & fail to f9d x1 9 ! abs5ce ( "s guide to ! v>i\s *anges t h be5 made 9 ! "n ( ! g5us1 z well z 9 ! "n ( ! synonyms ( ! diff]5t species4 ,!n1 aga91 propagators & deal]s 9 trees are prone to employ unfamili> names1 :e!r !y are old or new1 ?is add+ to ! confusion1 )\t b5efit to ei!r pur*as] or cultivator4 ,to assi/ ^? :o may h occasion to consult ^! pages = ei!r ! common or botanical names ( ! diff]5t species ( ! hickory1 ,i %all endeavor to give ! great] "p ( ^? compil$ by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s>g5t 7,t5? ,c5sus71 ,dr4 ,britton1 & o!r em95t au?orities ^: works ,i h _h occasion to consult 9 writ+ ?is treatise4 ,x is n c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ^! revisions & readju/m5ts ( ! sci5tific names ( ?is g5us ( trees w rema9 undi/urb$ = any consid]able numb] ( ye>s1 = we h _m m5 ( _m m9ds at "w 9 ! l9e ( botanical rese>*1 & x c sc>cely be expect$ t all w rea* ! same conclusion1 ei!r 9 fact or fancy2 besides1 x is (t5 difficult1 if n :olly impossible1 to det]m9e a species f ! description giv5 by ! e>li] botani/s1 = !y are g5]ally v brief & vague1 & w (t5 apply equally well to two or m species ( ! same g5us4 ,9 "s in/ances n a ^w is giv5 9 ! way ( description1 m]ely a "n1 z 9 ,b>tram's ,travels 7#agia71 :]e he speaks ( ,juglans exaltata1 a tall-gr[+ hickory f\nd 9 ! region ?r\gh :i* he 0 travel+1 & we n[ "k t x may h be5 any "o ( two or ?ree species indig5\s to ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,"u su* confus+ circum/ances ,i %all make no claim ( infallibility 9 apply+ names to species1 b attempt no m ?an my pr$ecessors h 9 ! same direction1 & my contempor>ies are n[ attempt+1 i4 e41 make z close a guess z possible z to ! species or v>iety ( hickory :i* ! e>li] au?ors int5d$ to "n & briefly describe4 ,! date ( publication ( "s ( ! e>li] works consult$ are giv51 z an e>ne/ ( my desire to ass5t to ! law ( priority 9 su* matt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,f\rte5 ,,ye>s ,,old ,,pecan ,,tree ,,9 ,,mississippi4 ,,pecan ,,nut1 ,,ill9ois ,,nut 7,hicoria ,pecan4 ,m>%all74--,leaves ) ?irte5 to fifte5 leaflets1 oblong-lanceolate1 s]rate1 po9t$2 nuts mo/ly oblong1 smoo?2 husk ?91 some:at f\r-angl$ & f\r-valv$1 ^! at maturity %r9k+1 & fall+ ap>t :5 dropp+ to ! gr\nd4 ,%ell ( nut g5]ally ?91 smoo? or slightly corrugat$1 v>y+ widely 9 bo? =m & size f less ?an "o in* 9 l5g? to ne>ly or q two in*es1 abruptly blunt1 or long & %>p po9t$2 ! two-lob$ cotyl$on or k]nel oily1 sweet & delici\s4 ,a l>ge1 tall1 b usually sl5d] tree1 ) smoo? or slightly furr[$ b>k1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,ma9ly indig5\s to riv] bottoms 9 ! ,s\!rn & ,s\?we/]n ,/ates1 ext5d+ nor?w>d to ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri & ,s\!rn ,i[a4 ,synonyms & _! au?ors3 ,juglans ,pecan1 ,m>%all1 ,arboretum ,am]icanum1 #aghe4 ,juglans ,pecan1 ,walt]1 #aghg4 ,juglans olivae=mis1 ,willd5[1 #ahji4 ,c>ya olivae=mis1 ,nuttall1 #ahah4 ,juglans ,ill9oi5sis1 ,wang5heim1 #aghg4 ,juglans angu/ifolia1 ,aiton1 ,hortus ,kew5sis4 ,juglans rubra1 ,ga]tn]4 ,juglans cyl9drica1 ,lam>ck4 ,,%ellb>k ,,or ,,%agb>k ,,hickory 7,hicoria alba4 ,clayton74--,leaflets mo/ly five1 occasionally sev51 ! ?ree upp] ones obovate-lanceolate1 ! l[] pair mu* small] & oblong-lanceolate1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 all tap]-po9t$1 f9ely s]rate1 & slightly d[ny und]nea?4 ,t]m9al buds l>ge & scaly4 ,fruit globose1 some:at depress$2 husk smoo?1 v ?ick1 firm1 sc>cely %r9k+ at maturity1 b op5+ & fall+ ) ! nuts :5 ripe4 ,nuts v>iable 9 size1 ma9ly ?9-%ell$1 :ite1 compress$ or flatt5$1 f\r-angl$1 ) deep corrugations1 blunt1 r>ely %>p-po9t$2 k]nel l>ge1 sweet & excell5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common & popul> ( ! indig5\s edible nuts1 collect$ 9 l>ge quantities z !y rip5 9 autumn1 = home use & = sale1 z ! dem& = ?is excell5t nut is almo/ unlimit$4 ,a l>ge tree1 fifty to eighty feet high1 & /em "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 ) a %aggy or scaly b>k1 :i* on old trees may be readily pull$ (f 9 long1 %ell-l plates4 ,timb] well kn[n z valuable = _m purposes4 ,?is species has a v wide range1 ( f ,ma9e to ,florida 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 & we/w>d to ,m9nesota1 !nce s\?w>d ?r\gh ea/]n ,kansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,indian ,t]ritory & ea/]n ,texas4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans alba1 ,clayton1 ,flora ,virg9ica1 #agci4 ,juglans alba ovata1 ,mill]1 ,g>d4 ,dict41 #aged4 ,juglans alba1 ,l9n41 ,spec4 pl41 #aged4 ,juglans alba ovata1 ,m>%all1 #aghe4 ,juglans compressa 7871 ,willd5[1 #ahji4 ,juglans exaltata 7871 ,b>tram1 #agia4 ,juglans alba1 ,nuttall1 #ahah4 ,juglans v>4 microc>pa1 ,nuttall4 ,juglans squamosa 7871 ,lam>ck4 ,juglans ovalis 7871 ,wang5heim4 ,al?\gh ,clayton1 z ) mo/ ( ! e>li] botani/s1 fails to give any description ( ! foliage ( ! hickories he m5tions1 & all h ! affix alba 7:ite71 yet 8 ref]5ce to ! =m ( ! nut & ! scaly b>k ( ! tree is suffici5t to enable u to id5tify ! species z t ( our common %ellb>k hickory ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! regions :]e he ga!r$ 8 botanical specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,leaf ,,& ,,/]ile ,,catk9s ,,( ,,%ellb>k ,,hickory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,we/]n ,,%ellb>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,section ,,we/]n ,,%ellb>k4 ,,big ,,%ellb>k1 ,,?ick ,,or ,,we/]n ,,%ellb>k1 ,,etc4 7,hicoria lac9iosa4 ,mi*aux74--,leaflets sev5 to n9e1 obovate-oblong1 f9ely s]rate1 r\ghi%-d[ny or pubesc5t b5ea?4 ,buds l>ge1 compos$ ( r loose grayi% scales2 ! "y twigs /\t1 ) a gray b>k1 mo/ noticeable 9 w9t]4 ,fruit l>ge1 oval to oblong1 usually f\r-ribb$ above ! middle1 ) depressions betwe52 husk ?ick1 some:at spongy1 %r9k+ at maturity1 & splitt+ op5 f top d[nw>d4 ,nut l>ge1 ) prom95t ridges1 & /rongly po9t$1 b slightly compress$ at ! sides1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #dg2 %ell ?ick & ( a dull yell[i% color2 k]nel mod]ately l>ge1 z %[n across section ( nut 9 ,fig4 #dh1 b mu* small] 9 proportion to ! size ( ! nut ?an 9 ! two prec$+ species1 b x is sweet1 well flavor$1 & easily remov$ f ! %ell :5 crack$4 ,! v l>ge size ( ^! nuts makes !m a favorite1 especially :]e ! pecan & ! true %ellb>ks are n pl5tiful4 ,^! nuts 7 =m]ly kn[n z ! ,spr+field or ,gl\ce/] nut4 ,a v l>ge tree1 sixty to eighty feet high1 & two to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 ) ?ick1 scaly b>k1 ! scales some:at ?ick] ?an 9 ! common %ellb>k hickory ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,a r>e tree1 except 9 ! valleys we/ ( ! ,alleghanies1 al?\gh x is report$ to h be5 f\nd 9 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 & !nce we/ to s\!rn ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri1 ea/]n ,kansas1 & ! ,indian ,t]ritory4 ,pl5tiful 9 ! bottom l&s along ! ,ohio1 ,mississippi & l[] ,miss\ri4 ,elliott1 9 ,botany ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia 7#ahbd71 says x is r>e 9 ! l[ c\ntry ( ,c>ol9a1 b he does n say t x is f\nd pl5tiful any:]e 9 ! ,s\?4 ,t he 0 sometimes 9 d\bt 9 reg>d to ! id5tification ( ?is & o!r species may be inf]r$ f 8 rem>k1 namely3 ,! great] "p ( our hickories resemble ea* o!r s closely 9 _! leaves & v>y s mu* 9 _! fruit t x is v difficult to discrim9ate ! species4 ,x is ?is difficulty ( id5tification :i* has l$ to s mu* confusion 9 ! application ( ! specific names1 = ! e>li] botani/s r>ely _h an opportunity ( a close & c>eful exam9ation ( ! trees or o!r plants :i* !y attempt$ to describe4 ,9 relation to ! species "u consid]ation1 we f9d t ! specific "n ( sulcata1 s long 9 use1 0 adopt$ by ,nuttall1 f "s e>li] or contemporane\s au?or1--a sy/em he foll[$ ) all ! diff]5t species ( ! hickory1 b )\t1 9 "s in/ances1 any discrim9ation or reg>d to _! adaptation or validity4 ,if !re 0 any?+ to %[ t ,willd5[ 7#agif7 _h ?is ,we/]n %ellb>k 9 m9d1 or t he or 8 correspond5ts 9 ?is c\ntry _h ev] se5 or collect$ x1 !n we might adopt ! "n ( sulcata z ! orig9al & true "o2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( su* in=mation1 ) a full & accurate description ( ! species & its habitats by ,mi*aux1 "u ! "n ( lac9iosa1 ,i ?9k1 9 common ju/ice to "o ( ! mo/ em95t d5drologi/s :o ev] visit$ ?is c\ntry1 ! "n giv5 %\ld /& z ! true "o = ?is species4 ,see ,mi*aux1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,sylva1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abh4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans sulcata 7871 ,willd5[1 #agif4 ,juglans lac9iosa1 ,mi*aux1 #ahaj4 ,c>ya sulcata1 ,nuttall1 #ahah4 ,c>ya cordi=mis1 ,ko*1 ,d5drologie4 ,! ?ree prec$+ species are probably ! only ones wor?y ( propagation = _! fruit1 or t h & are likely to yield v>ieties ( any consid]able economic value2 b z x is important t ! nut culturi/ %\ld "k ! mat]ials he is us+1 & :e!r !y be ( ! be/ or o!rwise1 ,i %all admit all ! species1 )\t reg>d to _! m]its or value = cultivation4 ,,mock] ,,nut1 ,,bull ,,nut1 ,,big-,,bud ,,hickory1 ,,k+ ,,nut1 ,,:ite-,,he>t ,,hickory1 ,,etc4 7,hicoria tom5tosa4 ,mi*aux74--,leaflets mo/ly sev51 occasionally n9e1 l>ge1 oblong-obovate1 r long po9t$1 slightly s]rate1 smoo? on bo? sides :ile "y1 becom+ r\ghi% d[ny und]nea? :5 fully develop$ 9 summ]2 leaf-/alks & catk9s also some:at d[ny4 ,fruit m$ium to v l>ge1 r\nd or ovoid1 ) a v ?ick woody husk1 :i* splits ne>ly or q d[n to ! base1 b usually fall+ ) ! enclos$ nut entire1 or bur/+ op5 z !y /rike ! gr\nd4 ,nut v ?ick %ell$1 smoo?1 or /rongly f\r to six angl$1 :ite at fir/1 b becom+ a dull br[n :5 expos$ to ! light4 ,! k]nel is sweet1 b s small & firmly imb$d$ 9 ! ?ick %ell t x is only to be remov$ 9 m9ute sections1 b ?is is successfully accompli%$ by ! squirrels1 :o (t5 ?r[ d[n ! entire crop f l>ge trees be=e ! %ells h>d51 & !n pack !m away 9 ! gr\nd1 9 old logs1 & "u ! leaves1 :]e !y w n dry = "s weeks or mon?s lat]4 ,an exce$+ly v>iable species1 especially 9 ! size & =m ( ! nuts2 on "s trees !y are sc>cely an in* 9 diamet]1 :ile on o!rs !y are ne>ly or q two in*es1 b always ) su* a ?ick1 h>d %ell z to be ne>ly wor?less = _! meats4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! nuts ,i h ev] se5 gr[ 9 c5tral & we/]n ,new ,york1 :]e !y are call$ ,k+ or ,bull nuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,leaf ,,( ,,pignut4 ,! trees gr[ to a v l>ge size1 or f sixty to eighty feet high1 & two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 ) a ?ick1 deeply furr[$ b>k1 n scaly4 ,! wood is :ite1 heavy1 t\gh1 & ne>ly z valuable z ! common %ellb>k hickory4 ,! t]m9al buds1 & especially ^? on ! "y se$l+s & suck]s spr++ up 9 cle>+s1 are v l>ge1 r\nd1 %ort1 & cov]$ ) br[ni% scales1 h5ce "o ( ! local names ( big-bud hickory4 ,a widely di/ribut$ species1 or f ! valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ,florida1 & along ! great lakes to ,nebraska1 & !nce s\?w>d to ,texas4 ,unlike mo/ ( ! o!r hickories1 ?is species seems to pref] ?9 soils1 rocky s&/one ridges1 & "h 9 ,new ,j]sey almo/ disappe>+ 9 ! ri* bottom l&s along our creeks & riv]s2 at lea/1 ?is is its habit "h 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans alba 7871 ,l9n41 #aged4 ,juglans tom5tosa1 ,mi*aux1 #ahaj4 ,c>ya tom5tosa1 ,nuttall1 #ahah4 ,c>ya tom5tosa v>4 maxima1 ,nuttall4 ,c>ya alba1 ,ko*1 ,d5drologie4 ,,pignut1 ,,hognut1 ,,br[n ,,hickory1 ,,black ,,hickory1 ,,swit*-,,bud ,,hickory 7,hicoria glabra4 ,mill]74--,leaflets five to sev51 mo/ly sev5 7,fig4 #di71 ovate-lanceolate1 s]rate1 smoo?2 fruit pe>-%ap$ or r\ndi%-obovate2 husk v ?91 splitt+ ab\t half way d[n into f\r sections or valves1 ^! usually rema9+ atta*$ to ! nut = "s "t aft] fall+1 9 fact1 may (t5 be f\nd )9 ! husk all ?r\gh ! w9t]2 %ell ( nut mod]ately ?9 b t\gh1 ) a small1 bitt]i%-sweet k]nel4 ,a l>ge1 r sl5d] tree 9 simil> & same localities z ! la/1 ) a close b>k b n s deeply furr[$ z 9 ! mock] nut 7,h4 tom5tosa74 ,( no special value except z a timb] tree1 & its sl[ gr[? makes x less des]v+ ( att5tion ?an ^? species t be> l>ge & edible nuts4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans glabra1 ,mill]1 #agfh4 ,juglans alba acum9ata1 ,m>%all1 #aghe4 ,juglans obcordata1 ,lam>ck4 ,juglans porc9a1 ,mi*aux4 ,juglans pyri=mis1 ,muhl5b]g4 ,juglans porc9a1 v>4 obcordata1 ,pur%4 ,juglans porc9a1 v>4 pyri=mis1 ,pur%4 ,c>ya porc9a1 ,nuttall4 ,c>ya glabra1 ,torrey4 ,c>ya am>a1 v>4 porc9a1 ,d>by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,bitt]nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,bitt]nut4 ,,bitt]nut1 ,,swamp ,,hickory1 ,,pignut 7,hicoria m9ima4 ,m>%all74--,leaflets sev5 to elev51 oblong-lanceolate1 s]rate1 smoo? & ?92 fruit globul>1 ) di/9ct ridges at ! seams 7,fig4 #ej72 ! husk v ?91 & at maturity splitt+ ab\t halfway to ! base1 ! f\r divisions becom+ reflex$ 9 matur+1 b n sep>at+ & fall+ ap>t z 9 ! ?ick]-husk species4 ,nut broade/ at ! top1 %>p-po9t$1 obcordata 7,fig4 #ea71 slightly depress$2 %ell v ?91 smoo?1 :ite2 k]nel int5sely bitt] :5 fully ripe1 b gre$ily eat5 by squirrels :5 fre% or 9 a half milky /ate4 ,usually a m$ium-siz$1 graceful tree1 ) smoo? b>k1 sl5d] twigs1 & small1 oblong buds cov]$ ) a d5se yell[ pubesc5ce 9 w9t]4 ,x gr[s 9 moi/ soils1 along /reams & bord]s ( swamps1 & ne> spr+s on hill-sides1 f ,ma9e to ,florida1 & we/w>d to ,m9nesota1 ,nebraska & ,kansas4 ,humphrey ,m>%all describ$ ?is species s accurately 9 8 ,am]ican ,grove1 "u ! "n ( ,juglans m9ima1 p4 #fh1 t !re is no good reason to d\bt its id5tity1 nor "q ! validity ( ?is "n1 :i* %\ld rema9 z ! true & orig9al "o1 & all o!rs ( lat] date be plac$ among ! synonyms4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans 7alba7 m9ima1 ,m>%all1 #aghe4 ,juglans cordi=mis1 ,wang5heim1 #aghg4 ,juglans angu/ifolia1 ,lam>ck1 #agia4 ,juglans am>a1 ,mi*aux1 #ahaj4 ,hickorius am>us1 ,raf9esque1 #ahag4 ,c>ya am>a1 ,nuttall1 #ahah4 ,,nutmeg ,,hickory 7,hicoria myri/icae=mis4 ,mi*aux74--,leaflets five to sev51 ovate-lanceolate1 po9t$1 q smoo? on bo? sides1 ! t]m9al leaflet sessile1 n /alk$2 fruit oval2 husk wr9kl$ & r\gh1 ?ick2 nut small1 oval1 %ort-po9t$2 ! %ell furr[$ & v h>d1 & ( a br[ni% color m>k$ ) :ite l9es4 ,mi*aux says3 ,! %ell is s ?ick t x con/itutes two-?irds ( ! volume ( ! nut1 :i*1 consequ5tly1 is extremely h>d1 & has a m9ute k]nel4 ,x is inf]ior to ! pignut4 ,a m$ium-size tree ) sl5d] bran*es1 f\nd 9 a few localities 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ne> swamps & bord]s ( /reams1 & we/w>d to ,arkansas1 :]e x rea*es its greate/ developm5t4 ,?is hickory has be5 s r>ely se5 by botani/s t ,mi*aux's specific "n1 giv5 x m ?an eighty ye>s ago1 has f>$ a bett] fate ?an ^? ( our m common & abundant species2 consequ5tly1 ,i h only "o synonym to record1 viz43 ,c>ya am>a1 v>4 myri/icae=mis1 ,coop]1 9 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aheh4 ,,wat] ,,hickory1 ,,swamp ,,hickory1 ,,bitt] ,,pecan 7,hicoria aquatica4 ,mi*aux74--,leaflets n9e to ?irte51 g5]ally elev51 n>r[ & obliquely lanceolate-po9t$1 slightly s]rate1 ?9 & smoo?2 fruit globul> or some:at egg-%ap$1 f\r-ribb$2 husk ?91 divid+ at maturity d[n to ! base2 nut ?9-%ell$1 f\r-angl$2 k]nel mu* wr9kl$ & v bitt]4 ,?is is closely alli$ to if n a m ,s\!rn =m ( our common bitt]nut4 ,a small tree 9 swamps & riv] bottoms f ,nor? ,c>ol9a s\? to ,florida1 & we/ to ,texas4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans aquatica1 ,mi*aux4 ,hicorius integrifolia1 ,raf9esque4 ,c>ya aquatica1 ,nuttall4 ,c>ya integrifolia1 ,spr5gel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,l>ge1 ,,long ,,pecan ,,nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,oval ,,pecan ,,nut4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,hickories4--,e "o :o has ev] _h occasion to ga!r or exam9e hickory nuts 9 ! =e/1 or has se5 !m 9 m>ket1 mu/ be aw>e ( ! fact t !re is an almo/ endless v>iety ( ea* & all ! diff]5t species4 ,b z x is only ! v>ieties ( ! pecan & ?ick- & ?9-%ell$ %agb>k hickories t are likely to be ( any economic value to ! nut culturi/1 all o!rs w be omitt$4 ,( ! fir/ or pecan nut ! natural v>ieties are n only exce$+ly num]\s1 b v>y widely 9 size1 =m1 ?ickness ( %ell1 & productiv5ess ( ! individual trees4 ,9 "s ! nuts are produc$ s+ly or 9 pairs1 & f ?is numb] up to clu/]s ( sev5 or eight2 ^! l>ge-clu/]$ & extra-prolific v>ieties are mo/ wor?y ( special att5tion1 especially :5 ! nuts are ( good size & ?9-%ell$1 z 9 ! l>ge1 long pecan 7,fig4 #eb74 ,f ?is size !y v>y1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ec1 #ed1 #ee4 ,"s ( ! wild v>ieties h receiv$ local names1 & a v few propagat$ by graft+1 :i* is probably ! mo/ practical means kn[n ( multiply+ !m1 & at ! same "t pres]v+ _! v>ietal *>act]i/ics4 ,*oice & extra f9e ones are con/antly be+ discov]$ & br\ght to notice1 & d\btless _m m w foll[ z ! old fields & =e/s ( ! ,s\? & ,we/ are explor$2 besides1 !re are _m ?\s&s ( se$l+ trees n[ "u cultivation1 & f ^! we may expect "s m>k$ v>iations f ! orig9al or wild =ms4 ,9 ,bullet9 #aje1 ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation = #ahid1 & 9 ,report ( ,assi/ant ,pomologi/ ( ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = same ye>1 we f9d ! foll[+-nam$ v>ieties ( pecans3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,small ,,oval4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,little ,,mobile4 ,,alba4--,size bel[ m$ium1 cyl9drical1 ) po9t$ apex2 crack+ qualities good2 %ell ( m$ium ?ickness2 corky %ell l9+ ?ick1 adh]+ to ! k]nel2 k]nel plump1 light color$2 quality good4 ,,biloxi 7,w4 ,r4 ,/u>t1 ,ocean ,spr+s1 ,miss474--,m$ium size1 cyl9drical1 po9t$ at ea* end2 surface q regul>1 light br[n2 %ell ?92 crack+ qualities m$ium2 k]nel plump1 ) yell[i%-br[n surface2 free f a/r+5cy1 ( good quality1 & keeps well )\t becom+ rancid4 ,introduc$ sev]al ye>s ago by ,w4 ,r4 ,/u>t z ,mexican ,pap] ,%ell1 b ! "n has s9ce be5 *ang$ to ,biloxi4 ,,columbian 7,w4 ,r4 ,/u>t1 ,ocean ,spr+s1 ,miss474--,l>ge1 cyl9drical1 some:at compress$ at ! middle1 r\nd+ at ! base2 po9t$ & some:at f\r-sid$ at ! cr[n2 %ell r heavy2 crack+ qualities m$ium2 quality good4 ,9 size & =m ?is nut closely resembles ,mammo?1 :i* 0 introduc$ 9 #ahij by ,ri*>d ,frots*]1 ( ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,,e>ly ,,texan 7,l\is ,bi$ig]1 ,idlewild1 ,tex474--,size above m$ium1 %ort1 cyl9drical1 ) r\nd$ base & blunt conical cr[n2 %ell q ?ick1 %ell l9+ ?ick1 a/r+5t2 crack+ qualities m$ium2 k]nel n v plump1 ( mild1 nutty flavor2 quality good4 ,,georgia ,,melon4--,size above m$ium1 %ort1 r blunt at apex2 crack+ quality m$ium2 %ell r ?ick2 k]nel plump1 br[n2 meat yell[1 mod]ately t5d]1 pleasant1 good4 ,,gonzales 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,d5ison1 ,tex474--,above m$ium size1 ) firm1 cle> %ell2 quality excell5t4 ,orig9at$ 9 ,gonzales c\nty1 ,tex4 ,,h>c\rt4--,size m$ium1 %ort1 slightly acorn-%ap$2 crack+ qualities m$ium2 %ell r ?ick1 b v smoo? inside2 k]nel %ort1 v plump2 meat yell[1 v t5d]1 ri*1 v good4 ,,longfell[4--,size m$ium1 oblong1 cyl9drical1 some:at irregul>1 enl>g+ f base to ne> cr[n1 !n %>ply conical to ! apex2 crack+ qualities n fir/-class2 %ell ( m$ium ?ickness2 k]nel plump b r ?91 light-color$2 meat :ite1 sweeti%1 ri*1 good4 ,,primate 7,w4 ,r4 ,/u>t1 ,ocean ,spr+s1 ,miss47--,( m$ium size1 sl5d]1 r long2 %ell ?92 quality good2 rip5s 9 ,septemb]1 ?irty days be=e o!r nuts4 ,,rib]a4--,size above m$ium1 oblong ovate2 crack+ qualities good2 %ell ?92 k]nel plump1 light br[n1 free f ! bitt]1 r$1 corky gr[? :i* adh]es to ! %ell2 meat yell[1 t5d]1 ) ri*1 delicate1 pleasant flavor4 ,,fau/4--,a ,s\? ,c>ol9a v>iety ( m$ium to l>ge size1 m$ium %ell & good quality4 ,,frots*]4--,a ,l\isiana v>iety ( l>ge size1 v ?9 %ell1 & plump k]nel ( good quality4 ,,jewett4--,f ,mississippi2 a l>ge1 long nut1 r irregul>2 %ell m$ium2 quality v good4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,/u>t4 ,,/u>t4--,a l>ge1 r\ndi%1 oblong nut f ,mississippi 7,fig4 #ef74 ,,turkey ,,egg4--,a v>iety f ,florida2 l>ge & ?9-%ell$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,van ,,deman4 ,,van ,,deman4--,a l>ge v>iety f ,mississippi1 ( oblong =m & ?9 %ell 7,fig4 #eg74 ,f o!r s\rces we collect o!r names1 namely3 ,,idlewild4--,an oval %ap$ nut f ,idlewild1 ,texas4 ,report ( ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #ahij4 ,,risi54--,a v broad1 ?ick v>iety1 ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 v blunt at bo? ends4 ,f ,san ,saba1 ,texas 7,fig4 #eh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,risi54 ,a peculi> %ap$ pecan nut is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei1 f ,l\isiana1 s5t "u ! "n ( ,lady ,f+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,lady ,,f+]4 ,f ! report ( ! ,georgia ,/ate ,horticultural ,society1 #ahic1 we obta9 c]ta9 local names )\t description1 z1 = in/ance1 ,turkey ,egg1 ,mexican1 ,colorado1 ,pride ( ! ,coa/1 etc4 ,col4 ,w4 ,r4 ,/u>t1 ( ,ocean ,spr+s1 ,miss41 :o has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( pecan culture 9 t ,/ate1 & is ! au?or ( ,! ,pecan & ,h[ to ,gr[ x1 adds two m v>ieties to ! above li/1 viz43 ,beauty & ,columbia2 ! latt]1 z figur$ 9 ! book nam$1 is a v l>ge v>iety1 tap]+ f a broad base to a %>p po9t4 ,judge ,samuel ,mill]1 ( ,bluffton1 ,mo41 f\nd "s v l>ge & f9e v>ieties ( ! pecan 9 8 neighborhood sev]al ye>s ago1 on ! f>m ( a man nam$ ,mey]s1 & he pur*as$ ! nuts f ! tree be>+ ! l>ge/ 9 ! grove & plant$ !m1 & ! se$l+s h s9ce be5 di/ribut$ "u ! "n ( ,mey]s' ,pecan4 ,judge ,mill] k9dly s5t me a quantity ( ^! nuts1 f :i* ,i rais$ "s fifty or m trees1 & all h ?us f> be5 un9jur$ by ! cold ( our sev]e/ w9t]s4 ,f my own exp]i5ce 9 rais+ pecan trees1 & ,i may add1 t ( "s ( my neighbors1 ^? gr[n f nuts ga!r$ 9 ! m ,s\!rn ,/ates are almo/ inv>iably t5d] "h 9 ! ,nor?2 b ^? rais$ f ?or\ghly acclimat$ trees1 along ! nor!rn limits ( ?is species1 w give u a h>dy race1 & probably all[ ( ext5d+ _! cultivation f> nor? ( _! natural range4 ,^? :o int5d to try pecan culture 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates %\ld be> ?is 9 m9d1 & secure nuts & cions f h>dy acclimat$ trees4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,%ellb>k4--,( ?is species 7,h4 alba7 !re are z _m di/9ct natural v>ieties z ( ! pecan1 & :ile local or neighborhood names are pl5tiful en\gh1 !y h n1 except 9 a v few in/ances1 be5 plac$ on record 9 agricultural reports or o!r publications4 ,?ree small ?9-%ell$ v>ieties are nam$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,pomologi/ ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = #ahia1 viz43 ,mil=d1 ,%im> & ,leam+1 b nei!r has be5 propagat$1 & !y are probably n wor?y ( x1 because !re are pl5ty ( l>g] ones ) ?9 %ells :i* w\ld be f> m valuable = cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,hales' ,,pap]-,,%ell ,,hickory ,,tree4 ,a c>eful rese>* ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury yields only a solit>y in/ance ( ! propagation & dissem9ation ( a v>iety ( ! %ellb>k hickory1 & ?is "o is ,hales' ,pap]-%ell1 :i* ,i nam$1 describ$ & figur$ 9 ! ,rural ,new-,york]1 ,nov4 #ai1 #ahgj1 p4 #chb1 ,vol4 ,,xxii4 ,i am ?us p>ticul> 9 reg>d to "t & place1 because ye>s h5ce ^! facts may be ( m importance ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,hales' ,,hickory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,section ,,( ,,hales' ,,hickory4 ,! orig9al tree ( ?is rem>kable v>iety is gr[+ ^u ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,hales1 ne> ,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j41 & on bottom l& )9 a few rods ( ! ,saddle riv]4 ,! tree is probably m ?an a hundr$ ye>s old1 & is ab\t sev5ty-five feet high1 & ne>ly two feet 9 diamet] at ! base1 & ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj1 tak5 f a sket* made 9 ! fall ( #ahid4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( ! %ellb>k hickories gr[+ ne> by1 & :ile !re are sev]al excell5t & v l>ge v>ieties among !m1 ! "o ,i h nam$ is by f> ! l>ge/ & mo/ di/9ct 9 =m1 & ) ! ?9ne/ %ell2 9 fact1 ! %ell is mu* ?9n] ?an 9 _m ( ! pecan nuts t rea* our ,nor!rn m>kets f ! ,s\?4 ,! size & =m ( ^! nuts is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa1 :ile ! ?9 %ell & ?ick1 plump k]nel is se5 9 ! cross-section1 ,fig4 #fb4 ,x w be notic$ t ^! nuts diff] f ! ord9>y v>ieties ( ?is species 9 ! abs5ce ( ! %>p ridges & depressions runn+ f base to po9t1 ! surface ( ! %ell be+ brok5 up into irregul>1 wavy l9es1 some:at resembl+ ! %ell ( ! m common v>ieties ( ! ,p]sian walnuts4 ,i h occasionally se5 v simil> v>ieties1--b ( small] size1--among ! mix$ lots ( hickory nuts on sale 9 our city m>kets1 also oblong nuts1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc1 b ( c\rse !re is no way ( trac+ ^! to ! trees produc+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,long ,,%ellb>k ,,hickory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,%ellb>k ,,miss\ri4 ,ano!r m]it1 9 addition to ! l>ge size & ?9 %ell ( ! ,hales' ,pap]-%ell1 is its keep+ qualities1 ! k]nels r>ely becom+ rancid1 ev5 :5 two or m ye>s old1 & f a long acqua9tance ) ?is nut & hundr$s ( o!r v>ieties ga!r$ f all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i am incl9$ to place x at ! head ( ! li/1 & z ! mo/ valuable sort z yet discov]$4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ,i h f\nd 9 ! =e/s1 & also receiv$1 _m v l>ge & sup]ior nuts ( ?is species1 t are well wor?y ( propagation & cultivation1 b !y h be51 9 ! ma91 ( ! typical =m1 & n ( s di/9ct a type z ?is ,pap]-%ell4 ,judge ,mill] s5t me a few nuts ( a %ellb>k f\nd 9 ,miss\ri1 t 7 ev5 l>g]1 & ) fully z ?9 %ell z t ( ! ,hales' 7,fig4 #fd71 b ^u mak+ fur!r inquiries 9 reg>d to ! tree t produc$ !m1 ,i le>n$ t an incom+ railroad l9e _h de/roy$ x1 & ?us "o m tree ( ine/imable value _h be5 sacrific$ 9 ! m>* ( ?is progressive age4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,we/]n ,%ellb>k4--,! typical =m ( ! ?ick or ,we/]n %ellb>k 7,h4 lac9iosa7 has already be5 %[n on a prec$+ page1 b "s rem>kable & valuable v>ieties h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 & no d\bt o!rs w be1 :5 m att5tion is paid ?an at pres5t to ! natural food products ( our =e/s4 ,! t5d5cy ( ?is species1 9 its v>iations1 is usually 9 ! direction ( an elongation ( ! nuts1 ev5 :5 !re is no decrease 9 ! ?ickness ( ! %ell1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe1 tak5 f "o ( a numb] ( long v>ieties collect$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates2 & :ile !y d n possess any special m]it1 !y attract att5tion1 ow+ to _! unusual =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,long ,,we/]n ,,%ellb>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,fre% ,,nussbaum] ,,hybrid4 ,,nussbaum]',s ,,hybrid4--,sev]al ye>s ago ,i receiv$ a specim5 ( a v rem>kable nut f ,judge ,samuel ,mill]1 ( ,bluffton1 ,mo41 "u ! "n ( ,nussbaum]'s ,hybrid ,pecan4 ,judge ,mill] in=m$ me t he _h receiv$ x f ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,nussbaum]1 ,masc\tah1 ,/4 ,clair ,co41 ,ill41 :o claim$ t x 0 a hybrid betwe5 ! pecan & ! l>ge we/]n %ellb>k hickory 7,h4 lac9iosa74 ,i _h an illu/ration made ( ?is specim51 & x appe>$1 ) a brief description1 9 ! ,am]ican ,agriculturi/ = ,dec41 #ahhd1 p4 #edf4 ,soon aft] receiv+ ! specim5 nut f ,judge ,mill] ,i op5$ correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,nussbaum]1 & le>n$ f him t only "o tree be>+ su* nuts _h ev] be5 f\nd1 & ?is 0 ( l>ge size1 six & a half feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & ab\t fifty feet high1 ! b>k some:at l t ( ! hickory b ne>] ! pecan4 ,mr4 ,nussbaum] s5t me specim5s ( ! gre5 nuts ) leaves & twigs1 f ! orig9al tree4 ,! nuts1 h[ev]1 ( t season 7#ahhd71 7 badly infe/$ ) ! hickory-%uck worm 7,grapholi?a c>yana1 ,fit*71 & ^! _h s ru9$ ! %ucks1 & ev5 eat5 into ! %ells ( ! nuts1 t few ( ! specim5s receiv$ 7 fully develop$4 ,b f two nuts ,i _h a sket* made :ile !y 7 fre% & ( natural size1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff1 ! d>k1 irregul> m>ks on ! husks %[+ :]e ! %uck worm _h attack$ !m4 ,"o ( ^! nuts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg1 also natural size4 ,i plant$ "o ( ! nuts1 f :i* ,i n[ h a tree ab\t t5 feet high1 b al?\gh t5 ye>s old x has n fruit$1 &1 s f> z ,i c judge f its appe>ance1 is a pure ,we/]n %ellb>k1 ) no indication ( hybridity2 b ( c\rse ?is does n prove t ! orig9al or p>5t tree is n a hybrid1 z claim$ by ,mr4 ,nussbaum]1 ,judge ,mill]1 &1 if ,i am rightly in=m$1 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,j4 ,burrill1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,nussbaum]',s ,,hybrid4 ,h[ev] widely op9ions may diff] 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ?is v>iety1 x is c]ta9ly a mo/ rem>kable nut1 & ,i regret t ! exact location ( ! orig9al tree has entirely escap$ my mo/ c>eful seek+2 & ( late ye>s ,i h be5 unable to le>n any?+ ( ,mr4 ,nussbaum]1 fur!r ?an t he _h mov$ f ,masc\tah to ,okawville1 ,ill41 ! la/ lett] receiv$ f him be+ dat$ ,dec4 #ac1 #ahhg4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s he said t he _h rais$ a l>ge numb] ( se$l+s f ?is suppos$ hybrid1 & if ^! are /ill alive !y w\ld be ( mu* sci5tific int]e/1 especially if any ( !m %[$ ! di/9ct *>act]i/ics ( ei!r ( ! suppos$ p>5ts4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be a pity to h su* a rem>kable nut lo/ to ! _w1 because if propagat$ by graft+ or by any o!r mode to insure p]petuat+ its v>ietal *>act]i/ics1 its value c\ld sc>cely be e/imat$4 ,! nuts are z ?9-%ell$ z ! common pecan1 ! k]nel sweet & good1 & 9 addition1 ! tree is a native ( a nor!rn ,/ate1 & w\ld1 no d\bt1 prove z h>dy z our common %ellb>k hickories4 ,,! ,,floyd ,,pecan4--,?is is ano!r suppos$-to-be hybrid1 & ( ! same species ( hickory z ! la/2 b ! "o nut :i* ,i receiv$ diff]$ f ! ,nussbaum] by be+ some:at l>g]1 & ! %ell ) m prom95t ridges & a little ?ick]4 ,x 0 said to h be5 f\nd some:]e 9 s\!rn ,indiana by a ,mr4 ,floyd1 :o1 believ+ x to be ( great value1 refus$ to give any in=mation likely to aid any "o else to locate ! orig9al tree1 nei!r w\ld he "p ) any ( ! nuts except ! "o specim5 :i* ev5tually came into my h&s4 ,( c\rse all horticulturi/s "k t se$l+s rais$ f su* freaks among nut trees are f> too unc]ta9 to be ( mu* value1 b ignorance 9 su* matt]s (t5 leads ! possessor ( an article slightly diff]+ f ! ord9>y to p]mit 8 imag9ation to w>p 8 good s5se4 ,cultivation ( ! ,hickories4--,! hickories h be5 s seldom plant$ 9 our ,nor!rn ,/ates = any purpose1 t any?+ l a sy/ematic cultivation ( ^! trees is a ?+ almo/ unkn[n4 ,( c\rse !re is no good reason :y ! hickories %\ld n be multipli$ & cultivat$ z well z o!r k9ds ( trees1 b 9 "s unkn[n way ! idea became preval5t t ^! trees c\ld n be transplant$ ) any assurance ( success1 & ?is has be5 kept alive1 ei!r ?r\gh ignorance or by ^? ^: int]e/ l$ !m to enc\rage ! plant+ ( ! rapid-gr[+ & easily propagat$ k9ds1 in/ead ( ^? :i*1 ?\gh less pr(itable to ! produc]1 w\ld be ( f> great] value to ! pur*as]4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! hickories are n s t5aci\s ( life z ! will[s1 popl>s1 elms & simil> k9ds ( trees1 requir+ m c>e 9 _! cultivation if !y are to be transplant$ :5 ( a prop] size = sett+ along roadsides or else:]e1 = %ade & ornam5t1 b !y are c]ta9ly no m difficult to make live ?an ! bee*1 oak1 tulip & v>i\s species ( ! magnolia4 ,! sl[ gr[? ( ! hickories :ile "y is ano!r objection (t5 urg$ z a fault ( ^! trees1 b !re is no?+ lo/ b "t 9 wait+1 & ?is passes j z swiftly :e!r we plant trees t may 9 t5 ye>s yield a gold5 h>ve/1 or no?+ b leaves2 besides1 ! hickories respond z readily to /imulants & good c>e g5]ally z ! common fruit trees ( our or*>ds4 ,:ile ! f>m]s ( our ,nor!rn ,/ates are g5]ally q indiff]5t z to :at becomes ( _! old hickory trees1 & seldom attempt to pres]ve ! wild se$l+s t spr+ up 9 ! fields & on ! bord]s ( =e/s1 _! fell[ c\ntrym5 ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates h1 )9 ! pa/ two or ?ree decades1 discov]$ t !y possess an inexhau/ible s\rce ( weal? 9 _! common pecan nut4 ,=m]ly ^! trees 7 sacrific$ :5ev] a *oice piece ( t\gh timb] 0 want$1 & (t5 m]ely to secure ! entire crop ( nuts )\t wait+ = nature to drop !m )9 rea*2 b ! adv5t ( _m l9es ( railroads1 /eamboats1 & o!r means ( communication ) ! great cities & _! m>kets1 has *ang$ ?is incl9ation to de/roy into "o ( pres]vation4 ,! old pecan trees are n only appreciat$ z a s\rce ( income1 b ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( se$l+s are n[ annually rais$ & plant$1 to insure l>g] returns 9 ! ne> or di/ant future4 ,9 fact1 pecan culture has already become an important indu/ry 9 sev]al ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 al?\gh 9 po9t ( age x is little m ?an a fl$gl+4 ,we h no /ati/ics to %[ :at ! annual crop av]ages 9 p\nds or bu%els1 b x mu/ be some?+ enorm\s if we make our e/imate f ! quantities receiv$ & di/ribut$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,b ) all ! ef=ts put =? to secure a supply ( ^! nuts1 & ! high prices !y comm& at bo? :olesale & retail1 ! dem& seems to keep well 9 advance ( ! supply1 & ?is w1 9 all probability1 cont9ue z our population increases4 ,9 ! way ( dem&1 ! same is true ) our nor!rn species ( ! %ellb>k hickories1 :i* 7 =m]ly v abundant1 b ( late ye>s h become r sc>ce1 = reasons too obvi\s to call = any explanation at ?is "t4 ,9 select+ a location = plant+ & cultivat+ ! hickories1 includ+ ! pecan1 a moi/1 deep soil is c]ta9ly pref]able to any o!r1 especially = ! ?ree species & _! v>ieties mo/ promis+ = ?is purpose1 because we f9d !m gr[+ wild 9 su* situations & soils4 ,b :ile ^! naturally deep1 ri* & moi/ soils are to be pref]r$1 no "o ne$ hesitate to plant hickories on light1 dry1 & ev5 poor soils1 if !y are prop]ly enri*$1 or a few %ovelfuls ( f9e old /able manure is ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! e>? 9 :i* ! roots are set1 & !n a mul* appli$ to ! surface to keep ! soil moi/4 ,almo/ any old wa/e fibr\s mat]ial1 su* z leaves1 /raw1 hay1 we$s or co>se manure1 w answ] = mul*+ newly plant$ trees1 & x %\ld be appli$ to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r in*es1 & r5ew$ annually1 or z (t5 z necess>y to prev5t ! gr[? ( grass or we$s gr[+ )9 ?ree or f\r feet ( ! /em ( ! tree4 ,9 all dry climates & soils mul*+ %\ld be consid]$ an important op]ation1 n to be omitt$ until ! trees are f six to t5 ye>s old1 & x may usually be cont9u$ a long] "t ) b5efit4 ,propagation4--,all ! species ( ! hickory are v readily gr[n f nuts ga!r$ :5 ripe & plant$ )9 a few weeks2 or !y may be mix$ ) or /ratifi$ betwe5 lay]s ( s& & light soil & buri$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd = ! w9t]1 & ! plant+ def]r$ until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,!y are n at all delicate & w )/& consid]able dry+ & neglect1 & w gr[1 if /or$ 9 a cool cell>1 )\t be+ pack$ 9 ei!r soil1 s& or o!r mat]ial4 ,b z ,i h _h no occasion to det]m9e h[ mu* neglect ^! nuts w )/&1 nor to :at extremes ( adv]se conditions x is safe to subject !m1 ,i %all leave inve/igation 9 ?is direction to o!rs1 because 9 g5]al practice no valuable se$ or plant gr[s any too readily & freely to satisfy ! cultivator1 & = ?is reason ,i recomm5d ei!r plant+ hickory nuts 9 ! fall1 or bury+ !m betwe5 lay]s ( light soil or s&1 sift+ out & plant+ e>ly ! foll[+ spr+4 ,if any consid]able quantity is to be plant$ !y %\ld be dropp$ ?ree or f\r in*es ap>t 9 %all[ tr5*es & cov]$ ab\t two in*es deep4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! r[s may be f two to ?ree feet1 dep5d+ ^u ! implem5ts to be us$ 9 _! cultivation4 ,! soil = a se$b$ %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be made ri* & deep1 or ! same z recomm5d$ = *e/nuts1 & all ! means usually employ$ to assi/ ! gr[? ( cultivat$ plants are applicable to nut trees4 ,i may also add t cutworms1 :ite grubs & o!r noxi\s insects are enemies ( nut-tree se$l+s z well z g>d5 vegetables4 ,! se$l+ hickories %\ld be treat$ z advis$ = *e/nuts2 t is1 dug up :5 "o or1 at ! late/1 two ye>s old1 & _! c5tral or taproot %ort5$ to at lea/ "o-half _! orig9al l5g?1 & !n reset 9 nurs]y r[s1 & at a di/ance ( twelve to fifte5 in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,if gr[n 9 ord9>y upl&1 ! transplant$ se$l+s w make a bett] gr[? if heavily mul*$ ?an "u ! usual sy/em ( clean cultivation1 & x is usually less exp5sive2 besides1 by keep+ ! surface ( ! soil cool & moi/1 we enc\rage & assi/ ! production ( fibr\s lat]al roots1 :i*1 z a rule1 are none too abundant on se$l+ hickories1 no matt] "u :at conditions or sy/em ( cultivation !y are rais$4 ,:5 ! se$l+s h gr[n 9 ! nurs]y r[s two or ?ree ye>s1 !y w probably be l>ge en\gh = plant+ :]e !y are to rema9 p]man5tly2 b if1 = any reason1 !y are n dispos$ (1 !n !y %\ld be aga9 transplant$1--! l>g] roots %ort5$1--& re-set 9 good ri* soil4 ,! object ( transplant+ is to insure ! production ( small fibr\s roots1 & a frequ5t r5ewal ( ! same1 close to ! ma9 /em or /ock1 z long z ! trees rema9 9 ! nurs]y1 :e!r ?is be two or tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is is some:at ( an exp5sive op]ation1 b ! value ( /ock ?us h&l$ is enhanc$ f> m ?an ! co/ ( su* transplant+1 & pur*as]s are1 or at lea/ %\ld be1 will+ to pay a fair price = su* trees4 ,x is ! natural habit ( ! hickories1 z well z _m o!r k9ds ( decidu\s trees1 to produce 9 _! e>li] /ages ( gr[? r l>ge1 deeply p5etrat+1 nak$ roots1 ) few small fib]s1 & 9 ?is condition !y are n s readily & successfully transplant$ z ! k9ds possess+ a m ramifi$ root sy/em4 ,?is1 p]haps1 has misl$ _m p]sons to believe t c]ta9 k9ds ( trees1 l ! hickories1 c\ld n be mov$ at all1 or at lea/ n ) any assurance ( be+ made to live4 ,?is idea has become s preval5t among inexp]i5c$ cultivators1 &1 ,i regret to add1 (t5 reit]at$ by !ori/s1 t x has disc\rag$ _m :o o!rwise w\ld h rais$ & plant$ nut trees 9 pref]5ce to o!r k9ds4 ,admitt+ t x is ! g5]al habit ( mo/ k9ds ( =e/ trees to produce deeply p5etrat+ taproots1 :5 gr[n f se$1 x proves no?+ m ?an t ^! p>ts may be ( "s importance to ! plants :ile !y are "y1 & "u natural conditions1 yet !y are n absolutely necess>y1 &1 at mo/1 are only tempor>y organs1 l ! tails ( tadpoles1 always disappe>+ ) maturity4 ,any "o at all obs]v+1 & hav+ _h an opportunity ( exam9+ limit$ or ext5d$ areas ( =e/ trees ?r[n ov] by hurricanes1 mu/ h notic$ t no tree ( any consid]able size & age possess$ a taproot1 b _h be5 = ye>s kept 9 its upright position by lat]al brace-roots1 & ?r\gh ^! x _h also obta9$ nutrim5t f ! surface soil4 ,"s ( my correspond5ts 9 ! ,s\? h express$ _! surprise at n f9d+ any trace ( ! orig9al c5tral roots on old pecan trees1 :5 bl[n ov] by sev]e w9d /orms4 ,b x is ! same ev]y:]e ) =e/ trees & :]e ! soil is naturally loose & moi/3 ! pr9cipal or support+ roots spread out widely & rema9 ne> ! surface1 & ! c5tral roots or taproots disappe> mu* e>li] ?an 9 dry soils4 ,9 multiply+ trees "u artificial conditions1 we remove ! taproots1 n only = conv5i5ce 9 transplant+1 b also to ha/5 & increase ! production ( surface lat]al roots1 & m ?an ?is1 we less5 ! ye>s ( luxuriant /]ility1 secur+ e>li] fruit+ by su* op]ations z root prun+ & frequ5t transplant+4 ,budd+ & ,graft+4--,i h nev] kn[n ( an in/ance ( successful budd+ ( ! hickory1 at lea/ 9 ! ord9>y way dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,:at is call$ annul> budd+ 9 e>ly spr+ ) buds ( ! previ\s season1 is said to h be5 successfully practic$ ) ! pecan at ! ,s\?1 b ?is mode ( propagation is m ( ! nature ( graft+ ?an ( :at is usually und]/ood z budd+4 ,b ,i h be5 unable to obta9 any /ati/ics 9 reg>d to ! proportion ( buds t any propagator or exp]im5t] has made live by ?is or o!r modes ( propagation4 ,col4 ,/u>t says1 9 ,! ,pecan1 p4 #de1 ,!re is a me?od kn[n z 'annul> budd+1' :i* proves q successful4 ,he !n proce$s to describe ! op]ation1 z giv5 9 all works on ! propagation ( trees & plants dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s or m1 b n a ^w to indicate :at he consid]s a success1--:e!r x be once or fifty times 9 a hundr$1 or if he ev] succe$$ 9 mak+ an annul> bud unite to ! /ock2 ,i am m incl9$ to ?9k t he nev] did1 ?an o!rwise4 ,9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aje1 ,nut ,culture = ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 issu$ f ! ,n4 ,c4 ,/ate ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #ahid1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,taylor1 ,assi/ant ,pomologi/ ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 9 ref]r+ to budd+ & graft+ ( ^! trees1 says3 ,^! latt] op]ations are less successful ) ! pecan ?an mo/ fruit trees1 ?\gh !y are by no means impossible to accompli%4 ,on se$l+s "o or two ye>s old annul> budd+ 9 e>ly summ] succe$s be/4 ,b "h aga9 we are left 9 d\bt 9 reg>d to :at ! writ] consid]s a success4 ,!n1 aga91 ! l9e betwe5 ! possible & impossible1 9 horticultural matt]s1 is a r difficult "o to det]m9e1 & ,mr4 ,taylor fails to cite a s+le in/ance 9 :i* ei!r annul> or any o!r =m ( ei!r budd+ or graft+ _h be5 successfully practic$4 ,! ,bullet9s issu$ f ! ,division ( ,pomology ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 give u no in=mation :atev] on ?is subject ( propagation ( ! hickories1 fur!r ?an to repeat ! old =mulas ( annul>1 splice & cleft graft+2 b z to results !y h always be5 provok+ly sil5t4 ,hav+ be5 repeat$ly assur$1 by m5 :o presum$ to "k1 t ! pecan tree 0 successfully propagat$ 9 ! ,s\? by graft+1 & _m ?\s&s annually rais$ 9 ?is way1 x seems /range t su* plants are s r>ely (f]$ by nurs]ym54 ,se$l+s ( *oice v>ieties are1 ( c\rse1 abundant en\gh1 b a man might1 ) z mu* propriety1 (f] se$l+ ,b>tlett pe>s or ,baldw9 apples1 z pecan trees1 expect+ to p]petuate v>ieties4 ,9 correspond+ ) ,mr4 ,p4 ,j4 ,b]ckmans1 ( ! ,fruitl& ,nurs]ies ( ,augu/a1 ,ga41 ^: exp]i5ce & acqua9tance ) ! fruits ( ! ,s\? are1 )\t d\bt1 9 advance ( any o!r horticulturi/ ( ! pa/ or ev5 ! pres5t g5]ation1 9 reply to my reque/ = in=mation on graft+ pecans1 he writes3 ,= ! pa/ five or six ye>s we h graft$ v>i\s v>ieties ( ! pecan nuts4 ,i d n "k ( any o!r nurs]yman ,s\? :o (f]s graft$ trees4 ,i presume ! reason ( ?is is1 ! great difficulty 9 hav+ ! grafts take1 z we seldom h m ?an fifte5 to tw5ty-five p] c5t4 gr[4 ,we usually cr[n graft 9 ,febru>y1 us+ "o-ye>-old se$l+s gr[n 9 nurs]y r[s4 ,ow+ to ! small p]c5tage ( grafts :i* gr[1 graft$ trees mu/1 necess>ily1 be q exp5sive1 & = ?is reason !re are s few attempts made 9 ?is me?od ( propagation4 ,mr4 ,b]ckmans makes no ref]5ce to annul> budd+ ( ! pecan1 s /rongly & frequ5tly recomm5d$ by ! sev]al writ]s already quot$1 al?\gh ,i am c]ta9 t he is z famili> ) ?is mode ( propagation z any "o else1 & w\ld h practic$ x _h he f\nd x 9 any way sup]ior to cr[n graft+4 ,f all t ,i h be5 able to le>n ?r\gh a r ext5d$ correspond5ce1 9 reg>d to ! propagation ( ! pecan nut tree 9 ! ,s\?1 ,i conclude t !y are occasionally & sp>+ly graft$1 b ) su* indiff]5t results t !y are n at all num]\s 9 ei!r or*>ds or nurs]ies4 ,f c]ta9 rem>ks ( ,col4 ,/u>t1 9 8 essay on ,pecan ,culture1 ,i inf] t he has sold graft$ trees1 = he says3 ,x co/s no m to c>e = ! grove ( *oice trees ?an ( poor ones2 !n1 aga91 ! graft$ or budd$ ones come into pr(itable be>+ ?ree ye>s e>li] ?an se$l+s4 ,"h is a case 9 po9t3 ,la/ ,novemb] 7#ahib7 we paid1 9 ca%1 two hundr$ & =ty-eight doll>s = ! nuts :i* grew ^u "o tree1 ! crop ( "o ye>4 ,! tree is tw5ty in*es ?r\gh at its base1 & =ty-five feet high2 su* a size tree w\ld gr[ 9 tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,n[ small nuts f ! same size tree w sell = n m ?an fifte5 to tw5ty doll>s4 ,ano!r tree only t5 ye>s old bore ?irte5 & a half doll>s wor?4 ,^! *oice nuts are su* z we gr[ se$l+s f2 we sell a great _m m se$l+s ?an we d graft$ or budd$ trees1 simply because !y are s mu* *eap]1 & p 9 g5]al d n realize t su* a va/ diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! pr(its ( se$l+ & graft$ or budd$ trees2 b su* is ! case1 & su* x w always rema9 = aught we c see4 ,soon aft] ,i publi%$ ! description ( ! ,hales' ,pap]-%ell hickory 9 #ahgj1 reque/s = cions 7 receiv$ f nurs]ym5 & _m amateur horticulturi/s1 :o 7 anxi\s to try _! skill 9 graft+ ?is excell5t v>iety4 ,mr4 ,hales g5]\sly respond$1 & s5t cions to a l>ge numb] ( correspond5ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 because he 0 desir\s ( hav+ ! v>iety pres]v$ & propagat$4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ t5 ye>s ! old orig9al tree 0 kept pretty well prun$1 9 fill+ ord]s = cions2 ^? s5t to nurs]ym5 7 to be rais$ on %>es1 "o-half ( all ! successfully graft$ trees to be return$ to ,mr4 ,hales4 ,be+ a ne> neighbor1 my opportunities = keep+ in=m$ z to ! result ( ?is arrangem5t 0 all t ,i c\ld desire4 ,to "o nurs]y firm 9 c5tral ,new ,york ,mr4 ,hales s5t ab\t "o ?\s& cions p] annum = f\r successive ye>s1 & 9 return receiv$ j f\r feeble graft$ plants z 8 %>e ( ! total product ( ! f\r ?\s& cions4 ,b z ! f\r plants receiv$ soon di$1 he clos$ t acc\nt z "o ( total loss4 ,previ\sly1 h[ev]1 he _h s5t a quantity ( cions to ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,trumpy1 ( ! ,kiss5a ,nurs]ies1 ,flu%+1 ,n4 ,y41 ^: skill z a propagator ( ligne\s plants is probably second to t ( no man 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! result prov$ t our fai? 9 ! man 0 n misplac$1 = ,mr4 ,hales receiv$ = 8 %>e ( ! exp]im5t some?+ ov] two doz5 graft$ trees1 & mo/ ( ^! are n[ h&some specim5s t5 to tw5ty feet high4 ,j :at p]c5tage ( ! cions set 7 made to unite & gr[ ,i h n be5 in=m$1 b ! exp]im5t 01 d\btless1 r unsatisfactory z a comm]cial transaction4 ,9 addition to ! plants s5t to ,mr4 ,hales1 !re h be5 q a numb] di/ribut$ among ! cu/om]s ( ! nurs]ies nam$2 consequ5tly1 we are pretty well assur$ ( ! p]petuation ( ?is rem>kably f9e v>iety1 ev5 :5 ! orig9al tree succumbs to old age1 or %\ld x be accid5tally de/roy$4 ,i am incl9$ to give ,mr4 ,trumpy cr$it = be+ ! fir/ man to graft ! %ellb>k hickory 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry1 & make ! cions unite & gr[1 = ,i h fail$ to f9d any in/ance ( success 9 ?is mode ( propagat+ ^! trees1 prior to 8 ) ! ,hales' ,pap]-%ell4 ,9 reply to a note s5t him a few mon?s s9ce1 ask+3 ,h[ did or d y graft ! hickories8 he repli$ z foll[s3 ,i put ! hickory /ocks 9 pots 9 ! spr+1 & graft !m ! foll[+ spr+1 say 9 ,april1 & 9 ! h\se4 ,! cions are cut dur+ ! w9t]1 s z to keep !m 9 good ord] until want$ = use4 ,i f9d x is bett] to op]ate 9 ,april ?an e>li] 9 ! w9t]4 ,i also graft !m out ( doors ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 :5 ! /ocks are gr[+4 ,!y w succe$ v well out ( doors1 provid$ ! /ocks are l>ge en\gh = ! cions4 ,any k9d ( graft+ w d1 b cr[n graft+ is ! be/4 ,i h n done mu* ( late 9 ! way ( graft+ hickories 9 ! nurs]y1 n hav+ suitable /ocks2 besides1 :5 ! wea!r becomes w>m en\gh = outside "w1 vegetation pu%es f> too rapidly to give a man a *ance to d mu* ( ?is k9d ( graft+4 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 & :ile ^! pages 7 be+ put 9 type1 ,mr4 ,jackson ,dawson1 ( ! ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,jamaica ,pla91 ,mass41 has giv5 8 me?od ( graft+ ! hickories1 9 ,g>d5 & ,=e/1 ,feb4 #ai1 #ahif1 z foll[s3 ,my me?od1 writes ,mr4 ,dawson1 has be5 to side-graft1 us+ a cion ) "p ( ! second ye>'s wood atta*$1 b9d+ x firmly & cov]+ x ) damp sphagnum until ! union has be5 made4 ,! be/ "t ,i h f\nd = ! op]ation "u glass has be5 dur+ ,febru>y1 & ! plants h be5 kept "u glass until midsumm]1 & w9t]$ ! fir/ ye> 9 a cold frame4 ,9 all ! g5]a ,i f9d c]ta9 species :i* may be call$ free /ocks1--t is1 /ocks :i* take grafts m readily ?an o!rs4 ,?us1 ne>ly all ! oaks w graft readily on ,qu]cus ,robur2 ! bir*es w graft m easily on ,betula alba ?an on o!rs2 s ( ! hickories1 obs]vation has l$ me to believe t ! be/ /ock is ! bitt]nut1 ,hicoria m9ima4 ,?is species gr[s almo/ twice z rapidly z ! common %agb>k hickory1 & :ile "y ! cambium is q s(t4 ,i %\ld advise anyone :o wi%es to propagate hickories on a l>ge scale to gr[ /ocks ( ?is species 9 boxes n m ?an f\r in*es deep4 ,9 ?is way all ! roots c be sav$ & !re w be no extreme taproot1 & :5 %ak5 out ( ! boxes ! plants are easily e/abli%$ 9 pots & ready = graft+4 ,if tak5 up 9 ! ord9>y way f ! woods1 x requires almo/ two ye>s to get !m well root$1 & (t5 ! /ocks die = want ( roots aft] ! grafts h really tak54 ,if gr[n 9 ri* soil1 ! /ocks w be l>ge en\gh to use 9 "o or two ye>s4 ,i %\ld !n pot !m e>ly 9 ! fall1 keep+ !m f heavy fro/s1 & br++ !m into ! h\se ab\t ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 & z soon z !y beg9 to make roots4 ,i %\ld side-graft !m close to ! coll> & plunge !m 9 sphagnum moss1 leav+ ! top bud ( ! graft out to ! air4 ,! graft ought to be well unit$ ab\t ! la/ ( ,m>*1 :5 ! plants %\ld be tak5 f ! sphagnum & set 9 ! body ( ! h\se to f9i% _! gr[?4 ,all :o h _h any exp]i5ce 9 ! propagation ( trees by graft+ 9 spr+1 are well aw>e ( ! flight ( "t1 9 ! hurry ( "w t mu/ be done 9 a few days or n at all4 ,x is true t ! season = graft+ may be prolong$ or ext5d$ a little by cutt+ ! cions 9 w9t] & /or+ !m 9 a cool1 moi/ place1 :]e !y rema9 dormant aft] vegetation has />t$ 9 ! op5 air2 b ?is does n affect ! /ocks1 & ^! may come on sl[ly or rapidly1 v>y+ ) ! seasons1 & ! graft] mu/ n only wat* = opportune mom5ts1 b take 8 *ances ( /rik+ ! "r "t & conditions1 9 ord] to be successful4 ,) su* h>d wood trees z ! hickories x is bett] to be a little ahead ( "t ?an a few days too late1 = fro/s1 & ev5 q a sev]e freeze1 w n injure a dormant cion1 & "u ! mo/ favorable conditions ! union betwe5 /ock & cion is a r sl[ process4 ,= ?is reason ,i advise giv+ z mu* "t z possible1 & :ile ,i d n claim to hav+ _h any p]sonal exp]i5ce z a graft]1 9 ! ,s\?1 /ill ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t graft+ 9 ! fall1 & n lat] ?an ,decemb]1 w\ld be pref]able to lat] 9 w9t] or spr+4 ,by giv+ ! cion & /ock two or ?ree mon?s 9 :i* to =m granulations & cohesion1 !re w\ld be m c]ta9ty ( success4 ,( c\rse1 ,i n[ ref] to :at is call$ cr[n graft+ on ! root bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & :5 ! cion is fix$ 9 place ) ! usual ligatures ( wax$ pap] or clo?1 ! soil is drawn back into place & ! cion entirely cov]$ ) x1 b v lightly ov] ! t]m9al bud4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,cr[n ,,graft+ ,,on ,,roots ,,( ,,! ,,hickory4 ,:]e small /ocks are n at h&1 ! roots ( l>ge trees may be sev]$ & ! end p>tly lift$ t[>ds ! surface1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh1 & :5 graft$1 all[$ to rema9 9 position until ! foll[+ season1 & !n tak5 up entire or ) roots en\gh to insure future gr[?4 ,! same or a simil> process may be practic$ to propagate a *oice v>iety ( ! hickory1 & a m]e sev]+ ( ! roots w insure ! production ( suck]s f ne> ! sev]$ end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,spr\ts ,,f ,,sev]$ ,,hickory ,,roots4 ,9 graft+ isolat$ /ocks 9 ?is way1 a small or l>ge /ake %\ld be plac$ by ! side ( ea*1 to indicate _! position1 & also protect !m f be+ trampl$ ^u4 ,i make ?is sugge/ion because1 9 my own exp]i5ce1 x has (t5 prov$ successful ) v>i\s k9ds ( h>d-wood$ trees & %rubs t fail$ :5 graft$ 9 ! spr+4 ,"h 9 ! ,nor? x is r difficult1 z well z exp5sive1 to protect cions set 9 ! op5 gr\nd 9 ! fall2 b 9 ! ,s\? x is diff]5t1 & a h&ful ( almo/ any co>se litt] w\ld be suffici5t to prev5t sev]e freez+4 ,b graft+ 9 ! fall 9 ! op5 gr\nd is unnecess>y1 :]e small se$l+ /ocks are us$ 9 ! propagation ( any k9d ( tree2 9 fact1 nurs]ym5 d v little graft+ ( ?is k9d 9 spr+1 = !y le>n$1 by long exp]i5ce1 t ! mo/ economical & c]ta9 me?od ( multiply+ su* trees is to take up ! /ocks 9 ! fall1 & !n graft !m indoors dur+ ! w9t]1 hav+ /ocks & cions /or$ 9 cool cell>s or pits1 :]e !y w be readily accessible :5 want$4 ,apples1 pe>s1 qu9ces1 grapes1 & _m o!r k9ds ( h>dy trees1 %rubs & v9es are n[ ext5sively propagat$ by graft+ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & ,i d n "k ( any good reason :y ! hickories & o!r closely alli$ nut trees %\ld n be multipli$ 9 ?is way4 ,i h tri$ x1 on a limit$ scale1 ) ! %ellb>k hickories1 & ) fair success1 & 9 my op9ion x is ! only way by :i* ! hickories1 includ+ ! pecan1 c be multipli$ *eaply en\gh to become ( comm]cial importance4 ,! small /ocks ( "o or two ye>s old %\ld be tak5 up 9 ! fall1 & !n cr[n graft$ any "t f ,decemb] to ,m>* 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 b ! e>li] ! bett]2 !n pack away ! graft$ /ocks 9 moss or soil1 9 a cool cell>1 or heel-9 else:]e1 z1 = in/ance1 9 pits or frames1 :]e !y w n be froz51 & yet cool en\gh to prev5t active gr[?4 ,9 ! spr+ ! graft$ /ocks %\ld be plant$ out 9 nurs]y r[s1 & deep en\gh to h ! top ( ! cion j level ) ! surface aft] ! soil has be5 settl$ ab\t x by a %[] or heavy ra9s4 ,! plants mu/ be h&l$ ) c>e1 s z n to di/urb ! cions4 ,mul*+ w1 ( c\rse1 be b5eficial 9 dry seasons1 & especially if ! /ocks are set 9 ord9>y well-dra9$ soils4 ,9 select+ wood = cions1 twigs ( ! previ\s season's gr[? are usually pref]r$1 b x is n necess>y1 nor is x advisable to disc>d all except ! extreme end ( ! %oot or t conta9+ a t]m9al bud1 z "s writ]s h advis$1 to prev5t rapid loss ( moi/ure by evaporation1 = a drop ( wax w seal ! end ( a cion z ?or\ghly & effectually z a natural bud2 besides1 ! l[] "p ( ! annual twigs is (t5 m firm & really bett] = graft+ ?an ! upp] & less /urdy wood1 & ! lat]al buds on x w pu% j z readily z ! t]m9al "o4 ,! cion may be ?ree or f\r in*es long1 & conta9 two or m buds4 ,! seal+ ( ! upp] end ( a cion t is n protect$ by a t]m9al bud is c]ta9ly important ) all ( ! hickories1 = 9 ?is g5us ( trees ! pi? is l>ge & cont9u\s1 n int]sect$ or cut (f by a ?9 p>tition ( wood at ! jo9ts1 z se5 9 _m trees1 %rubs & v9es4 ,?is l>ge & cont9u\s pi? 9 ! hickories is ano!r reason :y ! cions succe$ be/ if set bel[ ! cr[n & 9 or on ! fle%y roots hav+ no pi?4 ,!y may be set on "o side1 z 9 splice graft+1 or 9 ! c5t]1 or 9 a cleft made = _! reception ) a %>p knife1 !n b\nd ) wax$ pap]1 or wrapp$ ) bass1 raffia1 or o!r simil> mat]ial1 & aft]w>ds cov]$ ) melt$ wax to exclude air & wat] f ! jo9ts & w\nds4 ,9 ?is mode ( graft+ hickories x is n necess>y to employ ! entire root or /ock1 if x is ( l>ge size1 = a s+le cion2 = pieces ( f six to twelve in*es long1 conta9+ a few lat]al fib]s1 w answ] ! purpose1 & x w be f\nd1 9 practice1 t ^! sections ( ! l>ge fle%y roots conta9 s mu* vitality t1 if ! cions set 9 !m fail to gr[1 !y w ?r[ up spr\ts f adv5titi\s buds dur+ ! ensu+ summ]4 ,almo/ any fair-siz$ piece ( root left 9 ! gr\nd1 :5 digg+ up hickory trees l>ge or small1 is pretty c]ta9 to ?r[ up spr\ts1 ?is n only %[+ _! great vitality1 b t propagation by root cutt+s is p]fectly practicable & may be utiliz$ :5ev] & :]ev] x may be desirable4 ,! man :o attempts to raise hickories f root cutt+s mu/ h pati5ce1 = v frequ5tly ! cutt+s w rema9 app>5tly dormant 9 ! gr\nd "o entire season be=e ! spr\ts appe> above ! surface4 ,i w also add t ?is sl[ or ret>d$ g]m9ation frequ5tly occurs ) ! nuts1 especially if !y h become some:at dry be=e plant+4 ,= comm]cial purposes root-graft+ small /ock1 z describ$1 dur+ ! fall & w9t]1 gives promise ( be+ ! be/ & mo/ practicable sy/em ( multiply+ v>ieties2 b !re is mu* yet to be le>n$ 9 reg>d to details1 & hundr$s ( c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts may be necess>y to det]m9e ! exact "t1 condition & mode ( op]ation4 ,x may be t v e>ly graft+ is bett] ?an late1 or t we h n1 z yet1 f\nd ! be/ species = /ocks1 & t a half-rip5$ "o w be pref]able to "o fully matur$4 ,nei!r has x1 z yet1 be5 det]m9$ :at k9d ( mat]ial is be/ 9 :i* to /ore ! graft$ roots3 s&1 soil or sphagnum 7moss7 f ! swamps2 or :e!r !y %\ld be kept v moi/1 or comp>atively dry2 v cold1 or mod]ately w>m4 ,"h is a wide field = exp]im5ts1 & a mo/ int]e/+ "o2 = ! successful propagation ( ! hickories by any mode t w insure ! p]petuation & rapid multiplication ( v>ieties1 means millions ( doll>s add$ to ! weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,age ( ,fruit+4--,we he> mu* ( ! precoci\sness ( pecan trees 9 ! ,s\?1 & _m are report$ z com+ into be>+ at ! age ( six to t5 ye>s f ! "t ( plant+ ! nut2 b ^! are probably exceptional in/ances ( e>ly fruit+ & n ! rule1 al?\gh 9 a favorable soil & climate x is to be expect$ t su* trees w pu% =w>d m rapidly ?an "u less favorable conditions4 ,graft$ trees w1 ( c\rse1 produce fruit 9 less "t ?an se$l+s1 & z ?is mode ( propagation becomes m g5]al1 & repeat$ 9 a direct ance/ral l9e1 ! cions = ea* successive g5]ation ( trees be+ tak5 f mature or be>+ specim5s1 ! precoci\s & productive habit w ev5tually become int5sifi$1 z x has be5 9 all ( our long-cultivat$ fruit trees propagat$ by artificial me?ods4 ,we h s int5sifi$ ! productiv5ess ( _m k9ds ( cultivat$ fruits by selection1 t x has become m ( a fault1 ?an a m]it to be enc\rag$4 ,! nut trees are am5able to ! same physiological laws z o!r k9ds1 & 9 _! propagation by graft+ ) cions f be>+ specim5s we ha/5 maturity 9 ! (fspr+4 ,?is has be5 fully demon/rat$ 9 _m v>ieties ( ! ,p]sian walnuts & ,european *e/nuts4 ,"h 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates we h _h s little exp]i5ce ) graft$ hickories ( any species1 t really no?+ is yet kn[n z to h[ !y w respond to ?is mode ( propagation1 fur!r ?an t !y gr[ rapidly & give promise ( be+ fruitful4 ,se$l+ trees are1 z a rule1 ( sl[ gr[?1 r>ely atta9+ a be>+ age & size "u tw5ty ye>s1 & ) ! %ellb>ks ?irty or =ty ye>s usually pass be=e any?+ l a crop ( nuts is ga!r$4 ,some?+ may be ga9$1 9 ! way ( "t1 by frequ5t transplant+s & prun+1 b m by graft+ se$l+s f old & mature trees4 ,two grafts ( ! ,hales' hickory comm5c$ be>+ at ! age ( sixte5 ye>s4 ,plant+ = ,pr(it4--,!re are1 d\btless1 _m ?\s&s ( acres ( half-d5ud$ woodl&s 9 almo/ e ,/ate 9 ! ,union1 bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 t c\ld be readily utiliz$ = gr[+ hickory timb]1 & mu* ( su* l&s is almo/ useless = o!r purposes2 b timb] culture & =e/ry is a subject :i* ,i h discuss$ else:]e1#a :ile ! object ( ?is "w is to aid my read]s 9 produc+ some?+ t may be utiliz$ z food4 ,:5 ! hundr$s & ?\s&s ( miles ( our public highways are %ad$ ) hickory & o!r nut-be>+ trees ( ! be/ species & v>ieties1 x w be "t en\gh to beg9 plant+ su* k9ds else:]e4 ,z roadside trees !y _c fail to be pr(itable1 l>gely enhanc+ ! value ( adjo9+ l&2 = 9 addition to be+ equally z ornam5tal z o!r k9ds1 !y yield fruit always 9 dem& at remun]ative prices4 ,! ?ree species ( ! hickory & _! v>ieties recomm5d$ = cultivation all ?rive be/ 9 moi/ soils1 b by occasional wat]+ or ?or\gh mul*+ !y w succe$ almo/ any:]e1 especially 9 naturally dry locations4 ,footnote #a3 ,practical ,=e/ry4 ,insect ,enemies4--,! hickories1 z ) all o!r nut-be>+ trees1 h num]\s insect enemies1 b ^! are nei!r s num]\s nor de/ructive z to s]i\sly int]f]e ) _! gr[? 9 g5]al1 or ) _! productiv5ess4 ,insects may occasionally become exce$+ly num]\s 9 c]ta9 localities = a few ye>s1 !n sudd5ly or sl[ly disappe>2 b ?is we mu/ expect1 z "o ( ! coexi/+ phases ( all agricultural pursuits4 ,collectively ! hickories h no consid]able numb] ( de/ructive insect enemies1 b if we c\nt all ! species ( ! v>i\s ord]s t h be5 f\nd occasionally1 or o!rwise1 fe$+ on ! leaves1 buds1 fruit1 twigs1 b>k1 or bor+ 9 ! solid wood1 !y make a v =midable li/ ( names1 or ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five 9 all2 b fully n9ety p] c5t4 ( ^! depr$ators are sc>cely kn[n1 except to a few pr(essional entomologi/s1 & unless !y become m de/ructive 9 ! future ?an !y are at pres5t1 or h be5 9 ye>s pa/1 nut culturi/s h little to fe> f _! depr$ations4 ,among ! mo/ common species ( insects injuri\s to ! hickory1 ! foll[+ may prove mo/ annoy+ to ! cultivator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,! ,,hickory-,,twig ,,girdl] 7,oncid]es c+ulatus4 ,say74--,a small yell[i%-gray beetle1 a little less ?an an in* long1 usually appe>+ 9 ?is latitude dur+ ,augu/1 ! females deposit+ _! eggs 9 ! twigs ( f a qu>t] to a half-in* 9 diamet]4 ,on old l>ge trees ! loss ( a few or _m ( ^! is sc>cely notic$2 b on "y se$l+s or graft$ /ock x is q a diff]5t affair1 = on su* plants ! females usually select ! lead] 9 pref]5ce to ! lat]al twigs 9 :i* to deposit _! eggs4 ,! female girdles ! twigs = ! purpose ( provid+ prop] & acceptable food = h] prog5y2 t is1 fir/ ! gre51 !n ! sl[ly dry+1 !n ! p]fectly h>d1 season$ hickory or :atev] k9d %e may h attack$4 ,select+ a suitable twig1 %e re/s ^u x1 usually ) head d[nw>d 7,fig4 #gj71 & ) h] m&ibles cuts out a r+ ( b>k ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in* wide1 & deep en\gh to rea* ! firm wood und]nea?4 ,! place select$ = ?is annul> incision may be only a few in*es f ! t]m9al bud1 or a foot bel[ x1 & 9 "s in/ances %e w cut two incisions on ! same twig "s di/ance ap>t1 b usually !re is only "o on a twig4 ,:ile cutt+ ?is incision %e w sometimes re/ long en\gh f h] labors to deposit an egg 9 ! b>k above4 ,! numb] ( eggs %e deposits 9 ! twig is probably v>iable1 b ?ree full-gr[n grubs is ! mo/ ,i h ev] f\nd1 & ! l>g] proportion exam9$ _h only "o4 ,?is girdl+ ( ! twig prev5ts ! fl[ ( sap1 & ! leaves soon )] & drop (f1 & ! b>k & wood %rivel & become h>d & dry2 b 9 ! meantime ! eggs h hat*$ & ! m9ute grubs h bor$ _! way ?r\gh ! s(t b>k & rea*$ ! pi?1 fe$+ 9 ?is :ile acquir+ size & /r5g? ( jaws t w enable !m to consume m solid food lat] & dur+ ! succe$+ w9t]1 spr+ & summ]4 ,"s d n rea* maturity until ! second summ]2 at lea/1 9 ?is latitude1 z ,i h f\nd aft] v c>eful obs]vation & :ile collect+ _m hundr$s ( specim5s4 ,i w say1 h[ev]1 t ?is insect is usually ref]r$ to by entomologi/s z r r>e1 & 9 g5]al x is1 b "s ye>s ago1 9 an old cle>+ ne> by :]e !re 0 a great numb] ( "y hickory se$l+s & spr\ts1 x 0 = a season or two v abundant2 !n x sudd5ly disappe>$1 & ,i h n tak5 a half-doz5 specim5s s9ce4 ,! grubs bore out ! wood 9 ! infe/$ twig1 & 9 mo/ in/ances s completely z to leave only a ?9 %ell ( ! wood or b>k1 by ! "t !y h rea*$ maturity & are ready to pass into _! imago or p]fect-w+$ /age4 ,?is species ( twig girdl] also attacks ! apple1 pe>1 p]simmon1 elm1 & o!r k9ds ( trees1 & ) ^? l ! apple1 ) a s(t & brittle wood1 ! girdl$ twigs are frequ5tly brok5 (f by ! w9ds2 b ?is r>ely occurs ) ! hickories1 & we c usually f9d ! /umps rema9+ on ! trees ye>s aft] ! beetles h em]g$4 ,! only way to keep ?is pe/ 9 *eck is to cut (f & burn ! girdl$ twigs any "t be=e ! l>vae h rea*$ maturity1 & z ! girdl$ dead twigs are readily se51 ! ga!r+ is n difficult1 f m$ium-siz$ trees4 ,,! ,,pa9t$ ,,hickory ,,bor] 7,cyll5e pictus4 ,drury74--,?is is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ common & widely di/ribut$ ( all ! hickory bor]s1 b1 s f> z my obs]vations h ext5d$1 x r>ely attacks "y or heal?y trees ( any age2 9 fact1 ,i h nev] f\nd x 9 or ab\t gr[+ trees1 b ,i h se5 x1 by ! ?\s&s1 bre$+ 9 decay+ specim5s & 9 hickory cordwood cut dur+ ! w9t] mon?s & rank$ up 9 %ady places4 ,a hickory tree cut d[n 9 fall or w9t]1 & left on ! gr\nd or cut up into cordwood1 is pretty sure to attract ?is bor] e>ly 9 spr+1 ! females sw>m+ ov] ! b>k1 deposit+ _! eggs ^u x1 & by ! ensu+ autumn ! wood w be fairly honeycomb$ if ?is insect is at all abundant4 ,! g5]al color ( ! beetle is black1 & ! size z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,!re are ?ree n>r[1 :iti% b&s across ! top ( ! ?orax1 & "o slightly broad] b& at ! extreme po9t ( ! w+-cov]s2 b ! next b& is 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ ,v2 ! po9t ( ! ,inv]t$ ,v does n q t\* ! broad lat]al b&1 z 9 ! closely alli$ species kn[n z ! locu/ bor] 7,c4 rob9iae71 ) :i* x is (t5 conf\nd$2 besides1 9 ! latt] ! m>k+s are ( a deep yell[1 & n :ite or ( a fa9t yell[i% t+e4 ,! hickory bor] always appe>s 9 spr+1 & ! locu/ bor] 9 ! fall1 n lat] ?an ,septemb] 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,bel[ or beh9d ! ,v-%ap$ b& !re are ?ree o!rs1 b all brok5 up into m]e dots1 & n cont9u\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,hickory ,,bor]4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 & especially 9 ,texas1 !re is a some:at small] b closely alli$ species 7,cyll5e cr9icornis7 t attacks ! pecan tree & its wood 9 ! same way z our common hickory bor]1 b 9 ! ,s\!rn or ,s\?we/]n species ! b&s on ! w+-cov]s are all int]rupt$ or brok5 up into small :ite spots or dots4 ,i h no rem$y to sugge/1 fur!r ?an to cut d[n old1 infe/$ trees1 & to haul ! wood out into ! sun & spread x out :]e x w quickly dry & become season$4 ,if ! fell$ tree & wood is /ripp$ ( its b>k z soon z cut1 ! female beetles w n deposit _! eggs ^u x4 ,!re are o!r long-horn$ beetles 7,c]ambycidae7 t are occasionally f\nd bre$+ 9 ! hickories1 & among ^! may be nam$ ! ,belt$ ,*ion 7,*ion c9ctus71 ,tig] ,goes 7,goes tigr9us71 ,beautiful ,goes 7,goes pul*ra71 & ! ,orange ,sawy] 7,elaphidion in]me71 b !y are usually q too r>e to be consid]$ z v de/ructive insects4 ,,hickory-,,b>k ,,bor] 7,scolytus #d-sp9osus4 ,say74--,only once )9 my memory has ?is m9ute b de/ructive beetle appe>$ 9 any consid]able numb]s 9 my neighborhood1 al?\gh ,i h occasionally receiv$ a few specim5s f correspond5ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ev5 z f> we/ z ! ,pacific coa/ 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,?is bor] is a v small1 cyl9drical1 d>k br[n beetle1 ab\t "o-fif? ( an in* or less 9 l5g?1 & "o-sixte5? 9 diamet]4 ,! h9d "p ( ! body is q blunt 7truncate71 ! males hav+ f\r %ort b di/9ct blunt sp9es1 two on ea* side1 project+ f ! h9d "p ( ! abdom51 h5ce ! "n #d-sp9osus4 ,9 ! females ^! sp9es are abs5t1 o!rwise !y closely resemble ! males4 ,^! b>k bor]s usually appe> "h 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ! la/ ( ,june or e>ly 9 ,july1 & bo? sexes attack hickory trees ( all species1 b appe> to pref] ! old & ne>ly mature trees to ! "y & small ) ?9n] b>k4 ,aft] bor+ ?r\gh ! b>k & rea*+ ! s(t cambium lay] und]nea?1 ^u :i* ^! insects fe$1 ! female cuts a v]tical *annel 9 ?is sub/ance1 ( little ov] an in* 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,burr[s ,,( ,,hickory ,,scolytus4 ,?is burr[ is a little l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( h] body1 & along on bo? sides %e deposits h] eggs1 to ! numb] ( t5 to ?irty1 plac+ ab\t an equal numb] on ea* side4 ,:5 ^! eggs hat*1 ! "y l>vae beg9 to fe$ on ! s(t mat]ial by :i* !y are surr\nd$1 mak+ m9ute burr[s at fir/1 & at ne>ly "r angles ) ! p>5t "o2 b z !y increase 9 size !y are =c$ to div]ge1 ^? above ! c5t] work+ upw>d1 & ^? bel[ d[nw>d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb4 ,^! burr[s enl>ge z ! grubs increase 9 size1 z %[n1 mo/ ( !m rea*+ _! full developm5t by ! "t cold wea!r sets 91 b "s d n cease fe$+ until spr+1 !n pass to ! pupal /age1 & lat] to ! p]fect or beetle =m1 & f ! extreme end ( ^! burr[s !y bore a hole /raight out to ! surface1 & are !n ready to beg9 ! cycle ( life aga91 ei!r on ! tree f :i* !y h em]g$1 or o!rs ne> by4 ,"s fifte5 ye>s ago ,i notic$ t ! leaves ( "s ( ! old hickory trees on my place 7 turn+ yell[ prematurely1 & ^u exam9ation ,i f\nd ! b>k p]=at$ ) m9ute holes n l>g] ?an small bird %ot1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( ! b>k bor] "u consid]ation4 ,sev5 ( ! v l>ge/ &1 presumably1 ! olde/1 appe>$ to be affect$1 & ^! 7 imm$iately cut d[n & /ripp$ ( _! b>k1 expos+ ! little grubs to ! air & attacks ( insect-eat+ birds4 ,^! trees appe>$ to h be5 infe/$ = sev]al ye>s1 z !re 0 sc>cely a spot on ! surface ( ! wood t _h n be5 sc>ifi$ ) ?is pe/4 ,s9ce ! de/ruction ( ^! trees ,i h n be5 tr\bl$ ) b>k bor]s1 al?\gh !re are /ill a numb] ( v old & l>ge hickories ?riv+ 9 ! same grove4 ,! only rem$y ,i c sugge/ is to cut d[n infe/$ trees z soon z !y are discov]$1 & also enc\rage ! insect-eat+ birds to rema9 9 & ne> ! nut groves4 ,!re are sev]al o!r species ( b>k bor]s t occasionally attack hickories1 "o ( ^!1 ! ,*ramesus icoriae1 ,leconte1 infe/s ! small twigs1 :ile ano!r1 ! ,s9oxylon basil>e1 say1 aft] bor+ ?r\gh ! b>k1 cont9ues its c\rse f> into ! he>twood1 %[+ a pref]5ce = ?is k9d ( food in/ead ( ! liv+ tissues4 ,^! pe/s1 h[ev]1 are r>ely con/ant1 b v erratic1 9 _! attacks1 & :ile !y may be r abundant on a few or _m trees a season or two1 !y !n disappe>1 & n "o may be se5 = sev]al decades4 ,,! ,,hickory-,,%uck ,,worm 7,grapholi?a c>yana4 ,fit*74--,! p>5t ( ?is pe/ is a m9ute mo? ( ! family ,tortricidae1 ! small cat]pill>s m9+ & bor+ ! gre5 husks1 & sometimes into ! immature %ell1 caus+ ! nuts to )] & drop (f prematurely1 al?\gh an occasional "o may rea* maturity1 ev5 9 its sc>ifi$ condition4 ,?is insect appe>s to be some:at r>e 9 ! ,ea/1 b v abundant "s ye>s 9 ! ,we/1 :]e x is frequ5tly de/ructive to ! ?ick %ellb>k hickory & pecan4 ,! fir/ fre% specim5s ( ! ,nussbaum] ,hybrid pecan nut 7ref]r$ to on a prec$+ page7 7 s badly bor$ & sc>ifi$ by ?is worm :5 receiv$1 t !y w\ld h be5 ne>ly or q wor?less = ei!r plant+ or o!r purposes4 ,z ?is insect attacks ! nuts on ! v l>ge/ trees 9 ! =e/ & else:]e1 ,i _c sugge/ any o!r rem$y ?an to ga!r ! immature & infe/$ nuts z !y fall1 & burn !m1 ) _! cont5ts4 ,among ! l>g] ,lepidopt]a 7butt]flies & mo?s7 !re are _m species1 ! cat]pill>s ( :i* occasionally fe$ on ! leaves ( ! hickories1 b n exclusively2 consequ5tly1 !y _c be consid]$ z ! special enemies ( ?is g5us ( trees4 ,:5 !y d attack !m1 x is z mu* due to accid5t z design4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true ) ! great ,luna mo? 7,attacus luna7 & ! ,am]ican silk worm 7,telea polyphemus71 & v>i\s species ( ! ,catocala1 z well z ! ,t5t cat]pill> 7,clisiocampa sylvatica74 ,!re is also a hickory-nut weevil1 closely alli$ to ! species infe/+ ! *e/nut2 & :ile n q z l>ge1 its habits are simil>1 & its ravages may be *eck$ by ! same or simil> means4 ,! grubs bore into ! gre5 nuts1 caus+ "s to fall be=e half-gr[n2 o!rs may rema9 9 ! nuts until !y are ripe & ga!r$ 9 ! autumn2 consequ5tly1 p]=at$ hickory nuts are n at all r>e1 ev5 on ! /&s ( v5d]s 9 our cities4 ,bud worms1 leaf m9]s1 leaf roll]s & plant lice1--& among ! latt] sev]al gall-mak+ species1--are to be f\nd on ! hickories2 b ) all ^! natural enemies to cont5d )1 ! hickories ?rive1 gr[1 & yield _! fruits 9 great] or less abundance4 ,to enum]ate1 describe & illu/rate all ! insects kn[n to be enemies ( ! hickory w\ld require a l>ge volume1 b =tunately !re are _m special works publi%$ on ! insects injuri\s to vegetation1 & ^! are readily obta9able by all :o may h occasion to consult _! pages4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,walnut4 ,juglans4 ,! anci5t ,lat9 "n1 fir/ us$ by ,pl9y1 contract$ f ,jovis glans1 ! nut ( ,jove or ,jupit]4 ,a g5us ( ab\t eight species1 ?ree or f\r ( ^! indig5\s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ord]1 ,jugl&aceae 7,walnut family74--,m$ium to l>ge decidu\s trees ) odd-p9nate leaves2 leaflets f fifte5 to tw5ty-"o1 s]rate1 ma9ly oblong & po9t$4 ,! sexes ( fl[]s sep>ate 7monoeci\s7 on ! same tree1 ! males 9 p5dul\s gre5 cyl9drical catk9s two to ?ree in*es long1 solit>y or 9 pairs1 sessile1--n /alk$1 z 9 ! hickories1--issu+ f ! "o-ye>-old twigs1 & at ! upp] edge ( ! sc> left by ! fall+ leaf ( ! previ\s season 7,fig4 #gc71 %[+ t ! male organs emanate f an aggregation ( bud-cells 9 ! axils ( ! leaves dur+ ! prec$+ summ] & autumn4 ,female fl[]s t]m9al on ! new gr[? 9 spr+1 also s+le1 9 clu/]s1 & occasionally 9 long p5dul\s racemes ) a f\r-cleft calyx1 f\r m9ute petals & two ?ick curv$ /igmas4 ,fruit r\nd or oblong 7,fig4 #gd72 husk ?91 dry+ up )\t op5+ by seams1 z 9 ! hickories4 ,%ell ( nut ei!r r\gh & deeply corrugat$1 ) %>p-po9t$ ridges1 or q smoo?1 ) an undulat+1 wavy surface1 v ?ick 9 "s species & ?9 9 o!rs2 k]nel two- or indi/9ctly f\r-lob$1 unit$ at ! apex1 fle%y1 ri* & oily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,p]sian ,,walnut1 ,,%[+ ,,position ,,( ,,sexual ,,organs4 ,hi/ory4--,! common walnut1 s long & widely kn[n 9 comm]ce "u v>i\s names1 su* z ,p]sian1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,italian & ,european walnuts1 also z ,madeira nut1 & rec5tly ,*ile walnut1 are n[ all believ$ to h desc5d$ f trees native ( ,p]sia1 mo/ pl5tiful 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ghilan on ! ,caspian sea1 betwe5 latitude #ce deg4 & #dj deg41 h5ce ! old ,grecian "n ( ! fruit1 viz43 ,p]sicon & ,basilicon1 or ,p]sian ,royal nut1 probably because ei!r introduc$ by ! ,greek mon>*s1 or s5t to !m by ! ,p]sian k+s4 ,lat]1--accord+ to ,pl9y1--! ,greeks call$ ! trees ,c>yon1 on acc\nt ( ! /rong sc5t ( ! foliage1 & f ?is "n ,nuttall co9$ 8 ^w1 ,c>ya1 = our indig5\s hickories1 z expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,x %\ld also be not$ "h t ! eld] ,mi*aux1 9 #aghb-d1 0 ! fir/ mod]n botani/ to visit ! prov9ce ( ,ghilan1 & he det]m9$1 by p]sonal inve/igation1 t ?is species ( ! walnut 0 really indig5\s to t region ( c\ntry1 along ) ! pea* & apricot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,be>+ ,,bran* ,,( ,,engli% ,,walnut4 ,e>li] ,european au?ors claim t ! walnut 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,italy by ,vitellius 7emp]or7 e>ly 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1--b ?is is unc]ta91--! ,romans giv+ x ! "n ( ,jugl&es1 or ! nut ( ,jove or ,jupit]1 bo? be+ ! same my?ical p]sonage4 ,! nuts1 at ?is e>ly day1 7 highly priz$1 & also ! wood ( ! tree1 ! latt] be+ ev5 m valuable ?an t ( ! citron 7orange & lemon74 ,ovid wrote a poem ab\t ^! nuts1 entitl$ ,de ,nuce1 f :i* we le>n t boys 7 employ$ to1 or did ( _! own accord1 knock (f ^! nuts2 & t at m>riages walnuts 7 ?r[n by ! bride & bridegroom among ! *ildr51 a c]emony :i* 0 suppos$ to indicate t ! bridegroom _h left (f 8 boyi% amusem5ts1 & t ! bride 0 no long] a vot>y ( ,diana1 & x is q probable t ! ,fr5* ^w = nuptials1 des noces1 0 d]iv$ f ?is anci5t cu/om4 ,! anci5ts also believ$ t walnuts possess$ p[]ful m$ic9al prop]ties1 ev5 to ! cur+ ( hydrophobia2 b 9 ^! latt] days !y h lo/ mo/ ( _! curative virtues1 9 ! op9ion ( ! m$ical frat]nity4 ,z ) ! *e/nut1 ! plant+ ( ! walnut ext5d$ nor?w>d into ,gaul 7,france71 h5ce ! e>li] "n ( ,gaul nuts1 :i* became corrupt$ into walnuts by ! ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,! ,italian "n is ,noci2 9 ,france1 ,noy]2 & ! ,g]mans1 ) _! usual habit ( comp\nd+ names1 call x walnuss-baum or walnut tree4 ,joannis ,de ,l\reiro1 9 8 "w on ! plants ( ,*9a1 ,flora ,co*9*95sis1 publi%$ 9 #agij1 claims t ?is ,p]sian walnut is also a native ( ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,*9a1 ) two o!r species :i* he describes 7p4 #egc71 add+1 h[ev]1 t "o ( ^! is cultivat$ 9 ,co*9 ,*9a1 & ! o!r is f\nd wild 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,! wild =m ( ?is _w-wide-fam\s nut is1 d\btless1 q diff]5t f ! v>ieties ) :i* we are famili>1 = two ?\s& ye>s or m ( cont9u\s cultivation & selections h greatly *ang$ ! "* ( ^! nuts1 z well z ! habit ( ! trees4 ,! nuts f ! wild trees are said to h a r ?ick %ell1 & to be mu* small] ?an ! be/ ( ! improv$ cultivat$ v>ieties1 or v l ^? we n[ obta9 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! ,p]sian walnut1 9 its _m v>ieties1 has be5 plant$ almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ,europe z f> nor? z ,w>saw1 b does n appe> to h run wild & become naturaliz$1 z ) _m o!r k9ds ( fruit & =e/ trees4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 x has probably be5 cultivat$ ev] s9ce ! invasion ( ! c\ntry by ! ,romans1 al?\gh a mu* lat] date is nam$ by "s ( our mod]n horticultural au?orities4 ,dodo5s 7#aeeb71 ,g]>de 7#aeig71 ,p>k9son 7#afbi71 & o!r ( our e>ly au?ors ( works on cultivat$ plants1 speak ( ! ,p]sian walnut z common 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,great ,brita9 includ$4 ,john ,evelyn1 9 8 ,sylva 7#affd71 says3 ,9 ,burgundy1 walnut trees ab\nd :]e !y /&1 9 ! mead[s ( goodly l&s1 at sixty & a hundr$ feet di/ance1 & s f> z hurt+ ! crop1 !y are look$ ^u z great pres]v]s1 keep+ ! gr\nd w>m1 nor d ! roots h9d] ! pl[4 ,evelyn1 no d\bt1 _h read :at ,pl9y _h said on ?is po9t1 viz43 ,ev5 ! oak w n ?rive ne> ! walnut tree2 :i*1 if x be true1 may be ow+ to ! int]f]5ce ( _! roots 9 ! subsoil2 b x is c]ta9 t nei!r grass nor field nor g>d5 crops ?rive well "u ! walnut4 ,evelyn 0 f> too good a g>d5] & close obs]v] to fall into ! error ( attribut+ noxi\s prop]ties to ! walnut tree1 al?\gh ,pl9y's ass]tion1 :i* has no f\ndation beyond 8 imag9ation1 has be5 _m times repeat$ 9 ^! days ( suppos$ g5]al intellig5ce4 ,small plants may fail1 "u ! %ade ( l>ge trees1 or :5 depriv$ ( moi/ure by ! roots ( su* trees1 b ! walnut is no exception to ! rule2 9 fact1 su* deep-root$ k9ds are less injuri\s ?an ^? ) roots ne>] ! surface4 ,evelyn1 9 cont9u+ 8 acc\nt ( ! walnut 9 ,g]many1 says3 ,:5ev] !y fell a tree1 :i* is only ! old1 decay$1 !y always plant a "y "o ne> him1 &1 9 sev]al places betwixt ,hanau & ,frank=t1 no "y f>m] :atsoev] is p]mitt$ to m>ry a wife till he br+ pro( t he is a fa!r ( su* a /at$ numb] ( walnut trees2 & ! law is inviolably obs]v$ to ?is day1 = ! extraord9>y b5efit :i* ?is tree af=ds ! inhabitants4 ,:at a pity t "s su* cu/om c\ld n h prevail$ dur+ ! pa/ c5tury 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! au?or f :om ,i h j quot$ adds t ! ,b]g/rasse1 :i* ext5ds f ,heidelb]g to ,d>m/adt1 is all plant$ ) walnuts4 ,cold w9t]s1 h[ev]1 h occasionally play$ havoc ) ! walnut trees 9 ,europe1 & "o ( ^! occurr$ 9 #agji1 :5 ! great] "p ( ! trees 7 s]i\sly injur$1 especially 9 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many & ,france4 ,_m trees 7 cut d[n = _! timb]1 :i* is always 9 great dem& = gun-/ocks & furniture4 ,c]ta9 ,dut* capitali/s1 =esee+ ! sc>city ( walnut timb]1 b\ght up all !y c\ld procure1 & ye>s aft]w>ds sold x at a greatly advanc$ price4 ,9 ! ye> #agbj an act 0 pass$ 9 ,france to prev5t ! exportation ( walnut timb]1 & ?is l$ to ! plant+ ( ^! trees m ext5sively ?an at any previ\s date2 ?is practice has cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t1 h5ce ! imm5se rev5ue secur$ f ! exportation ( ^! nuts4 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are good cu/om]s = ! surplus /ock ( ,europe1 & w probably s cont9ue1 until we wake up to a s5se ( our folly ( p]petually buy+ articles t c\ld be readily produc$ at home1 & at a v l>ge pr(it4 ,p]sian ,walnut 9 ,am]ica4--,! date ( ! fir/ exp]im5t 9 plant+ ?is nut 9 ?is c\ntry is n[ probably unkn[n1 b ! olde/ tree t ,i h be5 able to f9d ) any?+ l a satisfactory hi/ory1 is /ill gr[+ vigor\sly at ,wa%+ton ,heights1 on ,manhattan ,isl&1 ne> #afj? /reet & ,/4 ,ni*olas av5ue4 ,i gave a brief hi/ory ( ?is noble mon>* ( its race 9 ! ,am]ican ,g>d5 = ,septemb]1 #ahhh1 f :i* ! foll[+ acc\nt is cond5s$3 ,9 #ageh ,rog] ,morris1 an ,engli% g5tleman1 built a spaci\s mansion on 8 e/ate1 at :at1 9 lat] ye>s1 became kn[n z ,wa%+ton ,heights4 ,8 gr\nds 7 well laid out = t "t1 & _m r>e =eign trees & %rubs plant$1 among !m sev]al1 z !n call$1 ,engli% walnuts4 ,:e!r ^! trees 7 rais$ f ! nuts1 or plants ( "s size import$1 is n n[ kn[n4 ,mr4 ,morris may h procur$ ! se$l+s f ! ,pr9ce ,nurs]y1 ,flu%+1 ,l4 ,i41 = ?is fam\s g>d5 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agac1 or =ty-five ye>s previ\s to ! build+ ( ! ,morris mansion & ! plant+ ( ! gr\nds ab\t x4 ,at t p]iod no "o d\bt$ ! h>d9ess ( ! s-call$ ,engli% walnut 9 ,am]ica1 & z mo/ ( ! nuts & trees procur$ = plant+ came f acclimat$ /ock 9 ,great ,brita9 or ! cool] region ( ,europe1 success usually att5d$ su* exp]im5ts4 ,our pione]s & horticulturi/s fully expect$ t ! trees w\ld ?rive & be> nuts 9 abundance1 & "t has %[n t !y 7 n mi/ak51 al?\gh we frequ5tly see x /at$ at ?is late day1 t ! ,p]sian walnut is n h>dy nor? ( ! latitude ( ,wa%+ton1 ,philadelphia1 or o!r cities s\? ( ,new ,york4 ,"o hundr$ & ?irty-eight ye>s h roll$ by s9ce walnut trees 7 plant$ at ,wa%+ton ,heights1 & at lea/ "o ( ! orig9als has escap$ de/ruction & holds its head al(t1 defy+ ! tempe/s :i* frequ5tly sweep ov] t elevat$ & expos$ spot on ,manhattan ,isl&4 ,?is v]itable patri>* ( its race 9 ,am]ica is a mon/] 9 size1 its /em betwe5 f\r & five feet 9 diamet] at ! base & m ?an sev5ty-five feet high1 ) wide-spread+ bran*es4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aggf ! ,battle ( ,long ,isl& 0 f\ght1 & ! ,am]ican =ces 7 compell$ to retreat 9 confusion to ,new ,york1 !nce nor?w>d up ! isl&2 b :5 !y rea*$ ,=t ,wa%+ton1 n f> f ! elev5? mile/one on ! old ,albany po/ road1 !y made a /& & proce$$ to entr5* !mselves at t place4 ,?is 0 9 ,septemb]1 #aggf1 & ,g5]al ,wa%+ton took possession ( ! ,morris mansion ne> by1 mak+ x 8 headqu>t]s1 &1 z ?is 0 at ! season :5 ! walnuts _h rea*$ an edible /age1 we may safely presume1 f 8 well-kn[n pr$ilection = su* delicacies1 t he te/$ ! quality ( ! ,morris walnuts4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s lat] ,i am writ+ ?is1 ) "s fre% specim5s ( nuts be=e me f t same old tree4 ,?is old patri>* has ca/ its %ade ov] _m a not$ p]son 9 its "t1 = 9 #ahaj ! ,morris e/ate pass$ into ! h&s ( ,madame ,jumel1 a lady long fam\s = h] hospitality & ! good *e] %e ext5d$ to ! surviv+ patriots ( ! ,revolution4 ,f #ahaj to ! "t ( h] dea?1 #ahfe1 ,madame ,jumel's h\sehold always _h an abundance ( walnuts f ! old tree1 & "o ( ! workm5 on ! place in=m$ me t ab\t two c>tloads 0 consid]$ a fair annual crop4 ,x _c be _m ye>s be=e ?is old tree w meet ! same fate t has ov]tak5 _m ( its y\ng] contempor>ies :i* 7 once gr[+ 9 ! neighborhood1 = ) ! ru% = build+ lots & ! op5+ ( new /reets & av5ues1 trees are usually 9 ! way1 & 9 su* cases ev5 patri>*s are n sacr$1 nor d !y comm& mu* respect f our urban population4#b ,footnote #b3 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 & :ile ^! pages are be+ put 9 type1 accid5tally ,i le>n ) regret t ! old ,morris walnut tree has be5 de/roy$4 ,a half-c5tury ago !re 0 q a l>ge numb] ( walnut trees scatt]$ ab\t on ! nor!rn half ( ,manhattan ,isl&1 _m ( ^! probably desc5dants ( ! old ,morris trees1 b ( ?is no?+ def9ite is n[ kn[n4 ,a numb] ( p]sons ^: ages p]mitt$ !m to scan ! e>ly days ( ! pres5t c5tury1 h assur$ me t 9 _! *ildhood !y _h (t5 collect$ walnuts f goodly siz$ trees on f>ms1 f ,h>lem nor?w>d on ! isl&4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( ,p]sian walnut trees plant$ 9 any "o place 0 on ! ,tieman f>m at ,manhattanville1 ^! be+ set out z roadside trees1 "s ( :i* are /ill /&+1 al?\gh 9 ! m>* ( improvem5ts !y mu/ soon disappe>4 ,^! trees h always be5 not$ = _! productiv5ess1 be>+ a full crop e alt]nate ye>1 & a light] "o 9 :at is t]m$ ! (f season4 ,:ile ! old ,morris walnut tree1 & ! l>ge numb] gr[+ on ! ,tieman e/ate1 & scores ( o!rs scatt]$ ab\t ,new ,york city & its suburbs1 h be51 & _m /ill are1 liv+ witnesses ( ! fact t v>ieties ( ! ,p]sian walnut w ?rive 9 ?is latitude1 c]ta9 horticultural au?ors & essayi/s h cont9ually ass]t$ ! contr>y4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,scott1 9 8 sup]b & volum9\s "w1 ,suburban ,home ,gr\nds1 9 speak+ ( ?is species ( ! walnut1 says1 p4 #cea3 ,?\gh greatly valu$ 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t = its beauty1 z well z = its nuts1 its want ( h>d9ess 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 & lack ( any peculi> beauty 9 ! ,s\?1 has prev5t$ its culture to any great ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,s\? ( ,philadelphia x may be gr[n ) safety4 ,?is seems /range language to h come f su* an em95t au?ority z ! late ,mr4 ,scott1 inasmu* z he mu/ h pass$ a hundr$ times )9 sight1 if n 9 ! v %ad[ ( ! r[s ( old walnut trees gr[+ at ,manhattanville1 :5 go+ f ,new ,york city to ,newburgh1 :]e he /udi$ l&scape g>d5+ "u ! lam5t$ ,a4 ,j4 ,d[n+1 & to :om ! "w f :i* ,i h quot$ is d$icat$4 ,x is q evid5t1 h[ev]1 t our au?or1 l _m o!rs1 fail$ to see ?+s t %\ld h int]e/$ him4 ,z an (fset to ,mr4 ,scott's idea ( ! nor!rn limit = ! successful cultivation ( ?is nut1 ,i may ref] to ! "w ( ,mr4 ,george ,jacques1 ,practical ,treatise on ,fruit ,trees1 ,adapt$ to ! ,int]ior ( ,new ,engl&1 publi%$ at ,worce/]1 ,mass41 #ahdi4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! ,european walnut1 p4 #bch1 he says3 ,x is p]fectly h>dy on ,long ,isl&1 & to ! s\? ( ,new ,york1 & z f> nor? z ! city ( ,*>le/[n 9 ?is ,/ate 7,mass471 :]e !re may be se51 9 ! enclosure ( a resid5ce on ,h>v>d /reet1 two f9e trees ( ?is k9d1 ei!r ( !m mu* tall] & l>g] ?an our l>ge-siz$ apple trees4 ,we h eat5 nuts f ^! trees well rip5$ & fully equal to any ( ^? import$4 ,! trees (t5 be> a crop ( "s bu%els4 ,x is unnecess>y to se>* = fur!r pro( to %[ t c]ta9 excell5t v>ieties ( ! ,p]sian walnut d ?rive & be> abundantly 9 our ,nor!rn ,/ates2 n1 p]haps1 9 ! extreme boreal bord]s ( ,new ,engl&1 nor 9 ^? ( ! nor?we/1 b ! acclimat$ sorts are pretty safe z f> nor? z #db deg4 ( latitude1 & 9 protect$ locations may cr[d up a half degree m4 ,i h f\nd v productive trees ( ?is nut 9 nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 sev]al 9 ,b]g5 c\nty1 o!rs 9 ,passaic1 & !nce s\?w>d1 & :ile !y are few 9 numb]1 !y are suffici5t to prove t ?is tree is adapt$ to ! soil & climate ( ! entire ,/ate4 ,we seldom f9d m ?an "o or two trees 9 any g>d51 & ^! are probably m ! result ( accid5t ?an design1 _! own]s seem+ to be satisfi$ 9 possess+ some?+ 9 ! way ( a tree n common 9 ! neighborhood1 nev] ?9k+ t x might be well to plant en\gh ( su* trees to h !m become a s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,! p>5tage ( q a numb] ( ^! be>+ trees is readily trac$ to ! ,morris & ,tieman /ock1 %[+ t ^! old trees are ( a h>dy & prolific race1 :i* are well wor?y ( p]petuation = cold climates4 ,v old & l>ge walnut trees are report$ z gr[+ 9 ,p5nsylvania & o!r ( ! ,middle ,/ates1 b !y are f> f be+ num]\s4 ,x has long be5 claim$ t ?is species ( nut succe$$ be/ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & x is probably true1 especially ) ! t5d] v>ieties2 b = "s reason1 unkn[n to me1 !y h n be5 plant$ !re 9 suffici5t numb]s to h1 z yet1 become ( any comm]cial importance4 ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s ^! nuts h be5 m ext5sively plant$ 9 ,cali=nia ?an else:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & we may expect soon to "k some?+ def9ite 9 reg>d to results4 ,ne>ly all ( ! favorite ,fr5* v>ieties h be5 introduc$1 & are n[ be+ te/$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 & x is q likely t ! great] "p w succe$1 al?\gh "s ( ! e>ly-bloom+ sorts may fail 9 localities subject to late spr+ fro/s4 ,previ\s to ! introduction ( graft$ trees ( ! nam$ v>ieties1 ! only trees ( ?is k9d plant$ 9 ,cali=nia 7 se$l+s rais$ f ! common import$ nuts2 b ,i h no /ati/ics at h& to det]m9e ! date ( ! fir/ plant+s ( ?is k9d4 ,( late ye>s !re has be5 receiv$1 at "s ( our seaports1 & especially at ,new ,york1 "s q l>ge consignm5ts ( walnuts f ,s\? ,am]ica1 "u ! "n ( ,*ile walnuts1 b !y are only v>ieties ( ! ,p]sian rais$ 9 ,*ile4 ,!y are g5]ally ( good size1 mod]ately ?9 %ell$1 ) plump k]nels ( excell5t flavor4 ,!y are 9 great dem& = confection]y1 & are really bett] = su* purposes ?an ! l>g] & fancy blea*$ walnuts import$ "u ! some:at g5]al "n ( ,gr5obles1 or ,fr5* walnuts4 ,ow+ to ! diff]5ce ( climate1 ^! ,*ile walnuts arrive "h late 9 w9t]1 or ab\t ! "t ^? com+ f ,european c\ntries ! previ\s autumn beg9 to become some:at /ale4 ,( our native species ( ?is g5us 7,juglans71 ! almo/ ev]y:]e common butt]nut ranks fir/ 9 flavor & g5]al e/imation1 b ow+ to its h>d1 r\gh %ell1 & ! difficulty 9 extract+ ! k]nel1 x has nev] become ( any consid]able importance1 al?\gh usually f\nd 9 our m>kets 9 limit$ quantities4 ,( c\rse1 x is a g5]al favorite 9 ! c\ntry1 & :]ev] f\nd 9 suffici5t quantities ! boys & girls lay up a goodly supply = w9t] use2 & crack+ butt]nuts dur+ ! long w9t] ev5+s is a pa/ime & pleasure n to be ignor$ nor =gott54 ,! flavor ( ! butt]nut is f> m delicate1 & bett]1 ?an any ( ! ,p]sian species1 b ! difficulty 9 extract+ ! r small k]nel is a s]i\s objection4 ,! black walnut has a l>g] k]nel1 9 proportion to its size1 ?an ! butt]nut1 & x is n s difficult to extract :5 ! nuts are dry1 b ! flavor is too rank = mo/ palates1 al?\gh x has (t5 be5 ref]r$ to z excell5t by ! e>li] botani/s :o visit$ ?is c\ntry2 b x has nev] be5 consid]$ ( mu* value until q rec5tly1 or s9ce ! manufactur]s ( confection]y discov]$ t heat some:at subdu$ ! rank flavor1 & n[ _m tons ( ! meats are annually consum$ 9 c&ies & walnut cakes4 ,i am cr$ibly in=m$ t crack+ black walnuts & %ipp+ ! meats to our l>g] cities has become q an ext5sive indu/ry 9 sev]al ( ! ,middle & ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,we h two o!r b small] native species ( ! walnut t w be describ$ fur!r on1 "u ! head ,species & ,v>ieties4 ,propagation ( ,walnuts4--,! propagation ( ! walnut 9 ! natural way1 or by se$1 is exce$+ly simple1 = ! nuts gr[ readily & freely if plant$ soon aft] !y are ripe1 or any "t be=e !y become old & ! k]nels %rivel$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 be/ to plant !m :ile fre%1 b !y are n at all delicate1 & may be transport$ a long di/ance 9 a dry condition )\t s]i\sly affect+ _! vitality4 ,if walnuts are giv5 ! same c>e z recomm5d$ 9 ! prec$+ pages = o!r k9ds ( nuts1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,! se$l+s ( walnuts1 l ^? ( o!r species1 usually produce long taproots1 & if gr[n 9 a compact soil1 ^! w h few small lat]al fib]s ! fir/ season1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge2 b :5 tak5 up & ! v]tical ma9 root %ort5$ at a1 & !n replant$1 !y produce fibr\s roots 9 abundance4 ,! trees ( almo/ any age f "o to tw5ty ye>s old1 are n at all difficult to make live :5 transplant$1 provid$ ! bran*es or tops ( ! trees are r$uc$1 to correspond ) loss ( roots 9 digg+ up at ! "t ( removal4 ,x may be well to give a ^w ( caution to ! novice 9 nut culture ab\t prun+ nut trees 9 spr+1 aft] ! sap beg9s to fl[2 = if done at ?is "t !y w ble$ freely & leave unheal?y w\nds & black1 unsightly spots on ! b>k4 ,prune walnuts 9 summ] or e>ly 9 w9t]1 to give "t = ! w\nds to season be=e ! buds swell 9 spr+4 ,if "y trees are to be dug up1 prune aft] !y are tak5 f ! gr\nd1 !n ! sap w n fl[ f ! w\nds4 ,?is is true ( all decidu\s trees1 v9es & %rubs4 ,if ! trees h few small roots :5 tak5 up1 prune sev]ely2 b if roots are abundant1 little prun+ w be requir$4 ,x is seldom1 h[ev]1 9 transplant+ walnuts1 t ! prun+ ne$ be z sev]e z recomm5d$ = ! *e/nut2 9 fact1 hav+ transplant$ walnuts ( v>i\s species1 & ( all ages f "o to tw5ty ye>s1 )\t ! loss ( a plant1 ,i h come to ! conclusion t !y are pretty safe trees to h&le1 9 ?is climate1 at lea/1 if n else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,se$l+ ,,walnut4 ,9 seek+ walnuts f a di/ance1 = plant+ any:]e 9 ! ,middle or ,nor!rn ,/ates1 x w be well to le>n some?+ 9 advance ab\t ! climate 9 :i* ! nuts are rais$2 = x w\ld be folly to s5d = ei!r trees or nuts to a w>m or semi-tropical region1 l t ( s\!rn ,france or ,spa91 = a /ock to cultivate 9 a climate z cold z t ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,/ates on ! same l9e we/w>d4 ,we might1 p]*ance1 f su* importation1 secure "o h>dy plant 9 a hundr$ or ?\s&1 b !re w\ld be no c]ta9ty ( ev5 ?is small numb]4 ,?is idea ( acclimation & adaptation ( trees to conditions & climate %\ld n be ov]look$ by ! nut culturi/1 no matt] f :at s\rce he procures 8 /ock1 :e!r f abroad1 or "s di/ant region ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,if x c be obta9$ f a region :]e x has be5 gr[+ "u conditions simil> to ^? to :i* x is to be transf]r$ = cultivation1 !n ! *ances ( success w c]ta9ly be l>gely augm5t$4 ,acclimation is a sl[ process2 9 fact1 too sl[ = u to expect to secure any appreciable advantages f x 9 a lifetime1 b 9 nature we seek f9al results1 leav+ "t out ( ! "q4 ,9 rais+ se$l+ trees we _c expect mu* m ?an a reproduction ( ! species1 & n t ( ! p>5t tree4 ,plants t h be5 subject$ to unnatural conditions & surr\nd+s1 z usual "u cultivation1 are f> m likely to %[ a wid] range ( v>iation 9 ! se$l+s ?an ^? gr[+ wild 9 _! native habitats2 b ev5 ! latt] _c be dep5d$ ^u to reproduce exact types f se$4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no?+ c]ta9 ab\t se$l+ nut trees2 ! l>ge nuts may produce trees be>+ v small ones1 ! e>ly-rip5+ give late ones1 ! tall dw>f trees & ! precoci\s fruit+ "s ( ! mo/ t>dy v>ieties2 & yet1 ) all ?is unc]ta9ty1 we /ill ?9k x be/ to select = plant+ ! be/ nuts obta9able1 i4 e41 be/ & mo/ promis+ = ! conditions "u :i* ! se$l+s are to be gr[n4 ,= ! multiplication & p]petuation ( *oice v>ieties we mu/ resort to artificial modes ( propagation1 ma9ly by budd+ & graft+4 ,^! modes1 h[ev]1 :ile ! be/ at pres5t kn[n1 are s difficult & unc]ta9 9 cool climates1--ev5 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ skilful propagators1--t graft$ walnut trees h nev] be5 v pl5tiful 9 ! nurs]ies ( ?is or o!r c\ntries ) :i* we h comm]cial relations4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,france nurs]ym5 appe> to h be5 m successful 9 ! propagation ( walnuts by budd+ & graft+1 ?an else:]e2 b 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces1 z well z 9 ,great ,brita91 we he> little ( ?is mode ( propagation4 ,s difficult has ?is mode ( propagat+ ! walnut be5 consid]$ 9 ,engl&1 t ,?omas ,&rew ,knight1 presid5t ( ! ,london ,horticultural ,society1 e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury disc\rag$ all attempts to propagate ?is tree by su* means2 b lat]1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,society ,april #g1 #ahah1 he admits to hav+ *ang$ 8 m9d1 especially 9 reg>d to budd+ ! walnut1 & says3 ,! buds ( trees ( almo/ e species succe$ ) mo/ c]ta9ty :5 ins]t$ on ! %oots ( ! same ye>'s gr[?2 b ! walnut tree appe>s to af=d an exception2 possibly1 9 "s measure1 because its buds conta9 )9 !mselves1 9 ! spr+1 all ! leaves :i* ! tree be>s 9 ! foll[+ summ]1 :5ce its annual %oots cease to elongate soon aft] its buds unfold2 all its buds ( ea* season are also1 consequ5tly1 v ne>ly ( ! same age1 & long be=e any h acquir$ ! prop] degree ( maturity = be+ remov$1 ! annual bran*es h ceas$ to gr[ long] or to produce new foliage4444 ,to obviate ! disadvantage aris+ f ! prec$+ circum/ances1 ,i adopt$ means ( ret>d+ ! p]iod ( ! vegetation ( ! /ocks comp>atively ) t ( ! be>+ tree3 & by ^! means ,i became p>tially successful4 ,!re are1 at ! base ( ! annual %oots ( ! walnut & o!r trees1 :]e ^! jo9 ! ye>-old wood1 _m m9ute buds :i* are almo/ conceal$ 9 ! b>k1 & :i* r>ely or nev] vegetate b 9 ! ev5t ( ! de/ruction ( ! l>ge prom95t buds :i* occupy ! middle & opposite end ( ! annual wood4 ,by ins]t+ 9 ea* /ock "o ( ^! m9ute buds & "o ( ! l>ge prom95t k9d1 ,i _h ! pleasure to f9d t ! m9ute buds took freely1 :ile ! l>ge all fail$ )\t a s+le exception4 ,f ! above & o!r rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,knight1 9 ! pap] read by him1 ,i inf] t he kept ! /ocks 9 pots /or$ 9 a cool place 9 spr+1 until he c\ld obta9 %oots ( ! season f be>+ trees1 & f ^! m9ute undevelop$ axill>y buds = ins]t+ 9 ! /ocks4 ,^! buds1 z he in=ms u1 are ins]t$ 9 ! wood ( ! prec$+ season1 & ne> ! summit or top4 ,he does n give any directions = hold+ ! buds 9 place1 :e!r by wax$ or pla9 bass ligatures2 ! =m]1 h[ev]1 w\ld probably be pref]able1 = ! purpose ( exclud+ ! air & wat]4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s lat] 7#ahch7 ,j4 ,c4 ,l\don1 9 ,arboretum ,britannicum1 etc41 ref]s to ! propagation ( ! walnut z foll[s3 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! subject by ,fr5* au?ors1 f :i* x appe>s t 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 & 9 cold c\ntries g5]ally1 ! walnut does n bud or graft easily by any mode2 b t 9 ! s\? ( ,france & nor? ( ,italy x may be budd$ or graft$ by diff]5t modes1 ) success4 ,at ,metz1 ! ,b>on de ,ts*\dy f\nd ! flute me?od 7,fig4 #gf7 almo/ ! only "o :i* he c\ld practice ) success4 ,by ?is mode an entire r+ ( b>k1 conta9+ "o or m buds1 is remov$ f a twig on a tree to be multipli$1 & transf]r$ to ! /ock1 & made to fit z %[n4 ,if ! r+ is too l>ge1 a slice may be cut (f2 & if too small1 a piece ( ! b>k ( ! /ock may be left to fill ! space4 ,bo? /ock & p>5t tree mu/ be 9 ab\t ! same condition or /age ( gr[? :5 ?is r+ budd+ is done1 9 ord] t ! b>k conta9+ ! bud may peel (f freely f ! wood1 & ?is is always 9 ! spr+1 soon aft] ! buds beg9 to unfold & ! sap is 9 motion4 ,l\don says t 9 ,dauph9e1 ,france1 "y plants 9 ! nurs]ies are budd$ *iefly by ?is mode1 :i* succe$s be/ ! clos] ! op]ation is p]=m$ to ! coll> ( ! plant2 & ! same is true 9 graft+1 ! ne>] ! root ! bett]1 z has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce ) hickories4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,flute ,,budd+4 ,*>les ,baltet1 9 8 ,l',art de ,greff]1 recomm5ds graft+ 9 ! usual mode ( cr[n graft+1 also flute or r+ graft+1 9 ,april or ,may1 & ord9>y cleft graft+ close to ! root & at ! =ks ( ! bran*es1 etc4 ,he says t ! cion %\ld be cut1 z mu* z possible1 obliquely across ! pi?1 s t x may be expos$ on "o side only4 ,he also advises us+ cions ^: base consi/s ( wood ( two ye>s' gr[?1 & ^! furni%$ ) a t]m9al bud4 ,he cautions propagators aga9/ graft+ e>ly-gr[+ k9ds ^u ^? ( lat] vegetation4 ,if walnuts ( any ( ! native or =eign species h be5 successfully propagat$ by budd+ or graft+1 at any ( ! nurs]ies 9 our ,ea/]n ,/ates1 x has n be5 made kn[n 9 ! nurs]ym5's catalogues4 ,mi*ael ,floy1 :o e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury _h q ext5sive gr\nds devot$ to fruit & ornam5tal trees1 ne> :at is n[ ! c5t] ( ,new ,york city1 z we le>n f 8 ,guide to ! ,or*>d1 publi%$ 9 #ahcc1 claims1 9 ?is "w1 t ! ,p]sian walnuts ?rive well 9 ?is c\ntry1 b admits t he _h nev] succe$$ 9 graft+ ! trees1 & ) ! hickories _h no bett] success1 al?\gh he _h tri$ !m _m times2 b he adds3 ,/ill ,i d n say x is impossible ei!r to bud or graft !m2 b !re is some?+ peculi> ab\t x1 = bo? ! bud & graft turn black :5 cut1 almo/ in/antane\sly4 ,o!rs may succe$ bett]1 b let !m try x be=e !y affirm x ^u he>say2 !y may succe$ v well by in>*+4 ,com+ d[n to ! pres5t day1 9 our se>* = facts & in=mation 9 reg>d to ! propagation ( v>ieties ( ! walnut1 we may f9d x int]e/+ to visit ,cali=nia1 :i*1 ( all ! ,/ates ( ! ,union1 is p]haps ! be/ adapt$ to nut culture 9 g5]al2 besides1 a l>g] numb] ( nut trees ( v>i\s k9ds h be5 plant$ !re ?an else:]e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is 9 ,cali=nia t we f9d su* m5 z ,felix ,gillet1 ( ,nevada ,city1 an en?usia/ic propagator & cultivator ( fruit & nut trees1 & especially ( ! latt]1 if we may judge by 8 works & writ+s on ?is bran* ( horticulture1--& s f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 he is ! only nurs]yman 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o has graft$ walnut trees ( _m diff]5t v>ieties = sale4 ,9 reg>d to modes ( propagation1 ,mr4 ,gillet says t ! common mode ( %ield budd+1 z employ$ on fruit trees1 fails entirely ) small walnuts f "o to ?ree ye>s f ! se$1 & x does b seldom succe$ ev5 on l>g] /ocks4 ,:5 tri$ on l>ge1 old /ocks1 he advises remov+ all ! wood f ! inn] side ( ! /rip ( b>k on :i* ! bud is situat$1 & at ! same "t h ?is /rip n less ?an two in*es long & z broad z possible4 ,he describes 8 mode ( graft+ walnuts1 :i* does n diff] mat]ially f ^? already giv54 ,t he has nev] atta9$ any v rem>kable results may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+3 ,we w add t ! 'graft$ walnuts' t we (f] 7 graft$ expressly = u1 reg>dless ( co/1 by ! mo/ reliable firm to be f\nd 9 ! walnut di/rict 9 ,france1 ?r\gh a process discov]$ sev]al ye>s ago1 & :i* we w briefly describe = ! b5efit ( p :o may be incl9$ to try ?is new me?od ( graft+ v "y walnuts4 ,"o-ye>-old se$l+s ( ! size ( ! little f+]1 or ab\t "o-half in* 9 diamet] at ! butt1 are select$1 ! root cut back %ort en\gh to p]mit ! plant+ ( ! trees 9 pots ( ?ree in*es 9 dep?2 ! trees1 previ\sly to be+ pott$1 are graft$ ) cions exactly ( ! same size1 :ip or cleft graft+ be+ us$2 ! pots are !n tak5 to a hot or propagat+ h\se1 & a glass bell set ov] !m to prev5t ! outside air gett+ to ! grafts1 ! temp]ature ( ! h\se be+ kept day & night1 at lea/ = fifte5 days1 or till ! graft+ has tak51 to #gj deg4 ,f4 ,:5 ! grafts are well tak5 & gr[+1 ! glass bells are remov$1 & ! grafts all[$ to gr[ ?ree or f\r in*es1 be=e ! little graft$ trees are set out 9 nurs]y r[s2 x may be pref]able1 especially 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 to keep ! trees 9 ! pots till ! ensu+ spr+4 ,=ty to fifty p] c5t ( ! grafts w succe$1 & x is ! be/ t c be done4 ,?is mode ( graft+ ! walnut1 besides requir+ a ho?\se1 ne$s ! c>e ( a skillful p]son to make x succe$4 ,s are graft$ ! little trees t we import f ,france1 & t we plant 9 nurs]y r[s & (f] to ! public4 ,= o!r modes ( root graft+1 ,i ref] ! read] to ^? recomm5d$ = ! hickories1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,propagat+ walnuts by lay]s is practicable1 :]e ! small trees h be5 cut d[n to =ce out new %oots ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 !n b5t d[n & cov]$ ) soil 9 ! usual me?od ( lay]+ woody plants4 ,plant+ & ,prun+4--,! plants w produce a great] numb] ( fibr\s roots if ! nuts are plant$ 9 light1 loose1 b ri* soil1 ?an 9 a heavy1 t5aci\s "o2 b ) all k9ds x is be/ to transplant :5 "o or two ye>s old1 & cut (f a portion ( ! taproots1 z recomm5d$ = ! hickories4 ,:5 remov$ f ! nurs]y r[s = f9al plant+1 prune away ne>ly or q all side bran*es1 leav+ only ! t]m9al bud if ! trees are n m ?an six to eight feet high4 ,aft] f9al plant+ :]e ! trees are to rema9 p]man5tly1 v little prun+ w ev] be requir$1 fur!r ?an to cut away bran*es t may cross ea* o!r1 or to %ort5 "s to give prop] =m to ! head4 ,no tree 9 cultivation requires less prun+ ?an walnuts4 ,z a g5us ( trees ! walnuts fl\ri% be/ 9 deep1 ri* loam1 r light ?an heavy1 & 9 ?is c\ntry require consid]able moi/ure at ! roots1 & "s1 l ! butt]nut1 succe$ be/ 9 bottoml&s1 ne> creeks & l>g] /reams4 ,if ! soil is naturally too dry = su* trees1 ! fault c be readily rem$i$ by ! use ( "s =m ( mul* appli$ to ! surface ( ! soil ar\nd ! /em aft] plant+1 r5ew+ ?is annually1 or (t5] if necess>y1 until ! trees are l>ge en\gh to %ade ! gr\nd4 ,walnut trees1 z well z ! closely alli$ hickories1 are well adapt$ = roadside plant+1 & :5 set 9 su* positions are f> less likely to be injur$ by insects ?an :5 plant$ 9 or*>ds or l>ge gr\ps1 besides s]v+ a d\ble purpose1 be+ ornam5tal z well z useful4 ,!y may also be plant$ ar\nd build+s1 & :]e o!r & less valuable trees are g5]ally gr[n4 ,!re are also millions ( acres ( rocky hill-sides & old fields :i* might be utiliz$ = nut or*>ds1 & if r widely scatt]$ ov] su* l& !y w\ld prove b5eficial 9 %ad+ ! pa/ure grasses4 ,fir/ ( all1 h[ev]1 let u h r[s ( ^! trees along all our c\ntry roads1 aft] :i* x w be "t en\gh to beg9 plant+ !m else:]e4 ,,species ,,& ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,walnuts4 ,native ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,juglans c9]ea4 ,l9n474 ,butt]nut4 ,:ite ,walnut4--,leaflets fifte5 to n9ete51 oblong-lanceolate & %>p-po9t$1 r\nd$ at ! base1 d[ny1 especially on ! und]side1 petioles cov]$ ) viscid hairs2 fruit oblong1 two or m in*es 9 l5g?1 ) a clammy husk1 n op5+ :5 ripe1 b closely adh]+ to ! deeply corrugat$ & r\gh1 ?ick %ell4 ,trees ) wide-spread+ bran*es1 & ( m$ium hight1 or f =ty to fifty feet1 b 9 deep =e/s sometimes sixty to sev5ty1 ) /ems two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,a common tree 9 moi/ soils almo/ ev]y:]e1 f ! ,canadas s\?w>d to ! highl&s ( nor!rn ,georgia1 ,alabama1 & sp>+ly 9 ,mississippi & ,arkansas1 & all ! ,/ates bord]+ ! ,mississippi riv] nor?w>d to ,m9nesota4 ,a valuable timb] tree1 ) s(t1 light wood1 mu* us$ ( late = furniture & inside h\se f9i%+4 ,9 e>ly times ! inn] b>k 0 employ$ = mak+ a yell[ dye1 also z a m$ic9e1 ! extract be+ a mild ca?>tic1 h5ce "o ( ! specific names1 ,ca?>tica4 ,synonyms4 ,juglans oblonga alba1 ,m>%all4 ,juglans ca?>tica1 ,mi*aux4 ,c>ya ca?>tica1 ,b>ton1 #ahah4 ,wallia c9]ea1 ,alefeld1 #ahfa4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,butt]nut4--,!re are to be f\nd _m v>ieties ( ! butt]nut1 v>y+ ma9ly 9 ! size ( ! nuts1 & only slightly 9 ! ?ickness ( ! %ell2 b ,i am n aw>e t any ( ^! h ev] be5 propagat$1 all ! trees 9 cultivation or else:]e hav+ be5 gr[n f ! nuts4 ,?is nut is1 no d\bt1 susceptible ( great improvem5t1 z well z o!rs ( ! g5us1 & x is wor?y ( be+ exp]im5t$ ) = t purpose1 especially 9 cold1 nor!rn climates1 :]e !re are few or no o!r k9ds ( edible nuts4 ,probably ! mo/ direct & sure/ way to secure improv$ v>ieties is by hybridiz+1 tak+ ! butt]nut = ! female p>5t1 & ! ,p]sian walnut = ! male4 ,hybrids betwe5 ^! two species are already kn[n1 & !y w1 no d\bt1 become m pl5tiful z soon z skillful horticulturi/s are enc\rag$ to produce !m4 ,sev]al hybrid walnuts ( o!r species are figur$ & describ$ by ,european horticulturi/s1 b1 s f> z kn[n1 !y are ma9ly accid5tal productions1 & n ! result ( any direct ef=t ( man2 nature1 9 ?is in/ance1 m]ely giv+ a h9t ( ! possible1 leav+ u to avail ourselves ( ! lesson if we feel s incl9$4 ,j4 ,le ,conte1 9 a li/ ( f\r hundr$ & fifty plants1 collect$ by him on ! isl& ( ,new ,york 7,manhattan71 & publi%$ 9 ! ,m$ical & ,philosophical ,regi/]1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahab1 m5tions a hybrid walnut among ! numb]4 ,dr4 ,john ,torrey1 9 ,catalogue ( ,plants1 etc41 #ahai1 ref]s to ?is tree "u ! "n ( ,juglans hybrida1 & says t x is gr[+ ne> :]e ,eigh? av5ue int]sects ! road call$ ,lake ,t\rs1 ab\t ?ree miles f ! city1 & is a l>ge tree4 ,?is specim5 probably disappe>$ long ago1 & we h no means n[ ( det]m9+ its orig9 or betwe5 :at two species x 0 a hybrid4 ,rec5tly ,pr(4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s>g5t has discov]$ o!r hybrid walnuts 9 ! neighborhood ( ,bo/on1 & figur$ & describ$ "o 9 ,g>d5 & ,=e/ = ,oct4 #ca1 #ahid4 ,he says3 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ! fact by obs]v+ t a tree :i* ,i _h suppos$ 0 a s-call$ ,engli% walnut 7,juglans regia71 9 ! gr\nds connect$ ) ! ,episcopal s*ool ( ,h>v>d college1 at ,cambridge1 0 n injur$ by ! cold ( ! sev]e/ w9t]s1 al?\gh ,juglans regia g5]ally suff]s f cold "h1 & r>ely gr[s to a l>ge size4 ,?is individual is really a noble tree2 ! trunk =ks1 ab\t five feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 into two limbs1 & gir?s1 at ! po9t :]e its diamet] is smalle/1 fifte5 feet & two in*es4 ,! divisions ( ! trunk spread slightly & =m a wide1 r\nd-topp$ head ( p5dul\s bran*es ( unusual symmetry & beauty1 & probably sixty to sev5ty feet high4 ,a clos] exam9ation ( ?is tree %[$ t x 0 h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ,juglans regia 9 habit1 9 ! "* ( ! b>k1 or 9 ! =m & color+ ( ! leaves1 & t ! oblong nut1 ) its ?ick %ell deeply sculptur$ into n>r[ ridges1 0 ! slightly modifi$ nut ( our native butt]nut1 ,juglans regia4 ,two o!r trees ) ! same peculi>ities 7 aft]w>ds f\nd4 ,"o is a l>ge1 wide-spread+ specim51 ) a trunk diamet] ( f\r feet ?ree in*es ab\t two feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & j bel[ ! po9t :]e x divides into ?ree l>ge limbs4 ,?is is on ! gr\nds ( ,mr4 ,eb5 ,bacon ( ,jamaica ,pla91 & is suppos$ to h be5 plant$ betwe5 fifty & sixty ye>s ago4 ,! o!r has a tall1 /raight trunk1 ) a diamet] ( ?ree feet "o in* at ?ree feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & is gr[+ on a f>m ne> ,h\ghton's ,pond1 9 ,milton1 at ! base ( ! s\!a/]n slope ( ! ,blue ,hills4 ,t !re %\ld be hybrid walnuts is no?+ /range or wond]ful1 & we (t5 m>vel t !re %\ld be s few ( !m 9 regions :]e two or m species are gr[+ 9 close proximity 9 ! same =e/1 or else:]e1 b f :5ce came ^! specim5s 9 ,massa*usetts is some:at ( a my/]y4 ,we may safely conclude1 h[ev]1 t ! hybridiz+ did n occur !re1 b some:]e else1 & ei!r ! nuts or small se$l+ trees 7 introduc$ & plant$ :]e ^! hybrid specim5s are n[ gr[+4 ,x is possible t !y are desc5dants ( ! old hybrid walnut tree ( ,new ,york city1 m5tion$ by ,le ,conte & ,dr4 ,torrey1 "s "o hav+ s5t nuts or se$l+s to fri5ds 9 ,massa*usetts1 & ! ?ree trees describ$ by ,pr(4 ,s>g5t are m]ely ^? :i* h surviv$ until ! pres5t day1 ^! reta9+ ! hybrid *>act]i/ics ( _! p>5t4 ,^! hybrids may or may n possess any special economic value1 b !y are ( consid]able sci5tific int]e/1 & = ?is reason alone are well wor?y ( c>eful pres]vation & ext5sive propagation4 ,butt]nut ,sug>4--,x has (t5 be5 claim$ t sug> c be made f ! native butt]nut tree1 & :ile x is true t ! sweeti% sap fl[s readily f w\nds made 9 ?is tree 9 e>ly spr+1 ! am\nt & quality ( sug> to be obta9$ f x is sc>cely wor?y ( s]i\s att5tion4 ,9 my boyhood days butt]nut syrup & sug> 7 consid]$ z /icky jokes ( ! sug> camp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,fl[]+ ,,bran* ,,( ,,hybrid ,,walnut4 ,j4 regia x ,j4 ,cali=nica4 ,hybrids 9 ,cali=nia4--,mrs4 ,n9etta ,eames1 writ+1 9 ! ,am]ican ,agriculturi/1 ( new v>ieties ( walnuts 9 ,cali=nia1 ref]s to c]ta9 species & v>ieties gr[+ 9 t ,/ate1 z foll[s3 ,on "o ( ! av5ues 9 ,santa ,rosa !re are "s doz5 or s ornam5tal %ade trees1 :i* inv>iably attract ! pass]s4 ,x is n only t !y are uncommonly beautiful1 b t !re is some?+ unfamili> ab\t !m4 ,"o unhesitat+ly pron\nces !m 'walnuts1' f _! unmi/akable lik5ess to bo? ! ,engli% walnut & ! native species f\nd gr[+ along ! /reams ( middle & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 a cross betwe5 ! ,juglans regia & ,j4 ,cali=nica1 ! wild black walnut ( ?is ,/ate4 ,9 its appe>ance1 ?is magnific5t hybrid is nicely balanc$ betwe5 bo? p>5ts1 b x is sup]ior to ei!r ( !m 9 beauty & luxuriance ( foliage1 & 9 its ph5om5al gr[?4 ,!re is1 inde$1 b "o tree1 ! eucalyptus1 t gr[s m rapidly4 ,9 speak+ ( ?is quality 9 ! new walnut1 ,mr4 ,lu!r ,burbank says3 ',x (t5 excels ! comb9$ gr[? ( bo? p>5ts1 add+ twelve to sixte5 feet to its hight 9 "o ye>4 ,giv5 l conditions1 a budd$ six-ye>-old hybrid is twice z l>ge z a black walnut at tw5ty ye>s ( age4' ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,hybrid ,,walnut4 ,j4 nigra x ,j4 ,cali=nica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,hybrid ,,walnut1 ,,%ell ,,remov$4 ,j4 nigra x ,j4 ,cali=nica4 ,! clean cut1 bright gre5 leaves make a rem>kable %[+1 be+ all ! way f two feet to a y>d 9 l5g?1 & ( graceful1 droop+ habit 7,fig4 #gg74 ,!y are sweet-sc5t$1 too1--a delightful fragrance1 resembl+ t ( ,june apples4 ,ano!r admirable feature ( ?is hybrid walnut is its smoo?1 grayi% b>k1 ) :ite m>bl+s n unlike ! ,ea/]n sug> maple4 ,! wood is compact1 ) lu/r\s1 sat9y gra91 & takes an elegant poli%1 :i* gives x unmi/akable comm]cial value4 ,l ! majority ( hybrids1 ?\gh blossom+ freely x yields a scant crop ( nuts1 "o or two annually on a s+le tree1 & ?is only aft] twelve ye>s ( p]si/5t b>r5ness4 ,! se$1 :5 plant$1 goes back to its p>5t di/9ctiv5ess1--"o-half turn+ out to be ,engli% walnuts & ! o!r half black walnuts1--! true hybrid be+ only reproduc$ by graft+ on a ?rifty "y ,juglans ,cali=nica4 ,ano!r h&some novelty 9 %ade trees1 is a hybrid f ! ,juglans nigra1 or well-kn[n ,ea/]n black walnut1 & ,j4 ,cali=nica 7,figs4 #gh & #gi74 ,x makes a *>m+ ornam5tal tree1 & be>s1 9 its season1 a prolific crop ( unusually l>ge nuts1 :i* h little value except 9 ! eyes ( s*ool *ildr54 ,sev]al ( ^! hybrids are gr[+ 9 ,santa ,rosa1 & pres5t an int]e/+ /udy to ! pomologi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,juglans ,,sieboldiana ,,raceme4 ,a /ill m unique species ( ! walnut g5us is ! ,juglans ,sieboldiana1 a ,japanese walnut :i* gr[s abundantly 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ! isl& ( ,yesso1 & also 9 ! m s\!rn divisions ( ! empire4 ,sev]al ( ^! rem>kable trees are to be f\nd 9 ! ,kew g>d5s1 b only "o specim5 is said to be gr[+ 9 ,am]ica1 & ?is has rec5tly come into pr(use be>+ on ! ,burbank exp]im5tal f>m1 eight miles f ,santa ,rosa1 ,cali=nia4 ,accord+ to good au?ority1 ?is ,japanese walnut n only atta9s its greate/ p]fection 9 ?is favor$ climate1 b x ?rives equally well 9 c\ntries too cold = ! common walnut1 ,j4 regia4 ,9 its wild /ate 9 ,japan1 ! ,juglans ,sieboldiana 7^: curi\s raceme ( nuts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj7 makes a wide-spread+ tree ab\t fifty feet 9 hight1 ) pale1 furr[$ b>k2 nuts an in* & a half long1 ) a diamet] "o-?ird less1 & a k]nel hav+ mu* ! flavor ( ! common walnut4 ,! tree be>+ s ?riftily on ,cali=nia soil1 sugge/s its possible value z a m>ketable nut1 :ile x already furni%es a rem>kable addition to horticultural int]e/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,black ,,walnut ,,9 ,,husk4 ,,juglans ,,nigra1 ,l9n4 ,black ,walnut4--,leaflets elev5 to sev5te51 r>ely m2 ovate-lanceolate1 smoo? above1 mod]ately pubesc5t b5ea?1 po9t$1 some:at he>t-%ap$ at ! base2 leaf-/alks slightly d[ny1 usually ( a pale purpli% color e>ly 9 ! season1 especially on "y trees2 fruit l>ge1 mo/ly globose 7,fig4 #ha72 husk ?91 r\ghly dott$2 %ell ?ick1 h>d1 deeply & unev5ly corrugat$ ) r\gh1 %>p ridges & po9ts 7,fig4 #hb72 k]nel l>ge1 sweet1 b usually ) a /rong1 r rank ta/e1 b less oily ?an ! butt]nut4 ,trees gr[ to an imm5se size1 ) deeply furr[$ b>k2 wood d>k color$1 valuable = cab9et "w1 inside f9i%+1 gun /ocks1 etc4 ,common 9 deep1 ri* soils1 f we/]n ,massa*usetts we/ to s\!rn ,m9nesota1 & s\?w>d to ,florida4 ,mo/ abundant we/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 & especially 9 ! ri* valleys ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates di/ant f railroads & wat] communication2 else:]e ! trees h long s9ce be5 cut = _! timb]4 ,i h only "o synonym to record1 & ?is is sc>cely wor?y ( notice1 viz43 ,wallia nigra4 7,alefeld 9 ,bonpl&ia1 #ahfa47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,juglans ,,nigra1 ,,husk ,,remov$4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,black ,walnut4--,z ) ! butt]nut1 !re are no v>ieties ( ! black walnut 9 cultivation2 at lea/1 none propagat$ by means :i* w insure ! p]petuation ( _! v>ietal *>act]i/ics4 ,x is true t !re are pl5ty ( wild v>ieties to be f\nd1 ^! v>y+ widely 9 size & =m1 & some:at 9 ?ickness ( _! %ell1 z well z ! ease ) :i* ! k]nels may be extract$1 b none ( ^! h be5 p]petuat$ by artificial means4 ,among ! e>lie/ v>ieties recogniz$ by botani/s1 "o 0 call$ ,oblong ,black ,walnut1 ,juglans nigra oblonga1 by ,mill]1 #aged1 & p]haps 9 e>li] editions ( ! ,g>d5]'s ,diction>y4 ,he says ?is is f ,virg9ia1 & only a v>iety ( ! common black walnut4 ,m>%all1 9 #aghe1 describes ?is black oblong fruit$ walnut1 & adds3 ,!re are1 p]haps1 "s o!r v>ieties4 ,^! oblong1 or1 m correctly speak+1 oval nuts1 (t5 %>p-po9t$ at bo? ends1 are r pl5tiful at ?is "t4 ,!re are r>ely any consid]able numb] ( bu%els rea*+ m>ket f ,virg9ia & adjac5t ,/ates1 among :i* ^! oval or oblong nuts _c be f\nd4 ,i h a numb] be=e me measur+ f "o in* to "o & a qu>t] 9 diamet]1 & f "o & a half to ne>ly two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,o!r v>ieties f\nd1 p]haps1 9 ! same lot1 are broad] ?an long1 or "o & sev5-eigh?s in*es broad1 by "o & "o-half 9 v]tical diamet]4 ,^! measurem5ts are ( ! clean$ %ell1 aft] ! husks h be5 remov$4 ,= sev]al ye>s a ?9-%ell$ black walnut has be5 (f]$ by at lea/ two nurs]ym51 9 ^: catalogues !y are describ$ z ) unusually ?9 %ells1 ! k]nels com+ out :ole4 ,i h endeavor$ to asc]ta9 ! orig9 ( ?is v>iety1 b fail$1 = bo? ( ! nurs]y firms :o adv]tis$ ! frees = sale admit t !y d n "k f :om !y obta9$ ! nuts plant$1 or :]e ! orig9al tree is gr[+4 ,z ! trees (f]$ are only se$l+s1 !re is no c]ta9ty t !y w produce nuts ) ?9 %ells4 ,we c safely drop ?is suppos$ v>iety f ! li/ until some?+ def9ite is kn[n ab\t x4 ,,juglans ,,cali=nica1 ,watson4 ,cali=nia ,walnut4--,leaflets 9 f five to eight pairs1 m or less d[ny1 b sometimes smoo?1 oblong-lanceolate1 %>p-po9t$1 n>r[+ upw>d f ne> ! base1 two to two & a half in*es long4 ,male catk9s mu* l>g] ?an 9 our ,ea/]n species1 or f f\r to eight in*es1 (t5 9 pairs4 ,fruit r\nd1 slightly compress$1 ?ree-f\r?s to "o in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]2 husk ?91 slightly dott$ or r\gh5$2 %ell d>k br[n1 v fa9tly sculptur$ 7,fig4 #hc71 almo/ smoo?1 ?ick1 ! k]nel fill+ two broad cavities ^u ea* side2 edible & fairly good4 ,a tree or l>ge %rub 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco & along ! ,sacram5to 7:]e x is sometimes cultivat$71 gr[+ to ! hight ( =ty to sixty feet1 & two to f\r feet 9 diamet]2 rang+ s\?w>d to ,santa ,b>b>a1 & ea/w>d ?r\gh s\!rn ,arizona to ,new ,mexico & ,sonora 7,?urb]1 ,botany ( ,cali=nia74 ,?is species has be5 consid]$ by "s botani/s z only a v>iety ( ! next1 or ,juglans rupe/ris1 v>4 ,major1 ,torrey4 ,sc>cely h>dy 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york city1 except an occasional se$l+ f nuts ga!r$ along ! nor!rn limits ( ! species1 or f ! cool] elevat$ regions ( ! ,pacific slope4 ,x is ( no special value1 only add+ "o m edible nut tree to ! li/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,juglans ,,cali=nica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,juglans ,,rupe/ris1 ,,%[+ ,,small ,,k]nel4 ,,juglans ,,rupe/ris1 ,engelmann4 ,texas ,walnut4 ,new ,mexico ,walnut4--,leaflets ?irte5 to tw5ty-five1 smoo?1 bright gre51 small1 n>r[1 & long-po9t$2 male catk9s %ort1 or ab\t two in*es long1 & q sl5d]2 fruit r\nd or oblate2 husk ?91 ne>ly smoo?2 nut small1 "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]2 %ell v ?ick1 r deeply furr[$1 ! n>r[ grooves on ! great] "p cont9u\s f base to apex1 ! broad edges ( ! ridges smoo?1 n jagg$ z 9 ! butt]nut & black walnut4 ,k]nel sweet & good1 b s small 7,fig4 #hd7 z n to be wor? ! tr\ble ( extract+4 ,a small & neat tree tw5ty to =ty feet high1 native ( ! bottom l&s ( ! ,colorado 9 ,texas1 & ?r\gh\t ! we/]n "p ( ! ,/ate1 ext5d+ ?r\gh s\!rn & c5tral ,new ,mexico to ,arizona4 ,9 ,new ,mexico x rea*es an elevation ( sev5 or eight ?\s& feet1 ?\gh ! climate is (t5 sev]e1 ! temp]ature dropp+ to z]o & bel[ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,se$l+s rais$ f nuts obta9$ ne> ! nor!rn limits ( ?is species 9 ,texas & ,new ,mexico w\ld probably be h>dy 9 mo/ ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 b !y are sc>cely wor? cultivat+ = _! nuts1 ow+ to ! small size & ?ick %ell2 b z ! trees are neat & graceful !y are wor?y ( a place among o!r useful & ornam5tal k9ds4 ,an occasional be>+ tree ( ?is ,texas walnut may be se5 9 ! g>d5s & p>ks ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 & probably 9 "s ( ! ,we/]n1 b ,i h no direct in=mation 9 reg>d to _! locations or age4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans rupe/ris1 ,torrey4 ,juglans ,cali=nica1 ,watson1 ,bot4 ,cali=nia4 ,ori5tal ,walnuts4--,h[ few or _m species ( ! walnut are indig5\s to ,*9a1 ,korea1 ,japan & o!r ,ori5tal c\ntries x w\ld be v difficult to det]m9e1 ) our pres5t limit$ k ( ! =e/s ( t "p ( ! _w4 ,! few botani/s :o h _h opportunities ( /udy+ ! flora ( ^? regions d n agree z to names or numb] ( species ( ! g5us4 ,l\reiro1 9 8 ,flora ,co*9*95sis 7#aghh71 names ?ree species z indig5\s to ,*9a1 viz43 ,juglans regia 9 ! nor!rn "p1 b ?is is n[ consid]$ v d\btful2 ,juglans ,camirium1 ,rhumphius1 a m$ium-siz$1 he>t-%ap$ nut1 ! trees f\nd 9 ! =e/s1 & also "u cultivation2 ,juglans ,catappa1 a l>ge =e/ tree 9 ! ,co*9 ,*9a m\nta9s1 ) oblong1 edible nuts1 ) husk & %ell ( nuts ( a r$di% color4 ,_m ye>s lat] ,siebold describes a ,japan walnut "u ! "n ( ,juglans ,japonica1 & /ill lat] ! ,russian botani/1 ,maxiom[icz1 r5ames ?is1 9 honor ( ,siebold1 ,juglans ,sieboldiana1 & describes ano!r native ( ,japan z ,juglans cordi=mis4 ,b prior to any ( ! au?ors nam$1 ,?unb]g _h describ$ a ,japan walnut "u ! "n ( ,juglans nigra1 probably ! same z ,l\reiro's species1 ) r$di% husk1 b z ?is "n _h already be5 giv5 to an ,am]ican species x _h to be dropp$4 ,maxiom[icz also describes :at he suppos$ to be a di/9ct species1 f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ,m&%uria "u ! "n ( ,j4 ,m&%urica 7#ahgb71 b x is d\btful if x is any?+ m ?an "o ( ! _m wild =ms ( ! species f\nd widely di/ribut$ ov] ea/]n ,asia4 ,! r$ or black fruit$ walnut ( ,l\reiro 7,j4 ,catappa71 & ,siebold's black walnut 7,j4 nigra71 are probably ! same z ! ,ailantus-leav$ 7,j4 ailantifolia71 rec5tly describ$ 9 ,ni*olson's ,diction>y ( ,g>d5+1 ,london1 ,eng41 #ahhd1 ! orig9 ( :i* is said to be unc]ta94 ,x is ,juglans ,m&%urica1 ,maxim1 9 ,alphonse ,lavallee's ,catalogue ( ,arboretum ,segrezianum4 ,z describ$ 9 ?is "w1 ! "y fruit is violet-r$1 & produc$ 9 long p5dul\s clu/]s1 ! latt] be+ "o ( ! m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ^! ,ori5tal walnuts4 ,b :e!r we admit t !re is b "o or a doz5 species ( ^! ,ea/]n walnuts1 x _c be ( any special int]e/ to ! practical nut culturi/1 = to him _! economic & comm]cial value is ( m importance ?an sci5tific nom5clature4 ,up to ! pres5t "t we h only succe$$ 9 obta9+ two species ( ^! walnuts1 or p]haps only "o species & "o v>iety2 b we c]ta9ly h two di/9ct =ms1 bo? com+ f ,japan1 & di/ribut$ "u ! names giv5 !m by ,maxiom[icz1 viz43 ,,juglans ,,sieboldiana 7,siebold ,walnut74--,leaflets sessile1 usually fifte51 five to sev5 in*es long1 oblong-po9t$1 ?91 s(t1 d[ny1 s]ratures v %all[1 pale gre5 above & some:at light] b5ea?2 foot/alks d5sely clo!d ) clammy hairs2 fruit 9 long p5dul\s clu/]s ( a half doz5 to a doz51 "o & a half in*es or m long by a little m ?an "o in* broad 9 ! middle2 husk ?91 d[ny or clammy2 nut some:at compress$1 ! po9t usually b5d+ to "o side2 %ell smoo?1 ) two %all[ grooves f base upw>d on ! sides opposite to ! %>p1 prom95t ridges at ! seams ( ! two lobes1 ! %ell end+ 9 a /rong1 %>p po9t 7,fig4 #he74 ,! %ell is v h>d & ?ick2 ! k]nel small1 sweet1 oily1 resembl+ 9 ta/e our common butt]nut2 tree a rapid & /ocky gr[]1 ! co>se %oots & l>ge leaves resembl+ ^? ( ! ,ailantus tree at fir/1 b soon spread+ bran*es appe>1 =m+ an op51 r\ndi% head4 ,! se$l+s1 z rais$ "h1 are abundantly suppli$ ) small fibr\s roots1 :i* insures transplant+ ) safety4 ,app>5tly p]fectly h>dy 9 our ,nor!rn ,/ates1 z ,i h he>d no compla9ts ( w9t]-kill+ ( ! "y trees1 al?\gh !y are n[ widely di/ribut$ & 9 consid]able numb]s1 b none1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 h rea*$ a be>+ age "h 9 ! ,nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,juglans ,,sieboldiana4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,c4 ,b]ckmans1 ( ,augu/a1 ,ga41 9 writ+ me "u date ( ,dec4 #c1 #ahid1 says3 ,la/ ye> we fruit$ ,juglans ,sieboldiana trees f\r ye>s f ! se$4 ,fruit 0 produc$ 9 long clu/]s1 & trees exce$+ly ornam5tal1 b ?is ye> ^! same trees 7 kill$ to ! gr\nd on ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 aft] !y _h set a crop ( fruit & made a "y gr[? ( m ?an twelve in*es4 ,?is untimely fro/ may n happ5 aga9 9 ye>s1 b x goes to %[ t _m v>ieties ( trees :i* are consid]$ h>dy fur!r nor?1 are sometimes de/roy$ "h by spr+ fro/s4 ,z ^! ,japanese & ,*9ese walnuts are natives ( cold climates !y may be bett] adapt$ to ! ,nor!rn ?an ,s\!rn ,/ates1 b !re is no locality entirely exempt f late spr+ fro/s1 z mo/ f>m]s & fruit gr[]s le>n$ to _! co/ ! pa/ season4 ,!re c be little d\bt ( ?is species ( walnut be+ ! "o describ$ by ,rhumphius "u ! "n ( ,j4 ,camirium1 & m fully lat] by ,l\reiro1 z already not$2 b hav+ come to u f ,japan z ,siebold's walnut1 ?is "n w answ] z well z any o!r1 ev5 if x is n ! prop] "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,,juglans ,,cordi=mis4 ,,juglans ,,cordi=mis1 ,maxim4--,9 foliage & gr[? ( tree ?is is almo/1 if n absolutely1 id5tical ) ! la/2 ! diff]5ce obs]v$ is 9 ! nuts1 :i* are also produc$ 9 p5dul\s clu/]s4 ,! =m ( ! nut is almo/ r\nd 7,fig4 #hf71 r blunt-po9t$1 b ! %ell is deeply & unev5ly furr[$1 & ind5t$ some:at l our black walnut2 ! ridges1 h[ev]1 are n z %>p4 ,! specim5s ,i h receiv$ f v>i\s s\rces are n z l>ge z ! ,siebold1 & ! %ell n q z ?ick1 b ! k]nel is small4 ,i may note "h t !re appe>s to be "s confusion 9 reg>d to ?is v>iety or species1 = 9 sev]al nurs]ym5's catalogues ?is =m ( nut is figur$ z ,siebold's1 & ! "o t ,i h describ$ "u t "n is call$ ,cordi=mis4 ,! specim5s receiv$ f ,cali=nia1 ,japan1 & also f ,mr4 ,b]ckmans1 correspond ) ! names "h giv51 b fur!r inve/igations may %[ t !y %\ld be rev]s$4 ,! "o ,i h receiv$ z ,cordi=mis is1 d\btless1 ! nut describ$ by ,l\reiro z ,j4 ,catappa1 z an ovate-oblong nut1 ) a fibr\s1 lea!ry1 r$di% husk4 ,:ile ,i d n suppose t ^! ,ori5tal walnuts w ev] become ( any consid]able comm]cial value1 !y are wor? plant+ = %ade & ornam5tal trees4 ,!y are r precoci\s1 com+ into be>+ at an e>ly age1 & ! nuts are n only edible1 b w always be an acceptable addition to ! unimportant al?\gh agreeable h\sehold supplies4 ,p]sian ,walnuts4 ,juglans regia1 ,l9n4 ,royal ,walnut1 ,madeira ,nut1 ,engli% ,walnut1 ,fr5* ,walnut1 ,*ile ,walnut1 etc4--,leaflets five to n9e1 oval1 smoo?1 po9t$1 slightly s]rate2 fruit r\nd or slightly oval2 husk ?91 gre51 ( a lea!ry texture1 becom+ brittle & cleav+ f ! nut :5 ripe & dry2 nut r\ndi%-oval1 smalle/ at ! top2 %ell smoo?1 ) slight ind5tations1 ?91 two-valv$1 readily p>t+ at ! seams2 k]nel l>ge1 wr9kl$ & corrugat$1 ! two lobes sep>at$ bel[ ) a ?91 pap]y p>tition1 b unit$ at ! top2 sweet1 oily1 & g5]ally e/eem$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,small ,,fruit$ ,,walnut4 ,?is species has be5 9 cultivation _m c5turies1 & 9 diff]5t c\ntries & climates1 & "u su* v>iable conditions t _m ( ! v>ieties h dep>t$ widely f ! normal type4 ,!re are n[ an almo/ innum]able numb] ( v>ieties1 v>y+ greatly 9 size & =m4 ,"s are n l>g] ?an a good-siz$ pea1 z se5 9 ! ,small ,fruit$ ,walnut 7,fig4 #hg71 :ile o!rs are ne>ly z l>ge z a man's fi/1 z 9 ! ?ick-%ell$ or ,gibb\s ,walnut 7,fig4 #ib71 :ile 9 o!rs ! nut is greatly elongat$1 z 9 ! ,b>!re ,walnut 7,fig4 #hh71 & hundr$s ( o!r int]m$iate =ms4 ,!re are also v>ieties t bloom e>ly 9 spr+1 o!rs late4 ,"s are v h>dy1 o!rs q t5d] 9 cold climates4 ,!re are also dw>f & tall-gr[+1 z well z ! precoci\s & t>dy fruit+ v>ieties4 ,b v few ( ^! h ev] be5 cultivat$ 9 our ,ea/]n ,/ates1 consequ5tly little is kn[n ( _! value "h2 b m may be 9 ! ne> future1 :5 our horticulturi/s & f>m]s beg9 to plant nut trees z freely z !y h o!r k9ds1 or are awak5$ to ! fact t su* trees c be made a s\rce ( pleasure & pr(it4 ,"h 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates our ma9 dep5d5ce = h>dy & productive trees ( ?is species w be ^u se$l+s or cions f ^? acclimat$ specim5s :i* h already be5 ?or\ghly te/$ & f\nd to be bo? h>dy & prolific4 ,!re are pl5ty ( ^!1 z ,i h /at$ else:]e1 & !y are well wor?y ( att5tion & multiplication until some?+ bett] is produc$ or discov]$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! mo/ promis+ ,european v>ieties c\ld be import$ & te/$1 al?\gh x is n probable t ^? orig9at+ 9 s\!rn ,france & ,italy w\ld be ( mu* value = plant+ 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york city or nor? ( x1 b s\? ( ?is l9e ! *ances ( success w\ld be some:at great]2 & to escape injury f late spr+ fro/s1 ! m elevat$ regions are pref]able to ! l[] & w>m] any:]e 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,9 anticipation ( ! "q be+ ask$1 ,i w say t1 at pres5t1 ,i d n "k ( any nurs]yman 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates :o propagates or imports nam$ v>ieties ( walnuts = sale4 ,( c\rse1 se$l+s ( ^! are (f]$1 b x is well kn[n t !re is b a remote *ance ( ^! com+ true f se$4 ,ev5 ! little dw>f ,fr5* walnut ,praep>turi5s1 or ,e>ly ,prolific1 _c be dep5d$ ^u to produce dw>f or e>ly be>+ trees beyond ! fir/ g5]ation f ! nut1 & ^! mu/ be ! product ( graft$ trees1 to insure ?is mu*4 ,! foll[+ li/ conta9s ! names ( only a few ( ! mo/ not$ v>ieties1 ! great] "p hav+ orig9at$ 9 ,europe4 ,,ailantus-,,leav$ ,,walnut4 ,see ,ori5tal walnuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,b>!re ,,walnut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,*ab]te4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,*ile ,,walnut4 ,,b>!re ,,walnuts4 ,see ,fig4 #hh4--;,a v long nut1 po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,%ell ?92 k]nel l>ge & ( excell5t flavor4 ,nam$ aft] ,m4 ,b>!re1 a horticulturi/ ( ,t\l\se1 ,france1 :o discov]$ x gr[+ among a numb] ( o!r trees2 consequ5tly1 its orig9 is a my/]y4 ,m4 ,b>!re says t x is v productive1 & ev5 ! se$l+s ( ?is v>iety beg9 to be> v e>ly4 ,,*ab]te4--,an old /&>d ,fr5* v>iety1 ( an oval %ape2 m$ium size1 ) v full & ri* flavor$ k]nel 7,fig4 #hi74 ,! tree buds & blooms late1 !re=e especially valuable 9 localities :]e late spr+ fro/s are likely to occur4 ,,*ile ,,walnut4--,?is "n is giv51 9 a g5]al way1 to all ! walnuts receiv$ 9 our m>kets f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! nuts are usually ( good size1 ) a d>k grayi% %ell2 ?9 b firm1 ) plump k]nels ( excell5t flavor4 ,^! nuts arrive 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*4 ,_m ( ! ,*ile walnuts h ?ree valves 7,fig4 #ij71 in/ead ( ! normal two4 ,su* freaks are occasionally f\nd among ! ,european v>ieties1 also 9 ! native hickories1 b ^! tri-valv$ nuts appe> to be v abundant among ! ,*ile walnuts4 ,,clu/] ,,walnut4 ,,racemosa ,,or ,,spicata4--,describ$ by ,mr4 ,gillet z a v>iety ( ! ,p]sian walnut1 produc+ m$ium1 ?9-%ell$ nuts 9 long clu/]s ( f eight to tw5ty-eight4 ,he also says t he introduc$ x into ?is c\ntry1 b f :5ce we are n in=m$4 ,lavellee 7#ahgg7 records x z a v>iety ( ,j4 regia1 "u ! "n ( racemosa1 giv+ its synonym z ,juglans ,cali=nica ( ! horticulturi/s4 ,i h n f\nd x m5tion$ else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,,cut-,,leav$ ,,walnut4 ,,cut-,,leav$ ,,walnut4--,a v>iety ) deeply cut leaves2 v ornam5tal1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,nuts q small1 b ( good quality4 ,,franquette4--,ano!r old /&>d ,fr5* v>iety1 ) l>ge1 elongat$-oval nuts ) a di/9ct po9t4 ,%ell ?92 k]nel l>ge1 & ( ri* flavor4 ,! tree blooms late2 valuable = plant+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,,gant ,,or ,,bij\ ,,walnut4--,a rem>kable v>iety on acc\nt ( its extraord9>y size4 ,! %ell is ?91 ) r deep furr[s1 ^? ( ! l>ge/ size be+ made into ladies' companions1 :]e to /[ away gloves or h&k]*iefs1 h5ce ! "n ,gant walnut4 ,! k]nel1 ?\gh1 does n correspond to ! size ( ! %ell 7,gillet74 ,,gibb\s ,,walnut 7,fig4 #ib74--,?is is a v l>ge v>iety1 suppos$ to be a hybrid1 rais$ 9 ,france _m ye>s ago4 ,x is ( little value1 z ! %ell is v ?ick & k]nel small4 ,valuable ma9ly = its imm5se size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,gibb\s ,,walnut4 ,,kaghazi4--,?is is suppos$ to be a v>iety ( ! ,p]sian walnut1 ( fair size1 ) a v ?9 %ell4 ,! tree blooms v late 9 spr+1 & = ?is reason is recomm5d$ = localities :]e !re is dang] f injury by fro/4 ,! tree is said to be a v rapid gr[]1 & mu* m h>dy ?an ! g5]al run ( v>ieties ( ?is species4 ,i h be5 unable to le>n its orig91 b x has be5 plant$ q ext5sively 9 ,cali=nia1 & "s ( our ,ea/]n nurs]ym5 are (f]+ ! se$l+ trees = sale1 b :e!r !y w possess ! m]its ( ! orig9al or n mu/ be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,,l>ge-,,fruit$ ,,praep>turi5s4--,a sub-v>iety ( ! ,praep>turi5s1 orig9at+ ) ,mr4 ,felix ,gillet ( ,cali=nia4 ,,late ,,praep>turi5s4--,also orig9at$ ) ,mr4 ,gillet4 ,valuable because ! trees bloom late 9 spr+4 ,nuts describ$ z ( m$ium size1 b ) full k]nels ( excell5t quality4 ,,mayette4--,v l>ge 7,fig4 #ic71 ) a light-color$ %ell ( mod]ate ?ickness4 ,k]nel plump1 readily extract$ :ole1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #id1 sweet1 & a ri*1 nutty flavor4 ,tree blooms late & is v productive4 ,an old & /&>d ,fr5* v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,mayette4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,,k]nel ,,( ,,walnut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,j4 ,,regia ,,octogona4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,cross ,,section4 ,,mesange ,,or ,,pap]-,,%ell4--,?is nut has ! ?9ne/ %ell ( any v>iety kn[n2 x d]ives its "n ( ,mesange f a little l>k ( t "n1 t goes to ! k]nel ?r\gh ! t5d] %ell4 ,tree v productive1 & ! k]nel q ri* 9 oil4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 recomm5d ! gr[+ ( ?is v>iety = m>ket1 on acc\nt ( ! ?9ness ( ! %ell1 :i* breaks (f too easily 9 h&l+ ! nuts1 or ev5 :5 !y drop on ! gr\nd 7,felix ,gillet74 ,,meylan ,,walnut4--,a ,fr5* v>iety t orig9at$ ne> ! little village ( ,meylan1 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* x is q ext5sively cultivat$ = home use & export4 ,,octogona4--,( unc]ta9 orig91 b v mu* resembles "o ( ! ,ori5tal species 9 ! =m & sculpture ( ! %ell 7,fig4 #ie74 ,! %ell is also v ?ick1 z %[n 9 ! cross section 7,fig4 #if74 ,( no special value4 ,,p>isi5ne ,,walnut4--,al?\gh ?is 0 nam$ = ! city ( ,p>is x did n orig9ate !re1 b 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,x is a l>ge & r broad v>iety1 ) a firm b ?9 %ell 7,fig4 #ig7 & excell5t flavor$ k]nel4 ,x is report$ t ?is v>iety succe$s 9 ,cali=nia1 also 9 ! ,s\? :]ev] tri$4 ,! trees leaf out late 9 spr+ & are r>ely injur$ by fro/s1 & are rem>kably productive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,,p>isi5ne4 ,,praep>turi5s4 ,precoci\s ,dw>f ,prolific4--,a ,fr5* v>iety ( a dw>f habit1 & ! plants not$ = be>+ :5 v "y4 ,a correspond5t ( ,! ,g>d5 7,london1 ,eng471 ref]r+ to ?is v>iety "s ye>s ago1 says3 ,x is precoci\s on acc\nt ( ! s+ul> & exceptional fact t x is born almo/ an adult2 9 fact1 x is no?+ uncommon to see a tree 9 its ?ird ye> be>+ excell5t fruit4 ,he does n say1 h[ev]1 :e!r he ref]s to se$l+s or graft$ plants1 b we may presume ! latt] or ^? rais$ f lay]s1 = cultivators :o h exp]im5t$ ) se$l+s h f\nd t !y possess a /rong t5d5cy to rev]t to ! orig9al or tree =m4 ,?is may n %[ itself v /rongly 9 ! fir/ g5]ation if ! nuts are obta9$ f graft$ trees ( "s age1 b 9 ! second & ?ird g5]ation ! e>ly-fruit+ & dw>f are usually entirely lo/4 ,! only c]ta9 way ( secur+ ! true v>iety is by graft+ or lay]+1 b x is to be fe>$ t v few trees propagat$ by ^! modes are 9 cultivation1 at lea/ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 al?\gh nurs]ym5 h be5 (f]+ ,praep>turi5s walnut trees 9 _! catalogues dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s4 ,9 "o n[ be=e me1 publi%$ 9 ,new ,york city 9 #ahdd1 trees ( ?is walnut are (f]$ at "o doll> ea*1 or ab\t :at is *>g$ = se$l+s at ! pres5t "t4 ,z no?+ is said 9 ! catalogues ab\t ! mode ( propagation1 we inf] t !y are se$l+s1 z graft$ trees w\ld be wor? m ?an "o doll>4 ,! nuts ( ?is dw>f walnut are ( m$ium size1 ?9-%ell$ & ( excell5t flavor2 valuable = g>d5s ( limit$ ext5t4 ,,s]ot9a4 ,late ,walnut1 ,/4 ,john ,walnut4--,a v peculi> sort1 inasmu* z x is ! late/ ( all to bud & bloom 9 spr+1 & yet x pu%es =w>d s rapidly t ! nuts are ripe ) o!rs 9 ! fall4 ,!y are ( m$ium size 7,fig4 #ih71 ) a r h>d %ell1 b ! k]nel is plump & good flavor$4 ,! tree is v productive1 & sure to escape late spr+ fro/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,s]ot9a ,,or ,,/4 ,,john4 ,,vilmor94--,?is is claim$ to be a hybrid betwe5 "s v>iety ( ,j4 regia & our native black walnut1 ,j4 nigra4 ,sc>cely kn[n outside ( ,france4 ,,v\rey4--,a new & spl5did v>iety rais$ ne> ,v\rey1 a small t[n 9 s\!a/ ,france4 ,x has mu* ! same %ape & qualities ( ! ,p>isi5ne walnut 7,gillet74 ,,v>iegat$ ,,walnut4--,a h&some v>iety1 ) "y bran*es cov]$ ) d>k-gre5 b>k spott$ ) gray1 & (t5 /rip$ longitud9ally ) yell[4 ,! leaves resemble ^? ( ! common walnut2 ! fruit is ( a light yell[i%-gre5 /reak$ ) d>k] gre51 & rem9ds "o closely ( c]ta9 v>ieties ( pe>s :i*1 9 common ) ?is v>iety1 frequ5tly h _! "y bran*es /rip$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,propagat$ by graft+ or lay]s4 7,! ,g>d547 ,,weep+ ,,walnut4--,a tree ) p5dul\s twigs & bran*es4 ,q ornam5tal1 b n especially valuable = its fruit4 ,h>dy 9 ,engl&4 ,9 addition to ^? describ$1 !re are a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties1 :i* may be wor? import+ & te/+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 by ^? :o may feel incl9$ to make exp]im5ts ) ^! nuts4 ,probably "s ( ^? highly extoll$ by e>li] writ]s are n[ lo/1 b ?is _c be det]m9$ until a c>eful se>* ?r\gh ! old ,european g>d5s has be5 made4 ,among ! e>ly-fruit+ or precoci\s v>ieties we f9d an acc\nt ( "o rais$ by ,an?ony ,c>lisle1 ( ,engl&1 z record$ 9 a pap] read at a meet+ ( ! ,horticultural ,society ( ,london1 ,m>* #c1 #ahab4 ,mr4 ,c>lisle plant$ six nuts 9 ,m>*1 #ahjb1 ^! hav+ be5 receiv$ f ,mr4 ,?omas ,w$gewood ( ,bl&=d4 ,six ye>s lat]1 or 9 #ahjh1 "o ( ! se$l+s bore & matur$ t5 walnuts1 & ! next season 7#ahji7 upw>ds ( fifty1 & 9 #ahaj "o hundr$ & twelve1 ! tree at t age be+ n9ete5 feet sev5 & "o-half in*es high4 ,ano!r v>iety1 "u ! "n ( ,highfly] walnut1 is describ$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! same society1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 #ahbb1 p4 #eag4 ,! nuts s5t to ! society 7 gr[n 9 ! t[n ( ,!t=d1 & are describ$ z a long oval1 ) a %ell s v ?9 t ! slighte/ pressure ( ! f+]s cru%es x4 ,i f9d t ?is ,highfly] walnut is m5tion$ 9 ! rec5tly publi%$ ,diction>y ( ,g>d5+1 b :e!r obta9able 9 ,engli% nurs]ies or n we are left 9 d\bt4 ,i ref] to ^! ,engli% v>ieties ma9ly to %[ t "s ( ! v be/ & ?9ne/-%ell$ walnuts h be5 gr[n 9 cool climates1 & are n conf9$ entirely to ! w>m or semi-tropical1 z _m p]sons seem to suppose & ev5 claim to be ! fact4 ,x is pr9cipally f ^! ,engli% walnuts1 z !y are usually t]m$1 t our h>dy old-be>+ trees1 ref]r$ to else:]e1 h be5 produc$1 &1 d\btless1 _m m w be1 :5 we beg9 to pay "s att5tion to ?is v valuable nut4 ,x is also q likely t :5 our horticulturi/s look ab\t = *oice acclimat$ v>ieties = propagation1 !y w be f\nd "r "h 9 ! gr\nds ( next-door neighbors1 & !re may be no necessity ( s5d+ to ,europe or else:]e = ei!r nuts or trees4 ,at pres5t !re is mu* confusion & unc]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ! id5tity & nom5clature ( bo? species & v>ieties ( ! walnut1 & x mu/ rema9 s until !y are collect$ f all c\ntries & climes1 ( :i* !y are ei!r native or into :i* !y h be5 introduc$1 & :5 s collect$1 & fruit+ specim5s produce1 x w n be difficult to classify & det]m9e _! synonyms4 ,?is w be an und]tak+ sc>cely to be expect$ ( ! individual nut culturi/1 b is )9 ! legitimate l9e ( ! arboretum1 & ( public botanical g>d5s locat$ 9 bo? cold & w>m climates1 !reby secur+ a division ( labor1 & at ! same "t avoid+ ! unc]ta9ty ( try+ to produce practical results "u uncong5ial conditions & surr\nd+s4 ,husk+ ,walnuts4--,! husks ( ne>ly all ! v>ieties ( ! ,p]sian & ,ori5tal walnuts "p f _! %ells freely :5 fully rip5$ & dri$1 b 9 a few v>ieties ! husks are r p]si/5t1 requir+ =ce & friction = _! removal4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by plac+ !m 9 bags & %ak+1 or 9 b>rels & roll+1 until ! nuts are scrap$ clean4 ,b ! bett] way1 :]e !re is any consid]able quantity ( nuts to be op]at$ ^u1 is to take a /rong b>rel or cask1 & s arrange x on /&>ds t x c be rapidly revolv$ ) a crank atta*$ to "o end4 ,( c\rse1 ! cask mu/ h its two heads left 9 place1 & an op5+ made 9 ! side to admit ! nuts & remove !m :5 clean$4 ,almo/ any man h&y ) tools c make su* a clean] & poli%] 9 a few h\rs1 & if /or$ 9 a dry place x w la/ = sev]al ye>s4 ,) butt]nuts & black walnuts ! husks are mu* t\gh]1 & !y %\ld be ?r[n into heaps 9 ! op5 air1 & turn$ ov] occasionally until ! husks become s(t5$ suffici5tly to p]mit ( _! removal1 9 case !y are to be s5t to m>ket4 ,ord9>y ?re%+ ma*9es may be us$ = clean+ ! husks f black walnuts1 by remov+ ab\t "o-half ! tee?1 or en\gh to all[ ! nuts to pass ?r\gh )\t break+ _! %ells4 ,mo/ ( ! hickories drop f ! husk1 leav+ ! nut clean2 b 9 "s v>ieties ( ! pecan ! inn] "p ( ! husk adh]es r t5aci\sly1 & !y sell bett] if clean$2 besides1 "s h r r\gh & ?ick %ells1 & a little scrap+ & poli%+ adds mu* to _! appe>ance4 ,! revolv+ cask1 ei!r work$ by h& or o!r p[]1 is an excell5t implem5t = prep>+ ^! nuts = m>ket1 & if ! husk is v p]si/5t1 a little dry s& ?r[n 9 w aid 9 clean+ & poli%+4 ,sometimes ^! nuts are subject$ to :at is call$ ! soap/one poli%1 leav+ ! %ells v smoo?1 ) a greasy feel4 ,! ,fr5* walnuts1 :i* are ext5sively import$ "u ! g5]al "n ( ,gr5oble walnuts1 are usually blea*$ ) sulphur be=e !y are %ipp$1 & :ile ?is adds no?+ to ! quality ( ! k]nel1 ! sulphur is an excell5t insecticide & fungicide1 & may be ( "s use on t acc\nt2 b o!rwise x is likely to be m injuri\s ?an b5eficial4 ,z blea*+ bo? walnuts & almonds is (t5 insi/$ ^u by deal]s1 ,i give ! process sugge/$ by ,director ,hilg>d1 ( ! ,cali=nia ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 :i* he believes w prove m satisfactory ?an ! "o usually employ$1 & is z foll[s3 ,! nuts1 plac$ 9 small baskets 7su* z ! ,*9ese use = c>ry+71 are dipp$ = ab\t five m9utes 9 a solution conta9+ to e fifty gallons ( wat] six p\nds ( blea*+ p[d] & twelve p\nds ( sal soda4 ,!y are !n r9s$ ) a hose1 & aft] dra9+1 aga9 dipp$ into ano!r solution conta9+ "o p] c5t ( bisulphite ( lime2 aft] ! nuts h assum$ ! desir$ t9t1 !y are aga9 r9s$ ) wat] & !n dri$4 ,in/ead ( ! second dipp+1 ! nuts may be sulphur$ 7fumigat$7 = t5 or fifte5 m9utes4 ,! co/ ( fifty gallons ( *lor9e dip w be ab\t =ty c5ts2 ! same bulk ( ! bisulphite dip1 probably consid]ably less4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 h&l+ "o bat* 7two dips7 is f twelve to fifte5 m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,! ,,cat]pill>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,! ,,regal ,,walnut ,,mo?--,,ci!ronia ,,regalis4 ,insect ,enemies4--,! walnut is attack$ by ! same k9ds ( insects t infe/ ! hickories1 )1 p]haps1 a few exceptions2 z1 = in/ance1 ! b>k beetles & ! nut weevils4 ,! leaves appe> to be m or less acceptable food = ! cat]pill>s t fe$ on ! hickories1 & ! same insecticides & means employ$ = de/roy+ ^! pe/s on "o w answ] = ! o!r4 ,! cat]pill>s ( "s ( ! small] k9ds ( mo?s are1 z a rule1 f> m de/ructive to ! leaves ?an ! l>g]1 & _! ravages (t5 escape notice until x is too late = ! use ( prev5tives1 or = _! de/ruction ) insecticides4 ,ev] s9ce ,i became connect$ ) ! ,new ,york city press1 "s ?irty odd ye>s ago1 sc>cely a season has pass$ dur+ :i* "o or m specim5s ( ! ,regal walnut cat]pill> 7,ci!ronia regalis71 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii1 h n be5 receiv$ f "s correspond5t :o _h f\nd !m crawl+ d[n ! /em or on ! gr\nd ne> a walnut tree4 ,su* a l>ge cat]pill> w\ld naturally attract ! att5tion ( almo/ any p]son1 b to ! timid its appe>ance is exce$+ly f]oci\s & repulsive1 :ile to ! entomologi/ x is a beautiful & int]e/+ creature1 & f> m likely to be h&l$ ) c>e ?an injur$4 ,?is cat]pill> is ( a gre5 color1 & transv]sely b&$ across ea* ( ! r+s ) pale blue4 ,! head & legs are ( an orange color1 also ! long sp9e or horns1 ) ! po9ts tipp$ ) black4 ,x is c]ta9ly v =midable 9 appe>ance1 b p]fectly h>mless1 & may be h&l$ ) impunity4 ,! p>5t mo? 7,fig4 #ajj7 has =e w+s ( an olive color1 ornam5t$ ) small yell[ spots & ve9$ ) r$ l9es4 ,! h9d w+s are orange-r$1 ) two l>ge irregul> yell[ pat*es be=e1 & a r[ ( w$ge-%ap$ olive color$ spots betwe5 ! ve9s beh9d4 ,al?\gh ?is insect appe>s to be widely di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry1 & ! cat]pill>s fe$ on ! walnuts & occasionally on ! hickory1 x has nev] be5 kn[n to be suffici5tly num]\s to attract any special att5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,miscellane\s ,,nuts--,,edible ,,& ,,o!rwise4 ,9 ! foll[+ li/ ( plants !re are a few t 9 no way c be consid]$ z relat$ to ! true nut-be>+ trees & %rubs2 b z ! ^w nut has be5 atta*$ z a prefix or affix 9 comm]ce1 or else:]e1 !y are admitt$1 ev5 if = no o!r purpose ?an to designate _! true position 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,= conv5i5ce1 !y are record$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 ! mo/ famili> ( ! common names--:]e !re are m ?an "o--be+ giv5 prec$5ce1 ! botanical or sci5tific foll[+1 ) a brief description1 z my limit$ space w n p]mit ( any?+ m ext5d$4 ,x is n claim$ t ?is catalogue ( nuts is complete1 b x is probably z ne> x z any h]et(ore compil$ & publi%$1 & x may s]ve z ! basis = a bett] & m ext5d$ "o at "s future "t4 ,,acorn1 ,,or ,,oak ,,nut4--,! fruit ( ! oak1 ,qu]cus 7,cupulif]ae71 monoeci\s1 ev]gre5 & decidu\s trees & %rubs1 ) alt]nate & simple /raight-ve9$ leaves4 ,a v l>ge g5us1 ( ab\t two hundr$ & fifty species1 ma9ly 9 ! temp]ate region ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,!re are "s =ty species native ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! nuts are1 on ! :ole1 r too h>% & bitt] flavor$ to be e/eem$ or consid]$ edible by civiliz$ nations at ! pres5t day1 b 9 =m] times "s ( ! oak nuts 7 (t5 an important article among ! g>n]$ food ( ! h\sehold4 ,!y 7 us$--& are /ill1 9 "s c\ntries--boil$1 roa/$1 & ev5 gr\nd & made into bread & cakes4 ,!y h also be5 us$ z a sub/itute = c(fee1 & = malt 9 mak+ be]4 ,/rabo says t 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,spa9 ! inhabitants gr\nd _! acorns into meal1 & ,pl9y affirms t 9 8 "t acorns 7 br\ght to ! table ) ! dess]t1 9 ,spa94 ,e /ud5t ( ,engli% hi/ory is well aw>e ( ! importance ( ! acorn1 n only z food = man1 9 ,great ,brita91 9 ! "t ( ! ,druids1 & lat]1 b also = fe$+ sw9e1 de]1 & o!r wild & dome/icat$ animals4 ,b ) ! advance ( civilization & ! production ( bett] food1 ! oak nut ceas$ to be class$ among ! important cul9>y supplies4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few species ( ! oak yield+ nuts fairly edible 9 _! raw /ate1 & ^! are mu* improv$ by roa/+4 ,! be/ ( ^? among our native species are to be f\nd 9 ! v>ieties ( ! :ite oaks ( ! ,nor?1 & 9 ! ev]gre5 7,qu]cus vir5s7 ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,b ) s _m f> sup]ior species ( edible nuts1 x is v d\btful if any ( ! oaks w ev] be cultivat$ = _! fruit4 ,,au/ralian ,,*e/nut4--,! se$s ( a l>ge tree1 native ( ,au/ralia1 ! ,ca/anosp]mum au/rale1 ! "n ( ! g5us be+ d]iv$ f ,ka/anon1 *e/nut1 & sp]ma1 a se$1 because ! se$s resemble1 9 size & ta/e1 ! common *e/nut4 ,b ! tree belongs to ! bean family 7,legum9osae71 & ! se$s are produc$ 9 l>ge1 long pods4 ,!y are ab\t an in* & a half broad1 some:at flatt5$1 & ( ! color ( a *e/nut :5 ripe4 ,!y are roa/$ & eat5 by ! natives1 b are r unpalatable to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to some?+ bett] 9 ! way ( edible nuts4 ,^! se$s are also kn[n z ,moreton ,bay *e/nuts4 ,,au/ralian ,,hazelnut4--,! fruit ( ,macadamia t]nifolia 7,proteaceae74 ,!re are two species1 bo? ev]gre5 trees or tall %rubs conf9$ to ea/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! fruit is a k9d ( drupe ) a fle%y ext]ior1 enclos+ a h>d %ell$ nut1 n unlike a small walnut4 ,! k]nel1 :5 mature1 has a ri* & agreeable flavor1 mu* l b ri*] ?an ! hazelnut1 h5ce "o ( its local names1 = x is also kn[n z ,que5sl& nut4 ,?is nut tree w\ld probably ?rive 9 s\!rn ,florida1 & 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ,cali=nia4 ,,b5 ,,nut4--,fruit ( ,mor+a apt]a 7,mor+eae74 ,small1 un>m$ trees2 only ?ree species 9 ! ord]1 ^! inhabit+ tropical ,asia1 nor!rn ,africa & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! "o produc+ ! b5 nuts gr[s f fifte5 to tw5ty feet high1 & is f\nd 9 upp] ,egypt1 ,syria & ,arabia4 ,! se$s1--or nuts1 z !y are call$1--are produc$ 9 capsules or se$-pods ab\t a foot long1 & :ile n edible1 an oil is express$ f !m :i* is l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( p]fum]y1 & kn[n 9 comm]ce z b5 oil4 ,ano!r species1 ! ,m4 pt]ygosp]ma1 or w+$-se$$ ,mor+a1 is kn[n z ! horse-radi% tree1 ! b>k ( ! roots be+ us$ z a sub/itute = horse-radi%4 ,,betel ,,nut ,,or ,,p9ang4--,! fruit ( a l(ty palm1 ,areca ,cate*u 7,palmaceae74 ,a native ( ,co*9 ,*9a1 ! ,malayan ,p59sula1 & adjac5t isl&s4 ,a sl5d]-/emm$ palm1 ) regul> p9nate leaves & long1 n>r[ leaflets4 ,! fruit is produc$ on an erect1 fle%y spike1 ea* fruit ab\t ! size ( a h5's egg1 ) a ?ick1 fibr\s r9d or husk1 enclos+ a h>d nut some:at l an ord9>y nutmeg4 ,^! are us$ by be+ cut into small pieces or slices1 !n roll$ up 9 a leaf ( ! betel pepp] 7,pip] betel71 a little lime spr9kl$ ov] x1 & !n *ew$ or held 9 ! m\?1 z practic$ by ^? :o use tobacco = *ew+4 ,?is habit ( *ew+ ! betel nut is said to be almo/ univ]sal among ! ,malayan races1 all c>ry+ a box conta9+ ! nut leaf & lime4 ,^! nuts are %ipp$ 9 l>ge quantities to c\ntries :]e !y d n gr[1 & ! habit ( *ew+ !m has spread enorm\sly1 ( late ye>s1 & is likely to increase1 z x has ) tobacco2 & ! effect ^u ! us]s is said to be v simil>1 al?\gh "s au?orities claim t ! betel is ! mo/ injuri\s ( ! two1 hav+ a f> m delet]i\s effect ^u ! tee? & gums4 ,b ?is may be due to ! use ( ! lime4 ,travel]s 9 c\ntries :]e ^! nuts are 9 common use tell wond]ful tales ab\t ! invigorat+ effects ( ! betel1 & h[ _! assi/ants & foll[]s are enabl$1 by its use1 to p]=m ! mo/ exhau/+ labor = days at a "t1 :i*1 )\t x1 w\ld be impossible4 ,we h no d\bt t ! us]s ( tobacco w claim j z mu* = ?is n>cotic we$1 & probably c\ld produce z _m tru/wor?y witnesses 9 support ( x4 ,! betel is1 l tobacco1 a n>cotic /imulant1 & causes gidd9ess 9 p]sons unaccu/om$ to x1 excoriates ! m\?1 & is s burn+ t ,we/]n nations w be sl[ to adopt ?is ,ea/]n habit4 ,,bladd] ,,nut4--,a r inappropriate "n = ! se$ pods & small se$s ( "o ( our common l>ge decidu\s %rubs1 ! ,/aphylea trifolia4 ,x is sometimes plant$ = ornam5t4 ,! small :ite fl[]s are produc$ 9 hang+ racemes1 succe$$ by l>ge bladd]y pods1 h5ce its common "n4 ,,brazil ,,nut4--,! fruit ( ,b]?olletia excelsa1 a l(ty tree ( ! myrtle family 7,myrtaceae74 ,! tree atta9s a height ( f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty feet1 ) /ems ?ree to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! leaves are broad1 smoo?1 & ab\t two feet long1 r ?ick1 & ( ! texture ( lea!r4 ,! fruit is produc$ ma9ly on ! upp]mo/ bran*es1 & is globul>1 f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a brittle husk on ! outside1 & )9 ?is a h>d1 t\gh1 woody %ell1 fully "o-half in* ?ick1 conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( ! closely pack$1 ?ree-sid$1 r\gh nuts1 ab\t an in* & a half to two in*es or ov] 9 l5g?1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aja4 ,! k]nels are v :ite1 solid & oily4 ,:5 mature ! fruit falls entire1 & ! natives ( ! c\ntry collect !m1 splitt+ ! %ells to obta9 ! nuts4 ,an occasional entire fruit is s5t to o!r c\ntries1 z a curiosity1 or = ! cab9et ( "s botani/4 ,! ,brazil nut is n only indig5\s to ,brazil1 b also ( ,guiana1 ,v5ezuela 7=m+ imm5se =e/s on ! ,or9oco1 :]e !y are call$ ,juvia71 & s\?w>d on ! ,rio ,negra & 9 ! valley ( ! ,amazon4 ,9 fact1 ! supply appe>s to be inexhau/ible2 ! only difficulty is 9 gett+ ! nuts f ! =e/s to "s po9t :]e !y c be %ipp$ out ( ! c\ntry4 ,! pr9cipal export is f ,p>a1 b !re are _m small] cities & t[ns :]e a load ( ^! nuts may be obta9$ on %ort notice4 ,a v sup]ior oil may be obta9$ f ! nuts1 by pressure1 b ! pr9cipal use = !m is = dess]ts & confection]y4 ,!y are always abundant 9 our city m>kets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,brazil ,,nut4 ,,bread ,,nut4--,! fruit ( a l>ge tree1 ! ,brosimum ,alica/rum1 ( ! bread fruit family 7,artoc>paceae71 native ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 b be/ kn[n 9 ,jamaica4 ,! botanical au?orities disagree 9 reg>d to ?is species1 "s claim+ t x is a l>ge tree1 ) wood simil> to mahogany2 o!rs t x is only a small %rub1 only five or six feet high4 ,x has lance-%ap$ leaves1 male & female fl[]s 9 globul> heads1 & usually on sep>ate trees4 ,! fruit is ab\t ! size ( a plum1 conta9+ "o se$ or nut1 :i* is only edible aft] roa/+4 ,,buffalo ,,nut4--,see ,oil nut4 ,,butt]nut4--,see ,s\>i nut4 ,,byzantium ,,nut4--,see ,filb]ts1 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,,c&le ,,nuts4--,a small ev]gre5 tree1 ! ,aleurites triloba ( ! spurgewort family 7,euphorbiaceae74 ,x is a native ( mo/ w>m c\ntries ( ! ,ea/3 ,india1 ,malay1 s\!rn ,japan1 & ne>ly all ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ocean1 & 9 "s ( ^! x is cultivat$ = ! fruit1 :i* is ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! c5t] !re is a h>d nut1 v oily1 ) ! flavor ( ! walnut4 ,! oil obta9$ f ^! nuts is 9 common use among ! natives ( ! ,polynesian isl&s4 ,9 ! ,hawaiian gr\p ! k]nels are /rung on a small1 dry /ick1 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( a wick1 & !n "o end light$1 z ) an ord9>y tall[ or wax c&le1 h5ce probably ! common "n ( c&le nut4 ,^! nuts are said to be us$ 9 ! same way 9 ,india4 ,l>ge quantities ( oil is also express$ f !m & us$ = v>i\s purposes1 & occasionally small quantities are export$ to ,european c\ntries4 ,,cape ,,*e/nut4--,! "n ( a beautiful ev]gre5 ornam5tal tree1 native ( s\? ,africa1 & rec5tly introduc$ into ,european g>d5s f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 h5ce its common1 & its specific sci5tific "n1 ,calod5dron cap5se4 ,x belongs to ! ,rue family 7,rutaceae74 ,! fl[]s are r$1 produc$ 9 long t]m9al racemes1 ! tree gr[+ ab\t =ty feet high1 & said to be "o ( ! f9e/ trees ( t "p ( ,africa4 ,x is n[ "u trial 9 ,florida4 ,:y call$ a *e/nut ,i h be5 unable to discov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,,! ,,ca%ew ,,nut4 ,,ca%ew ,,nut4--,a l>ge %rub or small tree1 native ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & = ?is reason (t5 ref]r$ to z ! ,we/]n ,ca%ew1 or ,anac>dium occid5tale4 ,x belongs to ! ,t]eb9? family 7,anac>dium71 consequ5tly is closely relat$ to our native poison suma*s 7,rhus74 ,! tree is an ev]gre51 ) entire fea!r-ve9$ leaves2 fl[]s ( a r$di% color1 v small1 sweet-sc5t$1 & produc$ 9 t]m9al panicles4 ,! fruit is kidney-%ap$1 & borne on a fle%y receptacle1 & :5 ripe ( r$di% or yell[ color4 ,! nut prop] is enclos$ 9 a lea!ry cov]+1 consi/+ ( two lay]s1 betwe5 :i* is deposit$ a ?ick1 cau/ic1 oily sub/ance1 exce$+ly acrid2 b ?is is elim9at$ by heat1 s t :5 ! k]nels are roa/$ !y h a pleasant flavor & are highly e/eem$ = dess]t4 ,"s c>e is requir$ 9 roa/+ ^! nuts1 z ! fumes giv5 (f dur+ ?is op]ation cause inflammation ( ! eyes4 ,! nuts also yield an excell5t oil1 v simil> to ! be/ olive oil4 ,al?\gh orig9ally f\nd only 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ?is nut is n[ widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! tropical c\ntries ( ! ,ea/2 9 fact1 naturaliz$ 9 all hot climates1 & is also "u trial 9 s\!rn ,florida4 ,,caucasian ,,walnut4 ,,w+$ ,,walnut4--,! w+$ fruit ( ,pt]oc>ya frax9ifolia1 also kn[n z ,p4 ,caucasica ( nurs]ym5's catalogues4 ,x belongs to ! walnut family 7,jugl&aceae71 & is a tree gr[+ ?irty to =ty feet high1 some:at resembl+ ! common a% 7,frax9us74 ,x is a pretty1 h>dy1 ornam5tal tree1 ?riv+ only 9 moi/ soils4 ,se$s on w+$ nuts produc$ 9 long1 droop+ racemes1 b ( no special value4 ,introduc$ into ,engl& f ,caucasus 9 #ahjj1 & n[ pl5tiful "h 9 nurs]ies4 ,,*e/nut4--,see ,*apt] ,v2 also ,horse-*e/nut1 & ,moreton ,bay1 ,tahiti & ,wat] *e/nuts4 ,,*ocolate ,,nut ,,or ,,bean4--,! se$s ( a small tropical tree1 ,!obroma ,cacao1 ( ! *ocolate nut family 7,/]culiaceae74 ,indig5\s to tropical ,am]ica1 b n[ cultivat$ m or less ext5sively 9 all hot climates4 ,! tree gr[s f fifte5 to tw5ty feet high1 ) long1 po9t$1 smoo? leaves4 ,! fl[]s are small1 yell[1 & produc$ f ! old wood ( bo? /ems & bran*es1 succe$$ by a pod-l fruit six to t5 or m in*es long1 conta9+ fifty to a hundr$ se$s1 resembl+ beans m ?an !y d nuts4 ,:5 ! fruit is ripe x is ga!r$1 at :i* "t ! se$s are cov]$ ) a gum-l sub/ance1 & to remove ?is !y are subject$ to a slight f]m5tation1 aft] :i* !y are dri$ 9 ! sun1 ?is giv+ !m _! usual br[n color4 ,*ocolate nut trees are ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,brazil1 ,new ,gr5ada1 ,tr9idad1 &1 9 fact1 ?r\gh\t tropical ,am]ica1 & _! cultivation is1 ^u ! :ole1 v pr(itable1 z ! dem& is almo/ unlimit$4 ,,cle>+ ,,nut4--,?is is an ,ea/ ,india "n = ! se$s ( ,/ry*nos potatorum1 a plant belong+ to ! well-kn[n nux vomica family 7,loganiaceae74 ,x is a small tree1 native ( ,india1 ! wood ( :i* is us$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,! fruit is ab\t ! size ( a *]ry1 & conta9s "o se$2 ?is is dri$1 & us$ = cle>+ muddy wat]1 ?is be+ effect$ by rubb+ "o ( ! little nuts ar\nd ! sides ( ! vessel t is to be fill$1 aft] :i* ! wat] is p\r$ 91 & !n1 ?r\gh "s unkn[n ag5cy1 all ! =eign matt] settles1 leav+ ! liquid p]fectly pure1 cle> & :olesome4 ,,cocoanut4--,"o ( ! mo/ widely-kn[n & l>ge/ ( edible nuts2 ! product ( ,cocos nucif]a1 a l(ty1 tree-l palm 7,palmae or ,palmaceae74 ,x is a native ( tropical ,africa1 ,india1 ,malay1 & ( ne>ly all ! isl&s ( ! ,indian & ,pacific oceans4 ,x only ?rives ne> ! seacoa/ or :]e ! sea breezes rea* x1 requir+ no special c>e aft] ! nuts & "y plants once become e/abli%$ 9 a cong5ial soil4 ,! coco palm gr[s f fifty to "o hundr$ feet high1 ) p9nate leaves f t5 to tw5ty feet long4 ,! nuts are produc$ 9 clu/]s ( a doz5 or m1 & :5 full gr[n are some:at triangul> & a foot long1 ! out] coat or husk compos$ ( a t\gh fib]4 ,! nuts1 :5 clean$ ( _! husks1 are too well kn[n to call = a fur!r description "h4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ^! nuts are pl5tiful1 _! cont5ts =m ne>ly ! entire food ( ! natives1 ! milky fluid s]v+ = dr9k1 & ! m solid p>ts z a sub/itute = meat & bread4 ,! cocoa-nut utiliz$ 9 m ways1 & = a great] v>iety ( purposes1 ?an any o!r k9d kn[n1 & x w\ld require a volume to briefly enum]ate !m4 ,( rec5t ye>s !re h be5 plantations made ( ?is nut on ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,florida1 & "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive ( ^! is by a man f ,new ,j]sey1 b ,i h n he>d f him ( late1 or se5 any reports z to ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,x is report$ t !re are ab\t #bej1jjj cocoa-nut trees n[ gr[+ 9 ,florida4 ,,cocoanut1 ,,d\ble4--,?is is ! fruit ( ano!r l(ty palm1 ,lodoicea ,se*ell>um1 & is usually consid]$ ! l>ge/ memb] ( ! ord]4 ,x is a native ( ! ,sey*elles isl&s1 9 ! ,indian ocean4 ,x is said to rea* a hight ( a hundr$ feet1 ) a /em two feet 9 diamet]4 ,! fruit is a l>ge1 oblong nut1 ) a r ?9 r9d or husk1 & :5 ?is is remov$ ! nut appe>s to be d\ble1 or two oblong nuts firmly unit$1 a k9d ( tw9 =mation1 ! entire nut weigh+ f ?irty to =ty p\nds4 ,^! imm5se nuts are produc$ 9 bun*es ( eight to t51 ! clu/] sometimes weigh+ f ?ree to f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,x is suppos$ t ^! nuts require ab\t t5 ye>s to gr[ & mature4 ,!y are useless z food1 b ! %ells are manufactur$ into v>i\s useful articles by ! natives1 & !y are also transport$ to o!r c\ntries & valu$ z curiosities4 ,!re is a great dem& = ! leaves ( ?is palm = mak+ hats1 baskets1 etc41 & z ! trees h to be cut d[n to obta9 !m1 !y are becom+ r sc>ce4 ,,cola ,,nut1 ,,kola ,,nut ,,or ,,goora ,,nut4--,! fruit ( a small tree1 native ( ! w>m] p>ts ( we/]n ,africa1 & kn[n to botani/s z ,cola acum9ata1 & ( ! ,/]culiad family 7,/]culiaceae74 ,9 its native c\ntry x gr[s ?irty to =ty feet high4 ,! leaves are oblong-elliptical1 six to eight in*es long1 & po9t$ 7acum9ate71 & f ?is x probably d]iv$ its specific "n4 ,! fl[]s are yell[1 & produc$ 9 axill>y racemes1 & succe$$ by simple bean-l pods1 ea* conta9+ sev]al nut-l se$s1 :i* ! natives call cola or goora nuts4 ,^! nuts h long be5 an article ( trade among ! native tribes ( ,africa1 !y be+ valu$ = _! suppos$ efficacy 9 allay+ ?ir/1 promot+ dige/ion1 giv+ /r5g?1 & prev5t+ exhau/ion dur+ ! p]=mance ( h>d manual labor4 ,?is tree 0 e>ly introduc$ into ! ,we/ ,indies & ,brazil1 b its reputation 9 ,africa does n appe> to h be5 su/a9$ x its ,we/]n habitat4 ,,coquilla ,,nut4--,! fruit ( ! ,piassaba palm1 ,attalea funif]a1 a native ( ,brazil1 :]e x gr[s ab\t ?irty feet high4 ,! fruit is produc$ 9 bun*es1 & are ea* ab\t ?ree in*es long1 cov]$ ) a ?9 r9d4 ,! nut is v h>d1 & is us$ z a sub/itute = bone & ivory 9 ! manufacture ( articles = ! h\sehold4 ,,coquito ,,nut4--,?is is ! fruit ( ! w+-leav$ palm ( ,*ile1 ,,jubaea ,,spectabilis4 ,x is a mod]ately tall species1 & closely resembles1 9 g5]al habit1 ! date palm4 ,! nuts are edible1 b !y are ( second>y importance1 ?is palm be+ valu$ ma9ly = ! sweet sap issu+ f ! /em :5 cut d[n1 ?is cont9u+ to exude f x = weeks aft] x is sev]$ f ! roots4 ,! sap is ga!r$ & boil$1 & :5 r$uc$ to ! consi/5cy ( molasses becomes an article ( comm]ce1 "u ! "n ( ,meil de ,palma or palm honey4 ,,cream ,,nut4--,a local "n ( ,brazil nut4 ,,dawa ,,nut4--,see ,lit*i nut4 ,,e>? ,,nut1 ,,or ,,e>? ,,*e/nut1 ,,etc4--,a small1 l[-gr[+1 h]bace\s plant ( ! c>rot family 7,umbellif]ae71 common 9 wa/e or uncultivat$ gr\nds 9 ,great ,brita9 & o!r c\ntries ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,=m]ly botani/s suppos$ !re 7 two species1 b ( late only "o1 ! ,bunium bulboca/anum4 ,on ! roots !re are small1 nut-l tub]s1 ( a sweeti% ta/e1 & !y are eat5 by *ildr51 ei!r 9 ! raw /ate or aft] be+ roa/$4 ,^! tub]s h v>i\s local names1 & 9 addition to ! above1 !y are call$ kipp] nuts1 & pig nuts 9 ,engl&1 b a famili> local "n 9 ,scotl& is l\sy nuts1 because x is said t eat+ !m is sure to bre$ lice4 ,b ?is /ory may h be5 inv5t$ by p>5ts to det] _! *ildr5 f digg+ & eat+ ! roots ( wild plants4 ,willd5[1 9 nam+ ?is species1 c]ta9ly recogniz$ its edible qualities1 & t *ildr5 7 fond ( x1 else he w\ld n h call$ x an e>? *e/nut1--bulbo1 bulb1 & ca/anum f ca/anea1 ! *e/nut4 ,,elk ,,nut4--,see ,oil nut4 ,,fi/icke ,,nut4--,see ,pi/acia nut4 ,,fox ,,nut4--,! se$s ( a float+1 annual aquatic plant1 ! ,euryale f]ox1 native ( ,india1 & belong+ to ! wat] lily family 7,nymphaeaceae74 ,x is a h&some plant1 ) leaves ab\t two feet 9 diamet]1 ( a ri* purple on ! und]side1 ) ?orn-l sp9es on ! ve9s4 ,fl[]s deep violet-r$4 ,! se$s ( ?is species are eat5 by ! natives1 ! same z ! aborig9es ( ?is c\ntry ga!r$ ! se$s ( our indig5\s ,nelumbium luteum1 "u ! "n ( wat] *9quap91 us+ !m = food 9 ! late fall & w9t]4 ,,g9kgo ,,nut4--,! l>ge1 r\nd1 :ite1 some:at flatt5$1 nut-l se$s ( ! n[ common maid5hair tree1 or ,g9kgo biloba1 also kn[n z ,salisburia adiantifolia ( "s nurs]ym5's catalogues & _m rec5t botanical works4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 is ! old] & correct sci5tific "n4 ,?is tree is a native ( ,*9a & ,japan1 & ( a sl5d]1 sp>sely bran*$ habit1 gr[+ f fifty to eighty feet high 9 its native c\ntries4 ,x is a decidu\s1 cone-be>+ 7,conif]ae7 tree1 ) two-lob$1 fan-%ap$ leaves two to ?ree in*es broad1 divid$ ab\t halfway d[n f ! top4 ,! male & female fl[]s are on sep>ate trees1 & to secure se$ or nuts bo? sexes mu/ be gr[n ne> toge!r4 ,! g9kgo 0 introduc$ into ,european g>d5s 9 #aged1 & !re are n[ _m fruit+ specim5s1 especially 9 ,france1 f :5ce ! nuts h long be5 secur$ = plant+1 by nurs]ym5 & o!rs int]e/$ 9 tree culture4 ,!re are v few be>+ trees 9 ?is c\ntry1 & "o 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 has be5 fruit+ = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,9 ,*9a & ,japan ! se$s or nuts are valu$ = _! edible qualities1 b !y h a k9d ( disagreeable1 balsamic ta/e 9 _! raw /ate1 al?\gh ?is is dispell$ by roa/+1 aft] :i* !y are q sweet & palatable4 ,z ! trees d n beg9 to be> until ( consid]able age1 & ! nuts are inf]ior to _m o!r k9ds1 ,i d n ?9k ! g9kgo w ev] become v popul> 9 ?is c\ntry z a nut tree4 ,,goora ,,nut4--,see ,cola nut4 ,,gorgon ,,nut4--,see ,fox nut4 ,,gr\ndnut4--,! small1 globul> tub]s ( ! dw>f ?ree-leav$ g9s5g1 ,aralia trifolia1 are call$ gr\ndnuts 9 "s ( our ,nor!rn ,/ates1 & !y are frequ5tly s\ght =1 dug up & eat5 by *ildr51 z ,i "k f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! plant belongs to ! g9s5g family 7,araliaceae71 & is closely relat$ to ! true five-leav$ g9s5g 7,aralia qu9quefolia71 b our gr\ndnut has only ?ree leaves1 in/ead ( five2 besides1 x is a some:at small] plant1 r>ely m ?an six to eight in*es high4 ,:5 ! scatt]$ se$ spr\t 9 spr+1 !y s5d d[n a long1 sl5d]1 ?read-l root/ock1 to a dep? ( f f\r to six in*es1 & at ! bottom ( ?is ! small tub] is produc$4 ,x has a some:at pung5t ta/e1 b ?is only :ets ! appetite ( a boy :5 on a hunt = gr\nd nuts4 ,,gr\ndnut4--,! tub]s ( "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ climb+ plants ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 & common 9 l[1 wet gr\nds almo/ ev]y:]e1 f ,canada to ,florida1 & we/w>d to ! ,mississippi4 ,?is plant is describ$ 9 mo/ ( ! botanical works ( ! pres5t day "u ! "n ( ,apios tub]osa1 & x belongs to ! ,pulse family 7,legum9osae71 & is closely relat$ to ! common & well-kn[n wi/>ias1 al?\gh mu* small] & ( a m sl5d] habit4 ,x is a smoo?1 p]5nial1 tw9+ v9e1 ) p9nate leaves1 & d5se racemes or clu/]s ( small br[ni%-purple pea-%ap$ fl[]s4 ,! subt]ranean root/ocks be> long /r+s ( edible tub]s1 f "o to two in*es long1 & f an in* to an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 some:at v>iable 9 %ape1 d>k br[n on ! outside1 b :ite )94 ,:5 boil$ or roa/$ ^! tub]s h a ri*1 f>9ace\s1 nutty flavor4 ,?is tub] or gr\ndnut is ! "o describ$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,h]riot1 ! hi/oriograph] ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's exp$ition to ,virg9ia 9 #aehe1 "u ! ,indian "n ( ,op5awk4 ,he says3 ,^! roots are r\nd1 "s z l>ge z walnuts1 o!rs mu* l>g]2 !y gr[ 9 damp soil1 _m hang+ toge!r1 z fix$ on ropes2 !y are good food1 ei!r boil$ or roa/$4 ,^! tub]s are to be f\nd 9 ! swamps & damp soils ( ,virg9ia at ?is day1 j z !y 7 at ! "t ( ,h]riot's visit1 b _m mod]n hi/orians h tri$ to make out t ,raleigh's coloni/s f\nd our common potato among ! ,indians at t "t1 al?\gh ,i h nev] be5 able to f9d a scrap ( tru/wor?y hi/ory to support su* a claim1 or t ,raleigh himself ev] plant$ or cultivat$ ! ,am]ican potato 9 ,irel& or ,engl&1 or1 9 fact1 ev] ta/$ "o ( ^! tub]s4 ,,gr\ndnut4--,see ,peanut or ,goob]4 ,,hazelnut1 ,,or ,,*ile ,,hazel4--,?is is m]ely a local ,engli% "n = ! fruit ( a small ev]gre5 tree1 native ( ,*ile1 ,s4 ,a41 :]e x is kn[n z ,guev9a1 & ?is has be5 adopt$ z ! "n ( ! g5us1 add+ ! specific "n ( ! ,european hazel1 s we h ,guev9a ,avellana1 al?\gh 9 "s botanical works x may be f\nd "u ! "n ( ,qudria het]ophylla4 ,x belongs to ! ,protea family 7,proteaceae74 ,x has :ite1 h]maphrodite fl[]s1 9 long axill>y racemes2 ^! are succe$$ by coral-r$ fruit ab\t ! size ( a l>ge *]ry2 ! /one or nut-l se$s be+ edible are l>gely us$ by ! ,*ileans4 ,!y are said to ta/e l ! hazel1 h5ce ! "n4 ,trees are h>dy 9 ! s\?we/ ( ,engl&1 & w\ld probably succe$ "h 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x has be5 plant$ & f\nd to ?rive 9 ,cali=nia4 ,readily propagat$ f se$ or gre5 cutt+s "u glass4 ,,horse-,,*e/nut4--,! fruit ( a g5us ( decidu\s ornam5tal trees & %rubs1 native ( ,asia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! common horse-*e/nut1 or ,a,esculus ,hippoca/anum1 is a native ( ,asia1 & 0 introduc$ into ,europe ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 its l>ge1 smoo? se$s & prickly husks probably sugge/+ bo? its common & sci5tific names1 al?\gh ^! trees d n ev5 belong to ! same ord] z ! true edible *e/nuts 7,ca/anea71 b to ! soapworts 7,sap9daceae74 ,x is suppos$ t ! prefix1 horse1 0 d]iv$ f a cu/om among ! ,turks1 ( giv+ ! nuts to horses z a m$ic9e :5 ^! animals 7 afflict$ ) a c\gh or incl9$ to become w9d-brok54 ,9 s\!rn ,europe !y are sometimes f$ to c[s to increase ! fl[ ( milk1 & at "o "t !y 7 employ$ = mak+ pa/e = book b9d]s4 ,!y are sc>cely edible1 al?\gh conta9+ consid]able f>9ace\s matt]1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( a bitt] n>cotic pr9ciple4 ,our native species1 bett] kn[n z ,buckeyes1 ) bo? smoo? & prickly fruit1 are equally wor?less z food4 ,,ivory ,,nut4--,!re are two species ( palms produc+ nuts h>d en\gh to be employ$ z a sub/itute = ivory1 9 ! manufacture ( small articles ( dome/ic use4 ,b ! "o be/ kn[n to comm]ce "u ! "n ( ivory nut is ! fruit ( ,phytelephas macroc>pa1 native ( ,new ,granada & o!r p>ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,?is palm is a l[-gr[+ & almo/ decumb5t species1 ! /em seldom m ?an six to eight in*es 9 diamet]2 b ! leaves are ( imm5se l5g?1 or f fifte5 to tw5ty feet1 gr[+ 9 bundles1 or clu/]s4 ,! fruit consi/s ( ab\t =ty nuts1 enclos$ 9 a r\gh1 sp9y husk1 ( a globul> =m1 produc$ on a %ort foot/alk gr[+ f ! axis ( ! leaves1 ! :ole bun* weigh+ f tw5ty to ?irty p\nds4 ,!y are two in*es long1 slightly triangul>1 & cov]$ ) a ?91 pulpy coat1 :i* becomes dry1 pap]y & brittle :5 ?or\ghly dri$1 b :5 9 its gre5 /ate x is sometimes utiliz$ by ! natives = mak+ a favorite bev]age4 ,! ripe nuts are v solid1 h>d1 & :5 poli%$ resemble ivory4 ,imm5se quantities ( ^! nuts are import$ into ?is c\ntry1 z well z ,europe1 & us$ z a sub/itute = bone & ivory = mak+ buttons1 toys1 & simil> small articles4 ,,jesuit ,,*e/nut4--,see ,wat] *e/nut4 ,,jic>a ,,nut4--,a local "n1 9 "s ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican ,/ates = ! ,calaba% 7,cresc5tia ,cujete74 ,a l[-gr[+1 r r\gh tree1 ) simple leaves1 usually ?ree gr[+ toge!r on a broad leaf/alk4 ,! fruit is extremely v>iable1 bo? 9 size & =m1 b ma9ly globose1 & two to f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! %ell is v h>d1 & l>gely us$ = dr9k+ cups1 & ^! are sometimes highly ornam5t$ on ! outside4 ,! k]nel is sc>cely edible1 b is us$ by ! natives z a m$ic9e4 ,,juba ,,nut4--,see ,coquito nut4 ,,juvia ,,nut4--,see ,brazil nut4 ,,kipp] ,,nut4--,see ,e>? *e/nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,,lit*i ,,or ,,lee*ee ,,nut4 ,,lit*i ,,nut ,,or ,,lee*ee ,,nut4--,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! affix ( nut to ?is ,ori5tal fruit is an ,am]icanism1 & n us$ else:]e4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct species ( ?is fruit kn[n among ! ,*9ese1 "u ! "n ( ,lit*i1 ,longan or ,long-y51 & ,rambutan1 all ! product ( ! ,nepheliums1 a g5us ( ! soapb]ry family 7,sap9daceae74 ,by "s ( ! e>li] botanical works ! lit*i is plac$ ei!r 9 ! g5us ,dimoc>pus or ,euphoria4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s ?is fruit has appe>$ 9 our m>kets1 9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$ trade ) ,ori5tal c\ntries1 & facilities = rapid transit across ! cont95t4 ,! lit*i is a globul> fruit1 ab\t "o in* 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #ajc71 ) a ?91 *ocolate-br[n color$ %ell cov]$ ) w>t-l protub]ances4 ,:5 fre% ! %ell is fill$ ) a :ite1 jelly-l pulp1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* !re is "o r l>ge1 smoo? br[n se$4 ,! pulp is ( a mo/ delici\s sub-acid flavor1 b x is (t5 r dry & /ale 9 ! nuts :i* rea* u f ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! tree produc+ ?is fruit is seldom m ?an tw5ty-five feet high1 ) r /urdy twigs & bran*es1 ! leaves compos$ ( ab\t sev5 oblong po9t$ leaflets4 ,?is is said to be "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ,ori5tal fruits1 & ! trees w\ld probably succe$ 9 _m ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x is n[ on trial 9 ,florida1 hav+ be5 introduc$ !re 9 #ahhf4 ,x has be5 fruit$ 9 ,engl& _m times1 b always "u glass1 :]e ! plants receive protection & artificial heat4 ,a full description ( ?is species1 accompani$ by a sup]b color$ plate ( ! ,nephelium or ,dimoc>pus ,longana1 appe>$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,london ,horticultural ,society1 #ahah1 p4 #djb4 ,!re are n only a l>ge numb] ( species ( ! ,nepheliums be>+ edible fruit1 b1 z might be expect$ f _! long & ext5sive cultivation1 _m local v>ieties1 especially 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,*9a & ?r\gh\t ! isl&s ( tropical ,asia4 ,! ,dawa ( ! ,fiji isl&s is ! fruit ( ,n4 p9natum1 a tree gr[+ sixty feet high1 & =m+ ext5sive =e/s on ^? isl&s4 ,at "s future "t we may be receiv+ ! dawas "u ! "n ( ,fiji nuts4 ,,l\sy ,,nut4--,see ,e>? *e/nut4 ,,m>k+ ,,nut4--,! se$s ( ,semec>pus ,anac>dium1 an ev]gre5 tree ( ! ca%ew-nut family 7,anac>diaceae71 native ( tropical ,asia1 & especially ,ceylon4 ,x has l>ge1 oblong leaves1 & gr[s ab\t fifty feet high1 & ! fruit is produc$ on a fle%y receptacle4 ,! natives roa/ & eat ^! nuts1 & ! black juice obta9$ f ! gre5 fruit is us$ = m>k+ clo?1 h5ce ! common "n4 ,! juice is also mix$ ) lime to make an excell5t indelible ink1 also = a k9d ( v>ni%4 ,,miriti ,,nut ,,or ,,ita ,,palm ,,nut4--,^! are ! ,indian names ( ! fruit ( a l(ty palm tree1 ! ,mauritia flexuosa1 ( ! swamps along ! ,or9oco riv]1 also 9 wet soils at high] elevations4 ,?is giant palm gr[s to a hight ( a hundr$ & fifty feet1 ) an imm5se cr[n ( l>ge1 fan-%ap$ leaves1 & j b5ea? ^! ! fruit appe>s 9 a p5dul\s clu/] eight to t5 feet long1 conta9+ sev]al bu%els1 weigh+1 altoge!r1 f "o to ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,! individual nuts are ab\t ! size ( an ord9>y apple1 ) a v smoo? %ell1 some:at ve9$ or /reak$4 ,! natives ( ! c\ntry n only use ! f>9ace\s k]nels ( ^! nuts z food1 b obta9 a sac*>9e mat]ial f ! pi?1 out ( :i* !y make w9e by f]m5tation4 ,! petioles ( ! leaves also furni% !m ) a /rong fib]1 us$ z ?read-cord1 & = v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,,moreton ,,bay ,,*e/nut4--,see ,au/ralian *e/nut4 ,,monkey-,,pot ,,nut4--,see ,sapucaia nut4 ,,myrobalan ,,nut4--,?is "n is appli$ r indiscrim9ately to ! fruits ( sev]al species ( ! g5us ,t]m9alia1 :i* are1 9 ! ma91 l>ge trees ( ! ,myrobalan family 7,combretaceae74 ,!y are native ( ,india1 ,malay1 ,fiji1 &1 9 fact1 almo/ all ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific 9 w>m latitudes4 ,! fruits are simil> to l>ge plums1 b slightly angul>1 conta9+ a h>d1 nut-l se$4 ,!y are us$ pr9cipally = tann+ lea!r1 & also = mak+ ink simil> to t made f oak galls4 ,! k]nels ( all ! species are edible1 & are eat5 by ! natives4 ,9 ! ,fiji isl&s ! ,t]m9alia ,catappa is a favorite tree ) ! natives1 & !y plant x ne> ! h\ses4 ,! k]nels ( ?is species h ! flavor ( ! sweet almond4 ,,nick> ,,nut4--,! se$s ( two species ( ,guil&9a1 a g5us ( ! bean family 7,legum9osae74 ,!y are climb+ plants1 ) h>d-wood$1 prickly /ems1 =m+ almo/ imp5etrable ?ickets ne> ! seacoa/ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & o!r tropical c\ntries4 ,!y h become widely di/ribut$1 z ! pods readily float :5 !y drop into ! wat]4 ,! pods are ab\t ?ree in*es long1 v prickly1 conta9+ se$s or nuts ab\t ! size ( small m>bles1 & exce$+ly h>d2 b 9 "t ! wat] s(t5s !m1 aft] :i* !y spr\t & gr[ :5 ca/ ^u ! %ore by ! waves4 ,! two species are di/+ui%$ ma9ly by ! color ( ! nuts1 ^? ( ,g4 ,bonduc be+ yell[1 & ^? ( ,g4 ,bonducella gray1 or ) a r$di% t9t4 ,( no value or use except z botanical curiosities4 ,,nitta ,,or ,,nutta ,,nut4--,! native ,african "n ( ! se$s ( ,p>kia ,africana1 a tree ( ! s5sitive-tree section ( ! bean family 7,legum9osae74 ,x gr[s ab\t =ty feet high1 & has comp\nd w+$ leaves4 ,x has become naturaliz$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! pods gr[ 9 clu/]s1 ! se$s imb$d$ 9 a yell[i%1 sweet pulp1 l ! c>ob or ,/4 ,john's bread1 & ! negroes are v fond ( !m4 ,9 ! ,s\dan ! se$s are roa/$1 & !n all[$ to f]m5t 9 wat] until !y are s(t & putrid1 aft] :i* !y are wa%$1 p\nd$ & dri$1 !n made up into cakes to be us$ z a sauce = diff]5t k9ds ( food4 ,x is suppos$ t ! ,african travel]1 ,mungo ,p>k1 fir/ br\ght ^! se$s or nuts to ! notice ( ,europeans1 & ,rob]t ,br[n nam$ ! g5us ,p>kia 9 8 honor4 ,,nutmeg4--,a "n appli$ to ! fruits ( a l>ge numb] ( trees1 & ( diff]5t ord]s ( plants4 ,! true nutmegs ( comm]ce are ! fruits ( trees belong+ to ! g5us ,myri/ica1 & ( ! family ,myri/icaceae4 ,! olde/ & be/ kn[n ( ^! is ! ,m4 fragrans1 a small1 widely bran*+ tree1 gr[+ tw5ty to tw5ty-five feet high1 & suppos$ to be indig5\s to ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! fruit is ab\t ! size ( an ord9>y walnut1 ) a ?ick r9d1 :i*1 ^u op5+1 at maturity1 discloses a r$di% aril cov]+ ! nut )94 ,?is aril or husk is ! mace ( comm]ce1 :ile ! true nutmeg is ! c5t] or h>d se$ 7nut74 ,! ,brazil nutmeg is long] ?an ! true species1 & is sold "u ! "n ( long nutmeg1 & is ! fruit ( ,m4 fatua4 ,ano!r species1 ! ,m4 otoba1 is cultivat$ 9 ,madagasc>1 b is sc>cely kn[n 9 comm]ce4 ,ano!r species1 ! ,m4 sebif]a1 is a common tree 9 ! =e/s ( ,guiana1 ,nor? ,brazil1 & up into ,panama4 ,x is utiliz$ pr9cipally = ! oil extract$ f ! nuts1 obta9$ by mac]at+ !m 9 wat]1 ! oil ris+ to ! surface1 & z x cools skimm$ (f4 ,! se$s ( sev]al species ( conif]s & laurels are kn[n1 ei!r locally or 9 comm]ce1 z nutmegs1 or are us$ z a sub/itute = ! true nutmeg4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( trees1 native ( ,guiana1 9 addition to ! "o already nam$1 ! se$s ( :i* are employ$ z a spice or m$ic9e4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,acrodiclidium cam>a4 ,^! nuts are kn[n 9 comm]ce z ,ackawai nutmegs1 & are us$ ma9ly z a cure = di>rhoea & colic4 ,ano!r is ! se$ ( ! ,ayd5dron ,cujum>y tree1 & !y are kn[n 9 comm]ce z ,cujum>y beans1 al?\gh !y are n1 /rictly speak+1 a bean1 & ! same is true ( ! s-call$ ,pu*urim beans1 f ! same c\ntry1 = !y are ! fruit ( ,nect&y ,pu*ury1 a small tree ( ! laurel family4 ,!y are us$ z a tonic1 & consid]$ highly /imulat+4 ,clove ,nutmeg1 or ,madagasc> nutmeg ( comm]ce1 is ! fruit ( ,aga?ophyllum aromaticum1 a small ev]gre5 tree1 indig5\s to ,madagasc>4 ,brazilian ,nutmegs are ! highly aromatic se$s ( ,cryptoc>ya mos*ata1 or ,a!rosp]ma mos*ata ( "s botani/s4 ,x is a l(ty tree1 native ( ,brazil4 ,! aromatic nuts are us$ z a sub/itute = nutmegs1 b are v inf]ior to ! g5u9e4 ,p]uvian ,nutmeg1 or ,plum ,nutmeg4--,! se$s ( a l>ge ev]gre5 tree ) aromatic foliage1 l our common sassafras1 & = ?is reason is sometimes call$ ,*ilean or ,p]uvian sassafras4 ,! se$s are ( no m economic value ?an ^? ( our native sassafras4 ,x is kn[n "u v>i\s botanical names1 b ,laurelia semp]vir5s is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ famili>4 ,cali=nia ,nutmeg1 or ,/9k+ ,nutmeg1 is ! nut-l se$ ( ,torreya ,cali=nica1 a small tree ( ! yew family 7,taxaceae74 ,! fruit is f an in* to an in* & a half long1 ) a fle%y r9d enclos+ a h>d1 long nut1 :i* is slightly groov$ l a nutmeg4 ,! fruit1 leaves & wood are /rongly sc5t$1 h5ce ! "n ( /9k+ nutmeg1 or /9k+ yew4 ,ano!r species1 ! ,t4 taxifolia1 is a native ( ,florida4 ,,oil ,,nut4--,! fruit ( a l[-bran*+1 decidu\s native %rub1 gr[+ ?ree to t5 feet high1 ) alt]nate leaves & small gre5i% fl[]s 9 t]m9al spikes4 ,x is ! ,pyrul>ia oleif]a ( ,gray1 & ,hamiltonia oleif]a ( ,muhl5b]g4 ,! fruit is 9 ! =m ( a pe>-%ap$ drupe1 ab\t an in* long1 ! small se$ or nut ) an oily k]nel ( /rong acrid ta/e2 ( no value4 ,?is %rub is f\nd on %ady banks 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p5nsylvania1 & s\?w>d into ,georgia4 ,,p>adise ,,nut4--,see ,sapucaia nut4 ,,peanut1 ,,gr\ndnut1 ,,goob]4--,! well-kn[n fruit ( ,ara*is hypogaea1 a l[-gr[+ annual belong+ to ! pulse or pea family 7,legum9osae71 suppos$ to be a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 b n[ ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ne>ly all semi-tropical c\ntries & :]ev] ! summ]s are long en\gh to insure ! rip5+ ( ! se$s4 ,ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,virg9ia1 s\? & we/w>d4 ,too well kn[n to require any fur!r comm5t or notice "h4 ,,pecan ,,nut4--,see ,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,,pekea ,,nut4--,see ,s\>i nut4 ,,p]uvian ,,nut4--,see ,nutmegs4 ,,physic ,,nut4--,! se$s ( ,jatropha ,curcas1 a small tree ( ! spurgewort family 7,euphorbiaceae74 ,x is native ( "s ( ! ,we/ ,indies & w>m] p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 b n[ cultivat$ 9 o!r tropical c\ntries = its se$s1 :i* yield an oil us$ = ! same purposes z ca/or oil1 b r m p[]ful & dra/ic4 ,! se$s h a nutty flavor1 b are r dang]\s if eat5 9 any consid]able quantities1 & dea? has be5 kn[n to foll[ excess 9 ?is direction4 ,,physic ,,nut4--,9 ,b>tram's ,travels1 he ref]s to a se$ or nut ( a plant he f\nd gr[+ 9 ,florida "u ?is "n1 p4 #da1 z foll[s3 444 "s v curi\s new %rubs & plants1 p>ticul>ly ! physic nut or ,indian olive4 ,! /ems arise1 _m f a root1 two or ?ree feet high2 ! leaves sit opposite1 on v %ort petioles2 !y are broad1 lanceolate1 entire & undulat$1 hav+ a smoo? surface1 ( a deep gre5 color4 ,f ! bosom ( ea* leaf is produc$ a s+le oval drupe1 /&+ erect on long sl5d] /ems2 x has a l>ge k]nel & ?9 pulp4 ,! fruit is yell[ :5 ripe1 & ab\t ! size ( an olive4 ,! ,indians1 :5 !y g 9 pursuit ( de]1 c>ry ?is fruit ) !m1 suppos+ t x has ! p[] ( *>m+ or draw+ t creature to !m1 f :5ce1 ) trad]s1 x has obta9$ ! "n ( physic nut1 :i* means1 ) !m1 *>m+1 conjur+ or fasc9at+4 ,to :at k9d ( fruit ,b>tram ref]r$ "u ! "n ( physic nut1 is n c]ta91 b 8 description ( ! plant comes v ne> t ( ! ,am]ican olive 7,olea ,am]icana71 b ! fruit ( ?is & o!r closely alli$ plants ( ! same family are n yell[ :5 ripe1 b purple4 ,,pignut1 ,,or ,,hognut4--,see *apt] on ,hickory4 ,,p9e ,,nut4--,a "n appli$ indiscrim9ately to ! _m species ( p9e trees 7,p9us7 be>+ se$s l>ge en\gh to be conv5i5tly us$ z food4 ,9 s\!rn ,europe1 & especially 9 ,italy & ! s\? ( ,france1 ! se$s ( ! /one p9e 7,p9us ,p9ea7 h be5 ext5sively us$ z food1 f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,ne>ly all ! anci5t au?ors ref] to !m z among ! valuable products ( ! c\ntry4 ,macrobius1 9 8 /ory ( ! ,saturnalia1 speaks ( ! cones z ,nuces vel ,poma ,p9ea4 ,^! p9e nuts are call$ ,p9oc*i 9 ,italy & ,sicily1 & occasionally a few rea* ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! ,italian "n has be5 corrupt$ into ,p9olas4 ,^! se$s or nuts are us$ = dess]ts1 pudd+s & cakes1 also eat5 raw at table1 z ) almonds4 ,!y h a slight ta/e ( turp5t9e1 b x is n /rong en\gh to be at all disagreeable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,,bran* ,,( ,,nut ,,p9e4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we h sev]al native species be>+ v l>ge edible se$s1 & !y are kn[n 9 ! ,we/ "u ! g5]al "n ( ,p9on1 or nut p9es4 ,! be/ ( ^! nuts1 to my ta/e1 are ! se$s ( ,p9us edulis1 s nam$ by ! late ,dr4 ,engelmann1 because ( its l>ge1 sweet & edible se$s4 ,x is a small1 l[-gr[+ tree1 m or less common on dry hills & slopes1 f ,colorado s\?w>d ?r\gh ,new ,mexico1 & into we/]n ,texas4 ,! se$s ( ,p9us ,p>ryana & ,p9us cembroides1 ( ,arizona & ,l[] ,cali=nia1 are also call$ ,p9ons1 & l>gely ga!r$ by ! ,indians4 ,f>!r ea/ & nor?1 we f9d ! "o-leav$ p9e 7,p9us monophylla71 & al?\gh ! se$s are mu* small] ?an ^? ( ,p4 edulis1 !y 7 =m]ly ga!r$ 9 imm5se quantities by ! ,indians1 to help eke out _! (t5 scanty w9t] /ore ( food4 ,occasionally a small quantity ( ^! p9e nuts is s5t to ,ea/]n m>kets1 b r>ely1 unless ord]$ e>ly 9 ! season4 ,! trees ( ,p4 edulis & ,p4 monophylla are p]fectly h>dy "h1 & wor? cultivat+ = ornam5t1 z well z _! nuts1 al?\gh _! sl[ gr[? is a r sev]e te/ ( "o's pati5ce4 ,fig4 #ajd %[s a ,p9on bran*4 ,,pi/a*io ,,nut4--,hi/orically1 ?is is a v anci5t nut1 = ,bible comm5tators claim t x is ! "o s5t by ,jacob into ,egypt4 ,x is ! fruit ( a small1 decidu\s tree ( ! ca%ew family 7,anac>diaceae71 a native ( we/]n ,asia1 b _m c5turies ago x _h become naturaliz$ 9 ,pale/9e & ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean regions4 ,x has %9+ ev]gre5 w+$ leaves1 & ! b>k on ! "y twigs is br[n1 becom+ russet-color$ ) age4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t species1 b ! "o produc+ ! nuts ( comm]ce is ! ,pi/acia v]a1 hav+ br[ni%-gre5 fl[]s 9 loose panicles1 & ^! are succe$$ by bun*es ( r$di% fruit1 ab\t an in* long1 ) an oblique or b5t po9t4 ,! nuts h a d\ble %ell1 ! out] "o usually r$1 ! inn] "o smoo? & brittle2 ! k]nel is pale gre51 sweet1 & ( r pleasant ta/e4 ,!re are a numb] ( v>ieties1 diff]+ only slightly 9 =m & size4 ,?is nut has be5 cultivat$ sp>+ly 9 ,great ,brita9 s9ce #aegj1 b ! climate is n q w>m en\gh to insure its rip5+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,x w\ld probably succe$ ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,cali=nia1 z well z 9 ! extreme ,s\!rn ,/ates1 b ,mr4 ,b]ckmans writes me t x is n h>dy 9 8 gr\nds at ,augu/a1 ,ga4 ,!re is a species ( pi/acia kn[n z ,p4 ,mexicana1 f\nd 9 c5tral ,mexico1 & ext5d+ z f> nor? z ,san ,diego1 9 ,cali=nia1 accord+ to ! report ( ,dr4 ,coop] 7,botany ( ,cali=nia1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aji74 ,,qu&ang ,,nut4--,a m$ium size ,au/ralian tree1 ! ,santalum acum9atum1 ( ! s&alwood family 7,santalaceae74 ,x produces a plum-l fruit1 :i* is be/ kn[n 9 its native c\ntry z ! qu&ang nut4 ,x is us$ z a pres]ve1 b is little kn[n1 except 9 or ne> its native habitats4 ,,que5sl& ,,nut4--,see ,au/ralian hazelnut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,,p>adise ,,or ,,sapucaia ,,nut4 ,,sapucaia ,,nut4--,! ,brazilian "n (1 at lea/1 two species ( l>ge =e/ trees gr[+ 9 ! valley ( ! ,amazon & its tribut>ies4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! is ! ,lecy?is ,zabucajo1 a l(ty tree ( ! myrtle family 7,myrtaceae74 ,x is closely alli$ to ! m common ,brazil nut ( comm]ce4 ,! sapucaia nuts are produc$ 9 an urn-%ap$1 woody capsule1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( ,monkey-pot1 because :5 ^! capsules rip5 ! lid at ! top is sudd5ly lib]at$1 emitt+ a %>p s\nd1 :i*1 z he>d by ! monkeys1 gives !m notice t ! nuts are fall+1 & t ! fir/ on ! gr\nd becomes ! =tunate possessor ( ! l>ge/ numb]4 ,! capsules or pots are ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! lid op5+ at ! top ab\t two in*es4 ,! nuts1 :i* are pack$ v closely 9 ! %ell1 are ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 & two to ?ree 9 l5g?1 ) a ?91 br[n1 & v mu* wr9kl$ & twi/$ %ell 7,fig4 #aje74 ,! k]nel is :ite1 sweet1 oily1 & some:at m delicate 9 flavor ?an t ( ! common ,brazil nut4 ,9 ,new ,york city ^! nuts are sold "u ! "n ( ,p>adise nuts4 ,b ?is is probably only a local "n1 = ,i h be5 unable to f9d x 9 any botanical "w4 ,^! nuts r>ely come to ?is c\ntry 9 any consid]able quantities2 a few hundr$ p\nds at a "t w\ld be consid]$ a l>ge consignm5t4 ,,sassafras ,,nut4--,see ,nutmeg1 ,*ilean4 ,,sassafras ,,nut4--,see ,nutmeg1 ,pu*ury4 ,,snake ,,nut4--,a l>ge1 r\ndi% fruit1 ab\t ! size ( ! black walnut1 ! product ( ! ,ophioc>yon p>adoxum1 a l>ge tree ( ! soapb]ry family 7,sap9daceae71 native ( ,briti% ,guiana4 ,?is nut takes its "n ( ,snake nut1 f ! peculi> =m ( ! embryo ( ! se$1 :i* is curl$ up spirally4 ,! ,indians1 ?9k+ !re mu/ be "s virtue 9 =m1 use ^! nuts z an antidote = snake bites1 al?\gh1 s f> z kn[n to sci5ce1 !y d n possess any m$ic9al prop]ties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,,s\>i ,,nut4 ,,s\>i ,,nut1 ,,or ,,butt]nut4--,?is nut1 l ! la/1 is a native ( ,briti% ,guiana1 & is ! fruit ( ! ,c>yoc> nucif]um1 a noble tree1 gr[+ a hundr$ feet high1 hav+ l>ge1 broad1 trifoliate leaves1 resembl+ ^? ( our common horse-*e/nut1 b n q z broad4 ,! fl[]s are v l>ge1 &1 ) ! tube1 fully a foot long1 ( a deep purple on ! outside1 & yell[ )94 ,!y are compos$ ( five ?ick1 fle%y petals1 & z %[y z "s ( our be/ & brighte/-color$ magnolias4 ,! fl[]s are produc$ 9 t]m9al clu/]s or corymbs1 succe$$ by a l>ge1 r\nd1 f\r-cell$ fle%y fruit five to six in*es 9 diamet]2 b z "s ( ! embryo nuts usually fail to gr[1 x *anges ! =m ( ! fruit z x enl>ges t[>ds maturity1 & only "o or two ( ! nuts mature & rip51 v mu* z frequ5tly occurs 9 bo? ! sweet & horse-*e/nuts4 ,! nuts are affix$ to a c5tral axis1 & are ( a r\nd$1 subr5i=m %ape1 & ev5 flatt5$ to an almo/ %>p edge on "o side1 & broadly truncate at ! sc> 7hilum7 :]e !y are atta*$ to ! p]ic>p or c5tral axis4 ,! %ell is ( a deep br[n color1 emboss$1 z x 71 ) smoo? tub]cles4 ,!y are f two to two & a half in*es or m 9 _! broade/ diamet]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,! k]nel or meat is pure :ite1 s(t1 ri* & oily1 ) a pleasant flavor4 ,?is nut is a r>ity 9 our m>kets1 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,davy ( ,new ,york1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = a specim51 z well z o!r r>e k9ds1 assures me t 9 8 =ty-five ye>s' exp]i5ce z a deal] 9 =eign fruits & nuts1 he has nev] kn[n ( b "o lot1 & t "o consi/$ ( ab\t "o-half bu%el1 br\ght into 8 /ore by a sailor1 :o only knew _! common ,s\? ,am]ican "n4 ,^! nuts are m frequ5tly se5 9 ,european seaports ?an 9 ^? ( ?is c\ntry4 ,,s\? ,,sea ,,*e/nut4--,see ,tahitian *e/nut4 ,,tahitian ,,*e/nut4--,! se$s ( a tree kn[n 9 ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s by ! native "n ( ,toi1 b to botani/s z ,inoc>pus edulis4 ,x belongs to ! bean family 7,legum9osae74 ,! tree gr[s sixty to eighty feet high1 & :5 "y ! /ems are flut$ l a ,grecian column1 b z !y increase ) age ! projections ext5d outw>d1 until !y =m a k9d ( buttress all ar\nd ! l[] "p1 gradually decreas+ upw>d4 ,?is s-call$ *e/nut tree has yell[ fl[]s1 succe$$ by fibr\s pods conta9+ "o l>ge se$ or nut1 :i*1 :5 roa/$ or boil$1 resembles ! *e/nut 9 ta/e4 ,! nuts h a diff]5t local "n 9 almo/ e "o ( ! ,pacific isl&s :]e x is at all abundant4 ,,tavola ,,nut4--,see ,myrobalan nut4 ,,tall[ ,,nut4--,a local & ne>ly obsolete "n = ! fruit ( ! ,ogee*ee lime or s\r gum tree 7,nyssa capitata7 ( ! swamps ( ,florida1 ,georgia & we/w>d4 ,! fruit is ab\t an in* long1 resembl+ a small plum1 ! pulp hav+ an agreeable acid ta/e4 ,b>tram1 p4 #id1 ref]s to ?is fruit "u ! "n ( ,tall[ nut1 b :y s call$ is n expla9$4 ,,tall[ ,,nut4--,! fruit ( ! ,*9ese ,tall[ tree1 ,/ill+ia sebif]a1 ( ! spurgewort family 7,euphorbiaceae71 a native ( ,*9a1 :]e x is1 z well z 9 "s ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ,am]ica1 ext5sively cultivat$4 ,x has be5 plant$ 9 a few localities 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & appe>s to ?rive4 ,x is a small tree ?irty to =ty feet high1 ) rhomboid tap]+ leaves & a ?ree-cell$ capsul$ fruit1 ea* cell conta9+ only a s+le se$ ?ickly coat$ ) a yell[1 tall[-l sub/ance1 h5ce its common "n4 ,?is tall[ or grease is us$ = mak+ soap1 burn+ 9 lamps1 & also = dress+ clo?4 ,,temp]ance ,,nut4--,an ,engli% "n ( cola nut4 ,,torrey ,,nut4--,! h>d1 nut-l se$s ( ,torreya nucif]a1 ( ,siebold1 or ,taxus nucif]a1 ( ,kaempf]1 & ,c>yotaxus nucif]a1 ( ,zucc>9i1 a tree native ( ,japan1 :]e ^! nuts are eat5 by ! ,japanese1 ei!r raw or roa/$4 ,an oil is also extract$ f ! nuts1 = use 9 cook+ or = burn+ 9 lamps4 ,?is ,japanese tree belongs to ! same g5us z ! s-call$ ,cali=nia nutmeg 7see ,nutmeg7 & our ,florida /9k+ c$> 7,t4 taxifolia71 also ! great ,*9ese c$> 7,t4 gr&is74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,,wat] ,,*e/nut4 ,,wat] ,,*e/nut4--,also kn[n z wat] caltrops4 ,! se$s ( sev]al species ( wat] plants ( ! g5us ,trapa1 ( ! ev5+ primrose family 7,onagraceae74 ,9 s\!rn ,europe & ea/w>d !re is a species f\nd 9 ponds1 ! se$s ( :i* are call$ ,jesuit *e/nuts 7,t4 natans71 & 9 ,india & ,ceylon a closely alli$ "o1 ! ,s+h>a-nut plant 7,t4 bisp9osa71 :ile 9 ,lago ,maggiore !re is ano!r 7,t4 v]ban5sis71 b all may be v>ieties ( "o & ! same species1 includ+ ! ,trapa bicornis1 a two-horn$ wat] *e/nut1 ext5sively us$ 9 ,*9a & ,japan z food "u v>i\s local names4 ,9 ,*9a !y are call$ ,l+1 & ( late ye>s h be5 occasionally import$ & sold1 m z curiosities ?an = eat+4 ,^! se$s or nuts are ( a d>k br[n color1 & ( ! =m & size %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg1 resembl+1 9 m9iature1 ! skull ( an ox ) abbreviat$ horns4 ,:5 fre%1 ! k]nel is ( an agreeable nutty flavor4 ,,wat] ,,*e/nut1 ,,or ,,*9quap94--,! se$s ( ! l>ge yell[ wat] lily 7,nelumbium luteum71 a v common plant 9 small ponds 9 ! ,we/ & ,s\?1 b m r>e 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! se$s are ab\t ! size & %ape ( small acorns1 & produc$ 9 a l>ge1 top-%ap$1 fle%y receptacle4 ,!y are edible1 & are suppos$ to h be5 ext5sively us$ z food by ! aborig9es ( ?is c\ntry4 ,,index4 ,ackawai nutmeg1 #bgd ,acorn1 #bed ,acrodiclidium cam>a1 #bgd ,a,esculus hippoca/anum1 #bfh ,aga?ophyllum aromaticum1 #bgd ,aleurites triloba1 #bei ,almond1 #ab bitt]1 #cd budd+1 bud 9 position1 #bh incision = bud1 #bg budd+ knife1 #bd budd+ knife1 ,yankee1 #bd prep>$ %oot ( buds1 #bf season = budd+1 #bb culture 9 ,cali=nia1 #ag hi/ory ( !1 #ac insects & diseases1 #ci ,c]cospora circumscissa1 #dc ,goes pulv]ul5ta1 #eb ,scolytus rugulosus1 #db ,taphr9a de=mans1 #dc or*>d 9 ,cali=nia1 #ah plant+ & prun+1 #cb propagation ( !1 #ai prop]ties & uses (1 #ci prun+1 #cc rais+ se$l+s = /ocks1 #bj soil & exposure = !1 #cj v>ieties1 #cd h>d-%ell$1 #ce1 #cf l>ge-fruit$1 #cg ornam5tal v>ieties1 #ch pea*1 #cg s(t or brittle-%ell$1 #cf sweet1 #dj ?9-%ell$1 #cg ,amygdalus arg5tea1 #ci ,co*9*95sis1 #ch communis am>a1 #cd dulcis1 #ce fragilis1 #cf macroc>pa1 #cg p]sicoides1 #cg incana1 #ci nana1 #ci ori5talis1 #ci ,anac>dium occid5tale1 #bfj ,apios tub]osa1 #bfg ,ara*is hypogaea1 #bge ,aralia trifolia1 #bff ,areca cate*u1 #bef ,a!rosp]ma mos*ata1 #bgd ,attalea funif]a1 #bfd ,au/ralian *e/nut1 #bee ,au/ralian hazelnut1 #bef ,ayd5dron cujum>y1 #bgd ,bee*1 ,am]ican1 #dh ,*ile1 #dh ,european1 #dh ev]gre51 #dh hi/ory (1 #dd injuri\s insects1 #eb prop]ties & uses1 #eb propagation (1 #dg soil & location = !1 #dg species & v>ieties1 #dh ,bee*nut1 #dd leaf1 bur & nut1 #ea ,b5 nut1 #bef ,b]?olletia excelsa1 #bfg ,betel nut1 #bef ,bladd] nut1 #beg ,brazil nut1 #beg ,brazilian nutmegs1 #bgc1 #bgd ,bread nut1 #beh ,brosimum alica/rum1 #beh ,buffalo nut1 #bei ,bunium bulboca/anum1 #bfe ,butt]nut1 #bei1 #bhj ,byzantium nut1 #bei ,cali=nia *e/nut1 #ee ,cali=nia nutmeg1 #bge ,calod5dron ,cap5se1 #bei ,c&le nut1 #bei ,cape *e/nut1 #bei ,c>yoc> nucif]um1 #bhj ,c>yotaxus nucif]a1 #bhc ,ca%ew nut1 #bfj ,ca/anea *rysophylla v>4 m9or1 #eg ,ca/anea *rysophylla v>4 pumila1 #eg ,ca/anea semp]vir5s1 #ee ,ca/anopsis1 #ee bur1 #eg *rysophylla1 #ee leaves & nuts1 #ef ,ca/anosp]mum ,au/rale1 #bee ,caucasian walnut1 #bfa ,*e/nut1 #fj budd+1 #hj diseases ( !1 #aaf di/ance betwe5 trees1 #hb ,european v>ieties (1 #ii ,com=t1 #ajj ,coop]1 #ajj ,corson1 #ajj ,dag]1 #aja ,moncur1 #aja ,numbo1 #ajb sp9es (1 #ajb ,mill]'s ,dupont1 #ajb ,p>agon1 #ajb bur1 #ajc nut1 #ajd sp9es (1 #ajc tree1 f\r ye>s old1 #aje ,ridgely1 #ajd bur1 #ajf ,scott1 #ajg ,/y]1 #ajh fl[]s1 #fa ,fr5* v>iety ( !1 #ajh ga!r+ & assort+1 #fe graft+1 #ga cleft1 #gg gr[? ( cion1 #gh l>ge trees1 #gi mat]ials1 #gb modes (1 #ge season =1 #ga splice1 #ge spr\ts1 #gi success 91 #gh wax1 #gb hi/ory ( !1 #fb insects injuri\s to1 #aac ,balan9us c>ytripes1 #aac weevil1 #aad ,japan1 #aji ,advance1 #aaj ,alpha1 #aaa ,beta1 #aaa ,e>ly ,reliance1 #aaa ,felton1 #aaa ,giant1 #aaj1 #aaa ,kill51 #aab ,p>sons1 #aab ,p>ry's ,sup]b1 #aab ,success1 #aab mul*+1 #hb native v>ieties ( !1 #id burless1 #id bu% *9quap91 #if common *9quap91 #ig ,full]'s *9quap91 #ig *9quap9 burs1 #ig *9quap9 tree1 #ih ,ha?away1 #ie ,phillips1 #ie plant+1 #fh 9 nurs]y r[s1 #fi propagation ( !1 #fd se$b$ & soil =1 #fg soil & climate =1 #hc species (1 #hf ,am]ican1 #hh species bu% *9quap91 #hi ,ca/anea ,am]icana1 #hh ,japonica1 #ic nana1 #hi pumila1 #ij1 #ia sativa1 #ia vesca1 #ia ,european1 #ia ,japan1 #ic leaf1 #ib /ak+ transplant$ trees1 #ha /ocks f ! =e/s1 #gj transplant+ & prun+1 #hj uses (1 #aai ,*ile hazelnut1 #bfh ,*ocolate nut or bean1 #bfa ,cle>+ nut1 #bfb ,clove nutmeg1 #bgd ,cocoanut1 #bfb d\ble1 #bfc ,cocos nucif]a1 #bfb ,cola acum9ata1 #bfd nut1 #bfd ,coquito nut1 #bfd ,coquilla nut1 #bfd ,cream nut1 #bfe ,cresc5tia cujete1 #bfi ,cryptoc>ya mos*ata1 #bgd ,cujum>y beans1 #bgd ,dawa nut1 #bfe ,dimoc>pus longana1 #bga ,e>? nut1 #bfe *e/nut1 #bfe ,elk nut1 #bfe ,euryale f]ox1 #bfe ,ev]gre5 *e/nut1 #ee ,fagus ant>ctica1 #dh betuloides1 #dh f]rug9ea1 #dh obliqua1 #dh sylvatica1 #dh ,fi/icke nut1 #bfe ,filb]t or hazelnut1 #aah ,fox nut1 #bfe ,gal]uca calm>i5sis1 #e ,g9kgo biloba1 #bfe nut1 #bfe ,goob]1 #bge ,goora nut1 #bfd ,gorgon nut1 #bff ,gr\ndnut1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bge ,guev9a ,avellana1 #bfh ,guil&9a b\duc1 #bgc bonducella1 #bgc ,hamiltonia oleif]a1 #bge ,hazelnut or filb]t1 #aah ,am]ican species ( hazel1 #abf beak$ hazel1 #abg ,corylus ,am]icana1 #abf ,corylus ro/rata1 #abg ,asiatic species ( hazel1 #abh ,c4 f]ox het]ophylla1 #abh blight1 #ach ,cryptospora anomala1 #aci fungus1 #ada ,european species (1 #abg ,con/ant9ople hazel1 #abi ,corylus ,avellana1 #abg ,colurna1 #abh tubulosa1 #acj hi/ory ( ! filb]t1 #abj insects injuri\s to filb]ts1 #ade p]sonal exp]i5ce ) filb]ts1 #acb plant+ & prun+ filb]ts1 #abd propagation ( ! filb]t1 #abb soil1 location1 etc41 = filb]ts1 #abc v>ieties ( filb]t & hazel se$l+s1 #ace v>ieties extra l>ge hazel se$l+1 #acf v>ieties l>ge filb]t1 #aai l>ge se$l+ hazelnut1 #abj select li/ (1 #acj ,alba or :ite filb]t1 #acj ,cos=d1 or ,miss ,"y's ?9-%ell$1 #acj ,crispa1 or frizzl$ filb]t1 #acj ,d[nton1 l>ge squ>e1 #acj ,gr&is1 or r\nd cob-nut1 #aca ,lamb]t's filb]t1 #acj ,purple-leav$ filb]t1 #aca r$ filb]t1 r$ hazel1 etc41 #aca ,spani% filb]t1 #acb ,horse-*e/nut1 #bfh ,hickory nuts1 #adg age ( fruit+ !1 #aic big bud1 #afj big %ellb>k1 #aeg bitt] pecan1 #afe bitt]nut1 #afc1 #afd br[n1 #afb budd+ & graft+1 #ahc cr[n1 on roots1 #ahi spr\ts f roots1 #aij ,c>ya am>a v>4 myri/icae=mis1 #afe ,c>ya olivae=mis1 #aee cultivation ( !1 #agg ,hicoria pecan & synonyms1 #aee ,hicoria alba1 #aee synonyms1 #aeg ,hicoria aquatica1 #afe synonyms1 #aff ,hicoria glabra1 #afb synonyms1 #afd ,hicoria lac9iosa1 #aeg synonyms1 #aei ,hicoria m9ima1 #afd synonyms1 #afe ,hicoria myri/icae=mis1 #afe ,hicoria tom5tosa1 #afj synonyms1 #afb hi/ory ( !1 #adh hognut1 #afb ,ill9ois nut1 #aee insect enemies ( !1 #aie ,am]ican silk worm1 #bjb ,attacus luna1 #bjb belt$ *ion1 #aii bud worm1 #bjb burr[s ( scolytus1 #bjj ,catocala1 #bjb ,*ion c9ctus1 #aii ,*ramesus icoriae1 #bja ,clisiocampa sylvatica1 #bjb ,cyll5e cr9icornis1 #aih pictus1 #aih rob9iae1 #aih ,elaphidion in]me1 #aii ,goes1 beautiful1 #aii pul*ra1 #aii tig]1 #aii tigr9us1 #aii ,grapholi?a c>yana1 #bja b>k bor]1 #aii nut weevil1 #bjb %uck worm1 #bja twig girdl]1 #aif leaf m9]s1 #bjb leaf roll]s1 #bjb locu/ bor]1 #aih luna mo?1 #bjb ,oncid]es c+ulatus1 #aif orange sawy]1 #aii pa9t$ bor]1 #aih plant lice1 #bjb ,scolytus #d-sp9osus1 #aii ,s9oxylon basil>e1 #bja ,telea polyphemus1 #bjb t5t cat]pill>1 #bjb ,tortricidae1 #bja k+ nut1 #afj mock] nut1 #afj ,pecan nut1 #aee v>ieties (1 #afg ,alba1 #afg ,biloxi1 #afg ,colorado1 #afi ,columbian1 #afg ,e>ly ,texan1 #afh ,fau/1 #afh ,frots*]1 #afh ,georgia ,melon1 #afh ,gonzales1 #afh ,h>c\rt1 #afh ,idlewild1 #afi ,jewett1 #afi ,lady ,f+]1 #afi l>ge1 long1 #afg ,little ,mobile1 #afg ,longfell[1 #afh ,pride ( ! ,coa/1 #afi ,primate1 #afh ,mexican1 #afi ,mey]s1 #agj ,rib]a1 #afh ,risi51 #afi ,/u>t1 #afi ,turkey ,egg1 #afi ,van ,deman1 #afi pignut #afb1 #afd plant+ = pr(it1 #aid propagation ( !1 #ahj %ellb>k or %agb>k1 #aee v>ieties (1 #agj ,hales' pap]-%ell1 #agb long hickory1 #agc f ,miss\ri1 #agc ,we/]n1 v>ieties (1 #agd ,floyd pecan1 #agg long1 #agd ,nussbaum]'s1 #agd-agf species & v>ieties1 #bbd swamp hickoria1 #afd1 #afe swit* bud1 #afb ?ick1 or we/]n %ellb>k1 #aeg1 #aeh :ite-he>t1 #afj ,inoc>pus edulis1 #bhb ,introduction1 #a ,importation ( nuts1 #h ,import$ nuts1 value (1 #i ,ita palm nut1 #bga ,ivory nut1 #bfi ,jesuit *e/nuts1 #bfi1 #bhc ,jic>a nut1 #bfi ,juba nut1 #bgj ,jubaea spectabilis1 #bfd ,juvia nut #beh1 #bgj ,kipp] nut1 #bgj ,kola nut1 #bfd ,laurelia semp]vir5s1 #bge ,lecy?is ,zabucajo1 #bgi ,lee*ee nut1 #bgj ,lit*i nut1 #bgj ,lodoicea ,se*ell>um1 #bfc ,longan1 #bgj ,longy51 #bgj ,l\sy nut1 #bga ,macadamia t]nifolia1 #bef ,madagasc> nutmeg1 #bgd ,m>k+ nut1 #bga ,mauritia flexuosa1 #bga ,miriti nut1 #bga ,miscellane\s nuts1 #bed ,monkey-pot nut1 #bgb ,moreton ,bay *e/nuts1 #bee ,mor+a opt]a1 #bef pt]ygosp]ma1 #bef ,myri/ica fatua1 #bgc fragrans1 #bgc otoba1 #bgd sebif]a1 #bgd ,myrobalan nut1 #bgb ,nect&y pu*ury1 #bgd ,nelumbium luteum1 #bhd ,nephelium p9natum1 #bga ,nepheliums1 #bga ,nick> nut1 #bgb ,nitt>1 or ,nutta1 #bgc ,nuces vel ,poma ,p9ea1 #bgg ,nutmeg1 #bgc ,nutmeg hickory1 #afe ,nyssa capitata1 #bhb ,oak nut1 #bed ,oil nut #bfe1 #bge ,olea ,am]icana1 #bgf ,op5awk1 #bfg ,ophioc>yon p>adoxum1 #bhj ,p>adise nut1 #bge ,p>kia ,africana1 #bgc ,peanut1 #bge ,pekea nut1 #bge ,p]uvian nut1 #bge nutmeg1 #bgd ,phytelephas macroc>pa1 #bfi ,physic nut1 #bgf ,p9ang1 #bef ,p9e nut1 #bgf ,p9oc*i1 #bgg ,p9olas1 #bgg ,p9on1 #bgg ,p9us cembroides1 #bgg edulis1 #bgg monophylla1 #bgh ,p>ryana1 #bgg p9ea1 #bgf ,pip] betel1 #bef ,pi/acia ,mexicana1 #bgh v]a1 #bgh ,pi/a*io nut1 #bgh ,plum nutmeg1 #bgd ,pt]oc>ya frax9ifolia1 #bfa ,pu*urim beans1 #bgd ,pyrul>ia oleif]a1 #bge ,qu&ang nut1 #bgi ,qudria het]ophylla1 #bfh ,que5sl& nut1 #bef ,qu]cus vir5s1 #bee ,raffia1 or ,r(fia1 #be ,rambutan1 #bgj ,salisburia adiantifolia1 #bfe ,santalum acum9atum1 #bgi ,sapucaia nut1 #bgi ,s>dis nut1 #fc ,sassafras nut1 #bhj ,semec>pus anac>dium1 #bga ,s+h>a-nut plant1 #bhc ,snake nut1 #bhj ,son>i nut1 #bhj ,s\? ,sea *e/nut1 #bhb ,/aphylea trifolia1 #beg ,/ill+ia sebif]a1 #bhb ,/9k+ nutmeg1 #bge ,/ry*nos potatorum1 #bfb ,tahitian *e/nut1 #bhb ,tall[ nut1 #bhb ,tavola nut1 #bhb ,taxus nucif]a1 #bhc ,temp]ance nut1 #bhc ,t]m9alia ,catappa1 #bgb ,!obroma cacao1 #bfa ,torrey nut1 #bhc ,torreya ,cali=nica1 #bge nucif]a1 #bhc ,trapa bicornis1 #bhc bisp9osa1 #bhc natans1 #bhc v]ban5sis1 #bhc ,walnut1 #bjc ,am]ican1 #bbd black1 #bcb black1 9 husk1 #bcb v>ieties (1 #bcc butt]nut1 #bbd sug>1 #bbg v>ieties (1 #bbe ,cali=nia1 #bcd ,c>ya ca?>tica1 #bbe ,juglans ,cali=nica1 #bcd ca?>tica1 #bbe c9]ea1 #bbd hybrida1 #bbe oblonga alba1 #bbe nigra1 #bcb nigra1 husk remov$1 #bcc nigra oblonga1 #bcc rupe/ris1 #bce ,new ,mexico1 #bce ,texas1 #bce ,wallia c9]ea1 #bbe :ite1 #bbd budd+ & graft+1 #bah flute1 #bbj hi/ory1 #bjc husk+1 #bej hybrids 9 ,cali=nia1 #bbg fl[]+ bran* (1 #bbh ,juglans ,cali=nica1 #bbi ,sieboldiana1 #bca1 #bcg insect enemies ( !1 #bea ,ci!ronia regalis1 #beb ,regal walnut mo?1 #beb ,jovis glans1 #bjc ,juglans1 #bjc ,ori5tal1 #bcf ,juglans ailantifolia1 #bcg ,camirium1 #bcf ,catappa1 #bcf cordi=mis1 #bci ,japonica1 #bcf ,m&%urica1 #bcg ,p]sian1 #bjd 9 ,am]ica1 #bji ,p]sian1 ,b>!re1 #bdb ,*ab]te1 #bdb ,*ile1 #bdj1 #bdb ,clu/]1 #bdc ,cut-leav$1 #bdc ,engli%1 #bdj ,franquette1 #bdc ,fr5*1 #bdj ,gant1 or ,bij\1 #bdc ,juglans regia1 #bdj regia octogona1 #bde s]ot9a1 #bdg ,kaghazi1 #bdd ,l>ge-fruit$ ,praep>turi5s1 #bdd ,late ,praep>turi5s1 #bdd ,late1 #bdg ,madeira nut1 #bdj ,mayette1 #bde ,mesange1 or pap]-%ell1 #bde ,meylan1 #bdf ,octogona1 #bdf ,p>isi5ne1 #bdf ,praep>turi5s1 #bdf ,precoci\s1 #bdf ,racemosa1 or ,spicata1 #bdc ,royal1 #bdj ,small fruit$1 #bdj ,/4 ,john1 #bdg ,v>iegat$1 #bdh ,vilmor91 #bdg ,v\rey1 #bdg ,weep+1 #bdh plant+ & prun+1 #bbc propagation (1 #bae se$l+1 #baf ,wat] *e/nut1 #bfi1 #bhc1 #bhd *9quap91 #bhd hickory1 #afe ,we/]n ca%ew1 #bfj *9quap91 #ee ,w+$-se$$ mor+a1 #bef ,w+$ walnut1 #bfa ,,s5t ,,free ,,on ,,application4 ,,descriptive ,,catalogue --,,(-- ,,rural ,,books1 ,,conta9+ #aaf #h,,vo4 ,,pages1 ,,pr(usely ,,illu/rat$1 ,,& ,,giv+ ,,full ,,descriptions ,,( ,,ne>ly #fjj ,,works ,,on ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,subjects3 ,f>m & ,g>d51 ,fruits1 ,fl[]s1 ,etc4 ,cattle1 ,%eep1 & ,sw9e1 ,dogs1 ,horses1 ,rid+1 ,etc41 ,p\ltry1 ,pigeons1 & ,bees1 ,angl+ & ,fi%+1 ,boat+1 ,canoe+1 & ,sail+1 ,field ,sports & ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,hunt+1 ,%oot+1 ,etc41 ,ar*itecture & ,build+1 ,l&scape ,g>d5+1 ,h\sehold & ,miscellane\s4 ,,publi%]s ,,& ,,import]s3 ,,orange ,,judd ,,company1 #eb #ed ,lafayette ,place1 ,new ,york4 ,books w be ,=w>d$1 po/paid1 on receipt ( ,price4 ,,/&>d ,,books4 ,mu%rooms3 ,h[ to ,gr[ ,!m4 ,any "o :o has an ord9>y h\se cell>1 wood%$ or b>n1 c gr[ ,mu%rooms4 ,?is is ! mo/ practical "w on ! subject ev] writt51 & ! only book on gr[+ ,mu%rooms publi%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! au?or describes h[ he gr[s ,mu%rooms1 & h[ !y are gr[n = pr(it by ! lead+ m>ket g>d5]s1 & = home use by ! mo/ successful private gr[]s4 ,engrav+s drawn f nature expressly = ?is "w4 ,by ,wm4 ,falcon]4 ,clo?4 ,price1 po/paid4 #a4ej ,l& ,dra9+4 ,a ,h&book = ,f>m]s on ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,dra9+1 by ,manly ,miles1 giv+ ! results ( 8 ext5d$ exp]i5ce 9 lay+ tile dra9s4 ,! directions = ! lay+ out & ! con/ruction ( tile dra9s w enable ! f>m] to avoid ! errors ( imp]fect con/ruction1 & ! disappo9tm5t t mu/ necess>ily foll[4 ,?is manual = practical f>m]s w also be f\nd conv5i5t = ref]5ces 9 reg>d to _m que/ions t may arise 9 crop gr[+1 aside f ! special subjects ( dra9age ( :i* x treats4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,all5's ,new ,am]ican ,f>m ,book4 ,! v be/ "w on ! subject2 compris+ all t c be cond5s$ into an available volume4 ,orig9ally by ,ri*>d ,l4 ,all54 ,revis$ & greatly enl>g$ by ,lewis ,f4 ,all54 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4ej ,h5d]son's ,g>d5+ = ,pr(it4 ,by ,pet] ,h5d]son4 ,! /&>d "w on ,m>ket & ,family ,g>d5+4 ,! successful exp]i5ce ( ! au?or = m ?an ?irty ye>s1 & 8 will+ness to tell1 z he does 9 ?is "w1 ! secret ( 8 success = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 enables him to give mo/ valuable in=mation4 ,! book is pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,h5d]son's ,g>d5+ = ,pleasure4 ,a guide to ! amateur 9 ! fruit1 vegetable & fl[] g>d51 ) full descriptions = ! gre5h\se1 cons]vatory & w9d[ g>d54 ,x meets ! wants ( all classes 9 c\ntry1 city & village :o keep a g>d5 = _! own enjoym5t r ?an = ! sale ( products4 ,by ,pet] ,h5d]son4 ,f9ely ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,johnson's ,h[ ,crops ,gr[4 ,new ,edition4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,*emical ,composition1 ,/ructure & ,life ( ! ,plant4 ,revis$ ,edition4 ,?is book is a guide to ! k ( agricultural plants1 _! composition1 _! /ructure & modes ( developm5t & gr[?2 ( ! complex organizations ( plants1 & ! use ( ! p>ts2 ! g]m9ation ( se$s1 & ! food ( plants obta9$ bo? f ! air & ! soil4 ,! book is a valuable "o to all real /ud5ts ( agriculture4 ,) num]\s illu/rations & tables ( analysis4 ,by ,pr(4 ,samuel ,w4 ,johnson ( ,yale ,college4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,johnson's ,h[ ,crops ,fe$4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,atmosph]e & ! ,soil1 z relat$ 9 ! ,nutrition ( ,agricultural ,plants4 ,?is volume--! companion & complem5t to ,h[ ,crops ,gr[--has be5 welcom$ by ^? :o appreciate ! sci5tific aspects ( agriculture4 ,illu/rat$4 ,by ,pr(4 ,samuel ,w4 ,johnson4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,m>ket ,g>d5+ & ,f>m ,notes4 ,by ,b>net ,l&re?4 ,exp]i5ces & ,obs]vations = bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 ( int]e/ to ! ,amateur ,g>d5]1 ,truck] & ,f>m]4 ,a novel feature ( ! book is ! cal5d> ( f>m & g>d5 op]ations = ea* mon? ( ! ye>2 ! *apt]s on f]tiliz]s1 transplant+1 succession & rotation ( crops1 ! pack+1 %ipp+ & m>ket+ ( vegetables1 w be especially useful to m>ket g>d5]s4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,=e/ ,plant+4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,c>e ( ,woodl&s & ! ,re/oration ( ! ,d5ud$ ,timb]-,l&s on ,pla9s & ,m\nta9s4 ,by ,h4 ,ni*olas ,j>*[1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,! au?or has fully describ$ ^? ,european me?ods :i* h prov$ to be mo/ useful 9 ma9ta9+ ! sup]b =e/s ( ! old _w4 ,?is exp]i5ce has be5 adapt$ to ! diff]5t climates & trees ( ,am]ica1 full in/ructions be+ giv5 = =e/ plant+ on our v>i\s k9ds ( soil & subsoil1 :e!r on m\nta9 or valley4 ,illu/rat$1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,h>ris' ,talks on ,manures4 ,by ,joseph ,h>ris1 ,m4 ,s41 au?or ( ,walks & ,talks on ! ,f>m1 ,h>ris on ! ,pig1 etc4 ,revis$ & enl>g$ by ! au?or4 ,a s]ies ( famili> & practical talks betwe5 ! au?or & ! ,deacon1 ! ,doctor1 & o!r neighbors1 on ! :ole subject ( manures & f]tiliz]s2 includ+ a *apt] especially writt5 = x1 by ,sir ,john ,b5net ,lawes ( ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ge ,truck ,f>m+ at ! ,s\?4 ,a "w :i* gives ! exp]i5ce ( a successful gr[] ( vegetables or truck = ,nor!rn m>kets4 ,ess5tial to any "o :o contemplates ent]+ ?is promis+ field ( ,agriculture4 ,by ,a4 ,oeml] ( ,georgia4 ,illu/rat$1 clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,sweet ,potato ,culture4 ,giv+ full in/ructions f />t+ ! plants to h>ve/+ & /or+ ! crop4 ,) a *apt] on ! ,*9ese ,yam4 ,by ,james ,fitz1 ,keswi*1 ,va41 au?or ( ,s\!rn ,apple & ,pea* ,culture4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 4#fj ,he9ri*'s ,w9d[ ,fl[] ,g>d54 ,! au?or is a practical flori/1 & ?is ent]pris+ volume embodies 8 p]sonal exp]i5ces 9 ,w9d[ ,g>d5+ dur+ a long p]iod4 ,new & enl>g$ edition4 ,by ,julius ,j4 ,he9ri*4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 4#ge ,gre5h\se ,con/ruction4 ,by ,pr(4 ,l4 ,r4 ,taft4 ,a complete treatise on ,gre5h\se /ructures & arrangem5ts ( ! v>i\s =ms & /yles ( ,plant ,h\ses = pr(essional flori/s z well z amateurs4 ,all ! be/ & mo/ approv$ /ructures are s fully & cle>ly describ$ t anyone :o desires to build a ,gre5h\se w h no difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! k9d be/ suit$ to 8 purpose4 ,! mod]n & mo/ successful me?ods ( heat+ & v5tilat+ are fully treat$ ^u4 ,special *apt]s are devot$ to h\ses us$ = ! gr[+ ( "o k9d ( plants exclusively4 ,! con/ruction ( hotb$s & frames receives appropriate att5tion4 ,ov] "o hundr$ excell5t illu/rations1 specially engrav$ = ?is "w1 make e po9t cle> to ! read] & add consid]ably to ! arti/ic appe>ance ( ! book4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,bulbs & ,tub]\s-,root$ ,plants4 ,by ,c4 ,l4 ,all54 ,a complete treatise on ! ,hi/ory1 ,description1 ,me?ods ( ,propagation & full ,directions = ! successful culture ( ,bulbs 9 ! g>d51 ,dwell+ & ,gre5h\se4 ,z g5]ally treat$1 bulbs are an exp5sive luxury1 :ile1 :5 prop]ly manag$1 !y af=d ! greate/ am\nt ( pleasure at ! lea/ co/4 ,! au?or ( ?is book has = _m ye>s made bulb gr[+ a specialty1 & is a recogniz$ au?ority on _! cultivation & managem5t4 ,! illu/rations :i* embelli% ?is "w h be5 drawn f nature1 & h be5 engrav$ especially = ?is book4 ,! cultural directions are pla9ly /at$1 practical & to ! po9t4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,h5d]son's ,practical ,floriculture4 ,by ,pet] ,h5d]son4 ,a guide to ! successful propagation & cultivation ( flori/s' plants4 ,! "w is n "o = flori/s & g>d5]s only1 b ! amateur's wants are con/antly kept 9 m9d1 & we h a v complete treatise on ! cultivation ( fl[]s "u glass1 or 9 ! op5 air1 suit$ to ^? :o gr[ fl[]s = pleasure z well z ^? :o make !m a matt] ( trade4 ,beautifully illu/rat$4 ,new & enl>g$ edition4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,long's ,ornam5tal ,g>d5+ = ,am]icans4 ,a ,treatise on ,beautify+ ,homes1 ,rural ,di/ricts & ,cemet]ies4 ,a pla9 & practical "w at a mod]ate price1 ) num]\s illu/rations & in/ructions s pla9 t !y may be readily foll[$4 ,by ,elias ,a4 ,long1 ,l&scape ,ar*itect4 ,illu/rat$1 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,! ,propagation ( ,plants4 ,by ,&rew ,s4 ,full]4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s engrav+s4 ,an em95tly practical & useful "w4 ,describ+ ! process ( hybridiz+ & cross+ species & v>ieties1 & also ! _m diff]5t modes by :i* cultivat$ plants may be propagat$ & multipli$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,p>sons on ! ,rose4 ,by ,samuel ,b4 ,p>sons4 ,a treatise on ! propagation1 culture & hi/ory ( ! rose4 ,new & revis$ edition4 ,9 8 "w ^u ! rose1 ,mr4 ,p>sons has ga!r$ up ! curi\s leg5ds conc]n+ ! fl[]1 & gives u an idea ( ! e/eem 9 :i* x 0 held 9 =m] times4 ,a simple g>d5 classification has be5 adopt$1 & ! lead+ v>ieties "u ea* class enum]at$ & briefly describ$4 ,! *apt]s on multiplication1 cultivation & tra9+ are v full1 & ! "w is altoge!r "o ( ! mo/ complete be=e ! public4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,h5d]son's ,h&book ( ,plants4 ,?is new edition comprises ab\t fifty p] c5t4 m g5]a ?an ! =m] "o1 & embraces ! botanical "n1 d]ivation1 natural ord]1 etc41 toge!r ) a %ort hi/ory ( ! diff]5t g5]a1 concise in/ructions = _! propagation & culture1 & all ! lead+ local or common ,engli% names1 toge!r ) a compreh5sive gloss>y ( ,botanical & ,te*nical t]ms4 ,pla9 in/ructions are also giv5 = ! cultivation ( ! pr9cipal vegetables1 fruits & fl[]s4 ,clo?1 l>ge #hvo4 #d4jj ,b>ry's ,fruit ,g>d54 ,by ,p4 ,b>ry4 ,a /&>d "w on ,fruit & ,fruit ,trees2 ! au?or hav+ _h ov] ?irty ye>s' practical exp]i5ce at ! head ( "o ( ! l>ge/ nurs]ies 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,new edition revis$ up to date4 ,invaluable to all fruit gr[]s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,fulton's ,pea* ,culture4 ,?is is ! only practical guide to ,pea* ,culture on ! ,delaw>e ,p59sula1 & is ! be/ "w ^u ! subject ( pea* gr[+ = ^? :o w\ld be successful 9 t culture 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x has be5 ?or\ghly revis$ & a l>ge portion ( x rewritt51 by ,hon4 ,j4 ,alex&] ,fulton1 ! au?or1 br++ x d[n to date4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,/rawb]ry ,culturi/4 ,by ,&rew ,s4 ,full]4 ,conta9+ ! ,hi/ory1 ,sexuality1 ,field & ,g>d5 ,culture ( ,/rawb]ries1 =c+ or pot culture1 h[ to gr[ f se$1 hybridiz+1 & all in=mation necess>y to enable ev]ybody to raise _! own /rawb]ries1 toge!r ) a description ( new v>ieties & a li/ ( ! be/ ( ! old sorts4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,flexible clo?1 #abmo4 4#be ,full]'s ,small ,fruit ,culturi/4 ,by ,&rew ,s4 ,full]4 ,rewritt51 enl>g$1 & br\ght fully up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! book cov]s ! :ole gr\nd ( propagat+ ,small ,fruits1 _! culture1 v>ieties1 pack+ = m>ket1 etc4 ,x is v f9ely & ?or\ghly illu/rat$1 & makes an admirable companion to ,! ,grape ,culturi/1 by ! same well kn[n au?or4 #a4ej ,full]'s ,grape ,culturi/4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,full]4 ,?is is "o ( ! v be/ ( works on ! ,culture ( ! ,h>dy ,grapes1 ) full directions = all dep>tm5ts ( propagation1 culture1 etc41 ) #aej excell5t engrav+s1 illu/rat+ plant+1 tra9+1 graft+1 etc4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,qu9n's ,pe> ,culture = ,pr(it4 ,tea*+ ,h[ to ,raise ,pe>s intellig5tly1 & ) ! be/ results1 h[ to f9d out ! "* ( ! soil1 ! be/ me?ods ( prep>+ x1 ! be/ v>ieties to select "u exi/+ conditions1 ! be/ modes ( plant+1 prun+1 f]tiliz+1 graft+1 & utiliz+ ! gr\nd be=e ! trees come into be>+1 & f9ally ( ga!r+ & pack+ = m>ket4 ,illu/rat$4 ,by ,p4 ,t4 ,qu9n1 practical horticulturi/4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,husmann's ,am]ican ,grape ,gr[+ & ,w9e-,mak+4 ,by ,george ,husmann ( ,talcoa v9ey>ds1 ,napa1 ,cali=nia4 ,new & enl>g$ edition4 ,) contributions f well kn[n grape-gr[]s1 giv+ a wide range ( exp]i5ce4 ,! au?or ( ?is book is a recogniz$ au?ority on ! subject4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,:ite's ,cranb]ry ,culture4 ,cont5ts3--,natural ,hi/ory4--,hi/ory ( ,cultivation4--,*oice ( ,location4--,prep>+ ! ,gr\nd4--,plant+ ! ,v9es4--,managem5t ( ,mead[s4--,flood+4--,enemies & ,difficulties ,ov]come4--,pick+4--,keep+4--,pr(it & ,loss4--,lett]s f ,practical ,gr[]s4--,insects ,injuri\s to ! ,cranb]ry4 ,by ,joseph ,j4 ,:ite1 a practical gr[]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 ,new & revis$ edition4 #a4be ,full]'s ,practical ,=e/ry4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,propagation1 ,plant+ & ,cultivation1 ) a description & ! botanical & prop] names ( all ! indig5\s trees ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 bo? ,ev]gre5 & ,decidu\s1 ) ,notes on a l>ge numb] ( ! mo/ valuable ,exotic ,species4 ,by ,&rew ,s4 ,full]1 au?or ( ,grape ,culturi/1 ,small ,fruit ,culturi/1 etc4 #a4ej ,/ew>t's ,irrigation = ! ,f>m1 ,g>d5 & ,or*>d4 ,?is "w is (f]$ to ^? ,am]ican ,f>m]s & o!r cultivators ( ! soil :o1 f pa9ful exp]i5ce1 c readily appreciate ! losses :i* result f ! sc>city ( wat] at critical p]iods4 ,by ,h5ry ,/ew>t4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,qu9n's ,money 9 ! ,g>d54 ,by ,p4 ,t4 ,qu9n4 ,! au?or gives 9 a pla91 practical /yle1 in/ructions on ?ree di/9ct1 al?\gh closely connect$ bran*es ( g>d5+--! kit*5 g>d51 m>ket g>d51 & field culture1 f successful practical exp]i5ce = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,roe's ,play & ,pr(it 9 ,my ,g>d54 ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,roe4 ,! au?or takes u to 8 g>d5 on ! rocky hill-sides 9 ! vic9ity ( ,we/ ,po9t1 & %[s u h[ out ( x1 aft] f\r ye>s' exp]i5ce1 he evok$ a pr(it ( #a1jjj1 & ?is :ile c>ry+ on pa/oral & lit]>y labor4 ,x is v r>ely t s mu* lit]>y ta/e & skill are mat$ to s mu* agricultural exp]i5ce & good s5se4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,! ,new ,onion ,culture4 ,by ,t4 ,gre9]4 ,?is new "w is writt5 by "o ( our mo/ successful agriculturi/s1 & is full ( new1 orig9al1 & highly valuable matt] ( mat]ial int]e/ to e "o :o raises onions 9 ! family g>d51 or by ! acre = m>ket4 ,by ! process "h describ$ a crop ( #bjjj bu%els p] acre c be z easily rais$ z #ejj or #fjj bu%els 9 ! old way4 ,pap]1 #abmo4 4#ej ,! ,dairyman's ,manual4 ,by ,h5ry ,/ew>t1 au?or ( ,! ,%eph]d's ,manual1 ,irrigation1 etc4 ,a useful & practical "w1 by a writ] :o is well kn[n z ?or\ghly famili> ) ! subject ( :i* he writes4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,all5's ,am]ican ,cattle4 ,_! ,hi/ory1 ,bre$+ & ,managem5t4 ,by ,lewis ,f4 ,all54 ,?is book w be consid]$ indisp5sable by e bre$] ( live /ock4 ,! l>ge exp]i5ce ( ! au?or 9 improv+ ! "* ( ,am]ican h]ds adds to ! weight ( 8 obs]vations & has enabl$ him to produce a "w :i* w at once make good 8 claims z a /&>d au?ority on ! subject4 ,new & revis$ edition4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4ej ,pr(its 9 ,p\ltry4 ,useful & ornam5tal ,bre$s & _! ,pr(itable ,managem5t4 ,?is excell5t "w conta9s ! comb9$ exp]i5ce ( a numb] ( practical m5 9 all dep>tm5ts ( p\ltry rais+4 ,x is pr(usely illu/rat$ & =ms a unique & important addition to our p\ltry lit]ature4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,! ,am]ican ,/&>d ( ,p]fection4 ,! recogniz$ /&>d "w on ,p\ltry 9 ?is c\ntry1 adopt$ by ! ,am]ican ,p\ltry ,association4 ,x conta9s a complete description ( all ! recogniz$ v>ieties ( f[ls1 includ+ turkeys1 ducks & geese2 gives in/ructions to judges2 gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms & nom5clature4 ,x conta9s #bdd pages1 h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 embelli%$ ) title 9 gold on front cov]4 #a4jj ,/odd>d's ,an ,egg ,f>m4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,/odd>d4 ,! managem5t ( p\ltry 9 l>ge numb]s1 be+ a s]ies ( articles writt5 = ! ,,am]ican ,,agriculturi/4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 4#ej