,illustration3 ,a ,s ,fuller ,,the ,,nut ,,culturist ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,propagation1 ,,planting ,,and ,,cultivation ,,of ,,nut-,,bearing ,,trees ,,and ,,shrubs ,,adapted ,,to ,,the ,,climate ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 ,,with ,,the ,,scientific ,,and ,,common ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,fruits ,,known ,,in ,,commerce ,,as ,,edible ,,or ,,otherwise ,,useful ,,nuts ,by ,,andrew ,s4 ,,fuller1 ,author of the ,grape ,culturist1 ,small ,fruit ,culturist1 ,practical ,forestry1 ,propagation of ,plants1 etc41 etc4 ,,illustrated ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,company #ahif ,,copyright1 #ahif1 ,,by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,,preface ,believing that the time is opportune for making an effort to cultivate all kinds of edible and otherwise useful nut-bearing trees and shrubs adapted to the soil and climate of the ,united ,states1 thereby inaugurating a great1 permanent and far-reaching industry1 the following pages have been penned1 and with the hope of encouraging and aiding the farmer to increase his income and enjoyments1 without1 to any appreciable extent1 adding to his expenses or labors4 ,with this idea in mind1 ,i have not advised the general planting of nut orchards on land adapted to the production of grain and other indispensable farm crops1 but mainly as roadside trees and where desired for shade1 shelter and ornament1 being confident that when all such positions are occupied with choice nut-bearing trees1 to the exclusion of those yielding nothing of intrinsic value1 there will have been added many millions of dollars to the wealth of the country1 as well as a vast store of edible and delicious food4 ,this work has not been written for the edification1 or the special approbation1 of scientific botanists1 but for those who1 in the opinion of the writer1 are most likely to profit by a treatise of this kind4 ,unfamiliar terms have been omitted wherever simple common words would answer equally as well in conveying the intended information4 ,there being no work of this kind published in this country that would serve as a guide1 ,i have been compelled to formulate a plan of my own1 and to describe all the newer varieties from the best specimens obtainable1 and these may not1 in all cases1 have been perfect4 ,under such circumstances1 this work must necessarily be incomplete1 and especially where the possessors of claimed-to-be new and valuable varieties have either refused or failed to give any information in regard to them4 ,on the contrary1 however1 ,i must acknowledge my indebtedness to many correspondents1 who have so generously placed specimens of both trees and nuts of rare new varieties in my hands for testing and describing1 as well as assisting me in tracing their history and origin4 ,that this treatise may become the pioneer of many other and better works on nut culture is the sincere wish of ,,the ,,author4 ,,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j41 #ahif4 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introduction1 #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,almond1 #ab ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,beechnut1 #dd ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,castanopsis1 #ee ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,chestnut1 #fj ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,filbert ,,or ,,hazelnut1 #aah ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,hickory ,,nuts1 #adg ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,walnut1 #bjc ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,miscellaneous ,,nuts--,,edible ,,and ,,otherwise1 #bed ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,fig4 ,page4 #a4 ,a ,california almond orchard1 #ah #b4 ,budding knife1 #bd #c4 ,yankee budding knife1 #bd #d4 ,prepared shoot1 #bf #e4 ,incision for bud1 #bg #f4 ,bud in position1 #bh #g4 ,hard-shelled almond1 #cf #h4 ,thin-shelled almond1 #cg #i4 ,beechnut leaf1 bur and nut1 #ea #aj4 ,leaves and nut of ,castanopsis chrysophylla1 #ef #aa4 ,castanopsis bur1 #eg #ab4 ,chestnut flowers1 #fa #ac4 ,splice graft1 #ge #ad4 ,splice graft inserted1 #ge #ae4 ,stock1 #gg #af4 ,cion1 #gg #ag4 ,two cions inserted1 #gg #ah4 ,one cion inserted1 #gg #ai4 ,american chestnut leaf1 #hh #bj4 ,spike of burs of bush chinquapin 7,castanea nana71 #hi #ba4 ,spike of chinquapin chestnut bur 7,c4 pumila71 #ij #bb4 ,single bur1 nut and leaf of chinquapin chestnut 7,c4 pumila71 #ia #bc4 ,japan chestnut leaf1 #ib #bd4 ,burs of ,fuller's chinquapin 7one-half natural size71 #ig #be4 ,fuller's chinquapin1 five years old from nut1 #ih #bf4 ,bur of ,numbo chestnut1 #aja #bg4 ,spines of ,numbo chestnut1 #ajb #bh4 ,numbo chestnut1 #ajb #bi4 ,paragon chestnut bur 7one-half natural size71 #ajc #cj4 ,spines of ,paragon chestnut bur1 #ajc #ca4 ,paragon chestnut1 #ajd #cb4 ,four-year-old ,paragon chestnut tree1 #aje #cc4 ,open bur of the ,ridgely chestnut1 #ajf #cd4 ,japan ,giant chestnut1 #aaj #ce4 ,spines of ,japan chestnut1 #aaj #cf4 ,chestnut weevil1 #aad #cg4 ,large filbert1 #aai #ch4 ,large seedling hazelnut1 #abj #ci4 ,constantinople hazel1 #abi #dj4 ,english filbert orchard1 five years from seed1 #acd #da4 ,varieties of filberts and hazel seedlings1 #ace #db4 ,extra large hazel seedling or round ,english filbert1 #acf #dc4 ,filbert orchard struck with blight1 fifth year from seed1#acg #dd4 ,hazel fungus1 #ada #de4 ,fourteen-years-old pecan tree in ,mississippi1 #aed #df4 ,leaf and sterile catkins of shellbark hickory1 #aef #dg4 ,western shellbark1 #aeh #dh4 ,section ,western shellbark1 #aeh #di4 ,leaf of pignut1 #afa #ej4 ,bitternut branch and leaf1 #afc #ea4 ,bitternut1 #afd #eb4 ,large1 long pecan nut1 #aff #ec4 ,oval pecan nut1 #aff #ed4 ,small oval pecan nut1 #afg #ee4 ,little ,mobile pecan nut1 #afg #ef4 ,stuart pecan nut1 #afi #eg4 ,van ,deman pecan nut1 #afi #eh4 ,risien pecan nut1 #afi #ei4 ,lady ,finger pecan nut1 #afi #fj4 ,the original ,hales' ,paper-shell hickory tree1 #aga #fa4 ,hales' hickory1 #agb #fb4 ,section of ,hales' hickory1 #agb #fc4 ,long shellbark hickory1 #agc #fd4 ,shellbark ,missouri1 #agc #fe4 ,long ,western shellbark1 #agd #ff4 ,fresh ,nussbaumer hybrid1 #age #fg4 ,nussbaumer's hybrid1 #agf #fh4 ,crown grafting on roots of the hickory1 #ahi #fi4 ,sprouts from severed hickory roots1 #aij #gj4 ,the hickory-twig girdler1 #aif #ga4 ,hickory borer1 #aih #gb4 ,burrows of hickory scolytus1 #bjj #gc4 ,persian walnut1 showing position of sexual organs1 #bjd #gd4 ,bearing branch of ,english walnut1 #bje #ge4 ,seedling walnut1 #baf #gf4 ,flute budding1 #bbj #gg4 ,flowering branch of hybrid walnut1 #bbh #gh4 ,hybrid walnut1 #bcj #gi4 ,hybrid walnut1 shell removed1 #bcj #hj4 ,juglans ,sieboldiana raceme1 #bca #ha4 ,black walnut in husk1 #bcb #hb4 ,juglans nigra1 husk removed1 #bcc #hc4 ,juglans ,californica1 #bce #hd4 ,juglans rupestris1 showing small kernel1 #bce #he4 ,juglans ,sieboldiana1 #bch #hf4 ,juglans cordiformis1 #bci #hg4 ,small fruited walnut1 #bdj #hh4 ,barthere walnut1 #bdb #hi4 ,chaberte walnut1 #bdb #ij4 ,chile walnut1 #bdb #ia4 ,cut-leaved walnut1 #bdc #ib4 ,gibbons walnut1 #bdd #ic4 ,mayette walnut1 #bde #id4 ,kernel of walnut1 #bde #ie4 ,juglans regia octogona1 #bde #if4 ,cross section1 #bde #ig4 ,parisienne walnut1 #bdf #ih4 ,serotina or ,st4 ,john walnut1 #bdg #ii4 ,the caterpillar of the regal walnut moth1 #beb #ajj4 ,the regal walnut moth--,citheronia regalis1 #beb #aja4 ,brazil nut1 #beh #ajb4 ,the cashew nut1 #bfj #ajc4 ,litchi or ,leechee nut1 #bgj #ajd4 ,branch of nut pine1 #bgg #aje4 ,paradise or sapucaia nut1 #bgi #ajf4 ,souari nut1 #bha #ajg4 ,water chestnut1 #bhc ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,no special amount of prophetic acumen is required to foresee that the time will soon come when the people of this country must necessarily place a much higher value upon all kinds of food than they do at present1 or have done in the past4 ,in this we are pre-supposing that in the natural course of events1 our population will continue to increase in nearly the same ratio it has since we assumed the responsibilities of an independent nation4 ,the very existence of animal life on this planet depends upon the quantity and quality of available food1 and while some sentimentalists may assume to ignore and even attempt to deprecate the animal desires of their race1 nature compels us to recognize the fact that there can be no fire without fuel1 and the great and useful intellectual powers of man are the emanations of the animal tissues of a well-nourished brain4 ,the brawny arm that rends the rock and hurls the fragments aside1 gets its power through the same channel and from the same source as those of other members of society1 whatever the nature of their calling2 for mankind is built upon one universal and general plan1 varied though it may be in some of the minor details of construction4 ,we certainly have no cause to fear that the theories of ,malthus1 in regard to the overpopulation of the earth as a whole1 will ever be verified in the experience of the human race1 because with necessity comes industry1 also the inventions of devices to enable us to avoid just such dangers1 and if these fail to keep pace with our wants and needs1 wars1 earthquakes1 drouths1 floods1 and contagious1 epidemic and other diseases1 become the weapons which nature employs to prevent overpopulation4 ,but we cannot deny that nature does sometimes encourage or permit a somewhat redundant population in certain favorable countries and localities1 and then follows a struggle for existence1 and food becomes the paramount object in life4 ,to ward off danger of this kind and keep the supply in excess of the demand1 is a problem which should seriously engage the attention of every one who takes the least interest in the general welfare of his countrymen1 even though the day of want or scarcity of food may be very far distant4 ,among the various sources of acceptable and nutritious food products heretofore almost entirely neglected in this country1 the edible nuts stand preeminently and conspicuously in the foreground1 awaiting the skill and attention of all who seek pleasure and profit--to be derived from the products of the soil4 ,for many centuries these nuts have held a prominent position among the desirable and valuable food products of various ,european and ,oriental countries2 not only because they were important and almost indispensable in making up the household supplies of all classes of the people1 but often because available for filling a depleted purse1 and the thing needful for this purpose has1 in the main1 been received from far-distant nations1 who through indifference and neglect failed to provide themselves with such a simple and valuable article as the edible nuts4 ,much as we may boast of our immense natural resources and advantages1 we have not1 as yet1 availed ourselves of one-half of those we possess1 and the remainder is still awaiting our attention4 ,we also neglect to avail ourselves of the many superior domestic traits and practices of the foreign nations with whom we are in constant communication4 ,it may be that the absence of incentives has made us careless and indifferent in regard to a day of need1 which in all probability will come to us sooner or later2 but whatever the cause1 the fact remains that we have been spending millions annually on worthless articles and sentimental problems and projects1 which have brought us neither riches nor honor2 in truth1 to use a homely phrase1 we have been following the bellwether in nearly all of our rural affairs and pursuits4 ,as a natural result we are spending millions for imported articles of everyday use which might easily and with large profit be produced at home1 and in many instances the most humiliating part of the transaction is that we send our money to people who do not purchase any of our productions and almost ignore us in commercial matters4 ,i am not referring to those products ill-adapted to our climate1 nor to those which1 owing to scarcity and high price of labor1 we are unable to produce profitably1 but to such nuts as the almond1 walnut and chestnut1 which we can raise as readily as peaches1 apples and pears4 ,there certainly can be no excuse for the neglect of such nut trees on the score of cost of labor in propagation and planting1 because our streets and highways are lined and shaded with equally as expensive kinds1 although they are absolutely worthless for any other purpose than shade or shelter1 yielding nothing in the way of food for either man or beast4 ,can any one invent a reasonable excuse for planting miles and miles of roadside trees of such kinds as elm1 maple1 ash1 willow1 cottonwood1 and a hundred other similar kinds1 where shellbark hickory1 chestnut1 walnut1 pecan and butternut would thrive just as well1 cost no more1 and yet yield bushels of delicious and highly prized nuts1 and this annually or in alternate years1 continuing and increasing in productiveness for one1 two or more centuries4 ,aside from the intrinsic value of such trees1 they are1 in the way of ornament1 just as beautiful as1 and in many instances much superior to those yielding nothing in the way of food except1 perhaps1 something for noxious insects4 ,i am not attempting to pose as the one wise man engaged in rural affairs1 but am merely recounting my personal observation and experience1 having in my younger days taken the advice of my elders1 and at a time when a hint of the future value of nut trees would have been worth more than a paid-up life insurance policy4 ,but as the hint was not given1 ,i selected for roadside trees ash1 maples1 tulip1 magnolias1 and other popular kinds1 all of which thrived1 and by the time they were twenty years old began to be admired for their beauty1 although their roots were spreading into the adjoining field1 robbing the soil of the nutriment required for less vigorous-growing plants4 ,later1 however1 the discovery was made that ,i was paying very dearly for a crop of leaves and sentiment1 neither of which was salable or available for filling one's purse4 ,when thirty years of age the very best of my roadside trees were probably worth two dollars each for firewood1 or one dollar more than the nurseryman's price at the time of planting4 ,the greater part of these trees1 however1 have since been cremated1 a few being left as reminders of the misdirected labors of youth and inexperience4 ,in this matter of following a leader in tree-planting along the highways1 it appears to be a predominant trait of our rural population and as old as the settlement of this country1 for nowhere is it more pronounced than in the ,new ,england ,states1 where the ,american elms attracted the attention of the ,pilgrims and their contemporaries and descendants1 and even continued down to the present day4 ,no one will deny that the ,american elm is a noble tree in appearance1 is easily transplanted and of rapid growth1 and yet it is one of the most worthless for any economic purpose4 ,it may be that its worthlessness for other purposes made it all the more acceptable for streets and roadsides1 the better kinds being reserved for firewood1 fencing1 furniture1 and the manufacture of agricultural and other implements4 ,but whatever the cause or object1 the elm became the one tree generally selected for planting in parks1 villages1 cities1 and along roadsides in the country1 not only in the older but in many of the newer ,states4 ,from present indications1 however1 the glory of this much over-praised tree is on the wane1 for the imported elm-leaf beetle 7,galeruca calmariensis7 is slowly but surely spreading over the country1 defoliating the elms of all species and varieties1 and it is a question whether we should bless this insect for the work it is doing or look upon it as a pest4 ,perhaps future generations will sing paeons in its praise1 and they certainly will have reasons for rejoicing if better and more useful kinds are planted in the places now occupied by the worthless elms4 ,in other localities some pioneer or leader in roadside ornamentation selected or recommended some species of maple1 linden1 catalpa1 poplar or willow1 but it made little or no difference as to kind1 because1 as a rule1 all his neighbors followed without a thought or question in regard to adaptation to soil1 climate1 or fitness in the local or surrounding scenery1 or of its future economic value4 ,the result of this want of taste and forethought may be seen in whatever direction one travels throughout the older and more thickly settled portions of this country4 ,had the early settlers of the ,new ,england ,states planted shellbark hickories1 or even the native chestnut1 in place of the ,american elm1 they would not only have had equally as beautiful trees for shade and ornament1 but the nutritious nuts would scarcely have failed to bring bright cheer to many a household and money to fill oft-depleted purses1 while their descendants would have blessed them for their forethought4 ,of course there are other valuable kinds of nuts which thrive over the greater part of the ,new ,england ,states1 but ,i refer only to the two1 which were so abundant in the forests that one or both could have been obtained for the mere cost of transplanting4 ,but it is not fair to prate about the remissness and follies of our ancestors1 unless we can show by our works that wisdom has come down to us through their experience4 ,what is true of the ,new ,england is equally true of all the older ,states1 and is rapidly becoming so in many of the newer1 little attention being paid to the intrinsic value of the wood or the product of the trees planted along the highways4 ,there are also millions of acres of wild lands not suitable for cultivation1 but well adapted to the growth of trees1 whether of the nut-bearing or other kinds4 ,but for the present ,i will omit further reference to the planting of nut trees except on the line of the highways1 just where other kinds have long been in vogue and are still being cultivated for shade and ornament1--with no thought1 perhaps1 on the part of the planter1 that both could be obtained in the nut trees1 with something of more intrinsic value added4 ,the nut trees which grow to a large size are as well adapted for planting along roadsides1 in the open country1 as other kinds that yield nothing in the way of food for either man or beast4 ,they are also fully as beautiful in form and foliage1 and in many instances far superior1 to the kinds often selected for such purposes4 ,the only objection ,i have heard of as being urged against planting fruit and nut trees along the highway is that they tempt boys and girls--as well as persons of larger growth--to become trespassers2 but this only applies to where there is such a scarcity that the quantity taken perceptibly lessens the total crop4 ,but where there is an abundance1 either the temptation to trespass disappears1 or we fail to recognize our loss4 ,as we cannot very well dispense with the small boy and his sister1 ,i am in favor of providing them bountifully with all the good things that climate and circumstance will afford4 ,it is a truism that conscience is never strengthened by an empty stomach4 ,a mile1 in this country1 is #ebhj feet1 and if trees are set #dj feet apart--which is allowing sufficient room for them to grow during an ordinary lifetime--we get #acc per mile in a single row2 but where the roads are three to four rods wide1 two rows may be planted1 one on each side1 or #bff per mile4 ,with such kinds as the ,persian walnut and ,american and foreign chestnuts1 we can safely estimate the crop1 when the trees are twenty years old1 at a half bushel per tree1 or #ff bushels for a single row1 and #acc for a double row per mile4 ,with grafted trees of either kind we may count on double the quantity named1 presuming1 of course1 that the trees are given proper care4 ,but to be on the safe side1 let us keep our estimate down to the half-bushel mark per tree1 and with this crop1 at the moderate price of four dollars per bushel1 we would get #bfd from the crop on a single row1 and double this sum1 or #ebh1 for the crop on a double row--with a fair assurance that the yield would increase steadily for the next hundred years or more2 while the cost of gathering and marketing the nuts is no greater1 and in many instances much less than that of the ordinary grain crops4 ,at the expiration of the first half century1 one-half of the trees may be removed1 if they begin to crowd1 and the timber used for whatever purpose it may best be adapted4 ,the remaining trees would probably improve1 on account of having more room for development4 ,there has been a steady increase in the demand1 and a corresponding advance in the price of all kinds of edible nuts1 during the past three or four decades1 and this is likely to continue for many years to come1 because consumers are increasing far more rapidly than producers2 besides1 the forests1 which have long been the only source of supply of the native kinds1 are rapidly disappearing1 while there has not been1 as yet1 any special effort to make good the loss1 by replanting or otherwise4 ,the dealers in such articles in our larger cities assure me that the demand for our best kinds of edible nuts is far in excess of the supply1 and yet not one housewife or cook in a thousand in this country has ever attempted to use nuts of any kind in the preparation of meats and other dishes for the table1 as is so generally practiced in ,european and ,oriental countries4 ,the question may be asked1 if the demand is sufficient to warrant the planting of the hardy nut trees extensively along our highways or elsewhere4 ,in answer to such a question it may be said that we not only consume all of the edible nuts raised in this country1 but import millions of pounds annually of the very kinds which thrive here as well as in any other part of the world4 ,i have before me the records of our imports from the year #agij to #ahid1 but as ,i purpose dealing more with the present and future than with the distant past1 ,i will refer here only to the statistics of the four years of the present decade1 leaving out all reference to the tropical nuts1 which are not supposed to be adapted to our climate4 ,of almonds1 not shelled1 and on which there is a protective duty of three cents per pound1 we imported from #ahij to the close of #ahic1 #ab1ddc1hie pounds1 valued at #a1ajj1dgg4fe4 ,of almonds1 shelled1 on which the duty is now five cents1 we imported #a1cbf1fcc pounds4 ,the total value of both kinds for the four years1 amounted to #a1gaf1bgg4cb4 ,whether this high protective duty is to remain or not is uncertain1 but it is quite evident that it has had very little effect in stimulating the cultivation of this nut except in circumscribed localities on the ,pacific coast4 ,of filberts and walnuts1 not shelled1 and with a duty of two cents per pound1 we imported during the same years from eleven to fifteen million pounds annually1 or a total for the four years of #ed1ebf1aha pounds1 and in addition about two million pounds of the shelled kernels1 on which the duty was six cents 7now four7 per pound4 ,the total value of these importations amounted to #c1agf1jhe4cd4 ,i do not find the ,european chestnut mentioned in any list of imports1 although an immense quantity must be received from ,france1 ,italy and ,spain every year1 and they are probably imported under the head of miscellaneous nuts1 not specially provided for1 and upon which the duty was two cents per pound in #ahij-'ia1 but was later reduced to one and a half cents4 ,under the head miscellaneous nuts1 or all other shelled and unshelled not specially provided for1 there was imported during the period named #f1ddb1ijh pounds1 valued at #bce1igf4je4 ,the total for all kinds of edible nuts imported was #g1abd1ege4hb4 ,these figures are sufficient to prove that we are neglecting an opportunity to largely engage in and extend a most important and profitable industry4 ,it is true that in the ,southern ,states considerable attention has been given1 of late1 to the preservation of the old pecan nut trees and the planting of young stock1 but it will be many years before the increase from this source can overtake the ever-increasing demand for this delicious native nut4 ,californians are also making an effort to raise several foreign varieties of edible nuts on a somewhat extensive scale1 but all these widely scattered experiments are mere drops in the ocean of our wants4 ,under such conditions ,i ask1 in all seriousness1 if it is not about time that our farmers and rural population generally began to count their worthless and unproductive possessions1 in the form of roadside and other shade trees--which have probably cost fully as much to secure1 plant and care for during the few or many years since they were set out1 as would have been expended upon the most beautiful and valuable nut-bearing kinds4 ,if our ancestors were at fault in the selection of trees for planting1 we need not expect that posterity will excuse us for continuing and repeating their folly1 especially when our dear-bought experience should teach us better4 ,at the present time there might be some difficulty in procuring1 at the nurseries1 a choice selection of nut trees in any considerable quantity1 suited to roadside planting1 because heretofore there has been little demand for such stock2 and nurserymen are only human1 and conduct their establishments on business principles1 propagating the kind of trees in greatest demand1 regardless of their intrinsic or future value to purchasers4 ,they will also continue producing such stock just so long as the demand will warrant it1 and further1 it is but natural that they should sometimes recommend and advise their customers to purchase worthless1 and even pestiferous kinds1 such as the ailanthus and white poplar1 because the profits in raising these trees are large and there is little danger of loss in transplanting4 ,but if purchasers will insist on having better kinds and refuse to accept any other1 they will soon be accommodated2 and if not1 then let everyone who owns a plot of ground become his own propagator of trees4 ,it is not beyond the ability of any moderately intelligent man 7or woman1 for that matter7 to raise nut trees1 and as readily as one could potatoes or corn4 ,where farmers want a row of trees along the roadside1 to be utilized for line fence posts1 they cannot possibly find any kinds better adapted for this purpose than chestnut1 walnut and hickory2 and these will give just as dense a shade1 and look as well--besides1 in a few years they may yield enough to pay the taxes on the entire farm1 the crop increasing in amount and value not only during the lifetime of the planter1 but that of many generations of his descendants4 ,this appeal to the good sense of our rural population is made in all sincerity and with the hope that it will be heeded by every man who has a spark of patriotism in his soul1 and who dares show it in his labors1 and by setting up a few milestones in the form of nut-bearing trees along the roadsides--if for no other purpose than the present pleasure of anticipating the gratification such monuments will afford the many who are certain to pass along these highways years hence4 ,it is surely not good policy to enrich other nations at the expense of our own people1 as we are now doing in sending millions of dollars annually to foreign countries in payment for such luxuries as edible nuts that could be readily and profitably produced at home4 ,there need be no fear of an overproduction of such things1 no matter how many may engage in their cultivation1 because in such industries many will resolve to do1 and even make an attempt1 but a comparatively small number will reach any marked degree of success4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,almond4 ,amygdalus1 ,tournefort4 ,name supposed to be derived from amysso1 to lacerate1 because of the prominent sharp1 knifelike margin of one edge of the deeply pitted1 wrinkled nut4 ,martius1 an ,italian botanist1 suggests that the name came from the ,hebrew word shakad1 signifying vigilant1 or to awake1 because after the rigors of winter the almond tree is one of the earliest to hail the coming of spring1 with its flowers4 ,the common ,english name is from the ,latin amandola1 corrupted from amygdala4 ,in ,french it is amandier2 in ,german1 mandel2 ,portuguese1 amendoa2 ,spanish1 almendro2 ,italian1 amandola1 mandalo1 mandorla1 etc42 ,dutch1 amendel2 ,chinese1 him-ho-gin4 ,under the natural classification of plants the almond belongs to the order ,rosaceae1 and in the tribe ,drupaceae4 ,linnaeus placed the peach and almond in the same genus1 and they are now generally considered to be only varieties of one species1--the wild almond tree is probably the parent from which all the cultivated peaches and nectarines have descended4 ,in most of our modern botanical works these fruits are classed as a sub-section of ,prunus1 the plum4 ,they are mainly deciduous shrubs1 or small trees4 ,the flowers are variable1 both in size and color2 but in the almond they are usually somewhat larger than in the peach1 almost sessile1 and from separate scaly buds on the shoots of the preceding season1 appearing in early spring1 before or with the unfolding leaves1 the latter being folded lengthwise in the bud4 ,leaves three to four inches long1 tapering1 finely serrate1 with few or no glands at the base of the blade1 as seen in many varieties of the common peach4 ,fruit clothed with a fine dense pubescence in both peach and almond2 but in the latter the pulpy envelope becomes dry and fibrous at maturity1 cracking open irregularly1 allowing the rough and deeply indented nuts to drop out2 while in the peach the pulpy part becomes soft1 juicy and edible1 the reverse of the almond4 ,the nectarine is only a smooth-skinned peach4 ,history of the ,almond4--,as with most of our long-cultivated fruits and nut trees1 very little is now known of the early history or origin of the almond1 and even its native country has not been positively determined1 although it is supposed to be indigenous to parts of ,northern ,africa and the mountainous region of ,asia4 ,theophrastus1 who wrote a history of plants about three centuries before the ,christian era1 mentions the almond as the only tree in ,greece that produces blossoms before the leaves4 ,from ,greece it was introduced into ,italy1 where the nuts were called nuces graecae1 or ,greek nuts4 ,columella1 about the middle of the first century of our era1 was the earliest ,roman writer to mention the almond as distinct from the peach4 ,from ,italy this nut was slowly disseminated1 making its way northward mainly through ,france1 reaching ,great ,britain as late as #aech 7,hortus ,kewensis74 ,but its cultivation has never extended in ,britain1 beyond sheltered gardens and orchard houses1 owing to the cool and otherwise uncongenial climate1 and the same is true of ,northern ,france and other regions to the eastward in ,europe4 ,but in the south of ,france1 also in ,italy1 ,spain1 ,sicily1 and throughout the ,mediterranean countries1 both in ,europe and ,africa1 the almond thrives1 and has long been extensively cultivated4 ,these nuts are an important article of commerce1 immense quantities being exported by ,spain1 mainly from ,valencia1 while the so-called ,jordan almond comes from ,malaga1 as very few are raised in the valley of the ,jordan4 ,bitter almonds come principally from ,mogador in ,morocco4 ,as for almond culture in the ,united ,states1 very little is to be said further than that1 while we have few experiments to refer to as having been made east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 not one of our great pomologists1 in their published works1 has ever given any reason for the almost entire neglect of this nut4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,white1 author of ,gardening for the ,south 7#ahfh71 throws no light upon the subject1 merely describing a few of the well-known varieties of the almond4 ,downing's ,fruit and ,fruit ,trees of ,america1 ,thomas' ,american ,fruit ,culturist1 ,barry's ,fruit ,garden1 and a score of other standard pomological works may be consulted1 without obtaining therefrom any information in regard to the culture of this nut further than to be assured that the hard-shelled varieties are hardy in the ,north wherever the peach tree thrives1 and the thin1 or paper shelled1 succeed only in warm climates4 ,all these authors agree in saying that the propagation and cultivation of the almond is the same as practiced with the peach4 ,coming down to recent years for information in regard to almond culture1 we find ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman1 pomologist to the ,department of ,agriculture1 dismissing the subject in his report for #ahib1 as follows3 ,i only mention this nut to state to all experimenters that it is useless to try to grow the almond of commerce this side of the ,rocky mountains1 except1 possibly1 in ,new ,mexico and southwestern ,texas4 ,this is thoroughly established by many reports from those who have tried it in nearly every ,state and for many years past4 ,it is too tender in the ,north and does not bear in the ,south4 ,in ,california it is an eminent success4 ,the flavor of the hard-shelled almond1 so far as ,i have tested it1 is little or no better than a peach kernel1 and is therefore practically worthless4 ,the tree of this variety is about as hardy as the peach1 and bears quite freely4 ,the attention paid to the almond in the ,atlantic and ,central ,states might well be given to other nuts4 ,this is certainly a very easy way of disposing of the cultivation of a nut which has so long figured among our importations from ,european countries2 besides1 no experiments are cited1 experimenters named1 or reasons given why almond culture is a failure in the ,southern ,states4 ,but fortunately there are men in the ,south who are able and ready to give reasons for their opinions and statements1 in regard to the cultivation of crops or plants with which they have become familiar through personal experience4 ,when ,i asked ,mr4 ,p4 ,j4 ,berckmans1 ,augusta1 ,ga41 president of the ,american ,pomological ,society1 for information on this point1 he promptly replied as follows3 ,the reason that almonds are not cultivated in ,georgia and other ,southern ,states is because of their early blooming1 as spring frosts usually destroy all the blossoms4 ,we have tried many varieties of the soft-shell without success4 ,the hard-shell will occasionally bear a crop of fruit1 as it blooms later1 and the blooms seem to resist cold better than the other varieties4 ,in middle ,florida soft-shell almonds are sometimes successful1 but they have been tried so sparingly that ,i cannot obtain any satisfactory reports4 ,admitting1 as we do1 that ,president ,berckmans' long experience in the cultivation of nut and fruit trees in the ,south enables him to speak with authority on this subject1 still1 we have some encouragement for continuing experiments with the almond in regions known to be favorable for the cultivation of its near relative1 the peach4 ,furthermore1 experiments seem to be wanting with the almond in the more elevated regions of the northern line of ,southern ,states1 also in ,maryland1 ,delaware and southern ,new ,jersey1 near the seacoast1 or other large bodies of water1 which1 as is well known1 have considerable influence in retarding the early blooming of fruit trees1 as well as warding off late spring and early autumn frosts4 ,it is scarcely reasonable to suppose that a region of country as extensive as that of one-half of the ,middle and all of the ,southern ,states1 with a range of climate admitting of the successful cultivation of such hardy fruits as the apple and pear1 and from these down to the pineapple and cocoa-nut1 should not yield a locality or localities admirably adapted to the cultivation of the half-hardy almond tree4 ,it is no doubt true that there are extensive regions in the ,south where late spring frosts are exceedingly troublesome1 and sometimes disastrously so1 to fruit growers2 but even these have their limits1 as shown in the vast quantity and variety of fruits annually produced in the ,southern ,states4 ,but great local variations in climate are natural to all countries in the temperate zone1 and we frequently find the most favorable and the unfavorable for fruit culture within a few miles of each other4 ,if there are not thousands and tens of thousands of acres of land located in favorable positions between ,virginia and ,florida1 adapted to produce the commercial almond in some of its varieties1 then we must confess that the study of climatology is of little use to the pomologist4 ,furthermore1 all the varieties of the so-called hard-shelled almonds which thrive in our northern ,states are not worthless1 neither are the kernels of all of them bitter1 and even if they were1 they would still be worth cultivating1 else we would not import such vast quantities from ,morocco to supply the demand4 ,if none of the thin-shelled varieties heretofore tried in the ,south are successful1 it is time that either our experiment stations or individual horticulturists made some attempt to produce those that are adapted to that region of country4 ,but until we have some more definite information than heretofore disseminated1 in regard to almond culture in the ,south1 it is safe to conclude that failures in the past have been due mainly to want of judgment1 or knowledge of varieties and of positions for the orchard1 with1 perhaps1 some neglect in care and cultivation4 ,in ,california almond culture has been pushed with vigor for several decades1 but at first with rather indifferent results1 because growers depended upon noted ,european varieties1 which1 as experience proved1 were not adapted to the soil and climate of the country4 ,in a paper read before the ,american ,pomological ,society at its session held at ,sacramento1 ,cal41 ,jan4 #af-ah1 #ahie1 ,prof4 ,e4 ,j4 ,wickson1 of the ,university of ,california1 alluded to this subject of almond culture in the ,state as follows3 ,in no branch of this effort for improved varieties has our success been more marked than in the development of seedling almonds4 ,the achievements of ,a4 ,t4 ,hatch in this line are too well known to require but a passing allusion4 ,it is not too much to say that this work rescued almond culture to ,california4 ,when he began1 the almond1 because of almost universal failure of the old varieties1 was a jest and a byword in our horticulture4 ,nine-tenths of all the almonds planted during the preceding twenty-five years had gone for firewood or were carrying the foliage of the prune to conceal their hated stems4 ,at the present time1 through the dissemination of ,mr4 ,hatch's varieties1 the almond1 in all regions decently adapted to the tree1 is productive and profitable and has a future4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,a ,,california ,,almond ,,orchard4 ,that almond culture in ,california is rapidly becoming an important and successful industry1 we have an ocular demonstration in the tons of these valuable nuts received from there in the past few years1 and placed on sale in ,eastern markets4 ,if one man1 by his individual efforts1 can revolutionize or establish a great industry in a region as large as the ,state of ,california1 it is not too much to expect that something of the kind could be done elsewhere1 with the combined efforts of several men4 ,if the varieties heretofore tried in the ,east are unsuited to the climate1 it is certainly within the range of probabilities that others better adapted to surrounding conditions can be produced4 ,the native grape1 raspberry and strawberry have had a history similar to the almond1 but now all are extensively and successfully cultivated4 ,propagation of the ,almond4--,the propagation of the almond is identical with that of the peach3 that is1 from seed to procure new varieties1 or by budding the more desirable ones1 when obtained1 upon seedling almond1 peach or plum stocks4 ,the half-wild hard-shelled almond is probably the most congenial and best stock for this purpose1 but seedlings of the peach are most generally employed because the most abundant and cheapest4 ,under certain conditions1 such as cold1 heavy1 moist soils1 and where rather dwarfish trees are desired1 the plum may be employed with advantage as a stock1 but it is not to be recommended for general orchard culture4 ,in mild climates seedlings of the best of the soft-shelled varieties may be raised and planted in orchards without budding1 but the nuts from such trees are likely to be somewhat variable in size and quality1 although the trees will usually prove to be as healthy and productive as those subjected to artificial modes of propagation4 ,if1 however1 the grower desires a uniform product1 he must resort to the usual means of obtaining it2 that is1 multiplying superior or distinct varieties by budding1 either upon peach1 almond or other stocks4 ,it is advisable1 as well as exceedingly important1 for all who intend or feel inclined to cultivate almonds in regions where the adaptation of this nut has not been fully established by years of practical experience1 that seedlings should be raised in large numbers1 and from these a selection be made to meet the requirements of the climate and other conditions under which they are to be propagated and grown4 ,if spring frosts have been heretofore inimical to the cultivation of the almond1 then the production of late-blooming varieties would be a remedy4 ,there will also be variations in the season of ripening2 some may come on too early1 others far too late for special localities1 but all these faults or variations may be readily overcome by raising seedlings1 and then selecting for propagation those coming nearest fulfilling the requirements of local conditions or circumstances4 ,it is by such experiments and means that fruit culture has reached its present position in this and all other countries1 where it is practiced as an art or industrial pursuit4 ,varieties that have become exceedingly popular and profitable in one locality or country1 may not have succeeded elsewhere1 and this holds good with all cultivated plants4 ,in making experiments with the almond in regions where it has not been cultivated1 but under conditions which appear to be favorable1 ,i would certainly advise testing the well-known varieties first1 and if these fail1 then see what can be done in the way of producing new ones adapted to the locality and climate4 ,raising ,seedlings for ,stocks4--,in warm or moderately mild climates the nuts1 whether peach or almond1 may be planted soon after they are gathered in the fall1 but should the weather continue warm and moist the nuts will sometimes sprout prematurely and the young sprouts get frosted later in the season1 and for this reason it is better to store them in a cool room1 packed in dry sand or soil1 until the approach of steady cold weather1 and then plant4 ,having lost choice kinds of nuts from being in too great haste in getting them into the ground in the fall1 ,i am prompted to give this warning to those who have had no experience in raising nut trees4 ,if not convenient to plant in the fall1 nuts of all kinds may be packed in barrels1 boxes1 or similar vessels1 mixed with or stratified with sharp sand or light soil1 then stored in a dry1 cool place1--a very cool cellar will answer1 but in my experience1 out of doors is preferable1--and in the shade of some evergreen tree or on the north side of a building1 and there banked over with earth just sufficient to keep the nuts at an equably low temperature4 ,it is advisable to have a few small holes in the bottom of the barrels or boxes1 to insure proper drainage1 should any considerable amount of water get in at the top2 but this will not occur if the vessels are properly covered with boards when placed in position for winter4 ,it must also be kept in mind that mice1 squirrels and chipmunks are fond of almonds and other kinds of edible nuts1 and if placed where these little rodents can find them1 they are sure to take a share1 or perhaps the entire store1 before their visits are discovered4 ,i have known field mice to dig down under boxes of nuts1 enlarge the holes left for drainage1 and spend the winter among the chestnuts which ,i had put away for planting in spring4 ,the safest way is to place fine wire netting on the bottom of the box1 and then cover it with the same4 ,owing to the abundance of mice and other little nut-eating animals1 ,i have never dared to plant out nuts in the fall1 and so have always stored them in sand1 but out of doors during the winter1 and well covered with earth4 ,in other localities it may be safe to sow in autumn1 and if protection from vermin is required1 coat the nuts with gas tar1 the same as practiced by farmers in protecting seed corn against the attacks of crows and other corn-pulling birds4 ,one pint of warm tar will be sufficient for a bushel of nuts1 and the application is readily made by placing the nuts in a barrel1 pouring the tar on them1 and stirring with a stick until every nut is coated4 ,to prevent the tar sticking to the hands in planting1 dust the nuts with dry wood ashes1 land plaster1 or fine dry sand4 ,if peach stones are to be planted for stocks they may be put into the ground as soon as ready in autumn1 because they are rarely disturbed by vermin2 or if more convenient1 mix with common soil1 and in heaps1 in the open ground1 and leave in this position until spring1 then pick out as they begin to sprout1 and plant4 ,the hard-shelled almond may be treated in the same way1 only they are not to be handled quite as roughly as peach stones1 and for protection it is best to put them in barrels or boxes1 as described above4 ,when ready for planting take out the nuts and drop them in shallow drills1 one every ten or twelve inches1 then cover with about two inches of soil4 ,it is to be supposed1 of course1 that a seed bed has been prepared1 by thorough working over and enriching1 if necessary1 in advance of planting4 ,the distance between the drills or rows should be sufficient to admit of cultivating the plants with a horse or mule1 and cultivator1 during the summer1 and if this is done and the soil stirred often enough to keep down all weeds1 the stocks should become large enough to admit of budding the first season2 if not1 then this operation must be deferred until the following year4 ,but in case the seedlings are raised from choice varieties and to be left in their natural condition for fruiting1 they may be lifted when one or two seasons old and set where they are to remain permanently4 ,the ,season for ,budding4--,so much depends upon climate1 location1 and variation of seasons1 that no special date or time can be given for budding trees of any kind1 but it is always to be done while the stocks are in active growth1 because the bark must part freely from the wood underneath1 in order to admit of inserting the bud under it4 ,if the buds are set too early in the season there is danger of a premature growth2 that is1 of pushing out a shoot in the fall instead of remaining dormant until the following spring4 ,under certain conditions1 however1 and for special purposes1 it may be advisable to force the buds as soon as they have formed a union with the stock1 but as a rule1 in the propagation of hardy and half-hardy trees1 it is better to keep the buds dormant during the cool or cold winter months4 ,here in the ,northern ,states we usually begin to look over our stocks during the latter part of ,july or first week in ,august1 and note their progress and condition4 ,should they show the least signs of cessation of growth1 we begin budding them1 and push the work as rapidly as possible4 ,if the season is a wet one the stocks may continue to grow and remain in good condition for budding until the middle of ,september2 but in a dry season they may cease to grow in ,august1 and it is these variable conditions which gives to the close observer and man of experience such an advantage over the novice in the propagation of plants4 ,it is better to begin budding too early than to be a few days too late4 ,the operation called budding consists in taking a bud1 with a small portion of the bark adjoining1 from one plant1 and inserting it in another1 or in some other part of the same plant from which it was taken4 ,the physiological principles which govern the operation are1 that there must exist an affinity between the plant from which the bud is taken and the one upon which it is to be placed1 and the nearer the relationship the more readily will it unite and the more perfect the union4 ,for instance1 the cultivated peach and almond are supposed to be of the same origin1 and descendants of one original species2 consequently there is a close relationship between the varieties of both sections1 and their seedlings may be employed indiscriminately for stocks4 ,the next nearest relatives in the family line are the plums 7,prunus71 some of which answer very well as stocks for the almond1 although very rarely used for this purpose4 ,the next group in the line of botanical relationship are the cherries 7,prunus cerasus71 but these are too far removed to be employed as stocks for either the peach or almond4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,budding ,,knife4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,yankee ,,budding ,,knife4 ,for budding are necessary a small knife for preparing the buds for insertion and making an incision in the bark of the stock to admit them2 and a quantity of some material to tie around the stock1 so as to hold the bud in place4 ,budding knives are made after various patterns2 one that is commonly used has an ivory or bone handle1 made very thin at the end1 that is used to peel the bark from the stock where the bud is to be inserted 7,fig4 #b74 ,another form of budding knife is made with a horn handle1 and a small tapering piece of ivory fastened in the end4 ,these knives1 of various shapes and sizes1 can be had at the seed stores2 but another and quite a different form of budding knife is shown in ,fig4 #c1 and is known as the ,yankee budding knife4 ,it is merely a small one-bladed pocket knife with a thin blade1 round at the end4 ,the cutting portion extends about one-third around the end of the blade and two-thirds of its length1 leaving the lower part dull4 ,although this form of budding knife has been in constant use in some of the older nurseries in this country for nearly a century1 it does not appear to have been manufactured for the general trade1 but only on special orders for nurserymen4 ,it is so simple a knife1 however1 that with a little grinding almost any small one-bladed pocket knife can be transformed into one of these handy budding knives4 ,the rounded end of the blade is used for lifting the bark1 and for rapid work it is far more convenient than any form of knife that must be reversed in the hand every time a bud is inserted4 ,in addition1 a polished bit of steel is smoother and far less likely to lacerate the alburnous matter between the bark and wood than the best piece of bone or ivory4 ,it may be said1 however1 that it is immaterial what form of knife is employed1 provided it has a keen edge and is dexterously used4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,prepared ,,shoot4 ,the material most commonly used in times past for tying in the bud is the inner bark of the linden or basswood tree1 usually called bass1 and always to be procured in the form of mats1 or as prepared from our indigenous basswoods and kept on sale at the seed stores4 ,recently1 however1 another excellent tying material has come into use1 known in the trade as raffia or roffia4 ,it is the cuticle of the ,jupati palms4 ,one species 7,raphia taedigera7 is a native of the lower valley of the ,amazon and ,orinoco1 and another 7,r4 ,ruffia7 of ,madagascar and adjacent islands4 ,raffia is somewhat softer and more pliable than the ordinary bass1 although it does not hold its form quite as well2 but it is so cheap1 soft and strong1 that it has become very popular1 and is extensively used for budding and many other purposes4 ,but if none of these tying materials are at hand1 the inner bark of the persimmon1 corn husks1 cotton twine1 woolen yarn1 or even strips of old muslin and calico may be employed with equally as good results1 although not as handy and convenient for such purposes4 ,the amateur1 with only a few stocks to bud1 can readily improvise implements and materials for doing the work1 even if they are not of the regulation type4 ,in selecting buds1 the young shoots of the present season's growth are preferred1 and these should be taken from the most healthy and vigorous branches of bearing trees1 if possible4 ,the leaves should be immediately removed1 not by breaking or pulling off with the hand1 but by severing the leaf-stalks with a knife1 as shown in ,fig4 #d4 ,if the leaves have fallen from the twig1 the buds may be too ripe1 with some kinds of plants1 but with the almond1 and where only a few leaves near the base have dropped1 all may be used with fair success4 ,if there are any soft and immature buds on the upper part of the shoot1 or any undeveloped ones at the base1 they should be rejected4 ,success in budding depends very largely upon the condition of the stocks at the time the operation is performed4 ,unless the sap is flowing and in sufficient abundance to allow the bark to part or peel readily from the wood underneath1 the bud is certain to fail4 ,if the buds used should happen to be a little over-ripe or wholly dormant when placed in direct contact with the living tissues and the juices of the stock1 they will absorb moisture and nutriment1 and be as likely to unite and live as under opposite conditions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,incision ,,for ,,bud4 ,in performing the operation of budding1 the following rules may be observed3 ,take the twig from which the buds are to be removed1 in the left hand1 with the small end pointing under the left arm2 insert the knife-blade half an inch1 or a little more1 below the bud1 cutting through the bark and a little into the wood2 pass the knife under the bud1 and bring it out about the same distance above it1 taking off the bud with the bark1 and a thin slice of wood attached1 as at c1 ,fig4 #d4 ,then1 if using the ,yankee budding knife1 or one of similar form1 let the forefinger clasp the lower part of the blade1 make the horizontal incision in the stock first1 and from this an incision downward about an inch long1--or it may be twice this length without doing any harm1--being careful not to cut too deep4 ,lift up the edge of the bark by passing the back of the end of the blade 7without removing it7 up to the horizontal incision4 ,lift the bark on the other side in the same manner1 the two incisions making a wound in the stock resembling the letter ,t1 as shown in ,fig4 #e4 ,if other forms of budding knives are used1 the thin end of the ivory handle is thrust under the bark1 raising it sufficiently to admit the bud4 ,the budder holds the bud between the thumb and forefinger of his left hand while making the incision in the stock2 and as the knife leaves it he places the lower point of the bark attached to the bud under the bark of the stock before this falls back into place1 and thrusts it down into position4 ,if the upper end of the bark attached to the bud does not pass completely under the bark of the stock1 it must be cut across1 so as to allow that which remains with the bud to fall into place and rest firmly on the wood of the stock1 as shown in ,fig4 #f4 ,when the bud is in position and fitted to the stock1 as shown1 wind the raffia1 or other material used1 around the stock1 both above and below1 covering the entire incision1 leaving only the bud and part of leafstalk uncovered4 ,of course experienced propagators have their own individual systems and modes of operation1 but the above may be taken as a safe guide for the amateur budder4 ,the ligatures should be loosened or removed as soon as the bud has become firmly united with the stock1 which will usually be in ten or fifteen days1 if at all4 ,when the buds have failed1 others may be inserted1 provided1 of course1 the stocks are in condition to admit of the operation4 ,exceptions1 however1 may be made where the budding has been done so late in the season that the stock has ceased to grow by the time the buds have taken1 and in such cases the ligatures may be left on later and removed any time before winter4 ,in cold climates the snow1 ice and water are likely to get in around the bud if the ligatures are not removed4 ,but where the stocks are vigorous and the buds set early1 there will be danger of the ligatures cutting into the bark as the stocks swell or increase in diameter1 unless they are loosened or entirely removed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,bud ,,in ,,position4 ,under ordinary circumstances budded stocks should not be headed back until the following spring1 and then should be cut off two or three inches above the inserted bud2 and when this pushes into growth1 all suckers and sprouts below and above it should be rubbed off as they appear1 for the object is to throw the entire strength of the stock into this one bud1 and when this has made a growth of two or three feet the short stump of the stock above the base of the shoot may be carefully removed with a sharp knife4 ,this is usually done the last of ,july or first of ,august1 which gives time for the healing of the wound before the close of the growing season4 ,sometimes it may be necessary to place small stakes by the side of these shoots for their support and to prevent breaking at the point of union with the stock2 but this will rarely be necessary1 except in very exposed situations4 ,if the young trees make a fairly good growth they will be ready for planting out in the orchard the following spring1 and one-year-old almond trees are usually preferable for transplanting than older4 ,it is not advisable to prune these young trees during the growing season the first summer1 but allow all the side shoots or branches to grow unchecked1 for by so doing we secure a more stocky plant1 if not as tall a one1 than we would if trimming up was practiced4 ,but when the trees are taken up for transplanting1 in the late fall or early spring1 then they may be pruned and the lateral branches cut off close to the main stem1 leaving a naked rod1 and if low-headed trees are desired 7and they usually are71 cut back the main stem to about three feet from the ground4 ,if the young trees have made a growth of from four to six feet1 then prune away the lateral branches to a hight of three feet or a little more1 and cut in all branches above this point to within four to six inches of the main stem1 leaving the buds on these stumps to form the head of the tree4 ,four or five branches at the top of the stem will be sufficient for the foundation for an open1 round-headed tree1 or in what may be termed a vase form1 which is the best for almonds4 ,soil and ,exposure for ,almonds4--,the almond requires a warm1 rather light and well-drained soil4 ,cold1 heavy clays1 and low1 moist soils1 whether light or heavy1 are always to be avoided for the almond and closely allied trees4 ,that the soil should be moderately rich is1 of course1 a condition required with all cultivated nut and fruit trees1 but over-stimulation may result in excessive and immature growth late in the season1 this leaving the twigs in such a state that they will be unable to resist even a few degrees of frost1 to which they may be subjected the ensuing winter4 ,in what are generally termed mild climates1 or where the temperature seldom goes more than four to six degrees below the freezing point1 hardy trees1 if they have made a late growth1 are often injured more than they would have been in a colder climate1 with early matured wood4 ,there are many kinds of what we consider very hardy trees and shrubs here in the ,north1 that are very likely to be winterkilled or severely frosted when grown at the ,south1 simply because the conditions are such that they do not ripen up in time to resist the cold4 ,in touching upon the subject of location for an almond orchard east of the ,mississippi1 ,i should be inclined to relegate this valuable nut to semi-tropical ,florida1 were it not for the fact that almost a score of ornamental species and varieties of the same genus1--to say nothing of the widely cultivated peach1--flourish over a very wide range of country and climate1 and nowhere better than near the ,atlantic ocean in the ,middle and some of the ,northern ,states4 ,it is also generally conceded that several of what are called hard-shelled varieties thrive and bear fruit in nearly all of our best peach-growing regions4 ,from all that ,i have been able to learn of almond culture1 and with my own limited experience with this nut1 experiments are wanting to prove that it cannot be successfully cultivated in the peach-growing region of the ,eastern ,states4 ,i will not say profitably cultivated1 for this is a rather vague term when applied to horticultural operations of any kind4 ,success is not synonymous with profit2 in fact1 it is frequently quite the opposite1 and an abundant crop may mean glutted markets and a corresponding loss to the producer4 ,but1 to return to location1 the principal cause of failure in almond culture1 where it has been tried in the older ,states1 seems to be the early blooming of the trees and subsequent destruction of the embryo fruit by frosts4 ,to avoid this1 high1 open1 airy situations1 and even the north side of hills1 would certainly be preferable to southern slopes and protected locations1 especially in the ,south or where the temperature in winter does not go low enough to kill the wood of the previous season's growth4 ,theoretically1 we might suppose that there are many locations favorable to almond culture in the elevated regions of ,north ,carolina and ,tennessee1 as well as in the northern tier of counties in ,alabama and ,georgia4 ,but in the absence of carefully conducted experiments in these regions1 we have only to wait for their consummation at some future time1 to prove the truth or falsity of our theory4 ,in the rich1 warm valleys of ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona and ,california1 congenial locations are plentiful1 inasmuch as almost every variety of climate is at hand1 with a temperature ranging from that of perpetual summer to the opposite extreme1 and all to be found within a few miles1 and frequently to be found in the same county4 ,under such conditions1 it rests with the would-be cultivator to decide upon the kinds of fruits desired1 then to seek a location best adapted to his purpose4 ,if1 as claimed1--but not proven1--there are no limited or extended areas fitted for almond culture east of the ,mississippi river1 there are certainly plenty of such west of it1 awaiting the industrious and intelligent nut culturist4 ,almond orchards have been planted in ,california and ,arizona1 and the quality of the nuts1 as well as the quantity1 is very satisfactory2 but a greater number and more extensive orchards are needed to meet the home demand4 ,planting and ,pruning4--,in planting and pruning the almond tree the same system should be adopted as with its near relative1 the peach4 ,one-year-old budded trees are preferred for planting in an orchard1 to older1 except in the case of seedlings1 then two-year-old may be selected1 because these are seldom larger than one-year budded trees4 ,the trees should be set fifteen to eighteen feet apart1 varying the distance according to variety1 soil1 and other local conditions1 and it is best to place them in rows and at right angles1 in order to admit of cultivating both ways1 as it is termed1 thereby saving as much hand labor as possible4 ,for the first two or three years after planting1 all weeds and grass should be kept away from the stems and over the roots1 either by frequent hoeing1 or covering with a mulch4 ,the best way1 perhaps1 to prevent the growth of weeds1 is to use the land among the trees for some low-growing crops1 such as beans1 tomatoes1 melons or potatoes1 then see that the workmen1 when hoeing these crops1 hoe up the weeds and grass about the trees at the same time4 ,we might reasonably suppose that the most careless cultivator of trees would think of this1 but1 unfortunately1 extended observation proves quite the contrary1 and it is scarcely possible to go through any very extensive fruit-growing region without seeing many such instances of neglect4 ,a square yard or more of tough sward is frequently left for years undisturbed about the stems of all the trees in an orchard1 while the little annual plants growing near by1 and not worth1 at an extreme valuation1 five cents each1 are cultivated with the greatest care4 ,the first pruning of the trees should be done at the time of transplanting from the nursery rows1 as directed on a preceding page1 and from the top of the stem only three or four shoots allowed to grow the first season1 all others being rubbed off as soon as they appear1 or when they have made a growth of two or three inches4 ,these three or four upper branches are to become the foundation of the future head of the tree1 and should be allowed to grow unchecked the first season2 the next spring cut back one-half to two-thirds of their original length4 ,this pruning will force out strong side or lateral shoots near the base1 thus giving a sturdy foundation to build upon later1 the pruner keeping in mind that the weaker the growth the more severe should be the pruning4 ,better leave a few strong buds1 from which vigorous shoots will be produced1 than a great number succeeded by many feeble twigs4 ,if blossoms and fruit appear on the young two-year-old trees1 a limited number may be left to mature1 although no considerable crop ought to be gathered before the third year4 ,in after years a somewhat different system of pruning may be adopted1 keeping in view the fact that the fruit buds and fruit are always produced on the young shoots of the previous season's growth1 and for this reason an annual renewal of such parts of the tree is absolutely required1 in order to secure a good crop on trees of any age4 ,in some localities and countries it may be possible that almond trees produce a crop every year2 but this is scarcely to be expected anywhere4 ,consequently a system of pruning should be followed which will conform to the variations of circumstances and conditions2 and this brings us to the consideration of-- ,the ,proper ,time to ,prune4--,if the growth of the trees and their fruiting were always uniform1 then we might readily adopt some invariable system and season for pruning2 but as we are dealing with uncertainties1 our rules must be equally flexible and variable4 ,if the season is favorable1 and the trees bloom freely and fruit sets abundantly1 we may proceed to prune as soon as the embryo nuts are as large as peas1--but only cutting back some of the largest bearing shoots1 and thinning out others here and there1 just enough to equalize and evenly distribute the crop through the head of the tree4 ,but in case the frost or cold of winter has destroyed the crop for the season1 then as soon as this is discovered1 prune and cut back all the shoots and branches sufficient to insure a vigorous growth of young bearing wood for the ensuing year4 ,under this system of pruning we fix the time as after blooming in the spring1 in order to have our work correspond to circumstances and conditions1 and where there is a crop in prospect the pruning is comparatively light2 but if there is to be no fruit1 or but little1 then one should aim to produce an abundance of bearing shoots for the following season4 ,in other words1 we prune severely in non-bearing years1 whether they occur alternately or otherwise2 but this system is only applicable to trees like the almond and peach1 which produce their fruit on the shoots of the preceding year's growth4 ,,varieties ,,of ,,the ,,almond4 ,almonds are usually divided into three groups1 viz43 ,bitter1 hard-shelled1 and soft1 or paper-shelled4 ,in each there are many varieties1 although they are rarely known in market except by the general name of the group to which they belong4 ,if they are soft1 hard or bitter1 this is sufficient designation for commercial purposes1 with1 perhaps1 the addition of the name of country in which they were grown1 or that of the city or seaport from whence exported4 ,bitter ,almond1 ,amygdalus communis amara4--,the varieties of this group are not specifically distinct1 and some have soft1 thin shells1 while others are thick and hard2 but the kernels are very bitter1 hence the name4 ,but in the countries where these almonds are most extensively cultivated1 as in the ,south of ,france1 ,austria1 ,spain and ,greece1 the trees are generally raised from the nut1 and1 as might be expected1 the crop produced under such conditions is exceedingly variable1 the nuts being large or small1 and the shells of various degrees of hardness1 with an occasional tree producing both bitter and sweet kerneled nuts4 ,these wilding trees are1 in the main1 more hardy than the improved varieties1 hence are largely employed as stocks for the better sorts1 as well as for the plum and apricot4 ,it is also claimed that1 as a rule1 the bitter almond trees bloom later in the spring than those of the other two groups1 and for this reason are not so liable to be injured by spring frosts4 ,the trees are hardy in all of our most favorable peach-growing regions of the ,middle and ,northern ,states1 but some of the varieties ripen rather too late for localities north of the latitude of ,new ,york city4 ,all this1 however1 and other obstacles1 will soon disappear1 whenever the time arrives for our horticulturists to take up almond culture and pursue it with half the zeal they have the cultivation of the peach and many other kinds of fruits4 ,hard-,shelled ,almond1 ,a4 c4 dulcis1 or sweet-kerneled almond4--,the varieties of this group1 as a whole1 differ from those of the next only in the firmness of their shells1 which are moderately firm1 with a slightly rough and deeply pitted surface1 as shown in ,fig4 #g4 ,varieties of this group are fully as large as1 and perhaps a little longer than the thin-shelled1 and the kernels are fully as valuable when removed and sold as shelled almonds4 ,it may require a little more labor to crack and remove the kernels for market1 but the difference is scarcely worth taking into consideration by the grower4 ,the common sweet1 hard-shelled almond thrives in peach-growing regions as far north as ,central ,new ,york1 and ,i well remember of seeing trees loaded with these nuts1 in my boyhood days1 in the western part of the ,state4 ,the late ,patrick ,barry1 in the ,fruit ,garden1 when referring to this nut1 says3 ,this is a hardy and productive tree1 succeeding well in the climate of ,western ,new ,york1 and still farther north4 ,nut very large1 with a hard shell and a large sweet kernel2 ripe here 7,rochester7 about the first of ,october4 ,the tree is very vigorous1 has smooth1 glaucous leaves1 and when in bloom in the spring is more brilliant and showy than any other fruit tree4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,hard-,,shelled ,,almond4 ,nearly every one of our noted horticulturists who have said anything about almond culture in the ,north1 agree with ,mr4 ,barry in regard to the beauty of this tree and its productiveness2 but it is well to keep in mind that it is no more to be depended upon than the peach1 and the barren years will far outnumber the bearing ones4 ,but the almond is probably as certain here as in ,france1 where it is cultivated extensively as an article of commerce1 although a full crop once in about five years is about all that is expected4 ,we can probably do much better than this1 especially if proper attention is given to the production of new varieties adapted to our climate1 as has been done in ,california with the almond1 and here in the ,east with the peach and many other kinds of fruits2 and when such have been secured1 proceed to multiply them in the usual mode of budding upon seedling stocks4 ,soft1 or ,brittle-,shelled1 ,a4 c4 fragilis4--,in this group we have many distinct varieties1 besides others which are known by local names1 but have no permanent and pronounced distinguishing characteristics that would aid in separating them1 should this be desired4 ,the most common form1 widely known as the sweet-kerneled thin-shelled 7,fig4 #h71 is one of the oldest in cultivation in ,european countries4 ,the flowers usually appear with the leaves1 or before they unfold1 and are large and of a pale rose color4 ,the tree is rather tender for latitudes north of ,philadelphia1 but succeeds southward1 and westward to the ,pacific1 if late frosts do not come to destroy the flowers or embryo nuts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,thin-,,shelled ,,almond4 ,large ,fruited ,almond1 ,a4 c4 macrocarpa4--,this is an old ,french variety1 and perhaps most widely known as the ,sultana1 although the latter name is often applied in market to almost every variety of sweet almond4 ,the leaves of the genuine variety are much broader than those of the preceding groups1 and are smooth and deep green4 ,flowers very large and showy1 of a pale rose color1 and always appear in spring before the leaves1 and for this reason it has long been cultivated in ,england as an ornamental tree4 ,fruit large1 depressed or flattened at the base1 but pointed at the top4 ,shell rather hard and firm1 and will withstand rough handling and transportation long distances4 ,kernel very sweet and tender1 hence highly prized everywhere4 ,there are several sub-varieties2 one1 known as the ,pistache almond1 is highly esteemed for the table1 on account of its delicate flavor1 although it is very small and not popular for commercial purposes4 ,the ,peach ,almond1 ,a4 c4 persicoides4--,this is another old variety1 described by ,du ,hamel about the middle of the last century1 under the name of ,amandier-,pecher1 or peach-leaved almond4 ,leaves similar to those of the common peach4 ,fruit ovate1 obtuse2 husk slightly succulent2 shell of a yellowish color1 and the kernel sweet-flavored and excellent4 ,du ,hamel says the fruit varies widely1 even upon the same tree or branch1 some having a dry1 thin husk1 while on others it is soft and fleshy1 somewhat like that of the peach4 ,as the almond and peach are of the same species1 it would not be at all strange if an occasional variety raised from the seed of either class should diverge towards1 or even pass completely over to a closely allied group4 ,from the varieties found in the forementioned groups we must seek to find1 or produce therefrom1 those which will succeed in this country wherever it may be thought desirable to attempt the cultivation of this nut4 ,so far as my knowledge extends1 no attempts have1 as yet1 been made to produce distinct ,american varieties in the ,eastern ,states1 as with its near relative1 the peach1 but all the almonds thus far cultivated here are of well-known foreign varieties4 ,perhaps the demand for almond trees has not been sufficient heretofore to encourage very extended experiments in this direction1 but ,i cannot believe that our people will continue for another century to import millions of pounds annually of almonds if it is possible to raise them in this country4 ,that it is possible on the ,pacific coast has already been fully demonstrated1 but we want to see the field greatly enlarged1 and give the people of the ,eastern ,states a share in what is evidently soon to become a large and profitable industry4 ,ornamental ,varieties of the ,almond4--,these are only referred to because some of the many in cultivation belong to the groups producing the most valuable nuts1 but the greater part of the purely ornamental varieties are worthless for other purposes4 ,amygdalus cochinchinensis grows to quite a large tree in its native country1 or thirty to forty feet high2 flowers small1 white1 produced in long racemes2 tender4 ,a4 orientalis1 a small shrub1 with grayish or hoary leaves1 and small rose-colored flowers2 sometimes cultivated under the name of argentea1 or ,silvery almond4 ,a4 incana 7hoary7 is another dwarf species1 from the ,caucasus1 with solitary red flowers4 ,a4 nana and ,a4 pumila are oriental species of very dwarf shrubs1 with either red or white flowers4 ,the double-flowering varieties of these have long been inhabitants of our gardens4 ,properties and ,uses4--,for domestic purposes the almond is highly esteemed wherever it is known1 and is employed in hundreds of different ways in the preparation of appetizing dishes and dainties for the table4 ,in countries where this nut is in cultivation1 it is brought to the table in the half-opened green husk1 for at this time the kernels are just passing from the milky stage1 and are considered more readily digested than later1 or when fully ripe4 ,but it is only when they are fully mature that they are gathered for market1 and after thorough drying they are placed in strong sacks and distributed among dealers in all parts of the world4 ,but only certain varieties are exported in this condition1 and principally those with very thin shells1 because these are most in demand1 for the table and dessert1 where the almond is not a home product4 ,other sweet varieties1 whether with very hard or very tender shells1 are cracked and only the kernels exported4 ,the importation of shelled almonds into this country is somewhat in excess of the unshelled1 and as they are of greater value per pound1 the duty levied is proportionally higher4 ,there is also a great saving to the importer and consumer1--not only in freight1 but the extraction of the kernels is done in countries where labor is abundant and cheap4 ,whether the almond shells are used for any purpose in ,european countries1 or are considered as wholly a waste product1 ,i have been unable to learn1 but it is asserted1 and by men whose word is worthy of credence1 that almond shells ground into a fine golden colored flour1 is much used in this country for adulterating red pepper1 cinnamon and other spices4 ,almonds are not only used extensively at all times and seasons1 by persons of all ages and sexes1 at table and elsewhere1 but they are employed largely in the making of fancy confectionery with sugar1 or in the form of salted almonds1 the kernels having been first thoroughly steamed or scalded1 to remove the skin1 and then rolled or dusted with fine salt4 ,prepared in this way they are usually considered more readily digestible and healthful than in their natural state4 ,sweet almonds are also valued in the form of emulsions1 as a medicine in pulmonary disorders1 and the oil of almonds is a common standard article in the stock of druggists everywhere1 as it enters into the composition of cosmetics1 syrups1 pastes and powders of various kinds4 ,the kernels of the wild bitter almond contain a poisonous principle known as hydrocyanic or ,prussic acid1 which does not exist in the sweet varieties1 although found in their leaves and the bark of their twigs4 ,but as bitter almonds are not palatable1 there is little danger of anyone being poisoned from eating them1 should these nuts ever be cultivated here for any special purpose1 as in other countries4 ,insects and ,diseases4--,whenever the almond tree becomes common here in orchards it will doubtless suffer from the attacks of the same kinds of natural enemies as affect the peach4 ,one of the most widely distributed of these pests is the common peach-tree borer4 ,the parents of these borers are small1 slender-bodied1 bluish1 transparent-winged moths1 the male somewhat smaller than the female4 ,these moths usually appear in this latitude during the month of ,june1 and the female deposits her eggs on the stems of the trees near the surface of the ground1 or a little below it if she can find a convenient opening to suit her purpose4 ,the eggs deposited soon hatch1 and the young larvae bore through the tender bark at this point1 and when fairly under it1 branch off1 cutting galleries through the soft alburnum underneath4 ,when a number of these borers are at work on the same tree they sometimes girdle and kill it the first season1 especially if it is young or a small specimen4 ,but if the tree is not killed outright it will show1 by the check to its growth1 that borers are at work4 ,the borers continue feeding throughout the remainder of the season1 and up to the time freezing weather sets in for the winter1 and if not full grown at this time they will finish their growth early in spring1 then crawl to near the outside1 or just under the old bark1 and there spin a thin cocoon1 in which they are transformed to the pupal stage1 remaining in this form for a few weeks1 then issuing in the winged or moth stage4 ,in the line of preventives and remedies there is nothing better than clean cultivation about the trees1 and annual examination of each tree early in summer and the crushing of every borer found4 ,the next best thing1 in the way of a preventive1 is to wrap the stems from a little below the surface of the ground to a foot or more above it with heavy paper1 cloth1 or bark of some kind1 to keep the moth from laying her eggs on the bark of the tree4 ,i have used common tar paper for this purpose1 not only because it is very cheap and does not decay when exposed to the weather1 but the exhalation or odor of tar seems to be offensive to the moths4 ,in the use of this material ,i have never found that it was in the least injurious to the bark underneath4 ,painting the stems with soap1 cement1 clay1 or even common mineral paints1 will answer very well if a little care is given to keeping down the number of insects by removing the larger part of the borers with knife or gouge4 ,in recent years a pest known as the shot-hole borer 7,scolytus rugulosus7 has appeared in many and widely separated localities1 in both the ,eastern and ,western ,states1 attacking the almond1 peach and plum tree4 ,it is supposed to have been introduced from ,europe with imported nursery stock1 and thence rapidly distributed1 by similar means1 through the country4 ,in its perfect stages it is a minute brown beetle1 about one-twelfth of an inch long and one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter4 ,this pest appears about midsummer1 boring numerous minute holes through the bark and into the sapwood underneath1 and in this the female deposits her eggs1 and from these are hatched the little grubs found later feeding on the soft inner bark and alburnous matter beneath it4 ,from every hole made in the bark a small globule of gum will soon appear1 drying upon the surface--thence onward until autumn--and glistening in the sun1 an immutable sign of the presence of a minute but destructive enemy4 ,when the beetles and their eggs are once in possession there is no practical way known of removing them1 and the best thing to be done is to cut down and burn every infested tree1 and just as soon as it is known to be in this condition4 ,there are also several indigenous species of bark beetles1 which will very likely attack almond trees as soon as they are as abundant as peach trees1 but all may be destroyed with the same1 or very similar weapons and materials4 ,what are called preventives consist mainly of substances to be applied to the stems in a semi-liquid form1 and of such a nature as to be offensive to the beetles because of their odor1 taste1 or because so hard that the insects cannot cut through them with their mandibles4 ,common lime whitewash1 soft soap1 whale-oil soap1 or a thin mineral paint made of pure linseed oil1 will answer very well for this purpose if applied often enough to keep the bark constantly coated4 ,of the fungous diseases affecting the almond in this country1 very little is as yet known1 although we may safely include under this head all those that have been inimical to the peach1 for the transition from this tree to the almond would only be a natural sequence4 ,the peach-leaf curl 7,taphrina deformans7 would not be far from home on the almond leaf1 neither could we expect that almond orchards would be wholly exempt from that mysteriously distributed and uncontrollable disease known as peach yellows4 ,in ,california an almond-leaf blight has already appeared and seriously affected the trees in some of the orchards4 ,it is caused by a fungus known as ,cercospora circumscissa ,sacc4 ,this fungus attacks the leaves and young twigs1 causing the former to fall off early in the season1 thereby checking the growth of the tree and preventing the maturing of the fruit4 ,it is thought that remedies may be applied to check this disease1 and there will probably be some form of copper solution employed for destroying it1 as with various species of fungi on other kinds of fruit trees4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,beechnut4 ,fagus1 ,linn4 ,the ,beech4 ,the ,latin name of the genus 7,fagus7 supposed to be an equivalent of the ,greek phegos1 an oak1 or it may be derived from phago1 to eat2 the nuts of this tree having been used as food by man in all ages and countries where it is a native4 ,the modern ,english name1 beech1 was probably derived from the ,anglo-,saxon bece or boc2 in ,dutch it is beuk2 ,french1 hetre2 ,icelandic1 beyk2 ,danish1 bog2 ,swedish1 bok2 ,german1 buche or buoche2 ,russian1 buk2 ,italian1 faggio2 ,armenian1 fao2 and in ,welsh ffawydd4 ,the beech belongs to the order ,cupuliferae1 or oak family4 ,the genus contains about fifteen species of handsome deciduous and evergreen trees1 or shrubs1 very widely distributed throughout the temperate and colder regions of both the northern and southern hemispheres4 ,male flowers are bell-shaped1 in long-stalked drooping heads2 calyx five to seven cleft1 containing numerous stamens4 ,female flowers two to four in a cluster on the summit of the scaly-bracted peduncle2 the inside scales uniting1 forming a four-lobed involucre of imbricated bracts1 the whole becoming at maturity a somewhat prickly1 scaly bur1 within which are found a pair of sharp-edged triangular nuts1 containing a tender and sweet-flavored kernel4 ,history of the ,beech4--,the common beeches of both ,europe and ,north ,america are so closely related that the two species may be considered as one for all practical purposes1 such as propagation1 cultivation1 and value of the wood and nuts4 ,it is true1 however1 that our native beech is not environed with ancient myths and stories of love and war1 neither is it celebrated in poetry and song1 yet it has1 doubtless1 played just as noble a part in human affairs among the pre-historic races of ,america as those recorded of its ,european contemporary4 ,as the beech in ,europe is found in the forests of ,great ,britain1 ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,france1 ,germany1 and southward to ,constantinople1 ,palestine1 ,asia ,minor and ,armenia1 it was well known and highly appreciated by all the early inhabitants of these countries1 and is frequently referred to by the earlier writers of ,greece and ,rome who touch upon the rural affairs of their times4 ,it is supposed that ,theophrastus refers to the beech under the name of ,oxua1 and ,dioscorides as ,phegos1 and the latter author places it among the oaks1 in which he was not far out of the way1 because the beech is a member of the oak family in our modern classification4 ,virgil and ,pliny speak highly of the little triangular nuts1 and the people of their times set considerable value upon beech-nuts as an article of food4 ,pliny also assures us that at the siege of ,chios1 the besieged inhabitants lived for some time entirely on these nuts4 ,we are inclined to think1 however1 that both ,virgil and ,pliny are in error when they tell us that the beech was propagated by being grafted on the chestnut4 ,they were probably led astray in this by some romancing gardener of their time1 for we even have some of the same ilk with us at this day4 ,pliny refers to the beech several times in his writings1 and places a much higher value upon this nut than he does upon the chestnut2 in fact1 speaks rather contemptuously of the latter1 and seems to be surprised that nature should have taken such care of the nuts1 which he calls vilissima1 as to enclose them with a prickly involucre or bur4 ,but my limited space will not allow of tracing the history of the beech from ancient to modern times1 although it has always been esteemed as food for man1 as well as for wild and domesticated animals4 ,swine fattened on beech and oak mast have for ages been noted for their excellent flesh1 and the value of many an old estate in ,great ,britain was determined more upon the mast the forest produced1 than the area or number of square miles they contained4 ,as a monumental tree the beech has no rival1 for its smooth gray bark1 perennial and almost unchangeable1 has ever been a convenient place to register challenges to enemies1 epitaphs1 epithets1 and probably more frequently than all1 the initials of the name of some loved one1 who might possibly pass that way and find her name engraved on the beechen tree4 ,i doubt much if there is a beech grove in all ,europe or in ,america1 within a convenient distance of a city1 country village or schoolhouse1 on which the bark of the trees is not scarified by the knives of boys in recording the initials of their own names1 and those of their favorites of the opposite sex4 ,these living registers were long ago recognized by the poets1 and more than eighteen centuries ago ,virgil admits it in these lines3 ,or shall ,i rather the sad verse repeat1 ,which on the beech's bark ,i lately writ4 ,in more modern times ,tasso hints of the same habit1 in ,jerusalem ,delivered1 to wit3 ,on the smooth beechen rind1 the pensive dame ,carves in a thousand forms her ,tancred's name4 ,that the ,spanish youths were not oblivious to their opportunities for recording the names of their favorites we must assume to be true1 from the lines of ,don ,luis de ,gongora1 who tells us that3 ,not a beech but bears some cipher1 ,tender word1 or amorous text4 ,if one vale sounds ,angelina1 ,angelina sounds the next4 ,propagation of the ,beech4--,the beech1 in all its species and varieties1 may be propagated by the usual modes1 viz43 ,by seed1 layers1 budding and grafting4 ,the seeds1 when gathered1 should be mixed with clean1 sharp1 moist sand1 placed in boxes1 and then stored in a cool or cold place and carefully protected from mice1 until the time arrives for sowing in spring4 ,they may also be sown in the fall and lightly covered with leaf mold or other light soil1 but unless coated with tar or some offensive poisonous substance1 vermin of some form will be very likely to find them and leave few to grow4 ,seedlings are used for stocks upon which to work the many varieties in cultivation2 but as ,i am not writing this for the encouragement of propagators of purely ornamental trees1 ,i will omit giving any very extended description of the different modes of propagating the beech1 further than to say that should remarkably fine varieties with extra-sized nuts be discovered or produced1 they can be perpetuated and multiplied by the same processes adopted for other kinds of nut trees4 ,soil and ,location4--,the beeches of ,northern countries1 in their many varieties1 thrive best in a cool1 moist soil1 for their roots rarely penetrate very deeply1 but spread out widely and near the surface1 forming an intricate network1 which will try the patience of the woodman who attempts to clear away a forest of beech and break up the ground4 ,in this country1 as well as in ,europe1 the beech thrives in calcareous soils1 or what is usually termed limestone regions2 consequently1 when transplanted or raised in sandy soils1 or on the red sandstone formation1 light applications of lime are usually found very beneficial2 but more than all1 the beech requires moisture1 and if not planted in a moist soil the surface over the roots should be kept constantly covered with some kind of mulch4 ,species and ,varieties of the ,beech4--,in the ,dictionary of ,gardening1 edited by ,george ,nicholson1 of the ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,england1 the following species of ,fagus are briefly described1 viz3 ,f4 antarctica4--,leaves ovate1 blunt1 glabrous1 attenuated at the base1 doubly dentate1 alternate1 petiolate1 one and a half inches long4 ,a small deciduous tree or shrub1 with rugged1 tortuous branches4 ,native of ,tierra del ,fuego1 ,s4 ,a4 ,f4 betuloides 7birch-like74 ,evergreen beech4--,leaves ovate1 elliptic1 obtuse crenulate1 leathery1 shining glabrous1 round at the base or short footstalks4 ,an evergreen tree1 native of ,tierra del ,fuego1 ,s4 ,a4 ,f4 ferruginea 7rusty74 ,american beech4--,leaves ovate1 acuminate1 thickly toothed1 downy beneath1 ciliate on the margin4 ,a large deciduous tree1 very closely resembling the common ,european species1 from which it is distinguished by its longer1 thinner and less shining leaves4 ,f4 obliqua 7oblique74 ,chile beech4--,leaves ovate1 oblong1 oblique1 somewhat rhomboid1 blunt1 doubly serrated1 entire at the base1 attenuated into the petiole1 and somewhat downy4 ,a hardy deciduous tree1 native of the cooler elevated regions of ,chile1 ,s4 ,a4 ,f4 sylvatica 7sylvan74 ,european beech4--,leaves oblong1 ovate1 obscurely toothed2 margin ciliate4 ,a well-known large deciduous tree1 widely distributed in ,europe from ,norway southward to ,asia ,minor4 ,from this species a large number of ornamental varieties have been produced1 many of them merely accidental variations of the wild forms of the forests1 while others have originated in the seedbeds of nurserymen4 ,but so far as ,i am aware1 no variety has ever been introduced bearing superior or improved forms of nuts4 ,our ,american beech 7,f4 ferruginea7 is a widely distributed tree1 extending from ,nova ,scotia in the north1 south to ,florida1 and westward to ,wisconsin and ,missouri4 ,formerly it was exceedingly abundant1 but like many other of our most valuable forest trees1 it is disappearing before the axe of the woodman1 who has always found a ready sale for beech timber4 ,it is used in the manufacture of plane stocks1 shoe lasts1 handles for paring chisels1 and hundreds of similar articles4 ,beech wood is hard1 firm1 and takes a good polish1 but is not very flexible4 ,it makes excellent fuel1 and ranks next in value to hard maple and hickory for this purpose4 ,in the more northern ,states and where the beech grows to its largest size1 the heartwood is usually of a reddish color2 but here in ,new ,jersey and farther south1 the wood is usually white almost to the center of the tree1 no matter how large it may be4 ,the color of the wood1 however1 does not in any way detract from its value1 for fuel and many other purposes1 although some ,european dendrologists have been deceived into supposing that the white beech was almost or quite worthless4 ,loudon1 in ,arboretum et ,fruticetum ,britannicum1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 in referring to our beech1 says3 ,the wood of the white beech is little valued in ,america1 even for fuel2 and the bark is used for tanning1 but is little esteemed1 etc4 ,but if any one1 in these later years1 has had occasion to purchase beech timber for any purpose1 he has probably learned1 from the price charged1 that it is esteemed1 even for such base purposes as firewood4 ,i am not1 however1 attempting to extol the ,american beech as a timber tree1 but ask that it be given a place among the select ornamental nut-bearing kinds4 ,and ,i think every farmer who has a pasture lot could afford a place for at least one beech tree1 and if there is a low1 moist spot in the field1 or a stony corner1 this will be a suitable place for such a tree2 and the horses1 cattle or sheep out in pasture during hot days in summer will be very grateful for the shade which a wide-spreading specimen will give them4 ,it may be that the owner of said pasture may recall the lines of ,garcilaso3 ,but in calm idlesse laid1 ,supine in the cool shade ,of oak or ilex1 beech or pendant pine1 ,sees his flocks feeding stray1 ,whitening a length of way1 ,or numbers up his homeward-tending kine4 ,he may be sure of one thing1 and that is1 the beech-nuts produced by one or many trees will always be acceptable to the children1 and of these hungry mortals there is likely to be a few1 at least1 roaming about in ages to come1 as in times past4 ,the beech is not really a desirable tree to plant on a lawn or near one's dwelling1 because of its persistent foliage1 which clings to the twigs very late in winter1 and the rustling of the wind through the dry leaves is not soothing to one's nerves1 although not quite as dismal as the moaning pines4 ,in summer1 and until late in autumn1 the ,american beech is a noble and graceful tree1--and if ,i may be allowed the expression1 one of the cleanest of trees2 its large1 thin1 bright-green and glossy leaves retain none of the dust and cast-off material of other trees which may be floating through the air1 but are ever bright and pure4 ,the tree has naturally wide-spreading and somewhat drooping branches1 and should be given plenty of room for development when planted for the nuts or as an ornamental tree4 ,its leaves and the small slender branchlets 7,fig4 #i7 are eaten with avidity by all kinds of farm animals2 consequently1 protection may be required until the trees have reached a hight to be safe from such depredators4 ,beech seedlings do not usually come into bearing in less than twenty to thirty years1 but as no one in this country has ever attempted to cultivate this tree for its nuts1 or search our forests for precocious and superior varieties1 we have to admit that the field remains unexplored1 and as barren of results as it was when our ancestors first discovered ,america4 ,every hunter1 woodman1 farmer and botanist who has roamed through forests where the beech trees grow1 is well aware of the fact that distinct varieties are not at all rare1 some having nuts twice the size of others in the same woods or groves1 and it is possible and probable that some nut culturist in the near future will find time to select these choice wild varieties for cultivation and propagation4 ,it would not1 in my opinion1 be beneath the dignity of our national department of agriculture1 or some of its numerous costly annexes1 to occasionally take into consideration the natural products of this great country1 and determine1 by a series of experiments1 whether or no they were not worthy of attention4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,beechnut ,,leaf1 ,,bur ,,and ,,nut4 ,insects ,injurious to the ,beech4--,no disease has1 as yet1 been known to seriously affect the beech1 and as for insect enemies1 it probably has a less number than any other denizen of our forests4 ,it is true that transplanted trees1 and those left exposed by cutting away protecting neighbors1 are sometimes attacked by borers in the stem1 branches and twigs1 but these enemies naturally follow in the train of debility1 it being one of the immutable economic laws of nature to hasten the demise and decomposition of the half-starved or otherwise enfeebled members of both the animal and vegetable kingdom4 ,isolated beech trees growing by the roadsides in parks and fields are occasionally attacked by a large grayish1 long-horn beetle1 the ,goes pulverulenta4 ,it is about one inch long1 and a rather sturdy beetle of a light grayish color1 and usually infests the branches1 but may occasionally attack the main stem4 ,it is not abundant1 and has seldom been found infesting the beech4 ,there are also two or three borers of the ,buprestis family of beetles which occasionally attack beech trees4 ,they are distinguished by the broad heads and flattened bodies of the grubs1 and they work just beneath the bark in the sapwood1 causing dead patches1 mainly on the south side of the stem and larger branches4 ,if the dead bark is removed and the wounds painted they will soon heal over1 unless the tree is suffering for moisture and nutrients at the roots4 ,a few twig borers1 with an occasional colony of caterpillars on the leaves1 embody about all the insect enemies of the beech calling for any special attention1 but there are a host of different species and kinds ever ready to pounce upon a sickly or dead tree1 whether found in the field or forest4 ,properties and ,uses4--,the beechnut has been so long and favorably known that very little need be said here in regard to its properties and uses4 ,in the forests it affords food for many kinds of birds1 such as the wild turkey1 partridge or grouse1 and especially the pigeon1 and immense flocks of these collect in the beech forests in autumn to feed upon the nuts4 ,deer are very fond of these nuts1 and so are all of the squirrel family1 and the little ground squirrel or chipmunk1 ,tamias striatus1 of our ,northern ,states1 gives us a good practical lesson in the way of preserving the nuts over winter4 ,these little rodents pack away the nuts in small pockets in their burrows and from two to three feet below the surface1 where they are protected from excessive moisture and any considerable change of temperature4 ,the chipmunk always stores the nuts in the ground1 and not in hollow logs1 as is sometimes asserted4 ,the deer-mouse 7,hesperomys leucopus71 however1 does select such places for putting away his winter's supply1 but more frequently he chooses a hollow in the stem of some old tree1 and several feet from the ground4 ,unlike the chipmunk1 this mouse cleans the shells from the kernels1 storing only the latter1 and ,i have often found a quart or more when cutting down trees in winter4 ,these kernels are usually so clean1 bright1 and free from odor1 that it is to be feared the finder always confiscates them for his own use4 ,as the beechnut contains considerable oil1 many schemes have been set on foot1 in ,european countries1 for its extraction and use as a salad oil4 ,early in the last century 7#agba7 ,aaron ,hill1 an ,english poet1 proposed to pay off the national debt from the profits to be derived from the manufacture of beechnut oil2 but his scheme fell through1 like many others of its kind4 ,it is also stated that ,henry ,fielding1 so well known by his delightful stories of ,english society1 once speculated rather largely on the manufacture of beechnut oil4 ,in ,france1 however1 beechnut oil was formerly made in considerable quantities1 and used in cooking fish and as a salad oil4 ,in ,silesia it is used by the country people instead of butter1 and the cakes which remain from the pressure are given to fatten swine1 oxen and poultry4 ,the forests of ,eu and of ,crecy1 in the department of the ,oise1 it is stated by ,duhamel du ,monceau1 have yielded1 in a single season1 more than #b1jjj1jjj bushels of mast1 but probably this referred to all kinds of nuts1 and not beech-nuts alone4 ,years later1 or in #aggi1 ,michaux states that the forests of ,compiegne1 near the ,verberie department of the ,somme1 afforded oil enough to supply the wants of the district for more than half a century4 ,in some parts of ,france beech-nuts are roasted and served as a substitute for coffee4 ,many of these old forests have disappeared1 but other kinds of nut trees are still being planted in ,france1 and the product is simply enormous1 and a source of wealth to the peasant1 as well as the owners of extensive forests and orchards4 ,the beechnut has never been an article of commerce in this country1 and it is rarely seen on sale in either country villages or our larger cities1 not because of its scarcity or want of demand1 but all that the country boys and girls find time to gather are wanted for their own pleasure and use4 ,picking up beech-nuts among the leaves in a forest1 or even after raking off the leaves and then whipping the trees1 is1 at best1 slow and rather tedious work1 as ,i know full well from experience1 and only once do ,i remember of having secured a rounded half bushel as the sum total of many raids on the beech trees in the neighborhood4 ,but as the beechnut is the diamond among the larger and less precious gems of our forests1 we should set a higher value upon it because small and rather difficult to obtain4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,castanopsis4 ,california chestnut4 ,western chinquapin4 ,evergreen chestnut4 ,castanopsis1 ,spach4 ,name derived from ,castanea1 the chestnut4 ,order1 ,cupuliferae4 ,a genus of evergreen shrubs and trees1 intermediate between the oaks 7,quercus7 and the chestnuts 7,castanea74 ,there are about a dozen species indigenous to ,eastern ,asia and the adjacent islands4 ,blume1 in ,flora ,javae1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahbh-cf1 describes three species under ,castanea1 which he found in the mountains and more elevated regions of the ,javanese islands4 ,very little1 however1 is known of these oriental evergreen chestnuts outside of the herbariums of professional botanists1 and they are rarely referred to1 even in standard botanical dictionaries1 or dictionaries of gardening1 and when mentioned they are usually placed in the genus ,castanea4 ,edouard ,spach1 a half-century or more ago1 gave a synopsis of the genus1 for which he proposed the name of ,castanopsis1 and although not recognized by botanists in general for a number of years1 it is now accepted by botanical authorities everywhere4 ,we have but one indigenous species1 and this on the ,pacific coast1 viz3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,leaves ,,and ,,nut ,,of ,,castanopsis ,,chrysophylla4 ,castanopsis chrysophylla1 ,a4 de ,candolle4 ,castanea chrysophylla1 ,douglas4 ,castanea sempervirens1 ,kellogg4 ,leaves coriaceous1 evergreen1 lanceolate or oblong1 one to four inches long1 acuminate or only acutish 7,fig4 #aj71 cuneate at base and shortly petioled1 entire green and glabrous above or somewhat scurfy1 densely scurfy beneath1 with none or few yellow scales2 male aments one to three inches long1 densely pubescent2 styles three1 stout1 glabrous1 divergent2 fruiting involucre with stout divergent spines 7,fig4 #aa7 one-half to one inch long1 subverticillately many branched2 nut usually solitary1 obversely triangular1 six lines long4--,geological ,survey of ,california1 ,botany1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajj4 ,this handsome broad-leaved evergreen tree is indigenous to the elevated regions1 from ,monterey1 ,california1 northward to the ,columbia river in ,oregon4 ,it is also common in the ,sierra ,nevadas at elevations of six thousand feet1 but in its southern limits rarely below ten thousand feet elevation4--,c4 ,s4 ,sargent 7,woods of the ,united ,states74 ,in the warmer and drier regions of ,california it is a mere shrub two to six feet high1 and these dwarf forms have1 in some instances1 been described as varieties4 ,as1 for instance1 ,castanea chrysophylla1 var4 minor1 ,bentham2 ,c4 chrysophylla1 var4 minor1 ,a4 de ,candolle2 and ,c4 chrysophylla1 var4 pumila1 ,vasey4 ,but northward1 where the climate is more moist1 it becomes a large tree fifty to one hundred and twenty feet high1 with a stem two to three feet in diameter4 ,in its wide variation in habit of growth1 this western chinquapin is similar to our ,eastern dwarf chestnut1 which is mainly a low shrub in the more ,southern ,states1 but becomes a fair-sized tree in the ,middle ,states1 or near its northern limits4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,castanopsis ,,bur4 ,i have introduced the ,western chinquapin here among the nut-bearing trees1 not with the idea that it will ever be extensively cultivated for its edible nuts1 but because it is a beautiful broad-leaved evergreen tree1 and of which we have far too few kinds in cultivation to give warmth and a cheerful aspect to our gardens and pleasure grounds in winter4 ,it is true that1 so far as can be learned at this time1 no extended experiments have ever been made to introduce or cultivate the ,castanopsis in the ,atlantic ,states1 consequently nothing positive is known as to whether it will succeed here or not4 ,in its northernmost range it thrives in forests among many kinds of trees and shrubs that are already common in our gardens1 and this leads me to think that specimens or seeds of this tree procured from the mountains of northern ,oregon will withstand the rigors of our climate4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,b4 ,parsons writes me that he first saw ,castanopsis chrysophylla in ,kew ,gardens 7,eng47 thirty-five years ago1 and procured specimens1 which were planted in his gardens at ,flushing1 ,n4 ,y41 but they failed1 presumably because not hardy4 ,it may be that his specimens were raised from nuts procured in the warmer part of ,california1 and1 as with many other ,pacific coast plants1 proved to be tender1 while later introductions of the same species collected in colder localities have proved hardy here4 ,in my experience ,i have found a great difference in the hardiness of trees and plants obtained from the higher and lower levels of the mountains from ,colorado westward to the ,coast range1 for in those regions acclimation extending over thousands of years has developed and fixed certain physiological attributes1 which enables them to readily adapt themselves to similar conditions elsewhere1 especially in the line of temperature4 ,it may make no difference to those who want plants for warm climates1 whether they are obtained from mountain or valley1 but it certainly does to those who value hardiness above all other merits4 ,in horticultural matters we are supposed to confine ourselves within certain natural lines in making experiments1 but if we fail in one1 or one hundred1 it proves little beyond the bare fact that we have not been successful4 ,i have experimented enough to have become somewhat wary of deciding that a thing cannot be done1 or is impossible1 because of my own and others' failures4 ,every practical horticulturist can call to mind many productions which had evaded the pursuit of experimenters for decades and even centuries4 ,for specimens of the nuts1 burs and plants of this handsome nut-bearing tree ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,harden1 of ,stayton1 ,oregon1 who informs me that it grows in the mountains near by to a very large size1 and among such well-known kinds of shrubs and trees as ,rhamnus ,purshianus1 ,cornus ,nuttalli1 ,corylus rostrata1 and various species of conifers which are now more or less common in our ,eastern gardens and parks4 ,the twigs and leaves are shown in ,fig4 #aj1 and below a nut1 and in ,fig4 #aa a bur1 all of natural size4 ,the small conical nut is slightly triangular1 with a rather firm1 brittle shell1 not fibrous as in the acorn and chestnut4 ,the burs are produced singly1 but sometimes several on a twig1 and when mature1 instead of opening by valves1 as in the true chestnut1 they break up irregularly4 ,the kernels are sweet and excellent flavored1 and are sought for by various kinds of birds1 as well as by all the squirrel tribe1 and for this reason it is very difficult to procure specimens1 unless gathered before they are fully ripe4 ,the nuts do not mature the first season1 but pass the winter in a partly developed stage1 usually ripening the second year about midsummer or1 in northern ,oregon1 in ,july4 ,it is quite probable that this ,castanopsis1 when planted in the ,atlantic ,states1 will require a little shade or protection1 like the ,american holly and similar broad-leaved evergreens1 and while it may not thrive anywhere north of ,delaware and ,maryland1 it is worth trying1 as the sole native representative of a genus containing several species of noble evergreen trees4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,chestnut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,chestnut ,,flowers4 ,castanea1 ,tournefort4 ,the ancient classical name derived either from ,castanis1 a town in ,thessaly1 or one in ,pontius1 as historians disagree in regard to its derivation4 ,the genus belongs to the order ,cupuliferae4 ,male flowers irregularly clustered in long1 naked1 cylindrical catkins from the axils of the leaves and on the new shoots of the season4 ,calyx five or six parted2 stamens or pollen-bearing organs seven to fifteen2 anther two-celled4 ,on old1 mature trees1 the male catkins are usually crowded near the end of the short new twigs1 as shown in ,fig4 #ab1 the terminal one productive2 but on young thrifty trees1 wide apart4 ,female flowers always on and near the base of a late-developed male catkin1 sometimes two or three together1--or even six or eight on the chinquapins1--oval or ovoid1 scaly1 prickly1 two- to four-valved involucre or bur2 calyx usually with a four- to six-lobed border crowning the three- to seven-celled ovary2 stigmas bristle-shaped1 and as many in number as there are cells in the ovary4 ,shell of the nut leathery1 not brittle1 ovoid1 two or more together in the larger species1 in others solitary1 or only one in a bur4 ,kernel very thick1 fleshy1 and somewhat plaited1 sweet and edible4 ,both male and female flowers appear late in spring1 the males usually exceedingly so1 exhaling a slightly nauseating odor4 ,the productive male catkins appear the latest1 their base becoming the rachis or stalk supporting the burs1 this rather anomalous arrangement appearing to be a natural provision to secure fertilization in case the earlier catkins failed4 ,the genus ,castanea1 as now restricted1 contains shrubs and large trees1 with simple1 alternate deciduous leaves1 coarsely serrate1 with pointed spiny teeth4 ,indigenous1 and widely distributed over northern ,africa1 southern ,europe1 ,asia and the eastern half of the ,united ,states4 ,the common ,english name of this nut is supposed to be derived from the ,anglo-,saxon cystel1 chestnut1 and cyst-beam or cisten-beam1 chestnut tree2 ,old ,english1 chastein or chesten2 ,old ,german1 chestinna or kestinna2 ,modern ,german1 kestene or kastanie2 ,french1 castaigne or chataigne2 ,provencal1 castanha2 ,spanish1 castana2 ,italian1 castagna1 from the ,latin castanea4 ,history of the ,chestnut4--,the so-called ,european chestnut is supposed to be indigenous to ,asia ,minor1 ,armenia1 ,caucasus and northern ,africa1 and from these countries it was introduced and became naturalized throughout the greater part of temperate ,europe1 where it has been cultivated from time immemorial4 ,the ,romans are supposed to have distributed it northward through ,france and ,great ,britain1 and in the latter country there were trees centuries ago of such large size that many of the early ,english authors claimed this tree was indigenous4 ,but in the absence of any natural forests of chestnut1 the claim had to be abandoned4 ,in parts of ,france1 ,italy and ,spain1 the chestnut has become thoroughly naturalized and1 as we may say1 run wild1 but as one of the early investigators says1 in speaking of the abundance of old chestnut trees on the ,apennines1 they are generally scattered over the surface like trees on a well-arranged lawn1 and not crowded and massed1 as they would be in a state of nature or in a forest4 ,on the south side of the ,alps the trees grow up to an altitude of twenty-five hundred feet1 and on the ,pyrenees some two or three hundred feet higher4 ,there are old trees of immense size almost everywhere in the milder regions of ,europe1 and the celebrated monarchs of ,etna have been many times described by travelers4 ,the largest measure one hundred and eighty feet in circumference near the root4 ,all the early ,roman writers who have anything to say about rural affairs1 mention the chestnut as one of their valuable trees1 producing nuts used for various purposes4 ,pliny enumerates eight varieties1 but ,columella appears to place more value upon the timber1 especially the sprouts1 for stakes1 than he does on the nuts4 ,but long before the ,romans began to cultivate the chestnut1 the ,greeks held it in high esteem under the name of ,sardianos ,balanos or ,sardis nut1 and still later it was called ,dios ,balanos ,lopimon4 ,the ,european chestnut has been so frequently and extensively referred to by ancient and modern authors that it would not be at all difficult to fill a large volume with brief extracts from their works1 but my aim is not so much to show what has been done with this nut in other countries as what we may do with it here4 ,all nations who have any experience with it admit its value as food for many wild and domesticated animals1 as well as for the human race1 and we know1 from our long experience with the native species1 that it is highly esteemed wherever known1 although it must be admitted that our sparse population and the abundance of other kinds of food1 have tended to make us careless and neglectful of the indigenous chestnut4 ,it may be well1 before dismissing this brief history of the chestnut1 to add that while nearly all the ancient authors1 in referring to it1 employed its present scientific name of ,castanea1 still1 when botanists first attempted what has since been recognized as the scientific classification of plants1 many of them placed the chestnut in the same genus as the beech1 retaining the generic name of ,fagus for both4 ,linnaeus1 in his ,systema ,naturae1 #agff1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fcj1 describes two species of the chestnut and one of beech in the genus ,fagus1 although ,tournefort1 in his ,history of ,plants ,growing ,about ,paris1 published seventy years before that of ,linnaeus1 had recognized the distinctive characteristics of these two groups of nut trees1 and he adopted the present name of ,castanea for the generic name of the chestnut1 and ,fagus for that of the beech4 ,but nearly all of the ,english and earlier ,american botanists adopted and followed ,linnaeus in his classification1 ignoring the works of the earlier as well as contemporaneous continental botanists4 ,i merely refer to this matter of botanical nomenclature because some of my readers may have occasion to consult the earlier authors who describe ,american plants1 as1 for instance1 such works as ,john ,clayton's ,flora of ,virginia1 #agci1 ,thomas ,walter's ,flora ,caroliniana1 #aghg1 or ,humphrey ,marshall's ,american ,grove1 #aghe4 ,in all of these1 and others1 the chestnut is described as a species of beech 7,fagus74 ,propagation of the ,chestnut4--,the usual mode of propagating the chestnut is from seed1 when trees are wanted for general planting or for stocks upon which to graft improved and rare varieties4 ,under some conditions and circumstances1 it is best to plant the nuts soon after they are ripe in autumn1 and this appears to be the most natural method2 in fact1 it is the way in which forests have been produced and are constantly renewed and perpetuated1 when man does not interfere to prevent it4 ,but nature is in no hurry in such matters1 while man always is1 because his time is limited2 consequently1 in our attempts at the multiplication and cultivation of plants we aim to save both time and material1 therefore cannot afford to adopt nature's slow and wasteful processes4 ,the principal objection to planting chestnuts in the fall is the danger of having them destroyed by vermin1 which abound almost everywhere4 ,there is also danger of the nuts sprouting prematurely in the autumn1 and of the young growth being killed by cold or by excessive moisture during late fall rains4 ,but these natural enemies and obstacles prevent an excess in number and the overcrowding of trees in our forests4 ,it is1 no doubt1 possible and practicable to smear the nuts with poisonous substances1 or those sufficiently offensive to prevent the depredations of vermin1 but taking all things into consideration1 ,i am decidedly in favor of preserving the nuts in bulk and in a dormant state until the season arrives for insuring a rapid and continuous growth1 and then planting them4 ,to do this in our cold northern climate1 as well as in the ,south1 requires more care and attention with chestnuts than with the harder-shelled kinds1 like the walnut and hickory nut4 ,as a rule1 it may be said that all the hardy kinds of nuts sprout at a rather low temperature and a few degrees above the freezing point1 and for this reason it is well to select as cool a spot in the open ground as possible for their winter quarters1 and then examine them as early as can be done conveniently in the spring4 ,in this matter of manipulating and preserving chestnuts for planting1 as well as what follows in regard to transplanting1 pruning and grafting1 ,i shall give my own practice1 with results2 and while it may differ from that of other propagators1 it is one evolved from long experience1 many successes1 and a few failures4 ,gathering and ,assorting ,nuts4--,when the nuts begin to ripen and fall1 gather as soon as possible1 and if the trees are on your own grounds and will admit of such an operation1 thrash them and secure the entire crop at once4 ,the object of this early gathering is to collect the false and weevil-infested specimens and destroy them4 ,but in whatever way the nuts are collected1 they should be stored in the shade and in shallow boxes1 or spread out on a tight floor2 but the better way would be on screens over a floor1 and then when the grubs worked their way downward through the nuts and screen1 they would fall upon the floor1 from which they could be taken up and burned or otherwise destroyed4 ,the nuts1 while on the screen or other receptacle1 should be stirred over daily for two or three weeks1 and by that time they will be in good condition for either planting or packing away for the winter4 ,but before finally disposing of the nuts in either way1 they should be carefully looked over1 and every shrunken specimen1 as well as all with punctured shells from which the grubs have escaped1 removed from among the sound stock1 because these damaged nuts are not only useless1 but are very likely to decay and affect all with which they come in contact4 ,it is not to be expected that by such means or handling we can get rid of all the grubs enclosed in the nuts when gathered1 for there will always be a few not more than half grown at the time1 and these will remain hidden in the nuts until midwinter1 or later1 but the greater part of the brood will reach maturity within two or three weeks after the nuts are ripe4 ,of course1 what is said here about chestnut weevils is only applicable to chestnuts grown in this country1 but all species and varieties1 when planted here1 are subject to the attacks of this pest--at least1 everywhere in the ,eastern and ,southern ,states4 ,having assorted the nuts carefully1 the sound ones should be reserved for planting2 these should be mixed with or stratified with moist1 sharp sand1 and stored in boxes of convenient size for handling and examination1 whenever this is required4 ,in preparing the boxes1 bore a number of small holes through the bottom1 and over each of these lay a piece of a broken flower-pot1 brick or stone1 then cover the bottom one inch deep with the moist sand1 and on this place a single layer of nuts1 then fill in all interstices with sand1 and also use enough more to fairly cover the layer2 and proceed in this way until all the nuts are disposed of or the box is full1 covering the top layer one or two inches deep1 because the sand will settle some after the work seems complete4 ,the boxes may be covered with fine wire netting or with narrow strips of boards1 fitting these so that mice cannot get in1 but should not be air-tight4 ,they may then be buried in the open ground1 selecting some knoll or dry spot for this purpose1 for the nuts should not be placed where they will be submerged1 or even be watersoaked1 at any time during the fall1 winter or early spring4 ,if no such spot is conveniently near1 then set the boxes on the top of the ground1 and on the north side of some building or in the shade of an evergreen tree1 and bank over with soil1 covering the boxes a foot deep4 ,if the spot selected is under the eaves of a building1 place boards over the heap of soil1 to carry off the water1 for the object is to keep the nuts moderately moist1 cool1 and where they will not be subjected to frequent changes of temperature4 ,in our ,northern ,states the nuts1 under such conditions1 usually become frozen during the coldest weather1 but this does not injure them if the sand is moist and they remain frozen1 as there will be no danger of germination2 while if kept too warm1 they may start to grow before the seedbed is ready1 in spring1 for their reception4 ,i have tried keeping the nuts mixed with sand in a cool cellar1 also in outbuildings1 but have not found any other place so certain as pits in the open ground4 ,seedbed and ,soil4--,it is well to have the seedbed prepared the previous autumn1 but it is not absolutely necessary4 ,the soil for the bed should be light1 either sandy or loamy1 and if not rich1 made so by adding very old and fine stable manure1 or leaf mold from the forest--,i prefer the latter1 as it is the most natural for all kinds of seedling nut trees4 ,whatever fertilizing materials are used1 they should be placed on or near the surface1 and never worked in deeply1 for our aim should be the production of side or lateral fibers1 and not coarse perpendicular roots4 ,furthermore1 seedling nut trees grown on light1 sandy soils or in pure leaf mold1 produce a far greater number of small fibrous roots than on heavy soils1 and this is a decided advantage with those which are to be transplanted4 ,planting the ,nuts4--,when the time arrives for planting1 take the nuts from their winter quarters1 and after sifting out the sand1 sow or drop them in drills1 covering about two inches deep with fine soil4 ,with the small native varieties my practice has been to sow in wide drills2 that is1 those made with the blade of a common garden hoe1 and of the same width1 the nuts being scattered along the bottom two to three inches apart4 ,the soil is then drawn in over them and pressed down with the back of the hoe1 or by passing a light garden roller over the surface4 ,if the size of the seedbed is not limited1 or only a small quantity of nuts are to be sown1 then the single row would be preferable1 because less hand weeding will be needed to subdue the weeds1 and for all the larger varieties ,i should certainly recommend it1 because they are of a more stocky growth4 ,the distance allowed between the drills will depend somewhat upon the implements to be employed in cultivation1 as well as how long the seedlings are to remain in the seedbed before transplanting1 but from two to three feet will be found convenient for the ordinary modes of cultivation4 ,if the seedlings make a fair average growth the first season they will be from one to three feet high in the autumn1 and as soon as the leaves have fallen they may be taken up1 or allowed to remain until the following spring and then lifted4 ,but if1 from any cause1 they have made a feeble growth1 it is better to let them remain in the seedbed another year4 ,where large quantities of seedlings are raised they are usually taken up with a tree-digger drawn by a span of horses or mules1 but with only a few hundred or a thousand to dig1 a common spade will answer every purpose2 and if1 when removed from the seedbed1 they are found to have produced long perpendicular taproots1 these should be shortened to about one-half their original length4 ,for instance1 if these taproots are taken up entire and are eighteen to twenty inches long1 cut away the lower half1 whether it consists of one or more long perpendicular roots1 as this pruning will force the plants to produce a greater number of lateral roots1 and it is upon these we depend mainly for keeping our trees alive and vigorous if transplanted when larger and older4 ,all side branches should be pruned off close to the main stem1 for we aim to favor the latter in its growth upward until it reaches the required hight for either grafting or forming the future head of the tree4 ,in taking up seedlings1 it is not safe to leave them for any considerable time exposed to the sun and drying winds1 and they should be carried either to a shed or other building while being pruned1 and also covered with blankets in the field1 except during moist1 cloudy days4 ,a very little drying of the small fibers on such plants is always more or less injurious4 ,planting in ,nursery ,rows4--,after the seedlings have been taken from the seedbed and pruned1 they should be set out in nursery rows1 four feet apart1 and the plants about eighteen inches in the row4 ,trenches should be opened for the reception of the plants1 and wide enough to allow all the roots to be spread out in a natural position2 and it is well to set a little deeper than the seedlings were in the seedbed1 because newly plowed ground will settle some after the planting is finished1 although the soil should always be packed firmly about the stems of newly set trees1 whether large or small4 ,the more frequent and thorough the cultivation during the ensuing summer1 the more rapid will be the growth of the trees4 ,if the transplanted seedlings have produced any considerable number of side branches1--and especially1 low down1--these may be pruned off at any time during the summer1 for our object is usually to secure straight1 upright stems for grafting the following spring1 if they are large and tall enough2 if not1 we may delay this operation for another year4 ,of course1 small chestnut stocks may be grafted close to the ground1 but there is nothing really gained by this1 for a good strong stock will push a cion forward more in one season than a weak stock in two or three seasons4 ,but when the stocks have reached a diameter of from three-eighths to one-half an inch three or four feet from the ground1 they may be grafted1 but ,i would prefer to have them a little over than under these sizes4 ,stocks ,from the ,forests4--,it is not necessary for a man who may need a few chestnut stocks for experimental or other purposes1 to wait until they can be grown from the nut1 because these can always be purchased at the nurseries2 but if one does not wish to incur even this small outlay1 it may be avoided by obtaining a supply from the forests1 provided there are any in the neighborhood where chestnut seedlings are to be found1 and the owner will permit their removal4 ,the best wild stocks are usually to be found in recent clearings1 or where the larger trees have been cut off for timber1 and the underbrush1 composed of seedlings and sprouts1 is left to grow up again into a forest4 ,there are many thousands of acres in ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 and other ,eastern ,states1 from which the timber is cut every twenty or thirty years1 and no further attention paid to the land or what it produces4 ,wherever such clearings are found containing chestnut trees1 good stocks can usually be procured by selecting those varying from one to two inches in diameter at the ground1 and if the soil in which they are growing is rather poor and stony they will usually have pretty good roots1 if carefully taken up4 ,they should be pruned to a single stem1 and this cut off at a hight of from five to six feet or less1 then planted where they are to remain permanently4 ,such stocks1 if carefully taken up and planted1 will throw out numerous sprouts from their stems during the summer1 but all should be rubbed off while small and tender1 except three or four at the top1 and the following spring1 if wanted for this purpose1 they may be grafted in the same way as the young stocks growing in the nursery1 thereby saving three or four years of time in securing bearing trees4 ,having often employed such wildings for stocks with just as good results as with those raised from the nuts in nursery rows1 ,i am inclined to recommend them1 where obtainable1 knowing that there are thousands of farmers and owners of small places in the country who can do likewise1 but may have never thought it practicable to transplant nut trees from the forest1 although well aware of the fact that elms1 maples1 and similar kinds were obtained there1 and in immense numbers1 for planting in the streets of villages and alongside country highways4 ,the ,season for ,grafting4--,the proper time for grafting the chestnut is in early spring1 just as the buds begin to swell1 but not until all danger of freezing weather is past1 although light frosts will not seriously injure newly set cions4 ,the grafting may be continued while the leaves are unfolding1 provided the cions were cut early and stored in a cool place1 where they remain in a dormant state until used4 ,i usually cut the shoots wanted for this purpose during the late fall or winter1 and then pack them away in a cool cellar between layers of damp moss 7sphagnum7 to be obtained in almost any swamp4 ,cions may be taken from the tree on the same day that they are used1 but there is some risk in this1 because we cannot control the weather1 and a week of warm rain in spring may delay us in grafting1 while it is pushing our stocks into leaf2 and then1 our dormant cions are available1 while those on the trees are not1 owing to their expanded and tender buds4 ,the shoots used for cions are those of the previous season's growth1 or as usually termed1 one-year-old wood2 and in selecting these1 endeavor to get such as are plump1 well ripened and firm4 ,if taken from young and very thrifty chestnut trees1 there is likely to be a considerable portion of the upper end of the shoot that is rather soft1 spongy and immature1 and this should be discarded1 as it would be a waste of time to use it4 ,of course1 ,i am supposing that the grafter is so fortunate as to be able to make his own selection of the wood desired2 if not1 then he may be compelled to do the best he can with that obtained elsewhere4 ,grafting ,materials4--,the really essential materials and implements required in grafting nut trees are few in number4 ,grafting wax must be provided1 and while there are many different compositions used for this purpose1 ,i much prefer1 for ordinary work in the open air1 a wax made after the old formula1 and as follows3 ,take one pound of common rosin1 one-half pound of beeswax1 and one-quarter of a pound of beef tallow2 melt together and stir enough to insure the thorough intermingling of the ingredients1 and then set away to cool1 or pour into cold water and work up into cakes or rolls and wrap in paper until wanted for use4 ,larger quantities may be made if required1 preserving the same proportions of the materials used4 ,if to be used immediately in grafting chestnuts and similar trees1 then procure some sheets of tough ,manilla paper of only moderate thickness1 and cut this up into sheets about six inches wide and a foot long4 ,while the fresh-made wax is melted1 take an old and rather stiff paint brush1 dip it into the hot wax and coat the papers thinly with it1 and then spread them out on shelves or elsewhere to cool1 and let them remain undisturbed until wanted for use4 ,any thin kind of cloth may be used instead of paper1 but ,i prefer the latter because it will yield to the pressure of the enlarging stock and cion when growth begins1 and it will not be necessary to examine the grafted stock so frequently during the summer to prevent girdling1 as is usually the case when a tougher material is employed for wrappers4 ,before these waxed sheets are taken into the field for use1 lay each one separately on a piece of board with the waxed side up1 and with the point of a sharp knife cut them crossways into narrow strips of from one-half to three-fourths of an inch wide4 ,but for convenience in handling1 insert the point of the knife a half-inch from one edge1 but cut the other clean through1 so that the whole sheet of strips can be lifted together4 ,in early spring there is usually more or less windy weather1 and if waxed sheets of paper are taken out into the field unprotected they are very likely to become tangled up and useless4 ,to prevent this1 procure a number of large but very shallow paper boxes1 such as can usually be had at the stores and groceries of almost any village1 and in these place a single layer of the cut waxed sheets1 where they will be protected from wind and dust until removed for immediate use4 ,other kinds of grafting wax can1 of course1 be used1 and are usually procurable at the seed stores or made at home1 and ,i have given their composition and the formulas for their manufacture in my work1 ,the ,propagation of ,plants2 but1 as ,i have already said1 this old standard kind of wax is just as good as any other1 although a little more troublesome to use on account of its sticky consistency4 ,raffia or bass may be employed as ligatures for holding the cions in place1 then covered with ,leport's or other kinds of liquid grafting wax2 but when these are employed it will be necessary to examine the grafted trees frequently1 in order to cut the ligatures to prevent girdling4 ,the best implement for grafting is a common broad-blade pocket knife4 ,one with a blade three to three and a half inches long and three-fourths of an inch wide1 is a handy size4 ,it should be of the best material for grafting chestnuts1 because the wood of this tree is coarse-grained1 and so filled with siliceous matter that it soon dulls the keenest blade1 and the grafter will1 of necessity1 have to use his whetstone frequently4 ,in grinding the knife-blade have the sides a true level1 from the back to the edge1 especially the underside when to be held in the right hand with the edge towards the body4 ,the importance of having a blade of this form will soon become apparent when the grafter attempts to make a true sloping cut on either stock or cion1 and it would be well for the novice to practice for an hour or two in splicing some worthless twigs before commencing upon more valuable material1 for even an expert workman is very likely to make some awkward dissections and joints when out of practice4 ,the professional propagator of plants may think such details are unimportant1 but ,i wish to impress upon the amateur that in grafting nut trees we are dealing with kinds that will not respond satisfactorily to such free manipulations as the apple and pear2 consequently1 better and more careful handling is required to insure success4 ,when ready to begin operations in the field1 take out a quantity of the shoots to be used for cions1 and keep them wrapped in damp cloth or packed in a box1 basket or other receptacle with wet moss1 to prevent drying4 ,if any considerable number of stocks are to be grafted1 then an assistant or two will be required1 for the grafter cannot be alternately handling the knife and cions and wax1 and do good work1 but if he only inserts the cions and his assistant applies the waxed ligatures1 the operation will proceed more rapidly and satisfactorily4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,splice ,,graft4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,splice ,,graft ,,inserted4 ,modes of ,grafting4--,the only two modes of grafting that ,i shall recommend for the chestnut are the splice or whip graft1 and the cleft or wedge graft4 ,in the splice graft1 the cion and stock should be of about the same diameter1 but if there is any difference let it be in favor of the stock1 and this the largest4 ,in this mode of grafting1 the stock is cut off with an upward slope1 exposing two or three inches of wood2 and about midway on this slope a small cleft or incision is made1 forming what is called a tongue4 ,the cion is then cut in the same way from the upper end downward1 with a corresponding incision1 as seen in ,fig4 #ac4 ,then the two are neatly fitted together1 the tongue on one entering the cleft on the other1 making a close joint1 as shown in ,fig4 #ad4 ,the bark of the cion and stock should be exactly even on one side at least2 and if they are of the same size1 so much the better1 for then they will be even on both sides2 but we cannot expect to secure such perfect joints on every stock1 or any considerable number1 although we aim to do so as frequently as possible4 ,when the cion is fitted1 the waxed paper is applied by placing one end of the strip at or near the base of the splice1 then wind it spirally and firmly upward until the entire wound is covered4 ,if one of the waxed strips is not enough use another1 for it will do no harm if they are double on a part or all over the joint4 ,the cion should not be much over four inches long1 and a less length is preferable1 but not so convenient for handling4 ,one good prominent bud on each cion is sufficient1 and this left near the upper end1 but on short-jointed wood we may use cions with two or more buds without greatly increasing their length4 ,after the cion is in place and every part of the splice is carefully sealed with the waxed paper1 place a small piece or a little wax on the upper end of the cion1 just enough to cover the exposed wound and prevent evaporation of the natural moisture or sap in the wood4 ,i have found1 in practice1 that this sealing the end of the cion is time well spent2 in fact1 to leave any of the wood cells exposed to the air endangers the success of the operation4 ,young shoots from a quarter of an inch in diameter up to five-eighths may be used for cions1 in splice grafting2 and with a little care in the selection of stocks1 or by cutting them off a few inches higher or lower1 we may readily manage to have them nearly of the same diameter to match our cions1 whether they are large or small1 and such unions will soon heal over1 leaving no scar at the point where the two have been joined4 ,if the new growth or shoot to be employed as a cion is slender and feeble1 then the base of the cion may be of two-year-old wood1 leaving just a bud or two on the upper end of the one-year shoot4 ,but it will seldom be necessary to employ such cions in grafting the chestnut1 although it may occur when seeking to secure wood for propagation1 from very old trees which have made only a feeble annual growth4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,stock4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,cion4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,cleft ,grafting4--,this method is employed principally upon stocks or branches of trees too large for splicing4 ,the stock is first cut off at the point where it is desirable to insert the cion2 then split with a knife1 being careful to divide it1 so that the edges will be kept smooth1 and not rough and ragged 7,fig4 #ae74 ,when the knife blade is withdrawn1 the cleft may be kept open with a hard wood wedge1 if the stock is too large to admit of opening it with the point of the knife when ready to insert the cion4 ,the cion may be three or four inches long1 containing two or more buds2 the lower end is cut wedge-shape1 as shown in ,fig4 #af1 and slightly the thickest on the side to be set against the bark of the stock4 ,in stocks of an inch or more in diameter1 two cions1 one on each side1 may be inserted 7,fig4 #ag71 and if both grow one should be cut away1 else the tree1 in later years1 will be very likely to divide or break apart at this point4 ,in stocks of an inch or less in diameter1 one cion is sufficient1 the top of the stock to be cut off with an upward slope1 as shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,after the cions are inserted1 the entire exposed surface of the wood must be covered with grafting wax or waxed paper1 and usually both may be employed with benefit4 ,all the various forms of grafting in the open air1 as described in my work on the ,propagation of ,plants1 may be employed on the chestnut1 but the two here given will probably answer just as well as others for those who may have occasion to propagate this tree4 ,success in ,grafting4--,the question has been asked many times1 and will1 no doubt1 be frequently repeated1 ,what percentage of cions should one accustomed to grafting make grow8 ,as there are no statistics upon which to base an answer to the question1 ,i can only give my own personal experience1 and this leads me to say that seventy-five per cent may be considered an excellent1 if not a high average4 ,in some seasons this has been exceeded by at least ten per cent1 while in others it has fallen as much or more below1 with no apparent reason for the difference4 ,ninety-five per cent of the cions may push their buds1 or even make a growth of several inches1 then begin to die off2 consequently1 the time to count your successfully grafted trees is in the autumn1 and not in spring or midsummer1 as it is to be feared some are in the habit of doing when making a report upon what they call success in grafting nut trees4 ,growth of ,cions4--,cions set in strong stocks usually make a very rapid and vigorous growth1 and if left unchecked1 there is danger of loss by being broken or blown off by strong winds during the summer and autumn4 ,to prevent this as much as possible1 it has been my practice to pinch off the ends of the young shoots when they are about two feet long4 ,lateral shoots will then push out freely1 and in some seasons it may be necessary to check their growth in the same way later4 ,on feeble stocks1 or those quite small1 and with the less vigorous growing varieties1 no summer pinching or pruning will be required4 ,my experimental grounds are well protected upon the north and west1 not only by rising ground1 but by ,norway spruce and ,american arbor vitae hedges twice as high as the grafted chestnut trees in the nursery rows1 and yet almost every season some of the stronger-growing grafts are blown out or broken off by the wind4 ,after the first season there is little danger of injury1 probably because the union between cion and stock has become stronger4 ,grafting ,chestnut ,sprouts4--,in grafting the vigorous sprouts that always spring up from the stumps of old trees that have been recently cut down1 we may reasonably expect a prodigious growth of the cion the first season1 as well as in succeeding ones1 and if all goes well with them we will secure large bearing trees in a very few years1 but such stocks are only available where old trees are sacrificed for their timber or other purposes4 ,having a few such sprouts on my place1 they have been utilized from time to time in testing some of the newer varieties4 ,in one instance ,i allowed the cion1 set on a sprout about one inch in diameter1 six feet from the base1 to grow unchecked throughout the season1 as it was in a protected position1 and in the fall the entire length of the main stem and lateral branches was sixty-five feet1 and all from one bud on a cion set early in the spring4 ,the third year this tree bore about a peck of very large nuts1 to which ,i shall have occasion to refer again under ,injurious ,insects4 ,grafting ,large ,trees4--,grafting large chestnut trees with stems of six inches or more in diameter1 and with large spreading heads1 is possible1 but far from being economical or practicable1 especially if the trees stand out where they will get the full sweep of prevailing winds4 ,by cutting off and grafting a few of the branches at a time for several seasons in succession1 one may1 in a few years1 succeed in getting the entire head grafted1 but there is constant danger of some of the cions being broken out if they make a vigorous growth1 leaving a distorted and ill-shapen tree4 ,having experimented somewhat in this line with variable success1 ,i am not inclined to recommend it1 because ten trees can be raised to a bearing age on moderate-sized stocks with less labor1 and the results will be more satisfactory4 ,budding ,chestnuts4--,i have frequently tried budding chestnut stocks as described for the almond1 and extensively employed with other kinds of fruit trees4 ,but the results of my experiments have been unsatisfactory1 although buds were set from very early in summer until late in the fall1 also on young and old wood2 but so few have taken and remained alive over winter that my personal experience in this mode of propagation will not justify its recommendation to others4 ,perhaps there is some secret connected with the operation that ,i have not yet discovered1 but which is known to other propagators4 ,of course1 budding with semi-dormant wood and buds in spring1 as soon as the bark will peel from the wood1 is practicable1 but there is really nothing to be gained by this mode of propagation over that of grafting4 ,transplanting and ,pruning4--,there is no tree that will bear or withstand more severe pruning than the chestnut4 ,if trees of one or five hundred years of age are cut down1 the stumps are sure to throw up an immense number of sprouts from adventitious buds1 as these are readily produced at almost any point on the sapwood or alburnum under the bark2 and yet1 with this inherent vitality and faculty of recuperation1 the chestnut tree does not naturally1 like many other deciduous kinds1 throw up suckers from the roots4 ,keeping this peculiarity in mind1 the cultivator has only to use his pruning knife freely upon the trees to secure almost any form desired4 ,but after the trees have become well established1 very little pruning will be required1 except to occasionally thin out or remove a rambling branch1 to secure a well-balanced and shapely head to the tree4 ,in transplanting from the nursery rows1 after grafting1 and especially if the trees are of some considerable size and large enough to set where they are to remain permanently1 there is sure to be a loss of roots1 and those that are preserved are likely to remain for a short time inactive and incapable of absorbing nutrients from the soil to which they are transferred1 or until new rootlets are produced4 ,under these conditions we aim to favor the roots by removing or cutting back the greater part of the branches4 ,no matter how carefully such trees are lifted and their roots protected during the operation of transplanting1 it will check the growth1 and the best and most practical restorative is severe pruning of the top1 and every young shoot of the previous season's growth should be cut back to within three or four inches of its base4 ,i am presuming that the trees have been grafted only one year1 but if older1 and the cions were set high enough to begin the formation of the head of the tree1 then the entire young growth may be cut away and some of the older wood1 but of course not below the graft4 ,all broken roots must be cut off2 and the ends of the larger ones1 roughly severed with the spade or other implements employed in digging1 should have their wounds smoothed with a sharp knife4 ,frequent transplanting and root-pruning young nursery stock tends to keep up a proper root system1 and an abundance of small fibrous roots near the main stem1 and trees so treated are worth much more1 if to be transplanted later1 than those left undisturbed2 but while the latter may be twice the size of the former when of the same age1 they are not worth half as much to the purchaser1 or for transplanting in our own grounds4 ,staking ,transplanted ,trees4--,this is always necessary for recently planted trees1 if they are of any considerable size1 or from six feet high and upwards4 ,if not supported by stakes they are sure to be swayed about1 if not thrown over1 by strong winds in summer4 ,a strong stake1 two or three inches in diameter1 would better be set at the time of planting the tree1 thereby avoiding breaking off or crushing the roots1 as frequently happens when stakes are driven down among them later in the season4 ,set the stakes or drive into the subsoil six inches from the stem1 then use strips of cloth1 sacks1 carpet1 or some similar material1 for tying1 because hard cord or twine will be very likely to cut through the tender bark from the constant swaying about of the stems4 ,wind the strips around the stem1 and then cross between it and the stake once or twice1 to prevent the tree from pressing against or coming in contact with the stake4 ,renew the stakes and tying materials1 if necessary1 until the trees become firmly established1 and provided with lateral roots large enough to keep them in an upright position4 ,mulching4--,placing a few forkfuls of coarse stable manure1 half-rotted straw1 leaves1 or any similar material1 on the surface about the stems of recently planted trees1 will prove very beneficial1 in not only keeping down the weeds1 but aiding greatly in retaining moisture in the soil about the roots4 ,the application of some such material as a mulch is all the more important with the chestnut1 because these trees are always to be planted in a naturally dry and well drained soil4 ,distance ,between ,trees4--,how far apart chestnut trees should be planted will depend very much upon the species and varieties1 some growing to immense trees1 while others are only fair-sized shrubs at maturity4 ,but for the larger-growing varieties1 forty to fifty feet between the trees is none too much space1 when planted for their nuts and not for timber4 ,if set in a single row along the public highways1 farm lanes or around the outbuildings1 to serve as shade or ornament1 and for their nuts1 then about forty feet will answer very well for the larger-growing species2 and ,i will add that1 in my opinion1 all the larger kinds of nut trees will give better returns if placed in such positions1 than when set in orchards or in compact masses4 ,when set in single rows or widely scattered1 they are less liable to be attacked by insects and diseases1 while they will still serve the double purpose of being both ornamental and useful4 ,i must admit1 however1 that in my experimental grounds the trees are planted only twenty feet apart1 but with the expectation of soon cutting out every alternate specimen4 ,soil and ,climate4--,the chestnut thrives best in light1 well-drained soils1 and those containing a large proportion of sand or decomposed quartz1 slate1 or volcanic scoria2 but it is rarely found1 nor does it succeed1 in heavy clays1 limestone soils1 or on the rich western prairies1 where we might think it would grow most luxuriantly4 ,that limestone soils are inimical to the chestnut has often been disputed1 but my own observations1 which have been somewhat extensive in years and range of country1 rather confirm the impression that this tree avoids land containing any considerable percentage of lime4 ,it is true that chestnut groves1 and sometimes extensive forests1 are found on hills and ridges overlying limestone1 but a careful examination of the soil among the trees will show that it is a drift deposit containing little or no lime4 ,such groves can be found in all the southern tier of counties of ,new ,york1 also among the hills of northern and western parts of ,new ,jersey1 and thence west and south along the ,blue ,ridge and ,alleghany mountains to the ,carolinas1 and westward in ,tennessee and ,kentucky4 ,the chestnut is sometimes found in ,new ,jersey and other northern ,atlantic ,states growing in considerable abundance near streams only a few feet above sea level1 but when found in such situations the subsoil is invariably sand1 gravel or porous shale4 ,the range of climate in which the native sweet chestnut thrives is quite extensive1 as it is found sparingly in ,maine in latitude #dd deg41 extending westward1--but not very abundant on this line1--through ,new ,england and ,new ,york1 crossing the ,niagara river1 skirting the north shore of ,lake ,erie in ,canada1 and thence into southern ,michigan1 but does not reach ,illinois4 ,from this line southward it increases in abundance in ,virginia1 western ,north ,carolina and eastern ,tennessee and ,kentucky4 ,but in following this tree southward we meet another indigenous species1 widely known as the chinquapin 7,castanea pumila74 ,this species is indigenous to southern ,new ,jersey1 and sparingly in parts of ,pennsylvania1 becoming more plentiful as we proceed southward1 the two species named overlapping and in part occupying the same region2 but the chinquapin extends further south1 and also to the westward1 near its northern limits crossing the ,mississippi into southern ,missouri1 then extends south again1 becoming quite abundant in ,arkansas4 ,the ,european chestnut1 in its many varieties1 extends over about the same number of degrees of latitude in ,europe as our species do here1 although reaching a higher latitude in countries bordering on the ,atlantic1 as shown in the old chestnut trees of ,england4 ,the ,oriental chestnut has also a very wide range1 but the limits are not so well known as those of the ,european and ,american species2 but a study of its geographical distribution is of considerable importance1 now that we are importing these nuts for cultivation4 ,the same is also true of the ,european varieties1 and the cultivator who neglects to take this matter into consideration will fail to secure whatever advantages may have accrued from acclimation1 an agency which1 undoubtedly1 has been active and continuous in modifying and changing the primary characteristics of these plants during unknown ages4 ,to more fully impress upon the reader the importance of care in the selection of materials to be employed in any pursuit with which he is not perfectly familiar1 ,i am prompted to relate the story of my first personal experience in chestnut culture1 as it may serve as a warning to others who may attempt to raise these nuts in a cold climate4 ,at the time of purchasing the farm which has been my home for the past thirty years1 nut trees of various kinds were on my list of things wanted1 and the chestnut occupied a leading position1 probably because there were already many old and large native trees on the place4 ,my first planting consisted of a number of imported seedlings1 obtained from a well-known ,french nursery4 ,the trees were three or four years old1 very stocky and vigorous1 and they made a good growth the first season2 but the following winter the young shoots were all frozen down to old wood1 with the exception of one tree1 and thinking that this might prove hardy1 cions were taken from it and set in thrifty sprouts growing in a grove near by4 ,the cions made rapid growth1 and from one of these ,i soon had a large tree1 which remained in good health for twenty years1 but during all that time it produced but one bur1 containing two half-developed nuts4 ,why it was unfruitful ,i do not pretend to know1 but it was certainly not for want of company1 for it had large native chestnut trees all about it1 and these bearing heavy crops4 ,the seedling trees planted in the orchard also failed to be fruitful1 and were finally dug up and burned4 ,thus ended my first experiment in the cultivation of the ,european chestnut4 ,had my location been farther south and in a milder climate1 the experiment might have ended differently1 but ,i am relating experience1 and not attempting to guess what might have been the results under more favorable conditions4 ,in the meantime1 however1 ,i had seen a few trees of the ,japan chestnut bearing on ,long ,island1 and had received specimens of the ,numbo and ,paragon1 two now well-known and superior varieties of the ,european species1 although raised in this country4 ,these varieties were secured1 and succeeded so well that ,i have continued to add others from time to time1 or as soon as trees or cions were obtainable4 ,the success which appears to have attended the propagation and dissemination of these two varieties of ,european parentage has awakened considerable interest in chestnut culture1 besides attracting the attention of those interested in such matters to the fact that there are many old trees of the same or similar origin scattered about the country1 awaiting the coming nut culturist to propagate them and make known their merits4 ,it may be well1 before leaving this subject1 to remind the novice in chestnut culture that seedlings of these hardy and productive descendants of the ,european species will not come true from the nut or seed1 and while it will be admitted that the chances are somewhat better for procuring a hardy variety from such nuts than from those imported1 still1 there is no certainty of any considerable number being equal in hardiness or other respects to the parent tree4 ,there is an inherent tendency1 in tree seedlings of all kinds1 to revert to the wild form or type1 and the chestnut is no exception to this rule4 ,species of ,chestnut4--,what is called a species1 among plants1 is a particular form or type supposed to have descended from one original stock1 whether this was composed of one or more individuals4 ,but variations doubtless occurred at the first inception or multiplication of the original1 but so long as the offsprings do not differ so widely as to be untraceable to the proemial types1 they are held to be varieties of one species4 ,whether all the chestnuts found in the various countries of the world are descendants of one original tree or group of trees is now beyond our ability to determine2 consequently1 what are now termed species rests very much upon the opinions of botanists1 as may readily be demonstrated by consulting the works of hundreds of authors who have essayed to describe and classify the plants of any locality or country1 and this1 too1 without reaching an absolute finality acceptable to their contemporaries1 or at all likely to share a better fate with posterity4 ,for many years after botany began to be recognized as a science1 the common ,american sweet chestnut was considered a distinct species1 but in recent years it has been relegated to the position of a widely distributed variety of the ,european chestnut1 and it is so described and classified in most of the botanical works of the present time1 and under such names as ,castanea vesca1 variety ,americana2 ,castanea sativa1 variety ,americana2 ,castanea vulgaris1 variety ,americana1 etc4 ,the ,asiatic species or varieties--under whichever cognomen we may find them described in botanical works--have fared little better than our ,american kinds1 for some botanists have described the ,japan chestnut as a distinct species1 while others only as a widely divergent variety of the common ,european chestnut4 ,i regret that there should be any need of giving so much space to this matter of species and varieties1 yet presuming that far the larger number of my readers will not be professional botanists1 nor persons with a botanical library at hand to consult for unfamiliar terms1 ,i have thought this explanation in regard to classification might assist them in making clear the apparent confusion of names which1 in the main1 are only synonyms4 ,furthermore1 ,i purpose retaining some of the older specific names of the distinct groups of varieties1 whether it be strictly in accord with the ideas of eminent authorities or otherwise1 because it will be more convenient to do so1 and certain phases will thus be made clearer to the practical cultivators of nut trees1 for whom this work is written4 ,my wish is to assist those who do not know1 but want to learn how to obtain1 plant and make nut trees grow and bear remunerative crops4 ,,castanea ,,americana 7,american sweet chestnut74--,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 serrate1 with rather coarse teeth1 each terminated with a feeble prickle or spine2 smooth on both sides 7,fig4 #ai74 ,burs thickly covered with sharp1 branching spines a half inch long or less1 from a fleshy green envelope1 becoming hard and somewhat woody2 opening by four valves or divisions when mature4 ,usually three nuts in each bur1 the center one flattened by compression1 the two outer ones plano-convex4 ,shell tough and leathery1 dark brown1 smooth1 or more or less inverted1 with a silvery pubescence from the point downward2 variable in size from five-eighths to an inch in diameter4 ,kernel sweet and fine-grained4 ,a very large and common tree in the ,middle and ,northern ,states1 living to a great age4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,american ,,chestnut ,,leaf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,spike ,,of ,,burs ,,of ,,bush ,,chinquapin4 ,c4 nana4 ,,castanea ,,nana 7bush chinquapin74--,leaves oval-lanceolate1 serrate1 with feeble prickles on teeth and often wanting2 pale green above and white tomentose underneath4 ,burs in racemes1 small2 husk thin1 opening by two divisions or lobes1 instead of four1 as in the last species2 spines short1 somewhat scattering1 sessile or very short-stalked2 nuts small1 pointed1 brown1 smooth1 thin-shelled1 solitary or only one in a bur4 ,kernel fine-grained1 sweet and delicious4 ,common from ,north ,carolina southward to ,florida1 in dry soils and barrens4 ,a medium-sized shrub or low-spreading bush1 rarely reaching a hight of ten feet1 the slender twigs usually tomentose4 ,a spike of burs and leaves of this species are seen in ,fig4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,spike ,,of ,,chinquapin ,,chestnut ,,bur4 ,c4 pumila4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,single ,,bur1 ,,nut ,,and ,,leaf ,,of ,,chinquapin ,,chestnut4 ,c4 pumila4 ,,castanea ,,pumila 7chinquapin chestnut74--,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 short or acutely pointed1 coarsely serrate1 with incurved pointed teeth1 green above1 tomentose underneath4 ,burs in racemes 7,fig4 #ba71 two-valved4 ,sometimes the burs are single1 as shown in ,fig4 #bb4 ,spines branching from a short stalk2 nuts solitary1 ovoid1 pointed1 with dark-brown polished shell4 ,kernel fine-grained1 sweet and excellent4 ,a medium-sized tree twenty to forty feet high2 in rich soils from ,new ,jersey1 ,southern ,pennsylvania and southward1 to ,georgia1 and sparingly westward to ,arkansas4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,japan ,,chestnut ,,leaf4 ,,castanea ,,sativa ,,or ,,vesca 7,european chestnut74--,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 pointed1 coarsely serrate1 with rather long incurved spines on the teeth2 smooth on both sides1 but glossy and dark green above2 thicker and of more substance than in any other species4 ,burs very large1 with thick husk1 and long1 stout1 branching spines1 from a woody stem at the base2 shell of nut thick1 tough and leathery1 of a dark mahogany brown2 kernel enclosed in a rather tough but thin skin that is usually intensely bitter1 a characteristic that readily distinguishes this from any of our species4 ,trees of large size1 rather stocky2 young shoots coarse1 with smooth bark2 buds prominent1 glossy1 and of a light yellowish-brown color4 ,,castanea ,,japonica 7,japan chestnut74--,leaves lanceolate-oblong 7,fig4 #bc71 finely serrate1 indentations shallow1 and the teeth slender pointed2 pale green above and silvery or rusty white underneath4 ,burs with a very thin husk2 spines short1 widely branching from a short stem4 ,nuts large to very large1 usually three in a bur2 shell thin1 and of a light brown color2 the inner skin thin1 fibrous1 but not as bitter as in the ,european varieties1 and the kernel somewhat finer grained and sweeter4 ,trees of moderate growth and are said to rarely exceed fifty feet high in ,japan4 ,the growth is slender in comparison with the ,european or ,american chestnut1 and the habit is decidedly bushy1 the new growth of the season usually producing a number of lateral twigs late in summer4 ,the leaves here seem to be more persistent1 probably because the season is not long enough to insure thorough ripening4 ,the reader will please bear in mind that this description of the ,japan chestnut is drawn from the introduced varieties or those raised from the imported nuts1 and not from the trees growing in their native habitats4 ,all the varieties that ,i have seen appear to belong to one type or species1 and they come from the warmer parts of that country2 but ,prof4 ,sargent1 in his ,forest ,flora of ,japan1 says that while the largest nuts appear in the markets of ,kobe and ,osaka1 from whence they come to this country1 there are varieties offered for sale in the markets of ,aomori1 which is much further north1 and these1 he thinks1 would produce a more hardy race of varieties than those we have already received from that country4 ,as a race1 all the ,japan chestnuts are very precocious1 the trees coming into bearing early whether raised from the nut or propagated by grafting4 ,native ,varieties4 7,group ,one74--,while it is well known that our ,american sweet chestnut varies widely in the size1 flavor1 form1 color and general appearance of the nuts1 no special effort has been made to select and perpetuate the most distinct and valuable varieties4 ,this is to be regretted1 inasmuch as the opportunities for making such selections1 and preserving and propagating those most worthy of it1 are rapidly passing away with the destruction of our chestnut forests2 but there is still time to do something in this direction1 and perhaps save a few varieties as valuable as those already destroyed4 ,it is to be hoped that every man who knows of a large variety1 will either propagate it himself1 or point it out to some one who is sufficiently interested to do so4 ,if proper attention was given to the raising of seedlings1 we might soon secure many improved native varieties1 and ,i would urge this mode of propagation upon all whose circumstances and surroundings will admit of it1 and especially upon the young men who possess the talent and inclination to make such experiments2 for there is a wide and fertile field open to them1 and they can scarcely fail to reap a rich reward for their labors1 if applied with earnestness and a moderate amount of intelligence4 ,,burless ,,chestnut4--,this is a peculiar variety or freak1 in which the burs are merely shallow cups upon which the nuts rest1 and at no stage of their growth are they enclosed in a husk or bur4 ,the nuts are small and usually perfect1 but being unprotected they are preyed upon by birds and squirrels as soon as the kernels are well formed1 few escaping to reach maturity4 ,this chestnut is of no economic value1 but is worth preserving as an illustration of extremes in variation4 ,the original tree was found in the forest near ,freehold1 ,green ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 by ,mr4 ,harry ,bagley1 to whom ,i am indebted for cions sent me in the spring of #ahhe4 ,another and very similar variety was found about the same time on ,staten ,island1 ,n4 ,y41 and this also has been propagated1 to a limited extent1 as a curiosity4 ,,hathaway4--,a very large and handsome native variety1 and one of the very best4 ,a strong and vigorous grower1 and productive4 ,raised by ,mr4 ,b4 ,hathaway1 the veteran and widely known pomologist of ,little ,prairie ,ronde1 ,mich4 ,some thirty years ago ,mr4 ,hathaway purchased a half bushel of native chestnuts of a dealer in ,ohio1 and from these raised a large number of trees for sale2 but a few were reserved for planting out on his own grounds1 and when these came into bearing the one named here was selected for propagation1 because of its large size and productiveness4 ,,phillips4--,a large and handsome variety of excellent flavor1 with a very smooth1 dark-brown shell4 ,grafted trees exceedingly vigorous1 upright growth1 as well as precocious and productive4 ,the original tree is growing in the grounds of the late ,whitman ,phillips1 at ,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j4 ,several years ago my attention was called to a number of large varieties of the chestnut growing in and near the village1 and from these ,i obtained cions for propagation2 but ,i name only one at this time1 reserving the others until more fully tested4 ,this is rather an insignificant number of varieties to be named among the many hundreds that are to be found in almost every town or neighborhood where the chestnut is a native1 and yet ,i have been able to find only one named in nurserymen's catalogues as being propagated by grafting4 ,it is true that nearly all dealers in trees offer seedling ,american chestnuts1 which may mean good1 bad or indifferent varieties when the trees come into bearing4 ,among all of the many thousands that have been raised and planted in the ,east and ,west1 beyond the natural range of the chestnut1 as1 for instance1 in ,missouri1 ,kansas and ,iowa1 there must be some distinct and valuable varieties worthy of names and propagation4 ,there are not only distinct varieties to be found in every forest1 but in some instances the entire product of an extended area of country are distinct in their color1 size1 and general appearance of the nuts produced2 as1 for instance1 in the woolly chestnuts of the ,piedmont district of ,virginia1 these being so nearly covered with a white down that they remind one of popcorn4 ,hundreds of bushels of these woolly chestnuts come to our markets1 and among them ,i have often found very large specimens1 but so far as known1 no effort has been made to perpetuate them4 ,so far as can now be determined1 the wild or original ,european chestnut was much inferior in its flavor1 and little1 if any1 larger than our ,american sweet chestnut2 but by continued selections of the largest for planting1 and propagation by grafting1 it has attained to its present size and excellence2 but this system of improving our native varieties has scarcely1 as yet1 been attempted1 a fact which does not1 in the least1 redound to our credit4 ,,bush ,,chinquapin 7,c4 nana4 ,muhlenberg74--,of this ,i do not know of any named varieties in cultivation4 ,plants are occasionally seen in cultivated grounds1 and ,i have one in my garden growing in a sheltered position1 where it has fruited for several years4 ,it is a pretty1 round-headed1 silvery-leaved bush1 about six feet high2 ornamental1 if not specially valuable for other purposes1 although the little sweet nuts are always acceptable4 ,as a rule1 the seedlings of this species are not hardy in the ,northern ,states1 but an occasional one will survive if planted in a light1 porous soil and a protected situation4 ,,common ,,chinquapin 7,c4 pumila4 ,miller74--,this is a small tree1 sometimes thirty to forty feet high2 found sparingly as far north as central ,new ,jersey1 and on ,long ,island4 ,it is more common in cultivation than the bush chinquapin1 probably because more hardy and better known1 but ,i do not know of any improved varieties that have been disseminated under distinct names except the one hereinafter described4 ,among many seedlings raised1 of this species1 ,i have selected one which good judges of such things have thought worthy of propagation1 and as ,i do not raise plants for sale1 no one will be likely to accuse me of having any selfish motives1 further than a pardonable pride in producing something worthy of perpetuation4 ,furthermore1 as an earnest of my confidence in its merits1 ,i have distributed it under my own name4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,burs ,,of ,,fuller',s ,,chinquapin4 ,,one-,,half ,,natural ,,size4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,fuller',s ,,chinquapin4 ,,five ,,years ,,old ,,from ,,nut4 ,,fuller',s ,,chinquapin4--,leaves large1 broadly oval1 pointed1 coarsely serrate1 pale green above1 clear silvery white below4 ,bark on main stem2 branches and twigs smooth1 light gray1 with numerous white dots4 ,the young twigs thick and stocky1 cylindrical1 with moderately prominent1 grayish buds4 ,burs in long racemes 7,fig4 #bd71 very large for this species2 spines long1 strong1 branching and sharp4 ,nuts only one in each bur1 rather short1 broad1 top-shaped1 with blunt point2 shell very smooth1 glossy1 almost black2 kernel fine-grained and sweet4 ,ripens early1 or with the earliest of the native sweet chestnuts4 ,the original tree is only six years old1 twice transplanted1 and is now ten feet high1 with a head fully as broad1 and as shown in ,fig4 #be4 ,although growing in a rather exposed position1 it has never been injured by low temperature in winter or a high one in summer4 ,it has thus far been the most rapid-growing chestnut tree in my grounds1 although given no special care4 ,whether it will eventually become a large tree1 or soon cease to extend1 is1 of course1 a question to be answered at some future time1 but from present indications this tree will be well worthy of cultivation as an ornamental shade tree1 even if we leave out of the account its rapid growth1 productiveness1 and delicious little nuts1 which will be very acceptable for home use1 if not possessing any great commercial value4 ,european ,varieties4--,in the use of this term ,i wish it understood that the varieties named and described in this group are all of ,american origin2 that is1 raised in this country from seed4 ,at the same time they are descendants of the ,european species4 ,they are1 in other words1 ,survivals of the fittests1 the few that have survived the many being raised from imported nuts 7perhaps one out of a thousand7 that tests and time have shown were adapted to our climate4 ,there may be many other varieties scattered about the country which are worthy of a name and of propagation1 but ,i can speak only of those ,i have been able to procure1 or that have been brought to my notice4 ,in describing the following varieties1 and in seeking to get at the facts relating to their origin1 name and history1 the reader will please bear in mind that there has been no previous attempt to arrange or classify these semi-,american varieties4 ,furthermore1 there is much confusion in regard to the true names of a number of them1 and the most ,i can say is that ,i have endeavored1 under the circumstances1 to get as near the truth as possible4 ,could ,i defer writing this chapter ten years1 some moot points might be cleared up1 but as this is out of the question ,i must follow the light already in my possession4 ,to ,mr4 ,john ,r4 ,parry1 of ,parry1 ,n4 ,j41 ,i am greatly indebted1 not only for specimens of new and rare varieties1 but also notes relating to the history of several of the older ones4 ,,comfort4--,burs very large1 broad1 somewhat flattened2 spines very strong and long1 branching2 nuts very broad1 with short point1 and shell covered from base to point with scattering silky hairs1 thicker at upper end4 ,in quality1 about the same as in the ordinary varieties of the species1 but to some persons' taste it is better1 having less astringency in the skin surrounding the kernel4 ,origin uncertain1 but said to have been grown for many years at ,germantown1 a suburb of ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 where the ,paragon chestnut was discovered4 ,the ,comfort certainly closely resembles the ,paragon1 but ,i have not had an opportunity of fruiting trees under the two names side by side1 as would be necessary to determine their identity or difference1 if they are really distinct4 ,,cooper4--,a very large variety2 has been in cultivation for several years in ,camden ,co41 ,n4 ,j41 but up to the present time the trees have not been propagated for sale1 although ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,john ,r4 ,parry that there are a large number under cultivation4 ,the tree is described as of a broad spreading habit1 with enormously large leaves1 and immensely productive4 ,nuts very large1 smooth and glossy1 with little fuzz near the top4 ,in quality they may be considered excellent for a variety of this class4 ,the burs are very large1 and this is its greatest or only fault2 for when nearly mature they absorb and retain such a quantity of water during heavy rains1 in addition to the original weight and the enclosed nuts1 that the trees are liable to be broken down by strong winds4 ,,corson4--,burs of immense size2 spines an inch or more in length1 from a stout1 woody1 irregularly branching stem1 resting on the moderately thin husk4 ,nuts extra large1 usually three in a bur2 shell dark brown1 somewhat ridged2 the upper end or point of the shell densely covered with a white1 almost woolly1 pubescence1 or fuzz as it is usually termed4 ,this is a remarkably large and fine variety and of good quality4 ,originated with ,mr4 ,walter ,h4 ,corson1 ,plymouth ,meeting1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,pa4 ,,dager4--,a large variety originated near ,wyoming1 ,delaware1 from seed of the ,ridgely4 ,my specimen trees are good vigorous growers1 and hardy1 but have not1 as yet1 produced fruit4 ,it is said that the nuts are of fair quality1 but not as good as the best of its class4 ,,moncur4--,another seedling of the ,ridgely1 raised on the farm of ,mr4 ,frank ,moncur1 near ,dover1 ,del4 ,the original tree is about thirty years old4 ,described as smaller than its parent1 but of better quality4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,bur ,,of ,,numbo ,,chestnut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,spines ,,of ,,numbo ,,chestnut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,numbo ,,chestnut4 ,,numbo4--,burs medium1 and distinctly long pointed before opening1 as shown in ,fig4 #bf1 the four divisions of the burs extending an inch or more beyond the nut as they open4 ,this is an exceptional form of the bur1 and will enable almost any person to recognize the variety with bearing trees4 ,spines only medium in length 7,fig4 #bg71 and not as strong as in most other varieties of this species4 ,nuts very large 7,fig4 #bh71 smooth1 decidedly pointed1 light brown when first mature1 and of good flavor4 ,tree hardy and a vigorous1 free grower1 and is very productive even when young4 ,the original tree is now some forty years old1 and is one of a large number raised from imported nuts1 by the late ,mahlon ,moon1 of ,morrisville1 ,pa4 ,,miller',s ,,dupont4--,burs large1 spines long and strong but not as stout as in some of the closely related varieties4 ,nut medium1 and kernel of fair quality4 ,a promising variety4 ,origin unknown4 ,received from ,jos4 ,evans1 ,delaware ,co41 ,pa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,paragon ,,chestnut ,,bur4 7,one-half natural size47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,spines ,,of ,,paragon ,,chestnut ,,bur4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,paragon ,,chestnut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,four ,,year ,,old ,,paragon ,,chestnut ,,tree4 ,,paragon4--,burs of immense size1 often five inches and more in lateral diameter2 distinctly flattened on the top1 or cushion shape 7,fig4 #bi72 spines an inch in length1 widely and irregularly branching from a stout stem springing from a thick1 fleshy husk1 as shown in ,fig4 #cj1 the whole making an involucre or bur out of proportion to the nuts within4 ,nuts of large size1 slightly depressed at the top 7,fig4 #ca71 and they are usually broader than long2 shell very dark brown1 slightly ridged1 and covered with a fine but not very conspicuous pubescence4 ,kernel sweet1 fine-grained1 and of superior flavor for one of this species4 ,tree hardy1 exceedingly precocious and productive when grafted on strong1 healthy stock4 ,a four-year-old tree on my grounds is shown in ,fig4 #cb4 ,it was loaded with nuts in the fall of #ahid4 ,this is one of the best of its class4 ,origin somewhat in doubt1 but it is claimed that the late ,w4 ,l4 ,shaffer1 of ,philadelphia1 raised it from a foreign nut planted in his garden1 and who1 some eighteen years or more ago1 gave cions to ,w4 ,h4 ,engle1 of ,marietta1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,engle has since propagated and disseminated this variety quite extensively under its present name1 but should further investigation prove it to be distinct and that it was raised by ,mr4 ,shaffer1 then it should certainly bear his name1 and ,paragon become a synonym4 ,no more appropriate monument could possibly be erected in honor of a distinguished horticulturist like the late ,mr4 ,shaffer1 than a chestnut tree1 nor could his memory be perpetuated under more pleasant and agreeable surroundings than to have his name linked inseparably with such an excellent and valuable variety4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,open ,,bur ,,of ,,the ,,ridgely ,,chestnut4 ,,ridgely4--,burs large1 with dense spines1 but not as long as those of the ,paragon4 ,nuts large1 pointed2 shell dark brown1 with very little pubescence1 and this mainly at the point 7,fig4 #cc74 ,in quality this variety ranks very near1 if not the equal of1 the best of its class1 and it has been highly commended1 by those who have been acquainted with it1 for many years4 ,the origin of the ,ridgely1 as recorded1 leaves the question of name a debatable one4 ,some sixty years ago a ,mr4 ,dupont1 of ,wilmington1 ,del41 gave or sent to ,mr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,ridgely1 of ,dover1 ,del41 a sprouted chestnut1 and this was planted and became the original tree of the variety under consideration4 ,it has been called ,dupont1 because he raised the nut and kept it over winter and until it sprouted2 then it passed into the care of ,mr4 ,ridgely1 who thenceforward gave it his attention4 ,the tree is now of immense size1 and some seasons has produced more than five bushels of nuts1 selling at eleven dollars per bushel4 ,it is quite probable that the ,dupont family were the first to raise ,european chestnut trees to a bearing size in this country1 for some of its members were settled in ,delaware before the war of the ,revolution4 ,pierre ,samuel ,dupont de ,nemours1 during the ,french ministry of ,vergennes1 was employed in forming the treaty of #aghc1 in which the independence of the ,united ,states was formally recognized by ,england4 ,in #agie 7,am4 encyclopedia7 he came to this country and joined his sons1 who had become successful manufacturers of gunpowder at or near ,wilmington1 ,del41 where their descendants1 or at least some of them1 are still engaged in the same business4 ,if any of the old and original chestnut trees have escaped the numerous powder mill explosions which have frequently occurred in that neighborhood1 they are probably much older than the ,ridgely4 ,i am also inclined to believe that a very large majority of all the hardy chestnut trees of the ,european species scattered about the country are the direct descendants of the old ,dupont stock4 ,,scott4--,burs large1 with long branching spines4 ,nuts from the original tree1 as received the past season1 are only of medium size1 but said to be much larger on younger trees4 ,shell dark brown1 smooth1 with a little fuzz around the point4 ,as my specimen tree has not1 as yet1 fruited1 ,i am unable to say anything of its productiveness from personal experience1 but in a note from ,mr4 ,william ,parry1 under date of ,oct4 #ae1 #ahid1 he says3 ,i send specimens of the ,scott chestnuts1 grown by ,judge ,scott1 of ,burlington1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the crop is about gone and it was with difficulty ,i could get these1 which are about the average size2 earlier in the season many are larger4 ,judge ,scott has grown those nuts for market several years4 ,the original tree was bought by his father many years ago from the nursery of ,thomas ,hancock4 ,he bought three trees for ,spanish chestnuts1 planted them in a row about thirty feet apart1 and the one from which these nuts were obtained happened to be in the middle4 ,it is now a large tree1 the trunk about five feet in diameter4 ,it is a regular and heavy bearer4 ,judge ,scott has propagated and planted an orchard from this variety1 and claims among its important features1 large size and early bearing1--two-year grafts generally produce nuts2 immense productiveness and good quality2 beautiful1 glossy1 mahogany color2 freedom from fuzz1 and an almost entire exemption from the attacks of the chestnut weevil4 ,while the crop of two trees standing on either side of the ,scott is badly damaged by worms1 it is the exception to find a wormy nut among the ,scott4 ,the crop sells readily at ten to twelve dollars per bushel4 ,this year 7#ahid7 some sold as low as eight dollars1 the lowest ever known for this variety4 ,,styer4--,burs large1 round2 spines long1 branching1 but not as coarse as those of ,comfort4 ,nuts medium to large1 decidedly pointed1 and the point fuzzy4 ,shell dark brown1 with a few longitudinal stripes1 but not ridged4 ,a handsome nut of good quality4 ,this variety has been distributed under the name of ,hannum4 ,the original tree1 which is a mammoth in size1 is still standing on the farm of a ,mr4 ,hannum1 near ,concordville1 ,delaware ,co41 ,penn4 ,but ,mr4 ,t4 ,walter ,styer1 of the same place1 is propagating and introducing it as the ,styer4 ,some of the varieties in this group may not prove to be distinct1 and later they will be relegated to their proper place as synonyms1 but ,i have thought it best to record them by the names under which they have been received4 ,in writing these descriptions ,i have had the nuts and leaves before me1 but there may be characters overlooked which will become more conspicuous as the grafted trees become older and more mature4 ,the ,dager chestnut1 from ,delaware1 is a promising variety1 disseminated through the ,department of ,agriculture1 but as ,i have not seen the nuts at this writing1 a description is necessarily omitted4 ,among the ,french varieties of this species which are said to succeed admirably in ,california1 a large proportion would probably do equally well in ,delaware and further south4 ,among those worthy of trial ,i may name the ,avant ,chataigne1 ,comale1 ,exalade1 ,green of ,lemousin1 ,grosse ,precoce1 ,jaune ,rousse1 ,lyons1 ,merle1 ,nouzillard1 ,quercy1 etc4 ,i have tried some of these1 but with such indifferent results that they were abandoned4 ,cultivators of nut trees located in a milder climate1 should take advantage of whatever improvements there have been made in ,europe1 by importing grafted trees or cions4 ,there are a few ornamental varieties of the ,european chestnut1 but none worthy of any special attention4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,japan ,,giant ,,chestnut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,spines ,,of ,,japan ,,chestnut4 ,,japan ,,chestnuts4--,the first authentic account ,i have been able to find of the introduction of the ,japan chestnut into this country1 is of a number of trees received by ,s4 ,b4 ,parsons ,co41 ,flushing1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgf1 from the late ,thos4 ,hogg1 who1 as is well known to all horticulturists1 spent several years in ,japan collecting many rare kinds of trees and shrubs1 which were shipped direct to ,parsons ,co4 ,the chestnut trees received in #ahgf fruited two years later1 or in #ahgh1 and soon attracted attention1 on account of the large size and excellent quality of the nuts and the precocious habits of the trees4 ,the success of this typical variety of the ,japanese species1 as ,i have assumed to designate it1 proved that there were oriental chestnuts--heretofore untested in this country--that were certainly worthy of an attempt to obtain4 ,this variety1 introduced by the ,messrs4 ,parsons ,co41 does not appear to have been disseminated under any distinct varietal name1 but merely bears the rather meaningless one of ,japan chestnut1 and for the purpose of giving it a position where it may be recognized--by name at least--from other varieties more recently introduced1 ,i shall take the liberty of calling it ,parsons' ,japan4 ,soon after it became known that the oriental chestnuts would succeed in this country1 the fruit growers and nurserymen of ,california began to import and plant these nuts1 shipping an occasional lot to their customers in the ,eastern ,states1 and from these hundreds of seedlings have been raised and distributed1 under the general name of ,japan chestnut4 ,among the nuts imported there are some of extraordinary size1 even larger than anything of the kind obtained from ,europe1 as shown in ,fig4 #cd1 natural size1 and from a specimen received direct from ,japan4 ,some of the nurserymen who have secured these very large nuts for planting1 offer the seedlings raised therefrom under such names as ,mammoth and ,giant ,japan1 but as there is no certainty1 and scarcely a probability1 that such seedlings will produce nuts as large as those planted1 the names are rather misleading1 although proper enough if given to grafted varieties of large size4 ,when an extra-fine variety is produced from the nut1 it should1 of course1 be preserved and propagated in the usual way4 ,the late ,wm4 ,parry1 of ,parry1 ,n4 ,j41 was one of the first nurserymen to attempt to produce new varieties of the ,japan chestnut in this country1 and his sons have continued his experiments in this direction4 ,others may have been equally successful1 but ,i have been unable to obtain any satisfactory reports from those to whom ,i have applied for information2 consequently1 ,i can only say that the following1 with few exceptions1 originated at the ,wm4 ,parry nurseries4 ,,advance 7,parry74--,burs medium1 slightly flattened on top2 spines medium1 short1 almost sessile1 as shown in ,fig4 #ce1 and this is a characteristic of all the ,japan chestnuts2 branching and widely separated on a very thin husk4 ,nuts very large2 shell a light yellowish brown1 with a few slight darker streaks from base to apex4 ,quality excellent for one of this species4 ,ripens early1 and long before touched by frost4 ,,alpha 7,parry74--,very similar to the last1 but ripens earlier1 which would be an advantage in some localities4 ,tree vigorous and productive4 ,,beta 7,parry74--,bur medium2 spines rather long and thin for one of this group1 set on a thin husk4 ,nut large2 shell light brown1 smooth1 with a slight trace of pubescence near the tip4 ,the leaves are shallow and coarsely serrate1 and on some the teeth or serratures are entirely wanting4 ,ripens a little later than the ,alpha1 or about the first of ,october in northern ,new ,jersey4 ,,early ,,reliance 7,parry74--,burs medium1 with short1 almost deflexed spines1 on an exceedingly thin husk4 ,nuts large1 more pointed than in the last1 and of a lighter color the past season1 but this may not be constant1 and may be due to the long and severe drouth of the summer of #ahid4 ,usually three nuts in a bur1 and sometimes four or five1 but ,i do not consider this increase in number a merit in any variety1 for where there are more than three they are likely to be of small size and very much deformed4 ,the original tree of the ,reliance is enormously productive1 and a regular bearer4 ,,felton4--,a seedling of the common ,japanese chestnut1 raised by ,j4 ,w4 ,killen1 of ,felton1 ,delaware4 ,,giant ,,japan 7,parry74--,burs large to extra large for a variety of this species1 with medium low branching spines on a very thin1 parchment-like husk4 ,nuts extra large1 usually only two in a bur1 often only one1 and about two inches broad1 much depressed at the top1 with a short point set in an irregular depression or basin4 ,shell dark mahogany color1 more or less ribbed2 kernel coarse grained1 as is usual in the extra large varieties of nearly all species of the chestnut4 ,this is probably the largest variety of the ,japanese chestnut raised in this country1 of which grafted trees are obtainable at this time4 ,there may be others equally as large1 but if so they are unknown to the writer4 ,,killen4--,of the ,japan species1 and described as very large1 the nuts over two inches in diameter and of fair quality4 ,raised by ,j4 ,w4 ,killen1 of ,felton1 ,del4 ,,parsons' ,,japan4--,burs medium1 with rather thick-set and long spines4 ,nuts large1 one inch and a half broad1 curving regularly to a point2 shell smooth1 almost glossy1 brown1 with faint stripes of a darker shade extending from base to apex4 ,in quality the kernel is far better than most of the ,european varieties1 being finer grained and sweeter4 ,when grafted on strong stocks the trees come into bearing early1 or in two or three years4 ,this is the best known1 and probably the most widely distributed variety1 of the ,japanese species in this country1 having been introduced1 as ,i have stated elsewhere1 in #ahgf4 ,,parry',s ,,superb 7,parry74--,burs broad1 cushion-shaped1 or much flattened on top1 with extra long1 widely branching spines from single or multiple stems1 very much as in the ,european varieties4 ,but the thin husk1 the nuts1 and the growth of tree1 wood and leaves1 stamp it as a pure ,japanese variety4 ,nuts large1 broader than long1 with a decided sharp woody point2 almost entirely destitute of even a sign of pubescence4 ,a very promising and distinct variety4 ,,success 7,parry74--,burs very large1 broad1 with only a few short1 scattering1 branching spines on the top1 thicker toward the base2 on a thin1 parchment-like husk1 and this is so thin that it sometimes cracks open and exposes the nuts within before they are fully ripe4 ,nuts extra large1 nearly equal to the ,giant1 but of a more regular and symmetrical form1 being nearly as long as broad1 tapering to a point4 ,shell smooth1 dark brown1 with a slight pubescence about the point4 ,usually three nuts in a bur2 an ideal variety in every respect4 ,there is a variety of the ,japan chestnut recently much lauded under the name of ,mammoth or ,burbank1 which is said to be of immense size1 and as sweet as the common ,american chestnut4 ,injurious ,insects4--,the chestnut tree is rarely attacked by insects4 ,it is true that grubs may occasionally be found boring into the wood or cutting sinuous burrows under the bark1 but this is mainly in trees weakened by exposure1 in removing protecting companions1 as when removing forests1 or by plowing up and destroying the roots1 in cultivating the land about them2 but the attacks of insects upon such specimens is nature's way of getting rid of the feeble and least valuable1 making room for the healthy and strong4 ,but my thirty years' residence in a chestnut grove leads me to think that this nut tree is exceedingly free from wood borers of any kind4 ,entomologists1 however1 have noted several instances of insect depredations upon individual trees1 by a few species of the long-horn beetles1 three or four in all1 but these occur so rarely that they are scarcely worthy of notice as pests of the chestnut4 ,there are also several species of caterpillars occasionally found feeding on the leaves of this tree1 also some sucking bugs or tree hoppers1 and two or three kinds of plant lice1 but none of these have1 as yet1 become at all formidable enemies1 or likely to become so later4 ,but the chestnut has one enemy which is so abundant and destructive to the nuts as to call for an extended notice4 ,i refer to the common native chestnut weevil 7,balaninus carytripes1 ,boheman74 ,the little fat1 white1 round1 legless grubs1 nearly or quite a half-inch long1 must be familiar to every person who has handled or eaten chestnuts raised in this country1 whether of the exotic or native varieties4 ,the parents of this grub are oval-shaped beetles about one-half inch long or less2 wing covers1 body and legs densely covered with a short yellow down1 and from the front or thorax there extends a long1 slightly curved1 slender snout 7,fig4 #cf71 sometimes nearly an inch in length in the females1 but usually less in the males4 ,the mouth parts are at the extreme end of this snout or proboscis1 and the female1 with her mandibles1 it is claimed1 reaches down among the chestnut spines and gnaws a hole in the husk1 into which she drops an egg2 and when this hatches1 the minute grub cuts its way through the green husk and into the nut1 the hole made in its progress closing up behind1 leaving no mark or scar4 ,although ,i have taken hundreds of these weevils on chestnut trees1 ,i never have been so fortunate as to take one in the act of ovipositing1 but have come so near it as to find the ovipositor still extended as the insect crawled out from among the spines4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,chestnut ,,weevil4 ,the chestnut weevil usually appears in great numbers soon after the trees bloom in spring1 but they continue to come out all through the summer2 ,i have occasionally found them late in ,september1 which probably accounts for finding small and half-grown grubs in the nuts as they ripen and fall from the trees4 ,these late grubs often remain in the nuts all winter1 but the greater part escape earlier1 or very soon after the crop is ripe4 ,the grubs crawl out of the nuts and work their way into the ground to a depth of from a few inches to two feet1 much depending upon the nature of the soil4 ,having very powerful jaws1 they readily cut through a layer of leaves or soft wood1 and ,i have known them to cut holes in sheets of dry cork4 ,these grubs remain in the ground until the following season1 then come forth in their winged or weevil stage1 except the belated1 broods1 or those that have not reached full size in the autumn2 these remain in the ground the entire summer1 coming out late in the fall1 or pass over until the second year1 as ,i have proved by burying the grubs in a barrel sunk in the ground1 covering the top with fine wire netting1 to prevent the escape of the weevils as they emerged from time to time during the season4 ,as a rule1 we find only one grub in a nut1 of the ,american sweet chestnut1 but in the larger varieties of the ,european and ,japanese1 two or more is not unusual1 which rather favors the idea that the female weevil does possess something akin to reason1 which guides her in locating stores of food available for her progeny4 ,i have never observed that the weevils had any choice among varieties1 all being subject to their attacks alike1 provided all were growing in equally favorable positions4 ,but if the trees are of different sizes1 some tall and others short1 some exposed to the winds and others protected1 then the ravages of this pest will1 no doubt1 be as variable as the surrounding conditions4 ,as the weevils emerge from the ground in spring or early summer1 they will naturally seek the nuts most convenient and on the small trees1 then those on the lower branches of the larger ones1 while those on the upper part of the tree1 where they are fully exposed to the winds1 may wholly escape the attacks of these pests4 ,this leads me to think that whoever attempts to cut off native chestnut forests1 with the expectation of renewal with the larger varieties1 by grafting the sprouts1 will find the chestnut weevil a rather formidable enemy4 ,i have found it so on a limited number of trees in my own grounds1 that are grown from grafted sprouts near large native specimens1 the weevils destroying nearly every nut2 but out in the field1 away from the woods1 and where the young trees are scattered and exposed to the full sweep of the winds1 the nuts are sound and free from insect enemies4 ,the only remedy is to collect and destroy the weevils1 which is not a serious matter where only the larger varieties are cultivated4 ,diseases of the ,chestnut4--,i have never noticed any special disease among chestnuts1 neither do ,i find any mentioned in ,european works on forestry4 ,the nearest approach to any such malady being recorded as having appeared in this country1 is found in a paragraph in ,hough's ,report on ,forestry1 #ahgg1 p4 #dgj1 where the author copies from ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,kerr1 ,state ,geologist1 ,north ,carolina1 as follows3 ,the chestnut was formerly abundant in the ,piedmont region1 down to the country between the ,catawba and ,yadkin rivers1 but within the last thirty years they have mostly perished4 ,they are now found east of the ,blue ,ridge only1 on higher ridges and spurs of the mountains4 ,they have suffered injury here1 and are dying out both here and beyond the ,blue ,ridge4 ,they are much less fruitful than they were a generation ago1 and the crop is much more uncertain4 ,while there is nothing said about any chestnut disease in the paragraph quoted1 we only infer that the author intended to convey the idea that the trees were suffering from some endemic malady1 although it may have been due to long drouths1 insect depredators1 or other causes4 ,a few years later ,mr4 ,hough1 in his ,elements of ,forestry1 refers to the subject again1 and admits that the cause of the malady is unknown4 ,but as chestnuts continue to come to our markets in vast quantities from the ,piedmont regions1 there must be a goodly number of healthy trees remaining4 ,uses4--,the economic value of the chestnut1 as food for mankind and the lower animals1 has been1 and is still1 so well known1 that no extended dissertation or compilation of historic instances of its usefulness are required here4 ,for almost two thousand years it has been an important article of food throughout southern ,europe1 and in some of the mountainous districts it is almost the staff of life among the poorer people1 who not only use these nuts in their raw state1 but roasted1 boiled1 stewed1 and even dried and ground into flour1 from which a coarse but nutritious kind of cake or bread is made4 ,these nuts are also used in the same way by the poorer classes of ,china and ,japan1 and probably in other oriental countries4 ,in ,france1 ,italy1 ,spain and ,portugal1 the chestnut crop is of immense importance1 not only for domestic use1 but commercially1 because all surplus is wanted by other nations1 who are ever ready to take a share1 and pay a good round price for the same4 ,in this country chestnuts are mainly used as a luxury or a kind of pocket lunch for the children1 as they are rarely brought to the table1 and it is very doubtful if the ,american housewife1 or our cooks1--unless foreign born and bred1--know anything about preparing these delicious nuts for comestible purposes4 ,cereals1 meats1 fruits and vegetables have always been so abundant and cheap in this country1 that the poorest of the poor could indulge in them without stint or limit2 but all this will change sooner or later1 and when our population has doubled or trebled1 the edible nuts must become of much more importance than now1 and a roast turkey stuffed with chestnuts may figure as the ideal of gastronomic art4 ,as our native chestnuts are now annually consumed by the thousands of bushels1 and the imported varieties by millions of pounds1 and all as a mere luxury1--not a necessity nor an article which we could not dispense with without any serious inconvenience1--we may well consider what the future demand must be1 and make haste to meet it with an abundant supply4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,filbert ,,or ,,hazelnut4 ,corylus1 ,tournefort4 ,name from korys1 a hood1 helmet or bonnet1 in reference to the form of the calyx or husk enclosing the nut4 ,order1 ,corylaceae4 ,deciduous trees or low shrubs4 ,male flowers appearing in the autumn in pendulous cylindrical catkins two inches or more in length1 with a two-cleft calyx partly united with the bracts or scales4 ,these catkins remain on the plants all winter1 becoming fully developed1 and shedding their pollen early the following spring4 ,female flowers minute1 entirely hidden within the buds during the winter1 but early in spring their bright red1 thread-like stigmas push out from the tips of the lateral or terminal buds4 ,ovary two-celled1 with one ovule in each4 ,nut globular1 ovoid or oblong1 often in clusters1 but each enclosed in a leafy1 two- or three-valved husk1 fringed or deeply notched at the upper end4 ,leaves broadly heart-shaped1 serrate1 with sturdy1 short leaf-stalks4 ,the filbert and hazel always bloom before the leaves appear in spring1 and the male catkins usually open and begin to scatter their pollen in this latitude during warm days in ,march1 the females soon following1 their bright-red stigmas pushing out from the ends of the buds1 but as soon as fertilization has been consummated they shrivel and disappear4 ,the trees may then remain leafless for weeks following1 and yet produce a heavy crop of fruit4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,large ,,filbert4 ,the common ,english name1 filbert1 is from full-beard4 ,all the varieties with husks extending beyond the nut1 and with fringed edges1 are filberts 7,fig4 #cg72 while those with husks shorter than the nuts 7,fig4 #ch7 are hazels1 from the old ,anglo-,saxon word1 haesel1 a hood or bonnet4 ,the parentage1 size1 form or quality of the nut1 is not to be considered in this classification1 for when the nuts are ripe and fallen from the husks1 there is nothing left to distinguish the hazelnuts from filberts1 unless a person is sufficiently familiar with a variety to know to which group it belongs4 ,in ,france these nuts are known under the general name of ,noysette2 while in ,germany it is ,haselnuss2 in ,holland ,hazelnoot2 and in ,italy ,avellana1 from ,avellana1 a city of ,naples1 near which there is a valley where these nuts have been extensively cultivated for many centuries4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,large ,,seedling ,,hazelnut4 ,history of the ,filbert4--,it is claimed that the filbert was first known to the ,romans as ,nux ,pontica1 because introduced from ,pontus2 but it must have become naturalized throughout southern ,europe in very early times4 ,but the ,italian name of ,avellana appears to have been applied to the wild hazel of ,britain1 long before ,linnaeus adopted it as the specific name of the indigenous species4 ,john ,evelyn1 one of the most careful and learned of ,english arboriculturists of his time1 in referring to these nuts1 in his ,sylva1 #affd1 says3 ,i do not confound the filbert ,pontic1 distinguished by its beard1 with our foresters or bald hazelnuts1 which1 doubtless1 we had from abroad1 bearing the names of ,avelan or ,avelin1 as ,i find in some ancient records and deeds in my custody1 where my ancestors' names were written ,avelan1 alias ,evelin4 ,the filbert has been celebrated in prose and poetry from ancient times1 as we may infer from a remark of ,virgil1 who says that it has been more honored than the vine1 the myrtle1 or even the bay itself 7,eclogue vii74 ,the supposed occult power of a forked twig of the hazel as a divining-rod 7virgula divinatoria7 for finding hidden treasures1 veins of metals1 subterranean streams of water1 and even pointing out criminals1 is1 of course1 purely mythical1 although so solemnly attested by many learned men in the past2 and ,i would not consider this myth worthy of a notice here were it not for the fact that it was early imported into this country1 and is still firmly believed by many persons among our rural population4 ,it is true that the supposed attributes of the ,european hazel have been transferred to different plants in this country1 mainly to the peach and our indigenous witch-hazel 7,hamamelis ,virginiana71 but the myth still lives1 a legitimate descendant of an ,old ,world nut tree4 ,there is little to be said in regard to the history of the filbert and hazelnut in this country1 but it is quite likely that both of the ,european species1 and many varieties1 were brought here and planted by the early settlers in the ,eastern ,states1 and bushes of the same could have been seen in many gardens a hundred years ago2 but ,i have been unable to find any account of extensive plantings of these nuts1 although nurserymen1 all along1 have been offering choice varieties to their customers4 ,in the main1 our pomologists have either remained silent in regard to these nuts1 or1 at most1 referred to them very briefly in their published works4 ,william ,prince1 of ,flushing1 ,n4 ,y41 in a ,short ,treatise on ,horticulture1 published in #ahbh1 refers to the filbert as follows3 ,this shrub or1 in some cases1 tree1 accommodates itself to every exposition1 and to every variety of soil1 but prefers a moist loam on a sandy bottom1 with a northern exposure4 ,it is easily multiplied by seeds1 layers or inoculation4 ,in fact1 these nuts1 which are vended in large quantities in our markets1 grow as well in our climate as the common hazelnut1 and produce very abundantly4 ,such being the case1 it is hoped1 ere long1 sufficient will be produced from our soil to supersede the necessity of importation1 as plantations of this tree would amply remunerate the possessor2 or if planted as a hedge1 would be found to be very productive4 ,a single bush of the ,spanish filbert in my garden has produced a half-bushel annually4 ,mr4 ,prince then names a few of the best varieties1 which are about the same as those recommended at the present time1 and he was1 no doubt1 honest in recommending filbert culture to his countrymen1 for his own limited experience proved that the trees would grow here and fruit abundantly4 ,a4 ,j4 ,downing1 in the first edition of his ,fruits and ,fruit ,trees of ,america1 #ahde1 says3 ,the ,spanish filbert1 common in many of our gardens1 is a worthless1 nearly barren variety2 but we have found the better ,english sorts productive and excellent in this climate 7,newburg1 ,n4 ,y471 and at least a few plants of these should have a place in all our gardens4 ,if a few plants will succeed in a garden1 then we might reasonably suppose that the number might be safely increased1 and this was the idea of ,mr4 ,prince1 and many other writers on the subject since his time1 but ,i fail to find any record of extended experiments with these nuts in this country1 and as there must be some good reason for this neglect1 perhaps my own experience in the cultivation of the filbert and hazel1 to be given in succeeding pages1 may throw some light on this question4 ,propagation4--,filberts are readily propagated by almost all the modes employed in the multiplication of ordinary fruit trees and shrubs4 ,the nuts are not at all delicate1 and may be planted in the fall1 or stored in a cool place1 mixed with sand or sphagnum1 and then put out in spring1 always selecting a rather light and rich soil for a seed bed1 and in such beds plants from one to three feet high may be obtained the first season4 ,the seedlings produce such a mass of fine roots that they are readily transplanted without danger of loss4 ,varieties are perpetuated and multiplied by budding1 grafting1 suckers1 layers1 and some grow quite readily from cuttings made of the young1 vigorous shoots1 cut up into proper lengths in the fall1 and then buried in the ground until the following spring1 then planted out in trenches1 as usually practiced with currants1 grapes and similar plants4 ,the method of propagation most generally practiced in ,europe and this country is by suckers1 and as the cultivated varieties of the filbert usually produce these from the base of their stems in profusion1 there is no lack of material2 besides1 they make as strong1 healthy and productive plants as can be procured in any other way4 ,to secure an extra number of roots on these suckers1 they should be banked up with a few inches in depth of good rich soil1 or old manure1 about midsummer1 and then late in the autumn dig down to the base and remove with knife or chisel1 after which they may be headed down to about fifteen or eighteen inches1 and heeled-in for the winter1 to be planted out in nursery rows early in spring4 ,if a greater number of sprouts are wanted than the plants naturally produce1 the main stem may be cut down2 but this will seldom be necessary1 because the young transplanted suckers will usually produce more or less new ones the first season1 all of which can be utilized for multiplying the stock if they are wanted4 ,soil1 ,location and ,climate4--,european varieties of the filbert thrive best in what may be termed a rich loam1 with a dry subsoil4 ,if the soil is too moist1 the trees are inclined to run too much to wood1 producing less fruit4 ,in the famous nut orchards of ,kent1 ,england1 the soil is loam upon a dry1 sandy rock4 ,the trees in these orchards are manured at least once in two years1 especially after they reach the full bearing age4 ,almost any good soil that is rich enough to produce a good crop of corn1 and is not submerged in winter1 will answer for the filbert in this country4 ,in selecting a location for a filbert orchard1 an open1 airy one would probably be preferable to a spot so sheltered as to cause the flowers to appear so early as to be injured by frosts4 ,furthermore1 ,i would warn cultivators to keep as far away as possible from any hedgerows or plantation of the wild native hazel bushes1 for these are always loaded with disease germs that are fatal to the foreign species4 ,we might reasonably suppose that filberts would succeed better in the ,southern than in the ,northern ,states1 but if the experience of those who have tried them there count for anything1 then these nuts are not adapted to the ,south1 owing to the fact that the flowers almost invariably push out during warm days in winter1 and these are destroyed later by frosts4 ,in the more elevated regions of the northern border of the ,southern1 and in similar locations in the ,middle ,states1 these nuts will doubtless thrive1 or at least the climate will prove congenial4 ,the more equable the climate and free from extremes in temperature1 the better2 but the most important element in this country is moisture1 especially in summer1 when the nuts are filling out2 and the best way to supply this1 where irrigation cannot be practiced1 is to keep the ground around the trees continually covered with a mulch of leaves or other coarse vegetable matter4 ,planting and ,pruning4--,the space to be allowed between the plants1 when set out for bearing1 will1 of course1 depend very much upon the size they are expected to attain4 ,those varieties which assume and remain in the bush form may be planted very close together1 or not more than six to eight feet between the plants2 but those which become small trees must be given more room4 ,the larger ,european sorts1 which are at present the only ones worth cultivating for their nuts1 should be set ten or twelve feet apart1 and the rows fifteen to sixteen feet1 then if properly pruned they will shade the ground and be in a convenient form for gathering the crop4 ,the trees may be planted in the orchard when quite small1 and some kind of vegetable crop grown among them for the first two or three years1 but ,i would prefer keeping the plants in nursery rows until they were four or five feet high1 and then transplant to the orchard1 and set a short1 stout stake by the side of each1 to keep the main stem in an upright position until the tree is well established4 ,the first pruning1--except removing suckers from those in the nursery rows1--will be the heading back of the main or central stem to a hight of two or three feet1 for the purpose of laying the foundation1 as it were1 of the head of the future tree4 ,three or four of the larger branches1 which will push out from near the top of the severed main stem1 are to be selected to form the top1 and all others removed4 ,small lateral branches or twigs will spring out from the larger or main ones1 and in this way the head of a bearing tree is formed4 ,but before attempting to prune a mature or fruitful tree1 we must consider the mode of fructification1 for the filbert does not bear nuts on the young growth of the season1 as in the chestnut1 but on the small branchlets or spur-like twigs of the preceding season1 or1 as we may say1 on the one-year-old twigs4 ,the small fruiting twigs are seldom more than four to six inches long1 and sometimes almost every well-developed bud on these contain pistillate flowers and embryo nuts1 either singly or in clusters4 ,in pruning the bearing trees1 the main point to be observed is to head back the strong leading shoots1 to prevent the trees growing too tall1 as well as to force out the side or lateral twigs as fruiting wood for the ensuing year4 ,if the heads of the trees become too much crowded to admit light and air to the center1 some of the larger branches must be removed entire4 ,the best time to prune is in early spring1 when the trees are in bloom1 for at this season we can readily determine the injured from the sound male catkins1 and preserve enough of these to insure perfect fertilization4 ,it is not necessary1 however1 that there should be healthy pollen-bearing catkins on every tree in an orchard1 for if one in a dozen is well supplied1 there will be sufficient to fertilize the flowers of all growing near by4 ,it often happens1 in our rather severe climate1 that the catkins of some trees or varieties are winterkilled1 while the pistillate flowers enclosed in the buds escape injury1 and when this occurs it is well to have some hardy variety at hand1 from which pollen can be obtained when needed4 ,the inferior varieties are usually the most hardy1 and the wild ,european hazel or our northern beaked hazel1 will usually escape injury where all the large improved sorts fail1 and it requires but a few minutes' labor to cut branches bearing sound catkins1 and scatter these about through the heads of trees requiring such assistance to make them fruitful4 ,,species ,,of ,,american ,,hazels4 ,,corylus ,,americana 7,walters74 ,common hazel bush4--,leaves roundish1 heart-shaped1 pointed1 coarsely serrate2 husk somewhat downy1 with a wide1 flattened1 fringed border extending beyond the roundish nut4 ,shell rather thick and brittle2 kernel sweet and good1 but the nut is too small to be considered of much value4 ,a low shrub1 with many stems springing from the roots4 ,young shoots and twigs downy and glandular-hairy4 ,common in woods and old fields from ,canada to ,florida4 ,,corylus ,,rostrata 7,aiton74 ,beaked hazel4--,leaves ovate or oblong1 somewhat heart-shaped1 pointed1 doubly serrate2 husk extending an inch or more beyond the round or ovoid nut1 forming before it opens a long tubular beak1 hence the name4 ,the husk is densely covered with nettle-like bristles1 which are quite irritating to tender hands4 ,the nuts are small1 usually growing in clusters at the ends of the twigs1 only a few coming to maturity4 ,a low shrub or small tree1 usually growing in a dense clump1 not spreading from subterranean stems1 as in the last species4 ,common on rather firm and rich soil along the borders of streams1 in the northern border ,states1 and southward on the ,alleghanies1 but most abundant in the north through ,canada1 and westward to the ,pacific in ,washington and ,oregon1 where1 in the mountains1 it often assumes the tree form1 growing to a hight of twenty-five to thirty feet1 with a stem from four to six inches in diameter4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 and very white to the center4 ,it also extends southward to central ,california1 but here it is only a small bush1 this form having been described under the name of ,corylus rostrata1 var4 ,californica1 ,a4 de ,c4 ,this species probably reaches its highest development in the ,cascade range1 in northern ,oregon4 ,the same or a closely allied species of the hazel extends far into northern ,asia4 ,there are no improved varieties of either of our native species of the hazel in cultivation4 ,,european ,,species ,,of ,,corylus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,constantinople ,,hazel4 ,,corylus ,,avellana 7,linn474 ,common hazelnut4--,leaves roundish1 heart-shaped1 pointed1 coarsely and unevenly serrate2 husk bell-shaped1 spreading1 with a fringed or deeply cut margin4 ,the original form of this nut is supposed to have been ovate or oval1 but with a plant indigenous to such a wide range of climate and country1 and one that has been so long under cultivation1--running wild in many localities where it is not a native1--it would be very difficult at this time to determine its primary botanical characters4 ,a common shrub or small tree throughout the greater part of ,europe and ,asia4 ,,corylus ,,colurna 7,linn474--,constantinople hazel4 ,leaves roundish ovate1 heart-shaped2 husk double1 the inner one divided into three deeply cleft divisions1 the outer with many long1 slender1 curved segments1 giving to the calyx or husk a fringed appearance1 but leaving the end of the nut fully exposed 7,fig4 #ci74 ,nuts small1 and for this reason rarely cultivated4 ,native of ,asia ,minor1 where the tree attains a hight of from fifty to sixty feet4 ,it is1 however1 hardy in ,france and ,england1 and was introduced into the latter country some three hundred years ago1 probably by ,clusius1 who received either nuts or plants from ,constantinople1 hence its present name4 ,there are several other hazels and filberts1 so distinct from the two common ,european types that botanists have1 in a few instances1 been inclined to elevate them to the rank of species1 and among these ,i may name ,corylus heterophylla1 or various-leaved filbert1 from eastern ,asia1 also the ,corylus ferox1 or spiny filbert1 which has a long and deeply cut or fringed husk4 ,it is a native of the ,sheopur mountain in ,nepaul4 ,but from the two common ,european species1 ,c4 ,avellana and ,c4 ,colurna1 and their hybrids1 many hundreds of varieties have been raised1 and from among these we may readily select a dozen possessing all the distinct and estimable properties to be found in this genus of nut-bearing plants2 to multiply names without securing anything of intrinsic value1 is but a waste of time and labor on the part of the cultivator4 ,as we have no popular varieties of ,american origin1 ,i am compelled to consult ,european catalogues in making a selection of those most promising for cultivation here1 and this is1 perhaps1 an advantage1 inasmuch as our transatlantic cousins have had a long experience and abundant opportunities for determining the merits of the varieties they recommend4 ,if hardiness and adaptation to our soil and climate are to be taken into account1 in making a selection1 then we may fail for the want of experienced guides1 as it is undeniable that very few persons in this country have ever attempted to conduct extended experiments in the cultivation of either the native or ,european species and varieties of the hazel4 ,taking this view of the situation1 ,i shall avail myself of the small but select list of varieties given in that standard work1 ,the ,dictionary of ,gardening1 edited by ,mr4 ,george ,nicholson1 of the ,royal ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,england4 ,,select ,,list ,,of ,,varieties4 ,,alba1 ,,or ,,white ,,filbert4--,considered in ,england one of the best varieties in cultivation4 ,from the peculiar structure of the husk1 which contracts rather than opens at the outer edge1 this filbert can be kept longer in its cover than most others4 ,as fashion demands that fresh filberts must be brought to the table in their husks1 this variety deserves special attention4 ,it is also known as ,avelinier ,blanche1 ,wrotham ,park1 etc4 ,,cosford1 ,,or ,,miss ,,young',s ,,thin-,,shelled4--,nut oblong1 of excellent quality2 husk hairy1 deeply cut1 about as long as the nut4 ,highly valued on account of the thinness of the shell4 ,,crispa1 ,,or ,,frizzled ,,filbert4--,shell thin1 somewhat flattened2 husk richly and curiously frizzled throughout1 open wide at the mouth1 and hanging about as long again as the nut4 ,ripens late1 and one of the most productive4 ,,downton ,,large ,,square4--,nut very large2 shell thick and well-filled2 husk smooth1 shorter than the nut4 ,a peculiarly formed semi-square nut1 of the best quality4 ,,lambert',s ,,filbert 7,corylus tubulosa74--,nut large1 oblong2 shell thick and strong1 the kernel being covered with a red skin2 husk long1 rather smooth1 serrated at the edges1 longer than the nut4 ,a fine1 strong-growing1 free-fruiting variety4 ,it is quite popular in ,california1 where it has been in cultivation for twenty years or more under the name of ,red ,aveline4 ,specimens ,i have received from there were not as large as those raised in ,england1 but this can be accounted for by the difference in climate4 ,this variety is cultivated in ,europe under various local names1 as1 for instance1 ,great ,cob1 ,kentish ,cob1 ,filbert ,cob1 and ,large ,bond ,cob4 ,,grandis1 ,,or ,,round ,,cob-,,nut4--,nut large1 short1 slightly compressed1 very thick and hard2 husk shorter than the fruit1 much frizzled and hairy4 ,this is supposed to be the true ,barcelona nut of commerce1 and is one of the finest grown4 ,this is the large round hazel or filbert so largely imported for the trade in this country4 ,it has many synonyms1 and among them we may record ,downton1 ,dwarf ,prolific1 ,great ,cob and ,round ,cob4 ,,purple-,,leaved ,,filbert4--,usually cultivated as an ornamental shrub in this country1 but under proper treatment it is one of the most valuable for its fruit4 ,leaves very large1 and of a deep purple color4 ,nuts and husk of the same color1 which they retain until cut by frosts4 ,nuts large1 an inch in length2 husks much longer than the nut1 and slightly hairy4 ,the catkins are tender and become winterkilled in our ,northern ,states1 but if the pistillate flowers are fertilized by pollen from some more hardy plant1 this purple-leaved filbert is exceedingly prolific4 ,i have gathered eighty nuts from a small bush in my garden1 the flowers of which had been fertilized from another variety in early spring4 ,,red ,,filbert4 ,red ,hazel1 ,avelinier ,rouge4--,nut medium ovate1 not long as in the tubulosa1 or ,lambert's filbert2 shell thick2 husk long and hispid4 ,a very productive variety of good quality4 ,,spanish ,,filbert4--,nut very large1 oblong2 shell thick2 husk smooth1 longer than the nut4 ,a very large variety1 sometimes confounded with the ,round cob-nut and its synonyms4 ,,personal ,,experience ,,with ,,filberts4 ,believing that our failures are often of far more value1 in the line of education1 than our successes1 ,i shall not hesitate to place my own on record as guideposts to those who may be seeking the most direct road to success in nut culture4 ,having had a rather extended and expensive experience in the cultivation of filberts1 ,i propose giving a brief account of it here1 with the hope that it may save some other enthusiast from losing time and money4 ,my attention was first specially drawn to these nuts in #aheh1--while a resident of the city of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41--by a neighbor who had a moderately large garden1 on three sides of which he had planted a row of ,english filberts4 ,these trees1 at the time1 had attained a hight of about fifteen feet1 with broad1 open heads1 and they rarely failed to produce a heavy crop of nuts1 which sold readily at very remunerative prices1 for as they were always gathered in the husks and sold by the pound1 the amount obtained from these few trees seemed to be enormous1 considering the small space they occupied in this garden4 ,the owner of these filbert trees1 being an ,englishman by birth1 never tired of showing his ,english filberts to visitors1 and of descanting upon their value1 as well as upon the stupid indifference of the ,yankees in neglecting the cultivation of these valuable nuts4 ,i imbibed enough of my neighbor's enthusiasm to secure a good stock of his plants1 a few years later1 for cultivation in my grounds here4 ,the third year after planting1 quite a number of the bushes produced a fair crop of nuts1 but ,i noticed that an occasional shoot was affected with blight1 and these were immediately cut out and burned4 ,the next season more of the branches were affected1 and from these the blight extended downward on the main stems1 and when these were cut away the sprouts from below made a very vigorous and apparently healthy growth1 some reaching a hight of six feet the first season1 but a year or two later these were also attacked and destroyed by blight4 ,finding that the filberts in my grounds were doomed1 ,i visited my old neighbor in ,brooklyn1 hoping to learn something of the origin or cause of the disease2 but the blight had invaded his garden1 and not a tree remained4 ,on my return from this visit ,i had every filbert and hazel plant on my place dug up and burned1 thinking by such means to stamp out the disease4 ,after waiting ten years1 ,i thought it time to try filberts again1 and to be certain of securing pure and healthy plants1 ,i concluded to raise them from the nuts1 and sent an order for a few pounds of the largest and best variety to be found in the celebrated filbert orchards of ,kent1 ,eng4 ,in due time the nuts arrived1 and they were very large1 and all of one variety1 as ordered4 ,they were mixed with sand and buried in the garden until the following spring1 then sown thinly in shallow drills and covered with about two inches of rich soil4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,english ,,filbert ,,orchard1 ,,five ,,years ,,from ,,seed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,extra ,,large ,,hazel ,,seedling ,,or ,,round ,,english ,,filbert4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,varieties ,,of ,,filberts ,,and ,,hazel ,,seedlings4 ,at the close of the first season the plants were from one to two feet high and quite stocky1 with a mass of small fibrous roots4 ,the next spring they were transplanted into nursery rows1 and set about one foot apart4 ,the third spring ,i laid out about one acre for a specimen filbert orchard1 and after the ground had been thoroughly prepared1 the plants were set ten feet apart in the row1 and twelve between the rows4 ,no crop was planted among the trees1 but the ground was kept clean and free from weeds during the summer1 with cultivator and harrow4 ,all suckers springing from the base of the stems were removed as soon as they appeared1 and under such treatment the plants made a vigorous growth4 ,two years later quite a number of the trees came into bearing1 these showing that ,i was likely to have nearly as many varieties in my orchard as there were trees4 ,some of the varieties might be better than the parent1 but the greater part were certain to be inferior in size4 ,the fourth year after planting in the orchard the trees gave me a heavy crop of nuts1 and they made a fine appearance as one looked down between the long rows1 as shown in ,fig4 #dj4 ,but this season my old enemy1 the filbert blight1 appeared again1 and branches and main stems began to blacken and the leaves to wither4 ,but ,i had bushels of nuts and in great variety1 and by sending specimen baskets of the long-husk varieties to dealers in ,new ,york1 learned that there was an almost unlimited demand for such nuts1 at prices ranging from thirty to seventy-five cents per pound1 if sent to market in their fresh1 half-ripened husk2 but later on1 when the nuts have fallen out and become thoroughly ripened1 as when imported1 ten cents a pound may be considered an average price for the larger varieties4 ,several of these are shown in ,fig4 #da1 of natural size and form4 ,another extra-large hazel is shown in ,fig4 #db4 ,the fifth year after planting1 my specimen filbert orchard had suffered so much from blight that it appeared as shown in ,fig4 #dc2 but a few dozen trees have been reserved1 the rest being removed and reduced to ashes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,filbert ,,orchard ,,struck ,,with ,,blight1 ,,fifth ,,year ,,from ,,seed4 ,name and ,nature of the ,filbert ,blight4--,the reader must not suppose that one who has spent as much time and money as the writer in experimenting with these nuts1 would make no effort to discover the origin and name of such a virulent disease1 and means of destroying it if these were known4 ,for many years ,i had been well aware of its presence in nearly all of the nurseries of the older ,states1 as well as in the public parks and private gardens4 ,in the meantime ,i had diligently examined the reports of the ,division of ,vegetable ,pathology of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 as well as the hundreds of bulletins of the various ,state experiment stations1 treating of the fungous diseases of plants1 all without finding a hint or reference to this widely distributed and destructive blight of the filbert4 ,i also sent many specimens of the diseased twigs and branches to professional mycologists1 with no better results4 ,with the nature of the disease1 its mode of multiplication and distribution1 ,i had become somewhat familiar1 but the information sought was3 ,had it ever been described and given a scientific name1 and if so1 where1 and by whom8 ,this much of its history had somehow escaped me1 and1 as it would appear from the following correspondence1 the chances were none too good of finding it4 ,in reply to an inquiry directed to the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,division of ,vegetable ,pathology1 ,i received the following3 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,aug4 #d1 #ahid4 ,,dear ,,sir3 ,your letter of ,aug4 #b1 relating to the disease of the filbert1 is at hand4 ,in reply ,i have to say that we have not investigated this trouble1 and are therefore unable to furnish you with any definite information upon it4 ,specimens of the disease1 as you describe it1 have never been1 so far as ,i know1 referred to the ,division1 nor am ,i able to find any record of any such disease in foreign or domestic literature4 ,if you will send us specimens we shall be pleased to examine them and furnish you a report4 ,we should also be pleased to have any information from you in regard to the manner in which the disease works4 ,very truly1 ,b4 ,t4 ,,galloway1 ,chief of ,division4 ,the specimens requested were forwarded promptly by mail1 and in the absence of the ,chief of ,division1 they fell into the hands of one of his assistants1 who reported as follows3 ,,dear ,,sir3 ,your letter of ,aug4 #g is received1 together with the specimens4 ,the stems of the ,corylus are affected with one of the ,pyrenomycetes4 ,cryptospora anomala1 ,pk4 ,the fungus is described in ,north ,american ,pyrenomycetes1 by ,ellis and ,everhart1 p4 #eca4 ,it attacks ,corylus ,americana1 but appears to be worst on the ,european varieties1 as you say4 ,the pustules appear first on the young branches1 and later on the older ones and on the trunk4 ,the roots are not killed4 ,the only remedy known is to cut out and burn the diseased stems4 ,whether ,bordeaux mixture or any other copper solution will protect the shrub from attack1 is not known4 ,so far as ,i know1 it has not been tried4 ,it is probable1 however1 that if the stems were thoroughly sprayed with the ,bordeaux mixture they would be protected from attack4 ,the mycelium of the fungus grows into the cambium and practically girdles the stems4 ,the black pustules contain the spores4 ,very truly yours1 ,,albert ,f4 ,,woods1 ,acting ,chief4 ,on the receipt of this note of ,prof4 ,woods1 ,i looked up ,ellis and ,everhart's work1 a voluminous one of over #hjj octavo pages1 published by the authors at ,newfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,this filbert blight is briefly described under the scientific name of ,cryptospora anomala1 ,pk41 but ,prof4 ,peck writes me that the description was made from specimens discovered near ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 in ,may1 #ahgd4 ,in #ahhb this description was republished by ,saccardo1 in his ,syllage ,fungorum1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dgj1 under the name of ,cryptosporella anomala4 ,the original name in ,report #bh1 p4 #gb1 was ,diatrype anomala4 ,in #ahib ,ellis and ,everhart1 in ,pyrenomycetes of ,north ,america1 p4 #eca1 changed the name again1 making it ,cryptospora anomala4 ,so at present we have the names of this fungus in the following order3 ,diatrypes anomal1 ,peck1 #ahgf4 ,cryptosporella anomala1 ,sacc41 #ahhb4 ,cryptospora anomala1 ,e4 and ,e41 #ahib4 ,ellis and ,everhart1 after giving scientific description1 add1 ,on living stems of ,corylus ,americana1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 7,peck71 ,iowa 7,holoway71 on ,corylus ,avellana1 ,newfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the pustules appear first on the smaller branches1 and are serrately arranged along one side of the branch2 afterwards they appear also on the larger branches and on the trunk itself1 and in the course of two or three years the part of tree above ground is entirely killed4 ,the roots1 however1 still retain their vitality1 and continue to send up each year a luxuriant growth of new shoots1 destined to be destroyed the succeeding year by the inexorable pest4 ,the imported trees seem to be more injuriously affected than the native species4 ,the observations of ,ellis and ,everhart and ,prof4 ,woods accord with my own1 but ,i may say that the infested branches often show the presence of the mycelium in the bark and alburnum1--by a slight shrinking1--weeks or months before the pustules appear1 for these are merely indications of the last stage in the life of the fungus1 and with the throwing off the spores from these pustules the old parasite perishes4 ,the pustules1 when fully open1 are from one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch in diameter1 usually round1 but sometimes slightly oval in form1 and placed mainly in almost straight rows lengthways of the branch1 as shown in ,fig4 #dd4 ,these pustules appear on wood of all ages1 from two years upward1 and in what may be termed patches1 ranging from a few inches to a foot or more in length1 and more frequently on the upper side than the underside of the branches4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,hazel ,,fungus4 ,this fungus is undoubtedly indigenous1 and its host plant is the common ,american hazel 7,c4 ,americana74 ,from a very careful search1 ,i have not been able to find any clump of these bushes of any considerable size that was entirely free from pustulous stems4 ,but on these wild plants it seems to do but little harm1 for if a stem is killed1 another soon springs up from the roots to take its place2 but when this fungus invades our orchards and gardens and attacks filbert trees1 we recognize it as an implacable enemy4 ,how far the spores of this fungus are likely to be carried by the wind1 transported on the clothes of a person1 or the hair of domestic animals1 ,i do not know1 but it certainly is not safe to plant the susceptible species and varieties within a mile of the wild hazel bushes1 unless the planter is prepared to use fungicides freely on his trees4 ,there are certain phases of this filbert blight that are rather obscure and scarcely explainable2 as1 for instance1 its virulence among some species and varieties1 and almost if not total absence among others4 ,so far as my observation extends1 ,i have never found it attacking the native beaked hazel 7,corylus rostrata71 and my correspondents in the ,northwest and in the ,pacific ,states assure me that no blight on the hazel has1 as yet1 been found there1 and its absence is probably due to the fact that the common hazel 7,c4 ,americana7 is not an inhabitant of these regions4 ,in a neighbor's garden just across the highway from my own1 there are1 at this time1 four old ,european hazelnut trees1 fully twenty feet high and as many years old4 ,they are of two varieties3 one a small round nut1 the other a long1 slender nut1 but neither of much value1 because of their small size4 ,the trees1 however1 are perfectly healthy1 never having suffered from the blight1 although these four are all that remain of a long row of choice ,european varieties all planted at the same time4 ,blight destroyed the better varieties1 while these inferior ones continue to thrive and are exceedingly productive4 ,this native fungus that causes blight in the hazels is but one of a large number of similar maladies which have appeared and often worsted the horticulturist1 in his endeavor to introduce and cultivate foreign species and varieties of plants1 and like the tropical fevers1 they may pass unnoticed among the natives1 but are terribly fatal to immigrants from cooler climates4 ,the disease so well known as the black knot 7,otthia morbosa1 ,schu471 and widely destructive to the ,european varieties of the plum1 and ,morello cherries1 has existed for ages among our native plums and black cherries1 doing comparatively little harm2 but it seems to protest1 by its virulence1 against the introduction of some foreign species4 ,the same is true with various blights and rusts which attack the exotic pear1 apple1 quince1 peach1 and other of the larger fruits1 and we have only to ascend the scale a few degrees from the microscopic fungi to the microscopic insects1 to meet on the very threshold of this realm the minute but unconquerable grape louse 7,phylloxera vastatrix71 which for more than two centuries has prevented the successful cultivation of the ,european varieties of the grape in the open air everywhere east of the ,rocky mountains in ,north ,america2 although this minute insect has ever been present and a constant parasite of the indigenous species of the grape1 but scarcely affecting the health of its host4 ,the plum curculio1 chestnut and hickory weevils1 bean weevil1 and many other similar species of insects appear to be ever protesting against the introduction of exotic plants1 as well as the improvement of our indigenous kinds4 ,it is this blight1 and nothing else1 that has prevented the extensive cultivation of the improved varieties of the ,european filbert and hazelnut in this country1 and not the uncongenial soil and climate1 as has been so often officially proclaimed by men whose theories are far greater than their practical knowledge of such subjects4 ,men whose experience with these nuts has been limited to a few isolated bushes or trees in gardens or nurseries1 where they were protected1 or beyond the reach of the spores of the blight fungus1 as has already been noted in the experience of ,prince1 ,downing1 ,barry1 and my neighbor ,butler1 of ,brooklyn1 could scarcely understand why others should remain so indifferent to such a promising industry1 or why the demand for the trees remained so limited1 with scarcely an attempt to plant filbert orchards anywhere in this country4 ,nurserymen have continued to offer the choice varieties at low prices per plant1 and to advise their customers to cultivate filberts extensively1 even to setting them in hedgerows2 and yet home-grown filberts remain as rare in our markets as they were a hundred years ago1 and all due to the simple reason that the insidious filbert blight still scatters its spores unrestrained4 ,with the present almost universal employment of various fungicides for the destruction of blights1 mildews and rusts on cultivated fruits and vegetables1 we may confidently assert that the diseases of the filbert may be readily controlled by the same means4 ,the spraying of the trees with ,bordeaux mixture and other copper solutions will certainly destroy the fungus spores1 and with these out of the way filbert culture may become of as much importance and as popular here as it is in certain countries of ,europe4 ,in my own experience ,i have found no other nut tree 7barring always the blight7 that has been more satisfactory4 ,the plants come forward rapidly1 fruiting freely and abundantly when young1 and if properly trained1 the crop can be gathered with little labor1 and as it is ready for use a month or more in advance of the arrival of fresh nuts from abroad1 the home market during the time is at our command4 ,the number of applications of the fungicides that will be necessary during the season to rid the trees of blight1 or the strength of the copper solution used1 will depend somewhat upon circumstances and the condition of the subjects operated upon4 ,if the trees are growing near hedges of wild hazels1 where there is a constant or annual influx of the fungus spores1 then greater care will be required to suppress them than if the trees are some distance from such sources of contagion2 and it may be well for those contemplating planting filbert orchards1 to examine their surroundings carefully in advance1 in order to avoid local blight-breeding plants1 and have these destroyed if any are found4 ,i would also warn the cultivator against collecting branches of the wild hazel in the spring1 carrying pollen-bearing catkins to be employed in fertilizing the pistillate flowers of the cultivated varieties1 for by such means blight spores may be readily introduced into orchard and garden4 ,it will seldom be necessary to practice artificial fertilization1 where any considerable number of trees are grown near together1 because if ninety per cent4 of the male catkins are winterkilled1 the few remaining will be sufficient to supply pollen for the pistillate flowers4 ,in my grounds filberts have never failed to produce annual crops after reaching a bearing age1 although they have been subjected to great extremes of temperature in winter4 ,one year the trees were in full bloom the last week in ,february1 and although cold weather followed1 the protected pistillate flowers were not injured4 ,the winters of #ahid and #ahie were among the severest1 in the way of continuous low temperature1 ,i have ever experienced here1 and while the filberts did not bloom until the first week in ,april1 the crop proved to be abundant4 ,insects ,injurious to ,filberts4--,my personal observations lead me to believe that the filberts and hazels are1 in this country1 remarkably free from the depredations of noxious insects4 ,two species of nut weevils have been reported as breeding in the wild hazelnuts1 viz41 ,balaninus obtusus1 and ,b4 nasicus1 but among the many bushels of the ,european varieties of the filbert produced in my grounds ,i have never found one infested by a weevil or other insect4 ,in ,europe a nut weevil 7,b4 nucum7 is said to be very destructive to the wild hazel1 often invading the filbert orchards1 and this we can readily believe1 because they are not at all uncommon in the imported nuts1 but fortunately have not1 as yet1 become naturalized in this country4 ,the great hazel-leaf beetle1 or as more generally known1 elm-leaf beetle 7,monocesta coryli71 has been known in a few instances to attack and defoliate large patches of the wild hazel bushes1 but this insect seems to prefer the elm1 hence is rarely found on the hazels4 ,but should it ever invade our filbert orchards1 it can be readily destroyed by dusting or spraying the trees with ,paris green1 ,london purple1 or other well-known insecticides4 ,there may be an occasional invasion of caterpillars1 like the tent worms1 spanworms1 leaf rollers of various species1 and what are called leaf miners1 but as these infest almost all kinds of deciduous trees and shrubs1 we cannot consider them specially injurious to the filberts and hazels4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,hickory ,,nuts4 ,hicoria1 ,rafinesque4 ,name probably derived from the aboriginal or ,indian word hickery1 or hickory1 the common name for these nuts among the tribes formerly inhabiting the ,middle and ,southern ,atlantic ,states4 ,order1 ,juglandaceae 7,walnut family74--,native deciduous trees of large size1 with compound serrate leaves with an odd number of leaflets1 varying from five to fifteen in the different species1 the three terminal ones usually much the largest1 the lower ones on opposite sides of the rather stout leafstalk4 ,male catkins slender1 cylindrical1 pendulous1 two to six inches long1 three in a cluster1 on a naked peduncle or stalk 7,fig4 #df7 springing from the base of the terminal buds of the previous season's twigs1 and just below the first set of new leaves in spring2 calyx unequally three-parted2 stamens three to eight4 ,female flowers two or more in a cluster1 from the end of the new growth of the season1 which becomes the common peduncle or fruit-stalk of a single nut or cluster of nuts4 ,the flowers are destitute of petals2 stigma short1 broad1 and four-lobed2 husk fleshy or leathery1 smooth1 very thick in some species and thin in others1 partly or wholly four-lobed1 opening in some1 allowing the nut to drop out at maturity1 in others adhering1 falling off entire when ripe4 ,nuts with hard1 bone-like shell1 round or oblong1 smooth or deeply four to six angled1 somewhat flattened or compressed in most of the species2 kernel two-lobed1 oily1 sweet and delicious1 as in the common shellbark hickory1 or extremely bitter1 as in the bitter nut4 ,history4--,the early white settlers of the ,atlantic ,states found the hickory nut in common use among the ,indians1 who gathered and stored them in large quantities in the fall1 for food during the winter months1 and while our ancestors who sought to make homes in the western wilderness may have appreciated these luxuries1 they needed land for cultivation1 and to secure it the forests were destroyed1 with no thought of preserving trees that would yield food for themselves or succeeding generations4 ,not only were the forests cleared away1 as things to be banished from sight and mind1 but as the hickories yielded superior timber for various agricultural and other implements1 as well as for fuel1 they were often sought for and utilized in advance of the general clearing of wood lands1 and the first to feel the woodman's axe4 ,william ,bartram1 in the account of his travels through the ,southern ,atlantic ,states1 from #aggc to #aggh1 and published in ,philadelphia in #agia1 says1 in referring to these nuts1 that they are held in great estimation with the present generation of ,indians1 particularly ,juglans exaltata1 commonly called shellbarked hickory2 the ,creeks store up the latter in their towns4 ,i have seen above an hundred bushels of these nuts belonging to one family4 ,they pound them to pieces1 and then cast them into boiling water1 which1 after passing through fine strainers1 preserves the most oily part of the liquid2 this they call by a name which signifies 'hickory milk2' it is as sweet and rich as fresh cream1 and is an ingredient in most of their cookery1 especially in hominy and corn cakes4 ,we can readily imagine what a delicious liquid hickory milk must be in which to cook hominy1 rice1 and similar kinds of grain2 and there would be no danger from tuberculosis in this natural product of the vegetable kingdom4 ,perhaps at some future day1 when milch cows are as rare in this country as they have been for ages in ,china and ,japan1 hickory milk will come into vogue again and be more highly valued by our people than it ever was by the aborigines4 ,while we have no romantic tales to repeat in which either hickory trees or the nuts have played an important part1 yet we can well imagine that such delicious food must1 in ages past1 as well as in our own times1 have been a coveted luxury1 enjoyed at many a social gathering of friends and neighbors4 ,many a country boy and girl has welcomed the early autumn frosts1 because they announced the opening of the nutting season1 reminding them of the long winter evenings near at hand1 and that the industrious and nimble squirrel was a sharp competitor in the nutting field2 consequently1 no time could be wasted if a store of such luxuries was to be gathered for home use1 or to be sent to city or village market for the benefit of less fortunate consumers4 ,it is to be hoped that this source of pleasure and profit may continue long after the original forests of our country have disappeared1 and through the preservation and planting of the noble food-bearing hickories by the roadsides1 in orchards1 also for shelter1 shade and ornament4 ,valuable as hickory timber and hickory nuts have always been to the inhabitants of this country1 we might reasonably suppose that there would be many thousands of these trees planted every year1 in order to keep up a supply and make good the annual loss sustained in the destruction constantly going on in our forests4 ,but no such plantings appear to have been undertaken in our ,northern ,states1 and only quite recently in the ,southern1 where the pecan nut is attracting considerable attention1 on account of the increase in demand1 and the advance in price obtained for them in the markets4 ,furthermore1 with the many millions of dollars expended by the general government to encourage the planting1 preservation and cultivation of forest trees1 no special encouragement has been extended to the nut-bearing kinds1 and the man who plants a cottonwood or worthless willow is given as much credit as though he planted and reared a tree a thousand times more valuable to himself and the country at large4 ,this may not be a very creditable phase of nut culture in the ,united ,states1 but it is history1 nevertheless1 and to attempt to suppress it would merely be encouraging negligence1 which has already become so general that the inferior varieties of hickory nuts command a much higher price in our markets than the very choicest did a few years ago4 ,the nomenclature of the walnut family has been subjected to various revisions by botanists1 during the present century1 and there are probably others yet to follow in the near or distant future4 ,in all other standard botanical works published prior to #ahag-ahah1 the hickories were classed with the butternut1 black walnut and ,persian walnut1 and under the generic name of ,juglans4 ,but in the year #ahah ,mr4 ,thomas ,nuttall1 an eminent ,english botanist1 who had given years to wandering through our forests and studying ,american plants1 separated the hickories from the older genus of ,juglans1 placing them in a new one1 to which he gave the name of ,carya1 from an ancient ,greek name of the walnut tree4 ,this classification of ,nuttall's was immediately adopted by the botanists of his time1 and has been observed1 scarcely without question1 by the authors of all the numerous botanical works published in ,america and ,europe during the past seventy-five years4 ,but now we are informed by some of our noted botanists that1 in deference to the law of priority dominant in matters scientific1 ,nuttall's name for this genus must be abandoned1 inasmuch as ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,rafinesque1 an erratic ,frenchman possessing considerable ability for botanical research1 and who came to this country several years before ,nuttall1--as some recent investigations appear to prove1--defined the distinct characteristics of the hickories1 and not only proposed1 but published the name ,hicoria for this genus in #ahag1 while ,nuttall's ,carya did not appear until one year later1 viz43 #ahah4 ,for these dates ,i am mainly indebted to ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 who appears to have been delving among first editions of the works of the authors named 7,bulletin1 ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 #ahhh74 ,it seems strange1 however1 at this late date1 that such eminent botanists as the late ,dr4 ,john ,torrey and ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 who were both intimately acquainted with1 in fact associates of1 ,rafinesque1 should have ignored his rights in regard to the name of ,hicoria1 if he was really entitled to the honor of founding this genus and separating the hickories from the ,juglans4 ,but for some good reason they left the matter in abeyance1 for their successors to settle4 ,dr4 ,torrey does1 in a way1 recognize ,rafinesque1 in his ,catalogue of ,plants ,within ,thirty ,miles of the ,city of ,new ,york1 published in #ahai1 but in a manner which shows that he had no confidence in ,rafinesque's claim1 but did approve of ,nuttall's classifications and name of ,carya1 for on page #gd he refers to the hickories as follows3 ,carya1 ,nuttall2 ,hickoria1 ,rafinesque4 ,from this it appears that ,dr4 ,torrey did not adopt ,hicoria as the proper mode of spelling this word1 but retained the letter k in giving it a ,latin form4 ,this is not strange1 inasmuch as ,rafinesque had no settled form of his own1 and varied the spelling at different times2 as1 for instance1 ,scoria1 ,hicoria1 ,hickorius and ,hicorius4 ,it is but reasonable to suppose that ,dr4 ,torrey was familiar with ,rafinesque's earlier writings1 and also whether his proposed generic name of ,scoria1 in #ahjh1 was legitimate1 or a misspelling of ,hicoria1 as suggested by ,dr4 ,britton4 ,but of one thing we may rest assured1 and that is1 ,dr4 ,torrey would not knowingly detract from1 nor fail to give every man full credit for his labors in any branch of natural history or elsewhere1 and he certainly must have known ,rafinesque in all his eccentricities and moods1 for when in ,new ,york city he was usually the guest of ,dr4 ,torrey1 and these relations continued for many years4 ,a few of our leading botanists1 having recently decided that ,rafinesque's name of ,hicoria must be restored1 in deference to the laws of priority1 and ,nuttall's ,carya be relegated to the position of a synonym1 ,i have concluded to adopt it in this work1 although ,i am well aware that a large majority of our botanists have protested against this change1 probably because of the confusion it is likely to cause in the botanical literature of our times4 ,my own reason for adopting ,hicoria is not so much from any special reverence to the laws of priority1 but because it is derived from an old ,american ,indian name1 and for all such ,i have a profound regard1 and would retain and adopt them whenever and wherever they are at all appropriate to products indigenous to this country4 ,the hickories being purely ,american1 and unknown to ,greece or ,greeks1 a semi-native name is all the more acceptable4 ,it is not to be expected that botanical quibbles are of any special interest to the practical nut culturist1 for a pecan or a shellbark hickory will taste just as sweet and command as high a price in market under one scientific name as another2 but the cultivator may have occasion to look up the botanical name of his trees in some school botany1 or other botanical work1 and fail to find it1 in the absence of some guide to the various changes that have been made in the name of the genus1 as well as in the name of the synonyms of the different species4 ,then1 again1 propagators and dealers in trees are prone to employ unfamiliar names1 whether they are old or new1 this adding to the confusion1 without benefit to either purchaser or cultivator4 ,to assist those who may have occasion to consult these pages for either the common or botanical names of the different species of the hickory1 ,i shall endeavor to give the greater part of those compiled by ,prof4 ,c4 ,s4 ,sargent 7,tenth ,census71 ,dr4 ,britton1 and other eminent authorities whose works ,i have had occasion to consult in writing this treatise4 ,it is not certain1 however1 that these revisions and readjustments of the scientific names of this genus of trees will remain undisturbed for any considerable number of years1 for we have many men of many minds at work in the line of botanical research1 and it can scarcely be expected that all will reach the same conclusion1 either in fact or fancy2 besides1 it is often difficult1 if not wholly impossible1 to determine a species from the description given by the earlier botanists1 for they are generally very brief and vague1 and will often apply equally well to two or more species of the same genus4 ,in some instances not a word is given in the way of description1 merely a name1 as in ,bartram's ,travels 7#agia71 where he speaks of ,juglans exaltata1 a tall-growing hickory found in the region through which he was traveling1 and we now know that it may have been any one of two or three species indigenous to the ,southern ,states4 ,under such confusing circumstances ,i shall make no claim of infallibility in applying names to species1 but attempt no more than my predecessors have in the same direction1 and my contemporaries are now attempting1 i4 e41 make as close a guess as possible as to the species or variety of hickory which the earlier authors intended to name and briefly describe4 ,the date of publication of some of the earlier works consulted are given1 as an earnest of my desire to assent to the law of priority in such matters4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,fourteen ,,years ,,old ,,pecan ,,tree ,,in ,,mississippi4 ,,pecan ,,nut1 ,,illinois ,,nut 7,hicoria ,pecan4 ,marshall74--,leaves with thirteen to fifteen leaflets1 oblong-lanceolate1 serrate1 pointed2 nuts mostly oblong1 smooth2 husk thin1 somewhat four-angled and four-valved1 these at maturity shrinking1 and falling apart when dropping to the ground4 ,shell of nut generally thin1 smooth or slightly corrugated1 varying widely in both form and size from less than one inch in length to nearly or quite two inches1 abruptly blunt1 or long and sharp pointed2 the two-lobed cotyledon or kernel oily1 sweet and delicious4 ,a large1 tall1 but usually slender tree1 with smooth or slightly furrowed bark1 as seen in ,fig4 #de4 ,mainly indigenous to river bottoms in the ,southern and ,southwestern ,states1 extending northward to ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,missouri and ,southern ,iowa4 ,synonyms and their authors3 ,juglans ,pecan1 ,marshall1 ,arboretum ,americanum1 #aghe4 ,juglans ,pecan1 ,walter1 #aghg4 ,juglans olivaeformis1 ,willdenow1 #ahji4 ,carya olivaeformis1 ,nuttall1 #ahah4 ,juglans ,illinoiensis1 ,wangenheim1 #aghg4 ,juglans angustifolia1 ,aiton1 ,hortus ,kewensis4 ,juglans rubra1 ,gaertner4 ,juglans cylindrica1 ,lamarck4 ,,shellbark ,,or ,,shagbark ,,hickory 7,hicoria alba4 ,clayton74--,leaflets mostly five1 occasionally seven1 the three upper ones obovate-lanceolate1 the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate1 as shown in ,fig4 #df1 all taper-pointed1 finely serrate1 and slightly downy underneath4 ,terminal buds large and scaly4 ,fruit globose1 somewhat depressed2 husk smooth1 very thick1 firm1 scarcely shrinking at maturity1 but opening and falling with the nuts when ripe4 ,nuts variable in size1 mainly thin-shelled1 white1 compressed or flattened1 four-angled1 with deep corrugations1 blunt1 rarely sharp-pointed2 kernel large1 sweet and excellent4 ,one of the most common and popular of the indigenous edible nuts1 collected in large quantities as they ripen in autumn1 for home use and for sale1 as the demand for this excellent nut is almost unlimited4 ,a large tree1 fifty to eighty feet high1 and stem one to three feet in diameter1 with a shaggy or scaly bark1 which on old trees may be readily pulled off in long1 shell-like plates4 ,timber well known as valuable for many purposes4 ,this species has a very wide range1 of from ,maine to ,florida in the ,eastern ,states1 and westward to ,minnesota1 thence southward through eastern ,kansas1 ,missouri1 ,indian ,territory and eastern ,texas4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans alba1 ,clayton1 ,flora ,virginica1 #agci4 ,juglans alba ovata1 ,miller1 ,gard4 ,dict41 #aged4 ,juglans alba1 ,linn41 ,spec4 pl41 #aged4 ,juglans alba ovata1 ,marshall1 #aghe4 ,juglans compressa 7871 ,willdenow1 #ahji4 ,juglans exaltata 7871 ,bartram1 #agia4 ,juglans alba1 ,nuttall1 #ahah4 ,juglans var4 microcarpa1 ,nuttall4 ,juglans squamosa 7871 ,lamarck4 ,juglans ovalis 7871 ,wangenheim4 ,although ,clayton1 as with most of the earlier botanists1 fails to give any description of the foliage of the hickories he mentions1 and all have the affix alba 7white71 yet his reference to the form of the nut and the scaly bark of the tree is sufficient to enable us to identify the species as that of our common shellbark hickory of the ,atlantic ,states1 which extends through the regions where he gathered his botanical specimens4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,leaf ,,and ,,sterile ,,catkins ,,of ,,shellbark ,,hickory4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,western ,,shellbark4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,section ,,western ,,shellbark4 ,,big ,,shellbark1 ,,thick ,,or ,,western ,,shellbark1 ,,etc4 7,hicoria laciniosa4 ,michaux74--,leaflets seven to nine1 obovate-oblong1 finely serrate1 roughish-downy or pubescent beneath4 ,buds large1 composed of rather loose grayish scales2 the young twigs stout1 with a gray bark1 most noticeable in winter4 ,fruit large1 oval to oblong1 usually four-ribbed above the middle1 with depressions between2 husk thick1 somewhat spongy1 shrinking at maturity1 and splitting open from top downward4 ,nut large1 with prominent ridges1 and strongly pointed1 but slightly compressed at the sides1 as seen in ,fig4 #dg2 shell thick and of a dull yellowish color2 kernel moderately large1 as shown across section of nut in ,fig4 #dh1 but much smaller in proportion to the size of the nut than in the two preceding species1 but it is sweet1 well flavored1 and easily removed from the shell when cracked4 ,the very large size of these nuts makes them a favorite1 especially where the pecan and the true shellbarks are not plentiful4 ,these nuts were formerly known as the ,springfield or ,gloucester nut4 ,a very large tree1 sixty to eighty feet high1 and two to four feet in diameter1 with thick1 scaly bark1 the scales somewhat thicker than in the common shellbark hickory of the ,atlantic ,states4 ,a rare tree1 except in the valleys west of the ,alleghanies1 although it is reported to have been found in ,chester county1 ,pennsylvania1 and thence west to southern ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 eastern ,kansas1 and the ,indian ,territory4 ,plentiful in the bottom lands along the ,ohio1 ,mississippi and lower ,missouri4 ,elliott1 in ,botany of ,south ,carolina and ,georgia 7#ahbd71 says it is rare in the low country of ,carolina1 but he does not say that it is found plentiful anywhere in the ,south4 ,that he was sometimes in doubt in regard to the identification of this and other species may be inferred from his remark1 namely3 ,the greater part of our hickories resemble each other so closely in their leaves and vary so much in their fruit that it is very difficult to discriminate the species4 ,it is this difficulty of identification which has led to so much confusion in the application of the specific names1 for the earlier botanists rarely had an opportunity of a close and careful examination of the trees or other plants which they attempted to describe4 ,in relation to the species under consideration1 we find that the specific name of sulcata1 so long in use1 was adopted by ,nuttall1 from some earlier or contemporaneous author1--a system he followed with all the different species of the hickory1 but without1 in some instances1 any discrimination or regard to their adaptation or validity4 ,if there was anything to show that ,willdenow 7#agif7 had this ,western shellbark in mind1 or that he or his correspondents in this country had ever seen or collected it1 then we might adopt the name of sulcata as the original and true one2 but in the absence of such information1 with a full and accurate description of the species and its habitats by ,michaux1 under the name of laciniosa1 ,i think1 in common justice to one of the most eminent dendrologists who ever visited this country1 the name given should stand as the true one for this species4 ,see ,michaux1 ,north ,american ,sylva1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abh4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans sulcata 7871 ,willdenow1 #agif4 ,juglans laciniosa1 ,michaux1 #ahaj4 ,carya sulcata1 ,nuttall1 #ahah4 ,carya cordiformis1 ,koch1 ,dendrologie4 ,the three preceding species are probably the only ones worthy of propagation for their fruit1 or that have and are likely to yield varieties of any considerable economic value2 but as it is important that the nut culturist should know the materials he is using1 and whether they be of the best or otherwise1 ,i shall admit all the species1 without regard to their merits or value for cultivation4 ,,mocker ,,nut1 ,,bull ,,nut1 ,,big-,,bud ,,hickory1 ,,king ,,nut1 ,,white-,,heart ,,hickory1 ,,etc4 7,hicoria tomentosa4 ,michaux74--,leaflets mostly seven1 occasionally nine1 large1 oblong-obovate1 rather long pointed1 slightly serrate1 smooth on both sides while young1 becoming roughish downy underneath when fully developed in summer2 leaf-stalks and catkins also somewhat downy4 ,fruit medium to very large1 round or ovoid1 with a very thick woody husk1 which splits nearly or quite down to the base1 but usually falling with the enclosed nut entire1 or bursting open as they strike the ground4 ,nut very thick shelled1 smooth1 or strongly four to six angled1 white at first1 but becoming a dull brown when exposed to the light4 ,the kernel is sweet1 but so small and firmly imbedded in the thick shell that it is only to be removed in minute sections1 but this is successfully accomplished by the squirrels1 who often throw down the entire crop from large trees before the shells harden1 and then pack them away in the ground1 in old logs1 and under the leaves1 where they will not dry for some weeks or months later4 ,an exceedingly variable species1 especially in the size and form of the nuts2 on some trees they are scarcely an inch in diameter1 while on others they are nearly or quite two inches1 but always with such a thick1 hard shell as to be nearly worthless for their meats4 ,the largest of these nuts ,i have ever seen grow in central and western ,new ,york1 where they are called ,king or ,bull nuts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,leaf ,,of ,,pignut4 ,the trees grow to a very large size1 or from sixty to eighty feet high1 and two to three feet in diameter1 with a thick1 deeply furrowed bark1 not scaly4 ,the wood is white1 heavy1 tough1 and nearly as valuable as the common shellbark hickory4 ,the terminal buds1 and especially those on the young seedlings and suckers springing up in clearings1 are very large1 round1 short1 and covered with brownish scales1 hence one of the local names of big-bud hickory4 ,a widely distributed species1 or from the valley of the ,st4 ,lawrence to ,florida1 and along the great lakes to ,nebraska1 and thence southward to ,texas4 ,unlike most of the other hickories1 this species seems to prefer thin soils1 rocky sandstone ridges1 and here in ,new ,jersey almost disappearing in the rich bottom lands along our creeks and rivers2 at least1 this is its habit here in the northern part of the ,state4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans alba 7871 ,linn41 #aged4 ,juglans tomentosa1 ,michaux1 #ahaj4 ,carya tomentosa1 ,nuttall1 #ahah4 ,carya tomentosa var4 maxima1 ,nuttall4 ,carya alba1 ,koch1 ,dendrologie4 ,,pignut1 ,,hognut1 ,,brown ,,hickory1 ,,black ,,hickory1 ,,switch-,,bud ,,hickory 7,hicoria glabra4 ,miller74--,leaflets five to seven1 mostly seven 7,fig4 #di71 ovate-lanceolate1 serrate1 smooth2 fruit pear-shaped or roundish-obovate2 husk very thin1 splitting about half way down into four sections or valves1 these usually remaining attached to the nut for some time after falling1 in fact1 may often be found within the husk all through the winter2 shell of nut moderately thin but tough1 with a small1 bitterish-sweet kernel4 ,a large1 rather slender tree in similar and same localities as the last1 with a close bark but not so deeply furrowed as in the mocker nut 7,h4 tomentosa74 ,of no special value except as a timber tree1 and its slow growth makes it less deserving of attention than those species that bear large and edible nuts4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans glabra1 ,miller1 #agfh4 ,juglans alba acuminata1 ,marshall1 #aghe4 ,juglans obcordata1 ,lamarck4 ,juglans porcina1 ,michaux4 ,juglans pyriformis1 ,muhlenberg4 ,juglans porcina1 var4 obcordata1 ,pursh4 ,juglans porcina1 var4 pyriformis1 ,pursh4 ,carya porcina1 ,nuttall4 ,carya glabra1 ,torrey4 ,carya amara1 var4 porcina1 ,darby4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,bitternut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,bitternut4 ,,bitternut1 ,,swamp ,,hickory1 ,,pignut 7,hicoria minima4 ,marshall74--,leaflets seven to eleven1 oblong-lanceolate1 serrate1 smooth and thin2 fruit globular1 with distinct ridges at the seams 7,fig4 #ej72 the husk very thin1 and at maturity splitting about halfway to the base1 the four divisions becoming reflexed in maturing1 but not separating and falling apart as in the thicker-husk species4 ,nut broadest at the top1 sharp-pointed1 obcordata 7,fig4 #ea71 slightly depressed2 shell very thin1 smooth1 white2 kernel intensely bitter when fully ripe1 but greedily eaten by squirrels when fresh or in a half milky state4 ,usually a medium-sized1 graceful tree1 with smooth bark1 slender twigs1 and small1 oblong buds covered with a dense yellow pubescence in winter4 ,it grows in moist soils1 along streams and borders of swamps1 and near springs on hill-sides1 from ,maine to ,florida1 and westward to ,minnesota1 ,nebraska and ,kansas4 ,humphrey ,marshall described this species so accurately in his ,american ,grove1 under the name of ,juglans minima1 p4 #fh1 that there is no good reason to doubt its identity1 nor question the validity of this name1 which should remain as the true and original one1 and all others of later date be placed among the synonyms4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans 7alba7 minima1 ,marshall1 #aghe4 ,juglans cordiformis1 ,wangenheim1 #aghg4 ,juglans angustifolia1 ,lamarck1 #agia4 ,juglans amara1 ,michaux1 #ahaj4 ,hickorius amarus1 ,rafinesque1 #ahag4 ,carya amara1 ,nuttall1 #ahah4 ,,nutmeg ,,hickory 7,hicoria myristicaeformis4 ,michaux74--,leaflets five to seven1 ovate-lanceolate1 pointed1 quite smooth on both sides1 the terminal leaflet sessile1 not stalked2 fruit oval2 husk wrinkled and rough1 thick2 nut small1 oval1 short-pointed2 the shell furrowed and very hard1 and of a brownish color marked with white lines4 ,michaux says3 ,the shell is so thick that it constitutes two-thirds of the volume of the nut1 which1 consequently1 is extremely hard1 and has a minute kernel4 ,it is inferior to the pignut4 ,a medium-size tree with slender branches1 found in a few localities in ,south ,carolina1 near swamps and borders of streams1 and westward to ,arkansas1 where it reaches its greatest development4 ,this hickory has been so rarely seen by botanists that ,michaux's specific name1 given it more than eighty years ago1 has fared a better fate than those of our more common and abundant species2 consequently1 ,i have only one synonym to record1 viz43 ,carya amara1 var4 myristicaeformis1 ,cooper1 in ,smithsonian ,report1 #aheh4 ,,water ,,hickory1 ,,swamp ,,hickory1 ,,bitter ,,pecan 7,hicoria aquatica4 ,michaux74--,leaflets nine to thirteen1 generally eleven1 narrow and obliquely lanceolate-pointed1 slightly serrate1 thin and smooth2 fruit globular or somewhat egg-shaped1 four-ribbed2 husk thin1 dividing at maturity down to the base2 nut thin-shelled1 four-angled2 kernel much wrinkled and very bitter4 ,this is closely allied to if not a more ,southern form of our common bitternut4 ,a small tree in swamps and river bottoms from ,north ,carolina south to ,florida1 and west to ,texas4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans aquatica1 ,michaux4 ,hicorius integrifolia1 ,rafinesque4 ,carya aquatica1 ,nuttall4 ,carya integrifolia1 ,sprengel4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,large1 ,,long ,,pecan ,,nut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,oval ,,pecan ,,nut4 ,varieties of the ,hickories4--,every one who has ever had occasion to gather or examine hickory nuts in the forest1 or has seen them in market1 must be aware of the fact that there is an almost endless variety of each and all the different species4 ,but as it is only the varieties of the pecan and thick- and thin-shelled shagbark hickories that are likely to be of any economic value to the nut culturist1 all others will be omitted4 ,of the first or pecan nut the natural varieties are not only exceedingly numerous1 but vary widely in size1 form1 thickness of shell1 and productiveness of the individual trees4 ,in some the nuts are produced singly or in pairs1 and from this number up to clusters of seven or eight2 these large-clustered and extra-prolific varieties are most worthy of special attention1 especially when the nuts are of good size and thin-shelled1 as in the large1 long pecan 7,fig4 #eb74 ,from this size they vary1 as shown in ,figs4 #ec1 #ed1 #ee4 ,some of the wild varieties have received local names1 and a very few propagated by grafting1 which is probably the most practical means known of multiplying them1 and at the same time preserving their varietal characteristics4 ,choice and extra fine ones are constantly being discovered and brought to notice1 and doubtless many more will follow as the old fields and forests of the ,south and ,west are explored2 besides1 there are many thousands of seedling trees now under cultivation1 and from these we may expect some marked variations from the original or wild forms4 ,in ,bulletin #aje1 of the ,north ,carolina ,agricultural ,experiment ,station for #ahid1 and in ,report of ,assistant ,pomologist of ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture for same year1 we find the following-named varieties of pecans3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,small ,,oval4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,little ,,mobile4 ,,alba4--,size below medium1 cylindrical1 with pointed apex2 cracking qualities good2 shell of medium thickness2 corky shell lining thick1 adhering to the kernel2 kernel plump1 light colored2 quality good4 ,,biloxi 7,w4 ,r4 ,stuart1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss474--,medium size1 cylindrical1 pointed at each end2 surface quite regular1 light brown2 shell thin2 cracking qualities medium2 kernel plump1 with yellowish-brown surface2 free from astringency1 of good quality1 and keeps well without becoming rancid4 ,introduced several years ago by ,w4 ,r4 ,stuart as ,mexican ,paper ,shell1 but the name has since been changed to ,biloxi4 ,,columbian 7,w4 ,r4 ,stuart1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss474--,large1 cylindrical1 somewhat compressed at the middle1 rounding at the base2 pointed and somewhat four-sided at the crown2 shell rather heavy2 cracking qualities medium2 quality good4 ,in size and form this nut closely resembles ,mammoth1 which was introduced in #ahij by ,richard ,frotscher1 of ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,,early ,,texan 7,louis ,biediger1 ,idlewild1 ,tex474--,size above medium1 short1 cylindrical1 with rounded base and blunt conical crown2 shell quite thick1 shell lining thick1 astringent2 cracking qualities medium2 kernel not very plump1 of mild1 nutty flavor2 quality good4 ,,georgia ,,melon4--,size above medium1 short1 rather blunt at apex2 cracking quality medium2 shell rather thick2 kernel plump1 brown2 meat yellow1 moderately tender1 pleasant1 good4 ,,gonzales 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,denison1 ,tex474--,above medium size1 with firm1 clear shell2 quality excellent4 ,originated in ,gonzales county1 ,tex4 ,,harcourt4--,size medium1 short1 slightly acorn-shaped2 cracking qualities medium2 shell rather thick1 but very smooth inside2 kernel short1 very plump2 meat yellow1 very tender1 rich1 very good4 ,,longfellow4--,size medium1 oblong1 cylindrical1 somewhat irregular1 enlarging from base to near crown1 then sharply conical to the apex2 cracking qualities not first-class2 shell of medium thickness2 kernel plump but rather thin1 light-colored2 meat white1 sweetish1 rich1 good4 ,,primate 7,w4 ,r4 ,stuart1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss47--,of medium size1 slender1 rather long2 shell thin2 quality good2 ripens in ,september1 thirty days before other nuts4 ,,ribera4--,size above medium1 oblong ovate2 cracking qualities good2 shell thin2 kernel plump1 light brown1 free from the bitter1 red1 corky growth which adheres to the shell2 meat yellow1 tender1 with rich1 delicate1 pleasant flavor4 ,,faust4--,a ,south ,carolina variety of medium to large size1 medium shell and good quality4 ,,frotscher4--,a ,louisiana variety of large size1 very thin shell1 and plump kernel of good quality4 ,,jewett4--,from ,mississippi2 a large1 long nut1 rather irregular2 shell medium2 quality very good4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,stuart4 ,,stuart4--,a large1 roundish1 oblong nut from ,mississippi 7,fig4 #ef74 ,,turkey ,,egg4--,a variety from ,florida2 large and thin-shelled4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,van ,,deman4 ,,van ,,deman4--,a large variety from ,mississippi1 of oblong form and thin shell 7,fig4 #eg74 ,from other sources we collect other names1 namely3 ,,idlewild4--,an oval shaped nut from ,idlewild1 ,texas4 ,report of ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 #ahij4 ,,risien4--,a very broad1 thick variety1 about one inch in diameter1 very blunt at both ends4 ,from ,san ,saba1 ,texas 7,fig4 #eh74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,risien4 ,a peculiar shaped pecan nut is shown in ,fig4 #ei1 from ,louisiana1 sent under the name of ,lady ,finger4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,lady ,,finger4 ,from the report of the ,georgia ,state ,horticultural ,society1 #ahic1 we obtain certain local names without description1 as1 for instance1 ,turkey ,egg1 ,mexican1 ,colorado1 ,pride of the ,coast1 etc4 ,col4 ,w4 ,r4 ,stuart1 of ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss41 who has been called the father of pecan culture in that ,state1 and is the author of ,the ,pecan and ,how to ,grow it1 adds two more varieties to the above list1 viz43 ,beauty and ,columbia2 the latter1 as figured in the book named1 is a very large variety1 tapering from a broad base to a sharp point4 ,judge ,samuel ,miller1 of ,bluffton1 ,mo41 found some very large and fine varieties of the pecan in his neighborhood several years ago1 on the farm of a man named ,meyers1 and he purchased the nuts from the tree bearing the largest in the grove and planted them1 and the seedlings have since been distributed under the name of ,meyers' ,pecan4 ,judge ,miller kindly sent me a quantity of these nuts1 from which ,i raised some fifty or more trees1 and all have thus far been uninjured by the cold of our severest winters4 ,from my own experience in raising pecan trees1 and ,i may add1 that of some of my neighbors1 those grown from nuts gathered in the more ,southern ,states are almost invariably tender here in the ,north2 but those raised from thoroughly acclimated trees1 along the northern limits of this species1 will give us a hardy race1 and probably allow of extending their cultivation far north of their natural range4 ,those who intend to try pecan culture in the ,northern ,states should bear this in mind1 and secure nuts and cions from hardy acclimated trees4 ,varieties of the ,shellbark4--,of this species 7,h4 alba7 there are as many distinct natural varieties as of the pecan1 and while local or neighborhood names are plentiful enough1 they have not1 except in a very few instances1 been placed on record in agricultural reports or other publications4 ,three small thin-shelled varieties are named in the ,report of the ,pomologist of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture for #ahia1 viz43 ,milford1 ,shimar and ,leaming1 but neither has been propagated1 and they are probably not worthy of it1 because there are plenty of larger ones with thin shells which would be far more valuable for cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,the ,,original ,,hales' ,,paper-,,shell ,,hickory ,,tree4 ,a careful research extending over a period of a quarter of a century yields only a solitary instance of the propagation and dissemination of a variety of the shellbark hickory1 and this one is ,hales' ,paper-shell1 which ,i named1 described and figured in the ,rural ,new-,yorker1 ,nov4 #ai1 #ahgj1 p4 #chb1 ,vol4 ,,xxii4 ,i am thus particular in regard to time and place1 because years hence these facts may be of more importance than at the present day4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,hales' ,,hickory4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,section ,,of ,,hales' ,,hickory4 ,the original tree of this remarkable variety is growing upon the farm of ,mr4 ,henry ,hales1 near ,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j41 and on bottom land within a few rods of the ,saddle river4 ,the tree is probably more than a hundred years old1 and is about seventy-five feet high1 and nearly two feet in diameter at the base1 and of the shape shown in ,fig4 #fj1 taken from a sketch made in the fall of #ahid4 ,there are a large number of the shellbark hickories growing near by1 and while there are several excellent and very large varieties among them1 the one ,i have named is by far the largest and most distinct in form1 and with the thinnest shell2 in fact1 the shell is much thinner than in many of the pecan nuts that reach our ,northern markets from the ,south4 ,the size and form of these nuts is clearly shown in ,fig4 #fa1 while the thin shell and thick1 plump kernel is seen in the cross-section1 ,fig4 #fb4 ,it will be noticed that these nuts differ from the ordinary varieties of this species in the absence of the sharp ridges and depressions running from base to point1 the surface of the shell being broken up into irregular1 wavy lines1 somewhat resembling the shell of the more common varieties of the ,persian walnuts4 ,i have occasionally seen very similar varieties1--but of smaller size1--among the mixed lots of hickory nuts on sale in our city markets1 also oblong nuts1 as shown in ,fig4 #fc1 but of course there is no way of tracing these to the trees producing them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,long ,,shellbark ,,hickory4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,shellbark ,,missouri4 ,another merit1 in addition to the large size and thin shell of the ,hales' ,paper-shell1 is its keeping qualities1 the kernels rarely becoming rancid1 even when two or more years old1 and from a long acquaintance with this nut and hundreds of other varieties gathered from all parts of the ,united ,states1 ,i am inclined to place it at the head of the list1 and as the most valuable sort as yet discovered4 ,it is true1 however1 that ,i have found in the forests1 and also received1 many very large and superior nuts of this species1 that are well worthy of propagation and cultivation1 but they have been1 in the main1 of the typical form1 and not of so distinct a type as this ,paper-shell4 ,judge ,miller sent me a few nuts of a shellbark found in ,missouri1 that were even larger1 and with fully as thin shell as that of the ,hales' 7,fig4 #fd71 but upon making further inquiries in regard to the tree that produced them1 ,i learned that an incoming railroad line had destroyed it1 and thus one more tree of inestimable value had been sacrificed in the march of this progressive age4 ,varieties of the ,western ,shellbark4--,the typical form of the thick or ,western shellbark 7,h4 laciniosa7 has already been shown on a preceding page1 but some remarkable and valuable varieties have been found in the ,western ,states1 and no doubt others will be1 when more attention is paid than at present to the natural food products of our forests4 ,the tendency of this species1 in its variations1 is usually in the direction of an elongation of the nuts1 even when there is no decrease in the thickness of the shell1 as shown in ,fig4 #fe1 taken from one of a number of long varieties collected in the ,western ,states2 and while they do not possess any special merit1 they attract attention1 owing to their unusual form4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,long ,,western ,,shellbark4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,fresh ,,nussbaumer ,,hybrid4 ,,nussbaumer',s ,,hybrid4--,several years ago ,i received a specimen of a very remarkable nut from ,judge ,samuel ,miller1 of ,bluffton1 ,mo41 under the name of ,nussbaumer's ,hybrid ,pecan4 ,judge ,miller informed me that he had received it from ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,nussbaumer1 ,mascoutah1 ,st4 ,clair ,co41 ,ill41 who claimed that it was a hybrid between the pecan and the large western shellbark hickory 7,h4 laciniosa74 ,i had an illustration made of this specimen1 and it appeared1 with a brief description1 in the ,american ,agriculturist for ,dec41 #ahhd1 p4 #edf4 ,soon after receiving the specimen nut from ,judge ,miller ,i opened correspondence with ,mr4 ,nussbaumer1 and learned from him that only one tree bearing such nuts had ever been found1 and this was of large size1 six and a half feet in circumference1 and about fifty feet high1 the bark somewhat like that of the hickory but nearer the pecan4 ,mr4 ,nussbaumer sent me specimens of the green nuts with leaves and twigs1 from the original tree4 ,the nuts1 however1 of that season 7#ahhd71 were badly infested with the hickory-shuck worm 7,grapholitha caryana1 ,fitch71 and these had so ruined the shucks1 and even eaten into the shells of the nuts1 that few of the specimens received were fully developed4 ,but from two nuts ,i had a sketch made while they were fresh and of natural size1 as shown in ,fig4 #ff1 the dark1 irregular marks on the husks showing where the shuck worm had attacked them4 ,one of these nuts is shown in ,fig4 #fg1 also natural size4 ,i planted one of the nuts1 from which ,i now have a tree about ten feet high1 but although ten years old it has not fruited1 and1 so far as ,i can judge from its appearance1 is a pure ,western shellbark1 with no indication of hybridity2 but of course this does not prove that the original or parent tree is not a hybrid1 as claimed by ,mr4 ,nussbaumer1 ,judge ,miller1 and1 if ,i am rightly informed1 ,prof4 ,t4 ,j4 ,burrill1 of the ,university of ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,nussbaumer',s ,,hybrid4 ,however widely opinions may differ in regard to the origin of this variety1 it is certainly a most remarkable nut1 and ,i regret that the exact location of the original tree has entirely escaped my most careful seeking2 and of late years ,i have been unable to learn anything of ,mr4 ,nussbaumer1 further than that he had moved from ,mascoutah to ,okawville1 ,ill41 the last letter received from him being dated ,dec4 #ac1 #ahhg4 ,in one of his letters he said that he had raised a large number of seedlings from this supposed hybrid1 and if these are still alive they would be of much scientific interest1 especially if any of them showed the distinct characteristics of either of the supposed parents4 ,it would certainly be a pity to have such a remarkable nut lost to the world1 because if propagated by grafting or by any other mode to insure perpetuating its varietal characteristics1 its value could scarcely be estimated4 ,the nuts are as thin-shelled as the common pecan1 the kernel sweet and good1 and in addition1 the tree is a native of a northern ,state1 and would1 no doubt1 prove as hardy as our common shellbark hickories4 ,,the ,,floyd ,,pecan4--,this is another supposed-to-be hybrid1 and of the same species of hickory as the last2 but the one nut which ,i received differed from the ,nussbaumer by being somewhat larger1 and the shell with more prominent ridges and a little thicker4 ,it was said to have been found somewhere in southern ,indiana by a ,mr4 ,floyd1 who1 believing it to be of great value1 refused to give any information likely to aid any one else to locate the original tree1 neither would he part with any of the nuts except the one specimen which eventually came into my hands4 ,of course all horticulturists know that seedlings raised from such freaks among nut trees are far too uncertain to be of much value1 but ignorance in such matters often leads the possessor of an article slightly differing from the ordinary to permit his imagination to warp his good sense4 ,cultivation of the ,hickories4--,the hickories have been so seldom planted in our ,northern ,states for any purpose1 that anything like a systematic cultivation of these trees is a thing almost unknown4 ,of course there is no good reason why the hickories should not be multiplied and cultivated as well as other kinds of trees1 but in some unknown way the idea became prevalent that these trees could not be transplanted with any assurance of success1 and this has been kept alive1 either through ignorance or by those whose interest led them to encourage the planting of the rapid-growing and easily propagated kinds1 instead of those which1 though less profitable to the producer1 would be of far greater value to the purchaser4 ,it must be admitted1 however1 that the hickories are not so tenacious of life as the willows1 poplars1 elms and similar kinds of trees1 requiring more care in their cultivation if they are to be transplanted when of a proper size for setting along roadsides or elsewhere1 for shade and ornament1 but they are certainly no more difficult to make live than the beech1 oak1 tulip and various species of the magnolia4 ,the slow growth of the hickories while young is another objection often urged as a fault of these trees1 but there is nothing lost but time in waiting1 and this passes just as swiftly whether we plant trees that may in ten years yield a golden harvest1 or nothing but leaves2 besides1 the hickories respond as readily to stimulants and good care generally as the common fruit trees of our orchards4 ,while the farmers of our ,northern ,states are generally quite indifferent as to what becomes of their old hickory trees1 and seldom attempt to preserve the wild seedlings that spring up in the fields and on the borders of forests1 their fellow countrymen of the ,southern ,states have1 within the past two or three decades1 discovered that they possess an inexhaustible source of wealth in their common pecan nut4 ,formerly these trees were sacrificed whenever a choice piece of tough timber was wanted1 and often merely to secure the entire crop of nuts without waiting for nature to drop them within reach2 but the advent of many lines of railroads1 steamboats1 and other means of communication with the great cities and their markets1 has changed this inclination to destroy into one of preservation4 ,the old pecan trees are not only appreciated as a source of income1 but thousands and tens of thousands of seedlings are now annually raised and planted1 to insure larger returns in the near or distant future4 ,in fact1 pecan culture has already become an important industry in several of the ,southern ,states1 although in point of age it is little more than a fledgling4 ,we have no statistics to show what the annual crop averages in pounds or bushels1 but it must be something enormous if we make our estimate from the quantities received and distributed in the ,northern ,states4 ,but with all the efforts put forth to secure a supply of these nuts1 and the high prices they command at both wholesale and retail1 the demand seems to keep well in advance of the supply1 and this will1 in all probability1 continue as our population increases4 ,in the way of demand1 the same is true with our northern species of the shellbark hickories1 which were formerly very abundant1 but of late years have become rather scarce1 for reasons too obvious to call for any explanation at this time4 ,in selecting a location for planting and cultivating the hickories1 including the pecan1 a moist1 deep soil is certainly preferable to any other1 especially for the three species and their varieties most promising for this purpose1 because we find them growing wild in such situations and soils4 ,but while these naturally deep1 rich and moist soils are to be preferred1 no one need hesitate to plant hickories on light1 dry1 and even poor soils1 if they are properly enriched1 or a few shovelfuls of fine old stable manure is thoroughly mixed with the earth in which the roots are set1 and then a mulch applied to the surface to keep the soil moist4 ,almost any old waste fibrous material1 such as leaves1 straw1 hay1 weeds or coarse manure1 will answer for mulching newly planted trees1 and it should be applied to a depth of three or four inches1 and renewed annually1 or as often as necessary to prevent the growth of grass or weeds growing within three or four feet of the stem of the tree4 ,in all dry climates and soils mulching should be considered an important operation1 not to be omitted until the trees are from six to ten years old1 and it may usually be continued a longer time with benefit4 ,propagation4--,all the species of the hickory are very readily grown from nuts gathered when ripe and planted within a few weeks2 or they may be mixed with or stratified between layers of sand and light soil and buried in the open ground for the winter1 and the planting deferred until the following spring4 ,they are not at all delicate and will withstand considerable drying and neglect1 and will grow1 if stored in a cool cellar1 without being packed in either soil1 sand or other material4 ,but as ,i have had no occasion to determine how much neglect these nuts will withstand1 nor to what extremes of adverse conditions it is safe to subject them1 ,i shall leave investigation in this direction to others1 because in general practice no valuable seed or plant grows any too readily and freely to satisfy the cultivator1 and for this reason ,i recommend either planting hickory nuts in the fall1 or burying them between layers of light soil or sand1 sifting out and planting early the following spring4 ,if any considerable quantity is to be planted they should be dropped three or four inches apart in shallow trenches and covered about two inches deep4 ,the distance between the rows may be from two to three feet1 depending upon the implements to be used in their cultivation4 ,the soil for a seedbed should1 of course1 be made rich and deep1 or the same as recommended for chestnuts1 and all the means usually employed to assist the growth of cultivated plants are applicable to nut trees4 ,i may also add that cutworms1 white grubs and other noxious insects are enemies of nut-tree seedlings as well as garden vegetables4 ,the seedling hickories should be treated as advised for chestnuts2 that is1 dug up when one or1 at the latest1 two years old1 and their central or taproot shortened to at least one-half their original length1 and then reset in nursery rows1 and at a distance of twelve to fifteen inches apart in the row4 ,if grown in ordinary upland1 the transplanted seedlings will make a better growth if heavily mulched than under the usual system of clean cultivation1 and it is usually less expensive2 besides1 by keeping the surface of the soil cool and moist1 we encourage and assist the production of fibrous lateral roots1 which1 as a rule1 are none too abundant on seedling hickories1 no matter under what conditions or system of cultivation they are raised4 ,when the seedlings have grown in the nursery rows two or three years1 they will probably be large enough for planting where they are to remain permanently2 but if1 for any reason1 they are not disposed of1 then they should be again transplanted1--the larger roots shortened1--and re-set in good rich soil4 ,the object of transplanting is to insure the production of small fibrous roots1 and a frequent renewal of the same1 close to the main stem or stock1 as long as the trees remain in the nursery1 whether this be two or twenty years4 ,this is somewhat of an expensive operation1 but the value of stock thus handled is enhanced far more than the cost of such transplanting1 and purchasers are1 or at least should be1 willing to pay a fair price for such trees4 ,it is the natural habit of the hickories1 as well as many other kinds of deciduous trees1 to produce in their earlier stages of growth rather large1 deeply penetrating1 naked roots1 with few small fibers1 and in this condition they are not so readily and successfully transplanted as the kinds possessing a more ramified root system4 ,this1 perhaps1 has misled many persons to believe that certain kinds of trees1 like the hickories1 could not be moved at all1 or at least not with any assurance of being made to live4 ,this idea has become so prevalent among inexperienced cultivators1 and1 ,i regret to add1 often reiterated by theorists1 that it has discouraged many who otherwise would have raised and planted nut trees in preference to other kinds4 ,admitting that it is the general habit of most kinds of forest trees to produce deeply penetrating taproots1 when grown from seed1 it proves nothing more than that these parts may be of some importance to the plants while they are young1 and under natural conditions1 yet they are not absolutely necessary1 and1 at most1 are only temporary organs1 like the tails of tadpoles1 always disappearing with maturity4 ,any one at all observing1 and having had an opportunity of examining limited or extended areas of forest trees thrown over by hurricanes1 must have noticed that no tree of any considerable size and age possessed a taproot1 but had been for years kept in its upright position by lateral brace-roots1 and through these it had also obtained nutriment from the surface soil4 ,some of my correspondents in the ,south have expressed their surprise at not finding any trace of the original central roots on old pecan trees1 when blown over by severe wind storms4 ,but it is the same everywhere with forest trees and where the soil is naturally loose and moist3 the principal or supporting roots spread out widely and remain near the surface1 and the central roots or taproots disappear much earlier than in dry soils4 ,in multiplying trees under artificial conditions1 we remove the taproots1 not only for convenience in transplanting1 but also to hasten and increase the production of surface lateral roots1 and more than this1 we lessen the years of luxuriant sterility1 securing earlier fruiting by such operations as root pruning and frequent transplanting4 ,budding and ,grafting4--,i have never known of an instance of successful budding of the hickory1 at least in the ordinary way during the summer months4 ,what is called annular budding in early spring with buds of the previous season1 is said to have been successfully practiced with the pecan at the ,south1 but this mode of propagation is more of the nature of grafting than of what is usually understood as budding4 ,but ,i have been unable to obtain any statistics in regard to the proportion of buds that any propagator or experimenter has made live by this or other modes of propagation4 ,col4 ,stuart says1 in ,the ,pecan1 p4 #de1 ,there is a method known as 'annular budding1' which proves quite successful4 ,he then proceeds to describe the operation1 as given in all works on the propagation of trees and plants during the past hundred years or more1 but not a word to indicate what he considers a success1--whether it be once or fifty times in a hundred1 or if he ever succeeded in making an annular bud unite to the stock2 ,i am more inclined to think that he never did1 than otherwise4 ,in ,bulletin ,no4 #aje1 ,nut ,culture for ,north ,carolina1 issued from the ,n4 ,c4 ,state ,experiment ,station1 #ahid1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,taylor1 ,assistant ,pomologist ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 in referring to budding and grafting of these trees1 says3 ,these latter operations are less successful with the pecan than most fruit trees1 though they are by no means impossible to accomplish4 ,on seedlings one or two years old annular budding in early summer succeeds best4 ,but here again we are left in doubt in regard to what the writer considers a success4 ,then1 again1 the line between the possible and impossible1 in horticultural matters1 is a rather difficult one to determine1 and ,mr4 ,taylor fails to cite a single instance in which either annular or any other form of either budding or grafting had been successfully practiced4 ,the ,bulletins issued from the ,division of ,pomology of the ,department of ,agriculture1 give us no information whatever on this subject of propagation of the hickories1 further than to repeat the old formulas of annular1 splice and cleft grafting2 but as to results they have always been provokingly silent4 ,having been repeatedly assured1 by men who presumed to know1 that the pecan tree was successfully propagated in the ,south by grafting1 and many thousands annually raised in this way1 it seems strange that such plants are so rarely offered by nurserymen4 ,seedlings of choice varieties are1 of course1 abundant enough1 but a man might1 with as much propriety1 offer seedling ,bartlett pears or ,baldwin apples1 as pecan trees1 expecting to perpetuate varieties4 ,in corresponding with ,mr4 ,p4 ,j4 ,berckmans1 of the ,fruitland ,nurseries of ,augusta1 ,ga41 whose experience and acquaintance with the fruits of the ,south are1 without doubt1 in advance of any other horticulturist of the past or even the present generation1 in reply to my request for information on grafting pecans1 he writes3 ,for the past five or six years we have grafted various varieties of the pecan nuts4 ,i do not know of any other nurseryman ,south who offers grafted trees4 ,i presume the reason of this is1 the great difficulty in having the grafts take1 as we seldom have more than fifteen to twenty-five per cent4 grow4 ,we usually crown graft in ,february1 using one-year-old seedlings grown in nursery rows4 ,owing to the small percentage of grafts which grow1 grafted trees must1 necessarily1 be quite expensive1 and for this reason there are so few attempts made in this method of propagation4 ,mr4 ,berckmans makes no reference to annular budding of the pecan1 so strongly and frequently recommended by the several writers already quoted1 although ,i am certain that he is as familiar with this mode of propagation as any one else1 and would have practiced it had he found it in any way superior to crown grafting4 ,from all that ,i have been able to learn through a rather extended correspondence1 in regard to the propagation of the pecan nut tree in the ,south1 ,i conclude that they are occasionally and sparingly grafted1 but with such indifferent results that they are not at all numerous in either orchards or nurseries4 ,from certain remarks of ,col4 ,stuart1 in his essay on ,pecan ,culture1 ,i infer that he has sold grafted trees1 for he says3 ,it costs no more to care for the grove of choice trees than of poor ones2 then1 again1 the grafted or budded ones come into profitable bearing three years earlier than seedlings4 ,here is a case in point3 ,last ,november 7#ahib7 we paid1 in cash1 two hundred and forty-eight dollars for the nuts which grew upon one tree1 the crop of one year4 ,the tree is twenty inches through at its base1 and forty-five feet high2 such a size tree would grow in twenty or twenty-five years4 ,now small nuts from the same size tree will sell for not more than fifteen to twenty dollars4 ,another tree only ten years old bore thirteen and a half dollars worth4 ,these choice nuts are such as we grow seedlings from2 we sell a great many more seedlings than we do grafted or budded trees1 simply because they are so much cheaper1 and people in general do not realize that such a vast difference exists between the profits of seedling and grafted or budded trees2 but such is the case1 and such it will always remain for aught we can see4 ,soon after ,i published the description of the ,hales' ,paper-shell hickory in #ahgj1 requests for cions were received from nurserymen and many amateur horticulturists1 who were anxious to try their skill in grafting this excellent variety4 ,mr4 ,hales generously responded1 and sent cions to a large number of correspondents in various parts of the country1 because he was desirous of having the variety preserved and propagated4 ,during the following ten years the old original tree was kept pretty well pruned1 in filling orders for cions2 those sent to nurserymen were to be raised on shares1 one-half of all the successfully grafted trees to be returned to ,mr4 ,hales4 ,being a near neighbor1 my opportunities for keeping informed as to the result of this arrangement was all that ,i could desire4 ,to one nursery firm in central ,new ,york ,mr4 ,hales sent about one thousand cions per annum for four successive years1 and in return received just four feeble grafted plants as his share of the total product of the four thousand cions4 ,but as the four plants received soon died1 he closed that account as one of total loss4 ,previously1 however1 he had sent a quantity of cions to ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,trumpy1 of the ,kissena ,nurseries1 ,flushing1 ,n4 ,y41 whose skill as a propagator of ligneous plants is probably second to that of no man in this country2 the result proved that our faith in the man was not misplaced1 for ,mr4 ,hales received for his share of the experiment something over two dozen grafted trees1 and most of these are now handsome specimens ten to twenty feet high4 ,just what percentage of the cions set were made to unite and grow ,i have not been informed1 but the experiment was1 doubtless1 rather unsatisfactory as a commercial transaction4 ,in addition to the plants sent to ,mr4 ,hales1 there have been quite a number distributed among the customers of the nurseries named2 consequently1 we are pretty well assured of the perpetuation of this remarkably fine variety1 even when the original tree succumbs to old age1 or should it be accidentally destroyed4 ,i am inclined to give ,mr4 ,trumpy credit for being the first man to graft the shellbark hickory in this or any other country1 and make the cions unite and grow1 for ,i have failed to find any instance of success in this mode of propagating these trees1 prior to his with the ,hales' ,paper-shell4 ,in reply to a note sent him a few months since1 asking3 ,how did or do you graft the hickories8 he replied as follows3 ,i put the hickory stocks in pots in the spring1 and graft them the following spring1 say in ,april1 and in the house4 ,the cions are cut during the winter1 so as to keep them in good order until wanted for use4 ,i find it is better to operate in ,april than earlier in the winter4 ,i also graft them out of doors about the beginning of ,may1 when the stocks are growing4 ,they will succeed very well out of doors1 provided the stocks are large enough for the cions4 ,any kind of grafting will do1 but crown grafting is the best4 ,i have not done much of late in the way of grafting hickories in the nursery1 not having suitable stocks2 besides1 when the weather becomes warm enough for outside work1 vegetation pushes far too rapidly to give a man a chance to do much of this kind of grafting4 ,since the above was written and while these pages were being put in type1 ,mr4 ,jackson ,dawson1 of the ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,jamaica ,plain1 ,mass41 has given his method of grafting the hickories1 in ,garden and ,forest1 ,feb4 #ai1 #ahif1 as follows3 ,my method1 writes ,mr4 ,dawson1 has been to side-graft1 using a cion with part of the second year's wood attached1 binding it firmly and covering it with damp sphagnum until the union has been made4 ,the best time ,i have found for the operation under glass has been during ,february1 and the plants have been kept under glass until midsummer1 and wintered the first year in a cold frame4 ,in all the genera ,i find certain species which may be called free stocks1--that is1 stocks which take grafts more readily than others4 ,thus1 nearly all the oaks will graft readily on ,quercus ,robur2 the birches will graft more easily on ,betula alba than on others2 so of the hickories1 observation has led me to believe that the best stock is the bitternut1 ,hicoria minima4 ,this species grows almost twice as rapidly as the common shagbark hickory1 and while young the cambium is quite soft4 ,i should advise anyone who wishes to propagate hickories on a large scale to grow stocks of this species in boxes not more than four inches deep4 ,in this way all the roots can be saved and there will be no extreme taproot1 and when shaken out of the boxes the plants are easily established in pots and ready for grafting4 ,if taken up in the ordinary way from the woods1 it requires almost two years to get them well rooted1 and often the stocks die for want of roots after the grafts have really taken4 ,if grown in rich soil1 the stocks will be large enough to use in one or two years4 ,i should then pot them early in the fall1 keeping them from heavy frosts1 and bringing them into the house about the first of ,january1 and as soon as they begin to make roots4 ,i should side-graft them close to the collar and plunge them in sphagnum moss1 leaving the top bud of the graft out to the air4 ,the graft ought to be well united about the last of ,march1 when the plants should be taken from the sphagnum and set in the body of the house to finish their growth4 ,all who have had any experience in the propagation of trees by grafting in spring1 are well aware of the flight of time1 in the hurry of work that must be done in a few days or not at all4 ,it is true that the season for grafting may be prolonged or extended a little by cutting the cions in winter and storing them in a cool1 moist place1 where they remain dormant after vegetation has started in the open air2 but this does not affect the stocks1 and these may come on slowly or rapidly1 varying with the seasons1 and the grafter must not only watch for opportune moments1 but take his chances of striking the right time and conditions1 in order to be successful4 ,with such hard wood trees as the hickories it is better to be a little ahead of time than a few days too late1 for frosts1 and even quite a severe freeze1 will not injure a dormant cion1 and under the most favorable conditions the union between stock and cion is a rather slow process4 ,for this reason ,i advise giving as much time as possible1 and while ,i do not claim to having had any personal experience as a grafter1 in the ,south1 still ,i am inclined to think that grafting in the fall1 and not later than ,december1 would be preferable to later in winter or spring4 ,by giving the cion and stock two or three months in which to form granulations and cohesion1 there would be more certainty of success4 ,of course1 ,i now refer to what is called crown grafting on the root below the surface of the ground1 and when the cion is fixed in place with the usual ligatures of waxed paper or cloth1 the soil is drawn back into place and the cion entirely covered with it1 but very lightly over the terminal bud4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,crown ,,grafting ,,on ,,roots ,,of ,,the ,,hickory4 ,where small stocks are not at hand1 the roots of large trees may be severed and the end partly lifted towards the surface1 as shown in ,fig4 #fh1 and when grafted1 allowed to remain in position until the following season1 and then taken up entire or with roots enough to insure future growth4 ,the same or a similar process may be practiced to propagate a choice variety of the hickory1 and a mere severing of the roots will insure the production of suckers from near the severed end1 as shown in ,fig4 #fi4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,sprouts ,,from ,,severed ,,hickory ,,roots4 ,in grafting isolated stocks in this way1 a small or large stake should be placed by the side of each1 to indicate their position1 and also protect them from being trampled upon4 ,i make this suggestion because1 in my own experience1 it has often proved successful with various kinds of hard-wooded trees and shrubs that failed when grafted in the spring4 ,here in the ,north it is rather difficult1 as well as expensive1 to protect cions set in the open ground in the fall2 but in the ,south it is different1 and a handful of almost any coarse litter would be sufficient to prevent severe freezing4 ,but grafting in the fall in the open ground is unnecessary1 where small seedling stocks are used in the propagation of any kind of tree2 in fact1 nurserymen do very little grafting of this kind in spring1 for they learned1 by long experience1 that the most economical and certain method of multiplying such trees is to take up the stocks in the fall1 and then graft them indoors during the winter1 having stocks and cions stored in cool cellars or pits1 where they will be readily accessible when wanted4 ,apples1 pears1 quinces1 grapes1 and many other kinds of hardy trees1 shrubs and vines are now extensively propagated by grafting during the winter months1 and ,i do not know of any good reason why the hickories and other closely allied nut trees should not be multiplied in this way4 ,i have tried it1 on a limited scale1 with the shellbark hickories1 and with fair success1 and in my opinion it is the only way by which the hickories1 including the pecan1 can be multiplied cheaply enough to become of commercial importance4 ,the small stocks of one or two years old should be taken up in the fall1 and then crown grafted any time from ,december to ,march in the ,northern ,states1 but the earlier the better2 then pack away the grafted stocks in moss or soil1 in a cool cellar1 or heel-in elsewhere1 as1 for instance1 in pits or frames1 where they will not be frozen1 and yet cool enough to prevent active growth4 ,in the spring the grafted stocks should be planted out in nursery rows1 and deep enough to have the top of the cion just level with the surface after the soil has been settled about it by a shower or heavy rains4 ,the plants must be handled with care1 so as not to disturb the cions4 ,mulching will1 of course1 be beneficial in dry seasons1 and especially if the stocks are set in ordinary well-drained soils4 ,in selecting wood for cions1 twigs of the previous season's growth are usually preferred1 but it is not necessary1 nor is it advisable to discard all except the extreme end of the shoot or that containing a terminal bud1 as some writers have advised1 to prevent rapid loss of moisture by evaporation1 for a drop of wax will seal the end of a cion as thoroughly and effectually as a natural bud2 besides1 the lower part of the annual twigs is often more firm and really better for grafting than the upper and less sturdy wood1 and the lateral buds on it will push just as readily as the terminal one4 ,the cion may be three or four inches long1 and contain two or more buds4 ,the sealing of the upper end of a cion that is not protected by a terminal bud is certainly important with all of the hickories1 for in this genus of trees the pith is large and continuous1 not intersected or cut off by a thin partition of wood at the joints1 as seen in many trees1 shrubs and vines4 ,this large and continuous pith in the hickories is another reason why the cions succeed best if set below the crown and in or on the fleshy roots having no pith4 ,they may be set on one side1 as in splice grafting1 or in the center1 or in a cleft made for their reception with a sharp knife1 then bound with waxed paper1 or wrapped with bass1 raffia1 or other similar material1 and afterwards covered with melted wax to exclude air and water from the joints and wounds4 ,in this mode of grafting hickories it is not necessary to employ the entire root or stock1 if it is of large size1 for a single cion2 for pieces of from six to twelve inches long1 containing a few lateral fibers1 will answer the purpose1 and it will be found1 in practice1 that these sections of the large fleshy roots contain so much vitality that1 if the cions set in them fail to grow1 they will throw up sprouts from adventitious buds during the ensuing summer4 ,almost any fair-sized piece of root left in the ground1 when digging up hickory trees large or small1 is pretty certain to throw up sprouts1 this not only showing their great vitality1 but that propagation by root cuttings is perfectly practicable and may be utilized whenever and wherever it may be desirable4 ,the man who attempts to raise hickories from root cuttings must have patience1 for very frequently the cuttings will remain apparently dormant in the ground one entire season before the sprouts appear above the surface4 ,i will also add that this slow or retarded germination frequently occurs with the nuts1 especially if they have become somewhat dry before planting4 ,for commercial purposes root-grafting small stock1 as described1 during the fall and winter1 gives promise of being the best and most practicable system of multiplying varieties2 but there is much yet to be learned in regard to details1 and hundreds of carefully conducted experiments may be necessary to determine the exact time1 condition and mode of operation4 ,it may be that very early grafting is better than late1 or that we have not1 as yet1 found the best species for stocks1 and that a half-ripened one will be preferable to one fully matured4 ,neither has it1 as yet1 been determined what kind of material is best in which to store the grafted roots3 sand1 soil or sphagnum 7moss7 from the swamps2 or whether they should be kept very moist1 or comparatively dry2 very cold1 or moderately warm4 ,here is a wide field for experiments1 and a most interesting one2 for the successful propagation of the hickories by any mode that will insure the perpetuation and rapid multiplication of varieties1 means millions of dollars added to the wealth of the country4 ,age of ,fruiting4--,we hear much of the precociousness of pecan trees in the ,south1 and many are reported as coming into bearing at the age of six to ten years from the time of planting the nut2 but these are probably exceptional instances of early fruiting and not the rule1 although in a favorable soil and climate it is to be expected that such trees will push forward more rapidly than under less favorable conditions4 ,grafted trees will1 of course1 produce fruit in less time than seedlings1 and as this mode of propagation becomes more general1 and repeated in a direct ancestral line1 the cions for each successive generation of trees being taken from mature or bearing specimens1 the precocious and productive habit will eventually become intensified1 as it has been in all of our long-cultivated fruit trees propagated by artificial methods4 ,we have so intensified the productiveness of many kinds of cultivated fruits by selection1 that it has become more of a fault1 than a merit to be encouraged4 ,the nut trees are amenable to the same physiological laws as other kinds1 and in their propagation by grafting with cions from bearing specimens we hasten maturity in the offspring4 ,this has been fully demonstrated in many varieties of the ,persian walnuts and ,european chestnuts4 ,here in the ,northern ,states we have had so little experience with grafted hickories of any species1 that really nothing is yet known as to how they will respond to this mode of propagation1 further than that they grow rapidly and give promise of being fruitful4 ,seedling trees are1 as a rule1 of slow growth1 rarely attaining a bearing age and size under twenty years1 and with the shellbarks thirty or forty years usually pass before anything like a crop of nuts is gathered4 ,something may be gained1 in the way of time1 by frequent transplantings and pruning1 but more by grafting seedlings from old and mature trees4 ,two grafts of the ,hales' hickory commenced bearing at the age of sixteen years4 ,planting for ,profit4--,there are1 doubtless1 many thousands of acres of half-denuded woodlands in almost every ,state in the ,union1 both ,north and ,south1 that could be readily utilized for growing hickory timber1 and much of such lands is almost useless for other purposes2 but timber culture and forestry is a subject which ,i have discussed elsewhere1#a while the object of this work is to aid my readers in producing something that may be utilized as food4 ,when the hundreds and thousands of miles of our public highways are shaded with hickory and other nut-bearing trees of the best species and varieties1 it will be time enough to begin planting such kinds elsewhere4 ,as roadside trees they cannot fail to be profitable1 largely enhancing the value of adjoining land2 for in addition to being equally as ornamental as other kinds1 they yield fruit always in demand at remunerative prices4 ,the three species of the hickory and their varieties recommended for cultivation all thrive best in moist soils1 but by occasional watering or thorough mulching they will succeed almost anywhere1 especially in naturally dry locations4 ,footnote #a3 ,practical ,forestry4 ,insect ,enemies4--,the hickories1 as with all other nut-bearing trees1 have numerous insect enemies1 but these are neither so numerous nor destructive as to seriously interfere with their growth in general1 or with their productiveness4 ,insects may occasionally become exceedingly numerous in certain localities for a few years1 then suddenly or slowly disappear2 but this we must expect1 as one of the coexisting phases of all agricultural pursuits4 ,collectively the hickories have no considerable number of destructive insect enemies1 but if we count all the species of the various orders that have been found occasionally1 or otherwise1 feeding on the leaves1 buds1 fruit1 twigs1 bark1 or boring in the solid wood1 they make a very formidable list of names1 or about one hundred and seventy-five in all2 but fully ninety per cent4 of these depredators are scarcely known1 except to a few professional entomologists1 and unless they become more destructive in the future than they are at present1 or have been in years past1 nut culturists have little to fear from their depredations4 ,among the most common species of insects injurious to the hickory1 the following may prove most annoying to the cultivator4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,the ,,hickory-,,twig ,,girdler 7,oncideres cingulatus4 ,say74--,a small yellowish-gray beetle1 a little less than an inch long1 usually appearing in this latitude during ,august1 the females depositing their eggs in the twigs of from a quarter to a half-inch in diameter4 ,on old large trees the loss of a few or many of these is scarcely noticed2 but on young seedlings or grafted stock it is quite a different affair1 for on such plants the females usually select the leader in preference to the lateral twigs in which to deposit their eggs4 ,the female girdles the twigs for the purpose of providing proper and acceptable food for her progeny2 that is1 first the green1 then the slowly drying1 then the perfectly hard1 seasoned hickory or whatever kind she may have attacked4 ,selecting a suitable twig1 she rests upon it1 usually with head downward 7,fig4 #gj71 and with her mandibles cuts out a ring of bark about one-twelfth of an inch wide1 and deep enough to reach the firm wood underneath4 ,the place selected for this annular incision may be only a few inches from the terminal bud1 or a foot below it1 and in some instances she will cut two incisions on the same twig some distance apart1 but usually there is only one on a twig4 ,while cutting this incision she will sometimes rest long enough from her labors to deposit an egg in the bark above4 ,the number of eggs she deposits in the twig is probably variable1 but three full-grown grubs is the most ,i have ever found1 and the larger proportion examined had only one4 ,this girdling of the twig prevents the flow of sap1 and the leaves soon wither and drop off1 and the bark and wood shrivel and become hard and dry2 but in the meantime the eggs have hatched and the minute grubs have bored their way through the soft bark and reached the pith1 feeding in this while acquiring size and strength of jaws that will enable them to consume more solid food later and during the succeeding winter1 spring and summer4 ,some do not reach maturity until the second summer2 at least1 in this latitude1 as ,i have found after very careful observation and while collecting many hundreds of specimens4 ,i will say1 however1 that this insect is usually referred to by entomologists as rather rare1 and in general it is1 but some years ago1 in an old clearing near by where there was a great number of young hickory seedlings and sprouts1 it was for a season or two very abundant2 then it suddenly disappeared1 and ,i have not taken a half-dozen specimens since4 ,the grubs bore out the wood in the infested twig1 and in most instances so completely as to leave only a thin shell of the wood or bark1 by the time they have reached maturity and are ready to pass into their imago or perfect-winged stage4 ,this species of twig girdler also attacks the apple1 pear1 persimmon1 elm1 and other kinds of trees1 and with those like the apple1 with a soft and brittle wood1 the girdled twigs are frequently broken off by the winds2 but this rarely occurs with the hickories1 and we can usually find the stumps remaining on the trees years after the beetles have emerged4 ,the only way to keep this pest in check is to cut off and burn the girdled twigs any time before the larvae have reached maturity1 and as the girdled dead twigs are readily seen1 the gathering is not difficult1 from medium-sized trees4 ,,the ,,painted ,,hickory ,,borer 7,cyllene pictus4 ,drury74--,this is1 perhaps1 one of the most common and widely distributed of all the hickory borers1 but1 so far as my observations have extended1 it rarely attacks young or healthy trees of any age2 in fact1 ,i have never found it in or about growing trees1 but ,i have seen it1 by the thousands1 breeding in decaying specimens and in hickory cordwood cut during the winter months and ranked up in shady places4 ,a hickory tree cut down in fall or winter1 and left on the ground or cut up into cordwood1 is pretty sure to attract this borer early in spring1 the females swarming over the bark1 depositing their eggs upon it1 and by the ensuing autumn the wood will be fairly honeycombed if this insect is at all abundant4 ,the general color of the beetle is black1 and the size as shown in ,fig4 #ga4 ,there are three narrow1 whitish bands across the top of the thorax1 and one slightly broader band at the extreme point of the wing-covers2 but the next band is in the form of an inverted ,v2 the point of the ,inverted ,v does not quite touch the broad lateral band1 as in the closely allied species known as the locust borer 7,c4 robiniae71 with which it is often confounded2 besides1 in the latter the markings are of a deep yellow1 and not white or of a faint yellowish tinge4 ,the hickory borer always appears in spring1 and the locust borer in the fall1 not later than ,september in this part of the country4 ,below or behind the ,v-shaped band there are three others1 but all broken up into mere dots1 and not continuous4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,hickory ,,borer4 ,in the ,south1 and especially in ,texas1 there is a somewhat smaller but closely allied species 7,cyllene crinicornis7 that attacks the pecan tree and its wood in the same way as our common hickory borer1 but in the ,southern or ,southwestern species the bands on the wing-covers are all interrupted or broken up into small white spots or dots4 ,i have no remedy to suggest1 further than to cut down old1 infested trees1 and to haul the wood out into the sun and spread it out where it will quickly dry and become seasoned4 ,if the felled tree and wood is stripped of its bark as soon as cut1 the female beetles will not deposit their eggs upon it4 ,there are other long-horned beetles 7,cerambycidae7 that are occasionally found breeding in the hickories1 and among these may be named the ,belted ,chion 7,chion cinctus71 ,tiger ,goes 7,goes tigrinus71 ,beautiful ,goes 7,goes pulchra71 and the ,orange ,sawyer 7,elaphidion inerme71 but they are usually quite too rare to be considered as very destructive insects4 ,,hickory-,,bark ,,borer 7,scolytus #d-spinosus4 ,say74--,only once within my memory has this minute but destructive beetle appeared in any considerable numbers in my neighborhood1 although ,i have occasionally received a few specimens from correspondents in various parts of the country1 even as far west as the ,pacific coast in ,washington4 ,this borer is a very small1 cylindrical1 dark brown beetle1 about one-fifth of an inch or less in length1 and one-sixteenth in diameter4 ,the hind part of the body is quite blunt 7truncate71 the males having four short but distinct blunt spines1 two on each side1 projecting from the hind part of the abdomen1 hence the name #d-spinosus4 ,in the females these spines are absent1 otherwise they closely resemble the males4 ,these bark borers usually appear here in the ,northern ,states the last of ,june or early in ,july1 and both sexes attack hickory trees of all species1 but appear to prefer the old and nearly mature trees to the young and small with thinner bark4 ,after boring through the bark and reaching the soft cambium layer underneath1 upon which these insects feed1 the female cuts a vertical channel in this substance1 of little over an inch in length4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,burrows ,,of ,,hickory ,,scolytus4 ,this burrow is a little larger than the diameter of her body1 and along on both sides she deposits her eggs1 to the number of ten to thirty1 placing about an equal number on each side4 ,when these eggs hatch1 the young larvae begin to feed on the soft material by which they are surrounded1 making minute burrows at first1 and at nearly right angles with the parent one2 but as they increase in size they are forced to diverge1 those above the center working upward1 and those below downward1 as shown in ,fig4 #gb4 ,these burrows enlarge as the grubs increase in size1 as shown1 most of them reaching their full development by the time cold weather sets in1 but some do not cease feeding until spring1 then pass to the pupal stage1 and later to the perfect or beetle form1 and from the extreme end of these burrows they bore a hole straight out to the surface1 and are then ready to begin the cycle of life again1 either on the tree from which they have emerged1 or others near by4 ,some fifteen years ago ,i noticed that the leaves of some of the old hickory trees on my place were turning yellow prematurely1 and upon examination ,i found the bark perforated with minute holes not larger than small bird shot1 indicating the presence of the bark borer under consideration4 ,seven of the very largest and1 presumably1 the oldest1 appeared to be affected1 and these were immediately cut down and stripped of their bark1 exposing the little grubs to the air and attacks of insect-eating birds4 ,these trees appeared to have been infested for several years1 as there was scarcely a spot on the surface of the wood that had not been scarified with this pest4 ,since the destruction of these trees ,i have not been troubled with bark borers1 although there are still a number of very old and large hickories thriving in the same grove4 ,the only remedy ,i can suggest is to cut down infested trees as soon as they are discovered1 and also encourage the insect-eating birds to remain in and near the nut groves4 ,there are several other species of bark borers that occasionally attack hickories1 one of these1 the ,chramesus icoriae1 ,leconte1 infests the small twigs1 while another1 the ,sinoxylon basilare1 say1 after boring through the bark1 continues its course far into the heartwood1 showing a preference for this kind of food instead of the living tissues4 ,these pests1 however1 are rarely constant1 but very erratic1 in their attacks1 and while they may be rather abundant on a few or many trees a season or two1 they then disappear1 and not one may be seen for several decades4 ,,the ,,hickory-,,shuck ,,worm 7,grapholitha caryana4 ,fitch74--,the parent of this pest is a minute moth of the family ,tortricidae1 the small caterpillars mining and boring the green husks1 and sometimes into the immature shell1 causing the nuts to wither and drop off prematurely1 although an occasional one may reach maturity1 even in its scarified condition4 ,this insect appears to be somewhat rare in the ,east1 but very abundant some years in the ,west1 where it is frequently destructive to the thick shellbark hickory and pecan4 ,the first fresh specimens of the ,nussbaumer ,hybrid pecan nut 7referred to on a preceding page7 were so badly bored and scarified by this worm when received1 that they would have been nearly or quite worthless for either planting or other purposes4 ,as this insect attacks the nuts on the very largest trees in the forest and elsewhere1 ,i cannot suggest any other remedy than to gather the immature and infested nuts as they fall1 and burn them1 with their contents4 ,among the larger ,lepidoptera 7butterflies and moths7 there are many species1 the caterpillars of which occasionally feed on the leaves of the hickories1 but not exclusively2 consequently1 they cannot be considered as the special enemies of this genus of trees4 ,when they do attack them1 it is as much due to accident as design4 ,this is certainly true with the great ,luna moth 7,attacus luna7 and the ,american silk worm 7,telea polyphemus71 and various species of the ,catocala1 as well as the ,tent caterpillar 7,clisiocampa sylvatica74 ,there is also a hickory-nut weevil1 closely allied to the species infesting the chestnut2 and while not quite as large1 its habits are similar1 and its ravages may be checked by the same or similar means4 ,the grubs bore into the green nuts1 causing some to fall before half-grown2 others may remain in the nuts until they are ripe and gathered in the autumn2 consequently1 perforated hickory nuts are not at all rare1 even on the stands of venders in our cities4 ,bud worms1 leaf miners1 leaf rollers and plant lice1--and among the latter several gall-making species1--are to be found on the hickories2 but with all these natural enemies to contend with1 the hickories thrive1 grow1 and yield their fruits in greater or less abundance4 ,to enumerate1 describe and illustrate all the insects known to be enemies of the hickory would require a large volume1 but fortunately there are many special works published on the insects injurious to vegetation1 and these are readily obtainable by all who may have occasion to consult their pages4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,walnut4 ,juglans4 ,the ancient ,latin name1 first used by ,pliny1 contracted from ,jovis glans1 the nut of ,jove or ,jupiter4 ,a genus of about eight species1 three or four of these indigenous to the ,united ,states4 ,order1 ,juglandaceae 7,walnut family74--,medium to large deciduous trees with odd-pinnate leaves2 leaflets from fifteen to twenty-one1 serrate1 mainly oblong and pointed4 ,the sexes of flowers separate 7monoecious7 on the same tree1 the males in pendulous green cylindrical catkins two to three inches long1 solitary or in pairs1 sessile1--not stalked1 as in the hickories1--issuing from the one-year-old twigs1 and at the upper edge of the scar left by the falling leaf of the previous season 7,fig4 #gc71 showing that the male organs emanate from an aggregation of bud-cells in the axils of the leaves during the preceding summer and autumn4 ,female flowers terminal on the new growth in spring1 also single1 in clusters1 and occasionally in long pendulous racemes with a four-cleft calyx1 four minute petals and two thick curved stigmas4 ,fruit round or oblong 7,fig4 #gd72 husk thin1 drying up without opening by seams1 as in the hickories4 ,shell of nut either rough and deeply corrugated1 with sharp-pointed ridges1 or quite smooth1 with an undulating1 wavy surface1 very thick in some species and thin in others2 kernel two- or indistinctly four-lobed1 united at the apex1 fleshy1 rich and oily4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,persian ,,walnut1 ,,showing ,,position ,,of ,,sexual ,,organs4 ,history4--,the common walnut1 so long and widely known in commerce under various names1 such as ,persian1 ,english1 ,french1 ,italian and ,european walnuts1 also as ,madeira nut1 and recently ,chile walnut1 are now all believed to have descended from trees native of ,persia1 most plentiful in the province of ,ghilan on the ,caspian sea1 between latitude #ce deg4 and #dj deg41 hence the old ,grecian name of the fruit1 viz43 ,persicon and ,basilicon1 or ,persian ,royal nut1 probably because either introduced by the ,greek monarchs1 or sent to them by the ,persian kings4 ,later1--according to ,pliny1--the ,greeks called the trees ,caryon1 on account of the strong scent of the foliage1 and from this name ,nuttall coined his word1 ,carya1 for our indigenous hickories1 as explained in the preceding chapter4 ,it should also be noted here that the elder ,michaux1 in #aghb-d1 was the first modern botanist to visit the province of ,ghilan1 and he determined1 by personal investigation1 that this species of the walnut was really indigenous to that region of country1 along with the peach and apricot4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,bearing ,,branch ,,of ,,english ,,walnut4 ,earlier ,european authors claim that the walnut was first introduced into ,italy by ,vitellius 7emperor7 early in the first century of the ,christian ,era1--but this is uncertain1--the ,romans giving it the name of ,juglandes1 or the nut of ,jove or ,jupiter1 both being the same mythical personage4 ,the nuts1 at this early day1 were highly prized1 and also the wood of the tree1 the latter being even more valuable than that of the citron 7orange and lemon74 ,ovid wrote a poem about these nuts1 entitled ,de ,nuce1 from which we learn that boys were employed to1 or did of their own accord1 knock off these nuts2 and that at marriages walnuts were thrown by the bride and bridegroom among the children1 a ceremony which was supposed to indicate that the bridegroom had left off his boyish amusements1 and that the bride was no longer a votary of ,diana1 and it is quite probable that the ,french word for nuptials1 des noces1 was derived from this ancient custom4 ,the ancients also believed that walnuts possessed powerful medicinal properties1 even to the curing of hydrophobia2 but in these latter days they have lost most of their curative virtues1 in the opinion of the medical fraternity4 ,as with the chestnut1 the planting of the walnut extended northward into ,gaul 7,france71 hence the earlier name of ,gaul nuts1 which became corrupted into walnuts by the ,english-speaking people4 ,the ,italian name is ,noci2 in ,france1 ,noyer2 and the ,germans1 with their usual habit of compounding names1 call it walnuss-baum or walnut tree4 ,joannis ,de ,loureiro1 in his work on the plants of ,china1 ,flora ,cochinchinensis1 published in #agij1 claims that this ,persian walnut is also a native of the northern provinces of ,china1 with two other species which he describes 7p4 #egc71 adding1 however1 that one of these is cultivated in ,cochin ,china1 and the other is found wild in the mountains4 ,the wild form of this world-wide-famous nut is1 doubtless1 quite different from the varieties with which we are familiar1 for two thousand years or more of continuous cultivation and selections have greatly changed the character of these nuts1 as well as the habit of the trees4 ,the nuts from the wild trees are said to have a rather thick shell1 and to be much smaller than the best of the improved cultivated varieties1 or very like those we now obtain in ,china and ,japan4 ,the ,persian walnut1 in its many varieties1 has been planted almost everywhere in ,europe as far north as ,warsaw1 but does not appear to have run wild and become naturalized1 as with many other kinds of fruit and forest trees4 ,in ,great ,britain it has probably been cultivated ever since the invasion of the country by the ,romans1 although a much later date is named by some of our modern horticultural authorities4 ,dodoens 7#aeeb71 ,gerarde 7#aeig71 ,parkinson 7#afbi71 and other of our early authors of works on cultivated plants1 speak of the ,persian walnut as common in various countries of ,europe1 ,great ,britain included4 ,john ,evelyn1 in his ,sylva 7#affd71 says3 ,in ,burgundy1 walnut trees abound where they stand1 in the meadows of goodly lands1 at sixty and a hundred feet distance1 and so far as hurting the crop1 they are looked upon as great preservers1 keeping the ground warm1 nor do the roots hinder the plow4 ,evelyn1 no doubt1 had read what ,pliny had said on this point1 viz43 ,even the oak will not thrive near the walnut tree2 which1 if it be true1 may be owing to the interference of their roots in the subsoil2 but it is certain that neither grass nor field nor garden crops thrive well under the walnut4 ,evelyn was far too good a gardener and close observer to fall into the error of attributing noxious properties to the walnut tree1 although ,pliny's assertion1 which has no foundation beyond his imagination1 has been many times repeated in these days of supposed general intelligence4 ,small plants may fail1 under the shade of large trees1 or when deprived of moisture by the roots of such trees1 but the walnut is no exception to the rule2 in fact1 such deep-rooted kinds are less injurious than those with roots nearer the surface4 ,evelyn1 in continuing his account of the walnut in ,germany1 says3 ,whenever they fell a tree1 which is only the old1 decayed1 they always plant a young one near him1 and1 in several places betwixt ,hanau and ,frankfort1 no young farmer whatsoever is permitted to marry a wife till he bring proof that he is a father of such a stated number of walnut trees2 and the law is inviolably observed to this day1 for the extraordinary benefit which this tree affords the inhabitants4 ,what a pity that some such custom could not have prevailed during the past century in the ,united ,states4 ,the author from whom ,i have just quoted adds that the ,bergstrasse1 which extends from ,heidelberg to ,darmstadt1 is all planted with walnuts4 ,cold winters1 however1 have occasionally played havoc with the walnut trees in ,europe1 and one of these occurred in #agji1 when the greater part of the trees were seriously injured1 especially in ,switzerland1 ,germany and ,france4 ,many trees were cut down for their timber1 which is always in great demand for gun-stocks and furniture4 ,certain ,dutch capitalists1 foreseeing the scarcity of walnut timber1 bought up all they could procure1 and years afterwards sold it at a greatly advanced price4 ,in the year #agbj an act was passed in ,france to prevent the exportation of walnut timber1 and this led to the planting of these trees more extensively than at any previous date2 this practice has continued to the present time1 hence the immense revenue secured from the exportation of these nuts4 ,the people of the ,united ,states are good customers for the surplus stock of ,europe1 and will probably so continue1 until we wake up to a sense of our folly of perpetually buying articles that could be readily produced at home1 and at a very large profit4 ,persian ,walnut in ,america4--,the date of the first experiment in planting this nut in this country is now probably unknown1 but the oldest tree that ,i have been able to find with anything like a satisfactory history1 is still growing vigorously at ,washington ,heights1 on ,manhattan ,island1 near #afjth street and ,st4 ,nicholas avenue4 ,i gave a brief history of this noble monarch of its race in the ,american ,garden for ,september1 #ahhh1 from which the following account is condensed3 ,in #ageh ,roger ,morris1 an ,english gentleman1 built a spacious mansion on his estate1 at what1 in later years1 became known as ,washington ,heights4 ,his grounds were well laid out for that time1 and many rare foreign trees and shrubs planted1 among them several1 as then called1 ,english walnuts4 ,whether these trees were raised from the nuts1 or plants of some size imported1 is not now known4 ,mr4 ,morris may have procured the seedlings from the ,prince ,nursery1 ,flushing1 ,l4 ,i41 for this famous garden was established in #agac1 or forty-five years previous to the building of the ,morris mansion and the planting of the grounds about it4 ,at that period no one doubted the hardiness of the so-called ,english walnut in ,america1 and as most of the nuts and trees procured for planting came from acclimated stock in ,great ,britain or the cooler region of ,europe1 success usually attended such experiments4 ,our pioneers and horticulturists fully expected that the trees would thrive and bear nuts in abundance1 and time has shown that they were not mistaken1 although we frequently see it stated at this late day1 that the ,persian walnut is not hardy north of the latitude of ,washington1 ,philadelphia1 or other cities south of ,new ,york4 ,one hundred and thirty-eight years have rolled by since walnut trees were planted at ,washington ,heights1 and at least one of the originals has escaped destruction and holds its head aloft1 defying the tempests which frequently sweep over that elevated and exposed spot on ,manhattan ,island4 ,this veritable patriarch of its race in ,america is a monster in size1 its stem between four and five feet in diameter at the base and more than seventy-five feet high1 with wide-spreading branches4 ,in the summer of #aggf the ,battle of ,long ,island was fought1 and the ,american forces were compelled to retreat in confusion to ,new ,york1 thence northward up the island2 but when they reached ,fort ,washington1 not far from the eleventh milestone on the old ,albany post road1 they made a stand and proceeded to entrench themselves at that place4 ,this was in ,september1 #aggf1 and ,general ,washington took possession of the ,morris mansion near by1 making it his headquarters1 and1 as this was at the season when the walnuts had reached an edible stage1 we may safely presume1 from his well-known predilection for such delicacies1 that he tested the quality of the ,morris walnuts4 ,one hundred and twenty years later ,i am writing this1 with some fresh specimens of nuts before me from that same old tree4 ,this old patriarch has cast its shade over many a noted person in its time1 for in #ahaj the ,morris estate passed into the hands of ,madame ,jumel1 a lady long famous for her hospitality and the good cheer she extended to the surviving patriots of the ,revolution4 ,from #ahaj to the time of her death1 #ahfe1 ,madame ,jumel's household always had an abundance of walnuts from the old tree1 and one of the workmen on the place informed me that about two cartloads was considered a fair annual crop4 ,it cannot be many years before this old tree will meet the same fate that has overtaken many of its younger contemporaries which were once growing in the neighborhood1 for with the rush for building lots and the opening of new streets and avenues1 trees are usually in the way1 and in such cases even patriarchs are not sacred1 nor do they command much respect from our urban population4#b ,footnote #b3 ,since writing the above1 and while these pages are being put in type1 accidentally ,i learn with regret that the old ,morris walnut tree has been destroyed4 ,a half-century ago there was quite a large number of walnut trees scattered about on the northern half of ,manhattan ,island1 many of these probably descendants of the old ,morris trees1 but of this nothing definite is now known4 ,a number of persons whose ages permitted them to scan the early days of the present century1 have assured me that in their childhood they had often collected walnuts from goodly sized trees on farms1 from ,harlem northward on the island4 ,the largest number of ,persian walnut trees planted in any one place was on the ,tieman farm at ,manhattanville1 these being set out as roadside trees1 some of which are still standing1 although in the march of improvements they must soon disappear4 ,these trees have always been noted for their productiveness1 bearing a full crop every alternate year1 and a lighter one in what is termed the off season4 ,while the old ,morris walnut tree1 and the large number growing on the ,tieman estate1 and scores of others scattered about ,new ,york city and its suburbs1 have been1 and many still are1 living witnesses of the fact that varieties of the ,persian walnut will thrive in this latitude1 certain horticultural authors and essayists have continually asserted the contrary4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,scott1 in his superb and voluminous work1 ,suburban ,home ,grounds1 in speaking of this species of the walnut1 says1 p4 #cea3 ,though greatly valued in ,england and on the continent for its beauty1 as well as for its nuts1 its want of hardiness in the ,northern ,states1 and lack of any peculiar beauty in the ,south1 has prevented its culture to any great extent in this country4 ,south of ,philadelphia it may be grown with safety4 ,this seems strange language to have come from such an eminent authority as the late ,mr4 ,scott1 inasmuch as he must have passed a hundred times within sight1 if not in the very shadow of the rows of old walnut trees growing at ,manhattanville1 when going from ,new ,york city to ,newburgh1 where he studied landscape gardening under the lamented ,a4 ,j4 ,downing1 and to whom the work from which ,i have quoted is dedicated4 ,it is quite evident1 however1 that our author1 like many others1 failed to see things that should have interested him4 ,as an offset to ,mr4 ,scott's idea of the northern limit for the successful cultivation of this nut1 ,i may refer to the work of ,mr4 ,george ,jacques1 ,practical ,treatise on ,fruit ,trees1 ,adapted to the ,interior of ,new ,england1 published at ,worcester1 ,mass41 #ahdi4 ,in referring to the ,european walnut1 p4 #bch1 he says3 ,it is perfectly hardy on ,long ,island1 and to the south of ,new ,york1 and as far north as the city of ,charlestown in this ,state 7,mass471 where there may be seen1 in the enclosure of a residence on ,harvard street1 two fine trees of this kind1 either of them much taller and larger than our large-sized apple trees4 ,we have eaten nuts from these trees well ripened and fully equal to any of those imported4 ,the trees often bear a crop of some bushels4 ,it is unnecessary to search for further proof to show that certain excellent varieties of the ,persian walnut do thrive and bear abundantly in our ,northern ,states2 not1 perhaps1 in the extreme boreal borders of ,new ,england1 nor in those of the northwest1 but the acclimated sorts are pretty safe as far north as #db deg4 of latitude1 and in protected locations may crowd up a half degree more4 ,i have found very productive trees of this nut in northern ,new ,jersey1 several in ,bergen county1 others in ,passaic1 and thence southward1 and while they are few in number1 they are sufficient to prove that this tree is adapted to the soil and climate of the entire ,state4 ,we seldom find more than one or two trees in any garden1 and these are probably more the result of accident than design1 their owners seeming to be satisfied in possessing something in the way of a tree not common in the neighborhood1 never thinking that it might be well to plant enough of such trees to have them become a source of revenue4 ,the parentage of quite a number of these bearing trees is readily traced to the ,morris and ,tieman stock1 showing that these old trees are of a hardy and prolific race1 which are well worthy of perpetuation for cold climates4 ,very old and large walnut trees are reported as growing in ,pennsylvania and other of the ,middle ,states1 but they are far from being numerous4 ,it has long been claimed that this species of nut succeeded best in the ,southern ,states1 and it is probably true1 especially with the tender varieties2 but for some reason1 unknown to me1 they have not been planted there in sufficient numbers to have1 as yet1 become of any commercial importance4 ,during the past twenty-five years these nuts have been more extensively planted in ,california than elsewhere in the ,united ,states1 and we may expect soon to know something definite in regard to results4 ,nearly all of the favorite ,french varieties have been introduced1 and are now being tested in different parts of the ,state1 and it is quite likely that the greater part will succeed1 although some of the early-blooming sorts may fail in localities subject to late spring frosts4 ,previous to the introduction of grafted trees of the named varieties1 the only trees of this kind planted in ,california were seedlings raised from the common imported nuts2 but ,i have no statistics at hand to determine the date of the first plantings of this kind4 ,of late years there has been received1 at some of our seaports1 and especially at ,new ,york1 some quite large consignments of walnuts from ,south ,america1 under the name of ,chile walnuts1 but they are only varieties of the ,persian raised in ,chile4 ,they are generally of good size1 moderately thin shelled1 with plump kernels of excellent flavor4 ,they are in great demand for confectionery1 and are really better for such purposes than the larger and fancy bleached walnuts imported under the somewhat general name of ,grenobles1 or ,french walnuts4 ,owing to the difference of climate1 these ,chile walnuts arrive here late in winter1 or about the time those coming from ,european countries the previous autumn begin to become somewhat stale4 ,of our native species of this genus 7,juglans71 the almost everywhere common butternut ranks first in flavor and general estimation1 but owing to its hard1 rough shell1 and the difficulty in extracting the kernel1 it has never become of any considerable importance1 although usually found in our markets in limited quantities4 ,of course1 it is a general favorite in the country1 and wherever found in sufficient quantities the boys and girls lay up a goodly supply for winter use2 and cracking butternuts during the long winter evenings is a pastime and pleasure not to be ignored nor forgotten4 ,the flavor of the butternut is far more delicate1 and better1 than any of the ,persian species1 but the difficulty in extracting the rather small kernel is a serious objection4 ,the black walnut has a larger kernel1 in proportion to its size1 than the butternut1 and it is not so difficult to extract when the nuts are dry1 but the flavor is too rank for most palates1 although it has often been referred to as excellent by the earlier botanists who visited this country2 but it has never been considered of much value until quite recently1 or since the manufacturers of confectionery discovered that heat somewhat subdued the rank flavor1 and now many tons of the meats are annually consumed in candies and walnut cakes4 ,i am credibly informed that cracking black walnuts and shipping the meats to our larger cities has become quite an extensive industry in several of the ,middle and ,western ,states4 ,we have two other but smaller native species of the walnut that will be described further on1 under the head ,species and ,varieties4 ,propagation of ,walnuts4--,the propagation of the walnut in the natural way1 or by seed1 is exceedingly simple1 for the nuts grow readily and freely if planted soon after they are ripe1 or any time before they become old and the kernels shriveled4 ,it is1 of course1 best to plant them while fresh1 but they are not at all delicate1 and may be transported a long distance in a dry condition without seriously affecting their vitality4 ,if walnuts are given the same care as recommended in the preceding pages for other kinds of nuts1 so much the better4 ,the seedlings of walnuts1 like those of other species1 usually produce long taproots1 and if grown in a compact soil1 these will have few small lateral fibers the first season1 as shown in ,fig4 #ge2 but when taken up and the vertical main root shortened at a1 and then replanted1 they produce fibrous roots in abundance4 ,the trees of almost any age from one to twenty years old1 are not at all difficult to make live when transplanted1 provided the branches or tops of the trees are reduced1 to correspond with loss of roots in digging up at the time of removal4 ,it may be well to give a word of caution to the novice in nut culture about pruning nut trees in spring1 after the sap begins to flow2 for if done at this time they will bleed freely and leave unhealthy wounds and black1 unsightly spots on the bark4 ,prune walnuts in summer or early in winter1 to give time for the wounds to season before the buds swell in spring4 ,if young trees are to be dug up1 prune after they are taken from the ground1 then the sap will not flow from the wounds4 ,this is true of all deciduous trees1 vines and shrubs4 ,if the trees have few small roots when taken up1 prune severely2 but if roots are abundant1 little pruning will be required4 ,it is seldom1 however1 in transplanting walnuts1 that the pruning need be as severe as recommended for the chestnut2 in fact1 having transplanted walnuts of various species1 and of all ages from one to twenty years1 without the loss of a plant1 ,i have come to the conclusion that they are pretty safe trees to handle1 in this climate1 at least1 if not elsewhere4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,seedling ,,walnut4 ,in seeking walnuts from a distance1 for planting anywhere in the ,middle or ,northern ,states1 it will be well to learn something in advance about the climate in which the nuts are raised2 for it would be folly to send for either trees or nuts to a warm or semi-tropical region1 like that of southern ,france or ,spain1 for a stock to cultivate in a climate as cold as that of ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,states on the same line westward4 ,we might1 perchance1 from such importation1 secure one hardy plant in a hundred or thousand1 but there would be no certainty of even this small number4 ,this idea of acclimation and adaptation of trees to conditions and climate should not be overlooked by the nut culturist1 no matter from what source he procures his stock1 whether from abroad1 or some distant region of his own country4 ,if it can be obtained from a region where it has been growing under conditions similar to those to which it is to be transferred for cultivation1 then the chances of success will certainly be largely augmented4 ,acclimation is a slow process2 in fact1 too slow for us to expect to secure any appreciable advantages from it in a lifetime1 but in nature we seek final results1 leaving time out of the question4 ,in raising seedling trees we cannot expect much more than a reproduction of the species1 and not that of the parent tree4 ,plants that have been subjected to unnatural conditions and surroundings1 as usual under cultivation1 are far more likely to show a wider range of variation in the seedlings than those growing wild in their native habitats2 but even the latter cannot be depended upon to reproduce exact types from seed4 ,in other words1 there is nothing certain about seedling nut trees2 the large nuts may produce trees bearing very small ones1 the early-ripening give late ones1 the tall dwarf trees and the precocious fruiting some of the most tardy varieties2 and yet1 with all this uncertainty1 we still think it best to select for planting the best nuts obtainable1 i4 e41 best and most promising for the conditions under which the seedlings are to be grown4 ,for the multiplication and perpetuation of choice varieties we must resort to artificial modes of propagation1 mainly by budding and grafting4 ,these modes1 however1 while the best at present known1 are so difficult and uncertain in cool climates1--even in the hands of the most skilful propagators1--that grafted walnut trees have never been very plentiful in the nurseries of this or other countries with which we have commercial relations4 ,in the south of ,france nurserymen appear to have been more successful in the propagation of walnuts by budding and grafting1 than elsewhere2 but in the northern provinces1 as well as in ,great ,britain1 we hear little of this mode of propagation4 ,so difficult has this mode of propagating the walnut been considered in ,england1 that ,thomas ,andrew ,knight1 president of the ,london ,horticultural ,society1 early in the present century discouraged all attempts to propagate this tree by such means2 but later1 in a paper read before the ,society ,april #g1 #ahah1 he admits to having changed his mind1 especially in regard to budding the walnut1 and says3 ,the buds of trees of almost every species succeed with most certainty when inserted on the shoots of the same year's growth2 but the walnut tree appears to afford an exception2 possibly1 in some measure1 because its buds contain within themselves1 in the spring1 all the leaves which the tree bears in the following summer1 whence its annual shoots cease to elongate soon after its buds unfold2 all its buds of each season are also1 consequently1 very nearly of the same age1 and long before any have acquired the proper degree of maturity for being removed1 the annual branches have ceased to grow longer or to produce new foliage4444 ,to obviate the disadvantage arising from the preceding circumstances1 ,i adopted means of retarding the period of the vegetation of the stocks comparatively with that of the bearing tree3 and by these means ,i became partially successful4 ,there are1 at the base of the annual shoots of the walnut and other trees1 where these join the year-old wood1 many minute buds which are almost concealed in the bark1 and which rarely or never vegetate but in the event of the destruction of the large prominent buds which occupy the middle and opposite end of the annual wood4 ,by inserting in each stock one of these minute buds and one of the large prominent kind1 ,i had the pleasure to find that the minute buds took freely1 while the large all failed without a single exception4 ,from the above and other remarks of ,mr4 ,knight1 in the paper read by him1 ,i infer that he kept the stocks in pots stored in a cool place in spring1 until he could obtain shoots of the season from bearing trees1 and from these minute undeveloped axillary buds for inserting in the stocks4 ,these buds1 as he informs us1 are inserted in the wood of the preceding season1 and near the summit or top4 ,he does not give any directions for holding the buds in place1 whether by waxed or plain bass ligatures2 the former1 however1 would probably be preferable1 for the purpose of excluding the air and water4 ,some twenty years later 7#ahch7 ,j4 ,c4 ,loudon1 in ,arboretum ,britannicum1 etc41 refers to the propagation of the walnut as follows3 ,much has been written on the subject by ,french authors1 from which it appears that in the north of ,france1 and in cold countries generally1 the walnut does not bud or graft easily by any mode2 but that in the south of ,france and north of ,italy it may be budded or grafted by different modes1 with success4 ,at ,metz1 the ,baron de ,tschoudy found the flute method 7,fig4 #gf7 almost the only one which he could practice with success4 ,by this mode an entire ring of bark1 containing one or more buds1 is removed from a twig on a tree to be multiplied1 and transferred to the stock1 and made to fit as shown4 ,if the ring is too large1 a slice may be cut off2 and if too small1 a piece of the bark of the stock may be left to fill the space4 ,both stock and parent tree must be in about the same condition or stage of growth when this ring budding is done1 in order that the bark containing the bud may peel off freely from the wood1 and this is always in the spring1 soon after the buds begin to unfold and the sap is in motion4 ,loudon says that in ,dauphine1 ,france1 young plants in the nurseries are budded chiefly by this mode1 which succeeds best the closer the operation is performed to the collar of the plant2 and the same is true in grafting1 the nearer the root the better1 as has been found by experience with hickories4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,flute ,,budding4 ,charles ,baltet1 in his ,l',art de ,greffer1 recommends grafting in the usual mode of crown grafting1 also flute or ring grafting1 in ,april or ,may1 and ordinary cleft grafting close to the root and at the forks of the branches1 etc4 ,he says that the cion should be cut1 as much as possible1 obliquely across the pith1 so that it may be exposed on one side only4 ,he also advises using cions whose base consists of wood of two years' growth1 and these furnished with a terminal bud4 ,he cautions propagators against grafting early-growing kinds upon those of later vegetation4 ,if walnuts of any of the native or foreign species have been successfully propagated by budding or grafting1 at any of the nurseries in our ,eastern ,states1 it has not been made known in the nurserymen's catalogues4 ,michael ,floy1 who early in the present century had quite extensive grounds devoted to fruit and ornamental trees1 near what is now the center of ,new ,york city1 as we learn from his ,guide to the ,orchard1 published in #ahcc1 claims1 in this work1 that the ,persian walnuts thrive well in this country1 but admits that he had never succeeded in grafting the trees1 and with the hickories had no better success1 although he had tried them many times2 but he adds3 ,still ,i do not say it is impossible either to bud or graft them2 but there is something peculiar about it1 for both the bud and graft turn black when cut1 almost instantaneously4 ,others may succeed better1 but let them try it before they affirm it upon hearsay2 they may succeed very well by inarching4 ,coming down to the present day1 in our search for facts and information in regard to the propagation of varieties of the walnut1 we may find it interesting to visit ,california1 which1 of all the ,states of the ,union1 is perhaps the best adapted to nut culture in general2 besides1 a larger number of nut trees of various kinds have been planted there than elsewhere in this country4 ,it is in ,california that we find such men as ,felix ,gillet1 of ,nevada ,city1 an enthusiastic propagator and cultivator of fruit and nut trees1 and especially of the latter1 if we may judge by his works and writings on this branch of horticulture1--and so far as ,i have been able to learn1 he is the only nurseryman in the ,united ,states who has grafted walnut trees of many different varieties for sale4 ,in regard to modes of propagation1 ,mr4 ,gillet says that the common mode of shield budding1 as employed on fruit trees1 fails entirely with small walnuts from one to three years from the seed1 and it does but seldom succeed even on larger stocks4 ,when tried on large1 old stocks1 he advises removing all the wood from the inner side of the strip of bark on which the bud is situated1 and at the same time have this strip not less than two inches long and as broad as possible4 ,he describes his mode of grafting walnuts1 which does not differ materially from those already given4 ,that he has never attained any very remarkable results may be inferred from the following3 ,we will add that the 'grafted walnuts' that we offer were grafted expressly for us1 regardless of cost1 by the most reliable firm to be found in the walnut district in ,france1 through a process discovered several years ago1 and which we will briefly describe for the benefit of people who may be inclined to try this new method of grafting very young walnuts4 ,one-year-old seedlings of the size of the little finger1 or about one-half inch in diameter at the butt1 are selected1 the root cut back short enough to permit the planting of the trees in pots of three inches in depth2 the trees1 previously to being potted1 are grafted with cions exactly of the same size1 whip or cleft grafting being used2 the pots are then taken to a hot or propagating house1 and a glass bell set over them to prevent the outside air getting to the grafts1 the temperature of the house being kept day and night1 at least for fifteen days1 or till the grafting has taken1 to #gj deg4 ,f4 ,when the grafts are well taken and growing1 the glass bells are removed1 and the grafts allowed to grow three or four inches1 before the little grafted trees are set out in nursery rows2 it may be preferable1 especially in certain parts of the country1 to keep the trees in the pots till the ensuing spring4 ,forty to fifty per cent of the grafts will succeed1 and it is the best that can be done4 ,this mode of grafting the walnut1 besides requiring a hothouse1 needs the care of a skillful person to make it succeed4 ,so are grafted the little trees that we import from ,france1 and that we plant in nursery rows and offer to the public4 ,for other modes of root grafting1 ,i refer the reader to those recommended for the hickories1 in the preceding chapter4 ,propagating walnuts by layers is practicable1 where the small trees have been cut down to force out new shoots near the surface of the ground1 then bent down and covered with soil in the usual method of layering woody plants4 ,planting and ,pruning4--,the plants will produce a greater number of fibrous roots if the nuts are planted in light1 loose1 but rich soil1 than in a heavy1 tenacious one2 but with all kinds it is best to transplant when one or two years old1 and cut off a portion of the taproots1 as recommended for the hickories4 ,when removed from the nursery rows for final planting1 prune away nearly or quite all side branches1 leaving only the terminal bud if the trees are not more than six to eight feet high4 ,after final planting where the trees are to remain permanently1 very little pruning will ever be required1 further than to cut away branches that may cross each other1 or to shorten some to give proper form to the head4 ,no tree in cultivation requires less pruning than walnuts4 ,as a genus of trees the walnuts flourish best in deep1 rich loam1 rather light than heavy1 and in this country require considerable moisture at the roots1 and some1 like the butternut1 succeed best in bottomlands1 near creeks and larger streams4 ,if the soil is naturally too dry for such trees1 the fault can be readily remedied by the use of some form of mulch applied to the surface of the soil around the stem after planting1 renewing this annually1 or oftener if necessary1 until the trees are large enough to shade the ground4 ,walnut trees1 as well as the closely allied hickories1 are well adapted for roadside planting1 and when set in such positions are far less likely to be injured by insects than when planted in orchards or large groups1 besides serving a double purpose1 being ornamental as well as useful4 ,they may also be planted around buildings1 and where other and less valuable trees are generally grown4 ,there are also millions of acres of rocky hill-sides and old fields which might be utilized for nut orchards1 and if rather widely scattered over such land they would prove beneficial in shading the pasture grasses4 ,first of all1 however1 let us have rows of these trees along all our country roads1 after which it will be time enough to begin planting them elsewhere4 ,,species ,,and ,,varieties ,,of ,,walnuts4 ,native of the ,united ,states 7,juglans cinerea4 ,linn474 ,butternut4 ,white ,walnut4--,leaflets fifteen to nineteen1 oblong-lanceolate and sharp-pointed1 rounded at the base1 downy1 especially on the underside1 petioles covered with viscid hairs2 fruit oblong1 two or more inches in length1 with a clammy husk1 not opening when ripe1 but closely adhering to the deeply corrugated and rough1 thick shell4 ,trees with wide-spreading branches1 and of medium hight1 or from forty to fifty feet1 but in deep forests sometimes sixty to seventy1 with stems two to three feet in diameter4 ,a common tree in moist soils almost everywhere1 from the ,canadas southward to the highlands of northern ,georgia1 ,alabama1 and sparingly in ,mississippi and ,arkansas1 and all the ,states bordering the ,mississippi river northward to ,minnesota4 ,a valuable timber tree1 with soft1 light wood1 much used of late for furniture and inside house finishing4 ,in early times the inner bark was employed for making a yellow dye1 also as a medicine1 the extract being a mild cathartic1 hence one of the specific names1 ,cathartica4 ,synonyms4 ,juglans oblonga alba1 ,marshall4 ,juglans cathartica1 ,michaux4 ,carya cathartica1 ,barton1 #ahah4 ,wallia cinerea1 ,alefeld1 #ahfa4 ,varieties of the ,butternut4--,there are to be found many varieties of the butternut1 varying mainly in the size of the nuts1 and only slightly in the thickness of the shell2 but ,i am not aware that any of these have ever been propagated1 all the trees in cultivation or elsewhere having been grown from the nuts4 ,this nut is1 no doubt1 susceptible of great improvement1 as well as others of the genus1 and it is worthy of being experimented with for that purpose1 especially in cold1 northern climates1 where there are few or no other kinds of edible nuts4 ,probably the most direct and surest way to secure improved varieties is by hybridizing1 taking the butternut for the female parent1 and the ,persian walnut for the male4 ,hybrids between these two species are already known1 and they will1 no doubt1 become more plentiful as soon as skillful horticulturists are encouraged to produce them4 ,several hybrid walnuts of other species are figured and described by ,european horticulturists1 but1 so far as known1 they are mainly accidental productions1 and not the result of any direct effort of man2 nature1 in this instance1 merely giving a hint of the possible1 leaving us to avail ourselves of the lesson if we feel so inclined4 ,j4 ,le ,conte1 in a list of four hundred and fifty plants1 collected by him on the island of ,new ,york 7,manhattan71 and published in the ,medical and ,philosophical ,register1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahab1 mentions a hybrid walnut among the number4 ,dr4 ,john ,torrey1 in ,catalogue of ,plants1 etc41 #ahai1 refers to this tree under the name of ,juglans hybrida1 and says that it is growing near where ,eighth avenue intersects the road called ,lake ,tours1 about three miles from the city1 and is a large tree4 ,this specimen probably disappeared long ago1 and we have no means now of determining its origin or between what two species it was a hybrid4 ,recently ,prof4 ,c4 ,s4 ,sargent has discovered other hybrid walnuts in the neighborhood of ,boston1 and figured and described one in ,garden and ,forest for ,oct4 #ca1 #ahid4 ,he says3 ,my attention was first called to the fact by observing that a tree which ,i had supposed was a so-called ,english walnut 7,juglans regia71 in the grounds connected with the ,episcopal school of ,harvard college1 at ,cambridge1 was not injured by the cold of the severest winters1 although ,juglans regia generally suffers from cold here1 and rarely grows to a large size4 ,this individual is really a noble tree2 the trunk forks1 about five feet above the surface of the ground1 into two limbs1 and girths1 at the point where its diameter is smallest1 fifteen feet and two inches4 ,the divisions of the trunk spread slightly and form a wide1 round-topped head of pendulous branches of unusual symmetry and beauty1 and probably sixty to seventy feet high4 ,a closer examination of this tree showed that it was hardly to be distinguished from ,juglans regia in habit1 in the character of the bark1 or in the form and coloring of the leaves1 and that the oblong nut1 with its thick shell deeply sculptured into narrow ridges1 was the slightly modified nut of our native butternut1 ,juglans regia4 ,two other trees with the same peculiarities were afterwards found4 ,one is a large1 wide-spreading specimen1 with a trunk diameter of four feet three inches about two feet above the surface of the ground1 and just below the point where it divides into three large limbs4 ,this is on the grounds of ,mr4 ,eben ,bacon of ,jamaica ,plain1 and is supposed to have been planted between fifty and sixty years ago4 ,the other has a tall1 straight trunk1 with a diameter of three feet one inch at three feet above the surface of the ground1 and is growing on a farm near ,houghton's ,pond1 in ,milton1 at the base of the southeastern slope of the ,blue ,hills4 ,that there should be hybrid walnuts is nothing strange or wonderful1 and we often marvel that there should be so few of them in regions where two or more species are growing in close proximity in the same forest1 or elsewhere1 but from whence came these specimens in ,massachusetts is somewhat of a mystery4 ,we may safely conclude1 however1 that the hybridizing did not occur there1 but somewhere else1 and either the nuts or small seedling trees were introduced and planted where these hybrid specimens are now growing4 ,it is possible that they are descendants of the old hybrid walnut tree of ,new ,york city1 mentioned by ,le ,conte and ,dr4 ,torrey1 some one having sent nuts or seedlings to friends in ,massachusetts1 and the three trees described by ,prof4 ,sargent are merely those which have survived until the present day1 these retaining the hybrid characteristics of their parent4 ,these hybrids may or may not possess any special economic value1 but they are of considerable scientific interest1 and for this reason alone are well worthy of careful preservation and extensive propagation4 ,butternut ,sugar4--,it has often been claimed that sugar can be made from the native butternut tree1 and while it is true that the sweetish sap flows readily from wounds made in this tree in early spring1 the amount and quality of sugar to be obtained from it is scarcely worthy of serious attention4 ,in my boyhood days butternut syrup and sugar were considered as sticky jokes of the sugar camp4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,flowering ,,branch ,,of ,,hybrid ,,walnut4 ,j4 regia x ,j4 ,californica4 ,hybrids in ,california4--,mrs4 ,ninetta ,eames1 writing1 in the ,american ,agriculturist1 of new varieties of walnuts in ,california1 refers to certain species and varieties growing in that ,state1 as follows3 ,on one of the avenues in ,santa ,rosa there are some dozen or so ornamental shade trees1 which invariably attract the passers4 ,it is not only that they are uncommonly beautiful1 but that there is something unfamiliar about them4 ,one unhesitatingly pronounces them 'walnuts1' from their unmistakable likeness to both the ,english walnut and the native species found growing along the streams of middle and southern ,california4 ,they are1 in fact1 a cross between the ,juglans regia and ,j4 ,californica1 the wild black walnut of this ,state4 ,in its appearance1 this magnificent hybrid is nicely balanced between both parents1 but it is superior to either of them in beauty and luxuriance of foliage1 and in its phenomenal growth4 ,there is1 indeed1 but one tree1 the eucalyptus1 that grows more rapidly4 ,in speaking of this quality in the new walnut1 ,mr4 ,luther ,burbank says3 ',it often excels the combined growth of both parents1 adding twelve to sixteen feet to its hight in one year4 ,given like conditions1 a budded six-year-old hybrid is twice as large as a black walnut at twenty years of age4' ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,hybrid ,,walnut4 ,j4 nigra x ,j4 ,californica4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,hybrid ,,walnut1 ,,shell ,,removed4 ,j4 nigra x ,j4 ,californica4 ,the clean cut1 bright green leaves make a remarkable showing1 being all the way from two feet to a yard in length1 and of graceful1 drooping habit 7,fig4 #gg74 ,they are sweet-scented1 too1--a delightful fragrance1 resembling that of ,june apples4 ,another admirable feature of this hybrid walnut is its smooth1 grayish bark1 with white marblings not unlike the ,eastern sugar maple4 ,the wood is compact1 with lustrous1 satiny grain1 and takes an elegant polish1 which gives it unmistakable commercial value4 ,like the majority of hybrids1 though blossoming freely it yields a scant crop of nuts1 one or two annually on a single tree1 and this only after twelve years of persistent barrenness4 ,the seed1 when planted1 goes back to its parent distinctiveness1--one-half turning out to be ,english walnuts and the other half black walnuts1--the true hybrid being only reproduced by grafting on a thrifty young ,juglans ,californica4 ,another handsome novelty in shade trees1 is a hybrid from the ,juglans nigra1 or well-known ,eastern black walnut1 and ,j4 ,californica 7,figs4 #gh and #gi74 ,it makes a charming ornamental tree1 and bears1 in its season1 a prolific crop of unusually large nuts1 which have little value except in the eyes of school children4 ,several of these hybrids are growing in ,santa ,rosa1 and present an interesting study to the pomologist4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,juglans ,,sieboldiana ,,raceme4 ,a still more unique species of the walnut genus is the ,juglans ,sieboldiana1 a ,japanese walnut which grows abundantly in the mountainous districts of the island of ,yesso1 and also in the more southern divisions of the empire4 ,several of these remarkable trees are to be found in the ,kew gardens1 but only one specimen is said to be growing in ,america1 and this has recently come into profuse bearing on the ,burbank experimental farm1 eight miles from ,santa ,rosa1 ,california4 ,according to good authority1 this ,japanese walnut not only attains its greatest perfection in this favored climate1 but it thrives equally well in countries too cold for the common walnut1 ,j4 regia4 ,in its wild state in ,japan1 the ,juglans ,sieboldiana 7whose curious raceme of nuts is shown in ,fig4 #hj7 makes a wide-spreading tree about fifty feet in hight1 with pale1 furrowed bark2 nuts an inch and a half long1 with a diameter one-third less1 and a kernel having much the flavor of the common walnut4 ,the tree bearing so thriftily on ,california soil1 suggests its possible value as a marketable nut1 while it already furnishes a remarkable addition to horticultural interests4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,black ,,walnut ,,in ,,husk4 ,,juglans ,,nigra1 ,linn4 ,black ,walnut4--,leaflets eleven to seventeen1 rarely more2 ovate-lanceolate1 smooth above1 moderately pubescent beneath1 pointed1 somewhat heart-shaped at the base2 leaf-stalks slightly downy1 usually of a pale purplish color early in the season1 especially on young trees2 fruit large1 mostly globose 7,fig4 #ha72 husk thin1 roughly dotted2 shell thick1 hard1 deeply and unevenly corrugated with rough1 sharp ridges and points 7,fig4 #hb72 kernel large1 sweet1 but usually with a strong1 rather rank taste1 but less oily than the butternut4 ,trees grow to an immense size1 with deeply furrowed bark2 wood dark colored1 valuable for cabinet work1 inside finishing1 gun stocks1 etc4 ,common in deep1 rich soils1 from western ,massachusetts west to southern ,minnesota1 and southward to ,florida4 ,most abundant west of the ,alleghany mountains1 and especially in the rich valleys of the ,western ,states distant from railroads and water communication2 elsewhere the trees have long since been cut for their timber4 ,i have only one synonym to record1 and this is scarcely worthy of notice1 viz43 ,wallia nigra4 7,alefeld in ,bonplandia1 #ahfa47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,juglans ,,nigra1 ,,husk ,,removed4 ,varieties of the ,black ,walnut4--,as with the butternut1 there are no varieties of the black walnut in cultivation2 at least1 none propagated by means which will insure the perpetuation of their varietal characteristics4 ,it is true that there are plenty of wild varieties to be found1 these varying widely in size and form1 and somewhat in thickness of their shell1 as well as the ease with which the kernels may be extracted1 but none of these have been perpetuated by artificial means4 ,among the earliest varieties recognized by botanists1 one was called ,oblong ,black ,walnut1 ,juglans nigra oblonga1 by ,miller1 #aged1 and perhaps in earlier editions of the ,gardener's ,dictionary4 ,he says this is from ,virginia1 and only a variety of the common black walnut4 ,marshall1 in #aghe1 describes this black oblong fruited walnut1 and adds3 ,there are1 perhaps1 some other varieties4 ,these oblong1 or1 more correctly speaking1 oval nuts1 often sharp-pointed at both ends1 are rather plentiful at this time4 ,there are rarely any considerable number of bushels reaching market from ,virginia and adjacent ,states1 among which these oval or oblong nuts cannot be found4 ,i have a number before me measuring from one inch to one and a quarter in diameter1 and from one and a half to nearly two inches in length4 ,other varieties found1 perhaps1 in the same lot1 are broader than long1 or one and seven-eighths inches broad1 by one and one-half in vertical diameter4 ,these measurements are of the cleaned shell1 after the husks have been removed4 ,for several years a thin-shelled black walnut has been offered by at least two nurserymen1 in whose catalogues they are described as with unusually thin shells1 the kernels coming out whole4 ,i have endeavored to ascertain the origin of this variety1 but failed1 for both of the nursery firms who advertised the frees for sale admit that they do not know from whom they obtained the nuts planted1 or where the original tree is growing4 ,as the trees offered are only seedlings1 there is no certainty that they will produce nuts with thin shells4 ,we can safely drop this supposed variety from the list until something definite is known about it4 ,,juglans ,,californica1 ,watson4 ,california ,walnut4--,leaflets in from five to eight pairs1 more or less downy1 but sometimes smooth1 oblong-lanceolate1 sharp-pointed1 narrowing upward from near the base1 two to two and a half inches long4 ,male catkins much larger than in our ,eastern species1 or from four to eight inches1 often in pairs4 ,fruit round1 slightly compressed1 three-fourths to one inch and a quarter in diameter2 husk thin1 slightly dotted or roughened2 shell dark brown1 very faintly sculptured 7,fig4 #hc71 almost smooth1 thick1 the kernel filling two broad cavities upon each side2 edible and fairly good4 ,a tree or large shrub in the vicinity of ,san ,francisco and along the ,sacramento 7where it is sometimes cultivated71 growing to the hight of forty to sixty feet1 and two to four feet in diameter2 ranging southward to ,santa ,barbara1 and eastward through southern ,arizona to ,new ,mexico and ,sonora 7,thurber1 ,botany of ,california74 ,this species has been considered by some botanists as only a variety of the next1 or ,juglans rupestris1 var4 ,major1 ,torrey4 ,scarcely hardy in the latitude of ,new ,york city1 except an occasional seedling from nuts gathered along the northern limits of the species1 or from the cooler elevated regions of the ,pacific slope4 ,it is of no special value1 only adding one more edible nut tree to the list4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,juglans ,,californica4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,juglans ,,rupestris1 ,,showing ,,small ,,kernel4 ,,juglans ,,rupestris1 ,engelmann4 ,texas ,walnut4 ,new ,mexico ,walnut4--,leaflets thirteen to twenty-five1 smooth1 bright green1 small1 narrow1 and long-pointed2 male catkins short1 or about two inches long1 and quite slender2 fruit round or oblate2 husk thin1 nearly smooth2 nut small1 one-half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter2 shell very thick1 rather deeply furrowed1 the narrow grooves on the greater part continuous from base to apex1 the broad edges of the ridges smooth1 not jagged as in the butternut and black walnut4 ,kernel sweet and good1 but so small 7,fig4 #hd7 as not to be worth the trouble of extracting4 ,a small and neat tree twenty to forty feet high1 native of the bottom lands of the ,colorado in ,texas1 and throughout the western part of the ,state1 extending through southern and central ,new ,mexico to ,arizona4 ,in ,new ,mexico it reaches an elevation of seven or eight thousand feet1 though the climate is often severe1 the temperature dropping to zero and below during the winter4 ,seedlings raised from nuts obtained near the northern limits of this species in ,texas and ,new ,mexico would probably be hardy in most of the ,northern ,states1 but they are scarcely worth cultivating for their nuts1 owing to the small size and thick shell2 but as the trees are neat and graceful they are worthy of a place among other useful and ornamental kinds4 ,an occasional bearing tree of this ,texas walnut may be seen in the gardens and parks of the ,eastern ,states1 and probably in some of the ,western1 but ,i have no direct information in regard to their locations or age4 ,synonyms3 ,juglans rupestris1 ,torrey4 ,juglans ,californica1 ,watson1 ,bot4 ,california4 ,oriental ,walnuts4--,how few or many species of the walnut are indigenous to ,china1 ,korea1 ,japan and other ,oriental countries it would be very difficult to determine1 with our present limited knowledge of the forests of that part of the world4 ,the few botanists who have had opportunities of studying the flora of those regions do not agree as to names or number of species of the genus4 ,loureiro1 in his ,flora ,cochinchinensis 7#aghh71 names three species as indigenous to ,china1 viz43 ,juglans regia in the northern part1 but this is now considered very doubtful2 ,juglans ,camirium1 ,rhumphius1 a medium-sized1 heart-shaped nut1 the trees found in the forests1 and also under cultivation2 ,juglans ,catappa1 a large forest tree in the ,cochin ,china mountains1 with oblong1 edible nuts1 with husk and shell of nuts of a reddish color4 ,many years later ,siebold describes a ,japan walnut under the name of ,juglans ,japonica1 and still later the ,russian botanist1 ,maxiomowicz1 renames this1 in honor of ,siebold1 ,juglans ,sieboldiana1 and describes another native of ,japan as ,juglans cordiformis4 ,but prior to any of the authors named1 ,thunberg had described a ,japan walnut under the name of ,juglans nigra1 probably the same as ,loureiro's species1 with reddish husk1 but as this name had already been given to an ,american species it had to be dropped4 ,maxiomowicz also describes what he supposed to be a distinct species1 found in the forests of ,mandshuria under the name of ,j4 ,mandshurica 7#ahgb71 but it is doubtful if it is anything more than one of the many wild forms of the species found widely distributed over eastern ,asia4 ,the red or black fruited walnut of ,loureiro 7,j4 ,catappa71 and ,siebold's black walnut 7,j4 nigra71 are probably the same as the ,ailantus-leaved 7,j4 ailantifolia71 recently described in ,nicholson's ,dictionary of ,gardening1 ,london1 ,eng41 #ahhd1 the origin of which is said to be uncertain4 ,it is ,juglans ,mandshurica1 ,maxim1 in ,alphonse ,lavallee's ,catalogue of ,arboretum ,segrezianum4 ,as described in this work1 the young fruit is violet-red1 and produced in long pendulous clusters1 the latter being one of the marked characteristics of these ,oriental walnuts4 ,but whether we admit that there is but one or a dozen species of these ,eastern walnuts1 it cannot be of any special interest to the practical nut culturist1 for to him their economic and commercial value is of more importance than scientific nomenclature4 ,up to the present time we have only succeeded in obtaining two species of these walnuts1 or perhaps only one species and one variety2 but we certainly have two distinct forms1 both coming from ,japan1 and distributed under the names given them by ,maxiomowicz1 viz43 ,,juglans ,,sieboldiana 7,siebold ,walnut74--,leaflets sessile1 usually fifteen1 five to seven inches long1 oblong-pointed1 thin1 soft1 downy1 serratures very shallow1 pale green above and somewhat lighter beneath2 footstalks densely clothed with clammy hairs2 fruit in long pendulous clusters of a half dozen to a dozen1 one and a half inches or more long by a little more than one inch broad in the middle2 husk thin1 downy or clammy2 nut somewhat compressed1 the point usually bending to one side2 shell smooth1 with two shallow grooves from base upward on the sides opposite to the sharp1 prominent ridges at the seams of the two lobes1 the shell ending in a strong1 sharp point 7,fig4 #he74 ,the shell is very hard and thick2 the kernel small1 sweet1 oily1 resembling in taste our common butternut2 tree a rapid and stocky grower1 the coarse shoots and large leaves resembling those of the ,ailantus tree at first1 but soon spreading branches appear1 forming an open1 roundish head4 ,the seedlings1 as raised here1 are abundantly supplied with small fibrous roots1 which insures transplanting with safety4 ,apparently perfectly hardy in our ,northern ,states1 as ,i have heard no complaints of winter-killing of the young trees1 although they are now widely distributed and in considerable numbers1 but none1 so far as ,i have been able to learn1 have reached a bearing age here in the ,north4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,juglans ,,sieboldiana4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,c4 ,berckmans1 of ,augusta1 ,ga41 in writing me under date of ,dec4 #c1 #ahid1 says3 ,last year we fruited ,juglans ,sieboldiana trees four years from the seed4 ,fruit was produced in long clusters1 and trees exceedingly ornamental1 but this year these same trees were killed to the ground on the #bfth of ,march1 after they had set a crop of fruit and made a young growth of more than twelve inches4 ,this untimely frost may not happen again in years1 but it goes to show that many varieties of trees which are considered hardy further north1 are sometimes destroyed here by spring frosts4 ,as these ,japanese and ,chinese walnuts are natives of cold climates they may be better adapted to the ,northern than ,southern ,states1 but there is no locality entirely exempt from late spring frosts1 as most farmers and fruit growers learned to their cost the past season4 ,there can be little doubt of this species of walnut being the one described by ,rhumphius under the name of ,j4 ,camirium1 and more fully later by ,loureiro1 as already noted2 but having come to us from ,japan as ,siebold's walnut1 this name will answer as well as any other1 even if it is not the proper one4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,,juglans ,,cordiformis4 ,,juglans ,,cordiformis1 ,maxim4--,in foliage and growth of tree this is almost1 if not absolutely1 identical with the last2 the difference observed is in the nuts1 which are also produced in pendulous clusters4 ,the form of the nut is almost round 7,fig4 #hf71 rather blunt-pointed1 but the shell is deeply and unevenly furrowed1 and indented somewhat like our black walnut2 the ridges1 however1 are not as sharp4 ,the specimens ,i have received from various sources are not as large as the ,siebold1 and the shell not quite as thick1 but the kernel is small4 ,i may note here that there appears to be some confusion in regard to this variety or species1 for in several nurserymen's catalogues this form of nut is figured as ,siebold's1 and the one that ,i have described under that name is called ,cordiformis4 ,the specimens received from ,california1 ,japan1 and also from ,mr4 ,berckmans1 correspond with the names here given1 but further investigations may show that they should be reversed4 ,the one ,i have received as ,cordiformis is1 doubtless1 the nut described by ,loureiro as ,j4 ,catappa1 as an ovate-oblong nut1 with a fibrous1 leathery1 reddish husk4 ,while ,i do not suppose that these ,oriental walnuts will ever become of any considerable commercial value1 they are worth planting for shade and ornamental trees4 ,they are rather precocious1 coming into bearing at an early age1 and the nuts are not only edible1 but will always be an acceptable addition to the unimportant although agreeable household supplies4 ,persian ,walnuts4 ,juglans regia1 ,linn4 ,royal ,walnut1 ,madeira ,nut1 ,english ,walnut1 ,french ,walnut1 ,chile ,walnut1 etc4--,leaflets five to nine1 oval1 smooth1 pointed1 slightly serrate2 fruit round or slightly oval2 husk thin1 green1 of a leathery texture1 becoming brittle and cleaving from the nut when ripe and dry2 nut roundish-oval1 smallest at the top2 shell smooth1 with slight indentations1 thin1 two-valved1 readily parting at the seams2 kernel large1 wrinkled and corrugated1 the two lobes separated below with a thin1 papery partition1 but united at the top2 sweet1 oily1 and generally esteemed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,small ,,fruited ,,walnut4 ,this species has been in cultivation many centuries1 and in different countries and climates1 and under such variable conditions that many of the varieties have departed widely from the normal type4 ,there are now an almost innumerable number of varieties1 varying greatly in size and form4 ,some are not larger than a good-sized pea1 as seen in the ,small ,fruited ,walnut 7,fig4 #hg71 while others are nearly as large as a man's fist1 as in the thick-shelled or ,gibbous ,walnut 7,fig4 #ib71 while in others the nut is greatly elongated1 as in the ,barthere ,walnut 7,fig4 #hh71 and hundreds of other intermediate forms4 ,there are also varieties that bloom early in spring1 others late4 ,some are very hardy1 others quite tender in cold climates4 ,there are also dwarf and tall-growing1 as well as the precocious and tardy fruiting varieties4 ,but very few of these have ever been cultivated in our ,eastern ,states1 consequently little is known of their value here2 but more may be in the near future1 when our horticulturists and farmers begin to plant nut trees as freely as they have other kinds1 or are awakened to the fact that such trees can be made a source of pleasure and profit4 ,here in the ,northern ,states our main dependence for hardy and productive trees of this species will be upon seedlings or cions from those acclimated specimens which have already been thoroughly tested and found to be both hardy and prolific4 ,there are plenty of these1 as ,i have stated elsewhere1 and they are well worthy of attention and multiplication until something better is produced or discovered4 ,in the meantime1 the most promising ,european varieties could be imported and tested1 although it is not probable that those originating in southern ,france and ,italy would be of much value for planting in the latitude of ,new ,york city or north of it1 but south of this line the chances of success would be somewhat greater2 and to escape injury from late spring frosts1 the more elevated regions are preferable to the lower and warmer anywhere in the ,southern ,states4 ,in anticipation of the question being asked1 ,i will say that1 at present1 ,i do not know of any nurseryman in the ,eastern ,states who propagates or imports named varieties of walnuts for sale4 ,of course1 seedlings of these are offered1 but it is well known that there is but a remote chance of these coming true from seed4 ,even the little dwarf ,french walnut ,praeparturiens1 or ,early ,prolific1 cannot be depended upon to produce dwarf or early bearing trees beyond the first generation from the nut1 and these must be the product of grafted trees1 to insure this much4 ,the following list contains the names of only a few of the most noted varieties1 the greater part having originated in ,europe4 ,,ailantus-,,leaved ,,walnut4 ,see ,oriental walnuts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,barthere ,,walnut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,chaberte4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,chile ,,walnut4 ,,barthere ,,walnuts4 ,see ,fig4 #hh4--;,a very long nut1 pointed at both ends4 ,shell thin2 kernel large and of excellent flavor4 ,named after ,m4 ,barthere1 a horticulturist of ,toulouse1 ,france1 who discovered it growing among a number of other trees2 consequently1 its origin is a mystery4 ,m4 ,barthere says that it is very productive1 and even the seedlings of this variety begin to bear very early4 ,,chaberte4--,an old standard ,french variety1 of an oval shape2 medium size1 with very full and rich flavored kernel 7,fig4 #hi74 ,the tree buds and blooms late1 therefore especially valuable in localities where late spring frosts are likely to occur4 ,,chile ,,walnut4--,this name is given1 in a general way1 to all the walnuts received in our markets from ,south ,america4 ,the nuts are usually of good size1 with a dark grayish shell2 thin but firm1 with plump kernels of excellent flavor4 ,these nuts arrive in ,february and ,march4 ,many of the ,chile walnuts have three valves 7,fig4 #ij71 instead of the normal two4 ,such freaks are occasionally found among the ,european varieties1 also in the native hickories1 but these tri-valved nuts appear to be very abundant among the ,chile walnuts4 ,,cluster ,,walnut4 ,,racemosa ,,or ,,spicata4--,described by ,mr4 ,gillet as a variety of the ,persian walnut1 producing medium1 thin-shelled nuts in long clusters of from eight to twenty-eight4 ,he also says that he introduced it into this country1 but from whence we are not informed4 ,lavellee 7#ahgg7 records it as a variety of ,j4 regia1 under the name of racemosa1 giving its synonym as ,juglans ,californica of the horticulturists4 ,i have not found it mentioned elsewhere4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,,cut-,,leaved ,,walnut4 ,,cut-,,leaved ,,walnut4--,a variety with deeply cut leaves2 very ornamental1 as seen in ,fig4 #ia4 ,nuts quite small1 but of good quality4 ,,franquette4--,another old standard ,french variety1 with large1 elongated-oval nuts with a distinct point4 ,shell thin2 kernel large1 and of rich flavor4 ,the tree blooms late2 valuable for planting in the ,south4 ,,gant ,,or ,,bijou ,,walnut4--,a remarkable variety on account of its extraordinary size4 ,the shell is thin1 with rather deep furrows1 those of the largest size being made into ladies' companions1 where to stow away gloves or handkerchiefs1 hence the name ,gant walnut4 ,the kernel1 though1 does not correspond to the size of the shell 7,gillet74 ,,gibbous ,,walnut 7,fig4 #ib74--,this is a very large variety1 supposed to be a hybrid1 raised in ,france many years ago4 ,it is of little value1 as the shell is very thick and kernel small4 ,valuable mainly for its immense size4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,gibbous ,,walnut4 ,,kaghazi4--,this is supposed to be a variety of the ,persian walnut1 of fair size1 with a very thin shell4 ,the tree blooms very late in spring1 and for this reason is recommended for localities where there is danger from injury by frost4 ,the tree is said to be a very rapid grower1 and much more hardy than the general run of varieties of this species4 ,i have been unable to learn its origin1 but it has been planted quite extensively in ,california1 and some of our ,eastern nurserymen are offering the seedling trees for sale1 but whether they will possess the merits of the original or not must be determined by experience4 ,,large-,,fruited ,,praeparturiens4--,a sub-variety of the ,praeparturiens1 originating with ,mr4 ,felix ,gillet of ,california4 ,,late ,,praeparturiens4--,also originated with ,mr4 ,gillet4 ,valuable because the trees bloom late in spring4 ,nuts described as of medium size1 but with full kernels of excellent quality4 ,,mayette4--,very large 7,fig4 #ic71 with a light-colored shell of moderate thickness4 ,kernel plump1 readily extracted whole1 as shown in ,fig4 #id1 sweet1 and a rich1 nutty flavor4 ,tree blooms late and is very productive4 ,an old and standard ,french variety4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,mayette4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,,kernel ,,of ,,walnut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,j4 ,,regia ,,octogona4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,cross ,,section4 ,,mesange ,,or ,,paper-,,shell4--,this nut has the thinnest shell of any variety known2 it derives its name of ,mesange from a little lark of that name1 that goes to the kernel through the tender shell4 ,tree very productive1 and the kernel quite rich in oil4 ,we do not1 however1 recommend the growing of this variety for market1 on account of the thinness of the shell1 which breaks off too easily in handling the nuts1 or even when they drop on the ground 7,felix ,gillet74 ,,meylan ,,walnut4--,a ,french variety that originated near the little village of ,meylan1 in the vicinity of which it is quite extensively cultivated for home use and export4 ,,octogona4--,of uncertain origin1 but very much resembles one of the ,oriental species in the form and sculpture of the shell 7,fig4 #ie74 ,the shell is also very thick1 as shown in the cross section 7,fig4 #if74 ,of no special value4 ,,parisienne ,,walnut4--,although this was named for the city of ,paris it did not originate there1 but in the ,south of ,france4 ,it is a large and rather broad variety1 with a firm but thin shell 7,fig4 #ig7 and excellent flavored kernel4 ,it is reported that this variety succeeds in ,california1 also in the ,south wherever tried4 ,the trees leaf out late in spring and are rarely injured by frosts1 and are remarkably productive4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,,parisienne4 ,,praeparturiens4 ,precocious ,dwarf ,prolific4--,a ,french variety of a dwarf habit1 and the plants noted for bearing when very young4 ,a correspondent of ,the ,garden 7,london1 ,eng471 referring to this variety some years ago1 says3 ,it is precocious on account of the singular and exceptional fact that it is born almost an adult2 in fact1 it is nothing uncommon to see a tree in its third year bearing excellent fruit4 ,he does not say1 however1 whether he refers to seedlings or grafted plants1 but we may presume the latter or those raised from layers1 for cultivators who have experimented with seedlings have found that they possess a strong tendency to revert to the original or tree form4 ,this may not show itself very strongly in the first generation if the nuts are obtained from grafted trees of some age1 but in the second and third generation the early-fruiting and dwarf are usually entirely lost4 ,the only certain way of securing the true variety is by grafting or layering1 but it is to be feared that very few trees propagated by these modes are in cultivation1 at least in the ,eastern ,states1 although nurserymen have been offering ,praeparturiens walnut trees in their catalogues during the past fifty years4 ,in one now before me1 published in ,new ,york city in #ahdd1 trees of this walnut are offered at one dollar each1 or about what is charged for seedlings at the present time4 ,as nothing is said in the catalogues about the mode of propagation1 we infer that they are seedlings1 as grafted trees would be worth more than one dollar4 ,the nuts of this dwarf walnut are of medium size1 thin-shelled and of excellent flavor2 valuable for gardens of limited extent4 ,,serotina4 ,late ,walnut1 ,st4 ,john ,walnut4--,a very peculiar sort1 inasmuch as it is the latest of all to bud and bloom in spring1 and yet it pushes forward so rapidly that the nuts are ripe with others in the fall4 ,they are of medium size 7,fig4 #ih71 with a rather hard shell1 but the kernel is plump and good flavored4 ,the tree is very productive1 and sure to escape late spring frosts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,serotina ,,or ,,st4 ,,john4 ,,vilmorin4--,this is claimed to be a hybrid between some variety of ,j4 regia and our native black walnut1 ,j4 nigra4 ,scarcely known outside of ,france4 ,,vourey4--,a new and splendid variety raised near ,vourey1 a small town in southeast ,france4 ,it has much the same shape and qualities of the ,parisienne walnut 7,gillet74 ,,variegated ,,walnut4--,a handsome variety1 with young branches covered with dark-green bark spotted with gray1 and often striped longitudinally with yellow4 ,the leaves resemble those of the common walnut2 the fruit is of a light yellowish-green streaked with darker green1 and reminds one closely of certain varieties of pears which1 in common with this variety1 frequently have their young branches striped in a similar manner4 ,propagated by grafting or layers4 7,the ,garden47 ,,weeping ,,walnut4--,a tree with pendulous twigs and branches4 ,quite ornamental1 but not especially valuable for its fruit4 ,hardy in ,england4 ,in addition to those described1 there are a large number of varieties1 which may be worth importing and testing in this country1 by those who may feel inclined to make experiments with these nuts4 ,probably some of those highly extolled by earlier writers are now lost1 but this cannot be determined until a careful search through the old ,european gardens has been made4 ,among the early-fruiting or precocious varieties we find an account of one raised by ,anthony ,carlisle1 of ,england1 as recorded in a paper read at a meeting of the ,horticultural ,society of ,london1 ,march #c1 #ahab4 ,mr4 ,carlisle planted six nuts in ,march1 #ahjb1 these having been received from ,mr4 ,thomas ,wedgewood of ,blandford4 ,six years later1 or in #ahjh1 one of the seedlings bore and matured ten walnuts1 and the next season 7#ahji7 upwards of fifty1 and in #ahaj one hundred and twelve1 the tree at that age being nineteen feet seven and one-half inches high4 ,another variety1 under the name of ,highflyer walnut1 is described in the ,transactions of the same society1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 #ahbb1 p4 #eag4 ,the nuts sent to the society were grown in the town of ,thetford1 and are described as a long oval1 with a shell so very thin that the slightest pressure of the fingers crushes it4 ,i find that this ,highflyer walnut is mentioned in the recently published ,dictionary of ,gardening1 but whether obtainable in ,english nurseries or not we are left in doubt4 ,i refer to these ,english varieties mainly to show that some of the very best and thinnest-shelled walnuts have been grown in cool climates1 and are not confined entirely to the warm or semi-tropical1 as many persons seem to suppose and even claim to be the fact4 ,it is principally from these ,english walnuts1 as they are usually termed1 that our hardy old-bearing trees1 referred to elsewhere1 have been produced1 and1 doubtless1 many more will be1 when we begin to pay some attention to this very valuable nut4 ,it is also quite likely that when our horticulturists look about for choice acclimated varieties for propagation1 they will be found right here in the grounds of next-door neighbors1 and there may be no necessity of sending to ,europe or elsewhere for either nuts or trees4 ,at present there is much confusion and uncertainty in regard to the identity and nomenclature of both species and varieties of the walnut1 and it must remain so until they are collected from all countries and climes1 of which they are either native or into which they have been introduced1 and when so collected1 and fruiting specimens produce1 it will not be difficult to classify and determine their synonyms4 ,this will be an undertaking scarcely to be expected of the individual nut culturist1 but is within the legitimate line of the arboretum1 and of public botanical gardens located in both cold and warm climates1 thereby securing a division of labor1 and at the same time avoiding the uncertainty of trying to produce practical results under uncongenial conditions and surroundings4 ,husking ,walnuts4--,the husks of nearly all the varieties of the ,persian and ,oriental walnuts part from their shells freely when fully ripened and dried1 but in a few varieties the husks are rather persistent1 requiring force and friction for their removal4 ,this may be accomplished by placing them in bags and shaking1 or in barrels and rolling1 until the nuts are scraped clean4 ,but the better way1 where there is any considerable quantity of nuts to be operated upon1 is to take a strong barrel or cask1 and so arrange it on standards that it can be rapidly revolved with a crank attached to one end4 ,of course1 the cask must have its two heads left in place1 and an opening made in the side to admit the nuts and remove them when cleaned4 ,almost any man handy with tools can make such a cleaner and polisher in a few hours1 and if stored in a dry place it will last for several years4 ,with butternuts and black walnuts the husks are much tougher1 and they should be thrown into heaps in the open air1 and turned over occasionally until the husks become softened sufficiently to permit of their removal1 in case they are to be sent to market4 ,ordinary threshing machines may be used for cleaning the husks from black walnuts1 by removing about one-half the teeth1 or enough to allow the nuts to pass through without breaking their shells4 ,most of the hickories drop from the husk1 leaving the nut clean2 but in some varieties of the pecan the inner part of the husk adheres rather tenaciously1 and they sell better if cleaned2 besides1 some have rather rough and thick shells1 and a little scraping and polishing adds much to their appearance4 ,the revolving cask1 either worked by hand or other power1 is an excellent implement for preparing these nuts for market1 and if the husk is very persistent1 a little dry sand thrown in will aid in cleaning and polishing4 ,sometimes these nuts are subjected to what is called the soapstone polish1 leaving the shells very smooth1 with a greasy feel4 ,the ,french walnuts1 which are extensively imported under the general name of ,grenoble walnuts1 are usually bleached with sulphur before they are shipped1 and while this adds nothing to the quality of the kernel1 the sulphur is an excellent insecticide and fungicide1 and may be of some use on that account2 but otherwise it is likely to be more injurious than beneficial4 ,as bleaching both walnuts and almonds is often insisted upon by dealers1 ,i give the process suggested by ,director ,hilgard1 of the ,california ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 which he believes will prove more satisfactory than the one usually employed1 and is as follows3 ,the nuts1 placed in small baskets 7such as the ,chinese use for carrying71 are dipped for about five minutes in a solution containing to every fifty gallons of water six pounds of bleaching powder and twelve pounds of sal soda4 ,they are then rinsed with a hose1 and after draining1 again dipped into another solution containing one per cent of bisulphite of lime2 after the nuts have assumed the desired tint1 they are again rinsed with water and then dried4 ,instead of the second dipping1 the nuts may be sulphured 7fumigated7 for ten or fifteen minutes4 ,the cost of fifty gallons of chlorine dip will be about forty cents2 the same bulk of the bisulphite dip1 probably considerably less4 ,the time occupied in handling one batch 7two dips7 is from twelve to fifteen minutes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,the ,,caterpillar4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,the ,,regal ,,walnut ,,moth--,,citheronia ,,regalis4 ,insect ,enemies4--,the walnut is attacked by the same kinds of insects that infest the hickories1 with1 perhaps1 a few exceptions2 as1 for instance1 the bark beetles and the nut weevils4 ,the leaves appear to be more or less acceptable food for the caterpillars that feed on the hickories1 and the same insecticides and means employed for destroying these pests on one will answer for the other4 ,the caterpillars of some of the smaller kinds of moths are1 as a rule1 far more destructive to the leaves than the larger1 and their ravages often escape notice until it is too late for the use of preventives1 or for their destruction with insecticides4 ,ever since ,i became connected with the ,new ,york city press1 some thirty odd years ago1 scarcely a season has passed during which one or more specimens of the ,regal walnut caterpillar 7,citheronia regalis71 shown in ,fig4 #ii1 have not been received from some correspondent who had found them crawling down the stem or on the ground near a walnut tree4 ,such a large caterpillar would naturally attract the attention of almost any person1 but to the timid its appearance is exceedingly ferocious and repulsive1 while to the entomologist it is a beautiful and interesting creature1 and far more likely to be handled with care than injured4 ,this caterpillar is of a green color1 and transversely banded across each of the rings with pale blue4 ,the head and legs are of an orange color1 also the long spine or horns1 with the points tipped with black4 ,it is certainly very formidable in appearance1 but perfectly harmless1 and may be handled with impunity4 ,the parent moth 7,fig4 #ajj7 has fore wings of an olive color1 ornamented with small yellow spots and veined with red lines4 ,the hind wings are orange-red1 with two large irregular yellow patches before1 and a row of wedge-shaped olive colored spots between the veins behind4 ,although this insect appears to be widely distributed over the country1 and the caterpillars feed on the walnuts and occasionally on the hickory1 it has never been known to be sufficiently numerous to attract any special attention4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,miscellaneous ,,nuts--,,edible ,,and ,,otherwise4 ,in the following list of plants there are a few that in no way can be considered as related to the true nut-bearing trees and shrubs2 but as the word nut has been attached as a prefix or affix in commerce1 or elsewhere1 they are admitted1 even if for no other purpose than to designate their true position in the vegetable kingdom4 ,for convenience1 they are recorded in alphabetical order1 the most familiar of the common names--where there are more than one--being given precedence1 the botanical or scientific following1 with a brief description1 as my limited space will not permit of anything more extended4 ,it is not claimed that this catalogue of nuts is complete1 but it is probably as near it as any heretofore compiled and published1 and it may serve as the basis for a better and more extended one at some future time4 ,,acorn1 ,,or ,,oak ,,nut4--,the fruit of the oak1 ,quercus 7,cupuliferae71 monoecious1 evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs1 with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves4 ,a very large genus1 of about two hundred and fifty species1 mainly in the temperate region of the northern hemisphere4 ,there are some forty species native of the ,united ,states4 ,the nuts are1 on the whole1 rather too harsh and bitter flavored to be esteemed or considered edible by civilized nations at the present day1 but in former times some of the oak nuts were often an important article among the garnered food of the household4 ,they were used--and are still1 in some countries--boiled1 roasted1 and even ground and made into bread and cakes4 ,they have also been used as a substitute for coffee1 and for malt in making beer4 ,strabo says that in the mountains of ,spain the inhabitants ground their acorns into meal1 and ,pliny affirms that in his time acorns were brought to the table with the dessert1 in ,spain4 ,every student of ,english history is well aware of the importance of the acorn1 not only as food for man1 in ,great ,britain1 in the time of the ,druids1 and later1 but also for feeding swine1 deer1 and other wild and domesticated animals4 ,but with the advance of civilization and the production of better food1 the oak nut ceased to be classed among the important culinary supplies4 ,there are1 however1 a few species of the oak yielding nuts fairly edible in their raw state1 and these are much improved by roasting4 ,the best of those among our native species are to be found in the varieties of the white oaks of the ,north1 and in the evergreen 7,quercus virens7 of the ,southern ,states4 ,but with so many far superior species of edible nuts1 it is very doubtful if any of the oaks will ever be cultivated for their fruit4 ,,australian ,,chestnut4--,the seeds of a large tree1 native of ,australia1 the ,castanospermum australe1 the name of the genus being derived from ,kastanon1 chestnut1 and sperma1 a seed1 because the seeds resemble1 in size and taste1 the common chestnut4 ,but the tree belongs to the bean family 7,leguminosae71 and the seeds are produced in large1 long pods4 ,they are about an inch and a half broad1 somewhat flattened1 and of the color of a chestnut when ripe4 ,they are roasted and eaten by the natives1 but are rather unpalatable to those who have been accustomed to something better in the way of edible nuts4 ,these seeds are also known as ,moreton ,bay chestnuts4 ,,australian ,,hazelnut4--,the fruit of ,macadamia ternifolia 7,proteaceae74 ,there are two species1 both evergreen trees or tall shrubs confined to eastern ,australia4 ,the fruit is a kind of drupe with a fleshy exterior1 enclosing a hard shelled nut1 not unlike a small walnut4 ,the kernel1 when mature1 has a rich and agreeable flavor1 much like but richer than the hazelnut1 hence one of its local names1 for it is also known as ,queensland nut4 ,this nut tree would probably thrive in southern ,florida1 and in the warmer parts of ,california4 ,,ben ,,nut4--,fruit of ,moringa aptera 7,moringeae74 ,small1 unarmed trees2 only three species in the order1 these inhabiting tropical ,asia1 northern ,africa and the ,west ,indies4 ,the one producing the ben nuts grows from fifteen to twenty feet high1 and is found in upper ,egypt1 ,syria and ,arabia4 ,the seeds1--or nuts1 as they are called1--are produced in capsules or seed-pods about a foot long1 and while not edible1 an oil is expressed from them which is largely used in the manufacture of perfumery1 and known in commerce as ben oil4 ,another species1 the ,m4 pterygosperma1 or winged-seeded ,moringa1 is known as the horse-radish tree1 the bark of the roots being used as a substitute for horse-radish4 ,,betel ,,nut ,,or ,,pinang4--,the fruit of a lofty palm1 ,areca ,catechu 7,palmaceae74 ,a native of ,cochin ,china1 the ,malayan ,peninsula1 and adjacent islands4 ,a slender-stemmed palm1 with regular pinnate leaves and long1 narrow leaflets4 ,the fruit is produced on an erect1 fleshy spike1 each fruit about the size of a hen's egg1 with a thick1 fibrous rind or husk1 enclosing a hard nut somewhat like an ordinary nutmeg4 ,these are used by being cut into small pieces or slices1 then rolled up in a leaf of the betel pepper 7,piper betel71 a little lime sprinkled over it1 and then chewed or held in the mouth1 as practiced by those who use tobacco for chewing4 ,this habit of chewing the betel nut is said to be almost universal among the ,malayan races1 all carrying a box containing the nut leaf and lime4 ,these nuts are shipped in large quantities to countries where they do not grow1 and the habit of chewing them has spread enormously1 of late years1 and is likely to increase1 as it has with tobacco2 and the effect upon the users is said to be very similar1 although some authorities claim that the betel is the most injurious of the two1 having a far more deleterious effect upon the teeth and gums4 ,but this may be due to the use of the lime4 ,travelers in countries where these nuts are in common use tell wonderful tales about the invigorating effects of the betel1 and how their assistants and followers are enabled1 by its use1 to perform the most exhausting labor for days at a time1 which1 without it1 would be impossible4 ,we have no doubt that the users of tobacco will claim just as much for this narcotic weed1 and probably could produce as many trustworthy witnesses in support of it4 ,the betel is1 like tobacco1 a narcotic stimulant1 and causes giddiness in persons unaccustomed to it1 excoriates the mouth1 and is so burning that ,western nations will be slow to adopt this ,eastern habit4 ,,bladder ,,nut4--,a rather inappropriate name for the seed pods and small seeds of one of our common large deciduous shrubs1 the ,staphylea trifolia4 ,it is sometimes planted for ornament4 ,the small white flowers are produced in hanging racemes1 succeeded by large bladdery pods1 hence its common name4 ,,brazil ,,nut4--,the fruit of ,bertholletia excelsa1 a lofty tree of the myrtle family 7,myrtaceae74 ,the tree attains a height of from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet1 with stems three to four feet in diameter4 ,the leaves are broad1 smooth1 and about two feet long1 rather thick1 and of the texture of leather4 ,the fruit is produced mainly on the uppermost branches1 and is globular1 four to six inches in diameter1 with a brittle husk on the outside1 and within this a hard1 tough1 woody shell1 fully one-half inch thick1 containing a large number of the closely packed1 three-sided1 rough nuts1 about an inch and a half to two inches or over in length1 as seen in ,fig4 #aja4 ,the kernels are very white1 solid and oily4 ,when mature the fruit falls entire1 and the natives of the country collect them1 splitting the shells to obtain the nuts4 ,an occasional entire fruit is sent to other countries1 as a curiosity1 or for the cabinet of some botanist4 ,the ,brazil nut is not only indigenous to ,brazil1 but also of ,guiana1 ,venezuela 7forming immense forests on the ,orinoco1 where they are called ,juvia71 and southward on the ,rio ,negra and in the valley of the ,amazon4 ,in fact1 the supply appears to be inexhaustible2 the only difficulty is in getting the nuts from the forests to some point where they can be shipped out of the country4 ,the principal export is from ,para1 but there are many smaller cities and towns where a load of these nuts may be obtained on short notice4 ,a very superior oil may be obtained from the nuts1 by pressure1 but the principal use for them is for desserts and confectionery4 ,they are always abundant in our city markets4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,brazil ,,nut4 ,,bread ,,nut4--,the fruit of a large tree1 the ,brosimum ,alicastrum1 of the bread fruit family 7,artocarpaceae71 native of the ,west ,indies1 but best known in ,jamaica4 ,the botanical authorities disagree in regard to this species1 some claiming that it is a large tree1 with wood similar to mahogany2 others that it is only a small shrub1 only five or six feet high4 ,it has lance-shaped leaves1 male and female flowers in globular heads1 and usually on separate trees4 ,the fruit is about the size of a plum1 containing one seed or nut1 which is only edible after roasting4 ,,buffalo ,,nut4--,see ,oil nut4 ,,butternut4--,see ,souari nut4 ,,byzantium ,,nut4--,see ,filberts1 ,chap4 ,,vi4 ,,candle ,,nuts4--,a small evergreen tree1 the ,aleurites triloba of the spurgewort family 7,euphorbiaceae74 ,it is a native of most warm countries of the ,east3 ,india1 ,malay1 southern ,japan1 and nearly all the islands of the ,pacific ocean1 and in some of these it is cultivated for the fruit1 which is about two inches in diameter4 ,in the center there is a hard nut1 very oily1 with the flavor of the walnut4 ,the oil obtained from these nuts is in common use among the natives of the ,polynesian islands4 ,in the ,hawaiian group the kernels are strung on a small1 dry stick1 which serves the purpose of a wick1 and then one end lighted1 as with an ordinary tallow or wax candle1 hence probably the common name of candle nut4 ,these nuts are said to be used in the same way in ,india4 ,large quantities of oil is also expressed from them and used for various purposes1 and occasionally small quantities are exported to ,european countries4 ,,cape ,,chestnut4--,the name of a beautiful evergreen ornamental tree1 native of south ,africa1 and recently introduced into ,european gardens from the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 hence its common1 and its specific scientific name1 ,calodendron capense4 ,it belongs to the ,rue family 7,rutaceae74 ,the flowers are red1 produced in long terminal racemes1 the tree growing about forty feet high1 and said to be one of the finest trees of that part of ,africa4 ,it is now under trial in ,florida4 ,why called a chestnut ,i have been unable to discover4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,,the ,,cashew ,,nut4 ,,cashew ,,nut4--,a large shrub or small tree1 native of the ,west ,indies1 and for this reason often referred to as the ,western ,cashew1 or ,anacardium occidentale4 ,it belongs to the ,terebinth family 7,anacardium71 consequently is closely related to our native poison sumachs 7,rhus74 ,the tree is an evergreen1 with entire feather-veined leaves2 flowers of a reddish color1 very small1 sweet-scented1 and produced in terminal panicles4 ,the fruit is kidney-shaped1 and borne on a fleshy receptacle1 and when ripe of reddish or yellow color4 ,the nut proper is enclosed in a leathery covering1 consisting of two layers1 between which is deposited a thick1 caustic1 oily substance1 exceedingly acrid2 but this is eliminated by heat1 so that when the kernels are roasted they have a pleasant flavor and are highly esteemed for dessert4 ,some care is required in roasting these nuts1 as the fumes given off during this operation cause inflammation of the eyes4 ,the nuts also yield an excellent oil1 very similar to the best olive oil4 ,although originally found only in the ,west ,indies1 this nut is now widely distributed throughout the tropical countries of the ,east2 in fact1 naturalized in all hot climates1 and is also under trial in southern ,florida4 ,,caucasian ,,walnut4 ,,winged ,,walnut4--,the winged fruit of ,pterocarya fraxinifolia1 also known as ,p4 ,caucasica of nurserymen's catalogues4 ,it belongs to the walnut family 7,juglandaceae71 and is a tree growing thirty to forty feet high1 somewhat resembling the common ash 7,fraxinus74 ,it is a pretty1 hardy1 ornamental tree1 thriving only in moist soils4 ,seeds on winged nuts produced in long1 drooping racemes1 but of no special value4 ,introduced into ,england from ,caucasus in #ahjj1 and now plentiful here in nurseries4 ,,chestnut4--,see ,chapter ,v2 also ,horse-chestnut1 and ,moreton ,bay1 ,tahiti and ,water chestnuts4 ,,chocolate ,,nut ,,or ,,bean4--,the seeds of a small tropical tree1 ,theobroma ,cacao1 of the chocolate nut family 7,sterculiaceae74 ,indigenous to tropical ,america1 but now cultivated more or less extensively in all hot climates4 ,the tree grows from fifteen to twenty feet high1 with long1 pointed1 smooth leaves4 ,the flowers are small1 yellow1 and produced from the old wood of both stems and branches1 succeeded by a pod-like fruit six to ten or more inches long1 containing fifty to a hundred seeds1 resembling beans more than they do nuts4 ,when the fruit is ripe it is gathered1 at which time the seeds are covered with a gum-like substance1 and to remove this they are subjected to a slight fermentation1 after which they are dried in the sun1 this giving them their usual brown color4 ,chocolate nut trees are extensively cultivated in ,brazil1 ,new ,grenada1 ,trinidad1 and1 in fact1 throughout tropical ,america1 and their cultivation is1 upon the whole1 very profitable1 as the demand is almost unlimited4 ,,clearing ,,nut4--,this is an ,east ,india name for the seeds of ,strychnos potatorum1 a plant belonging to the well-known nux vomica family 7,loganiaceae74 ,it is a small tree1 native of ,india1 the wood of which is used for various purposes4 ,the fruit is about the size of a cherry1 and contains one seed2 this is dried1 and used for clearing muddy water1 this being effected by rubbing one of the little nuts around the sides of the vessel that is to be filled1 after which the water is poured in1 and then1 through some unknown agency1 all the foreign matter settles1 leaving the liquid perfectly pure1 clear and wholesome4 ,,cocoanut4--,one of the most widely-known and largest of edible nuts2 the product of ,cocos nucifera1 a lofty1 tree-like palm 7,palmae or ,palmaceae74 ,it is a native of tropical ,africa1 ,india1 ,malay1 and of nearly all the islands of the ,indian and ,pacific oceans4 ,it only thrives near the seacoast or where the sea breezes reach it1 requiring no special care after the nuts and young plants once become established in a congenial soil4 ,the coco palm grows from fifty to one hundred feet high1 with pinnate leaves from ten to twenty feet long4 ,the nuts are produced in clusters of a dozen or more1 and when full grown are somewhat triangular and a foot long1 the outer coat or husk composed of a tough fiber4 ,the nuts1 when cleaned of their husks1 are too well known to call for a further description here4 ,in countries where these nuts are plentiful1 their contents form nearly the entire food of the natives1 the milky fluid serving for drink1 and the more solid parts as a substitute for meat and bread4 ,the cocoa-nut utilized in more ways1 and for a greater variety of purposes1 than any other kind known1 and it would require a volume to briefly enumerate them4 ,of recent years there have been plantations made of this nut on the coast of southern ,florida1 and one of the most extensive of these is by a man from ,new ,jersey1 but ,i have not heard from him of late1 or seen any reports as to the results of his experiments4 ,it is reported that there are about #bej1jjj cocoa-nut trees now growing in ,florida4 ,,cocoanut1 ,,double4--,this is the fruit of another lofty palm1 ,lodoicea ,sechellarum1 and is usually considered the largest member of the order4 ,it is a native of the ,seychelles islands1 in the ,indian ocean4 ,it is said to reach a hight of a hundred feet1 with a stem two feet in diameter4 ,the fruit is a large1 oblong nut1 with a rather thin rind or husk1 and when this is removed the nut appears to be double1 or two oblong nuts firmly united1 a kind of twin formation1 the entire nut weighing from thirty to forty pounds4 ,these immense nuts are produced in bunches of eight to ten1 the cluster sometimes weighing from three to four hundred pounds4 ,it is supposed that these nuts require about ten years to grow and mature4 ,they are useless as food1 but the shells are manufactured into various useful articles by the natives1 and they are also transported to other countries and valued as curiosities4 ,there is a great demand for the leaves of this palm for making hats1 baskets1 etc41 and as the trees have to be cut down to obtain them1 they are becoming rather scarce4 ,,cola ,,nut1 ,,kola ,,nut ,,or ,,goora ,,nut4--,the fruit of a small tree1 native of the warmer parts of western ,africa1 and known to botanists as ,cola acuminata1 and of the ,sterculiad family 7,sterculiaceae74 ,in its native country it grows thirty to forty feet high4 ,the leaves are oblong-elliptical1 six to eight inches long1 and pointed 7acuminate71 and from this it probably derived its specific name4 ,the flowers are yellow1 and produced in axillary racemes1 and succeeded by simple bean-like pods1 each containing several nut-like seeds1 which the natives call cola or goora nuts4 ,these nuts have long been an article of trade among the native tribes of ,africa1 they being valued for their supposed efficacy in allaying thirst1 promoting digestion1 giving strength1 and preventing exhaustion during the performance of hard manual labor4 ,this tree was early introduced into the ,west ,indies and ,brazil1 but its reputation in ,africa does not appear to have been sustained it its ,western habitat4 ,,coquilla ,,nut4--,the fruit of the ,piassaba palm1 ,attalea funifera1 a native of ,brazil1 where it grows about thirty feet high4 ,the fruit is produced in bunches1 and are each about three inches long1 covered with a thin rind4 ,the nut is very hard1 and is used as a substitute for bone and ivory in the manufacture of articles for the household4 ,,coquito ,,nut4--,this is the fruit of the wing-leaved palm of ,chile1 ,,jubaea ,,spectabilis4 ,it is a moderately tall species1 and closely resembles1 in general habit1 the date palm4 ,the nuts are edible1 but they are of secondary importance1 this palm being valued mainly for the sweet sap issuing from the stem when cut down1 this continuing to exude from it for weeks after it is severed from the roots4 ,the sap is gathered and boiled1 and when reduced to the consistency of molasses becomes an article of commerce1 under the name of ,meil de ,palma or palm honey4 ,,cream ,,nut4--,a local name of ,brazil nut4 ,,dawa ,,nut4--,see ,litchi nut4 ,,earth ,,nut1 ,,or ,,earth ,,chestnut1 ,,etc4--,a small1 low-growing1 herbaceous plant of the carrot family 7,umbelliferae71 common in waste or uncultivated grounds in ,great ,britain and other countries of northern ,europe4 ,formerly botanists supposed there were two species1 but of late only one1 the ,bunium bulbocastanum4 ,on the roots there are small1 nut-like tubers1 of a sweetish taste1 and they are eaten by children1 either in the raw state or after being roasted4 ,these tubers have various local names1 and in addition to the above1 they are called kipper nuts1 and pig nuts in ,england1 but a familiar local name in ,scotland is lousy nuts1 because it is said that eating them is sure to breed lice4 ,but this story may have been invented by parents to deter their children from digging and eating the roots of wild plants4 ,willdenow1 in naming this species1 certainly recognized its edible qualities1 and that children were fond of it1 else he would not have called it an earth chestnut1--bulbo1 bulb1 and castanum from castanea1 the chestnut4 ,,elk ,,nut4--,see ,oil nut4 ,,fisticke ,,nut4--,see ,pistacia nut4 ,,fox ,,nut4--,the seeds of a floating1 annual aquatic plant1 the ,euryale ferox1 native of ,india1 and belonging to the water lily family 7,nymphaeaceae74 ,it is a handsome plant1 with leaves about two feet in diameter1 of a rich purple on the underside1 with thorn-like spines on the veins4 ,flowers deep violet-red4 ,the seeds of this species are eaten by the natives1 the same as the aborigines of this country gathered the seeds of our indigenous ,nelumbium luteum1 under the name of water chinquapin1 using them for food in the late fall and winter4 ,,ginkgo ,,nut4--,the large1 round1 white1 somewhat flattened1 nut-like seeds of the now common maidenhair tree1 or ,ginkgo biloba1 also known as ,salisburia adiantifolia of some nurserymen's catalogues and many recent botanical works4 ,the former1 however1 is the older and correct scientific name4 ,this tree is a native of ,china and ,japan1 and of a slender1 sparsely branched habit1 growing from fifty to eighty feet high in its native countries4 ,it is a deciduous1 cone-bearing 7,coniferae7 tree1 with two-lobed1 fan-shaped leaves two to three inches broad1 divided about halfway down from the top4 ,the male and female flowers are on separate trees1 and to secure seed or nuts both sexes must be grown near together4 ,the ginkgo was introduced into ,european gardens in #aged1 and there are now many fruiting specimens1 especially in ,france1 from whence the nuts have long been secured for planting1 by nurserymen and others interested in tree culture4 ,there are very few bearing trees in this country1 and one in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 has been fruiting for a number of years4 ,in ,china and ,japan the seeds or nuts are valued for their edible qualities1 but they have a kind of disagreeable1 balsamic taste in their raw state1 although this is dispelled by roasting1 after which they are quite sweet and palatable4 ,as the trees do not begin to bear until of considerable age1 and the nuts are inferior to many other kinds1 ,i do not think the ginkgo will ever become very popular in this country as a nut tree4 ,,goora ,,nut4--,see ,cola nut4 ,,gorgon ,,nut4--,see ,fox nut4 ,,groundnut4--,the small1 globular tubers of the dwarf three-leaved ginseng1 ,aralia trifolia1 are called groundnuts in some of our ,northern ,states1 and they are frequently sought for1 dug up and eaten by children1 as ,i know from personal experience4 ,the plant belongs to the ginseng family 7,araliaceae71 and is closely related to the true five-leaved ginseng 7,aralia quinquefolia71 but our groundnut has only three leaves1 instead of five2 besides1 it is a somewhat smaller plant1 rarely more than six to eight inches high4 ,when the scattered seed sprout in spring1 they send down a long1 slender1 thread-like rootstock1 to a depth of from four to six inches1 and at the bottom of this the small tuber is produced4 ,it has a somewhat pungent taste1 but this only whets the appetite of a boy when on a hunt for ground nuts4 ,,groundnut4--,the tubers of one of the most widely distributed climbing plants of the ,eastern ,states1 and common in low1 wet grounds almost everywhere1 from ,canada to ,florida1 and westward to the ,mississippi4 ,this plant is described in most of the botanical works of the present day under the name of ,apios tuberosa1 and it belongs to the ,pulse family 7,leguminosae71 and is closely related to the common and well-known wistarias1 although much smaller and of a more slender habit4 ,it is a smooth1 perennial1 twining vine1 with pinnate leaves1 and dense racemes or clusters of small brownish-purple pea-shaped flowers4 ,the subterranean rootstocks bear long strings of edible tubers1 from one to two inches long1 and from an inch to an inch and a half in diameter1 somewhat variable in shape1 dark brown on the outside1 but white within4 ,when boiled or roasted these tubers have a rich1 farinaceous1 nutty flavor4 ,this tuber or groundnut is the one described by ,mr4 ,thomas ,herriot1 the historiographer of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh's expedition to ,virginia in #aehe1 under the ,indian name of ,openawk4 ,he says3 ,these roots are round1 some as large as walnuts1 others much larger2 they grow in damp soil1 many hanging together1 as fixed on ropes2 they are good food1 either boiled or roasted4 ,these tubers are to be found in the swamps and damp soils of ,virginia at this day1 just as they were at the time of ,herriot's visit1 but many modern historians have tried to make out that ,raleigh's colonists found our common potato among the ,indians at that time1 although ,i have never been able to find a scrap of trustworthy history to support such a claim1 or that ,raleigh himself ever planted or cultivated the ,american potato in ,ireland or ,england1 or1 in fact1 ever tasted one of these tubers4 ,,groundnut4--,see ,peanut or ,goober4 ,,hazelnut1 ,,or ,,chile ,,hazel4--,this is merely a local ,english name for the fruit of a small evergreen tree1 native of ,chile1 ,s4 ,a41 where it is known as ,guevina1 and this has been adopted as the name of the genus1 adding the specific name of the ,european hazel1 so we have ,guevina ,avellana1 although in some botanical works it may be found under the name of ,qudria heterophylla4 ,it belongs to the ,protea family 7,proteaceae74 ,it has white1 hermaphrodite flowers1 in long axillary racemes2 these are succeeded by coral-red fruit about the size of a large cherry2 the stone or nut-like seeds being edible are largely used by the ,chileans4 ,they are said to taste like the hazel1 hence the name4 ,trees are hardy in the southwest of ,england1 and would probably succeed here in the ,southern ,states4 ,it has been planted and found to thrive in ,california4 ,readily propagated from seed or green cuttings under glass4 ,,horse-,,chestnut4--,the fruit of a genus of deciduous ornamental trees and shrubs1 native of ,asia and ,north ,america4 ,the common horse-chestnut1 or ,a,esculus ,hippocastanum1 is a native of ,asia1 and was introduced into ,europe over three hundred years ago1 its large1 smooth seeds and prickly husks probably suggesting both its common and scientific names1 although these trees do not even belong to the same order as the true edible chestnuts 7,castanea71 but to the soapworts 7,sapindaceae74 ,it is supposed that the prefix1 horse1 was derived from a custom among the ,turks1 of giving the nuts to horses as a medicine when these animals were afflicted with a cough or inclined to become wind-broken4 ,in southern ,europe they are sometimes fed to cows to increase the flow of milk1 and at one time they were employed for making paste for book binders4 ,they are scarcely edible1 although containing considerable farinaceous matter1 owing to the presence of a bitter narcotic principle4 ,our native species1 better known as ,buckeyes1 with both smooth and prickly fruit1 are equally worthless as food4 ,,ivory ,,nut4--,there are two species of palms producing nuts hard enough to be employed as a substitute for ivory1 in the manufacture of small articles of domestic use4 ,but the one best known to commerce under the name of ivory nut is the fruit of ,phytelephas macrocarpa1 native of ,new ,granada and other parts of ,central ,america4 ,this palm is a low-growing and almost decumbent species1 the stem seldom more than six to eight inches in diameter2 but the leaves are of immense length1 or from fifteen to twenty feet1 growing in bundles1 or clusters4 ,the fruit consists of about forty nuts1 enclosed in a rough1 spiny husk1 of a globular form1 produced on a short footstalk growing from the axis of the leaves1 the whole bunch weighing from twenty to thirty pounds4 ,they are two inches long1 slightly triangular1 and covered with a thin1 pulpy coat1 which becomes dry1 papery and brittle when thoroughly dried1 but when in its green state it is sometimes utilized by the natives for making a favorite beverage4 ,the ripe nuts are very solid1 hard1 and when polished resemble ivory4 ,immense quantities of these nuts are imported into this country1 as well as ,europe1 and used as a substitute for bone and ivory for making buttons1 toys1 and similar small articles4 ,,jesuit ,,chestnut4--,see ,water chestnut4 ,,jicara ,,nut4--,a local name1 in some of the ,central ,american ,states for the ,calabash 7,crescentia ,cujete74 ,a low-growing1 rather rough tree1 with simple leaves1 usually three growing together on a broad leafstalk4 ,the fruit is extremely variable1 both in size and form1 but mainly globose1 and two to four inches in diameter4 ,the shell is very hard1 and largely used for drinking cups1 and these are sometimes highly ornamented on the outside4 ,the kernel is scarcely edible1 but is used by the natives as a medicine4 ,,juba ,,nut4--,see ,coquito nut4 ,,juvia ,,nut4--,see ,brazil nut4 ,,kipper ,,nut4--,see ,earth chestnut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,,litchi ,,or ,,leechee ,,nut4 ,,litchi ,,nut ,,or ,,leechee ,,nut4--,i am inclined to think that the affix of nut to this ,oriental fruit is an ,americanism1 and not used elsewhere4 ,there are three distinct species of this fruit known among the ,chinese1 under the name of ,litchi1 ,longan or ,long-yen1 and ,rambutan1 all the product of the ,nepheliums1 a genus of the soapberry family 7,sapindaceae74 ,by some of the earlier botanical works the litchi is placed either in the genus ,dimocarpus or ,euphoria4 ,within the past few years this fruit has appeared in our markets1 in consequence of the increased trade with ,oriental countries1 and facilities for rapid transit across the continent4 ,the litchi is a globular fruit1 about one inch in diameter 7,fig4 #ajc71 with a thin1 chocolate-brown colored shell covered with wart-like protuberances4 ,when fresh the shell is filled with a white1 jelly-like pulp1 in the center of which there is one rather large1 smooth brown seed4 ,the pulp is of a most delicious sub-acid flavor1 but it is often rather dry and stale in the nuts which reach us from ,china and ,japan4 ,the tree producing this fruit is seldom more than twenty-five feet high1 with rather sturdy twigs and branches1 the leaves composed of about seven oblong pointed leaflets4 ,this is said to be one of the most popular of ,oriental fruits1 and the trees would probably succeed in many of the ,southern ,states and in ,california4 ,it is now on trial in ,florida1 having been introduced there in #ahhf4 ,it has been fruited in ,england many times1 but always under glass1 where the plants receive protection and artificial heat4 ,a full description of this species1 accompanied by a superb colored plate of the ,nephelium or ,dimocarpus ,longana1 appeared in the ,transactions of the ,london ,horticultural ,society1 #ahah1 p4 #djb4 ,there are not only a large number of species of the ,nepheliums bearing edible fruit1 but1 as might be expected from their long and extensive cultivation1 many local varieties1 especially in the southern provinces of ,china and throughout the islands of tropical ,asia4 ,the ,dawa of the ,fiji islands is the fruit of ,n4 pinnatum1 a tree growing sixty feet high1 and forming extensive forests on those islands4 ,at some future time we may be receiving the dawas under the name of ,fiji nuts4 ,,lousy ,,nut4--,see ,earth chestnut4 ,,marking ,,nut4--,the seeds of ,semecarpus ,anacardium1 an evergreen tree of the cashew-nut family 7,anacardiaceae71 native of tropical ,asia1 and especially ,ceylon4 ,it has large1 oblong leaves1 and grows about fifty feet high1 and the fruit is produced on a fleshy receptacle4 ,the natives roast and eat these nuts1 and the black juice obtained from the green fruit is used for marking cloth1 hence the common name4 ,the juice is also mixed with lime to make an excellent indelible ink1 also for a kind of varnish4 ,,miriti ,,nut ,,or ,,ita ,,palm ,,nut4--,these are the ,indian names of the fruit of a lofty palm tree1 the ,mauritia flexuosa1 of the swamps along the ,orinoco river1 also in wet soils at higher elevations4 ,this giant palm grows to a hight of a hundred and fifty feet1 with an immense crown of large1 fan-shaped leaves1 and just beneath these the fruit appears in a pendulous cluster eight to ten feet long1 containing several bushels1 weighing1 altogether1 from one to three hundred pounds4 ,the individual nuts are about the size of an ordinary apple1 with a very smooth shell1 somewhat veined or streaked4 ,the natives of the country not only use the farinaceous kernels of these nuts as food1 but obtain a saccharine material from the pith1 out of which they make wine by fermentation4 ,the petioles of the leaves also furnish them with a strong fiber1 used as thread-cord1 and for various other purposes4 ,,moreton ,,bay ,,chestnut4--,see ,australian chestnut4 ,,monkey-,,pot ,,nut4--,see ,sapucaia nut4 ,,myrobalan ,,nut4--,this name is applied rather indiscriminately to the fruits of several species of the genus ,terminalia1 which are1 in the main1 large trees of the ,myrobalan family 7,combretaceae74 ,they are native of ,india1 ,malay1 ,fiji1 and1 in fact1 almost all the islands of the ,pacific in warm latitudes4 ,the fruits are similar to large plums1 but slightly angular1 containing a hard1 nut-like seed4 ,they are used principally for tanning leather1 and also for making ink similar to that made from oak galls4 ,the kernels of all the species are edible1 and are eaten by the natives4 ,in the ,fiji islands the ,terminalia ,catappa is a favorite tree with the natives1 and they plant it near the houses4 ,the kernels of this species have the flavor of the sweet almond4 ,,nickar ,,nut4--,the seeds of two species of ,guilandina1 a genus of the bean family 7,leguminosae74 ,they are climbing plants1 with hard-wooded1 prickly stems1 forming almost impenetrable thickets near the seacoast in the ,east ,indies and other tropical countries4 ,they have become widely distributed1 as the pods readily float when they drop into the water4 ,the pods are about three inches long1 very prickly1 containing seeds or nuts about the size of small marbles1 and exceedingly hard2 but in time the water softens them1 after which they sprout and grow when cast upon the shore by the waves4 ,the two species are distinguished mainly by the color of the nuts1 those of ,g4 ,bonduc being yellow1 and those of ,g4 ,bonducella gray1 or with a reddish tint4 ,of no value or use except as botanical curiosities4 ,,nitta ,,or ,,nutta ,,nut4--,the native ,african name of the seeds of ,parkia ,africana1 a tree of the sensitive-tree section of the bean family 7,leguminosae74 ,it grows about forty feet high1 and has compound winged leaves4 ,it has become naturalized in the ,west ,indies4 ,the pods grow in clusters1 the seeds imbedded in a yellowish1 sweet pulp1 like the carob or ,st4 ,john's bread1 and the negroes are very fond of them4 ,in the ,soudan the seeds are roasted1 and then allowed to ferment in water until they are soft and putrid1 after which they are washed1 pounded and dried1 then made up into cakes to be used as a sauce for different kinds of food4 ,it is supposed that the ,african traveler1 ,mungo ,park1 first brought these seeds or nuts to the notice of ,europeans1 and ,robert ,brown named the genus ,parkia in his honor4 ,,nutmeg4--,a name applied to the fruits of a large number of trees1 and of different orders of plants4 ,the true nutmegs of commerce are the fruits of trees belonging to the genus ,myristica1 and of the family ,myristicaceae4 ,the oldest and best known of these is the ,m4 fragrans1 a small1 widely branching tree1 growing twenty to twenty-five feet high1 and supposed to be indigenous to the ,indian ,archipelago4 ,the fruit is about the size of an ordinary walnut1 with a thick rind1 which1 upon opening1 at maturity1 discloses a reddish aril covering the nut within4 ,this aril or husk is the mace of commerce1 while the true nutmeg is the center or hard seed 7nut74 ,the ,brazil nutmeg is longer than the true species1 and is sold under the name of long nutmeg1 and is the fruit of ,m4 fatua4 ,another species1 the ,m4 otoba1 is cultivated in ,madagascar1 but is scarcely known in commerce4 ,another species1 the ,m4 sebifera1 is a common tree in the forests of ,guiana1 ,north ,brazil1 and up into ,panama4 ,it is utilized principally for the oil extracted from the nuts1 obtained by macerating them in water1 the oil rising to the surface1 and as it cools skimmed off4 ,the seeds of several species of conifers and laurels are known1 either locally or in commerce1 as nutmegs1 or are used as a substitute for the true nutmeg4 ,there are three different kinds of trees1 native of ,guiana1 in addition to the one already named1 the seeds of which are employed as a spice or medicine4 ,one of these is the ,acrodiclidium camara4 ,these nuts are known in commerce as ,ackawai nutmegs1 and are used mainly as a cure for diarrhoea and colic4 ,another is the seed of the ,aydendron ,cujumary tree1 and they are known in commerce as ,cujumary beans1 although they are not1 strictly speaking1 a bean1 and the same is true of the so-called ,puchurim beans1 from the same country1 for they are the fruit of ,nectandy ,puchury1 a small tree of the laurel family4 ,they are used as a tonic1 and considered highly stimulating4 ,clove ,nutmeg1 or ,madagascar nutmeg of commerce1 is the fruit of ,agathophyllum aromaticum1 a small evergreen tree1 indigenous to ,madagascar4 ,brazilian ,nutmegs are the highly aromatic seeds of ,cryptocarya moschata1 or ,atherosperma moschata of some botanists4 ,it is a lofty tree1 native of ,brazil4 ,the aromatic nuts are used as a substitute for nutmegs1 but are very inferior to the genuine4 ,peruvian ,nutmeg1 or ,plum ,nutmeg4--,the seeds of a large evergreen tree with aromatic foliage1 like our common sassafras1 and for this reason is sometimes called ,chilean or ,peruvian sassafras4 ,the seeds are of no more economic value than those of our native sassafras4 ,it is known under various botanical names1 but ,laurelia sempervirens is1 perhaps1 the most familiar4 ,california ,nutmeg1 or ,stinking ,nutmeg1 is the nut-like seed of ,torreya ,californica1 a small tree of the yew family 7,taxaceae74 ,the fruit is from an inch to an inch and a half long1 with a fleshy rind enclosing a hard1 long nut1 which is slightly grooved like a nutmeg4 ,the fruit1 leaves and wood are strongly scented1 hence the name of stinking nutmeg1 or stinking yew4 ,another species1 the ,t4 taxifolia1 is a native of ,florida4 ,,oil ,,nut4--,the fruit of a low-branching1 deciduous native shrub1 growing three to ten feet high1 with alternate leaves and small greenish flowers in terminal spikes4 ,it is the ,pyrularia oleifera of ,gray1 and ,hamiltonia oleifera of ,muhlenberg4 ,the fruit is in the form of a pear-shaped drupe1 about an inch long1 the small seed or nut with an oily kernel of strong acrid taste2 of no value4 ,this shrub is found on shady banks in the mountains of ,pennsylvania1 and southward into ,georgia4 ,,paradise ,,nut4--,see ,sapucaia nut4 ,,peanut1 ,,groundnut1 ,,goober4--,the well-known fruit of ,arachis hypogaea1 a low-growing annual belonging to the pulse or pea family 7,leguminosae71 supposed to be a native of ,south ,america1 but now extensively cultivated in nearly all semi-tropical countries and wherever the summers are long enough to insure the ripening of the seeds4 ,extensively cultivated in ,virginia1 south and westward4 ,too well known to require any further comment or notice here4 ,,pecan ,,nut4--,see ,chap4 ,,vii4 ,,pekea ,,nut4--,see ,souari nut4 ,,peruvian ,,nut4--,see ,nutmegs4 ,,physic ,,nut4--,the seeds of ,jatropha ,curcas1 a small tree of the spurgewort family 7,euphorbiaceae74 ,it is native of some of the ,west ,indies and warmer parts of ,south ,america1 but now cultivated in other tropical countries for its seeds1 which yield an oil used for the same purposes as castor oil1 but rather more powerful and drastic4 ,the seeds have a nutty flavor1 but are rather dangerous if eaten in any considerable quantities1 and death has been known to follow excess in this direction4 ,,physic ,,nut4--,in ,bartram's ,travels1 he refers to a seed or nut of a plant he found growing in ,florida under this name1 p4 #da1 as follows3 444 some very curious new shrubs and plants1 particularly the physic nut or ,indian olive4 ,the stems arise1 many from a root1 two or three feet high2 the leaves sit opposite1 on very short petioles2 they are broad1 lanceolate1 entire and undulated1 having a smooth surface1 of a deep green color4 ,from the bosom of each leaf is produced a single oval drupe1 standing erect on long slender stems2 it has a large kernel and thin pulp4 ,the fruit is yellow when ripe1 and about the size of an olive4 ,the ,indians1 when they go in pursuit of deer1 carry this fruit with them1 supposing that it has the power of charming or drawing that creature to them1 from whence1 with traders1 it has obtained the name of physic nut1 which means1 with them1 charming1 conjuring or fascinating4 ,to what kind of fruit ,bartram referred under the name of physic nut1 is not certain1 but his description of the plant comes very near that of the ,american olive 7,olea ,americana71 but the fruit of this and other closely allied plants of the same family are not yellow when ripe1 but purple4 ,,pignut1 ,,or ,,hognut4--,see chapter on ,hickory4 ,,pine ,,nut4--,a name applied indiscriminately to the many species of pine trees 7,pinus7 bearing seeds large enough to be conveniently used as food4 ,in southern ,europe1 and especially in ,italy and the south of ,france1 the seeds of the stone pine 7,pinus ,pinea7 have been extensively used as food1 from the earliest times down to the present day4 ,nearly all the ancient authors refer to them as among the valuable products of the country4 ,macrobius1 in his story of the ,saturnalia1 speaks of the cones as ,nuces vel ,poma ,pinea4 ,these pine nuts are called ,pinocchi in ,italy and ,sicily1 and occasionally a few reach this country1 where the ,italian name has been corrupted into ,pinolas4 ,these seeds or nuts are used for desserts1 puddings and cakes1 also eaten raw at table1 as with almonds4 ,they have a slight taste of turpentine1 but it is not strong enough to be at all disagreeable4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,,branch ,,of ,,nut ,,pine4 ,in this country we have several native species bearing very large edible seeds1 and they are known in the ,west under the general name of ,pinon1 or nut pines4 ,the best of these nuts1 to my taste1 are the seeds of ,pinus edulis1 so named by the late ,dr4 ,engelmann1 because of its large1 sweet and edible seeds4 ,it is a small1 low-growing tree1 more or less common on dry hills and slopes1 from ,colorado southward through ,new ,mexico1 and into western ,texas4 ,the seeds of ,pinus ,parryana and ,pinus cembroides1 of ,arizona and ,lower ,california1 are also called ,pinons1 and largely gathered by the ,indians4 ,farther east and north1 we find the one-leaved pine 7,pinus monophylla71 and although the seeds are much smaller than those of ,p4 edulis1 they were formerly gathered in immense quantities by the ,indians1 to help eke out their often scanty winter store of food4 ,occasionally a small quantity of these pine nuts is sent to ,eastern markets1 but rarely1 unless ordered early in the season4 ,the trees of ,p4 edulis and ,p4 monophylla are perfectly hardy here1 and worth cultivating for ornament1 as well as their nuts1 although their slow growth is a rather severe test of one's patience4 ,fig4 #ajd shows a ,pinon branch4 ,,pistachio ,,nut4--,historically1 this is a very ancient nut1 for ,bible commentators claim that it is the one sent by ,jacob into ,egypt4 ,it is the fruit of a small1 deciduous tree of the cashew family 7,anacardiaceae71 a native of western ,asia1 but many centuries ago it had become naturalized in ,palestine and throughout the ,mediterranean regions4 ,it has shining evergreen winged leaves1 and the bark on the young twigs is brown1 becoming russet-colored with age4 ,there are several different species1 but the one producing the nuts of commerce is the ,pistacia vera1 having brownish-green flowers in loose panicles1 and these are succeeded by bunches of reddish fruit1 about an inch long1 with an oblique or bent point4 ,the nuts have a double shell1 the outer one usually red1 the inner one smooth and brittle2 the kernel is pale green1 sweet1 and of rather pleasant taste4 ,there are a number of varieties1 differing only slightly in form and size4 ,this nut has been cultivated sparingly in ,great ,britain since #aegj1 but the climate is not quite warm enough to insure its ripening in the open air4 ,it would probably succeed throughout the greater part of ,california1 as well as in the extreme ,southern ,states1 but ,mr4 ,berckmans writes me that it is not hardy in his grounds at ,augusta1 ,ga4 ,there is a species of pistacia known as ,p4 ,mexicana1 found in central ,mexico1 and extending as far north as ,san ,diego1 in ,california1 according to the report of ,dr4 ,cooper 7,botany of ,california1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aji74 ,,quandang ,,nut4--,a medium size ,australian tree1 the ,santalum acuminatum1 of the sandalwood family 7,santalaceae74 ,it produces a plum-like fruit1 which is best known in its native country as the quandang nut4 ,it is used as a preserve1 but is little known1 except in or near its native habitats4 ,,queensland ,,nut4--,see ,australian hazelnut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,,paradise ,,or ,,sapucaia ,,nut4 ,,sapucaia ,,nut4--,the ,brazilian name of1 at least1 two species of large forest trees growing in the valley of the ,amazon and its tributaries4 ,the best known of these is the ,lecythis ,zabucajo1 a lofty tree of the myrtle family 7,myrtaceae74 ,it is closely allied to the more common ,brazil nut of commerce4 ,the sapucaia nuts are produced in an urn-shaped1 woody capsule1 which has received the name of ,monkey-pot1 because when these capsules ripen the lid at the top is suddenly liberated1 emitting a sharp sound1 which1 as heard by the monkeys1 gives them notice that the nuts are falling1 and that the first on the ground becomes the fortunate possessor of the largest number4 ,the capsules or pots are about six inches in diameter1 and the lid opening at the top about two inches4 ,the nuts1 which are packed very closely in the shell1 are about one inch in diameter1 and two to three in length1 with a thin1 brown1 and very much wrinkled and twisted shell 7,fig4 #aje74 ,the kernel is white1 sweet1 oily1 and somewhat more delicate in flavor than that of the common ,brazil nut4 ,in ,new ,york city these nuts are sold under the name of ,paradise nuts4 ,but this is probably only a local name1 for ,i have been unable to find it in any botanical work4 ,these nuts rarely come to this country in any considerable quantities2 a few hundred pounds at a time would be considered a large consignment4 ,,sassafras ,,nut4--,see ,nutmeg1 ,chilean4 ,,sassafras ,,nut4--,see ,nutmeg1 ,puchury4 ,,snake ,,nut4--,a large1 roundish fruit1 about the size of the black walnut1 the product of the ,ophiocaryon paradoxum1 a large tree of the soapberry family 7,sapindaceae71 native of ,british ,guiana4 ,this nut takes its name of ,snake nut1 from the peculiar form of the embryo of the seed1 which is curled up spirally4 ,the ,indians1 thinking there must be some virtue in form1 use these nuts as an antidote for snake bites1 although1 so far as known to science1 they do not possess any medicinal properties4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,,souari ,,nut4 ,,souari ,,nut1 ,,or ,,butternut4--,this nut1 like the last1 is a native of ,british ,guiana1 and is the fruit of the ,caryocar nuciferum1 a noble tree1 growing a hundred feet high1 having large1 broad1 trifoliate leaves1 resembling those of our common horse-chestnut1 but not quite as broad4 ,the flowers are very large1 and1 with the tube1 fully a foot long1 of a deep purple on the outside1 and yellow within4 ,they are composed of five thick1 fleshy petals1 and as showy as some of our best and brightest-colored magnolias4 ,the flowers are produced in terminal clusters or corymbs1 succeeded by a large1 round1 four-celled fleshy fruit five to six inches in diameter2 but as some of the embryo nuts usually fail to grow1 it changes the form of the fruit as it enlarges towards maturity1 and only one or two of the nuts mature and ripen1 very much as frequently occurs in both the sweet and horse-chestnuts4 ,the nuts are affixed to a central axis1 and are of a rounded1 subreniform shape1 and even flattened to an almost sharp edge on one side1 and broadly truncate at the scar 7hilum7 where they are attached to the pericarp or central axis4 ,the shell is of a deep brown color1 embossed1 as it were1 with smooth tubercles4 ,they are from two to two and a half inches or more in their broadest diameter1 as shown in ,fig4 #ajf4 ,the kernel or meat is pure white1 soft1 rich and oily1 with a pleasant flavor4 ,this nut is a rarity in our markets1 and ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,davy of ,new ,york1 to whom ,i am indebted for a specimen1 as well as other rare kinds1 assures me that in his forty-five years' experience as a dealer in foreign fruits and nuts1 he has never known of but one lot1 and that one consisted of about one-half bushel1 brought into his store by a sailor1 who only knew their common ,south ,american name4 ,these nuts are more frequently seen in ,european seaports than in those of this country4 ,,south ,,sea ,,chestnut4--,see ,tahitian chestnut4 ,,tahitian ,,chestnut4--,the seeds of a tree known in the ,south ,sea islands by the native name of ,toi1 but to botanists as ,inocarpus edulis4 ,it belongs to the bean family 7,leguminosae74 ,the tree grows sixty to eighty feet high1 and when young the stems are fluted like a ,grecian column1 but as they increase with age the projections extend outward1 until they form a kind of buttress all around the lower part1 gradually decreasing upward4 ,this so-called chestnut tree has yellow flowers1 succeeded by fibrous pods containing one large seed or nut1 which1 when roasted or boiled1 resembles the chestnut in taste4 ,the nuts have a different local name in almost every one of the ,pacific islands where it is at all abundant4 ,,tavola ,,nut4--,see ,myrobalan nut4 ,,tallow ,,nut4--,a local and nearly obsolete name for the fruit of the ,ogeechee lime or sour gum tree 7,nyssa capitata7 of the swamps of ,florida1 ,georgia and westward4 ,the fruit is about an inch long1 resembling a small plum1 the pulp having an agreeable acid taste4 ,bartram1 p4 #id1 refers to this fruit under the name of ,tallow nut1 but why so called is not explained4 ,,tallow ,,nut4--,the fruit of the ,chinese ,tallow tree1 ,stillingia sebifera1 of the spurgewort family 7,euphorbiaceae71 a native of ,china1 where it is1 as well as in some of the warmer parts of ,america1 extensively cultivated4 ,it has been planted in a few localities in the ,southern ,states1 and appears to thrive4 ,it is a small tree thirty to forty feet high1 with rhomboid tapering leaves and a three-celled capsuled fruit1 each cell containing only a single seed thickly coated with a yellow1 tallow-like substance1 hence its common name4 ,this tallow or grease is used for making soap1 burning in lamps1 and also for dressing cloth4 ,,temperance ,,nut4--,an ,english name of cola nut4 ,,torrey ,,nut4--,the hard1 nut-like seeds of ,torreya nucifera1 of ,siebold1 or ,taxus nucifera1 of ,kaempfer1 and ,caryotaxus nucifera1 of ,zuccarini1 a tree native of ,japan1 where these nuts are eaten by the ,japanese1 either raw or roasted4 ,an oil is also extracted from the nuts1 for use in cooking or for burning in lamps4 ,this ,japanese tree belongs to the same genus as the so-called ,california nutmeg 7see ,nutmeg7 and our ,florida stinking cedar 7,t4 taxifolia71 also the great ,chinese cedar 7,t4 grandis74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,,water ,,chestnut4 ,,water ,,chestnut4--,also known as water caltrops4 ,the seeds of several species of water plants of the genus ,trapa1 of the evening primrose family 7,onagraceae74 ,in southern ,europe and eastward there is a species found in ponds1 the seeds of which are called ,jesuit chestnuts 7,t4 natans71 and in ,india and ,ceylon a closely allied one1 the ,singhara-nut plant 7,t4 bispinosa71 while in ,lago ,maggiore there is another 7,t4 verbanensis71 but all may be varieties of one and the same species1 including the ,trapa bicornis1 a two-horned water chestnut1 extensively used in ,china and ,japan as food under various local names4 ,in ,china they are called ,ling1 and of late years have been occasionally imported and sold1 more as curiosities than for eating4 ,these seeds or nuts are of a dark brown color1 and of the form and size shown in ,fig4 #ajg1 resembling1 in miniature1 the skull of an ox with abbreviated horns4 ,when fresh1 the kernel is of an agreeable nutty flavor4 ,,water ,,chestnut1 ,,or ,,chinquapin4--,the seeds of the large yellow water lily 7,nelumbium luteum71 a very common plant in small ponds in the ,west and ,south1 but more rare in the ,east4 ,the seeds are about the size and shape of small acorns1 and produced in a large1 top-shaped1 fleshy receptacle4 ,they are edible1 and are supposed to have been extensively used as food by the aborigines of this country4 ,,index4 ,ackawai nutmeg1 #bgd ,acorn1 #bed ,acrodiclidium camara1 #bgd ,a,esculus hippocastanum1 #bfh ,agathophyllum aromaticum1 #bgd ,aleurites triloba1 #bei ,almond1 #ab bitter1 #cd budding1 bud in position1 #bh incision for bud1 #bg budding knife1 #bd budding knife1 ,yankee1 #bd prepared shoot of buds1 #bf season for budding1 #bb culture in ,california1 #ag history of the1 #ac insects and diseases1 #ci ,cercospora circumscissa1 #dc ,goes pulverulenta1 #eb ,scolytus rugulosus1 #db ,taphrina deformans1 #dc orchard in ,california1 #ah planting and pruning1 #cb propagation of the1 #ai properties and uses of1 #ci pruning1 #cc raising seedlings for stocks1 #bj soil and exposure for the1 #cj varieties1 #cd hard-shelled1 #ce1 #cf large-fruited1 #cg ornamental varieties1 #ch peach1 #cg soft or brittle-shelled1 #cf sweet1 #dj thin-shelled1 #cg ,amygdalus argentea1 #ci ,cochinchinensis1 #ch communis amara1 #cd dulcis1 #ce fragilis1 #cf macrocarpa1 #cg persicoides1 #cg incana1 #ci nana1 #ci orientalis1 #ci ,anacardium occidentale1 #bfj ,apios tuberosa1 #bfg ,arachis hypogaea1 #bge ,aralia trifolia1 #bff ,areca catechu1 #bef ,atherosperma moschata1 #bgd ,attalea funifera1 #bfd ,australian chestnut1 #bee ,australian hazelnut1 #bef ,aydendron cujumary1 #bgd ,beech1 ,american1 #dh ,chile1 #dh ,european1 #dh evergreen1 #dh history of1 #dd injurious insects1 #eb properties and uses1 #eb propagation of1 #dg soil and location for the1 #dg species and varieties1 #dh ,beechnut1 #dd leaf1 bur and nut1 #ea ,ben nut1 #bef ,bertholletia excelsa1 #bfg ,betel nut1 #bef ,bladder nut1 #beg ,brazil nut1 #beg ,brazilian nutmegs1 #bgc1 #bgd ,bread nut1 #beh ,brosimum alicastrum1 #beh ,buffalo nut1 #bei ,bunium bulbocastanum1 #bfe ,butternut1 #bei1 #bhj ,byzantium nut1 #bei ,california chestnut1 #ee ,california nutmeg1 #bge ,calodendron ,capense1 #bei ,candle nut1 #bei ,cape chestnut1 #bei ,caryocar nuciferum1 #bhj ,caryotaxus nucifera1 #bhc ,cashew nut1 #bfj ,castanea chrysophylla var4 minor1 #eg ,castanea chrysophylla var4 pumila1 #eg ,castanea sempervirens1 #ee ,castanopsis1 #ee bur1 #eg chrysophylla1 #ee leaves and nuts1 #ef ,castanospermum ,australe1 #bee ,caucasian walnut1 #bfa ,chestnut1 #fj budding1 #hj diseases of the1 #aaf distance between trees1 #hb ,european varieties of1 #ii ,comfort1 #ajj ,cooper1 #ajj ,corson1 #ajj ,dager1 #aja ,moncur1 #aja ,numbo1 #ajb spines of1 #ajb ,miller's ,dupont1 #ajb ,paragon1 #ajb bur1 #ajc nut1 #ajd spines of1 #ajc tree1 four years old1 #aje ,ridgely1 #ajd bur1 #ajf ,scott1 #ajg ,styer1 #ajh flowers1 #fa ,french variety of the1 #ajh gathering and assorting1 #fe grafting1 #ga cleft1 #gg growth of cion1 #gh large trees1 #gi materials1 #gb modes of1 #ge season for1 #ga splice1 #ge sprouts1 #gi success in1 #gh wax1 #gb history of the1 #fb insects injurious to1 #aac ,balaninus carytripes1 #aac weevil1 #aad ,japan1 #aji ,advance1 #aaj ,alpha1 #aaa ,beta1 #aaa ,early ,reliance1 #aaa ,felton1 #aaa ,giant1 #aaj1 #aaa ,killen1 #aab ,parsons1 #aab ,parry's ,superb1 #aab ,success1 #aab mulching1 #hb native varieties of the1 #id burless1 #id bush chinquapin1 #if common chinquapin1 #ig ,fuller's chinquapin1 #ig chinquapin burs1 #ig chinquapin tree1 #ih ,hathaway1 #ie ,phillips1 #ie planting1 #fh in nursery rows1 #fi propagation of the1 #fd seedbed and soil for1 #fg soil and climate for1 #hc species of1 #hf ,american1 #hh species bush chinquapin1 #hi ,castanea ,americana1 #hh ,japonica1 #ic nana1 #hi pumila1 #ij1 #ia sativa1 #ia vesca1 #ia ,european1 #ia ,japan1 #ic leaf1 #ib staking transplanted trees1 #ha stocks from the forests1 #gj transplanting and pruning1 #hj uses of1 #aai ,chile hazelnut1 #bfh ,chocolate nut or bean1 #bfa ,clearing nut1 #bfb ,clove nutmeg1 #bgd ,cocoanut1 #bfb double1 #bfc ,cocos nucifera1 #bfb ,cola acuminata1 #bfd nut1 #bfd ,coquito nut1 #bfd ,coquilla nut1 #bfd ,cream nut1 #bfe ,crescentia cujete1 #bfi ,cryptocarya moschata1 #bgd ,cujumary beans1 #bgd ,dawa nut1 #bfe ,dimocarpus longana1 #bga ,earth nut1 #bfe chestnut1 #bfe ,elk nut1 #bfe ,euryale ferox1 #bfe ,evergreen chestnut1 #ee ,fagus antarctica1 #dh betuloides1 #dh ferruginea1 #dh obliqua1 #dh sylvatica1 #dh ,fisticke nut1 #bfe ,filbert or hazelnut1 #aah ,fox nut1 #bfe ,galeruca calmariensis1 #e ,ginkgo biloba1 #bfe nut1 #bfe ,goober1 #bge ,goora nut1 #bfd ,gorgon nut1 #bff ,groundnut1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bge ,guevina ,avellana1 #bfh ,guilandina bouduc1 #bgc bonducella1 #bgc ,hamiltonia oleifera1 #bge ,hazelnut or filbert1 #aah ,american species of hazel1 #abf beaked hazel1 #abg ,corylus ,americana1 #abf ,corylus rostrata1 #abg ,asiatic species of hazel1 #abh ,c4 ferox heterophylla1 #abh blight1 #ach ,cryptospora anomala1 #aci fungus1 #ada ,european species of1 #abg ,constantinople hazel1 #abi ,corylus ,avellana1 #abg ,colurna1 #abh tubulosa1 #acj history of the filbert1 #abj insects injurious to filberts1 #ade personal experience with filberts1 #acb planting and pruning filberts1 #abd propagation of the filbert1 #abb soil1 location1 etc41 for filberts1 #abc varieties of filbert and hazel seedlings1 #ace varieties extra large hazel seedling1 #acf varieties large filbert1 #aai large seedling hazelnut1 #abj select list of1 #acj ,alba or white filbert1 #acj ,cosford1 or ,miss ,young's thin-shelled1 #acj ,crispa1 or frizzled filbert1 #acj ,downton1 large square1 #acj ,grandis1 or round cob-nut1 #aca ,lambert's filbert1 #acj ,purple-leaved filbert1 #aca red filbert1 red hazel1 etc41 #aca ,spanish filbert1 #acb ,horse-chestnut1 #bfh ,hickory nuts1 #adg age of fruiting the1 #aic big bud1 #afj big shellbark1 #aeg bitter pecan1 #afe bitternut1 #afc1 #afd brown1 #afb budding and grafting1 #ahc crown1 on roots1 #ahi sprouts from roots1 #aij ,carya amara var4 myristicaeformis1 #afe ,carya olivaeformis1 #aee cultivation of the1 #agg ,hicoria pecan and synonyms1 #aee ,hicoria alba1 #aee synonyms1 #aeg ,hicoria aquatica1 #afe synonyms1 #aff ,hicoria glabra1 #afb synonyms1 #afd ,hicoria laciniosa1 #aeg synonyms1 #aei ,hicoria minima1 #afd synonyms1 #afe ,hicoria myristicaeformis1 #afe ,hicoria tomentosa1 #afj synonyms1 #afb history of the1 #adh hognut1 #afb ,illinois nut1 #aee insect enemies of the1 #aie ,american silk worm1 #bjb ,attacus luna1 #bjb belted chion1 #aii bud worm1 #bjb burrows of scolytus1 #bjj ,catocala1 #bjb ,chion cinctus1 #aii ,chramesus icoriae1 #bja ,clisiocampa sylvatica1 #bjb ,cyllene crinicornis1 #aih pictus1 #aih robiniae1 #aih ,elaphidion inerme1 #aii ,goes1 beautiful1 #aii pulchra1 #aii tiger1 #aii tigrinus1 #aii ,grapholitha caryana1 #bja bark borer1 #aii nut weevil1 #bjb shuck worm1 #bja twig girdler1 #aif leaf miners1 #bjb leaf rollers1 #bjb locust borer1 #aih luna moth1 #bjb ,oncideres cingulatus1 #aif orange sawyer1 #aii painted borer1 #aih plant lice1 #bjb ,scolytus #d-spinosus1 #aii ,sinoxylon basilare1 #bja ,telea polyphemus1 #bjb tent caterpillar1 #bjb ,tortricidae1 #bja king nut1 #afj mocker nut1 #afj ,pecan nut1 #aee varieties of1 #afg ,alba1 #afg ,biloxi1 #afg ,colorado1 #afi ,columbian1 #afg ,early ,texan1 #afh ,faust1 #afh ,frotscher1 #afh ,georgia ,melon1 #afh ,gonzales1 #afh ,harcourt1 #afh ,idlewild1 #afi ,jewett1 #afi ,lady ,finger1 #afi large1 long1 #afg ,little ,mobile1 #afg ,longfellow1 #afh ,pride of the ,coast1 #afi ,primate1 #afh ,mexican1 #afi ,meyers1 #agj ,ribera1 #afh ,risien1 #afi ,stuart1 #afi ,turkey ,egg1 #afi ,van ,deman1 #afi pignut #afb1 #afd planting for profit1 #aid propagation of the1 #ahj shellbark or shagbark1 #aee varieties of1 #agj ,hales' paper-shell1 #agb long hickory1 #agc from ,missouri1 #agc ,western1 varieties of1 #agd ,floyd pecan1 #agg long1 #agd ,nussbaumer's1 #agd-agf species and varieties1 #bbd swamp hickoria1 #afd1 #afe switch bud1 #afb thick1 or western shellbark1 #aeg1 #aeh white-heart1 #afj ,inocarpus edulis1 #bhb ,introduction1 #a ,importation of nuts1 #h ,imported nuts1 value of1 #i ,ita palm nut1 #bga ,ivory nut1 #bfi ,jesuit chestnuts1 #bfi1 #bhc ,jicara nut1 #bfi ,juba nut1 #bgj ,jubaea spectabilis1 #bfd ,juvia nut #beh1 #bgj ,kipper nut1 #bgj ,kola nut1 #bfd ,laurelia sempervirens1 #bge ,lecythis ,zabucajo1 #bgi ,leechee nut1 #bgj ,litchi nut1 #bgj ,lodoicea ,sechellarum1 #bfc ,longan1 #bgj ,longyen1 #bgj ,lousy nut1 #bga ,macadamia ternifolia1 #bef ,madagascar nutmeg1 #bgd ,marking nut1 #bga ,mauritia flexuosa1 #bga ,miriti nut1 #bga ,miscellaneous nuts1 #bed ,monkey-pot nut1 #bgb ,moreton ,bay chestnuts1 #bee ,moringa optera1 #bef pterygosperma1 #bef ,myristica fatua1 #bgc fragrans1 #bgc otoba1 #bgd sebifera1 #bgd ,myrobalan nut1 #bgb ,nectandy puchury1 #bgd ,nelumbium luteum1 #bhd ,nephelium pinnatum1 #bga ,nepheliums1 #bga ,nickar nut1 #bgb ,nittar1 or ,nutta1 #bgc ,nuces vel ,poma ,pinea1 #bgg ,nutmeg1 #bgc ,nutmeg hickory1 #afe ,nyssa capitata1 #bhb ,oak nut1 #bed ,oil nut #bfe1 #bge ,olea ,americana1 #bgf ,openawk1 #bfg ,ophiocaryon paradoxum1 #bhj ,paradise nut1 #bge ,parkia ,africana1 #bgc ,peanut1 #bge ,pekea nut1 #bge ,peruvian nut1 #bge nutmeg1 #bgd ,phytelephas macrocarpa1 #bfi ,physic nut1 #bgf ,pinang1 #bef ,pine nut1 #bgf ,pinocchi1 #bgg ,pinolas1 #bgg ,pinon1 #bgg ,pinus cembroides1 #bgg edulis1 #bgg monophylla1 #bgh ,parryana1 #bgg pinea1 #bgf ,piper betel1 #bef ,pistacia ,mexicana1 #bgh vera1 #bgh ,pistachio nut1 #bgh ,plum nutmeg1 #bgd ,pterocarya fraxinifolia1 #bfa ,puchurim beans1 #bgd ,pyrularia oleifera1 #bge ,quandang nut1 #bgi ,qudria heterophylla1 #bfh ,queensland nut1 #bef ,quercus virens1 #bee ,raffia1 or ,roffia1 #be ,rambutan1 #bgj ,salisburia adiantifolia1 #bfe ,santalum acuminatum1 #bgi ,sapucaia nut1 #bgi ,sardis nut1 #fc ,sassafras nut1 #bhj ,semecarpus anacardium1 #bga ,singhara-nut plant1 #bhc ,snake nut1 #bhj ,sonari nut1 #bhj ,south ,sea chestnut1 #bhb ,staphylea trifolia1 #beg ,stillingia sebifera1 #bhb ,stinking nutmeg1 #bge ,strychnos potatorum1 #bfb ,tahitian chestnut1 #bhb ,tallow nut1 #bhb ,tavola nut1 #bhb ,taxus nucifera1 #bhc ,temperance nut1 #bhc ,terminalia ,catappa1 #bgb ,theobroma cacao1 #bfa ,torrey nut1 #bhc ,torreya ,californica1 #bge nucifera1 #bhc ,trapa bicornis1 #bhc bispinosa1 #bhc natans1 #bhc verbanensis1 #bhc ,walnut1 #bjc ,american1 #bbd black1 #bcb black1 in husk1 #bcb varieties of1 #bcc butternut1 #bbd sugar1 #bbg varieties of1 #bbe ,california1 #bcd ,carya cathartica1 #bbe ,juglans ,californica1 #bcd cathartica1 #bbe cinerea1 #bbd hybrida1 #bbe oblonga alba1 #bbe nigra1 #bcb nigra1 husk removed1 #bcc nigra oblonga1 #bcc rupestris1 #bce ,new ,mexico1 #bce ,texas1 #bce ,wallia cinerea1 #bbe white1 #bbd budding and grafting1 #bah flute1 #bbj history1 #bjc husking1 #bej hybrids in ,california1 #bbg flowering branch of1 #bbh ,juglans ,californica1 #bbi ,sieboldiana1 #bca1 #bcg insect enemies of the1 #bea ,citheronia regalis1 #beb ,regal walnut moth1 #beb ,jovis glans1 #bjc ,juglans1 #bjc ,oriental1 #bcf ,juglans ailantifolia1 #bcg ,camirium1 #bcf ,catappa1 #bcf cordiformis1 #bci ,japonica1 #bcf ,mandshurica1 #bcg ,persian1 #bjd in ,america1 #bji ,persian1 ,barthere1 #bdb ,chaberte1 #bdb ,chile1 #bdj1 #bdb ,cluster1 #bdc ,cut-leaved1 #bdc ,english1 #bdj ,franquette1 #bdc ,french1 #bdj ,gant1 or ,bijou1 #bdc ,juglans regia1 #bdj regia octogona1 #bde serotina1 #bdg ,kaghazi1 #bdd ,large-fruited ,praeparturiens1 #bdd ,late ,praeparturiens1 #bdd ,late1 #bdg ,madeira nut1 #bdj ,mayette1 #bde ,mesange1 or paper-shell1 #bde ,meylan1 #bdf ,octogona1 #bdf ,parisienne1 #bdf ,praeparturiens1 #bdf ,precocious1 #bdf ,racemosa1 or ,spicata1 #bdc ,royal1 #bdj ,small fruited1 #bdj ,st4 ,john1 #bdg ,variegated1 #bdh ,vilmorin1 #bdg ,vourey1 #bdg ,weeping1 #bdh planting and pruning1 #bbc propagation of1 #bae seedling1 #baf ,water chestnut1 #bfi1 #bhc1 #bhd chinquapin1 #bhd hickory1 #afe ,western cashew1 #bfj chinquapin1 #ee ,winged-seeded moringa1 #bef ,winged walnut1 #bfa ,,sent ,,free ,,on ,,application4 ,,descriptive ,,catalogue --,,of-- ,,rural ,,books1 ,,containing #aaf #h,,vo4 ,,pages1 ,,profusely ,,illustrated1 ,,and ,,giving ,,full ,,descriptions ,,of ,,nearly #fjj ,,works ,,on ,,the ,,following ,,subjects3 ,farm and ,garden1 ,fruits1 ,flowers1 ,etc4 ,cattle1 ,sheep1 and ,swine1 ,dogs1 ,horses1 ,riding1 ,etc41 ,poultry1 ,pigeons1 and ,bees1 ,angling and ,fishing1 ,boating1 ,canoeing1 and ,sailing1 ,field ,sports and ,natural ,history1 ,hunting1 ,shooting1 ,etc41 ,architecture and ,building1 ,landscape ,gardening1 ,household and ,miscellaneous4 ,,publishers ,,and ,,importers3 ,,orange ,,judd ,,company1 #eb #ed ,lafayette ,place1 ,new ,york4 ,books will be ,forwarded1 postpaid1 on receipt of ,price4 ,,standard ,,books4 ,mushrooms3 ,how to ,grow ,them4 ,any one who has an ordinary house cellar1 woodshed or barn1 can grow ,mushrooms4 ,this is the most practical work on the subject ever written1 and the only book on growing ,mushrooms published in ,america4 ,the author describes how he grows ,mushrooms1 and how they are grown for profit by the leading market gardeners1 and for home use by the most successful private growers4 ,engravings drawn from nature expressly for this work4 ,by ,wm4 ,falconer4 ,cloth4 ,price1 postpaid4 #a4ej ,land ,draining4 ,a ,handbook for ,farmers on the ,principles and ,practice of ,draining1 by ,manly ,miles1 giving the results of his extended experience in laying tile drains4 ,the directions for the laying out and the construction of tile drains will enable the farmer to avoid the errors of imperfect construction1 and the disappointment that must necessarily follow4 ,this manual for practical farmers will also be found convenient for references in regard to many questions that may arise in crop growing1 aside from the special subjects of drainage of which it treats4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,allen's ,new ,american ,farm ,book4 ,the very best work on the subject2 comprising all that can be condensed into an available volume4 ,originally by ,richard ,l4 ,allen4 ,revised and greatly enlarged by ,lewis ,f4 ,allen4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #b4ej ,henderson's ,gardening for ,profit4 ,by ,peter ,henderson4 ,the standard work on ,market and ,family ,gardening4 ,the successful experience of the author for more than thirty years1 and his willingness to tell1 as he does in this work1 the secret of his success for the benefit of others1 enables him to give most valuable information4 ,the book is profusely illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,henderson's ,gardening for ,pleasure4 ,a guide to the amateur in the fruit1 vegetable and flower garden1 with full descriptions for the greenhouse1 conservatory and window garden4 ,it meets the wants of all classes in country1 city and village who keep a garden for their own enjoyment rather than for the sale of products4 ,by ,peter ,henderson4 ,finely ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,johnson's ,how ,crops ,grow4 ,new ,edition4 ,a ,treatise on the ,chemical ,composition1 ,structure and ,life of the ,plant4 ,revised ,edition4 ,this book is a guide to the knowledge of agricultural plants1 their composition1 their structure and modes of development and growth2 of the complex organizations of plants1 and the use of the parts2 the germination of seeds1 and the food of plants obtained both from the air and the soil4 ,the book is a valuable one to all real students of agriculture4 ,with numerous illustrations and tables of analysis4 ,by ,prof4 ,samuel ,w4 ,johnson of ,yale ,college4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,johnson's ,how ,crops ,feed4 ,a ,treatise on the ,atmosphere and the ,soil1 as related in the ,nutrition of ,agricultural ,plants4 ,this volume--the companion and complement to ,how ,crops ,grow--has been welcomed by those who appreciate the scientific aspects of agriculture4 ,illustrated4 ,by ,prof4 ,samuel ,w4 ,johnson4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,market ,gardening and ,farm ,notes4 ,by ,barnet ,landreth4 ,experiences and ,observations for both ,north and ,south1 of interest to the ,amateur ,gardener1 ,trucker and ,farmer4 ,a novel feature of the book is the calendar of farm and garden operations for each month of the year2 the chapters on fertilizers1 transplanting1 succession and rotation of crops1 the packing1 shipping and marketing of vegetables1 will be especially useful to market gardeners4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,forest ,planting4 ,a ,treatise on the ,care of ,woodlands and the ,restoration of the ,denuded ,timber-,lands on ,plains and ,mountains4 ,by ,h4 ,nicholas ,jarchow1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,the author has fully described those ,european methods which have proved to be most useful in maintaining the superb forests of the old world4 ,this experience has been adapted to the different climates and trees of ,america1 full instructions being given for forest planting on our various kinds of soil and subsoil1 whether on mountain or valley4 ,illustrated1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,harris' ,talks on ,manures4 ,by ,joseph ,harris1 ,m4 ,s41 author of ,walks and ,talks on the ,farm1 ,harris on the ,pig1 etc4 ,revised and enlarged by the author4 ,a series of familiar and practical talks between the author and the ,deacon1 the ,doctor1 and other neighbors1 on the whole subject of manures and fertilizers2 including a chapter especially written for it1 by ,sir ,john ,bennet ,lawes of ,rothamsted1 ,england4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ge ,truck ,farming at the ,south4 ,a work which gives the experience of a successful grower of vegetables or truck for ,northern markets4 ,essential to any one who contemplates entering this promising field of ,agriculture4 ,by ,a4 ,oemler of ,georgia4 ,illustrated1 cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,sweet ,potato ,culture4 ,giving full instructions from starting the plants to harvesting and storing the crop4 ,with a chapter on the ,chinese ,yam4 ,by ,james ,fitz1 ,keswich1 ,va41 author of ,southern ,apple and ,peach ,culture4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 4#fj ,heinrich's ,window ,flower ,garden4 ,the author is a practical florist1 and this enterprising volume embodies his personal experiences in ,window ,gardening during a long period4 ,new and enlarged edition4 ,by ,julius ,j4 ,heinrich4 ,fully illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 4#ge ,greenhouse ,construction4 ,by ,prof4 ,l4 ,r4 ,taft4 ,a complete treatise on ,greenhouse structures and arrangements of the various forms and styles of ,plant ,houses for professional florists as well as amateurs4 ,all the best and most approved structures are so fully and clearly described that anyone who desires to build a ,greenhouse will have no difficulty in determining the kind best suited to his purpose4 ,the modern and most successful methods of heating and ventilating are fully treated upon4 ,special chapters are devoted to houses used for the growing of one kind of plants exclusively4 ,the construction of hotbeds and frames receives appropriate attention4 ,over one hundred excellent illustrations1 specially engraved for this work1 make every point clear to the reader and add considerably to the artistic appearance of the book4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,bulbs and ,tuberous-,rooted ,plants4 ,by ,c4 ,l4 ,allen4 ,a complete treatise on the ,history1 ,description1 ,methods of ,propagation and full ,directions for the successful culture of ,bulbs in the garden1 ,dwelling and ,greenhouse4 ,as generally treated1 bulbs are an expensive luxury1 while1 when properly managed1 they afford the greatest amount of pleasure at the least cost4 ,the author of this book has for many years made bulb growing a specialty1 and is a recognized authority on their cultivation and management4 ,the illustrations which embellish this work have been drawn from nature1 and have been engraved especially for this book4 ,the cultural directions are plainly stated1 practical and to the point4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,henderson's ,practical ,floriculture4 ,by ,peter ,henderson4 ,a guide to the successful propagation and cultivation of florists' plants4 ,the work is not one for florists and gardeners only1 but the amateur's wants are constantly kept in mind1 and we have a very complete treatise on the cultivation of flowers under glass1 or in the open air1 suited to those who grow flowers for pleasure as well as those who make them a matter of trade4 ,beautifully illustrated4 ,new and enlarged edition4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,long's ,ornamental ,gardening for ,americans4 ,a ,treatise on ,beautifying ,homes1 ,rural ,districts and ,cemeteries4 ,a plain and practical work at a moderate price1 with numerous illustrations and instructions so plain that they may be readily followed4 ,by ,elias ,a4 ,long1 ,landscape ,architect4 ,illustrated1 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,the ,propagation of ,plants4 ,by ,andrew ,s4 ,fuller4 ,illustrated with numerous engravings4 ,an eminently practical and useful work4 ,describing the process of hybridizing and crossing species and varieties1 and also the many different modes by which cultivated plants may be propagated and multiplied4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,parsons on the ,rose4 ,by ,samuel ,b4 ,parsons4 ,a treatise on the propagation1 culture and history of the rose4 ,new and revised edition4 ,in his work upon the rose1 ,mr4 ,parsons has gathered up the curious legends concerning the flower1 and gives us an idea of the esteem in which it was held in former times4 ,a simple garden classification has been adopted1 and the leading varieties under each class enumerated and briefly described4 ,the chapters on multiplication1 cultivation and training are very full1 and the work is altogether one of the most complete before the public4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,henderson's ,handbook of ,plants4 ,this new edition comprises about fifty per cent4 more genera than the former one1 and embraces the botanical name1 derivation1 natural order1 etc41 together with a short history of the different genera1 concise instructions for their propagation and culture1 and all the leading local or common ,english names1 together with a comprehensive glossary of ,botanical and ,technical terms4 ,plain instructions are also given for the cultivation of the principal vegetables1 fruits and flowers4 ,cloth1 large #hvo4 #d4jj ,barry's ,fruit ,garden4 ,by ,p4 ,barry4 ,a standard work on ,fruit and ,fruit ,trees2 the author having had over thirty years' practical experience at the head of one of the largest nurseries in this country4 ,new edition revised up to date4 ,invaluable to all fruit growers4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,fulton's ,peach ,culture4 ,this is the only practical guide to ,peach ,culture on the ,delaware ,peninsula1 and is the best work upon the subject of peach growing for those who would be successful in that culture in any part of the country4 ,it has been thoroughly revised and a large portion of it rewritten1 by ,hon4 ,j4 ,alexander ,fulton1 the author1 bringing it down to date4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,strawberry ,culturist4 ,by ,andrew ,s4 ,fuller4 ,containing the ,history1 ,sexuality1 ,field and ,garden ,culture of ,strawberries1 forcing or pot culture1 how to grow from seed1 hybridizing1 and all information necessary to enable everybody to raise their own strawberries1 together with a description of new varieties and a list of the best of the old sorts4 ,fully illustrated4 ,flexible cloth1 #abmo4 4#be ,fuller's ,small ,fruit ,culturist4 ,by ,andrew ,s4 ,fuller4 ,rewritten1 enlarged1 and brought fully up to the present time4 ,the book covers the whole ground of propagating ,small ,fruits1 their culture1 varieties1 packing for market1 etc4 ,it is very finely and thoroughly illustrated1 and makes an admirable companion to ,the ,grape ,culturist1 by the same well known author4 #a4ej ,fuller's ,grape ,culturist4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,fuller4 ,this is one of the very best of works on the ,culture of the ,hardy ,grapes1 with full directions for all departments of propagation1 culture1 etc41 with #aej excellent engravings1 illustrating planting1 training1 grafting1 etc4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,quinn's ,pear ,culture for ,profit4 ,teaching ,how to ,raise ,pears intelligently1 and with the best results1 how to find out the character of the soil1 the best methods of preparing it1 the best varieties to select under existing conditions1 the best modes of planting1 pruning1 fertilizing1 grafting1 and utilizing the ground before the trees come into bearing1 and finally of gathering and packing for market4 ,illustrated4 ,by ,p4 ,t4 ,quinn1 practical horticulturist4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,husmann's ,american ,grape ,growing and ,wine-,making4 ,by ,george ,husmann of ,talcoa vineyards1 ,napa1 ,california4 ,new and enlarged edition4 ,with contributions from well known grape-growers1 giving a wide range of experience4 ,the author of this book is a recognized authority on the subject4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,white's ,cranberry ,culture4 ,contents3--,natural ,history4--,history of ,cultivation4--,choice of ,location4--,preparing the ,ground4--,planting the ,vines4--,management of ,meadows4--,flooding4--,enemies and ,difficulties ,overcome4--,picking4--,keeping4--,profi t and ,loss4--,letters from ,practical ,growers4--,insects ,injurious to the ,cranberry4 ,by ,joseph ,j4 ,white1 a practical grower4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 ,new and revised edition4 #a4be ,fuller's ,practical ,forestry4 ,a ,treatise on the ,propagation1 ,planting and ,cultivation1 with a description and the botanical and proper names of all the indigenous trees of the ,united ,states1 both ,evergreen and ,deciduous1 with ,notes on a large number of the most valuable ,exotic ,species4 ,by ,andrew ,s4 ,fuller1 author of ,grape ,culturist1 ,small ,fruit ,culturist1 etc4 #a4ej ,stewart's ,irrigation for the ,farm1 ,garden and ,orchard4 ,this work is offered to those ,american ,farmers and other cultivators of the soil who1 from painful experience1 can readily appreciate the losses which result from the scarcity of water at critical periods4 ,by ,henry ,stewart4 ,fully illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,quinn's ,money in the ,garden4 ,by ,p4 ,t4 ,quinn4 ,the author gives in a plain1 practical style1 instructions on three distinct1 although closely connected branches of gardening--the kitchen garden1 market garden1 and field culture1 from successful practical experience for a term of years4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,roe's ,play and ,profit in ,my ,garden4 ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,roe4 ,the author takes us to his garden on the rocky hill-sides in the vicinity of ,west ,point1 and shows us how out of it1 after four years' experience1 he evoked a profit of #a1jjj1 and this while carrying on pastoral and literary labor4 ,it is very rarely that so much literary taste and skill are mated to so much agricultural experience and good sense4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,the ,new ,onion ,culture4 ,by ,t4 ,greiner4 ,this new work is written by one of our most successful agriculturists1 and is full of new1 original1 and highly valuable matter of material interest to every one who raises onions in the family garden1 or by the acre for market4 ,by the process here described a crop of #bjjj bushels per acre can be as easily raised as #ejj or #fjj bushels in the old way4 ,paper1 #abmo4 4#ej ,the ,dairyman's ,manual4 ,by ,henry ,stewart1 author of ,the ,shepherd's ,manual1 ,irrigation1 etc4 ,a useful and practical work1 by a writer who is well known as thoroughly familiar with the subject of which he writes4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #b4jj ,allen's ,american ,cattle4 ,their ,history1 ,breeding and ,management4 ,by ,lewis ,f4 ,allen4 ,this book will be considered indispensable by every breeder of live stock4 ,the large experience of the author in improving the character of ,american herds adds to the weight of his observations and has enabled him to produce a work which will at once make good his claims as a standard authority on the subject4 ,new and revised edition4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #b4ej ,profits in ,poultry4 ,useful and ornamental ,breeds and their ,profitable ,management4 ,this excellent work contains the combined experience of a number of practical men in all departments of poultry raising4 ,it is profusely illustrated and forms a unique and important addition to our poultry literature4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,the ,american ,standard of ,perfection4 ,the recognized standard work on ,poultry in this country1 adopted by the ,american ,poultry ,association4 ,it contains a complete description of all the recognized varieties of fowls1 including turkeys1 ducks and geese2 gives instructions to judges2 glossary of technical terms and nomenclature4 ,it contains #bdd pages1 handsomely bound in cloth1 embellished with title in gold on front cover4 #a4jj ,stoddard's ,an ,egg ,farm4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,stoddard4 ,the management of poultry in large numbers1 being a series of articles written for the ,,american ,,agriculturist4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 4#ej