,,man ,,& ,,nature2 ,,or1 ,,physical ,,geography ,,z ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,human ,,action4 ,,by ,,george ,p4 ,,m>%4 ,n all ! w9ds1 & /orms1 & e>?quakes1 & seas1 & seasons ( ! _w1 h done s mu* to revolutionize ! e>? z ,,man1 ! p[] ( an endless life1 has done s9ce ! day he came =? ^u x1 & receiv$ dom9ion ov] x4--,h4 ,,bu%nell1 ,s]mon on ! ,p[] ( an ,endless ,life4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,*>les ,,scribn] ,,co41 ,no4 #fed ,,broadway4 #ahfg4 ,,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfd1 by ,,*>les ,,scribn]1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,,john ,f4 ,,tr[ ,,co4 ,,pr9t]1 ,,/]eotyp]1 ,,& ,,electrotyp]1 #df1 #dh1 #ej ,gre5e ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,,preface4 ,! object ( ! pres5t volume is3 to indicate ! "* &1 approximately1 ! ext5t ( ! *anges produc$ by human action 9 ! physical conditions ( ! globe we inhabit2 to po9t out ! dang]s ( imprud5ce & ! necessity ( caution 9 all op]ations :i*1 on a l>ge scale1 int]f]e ) ! spontane\s arrangem5ts ( ! organic or ! inorganic _w2 to sugge/ ! possibility & ! importance ( ! re/oration ( di/urb$ h>monies & ! mat]ial improvem5t ( wa/e & exhau/$ regions2 &1 incid5tally1 to illu/rate ! doctr9e1 t man is1 9 bo? k9d & degree1 a p[] ( a high] ord] ?an any ( ! o!r =ms ( animat$ life1 :i*1 l him1 are n\ri%$ at ! table ( b\nte\s nature4 ,9 ! rude/ /ages ( life1 man dep5ds ^u spontane\s animal & vegetable gr[? = food & clo?+1 & 8 consumption ( su* products consequ5tly dim9i%es ! num]ical abundance ( ! species :i* s]ve 8 uses4 ,at m advanc$ p]iods1 he protects & propagates c]ta9 escul5t vegetables & c]ta9 f[ls & quadrup$s1 &1 at ! same "t1 w>s ^u rival organisms :i* prey ^u ^! objects ( 8 c>e or ob/ruct ! increase ( _! numb]s4 ,h5ce ! action ( man ^u ! organic _w t5ds to subv]t ! orig9al balance ( its species1 & :ile x r$uces ! numb]s ( "s ( !m1 or ev5 extirpates !m altoge!r1 x multiplies o!r =ms ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! ext5sion ( agricultural & pa/oral indu/ry involves an enl>gem5t ( ! sph]e ( man's doma91 by encroa*m5t ^u ! =e/s :i* once cov]$ ! great] "p ( ! e>?'s surface o!rwise adapt$ to 8 occupation4 ,! fell+ ( ! woods has be5 att5d$ ) mom5t\s consequ5ces to ! dra9age ( ! soil1 to ! ext]nal configuration ( its surface1 & probably1 also1 to local climate2 & ! importance ( human life z a trans=m+ p[] is1 p]haps1 m cle>ly demon/rable 9 ! influ5ce man has ?us ex]t$ ^u sup]ficial geography ?an 9 any o!r result ( 8 mat]ial ef=t4 ,l&s won f ! woods mu/ be bo? dra9$ & irrigat$2 riv] banks & m>itime coa/s mu/ be secur$ by means ( artificial bulw>ks aga9/ inundation by inl& & by ocean floods2 & ! ne$s ( comm]ce require ! improvem5t ( natural1 & ! con/ruction ( artificial *annels ( navigation4 ,?us man is compell$ to ext5d ov] ! un/able wat]s ! empire he _h already f\nd$ ^u ! solid l&4 ,! upheaval ( ! b$ ( seas & ! movem5ts ( wat] & ( w9d expose va/ deposits ( s&1 :i* occupy space requir$ = ! conv5i5ce ( man1 & (t51 by ! drift+ ( _! p>ticles1 ov]:elm ! fields ( human indu/ry ) invasions z disa/r\s z ! incursions ( ! ocean4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on _m coa/s1 s& hills bo? protect ! %ores f erosion by ! waves & curr5ts1 & %elt] valuable gr\nds f bla/+ sea w9ds4 ,man1 !re=e1 mu/ sometimes resi/1 sometimes promote1 ! =mation & gr[? ( dunes1 & subject ! b>r5 & fly+ s&s to ! same ob$i5ce to 8 w to :i* he has r$uc$ o!r =ms ( t]re/rial surface4 ,besides ^! old & comp>atively famili> me?ods ( mat]ial improvem5t1 mod]n ambition aspires to yet gr&] a*ievem5ts 9 ! conque/ ( physical nature1 & projects are m$itat$ :i* q eclipse ! bolde/ ent]prises hi!rto und]tak5 = ! modification ( geographical surface4 ,! natural "* ( ! v>i\s fields :]e human indu/ry has effect$ revolutions s important1 & :]e ! multiply+ population & ! impov]i%$ res\rces ( ! globe dem& new triumphs ( m9d ov] matt]1 sugge/s a correspond+ division ( ! g5]al subject1 & ,i h con=m$ ! di/ribution ( ! sev]al topics to ! *ronological succession 9 :i* man mu/ be suppos$ to h ext5d$ 8 sway ov] ! diff]5t prov9ces ( 8 mat]ial k+dom4 ,i h1 !n1 9 ! ,introductory *apt]1 /at$1 9 a compreh5sive way1 ! g5]al effects & ! prospective consequ5ces ( human action ^u ! e>?'s surface & ! life :i* peoples x4 ,?is *apt] is foll[$ by f\r o!rs 9 :i* ,i h trac$ ! hi/ory ( man's indu/ry z ex]t$ ^u ,animal & ,vegetable ,life1 ^u ! ,woods1 ^u ! ,wat]s1 & ^u ! ,s&s2 & to ^! ,i h add$ a conclud+ *apt] ^u ,probable & ,possible ,geographical ,revolutions yet to be effect$ by ! art ( man4 ,i h only to add :at1 inde$1 suffici5tly appe>s ^u e page ( ! volume1 t ,i address myself n to pr(ess$ physici/s1 b to ! g5]al intellig5ce ( educat$1 obs]v+1 & ?9k+ m52 & t my purpose is r to make practical sugge/ions ?an to indulge 9 !oretical speculations prop]ly suit$ to a diff]5t class f t to :i* ^? = :om ,i write belong4 ,,george ,p4 ,,m>%4 ,decemb] #a1 #ahfc4 ,,bibliographical ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,consult$ ,,9 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,?is ,,volume4 ,am]sfoordt1 ,j4 ,p4 ,het ,ha>lemm]me]1 ,oorsprong1 ,ges*i$5is1 ,droogmak+4 ,ha>lem1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,&res51 ,c4 ,c4 ,om ,klit=mation5 og ,klitt5s ,beh&l+ og ,be/yrelse4 ,kjoeb5havn1 #ahfa4 #hvo4 ,annali di ,agricoltura1 ,indu/ria e ,comm]cio4 ,pubblicati p] cura del ,m9i/]o d',agricoltura1 ,indu/ria e ,comm]cio4 ,fasc i-v4 ,tor9o1 #ahfb-'c4 #hvo4 ,arago1 ,f4 ,extracts f1 9 ,becqu]el1 ,des ,climats4 ,arriani1 ,op]a4 ,lipsiae1 #ahef4 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,asbjo]ns51 ,p4 ,*r4 ,om ,skov5e og om et ordnet ,skovbrug i ,norge4 ,*ri/iania1 #ahee4 #abmo4 ,aus d] ,natur4 ,die neue/5 ,entdeckung5 auf dem ,gebiete d] ,naturwiss5s*aft54 ,leipzig1 v>i\s ye>s4 #bj vols4 #hvo4 ,ave-,lallemant1 ,k4 ,c4 ,b4 ,die ,b5utzung d] ,palm5 am ,amazon5/rom 9 d] ,oekonomie d] ,indi]4 ,hamburg1 #ahfa4 #ahmo4 ,bab9et4 ,etudes et ,lectures sur les ,sci5ces d',obs]vation4 ,p>is1 #ahee-ahfc4 #g vols4 #ahmo4 ,ba]1 von4 ,kaspis*e ,/udi54 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahee-ahei4 #hvo4 ,b>?1 ,he9ri*4 ,w&]ung5 dur* die ,kue/5la5d] des ,mittelme]es4 ,v4 i4 ,b]l91 #ahdi4 #hvo4 ,b>?1 ,j4 ,b4 ,om ,skov5e i d]es ,=hold til ,nationaloeconomi54 ,*ri/iania1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,baude1 ,j4 ,j4 ,les ,cotes de la ,man*e1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae ,janvi]1 #ahei4 ,baumg>t54 ,notice sur les ,rivi]es de la ,lomb>die2 9 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #a;er seme/re1 pp4 #abi-aii4 ,beck)1 ,lieut4 ,report 9 ,pacific ,railroad ,report1 vol4 ii4 ,becqu]el4 ,des ,climats et de l',influ5ce qu'ex]c5t les ,sols boises et non-boises4 ,p>is1 #ahec4 #hvo4 ---- ,elem5ts de ,physique ,t]re/re et de ,meteorologie4 ,p>is1 #ahdg4 #hvo4 ,belgr&4 ,de l',influ5ce des ,=ets sur l'ec\lem5t des ,eaux ,pluviales2 9 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahed1 #a;er seme/re1 pp4 #a1 #bg4 ,b]g1 ,edmund von4 ,das ,v]dra5g5 d] ,laubwaeld] im ,no]dli*5 ,deuts*l&e dur* die ,fi*te und die ,kief]4 ,d>m/adt1 #ahdd4 #hvo4 ,b]gsoee1 ,a4 ,f4 ,greve ,*4 ,ditlev ,fr$]ik ,rev5tlovs ,virksomh$ som ,kong5s ,emb$sm& og ,/at5s ,borg]4 ,kjoeb5havn1 #ahcg4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,b]leps*1 ,h4 ,die ,alp5 9 ,natur- und ,leb5sbild]n4 ,leipzig1 #ahfb4 #hvo4 ,bian*i1 ,cele/9o4 ,comp5dio di ,geografia ,fisica ,speciale d',italia4 ,app5dice alla traduzione ,italiana della ,geog4-,fisica di ,m>ia ,som]ville4 ,fir5ze1 #ahfa4 7#b;d vol4 ( translation47 ,bigel[1 ,john4 ,les ,etats ,unis d',am]ique en #ahfc4 ,p>is1 #ahfc4 #hvo4 ,blake1 ,wm4 ,p4 ,reports 9 ,pacific ,railroad ,report1 vols4 ii & v4 ,blanqui4 ,memoire sur les ,populations des ,hautes ,alpes2 9 ,memoires de l',academie des ,sci5ces ,morales et ,politiques1 #ahdc4 ---- ,voyage en ,bulg>ie4 ,p>is1 #ahdc4 #abmo4 ---- ,precis ,elem5taire d',economie ,politique1 suivi du ,resume de l',hi/oire du ,comm]ce et de l',indu/rie4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #abmo4 ,boitel1 ,am$ee4 ,mise en valeur des ,t]res pauvres p> le ,p9 ,m>itime4 #b;d edition4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,bonnem]e1 ,eug5e4 ,hi/oire des ,paysans depuis la f9 du ,moy5 ,age jusqu'a nos j\rs4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,boettg]1 ,c4 ,das ,mittelme]4 ,leipzig1 #ahei4 ,b\ss+ault1 ,j4 ,b4 ,economie ,rurale consid]ee dans ses ,rapports avec la ,*imie1 la ,physique1 et la ,meteorologie4 #b;d edition4 ,p>is1 #ahea4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,bremonti]1 ,n4 ,t4 ,memoire sur les ,dunes2 9 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahcc1 #a;er seme/re1 pp4 #ade1 #bbc4 ,br9ck51 ,j4 von d54 ,ansi*t5 ueb] die ,bewaldung d] ,/epp5 des ,europaeis*5 ,russl&4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahed4 #dto4 ,buettn]1 ,j4 ,g4 ,zur ,physikalis*5 ,geographie2 9 ,b]ghaus1 ,geographis*es ,jahrbu*1 ,no4 iv1 #aheb1 pp4 #i-ai4 ,caimi1 ,pietro4 ,c5ni sulla ,importanza e ,coltura dei ,bos*i4 ,milano1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,cantegril1 & o!rs4 ,extracts 9 ,comptes ,r5dus a l',academie des ,sci5ces4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 ,ca/ellani4 ,dell' imm$iata influ5za delle ,selve sul corso delle acque4 ,tor9o1 #ahah1 #ahai4 #b vols4 #dto4 ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahfj4 ,prelim9>y ,report on1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfb4 #hvo4 ,c]9i1 ,giuseppe4 ,dell' ,impianto e ,cons]vazione dei ,bos*i4 ,milano1 #ahdd4 #hvo4 ,*ampion1 ,maurice4 ,les ,inondations en ,france depuis le ,v,ime ,siecle jusqu'a nos j\rs4 ,p>is1 #aheh1 #ahfb4 ,vols4 i-iv1 #hvo4 ,*ateauvieux1 ,f4 ,lull9 de4 ,lettres sur l',italie4 ,seconde edition1 ,g5eve1 #ahcd4 #hvo4 ,*ev&i]4 ,extracts 9 ,comptes ,r5dus a l',academie des ,sci5ces4 ,juillet-,decembre1 #ahdd4 ,p>is4 ,clave1 ,jules4 ,etudes sur l',economie ,=e/i]e4 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 #abmo4 ---- ,la ,=et de ,fonta9ebleau2 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #a ,mai1 #ahfc4 ,coop]1 ,j4 ,g4 ,! ,=e/s & ,trees ( ,nor!rn ,am]ica2 9 ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts = ! ye> #ahfj1 pp4 #daf-dde4 ,cotta1 ,b]nh>d4 ,deuts*l&s ,bod54 ,leipzig1 #aheh4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ---- ,vorwort zu ,p>amelle's ,quell5kunde4 ,see ,p>amelle4 ---- ,die ,alp54 ,leipzig1 #ahea4 #hvo4 ,c\ltas1 ,h>l&4 ,:at may be ,le>n$ f a ,tree4 ,new ,york1 #ahfj4 #hvo4 ,c\ri]1 ,paul-,l\is4 ,,oeuvres ,completes4 ,bruxelles1 #ahcc4 #hvo4 ,dana1 ,james ,d4 ,manual ( ,geology4 ,philadelphia1 #ahfc4 #hvo4 ,delam>re1 ,l4 ,g4 ,hi/orique de la ,creation d'une ,ri*esse ,millionaire p> la culture des ,p9s4 ,p>is1 #ahbg4 #hvo4 ,d4 ,h]ic\rt1 ,a4 ,f4 ,les ,inondations et le livre de ,m4 ,valles2 ,annales ,=e/i]es1 ,decemb]1 #aheg1 pp4 #caj1 #cba4 ,p>is4 ,diggel51 ,b4 ,p4 ,g4 van4 ,groote ,w]k5 9 ,n$]l&4 ,zwolle1 #ahee4 #hvo4 ,dumas1 ,m4 ,j4 ,la ,sci5ce des ,fonta9es4 #bme edition1 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,dumont1 ,ari/ide4 ,des ,travaux ,publics dans leurs ,rapports avec l',agriculture4 ,p>is1 #ahdg4 #hvo4 ,dwight1 ,timo?y4 ,travels 9 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york4 ,new ,hav51 #ahba4 #d vols4 #hvo4 ,em]son1 ,george ,b4 ,a ,report on ! ,trees & ,%rubs gr[+ naturally 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,bo/on1 #ahej4 #hvo4 ,emory1 ,wm4 ,h41 ,col4 ,report ( ,commission]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,survey1 vol4 i1 #aheg4 ,esc\rr\-,miliago1 ,a4 ,l',italie a propos de l',exposition ,univ]selle de ,p>is4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 #hvo4 ,evelyn1 ,john4 ,silva2 or1 a ,disc\rse ( ,=e/ ,trees4 ,) ,notes by ,a4 ,hunt]4 ,york1 #aghf4 #b vols4 #dto4 ---- ,t]ra1 a ,philosophical ,disc\rse ( ,e>?4 ,york1 #aghf4 #dto4 9 vol4 ii ( ,silva4 ,f]aud-,giraud1 ,l4 ,j4 ,d4 ,police des ,bois1 ,defri*em5ts et ,reboisem5ts ,comm5taire pratique sur les lois promulguees en #ahei et #ahfj4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 #hvo4 ,f]r>a1 ,francesco4 ,descrizione dell' ,etna4 ,pal]mo1 #ahah4 #hvo4 ,feuillide1 ,c4 de4 ,l',alg]ie ,francaise4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 #hvo4 ,figui]1 ,l\is4 ,l',annee ,sci5tifique et ,indu/rielle4 ,p>is1 #ahfb-'c4 #abmo4 ,f9nboga ,saga h9s rama4 ,kaupmannahoefn1 #ahab4 #dto4 ,foissac1 ,p4 ,meteorologie mit ,ruecksi*t auf die ,lehre vom ,kosmos1 ,deuts* von ,a4 ,h4 ,emsmann4 ,leipzig1 #ahei4 #hvo4 ,=*hamm]1 ,g4 ,geogno/is*e ,/udi5 am ,me]es-,uf]2 9 ,leonh>d und ,bronn's ,neues ,jahrbu* fu] ,m9]alogie1 ,geognosie1 ,geologie1 etc4 ,jahrgang1 #ahda1 pp4 #a-ch4 ,fossombroni1 ,vittorio4 ,memorie ,idraulico-,/ori*e sopra la ,val-di-,*iana4 ,montepulciano1 #cza edizione1 #ahce4 #hvo4 ,fraas1 ,c4 ,klima und ,pflanz5welt 9 d] ,zeit4 ,l&%ut1 #ahdg4 #hvo4 ,frisi1 ,paolo4 ,del ,modo di regol>e i ,fiumi e i ,torr5ti4 ,lucca1 #agfb4 #dto4 ,full]1 ,?omas4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,wor?ies ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #affb4 ,folio4 ,gilliss1 ,j4 ,m41 ,capt4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,a/ronomical ,exp$ition to ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahee4 #b vols4 #dto4 ,giorg9i4 ,pap] by2 9 ,salvagnoli-,m>*etti1 ,rapporto sul ,bonificam5to delle ,m>emme1 ,app4 v4 ,gir>d et ,p>5t-,du*atelet4 ,rapport sur les ,puits =es dits ,artesi5s2 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahcc1 #bme seme/re1 #cac-cdd4 ,graham1 ,j4 ,d41 ,lieut4-,col4 ,a ,lun> ,tidal ,wave 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,lakes demon/rat$4 ,cambridge1 #ahfa4 #hvo4 pamphlet4 ,also 9 vol4 xiv1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,ass4 = ,adv4 ( ,sci5ce = #ahfj4 ,hakluyt1 ,ri*>d4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,navigations1 ,voyages1 c41 ( ! ,engli% ,nation4 ,london1 #aeih-'i4 #c vols4 folio4 ,h>rison1 ,w4 ,an ,hi/oricall ,description ( ! ,il& ( ,brita9e2 9 ,hol9%$'s ,*ronicles4 ,repr9t ( #ahjg1 vol4 i4 ,h>twig1 ,g4 ,das ,leb5 des ,me]es4 ,frankfurt1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,hax?aus51 ,augu/ von4 ,transkaukasia4 ,leipzig1 #ahef4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,h5ry1 ,pr(4 ,joseph4 ,pap] on ,meteorology 9 its connection ) ,agriculture2 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice ,report = #aheg1 pp4 #dai-eej4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,physical ,geography4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfa4 #abmo4 ,hey]1 ,gu/av4 ,das ,v]halt5 d] ,waldbaeume geg5 ,li*t und ,s*att54 ,erlang51 #aheb4 #hvo4 ,hoh5/e91 ,adolph4 ,d] ,wald sammt dess5 wi*tigem ,e9fluss auf das ,klima1 c4 ,wi51 #ahfj4 #hvo4 ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von4 ,ansi*t5 d] ,natur4 ,dritte ,ausgabe1 ,/uttg>t und ,tueb+51 #ahdi4 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,hummel1 ,k>l4 ,physis*e ,geographie4 ,graz1 #ahee4 #hvo4 ,hunt]1 ,a4 ,notes to ,evelyn1 ,silva1 & ,t]ra4 ,york1 #aghf4 ,see ,evelyn4 ,jac9i1 ,/efano4 ,la ,proprieta ,fondi>ia e le ,popolazioni agricole 9 ,lomb>dia4 ,milano e ,v]ona1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,jo9ville4 ,hi/oire de ,sa9t-,l\is4 ,n\velle ,collection des ,memoires p\r s]vir a l',hi/oire de ,france1 p> ,mi*aud et ,p\j\lat4 ,tome i4 ,p>is1 #ahcf4 #hvo4 ,josselyn1 ,john4 ,new ,engl& ,r>ities4 ,london1 #afgb4 #abmo4 ,knorr1 ,e4 ,a4 ,/udi5 ueb] die ,bu*5-,wir?s*aft4 ,nordhaus51 #ahfc4 #hvo4 ,kohl1 ,j4 ,g4 ,alp5reis54 ,dresd5 und ,leipzig1 #ahdi4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ---- ,die ,m>s*5 und ,inseln d] ,h]zog?uem] ,s*leswig und ,hol/e94 ,dresd5 und ,leipzig1 #ahdf4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,kram]1 ,gu/av4 ,d] ,fuc9]-,see4 ,b]l91 #ahci4 #dto4 ,krause1 ,g4 ,c4 ,a4 ,d] ,du55bau auf d5 ,o/see-,kue/5 ,we/-,preuss5s4 #ahej4 #hvo4 ,krem]1 ,alfr$ von4 ,a,egypten1 ,=s*ung5 ueb] ,l& und ,volk4 ,leipzig1 #ahfc4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,kriegk1 ,g4 ,l4 ,s*rift5 zur allgeme95 ,erdkunde4 ,leipzig1 #ahdj4 #hvo4 ,lad\cette1 ,j4 ,c4 ,f4 ,hi/oire1 ,topographie1 ,antiquites1 ,usages1 ,dialectes des ,hautes ,alpes4 ,seconde edition1 #ahcd4 #a vol4 #hvo4 & ,atlas4 ,la/adius1 ,l>s ,levi4 ,om ,moejlighet5 o* ,fo]del5 af allma5na ,uppodl+> i ,lappm>k54 ,/ockholm1 #ahbd4 #abmo4 ,lae/adius1 ,petrus4 ,j\rnal fo] fo]/a aret af hans ,tj5/go]+ sasom ,missionaire i ,lappm>k54 ,/ockholm1 #ahca4 #hvo4 ---- ,=tsaettn+ af ,j\rnal5 oefv] ,missions-,resor i ,lappm>k54 ,/ockholm1 #ahcc4 #hvo4 ,lampridius4 ,vita ,elagabali 9 ,script4 ,hi/41 ,augu/4 ,l&grebe1 ,georg4 ,naturges*i*te d] ,vulcane4 ,go?a1 #ahee4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,laur5t1 ,*4 ,memoires sur le ,sah>a ,ori5tal au po9t de vue des ,puits ,artesi5s4 ,p>is1 #ahei4 #hvo4 pamphlet4 ,also1 9 ,mem de la ,soc4 des ,+5ieurs ,civils1 & ! ,bullet9 de la ,soc4 ,geologique de ,france4 ,laval4 ,memoire sur les ,dunes du ,golfe de ,gascogne2 9 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #bme seme/re1 pp4 #bah-bfh4 ,lav]gne1 ,m4 ,l4 de4 ,economie ,rurale de la ,france1 depuis #aghi4 #bme edition1 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 #abmo4 ,le ,alpi *e c+ono l',italia4 ,p>te #a;er1 vol4 #a;er4 ,tor9o1 #ahde4 #hvo4 ,le=t4 ,notice sur les travaux de ,fixation des ,dunes2 9 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahca1 #bme seme/re1 pp4 #cbj-ccb4 ,l5ormant4 ,note relative a l',execution d'un ,puits ,artesi5 en ,egypte s\s la ,,xviiime ,dyna/ie2 ,academie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 #ab ,novembre1 #aheb4 ,lib] ,albus3 ,! ,:ite ,book ( ! ,city ( ,london4 ,london1 #ahfa4 #dto4 ,l(tus1 ,w4 ,k4 ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,*aldaea & ,susiana4 ,new ,york1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,lomb>d9i4 ,c5ni ,idrografi sulla ,lomb>dia2 ,intorno al ,si/ema ,idraulico del ,po2 epitomiz$ by ,baumg>t5 9 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #a;er seme/re1 pp4 #abi1 #aii2 & 9 ,dumont1 ,des ,travaux ,publics1 pp4 #bfh1 #cce4 ---- ,sui progetti intesi ad e/5d]e l'irrigazione della ,pianura del ,po4 ,politecnico4 ,g5najo1 #ahfc1 pp4 #e-ej4 ,lor5tz4 ,c\rs ,elem5taire de ,culture des ,bois1 complete et publie p> ,a4 ,p>ade1 #dme edition4 ,p>is et ,nancy1 #ahfj4 #hvo4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les4 ,! 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,pacific4 ,wa%+ton1 v>i\s ye>s4 #ab vols4 #dto4 ,palissy1 ,b]n>d4 ,,oeuvres ,completes1 avec des ,notes1 etc41 p> ,paul-,anto9e ,cap4 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 #abmo4 ,p>ade1 ,a4 ,see ,lor5tz4 ,p>amelle1 ,abbe4 ,quell5kunde1 ,lehre von d] ,bildung und ,auff9dung d] ,quell52 mit e9em ,vorwort von ,b4 ,cotta4 ,leipzig1 #ahef4 #abmo4 ,p>i%1 ,dr4 ,life ( ,dr4 ,eleaz] ,:eelock4 #hvo4 ,p>ry1 ,c4 ,c4 ,report 9 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,survey1 vol4 i4 ,p>!y1 ,g4 ,w&]ung5 dur* ,sicili5 und die ,levante4 ,b]l91 #ahcd4 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,pip]1 ,r4 ,u4 ,! ,trees ( ,am]ica4 ,bo/on1 #aheh1 ,nos4 i-iv4 #dto4 ,pl9ii1 ,hi/oria ,naturalis1 ed4 ,h>d\94 ,p>is1 #agbc4 #c vols4 folio4 ,ponz1 ,antonio4 ,viage de ,espana4 ,madrid1 #aghh1 etc4 #ah vols4 #abmo4 ,quatrefages1 ,a4 de4 ,s\v5irs d'un ,naturali/e4 ,p>is1 #ahed4 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,reclus1 ,elisee4 ,le ,littoral de la ,france2 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae ,decembre1 #ahfb4 ,r5tzs*1 ,h]mann4 ,d] ,wald im ,hau%alt d] ,natur und d] ,volkswir?s*aft4 ,leipzig1 #ahfb4 #hvo4 ,ribbe1 ,*>les de4 ,la ,prov5ce au po9t de vue des ,bois1 des ,torr5ts et des ,inondations4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,ridolfi1 ,cosimo4 ,lezioni ,orali4 ,fir5ze1 #ahfb4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,ritt]1 ,c>l4 ,e9leitung zur allgeme95 v]glei*5d5 ,geographie4 ,b]l91 #aheb4 #hvo4 ---- ,die ,erdkunde im ,v]haeltniss zur ,natur und zur ,ges*i*te des ,m5s*54 ,b]l91 v>i\s ye>s4 #ai vols4 #hvo4 ,rosa1 ,g4 ,le ,condizioni de' bos*i1 de' fiumi e de' torr5ti nella prov9cia di ,b]gamo4 ,politecnico1 ,dicembre1 #ahfa1 pp4 #fjf1 #fba4 ---- ,/udii sui ,bos*i4 ,politecnico1 ,maggio1 #ahfb1 pp4 #bcb1 #bch4 ,rossmaessl]1 ,c4 ,a4 ,d] ,wald4 ,leipzig und ,heidelb]g1 #ahfc4 #hvo4 ,ro?1 ,j4 ,d] ,vesuv und die ,umgebung von ,neapel4 ,b]l91 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,rozet1 ,m4 ,moy5s de =c] les ,torr5ts des ,montagnes de r5dre une p>tie du sol qu'ils ravag5t4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 #hvo4 pamphlet4 ,salvagnoli-,m>*etti1 ,antonio4 ,memorie ,economico-,/ati/i*e sulle ,m>emme ,toscane4 ,fir5ze1 #ahdf4 #hvo4 ---- ,raccolta di ,docum5ti sul ,bonificam5to delle ,m>emmo ,toscane4 ,fir5ze1 #ahfa4 #hvo4 ---- ,rapporto sul ,bonificam5to delle ,m>emmo ,toscane4 ,fir5ze1 #ahei4 #hvo4 ---- ,rapporto sulle ,op]azioni ,idrauli*e ed ,economi*e eseguite nel #ahei-'fj nelle ,m>emmo ,toscane4 ,fir5ze1 #ahfj4 #hvo4 ,s&ys1 ,george4 ,a ,relation ( a ,j\rney begun ,an4 ,dom4 #afaj4 ,london1 #afbg4 ,folio4 ,s*a*t1 ,h4 ,les ,arbres1 ,etudes sur leur ,/ructure et leur ,vegetation1 traduit p> ,e4 ,morr54 ,bruxelles et ,leipzig1 #ahfb4 #hvo4 ,s*leid51 ,m4 ,j4 ,die ,l&5ge von ,sues4 ,leipzig1 #aheh4 #hvo4 ---- ,die ,pflanze und ihr ,leb54 ,leipzig1 #ahdh4 #hvo4 ,s*ub]t1 ,w4 von4 ,resa g5om ,sv]ige1 ,norrige1 ,lappl&1 etc4 ,/ockholm1 #ahbc4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,s5eca1 ,l4 ,a4 ,op]a ,omnia quae sup]sunt1 ex rec4 ,ruhkopf4 ,aug4 ,taur9orum1 #ahca4 #f vols4 #hvo4 ,simonde1 ,j4 ,e4 ,l4 ,tableau de l',agriculture ,toscane4 ,g5eve1 #ahja4 #hvo4 ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,william4 ,a ,diction>y ( ! ,bible4 ,london1 #ahfj4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ---- ,a ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,geography4 ,london1 #ahed1 #aheg4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,smi?1 ,john4 ,hi/orie ( ,virg9ia4 ,london1 #afbd4 ,folio4 ,som]ville1 ,m>y4 ,physical ,geography4 ,fif? edition4 ,london1 #ahfb4 #abmo4 ,spr+]1 ,john ,s4 ,=e/-,life & ,=e/-,trees4 ,new ,york1 #ahea4 #abmo4 ,/anley1 ,dr4 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,london1 #ahfc4 #hvo4 ,/>+1 ,w4 ,h4 ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&4 ,ha>lem1 #ahef4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ---- ,voormaals en ,?ans4 ,ha>lem1 #aheh4 #hvo4 ,/ev5s1 ,gov4 ,report 9 ,pacific ,railroad ,report1 vol4 xii4 ,/ra91 ,lieut4 ,i4 ,c4 ,d>i5 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,headley1 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e4 ,new ,york1 ,m>*1 ,april1 & ,may1 #ahee4 ,/reffleur1 ,v4 ,ueb] die ,natur und die ,wirkung5 d] ,wildbae*e4 ,sitz4 ,b]4 d] ,m4 ,n4 ,w4 ,classe d] ,kais]l4 ,akad4 d] ,wis4 ,febru>y1 #aheb1 viii1 p4 #bdh4 ,/roem1 ,isr4 ,om ,skog>nas ,v>d o* ,skoetsel4 ,upsala1 #ahec4 ,pamphlet4 ,surell1 ,alex&re4 ,etude sur les ,torr5ts des ,hautes ,alpes4 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 #dto4 ,t>t9i1 ,f]d9&o4 ,memorie sul ,bonificam5to delle ,m>emme ,toscane4 ,fir5ze1 #ahch4 ,folio4 ,?omas & ,baldw94 ,gazette]4 ,philadelphia1 #ahee4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,?ompson1 ,z4 ,hi/ory ( ,v]mont1 ,natural1 ,civil1 & ,/ati/ical4 ,burl+ton1 #ahdb4 #hvo4 ---- ,app5dix to ,hi/ory ( ,v]mont4 ,burl+ton1 #ahec4 #hvo4 ,titcomb1 ,timo?y4 ,lessons 9 ,life4 ,new ,york1 #ahfa4 #abmo4 ,treadwell1 ,dr4 ,obs]vations (1 quot$ f ,report ( ,commission] ( ,pat5ts4 ,troy1 ,paul4 ,etude sur le ,reboisem5t des ,montagnes4 ,p>is et ,t\l\se1 #ahfa4 #hvo4 pamphlet4 ,ts*udi1 ,fri$ri* von4 ,ueb] die ,l&wir?s*aftli*e ,b$eutung d] ,voegel4 ,/4 ,gall51 #ahed4 #abmo4 ,ts*udi1 ,j4 ,j4 von4 ,travels 9 ,p]u4 ,new ,york1 #ahdh4 #hvo4 ,valles1 ,m4 ,f4 ,etudes sur les ,inondations1 leurs causes et leurs effets4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,valvasor1 ,johann ,wei*>d4 ,die ,ehre des ,h]zog?ums ,cra94 ,layba*1 #afhi4 #d vols4 folio4 ,van ,l5nep4 ,extracts f ,j\rnal (1 9 ! 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,unit$ ,/ates--,birds z ,s[]s & ,consum]s ( ,se$s1 & z ,de/roy]s ( ,insects--,dim9ution & ,extirpation ( ,birds--,introduction ( ,birds--,utility ( ,insects & ,worms--,introduction ( ,insects--,de/ruction ( ,insects--,reptiles--,de/ruction ( ,fi%--,introduction & ,bre$+ ( ,fi%--,extirpation ( ,aquatic ,animals--,m9ute ,organisms1 #eg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,woods4 ,! ,habitable ,e>? orig9ally ,wood$--,! ,=e/ does n furni% ,food = ,man--,fir/ ,removal ( ! ,woods--,effects ( ,fire on ,=e/ ,soil--,effects ( ! ,de/ruction ( ! ,=e/--,electrical ,influ5ce ( ,trees--,*emical ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/1 consid]$ z ,inorganic ,matt]1 on ,temp]ature3 a1 ,absorb+ & ,emitt+ ,surface2 b1 ,trees z ,conductors ( ,heat2 c1 ,trees 9 ,summ] & 9 ,w9t]2 d1 ,dead ,products ( ,tree2 e1 ,trees z a ,%elt] to ,gr\nds to ! leew>d ( !m2 f1 ,trees z a ,protection aga9/ ,mal>ia--,! ,=e/1 z ,inorganic ,matt]1 t5ds to mitigate extremes4 ,trees z ,organisms3 ,specific ,temp]ature--,total ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/ on ,temp]ature4 ,influ5ce ( ,=e/s on ! ,humidity ( ! ,air & ! ,e>?3 a1 z ,inorganic ,matt]2 b1 z ,organic--,wood ,mosses & ,fungi--,fl[ ( ,sap--,absorption & ,exhalation ( ,moi/ure by ,trees--,balance ( ,conflict+ ,influ5ces--,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/ on ,temp]ature & ,precipitation--,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/ on ! ,humidity ( ! ,soil--,its ,influ5ce on ! ,fl[ ( ,spr+s--,g5]al ,consequ5ces ( ! ,de/ruction ( ! ,woods--,lit]ature & ,condition ( ! ,=e/ 9 diff]5t ,c\ntries--,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/ on ,inundations-- ,de/ructive ,action ( ,torr5ts--,! ,po & its ,deposits-- ,m\nta9 ,slides--,protection aga9/ ! ,fall ( ,rocks & ,avalan*es by ,trees--,pr9cipal ,causes ( ! ,de/ruction ( ! ,=e/--,am]ican ,=e/ ,trees--,special ,causes ( ! ,de/ruction ( ,european ,woods--,royal ,=e/s & ,game ,laws-- ,small ,=e/ ,plants1 ,vitality ( ,se$s--,utility ( ! ,=e/--,! ,=e/s ( ,europe--,=e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada--,! ,economy ( ! ,=e/--,european & ,am]ican ,trees ,comp>$--,sylviculture--,in/ability ( ,am]ican ,life1 #abh ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,wat]s4 ,l& artificially won f ! ,wat]s3 a1 ,exclusion ( ! ,sea by ,dik+2 b1 ,dra9+ ( ,lakes & ,m>%es2 c1 ,geographical ,influ5ce ( su* ,op]ations--,l[]+ ( ,lakes--,m\nta9 ,lakes-- ,climatic ,effects ( ,dra9+ ,lakes & ,m>%es4 ,geographical & ,climatic ,effects ( ,aqu$ucts1 ,res]voirs1 & ,canals--,surface & ,und]dra9+1 & _! ,climatic & ,geographical ,effects--,irrigation & its ,climatic & ,geographical ,effects4 ,inundations & ,torr5ts3 a1 ,riv] ,embankm5ts2 b1 ,floods ( ! ,arde*e2 c1 ,cru%+ ,=ce ( ,torr5ts2 d1 ,inundations ( #ahef 9 ,france2 e1 ,rem$ies aga9/ ,inundations--,consequ5ces if ! ,nile _h be5 conf9$ by ,lat]al ,dikes4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,val di ,*iana--,improvem5ts 9 ! ,tuscan ,m>emme--,ob/ruction ( ,riv] ,m\?s--,subt]ranean ,wat]s-- ,artesian ,wells--,artificial ,spr+s--,economiz+ ,precipitation1 #ccj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,s&s4 ,orig9 ( ,s&--,s& n[ c>ri$ d[n to ! ,sea--,! ,s&s ( ,egypt & ! adjac5t ,des]t--,! ,suez ,canal--,! ,s&s ( ,egypt--,coa/ ,dunes & ,s& ,pla9s--,s& ,banks--,dunes on ,coa/ ( ,am]ica--,dunes ( ,we/]n ,europe--,=mation ( ,dunes--,"* ( ,dune ,s&--,int]ior ,/ructure ( ,dunes--,=m ( ,dunes--,geological ,importance ( ,dunes--,inl& ,dunes--,age1 ,"*1 & ,p]man5ce ( ,dunes--,use ( ,dunes z ,b>ri] aga9/ ! ,sea--,encroa*m5ts ( ! ,sea--,! ,luemfjord--,encroa*m5ts ( ! ,sea--,drift+ ( ,dune ,s&s--,dunes ( ,gascony--,dunes ( ,d5m>k--,dunes ( ,prussia--,artificial ,=mation ( ,dunes--,trees suitable = ,dune ,plantations--,ext5t ( ,dunes 9 ,europe--,dune ,v9ey>ds ( ,cape ,breton--,removal ( ,dunes--,inl& ,s& ,pla9s--,! ,l&es ( ,gascony--,! ,belgian ,camp9e--,s&s & ,/eppes ( ,ea/]n ,europe--,advantages ( ,reclaim+ ,dunes--,gov]nm5t ,works ( ,improvem5t1 #dea ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,project$ ,,or ,,possible ,,geographical ,,*anges ,,by ,,man4 ,cutt+ ( ,m>9e ,i/hmuses--,! ,suez ,canal--,canal across ,i/hmus ( ,d>i5--,canals to ! ,dead ,sea--,m>itime ,canals 9 ,greece-- ,canal ( ,s>os--,cape ,cod ,canal--,div]sion ( ! ,nile--,*anges 9 ! ,caspian--,improvem5ts 9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,hydrography-- ,div]sion ( ! ,rh9e--,dra9+ ( ! ,zuid]zee--,wat]s ( ! ,k>/--,subt]ranean ,wat]s ( ,greece--,soil bel[ ,rock-- ,cov]+ ,rocks ) ,e>?--,wadies ( ,arabia ,petraea--,incid5tal ,effects ( ,human ,action--,resi/ance to great ,natural ,=ces-- ,effects ( ,m9+--,espy's ,!ories--,riv] ,s$im5t--,no?+ small 9 ,nature1 #eag ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,,natural ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,t]ritory ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire--,,physical ,,decay ,,( ,,t ,,t]ritory ,,& ,,( ,,o!r ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,_w--,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,decay--,,new ,,s*ool ,,( ,,geograph]s--,,reaction ,,( ,,man ,,^u ,,nature-- ,,obs]vation ,,( ,,nature--,,cosmical ,,& ,,geological ,,influ5ces--,,geographical ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,man--,,unc]ta9ty ,,( ,,our ,,meteorological ,,k-- ,,me*anical ,,effects ,,produc$ ,,by ,,man ,,on ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,e>?-- ,,importance ,,& ,,possibility ,,( ,,physical ,,re/oration--,,/ability ,,( ,,nature--,,re/oration ,,( ,,di/urb$ ,,h>monies--,,de/ructiv5ess ,,( ,,man-- ,,physical ,,improvem5t--,,human ,,& ,,brute ,,action ,,comp>$--,,=ms ,,& ,,=mations ,,mo/ ,,liable ,,to ,,physical ,,degradation--,,physical ,,decay ,,( ,,new ,,c\ntries--,,corrupt ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,private ,,corporations1 note4 ,natural ,advantages ( ! ,t]ritory ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! ,roman ,empire1 at ! p]iod ( its greate/ expansion1 compris$ ! regions ( ! e>? mo/ di/+ui%$ by a happy comb9ation ( physical advantages4 ,! prov9ces bord]+ on ! pr9cipal & ! second>y bas9s ( ! ,m$it]ranean enjoy$ a heal?fulness & an equability ( climate1 a f]tility ( soil1 a v>iety ( vegetable & m9]al products1 & natural facilities = ! transportation & di/ribution ( ex*angeable commodities1 :i* h n be5 possess$ 9 an equal degree by any t]ritory ( l ext5t 9 ! ,old ,_w or ! ,new4 ,! abundance ( ! l& & ( ! wat]s adequately suppli$ e mat]ial want1 m9i/]$ lib]ally to e s5su\s enjoym5t4 ,gold & silv]1 inde$1 7 n f\nd 9 ! pr(usion :i* has prov$ s baneful to ! indu/ry ( l&s ri*] 9 ve9s ( ! preci\s metals2 b m9es & riv] b$s yield$ !m 9 ! sp>e measure mo/ favorable to /ability ( value 9 ! m$ium ( ex*ange1 &1 consequ5tly1 to ! regul>ity ( comm]cial transactions4 ,! ornam5ts ( ! b>b>ic pride ( ! ,ea/1 ! pe>l1 ! ruby1 ! sapphire1 & ! diamond--?\gh n unkn[n to ! luxury ( a p ^: conque/s & ^: weal? comm&$ :atev] ! habitable _w c\ld contribute to augm5t ! mat]ial spl5dor ( _! social life--7 sc>cely native to ! t]ritory ( ! empire2 b ! comp>ative r>ity ( ^! gems 9 ,europe1 at some:at e>li] p]iods1 01 p]haps1 ! v circum/ance t l$ ! cunn+ arti/s ( classic antiquity to enri* s(t] /ones ) engrav+s1 :i* inve/ ! common onyx & c>nelian ) a wor? surpass+1 9 cultivat$ eyes1 ! lu/re ( ! mo/ brilliant ori5tal jewels4 ,( ^! manifold bless+s ! temp]ature ( ! air1 ! di/ribution ( ! ra9s1 ! relative disposition ( l& & wat]1 ! pl5ty ( ! sea1 ! composition ( ! soil1 & ! raw mat]ial ( "s ( ! arts1 7 :olly gratuit\s gifts4 ,yet ! spontane\s nature ( ,europe1 ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ( ,libya1 nei!r f$ nor clo!d ! civiliz$ inhabitants ( ^? prov9ces4 ,e loaf 0 eat5 9 ! sweat ( ! br[4 ,all mu/ be e>n$ by toil4 ,b toil 0 n[h]e else rew>d$ by s g5]\s wages2 = n[h]e w\ld a giv5 am\nt ( intellig5t labor produce s abundant1 &1 at ! same "t1 s v>i$ returns ( ! good ?+s ( mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,! luxuriant h>ve/s ( c]eals t wav$ on e field f ! %ores ( ! ,rh9e to ! banks ( ! ,nile1 ! v9es t fe/oon$ ! hillsides ( ,syria1 ( ,italy1 & ( ,greece1 ! olives ( ,spa91 ! fruits ( ! g>d5s ( ! ,hesp]ides1 ! dome/ic quadrup$s & f[ls kn[n 9 anci5t rural husb&ry--all ^! 7 orig9al products ( =eign climes1 naturaliz$ 9 new homes1 & gradually ennobl$ by ! art ( man1 :ile c5turies ( p]sev]+ labor 7 expell+ ! wild vegetation1 & fitt+ ! e>? = ! production ( m g5]\s gr[?s4 ,only = ! s5se ( l&scape beauty did unaid$ nature make provision4 ,inde$1 ! v commonness ( ?is s\rce ( ref9$ enjoym5t seems to h depriv$ x ( half its value2 & x 0 only 9 ! infancy ( l&s :]e all ! e>? 0 fair1 t ,greek & ,roman humanity _h sympa?y en\gh ) ! inanimate _w to be alive to ! *>ms ( rural & ( m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,9 lat] g5]ations1 :5 ! glories ( ! l&scape _h be5 height5$ by plantation1 & decorative ar*itecture1 & o!r =ms ( picturesque improvem5t1 ! poets ( ,greece & ,rome 7 bl9d$ by excess ( light1 & became1 at la/1 almo/ ins5sible to beauties t n[1 ev5 9 _! degrad$ /ate1 en*ant e eye1 except1 too (t51 ^? :i* a lifelong famili>ity has dull$ to _! attractions4 ,physical ,decay ( ! ,t]ritory ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & ( o!r p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,if we comp>e ! pres5t physical condition ( ! c\ntries ( :i* ,i am speak+1 ) ! descriptions t anci5t hi/orians & geograph]s h giv5 ( _! f]tility & g5]al capability ( m9i/]+ to human uses1 we %all f9d t m ?an "o half ( _! :ole ext5t--includ+ ! prov9ces mo/ celebrat$ = ! pr(usion & v>iety ( _! spontane\s & _! cultivat$ products1 & = ! weal? & social advancem5t ( _! inhabitants--is ei!r des]t$ by civiliz$ man & surr5d]$ to hopeless desolation1 or at lea/ greatly r$uc$ 9 bo? productiv5ess & population4 ,va/ =e/s h disappe>$ f m\nta9 spurs & ridges2 ! vegetable e>? accumulat$ b5ea? ! trees by ! decay ( leaves & fall5 trunks1 ! soil ( ! alp9e pa/ures :i* skirt$ & ind5t$ ! woods1 & ! m\ld ( ! upl& fields1 are wa%$ away2 mead[s1 once f]tiliz$ by irrigation1 are wa/e & unproductive1 because ! ci/]ns & res]voirs t suppli$ ! anci5t canals are brok51 or ! spr+s t f$ !m dri$ up2 riv]s fam\s 9 hi/ory & song h %runk to humble brooklets2 ! will[s t ornam5t$ & protect$ ! banks ( ! less] wat]c\rses are gone1 & ! rivulets h ceas$ to exi/ z p]5nial curr5ts1 because ! little wat] t f9ds its way into _! old *annels is evaporat$ by ! dr\ghts ( summ]1 or absorb$ by ! p>*$ e>?1 be=e x rea*es ! l[l&s2 ! b$s ( ! brooks h wid5$ into broad expanses ( pebbles & gravel1 ov] :i*1 ?\gh 9 ! hot season pass$ dry%od1 9 w9t] sealike torr5ts ?und]2 ! entrances ( navigable /reams are ob/ruct$ by s&b>s1 & h>bors1 once m>ts ( an ext5sive comm]ce1 are %oal$ by ! deposits ( ! riv]s at ^: m\?s !y lie2 ! elevation ( ! b$s ( e/u>ies1 & ! consequ5tly dim9i%$ velocity ( ! /reams :i* fl[ into !m1 h conv]t$ ?\s&s ( leagues ( %all[ sea & f]tile l[l& into unproductive & miasmatic morasses4 ,besides ! direct te/imony ( hi/ory to ! anci5t f]tility ( ! regions to :i* ,i ref]--,nor!rn ,africa1 ! great] ,arabian p59sula1 ,syria1 ,mesopotamia1 ,arm5ia & _m o!r prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1 ,sicily1 & p>ts ( ev5 ,italy & ,spa9--! multitude & ext5t ( yet rema9+ ar*itectural ru9s1 & ( decay$ works ( int]nal improvem5t1 %[ t at =m] epo*s a d5se population inhabit$ ^? n[ lonely di/ricts4 ,su* a population c\ld h be5 su/a9$ only by a productiv5ess ( soil ( :i* we at pres5t discov] b sl5d] traces2 & ! abundance d]iv$ f t f]tility s]ves to expla9 h[ l>ge armies1 l ^? ( ! anci5t ,p]sians1 & ( ! ,crusad]s & ! ,t>t>s 9 lat] ages1 c\ld1 )\t an organiz$ commiss>iat1 secure adequate supplies 9 long m>*es ?r\gh t]ritories :i*1 9 our times1 w\ld sc>cely af=d =age = a s+le regim5t4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! faire/ & fruitfule/ prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire1 precisely t portion ( t]re/rial surface1 9 %ort1 :i*1 ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 0 end[$ ) ! greate/ sup]iority ( soil1 climate1 & position1 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit* ( physical improvem5t1 & :i* ?us comb9$ ! natural & artificial conditions be/ fitt+ x = ! habitation & enjoym5t ( a d5se & highly ref9$ & cultivat$ population1 is n[ completely exhau/$ ( its f]tility1 or s dim9i%$ 9 productiv5ess1 z1 ) ! exception ( a few favor$ oases t h escap$ ! g5]al ru91 to be no long] capable ( af=d+ su/5ance to civiliz$ man4 ,if to ?is realm ( desolation we add ! n[ wa/$ & solit>y soils ( ,p]sia & ! remot] ,ea/1 t once f$ _! millions ) milk & honey1 we %all see t a t]ritory l>g] ?an all ,europe1 ! abundance ( :i* su/a9$ 9 bygone c5turies a population sc>cely inf]ior to t ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w at ! pres5t day1 has be5 entirely )drawn f human use1 or1 at be/1 is ?9ly inhabit$ by tribes too few 9 numb]s1 too poor 9 sup]flu\s products1 & too little advanc$ 9 culture & ! social arts1 to contribute any?+ to ! g5]al moral or mat]ial int]e/s ( ! great commonweal? ( man4 ,causes ( ?is ,decay4 ,! decay ( ^! once fl\ri%+ c\ntries is p>tly due1 no d\bt1 to t class ( geological causes1 ^: action we c nei!r resi/ nor guide1 & p>tly also to ! direct viol5ce ( ho/ile human =ce2 b x is1 9 a f> great] proportion1 ei!r ! result ( man's ignorant disreg>d ( ! laws ( nature1 or an incid5tal consequ5ce ( w>1 & ( civil & ecclesia/ical tyranny & misrule4 ,next to ignorance ( ^! laws1 ! primitive s\rce1 ! causa caus>um1 ( ! acts & neglects :i* h bla/$ ) /]ility & physical decrepitude ! noble/ half ( ! empire ( ! ,caes>s1 is1 fir/1 ! brutal & exhau/+ despotism :i* ,rome h]self ex]cis$ ov] h] conqu]$ k+doms1 & ev5 ov] h] ,italian t]ritory2 !n1 ! ho/ ( temporal & spiritual tyrannies :i* %e left z h] dy+ curse to all h] wide dom9ion1 & :i*1 9 "s =m ( viol5ce or ( fraud1 /ill brood ov] almo/ e soil subdu$ by ! ,roman legions4#a ,man _c /ruggle at once aga9/ cru%+ oppression & ! de/ructive =ces ( inorganic nature4 ,:5 bo? are comb9$ aga9/ him1 he succumbs aft] a %ort] or a long] /ruggle1 & ! fields he has won f ! primeval wood relapse into _! orig9al /ate ( wild & luxuriant1 b unpr(itable =e/ gr[?1 or fall into t ( a dry & b>r5 wild]ness4 ,rome impos$ on ! products ( agricultural labor 9 ! rural di/ricts taxes :i* ! sale ( ! entire h>ve/ w\ld sc>cely dis*>ge2 %e dra9$ !m ( _! population by milit>y conscription2 %e impov]i%$ ! peasantry by =c$ & unpaid labor on public works2 %e hamp]$ indu/ry & int]nal comm]ce by absurd re/rictions & unwise regulations4 ,h5ce1 l>ge tracts ( l& 7 left uncultivat$1 or altoge!r des]t$1 & expos$ to all ! de/ructive =ces :i* act ) su* en]gy on ! surface ( ! e>? :5 x is depriv$ ( ^? protections by :i* nature orig9ally gu>d$ x1 & = :i*1 9 well-ord]$ husb&ry1 human +5uity has contriv$ m or less effici5t sub/itutes4#b ,simil> abuses h t5d$ to p]petuate & ext5d ^! evils 9 lat] ages1 & x is b rec5tly t1 ev5 9 ! mo/ popul\s p>ts ( ,europe1 public att5tion has be5 half awak5$ to ! necessity ( re/or+ ! di/urb$ h>monies ( nature1 ^: well-balanc$ influ5ces are s propiti\s to all h] organic (fspr+1 ( repay+ to our great "m ! debt :i* ! prodigality & ! ?riftlessness ( =m] g5]ations h impos$ ^u _! successors--?us fulfill+ ! comm& ( religion & ( practical wisdom1 to use ?is _w z n abus+ x4 ,new ,s*ool ( ,geograph]s4 ,! labors ( ,humboldt1 ( ,ritt]1 ( ,guyot & _! foll[]s1 h giv5 to ! sci5ce ( geography a m philosophical1 &1 at ! same "t1 a m imag9ative "* ?an x _h receiv$ f ! h&s ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ field ( speculation1 ?r[n op5 by ! new s*ool to ! cultivators ( ?is attractive /udy1 is ! inquiry3 h[ f> ext]nal physical conditions1 & especially ! configuration ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ! di/ribution1 outl9e1 & relative position ( l& & wat]1 h influ5c$ ! social life & social progress ( man4 ,reaction ( ,man on ,nature4 ,b1 z we h se51 man has react$ ^u organiz$ & inorganic nature1 & !reby modifi$1 if n det]m9$1 ! mat]ial /ructure ( 8 e>?ly home4 ,! measure ( t reaction manife/ly con/itutes a v important elem5t 9 ! appreciation ( ! relations betwe5 m9d & matt]1 z well z 9 ! discussion ( _m purely physical problems4 ,b ?\gh ! subject has be5 incid5tally t\*$ ^u by _m geograph]s1 & treat$ ) mu* fulness ( detail 9 reg>d to c]ta9 limit$ fields ( human ef=t1 & to c]ta9 specific effects ( human action1 x has n1 z a :ole1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 made matt] ( special obs]vation1 or ( hi/orical rese>* by any sci5tific inquir]4#c ,inde$1 until ! influ5ce ( physical geography ^u human life 0 recogniz$ z a di/9ct bran* ( philosophical inve/igation1 !re 0 no motive = ! pursuit ( su* speculations2 & x 0 desirable to inquire :e!r we h or c become ! ar*itects ( our own abid+ place1 only :5 x 0 kn[n h[ ! mode ( our physical1 moral1 & intellectual be+ is affect$ by ! "* ( ! home :i* ,provid5ce has appo9t$1 & we h fa%ion$1 = our mat]ial habitation4#d ,x is /ill too e>ly to attempt sci5tific me?od 9 discuss+ ?is problem1 nor is our pres5t /ore ( ! necess>y facts by any means complete en\gh to w>rant me 9 promis+ any approa* to fulness ( /atem5t respect+ !m4 ,sy/ematic obs]vation 9 relation to ?is subject has h>dly yet begun1#e & ! scatt]$ data :i* h *anc$ to be record$ h nev] be5 collect$4 ,x has n[ no place 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( physical sci5ce1 & is matt] ( sugge/ion & speculation only1 n ( e/abli%$ & positive conclusion4 ,at pres5t1 !n1 all t ,i c hope is to excite an int]e/ 9 a topic ( mu* economical importance1 by po9t+ out ! directions & illu/rat+ ! modes 9 :i* human action has be5 or may be mo/ injuri\s or mo/ b5eficial 9 its influ5ce ^u ! physical conditions ( ! e>? we inhabit4 ,obs]vation ( ,nature4 ,9 ^! pages1 z 9 all ,i h ev] writt5 or propose to write1 x is my aim to /imulate1 n to satisfy1 curiosity1 & x is no "p ( my object to save my read]s ! labor ( obs]vation or ( ?\ght4 ,= labor is life1 & ,dea? lives :]e p[] lives unus$4#f ,self is ! s*oolma/] ^: lessons are be/ wor? 8 wages2 & s9ce ! subject ,i am consid]+ has n yet become a bran* ( =mal in/ruction1 ^? :om x may int]e/ c1 =tunately1 h no p$agogue b !mselves4 ,to ! natural philosoph]1 ! descriptive poet1 ! pa9t]1 & ! sculptor1 z well z to ! common obs]v]1 ! p[] mo/ important to cultivate1 &1 at ! same "t1 h>de/ to acquire1 is t ( see+ :at is be=e him4 ,sight is a faculty2 see+1 an art4 ,! eye is a physical1 b n a self-act+ app>atus1 & 9 g5]al x sees only :at x seeks4 ,l a mirror1 x reflects objects pres5t$ to x2 b x may be z ins5sible z a mirror1 & x does n necess>ily p]ceive :at x reflects4#g ,x is disput$ :e!r ! purely mat]ial s5sibility ( ! eye is capable ( improvem5t & cultivation4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by high au?ority1 t ! natural acut5ess ( none ( our s5su\s faculties c be height5$ by use1 & h5ce t ! m9ute/ details ( ! image =m$ on ! ret9a are z p]fect 9 ! mo/ untra9$1 z 9 ! mo/ ?or\ghly discipl9$ organ4 ,?is may well be d\bt$1 & x is agre$ on all h&s t ! p[] ( multif>i\s p]ception & rapid discrim9ation may be imm5sely increas$ by well-direct$ practice4#h ,?is ex]cise ( ! eye ,i desire to promote1 &1 next to moral & religi\s doctr9e1 ,i "k no m important practical lessons 9 ?is e>?ly life ( ours--:i*1 to ! wise man1 is a s*ool f ! cradle to ! grave--?an ^? relat+ to ! employm5t ( ! s5se ( vision 9 ! /udy ( nature4 ,! pursuit ( physical geography1 embrac+ actual obs]vation ( t]re/rial surface1 af=ds to ! eye ! be/ g5]al tra9+ t is accessible to all4 ,! majority ( ev5 cultivat$ m5 h n ! "t & means ( acquir+ any?+ beyond a v sup]ficial acqua9tance ) any bran* ( physical k4 ,natural sci5ce has become s va/ly ext5d$1 its record$ facts & its unansw]$ que/ions s imm5sely multipli$1 t e /rictly sci5tific man mu/ be a speciali/1 & conf9e ! rese>*es ( a :ole life )9 a comp>atively n>r[ circle4 ,! /udy ,i am recomm5d+1 9 ! view ,i propose to take ( x1 is yet 9 t imp]fectly develop$ /ate :i* all[s its vot>ies to occupy !mselves ) su* broad & g5]al views z are atta9able by e p]son ( culture1 & x does n n[ require a k ( special details :i* only ye>s ( application c ma/]4 ,x may be pr(itably pursu$ by all2 & e travell]1 e lov] ( rural sc5]y1 e agriculturi/1 :o w wisely use ! gift ( sight1 may add valuable contributions to ! common /ock ( k on a subject :i*1 z ,i hope to conv9ce my read]s1 ?\gh long neglect$1 & n[ in>tificially pres5t$1 is n only a v important1 b a v int]e/+ field ( inquiry4 ,cosmical & ,geological ,influ5ces4 ,! revolutions ( ! seasons1 ) _! alt]nations ( temp]ature & ( l5g? ( day & night1 ! climates ( diff]5t zones1 & ! g5]al condition & movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e & ! seas1 dep5d ^u causes = ! mo/ "p cosmical1 &1 ( c\rse1 :olly beyond our control4 ,! elevation1 configuration1 & composition ( ! great masses ( t]re/rial surface1 & ! relative ext5t & di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 are det]m9$ by geological influ5ces equally remote f our jurisdiction4 ,x w\ld h5ce seem t ! physical adaptation ( diff]5t portions ( ! e>? to ! use & enjoym5t ( man is a matt] s /rictly belong+ to mighti] ?an human p[]s1 t we c only accept geographical nature z we f9d h]1 & be cont5t ) su* soils & su* skies z %e spontane\sly (f]s4 ,geographical ,influ5ce ( ,man4 ,b x is c]ta9 t man has done mu* to m\ld ! =m ( ! e>?'s surface1 ?\gh we _c always di/+ui% betwe5 ! results ( 8 action & ! effects ( purely geological causes2 t ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s1 ! dra9age ( lakes & m>%es1 & ! op]ations ( rural husb&ry & indu/rial art h t5d$ to produce great *anges 9 ! hygrometric1 !rmometric1 electric1 & *emical condition ( ! atmosph]e1 ?\gh we are n yet able to measure ! =ce ( ! diff]5t elem5ts ( di/urbance1 or to say h[ f> !y h be5 comp5sat$ by ea* o!r1 or by /ill obscur] influ5ces2 &1 f9ally1 t ! myriad =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 :i* cov]$ ! e>? :5 man fir/ ent]$ ^u ! !atre ( a nature ^: h>monies he 0 de/9$ to d]ange1 h be51 ?r\gh 8 action1 greatly *ang$ 9 num]ical proportion1 sometimes mu* modifi$ 9 =m & product1 & sometimes entirely extirpat$4 ,! physical revolutions ?us wr\ght by man h n all be5 de/ructive to human int]e/s4 ,soils to :i* no nutriti\s vegetable 0 indig5\s1 c\ntries :i* once br\ght =? b ! fewe/ products suit$ = ! su/5ance & com=t ( man--:ile ! sev]ity ( _! climates creat$ & /imulat$ ! greate/ numb] & ! mo/ imp]i\s urg5cy ( physical wants--surfaces ! mo/ rugg$ & intractable1 & lea/ bless$ ) natural facilities ( communication1 h be5 made 9 mod]n times to yield & di/ribute all t supplies ! mat]ial necessities1 all t contributes to ! s5su\s enjoym5ts & conv5i5ces ( civiliz$ life4 ,! ,scy?ia1 ! ,?ule1 ! ,brita91 ! ,g]many1 & ! ,gaul :i* ! ,roman writ]s describe 9 su* =bidd+ t]ms1 h be5 br\ght almo/ to rival ! native luxuriance & easily won pl5ty ( ,s\!rn ,italy2 &1 :ile ! f\nta9s ( oil & w9e t refre%$ old ,greece & ,syria & ,nor!rn ,africa h almo/ ceas$ to fl[1 & ! soils ( ^? fair l&s are turn$ to ?ir/y & inhospitable des]ts1 ! hyp]borean regions ( ,europe h conqu]$1 or r comp5sat$1 ! rigors ( climate1 & atta9$ to a mat]ial weal? & v>iety ( product t1 ) all _! natural advantages1 ! gran>ies ( ! anci5t _w c h>dly be said to h enjoy$4 ,^! *anges = evil & = good h n be5 caus$ by great natural revolutions ( ! globe1 nor are !y by any means attributable :olly to ! moral & physical action or inaction ( ! peoples1 or1 9 all cases1 ev5 ( ! races t n[ inhabit ^! respective regions4 ,!y are products ( a complication ( conflict+ or co9cid5t =ces1 act+ ?r\gh a long s]ies ( g5]ations2 "h1 improvid5ce1 wa/efulness1 & wanton viol5ce2 !re1 =esight & wisely guid$ p]sev]+ indu/ry4 ,s f> z !y are purely ! calculat$ & desir$ results ( ^? simple & famili> op]ations ( agriculture & ( social life :i* are z univ]sal z civilization--! removal ( ! =e/s :i* cov]$ ! soil requir$ = ! cultivation ( edible fruits1 ! dry+ ( "h & !re a few acres too moi/ = pr(itable husb&ry1 by dra9+ (f ! surface wat]s1 ! sub/itution ( dome/icat$ & nutriti\s = wild & unpr(itable vegetable gr[?s1 ! con/ruction ( roads & canals & artificial h>bors--!y belong to ! sph]e ( rural1 comm]cial1 & political economy m prop]ly ?an to geography1 & h5ce are b incid5tally embrac$ )9 ! range ( our pres5t inquiries1 :i* conc]n physical1 n f9ancial balances4 ,i propose to exam9e only ! great]1 m p]man5t1 & m compreh5sive mutations :i* man has produc$1 & is produc+1 9 e>?1 sea1 & sky1 sometimes1 inde$1 ) consci\s purpose1 b = ! mo/ "p1 z un=ese5 ?\gh natural consequ5ces ( acts p]=m$ = n>r[] & m imm$iate ends4 ,! exact measurem5t ( ! geographical *anges hi!rto ?us effect$ is1 z ,i h h9t$1 impracticable1 & we possess1 9 relation to !m1 ! means ( only qualitative1 n quantitative analysis4 ,! fact ( su* revolutions is e/abli%$ p>tly by hi/orical evid5ce1 p>tly by analogical d$uction f effects produc$ 9 our own "t by op]ations simil> 9 "* to ^? :i* mu/ h tak5 place 9 m or less remote ages ( human action4 ,bo? s\rces ( in=mation are alike defective 9 precision2 ! latt]1 = g5]al reasons too obvi\s to require specification2 ! =m]1 because ! facts to :i* x be>s te/imony occurr$ be=e ! habit or ! means ( rigor\sly sci5tific obs]vation ^u any bran* ( physical rese>*1 & especially ^u climatic *anges1 exi/$4 ,unc]ta9ty ( our ,meteorological ,k4 ,! inv5tion ( measures ( heat1 & ( atmosph]ic moi/ure1 pressure1 & precipitation1 is extremely rec5t4 ,h5ce1 anci5t physici/s h left u no !rmometric or b>ometric records1 no tables ( ! fall1 evaporation1 & fl[ ( wat]s1 & ev5 no accurate maps ( coa/ l9es & ! c\rse ( riv]s4 ,_! notices ( ^! ph5om5a are almo/ :olly conf9$ to excessive & exceptional in/ances ( high or ( l[ temp]atures1 extraord9>y falls ( ra9 & sn[1 & unusual floods or dr\ghts4 ,our k ( ! meteorological condition ( ! e>?1 at any p]iod m ?an two c5turies be=e our own "t1 is d]iv$ f ^! imp]fect details1 f ! vague /atem5ts ( anci5t hi/orians & geograph]s 9 reg>d to ! volume ( riv]s & ! relative ext5t ( =e/ & cultivat$ l&1 f ! indications furni%$ by ! hi/ory ( ! agriculture & rural economy ( pa/ g5]ations1 & f o!r almo/ purely casual s\rces ( in=mation4 ,among ^! latt] we mu/ rank c]ta9 newly laid op5 fields ( inve/igation1 f :i* facts be>+ on ! po9t n[ "u consid]ation h be5 ga!r$4 ,i allude to ! discov]y ( artificial objects 9 geological =mations old] ?an any hi!rto recogniz$ z exhibit+ traces ( ! exi/5ce ( man2 to ! anci5t lacu/r9e habitations ( ,switz]l&1 conta9+ ! implem5ts ( ! occupants1 rema9s ( _! food1 & o!r relics ( human life2 to ! curi\s revelations ( ! ,kjoekk5mo$d+]1 or heaps ( kit*5 refuse1 9 ,d5m>k1 & ( ! peat mosses 9 ! same & o!r nor!rn c\ntries2 to ! dwell+s & o!r evid5ces ( ! indu/ry ( man 9 remote ages sometimes laid b>e by ! movem5t ( s& dunes on ! coa/s ( ,france & ( ! ,nor? ,sea2 & to ! facts disclos$ on ! %ores ( ! latt]1 by excavations 9 inhabit$ m\nds :i* 71 p]haps1 rais$ be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,^! rema9s are memorials ( races :i* h left no writt5 records1 because !y p]i%$ be=e ! hi/orical p]iod ( ! c\ntries !y occupi$ began4 ,! plants & animals t furni%$ ! relics f\nd 9 ! deposits 7 c]ta9ly contemporane\s ) man2 = !y are associat$ ) 8 works1 & h evid5tly s]v$ 8 uses4 ,9 "s cases1 ! animals belong$ to species well asc]ta9$ to be n[ altoge!r ext9ct2 9 "s o!rs1 bo? ! animals & ! vegetables1 ?\gh extant else:]e1 h ceas$ to inhabit ! regions :]e _! rema9s are discov]$4 ,f ! "* ( ! artificial objects1 z comp>$ ) o!rs belong+ to kn[n dates1 or at lea/ to kn[n p]iods ( civilization1 +5i\s inf]5ces h be5 drawn z to _! age2 & f ! vegetation1 rema9s ( :i* accompany !m1 z to ! climates ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe at ! "t ( _! production4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 s\rces ( error :i* h n always be5 suffici5tly gu>d$ aga9/ 9 mak+ ^! e/imates4 ,:5 a boat1 compos$ ( sev]al pieces ( wood fa/5$ toge!r by p9s ( ! same mat]ial1 is dug out ( a bog1 x is inf]r$ t ! vessel1 & ! skeletons & implem5ts f\nd ) x1 belong to an age :5 ! use ( iron 0 n kn[n to ! build]s4 ,b ?is conclusion is n w>rant$ by ! simple fact t metals 7 n employ$ 9 its con/ruction2 = ! ,nubians at ?is day build boats l>ge en\gh to c>ry half a doz5 p]sons across ! ,nile1 out ( small pieces ( acacia wood p9n$ toge!r entirely ) wood5 bolts4 ,nor is ! occurr5ce ( fl9t arr[ heads & knives1 9 conjunction ) o!r evid5ces ( human life1 conclusive pro( z to ! antiquity ( ! latt]4 ,lyell in=ms u t "s ,ori5tal tribes /ill cont9ue to use ! same /one implem5ts z _! ance/ors1 aft] t mighty empires1 :]e ! use ( metals 9 ! arts 0 well kn[n1 _h fl\ri%$ = ?ree ?\s& ye>s 9 _! neighborhood2#i & ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians n[ manufacture & use weapons ( /one1 & ev5 ( glass1 *ipp+ !m 9 ! latt] case out ( ! bottoms ( ?ick bottles1 ) great facility4#aj ,we may also be misl$ by our ignorance ( ! comm]cial relations exi/+ betwe5 savage tribes4 ,extremely rude nations1 9 spite ( _! jeal\sies & _! p]petual w>s1 sometimes contrive to ex*ange ! products ( prov9ces v widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,! m\nds ( ,ohio conta9 pe>ls1 ?\ght to be m>9e1 :i* mu/ h come f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 or p]haps ev5 f ,cali=nia1 & ! knives & pipes f\nd 9 ! same graves are (t5 =m$ ( f>-fet*$ mat]ial1 t 0 naturally paid = by "s home product export$ to ! locality :5ce ! mat]ial 0 d]iv$4 ,! art ( pres]v+ fi%1 fle%1 & f[l by dry+ & smok+ is widely diffus$1 & ( great antiquity4 ,! ,indians ( ,long ,isl& ,s\nd are said to h c>ri$ on a trade 9 dri$ %ell fi% ) tribes resid+ v f> inl&4 ,f ! e>lie/ ages1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,f>oe & ,orkney ,isl&s1 & ( ! opposite ma9l& coa/s1 h smok$ wild f[l & o!r fle%4 ,h5ce x is possible t ! animal & ! vegetable food1 ! rema9s ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! anci5t deposits ,i am speak+ (1 may sometimes h be5 br\ght f climates remote f t :]e x 0 consum$4 ,! mo/ important1 z well z ! mo/ tru/wor?y conclusions ) respect to ! climate ( anci5t ,europe & ,asia1 are ^? drawn f ! acc\nts giv5 by ! classical writ]s ( ! gr[? ( cultivat$ plants2 b ^! are by no means free f unc]ta9ty1 because we c seldom be sure ( an id5tity ( species1 almo/ nev] ( an id5tity ( race or v>iety1 betwe5 vegetables kn[n to ! agriculturi/s ( ,greece & ,rome & ^? ( mod]n times :i* are ?\ght mo/ ne>ly to resemble !m4 ,besides ?is1 !re is always room = d\bt :e!r ! habits ( plants long gr[n 9 diff]5t c\ntries may n h be5 s *ang$ by dome/ication t ! conditions ( temp]ature & humidity :i* !y requir$ tw5ty c5turies ago 7 diff]5t f ^? at pres5t dem&$ = _! advantage\s cultivation4#aa ,ev5 if we suppose an id5tity ( species1 ( race1 & ( habit to be e/abli%$ betwe5 a giv5 anci5t & mod]n plant1 ! negative fact t ! latt] w n gr[ n[ :]e x fl\ri%$ two ?\s& ye>s ago does n 9 all cases prove a *ange ( climate4 ,! same result might foll[ f ! exhau/ion ( ! soil1#ab or f a *ange 9 ! quantity ( moi/ure x habitually conta9s4 ,aft] a di/rict ( c\ntry has be5 completely or ev5 p>tially cle>$ ( its =e/ gr[?1 & br\ght "u cultivation1 ! dry+ ( ! soil1 "u favorable circum/ances1 goes on = g5]ations1 p]haps = ages4#ac ,9 o!r cases1 f injudici\s husb&ry1 or ! div]sion or *ok+ up ( natural wat]c\rses1 x may become m highly *>g$ ) humidity4 ,an increase or dim9ution ( ! moi/ure ( a soil almo/ necess>ily supposes an elevation or a depression ( its w9t] or its summ] heat1 & ( its extreme1 if n ( its mean annual temp]ature1 ?\gh su* elevation or depression may be s slight z n s5sibly to raise or l[] ! m]cury 9 a !rmomet] expos$ to ! op5 air4 ,any ( ^! causes1 m or less humidity1 or m or less w>m? ( soil1 w\ld affect ! gr[? bo? ( wild & ( cultivat$ vegetation1 & consequ5tly1 )\t any appreciable *ange 9 atmosph]ic temp]ature1 precipitation1 or evaporation1 plants ( a p>ticul> species might cease to be advantage\sly cultivat$ :]e !y _h once be5 easily re>$4#ad ,we are v imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! pres5t mean & extreme temp]ature1 or ! precipitation & ! evaporation ( any ext5sive region1 ev5 9 c\ntries mo/ d5sely peopl$ & be/ suppli$ ) in/rum5ts & obs]v]s4 ,! progress ( sci5ce is con/antly detect+ errors ( me?od 9 old] obs]vations1 & _m labori\sly con/ruct$ tables ( meteorological ph5om5a are n[ ?r[n aside z fallaci\s1 & !re=e worse ?an useless1 because "s condition necess>y to secure accuracy ( result 0 neglect$1 9 obta9+ ! data on :i* !y 7 f\nd$4 ,to take a famili> in/ance3 x is b rec5tly t att5tion has be5 drawn to ! great influ5ce ( slight *anges ( /ation ^u ! results ( obs]vations ( temp]ature & precipitation4 ,a !rmomet] remov$ b a few hundr$ y>ds f its fir/ position diff]s n unfrequ5tly five1 sometimes ev5 t5 degrees 9 its read+s2 & :5 we are told t ! annual fall ( ra9 on ! ro( ( ! obs]vatory at ,p>is is two in*es less ?an on ! gr\nd by ! side ( x1 we may see t ! level ( ! ra9-gauge is a po9t ( mu* consequ5ce 9 mak+ e/imates f its measurem5ts4 ,! data f :i* results h be5 d$uc$ ) respect to ! hygrometrical & !rmometrical conditions1 ! climate 9 %ort1 ( diff]5t c\ntries1 h v (t5 be5 d]iv$ f obs]vations at s+le po9ts 9 cities or di/ricts sep>at$ by consid]able di/ances4 ,! t5d5cy ( errors & accid5ts to balance ea* o!r au?orizes u1 inde$1 to ent]ta9 great] confid5ce ?an we c\ld o!rwise feel 9 ! conclusions drawn f su* tables2 b x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable t !y w\ld be mu* modifi$ by m num]\s s]ies ( obs]vations1 at diff]5t /ations )9 n>r[ limits4#ae ,!re is "o bran* ( rese>* :i* is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ref]5ce to ^! que/ions1 b :i*1 f ! great difficulty ( direct obs]vation ^u x1 has be5 less successfully /udi$ ?an almo/ any o!r problem ( physical sci5ce4 ,i ref] to ! proportions betwe5 precipitation1 sup]ficial dra9age1 absorption1 & evaporation4 ,precise actual measurem5t ( ^! quantities ^u ev5 a s+le acre ( gr\nd is impossible2 & 9 all cab9et exp]im5ts on ! subject1 ! conditions ( ! surface obs]v$ are s diff]5t f ^? :i* occur 9 nature1 t we _c safely reason f "o case to ! o!r4 ,9 nature1 ! incl9ation ( ! gr\nd1 ! degree ( fre$om or ob/ruction ( ! surface1 ! composition & d5sity ( ! soil1 ^u :i* its p]meability by wat] & its p[] ( absorb+ & reta9+ or transmitt+ moi/ure dep5d1 its temp]ature1 ! dryness or saturation ( ! subsoil1 v>y at comp>atively %ort di/ances2 & ?\gh ! precipitation ^u & ! sup]ficial fl[ f v small geographical bas9s may be e/imat$ ) an approa* to precision1 yet ev5 "h we h no pres5t means ( kn[+ h[ mu* ( ! wat] absorb$ by ! e>? is re/or$ to ! atmosph]e by evaporation1 & h[ mu* c>ri$ (f by infiltration or o!r modes ( und]gr\nd dis*>ge4 ,:51 !re=e1 we attempt to use ! ph5om5a obs]v$ on a few squ>e or cubic y>ds ( e>?1 z a basis ( reason+ ^u ! meteorology ( a prov9ce1 x is evid5t t our data mu/ be insuffici5t to w>rant positive g5]al conclusions4 ,9 discuss+ ! climatology ( :ole c\ntries1 or ev5 ( comp>atively small local divisions1 we may safely say t none c tell :at p]c5tage ( ! wat] !y receive f ! atmosph]e is evaporat$2 :at absorb$ by ! gr\nd & convey$ (f by subt]ranean conduits2 :at c>ri$ d[n to ! sea by sup]ficial *annels2 :at drawn f ! e>? or ! air by a giv5 ext5t ( =e/1 ( %ort pa/ure vegetation1 or ( tall mead[-grass2 :at giv5 out aga9 by surfaces s cov]$1 or by b>e gr\nd ( v>i\s textures & composition1 "u diff]5t conditions ( atmosph]ic temp]ature1 pressure1 & humidity2 or :at is ! am\nt ( evaporation f wat]1 ice1 or sn[1 "u ! v>y+ exposures to :i*1 9 actual nature1 !y are con/antly subject$4 ,if1 !n1 we are s ignorant ( all ^! climatic ph5om5a 9 ! be/-kn[n regions inhabit$ by man1 x is evid5t t we c rely little ^u !oretical d$uctions appli$ to ! =m] m natural /ate ( ! same regions--less /ill to su* z are adopt$ ) respect to di/ant1 /range1 & primitive c\ntries4 ,me*anical ,effects produc$ by ,man on ! ,surface ( ! ,e>? m easily asc]ta9able4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! me*anical effects ( human action on sup]ficial geography1 we are tread+ on saf] gr\nd1 & deal+ ) mu* less subtile ph5om5a1 less intractable elem5ts4 ,great physical *anges c1 9 "s cases1 be positively %[n1 9 "s almo/ c]ta9ly inf]r$1 to h be5 produc$ by ! op]ations ( rural indu/ry1 & by ! labors ( man 9 o!r sph]es ( mat]ial ef=t2 & h5ce1 9 ?is mo/ important "p ( our subject1 we c arrive at _m positive g5]alizations1 & obta9 practical results ( no small economical value4 ,importance & ,possibility ( ,physical ,re/oration4 ,_m circum/ances conspire to inve/ ) great pres5t int]e/ ! que/ions3 h[ f> man c p]man5tly modify & ameliorate ^? physical conditions ( t]re/rial surface & climate on :i* 8 mat]ial welf>e dep5ds2 h[ f> he c comp5sate1 arre/1 or ret>d ! det]ioration :i* _m ( 8 agricultural & indu/rial processes t5d to produce2 & h[ f> he c re/ore f]tility & salubrity to soils :i* 8 follies or 8 crimes h made b>r5 or pe/il5tial4 ,among ^! circum/ances1 ! mo/ prom95t1 p]haps1 is ! necessity ( provid+ new homes = a ,european population :i* is increas+ m rapidly ?an its means ( subsi/5ce1 new physical com=ts = classes ( ! p t h n[ become too mu* enlight5$ & h imbib$ too mu* culture to submit to a long] deprivation ( a %>e 9 ! mat]ial enjoym5ts :i* ! privileg$ ranks h hi!rto monopoliz$4 ,to supply new hives = ! emigrant sw>ms1 !re are1 fir/1 ! va/ unoccupi$ prairies & =e/s ( ,am]ica1 ( ,au/ralia1 & ( _m o!r great oceanic isl&s1 ! sp>sely inhabit$ & /ill unexhau/$ soils ( ,s\!rn & ev5 ,c5tral ,africa1 &1 f9ally1 ! impov]i%$ & half-depopulat$ %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! int]ior ( ,asia ,m9or & ! f>!r ,ea/4 ,to furni% to ^? :o %all rema9 aft] emigration %all h conv5i5tly r$uc$ ! too d5se population ( _m ,european /ates1 ^? means ( s5su\s & ( intellectual well-be+ :i* are /yl$ artificial wants :5 dem&$ by ! humble & ! poor1 b are admitt$ to be necess>ies :5 claim$ by ! noble & ! ri*1 ! soil mu/ be /imulat$ to its highe/ p[]s ( production1 & man's utmo/ +5uity & en]gy mu/ be task$ to r5ovate a nature dra9$1 by 8 improvid5ce1 ( f\nta9s :i* a wise economy w\ld h made pl5te\s & p]5nial s\rces ( beauty1 heal?1 & weal?4 ,9 ^? yet virg9 l&s :i* ! progress ( mod]n discov]y 9 bo? hemisph]es has br\ght & is /ill br++ to ! k & control ( civiliz$ man1 n mu* improvem5t ( great physical conditions is to be look$ =4 ,! proportion ( =e/ is inde$ to be consid]ably r$uc$1 sup]flu\s wat]s to be drawn (f1 & r\tes ( int]nal communication to be con/ruct$2 b ! primitive geographical & climatic features ( ^! c\ntries ought to be1 z f> z possible1 reta9$4 ,/ability ( ,nature4 ,nature1 left undi/urb$1 s fa%ions h] t]ritory z to give x almo/ un*ang+ p]man5ce ( =m1 outl9e1 & proportion1 except :5 %att]$ by geologic convulsions2 & 9 ^! comp>atively r>e cases ( d]angem5t1 %e sets h]self at once to repair ! sup]ficial damage1 & to re/ore1 z ne>ly z practicable1 ! =m] aspect ( h] dom9ion4 ,9 new c\ntries1 ! natural incl9ation ( ! gr\nd1 ! self-=m$ slopes & levels1 are g5]ally su* z be/ secure ! /ability ( ! soil4 ,!y h be5 grad$ & l[]$ or elevat$ by fro/ & *emical =ces & gravitation & ! fl[ ( wat] & vegetable deposit & ! action ( ! w9ds1 until1 by a g5]al comp5sation ( conflict+ =ces1 a condition ( equilibrium has be5 rea*$ :i*1 )\t ! action ( man1 w\ld rema91 ) little fluctuation1 = c\ntless ages4 ,we ne$ n g f> back to rea* a p]iod :51 9 all t portion ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t :i* has be5 occupi$ by ,briti% colonization1 ! geographical elem5ts v ne>ly balanc$ & comp5sat$ ea* o!r4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! soil1 ) insignificant exceptions1 0 cov]$ ) =e/s2#af & :5ev] ! ,indian1 9 consequ5ce ( w> or ! exhau/ion ( ! bea/s ( ! *ase1 ab&on$ ! n>r[ fields he _h plant$ & ! woods he _h burn$ ov]1 !y spe$ily return$1 by a succession ( h]bace\s1 arboresc5t1 & arboreal gr[?s1 to _! orig9al /ate4 ,ev5 a s+le g5]ation suffic$ to re/ore !m almo/ to _! primitive luxuriance ( =e/ vegetation4#ag ,! unbrok5 =e/s _h atta9$ to _! maximum d5sity & /r5g? ( gr[?1 &1 z ! old] trees decay$ & fell1 !y 7 succe$$ by new %oots or se$l+s1 s t f c5tury to c5tury no p]ceptible *ange seems to h occurr$ 9 ! wood1 except ! sl[1 spontane\s succession ( crops4 ,?is succession involv$ no int]ruption ( gr[?1 & b little break 9 ! b\ndless contiguity ( %ade2 =1 9 ! husb&ry ( nature1 !re are no fall[s4 ,trees fall s+ly1 n by squ>e roods1 & ! tall p9e is h>dly pro/rate1 be=e ! light & heat1 admitt$ to ! gr\nd by ! removal ( ! d5se cr[n ( foliage :i* _h %ut !m out1 /imulate ! g]m9ation ( ! se$s ( broad-leav$ trees t _h la91 wait+ ?is k9dly influ5ce1 p]haps = c5turies4 ,two natural causes1 de/ructive 9 "*1 71 inde$1 9 op]ation 9 ! primitive ,am]ican =e/s1 ?\gh1 9 ! ,nor!rn colonies1 at lea/1 !re 7 suffici5t comp5sations2 = we d n discov] t any consid]able p]man5t *ange 0 produc$ by !m4 ,i ref] to ! action ( beav]s & ( fall5 trees 9 produc+ bogs1#ah & ( small] animals1 insects1 & birds1 9 de/roy+ ! woods4 ,bogs are less num]\s & ext5sive 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican union1 because ! natural incl9ation ( ! surface favors dra9age2 b !y are m frequ5t1 & cov] m gr\nd1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 = ! opposite reason4#ai ,!y g5]ally orig9ate 9 ! *eck+ ( wat]c\rses by ! fall+ ( timb]1 or ( e>? & rocks1 across _! *annels4 ,if ! imp$im5t ?us creat$ is suffici5t to reta9 a p]man5t accumulation ( wat] beh9d x1 ! trees ^: roots are ov]fl[$ soon p]i%1 & !n by _! fall increase ! ob/ruction1 &1 ( c\rse1 occasion a /ill wid] spread ( ! /agnat+ /ream4 ,?is process goes on until ! wat] f9ds a new outlet1 at a high] level1 n liable to simil> int]ruption4 ,! fall5 trees n completely cov]$ by wat] are soon ov]gr[n ) mosses2 aquatic & semi-aquatic plants propagate !mselves1 & spread until !y m or less completely fill up ! space occupi$ by ! wat]1 & ! surface is gradually conv]t$ f a pond to a quak+ morass4#bj ,! morass is sl[ly solidifi$ by vegetable production & deposit1 !n v (t5 re/or$ to ! =e/ condition by ! gr[? ( black a%es1 c$>s1 or1 9 s\!rn latitudes1 cypresses1 & o!r trees suit$ to su* a soil1 & ?us ! int]rupt$ h>mony ( nature is at la/ ree/abli%$4 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t m bogs 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates owe _! orig9 to beav]s ?an to accid5tal ob/ructions ( rivulets by w9d-fall5 or naturally decay$ trees2 = !re are few swamps 9 ^? ,/ates1 at ! outlets ( :i* we may n1 by c>eful se>*1 f9d ! rema9s ( a beav] dam4 ,! beav] sometimes inhabits natural lakelets1 b he pref]s to owe 8 pond to 8 own +5uity & toil4 ,! res]voir once con/ruct$1 its inhabitants rapidly multiply1 & z its h>ve/s ( pond lilies1 & o!r aquatic plants on :i* ?is quadrup$ fe$s 9 w9t]1 become too small = ! gr[+ population1 ! beav] metropolis s5ds out exp$itions ( discov]y & colonization4 ,! pond gradually fills up1 by ! op]ation ( ! same causes z :5 x owes its exi/5ce to an accid5tal ob/ruction1 & :51 at la/1 ! orig9al settlem5t is conv]t$ into a bog by ! usual processes ( vegetable life1 ! rema9+ inhabitants ab&on x & build on "s virg9 brooklet a new city ( ! wat]s4 ,9 c\ntries some:at fur!r advanc$ 9 civilization ?an ^? occupi$ by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 z 9 m$iaeval ,irel&1 ! =mation ( bogs may be comm5c$ by ! neglect ( man to remove1 f ! natural *annels ( sup]ficial dra9age1 ! tops & bran*es ( trees fell$ = ! v>i\s purposes to :i* wood is applicable 9 8 rude indu/ry2 &1 :5 ! fl[ ( ! wat] is ?us *eck$1 nature goes on ) ! processes ,i h already describ$4 ,9 su* half-civiliz$ regions1 too1 w9dfalls are m frequ5t ?an 9 ^? :]e ! =e/ is unbrok51 because1 :5 op5+s h be5 made 9 x1 = agricultural or o!r purposes1 ! entrance ?us af=d$ to ! w9d occasions ! sudd5 ov]?r[ ( hundr$s ( trees :i* might o!rwise h /ood = g5]ations1 & ?us h fall5 to ! gr\nd1 only "o by "o1 z natural decay br\ght !m d[n4#ba ,besides ?is1 ! flocks br$ by man 9 ! pa/oral /ate1 keep d[n ! incipi5t gr[? ( trees on ! half-dri$ bogs1 & prev5t !m f recov]+ _! primitive condition4 ,"y trees 9 ! native =e/ are sometimes girdl$ & kill$ by ! small] rod5t quadrup$s1 & _! gr[? is *eck$ by birds :i* fe$ on ! t]m9al bud2 b ^! animals1 z we %all see1 are g5]ally f\nd on ! skirts ( ! wood only1 n 9 its deep] recesses1 & h5ce ! mis*ief !y d is n ext5sive4 ,! insects :i* damage primitive =e/s by fe$+ ^u products ( trees ess5tial to _! gr[?1 are n num]\s1 nor is _! appe>ance1 9 de/ructive numb]s1 frequ5t2 & ^? :i* p]=ate ! /ems & bran*es1 to deposit & hat* _! eggs1 m commonly select dead trees = t purpose1 ?\gh1 unhappily1 !re are important exceptions to ?is latt] rem>k4#bb ,i d n "k t we h any evid5ce ( ! de/ruction or s]i\s injury ( ,am]ican =e/s by insects1 be=e or ev5 soon aft] ! p]iod ( colonization2 b s9ce ! :ite man has laid b>e a va/ proportion ( ! e>?'s surface1 & !reby produc$ *anges favorable1 p]haps1 to ! multiplication ( ^! pe/s1 !y h greatly increas$ 9 numb]s1 &1 app>5tly1 9 voracity also4 ,n _m ye>s ago1 ! p9es on ?\s&s ( acres ( l& 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 7 de/roy$ by insects n kn[n to h ev] done s]i\s injury to t tree be=e4 ,9 su* cases z ?is & o!rs ( ! l sort1 !re is good reason to believe t man is ! indirect cause ( an evil = :i* he pays s heavy a p5alty4 ,insects increase :5ev] ! birds :i* fe$ ^u !m disappe>4 ,h5ce1 9 ! wanton de/ruction ( ! rob9 & o!r insectivor\s birds1 ! bipes implumis1 ! fea!rless bip$1 man1 is n only ex*ang+ ! vocal or*e/ra :i* greets ! ris+ sun = ! dr[sy beetle's ev5+ drone1 & depriv+ 8 groves & 8 fields ( _! faire/ ornam5t1 b he is wag+ a trea*]\s w>f>e on 8 natural allies4#bc ,9 f9e1 9 c\ntries untrodd5 by man1 ! proportions & relative positions ( l& & wat]1 ! atmosph]ic precipitation & evaporation1 ! !rmometric mean1 & ! di/ribution ( vegetable & animal life1 are subject to *ange only f geological influ5ces s sl[ 9 _! op]ation t ! geographical conditions may be reg>d$ z con/ant & immutable4 ,^! arrangem5ts ( nature x is1 9 mo/ cases1 highly desirable sub/antially to ma9ta91 :5 su* regions become ! seat ( organiz$ commonweal?s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a matt] ( ! fir/ importance1 t1 9 comm5c+ ! process ( fitt+ !m = p]man5t civiliz$ occupation1 ! trans=m+ op]ations %\ld be s conduct$ z n unnecess>ily to d]ange & de/roy :at1 9 too _m cases1 x is beyond ! p[] ( man to rectify or re/ore4 ,re/oration ( ,di/urb$ ,h>monies4 ,9 reclaim+ & reoccupy+ l&s laid wa/e by human improvid5ce or malice1 & ab&on$ by man1 or occupi$ only by a nomade or ?9ly scatt]$ population1 ! task ( ! pione] settl] is ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,he is to become a co-work] ) nature 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! damag$ fabric :i* ! neglig5ce or ! wantonness ( =m] lodg]s has r5d]$ unt5antable4 ,he mu/ aid h] 9 reclo?+ ! m\nta9 slopes ) =e/s & vegetable m\ld1 !reby re/or+ ! f\nta9s :i* %e provid$ to wat] !m2 9 *eck+ ! deva/at+ fury ( torr5ts1 & br++ back ! surface dra9age to its primitive n>r[ *annels2 & 9 dry+ deadly morasses by op5+ ! natural sluices :i* h be5 *ok$ up1 & cutt+ new canals = draw+ (f _! /agnant wat]s4 ,he mu/ ?us1 on ! "o h&1 create new res]voirs1 &1 on ! o!r1 remove mis*iev\s accumulations ( moi/ure1 !reby equaliz+ & regulat+ ! s\rces ( atmosph]ic humidity & ( fl[+ wat]1 bo? :i* are s ess5tial to all vegetable gr[?1 &1 ( c\rse1 to human & l[] animal life4 ,de/ructiv5ess ( ,man4 ,man has too long =gott5 t ! e>? 0 giv5 to him = usufruct alone1 n = consumption1 /ill less = pr(ligate wa/e4 ,nature has provid$ aga9/ ! absolute de/ruction ( any ( h] elem5t>y matt]1 ! raw mat]ial ( h] works2 ! ?und]bolt & ! tornado1 ! mo/ convulsive ?roes ( ev5 ! volcano & ! e>?quake1 be+ only ph5om5a ( decomposition & recomposition4 ,b %e has left x )9 ! p[] ( man irrep>ably to d]ange ! comb9ations ( inorganic matt] & ( organic life1 :i* ?r\gh ! night ( aeons %e _h be5 proportion+ & balanc+1 to prep>e ! e>? = 8 habitation1 :51 9 ! fulness ( "t1 8 ,creator %\ld call him =? to ent] into its possession4 ,ap>t f ! ho/ile influ5ce ( man1 ! organic & ! inorganic _w are1 z ,i h rem>k$1 b\nd toge!r by su* mutual relations & adaptations z secure1 if n ! absolute p]man5ce & equilibrium ( bo?1 a long cont9uance ( ! e/abli%$ conditions ( ea* at any giv5 "t & place1 or at lea/1 a v sl[ & gradual succession ( *anges 9 ^? conditions4 ,b man is ev]y:]e a di/urb+ ag5t4 ,:]ev] he plants 8 foot1 ! h>monies ( nature are turn$ to discords4 ,! proportions & accommodations :i* insur$ ! /ability ( exi/+ arrangem5ts are ov]?r[n4 ,indig5\s vegetable & animal species are extirpat$1 & supplant$ by o!rs ( =eign orig91 spontane\s production is =bidd5 or re/rict$1 & ! face ( ! e>? is ei!r laid b>e or cov]$ ) a new & reluctant gr[? ( vegetable =ms1 & ) ali5 tribes ( animal life4 ,^! int5tional *anges & sub/itutions con/itute1 inde$1 great revolutions2 b va/ z is _! magnitude & importance1 !y are1 z we %all see1 insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! cont+5t & uns\ght results :i* h fl[$ f !m4 ,! fact t1 ( all organic be+s1 man alone is to be reg>d$ z ess5tially a de/ructive p[]1 & t he wields en]gies to resi/ :i*1 nature--t ,nature :om all mat]ial life & all inorganic sub/ance obey--is :olly impot5t1 t5ds to prove t1 ?\gh liv+ 9 physical nature1 he is n ( h]1 t he is ( m exalt$ p>5tage1 & belongs to a high] ord] ( exi/5ces ?an ^? born ( h] womb & submissive to h] dictates4 ,!re are1 inde$1 brute de/roy]s1 bea/s & birds & insects ( prey--all animal life fe$s ^u1 &1 ( c\rse1 de/roys o!r life1--b ?is de/ruction is balanc$ by comp5sations4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! v means by :i* ! exi/5ce ( "o tribe ( animals or ( vegetables is secur$ aga9/ be+ smo!r$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( ano!r2 & ! reproductive p[]s ( species1 :i* s]ve z ! food ( o!rs1 are always proportion$ to ! dem& !y are de/9$ to supply4 ,man pursues 8 victims ) reckless de/ructiv5ess2 &1 :ile ! sacrifice ( life by ! l[] animals is limit$ by ! crav+s ( appetite1 he unsp>+ly p]secutes1 ev5 to extirpation1 ?\s&s ( organic =ms :i* he _c consume4#bd ,! e>? 0 n1 9 its natural condition1 completely adapt$ to ! use ( man1 b only to ! su/5ance ( wild animals & wild vegetation4 ,^! live1 multiply _! k9d 9 j proportion1 & atta9 _! p]fect measure ( /r5g? & beauty1 )\t produc+ or requir+ any *ange 9 ! natural arrangem5ts ( surface1 or 9 ea* o!r's spontane\s t5d5cies1 except su* mutual repression ( excessive increase z may prev5t ! extirpation ( "o species by ! encroa*m5ts ( ano!r4 ,9 %ort1 )\t man1 l[] animal & spontane\s vegetable life w\ld h be5 con/ant 9 type1 di/ribution1 & proportion1 & ! physical geography ( ! e>? w\ld h rema9$ undi/urb$ = indef9ite p]iods1 & be5 subject to revolution only f possible1 unkn[n cosmical causes1 or f geological action4 ,b man1 ! dome/ic animals t s]ve him1 ! field & g>d5 plants ! products ( :i* supply him ) food & clo?+1 _c subsi/ & rise to ! full developm5t ( _! high] prop]ties1 unless brute & unconsci\s nature be effectually combat$1 &1 9 a great degree1 vanqui%$ by human art4 ,h5ce1 a c]ta9 measure ( trans=mation ( t]re/rial surface1 ( suppression ( natural1 & /imulation ( artificially modifi$ productivity becomes necess>y4 ,?is measure man has un=tunately exce$$4 ,he has fell$ ! =e/s ^: network ( fibr\s roots b\nd ! m\ld to ! rocky skeleton ( ! e>?2 b _h he all[$ "h & !re a belt ( woodl& to reproduce itself by spontane\s propagation1 mo/ ( ! mis*iefs :i* 8 reckless de/ruction ( ! natural protection ( ! soil has occasion$ w\ld h be5 av]t$4 ,he has brok5 up ! m\nta9 res]voirs1 ! p]colation ( ^: wat]s ?r\gh unse5 *annels suppli$ ! f\nta9s t refre%$ 8 cattle & f]tiliz$ 8 fields2 b he has neglect$ to ma9ta9 ! ci/]ns & ! canals ( irrigation :i* a wise antiquity _h con/ruct$ to neutralize ! consequ5ces ( its own imprud5ce4 ,:ile he has torn ! ?9 glebe :i* conf9$ ! light e>? ( ext5sive pla9s1 & has de/roy$ ! fr+e ( semi-aquatic plants :i* skirt$ ! coa/ & *eck$ ! drift+ ( ! sea s&1 he has fail$ to prev5t ! spread+ ( ! dunes by clo?+ !m ) artificially propagat$ vegetation4 ,he has ru?lessly w>r$ on all ! tribes ( animat$ nature ^: spoil he c\ld conv]t to 8 own uses1 & he has n protect$ ! birds :i* prey on ! insects mo/ de/ructive to 8 own h>ve/s4 ,purely untutor$ humanity1 x is true1 int]f]es comp>atively little ) ! arrangem5ts ( nature1#be & ! de/ructive ag5cy ( man becomes m & m en]getic & unsp>+ z he advances 9 civilization1 until ! impov]i%m5t1 ) :i* 8 exhau/ion ( ! natural res\rces ( ! soil is ?reat5+ him1 at la/ awak5s him to ! necessity ( pres]v+ :at is left1 if n ( re/or+ :at has be5 wantonly wa/$4 ,! w&]+ savage gr[s no cultivat$ vegetable1 fells no =e/1 & extirpates no useful plant1 no noxi\s we$4 ,if 8 skill 9 ! *ase enables him to entrap numb]s ( ! animals on :i* he fe$s1 he comp5sates ?is loss by de/roy+ also ! lion1 ! tig]1 ! wolf1 ! ott]1 ! seal1 & ! eagle1 ?us indirectly protect+ ! feebl] quadrup$s & fi% & f[ls1 :i* w\ld o!rwise become ! booty ( bea/s & birds ( prey4 ,b ) /ation>y life1 or r ) ! pa/oral /ate1 man at once comm5ces an almo/ indiscrim9ate w>f>e ^u all ! =ms ( animal & vegetable exi/5ce ar\nd him1 & z he advances 9 civilization1 he gradually eradicates or trans=ms e spontane\s product ( ! soil he occupies4#bf ,human & ,brute ,action ,comp>$4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by au?orities z high z any kn[n to mod]n sci5ce1 t ! action ( man ^u nature1 ?\gh great] 9 degree1 does n diff] 9 k9d1 f t ( wild animals4 ,x appe>s to me to diff] 9 ess5tial "*1 because1 ?\gh x is (t5 foll[$ by un=ese5 & undesir$ results1 yet x is nev]!less guid$ by a self-consci\s & intellig5t w aim+ z (t5 at second>y & remote z at imm$iate objects4 ,! wild animal1 on ! o!r h&1 acts in/9ctively1 &1 s f> z we are able to p]ceive1 always ) a view to s+le & direct purposes4 ,! backwoodsman & ! beav] alike fell trees2 ! man t he may conv]t ! =e/ into an olive grove t w mature its fruit only = a succe$+ g5]ation1 ! beav] t he may fe$ ^u _! b>k or use !m 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 habitation4 ,human diff]s f brute action1 too1 9 its influ5ce ^u ! mat]ial _w1 because x is n controll$ by natural comp5sations & balances4 ,natural arrangem5ts1 once di/urb$ by man1 are n re/or$ until he retires f ! field1 & leaves free scope to spontane\s recup]ative en]gies2 ! w\nds he inflicts ^u ! mat]ial creation are n heal$ until he )draws ! arm t gave ! bl[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i am n aw>e ( any evid5ce t wild animals h ev] de/roy$ ! smalle/ =e/1 extirpat$ any organic species or modifi$ its natural "*1 occasion$ any p]man5t *ange ( t]re/rial surface1 or produc$ any di/urbance ( physical conditions :i* nature has n1 ( h]self1 repair$ )\t ! expulsion ( ! animal t _h caus$ x4#bg ,! =m ( geographical surface1 & v probably ! climate ( a giv5 c\ntry1 dep5d mu* on ! "* ( ! vegetable life belong+ to x4 ,man has1 by dome/ication1 greatly *ang$ ! habits & prop]ties ( ! plants he re>s2 he has1 by volunt>y selection1 imm5sely modifi$ ! =ms & qualities ( ! animat$ creatures t s]ve him2 & he has1 at ! same "t1 completely root$ out _m =ms ( animal if n ( vegetable be+4#bh ,:at is !re1 9 ! influ5ce ( brute life1 t corresponds to ?is8 ,we h no reason to believe t 9 t portion ( ! ,am]ican cont95t :i*1 ?\gh peopl$ by _m tribes ( quadrup$ & f[l1 rema9$ un9habit$ by man1 or only ?9ly occupi$ by purely savage tribes1 any s5sible geographical *ange _h occurr$ )9 tw5ty c5turies be=e ! epo* ( discov]y & colonization1 :ile1 dur+ ! same p]iod1 man _h *ang$ millions ( squ>e miles1 9 ! faire/ & mo/ f]tile regions ( ! ,old ,_w1 into ! b>r5e/ des]ts4 ,! ravages committ$ by man subv]t ! relations & de/roy ! balance :i* nature _h e/abli%$ betwe5 h] organiz$ & h] inorganic creations2 & %e av5ges h]self ^u ! intrud]1 by lett+ loose ^u h] defac$ prov9ces de/ructive en]gies hi!rto kept 9 *eck by organic =ces de/9$ to be 8 be/ auxili>ies1 b :i* he has unwisely disp]s$ & driv5 f ! field ( action4 ,:5 ! =e/ is gone1 ! great res]voir ( moi/ure /or$ up 9 its vegetable m\ld is evaporat$1 & returns only 9 deluges ( ra9 to wa% away ! p>*$ du/ into :i* t m\ld has be5 conv]t$4 ,! well-wood$ & humid hills are turn$ to ridges ( dry rock1 :i* encumb]s ! l[ gr\nds & *okes ! wat]c\rses ) its debris1 &--except 9 c\ntries favor$ ) an equable di/ribution ( ra9 ?r\gh ! seasons1 & a mod]ate & regul> incl9ation ( surface--! :ole e>?1 unless rescu$ by human art f ! physical degradation to :i* x t5ds1 becomes an assemblage ( bald m\nta9s1 ( b>r51 turfless hills1 & ( swampy & mal>i\s pla9s4 ,!re are p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 ( ,greece1 & ev5 ( ,alp9e ,europe1 :]e ! op]ation ( causes set 9 action by man has br\ght ! face ( ! e>? to a desolation almo/ z complete z t ( ! moon2 & ?\gh1 )9 t brief space ( "t :i* we call ! hi/orical p]iod1 !y are kn[n to h be5 cov]$ ) luxuriant woods1 v]dant pa/ures1 & f]tile mead[s1 !y are n[ too f> det]iorat$ to be reclaimable by man1 nor c !y become aga9 fitt$ = human use1 except ?r\gh great geological *anges1 or o!r my/]i\s influ5ces or ag5cies ( :i* we h no pres5t k1 & ov] :i* we h no prospective control4 ,! e>? is fa/ becom+ an unfit home = its noble/ inhabitant1 & ano!r era ( equal human crime & human improvid5ce1 & ( l duration ) t ?r\gh :i* traces ( t crime & t improvid5ce ext5d1 w\ld r$uce x to su* a condition ( impov]i%$ productiv5ess1 ( %att]$ surface1 ( climatic excess1 z to ?reat5 ! depravation1 b>b>ism1 & p]haps ev5 ext9ction ( ! species4#bi ,physical ,improvem5t4 ,true1 !re is a p>tial rev]se to ?is picture4 ,on n>r[ !atres1 new =e/s h be5 plant$2 inundations ( fl[+ /reams re/ra9$ by heavy walls ( masonry & o!r con/ructions2 torr5ts compell$ to aid1 by deposit+ ! slime ) :i* !y are *>g$1 9 fill+ up l[l&s1 & rais+ ! level ( morasses :i* _! own ov]fl[s _h creat$2 gr\nd subm]g$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ocean1 or expos$ to be cov]$ by its tides1 has be5 rescu$ f its dom9ion by dik+2#cj swamps & ev5 lakes h be5 dra9$1 & _! b$s br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( agricultural indu/ry2 drift+ coa/ dunes h be5 *eck$ & made productive by plantation2 seas & inl& wat]s h be5 repeopl$ ) fi%1 & ev5 ! s&s ( ! ,sah>a h be5 f]tiliz$ by artesian f\nta9s4 ,^! a*ievem5ts are m glori\s ?an ! pr\de/ triumphs ( w>1 b1 ?us f>1 !y give b fa9t hope t we %all yet make full atonem5t = our sp5d?rift wa/e ( ! b\nties ( nature4 ,x is1 on ! "o h&1 ra% & unphilosophical to attempt to set limits to ! ultimate p[] ( man ov] inorganic nature1 & x is unpr(itable1 on ! o!r1 to speculate on :at may be accompli%$ by ! discov]y ( n[ unkn[n & unimag9$ natural =ces1 or ev5 by ! inv5tion ( new arts & new processes4 ,b s9ce we h se5 a]o/ation1 ! motive p[] ( ela/ic vapors1 ! wond]s ( mod]n telegraphy1 ! de/ructive explosiv5ess ( gunp[d]1 & ev5 ( a sub/ance s h>mless1 unresi/+1 & in]t z cotton1 no?+ 9 ! way ( me*anical a*ievem5t seems impossible1 & x is h>d to re/ra9 ! imag9ation f w&]+ =w>d a c\ple ( g5]ations to an epo* :5 our desc5dants %all h advanc$ z f> beyond u 9 physical conque/1 z we h m>*$ beyond ! trophies erect$ by our gr&fa!rs4 ,i mu/ !re=e be und]/ood to mean only1 t no ag5cies n[ kn[n to man & direct$ by him seem adequate to ! r$uc+ ( great ,alp9e precipices to su* slopes z w\ld enable !m to support a vegetable clo?+1 or to ! cov]+ ( l>ge ext5ts ( d5ud$ rock ) e>?1 & plant+ ^u !m a =e/ gr[?4 ,b among ! my/]ies :i* sci5ce is yet to reveal1 !re may be /ill undiscov]$ me?ods ( accompli%+ ev5 gr&] wond]s ?an ^!4 ,me*anical philosoph]s h sugge/$ ! possibility ( accumulat+ & treasur+ up = human use "s ( ! great] natural =ces1 :i* ! action ( ! elem5ts puts =? ) su* a/oni%+ en]gy4 ,c\ld we ga!r1 & b9d1 & make subs]vi5t to our control1 ! p[] :i* a ,we/ ,indian hurricane ex]ts ?r\gh a small area 9 "o cont9u\s bla/1 or ! mom5tum exp5d$ by ! waves1 9 a tempe/u\s w9t]1 ^u ! breakwat] at ,*]b\rg1#ca or ! lift+ p[] ( ! tide1 = a mon?1 at ! head ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 or ! pressure ( a squ>e mile ( sea wat] at ! dep? ( five ?\s& fa?oms1 or a mom5t ( ! might ( an e>?quake or a volcano1 our age--:i* moves no m\nta9s & ca/s !m into ! sea by fai? alone--might hope to sc>p ! rugg$ walls ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees & ,m\nt ,taurus1 robe !m once m 9 a vegetation z ri* z t ( _! pri/9e woods1 & turn _! wa/+ torr5ts into refre%+ /reams4#cb ,c\ld ?is old _w1 :i* man has ov]?r[n1 be rebuild$1 c\ld human cunn+ rescue its wa/$ hillsides & its des]t$ pla9s f solitude or m]e nomade occupation1 f b>r5ness1 f nak$ness1 & f insalubrity1 & re/ore ! anci5t f]tility & heal?fulness ( ! ,etruscan sea coa/1 ! ,campagna & ! ,pont9e m>%es1 ( ,calabria1 ( ,sicily1 ( ! ,peloponnesus & insul> & cont95tal ,greece1 ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( ! slopes ( ,lebanon & ,h]mon1 ( ,pale/9e1 ( ! ,syrian des]t1 ( ,mesopotamia & ! delta ( ! ,euphrates1 ( ! ,cyr5aica1 ( ,africa prop]1 ,numidia1 & ,mauritania1 ! ?rong+ millions ( ,europe might /ill f9d room on ! ,ea/]n cont95t1 & ! ma9 curr5t ( emigration be turn$ t[>d ! ris+ in/ead ( ! sett+ sun4 ,b *anges l ^! mu/ await great political & moral revolutions 9 ! gov]nm5ts & peoples by :om ^? regions are n[ possess$1 a comm& ( pecuni>y & ( me*anical means n at pres5t enjoy$ by ^? nations1 & a m advanc$ & g5]ally diffus$ k ( ! processes by :i* ! amelioration ( soil & climate is possible1 ?an n[ any:]e exi/s4 ,until su* circum/ances %all conspire to favor ! "w ( geographical reg5]ation1 ! c\ntries ,i h m5tion$1 ) "h & !re a local exception1 w cont9ue to s9k into yet deep] desolation1 & 9 ! mean "t1 ! ,am]ican cont95t1 ,s\!rn ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ! small] oceanic isl&s1 w be almo/ ! only !atres :]e man is engag$1 on a great scale1 9 trans=m+ ! face ( nature4 ,arre/ ( ,physical ,decay ( ,new ,c\ntries4 ,comp>atively %ort z is ! p]iod ?r\gh :i* ! colonization ( =eign l&s by ,european emigrants ext5ds1 great1 &1 x is to be fe>$1 sometimes irrep>able1 injury has be5 already done 9 ! v>i\s processes by :i* man seeks to subjugate ! virg9 e>?2 & _m prov9ces1 fir/ trodd5 by ! homo sapi5s ,europae )9 ! la/ two c5turies1 beg9 to %[ signs ( t melan*oly dilapidation :i* is n[ driv+ s _m ( ! peasantry ( ,europe f _! native he>?s4 ,x is evid5tly a matt] ( great mom5t1 n only to ! population ( ! /ates :]e ^! symptoms are manife/+ !mselves1 b to ! g5]al int]e/s ( humanity1 t ?is decay %\ld be arre/$1 & t ! future op]ations ( rural husb&ry & ( =e/ indu/ry1 9 di/ricts yet rema9+ sub/antially 9 _! native condition1 %\ld be s conduct$ z to prev5t ! widespread mis*iefs :i* h be5 else:]e produc$ by ?\ghtless or wanton de/ruction ( ! natural safegu>ds ( ! soil4 ,?is c be done only by ! diffusion ( k on ?is subject among ! classes t1 9 e>li] days1 subdu$ & till$ gr\nd 9 :i* !y _h no ve/$ rights1 b :o1 9 our "t1 own _! woods1 _! pa/ures1 & _! pl\ghl&s z a p]petual possession = !m & !irs1 & h1 !re=e1 a /rong int]e/ 9 ! protection ( _! doma9 aga9/ det]ioration4 ,=ms & ,=mations mo/ liable to ,physical ,degradation4 ,! "* & ext5t ( ! evils "u consid]ation dep5d v mu* on climate & ! natural =ms & con/itution ( surface4 ,if ! precipitation1 :e!r great or small 9 am\nt1 be equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! seasons1 s t !re are nei!r torr5tial ra9s nor p>*+ dr\ghts1 & if1 fur!r1 ! g5]al incl9ation ( gr\nd be mod]ate1 s t ! sup]ficial wat]s are c>ri$ (f )\t de/ructive rapidity ( fl[1 & )\t sudd5 accumulation 9 ! *annels ( natural dra9age1 !re is little dang] ( ! degradation ( ! soil 9 consequ5ce ( ! removal ( =e/ or o!r vegetable cov]+1 & ! natural face ( ! e>? may be consid]$ z sub/antially p]man5t4 ,^! conditions are well exemplifi$ 9 ,irel&1 9 a great "p ( ,engl&1 9 ext5sive di/ricts 9 ,g]many & ,france1 &1 =tunately1 9 an imm5se proportion ( ! valley ( ! ,mississippi & ! bas9 ( ! great ,am]ican lakes1 z well z 9 _m p>ts ( ! cont95ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ( ,africa4 ,de/ructive *anges are mo/ frequ5t 9 c\ntries ( irregul> & m\nta9\s surface1 & 9 climates :]e ! precipitation is conf9$ *iefly to a s+le season1 & :]e ! ye> is divid$ into a wet & a dry p]iod1 z is ! case ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ! ,ottoman empire1 &1 m or less /rictly1 ! :ole ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,x is p>tly1 ?\gh by no means entirely1 ow+ to topographical & climatic causes t ! blight1 :i* has smitt5 ! faire/ & mo/ f]tile prov9ces ( ,imp]ial ,rome1 has sp>$ ,britannia1 ,g]mania1 ,pannonia1 & ,moesia1 ! comp>atively inhospitable homes ( b>b>\s races1 :o1 9 ! days ( ! ,caes>s1 7 too little advanc$ 9 civiliz$ life to possess ei!r ! p[] or ! w to wage t w> aga9/ ! ord] ( nature :i* seems1 hi!rto1 an almo/ insep>able condition prec$5t ( high social culture1 & ( great progress 9 f9e & me*anical art4#cc ,9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 on ! o!r h&1 v>i\s causes comb9e to expose ! soil to con/ant dang]s4 ,! ra9 & sn[ usually fall 9 great] quantity1 & ) mu* inequality ( di/ribution2 ! sn[ on ! summits accumulates = _m mon?s 9 succession1 & !n is n unfrequ5tly almo/ :olly dissolv$ 9 a s+le ?aw1 s t ! entire precipitation ( mon?s is 9 a few h\rs hurri$ d[n ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s1 & ?r\gh ! rav9es t furr[ !m2 ! natural incl9ation ( ! surface promotes ! swiftness ( ! ga!r+ curr5ts ( diluvial ra9 & ( melt+ sn[1 :i* soon acquire an almo/ irresi/ible =ce1 & p[] ( removal & transportation2 ! soil itself is less compact & t5aci\s ?an t ( ! pla9s1 & if ! %elt]+ =e/ has be5 de/roy$1 x is conf9$ by few ( ! ?reads & ligam5ts by :i* nature _h b\nd x toge!r1 & atta*$ x to ! rocky gr\ndwork4 ,h5ce e consid]able %[] lays b>e its roods ( rock1 & ! torr5ts s5t d[n by ! ?aws ( spr+1 & by occasional heavy dis*>ges ( ! summ] & autumnal ra9s1 are seas ( mud & roll+ /ones t sometimes lay wa/e1 & bury b5ea? !m acres1 & ev5 miles1 ( pa/ure & field & v9ey>d4#cd ,physical ,decay ( ,new ,c\ntries4 ,i h rem>k$ t ! effects ( human action on ! =ms ( ! e>?'s surface c\ld n always be di/+ui%$ f ^? result+ f geological causes1 & !re is also mu* unc]ta9ty 9 respect to ! precise influ5ce ( ! cle>+ & cultivat+ ( ! gr\nd1 & ( o!r rural op]ations1 ^u climate4 ,x is disput$ :e!r ei!r ! mean or ! extremes ( temp]ature1 ! p]iods ( ! seasons1 or ! am\nt or di/ribution ( precipitation & ( evaporation1 9 any c\ntry ^: annals are kn[n1 h und]gone any *ange dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,x is1 inde$1 impossible to d\bt t _m ( ! op]ations ( ! pione] settl] t5d to produce great modifications 9 atmosph]ic humidity1 temp]ature1 & electricity2 b we are at pres5t unable to det]m9e h[ f> "o set ( effects is neutraliz$ by ano!r1 or comp5sat$ by unkn[n ag5cies4 ,?is "q sci5tific rese>* is inadequate to solve1 = want ( ! necess>y data2 b well conduct$ obs]vation1 9 regions n[ fir/ br\ght "u ! occupation ( man1 comb9$ ) su* hi/orical evid5ce z /ill exi/s1 may be expect$ at no di/ant p]iod to ?r[ mu* light on ?is subject4 ,au/ralia is1 p]haps1 ! c\ntry f :i* we h a "r to expect ! fulle/ elucidation ( ^! difficult & disputable problems4 ,its colonization did n comm5ce until ! physical sci5ces _h become matt] ( almo/ univ]sal att5tion1 & is1 inde$1 s rec5t t ! memory ( liv+ m5 embraces ! pr9cipal epo*s ( its hi/ory2 ! peculi>ities ( its fauna1 its flora1 & its geology are su* z to h excit$ = x ! livelie/ int]e/ ( ! vot>ies ( natural sci5ce2 its m9es h giv5 its p ! necess>y weal? = procur+ ! means ( in/rum5tal obs]vation1 & ! leisure requir$ = ! pursuit ( sci5tific rese>*2 & l>ge tracts ( virg9 =e/ & natural mead[ are rapidly pass+ "u ! control ( civiliz$ man4 ,"h1 !n1 exi/ great] facilities & /rong] motives = ! c>eful /udy ( ! topics 9 "q ?an h ev] be5 f\nd comb9$ 9 any o!r !atre ( ,european colonization4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! *ange f ! natural to ! artificial condition ( t]re/rial surface began ab\t ! p]iod :5 ! mo/ important in/rum5ts ( meteorological obs]vation 7 inv5t$4 ,! fir/ settl]s 9 ! t]ritory n[ con/itut+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,briti% ,am]ican prov9ces _h o!r ?+s to d ?an to tabulate b>ometrical & !rmometrical read+s1 b !re rema9 "s int]e/+ physical records f ! e>ly days ( ! colonies1#ce & !re is /ill an imm5se ext5t ( ,nor? ,am]ican soil :]e ! indu/ry & ! folly ( man h z yet produc$ little appreciable *ange4 ,"h1 too1 ) ! pres5t increas$ facilities = sci5tific obs]vation1 ! future effects1 direct & cont+5t1 ( man's labors1 c be measur$1 & su* precautions tak5 9 ^? rural processes :i* we call improvem5ts1 z to mitigate evils1 p]haps1 9 "s degree1 insep>able f e attempt to control ! action ( natural laws4 ,9 ord] to arrive at safe conclusions1 we mu/ fir/ obta9 a m exact k ( ! topography1 & ( ! pres5t sup]ficial & climatic condition ( c\ntries :]e ! natural surface is z yet m or less unbrok54 ,?is c only be accompli%$ by accurate surveys1 & by a great multiplication ( ! po9ts ( meteorological regi/ry1#cf already s num]\s2 & z1 moreov]1 consid]able *anges 9 ! proportion ( =e/ & ( cultivat$ l&1 or ( dry & :olly or p>tially subm]g$ surface1 w (t5 take place )9 brief p]iods1 x is highly desirable t ! att5tion ( obs]v]s1 9 ^: neighborhood ! cle>+ ( ! soil1 or ! dra9age ( lakes & swamps1 or o!r great works ( rural improvem5t1 are go+ on or m$itat$1 %\ld be especially drawn n only to revolutions 9 atmosph]ic temp]ature & precipitation1 b to ! m easily asc]ta9$ & p]haps m important local *anges produc$ by ^! op]ations 9 ! temp]ature & ! hygrometric /ate ( ! sup]ficial /rata ( ! e>?1 & 9 its spontane\s vegetable & animal products4 ,! rapid ext5sion ( railroads1 :i* n[ ev]y:]e keeps pace )1 & sometimes ev5 prec$es1 ! occupation ( new soil = agricultural purposes1 furni%es great facilities = enl>g+ our k ( ! topography ( ! t]ritory !y trav]se1 because _! cutt+s reveal ! composition & g5]al /ructure ( surface1 & ! incl9ation & elevation ( _! l9es con/itute kn[n hypsometrical sections1 :i* give num]\s po9ts ( dep>ture = ! measurem5t ( high] & l[] /ations1 & ( c\rse = det]m9+ ! relief & depression ( surface1 ! slope ( ! b$s ( wat]c\rses1 & _m o!r n less important que/ions4#cg ,! geological1 hydrographical1 & topographical surveys1 :i* almo/ e g5]al & ev5 local gov]nm5t ( ! civiliz$ _w is c>ry+ on1 are mak+ yet m important contributions to our /ock ( geographical & g5]al physical k1 &1 )9 a comp>atively %ort space1 !re w be an accumulation ( well e/abli%$ con/ant & hi/orical facts1 f :i* we c safely reason ^u all ! relations ( action & reaction betwe5 man & ext]nal nature4 ,b we are1 ev5 n[1 break+ up ! floor & wa9scot+ & doors & w9d[ frames ( our dwell+1 = fuel to w>m our bodies & see! our pottage1 & ! _w _c af=d to wait till ! sl[ & sure progress ( exact sci5ce has taught x a bett] economy4 ,_m practical lessons h be5 le>n$ by ! common obs]vation ( uns*ool$ m52 & ! tea*+s ( simple exp]i5ce1 on topics :]e natural philosophy has sc>cely yet spok51 are n to be despis$4 ,9 ^! humble pages1 :i* d n 9 ! lea/ aspire to rank among sci5tific expositions ( ! laws ( nature1 ,i %all attempt to give ! mo/ important practical conclusions sugge/$ by ! hi/ory ( man's ef=ts to repl5i% ! e>? & subdue x2 & ,i %all aim to support ^? conclusions by su* facts & illu/rations only z address !mselves to ! und]/&+ ( e intellig5t read]1 & z are to be f\nd record$ 9 works capable ( pr(itable p]usal1 or at lea/ consultation1 by p]sons :o h n enjoy$ a special sci5tific tra9+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,transf]1 ,,modification1 ,,& ,,extirpation ,,( ,,vegetable ,,& ,,( ,,animal ,,species4 ,,mod]n ,,geography ,,embraces ,,organic ,,life--,,transf] ,,( ,,vegetable ,,life-- ,,=eign ,,plants ,,gr[n ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates--,,am]ican ,,plants ,,gr[s ,,9 ,,europe--,,modes ,,( ,,introduction ,,( ,,=eign ,,plants--,,vegetables1 ,,h[ ,,affect$ ,,by ,,transf] ,,to ,,=eign ,,soils--,,extirpation ,,( ,,vegetables-- ,,orig9 ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,plants--,,organic ,,life ,,z ,a ,,geological ,,& ,,geographical ,,ag5cy--,,orig9 ,,& ,,transf] ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,animals--,,extirpation ,,( ,,animals--,,numb]s ,,( ,,birds ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates--,,birds ,,z ,,s[]s ,,& ,,consum]s ,,( ,,se$s1 ,,& ,,z ,,de/roy]s ,,( ,,insects--,,dim9ution ,,& ,,extirpation ,,( ,,birds--,,introduction ,,( ,,birds--,,utility ,,( ,,insects ,,& ,,worms--,,introduction ,,( ,,insects--,,de/ruction ,,( ,,insects--,,reptiles-- ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,fi%--,,introduction ,,& ,,bre$+ ,,( ,,fi%--,,extirpation ,,( ,,aquatic ,,animals--,,m9ute ,,organisms4 ,mod]n ,geography embraces ,organic ,life4 ,x 0 a n>r[ view ( geography :i* conf9$ t sci5ce to del9eation ( t]re/rial surface & outl9e1 & to description ( ! relative position & magnitude ( l& & wat]4 ,9 its improv$ =m1 x embraces n only ! globe itself1 b ! liv+ ?+s :i* vegetate or move ^u x1 ! v>i$ influ5ces !y ex]t ^u ea* o!r1 ! reciprocal action & reaction betwe5 !m & ! e>? !y inhabit4 ,ev5 if ! end ( geographical /udies 7 only to obta9 a k ( ! ext]nal =ms ( ! m9]al & fluid masses :i* con/itute ! globe1 x w\ld /ill be necess>y to take into acc\nt ! elem5t ( life2 = e plant1 e animal1 is a geographical ag5cy1 man a de/ructive1 vegetables1 & ev5 wild bea/s1 re/orative p[]s4 ,! ru%+ wat]s sweep d[n e>? f ! upl&s2 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( repose1 vegetation seeks to ree/abli% itself on ! b>$ surface1 &1 by ! sl[ deposit ( its decay+ products1 to raise aga9 ! soil :i* ! torr5t _h l[]$4 ,s important an elem5t ( recon/ruction is ?is1 t x has be5 s]i\sly que/ion$ :e!r1 ^u ! :ole1 vegetation does n contribute z mu* to elevate1 z ! wat]s to depress1 ! level ( ! surface4 ,:5ev] man has transport$ a plant f its native habitat to a new soil1 he has introduc$ a new geographical =ce to act ^u x1 & ?is g5]ally at ! exp5se ( "s indig5\s gr[? :i* ! =eign vegetable has supplant$4 ,! new & ! old plants are r>ely ! equival5ts ( ea* o!r1 & ! sub/itution ( an exotic = a native tree1 %rub1 or grass1 increases or dim9i%es ! relative importance ( ! vegetable elem5t 9 ! geography ( ! c\ntry to :i* x is remov$4 ,fur!r1 man s[s t he may reap4 ,! products ( agricultural indu/ry are n suff]$ to rot ^u ! gr\nd1 & ?us raise x by an annual /ratum ( new m\ld4 ,!y are ga!r$1 transport$ to great] or less di/ances1 & aft] !y h s]v$ _! uses 9 human economy1 !y ent]1 on ! f9al decomposition ( _! elem5ts1 into new comb9ations1 & are only 9 small proportion return$ to ! soil on :i* !y grew4 ,! roots ( ! grasses1 & ( _m o!r cultivat$ plants1 h[ev]1 usually rema9 & decay 9 ! e>?1 & contribute to raise its surface1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n 9 ! same degree z ! =e/4 ,! vegetables1 :i* h tak5 ! place ( trees1 unque/ionably p]=m _m ( ! same functions4 ,!y radiate heat1 !y cond5se ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e1 !y act ^u ! *emical con/itution ( ! air1 _! roots p5etrate ! e>? to great] dep?s ?an is commonly suppos$1 & =m an inextricable labyr9? ( filam5ts :i* b9d ! soil toge!r & prev5t its erosion by wat]4 ,! broad-leav$ annuals & p]5nials1 too1 %ade ! gr\nd1 & prev5t ! evaporation ( moi/ure f its surface by w9d & sun4#ch ,at a c]ta9 /age ( gr[?1 grass l& is probably a m en]getic radiator & cond5s] ?an ev5 ! =e/1 b ?is p[]ful action is ex]t$1 9 its full int5sity1 = a few days only1 :ile trees cont9ue su* functions1 ) unabat$ vigor1 = _m mon?s 9 succession4 ,^u ! :ole1 x seems q c]ta91 t no cultivat$ gr\nd is z effici5t 9 temp]+ climatic extremes1 or 9 cons]vation ( geographical surface & outl9e1 z is ! soil :i* nature h]self has plant$4 ,transf] ( ,vegetable ,life4 ,x belongs to vegetable & animal geography1 :i* are almo/ sci5ces ( !mselves1 to po9t out 9 detail :at man has done to *ange ! di/ribution ( plants & ( animat$ life & to revolutionize ! aspect ( organic nature2 b "s ( ! m important facts be>+ on ?is subject may p]t95tly be introduc$ "h4 ,mo/ ( ! fruit trees gr[n 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are believ$1 &--if ! te/imony ( ,pl9y & o!r anci5t naturali/s is to be dep5d$ ^u--_m ( !m are hi/orically kn[n1 to h orig9at$ 9 ! temp]ate climates ( ,asia4 ,! w9e grape has be5 ?\ght to be truly indig5\s only 9 ! regions bord]+ on ! ea/]n end ( ! ,black ,sea1 :]e x n[1 p>ticul>ly on ! banks ( ! ,rion1 ! anci5t ,phasis1 propagates itself spontane\sly1 & gr[s ) unexampl$ luxuriance4#ci ,b1 "s species ( ! v9e seem native to ,europe1 & _m v>ieties ( grape h be5 too long kn[n z common to e "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to admit ( ! supposition t !y 7 all introduc$ by ,european coloni/s4#dj ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ! comm]ce--or at lea/ ! m>itime c>ry+ trade--& ! agricultural & me*anical indu/ry ( ! _w are1 9 v l>ge proportion1 dep5d5t on vegetable & animal products little or n at all kn[n to anci5t ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,jewi% civilization4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! *ief supply ( ^! articles comes f c\ntries to :i* !y are probably indig5\s1 & :]e !y are /ill almo/ exclusively gr[n2 b 9 _m o!rs1 ! plants or animals f :i* !y are d]iv$ h be5 introduc$ by man into ! regions n[ rem>kable = _! mo/ successful cultivation1 & t1 too1 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 or1 9 o!r words1 )9 two or ?ree c5turies4 ,=eign ,plants gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,accord+ to ,bigel[1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h1 on ! fir/ ( ,june1 #ahfj1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #afc1jjj1jjj acres ( improv$ l&1 ! quantity hav+ be5 increas$ by #ej1jjj1jjj acres )9 ! t5 ye>s next prec$+4#da ,n to m5tion less important crops1 ?is l& produc$1 9 ! ye> end+ on ! day la/ m5tion$1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #aga1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat1 #ba1jjj1jjj bu%els ( rye1 #agb1jjj1jjj bu%els ( oats1 #ae1jjj1jjj bu%els ( pease & beans1 #af1jjj1jjj bu%els ( b>ley1 or*>d fruits to ! value ( #bj1jjj1jjj1 #ijj1jjj bu%els ( clov]se$1 #ijj1jjj bu%els ( o!r grass se$1 #ajd1jjj tons ( hemp1 #d1jjj1jjj p\nds ( flax1 & #fjj1jjj p\nds ( flaxse$4 ,^! vegetable gr[?s 7 famili> to anci5t ,european agriculture1 b !y 7 all introduc$ into ,nor? ,am]ica aft] ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,( ! fruits ( agricultural indu/ry unkn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 or too little employ$ by !m to be ( any comm]cial importance1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$1 9 ! same ye>1 #ahg1jjj1jjj p\nds ( rice1 #ah1jjj1jjj bu%els ( buck:eat1 #b1jge1jjj1jjj p\nds ( g9n$ cotton1#db #cjb1jjj1jjj p\nds ( cane sug>1 #af1jjj1jjj gallons ( cane molasses1 #g1jjj1jjj gallons ( sorghum molasses1 all yield$ by vegetables introduc$ into t c\ntry )9 two hundr$ ye>s1 &--) ! exception ( buck:eat1 ! orig9 ( :i* is unc]ta91 & ( cotton--all1 directly or indirectly1 f ! ,ea/ ,indies2 besides1 f indig5\s plants unkn[n to anci5t agriculture1 #hcj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( ,indian corn or maize1 #dbi1jjj1jjj p\nds ( tobacco1 #aaj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( potatoes1 #db1jjj1jjj bu%els ( sweet potatoes1 #ci1jjj1jjj p\nds ( maple sug>1 & #b1jjj1jjj gallons ( maple molasses4 ,to all ?is we are to add #ai1jjj1jjj tons ( hay1 produc$ p>tly by new1 p>tly by long kn[n1 p>tly by exotic1 p>tly by native h]bs & grasses1 an incalculable quantity ( g>d5 vegetables1 *iefly ( ,european or ,asiatic orig91 & _m m9or agricultural products4 ,! weight ( ?is h>ve/ ( a ye> w\ld be n less ?an #fj1jjj1jjj tons--:i* is elev5 times ! tonnage ( all ! %ipp+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! close ( ! ye> #ahfa--;&1 ) ! exception ( ! maple sug>1 ! maple molasses1 & ! products ( ! ,we/]n prairie l&s & "s small ,indian cle>+s1 x 0 all gr[n ^u l&s wre/$ f ! =e/ by ! ,european race )9 little m ?an two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! wants ( ,europe h introduc$ into ! colonies ( tropical ,am]ica ! sug> cane1 ! c(fee plant1 ! orange & ! lemon1#dc all ( ,ori5tal orig91 h imm5sely /imulat$ ! cultivation ( ! =m] two 9 ! c\ntries ( :i* !y are natives1 &1 ( c\rse1 promot$ agricultural op]ations :i* mu/ h affect$ ! geography ( ^? regions to an ext5t proportionate to ! scale on :i* !y h be5 pursu$4 ,am]ican ,plants gr[n 9 ,europe4 ,am]ica has p>tially repaid h] debt to ! ,ea/]n cont95t4 ,maize & ! potato are v valuable additions to ! field agriculture ( ,europe & ! ,ea/1 & ! tomato is no mean gift to ! kit*5 g>d5s ( ! ,old ,_w1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n an adequate return = ! multitude ( escul5t roots & legum9\s plants :i* ! ,european coloni/s c>ri$ ) !m4#dd ,i wi% ,i c\ld believe1 ) "s1 t ,am]ica is n alone responsible = ! introduction ( ! fil?y we$1 tobacco1 ! use ( :i* is ! mo/ vulg> & p]nici\s habit engraft$ by ! semi-b>b>ism ( mod]n civilization ^u ! less multif>i\s s5sualism ( anci5t life2#de b ! alleg$ occurr5ce ( pipe-l objects 9 ,sclavonic1 &1 x has be5 said1 9 ,hung>ian sepul*res1 is h>dly suffici5t evid5ce to convict ^? races ( complicity 9 ?is grave (f5ce aga9/ ! temp]ance & ! ref9em5t ( mod]n society4 ,modes ( ,introduction ( ,=eign ,plants4 ,besides ! vegetables ,i h m5tion$1 we "k t _m plants ( small] economical value h be5 ! subjects ( int]national ex*ange 9 v rec5t times4 ,busbequius1 ,au/rian ambassador at ,con/ant9ople ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury--^: lett]s conta9 "o ( ! be/ acc\nts ( ,turki% life :i* h appe>$ d[n to ! pres5t day--br\ght home f ! ,ottoman capital ! lilac & ! tulip4 ,! ,belgian ,clusius ab\t ! same "t introduc$ f ! ,ea/ ! horse *e/nut1 :i* has s9ce w&]$ to ,am]ica4 ,! weep+ will[s ( ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are said to h sprung f a slip receiv$ f ,smyrna by ! poet ,pope1 & plant$ by him 9 an ,engli% g>d52 & ! ,portuguese decl>e t ! prog5itor ( all ! ,european & ,am]ican oranges 0 an ,ori5tal tree transplant$ to ,lisbon1 & /ill liv+ 9 ! la/ g5]ation4#df ,! pres5t favorite fl[]s ( ! p>t]res ( ,europe h be5 import$ f ,am]ica1 ,japan & o!r remote ,ori5tal c\ntries1 )9 a c5tury & a half1 &1 9 f9e1 !re are few vegetables ( any agricultural importance1 few ornam5tal trees or decorative plants1 :i* are n n[ common to ! ?ree civiliz$ cont95ts4 ,! /ati/ics ( vegetable emigration exhibit num]ical results q surpris+ to ^? n famili> ) ! subject4 ,! lonely isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a is describ$ z produc+1 at ! "t ( its discov]y 9 ! ye> #aeja1 ab\t sixty vegetable species1 includ+ "s ?ree or f\r kn[n to gr[ else:]e also4 ,at ! pres5t "t its flora numb]s sev5 hundr$ & fifty species4 ,humboldt & ,bonpl& f\nd1 among ! unque/ionably indig5\s plants ( tropical ,am]ica1 monocotyl$ons only1 all ! dicotyl$ons ( ^? ext5sive regions hav+ be5 probably introduc$ aft] ! colonization ( ! ,new ,_w by ,spa94 ,! faculty ( spontane\s reproduction & p]petuation necess>ily supposes a great] p[] ( accommodation1 )9 a c]ta9 range1 ?an we f9d 9 mo/ dome/icat$ plants1 = x w\ld r>ely happ5 t ! se$ ( a wild plant w\ld fall into gr\nd z ne>ly simil>1 9 composition & condition1 to t :]e its p>5t grew1 z ! soils ( diff]5t fields artificially prep>$ = gr[+ a p>ticul> vegetable are to ea* o!r4 ,accord+ly1 ?\gh e wild species affects a habitat ( a p>ticul> "*1 x is f\nd t1 if accid5tally or design$ly s[n else:]e1 x w gr[ "u conditions extremely unlike ^? ( its bir?place4#dg ,coop] says3 ,we _c say positively t any plant is uncultivable any:]e until x has be5 tri$2 & ?is seems to be ev5 m true ( wild ?an ( dome/icat$ vegetation4 ,! sev5 hundr$ new species :i* h f\nd _! way to ,/4 ,hel5a )9 ?ree c5turies & a half1 7 c]ta9ly n all1 or ev5 9 ! l>ge/ proportion1 design$ly plant$ !re by human art1 & if we 7 well acqua9t$ ) vegetable emigration1 we %\ld probably be able to %[ t man has int5tionally transf]r$ few] plants ?an he has accid5tally introduc$ into c\ntries =eign to !m4 ,aft] ! :eat1 foll[ ! t>es t infe/ x4 ,! we$s t gr[ among ! c]eal gra9s1 ! pe/s ( ! kit*5 g>d51 are ! same 9 ,am]ica z 9 ,europe4#dh ,! ov]turn+ ( a wagon1 or any ( ! ?\s& accid5ts :i* befall ! emigrant 9 8 j\rney across ! ,we/]n pla9s1 may scatt] ^u ! gr\nd ! se$s he design$ = 8 g>d51 & ! h]bs :i* fill s important a place 9 ! ru/ic mat]ia m$ica ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 spr+ up along ! prairie pa?s b j op5$ by ! c>avan ( ! settl]4#di ,! hortus siccus ( a botani/ may accid5tally s[ se$s f ! foot ( ! ,himalayas on ! pla9s t skirt ! ,alps2 & x is a fact ( v famili> obs]vation1 t exotics1 transplant$ to =eign climates suit$ to _! gr[?1 (t5 escape f ! fl[] g>d5 & naturalize !mselves among ! spontane\s vegetation ( ! pa/ures4 ,:5 ! cases conta9+ ! arti/ic treasures ( ,?orvalds5 7 op5$ 9 ! c\rt ( ! museum :]e !y are deposit$1 ! /raw & grass employ$ 9 pack+ !m 7 scatt]$ ^u ! gr\nd1 & ! next season !re sprang up f ! se$s no less ?an tw5ty-five species ( plants belong+ to ! ,roman campagna1 "s ( :i* 7 pres]v$ & cultivat$ z a new tribute to ! memory ( ! great ,sc&9avian sculptor1 & at lea/ f\r are said to h spontane\sly naturaliz$ !mselves ab\t ,cop5hag54#ej ,9 ! campaign ( #ahad1 ! ,russian troops br\ght1 9 ! /uff+ ( _! saddles & by o!r accid5tal means1 se$s f ! banks ( ! ,dniep] to ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 & ev5 introduc$ ! plants ( ! /eppes into ! environs ( ,p>is4 ,! ,turki% armies1 9 _! incursions into ,europe1 br\ght ,ea/]n vegetables 9 _! tra91 & left ! se$s ( ,ori5tal wall plants to gr[ ^u ! ramp>ts ( ,buda & ,vi5na4#ea ,! ,canada ?i/le1 ,erig]on ,canad5se1 is said to h sprung up 9 ,europe1 two hundr$ ye>s ago1 f a se$ :i* dropp$ out ( ! /uff$ sk9 ( a bird4#eb ,vegetables1 h[ affect$ by ,transf] to ,=eign ,soils4 ,vegetables1 naturaliz$ abroad ei!r by accid5t or design1 sometimes exhibit a greatly increas$ luxuriance ( gr[?4 ,! ,european c>doon1 an escul5t ?i/le1 has brok5 out f ! g>d5s ( ! ,spani% colonies on ! ,la ,plata1 acquir$ a gigantic /ature1 & propagat$ itself1 9 imp5etrable ?ickets1 ov] hundr$s ( leagues ( ! ,pampas2 & ! ,ana*>is als9a/rum1 a wat] plant n mu* incl9$ to spread 9 its native ,am]ican habitat1 has f\nd its way into ,engli% riv]s1 & ext5d$ itself to su* a degree z to =m a s]i\s ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( ! curr5t1 & ev5 to navigation4 ,n only d _m wild plants exhibit a rem>kable facility ( accommodation1 b _! se$s usually possess great t5acity ( life1 & _! g]m9at+ p[] resi/s v sev]e trials4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! se$s ( v _m cultivat$ vegetables lose _! vitality 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 & c be transport$ safely to di/ant c\ntries only ) great precautions1 ! we$s t infe/ ^? vegetables1 ?\gh n c>$ = by man1 cont9ue to accompany him 9 8 migrations1 & f9d a new home on e soil he colonizes4 ,nature fights 9 def5ce ( h] free *ildr51 b w>s ^u !m :5 !y h des]t$ h] bann]s & tamely submitt$ to ! dom9ion ( man4#ec ,n only is ! wild plant mu* h>di] ?an ! dome/icat$ vegetable1 b ! same law prevails 9 animat$ brute & ev5 human life4 ,! bea/s ( ! *ase are m capable ( endurance & privation & m t5aci\s ( life1 ?an ! dome/icat$ animals :i* mo/ ne>ly resemble !m4 ,! savage fights on1 aft] he has receiv$ half a doz5 mortal w\nds1 ! lea/ ( :i* w\ld h in/antly p>alyz$ ! /r5g? ( 8 civiliz$ enemy1 &1 l ! wild bo>1#ed he has be5 kn[n to press =w>d along ! %aft ( ! spe> :i* 0 transpi]c+ 8 vitals1 & to deal a dea?bl[ on ! soldi] :o wield$ x4 ,true1 dome/icat$ plants c be gradually acclimatiz$ to be> a degree ( heat or ( cold1 :i*1 9 _! wild /ate1 !y w\ld n h support$2 ! tra9$ ,engli% rac] out/rips ! swifte/ horse ( ! pampas or prairies1 p]haps ev5 ! less sy/ematically educat$ c\rs] ( ! ,arab2 ! /r5g? ( ! ,european1 z te/$ by ! dynamomet]1 is great] ?an t ( ! ,new ,zeal&]4 ,b all ^! are in/ances ( excessive developm5t ( p>ticul> capacities & faculties at ! exp5se ( g5]al vital p[]4 ,expose untam$ & dome/icat$ =ms ( life1 toge!r1 to an entire set ( physical conditions equally ali5 to ! =m] habits ( bo?1 s t e p[] ( resi/ance & accommodation %all be call$ into action1 & ! wild plant or animal w live1 :ile ! dome/icat$ w p]i%4 ,! sal9e atmosph]e ( ! sea is specially injuri\s bo? to se$s & to v _m "y plants1 & x is only rec5tly t ! transportation ( "s v important vegetables across ! ocean has be5 made practicable1 ?r\gh ! inv5tion ( ,w>d's airtight glass cases4 ,x is by ?is means t l>ge numb]s ( ! trees :i* produce ! ,jesuit's b>k h be5 successfully transplant$ f ,am]ica to ! ,briti% possessions 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e x is hop$ !y w become fully naturaliz$4 ,extirpation ( ,vegetables4 ,lam5table z are ! evils produc$ by ! too g5]al fell+ ( ! woods 9 ! ,old ,_w1 ,i believe x does n satisfactorily appe> t any species ( native =e/ tree has yet be5 extirpat$ by man on ! ,ea/]n cont95t4 ,! roots1 /umps1 trunks1 & foliage f\nd 9 bogs are recogniz$ z belong+ to /ill extant species4 ,except 9 "s few cases :]e !re is hi/orical evid5ce t =eign mat]ial 0 employ$1 ! timb] ( ! olde/ ,european build+s1 & ev5 ( ! lacu/r9e habitations ( ,switz]l&1 is evid5tly ! product ( trees /ill common 9 or ne> ! c\ntries :]e su* ar*itectural rema9s are f\nd2 nor h ! ,egyptian catacombs !mselves reveal$ to u ! =m] exi/5ce ( any woods n n[ famili> to u z ! gr[? ( /ill liv+ trees4#ee ,x is1 h[ev]1 said t ! yew tree1 ,taxus baccata1 =m]ly v common 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 &--z we are au?oriz$ to inf] f ,!ophra/us--9 ,greece1 has almo/ :olly disappe>$ f ! latt] c\ntry1 & seems to be dy+ out 9 ,g]many4 ,! wood ( ! yew surpasses t ( any o!r ,european tree 9 clos5ess & f95ess ( gra91 & x is well kn[n = ! ela/icity :i* ( old made x s great a favorite ) ! ,engli% ar*]4 ,x is mu* 9 reque/ among wood c>v]s & turn]s1 & ! dem& = x expla9s1 9 "p1 its increas+ sc>city4 ,x is also wor? rem>k+ t no insect dep5ds ^u x = food or %elt]1 or aids 9 its fructification1 no bird fe$s ^u its b]ries--! latt] a circum/ance ( "s importance1 because ! tree h5ce wants "o means ( propagation or diffusion common to s _m o!r plants4 ,b x is alleg$ t ! reproductive p[] ( ! yew is exhau/$1 & t x c no long] be readily propagat$ by ! natural s[+ ( its se$s1 or by artificial me?ods4 ,if fur!r inve/igation & c>eful exp]im5t %\ld e/abli% ?is fact1 x w g f> to %[ t a climatic *ange1 ( a "* unfavorable to ! gr[? ( ! yew1 has really tak5 place 9 ,g]many1 ?\gh n yet prov$ by in/rum5tal obs]vation1 & ! mo/ probable cause ( su* *ange w\ld be f\nd 9 ! dim9ution ( ! area cov]$ by ! =e/s4 ,! indu/ry ( man is said to h be5 s successful 9 ! local extirpation ( noxi\s or useless vegetables 9 ,*9a1 t1 ) ! exception ( a few wat] plants 9 ! rice gr\nds1 x is sometimes impossible to f9d a s+le we$ 9 an ext5sive di/rict2 & ! late em95t agriculturi/1 ,mr4 ,coke1 is report$ to h (f]$ 9 va9 a consid]able rew>d = ! detection ( a we$ 9 a l>ge :eatfield on 8 e/ate 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ^! cases1 h[ev]1 !re is no reason to suppose t dilig5t husb&ry has done m ?an to eradicate ! pe/s ( agriculture )9 a comp>atively limit$ area1 & ! cockle & ! d>nel w probably rema9 to plague ! slov5ly cultivator z long z ! c]eal gra9s cont9ue to bless him4#ef ,orig9 ( ,dome/ic ,plants4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important1 &1 at ! same "t1 mo/ difficult que/ions connect$ ) our subject is3 h[ f> we are to reg>d our c]eal gra9s1 our escul5t bulbs & roots1 & ! multipli$ tree fruits ( our g>d5s1 z artificially modifi$ & improv$ =ms ( wild1 self-propagat+ vegetation4 ,! n>ratives ( botanical travell]s h (t5 ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( ! orig9al =m & habitat ( dome/icat$ plants1 & sci5tific j\rnals h describ$ ! exp]im5ts by :i* ! id5tity ( p>ticul> wild & cultivat$ vegetables has be5 ?\ght to be e/abli%$4 ,x is confid5tly affirm$ t maize & ! potato--:i* we mu/ suppose to h be5 fir/ cultivat$ at a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ! bread/uffs & mo/ o!r escul5t vegetables ( ,europe & ! ,ea/--are f\nd wild & self-propagat+ 9 ,spani% ,am]ica1 ?\gh 9 =ms n recognizable by ! common obs]v] z id5tical ) ! famili> corn & tub] ( mod]n agriculture4 ,x 0 lately ass]t$1 ^u :at seem$ v /rong evid5ce1 t ! ,a,egilops ovata1 a plant gr[+ wild 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 _h be5 actually conv]t$ into common :eat2 b1 ^u a repetition ( ! exp]im5ts1 lat] obs]v]s h decl>$ t ! app>5t *ange 0 only a case ( tempor>y hybridation or fecundation by ! poll5 ( true :eat1 & t ! grass alleg$ to be trans=m$ into :eat c\ld n be p]petuat$ z su* f its own se$4 ,! v great modifications :i* cultivat$ plants are con/antly und]go+ "u our eyes1 & ! num]\s v>ieties & races :i* spr+ up among !m1 c]ta9ly c\nt5ance ! doctr9e1 t e dome/icat$ vegetable1 h[ev] dep5d5t ^u human c>e = gr[? & propagation 9 its pres5t =m1 may h be5 really d]iv$1 by a long succession ( *anges1 f "s wild plant n n[ mu* resembl+ x4 ,b x is1 9 e case1 a "q ( evid5ce4 ,! only satisfactory pro( t a giv5 wild plant is id5tical ) a giv5 g>d5 or field vegetable1 is ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 ! actual gr[+ ( ! "o f ! se$ ( ! o!r1 or ! conv]sion ( ! "o into ! o!r by transplantation & *ange ( conditions4 ,x is h>dly cont5d$ t any ( ! c]eals or o!r plants important z human alim5t1 or z objects ( agricultural indu/ry1 exi/ & propagate !mselves uncultivat$ 9 ! same =m & ) ! same prop]ties z :5 s[n & re>$ by human art4#eg ,9 fact1 ! cases are r>e :]e ! id5tity ( a wild ) a dome/icat$ plant is consid]$ by ! be/ au?orities z conclusively e/abli%$1 & we are w>rant$ 9 affirm+ ( b few ( ! latt]1 z a hi/orically kn[n or exp]im5tally prov$ fact1 t !y ev] did exi/1 or c\ld exi/1 indep5d5tly ( man4#eh ,organic ,life z a ,geological & ,geographical ,ag5cy4 ,! quantitative value ( organic life1 z a geological ag5cy1 seems to be inv]sely z ! volume ( ! individual organism2 = nature supplies by numb]s :at is want+ 9 ! bulk ( ! plant or animal out ( ^: rema9s or /ructures %e =ms /rata cov]+ :ole prov9ces1 & builds up f ! dep?s ( ! sea l>ge isl&s1 if n cont95ts4 ,!re are1 x is true1 ne> ! m\?s ( ! great ,sib]ian riv]s :i* empty !mselves into ! ,pol> ,sea1 drift isl&s compos$1 9 an incr$ibly l>ge proportion1 ( ! bones & tusks ( elephants1 ma/odons1 & o!r huge pa*yd]ms1 & _m ext5sive caves 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w are half fill$ ) ! skeletons ( quadrup$s1 sometimes ly+ loose 9 ! e>?1 sometimes cem5t$ toge!r into an osse\s breccia by a calc>e\s deposit or o!r b9d+ mat]ial4 ,^! rema9s ( l>ge animals1 ?\gh f\nd 9 comp>atively late =mations1 g5]ally belong to ext9ct species1 & _! mod]n cong5]s or repres5tatives d n exi/ 9 suffici5t numb]s to be ( s5sible importance 9 geology or 9 geography by ! m]e mass ( _! skeletons4#ei ,b ! vegetable products f\nd ) !m1 &1 9 r>e cases1 9 ! /oma*s ( "s ( !m1 are ^? ( yet extant plants2 & besides ?is evid5ce1 ! rec5t discov]y ( works ( human art1 deposit$ 9 juxtaposition ) fossil bones1 & evid5tly at ! same "t & by ! same ag5cy :i* buri$ ^! latt]--n to speak ( alleg$ human bones f\nd 9 ! same /rata--proves t ! animals ^: =m] exi/5ce !y te/ify 7 contemporane\s ) man1 & possibly ev5 extirpat$ by him4#fj ,i d n propose to ent] ^u ! ?orny "q1 :e!r ! exi/+ races ( man are g5ealogically connect$ ) ^! anci5t types ( humanity1 & ,i adv]t to ^! facts only = ! sake ( ! sugge/ion t man1 9 8 e>lie/ kn[n /ages ( exi/5ce1 0 probably a de/ructive p[] ^u ! e>?1 ?\gh p]haps n s emphatically z 8 pres5t repres5tatives4 ,! l>g] wild animals are n n[ num]\s en\gh 9 any "o region to =m ext5sive deposits by _! rema9s2 b !y h1 nev]!less1 a c]ta9 geographical importance4 ,if ! myriads ( l>ge br[s+ & graz+ quadrup$s :i* w&] ov] ! pla9s ( ,s\!rn ,africa--& ! slaught] ( :i* by ?\s&s is ! s\rce ( a f]oci\s pleasure & a brutal triumph to pr(ess$ly civiliz$ hunt]s--if ! h]ds ( ! ,am]ican bison1 :i* are numb]$ by hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 d n produce visible *anges 9 ! =ms ( t]re/rial surface1 !y h at lea/ an imm5se influ5ce on ! gr[? & di/ribution ( vegetable life1 &1 ( c\rse1 indirectly ^u all ! physical conditions ( soil & climate betwe5 :i* & vegetation a mutual int]dep5d5ce exi/s4 ,! influ5ce ( wild quadrup$s ^u vegetable life has be5 little /udi$1 & n _m facts be>+ ^u x h be5 record$1 b1 s f> z x is kn[n1 x appe>s to be cons]vative r ?an p]nici\s4#fa ,few if any ( !m dep5d = _! subsi/5ce on vegetable products obta9able only by ! de/ruction ( ! plant1 & !y seem to conf9e _! consumption almo/ exclusively to ! annual h>ve/ ( leaf or twig1 or at lea/ ( p>ts ( ! vegetable easily reproduc$4 ,if !re are exceptions to ?is rule1 !y are 9 cases :]e ! numb]s ( ! animal are s proportion$ to ! abundance ( ! vegetable1 t !re is no dang] ( ! ext]m9ation ( ! plant f ! voracity ( ! quadrup$1 or ( ! ext9ction ( ! quadrup$ f ! sc>city ( ! plant4 ,9 diet & natural wants ! bison resembles ! ox1 ! ibex & ! *amois assimilate !mselves to ! goat & ! %eep2 b :ile ! wild animal does n appe> to be a de/ructive ag5cy 9 ! g>d5 ( nature1 8 dome/ic cong5]s are em95tly s4 ,?is is p>tly f ! *ange ( habits result+ f dome/ication & association ) man1 p>tly f ! fact t ! numb] ( reclaim$ animals is n det]m9$ by ! natural relation ( dem& & spontane\s supply :i* regulates ! multiplication ( wild creatures1 b by ! conv5i5ce ( man1 :o is1 9 comp>atively few ?+s1 am5able to ! control ( ! m]ely physical arrangem5ts ( nature4 ,:5 ! dome/icat$ animal escapes f human jurisdiction1 z 9 ! case ( ! ox1 ! horse1 ! goat1 & p]haps ! ass--:i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 are ! only well-au!nticat$ in/ances ( ! complete emancipation ( h\sehold quadrup$s--he becomes aga9 an unresi/+ subject ( nature1 & all 8 economy is gov]n$ by ! same laws z t ( 8 fell[s :i* h nev] be5 enslav$ by man2 b1 s long z he obeys a human "l1 he is an auxili>y 9 ! w>f>e 8 ma/] is ev] wag+ aga9/ all exi/5ces except ^? :i* he c tame to a will+ s]vitude4 ,numb] ( ,quadrup$s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,civilization is s intimately associat$ )1 if n dep5d5t ^u1 c]ta9 inf]ior =ms ( animal life1 t cultivat$ man has nev] fail$ to accompany himself1 9 all 8 migrations1 ) "s ( ^! humble att5dants4 ,! ox1 ! horse1 ! %eep1 & ev5 ! comp>atively useless dog & cat1 z well z sev]al species ( p\ltry1 are volunt>ily transport$ by e emigrant colony1 & !y soon multiply to numb]s v f> exce$+ ^? ( ! wild g5]a mo/ ne>ly correspond+ to !m4#fb ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahfj1fc ! total numb] ( horses 9 all ! ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 01 9 r\nd numb]s1 #g1cjj1jjj2 ( asses & mules1 #a1cjj1jjj2 ( ! ox tribe1 #bi1jjj1jjj2fd ( %eep1 #be1jjj1jjj2 & ( sw9e1 #ci1jjj1jjj4 ,! only ,nor? ,am]ican quadrup$ suffici5tly greg>i\s 9 habits1 & suffici5tly multipli$ 9 numb]s1 to =m really l>ge h]ds1 is ! bison1 or1 z he is commonly call$ 9 ,am]ica1 ! buffalo2 & ?is animal is conf9$ to ! prairie region ( ! ,mississippi bas9 & ,nor!rn ,mexico4 ,! eng9e]s s5t out to survey railroad r\tes to ! ,pacific e/imat$ ! numb] ( a s+le h]d ( bisons se5 )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s on ! great pla9s ne> ! ,upp] ,miss\ri1 at n less ?an #bjj1jjj1 & yet ! range occupi$ by ?is animal is n[ v mu* small] 9 area ?an x 0 :5 ! :ites fir/ e/abli%$ !mselves on ! prairies4#fe ,b x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! ,am]ican buffalo is a migratory animal1 & t1 at ! season ( 8 annual j\rneys1 ! :ole /ock ( a va/ ext5t ( pa/ure gr\nd is collect$ into a s+le army1 :i* is se5 at or v ne> any "o po9t only = a few days dur+ ! entire season4 ,h5ce !re is risk ( great error 9 e/imat+ ! numb]s ( ! bison 9 a giv5 di/rict f ! magnitude ( ! h]ds se5 at or ab\t ! same "t at a s+le place ( obs]vation2 &1 ^u ! :ole1 x is nei!r prov$ nor probable t ! bison 0 ev]1 at any "o "t1 z num]\s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica z ! dome/ic bov9e species is at pres5t4 ,! elk1 ! moose1 ! musk ox1 ! c>ib\1 & ! small] quadrup$s popul>ly embrac$ "u ! g5]al "n ( de]1#ff ?\gh suffici5t = ! wants ( a sp>se savage population1 7 nev] num]ically v abundant1 & ! c>nivora :i* f$ ^u !m 7 /ill less s4 ,x is almo/ ne$less to add t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 %eep & goat mu/ always h be5 v r>e4 ,summ+ up ! :ole1 !n1 x is evid5t t ! wild quadrup$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ev5 :5 mo/ num]\s1 7 few comp>$ ) _! dome/ic successors1 t !y requir$ a mu* less supply ( vegetable food1 & consequ5tly 7 f> less important z geographical elem5ts ?an ! _m millions ( ho($ & horn$ cattle n[ f$ by civiliz$ man on ! same cont95t4 ,orig9 & ,transf] ( ,dome/ic ,quadrup$s4 ,( ! orig9 ( our dome/ic animals1 we "k hi/orically no?+1 because _! dome/ication belongs to ! ages :i* prec$$ writt5 hi/ory2 b ?\gh !y _c all be specifically id5tifi$ ) n[ extant wild animals1 x is presumable t !y h be5 reclaim$ f an orig9ally wild /ate4 ,anci5t annali/s h pres]v$ to u few] data respect+ ! introduction ( dome/ic animals into new c\ntries ?an respect+ ! transplantation ( dome/ic vegetables4 ,ritt]1 9 8 le>n$ essay on ! camel1 has %[n t ?is animal 0 n employ$ by ! ,egyptians until a comp>atively late p]iod 9 _! hi/ory2 t he 0 unkn[n to ! ,c>?ag9ians until aft] ! d[nfall ( _! commonweal?2 & t 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ,we/]n ,africa is m rec5t /ill4 ,! ,bactrian camel 0 c]ta9ly br\ght f ,asia ,m9or to ! ,nor!rn %ores ( ! ,black ,sea1 by ! ,go?s1 9 ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury4#fg ,! ,arabian s+le-hump$ camel1 or drom$>y1 has be5 c>ri$ to ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 p>tially introduc$ into ,au/ralia1 ,greece1 ,spa91 & ev5 ,tuscany1 exp]im5t$ ^u to little purpose 9 ,v5ezuela1 & f9ally import$ by ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t into ,texas & ,new ,mexico1 :]e x f9ds ! climate & ! vegetable products be/ suit$ to its wants1 & promises to become a v useful ag5t 9 ! promotion ( ! special civilization = :i* ^? regions are adapt$4 ,am]ica _h no dome/ic quadrup$ b a species ( dog1 ! lama tribe1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! bison or buffalo4#fh ,( c\rse1 x owes ! horse1 ! ass1 ! ox1 ! %eep1 ! goat1 & ! sw9e1 z does also ,au/ralia1 to ,european colonization4 ,mod]n ,europe has1 ?us f>1 n accompli%$ mu* 9 ! way ( importation ( new animals1 ?\gh "s int]e/+ essays h be5 made4 ,! re9de] 0 successfully introduc$ into ,icel& ab\t a c5tury ago1 :ile simil> attempts fail$1 ab\t ! same "t1 9 ,scotl&4 ,! ,ca%m]e or ,?ibet goat 0 br\ght to ,france a g5]ation s9ce1 & succe$s well4 ,! same or an alli$ species & ! ,asiatic buffalo 7 c>ri$ to ,s\? ,c>ol9a ab\t ! ye> #ahej1 & ! =m]1 at lea/1 is ?\ght likely to prove ( p]man5t value 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! yak1 or ,t>t>y ox1 seems to ?rive 9 ,france1 & success has att5d$ ! rec5t ef=ts to introduce ! ,s\? ,am]ican alpaca into ,europe4 ,extirpation ( ,quadrup$s4 ,al?\gh man nev] fails greatly to dim9i%1 & is p]haps de/9$ ultimately to ext]m9ate1 su* ( ! l>g] wild quadrup$s z he _c pr(itably dome/icate1 yet _! numb]s (t5 fluctuate1 & ev5 aft] !y seem almo/ ext9ct1 !y sometimes sudd5ly increase1 )\t any int5tional /eps to promote su* a result on 8 "p4 ,dur+ ! w>s :i* foll[$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! wolf multipli$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 p>tly because ! hunt]s 7 )drawn f ! woods to *ase a nobl] game1 & p>tly because ! bodies ( sla9 m5 & horses suppli$ ?is voraci\s quadrup$ ) m abundant food4 ,! same animal became aga9 m num]\s 9 ,pol& aft] ! g5]al dis>m+ ( ! rural population by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! hunt]s pursue ! wolf1 ! gram9ivor\s wild quadrup$s increase1 & ?us 9 turn promote ! multiplication ( _! great f\r-foot$ de/roy] by augm5t+ ! supply ( 8 n\ri%m5t4 ,s long z ! fur ( ! beav] 0 ext5sively employ$ z a mat]ial = f9e hats1 x bore a v high price1 & ! *ase ( ?is quadrup$ 0 s ke5 t naturali/s fe>$ its spe$y ext9ction4 ,:5 a ,p>isian manufactur] inv5t$ ! silk hat1 :i* soon came into almo/ univ]sal use1 ! dem& = beav]s' fur fell (f1 & ?is animal--^: habits1 z we h se51 are an important ag5cy 9 ! =mation ( bogs & o!r modifications ( =e/ nature--imm$iately began to increase1 reappe>$ 9 haunts :i* he _h long ab&on$1 & c no long] be reg>d$ z r>e en\gh to be 9 imm$iate dang] ( extirpation4 ,?us ! conv5i5ce or ! caprice ( ,p>isian fa%ion has unconsci\sly ex]cis$ an influ5ce :i* may s5sibly affect ! physical geography ( a di/ant cont95t4 ,s9ce ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 "s quadrup$s h completely disappe>$ f _m ,european & ,asiatic c\ntries :]e !y 7 =m]ly num]\s4 ,! la/ wolf 0 kill$ 9 ,great ,brita9 two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ! be> 0 extirpat$ f t isl& /ill e>li]4 ,! ,briti% wild ox exi/s only 9 a few ,engli% & ,scotti% p>ks1 :ile 9 ,iri% bogs1 ( no great app>5t antiquity1 are f\nd antl]s :i* te/ify to ! =m] exi/5ce ( a /ag mu* l>g] ?an any extant ,european species4 ,! lion is believ$ to h inhabit$ ,asia ,m9or & ,syria1 & probably ,greece & ,sicily also1 long aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! hi/orical p]iod1 & he is ev5 said to h be5 n yet ext9ct 9 ! fir/-nam$ two ( ^! c\ntries at ! "t ( ! fir/ ,crusades4#fi ,two l>ge gram9ivor\s or br[s+ quadrup$s1 ! ur & ! s*elk1 once common 9 ,g]many1 are utt]ly ext9ct1 ! el& & ! au]o*s ne>ly s4 ,! ,nibelung5-,li$1 :i*1 9 ! olde/ =m pres]v$ to u1 dates f ab\t ! ye> #a1bjj1 ?\gh its orig9al composition no d\bt belongs to an e>li] p]iod1 ?us s+s3 ,!n sl[e ! d[ghtie ,sigfrid a wis5t & an elk1 ,he smote f\r /\te urox5 & a grim & /urdie s*elk4#gj ,mod]n naturali/s id5tify ! elk ) ! el&1 ! wis5t ) ! au]o*s4 ,! p]iod :5 ! ur & ! s*elk became ext9ct is n kn[n4 ,! au]o*s surviv$ 9 ,prussia until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 b unless x is id5tical ) a simil> quadrup$ said to be f\nd on ! ,caucasus1 x n[ exi/s only 9 ! ,russian imp]ial =e/ ( ,bial[itz1 :]e ab\t a ?\s& are /ill pres]v$1 & 9 "s great m5ag]ies1 z = example t at ,s*o5brunn1 ne> ,vi5na1 :i*1 9 #aheb1 _h f\r specim5s4 ,! el&1 :i* is closely alli$ to ! ,am]ican wapiti1 if n specifically ! same animal1 is /ill kept 9 ! royal pres]ves ( ,prussia1 to ! numb] ( f\r or five hundr$ individuals4 ,! *amois is becom+ r>e1 & ! ibex or /e9bock1 once common 9 all ! high ,alps1 is n[ believ$ to be conf9$ to ! ,cogne m\nta9s 9 ,pi$mont1 betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,dora ,baltea & ! ,orco4 ,numb] ( ,birds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! tame f[ls play a mu* less conspicu\s "p 9 rural life ?an ! quadrup$s1 &1 9 _! relations to ! economy ( nature1 !y are ( v mu* less mom5t ?an f\r-foot$ animals1 or ?an ! undome/icat$ birds4 ,! dome/ic turkey#ga is probably m num]\s 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an ! wild bird ( ! same species ev] 01 & ! gr\se _c1 at ! p]iod ( _! greate/ abundance1 h c\nt$ z _m z we n[ numb] ( ! common h54 ,! dove1 h[ev]1 mu/ fall greatly %ort ( ! wild pigeon 9 multitude1 & x is h>dly probable t ! flocks ( dome/ic geese & ducks are z num]\s z once 7 ^? ( _! wild cong5]s4 ,! pigeon1 inde$1 seems to h multipli$ imm5sely1 = "s ye>s aft] ! fir/ cle>+s 9 ! woods1 because ! settl]s w>r$ unsp>+ly ^u ! hawk1 :ile ! crops ( gra9 & o!r vegetable gr[?s increas$ ! supply ( food )9 ! rea* ( ! "y birds1 at ! age :5 _! p[] ( flight is n yet great en\gh to enable !m to seek x ov] a wide area4#gb ,! pigeon is n describ$ by ! e>lie/ :ite inhabitants ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates z fill+ ! air ) su* cl\ds ( w+$ life z a/oni% naturali/s 9 ! descriptions ( ,audubon1 &1 at ! pres5t day1 ! net & ! gun h s r$uc$ its abundance1 t its appe>ance 9 l>ge numb]s is record$ only at long int]vals1 & x is nev] se5 9 ! great flocks rememb]$ by _m /ill liv+ obs]v]s z =m]ly v common4 ,birds z ,s[]s & ,consum]s ( ,se$s1 & z ,de/roy]s ( ,insects4 ,wild birds =m ( !mselves a v conspicu\s & int]e/+ feature 9 ! /affage1 z pa9t]s call x1 ( ! natural l&scape1 & !y are important elem5ts 9 ! view we are tak+ ( geography1 :e!r we consid] _! imm$iate or _! incid5tal influ5ce4 ,birds affect vegetation directly by s[+ se$s & by consum+ !m2 !y affect x indirectly by de/roy+ insects injuri\s1 or1 9 "s cases1 b5eficial to vegetable life4 ,h5ce1 :5 we kill a se$-s[+ bird1 we *eck ! dissem9ation ( a plant2 :5 we kill a bird :i* dige/s ! se$ x swall[s1 we promote ! increase ( a vegetable4 ,nature protects ! se$s ( wild1 mu* m effectually ?an ^? ( dome/icat$ plants4 ,! c]eal gra9s are completely dige/$ :5 consum$ by birds1 b ! g]m ( ! small] /one fruits & ( v _m o!r wild vegetables is un9jur$1 p]haps ev5 /imulat$ to m vigor\s gr[?1 by ! natural *emi/ry ( ! bird's /oma*4 ,! p[] ( flight & ! re/less habits ( ! bird enable x to transport heavy se$s to f> great] di/ances ?an !y c\ld be c>ri$ by ! w9d4 ,a swift-w+$ bird may drop *]ry /ones a ?\s& miles f ! tree !y gr[ on2 a hawk1 9 te>+ a pigeon1 may scatt] f its crop ! /ill fre% rice x _h swall[$ at a di/ance ( t5 degrees ( latitude1#gc & ?us ! occurr5ce ( isolat$ plants 9 situations :]e _! pres5ce _c o!rwise well be expla9$1 is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,!re is a l>ge class ( se$s app>5tly specially fitt$ by nature = dissem9ation by animals4 ,i ref] to ^? :i* atta* !mselves1 by means ( hooks1 or by visc\s juices1 to ! coats ( quadrup$s & ! fea!rs ( birds1 & are ?us transport$ :]ev] _! liv+ vehicles may *ance to w&]4 ,"s birds1 too1 delib]ately bury se$s1 n inde$ ) a =esight aim+ directly at ! propagation ( ! plant1 b f app>5tly purposeless secretiv5ess1 or z a mode ( pres]v+ food = future use4 ,an un=tunate popul> error greatly magnifies ! injury done to ! crops ( gra9 & legum9\s vegetables by wild birds4 ,v _m ( ^? g5]ally suppos$ to consume l>ge quantities ( ! se$s ( cultivat$ plants really fe$ almo/ exclusively ^u insects1 & frequ5t ! :eatfields1 n = ! sake ( ! gra91 b = ! eggs1 l>vae1 & fly ( ! multipli$ tribes ( insect life :i* are s de/ructive to ! h>ve/s4 ,?is fact has be5 s well e/abli%$ by ! exam9ation ( ! /oma*s ( great numb]s ( birds 9 ,europe & ,new ,engl&1 at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 t x is no long] op5 to d\bt1 & x appe>s highly probable t ev5 ! species :i* consume m or less gra9 g5]ally make am5ds1 by de/roy+ insects ^: ravages w\ld h be5 /ill m injuri\s4#gd ,on ?is subject1 we h mu* o!r evid5ce besides t d]iv$ f dissection4 ,direct obs]vation has %[n1 9 _m in/ances1 t ! de/ruction ( wild birds has be5 foll[$ by a great multiplication ( noxi\s insects1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ^! latt] h be5 mu* r$uc$ 9 numb]s by ! protection & increase ( ! birds t dev\r !m4 ,_m int]e/+ facts ( ?is nature h be5 collect$ by pr(ess$ naturali/s1 b ,i %all cont5t myself ) a few tak5 f famili> & g5]ally accessible s\rces4 ,! foll[+ extract is f ,mi*elet1 ,l',oiseau pp4 #afi1 #agj3 ,! /+y f>m]--an epi!t ju/ly & feel+ly be/[$ by ,virgil4 ,av>ici\s1 bl9d1 inde$1 :o proscribes ! birds--^? de/roy]s ( insects1 ^? def5d]s ( 8 h>ve/s4 ,n a gra9 = ! creature :i*1 dur+ ! ra9s ( w9t]1 hunts ! future insect1 f9ds out ! ne/s ( ! l>vae1 exam9es1 turns ov] e leaf1 & de/roys1 e day1 ?\s&s ( incipi5t cat]pill>s4 ,b sacks ( corn = ! mature insect1 :ole fields = ! gras%opp]s1 :i* ! bird w\ld h made w> ^u4 ,) eyes fix$ ^u 8 furr[1 ^u ! pres5t mom5t only1 )\t see+ & )\t =esee+1 bl9d to ! great h>mony :i* is nev] brok5 ) impunity1 he has ev]y:]e dem&$ or approv$ laws = ! ext]m9ation ( t necess>y ally ( 8 toil--! insectivor\s bird4 ,& ! insect has well av5g$ ! bird4 ,x has become necess>y to revoke 9 ha/e ! proscription4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 = in/ance1 a price 0 set on ! head ( ! m>t92 x disappe>$1 & ! gras%opp]s took possession ( ! isl&1 dev\r+1 )]+1 scor*+ ) a bit+ dr\ght all t !y did n consume4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica x has be5 ! same ) ! />l+1 ! protector ( ,indian corn4#ge ,ev5 ! sp>r[1 :i* really does attack gra91 b :i* protects x /ill m1 ! pilf]]1 ! outlaw1 load$ ) abuse & smitt5 ) curses--x has be5 f\nd 9 ,hung>y t !y 7 likely to p]i% )\t him1 t he alone c\ld su/a9 ! mighty w> aga9/ ! beetles & ! ?\s& w+$ enemies t sw>m 9 ! l[l&s2 !y h revok$ ! decree ( bani%m5t1 recall$ 9 ha/e ?is valiant militia1 :i*1 ?\gh defici5t 9 discipl9e1 is nev]!less ! salvation ( ! c\ntry4#gf ,n long s9ce1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,r\5 & 9 ! valley ( ,monville1 ! blackbird 0 = "s "t proscrib$4 ,! beetles pr(it$ well by ?is proscription2 _! l>vae1 inf9itely multipli$1 c>ri$ on _! subt]ranean labors ) su* success1 t a mead[ 0 %[n me1 ! surface ( :i* 0 completely dri$ up1 e h]bace\s root 0 consum$1 & ! :ole grassy mantle1 easily loos5$1 might h be5 roll$ up & c>ri$ away l a c>pet4 ,dim9ution & ,extirpation ( ,birds4 ,! g5]al ho/ility ( ! ,european populace to ! small] birds is1 9 "p1 ! remote effect ( ! reaction creat$ by ! game laws4 ,:5 ! re/rictions impos$ ^u ! *ase by ^? laws 7 sudd5ly remov$ 9 ,france1 ! :ole p at once comm5c$ a de/ructive campaign aga9/ e species ( wild animal4 ,ar?ur ,"y1 writ+ 9 ,prov5ce1 on ! #cj? ( ,augu/1 #aghi1 soon aft] ! ,national ,assembly _h decl>$ ! *ase free1 ?us compla9s ( ! annoyance he exp]i5c$ f ! use made by ! peasantry ( _! newly won lib]ty4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t e ru/y firelock 9 all ,prov5ce 0 at "w 9 ! indiscrim9ate de/ruction ( all ! birds4 ,! wadd+ buzz$ by my e>s1 or fell into my c>riage1 five or six times 9 ! c\rse ( ! day4 99 99 ,! decl>ation ( ! ,assembly t e man is free to hunt on 8 own l& 99 99 has fill$ all ,france ) an intol]able cl\d ( sportsm54 99 99 ,! decl>ation speaks ( comp5sations & indemnities to ! seigneurs1 b ! ungov]nable populace takes advantage ( ! abolition ( ! game laws & laughs at ! obligation impos$ by ! decree4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution remov$ simil> re/rictions1 ) simil> results1 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! habits !n =m$ h become h]$it>y on ! ,cont95t1 & ?\gh game laws /ill exi/ 9 ,engl&1 !re is little d\bt t ! bl9d prejudices ( ! ignorant & half-educat$ classes 9 t c\ntry aga9/ birds are1 9 "s degree1 at lea/1 due to a legislation1 :i*1 by re/rict+ ! *ase ( all game wor? kill+1 drives ! unprivileg$ sportsman to indemnify himself by slaught]+ all wild life :i* is n res]v$ = ! amusem5t ( 8 bett]s4 ,h5ce ! "l ( ! manor buys 8 p>tridges & 8 h>es by sacrific+ ! bread ( 8 t5ants1 & s long z ! f>m]s ( ,crawley are =bidd5 to foll[ high] game1 !y w suicidally rev5ge !mselves by de/roy+ ! sp>r[s :i* protect _! :eatfields4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 & especially 9 ,italy1 ! comp>ative sc>city & de>ness ( animal food comb9e ) ! feel+ ,i h j m5tion$ to /imulate /ill fur!r ! de/ructive passions ( ! f[l]4 ,9 ! ,tuscan prov9ce ( ,grosseto1 conta9+ less ?an #b1jjj squ>e miles1 ne>ly #cjj1jjj ?ru%es & o!r small birds are annually br\ght to m>ket4#gg ,birds are less h>dy 9 con/itution1 !y possess less facility ( accommodation1#gh & !y are m sev]ely affect$ by climatic excess ?an quadrup$s4 ,besides1 !y g5]ally want ! means ( %elt] aga9/ ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r & aga9/ pursuit by _! enemies1 :i* holes & d5s af=d to burr[+ animals & to "s l>g] bea/s ( prey4 ,! egg is expos$ to _m dang]s be=e hat*+1 & ! "y bird is especially t5d]1 def5celess1 & helpless4 ,e cold ra91 e viol5t w9d1 e hail/orm dur+ ! bre$+ season1 de/roys hundr$s ( ne/l+s1 & ! p>5t (t5 p]i%es ) h] prog5y :ile brood+ ov] x 9 ! va9 ef=t to protect x4#gi ,! great proportional numb]s ( birds1 _! migratory habits1 & ! ease ) :i* !y may escape mo/ dang]s t beset !m1 w\ld seem to secure !m f extirpation1 & ev5 f v great num]ical r$uction4 ,b exp]i5ce %[s t :5 n protect$ by law1 by popul> favor or sup]/ition1 or by o!r special circum/ances1 !y yield v readily to ! ho/ile influ5ces ( civilization1 &1 ?\gh ! fir/ op]ations ( ! settl] are favorable to ! increase ( _m species1 ! great ext5sion ( rural & ( me*anical indu/ry is1 9 a v>iety ( ways1 de/ructive ev5 to tribes n directly w>r$ ^u by man4#hj ,nature sets b\nds to ! disproportionate increase ( birds1 :ile at ! same "t1 by ! multitude ( _! res\rces1 %e secures !m f ext9ction ?r\gh h] own spontane\s ag5cies4 ,man bo? preys ^u !m & wantonly de/roys !m4 ,! delici\s flavor ( game birds1 & ! skill impli$ 9 ! v>i\s arts ( ! sportsman :o devotes himself to f[l+1 make !m favorite objects ( ! *ase1 :ile ! beauty ( _! plumage1 z a milit>y & fem99e decoration1 ?reat5s to involve ! sacrifice ( ! la/ survivor ( _m once num]\s species4 ,?us f>1 b few birds describ$ by anci5t or mod]n naturali/s are kn[n to h become absolutely ext9ct1 ?\gh !re are "s cases 9 :i* !y are asc]ta9$ to h utt]ly disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>? 9 v rec5t times4 ,! mo/ famili> in/ances are ^? ( ! dodo1 a l>ge bird peculi> to ! ,mauritius or ,isle ( ,france1 ext]m9at$ ab\t ! ye> #afij1 & n[ kn[n only by two or ?ree fragm5ts ( skeletons1 & ! solit>y1 :i* inhabit$ ! isl&s ( ,b\rbon & ,rodriguez1 b has n be5 se5 = m ?an a c5tury4 ,a p>rot & "s o!r birds ( ! ,norfolk ,isl& gr\p are said to h lately become ext9ct4 ,! w+less auk1 ,alca imp5nis1 a bird rem>kable = its excessive fatness1 0 v abundant two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 & on ! :ole ,sc&9avian seabo>d4 ,! e>ly voyag]s f\nd ei!r ! same or a closely alli$ species1 9 imm5se numb]s1 on all ! coa/s & isl&s ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! value ( its fle% & its oil made x "o ( ! mo/ important res\rces ( ! inhabitants ( ^? /]ile regions1 & x 0 naturally an object ( ke5 pursuit4 ,x is suppos$ to be n[ completely ext9ct1 & few museums c %[ ev5 its skeleton4 ,!re seems to be /rong reason to believe t our boa/$ mod]n civilization is guiltless ( "o or two s9s ( ext]m9ation :i* h be5 committ$ 9 rec5t ages4 ,new ,zeal& =m]ly possess$ ?ree species ( d9ornis1 "o ( :i*1 call$ moa by ! isl&]s1 0 mu* l>g] ?an ! o/ri*4 ,! condition 9 :i* ! bones ( ^! birds h be5 f\nd & ! traditions ( ! natives concur to prove t1 ?\gh ! aborig9es _h probably extirpat$ !m be=e ! discov]y ( ,new ,zeal& by ! :ites1 !y /ill exi/$ at a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,! same rem>ks apply to a w+$ giant ! eggs ( :i* h be5 br\ght f ,madagasc>4 ,?is bird mu/ h mu* exce$$ ! dim5sions ( ! moa1 at lea/ s f> z we c judge f ! egg1 :i* is eight times z l>ge z ! av]age size ( ! o/ri* egg1 or ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty times t ( ! h54 ,b ?\gh we h no evid5ce t man has ext]m9at$ _m species ( birds1 we "k t 8 p]secutions h caus$ _! disappe>ance f _m localities :]e !y once 7 common1 & greatly dim9i%$ _! numb]s 9 o!rs4 ,! capp]cailzie1 ,tetrao urogallus1 ! f9e/ ( ! gr\se family1 =m]ly abundant 9 ,scotl&1 _h become ext9ct 9 ,great ,brita91 b has be5 re9troduc$ f ,sw$54#ha ,! o/ri* is m5tion$ by all ! old travell]s1 z common on ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez d[n to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x appe>s to h frequ5t$ ,syria & ev5 ,asia ,m9or at e>li] p]iods1 b is n[ f\nd only 9 ! seclusion ( remot] des]ts4 ,! mod]n increas$ facilities ( transportation h br\ght di/ant m>kets )9 rea* ( ! pr(essional hunt]1 & !reby giv5 a new impulse to 8 de/ructive prop5sities4 ,n only d all ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& contribute to ! supply ( game = ! ,briti% capital1 b ! canvas-back duck ( ! ,potomac1 & ev5 ! prairie h5 f ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi1 may be f\nd at ! /alls ( ! ,london p\lt]]4 ,kohl#hb in=ms u t on ! coa/s ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 tw5ty ?\s& wild ducks are usually tak5 9 ! c\rse ( ! season 9 a s+le decoy1 & s5t to ! l>ge m>itime t[ns = sale4 ,! /ati/ics ( ! great ,european cities %[ a prodigi\s consumption ( game birds1 b ! (ficial returns fall f> bel[ ! tru?1 because !y d n include ! rural di/ricts1 & because nei!r ! poa*] nor 8 cu/om]s report ! numb] ( 8 victims4 ,reproduction1 9 cultivat$ c\ntries1 _c keep pace ) ?is excessive de/ruction1 & !re is no d\bt t all ! wild birds :i* are *as$ = _! fle% or _! plumage are dim9i%+ ) a rapidity :i* ju/ifies ! fe> t ! la/ ( !m w soon foll[ ! dodo & ! w+less auk4 ,=tunately ! l>g] birds :i* are pursu$ = _! fle% or = _! fea!rs1 & ^? ! eggs ( :i* are us$ z food1 are1 s f> z we "k ! functions appo9t$ to !m by nature1 n o!rwise specially useful to man1 &1 !re=e1 _! :olesale de/ruction is an economical evil only 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* all wa/e ( productive capital is an evil4 ,if x 7 possible to conf9e ! consumption ( game f[l to a numb] equal to ! annual increase1 ! _w w\ld be a ga9]1 b n to ! same ext5t z x w\ld be by *eck+ ! wanton sacrifice ( millions ( ! small] birds1 :i* are ( no real value z food1 b :i*1 z we h se51 r5d] a mo/ important s]vice by battl+1 9 our behalf1 z well z 9 _! own1 aga9/ ! c\ntless legions ( humm+ & ( creep+ ?+s1 ) :i* ! prolific p[]s ( insect life w\ld o!rwise cov] ! e>?4 ,introduction ( ,birds4 ,man has undesign$ly introduc$ into new di/ricts p]haps few] species ( birds ?an ( quadrup$s2 b ! di/ribution ( birds is v mu* influ5c$ by ! "* ( 8 indu/ry1 & ! transplantation ( e object ( agricultural production is1 at a long] or %ort] int]val1 foll[$ by t ( ! birds :i* fe$ ^u its se$s1 or m frequ5tly ^u ! insects x h>bors4 ,! vulture1 ! cr[1 & o!r w+$ scav5g]s1 foll[ ! m>* ( armies z regul>ly z ! wolf4 ,birds accompany %ips on long voyages1 = ! sake ( ! (fal :i* is ?r[n ov]bo>d1 &1 9 su* cases1 x might (t5 happ5 t !y w\ld bre$ & become naturaliz$ 9 c\ntries :]e !y _h be5 unkn[n be=e4#hc ,!re is a famili> /ory ( an ,engli% bird :i* built its ne/ 9 an unus$ block 9 ! rigg+ ( a %ip1 & made "o or two %ort voyages ) ! vessel :ile hat*+ its eggs4 ,_h ! "y become fl$g$ :ile ly+ 9 a =eign h>bor1 !y w\ld ( c\rse h claim$ ! rights ( citiz5%ip 9 ! c\ntry :]e !y fir/ took to ! w+4#hd ,"s en?usia/ic entomologi/ w1 p]haps1 by & by discov] t insects & worms are z ess5tial z ! l>g] organisms to ! prop] work+ ( ! great t]raque\s ma*9e1 & we %all h z eloqu5t pleas 9 def5ce ( ! mosquito1 & p]haps ev5 ( ! tzetze fly1 z ,t\ss5el & ,mi*elet h fram$ 9 behalf ( ! bird4#he ,! silkworm & ! bee ne$ no apologi/2 a gallnut produc$ by ! puncture ( an insect on a ,syrian oak is a necess>y +r$i5t 9 ! ink ,i am writ+ )1 & f my w9d[s ,i recognize ! gra9 ( ! k]mes & ! co*9eal 9 ! gay habilim5ts ( ! holiday gr\ps b5ea? !m4 ,b agriculture1 too1 is indebt$ to ! insect & ! worm4 ,! anci5ts1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 7 accu/om$ to hang bran*es ( ! wild fig ^u ! dome/ic tree1 9 ord] t ! insects :i* frequ5t$ ! =m] might ha/5 ! rip5+ ( ! cultivat$ fig by _! punctures--or1 z o!rs suppose1 might fructify x by transport+ to x ! poll5 ( ! wild fruit--& ?is process1 call$ caprification1 is n yet entirely obsolete4 ,! e>?worms long ago made good _! title to ! respect & gratitude ( ! f>m] z well z ( ! angl]4 ,! utility ( ! e>?worms has be5 po9t$ out 9 _m sci5tific z well z 9 _m agricultural treatises4 ,! foll[+ extract1 cut f a newspap]1 w answ] my pres5t purpose3 ,mr4 ,josiah ,p>kes1 ! consult+ eng9e] ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 says t worms are great assi/ants to ! dra9]1 & valuable aids to ! f>m] 9 keep+ up ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,he says !y love moi/1 b n wet soils2 !y w bore d[n to1 b n into wat]2 !y multiply rapidly on l& aft] dra9age1 & pref] a deeply dri$ soil4 ,on exam9+ ) ,mr4 ,?omas ,hammond1 ( ,p5hur/1 ,k5t1 "p ( a field :i* he _h deeply dra9$1 aft] long-previ\s %all[ dra9age1 he f\nd t ! worms _h greatly increas$ 9 numb]1 & t _! bores desc5d$ q to ! level ( ! pipes4 ,_m worm bores 7 l>ge en\gh to receive ! little f+]4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,h&ley _h in=m$ him ( a piece ( l& ne> ! sea 9 ,l9coln%ire1 ov] :i* ! sea _h brok5 & kill$ all ! worms--! field rema9$ /]ile until ! worms aga9 inhabit$ x4 ,he also %[$ him a piece ( pa/ure l& ne> to 8 h\se1 9 :i* worms 7 9 su* numb]s t he ?\ght _! ca/s int]f]$ too mu* ) its produce1 :i* induc$ him to h x roll$ at night 9 ord] to de/roy ! worms4 ,! result 01 t ! f]tility ( ! field greatly decl9$1 nor 0 x re/or$ until !y _h recruit$ _! numb]s1 :i* 0 aid$ by collect+ & transport+ multitudes ( worms f ! fields4 ,! great dep? into :i* worms w bore1 & f :i* !y pu% up f9e f]tile soil1 & ca/ x on ! surface1 has be5 admirably trac$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,d>w91 ( ,d[n1 ,k5t1 :o has %[n t 9 a few ye>s !y h actually elevat$ ! surface ( fields by a l>ge lay] ( ri* m\ld1 sev]al in*es ?ick--?us af=d+ n\ri%m5t to ! roots ( grasses1 & increas+ ! productiv5ess ( ! soil4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! writ] quot$1 & o!rs :o h discuss$ ! subject1 h ov]look$ "o v important elem5t 9 ! f]tilization produc$ by e>?worms4 ,i ref] to ! enri*m5t ( ! soil by _! excreta dur+ life1 & by ! decomposition ( _! rema9s :5 !y die4 ,! manure ?us furni%$ is z valuable z ! l am\nt ( simil> animal products d]iv$ f high] organisms1 & :5 we consid] ! prodigi\s numb]s ( ^! worms f\nd on a s+le squ>e y>d ( "s soils1 we may easily see t !y furni% no insignificant contribution to ! nutritive mat]ial requir$ = ! gr[? ( plants4#hf ,! p]=ations ( ! e>?worm me*anically affect ! texture ( ! soil & its p]meability by wat]1 & !y !re=e h a c]ta9 influ5ce on ! =m & "* ( surface4 ,b ! geographical importance ( insects prop]1 z well z ( worms1 dep5ds pr9cipally on _! connection ) vegetable life z ag5ts ( its fecundation1 & ( its de/ruction4#hg ,i am acqua9t$ ) no s+le fact s /rik+ly illu/rative ( ?is importance1 z ! foll[+ /atem5t :i* ,i take f a notice ( ,d>w9's volume1 ,on ,v>i\s ,contrivances by :i* ,briti% & ,=eign ,or*ids are ,f]tiliz$ by ,insects1 9 ! ,saturday ,review1 ( ,octob] #ah1 #ahfb3 ,! net result is1 t "s six ?\s& species ( or*ids are absolutely dep5d5t ^u ! ag5cy ( insects = _! f]tilization4 ,t is to say1 7 ^? plants unvisit$ by insects1 !y w\ld all rapidly disappe>4 ,:at is true ( ! or*ids is m or less true ( _m o!r vegetable families4 ,we d n "k ! limits ( ?is ag5cy1 & _m ( ! insects habitually reg>d$ z unqualifi$ pe/s1 may directly or indirectly p]=m functions z important to ! mo/ valuable plants z ! s]vices r5d]$ by c]ta9 tribes to ! or*ids4 ,i say directly or indirectly1 because1 besides ! o!r arrangem5ts ( nature = *eck+ ! undue multiplication ( p>ticul> species1 %e has e/abli%$ a police among insects !mselves1 by :i* "s ( !m keep d[n or promote ! increase ( o!rs2 = !re are insects1 z well z birds & bea/s1 ( prey4 ,! exi/5ce ( an insect :i* f]tilizes a useful vegetable may dep5d on t ( ano!r1 :i* con/itutes 8 food 9 "s /age ( 8 life1 & ?is o!r aga9 may be z injuri\s to "s plant z 8 de/roy] is b5eficial to ano!r4 ,! equation ( animal & vegetable life is too complicat$ a problem = human intellig5ce to solve1 & we c nev] "k h[ wide a circle ( di/urbance we produce 9 ! h>monies ( nature :5 we ?r[ ! smalle/ pebble into ! ocean ( organic life4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 we seem au?oriz$ to conclude3 z (t5 z we de/roy ! balance by d]ang+ ! orig9al proportions betwe5 diff]5t ord]s ( spontane\s life1 ! law ( self-pres]vation requires u to re/ore ! equilibrium1 by ei!r directly return+ ! weight ab/ract$ f "o scale1 or remov+ a correspond+ quantity f ! o!r4 ,9 o!r words1 de/ruction mu/ be ei!r repair$ by reproduction1 or comp5sat$ by new de/ruction 9 an opposite qu>t]4 ,! p>lor aqu>ium has taught ev5 ^? to :om x is b an amus+ toy1 t ! balance ( animal & vegetable life mu/ be pres]v$1 & t ! excess ( ei!r is fatal to ! o!r1 9 ! artificial tank z well z 9 natural wat]s4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ! wat] ( ! ,co*ituate aqu$uct at ,bo/on became s (f5sive 9 smell & ta/e z to be q unfit = use4 ,sci5tific inve/igation f\nd ! cause 9 ! too scrupul\s c>e ) :i* aquatic vegetation _h be5 exclud$ f ! res]voir1 & ! consequ5t dea? & decay ( ! animalculae :i* c\ld n be %ut out1 nor live 9 ! wat] )\t ! vegetable elem5t4#hh ,introduction ( ,insects4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( man's encroa*m5ts ^u spontane\s nature has be5 to increase insect life at ! exp5se ( vegetation & ( ! small] quadrup$s & birds4 ,d\btless !re are insects 9 all woods1 b 9 temp]ate climates !y are comp>atively few & h>mless1 & ! mo/ num]\s tribes :i* bre$ 9 ! =e/1 or r 9 its wat]s1 & inde$ 9 all solitudes1 are ^? :i* little injure vegetation1 su* z mosquitoes1 gnats1 & ! l4 ,) ! cultivat$ plants ( man come ! myriad tribes :i* fe$ or bre$ ^u !m1 & agriculture n only introduces new species1 b s multiplies ! numb] ( individuals z to defy calculation4 ,newly introduc$ vegetables frequ5tly escape = ye>s ! insect plagues :i* _h infe/$ !m 9 _! native habitat2 b ! importation ( o!r v>ieties ( ! plant1 ! ex*ange ( se$1 or "s m]e accid5t1 is sure 9 ! long run to c>ry ! egg1 ! l>va1 or ! *rysalis to ! mo/ di/ant %ores :]e ! plant assign$ to x by nature z its possession has prec$$ x4 ,= _m ye>s aft] ! colonization ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 few or none ( ! insects :i* attack :eat 9 its diff]5t /ages ( gr[?1 7 kn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,dur+ ! ,revolution>y w>1 ! ,hessian fly1 ,cecidomyia de/ructor1 made its appe>ance1 & x 0 s call$ because x 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! ye> :5 ! ,hessian troops 7 br\ght ov]1 & 0 popul>ly suppos$ to h be5 accid5tally import$ by ^? unwelcome /rang]s4 ,o!r de/roy]s ( c]eal gra9s h s9ce f\nd _! way across ! ,atlantic1 & a noxi\s ,european aphis has fir/ attack$ ! ,am]ican :eatfields )9 ! la/ f\r or five ye>s4 ,unhappily1 9 ^! cases ( migration1 ! natural corrective ( excessive multiplication1 ! p>asitic or voraci\s enemy ( ! noxi\s insect1 does n always accompany ! w&]+s ( its prey1 & ! bane long prec$es ! antidote4 ,h5ce1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ravages ( import$ insects injuri\s to cultivat$ crops1 n be+ *eck$ by ! c\nt]act+ influ5ces :i* nature _h provid$ to limit _! deva/ations 9 ! ,old ,_w1 are mu* m de/ructive ?an 9 ,europe4 ,x is n kn[n t ! :eat midge is prey$ ^u 9 ,am]ica by any o!r insect1 & 9 seasons favorable to x1 x multiplies to a degree :i* w\ld prove almo/ fatal to ! entire h>ve/1 7 x n t1 9 ! great t]ritorial ext5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re is room = su* diff]5ces ( soil & climate z1 9 a giv5 ye>1 to pres5t 9 "o ,/ate all ! conditions favorable to ! increase ( a p>ticul> insect1 :ile 9 ano!r1 ! natural influ5ces are ho/ile to x4 ,! only app>5t rem$y = ?is evil is1 to balance ! disproportionate developm5t ( noxi\s =eign species by br++ f _! native c\ntry ! tribes :i* prey ^u !m4 ,?is1 x seems1 has be5 attempt$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,c5sus ,report = #ahfj1 p4 #hb1 /ates t ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,society has introduc$ into ?is c\ntry f abroad c]ta9 p>asites :i* ,provid5ce has creat$ to c\nt]act ! de/ructive p[]s ( "s ( ^! depr$ators4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! only purpose = :i* man has design$ly introduc$ =eign =ms ( insect life4 ,! eggs ( ! silkworm are kn[n to h be5 br\ght f ! f>!r ,ea/ to ,europe 9 ! six? c5tury1 & new silk sp9n]s :i* fe$ on ! ca/or oil bean & ! ailan?us1 h rec5tly be5 re>$ 9 ,france & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ) promis+ success4 ,! co*9eal1 long regul>ly br$ 9 aborig9al ,am]ica1 has be5 transplant$ to ,spa91 & bo? ! k]mes insect & ! can?>ides h be5 transf]r$ to o!r climates ?an _! own4 ,! honey bee mu/ be rank$ next to ! silkworm 9 economical importance4#hi ,?is useful creature 0 c>ri$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,european coloni/s1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 x did n cross ! ,mississippi till ! close ( ! eighte5?1 & x is only )9 ! la/ five or six ye>s t x has be5 transport$ to ,cali=nia1 :]e x 0 previ\sly unkn[n4 ,! ,italian /+less bee has v lately be5 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! insects & worms int5tionally transplant$ by man be> b a small proportion to ^? accid5tally introduc$ by him4 ,plants & animals (t5 c>ry _! p>asites ) !m1 & ! traffic ( comm]cial c\ntries1 :i* ex*ange _! products ) e zone & e /age ( social exi/5ce1 _c fail to transf] 9 bo? directions ! m9ute organisms t are1 9 "o way or ano!r1 associat$ ) almo/ e object important to ! mat]ial int]e/s ( man4#ij ,! t5acity ( life possess$ by _m insects1 _! prodigi\s fecundity1 ! l5g? ( "t !y (t5 rema9 9 ! diff]5t phases ( _! exi/5ce1#ia ! security ( ! retreats into :i* _! small dim5sions enable !m to retire1 are all circum/ances v favorable n only to ! p]petuity ( _! species1 b to _! transportation to di/ant climates & _! multiplication 9 _! new homes4 ,! t]$o1 s de/ructive to %ipp+1 has be5 c>ri$ by ! vessels ^: wood5 walls x m9es to almo/ e "p ( ! globe4 ,! t]mite1 or :ite ant1 is said to h be5 br\ght to ,ro*e=t by ! comm]ce ( t port a hundr$ ye>s ago4#ib ,?is creature is m injuri\s to wood5 /ructures & implem5ts ?an any o!r kn[n insect4 ,x eats out almo/ ! entire sub/ance ( ! wood1 leav+ only ?9 p>titions betwe5 ! gall]ies x excavates 9 x2 b z x nev] gnaws ?r\gh ! surface to ! air1 a /ick ( timb] may be almo/ :olly consum$ )\t %[+ any ext]nal sign ( ! damage x has su/a9$4 ,! t]mite is f\nd also 9 o!r p>ts ( ,france1 & p>ticul>ly at ,ro*elle1 :]e1 ?us f>1 its ravages are conf9$ to a s+le qu>t] ( ! city4 ,a bor]1 ( simil> habits1 is n uncommon 9 ,italy1 & y may see 9 t c\ntry1 h&some *airs & o!r furniture :i* h be5 r$uc$ by ?is insect to a framework ( p[d] ( po/1 cov]$1 & app>5tly held toge!r1 by no?+ b ! v>ni%4 ,! c>nivor\s1 & (t5 ! h]bivor\s insects r5d] an important s]vice to man by consum+ dead & decay+ animal & vegetable matt]1 ! decomposition ( :i* w\ld o!rwise fill ! air ) effluvia noxi\s to heal?4 ,"s ( !m1 ! grave-digg] beetle1 = in/ance1 bury ! small animals 9 :i* !y lay _! eggs1 & !reby prev5t ! escape ( ! gases dis5gag$ by putrefaction4 ,! prodigi\s rapidity ( developm5t 9 insect life1 ! great numb]s ( ! individuals 9 _m species1 & ! voracity ( mo/ ( !m :ile 9 ! l>va /ate1 ju/ify ! appellation ( nature's scav5g]s :i* has be5 be/[$ ^u !m1 & !re is v little d\bt t1 9 w>m c\ntries1 !y consume a mu* l>g] quantity ( putresc5t organic mat]ial ?an ! quadrup$s & ! birds :i* fe$ ^u su* alim5t4 ,de/ruction ( ,insects4 ,x is well kn[n to naturali/s1 b less famili>ly to common obs]v]s1 t ! aquatic l>vae ( "s insects con/itute1 at c]ta9 seasons1 a l>ge "p ( ! food ( fre%-wat] fi%1 :ile o!r l>vae1 9 _! turn1 prey ^u ! spawn & ev5 ! "y ( _! p]secutors4#ic ,! l>vae ( ! mosquito & ! gnat are ! favorite food ( ! tr\t 9 ! wood$ regions :]e ^? insects ab\nd4#id ,e>li] 9 ! ye> ! tr\t fe$s on ! l>vae ( ! ,may fly1 :i* is itself v de/ructive to ! spawn ( ! salmon1 & h5ce1 by a sort ( h\se-t-,jack-built1 ! de/ruction ( ! mosquito1 t fe$s ! tr\t t preys on ! ,may fly t de/roys ! eggs t hat* ! salmon t pamp]s ! epicure1 may occasion a sc>city ( ?is latt] fi% 9 wat]s :]e he w\ld o!rwise be abundant4 ,?us all nature is l9k$ toge!r by invisible bonds1 & e organic creature1 h[ev] l[1 h[ev] feeble1 h[ev] dep5d5t1 is necess>y to ! well-be+ ( "s o!r among ! myriad =ms ( life ) :i* ! ,creator has peopl$ ! e>?4 ,i h said t man has promot$ ! increase ( ! insect & ! worm1 by de/roy+ ! bird & ! fi% :i* fe$ ^u !m4 ,_m insects1 9 ! f\r diff]5t /ages ( _! gr[?1 inhabit 9 succession ! e>?1 ! wat]1 & ! air4 ,9 ea* ( ^! elem5ts !y h _! special enemies1 &1 deep & d>k z are ! m9ute recesses 9 :i* !y hide !mselves1 !y are pursu$ to ! remote/1 obscure/ corn]s by ! execution]s t nature has appo9t$ to puni% _! del9qu5cies1 & furni%$ ) cunn+ contrivances = f]ret+ out ! (f5d]s & dragg+ !m into ! light ( day4 ,"o tribe ( birds1 ! woodpeck]s1 seems to dep5d = subsi/5ce almo/ :olly on ^? insects :i* bre$ 9 dead or dy+ trees1 & x is1 p]haps1 ne$less to say t ! injury ^! birds d ! =e/ is imag9>y4 ,!y d n cut holes 9 ! trunk ( ! tree to prep>e a lodgm5t = a future colony ( bor+ l>vae1 b to extract ! worm :i* has already begun 8 m9+ labors4 ,h5ce ^! birds are n f\nd :]e ! =e/] removes trees z fa/ z !y become fit habitations = su* insects4 ,9 cle>+ new l&s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 dead trees1 especially ( ! spike-leav$ k9ds1 too mu* decay$ to s]ve = timb]1 & :i*1 9 t /ate1 are wor? little = fuel1 are (t5 all[$ to /& until !y fall ( !mselves4 ,su* /ubs1 z !y are popul>ly call$1 are fill$ ) bor]s1 & (t5 deeply cut by ! woodpeck]s1 ^: /rong bills enable !m to p5etrate to ! v he>t ( ! tree & drag out ! lurk+ l>vae4 ,aft] a few ye>s1 ! /ubs fall1 or1 z wood becomes valuable1 are cut & c>ri$ (f = firewood1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! f>m] selects = fell+1 9 ! =e/ he has res]v$ z a p]man5t s\rce ( supply ( fuel & timb]1 ! decay+ trees :i*1 l ! dead /ems 9 ! fields1 s]ve z a home = bo? ! worm & 8 pursu]4 ,we ?us gradually extirpate ?is tribe ( insects1 &1 ) !m1 ! species ( birds :i* subsi/ pr9cipally ^u !m4 ,?us ! f9e1 l>ge1 r$-head$ woodpeck]1 ,picus ery?rocephalus1 =m]ly v common 9 ,new ,engl&1 has almo/ entirely disappe>$ f ^? ,/ates1 s9ce ! dead trees are gone1 & ! apples1 8 favorite vegetable food1 are less abundant4 ,!re are ev5 l>ge quadrup$s :i* fe$ almo/ exclusively ^u insects4 ,! ant be> is /rong en\gh to pull d[n ! clay h\ses built by ! species ( t]mites t con/itute 8 ord9>y diet1 & ! curi\s ai-ai1 a climb+ quadrup$ ( ,madagasc>--( :i* ,i believe only a s+le specim51 secur$ by ,mr4 ,s&)1 has yet rea*$ ,europe--is provid$ ) a v sl5d]1 hook-nail$ f+]1 long en\gh to rea* f> into a hole 9 ! trunk ( a tree1 & extract ! worm :i* bor$ x4 ,reptiles4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ =midable foes ( ! insect1 & ev5 ( ! small rod5ts1 are ! reptiles4 ,! *ameleon approa*es ! insect p]*$ ^u ! twig ( a tree1 ) an almo/ imp]ceptible sl[ness ( motion1 until1 at ! di/ance ( a foot1 he %oots out 8 long1 slimy tongue1 & r>ely fails to secure ! victim4 ,ev5 ! sl[ toad cat*es ! swift & w>y h\sefly 9 ! same mann]2 & 9 ! w>m c\ntries ( ,europe1 ! num]\s liz>ds contribute v ess5tially to ! r$uction ( ! insect population1 :i* !y bo? surprise 9 ! w+$ /ate ^u walls & trees1 & consume z egg1 worm1 & *rysalis1 9 _! e>li] metamorphoses4 ,! s]p5ts fe$ mu* ^u insects1 z well z ^u mice1 moles1 & small reptiles1 includ+ also o!r snakes4 ,! disgu/ & fe> ) :i* ! s]p5t is s univ]sally reg>d$ expose him to con/ant p]secution by man1 & p]haps no o!r animal is s rel5tlessly sacrific$ by him4 ,9 temp]ate climates1 snakes are consum$ by sc>cely any bea/ or bird ( prey except ! /ork1 & !y h few dang]\s enemies b man1 ?\gh 9 ! tropics o!r animals prey ^u !m4#ie ,x is d\btful :e!r any species ( s]p5t has be5 ext]m9at$ )9 ! human p]iod1 & ev5 ! d5se population ( ,*9a has n be5 able completely to rid itself ( ! vip]4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 almo/ entirely disappe>$ f p>ticul> localities4 ,! rattlesnake is n[ :olly unkn[n 9 _m l>ge di/ricts :]e x 0 extremely common half a c5tury ago1 & ,pale/9e has long be51 if n absolutely free f v5om\s s]p5ts1 at lea/ v ne>ly s4#if ,de/ruction ( ,fi%4 ,! inhabitants ( ! wat]s seem comp>atively secure f human pursuit or int]f]5ce by ! inaccessibility ( _! retreats1 & by our ignorance ( _! habits--a natural result ( ! difficulty ( obs]v+ ! ways ( creatures liv+ 9 a m$ium 9 :i* we _c exi/4 ,human ag5cy has1 nev]!less1 bo? directly & incid5tally1 produc$ great *anges 9 ! population ( ! sea1 ! lakes1 & ! riv]s1 & if ! effects ( su* revolutions 9 aquatic life are app>5tly ( small importance 9 g5]al geography1 !y are /ill n :olly inappreciable4 ,! great dim9ution 9 ! abundance ( ! l>g] fi% employ$ = food or pursu$ = products useful 9 ! arts is famili>1 & :5 we consid] h[ ! vegetable & animal life on :i* !y fe$ mu/ be affect$ by ! r$uction ( _! numb]s1 x is easy to see t _! de/ruction may involve consid]able modifications 9 _m ( ! mat]ial arrangem5ts ( nature4 ,! :ale does n appe> to h be5 an object ( pursuit by ! anci5ts1 = any purpose1 nor d we "k :5 ! :ale fi%]y fir/ comm5c$4#ig ,x 01 h[ev]1 v actively prosecut$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! ,biscayans seem to h be5 p>ticul>ly successful 9 ?is z inde$ 9 o!r bran*es ( nautical indu/ry4#ih ,five hundr$ ye>s ago1 :ales ab\nd$ 9 e sea4 ,!y long s9ce became s r>e 9 ! ,m$it]ranean z n to af=d enc\ragem5t = ! fi%]y z a regul> occupation2 & ! great dem& = oil & :alebone = me*anical & manufactur+ purposes1 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 has /imulat$ ! pursuit ( ! huge/ ( liv+ creatures to su* activity1 t he has n[ almo/ :olly disappe>$ f _m favorite fi%+ gr\nds1 & 9 o!rs is greatly dim9i%$ 9 numb]s4 ,:at special functions1 besides 8 uses to man1 are assign$ to ! :ale 9 ! economy ( nature1 we d n "k2 b "s consid]ations1 sugge/$ by ! "* ( ! food ^u :i* c]ta9 species subsi/1 des]ve to be specially notic$4 ,none ( ! great mammals gr\p$ "u ! g5]al "n ( :ale are rapaci\s4 ,!y all live ^u small organisms1 & ! mo/ num]\s species fe$ almo/ :olly ^u ! s(t gelat9\s mollusks 9 :i* ! sea ab\nds 9 all latitudes4 ,we _c calculate ev5 approximately ! numb] ( ! :ales1 or ! quantity ( organic nutrim5t consum$ by an individual1 & ( c\rse we c =m no e/imate ( ! total am\nt ( animal matt] )drawn by !m1 9 a giv5 p]iod1 f ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t x mu/ h be5 enorm\s :5 !y 7 m abundant1 & t x is /ill v consid]able4 ,a v few ye>s s9ce1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h m ?an six hundr$ :al+ %ips con/antly employ$ 9 ! ,pacific1 & ! product ( ! ,am]ican :ale fi%]y = ! ye> end+ ,june #a/1 #ahfj1 0 sev5 millions & a half ( doll>s4#ii ,! m]e bulk ( ! :ales de/roy$ 9 a s+le ye> by ! ,am]ican & ! ,european vessels engag$ 9 ?is fi%]y w\ld =m an isl& ( no inconsid]able dim5sions1 & ea* "o ( ^? tak5 mu/ h consum$1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 gr[?1 _m times 8 own weight ( mollusks4 ,! de/ruction ( ! :ales mu/ h be5 foll[$ by a proportional increase ( ! organisms !y fe$ ^u1 & if we _h ! means ( comp>+ ! /ati/ics ( ^! humble =ms ( life1 = ev5 s %ort a p]iod z t betwe5 ! ye>s #agfj & #ahfj1 we %\ld f9d a diff]5ce suffici5t1 possibly1 to sugge/ an explanation ( "s ph5om5a at pres5t unacc\nt$ =4 ,= in/ance1 z ,i h obs]v$ 9 ano!r "w1#ajj ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea 0 unkn[n to anci5t writ]s1 or at lea/ sc>cely notic$ by !m1 & ev5 ,hom]--:o1 bl9d z tradition makes him :5 he compos$ 8 epics1 _h se51 & m>k$1 9 e>li] life1 all t ! glori\s nature ( ! ,m$it]ranean & its coa/s discloses to unsci5tific obs]vation--n[h]e alludes to ?is mo/ beautiful & /rik+ ( m>itime wond]s4 ,9 ! passage j ref]r$ to1 ,i h endeavor$ to expla9 ! sil5ce ( anci5t writ]s ) respect to ?is z well z o!r rem>kable ph5om5a on psy*ological gr\nds2 b is x n possible t1 9 mod]n times1 ! animalculae :i* produce x may h imm5sely multipli$1 f ! de/ruction ( _! natural enemies by man1 & h5ce t ! gleam %ot =? by _! decomposition1 or by _! liv+ processes1 is bo? m frequ5t & m brilliant ?an 9 ! days ( classic antiquity8 ,al?\gh ! :ale does n prey ^u small] creatures resembl+ himself 9 =m & habits1 yet true fi%es are extremely voraci\s1 & almo/ e tribe dev\rs unsp>+ly ! feebl] species1 & ev5 ! spawn & "y ( its own4 ,! enorm\s de/ruction ( ! pike1 ! tr\t family1 & o!r rav5\s fi%1 z well z ( ! fi%+ birds1 ! seal1 & ! ott]1 by man1 w\ld naturally h occasion$ a great increase 9 ! weak] & m def5celess fi% on :i* !y fe$1 _h he n be5 z ho/ile to !m also z to _! p]secutors4 ,we h little evid5ce t any fi% employ$ z human food has naturally multipli$ 9 mod]n times1 :ile all ! m valuable tribes h be5 imm5sely r$uc$ 9 numb]s4#aja ,?is r$uction mu/ h affect$ ! m voraci\s species n us$ z food by man1 & accord+ly ! %>k1 & o!r fi% ( simil> habits1 ?\gh n objects ( sy/ematic pursuit1 are n[ comp>atively r>e 9 _m wat]s :]e !y =m]ly ab\nd$4 ,! result is1 t man has greatly r$uc$ ! numb]s ( all l>g] m>9e animals1 & consequ5tly indirectly favor$ ! multiplication ( ! small] aquatic organisms :i* ent]$ into _! nutrim5t4 ,?is *ange 9 ! relations ( ! organic & inorganic matt] ( ! sea mu/ h ex]cis$ an influ5ce on ! latt]4 ,:at t influ5ce has be51 we _c say1 /ill less c we pr$ict :at x w be h]eaft]2 b its action is n = t reason ! less c]ta94 ,introduction & ,bre$+ ( ,fi%4 ,! introduction & successful bre$+ ( fi% ( =eign species appe>s to h be5 long practis$ 9 ,*9a & 0 n unkn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,?is art has be5 reviv$ 9 mod]n times1 b ?us f> )\t any important results1 economical or physical1 ?\gh !re seems to be good reason to believe x may be employ$ ) advantage on an ext5d$ scale4 ,z 9 ! case ( plants1 man has sometimes undesign$ly introduc$ new species ( aquatic animals into c\ntries di/ant f _! bir?place4 ,! accid5tal escape ( ! ,*9ese goldfi% f ponds :]e !y 7 br$ z a g>d5 ornam5t1 has peopl$ "s ,european1 & x is said ,am]ican /reams ) ?is species4 ,canals ( navigation & irrigation int]*ange ! fi% ( lakes & riv]s widely sep>at$ by natural b>ri]s1 z well z ! plants :i* drop _! se$s into ! wat]s4 ,! ,erie ,canal1 z measur$ by its own *annel1 has a l5g? ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ & sixty miles1 & x has asc5d+ & desc5d+ locks 9 bo? directions4 ,by ?is r\te1 ! fre%-wat] fi% ( ! ,hudson & ! ,upp] ,lakes1 & "s ( ! indig5\s vegetables ( ^! respective bas9s1 h int]mix$1 & ! fauna & flora ( ! two regions h n[ m species common to bo? ?an be=e ! canal 0 op5$4 ,"s accid5tal attraction n unfrequ5tly induces fi% to foll[ a vessel = days 9 succession1 & !y may ?us be entic$ into zones v di/ant f _! native habitat4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 ,i 0 told at ,con/ant9ople1 ^u good au?ority1 t a c\ple ( fi%1 ( a species :olly unkn[n to ! natives1 _h j be5 tak5 9 ! ,bosphorus4 ,!y 7 alleg$ to h foll[$ an ,engli% %ip f ! ,?ames1 & to h be5 frequ5tly obs]v$ by ! crew dur+ ! passage1 b ,i 0 unable to le>n _! specific "*4 ,_m ( ! fi% :i* pass ! great] "p ( ! ye> 9 salt wat] spawn 9 fre%1 & "s fre%-wat] species1 ! common brook tr\t ( ,new ,engl& = in/ance1 :i*1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 nev] visit ! sea1 w1 if transf]r$ to brooks empty+ directly into ! ocean1 g d[n into ! salt wat] aft] spawn+ "t1 & return aga9 ! next season4 ,sea fi%1 ! smelt among o!rs1 are said to h be5 naturaliz$ 9 fre% wat]1 & "s naturali/s h argu$ f ! "* ( ! fi% ( ,lake ,baikal1 & especially f ! exi/5ce ( ! seal 9 t locality1 t all its inhabitants 7 orig9ally m>9e species1 & h *ang$ _! habits ) ! gradual conv]sion ( ! sal9e wat]s ( ! lake--once1 z is assum$1 a m>itime bay--into fre%4#ajb ,! pres5ce ( ! seal is h>dly conclusive on ?is po9t1 = x is sometimes se5 9 ,lake ,*ampla9 at ! di/ance ( "s hundr$s ( miles f ev5 bracki% wat]4 ,"o ( ^! animals 0 kill$ on ! ice 9 t lake 9 ,febru>y1 #ahaj1 ano!r 9 ,febru>y1 #ahdf1ajc & rema9s ( ! seal h be5 f\nd at o!r times 9 ! same wat]s4 ,! rema9s ( ! high] ord]s ( aquatic animals are g5]ally s p]i%able t1 ev5 :]e mo/ abundant1 !y d n appe> to be n[ =m+ p]man5t deposits ( any consid]able magnitude2 b x is q o!rwise ) %ell fi%1 &1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 ) _m ( ! m9ute limework]s ( ! sea4 ,!re are1 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b$s ( %ells s ext5sive t !y 7 =m]ly suppos$ to h be5 naturally accumulat$1 & 7 appeal$ to z pro(s ( an elevation ( ! coa/ by geological causes2 b !y are n[ asc]ta9$ to h be5 d]iv$ f oy/]s1 consum$ 9 ! c\rse ( long ages by ! inhabitants ( ,indian t[ns4 ,! plant+ ( a b$ ( oy/]s 9 a new locality might1 v probably1 lead1 9 "t1 to ! =mation ( a bank1 :i*1 9 connection ) o!r deposits1 might p]ceptibly affect ! l9e ( a coa/1 or1 by *ang+ ! c\rse ( m>9e curr5ts1 or ! outlet ( a riv]1 produce geographical *anges ( no small importance4 ,! transplantation ( oy/]s to artificial ponds has long be5 common1 & x appe>s to h rec5tly succe$$ well on a l>ge scale 9 ! op5 sea on ! ,fr5* coa/4 ,a great ext5sion ( ?is fi%]y is hop$ =1 & x is n[ propos$ to introduce ^u ! same coa/ ! ,am]ican s(t clam1 :i* is s abundant 9 ! tide-wa%$ bea* s&s ( ,long ,isl& ,s\nd z to =m an important article 9 ! diet ( ! neighbor+ population4 ,! int5tional naturalization ( =eign fi%1 z ,i h said1 has n ?us f> yield$ important fruits2 b ?\gh ?is p>ticul> bran* ( :at is call$1 n v happily1 pisciculture1 has n yet e/abli%$ its claims to ! att5tion ( ! physical geograph] or ! political economi/1 ! artificial bre$+ ( dome/ic fi% has already produc$ v valuable results1 & is app>5tly de/9$ to occupy an extremely conspicu\s place 9 ! hi/ory ( man's ef=ts to comp5sate 8 prodigal wa/e ( ! gifts ( nature4 ,! re/oration ( ! primitive abundance ( salt & fre% wat] fi%1 is "o ( ! greate/ mat]ial b5efits t1 ) our pres5t physical res\rces1 gov]nm5ts c hope to conf] ^u _! subjects4 ,! riv]s1 lakes1 & seacoa/s once re/ock$1 & protect$ by law f exhau/ion by tak+ fi% at improp] seasons1 by de/ructive me?ods1 & 9 extravagant quantities1 w\ld cont9ue indef9itely to furni% a v l>ge supply ( mo/ heal?ful food1 :i*1 unlike all dome/ic & agricultural products1 w\ld spontane\sly r5ew itself & co/ no?+ b ! tak+4 ,!re are _m /]ile or worn\t soils 9 ,europe s situat$ t !y might1 at no v =midable co/1 be conv]t$ into p]man5t lakes1 :i* w\ld s]ve n only z res]voirs to reta9 ! wat] ( w9t] ra9s & sn[1 & give x out 9 ! dry season = irrigation1 b z bre$+ ponds = fi%1 & w\ld ?us1 )\t fur!r co/1 yield a l>g] supply ( human food ?an c at pres5t be obta9$ f !m ev5 at a great exp5diture ( capital & labor 9 agricultural op]ations4 ,! additions :i* might be made to ! nutrim5t ( ! civiliz$ _w by a judici\s adm9i/ration ( ! res\rces ( ! wat]s1 w\ld all[ "s re/riction ( ! am\nt ( soil at pres5t employ$ = agricultural purposes1 & a correspond+ ext5sion ( ! area ( ! =e/1 & w\ld ?us facilitate a return to primitive geographical arrangem5ts :i* x is important p>tially to re/ore4 ,extirpation ( ,aquatic ,animals4 ,x does n seem probable t man1 ) all 8 rapacity & all 8 eng9]y1 w succe$ 9 totally extirpat+ any salt-wat] fi%1 b he has already ext]m9at$ at lea/ "o m>9e w>m-blood$ animal--,/ell]'s sea c[--& ! walrus1 ! sea lion1 & o!r l>ge amphibia1 z well z ! pr9cipal fi%+ quadrup$s1 are 9 imm95t dang] ( ext9ction4 ,/ell]'s sea c[1 ,rhyt9a ,/ell]i1 0 fir/ se5 by ,europeans 9 ! ye> #agda1 on ,b]+'s ,isl&4 ,x 0 a huge amphibi\s mammal1 weigh+ n less ?an eight ?\s& p\nds1 & appe>s to h be5 conf9$ exclusively to ! isl&s & coa/s 9 ! neighborhood ( ,b]+'s ,/rait4 ,its fle% 0 v palatable1 & ! localities x frequ5t$ 7 easily accessible f ! ,russian e/abli%m5ts 9 ,kamts*atka4 ,z soon z its exi/5ce & "*1 & ! abundance ( fur animals 9 ! same wat]s1 7 made kn[n to ! occupants ( ^? po/s by ! return ( ! survivors ( ,b]+'s exp$ition1 s active a *ase 0 comm5c$ aga9/ ! amphibia ( t region1 t1 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 ! sea c[1 describ$ by ,/ell] z extremely num]\s 9 #agda1 is believ$ to h be5 completely extirpat$1 n a s+le individual hav+ be5 se5 s9ce ! ye> #agfh4 ,! v>i\s tribes ( seals 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,pacific1 ! walrus & ! sea ott]1 are already s r$uc$ 9 numb]s t !y seem de/9$ soon to foll[ ! sea c[1 unless protect$ by legislation /r+5t en\gh1 & a police en]getic en\gh1 to repress ! ard5t cupidity ( _! pursu]s4 ,! seals1 ! ott] tribe1 & _m o!r amphibia :i* fe$ almo/ exclusively ^u fi%1 are extremely voraci\s1 & ( c\rse _! de/ruction or num]ical r$uction mu/ h favor$ ! multiplication ( ! species ( fi% pr9cipally prey$ ^u by !m4 ,i h be5 assur$ by ! keep] ( sev]al tam$ seals t1 if suppli$ at frequ5t int]vals1 ea* seal w\ld dev\r n less ?an f\rte5 p\nds ( fi%1 or ab\t a qu>t] ( 8 own weight1 9 a day4#ajd ,a v intellig5t & obs]v+ hunt]1 :o has pass$ a great "p ( 8 life 9 ! =e/1 aft] c>efully wat*+ ! habits ( ! fre%-wat] ott] ( ! ,nor!rn ,am]ican ,/ates1 e/imates _! consumption ( fi% at ab\t f\r p\nds p] day4 ,man has promot$ ! multiplication ( fi% by mak+ w> on _! brute enemies1 b he has by no means !reby comp5sat$ 8 own great] de/ructiv5ess4#aje ,! bird & bea/ ( prey1 :e!r on l& or 9 ! wat]1 hunt only z long z !y feel ! /imulus ( hung]1 _! ravages are limit$ by ! dem&s ( pres5t appetite1 & !y d n wa/efully de/roy :at !y _c consume4 ,man1 on ! contr>y1 angles to-day t he may d9e to-morr[2 he takes & dries millions ( fi% on ! banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 t ! f]v5t ,ca?olic ( ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean may h :]e)al to satisfy ! crav+s ( ! /oma* dur+ next ye>'s ,l5t1 )\t imp]ill+ 8 s\l by violat+ ! discipl9e ( ! papal *ur*2 & all ! arrangem5ts ( 8 fi%]ies are s organiz$ z to involve ! de/ruction ( _m m fi% ?an are secur$ = human use1 & ! loss ( a l>ge proportion ( ! annual h>ve/ ( ! sea 9 ! process ( cur+1 or 9 transportation to ! places ( its consumption4#ajf ,fi% are m affect$ ?an quadrup$s by slight & ev5 imp]ceptible diff]5ces 9 _! bre$+ places & fe$+ gr\nds4 ,e riv]1 e brook1 e lake /amps a special "* ^u its salmon1 its %ad1 & its tr\t1 :i* is at once recogniz$ by ^? :o deal 9 or consume !m4 ,no skill c give ! fi% fatt5$ by food select$ & prep>$ by man ! flavor ( ^? :i* are n\ri%$ at ! table ( nature1 & ! tr\t ( ! artificial ponds 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l& are s inf]ior to ! brook fi% ( ! same species & climate1 t x is h>d to believe !m id5tical4 ,! sup]ior sapidity ( ! ,am]ican tr\t to ! ,european species1 :i* is famili> to e "o acqua9t$ ) bo? cont95ts1 is probably due less to specific diff]5ce ?an to ! fact t1 ev5 9 ! p>ts ( ! ,new ,_w :i* h be5 longe/ cultivat$1 wild nature is n yet tam$ d[n to ! "* x has assum$ 9 ! ,old1 & :i* x w acquire 9 ,am]ica also :5 h] civilization %all be z anci5t z is n[ t ( ,europe4 ,man has hi!rto h>dly any:]e produc$ su* climatic or o!r *anges z w\ld suffice ( !mselves totally to bani% ! wild inhabitants ( ! dry l&1 & ! disappe>ance ( ! native birds & quadrup$s f p>ticul> localities is to be ascrib$ q z mu* to 8 direct p]secutions z to ! want ( =e/ %elt]1 ( appropriate food1 or ( o!r conditions indisp5sable to _! exi/5ce4 ,b almo/ all ! processes ( agriculture1 & ( me*anical & *emical indu/ry1 are fatally de/ructive to aquatic animals )9 rea* ( _! influ5ce4 ,:51 9 consequ5ce ( cle>+ ! woods1 ! *anges already describ$ z !reby produc$ 9 ! b$s & curr5ts ( riv]s1 are 9 progress1 ! spawn+ gr\nds ( fi% are expos$ f ye> to ye> to a succession ( me*anical di/urbances2 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is high] 9 summ]1 cold] 9 w9t]1 ?an :5 x 0 %ad$ & protect$ by wood2 ! small] organisms1 :i* =m$ ! su/5ance ( ! "y fry1 disappe> or are r$uc$ 9 numb]s1 & new enemies are add$ to ! old foes t prey$ ^u !m2 ! increas$ turbidness ( ! wat] 9 ! annual inundations *okes ! fi%2 &1 f9ally1 ! quick5$ velocity ( its curr5t sweeps !m d[n into ! l>g] riv]s or into ! sea1 be=e !y are yet /rong en\gh to support s great a *ange ( circum/ances4#ajg ,indu/rial op]ations are n less de/ructive to fi% :i* live or spawn 9 fre% wat]4 ,milldams imp$e _! migrations1 if !y d n absolutely prev5t !m1 ! sawdu/ f lumb] mills clogs _! gills1 & ! ?\s& delet]i\s m9]al sub/ances1 dis*>g$ into riv]s f metallurgical1 *emical1 & manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 poison !m by %oals4 ,m9ute ,organisms4 ,besides ! l>g] creatures ( ! l& & ( ! sea1 ! quadrup$s1 ! reptiles1 ! birds1 ! amphibia1 ! cru/acea1 ! fi%1 ! insects1 & ! worms1 !re are o!r c\ntless =ms ( vital be+4 ,e>?1 wat]1 ! ducts & fluids ( vegetable & ( animal life1 ! v air we brea!1 are peopl$ by m9ute organisms :i* p]=m mo/ important functions 9 bo? ! liv+ & ! inanimate k+doms ( nature4 ,( ! (fices assign$ to ^! creatures1 ! mo/ famili> to common obs]vation is ! extraction ( lime1 & m r>ely1 ( silex1 f ! wat]s inhabit$ by !m1 & ! deposit ( ^! m9]als 9 a solid =m1 ei!r z ! mat]ial ( _! habitations or z ! exuviae ( _! bodies4 ,! microscope & o!r means ( sci5tific obs]vation assure u t ! *alk b$s ( ,engl& & ( ,france1 ! coral reefs ( m>9e wat]s 9 w>m climates1 va/ calc>e\s & silici\s deposits 9 ! sea & 9 _m fre%-wat] ponds1 ! common poli%+ e>?s & slates1 & _m species ( app>5tly d5se & solid rock1 are ! "w ( ! humble organisms ( :i* ,i speak1 (t51 inde$1 ( animalculae s small z to become visible only by ! aid ( l5ses magnify+ a hundr$ times ! l9e> measures4 ,x is popul>ly suppos$ t animalculae1 or :at are commonly embrac$ "u ! vague "n ( infusoria1 inhabit ! wat] alone1 b ! atmosph]ic du/ transport$ by e w9d & deposit$ by e calm is full ( microscopic life or ( its relics4 ,! soil on :i* ! city ( ,b]l9 /&s1 conta9s at ! dep? ( t5 or fifte5 feet bel[ ! surface1 liv+ elaborators ( silex2#ajh & a microscopic exam9ation ( a h&ful ( e>? connect$ ) ! mat]ial evid5ces ( guilt has enabl$ ! naturali/ to po9t out ! v spot :]e a crime 0 committ$4 ,x has be5 comput$ t "o six? "p ( ! solid matt] let fall by great riv]s at _! outlets consi/s ( /ill recognizable infusory %ells & %ields1 &1 z ! friction ( roll+ wat] mu/ r$uce mu* ( ^! fragile /ructures to a /ate ( comm9ution :i* ev5 ! microscope _c resolve into di/9ct p>ticles & id5tify z relics ( animal or ( vegetable life1 we mu/ conclude t a consid]ably l>g] proportion ( riv] deposits is really ! product ( animalcules4#aji ,x is evid5t t ! *emical1 & 9 _m cases ! me*anical "* ( a great numb] ( ! objects important 9 ! mat]ial economy ( human life1 mu/ be affect$ by ! pres5ce ( s l>ge an organic elem5t 9 _! sub/ance1 & x is equally obvi\s t all agricultural & all indu/rial op]ations t5d to di/urb ! natural arrangem5ts ( ?is elem5t1 to increase or to dim9i% ! special adaptation ( e m$ium 9 :i* x lives to ! p>ticul> ord]s ( be+ inhabit$ by x4 ,! conv]sion ( woodl& into pa/urage1 ( pa/ure into pl\gh l&1 ( swamp or ( %all[ sea into dry gr\nd1 ! rotations ( cultivat$ crops1 mu/ prove fatal to millions ( liv+ ?+s ^u e rood ( surface ?us d]ang$ by man1 & mu/1 at ! same "t1 m or less fully comp5sate ?is de/ruction ( life by promot+ ! gr[? & multiplication ( o!r tribes equally m9ute 9 dim5sions4 ,i d n "k t man has yet endeavor$ to avail himself1 by artificial contrivances1 ( ! ag5cy ( ^! wond]ful ar*itects & manufactur]s4 ,we are h>dly well en\gh acqua9t$ ) _! natural economy to devise means to turn _! indu/ry to pr(itable acc\nt1 & !y are 9 v _m cases too sl[ 9 produc+ visible results = an age s impati5t z ours4 ,! ov]-civilization ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _c wait = weal? to be amass$ by inf9itesimal ga9s1 & we are 9 ha/e to speculate ^u ! p[]s ( nature1 z we d ^u objects ( b>ga9 & sale 9 our traffick+ "o ) ano!r4 ,b !re are /ill "s cases :]e ! little we "k ( a life1 ^: work+s are invisible to ! nak$ eye1 sugge/s ! possibility ( advantage\sly direct+ ! ef=ts ( troops ( artisans t we _c see4 ,^u coa/s occupi$ by ! corall9es1 ! reef-build+ animalcule does n "w ne> ! m\? ( riv]s4 ,h5ce ! *ange ( ! outlet ( a /ream1 (t5 a v easy matt]1 may promote ! con/ruction ( a b>ri] to coa/ navigation at "o po9t1 & *eck ! =mation ( a reef at ano!r1 by div]t+ a curr5t ( fre% wat] f ! =m] & p\r+ x into ! sea at ! latt]4 ,cases may probably be f\nd 9 tropical seas1 :]e riv]s h prev5t$ ! work+ ( ! coral animalcules 9 /raits sep>at+ isl&s f ea* o!r or f ! ma9l&4 ,! div]sion ( su* /reams might remove ?is ob/acle1 & reefs consequ5tly be =m$ :i* %\ld conv]t an ar*ipelago into a s+le l>ge isl&1 & f9ally jo9 t to ! neighbor+ cont95t4 ,quatrefages propos$ to de/roy ! t]$o 9 h>bors by impregnat+ ! wat] ) a m9]al solution fatal to !m4 ,p]haps ! labors ( ! corall9e animals might be arre/$ ov] a consid]able ext5t ( sea coa/ by simil> means4 ,! reef build]s are leisurely ar*itects1 b ! preci\s coral is =m$ s rapidly t ! b$s may be refi%$ advantage\sly z (t5 z once 9 t5 ye>s4#aaj ,x does n seem impossible t ?is coral might be transplant$ to ! ,am]ican coa/1 :]e ! ,gulf /ream w\ld furni% a suitable temp]ature beyond ! climatic limits t o!rwise conf9e its gr[?2 & ?us a new s\rce ( pr(it might p]haps be add$ to ! scanty returns ( ! h>dy fi%]man4 ,9 c]ta9 geological =mations1 ! diatomaceae deposit1 at ! bottom ( fre%-wat] ponds1 b$s ( silici\s %ields1 valuable z a mat]ial = a species ( v light firebrick1 9 ! manufacture ( wat] glass & ( hydraulic cem5t1 & ultimately1 d\btless1 9 _m yet undiscov]$ indu/rial processes4 ,an att5tive /udy ( ! conditions favorable to ! propagation ( ! diatomaceae might p]haps help u to pr(it directly by ! productivity ( ?is organism1 &1 at ! same "t1 disclose secrets ( nature capable ( be+ turn$ to valuable acc\nt 9 deal+ ) silici\s rocks1 & ! metal :i* is ! base ( !m4 ,our acqua9tance ) ! obscure & inf9itesimal life ( :i* ,i h n[ be5 treat+ is v rec5t1 & /ill v imp]fect4 ,we "k t x is ( va/ importance 9 ! economy ( nature1 b we are s ambiti\s to grasp ! great1 s little accu/om$ to occupy ourselves ) ! m9ute1 t we are n yet prep>$ to ent] s]i\sly ^u ! "q h[ f> we c control & direct ! op]ations1 n ( unembodi$ physical =ces1 b ( be+s1 9 popul> appreh5sion1 almo/ z immat]ial z !y4 ,nature has no unit ( magnitude by :i* %e measures h] works4 ,man takes 8 /&>ds ( dim5sion f himself4 ,! hair's bread? 0 8 m9imum until ! microscope told him t !re are animat$ creatures to :i* "o ( ! hairs ( 8 head is a l>g] cyl9d] ?an is ! trunk ( ! giant ,cali=nia r$wood to him4 ,he borr[s 8 in* f ! bread? ( 8 ?umb1 8 palm & span f ! wid? ( 8 h& & ! spread ( 8 f+]s1 8 foot f ! l5g? ( ! organ s nam$2 8 cubit is ! di/ance f ! tip ( 8 middle f+] to 8 elb[1 & 8 fa?om is ! space he c measure ) 8 out/ret*$ arms4 ,to a be+ :o in/9ctively f9ds ! /&>d ( all magnitudes 9 8 own mat]ial frame1 all objects exce$+ 8 own dim5sions are absolutely great1 all fall+ %ort ( !m absolutely small4 ,h5ce we habitually reg>d ! :ale & ! elephant z ess5tially l>ge & !re=e important creatures1 ! animalcule z an ess5tially small & !re=e unimportant organism4 ,b no geological =mation owes its orig9 to ! labors or ! rema9s ( ! huge mammal1 :ile ! animalcule composes1 or has furni%$1 ! sub/ance ( /rata ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness1 & ext5d+1 9 unbrok5 b$s1 ov] _m degrees ( t]re/rial surface4 ,if man is de/9$ to inhabit ! e>? mu* long]1 & to advance 9 natural k ) ! rapidity :i* has m>k$ 8 progress 9 physical sci5ce = ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies1 he w le>n to put a wis] e/imate on ! works ( creation1 & w d]ive n only great in/ruction f /udy+ ! ways ( nature 9 h] obscure/1 humble/ walks1 b great mat]ial advantage f /imulat+ h] productive en]gies 9 prov9ces ( h] empire hi!rto reg>d$ z =ev] inaccessible1 utt]ly b>r54#aaa ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,woods4 ,,! ,,habitable ,,e>? ,,orig9ally ,,wood$--,,! ,,=e/ ,,does ,,n ,,furni% ,,food ,,= ,,man--,,fir/ ,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,woods--,,effects ,,( ,,fire ,,on ,,=e/ ,,soil--,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,=e/--,,electrical ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,trees--,,*emical ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,=e/4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,=e/1 ,,consid]$ ,,z ,,inorganic ,,matt]1 ,,on ,,temp]ature3 a1 ,,absorb+ ,,& ,,emitt+ ,,surface2 b1 ,,trees ,,z ,,conductors ,,( ,,heat2 c1 ,,trees ,,9 ,,summ] ,,& ,,9 ,,w9t]2 d1 ,,dead ,,products ,,( ,,trees2 e1 ,,trees ,,z ,a ,,%elt] ,,to ,,gr\nds ,,to ,,! ,,leew>d ,,( ,,!m2 f1 ,,trees ,,z ,a ,,protection ,,aga9/ ,,mal>ia--,,! ,,=e/1 ,,z ,,inorganic ,,matt]1 ,,t5ds ,,to ,,mitigate ,,extremes4 ,,trees ,,z ,,organisms3 ,,specific ,,temp]ature--,,total ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ ,,on ,,temp]ature4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,=e/s ,,on ,,! ,,humidity ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,& ,,! ,,e>?3 a1 ,,z ,,inorganic ,,matt]2 b1 ,,z ,,organic--,,wood ,,mosses ,,& ,,fungi-- ,,fl[ ,,( ,,sap--,,absorption ,,& ,,exhalation ,,( ,,moi/ure ,,by ,,trees--,,balance ,,( ,,conflict+ ,,influ5ces--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ ,,on ,,temp]ature ,,& ,,precipitation--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ ,,on ,,! ,,humidity ,,( ,,! ,,soil-- ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,fl[ ,,( ,,spr+s--,,g5]al ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,woods--,,lit]ature ,,& ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,c\ntries--,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ ,,on ,,inundations-- ,,de/ructive ,,action ,,( ,,torr5ts--,,! ,,po ,,& ,,its ,,deposits--,,m\nta9 ,,slides--,,protection ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,rocks ,,& ,,avalan*es ,,by ,,trees--,,pr9cipal ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,=e/--,,am]ican ,,=e/ ,,trees--,,special ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,european ,,woods-- ,,royal ,,=e/s ,,& ,,game ,,laws--,,small ,,=e/ ,,plants1 ,,vitality ,,( ,,se$s-- ,,utility ,,( ,,! ,,=e/--,,! ,,=e/s ,,( ,,europe--,,=e/s ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,canada--,,! ,,economy ,,( ,,! ,,=e/--,,european ,,& ,,am]ican ,,trees ,,comp>$--,,sylviculture--,,in/ability ,,( ,,am]ican ,,life4 ,! ,habitable ,e>? ,orig9ally ,wood$4 ,!re is good reason to believe t ! surface ( ! habitable e>?1 9 all ! climates & regions :i* h be5 ! abodes ( d5se & civiliz$ populations1 01 ) few exceptions1 already cov]$ ) a =e/ gr[? :5 x fir/ became ! home ( man4 ,?is we inf] f ! ext5sive vegetable rema9s--trunks1 bran*es1 roots1 fruits1 se$s1 & leaves ( trees--s (t5 f\nd 9 conjunction ) works ( primitive art1 9 ! boggy soil ( di/ricts :]e no =e/s appe> to h exi/$ )9 ! eras ?r\gh :i* writt5 annals rea*2 f anci5t hi/orical records1 :i* prove t l>ge prov9ces1 :]e ! e>? has long be5 :olly b>e ( trees1 7 clo!d ) va/ & almo/ unbrok5 woods :5 fir/ made kn[n to ,greek & ,roman civilization2#aab & f ! /ate ( mu* ( ,nor? & ( ,s\? ,am]ica :5 !y 7 discov]$ & coloniz$ by ! ,european race4#aac ,^! evid5ces are /r5g!n$ by obs]vation ( ! natural economy ( our own "t2 =1 :5ev] a tract ( c\ntry1 once inhabit$ & cultivat$ by man1 is ab&on$ by him & by dome/ic animals1#aad & surr5d]$ to ! undi/urb$ influ5ces ( spontane\s nature1 its soil soon] or lat] clo!s itself ) h]bace\s & arboresc5t plants1 & at no long int]val1 ) a d5se =e/ gr[?4 ,inde$1 ^u surfaces ( a c]ta9 /ability1 & n absolutely precipit\s incl9ation1 ! special conditions requir$ = ! spontane\s propagation ( trees may all be negatively express$ & r$uc$ to ^! ?ree3 exemption f defect or excess ( moi/ure1 f p]petual fro/1 & f ! depr$ations ( man & br[s+ quadrup$s4 ,:]e ^! requisites are secur$1 ! h>de/ rock is z c]ta9 to be ov]gr[n ) wood z ! mo/ f]tile pla91 ?\gh1 = obvi\s reasons1 ! process is sl[] 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt] case4 ,li*5s & mosses fir/ prep>e ! way = a m highly organiz$ vegetation4 ,!y reta9 ! moi/ure ( ra9s & dews1 & br+ x to act1 9 comb9ation ) ! gases evolv$ by _! organic processes1 9 decompos+ ! surface ( ! rocks !y cov]2 !y arre/ & conf9e ! du/ :i* ! w9d scatt]s ov] !m1 & _! f9al decay adds new mat]ial to ! soil already half =m$ b5ea? & ^u !m4 ,a v ?9 /ratum ( m\ld is suffici5t = ! g]m9ation ( se$s ( ! h>dy ev]gre5s & bir*es1 ! roots ( :i* are (t5 f\nd 9 imm$iate contact ) ! rock1 supply+ _! trees ) n\ri%m5t f a soil d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( _! own foliage1 or s5d+ out long rootlets into ! surr\nd+ e>? 9 se>* ( juices to fe$ !m4 ,! eruptive matt] ( volcanoes1 =bidd+ z is its aspect1 does n refuse nutrim5t to ! woods4 ,! refractory lava ( ,etna1 x is true1 rema9s long b>r51 & t ( ! great eruption ( #affi is /ill almo/ :olly devoid ( vegetation4#aae ,b ! cactus is mak+ inroads ev5 "h1 :ile ! volcanic s& & molt5 rock ?r[n out by ,vesuvius soon becomes productive4 ,george ,s&ys1 :o visit$ ?is latt] m\nta9 9 #afaa1 aft] x _h repos$ = sev]al c5turies1 f\nd ! ?roat ( ! volcano at ! bottom ( ! crat] almo/ *ok$ ) brok5 rocks & trees t are falne !re94 ,next to ?is1 he cont9ues1 ! matt] ?r[n up is ruddy1 light1 & s(t3 m remov$1 blacke & pond]\s3 ! utt]mo/ br[1 t decl9e? l ! seates 9 a !at]1 fl\ri%+ ) trees & excell5t pa/urage4 ,! mid/ ( ! hill is %ad$ ) *e/nut trees1 & o!rs be>+ sundry fruits4#aaf ,i am conv9c$ t =e/s w\ld soon cov] _m p>ts ( ! ,arabian & ,african des]ts1 if man & dome/ic animals1 especially ! goat & ! camel1 7 bani%$ f !m4 ,! h>d palate & tongue & /rong tee? & jaws ( ?is latt] quadrup$ enable him to break (f & ma/icate t\gh & ?orny bran*es z l>ge z ! f+]4 ,he is p>ticul>ly fond ( ! small] twigs1 leaves1 & se$pods ( ! sont & o!r acacias1 :i*1 l ! ,am]ican ,rob9ia1 ?rive well on dry & s&y soils1 & he sp>es no tree ! bran*es ( :i* are )9 8 rea*1 except1 if ,i rememb] "r1 ! tam>isk t produces manna4 ,"y trees spr\t pl5tifully ar\nd ! spr+s & along ! w9t] wat]c\rses ( ! des]t1 & ^! are j ! halt+ /ations ( ! c>avans & _! r\tes ( travel4 ,9 ! %ade ( ^! trees1 annual grasses & p]5nial %rubs %oot up1 b are m[n d[n by ! hungry cattle ( ! ,b$\91 z fa/ z !y gr[4 ,a few ye>s ( undi/urb$ vegetation w\ld suffice to cov] su* po9ts ) groves1 & ^! w\ld gradually ext5d !mselves ov] soils :]e n[ sc>cely any gre5 ?+ b ! bitt] colocyn? & ! poison\s foxglove is ev] se54 ,! ,=e/ does n ,furni% ,food = ,man4 ,9 a region absolutely cov]$ ) trees1 human life c\ld n long be su/a9$1 = want ( animal & vegetable food4 ,! dep?s ( ! =e/ seldom furni% ei!r bulb or fruit suit$ to ! n\ri%m5t ( man2 & ! f[ls & bea/s on :i* he fe$s are sc>cely se5 except ^u ! m>g9 ( ! wood1 = "h only gr[ ! %rubs & grasses1 & "h only are f\nd ! se$s & insects1 :i* =m ! su/5ance ( ! non-c>nivor\s birds & quadrup$s4#aag ,fir/ ,removal ( ! ,=e/4 ,z soon z multiply+ man _h fill$ ! op5 gr\nds along ! m>g9 ( ! riv]s1 ! lakes1 & ! sea1 & suffici5tly peopl$ ! natural mead[s & savannas ( ! int]ior1 :]e su* exi/$1#aah he c\ld f9d room = expansion & fur!r gr[?1 only by ! removal ( a portion ( ! =e/ t hemm$ him 94 ,! de/ruction ( ! woods1 !n1 0 man's fir/ geographical conque/1 8 fir/ violation ( ! h>monies ( inanimate nature4 ,primitive man _h little occasion to fell trees = fuel1 or1 = ! con/ruction ( dwell+s1 boats1 & ! implem5ts ( 8 rude agriculture & h&icrafts4 ,w9dfalls w\ld furni% a ?9 population ) a suffici5t supply ( su* mat]ial1 & if occasionally a gr[+ tree 0 cut1 ! injury to ! =e/ w\ld be too insignificant to be at all appreciable4 ,! accid5tal escape & spread ( fire1 or1 possibly1 ! combu/ion ( =e/s by lightn+1 mu/ h fir/ sugge/$ ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! removal ( too abundant & ext5sive woods1 &1 at ! same "t1 h po9t$ out a means by :i* a l>ge tract ( surface c\ld readily be cle>$ ( mu* ( ?is natural incumbrance4 ,z soon z agriculture _h comm5c$ at all1 x w\ld be obs]v$ t ! gr[? ( cultivat$ plants1 z well z ( _m species ( wild vegetation1 0 p>ticul>ly rapid & luxuriant on soils :i* _h be5 burn$ ov]1 & ?us a new /imulus w\ld be giv5 to ! practice ( de/roy+ ! woods by fire1 z a means ( bo? ext5d+ ! op5 gr\nds1 & mak+ ! acquisition ( a yet m productive soil4 ,aft] a few h>ve/s _h exhau/$ ! fir/ rank f]tility ( ! virg9 m\ld1 or :5 we$s & bri]s & ! spr\t+ roots ( ! trees _h begun to *oke ! crops ( ! half-subdu$ soil1 ! gr\nd w\ld be ab&on$ = new fields won f ! =e/ by ! same means1 & ! des]t$ pla9 or hillock w\ld soon clo! itself anew ) %rubs & trees1 to be aga9 subject$ to ! same de/ructive process1 & aga9 surr5d]$ to ! re/orative p[]s ( vegetable nature4#aai ,?is rude economy w\ld be cont9u$ = g5]ations1 & wa/eful z x is1 is /ill l>gely pursu$ 9 ,nor!rn ,sw$51 ,sw$i% ,lapl&1 & sometimes ev5 9 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#abj ,effects ( ,fire on ,=e/ ,soil4 ,aside f ! me*anical & *emical effects ( ! di/urbance ( ! soil by agricultural op]ations1 & ( ! fre] admission ( sun1 ra91 & air to ! gr\nd1 ! fire ( itself ex]ts an important influ5ce on its texture & condition4 ,x consumes a portion ( ! half-decay$ vegetable m\ld :i* s]v$ to hold its m9]al p>ticles toge!r & to reta9 ! wat] ( precipitation1 & ?us loos5s1 pulv]izes1 & dries ! e>?2 x de/roys reptiles1 insects1 & worms1 ) _! eggs1 & ! se$s ( trees & ( small] plants2 x supplies1 9 ! a%es :i* x deposits on ! surface1 important elem5ts = ! gr[? ( a new =e/ clo?+1 z well z ( ! usual objects ( agricultural indu/ry2 & by ! *anges ?us produc$1 x fits ! gr\nd = ! reception ( a vegetation diff]5t 9 "* f t :i* _h spontane\sly cov]$ x4 ,^! new conditions help to expla9 ! natural succession ( =e/ crops1 s g5]ally obs]v$ 9 all woods cle>$ by fire & !n ab&on$4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t o!r influ5ces contribute to ! same result1 because effects m or less analog\s foll[ :5 ! trees are de/roy$ by o!r causes1 z by high w9ds1 by ! woodman's axe1 & ev5 by natural decay4#aba ,effects ( ,de/ruction ( ! ,=e/4 ,! physico-geographical effects ( ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s may be divid$ into two great classes1 ea* hav+ an important influ5ce on vegetable & on animal life 9 all _! manife/ations1 z well z on e bran* ( rural economy & productive indu/ry1 &1 !re=e1 on all ! mat]ial int]e/s ( man4 ,! fir/ respects ! meteorology ( ! c\ntries expos$ to ! action ( ^! influ5ces2 ! second1 _! sup]ficial geography1 or1 9 o!r words1 configuration1 consi/5ce1 & clo?+ ( surface4 ,= reasons assign$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ! meteorological or climatic bran* ( ! subject is ! mo/ obscure1 & ! conclusions ( physici/s respect+ x are1 9 a great degree1 inf]5tial only1 n f\nd$ on exp]im5t or direct obs]vation4 ,!y are1 z might be expect$1 some:at discordant1 ?\gh c]ta9 g5]al results are almo/ univ]sally accept$1 & seem inde$ too well support$ to admit ( s]i\s "q4 ,electrical ,influ5ce ( ,trees4 ,! prop]ties ( trees1 s+ly & 9 gr\ps1 z excit]s or conductors ( electricity1 & _! consequ5t influ5ce ^u ! electrical /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 d n appe> to h be5 mu* inve/igat$2 & ! conditions ( ! =e/ itself are s v>iable & s complicat$1 t ! solution ( any g5]al problem respect+ its electrical influ5ce w\ld be a matt] ( extreme difficulty4 ,x is1 inde$1 impossible to suppose t a d5se cl\d1 a sea ( vapor1 c pass ov] miles ( surface bri/l+ ) good conductors1 )\t und]go+ "s *ange ( electrical condition4 ,hypo!tical cases may be put 9 :i* ! "* ( ! *ange c\ld be d$uc$ f ! kn[n laws ( electrical action4 ,b 9 actual nature1 ! elem5ts are too num]\s = u to seize4 ,! true electrical condition ( nei!r cl\d nor =e/ c\ld be kn[n1 & x c\ld seldom be pr$ict$ :e!r ! vapors w\ld be dissolv$ z !y float$ ov] ! wood1 or dis*>g$ ^u x 9 a deluge ( ra94 ,) reg>d to possible electrical influ5ces ( ! =e/1 wid] /ill 9 _! range ( action1 ! unc]ta9ty is ev5 great]4 ,! data :i* alone c\ld lead to c]ta91 or ev5 probable1 conclusions are want+1 & we %\ld1 !re=e1 only emb>rass our argum5t by any attempt to discuss ?is meteorological elem5t1 important z x may be1 9 its relations ( cause & effect to m famili> & bett] und]/ood meteoric ph5om5a4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t hail /orms--:i* 7 once g5]ally suppos$1 & are /ill held by _m1 to be produc$ by a specific electrical action1 & :i*1 at lea/1 are always accompani$ by electrical di/urbances--are believ$1 9 all c\ntries p>ticul>ly expos$ to t sc\rge1 to h become m frequ5t & de/ructive 9 proportion z ! =e/s h be5 cle>$4 ,caimi obs]ves3 ,:5 ! *a9s ( ! ,alps & ! ,ap5n9es _h n yet be5 /ripp$ ( _! magnific5t cr[n ( woods1 ! ,may hail1 :i* n[ desolates ! f]tile pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 0 mu* less frequ5t2 b s9ce ! g5]al pro/ration ( ! =e/1 ^! tempe/s are lay+ wa/e ev5 ! m\nta9 soils ^: old] inhabitants sc>cely knew ?is plague4#abb ,! p>agr&9i1#abc :i* ! le>n$ curate ( ,rivolta advis$ to erect1 ) %eaves ( /raw set up v]tically1 ov] a great ext5t ( cultivat$ c\ntry1 are b a ,liliputian image ( ! va/ p>agr&9i1 p9es1 l>*es1 firs1 :i* nature _h plant$ by millions on ! cre/s & ridges ( ! ,alps & ! ,ap5n9es4#abd ,electrical action be+ dim9i%$1 says ,megus*]1 & ! rapid congelation ( vapors by ! ab/raction ( heat be+ imp$$ by ! influ5ce ( ! woods1 x is r>e t hail or wat]sp\ts are produc$1 )9 ! prec9cts ( a l>ge =e/ :5 x is assail$ by ! tempe/4#abe ,ar?ur ,"y 0 told t s9ce ! =e/s :i* cov]$ ! m\nta9s betwe5 ! ,rivi]a & ! c\nty ( ,montf]rat _h disappe>$1 hail _h become m de/ructive 9 ! di/rict ( ,acqui1#abf & x appe>s ^u good au?ority1 t a simil> increase 9 ! frequ5cy & viol5ce ( hail /orms 9 ! neighborhood ( ,saluzzo & ,mondovi1 ! l[] "p ( ! ,valtell9e1 & ! t]ritory ( ,v]ona & ,vic5za1 is probably to be ascrib$ to a simil> cause4#abg ,*emical ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/4 ,we "k t ! air 9 a close ap>tm5t is appreciably affect$ ?r\gh ! inspiration & expiration ( gases by plants gr[+ 9 x4 ,! same op]ations are p]=m$ on a gigantic scale by ! =e/1 & x has ev5 be5 suppos$ t ! absorption ( c>bon1 by ! rank vegetation ( e>li] geological p]iods1 occasion$ a p]man5t *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! t]re/rial atmosph]e4#abh ,to ! effects ?us produc$1 are to be add$ ^? ( ! ultimate gase\s decomposition ( ! va/ vegetable mass annually %$ by trees1 & ( _! trunks & bran*es :5 !y fall a prey to "t4 ,b ! quantity ( gases ?us ab/ract$ f & re/or$ to ! atmosph]e is inconsid]able--inf9itesimal1 "o might almo/ say--9 comp>ison ) ! ocean ( air f :i* !y are drawn & to :i* !y return2 & ?\gh ! exhalations f bogs1 & o!r l[ gr\nds cov]$ ) decay+ vegetable matt]1 are highly delet]i\s to human heal?1 yet1 9 g5]al1 ! air ( ! =e/ is h>dly *emically di/+ui%able f t ( ! s& pla9s1 & we c z little trace ! influ5ce ( ! woods 9 ! analysis ( ! atmosph]e1 z we c prove t ! m9]al +r$i5ts ( l& spr+s s5sibly affect ! *emi/ry ( ! sea4 ,i may1 !n1 prop]ly dismiss ! *emical1 z ,i h done ! electrical influ5ces ( ! =e/1 & treat !m bo? alike1 if n z unimportant ag5cies1 at lea/ z quantities ( unkn[n value 9 our meteorological equation4#abi ,our inquiries ^u ?is bran* ( ! subject w accord+ly be limit$ to ! !rmometrical & hygrometrical influ5ces ( ! woods4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/1 consid]$ z ,inorganic ,matt]1 on ,temp]ature4 ,! evaporation ( fluids1 & ! cond5sation & expansion ( vapors & gases1 are att5d$ ) *anges ( temp]ature2 & ! quantity ( moi/ure :i* ! air is capable ( conta9+1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! evaporation1 rise & fall ) ! !rmomet]4 ,! hygroscopical & ! !rmoscopical conditions ( ! atmosph]e are1 !re=e1 insep>ably connect$ z reciprocally dep5d5t quantities1 & nei!r c be fully discuss$ )\t tak+ notice ( ! o!r4 ,b ! =e/1 reg>d$ purely z inorganic matt]1 & )\t ref]5ce to its liv+ processes ( absorption & exhalation ( wat] & gases1 has1 z an absorb5t1 a radiator & a conductor ( heat1 & z a m]e cov]+ ( ! gr\nd1 an influ5ce on ! temp]ature ( ! air & ! e>?1 :i* may be consid]$ by itself4 a4 ,absorb+ & ,emitt+ ,surface4 ,a giv5 area ( gr\nd1 z e/imat$ by ! e-day rule ( measurem5t 9 y>ds or acres1 pres5ts always ! same app>5t quantity ( absorb+1 radiat+1 & reflect+ surface2 b ! real ext5t ( t surface is v v>iable1 dep5d+1 z x does1 ^u its configuration1 & ! bulk & =m ( ! adv5titi\s objects x be>s ^u x2 &1 besides1 ! true sup]ficies rema9+ ! same1 its p[] ( absorption1 radiation1 reflection1 & conduction ( heat w be mu* affect$ by its consi/5ce1 its great] or less humidity1 & its color1 z well z by its incl9ation ( plane & exposure4#acj ,an acre ( *alk1 roll$ h>d & smoo?1 w\ld h great reflect+ p[]1 b its radiation w\ld be mu* increas$ by break+ x up into clods1 because ! actually expos$ surface w\ld be great]1 ?\gh ! outl9e ( ! field rema9$ ! same4 ,! area ( a triangle be+ equal to its base multipli$ by half ! l5g? ( a p]p5dicul> let fall f its apex1 x foll[s t ! entire sup]ficies ( ! triangul> faces ( a quadrangul> pyramid1 ! p]p5dicul> ( ^: sides %\ld be twice ! l5g? ( ! base1 w\ld be f\r times ! area ( ! gr\nd x cov]$1 & w\ld add to ! field on :i* x /ood s mu* surface capable ( receiv+ & emitt+ heat1 ?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( obliquity & direction ( plane1 its actual absorption & emission ( heat might n be s great z t ( an additional quantity ( level gr\nd conta9+ f\r times ! area ( its base4 ,! less] inequalities :i* always occur 9 ! surface ( ord9>y e>? affect 9 ! same way its quantity ( sup]ficies act+ ^u ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & act$ on by x1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( ?is action & reaction is n susceptible ( measurem5t4 ,analog\s effects are produc$ by o!r objects1 ( :atev] =m or "*1 /&+ or ly+ ^u ! e>?1 & no solid c be plac$ ^u a flat piece ( gr\nd1 )\t itself expos+ a great] surface ?an x cov]s4 ,?is applies1 ( c\rse1 to =e/ trees & _! leaves1 & inde$ to all vegetables1 z well z to o!r prom95t bodies4 ,if we suppose =ty trees to be plant$ on an acre1 "o be+ situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( e squ>e ( two rods ! side1 & to gr[ until _! bran*es & leaves ev]y:]e meet1 x is evid5t t1 :5 9 full foliage1 ! trunks1 bran*es1 & leaves w\ld pres5t an am\nt ( !rmoscopic surface mu* great] ?an t ( an acre ( b>e e>?2 & besides ?is1 ! fall5 leaves ly+ scatt]$ on ! gr\nd1 w\ld some:at augm5t ! sum total4#aca ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gr[+ leaves ( trees g5]ally =m a succession ( /ages1 or1 loosely speak+1 lay]s1 correspond+ to ! animal gr[? ( ! bran*es1 & m or less ov]ly+ ea* o!r4 ,?is disposition ( ! foliage int]f]es ) t free communication betwe5 sun & sky above1 & leaf surface bel[1 on :i* ! am\nt ( radiation & absorption ( heat dep5ds4 ,f all ^! consid]ations1 x appe>s t ?\gh ! effective !rmoscopic surface ( a =e/ 9 full leaf does n exce$ t ( b>e gr\nd 9 ! same proportion z does its measur$ sup]ficies1 yet ! actual quantity ( area capable ( receiv+ & emitt+ heat mu/ be great] 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt] case4#acb ,x mu/ fur!r be rememb]$ t ! =m & texture ( a giv5 surface are important elem5ts 9 det]m9+ its !rmoscopic "*4 ,leaves are por\s1 & admit air & light m or less freely into _! sub/ance2 !y are g5]ally smoo? & ev5 glaz$ on "o surface2 !y are usually cov]$ on "o or bo? sides ) spiculae1 & !y v commonly pres5t "o or m acum9at$ po9ts 9 _! outl9e--all circum/ances :i* t5d to augm5t _! p[] ( emitt+ heat by reflection or radiation4 ,direct exp]im5t on gr[+ trees is v difficult1 nor is x 9 any case practicable to di/+ui% h[ f> a r$uction ( temp]ature produc$ by vegetation is due to radiation1 & h[ f> to exhalation ( ! fluids ( ! plant 9 a gase\s =m2 = bo? processes usually g on toge!r4 ,b ! frigorific effect ( leafy /ructure is well obs]v$ 9 ! deposit ( dew & ! occurr5ce ( ho>fro/ on ! foliage ( grasses & o!r small vegetables1 & on o!r objects ( simil> =m & consi/5ce1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air a few y>ds above has n be5 br\ght d[n to ! dew po9t1 /ill less to #cb deg41 ! degree ( cold requir$ to congeal dew to fro/4#acc b4 ,trees z ,conductors ( ,heat4 ,we are also to take into acc\nt ! action ( ! =e/ z a conductor ( heat betwe5 ! atmosph]e & ! e>?4 ,9 ! mo/ important c\ntries ( ,am]ica & ,europe1 & especially 9 ^? :i* h suff]$ mo/ f ! de/ruction ( ! woods1 ! sup]ficial /rata ( ! e>? are cold] 9 w9t]1 & w>m] 9 summ] ?an ^? a few in*es l[]1 & _! %ift+ temp]ature approximates to ! atmosph]ic mean ( ! respective seasons4 ,! roots ( l>ge trees p5etrate b5ea? ! sup]ficial /rata1 & rea* e>? ( a ne>ly con/ant temp]ature1 correspond+ to ! mean = ! entire ye>4 ,z conductors1 !y convey ! heat ( ! atmosph]e to ! e>? :5 ! e>? is cold] ?an ! air1 & transmit x 9 ! contr>y direction :5 ! temp]ature ( ! e>? is high] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 z conductors1 !y t5d to equalize ! temp]ature ( ! e>? & ! air4 c4 ,trees 9 ,summ] & ,w9t]4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! que/ions ,i am consid]+ h ! greate/ practical importance1 a v l>ge proportion1 if n a majority1 ( ! trees are ( decidu\s foliage1 & _! radiat+ z well z _! %ad+ surface is v mu* great] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,9 ! latt] season1 !y little ob/ruct ! reception ( heat by ! gr\nd or ! radiation f x2 :]eas1 9 ! =m]1 !y (t5 int]pose a complete canopy betwe5 ! gr\nd & ! sky1 & mat]ially int]f]e ) bo? processes4 d4 ,dead ,products ( ,trees4 ,besides ?is v>i\s action ( /&+ trees consid]$ z inorganic matt]1 ! =e/ ex]cises1 by ! annual m\lt+ ( its foliage1 /ill ano!r influ5ce on ! temp]ature ( ! e>?1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( ! atmosph]e :i* re/s ^u x4 ,if y exam9e ! con/itution ( ! sup]ficial soil 9 a primitive or an old & undi/urb$ artificially plant$ wood1 y f9d1 fir/1 a deposit ( undecay$ leaves1 twigs1 & se$s1 ly+ 9 loose lay]s on ! surface2 !n1 m compact b$s ( ! same mat]ials 9 incipi5t1 &1 z y desc5d1 m & m advanc$ /ages ( decomposition2 !n1 a mass ( black m\ld1 9 :i* traces ( organic /ructure are h>dly discov]able except by microscopic exam9ation2 !n1 a /ratum ( m9]al soil1 m or less mix$ ) vegetable matt] c>ri$ d[n into x by wat]1 or result+ f ! decay ( roots2 &1 f9ally1 ! inorganic e>? or rock itself4 ,)\t ?is deposit ( ! dead products ( trees1 ?is latt] w\ld be ! sup]ficial /ratum1 & z its p[]s ( absorption1 radiation1 & conduction ( heat w\ld diff] ess5tially f ^? ( ! lay]s ) :i* x has be5 cov]$ by ! dropp+s ( ! =e/1 x w\ld act ^u ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & be act$ on by x1 9 a v diff]5t way f ! leaves & m\ld :i* re/ ^u x4 ,leaves1 /ill entire1 or p>tially decay$1 are v indiff]5t conductors ( heat1 &1 !re=e1 ?\gh !y dim9i% ! w>m+ influ5ce ( ! summ] sun on ! soil bel[ !m1 !y1 on ! o!r h&1 prev5t ! escape ( heat f t soil 9 w9t]1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 cold climates1 ev5 :5 ! gr\nd is n cov]$ by a protect+ mantle ( sn[1 ! e>? does n freeze to z great a dep? 9 ! wood z 9 ! op5 field4 e4 ,trees z a ,%elt] to ,gr\nd to ! ,leew>d4 ,! action ( ! =e/1 consid]$ m]ely z a me*anical %elt] to gr\nds ly+ to ! leew>d ( x1 w\ld seem to be an influ5ce ( too re/rict$ a "* to des]ve mu* notice2 b _m facts concur to %[ t x is an important elem5t 9 local climate1 & t x is (t5 a valuable means ( def5ce aga9/ ! spread ( miasmatic effluvia1 ?\gh1 9 ?is la/ case1 x may ex]cise a *emical z well z a me*anical ag5cy4 ,9 ! report ( a committee appo9t$ 9 #ahcf to exam9e an article ( ! =e/ code ( ,france1 ,arago obs]ves3 ,if a curta9 ( =e/ on ! coa/s ( ,norm&y & ( ,brittany 7 de/roy$1 ^! two prov9ces w\ld become accessible to ! w9ds f ! we/1 to ! mild breezes ( ! sea4 ,h5ce a decrease ( ! cold ( w9t]4 ,if a simil> =e/ 7 to be cle>$ on ! ea/]n bord] ( ,france1 ! glacial ea/ w9d w\ld prevail ) great] /r5g?1 & ! w9t]s w\ld become m sev]e4 ,?us ! removal ( a belt ( wood w\ld produce opposite effects 9 ! two regions4#acd ,?is op9ion receives confirmation f an obs]vation ( ,dr4 ,dwight1 :o rem>ks1 9 ref]5ce to ! woods ( ,new ,engl&3 ,ano!r effect ( remov+ ! =e/ w be ! free passage ( ! w9ds1 & among !m ( ! s\!rn w9ds1 ov] ! surface4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 has be5 an increas+ fact )9 my own remembrance4 ,z ! cultivation ( ! c\ntry has ext5d$ f>!r to ! nor?1 ! w9ds f ! s\? h rea*$ di/ances m remote f ! ocean1 & imp>t$ _! w>m? frequ5tly1 & 9 su* degrees z1 =ty ye>s s9ce1 7 9 ! same places v little kn[n4 ,?is fact1 also1 contributes to l5g!n ! summ]1 & to %ort5 ! w9t]-half ( ! ye>4#ace ,x is ?\ght 9 ,italy t ! cle>+ ( ! ,ap5n9es has v mat]ially affect$ ! climate ( ! valley ( ! ,po4 ,x is ass]t$ 9 ,le ,alpi *e c+ono l',italia t3 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! fell+ ( ! woods on ! ,ap5n9es1 ! sirocco prevails greatly on ! "r bank ( ! ,po1 9 ! ,p>mesan t]ritory1 & 9 a "p ( ,lomb>dy2 x injures ! h>ve/s & ! v9ey>ds1 & sometimes ru9s ! crops ( ! season4 ,to ! same cause _m ascribe ! meteorological *anges 9 ! prec9cts ( ,mod5a & ( ,reggio4 ,9 ! communes ( ^! di/ricts1 :]e =m]ly /raw ro(s resi/$ ! =ce ( ! w9ds1 tiles are n[ h>dly suffici5t2 9 o!rs1 :]e tiles answ]$ = ro(s1 l>ge slabs ( /one are n[ ineffectual2 & 9 _m neighbor+ communes ! grapes & ! gra9 are swept (f by ! bla/s ( ! s\? & s\?we/ w9ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 ! p9]y ( ,porto1 ne> ,rav5na--:i* is #cc kilometres long1 & is "o ( ! olde/ p9e woods 9 ,italy--hav+ be5 replant$ ) res9\s trees aft] x 0 un=tunately cut1 has reliev$ ! city f ! sirocco to :i* x _h become expos$1 & 9 a great degree re/or$ its anci5t climate4#acf ,! fell+ ( ! woods on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,jutl& has expos$ ! soil n only to drift+ s&s1 b to %>p sea w9ds1 t h ex]t$ a s5sible det]iorat+ effect on ! climate ( t p59sula1 :i* has no m\nta9s to s]ve at once z a b>ri] to ! =ce ( ! w9ds1 & z a /oreh\se ( moi/ure receiv$ by precipitation or cond5s$ f atmosph]ic vapors4#acg ,x is evid5t t ! effect ( ! =e/1 z a me*anical imp$im5t to ! passage ( ! w9d1 w\ld ext5d to a v consid]able di/ance above its own height1 & h5ce protect :ile /&+1 or lay op5 :5 fell$1 a mu* l>g] surface ?an might at fir/ ?\ght be suppos$4 ,! atmosph]e1 movable z are its p>ticles1 & light & ela/ic z are its masses1 is nev]!less held toge!r z a cont9u\s :ole by ! gravitation ( its atoms & _! consequ5t pressure on ea* o!r1 if n by attraction betwe5 !m1 &1 !re=e1 an ob/ruction :i* me*anically imp$es ! movem5t ( a giv5 /ratum ( air1 w ret>d ! passage ( ! /rata above & bel[ x4 ,to ?is effect may (t5 be add$ t ( an asc5d+ curr5t f ! =e/ itself1 :i* mu/ always exi/ :5 ! atmosph]e )9 ! wood is w>m] ?an ! /ratum ( air above x1 & mu/ be ( almo/ con/ant occurr5ce 9 ! case ( cold w9ds1 f :atev] qu>t]1 because ! /ill air 9 ! =e/ is sl[ 9 tak+ up ! temp]ature ( ! mov+ columns & curr5ts ar\nd & above x4 ,exp]i5ce1 9 fact1 has %[n t m]e r[s ( trees1 & ev5 mu* l[] ob/ructions1 are ( ess5tial s]vice 9 def5d+ vegetation aga9/ ! action ( ! w9d4 ,h>dy proposes plant+1 9 ,alg]ia1 belts ( trees at ! di/ance ( "o hundr$ metres f ea* o!r1 z a %elt] :i* exp]i5ce _h prov$ to be useful 9 ,france4#ach ,9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 says ,becqu]el1 a simple h$ge1 two metres 9 height1 is a suffici5t protection = a di/ance ( tw5ty-two metres4#aci ,! me*anical %elt] acts1 no d\bt1 *iefly z a def5ce aga9/ ! me*anical =ce ( ! w9d1 b its uses are by no means limit$ to ?is effect4 ,if ! curr5t ( air :i* x resi/s moves horizontally1 x w\ld prev5t ! access ( cold or p>*+ bla/s to ! gr\nd = a great di/ance2 & did ! w9d ev5 desc5d at a l>ge angle ) ! surface1 /ill a consid]able ext5t ( gr\nd w\ld be protect$ by a =e/ to ! w9dw>d ( x4 ,if we suppose ! trees ( a wood to h a mean height ( only tw5ty y>ds1 !y w\ld (t5 b5eficially affect ! temp]ature or ! moi/ure ( a belt ( l& two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?1 & ?us p]haps rescue valuable crops f de/ruction4#adj ,! local ret>dation ( spr+ s mu* compla9$ ( 9 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,switz]l&1 & ! increas$ frequ5cy ( late fro/s at t season1 appe> to be ascribable to ! admission ( cold bla/s to ! surface1 by ! fell+ ( ! =e/s :i* =m]ly bo? scre5$ x z by a wall1 & communicat$ ! w>m? ( _! soil to ! air & e>? to ! leew>d4 ,caimi /ates t s9ce ! cutt+ d[n ( ! woods ( ! ,ap5n9es1 ! cold w9ds de/roy or /unt ! vegetation1 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! usurpation ( w9t] on ! doma9 ( spr+1 ! di/rict ( ,mugello has lo/ all its mulb]ries1 except ! few :i* f9d 9 ! lee ( build+s a protection l t once furni%$ by ! =e/4#ada ,x is prov$1 says ,clave1 ,etudes1 p4 #dd1 t ! dep>tm5t ( ,arde*e1 :i* n[ conta9s n a s+le consid]able wood1 has exp]i5c$ )9 ?irty ye>s a climatic di/urbance1 ( :i* ! late fro/s1 =m]ly unkn[n 9 ! c\ntry1 are "o ( ! mo/ melan*oly effects4 ,simil> results h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,alsace1 9 consequ5ce ( ! d5udation ( sev]al ( ! cre/s ( ! ,vosges4 ,duss>d1 z quot$ by ,ribbe1#adb ma9ta9s t ev5 ! mi/ral1 or nor?we/ w9d1 ^: *ill+ bla/s are s fatal to t5d] vegetation 9 ! spr+1 is ! *ild ( man1 ! result ( 8 deva/ations4 ,"u ! reign ( ,augu/us1 cont9ues he1 ! =e/s :i* protect$ ! ,cev5nes 7 fell$1 or de/roy$ by fire1 9 mass4 ,a va/ c\ntry1 be=e cov]$ ) imp5etrable woods--p[]ful ob/acles to ! movem5t & ev5 to ! =mation ( hurricanes--0 sudd5ly d5ud$1 swept b>e1 /ripp$1 & soon aft]1 a sc\rge hi!rto unkn[n /ruck t]ror ov] ! l& f ,avignon to ! ,b\*es du ,rhone1 !nce to ,m>seilles1 & !n ext5d$ its ravages1 dim9i%$ inde$ by a long c>e] :i* _h p>tially exhau/$ its =ce1 ov] ! :ole m>itime fronti]4 ,! p ?\ght ?is w9d a curse s5t ( ,god4 ,!y rais$ alt>s to x & (f]$ sacrifices to appease its rage4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ?is plague 0 less de/ructive ?an at pres5t1 until ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 fur!r cle>+s _h remov$ mo/ ( ! rema9+ b>ri]s to its c\rse4 ,up to t "t1 ! nor?we/ w9d appe>s n to h atta9$ to ! maximum ( specific effect :i* n[ *>act]izes x z a local ph5om5on4 ,ext5sive di/ricts1 f :i* ! rigor ( ! seasons has n[ bani%$ valuable crops1 7 n !n expos$ to ! loss ( _! h>ve/s by tempe/s1 cold1 or dr\ght4 ,! det]ioration 0 rapid 9 its progress4 ,"u ! ,consulate1 ! cle>+s _h ex]t$ s injuri\s an effect ^u ! climate1 t ! cultivation ( ! olive _h retreat$ sev]al leagues1 & s9ce ! w9t]s & spr+s ( #ahbj & #ahcf1 ?is bran* ( rural indu/ry has be5 ab&on$ 9 a great numb] ( localities :]e x 0 advantage\sly pursu$ be=e4 ,! orange n[ fl\ri%es only at a few %elt]$ po9ts ( ! coa/1 & x is ?reat5$ ev5 at ,ily]es1 :]e ! cle>+ ( ! hills ne> ! t[n has prov$ v prejudicial to ?is valuable tree4 ,m>*& in=ms u t1 s9ce ! fell+ ( ! woods1 late spr+ fro/s are m frequ5t 9 _m localities nor? ( ! ,alps2 t fruit trees ?rive well no long]1 & t x is difficult to raise "y trees4#adc f4 ,trees z a ,protection aga9/ ,mal>ia4 ,! influ5ce ( =e/s 9 prev5t+ ! diffusion ( miasmatic vapors is a matt] ( less famili> obs]vation1 & p]haps does n come /rictly )9 ! sph]e ( ! pres5t inquiry1 b its importance w ju/ify me 9 devot+ "s space to ! subject4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 7,i quote aga9 f ,becqu]el7 t humid air1 *>g$ ) miasmata1 is depriv$ ( !m 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,rigaud de ,lille obs]v$ localities 9 ,italy :]e ! int]position ( a scre5 ( trees pres]v$ ev]y?+ beyond x1 :ile ! unprotect$ gr\nds 7 subject to fev]s4#add ,few ,european c\ntries pres5t bett] opportunities = obs]vation on ?is po9t ?an ,italy1 because 9 t k+dom ! localities expos$ to miasmatic exhalations are num]\s1 & belts ( trees1 if n =e/s1 are ( s frequ5t occurr5ce t _! efficacy 9 ?is respect c be easily te/$4 ,! belief t r[s ( trees af=d an important protection aga9/ mal>i\s influ5ces is v g5]al among ,italians be/ qualifi$ by intellig5ce & pr(essional exp]i5ce to judge ^u ! subject4 ,! commission]s appo9t$ to report on ! measures to be adopt$ = ! improvem5t ( ! ,tuscan ,m>emme advis$ ! plant+ ( ?ree or f\r r[s ( popl>s1 ,populus alba1 9 su* directions z to ob/ruct ! curr5ts ( air f mal>i\s localities1 & ?us int]cept a great proportion ( ! p]nici\s exhalations4#ade ,lieut5ant ,maury ev5 believ$ t a few r[s ( sunfl[]s1 plant$ betwe5 ! ,wa%+ton ,obs]vatory & ! m>%y banks ( ! ,potomac1 _h sav$ ! inmates ( t e/abli%m5t f ! int]mitt5t fev]s to :i* !y _h be5 =m]ly liable4 ,maury's exp]im5ts h be5 repeat$ 9 ,italy4 ,l>ge plantations ( sunfl[]s h be5 made ^u ! alluvial deposits ( ! ,oglio1 above its entrance into ! ,lake ( ,iseo ne> ,pisogne1 & x is said ) favorable results to ! heal? ( ! neighborhood4#adf ,9 fact1 ! g5]ally b5eficial effects ( a =e/ wall or o!r vegetable scre51 z a protection aga9/ noxi\s exhalations f m>%es or o!r s\rces ( disease situat$ to ! w9dw>d ( !m1 are v commonly admitt$4 ,x is argu$ t1 9 ^! cases1 ! foliage ( trees & ( o!r vegetables ex]cises a *emical z well z a me*anical effect ^u ! atmosph]e1 & "s1 :o all[ t =e/s may int]cept ! circulation ( ! miasmatic effluvia ( swampy soils1 or ev5 r5d] !m h>mless by decompos+ !m1 cont5d1 nev]!less1 t !y are !mselves active causes ( ! production ( mal>ia4 ,! subject has be5 a good deal discuss$ 9 ,italy1 & !re is "s reason to ?9k t "u special circum/ances ! influ5ce ( ! =e/ 9 ?is respect may be prejudicial r ?an salut>y1 ?\gh ?is does n appe> to be g5]ally ! case4#adg ,x is1 at all ev5ts1 well kn[n t ! great swamps ( ,virg9ia & ! ,c>ol9as1 9 climates ne>ly simil> to t ( ,italy1 are heal?y ev5 to ! :ite man1 s long z ! =e/s 9 & ar\nd !m rema91 b become v insalubri\s :5 ! woods are fell$4#adh ,! ,=e/1 z ,inorganic ,matt]1 t5ds to mitigate ,extremes4 ,! surface :i* trees & leaves pres5t augm5ts ! g5]al sup]ficies ( ! e>? expos$ to ! absorption ( heat1 & increases ! radiat+ & reflect+ area 9 ! same proportion4 ,x is impossible to measure ! relative value ( ^! two elem5ts--increase ( absorb+ & increase ( emitt+ surface--z !rmometrical influ5ces1 because !y ex]t !mselves "u inf9itely v>i$ conditions2 & x is equally impossible to make a quantitative e/imate ( any p>tial1 /ill m ( ! total effect ( ! =e/1 consid]$ z dead matt]1 on ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & ( ! portion ( ! e>?'s surface act$ on by x4 ,b x seems probable t its greate/ influ5ce 9 ?is respect is due to its "* ( a scre51 or me*anical ob/acle to ! transmission ( heat betwe5 ! e>? & ! air2 & ?is is equally true ( ! /&+ tree & ( ! dead foliage :i* x deposits 9 successive lay]s at its foot4 ,! complicat$ action ( trees & _! products1 z dead absorb5ts1 radiators1 reflectors1 & conductors ( heat1 & z int]ceptors ( its transmission1 is s intimately connect$ ) _! effects ^u ! humidity ( ! air & ! e>?1 & ) all _! liv+ processes1 t x is difficult to sep>ate ! =m] f ! latt] class ( influ5ces2 b ^u ! :ole1 ! =e/ mu/ ?us f> be reg>d$ z t5d+ to mitigate extremes1 &1 !re=e1 z an equaliz] ( temp]ature4 ,,trees ,,z ,,organisms4 ,specific ,heat4 ,trees1 consid]$ z organisms1 produce 9 !mselves1 or 9 ! air1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 by absorb+ & cond5s+ atmosph]ic vapor1 & !y ex]t an opposite influ5ce by absorb+ wat] & exhal+ x 9 ! =m ( vapor2 b !re is /ill ano!r mode by :i* _! liv+ processes may w>m ! air ar\nd !m1 indep5d5tly ( ! !rmometric effects ( cond5sation & evaporation4 ,! vital heat ( a doz5 p]sons raises ! temp]ature ( a room4 ,if trees possess a specific temp]ature ( _! own1 an organic p[] ( g5]at+ heat1 l t ) :i* ! w>m-blood$ animals are gift$1 ?\gh by a diff]5t process1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( weight is to be ascrib$ to ?is elem5t1 9 e/imat+ ! action ( ! =e/ ^u atmosph]ic temp]ature4 ,obs]vation %[s1 says ,megus*]1 t ! wood ( a liv+ tree ma9ta9s a temp]ature ( #ab deg4 or #ac deg4 ,c5t4 #ed deg41 #ef deg4 ,fahr4 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air /&s at #c deg41 #g deg41 & #h deg4 #cg deg41 #df deg41 #dg deg4 ,f4 above z]o1 & t ! int]nal w>m? ( ! tree does n rise & fall 9 proportion to t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,s long z ! latt] is bel[ #ah deg4 #fg deg4 ,fahr41 t ( ! tree is always ! highe/2 b if ! temp]ature ( ! air rises to #ah deg41 t ( ! vegetable gr[? is ! l[e/4 ,s9ce1 !n1 trees ma9ta9 at all seasons a con/ant mean temp]ature ( #ab deg4 #ed deg4 ,fahr41 x is easy to see :y ! air 9 contact ) ! =e/ mu/ be w>m] 9 w9t]1 cool] 9 summ]1 ?an 9 situations :]e x is depriv$ ( t influ5ce4#adi ,b\ss+ault rem>ks3 ,9 _m fl[]s !re has be5 obs]v$ a v consid]able evolution ( heat1 at ! approa* ( fecundation4 ,9 c]ta9 arums ! temp]ature rises to #dj deg4 or #ej deg4 ,c5t4 #ajd deg4 or #abb deg4 ,fahr44 ,x is v probable t ?is ph5om5on is g5]al1 & v>ies only 9 ! int5sity ) :i* x is manife/$4#aej ,if we suppose ! fecundation ( ! fl[]s ( =e/ trees to be att5d$ ) a t5? only ( ?is calorific p[]1 !y c\ld n fail to ex]t an important influ5ce on ! w>m? ( ! atmosph]ic /rata 9 contact ) !m4 ,9 a pap] on ,meteorology by ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice ,report = #aheg1 p4 #ejd1 t di/+ui%$ physici/ obs]ves3 ,z a g5]al d$uction f *emical & me*anical pr9ciples1 we ?9k no *ange ( temp]ature is ev] produc$ :]e ! actions belong+ to "o or bo? ( ^! pr9ciples are n pres5t4 ,h5ce1 9 midw9t]1 :5 all vegetable functions are dormant1 we d n believe t any heat is develop$ by a tree1 or t its int]ior diff]s 9 temp]ature f its ext]ior fur!r ?an x is protect$ f ! ext]nal air4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made on ?is po9t1 we ?9k1 h be5 direct$ by a false analogy4 ,dur+ ! active circulation ( ! sap & ! production ( new tissue1 v>iations ( temp]ature belong+ exclusively to ! plant may be obs]v$2 b x is inconsi/5t ) g5]al pr9ciples t heat %\ld be g5]at$ :]e no *ange is tak+ place4 ,!re c be no d\bt t moi/ure is giv5 out by trees & evaporat$ 9 extremely cold w9t]-wea!r1 & unless new fluid 7 suppli$ f ! roots1 ! tree w\ld be exhau/$ ( its juices be=e w9t] 0 ov]4 ,b ?is is n obs]v$ to be ! fact1 &1 ?\gh ! po9t is disput$1 respectable au?orities decl>e t wood fell$ 9 ! dep? ( w9t] is ! heavie/ & fulle/ ( sap4#aea ,w>m wea!r 9 w9t]1 ( too %ort cont9uance to affect ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd s5sibly1 /imulates a free fl[ ( sap 9 ! maple4 ,?us1 9 ! la/ week ( ,decemb]1 #ahfb1 & ! fir/ week ( ,janu>y1 #ahfc1 sug> 0 made f t tree1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,new ,engl&4 ,a s+le bran* ( a tree1 admitt$ into a w>m room 9 w9t] ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 a w9d[1 op5$ its buds & develop$ its leaves :ile ! re/ ( ! tree 9 ! ext]nal air rema9$ 9 its w9t] sleep4#aeb ,! roots ( =e/ trees 9 temp]ate climates1 rema91 = ! mo/ "p1 9 a moi/ soil1 ( a temp]ature n mu* bel[ ! annual mean1 ?r\gh ! :ole w9t]2 & we _c acc\nt = ! un9t]rupt$ moi/ure ( ! tree1 unless we suppose t ! roots furni% a con/ant supply ( wat]4 ,atk9son describes a rav9e 9 a valley 9 ,sib]ia1 :i* 0 fill$ ) ice to ! dep? ( tw5ty-five feet4 ,popl>s 7 gr[+ 9 ?is ice1 :i* 0 ?aw$ to ! di/ance ( "s in*es f ! /em4 ,b ! surface ( ! soil b5ea? x mu/ h rema9$ /ill froz51 = ! holes ar\nd ! trees 7 full ( wat] result+ f its melt+1 & ?is w\ld h escap$ bel[ if ! gr\nd _h be5 ?aw$4 ,9 ?is case1 al?\gh ! roots _h n ?aw$ ! ?ick cov]+ ( e>? above !m1 ! trunks mu/ h melt$ ! ice 9 contact ) !m4 ,! trees1 :5 obs]v$ by ,atk9son1 7 9 full leaf1 b x does n appe> at :at p]iod ! ice ar\nd _! /ems _h melt$4 ,f ^! facts1 & o!rs ( ! l sort1 x w\ld seem t all vegetable functions are n absolutely dormant 9 w9t]1 &1 !re=e1 t trees may give out "s heat at t season4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ! circulation ( ! sap comm5ces at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! spr+1 & ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 contact ) trees may !n be suffici5tly affect$ by heat evolv$ 9 ! vital processes ( vegetation1 to raise ! !rmometric mean ( wood$ c\ntries = t season1 &1 ( c\rse1 = ! ye>4#aec ,total ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/ on ,temp]ature4 ,x has n yet be5 f\nd practicable to measure1 sum up1 & equate ! total influ5ce ( ! =e/1 its processes & its products1 dead & liv+1 ^u temp]ature1 & inve/igators diff] mu* 9 _! conclusions on ?is subject4 ,x seems probable t 9 e p>ticul> case ! result is1 if n det]m9$1 at lea/ s mu* modifi$ by local conditions :i* are inf9itely v>i$1 t no g5]al =mula is applicable to ! "q4 ,9 ! report to :i* ,i ref]r$ on page #adi1 ,gay-,lussac says3 ,9 my op9ion we h n yet any positive pro( t ! =e/ has1 9 itself1 any real influ5ce on ! climate ( a great c\ntry1 or ( a p>ticul> locality4 ,by closely exam9+ ! effects ( cle>+ (f ! woods1 we %\ld p]haps f9d t1 f> f be+ an evil1 x is an advantage2 b ^! que/ions are s complicat$ :5 !y are exam9$ 9 a climatological po9t ( view1 t ! solution ( !m is v difficult1 n to say impossible4 ,becqu]el1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]s x c]ta9 t 9 tropical climates1 ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s is accompani$ ) an elevation ( ! mean temp]ature1 & he ?9ks x highly probable t x has ! same effect 9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,! foll[+ is ! sub/ance ( 8 rem>ks on ?is subject3-- ,=e/s act z frigorific causes 9 ?ree ways3 #a4 ,!y %elt] ! gr\nd aga9/ sol> irradiation & ma9ta9 a great] humidity4 #b4 ,!y produce a cutane\s transpiration by ! leaves4 #c4 ,!y multiply1 by ! expansion ( _! bran*es1 ! surfaces :i* are cool$ by radiation4 ,^! ?ree causes act+ ) great] or less =ce1 we mu/1 9 ! /udy ( ! climatology ( a c\ntry1 take into acc\nt ! proportion betwe5 ! area ( ! =e/s & ! surface :i* is b>$ ( trees & cov]$ ) h]bs & grasses4 ,we %\ld be incl9$ to believe a priori1 accord+ to ! =ego+ consid]ations1 t ! cle>+ ( ! woods1 by rais+ ! temp]ature & increas+ ! dryness ( ! air1 ought to react on climate4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 if ! va/ des]t ( ! ,sah>a 7 to become wood$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 ! s&s w\ld cease to be heat$ z mu* z at ! pres5t epo*1 :5 ! mean temp]ature is tw5ty-n9e degrees c5tigrade1 #he deg4 ,fahr44 ,9 t case1 ! asc5d+ curr5ts ( w>m air w\ld cease1 or be less w>m1 & w\ld n contribute1 by desc5d+ 9 our latitudes1 to s(t5 ! climate ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,?us ! cle>+ ( a great c\ntry may react on ! climates ( regions m or less remote f x4 ,! obs]vations by ,b\ss+ault leave no d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,?is writ] det]m9$ ! mean temp]ature ( wood$ & ( cle>$ po9ts1 "u ! same latitude1 & at ! same elevation above ! sea1 9 localities compris$ betwe5 ! elev5? degree ( nor? & ! fif? degree ( s\? latitude1 t is to say1 9 ! portion ( ! tropics ne>e/ to ! equator1 & :]e radiation t5ds p[]fully dur+ ! night to l[] ! temp]ature "u a sky )\t cl\ds4#aed ,! result ( ^! obs]vations1 :i* has be5 pretty g5]ally adopt$ by physici/s1 is t ! mean temp]ature ( cle>$ l& 9 ! tropics appe>s to be ab\t "o degree c5tigrade1 or a little less ?an two degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 above t ( ! =e/4 ,on page #adg ( ! volume j cit$1 ,becqu]el argues t1 inasmu* z ! same & sometimes a great] diff]5ce is f\nd 9 favor ( ! op5 gr\nd1 at po9ts )9 ! tropics s elevat$ z to h a temp]ate or ev5 a pol> climate1 we mu/ conclude t ! =e/s 9 ,nor!rn ,am]ica ex]t a refrig]at+ influ5ce equally p[]ful4 ,b ! conditions ( ! soil are s diff]5t 9 ! two regions comp>$1 t ,i ?9k we _c1 ) entire confid5ce1 reason f ! "o to ! o!r1 & x is mu* to be desir$ t obs]vations be made on ! summ] & w9t] temp]ature ( bo? ! air & ! gr\nd 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican =e/s1 be=e x is too late4#aee ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,=e/s ,,on ,,! ,,humidity ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,& ,,! ,,e>?4 a4 ,z ,inorganic ,matt]4 ,! mo/ important influ5ce ( ! =e/ on climate is1 no d\bt1 t :i* x ex]cises on ! humidity ( ! air & ! e>?1 & ?is climatic action x ex]ts p>tly z dead1 p>tly z liv+ matt]4 ,by its int]position z a curta9 betwe5 ! sky & ! gr\nd1 x int]cepts a l>ge proportion ( ! dew & ! light] %[]s1 :i* w\ld o!rwise moi/5 ! surface ( ! soil1 & re/ores x to ! atmosph]e by evaporation2 :ile 9 heavi] ra9s1 ! l>ge drops :i* fall ^u ! leaves & bran*es are brok5 into small] ones1 & consequ5tly /rike ! gr\nd ) less me*anical =ce1 or are p]haps ev5 disp]s$ into vapor )\t rea*+ x4#aef ,z a scre51 x prev5ts ! access ( ! sun's rays to ! e>?1 &1 ( c\rse1 an elevation ( temp]ature :i* w\ld occasion a great increase ( evaporation4 ,z a me*anical ob/ruction1 x imp$es ! passage ( air curr5ts ov] ! gr\nd1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 is "o ( ! mo/ effici5t ag5ts 9 promot+ evaporation & ! refrig]ation result+ f x4#aeg ,9 ! =e/1 ! air is almo/ quiesc5t1 & moves only z local *anges ( temp]ature affect ! specific gravity ( its p>ticles4 ,h5ce !re is (t5 a dead calm 9 ! woods :5 a furi\s bla/ is rag+ 9 ! op5 c\ntry at a few y>ds' di/ance4 ,! d5s] ! =e/--z = example1 :]e x consi/s ( spike-leav$ trees1 or is ?ickly int]mix$ ) !m--! m obvi\s is its effect1 & no "o c h pass$ f ! field to ! wood 9 cold1 w9dy wea!r1 )\t hav+ rem>k$ x4#aeh ,! vegetable m\ld1 result+ f ! decomposition ( leaves & ( wood1 c>pets ! gr\nd ) a spongy cov]+ :i* ob/ructs ! evaporation f ! m9]al e>? bel[1 dr9ks up ! ra9s & melt+ sn[s t w\ld o!rwise fl[ rapidly ov] ! surface & p]haps be convey$ to ! di/ant sea1 & !n sl[ly gives out1 by evaporation1 infiltration1 & p]colation1 ! moi/ure ?us imbib$4 ,! roots1 too1 p5etrate f> bel[ ! sup]ficial soil1 conduct ! wat] along _! surface to ! l[] dep?s to :i* !y rea*1 & ?us s]ve to dra9 ! sup]ior /rata & remove ! moi/ure out ( ! rea* ( evaporation4 b4 ,! ,=e/ z ,organic4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal modes 9 :i* ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e is affect$ by ! =e/ reg>d$ z lifeless matt]4 ,let u inquire h[ its organic processes act ^u ?is meteorological elem5t4 ,! commone/ obs]vation %[s t ! wood & b>k ( liv+ trees are always m or less p]vad$ ) wat]y & o!r fluids1 "o ( :i*1 ! sap1 is v abundant 9 trees ( decidu\s foliage :5 ! buds beg9 to swell & ! leaves to develop !mselves 9 ! spr+4 ,! out] b>k ( mo/ trees is ( a corky "*1 n admitt+ ! absorption ( mu* moi/ure f ! atmosph]e ?r\gh its pores1 & we c h>dly suppose t ! buds are able to extract f ! air a mu* l>g] supply4 ,! obvi\s conclusion z to ! s\rce f :i* ! extraord9>y quantity ( sap at ?is season is d]iv$1 is t to :i* sci5tific inve/igation leads u1 namely1 t x is absorb$ f ! e>? by ! roots1 & !nce di/ribut$ to all p>ts ( ! plant4 ,popul> op9ion1 inde$1 supposes t all ! vegetable fluids1 dur+ ! entire p]iod ( gr[?1 are ?us drawn f ! bosom ( ! e>?1 & t ! wood & o!r products ( ! tree are :olly =m$ f matt] held 9 solution 9 ! wat] ab/ract$ by ! roots f ! gr\nd4 ,?is is an error1 =1 n only is ! solid matt] ( ! tree1 9 a c]ta9 proportion n important to our pres5t inquiry1 receiv$ f ! atmosph]e 9 a gase\s =m1 ?r\gh ! pores ( ! leaves & ( ! "y %oots1 b wat] 9 ! /ate ( vapor is absorb$ & contribut$ to ! circulation1 by ! same organs4#aei ,! am\nt ( wat] tak5 up by ! roots1 h[ev]1 is va/ly great] ?an t imbib$ ?r\gh ! leaves1 especially at ! season :5 ! juices are mo/ abundant1 & :51 z we h se51 ! leaves are yet 9 embryo4 ,! quantity ( wat] ?us receiv$ f ! air & ! e>?1 9 a s+le ye>1 by a wood ( ev5 a hundr$ acres1 is v great1 ?\gh exp]im5ts are want+ to furni% ! data = ev5 an approximate e/imate ( its measure2 = only ! vague/ conclusions c be drawn f ! obs]vations :i* h be5 made on ! imbibition & exhalation ( wat] by trees & o!r plants re>$ 9 artificial conditions div]se f ^? ( ! natural =e/4#afj ,wood ,mosses & ,fungi4 ,besides ! wat] drawn by ! roots f ! e>? & ! vapor absorb$ by ! leaves f ! air1 ! wood mosses & fungi1 :i* ab\nd 9 all d5se =e/s1 take up a great quantity ( moi/ure f ! atmosph]e :5 x is *>g$ ) humidity1 & exhale x aga9 :5 ! air is dry4 ,^! humble organizations1 :i* play a m important "p 9 regulat+ ! humidity ( ! air ?an writ]s on ! =e/ h usually assign$ to !m1 p]i% ) ! trees !y gr[ on2 b1 9 _m situations1 nature provides a comp5sation = ! tree mosses 9 gr\nd species1 :i*1 on cold soils1 especially ^? ) a nor!rn exposure1 spr+ up abundantly bo? be=e ! woods are fell$1 & :5 ! l& is cle>$ & employ$ = pa/urage1 or des]t$4 ,^! mosses dis*>ge a portion ( ! functions appropriat$ to ! wood1 & :ile !y r5d] ! soil ( improv$ l&s mu* less fit = agricultural use1 !y1 at ! same "t1 prep>e x = ! gr[? ( a new h>ve/ ( trees1 :5 ! inf]tility !y produce %all h driv5 man to ab&on x & suff] x to relapse into ! h&s ( nature4#afa ,fl[ ( ,sap4 ,! am\nt ( sap :i* c be )drawn f liv+ trees furni%es1 n inde$ a measure ( ! quantity ( wat] suck$ up by _! roots f ! gr\nd--= we _c extract f a tree its :ole moi/ure--b num]ical data :i* may aid ! imag9ation to =m a g5]al notion ( ! p[]ful action ( ! =e/ z an absorb5t ( humidity f ! e>?4 ,! only =e/ tree kn[n to ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! sap ( :i* is l>gely en\gh appli$ to economical uses to h made ! am\nt ( its fl[ a matt] ( practical importance & popul> obs]vation1 is ! sug> maple1 ,ac] sac*>9um1 ( ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,prov9ces & ,/ates4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a s+le sug> season1 :i* la/s ord9>ily f tw5ty-five to ?irty days1 a sug> maple two feet 9 diamet] w yield n less ?an tw5ty gallons ( sap1 & sometimes mu* m4#afb ,?is1 h[ev]1 is b a trifl+ proportion ( ! wat] ab/ract$ f ! e>? by ! roots dur+ ?is season1 :5 ! yet undevelop$ leaves c h>dly absorb an appreciable quantity ( vapor f ! atmosph]e2#afc = all ?is fluid runs f two or ?ree incisions or aug] holes1 s n>r[ z to int]cept ! curr5t ( comp>atively few sap vessels1 & besides1 exp]i5ce %[s t l>ge z is ! quantity )drawn f ! circulation1 x is relatively too small to affect v s5sibly ! gr[? ( ! tree4#afd ,! numb] ( l>ge maple trees on an acre is frequ5tly n less ?an fifty1#afe & ( c\rse ! quantity ( moi/ure ab/ract$ f ! soil by ?is tree alone is measur$ by ?\s&s ( gallons to ! acre4 ,! sug> or*>ds1 z !y are call$1 conta9 also _m "y maples too small = tapp+1 & num]\s o!r trees--two ( :i*1 at lea/1 ! black bir*1 ,betula l5ta1 & yell[ bir*1 ,betula excelsa1 bo? v common 9 ! same climate1 are f> m abundant 9 sap ?an ! maple#aff--;are scatt]$ among ! sug> trees2 = ! ,nor? ,am]ican native =e/s are rem>kable = ! mixture ( _! crops4 ,! sap ( ! maple1 & ( o!r trees ) decidu\s leaves :i* gr[ 9 ! same climate1 fl[s mo/ freely 9 ! e>ly spr+1 & especially 9 cle> wea!r1 :5 ! nights are fro/y & ! days w>m2 = x is !n t ! melt+ sn[s supply ! e>? ) moi/ure 9 ! ju/e/ proportion1 & t ! absorb5t p[] ( ! roots is /imulat$ to its highe/ activity4#afg ,:5 ! buds are ready to bur/1 & ! gre5 leaves beg9 to %[ !mselves b5ea? _! scaly cov]+1 ! gr\nd has become dri]1 ! ?ir/ ( ! roots is qu5*$1 & ! fl[ ( sap f !m to ! /em is greatly dim9i%$4#afh ,absorption & ,exhalation ( ,moi/ure4 ,! leaves n[ comm5ce ! process ( absorption1 & imbibe bo? uncomb9$ gases & an unasc]ta9$ b p]haps consid]able quantity ( wat]y vapor f ! humid atmosph]e ( spr+ :i* ba!s !m4 ,! organic action ( ! tree1 z ?us f> describ$1 t5ds to ! desiccation ( air & e>?2 b :5 we consid] :at volumes ( wat] are daily absorb$ by a l>ge tree1 & h[ small a proportion ( ! weight ( ?is fluid consi/s ( matt] :i* ent]s into new comb9ations1 & becomes a "p ( ! solid framework ( ! vegetable1 or a compon5t ( its decidu\s products1 x is evid5t t ! sup]flu\s moi/ure mu/ someh[ be c>ri$ (f almo/ z rapidly z x fl[s into ! tree4#afi ,at ! v comm5cem5t ( vegetation 9 spr+1 "s ( ?is fluid c]ta9ly escapes ?r\gh ! buds1 ! nasc5t foliage1 & ! pores ( ! b>b1 & vegetable physiology tells u t !re is a curr5t ( sap t[>d ! roots z well z f !m4#agj ,i d n "k t ! exudation ( wat] into ! e>?1 ?r\gh ! b>k or at ! extremities ( ^! latt] organs1 has be5 directly prov$1 b ! o!r kn[n modes ( c>ry+ (f ! surplus d n seem adequate to dispose ( x at ! almo/ leafless p]iod :5 x is mo/ abundantly receiv$1 & x is !re=e difficult to believe t ! roots d n1 to "s ext5t1 dra9 z well z flood ! wat]c\rses ( _! /em4 ,lat] 9 ! season ! roots absorb less1 & ! n[ develop$ leaves exhale a va/ly increas$ quantity ( moi/ure into ! air4 ,9 any ev5t1 all ! wat] d]iv$ by ! gr[+ tree f ! atmosph]e & ! gr\nd is return$ aga9 by transpiration or exudation1 aft] hav+ surr5d]$ to ! plant ! small proportion ( matt] requir$ = vegetable gr[? :i* x held 9 solution or susp5sion4#aga ,! hygrometrical equilibrium is !n re/or$1 s f> z ?is3 ! tree yields up aga9 ! moi/ure x _h drawn f ! e>? & ! air1 ?\gh x does n return x ea* to ea*2 = ! vapor c>ri$ (f by transpiration greatly exce$s ! quantity ( wat] absorb$ by ! foliage f ! atmosph]e1 & ! am\nt1 if any1 c>ri$ back to ! gr\nd by ! roots4 ,! evaporation ( ! juices ( ! plant1 by :atev] process effect$1 takes up atmosph]ic heat & produces refrig]ation4 ,?is effect is n less real1 ?\gh mu* less s5sible1 9 ! =e/ ?an 9 mead[ or pa/ure l&1 & x _c be d\bt$ t ! local temp]ature is consid]ably affect$ by x4 ,b ! evaporation t cools ! air diffuses ?r\gh x1 at ! same "t1 a m$ium :i* p[]fully resi/s ! escape ( heat f ! e>? by radiation4 ,visible vapors or cl\ds1 x is well kn[n1 prev5t fro/s by ob/ruct+ radiation1 or r by reflect+ back aga9 ! heat radiat$ by ! e>?1 j z any me*anical scre5 w\ld d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 cl\ds int]cept ! rays ( ! sun also1 & h9d] its heat f rea*+ ! e>?4 ,! invisible vapors giv5 out by leaves imp$e ! passage ( heat reflect$ & radiat$ by ! e>? & by all t]re/rial objects1 b oppose mu* less resi/ance to ! transmission ( direct sol> heat1 & inde$ ! beams ( ! sun seem m scor*+ :5 receiv$ ?r\gh cle> air *>g$ ) uncond5s$ moi/ure ?an aft] pass+ ?r\gh a dry atmosph]e4 ,h5ce ! r$uction ( temp]ature by ! evaporation ( moi/ure f vegetation1 ?\gh s5sible1 is less ?an x w\ld be if wat] 9 ! gase\s /ate 7 z imp]vi\s to heat giv5 out by ! sun z to t emitt$ by t]re/rial objects4 ,! hygroscopicity ( vegetable m\ld is mu* great] ?an t ( any m9]al e>?1 & !re=e ! soil ( ! =e/ absorbs m atmosph]ic moi/ure ?an ! op5 gr\nd4 ,! cond5sation ( ! vapor by absorption dis5gages heat1 & consequ5tly raises ! temp]ature ( ! soil :i* absorbs x4 ,von ,babo f\nd ! temp]ature ( s&y e>? ?us elevat$ f #bj deg4 to #bg deg4 c5tigrade1 mak+ a diff]5ce ( ne>ly ?irte5 degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 & t ( soil ri* 9 humus f #bj deg4 to #ca deg4 c5tigrade1 a diff]5ce ( almo/ tw5ty degrees ( ,fahr5heit4#agb ,balance ( ,conflict+ ,influ5ces4 ,we h %[n t ! =e/1 consid]$ z dead matt]1 t5ds to dim9i% ! moi/ure ( ! air1 by prev5t+ ! sun's rays f rea*+ ! gr\nd & evaporat+ ! wat] t falls ^u ! surface1 & also by spread+ ov] ! e>? a spongy mantle :i* sucks up & reta9s ! humidity x receives f ! atmosph]e1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ?is cov]+ acts 9 ! contr>y direction by accumulat+1 9 a res]voir n :olly inaccessible to vaporiz+ influ5ces1 ! wat] ( precipitation :i* might o!rwise sudd5ly s9k deep into ! b[els ( ! e>?1 or fl[ by sup]ficial *annels to o!r climatic regions4 ,we n[ see t1 z a liv+ organism1 x t5ds1 on ! "o h&1 to dim9i% ! humidity ( ! air by absorb+ moi/ure f x1 &1 on ! o!r1 to increase t humidity by p\r+ out into ! atmosph]e1 9 a vapor\s =m1 ! wat] x draws up ?r\gh its roots4 ,?is la/ op]ation1 at ! same "t1 l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 contact ) or proximity to ! wood1 by ! same law z 9 o!r cases ( ! conv]sion ( wat] into vapor4 ,z ,i h repeat$ly said1 we _c measure ! value ( any "o ( ^! elem5ts ( climatic di/urbance1 rais+ or l[]+ ( temp]ature1 increase or dim9ution ( humidity1 nor c we say t 9 any "o season1 any "o ye>1 or any "o fix$ cycle1 h[ev] long or %ort1 !y balance & comp5sate ea* o!r4 ,!y are sometimes1 b c]ta9ly n always1 contemporane\s 9 _! action1 :e!r _! t5d5cy is 9 ! same or 9 opposite directions1 &1 !re=e1 _! influ5ce is sometimes cumulative1 sometimes conflict+2 b1 ^u ! :ole1 _! g5]al effect seems to be to mitigate extremes ( atmosph]ic heat & cold1 moi/ure & dr\ght4 ,!y s]ve z equaliz]s ( temp]ature & humidity1 & x is highly probable t1 9 analogy ) mo/ o!r works & work+s ( nature1 !y1 at c]ta9 or unc]ta9 p]iods1 re/ore ! equilibrium :i*1 :e!r z lifeless masses or z liv+ organisms1 !y may h tempor>ily di/urb$4 ,:51 !re=e1 man de/roy$ ^! natural h>moniz]s ( climatic discords1 he sacrific$ an important cons]vative p[]1 ?\gh x is f> f c]ta9 t he has !reby affect$ ! mean1 h[ev] mu* he may h exagg]at$ ! extremes ( atmosph]ic temp]ature & humidity1 or1 9 o!r words1 may h increas$ ! range & l5g!n$ ! scale ( !rmometric & hygrometric v>iation4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/ on ,temp]ature & ,precipitation4 ,aside f ! "q ( comp5sation1 x does n seem probable t ! =e/s s5sibly affect ! total quantity ( precipitation1 or ! g5]al mean ( atmosph]ic temp]ature ( ! globe1 or ev5 t !y _h ?is influ5ce :5 _! ext5t 0 va/ly great] ?an at pres5t4 ,! wat]s cov] ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( ! face ( ! e>?1#agc & if we d$uct ! froz5 zones1 ! peaks & cre/s ( l(ty m\nta9s & _! craggy slopes1 ! ,sah>a & o!r great ,african & ,asiatic des]ts1 & all su* o!r portions ( ! solid surface z are p]man5tly unfit = ! gr[? ( wood1 we %all f9d t probably n "o t5? ( ! total sup]ficies ( our planet 0 ev]1 at any "o "t 9 ! pres5t geological epo*1 cov]$ ) =e/s4 ,besides ?is1 ! di/ribution ( =e/ l&1 ( des]t1 & ( wat]1 is su* z to r$uce ! possible influ5ce ( ! =m] to a l[ expression2 = ! =e/s are1 9 l>ge proportion1 situat$ 9 cold or temp]ate climates1 :]e ! action ( ! sun is comp>atively feeble bo? 9 elevat+ temp]ature & 9 promot+ evaporation2 :ile1 9 ! torrid zone1 ! des]t & ! sea--! latt] ( :i* always pres5ts an evaporable surface--enorm\sly prepond]ate4 ,x is1 ^u ! :ole1 n probable t s small an ext5t ( =e/1 s situat$1 c\ld produce an appreciable influ5ce on ! g5]al climate ( ! globe1 ?\gh x might appreciably affect ! local action ( all climatic elem5ts4 ,! total annual am\nt ( sol> heat absorb$ & radiat$ by ! e>?1 & ! sum ( t]re/rial evaporation & atmosph]ic precipitation mu/ be suppos$ con/ant2 b ! di/ribution ( heat & ( humidity is expos$ to di/urbance 9 bo? "t & place1 by a multitude ( local causes1 among :i* ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! =e/ is d\btless "o4 ,s f> z we are able to sum up ! g5]al results1 x w\ld appe> t1 9 c\ntries 9 ! temp]ate zone /ill *iefly cov]$ ) wood1 ! summ]s w\ld be cool]1 moi/]1 %ort]1 ! w9t]s mild]1 dri]1 long]1 ?an 9 ! same regions aft] ! removal ( ! =e/4 ,! sl5d] hi/orical evid5ce we possess seems to po9t to ! same conclusion1 ?\gh !re is "s conflict ( te/imony & ( op9ion on ?is po9t1 & "s app>5tly well-e/abli%$ exceptions to p>ticul> bran*es ( :at appe>s to be ! g5]al law4 ,"o ( ^! occurs bo? 9 climates :]e ! cold ( w9t] is sev]e en\gh to freeze ! gr\nd to a consid]able dep?1 z 9 ,sw$5 & ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 & 9 mild] zones1 :]e ! face ( ! e>? is expos$ to cold m\nta9 w9ds1 z 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy & ( ,france2 = !re1 z we h se51 ! w9t] is believ$ to ext5d itself into ! mon?s :i* belong to ! spr+1 lat] ?an at p]iods :5 ! =e/ cov]$ ! great] "p ( ! gr\nd4#agd ,m causes ?an "o d\btless contribute to ?is result2 b 9 ! case ( ,sw$5 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! mo/ obvi\s explanation ( ! fact is to be f\nd 9 ! loss ( ! %elt] af=d$ to ! gr\nd by ! ?ick coat+ ( leaves :i* ! =e/ %$s ^u x1 & ! sn[ :i* ! woods protect f bl[+ away1 or f melt+ 9 ! brief ?aws ( w9t]4 ,i h already rem>k$ t b>e gr\nd freezes mu* deep] ?an t :i* is cov]$ by b$s ( leaves1 & :5 ! e>? is ?ickly coat$ ) sn[1 ! /rata froz5 be=e x fell beg9 to ?aw4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d ! gr\nd 9 ! woods1 :]e ! sn[ lies two or ?ree feet deep1 entirely free f fro/1 :5 ! atmosph]ic temp]ature has be5 = sev]al weeks bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 & = "s days ev5 bel[ ! z]o ( ,fahr5heit4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is cle>$ & br\ght "u cultivation1 ! leaves are pl\gh$ into ! soil & decompos$1 & ! sn[1 especially ^u knolls & em95ces1 is bl[n (f1 or p]haps half ?aw$1 sev]al times dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! wat] f ! melt+ sn[ runs into ! depressions1 & :51 aft] a day or two ( w>m sun%9e or tepid ra91 ! cold returns1 x is consolidat$ to ice1 & ! b>$ ridges & swells ( e>? are deeply froz54#age ,x requires _m days ( mild wea!r to raise ! temp]ature ( soil 9 ?is condition1 & ( ! air 9 contact ) x1 to t ( ! e>? 9 ! =e/s ( ! same climatic region4 ,flora is already plait+ h] sylvan wrea? be=e ! corn fl[]s :i* are to deck ! g>l& ( ,c]es h wak$ f _! w9t]'s sleep2 & x is n a popul> error to believe t1 :]e man has sub/itut$ 8 artificial crops = ! spontane\s h>ve/ ( nature1 spr+ delays h] com+4 ,9 _m cases1 ! app>5t *ange 9 ! p]iod ( ! seasons is a purely local ph5om5on1 :i* is probably comp5sat$ by a high] temp]ature 9 o!r mon?s1 )\t any real di/urbance ( ! av]age !rmometrical equilibrium4 ,we may easily suppose t !re are analog\s p>tial deviations f ! g5]al law ( precipitation2 &1 )\t insi/+ t ! removal ( ! =e/ has dim9i%$ ! sum total ( sn[ & ra91 we may well admit t x has less5$ ! quantity :i* annually falls )9 p>ticul> limits4 ,v>i\s !oretical consid]ations make ?is probable1 ! mo/ obvi\s argum5t1 p]haps1 be+ t drawn f ! g5]ally admitt$ fact1 t ! summ] & ev5 ! mean temp]ature ( ! =e/ is bel[ t ( ! op5 c\ntry 9 ! same latitude4 ,if ! air 9 a wood is cool] ?an t ar\nd x1 x mu/ r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]ic /ratum imm$iately above x1 &1 ( c\rse1 :5ev] a saturat$ curr5t sweeps ov] x1 x mu/ produce precipitation :i* w\ld fall ^u or ne> x4 ,b ! subject is s exce$+ly complex & difficult1 t x is saf] to reg>d x z a hi/orical problem1 or at lea/ z :at lawy]s call a mix$ "q ( law & fact1 ?an to attempt to decide x ^u a priori gr\nds4 ,un=tunately ! evid5ce is conflict+ 9 t5d5cy1 & sometimes equivocal 9 int]pretation1 b ,i believe t a majority ( ! =e/]s & physici/s :o h /udi$ ! "q are ( op9ion t 9 _m1 if n 9 all cases1 ! de/ruction ( ! woods has be5 foll[$ by a dim9ution 9 ! annual quantity ( ra9 & dew4 ,inde$1 x has long be5 a popul>ly settl$ belief t vegetation & ! cond5sation & fall ( atmosph]ic moi/ure are reciprocally necess>y to ea* o!r1 & ev5 ! poets s+ ( ,afric's b>r5 s&1 ,:]e n\ght c gr[1 because x ra9e? n1 ,& :]e no ra9 c fall to bless ! l&1 ,because n\ght gr[s !re4#agf ,be=e /at+ ! evid5ce on ! g5]al "q & cit+ ! judgm5ts ( ! le>n$ ^u x1 h[ev]1 x is well to rem>k t ! comp>ative v>iety or frequ5cy ( inundations 9 e>li] & lat] c5turies is n necess>ily1 9 mo/ cases n probably1 entitl$ to any weight :atev]1 z a pro( t m or less ra9 fell =m]ly ?an n[2 because ! accumulation ( wat] 9 ! *annel ( a riv] dep5ds f> less ^u ! quantity ( precipitation 9 its valley1 ?an ^u ! rapidity ) :i* x is conduct$1 on or "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 to ! c5tral art]y t dra9s ! bas94 ,b ?is po9t w be m fully discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,!re is ano!r important obs]vation :i* may prop]ly be introduc$ "h4 ,x is n univ]sally1 or ev5 g5]ally true1 t ! atmosph]e returns its humidity to ! local s\rce f :i* x receives x4 ,! air is con/antly 9 motion1 ----h[l+ tempe/s sc\r ama9 ,f sea to l&1 f l& to sea2#agg &1 !re=e1 x is always probable t ! evaporation drawn up by ! atmosph]e f a giv5 riv]1 or sea1 or =e/1 or mead[1 w be dis*>g$ by precipitation1 n at or ne> ! po9t :]e x rose1 b at a di/ance ( miles1 leagues1 or ev5 degrees4 ,! curr5ts ( ! upp] air are invisible1 & !y leave beh9d !m no l&m>k to record _! track4 ,we "k n :5ce !y come1 or :i!r !y g4 ,we h a c]ta9 rapidly increas+ acqua9tance ) ! laws ( g5]al atmosph]ic motion1 b ( ! orig9 & limits1 ! beg9n+ & end ( t motion1 z x manife/s itself at any p>ticul> "t & place1 we "k no?+4 ,we _c say :]e or :5 ! vapor1 exhal$ to-day f ! lake on :i* we float1 w be cond5s$ & fall2 :e!r x w wa/e itself on a b>r5 des]t1 refre% upl& pa/ures1 desc5d 9 sn[ on ,alp9e heights1 or contribute to swell a di/ant torr5t :i* %all lay wa/e squ>e miles ( f]tile corn l&2 nor d we "k :e!r ! ra9 :i* fe$s our brooklets is due to ! transpiration f a neighbor+ =e/1 or to ! evaporation f a f>-(f sea4 ,if1 !re=e1 x 7 prov$ t ! annual quantity ( ra9 & dew is n[ z great on ! pla9s ( ,ca/ile1 = example1 z x 0 :5 !y 7 cov]$ ) ! native =e/1 x w\ld by no means foll[ t ^? woods did n augm5t ! am\nt ( precipitation else:]e4 ,b ,i return to ! "q4 ,beg9n+ ) ! late/ au?orities1 ,i cite a passage f ,clave4#agh ,aft] argu+ t we _c reason f ! climatic effects ( ! =e/ 9 tropical & sub-tropical c\ntries z to its influ5ce 9 temp]ate latitudes1 ! au?or proce$s3 ,! action ( ! =e/s on ra91 a consequ5ce ( t :i* !y ex]cise on temp]ature1 is difficult to e/imate 9 our climate1 b is v pron\nc$ 9 hot c\ntries1 & is e/abli%$ by num]\s examples4 ,m4 ,b\ss+ault /ates t 9 ! region compris$ betwe5 ! ,bay ( ,cupica & ! ,gulf ( ,guayaquil1 :i* is cov]$ ) imm5se =e/s1 ! ra9s are almo/ cont9ual1 & t ! mean temp]ature ( ?is humid c\ntry rises h>dly to tw5ty-six degrees 7 #hj deg4 ,fahr474 ,m4 ,blanqui1 9 8 ',travels 9 ,bulg>ia1' in=ms u t at ,malta ra9 has become s r>e1 s9ce ! woods 7 cle>$ to make room = ! gr[? ( cotton1 t at ! "t ( 8 visit 9 ,octob]1 #ahda1 n a drop ( ra9 _h fall5 = ?ree ye>s4#agi ,! t]rible dr\ghts :i* desolate ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s mu/ also be attribut$ to ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s4 ,9 ! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 :]e ! wood$ surface has consid]ably ext5d$ )9 a few ye>s1 x has be5 obs]v$ t ! ra9 has increas$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,x is n[ 9 quantity d\ble :at x 0 dur+ ! resid5ce ( ,napoleon4 ,9 ,egypt1 rec5t plantations h caus$ ra9s1 :i* hi!rto 7 almo/ unkn[n4 ,s*a*t#ahj obs]ves3 ,9 wood$ c\ntries1 ! atmosph]e is g5]ally humid1 & ra9 & dew f]tilize ! soil4 ,z ! lightn+ rod ab/racts ! electric fluid f ! /ormy sky1 s ! =e/ attracts to itself ! ra9 f ! cl\ds1 :i*1 9 fall+1 refre%es n x alone1 b ext5ds its b5efits to ! neighbor+ fields4 99 99 ,! =e/1 pres5t+ a consid]able surface = evaporation1 gives to its own soil & to all ! adjac5t gr\nd an abundant & enliv5+ dew4 ,!re falls1 x is true1 less dew on a tall & ?ick wood ?an on ! surr\nd+ mead[s1 :i*1 be+ m highly heat$ dur+ ! day by ! influ5ce ( insolation1 cool ) great] rapidity by radiation4 ,b x mu/ be rem>k$1 t ?is increas$ deposition ( dew on ! neighbor+ fields is p>tly due to ! =e/s !mselves2 = ! d5se1 saturat$ /rata ( air :i* hov] ov] ! woods desc5d 9 cool1 calm ev5+s1 l cl\ds1 to ! valley1 & 9 ! morn+1 beads ( dew sp>kle on ! leaves ( ! grass & ! fl[]s ( ! field4 ,=e/s1 9 a ^w1 ex]t1 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts1 an influ5ce l t ( ! sea on ! climate ( isl&s & ( coa/s3 bo? wat] ! soil & !reby insure its f]tility4 ,9 a note ^u ?is passage1 quot+ z au?ority ! ,hi/oria de la ,conqui/a de las siete islas de ,gran ,can>ia1 de ,juan de ,abreu ,gal9do1 #afcb1 p4 #dg1 he adds3 ,old hi/orians relate t a celebrat$ laurel 9 ,f]ro =m]ly furni%$ dr9kable wat] to ! inhabitants ( ! isl&4 ,! wat] fl[$ f its foliage1 un9t]rupt$ly1 drop by drop1 & 0 collect$ 9 ci/]ns4 ,e morn+ ! sea breeze drove a cl\d t[>d ! wond]ful tree1 :i* attract$ x to its huge top1 :]e x 0 cond5s$ to a liquid =m4 ,9 a numb] ( ! ,mission>y ,h]ald1 publi%$ at ,bo/on1 ! date ( :i* ,i h mislaid1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,van ,l5nep1 well kn[n z a compet5t obs]v]1 gives ! foll[+ rem>kable acc\nt ( a simil> fact witness$ by him 9 an excursion to ! ea/ ( ,tocat 9 ,asia ,m9or3 ,9 ?is region1 "s #c1jjj feet above ! sea1 ! trees are mo/ly oak1 & atta9 a l>ge size4 ,i notic$ an illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( trees 9 g5]al 9 collect+ moi/ure4 ,despite ! fog1 ( a week's duration1 ! gr\nd 0 ev]y:]e p]fectly dry4 ,! dry oak leaves1 h[ev]1 _h ga!r$ ! wat]1 & ! bran*es & trunks ( ! trees 7 m or less wet4 ,9 _m cases ! wat] _h run d[n ! trunk & moi/5$ ! soil ar\nd ! roots ( ! tree4 ,9 two places1 sev]al trees _h ea* furni%$ a small /ream ( wat]1 & ^!1 unit+1 _h run ^u ! road1 s t travell]s _h to pass ?r\gh ! mud2 al?\gh1 z ,i said1 ev]y:]e else ! gr\nd 0 p]fectly dry4 ,moreov]1 ! collect$ moi/ure 0 n suffici5t to drop directly f ! leaves1 b 9 e case x ran d[n ! bran*es & trunk to ! gr\nd4 ,f>!r on we f\nd a grove1 & at ! foot ( ea* tree1 on ! nor? side1 0 a lump ( ice1 ! wat] hav+ froz5 z x rea*$ ! gr\nd4 ,?is is a mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ! ackn[l$g$ influ5ce ( trees 9 collect+ moi/ure2 & "o _c = a mom5t d\bt1 t ! p>*$ regions :i* comm5ce at ,sivas1 & ext5d 9 "o direction to ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & 9 ano!r to ! ,r$ ,sea1 7 once a f]tile g>d51 teem+ ) a prosp]\s population1 be=e ! =e/s :i* cov]$ ! hillsides 7 cut d[n--be=e ! c$> & ! fir tree 7 root$ up f ! sides ( ,lebanon4 ,z we n[ desc5d$ ! nor!rn side ( ! wat]%$1 we pass$ ?r\gh ! grove ( walnut1 oak1 & black mulb]ry trees1 :i* %ade ! village ( ,oktab1 ^: h\ses1 cattle1 & ruddy *ildr5 7 indicative ( prosp]ity4 ,c\ltas ?us argues3 ,! ocean1 w9ds1 & woods may be reg>d$ z ! sev]al p>ts ( a gr& di/illatory app>atus4 ,! sea is ! boil] 9 :i* vapor is rais$ by ! sol> heat1 ! w9ds are ! guid+ tubes :i* c>ry ! vapor ) !m to ! =e/s :]e a l[] temp]ature prevails4 ,?is naturally cond5ses ! vapor1 & %[]s ( ra9 are ?us di/ill$ f ! cl\d masses :i* float 9 ! atmosph]e1 by ! woods b5ea? !m4#aha ,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el enum]ates among ! influ5ces unfavorable to ra91 abs5ce ( vegetation 9 w>m climates1 & especially ( trees4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 cont9ues he1 "o ( ! reasons ( ! extreme aridity ( ,spa94 ,! hatr$ ( a ,spani>d t[>d a tree is prov]bial4 ,_m di/ricts 9 ,france h be5 mat]ially injur$ by d5udation 7,e>l ( ,lovelace on ,climate1 etc471 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ra9 has become m frequ5t 9 ,egypt s9ce ! m vigor\s cultivation ( ! palm tree4 ,hoh5/e9 rem>ks3 ,) respect to ! temp]ature 9 ! =e/1 ,i h already obs]v$ t1 at c]ta9 times ( ! day & ( ! ye>1 x is less ?an 9 ! op5 field4 ,h5ce ! woods may1 9 ! daytime1 9 summ] & t[>d ! end ( w9t]1 t5d to increase ! fall ( ra92 b x is o!rwise 9 summ] nights & at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 :5 !re is a high] temp]ature 9 ! =e/1 :i* is n favorable to t effect4 99 99 99 ,! wood is1 fur!r1 l ! m\nta91 a me*anical ob/ruction to ! motion ( ra9 cl\ds1 &1 z x *ecks !m 9 _! c\rse1 x gives !m occasion to deposit _! wat]4 ,^! consid]ations r5d] x probable t ! =e/ increases ! quantity ( ra92 b !y d n e/abli% ! c]ta9ty ( ?is conclusion1 because we h no positive num]ical data to produce on ! depression ( temp]ature1 & ! humidity ( ! air 9 ! woods4#ahb ,b>? pres5ts ! foll[+ view ( ! subject3 ,! gr\nd 9 ! =e/1 z well z ! atmosph]ic /ratum ov] x1 cont9ues humid aft] ! woodless di/ricts h lo/ _! moi/ure2 & ! air1 *>g$ ) ! humidity drawn f !m1 is usually c>ri$ away by ! w9ds be=e x has deposit$ itself 9 a cond5s$ =m on ! e>?4 ,trees con/antly transpire ?r\gh _! leaves a great quantity ( moi/ure1 :i* !y p>tly absorb aga9 by ! same organs1 :ile ! greate/ "p ( _! supply is pump$ up ?r\gh _! widely ramify+ roots f consid]able dep?s 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?us a con/ant evaporation is produc$1 :i* keeps ! =e/ atmosph]e moi/ ev5 9 long dr\ghts1 :5 all o!r s\rces ( humidity 9 ! =e/ itself are dri$ up4 99 99 99 ,little is requir$ to compel ! /ratum ( air re/+ ^u a wood to give up its moi/ure1 :i* ?us1 z ra91 fog1 or dew1 is return$ to ! =e/4 99 99 99 ,! w>m1 moi/ curr5ts ( air :i* come f o!r regions are cool$ z !y approa* ! wood by its less heat$ atmosph]e1 & oblig$ to let fall ! humidity ) :i* !y are *>g$4 ,! woods contribute to ! same effect by me*anically imp$+ ! motion ( fog & ra9 cl\d1 ^: p>ticles are ?us accumulat$ & cond5s$ to ra94 ,! =e/ ?us has a great] p[] ?an ! op5 gr\nd to reta9 )9 its own limits already exi/+ humidity1 & to pres]ve x1 & x attracts & collects t :i* ! w9d br+s x f else:]e1 & =ces x to deposit itself z ra9 or o!r precipitation4 99 99 99 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! relations ( ! =e/ to humidity1 x foll[s t wood$ di/ricts h bo? m frequ5t & m abundant ra91 & 9 g5]al are m humid1 ?an woodless regions2 = :at is true ( ! woods !mselves1 9 ?is respect1 is true also ( _! treeless neighborhood1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ready mobility ( ! air & its con/ant *anges1 receives a %>e ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! =e/ atmosph]e1 coolness & moi/ure4 99 99 99 ,:5 ! di/ricts /ripp$ ( trees h long be5 depriv$ ( ra9 & dew1 99 99 99 & ! grass & ! fruits ( ! field are ready to )]1 ! gr\nds :i* are surr\nd$ by woods are gre5 & fl\ri%+4 ,by night !y are refre%$ ) dew1 :i* is nev] want+ 9 ! moi/ air ( ! =e/1 & 9 due season !y are wat]$ by a b5efic5t %[]1 or a mi/ :i* rolls sl[ly ov] !m4#ahc ,asbjo]ns51 aft] adduc+ ! famili> !oretical argum5ts on ?is po9t1 adds3 ,! ra9less t]ritories 9 ,p]u & ,nor? ,africa e/abli% ?is conclusion1 & num]\s o!r examples %[ t woods ex]t an influ5ce 9 produc+ ra91 & t ra9 fails :]e !y are want+2 = _m c\ntries h1 by ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s1 be5 depriv$ ( ra91 moi/ure1 spr+s1 & wat]c\rses1 :i* are necess>y = vegetable gr[?4 99 99 99 ,! n>ratives ( travell]s %[ ! deplorable consequ5ces ( fell+ ! woods 9 ! ,isl& ( ,tr9idad1 ,m>t9ique1 ,san ,dom+o1 & inde$1 9 almo/ ! entire ,we/ ,indian gr\p4 99 99 99 ,9 ,pale/9e & _m o!r p>ts ( ,asia & ,nor!rn ,africa1 :i* 9 anci5t times 7 ! gran>ies ( ,europe1 f]tile & popul\s1 simil> consequ5ces h be5 exp]i5c$4 ,^! l&s are n[ des]ts1 & x is ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s alone :i* has produc$ ?is desolation4 99 99 99 ,9 ,s\!rn ,france1 _m di/ricts h1 f ! same cause1 become b>r5 wa/es ( /one1 & ! cultivation ( ! v9e & ! olive has suff]$ sev]ely s9ce ! b>+ ( ! neighbor+ m\nta9s4 ,s9ce ! ext5sive cle>+s betwe5 ! ,spree & ! ,od]1 ! inhabitants compla9 t ! clov] crop is mu* less productive ?an be=e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 examples ( ! b5eficial influ5ce ( plant+ & re/or+ ! woods are n want+4 ,9 ,scotl&1 :]e _m miles squ>e h be5 plant$ ) trees1 ?is effect has be5 manife/1 & simil> obs]vations h be5 made 9 sev]al places 9 ,s\!rn ,france4 ,9 ,l[] ,egypt1 bo? at ,cairo & ne> ,alex&ria1 ra9 r>ely fell 9 consid]able quantity--= example1 dur+ ! ,fr5* occupation ( ,egypt1 ab\t #agih1 x did n ra9 = sixte5 mon?s--b s9ce ,mehemet ,aali & ,ibrahim ,pa*a execut$ _! va/ plantations 7! =m] alone hav+ plant$ m ?an tw5ty millions ( olive & fig trees1 cottonwood1 oranges1 acacias1 planes1 c471 !re n[ falls a good deal ( ra91 especially along ! coa/1 9 ! mon?s ( ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 & ,janu>y2 & ev5 at ,cairo x ra9s bo? (t5] & m abundantly1 s t real %[]s are no r>ity4#ahd ,bab9et1 9 "o ( 8 lectures1#ahe cites ! suppos$ fact ( ! increase ( ra9 9 ,egypt 9 consequ5ce ( ! plant+ ( trees1 & ?us rem>ks ^u x3 ,a few ye>s ago x nev] ra9$ 9 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,! con/ant nor? w9ds1 :i* almo/ exclusively prevail !re1 pass$ )\t ob/ruction ov] a surface b>e ( vegetation4 ,gra9 0 kept on ! ro(s 9 ,alex&ria1 )\t be+ cov]$ or o!rwise protect$ f injury by ! atmosph]e2 b s9ce ! mak+ ( plantations1 an ob/acle has be5 creat$ :i* ret>ds ! curr5t ( air f ! nor?4 ,! air ?us *eck$1 accumulates1 dilates1 cools1 & yields ra94#ahf ,! =e/s ( ! ,vosges & ,ard5nes produce ! same effects 9 ! nor? ea/ ( ,france1 & s5d u a great riv]1 ! ,meuse1 :i* is z rem>kable = its volume z = ! small ext5t ( its bas94 ,) respect to ! ret>dation ( ! atmosph]ic curr5ts1 & ! effects ( t ret>dation1 "o ( my illu/ri\s colleagues1 ,m4 ,mignet1 :o is n less a pr(\nd ?9k] ?an an eloqu5t writ]1 sugge/$ to me t1 to produce ra91 a =e/ 0 z good z a m\nta91 & ?is is lit]ally true4 ,mone/i]-,savignat arrives at ?is conclusion3 ,=e/s on ! "o h& dim9i% evaporation2 on ! o!r1 !y act on ! atmosph]e z refrig]at+ causes4 ,! second scale ( ! balance pr$om9ates ov] ! o!r1 = x is e/abli%$ t 9 wood$ c\ntries x ra9s (t5]1 & t1 ! quantity ( ra9 be+ equal1 !y are m humid4#ahg ,b\ss+ault--^: obs]vations on ! dry+ up ( lakes & spr+s1 f ! de/ruction ( ! woods1 9 tropical ,am]ica1 h (t5 be5 cit$ z a conclusive pro( t ! quantity ( ra9 0 !reby dim9i%$--aft] exam9+ ! "q ) mu* c>e1 rem>ks3 ,9 my judgm5t x is settl$ t v l>ge cle>+s mu/ dim9i% ! annual fall ( ra9 9 a c\ntry2 & on a subsequ5t page1 he concludes t1 argu+ f meteorological facts collect$ 9 ! equ9octial regions1 !re is reason to presume t cle>+s dim9i% ! annual fall ( ra94#ahh ,! same em95t au?or proposes s]ies ( obs]vations on ! level ( natural lakes1 especially on ^? )\t outlet1 z a means ( det]m9+ ! increase or dim9ution ( precipitation 9 _! bas9s1 &1 ( c\rse1 ( measur+ ! effect ( cle>+ :5 su* op]ations take place )9 ^? bas9s4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t lakes )\t a visible outlet are ( v r>e occurr5ce1 & besides1 :]e no sup]ficial conduit = ! dis*>ge ( lacu/r9e wat]s exi/s1 we c seldom or nev] be sure t nature has n provid$ subt]ranean *annels = _! escape4 ,inde$1 :5 we consid] t mo/ e>?s1 & ev5 "s rocks "u great hydro/atic pressure1 are freely p]meable by wat]1 & t fissures are frequ5t 9 almo/ all rocky /rata1 x is evid5t t we _c "k 9 :at proportion ! depression ( ! level ( a lake is to be ascrib$ to infiltration1 to p]colation1 or to evaporation4#ahi ,fur!r1 we are1 9 g5]al1 z little able to affirm t a giv5 lake d]ives all its wat] f ! fall ( ra9 )9 its geographical bas91 or t x receives all ! wat] t falls 9 t bas9 except :at evaporates f ! gr\nd1 z we are to %[ t all its sup]flu\s wat] is c>ri$ (f by visible *annels & by evaporation4 ,suppose ! /rata ( ! m\nta9s on two sides ( a lake1 ea/ & we/1 to be tilt$ 9 ! same direction1 & t ^? ( ! hill on ! ea/ side incl9e t[>d ! lake1 ^? ( t on ! we/ side f x4 ,9 ?is case a l>ge proportion ( ! ra9 :i* falls on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ea/]n hill may f9d its way betwe5 ! /rata to ! lake1 & an equally l>ge proportion ( ! precipitation ^u ! ea/]n slope ( ! we/]n ridge may escape out ( ! bas9 by simil> *annels4 ,9 su* case ! cle>+ ( ! out] slopes ( ei!r or bo? m\nta9s1 :ile ! =e/s ( ! inn] declivities rema9$ intact1 might affect ! quantity ( wat] receiv$ by ! lake1 & x w\ld always be impossible to "k to :at t]ritorial ext5t influ5ces ?us affect+ ! level ( a lake might rea*4 ,b\ss+ault admits t ext5sive cle>+ bel[ an alp9e lake1 ev5 at a consid]able di/ance1 might affect ! level ( its wat]s4 ,h[ x w\ld produce ?is influ5ce he does n in=m u1 b1 z he says no?+ ( ! natural subt]ranean dra9age ( surface wat]s1 x is to be presum$ t he ref]s to ! suppos$ dim9ution ( ! quantity ( ra9 f ! removal ( ! =e/1 :i* might manife/ itself at a po9t m elevat$ ?an ! cause :i* occasion$ x4 ,! elevation or depression ( ! level ( natural lakes1 !n1 _c be reli$ ^u z a pro(1 /ill less z a measure ( an increase or dim9ution 9 ! fall ( ra9 )9 _! geographical bas9s1 result+ f ! fell+ ( ! woods :i* cov]$ !m2 ?\gh su* ph5om5a af=d v /rong presumptive evid5ce t ! supply ( wat] is someh[ augm5t$ or less5$4 ,! supply is1 9 mo/ cases1 d]iv$ mu* less f ! precipitation :i* falls directly ^u ! surface ( lakes1 ?an f wat]s :i* fl[ above or "u ! gr\nd ar\nd !m1 & :i*1 9 ! latt] case1 (t5 come f di/ricts n compris$ )9 :at sup]ficial geography w\ld reg>d z belong+ to ! lake bas9s4 ,x is1 ^u ! :ole1 evid5t t ! "q c h>dly be det]m9$ except by ! comp>ison ( pluviometrical obs]vations made at a giv5 /ation be=e & aft] ! de/ruction ( ! woods4 ,su* obs]vations1 unhappily1 are sc>cely to be f\nd1 & ! opportunity = mak+ !m is rapidly pass+ away1 except s f> z a conv]se s]ies might be collect$ 9 c\ntries--,france1 = example--:]e =e/ plantation is n[ go+ on ^u a l>ge scale4 ,! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution at ,wa%+ton is well situat$ = direct+ ! att5tion ( obs]v]s 9 ! new] t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ?is subject1 & x is to be hop$ t x w n fail to avail itself ( its facilities = ?is purpose4 ,num]\s o!r au?orities might be cit$ 9 support ( ! proposition t =e/s t5d1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 latitudes & at c]ta9 seasons1 to produce ra92 b ?\gh ! argum5ts ( ! advocates ( ?is doctr9e are v plausible1 n to say conv9c+1 _! op9ions are r a priori conclusions f g5]al meteorological laws1 ?an d$uctions f facts ( obs]vation1 & x is rem>kable t !re is s little direct evid5ce on ! subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,foissac expresses ! op9ion t =e/s h no influ5ce on precipitation1 beyond t ( promot+ ! deposit ( dew 9 _! vic9ity1 & he /ates1 z a fact ( exp]i5ce1 t ! plant+ ( l>ge vegetables1 & especially ( trees1 is a v effici5t means ( dry+ morasses1 because ! plants draw f ! e>? a quantity ( wat] l>g] ?an ! av]age annual fall ( ra94#aij ,klo$51 admitt+ t ! riv]s ,od] & ,elbe h dim9i%$ 9 quantity ( wat]1 ! =m] s9ce #aggh1 ! latt] s9ce #ahbh1 d5ies t ! dim9ution ( volume is to be ascrib$ to a decrease ( precipitation 9 consequ5ce ( ! fell+ ( ! =e/s1 & /ates1 :at o!r physici/s confirm1 t1 dur+ ! same p]iod1 meteorological records 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe %[ r an augm5tation ?an a r$uction ( ra94#aia ,! obs]vations ( ,belgr& t5d to %[1 contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion1 t less ra9 falls 9 wood$ ?an 9 d5ud$ di/ricts4 ,he comp>$ ! precipitation = ! ye> #aheb1 at ,vezelay 9 ! valley ( ! ,b\*at1 & at ,avallon 9 ! valley ( ! ,gr5eti]e4 ,at ! fir/ ( ^! places x 0 #hha millimetres1 at ! latt] #eha millimetres4 ,! two cities are n m ?an eight miles ap>t4 ,!y are at ! same altitude1 & x is /at$ t ! only diff]5ce 9 _! geographical conditions consi/s 9 ! diff]5t proportions ( =e/ & cultivat$ c\ntry ar\nd !m1 ! bas9 ( ! ,b\*at be+ entirely b>e1 :ile t ( ! ,gr5eti]e is well wood$4#aib ,obs]vations 9 ! same valleys1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! seasons1 %[ ! foll[+ pluviometric results3 ,,= ,,la ,,gr5eti]e4 ,febru>y1 #aheb1 #db4b millimetres precipitation4 ,novemb]1 #bc4h ,janu>y1 #ahec1 #ce4d ----- ,total1 #ajf4d 9 ?ree cold mon?s4 ,septemb]1 #ahea1 #bg4a millimetres precipitation4 ,may1 #aheb1 #bj4i ,june1 #ef4c ,july1 #bb4h ,septemb]1 #bb4h ----- ,total1 #adi4i 9 five w>m mon?s4 ,,= ,,le ,,b\*at4 ,febru>y1 #aheb1 #ea4c millimetres precipitation4 ,novemb]1 #cf4f ,janu>y1 #ahec1 #ib4j ----- ,total1 #agi4i 9 ?ree cold mon?s4 ,septemb]1 #ahea1 #dc4h millimetres precipitation4 ,may1 #aheb1 #ac4b ,june1 #ee4e ,july1 #ai4e ,septemb]1 #bf4e ----- ,total1 #aeh4e 9 five w>m mon?s4 ,^! obs]vations1 s f> z !y g1 seem to %[ t m ra9 falls 9 cle>$ ?an 9 wood$ c\ntries1 b ?is result is s contr>y to :at has be5 g5]ally accept$ z a !oretical conclusion1 t fur!r exp]im5t is requir$ to det]m9e ! "q4 ,becqu]el--^: treatise on ! climatic effects ( ! de/ruction ( ! =e/ is ! fulle/ g5]al discussion ( t subject kn[n to me--does n exam9e ?is p>ticul> po9t1 & z1 9 ! summ>y ( ! results ( 8 inve/igations1 he does n ascribe to ! =e/ any influ5ce ^u precipitation1 ! presumption is t he rejects ! doctr9e ( its importance z an ag5t 9 produc+ ! fall ( ra94 ,! effect ( ! =e/ on precipitation1 !n1 is n entirely free f d\bt1 & we _c positively affirm t ! total annual quantity ( ra9 is dim9i%$ or increas$ by ! de/ruction ( ! woods1 ?\gh bo? !oretical consid]ations & ! balance ( te/imony /rongly favor ! op9ion t m ra9 falls 9 wood$ ?an 9 op5 c\ntries4 ,"o important conclusion1 at lea/1 ^u ! meteorological influ5ce ( =e/s is c]ta9 & undisput$3 ! proposition1 namely1 t1 )9 _! own limits1 & ne> _! own bord]s1 !y ma9ta9 a m uni=m degree ( humidity 9 ! atmosph]e ?an is obs]v$ 9 cle>$ gr\nds4 ,sc>cely less c x be que/ion$ t !y promote ! frequ5cy ( %[]s1 &1 if !y d n augm5t ! am\nt ( precipitation1 !y equalize its di/ribution ?r\gh ! diff]5t seasons4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/ on ! ,humidity ( ! ,soil4 ,i h hi!rto conf9$ myself to ! influ5ce ( ! =e/ on meteorological conditions1 a subject1 z has be5 se51 full ( difficulty & unc]ta9ty4 ,its comp>ative effects on ! temp]ature1 ! humidity1 ! texture & consi/5ce1 ! configuration & di/ribution ( ! m\ld or arable soil1 &1 v (t51 ( ! m9]al /rata bel[1 & on ! p]man5ce & regul>ity ( spr+s & great] sup]ficial wat]c\rses1 are mu* less disputable z well z m easily e/imat$1 & mu* m important1 ?an its possible value z a cause ( /rictly climatic equilibrium or di/urbance4 ,! action ( ! =e/ on ! e>? is *iefly me*anical1 b ! organic process ( ab/raction ( wat] by its roots affects ! quantity ( t fluid conta9$ 9 ! vegetable m\ld1 & 9 ! m9]al /rata ne> ! surface1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! consi/5cy ( ! soil4 ,9 treat+ ( ! effects ( trees on ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 ,i h said t ! =e/1 by int]pos+ a canopy betwe5 ! sky & ! gr\nd1 & by cov]+ ! surface ) a ?ick mantle ( fall5 leaves1 at once ob/ruct$ insolation & prev5t$ ! radiation ( heat f ! e>?4 ,^! influ5ces g f> to balance ea* o!r2 b famili> obs]vation %[s t1 9 summ]1 ! =e/ soil is n rais$ to s high a temp]ature z op5 gr\nds expos$ to irradiation4 ,= ?is reason1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! me*anical resi/ance oppos$ by ! b$ ( dead leaves to ! escape ( moi/ure1 we %\ld expect t1 except aft] rec5t ra9s1 ! sup]ficial /rata ( woodl& soil w\ld be m humid ?an t ( cle>$ l&4 ,?is agrees ) exp]i5ce4 ,! soil ( ! =e/ is always moi/1 except 9 ! extreme/ dr\ghts1 & x is exce$+ly r>e t a primitive wood suff]s f want ( humidity4 ,h[ f> ?is accumulation ( wat] affects ! condition ( neighbor+ gr\nds by lat]al infiltration1 we d n "k1 b we %all see1 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 t wat] is convey$ to great di/ances by ?is process1 & we may h5ce inf] t ! influ5ce 9 "q is an important "o4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/ on ! ,fl[ ( ,spr+s4 ,x is well e/abli%$ t ! protection af=d$ by ! =e/ aga9/ ! escape ( moi/ure f its soil1 insures ! p]man5ce & regul>ity ( natural spr+s1 n only )9 ! limits ( ! wood1 b at "s di/ance beyond its bord]s1 & ?us contributes to ! supply ( an elem5t ess5tial to bo? vegetable & animal life4 ,z ! =e/s are de/roy$1 ! spr+s :i* fl[$ f ! woods1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! great] wat]c\rses f$ by !m1 dim9i% bo? 9 numb] & 9 volume4 ,?is fact is s famili> ?r\gh\t ! ,am]ican ,/ates & ! ,briti% ,prov9ces1 t !re are few old resid5ts ( ! int]ior ( ^? di/ricts :o are n able to te/ify to its tru? z a matt] ( p]sonal obs]vation4 ,my own recollection sugge/s to me _m in/ances ( ?is sort1 & ,i rememb] "o case :]e a small m\nta9 spr+1 :i* disappe>$ soon aft] ! cle>+ ( ! gr\nd :]e x rose1 0 recov]$ ab\t t5 or twelve ye>s ago1 by simply all[+ ! bu%es & "y trees to gr[ up on a rocky knoll1 n m ?an half an acre 9 ext5t1 imm$iately above x1 & has s9ce cont9u$ to fl[ un9t]rupt$ly4 ,! upl&s 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates =m]ly ab\nd$ 9 s\rces & rills1 b 9 _m p>ts ( ^? ,/ates :i* h be5 cle>$ = above a g5]ation or two1 ! hill pa/ures n[ suff] sev]ely f dr\ght1 & 9 dry seasons no long] af=d ei!r wat] or h]bage = cattle4 ,foissac1 inde$1 quotes f ! eld] ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/41 xxxi1 c4 #cj7 a passage affirm+ t ! fell+ ( ! woods gives rise to spr+s :i* did n exi/ be=e because ! wat] ( ! soil 0 absorb$ by ! trees2 & ! same meteorologi/ decl>es1 z ,i obs]v$ 9 treat+ ( ! effect ( ! =e/ on atmosph]ic humidity1 t ! plant+ ( trees t5ds to dra9 m>%y gr\nd1 because ! roots absorb m wat] ?an falls f ! air4 ,b ,pl9y's /atem5t re/s on v d\btful au?ority1 & ,foissac cites no evid5ce 9 support ( 8 own proposition4#aic ,9 ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 x is always obs]v$ t cle>+ ! gr\nd n only causes runn+ spr+s to disappe>1 b dries up ! /agnant pools & ! spongy soils ( ! l[ gr\nds4 ,! fir/ roads 9 ^? ,/ates ran along ! ridges1 :5 practicable1 because !re only 0 ! e>? dry en\gh to all[ ( _! con/ruction1 &1 = ! same reason1 ! cab9s ( ! fir/ settl]s 7 p]*$ ^u ! hills4 ,z ! =e/s h be5 f "t to "t remov$1 & ! face ( ! e>? laid op5 to ! air & sun1 ! moi/ure has be5 evaporat$1 & ! removal ( ! highways & ( human habitations f ! bleak hills to ! %elt]$ valleys1 is "o ( ! mo/ agreeable among ! _m improvem5ts :i* lat] g5]ations h witness$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,new ,engl& & ! o!r ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,almo/ e treatise on ! economy ( ! =e/ adduces num]\s facts 9 support ( ! doctr9e t ! cle>+ ( ! woods t5ds to dim9i% ! fl[ ( spr+s & ! humidity ( ! soil1 & x might seem unnecess>y to br+ =w>d fur!r evid5ce on ?is po9t4#aid ,b ! subject is ( too mu* practical importance & ( too great philosophical int]e/ to be summ>ily dispos$ (2 & x ought p>ticul>ly to be notic$ t !re is at lea/ "o case--t ( "s loose soils :i*1 :5 b>$ ( wood1 v rapidly absorb & transmit to l[] /rata ! wat] !y receive f ! atmosph]e1 z argu$ by ,valles#aie--:]e ! removal ( ! =e/ may increase ! fl[ ( spr+s at levels bel[ x1 by expos+ to ! ra9 & melt$ sn[ a surface m bibul\s1 & at ! same "t less ret5tive1 ?an its orig9al cov]+4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! wat] ( precipitation1 :i* _h =m]ly fl[$ (f )\t p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! sup]ficial lay]s ( leaves ^u ! gr\nd--z1 9 v heavy %[]s1 x sometimes does--or be5 absorb$ by ! vegetable m\ld & reta9$ until x 0 evaporat$1 might desc5d ?r\gh por\s e>? until x meets an imp]meable /ratum1 & !n be conduct$ along x1 until1 f9ally1 at ! outcropp+ ( ?is /ratum1 x bur/s f a hillside z a runn+ spr+4 ,b su* in/ances are d\btless too r>e to =m a frequ5t or an important exception to ! g5]al law1 because x is only "u v uncommon circum/ances t ra9 wat] runs (f ov] ! surface ( =e/ gr\nd in/ead ( s9k+ into x1 & v r>ely ! case t su* a soil z has j be5 suppos$ is cov]$ by a lay] ( vegetable e>? ?ick en\gh to reta91 until x is evaporat$1 all ! ra9 t falls ^u x1 )\t imp>t+ any wat] to ! /rata bel[ x4 ,if we look at ! po9t "u discussion z purely a "q ( fact1 to be det]m9$ by positive evid5ce & n by argum5t1 ! obs]vations ( ,b\ss+ault are1 bo? 9 ! circum/ances !y detail1 & 9 ! weight ( au?ority to be atta*$ to ! te/imony1 among ! mo/ important yet record$4 ,!y are embodi$ 9 ! f\r? section ( ! tw5tie? *apt] ( t writ]'s ,economie ,rurale1 & ,i h already ref]r$ to !m on page #aia = ano!r purpose4 ,! int]e/ ( ! "q w ju/ify me 9 giv+1 9 ,b\ss+ault's own words1 ! facts & "s ( ! rem>ks ) :i* he accompanies ! details ( !m3 ,9 _m localities1 he obs]ves1#aif x has be5 ?\ght t1 )9 a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 a s5sible dim9ution has be5 p]ceiv$ 9 ! volume ( wat] ( /reams utiliz$ z a motive p[]2 at o!r po9ts1 !re are gr\nds = believ+ t riv]s h become %all[]1 & ! increas+ bread? ( ! belt ( pebbles along _! banks seems to prove ! loss ( a "p ( _! wat]2 &1 f9ally1 abundant spr+s h almo/ dri$ up4 ,^! obs]vations h be5 pr9cipally made 9 valleys b\nd$ by high m\nta9s1 & x is ?\ght to h be5 notic$ t ?is dim9ution ( ! wat]s has imm$iately foll[$ ! epo* :5 ! inhabitants h begun to de/roy1 unsp>+ly1 ! woods :i* 7 spread ov] ! face ( ! l&4 ,^! facts w\ld indicate t1 :]e cle>+s h be5 made1 x ra9s less ?an =m]ly1 & ?is is ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion4 99 99 99 ,b :ile ! facts ,i h /at$ h be5 e/abli%$1 x has be5 obs]v$1 at ! same "t1 t1 s9ce ! cle>+ ( ! m\nta9s1 ! riv]s & ! torr5ts1 :i* seem$ to h lo/ a "p ( _! wat]1 sometimes sudd5ly swell1 & t1 occasionally1 to a degree :i* causes great disa/]s4 ,besides1 aft] viol5t /orms1 spr+s :i* _h become almo/ exhau/$ h be5 obs]v$ to bur/ out ) impetuosity1 & soon aft] to dry up aga94 ,^! latt] obs]vations1 x w be easily conceiv$1 w>n u n to admit ha/ily ! common op9ion t ! fell+ ( ! woods less5s ! quantity ( ra92 = n only is x v possible t ! quantity ( ra9 has n *ang$1 b ! mean volume ( runn+ wat] may h rema9$ ! same1 9 spite ( ! appe>ance ( dr\ght pres5t$ by ! riv]s & spr+s1 at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye>4 ,p]haps ! only diff]5ce w\ld be t ! fl[ ( ! same quantity ( wat] becomes m irregul> 9 consequ5ce ( cle>+4 ,= in/ance3 if ! l[ wat] ( ! ,rhone dur+ "o "p ( ! ye> 7 exactly comp5sat$ by a suffici5t numb] ( floods1 x w\ld foll[ t ?is riv] w\ld convey to ! ,m$it]ranean ! same volume ( wat] :i* x c>ri$ to t sea 9 anci5t times1 be=e ! p]iod :5 ! c\ntries ne> its s\rce 7 /ripp$ ( _! woods1 & :51 probably1 its mean dep? 0 n subject to s great v>iations z 9 our days4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! =e/s w\ld h ?is value--t ( regulat+1 ( economiz+ 9 a c]ta9 sort1 ! dra9age ( ! ra9 wat]4 ,if runn+ /reams really become r>] 9 proportion z cle>+ is ext5d$1 x foll[s ei!r t ! ra9 is less abundant1 or t evaporation is greatly favor$ by a surface :i* is no long] protect$ by trees aga9/ ! rays ( ! sun & ! w9d4 ,^! two causes1 act+ 9 ! same direction1 mu/ (t5 be cumulative 9 _! effects1 & be=e we attempt to fix ! value ( ea*1 x is prop] to inquire :e!r x is an e/abli%$ fact t runn+ wat]s dim9i% on ! surface ( a c\ntry 9 :i* ext5sive cle>+ is go+ on2 9 a ^w1 to exam9e :e!r an app>5t fact has n be5 mi/ak5 = a real "o4 ,& "h lies ! practical po9t ( ! "q2 = if x is once e/abli%$ t cle>+ dim9i%es ! volume ( /reams1 x is less important to "k to :at special cause ?is effect is due4 99 99 99 ,i %all atta* no value except to facts :i* h tak5 place "u ! eye ( man1 z x is ! influ5ce ( 8 labors on ! meteorological condition ( ! atmosph]e :i* ,i propose to e/imate4 ,:at ,i am ab\t to detail has be5 obs]v$ p>ticul>ly 9 ,am]ica1 b ,i %all endeavor to e/abli%1 t :at ,i believe to be true ( ,am]ica w\ld be equally s = any o!r cont95t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ,v5ezuela is1 no d\bt1 ! valley ( ,aragua4 ,situat$ at a %ort di/ance f ! coa/1 & end[$1 f its elevation1 ) v>i\s climates & a soil ( unexampl$ f]tility1 its agriculture embraces at once ! crops suit$ to tropical regions & to ,europe4 ,:eat succe$s well on ! heights ( ,victoria4 ,b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! coa/ *a91 on ! s\? by a sy/em ( m\nta9s connect$ ) ! ,llanos1 ! valley is %ut 9 on ! ea/ & ! we/ by l9es ( hills :i* completely close x4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is s+ul> configuration1 ! riv]s :i* rise )9 x1 hav+ no outlet to ! ocean1 =m1 by _! union1 ! beautiful ,lake ( ,tac>igua or ,val5cia4 ,?is lake1 accord+ to ,humboldt1 is l>g] ?an t ( ,neuf*atel2 x is at an elevation ( #dci metres #a1dfj ,engli% feet above ! sea1 & its greate/ l5g? does n exce$ two leagues & a half sev5 ,engli% miles4 ,at ! "t ( ,humboldt's visit to ! valley ( ,aragua1 ! inhabitants 7 /ruck by ! gradual dim9ution :i* ! lake _h be5 und]go+ = ?irty ye>s4 ,9 fact1 by comp>+ ! descriptions giv5 by hi/orians ) its actual condition1 ev5 mak+ l>ge all[ance = exagg]ation1 x 0 easy to see t ! level 0 consid]ably depress$4 ,! facts spoke = !mselves4 ,ovi$o1 :o1 t[>d ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h (t5 trav]s$ ! valley ( ,aragua1 says positively t ,new ,val5cia 0 f\nd$1 9 #aeee1 at half a league f ! ,lake ( ,tac>igua2 9 #ahjj1 ,humboldt f\nd ?is city #e1bfj metres #c-a_/c ,engli% miles f ! %ore4 ,! aspect ( ! soil furni%$ new pro(s4 ,_m hillocks on ! pla9 reta9 ! "n ( isl&s1 :i* !y m ju/ly bore :5 !y 7 surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,! gr\nd laid b>e by ! retreat ( ! lake 0 conv]t$ into admirable plantations ( cotton1 bananas1 & sug> cane2 & build+s erect$ ne> ! lake %[$ ! s9k+ ( ! wat] f ye> to ye>4 ,9 #agif1 new isl&s made _! appe>ance4 ,an important milit>y po9t1 a =tress built 9 #agdj on ! isl& ( ,cabr]a1 0 n[ on a p59sula2 &1 f9ally1 on two granitic isl&s1 ^? ( ,cura & ,cabo ,blanco1 ,humboldt obs]v$ among ! %rubs1 "s metres above ! wat]1 f9e s& fill$ ) helicites4 ,^! cle> & positive facts sugge/$ num]\s explanations1 all assum+ a subt]ranean outlet1 :i* p]mitt$ ! dis*>ge ( ! wat] to ! ocean4 ,humboldt dispos$ ( ^! hypo!ses1 &1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! locality1 ! di/+ui%$ travell] did n hesitate to ascribe ! dim9ution ( ! wat]s ( ! lake to ! num]\s cle>+s :i* _h be5 made 9 ! valley ( ,aragua )9 half a c5tury4 99 99 99 ,9 #ahjj1 ! valley ( ,aragua possess$ a population z d5se z t ( any ( ! be/-peopl$ p>ts ( ,france4 99 99 99 ,su* 0 ! prosp]\s condition ( ?is f9e c\ntry :5 ,humboldt occupi$ ! ,haci5da de ,cura4 ,tw5ty-two ye>s lat]1 ,i explor$ ! valley ( ,aragua1 fix+ my resid5ce 9 ! little t[n ( ,m>acay4 ,= "s ye>s previ\s1 ! inhabitants _h obs]v$ t ! wat]s ( ! lake 7 no long] retir+1 b1 on ! contr>y1 7 s5sibly ris+4 ,gr\nds1 n long be=e occupi$ by plantations1 7 subm]g$4 ,! isl&s ( ,nuevas ,ap>ecidas1 :i* appe>$ above ! surface 9 #agif1 _h aga9 become %oals dang]\s to navigation4 ,cabr]a1 a tongue ( l& on ! nor? side ( ! valley1 0 s n>r[ t ! lea/ rise ( ! wat] completely inundat$ x4 ,a protract$ nor? w9d suffic$ to flood ! road betwe5 ,m>acay & ,new ,val5cia4 ,! fe>s :i* ! inhabitants ( ! %ores _h s long ent]ta9$ 7 rev]s$4 99 99 99 ,^? :o _h expla9$ ! dim9ution ( ! lake by ! supposition ( subt]ranean *annels 7 suspect$ ( block+ !m up1 to prove !mselves 9 ! "r4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s :i* _h elaps$1 important political ev5ts _h occurr$4 ,v5ezuela no long] belong$ to ,spa94 ,! peaceful valley ( ,aragua _h be5 ! !atre ( bloody /ruggles1 & a w> ( ext]m9ation _h desolat$ ^! smil+ l&s & decimat$ _! population4 ,at ! fir/ cry ( indep5d5ce a great numb] ( slaves f\nd _! lib]ty by enli/+ "u ! bann]s ( ! new republic2 ! great plantations 7 ab&on$1 & ! =e/1 :i* 9 ! tropics s rapidly encroa*es1 _h soon recov]$ a l>ge proportion ( ! soil :i* man _h wre/$ f x by m ?an a c5tury ( con/ant & pa9ful labor4 ,at ! "t ( ! gr[+ prosp]ity ( ! valley ( ,aragua1 ! pr9cipal afflu5ts ( ! lake 7 div]t$1 to s]ve = irrigation1 & ! riv]s 7 dry = m ?an six mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,at ! p]iod ( my visit1 _! wat]s1 no long] employ$1 fl[$ freely4 ,b\ss+ault proce$s to /ate t two lakes ne> ,ubate 9 ,new ,granada1 at an elevation ( #b1efb metres 7 #h1ejj ,engli% feet71 :]e !re is a con/ant temp]ature ( #ad deg4 to #af deg4 c5tigrade #eg deg41 #fa deg4 ,fahr5heit1 _h =m$ b "o1 a c5tury be=e 8 visit2 t ! wat]s 7 gradually retir+1 & ! plantations ext5d+ ov] ! ab&on$ b$2 t1 by inquiry ( old hunt]s & by exam9ation ( p>i% records1 he f\nd t ext5sive cle>+s _h be5 made & 7 /ill go+ on4 ,he f\nd1 also1 t ! l5g? ( ! ,lake ( ,fuqu5e1 9 ! same valley1 _h1 )9 two c5turies1 be5 r$uc$ f t5 leagues to "o & a half1 its bread? f ?ree leagues to "o4 ,at ! =m] p]iod1 timb] 0 abundant1 & ! neighbor+ m\nta9s 7 cov]$1 to a c]ta9 height1 ) ,am]ican oaks1 laurels1 & o!r trees ( indig5\s species2 b at ! "t ( 8 visit ! m\nta9s _h be5 almo/ entirely /ripp$ ( _! wood1 *iefly to furni% fuel = salt-works4 ,our au?or adds t o!r cases1 simil> to ^? already detail$1 might be cit$1 & he proce$s to %[1 by sev]al examples1 t ! wat]s ( o!r lakes 9 ! same regions1 :]e ! valleys _h always be5 b>e ( wood1 or :]e ! =e/s _h n be5 di/urb$1 _h und]gone no *ange ( level4 ,b\ss+ault fur!r ma9ta9s t ! lakes ( ,switz]l& h su/a9$ a depression ( level s9ce ! too preval5t de/ruction ( ! woods1 & arrives at ! g5]al conclusion1 t1 9 c\ntries :]e great cle>+s h be5 made1 !re has mo/ probably be5 a dim9ution 9 ! liv+ wat]s :i* fl[ ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is conclusion he fur!r supports by two examples3 "o1 :]e a f9e spr+1 at ! foot ( a wood$ m\nta9 9 ! ,isl& ( ,asc5sion1 dri$ up :5 ! m\nta9 0 cle>$1 b reappe>$ :5 ! wood 0 replant$2 ! o!r at ,m>mato1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,popayan1 :]e ! /reams employ$ to drive ma*9]y 7 mu* dim9i%$ 9 volume1 )9 two ye>s aft] ! cle>+ ( ! heights f :i* !y d]iv$ _! supplies4 ,?is latt] is an int]e/+ case1 because1 al?\gh ! ra9 gauges1 e/abli%$ z soon z ! decrease ( wat] began to excite al>m1 %[$ a great] fall ( ra9 = ! second ye> ( obs]vation ?an ! fir/1 yet !re 0 no appreciable increase 9 ! fl[ ( ! mill /reams4 ,f ^! cases1 ! di/+ui%$ physici/ inf]s t v re/rict$ local cle>+s may dim9i% & ev5 suppress spr+s & brooks1 )\t any r$uction 9 ! total quantity ( ra94 ,x w h be5 notic$ t ^! obs]vations1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ two cases1 d n be> directly ^u ! "q ( ! dim9ution ( spr+s by cle>+s1 b !y logically inf] x f ! subsid5ce ( ! natural res]voirs :i* spr+s once fill$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no want ( positive evid5ce on ?is subject4 ,m>s*& cites ! foll[+ in/ances3 ,be=e ! fell+ ( ! woods1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 9 ! valley ( ! ,s\lce1 ! ,combe-es-,m\n9 & ! ,little ,valley1 ! ,sorne furni%$ a regul> & suffici5t supply ( wat] = ! iron works ( ,unt]wyl1 :i* 0 almo/ unaffect$ by dr\ght or by heavy ra9s4 ,! ,sorne has n[ become a torr5t1 e %[] occasions a flood1 & aft] a few days ( f9e wea!r1 ! curr5t falls s l[ t x has be5 necess>y to *ange ! wat] :eels1 because ^? ( ! old con/ruction are no long] able to drive ! ma*9]y1 & at la/ to introduce a /eam eng9e to prev5t ! /oppage ( ! works = want ( wat]4 ,:5 ! factory ( ,/4 ,ursanne 0 e/abli%$1 ! riv] t furni%$ its p[] 0 abundant1 long kn[n & tri$1 & _h1 f "t immemorial1 suffic$ = ! ma*9]y ( a previ\s factory4 ,aft]w>d1 ! woods ne> its s\rces 7 cut4 ,! supply ( wat] fell (f 9 consequ5ce1 ! factory want$ wat] = half ! ye>1 & 0 at la/ oblig$ to /op altoge!r4 ,! spr+ ( ,combef\lat1 9 ! commune ( ,seleate1 0 well kn[n z "o ( ! be/ 9 ! c\ntry2 x 0 rem>kably abundant & suffici5t1 9 spite ( ! sev]e/ dr\ghts1 to supply all ! f\nta9s ( ! t[n2 b1 z soon z consid]able =e/s 7 fell$ 9 ,combe-de-pre ,m>t9 & 9 ! valley ( ,combef\lat1 ! fam\s spr+ :i* lies bel[ ^! woods has become a m]e ?read ( wat]1 & disappe>s altoge!r 9 times ( dr\ght4 ,! spr+ ( ,v>ieux1 :i* =m]ly suppli$ ! ca/le ( ,pruntrut1 lo/ m ?an half its wat] aft] ! cle>+ ( ,v>ieux & ,rongeoles4 ,^! woods h be5 replant$1 ! "y trees are gr[+ well1 & ) ! woods1 ! wat]s ( ! spr+ are increas+4 ,! ,dog ,spr+ betwe5 ,pruntrut & ,bressanc\rt has entirely vani%$ s9ce ! surr\nd+ =e/s gr\nds 7 br\ght "u cultivation4 ,! ,wolf ,spr+1 9 ! commune ( ,s\bey1 furni%es a rem>kable example ( ! influ5ce ( ! woods ^u f\nta9s4 ,a few ye>s ago ?is spr+ did n exi/4 ,at ! place :]e x n[ rises1 a small ?read ( wat] 0 obs]v$ aft] v long ra9s1 b ! /ream disappe>$ ) ! ra94 ,! spot is 9 ! middle ( a v /eep pa/ure incl9+ to ! s\?4 ,eighty ye>s ago1 ! own] ( ! l&1 p]ceiv+ t "y firs 7 %oot+ up 9 ! upp] "p ( x1 det]m9$ to let !m gr[1 & !y soon =m$ a fl\ri%+ grove4 ,z soon z !y 7 well gr[n1 a f9e spr+ appe>$ 9 place ( ! occasional rill1 & furni%$ abundant wat] 9 ! longe/ dr\ghts4 ,= =ty or fifty ye>s1 ?is spr+ 0 consid]$ ! be/ 9 ! ,clos du ,d\bs4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 ! grove 0 fell$1 & ! gr\nd turn$ aga9 to a pa/ure4 ,! spr+ disappe>$ ) ! wood1 & is n[ z dry z x 0 n9ety ye>s ago4#aig ,! influ5ce ( ! =e/ on spr+s1 says ,hummel1 is /rik+ly %[n by an in/ance at ,heilbronn4 ,! woods on ! hills surr\nd+ ! t[n are cut 9 regul> succession e tw5tie? ye>4 ,z ! annual cutt+s approa* a c]ta9 po9t1 ! spr+s yield less wat]1 "s ( !m none at all2 b z ! "y gr[? %oots up1 !y n[ m & m freely1 & at l5g? bubble up aga9 9 all _! orig9al abundance4#aih ,pip] /ates ! foll[+ case3 ,)9 ab\t half a mile ( my resid5ce !re is a pond ^u :i* mills h be5 /&+ = a long "t1 dat+ back1 ,i believe1 to ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! t[n4 ,^! h be5 kept 9 con/ant op]ation until )9 "s tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 :5 ! supply ( wat] began to fail4 ,! pond owes its exi/5ce to a /ream :i* has its s\rce 9 ! hills :i* /ret* "s miles to ! s\?4 ,)9 ! "t m5tion$1 ^! hills1 :i* 7 clo!d ) a d5se =e/1 h be5 almo/ entirely /ripp$ ( trees2 & to ! wond] & loss ( ! mill own]s1 ! wat] 9 ! pond has fail$1 except 9 ! season ( fre%ets2 &1 :at 0 nev] he>d ( be=e1 ! /ream itself has be5 entirely dry4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s a new gr[? ( wood has sprung up on mo/ ( ! l& =m]ly occupi$ by ! old =e/2 & n[ ! wat] runs ?r\gh ! ye>1 not)/&+ ! great dr\ghts ( ! la/ few ye>s1 go+ back f #ahef4 ,dr4 ,pip] quotes f a lett] ( ,william ,c4 ,bryant ! foll[+ rem>ks3 ,x is a common obs]vation t our summ]s are become dri]1 & our /reams small]4 ,take ! ,cuyahoga z an illu/ration4 ,fifty ye>s ago l>ge b>ges load$ ) goods w5t up & d[n t riv]1 & "o ( ! vessels engag$ 9 ! battle ( ,lake ,erie1 9 :i* ! gallant ,p]ry 0 victori\s1 0 built at ,old ,portage1 six miles nor? ( ,albion1 & float$ d[n to ! lake4 ,n[1 9 an ord9>y /age ( ! wat]1 a canoe or skiff c h>dly pass d[n ! /ream4 ,_m a boat ( fifty tons burd5 has be5 built & load$ 9 ! ,tusc>awas1 at ,new ,portage1 & sail$ to ,new ,orleans )\t break+ bulk4 ,n[1 ! riv] h>dly af=ds a supply ( wat] at ,new ,portage = ! canal4 ,! same may be said ( o!r /reams--!y are dry+ up4 ,& f ! same cause--! de/ruction ( our =e/s--our summ]s are gr[+ dri]1 & our w9t]s cold]4#aii ,no obs]v] has m c>efully /udi$ ! influ5ce ( ! =e/ ^u ! fl[ ( ! wat]s1 or reason$ m ably on ! asc]ta9$ ph5om5a ?an ,cantegril4 ,! facts pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ case1 communicat$ by him to ! ,ami des ,sci5ces = ,decemb]1 #ahei1 are z ne>ly conclusive z any s+le in/ance well c be3 ,9 ! t]ritory ( ! commune ( ,labrugui]e1 !re is a =e/ ( #a1hcd hect>es #d1ecj acres1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,=e/ ( ,montaut1 & belong+ to t commune4 ,x ext5ds along ! nor!rn slope ( ! ,black ,m\nta9s4 ,! soil is granitic1 ! maximum altitude #a1bdc metres #d1adj feet1 & ! incl9ation ranges betwe5 #ae & #fj to #ajj4 ,a small curr5t ( wat]1 ! brook ( ,caunan1 takes its rise 9 ?is =e/1 & receives ! wat]s ( two ?irds ( its surface4 ,at ! l[] extremity ( ! wood & on ! /ream are sev]al full]ies1 ea* requir+ a =ce ( eight horse-p[] to drive ! wat] :eels :i* "w ! /amp]s4 ,! commune ( ,labrugui]e _h be5 = a long "t fam\s = its opposition to =e/ laws4 ,trespasses & abuses ( ! "r ( pa/urage _h conv]t$ ! wood into an imm5se wa/e1 s t ?is va/ prop]ty n[ sc>cely suffic$ to pay ! exp5se ( protect+ x1 & to furni% ! inhabitants ) a meagre supply ( fuel4 ,:ile ! =e/ 0 ?us ru9$1 & ! soil ?us b>$1 ! wat]1 aft] e abundant ra91 made an eruption into ! valley1 br\ght d[n a great quantity ( pebbles :i* /ill clog ! curr5t ( ! ,caunan4 ,! viol5ce ( ! floods 0 sometimes su* t !y 7 oblig$ to /op ! ma*9]y = "s "t4 ,dur+ ! summ] ano!r inconv5i5ce 0 felt4 ,if ! dry wea!r cont9u$ a little long] ?an usual1 ! deliv]y ( wat] became insignificant4 ,ea* full]y c\ld = ! mo/ "p only employ a s+le set ( /amp]s1 & x 0 n unusual to see ! "w entirely susp5d$4 ,aft] #ahdj1 ! municipal au?ority succe$$ 9 enlight5+ ! population z to _! true int]e/s4 ,protect$ by a m wat*ful sup]vision1 aid$ by well-manag$ replantation1 ! =e/ has cont9u$ to improve to ! pres5t day4 ,9 proportion to ! re/oration ( ! =e/1 ! condition ( ! manufactories has become less & less prec>i\s1 & ! action ( ! wat] is completely modifi$4 ,= example1 !re are1 no long]1 sudd5 & viol5t floods :i* make x necess>y to /op ! ma*9]y4 ,!re is no increase 9 ! deliv]y until six or eight h\rs aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ra92 ! floods foll[ a regul> progression till !y rea* _! maximum1 & decrease 9 ! same mann]4 ,f9ally1 ! full]ies are no long] =c$ to susp5d "w 9 summ]2 ! wat] is always suffici5tly abundant to all[ ! employm5t ( two sets ( /amp]s at lea/1 & (t5 ev5 ( ?ree4 ,?is example is rem>kable 9 ?is respect1 t1 all o!r circum/ances hav+ rema9$ ! same1 ! *anges 9 ! action ( ! /ream c be attribut$ only to ! re/oration ( ! =e/--*anges :i* may be ?us summ$ up3 dim9ution ( flood wat] dur+ ra9s--increase ( deliv]y at o!r seasons4 ,! ,=e/ 9 ,w9t]4 ,to e/imate rightly ! importance ( ! =e/ z a natural app>atus = accumulat+ ! wat] t falls ^u ! surface & transmitt+ x to ! subjac5t /rata1 we mu/ comp>e ! condition & prop]ties ( its soil ) ^? ( cle>$ & cultivat$ e>?1 & exam9e ! consequ5tly diff]5t action ( ^! soils at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! disp>ity betwe5 !m is greate/ 9 climates :]e1 z 9 ! ,nor!rn ,am]ican ,/ates & 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 ! op5 gr\nd freezes & rema9s imp]vi\s to wat] dur+ a consid]able "p ( ! w9t]2 ?\gh1 ev5 9 climates :]e ! e>? does n freeze at all1 ! woods h /ill an important influ5ce ( ! same "*4 ,! diff]5ce is yet great] 9 c\ntries :i* h regul> wet & dry seasons1 ra9 be+ v frequ5t 9 ! =m] p]iod1 :ile1 9 ! latt]1 x sc>cely occurs at all4 ,^! c\ntries lie *iefly 9 or ne> ! tropics1 b !y are n want+ 9 high] latitudes2 = a l>ge "p ( ,asiatic & ev5 ( ,european ,turkey is almo/ :olly depriv$ ( summ] ra9s4 ,9 ! pr9cipal regions occupi$ by ,european cultivation1 & :]e alone ! que/ions discuss$ 9 ?is volume are recogniz$ z hav+1 at pres5t1 any practical importance1 ra9 falls at all seasons1 & x is to ^! regions t1 on ?is po9t z well z o!rs1 ,i *iefly conf9e my att5tion4 ,! influ5ce ( ! =e/ ^u ! wat]s ( ! e>? has be5 m /udi$ 9 ,france ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! civiliz$ _w1 because t c\ntry has1 9 rec5t times1 suff]$ mo/ sev]ely f ! de/ruction ( ! woods4 ,b 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( t empire1 :]e ! evils result+ f ?is cause are mo/ s5sibly felt1 ! w9t]s are n att5d$ ) mu* fro/1 :ile1 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 :]e ! w9t]s are rigor\s en\gh to freeze ! gr\nd to ! dep? ( "s in*es1 or ev5 feet1 a humid atmosph]e & frequ5t summ] ra9s prev5t ! dry+ up ( ! spr+s obs]v$ 9 s\!rn latitudes :5 ! woods are gone4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! specific "* ( ! =e/1 z a w9t] res]voir ( moi/ure 9 c\ntries ) a cold & dry atmosph]e1 has n attract$ s mu* att5tion 9 ,france & ,nor!rn ,europe z x des]ves 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e an excessive climate r5d]s t function ( ! woods m important4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 irregul> z ! climate is1 ! fir/ autumnal sn[s usually fall be=e ! gr\nd is froz5 at all1 or :5 ! fro/ ext5ds at mo/ to ! dep? ( only a few in*es4 ,9 ! woods1 especially ^? situat$ ^u ! elevat$ ridges :i* supply ! natural irrigation ( ! soil & fe$ ! p]5nial f\nta9s & /reams1 ! gr\nd rema9s cov]$ ) sn[ dur+ ! w9t]2 = ! trees protect ! sn[ f bl[+ f ! g5]al surface into ! depressions1 & new accessions are receiv$ be=e ! cov]+ deposit$ by ! fir/ fall is melt$4 ,sn[ is ( a color unfavorable = radiation1 b1 ev5 :5 x is ( consid]able ?ickness1 x is n :olly imp]vi\s to ! rays ( ! sun1 & = ?is reason1 z well z f ! w>m? ( l[] /rata1 ! froz5 cru/1 if "o has be5 =m$1 is soon ?aw$1 & does n aga9 fall bel[ ! freez+ po9t dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! sn[ 9 contact ) ! e>? n[ beg9s to melt1 ) great] or less rapidity1 accord+ to ! relative temp]ature ( ! e>? & ! air1 :ile ! wat] result+ f its dissolution is imbib$ by ! vegetable m\ld1 & c>ri$ (f by infiltration s fa/ t bo? ! sn[ & ! lay]s ( leaves 9 contact ) x (t5 seem comp>atively dry1 :51 9 fact1 ! "u surface ( ! =m] is 9 a /ate ( p]petual ?aw4 ,no d\bt a c]ta9 proportion ( ! sn[ is return$ to ! atmosph]e by direct evaporation1 b 9 ! woods x is p>tially protect$ f ! action ( ! sun1 & z v little wat] runs (f 9 ! w9t] by sup]ficial wat]c\rses1 except 9 r>e cases ( sudd5 ?aw1 !re c be no "q t mu* ! great] "p ( ! sn[ deposit$ 9 ! =e/ is sl[ly melt$ & absorb$ by ! e>?4 ,! quantity ( sn[ t falls 9 ext5sive =e/s1 f> f ! op5 c\ntry1 has seldom be5 asc]ta9$ by direct obs]vation1 because !re are few meteorological /ations 9 su* situations4 ,9 ! ,nor!a/]n bord] ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 ! gr\nd 9 ! deep woods is cov]$ ) sn[ f\r or five mon?s1 & ! proportion ( wat] :i* falls 9 sn[ does n exce$ "o fif? ( ! total precipitation = ! ye>4#bjj ,al?\gh1 9 ! op5 gr\nds1 sn[ & ice are evaporat$ ) great rapidity 9 cle> wea!r1 ev5 :5 ! !rmomet] /&s f> bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 ! surface ( ! sn[ 9 ! woods does n indicate mu* loss 9 ?is way4 ,v small deposits ( sn[flakes rema9 unevaporat$ 9 ! =e/1 = _m days aft] sn[ let fall at ! same "t 9 ! cle>$ field has disappe>$ )\t ei!r a ?aw to melt x or a w9d p[]ful en\gh to drift x away4 ,ev5 :5 b>$ ( _! leaves1 ! trees ( a wood ob/ruct1 9 an important degree1 bo? ! direct action ( ! sun's rays on ! sn[1 & ! movem5t ( dry+ & ?aw+ w9ds4 ,dr4 ,pip] records ! foll[+ obs]vations3 ,a body ( sn[1 "o foot 9 dep?1 & sixte5 feet squ>e1 0 protect$ f ! w9d by a tight bo>d f5ce ab\t five feet high1 :ile ano!r body ( sn[1 mu* m %elt]$ f ! sun ?an ! fir/1 six feet 9 dep?1 & ab\t sixte5 feet squ>e1 0 fully expos$ to ! w9d4 ,:5 ! ?aw came on1 :i* la/$ ab\t a =tnight1 ! l>g] body ( sn[ 0 entirely dissolv$ 9 less ?an a week1 :ile ! small] body 0 n :olly gone at ! end ( ! second week4 ,equal quantities ( sn[ 7 plac$ 9 vessels ( ! same k9d & capacity1 ! temp]ature ( ! air be+ sev5ty degrees4 ,9 ! "o case1 a con/ant curr5t ( air 0 kept pass+ ov] ! op5 vessel1 :ile ! o!r 0 protect$ by a cov]4 ,! sn[ 9 ! fir/ 0 dissolv$ 9 sixte5 m9utes1 :ile ! latt] _h a small un?aw$ proportion rema9+ at ! end ( eighty-five m9utes4#bja ,! sn[ 9 ! woods is protect$ 9 ! same way1 ?\gh n lit]ally to ! same ext5t z by ! f5ce 9 "o ( ^! cases & ! cov] 9 ! o!r4 ,little ( ! w9t] precipitation1 !re=e1 is lo/ by evaporation1 & z x sl[ly melts at bottom x is absorb$ by ! e>?1 & b a v small quantity ( wat] runs (f f ! surface4 ,! imm5se importance ( ! =e/1 z a res]voir ( ?is /ock ( moi/ure1 becomes app>5t1 :5 we consid] t a l>ge proportion ( ! summ] ra9 ei!r fl[s into ! valleys & ! riv]s1 because x falls fa/] ?an ! gr\nd c imbibe x2 or1 if absorb$ by ! w>m sup]ficial /rata1 is evaporat$ f !m )\t s9k+ deep en\gh to rea* wells & spr+s1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 dep5d v mu* on w9t] ra9s & sn[s = _! entire supply4 ,?is obs]vation1 ?\gh specially true ( cle>$ & cultivat$ gr\nds1 is n :olly inapplicable to ! =e/1 p>ticul>ly :51 z is too (t5 ! case 9 ,europe1 ! und]wood & ! decay+ leaves are remov$4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! =e/ 9 cold climates is to assimilate ! w9t] /ate ( ! gr\nd to t ( wood$ regions "u s(t] skies2 & x is a circum/ance well wor? not+1 t 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 :]e nature has d5i$ to ! e>? a w>m w9t]-g>m5t ( floccul5t sn[1 %e has1 by "o ( ^? comp5sations 9 :i* h] empire is s ri*1 clo!d ! hillsides ) umbrella p9es1 ilexes1 cork oaks1 & o!r trees ( p]si/5t foliage1 ^: ev]gre5 leaves af=d to ! soil a protection analog\s to t :i* x d]ives f sn[ 9 m nor!rn climates4 ,! wat] imbib$ by ! soil 9 w9t] s9ks until x meets a m or less imp]meable1 or a saturat$ /ratum1 & !n1 by unse5 conduits1 sl[ly f9ds its way to ! *annels ( spr+s1 or oozes out ( ! gr\nd 9 drops :i* unite 9 rills1 & s all is convey$ to ! l>g] /reams1 & by !m f9ally to ! sea4 ,! wat]1 9 p]colat+ ?r\gh ! vegetable & m9]al lay]s1 acquires _! temp]ature1 & is *emically affect$ by _! action1 b x c>ries v little matt] 9 me*anical susp5sion4 ,! process ,i h describ$ is a sl[ "o1 & ! supply ( moi/ure d]iv$ f ! sn[1 augm5t$ by ! ra9s ( ! foll[+ seasons1 keeps ! =e/ gr\nd1 :]e ! surface is level or b mod]ately incl9$1 9 a /ate ( saturation ?r\gh almo/ ! :ole ye>4 ,! riv]s f$ by spr+s & %ad$ by woods are comp>atively uni=m 9 volume1 9 temp]ature1 & 9 *emical composition4 ,_! banks are little abrad$1 nor are _! c\rses mu* ob/ruct$ by fall5 timb]1 or by e>? & gravel wa%$ d[n f ! highl&s4 ,_! *annels are subject only to sl[ & gradual *anges1 & !y c>ry d[n to ! lakes & ! sea no accumulation ( s& or silt to fill up _! outlets1 &1 by rais+ _! b$s1 to =ce !m to spread ov] ! l[ gr\nds ne> _! m\?4#bjb ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 de/ructive t5d5cies ( all sorts are arre/$ or comp5sat$1 & tree1 bird1 bea/1 & fi%1 alike1 f9d a con/ant uni=mity ( condition mo/ favorable to ! regul> & h>moni\s coexi/5ce ( !m all4 ,g5]al ,consequ5ces ( ! ,de/ruction ( ! ,=e/4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( ! =e/1 all is *ang$4 ,at "o season1 ! e>? p>ts ) its w>m? by radiation to an op5 sky--receives1 at ano!r1 an immod]ate heat f ! unob/ruct$ rays ( ! sun4 ,h5ce ! climate becomes excessive1 & ! soil is alt]nately p>*$ by ! f]vors ( summ]1 & se>$ by ! rigors ( w9t]4 ,bleak w9ds sweep unresi/$ ov] its surface1 drift away ! sn[ t %elt]$ x f ! fro/1 & dry up its scanty moi/ure4 ,! precipitation becomes z regul> z ! temp]ature2 ! melt+ sn[s & v]nal ra9s1 no long] absorb$ by a loose & bibul\s vegetable m\ld1 ru% ov] ! froz5 surface1 & p\r d[n ! valleys seaw>d1 in/ead ( fill+ a ret5tive b$ ( absorb5t e>?1 & /or+ up a supply ( moi/ure to fe$ p]5nial spr+s4 ,! soil is b>$ ( its cov]+ ( leaves1 brok5 & loos5$ by ! pl\gh1 depriv$ ( ! fibr\s rootlets :i* held x toge!r1 dri$ & pulv]iz$ by sun & w9d1 & at la/ exhau/$ by new comb9ations4 ,! face ( ! e>? is no long] a sponge1 b a du/ heap1 & ! floods :i* ! wat]s ( ! sky p\r ov] x hurry swiftly along its slopes1 c>ry+ 9 susp5sion va/ quantities ( e>?y p>ticles :i* increase ! abrad+ p[] & me*anical =ce ( ! curr5t1 &1 augm5t$ by ! s& & gravel ( fall+ banks1 fill ! b$s ( ! /reams1 div]t !m into new *annels & ob/ruct _! outlets4 ,! rivulets1 want+ _! =m] regul>ity ( supply & depriv$ ( ! protect+ %ade ( ! woods1 are heat$1 evaporat$1 & ?us r$uc$ 9 _! summ] curr5ts1 b swoll5 to rag+ torr5ts 9 autumn & 9 spr+4 ,f ^! causes1 !re is a con/ant degradation ( ! upl&s1 & a consequ5t elevation ( ! b$s ( wat]c\rses & ( lakes by ! deposition ( ! m9]al & vegetable matt] c>ri$ d[n by ! wat]s4 ,! *annels ( great riv]s become unnavigable1 _! e/u>ies are *ok$ up1 & h>bors :i* once %elt]$ l>ge navies are %oal$ by dang]\s s&b>s4 ,! e>?1 /ripp$ ( its vegetable glebe1 gr[s less & less productive1 &1 consequ5tly1 less able to protect itself by weav+ a new network ( roots to b9d its p>ticles toge!r1 a new c>pet+ ( turf to %ield x f w9d & sun & sc\r+ ra94 ,gradually x becomes altoge!r b>r54 ,! wa%+ ( ! soil f ! m\nta9s leaves b>e ridges ( /]ile rock1 & ! ri* organic m\ld :i* cov]$ !m1 n[ swept d[n into ! dank l[ gr\nds1 promotes a luxuriance ( aquatic vegetation t bre$s fev]1 & m insidi\s =ms ( mortal disease1 by its decay1 & ?us ! e>? is r5d]$ no long] fit = ! habitation ( man4#bjc ,to ! g5]al tru? ( ?is sad picture !re are _m exceptions1 ev5 9 c\ntries ( excessive climates4 ,"s ( ^! are due to favorable conditions ( surface1 ( geological /ructure1 & ( ! di/ribution ( ra92 9 _m o!rs1 ! evil consequ5ces ( man's improvid5ce h n yet be5 exp]i5c$1 only because a suffici5t "t has n elaps$1 s9ce ! fell+ ( ! =e/1 to all[ !m to develop !mselves4 ,b ! v5geance ( nature = ! violation ( h] h>monies1 ?\gh sl[1 is sure1 & ! gradual det]ioration ( soil & climate 9 su* exceptional regions is z c]ta9 to result f ! de/ruction ( ! woods z is any natural effect to foll[ its cause4 ,9 ! va/ f>rago ( crudities :i* ! eld] ,pl9y's ambition ( encyclopa$ic atta9m5t & 8 ready cr$ulity h ga!r$ toge!r1 we meet "s judici\s obs]vations4 ,among ^! we mu/ reckon ! rem>k ) :i* he accompanies 8 extraord9>y /atem5t respect+ ! prev5tion ( spr+s by ! gr[? ( =e/ trees1 ?\gh1 z is usual ) him1 8 philosophy is wrong4 ,de/ructive torr5ts are g5]ally =m$ :5 hills are /ripp$ ( ! trees :i* =m]ly conf9$ & absorb$ ! ra9s4 ,! absorption "h ref]r$ to is n t ( ! soil1 b ( ! roots1 :i*1 ,pl9y suppos$1 drank up ! wat] to fe$ ! gr[? ( ! trees4 ,al?\gh ?is p>ticul> evil effect ( too ext5sive cle>+ 0 s e>ly notic$1 ! lesson seems to h be5 soon =gott54 ,! legislation ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,europe is full ( absurd provisions conc]n+ ! =e/s1 :i* sov]eigns sometimes de/roy$ because !y furni%$ a retreat = rebels & robb]s1 sometimes protect$ because !y 7 necess>y to bre$ /ags & bo>s = ! *ase1 & sometimes sp>$ ) ! m enlight5$ view ( secur+ a supply ( timb] & ( fuel to future g5]ations4#bjd ,x 0 res]v$ to lat] ages to appreciate _! geographical importance1 & x is only 9 v rec5t times1 only 9 a few ,european c\ntries1 t ! too g5]al fell+ ( ! woods has be5 recogniz$ z ! mo/ de/ructive among ! _m causes ( ! physical det]ioration ( ! e>?4 ,condition ( ! ,=e/1 & its ,lit]ature 9 diff]5t ,c\ntries4 ,! lit]ature ( ! =e/1 :i* 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica has n yet become suffici5tly ext5sive to be kn[n z a special bran* ( au?or%ip1 c\nts its ?\s&s ( volumes 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,france4 ,x is 9 ! latt] c\ntry1 p]haps1 t ! relations ( ! woods to ! regul> dra9age ( ! soil1 & especially to ! p]man5ce ( ! natural configuration ( t]re/rial surface1 h be5 mo/ ?or\ghly inve/igat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! purely economical aspects ( sylviculture h be5 mo/ satisfactorily exp\nd$1 & t art has be5 mo/ philosophically discuss$1 & mo/ skilfully & successfully practis$1 9 ,g]many4 ,! em95ce ( ,italian !oretical hydrograph]s & ! great ability ( ,italian hydraulic eng9e]s are well kn[n1 b ! specific geographical importance ( ! woods has n be5 s cle>ly recogniz$ 9 ,italy z 9 ! /ates bord]+ x on ! nor? & we/4 ,x is true t ! face ( nature has be5 z completely revolutioniz$ by man1 & t ! action ( torr5ts has creat$ z wide & z hopeless deva/ation 9 t c\ntry z 9 ,france2 b 9 ! ,fr5* ,empire ! desolation produc$ by cle>+ ! =e/s is m rec5t1#bje has be5 m sudd5ly effect$1 &1 !re=e1 excites a liveli] & m g5]al int]e/ ?an 9 ,italy1 :]e public op9ion does n s readily connect ! effect ) its true cause4 ,italy1 too1 f anci5t habit1 employs little wood 9 ar*itectural con/ruction2 = g5]ations %e has ma9ta9$ no milit>y or comm]cial m>9e l>ge en\gh to require exhau/ive quantities ( timb]1#bjf & ! mildness ( h] climate makes small dem&s on ! woods = fuel4 ,besides ^! circum/ances1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! sci5ces ( obs]vation did n become kn[l$ges ( practical application till aft] ! mis*ief 0 already ma9ly done & ev5 =gott5 9 ,alp9e ,italy1 :ile its evils 7 j beg9n+ to be s5sibly felt 9 ,france :5 ! claims ( natural philosophy z a lib]al /udy 7 fir/ ackn[l$g$ 9 mod]n ,europe4 ,! =m] political condition ( ! ,italian ,p59sula w\ld h effectually prev5t$ ! adoption ( a g5]al sy/em ( =e/ economy1 h[ev] cle>ly ! importance ( a wise adm9i/ration ( ?is great public int]e/ might h be5 und]/ood4 ,! woods :i* controll$ & regulat$ ! fl[ ( ! riv] s\rces 7 v (t5 9 "o jurisdiction1 ! pla9s to be irrigat$1 or to be inundat$ by floods & desolat$ by torr5ts1 9 ano!r4 ,conc]t ( action on su* a subject betwe5 a multitude ( jeal\s petty sov]eignties 0 obvi\sly impossible1 & no?+ b ! union ( all ! ,italian /ates "u a s+le gov]nm5t c r5d] practicable ! e/abli%m5t ( su* arrangem5ts = ! cons]vation & re/oration ( ! =e/s & ! regulation ( ! fl[ ( ! wat]s z are necess>y = ! full developm5t ( ! yet unexhau/$ res\rces ( t faire/ ( l&s1 & ev5 = ! p]man5t ma9t5ance ( ! pres5t condition ( its physical geography4 ,! d5udation ( ! ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,ap5n9es & ( ! ,italian declivity ( ! ,we/]n ,alps began at a p]iod ( unkn[n antiquity1 b x does n seem to h be5 c>ri$ to a v dang]\s l5g? until ! =eign conque/s & ext5d$ comm]ce ( ,rome creat$ a greatly increas$ dem& = wood = ! con/ruction ( %ips & = milit>y mat]ial4 ,! ,ea/]n ,alps1 ! ,we/]n ,ap5n9es1 & ! ,m>itime ,alps reta9$ _! =e/s mu* lat]2 b ev5 "h ! want ( wood1 & ! injury to ! pla9s & ! navigation ( ! riv]s by s$im5t br\ght d[n by ! torr5ts1 l$ to "s legislation = ! protection ( ! =e/s1 by ! ,republic ( ,v5ice 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 by t ( ,g5oa z e>ly at lea/ z ! sev5te5?2 & ,m>s*& /ates t ! latt] ,gov]nm5t pass$ laws requir+ ! proprietors ( m\nta9 l&s to replant ! woods4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 d n seem to h be5 effectually en=c$4 ,x is v common 9 ,italy to ascribe to ! ,fr5* occupation "u ! fir/ ,empire all ! improvem5ts1 & all ! abuses ( rec5t times1 accord+ to ! political sympa?ies ( ! individual2 & ! ,fr5* are (t5 said to h pro/rat$ e =e/ :i* has disappe>$ )9 a c5tury4#bjg ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 no en]getic sy/em ( repression or re/oration 0 adopt$ by any ( ! ,italian /ates aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,empire1 & ! taxes on =e/ prop]ty 9 "s ( !m 7 s burd5some t rural municipalities sometimes propos$ to c$e _! common woods to ! ,gov]nm5t1 )\t any o!r comp5sation ?an ! remission ( ! taxes impos$ on =e/ l&s4#bjh ,"u su* circum/ances1 woodl&s w\ld soon become disaf=e/$1 & :]e facilities ( transportation & a good dem& = timb] h increas$ ! inducem5ts to fell x1 z ^u ! bord]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! de/ruction ( ! =e/ & all ! evils :i* att5d x h gone on at a s]i\sly al>m+ rate4 ,x has ev5 be5 calculat$ t f\r t5?s ( ! area ( ! ,ligurian prov9ces h be5 wa%$ away or r5d]$ incapable ( cultivation by ! fell+ ( ! woods4#bji ,! damp & cold climate ( ,engl& requires ! ma9t5ance ( h\sehold fires ?r\gh a l>ge "p ( ! ye>4 ,contrivances = economiz+ fuel 7 ( lat] introduction 9 t c\ntry ?an on ! ,cont95t4 ,! soil1 l ! sky1 01 9 g5]al1 *>g$ ) humidity2 its natural condition 0 unfavorable = common roads1 & ! transportation ( s heavy a mat]ial z coal1 by l&1 f ! remote c\nties :]e alone x 0 m9$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 0 co/ly & difficult4 ,= all ^! reasons1 ! consumption ( wood 0 l>ge1 & appreh5sions ( ! exhau/ion ( ! =e/s 7 excit$ at an e>ly p]iod4 ,legislation !re1 z else:]e1 prov$ ineffectual to protect !m1 & _m au?ors ( ! sixte5? c5tury express fe>s ( s]i\s evils f ! wa/eful economy ( ! p 9 ?is respect4 ,h>rison1 9 8 curi\s *apt] ,( ,woods & ,m>i%es 9 ,hol9%$'s compilation1 compla9s ( ! rapid decrease ( ! =e/s1 & adds3 ,h[beit ?us mu* ,i d>e affirme1 t if woods g s fa/ to decaie 9 ! next hundr$ ye]e ( ,grace1 z !y haue doone & are l to doo 9 ?is1 99 99 99 x is to be fe>$ t ! f5nie bote1 broome1 turfe1 gall1 hea?1 firze1 brakes1 :9nes1 l+1 dies1 hassacks1 flags1 /raw1 s$ge1 re$1 ru%1 & also seacole1 w be good m]*&ize eu5 9 ! citie ( ,london1 :]eunto "s ( !m eu5 n[ haue gott5 readie passage1 & tak5 vp _! innes 9 ! greate/ m]*ants' p>l\rs4 99 99 99 ,i w\ld wi% t ,i might liue no long] ?an to see f\re ?+s 9 ?is l& re=m$1 t is3 ! want ( discipl9e 9 ! *ur*3 ! c\et\s deal+ ( mo/ ( our m]*ants 9 ! pref]m5t ( ! commodities ( o!r c\ntries1 & h9d]ance ( _! owne3 ! hold+ ( faires & m>kets vpon ! sundaie to be aboli%$ & ref]r$ to ! w$nesdaies3 & t eu]ie man1 9 :atsoeu] "p ( ! *ampa9e soile enioie? =tie acres ( l&1 & vpw>ds1 aft] t rate1 ei!r by free de$1 copie hold1 or fee f>me1 might plant "o acre ( wood1 or s[e ! same ) oke ma/1 hasell1 bee*1 & suffici5t pr\ision be made t x may be *]i%$ & kept4 ,b ,i fe>e me t ,i %\ld !n liue too long1 & s long1 t ,i %\ld ei!r be we>ie ( ! _w1 or ! _w ( me4#baj ,evelyn's ,silva1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* appe>$ 9 #affd1 r5d]$ an extremely important s]vice to ! cause ( ! woods1 & !re is no d\bt t ! ornam5tal plantations 9 :i* ,engl& f> surpasses all o!r c\ntries1 are1 9 "s measure1 ! fruit ( ,evelyn's en?usiasm4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 arboriculture1 ! plant+ & nurs+ ( s+le trees1 has1 until rec5tly1 be5 bett] und]/ood ?an sylviculture1 ! s[+ & tra9+ ( ! =e/4 ,b ?is latt] bran* ( rural improvem5t is n[ pursu$ on a v consid]able scale1 ?\gh1 s f> z ,i "k1 n by ! ,national ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,=e/ on ,inundations4 ,besides ! climatic "q1 :i* ,i h already suffici5tly discuss$1 & ! obvi\s inconv5i5ces ( a scanty supply ( *>coal1 ( fuel1 & ( timb] = ar*itectural & naval con/ruction & = ! ?\s& o!r uses to :i* wood is appli$ 9 rural & dome/ic economy1 & 9 ! v>i\s indu/rial processes ( civiliz$ life1 ! att5tion ( ,fr5* =e/]s & public economi/s has be5 specially drawn to ?ree po9ts1 namely3 ! influ5ce ( ! =e/s on ! p]man5ce & regul> fl[ ( spr+s or natural f\nta9s2 on inundations by ! ov]fl[ ( riv]s2 & on ! abrasion ( soil & ! transportation ( e>?1 gravel1 pebbles1 & ev5 ( consid]able masses ( rock1 f high] to l[] levels1 by torr5ts4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 connect$ ) ?is g5]al subject1 sev]al o!r topics ( m9or or /rictly local int]e/1 or ( m unc]ta9 "*1 :i* ,i %all h occasion m fully to speak ( h]eaft]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree pr9cipal subjects--! influ5ce ( ! woods on spr+s & o!r liv+ wat]s--has be5 already consid]$2 & if ! facts /at$ 9 t discussion are well e/abli%$1 & ! conclusions ,i h drawn f !m are logically s\nd1 x w\ld seem to foll[1 z a necess>y coroll>y1 t ! action ( ! =e/ is z important 9 dim9i%+ ! frequ5cy & viol5ce ( riv] floods1 z 9 secur+ ! p]man5ce & equability ( natural f\nta9s2 = any cause :i* promotes ! absorption & accumulation ( ! wat] ( precipitation by ! sup]ficial /rata ( ! soil1 to be sl[ly giv5 out by infiltration & p]colation1 mu/1 by prev5t+ ! rapid fl[ ( surface wat] into ! natural *annels ( dra9age1 t5d to *eck ! sudd5 rise ( riv]s1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! ov]fl[ ( _! banks1 :i* con/itutes :at is call$ inundation4 ,! me*anical resi/ance1 too1 (f]$ by ! trunks ( trees & ( und]gr[? to ! fl[ ( wat] ov] ! surface1 t5ds s5sibly to ret>d ! rapidity ( its desc5t d[n declivities1 & to div]t & divide /reams :i* may h already accumulat$ f small] ?reads ( wat]4#baa ,inundations are produc$ by ! insuffici5cy ( ! natural *annels ( riv]s to c>ry (f ! wat]s ( _! bas9s z fa/ z ^? wat]s fl[ into !m4 ,9 accordance ) ! usual economy ( nature1 we %\ld presume t %e _h ev]y:]e provid$ ! means ( dis*>g+1 )\t di/urbance ( h] g5]al arrangem5ts or abnormal de/ruction ( h] products1 ! precipitation :i* %e %$s ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,obs]vation confirms ?is presumption1 at lea/ 9 ! c\ntries to :i* ,i conf9e my inquiries2 =1 s f> z we "k ! primitive conditions ( ! regions br\ght "u human occupation )9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 x appe>s t ! ov]fl[ ( riv] banks 0 mu* less frequ5t & de/ructive ?an at ! pres5t day1 or1 at lea/1 t riv]s rose & fell less sudd5ly be=e man _h remov$ ! natural *ecks to ! too rapid dra9age ( ! bas9s 9 :i* _! tribut>ies orig9ate4 ,! banks ( ! riv]s & small] /reams 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican colonies 7 =m]ly little abrad$ by ! curr5ts4 ,ev5 n[ ! trees come d[n almo/ to ! wat]'s edge along ! riv]s1 9 ! l>g] =e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! surface ( ! /reams seems liable to no great *ange 9 level or 9 rapidity ( curr5t4 ,a circum/ance almo/ conclusive z to ! regul>ity ( fl[ 9 =e/ riv]s1 is t !y d n =m l>ge s$im5t>y deposits1 at _! po9ts ( dis*>ge into lakes or l>g] /reams1 su* accumulations beg9n+1 or at lea/ advanc+ f> m rapidly1 aft] ! valleys are cle>$4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh inundations are sometimes produc$ 9 ! height ( summ] by heavy ra9s1 x w be f\nd g5]ally true t ! mo/ rapid rise ( ! wat]s1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ de/ructive fre%ets1 z !y are call$ 9 ,am]ica1 are produc$ by ! sudd5 dissolution ( ! sn[ be=e ! op5 gr\nd is ?aw$ 9 ! spr+4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a p[]ful ?aw sets 9 aft] a long p]iod ( fro/1 & ! sn[ :i* _h be5 mon?s 9 accumulat+ is dissolv$ & c>ri$ (f 9 a few h\rs4 ,:5 ! sn[ is deep1 x1 to use a popul> expression1 takes ! fro/ out ( ! gr\nd 9 ! woods1 &1 if x lies long en\gh1 9 ! fields also4 ,b ! heavie/ sn[s usually fall aft] midw9t]1 & are succe$$ by w>m ra9s or sun%9e1 :i* dissolve ! sn[ on ! cle>$ l& be=e x has _h "t to act ^u ! fro/-b\nd soil b5ea? x4 ,9 ?is case1 ! sn[ 9 ! woods is absorb$ z fa/ z x melts1 by ! soil x has protect$ f freez+1 & does n mat]ially contribute to swell ! curr5t ( ! riv]s4 ,if ! mild wea!r1 9 :i* great sn[/orms usually occur1 does n cont9ue & become a regul> ?aw1 x is almo/ sure to be foll[$ by drift+ w9ds1 & ! inequality ) :i* !y di/ribute ! sn[ leaves ! ridges comp>atively b>e1 :ile ! depressions are (t5 fill$ ) drifts to ! height ( _m feet4 ,! knolls become froz5 to a great dep?2 succe$+ p>tial ?aws melt ! surface sn[1 & ! wat] runs d[n into ! furr[s ( pl\gh$ fields1 & o!r artificial & natural holl[s1 & !n (t5 freezes to solid ice4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 almo/ ! entire surface ( ! cle>$ l& is imp]vi\s to wat]1 & f ! abs5ce ( trees & ! g5]al smoo?ness ( ! gr\nd1 x (f]s little me*anical resi/ance to sup]ficial curr5ts4 ,if1 "u ^! circum/ances1 w>m wea!r accompani$ by ra9 occurs1 ! ra9 & melt$ sn[ are swiftly hurri$ to ! bottom ( ! valleys & ga!r$ to rag+ torr5ts4 ,x ought fur!r to be consid]$ t1 ?\gh ! light] pl\gh$ soils readily imbibe a great deal ( wat]1 yet ! grass l&s1 & all ! heavy & t5aci\s e>?s1 absorb x 9 mu* small] quantities1 & less rapidly ?an ! vegetable m\ld ( ! =e/4 ,pa/ure1 mead[1 & clayey soils1 tak5 toge!r1 greatly pr$om9ate ov] ! s&y pl\gh$ fields1 9 all l>ge agricultural di/ricts1 & h5ce1 ev5 if1 9 ! case we are suppos+1 ! op5 gr\nd *ance to h be5 ?aw$ be=e ! melt+ ( ! sn[ :i* cov]s x1 x is already saturat$ ) moi/ure1 or v soon becomes s1 &1 ( c\rse1 _c relieve ! pressure by absorb+ m wat]4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! face ( ! c\ntry is sudd5ly flood$ ) a quantity ( melt$ sn[ & ra9 equival5t to a fall ( six or eight in*es ( ! latt]1 or ev5 m4 ,?is runs unob/ruct$ to riv]s (t5 /ill b\nd ) ?ick ice1 & ?us inundations ( a fe>fully deva/at+ "* are produc$4 ,! ice bur/s1 f ! hydro/atic pressure f bel[1 or is viol5tly torn up by ! curr5t1 & is swept by ! impetu\s /ream1 9 l>ge masses & ) resi/less fury1 aga9/ banks1 bridges1 dams1 & mills erect$ ne> !m4 ,! b>k ( ! trees along ! riv]s is (t5 abrad$1 at a height ( _m feet above ! ord9>y wat] level1 by cakes ( float+ ice1 :i* are at la/ /r&$ by ! rec$+ flood on mead[ or pl\ghl&1 to delay1 by _! *ill+ influ5ce1 ! adv5t ( ! t>dy spr+4 ,! surface ( a =e/1 9 its natural condition1 c nev] p\r =? su* deluges ( wat] z fl[ f cultivat$ soil4 ,humus1 or vegetable m\ld1 is capable ( absorb+ almo/ twice its own weight ( wat]4 ,! soil 9 a =e/ ( decidu\s foliage is compos$ ( humus1 m or less unmix$1 to ! dep? ( sev]al in*es1 sometimes ev5 ( feet1 & ?is /ratum is usually able to imbibe all ! wat] possibly result+ f ! sn[ :i* at any "o "t cov]s x4 ,b ! vegetable m\ld does n cease to absorb wat] :5 x becomes saturat$1 = x !n gives (f a portion ( its moi/ure to ! m9]al e>? bel[1 & ?us is ready to receive a new supply2 &1 besides1 ! b$ ( leaves n yet conv]t$ to m\ld takes up & reta9s a v consid]able proportion ( sn[ wat]1 z well z ( ra94 ,9 ! w>m climates ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 z ,i h already said1 ! functions ( ! =e/1 s f> z ! disposal ( ! wat] ( precipitation is conc]n$1 are ess5tially ! same at all seasons1 & are analog\s to ^? :i* x p]=ms 9 ! ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates 9 summ]4 ,h5ce1 9 ! =m] c\ntries1 ! w9t] floods h n ! *>act]i/ics :i* m>k !m 9 ! latt]1 nor is ! cons]vative influ5ce ( ! woods 9 w9t] relatively s important1 ?\gh x is equally unque/ionable4 ,if ! summ] floods 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are att5d$ ) less pecuni>y damage ?an ^? ( ! ,loire & o!r riv]s ( ,france1 ! ,po & its tribut>ies 9 ,italy1 ! ,emme & h] si/] torr5ts :i* deva/ate ! valleys ( ,switz]l&1 x is p>tly because ! banks ( ,am]ican riv]s are n yet l9$ ) t[ns1 _! %ores & ! bottoms :i* skirt !m n yet cov]$ ) improvem5ts ^: co/ is c\nt$ by millions1 &1 consequ5tly1 a small] am\nt ( prop]ty is expos$ to injury by inundation4 ,b ! comp>ative exemption ( ! ,am]ican p f ! t]rible calamities :i* ! ov]fl[ ( riv]s has br\ght on "s ( ! faire/ portions ( ! ,old ,_w1 is1 9 a /ill great] degree1 to be ascrib$ to ! fact t1 ) all our ?\ghtless improvid5ce1 we h n yet b>$ all ! s\rces ( our /reams1 n yet ov]?r[n all ! b>ri]s :i* nature has erect$ to re/ra9 h] own de/ructive en]gies4 ,let u be wise 9 "t1 & pr(it by ! errors ( our old] bre?r56 ,! influ5ce ( ! =e/ 9 prev5t+ inundations has be5 v g5]ally recogniz$1 bo? z a !oretical inf]5ce & z a fact ( obs]vation2 b ,belgr& & 8 comm5tator ,valles h d$uc$ an opposite result f v>i\s facts ( exp]i5ce & f sci5tific consid]ations4 ,!y cont5d t ! sup]ficial dra9age is m regul> f cle>$ ?an f wood$ gr\nd1 & t cle>+ dim9i%es r ?an augm5ts ! int5sity ( inundations4 ,nei!r ( ^! conclusions is w>rant$ by _! data or _! reason+1 & !y re/ p>tly ^u facts1 :i*1 truly int]pret$1 are n inconsi/5t ) ! receiv$ op9ions on ^! subjects1 p>tly ^u assumptions :i* are contradict$ by exp]i5ce4 ,two ( ^! latt] are1 fir/1 t ! fall5 leaves 9 ! =e/ con/itute an imp]meable cov]+ ( ! soil ov]1 n ?r\gh1 :i* ! wat] ( ra9s & ( melt+ sn[s fl[s (f1 & secondly1 t ! roots ( trees p5etrate & *oke up ! fissures 9 ! rocks1 s z to imp$e ! passage ( wat] ?r\gh *annels :i* nature has provid$ = its desc5t to l[] /rata4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^!1 we may appeal to famili> facts )9 ! p]sonal k ( e man acqua9t$ ) ! op]ations ( sylvan nature4 ,i h be=e me a lett] f an acute & exp]i5c$ obs]v]1 conta9+ ?is p>agraph3 ,i ?9k t ra9 wat] does n ev]1 except 9 v trifl+ quantities1 fl[ ov] ! leaves 9 ! woods 9 summ] or autumn4 ,wat] runs ov] !m only 9 ! spr+1 :5 !y are press$ d[n smoo?ly & compactly1 a /ate 9 :i* !y rema9 only until !y are dry1 :5 %r9kage & ! action ( ! w9d soon r\gh5 ! surface s z effectually to /op1 by absorption1 all fl[ ( wat]4 ,i h obs]v$ t :5 a sudd5 fro/ succe$s a ?aw at ! close ( ! w9t] aft] ! sn[ has pr9cipally disappe>$1 ! wat] 9 & betwe5 ! lay]s ( leaves sometimes freezes into a solid cru/1 :i* all[s ! fl[ ( wat] ov] x4 ,b ?is occurs only 9 depressions & on a v small scale2 & ! ice ?us =m$ is s soon dissolv$ t no s5sible effect is produc$ on ! escape ( wat] f ! g5]al surface4 ,z to ! influ5ce ( roots ^u dra9age1 ,i believe !re is no d\bt t !y1 indep5d5tly ( _! action z absorb5ts1 me*anically promote x4 ,n only does ! wat] ( ! soil foll[ !m d[nw>d1#bab b _! swell+ gr[? p[]fully t5ds to enl>ge ! crevices ( rock into :i* !y ent]2 & z ! fissures 9 rocks are longitud9al1 n m]e circul> orifices1 e l9e ( additional wid? ga9$ by ! gr[? ( roots )9 !m increases ! area ( ! crevice 9 proportion to its l5g?4 ,consequ5tly1 ! wid5+ ( a fissure to ! ext5t ( "o in* might give an additional dra9age equal to a squ>e foot ( op5 tub+4 ,! obs]vations & reason+s ( ,belgr& & ,valles1 ?\gh _! conclusions h n be5 accept$ by _m1 are v important 9 "o po9t ( view4 ,^! writ]s insi/ mu* on ! necessity ( tak+ into acc\nt1 9 e/imat+ ! relations betwe5 precipitation & evaporation1 ! ab/raction ( wat] f ! surface & surface curr5ts1 by absorption & infiltration--an elem5t unque/ionably ( great value1 b hi!rto mu* neglect$ by meteorological inquir]s1 :o h v (t5 reason$ z if ! surface e>? 7 ei!r imp]meable to wat]1 or already saturat$ ) x2 :]eas1 9 fact1 x is a sponge1 always imbib+ humidity & always giv+ x (f1 n by evaporation only1 b by infiltration & p]colation4 ,! de/ructive effects ( inundations consid]$ simply z a me*anical p[] by :i* life is endang]$1 crops de/roy$1 & ! artificial con/ructions ( man ov]?r[n1 are v t]rible4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 ! flood is a tempor>y & by no means an irrep>able evil1 = if its ravages end "h1 ! prolific p[]s ( nature & ! indu/ry ( man soon re/ore :at _h be5 lo/1 & ! face ( ! e>? no long] %[s traces ( ! deluge t _h ov]:elm$ x4 ,inundations h ev5 _! comp5sations4 ,! /ructures !y de/roy are replac$ by bett] & m secure erections1 & if !y sweep (f a crop ( corn1 !y n unfrequ5tly leave beh9d !m1 z !y subside1 a f]tiliz+ deposit :i* enri*es ! exhau/$ field = a succession ( seasons4#bac ,if1 !n1 ! too rapid fl[ ( ! surface wat]s occasion$ no o!r evil ?an to produce1 once 9 t5 ye>s ^u ! av]age1 an inundation :i* %\ld de/roy ! h>ve/ ( ! l[ gr\nds along ! riv]s1 ! damage w\ld be too inconsid]able1 & ( too transitory a "*1 to w>rant ! inconv5i5ces & ! exp5se involv$ 9 ! measures :i* ! mo/ compet5t judges 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe believe ! respective gov]nm5ts ought to take to obviate x4 ,de/ructive ,action ( ,torr5ts4 ,b ! great1 ! irrep>able1 ! appall+ mis*iefs :i* h already result$1 & ?reat5 to ensue on a /ill m ext5sive scale h]eaft]1 f too rapid sup]ficial dra9age1 are ( a prop]ly geographical "*1 & consi/ prim>ily 9 erosion1 displacem5t1 & transportation ( ! sup]ficial /rata1 vegetable & m9]al--( ! integum5ts1 s to speak1 ) :i* nature has clo!d ! skeleton framework ( ! globe4 ,x is difficult to convey by description an idea ( ! desolation ( ! regions mo/ expos$ to ! ravages ( torr5t & ( flood2 & ! ?\s&s1 :o1 9 ^! days ( travel1 are :irl$ by /eam ne> or ev5 ?r\gh ! !atres ( ^! calamities1 h b r>e & imp]fect opportunities ( obs]v+ ! de/ructive causes 9 action4 ,/ill m r>ely c !y comp>e ! pa/ ) ! actual condition ( ! prov9ces 9 "q1 & trace ! progress ( _! conv]sion f =e/-cr[n$ hills1 luxuriant pa/ure gr\nds1 & abundant cornfields & v9ey>ds well wat]$ by spr+s & f]tiliz+ rivulets1 to bald m\nta9 ridges1 rocky declivities1 & /eep e>? banks furr[$ by deep rav9es ) b$s n[ dry1 n[ fill$ by torr5ts ( fluid mud & gravel hurry+ d[n to spread !mselves ov] ! pla91 & doom+ to ev]la/+ b>r5ness ! once productive fields4 ,9 trav]s+ su* sc5es1 x is difficult to resi/ ! impression t nature pron\nc$ ! curse ( p]petual /]ility & desolation ^u ^! sublime b fe>ful wa/es1 difficult to believe t !y 7 once1 & b = ! folly ( man might /ill be1 bless$ ) all ! natural advantages :i* ,provid5ce has be/[$ ^u ! mo/ favor$ climes4 ,b ! hi/orical evid5ce is conclusive z to ! de/ructive *anges occasion$ by ! ag5cy ( man ^u ! flanks ( ! ,alps1 ! ,ap5n9es1 ! ,pyr5ees1 & o!r m\nta9 ranges 9 ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe1 & ! progress ( physical det]ioration has be5 s rapid t1 9 "s localities1 a s+le g5]ation has witness$ ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! melan*oly revolution4 ,x is c]ta9 t a desolation1 l t :i* has ov]:elm$ _m once beautiful & f]tile regions ( ,europe1 awaits an important "p ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( o!r comp>atively new c\ntries ov] :i* ,european civilization is n[ ext5d+ its sway1 unless prompt measures are tak5 to *eck ! action ( de/ructive causes already 9 op]ation4 ,x is va9 to expect t legislation c d any?+ effectual to arre/ ! progress ( ! evil 9 ^? c\ntries1 except s f> z ! /ate is /ill ! proprietor ( ext5sive =e/s4 ,woodl&s :i* h pass$ into private h&s w ev]y:]e be manag$1 9 spite ( legal re/rictions1 ^u ! same economical pr9ciples z o!r possessions1 & e proprietor w1 z a g5]al rule1 fell 8 woods1 unless he believes t x w be = 8 pecuni>y int]e/ to pres]ve !m4 ,few ( ! new prov9ces :i* ! la/ ?ree c5turies h br\ght "u ! control ( ! ,european race1 w\ld tol]ate any int]f]5ce by ! law-mak+ p[] ) :at !y reg>d z ! mo/ sacr$ ( civil rights--! "r1 namely1 ( e man to d :at he w ) 8 own4 ,9 ! ,old ,_w1 ev5 9 ,france1 ^: p1 ( all ,european nations1 love be/ to be gov]n$ & are lea/ annoy$ by bureaucratic sup]vision1 law has be5 f\nd impot5t to prev5t ! de/ruction1 or wa/eful economy1 ( private =e/s2 & 9 _m ( ! m\nta9\s dep>tm5ts ( t c\ntry1 man is at ?is mom5t s fa/ lay+ wa/e ! face ( ! e>?1 t ! mo/ s]i\s fe>s are ent]ta9$1 n only ( ! depopulation ( ^? di/ricts1 b ( enorm\s mis*iefs to ! prov9ces contigu\s to !m4#bad ,! only legal provisions f :i* any?+ is to be hop$1 are su* z %all make x a matt] ( private advantage to ! l&hold] to sp>e ! trees ^u 8 gr\nds1 & promote ! gr[? ( ! "y wood4 ,some?+ may be done by exempt+ /&+ =e/s f taxation1 & by impos+ taxes on wood fell$ = fuel or = timb]1 some?+ by premiums or honor>y di/9ctions = judici\s managem5t ( ! woods4 ,x w\ld be difficult to induce gov]nm5ts1 g5]al or local1 to make ! necess>y appropriations = su* purposes1 b !re c be no d\bt t x w\ld be s\nd economy 9 ! end4 ,9 c\ntries :]e !re exi/ municipalities end[$ ) an intellig5t public _s1 ! pur*ase & control ( =e/s by su* corporations w\ld (t5 prove advantage\s2 & 9 "s ( ! prov9ces ( ,nor!rn ,lomb>dy1 exp]i5ce has %[n t su* op]ations may be conduct$ ) great b5efit to all ! int]e/s connect$ ) ! prop] managem5t ( ! woods4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 on ! o!r h&1 except 9 "s few cases :]e woods h be5 pres]v$ z a def5ce aga9/ avalan*es1 ! =e/s ( ! communes h be5 productive ( little advantage to ! public int]e/s1 & h v g5]ally gone to decay4 ,! rights ( pa/urage1 ev]y:]e de/ructive to trees1 comb9$ ) tol]ation ( trespasses1 h s r$uc$ _! value1 t !re is1 too (t51 no?+ left t is wor? protect+4 ,9 ! canton ( ,tic9o1 ! peasants h v frequ5tly vot$ to sell ! t[n woods & divide ! proce$s among ! corporators4 ,! sometimes consid]able sums ?us receiv$ are squ&]$ 9 wild revelry1 & ! sacrifice ( ! =e/s br+s n ev5 a mom5t>y b5efit to ! proprietors4#bae ,x is evid5tly a matt] ( ! utmo/ importance t ! public1 & especially l& own]s1 be r\s$ to a s5se ( ! dang]s to :i* ! indiscrim9ate cle>+ ( ! woods may expose n only future g5]ations1 b ! v soil itself4 ,=tunately1 "s ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 z well z ! gov]nm5ts ( _m ,european colonies1 /ill reta9 ! own]%ip ( great tracts ( primitive woodl&4 ,! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 = example1 has1 9 its nor!a/]n c\nties1 a va/ ext5t ( t]ritory 9 :i* ! lumb]man has only "h & !re e/abli%$ 8 camp1 & :]e ! =e/1 ?\gh int]sp]s$ ) p]man5t settlem5ts1 robb$ ( "s ( its f9e/ p9e groves1 & (t5 ravag$ by deva/at+ fires1 /ill cov]s f> ! l>ge/ proportion ( ! surface4 ,?r\gh ?is t]ritory1 ! soil is g5]ally poor1 & ev5 ! new cle>+s h little ( ! luxuriance ( h>ve/ :i* di/+ui%es !m else:]e4 ,! value ( ! l& = agricultural uses is !re=e v small1 & few pur*ases are made = any o!r purpose ?an to /rip ! soil ( its timb]4 ,x has be5 (t5 propos$ t ! ,/ate %\ld decl>e ! rema9+ =e/ ! inali5able prop]ty ( ! commonweal?1 b ,i believe ! motive ( ! sugge/ion has orig9at$ r 9 poetical ?an 9 economical views ( ! subject4 ,bo? ^! classes ( consid]ations h a real wor?4 ,x is desirable t "s l>ge & easily accessible region ( ,am]ican soil %\ld rema91 z f> z possible1 9 its primitive condition1 at once a museum = ! in/ruction ( ! /ud5t1 a g>d5 = ! recreation ( ! lov] ( nature1 & an asylum :]e indig5\s tree1 & humble plant t loves ! %ade1 & fi% & f[l & f\r-foot$ bea/1 may dwell & p]petuate _! k9d1 9 ! enjoym5t ( su* imp]fect protection z ! laws ( a p jeal\s ( re/ra9t c af=d !m4 ,! imm$iate loss to ! public treasury f ! adoption ( ?is policy w\ld be inconsid]able1 = ^! l&s are sold at l[ rates4 ,! =e/ alone1 economically manag$1 w\ld1 )\t injury1 & ev5 ) b5efit to its p]man5ce & gr[?1 soon yield a regul> income l>g] ?an ! pres5t value ( ! fee4 ,! collat]al advantages ( ! pres]vation ( ^! =e/s w\ld be f> great]4 ,nature ?rew up ^? m\nta9s & clo!d !m ) l(ty woods1 t !y might s]ve z a res]voir to supply ) p]5nial wat]s ! ?\s& riv]s & rills t are f$ by ! ra9s & sn[s ( ! ,adirondacks1 & z a scre5 = ! f]tile pla9s ( ! c5tral c\nties aga9/ ! *ill+ bla/s ( ! nor? w9d1 :i* meet no o!r b>ri] 9 _! sweep f ! ,arctic pole4 ,! climate ( ,nor!rn ,new ,york ev5 n[ pres5ts great] extremes ( temp]ature ?an t ( ,s\!rn ,france4 ,! long cont9u$ cold ( w9t] is f> m int5se1 ! %ort heats ( summ] n less fi]ce ?an 9 ,prov5ce1 & h5ce ! pres]vation ( e influ5ce t t5ds to ma9ta9 an equilibrium ( temp]ature & humidity is ( c>d9al importance4 ,! fell+ ( ! ,adirondack woods w\ld ultimately involve = ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,new ,york consequ5ces simil> to ^? :i* h result$ f ! lay+ b>e ( ! s\!rn & we/]n declivities ( ! ,fr5* ,alps & ! spurs1 ridges1 & deta*$ peaks 9 front ( !m4 ,x is true t ! evils to be appreh5d$ f ! cle>+ ( ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,york may be less 9 degree ?an ^? :i* a simil> cause has produc$ 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 :]e ! int5sity ( its action has be5 increas$ by ! incl9ation ( ! m\nta9 declivities1 & by ! peculi> geological con/itution ( ! e>?4 ,! degradation ( ! soil is1 p]haps1 n equally promot$ by a comb9ation ( ! same circum/ances1 9 any ( ! ,am]ican ,atlantic ,/ates1 b /ill !y h rapid slopes & loose & friable soils en\gh to r5d] widespread desolation c]ta91 if ! fur!r de/ruction ( ! woods is n soon arre/$4 ,! effects ( cle>+ are already p]ceptible 9 ! comp>atively unviolat$ region ( :i* ,i am speak+4 ,! riv]s :i* rise 9 x fl[ ) dim9i%$ curr5ts 9 dry seasons1 & ) augm5t$ volumes ( wat] aft] heavy ra9s4 ,!y br+ d[n mu* l>g] quantities ( s$im5t1 & ! increas+ ob/ructions to ! navigation ( ! ,hudson1 :i* are ext5d+ !mselves d[n ! *annel 9 proportion z ! fields are encroa*+ ^u ! =e/1 give good gr\nds = ! fe> ( s]i\s injury to ! comm]ce ( ! important t[ns on ! upp] wat]s ( t riv]1 unless measures are tak5 to prev5t ! expansion ( improvem5ts :i* h already be5 c>ri$ beyond ! dem&s ( a wise economy4 ,i h /at$1 9 a g5]al way1 ! nature ( ! evils 9 "q1 & ( ! processes by :i* !y are produc$2 b ,i %all make _! precise "* & magnitude bett] und]/ood by pres5t+ "s descriptive & /ati/ical details ( facts ( actual occurr5ce4 ,i select = ?is purpose ! s\!a/]n portion ( ,france1 n because t t]ritory has suff]$ m sev]ely ?an "s o!rs1 b because its det]ioration is comp>atively rec5t1 & has be5 wat*$ & describ$ by v compet5t & tru/wor?y obs]v]s1 ^: reports are m easily accessible ?an ^? publi%$ 9 o!r c\ntries4#baf ,! prov9ces ( ,dauph9y1 ,avignon1 & ,prov5ce comprise a t]ritory ( f\rte5 or fifte5 ?\s& squ>e miles1 b\nd$ nor?we/ by ! ,is]e1 nor!a/ & ea/ by ! ,alps1 s\? by ! ,m$it]ranean1 we/ by ! ,rhone1 & ext5d+ f #db deg4 to ab\t #de deg4 ( nor? latitude4 ,! surface is g5]ally hilly & ev5 m\nta9\s1 & sev]al ( ! peaks 9 ,dauph9y rise above ! limit ( p]petual sn[4 ,! climate1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! same latitude1 is extremely mild4 ,little sn[ falls1 except ^u ! high] m\nta9 ranges1 ! fro/s are light1 & ! summ]s long1 z might1 inde$1 be inf]r$ f ! vegetation2 = 9 ! cultivat$ di/ricts1 ! v9e & ! fig ev]y:]e fl\ri%1 ! olive ?rives z f> nor? z #dca_/b deg41 & ^u ! coa/1 gr[ ! orange1 ! lemon1 & ! date palm4 ,! =e/ trees1 too1 are ( s\!rn type1 umbrella p9es1 v>i\s species ( ev]gre5 oaks1 & _m o!r trees & %rubs ( p]si/5t broad-leav$ foliage1 *>act]iz+ ! l&scape4 ,! rapid slope ( ! m\nta9s naturally expos$ ^! prov9ces to damage by torr5ts1 & ! ,romans dim9i%$ _! injuri\s effects by erect+1 9 ! b$s ( rav9es1 b>ri]s ( rocks loosely pil$ up1 :i* p]mitt$ a sl[ escape ( ! wat]1 b compell$ x to deposit above ! dikes ! e>? & gravel ) :i* x 0 *>g$4#bag ,at a lat] p]iod ! ,crusad]s br\ght home f ,pale/9e1 ) mu* o!r k ga!r$ f ! wis] ,moslems1 ! art ( secur+ ! hillsides & mak+ !m productive by t]rac+ & irrigation4 ,! =e/s :i* cov]$ ! m\nta9s secur$ an abundant fl[ ( spr+s1 & ! process ( cle>+ ! soil w5t on s sl[ly t1 = c5turies1 nei!r ! want ( timb] & fuel1 nor ! o!r evils ab\t to be depict$1 7 s]i\sly felt4 ,inde$1 ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 ^! prov9ces 7 well wood$1 & fam\s = ! f]tility & abundance1 n only ( ! l[ gr\nds1 b ( ! hills4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ?+s at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! /ati/ics ( ! sev5te5? %[ t :ile !re _h be5 an increase ( prosp]ity & population 9 ,l[] ,prov5ce1 z well z 9 ! correspond+ly situat$ p>ts ( ! o!r two prov9ces ,i h m5tion$1 !re 0 an al>m+ decrease bo? 9 ! weal? & 9 ! population ( ,upp] ,prov5ce & ,dauph9y1 al?\gh1 by ! cle>+ ( ! =e/s1 a great ext5t ( pl\gh l& & pa/urage _h be5 add$ to ! soil be=e r$uc$ to cultivation4 ,x 0 f\nd1 9 fact1 t ! augm5t$ viol5ce ( ! torr5ts _h swept away1 or buri$ 9 s& & gravel1 m l& ?an _h be5 reclaim$ by cle>+2 & ! taxes comput$ by fires or habitations und]w5t sev]al successive r$uctions 9 consequ5ce ( ! gradual ab&onm5t ( ! wa/$ soil by its />v+ occupants4 ,! gr[? ( ! l>ge t[ns on & ne> ! ,rhone & ! coa/1 _! advance 9 comm]ce & indu/ry1 & ! consequ5tly enl>g$ dem& = agricultural products1 ought naturally to h increas$ ! rural population & ! value ( _! l&s2 b ! physical decay ( ! upl&s 0 su* t consid]able tracts 7 des]t$ altoge!r1 & 9 ,upp] ,prov5ce1 ! fires :i* 9 #adga c\nt$ #hig1 7 r$uc$ to #gdg 9 #afii1 to #gbh 9 #agcc1 & to #fce 9 #aggf4 ,^! facts ,i take f ! ,la ,prov5ce au po9t de vue des ,bois1 des ,torr5ts et des ,inondations1 ( ,*>les de ,ribbe1 "o ( ! highe/ au?orities1 & ,i add fur!r details f ! same s\rce4 ,commune ( ,b>les1 #agjg3 ,two hills h become connect$ by l& slides1 & h =m$ a lake :i* cov]s ! be/ "p ( ! soil4 #agdf3 ,new slides buri$ tw5ty h\ses compos+ a village1 no trace ( :i* is left2 m ?an "o ?ird ( ! l& _h disappe>$4 ,monans1 #agbd3 ,des]t$ by its inhabitants & no long] cultivat$4 ,gueydan1 #agfj3 ,x appe>s by records t ! be/ gr\nds h be5 swept (f s9ce #agef1 & t rav9es occupy _! place4 ,digne1 #agfb3 ,! riv] ,bleone has de/roy$ ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! t]ritory4 ,malmaison1 #agfh3 ,! inhabitants h emigrat$1 all _! fields hav+ be5 lo/4 ,9 ! case ( ! commune ( ,/4 ,laur5t du ,v>1 x appe>s t1 aft] cle>+s 9 ! ,alps1 succe$$ by o!rs 9 ! common woods ( ! t[n1 ! floods ( ! torr5t ,v> became m =midable1 & _h already c>ri$ (f mu* l& z e>ly z #agjh4 ,! cle>+ cont9u$1 & m soil 0 swept away 9 #agfa4 ,9 #agfb1 aft] ano!r de/ructive inundation1 _m ( ! inhabitants emigrat$1 & 9 #agfe1 "o half ( ! t]ritory _h be5 laid wa/e4 ,9 #agff1 ! assessor ,s]raire said to ! ,assembly3 ',z to ! damage caus$ by brooks & torr5ts1 x is impossible to d5y its ext5t4 ,upp] ,prov5ce is 9 dang] ( total de/ruction1 & ! wat]s :i* lay x wa/e ?reat5 also ! ru9 ( ! mo/ valuable gr\nds on ! pla9 bel[4 ,villages h be5 almo/ subm]g$ by torr5ts :i* =m]ly _h n ev5 names1 & l>ge t[ns are on ! po9t ( de/ruction f ! same cause4' ,9 #aggf1 ,visc\nt ,puget ?us report$3 ,! m]e aspect ( ,upp] ,prov5ce is calculat$ to appal ! patriotic magi/rate4 ,"o sees only l(ty m\nta9s1 deep valleys ) precipit\s sides1 riv]s ) broad b$s & little wat]1 impetu\s torr5ts1 :i* 9 floods lay wa/e ! cultivat$ l& ^u _! banks & roll huge rocks along _! *annels2 /eep & p>*$ hillsides1 ! melan*oly consequ5ces ( indiscrim9ate cle>+2 villages ^: inhabitants1 f9d+ no long] ! means ( subsi/5ce1 are emigrat+ day by day2 h\ses dilapidat$ to huts1 & b a mis]able remnant ( population4 ,9 a docum5t ( ! ye> #agga1 ! ravages ( ! torr5ts 7 comp>$ to ! effects ( an e>?quake1 half ! soil 9 _m communes seem+ to h be5 swall[$ up4 ,our m\nta9s1 said ! adm9i/rators ( ! prov9ce ( ! ,l[] ,alps 9 #agib1 pres5t no?+ b a surface ( /ony tufa2 cle>+ is /ill go+ on1 & ! little rivulets are becom+ torr5ts4 ,_m communes h lo/ _! h>ve/s1 _! flocks1 & _! h\ses by floods4 ,! wa%+ d[n ( ! m\nta9s is to be ascrib$ to ! cle>+s & ! practice ( burn+ !m ov]4 ,^! compla9ts1 x w be se51 all date be=e ! ,revolution1 b ! desolation !y describe has s9ce advanc$ ) /ill swift] /eps4 ,surell--^: valuable "w1 ,etude sur les ,torr5ts des ,hautes ,alpes1 publi%$ 9 #ahda1 pres5ts ! mo/ appall+ picture ( ! desolations ( ! torr5t1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ c>eful /udies ( ! hi/ory & ess5tial "* ( ?is great evil--9 speak+ ( ! valley ( ,devoluy1 on page #aeb1 says3 ,ev]y?+ concurs to %[ t x 0 anci5tly wood$4 ,9 its peat bogs are f\nd buri$ trunks ( trees1 monum5ts ( its =m] vegetation4 ,9 ! framework ( old h\ses1 "o sees enorm\s timb]1 :i* is no long] to be f\nd 9 ! di/rict4 ,_m localities1 n[ completely b>e1 /ill reta9 ! "n ( 'wood1' & "o ( !m is call$1 9 old de$s1 ,comba nigra ,black =e/ or dell1 on acc\nt ( its d5se woods4 ,^! & _m o!r pro(s confirm ! local traditions :i* are unanim\s on ?is po9t4 ,!re1 z ev]y:]e 9 ! ,upp] ,alps1 ! cle>+s began on ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s1 & 7 gradually ext5d$ into ! valleys & !n to ! highe/ accessible peaks4 ,!n foll[$ ! ,revolution1 & caus$ ! de/ruction ( ! rema9d] ( ! trees :i* _h ?us f> escap$ ! woodman's axe4 ,9 a note to ?is passage1 ! writ] says3 ,sev]al p]sons h told me t !y _h lo/ flocks ( %eep1 by /ray+1 9 ! =e/s ( ,mont ,aur\x1 :i* cov]$ ! flanks ( ! m\nta9 f ,la ,cluse to ,agn]es4 ,^! declivities are n[ z b>e z ! palm ( ! h&4 ,! gr\nd ^u ! /eep m\nta9s be+ once b>$ ( trees1 & ! und]wood kill$ by ! graz+ ( horn$ cattle1 %eep1 & goats1 e depression becomes a wat]c\rse4 ,e /orm1 says ,surell1 page #aec1 gives rise to a new torr5t4 ,examples ( su* are %[n1 :i*1 ?\gh n yet ?ree ye>s old1 h laid wa/e ! f9e/ fields ( _! valleys1 & :ole villages h n>r[ly escap$ be+ swept into rav9es =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 ,sometimes ! flood p\rs 9 a %eet ov] ! surface1 )\t rav9e or ev5 b$1 & ru9s ext5sive gr\nds1 :i* are ab&on$ =ev]4 ,i _c foll[ ,surell 9 8 description & classification ( torr5ts1 & ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to 8 in/ructive "w = a full exposition ( ! !ory ( ! subject4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to %[ :at a conc5tration ( de/ructive en]gies may be effect$ by fell+ ! woods t clo! & support ! sides ( m\nta9 abysses1 ,i cite 8 description ( a valley desc5d+ f ! ,col ,iso>d1 :i* he calls a complete type ( a bas9 ( reception1 t is1 a gorge :i* s]ves z a common po9t ( accumulation & dis*>ge = ! wat]s ( sev]al lat]al torr5ts4 ,! aspect ( ! mon/r\s *annel1 says he1 is frightful4 ,)9 a di/ance ( less ?an ?ree kilometres "o mile & sev5 eigh?s ,engli%1 m ?an sixty torr5ts hurl into ! dep?s ( ! gorge ! debris torn f its two flanks4 ,! smalle/ ( ^! second>y torr5ts1 if transf]r$ to a f]tile valley1 w\ld be en\gh to ru9 x4 ,! em95t political economi/ ,blanqui1 9 a memoir read be=e ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ce on ! #be? ( ,novemb]1 #ahdc1 ?us expresses himself3 ,important z are ! causes ( impov]i%m5t already describ$1 !y are n to be comp>$ to ! consequ5ces :i* h foll[$ f ! two invet]ate evils ( ! ,alp9e prov9ces ( ,france1 ! ext5sion ( cle>+ & ! ravages ( torr5ts4 99 99 ,! mo/ important result ( ?is de/ruction is ?is3 t ! agricultural capital1 or r ! gr\nd itself--:i*1 9 a rapidly increas+ degree1 is daily swept away by ! wat]s--is totally lo/4 ,signs ( unp>allel$ de/itution are visible 9 all ! m\nta9 zone1 & ! solitudes ( ^? di/ricts are assum+ an indescribable "* ( /]ility & desolation4 ,! gradual de/ruction ( ! woods has1 9 a ?\s& localities1 annihilat$ at once ! spr+s & ! fuel4 ,betwe5 ,gr5oble & ,briancon 9 ! valley ( ! ,roman*e1 _m villages are s de/itute ( wood t !y are r$uc$ to ! necessity ( bak+ _! bread ) sun-dri$ c[dung1 & ev5 ?is !y c af=d to d b once a ye>4 ,?is bread becomes s h>d t x c be cut only ) an axe1 & ,i h myself se5 a loaf ( bread 9 ,septemb]1 at ! knead+ ( :i* ,i 0 pres5t ! ,janu>y previ\s4 ,:oev] has visit$ ! valley ( ,b>celonette1 ^? ( ,embrun1 & ( ,v]dun1 & t ,arabia ,petraea ( ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,upp] ,alps1 call$ ,devoluy1 kn[s t !re is no "t to lose1 t 9 fifty ye>s f ?is date ,france w be sep>at$ f ,savoy1 z ,egypt f ,syria1 by a des]t4#bah ,x des]ves to be specially notic$ t ! di/rict "h ref]r$ to1 ?\gh n[ among ! mo/ hopelessly wa/e 9 ,france1 0 v productive ev5 d[n to s late a p]iod z ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,ar?ur ,"y1 writ+ 9 #aghi1 says3 ,ab\t ,b>celonette & 9 ! highe/ p>ts ( ! m\nta9s1 ! hill pa/ures fe$ a million ( %eep1 besides l>ge h]ds ( o!r cattle2 & he adds3 ,) su* a soil1 & 9 su* a climate we are n to suppose a c\ntry b>r5 because x is m\nta9\s4 ,! valleys ,i h visit$ are1 9 g5]al1 beautiful4#bai ,he ascribes ! same "* to ! prov9ces ( ,dauph9y1 ,prov5ce1 & ,auv]gne1 &1 ?\gh he visit$1 ) ! eye ( an att5tive & practis$ obs]v]1 _m ( ! sc5es s9ce bla/$ ) ! wild desolation describ$ by ,blanqui1 ! ,durance & a "p ( ! c\rse ( ! ,loire are ! only /reams he m5tions z inflict+ s]i\s injury by _! floods4 ,! ravages ( ! torr5ts _h1 inde$1 z we h se51 comm5c$ e>li] 9 "s o!r localities1 b we are au?oriz$ to inf] t !y 71 9 ,"y's "t1 too limit$ 9 range1 & relatively too insignificant1 to require notice 9 a g5]al view ( ! prov9ces :]e !y h n[ ru9$ s l>ge a proportion ( ! soil4 ,b ,i resume my citations4 ,i d n exagg]ate1 says ,blanqui4 ,:5 ,i %all h f9i%$ my excursion & designat$ localities by _! names1 !re w rise1 ,i am sure1 m ?an "o voice f ! spots !mselves1 to atte/ ! rigor\s exactness ( ?is picture ( _! wret*$ness4 ,i h nev] se5 its equal ev5 9 ! ,kabyle villages ( ! prov9ce ( ,con/ant9e2 = !re y c travel on horseback1 & y f9d grass 9 ! spr+1 :]eas 9 m ?an fifty communes 9 ! ,alps !re is absolutely no?+4 ,! cle>1 brilliant1 ,alp9e sky ( ,embrun1 ( ,gap1 ( ,b>celonette1 & ( ,digne1 :i* = mon?s is )\t a cl\d1 produces dr\ghts int]rupt$ only by diluvial ra9s l ^? ( ! tropics4 ,! abuse ( ! "r ( pa/urage & ! fell+ ( ! woods h /ripp$ ! soil ( all its grass & all its trees1 & ! scor*+ sun bakes x to ! consi/5ce ( porphyry4 ,:5 moi/5$ by ! ra91 z x has nei!r support nor cohesion1 x rolls d[n to ! valleys1 sometimes 9 floods resembl+ black1 yell[1 or r$di% lava1 sometimes 9 /reams ( pebbles1 & ev5 huge blocks ( /one1 :i* p\r d[n ) a frightful ro>1 & 9 _! swift c\rse exhibit ! mo/ convulsive movem5ts4 ,if y ov]look f an em95ce "o ( ^! l&scapes furr[$ ) s _m rav9es1 x pres5ts only images ( desolation & ( dea?4 ,va/ deposits ( fl9ty pebbles1 _m feet 9 ?ickness1 :i* h roll$ d[n & spread f> ov] ! pla91 surr\nd l>ge trees1 bury ev5 _! tops1 & rise above !m1 leav+ to ! husb&man no long] a ray ( hope4 ,"o c imag9e no sadd] spectacle ?an ! deep fissures 9 ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s1 :i* seem to h bur/ =? 9 eruption to cov] ! pla9s ) _! ru9s4 ,^! gorges1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun :i* cracks & %iv]s to fragm5ts ! v rocks1 & ( ! ra9 :i* sweeps !m d[n1 p5etrate deep] & deep] into ! he>t ( ! m\nta91 :ile ! b$s ( ! torr5ts issu+ f !m are sometimes rais$ sev]al feet1 9 a s+le ye>1 by ! debris1 s t !y rea* ! level ( ! bridges1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 are !n c>ri$ (f4 ,! torr5t b$s are recogniz$ at a great di/ance1 z !y issue f ! m\nta9s1 & !y spread !mselves ov] ! l[ gr\nds1 9 fan-%ap$ expansions1 l a mantle ( /one1 sometimes t5 ?\s& feet wide1 ris+ high at ! c5tre1 & curv+ t[>d ! circumf]5ce till _! l[] edges meet ! pla94 ,su* is _! aspect 9 dry wea!r4 ,b no tongue c give an adequate description ( _! deva/ations 9 "o ( ^? sudd5 floods :i* resemble1 9 almo/ none ( _! ph5om5a1 ! action ( ord9>y riv] wat]4 ,!y are n[ no long] ov]fl[+ brooks1 b real seas1 tumbl+ d[n 9 cat>acts1 & roll+ be=e !m blocks ( /one1 :i* are hurl$ =w>d by ! %ock ( ! waves l balls %ot out by ! explosion ( gunp[d]4 ,sometimes ridges ( pebbles are driv5 d[n :5 ! transport+ torr5t does n rise high en\gh to %[ itself1 & !n ! movem5t is accompani$ ) a ro> l\d] ?an ! cra% ( ?und]4 ,a furi\s w9d prec$es ! ru%+ wat] & ann\nces its approa*4 ,!n comes a viol5t eruption1 foll[$ by a fl[ ( muddy waves1 & aft] a few h\rs all returns to ! dre>y sil5ce :i* at p]iods ( re/ m>ks ^! abodes ( desolation4 ,?is is b an imp]fect sket* ( ?is sc\rge ( ! ,alps4 ,its deva/ations are increas+ ) ! progress ( cle>+1 & are e day turn+ a portion ( our fronti] dep>tm5ts into b>r5 wa/es4 ,! un=tunate passion = cle>+ manife/$ itself at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & has mu* increas$ "u ! pressure ( imm$iate want4 ,x has n[ rea*$ an extreme po9t1 & mu/ be spe$ily *eck$1 or ! la/ inhabitant w be compell$ to retreat :5 ! la/ tree falls4 ,! elem5ts ( de/ruction are increas+ 9 viol5ce4 ,riv]s might be m5tion$ ^: b$s h be5 rais$ t5 feet 9 a s+le ye>4 ,! deva/ation advances 9 geometrical progression z ! high] slopes are b>$ ( _! wood1 & '! ru9 f above1' to use ! words ( a peasant1 'helps to ha/5 ! desolation bel[4' ,! ,alps ( ,prov5ce pres5t a t]rible aspect4 ,9 ! m equable climate ( ,nor!rn ,france1 "o c =m no conception ( ^? p>*$ m\nta9 gorges :]e n ev5 a bu% c be f\nd to %elt] a bird1 :]e1 at mo/1 ! w&]] sees 9 summ] "h & !re a )]$ lav5d]1 :]e all ! spr+s are dri$ up1 & :]e a dead sil5ce1 h>dly brok5 by ev5 ! hum ( an insect1 prevails4 ,b if a /orm bur/s =?1 masses ( wat] sudd5ly %oot f ! m\nta9 heights into ! %att]$ gulfs1 wa/e )\t irrigat+1 deluge )\t refre%+ ! soil !y ov]fl[ 9 _! swift desc5t1 & leave x ev5 m se>$ ?an x 0 f want ( moi/ure4 ,man at la/ retires f ! fe>ful des]t1 & ,i h1 ! pres5t season1 f\nd n a liv+ s\l 9 di/ricts :]e ,i rememb] to h enjoy$ hospitality ?irty ye>s ago4 ,9 #ahec1 t5 ye>s aft] ! date ( ,blanqui's memoir1 ,m4 de ,bonville1 prefect ( ! ,l[] ,alps1 address$ to ! ,gov]nm5t a report 9 :i* ! foll[+ passages occur3 ,x is c]ta9 t ! productive m\ld ( ! ,alps1 swept (f by ! increas+ viol5ce ( t curse ( ! m\nta9s1 ! torr5ts1 is daily dim9i%+ ) fe>ful rapidity4 ,all our ,alps are :olly1 or 9 l>ge proportion1 b>$ ( wood4 ,_! soil1 scor*$ by ! sun ( ,prov5ce1 cut up by ! ho(s ( ! %eep1 :i*1 n f9d+ on ! surface ! grass !y require = _! su/5ance1 scrat* ! gr\nd 9 se>* ( roots to satisfy _! hung]1 is p]iodically wa%$ & c>ri$ (f by melt+ sn[s & summ] /orms4 ,i w n dwell on ! effects ( ! torr5ts4 ,= sixty ye>s !y h be5 too (t5 depict$ to require to be fur!r discuss$1 b x is important to %[ t _! ravages are daily ext5d+ ! range ( deva/ation4 ,! b$ ( ! ,durance1 :i* n[ 9 "s places exce$s #b1jjj metres ab\t #f1fjj feet1 or a mile & a qu>t] 9 wid?1 &1 at ord9>y times1 has a curr5t ( wat] less ?an #aj metres ab\t #cc feet wide1 %[s some?+ ( ! ext5t ( ! damage4#bbj ,:]e1 t5 ye>s ago1 !re 7 /ill woods & cultivat$ gr\nds to be se51 !re is n[ b a va/ torr5t3 !re is n "o ( our m\nta9s :i* has n at lea/ "o torr5t1 & new ones are daily =m+4 ,an indirect pro( ( ! dim9ution ( ! soil is to be f\nd 9 ! depopulation ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #aheb1 ,i report$ to ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil t1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( t ye>1 ! population ( ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,l[] ,alps _h fall5 (f no less ?an #e1jjj s\ls 9 ! five ye>s betwe5 #ahdf & #ahea4 ,unless prompt & en]getic measures are tak51 x is easy to fix ! epo* :5 ! ,fr5* ,alps w be b a des]t4 ,! int]val betwe5 #ahea & #ahef w %[ a fur!r decrease ( population4 ,9 #ahfb1 ! m9i/ry w ann\nce a cont9u$ & progressive r$uction 9 ! numb] ( acres devot$ to agriculture2 e ye> w aggravate ! evil1 &1 9 a half c5tury1 ,france w c\nt m ru9s1 & a dep>tm5t ! less4 ,"t has v]ifi$ ! pr$ictions ( ,de ,bonville4 ,! lat] c5sus returns %[ a progressive dim9ution 9 ! population ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,l[] ,alps1 ! ,is]e1 ! ,drome1 ,ariege1 ! ,upp] & ! ,l[] ,pyr5ees1 ! ,loz]e1 ! ,ard5nes1 ! ,d\bs1 ! ,vosges1 &1 9 %ort1 9 all ! prov9ces =m]ly rem>kable = _! =e/s4 ,?is dim9ution is n to be ascrib$ to a passion = =eign emigration1 z 9 ,irel&1 & 9 p>ts ( ,g]many & ( ,italy2 x is simply a transf] ( population f "o "p ( ! empire to ano!r1 f soils :i* human folly has r5d]$ un9habitable1 by ru?lessly depriv+ !m ( _! natural advantages & securities1 to prov9ces :]e ! face ( ! e>? 0 s =m$ by nature z to ne$ no su* safegu>ds1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1 %e pres]ves h] outl9es 9 spite ( ! wa/eful improvid5ce ( man4#bba ,highly color$ z ^! pictures seem1 !y are n exagg]at$1 al?\gh ! ha/y t\ri/ ?r\gh ,s\!rn ,france & ,nor!rn ,italy1 f9d+ little 9 8 high road exp]i5ces to ju/ify !m1 might suppose !m s4 ,! l9es ( communication by locomotive tra9 & dilig5ce lead g5]ally ov] saf] gr\nd1 & x is only :5 !y asc5d ! ,alp9e passes & trav]se ! m\nta9 *a9s1 t sc5es some:at resembl+ ^? j describ$ fall "u ! eye ( ! ord9>y travell]4 ,b ! ext5sion ( ! sph]e ( deva/ation1 by ! degradation ( ! m\nta9s & ! transportation ( _! debris1 is produc+ analog\s effects ^u ! l[] ridges ( ! ,alps & ! pla9s :i* skirt !m2 & ev5 n[ "o ne$s b an h\r's dep>ture f "s great ?or\ghf>es to rea* sites :]e ! g5ius ( de/ruction revels z wildly z 9 ! mo/ frightful ( ! abysses :i* ,blanqui has pa9t$4#bbb ,!re is "o effect ( ! action ( torr5ts :i* few travell]s on ! ,cont95t are he$less en\gh to pass )\t notice4 ,i ref] to ! elevation ( ! b$s ( m\nta9 /reams 9 consequ5ce ( ! deposit ( ! debris ) :i* !y are *>g$4 ,to prev5t ! spread ( s& & gravel ov] ! fields & ! delug+ ov]fl[ ( ! rag+ wat]s1 ! /reams are conf9$ by walls & embankm5ts1 :i* are gradually built high] & high] z ! b$ ( ! torr5t is rais$1 s t1 to rea* a riv]1 y asc5d f ! fields beside x2 & sometimes ! ord9>y level ( ! /ream is above ! /reets & ev5 ! ro(s ( ! t[ns ?r\gh :i* x passes4#bbc ,! travell] :o visits ! dep?s ( an ,alp9e rav9e1 obs]ves ! l5g? & wid? ( ! gorge & ! great height & app>5t solidity ( ! precipit\s walls :i* b\nd x1 & calculates ! mass ( rock requir$ to fill ! vacancy1 c h>dly believe t ! humble brooklet :i* purls at 8 feet has be5 ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 accompli%+ ?is trem5d\s erosion4 ,clos] obs]vation w (t5 tea* him1 t ! seem+ly unbrok5 rock :i* ov]hangs ! valley is full ( cracks & fissures1 & really 9 su* a /ate ( dis9tegration t e fro/ mu/ br+ d[n tons ( x4 ,if he compute ! area ( ! bas9 :i* f9ds "h its only dis*>ge1 he w p]ceive t a sudd5 ?aw ( ! w9t]'s deposit ( sn[1 or "o ( ^? t]rible dis*>ges ( ra9 s common 9 ! ,alps1 mu/ s5d =? a deluge mighty en\gh to sweep d[n ! l>ge/ masses ( gravel & ( rock4#bbd ,! simple measurem5t ( ! cubical cont5ts ( ! semi-circul> hillock :i* he climb$ be=e he ent]$ ! gorge1 ! /ructure & composition ( :i* conclusively %[ t x mu/ h be5 wa%$ out ( ?is latt] by torr5tial action1 w (t5 acc\nt satisfactorily = ! disposal ( mo/ ( ! matt] :i* once fill$ ! rav9e4 ,x mu/ fur!r be rememb]$1 t e in* ( ! viol5t movem5t ( ! rocks is accompani$ ) cru%+ concussion1 or1 at lea/1 ) great abrasion1 &1 z y foll[ ! deposit along ! c\rse ( ! wat]s :i* transport x1 y f9d ! /ones gradually r\nd+ (f 9 =m1 & dim9i%+ 9 size until !y pass successively into gravel1 s&1 impalpable slime4 ,i d n mean to ass]t t all ! rocky valleys ( ! ,alps h be5 produc$ by ! action ( torr5ts result+ f ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s4 ,all ! great]1 & _m ( ! small] *annels1 by :i* t *a9 is dra9$1 owe _! orig9 to high] causes4 ,!y are primitive fissures1 ascribable to disruption 9 upheaval or o!r geological convulsion1 wid5$ & sc>p$1 & (t5 ev5 poli%$1 s to speak1 by ! action ( glaci]s dur+ ! ice p]iod1 & b little *ang$ 9 =m by runn+ wat] 9 lat] eras4#bbe ,9 ^! valleys ( anci5t =mation1 :i* ext5d into ! v he>t ( ! m\nta9s1 ! /reams1 ?\gh rapid1 h lo/ ! true torr5tial "*1 if1 inde$1 !y ev] possess$ x4 ,_! b$s h become approximately con/ant1 & _! walls no long] crumble & fall into ! wat]s t wa% _! bases4 ,! torr5t-worn rav9es1 ( :i* ,i h spok51 are ( lat] date1 & belong m prop]ly to :at may be call$ ! cru/ ( ! ,alps1 consi/+ ( loose rocks1 ( gravel1 & ( e>?1 /rew$ along ! surface ( ! great declivities ( ! c5tral ridge1 & accumulat$ ?ickly betwe5 _! solid buttresses4 ,b x is on ?is cru/ t ! m\nta9e] dwells4 ,"h are 8 =e/s1 "h 8 pa/ures1 & ! ravages ( ! torr5t bo? de/roy 8 _w1 & conv]t x into a s\rce ( ov]:elm+ desolation to ! pla9s bel[4 ,transport+ ,p[] ( ,riv]s4 ,an in/ance t fell "u my own obs]vation 9 #aheg1 w s]ve to %[ some?+ ( ! erod+ & transport+ p[] ( /reams :i*1 9 ^! respects1 fall incalculably bel[ ! torr5ts ( ! ,alps4 ,9 a flood ( ! ,ottaque*ee1 a small riv] :i* fl[s ?r\gh ,wood/ock1 ,v]mont1 a milldam on t /ream bur/1 & ! s$im5t ) :i* ! pond 0 fill$1 e/imat$ aft] c>eful measurem5t at #ac1jjj cubic y>ds1 0 c>ri$ d[n by ! curr5t4 ,betwe5 ?is dam & ! slack wat] ( ano!r1 f\r miles bel[1 ! b$ ( ! /ream1 :i* is compos$ ( pebbles int]sp]s$ 9 a few places ) l>g] /ones1 is ab\t sixty-five feet wide1 ?\gh1 at l[ wat]1 ! bread? ( ! curr5t is consid]ably less4 ,! s& & f9e gravel 7 smoo?ly & ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! b$ to a wid? ( fifty-five or sixty feet1 & = a di/ance ( ab\t two miles1 except at two or ?ree int]v5+ rapids1 fill$ up all ! int]/ices betwe5 ! /ones1 cov]+ !m to ! dep? ( n9e or t5 in*es1 s z to pres5t a regul>ly =m$ concave *annel1 l9$ ) s&1 & r$uc+ ! dep? ( wat]1 9 "s places1 f five or six feet to fifte5 or eighte5 in*es4 ,obs]v+ ?is deposit aft] ! riv] _h subsid$ & become s cle> t ! bottom c\ld be se51 ,i suppos$ t ! next flood w\ld produce an extraord9>y erosion ( ! banks & "s p]man5t *anges 9 ! *annel ( ! /ream1 9 consequ5ce ( ! elevation ( ! b$ & ! fill+ up ( ! spaces betwe5 ! /ones ?r\gh :i* =m]ly mu* wat] _h fl[$2 b no su* result foll[$4 ,! spr+ fre%et ( ! next ye> entirely wa%$ out ! s& its pr$ecessor _h deposit$1 c>ri$ x to ponds & /ill-wat] rea*es bel[1 & left ! b$ ( ! riv] almo/ precisely 9 its =m] condition1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ) ! slight displacem5t ( ! pebbles :i* e flood produces 9 ! *annels ( su* /reams4 ,! pond1 ?\gh (t5 previ\sly dis*>g$ by ! breakage ( ! dam1 _h !n be5 undi/urb$ = ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s1 & its cont5ts consi/$ almo/ entirely ( s&1 ! rapidity ( ! curr5t 9 floods be+ su* t x w\ld let fall little light] s$im5t1 ev5 above an ob/ruction l a dam4 ,! quantity ,i h m5tion$ evid5tly be>s a v inconsid]able proportion to ! total erosion ( ! /ream dur+ t p]iod1 because ! wa% ( ! banks consi/s *iefly ( f9e e>? r ?an ( s&1 & aft] ! pond 0 once fill$1 or ne>ly s1 ev5 ?is mat]ial c\ld no long] be deposit$ 9 x4 ,! fact ( ! complete removal ( ! deposit ,i h describ$ betwe5 ! two dams 9 a s+le fre%et1 %[s t1 9 spite ( consid]able ob/ruction f r\ghness ( b$1 l>ge quantities ( s& may be tak5 up & c>ri$ (f by /reams ( no great rapidity ( incl9ation2 = ! :ole desc5t ( ! b$ ( ! riv] betwe5 ! two dams--a di/ance ( f\r miles--is b sixty feet1 or fifte5 feet to ! mile4 ,! ,po & its ,deposits4 ,! curr5t ( ! riv] ,po1 = a consid]able di/ance aft] its volume ( wat] is o!rwise suffici5t = cont9u\s navigation1 is too rapid = t purpose until ne> ,piac5za1 :]e its velocity becomes too mu* r$uc$ to transport great quantities ( m9]al matt]1 except 9 a /ate ( m9ute division4 ,its s\!rn afflu5ts br+ d[n f ! ,ap5n9es a l>ge quantity ( f9e e>? f v>i\s geological =mations1 :ile its ,alp9e tribut>ies we/ ( ! ,tic9o are *>g$ *iefly ) rock gr\nd d[n to s& or gravel4#bbf ,! b$ ( ! riv] has be5 some:at elevat$ by ! deposits 9 its *annel1 ?\gh n by any means above ! level ( ! adjac5t pla9s z has be5 s (t5 repres5t$4 ,! dikes1 :i* conf9e ! curr5t at high wat]1 at ! same "t augm5t its velocity & compel x to c>ry mo/ ( its s$im5t to ! ,adriatic4 ,x has1 !re=e1 rais$ nei!r its own *annel nor its alluvial %ores1 z x w\ld h done if x _h rema9$ unconf9$4 ,b1 z ! surface ( ! wat] 9 floods is f six to fifte5 feet above ! g5]al level ( its banks1 ! ,po c1 at t p]iod1 receive no contributions ( e>? f ! wa%+ ( ! fields ( ,lomb>dy1 & !re is no d\bt t a l>ge proportion ( ! s$im5t x n[ deposits at its m\? desc5d$ f ! ,alps 9 ! =m ( rock1 ?\gh r$uc$ by ! gr9d+ action ( ! wat]s1 9 its passage seaw>d1 to ! condition ( f9e s&1 & (t5 ( silt4#bbg ,we "k little ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,po1 or ( ! geography ( ! coa/ ne> ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! ,adriatic1 at any p]iod m ?an tw5ty c5turies be=e our own4 ,/ill less c we say h[ mu* ( ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy _h be5 =m$ by its action1 comb9$ ) o!r causes1 be=e man accel]at$ its levell+ op]ations by fell+ ! fir/ woods on ! m\nta9s :5ce its wat]s are d]iv$4 ,b we "k t s9ce ! ,roman conque/ ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 its deposits h am\nt$ to a quantity :i*1 if recem5t$ into rock1 recomb9$ into gravel1 common e>?1 & vegetable m\ld1 & re/or$ to ! situations :]e eruption or upheaval orig9ally plac$1 or vegetation deposit$ x1 w\ld fill up hundr$s ( deep rav9es 9 ! ,alps & ,ap5n9es1 *ange ! plan & pr(ile ( _! *a9s1 & give _! s\!rn & nor!rn faces respectively a geographical aspect v diff]5t f t !y n[ pres5t4 ,rav5na1 =ty miles s\? ( ! pr9cipal m\? ( ! ,po1 0 built l ,v5ice1 9 a lagoon1 & ! ,adriatic /ill wa%$ its walls at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! mud ( ! ,po has fill$ up ! lagoon1 & ,rav5na is n[ f\r miles f ! sea4 ,! t[n ( ,adria1 :i* lies betwe5 ! ,po & ! ,adige1 at ! di/ance ( "s f\r or five miles f ea*1 0 once a h>bor fam\s en\gh to h giv5 its "n to ! ,adriatic sea1 & x 0 /ill a seaport 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,! comb9$ action ( ! two riv]s has s advanc$ ! coa/ l9e t ,adria is n[ ab\t f\rte5 miles inl&1 &1 9 o!r places1 ! deposits made )9 ! same p]iod by ^! & o!r neighbor+ /reams h a wid? ( tw5ty miles4 ,:at proportion ( ! e>? ) :i* !y are *>g$ ^! riv]s h borne out into deep wat]1 dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 we d n "k1 b z !y /ill transport enorm\s quantities1 z ! ,nor? ,adriatic appe>s to h %oal$ rapidly1 & z long isl&s1 compos$ 9 great "p ( fluviatile deposits1 h =m$ opposite _! m\?s1 x mu/ evid5tly h be5 v great4 ,! floods ( ! ,po occur b once1 or sometimes twice 9 a ye>4#bbh ,at o!r times1 its wat]s are comp>atively limpid & seem to hold no great am\nt ( mud or f9e s& 9 me*anical susp5sion2 b at high wat] x conta9s a l>ge proportion ( solid matt]1 & accord+ to ,lomb>d9i1 x annually transports to ! %ores ( ! ,adriatic n less ?an #db1gfj1jjj cubic metres1 or v ne>ly #ee1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 :i* c>ries ! coa/ l9e out into ! sea at ! rate ( m ?an #bjj feet 9 a ye>4#bbi ,! dep? ( ! annual deposit is /at$ at eighte5 c5timetres1 or r m ?an sev5 in*es1 & x w\ld cov] an area ( n mu* less ?an n9ety squ>e miles ) a lay] ( t ?ickness4 ,! ,adige1 also1 br+s e ye> to ! ,adriatic _m million cubic y>ds ( ,alp9e detritus1 & ! contributions ( ! ,br5ta f ! same s\rce are f> f inconsid]able4 ,! ,adriatic1 h[ev]1 receives b a small proportion ( ! soil & rock wa%$ away f ! ,italian slope ( ! ,alps & ! nor!rn declivity ( ! ,ap5n9es by torr5ts4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! debris ?us remov$ f ! s\!rn face ( ! ,alps betwe5 ,monte ,rosa & ! s\rces ( ! ,adda--a l5g? ( wat]%$ n less ?an "o hundr$ & fifty miles--is arre/$ by ! /ill wat]s ( ! ,lakes ,maggiore & ,como1 & "s small] lacu/r9e res]voirs1 & nev] rea*es ! sea4 ,! ,po is n cont9u\sly embank$ except = ! l[] half ( its c\rse4 ,above ,piac5za1 !re=e1 x spreads & deposits s$im5t ov] a wide surface1 & ! wat] )drawn f x = irrigation at l[] po9ts1 z well z its inundations 9 ! occasional ruptures ( its banks1 c>ry ov] ! adjac5t soil a l>ge am\nt ( slime4 ,if we add to ! e/imat$ annual deposits ( ! ,po at its m\?1 ! e>? & s& transport$ to ! sea by ! ,adige1 ! ,br5ta1 & o!r less important /reams1 ! prodigi\s mass ( detritus swept into ,lago ,maggiore by ! ,tosa1 ! ,maggia1 & ! ,tic9o1 into ! lake ( ,como by ! ,maira & ! ,adda1 into ! lake ( ,g>da by its afflu5ts1 & ! yet va/] heaps ( pebbles1 gravel1 & e>? p]man5tly deposit$ by ! torr5ts ne> _! po9ts ( eruption f m\nta9 gorges1 or spread ov] ! wide pla9s at l[] levels1 we may safely assume t we h an aggregate ( n less ?an f\r times ! quantity c>ri$ to ! ,adriatic by ! ,po1 or #bbj1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( solid matt]1 ab/ract$ e ye> f ! ,italian ,alps & ! ,ap5n9es1 & remov$ out ( _! doma9 by ! =ce ( runn+ wat]4#bcj ,! pres5t rate ( deposit at ! m\? ( ! ,po has cont9u$ s9ce ! ye> #afjj1 ! previ\s advance ( ! coa/1 aft] ! ye> #abjj1 hav+ be5 only "o ?ird z rapid4 ,! great increase ( erosion & transport is ascrib$ by ,lomb>d9i *iefly to ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s 9 ! bas9 ( t riv] & ! valleys1 ( its tribut>ies1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4#bca ,we h no data to %[ ! rate ( deposit 9 any giv5 c5tury be=e ! ye> #abjj1 & x d\btless v>i$ accord+ to ! progress ( population & ! consequ5t ext5sion ( cle>+ & cultivation4 ,! transport+ p[] ( torr5ts is greate/ soon aft] _! =mation1 because at t "t _! po9ts ( deliv]y are l[]1 &1 ( c\rse1 _! g5]al slope & velocity m rapid1 ?an aft] ye>s ( erosion above1 & deposit bel[1 h depress$ ! b$s ( _! m\nta9 valleys1 & elevat$ ! *annels ( _! l[] c\rse4 ,_! erod+ action also is mo/ p[]ful at ! same p]iod1 bo? because _! me*anical =ce is !n greate/1 & because ! loose e>? & /ones ( fre%ly cle>$ =e/ gr\nd are mo/ easily remov$4 ,_m ( ! ,alp9e valleys we/ ( ! ,tic9o--t ( ! ,dora ,baltea = in/ance--7 ne>ly /ripp$ ( _! =e/s 9 ! days ( ! ,roman empire1 o!rs 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 &1 ( c\rse1 !re mu/ h be51 at diff]5t p]iods be=e ! ye> #abjj1 epo*s :5 ! erosion & transportation ( solid matt] f ! ,alps & ! ,ap5n9es 7 z great z s9ce ! ye> #afjj4 ,^u ! :ole1 we %all n greatly err if we assume t1 = a p]iod ( n less ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 ! walls ( ! bas9 ( ! ,po--! ,italian slope ( ! ,alps1 & ! nor!rn & nor!a/]n declivities ( ! ,ap5n9es--h annually s5t d[n into ! ,adriatic1 ! lakes1 & ! pla9s1 n less ?an #aej1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( e>? & dis9tegrat$ rock4 ,we h1 !n1 an aggregate ( #cjj1jjj1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( su* mat]ial1 :i*1 all[+ to ! m\nta9 surface 9 "q an area ( #ej1jjj1jjj1jjj squ>e y>ds1 w\ld cov] ! :ole to ! dep? ( six y>ds4#bcb ,!re are v l>ge portions ( ?is area1 :]e1 z we "k f anci5t rema9s--roads1 bridges1 & ! l--f o!r direct te/imony1 & f geological consid]ations1 v little degradation has tak5 place )9 tw5ty c5turies1 & h5ce ! quantity to be assign$ to localities :]e ! de/ructive causes h be5 mo/ active is increas$ 9 proportion4 ,if ?is va/ mass ( pulv]iz$ rock & e>? 7 re/or$ to ! localities f :i* x 0 d]iv$1 x c]ta9ly w\ld n oblit]ate valleys & gorges holl[$ out by great geological causes1 b x w\ld r$uce ! l5g? & dim9i% ! dep? ( rav9es ( lat] =mation1 modify ! incl9ation ( _! walls1 reclo! ) e>? _m b>e m\nta9 ridges1 ess5tially *ange ! l9e ( junction betwe5 pla9 & m\nta91 & c>ry back a long rea* ( ! ,adriatic coa/ _m miles to ! we/4#bcc ,x is1 inde$1 n to be suppos$ t all ! degradation ( ! m\nta9s is due to ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s--t ! flanks ( e ,alp9e valley 9 ,c5tral ,europe bel[ ! sn[ l9e 7 once cov]$ ) e>? & gre5 ) woods1 b !re are n _m p>ticul> cases1 9 :i* we c1 ) c]ta9ty1 or ev5 ) /rong probability1 affirm ! contr>y4 ,we _c measure ! %>e :i* human action has _h 9 augm5t+ ! int5sity ( causes ( m\nta9 degradation1 b we "k t ! cle>+ ( ! woods has1 9 "s cases1 produc$ )9 two or ?ree g5]ations1 effects z bla/+ z ^? g5]ally ascrib$ to geological convulsions1 & has laid wa/e ! face ( ! e>? m hopelessly ?an if x _h be5 buri$ by a curr5t ( lava or a %[] ( volcanic s&4 ,n[ torr5ts are =m+ e ye> 9 ! ,alps4 ,tradition1 writt5 records1 & analogy concur to e/abli% ! belief t ! ru9 ( mo/ ( ! n[ desolate valleys 9 ^? m\nta9s is to be ascrib$ to ! same cause1 & au!ntic descriptions ( ! irresi/ible =ce ( ! torr5t %[ t1 aid$ by fro/ & heat1 x is adequate to level ,mont ,blanc & ,monte ,rosa !mselves1 unless new upheavals %all ma9ta9 _! elevation4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t all riv]s :i* take _! rise 9 m\nta9s orig9at$ 9 torr5ts4 ,^!1 x is said1 h l[]$ ! summits by gradual erosion1 &1 ) ! mat]ial ?us d]iv$1 h =m$ %oals 9 ! sea :i* once beat aga9/ ! cliffs2 !n1 by successive deposits1 gradually rais$ !m above ! surface1 & f9ally exp&$ !m into broad pla9s trav]s$ by g5tly fl[+ /reams4 ,if we c\ld g back to e>li] geological p]iods1 we %\ld f9d ?is !ory (t5 v]ifi$1 & we _c fail to see t ! torr5ts g on at ! pres5t h\r1 depress+ /ill l[] ! ridges ( ! ,alps & ! ,ap5n9es1 rais+ /ill high] ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy & ,prov5ce1 ext5d+ ! coa/ /ill f>!r into ! ,adriatic & ! ,m$it]ranean1 r$uc+ ! incl9ation ( _! own b$s & ! rapidity ( _! fl[1 & ?us t5d+ to become riv]-l 9 "*4 ,!re are cases :]e torr5ts cease _! ravages ( !mselves1 9 consequ5ce ( "s *ange 9 ! condition ( ! bas9 :]e !y orig9ate1 or ( ! face ( ! m\nta9 at a high] level1 :ile ! pla9 or ! sea bel[ rema9s 9 sub/antially ! same /ate z be=e4 ,if a torr5t rises 9 a small valley conta9+ no great am\nt ( e>? & ( dis9tegrat$ or loose rock1 x may1 9 ! c\rse ( a c]ta9 p]iod1 wa% out all ! transportable mat]ial1 & if ! valley is !n left ) solid walls1 x w cease to furni% debris to be c>ri$ d[n by floods4 ,if1 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 a new *annel be =m$ at an elevation above ! head ( ! valley1 x may div]t a "p1 or ev5 ! :ole ( ! ra9 wat] & melt$ sn[ :i* w\ld o!rwise h fl[$ into x1 & ! once furi\s torr5t n[ s9ks to ! rank ( a humble & h>mless brooklet4 ,9 trav]s+ ?is dep>tm5t1 says ,surell1 "o (t5 sees1 at ! outlet ( a gorge1 a flatt5$ hillock1 ) a fan-%ap$ outl9e & regul> slopes2 x is ! b$ ( dejection ( an anci5t torr5t4 ,x sometimes requires long & c>eful /udy to detect ! primitive =m1 mask$ z x is by groves ( trees1 by cultivat$ fields1 & (t5 by h\ses1 b1 :5 exam9$ closely1 & f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 its *>act]i/ic figure manife/ly appe>s1 & its true hi/ory _c be mi/ak54 ,along ! hillock fl[s a /reamlet1 issu+ f ! rav9e1 & quietly wat]+ ! fields4 ,?is 0 orig9ally a torr5t1 & 9 ! backgr\nd may be discov]$ its m\nta9 bas94 ,su* ext+ui%$ torr5ts1 if ,i may use ! expression1 are num]\s4#bcd ,b = ! int]v5tion ( man & dome/ic animals1 ^! latt] b5efic5t revolutions w\ld occur m frequ5tly1 proce$ m rapidly4 ,! new sc>p$ m\nta9s1 ! hillocks ( debris1 ! pla9s elevat$ by s& & gravel spread ov] !m1 ! %ores fre%ly =m$ by fluviatile deposits1 w\ld clo! !mselves ) %rubs & trees1 ! int5sity ( ! causes ( degradation w\ld be dim9i%$1 & nature w\ld ?us rega9 h] anci5t equilibrium4 ,b ^! processes1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 dem&1 n ye>s1 g5]ations1 b c5turies2#bce & man1 :o ev5 n[ f9ds sc>ce brea?+ room on ?is va/ globe1 _c retire f ! ,old ,_w to "s yet undiscov]$ cont95t1 & wait = ! sl[ action ( su* causes to replace1 by a new creation1 ! ,ed5 he has wa/$4 ,m\nta9 ,slides4 ,i h said t ! m\nta9\s regions ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union are expos$ to simil> ravages1 & ,i may add t !re is1 9 "s cases1 reason to appreh5d f ! same cause ev5 m appall+ calamities ?an ^? :i* ,i h yet describ$4 ,! slide 9 ! ,not* ( ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 by :i* ! ,willey family lo/ _! lives1 is an in/ance ( ! sort ,i ref] to1 ?\gh ,i am n able to say t 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! slip ( ! e>? & rock 0 produc$ by ! d5udation ( ! surface4 ,x may h be5 occasion$ by ?is cause1 or by ! con/ruction ( ! road ?r\gh ! ,not*1 ! excavations = :i*1 p]haps1 cut ?r\gh ! buttresses t support$ ! slop+ /rata above4 ,n to speak ( ! fall ( e>? :5 ! roots :i* held x toge!r1 & ! b$ ( leaves & m\ld :i* %elt]$ x bo? f dis9tegrat+ fro/ & f sudd5 dr5*+ & dissolution by heavy %[]s1 are gone1 x is easy to see t1 9 a climate ) sev]e w9t]s1 ! removal ( ! =e/1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( ! soil x _h contribut$ to =m1 might cause ! displacem5t & desc5t ( great masses ( rock4 ,! woods1 ! vegetable m\ld1 & ! soil b5ea?1 protect ! rocks !y cov] f ! direct action ( heat & cold1 & f ! expansion & contraction :i* accompany !m4 ,mo/ rocks1 :ile cov]$ ) e>?1 conta9 a consid]able quantity ( wat]4#bcf ,a fragm5t ( rock p]vad$ ) moi/ure cracks & splits1 if ?r[n into a furnace1 & sometimes ) a l\d detonation2 & x is a famili> obs]vation t ! fire1 9 burn+ ov] newly cle>$ l&s1 breaks up & sometimes almo/ pulv]izes ! /ones4 ,?is effect is due p>tly to ! unequal expansion ( ! /one1 p>tly to ! action ( heat on ! wat] x conta9s 9 its pores4 ,! sun1 sudd5ly let 9 ^u rock :i* _h be5 cov]$ ) moi/ e>? = c5turies1 produces m or less dis9tegration 9 ! same way1 & ! /one is also expos$ to *emical influ5ces f :i* x 0 %elt]$ be=e4 ,b 9 ! climate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well z ( ! ,alps1 fro/ is a /ill m p[]ful ag5t 9 break+ up m\nta9 masses4 ,! soil t protects ! lime & s& /one1 ! slate & ! granite f ! influ5ce ( ! sun1 also prev5ts ! wat] :i* filt]s into _! crevices & betwe5 _! /rata f freez+ 9 ! h>de/ w9t]s1 & ! moi/ure desc5ds1 9 a liquid =m1 until x escapes 9 spr+s1 or passes (f by deep subt]ranean *annels4 ,b :5 ! ridges are laid b>e1 ! wat] ( ! autumnal ra9s fills ! m9ute/ pores & ve9s & fissures & l9es ( sep>ation ( ! rocks1 !n sudd5ly freezes1 & bur/s asund] huge1 & app>5tly solid blocks ( adamant9e /one4#bcg ,:]e ! /rata are incl9$ at a consid]able angle1 ! freez+ ( a ?9 film ( wat] ov] a l>ge int]/ratal area might occasion a slide t %\ld cov] miles ) its ru9s2 & simil> results might be produc$ by ! simple hydro/atic pressure ( a column ( wat]1 admitt$ by ! removal ( ! cov]+ ( e>? to fl[ into a crevice fa/] ?an x c\ld escape ?r\gh orifices bel[4 ,e>? or r m\nta9 slides1 comp>$ to :i* ! cata/rophe t buri$ ! ,willey family 9 ,new ,hamp%ire 0 b a p9* ( du/1 h (t5 occurr$ 9 ! ,swiss ,italian1 & ,fr5* ,alps4 ,! l& slip1 :i* ov]:elm$ & cov]$ to ! dep? ( sev5ty feet1 ! t[n ( ,plurs 9 ! valley ( ! ,maira1 on ! night ( ! #d? ( ,septemb]1 #afah1 sp>+ n a s\l ( a population ( #b1dcj inhabitants1 is "o ( ! mo/ memorable ( ^! cata/rophes1 & ! fall ( ! ,rossb]g or ,rufib]g1 :i* de/roy$ ! little t[n ( ,goldau 9 ,switz]l&1 & #dej ( its p1 on ! #b;d ( ,septemb]1 #ahjf1 is almo/ equally celebrat$4 ,9 #agga1 accord+ to ,wessely1 ! m\nta9 peak ,piz1 ne> ,alleghe 9 ! prov9ce ( ,belluno1 slipp$ into ! b$ ( ! ,cordevole1 a tribut>y ( ! ,piave1 de/roy+ 9 its fall ?ree hamlets & sixty lives4 ,! rubbi% fill$ ! valley = a di/ance ( ne>ly two miles1 &1 by damm+ up ! wat]s ( ! ,cordevole1 =m$ a lake ab\t ?ree miles long1 & a hundr$ & fifty feet deep1 :i* /ill subsi/s1 ?\gh r$uc$ to half its orig9al l5g? by ! we>+ d[n ( its outlet4#bch ,on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y1 #ahee1 ! hill ( ,belmonte1 a little bel[ ! p>i% ( ,san ,/efano1 9 ,tuscany1 slid into ! valley ( ! ,tib]1 :i* consequ5tly flood$ ! village to ! dep? ( fifty feet1 & 0 f9ally dra9$ (f by a tunnel4 ,! mass ( debris is /at$ to h be5 ab\t #c1ejj feet long1 #a1jjj wide1 & n less ?an #fjj high4#bci ,su* displacem5ts ( e>? & rocky /rata rise to ! magnitude ( geological convulsions1 b !y are ( s r>e occurr5ce 9 c\ntries /ill cov]$ by ! primitive =e/1 s common :]e ! m\nta9s h be5 /ripp$ ( _! native cov]+1 &1 9 _m cases1 s easily explicable by ! dr5*+ ( incohesive e>? f ra91 or ! free admission ( wat] betwe5 ! /rata ( rocks--bo? ( :i* a coat+ ( vegetation w\ld h prev5t$--t we are ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ !m = ! mo/ "p to ! same cause z t to :i* ! de/ructive effects ( m\nta9 torr5ts are *iefly due--! fell+ ( ! woods4 ,9 ne>ly e case ( ?is sort ! circum/ances ( :i* are kn[n1 ! imm$iate cause ( ! slip has be51 ei!r an e>?quake1 ! imbibition ( wat] 9 l>ge quantities by b>e e>?1 or its introduction betwe5 or b5ea? solid /rata4 ,if wat] ins9uates itself betwe5 ! /rata1 x creates a slid+ surface1 or x may1 by its expansion 9 freez+1 sep>ate b$s ( rock1 :i* _h be5 ne>ly cont9u\s be=e1 widely en\gh to all[ ! gravitation ( ! sup]9cumb5t mass to ov]come ! resi/ance af=d$ by inequalities ( face & by friction2 if x f9ds its way b5ea? h>d e>? or rock repos+ on clay or o!r b$d+ ( simil> prop]ties1 x conv]ts ! support+ lay] into a semi-fluid mud1 :i* opposes no ob/acle to ! slid+ ( ! /rata above4 ,! upp] "p ( ! m\nta9 :i* buri$ ,goldau 0 compos$ ( a h>d b brittle conglom]ate1 call$ nagelflue1 re/+ on an unctu\s clay1 & incl9+ rapidly t[>d ! village4 ,mu* e>? rema9$ ^u ! rock1 9 irregul> masses1 b ! woods _h be5 fell$1 & ! wat] _h free access to ! surface1 & to ! crevices :i* sun & fro/ _h already produc$ 9 ! rock1 & ( c\rse1 to ! slimy /ratum b5ea?4 ,! :ole summ] ( #ahjf _h be5 v wet1 & an almo/ incessant deluge ( ra9 _h fall5 ! day prec$+ ! cata/rophe1 z well z on t ( its occurr5ce4 ,all conditions !n1 7 favorable to ! slid+ ( ! rock1 &1 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( gravitation1 x precipitat$ itself into ! valley z soon z its adhesion to ! e>? b5ea? x 0 de/roy$ by ! conv]sion ( ! latt] into a visc\s pa/e4 ,! mass t fell measur$ betwe5 two & a half & ?ree miles 9 l5g? by "o ?\s& feet 9 wid?1 & its av]age ?ickness is ?\ght to h be5 ab\t a hundr$ feet4 ,! highe/ portion ( ! m\nta9 0 m ?an ?ree ?\s& feet above ! village1 & ! mom5tum acquir$ by ! rocks & e>? 9 _! desc5t c>ri$ huge blocks ( /one f> up ! opposite slope ( ! ,rigi4 ,! ,piz1 :i* fell into ! ,cordevole1 re/$ on a /eeply incl9$ /ratum ( lime/one1 ) a ?9 lay] ( calc>e\s m>l int]v5+1 :i*1 by long exposure to fro/ & ! infiltration ( wat]1 _h lo/ its orig9al consi/5ce1 & become a loose & slipp]y mass in/ead ( a cohesive & t5aci\s b$4 ,protection aga9/ fall ( ,rocks & ,avalan*es by ,trees4 ,=e/s (t5 subs]ve a valuable purpose 9 prev5t+ ! fall ( rocks1 by m]e me*anical resi/ance4 ,trees1 z well z h]bace\s vegetation1 gr[ 9 ! ,alps ^u declivities ( surpris+ /eepness ( incl9ation1 & ! travell] sees bo? luxuriant grass & fl\ri%+ woods on slopes at :i* ! soil1 9 ! dry air ( l[] regions1 w\ld crumble & fall by ! weight ( its own p>ticles4 ,:5 loose rocks lie scatt]$ on ! face ( ^! declivities1 !y are held 9 place by ! trunks ( ! trees1 & x is v common to obs]ve a /one t weighs hundr$s ( p\nds1 p]haps ev5 tons1 re/+ aga9/ a tree :i* has /opp$ its progress j z x 0 beg9n+ to slide d[n to a l[] level4 ,:5 a =e/ 9 su* a position is cut1 ^! blocks lose _! support1 & a s+le wet season is en\gh n only to b>e ! face ( a consid]able ext5t ( rock1 b to cov] ) e>? & /one _m acres ( f]tile soil bel[4#bdj ,9 ,switz]l& & o!r sn[y & m\nta9\s c\ntries1 =e/s r5d] a mo/ important s]vice by prev5t+ ! =mation & fall ( de/ructive avalan*es1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,alps expos$ to ?is cata/rophe1 ! woods are protect$1 ?\gh too (t5 ineffectually1 by law4 ,no =e/1 inde$1 c\ld arre/ a l>ge avalan*e once 9 motion1 b ! me*anical resi/ance af=d$ by ! trees prev5ts _! =mation1 bo? by ob/ruct+ ! w9d1 :i* gives to ! dry sn[ ( ! ,/aub-,law9e1 or du/ avalan*e1 its fir/ impulse1 & by *eck+ ! disposition ( moi/ sn[ to ga!r itself into :at is call$ ! ,ruts*-,law9e1 or slid+ avalan*e4 ,m>s*& /ates t1 ! v fir/ w9t] aft] ! fell+ ( ! trees on ! high] "p ( a declivity betwe5 ,saan5 & ,g/eig :]e ! sn[ _h nev] be5 kn[n to slide1 an avalan*e =m$ itself 9 ! cle>+1 ?und]$ d[n ! m\nta91 & ov]?rew & c>ri$ ) x a hi!rto unviolat$ =e/ to ! am\nt ( ne>ly a million cubic feet ( timb]4#bda ,! pa? once op5$ d[n ! flanks ( ! m\nta91 ! evil is almo/ beyond rem$y4 ,! sn[ sometimes c>ries (f ! e>? f ! face ( ! rock1 or1 if ! soil is left1 fre% slides e w9t] de/roy ! "y plantations1 & ! re/oration ( ! wood becomes impossible4 ,! track wid5s ) e new avalan*e4 ,dwell+s & _! occupants are buri$ 9 ! sn[1 or swept away by ! ru%+ mass1 or by ! furi\s bla/s x occasions ?r\gh ! displacem5t ( ! air2 roads & bridges are de/roy$2 riv]s block$ up1 :i* swell till !y ov]fl[ ! valley above1 & !n1 bur/+ _! sn[y b>ri]1 flood ! fields bel[ ) all ! horrors ( a w9t] inundation4#bdb ,pr9cipal ,causes ( ! ,de/ruction ( ! ,=e/4 ,! ne$s ( agriculture are ! mo/ famili> cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! =e/ 9 new c\ntries2 = n only does an increas+ population dem& additional acres to gr[ ! vegetables :i* fe$ x & its dome/ic animals1 b ! slov5ly husb&ry ( ! bord] settl] soon exhau/s ! luxuriance ( 8 fir/ fields1 & compels him to remove 8 h\sehold gods to a fre%] soil4 ,) gr[+ numb]s1 too1 come ! _m arts = :i* wood is ! mat]ial4 ,! dem&s ( ! ne> & ! di/ant m>ket = ?is product excite ! cupidity ( ! h>dy =e/]1 & a few ye>s ( t wild indu/ry ( :i* ,spr+]'s ,=e/ ,life & ,=e/ ,trees s vividly depicts ! dang]s & ! triumphs1 suffice to rob ! mo/ inaccessible gl5s ( _! faire/ ornam5ts4 ,! value ( timb] increases ) its dim5sions 9 almo/ geometrical proportion1 & ! talle/1 mo/ vigor\s1 & mo/ symmetrical trees fall ! fir/ sacrifice4 ,?is is a =tunate circum/ance = ! rema9d] ( ! wood2 = ! impati5t lumb]man cont5ts himself ) fell+ a few ( ! be/ trees1 & !n hurries on to take 8 ti! ( /ill virg9 groves4 ,! unp>allel$ facilities = int]nal navigation1 af=d$ by ! num]\s riv]s ( ! pres5t & =m] ,briti% colonial possessions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 h prov$ v fatal to ! =e/s ( t cont95t4 ,quebec has become a c5tre = a lumb] trade1 :i*1 9 ! bulk ( its mat]ial1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 ! tonnage requir$ = its transportation1 rivals ! comm]ce ( ! greate/ ,european cities4 ,imm5se rafts are collect$ at ,quebec f ! great ,lakes1 f ! ,ottawa1 & f all ! o!r tribut>ies :i* unite to swell ! curr5t ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & help x to /ruggle aga9/ its mighty tides4#bdc ,%ips1 ( burd5 =m]ly undream$ (1 h be5 built to convey ! timb] to ! m>kets ( ,europe1 & dur+ ! summ] mon?s ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce is almo/ z cr[d$ ) vessels z ! ,?ames4#bdd ,( late1 ,*icago1 9 ,ill9ois1 has be5 "o ( ! greate/ lumb] z well z gra9 depots ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x receives & di/ributes contributions f all ! =e/s 9 ! ,/ates wa%$ by ,lake ,mi*igan1 z well z f "s m di/ant po9ts4 ,! op]ations ( ! lumb]man involve o!r dang]s to ! woods besides ! loss ( ! trees fell$ by him4 ,! n>r[ cle>+s ar\nd 8 %anties#bde =m op5+s :i* let 9 ! w9d1 & ?us sometimes occasion ! ov]?r[ ( ?\s&s ( trees1 ! fall ( :i* dams up small /reams1 & creates bogs by ! spread+ ( ! wat]s1 :ile ! decay+ trunks facilitate ! multiplication ( ! insects :i* bre$ 9 dead wood1 & are1 "s ( !m1 injuri\s to liv+ trees4 ,! escape & spread ( camp fires1 h[ev]1 is ! mo/ deva/at+ ( all ! causes ( de/ruction t f9d _! orig9 9 ! op]ations ( ! lumb]man4 ,! proportion ( trees fit = indu/rial uses is small 9 all primitive woods4 ,only ^! fall be=e ! =e/]'s axe1 b ! fire de/roys1 indiscrim9ately1 e age & e species ( tree4#bdf ,:ile1 !n1 )\t mu* injury to ! y\ng] gr[?s1 ! native =e/ w be> sev]al cutt+s ov] 9 a g5]ation--= ! increas+ value ( lumb] br+s into use1 e f\r or five ye>s1 a quality ( timb] :i* _h be5 be=e reject$ z unm>ketable--a fire may r5d] ! declivity ( a m\nta9 unproductive = a c5tury4#bdg ,am]ican ,=e/ ,trees4 ,! rema9+ =e/s ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & ( ,canada no long] boa/ ! mighty p9es :i* almo/ rivall$ ! gigantic ,sequoia ( ,cali=nia2 & ! gr[? ( ! l>g] =e/ trees is s sl[1 aft] !y h atta9$ to a c]ta9 size1 t if e p9e & oak 7 sp>$ = two c5turies1 ! l>ge/ n[ /&+ w\ld n rea* ! /ature ( hundr$s record$ to h be5 cut )9 two or ?ree g5]ations4#bdh ,dr4 ,williams1 :o wrote ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 /ates ! foll[+ z ! dim5sions ( su* trees z are e/eem$ l>ge ones ( _! k9d 9 t "p ( ,am]ica ,v]mont1 qualify+ 8 acc\nt ) ! rem>k t 8 measurem5ts d n d5ote ! greate/ :i* nature has produc$ ( _! p>ticul> species1 b ! greate/ :i* are to be f\nd 9 mo/ ( our t[ns4 ,diamet]4 ,height4 ,p9e1 #f feet1 #bdg feet4 ,maple1 #e #i in*es1 ,buttonwood1 #e #f ,elm1 #e ,hemlock1 #d #i ,oak1 #d ,f #ajj to #bjj feet4 ,basswood1 #d ,a%1 #d ,bir*1 #d ,he adds a note say+ t a :ite p9e 0 cut 9 ,dun/able1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 9 ! ye> #agcf1 ! diamet] ( :i* 0 sev5 feet & eight in*es4 ,dr4 ,dwight says t a fall5 p9e 9 ,connecticut 0 f\nd to measure two hundr$ & =ty-sev5 feet 9 height1 & adds3 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 su* trees 7 9 great numb]s along ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,connecticut ,riv]4 ,9 ano!r lett]1 he speaks ( ! :ite p9e z frequ5tly six feet 9 diamet]1 & two hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height1 & /ates t a p9e _h be5 cut 9 ,lanca/]1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 :i* measur$ two hundr$ & sixty-f\r feet4 ,em]son wrote 9 #ahdf3 ,fifty ye>s ago1 sev]al trees gr[+ on r dry l& 9 ,bl&=d1 ,massa*usetts1 measur$1 aft] !y 7 fell$1 two hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree feet4 ,all ^! trees are surpass$ by a p9e fell$ at ,hanov]1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & describ$ z measur+ two hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r feet4#bdi ,^! descriptions1 x w be notic$1 apply to trees cut f sixty to "o hundr$ ye>s s9ce4 ,p]sons1 :om obs]vation has r5d]$ famili> ) ! pres5t "* ( ! ,am]ican =e/1 w be /ruck ) ! smallness ( ! diamet] :i* ,dr4 ,williams & ,dr4 ,dwight ascribe to trees ( su* extraord9>y height4 ,individuals ( ! sev]al species m5tion$ 9 ,dr4 ,williams's table1 are n[ h>dly to be f\nd 9 ! same climate1 exce$+ "o half or at mo/ two ?irds ( ! height :i* he assigns to !m2 b1 except 9 ! case ( ! oak & ! p9e1 ! diamet] /at$ by him w\ld n be ?\ght v extraord9>y 9 trees ( f> less height1 n[ /&+4 ,ev5 9 ! species ,i h except$1 ^? diamet]s1 ) half ! heights ( ,dr4 ,williams1 might p]haps be p>allel$ at ! pres5t "t2 & _m elms1 transplant$1 at a diamet] ( six in*es1 )9 ! memory ( p]sons /ill liv+1 measure six1 & sometimes ev5 sev5 feet ?r\gh4 ,= ?is *ange 9 ! gr[? ( =e/ trees !re are two reasons3 ! "o is1 t ! great comm]cial value ( ! p9e & ! oak h caus$ ! de/ruction ( all ! be/--t is1 ! talle/ & /raighte/--specim5s ( bo?2 ! o!r1 t ! ?9n+ ( ! woods by ! axe ( ! lumb]man has all[$ ! access ( light & heat & air to trees ( humbl] wor? & l[] /ature1 :i* h surviv$ _! m t[]+ bre?r54 ,^!1 consequ5tly1 h be5 able to exp& _! cr[ns & swell _! /ems to a degree n possible s long z !y 7 ov]%ad[$ & /ifl$ by ! lordly oak & p9e4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! ,new ,engl& =e/] mu/ se>* long be=e he f9ds a p9e fit to be ! ma/ ,( "s great ammiral1 bee*es & elms & bir*es1 z /urdy z ! mightie/ ( _! prog5itors1 are /ill no r>ity4#bej ,ano!r evil1 sometimes ( s]i\s magnitude1 :i* att5ds ! op]ations ( ! lumb]man1 is ! injury to ! banks ( riv]s f ! practice ( float+4 ,i d n "h allude to rafts1 :i*1 be+ "u ! control ( ^? :o navigate !m1 may be s guid$ z to avoid damage to ! %ore1 b to ma/s1 logs1 & o!r pieces ( timb] s+ly intru/$ to ! /reams1 to be convey$ by _! curr5ts to sawmill ponds1 or to conv5i5t places = collect+ !m into rafts4 ,! lumb]m5 usually haul ! timb] to ! banks ( ! riv]s 9 ! w9t]1 & :5 ! spr+ floods swell ! /reams & break up ! ice1 !y roll ! logs into ! wat]1 leav+ !m to float d[n to _! de/9ation4 ,if ! transport+ /ream is too small to furni% a suffici5t *annel = ?is rude navigation1 x is sometimes damm$ up1 & ! timb] collect$ 9 ! pond ?us =m$ above ! dam4 ,:5 ! pond is full1 a sluice is op5$1 or ! dam is bl[n up or o!rwise sudd5ly brok51 & ! :ole mass ( lumb] above x is hurri$ d[n ) ! roll+ flood4 ,bo? ( ^! modes ( proce$+ expose ! banks ( ! riv]s employ$ z *annels ( flotation to abrasion1#bea & 9 "s ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates x has be5 f\nd necess>y to protect1 by special legislation1 ! l&s ?r\gh :i* !y fl[ f ! s]i\s injury sometimes receiv$ ?r\gh ! practices ,i h describ$4#beb ,special ,causes ( ! ,de/ruction ( ,european ,woods4 ,! causes ( =e/ wa/e ?us f> enum]at$ are m or less common to bo? cont95ts2 b 9 ,europe ext5sive woods h1 at diff]5t p]iods1 be5 delib]ately de/roy$ by fire or ! axe1 because !y af=d$ a retreat to enemies1 robb]s1 & outlaws1 & ?is practice is said to h be5 resort$ to 9 ! ,m$it]ranean prov9ces ( ,france z rec5tly z ! "t ( ,napoleon ,i4#bec ,! sev]e & ev5 sangu9>y legislation1 by :i* "s ( ! gov]nm5ts ( m$iaeval ,europe1 z well z ( e>li] ages1 protect$ ! woods1 0 dictat$ by a love ( ! *ase1 or ! fe> ( a sc>city ( fuel & timb]4 ,! laws ( almo/ e ,european /ate m or less adequately secure ! p]man5ce ( ! =e/2 & ,i believe ,spa9 is ! only ,european l& :i* has n made "s public provision = ! protection & re/oration ( ! woods--! only c\ntry ^: p sy/ematically w> ^u ! g>d5 ( ,god4#bed ,royal ,=e/s & ,game ,laws4 ,! ,fr5* au?ors ,i h quot$1 z well z _m o!r writ]s ( ! same nation1 ref] to ! ,fr5* ,revolution z hav+ giv5 a new impulse to de/ructive causes :i* 7 already ?reat5+ ! total ext]m9ation ( ! woods4#bee ,! g5]al crusade aga9/ ! =e/s1 :i* accompani$ t important ev5t1 is to be ascrib$1 9 a consid]able degree1 to political res5tm5ts4 ,! =e/ codes ( ! m$iaeval k+s1 & ! local c\tumes ( feudalism conta9$ _m sev]e & ev5 inhuman provisions1 adopt$ r = ! pres]vation ( game ?an f any enlight5$ views ( ! m important functions ( ! woods4 ,ord]icus ,vitalis in=ms u t ,william ! ,conqu]or de/roy$ sixty p>i%es1 & drove out _! inhabitants1 9 ord] t he might turn _! l&s into a =e/1#bef to be res]v$ z a hunt+ gr\nd = himself & 8 po/]ity1 & he puni%$ ) dea? ! kill+ ( a de]1 wild bo>1 or ev5 a h>e4 ,8 successor1 ,william ,rufus1 accord+ to ! ,hi/oire des ,ducs de ,norm&ie et des ,rois d',anglet]re1 p4 #fg1 0 hunt+ "o day 9 a new =e/1 :i* he _h caus$ to be made out ( eighte5 p>i%es t he _h de/roy$1 :51 by mis*ance1 he 0 kill$ by an arr[ :]e) ,tyreus de ,rois ,sir ,walt] ,tyrell ?\ght to slay a bea/1 b miss$ ! bea/1 & slew ! k+1 :o 0 beyond x4 ,& 9 ?is v same =e/1 8 bro!r ,ri*>d ran s h>d aga9/ a tree t he di$ ( x4 ,& m5 commonly said t ^! ?+s 7 because !y _h s laid wa/e & tak5 ! said p>i%es4 ,^! b>b>\s acts1 z ,bonnem]e obs]ves1#beg 7 simply ! transf] ( ! cu/oms ( ! ,fr5* k+s1 ( _! vassals1 & ev5 ( inf]ior g5tlem51 to conqu]$ ,engl&4 ,! dea? ( a h>e1 says our au?or1 0 a hang+ matt]1 ! murd] ( a plov] a capital crime4 ,dea? 0 inflict$ on ^? :o spread nets = pigeons2 wret*es :o _h drawn a b[ ^u a /ag 7 to be ti$ to ! animal alive2 & among ! seigniors x 0 a /&+ excuse = hav+ kill$ game on =bidd5 gr\nd1 t !y aim$ at a s]f4 ,! feudal lords en=c$ ^! codes ) unrel5t+ rigor1 & n unfrequ5tly took ! law into _! own h&s4 ,9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,ix1 accord+ to ,william ( ,nangis1 ?ree noble *ildr51 born 9 ,fl&]s1 :o 7 soj\rn+ at ! abbey ( ,/4 ,ni*olas 9 ! ,wood1 to le>n ! spee* ( ,france1 w5t out into ! =e/ ( ! abbey1 ) _! b[s & iron-head$ arr[s1 to disport !m 9 %oot+ h>es1 *as$ ! game1 :i* !y _h />t$ 9 ! wood ( ! abbey1 into ! =e/ ( ,engu]r&1 "l ( ,c\cy1 & 7 tak5 by ! s]geants :i* kept ! wood4 ,:5 ! fell & pitiless ,sir ,engu]r& knew ?is1 he _h ! *ildr5 /raightway hang$ )\t any mann] ( trial4#beh ,! matt] be+ br\ght to ! notice ( good ,k+ ,l\is1 ,sir ,engu]r& 0 summon$ to appe>1 &1 f9ally1 aft] _m feudal %ifts & dilatory pleas1 br\ght to trial be=e ,l\is himself & a special c\ncil4 ,not)/&+ ! opposition ( ! o!r seigniors1 :o1 x is ne$less to say1 sp>$ no ef=ts to save a pe]1 probably n a great] crim9al ?an !mselves1 ! k+ 0 mu* incl9$ to inflict ! puni%m5t ( dea? on ! pr\d b>on4 ,if he believ$1 said he1 t our ,"l w\ld be z well cont5t ) hang+ z ) p>don+1 he w\ld hang ,sir ,engu]r& 9 spite ( all 8 b>ons2 b noble & cl]ical int]e/s un=tunately prevail$4 ,! k+ 0 p]suad$ to inflict a mild] retribution1 & ! murd]] 0 condemn$ to pay t5 ?\s& livres 9 co91 & to build = ! s\ls ( ! ?ree *ildr5 two *apels :]e9 mass %\ld be said e day4#bei ,! hope ( %ort5+ ! purgatorial t]m ( ! "y p]sons1 by ! religi\s rites to be celebrat$ 9 ! *apels1 0 d\btless ! consid]ation :i* op]at$ mo/ p[]fully on ! m9d ( ! k+2 & ,europe lo/ a great example = ! sake ( a mass4 ,! desolation & depopulation1 result+ f ! ext5sion ( ! =e/ & ! en=cem5t ( ! game laws1 induc$ sev]al ( ! ,fr5* k+s to cons5t to "s relaxation ( ! sev]ity ( ^! latt]4 ,francis ,i1 h[ev]1 reviv$ _! b>b>\s provisions1 &1 accord+ to ,bonnem]e1 ev5 s good a mon>* z ,h5ry ,,iv re5act$ !m1 & sign$ ! s5t5ce ( dea? ^u peasants guilty ( hav+ def5d$ _! fields aga9/ deva/ation by wild bea/s4 ,a f9e ( tw5ty livres1 he cont9ues1 0 impos$ on e "o %oot+ at pigeons1 :i*1 at t "t1 swoop$ d[n by ?\s&s ^u ! new-s[n fields & dev\r$ ! se$4 ,b let u c\nt ev5 ?is a progress1 = we h se5 t ! murd] ( a pigeon _h be5 a capital crime4#bfj ,n only 7 ! slighte/ trespasses on ! =e/ doma9--! cutt+ ( an oxgoad1 = in/ance--sev]ely puni%$1 b game animals 7 /ill sacr$ :5 !y _h w&]$ f _! native prec9cts & 7 ravag+ ! fields ( ! peasantry4 ,a h]d ( de] or ( wild bo>s (t5 consum$ or trod d[n a h>ve/ ( gra91 ! sole hope ( ! ye> = a :ole family2 & ! simple driv+ out ( su* animals f ?is co/ly pa/urage br\ght dire v5geance on ! head ( ! ru/ic1 :o _h endeavor$ to save 8 *ildr5's bread f _! voracity4 ,at all times1 says ,paul ,l\is ,c\ri]1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( ! peasants ( ,*ambord1 9 ! ,simple ,disc\rs1 ! game has made w> ^u u4 ,p>is 0 blockad$ eight hundr$ ye>s by ! de]1 & its environs1 n[ s ri*1 s f]tile1 did n yield bread en\gh to support ! gamekeep]s4#bfa ,9 ! popul> m9d1 ! =e/ 0 associat$ ) all ! abuses ( feudalism1 & ! evils ! peasantry _h suff]$ f ! legislation :i* protect$ bo? x & ! game x %elt]$1 bl9d$ !m to ! /ill great] physical mis*iefs :i* its de/ruction 0 to entail ^u !m4 ,no long] protect$ by law1 ! cr[n =e/s & ^? ( ! great lords 7 attack$ ) rel5tless fury1 unscrupul\sly plund]$ & wantonly laid wa/e1 & ev5 ! rights ( prop]ty 9 small private woods 7 no long] respect$4#bfb ,v>i\s absurd !ories1 "s ( :i* are n ev5 yet explod$1 7 propagat$ ) reg>d to ! economical advantages ( conv]t+ ! =e/ into pa/ure & pl\ghl&1 its injuri\s effects ^u climate1 heal?1 facility ( int]nal communication1 & ! l4 ,?us res5tful memory ( ! wrongs associat$ ) ! =e/1 popul> ignorance1 & ! cupidity ( speculators cunn+ en\gh to turn ^! circum/ances to pr(itable acc\nt1 comb9$ to ha/5 ! sacrifice ( ! rema9+ woods1 & a wa/e 0 produc$ :i* hundr$s ( ye>s & millions ( treasure w h>dly repair4 ,small ,=e/ ,plants1 & ,vitality ( ,se$4 ,ano!r function ( ! woods to :i* ,i h b>ely allud$ des]ves a full] notice ?an c be be/[$ ^u x 9 a treatise ! scope ( :i* is purely economical4 ,! =e/ is ! native habitat ( a l>ge numb] ( humbl] plants1 to ! gr[? & p]petuation ( :i* its %ade1 its humidity1 & its vegetable m\ld appe> to be indisp5sable necessities4#bfc ,we _c positively say t ! fell+ ( ! woods 9 a giv5 vegetable prov9ce w\ld involve ! f9al ext9ction ( ! small] plants :i* are f\nd only )9 _! prec9cts4 ,"s ( ^!1 ?\gh n naturally propagat+ !mselves 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 may p]haps g]m9ate & gr[ "u artificial /imulation & protection1 & f9ally become h>dy en\gh to ma9ta9 an indep5d5t exi/5ce 9 v diff]5t circum/ances f ^? :i* at pres5t seem ess5tial to _! life4 ,besides ?is1 al?\gh ! acc\nts ( ! gr[? ( se$s1 :i* h la9 = ages 9 ! a%y dryness ( ,egyptian catacombs1 are to be receiv$ ) great caution1 or1 m probably1 to be reject$ altoge!r1 yet _! vitality seems almo/ imp]i%able :ile !y rema9 9 ! situations 9 :i* nature deposits !m4 ,:5 a =e/ old en\gh to h witness$ ! my/]ies ( ! ,druids is fell$1 trees ( o!r species spr+ up 9 its place2 & :5 !y1 9 _! turn1 fall be=e ! axe1 sometimes ev5 z soon z !y h spread _! protect+ %ade ov] ! surface1 ! g]ms :i* _! pr$ecessors _h %$ ye>s1 p]haps c5turies be=e1 spr\t up1 & 9 due "t1 if n *ok$ by o!r trees belong+ to a lat] /age 9 ! ord] ( natural succession1 re/ore aga9 ! orig9al wood4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! se$s ( ! new crop may (t5 h be5 br\ght by ! w9d1 by birds1 by quadrup$s1 or by o!r causes2 b1 9 _m in/ances1 ?is explanation is n probable4 ,:5 newly cle>$ gr\nd is burnt ov] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! a%es are h>dly cold be=e !y are cov]$ ) a crop ( fire we$1 a tall h]bace\s plant1 v seldom se5 gr[+ "u o!r circum/ances1 & (t5 n to be f\nd = a di/ance ( _m miles f ! cle>+4 ,its se$s1 :e!r ! fruit ( an anci5t vegetation or newly s[n by w9ds or birds1 require ei!r a quick5+ by a heat :i* raises to a c]ta9 high po9t ! temp]ature ( ! /ratum :]e !y lie buri$1 or a special pabulum furni%$ only by ! combu/ion ( ! vegetable rema9s t cov] ! gr\nd 9 ! woods4 ,e>? br\ght up f wells or o!r excavations soon produces a h>ve/ ( plants (t5 v unlike ^? ( ! local flora4 ,moritz ,wagn]1 z quot$ by ,wittw]1#bfd rem>ks 9 8 description ( ,m\nt ,ar>at3 ,a s+ul> ph5om5on to :i* my guide drew my att5tion is ! appe>ance ( sev]al plants on ! e>?-heaps left by ! la/ cata/rophe an e>?quake1 :i* gr[ n[h]e else on ! m\nta91 & _h nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 ?is region be=e4 ,! se$s ( ^! plants 7 probably br\ght by birds1 & f\nd 9 ! loose1 clayey soil rema9+ f ! /reams ( mud1 ! conditions ( gr[? :i* ! o!r soil ( ! m\nta9 refus$ !m4 ,?is is probable en\gh1 b x is h>dly less s t ! fl[+ mud br\ght !m up to ! influ5ce ( air & sun1 f dep?s :]e a previ\s convulsion _h buri$ !m ages be=e4 ,se$s ( small sylvan plants1 too deeply buri$ by successive lay]s ( =e/ foliage & ! m\ld result+ f its decomposition to be rea*$ by ! pl\gh :5 ! trees are gone & ! gr\nd br\ght "u cultivation1 may1 if a wis] po/]ity replants ! wood :i* %elt]$ _! p>5t /ems1 g]m9ate & gr[1 aft] ly+ = g5]ations 9 a /ate ( susp5d$ animation4 ,d>w9 says3 ,9 ,/af=d%ire1 on ! e/ate ( a relation1 :]e ,i _h ample means ( inve/igation1 !re 0 a l>ge & extremely b>r5 hea?1 :i* _h nev] be5 t\*$ by ! h& ( man1 b sev]al hundr$ acres ( exactly ! same nature _h be5 enclos$ tw5ty-five ye>s previ\sly & plant$ ) ,scot* fir4 ,! *ange 9 ! native vegetation ( ! plant$ "p ( ! hea? 0 mo/ rem>kable--m ?an is g5]ally se5 9 pass+ f "o q diff]5t soil to ano!r2 n only ! proportional numb]s ( ! hea? plants 7 :olly *ang$1 b twelve species ( plants 7n c\nt+ grasses & s$ges7 fl\ri%$ 9 ! plantation :i* c\ld n be f\nd on ! hea?4#bfe ,_h ! au?or in=m$ u t ^! twelve plants belong$ to a species ^: se$s ent] into ! nutrim5t ( ! birds :i* appe>$ ) ! "y wood1 we c\ld easily acc\nt = _! pres5ce 9 ! soil2 b he says di/9ctly t ! birds 7 ( insectivor\s species1 & x !re=e seems m probable t ! se$s _h be5 deposit$ :5 an anci5t =e/ protect$ ! gr[? ( ! plants :i* bore !m1 & t !y sprang up to new life :5 a return ( favorable conditions awak$ !m f a sleep ( c5turies4 ,d>w9 inde$ says t ! hea? _h nev] be5 t\*$ by ! h& ( man4 ,p]haps n1 aft] x became a hea?2 b :at evid5ce is !re to control ! g5]al presumption t ?is hea? 0 prec$$ by a =e/1 9 ^: %ade ! vegetables :i* dropp$ ! se$s 9 "q might h gr[n8#bff ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! de/ruction ( a wood & ! reclaim+ ( ! soil to agricultural uses suppose ! dea? ( its small] dep5d5t flora1 ^! revolutions d n exclude ! possibility ( its resurrection4 ,9 a practical view ( ! subject1 h[ev]1 we mu/ admit t :5 ! woodman fells a tree he sacrifices ! colony ( humbl] gr[?s :i* _h vegetat$ "u its protection4 ,"s wood plants are kn[n to possess valuable m$ic9al prop]ties1 & exp]im5t may %[ t ! numb] ( ^! is great] ?an we n[ suppose4 ,few ( !m1 h[ev]1 h any o!r economical value ?an t ( furni%+ a sl5d] pa/urage to cattle all[$ to roam 9 ! woods2 & ev5 ?is small advantage is f> m ?an comp5sat$ by ! mis*ief done to ! "y trees by br[s+ animals4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! importance ( ?is class ( vegetables1 z physic or z food1 is n su* z to furni% a v tell+ popul> argum5t = ! cons]vation ( ! =e/ z a necess>y means ( _! p]petuation4 ,m pot5t rem$ial ag5ts may supply _! place 9 ! mat]ia m$ica1 & an acre ( grass l& yields m nutrim5t = cattle ?an a range ( a hundr$ acres ( =e/4 ,b he ^: sympa?ies ) nature h taught him to feel t !re is a fell[%ip betwe5 all ,god's creatures2 to love ! brilliant ore bett] ?an ! dull +ot1 iodic silv] & cry/alliz$ r$ copp] bett] ?an ! %ill+s & ! p5nies =g$ f !m by ! co9]'s cunn+2 a v5]able oak tree ?an ! br&y cask ^: /aves are split out f its he>t wood2 a b$ ( anemones1 hepaticas1 or wood violets ?an ! leeks & onions :i* he may gr[ on ! soil !y h enri*$ & 9 ! air !y made fragrant--he :o has enjoy$ t special tra9+ ( ! he>t & intellect :i* c be acquir$ only 9 ! unviolat$ sanctu>ies ( nature1 :]e man is di/ant1 b ,god is ne>--w n ra%ly ass]t 8 "r to extirpate a tribe ( h>mless vegetables1 b>ely because _! products nei!r tickle 8 palate nor fill 8 pocket2 & 8 regret at ! dw9dl+ area ( ! =e/ solitude w be augm5t$ by ! reflection t ! nursel+s ( ! woodl& p]i% ) ! p9es1 ! oaks1 & ! bee*es t %elt]$ !m4#bfg ,al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 birds d n frequ5t ! deep] recesses ( ! wood1#bfh yet a v l>ge proportion ( !m build _! ne/s 9 trees1 & f9d 9 _! foliage & bran*es a secure retreat f ! inclem5cies ( ! seasons & ! pursuit ( ! reptiles & quadrup$s :i* prey ^u !m4 ,! bord]s ( ! =e/s are vocal ) song2 & :5 ! gray morn+ calls ! creep+ ?+s ( ! e>? out ( _! night cells1 x summons f ! neighbor+ wood legions ( _! w+$ enemies1 :i* swoop d[n ^u ! fields to save man's h>ve/s by dev\r+ ! de/roy+ worm1 & surpris+ ! lagg+ beetle 9 8 t>dy retreat to ! d>k cov] :]e he lurks ?r\gh ! h\rs ( daylight4 ,! insects mo/ injuri\s to rural indu/ry d n multiply 9 or ne> ! woods4 ,! locu/1 :i* ravages ! ,ea/ ) its voraci\s armies1 is br$ 9 va/ op5 pla9s :i* admit ! full heat ( ! sun to ha/5 ! hat*+ ( ! eggs1 ga!r no moi/ure to de/roy !m1 & h>bor no bird to fe$ ^u ! l>vae4#bfi ,x is only s9ce ! fell+ ( ! =e/s ( ,asia ,m9or & ,cyr5e t ! locu/ has become s fe>fully de/ructive 9 ^? c\ntries2 & ! gras%opp]1 :i* n[ ?reat5s to be almo/ z great a pe/ to ! agriculture ( "s ,nor? ,am]ican soils1 bre$s 9 s]i\sly injuri\s numb]s only :]e a wide ext5t ( surface is b>e ( woods4 ,utility ( ! ,=e/4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,europe1 ! woods are already s ne>ly extirpat$ t ! m]e protection ( ^? :i* n[ exi/ is by no means an adequate rem$y = ! evils result+ f ! want ( !m2 & besides1 z ,i h already said1 abundant exp]i5ce has %[n t no legislation c secure ! p]man5ce ( ! =e/ 9 private h&s4 ,enlight5$ individuals 9 mo/ ,european /ates1 gov]nm5ts 9 o!rs1 h made v ext5sive plantations1#bgj & ,france has n[ set h]self en]getically at "w to re/ore ! woods 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces1 & !reby to prev5t ! utt] depopulation & wa/e ) :i* t once f]tile soil & delici\s climate are ?reat5$4 ,! objects ( ! re/oration ( ! =e/ are z multif>i\s z ! motives t h l$ to its de/ruction1 & z ! evils :i* t de/ruction has occasion$4 ,x is hop$ t ! plant+ ( ! m\nta9s w dim9i% ! frequ5cy & viol5ce ( riv] inundations1 prev5t ! =mation ( torr5ts1 mitigate ! extremes ( atmosph]ic temp]ature1 humidity1 & precipitation1 re/ore dri$-up spr+s1 rivulets1 & s\rces ( irrigation1 %elt] ! fields f *ill+ & f p>*+ w9ds1 prev5t ! spread ( miasmatic effluvia1 &1 f9ally1 furni% an inexhau/ible & self-r5ew+ supply ( a mat]ial indisp5sable to s _m purposes ( dome/ic com=t1 to ! successful ex]cise ( e art ( peace1 e de/ructive en]gy ( w>4#bga ,b our enum]ation ( ! uses ( trees is n yet complete4 ,besides ! influ5ce ( ! =e/1 9 m\nta9 ranges1 z a means ( prev5t+ ! scoop+ out ( rav9es & ! accumulations ( wat] :i* fill !m1 trees subs]ve a valuable purpose1 9 l[] positions1 z b>ri]s aga9/ ! spread ( floods & ( ! mat]ial !y transport ) !m2 b ?is w be m appropriately consid]$ 9 ! *apt] on ! wat]s2 & ano!r v important use ( trees1 t ( fix+ movable s&-dunes1 & reclaim+ !m to pr(itable cultivation1 w be po9t$ out 9 ! *apt] on ! s&s4 ,! va/ ext5sion ( railroads1 ( manufactures & ! me*anical arts1 ( milit>y armam5ts1 & especially ( ! comm]cial fleets & navies ( ,*ri/5dom )9 ! pres5t c5tury1 has greatly augm5t$ ! dem& = wood1#bgb &1 b = improvem5ts 9 metallurgy :i* h facilitat$ ! sub/itution ( iron = t mat]ial1 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s w\ld almo/ h /ripp$ ,europe ( h] only rema9+ trees fit = su* uses4#bgc ,! walnut trees alone fell$ 9 ,europe )9 two ye>s to furni% ! armies ( ,am]ica ) gun/ocks1 w\ld =m a =e/ ( no inconsid]able ext5t4#bgd ,! ,=e/s ( ,europe4 ,mirabeau e/imat$ ! =e/s ( ,france 9 #agej at sev5te5 millions ( hect>es #db1jjj1jjj acres2 9 #ahfj !y 7 r$uc$ to eight millions #ai1gfi1jjj acres4 ,?is w\ld be at ! rate ( #hb1jjj hect>es #bjb1fjj acres p] ye>4 ,troy1 f ^: valuable pamphlet1 ,etude sur le ,reboisem5t des ,montagnes1 ,i take ^! /ati/ical details1 supposes t ,mirabeau's /atem5t may h be5 an extravagant "o1 b x /ill rema9s c]ta9 t ! wa/e has be5 enorm\s2 = x is kn[n t1 9 "s dep>tm5ts1 t ( ,ariege1 = in/ance1 cle>+ has gone on dur+ ! la/ half c5tury at ! rate ( ?ree ?\s& acres a ye>1#bge & 9 all p>ts ( ! empire trees h be5 fell$ fa/] ?an !y h gr[n4 ,! total area ( ,france1 exclud+ ,savoy1 is ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty-"o millions ( acres4 ,! ext5t ( =e/ suppos$ by ,mirabeau w\ld be ab\t ?irty-two p] c5t4 ( ! :ole t]ritory4#bgf ,9 a c\ntry & a climate :]e ! cons]vative influ5ces ( ! =e/ are s necess>y z 9 ,france1 trees mu/ cov] a l>ge surface & be gr\p$ 9 l>ge masses1 9 ord] to dis*>ge to ! be/ advantage ! v>i\s functions assign$ to !m by nature4 ,! consumption ( wood is rapidly increas+ 9 t empire1 & a l>ge "p ( its t]ritory is m\nta9\s1 /]ile1 & o!rwise su* 9 "* or situation t x c be m pr(itably devot$ to ! gr[? ( wood ?an to any agricultural use4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! proportion ( =e/ 9 #agej1 tak+ ev5 ,mirabeau's l>ge e/imate1 0 n v mu* too great = p]man5t ma9t5ance1 ?\gh d\btless ! di/ribution 0 s unequal t x w\ld h be5 s\nd policy to fell ! woods & cle> l& 9 "s prov9ces1 :ile l>ge =e/s %\ld h be5 plant$ 9 o!rs4#bgg ,dur+ ! p]iod 9 "q1 ,france nei!r export$ manufactur$ wood or r\gh timb]1 nor d]iv$ important collat]al advantages ( any sort f ! de/ruction ( h] =e/s4 ,%e is consequ5tly impov]i%$ & crippl$ to ! ext5t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at %e actually possesses ( wood$ surface & :at %e ought to h reta9$4 ,italy & ,spa9 are b>$ ( trees 9 a great] degree ?an ,france1 & ev5 ,russia1 :i* we habitually consid] z sub/antially a =e/ c\ntry1 is beg9n+ to suff] s]i\sly = want ( wood4 ,j\rdi]1 z quot$ by ,clave1 obs]ves3 ,in/ead ( a va/ t]ritory ) imm5se =e/s1 :i* we expect to meet1 "o sees only scatt]$ groves ?9n$ by ! w9d or by ! axe ( ! m\jik1 gr\nds cut ov] & m or less rec5tly cle>$ = cultivation4 ,!re is probably n a s+le di/rict 9 ,russia :i* has n to deplore ! ravages ( man or ( fire1 ^? two great enemies ( ,muscovite sylviculture4 ,?is is s true1 t cle>-sight$ m5 already =esee a crisis :i* w become t]rible1 unless ! discov]y ( great deposits ( "s new combu/ible1 z pit coal or an?racite1 %all dim9i% its evils4#bgh ,g]many1 f "* ( surface & climate1 & f ! att5tion :i* has long be5 paid 9 all ! ,g]man ,/ates to sylviculture1 is1 tak5 z a :ole1 9 a f> bett] condition 9 ?is respect ?an its m s\!rn neighbors2 b 9 ! ,alp9e prov9ces ( ,bav>ia & ,au/ria1 ! same improvid5ce :i* m>ks ! rural economy ( ! correspond+ di/ricts ( ,switz]l&1 ,italy1 & ,france1 is produc+ effects h>dly less disa/r\s4 ,z an in/ance ( ! sc>city ( fuel 9 "s p>ts ( ! t]ritory ( ,bav>ia1 :]e1 n long s9ce1 wood ab\nd$1 ,i may m5tion ! fact t ! wat] ( salt spr+s is1 9 "s in/ances1 convey$ to ! di/ance ( sixty miles1 9 iron pipes1 to rea* a supply ( fuel = boil+ x d[n4#bgi ,=e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,! va/ =e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada _c long resi/ ! improvid5t habits ( ! backwoodsman & ! increas$ dem& = lumb]4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( ! =m] c\ntry = #ahfj1 :i* gives returns ( ! saw$ & plan$ lumb] alone1 timb] = fram+ & = a va/ v>iety ( me*anical purposes be+ omitt$ altoge!r1 ! value ( ! =m] mat]ial prep>$ = m>ket 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 01 9 #ahej1 #eh1eba1igf2 9 #ahfj1 #ie1iab1bhf4 ,! quantity ( unsaw$ lumb] is n likely to h increas$ 9 ! same proportion1 because comp>atively little is export$ 9 t condition1 & because masonry is fa/ tak+ ! place ( c>p5try 9 build+1 & /one1 brick1 & iron are us$ in/ead ( timb] m l>gely ?an !y 7 t5 ye>s ago4 ,/ill a mu* great] quantity ( unsaw$ lumb] mu/ h be5 m>ket$ 9 #ahfj ?an 9 #ahej4 ,x mu/ fur!r be admitt$ t ! price ( lumb] rose consid]ably betwe5 ^? dates1 & consequ5tly t ! increase 9 quantity is n to be measur$ by ! increase 9 pecuni>y value4 ,p]haps ?is rise ( prices may ev5 be suffici5t to make ! entire diff]5ce betwe5 ! value ( saw$ & plan$ lumb] produc$ 9 ! t5 ye>s 9 "q by ! six ,new ,engl& ,/ates 7#ba p] c5t471 & ! six ,middle ,/ates 7#ae p] c5t472 b ! am\nt produc$ by ! ,we/]n & by ! ,s\!rn ,/ates _h d\bl$1 & t return$ f ! ,pacific ,/ates & ,t]ritories _h trebl$ 9 value 9 ! same int]val1 s t !re 0 c]ta9ly1 9 ^? ,/ates1 a l>ge increase 9 ! actual quantity prep>$ = sale4 ,i greatly d\bt :e!r any "o ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 except1 p]haps1 ,oregon1 has1 at ?is mom5t1 m woodl& ?an x ought p]man5tly to pres]ve1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 a diff]5t di/ribution ( ! =e/s 9 all ( !m might be highly advantage\s4 ,x is a great mis=tune to ! ,am]ican ,union t ! ,/ate ,gov]nm5ts h s g5]ally dispos$ ( _! orig9al doma9 to private citiz5s4 ,x is true t public prop]ty is n suffici5tly respect$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & x is also true t1 )9 ! memory ( almo/ e man ( mature age1 timb] 0 ( s little value 9 t c\ntry1 t ! own]s ( private woodl&s submitt$1 almo/ )\t compla9t1 to :at w\ld be reg>d$ else:]e z v aggravat$ trespasses ^u !m4#bhj ,"u su* circum/ances1 x is difficult to protect ! =e/1 :e!r x belong to ! /ate or to individuals4 ,prop]ty ( ?is k9d w\ld be subject to mu* plund]1 z well z to frequ5t damage by fire4 ,! de/ruction f ^! causes w\ld1 inde$1 consid]ably less51 b w\ld n :olly annihilate ! climatic & geographical influ5ces ( ! =e/1 or ru9\sly dim9i% its value z a regul> s\rce ( supply ( fuel & timb]4 ,= prev5tion ( ! evils ^u :i* ,i h s long dwelt1 ! ,am]ican p mu/ look to ! diffusion ( g5]al intellig5ce on ?is subject1 & to ! enlight5$ self int]e/1 = :i* !y are rem>kable1 n to ! action ( _! local or g5]al legislatures4 ,ev5 9 ,france1 gov]nm5t has mov$ ) too sl[ & hesitat+ a pace1 & prev5tive measures d n yet comp5sate de/ructive causes4 ,! judici\s rem>ks ( ,troy on ?is po9t may well be appli$ to o!r c\ntries ?an ,france1 o!r measures ( public policy ?an ! pres]vation ( ! woods4 ,to move s(tly1 says he1 is to commit ! mo/ dang]\s1 ! mo/ unp>donable ( imprud5ces2 x dim9i%es ! pre/ige ( au?ority2 x furni%es a triumph to ! sne]] & ! incr$ul\s2 x /r5g!ns opposition & enc\rages resi/ance2 x ru9s ! adm9i/ration 9 ! op9ion ( ! p1 weak5s its p[] & depresses its c\rage4#bha ,! ,economy ( ! ,=e/4 ,! legislation ( ,european /ates ^u sylviculture1 & ! practice ( t art1 divide !mselves into two great bran*es--! pres]vation ( exi/+ =e/s1 & ! creation ( new4 ,f ! long op]ation ( causes already set =?1 :at is und]/ood 9 ,am]ica & o!r new c\ntries by ! primitive =e/1 no long] exi/s 9 ! t]ritories :i* 7 ! seats ( anci5t civilization & empire1 except ^u a small scale1 & 9 remote & almo/ inaccessible gl5s q out ( ! rea* ( ord9>y obs]vation4 ,! olde/ ,european woods1 inde$1 are native1 t is1 sprung f self-s[n se$1 or f ! roots ( trees :i* h be5 fell$ = human purposes2 b _! gr[? has be5 controll$1 9 a v>iety ( ways1 by man & by dome/ic animals1 & !y always pres5t m or less ( an artificial "* & arrangem5t4 ,bo? !y & plant$ =e/s1 :i*1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n few1 are ( rec5t date 9 ,europe1 dem&1 z well = protection z = promotion ( gr[?1 a treatm5t diff]5t 9 "s respects f t :i* w\ld be suit$ to ! "* & wants ( ! virg9 wood4 ,on ?is latt] bran* ( ! subject1 exp]i5ce & obs]vation h n yet collect$ a suffici5t /ock ( facts to s]ve = ! con/ruction ( a complete sy/em ( sylviculture2 b ! managem5t ( ! =e/ z x exi/s 9 ,france--! diff]5t zones & climates ( :i* c\ntry pres5t _m po9ts ( analogy ) ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & "s ( ! ,briti% colonies--has be5 c>efully /udi$1 & sev]al manuals ( practice h be5 prep>$ = ! =e/]s ( t empire4 ,i believe ! be/ ( ^! is ! ,c\rs ,elem5taire de ,culture des ,bois cree a l',ecole ,=e/i]e de ,nancy1 p> ,m4 ,lor5tz1 complete1 et publie p> ,a4 ,p>ade1 ) a supplem5t "u ! title ( ,c\rs d',am5agem5t des ,=ets1 p> ,h5ri ,nanquette4 ,! ,etudes sur l',economie ,=e/i]e1 p> ,jules ,clave1 :i* ,i h (t5 quot$1 pres5ts a great numb] ( int]e/+ views on ?is subject1 & well des]ves to be translat$ = ! use ( ! ,engli% & ,am]ican read]2 b x is n design$ z a practical guide1 & x does n pr(ess to be suffici5tly specific 9 its details to s]ve t purpose4 ,not)/&+ ! diff]5ce ( conditions betwe5 ! aborig9al & ! tra9$ =e/1 ! judici\s obs]v] :o aims at ! pres]vation ( ! =m] w reap mu* in/ruction f ! treatises ,i h cit$1 & ,i believe he w be conv9c$ t ! soon] a natural wood is br\ght into ! /ate ( an artificially regulat$ "o1 ! bett] x is = all ! multipli$ int]e/s :i* dep5d on ! wise adm9i/ration ( ?is bran* ( public economy4#bhb ,"o consid]ation be>+ on ?is subject has receiv$ less att5tion ?an x m]its1 because mo/ p]sons int]e/$ 9 su* que/ions h n opportunities = ! comp>ison ,i ref] to4 ,i mean ! great g5]al sup]iority ( cultivat$ timb] to t ( /rictly spontane\s gr[?4 ,i say g5]al sup]iority1 because !re are exceptions to ! rule4 ,! :ite p9e1 ,p9us /robus1 = in/ance1 & o!r trees ( simil> "* & uses1 require1 = _! p]fect gr[?1 a d5sity ( =e/ vegetation ar\nd !m1 :i* protects !m f too mu* agitation by w9d1 & f ! p]si/5ce ( ! lat]al bran*es :i* fill ! wood ) knots4 ,a p9e :i* has gr[n "u ^? conditions possesses a tall1 /raight /em1 admirably fitt$ = ma/s & sp>s1 &1 at ! same "t1 its wood is almo/ :olly free f knots1 is regul> 9 annul> /ructure1 s(t & uni=m 9 texture1 &1 consequ5tly1 sup]ior to almo/ all o!r timb] = jo9]y4 ,if1 :ile a l>ge p9e is sp>$1 ! broad-leav$ or o!r small] trees ar\nd x are fell$1 ! sway+ ( ! tree f ! action ( ! w9d me*anically produces sep>ations betwe5 ! lay]s ( annual gr[?1 & greatly dim9i%es ! value ( ! timb]4 ,! same defect is (t5 obs]v$ 9 p9es :i*1 f "s accid5t ( gr[?1 h mu* ov]topp$ _! fell[s 9 ! virg9 =e/4 ,! :ite p9e1 gr[+ 9 ! fields1 or 9 op5 glades 9 ! woods1 is totally diff]5t f ! true =e/ tree1 bo? 9 g5]al aspect & 9 quality ( wood4 ,its /em is mu* %ort]1 its top less tap]+1 its foliage d5s] & m incl9$ to ga!r into tufts1 its bran*es m num]\s & ( l>g] diamet]1 its wood %[s mu* m di/9ctly ! divisions ( annual gr[?1 is ( co>s] gra91 h>d] & m difficult to "w into mitre jo9ts4 ,int]mix$ ) ! mo/ valuable p9es 9 ! ,am]ican =e/s1 are met _m trees ( ! "* ,i h j describ$4 ,! lumb]m5 call !m sapl+s1 & g5]ally reg>d !m z diff]5t 9 species f ! true :ite p9e1 b botani/s are unable to e/abli% a di/9ction betwe5 !m1 & z !y agree 9 almo/ all respects ) trees gr[n 9 ! op5 gr\nds f kn[n :ite-p9e se$l+s1 ,i believe _! peculi> "* is due to unfavorable circum/ances 9 _! e>ly gr[?4 ,! p9e1 !n1 is an exception to ! g5]al rule z to ! inf]iority ( ! =e/ to ! op5-gr\nd tree4 ,! pa/ure oak & pa/ure bee*1 on ! contr>y1 are well kn[n to produce f> bett] timb] ?an ^? gr[n 9 ! woods1 & !re are few trees to :i* ! rem>k is n equally applicable4#bhc ,ano!r advantage ( ! artificially regulat$ =e/ is1 t x admits ( su* grad+ ( ! gr\nd z to favor ! ret5tion or dis*>ge ( wat] at w1 :ile ! facilities x af=ds = select+ & duly proportion+1 z well z prop]ly spac+1 ! trees :i* compose x1 are too obvi\s to require to be m ?an h9t$ at4 ,9 conduct+ ^! op]ations1 we mu/ h a dilig5t eye to ! requirem5ts ( nature1 & mu/ rememb] t a wood is n an arbitr>y assemblage ( trees to be select$ & dispos$ accord+ to ! caprice ( its own]4 ,a =e/1 says ,clave1 is n1 z is (t5 suppos$1 a simple collection ( trees succe$+ ea* o!r 9 long p]spective1 )\t bond ( union1 & capable ( isolation f ea* o!r2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 a :ole1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* are int]dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r1 & x con/itutes1 s to speak1 a true individuality4 ,e =e/ has a special "*1 det]m9$ by ! =m ( ! surface x gr[s ^u1 ! k9ds ( trees t compose x1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are gr\p$4#bhd ,european & ,am]ican ,trees comp>$4 ,! woods ( ,nor? ,am]ica are /rik+ly di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ,europe by ! va/ly great] v>iety ( species !y conta94 ,accord+ to ,clave1 !re are 9 ,france & 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,europe only ab\t tw5ty =e/ trees1 five or six ( :i* are spike-leav$ & res9\s1 ! rema9d] broad-leav$4#bhe ,our au?or1 h[ev]1 d\btless means g5]a1 ?\gh he uses ! ^w especes4 ,rossmaessl] enum]ates fifty-sev5 species ( =e/ trees z f\nd 9 ,g]many1 b "s ( ^! are m]e %rubs1 "s are fruit & prop]ly g>d5 trees1 & "s o!rs are only v>ieties ( famili> species4 ,! valuable manual ( ,p>ade describes ab\t ! same numb]1 includ+1 h[ev]1 two ( ,am]ican orig9--! locu/1 ,rob9ia pseudacacia1 & ! ,weym\? or :ite p9e1 ,p9us /robus--& ! c$> ( ,lebanon f ,asia1 ?\gh x is indig5\s 9 ,alg]ia also4 ,we may !n safely say t ,europe does n possess above =ty or fifty trees ( su* economical value z to be wor? ! special c>e ( ! =e/]1 :ile ! oak alone numb]s n less ?an ?irty species 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#bhf & "s o!r ,nor? ,am]ican g5]a are almo/ equally div]sifi$4#bhg ,few ,european trees1 except ^? be>+ edible fruit1 h be5 naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile ! ,am]ican =e/ flora has made l>ge contributions to t ( ,europe4 ,x is a v poor ta/e :i* has l$ to ! sub/itution ( ! less picturesque ,european = ! graceful & maje/ic ,am]ican elm1 9 "s public gr\nds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,european m\nta9 a%--:i* 9 beauty & heal?fulness ( gr[? is sup]ior to our own--! horse *e/nut1 & ! abele1 or silv] popl>1 are valuable additions to ! ornam5tal trees ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,swiss arve or zirbelkief]1 ,p9us cembra1 :i* yields a well-flavor$ edible se$ & furni%es excell5t wood = c>v+1 ! umbrella p9e :i* also be>s a se$ agreeable to ! ta/e1 & :i*1 f ! color ( its foliage & ! beautiful =m ( its dome-l cr[n1 is among ! mo/ elegant ( trees1 ! :ite bir* ( ,c5tral ,europe1 ) its p5dul\s bran*es almo/ rivall+ ^? ( ! weep+ will[ 9 l5g?1 flexibility1 & gracefulness ( fall1 &1 especially1 ! cypresse fun]all1 might be introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) great advantage to ! l&scape4 ,! ,european bee* & *e/nut furni% timb] ( f> bett] quality ?an t ( _! ,am]ican cong5]s4 ,! fruit ( ! ,european *e/nut1 ?\gh inf]ior to ! ,am]ican 9 flavor1 is l>g]1 & is an important article ( diet among ! ,fr5* & ,italian peasantry4 ,! walnut ( ,europe1 ?\gh n equal to "s ( ! ,am]ican species 9 beauty ( gr[? or ( wood1 or to o!rs 9 /r5g? & ela/icity ( fibre1 is valuable = its timb] & its oil4#bhh ,! m>itime p9e1 :i* has prov$ ( su* imm5se use 9 fix+ drift+ s&s 9 ,france1 may p]haps be bett] adapt$ to ?is purpose ?an any ( ! p9es ( ! ,new ,_w1 & x is ( great importance = its turp5t9e1 res91 & t>4 ,! epicea1 or common fir1 ,abies picea1 ,abies excelsa1 ,picea excelsa1 abundant 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,france & ! contigu\s c\ntry1 is kn[n = its product1 ,burgundy pit*1 &1 z x fl\ri%es 9 a great] v>iety ( soil & climate ?an almo/ any o!r spike-leav$ tree1 x might be well wor? transplantation4#bhi ,! cork oak has be5 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i believe1 & w\ld und\bt$ly ?rive 9 ! ,s\!rn section ( ! ,union4#bij ,9 ! walnut1 ! *e/nut1 ! cork oak1 ! mulb]ry1 ! olive1 ! orange1 ! lemon1 ! fig1 & ! multitude ( o!r trees :i*1 by _! fruit1 or by o!r products1 yield an annual rev5ue1 nature has provid$ ,s\!rn ,europe ) a p>tial comp5sation = ! loss ( ! native =e/4 ,x is true t ^! trees1 plant$ z mo/ ( !m are at su* di/ances z to admit ( cultivation1 or ( ! gr[? ( grass among !m1 are b an inadequate sub/itute = ! ?ick & %ady wood2 b !y p]=m to a c]ta9 ext5t ! same (fices ( absorption & transpiration1 !y %ade ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 !y s]ve to break ! =ce ( ! w9d1 & on _m a /eep declivity1 _m a bleak & b>r5 hillside1 ! *e/nut b9ds ! soil toge!r ) its roots1 & prev5ts tons ( e>? & gravel f wa%+ d[n ^u ! fields & ! g>d5s4 ,fruit trees are n want+1 c]ta9ly1 nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,! apple1 ! pe>1 & ! prune are important 9 ! economy bo? ( man & ( nature1 b !y are f> less num]\s 9 ,switz]l& & ,nor!rn ,france ?an are ! trees ,i h m5tion$ 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 bo? because !y are 9 g5]al less remun]ative1 & because ! climate1 9 high] latitudes1 does n p]mit ! free introduction ( %ade trees into gr\nds occupi$ = agricultural purposes4#bia ,! multitude ( species1 int]mix$ z !y are 9 _! spontane\s gr[?1 gives ! ,am]ican =e/ l&scape a v>iety ( aspect n (t5 se5 9 ! woods ( ,europe1 & ! gorge\s t9ts1 :i* nature repeats f ! dy+ dolph9 to pa9t ! fall+ leaf ( ! ,am]ican maples1 oaks1 & a% trees1 clo! ! hillsides & fr+e ! wat]c\rses ) a ra9b[ spl5dor ( foliage1 unsurpass$ by ! brighte/ gr\p+s ( ! tropical flora4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t bo? ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn declivities ( ! ,alps exhibit a ne>] approximation to ?is ri* & multif>i\s color+ ( autumnal vegetation ?an mo/ ,am]ican travell]s 9 ,europe are will+ to all[2 &1 besides1 ! small decidu\s %rubs :i* (t5 c>pet ! =e/ glades ( ^! m\nta9s are dy$ ) a ruddy & orange gl[1 :i*1 9 ! di/ant l&scape1 is no mean sub/itute = ! sc>let & crimson & gold & amb] ( ! transatlantic woodl&4 ,no ,am]ican ev]gre5 kn[n to me resembles ! umbrella p9e suffici5tly to be a fair object ( comp>ison ) x4#bib ,a c$>1 v common above ! ,highl&s on ! ,hudson1 is extremely l ! cypress1 /raight1 sl5d]1 ) erect1 compress$ ramification1 & fea!r$ to ! gr\nd1 b its foliage is nei!r s d>k nor s d5se1 ! tree does n atta9 ! maje/ic height ( ! cypress1 nor has x ! li! flexibility ( t tree4 ,9 m]e %ape1 ! ,lomb>dy popl> ne>ly resembles ?is latt]1 b x is almo/ a pr(anation to comp>e ! two1 especially :5 !y are agitat$ by ! w9d2 = "u su* circum/ances1 ! "o is ! mo/ maje/ic1 ! o!r ! mo/ ungraceful1 or--if ,i may apply su* an expression to any?+ b human affectation ( movem5t--! mo/ awkw>d ( trees4 ,! popl> trembles be=e ! bla/1 flutt]s1 /ruggles wildly1 di%evels its foliage1 gropes ar\nd ) its feeble bran*es1 & hisses z 9 impot5t passion4 ,! cypress ga!rs its limbs /ill m closely to its /em1 b[s a graci\s salute r ?an an humble obeisance to ! tempe/1 b5ds to ! w9d ) an ela/icity t assures y ( its prompt return to its regal attitude1 & s5ds f its ?ick leaflets a murmur l ! ro> ( ! f>-(f ocean4 ,! cypress & ! umbrella p9e are n m]ely conv5tional types ( ! ,italian l&scape4 ,!y are ess5tial elem5ts 9 a field ( rural beauty :i* c be se5 9 p]fection only 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & !y are z *>act]i/ic ( ?is class ( sc5]y z ! date palm is ( ! oases ( ! des]t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce3 a s+le cypress or p9e is (t5 en\gh to %$ beauty ov] a wide area2 ! palm is a social tree1 & its beauty is n s mu* t ( ! individual z ( ! gr\p4 ,! frequ5cy ( ! cypress & ! p9e--comb9$ ) ! fact t ! o!r trees ( ,s\!rn ,europe :i* mo/ int]e/ a /rang] f ! nor?1 ! orange & ! lemon1 ! cork oak1 ! ilex1 ! myrtle1 & ! laurel1 are ev]gre5s--goes f> to expla9 ! beauty ( ! w9t] sc5]y ( ,italy4 ,inde$ x is only 9 ! w9t] t a t\ri/ :o conf9es himself to :eel c>riages & high roads c acquire any notion ( ! face ( ! e>?1 & =m any prop] geographical image ( t c\ntry4 ,at o!r seasons1 n high walls only1 b equally imp]vi\s h$ges1 & n[1 unhappily1 acacias ?ickly plant$ along ! railway r\tes1 conf9e ! view s completely1 t ! ar* ( a tunnel1 or a night cap ov] ! travell]'s eyes1 is sc>cely a m effectual ob/acle to ! gratification ( 8 curiosity4#bic ,sylviculture4 ,! art1 or1 z ! ,cont95tal =e/]s call x1 ! sci5ce ( sylviculture has be5 s little pursu$ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 t its nom5clature has n be5 introduc$ into ! ,engli% vocabul>y1 & ,i %all n be able to describe its processes ) te*nical propriety ( language1 )\t occasionally borr[+ a ^w f ! =e/ lit]ature ( ,france & ,g]many4 ,a full discussion ( ! me?ods ( sylviculture w\ld1 inde$1 be out ( place 9 a "w l ! pres5t1 b ! almo/ total want ( conv5i5tly accessible means ( in=mation on ! subject1 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 w ju/ify me 9 pres5t+ x ) some:at m ( detail ?an w\ld o!rwise be p]t95t4 ,! two be/ kn[n me?ods are ^? di/+ui%$ z ! taillis1 copse or coppice treatm5t1#bid & ! futaie1 = :i* ,i f9d no ,engli% equival5t1 b :i* may n inappropriately be call$ ! full-gr[? sy/em4 ,a taillis1 copse1 or coppice1 is a wood compos$ ( %oots f ! roots ( trees previ\sly cut = fuel & timb]4 ,! %oots are ?9n$ out f "t to "t1 & f9ally cut1 ei!r aft] a fix$ numb] ( ye>s1 or aft] ! "y trees h atta9$ to c]ta9 dim5sions1 _! roots be+ !n left to s5d out a new prog5y z be=e4 ,?is is ! *eape/ me?od ( managem5t1 & !re=e ! be/ :]ev] ! price ( labor & ( capital be>s a high proportion to t ( l& & ( timb]2 b x is ess5tially a wa/eful economy4 ,if ! woodl& is1 9 ! fir/ place1 completely cut ov]1 z is f\nd mo/ conv5i5t 9 practice1 ! "y %oots h nei!r ! %ade nor ! protection f w9d s important to =e/ gr[?1 & _! progress is comp>atively sl[1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! ?ick clumps !y =m *oke ! se$l+s t may h spr\t$ ne> !m4 ,if dome/ic animals ( any species are all[$ to roam 9 ! wood1 !y br[se ^u ! t]m9al buds & ! t5d] bran*es1 !reby /unt+1 if !y d n kill1 ! "y trees1 & depriv+ !m ( all beauty & vigor ( gr[?4 ,! ev]gre5s1 once cut1 d n %oot up aga91#bie & ! mix$ "* ( ! =e/--9 _m respects an important advantage1 if n an indisp5sable condition ( gr[?--is lo/2#bif & besides ?is1 l>ge wood ( any species _c be gr[n 9 ?is me?od1 because trees :i* %oot f decay+ /umps & _! dy+ roots1 become holl[ or o!rwise uns\nd be=e !y acquire _! full dim5sions4 ,a m fatal objection /ill1 is1 t ! roots ( trees w n be> m ?an two or ?ree1 or at mo/ f\r cutt+s ( _! %oots be=e _! vitality is exhau/$1 & ! wood c !n be re/or$ only by replant+ entirely4 ,! p]iod ( cutt+ coppices v>ies 9 ,europe f fifte5 to =ty ye>s1 accord+ to soil1 species1 & rapidity ( gr[?4 ,9 ! futaie1 or full-gr[? sy/em1 ! trees are all[$ to /& z long z !y cont9ue 9 heal?y & vigor\s gr[?4 ,?is is a %ort] p]iod ?an w\ld be at fir/ suppos$1 :5 we consid] ! advanc$ age & great dim5sions to :i*1 "u favorable circum/ances1 _m =e/ trees atta9 9 temp]ate climates4 ,b1 z e obs]v+ p]son famili> ) ! natural =e/ is aw>e1 ^! are exceptional cases1 j z are in/ances ( great longevity or ( gigantic /ature among m54 ,able vegetable physiologi/s h ma9ta9$ t ! tree1 l mo/ reptiles1 has no natural limit ( life or ( gr[?1 & t ! only reason :y our oaks & our p9es d n rea* ! age ( tw5ty c5turies & ! height ( a hundr$ fa?oms1 is1 t 9 ! multitude ( accid5ts to :i* !y are expos$1 ! *ances ( _! atta9+ to su* a l5g? ( ye>s & to su* dim5sions ( gr[? are a million to "o aga9/ !m4 ,b ano!r explanation ( ?is fact is possible4 ,9 trees affect$ by no discov]able ext]nal cause ( dea?1 decay beg9s at ! topmo/ bran*es1 :i* seem to )] & die = want ( nutrim5t4 ,! my/]i\s =ce by :i* ! sap is c>ri$ f ! roots to ! utmo/ twigs1 _c be conceiv$ to be unlimit$ 9 p[]1 & x is probable t x diff]s 9 diff]5t species1 s t :ile x may suffice to raise ! fluid to ! height ( five hundr$ feet 9 ! sequoia1 x may n be able to c>ry x beyond "o hundr$ & fifty 9 ! oak4 ,! limit may be diff]5t1 too1 9 diff]5t trees ( ! same species1 n f defective organization 9 ^? ( inf]ior gr[?1 b f m or less favorable conditions ( soil1 n\ri%m5t1 & exposure4 ,:5ev] a tree atta9s to ! limit beyond :i* its circulat+ fluids _c rise1 we may suppose t decay beg9s1 & dea? foll[s1 f ! same causes :i* br+ ab\t ! same results 9 animals ( limit$ size--su*1 = example1 z ! int]ruption ( functions ess5tial to life1 9 consequ5ce ( ! clogg+ up ( ducts by matt] assimilable 9 ! /age ( gr[?1 b no long] s :5 increm5t has ceas$4 ,9 ! natural woods1 we obs]ve t1 ?\gh1 among ! myriads ( trees :i* gr[ ^u a squ>e mile1 !re are sev]al vegetable giants1 yet ! great majority ( !m beg9 to decay long be=e !y h atta9$ _! maximum ( /ature1 & ?is seems to be /ill m emphatically true ( ! artificial =e/4 ,9 ,france1 accord+ to ,clave1 oaks1 9 a suitable soil1 may /&1 )\t exhibit+ any sign ( decay1 = two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s2 ! p9es h>dly exce$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 & ! s(t or :ite woods bois blancs1 9 wet soils1 langui% & die be=e rea*+ ! fiftie? ye>4#big ,^! ages are c]ta9ly bel[ ! av]age ( ^? ( ,am]ican =e/ trees1 & are greatly exce$$ 9 v num]\s well-atte/$ in/ances ( isolat$ trees 9 ,europe4 ,! =m] mode ( treat+ ! futaie1 call$ ! g>d5 sy/em1 0 to cut ! trees individually z !y arriv$ at maturity1 b1 9 ! be/ regulat$ =e/s1 ?is practice has be5 ab&on$ = ! ,g]man me?od1 :i* embraces n only ! secur+ ( ! l>ge/ imm$iate pr(it1 b ! replant+ ( ! =e/1 & ! c>e ( ! "y gr[?4 ,?is is effect$ 9 ! case ( a =e/1 :e!r natural or artificial1 :i* is to be subject$ to regul> managem5t1 by ?ree op]ations4 ,! fir/ ( ^! consi/s 9 fell+ ab\t "o ?ird ( ! wood1 9 su* way z to leave conv5i5t spaces = ! gr[? ( "y trees4 ,! rema9+ two-?irds are reli$ ^u to replant ! vacancies1 by natural s[+1 :i* !y seldom or nev] fail to d4 ,! se$l+s are wat*$1 are ?9n$ out :5 too d5se1 ! ill =m$ & sickly1 z well z ^? ( inf]ior value1 & ! %rubs & ?orns :i* might o!rwise *oke or too closely %ade !m1 are pull$ up4 ,:5 !y h atta9$ suffici5t /r5g? & developm5t ( foliage to be> or to require m light & air1 ! second /ep is tak51 by remov+ a suitable proportion ( ! old trees :i* _h be5 sp>$ at ! fir/ cutt+2 & :51 f9ally1 !y are h>d5$ en\gh to be> fro/ & sun )\t o!r protection ?an t :i* !y mutually give to ea* o!r1 ! rema9d] ( ! orig9al =e/ is fell$1 & ! wood n[ consi/s :olly ( "y & vigor\s trees4 ,?is result is obta9$ aft] ab\t tw5ty ye>s4 ,at conv5i5t p]iods aft]w>d1 ! unheal?y /ocks & ^? injur$ by w9d or o!r accid5ts are remov$1 & 9 "s in/ances ! gr[? ( ! rema9d] is promot$ by irrigation or by f]tiliz+ applications4#bih ,:5 ! =e/ is approa*+ to maturity1 ! orig9al processes already describ$ are repeat$2 & z1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( an ext5sive =e/1 !y w\ld take place 9 diff]5t zones1 x w\ld af=d indef9itely an annual crop ( firewood & timb]4 ,! duties ( ! =e/] d n end "h4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! glades left by fell+ ! old] trees are n suffici5tly se$$1 or t ! species1 or ess5ces1 z ! ,fr5* oddly call !m1 are n duly proportion$ 9 ! new crop4 ,9 ?is case1 se$ mu/ be artificially s[n1 or "y trees plant$ 9 ! vacancies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important rules 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! =e/ is ! absolute exclusion ( dome/ic quadrup$s f e wood :i* is n de/9$ to be cle>$4 ,no gr[? ( "y trees is possible :]e cattle are admitt$ to pa/ure at any season ( ! ye>1 ?\gh !y are und\bt$ly mo/ de/ructive :ile trees are 9 leaf4#bii ,x is (t5 necess>y to take measures = ! protection ( "y trees aga9/ ! rabbit1 ! mole1 & o!r rod5t quadrup$s1 & ( old] ones aga9/ ! damage done by ! l>vae ( insects hat*$ ^u ! surface or 9 ! tissues ( ! b>k1 or ev5 9 ! wood itself4 ,! mu* great] liability ( ! artificial ?an ( ! natural =e/ to injury f ?is cause is p]haps ! only po9t 9 :i* ! sup]iority ( ! =m] to ! latt] is n z m>k$ z t ( any dome/icat$ vegetable to its wild repres5tative4 ,b ! bett] quality ( ! wood & ! mu* m rapid gr[? ( ! tra9$ & regulat$ =e/ are abundant comp5sations = ! loss ?us occasion$1 & ! progress ( entomological sci5ce w1 p]haps1 sugge/ new me?ods ( prev5t+ ! ravages ( insects4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 ! collection & de/ruction ( ! eggs1 by simple b exp5sive means1 has prov$ ! only effectual rem$y4#cjj ,x is common 9 ,europe to p]mit ! removal ( ! fall5 leaves & fragm5ts ( b>k & bran*es ) :i* ! =e/ soil is cov]$1 & sometimes ! cutt+ ( ! l[] twigs ( ev]gre5s4 ,! leaves & twigs are pr9cipally us$ z litt] = cattle1 & f9ally z manure1 ! b>k & w9d-fall5 bran*es z fuel4 ,by long usage1 sometimes by express grant1 ?is privilege has become a ve/$ "r ( ! population 9 ! neighborhood ( _m public1 & ev5 l>ge private =e/s2 b x is g5]ally reg>d$ z a s]i\s evil4 ,to remove ! leaves & fall5 twigs is to )draw mu* ( ! pabulum ^u :i* ! tree 0 de/9$ to fe$4 ,! small bran*es & leaves are ! p>ts ( ! tree :i* yield ! l>ge/ proportion ( a%es on combu/ion1 & ( c\rse !y supply a great am\nt ( nutrim5t = ! "y %oots4 ,a cubic foot ( twigs1 says ,vaupell1 yields f\r times z mu* a%es z a cubic foot ( /em wood4 99 99 ,= e hundr$ weight ( dri$ leaves c>ri$ (f f a bee* =e/1 we sacrifice a hundr$ & sixty cubic feet ( wood4 ,! leaves & ! mosses are a sub/itute1 n only = manure1 b = pl\gh+4 ,! c>bonic acid giv5 out by decay+ leaves1 :5 tak5 up by wat]1 s]ves to dissolve ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 & is p>ticul>ly active 9 dis9tegrat+ feldsp> & ! clay d]iv$ f its decomposition4 99 99 99 ,! leaves belong to ! soil4 ,)\t !m x _c pres]ve its f]tility1 & _c furni% nutrim5t to ! bee*4 ,! trees langui%1 produce se$ incapable ( g]m9ation1 & ! spontane\s self-s[+1 :i* is an indisp5sable elem5t 9 ! be/ sy/ems ( sylviculture1 fails altoge!r 9 ! b>$ & impov]i%$ soil4#cja ,besides ^! evils1 ! removal ( ! leaves deprives ! soil ( t spongy "* :i* gives x su* imm5se value z a res]voir ( moi/ure & a regulator ( ! fl[ ( spr+s2 &1 f9ally1 x exposes ! surface roots to ! dry+ influ5ce ( sun & w9d1 to accid5tal me*anical injury f ! tread ( animals or m51 &1 9 cold climates1 to ! de/ructive effects ( fro/4 ,! annual lopp+ & trimm+ ( trees = fuel1 s common 9 ,europe1 is fatal to ! high] uses ( ! =e/1 b :]e small groves are made1 or r[s ( trees plant$1 = no o!r purpose ?an to secure a supply ( firewood1 or to s]ve z supports = ! v9e1 x is (t5 v advantage\s4 ,! will[s1 & _m o!r trees1 be> poll+ = a long s]ies ( ye>s )\t app>5t dim9ution ( gr[? ( bran*es1 & ?\gh c]ta9ly a poll$1 or1 to use an old ,engli% ^w1 a dodd]$ tree1 is 9 g5]al a melan*oly object1 yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ! aspect ( "s species--! ,am]ican locu/1 ,rob9ia pseudacacia1 = in/ance--:5 "y1 is improv$ by ?is process4#cjb ,i h spok5 ( ! ne$s ( agriculture z a pr9cipal cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! =e/1 & ( dome/ic cattle z p>ticul>ly injuri\s to ! gr[? ( "y trees4 ,b ^! animals affect ! =e/1 indirectly1 9 a /ill m important way1 because ! ext5t ( cle>$ gr\nd requir$ = agricultural use dep5ds v mu* on ! numb] & k9ds ( ! cattle br$4 ,we h se51 9 a =m] *apt]1 t1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! dome/ic quadrup$s am\nt to m ?an a hundr$ millions1 or ?ree times ! numb] ( ! human population ( ! ,union4 ,9 _m ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 ! sw9e subsi/ m or less on acorns1 nuts1 & o!r products ( ! woods1 & ! prairies1 or natural mead[s ( ! ,mississippi valley1 yield a l>ge am\nt ( food = bea/1 z well z = man4 ,) ^! exceptions1 all ?is va/ army ( quadrup$s is f$ :olly on grass1 gra91 pulse1 & roots gr[n on soil reclaim$ f ! =e/ by ,european settl]s4 ,x is true t ! fle% ( dome/ic quadrup$s ent]s v l>gely into ! alim5t ( ! ,am]ican p1 & greatly r$uces ! quantity ( vegetable nutrim5t :i* !y w\ld o!rwise consume1 s t a small] am\nt ( agricultural product is requir$ = imm$iate human food1 &1 ( c\rse1 a small] ext5t ( cle>$ l& is ne$$ = ! gr[? ( t product1 ?an if no dome/ic animals exi/$4 ,b ! fle% ( ! horse1 ! ass1 & ! mule is n consum$ by man1 & ! %eep is re>$ r = its fleece ?an = food4 ,besides ?is1 ! gr\nd requir$ to produce ! grass & gra9 consum$ 9 re>+ & fatt5+ a graz+ quadrup$1 w\ld yield a f> l>g] am\nt ( nutrim5t1 if devot$ to ! gr[+ ( bread/uffs1 ?an is furni%$ by 8 fle%2 &1 ^u ! :ole1 :atev] advantages may be reap$ f ! bre$+ ( dome/ic cattle1 x is pla9 t ! cle>$ l& devot$ to _! su/5ance 9 ! orig9ally wood$ "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 aft] d$uct+ a quantity suffici5t to produce an am\nt ( alim5t equal to _! fle%1 /ill greatly exce$s t cultivat$ = vegetables1 directly consum$ by ! p ( ! same regions2 or1 to express a ne>ly equival5t idea 9 o!r words1 ! mead[ & ! pa/ure1 tak5 toge!r1 mu* exce$ ! pl\gh l&4#cjc ,9 f]tile c\ntries1 l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! =eign dem& = animal & vegetable alim5t1 = cotton1 & = tobacco1 mu* enl>ges ! sph]e ( agricultural op]ations1 &1 ( c\rse1 prompts fur!r encroa*m5ts ^u ! =e/4 ,! comm]ce 9 ^! articles1 !re=e1 con/itutes 9 ,am]ica a special cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! woods1 :i* does n exi/ 9 ! num]\s /ates ( ! ,old ,_w t d]ive ! raw mat]ial ( _! me*anical indu/ry f di/ant l&s1 & import _m articles ( vegetable food or luxury :i* _! own climates _c advantage\sly produce4 ,! gr[? ( arboreal vegetation is s sl[ t1 ?\gh he :o buries an acorn may hope to see x %oot up to a m9iature resemblance ( ! maje/ic tree :i* %all %ade 8 remote desc5dants1 yet ! longe/ life h>dly embraces ! se$time & ! h>ve/ ( a =e/4 ,! plant] ( a wood mu/ be actuat$ by high] motives ?an ^? ( an inve/m5t ! pr(its ( :i* consi/ 9 direct pecuni>y ga9 to himself or ev5 to 8 po/]ity2 = if1 9 r>e cases1 an artificial =e/ may1 9 two or ?ree g5]ations1 m ?an repay its orig9al co/1 /ill1 9 g5]al1 ! value ( its timb] w n return ! capital exp5d$ & ! int]e/ accru$4#cjd ,b :5 we consid] ! imm5se collat]al advantages d]iv$ f ! pres5ce1 ! t]rible evils necess>ily result+ f ! de/ruction ( ! =e/1 bo? ! pres]vation ( exi/+ woods1 & ! f> m co/ly ext5sion ( !m :]e !y h be5 unduly r$uc$1 are among ! mo/ obvi\s ( ! duties :i* ?is age owes to ^? t are to come aft] x4 ,especially is ?is obligation incumb5t ^u ,am]icans4 ,no civiliz$ p pr(its s l>gely f ! toils & sacrifices ( its imm$iate pr$ecessors z !y2 no g5]ations h ev] s[n s lib]ally1 &1 9 _! own p]sons1 reap$ s scanty a return1 z ! pione]s ( ,anglo-,am]ican social life4 ,we c repay our debt to our noble =efa!rs only by a l magnanimity1 by a l self-=gett+ c>e = ! moral & mat]ial int]e/s ( our own po/]ity4 ,in/ability ( ,am]ican ,life4 ,all human in/itutions1 associate arrangem5ts1 modes ( life1 h _! *>act]i/ic imp]fections4 ,! natural1 p]haps ! necess>y defect ( ours1 is _! in/ability1 _! want ( fix$ness1 n 9 =m only1 b ev5 9 _s4 ,! face ( physical nature 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %>es ?is incessant fluctuation1 & ! l&scape is z v>iable z ! habits ( ! population4 ,x is "t = "s abatem5t 9 ! re/less love ( *ange :i* *>act]izes u1 & makes u almo/ a nomade r ?an a s$5t>y p4#cje ,we h n[ fell$ =e/ en\gh ev]y:]e1 9 _m di/ricts f> too mu*4 ,let u re/ore ?is "o elem5t ( mat]ial life to its normal proportions1 & devise means = ma9ta9+ ! p]man5ce ( its relations to ! fields1 ! mead[s1 & ! pa/ures1 to ! ra9 & ! dews ( heav51 to ! spr+s & rivulets ) :i* x wat]s ! e>?4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an approximately fix$ ratio betwe5 ! two mo/ broadly *>act]iz$ di/9ctions ( rural surface--woodl& & pl\gh l&--w\ld involve a c]ta9 p]si/5ce ( "* 9 all ! bran*es ( indu/ry1 all ! occupations & habits ( life1 :i* dep5d ^u or are imm$iately connect$ ) ei!r1 )\t imply+ a rigidity t %\ld exclude flexibility ( accommodation to ! _m *anges ( ext]nal circum/ance :i* human wisdom c nei!r prev5t nor =esee1 & w\ld ?us help u to become1 m emphatically1 a well-ord]$ & /able commonweal?1 &1 n less conspicu\sly1 a p ( progress4 ,,note on ^w wat]%$1 omitt$ on p4 #beg4--,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el 7,physical ,geography1 #acg1 & else:]e7 spells ?is ^w wat]-s*$1 because he consid]s x a translation1 or r an adoption ( ! ,g]man ,wass]-s*eide1 sep>ation ( ! wat]s1 n wat]-%$1 ! slope d[n :i* ! wat]s run1 ,z a po9t ( hi/orical etymology1 x is probable t ! ^w 9 "q 0 sugge/$ to ^? :o fir/ us$ x by ! ,g]man ,wass]s*eide2 b ! spell+ wat]-s*$1 propos$ by ,h]s*el1 is objectionable1 bo? because s* is a comb9ation ( lett]s :olly unkn[n to mod]n ,engli% or?ography & prop]ly repres5t+ no s\nd recogniz$ 9 ,engli% or?oepy1 & = ! /ill bett] reason t wat]%$1 9 ! s5se ( division-(-!-wat]s1 has a legitimate ,engli% etymology4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon sceadan meant bo? to sep>ate or divide1 & to %ade or %elt]4 ,x is ! root ( ! ,engli% v]bs to %$ & to %ade1 & 9 ! =m] mean+ is ! ,a4 ,s4 equival5t ( ! ,g]man v]b s*eid54 ,%$ 9 ,old ,engli% _h ! mean+ to sep>ate or di/+ui%4 ,x is s us$ 9 ! ,owl & ! ,night+ale1 v4 #aig4 ,palsgrave 7,lescl>cissem5t1 etc41 p4 #gag7 def9es ,i %$e1 ,i dep>te ?+es asond]2 & ! ^w /ill means to divide 9 sev]al ,engli% local dialects4 ,h5ce1 wat]%$1 ! division or sep>ation ( ! wat]s1 is good ,engli% bo? 9 s5se & spell+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,wat]s4 ,,l& ,,artificially ,,won ,,f ,,! ,,wat]s3 a1 ,,exclusion ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,by ,,dik+2 b1 ,,dra9+ ,,( ,,lakes ,,& ,,m>%es2 c1 ,,geographical ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,su* ,,op]ations--,,l[]+ ,,( ,,lakes--,,m\nta9 ,,lakes--,,climatic ,,effects ,,( ,,dra9+ ,,lakes ,,& ,,m>%es--,,geographical ,,& ,,climatic ,,effects ,,( ,,aqu$ucts1 ,,res]voirs1 ,,& ,,canals--,,surface ,,& ,,und]dra9+1 ,,& ,,_! ,,climatic ,,& ,,geographical ,,effects--,,irrigation ,,& ,,its ,,climatic ,,& ,,geographical ,,effects4 ,,inundations ,,& ,,torr5ts3 a1 ,,riv] ,,embankm5ts2 b1 ,,floods ,,( ,,! ,,arde*e2 c1 ,,cru%+ ,,=ce ,,( ,,torr5ts2 d1 ,,inundations ,,( #ahef ,,9 ,,france2 e1 ,,rem$ies ,,aga9/ ,,inundations--,,consequ5ces ,,if ,,! ,,nile ,,_h ,,be5 ,,conf9$ ,,by ,,lat]al ,,dikes4 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,val ,,di ,,*iana--,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,tuscan ,,m>emme--,,ob/ruction ,,( ,,riv] ,,m\?s--,,subt]ranean ,,wat]s--,,artesian ,,wells--,,artificial ,,spr+s--,,economiz+ ,,precipitation4 ,l& artificially won f ! ,wat]s4 ,man1 z we h se51 has done mu* to revolutionize ! solid surface ( ! globe1 & to *ange ! di/ribution & proportions1 if n ! ess5tial "*1 ( ! organisms :i* inhabit ! l& & ev5 ! wat]s4 ,besides ! influ5ce ?us ex]t$ ^u ! life :i* peoples ! sea1 8 action ^u ! l& has involv$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( indirect encroa*m5t ^u ! t]ritorial jurisdiction ( ! ocean4 ,s f> z he has increas$ ! erosion ( runn+ wat]s by ! de/ruction ( ! =e/1 he has promot$ ! deposit ( solid matt] 9 ! sea1 ?us r$uc+ its dep?1 advanc+ ! coa/ l9e1 & dim9i%+ ! area cov]$ by ! wat]s4 ,he has gone beyond ?is1 & invad$ ! realm ( ! ocean by con/ruct+ )9 its bord]s :>ves1 pi]s1 ligh?\ses1 breakwat]s1 =tresses1 & o!r facilities = 8 comm]cial & milit>y op]ations2 & 9 "s c\ntries he has p]man5tly rescu$ f tidal ov]fl[1 & ev5 f ! v b$ ( ! deep1 tracts ( gr\nd ext5sive en\gh to con/itute valuable additions to 8 agricultural doma94 ,! quantity ( soil ga9$ f ! sea by ^! diff]5t modes ( acquisition is1 inde$1 too inconsid]able to =m an appreciable elem5t 9 ! comp>ison ( ! g5]al proportion betwe5 ! two great =ms ( t]re/rial surface1 l& & wat]2 b ! results ( su* op]ations1 consid]$ 9 _! physical & _! moral be>+s1 are suffici5tly important to entitle !m to special notice 9 e compreh5sive view ( ! relations betwe5 man & nature4 ,!re are cases1 z on ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,baltic1 :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! secul> elevation ( ! coa/1 ! sea appe>s to be retir+2 o!rs1 :]e1 f ! sl[ s9k+ ( ! l&1 x seems to be advanc+4 ,^! movem5ts dep5d ^u geological causes :olly out ( our rea*1 & man c nei!r advance nor ret>d !m4 ,!re are also cases :]e simil> app>5t effects are produc$ by local oceanic curr5ts1 by riv] deposit or erosion1 by tidal action1 or by ! influ5ce ( ! w9d ^u ! waves & ! s&s ( ! sea bea*4 ,a regul> curr5t may drift susp5d$ e>? & seawe$ along a coa/ until !y are caught by an eddy & f9ally deposit$ out ( ! rea* ( fur!r di/urbance1 or x may scoop out ! b$ ( ! sea & und]m9e promontories & headl&s2 a p[]ful riv]1 z ! w9d *anges ! direction ( its fl[ at its outlet1 may wa% away %ores & s&banks at "o po9t to deposit _! mat]ial at ano!r2 ! tide or waves1 /irr$ to unusual dep?s by ! w9d1 may gradually we> d[n ! l9e ( coa/1 or !y may =m %oals & coa/ dunes by deposit+ ! s& !y h roll$ up f ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,^! latt] modes ( action are sl[ 9 produc+ effects suffici5tly important to be notic$ 9 g5]al geography1 or ev5 to be visible 9 ! repres5tations ( coa/ l9e laid d[n 9 ord9>y maps2 b !y nev]!less =m conspicu\s features 9 local topography1 & !y are att5d$ ) consequ5ces ( great mom5t to ! mat]ial & ! moral int]e/s ( m54 ,! =ces :i* produce ^! results are all 9 a consid]able degree subject to control1 or r to direction & resi/ance1 by human p[]1 & x is 9 guid+ & combat+ !m t man has a*iev$ "s ( 8 mo/ rem>kable & honorable conque/s ov] nature4 ,! triumphs 9 "q1 or :at we g5]ally call h>bor & coa/ improvem5ts1 :e!r we e/imate _! value by ! money & labor exp5d$ ^u !m1 or by _! be>+ ^u ! int]e/s ( comm]ce & ! arts ( civilization1 mu/ take a v high rank among ! great works ( man1 & !y are fa/ assum+ a magnitude greatly exce$+ _! =m] relative importance4 ,! ext5sion ( comm]ce & ( ! milit>y m>9e1 & especially ! introduction ( vessels ( increas$ burd5 & deep] draught ( wat]1 h impos$ ^u eng9e]s tasks ( a "* :i* a c5tury ago w\ld h be5 pron\nc$1 &1 9 fact1 w\ld h be5 impracticable2 b necessity has /imulat$ an +5uity :i* has contriv$ means ( execut+ !m1 & :i* gives promise ( yet great] p]=mance 9 "t to come4 ,m5 h ceas$ to admire ! p[] :i* heap$ up ! great pyramid to gratify ! pride ( a despot ) a giant sepul*re2 = _m great h>bors1 _m important l9es ( int]nal communication1 9 ! civiliz$ _w1 n[ exhibit works :i* surpass ! va/e/ rema9s ( anci5t ar*itectural art 9 mass & weight ( matt]1 dem& ! ex]cise ( f> great] con/ructive skill1 & involve a mu* heavi] pecuni>y exp5diture ?an w\ld n[ be requir$ = ! build+ ( ! tomb ( ,*eops4 ,x is comput$ t ! great pyramid1 ! solid cont5ts ( :i* :5 complete 7 ab\t #c1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 c\ld be erect$ = a million ( p\nds /]l+4 ,! breakwat] at ,*]b\rg1 f\nd$ 9 r\gh wat] sixty feet1 deep1 at an av]age di/ance ( m ?an two miles f ! %ore1 conta9s d\ble ! mass ( ! pyramid1 & _m a comp>atively unimportant railroad has be5 con/ruct$ at twice ! co/ :i* w\ld n[ build t /up5d\s monum5t4 ,inde$1 al?\gh man1 deta*$ f ! solid e>?1 is almo/ p[]less to /ruggle aga9/ ! sea1 he is fa/ becom+ inv9cible by x s long z 8 foot is plant$ on ! %ore1 or ev5 on ! bottom ( ! roll+ ocean2 & ?\gh on "s battle fields betwe5 ! wat]s & ! l&1 he is oblig$ sl[ly to yield 8 gr\nd1 yet he retreats /ill fac+ ! foe1 & w f9ally be able to say to ! sea3 ,?us f> %alt ?\ come & no f>!r1 & "h %all ?y pr\d waves be /ay$6 ,! description ( works ( h>bor & coa/ improvem5t :i* h only an economical value1 n a true geographical importance1 does n come )9 ! plan ( ! pres5t volume1 & 9 treat+ ?is bran* ( my subject1 ,i %all conf9e myself to su* z are design$ ei!r to ga9 new soil by exclud+ ! wat]s f gr\nds :i* !y _h p]man5tly or occasionally cov]$1 or to resi/ new encroa*m5ts ( ! sea ^u ! l&4 a4 ,exclusion ( ! ,sea by ,dik+4 ,! dra9+ ( ! ,l9coln%ire f5s 9 ,engl&1 :i* conv]t$ ab\t #djj1jjj acres ( m>%1 pool1 & tide-wa%$ flat into pl\gh l& & pa/urage1 is a "w1 or r s]ies ( works1 ( great magnitude1 & x possesses mu* economical1 &1 inde$1 no trifl+ geographical importance4 ,its plans & me?ods 71 at lea/ 9 "p1 borr[$ f ! example ( l improvem5ts 9 ,holl&1 & x is1 9 difficulty & ext5t1 inf]ior to works execut$ = ! same purpose on ! opposite coa/ ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 by ,dut*1 ,frisic1 & ,l[ ,g]man eng9e]s4 ,! space ,i c devote to su* op]ations w be bett] employ$ 9 describ+ ! latt]1 & ,i cont5t myself ) ! simple /atem5t ,i h already made ( ! quantity ( wor?less & ev5 pe/il5tial l& :i* has be5 r5d]$ bo? productive & salubri\s 9 ,l9coln%ire1 by dik+ out ! sea1 & ! riv]s :i* trav]se ! f5s ( t c\ntry4 ,! almo/ cont9u$ preval5ce ( we/ w9ds ^u bo? coa/s ( ! ,g]man ,ocean occasions a con/ant set ( ! curr5ts ( t sea to ! ea/1 & bo? = ?is reason & on acc\nt ( ! great] viol5ce ( /orms f ! =m] qu>t]1 ! ,engli% %ores are mu* less expos$ to invasion by ! waves ?an ^? ( ! ,ne!rl&s & ! prov9ces contigu\s to !m on ! nor?4 ,! old ,ne!rl&i% *ronicles are fill$ ) ! mo/ />tl+ acc\nts ( ! damage done by ! irruptions ( ! ocean1 f we/ w9ds or extraord9>ily high tides1 at times long be=e any consid]able ext5t ( seacoa/ 0 dik$4 ,sev]al hundr$s ( ^! t]rible inundations are record$1 & 9 v _m ( !m ! loss ( human lives is e/imat$ z high z "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,x is impossible to d\bt t !re mu/ be enorm\s exagg]ation 9 ^! numb]s2 =1 ) all ! reckless h>dihood %[n by m5 9 brav+ ! dang]s & privations atta*$ by nature to _! bir?place1 x is inconceivable t s d5se a population z su* :olesale de/ruction ( life supposes c\ld f9d ! means ( subsi/5ce1 or cont5t itself to dwell1 on a t]ritory liable1 a doz5 times 9 a c5tury1 to su* fe>ful deva/ation4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! l[ cont95tal %ores ( ! ,g]man ,ocean v frequ5tly suff]$ imm5se injury f inundation by ! sea1 & x is natural1 !re=e1 t ! v>i\s arts ( resi/ance to ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ocean1 &1 f9ally1 ( aggressive w>f>e ^u its doma91 & ( p]man5t conque/ ( its t]ritory1 %\ld h be5 e>li] /udi$ & c>ri$ to high] p]fection 9 ! latt] c\ntries1 ?an 9 ,engl&1 :i* _h mu* less to lose or to ga9 by ! incursions or ! retreat ( ! wat]s4 ,inde$1 al?\gh ! conf9em5t ( swell+ riv]s by artificial embankm5ts is ( great antiquity1 ,i d n "k t ! def5ce or acquisition ( l& f ! sea by dik+ 0 ev] practis$ on a l>ge scale until sy/ematically und]tak5 by ! ,ne!rl&]s1 a few c5turies aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! sil5ce ( ! ,roman hi/orians af=ds a /rong presumption t ?is art 0 unkn[n to ! inhabitants ( ! ,ne!rl&s at ! "t ( ! ,roman invasion1 & ! eld] ,pl9y's description ( ! mode ( life along ! coa/ :i* has n[ be5 long dik$ 91 applies precisely to ! habits ( ! p :o live on ! l[ isl&s & ma9l& flats ly+ outside ( ! *a9 ( dikes1 & :olly unprotect$ by embankm5ts ( any sort4 ,x has be5 conjectur$1 & n )\t probability1 t ! causeways built by ! ,romans across ! m>%es ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 9 _! campaigns aga9/ ! ,g]manic tribes1 gave ! natives ! fir/ h9t ( ! utility :i* might be d]iv$ f simil> con/ructions appli$ to a diff]5t purpose4#cjf ,if ?is is s1 x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ among ! _m in/ances 9 :i* ! arts & eng9]y ( w> h be5 s modifi$ z to be em95tly promotive ( ! bless+s ( peace1 !reby 9 "s measure comp5sat+ ! wrongs & suff]+s !y h inflict$ on humanity4#cjg ,! ,l[l&]s are believ$ to h secur$ "s coa/ & bay isl&s by r+ dikes1 & to h embank$ "s fre% wat] *annels1 z e>ly z ! eigh? or n9? c5tury2 b x does n appe> t sea dikes1 important en\gh to be notic$ 9 hi/orical records1 7 con/ruct$ on ! ma9l& be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! practice ( dra9+ inl& accumulation ( wat]1 :e!r fre% or salt1 = ! purpose ( br++ "u cultivation ! gr\nd !y cov]1 is ( lat] orig91 & is said n to h be5 adopt$ until aft] ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4#cjh ,! total am\nt ( surface ga9$ to ! agriculture ( ! ,ne!rl&s by dik+ out ! sea & by dra9+ %all[ bays & lakes1 is e/imat$ by ,/>+ at ?ree hundr$ & fifty-five ?\s& bund] or hect>es1 equal to eight hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5 ?\s& two hundr$ & =ty acres1 :i* is "o t5? ( ! area ( ! k+dom4#cji ,9 v _m in/ances1 ! dikes h be5 p>tially1 9 "s p>ticul>ly expos$ localities totally de/roy$ by ! viol5ce ( ! sea1 & ! dra9$ l&s aga9 flood$4 ,9 "s cases1 ! soil ?us pa9fully won f ! ocean has be5 entirely lo/2 9 o!rs x has be5 recov]$ by repair+ or rebuild+ ! dikes & pump+ out ! wat]4 ,besides ?is1 ! weight ( ! dikes gradually s9ks !m into ! s(t soil b5ea?1 & ?is loss ( elevation mu/ be comp5sat$ by rais+ ! surface1 :ile ! increas$ burd5 ?us add$ t5ds to s9k !m /ill l[]4 ,tet5s decl>es1 says ,kohl1 t 9 "s places ! dikes h gradually sunk to ! dep? ( sixty or ev5 a hundr$ feet4#caj ,= ^! reasons1 ! processes ( dike build+ h be5 almo/ ev]y:]e aga9 & aga9 repeat$1 & ?us ! total exp5diture ( money & ( labor ^u ! works 9 "q is mu* great] ?an w\ld appe> f an e/imate ( ! actual co/ ( dik+-9 a giv5 ext5t ( coa/ l& & dra9+ a giv5 area ( wat] surface4#caa ,on ! o!r h&1 by erosion ( ! coa/ l9e1 ! drift+ ( s& dunes into ! int]ior1 & ! dr[n+ ( f5s & morasses by incursions ( ! sea--all caus$1 or at lea/ greatly aggravat$1 by human improvid5ce--! ,ne!rl&s h lo/ a f> l>g] area ( l& s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era ?an !y h ga9$ by dik+ & dra9+4 ,/>+ despairs ( ! possibility ( calculat+ ! loss f ! fir/-m5tion$ two causes ( de/ruction1 b he e/imates t n less ?an six hundr$ & =ty ?\s& bund]1 or "o million five hundr$ & eighty-"o ?\s& acres1 ( f5 & m>% h be5 wa%$ away1 or r depriv$ ( _! vegetable surface & cov]$ by wat]1 & ?irty-sev5 ?\s& bund]1 or n9ety-"o ?\s& f\r hundr$ acres ( recov]$ l&1 h be5 lo/ by ! de/ruction ( ! dikes :i* protect$ !m4#cab ,! av]age value ( l& ga9$ f ! sea is e/imat$ at ab\t n9ete5 p\nds /]l+1 or n9ety doll>s1 p] acre2 :ile ! lo/ f5 & morass 0 n wor? m ?an "o tw5ty-fif? "p ( ! same price4 ,! gr\nd buri$ by ! drift+ ( ! dunes appe>s to h be5 almo/ entirely ( ?is latt] "*1 &1 ^u ! :ole1 !re is no d\bt t ! soil add$ by human indu/ry to ! t]ritory ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 )9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 greatly exce$s 9 pecuni>y value t :i* has fall5 a prey to ! waves dur+ ! same era4 ,^u mo/ l[ & %elv+ coa/s1 l ^? ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! m>itime curr5ts are con/antly *ang+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>iability ( ! w9ds1 & ! %ift+ ( ! s&banks1 :i* ! curr5ts !mselves n[ =m & n[ displace4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 at "o po9t ! sea is advanc+ l&w>d1 & requir+ great ef=t to prev5t ! und]m9+ & wa%+ away ( ! dikes1 x is %oal+ at ano!r by its own deposits1 & expos+1 at l[ wat]1 a gradually wid5+ belt ( s&s & ooze4 ,! coa/ l&s select$ = dik+-9 are always at po9ts :]e ! sea is deposit+ productive soil4 ,! ,eid]1 ! ,elbe1 ! ,wes]1 ! ,ems1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,maas1 & ! ,s*elde br+ d[n l>ge quantities ( f9e e>?4 ,! preval5ce ( we/ w9ds prev5ts ! wat]s f c>ry+ ?is mat]ial f> out f ! coa/1 & x is at la/ deposit$ nor?w>d or s\?w>d f ! m\? ( ! riv]s :i* contribute x1 accord+ to ! v>y+ drift ( ! curr5ts4 ,! process ( natural deposit :i* prep>es ! coa/ = dik+-9 is ?us describ$ by ,/>+3 ,all sea-deposit$ soil is compos$ ( ! same con/itu5ts4 ,fir/ comes a /ratum ( s&1 ) m>9e %ells1 or ! %ells ( mollusks liv+ 9 bracki% wat]4 ,if !re be tides1 &1 ( c\rse1 fl[+ & ebb+ curr5ts1 mud is let fall ^u ! s& only aft] ! latt] has be5 rais$ above l[-wat] m>k2 = !n only1 at ! *ange f flood to ebb1 is ! wat] /ill en\gh to =m a deposit ( s light a mat]ial4 ,:]e mud is f\nd at great] dep?s1 z1 = example1 9 a l>ge proportion ( ! ,ij1 x is a pro( t at ?is po9t !re 0 nev] any consid]able tidal fl[ or o!r curr5t4 99 99 99 ,! p[]ful tidal curr5ts1 fl[+ & ebb+ twice a day1 drift s& ) !m4 ,!y scoop out ! bottom at "o po9t1 raise x at ano!r1 & ! s&banks 9 ! curr5t are cont9ually %ift+4 ,z soon z a bank raises itself above l[-wat] m>k1 flags & re$s e/abli% !mselves ^u x4 ,! me*anical resi/ance ( ^! plants *ecks ! retreat ( ! high wat] & favors ! deposit ( ! e>? susp5d$ 9 x1 & ! =mation ( l& goes on ) surpris+ rapidity4 ,:5 x has ris5 to high-wat] level1 x is soon cov]$ ) grasses1 & becomes :at is call$ s*or 9 ,zeel&1 kweld] 9 ,friesl&4 ,su* gr\nds are ! f\ndation or />t+ po9t ( ! process ( dik+4 ,:5 !y are once elevat$ to ! flood-tide level1 no m mud is deposit$ ^u !m except by extraord9>y high tides4 ,_! fur!r rise is1 accord+ly1 v sl[1 & x is seldom advantage\s to delay long] ! op]ation ( dik+4#cac ,! =mation ( new banks by ! sea is con/antly go+ on at po9ts favorable = ! deposit ( s& & e>?1 & h5ce opportunity is cont9ually af=d$ = enclosure ( new l& outside ( t already dik$ 91 ! coa/ is fa/ advanc+ seaw>d1 & e new embankm5t increases ! security ( =m] enclosures4 ,! prov9ce ( ,zeel& consi/s ( isl&s wa%$ by ! sea on _! we/]n coa/s1 & sep>at$ by ! _m *annels ?r\gh :i* ! ,s*elde & "s o!r riv]s f9d _! way to ! ocean4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ^! isl&s 7 mu* small] & m num]\s ?an at pres5t4 ,!y h be5 gradually enl>g$1 &1 9 sev]al in/ances1 at la/ connect$ by ! ext5sion ( _! sy/em ( dikes4 ,wal*]5 is =m$ ( t5 islets unit$ into "o ab\t ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,at ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,go]ee & ,ov]flakkee consi/$ ( sep>ate isl&s1 conta9+ altoge!r ab\t t5 ?\s& acres2 by means ( above sixty successive advances ( ! dikes1 !y h be5 br\ght to compose a s+le isl&1 ^: area is n less ?an sixty ?\s& acres4#cad ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s--:i* ! fir/ ,napoleon *>act]iz$ z a deposit ( ! ,rh9e1 & z1 !re=e1 by natural law1 rightfully ! prop]ty ( him :o controll$ ! s\rces ( t great riv]--& on ! adjac5t ,frisic1 ,l[ ,g]man & ,dani% %ores & isl&s1 sea & riv] dikes h be5 con/ruct$ on a gr&] & m impos+ scale ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,! :ole economy ( ! art has be5 !re mo/ ?or\ghly /udi$1 & ! lit]ature ( ! subject is v ext5sive4 ,= my pres5t aim1 :i* is conc]n$ ) results r ?an ) processes1 x is n wor? :ile to ref] to pr(essional treatises1 & ,i %all cont5t myself ) pres5t+ su* in=mation z c be ga!r$ f works ( a m popul> "*4#cae ,! sup]ior /rata ( ! l[l&s ^u & ne> ! coa/ are1 z we h se51 pr9cipally compos$ ( soil br\ght d[n by ! great riv]s ,i h m5tion$1 & ei!r directly deposit$ by !m ^u ! s&s ( ! bottom1 or c>ri$ out to sea by _! curr5ts1 & !n1 aft] a %ort] or long] exposure to ! *emical & me*anical action ( salt wat] & m>9e curr5ts1 re/or$ aga9 to ! l& by tidal ov]fl[ & subsid5ce f ! wat]s 9 :i* x 0 susp5d$4 ,at a v remote p]iod1 ! coa/ flats 71 at _m po9ts1 rais$ s high by successive alluvi\s or tidal deposits z to be above ord9>y high wat] level1 b !y 7 /ill liable to occasional inundation f riv] floods1 & f ! sea wat] also1 :5 heavy or long-cont9u$ we/ w9ds drove x l&w>d4 ,! extraord9>y f]tility ( ?is soil & its security z a retreat f ho/ile viol5ce attract$ to x a consid]able population1 :ile its want ( protection aga9/ inundation expos$ x to ! deva/ations ( :i* ! *ronicl]s ( ! ,middle ,ages h left su* highly color$ pictures4 ,! fir/ p]man5t dwell+s on ! coa/ flats 7 erect$ ^u artificial m\nds1 & _m simil> prec>i\s habitations /ill exi/ on ! unwall$ isl&s & %ores beyond ! *a9 ( dikes4 ,riv] embankm5ts1 :i*1 z is famili>ly kn[n1 h f ! e>lie/ antiquity be5 employ$ 9 _m c\ntries :]e sea dikes are unkn[n1 7 probably ! fir/ works ( ?is "* con/ruct$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & :5 two neighbor+ /reams ( fre% wat] _h be5 embank$1 ! next /ep 9 ! process w\ld naturally be to connect ! riv] walls toge!r by a transv]se dike or rais$ causeway1 :i* w\ld s]ve to secure ! int]m$iate gr\nd bo? aga9/ ! backwat] ( riv] floods & aga9/ ov]fl[ by ! sea4 ,! olde/ true sea dikes describ$ 9 hi/orical records1 h[ev]1 are ^? enclos+ isl&s 9 ! e/u>ies ( ! great riv]s1 & x is n impossible t ! d\ble "* !y possess z a security aga9/ m>itime floods & z a milit>y ramp>t1 l$ to _! adoption ^u ^? isl&s be=e simil> con/ructions _h be5 attempt$ ^u ! ma9l&4 ,at "s po9ts ( ! coa/1 v>i\s contrivances1 su* z pi]s1 piles1 &1 9 fact1 ob/ructions ( all sorts to ! ebb ( ! curr5t1 are employ$ to facilitate ! deposit ( slime1 be=e a regul> enclosure is comm5c$4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ /ep is to build l[ & *eap embankm5ts1 ext5d+ f an old] dike1 or f high gr\nd1 ar\nd ! p>cel ( flat int5d$ to be secur$4 ,^! are call$ summ] dikes 7somm]-dei*1 pl4 somm]-dei*e1 ,g]man2 zom]kaai1 zom]kade1 pl4 zom]kaaie1 zom]kad51 ,dut*74 ,!y are erect$ :5 a suffici5t ext5t ( gr\nd to repay ! co/ has be5 elevat$ en\gh to be cov]$ ) co>se vegetation fit = pa/urage4 ,!y s]ve bo? to secure ! gr\nd f ov]fl[ by ! ord9>y flood tides ( mild wea!r1 & to reta9 ! slime deposit$ by v high wat]1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be p>tly c>ri$ (f by ! retreat+ ebb4 ,! elevation ( ! soil goes on sl[ly aft] ?is2 b :5 x has at la/ be5 suffici5tly enri*$1 & rais$ high en\gh to ju/ify ! necess>y outlay1 p]man5t dikes are con/ruct$ by :i* ! wat] is exclud$ at all seasons4 ,^! embankm5ts are con/ruct$ ( s& f ! coa/ dunes or f s&banks1 & ( e>? f ! ma9l& or f flats outside ! dikes1 b\nd & /r5g!n$ by fasc9es1 & provid$ ) sluices1 :i* are g5]ally f\nd$ on piles & ( v exp5sive con/ruction1 = dra9age at l[ wat]4 ,! outw>d slope ( ! sea dikes is g5tle1 exp]i5ce hav+ %[n t ?is =m is lea/ expos$ to injury bo? f ! waves & f float+ ice1 & ! mo/ mod]n dikes are ev5 m mod]ate 9 ! incl9ation ( ! seaw>d sc>p ?an ! old] ones4#caf ,! cr[n ( ! dike1 h[ev]1 = ! la/ ?ree or f\r feet ( its height1 is mu* /eep]1 be+ int5d$ r z a protection aga9/ ! spray ?an aga9/ ! waves1 & ! inn] slope is always comp>atively abrupt4 ,! height & ?ickness ( dikes v>ies accord+ to ! elevation ( ! gr\nd !y enclose1 ! rise ( ! tides1 ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds1 & o!r special causes ( exposure1 b x may be said t !y are1 9 g5]al1 rais$ f fifte5 to tw5ty feet above ord9>y high-wat] m>k4 ,! wat] slopes ( riv] dikes are protect$ by plantations ( will[s or /rong semi-aquatic %rubs or grasses1 b z ^! w n gr[ ^u banks expos$ to salt wat]1 sea dikes mu/ be fac$ ) /one1 fasc9es1 or "s o!r revetem5t4#cag ,^u ! coa/ ( ,s*leswig & ,hol/e91 :]e ! p h less capital at _! comm&1 !y def5d _! embankm5ts aga9/ ice & ! waves by a coat+ ( twi/$ /raw or re$s1 :i* mu/ be r5ew$ z (t5 z once1 sometimes twice a ye>4 ,! inhabitants ( ^! coa/s call ! *a9 ( dikes ! gold5 bord]1 a "n x well des]ves1 :e!r we suppose x to ref] to its enorm\s co/1 or1 z is m probable1 to its imm5se value z a protection to _! fields & _! firesides4 ,:5 outly+ flats are enclos$ by build+ new embankm5ts1 ! old int]ior dikes are suff]$ to rema91 bo? z an additional security aga9/ ! waves1 & because ! removal ( !m w\ld be exp5sive4 ,!y s]ve1 also1 z roads or causeways1 a purpose = :i* ! embankm5ts ne>e/ ! sea are seldom employ$1 because ! :ole /ructure might be endang]$ f ! break+ ( ! turf by :eels & ! ho(s ( horses4 ,:]e successive r[s ( dikes h be5 ?us con/ruct$1 x is obs]v$ t ! gr\nd def5d$ by ! m anci5t embankm5ts is l[] ?an t embrac$ )9 ! new] enclosures1 & ?is depression ( level has be5 ascrib$ to a g5]al subsid5ce ( ! coa/ f geological causes2 b ! bett] op9ion seems to be t x is1 9 mo/ cases1 due m]ely to ! consolidation & settl+ ( ! e>? f be+ m effectually dri$1 f ! weight ( ! dikes1 f ! tread ( m5 & cattle1 & f ! movem5t ( ! heavy wagons :i* c>ry (f ! crops4#cah ,not)/&+ ?is sl[ s9k+1 mo/ ( ! l& enclos$ by dikes is /ill above l[-wat] m>k1 & c1 !re=e1 be :olly or p>tially fre$ f ra9 wat]1 & f t receiv$ by infiltration f high] gr\nd1 by sluices op5$ at ! ebb ( ! tide4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! l& is c>efully dit*$1 & advantage is tak5 ( e favorable occasion = dis*>g+ ! wat] ?r\gh ! sluices4 ,b ! gr\nd _c be effectually dra9$ by ?is means1 unless x is elevat$ f\r or five feet1 at lea/1 above ! level ( ! ebb tide1 because ! dit*es w\ld n o!rwise h a suffici5t desc5t to c>ry ! wat] (f 9 ! %ort int]val betwe5 ebb & fl[1 & because ! moi/ure ( ! saturat$ subsoil is always ris+ by capill>y attraction4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 ! soil has sunk bel[ ! level ,i h m5tion$1 & 9 cases :]e its surface has nev] be5 rais$ above x1 pumps1 work$ by w9d or "s o!r me*anical p[]1 mu/ be v frequ5tly employ$ to keep ! l& dry en\gh = pa/urage & cultivation4#cai b4 ,dra9+ ( ,lakes & ,m>%es4 ,! sub/itution ( /eam eng9es = ! feeble & unc]ta9 action ( w9dmills1 9 driv+ pumps1 has mu* facilitat$ ! removal ( wat] f ! pold]s & ! dra9+ ( lakes1 m>%es1 & %all[ bays1 & ?us giv5 su* an impulse to ^! ent]prises1 t n less ?an "o hundr$ & t5 ?\s& acres 7 reclaim$ f ! wat]s1 & add$ to ! agricultural doma9 ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 betwe5 #ahae & #aheh4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! und]tak+s 0 ! dra9+ ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem1 & = ?is purpose "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful hydraulic eng9es ev] con/ruct$ 7 design$ & execut$4#cbj ,! orig9 ( ?is lake is unkn[n4 ,x is suppos$ by "s geograph]s to be a "p ( an anci5t b$ ( ! ,rh9e1 ! *annel ( :i*1 z !re is good reason to believe1 has und]gone great *anges s9ce ! ,roman invasion ( ! ,ne!rl&s2 by o!rs x is ?\ght to h once =m$ an inl& m>9e *annel1 sep>at$ f ! sea by a *a9 ( l[ isl&s1 :i* ! s& wa%$ up by ! tides has s9ce connect$ ) ! ma9l& & conv]t$ into a cont9u\s l9e ( coa/4 ,! be/ au?orities1 h[ev]1 f9d geological evid5ce t ! surface occupi$ by ! lake 0 orig9ally a m>%y tract conta9+ )9 its limits little solid gr\nd1 b _m ponds & inlets1 & mu* float+ z well z fix$ f54 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! cutt+ ( turf = fuel1 & ! de/ruction ( ! few trees & %rubs :i* held ! loose soil toge!r ) _! roots1 ! ponds are suppos$ to h gradually ext5d$ !mselves1 until ! action ( ! w9d ^u _! enl>g$ surface gave _! waves suffici5t =ce to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! feeble b>ri]s :i* sep>at$ !m1 & to unite !m all into a s+le lake4 ,popul> tradition1 x is true1 ascribes ! =mation ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem to a s+le irruption ( ! sea1 at a remote p]iod1 & connects x ) "o or ano!r ( ! de/ructive inundations ( :i* ! ,ne!rl& *ronicles describe s _m2 b on a map ( ! ye> #aeca1 a *a9 ( f\r small] wat]s occupies ne>ly ! gr\nd aft]w>d cov]$ by ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem1 & !y h m probably be5 unit$ by gradual encroa*m5ts result+ f ! improvid5t practices above ref]r$ to1 ?\gh no d\bt ! consummation may h be5 ha/5$ by floods1 & by ! neglect to ma9ta9 dikes1 or ! int5tional de/ruction ( !m1 9 ! long w>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,lake ( ,ha>lem 0 a body ( wat] n f> f fifte5 miles 9 l5g?1 by sev5 9 greate/ wid?1 ly+ betwe5 ! cities ( ,am/]dam & ,leyd51 runn+ p>allel ) ! coa/ ( ,holl& at ! di/ance ( ab\t five miles f ! sea1 & cov]+ an area ( ab\t #de1jjj acres4 ,by means ( ! ,ij1 x communicat$ ) ! ,zuid]zee1 ! ,m$it]ranean ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 & its surface 0 little above ! mean elevation ( t ( ! sea4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 ! wat]s ( ! ,zuid]zee 7 act$ ^u by /rong nor?we/ w9ds1 ^? ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem 7 rais$ proportionally & driv5 s\?w>d1 :ile w9ds f ! s\? t5d$ to create a fl[ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! %ores ( ! lake 7 ev]y:]e l[1 & ?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighty ye>s betwe5 #agfg & #ahdh m ?an ,l#cej1jjj or #a1gjj1jjj _h be5 exp5d$ 9 *eck+ its encroa*m5ts1 x (t5 bur/ its b>ri]s1 & produc$ de/ructive inundations4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,novemb]1 #ahcf1 a s\? w9d br\ght its wat]s to ! v gates ( ,am/]dam1 & on ! #bf? ( ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 9 a nor?we/ gale1 !y ov]fl[$ tw5ty ?\s& acres ( l& at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! lake1 & flood$ a "p ( ! city ( ,leyd54 ,! dep? ( wat] did n1 9 g5]al1 exce$ f\rte5 feet1 b ! bottom 0 a semi-fluid ooze or slime1 :i* p>took ( ! agitation ( ! waves1 & add$ consid]ably to _! me*anical =ce4 ,s]i\s fe>s 7 ent]ta9$ t ! lake w\ld =m a junction ) ! inl& wat]s ( ! ,legme] & ,mijdre*t1 swall[ up a va/ ext5t ( valuable soil1 & f9ally endang] ! security ( a l>ge proportion ( ! l& :i* ! indu/ry ( ,holl& _h ga9$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies f ! ocean4 ,= ?is reason1 & = ! sake ( ! l>ge addition ! bottom ( ! lake w\ld make to ! cultivable soil ( ! /ate1 x 0 resolv$ to dra9 x1 & ! prelim9>y /eps = t purpose 7 comm5c$ 9 ! ye> #ahdj4 ,! fir/ op]ation 0 to surr\nd ! entire lake ) a r+ canal & dike1 9 ord] to cut (f ! communication ) ! ,ij1 & to exclude ! wat] ( ! /reams & morasses :i* dis*>g$ !mselves into x f ! l& side4 ,! dike 0 compos$ ( diff]5t mat]ials1 accord+ to ! means ( supply at diff]5t po9ts1 su* z s& f ! coa/ dunes1 e>? & turf excavat$ f ! l9e ( ! r+ canal1 & float+ turf1#cba fasc9es be+ ev]y:]e us$ to b9d & compact ! mass toge!r4 ,?is op]ation 0 complet$ 9 #ahdh1 & ?ree /eam pumps 7 !n employ$ = five ye>s 9 dis*>g+ ! wat]4 ,! :ole ent]prise 0 conduct$ at ! exp5se ( ! /ate1 & 9 #ahec ! recov]$ l&s 7 (f]$ = sale = its b5efit4 ,up to #aheh1 =ty-two ?\s& acres _h be5 sold at n f> f sixte5 p\nds /]l+ or sev5ty-sev5 doll>s an acre1 am\nt+ altoge!r to ,l#ffa1jjj /]l+ or #c1bjj1jjj4 ,! unsold l&s 7 valu$ at m ?an ,l#f1jjj or ne>ly #cj1jjj1 & z ! total co/ 0 ,l#gfd1ejj or ab\t #c1gjj1jjj1 ! direct loss to ! /ate1 exclusive ( int]e/ on ! capital exp5d$1 may be /at$ at ,l#ajj1jjj or some?+ less ?an #ejj1jjj4 ,9 a c\ntry l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( almo/ b\ndless ext5t ( sp>sely inhabit$ t]ritory1 su* an exp5diture = su* an object w\ld be poor economy4 ,b ,holl& has a n>r[ doma91 great pecuni>y res\rces1 an excessively cr[d$ population1 & a consequ5t ne$ ( enl>g$ room & opportunity = ! ex]cise ( indu/ry4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 & especially ) an exposure to dang]s s =midable1 !re is no "q ( ! wisdom ( ! measure4 ,x has already provid$ homes & occupation = m ?an five ?\s& citiz5s1 & furni%$ a pr(itable inve/m5t = a capital ( n less ?an ,l#djj1jjj /]l+ or #b1jjj1jjj1 :i* has be5 exp5d$ 9 improvem5ts ov] & above ! pur*ase money ( ! soil2 & ! great] "p ( ?is sum1 z well z ( ! co/ ( dra9age1 has be5 paid z a comp5sation = labor4 ,! excess ( gov]nm5tal exp5diture ov] ! receipts1 if employ$ 9 con/ruct+ %ips ( w> or =tifications1 w\ld h add$ little to ! milit>y /r5g? ( ! k+dom2 b ! increase ( t]ritory1 ! multiplication ( homes & firesides :i* ! p h an int]e/ 9 def5d+1 & ! augm5tation ( agricultural res\rces1 con/itute a /rong] bulw>k aga9/ =eign invasion ?an a %ip ( ! l9e or a =tress arm$ ) a hundr$ cannon4 ,! be>+ ( ! works ,i h notic$1 & ( o!rs simil> 9 "*1 ^u ! social & moral1 z well z ! purely economical int]e/s ( ! p ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 has induc$ me to describe !m m 9 detail ?an ! g5]al purpose ( ?is volume may be ?\ght to ju/ify2 b if we consid] !m simply f a geographical po9t ( view1 we %all f9d t !y are possess$ ( no small importance z modifications ( ! natural condition ( t]re/rial surface4 ,!re is good reason to believe t be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( a p>tially civiliz$ race ^u ! t]ritory n[ occupi$ by ,dut*1 ,frisic1 & ,l[ ,g]man communities1 ! gr\nds n expos$ to inundation 7 ov]gr[n ) d5se woods1 t ! l[l&s betwe5 ^! =e/s & ! sea coa/s 7 m>%es1 cov]$ & p>tially solidifi$ by a ?ick matt+ ( peat plants & %rubs int]sp]s$ ) trees1 & t ev5 ! s& dunes ( ! %ore 7 protect$ by a vegetable gr[? :i*1 9 a great measure1 prev5t$ ! drift+ & translocation ( !m4 ,! pres5t causes ( riv] & coa/ erosion exi/$1 inde$1 at ! p]iod 9 "q2 b "s ( !m mu/ h act$ ) less int5sity1 !re 7 /rong natural safegu>ds aga9/ ! influ5ce ( m>9e & fre%-wat] curr5ts1 & ! conflict+ t5d5cies _h arriv$ at a condition ( approximate equilibrium1 :i* p]mitt$ b sl[ & gradual *anges 9 ! face ( nature4 ,! de/ruction ( ! =e/s ar\nd ! s\rces & along ! valleys ( ! riv]s by man gave !m a m torr5tial "*4 ,! fell+ ( ! trees1 & ! extirpation ( ! %rubb]y ^u ! f5s by dome/ic cattle1 depriv$ ! surface ( cohesion & consi/5ce1 & ! cutt+ ( peat = fuel op5$ cavities 9 x1 :i*1 fill+ at once ) wat]1 rapidly ext5d$ !mselves by abrasion ( _! bord]s1 & f9ally enl>g$ to pools1 lakes1 & gulfs1 l ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem & ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,zuid]zee4 ,! cutt+ ( ! wood & ! depa/ur+ ( ! grasses ^u ! s& dunes conv]t$ !m f solid bulw>ks aga9/ ! ocean to loose accumulations ( du/1 :i* e sea breeze drove f>!r l&w>d1 bury+1 p]haps1 f]tile soil & *ok+ up wat]c\rses on "o side1 & expos+ ! coa/ to erosion by ! sea ^u ! o!r4 c4 ,geographical ,influ5ce ( su* ,op]ations4 ,! *anges :i* human action has produc$ )9 tw5ty c5turies 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & ! neighbor+ prov9ces1 are c]ta9ly ( no small geographical importance1 consid]$ simply z a direct "q ( loss & ga9 ( t]ritory4 ,!y h also und\bt$ly be5 att5d$ ) "s climatic consequ5ces1 !y h ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ! spontane\s animal & vegetable life ( ?is region1 & !y _c h fail$ to produce effects ^u tidal & o!r oceanic curr5ts1 ! range ( :i* may be v ext5sive4 ,! =ce ( ! tidal wave1 ! height to :i* x rises1 ! direction ( its curr5ts1 &1 9 fact1 all ! ph5om5a :i* *>act]ize x1 z well z all ! effects x produces1 dep5d z mu* ^u ! configuration ( ! coa/ x wa%es1 & ! dep? ( wat]1 & =m ( bottom ne> ! %ore1 z ^u ! attraction :i* occasions x4 ,e "o ( ! t]re/rial conditions :i* affect ! "* ( tidal & o!r m>9e curr5ts has be5 v s5sibly modifi$ by ! op]ations ,i h describ$1 & on ?is coa/1 at lea/1 man has act$ almo/ z p[]fully on ! physical geography ( ! sea z on t ( ! l&4 ,l[]+ ( ,lakes4 ,! hydraulic works ( ! ,ne!rl&s & ( ! neighbor+ /ates are ( su* magnitude1 t !y q ?r[ into ! %ade all o!r kn[n artificial arrangem5ts = def5d+ ! l& aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! riv]s & ! sea1 & = reclaim+ to ! doma9 ( agriculture & civilization soil long cov]$ by ! wat]s4 ,b al?\gh ! recov]y & protection ( l&s flood$ by ! sea seems to be an art :olly ( ,ne!rl&i% orig91 we h abundant evid5ce1 t 9 anci5t z well z 9 comp>atively mod]n times1 great ent]prises m or less analog\s 9 "* h be5 successfully und]tak51 bo? 9 inl& ,europe & 9 ! less famili> c\ntries ( ! ,ea/4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ^! is ! tunnel :i* s]ves to dis*>ge ! surplus wat]s ( ! ,lake ( ,albano1 ab\t f\rte5 miles f ,rome4 ,?is lake1 ab\t six miles 9 circuit1 occupies "o ( ! crat]s ( an ext9ct volcanic range1 & ! surface ( its wat]s is ab\t n9e hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,x is f$ by rivulets & subt]ranean spr+s orig9at+ 9 ! ,alban ,m\nt1 or ,monte ,cavo1 ! mo/ elevat$ peak ( ! volcanic gr\p j m5tion$1 :i* rises to ! height ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,at pres5t ! lake has no discov]able natural outlet1 b x is n kn[n t ! wat] ev] /ood at su* a height z to fl[ regul>ly ov] ! lip ( ! crat]4 ,x seems t at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* we h any au!ntic memorials1 its level 0 usually kept by evaporation1 or by dis*>ge ?r\gh subt]ranean *annels1 consid]ably bel[ ! rim ( ! bas9 :i* encompass$ x1 b 9 ! ye> #cig ,b4 ,c41 ! wat]1 ei!r f ! ob/ruction ( su* *annels1 or 9 consequ5ce ( increas$ supplies f unkn[n s\rces1 rose to su* a height z to fl[ ov] ! edge ( ! crat]1 & ?reat5 inundation to ! c\ntry bel[ by bur/+ ?r\gh its walls4 ,to obviate ?is dang]1 a tunnel = c>ry+ (f ! wat] 0 pi]c$ at a level mu* bel[ ! height to :i* x _h ris54 ,?is gall]y1 cut entirely ) ! *isel ?r\gh ! rock = a di/ance ( six ?\s& feet1 or ne>ly a mile & "o sev5?1 is /ill 9 s good condition z to s]ve its orig9al purpose4 ,! fact t ?is "w 0 contemporane\s ) ! siege ( ,veii1 has giv5 to anci5t annali/s occasion to connect ! two ev5ts1 b mod]n critics are incl9$ to reject ,livy's acc\nt ( ! matt]1 z "o ( ! _m improbable fables :i* disfigure ! pages ( t hi/orian4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 repeat$ by ,cic]o & by ,dionys9s ( ,halic>nassus1 & x is by no means impossible t1 9 an age :5 prie/s & soo?say]s monopoliz$ bo? ! arts ( natural magic & ! little :i* yet exi/$ ( physical sci5ce1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,rome1 by _! aid1 avail$ itself at once ( ! sup]/ition & ( ! milit>y ardor ( its citiz5s to obta9 _! sanction to an ent]prise :i* s\nd] argum5ts might n h induc$ !m to approve4 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! tunnel cut by ! ,emp]or ,claudius to dra9 ! ,lake ,fuc9us1 n[ ,lago di ,celano1 9 ! ,neapolitan t]ritory1 ab\t fifty miles ea/w>d ( ,rome4 ,?is lake1 z f> z its hi/ory is kn[n1 has v>i$ v consid]ably 9 its dim5sions at diff]5t p]iods1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! seasons4 ,x has no visible outlet1 b 0 orig9ally ei!r dra9$ by natural subt]ranean conduits1 or kept )9 c]ta9 extreme limits by evaporation4 ,9 ye>s ( uncommon moi/ure1 x spread ov] ! adjac5t soil & de/roy$ ! crops2 9 dry seasons1 x retreat$1 & produc$ epidemic disease by poison\s exhalations f ! decay ( vegetable & animal matt] ^u its expos$ b$4 ,julius ,caes> _h propos$ ! con/ruction ( a tunnel to dra9 ! lake1 b ! ent]prise 0 n actually und]tak5 until ! reign ( ,claudius1 :5--aft] a tempor>y failure1 f errors 9 levell+ by ! eng9e]s1 z 0 pret5d$ at ! "t1 or1 z n[ appe>s c]ta91 9 consequ5ce ( frauds by ! contractors 9 ! execution ( ! "w--x 0 at lea/ p>tially complet$4 ,f ?is imp]fect con/ruction1 x soon got out ( repair1 b 0 re/or$ by ,hadrian1 & seems to h answ]$ its design = "s c5turies4 ,9 ! b>b>ism :i* foll[$ ! d[nfall ( ! empire1 x aga9 fell into decay1 & ?\gh num]\s attempts 7 made to repair x dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 no tol]able success seems to h att5d$ any ( ^! ef=ts1 until ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,works h n[ be5 "s ye>s 9 progress = re/or+1 or r enl>g+ & rebuild+ ?is anci5t tunnel1 ^u a scale ( gr&eur :i* does inf9ite honor to ! lib]ality & public _s ( ! projectors1 & ) an +5uity ( design & a con/ructive skill :i* reflect ! highe/ cr$it ^u ! pr(essional ability ( ! eng9e]s :o h plann$ ! works & direct$ _! execution4 ,! l5g? ( ?is tunnel is #ah1fcd feet1 or r m ?an ?ree miles & a half4 ,( c\rse1 x is "o ( ! longe/ subt]ranean gall]ies yet execut$ 9 ,europe1 & x (f]s _m curi\s p>ticul>s 9 its orig9al design :i* _c "h be describ$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ kn[n levels ( ! surface ( ! lake am\nts to at lea/ =ty feet1 & ! diff]5ce ( area cov]$ at ^! respective /ages is n mu* less ?an eight ?\s& acres4 ,! tunnel w r$uce ! wat] to a mu* l[] po9t1 & x is comput$ t1 includ+ ! l&s occasionally ov]fl[$1 n less ?an =ty ?\s& acres ( z f]tile soil z any 9 ,italy w be recov]$ f ! lake & p]man5tly secur$ f inundation by its wat]s4 ,_m simil> ent]prises h be5 conceiv$ & execut$ 9 mod]n times1 bo? = ! purpose ( reclaim+ l& cov]$ by wat] & = sanit>y reasons4#cbb ,!y are sometimes att5d$ ) :olly unexpect$ evils1 z1 = example1 9 ! case ( ,b>ton ,pond1 9 ,v]mont1 & 9 t ( ! ,lake ,/orsjoe1 9 ,sw$51 already m5tion$ on a =m] page4 ,ano!r /ill less obvi\s consequ5ce ( ! )drawal ( ! wat]s has occasionally be5 obs]v$ 9 ^! op]ations4 ,! hydro/atic =ce ) :i* ! wat]1 9 virtue ( its specific gravity1 presses aga9/ ! banks t conf9e x1 has a t5d5cy to su/a9 !m :5ev] _! composition & texture are n su* z to expose !m to s(t5+ & dissolution by ! infiltration ( ! wat]4 ,if !n1 ! slope ( ! banks is consid]able1 or if ! e>? ( :i* !y are compos$ re/s on a smoo? & slipp]y /ratum incl9+ t[>d ! b$ ( ! lake1 !y are liable to fall or slide =w>d :5 ! me*anical support ( ! wat] is remov$1 & ?is sometimes happ5s on a consid]able scale4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ! surface ( ! ,lake ( ,lung]n1 9 ! ,canton ( ,unt]wald51 9 ,switz]l&1 0 l[]$ by driv+ a tunnel ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile long ?r\gh ! n>r[ ridge1 call$ ! ,kais]/uhl1 :i* =ms a b>ri] at ! nor? end ( ! bas94 ,:5 ! wat] 0 drawn (f1 ! banks1 :i* are /eep1 crack$ & bur/1 sev]al acres ( gr\nd slid d[n z l[ z ! wat] rec$$1 & ev5 ! :ole village ( ,lung]n 0 ?\ght to be 9 no small dang]4 ,o!r inconv5i5ces ( a v s]i\s "* h (t5 result$ f ! natural we>+ d[n1 or1 mu* m frequ5tly1 ! imprud5t de/ruction1 ( ! b>ri]s :i* conf9e m\nta9 lakes4 ,9 _! natural condition1 su* bas9s s]ve bo? to receive & reta9 ! rocks & o!r detritus br\ght d[n by ! torr5ts :i* empty into !m1 & to *eck ! impetus ( ! ru%+ wat]s by br++ !m to a tempor>y pause2 b if ! outlets are l[]$ s z to dra9 ! res]voirs1 ! torr5ts cont9ue _! rapid fl[ ?r\gh ! anci5t b$ ( ! bas9s1 & c>ry d[n ) !m ! s& & gravel ) :i* !y are *>g$1 in/ead ( deposit+ _! burd5 z be=e 9 ! /ill wat]s ( ! lakes4 ,m\nta9 ,lakes4 ,x is a common op9ion 9 ,am]ica t ! riv] mead[s1 bottoms1 or int]vales1 z !y are popul>ly call$1 are g5]ally ! b$s ( anci5t lakes :i* h bur/ _! b>ri]s & left runn+ curr5ts 9 _! place4 ,x 0 %[n by ,dr4 ,dwight1 _m ye>s ago1 t ?is is v f> f be+ univ]sally true2 b !re is no d\bt t m\nta9 lakes 7 ( mu* m frequ5t occurr5ce 9 primitive ?an 9 mod]n geography1 & !re are _m *a9s ( su* /ill exi/+ 9 regions :]e man has yet little di/urb$ ! orig9al features ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! long valleys ( ! ,adirondack range 9 ,nor!rn ,new ,york1 & 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,ma9e1 eight1 t51 & ev5 m lakes & lakelets are sometimes f\nd 9 succession1 ea* empty+ into ! next l[] pool1 & s all at la/ into "s consid]able riv]4 ,:5 ! m\nta9 slopes :i* supply ^! bas9s %all be /ripp$ ( _! woods1 ! augm5t$ swell+ ( ! lakes w break d[n _! b>ri]s1 _! wat]s w run (f1 & ! valleys w pres5t successions ( flats ) riv]s runn+ ?r\gh !m1 in/ead ( *a9s ( lakes connect$ by natural canals4 ,a simil> /ate ( ?+s seems to h exi/$ 9 ! anci5t geography ( ,france4 ,nature1 says ,lav]gne1 has n excavat$ on ! flanks ( our ,alps res]voirs z magnific5t z ^? ( ,lomb>dy2 %e _h1 h[ev]1 con/ruct$ small]1 b m num]\s lakes1 :i* ! neglig5ce ( man has p]mitt$ to disappe>4 ,augu/e de ,gasp>91 bro!r ( ! illu/ri\s agriculturi/1 demon/rat$ m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 9 an orig9al pap]1 t _m natural dikes =m]ly exi/$ 9 ! m\nta9 valleys1 :i* h be5 swept away by ! wat]s4 ,he propos$ to rebuild & to multiply !m4 ,?is int]e/+ sugge/ion has reappe>$ sev]al times s9ce1 b has met ) /rong opposition f skilful eng9e]s4 ,x w\ld1 nev]!less1 be well to try ! exp]im5t ( creat+ artificial lakes :i* %\ld fill !mselves ) ! wat] ( melt+ sn[s & delug+ ra9s1 to be drawn out 9 times ( dr\ght4 ,if ?is plan has able oppos]s1 x has also w>m advocates4 ,exp]i5ce alone c decide ! "q4#cbc ,climatic ,effects ( ,dra9+ ,lakes & ,m>%es4 ,! dra9+ ( lakes1 m>%es1 & o!r sup]ficial accumulations ( moi/ure1 r$uces ! wat] surface ( a c\ntry1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! evaporation f x4 ,lakes1 too1 9 elevat$ positions1 lose a "p ( _! wat] by infiltration1 & !reby supply o!r lakes1 spr+s1 & rivulets at l[] levels4 ,h5ce1 x is evid5t t ! dra9+ ( su* wat]s1 if c>ri$ on ^u a l>ge scale1 mu/ affect bo? ! humidity & ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! p]man5t supply ( wat] = ext5sive di/ricts4#cbd ,geographical & ,climatic ,effects ( ,aqu$ucts1 ,res]voirs1 & ,canals4 ,_m processes ( int]nal improvem5t1 su* z aqu$ucts = ! supply ( great cities1 railroad cuts & embankm5ts1 & ! l1 div]t wat] f its natural *annels1 & affect its di/ribution & ultimate dis*>ge4 ,! collect+ ( ! wat]s ( a consid]able di/rict into res]voirs1 to be !nce c>ri$ (f by means ( aqu$ucts1 z1 = example1 9 ! =e/ ( ,belgrade1 ne> ,con/ant9ople1 deprives ! gr\nds orig9ally wat]$ by ! spr+s & rivulets ( ! necess>y moi/ure1 & r$uces !m to b>r5ness4 ,simil> effects mu/ h foll[$ f ! con/ruction ( ! num]\s aqu$ucts :i* suppli$ anci5t ,rome ) su* a pr(use abundance ( wat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! filtration ( wat] ?r\gh ! banks or walls ( an aqu$uct c>ri$ ^u a high level across l[ gr\nd1 (t5 injures ! adjac5t soil1 & is prejudicial to ! heal? ( ! neighbor+ population2 & x has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,switz]l&1 t fev]s h be5 produc$ by ! /agnation ( ! wat] 9 excavations f :i* e>? _h be5 tak5 to =m embankm5ts = railways4 ,if we consid] only ! influ5ce ( physical improvem5ts on civiliz$ life1 we %all p]haps ascribe to navigable canals a high] importance1 or at lea/ a m div]sifi$ influ5ce1 ?an to any o!r works ( man design$ to control ! wat]s ( ! e>?1 & to affect _! di/ribution1 ,!y b9d di/ant regions toge!r by social ties1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! comm]ce !y promote2 !y facilitate ! transportation ( milit>y /ores & eng9es1 & ( o!r heavy mat]ial connect$ ) ! dis*>ge ( ! functions ( gov]nm5t2 !y enc\rage indu/ry by giv+ m>ketable value to raw mat]ial & to objects ( artificial elaboration :i* w\ld o!rwise be wor?less on acc\nt ( ! co/ ( conveyance2 !y supply f _! surplus wat]s means ( irrigation & ( me*anical p[]2 &1 9 _m o!r ways1 !y contribute mu* to advance ! prosp]ity & civilization ( nations4 ,nor are !y :olly )\t geographical importance4 ,!y sometimes dra9 l&s by convey+ (f wat] :i* w\ld o!rwise /agnate on ! surface1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 l aqu$ucts1 !y r5d] ! neighbor+ soil cold & moi/ by ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh _! embankm5ts2#cbe !y dam up1 *eck1 & div]t ! c\rse ( natural curr5ts1 & deliv] !m at po9ts opposite to1 or di/ant f1 _! orig9al outlets2 !y (t5 require ext5sive res]voirs to fe$ !m1 ?us reta9+ ?r\gh ! ye> accumulations ( wat]--:i* w\ld o!rwise run (f1 or evaporate 9 ! dry season--& !reby enl>g+ ! evaporable surface ( ! c\ntry2 & we h already se5 t !y int]*ange ! flora & ! fauna ( prov9ces widely sep>at$ by nature4 ,all ^! modes ( action c]ta9ly influ5ce climate & ! "* ( t]re/rial surface1 ?\gh our means ( obs]vation are n yet p]fect$ en\gh to enable u to appreciate & measure _! effects4 ,climatic & ,geographical ,effects ( ,surface & ,und]gr\nd ,dra9+4 ,i h comm5c$ ?is *apt] ) a description ( ! dikes & o!r hydraulic works ( ! ,ne!rl& eng9e]s1 because ! geographical results ( su* op]ations are m obvi\s & m easily measur$1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n m important1 ?an ^? ( ! old] & m widely diffus$ modes ( resi/+ or direct+ ! fl[ ( wat]s1 :i* h be5 practis$ f remote antiquity 9 ! int]ior ( all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,dra9+ & irrigation are habitually reg>d$ z purely agricultural processes1 hav+ little or no relation to te*nical geography2 b we %all f9d t !y ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce on soil1 climate1 & animal & vegetable life1 & may1 !re=e1 ju/ly claim to be reg>d$ z geographical elem5ts4 ,surface & ,"u-dra9+ & _! ,effects4 ,sup]ficial dra9+ is a necessity 9 all l&s newly reclaim$ f ! =e/4 ,! face ( ! gr\nd 9 ! woods is nev] s regul>ly incl9$ z to p]mit wat] to fl[ freely ov] x4 ,!re are1 ev5 on ! hillsides1 _m small ridges & depressions1 p>tly belong+ to ! orig9al di/ribution ( ! soil1 & p>tly occasion$ by irregul>ities 9 ! gr[? & deposit ( vegetable matt]4 ,^!1 9 ! husb&ry ( nature1 s]ve z dams & res]voirs to collect a l>g] supply ( moi/ure ?an ! spongy e>? c at once imbibe4 ,besides ?is1 ! vegetable m\ld is1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 sl[ 9 p>t+ ) ! humidity x has accumulat$ "u ! protection ( ! woods1 & ! infiltration f neighbor+ =e/s contributes to keep ! soil ( small cle>+s too wet = ! advantage\s cultivation ( artificial crops4 ,= ^! reasons1 surface dra9+ mu/ h comm5c$ ) agriculture itself1 & !re is probably no cultivat$ di/rict1 "o may almo/ say no s+le field1 :i* is n provid$ ) artificial arrangem5ts = facilitat+ ! escape ( sup]ficial wat]1 & ?us c>ry+ (f moi/ure :i*1 9 ! natural condition ( ! e>?1 w\ld h be5 imbib$ by ! soil4 ,! b5eficial effects ( surface dra9age1 ! necessity ( ext5d+ ! fields z population increas$1 & ! inconv5i5ces result+ f ! pres5ce ( m>%es 9 o!rwise improv$ regions1 mu/ h sugge/$ at a v e>ly p]iod ( human indu/ry ! exp$i5cy ( conv]t+ bogs & swamps into dry l& by draw+ (f _! wat]s2 & x w\ld n be long aft] ! introduction ( ?is practice be=e fur!r acquisition ( agricultural t]ritory w\ld be made by l[]+ ! outlet ( small ponds & lakes1 & add+ ! gr\nd !y cov]$ to ! doma9 ( ! husb&man4 ,all ^! processes belong to ! incipi5t civilization ( ! ante-hi/orical p]iods1 b ! con/ruction ( subt]ranean *annels = ! removal ( infiltrat$ wat] m>ks ages & c\ntries di/+ui%$ by a great advance 9 agricultural !ory & practice1 a great accumulation ( pecuni>y capital1 & a d5sity ( population :i* creates a ready dem& & a high price = all products ( rural indu/ry4 ,"u-dra9+1 too1 w\ld be mo/ advantage\s 9 damp & cool climates1 :]e evaporation is sl[1 & ^u soils :]e ! natural incl9ation ( surface does n promote a v rapid fl[ ( ! surface wat]s4 ,all ! conditions requir$ to make ?is mode ( rural improvem5t1 if n absolutely necess>y1 at lea/ app>5tly pr(itable1 exi/ 9 ,great ,brita91 & x is1 !re=e1 v natural t ! weal?y & intellig5t f>m]s ( ,engl& %\ld h c>ri$ ?is practice f>!r1 & reap$ a m abundant pecuni>y return f x1 ?an ^? ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,besides sup]ficial & subsoil dra9s1 !re is ano!r me?od ( dispos+ ( sup]flu\s surface wat]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c r>ely be practis$1 because ! necess>y conditions = its employm5t are n ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,:5ev] a t5aci\s wat]-hold+ /ratum re/s on a loose1 gravelly b$1 s situat$ z to admit ( a free dis*>ge ( wat] f or ?r\gh x by means ( ! outcropp+ ( ! b$ at a l[] level1 or ( deep-ly+ conduits lead+ to di/ant po9ts ( dis*>ge1 sup]ficial wat]s may be c>ri$ (f by op5+ a passage = !m ?r\gh ! imp]vi\s into ! p]meable /ratum4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,bis*(1 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,k+ ,r5e1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! pla9 ( ,paluns1 ne> ,m>seilles1 0 laid dry by bor+1 & ,wittw] in=ms u t dra9age is effect$ at ,muni* by conduct+ ! sup]flu\s wat] into l>ge excavations1 f :i* x filt]s ?r\gh into a l[] /ratum ( pebble & gravel ly+ a little above ! level ( ! riv] ,is>4#cbf ,s at ,wa%+ton1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! city1 :i* lies high above ! riv]s ,potomac & ,rock ,creek1 _m h\ses are provid$ ) dry wells = dra9+ _! cell>s & f\ndations4 ,^! ext5d ?r\gh h>d t5aci\s e>? to ! dep? ( ?irty or =ty feet1 :5 !y /rike a /ratum ( gravel1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] readily passes (f4 ,?is practice has be5 ext5sively employ$ at ,p>is1 n m]ely = c>ry+ (f ord9>y surface wat]1 b = ! dis*>ge ( (f5sive & delet]i\s fluids f *emical & manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,a well ( ?is sort receiv$1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahcb-'cc1 tw5ty ?\s& gallons p] day ( ! f\l wat] f a />* factory1 & ! same process 0 l>gely us$ 9 o!r factories4 ,! appreh5sion ( injury to common & artesian wells & spr+s l$ to an inve/igation on ?is subject1 9 behalf ( ! municipal au?orities1 by ,gir>d & ,p>5t ,du*atelet1 9 ! latt] ye>4 ,! report ( ^! g5tlem51 publi%$ 9 ! ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees = #ahcc1 second half ye>1 is full ( curi\s & in/ructive facts respect+ ! position & di/ribution ( ! subt]ranean wat]s "u & ne> ,p>is2 b x mu/ suffice to say t ! report came to ! conclusion t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! absolute immobility ( ^! wat]s1 & ! relatively small quantity ( noxi\s fluid to be convey$ to !m1 !re 0 no dang] ( ! diffusion ( ?is latt]1 if dis*>g$ into !m4 ,?is result w n surprise ^? :o "k t1 9 ano!r "w1 ,du*atelet ma9ta9s analog\s op9ions z to ! effect ( ! dis*>ge ( ! city sew]s into ! ,se9e ^u ! wat]s ( t riv]4 ,! quantity ( matt] deliv]$ by !m he holds to be s ne>ly inf9itesimal1 z comp>$ ) ! volume ( wat] ( ! ,se9e1 t x _c possibly affect x to a s5sible degree4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 advise det]m9$ wat] dr9k]s liv+ at ,p>is to adopt 8 conclusions1 )\t /udy+ 8 facts & 8 argum5ts2 = x is q possible t he may conv]t 8 read]s to a fai? opposite to 8 own1 & t !y w f9ally agree ) ! poet :o held wat] an ignoble bev]age4 ,climatic & ,geographical ,effects ( ,surface ,dra9+4 ,:5 we remove wat] f ! surface1 we dim9i% ! evaporation f x1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! refrig]ation :i* accompanies all evaporation is dim9i%$ 9 proportion4 ,h5ce sup]ficial dra9+ ought to be att5d$ ) an elevation ( atmosph]ic temp]ature1 &1 9 cold c\ntries1 x might be expect$ to less5 ! frequ5cy ( fro/s4 ,accord+ly1 x is a fact ( exp]i5ce t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 dry soils1 & ! air 9 contact ) !m1 are p]ceptibly w>m] dur+ ! season ( vegetation1 :5 evaporation is mo/ rapid1 ?an moi/ l&s & ! atmosph]ic /ratum re/+ ^u !m4 ,in/rum5tal obs]vation on ?is special po9t has n yet be5 und]tak5 on a v l>ge scale1 b /ill we h !rmometric data suffici5t to w>rant ! g5]al conclusion1 & ! influ5ce ( dra9age 9 dim9i%+ ! frequ5cy ( fro/ appe>s to be ev5 bett] e/abli%$ ?an a direct increase ( atmosph]ic temp]ature4 ,! /eep & dry upl&s ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 range 9 ,new ,engl& (t5 escape fro/s :5 ! ,indian corn h>ve/ on moi/] gr\nds1 five hundr$ or ev5 a ?\s& feet l[]1 is de/roy$ or greatly injur$ by !m4 ,! neighborhood ( a m>% is sure to be expos$ to late spr+ & e>ly autumnal fro/s1 b !y cease to be fe>$ aft] x is dra9$1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly obs]vable 9 v cold climates1 z1 = example1 9 ,lapl&4#cbg ,9 ,engl&1 "u-dra9s are n g5]ally laid bel[ ! rea* ( daily v>iations ( temp]ature1 or bel[ a po9t f :i* moi/ure might be br\ght to ! surface by capill>y attraction & evaporat$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,!y1 !re=e1 l surface dra9s1 )draw f local sol> action mu* moi/ure :i* w\ld o!rwise be vaporiz$ by x1 &1 at ! same "t1 by dry+ ! soil above !m1 !y increase its effective hygroscopicity1 & x consequ5tly absorbs f ! atmosph]e a great] quantity ( wat] ?an x did :51 = want ( "u-dra9age1 ! subsoil 0 always humid1 if n saturat$4 ,"u-dra9s1 !n1 contribute to ! dryness z well z to ! w>m? ( ! atmosph]e1 &1 z dry gr\nd is m readily heat$ by ! rays ( ! sun ?an wet1 !y t5d also to raise ! mean1 & especially ! summ] temp]ature ( ! soil4 ,s f> z respects ! imm$iate improvem5t ( soil & climate1 & ! increas$ abundance ( ! h>ve/s1 ! ,engli% sy/em ( surface & subsoil dra9age has fully ju/ifi$ ! eulogiums ( its advocates2 b its ext5sive adoption appe>s to h be5 att5d$ ) "s altoge!r un=ese5 & undesirable consequ5ces1 v analog\s to ^? :i* ,i h describ$ z result+ f ! cle>+ ( ! =e/s4 ,! "u-dra9s c>ry (f v rapidly ! wat] imbib$ by ! soil f precipitation1 & ?r\gh infiltration f neighbor+ spr+s or o!r s\rces ( supply4 ,consequ5tly1 9 wet seasons1 or aft] heavy ra9s1 a riv] bord]$ by artificially dra9$ l&s receives 9 a few h\rs1 f sup]ficial & f subt]ranean conduits1 an accession ( wat] :i*1 9 ! natural /ate ( ! e>?1 w\ld h rea*$ x only by small in/alm5ts aft] p]colat+ ?r\gh hidd5 pa?s = weeks or ev5 mon?s1 & w\ld h furni%$ p]5nial & comp>atively regul> contributions1 in/ead ( swell+ deluges1 to its *annel4 ,?us1 :5 human impati5ce ra%ly sub/itutes swiftly act+ artificial contrivances = ! sl[ me?ods by :i* nature dra9s ! surface & sup]ficial /rata ( a riv] bas91 ! orig9al equilibrium is di/urb$1 ! wat]s ( ! heav5s are no long] /or$ up 9 ! e>? to be gradually giv5 out aga91 b are hurri$ out ( man's doma9 ) wa/eful ha/e2 & :ile ! inundations ( ! riv] are sudd5 & disa/r\s1 its curr5t1 :5 ! dra9s h run dry1 is r$uc$ to a rivulet1 x ceases to supply ! p[] to drive ! ma*9]y = :i* x 0 once amply suffici5t1 & sc>cely ev5 wat]s ! h]ds t pa/ure ^u its m>g94#cbh ,irrigation & its ,climatic & ,geographical ,effects4 ,we "k little ( ! hi/ory ( ! ext9ct civilizations :i* prec$$ ! culture ( ! classic ages1 & no nation has1 9 mod]n times1 spontane\sly em]g$ f b>b>ism1 & creat$ = itself ! arts ( social life4#cbi ,! improvem5ts ( ! savage races ^: hi/ory we c di/9ctly trace are borr[$ & imitative1 & our !ories z to ! orig9 & natural developm5t ( indu/rial art are conjectural4 ,( c\rse1 ! relative antiquity ( p>ticul> bran*es ( human indu/ry dep5ds mu* ^u ! natural "* ( soil1 climate1 & spontane\s vegetable & animal life 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 & :ile ! geographical influ5ce ( man w\ld1 "u giv5 circum/ances1 be ex]t$ 9 "o direction1 x w\ld1 "u diff]5t conditions1 act 9 an opposite or a div]g+ l9e4 ,i h giv5 "s reasons = ?9k+ t 9 ! climates to :i* our att5tion has be5 *iefly direct$1 man's fir/ int]f]5ce ) ! natural arrangem5t & disposal ( ! wat]s 0 9 ! way ( dra9age ( surface4 ,b if we are to judge f exi/+ rema9s alone1 we %\ld probably conclude t irrigation is old] ?an dra9age2 =1 9 ! regions reg>d$ by g5]al tradition z ! cradle ( ! human race1 we f9d traces ( canals evid5tly con/ruct$ = ! =m] purpose at a p]iod long prec$+ ! ages ( :i* we h any writt5 memorials4 ,!re are1 9 anci5t ,arm5ia1 ext5sive di/ricts :i* 7 already ab&on$ to desolation at ! e>lie/ hi/orical epo*1 b :i*1 9 a yet remot] antiquity1 _h be5 irrigat$ by a complicat$ & highly artificial sy/em ( canals1 ! l9es ( :i* c /ill be foll[$2 & !re are1 9 all ! highl&s :]e ! s\rces ( ! ,euphrates rise1 9 ,p]sia1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,india1 & 9 ,*9a1 works ( ?is sort :i* mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce be=e man _h begun to record 8 own annals4 ,9 w>m c\ntries1 su* z mo/ ( ^? j m5tion$1 ! effects ,i h describ$ z usually result+ f ! cle>+ ( ! =e/s w\ld v soon foll[4 ,9 su* climates1 ! ra9s are incl9$ to be p]iodical2 !y are also viol5t1 & = ^! reasons ! soil w\ld be p>*$ 9 summ] & liable to wa% 9 w9t]4 ,9 ^! c\ntries1 !re=e1 ! necessity = irrigation mu/ soon h be5 felt1 & its introduction into m\nta9\s regions l ,arm5ia mu/ h be5 imm$iately foll[$ by a sy/em ( t]rac+1 or at lea/ sc>p+ ! hillsides4 ,pa/ure & mead[1 inde$1 may be irrigat$ ev5 :5 ! surface is bo? /eep & irregul>1 z may be obs]v$ abundantly on ! ,swiss z well z on ! ,pi$montese slope ( ! ,alps2 b 9 dry climates1 pl\gh l& & g>d5s on hilly gr\nds require t]rac+1 bo? = support+ ! soil & = adm9i/]+ wat] by irrigation1 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t t]rac+1 ( itself1 ev5 )\t special arrangem5ts = controll+ ! di/ribution ( wat]1 prev5ts or at lea/ *ecks ! fl[ ( ra9 wat]1 & gives x "t to s9k into ! gr\nd in/ead ( runn+ (f ov] ! surface4 ,!re are few ?+s 9 ,cont95tal husb&ry :i* surprise ,engli% or ,am]ican obs]v]s s mu* z ! ext5t to :i* irrigation is employ$ 9 agriculture1 & t1 too1 on soils1 & ) a temp]ature1 :]e _! own exp]i5ce w\ld h l$ !m to suppose x w\ld be injuri\s to vegetation r ?an b5eficial to x4 ,! summ]s 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 ?\gh long]1 are v (t5 n w>m] ?an 9 ,new ,engl&2 & 9 ord9>y ye>s1 ! summ] ra9s are z frequ5t & z abundant 9 ! =m] c\ntry z 9 ! latt]4 ,yet 9 ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy1 irrigation is be/[$ ^u almo/ e crop1 :ile 9 ,new ,engl& x is nev] employ$ at all 9 f>m+ husb&ry1 or inde$ = any purpose except 9 kit*5 g>d5s1 & possibly1 9 r>e cases1 9 "s o!r small bran* ( agricultural indu/ry4#ccj ,! summ]s 9 ,egypt1 9 ,syria1 & 9 ,asia ,m9or & ev5 ,rumelia1 are almo/ ra9less4 ,9 su* climates1 ! necessity ( irrigation is obvi\s1 & ! loss ( ! anci5t means ( furni%+ x readily expla9s ! dim9i%$ f]tility ( mo/ ( ! c\ntries 9 "q4#cca ,! surface ( ,pale/9e1 = example1 is compos$1 9 a great measure1 ( r\nd$ lime/one hills1 once1 no d\bt1 cov]$ ) =e/s4 ,^! 7 p>tially remov$ be=e ! ,jewi% conque/4#ccb ,:5 ! soil began to suff] f dr\ght1 res]voirs to reta9 ! wat]s ( w9t] 7 hewn 9 ! rock ne> ! tops ( ! hills1 & ! declivities 7 t]rac$4 ,s long z ! ci/]ns 7 9 good ord]1 & ! t]races kept up1 ! f]tility ( ,pale/9e 0 unsurpass$1 b :5 misgov]nm5t & =eign & inte/9e w> occasion$ ! neglect or de/ruction ( ^! works--traces ( :i* /ill meet ! travell]'s eye at e /ep1--:5 ! res]voirs 7 brok5 & ! t]race walls _h fall5 d[n1 !re 0 no long] wat] = irrigation 9 summ]1 ! ra9s ( w9t] soon wa%$ away mo/ ( ! ?9 lay] ( e>? ^u ! rocks1 & ,pale/9e 0 r$uc$ almo/ to ! condition ( a des]t4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts has be5 ! same 9 ,idumaea4 ,! obs]v+ travell] discov]s ev]y:]e ab\t ,petra1 p>ticul>ly if he ent]s ! city by ! r\te ( ,wadi ,k%eibeh1 v ext5sive traces ( anci5t cultivation1 & ^u ! neighbor+ ridges are ! ru9s ( num]\s ci/]ns evid5tly con/ruct$ to furni% a supply ( wat] = irrigation4#ccc ,9 primitive ages1 ! precipitation ( w9t] 9 ^! hilly c\ntries 01 9 great "p1 reta9$ = a "t 9 ! sup]ficial soil1 fir/ by ! vegetable m\ld ( ! =e/s1 & !n by ! artificial arrangem5ts ,i h describ$4 ,! wat] imbib$ by ! e>? 0 p>tly tak5 up by direct evaporation1 p>tly absorb$ by vegetation1 & p>tly c>ri$ d[n by infiltration to subjac5t /rata :i* gave x out 9 spr+s at l[] levels1 & ?us a f]tility ( soil & a condition ( ! atmosph]e 7 ma9ta9$ suffici5t to admit ( ! d5se population t once inhabit$ ^? n[ arid wa/es4 ,at pres5t1 ! ra9 wat] runs imm$iately (f f ! surface & is c>ri$ d[n to ! sea1 or is drunk up by ! s&s ( ! wadis1 & ! hillsides :i* once teem$ ) pl5ty are b>e ( vegetation1 & se>$ by ! scor*+ w9ds ( ! des]t4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 9 ! ,turki% ,empire1 & 9 _m o!r c\ntries1 a v l>ge proportion ( ! surface is1 if n absolutely flood$1 at lea/ ?or\ghly moi/5$ by irrigation1 a great numb] ( times 9 ! c\rse ( e season1 & ?is1 especially1 at p]iods :5 x w\ld o!rwise be q dry1 & :51 too1 ! p[] ( ! sun & ! capacity ( ! air = absorb+ moi/ure are greate/4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s t ! am\nt ( evaporation f ! e>? 9 ^! c\ntries1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! humidity & ! temp]ature ( bo? ! soil & ! atmosph]e 9 contact ) x1 mu/ be mu* affect$ by ! practice ( irrigation4 ,! cultivable area ( ,egypt1 or ! space accessible to cultivation1 betwe5 des]t & des]t1 is m ?an sev5 ?\s& squ>e /atute miles4 ,mu* ( ! surface1 ?\gh n out ( ! rea* ( irrigation1 lies too high to be economically wat]$1 & irrigation & cultivation are !re=e conf9$ to an area ( five or six ?\s& squ>e miles1 ne>ly ! :ole ( :i* is regul>ly & con/antly wat]$ :5 n cov]$ by ! inundation1 except 9 ! %ort int]val betwe5 ! h>ve/ & ! rise ( ! wat]s4 ,= ne>ly half ( ! ye>1 !n1 irrigation adds five or six ?\s& squ>e miles1 or m ?an a squ>e equatorial degree1 to ! evaporable surface ( ! ,nile valley1 or1 9 o!r words1 m ?an decuples ! area f :i* an appreciable quantity ( moi/ure w\ld o!rwise be evaporat$2 = aft] ! ,nile has retir$ )9 its banks1 its wat]s by no means cov] "o t5? ( ! space j m5tion$4#ccd ,! fre%-wat] canals n[ con/ruct+1 9 connection ) ! works = ! ,suez canal1 w n only re/ore ! long ab&on$ fields ea/ ( ! ,nile1 b add to ! arable soil ( ,egypt hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( newly reclaim$ des]t1 & ?us /ill fur!r increase ! climatic effects ( irrigation4#cce ,! ,nile receives n a s+le tribut>y 9 its c\rse ?r\gh ,egypt2 !re is n s mu* z "o liv+ spr+ 9 ! :ole l&1#ccf &1 ) ! exception ( a n>r[ /rip ( coa/1 :]e ! annual precipitation is said to am\nt to six in*es1 ! fall ( ra9 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,ph>aohs is n two in*es 9 ! ye>4 ,! subsoil ( ! :ole valley is p]vad$ ) moi/ure by infiltration f ! ,nile1 & wat] c ev]y:]e be f\nd at ! dep? ( a few feet4 ,7 irrigation susp5d$1 & ,egypt ab&on$1 z 9 t case x mu/ be1 to ! op]ations ( nature1 !re is no d\bt t trees1 ! roots ( :i* p5etrate deeply1 w\ld 9 "t e/abli% !mselves on ! des]t$ soil1 fill ! valley ) v]dure1 & p]haps at la/ temp] ! climate1 & ev5 call d[n abundant ra9 f ! heav5s4#ccg ,b ! imm$iate effect ( discont9u+ irrigation w\ld be1 fir/1 an imm5se r$uction ( ! evaporation f ! valley 9 ! dry season1 & !n a greatly augm5t$ dryness & heat ( ! atmosph]e4 ,ev5 ! almo/ con/ant nor? w9d--! /r5g? ( :i* w\ld be increas$ 9 consequ5ce ( ^! *anges--w\ld little r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! n>r[ cleft betwe5 ! burn+ m\nta9s :i* hem 9 ! *annel ( ! ,nile1 s t a s+le ye> w\ld trans=m ! mo/ f]tile ( soils to ! mo/ b>r5 ( des]ts1 & r5d] un9habitable a t]ritory t irrigation makes capable ( su/a9+ z d5se a population z has ev] exi/$ 9 any "p ( ! _w4#cch ,:e!r man f\nd ! valley ( ! ,nile a =e/1 or su* a wa/e z ,i h j describ$1 we d n hi/orically "k4 ,9 ei!r case1 he has n simply conv]t$ a wild]ness into a g>d51 b has unque/ionably produc$ ext5sive climatic *ange4#cci ,! fields ( ,egypt are m regul>ly wat]$ ?an ^? ( any o!r c\ntry bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 except ! rice gr\nds 9 ,italy1 & p]haps ! m>cite or w9t] mead[s ( ,lomb>dy2 b irrigation is m or less employ$ ?r\gh\t almo/ ! entire bas9 ( t sea1 & is ev]y:]e att5d$ ) effects :i*1 if less 9 degree1 are analog\s 9 "* to ^? result+ f x 9 ,egypt4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! soil is n[h]e artificially wat]$ except :5 x is s dry t little moi/ure w\ld be evaporat$ f x1 &1 consequ5tly1 e acre ( irrigat$ gr\nd is s mu* add$ to ! evaporable surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! supply ( wat] is unlimit$1 x is all[$1 aft] s]v+ its purpose on "o field1 to run into dra9s1 canals1 or riv]s4 ,b 9 mo/ regions :]e irrigation is regul>ly employ$1 x is necess>y to economize ! wat]2 aft] pass+ ov] or ?r\gh "o p>cel ( gr\nd1 x is conduct$ to ano!r2 no m is )drawn f ! canals at any "o po9t ?an is absorb$ by ! soil x irrigates1 or evaporat$ f x1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is n re/or$ to liquid circulation1 except by infiltration or precipitation4 ,we are safe1 !n1 9 say+ t ! humidity evaporat$ f any artificially wat]$ soil is increas$ by a quantity be>+ a l>ge proportion to ! :ole am\nt di/ribut$ ov] x2 = mo/ ev5 ( t :i* is absorb$ by ! e>? is imm$iately giv5 out aga9 ei!r by vegetables or by evaporation4 ,x is n easy to asc]ta9 precisely ei!r ! ext5t ( surface ?us wat]$1 or ! am\nt ( wat] suppli$1 9 any giv5 c\ntry1 because ^! quantities v>y ) ! "* ( ! season2 b !re are n _m di/ricts 9 ,s\!rn ,europe :]e ! managem5t ( ! arrangem5ts = irrigation is n "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( agricultural labor4 ,! em95t eng9e] ,lomb>d9i describes ! sy/em ( irrigation 9 ,lomb>dy z1 e day 9 summ]1 diffus+ ov] #eej1jjj hect>es ( l& #de1jjj1jjj cubic metres ( wat]1 :i* is equal to ! entire volume ( ! ,se9e1 at an ord9>y flood1 or a rise ( ?ree metres above ! hydromet] at ! bridge ( ,la ,t\rnelle at ,p>is4#cdj ,niel /ates ! quantity ( l& irrigat$ 9 ! =m] k+dom ( ,s>d9ia1 includ+ ,savoy1 9 #ahef1 at #bdj1jjj hect>es1 or n mu* less ?an #fjj1jjj acres4 ,?is is ab\t f\r ?irte5?s ( ! cultivable soil ( ! k+dom4 ,accord+ to ! same au?or1 ! irrigat$ l&s 9 ,france did n exce$ #ajj1jjj hect>es1 or #bdg1jjj acres1 :ile ^? 9 ,lomb>dy am\nt$ to #dej1jjj hect>es1 m ?an #a1ajj1jjj acres4#cda ,9 ^! ?ree /ates alone1 !n1 !re 7 m ?an ?ree ?\s& squ>e miles ( artificially wat]$ l&1 & if we add ! irrigat$ soils ( ! re/ ( ,italy1 ( ! ,m$it]ranean isl&s1 ( ! ,spani% p59sula1 ( ,turkey 9 ,europe & 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ( ,syria1 ( ,egypt & ! rema9d] ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 we %all see t irrigation increases ! evaporable surface ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 by a quantity be>+ no inconsid]able proportion to ! area naturally cov]$ by wat] )9 x4 ,z ne> z c be asc]ta9$1 ! am\nt ( wat] appli$ to irrigat$ l&s is sc>cely any:]e less ?an ! total precipitation dur+ ! season ( vegetable gr[?1 & 9 g5]al x mu* exce$s t quantity4 ,9 grass gr\nds & 9 field culture x ranges f #bg or #bh to #fj in*es1 :ile 9 small] crops1 till$ by h& labor1 x is sometimes c>ri$ z high z #cjj in*es4#cdb ,! rice gr\nds & ! m>cite ( ,lomb>dy are n includ$ 9 ^! e/imates ( ! am\nt ( wat] appli$4 ,arrangem5ts are conclud$1 & new plans propos$1 = an imm5se increase ( ! l&s f]tiliz$ by irrigation 9 ,france & ,italy1 & !re is e reason to believe t ! artificially wat]$ soil ( ! latt] c\ntry w be d\bl$1 t ( ,france quadrupl$1 be=e ! end ( ?is c5tury4 ,!re c be no d\bt t by ^! op]ations man is ex]cis+ a p[]ful influ5ce on soil1 on vegetable & animal life1 & on climate1 & h5ce t 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r fields ( indu/ry1 he is truly a geographical ag5cy4#cdc ,! quantity ( wat] artificially )drawn f runn+ /reams = ! purpose ( irrigation is su* z v s5sibly to affect _! volume1 & x is1 !re=e1 an important elem5t 9 ! geography ( riv]s4 ,brooks ( no trifl+ curr5t are (t5 :olly div]t$ f _! natural *annels to supply ! canals1 & _! entire mass ( wat] completely absorb$1 s t x does n rea* ! riv] :i* x naturally fe$s1 except 9 su* proportion z x is convey$ to x by infiltration4 ,irrigation1 !re=e1 dim9i%es great riv]s 9 w>m c\ntries by cutt+ (f _! s\rces ( supply z well z by direct ab/raction ( wat] f _! *annels4 ,we h j se5 t ! sy/em ( irrigation 9 ,lomb>dy deprives ! ,po ( a quantity ( wat] equal to ! total deliv]y ( ! ,se9e at ord9>y flood1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! equival5t ( a tribut>y navigable = hundr$s ( miles by vessels ( consid]able burd54 ,! new canals comm5c$ & project$ w greatly increase ! loss4 ,! wat] requir$ = irrigation 9 ,egypt is less ?an w\ld be suppos$ f ! exce$+ rapidity ( evaporation 9 t arid climate2 = ! soil is ?or\ghly saturat$ dur+ ! inundation1 & infiltration f ! ,nile cont9ues to supply a consid]able am\nt ( humidity 9 ! drye/ season4 ,l9ant ,bey comput$ t tw5ty-n9e cubic metres p] day suffic$ to irrigate a hect>e 9 ! ,delta4#cdd ,?is is equival5t to a fall ( ra9 ( two millimetres & n9e t5?s p] day1 or1 if we suppose wat] to be appli$ = "o hundr$ & fifty days dur+ ! dry season1 to a total precipitation ( #dce millimetres1 ab\t sev5te5 in*es & "o ?ird4 ,tak+ ! area ( actually cultivat$ soil 9 ,egypt at ! l[ e/imate ( #c1fjj1jjj acres1 & ! av]age am\nt ( wat] daily appli$ 9 bo? ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt at twelve hundr$?s ( an in* 9 dep?1 we h an ab/raction ( #fa1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 :i*--! mean daily deliv]y ( ! ,nile be+ 9 r\nd numb]s #cbj1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds--is ne>ly "o fif? ( ! av]age quantity ( wat] contribut$ to ! ,m$it]ranean by t riv]4 ,irrigation1 z employ$ = c]ta9 special purposes 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 is productive ( v prejudicial climatic effects4 ,i ref] p>ticul>ly to ! cultivation ( rice 9 ! ,slave ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union & 9 ,italy4 ,! climate ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates is n necess>ily unheal?y = ! :ite man1 b he c sc>cely sleep a s+le night 9 ! vic9ity ( ! rice gr\nds )\t be+ attack$ by a dang]\s fev]4#cde ,! neighborhood ( ! rice fields is less pe/il5tial 9 ,lomb>dy & ,pi$mont ?an 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 b /ill v insalubri\s to bo? man & bea/4 ,n only does ! population decrease :]e rice is gr[n1 says ,esc\rr\ ,milliago1 b ev5 ! flocks are attack$ by typhus4 ,9 ! rice gr\nds1 ! soil is divid$ into comp>tm5ts ris+ 9 gradual succession to ! level ( ! irrigat+ canal1 9 ord] t ! wat]1 aft] hav+ fl[$ "o field1 may be drawn (f to ano!r1 & ?us a s+le curr5t s]ve = sev]al comp>tm5ts1 ! l[e/ field1 ( c\rse1 /ill be+ high] ?an ! dit* :i* at la/ dra9s bo? x & ! adjac5t soil4 ,?is arrangem5t gives a c]ta9 =ce ( hydro/atic pressure to ! wat] ) :i* ! rice is irrigat$1 & ! infiltration f ^! fields is said to ext5d ?r\gh neighbor+ gr\nds1 sometimes to ! di/ance ( n less ?an a myriametre1 or six ,engli% miles1 & to be de/ructive to crops & ev5 trees rea*$ by x4 ,l& ?us affect$ c no long] be employ$ = any purpose b gr[+ rice1 & :5 prep>$ = t crop1 x propagates /ill fur!r ! evils "u :i* x _h itself suff]$1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! mis*ief is a gr[+ "o4#cdf ,! att5tive travell] 9 ,egypt & ,nubia _c fail to notice _m localities1 g5]ally ( small ext5t1 :]e ! soil is r5d]$ inf]tile by an excess ( sal9e matt] 9 its composition4 ,9 _m cases1 p]haps 9 all1 ^! b>r5 spots lie r above ! level usually flood$ by ! inundations ( ! ,nile1 & yet !y exhibit traces ( =m] cultivation4 ,rec5t obs]vations 9 ,india1 a notice ( :i* ,i f9d 9 an acc\nt ( a meet+ ( ! ,asiatic ,society 9 ! ,a!naeum ( ,decemb] #bj1 #ahfb1 ,no4 #ahcd1 sugge/ a possible explanation ( ?is fact4 ,at ?is meet+1 ,pr(essor ,m$licott read an essay on ! sal9e effloresc5ce call$ ',reh' & ',kull]1' :i* is gradually invad+ _m ( ! mo/ f]tile di/ricts ( ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,india1 & *ang+ !m into /]ile des]ts4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( sulphate ( soda 7,glaub]'s salts71 ) v>y+ proportions ( common salt4 ,mr4 ,m$licott pron\nces ^! salts 7:i*1 9 small quantities are favorable to f]tility ( soil7 to be ! gradual result ( conc5tration by evaporation ( riv] & canal wat]s1 :i* conta9 !m 9 v m9ute quantities1 & ) :i* ! l&s are ei!r irrigat$ or occasionally ov]fl[$4 ,! riv] inundations 9 hot c\ntries usually take place b once 9 a ye>1 &1 ?\gh ! banks rema9 subm]g$ = days or ev5 weeks1 ! wat] at t p]iod1 be+ d]iv$ pr9cipally f ra9s & sn[s1 mu/ be less highly *>g$ ) m9]al matt] ?an at l[] /ages1 & besides1 x is always 9 motion4 ,! wat] ( irrigation1 on ! o!r h&1 is appli$ = _m mon?s 9 succession1 x is drawn f riv]s at ! seasons :5 _! proportion ( salts is greate/1 & x ei!r s9ks into ! sup]ficial soil1 c>ry+ ) x ! sal9e sub/ances x holds 9 solution1 or is evaporat$ f ! surface1 leav+ !m ^u x4 ,h5ce irrigation mu/ imp>t to ! soil m salts ?an natural inundation4 ,! /]iliz$ gr\nds 9 ,egypt & ,nubia ly+ above ! rea* ( ! floods1 z ,i h said1 we may suppose !m to h be5 fir/ cultivat$ 9 t remote antiquity :5 ! ,nile valley receiv$ its e>lie/ inhabitants4 ,!y mu/ h be5 artificially irrigat$ f ! beg9n+2 !y may h be5 "u cultivation _m c5turies be=e ! soil at a l[] level 0 invad$ by man1 & h5ce x is natural t !y %\ld be m /rongly impregnat$ ) sal9e matt] ?an fields :i* are expos$ e ye>1 = "s weeks1 to ! action ( runn+ wat] s ne>ly pure t x w\ld be m likely to dissolve salts ?an to deposit !m4 ,,inundations ,,& ,,torr5ts4 ,9 po9t+ out 9 a =m] *apt] ! evils :i* h result$ f ! too ext5sive de/ruction ( ! =e/s1 ,i dwelt at "s l5g? on ! increas$ viol5ce ( riv] inundations1 & especially on ! deva/ations ( torr5ts1 9 c\ntries improvid5tly depriv$ ( _! woods1 & ,i spoke ( ! replant+ ( ! =e/s z ! only effectual me?od ( prev5t+ ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( disa/r\s floods4 ,!re are _m regions :]e1 f ! loss ( ! sup]ficial soil1 f f9ancial consid]ations1 & f o!r causes1 ! re/oration ( ! woods is n1 "u pres5t circum/ances1 to be hop$ =4 ,ev5 :]e t measure is feasible & 9 actual process ( execution1 a great numb] ( ye>s mu/ elapse be=e ! action ( ! de/ructive causes 9 "q c be arre/$ or p]haps ev5 s5sibly mitigat$ by x4 ,besides ?is1 leav+ out ( view ! objections urg$ by ,belgr& & 8 foll[]s to ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ions conc]n+ ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ! =e/ z respects riv] inundations--= no "o disputes its importance 9 prev5t+ ! =mation & limit+ ! ravages ( m\nta9 torr5ts--floods w always occur 9 ye>s ( excessive precipitation1 :e!r ! surface ( ! soil be g5]ally cle>$ or g5]ally wood$4 ,physical improvem5t 9 ?is respect1 !n1 _c he conf9$ to prev5tive measures1 b1 9 c\ntries subject to damage by inundation1 means mu/ he contriv$ to obviate dang]s & dim9i% injuries to :i* human life & all ! works ( human indu/ry w occasionally be expos$1 9 spite ( e ef=t to less5 ! frequ5cy ( _! recurr5ce by act+ directly on ! causes t produce !m4 ,z e civiliz$ c\ntry is1 9 "s degree1 subject to inundation by ! ov]fl[ ( riv]s1 ! evil is a famili> "o1 & ne$s no g5]al description4 ,9 discuss+ ?is bran* ( ! subject1 !re=e1 ,i may conf9e myself *iefly to ! means t h be5 or may be employ$ to resi/ ! =ce & limit ! ravages ( floods1 :i*1 left :olly unre/ra9$1 w\ld n only inflict imm5se injury ^u ! mat]ial int]e/s ( man1 b produce geographical revolutions ( no little magnitude4 a4 ,riv] ,embankm5ts4 ,! mo/ obvi\s & d\btless e>lie/ me?od ( prev5t+ ! escape ( riv] wat]s f _! natural *annels1 & ! ov]fl[ ( fields & t[ns by _! spread1 is t ( rais$ embankm5ts along _! c\rse4 ,! necessity ( su* embankm5ts usually arises f ! gradual elevation ( ! b$ ( runn+ /reams 9 consequ5ce ( ! deposit ( ! e>? & gravel !y are *>g$ ) 9 high wat]2 &1 z we h se51 ?is elevation is rapidly accel]at$ :5 ! highl&s ar\nd ! headwat]s ( riv]s are cle>$ ( _! =e/s4 ,:5 a riv] is embank$ at a giv5 po9t1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! wat] ( its floods1 :i* w\ld o!rwise spread ov] a wide surface1 is conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits1 ! velocity ( ! curr5t & its transport+ p[] are augm5t$1 & its burd5 ( s& & gravel is deposit$ at "s l[] po9t1 :]e ! rapidity ( its fl[ is *eck$ by a dim9ution 9 ! incl9ation ( ! b$1 by a wid] *annel1 or f9ally by a lacu/r9e or m>9e bas9 :i* receives its wat]s4 ,:]ev] x lets fall solid mat]ial1 its *annel is rais$ 9 consequ5ce1 & ! declivity ( ! :ole b$ betwe5 ! head ( ! embankm5t & ! slack ( ! /ream is r$uc$4 ,h5ce ! curr5t1 at fir/ accel]at$ by conf9em5t1 is aft]w>d *eck$ by ! me*anical resi/ance ( ! matt] deposit$1 & by ! dim9i%$ incl9ation ( its *annel1 & !n beg9s aga9 to let fall ! e>? x holds 9 susp5sion1 & to raise its b$ at ! po9t :]e its ov]fl[ _h be5 be=e prev5t$ by embankm5t4 ,! bank mu/ n[ be rais$ 9 proportion1 & ^! processes w\ld be repeat$ & repeat$ indef9itely1 _h n nature provid$ a rem$y 9 floods1 :i* sweep out rec5t deposits1 bur/ ! bonds ( ! riv] & ov]:elm ! adjac5t c\ntry ) f9al desolation1 or div]t ! curr5t into a new *annel1 de/9$ to become1 9 its turn1 ! sc5e ( a simil> /ruggle betwe5 man & ! wat]s4 ,few riv]s1 l ! ,nile1 m ?an comp5sate by ! f]tiliz+ prop]ties ( _! wat] & _! slime = ! damage !y may d 9 inundations1 &1 consequ5tly1 !re are few ^: floods are n an object ( dread1 few ^: encroa*m5ts ^u _! banks are n a s\rce ( con/ant anxiety & exp5se to ! proprietors ( ! l&s ?r\gh :i* !y fl[4 ,riv] dikes1 = conf9+ ! spread ( curr5ts at high wat]1 are ( great antiquity 9 ! ,ea/1 & ^? ( ! ,po & its tribut>ies 7 begun be=e we h any tru/wor?y physical or political annals ( ! prov9ces ^u _! bord]s4 ,f ! e>lie/ ages1 ! ,italian hydraulic eng9e]s h /ood 9 ! front rank ( _! pr(ession1 & ! ,italian lit]ature ( ?is bran* ( mat]ial improvem5t is exce$+ly volum9\s4 ,b ! c\ntries = :i* ,i write h no riv]s l ! ,po1 no pla9s l ^? ( ,lomb>dy1 & ! dang]s to :i* ! inhabitants ( ,engli% & ,am]ican riv] banks are expos$ are m ne>ly analog\s to ^? t ?reat5 ! soil & population 9 ! valleys & pla9s ( ,france1 ?an to ! p]ils & losses ( ! ,lomb>d4 ,! writ+s ( ! ,italian hydrograph]s1 too1 ?\gh ri* 9 pr(essional in/ruction1 are less accessible to =eign]s & less adapt$ to popul> use ?an ^? ( ,fr5* eng9e]s4#cdg ,= ^! reasons ,i %all take my citations pr9cipally f ,fr5* au?orities1 ?\gh ,i %all occasionally allude to ,italian writ]s on ! floods ( ! ,tib]1 ( ! ,arno1 & "s o!r ,italian /reams :i* mu* resemble ^? ( ! riv]s ( ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 b4 ,floods ( ! ,arde*e4 ,! floods ( m\nta9 /reams are att5d$ ) great] imm$iate dang] to life & prop]ty ?an ^? ( riv]s ( less rapid fl[1 because _! curr5ts are m impetu\s1 & !y rise m sudd5ly & ) less previ\s w>n+4 ,at ! same "t1 _! ravages are conf9$ )9 n>r[] limits1 ! wat]s retire soon] to _! accu/om$ *annel1 & ! dang] is m quickly ov]1 ?an 9 ! case ( inundations ( l>g] riv]s4 ,! ,arde*e1 :i* has giv5 its "n to a dep>tm5t 9 ,france1 dra9s a bas9 ( #fjj1bch acres1 or a little less ?an n9e hundr$ & ?irty-eight squ>e miles4 ,its remote/ s\rce is ab\t sev5ty-five miles1 9 a /raight l9e1 f its junction ) ! ,rhone1 & spr+s at an elevation ( f\r ?\s& feet above t po9t4 ,at ! l[e/ /age ( ! riv]1 ! b$ ( ! ,*assezac1 its l>ge/ & longe/ tribut>y1 is 9 _m places completely dry on ! surface--! wat] be+ suffici5t only to supply ! subt]ranean *annels ( infiltration--& ! ,arde*e itself is almo/ ev]y:]e =dable1 ev5 bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,*assezac4 ,b 9 floods1 ! riv] has sometimes ris5 m ?an sixty feet at ! ,pont d',arc1 a natural ar* ( two hundr$ feet *ord1 :i* spans ! /ream bel[ its junction ) all its important afflu5ts4 ,at ! height ( ! inundation ( #ahbg1 ! quantity ( wat] pass+ ?is po9t--aft] d$uct+ ?irty p] c5t4 = mat]ial transport$ ) ! curr5t & = irregul>ity ( fl[--0 e/imat$ at #h1hde cubic y>ds to ! second1 & betwe5 twelve at noon on ! #aj? ( ,septemb] ( t ye> & t5 o'clock ! next morn+1 ! wat] dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! passage 9 "q am\nt$ to m ?an #dej1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds4 ,?is quantity1 di/ribut$ equally ?r\gh ! bas9 ( ! riv]1 w\ld cov] its entire area to a dep? ( m ?an five in*es4 ,! ,arde*e rises s sudd5ly t1 9 ! inundation ( #ahdf1 ! wom5 :o 7 wa%+ 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] _h n "t to save _! l951 & b>ely escap$ ) _! lives1 ?\gh !y in/antly fl$ ^u he>+ ! ro> ( ! approa*+ flood4 ,its wat]s & ^? ( its afflu5ts fall almo/ z rapidly1 = 9 less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] ! ra9 has ceas$ 9 ! ,cev5nes1 :]e x rises1 ! ,arde*e returns )9 its ord9>y *annel1 ev5 at its junction ) ! ,rhone4 ,9 ! flood ( #aggb1 ! wat] at ,la ,beaume de ,ruoms1 on ! ,beaume1 a tribut>y ( ! ,arde*e1 rose ?irty-five feet above l[ wat]1 b ! /ream 0 aga9 =dable on ! ev5+ ( ! same day4 ,! inundation ( #ahbg 01 9 ?is respect1 exceptional1 = x cont9u$ ?ree days1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! ,arde*e p\r$ into ! ,rhone #a1cje1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( wat]4 ,! ,nile deliv]s into ! sea #aja1jjj cubic feet or #c1gda cubic y>ds p] second1 on an av]age ( ! :ole ye>4#cdh ,?is is equal to #cbc1bbb1djj cubic y>ds p] day4 ,9 a s+le day ( flood1 !n1 ! ,arde*e1 a riv] too insignificant to be kn[n except 9 ! local topography ( ,france1 contribut$ to ! ,rhone once & a half1 & = ?ree consecutive days once & "o ?ird1 z mu* z ! av]age deliv]y ( ! ,nile dur+ ! same p]iods1 ?\gh ! bas9 ( ! latt] riv] conta9s #ejj1jjj squ>e miles ( surface1 or m ?an five hundr$ times z mu* z t ( ! =m]4 ,! av]age annual precipitation 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,arde*e is n great] ?an 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 b excessive quantities ( ra9 frequ5tly fall 9 t valley 9 ! autumn4 ,on ! #i? ( ,octob]1 #ahbg1 !re fell at ,joyeuse1 on ! ,beaume1 no less ?an ?irty-"o in*es betwe5 ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+ & midnight4 ,su* facts z ?is expla9 ! extraord9>y sudd5ness & viol5ce ( ! floods ( ! ,arde*e1 & ! bas9s ( _m o!r tribut>ies ( ! ,rhone exhibit meteorological ph5om5a n less rem>kable4#cdi ,! inundation ( ! #aj? ,septemb]1 #aheg1 0 accompani$ ) a t]rific hurricane1 :i* pass$ along ! ea/]n slope ( ! high gr\nds :]e ! ,arde*e & sev]al o!r we/]n afflu5ts ( ! ,rhone take _! rise4 ,! w9d tore up all ! trees 9 its pa?1 & ! ru%+ torr5ts bore _! trunks d[n to ! l>g] /reams1 :i* aga9 transport$ !m to ! ,rhone 9 su* rafts t "o might almo/ h cross$ t riv] by /epp+ f trunk to trunk4#cej ,! ,rhone1 !re=e1 is naturally subject to great & sudd5 inundations1 & ! same rem>k may be appli$ to mo/ ( ! pr9cipal riv]s ( ,france1 because ! geographical "* ( all ( !m is approximately ! same4 ,! height & viol5ce ( ! inundations ( mo/ great riv]s are det]m9$ by ! degree 9 :i* ! floods ( ! diff]5t tribut>ies are co9cid5t 9 "t4 ,7 all ! afflu5ts ( ! ,rhone to p\r _! highe/ annual floods into its *annel at once1 7 a doz5 ,niles to empty !mselves into its b$ at ! same mom5t1 its wat] w\ld rise to a height & ru% ) an impetus t w\ld sweep into ! ,m$it]ranean ! entire population ( its banks1 & all ! works t man has erect$ ^u ! pla9s :i* bord] x4 ,b su* a co9cid5ce c nev] happ54 ,! tribut>ies ( ?is riv] run 9 v diff]5t directions1 & "s ( !m are swoll5 pr9cipally by ! melt+ ( ! sn[s ab\t _! s\rces1 o!rs almo/ exclusively by heavy ra9s4 ,:5 a damp s\!a/ w9d bl[s up ! valley ( ! ,arde*e1 its moi/ure is cond5s$1 & precipitat$ 9 a deluge ^u ! m\nta9s :i* embosom ! headwat]s ( t /ream1 ?us produc+ a flood1 :ile a neighbor+ bas91 ! axis ( :i* lies transv]sely or obliquely to t ( ! ,arde*e1 is n at all affect$4#cea ,x is easy to see t ! damage occasion$ by su* floods z ,i h describ$ mu/ be almo/ incalculable1 & x is by no means conf9$ to ! effects produc$ by ov]fl[ & ! me*anical =ce ( ! sup]ficial curr5ts4 ,9 treat+ ( ! deva/ations ( torr5ts 9 a =m] *apt]1 ,i conf9$ myself pr9cipally to ! erosion ( surface & ! transportation ( m9]al matt] to l[] gr\nds by !m4 ,! g5]al action ( torr5ts1 z !re %[n1 t5ds to ! ultimate elevation ( _! b$s by ! deposit ( ! e>?1 gravel1 & /one convey$ by !m2 b until !y h ?us rais$ _! outlets s z s5sibly to dim9i% ! incl9ation ( _! *annels--& sometimes :5 extraord9>y floods give ! torr5ts mom5tum en\gh to sweep away ! accumulations :i* !y h !mselves heap$ up--! swift fl[ ( _! curr5ts1 aid$ by ! abrasion ( ! roll+ rocks & gravel1 scoops _! b$s con/antly deep]1 & !y consequ5tly n only und]m9e _! banks1 b frequ5tly sap ! mo/ solid f\ndations :i* ! art ( man c build = ! support ( bridges & hydraulic /ructures4#ceb ,9 ! inundation ( #aheg1 ! ,arde*e de/roy$ a /one bridge ne> ,la ,beaume1 :i* _h be5 built ab\t eighty ye>s be=e4 ,! resi/ance ( ! pi]s1 :i* 7 erect$ on piles1 ! *annel at t po9t be+ ( gravel1 produc$ an eddy+ curr5t t wa%$ away ! b$ ( ! riv] above !m1 & ! f\ndation1 ?us depriv$ ( lat]al support1 yield$ to ! weight ( ! bridge1 & ! piles & pi]s fell up /ream4 ,by a curi\s law ( comp5sation1 ! /ream :i*1 at flood1 scoops out cavities 9 its b$1 (t5 fills !m up aga9 z soon z ! dim9i%$ velocity ( ! curr5t all[s x to let fall ! s& & gravel ) :i* x is *>g$1 s t :5 ! wat]s return to _! usual *annel1 ! bottom %[s no sign ( hav+ be5 di/urb$4 ,9 a flood ( ! ,escontay1 a tribut>y ( ! ,rhone1 9 #ahdf1 piles driv5 sixte5 feet into its gravelly b$ = ! f\ndation ( a pi] 7 torn up & c>ri$ (f1 & yet1 :5 ! riv] _h fall5 to l[-wat] m>k1 ! bottom at t po9t appe>$ to h be5 rais$ high] ?an x 0 be=e ! flood1 by new deposits ( s& & gravel1 :ile ! cut /ones ( ! half-built pi] 7 f\nd buri$ to a great dep?1 9 ! excavation :i* ! wat] _h fir/ wa%$ out4 ,! gravel ) :i* riv]s ?us re/ore ! level ( _! b$s is pr9cipally d]iv$ f ! cru%+ ( ! rocks br\ght d[n by ! m\nta9 torr5ts1 & ! de/ructive effects ( inundations are imm5sely dim9i%$ by ?is r$uction ( l>ge /ones to m9ute fragm5ts4 ,if ! blocks hurl$ d[n f ! cliffs 7 transport$ unbrok5 to ! *annels ( l>ge riv]s1 ! me*anical =ce ( _! movem5t w\ld be irresi/ible4 ,!y w\ld ov]?r[ ! /ronge/ b>ri]s1 spread !mselves ov] a surface z wide z ! fl[ ( ! wat]s1 & conv]t ! mo/ smil+ valleys into sc5es ( ! wilde/ desolation4 c4 ,cru%+ ,=ce ( ,torr5ts4 ,!re are few op]ations ( nature :]e ! effect seems m disproportion$ to ! cause ?an 9 ! comm9ution ( rock 9 ! *annel ( swift wat]s4 ,igne\s rocks are g5]ally s h>d z to be wr\ght ) great difficulty1 & !y be> ! weight ( enorm\s sup]/ructures )\t yield+ to ! pressure2 b to ! torr5t !y are z :eat to ! mill/one4 ,! /reams :i* p\r d[n ! s\!rn sc>p ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,alps along ! ,rivi]a di ,pon5te1 ne> ,g5oa1 h %ort c\rses1 & a brisk walk ( a c\ple ( h\rs or ev5 less takes y f ! sea bea* to ! headspr+ ( _m ( !m4 ,9 _! heavie/ floods1 !y br+ r\nd$ masses ( s]p5t9e q d[n to ! sea1 b at ord9>y high wat] _! l[] c\rse is *>g$ only ) f9ely divid$ p>ticles ( t rock4 ,h5ce1 :ile1 ne> _! s\rces1 _! *annels are fill$ ) pebbles & angul> fragm5ts1 int]mix$ ) a little gravel1 ! proportions are rev]s$ ne> _! m\?s1 &1 j above ! po9ts :]e _! outlets are p>tially *ok$ by ! roll+ %+le ( ! bea*1 _! b$s are compos$ ( s& & gravel to ! almo/ total exclusion ( pebbles4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ! bas9 ( ! ,arde*e is sev5ty-five miles1 b mo/ ( its tribut>ies h a mu* %ort] c\rse4 ,^! afflu5ts1 says ,m>digny1 hurl into ! b$ ( ! ,arde*e enorm\s blocks ( rock1 :i* ?is riv]1 9 its turn1 be>s onw>d1 & gr9ds d[n1 at high wat]1 s t its curr5t rolls only gravel at its conflu5ce ) ! ,rhone4#cec ,guglielm9i argu$ t ! gravel & s& ( ! b$s ( runn+ /reams 7 d]iv$ f ! trituration ( rocks by ! action ( ! curr5ts1 & inf]r$ t ?is action 0 g5]ally suffici5t to r$uce h>d rock to s& 9 its passage f ! s\rce to ! outlet ( riv]s4 ,frisi controv]t$ ?is op9ion1 & ma9ta9$ t riv] s& 0 ( m anci5t orig91 & he inf]r$ f exp]im5ts 9 artificially gr9d+ /ones t ! concussion1 friction1 & attrition ( rock 9 ! *annel ( runn+ wat]s 7 inadequate to its comm9ution1 ?\gh he admitt$ t ^! same causes might r$uce silici\s s& to a f9e p[d] capable ( transportation to ! sea by ! curr5ts4#ced ,frisi's exp]im5ts 7 tri$ ^u r\nd$ & poli%$ riv] pebbles1 & prove no?+ ) reg>d to ! action ( torr5ts ^u ! irregul>1 m or less wea!r$1 & (t5 crack$ & %att]$ rocks :i* lie loose 9 ! gr\nd at ! head ( m\nta9 valleys4 ,! fury ( ! wat]s & ( ! w9d :i* accompanies !m 9 ! floods ( ! ,fr5* ,alp9e torr5ts is su*1 t l>ge blocks ( /one are hurl$ out ( ! b$ ( ! /ream to ! height ( twelve or ?irte5 feet4 ,! impulse ( masses driv5 ) su* =ce ov]?r[s ! mo/ solid masonry1 & _! concussion _c fail to be att5d$ ) ! cru%+ ( ! rocks !mselves4#cee d4 ,inundations ( #ahef 9 ,france4 ,! mon? ( ,may1 #ahef1 0 rem>kable = viol5t & almo/ un9t]rupt$ ra9s1 & mo/ ( ! riv] bas9s ( ,france 7 inundat$ to an extraord9>y height4 ,9 ! valleys ( ! ,loire & its afflu5ts1 ab\t a million ( acres1 includ+ _m t[ns & villages1 7 laid "u wat]1 & ! am\nt ( pecuni>y damage 0 almo/ incalculable4#cef ,! flood 0 n less de/ructive 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 & 9 fact an invasion by a ho/ile army c\ld h>dly h be5 m disa/r\s to ! inhabitants ( ! pla9s ?an 0 ?is t]rible deluge4 ,!re _h be5 a flood ( ?is latt] riv] 9 ! ye> #ahdj1 :i*1 = height & quantity ( wat]1 0 almo/ z rem>kable z t ( #ahef1 b x took place 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 :5 ! crops _h all be5 h>ve/$1 & ! injury inflict$ by x ^u agriculturi/s 01 !re=e1 ( a "* to be less sev]ely & less imm$iately felt ?an ! consequ5ces ( ! inundation ( #ahef4ceg ,9 ! fifte5 ye>s betwe5 ^! two great floods1 ! population & ! rural improvem5ts ( ! riv] valleys _h mu* increas$1 common roads1 bridges1 & railways _h be5 multipli$ & ext5d$1 telegraph l9es _h be5 con/ruct$1 all ( :i* %>$ 9 ! g5]al ru91 & h5ce great] & m div]sifi$ int]e/s 7 affect$ by ! cata/rophe ( #ahef ?an by any =m] l calamity4 ,! great flood ( #ahdj _h excit$ ! att5tion & r\s$ ! sympa?ies ( ! ,fr5* p1 & ! subject 0 inve/$ ) new int]e/ by ! /ill m =midable "* ( ! inundations ( #ahef4 ,x 0 felt t ^! sc\rges _h ceas$ to be a matt] ( m]ely local conc]n1 =1 al?\gh !y bore mo/ heavily on ^? ^: homes & fields 7 situat$ )9 ! imm$iate rea* ( ! swell+ wat]s1 yet !y frequ5tly de/roy$ h>ve/s valuable en\gh to be a matt] ( national int]e/1 endang]$ ! p]sonal security ( ! population ( important political c5tres1 int]rupt$ communication = days & ev5 weeks toge!r on great l9es ( traffic & travel--?us sev]+ z x 7 all ,s\?we/]n ,france f ! re/ ( ! empire--& f9ally ?reat5$ to produce great & p]man5t geographical *anges4 ,! well-be+ ( ! :ole commonweal? 0 se5 to be involv$ 9 prev5t+ ! recurr5ce1 & 9 limit+ ! range ( su* deva/ations4 ,! ,gov]nm5t enc\rag$ sci5tific inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a & _! laws4 ,_! causes1 _! hi/ory1 _! imm$iate & remote consequ5ces1 & ! possible safegu>ds to be employ$ aga9/ !m1 h be5 c>efully /udi$ by ! mo/ em95t physici/s1 z well z by ! able/ !oretical & practical eng9e]s ( ,france4 ,_m hi!rto unobs]v$ facts h be5 collect$1 _m new hypo!ses sugge/$1 & _m plans1 m or less orig9al 9 "*1 h be5 devis$ = combat+ ! evil2 b ?us f>1 ! mo/ compet5t judges are n well agre$ z to ! mode1 or ev5 ! possibility1 ( apply+ a rem$y4 e4 ,rem$ies aga9/ ,inundations4 ,p]haps no "o po9t has be5 m prom95t 9 ! discussions ?an ! influ5ce ( ! =e/ 9 equaliz+ & regulat+ ! fl[ ( ! wat] ( precipitation4 ,z we h already se51 op9ion is /ill some:at divid$ on ?is subject1 b ! cons]vative action ( ! woods 9 ?is respect has be5 g5]ally recogniz$ by ! public ( ,france1 & ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! empire has made ?is pr9ciple ! basis ( important legislation = ! protection ( exi/+ =e/s1 & = ! =mation ( new4 ,! cle>+ ( woodl&1 & ! organization & functions ( a police = its protection1 are regulat$ by a law be>+ date ,june #ah?1 #ahei1 & provision 0 made = promot+ ! re/oration ( private woods by a /atute adopt$ on ! #bh? ( ,july1 #ahfj4 ,! =m] ( ^! laws pass$ ! legislative body by a vote ( #bdf aga9/ #d1 ! latt] ) b a s+le negative voice4 ,! influ5ce ( ! gov]nm5t1 9 a c\ntry :]e ! ?rone is s pot5t z 9 ,france1 w\ld acc\nt = a l>ge majority1 b :5 x is consid]$ t bo? laws1 ! =m] especially1 int]f]e v mat]ially ) ! rights ( private doma91 ! almo/ entire unanimity ) :i* !y 7 adopt$ is pro( ( a v g5]al popul> conviction1 t ! protection & ext5sion ( ! =e/s is a measure m likely ?an any o!r to *eck ! viol5ce1 if n to prev5t ! recurr5ce1 ( de/ructive inundations4 ,! law ( ,july #bh?1 #ahfj1 appropriat$ #aj1jjj1jjj francs1 to be exp5d$1 at ! rate ( #a1jjj1jjj francs p] ye>1 9 execut+ or aid+ ! replant+ ( woods4 ,x is comput$ t ?is appropriation w secure ! creation ( new =e/ to ! ext5t ( ab\t #bej1jjj acres1 or "o elev5? "p ( ! soil :]e ! re/oration ( ! =e/ is ?\ght feasible &1 at ! same "t1 specially important z a security aga9/ ! evils ascrib$ 9 a great measure to its de/ruction4 ,! provisions ( ! laws 9 "q are prev5tive r ?an rem$ial2 b "s imm$iate effect may be expect$ to result f !m1 p>ticul>ly if !y are accompani$ ) c]ta9 o!r measures1 ! sugge/ion ( :i* has be5 favorably receiv$4 ,! /rong repugnance ( ! m\nta9e]s to ! application ( a sy/em :i* deprives !m ( a "p ( _! pa/urage--= ! absolute exclusion ( dome/ic animals is indisp5sable to ! ma9t5ance ( an exi/+ =e/ & to ! =mation ( a new--is ! mo/ =midable ob/acle to ! execution ( ! laws ( #ahei-'fj4 ,x is propos$ to comp5sate ?is loss by a *eap sy/em ( irrigation ( l[] pa/ure gr\nds1 consi/+ 9 little m ?an 9 runn+ horizontal furr[s along ! hillsides1 ?us conv]t+ ! sc>p ( ! hills into a succession ( small t]races :i*1 :5 once turf$ ov]1 are v p]man5t4 ,exp]i5ce is said to h demon/rat$ t ?is simple process suffices to reta9 ! wat] ( ra9s1 ( sn[s1 & ( small spr+s & rivulets1 long en\gh = ! irrigation ( ! soil1 ?us increas+ its product ( h]bage 9 a fivefold proportion1 & t x p>tially *ecks ! too rapid fl[ ( surface wat] into ! valleys1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 "s measure obviates "o ( ! mo/ prom95t causes ( inundations4#ceh ,x is evid5t t1 if su* results are produc$ by ?is me?od1 its introduction ^u an ext5sive scale mu/ also h ! same climatic effects z o!r sy/ems ( irrigation4 ,:atev] may be ! ultimate advantages ( reclo?+ a l>ge ext5t ( ! t]ritory ( ,france ) wood1 or ( s %ap+ its surface z to prev5t ! too rapid fl[ ( wat] ov] x1 ! results to be obta9$ by su* processes c be realiz$ 9 an adequate measure only aft] a long succession ( ye>s4 ,o!r /eps mu/ be tak51 bo? = ! imm$iate security ( ! lives & prop]ty ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 & = ! prev5tion ( yet great] & remot] evils :i* are inevitable unless means to obviate !m are f\nd be=e x is =ev] too late4 ,! frequ5t recurr5ce ( inundations l ^? ( #ahef1 = a s+le score ( ye>s1 9 ! bas9s ( ! ,rhone & ! ,loire1 ) only ! pres5t securities aga9/ !m1 w\ld almo/ depopulate ! valleys ( ^? riv]s1 & produce physical revolutions 9 !m1 :i*1 l revolutions 9 ! political _w1 c\ld nev] be made to g backw>d4 ,de/ructive inundations are seldom1 if ev]1 produc$ by precipitation )9 ! limits ( ! pr9cipal valley1 b almo/ uni=mly by sudd5 ?aws or excessive ra9s on ! m\nta9 ranges :]e ! tribut>ies take _! rise4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t any measures :i* %all *eck ! fl[ ( surface wat]s into ! *annels ( ! afflu5ts1 or :i* %all ret>d ! deliv]y ( su* wat]s into ! pr9cipal /ream by its tribut>ies1 w dim9i% 9 ! same proportion ! dang]s & ! evils ( inundation by great riv]s4 ,! ret5tion ( ! surface wat]s ^u or 9 ! soil c h>dly be accompli%$ except by ! me?ods already m5tion$1 replant+ ( =e/s1 & furr[+ or t]rac+4 ,! curr5t ( m\nta9 /reams c be *eck$ by v>i\s me?ods1 among :i* ! mo/ famili> & obvi\s is ! erection ( b>ri]s or dams across _! *annels1 at po9ts conv5i5t = =m+ res]voirs l>ge en\gh to reta9 ! sup]flu\s wat]s ( great ra9s & ?aws4 ,besides ! utility ( su* bas9s 9 prev5t+ floods1 ! con/ruction ( !m is recomm5d$ by v /rong consid]ations1 su* z ! meteorological effects ( increas$ evaporable surface1 ! furni%+ ( a con/ant supply ( wat] = agricultural & me*anical purposes1 &1 f9ally1 _! value z ponds = bre$+ & re>+ fi%1 &1 p]haps1 = cultivat+ aquatic vegetables4 ,! objections to ! g5]al adoption ( ! sy/em ( res]voirs are ^!3 ! exp5se ( _! con/ruction & ma9t5ance2 ! r$uction ( cultivable area by ! am\nt ( surface !y mu/ cov]2 ! int]ruption !y w\ld occasion to free communication2 ! probability t !y w\ld soon be fill$ up ) s$im5t1 & ! obvi\s fact t :5 full ( e>? or ev5 wat]1 !y w\ld no long] s]ve _! pr9cipal purpose2 ! great dang] to :i* !y w\ld expose ! c\ntry bel[ !m 9 case ( ! bur/+ ( _! b>ri]s2#cei ! evil consequ5ces !y w\ld occasion by prolong+ ! fl[ ( inundations 9 proportion z !y dim9i%$ _! height2 ! injuri\s effects x is suppos$ !y w\ld produce ^u ! salubrity ( ! neighbor+ di/ricts2 &1 la/ly1 ! alleg$ impossibility ( con/ruct+ artificial bas9s suffici5t 9 capacity to prev5t1 or 9 any consid]able measure to mitigate1 ! evils !y are int5d$ to gu>d aga9/4 ,! la/ argum5t is m easily r$uc$ to a num]ical "q ?an ! o!rs4 ,! mean & extreme annual precipitation ( all ! bas9s :]e ! con/ruction ( su* works w\ld be s]i\sly propos$ is already approximately kn[n by meteorological tables1 & ! quantity ( wat]1 deliv]$ by ! greate/ floods :i* h occurr$ )9 ! memory ( man1 may be r\ghly e/imat$ f _! visible traces4 ,f ^! elem5ts1 or f record$ obs]vations1 ! capacity ( ! necess>y res]voirs c be calculat$4 ,let u take ! case ( ! ,arde*e4 ,9 ! inundation ( #aheg1 t riv] p\r$ into ! ,rhone #a1cje1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( wat] 9 ?ree days4 ,if we suppose t half ?is quantity might h be5 suff]$ to fl[ d[n its *annel )\t inconv5i5ce1 we %all h ab\t #fej1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds to provide = by res]voirs4 ,! ,arde*e & its pr9cipal afflu5t1 ! ,*assezac1 h1 toge!r1 ab\t twelve consid]able tribut>ies ris+ ne> ! cre/ ( ! m\nta9s :i* b\nd ! bas94 ,if res]voirs ( equal capacity 7 con/ruct$ ^u all ( !m1 ea* res]voir mu/ be able to conta9 #ed1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 or1 9 o!r words1 mu/ be equal to a lake #c1jjj y>ds long1 #a1jjj y>ds wide1 & #ah y>ds deep1 & besides1 9 ord] to r5d] any effectual s]vice1 ! res]voirs mu/ all h be5 empty at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9s :i* produc$ ! inundation4 ,?us f>1 ,i h suppos$ ! swell+ ( ! wat]s to be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! :ole bas92 b su* 0 by no means ! fact 9 ! inundation ( #aheg1 = ! rise ( ! ,*assezac1 :i* is z l>ge z ! ,arde*e prop]1 did n exce$ ! limits ( ord9>y floods1 & ! dang]\s excess came solely f ! headwat]s ( ! latt] /ream4 ,h5ce res]voirs ( d\ble ! capacity ,i h suppos$ w\ld h be5 necess>y ^u ! tribut>ies ( t riv]1 to prev5t ! injuri\s effects ( ! inundation4 ,x is evid5t t ! con/ruction ( res]voirs ( su* magnitude = su* a purpose is f9ancially1 if n physically1 impracticable1 & :5 we take into acc\nt a po9t ,i h j sugge/$1 namely1 t ! res]voirs mu/ be empty at all times ( appreh5d$ flood1 &1 ( c\rse1 _! utility limit$ almo/ solely to ! s+le object ( prev5t+ inundations1 ! total inapplicability ( su* a measure 9 ?is p>ticul> case becomes /ill m gl>+ly manife/4 ,ano!r n less conclusive fact is t ! valleys ( all ! upl& tribut>ies ( ! ,arde*e desc5d s rapidly1 & h s little lat]al expansion1 z to r5d] ! con/ruction ( capaci\s res]voirs 9 !m q impracticable4 ,inde$1 eng9e]s h f\nd b two po9ts 9 ! :ole bas9 suitable = t purpose1 & ! res]voirs admissible at ^! w\ld h only a jo9t capacity ( ab\t #gj1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 or less ?an "o n9? "p ( :at ,i suppose to be requir$4 ,! case ( ! ,arde*e is no d\bt an extreme "o1 bo? 9 ! topographical "* ( its bas9 & 9 its exposure to excessive ra9s2 b all de/ructive inundations are1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 extreme cases also1 & ?is ( ! ,arde*e s]ves to %[ t ! con/ruction ( res]voirs is n by any means to be reg>d$ z a univ]sal panacea aga9/ floods4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is ?is measure to be summ>ily reject$4 ,nature has adopt$ x on a great scale1 on bo? flanks ( ! ,alps1 & on a small]1 on ^? ( ! ,adirondacks & l[] *a9s1 & 9 ?is z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 h] processes may (t5 be imitat$ ) advantage4 ,! validity ( ! rema9+ objections to ! sy/em "u discussion dep5ds on ! topography1 geology1 & special climate ( ! regions :]e x is propos$ to e/abli% su* res]voirs4 ,_m upl& /reams pres5t num]\s po9ts :]e none ( ^! objections1 except ^? ( exp5se & ( dang] f ! break+ ( dams1 c\ld h any application4 ,res]voirs may be s con/ruct$ z to reta9 ! entire precipitation ( ! heavie/ ?aws & ra9s1 leav+ only ! ord9>y quantity to fl[ along ! *annel2 !y may be rais$ to su* a height z only p>tially to ob/ruct ! surface dra9age2 or !y may be provid$ ) sluices by means ( :i* _! :ole cont5ts c be dis*>g$ 9 ! dry season & a summ] crop be gr[n ^u ! gr\nd !y cov] at high wat]4 ,! exp$i5cy ( employ+ !m & ! mode ( con/ruction dep5d on local conditions1 & no rules ( univ]sal applicability c be laid d[n on ! subject4 ,x is rem>kable t nations :i* we1 9 ! false pride ( our mod]n civilization1 s g5]ally reg>d z little less ?an b>b>ian1 %\ld h long prec$$ ,*ri/ian ,europe 9 ! sy/ematic employm5t ( great artificial bas9s = ! v>i\s purposes !y are calculat$ to subs]ve4 ,! anci5t ,p]uvians built /rong walls1 ( excell5t workman%ip1 across ! *annels ( ! m\nta9 s\rces ( important /reams1 & ! ,arabs execut$ imm5se works ( simil> description1 bo? 9 ! great ,arabian p59sula & 9 all ! prov9ces ( ,spa9 :i* _h ! good =tune to fall "u _! sway4 ,! ,spani>ds ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 :o1 9 _m po9ts ( true civilization & culture1 7 f> inf]ior to ! races !y subdu$1 wantonly de/roy$ ^! noble monum5ts ( social & political wisdom1 or suff]$ !m to p]i%1 because !y 7 too ignorant to appreciate _! value1 or too unskilful z practical eng9e]s to be able to ma9ta9 !m1 & "s ( _! mo/ important t]ritories 7 soon r$uc$ to /]ility & pov]ty 9 consequ5ce4 ,ano!r me?od ( prev5t+ or dim9i%+ ! evils ( inundation by torr5ts & m\nta9 riv]s1 analog\s to t employ$ = ! dra9age ( lakes1 consi/s 9 ! p]man5t or occasional div]sion ( _! surplus wat]s1 or ( _! entire curr5ts1 f _! natural c\rses1 by tunnels or op5 *annels cut ?r\gh _! banks4 ,nature1 9 _m cases1 resorts to a simil> process4 ,mo/ great riv]s divide !mselves into sev]al arms 9 _! l[] c\rse1 & ent] ! sea by diff]5t m\?s4 ,!re are also cases :]e riv]s s5d (f lat]al bran*es to convey a "p ( _! wat]s into ! *annel ( o!r /reams4#cfj ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is ! junction betwe5 ! ,amazon & ! ,or9oco by ! natural canal ( ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,rio ,negro4 ,9 ,india1 ! ,cambodja & ! ,m5am are connect$ by ! ,anam2 ! ,salu5 & ! ,irawaddi by ! ,panlaun4 ,!re are simil> examples1 ?\gh on a mu* small] scale1 9 ,europe4 ,! ,tornea & ! ,calix riv]s 9 ,lapl& communicate by ! ,t>&o1 & 9 ,we/phalia1 ! ,else1 an arm ( ! ,haase1 falls into ! ,wes]4 ,! *ange ( b$ 9 riv]s by gradual erosion ( _! banks is famili> to all1 b in/ances ( ! sudd5 ab&onm5t ( a primitive *annel are by no means want+4 ,at a p]iod ( unkn[n antiquity1 ! ,arde*e pi]c$ a tunnel #bjj feet wide & #ajj high1 ?r\gh a rock1 & s5t its :ole curr5t ?r\gh x1 des]t+ its =m] b$1 :i* gradually fill$ up1 ?\gh its c\rse rema9$ traceable4 ,9 ! great inundation ( #ahbg1 ! tunnel prov$ insuffici5t = ! dis*>ge ( ! wat]1 & ! riv] bur/ ?r\gh ! ob/ructions :i* _h n[ *ok$ up its anci5t *annel1 & resum$ its orig9al c\rse4#cfa ,x 0 probably su* facts z ^! t sugge/$ to anci5t eng9e]s ! possibility ( l artificial op]ations1 & !re are num]\s in/ances ( ! execution ( works = ?is purpose 9 v remote ages4 ,! ,bahr ,jusef1 ! great /ream :i* supplies ! ,fay\m ) wat] f ! ,nile1 has be5 suppos$1 by "s writ]s1 to be a natural *annel2 b bo? x & ! ,bahr el ,wady are almo/ c]ta9ly artificial canals con/ruct$ to wat] t bas91 to regulate ! level ( ,lake ,mo]is1 & possibly1 also1 to dim9i% ! dang]s result+ f excessive inundations ( ! ,nile1 by s]v+ z wa/e-weirs to dis*>ge a "p ( its surplus wat]s4 ,sev]al ( ! sev5 anci5t m\?s ( ! ,nile are believ$ to be artificial *annels1 & ,h]odotus ev5 ass]ts t ,k+ ,m5es div]t$ ! entire c\rse ( t riv] f ! ,libyan to ! ,arabian side ( ! valley4 ,!re are traces ( an anci5t riv] b$ along ! we/]n m\nta9s1 :i* give "s c\nt5ance to ?is /atem5t4 ,b x is mu* m probable t ! works ( ,m5es 7 design$ r to prev5t a natural1 ?an to produce an artificial1 *ange 9 ! *annel ( ! riv]4 ,two ( ! mo/ celebrat$ cascades 9 ,europe1 ^? ( ! ,tev]one at ,tivoli & ( ! ,vel9o at ,t]ni1 owe1 if n _! exi/5ce1 at lea/ _! position & "*1 to ! div]sion ( _! wat]s f _! natural b$s into new *annels1 9 ord] to obviate ! evils produc$ by _! frequ5t floods4 ,rem>kable works ( ! same sort h be5 execut$ 9 ,switz]l&1 9 v rec5t times4 ,until ! ye> #agad1 ! ,k&]1 :i* dra9s sev]al l>ge ,alp9e valleys1 ran1 = a consid]able di/ance1 p>allel ) ! ,lake ( ,?un1 & a few miles bel[ ! city ( t "n empti$ into ! riv] ,a>4 ,x frequ5tly flood$ ! flats along ! l[] "p ( its c\rse1 & x 0 det]m9$ to div]t x into ! ,lake ( ,?un4 ,= ?is purpose1 two p>allel tunnels 7 cut ?r\gh ! int]v5+ rock1 & ! riv] turn$ into !m4 ,! viol5ce ( ! curr5t bur/ up ! ro( ( ! tunnels1 &1 9 a v %ort "t1 wore ! new *annel d[n n less ?an "o hundr$ feet1 & ev5 deep5$ ! =m] b$ at lea/ fifty feet1 = a di/ance ( two or ?ree miles above ! tunnel4 ,! lake 0 two hundr$ feet deep at ! po9t :]e ! riv] 0 conduct$ into x1 b ! gravel & s& c>ri$ d[n by ! ,k&] has =m$ at its m\? a delta conta9+ m ?an a hundr$ acres1 :i* is /ill advanc+ at ! rate ( sev]al y>ds a ye>4 ,! ,l9?1 :i* =m]ly s5t its wat]s directly to ! ,lake ( ,zuri*1 & (t5 produc$ v de/ructive inundations1 0 turn$ into ! ,wall5see ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 & 9 bo? ^! cases a great quantity ( valuable l& 0 rescu$ bo? f flood & f insalubrity4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ! mo/ t]rible inundations (t5 result f ! damm+ up ( deep valleys by ice slips or by ! gradual advance ( glaci]s1 & ! accumulation ( great masses ( wat] above ! ob/ructions4 ,! ice is f9ally dissolv$ by ! heat ( summ] or ! fl[ ( w>m wat]s1 & :5 x bur/s1 ! lake =m$ above is dis*>g$ almo/ 9 an in/ant1 & all bel[ is swept d[n to c]ta9 de/ruction4 ,9 #aeie1 ab\t a hundr$ & fifty lives & a great am\nt ( prop]ty 7 lo/ by ! eruption ( a lake =m$ by ! desc5t ( a glaci] into ! valley ( ! ,drance1 & a simil> calamity laid wa/e a consid]able ext5t ( soil 9 ! ye> #ahah4 ,on ?is latt] occasion1 ! b>ri] ( ice & sn[ 0 #c1jjj feet long1 #fjj ?ick1 & #djj high1 & ! lake :i* _h =m$ above x conta9$ n less ?an #hjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,a tunnel 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! ice1 & ab\t #cjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( wat] safely drawn (f by x1 b ! ?aw+ ( ! walls ( ! tunnel rapidly enl>g$ x1 & be=e ! lake 0 half dra9$1 ! b>ri] gave way & ! rema9+ #ejj1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( wat] 7 dis*>g$ 9 half an h\r4 ,! recurr5ce ( ^! floods has s9ce be5 prev5t$ by direct+ /reams ( wat]1 w>m$ by ! sun1 ^u ! ice 9 ! b$ ( ! valley1 & ?us ?aw+ x be=e x accumulates 9 suffici5t mass to ?reat5 s]i\s dang]4 ,9 ! cases ( div]sion ( /reams above m5tion$1 important geographical *anges h be5 directly produc$ by ^? op]ations4 ,by ! r>] process ( dra9+ glaci] lakes1 natural eruptions ( wat]1 :i* w\ld h occasion$ n less important *anges 9 ! face ( ! e>?1 h be5 prev5t$ by human ag5cy4 ,! pr9cipal means hi!rto reli$ ^u = def5ce aga9/ riv] inundations has be5 ! con/ruction ( dikes along ! banks ( ! /reams1 p>allel to ! *annel & g5]ally sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a di/ance n mu* great] ?an ! natural wid? ( ! b$4#cfb ,if su* walls are high en\gh to conf9e ! wat] & /rong en\gh to resi/ its pressure1 !y secure ! l&s beh9d !m f all ! evils ( inundation except ^? result+ f infiltration2 b su* ramp>ts are enorm\sly co/ly 9 orig9al con/ruction & ma9t5ance1 &1 z we h already se51 ! fill+ up ( ! b$ ( ! riv] 9 its l[] c\rse1 by s& & gravel1 involves ! necessity ( occasionally incurr+ new exp5ditures 9 increas+ ! height ( ! banks4#cfc ,!y are att5d$1 too1 ) "s collat]al disadvantages4 ,!y deprive ! e>? ( ! f]tiliz+ deposits ( ! wat]s1 :i* are p[]ful natural re/oratives ( soils exhau/$ by cultivation2 !y accel]ate ! rapidity & transport+ p[] ( ! curr5t at high wat] by conf9+ x to a n>r[] *annel1 & x consequ5tly conveys to ! sea ! e>?y matt] x holds 9 susp5sion1 & *okes up h>bors ) a deposit :i* x w\ld o!rwise h spread ov] a wide surface2 !y int]f]e ) roads & ! conv5i5ce ( riv] navigation1 & no am\nt ( co/ or c>e c secure !m f occasional rupture1 9 case ( :i* ! ru% ( ! wat]s ?r\gh ! brea* is m de/ructive ?an ! natural fl[ ( ! highe/ inundation4#cfd ,= ^! reasons1 _m exp]i5c$ eng9e]s are ( op9ion t ! sy/em ( longitud9al dikes ought to be ab&on$1 or1 :]e t _c be done )\t involv+ too great a sacrifice ( exi/+ con/ructions1 _! elevation %\ld be mu* r$uc$1 s z to pres5t no ob/ruction to ! lat]al spread ( extraord9>y floods1 & !y %\ld be provid$ ) sluices to admit ! wat] )\t viol5ce :5ev] !y are likely to be ov]fl[$4 ,:]e dikes h n be5 erect$1 & :]e !y h be5 r$uc$ 9 height1 x is propos$ to con/ruct1 at conv5i5t int]vals1 transv]se embankm5ts ( mod]ate height runn+ f ! banks ( ! riv] across ! pla9s to ! hills :i* b\nd !m4 ,^! measures1 x is argu$1 w dim9i% ! viol5ce ( inundations by p]mitt+ ! wat]s to ext5d !mselves ov] a great] surface & ?us ret>d+ ! fl[ ( ! riv] curr5ts1 & w1 at ! same "t1 secure ! deposit ( f]tiliz+ slime ^u all ! soil cov]$ by ! flood4 ,rozet1 an em95t ,fr5* eng9e]1 has propos$ a me?od ( dim9i%+ ! ravages ( inundations1 :i* aims to comb9e ! advantages ( all o!r sy/ems1 & at ! same "t to obviate ! objections to :i* !y are all m or less liable4#cfe ,! plan ( ,rozet is recomm5d$ by its simplicity & *eapness z well z its facility & rapidity ( execution1 & is look$ ^u ) favor by _m p]sons v compet5t to judge 9 su* matt]s4 ,he proposes to comm5ce ) ! amphi!atres 9 :i* m\nta9 torr5ts s (t5 rise1 by cov]+ _! slopes & fill+ _! b$s ) loose blocks ( rock1 & by con/ruct+ at _! outlets1 & at o!r n>r[ po9ts 9 ! *annels ( ! torr5ts1 p]meable b>ri]s ( ! same mat]ial promiscu\sly heap$ up1 mu* accord+ to ! me?od employ$ by ! anci5t ,romans 9 _! nor!rn prov9ces = a simil> purpose4 ,by ?is means1 he supposes1 ! rapidity ( ! curr5t w\ld be *eck$1 & ! quantity ( transport$ pebbles & gravel mu* dim9i%$4 ,:5 ! /ream has rea*$ t "p ( its c\rse :]e x is bord]$ by soil capable ( cultivation1 & wor? ! exp5se ( protection1 he proposes to place along "o or bo? sides ( ! /ream1 accord+ to circum/ances1 a l9e ( cubical blocks ( /one or pill>s ( masonry ?ree or f\r feet high & wide1 & at ! di/ance ( ab\t elev5 y>ds f ea* o!r4 ,! space betwe5 ! two l9es1 or betwe5 a l9e & ! opposite high bank1 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be det]m9$ by obs]vation ( ! wid? ( ! swift-wat] curr5t at high floods4 ,z an auxili>y measure1 small dit*es & banks1 or l[ walls ( pebbles1 %\ld be con/ruct$ f ! l9e ( blocks across ! gr\nds to be protect$1 ne>ly at "r angles to ! curr5t1 b slightly incl9+ d[nw>d1 & at conv5i5t di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,rozet ?9ks ! prop] int]val w\ld be #cjj y>ds1 & x is evid5t t1 if he is "r 9 8 ma9 pr9ciple1 h$ges1 r[s ( trees1 or ev5 common f5ces1 w\ld 9 _m cases answ] z good a purpose z banks & tr5*es or l[ walls4 ,! blocks or pill>s ( /one w\ld1 he cont5ds1 *eck ! lat]al curr5ts s z to compel !m to let fall all _! pebbles & gravel 9 ! ma9 *annel--:]e !y w\ld be roll$ along until gr\nd d[n to s& or silt--& ! transv]se ob/ructions w\ld deta9 ! wat] ^u ! soil long en\gh to secure ! deposit ( its f]tiliz+ slime4 ,num]\s facts are cit$ 9 support ( ! au?or's views1 & ,i imag9e !re are few resid5ts ( rural di/ricts ^: own obs]vation w n furni% te/imony confirmatory ( _! s\ndness4#cff ,! deposit ( slime by riv]s ^u ! flats along _! banks n only contributes greatly to ! f]tility ( ! soil ?us fl[$1 b x subs]ves a /ill m important purpose 9 ! g5]al economy ( nature4 ,all runn+ /reams beg9 ) excavat+ *annels = !mselves1 or deep5+ ! natural depressions 9 :i* !y fl[2#cfg b 9 proportion z _! outlets are rais$ by ! solid mat]ial transport$ by _! curr5ts1 _! velocity is dim9i%$1 !y deposit gravel & s& at con/antly high] & high] po9ts1 & s at la/ elevate1 9 ! middle & l[] "p ( _! c\rse1 ! b$s !y _h previ\sly scoop$ out4#cfh ,! rais+ ( ! *annels is comp5sat$ 9 "p by ! simultane\s elevation ( _! banks & ! flats adjo9+ !m1 f ! deposit ( ! f9] p>ticles ( e>? & vegetable m\ld br\ght d[n f ! m\nta9s1 )\t :i* elevation ! l[ gr\nds bord]+ all riv]s w\ld be1 z 9 _m cases !y 9 fact are1 m]e morasses4 ,all arrangem5ts :i* t5d to ob/ruct ?is process ( rais+ ! flats adjac5t to ! *annel1 :e!r consi/+ 9 dikes :i* conf9e ! wat]s1 &1 at ! same "t1 augm5t ! velocity ( ! curr5t1 or 9 o!r means ( produc+ ! la/-m5tion$ effect1 int]f]e ) ! re/orative economy ( nature1 & at la/ occasion ! =mation ( m>%es :]e1 if left to h]self1 %e w\ld h accumulat$ inexhau/ible /ores ( ! ri*e/ soil1 & spread !m out 9 pla9s above ! rea* ( ord9>y floods4#cfi ,consequ5ces if ! ,nile _h be5 ,dik$4 ,if a sy/em ( cont9u\s lat]al dikes1 l ^? ( ! ,po1 _h be5 adopt$ 9 ,egypt 9 ! e>ly dyna/ies1 :5 ! p[] & ! w to und]take ! mo/ /up5d\s mat]ial ent]prises 7 s em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry1 & ! wat]s ( ! annual inundation consequ5tly prev5t$ f flood+ ! l&1 x is conceivable t ! productiv5ess ( ! small area ( cultivable soil 9 ! ,nile valley might h be5 long kept up by artificial irrigation & ! application ( manures4 ,b nature w\ld h rebell$ at la/1 & c5turies be=e our "t ! mighty riv] w\ld h bur/ ! fett]s by :i* impot5t man _h va9ly /riv5 to b9d 8 swell+ floods1 ! f]tile fields ( ,egypt w\ld h be5 conv]t$ into dank morasses1 & !n1 p]haps1 9 "s di/ant future1 :5 ! expulsion ( man %\ld h all[$ ! gradual re/oration ( ! primitive equilibrium1 w\ld be aga9 trans=m$ into luxuriant g>d5 & pl\gh l&4 ,=tunately1 ! wisdom ( ,egypt taught h] *ildr5 bett] ?+s4 ,!y invit$ & welcom$1 n repuls$1 ! slimy embraces ( ,nilus1 & 8 favors h be51 f ! ho>ie/ antiquity1 ! greate/ mat]ial bless+ ev] be/[$ ^u a p4#cgj ,! valley ( ! ,po has probably n be5 cultivat$ or inhabit$ s long z t ( ! ,nile1 b embankm5ts h be5 employ$ on its l[] c\rse = at lea/ two ?\s& ye>s1 & = _m c5turies !y h be5 connect$ 9 a cont9u\s *a94 ,i h po9t$ out 9 a =m] *apt] ! effects produc$ on ! geography ( ! ,adriatic by ! deposit ( riv] s$im5t 9 ! sea at ! m\?s ( ! ,po1 ! ,adige1 & ! ,br5ta4 ,if ^! riv]s _h be5 left unconf9$1 l ! ,nile1 & all[$ to spread _! muddy wat]s at w1 accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 ! slime !y h c>ri$ to ! coa/ w\ld h be5 *iefly di/ribut$ ov] ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy4 ,_! banks w\ld h ris5 z fa/ z _! b$s1 ! coa/ l9e w\ld n h be5 ext5d$ s f> into ! ,adriatic1 &1 ! curr5t ( ! /reams be+ consequ5tly %ort]1 ! incl9ation ( _! *annel & ! rapidity ( _! fl[ w\ld n h be5 s greatly dim9i%$4 ,_h man sp>$ a reasonable proportion ( ! =e/s ( ! ,alps1 & n attempt$ to control ! natural dra9age ( ! surface1 ! ,po w\ld resemble ! ,nile 9 all its ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 &1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ce ( climate1 p]haps be reg>d$ z ! fri5d & ally1 n ! enemy & ! invad]1 ( ! population :i* dwells ^u its banks4#cga ,! ,nile is l>g] ?an all ! riv]s ( ,lomb>dy toge!r1#cgb x dra9s a bas9 tw5ty times z ext5sive1 its banks h be5 occupi$ by man probably twice z long4 ,b its geographical "* has n be5 mu* *ang$ 9 ! :ole p]iod ( record$ hi/ory1 &1 ?\gh its outlets h some:at fluctuat$ 9 numb] & position1 its hi/orically kn[n encroa*m5ts ^u ! sea are trifl+ comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,po & ! neighbor+ /reams4 ,! deposits ( ! ,nile are naturally great] 9 ,upp] ?an 9 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,!y are f\nd to h rais$ ! soil at ,!bes ab\t sev5 feet )9 ! la/ sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s1 & 9 ! ,delta ! rise has be5 c]ta9ly m ?an half z great4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 n exce$ ! tru? if we suppose ! annually inundat$ surface ( ,egypt to h be5 elevat$1 ^u an av]age1 t5 feet1 )9 ! la/ #e1jjj ye>s1 or twice & a half ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! hi/ory ( ! ,po is kn[n to u4#cgc ,we may e/imate ! pres5t actually cultivat$ area ( ,egypt at ab\t #e1ejj squ>e /atute miles4 ,z ,i h comput$ 9 a note on page #cgb1 t area is n m ?an half z ext5sive z "u ! dyna/ies ( ! ,ph>aohs & ! ,ptolemies2 =--?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( ! elevation ( ! riv] b$1 ! inundations n[ h a wid] natural spread--! indu/ry ( ! anci5t ,egyptians conduct$ ! ,nile wat] ov] a great ext5t ( soil x does n n[ rea*4 ,we may1 !n1 adopt a mean betwe5 ! two quantities1 & we %all probably come ne> ! tru? if we assume ! conv5i5t numb] ( #g1ibj squ>e /atute miles z ! av]age measure ( ! inundat$ l& dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,tak+ ! deposit on ?is surface at t5 feet1 ! riv] s$im5t let fall on ! soil ( ,egypt )9 ! la/ fifty c5turies w\ld am\nt to fifte5 cubic miles4 ,_h ! ,nile be5 bank$ 91 l ! ,po1 all ?is deposit1 except t conta9$ 9 ! wat] div]t$ by canals or o!rwise drawn f ! riv] = irrigation & o!r purposes1 w\ld h be5 c>ri$ out to sea4#cgd ,?is w\ld h be5 a consid]able quantity2 = ! ,nile holds e>? 9 susp5sion ev5 at l[ wat]1 a mu* l>g] proportion dur+ ! flood1 & irrigation mu/ h be5 c>ri$ on dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,! precise am\nt :i* w\ld h be5 ?us di/ribut$ ov] ! soil is matt] ( conjecture1 b ?ree cubic miles is c]ta9ly a lib]al e/imate4 ,?is w\ld leave twelve cubic miles z ! quantity :i* embankm5ts w\ld h compell$ ! ,nile to transport to ! ,m$it]ranean ov] & above :at x has actually deposit$ 9 t sea4 ,! ,m$it]ranean is %oal = "s miles out to sea along ! :ole coa/ ( ! ,delta1 & ! l>ge bays or lagoons )9 ! coa/ l9e1 :i* communicate bo? ) ! riv] & ! sea1 h little dep? ( wat]4 ,^! lagoons ! riv] deposits w\ld h fill$ up1 & !re w\ld /ill h be5 surplus e>? en\gh to ext5d ! ,delta f> into ! ,m$it]ranean4#cge ,deposits ( ! ,tuscan ,riv]s4 ,! ,arno1 & all ! riv]s ris+ on ! we/]n slopes & spurs ( ! ,ap5n9es1 c>ry d[n imm5se quantities ( mud to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! volume ( e>? s transport$ is v mu* great] ?an x w\ld h be5 _h ! soil ab\t ! headwat]s ( ^? riv]s cont9u$ to be protect$ f wa% by =e/s2 & !re is z little "q t ! quantity borne out to sea by ! riv]s ( ,we/]n ,italy is mu* increas$ by artificial embankm5ts1 because !y are !reby prev5t$ f spread+ ov] ! surface ! s$im5t>y matt] ) :i* !y are *>g$4 ,! we/]n coa/ ( ,tuscany has advanc$ "s miles seaw>d )9 a v few c5turies4 ,! b$ ( ! sea1 = a long di/ance1 has be5 rais$1 & ( c\rse ! relative elevation ( ! l& above x less5$2 h>bors h be5 fill$ up & de/roy$2 long l9es ( coa/ dunes h be5 =m$1 & ! dim9i%$ incl9ation ( ! b$s ( ! riv]s ne> _! outlets has caus$ _! wat]s to ov]fl[ _! banks & conv]t !m into pe/il5tial m>%es4 ,! t]ritorial ext5t ( ,we/]n ,italy has ?us be5 consid]ably increas$1 b ! am\nt ( soil habitable & cultivable by man has be51 9 a /ill high] proportion1 dim9i%$4 ,! coa/ ( anci5t ,etruria 0 fill$ ) great comm]cial t[ns1 & _! rural environs 7 occupi$ by a l>ge & prosp]\s population4 ,b m>itime ,tuscany has long be5 "o ( ! mo/ unheal?y di/ricts 9 ,*ri/5dom2 ! fam\s m>t ( ,populonia has n an inhabitant2 ! coa/ is almo/ absolutely depopulat$1 & ! mal>i\s fev]s h ext5d$ _! ravages f> into ! int]ior4 ,^! results are c]ta9ly n to be ascrib$ :olly to human action4 ,!y are1 9 a l>ge proportion1 due to geological causes ov] :i* man has no control4 ,! soil ( mu* ( ,tuscany becomes pa/y1 almo/ fluid ev51 z soon z x is moi/5$1 & :5 ?or\ghly saturat$ ) wat]1 x fl[s l a riv]4 ,su* a soil z ?is w\ld n be completely protect$ by woods1 &1 inde$1 x w\ld n[ be difficult to conf9e x long en\gh to all[ x to cov] itself ) =e/ vegetation4 ,nev]!less1 x c]ta9ly 0 once *iefly wood$1 & ! riv]s :i* fl[ ?r\gh x mu/ !n h be5 mu* less *>g$ ) e>?y matt] ?an at pres5t1 & !y mu/ h c>ri$ into ! sea a small] proportion ( _! s$im5t :5 !y 7 free to deposit x on _! banks ?an s9ce !y h be5 conf9$ by dikes4#cgf ,x is1 9 g5]al1 true1 t ! int]v5tion ( man has hi!rto seem$ to insure ! f9al exhau/ion1 ru91 & desolation ( e prov9ce ( nature :i* he has r$uc$ to 8 dom9ion4 ,attila 0 only giv+ an en]getic & picturesque expression to ! t5d5cies ( human action1 z p]sonifi$ 9 himself1 :5 he said t no grass grew :]e 8 horse's ho(s _h trod4 ,! in/ances are few1 :]e a second civilization has fl\ri%$ ^u ! ru9s ( an anci5t culture1 & l&s once r5d]$ un9habitable by human acts or neglect h g5]ally be5 =ev] ab&on$ z hopelessly irreclaimable4 ,x is1 z ,i h be=e rem>k$1 a "q ( va/ importance1 h[ f> x is practicable to re/ore ! g>d5 we h wa/$1 & x is a problem on :i* exp]i5ce ?r[s little light1 because few delib]ate attempts h yet be5 made at ! "w ( physical reg5]ation1 on a scale l>ge en\gh to w>rant g5]al conclusions 9 any "o class ( cases4 ,! valleys & %ores ( ,tuscany =m1 h[ev]1 a /rik+ exception to ?is rem>k4 ,! success ) :i* human guidance has made ! op]ations ( nature h]self available = ! re/oration ( h] di/urb$ h>monies1 9 ! ,val di ,*iana & ! ,tuscan ,m>emma1 is among ! noble/1 if n ! mo/ brilliant a*ievem5ts ( mod]n eng9e]+1 &1 reg>d$ 9 all its be>+s on ! great "q ( :i* ,i h j spok51 x is1 z an example1 ( m importance to ! g5]al int]e/s ( humanity ?an ! pr\de/ "w ( int]nal improvem5t t me*anical means h yet con/ruct$4 ,! op]ations 9 ! ,val di ,*iana h consi/$ *iefly 9 s regulat+ ! fl[ ( ! surface wat]s into & ?r\gh x1 z to compel !m to deposit _! s$im5t>y matt] at ! w ( ! eng9e]s1 & !reby to raise gr\nds r5d]$ insalubri\s & unfit = agricultural use by /agnat+ wat]2 ! improvem5ts 9 ! ,m>emma h embrac$ bo? ?is me?od ( elevat+ ! level ( ! soil1 & ! prev5tion ( ! mixture ( salt wat] ) fre% 9 ! coa/ m>%es & %all[ bays1 :i* is a v active cause ( ! developm5t ( mal>i\s influ5ces4#cgg ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,val di ,*iana4 ,= tw5ty miles or m aft] ! remote/ headwat]s ( ! ,arno h unit$ to =m a consid]able /ream1 ?is riv] fl[s s\!a/w>d to ! vic9ity ( ,arezzo4 ,x "h sweeps r\nd to ! nor?we/1 & foll[s t c\rse to ne> its junction ) ! ,sieve1 a few miles above ,flor5ce1 f :i* po9t its g5]al direction is we/w>d to ! sea4 ,f ! b5d at ,arezzo1 a depression call$ ! ,val di ,*iana runs s\!a/w>d until x /rikes into ! valley ( ! ,paglia1 a tribut>y ( ! ,tib]1 & ?us connects ! bas9 ( ! latt] riv] ) t ( ! ,arno4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & d[n to ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,val di ,*iana 0 (t5 ov]fl[$ & deva/at$ by ! torr5ts :i* p\r$ d[n f ! highl&s1 transport+ great quantities ( slime ) _! curr5ts1 /agnat+ ^u its surface1 & gradually conv]t+ x into a m>%y & unheal?y di/rict1 :i* 0 at la/ v greatly r$uc$ 9 population & productiv5ess4 ,x _h1 9 fact1 become s desolate t ev5 ! swall[ _h des]t$ x4#cgh ,! b$ ( ! ,arno ne> ,arezzo & t ( ! ,paglia at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,val di ,*iana did n diff] mu* 9 level4 ,! g5]al incl9ation ( ! valley 0 !re=e small2 x does n appe> to h ev] be5 divid$ into opposite slopes by a true wat]%$1 & ! position ( ! summit seems to h %ift$ accord+ to ! v>y+ am\nt & place ( deposit ( ! s$im5t br\ght d[n by ! lat]al /reams :i* empti$ into x4 ,! l5g? ( its pr9cipal *annel ( dra9age1 & ev5 ! direction ( its fl[ at any giv5 po9t1 7 !re=e fluctuat+4 ,h5ce1 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion 0 ent]ta9$ at diff]5t times ) reg>d to ! normal c\rse ( ?is /ream1 &1 consequ5tly1 to ! "q :e!r x 0 to be reg>d$ z prop]ly an afflu5t ( ! ,tib] or ( ! ,arno4 ,! b$ ( ! latt] riv] at ! b5d has be5 erod$ to ! dep? ( ?irty or =ty feet1 & t1 app>5tly1 at no v remote p]iod4 ,if x 7 elevat$ to :at 0 evid5tly its orig9al height1 ! curr5t ( ! ,arno w\ld be s mu* above t ( ! ,paglia z to all[ ( a regul> fl[ f its *annel to ! latt] /ream1 ?r\gh ! ,val di ,*iana1 provid$ ! b$ ( ! valley _h rema9$ at ! level :i* excavations prove x to h _h a few c5turies ago1 be=e x 0 rais$ by ! deposits ,i h m5tion$4 ,^! facts1 toge!r ) ! te/imony ( anci5t geograph]s :i* sc>cely admits ( any o!r explanation1 are ?\ght to prove t all ! wat]s ( ! ,upp] ,arno 7 orig9ally dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! ,val di ,*iana into ! ,tib]1 & t a "p ( !m /ill cont9u$ to fl[1 at lea/ occasionally1 9 t direction d[n to ! days ( ! ,roman empire1 & p]haps = "s "t lat]4 ,! depression ( ! b$ ( ! ,arno1 & ! rais+ ( t ( ! valley by ! deposits ( ! lat]al torr5ts & ( ! ,arno itself1 f9ally cut (f ! bran* ( ! riv] :i* _h fl[$ to ! ,tib]1 & all its wat]s 7 turn$ into its pres5t *annel1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal dra9age ( ! ,val di ,*iana appe>s to h be5 9 a s\!a/w>dly direction until )9 a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! elevation ( ! b$ ( ! valley _h become s consid]able1 t 9 #aeea1 at a po9t ab\t t5 miles s\? ( ! ,arno1 x 0 f\nd to be n less ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty feet above t riv]2 !n foll[$ a level ( t5 miles1 & !n a cont9u\s desc5t to ! ,paglia4 ,along ! level portion ( ! valley 0 a boatable *annel1 & lakes1 sometimes a mile or ev5 two miles 9 bread?1 _h =m$ at v>i\s po9ts f>!r s\?4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! dra9age ( ! summit level might easily h be5 det]m9$ 9 ei!r direction1 & ! opposite desc5ts ( ! valley made to culm9ate at ! nor? or at ! s\? end ( ! level4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! wat]%$ w\ld h be5 t5 miles s\? ( ! ,arno2 9 ! latt]1 tw5ty miles1 & ! division w\ld h be5 n v unequal4 ,v>i\s s*emes 7 sugge/$ at ?is "t = draw+ (f ! /agnant wat]s1 z well z = ! future regul> dra9age ( ! valley1 & small op]ations = ^? purposes 7 und]tak5 ) p>tial success2 b x 0 fe>$ t ! dis*>ge ( ! accumulat$ wat]s into ! ,tib] w\ld produce a dang]\s inundation1 :ile ! div]sion ( ! dra9age into ! ,arno w\ld increase ! viol5ce ( ! floods to :i* t riv] 0 v subject1 & no decisive /eps 7 tak54 ,9 #afjf1 an eng9e] ^: "n has n be5 pres]v$ propos$1 z ! only possible me?od ( improvem5t1 ! pi]c+ ( a tunnel ?r\gh ! hills b\nd+ ! valley on ! we/ to convey its wat]s to ! ,ombrone1 b ! exp5se & o!r objections prev5t$ ! adoption ( ?is project4#cgi ,! fe>s ( ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t = ! security ( ! valley ( ! ,tib] _h induc$ x to con/ruct b>ri]s across t "p ( ! *annel :i* lay )9 its t]ritory1 & ^! ob/ructions1 ?\gh n specifically int5d$ = t purpose1 naturally promot$ ! deposit ( s$im5t & ! elevation ( ! b$ ( ! valley 9 _! neighborhood4 ,! effect ( ?is measure & ( ! cont9u$ spontane\s action ( ! torr5ts 01 t ! nor!rn slope1 :i* 9 #aeea _h comm5c$ at ! di/ance ( t5 miles f ! ,arno1 0 f\nd 9 #afje to beg91 ne>ly ?irty miles s\? ( t riv]1 & 9 #afde x _h be5 remov$ ab\t six miles f>!r 9 ! same direction4#chj ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ,tuscan & ,papal ,gov]nm5ts consult$ ,galileo1 ,torricelli1 ,ca/elli1 ,cass9i1 ,viviani1 & o!r di/+ui%$ philosoph]s & eng9e]s1 on ! possibility ( reclaim+ ! valley by a regul> artificial dra9age4 ,mo/ ( ^! em95t physici/s 7 ( op9ion t ! measure 0 impracticable1 ?\gh n altoge!r = ! same reasons2 b !y seem to h agre$ 9 ?9k+ t ! op5+ ( su* *annels1 9 ei!r direction1 z w\ld give ! curr5t a fl[ suffici5tly rapid to dra9 ! l&s prop]ly1 w\ld dang]\sly augm5t ! inundations ( ! riv]--:e!r ! ,tib] or ! ,arno--into :i* ! wat]s %\ld be turn$4 ,! g5]al improvem5t ( ! valley 0 n[ = a long "t ab&on$1 & ! wat]s 7 all[$ to spread & /agnate until c>ri$ (f by p>tial dra9age1 infiltration1 & evaporation4 ,torricelli _h cont5d$ t ! slope ( a l>ge "p ( ! valley 0 too small to all[ x to be dra9$ by ord9>y me?ods1 & t no practicable dep? & wid? ( canal w\ld suffice = t purpose4 ,x c\ld be laid dry1 he ?\ght1 only by conv]t+ its surface into an incl9$ plane1 & he sugge/$ t ?is might be accompli%$ by controll+ ! fl[ ( ! num]\s torr5ts :i* p\r into x1 s z to =ce !m to deposit _! s$im5t at ! pleasure ( ! eng9e]1 &1 consequ5tly1 to elevate ! level ( ! area ov] :i* x %\ld be spread4#cha ,?is plan did n meet ) imm$iate g5]al acceptance1 b x 0 soon adopt$ = local purposes at "s po9ts 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! valley1 & x gradually grew 9 public favor & 0 ext5d$ 9 application until its f9al triumph a hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,9 spite ( ^! enc\rag+ successes1 h[ev]1 ! fe> ( dang] to ! valley ( ! ,arno & ! ,tib]1 & ! difficulty ( an agreem5t betwe5 ,tuscany & ,rome--! b\nd>y betwe5 :i* /ates cross$ ! ,val di ,*iana n f> f ! halfway po9t betwe5 ! two riv]s--& ( reconcil+ o!r conflict+ int]e/s1 prev5t$ ! resumption ( ! projects = ! g5]al dra9age ( ! valley until aft] ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! mean "t ! sci5ce ( hydraulics _h become bett] und]/ood1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! natural law accord+ to :i* ! velocity ( a curr5t ( wat]1 & ( c\rse ! proportional quantity dis*>g$ by x 9 a giv5 "t1 are increas$ by increas+ its mass1 _h dim9i%$ if n dissipat$ ! fe> ( expos+ ! banks ( ! ,arno to great] dang] f inundations by dra9+ ! ,val di ,*iana into x4 ,! sugge/ion ( ,torricelli 0 f9ally adopt$ z ! basis ( a compreh5sive sy/em ( improvem5t1 & x 0 decid$ to cont9ue & ext5d ! inv]sion ( ! orig9al fl[ ( ! wat]s1 & to turn !m into ! ,arno f a po9t z f> to ! s\? z %\ld be f\nd practicable4 ,! conduct ( ! works 0 committ$ to a succession ( able eng9e]s :o1 = a long s]ies ( ye>s1 7 "u ! g5]al direction ( ! celebrat$ philosoph] & /atesman ,fossombroni1 & ! success has fully ju/ifi$ ! expectations ( ! mo/ sangu9e advocates ( ! s*eme4 ,! plan ( improvem5t embrac$ two bran*es3 ! "o1 ! removal ( c]ta9 ob/ructions 9 ! b$ ( ! ,arno1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! fur!r depression ( ! *annel ( t riv]1 9 c]ta9 places1 ) ! view ( increas+ ! rapidity ( its curr5t2 ! o!r1 ! gradual fill+ up ( ! ponds & swamps1 & rais+ ( ! l[] gr\nds ( ! ,val di ,*iana1 by direct+ to conv5i5t po9ts ! fl[ ( ! /reams :i* p\r d[n into x1 & !re conf9+ _! wat]s by tempor>y dams until ! s$im5t 0 deposit$ :]e x 0 ne$$4 ,! economical result ( ^! op]ations has be51 t 9 #ahce an area ( m ?an f\r hundr$ & fifty squ>e miles ( pond1 m>%1 & damp1 sickly l[ gr\nds _h be5 conv]t$ into f]tile1 heal?y & well-dra9$ soil1 &1 consequ5tly1 t s mu* t]ritory has be5 add$ to ! agricultural doma9 ( ,tuscany4 ,b 9 our pres5t view ( ! subject1 ! geographical revolution :i* has be5 accompli%$ is /ill m int]e/+4 ,! climatic influ5ce ( ! elevation & dra9+ ( ! soil mu/ h be5 consid]able1 ?\gh ,i d n "k t an increase or a dim9ution ( ! mean temp]ature or precipitation 9 ! valley has be5 e/abli%$ by meteorological obs]vation4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! improvem5t ( ! sanit>y condition ( ! ,val di ,*iana1 :i* 0 =m]ly extremely unheal?y1 satisfactory pro( ( a b5eficial climatic *ange4 ,! fev]s1 :i* n only decimat$ ! population ( ! l[ gr\nds b infe/$ ! adjac5t hills1 h ceas$ _! ravages1 & are n[ n m frequ5t ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ,tuscany4 ,! /rictly topographical effect ( ! op]ations 9 "q1 besides ! conv]sion ( m>% into dry surface1 has be5 ! inv]sion ( ! incl9ation ( ! valley = a di/ance ( ?irty-five miles1 s t ?is great pla9 :i*1 )9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod1 slop$ & dra9$ its wat]s to ! s\?1 n[ incl9es & s5ds its dra9age to ! nor?4 ,! rev]sal ( ! curr5ts ( ! valley has add$ to ! ,arno a new tribut>y equal to ! l>ge/ ( its =m] afflu5ts1 & a mo/ important circum/ance connect$ ) ?is latt] fact is1 t ! increase ( ! volume ( its wat]s has accel]at$ _! velocity 9 a /ill great] proportion1 &1 in/ead ( augm5t+ ! dang] f its inundations1 has almo/ :olly obviat$ t s\rce ( appreh5sion4 ,betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ! ye> #agfa1 ?irty-"o de/ructive floods ( ! ,arno are record$2 betwe5 #agfa1 :5 ! pr9cipal /reams ( ! ,val di ,*iana 7 div]t$ into t riv]1 & #ahce1 n "o4#chb ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,tuscan ,m>emme4 ,9 ! improvem5ts ( ! ,tuscan ,m>emma1 m =midable difficulties h be5 enc\nt]$4 ,! t]ritory to be reclaim$ 0 m ext5sive2 ! salubri\s places ( retreat = labor]s & inspectors 7 m remote2 ! c\rses ( ! riv]s to be controll$ 7 long] & _! natural incl9ation less rapid2 "s ( !m1 ris+ 9 wood$ regions1 transport$ comp>atively little e>?y matt]1#chc & above all1 ,a l example is obs]v$ 9 ! ,anapus ne> ,syracuse1 :i*1 bel[ ! junction ( its two bran*es1 is n>r[]1 ?\gh swift] ?an ei!r ( !m1 & su* cases are by no means unfrequ5t4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ! conflu5ce ( two riv]s ^u ! curr5t bel[ dep5ds ^u local circum/ances1 & especially ^u ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,if ! two ne>ly co9cide 9 direction1 s z to include a small angle1 ! jo9t curr5t w h a great] velocity ?an ! sl[] conflu5t1 p]haps ev5 ?an ei!r ( !m4 ,if ! two riv]s run 9 transv]se1 /ill m if !y fl[ 9 m or less opposite directions1 ! velocity ( ! pr9cipal bran* w be ret>d$ bo? above & bel[ ! junction1 & at high wat] x may ev5 set back ! curr5t ( ! afflu5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! div]sion ( a consid]able bran* f a riv] ret>ds its velocity bel[ ! po9t ( sep>ation1 & "h a deposit ( e>? 9 its *annel imm$iately beg9s1 :i* has a t5d5cy to turn ! :ole /ream into ! new b$4 ,!ory & ! au?ority ( all hydrographical writ]s comb9e to %[ t ! *annels ( riv]s und]go an elevation ( b$ bel[ a canal ( div]sion4--,lett] ( ,,fossombroni1 9 ,,salvagnoli1 ,raccolta di ,docum5ti1 p4 #cb4 ,see ! e>ly au?orities & discussions on ! pr9ciple /at$ 9 ! text1 9 ,,frisi1 ,del modo di regol>e i ,fiumi e i ,torr5ti1 libro iii1 capit4 i4 ! coa/1 :i* is a rec5t deposit ( ! wat]s1 is little elevat$ above ! sea1 & admits into its lagoons & ! m\?s ( its riv]s floods ( salt wat] ) e we/]n w9d1 e ris+ tide4#chd ,! we/]n coa/ ( ,tuscany is n suppos$ to h be5 an unheal?y region be=e ! conque/ ( ,etruria by ! ,romans1 b x c]ta9ly became s )9 a few c5turies aft] t ev5t4 ,?is 0 a natural consequ5ce ( ! neglect or wanton de/ruction ( ! public improvem5ts1 & especially ! hydraulic works 9 :i* ! ,etruscans 7 s skilful1 & ( ! fell+ ( ! upl& =e/s1 to satisfy ! dem& = wood at ,rome = dome/ic1 indu/rial1 & milit>y purposes4 ,aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire1 ! incursions ( ! b>b>ians1 & !n feudalism1 =eign dom9ation1 inte/9e w>s1 & temporal & spiritual tyrannies1 aggravat$ /ill m cruelly ! moral & physical evils :i* ,tuscany & ! o!r ,italian ,/ates 7 doom$ to suff]1 & f :i* !y h enjoy$ b brief respites dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,! ,m>emma 0 already prov]bially unheal?y 9 ! "t ( ,dante1 :o ref]s to ! fact 9 sev]al famili> passages1 & ! petty tyrants ^u its bord]s (t5 s5t crim9als to places ( conf9em5t 9 its t]ritory1 z a sl[ b c]ta9 mode ( execution4 ,ignorance ( ! causes ( ! insalubrity1 & (t5 ! int]f]5ce ( private rights1#che prev5t$ ! adoption ( measures to remove x1 & ! gr[+ political & comm]cial importance ( ! l>ge t[ns 9 m heal?ful localities absorb$ ! att5tion ( ,gov]nm5t1 & depriv$ ! ,m>emma ( its j %>e 9 ! sy/ems ( physical improvem5t :i* 7 successfully adopt$ 9 int]ior & ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,be=e any s]i\s attempts 7 made to dra9 or fill up ! m>%es ( ! ,m>emme1 v>i\s o!r sanit>y exp]im5ts 7 tri$4 ,x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ! insalubrity ( ! prov9ce 0 ! consequ5ce1 n ! cause1 ( its depopulation1 & t1 if x 7 once d5sely inhabit$1 ! ord9>y op]ations ( agriculture1 & especially ! ma9t5ance ( num]\s dome/ic fires1 w\ld re/ore x to its anci5t heal?fulness4#chf ,9 accordance ) ^! views1 settl]s 7 invit$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy1 f ,greece1 &1 aft] ! accession ( ! ,lorra9e pr9ces1 f t c\ntry also1 & coloniz$ 9 ! ,m>emme4 ,to /rang]s com+ f soils & skies s unlike ^? ( ! ,tuscan m>%es1 ! climate 0 m fatal ?an to ! inhabitants ( ! neighbor+ di/ricts1 ^: con/itutions _h become 9 "s degree inur$ to ! local influ5ces1 or :o at lea/ knew bett] h[ to gu>d aga9/ !m4 ,! consequ5ce v naturally 0 t ! exp]im5t totally fail$ to produce ! desir$ effects1 & 0 att5d$ ) a great sacrifice ( life & a heavy loss to ! treasury ( ! /ate4 ,! t]ritory kn[n z ! ,tuscan ,m>emma1 ora m>itima1 or ,m>emme--= ! plural =m is mo/ g5]ally us$--lies ^u & ne> ! we/]n coa/ ( ,tuscany1 & comprises ab\t #a1ijj squ>e miles ,engli%1 ( :i* #ejj squ>e miles1 or #cbj1jjj acres1 are pla9 & m>% includ+ #de1ejj acres ( wat] surface1 & ab\t #bij1jjj acres are =e/4 ,"o ( ! m\nta9 peaks1 t ( ,m\nt ,amiata1 rises to ! height ( #f1bhj feet4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! ,m>emma are heal?y1 ! l[] hills mu* less s1 z ! mal>ia is felt at "s po9ts at ! height ( #a1jjj feet1 & ! pla9s1 ) ! exception ( a few localities favorably situat$ on ! seacoa/1 are 9 a high degree pe/il5tial4 ,! fix$ population is ab\t #hj1jjj1 ( :om "o six? live on ! pla9s 9 ! w9t] & ab\t "o t5? 9 ! summ]4 ,n9e or t5 ?\s& labor]s come d[n f ! m\nta9s ( ! ,m>emma & ! neighbor+ prov9ces into ! pla91 dur+ ! latt] season1 to cultivate & ga!r ! crops4 ,out ( ?is small numb] ( inhabitants & /rang]s1 #ce1fai 7 ill en\gh to require m$ical treatm5t betwe5 ! #a/ ( ,june1 #ahdj1 & ! #a/ ( ,june1 #ahda1 & m ?an "o half ! cases 7 ( int]mitt5t1 malignant1 ga/ric1 or cat>rhal fev]4 ,v few agricultural labor]s escap$ fev]1 ?\gh ! disease did n always manife/ itself until !y _h return$ to ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,grosseto1 :i* embraces ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,m>emma1 ! annual mortality 0 #c4ib p] c5t4 ! av]age duration ( life b #bc4ah ye>s1 & #ge p] c5t4 ( ! dea?s 7 among p]sons engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,! fill+ up ( ! l[ gr\nds & ! p>tial sep>ation ( ! wat]s ( ! sea & ! l&1 :i* _h be5 9 progress s9ce ! ye> #ahbg1 n[ began to %[ v decid$ effects ^u ! sanit>y condition ( ! population4 ,9 ! ye> end+ ,june #a/1 #ahdb1 ! numb] ( ! sick 0 r$uc$ by m ?an #b1jjj1 & ! cases ( fev] by m ?an #d1jjj4 ,! next ye>1 ! cases ( fev] fell to #aj1ejj1 & 9 t end+ ,june #a/1 #ahdd1 to #i1bjj4 ,! political ev5ts ( #ahdh & ! prec$+ & foll[+ ye>s1 occasion$ ! susp5sion ( ! works ( improvem5t 9 ! ,m>emma1 b !y 7 resum$ aft] ! revolution ( #ahei1 & are n[ 9 successful progress4 ,i h spok51 ) "s detail1 ( ! improvem5ts 9 ! ,val di ,*iana & ! ,tuscan ,m>emma1 because ( _! great relative importance1 & because _! hi/ory is well kn[n2 b l op]ations h be5 execut$ 9 ! t]ritory ( ,pisa & ^u ! coa/ ( ! du*y ( ,lucca4 ,9 ! latt] case1 !y 7 conf9$ pr9cipally to prev5tion ( ! int]mix+ ( fre% wat] ) t ( ! sea4 ,9 #agda1 sluices or lock gates 7 con/ruct$ = ?is purpose1 & ! foll[+ ye>1 ! fev]s1 :i* _h be5 de/ructive to ! coa/ population = a long "t previ\s1 disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,9 #agfh & #agfi1 ! works hav+ fall5 to decay1 ! fev]s return$ 9 a v malignant =m1 b ! rebuild+ ( ! gates aga9 re/or$ ! heal?fulness ( ! %ore4 ,simil> facts recurr$ 9 #aghd & #aghe1 & aga9 f #ahjd to #ahba4 ,?is long & repeat$ exp]i5ce has at la/ impress$ ^u ! p ! necessity ( vigilant att5tion to ! sluices1 :i* are n[ kept 9 con/ant repair4 ,! heal? ( ! coa/ is un9t]rupt$1 & ,vi>eggio1 ! capital t[n ( ! di/rict1 is n[ mu* frequ5t$ = its sea ba?s & its g5]al salubrity1 at a season :5 =m]ly x 0 ju/ly %unn$ z ! abode ( disease & dea?4#chg ,x is n[ a hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! improvem5ts 9 ! ,val di ,*iana1 & ^? ( ! ,m>emma h be5 9 m or less cont9u$ op]ation = above a g5]ation4 ,!y h1 z we h se51 produc$ important geographical *anges 9 ! surface ( ! e>? & 9 ! fl[ ( consid]able riv]s1 & _! effects h be5 n less conspicu\s 9 prev5t+ o!r *anges1 ( a delet]i\s "*1 :i* w\ld infallibly h tak5 place if !y _h n be5 arre/$ by ! improvem5ts 9 "q4 ,x has be5 already /at$ t1 9 ord] to prev5t ! ov]fl[ ( ! valley ( ! ,tib] by freely dra9+ ! ,val di ,*iana into x1 ! ,papal au?orities1 long be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,tuscan works1 con/ruct$ /rong b>ri]s ne> ! s\!rn end ( ! valley1 :i* deta9$ ! wat]s ( ! wet season until !y c\ld be gradually drawn (f into ! ,paglia4 ,!y consequ5tly deposit$ mo/ ( _! s$im5t 9 ! ,val di ,*iana & c>ri$ d[n comp>atively little e>? to ! ,tib]4 ,! lat]al /reams contribut+ ! l>ge/ quantities ( s$im5t>y matt] to ! ,val di ,*iana orig9ally fl[$ into t valley ne> its nor!rn end2 & ! *ange ( _! *annels & outlets 9 a s\!rn direction1 s z to raise t "p ( ! valley by _! deposits & !reby rev]se its dra9age1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal /eps 9 ! process ( improvem5t4 ,we h se5 t ! nor? end ( ! ,val di ,*iana ne> ! ,arno _h be5 rais$ by spontane\s deposit ( s$im5t to su* a height z to int]pose a suffici5t ob/acle to all fl[ 9 t direction4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,roman dam _h n be5 erect$1 or ! works ( ! ,tuscan ,gov]nm5t und]tak51 ! :ole ( ! e>?1 :i* has be5 arre/$ by ^? works & employ$ to raise ! b$ & rev]se ! declivity ( ! valley1 w\ld h be5 c>ri$ d[n to ! ,tib] & !nce into ! sea4 ,! deposit ?us creat$1 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h contribut$ to increase ! advance ( ! %ore at ! m\? ( t riv]1 :i* has long be5 go+ on at ! rate ( ?ree metres & n9e t5?s 7twelve feet & n9e in*es7 p] annum4#chh ,x is evid5t t a quantity ( e>?1 suffici5t to effect ! imm5se *anges ,i h describ$ 9 a wide valley m ?an ?irty miles long1 if deposit$ at ! outlet ( ! ,tib]1 w\ld h v consid]ably modifi$ ! outl9e ( ! coa/1 & h ex]t$ no unimportant influ5ce on ! fl[ ( t riv]1 by rais+ its po9t ( dis*>ge & l5g!n+ its *annel4 ,! s$im5t wa%$ into ! m>%es ( ! ,m>emme is n less ?an #ab1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds p] annum4 ,! escape ( ?is quantity into ! sea1 :i* is n[ almo/ :olly prev5t$1 w\ld be suffici5t to advance ! coa/ l9e f\rte5 y>ds p] ye>1 = a di/ance ( =ty miles1 comput+ ! mean dep? ( ! sea ne> ! %ore at twelve y>ds4 ,x is true t 9 ?is case1 z well z 9 t ( o!r riv]s1 ! s$im5t>y matt] w\ld n be di/ribut$ equally along ! %ore1 & mu* ( x w\ld be c>ri$ out into deep wat]1 or p]haps transport$ by ! curr5ts to di/ant coa/s4 ,! imm$iate effects ( ! deposit1 !re=e1 w\ld n be s palpable z !y appe> 9 ?is num]ical =m1 b !y w\ld be equally c]ta91 & w\ld infallibly manife/ !mselves1 fir/1 p]haps1 at "s remote po9t1 & aft]w>d at or ne> ! outlets ( ! riv]s :i* produc$ !m4 ,ob/ruction ( ,riv] ,m\?s4 ,! m\?s ( a l>ge proportion ( ! /reams kn[n to anci5t int]nal navigation are already block$ up by s&b>s or fluviatile deposits1 & ! m>itime approa*es to riv] h>bors frequ5t$ by ! %ips ( ,ph5icia & ,c>?age & ,greece & ,rome are %oal$ to a consid]able di/ance out to sea4 ,! incl9ation ( almo/ e kn[n riv] b$ has be5 consid]ably r$uc$ )9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 & no?+ b great volume ( wat]1 or exceptional rapidity ( fl[1 n[ enables a few l>ge /reams l ! ,amazon1 ! ,la ,plata1 ! ,ganges1 &1 9 a less degree1 ! ,mississippi1 to c>ry _! own deposits f> en\gh out into deep wat] to prev5t ! =mation ( s]i\s ob/ructions to navigation4 ,b ! degradation ( _! banks1 & ! transportation ( e>?y matt] to ! sea by _! curr5ts1 are gradually fill+ up ! e/u>ies ev5 ( ^! mighty floods1 & unless ! ?reat5$ evil %all be av]t$ by ! action ( geological =ces1 or by artificial contrivances m effici5t ?an dr$g+ ma*9es1 ! de/ruction ( e h>bor 9 ! _w :i* receives a consid]able riv] mu/ inevitably take place at no v di/ant date4 ,?is result w\ld1 p]haps1 h foll[$ 9 "s incalculably di/ant future1 if man _h n come to inhabit ! e>? z soon z ! natural =ces :i* _h =m$ its surface _h arriv$ at su* an approximate equilibrium t 8 exi/5ce on ! globe 0 possible2 b ! g5]al effect ( 8 indu/rial op]ations has be5 to accel]ate x imm5sely4 ,riv]s1 9 c\ntries plant$ by nature ) =e/s & nev] inhabit$ by man1 employ ! little e>? & gravel !y transport *iefly to raise _! own b$s & to =m pla9s 9 _! bas9s4#chi ,9 _! upp] c\rse1 :]e ! curr5t is swifte/1 !y are mo/ heavily *>g$ ) co>se roll$ or susp5d$ matt]1 & ?is1 9 floods1 !y deposit on _! %ores 9 ! m\nta9 valleys :]e !y rise2 9 _! middle c\rse1 a light] e>? is spread ov] ! bottom ( _! wid5+ bas9s1 & =ms pla9s ( mod]ate ext5t2 ! f9e silt :i* floats f>!r is deposit$ ov] a /ill broad] area1 or1 if c>ri$ out to sea1 is1 9 great "p quickly swept f> (f by m>9e curr5ts & dropp$ at la/ 9 deep wat]4 ,man's improvem5t ( ! soil increases ! erosion f its surface2 8 arrangem5ts = conf9+ ! lat]al spread ( ! wat] 9 floods compel ! riv]s to transport to _! m\?s ! e>? d]iv$ f t erosion ev5 9 _! upp] c\rse2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! s$im5t !y deposit at _! outlets is n only mu* l>g] 9 quantity1 b compos$ ( heavi] mat]ials1 :i* s9k m readily to ! bottom ( ! sea & are less easily remov$ by m>9e curr5ts4 ,! tidal movem5t ( ! ocean1 deep sea curr5ts1 & ! agitation ( inl& wat]s by ! w9d1 lift up ! s&s /rewn ov] ! bottom by diluvial /reams or s5t d[n by m\nta9 torr5ts1 & ?r[ !m up on dry l&1 or deposit !m 9 %elt]$ bays & nooks ( ! coa/--= ! fl[+ is /rong] ?an ! ebb+ tide1 ! afflu5t ?an ! reflu5t wave4 ,?is cause ( injury to h>bors x is n 9 man's p[] to resi/ by any means at pres5t available2 b1 z we h se51 some?+ c be done to prev5t ! degradation ( high gr\nds1 & to dim9i% ! quantity ( e>? :i* is annually ab/ract$ f ! m\nta9s1 f table l&s1 & f riv] banks1 to raise ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,?is latt] cause ( h>bor ob/ruction1 ?\gh an active ag5t1 is1 nev]!less1 9 _m cases1 ! less p[]ful ( ! two4 ,! e>? susp5d$ 9 ! l[] c\rse ( fluviatile curr5ts is light] ?an sea s&1 riv] wat] light] ?an sea wat]1 & h5ce1 if a l& /ream ent]s ! sea ) a consid]able volume1 its wat] fl[s ov] t ( ! sea1 & be>s its slime ) x until x lets x fall f> f %ore1 or1 z is m frequ5tly ! case1 m+les ) "s m>9e curr5t & transports its s$im5t to a remote po9t ( deposit4 ,! e>? borne out ( ! m\?s ( ! ,nile is 9 "p c>ri$ ov] ! waves :i* ?r[ up sea s& on ! bea*1 & deposit$ 9 deep wat]1 9 "p drift$ by ! curr5t1 :i* sweeps ea/ & nor? along ! coa/s ( ,egypt & ,syria1 until x f9ds a re/+ place 9 ! nor!a/]n angle ( ! ,m$it]ranean4#cij ,?us ! e>? loos5$ by ! rude ,abyss9ian pl\gh%>e1 & wa%$ d[n by ! ra9 f ! hills ( ,e?iopia :i* man has /ripp$ ( _! protect+ =e/s1 contributes to raise ! pla9s ( ,egypt1 to %oal ! m>itime *annels :i* lead to ! city built by ,alex&] ne> ! m\? ( ! ,nile1 & to fill up ! h>bors made fam\s by ,ph5ician comm]ce4 ,subt]ranean ,wat]s4 ,i h frequ5tly allud$ to a bran* ( geography1 ! importance ( :i* is b rec5tly adequately recogniz$--! subt]ranean wat]s ( ! e>? consid]$ z /ation>y res]voirs1 z fl[+ curr5ts1 & z filtrat+ fluids4 ,! e>? dr9ks 9 moi/ure by direct absorption f ! atmosph]e1 by ! deposition ( dew1 by ra9 & sn[1 by p]colation f riv]s & o!r sup]ficial bodies ( wat]1 & sometimes by curr5ts fl[+ into caves or small] visible ap]tures4#cia ,"s ( ?is humidity is exhal$ aga9 by ! soil1 "s is tak5 up by organic gr[?s & by inorganic comp\nds1 "s p\r$ out ^u ! surface by spr+s & ei!r imm$iately evaporat$ or c>ri$ d[n to l>g] /reams & to ! sea1 "s fl[s by subt]ranean c\rses into ! b$ ( fre%-wat] riv]s#cib or ( ! ocean1 & "s rema9s1 ?\gh ev5 "h n 9 =ev] motionless repose1 to fill deep cavities & und]gr\nd *annels4#cic ,9 e case ! aque\s vapors ( ! air are ! ultimate s\rce ( supply1 & all ^! hidd5 /ores are aga9 return$ to ! atmosph]e by evaporation4 ,! proportion ( ! wat] ( precipitation tak5 up by direct evaporation f ! surface ( ! gr\nd seems to h be5 g5]ally exagg]at$1 suffici5t all[ance n be+ made = moi/ure c>ri$ d[nw>d1 or 9 a lat]al direction1 by infiltration or by crevices 9 ! sup]ior rocky or e>?y /rata4 ,accord+ to ,wittw]1 ,m>iotte f\nd t b "o six? ( ! precipitation 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,se9e 0 deliv]$ into ! sea by t riv]1 s t five six?s rema9$ = evaporation & consumption by ! organic _w4#cid ,lieut5ant ,maury--^: sci5tific reputation1 ?\gh fall51 has n q sunk to ! level ( 8 patriotism--e/imates ! annual am\nt ( precipitation 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi at #fbj cubic miles1 ! dis*>ge ( t riv] into ! sea at #ajg cubic miles1 & concludes t ?is w\ld leave #eac cubic miles ( wat] to be evaporat$ f ?is riv] bas9 annually4#cie ,9 ^! & o!r l computations1 ! wat] c>ri$ d[n into ! e>? by capill>y & l>g] conduits is :olly lo/ sight (1 & no ?\ght is be/[$ ^u ! supply = spr+s1 = common & artesian wells1 & = und]gr\nd riv]s1 l ^? 9 ! great caves ( ,k5tucky1 :i* may gu% up 9 fre%-wat] curr5ts at ! bottom ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 or rise to ! light ( day 9 ! f>-(f p59sula ( ,florida4 ,! progress ( ! emphatically mod]n sci5ce ( geology has correct$ ^! errone\s views1 because ! obs]vations on :i* x dep5ds h demon/rat$ n only ! exi/5ce1 b ! movem5t1 ( wat] 9 ne>ly all geological =mations1 h collect$ evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( l>ge res]voirs at great] or less dep?s b5ea? surfaces ( almo/ e "*1 & h inve/igat$ ! rationale ( ! att5dant ph5om5a4 ,! di/ribution ( ^! wat]s has be5 m9utely /udi$ ) ref]5ce to a great numb] ( localities1 & ?\gh ! actual mode ( _! v]tical & horizontal transmission is /ill involv$ 9 mu* d\bt1 ! laws :i* det]m9e _! aggregation are s well und]/ood1 t1 :5 ! geology ( a giv5 di/rict is kn[n1 x is n difficult to det]m9e at :at dep? wat] w be rea*$ by ! bor]1 & to :at height x w rise4 ,! same pr9ciples h be5 successfully appli$ to ! discov]y ( small subt]ranean collections or curr5ts ( wat]1 & "s p]sons h acquir$1 by a mod]ate k ( ! sup]ficial /ructure ( ! e>? comb9$ ) long practice1 a skill 9 ! selection ( favorable places = digg+ wells :i* seems to common obs]v]s little less ?an miracul\s4 ,! ,abbe ,p>amelle--a ,fr5* ecclesia/ic :o devot$ himself = "s ye>s to ?is subject & 0 ext5sively employ$ z a well-f9d]--/ates1 9 8 "w on ,f\nta9s1 t 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty-f\r ye>s he _h po9t$ out m ?an t5 ?\s& subt]ranean spr+s1 & ?\gh 8 geological speculations 7 (t5 errone\s1 ! highe/ sci5tific au?orities 9 ,europe h te/ifi$ to ! great practical value ( 8 me?ods1 & ! almo/ infallible c]ta9ty ( 8 pr$ictions4#cif ,bab9et quotes a ,fr5* prov]b1 ,summ] ra9 wets no?+1 & expla9s x z mean+ t ! wat] ( su* ra9s is almo/ totally tak5 up by evaporation4 ,! ra9s ( summ]1 he adds1 h[ev] abundant !y may be1 d n p5etrate ! soil to a great] dep? ?an #ae or #bj c5timetres4 ,9 summ] ! evaporat+ p[] ( ! heat is five or six times z great z 9 w9t]1 & ?is p[] is ex]t$ by an atmosph]e capable ( conta9+ five times z mu* vapor z 9 w9t]4 ,a /ratum ( sn[ :i* prev5ts evaporation f ! soil causes almo/ all ! wat] t composes x to filt] d[n into ! e>?1 & =m a res]ve = spr+s1 wells1 & riv]s :i* c\ld n be suppli$ by any am\nt ( summ] ra94 ,?is latt]--useful1 inde$ l dew1 to vegetation--does n p5etrate ! soil & accumulate a /ore to fe$ spr+s & to be br\ght up by !m to ! op5 air4#cig ,?is conclusion1 h[ev] applicable x may be to ! climate & soil ( ,france1 is too broadly /at$ to be accept$ z a g5]al tru?1 & 9 c\ntries :]e ! precipitation is small 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 famili> obs]vation %[s t ! quantity ( wat] yield$ by deep wells & natural spr+s dep5ds n less on ! ra9s ( summ] ?an on ^? ( ! re/ ( ! ye>1 &1 consequ5tly1 t mu* ( ! precipitation ( t season mu/ f9d its way to /rata too deep to lose wat] by evaporation4 ,! supply ( subt]ranean res]voirs & curr5ts1 z well z ( spr+s1 is und\bt$ly d]iv$ *iefly f infiltration1 & h5ce x mu/ be affect$ by all *anges ( ! natural surface t accel]ate or ret>d ! dra9age ( ! soil1 or t ei!r promote or ob/ruct evaporation f x4 ,x has suffici5tly appe>$ f :at has gone be=e1 t ! spontane\s dra9age ( cle>$ gr\nd is m rapid ?an t ( ! =e/1 & consequ5tly1 t ! fell+ ( ! woods1 z well z ! dra9+ ( swamps1 deprives ! subt]ranean wat]s ( accessions :i* w\ld o!rwise be convey$ to !m by infiltration4 ,! same effect is produc$ by artificial contrivances = dry+ ! soil ei!r by op5 dit*es or by und]gr\nd pipes or *annels1 & 9 proportion z ! sph]e ( ^! op]ations is ext5d$1 ! effect ( !m _c fail to make itself m & m s5sibly felt 9 ! dim9i%$ supply ( wat] furni%$ by wells & runn+ spr+s4#cih ,x is und\bt$ly true t loose soils1 /ripp$ ( vegetation & brok5 up by ! pl\gh or o!r processes ( cultivation1 may1 until aga9 c>pet$ by grasses or o!r plants1 absorb m ra9 & sn[ wat] ?an :5 !y 7 cov]$ by a natural gr[?2 b x is also true t ! evaporation f su* soils is augm5t$ 9 a /ill great] proportion4 ,ra9 sc>cely p5etrates b5ea? ! sod ( grass gr\nd1 b runs (f ov] ! surface2 & aft] ! heavie/ %[]s a pl\gh$ field w (t5 be dri$ by evaporation be=e ! wat] c be c>ri$ (f by infiltration1 :ile ! soil ( a neighbor+ grove w rema9 half saturat$ = weeks toge!r4 ,s&y soils frequ5tly re/ on a t5aci\s subsoil1 at a mod]ate dep?1 z is usually se5 9 ! p9e pla9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e pools ( ra9 wat] collect 9 slight depressions on ! surface ( e>?1 ! upp] /ratum ( :i* is z por\s z a sponge4 ,9 ! op5 gr\nds su* pools are v soon dri$ up by ! sun & w9d2 9 ! woods !y rema9 unevaporat$ long en\gh = ! wat] to diffuse itself lat]ally until x f9ds1 9 ! subsoil1 crevices ?r\gh :i* x may escape1 or slopes :i* x may foll[ to _! outcrop or desc5d along !m to l[] /rata4 ,! read9ess ) :i* wat] n ob/ruct$ by imp]meable /rata diffuses itself ?r\gh ! e>? 9 all directions--&1 consequ5tly1 ! importance ( keep+ up ! supply ( subt]ranean res]voirs--f9d a famili> illu/ration 9 ! effect ( pav+ ! gr\nd ab\t ! /ems ( v9es & trees4 ,! surface e>? ar\nd ! trunk ( a tree may be made p]fectly imp]vi\s to wat]1 by flag /ones & cem5t1 = a di/ance great] ?an ! spread ( ! roots2 & yet ! tree w n suff] = want ( moi/ure1 except 9 dr\ghts sev]e en\gh s5sibly to affect ! supply 9 deep wells & spr+s4 ,bo? =e/ & fruit trees gr[ well 9 cities :]e ! /reets & c\rts are closely pav$1 & :]e ev5 ! lat]al access ( wat] to ! roots is m or less ob/ruct$ by deep cell>s & f\ndation walls4 ,! deep-ly+ ve9s & %eets ( wat]1 suppli$ by infiltration f above1 s5d up moi/ure by capill>y attraction1 & ! pavem5t prev5ts ! soil b5ea? x f los+ its humidity by evaporation4 ,h5ce1 city-gr[n trees f9d moi/ure en\gh = _! roots1 & ?\gh plagu$ ) smoke & du/1 (t5 reta9 _! fre%ness :ile ^? plant$ 9 ! op5 fields1 :]e sun & w9d dry up ! soil fa/] ?an ! subt]ranean f\nta9s c wat] x1 are )]+ f dr\ght4 ,)\t ! help ( artificial conduit or ( wat] c>ri]1 ! ,?ames & ! ,se9e refre% ! ornam5tal trees t %ade ! ?or\ghf>es ( ,london & ( ,p>is1 & b5ea? ! hot & reek+ m\ld ( ,egypt1 ! ,nile s5ds curr5ts to ! extreme/ bord] ( its valley4#cii ,artesian ,wells4 ,! exi/5ce ( artesian wells dep5ds ^u t ( subt]ranean res]voirs & riv]s1 & ! supply yield$ by bor+s is regulat$ by ! abundance ( su* s\rces4 ,! wat]s ( ! e>? are1 9 _m cases1 d]iv$ f sup]ficial curr5ts :i* are se5 to p\r into *asms op5$1 z x 71 expressly = _! reception2 & 9 o!rs :]e no ap]tures 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? h be5 detect$1 _! exi/5ce is prov$ by ! fact t artesian wells sometimes br+ up f great dep?s se$s1 leaves1 & ev5 liv+ fi%1 :i* mu/ h be5 c>ri$ d[n ?r\gh *annels l>ge en\gh to admit a consid]able /ream4 ,b 9 g5]al1 ! %eets & curr5ts ( wat] rea*$ by deep bor+ appe> to be prim>ily due to infiltration f highl&s :]e ! wat] is fir/ collect$ 9 sup]ficial or subt]ranean res]voirs4 ,by means ( *annels con=m+ to ! dip ( ! /rata1 ^! res]voirs communicate ) ! l[] bas9s1 & ex]t ^u !m a fluid pressure suffici5t to raise a column to ! surface1 :5ev] an orifice is op5$4#djj ,! wat] deliv]$ by an artesian well is1 !re=e1 (t5 d]iv$ f di/ant s\rces1 & may be :olly unaffect$ by geographical or meteorological *anges 9 its imm$iate neighborhood1 :ile ! same *anges may q dry up common wells & spr+s :i* are f$ only by ! local infiltration ( _! own n>r[ bas9s4 ,9 mo/ cases1 artesian wells h be5 bor$ = purely economical or indu/rial purposes1 su* z to obta9 good wat] = dome/ic use or = driv+ light ma*9]y1 to rea* sal9e or o!r m9]al spr+s1 & rec5tly1 9 ,am]ica1 to op5 f\nta9s ( petroleum or rock oil4 ,! geographical & geological effects ( su* ab/raction ( fluids f ! b[els ( ! e>? are too remote & unc]ta9 to be "h notic$2#dja b artesian wells h lately be5 employ$ 9 ,alg]ia = a purpose :i* has ev5 n[ a sub/antial1 & may h]eaft] acquire a v great geographical importance4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by _m e>li] z well z rec5t travell]s 9 ! ,ea/1 among :om ,%aw des]ves special m5tion1 t ! ,libyan des]t1 bord]+ ^u ! cultivat$ %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 appe>$ 9 _m places to re/ ^u a subt]ranean lake at an accessible di/ance bel[ ! surface4 ,! ,moors are vaguely said to h bor$ artesian wells d[n to ?is res]voir1 to obta9 wat] = dome/ic use & irrigation1 b ,i d n f9d su* wells describ$ by any tru/wor?y travell]1 & ! univ]sal a/oni%m5t & incr$ulity ) :i* ! native tribes view$ ! op]ations ( ! ,fr5* eng9e]s s5t into ! des]t = t purpose1 are a suffici5t pro( t ?is mode ( rea*+ ! subt]ranean wat]s 0 new to !m4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( wat] bel[ ! s&s1 & 7 dext]\s 9 digg+ wells--squ>e %afts l9$ ) a framework ( palm-tree /ems--to ! level ( ! %eet4 ,! wells s con/ruct$1 ?\gh n te*nically artesian wells1 answ] ! same purpose2 = ! wat] rises to ! surface & fl[s ov] x z f a spr+4#djb ,^! wells1 h[ev]1 are too few & too scanty 9 supply to s]ve any o!r purposes ?an ! dome/ic wells ( o!r c\ntries1 & x is b rec5tly t ! trans=mation ( des]t into cultivable l& by ?is means has be5 s]i\sly attempt$4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t has bor$ a l>ge numb] ( artesian wells 9 ! ,alg]ian des]t )9 a few ye>s1 & ! native %eikhs are beg9n+ to avail !mselves ( ! process4 ,e well becomes ! nucleus ( a settlem5t proportion$ to ! supply ( wat]1 & be=e ! end ( ! ye> #ahfj1 sev]al nomade tribes _h ab&on$ _! w&]+ life1 e/abli%$ !mselves ar\nd ! wells1 & plant$ m ?an #cj1jjj palm trees1 besides o!r p]5nial vegetables4#djc ,! wat] is f\nd at a small dep?1 g5]ally f #ajj to #bjj feet1 & ?\gh conta9+ too l>ge a proportion ( m9]al matt] to be acceptable to a ,european palate1 x answ]s well = irrigation1 & does n prove un:olesome to ! natives4 ,! mo/ obvi\s use ( artesian wells 9 ! des]t at pres5t is t ( creat+ /ations = ! e/abli%m5t ( milit>y po/s & halt+ places = ! des]t travell]2 b if ! supply ( wat] %all prove adequate = ! indef9ite ext5sion ( ! sy/em1 x is probably de/9$ to produce a great] geographical trans=mation ?an has ev] be5 effect$ by any s*eme ( human improvem5t4 ,! mo/ /rik+ contra/ ( l&scape sc5]y t nature br+s ne> toge!r 9 "t or place1 is t betwe5 ! gre5]y ( ! tropics1 or ( a nor!rn summ]1 & ! sn[y pall ( leafless w9t]4 ,next to ?is 9 />tl+ novelty ( effect1 we mu/ rank ! sudd5 transition f ! %ady & v]dant oasis ( ! des]t to ! b>e & burn+ p>ty-color$ ocean ( s& & rock :i* surr\nds x4#djd ,! mo/ sangu9e believ] 9 indef9ite human progress h>dly expects t man's cunn+ w accompli% ! univ]sal fufilm5t ( ! prophecy1 ! des]t %all blossom z ! rose1 9 its lit]al s5se2 b sob] geograph]s h ?\ght ! future conv]sion ( ! s& pla9s ( ,nor!rn ,africa into fruitful g>d5s1 by means ( artesian wells1 n an improbable expectation4 ,!y h gone f>!r1 & argu$ t1 if ! soil 7 cov]$ ) fields & =e/s1 vegetation w\ld call d[n moi/ure f ! ,libyan sky1 & t ! %[]s :i* are n[ wa/$ on ! sea1 or s (t5 deluge ,s\!rn ,europe ) de/ructive inundation1 w\ld 9 "p be cond5s$ ov] ! arid wa/es ( ,africa1 & ?us1 )\t fur!r aid f man1 be/[ abundance on regions :i* nature seems to h condemn$ to p]petual desolation4 ,an equally bold speculation1 f\nd$ on ! well-kn[n fact1 t ! temp]ature ( ! e>? & ( its int]nal wat]s increases z we desc5d b5ea? ! surface1 has sugge/$ t artesian wells might supply heat = indu/rial & dome/ic purposes1 = hot-h\se cultivation1 & ev5 = ! local amelioration ( climate4 ,! success ) :i* ,c\nt ,l>d>ello has employ$ natural hot spr+s = ! evaporation ( wat] *>g$ ) boracic acid1 & o!r =tunate applications ( ! heat ( !rmal s\rces1 l5d "s c\nt5ance to ! latt] project2 b bo? mu/1 = ! pres5t1 be rank$ among ! vague possibilities ( sci5ce1 n reg>d$ z probable future triumphs ( man ov] nature4 ,artificial ,spr+s4 ,a m plausible & invit+ s*eme is t ( ! creation ( p]5nial spr+s by husb&+ ra9 & sn[ wat]1 /or+ x up 9 artificial res]voirs ( e>?1 & filt]+ x ?r\gh purify+ /rata1 9 analogy ) ! op]ations ( nature4 ,! sagaci\s ,palissy--/>t+ f ! !ory t all spr+s are prim>ily d]iv$ f precipitation1 & reason+ ju/ly on ! accumulation & movem5t ( wat] 9 ! e>?--propos$ to r$uce !ory to practice1 & to imitate ! natural processes by :i* ra9 is absorb$ by ! e>? & giv5 out aga9 9 runn+ f\nta9s4 ,:5 ,i _h long & dilig5tly consid]$ ! cause ( ! spr++ ( natural f\nta9s & ! places :]e !y be wont to issue1 says he1 ,i did pla9ly p]ceive1 at la/1 t !y d proce$ & are eng5d]$ ( n\ght b ! ra9s4 ,& x is ?is1 look y1 :i* ha? mov$ me to ent]prise ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ra9 wat] aft] ! mann] ( nature1 & ! mo/ closely accord+ to h] fa%ion t ,i am able2 & ,i am well assur$ t by foll[+ ! =mul>y ( ! ,supreme ,contriv] ( f\nta9s1 ,i c make spr+s1 ! wat] :]e( %all be z good & pure & cle> z ( su* :i* be natural4#dje ,palissy discusses ! subject ( ! orig9 ( spr+s at l5g? & ) mu* ability1 dwell+ specially on infiltration1 &1 among o!r ?+s1 ?us expla9s ! frequ5cy ( spr+s 9 m\nta9\s regions3 ,hav+ well consid]$ ! :i*1 ?\ maye/ pla9ly see ! reason :y !re be m spr+s & rivulets proce$+ f ! m\nta9s ?an f ! re/ ( ! e>?2 :i* is = no o!r cause b t ! rocks & m\nta9s d reta9 ! wat] ( ! ra9s l vessels ( brass4 ,& ! said wat]s fall+ ^u ! said m\nta9s desc5d cont9ually ?r\gh ! e>?1 & ?r\gh crevices1 & /op n till !y f9d "s place t is bottom$ ) /one or close & ?ick rocks2 & !y re/ ^u su* bottom until !y f9d "s *annel or o!r mann] ( issue1 & !n !y fl[ out 9 spr+s or brooks or riv]s1 accord+ to ! greatness ( ! res]voirs & ( ! outlets !re(4#djf ,aft] a full exposition ( 8 !ory1 ,palissy proce$s to describe 8 me?od ( creat+ spr+s1 :i* is sub/antially ! same z t lately propos$ by ,bab9et 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,*oose a piece ( gr\nd conta9+ f\r or five acres1 ) a s&y soil1 & ) a g5tle slope to det]m9e ! fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,along its upp] l9e1 dig a tr5* five or six feet deep & six feet wide4 ,level ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 & make x imp]meable by pav+1 by macadamiz+1 by bitum51 or1 m simply & *eaply1 by a lay] ( clay4 ,by ! side ( ?is tr5* dig ano!r1 & ?r[ ! e>? f x into ! fir/1 & s on until y h r5d]$ ! subsoil ( ! :ole p>cel imp]meable to ra9 wat]4 ,build a wall along ! l[] l9e ) an ap]ture 9 ! middle = ! wat]1 & plant fruit or o!r l[ trees ^u ! :ole1 to %ade ! gr\nd & *eck ! curr5ts ( air :i* promote evaporation4 ,?is w infallibly give y a good spr+ :i* w fl[ )\t int]mission & supply ! wants ( a :ole hamlet or a l>ge *ateau4#djg ,bab9et /ates t ! :ole am\nt ( precipitation on a res]voir ( ! propos$ area1 9 ! climate ( ,p>is1 w\ld be ab\t #ac1jjj cubic y>ds1 n above "o half ( :i*1 he ?9ks1 w\ld be lo/1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! o!r half w\ld rema9 available to supply ! spr+4 ,i mu* d\bt :e!r ?is expectation w\ld be realiz$ 9 practice1 9 its :ole ext5t2 = if ,bab9et is "r 9 suppos+ t ! summ] ra9 is :olly evaporat$1 ! w9t] ra9s1 be+ mu* less 9 quantity1 w\ld h>dly suffice to keep ! e>? saturat$ & give (f s l>ge a surplus4 ,! me?od ( ,palissy1 ?\gh1 z ,i h said1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to t ( ,bab9et1 w\ld be *eap] ( execution1 &1 at ! same "t1 m effici5t4 ,he proposes ! con/ruction ( relatively small filt]+ receptacles1 into :i* he w\ld conduct ! ra9 fall+ ^u a l>ge area ( rocky hillside1 or o!r slop+ gr\nd n readily absorb+ wat]4 ,?is process w\ld1 9 all probability1 be a v successful1 z well z an inexp5sive1 mode ( economiz+ atmosph]ic precipitation1 & compell+ ! ra9 & sn[ to =m p]5nial f\nta9s at w4 ,economiz+ ,precipitation4 ,! me?ods sugge/$ by ,palissy & by ,bab9et are ( limit$ application1 & design$ only to supply a suffici5t quantity ( wat] = ! dome/ic use ( small villages or l>ge private e/abli%m5ts4 ,dumas has propos$ a mu* m ext5sive sy/em = collect+ & reta9+ ! :ole precipitation 9 consid]able valleys1 & /or+ x 9 res]voirs1 :5ce x is to be drawn = h\sehold & me*anical purposes1 = irrigation1 &1 9 %ort1 = all ! uses to :i* ! wat] ( natural spr+s & brooks is applicable4 ,8 plan consi/s 9 dra9+ bo? surface & subsoil1 by means ( conduits diff]+ 9 con/ruction accord+ to local circum/ances1 b 9 ! ma9 n unlike ^? employ$ 9 improv$ agriculture1 collect+ ! wat] 9 a c5tral *annel1 secur+ its prop] filt]age1 *eck+ its too rapid fl[ by b>ri]s at conv5i5t po9ts1 & f9ally receiv+ ! :ole 9 spaci\s cov]$ res]voirs1 f :i* x may be dis*>g$ 9 a con/ant fl[ or at int]vals z conv5i5ce may dictate4#djh ,!re is no reasonable d\bt t a v wide employm5t ( ^! v>i\s contrivances = economiz+ & supply+ wat] is practicable1 & ! exp$i5cy ( resort+ to !m is almo/ purely an economical "q4 ,!re appe>s to be no s]i\s reason to appreh5d collat]al evils f !m1 & 9 fact all ( !m1 except artesian wells1 are simply indirect me?ods ( return+ to ! orig9al arrangem5ts ( nature1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( re/or+ ! fluid circulation ( ! globe2 = :5 ! e>? 0 cov]$ ) ! =e/1 p]5nial spr+s gu%$ f ! foot ( e hill1 brooks fl[$ d[n ! b$ ( e valley4 ,! p>tial recov]y ( ! f\nta9s & rivulets :i* once abundantly wat]$ ! face ( ! agricultural _w seems practicable by su* means1 ev5 )\t any g5]al replant+ ( ! =e/s2 & ! co/ ( "o ye>'s w>f>e1 if judici\sly exp5d$ 9 a comb9ation ( bo? me?ods ( improvem5t1 w\ld secure1 to almo/ e c\ntry t man has exhau/$1 an amelioration ( climate1 a r5ovat$ f]tility ( soil1 & a g5]al physical improvem5t1 :i* might almo/ be *>act]iz$ z a new creation4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,s&s4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,s&--,,s& ,,n[ ,,c>ri$ ,,d[n ,,to ,,! ,,sea--,,! ,,s&s ,,( ,,egypt ,,& ,,! ,,adjac5t ,,des]t----,,! ,,suez ,,canal----,,! ,,s&s ,,( ,,egypt--,,coa/ ,,dunes ,,& ,,s& ,,pla9s--,,s& ,,banks--,,dunes ,,on ,,coa/ ,,( ,,am]ica--,,dunes ,,( ,,we/]n ,,europe--,,=mation ,,( ,,dunes--,,"* ,,( ,,dune ,,s&--,,int]ior ,,/ructure ,,( ,,dunes--,,=m ,,( ,,dunes--,,geological ,,importance ,,( ,,dunes--,,inl& ,,dunes-- ,,age1 ,,"*1 ,,& ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,dunes--,,use ,,( ,,dunes ,,z ,,b>ri] ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,sea--,,encroa*m5ts ,,( ,,! ,,sea--,,! ,,liimfjord--,,encroa*m5ts ,,( ,,! ,,sea--,,drift+ ,,( ,,dune ,,s&s--,,dunes ,,( ,,gascony--,,dunes ,,( ,,d5m>k--,,dunes ,,( ,,prussia--,,artificial ,,=mation ,,( ,,dunes--,,trees ,,suitable ,,= ,,dune ,,plantations--,,ext5t ,,( ,,dunes ,,9 ,,europe--,,dune ,,v9ey>ds ,,( ,,cape ,,breton-- ,,removal ,,( ,,dunes--,,inl& ,,s& ,,pla9s--,,! ,,l&es ,,( ,,gascony--,,! ,,belgian ,,camp9e--,,s&s ,,& ,,/eppes ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,europe--,,advantages ,,( ,,reclaim+ ,,dunes--,,gov]nm5t ,,works ,,( ,,improvem5t4 ,orig9 ( ,s&4 ,s&1 :i* is f\nd 9 b$s or /rata at ! bottom ( ! sea or 9 ! *annels ( riv]s1 z well z 9 ext5sive deposits ^u or b5ea? ! surface ( ! dry l&1 appe>s to consi/ ess5tially ( ! detritus ( rocks4 ,x is n always by any means cle> ?r\gh :at ag5cy ! solid rock has be5 r$uc$ to a granul> condition2 = !re are b$s ( qu>tzose s&1 :]e ! %>p1 angul> %ape ( ! p>ticles r5d]s x highly improbable t !y h be5 =m$ by gradual abrasion & attrition1 & :]e ! supposition ( a cru%+ me*anical =ce seems equally inadmissible4 ,9 common s&1 ! qu>tz gra9s are ! mo/ num]\s2 b ?is is n a pro( t ! rocks f :i* ^! p>ticles 7 d]iv$ 7 :olly1 or ev5 *iefly1 qu>tzose 9 "*2 =1 9 _m composite rocks1 z1 = example1 9 ! granitic gr\p1 ! mica1 felsp>1 & hornbl5de are m easily decompos$ by *emical action1 or dis9tegrat$1 comm9ut$1 & r$uc$ to an impalpable /ate by me*anical =ce1 ?an ! qu>tz4 ,9 ! de/ruction ( su* rocks1 !re=e1 ! qu>tz w\ld survive ! o!r +r$i5ts1 & rema9 unmix$1 :5 !y _h be5 decompos$ & _h ent]$ into new *emical comb9ations1 or be5 gr\nd to slime & wa%$ away by wat] curr5ts4 ,! great] or less specific gravity ( ! diff]5t con/itu5ts ( rock d\btless aids 9 sep>at+ !m into di/9ct masses :5 once dis9tegrat$1 ?\gh !re are ve9$ & /ratifi$ b$s ( s& :]e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! upp] & l[] lay]s1 9 ?is respect1 is too slight to be suppos$ capable ( effect+ a complete sep>ation4#dji ,9 cases :]e rock has be5 r$uc$ to s&y fragm5ts by heat1 or by obscure *emical & o!r molecul> =ces1 ! s&b$s may rema9 undi/urb$1 & repres5t1 9 ! s]ies ( geological /rata1 ! solid =mations f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,! l>ge masses ( s& n f\nd 9 place h be5 transport$ & accumulat$ by wat] or by w9d1 ! =m] be+ g5]ally consid]$ ! mo/ important ( ^! ag5cies2 = ! ext5sive deposits ( ! ,sah>a1 ( ! des]ts ( ,p]sia1 & ( t ( ,gobi1 are commonly suppos$ to h be5 swept toge!r or di/ribut$ by m>9e curr5ts1 & to h be5 elevat$ above ! ocean by ! same means z o!r upheav$ /rata4 ,meteoric & me*anical influ5ces are /ill active 9 ! r$uction ( rocks to a fragm5t>y /ate2 b ! quantity ( s& n[ transport$ to ! sea seems to be comp>atively inconsid]able1 because--n to speak ( ! abs5ce ( diluvial action--! numb] ( torr5ts empty+ directly into ! sea is mu* less ?an x 0 at e>li] p]iods4 ,! =mation ( alluvial pla9s 9 m>itime bays1 by ! s$im5t>y matt] br\ght d[n f ! m\nta9s1 has l5g!n$ ! fl[ ( su* /reams & conv]t$ !m v g5]ally into riv]s1 or r afflu5ts ( riv]s mu* y\ng] ?an !mselves4 ,! fill+ up ( ! e/u>ies has s r$uc$ ! slope ( all l>ge & _m small riv]s1 &1 consequ5tly1 s *eck$ ! curr5t ( :at ! ,g]mans call _! ,unt]lauf1 or l[] c\rse1 t !y are mu* less able to transport heavy mat]ial ?an at e>li] epo*s4 ,! slime deposit$ by riv]s at _! junction ) ! sea1 is usually f\nd to be compos$ ( mat]ial too f9ely gr\nd & too light to be d5om9at$ s&1 & x c be abundantly %[n t ! s&banks at ! outlet ( l>ge /reams are ( tidal1 n ( fluviatile orig91 or1 9 lakes & tideless seas1 a result ( ! concurr5t action ( waves & ( w9d4 ,l>ge deposits ( s&1 !re=e1 mu/ 9 g5]al be consid]$ z ( anci5t1 n ( rec5t =mation1 & _m em95t geologi/s ascribe !m to diluvial action4 ,/>+ has discuss$ ?is "q v fully1 ) special ref]5ce to ! s&s ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 ! ,zuid]zee1 & ! bays & *annels ( ! ,dut* coa/4#daj ,8 g5]al conclusion is1 t ! riv]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s move s& only by a v sl[ displacem5t ( s&banks1 & d n c>ry x ) !m z a susp5d$ or float+ mat]ial4 ,! s&s ( ! ,g]man ,ocean he holds to be a product ( ! great ,nor? ,g]man drift1 deposit$ :]e !y n[ lie be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t geological p]iod1 & he ma9ta9s simil> op9ions ) reg>d to ! s&s ?r[n up by ! ,m$it]ranean at ! m\?s ( ! ,nile & on ! ,b>b>y coa/4#daa ,s& n[ c>ri$ to ! ,sea4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 cases :]e m\nta9 /reams /ill be> to ! sea p]haps relatively small1 b c]ta9ly absolutely l>ge1 am\nts ( dis9tegrat$ rock4#dab ,! quantity ( s& & gravel c>ri$ into ! ,m$it]ranean by ! torr5ts ( ! ,m>itime ,alps1 ! ,ligurian ,ap5n9es1 ! isl&s ( ,corsica1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,sicily1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,calabria1 is app>5tly great4 ,9 m]e mass1 x is possible1 if n probable1 t z mu* rocky mat]ial1 m or less comm9ut$1 is contribut$ to ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean by ,europe1 ev5 exclud+ ! %ores ( ! ,adriatic & ! ,eux9e1 z is wa%$ up f x ^u ! coa/s ( ,africa & ,syria4 ,a great "p ( ?is mat]ial is ?r[n out aga9 by ! waves on ! ,european %ores ( t sea4 ,! h>bors ( ,luni1 ,alb5ga1 ,san ,remo1 & ,savona we/ ( ,g5oa1 & ( ,porto ,f9o on ! o!r side1 are fill+ up1 & ! coa/ ne> ,c>r>a & ,massa is said to h advanc$ ^u ! sea to a di/ance ( #dge feet 9 ?irty-?ree ye>s4#dac ,besides ?is1 we h no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( deep-wat] curr5ts 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ext5sive en\gh & /rong en\gh to transport qu>tzose s& across ! sea4 ,x may be add$ t mu* ( ! rock f :i* ! torr5t s&s ( ,s\!rn ,europe are d]iv$ conta9s little qu>tz1 & h5ce ! g5]al "* ( ^! s&s is su* t !y mu/ be decompos$ or gr\nd d[n to an impalpable slime1 long be=e !y c\ld be swept ov] to ! ,african %ore4 ,! torr5ts ( ,europe1 !n1 d n at pres5t furni% ! mat]ial :i* composes ! bea* s&s ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 & x is equally c]ta9 t ^? s&s are n br\ght d[n by ! riv]s ( ! latt] cont95t4 ,!y belong to a remote geological p]iod1 & h be5 accumulat$ by causes :i* we _c at pres5t assign4 ,! w9d does n /ir wat] to great dep?s ) suffici5t =ce to di/urb ! bottom1#dad & ! s& ?r[n ^u ! coa/ 9 "q mu/ be d]iv$ f a n>r[ belt ( sea4 ,x mu/ h5ce1 9 "t1 become exhau/$1 & ! =mation ( new s&banks & dunes ^u ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean w cease at la/ = want ( mat]ial4#dae ,b ev5 9 ! cases :]e ! accumulations ( s& 9 ext5sive des]ts appe> to be ( m>9e =mation1 or r aggregation1 & to h be5 br\ght to _! pres5t position by upheaval1 !y are n :olly compos$ ( mat]ial collect$ or di/ribut$ by ! curr5ts ( ! sea2 =1 9 all su* regions1 !y cont9ue to receive "s small contributions f ! dis9tegration ( ! rocks :i* und]lie1 or crop out ?r\gh1 ! sup]ficial deposits4 ,9 "s in/ances1 too1 z 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 additions are con/antly made to ! mass by ! preval5ce ( sea w9ds1 :i* transport1 or1 to speak m precisely1 roll ! f9] bea* s& to consid]able di/ances into ! int]ior4 ,b ?is is a v sl[ process1 & ! exagg]ations ( travell]s h diffus$ a va/ deal ( popul> error on ! subject4 ,s&s ( ,egypt4 ,9 ! n>r[ valley ( ! ,nile--:i*1 above its bifurcation ne> ,cairo1 is1 ?r\gh\t ,egypt & ,nubia1 g5]ally b\nd$ by precipit\s cliffs--:]ev] a rav9e or o!r consid]able depression occurs 9 ! wall ( rock1 "o sees :at seems a /ream ( des]t s& p\r+ d[n1 & common obs]v]s h h5ce conclud$ t ! :ole valley is 9 dang] ( be+ buri$ "u a /ratum ( inf]tile soil4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians appreh5d$ ?is1 & erect$ walls1 (t5 ( unburnt brick1 across ! outlet ( gorges & lat]al valleys1 to *eck ! fl[ ( ! s& /reams4 ,9 lat] ages1 ^! walls h mo/ly fall5 into decay1 & no prev5tive measures aga9/ su* encroa*m5ts are n[ resort$ to4 ,b ! ext5t ( ! mis*ief to ! soil ( ,egypt1 & ! future dang] f ?is s\rce1 h be5 mu* ov]rat$4 ,! s& on ! bord]s ( ! ,nile is nei!r elevat$ s high by ! w9d1 nor transport$ by t ag5cy 9 s great masses1 z is popul>ly suppos$2 & ( t :i* is actually lift$ or roll$ & f9ally deposit$ by air curr5ts1 a consid]able proportion is ei!r calc>e\s1 &1 !re=e1 readily decomposable1 or 9 ! /ate ( a v f9e du/1 & s1 9 nei!r case1 injuri\s to ! soil4 ,!re are1 inde$1 bo? 9 ,africa & 9 ,arabia1 consid]able tracts ( f9e silici\s s&1 :i* may be c>ri$ f> by high w9ds1 b ^! are exceptional cases1 & 9 g5]al ! progress ( ! des]t s& is by a roll+ motion along ! surface4#daf ,s little is x lift$1 & s inconsid]able is ! quantity yet rema9+ on ! bord]s ( ,egypt1 t a wall f\r or five feet high suffices = c5turies to *eck its encroa*m5ts4 ,?is is obvi\s to ! eye ( e obs]v] :o pref]s ! true to ! m>vell\s2 b ! old-_w fable ( ! ov]:elm+ ( c>avans by ! fe>ful simoom--:i*1 ev5 ! ,arabs no long] repeat1 if inde$ !y are ! au?ors ( x--is s ?or\ghly root$ 9 ! imag9ation ( ,*ri/5dom t mo/ des]t travell]s1 ( ! t\ri/ class1 ?9k !y %all disappo9t ! read]s ( _! j\rnals if !y d n rec\nt ! p>ticul>s ( _! escape f be+ buri$ alive by a s& /orm1 & ! popul> dem& = a s5sation mu/ be gratifi$ accord+ly4#dag ,ano!r circum/ance is necess>y to be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ ! dang] to :i* ! arable l&s ( ,egypt are expos$4 ,! prevail+ w9d 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile & its bord]s is f ! nor?1 & x may be said )\t exagg]ation t ! nor? w9d bl[s = ?ree qu>t]s ( ! ye>4#dah ,! effect ( w9ds bl[+ up ! valley is to drive ! s&s ( ! des]t plateau :i* bord] x1 9 a direction p>allel ) ! axis ( ! valley1 n transv]sely to x2 & if x ran 9 a /raight l9e1 ! nor? w9d w\ld c>ry no des]t s& into x4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 bo? curves & angles 9 its c\rse1 & h5ce1 :]ev] its direction deviates f t ( ! w9d1 x might receive s& drifts f ! des]t pla9 ?r\gh :i* x runs4 ,b1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 ! w9ds h1 9 a great measure1 b>$ ! project+ po9ts ( _! anci5t deposits1 & no great accumulations rema9 9 situations f :i* ei!r a nor? or a s\? w9d w\ld c>ry !m into ! valley4#dai ,! ,suez ,canal4 ,^! consid]ations apply1 ) equal =ce1 to ! suppos$ dang] ( ! ob/ruction ( ! ,suez ,canal by ! drift+ ( ! des]t s&s4 ,! w9ds across ! i/hmus are almo/ uni=mly f ! nor?1 & !y swept x clean ( fly+ s&s long ages s9ce4 ,! traces ( ! anci5t canal betwe5 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,nile are easily foll[$ = a consid]able di/ance f ,suez4 ,_h ! drifts ^u ! i/hmus be5 z =midable z "s h fe>$ & o!rs h hop$1 ^? traces w\ld h be5 oblit]at$1 & ,lake ,timsah & ! ,bitt] ,lakes fill$ up1 _m c5turies ago4 ,! few p>ticles driv5 by ! r>e ea/ & we/ w9ds t[>d ! l9e ( ! canal1 w\ld easily be arre/$ by plantations or o!r simple me?ods1 or remov$ by dr$g+4 ,! real dang]s & difficulties ( ?is magnific5t ent]prise--& !y are great--consi/ 9 ! nature ( ! soil to be remov$ 9 ord] to =m ! l9e1 & especially 9 ! con/antly increas+ accumulation ( sea s& at ! s\!rn t]m9us by ! tides ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & at ! nor!rn1 by ! action ( ! w9ds4 ,bo? seas are %all[ = miles f ! %ore1 & ! excavation & ma9t5ance ( deep *annels1 & ( capaci\s h>bors ) easy & secure entrances1 9 su* localities1 is d\btless "o ( ! h>de/ problems (f]$ to mod]n eng9e]s = practical solution4 ,s&s ( ,egypt4 ,! s& let fall 9 ,egypt by ! nor? w9d is d]iv$1 n f ! des]t1 b f a v diff]5t s\rce--! sea4 ,consid]able quantities ( s& are ?r[n up by ! ,m$it]ranean1 at & betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! ,nile1 & inde$ along almo/ ! :ole s\!rn coa/ ( t sea1 & drift$ into ! int]ior to di/ances v>y+ accord+ to ! =ce ( ! w9d & ! abundance & quality ( ! mat]ial4 ,! s& s transport$ contributes to ! gradual elevation ( ! ,delta1 & ( ! banks & b$ ( ! riv] itself4 ,b j 9 proportion z ! b$ ( ! /ream is elevat$1 ! height ( ! wat] 9 ! annual inundations is increas$ also1 & z ! incl9ation ( ! *annel is dim9i%$1 ! rapidity ( ! curr5t is *eck$1 & ! deposition ( ! slime x holds 9 susp5sion consequ5tly promot$4 ,?us ! w9ds & ! wat]1 mov+ 9 contr>y directions1 jo9 9 produc+ a common effect4 ,! s&1 bl[n ov] ! ,delta & ! cultivat$ l& high] up ! /ream dur+ ! inundation1 is cov]$ or mix$ ) ! f]tile e>? br\ght d[n by ! riv]1 & no s]i\s injury is su/a9$ f x4 ,t spread ov] ! same gr\nd aft] ! wat] has subsid$1 & dur+ ! %ort p]iod :5 ! soil is n /irr$ by cultivation or cov]$ by ! flood1 =ms a ?9 pellicle ov] ! surface z f> z x ext5ds1 & s]ves to divide & di/+ui% ! successive lay]s ( slime deposit$ by ! annual inundations4 ,! p>ticles tak5 up by ! w9d on ! sea bea* are borne onw>d1 by a hopp+ motion1 or roll$ along ! surface1 until !y are arre/$ by ! tempor>y cessation ( ! w9d1 by vegetation1 or by "s o!r ob/ruction1 & !y may1 9 process ( "t1 accumulate 9 l>ge masses1 "u ! lee ( rocky projections1 build+s1 or o!r b>ri]s :i* break ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,9 ^! facts we f9d ! true explanation ( ! s& drifts1 :i* h half buri$ ! ,sph9x & s _m o!r anci5t monum5ts 9 t "p ( ,egypt4 ,^! drifts1 z ,i h said1 are n prim>ily f ! des]t1 b f ! sea2 &1 z might be suppos$ f ! di/ance !y h travell$1 !y h be5 long 9 ga!r+4 ,:ile ,egypt 0 a great & fl\ri%+ k+dom1 measures 7 tak5 to protect its t]ritory aga9/ ! encroa*m5t ( s&1 :e!r f ! des]t or f ! sea2 b ! =eign conqu]ors1 :o de/roy$ s _m ( its religi\s monum5ts1 did n sp>e its public works1 & ! process ( physical degradation und\bt$ly began z e>ly z ! ,p]sian invasion4 ,! urg5t necessity1 :i* has compell$ all ! successive tyrannies ( ,egypt to keep up "s ( ! canals & o!r arrangem5ts = irrigation1 0 n felt ) respect to ! advancem5t ( ! s&s2 = _! progress 0 s sl[ z h>dly to be p]ceptible 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le reign1 & long exp]i5ce has %[n t1 f ! natural effect ( ! inundations1 ! cultivable soil ( ! valley is1 on ! :ole1 tr5*+ ^u ! doma9 ( ! des]t1 n retreat+ be=e x4 ,! oases ( ! ,libyan1 z well z ( _m ,asiatic des]ts1 h no su* safegu>ds4 ,! s&s are fa/ encroa*+ ^u !m1 & ?reat5 soon to engulf !m1 unless man %all resort to artesian wells & plantations1 or to "s o!r effici5t means ( *eck+ ! advance ( ?is =midable enemy1 9 "t to save ^! isl&s ( ! wa/e f f9al de/ruction4 ,accumulations ( s& are1 9 c]ta9 cases1 b5eficial z a protection aga9/ ! ravages ( ! sea2 b1 9 g5]al1 ! vic9ity1 & especially ! %ift+ ( bodies ( ?is mat]ial1 are de/ructive to human indu/ry1 & h5ce1 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 measures are tak5 to prev5t its spread4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c be done only :]e ! population is l>ge & enlight5$1 & ! value ( ! soil1 or ( ! artificial erections & improvem5ts ^u x1 is consid]able4 ,h5ce 9 ! des]ts ( ,africa & ( ,asia1 & ! inhabit$ l&s :i* bord] on !m1 no pa9s are usually tak5 to *eck ! drifts1 & :5 once ! fields1 ! h\ses1 ! spr+s1 or ! canals ( irrigation are cov]$ or *ok$1 ! di/rict is ab&on$ )\t a /ruggle1 & surr5d]$ to p]petual desolation4#dbj ,s& ,dunes & ,s& ,pla9s4 ,two =ms ( s& deposit are specially important 9 ,european & ,am]ican geography4 ,! "o is t ( dune or %ift+ hillock ^u ! coa/1 ! o!r t ( b>r5 pla9 9 ! int]ior4 ,! coa/ dunes are compos$ ( s& wa%$ up f ! dep?s ( ! sea by ! waves1 & heap$ 9 knolls & ridges by ! w9ds4 ,! s& ) :i* _m pla9s are cov]$1 appe>s sometimes to h be5 deposit$ ^u !m :ile !y 7 yet subm]g$1 sometimes to h be5 drift$ f ! sea coa/1 & scatt]$ ov] !m by w9d curr5ts1 sometimes to h be5 wa%$ ^u !m by runn+ wat]4 ,9 ^! latt] cases1 ! deposit1 ?\gh 9 itself consid]able1 is comp>atively n>r[ 9 ext5t & irregul> 9 di/ribution1 :ile1 9 ! =m]1 x is (t5 ev5ly spread ov] a v wide surface4 ,9 all great bodies ( ei!r sort1 ! silici\s gra9s are ! pr9cipal con/itu5t1 ?\gh1 :5 n result+ f ! dis9tegration ( silici\s rock & /ill rema9+ 9 place1 !y are g5]ally accompani$ ) a great] or less admixture ( o!r m9]al p>ticles1 & ( animal & vegetable rema9s1#dba & !y are1 also1 usually some:at *ang$ 9 consi/5ce by ! ev]-v>y+ conditions ( temp]ature & moi/ure to :i* !y h be5 expos$ s9ce _! deposit4 ,unless ! proportion ( ^! latt] +r$i5ts is s l>ge z to create a c]ta9 adhesiv5ess 9 ! mass--9 :i* case x c no long] prop]ly be call$ s&--x is inf]tile1 &1 if n *>g$ ) wat]1 p>tially agglut9at$ by iron1 lime1 or o!r cem5t1 or conf9$ by alluvion re/+ ^u x1 x is mu* incl9$ to drift1 :5ev]1 by any *ance1 ! vegetable network :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 ?9ly clo!s & at ! same "t conf9es x1 is brok54 ,human indu/ry has n only fix$ ! fly+ dunes1 b1 by mix+ clay & o!r t5aci\s e>?s ) ! sup]ficial /ratum ( ext5sive s& pla9s1 & by ! application ( f]tiliz+ sub/ances1 x has made !m abundantly productive ( vegetable life4 ,^! latt] processes belong to agriculture & n to geography1 &1 !re=e1 are n embrac$ )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t subject4 ,b ! prelim9>y /eps1 :]eby wa/es ( loose1 drift+ b>r5 s&s are trans=m$ into wood$ knolls & pla9s1 & f9ally1 ?r\gh ! accumulation ( vegetable m\ld1 into arable gr\nd1 con/itute a conque/ ov] nature :i* prec$es agriculture--a geographical revolution--&1 !re=e1 an acc\nt ( ! means by :i* ! *ange has be5 effect$ belongs prop]ly to ! hi/ory ( man's influ5ce on ! great features ( physical geography4 ,i proce$1 !n1 to exam9e ! /ructure ( dunes1 & to describe ! w>f>e man wages ) ! s& hills1 /riv+ on ! "o h& to ma9ta9 & ev5 ext5d !m1 z a natural b>ri] aga9/ encroa*m5ts ( ! sea1 &1 on ! o!r1 to *eck _! mov+ & w&]+ prop5sities1 & prev5t !m f trespass+ ^u ! fields he has plant$ & ! habitations 9 :i* he dwells4 ,coa/ ,dunes4 ,coa/ dunes are oblong ridges or r\nd hillocks1 =m$ by ! action ( ! w9d ^u s&s ?r[n up by ! waves on ! bea* ( seas1 & sometimes ( fre%-wat] lakes4 ,on mo/ coa/s1 ! supply ( s& = ! =mation ( dunes is d]iv$ f tidal waves4 ,! fl[ ( ! tide is m rapid1 & consequ5tly its transport+ p[] great]1 ?an t ( ! ebb2 ! mom5tum1 acquir$ by ! heavy p>ticles 9 roll+ 9 ) ! wat]1 t5ds to c>ry !m ev5 beyond ! fl[ ( ! waves2 & at ! turn ( ! tide1 ! wat] is 9 a /ate ( repose long en\gh to all[ x to let fall mu* ( ! solid matt] x holds 9 susp5sion4 ,h5ce1 on all l[1 tide-wa%$ coa/s ( seas ) s&y bottoms1 !re exi/ sev]al conditions favorable to ! =mation ( s& deposits along high-wat] m>k4#dbb ,if ! l& w9ds are ( great] frequ5cy1 duration1 or /r5g? ?an ! sea w9ds1 ! s&s left by ! retreat+ wave w be con/antly bl[n back into ! wat]2 b if ! prevail+ air curr5ts are 9 ! opposite direction1 ! s&s w soon be c>ri$ out ( ! rea* ( ! highe/ waves1 & transport$ cont9ually f>!r & f>!r into ! int]ior ( ! l&1 unless ob/ruct$ by high gr\nds1 vegetation1 or o!r ob/acles4 ,! tide1 ?\gh a usual1 is by no means a necess>y condition = ! accumulations ( s& out ( :i* dunes are =m$4 ,! ,baltic & ! ,m$it]ranean are almo/ tideless seas1 b !re are dunes on ! ,russian & ,prussian coa/s ( ! ,baltic1 & at ! m\?s ( ! ,nile & _m o!r po9ts on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! va/ %oals 9 ! latt] sea1 kn[n to ! anci5ts z ! ,great] & ,less] ,syrtis1 are ( m>9e orig94 ,!y are /ill fill+ up ) s&1 wa%$ up f great] dep?s1 or sometimes drift$ f ! coa/ 9 small quantities1 & w probably be conv]t$1 at "s future p]iod1 into dry l& cov]$ ) s& hills4 ,!re are also ext5sive ranges ( dunes ^u ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,caspian1 & at ! s\!rn1 or r s\!a/]n extremity ( ,lake ,mi*igan4#dbc ,!re is no d\bt t ?is latt] lake =m]ly ext5d$ mu* f>!r 9 t direction1 b its s\!rn portion has gradually %oal$ & at la/ be5 conv]t$ into solid l&1 9 consequ5ce ( ! preval5ce ( ! nor?we/ w9ds4 ,^! bl[ ov] ! lake a l>ge "p ( ! ye>1 & create a s\?w>dly set ( ! curr5ts1 :i* wa% up s& f ! b$ ( ! lake & ?r[ x on %ore4 ,s& is tak5 up f ! bea* at ,mi*igan ,city by e w9d f t qu>t]1 &1 aft] a heavy bl[ ( "s h\rs' duration1 s& ridges may be obs]v$ on ! nor? side ( ! f5ces1 l ! sn[ wrea?s deposit$ by a drift+ w9d 9 w9t]4 ,"s ( ! p>ticles are c>ri$ back by contr>y w9ds1 b mo/ ( !m lodge on or beh9d ! dunes1 or 9 ! moi/ soil ne> ! lake1 or are entangl$ by vegetables1 & t5d p]man5tly to elevate ! level4 ,l effects are produc$ by con/ant sea w9ds1 & dunes w g5]ally be =m$ on all l[ coa/s :]e su* prevail1 :e!r 9 tideless or 9 tidal wat]s4 ,job>d ?us describes ! modus op]&i1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 at ! m\?s ( ! ,nile1 :]e a tide c sc>cely be detect$3 ,:5 a wave breaks1 x deposits an almo/ imp]ceptible l9e ( f9e s&4 ,! next wave br+s also its contribution1 & %oves ! prec$+ l9e a little high]4 ,z soon z ! p>ticles are fairly out ( ! rea* ( ! wat] !y are dri$ by ! heat ( ! burn+ sun1 & imm$iately seiz$ by ! w9d & roll$ or borne f>!r inl&4 ,! gravel is n ?r[n out by ! waves1 b rolls backw>d & =w>d until x is worn d[n to ! /ate ( f9e s&1 :5 x1 9 its turn1 is ca/ ^u ! l& & tak5 up by ! w9d4#dbd ,?is description applies only to ! common e-day action ( w9d & wat]2 b j 9 proportion to ! increas+ =ce ( ! w9d & ! waves1 !re is an increase 9 ! quantity ( s&1 & 9 ! magnitude ( ! p>ticles c>ri$ (f f ! bea* by x1 &1 ( c\rse1 e /orm 9 a l&w>d direction adds s5sibly to ! accumulation ^u ! %ore4 ,s& ,banks4 ,al?\gh dunes1 prop]ly s call$1 are f\nd only on dry l& & above ord9>y high-wat] m>k1 & owe _! elevation & /ructure to ! action ( ! w9d1 yet1 ^u _m %elv+ coa/s1 accumulations ( s& mu* resembl+ dunes are =m$ "u wat] at "s di/ance f ! %ore by ! oscillations ( ! waves1 & are well kn[n by ! "n ( s& banks4 ,!y are usually r ridges ?an banks1 ( mod]ate incl9ation1 & ) ! /eepe/ slope seaw>d2 & _! =m diff]s f t ( dunes only 9 be+ l[] & m cont9u\s4 ,^u ! we/]n coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,amrum1 = example1 !re are ?ree r[s ( su* banks1 ! summits ( :i* are at a di/ance ( p]haps a c\ple ( miles f ea* o!r2 s t1 includ+ ! wid? ( ! banks !mselves1 ! spaces betwe5 !m1 & ! bread? ( ! zone ( dunes ^u ! l&1 ! belt ( mov+ s&s on t coa/ is probably n less ?an eight miles wide4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 s& banks are always roll+ l&w>d1 & !y compose ! magaz9e f :i* ! mat]ial = ! dunes is d]iv$4 ,! dunes1 9 fact1 are b aquatic s& banks transf]r$ to dry l&4 ,! laws ( _! =mation are closely analog\s1 because ! action ( ! two fluids1 by :i* !y are respectively accumulat$ & built up1 is v simil> :5 br\ght to be> ^u loose p>ticles ( solid matt]4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 seem t ! sl[ & comp>atively regul> movem5ts ( ! heavy1 unela/ic wat] ought to affect su* p>ticles v diff]5tly f ! sudd5 & fitful impulses ( ! light & ela/ic air4 ,b ! velocity ( ! w9d curr5ts gives !m a me*anical =ce approximat+ to t ( ! sl[] waves1 &1 h[ev] difficult x may be to expla9 all ! ph5om5a t *>act]ize ! /ructure ( ! dunes1 obs]vation has prov$ t x is ne>ly id5tical ) t ( subm]g$ s& banks4 ,! diff]5ces ( =m are g5]ally ascribable to ! great] numb] & v>iety ( surface accid5ts ( ! gr\nd on :i* ! s& hills ( ! l& are built up1 & to ! m frequ5t *anges1 & wid] v>iety ( direction1 9 ! c\rses ( ! w9d4 ,dunes on ! ,coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,^u ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! preval5ce ( we/]n or (f-%ore w9ds is unfavorable to ! =mation ( dunes1 &1 ?\gh m>9e curr5ts lodge va/ quantities ( s&1 9 ! =m ( banks1 on t coa/1 its %ores are proportionally m free f s& hills ?an "s o!rs ( less] ext5t4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 v important exceptions4 ,! action ( ! tide ?r[s mu* s& ^u "s po9ts ( ! ,new ,engl& coa/1 z well z ^u ! bea*es ( ,long ,isl& & o!r m s\!rn %ores1 & "h dunes resembl+ ^? ( ,europe are =m$4 ,!re are also ext5sive ranges ( dunes on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & at ,san ,francisco !y bord] "s ( ! /reets ( ! city4 ,! dunes ( ,am]ica are f> old] ?an h] civilization1 & ! soil !y ?reat5 or protect possesses1 9 g5]al1 too little value to ju/ify any great exp5diture 9 measures = arre/+ _! progress or prev5t+ _! de/ruction4 ,h5ce1 great z is _! ext5t & _! geographical importance1 !y h1 at pres5t1 no su* intimate relations to human life z to r5d] !m objects ( special int]e/ 9 ! po9t ( view ,i am tak+1 & ,i d n "k t ! laws ( _! =mation & motion h be5 made a subject ( orig9al inve/igation by any ,am]ican obs]v]4 ,dunes ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,^u ! we/]n coa/ ( ,europe1 on ! contr>y1 ! ravages occasion$ by ! movem5t ( s& dunes1 & ! s]i\s consequ5ces (t5 result+ f ! de/ruction ( !m1 h long engag$ ! e>ne/ att5tion ( gov]nm5ts & ( sci5tific m51 & = ne>ly a c5tury p]sev]+ & sy/ematic ef=t has be5 made to br+ !m "u human control4 ,! subject has be5 c>efully /udi$ 9 ,d5m>k & ! adjac5t du*ies1 9 ,we/]n ,prussia1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & 9 ,france2 & ! exp]im5ts 9 ! way ( arre/+ ! drift+ ( ! dunes1 & ( secur+ !m1 & ! l&s !y %elt]1 f ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea1 h result$ 9 ! adoption ( a sy/em ( coa/ improvem5t sub/antially ! same 9 all ^! c\ntries4 ,! s&s1 l ! =e/s1 h n[ _! special lit]ature1 & ! volumes & memoirs1 :i* describe !m & ! processes employ$ to subdue !m1 are full ( sci5tific int]e/ & ( practical in/ruction4#dbe ,=mation ( ,dunes4 ,! laws :i* gov]n ! =mation ( dunes are sub/antially ^!4 ,we h se5 t1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 s& is accumulat$ above high-wat] m>k on l[ sea & lake %ores4 ,s long z ! s& is kept wet by ! spray or by capill>y attraction1 x is n di/urb$ by air curr5ts1 b z soon z ! waves retire suffici5tly to all[ x to dry1 x becomes ! sport ( ! w9d1 & is driv5 up ! g5tly slop+ bea* until x is arre/$ by /ones1 vegetables1 or o!r ob/ructions1 & ?us an accumulation is =m$ :i* con/itutes ! f\ndation ( a dune4 ,h[ev] slight ! elevation ?us creat$1 x s]ves to /op or ret>d ! progress ( ! s& gra9s :i* are driv5 aga9/ its %orew>d face1 & to protect f ! fur!r influ5ce ( ! w9d ! p>ticles :i* are borne beyond x1 or roll$ ov] its cre/1 & fall d[n beh9d x4 ,if ! %ore above ! bea* l9e 7 p]fectly level & /raight1 ! grass or bu%es ^u x ( equal height1 ! s& ?r[n up by ! waves uni=m 9 size & weight ( p>ticles z well z 9 di/ribution1 & if ! action ( ! w9d 7 /eady & regul>1 a cont9u\s bank w\ld be =m$1 ev]y:]e alike 9 height & cross section4 ,b no su* con/ant conditions any:]e exi/4 ,! banks are curv$1 brok51 unequal 9 elevation2 !y are sometimes b>e1 sometimes clo!d ) vegetables ( diff]5t /ructure & dim5sions2 ! s& ?r[n up is v>iable 9 quantity & "*2 & ! w9ds are %ift+1 gu/y1 vortical1 & (t5 bl[+ 9 v n>r[ curr5ts4 ,f all ^! causes1 in/ead ( uni=m hills1 !re rise irregul> r[s ( s& heaps1 & ^!1 z w\ld naturally be expect$1 are ( a pyramidal1 or r conical %ape1 & connect$ at bottom by m or less cont9u\s ridges ( ! same mat]ial4 ,on a rec$+ coa/1 dunes w n atta9 s great a height z on m secure %ores1 because !y are und]m9$ & c>ri$ (f be=e !y h "t to rea* _! greate/ dim5sions4 ,h5ce1 :ile at %elt]$ po9ts 9 ,s\?we/]n ,france1 !re are dunes ?ree hundr$ feet or m 9 height1 ^? on ! ,frisic ,isl&s & ! expos$ p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 range only f tw5ty to "o hundr$ feet4 ,on ! we/]n %ores ( ,africa1 x is said t !y sometimes atta9 an elevation ( six hundr$ feet4 ,?is is "o ( ! v few po9ts kn[n to geograph]s :]e des]t s&s are advanc+ seaw>d1 & "h !y rise to ! greate/ altitude to :i* s& gra9s c be c>ri$ by ! w9d4 ,! hillocks1 once deposit$1 are held toge!r & kept 9 %ape1 p>tly by m]e gravity1 & p>tly by ! slight cohesion ( ! lime1 clay1 & organic matt] mix$ ) ! s&2 & x is obs]v$ t1 f capill>y attraction1 evaporation f l[] /rata1 & ret5tion ( ra9 wat]1 !y are always moi/ a little bel[ ! surface4#dbf ,by successive accumulations1 !y gradually rise to ! height ( ?irty1 fifty1 sixty1 or a hundr$ feet1 & sometimes ev5 mu* high]4 ,/rong w9ds1 in/ead ( add+ to _! elevation1 sweep (f loose p>ticles f _! surface1 & ^!1 ) o!rs bl[n ov] or betwe5 !m1 build up a second r[ ( dunes1 & s on accord+ to ! "* ( ! w9d1 ! supply & consi/5ce ( ! s&1 & ! face ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ?is way is =m$ a belt ( s& dunes1 irregul>ly disp]s$ & v>y+ mu* 9 height & dim5sions1 & "s times _m miles 9 bread?4 ,on ! ,isl& ( ,sylt1 9 ! ,g]man ,sea1 :]e !re are sev]al r[s1 ! wid? ( ! belt is f half a mile to a mile4 ,!re are simil> ranges on ! coa/ ( ,holl&1 exce$+ two miles 9 bread?1 :ile at ! m\?s ( ! ,nile !y =m a zone n less ?an t5 miles wide4 ,! base ( "s ( ! dunes 9 ! ,delta ( ! ,nile is rea*$ by ! riv] dur+ ! annual inundation1 & ! infiltration ( ! wat]1 :i* conta9s lime1 has conv]t$ ! l[] /rata into a silici\s lime/one1 or r a calc>e\s s&/one1 & ?us af=d$ an opportunity ( /udy+ ! /ructure ( t rock 9 a locality :]e its orig9 & mode ( aggregation & solidification are kn[n4 ,"* ( ,dune ,s&4 ,dune s&1 says ,/>+1 consi/s ( well-r\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz1 m or less color$ by iron1 & (t5 m+l$ ) fragm5ts ( %ells1 small inde$1 b /ill visible to ! nak$ eye4#dbg ,^! fragm5ts are n con/ant con/itu5ts ( dune s&4 ,!y are sometimes f\nd at ! v summits ( ! hillocks1 z at ,ov]ve52 9 ! ,k+'s ,dune1 ne> ,egmond1 !y =m a co>se calc>e\s gravel v l>gely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! s&1 :ile ! int]ior dunes betwe5 ,ha>lem & ,w>mond exhibit no trace ( !m4 ,x is yet undecid$ :e!r ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ^! fragm5ts is det]m9$ by ! p]iod ( ! =mation ( ! dunes1 or :e!r x dep5ds on a diff]5ce 9 ! process by :i* diff]5t dunes h be5 accumulat$4 ,l& %ells1 su* z snails1 = example1 are f\nd on ! surface ( ! dunes 9 abundance1 & _m ( ! %elly fragm5ts 9 ! int]ior ( ! hillocks may be d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4#dbh ,j4 ,g4 ,kohl has "s poetical ?\ghts ^u ! orig9 & "* ( ! dune s&s1 :i* are wor? quot+3 ,! s& 0 compos$ ( pure transp>5t qu>tz4 ,i c\ld n obs]ve ?is s& )\t ! greate/ admiration4 ,if x is ! product ( ! waves1 break+ & cru%+ fl9ts & fragm5ts ( qu>tz aga9/ ea* o!r1 x is a result :i* c\ld be br\ght ab\t only 9 ! c\rse ( c\ntless ages4 ,we ne$ n lift ourselves to ! />s1 to _! incalculable magnitudes & di/ances & numb]s1 9 ord] to feel ! gidd9ess ( a/oni%m5t4 ,"h1 ^u e>?1 9 ! simple s&1 we f9d miracle en\gh4 ,?9k ( ! numb] ( s& gra9s conta9$ 9 a s+le dune1 !n ( all ! dunes ^u ?is widely ext5d$ coa/--n to speak ( ! innum]able gra9s 9 ! ,arabian1 ,african1 & ,prussian des]ts--?is1 ( itself1 is suffici5t to ov]:elm a ?\ghtful fancy4 ,h[ long1 h[ _m times mu/ ! waves h ris5 & sunk 9 ord] to r$uce ^! va/ heaps to p[d]6 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ,i sp5t on ?is coa/1 ,i _h always "s s& 9 my f+]s1 0 rubb+ & roll+ x ab\t1 exam9+ x on all sides1 hold+ a little %9+ gra9 on ! tip ( my f+]1 & ?9k+ to myself h[1 9 its corn]s1 its angles1 its :ole configuration1 x might v probably h a hi/ory long] ?an t ( ! old ,g]man nation--possibly long] ?an t ( ! human race4 ,:]e 0 ! orig9al qu>tz cry/al1 ( :i* ?is is a fragm5t1 fir/ =m$8 ,to :at 0 x once fix$8 ,:at p[] broke x loose8 ,h[ 0 x beat5 small] & ev] small] by ! waves8 ,!y toss$ x1 = aeons1 to & fro ^u ! bea*1 roll$ x up & d[n1 =c$ x to make ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( daily voyages = millions & millions ( days4 ,!n ! w9d bore x away1 & us$ x 9 build+ up a dune2 !re x lay = c5turies1 pack$ 9 ) its fell[s1 protect+ ! m>%es & *]i%$ by ! inhabitants1 till1 seiz$ aga9 by ! pursu+ sea1 x fell once m into ! wat]1 !re to beg9 ! endless dance anew--& aga9 to be swept away by ! w9d--& aga9 to f9d re/ 9 ! dunes1 a protection & a bless+ to ! coa/4 ,!re is some?+ my/]i\s ab\t su* a gra9 ( s&1 & at la/ ,i w5t s f> z to fancy a little immortal sp>k l9k$ ) ea* "o1 presid+ ov] its de/9y1 & %>+ its vicissitudes4 ,c\ld we arm our eyes ) a microscope1 & !n dive1 l a sp>l+1 into "o ( ^! dunes1 ! pile1 :i* is 9 fact only a heap ( c\ntless little cry/al blocks1 w\ld /rike u z ! mo/ m>vell\s build+ ^u e>?4 ,! sunbeams w\ld pass1 ) illum9at+ p[]1 ?r\gh all ^! little cry/all9e bodies4 ,we %\ld see h[ e s& gra9 is =m$1 by :at multif>i\s little facets x is b\nd$1 we %\ld ev5 discov] t x is itself compos$ ( _m di/9ct p>ticles4#dbi ,s& concretions =m )9 ! dunes & especially 9 ! depressions betwe5 !m4 ,^! are sometimes s ext5sive & imp]vi\s z to reta9 a suffici5t supply ( wat] to fe$ p]5nial spr+s1 & to =m small p]man5t ponds1 & !y are a great imp$im5t to ! p5etration ( roots1 & consequ5tly to ! gr[? ( trees plant$1 or g]m9at+ f self-s[n se$s1 ^u ! dunes4#dcj ,int]ior ,/ructure ( ,dunes4 ,! int]ior /ructure ( ! dunes1 ! arrangem5t ( _! p>ticles1 is n1 z might be expect$1 t ( an unorganiz$1 confus$ heap1 b !y %[ a /rong t5d5cy to /ratification4 ,?is is a po9t ( mu* geological int]e/1 because x indicates t s&/one may owe its /ratifi$ "* to ! action ( w9d z well z ( wat]4 ,! orig9 & peculi> "* ( ^! lay]s are due to a v>iety ( causes4 ,a s\?we/ w9d & curr5t may deposit ^u a dune a /ratum ( a giv5 color & m9]al composition1 & ?is may be succe$$ by a nor?we/ w9d & curr5t1 br++ ) !m p>ticles ( a diff]5t hue1 con/itution1 & orig94 ,aga91 if we suppose a viol5t tempe/ to /rew ! bea* ) s& gra9s v diff]5t 9 magnitude & specific gravity1 &1 aft] ! s& is dry1 to be succe$$ by a g5tle breeze1 x is evid5t t only ! light] p>ticles w be tak5 up & c>ri$ to ! dunes4 ,if1 aft] "s "t1 ! w9d fre%5s1 heavi] gra9s w be transport$ & deposit$ on ! =m]1 & a /ill /rong] succe$+ gale w roll up yet l>g] k]nels4 ,ea* ( ^! deposits w =m a /ratum4 ,if we suppose ! tempe/ to be foll[$1 aft] ! s& is dry1 n by a g5tle breeze1 b by a w9d p[]ful en\gh to lift at ! same "t p>ticles ( v v>i\s magnitudes & weights1 ! heavie/ w (t5 lodge on ! dune :ile ! light] w be c>ri$ f>!r4 ,?is w\ld produce a /ratum ( co>se s&1 & ! same effect might result f ! bl[+ away ( light p>ticles out ( a mix$ lay]1 :ile ! heavi] rema9$ undi/urb$4#dca ,/ill ano!r cause ( /ratification may be f\nd 9 ! occasional int]position ( a ?9 lay] ( leaves or o!r vegetable rema9s betwe5 successive deposits1 & ?is ,i imag9e to be m frequ5t ?an has be5 g5]ally suppos$4 ,! eddies ( /rong w9ds betwe5 ! hillocks mu/ also occasion di/urbances & re-arrangem5ts ( ! s& lay]s1 & x seems possible t ! irregul> ?ickness & ! /range contortions ( ! /rata ( ! s&/one at ,petra may be due to "s su* cause4 ,a curi\s obs]vation ( ,pr(essor ,=*hamm] sugge/s an explanation ( ano!r peculi>ity 9 ! /ructure ( ! s&/one ( ,m\nt ,seir4 ,he describes dunes 9 ,jutl&1 compos$ ( yell[ qu>tzose s& int]mix$ ) black titanian iron4 ,:5 ! w9d bl[s ov] ! surface ( ! dunes1 x furr[s ! s& ) alt]nate ridges & depressions1 ripples1 9 %ort1 l ^? ( wat]4 ,! swells1 ! divid+ ridges ( ! sy/em ( s& ripples1 are compos$ ( ! light gra9s ( qu>tz1 :ile ! heavi] iron rolls into ! depressions betwe51 & ?us ! :ole surface ( ! dune appe>s z if cov]$ ) a f9e black network4 ,=m ( ,dunes4 ,! sea side ( dunes1 be+ m expos$ to ! caprices ( ! w9d1 is m irregul> 9 =m ?an ! lee or l& side1 :]e ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles is affect$ by few] di/urb+ & conflict+ influ5ces4 ,h5ce1 ! /ratification ( ! w9dw>d slope is some:at confus$1 :ile ! s& on ! lee side is f\nd to be dispos$ 9 m regul> b$s1 incl9+ l&w>d1 & ) ! l>ge/ p>ticles l[e/1 :]e _! great] weight w\ld naturally c>ry !m4 ,! lee side ( ! dunes1 be+ ?us =m$ ( s& deposit$ accord+ to ! laws ( gravity1 is v uni=m 9 its slope1 :i*1 accord+ to ,=*hamm]1 v>ies little f an angle ( #cj deg4 ) ! horizon1 :ile ! m expos$ & irregul> wea!r side lies at an incl9ation ( f #e deg4 to #aj deg44 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! out] ti] ( dunes is =m$ s ne> ! wat]l9e z to be expos$ to ! imm$iate action ( ! waves1 x is und]m9$1 & ! face ( ! hill is v /eep & sometimes ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,geological ,importance ( ,dunes4 ,^! obs]vations1 & o!r facts :i* a m att5tive /udy on ! spot w\ld detect1 might furni% ! means ( det]m9+ int]e/+ & important que/ions conc]n+ geological =mations 9 localities v unlike ^? :]e dunes are n[ ?r[n up4 ,= example1 ,/ud] supposes t ! drift+ s& hills ( ! ,african des]t 7 orig9ally coa/ dunes1 & t !y h be5 transport$ to _! pres5t position f> 9 ! int]ior1 by ! roll+ & %ift+ leew>d movem5t to :i* all dunes n cov]$ ) vegetation are subject4 ,! pres5t g5]al drift ( ! s&s ( t des]t appe>s to be to ! s\?we/ & we/1 ! prevail+ w9ds bl[+ f ! nor!a/ & ea/2 b x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r ! %oals ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ! s&s ^u t %ore1 are d]iv$ f ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic1 9 ! usual mann]1 or1 by an inv]se process1 f ^? ( ! ,sah>a4 ,! latt]1 z has be5 be=e rem>k$1 is probably ! tru?1 ?\gh obs]vations are want+ to decide ! "q4#dcb ,!re is no?+ viol5tly improbable 9 ! supposition t !y may h be5 fir/ ?r[n up by ! ,m$it]ranean on its ,libyan coa/1 & !nce bl[n s\? & we/ ov] ! va/ space !y n[ cov]4 ,b :atev] has be5 _! s\rce & movem5t1 !y c h>dly fail to h left on _! r\te "s s&/one monum5ts to m>k _! progress1 su*1 = example1 z we h se5 are =m$ f ! dune s& at ! m\? ( ! ,nile2 & x is conceivable t ! "* ( ! drift+ s&s !mselves1 & ( ! conglom]ates & s&/ones to ^: =mation !y h contribut$1 might furni% satisfactory evid5ce z to _! orig91 _! />t+ po9t1 & ! c\rse by :i* !y h w&]$ s f> f ! sea4#dcc ,if ! s& ( coa/ dunes is1 z ,/>+ describes x1 compos$ *iefly ( well-r\nd$ qu>tzose gra9s1 fragm5ts ( %ells1 & o!r con/ant +r$i5ts1 x w\ld (t5 be recognizable z coa/ s&1 9 its agglut9ate /ate ( s&/one4 ,! texture ( ?is rock v>ies f an almo/ imp]ceptible f95ess ( gra9 to great co>s5ess1 & af=ds good facilities = microscopic obs]vation ( its /ructure4 ,!re are s&/ones1 su*1 = example1 z are us$ = gr9d/ones1 :]e ! grit1 z x is call$1 is ( exce$+ %>pness2 o!rs :]e ! angles ( ! gra9s are s obtuse t !y sc>cely act at all on h>d metals4 ,! =m] may be compos$ ( gra9s ( rock1 dis9tegrat$ inde$1 & recem5t$ toge!r1 b n1 9 ! mean:ile1 mu* roll$2 ! latt]1 ( s&s long wa%$ by ! sea1 & drift$ by l& w9ds4 ,!re is1 inde$1 s mu* resemblance betwe5 ! effects ( driv+ w9ds & ( roll+ wat] ^u light bodies1 t !re w\ld be difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ !m2#dcd b aft] all1 x is n probable t s&/one1 compos$ ( gra9s ?r[n up f ! salt sea1 & long toss$ by ! w9ds1 w\ld be id5tical 9 its /ructure ) t =m$ f fragm5ts ( rock cru%$ by me*anical =ce1 or dis9tegrat$ by heat1 & aga9 agglut9at$ )\t mu* exposure to ! action ( mov+ wat]4#dce ,inl& ,dunes4 ,i h met ) "s obs]vations indicat+ a /ructural diff]5ce betwe5 int]ior & coa/ dunes1 :i* might p]haps be recogniz$ 9 ! s&/ones =m$ f ^! two species ( s& hills respectively4 ,9 ! great ,am]ican des]t betwe5 ! ,&es & ! ,pacific1 ,mey5 f\nd s& heaps ( a p]fect falci=m %ape4#dcf ,!y 7 f sev5 to fifte5 feet high1 ! *ord ( _! arc measur+ f tw5ty to sev5ty paces4 ,! slope ( ! convex face is describ$ z v small1 t ( ! concave z high z #gj deg4 or #hj deg41 & _! surfaces 7 rippl$4 ,no small] dunes 7 obs]v$1 nor any 9 ! process ( =mation4 ,! concave side uni=mly fac$ ! nor?we/1 except t[>d ! c5tre ( ! des]t1 :]e1 = a di/ance ( "o or two hundr$ paces1 !y gradually op5$ to ! we/1 & !n aga9 gradually resum$ ! =m] position4 ,poeppig ascribes a falci=m %ape to ! movable1 a conical to ! fix$ dunes1 or m$anos1 ( ! same des]t4 ,! m$anos1 he obs]ves1 are hillock-l elevations ( s&1 "s hav+ a firm1 o!rs a loose base4 ,! =m] latt]1 :i* are always cresc5t %ap$1 are f t5 to tw5ty feet high1 & h an acute cre/4 ,! inn] side is p]p5dicul>1 & ! out] or b[ side =ms an angle ) a /eep incl9ation d[nw>d4 ,:5 driv5 by viol5t w9ds1 ! m$anos pass rapidly ov] ! pla9s4 ,! small] & light] ones move quickly =w>d1 be=e ! l>g]2 b ! latt] soon ov]take & cru% !m1 :il/ !y are !mselves %iv]$ by ! collision4 ,^! m$anos assume all sorts ( extraord9>y figures1 & sometimes move along ! pla9 9 r[s =m+ mo/ intricate labyr9?s4 99 99 ,a pla9 (t5 appe>s to be cov]$ ) a r[ ( m$anos1 & "s days aft]w>d x is aga9 re/or$ to its level & uni=m aspect4 99 99 99 ,! m$anos ) immovable bases are =m$ on ! blocks ( rocks :i* are scatt]$ ab\t ! pla94 ,! s& is driv5 aga9/ !m by ! w9d1 & z soon z x rea*es ! top po9t1 x desc5ds on ! o!r side until t is likewise cov]$2 ?us gradually arises a conical-=m$ hill4 ,entire hillock *a9s ) acute cre/s are =m$ 9 a simil> mann]4 99 99 99 ,on _! s\!rn declivities are f\nd va/ masses ( s&1 drift$ ?i!r by ! mid-day gales4 ,! nor!rn declivity1 ?\gh n /eep] ?an ! s\!rn1 is only sp>+ly cov]$ ) s&4 ,if a hillock *a9 some:at di/ant f ! sea ext5ds 9 a l9e p>allel ) ! ,&es1 namely1 f ,s4 ,s4 ,e4 to ,n4 ,n4 ,w41 ! we/]n declivity is almo/ entirely free ( s&1 z x is driv5 to ! pla9 bel[ by ! s\!a/ w9d1 :i* con/antly alt]nates ) ! w9d f ! s\?4#dcg ,x is difficult to reconcile ?is description ) t ( ,mey51 b if confid5ce is to be repos$ 9 ! accuracy ( ei!r obs]v]1 ! =mation ( ! s& hills 9 "q mu/ be gov]n$ by v diff]5t laws f ^? :i* det]m9e ! /ructure ( coa/ dunes4 ,capta9 ,gilliss1 ( ! ,am]ican navy1 f\nd ! s& hills ( ! ,p]uvian des]t to be 9 g5]al cresc5t %ap$1 z describ$ by ,mey51 & a simil> /ructure is said to *>act]ize ! inl& dunes ( ! ,llano ,e/acado & o!r plateaus ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican des]t1 ?\gh ^! latt] are ( great] height & o!r dim5sions ?an ^? describ$ by ,mey54 ,!re is no v obvi\s explanation ( ?is diff]5ce 9 =m betwe5 m>itime & inl& s& hills1 & ! subject m]its inve/igation4#dch ,age1 ,"*1 & ,p]man5ce ( ,dunes4 ,! orig9 ( mo/ great l9es ( dunes goes back pa/ all hi/ory4 ,!re are on _m coa/s1 sev]al di/9ct ranges ( s& hills :i* seem to be ( v diff]5t ages1 & to h be5 =m$ "u diff]5t relative conditions ( l& & wat]4#dci ,9 "s cases1 !re has be5 an upheaval ( ! coa/ l9e s9ce ! =mation ( ! olde/ hillocks1 & ^! h become inl& dunes1 :ile y\ng] r[s h be5 ?r[n up on ! new bea* laid b>e by elevation ( ! sea b$4 ,our k ( ! mode ( _! fir/ accumulation is d]iv$ f obs]vation ( ! action ( w9d & wat] 9 ! few in/ances :]e1 ) or )\t ! aid ( man1 new coa/ dunes h be5 accumulat$1 & ( ! influ5ce ( w9d alone 9 elevat+ new s& heaps inl& ( ! coa/ ti]1 :5 ! out] r[s are de/roy$ by ! sea1 z also :5 ! sodd$ surface ( anci5t s&s has be5 brok51 & ! subjac5t /rata laid op5 to ! air4 ,x is a "q ( mu* int]e/1 9 :at degree ! nak$ condition ( mo/ dunes is to be ascrib$ to ! improvid5ce & indiscretion ( man4 ,!re are1 9 ,we/]n ,france1 ext5sive ranges ( dunes cov]$ ) anci5t & d5se =e/s1 :ile ! rec5tly =m$ s& hills betwe5 !m & ! sea are b>e ( vegetation1 & are rapidly advanc+ ^u ! wood$ dunes1 :i* !y ?reat5 to bury b5ea? _! drifts4 ,betwe5 ! old dunes & ! new1 !re is no discov]able diff]5ce 9 mat]ial or 9 /ructure2 b ! mod]n s& hills are nak$ & %ift+1 ! anci5t1 clo!d ) vegetation & fix$4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t artificial me?ods ( conf9em5t & plantation 7 employ$ by ! primitive inhabitants ( ,gaul2 & ,laval1 bas+ 8 calculations on ! rate ( annual movem5t ( ! %ift+ dunes1 assigns ! fif? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era z ! p]iod :5 ^! processes 7 ab&on$4#ddj ,!re is no hi/orical evid5ce t ! ,gauls 7 acqua9t$ ) artificial me?ods ( fix+ ! s&s ( ! coa/1 & we h little reason to suppose t !y 7 advanc$ en\gh 9 civilization to be likely to resort to su* processes1 especially at a p]iod :5 l& c\ld h _h b a mod]ate value4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 dunes h spontane\sly clo!d !mselves ) =e/s1 & ! rapidity ) :i* _! surface is cov]$ by v>i\s species ( s& plants1 & f9ally by trees1 :]e man & cattle & burr[+ animals are exclud$ f !m1 r5d]s x highly probable t !y w\ld1 z a g5]al rule1 protect !mselves1 if left to ! undi/urb$ action ( natural causes4 ,! s& hills ( ! ,fris*e ,nehrung1 on ! coa/ ( ,prussia1 7 =m]ly wood$ d[n to ! wat]'s edge1 & x 0 only 9 ! la/ c5tury t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! de/ruction ( _! =e/s1 !y became mov+ s&s4#dda ,!re is e reason to believe t ! dunes ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7 clo!d ) trees until aft] ! ,roman invasion4 ,! old geograph]s1 9 describ+ ^! c\ntries1 speak ( va/ =e/s ext5d+ to ! v br9k ( ! sea2 b drift+ coa/ dunes are fir/ m5tion$ by ! *ronicl]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & s f> z we "k !y h assum$ a de/ructive "* 9 consequ5ce ( ! improvid5ce ( man4#ddb ,! hi/ory ( ! dunes ( ,mi*igan1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n f my own obs]vation1 or t ( o!rs1 is ! same4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 :5 t region 0 sc>cely inhabit$1 !y 7 g5]ally cov]$ ) a ?ick gr[? ( trees1 *iefly p9es1 & und]wood1 & !re 0 little appe>ance ( und]m9+ & wa% on ! lake side1 or ( %ift+ ( ! s&s1 except :]e ! trees _h be5 cut or turn$ up by ! roots4#ddc ,nature1 z %e builds up dunes = ! protection ( ! sea %ore1 provides1 ) simil> cons]vatism1 = ! pres]vation ( ! dunes !mselves2 s t1 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( man1 ^! hillocks w\ld be1 n p]haps absolutely p]petual1 b v la/+ 9 duration1 & v sl[ly alt]$ 9 =m or position4 ,:5 once cov]$ ) ! trees1 %rubs1 & h]bace\s gr[?s adapt$ to su* localities1 dunes und]go no app>5t *ange1 except ! sl[ occasional und]m9+ ( ! out] ti]1 & accid5tal de/ruction by ! exposure ( ! int]ior1 f ! burr[+ ( animals1 or ! upturn+ ( trees ) _! roots1 & all ^! causes ( displacem5t are v mu* less de/ructive :5 a vegetable cov]+ exi/s 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! brea*4 ,be=e ! occupation ( ! coa/s by civiliz$ & !re=e de/ructive man1 dunes1 at all po9ts :]e !y h be5 obs]v$1 seem to h be5 protect$ 9 _! re> by =e/s1 :i* s]v$ to break ! =ce ( ! w9ds 9 bo? directions1#ddd & to h spontane\sly clo!d !mselves ) a d5se gr[? ( ! v>i\s plants1 grasses1 %rubs1 & trees1 :i* nature has assign$ to su* soils4 ,x is obs]v$ 9 ,europe t dunes1 ?\gh n[ )\t ! %elt] ( a =e/ c\ntry beh9d !m1 beg9 to protect !mselves z soon z human trespass]s are exclud$1 & graz+ animals d5i$ access to !m4 ,h]bace\s & arboresc5t plants spr+ up almo/ at once1 fir/ 9 ! depressions1 & !n ^u ! surface ( ! s& hills4 ,e se$ t spr\ts1 b9ds toge!r a c]ta9 am\nt ( s& by its roots1 %ades a little gr\nd ) its leaves1 & furni%es food & %elt] = /ill y\ng] or small] gr[?s4 ,a succession ( a v few favorable seasons suffices to b9d ! :ole surface toge!r ) a vegetable network1 & ! p[] ( resi/ance possess$ by ! dunes !mselves1 & ! protection !y af=d to ! fields beh9d !m1 are j 9 proportion to ! abundance & d5sity ( ! plants !y support4 ,! gr[? ( ! vegetable cov]+ c1 ( c\rse1 be mu* accel]at$ by judici\s plant+ & wat*ful c>e1 & ?is species ( improvem5t is n[ c>ri$ on ^u a va/ scale1 :]ev] ! value ( l& is consid]able & ! population d5se4 ,9 ! ma91 ! dunes on ! coa/ ( ! ,g]man ,sea1 not)/&+ ! great quantity ( (t5 f]tile l& !y cov]1 & ! evils :i* result f _! movem5t1 are1 ^u ! :ole1 a protective & b5eficial ag5t1 & _! ma9t5ance is an object ( solicitude ) ! gov]nm5ts & p ( ! %ores !y protect4#dde ,use ( ,dunes z a ,b>ri] aga9/ ! ,sea4 ,al?\gh ! sea ?r[s up l>ge quantities ( s& on flat lee-%ores1 !re are1 z we h se51 _m cases :]e x cont9ually encroa*es on ^? same %ores & wa%es !m away4 ,at all po9ts ( ! %all[ ,nor? ,sea :]e ! agitation ( ! waves ext5ds to ! bottom1 banks are =m+ & roll+ ea/w>d4 ,h5ce ! sea s& t5ds to accumulate ^u ! coa/ ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 & ,jutl&1 & 7 !re no conflict+ influ5ces1 ! %ore w\ld rapidly ext5d itself we/w>d4 ,b ! same waves :i* wa% ! s& to ! coa/ und]m9e ! bea* !y cov]1 & /ill m rapidly degrade ! %ore at po9ts :]e x is too high to receive p>tial protection by ! =mation ( dunes ^u x4 ,! e>? ( ! coa/ is g5]ally compos$ ( p>ticles f9]1 light]1 & m transportable by wat] ?an ! sea s&4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! bill[s rais$ by a heavy we/ w9d may roll up & deposit along ! bea* ?\s&s ( tons ( s&1 ! same waves may swall[ up ev5 a l>g] quantity ( f9e %ore e>?4 ,?is e>?1 ) a portion ( ! s&1 is swept (f by nor?w>dly & s\?w>dly curr5ts1 & let fall at o!r po9ts ( ! coa/1 or c>ri$ (f1 altoge!r1 out ( ! rea* ( causes :i* might br+ x back to its =m] position4 ,al?\gh1 !n1 ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,g]man ,ocean "h & !re advances into ! sea1 x 9 g5]al retreats be=e x1 & b = ! protection af=d$ x by natural arrangem5ts second$ by ! art & indu/ry ( man1 :ole prov9ces w\ld soon be engulf$ by ! wat]s4 ,?is protection consi/s 9 an almo/ unbrok5 *a9 ( s& banks & dunes1 ext5d+ f ! nor!rnmo/ po9t ( ,jutl& to ! ,elbe1 a di/ance ( n mu* less ?an ?ree hundr$ miles1 & f ! ,elbe aga91 ?\gh ) m frequ5t & wid] int]ruptions1 to ! ,atlantic bord]s ( ,france & ,spa94#ddf ,s long z ! dunes are ma9ta9$ by nature or by human art1 !y s]ve1 l any o!r embankm5t or dike1 z a p>tial or a complete protection aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea2 & on ! o!r h&1 :5 _! drifts are n *eck$ by natural processes1 or by ! indu/ry ( man1 !y become a cause ( z c]ta91 if n ( z sudd51 de/ruction z ! ocean itself ^: advance !y ret>d4 ,encroa*m5ts ( ! ,sea4 ,! ea/w>d progress ( ! sea on ! ,dani% & ,ne!rl&i% coa/1 & on c]ta9 %ores ( ! ,atlantic1 dep5ds s mu* on local geological /ructure1 on ! =ce & direction ( tidal & o!r m>9e curr5ts1 on ! volume & rapidity ( coa/ riv]s1 on ! cont+5cies ( ! wea!r & on o!r v>y+ circum/ances1 t no g5]al rate c he assign$ to x4 ,at ,agg]1 ne> ! we/]n end ( ! ,liimfjord1 9 ,jutl&1 ! coa/ 0 wa%$ away1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahae & #ahci1 at ! rate ( m ?an eighte5 feet a ye>4 ,! advance ( ! sea appe>s to h be5 some?+ less rapid = a c5tury be=e2 b f #ahdj to #aheg1 x ga9$ ^u ! l& no less ?an ?irty feet a ye>4 ,at o!r po9ts ( ! %ore ( ,jutl&1 ! loss is small]1 b ! sea is encroa*+ g5]ally ^u ! :ole l9e ( ! coa/4#ddg ,! ,liimfjord4 ,! irruption ( ! sea into ! fre%-wat] lagoon ( ,liimfjord 9 ,jutl&1 9 #ahbe--"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable encroa*m5ts ( ! ocean 9 mod]n times--is expressly ascrib$ to mismanagem5t ( ! dunes on ! n>r[ neck ( l& :i* sep>at$ ! fjord f ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,at e>li] p]iods1 ! sea _h swept across ! i/hmus1 & ev5 bur/ ?r\gh x1 b ! *annel _h be5 fill$ up aga91 sometimes by artificial means1 sometimes by ! op]ation ( natural causes1 & on all ^! occasions effects 7 produc$ v simil> to ^? result+ f ! =mation ( ! new *annel 9 #ahbe1 :i* /ill rema9s op54#ddh ,)9 comp>atively rec5t hi/orical ages1 ! ,liimfjord has ?us be5 sev]al times alt]nately fill$ ) fre% & ) salt wat]1 & man has produc$1 by neglect+ ! dunes1 or at lea/ might h prev5t$ by ma9ta9+ !m1 *anges id5tical ) ^? :i* are usually ascrib$ to ! action ( great geological causes1 & sometimes suppos$ to h requir$ va/ p]iods ( "t = _! accompli%m5t4 ,?is brea*1 says ,=*hamm]1 :i* conv]t$ ! ,liimfjord into a s\nd1 & ! nor!rn "p ( ,jutl& into an isl&1 occasion$ rem>kable *anges4 ,! fir/ & mo/ /rik+ ph5om5on 0 ! sudd5 de/ruction ( almo/ all ! fre%-wat] fi% previ\sly inhabit+ ?is lagoon1 :i* 0 fam\s = its abundant fi%]ies4 ,millions ( fre%-wat] fi% 7 ?r[n on %ore1 p>tly dead & p>tly dy+1 & 7 c>t$ (f by ! p4 ,a few only surviv$1 & /ill frequ5t ! %ores at ! m\? ( ! brooks4 ,! eel1 h[ev]1 has gradually accommodat$ itself to ! *ange ( circum/ances1 & is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! fjord1 :ile to all o!r fre%-wat] fi%1 ! salt wat] ( ! ocean seems to h be5 fatal4 ,x is m ?an probable t ! s& wa%$ 9 by ! irruption cov]s1 9 _m places1 a lay] ( dead fi%1 & has ?us prep>$ ! way = a petrifi$ /ratum simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 s _m old] =mations4 ,z x seems to be a law ( nature t animals ^: life is sudd5ly ext+ui%$ :ile yet 9 full vigor1 are ! mo/ likely to be pres]v$ by petrification1 we f9d "h "o ( ! conditions favorable to ! =mation ( su* a petrifi$ /ratum4 ,! bottom ( ! ,liimfjord 0 cov]$ ) a vigor\s gr[? ( aquatic plants1 belong+ bo? to fre% & to salt wat]1 especially ,zo/]a m>9a4 ,?is vegetation totally disappe>$ aft] ! irruption1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 0 buri$ by ! s&2 & "h aga9 we h a famili> ph5om5on (t5 obs]v$ 9 anci5t /rata--! indication ( a giv5 =mation by a p>ticul> vegetable species--& :5 ! /rata deposit$ at ! "t ( ! brea* %all be accessible by upheaval1 ! p]iod ( eruption w be m>k$ by a /ratum ( ,zo/]a1 & probably by impressions ( fre%-wat] fi%es4 ,x is v rem>kable t ! ,zo/]a m>9a1 a sea plant1 0 de/roy$ ev5 :]e no s& 0 deposit$4 ,?is 0 probably 9 consequ5ce ( ! sudd5 *ange f bracki% to salt wat]4 99 99 ,x is well e/abli%$ t ! ,liimfjord communicat$ ) ! ,g]man ,ocean at "s =m] p]iod4 ,to t era belong ! deep b$s ( oy/] %ells & ,c>dium edule1 :i* are /ill f\nd at ! bottom ( ! fjord4 ,& n[1 aft] an int]val ( c5turies1 dur+ :i* ! lagoon conta9$ no salt-wat] %ell fi%1 x aga9 produces great numb]s ( ,mytilus edulis4 ,c\ld we obta9 a deep section ( ! bottom1 we %\ld f9d b$s ( ,o/rea edulis & ,c>dium edule1 !n a lay] ( ,zo/]a m>9a ) fre%-wat] fi%1 & !n a b$ ( ,mytilus edulis4 ,if1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! new *annel %\ld be clos$1 ! brooks w\ld fill ! lagoon aga9 ) fre% wat]2 fre%-wat] fi% & %ell fi% w\ld reappe>1 & ?us we %\ld h a repeat$ alt]nation ( organic inhabitants ( ! sea & ( ! wat]s ( ! l&4 ,^! ev5ts h be5 accompani$ ) b a comp>atively insignificant *ange ( l& surface1 :ile ! =mations 9 ! b$ ( ?is inl& sea h be5 totally revolutioniz$ 9 "*4#ddi ,coa/s ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ,holl&1 & ,france4 ,on ! isl&s on ! coa/ ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ! advance ( ! sea has be5 m unequivocal & m rapid4 ,ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! dunes :i* _h protect$ ! we/]n coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,sylt began to roll to ! ea/1 & ! sea foll[$ closely z !y retir$4 ,9 #ageg1 ! *ur* ( ,rantum1 a village ^u t isl&1 0 oblig$ to be tak5 d[n 9 consequ5ce ( ! advance ( ! s& hills2 9 #agia1 ^! hills _h pass$ beyond its site1 ! waves _h swall[$ up its f\ndations1 & ! sea ga9$ s rapidly1 t1 fifty ye>s lat]1 ! spot :]e !y lay 0 sev5 hundr$ feet f ! %ore4#dej ,! mo/ prom95t geological l&m>k on ! coa/ ( ,holl& is ! ,huis te ,britt51 ,arx ,britannica1 a =tress built by ! ,romans1 9 ! "t ( ,caligula1 on ! ma9 l& ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rh9e4 ,at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! sea _h advanc$ sixte5 hundr$ paces beyond x4 ,! old] ,dut* annali/s record1 ) mu* p>ade ( num]ical accuracy1 frequ5t encroa*m5ts ( ! sea ^u _m p>ts ( ! ,ne!rl&i% coa/4 ,b ?\gh ! g5]al fact ( an advance ( ! ocean ^u ! l& is e/abli%$ beyond dispute1 ! precision ( ! measurem5ts :i* h be5 giv5 is op5 to "q4 ,/>+1 h[ev]1 :o ?9ks ! erosion ( ! coa/ mu* exagg]at$ by popul> geograph]s1 admits a loss ( m ?an a million & a half acres1 *iefly wor?less morass2#dea & x is c]ta9 t b = ! resi/ance ( man1 b = 8 erection ( dikes & protection ( dunes1 !re w\ld n[ be left ( ,holl& little b ! "n4 ,x is1 z has be5 already se51 /ill a debat$ "q among geologi/s :e!r ! coa/ ( ,holl& n[ is1 & = c5turies has be51 subsid+4 ,i believe mo/ inve/igators ma9ta9 ! affirmative2 & if ! fact is s1 ! advance ( ! sea ^u ! l& is1 9 "p1 due to ?is cause4 ,b ! rate ( subsid5ce is at all ev5ts v small1 & !re=e ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ocean ^u ! coa/ are ma9ly to be ascrib$ to ! erosion & transportation ( ! soil by m>9e waves & curr5ts4 ,! sea is fa/ advanc+ at sev]al po9ts ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ,france1 & unkn[n causes h giv5 a new impulse to its ravages s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,betwe5 #ahcj & #ahdb1 ! ,po9t de ,grave1 on ! nor? side ( ! ,gironde1 retreat$ "o hundr$ & eighty metres1 or ab\t fifty feet p] ye>2 f ! latt] ye> to #ahdf1 ! rate 0 increas$ to m ?an ?ree times t quantity1 & ! loss 9 ^? f\r ye>s 0 above six hundr$ feet4 ,all ! build+s at ! extremity ( ! p59sula h be5 tak5 d[n & rebuilt f>!r l&w>d1 & ! ligh?\se ( ! ,grave n[ occupies its ?ird position4 ,! sea attack$ ! base ( ! p59sula also1 & ! ,po9t de ,grave & ! adjac5t coa/s h be5 = tw5ty ye>s ! sc5e ( "o ( ! mo/ ob/9ately conte/$ /ruggles betwe5 man & ! ocean record$ 9 ! annals ( mod]n eng9e]+4 ,x _c1 inde$1 be affirm$ t human p[] is able to arre/ altoge!r ! incursions ( ! waves on s&y coa/s1 by plant+ ! bea*1 & clo?+ ! dunes ) wood4 ,on ! contr>y1 bo? 9 ,holl& & on ! ,fr5* coa/1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to protect ! dunes !mselves by pil+ & by pi]s & sea walls ( heavy masonry4 ,b exp]i5ce has amply %[n t ! processes ref]r$ to are entirely successful 9 prev5t+ ! movem5t ( ! dunes1 & ! drift+ ( _! s&s ov] cultivat$ l&s beh9d !m2 & t1 at ! same "t1 ! plantations v mu* ret>d ! l&w>d progress ( ! wat]s4#deb ,drift+ ( ,dune ,s&s4 ,besides _! importance z a b>ri] aga9/ ! inroads ( ! ocean1 dunes are useful by %elt]+ ! cultivat$ gr\nd beh9d !m f ! viol5ce ( ! sea w9d1 f salt spray1 & f ! drifts ( bea* s& :i* w\ld o!rwise ov]:elm !m4 ,b ! dunes !mselves1 unless _! surface s&s are kept moi/1 & conf9$ by ! gr[? ( plants1 or at lea/ by a cru/ ( vegetable e>?1 are con/antly roll+ inw>d2 & ?us1 :ile1 on "o side1 !y lay b>e ! traces ( anci5t human habitations or o!r evid5ces ( ! social life ( primitive man1 !y are1 on ! o!r1 bury+ fields1 h\ses1 *ur*es1 & conv]t+ popul\s di/ricts into b>r5 & des]t$ wa/es4 ,especially de/ructive are !y :51 by any accid5t1 a cavity is op5$ into !m to a consid]able dep?1 !reby giv+ ! w9d access to ! int]ior1 :]e ! s& is ?us fir/ dri$1 & !n scoop$ out & scatt]$ f> ov] ! neighbor+ soil4 ,! dune is n[ a magaz9e ( s&1 no long] a ramp>t aga9/ x1 & mis*ief f ?is s\rce seems m difficult to resi/ ?an f almo/ any o!r drift1 because ! supply ( mat]ial at ! comm& ( ! w9d1 is m abundant & m conc5trat$ ?an 9 its orig9al ?9 & widespread deposits on ! bea*4 ,! burr[+ ( conies 9 ! dunes is1 9 ?is way1 n unfrequ5tly a cause ( _! de/ruction & ( great injury to ! fields beh9d !m4 ,drifts1 & ev5 inl& s& hills1 sometimes result f break+ ! surface ( m level s& deposits1 f> )9 ! range ( ! coa/ dunes4 ,?us we le>n f ,/>+1 t "o ( ! highe/ inl& dunes 9 ,friesl& owes its orig9 to ! op5+ ( ! drift s& by ! uproot+ ( a l>ge oak4#dec ,great z are ! ravages produc$ by ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea ^u ! we/]n %ores ( cont95tal ,europe1 !y h be5 9 "s degree comp5sat$ by spontane\s m>9e deposits at o!r po9ts ( ! coa/1 & we h se5 9 a =m] *apt] t ! indu/ry ( man has reclaim$ a l>ge t]ritory f ! bosom ( ! ocean4 ,^! latt] triumphs are n ( rec5t orig91 & ! incipi5t victories :i* pav$ ! way = !m date back p]haps z f> z t5 c5turies4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! dunes _h be5 left to ! op]ation ( ! laws ( nature1 or r fre$1 by human imprud5ce1 f ! fett]s ) :i* nature _h b\nd !m1 & x is sc>cely ?ree g5]ations s9ce man fir/ attempt$ to *eck _! de/ructive movem5ts4 ,z !y advanc$1 he unresi/+ly yield$ & retreat$ be=e !m1 & !y h buri$ "u _! s&y bill[s _m hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( luxuriant cornfields & v9ey>ds & =e/s4 ,dunes ( ,gascony4 ,on ! we/ coa/ ( ,france1 a belt ( dunes1 v>y+ 9 wid? f a qu>t] ( a mile to five miles1 ext5ds f ! ,ad\r to ! e/u>y ( ! ,gironde1 & cov]s an area ( ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five squ>e miles4 ,:5 n fix$ by vegetable gr[?s1 !y advance ea/w>d at a mean rate ( ab\t "o rod1 or sixte5 & a half feet1 a ye>4 ,we d n "k hi/orically :5 !y began to drift1 b if we suppose _! motion to h be5 always ! same z at pres5t1 !y w\ld h pass$ ov] ! space betwe5 ! sea coa/ & _! ea/]n b\nd>y1 & cov]$ ! l>ge area above m5tion$1 9 f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,we "k1 f writt5 records1 t !y h buri$ ext5sive fields & =e/s & ?riv+ villages1 & *ang$ ! c\rses ( riv]s1 & t ! light] p>ticles c>ri$ f !m by ! w9ds1 ev5 :]e n transport$ 9 suffici5t quantities to =m s& hills1 h r5d]$ /]ile mu* l& =m]ly f]tile4#ded ,!y h also injuri\sly ob/ruct$ ! natural dra9age ( ! m>itime di/ricts by *ok+ up ! b$s ( ! /reams1 & =m+ lakes & pe/il5tial swamps ( no inconsid]able ext5t4 ,9 fact1 s completely d !y embank ! coa/1 t betwe5 ! ,gironde & ! village ( ,mimizan1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ miles1 !re are b two outlets = ! dis*>ge ( all ! wat]s :i* fl[ f ! l& to ! sea2 & ! ea/]n front ( ! dunes is bord]$ by a succession ( /agnant pools1 "s ( :i* are m ?an six miles 9 l5g? & bread?4#dee ,! ,dunes ( ,d5m>k & ,prussia4 ,9 ! small k+dom ( ,d5m>k1 inclusive ( ! du*ies ( ,s*leswig & ,hol/e91 ! dunes cov] an area ( m ?an two hundr$ & sixty squ>e miles4 ,! bread? ( ! *a9 is v v>i\s1 & 9 "s places x consi/s only ( a s+le r[ ( s& hills1 :ile 9 o!rs1 x is m ?an six miles wide4 ,! g5]al rate ( ea/w>d movem5t ( ! drift+ dunes is f ?ree to tw5ty-f\r feet p] annum4 ,if we adopt ! mean ( ?irte5 feet & a half = ! annual motion1 ! dunes h trav]s$ ! wide/ "p ( ! belt 9 ab\t tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s4 ,hi/orical data are want+ z to ! p]iod ( ! =mation ( ^! dunes & ( ! comm5cem5t ( _! drift+2 b !re is record$ evid5ce t !y h buri$ a va/ ext5t ( valuable l& )9 ?ree or f\r c5turies1 & fur!r pro( is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! movem5t ( ! s&s is con/antly uncov]+ ru9s ( anci5t build+s1 & o!r evid5ces ( human occupation1 at po9ts f> )9 ! pres5t limits ( ! un9habitable des]t4 ,&res5 e/imates ! av]age dep? ( ! s& deposit$ ov] ?is area at ?irty feet1 :i* w\ld give a cubic mile & a half = ! total quantity4#def ,! drift+ ( ! dunes on ! coa/ ( ,prussia comm5c$ n mu* m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! ,fris*e ,nehrung is sep>at$ f ! ma9l& by ! ,fris*e ,haff1 & !re is b a n>r[ /rip ( arable l& along its ea/]n bord]s4 ,h5ce its roll+ s&s h cov]$ a comp>atively small ext5t ( dry l&1 b fields & villages h be5 buri$ & valuable =e/s laid wa/e by !m4 ,! loose coa/ r[ has drift$ ov] ! inl& ranges1 :i*1 z 0 notic$ 9 ! description ( ^! dunes on a =m] page1 7 protect$ by a surface ( diff]5t composition1 & ! s& has ?us be5 rais$ to a height :i* x c\ld n h rea*$ ^u level gr\nd4 ,?is elevation has enabl$ x to advance ^u & ov]:elm woods1 :i*1 ^u a pla91 w\ld h *eck$ its progress1 &1 9 "o in/ance1 a =e/ ( _m hundr$ acres ( tall p9es 0 de/roy$ by ! drifts betwe5 #ahjd & #ahbg4 ,control ( ,dunes by ,man4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal modes 9 :i* ! indu/ry ( man is br\ght to be> ^u ! dunes4 ,fir/1 ! creation ( !m1 at po9ts :]e1 f *anges 9 ! curr5ts or o!r causes1 new encroa*m5ts ( ! sea are ?reat5$2 second1 ! ma9t5ance & protection ( !m :]e !y h be5 naturally =m$2 & ?ird1 ! removal ( ! inn] r[s :]e ! belt is s broad t no dang] is to be appreh5d$ f ! loss ( !m4 ,artificial ,=mation ( ,dunes4 ,9 describ+ ! natural =mation ( dunes1 x 0 said t !y began ) an accumulation ( s& ar\nd "s vegetable or o!r accid5tal ob/ruction to ! drift+ ( ! p>ticles4 ,a high1 p]p5dicul> cliff1 :i* dead5s ! w9d altoge!r1 prev5ts all accumulation ( s&2 b1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! high] & broad] ! ob/ruction1 ! m s& w heap up 9 front ( x1 & ! m w t :i* falls beh9d x be protect$ f drift+ f>!r4 ,?is famili> obs]vation has taught ! inhabitants ( ! coa/ t an artificial wall or dike w1 9 _m situations1 give rise to a broad belt ( dunes4 ,?us a s& dike or wall1 ( ?ree or f\r miles 9 l5g?1 ?r[n 9 #afaj across ! ,koegras1 a tide-wa%$ flat betwe5 ! ,zuid]zee & ! ,nor? ,sea1 has occasion$ ! =mation ( r[s ( dunes a mile 9 bread?1 & ?us exclud$ ! sea altoge!r f ! ,koegras4 ,a simil> dike1 call$ ! ,zijp]ze$ijk1 has produc$ ano!r sc>cely less ext5sive belt 9 ! c\rse ( two c5turies4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 ! sea 0 ?reat5+ to cut ?r\gh ! isl& ( ,amel&1 &1 by encroa*m5t on ! s\!rn side & ! bl[+ (f ( ! s& f a l[ flat :i* connect$ ! two high] p>ts ( ! isl&1 x _h made su* progress1 t 9 heavy /orms ! waves sometimes roll$ q across ! i/hmus4 ,! con/ruction ( a breakwat] & a s& dike h already *eck$ ! advance ( ! sea1 & a l>ge numb] ( s& hills has be5 =m$1 ! rapid gr[? ( :i* promises complete future security aga9/ bo? w9d & wave4 ,simil> effects h be5 produc$ by ! erection ( plank f5ces1 & ev5 ( simple scre5s ( wattl+ & re$s4#deg ,protection ( ,dunes4 ,! dunes ( ,holl& are sometimes protect$ f ! da%+ ( ! waves by a revetem5t ( /one1 or by piles2 & ! lat]al high-wat] curr5ts1 :i* wa% away _! base1 are occasionally *eck$ by transv]se walls runn+ f ! foot ( ! dunes to l[-wat] m>k2 b ! great exp5se ( su* con/ructions has prev5t$ _! adoption on a l>ge scale4#deh ,! pr9cipal means reli$ on = ! protection ( ! s& hills are ! plant+ ( _! surfaces & ! exclusion ( burr[+ & graz+ animals4 ,!re are grasses1 creep+ plants1 & %rubs ( spontane\s gr[?1 :i* fl\ri% 9 loose s&1 &1 if protect$1 spread ov] consid]able tracts1 & f9ally conv]t _! face into a soil capable ( cultivation1 or1 at lea/1 ( produc+ =e/ trees4 ,krause enum]ates "o hundr$ & sev5ty-"o plants z native to ! coa/ s&s ( ,prussia1 & ! obs]vations ( ,&res5 9 ,jutl& c>ry ! numb] ( ^! vegetables up to two hundr$ & ?irty-f\r4 ,"s ( ^! plants1 especially ! ,arundo ar5>ia or ar5osa1 or ,psamma or ,psammophila ar5>ia--,klittetag1 or ,hjelme 9 ,dani%1 helm 9 ,dut*1 ,du55halm1 ,s&s*ilf1 or ,huegelrohr 9 ,g]man1 g\rbet 9 ,fr5*1 & m>ram 9 ,engli%--are exclusively conf9$ to s&y soils1 & ?rive well only 9 a sal9e atmosph]e4#dei ,! arundo gr[s to ! height ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es1 b s5ds its /rong roots ) _! _m rootlets to a di/ance ( =ty or fifty feet4 ,x has ! peculi> prop]ty ( n\ri%+ be/ 9 ! loose/ soil1 & a s& %[] seems to refre% x z ! ra9 revives ! ?ir/y plants ( ! common e>?4 ,its roots b9d toge!r ! dunes1 & its leaves protect _! surface4 ,:5 ! s& ceases to drift1 ! arundo dies1 its decay+ roots f]tiliz+ ! s&1 & ! decomposition ( its leaves =m+ a lay] ( vegetable e>? ov] x4 ,!n foll[s a succession ( o!r plants :i* gradually fit ! s& hills1 by gr[? & decay1 = =e/ plant+1 = pa/urage1 & sometimes = ord9>y agricultural use4 ,b ! protection & gradual trans=mation ( ! dunes is n ! only s]vice r5d]$ by ?is valuable plant4 ,its leaves are nutriti\s food = %eep & cattle1 its se$s = p\ltry2#dfj cordage & nett+ tw9e are manufactur$ f its fibres1 x makes a good mat]ial = ?at*+1 & its dri$ roots furni% excell5t fuel4 ,^! useful qualities1 un=tunately1 are too (t5 prejudicial to its gr[?4 ,! peasants fe$ x d[n ) _! cattle1 cut x = rope mak+1 or dig x up = fuel1 & x has be5 f\nd necess>y to resort to sev]e legislation to prev5t !m f br++ ru9 ^u !mselves by ?us improvid5tly sacrific+ _! mo/ effectual safegu>d aga9/ ! drift+ ( ! s&s4#dfa ,9 #aeci1 a decree ( ,*ri/ian ,,iii1 k+ ( ,d5m>k1 impos$ a f9e ^u p]sons convict$ ( de/roy+ c]ta9 species ( s& plants ^u ! we/ coa/ ( ,jutl&4 ,?is ord9ance 0 r5ew$ & made m compreh5sive 9 #aeeh1 & 9 #aefi ! inhabitants ( sev]al di/ricts 7 requir$1 by royal rescript1 to d _! be/ to *eck ! s& drifts1 ?\gh ! specific measures to be adopt$ = t purpose are n indicat$4 ,v>i\s laws aga9/ /ripp+ ! dunes ( _! vegetation 7 enact$ 9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 b no active measures 7 tak5 = ! subjugation ( ! s& drifts until #aggi1 :5 a prelim9>y sy/em ( op]ation = t purpose 0 adopt$4 ,?is consi/$ 9 little m ?an ! plant+ ( ! ,arundo ar5>ia & o!r s& plants1 & ! exclusion ( animals de/ructive to ^! vegetables4#dfb ,t5 ye>s lat]1 plantations ( =e/ trees1 :i* h s9ce prov$ s valuable a means ( fix+ ! dunes & r5d]+ !m productive1 7 comm5c$1 & h be5 cont9u$ ev] s9ce4#dfc ,dur+ ?is latt] p]iod1 ,bremonti]1 )\t any k ( :at 0 do+ 9 ,d5m>k1 exp]im5t$ ^u ! cultivation ( =e/ trees on ! dunes ( ,gascony1 & p]fect$ a sy/em1 :i*1 ) "s improvem5ts 9 matt]s ( detail1 is /ill l>gely pursu$ on ^? %ores4 ,! example ( ,d5m>k 0 soon foll[$ 9 ! neighbor+ k+dom ( ,prussia1 & 9 ! ,ne!rl&s2 &1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 ^! improvem5ts h be5 ev]y:]e cr[n$ ) mo/ flatt]+ success4 ,"u ! adm9i/ration ( ,rev5tlov1 a little be=e ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! ,dani% ,gov]nm5t organiz$ a regul> sy/em ( improvem5t 9 ! economy ( ! dunes4 ,!y 7 plant$ ) ! arundo & o!r vegetables ( simil> habits1 protect$ aga9/ trespass]s1 & at la/ p>tly cov]$ ) =e/ trees4 ,by ^! means mu* wa/e soil has be5 conv]t$ into arable gr\nd1 a l>ge gr[? ( valuable timb] obta9$1 & ! fur!r spread ( ! drifts1 :i* ?reat5$ to lay wa/e ! :ole p59sula ( ,jutl&1 to a consid]able ext5t arre/$4 ,9 ,france1 ! op]ations = fix+ & reclaim+ ! dunes--:i* began "u ! direction ( ,bremonti] ab\t ! same "t z 9 ,d5m>k1 & :i* are1 9 pr9ciple & 9 _m ( _! details1 simil> to ^? employ$ 9 ! latt] k+dom--h be5 conduct$ on a f> l>g] scale1 & ) great] success1 ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,?is is p>tly ow+ to a climate m favorable to ! gr[? ( suitable =e/ trees ?an t ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 & p>tly to ! lib]ality ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i*1 hav+ m important l&$ int]e/s to protect1 has put l>g] means at ! disposal ( ! eng9e]s ?an ,d5m>k & ,prussia h f\nd x conv5i5t to appropriate to t purpose4 ,! area ( ! dunes already secur$ f drift+1 & plant$ by ! processes inv5t$ by ,bremonti] & p]fect$ by 8 successors1 is ab\t #ajj1jjj acres4#dfd ,?is am\nt ( productive soil1 !n1 has be5 add$ to ! res\rces ( ,france1 & a /ill great] quantity ( valuable l& has be5 !reby rescu$ f ! o!rwise c]ta9 de/ruction ) :i* x 0 ?reat5$ by ! advance ( ! roll+ s& hills4 ,! improvem5ts ( ! dunes on ! coa/ ( ,we/ ,prussia began 9 #agie1 "u ,so]5 ,bjo]n1 a native ( ,d5m>k1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! t5 ye>s betwe5 #ahjg & #ahag1 !y h be5 prosecut$ ev] s9ce4 ,! me?ods d n diff] ess5tially f ^? employ$ 9 ,d5m>k & ,france1 ?\gh !y are modifi$ by local circum/ances1 &1 ) respect to ! trees select$ = plant+1 by climate4 ,9 #ahej1 betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,vi/ula & ,kahlb]g1 #f1cjj acres1 includ+ ab\t #a1ijj acres plant$ ) p9es & bir*es1 _h be5 secur$ f drift+2 betwe5 ,kahlb]g & ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,we/-,prussia1 #h1jjj acres2 & important prelim9>y op]ations _h be5 c>ri$ on = subdu+ ! dunes on ! we/ coa/4#dfe ,trees suit$ to ,dune ,plantations4 ,! tree :i* has be5 f\nd to ?rive be/ ^u ! s& hills ( ! ,fr5* coa/1 & at ! same "t to conf9e ! s& mo/ firmly & yield ! l>ge/ pecuni>y returns1 is ! m>itime p9e1 ,p9us m>itima1 a species valuable bo? = its timb] & = its res9\s products4 ,x is always gr[n f se$1 & ! "y %oots require to be protect$ = sev]al seasons1 by ! bran*es ( o!r trees1 plant$ 9 r[s1 or spread ov] ! surface & /ak$ d[n1 by ! gr[? ( ! ,arundo ar5>ia & o!r small s& plants1 or by wattl$ h$ges4 ,! bea*1 f :i* ! s& is d]iv$1 has be5 g5]ally plant$ ) ! arundo1 because ! p9e does n ?rive well s ne> ! sea2 b x is ?\ght t a species ( tam>isk is likely to succe$ 9 t latitude ev5 bett] ?an ! arundo4 ,! %ade & ! protection (f]$ by ! bran*+ top ( ?is p9e are favorable to ! gr[? ( decidu\s trees1 &1 :ile /ill "y1 ( %rubs & small] plants1 :i* contribute m rapidly to ! =mation ( vegetable m\ld1 & ?us1 :5 ! p9e has once tak5 root1 ! r$emption ( ! wa/e is consid]$ z effectually secur$4 ,9 ,france1 ! m>itime p9e is plant$ on ! s&s ( ! int]ior z well z on ! dunes ( ! sea coa/1 & ) equal advantage4 ,?is tree resembles ! pit* p9e ( ! ,s\!rn ,am]ican ,/ates 9 its habits1 & is appli$ to ! same uses4 ,! extraction ( turp5t9e f x beg9s at ! age ( ab\t tw5ty ye>s1 or :5 x has atta9$ a diamet] ( f n9e to twelve in*es4 ,incisions are made up & d[n ! trunk1 to ! dep? ( ab\t half an in* 9 ! wood1 & x is insi/$ t if n m ?an two su* slits are cut1 ! tree is n s5sibly injur$ by ! process4 ,! gr[?1 inde$1 is some:at *eck$1 b ! wood becomes sup]ior to t ( trees f :i* ! turp5t9e is n extract$4 ,?us treat$1 ! p9e cont9ues to fl\ri% to ! age ( "o hundr$ or "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 & up to ?is age ! trees on a hect>e yield annually #cej kilogrammes ( ess5ce ( turp5t9e1 & #bhj kilogrammes ( res91 wor? toge!r #aaj francs4 ,! exp5se ( extraction & di/illation is calculat$ at #dd francs1 & a cle> pr(it ( #ff francs p] hect>e1 or m ?an five doll>s p] acre1 is left4#dff ,?is is exclusive ( ! value ( ! timb]1 :5 f9ally cut1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 am\nts to a v consid]able sum4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 :]e ! climate is mu* cold]1 h>di] conif]s1 z well z ! bir* & o!r nor!rn trees1 are f\nd to answ] a bett] purpose ?an ! m>itime p9e1 & x is d\btful :e!r ?is tree w\ld be able to resi/ ! w9t] on ! dunes ( ,massa*usetts4 ,probably ! pit* p9e ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 9 conjunction ) "s ( ! ,am]ican oaks1 bir*es1 & popl>s1 & especially ! rob9ia or locu/1 w\ld prove v suitable to be employ$ on ! s& hills ( ,cape ,cod & ,long ,isl&4 ,! ailan?us1 n[ com+ into notice z a s&-lov+ tree1 may1 p]haps1 s]ve a bett] purpose ?an any ( !m4 ,ext5t ( ,dunes 9 ,europe4 ,! dunes ( ,d5m>k1 z we h se51 cov] an area ( two hundr$ & sixty squ>e miles1 or "o hundr$ & sixty-six ?\s& acres2 ^? ( ! ,prussian coa/ are vaguely e/imat$ at f eighty-five to "o hundr$ & t5 ?\s& acres2 ^? ( ,holl& at "o hundr$ & =ty ?\s& acres2#dfg ^? ( ,gascony at ab\t ?ree hundr$ ?\s& acres4#dfh ,i d n f9d any e/imate ( _! ext5t 9 o!r prov9ces ( ,france1 9 ! du*ies ( ,s*leswig & ,hol/e91 or 9 ! ,baltic prov9ces ( ,russia1 b x is probable t ! entire quantity ( dune l& ^u ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,atlantic & ! ,baltic does n fall mu* %ort ( a million ( acres4#dfi ,?is va/ deposit ( sea s& ext5ds along ! coa/ = a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ miles1 & f ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s :i* cov]$ x1 to ! ye> #aghi1 ! :ole l9e 0 roll+ inw>d & bury+ ! soil b5ea? x1 or r5d]+ ! fields unproductive by ! s& :i* drift$ f x4 ,at ! same "t1 z ! s& hills mov$ ea/w>d1 ! ocean 0 closely foll[+ _! retreat & swall[+ up ! gr\nd !y _h cov]$1 z fa/ z _! movem5t left x b>e4 ,plant+ ! dunes has completely prev5t$ ! surface s&s f bl[+ ov] ! soil to ! leew>d ( ! plantations1 & ?\gh x has n1 9 all cases1 arre/$ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea1 x has s greatly ret>d$ ! rapidity ( _! advance1 t s&y coa/s1 :5 once cov]$ ) =e/s1 may be consid]$ z sub/antially secure1 s long z prop] measures are tak5 = ! protection ( ! woods4 ,dune ,v9ey>ds ( ,cap ,breton4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,cap ,breton 9 ,france1 a peculi> process is successfully employ$1 bo? = prev5t+ ! drift+ ( dunes1 & = r5d]+ ! s&s !mselves imm$iately productive2 b ?is me?od is applicable only 9 exceptional cases ( favorable climate & exposure4 ,x consi/s 9 plant+ v9ey>ds ^u ! dunes1 & protect+ !m by h$ges ( broom1 ,erica scop>ia1 s dispos$ z to =m rectangles ab\t ?irty feet by =ty4 ,! v9es plant$ 9 ^! enclosures ?rive admirably1 & ! grapes produc$ by !m are among ! be/ gr[n 9 ,france4 ,! dunes are s f> f be+ an unfavorable soil = ! v9e1 t fre% sea-s& is regul>ly employ$ z a f]tiliz] = x1 alt]nat+ e o!r season ) ord9>y manure4 ,! quantity ( s& ?us appli$ e second ye>1 raises ! surface ( ! v9ey>d ab\t f\r or five in*es4 ,! v9es are cut d[n e ye> to ?ree or f\r %oots1 & ! rais+ ( ! soil rapidly cov]s ! old /ocks4 ,z fa/ z buri$1 !y s5d out new roots ne> ! surface1 & ?us ! v9ey>d is con/antly r5ew$1 & has always a y\?ful appe>ance1 ?\gh x may h be5 already plant$ a c\ple ( g5]ations4 ,?is practice is asc]ta9$ to h be5 foll[$ = two c5turies1 & is among ! olde/ well-au!nticat$ attempts ( man to resi/ & vanqui% ! dunes4#dgj ,removal ( ,dunes4 ,! artificial removal ( dunes1 no long] necess>y z a protection1 does n appe> to h be5 practis$ ^u a l>ge scale except 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e ! num]\s canals furni% an easy & economical means ( transport+ ! s&1 & :]e ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( sea & riv] dikes1 & ( causeways & o!r embankm5ts & fill+s1 create a great dem& = t mat]ial4 ,s& is also employ$ 9 ,holl&1 9 l>ge quantities1 = improv+ ! consi/5ce ( ! t\gh clay bord]+ ^u or und]ly+ diluvial deposits1 & = =m+ an artificial soil = ! gr[? ( c]ta9 g>d5 & ornam5tal vegetables4 ,:5 ! dunes are remov$1 ! gr\nd !y cov]$ is re/or$ to ! doma9 ( indu/ry2 & ! quantity ( l&1 recov]$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s by ! removal ( ! b>r5 s&s :i* encumb]$ x1 am\nts to hundr$s & p]haps ?\s&s ( acres4#dga ,inl& ,s& ,pla9s4 ,! inl& s& pla9s ( ,europe are ei!r d]iv$ f ! drift+ ( dunes or o!r bea* s&s1 or consi/ ( diluvial deposits4 ,z we h se51 :5 once ! int]ior ( a dune is laid op5 to ! w9d1 its cont5ts are soon scatt]$ f> & wide ov] ! adjac5t c\ntry1 & ! bea* s&s1 no long] *eck$ by ! ramp>t :i* nature _h con/ra9$ !m to build aga9/ _! own encroa*m5ts1 are also c>ri$ to consid]able di/ances f ! coa/4 ,few regions h suff]$ s mu* f ?is cause 9 proportion to _! ext5t1 z ! p59sula ( ,jutl&4 ,s long z ! woods1 ) :i* nature _h plant$ ! ,dani% dunes1 7 sp>$1 !y seem to h be5 /ation>y1 & we h no hi/orical evid5ce1 ( an e>li] date ?an ! sixte5? c5tury1 t !y _h become 9 any way injuri\s4 ,f t p]iod1 !re are frequ5t notices ( ! invasions ( cultivat$ gr\nds by ! s&s2 & excavations are con/antly br++ to light pro( ( human habitation & ( agricultural indu/ry1 9 =m] ages1 on soils n[ buri$ b5ea? deep drifts f ! dunes & bea*es ( ! sea coa/4#dgb ,ext5sive tracts ( valuable pla9 l& 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & 9 ,france h be5 cov]$ 9 ! same way ) a lay] ( s& deep en\gh to r5d] !m inf]tile1 & !y c be re/or$ to cultivation only by processes analog\s to ^? employ$ = fix+ & improv+ ! dunes4#dgc ,diluvial s& pla9s1 also1 h be5 reclaim$ by ^! me?ods 9 ! ,du*y ( ,au/ria1 betwe5 ,vi5na & ! ,semm]+ ridge1 9 ,jutl&1 & 9 ! great *ampaign c\ntry ( ,nor!rn ,g]many1 especially ! ,m>k ,br&5burg1 :]e artificial =e/s c be propagat$ ) great ease1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1 ?is bran* ( indu/ry has be5 pursu$ on a great scale1 & ) highly b5eficial results1 bo? z respects ! supply ( =e/ products & ! prep>ation ( ! soil = agricultural use4 ,z a g5]al rule1 inl& s&s are loos]1 dry]1 & m incl9$ to drift1 ?an ^? ( ! sea coa/1 :]e ! moi/ & sal9e atmosph]e ( ! ocean keeps !m always m or less humid & cohesive4 ,no %ore dunes are s movable z ! m$anos ( ,p]u describ$ 9 a passage quot$ f ,poeppig on a =m] page1 or z ! s& hills ( ,pol&1 bo? ( :i* seem bett] entitl$ to ! appellation ( s& waves ?an ^? ( ! ,sah>a or ( ! ,arabian des]t4 ,! s&s ( ! valley ( ! ,l[] ,euphrates--!mselves probably ( subm>9e orig91 & n d]iv$ f dunes--are advanc+ to ! nor?we/ ) a rapidity :i* seems fabul\s :5 comp>$ ) ! sl[ movem5t ( ! s& hills ( ,gascony & ! ,l[ ,g]man coa/s4 ,l(tus1 speak+ ( ,niliyya1 an old ,arab t[n a few miles ea/ ( ! ru9s ( ,babylon1 says t1 9 #ahdh1 ! s& began to accumulate ar\nd x1 & 9 six ye>s1 ! des]t1 )9 a radius ( six miles1 0 cov]$ ) little1 undulat+ domes1 :ile ! ru9s ( ! city 7 s buri$ t x is n[ impossible to trace _! orig9al =m or ext5t4#dgd ,l(tus consid]s ?is s& flood z ! vangu>d ( ^? va/ drifts :i*1 advanc+ f ! s\!a/1 ?reat5 ev5tually to ov]:elm ,babylon & ,baghdad4 ,an obs]vation ( ,lay>d1 cit$ by ,l(tus1 appe>s to me to furni% a possible explanation ( ?is irruption4 ,he pass$ two or ?ree places :]e ! s&1 issu+ f ! e>? l wat]1 is call$ ',ai\n-er-rummal1' s& spr+s4 ,^! spr+s are v probably m]ely ! drift+ ( s& f ! anci5t subsoil1 :]e ! protect+ cru/ ( aquatic deposit & vegetable e>? has be5 brok5 ?r\gh1 z 9 ! case ( ! drift :i* arose f ! upturn+ ( an oak m5tion$ on a =m] page4 ,:5 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates 0 regul>ly irrigat$ & cultivat$1 ! und]ly+ s&s 7 b\nd by moi/ure1 alluvial slime1 & vegetation2 b n[1 t all improvem5t is neglect$1 & ! surface1 no long] wat]$1 has become p>*$1 p[d]y1 & nak$1 a m]e accid5tal fissure 9 ! sup]ficial /ratum may soon be enl>g$ to a wide op5+1 t w let loose s& en\gh to ov]:elm a prov9ce4 ,! ,l&es ( ,gascony4 ,! mo/ rem>kable s& pla9 ( ,france lies at ! s\?we/]n extremity ( ! empire1 & is g5]ally kn[n z ! ,l&es1 or hea?s1 ( ,gascony4 ,clave ?us describes x3 ,compos$ ( pure s&1 re/+ on an imp]meable /ratum call$ alios1 ! soil ( ! ,l&es 01 = c5turies1 consid]$ incapable ( cultivation4 ,p>*$ 9 summ]1 dr[n$ 9 w9t]1 x produc$ only f]ns1 ru%es1 & hea?1 & sc>cely furni%$ pa/urage = a few half-/>v$ flocks4 ,to cr[n its mis]ies1 ?is pla9 0 cont9ually ?reat5$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( ! dunes4 ,va/ ridges ( s&1 ?r[n up by ! waves1 = a di/ance ( m ?an fifty leagues along ! coa/1 & cont9ually r5ew$1 7 driv5 inl& by ! we/ w9d1 &1 z !y roll$ ov] ! pla91 !y buri$ ! soil & ! hamlets1 ov]came all resi/ance1 & advanc$ ) fe>ful regul>ity4 ,! :ole prov9ce seem$ devot$ to c]ta9 de/ruction1 :5 ,bremonti] inv5t$ 8 me?od ( fix+ ! dunes by plantations ( ! m>itime p9e4#dge ,al?\gh ! ,l&es _h be5 almo/ ab&on$ = ages1 !y %[ num]\s traces ( anci5t cultivation & prosp]ity1 & x is pr9cipally by means ( ! encroa*m5ts ( ! s&s t !y h become r$uc$ to _! pres5t desolate condition4 ,! de/ruction ( ! coa/ t[ns & h>bors1 :i* furni%$ m>kets = ! products ( ! pla9s1 ! damm+ up ( ! riv]s1 & ! ob/ruction ( ! small] *annels ( natural dra9age by ! advance ( ! dunes1 7 no d\bt v influ5tial causes2 & if we add ! drift+ ( ! sea s& ov] ! soil1 we h at lea/ a p>tial explanation ( ! decay$ agriculture & dim9i%$ population ( ?is great wa/e4 ,:5 ! dunes 7 once arre/$1 & ! soil to ! ea/ ( !m 0 felt to be secure aga9/ invasion by !m1 exp]im5ts1 9 ! way ( agricultural improvem5t1 by dra9age & plantation1 7 comm5c$1 & !y h be5 att5d$ ) su* signal success1 t ! complete recov]y ( "o ( ! dre>ie/ & mo/ ext5sive wa/es 9 ,europe may be consid]$ z bo? a probable & a ne> ev5t4#dgf ,! ,belgian ,camp9e4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,belgium1 & ext5d+ across ! conf9es ( ,holl&1 is ano!r v simil> hea? pla91 call$ ! ,camp9e4 ,?is is a va/ s& flat1 int]sp]s$ ) m>%es & inl& dunes1 &1 until rec5tly1 consid]$ :olly incapable ( cultivation4 ,enorm\s sums h be5 exp5d$ 9 reclaim+ x by dra9+ & o!r famili> agricultural processes1 b )\t results at all proportional to ! capital inve/$4 ,9 #ahdi1 ! unimprov$ portion ( ! ,camp9e 0 e/imat$ at little less ?an ?ree hundr$ & fifty ?\s& acres4 ,! example ( ,france has prompt$ exp]im5ts 9 ! plant+ ( trees1 especially ! m>itime p9e1 ^u ?is b>r5 wa/e1 & ! results h be5 su* z to %[ t its s&s may bo? be fix$ & made productive1 n only )\t loss1 b ) positive pecuni>y advantage4#dgg ,s&s & ,/eppes ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,!re are /ill unsubdu$ s& wa/es 9 _m p>ts ( int]ior ,europe n famili>ly kn[n to t\ri/s or ev5 geograph]s4 ,olkuez & ,s*iewi] 9 ,pol&1 says ,naumann1 lie 9 true s& des]ts1 & a b\ndless pla9 ( s& /ret*es ar\nd ,oz5/ockau1 on :i* !re gr[s nei!r tree nor %rub4 ,9 heavy w9ds1 ?is pla9 resembles a roll+ sea1 & ! s& hills rise & disappe> l ! waves ( ! ocean4 ,! heaps ( wa/e f ! ,olkuez m9es are cov]$ ) s& to ! dep? ( f\r fa?oms4#dgh ,no attempts h yet be5 made to subdue ! s&s ( ,pol&1 b :5 peace & prosp]ity %all be re/or$ to t unhappy c\ntry1 !re is no reasonable d\bt t ! measures1 :i* h prov$ s successful on simil> =mations 9 ,g]many1 may be employ$ ) advantage 9 ! ,poli% des]ts4 ,!re are s& drifts 9 p>ts ( ! /eppes ( ,russia1 b 9 g5]al ! soil ( ^? va/ pla9s is ( a diff]5t1 ?\gh v v>i$1 composition1 & is cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,! /eppes1 h[ev]1 h _m po9ts ( analogy ) ! s& pla9s ( ,nor!rn ,g]many1 & if !y are ev] fitt$ = civiliz$ occupation1 x mu/ be by ! same means1 t is1 by plant+ =e/s4 ,x is disput$ :e!r ! /eppes 7 ev] wood$4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly b>e ( =e/ gr[? at a v remote p]iod2 = ,h]odotus describes ! c\ntry ( ! ,scy?ians betwe5 ! ,i/] & ! ,tanais z woodless1 ) ! exception ( ! small prov9ce ( ,xylaea betwe5 ! ,dniep] & ! ,gulf ( ,p]ekop4 ,!y are kn[n to h be5 occupi$ by a l>ge nomade & pa/oral population d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?\gh ^! tribes are n[ mu* r$uc$ 9 numb]s4 ,! habits ( su* races are sc>cely less de/ructive to ! =e/ ?an ^? ( civiliz$ life4 ,pa/oral tribes d n employ mu* wood = fuel or = con/ruction1 b !y c>elessly or recklessly burn d[n ! =e/s1 & _! cattle effectually *eck ! gr[? ( "y trees :]ev] _! range ext5ds4 ,at pres5t1 ! furi\s w9ds :i* sweep ov] ! pla9s1 ! dr\ghts ( summ]1 & ! rights & abuses ( pa/urage1 con/itute v =midable ob/acles to ! employm5t ( measures :i* h be5 att5d$ ) s valuable results on ! s& wa/es ( ,france & ,g]many4 ,! ,russian ,gov]nm5t has1 h[ev]1 attempt$ ! wood+ ( ! /eppes1 & !re are ?riv+ plantations 9 ! neighborhood ( ,odessa1 :]e ! soil is ( a p>ticul>ly loose & s&y "*4#dgi ,! trees be/ suit$ to ?is locality1 &1 z !re is good reason to suppose1 to s& pla9s 9 g5]al1 is ! ,ailan?us gl&ulosa1 or ,japan v>ni% tree4#dhj ,! rem>kable success :i* has cr[n$ ! exp]im5ts ) ! ailan?us at ,odessa1 w1 no d\bt1 /imulate to simil> trials else:]e1 & x seems n improbable t ! arundo & ! m>itime p9e1 :i* h fix$ s _m ?\s& acres ( drift+ s&s 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 w be1 p>tially at lea/1 sup]s$$ by ! tam>isk & ! v>ni% tree4 ,advantages ( ,reclaim+ ! ,s&s4 ,if we consid] ! quantity ( wa/e l& :i* has be5 made productive by ! plant+ ( ! s& hills & pla9s1 & ! ext5t ( f]tile soil1 ! numb] ( villages & o!r human improvem5ts1 & ! value ( ! h>bors1 :i* ! same process has sav$ f be+ buri$ "u ! roll+ dunes1 & at la/ swall[$ up =ev] by ! invasions ( ! sea1 we %all be incl9$ to rank ,bremonti] & ,rev5tlov among ! greate/ b5efactors ( _! race4 ,) ! exception ( ! dikes ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 _! labors are ! fir/ delib]ate & direct attempts ( man to make himself1 on a great scale1 a geographical p[]1 to re/ore natural balances :i* e>li] g5]ations _h di/urb$1 & to atone1 by acts guid$ by =esee+ & settl$ purpose1 = ! wa/e :i* ?\ghtless improvid5ce _h creat$4 ,gov]nm5t ,works4 ,!re is an important political diff]5ce betwe5 ^! latt] works & ! dik+ sy/em ( ! ,ne!rl&i% & ,g]man coa/s4 ,! dikes orig9ally 71 & 9 mod]n times v g5]ally h be51 private ent]prises1 und]tak5 ) no o!r aim ?an to add a c]ta9 quantity ( cultivable soil to ! =m] possessions ( _! proprietor1 or sometimes ( ! /ate4 ,9 %ort1 ) few exceptions1 !y h be5 m]ely a pecuni>y inve/m5t1 a mode ( acquir+ l& n economically diff]5t f pur*ase4 ,! plant+ ( ! dunes1 on ! contr>y1 has always be5 a public "w1 execut$1 n ) ! expectation ( reap+ a regul> direct p]c5tage ( income f ! exp5diture1 b dictat$ by high] views ( /ate economy--by ! same gov]nm5tal pr9ciples1 9 fact1 :i* animate all commonweal?s 9 repell+ invasion by ho/ile armies1 or 9 repair+ ! damages t invad+ =ces may h inflict$ on ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! p4 ,! re/oration ( ! =e/s 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,france1 z n[ conduct$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( t empire1 is a measure ( ! same elevat$ "* z ! fix+ ( ! dunes4 ,9 =m] ages1 =e/s 7 =m$ or protect$ simply = ! sake ( ! %elt] !y af=d$ to game1 or = ! timb] !y yield$2 b ! rec5t legislation ( ,france1 & ( "s o!r ,cont95tal c\ntries1 on ?is subject1 looks to m di/ant z well z nobl] ends1 & ^! are among ! public acts :i* mo/ /rongly enc\rage ! hope t ! rul]s ( ,*ri/5dom are com+ bett] to und]/& ! true duties & int]e/s ( civiliz$ gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,project$ ,,or ,,possible ,,geographical ,,*anges ,,by ,,man4 ,,cutt+ ,,( ,,m>9e ,,i/hmuses--,,! ,,suez ,,canal--,,canal ,,across ,,i/hmus ,,( ,,d>i5--,,canals ,,to ,,! ,,dead ,,sea--,,m>itime ,,canals ,,9 ,,greece--,,canal ,,( ,,s>os--,,cape ,,cod ,,canal--,,div]sion ,,( ,,! ,,nile--,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,caspian-- ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,hydrography--,,div]sion ,,( ,,rh9e-- ,,dra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,zuid]zee--,,wat]s ,,( ,,! ,,k>/--,,subt]ranean ,,wat]s ,,( ,,greece--,,soil ,,bel[ ,,rock--,,cov]+ ,,rocks ,,) ,,e>?--,,wadies ,,( ,,arabia ,,petraea--,,incid5tal ,,effects ,,( ,,human ,,action--,,resi/ance ,,to ,,great ,,natural ,,=ces--,,effects ,,( ,,m9+--,,espy',s ,,!ories--,,riv] ,,s$im5t--,,no?+ ,,small ,,9 ,,nature4 ,cutt+ ( ,m>9e ,i/hmuses4 ,besides ! great ent]prises ( physical trans=mation ( :i* ,i h already spok51 o!r works ( int]nal improvem5t or *ange h be5 project$ 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 ! execution ( :i* w\ld produce consid]able1 &1 9 "s cases1 extremely important1 revolutions 9 ! face ( ! e>?4 ,"s ( ! s*emes to :i* ,i ref] are evid5tly *im]ical2 o!rs are difficult1 inde$1 b _c be said to be impracticable1 ?\gh disc\rag$ by ! appreh5sion ( disa/r\s consequ5ces f ! di/urbance ( exi/+ natural or artificial arrangem5ts2 & !re are /ill o!rs1 ! accompli%m5t ( :i* is ultimately c]ta91 ?\gh = ! pres5t =bidd5 by economical consid]ations4 ,:5 we consid] ! numb] ( n>r[ necks or i/hmuses :i* sep>ate gulfs & bays ( ! sea f ea* o!r1 or f ! ma9 ocean1 & take into acc\nt ! "t & co/1 & risks ( navigation :i* w\ld be sav$ by execut+ *annels to connect su* wat]s1 & ?us avoid+ ! necessity ( d\bl+ long capes & promontories1 or ev5 cont95ts1 x seems /range t m ( ! ent]prise & money :i* h be5 s lavi%ly exp5d$ 9 =m+ artificial riv]s = int]nal navigation %\ld n h be5 be/[$ ^u ! con/ruction ( m>itime canals4 ,_m su* h be5 project$ 9 e>ly & 9 rec5t ages1 & "s trifl+ cuts betwe5 m>9e wat]s h be5 actually made1 b no "w ( ?is sort1 possess+ real geographical or ev5 comm]cial importance1 has yet be5 effect$4 ,^! ent]prises are att5d$ ) difficulties & op5 to objections1 :i* are n1 at fir/ sight1 obvi\s4 ,nature gu>ds well ! *a9s by :i* %e connects promontories ) ma9l&s1 & b9ds cont95ts toge!r4 ,i/hmuses are usually compos$ ( adamant9e rock or ( %ift+ s&s--! latt] be+ mu* ! m refractory mat]ial to deal )4 ,9 all su* works !re is a necessity = deep excavation bel[ l[-wat] m>k--always a matt] ( great difficulty2 ! dim5sions ( *annels = sea-go+ %ips mu/ be mu* great] ?an ^? ( canals ( inl& navigation2 ! height ( ! ma/s or smoke pipes ( t class ( vessels w\ld (t5 r5d] bridg+ impossible1 & ?us a %ip canal might ob/ruct a communication m important ?an t :i* x 0 int5d$ to promote2 ! secur+ ( ! entrances ( m>9e canals & ! con/ruction ( ports at _! t]m9i w\ld 9 g5]al be difficult & exp5sive1 & ! h>bors & ! *annel :i* connect$ !m w\ld be extremely liable to fill up by deposits wa%$ 9 f sea & %ore4 ,besides all ?is1 !re is1 9 _m cases1 an al>m+ unc]ta9ty z to ! effects ( jo9+ toge!r wat]s :i* nature has put asund]4 ,a new *annel may deflect /rong curr5ts f safe c\rses1 & ?us occasion de/ructive erosion ( %ores o!rwise secure1 or promote ! transportation ( s& or slime to block up important h>bors1 or x may furni% a p[]ful enemy ) dang]\s facilities = ho/ile op]ations along ! coa/4 ,nature sometimes mocks ! cunn+ & ! p[] ( man by spontane\sly p]=m+1 = 8 b5efit1 works :i* he %r9ks f und]tak+1 & ! execution ( :i* by him %e w\ld resi/ ) unconqu]able ob/9acy4 ,a dang]\s s& bank1 t all ! eng9]y ( ! _w c\ld n dr$ge out 9 a g5]ation1 may be c>ri$ (f 9 a night by a /rong riv] flood1 or a curr5t impell$ by a viol5t w9d f an unusual qu>t]1 & a passage sc>cely navigable by fi%+ boats may be ?us conv]t$ into a commodi\s *annel = ! l>ge/ %ip t floats ^u ! ocean4 ,9 ! rem>kable gulf ( ,liimfjord 9 ,jutl&1 nature has giv5 a s+ul> example ( a canal :i* %e alt]nately op5s z a m>9e /rait1 &1 by %utt+ aga91 conv]ts into a fre%-wat] lagoon4 ,! ,liimfjord 0 d\btless orig9ally an op5 *annel f ! ,atlantic to ! ,baltic betwe5 two isl&s1 b ! s& wa%$ up by ! sea block$ up ! we/]n entrance1 & built a wall ( dunes to close x m firmly4 ,?is natural dike1 z we h se51 has be5 m ?an once brok5 ?r\gh1 & x is p]haps 9 ! p[] ( man1 ei!r p]man5tly to ma9ta9 ! b>ri]1 or to remove x & keep a navigable *annel con/antly op54 ,if ! ,liimfjord becomes an op5 /rait1 ! wa%+ ( sea s& ?r\gh x w\ld p]haps block up "s ( ! belts & small *annels n[ important = ! navigation ( ! ,baltic1 & ! direct introduction ( a tidal curr5t might produce v p]ceptible effects on ! hydrography ( ! ,cattegat4 ,! ,suez ,canal4 ,if ! ,suez ,canal--! greate/ & mo/ truly cosmopolite physical improvem5t ev] und]tak5 by man--%all prove successful1 x w consid]ably affect ! bas9s ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & probably 9 a less degree ?an ! div]sion ( ! curr5t ( ! ,nile f ! "o to ! o!r--to :i* ,i %all pres5tly ref]--w\ld d4 ,x is1 inde$1 conceivable1 t if a free *annel be once cut f sea to sea1 ! co9cid5ce ( a high tide & a heavy s\? w9d might produce a hydraulic =ce t w\ld conv]t ! n>r[ canal into an op5 /rait4 ,9 su* a case1 x is impossible to e/imate1 or ev5 to =esee1 ! consequ5ces :i* might result f ! unob/ruct$ m+l+ ( ! fl[+ & ebb+ curr5ts ( ! ,r$ ,sea ) ! almo/ tideless wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t !y w\ld be ( a mo/ important "* z respects ! simply geographical features & ! organic life ( bo?4 ,b ! %all[ness ( ! two seas at ! t]m9i ( ! canal1 ! action ( ! tides ( ! "o & ! curr5ts ( ! o!r1 & ! nature ( ! int]v5+ i/hmus1 r5d] ! occurr5ce ( su* a cataclysm 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,! ob/ruction ( ! canal by sea s& at bo? ends is a dang] f> m difficult to gu>d aga9/ & av]t1 ?an an irruption ( ! wat]s ( ei!r sea4 ,!re is1 !n1 no reason to expect any *ange ( coa/ l9es or ( natural navigable *annels z a direct consequ5ce ( ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal1 b x w1 no d\bt1 produce v int]e/+ revolutions 9 ! animal & vegetable population ( bo? bas9s4 ,! ,m$it]ranean1 ) "s local exceptions--su* z ! bays ( ,calabria1 & ! coa/ ( ,sicily s picturesquely describ$ by ,quatrefages#dha--;is comp>atively poor 9 m>9e vegetation1 & 9 %ell z well z 9 f9 fi%4 ,! sc>city ( fi% 9 "s ( its gulfs is prov]bial1 & y may scrut9ize long /ret*es ( bea* on its nor!rn %ores1 aft] e s\? w9d = a :ole w9t]1 )\t f9d+ a doz5 %ells to rew>d y\r se>*4 ,b no "o :o has n look$ d[n into tropical or subtropical seas c conceive ! amaz+ weal? ( ! ,r$ ,sea 9 organic life4 ,its bottom is c>pet$ or pav$ ) m>9e plants1 ) zoophytes & ) %ells1 :ile its wat]s are teem+ ) inf9itely v>i$ =ms ( mov+ life4 ,mo/ ( its vegetables & its animals1 no d\bt1 are conf9$ by ! laws ( _! organization to w>m] temp]atures ?an t ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 b among !m !re mu/ be _m1 ^: habitat is ( a wid] range1 _m ^: p[]s ( accommodation w\ld enable !m to acclimate !mselves 9 a cold] sea4 ,we may suppose ! less num]\s aquatic fauna & flora ( ! ,m$it]ranean to be equally capable ( climatic adaptation1 & h5ce1 :5 ! canal %all be op5$1 !re w be an int]*ange ( ! organic population n already common to bo? seas4 ,de/ructive species1 ?us newly introduc$1 may dim9i% ! numb]s ( _! prop] prey 9 ei!r bas91 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! increas$ supply ( appropriate food may greatly multiply ! abundance ( o!rs1 & at ! same "t add important contributions to ! alim5t ( man 9 ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,a collat]al feature ( ?is great project des]ves notice z possess+ no inconsid]able geographical importance4 ,i ref] to ! conduit or conduits con/ruct$ f ! ,nile to ! i/hmus1 prim>ily to supply fre% wat] to ! labor]s on ! great canal1 & ultimately to s]ve z aqu$ucts = ! city ( ,suez1 & = ! irrigation & reclamation ( a l>ge ext5t ( des]t soil4 ,9 ! fl\ri%+ days ( ! ,egyptian empire1 ! wat]s ( ! ,nile 7 c>ri$ ov] important di/ricts ea/ ( ! riv]4 ,9 lat] ages1 mo/ ( ?is t]ritory relaps$ into a des]t1 f ! decay ( ! canals :i* once f]tiliz$ x4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 re/or+ ! anci5t *annels1 or 9 con/ruct+ new1 & ?us wat]+ n only all ! soil t ! wisdom ( ! ,ph>aohs _h improv$1 b mu* additional l&4 ,hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( arid s& wa/e w\ld ?us be conv]t$ into fields ( p]5nial v]dure1 & ! geography ( ,l[] ,egypt w\ld be !reby s5sibly *ang$4 ,if ! canal succe$s1 consid]able t[ns w gr[ up at once at bo? ends ( ! *annel1 & at int]m$iate po9ts1 all dep5d+ on ! ma9t5ance ( aqu$ucts f ! ,nile1 bo? = wat] & = ! irrigation ( ! neighbor+ fields :i* are to supply !m ) bread4 ,important int]e/s w ?us be creat$1 :i* w secure ! p]man5ce ( ! hydraulic works & ( ! geographical *anges produc$ by !m1 & ,suez1 or ,port ,said1 or ! city at ,lake ,timsah1 may become ! capital ( ! gov]nm5t :i* has be5 s long e/abli%$ at ,cairo4 ,canal across ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i54 ,! mo/ colossal project ( canalization ev] sugge/$1 :e!r we consid] ! physical difficulties ( its execution1 ! magnitude & importance ( ! wat]s propos$ to be unit$1 or ! di/ance :i* w\ld be sav$ 9 navigation1 is t ( a *annel betwe5 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,pacific1 across ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i54 ,i d n n[ speak ( a lock canal1 by way ( ! ,lake ( ,nic>agua or any o!r r\te--= su* a "w w\ld n diff] ess5tially f o!r canals1 & w\ld sc>cely possess a geographical "*--b ( an op5 cut betwe5 ! two seas4 ,x has be5 by no means %[n t ! con/ruction ( su* a *annel is possible1 &1 if x 7 op5$1 x is highly probable t s& b>s w\ld accumulate at bo? entrances1 s z to ob/ruct any p[]ful curr5t ?r\gh x4 ,b if we suppose ! "w to be actually accompli%$1 !re w\ld be1 9 ! fir/ place1 su* a mixture ( ! animal & vegetable life ( ! two great oceans z ,i h /at$ to be likely to result f ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal betwe5 two mu* small] bas9s4 ,9 ! next place1 if ! *annel 7 n ob/ruct$ by s& b>s1 x might soon] or lat] be greatly wid5$ & deep5$ by ! me*anical action ( ! curr5t ?r\gh x1 & consequ5ces1 n inf]ior 9 magnitude to any physical revolution :i* has tak5 place s9ce man appe>$ ^u ! e>?1 might result f x4 ,:at ^? consequ5ces w\ld be is 9 a great degree matt] ( pure conjecture1 & !re is mu* room = ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation on ! subject2 b1 z m ?an "o geograph] has sugge/$1 !re is "o possible result :i* ?r[s all o!r conceivable effects ( su* a "w q into ! %ade4 ,i ref] to *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! two great oceanic riv]s1 ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! correspond+ curr5t on ! ,pacific side ( ! i/hmus4 ,! w>m wat]s :i* ! ,gulf ,/ream transports to high latitudes & !n spreads out1 l an exp&$ h&1 along ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,atlantic1 give out1 z !y cool1 heat en\gh to raise ! mean temp]ature ( ,we/]n ,europe sev]al degrees4 ,9 fact1 ! ,gulf ,/ream is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! sup]iority ( ! climate ( ,we/]n ,europe ov] ^? ( ,ea/]n ,am]ica & ,ea/]n ,asia 9 ! correspond+ latitudes4 ,all ! meteorological conditions ( ! =m] region are 9 a great measure regulat$ by x1 & h5ce x is ! gr&e/ & mo/ b5efic5t ( all purely geographical ph5om5a4 ,we d n yet "k en\gh ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! movem5ts ( ?is mighty flood ( w>m? & life to be able to say :e!r its curr5t w\ld be p]ceptibly affect$ by ! sev]ance ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i52 b z x ent]s & sweeps r\nd ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 x is possible t ! removal ( ! resi/ance ( ! l& :i* =ms ! we/]n %ore ( t sea1 might all[ ! /ream to ma9ta9 its orig9al we/w>d direction1 & jo9 itself to ! tropical curr5t ( ! ,pacific4 ,! effect ( su* a *ange w\ld be an imm$iate depression ( ! mean temp]ature ( ,we/]n ,europe to ! level ( t ( ,ea/]n ,am]ica1 & p]haps ! climate ( ! =m] cont95t might become z excessive z t ( ! latt]1 or ev5 a new ice p]iod be occasion$ by ! )drawal ( s important a s\rce ( w>m? f ! nor!rn zones4 ,h5ce w\ld result ! ext9ction ( va/ multitudes ( l& & sea plants & animals1 & a total revolution 9 ! dome/ic & rural economy ( human life 9 all ^? c\ntries f :i* ! ,new ,_w has receiv$ its civiliz$ population4 ,o!r sc>cely less />tl+ consequ5ces may be imag9$ z possible2 b ! :ole speculation is too dre>y1 di/ant1 & improbable to des]ve to be long indulg$ 94#dhb ,canals to ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! project ( ,capta9 ,all5 = op5+ a new r\te to ,india by cuts betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,dead ,sea1 & betwe5 ! ,dead ,sea & ! ,r$ ,sea1 pres5ts _m int]e/+ consid]ations4#dhc ,! hypsometrical obs]vations ( ,b]t\1 ,ro?1 & o!rs1 r5d] x highly probable1 if n c]ta91 t ! wat]%$ 9 ! ,wadi-el-,araba betwe5 ! ,dead ,sea & ! ,r$ ,sea is n less ?an ?ree hundr$ feet above ! mean level ( ! latt]1 & if ?is is s1 ! execution ( a canal f ! "o sea to ! o!r is q out ( ! "q4 ,b ! summit level betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,jordan1 ne> ,jezreel1 is believ$ to be little1 if at all1 m ?an "o hundr$ feet above ! sea1 & ! di/ance is s %ort t ! cutt+ ( a *annel ?r\gh ! divid+ ridge w\ld probably be f\nd by no means an impracticable und]tak+4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 we h no reason to believe x possible to op5 a navigable *annel to ! ea/ by way ( ! ,dead ,sea1 !re is n mu* d\bt t ! bas9 ( ! latt] might be made accessible f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! level ( ! ,dead ,sea lies #a1caf4g feet bel[ t ( ! ocean4 ,x is b\nd$ ea/ & we/ by m\nta9 ridges1 ris+ to ! height ( f #b1jjj to #d1jjj feet above ! ocean4 ,f its s\!rn end1 a depression call$ ! ,wadi-el-,araba ext5ds to ! ,gulf ( ,akaba1 ! ea/]n arm ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! ,jordan empties into its nor!rn extremity1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias at an elevation ( #ffc4d feet above ! ,dead ,sea1 or #fec4c bel[ ! ,m$it]ranean1 & dra9s a consid]able valley nor? ( ! lake1 z well z ! pla9 ( ,j]i*o1 :i* lies betwe5 ! lake & ! sea4 ,if ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 admitt$ freely into ! bas9 ( ! ,dead ,sea1 !y w\ld raise its surface to ! g5]al level ( ! ocean1 & consequ5tly flood all ! dry l& bel[ t level )9 ! bas94 ,i d n "k t accurate levels h be5 tak5 9 ! valley ( ! ,jordan above ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias1 & our in=mation is v vague z to ! hypsometry ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,wadi-el-,araba4 ,z little d we "k :]e a cont\r l9e1 c>ri$ ar\nd ! bas9 at ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 w\ld /rike its ea/]n & we/]n bord]s4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 accurately compute ! ext5t ( n[ dry l& :i* w\ld be cov]$ by ! admission ( ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 or ! area ( ! inl& sea :i* w\ld be ?us creat$4 ,its l5g?1 h[ev]1 w\ld c]ta9ly exce$ "o hundr$ & fifty miles1 & its mean bread?1 includ+ its gulfs & bays1 c\ld sc>cely be less ?an fifte51 p]haps ev5 tw5ty4 ,x w\ld cov] v little gr\nd n[ occupi$ by civiliz$ or ev5 unciviliz$ man1 ?\gh "s ( ! soil :i* w\ld be subm]g$--= in/ance1 t wat]$ by ! ,f\nta9 ( ,eli%a & o!r neighbor+ s\rces--is ( great f]tility1 &1 "u a wis] gov]nm5t & bett] civil in/itutions1 might rise to importance1 because1 f its depression1 x possesses a v w>m climate1 & might supply ,s\!a/]n ,europe ) tropical products m readily ?an !y c be obta9$ f any o!r s\rce4 ,su* a canal & sea w\ld be ( no pres5t comm]cial importance1 because !y w\ld give access to no new m>kets or s\rces ( supply2 b :5 ! f]tile valleys & ! des]t$ pla9s ea/ ( ! ,jordan %all be reclaim$ to agriculture & civilization1 ^! wat]s w\ld furni% a *annel ( communication :i* might become ! m$ium ( a v ext5sive trade4 ,:atev] might be ! economical results ( ! op5+ & fill+ ( ! ,dead ,sea bas91 ! creation ( a new evaporable area1 add+ n less ?an #b1jjj or p]haps #c1jjj squ>e miles to ! pres5t fluid surface ( ,syria1 c\ld n fail to produce important meteorological effects4 ,! climate ( ,syria w\ld be temp]$1 its precipitation & its f]tility increas$1 ! c\rses ( its w9ds & ! electrical condition ( its atmosph]e modifi$4 ,! pres5t organic life ( ! valley w\ld be ext+ui%$1 & _m tribes ( plants & animals w\ld emigrate f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! new home :i* human art _h prep>$ = !m4 ,x is possible1 too1 t ! addition ( #a1cjj feet1 or =ty atmosph]es1 ( hydro/atic pressure ^u ! bottom ( ! bas9 might di/urb ! equilibrium betwe5 ! int]nal & ! ext]nal =ces ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? at ?is po9t ( abnormal configuration1 & ?us produce geological convulsions ! int5sity ( :i* _c be ev5 conjectur$4 ,m>itime ,canals 9 ,greece4 ,a m>itime canal execut$ & ano!r project$ 9 anci5t times1 ! latt] ( :i* is aga9 beg9n+ to excite att5tion1 des]ve "s notice1 ?\gh _! importance is ( a comm]cial r ?an a geographical "*4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! cut made by ,x]xes ?r\gh ! rock :i* connects ! promontory ( ,m\nt ,a?os ) ! ma9l&2 ! o!r1 a navigable canal ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,cor9?4 ,9 spite ( ! te/imony ( ,h]odotus & ,?ucydides1 ! ,romans class$ ! canal ( ,x]xes among ! fables ( m5daci\s ,greece1 & yet traces ( x are p]fectly di/9ct at ! pres5t day ?r\gh its :ole ext5t1 except at a s+le po9t :]e1 aft] x _h become s *ok$ z to be no long] navigable1 x 0 probably fill$ up to facilitate communication by l& betwe5 ! promontory & ! c\ntry 9 ! re> ( x4 ,if ! fancy k+dom ( ,greece %all ev] become a sob] reality1 escape f its tutelage & acquire su* a moral z well z political /atus t its own capitali/s--:o n[ pref] to e/abli% !mselves & employ _! funds any:]e else r ?an 9 _! native l&--h any confid5ce 9 ! p]man5cy ( its in/itutions1 a navigable *annel w no d\bt be op5$ betwe5 ! gulfs ( ,lepanto & ,a,egina4 ,! annexation ( ! ,ionian ,isl&s to ,greece w make su* a "w almo/ a political necessity1 & x w\ld n only furni% valuable facilities = dome/ic int]c\rse1 b become an important *annel ( communication betwe5 ! ,levant & ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,adriatic1 or conduct+ _! trade ?r\gh t sea4 ,z ,i h said1 ! importance ( ?is latt] canal & ( a navigable *annel betwe5 ,m\nt ,a?os & ! cont95t w\ld be *iefly comm]cial1 b bo? ( !m w\ld be conspicu\s in/ances ( ! control ( man ov] nature 9 a field :]e he has ?us f> done little to int]f]e ) h] spontane\s arrangem5ts4 ,if !y 7 con/ruct$ ^u su* a scale z to admit ( ! free passage ( ! wat] ?r\gh !m1 9 ei!r direction1 z ! prevail+ w9ds %\ld impel x1 !y w\ld ex]cise a c]ta9 influ5ce on ! coa/ curr5ts1 :i* are important z hydrographical elem5ts1 & also z produc+ abrasion ( ! coa/ & a drift at ! bottom ( seas1 & h5ce w\ld be entitl$ to a high] rank ?an simply z artificial means ( transit4 ,canal ( ,s>os4 ,x has be5 ?\ght practicable to cut a canal across ! p59sula ( ,gallipoli f ! outlet ( ! ,sea ( ,m>mora into ! ,gulf ( ,s>os4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! me*anical difficulties ( su* a "w w\ld n be f\nd insup]able2 b :5 ,con/ant9ople %all recov] ! important political & comm]cial rank :i* naturally belongs to h]1 ! execution ( su* a canal w be recomm5d$ by /rong reasons ( milit>y exp$i5cy1 z well z by ! int]e/s ( trade4 ,an op5 *annel across ! p59sula w\ld div]t a portion ( ! wat] :i* n[ fl[s ?r\gh ! ,d>danelles1 dim9i% ! rapidity ( t p[]ful curr5t1 & ?us 9 "p remove ! difficulties :i* ob/ruct ! navigation ( ! /rait4 ,x w\ld consid]ably abridge ! di/ance by wat] betwe5 ,con/ant9ople & ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,a,egean1 & x w\ld h ! important advantage ( oblig+ an enemy to ma9ta9 two blockad+ fleets in/ead ( "o4 ,cape ,cod ,canal4 ,! op5+ ( a navigable cut ?r\gh ! n>r[ neck :i* sep>ates ! s\!rn "p ( ,cape ,cod ,bay 9 ,massa*usetts f ! ,atlantic1 0 long ago sugge/$1 & !re are few coa/ improvem5ts on ! ,atlantic %ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* are recomm5d$ by high] consid]ations ( utility4 ,x w\ld save ! mo/ important coa/+ trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! long & dang]\s navigation ar\nd ,cape ,cod1 af=d a new & saf] entrance to ,bo/on h>bor = vessels f ,s\!rn ports1 secure a *oice ( passages1 ?us p]mitt+ arrivals ^u ! coa/ & dep>tures f x at p]iods :5 w9d & wea!r might o!rwise prev5t !m1 & furni% a mo/ valuable int]nal communication 9 case ( coa/ blockade by a =eign p[]4 ,! difficulties ( ! und]tak+ are no d\bt =midable1 b ! exp5se ( ma9t5ance & ! unc]ta9ty ( ! effects ( curr5ts sett+ ?r\gh ! new /rait are /ill m s]i\s objections4 ,div]sion ( ! ,nile4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable project ( great physical *ange1 propos$ or ?reat5$ 9 e>li] ages1 is t ( ! div]sion ( ! ,nile f its natural *annel1 & ! turn+ ( its curr5t into ei!r ! ,libyan des]t or ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! ,e?iopian or ,abyss9ian pr9ces m ?an once m5ac$ ! ,meml\k sultans ) ! execution ( ?is al>m+ project1 & ! fe> ( s s]i\s an evil is said to h induc$ ! ,moslems to conciliate ! ,abyss9ian k+s by l>ge pres5ts1 & by "s concessions to ! oppress$ ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt4#dhd ,inde$1 ,arabic hi/orians affirm t 9 ! t5? c5tury ! ,e?iopians damm$ ! riv]1 &1 = a :ole ye>1 cut (f its wat]s f ,egypt4 ,! probable explanation ( ?is /ory is to be f\nd 9 a season ( extreme dr\ght1 su* z h sometimes occurr$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,albuqu]que ! ,t]rible reviv$ ! s*eme ( turn+ ! ,nile into ! ,r$ ,sea1 ) ! hope ( de/roy+ ! transit trade ?r\gh ,egypt by way ( ,kesseir4 ,9 #aebe ! ,k+ ( ,portugal 0 reque/$ by ! ,emp]or ( ,abyss9ia to s5d him eng9e]s = t purpose2 a successor ( t pr9ce ?reat5$ to attempt ! project ab\t ! ye> #agjj1 & ev5 z late z ! ,fr5* occupation ( ,egypt1 ! possibility ( driv+ out ! intrud] by ?is means 0 sugge/$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x _c be positively affirm$ t ! div]sion ( ! wat]s ( ! ,nile to ! ,r$ ,sea is impossible4 ,9 ! *a9 ( m\nta9s :i* sep>ates ! two valleys1 ,br[n f\nd a deep depression or wadi1 ext5d+ f ! "o to ! o!r1 at no great elevation above ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,! ,libyan des]t is s mu* high] ?an ! ,nile bel[ ! junction ( ! two pr9cipal bran*es at ,kh>tum1 t !re is no reason to believe a new *annel = _! unit$ wat]s c\ld be f\nd 9 t direction2 b ! ,bahr-el-,abiad fl[s ?r\gh1 if x does n rise 91 a great table l&1 & "s ( its tribut>ies are suppos$ to communicate 9 ! ra9y season ) bran*es ( great riv]s fl[+ 9 q ano!r direction4 ,h5ce x is probable t a portion at lea/ ( ! wat]s ( ?is great arm ( ! ,nile--& p]haps a quantity ! ab/raction ( :i* w\ld be s5sibly felt 9 ,egypt--might be s5t to ! ,atlantic by ! ,nig]1 lo/ 9 ! inl& lakes ( ,c5tral ,africa1 or employ$ to f]tilize ! ,libyan s& wa/es4 ,admitt+ ! possibility ( turn+ ! :ole riv] into ! ,r$ ,sea1 let u consid] ! probable effect ( ! *ange4 ,fir/ & mo/ obvi\s is ! total de/ruction ( ! f]tility ( ,middle & ,l[] ,egypt1 ! conv]sion ( t "p ( ! valley into a des]t1 & ! ext9ction ( its imp]fect civilization1 if n ! absolute extirpation ( its inhabitants4 ,?is is ! calamity ?reat5$ by ! ,abyss9ian pr9ces & ! f]oci\s ,portuguese w>rior1 & fe>$ by ! sultans ( ,egypt4 ,beyond ^! imm$iate & palpable consequ5ces nei!r p>ty !n look$2 b a f> wid] geographical area1 & f> m ext5sive & v>i\s human int]e/s1 w\ld be affect$ by ! measure4 ,! spread ( ! ,nile dur+ ! annual inundation cov]s1 = _m weeks1 sev]al ?\s& squ>e miles ) wat]1 & at o!r seasons ( ! ye> p]vades ! same & ev5 a l>g] area ) moi/ure by infiltration4 ,! ab/raction ( s l>ge an evaporable surface f ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean c\ld n b produce important effects on _m meteorological ph5om5a1 & ! humidity1 ! temp]ature1 ! electrical condition & ! atmosph]ic curr5ts ( ,nor!a/]n ,africa might be modifi$ to a degree t w\ld s5sibly affect ! climate ( ,europe4 ,! ,m$it]ranean1 depriv$ ( ! contributions ( ! ,nile1 w\ld require a l>g] supply1 & ( c\rse a /rong] curr5t1 ( wat] f ! ,atlantic ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>2 ! proportion ( salt x conta9s w\ld be increas$1 & ! animal life ( at lea/ its s\!rn bord]s w\ld be consequ5tly modifi$2 ! curr5t :i* w9ds along its s\!rn1 ea/]n1 & nor!a/]n %ores w\ld be dim9i%$ 9 =ce & volume1 if n de/roy$ altoge!r1 & its bas9 & its h>bors w\ld be %oal$ by no new deposits f ! highl&s ( inn] ,africa4 ,9 ! mu* small] ,r$ ,sea1 m imm$iately p]ceptible1 if n great]1 effects1 w\ld be produc$4 ,! deposits ( slime w\ld r$uce its dep?1 & p]haps1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 divide x into an inl& & an op5 sea2 its wat]s w\ld be m or less fre%5$1 & its imm5sely ri* m>9e fauna & flora *ang$ 9 "* & proportion1 &1 ne> ! m\? ( ! riv]1 p]haps ev5 de/roy$ altoge!r2 its navigable *annels w\ld be alt]$ 9 position & (t5 q ob/ruct$2 ! fl[ ( its tides w\ld be modifi$ by ! new geographical conditions2 ! s$im5t ( ! riv] w\ld =m new coa/ l9es & l[l&s1 :i* w\ld be cov]$ ) vegetation1 & probably !reby produce s5sible climatic *anges4 ,*anges 9 ! ,caspian4 ,! ,russian ,gov]nm5t has contemplat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a ne>ly direct wat] communication betwe5 ! ,caspian ,sea & ! ,sea ( ,az(f1 p>tly by natural & p>tly by artificial *annels1 & !re are n[ navigable canals betwe5 ! ,don & ! ,volga2 b ^! works1 ?\gh n want+ 9 comm]cial & political int]e/1 d n possess any geographical importance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v possible to produce appreciable geographical *anges 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,caspian by ! div]sion ( ! great riv]s :i* fl[ f ,c5tral ,russia4 ,! surface ( ! ,caspian is eighty-?ree feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,sea ( ,az(f1 & its depression has be5 expla9$ ^u ! hypo!sis t ! evaporation exce$s ! supply d]iv$1 directly & indirectly1 f precipitation1 ?\gh able physici/s n[ ma9ta9 t ! s9k+ ( ?is sea is due to a subsid5ce ( its bottom f geological causes4 ,at ,ts>its91 ! ,don1 :i* empties into ! ,sea ( ,az(f1 & ! ,volga1 :i* p\rs into ! ,caspian1 approa* ea* o!r )9 t5 miles4 ,ne> ?is po9t1 by means ( op5 or subt]ranean canals1 ! ,don might be turn$ into ! ,volga1 or ! ,volga into ! ,don4 ,if we suppose ! :ole or a l>ge proportion ( ! wat]s ( ! ,don to be ?us div]t$ f _! natural outlet & s5t d[n to ! ,caspian1 ! equilibrium betwe5 ! evaporation f t sea & its supply ( wat] might be re/or$1 or its level ev5 rais$ above its anci5t limits4 ,if ! ,volga 7 turn$ into ! ,sea ( ,az(f1 ! ,caspian w\ld be r$uc$ 9 dim5sions until ! balance betwe5 loss & ga9 %\ld be ree/abli%$1 & x w\ld occupy a mu* small] area ?an at pres5t4 ,su* *anges 9 ! proportion ( solid & fluid surface w\ld h "s climatic effects 9 ! t]ritory :i* dra9s into ! ,caspian1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! introduction ( a great] quantity ( fre% wat] into ! ,sea ( ,az(f w\ld r5d] t gulf less sal9e1 affect ! "* & numb]s ( its fi%1 & p]haps be n :olly )\t s5sible influ5ce on ! wat] ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,improvem5ts 9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,hydrography4 ,we are n yet well en\gh acqua9t$ ) ! geography ( ,c5tral ,africa1 or ( ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 to conjecture :at hydrographical revolutions might !re be wr\ght2 b f ! fact t _m important riv]s 9 bo? cont95ts dra9 ext5sive table l&s1 ( v mod]ate incl9ation1 !re is reason to suppose t important *anges 9 ! c\rse ( riv]s might be accompli%$4 ,our k ( ! dra9age ( ,nor? ,am]ica is mu* m complete1 & x is c]ta9 t !re are num]\s po9ts :]e ! c\rses ( great riv]s1 or ! dis*>ge ( consid]able lakes1 might be completely div]t$1 or at lea/ p>tially direct$ into diff]5t *annels4 ,! surface ( ,lake ,erie is #efe feet above t ( ! ,hudson at ,albany1 & x is s ne> ! level ( ! great pla9 ly+ ea/ ( x1 t x 0 f\nd practicable to supply ! we/]n section ( ! canal1 :i* unites x ) ! ,hudson1 ) wat] f ! lake1 or r f ! ,niag>a :i* fl[s out ( x4 ,h5ce a *annel might be con/ruct$1 :i* w\ld draw (f into ! valley ( ! ,g5esee any desirable proportion ( ! wat] naturally dis*>g$ by ! ,niag>a4 ,! greate/ dep? ( wat] yet s\nd$ 9 ,lake ,erie is b two hundr$ & sev5ty feet1 ! mean dep? "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,op5 canals p>allel ) ! ,niag>a1 or directly t[>d ! ,g5esee1 might be execut$ ^u a scale :i* w\ld ex]cise an important influ5ce on ! dra9age ( ! lake1 if !re 7 any adequate motive = su* an und]tak+4 ,/ill easi] w\ld x be to create additional outlets = ! wat]s ( ,lake ,sup]ior at ! ,saut ,/4 ,m>y--:]e ! riv] :i* dra9s ! lake desc5ds tw5ty-two feet 9 a s+le mile--& ?us produce incalculable effects1 bo? ^u t lake & ^u ! great *a9 ( inl& wat]s :i* communicate ) x4 ,! summit level betwe5 ,lake ,mi*igan & ! ,des ,pla9es1 a tribut>y ( ! ,mississippi1 is only tw5ty-sev5 feet above ! lake1 & ! int]v5+ di/ance is b a v few miles4 ,x has (t5 be5 propos$ to cut an op5 *annel across ?is ridge1 & !re is no d\bt ( ! practicability ( ! project4 ,7 ?is accompli%$1 al?\gh su* a cut w\ld n1 ( itself1 =m a navigable canal1 a "p ( ! wat]s ( ,lake ,mi*igan w\ld be contribut$ to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 in/ead ( to t ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & ! fl[ might be s regulat$ z to keep ! ,ill9ois & ! ,mississippi at flood at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! increase 9 ! volume ( ^! riv]s w\ld augm5t _! velocity & _! transport+ p[]1 & consequ5tly1 ! erosion ( _! banks & ! deposit ( slime 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :ile ! introduction ( a l>g] body ( cold wat] into ! b$s ( ^! riv]s w\ld v probably produce a consid]able effect on ! animal life t peoples !m4 ,! div]sion ( wat] f ! common bas9 ( ! great lakes ?r\gh a new *annel1 9 a direction opposite to _! natural dis*>ge1 w\ld n be absolutely )\t influ5ce on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ?\gh probably ! effect w\ld be too small to be 9 any way p]ceptible4 ,div]sion ( ! ,rh9e4 ,! int]f]5ce ( physical improvem5ts ) ve/$ rights & anci5t arrangem5ts1 is a m =midable ob/acle 9 old c\ntries ?an 9 new1 to ent]prises involv+ any?+ approa*+ to a geographical revolution4 ,h5ce su* projects meet ) /rong] opposition 9 ,europe ?an 9 ,am]ica1 & ! numb] ( probable *anges 9 ! face ( nature 9 ! =m] cont95t is proportionally less4 ,i h notic$ "s important hydraulic improvem5ts z already execut$ or 9 progress 9 ,europe1 & ,i may ref] to "s o!rs z contemplat$ or sugge/$4 ,"o ( ^! is ! div]sion ( ! ,rh9e f its pres5t *annel bel[ ,ragatz1 by a cut ?r\gh ! n>r[ ridge ne> ,s>gans1 & ! consequ5t turn+ ( its curr5t into ! ,lake ( ,wall5/adt4 ,?is w\ld be an extremely easy und]tak+1 = ! ridge is b tw5ty feet above ! level ( ! ,rh9e1 & h>dly two hundr$ y>ds wide4 ,!re is no pres5t adequate motive = ?is div]sion1 b x is easy to suppose t x may become advisable )9 no long p]iod4 ,! navigation ( ! ,lake ( ,con/ance is rapidly increas+ 9 importance1 & ! %oal+ ( ! ea/]n end ( t lake by ! deposits ( ! ,rh9e may require a rem$y :i* c be f\nd by no o!r s ready means z ! dis*>ge ( t riv] into ! ,lake ( ,wall5/adt4 ,! navigation ( ?is latt] lake is n important1 nor is x ev] likely to become s1 because ! rocky & precipit\s "* ( its %ores r5d]s _! cultivation impossible4 ,x is ( great dep?1 & its bas9 is capaci\s en\gh to receive & reta9 all ! s$im5t :i* ! ,rh9e w\ld c>ry into x = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,dra9+ ( ! ,zuid]zee4 ,i h ref]r$ to ! dra9+ ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem z an op]ation ( great geographical z well z economical & me*anical int]e/4 ,a mu* m gigantic project1 ( a simil> "*1 is n[ engag+ ! att5tion ( ! ,ne!rl&i% eng9e]s4 ,x is propos$ to dra9 ! great salt-wat] bas9 call$ ! ,zuid]zee4 ,?is inl& sea cov]s an area ( n less ?an two ?\s& squ>e miles1 or ab\t "o million ?ree hundr$ ?\s& acres4 ,! seaw>d half1 or t portion ly+ nor?we/ ( a l9e drawn f ,enkhuiz5 to ,/avor51 is believ$ to h be5 conv]t$ f a m>% to an op5 bay s9ce ! fif? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 & ?is *ange is ascrib$1 p>tly if n :olly1 to ! int]f]5ce ( man ) ! ord] ( nature4 ,! ,zuid]zee communicates ) ! sea by at lea/ six consid]able *annels1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by l[ isl&s1 & ! tide rises )9 ! bas9 to ! height ( ?ree feet4 ,to dra9 ! ,zuid]zee1 ^! *annels mu/ fir/ be clos$ & ! passage ( ! tidal flood ?r\gh !m cut (f4 ,if ?is be done1 ! coa/ curr5ts w be re/or$ approximately to ! l9es !y foll[$ f\rte5 or fifte5 c5turies ago1 & !re c be little d\bt t an appreciable effect w ?us be produc$ ^u all ! tidal ph5om5a ( t coa/1 &1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! m>itime geography ( ,holl&4 ,a r+ dike & canal mu/ !n be con/ruct$ ar\nd ! l&w>d side ( ! bas91 to exclude & c>ry (f ! fre%-wat] /reams :i* n[ empty into x4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,ijssel1 a consid]able riv]1 has a c\rse ( eighty miles1 & is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! outlets ( ! ,rh9e1 ?\gh augm5t$ by ! wat]s ( sev]al indep5d5t tribut>ies4 ,^! prep>ations be+ made1 & p]haps transv]se dikes erect$ at conv5i5t po9ts = divid+ ! gulf into small] portions1 ! wat] mu/ be pump$ out by ma*9]y1 9 sub/antially ! same way z 9 ! case ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem4 ,no safe calculations c be made z to ! exp5diture ( "t & money requir$ = ! execution ( ?is /up5d\s ent]prise1 b ,i believe its practicability is n d5i$ by compet5t judges1 ?\gh d\bts are ent]ta9$ z to its f9ancial exp$i5cy4 ,! geographical results ( ?is improvem5t w\ld be analog\s to ^? ( ! dra9+ ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem1 b _m times multipli$ 9 ext5t1 & its meteorological effects1 ?\gh p]haps n p]ceptible on ! coa/1 c\ld h>dly fail to be appreciable 9 ! int]ior ( ,holl&4 ,wat]s ( ! ,k>/4 ,! s+ul> /ructure ( ! ,k>/1 ! great lime/one plateau ly+ to ! nor? ( ,trie/e1 has sugge/$ "s eng9e]+ op]ations :i* might be att5d$ ) s5sible effects ^u ! geography ( ! prov9ce4 ,i h describ$ ?is table l& z1 ?\gh n[ b>e ( =e/s1 & almo/ ( vegetation1 hav+ once be5 cov]$ ) woods1 & z be+ completely honeycomb$ by caves ?r\gh :i* ! dra9age ( t region is conduct$4 ,s*midl has sp5t ye>s 9 /udy+ ! subt]ranean geography & hydrography ( ?is s+ul> di/rict1 & 8 discov]ies1 & ^? ( e>li] cave-hunt]s1 h l$ to v>i\s proposals ( physical improvem5t ( a novel "*4 ,_m ( ! und]gr\nd wat] c\rses ( ! ,k>/ are )\t visible outlet1 &1 9 "s in/ances at lea/1 !y1 no d\bt1 s5d _! wat]s1 by deep *annels1 to ! ,adriatic4#dhe ,! city ( ,trie/e is v insuffici5tly provid$ ) fre% wat]4 ,x has be5 ?\ght practicable to supply ?is want by tunnell+ ?r\gh ! wall ( ! plateau1 :i* rises abruptly 9 ! re> ( ! t[n1 until "s subt]ranean /ream is enc\nt]$1 ! curr5t ( :i* c be conduct$ to ! city4 ,m vision>y projectors h gone fur!r1 & imag9$ t advantage might be tak5 ( ! natural tunnels "u ! ,k>/ = ! passage ( roads1 railways1 & ev5 navigable canals4 ,b h[ev] *im]ical ^! latt] s*emes may seem1 !re is e reason to believe t art might avail itself ( ^! gall]ies = improv+ ! imp]fect dra9age ( ! *ampaign c\ntry b\nd$ by ! ,k>/1 & t /opp+ or op5+ ! natural *annels might v mu* modify ! hydrography ( an ext5sive region4 ,subt]ranean ,wat]s ( ,greece4 ,!re are p>ts ( cont95tal ,greece :i* resemble ! ,k>/ & ! adjac5t pla9s 9 be+ provid$ ) a natural subt]ranean dra9age4 ,! sup]flu\s wat]s run (f into lime/one caves call$ catavo?ra 7,greek3 katabo?ra74 ,9 anci5t times1 ! entrances to ! catavo?ra 7 enl>g$ or p>tially clos$ z ! conv5i5ce ( dra9age or irrigation requir$1 & !re is no d\bt t simil> measures might be adopt$ at ! pres5t day ) great advantage bo? to ! salubrity & ! productiv5ess ( ! regions s dra9$4 ,soil bel[ ,rock4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s+ul> *anges ( natural surface effect$ by man is t obs]v$ by ,bee*ey & by ,b>? at ,l9 ,tefla1 & ne> ,gebel ,g5unes1 9 ! di/rict ( ,b5 ,gasi1 9 ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,9 ?is region ! sup]ficial /ratum orig9ally consi/$ ( a ?9 %eet ( rock cov]+ a lay] ( f]tile e>?4 ,?is rock has be5 brok5 up1 &1 :5 n practicable to f9d use = x 9 f5ces1 =tresses1 or dwell+s1 heap$ toge!r 9 high piles1 & ! soil1 ?us b>$ ( its /ony %ell1 has be5 employ$ = agricultural purposes4#dhf ,if we rememb] t gunp[d] 0 unkn[n at ! p]iod :5 ^! rem>kable improvem5ts 7 execut$1 & ( c\rse t ! rock c\ld h be5 brok5 only ) ! *isel & w$ge1 we mu/ inf] t l& _h at t "t a v great pecuni>y value1 &1 ( c\rse1 t ! prov9ce1 ?\gh n[ exhau/$1 & almo/ entirely des]t$ by man1 _h once a d5se population4 ,cov]+ ,rock ) ,e>?4 ,if man has1 9 "s cases1 brok5 up rock to rea* productive gr\nd b5ea?1 he has1 9 _m o!r in/ances1 cov]$ b>e l$ges1 & sometimes ext5sive surfaces ( solid /one1 ) fruitful e>?1 br\ght f no inconsid]able di/ance4 ,n to speak ( ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa1 fill$1 or at lea/ coat$1 ) e>? f ! ,holy ,l&1 = q a diff]5t purpose1 x is affirm$ t ! g>d5 ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e at ,m\nt ,s9ai is compos$ ( ,nile mud1 transport$ on ! backs ( camels f ! banks ( t riv]4 ,p>!y & old] au?ors /ate t all ! productive soil ( ! ,isl& ( ,malta 0 br\ght ov] f ,sicily4#dhg ,! accuracy ( ! in=mation may be que/ion$ 9 bo? cases1 b simil> practices1 on a small] scale1 are matt] ( daily obs]vation 9 _m p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,mu* ( ! w9e ( ! ,moselle is d]iv$ f grapes gr[n on e>? c>ri$ high up ! cliffs on ! %\ld]s ( m54 ,9 ,*9a1 too1 rock has be5 artificially cov]$ ) e>? to an ext5t :i* gives su* op]ations a real geographical importance1 & ! acc\nts ( ! importation ( e>? at ,malta1 & ! f]tilization ( ! rocks on ,m\nt ,s9ai ) slime f ! ,nile1 may be n :olly )\t f\ndation4 ,wadies ( ,arabia1 ,petraea4 ,9 ! latt] case1 inde$1 riv] s$im5t might be v useful z a manure1 b x c\ld h>dly be ne$$ z a soil2 = ! gr[? ( vegetation 9 ! wadies ( ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula %[s t ! dis9tegrat$ rock ( its m\nta9s requires only wat] to /imulate x to consid]able productiv5ess4 ,! wadies pres5t1 n unfrequ5tly1 n>r[ gorges1 :i* might easily be clos$1 & ?us accumulations ( e>?1 & res]voirs ( wat] to irrigate x1 might be =m$ :i* w\ld conv]t _m a squ>e mile ( des]t into fl\ri%+ date g>d5s & cornfields4 ,n f> f ,wadi ,feiran1 on ! mo/ direct r\te to ,wadi ,e%-,%eikh1 is a v n>r[ pass call$ by ! ,arabs ,el ,bueb 7,el ,bab7 or1 ,! ,gate1 :i* might be securely clos$ to a v consid]able height1 ) little labor or exp5se4 ,above ?is pass is a wide & ne>ly level expanse1 conta9+ a hundr$ acres1 p]haps mu* m4 ,?is is fill$ up to a c]ta9 regul> level ) deposits br\ght d[n by torr5ts be=e ! ,gate1 or ,bueb1 0 brok5 ?r\gh1 & !y h n[ worn d[n a *annel 9 ! deposits to ! b$ ( ! wadi4 ,if a dam 7 con/ruct$ at ! pass1 & res]voirs built to reta9 ! w9t] ra9s1 a great ext5t ( valley might be r5d]$ cultivable4 ,incid5tal ,effects ( ,human ,action4 ,i h m ?an once allud$ to ! collat]al & uns\ght consequ5ces ( human action z be+ (t5 m mom5t\s ?an ! direct & desir$ results4 ,!re are cases :]e su* incid5tal1 or1 9 popul> spee*1 accid5tal1 consequ5ces1 ?\gh ( m9or importance 9 !mselves1 s]ve to illu/rate natural processes2 o!rs1 :]e1 by ! magnitude & "* ( ! mat]ial traces !y leave beh9d !m1 !y prove t man1 9 prim>y or 9 m advanc$ /ages ( social life1 mu/ h occupi$ p>ticul> di/ricts = a long] p]iod ?an has be5 suppos$ by popul> *ronology4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,jutl&1 says ,=*hamm]1 :]ev] a bolt f a wreck or any o!r fragm5t ( iron is deposit$ 9 ! bea* s&1 ! p>ticles are cem5t$ toge!r1 & =m a v solid mass ar\nd ! iron4 ,a rem>kable =mation ( ?is sort 0 obs]v$ a few ye>s ago 9 con/ruct+ ! sea wall ( ! h>bor ( ,els9eur4 ,?is /ratum1 :i* seldom exce$$ a foot 9 ?ickness1 re/$ ^u common bea* s&1 & 0 f\nd at v>i\s dep?s1 less ne> ! %ore1 great] at "s di/ance f x4 ,x 0 compos$ ( pebbles & s&1 & conta9$ a great quantity ( p9s1 & "s co9s ( ! reign ( ,*ri/ian ,,iv1 betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"h & !re1 a coat+ ( metallic copp] _h be5 deposit$ by galvanic action1 & ! pres5ce ( completely oxydiz$ metallic iron 0 (t5 detect$4 ,an inve/igation und]tak5 by ,c\ncillor ,re9h>d & myself1 at ! in/ance ( ! ,society ( ,sci5ce1 made x 9 ! highe/ degree probable t ?is =mation ow$ its orig9 to ! /reet sweep+s ( ! t[n1 :i* _h be5 ?r[n ^u ! bea*1 & c>ri$ (f & di/ribut$ by ! waves ov] ! bottom ( ! h>bor4#dhh ,^! & o!r famili> obs]vations ( ! l sort %[ t a s&/one reef1 ( no inconsid]able magnitude1 might orig9ate f ! /r&+ ( a %ip ) a c>go ( iron1#dhi or f ?r[+ ! wa/e ( an e/abli%m5t = work+ metals into runn+ wat] :i* might c>ry x to ! sea4 ,p>!y records a s+ul> in/ance ( un=ese5 mis*ief f an int]f]5ce ) ! arrangem5ts ( nature4 ,a l&[n] at ,malta possess$ a rocky plateau slop+ gradually t[>d ! sea1 & t]m9at+ 9 a precipice =ty or fifty feet high1 ?r\gh natural op5+s 9 :i* ! sea wat] fl[$ into a l>ge cave "u ! rock4 ,! proprietor attempt$ to e/abli% salt works on ! surface1 & cut %all[ pools 9 ! rock = ! evaporation ( ! wat]4 ,9 ord] to fill ! salt pans m readily1 he sank a well d[n to ! cave b5ea?1 ?r\gh :i* he drew up wat] by a w9dlass & buckets4 ,! speculation prov$ a failure1 because ! wat] filt]$ ?r\gh ! por\s bottom ( ! pans1 leav+ little salt beh9d4 ,b ?is 0 a small evil1 comp>$ ) o!r de/ructive consequ5ces t foll[$4 ,:5 ! sea 0 driv5 into ! cave by viol5t we/ or nor?we/ w9ds1 x %ot a jet d'eau ?r\gh ! well to ! height ( sixty feet1 ! spray ( :i* 0 scatt]$ f> & wide ov] ! neighbor+ g>d5s & bla/$ ! crops4 ,! well 0 n[ clos$ ) /ones1 b ! next w9t]'s /orms hurl$ !m out aga91 & spread ! salt spray ov] ! gr\nds 9 ! vic9ity z be=e4 ,repeat$ attempts 7 made to /op ! orifice1 b at ! "t ( ,p>!y's visit ! sea _h ?rice bur/ ?r\gh1 & x 0 fe>$ t ! evil 0 )\t rem$y4#dij ,i h m5tion$ ! great ext5t ( ! heaps ( oy/] & o!r %ells left by ! ,am]ican ,indians on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s ( ! ,dani% kit*5-midd5s1 :i* closely resemble !m1 are a ?\s& feet long1 f "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ wide1 & f six to t5 high4 ,^! piles h an importance z geological witnesses1 indep5d5t ( _! be>+ ^u human hi/ory4 ,:]ev] ! coa/ l9e appe>s1 f o!r evid5ce1 to h rema9$ un*ang$ 9 outl9e & elevation s9ce !y 7 accumulat$1 !y are f\nd ne> ! sea1 & n m ?an ab\t t5 feet above its level4 ,9 "s cases !y are at a consid]able di/ance f ! bea*1 & 9 ^! in/ances1 s f> z yet exam9$1 !re are pro(s t ! coa/ has advanc$ 9 consequ5ce ( upheaval or ( fluviatile or m>9e deposit4 ,:]e !y are altoge!r want+1 ! coa/ seems to h sunk or be5 wa%$ away by ! sea4 ,! con/ancy ( ^! obs]vations ju/ifies geologi/s 9 argu+1 :]e o!r evid5ce is want+1 ! advance ( l& or sea respectively1 or ! elevation or depression ( ! =m]1 f ! position or ! abs5ce ( ^! heaps alone4 ,e travell] 9 ,italy is famili> ) ,monte ,te/accio1 ! m\nta9 ( pot%]ds1 at ,rome2 b ?is deposit1 l>ge z x is1 %r9ks into insignificance :5 comp>$ ) masses ( simil> orig9 9 ! neighborhood ( old] cities4 ,! ca/away pott]y ( anci5t t[ns 9 ,magna ,graecia composes /rata ( su* ext5t & ?ickness t !y h be5 dignifi$ ) ! appellation ( ! c]amic =mation4 ,! ,nile1 z x sl[ly *anges its b$1 exposes 9 its banks masses ( ! same mat]ial1 s va/ t ! population ( ! _w dur+ ! :ole hi/orical p]iod w\ld seem to h *os5 ?is valley z a g5]al deposit = its brok5 vessels4 ,! f]tility imp>t$ to ! banks ( ! ,nile by ! wat] & ! slime ( ! inundations1 is su* t manures are little employ$4 ,h5ce mu* dome/ic wa/e1 :i* w\ld else:]e be employ$ to enri* ! soil1 is ?r[n out into vacant places ne> ! t[n4 ,hills ( rubbi% are ?us pil$ up :i* a/oni% ! travell] almo/ z mu* z ! solid pyramids !mselves4 ,! heaps ( a%es & o!r h\sehold refuse collect$ on ! bord]s & )9 ! limits ( ,cairo 7 s l>ge1 t ! removal ( !m by ,ibrahim ,pa*a has be5 look$ ^u z "o ( ! great works ( ! age4 ,! soil ne> cities1 ! /reet sweep+s ( :i* are spread ^u ! gr\nd z manure1 is p]ceptibly rais$ by !m & by o!r effects ( human indu/ry1 & 9 spite ( all ef=ts to remove ! wa/e1 ! level ( ! gr\nd on :i* l>ge t[ns /& is con/antly elevat$4 ,! pres5t /reets ( ,rome are tw5ty feet above ^? ( ! anci5t city4 ,! ,appian way betwe5 ,rome & ,albano1 :5 cle>$ out a few ye>s ago1 0 f\nd buri$ f\r or five feet deep1 & ! fields along ! road 7 elevat$ ne>ly or q z mu*4 ,! floors ( _m *ur*es 9 ,italy1 n m ?an six or sev5 c5turies old1 are n[ ?ree or f\r feet bel[ ! adjac5t /reets1 ?\gh x is prov$ by excavations t !y 7 built z _m feet above !m4 ,resi/ance to ,great ,natural ,=ces4 ,i h (t5 spok5 ( ! great] & m subtile natural =ces1 & especially ( geological ag5cies1 z p[]s beyond human guidance or resi/ance4 ,?is is no d\bt at pres5t true 9 ! ma91 b man has %[n t he is n altoge!r impot5t to /ruggle ) ev5 ^! mighty s]vants ( nature1 & 8 unconsci\s z well z 8 delib]ate action may 9 "s cases h increas$ or dim9i%$ ! int5sity ( _! en]gies4 ,x is a v anci5t belief t e>?quakes are m de/ructive 9 di/ricts :]e ! cru/ ( ! e>? is solid & homog5e\s1 ?an :]e x is ( a loos] & m int]rupt$ /ructure4 ,ari/otle1 ,pl9y ! eld]1 & ,s5eca believ$ t n only natural rav9es & caves1 b qu>ries1 wells1 & o!r human excavations1 :i* break ! cont9uity ( ! t]re/rial /rata & facilitate ! escape ( ela/ic vapors1 h a s5sible influ5ce 9 dim9i%+ ! viol5ce & prev5t+ ! propagation ( ! e>? waves4 ,9 all c\ntries subject to e>?quakes ?is op9ion is /ill ma9ta9$1 & x is ass]t$ t1 bo? 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times1 build+s protect$ by deep wells "u or ne> !m h suff]$ less f e>?quakes ?an ^? ! ar*itects ( :i* h neglect$ ?is precaution4#dia ,if ! commonly receiv$ !ory ( ! cause ( e>?quakes is true--t1 namely1 :i* ascribes !m to ! ela/ic =ce ( gases accumulat$ or g5]at$ 9 subt]ranean res]voirs--x is evid5t t op5 *annels ( communication betwe5 su* res]voirs & ! atmosph]e might s]ve z a h>mless dis*>ge ( gases t w\ld o!rwise acquire de/ructive en]gy4 ,! d\bt is :e!r artificial excavations c be c>ri$ deep en\gh to rea* ! laboratory :]e ! ela/ic fluids are di/ill$4 ,!re are1 9 _m places1 small natural crevices ?r\gh :i* su* fluids escape1 & ! s\rce ( !m sometimes lies at s mod]ate a dep? t !y p]vade ! sup]ficial soil &1 z x 71 transpire f x1 ov] a consid]able area4 ,:5 ! bor] ( an ord9>y artesian well /rikes into a cavity 9 ! e>?1 imprison$ air (t5 ru%es out ) great viol5ce1 & ?is has be5 /ill m frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 s9k+ m9]al-oil wells4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 ! dis*>ge ( a vehem5t curr5t ( inflammable fluid sometimes cont9ues = h\rs & ev5 long] p]iods4 ,^! facts seem to r5d] x n :olly improbable t ! popul> belief ( ! efficacy ( deep wells 9 mitigat+ ! viol5ce ( e>?quakes is well f\nd$4 ,9 g5]al1 light1 wood5 build+s are less injur$ by e>?quakes ?an m solid /ructures ( /one or brick1 & x is commonly suppos$ t ! p[] put =? by ! e>? wave is too great to be resi/$ by any am\nt ( weight or solidity ( mass t man c pile up ^u ! surface4 ,b ! fact t 9 c\ntries subject to e>?quakes _m v l>ge & /rongly con/ruct$ palaces1 temples1 & o!r monum5ts h /ood = c5turies1 comp>atively un9jur$1 sugge/s a d\bt :e!r ?is op9ion is s\nd4 ,! e>?quake ( ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 #agee1 :i* 0 felt ov] a twelf? "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 0 probably ! mo/ viol5t ( :i* we h any cle> & di/9ct acc\nt1 & x seems to h ex]t$ its mo/ de/ructive =ce at ,lisbon4 ,x has (t5 be5 notic$ z a rem>kable fact1 t ! m9t1 a build+ ( great solidity1 0 almo/ :olly unaffect$ by ! %ock :i* %att]$ e h\se & *ur* 9 ! city1 & its escape f ! common ru9 c h>dly be acc\nt$ = except ^u ! supposition t its weight1 compactness1 & /r5g? ( mat]ial enabl$ x to resi/ an agitation ( ! e>? :i* ov]?rew all weak] /ructures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a /one pi] 9 ! h>bor ( ,lisbon1 on :i* ?\s&s ( p _h tak5 refuge1 sank ) its f\ndations to a great dep? dur+ ! same e>?quake2 & x is pla9 t :]e subt]ranean cavities exi/1 at mod]ate dep?s1 ! erection ( heavy masses ^u !m w\ld t5d to promote ! break+ d[n ( ! /rata :i* ro( !m ov]4 ,no physici/1 ,i believe1 has suppos$ t man c av]t ! eruption ( a volcano or dim9i% ! quantity ( melt$ rock :i* x p\rs out ( ! b[els ( ! e>?2 b x is n always impossible to div]t ! c\rse ( ev5 a l>ge curr5t ( lava4 ,! small] /reams ( lava ne> ,catania1 says ,f]r>a1 9 describ+ ! great eruption ( #affi1 7 turn$ f _! c\rse by build+ dry walls ( /one z a b>ri] aga9/ !m4 99 99 99 ,x 0 propos$ to div]t ! ma9 curr5t f ,catania1 & fifty m51 protect$ by hides1 7 s5t ) hooks & iron b>s to break ! flank ( ! /ream ne> ,belpasso4#dib ,:5 ! op5+ 0 made1 fluid lava p\r$ =? & fl[$ rapidly t[>d ,pat]no2 b ! inhabitants ( t place1 n c>+ to sacrifice _! own t[n to save ,catania1 ru%$ out 9 arms & put a /op to ! op]ation4#dic ,9 ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #agid1 ! vic]oy sav$ f imp5d+ de/ruction ! t[n ( ,portici1 & ! valuable collection ( antiquities !n deposit$ !re b s9ce remov$ to ,naples1 by employ+ sev]al ?\s& m5 to dig a dit* above ! t[n1 by :i* ! lava curr5t 0 c>ri$ (f 9 ano!r direction4#did ,effects ( ,m9+4 ,! excavations made by man1 = m9+ & o!r purposes1 may sometimes occasion di/urbance ( ! surface by ! subsid5ce ( ! /rata above !m1 z 9 ! case ( ! m9e ( ,fahlun1 b su* accid5ts mu/ always be too inconsid]able 9 ext5t to des]ve notice 9 a geographical po9t ( view4 ,su* excavations1 h[ev]1 may int]f]e mat]ially ) ! c\rse ( subt]ranean wat]s1 & x has ev5 be5 conjectur$ t ! removal ( l>ge bodies ( metallic ore f _! orig9al deposits might1 at lea/ locally1 affect ! magnetic & electrical condition ( ! e>?'s cru/ to a s5sible degree4 ,accid5tal fires 9 m9es ( coal or lignite sometimes lead to consequ5ces n only de/ructive to l>ge quantities ( valuable mat]ial1 b may1 directly or indirectly1 produce results important 9 geography4 ,! coal occasionally takes fire f ! m9]s' lights or o!r fires us$ by !m1 &1 if long expos$ to air 9 des]t$ gall]ies1 may be spontane\sly k9dl$4 ,"u favorable circum/ances1 a /ratum ( coal w burn till x is exhau/$1 & a cavity may be burnt out 9 a few mon?s :i* human labor c\ld n excavate 9 _m ye>s4 ,wittw] in=ms u t a coal m9e at ,/4 ,eti5ne 9 ,dauph9y has be5 burn+ ev] s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & t a m9e ne> ,duttweil]1 ano!r ne> ,ept]ode1 & a ?ird at ,zwickau1 h be5 on fire = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,su* conflagrations n only produce cavities 9 ! e>?1 b communicate a p]ceptible degree ( heat to ! surface1 & ! au?or j quot$ cites cases :]e ?is heat has be5 advantage\sly employ$ 9 =c+ vegetation4#die ,espy's ,!ories4 ,espy's well kn[n sugge/ion ( ! possibility ( caus+ ra9 artificially1 by k9dl+ great fires1 is n likely to be turn$ to practical acc\nt1 b ! speculations ( ?is able meteorologi/ are n1 = t reason1 to be reject$ z wor?less4 ,8 labors exhibit great indu/ry 9 ! collection ( facts1 mu* +5uity 9 deal+ ) !m1 rem>kable insight into ! laws ( nature1 & a ready p]ception ( analogies & relations n obvi\s to m9ds less philosophically con/itut$4 ,!y h unque/ionably contribut$ v ess5tially to ! advancem5t ( meteorological sci5ce4 ,! possibility t ! di/ribution & action ( electricity may be consid]ably modifi$ by long l9es ( iron railways & telegraph wires1 is a k9dr$ ?\ght1 & 9 fact re/s mu* on ! same f\ndation z ! belief 9 ! utility ( lightn+ rods1 b su* influ5ce is too obscure & too small to h be5 yet detect$4 ,riv] ,s$im5t4 ,! manife/ation ( ! int]nal heat ( ! e>? at any giv5 po9t is condition$ by ! ?ickness ( ! cru/ at su* po9t4 ,! deposits ( riv]s t5d to augm5t t ?ickness at _! e/u>ies4 ,! s$im5t ( sl[ly fl[+ riv]s empty+ into %all[ seas is spread ov] s great a surface t we c h>dly imag9e ! foot or two ( slime !y let fall ov] a wide area 9 a c5tury to =m an elem5t among ev5 ! inf9itesimal quantities :i* compose ! t]ms ( ! equations ( nature4 ,b "s swift riv]s1 roll+ m\nta9s ( f9e e>?1 dis*>ge !mselves into deeply scoop$ gulfs or bays1 & 9 su* cases ! deposit am\nts1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 to a mass ! transf] ( :i* f ! surface ( a l>ge bas91 & its accumulation at a s+le po9t1 may be suppos$ to produce o!r effects ?an ^? measurable by ! s\nd+ l9e4 ,n[1 almo/ all ! op]ations ( rural life1 z ,i h abundantly %[n1 increase ! liability ( ! soil to erosion by wat]4 ,h5ce1 ! cle>+ ( ! valley ( ! ,ganges by man mu/ h mu* augm5t$ ! quantity ( e>? transport$ by t riv] to ! sea1 & ( c\rse h /r5g!n$ ! effects1 :atev] !y may be1 ( ?ick5+ ! cru/ ( ! e>? 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,9 su* cases1 !n1 human action mu/ rank among geological influ5ces4 ,no?+ ,small 9 ,nature4 ,x is a legal maxim t ! law conc]ne? n itself ) trifles1 de m9imus non curat lex2 b 9 ! vocabul>y ( nature1 little & great are t]ms ( comp>ison only2 %e kn[s no trifles1 & h] laws are z inflexible 9 deal+ ) an atom z ) a cont95t or a planet4#dif ,! human op]ations m5tion$ 9 ! la/ few p>agraphs1 !re=e1 d act 9 ! ways ascrib$ to !m1 ?\gh our limit$ faculties are at pres5t1 p]haps =ev]1 incapable ( weigh+ _! imm$iate1 /ill m _! ultimate consequ5ces4 ,b our inability to assign def9ite values to ^! causes ( ! di/urbance ( natural arrangem5ts is n a reason = ignor+ ! exi/5ce ( su* causes 9 any g5]al view ( ! relations betwe5 man & nature1 & we are nev] ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ a =ce to be insignificant because its measure is unkn[n1 or ev5 because no physical effect c n[ be trac$ to x z its orig94 ,! collection ( ph5om5a mu/ prec$e ! analysis ( !m1 & e new fact1 illu/rative ( ! action & reaction betwe5 humanity & ! mat]ial _w ar\nd x1 is ano!r /ep t[>d ! det]m9ation ( ! great "q1 :e!r man is ( nature or above h]4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 feudalism1 & a nom9al ,*ri/ianity ^: corruptions _h conv]t$ ! mo/ b5efic5t ( religions into ! mo/ baneful ( sup]/itions1 p]petuat$ e abuse ( ,roman tyranny1 & add$ new oppressions & new me?ods ( extortion to ^? inv5t$ by old] despotisms4 ,! burd5s 9 "q fell mo/ heavily on ! prov9ces t _h be5 longe/ coloniz$ by ! ,lat9 race1 & ^! are ! portions ( ,europe :i* h suff]$ ! greate/ physical degradation4 ,feudalism1 says ,blanqui1 0 a conc5tration ( sc\rges4 ,! peasant1 /ripp$ ( ! inh]itance ( 8 fa!rs1 became ! prop]ty ( inflexible1 ignorant1 indol5t ma/]s2 he 0 oblig$ to travel fifty leagues ) _! c>ts :5ev] !y requir$ x2 he labor$ = !m ?ree days 9 ! week1 & surr5d]$ to !m half ! product ( 8 e>n+s dur+ ! o!r ?ree2 )\t _! cons5t he c\ld n *ange 8 resid5ce1 or m>ry4 ,& :y1 inde$1 %\ld he wi% to m>ry1 :5 he c\ld sc>cely save en\gh to ma9ta9 himself8 ,! ,abbot ,alcu9 _h tw5ty ?\s& slaves1 call$ s]fs1 :o 7 =ev] atta*$ to ! soil4 ,?is is ! great cause ( ! rapid depopulation obs]v$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ( ! prodigi\s multitude ( mona/]ies :i* sprang up on e side4 ,x 0 d\btless a relief to su* mis]able m5 to f9d 9 ! cloi/]s a retreat f oppression2 b ! human race nev] suff]$ a m cruel outrage1 indu/ry nev] receiv$ a w\nd bett] calculat$ to plunge ! _w aga9 into ! d>kness ( ! rude/ antiquity4 ,x suffices to say t ! pr$iction ( ! approa*+ end ( ! _w1 indu/ri\sly spread by ! rapaci\s monks at ?is "t1 0 receiv$ )\t t]ror4--,resume de l',hi/oire du ,comm]ce1 p4 #aef4 ,! abbey ( ,sa9t-,g]ma9-des-,pres1 :i*1 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 _h possess$ a million ( acres1 01 d[n to ! ,revolution1 /ill s weal?y1 t ! p]sonal income ( ! abbot 0 #cjj1jjj livres4 ,! abbey ( ,sa9t-,d5is 0 ne>ly z ri* z t ( ,sa9t-,g]ma9-des-,pres4--,,lav]gne1 ,economie ,rurale de la ,france1 p4 #ajd4 ,paul ,l\is ,c\ri] quotes f ,la ,bruy]e ! foll[+ /rik+ picture ( ! condition ( ! ,fr5* peasantry 9 8 "t3 ,"o sees c]ta9 d>k1 livid1 nak$1 sunburnt1 wild animals1 male & female1 scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry & atta*$ to ! soil1 :i* !y root & turn ov] ) indomitable p]sev]ance4 ,!y h1 z x 71 an articulate voice1 & :5 !y rise to _! feet1 !y %[ a human face4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 m52 !y creep at night into d5s1 :]e !y live on black bread1 wat]1 & roots4 ,!y sp>e o!r m5 ! labor ( pl\gh+1 s[+1 & h>ve/+1 & !re=e des]ve "s small %>e ( ! bread !y h gr[n4 ,^! are 8 own words1 adds ,c\ri]2 he is speak+ ( ! =tunate peasants1 ( ^? :o _h "w & bread1 & !y 7 !n ! few4--,petition a la ,*ambre des ,deputis p\r les ,villageois que l'on empe*e de dans]4 ,ar?ur ,"y1 :o travell$ 9 ,france f #aghg to #aghi1 gives1 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,travels1 a frightful acc\nt ( ! burd5s ( ! rural population ev5 at t late p]iod4 ,besides ! regul> gov]nm5tal taxes1 & a multitude ( heavy f9es impos$ = trifl+ (f5ces1 he enum]ates ab\t ?irty seignorial rights1 ! v orig9 & nature ( "s ( :i* are n[ unkn[n1 :ile ^? ( "s o!rs1 claim$ & en=c$ by ecclesia/ical z well z by temporal lords1 are z repulsive to humanity & morality1 z ! wor/ abuses ev] practis$ by hea!n despotism4 ,mo/ ( ^!1 inde$1 _h be5 commut$ = money paym5ts1 & 7 levi$ on ! peasantry z pecuni>y impo/s = ! b5efit ( prelates & lay lords1 :o1 by virtue ( _! nobility1 7 exempt f taxation4 ,:o c wond] at ! ho/ility ( ! ,fr5* plebeian classes t[>d ! ari/ocracy 9 ! days ( ! ,revolution8 #b ,! tempor>y depopulation ( an exhau/$ soil may be1 9 "s cases1 a physical1 ?\gh1 l fall[s 9 agriculture1 a de>-b\ght advantage4 ,"u favorable circum/ances1 ! )drawal ( man & 8 flocks all[s ! e>? to clo! itself aga9 ) =e/s1 & 9 a few g5]ations to recov] its anci5t productiv5ess4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 worn-out fields 7 depopulat$1 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 by civil & ecclesia/ical tyrannies1 :i* insi/$ on ! surr5d] ( ! half ( a loaf already too small to su/a9 its produc]4 ,?us ab&on$1 ^! l&s (t5 relaps$ into ! =e/ /ate1 &1 "s c5turies lat]1 7 aga9 br\ght "u cultivation ) r5ovat$ f]tility4 #c ,! subject ( climatic *ange1 ) & )\t ref]5ce to human action z a cause1 has be5 mu* discuss$ by ,moreau de ,jonnes1 ,dureau1 de la ,malle1 ,arago1 ,humboldt1 ,fu/]1 ,gasp>91 ,becqu]el1 & _m o!r writ]s 9 ,europe1 & by ,noah ,web/]1 ,=ry1 ,drake1 & o!rs 9 ,am]ica4 ,fraas has endeavor$ to %[1 by ! hi/ory ( vegetation 9 ,greece1 n m]ely t cle>+ & cultivation h affect$ climate1 b t *ange ( climate has ess5tially modifi$ ! "* ( vegetable life4 ,see 8 ,klima und ,pflanz5welt 9 d] ,zeit4 #d ,gods ,almagt w5kte van d5 troon1 ,en s*iep elk volk e5 l& t] woon3 ,hi] ve/te ,zij e5 grondgebi$1 ,dat ,zij ons zelv5 s*epp5 liet4 #e ,! udometric measurem5ts ( ,belgr&1 report$ 9 ! ,annales ,=e/i]es = #ahed1 & discuss$ by ,valles 9 *ap4 vi ( 8 ,etudes sur les ,inondations1 con/itute ! e>lie/1 &1 9 "s respects1 ! mo/ rem>kable s]ies kn[n to me1 ( p]sev]+ & sy/ematic obs]vations be>+ directly & exclusively ^u ! influ5ce ( human action on climate1 or1 to speak m accurately1 on precipitation & natural dra9age4 ,! conclusions ( ,belgr&1 h[ev]1 & ( ,valles1 :o adopts !m1 h n be5 g5]ally accept$ by ! sci5tific _w1 & !y seem to h be51 9 "p at lea/1 refut$ by ! argum5ts ( ,h]ic\rt & ! obs]vations ( ,cantegril1 ,je&el1 & ,bell&4 ,see *apt] iii3 ,! ,woods4 #f ,v]ses address$ by ,g4 ,c4 to ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh4--,,hakluyt1 i1 p4 #ffh4 #g ----,i tro]1 at ,synets ,s&s er lagt i ,oeiet1 ,m5s dette kun er ,r$skab4 ,synet /roemm] ,fra ,sjael5s ,dyb1 og ,oeiets f9e ,n]v] ,gaae ud fra ,hj]n5s hemmelige ,va]k/$4 ,,h5rik ,,h]tz1 ,kong ,r5e's ,datt]1 sc4 ii4 ,9 ! mat]ial eye1 y ?9k1 sight lodge?6 ,! eye is b an organ4 ,see+ /reame? ,f ! s\l's inmo/ dep?s4 ,! f9e p]ceptive ,n]ve spr+e? f ! bra9's my/]i\s work%op4 #h ,skill 9 m>ksman%ip1 :e!r ) fire>ms or ) o!r projectile weapons1 dep5ds m ^u ! tra9+ ( ! eye ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 & ,i h (t5 f\nd p>ticul>ly good %ots to possess an almo/ telescopic vision4 ,9 ! ord9>y use ( ! rifle1 ! b>rel s]ves z a guide to ! eye1 b !re are sportsm5 :o fire ) ! b ( ! gun at ! hip4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! use ( ! sl+1 ! lasso1 & ! bolas1 9 hurl+ ! knife 7see ,,bab9et1 ,lectures1 vii1 p4 #hd71 9 ?r[+ ! boom]ang1 ! javel91 or a /one1 & 9 ! employm5t ( ! bl[ pipe & ! b[1 ! movem5ts ( ! h& & arm are guid$ by t my/]i\s sympa?y :i* exi/s betwe5 ! eye & ! unsee+ organs ( ! body4 ,9 %oot+ ! tortoises ( ! ,amazon & its tribut>ies1 ! ,indians use an arr[ ) a long tw9e & a float atta*$ to x4 ,ave-,lallemant 7,die ,b5utzung d] ,palm5 am ,amazon5/rom1 p4 #cb7 ?us describes _! mode ( aim+3 ,z ! arr[1 if aim$ directly at ! float+ tortoise1 w\ld /rike x at a small angle1 & glance f its flat & wet %ell1 ! ar*]s h a peculi> me?od ( %oot+4 ,!y are able to calculate exactly _! own muscul> ef=t1 ! velocity ( ! /ream1 ! di/ance & size ( ! tortoise1 & !y %oot ! arr[ directly up into ! air1 s t x falls almo/ v]tically ^u ! %ell ( ! tortoise1 & /icks 9 x4 ,analog\s calculations--if su* physico-m5tal op]ations c prop]ly be s call$--are made 9 ! use ( o!r missiles2 = no projectile flies 9 a "r l9e to its m>k4 ,b ! exact tra9+ ( ! eye lies at ! bottom ( all ( !m1 & m>ksman%ip dep5ds almo/ :olly ^u ! p[] ( t organ1 ^: directions ! bl9d muscles implicitly foll[4 ,x is p]haps n out ( place to obs]ve "h t our ,engli% ^w aim comes f ! ,lat9 ae/imo1 ,i calculate or e/imate4 ,see ,,w$gwood',s ,diction>y ( ,engli% ,etymology1 & ! note to ! ,am]ican edition1 "u ,aim4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! control ( ! limbs by ! eye has be5 obs]v$ 9 deaf-&-dumb s*ools1 & o!rs :]e pupils are fir/ taught to write on l>ge slates or blackbo>ds4 ,! writ+ is 9 l>ge *>act]s1 ! small lett]s be+ an in* or m high4 ,!y are =m$ ) *alk or a slate p5cil firmly grasp$ 9 ! f+]s1 & by appropriate motions ( ! wri/1 elb[1 & %\ld]1 n ( ! f+] jo9ts4 ,nev]!less1 :5 a p5 is put into ! h& ( a pupil ?us taught1 8 h&writ+1 ?\gh produc$ by a totally diff]5t set ( muscles & muscul> movem5ts1 is id5tical 9 "* ) t :i* he has practis$ on ! blackbo>d4 ,x has be5 mu* d\bt$ :e!r ! arti/s ( ! classic ages possess$ a m p]fect sight ?an ^? ( mod]n times1 or :e!r1 9 execut+ _! m9ute mosaics & gem engrav+s1 !y us$ magnifi]s4 ,glasses gr\nd convex h be5 f\nd at ,pompeii1 b !y are too rudely fa%ion$ & too imp]fectly poli%$ to h be5 ( any practical use = optical purposes4 ,b ?\gh ! anci5t arti/s may h _h a microscopic vision1 _! a/ronom]s _c h _h a telescopic p[] ( sight2 = !y did n discov] ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 :i* are (t5 se5 ) ! nak$ eye at ,oormeeah1 9 ,p]sia1 & sometimes1 z ,i c te/ify by p]sonal obs]vation1 at ,cairo4 ,= a v rem>kable acc\nt ( ! re/oration ( vision impair$ f age1 by judici\s tra9+1 see ,lessons 9 ,life1 by ,,timo?y ,,titcomb1 lesson xi4 #i ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #cgg4 #aj ,"o ( !m ! ,indians seat$ himself ne> me1 & made f a fragm5t ( qu>tz1 ) a simple piece ( r\nd bone1 "o end ( :i* 0 hemisph]ical1 ) a small crease 9 x 7z if worn by a ?read7 ! sixte5? ( an in* deep1 an arr[ head :i* 0 v %>p & pi]c+1 & su* z !y use on all _! arr[s4 ,! skill & rapidity ) :i* x 0 made1 )\t a bl[1 b by simply break+ ! %>p edges ) ! creas$ bone by ! /r5g? ( 8 h&s--= ! crease m]ely s]v$ to prev5t ! in/rum5t f slipp+1 af=d+ no lev]age--0 rem>kable4--,reports ( ,explorations & ,surveys = ,pacific ,railroad1 vol4 ii1 #ahee1 ,lieut4 ,,beck)',s ,report1 p4 #dc4 ,x has be5 said t /one weapons are n f\nd 9 ,sicily1 except 9 c]ta9 caves half fill$ ) ! skeletons ( ext9ct animals4 ,if !y h n be5 f\nd 9 t isl& 9 m easily accessible localities1 ,i suspect x is because eyes famili> ) su* objects h n s\ght = !m4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahed1 ,i pick$ up an arr[ head ( qu>tz 9 a little rav9e or furr[ j wa%$ out by a heavy ra91 9 a field ne> ! ,simeto4 ,x is rudely fa%ion$1 b its artificial "* & its special purpose are q unequivocal4 #aa ,probably no cultivat$ vegetable af=ds s good an opportunity ( /udy+ ! laws ( acclimation ( plants z maize or ,indian corn4 ,maize is gr[n f ! tropics to at lea/ lat4 #dg deg4 9 ,nor!a/]n ,am]ica1 & f>!r nor? 9 ,europe4 ,e two or ?ree degrees ( latitude br+s y to a new v>iety1 ) new climatic adaptations1 & ! capacity ( ! plant to accommodate itself to new conditions ( temp]ature & season seems almo/ unlimit$4 ,we may easily suppose a v>iety ( ?is gra91 :i* _h become acclimat$ 9 /ill high] latitudes1 to h be5 lo/1 & 9 su* case ! failure to raise a crop f se$ br\ght f "s di/ance to ! s\? w\ld n prove t ! climate _h become cold]4 ,_m p]sons n[ liv+ rememb] t1 :5 ! common tomato 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,nor!rn ,new ,engl&1 x (t5 fail$ to rip52 b1 9 ! c\rse ( a v few ye>s1 x completely adapt$ itself to ! climate1 & n[ n only matures bo? its fruit & its se$s ) z mu* c]ta9ty z any cultivat$ vegetable1 b regul>ly propagates itself by self-s[n se$4 ,meteorological obs]vations1 h[ev]1 d n %[ any amelioration ( ! summ] climate 9 ^? ,/ates )9 t p]iod4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #a4 ,maize & ! tomato1 if n new to human use1 h n be5 long kn[n to civilization1 & 71 v probably1 reclaim$ & dome/icat$ at a mu* m rec5t p]iod ?an ! plants :i* =m ! great /aples ( agricultural husb&ry 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,is ! great p[] ( accomodation to climate possess$ by !m due to ?is circum/ance8 ,!re is "s reason to suppose t ! "* ( maize has be5 s5sibly *ang$ by cultivation 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 =1 accord+ to ,poeppig1 ! e>s ( ?is gra9 f\nd 9 old ,p]uvian tombs belong to v>ieties n n[ kn[n 9 ,p]u4--,travels 9 ,p]u1 *ap4 vii4 #ab ,! cultivation ( madd] is said to h be5 introduc$ into ,europe by an ,ori5tal 9 ! ye> #agfe1 & x 0 fir/ plant$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,avignon4 ,( c\rse1 x has be5 gr[n 9 t di/rict = less ?an a c5tury2 b ^u soils :]e x has be5 a frequ5t crop1 x is already los+ mu* ( its color+ prop]ties4--,,lav]gne1 ,economie ,rurale de la ,france1 pp4 #bei-bia4 ,i believe !re is no d\bt t ! cultivation ( madd] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,avignon is ( rec5t introduction2 b x appe>s f ,full] & o!r evid5ce1 t ?is plant 0 gr[n 9 ,europe be=e ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! madd] br\ght to ,france f ,p]sia may be ( a diff]5t species1 or1 at lea/1 v>iety4 ,"s two ye>s s9ce1 says ,full]1 madd] 0 s[n by ,sir ,ni*olas ,crispe at ,debt=d1 & ,i hope w h good success2 fir/ because x gr[e? 9 ,zel& 9 ! same 7if n a m nor!rn7 latitude4 ,secondly1 because wild madd] gr[s "h 9 abundance2 & :y may n tame madd] if cicurat$ by art4 ,la/ly1 because z good z any grew "s ?irty ye>s s9ce at ,b>n-,elms1 9 ,surrey1 ?\gh x quit n co/ ?r\gh "s error 9 ! fir/ plant] !re(1 :i* n[ we hope w be rectifi$4--,,full]1 ,wor?ies ( ,engl&1 ii1 pp4 #eg1 #eh4 ,p]haps ! rec5t diseases ( ! olive1 ! v9e1 & ! silkworm--! prevail+ malady ( :i* insect is suppos$ by "s to be ! effect ( an incipi5t decay ( ! mulb]ry tree--may be1 9 "p1 due to *anges produc$ 9 ! "* ( ! soil by exhau/ion ?r\gh long cultivation4 #ac ,9 _m p>ts ( ,new ,engl& !re are tracts1 miles 9 ext5t1 & pres5t+ all v>ieties ( surface & exposure1 :i* 7 p>tially cle>$ sixty or sev5ty ye>s ago1 & :]e little or no *ange 9 ! proportion ( cultivat$ gr\nd1 pa/urage1 & woodl& has tak5 place s9ce4 ,9 "s cases1 ^! tracts compose bas9s app>5tly sc>cely at all expos$ to any local influ5ce 9 ! way ( p]colation or infiltration ( wat] t[>d or f neighbor+ valleys4 ,b 9 su* situations1 ap>t f accid5tal di/urbances1 ! gr\nd is gr[+ dri] & dri]1 f ye> to ye>1 spr+s are /ill disappe>+1 & rivulets /ill dim9i%+ 9 _! summ] supply ( wat]4 ,a probable explanation ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! rapid dra9age ( ! surface ( cle>$ gr\nd1 :i* prev5ts ! subt]ranean natural res]voirs1 :e!r cavities or m]ely /rata ( bibul\s e>?1 f fill+ up4 ,h[ long ?is process is to la/ be=e an equilibrium is rea*$1 none c say4 ,x may be1 = ye>s2 x may be1 = c5turies4 ,liv+/one /ates facts :i* favor ! supposition t a secul> desiccation is /ill go+ on 9 c5tral ,africa4 ,:5 ! regions :]e ! e>? is gr[+ dri] 7 cle>$ ( wood1 or1 inde$1 :e!r =e/s ev] grew !re1 we are unable to say1 b ! *ange appe>s to h be5 long 9 progress4 ,!re is reason to suspect a simil> revolution 9 ,arabia ,petraea4 ,9 _m ( ! wadis1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! gorges betwe5 ,wadi ,feiran & ,wadi ,e% ,%eikh1 !re are wat]-worn banks %[+ t1 at no v remote p]iod1 ! w9t] floods mu/ h ris5 fifty feet 9 *annels :]e ! gr[? ( acacias & tam>isks & ! te/imony ( ! ,arabs concur to prove t !y h n ris5 six feet )9 ! memory or tradition ( ! pres5t inhabitants4 ,!re is little probability t any consid]able "p ( ! ,s9aitic p59sula has be5 wood$ s9ce its fir/ occupation by man1 & we mu/ seek ! cause ( its increas+ dryness else:]e ?an 9 ! removal ( ! =e/4 #ad ,! soil ( newly subdu$ c\ntries is g5]ally 9 a high degree favorable to ! gr[? ( ! fruits ( ! g>d5 & ! or*>d1 b usually becomes mu* less s 9 a v few ye>s4 ,plums1 ( _m v>ieties1 7 =m]ly gr[n1 9 great p]fection & abundance1 9 _m p>ts ( ,new ,engl& :]e at pres5t !y c sc>cely be re>$ at all2 & ! pea*1 :i*1 a g5]ation or two ago1 succe$$ admirably 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! same ,/ates1 has almo/ ceas$ to be cultivat$ !re4 ,! disappe>ance ( ^! fruits is p>tly due to ! ravages ( insects1 :i* h 9 lat] ye>s attack$ !m2 b ?is is evid5tly by no means ! sole1 or ev5 ! pr9cipal cause ( _! decay4 ,9 ^! cases1 x is n to ! exhau/ion ( ! p>ticul> acres on :i* ! fruit trees h gr[n t we are to ascribe _! deg5]acy1 b to a g5]al *ange 9 ! condition ( ! soil or ! air2 = x is equally impossible to re> !m successfully on absolutely new l& 9 ! neighborhood ( gr\nds :]e1 n long s9ce1 !y bore ! f9e/ fruit4 ,i rememb] be+ told1 _m ye>s ago1 by "o ( ! e>lie/ settl]s ( ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 a v intellig5t & obs]v+ p]son1 t ! apple trees rais$ !re f se$ s[n soon aft] ! l& 0 cle>$1 bore fruit 9 less ?an half ! "t requir$ to br+ to be>+ ^? re>$ f se$ s[n :5 ! gr\nd _h be5 tw5ty ye>s "u cultivation4 ,9 ! peat mosses ( ,d5m>k1 ,scot* firs & o!r trees n n[ gr[+ 9 ! same localities1 are f\nd 9 abundance4 ,e g5]ation ( trees leaves ! soil 9 a diff]5t /ate f t 9 :i* x f\nd x2 e tree t spr+s up 9 a gr\p ( trees ( ano!r species ?an its own1 gr[s "u diff]5t influ5ces ( light & %ade & atmosph]e f its pr$ecessors4 ,h5ce ! succession ( crops1 :i* occurs 9 all natural =e/s1 seems to be due r to *anges ( condition ?an ( climate4 ,see *apt] iii1 po/4 #ae ,! nom5clature ( meteorology is vague & sometimes equivocal4 ,n long s9ce1 x 0 suspect$ t ! obs]v]s report+ to a sci5tific in/itution did n agree 9 _! und]/&+ ( ! mode ( express+ ! direction ( ! w9d prescrib$ by _! in/ructions4 ,x 0 f\nd1 ^u inquiry1 t v _m ( !m us$ ! names ( ! compass-po9ts to indicate ! qu>t] f :i* ! w9d blew1 :ile o!rs employ$ !m to signify ! qu>t] t[>d :i* ! atmosph]ic curr5ts 7 mov+4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! obs]v]s 7 no long] )9 ! rea* ( inquiry1 & ( c\rse _! tables ( ! w9d 7 ( no value4 ,w9ds1 says ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 are nam$ f ! po9ts :5ce !y bl[1 curr5ts exactly ! rev]se4 ,an ea/]ly w9d comes f ! ea/2 :]eas an ea/]ly curr5t comes f ! we/1 & fl[s t[>d ! ea/4--,physical ,geography1 p4 #bbi4 ,!re is no philological gr\nd = ?is di/9ction1 & x probably orig9at$ 9 a confusion ( ! t]m9ations -w>dly & -erly1 bo? ( :i* are mod]n4 ,! root ( ! =m] end+ implies ! direction to or to-w>d :i* motion is suppos$4 ,x corresponds to1 & is probably alli$ )1 ! ,lat9 v]sus4 ,! t]m9ation -erly is a corruption or s(t5+ ( -ernly1 ea/]ly = ea/]nly1 & _m au?ors ( ! sev5te5? c5tury s write x4 ,9 ,hakluyt 7i1 p4 #b71 ea/]ly is appli$ to place1 ea/]ly b\nds1 & means ea/]n4 ,9 a passage 9 ,drayton1 ea/]ly w9ds mu/ mean w9ds f ! ea/2 b ! same au?or1 9 speak+ ( nations1 uses nor!rly = nor!rn4 ,hakewell says3 ,! sonne _c goe m s\!rnely f vs1 nor come m nor!rnely t[>ds vs4 ,holl&1 9 8 translation ( ,pl9y1 ref]r+ to ! moon has3 ,:5 %ee is nor!rly1 & %ee is gone s\!rly4 ,ri*>dson1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = ! above citations1 quotes a passage f ,dampi] :]e we/]ly is appli$ to ! w9d1 b ! context does n det]m9e ! direction4 ,! only example ( ! t]m9ation 9 -w>dly giv5 by ?is lexicograph] is f ,donne1 :]e x means t[>d ! we/4 ,%akspe>e1 9 ,hamlet 7v4 ii71 uses nor!rly w9d = w9d f ! nor?4 ,milton does n employ ei!r ( ^! t]m9ations1 nor 7 !y kn[n to ! ,anglo-,saxons1 :o1 h[ev]1 _h adjectives ( direction 9 -an or -en1 -ern & -we>d1 ! la/ always mean+ ! po9t t[>d :i* motion is suppos$1 ! o!rs t f :i* x proce$s4 ,we use an ea/ w9d1 an ea/]n w9d1 & an ea/]ly w9d1 to signify ! same ?+4 ,! two =m] expressions are old1 & con/ant 9 mean+2 ! la/ is rec5t1 sup]flu\s1 & equivocal4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #b4 #af ,i d n "h speak ( ! va/ prairie region ( ! ,mississippi valley1 :i* _c prop]ly be said ev] to h be5 a field ( ,briti% colonization2 b ( ! orig9al colonies1 & _! dep5d5cies 9 ! t]ritory ( ! pres5t ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ,canada4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 equally true ( ! ,we/]n prairies z ( ! ,ea/]n =e/ l&1 t !y _h arriv$ at a /ate ( equilibrium1 ?\gh "u v diff]5t conditions4 #ag ,! great fire ( ,mirami*i 9 #ahbe1 probably ! mo/ ext5sive & t]rific conflagration record$ 9 au!ntic hi/ory1 spread its ravages ov] ne>ly six ?\s& squ>e miles1 *iefly ( woodl&1 & 0 ( su* int5sity t x seem$ to consume ! v soil itself4 ,b s great are ! recup]ative p[]s ( nature1 t1 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 ! gr\nd 0 ?ickly cov]$ aga9 ) trees ( fair dim5sions1 except :]e cultivation & pa/urage kept d[n ! =e/ gr[?4 #ah ,! ,engli% nom5clature ( ?is geographical feature does n seem well settl$4 ,we h bog1 swamp1 m>%1 morass1 moor1 f51 turf moss1 peat moss1 quagmire1 all ( :i*1 ?\gh sometimes m or less accurately discrim9at$1 are (t5 us$ int]*angeably1 or are p]haps employ$1 ea* exclusively1 9 a p>ticul> di/rict4 ,9 ,sw$51 :]e1 especially 9 ! ,lappi% prov9ces1 ?is t]r-aque\s =mation is v ext5sive & important1 ! names ( its diff]5t k9ds are m specific 9 _! application4 ,! g5]al designation ( all soils p]man5tly p]vad$ ) wat] is ,ka]r4 ,! eld] ,lae/adius divides ! ,ka]r into two g5]a3 ,myror 7s+4 myra71 & ,moss> 7s+4 mosse74 ,! =m]1 he obs]ves1 are grass-gr[n1 & ov]fl[$ ) wat] ?r\gh almo/ ! :ole summ]2 ! latt] are cov]$ ) mosses & always moi/1 b v seldom ov]fl[$4 ,he enum]ates ! foll[+ species ( ,myra1 ! "* ( :i* w p]haps be suffici5tly und]/ood by ! ,lat9 t]ms into :i* he translates ! v]nacul> names1 = ! b5efit ( /rang]s n altoge!r famili> ) ! language & ! subject3 #a4 ,hoemyror1 paludes gram9osae4 #b4 ,dy1 paludes pr(undae4 #c4 ,fl>kmyror1 or prop] ka]r1 paludes limosae4 #d4 ,fjaellmyror1 paludes ulig9osae4 #e4 ,tufmyror1 paludes caespitosae4 #f4 ,rismyror1 paludes virgatae4 #g4 ,/>ra5g>1 prata irrigata1 ) _! subdivisions1 dry />ra5g> or risa5g>1 wet />ra5g> & fraek5grop>4 #h4 ,poel>1 laeunae4 #i4 ,goel>1 fossae inundatae4 ,! ,moss>1 paludes turfosae1 :i* are ( great ext5t1 h b two species3 #a4 ,torfmoss>1 call$ also ,mossmyror & ,snott]myror1 &1 #b4 ,bjo]nmoss>4 ,! accumulations ( /agnant or /agnat+ wat] orig9at+ 9 bogs are di/+ui%$ into ,trask1 /agna1 & ,tj]n> or ,tja]n> 7s+4 ,tj]n or ,tja]n71 /agnatiles4 ,trask are pools f$ by bogs1 or wat] emanat+ f !m1 & _! bottoms are slimy2 ,tj]n> are small ,traesk situat$ )9 ! limits ( ,moss>4--,l4 ,l4 ,,lae/adius1 om ,moejlighet5 af ,uppodl+> i ,lappm>k51 pp4 #bc1 #bd4 #ai ,al?\gh ! quantity ( bog l& 9 ,new ,engl& is less ?an 9 _m o!r regions ( equal area1 yet !re is a consid]able ext5t ( ?is =mation 9 "s ( ! ,nor!a/]n ,/ates4 ,dana 7,manual ( ,geology1 p4 #fad7 /ates t ! quantity ( peat 9 ,massa*usetts is e/imat$ at #abj1jjj1jjj cords1 or ne>ly #efi1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 b he does n give ei!r ! area or ! dep? ( ! deposits4 ,9 any ev5t1 h[ev]1 bogs cov] b a small p]c5tage ( ! t]ritory 9 any ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 :ile x is said t "o t5? ( ! :ole surface ( ,irel& is compos$ ( bogs1 & !re are /ill ext5sive tracts ( undra9$ m>% 9 ,engl&4 ,bogs1 indep5d5tly ( _! importance 9 geology z expla9+ ! orig9 ( "s k9ds ( m9]al coal1 h a pres5t value z repositories ( fuel4 ,peat b$s h sometimes a ?ickness ( t5 or twelve y>ds1 or ev5 m4 ,a dep? ( t5 y>ds w\ld give #dh1jjj cubic y>ds to ! acre4 ,! greate/ quantity ( firewood yield$ by ! =e/s ( ,new ,engl& to ! acre is #ajj cords solid measure1 or #dgd cubic y>ds2 b ?is comprises only ! trunks & l>g] bran*es4 ,if we add ! small bran*es & twigs1 x is possible t #fjj cubic y>ds might1 9 "s cases1 be cut on an acre4 ,?is is only "o eightie? "p ( ! quantity ( peat sometimes f\nd on ! same area4 ,x is true t a y>d ( peat & a y>d ( wood are n ! equival5ts ( ea* o!r1 b ! fuel on an acre ( deep peat is wor? mu* m ?an t on an acre ( ! be/ woodl&4 ,besides ?is1 wood is p]i%able1 & ! quantity on an acre _c be increas$ beyond ! am\nt j /at$2 peat is inde/ructible1 & ! b$s are always gr[+4 #bj ,aquatic plants h a utility 9 rais+ ! level ( m>%y gr\nds1 :i* r5d]s !m v valuable1 & may well be call$ a geological function4 99 99 99 ,! eng9e] dra9s ponds at a great exp5se by l[]+ ! surface ( ! wat]2 nature atta9s ! same end1 gratuit\sly1 by rais+ ! level ( ! soil )\t depress+ t ( ! wat]2 b %e proce$s m sl[ly4 ,!re are1 9 ! ,l&es1 m>%es :]e ?is natural fill+ has a ?ickness ( f\r metres1 & "s ( !m1 at fir/ l[] ?an ! sea1 h be5 ?us rais$ & dra9$ s z to gr[ summ] crops1 su*1 = example1 z maize4--,,boitel1 ,mise en valeur des ,t]res pauvres1 p4 #bbg4 ,! bogs ( ,d5m>k--! exam9ation ( :i* by ,/e5/rup & ,vaupell has pres5t$ su* curi\s results ) respect to ! natural succession ( =e/ trees--appe> to h gone ?r\gh ?is gradual process ( dry+1 & ! bir*1 :i* gr[s freely 9 v wet soils1 has contribut$ v effectually by its annual deposits to raise ! surface above ! wat] level1 & ?us to prep>e ! gr\nd = ! oak4--,,vaupell1 ,boeg5s ,indv&r+1 pp4 #ci1 #dj4 #ba ,c>eful exam9ation ( ! peat mosses 9 ,nor? ,sjaell&--:i* are s abundant 9 fossil wood t1 )9 ?irty ye>s1 !y h yield$ above a million ( trees--%[s t ! trees h g5]ally fall5 f age & n f w9d4 ,!y are f\nd 9 depressions on ! declivities ( :i* !y grew1 & !y lie ) ! top l[e/1 always fall+ t[>d ! bottom ( ! valley4--,,vaupell1 ,boeg5s ,indv&r+ i de ,danske ,skove1 pp4 #aj1 #ad4 #bb ,! locu/ insect1 ,clitus pictus1 :i* deposits its eggs 9 ! ,am]ican locu/1 ,rob9ia pseudacacia1 is "o ( ^!1 & its ravages h be5 & /ill are mo/ de/ructive to t v valuable tree1 s rem>kable = comb9+ rapidity ( gr[? ) /r5g? & durability ( wood4 ,?is insect1 ,i believe1 has n yet appe>$ 9 ,europe1 :]e1 s9ce ! s g5]al employm5t ( ! ,rob9ia to clo! & protect embankm5ts & ! sc>ps ( deep cuts on railroads1 x w\ld d incalculable mis*ief4 ,z a travell]1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld f9d "s comp5sation = ?is evil 9 ! de/ruction ( ^! acacia h$ges1 :i* z completely ob/ruct ! view on hundr$s ( miles ( ,fr5* & ,italian railways1 z ! g>d5 walls ( ! same c\ntries d on ! ord9>y roads4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #d4 #bc ,9 ! artificial woods ( ,europe1 insects are f> m num]\s & de/ructive to trees ?an 9 ! primitive =e/s ( ,am]ica1 & ! same rem>k may be made ( ! small] rod5ts1 su* z moles1 mice1 & squirrels4 ,9 ! d5se native wood1 ! gr\nd & ! air are too humid1 ! dep? ( %ade too great = _m tribes ( ^! creatures1 :ile ne> ! natural mead[s & o!r op5 gr\nds1 :]e circum/ances are o!rwise m favorable = _! exi/5ce & multiplication1 _! numb]s are kept d[n by birds1 s]p5ts1 foxes1 & small] pr$aci\s quadrup$s4 ,9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 ^! natural enemies ( ! worm1 ! beetle & ! mole1 are p]secut$1 sometimes almo/ ext]m9at$1 by man1 :o also removes f 8 plantations ! decay$ or w9d-fall5 trees1 ! %rubs & und]wood1 :i*1 9 a /ate ( nature1 furni%$ food & %elt] to ! bor] & ! rod5t1 & (t5 also to ! animals t prey$ ^u !m4 ,h5ce ! insect & ! gnaw+ quadrup$ are all[$ to increase1 f ! expulsion ( ! police :i*1 9 ! natural wood1 prev5t _! excessive multiplication1 & !y become de/ructive to ! =e/ because !y are driv5 to ! liv+ tree = nutrim5t & cov]4 ,! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau is almo/ :olly )\t birds1 & _! abs5ce is ascrib$ by "s writ]s to ! want ( wat]1 :i*1 9 ! ?ir/y s&s ( t wood1 does n ga!r into runn+ brooks2 b ! want ( und]gr[? is p]haps an equally good reason = _! sc>city4 ,9 a wood ( spontane\s gr[?1 ord]$ & gov]n$ by nature1 ! squirrel does n attack trees1 or at lea/ ! injury he may d is too trifl+ to be p]ceptible1 b he is a =midable enemy to ! plantation4 ,! squirrels bite ! cones ( ! p9e & consume ! se$ :i* might s]ve to re/ock ! wood2 !y d /ill m mis*ief by gnaw+ (f1 ne> ! lead+ %oot1 a /rip ( b>k1 & ?us (t5 completely girdl+ ! tree4 ,trees s injur$ mu/ be fell$1 z !y w\ld nev] acquire a vigor\s gr[?4 ,! squirrel is especially de/ructive to ! p9e 9 ,sologne1 :]e he gnaws ! b>k ( tress tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s old4 ,b ev5 "h1 nature sometimes provides a comp5sation1 by mak+ ! appetite ( ?is quadrup$ s]ve to prev5t an excessive production ( se$ cones1 :i* t5ds to ob/ruct ! due gr[? ( ! lead+ %oot4 ,9 "s ( ! p9]ies ( ,brittany :i* produce cones s abundantly z to /rangle ! developm5t ( ! lead+ %oot ( ! m>itime p9e1 x has be5 obs]v$ t ! p9es are mo/ vigor\s :]e ! squirrels are mo/ num]\s1 a result attribut$ to ! repression ( ! cones by ?is rod5t4--,,boitel1 ,mise en valeur des ,t]res pauvres1 p4 #ej4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #e4 #bd ,! t]rible de/ructiv5ess ( man is rem>kably exemplifi$ 9 ! *ase ( l>ge mammalia & birds = s+le products1 att5d$ ) ! entire wa/e ( enorm\s quantities ( fle%1 & ( o!r p>ts ( ! animal1 :i* are capable ( valuable uses4 ,! wild cattle ( ,s\? ,am]ica are slaught]$ by millions = _! hides & horns2 ! buffalo ( ,nor? ,am]ica = 8 sk9 or 8 tongue2 ! elephant1 ! walrus1 & ! n>:al = _! tusks2 ! cetacea1 & "s o!r m>9e animals1 = _! oil & :alebone2 ! o/ri* & o!r l>ge birds1 = _! plumage4 ,)9 a few ye>s1 %eep h be5 kill$ 9 ,new ,engl& by :ole flocks1 = _! pelts & suet alone1 ! fle% be+ ?r[n away2 & x is ev5 said t ! bodies ( ! same quadrup$s h be5 us$ 9 ,au/ralia z fuel = limekilns4 ,:at a va/ am\nt ( human nutrim5t1 ( bone1 & ( o!r animal products valuable 9 ! arts1 is ?us recklessly squ&]$6 ,9 ne>ly all ^! cases1 ! "p :i* con/itutes ! motive = ?is :olesale de/ruction1 & is alone sav$1 is ess5tially ( insignificant value z comp>$ ) :at is ?r[n away4 ,! horns & hide ( an ox are n economically wor? a t5? "p z mu* z ! entire c>cass4 ,"o ( ! greate/ b5efits to be expect$ f ! improvem5ts ( civilization is1 t increas$ facilities ( communication w r5d] x possible to transport to places ( consumption mu* valuable mat]ial t is n[ wa/$ because ! price at ! ne>e/ m>ket w n pay freight4 ,! cattle slaught]$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica = _! hides w\ld fe$ millions ( ! />v+ population ( ! ,old ,_w1 if _! fle% c\ld be economically pres]v$ & transport$ across ! ocean4 ,we are beg9n+ to le>n a bett] economy 9 deal+ ) ! inorganic _w4 ,! utilization--or1 z ! ,g]mans m happily call x1 ! ,v]w]?ung1 ! bewor?+--( wa/e f metallurgical1 *emical1 & manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 is among ! mo/ important results ( ! application ( sci5ce to indu/rial purposes4 ,! incid5tal products f ! laboratories ( manufactur+ *emi/s (t5 become m valuable ?an ^? = ! prep>ation ( :i* !y 7 erect$4 ,! slags f silv] ref9]ies1 & ev5 f smelt+ h\ses ( ! co>s] metals1 h n unfrequ5tly yield$ to a second op]ator a bett] return ?an ! fir/ _h d]iv$ f deal+ ) ! natural ore2 & ! sav+ ( lead c>ri$ (f 9 ! smoke ( furnaces has1 ( itself1 giv5 a l>ge pr(it on ! capital inve/$ 9 ! works4 ,a few ye>s ago1 an (fic] ( an ,am]ican m9t 0 *>g$ ) embezzl+ gold committ$ to him = co9age4 ,he insi/$1 9 8 def5ce1 t mu* ( ! metal 0 volatiliz$ & lo/ 9 ref9+ & melt+1 & ^u scrap+ ! *imneys ( ! melt+ furnaces & ! ro(s ( ! adjac5t h\ses1 gold en\gh 0 f\nd 9 ! soot to acc\nt = no small "p ( ! defici5cy4 #be ,x is an int]e/+ & n hi!rto suffici5tly notic$ fact1 t ! dome/ication ( ! organic _w1 s f> z x has yet be5 a*iev$1 belongs1 n inde$ to ! savage /ate1 b to ! e>lie/ dawn ( civilization1 ! conque/ ( inorganic nature almo/ z exclusively to ! mo/ advanc$ /ages ( artificial culture4 ,x is famili>ly kn[n to all :o h occupi$ !mselves ) ! psy*ology & habits ( ! rud] races1 & ( p]sons ) imp]fectly develop$ intellects 9 civiliz$ life1 t al?\gh ^! humble tribes & individuals sacrifice1 )\t scruple1 ! lives ( ! l[] animals to ! gratification ( _! appetites & ! supply ( _! o!r physical wants1 yet !y nev]!less seem to *]i% ) brutes1 & ev5 ) vegetable life1 sympa?ies :i* are mu* m feebly felt by civiliz$ m54 ,! popul> traditions ( ! simpl] peoples recognize a c]ta9 community ( nature betwe5 man1 brute animals1 & ev5 plants2 & ?is s]ves to expla9 :y ! apologue or fable1 :i* ascribes ! p[] ( spee* & ! faculty ( reason to birds1 quadrup$s1 insects1 fl[]s1 & trees1 is "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( lit]>y composition4 ,9 almo/ e wild tribe1 "s p>ticul> quadrup$ or bird1 ?\gh p]secut$ z a de/roy] ( m dome/ic bea/s1 or hunt$ = food1 is reg>d$ ) peculi> respect1 "o might almo/ say1 affection4 ,"s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican aborig9al nations celebrate a propitiatory fea/ to ! manes ( ! int5d$ victim be=e !y comm5ce a be> hunt2 & ! ,norwegian peasantry h n only reta9$ an old prov]b :i* ascribes to ! same animal ti ,moends ,/yrke og tolv ,moends ,vid1 t5 m5's /r5g? & twelve m5's cunn+1 b !y /ill pay to him some?+ ( ! rev]5ce ) :i* anci5t sup]/ition inve/$ him4 ,! /ud5t ( ,icel&ic lit]ature w f9d 9 ! saga ( ,f9nbogi h9n rami a curi\s illu/ration ( ?is feel+1 9 an acc\nt ( a dialogue betwe5 a ,norwegian be> & an ,icel&ic *ampion--dumb %[ on ! "p ( ,bru91 & *ivalric words on t ( ,f9nbogi--foll[$ by a duel1 9 :i* ! latt]1 :o _h ?r[n away 8 arms & armor 9 ord] t ! combatants might meet on equal t]ms1 0 victori\s4 ,drummond ,hay's v int]e/+ "w on ,morocco conta9s _m amus+ notices ( a simil> feel+ ent]ta9$ by ! ,moors t[>d ! r$\btable enemy ( _! flocks--! lion4 ,?is sympa?y helps u to und]/& h[ x is t mo/ if n all ! dome/ic animals--if inde$ !y ev] exi/$ 9 a wild /ate--7 appropriat$1 reclaim$ & tra9$ be=e m5 _h be5 ga!r$ into organiz$ & fix$ communities1 t almo/ e kn[n escul5t plant _h acquir$ sub/antially its pres5t artificial "*1 & t ! prop]ties ( ne>ly all vegetable drugs & poisons 7 kn[n at ! remote/ p]iod to :i* hi/orical records rea*4 ,did nature be/[ ^u primitive man "s in/9ct ak9 to t by :i* %e tea*es ! brute to select ! nutriti\s & to reject ! noxi\s vegetables indiscrim9ately mix$ 9 =e/ & pa/ure8 ,?is in/9ct1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is f> f infallible1 &1 z has be5 hundr$s ( times rem>k$ by naturali/s1 x is 9 _m cases n an orig9al faculty b an acquir$ & transmitt$ habit4 ,x is a fact famili> to p]sons engag$ 9 %eep husb&ry 9 ,new ,engl&--& ,i h se5 x confirm$ by p]sonal obs]vation--t %eep br$ :]e ! common laurel1 z x is call$1 ,kalmia angu/ifolia1 ab\nds1 almo/ always avoid br[s+ ^u ! leaves ( t plant1 :ile ^? br\ght f di/ricts :]e laurel is unkn[n1 & turn$ into pa/ures :]e x gr[s1 v (t5 fe$ ^u x & are poison$ by x4 ,a curi\s acquir$ & h]$it>y in/9ct1 ( a diff]5t "*1 may n improp]ly be notic$ "h4 ,i ref] to t by :i* horses br$ 9 prov9ces :]e quicks&s are common avoid _! dang]s or extricate !mselves f !m4 ,see ,,bremonti]1 ,memoire sur les ,dunes1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahcc3 premi] seme/re1 pp4 #aee-aeg4 ,x is commonly said 9 ,new ,engl&1 & ,i believe ) reason1 t ! cr[s ( ?is g5]ation are wis] ?an _! ance/ors4 ,sc>ecr[s :i* 7 effectual fifty ye>s ago are no long] respect$ by ! plund]]s ( ! cornfield1 & new t]rors mu/ f "t to "t be inv5t$ = its protection4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #f4 ,civilization has add$ little to ! numb] ( vegetable or animal species gr[n 9 our fields or br$ 9 our folds1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! subjugation ( ! inorganic =ces1 & ! consequ5t ext5sion ( man's sway ov]1 n ! annual products ( ! e>? only1 b h] sub/ance & h] spr+s ( action1 is almo/ entirely ! "w ( highly ref9$ & cultivat$ ages4 ,! employm5t ( ! ela/icity ( wood & ( horn1 z a projectile p[] 9 ! b[1 is ne>ly univ]sal among ! rude/ savages4 ,! application ( compress$ air to ! same purpose1 9 ! bl[pipe1 is m re/rict$1 & ! use ( ! me*anical p[]s1 ! incl9$ plane1 ! :eel & axle1 & ev5 ! w$ge & lev]1 seems almo/ unkn[n except to civiliz$ man4 ,i h myself se5 ,european peasants to :om "o ( ! simple/ applications ( ?is latt] p[] 0 a revelation4 #bf ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! relations ( savage life1 & ( incipi5t civilization1 to nature1 is well se5 9 t "p ( ! valley ( ! ,mississippi :i* 0 once occupi$ by ! m\nd build]s & aft]w>d by ! f> less develop$ ,indian tribes4 ,:5 ! till]s ( ! fields1 :i* mu/ h be5 cultivat$ to su/a9 ! l>ge population t once inhabit$ ^? regions p]i%$1 or 7 driv5 out1 ! soil fell back to ! normal =e/ /ate1 & ! savages :o succe$$ ! m advanc$ race int]f]$ v little1 if at all1 ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( spontane\s nature4 #bg ,!re is a possible--b only a possible--exception 9 ! case ( ! ,am]ican bison4 ,see note on t subject 9 *ap4 iii1 po/4 #bh ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! modification ( organic species by natural selection1 !re is c]ta9ly no evid5ce t animals h ex]t$ ^u any =m ( life an influ5ce analog\s to t ( dome/ication ^u plants1 quadrup$s1 & birds re>$ artificially by man2 & ?is is z true ( un=ese5 z ( purposely effect$ improvem5ts accompli%$ by volunt>y selection ( bre$+ animals4 #bi ----,& x may be rem>k$ t1 z ! _w has pass$ ?r\gh ^! sev]al /ages ( /rife to produce a ,*ri/5dom1 s by relax+ 9 ! ent]prises x has le>nt1 does x t5d d[nw>ds1 ?r\gh inv]t$ /eps1 to wildness & ! wa/e aga94 ,let a p give up _! conte/ ) moral evil2 disreg>d ! inju/ice1 ! ignorance1 ! gre$9ess1 t may prevail among !m1 & "p m & m ) ! ,*ri/ian elem5t ( _! civilization2 & 9 decl9+ ?is battle ) s91 !y w inevitably get embroil$ ) m54 ,?reats ( w> & revolution puni% _! unfai?fulness2 & if !n1 in/ead ( retrac+ _! /eps1 !y yield aga91 & are driv5 be=e ! /orm1 ! v arts !y _h creat$1 ! /ructures !y _h rais$1 ! usages !y _h e/abli%$1 are swept away2 '9 t v day _! ?\ghts p]i%4' ,! portion !y _h reclaim$ f ! "y e>?'s rugg$ness is lo/2 & fail+ to /& fa/ aga9/ man1 !y f9ally get embroil$ ) nature1 & are ?ru/ d[n b5ea? h] ev]-liv+ h&4--,,m>t9eau',s ,s]mon1 ,! ,good ,soldi] ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 #cj ,! dep5d5ce ( man ^u ! aid ( spontane\s nature1 9 8 mo/ ardu\s mat]ial works1 is curi\sly illu/rat$ by ! fact t "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties to be enc\nt]$ 9 execut+ ! propos$ gigantic s*eme ( dra9+ ! ,zuid]zee 9 ,holl&1 is t ( procur+ bru%wood = ! fasc9es to be employ$ 9 ! embankm5ts4 ,see ,,diggel5',s pamphlet1 ,groote ,w]k5 9 ,n$]l&4 #ca ,9 heavy /orms1 ! =ce ( ! waves z !y /rike aga9/ a sea wall is f "o & a half to two tons to ! squ>e foot1 & ,/ev5son1 9 "o in/ance at ,sk]ryvore1 f\nd ?is =ce equal to ?ree tons p] foot4 ,! seaw>d front ( ! breakwat] at ,*]b\rg exposes a surface ( ab\t #b1ejj1jjj squ>e feet4 ,9 r\gh wea!r ! waves beat aga9/ ?is :ole face1 ?\gh at ! dep? ( tw5ty-two y>ds1 :i* is ! height ( ! breakwat]1 !y ex]t a v mu* less viol5t motive =ce ?an at & ne> ! surface ( ! sea1 because ?is =ce dim9i%es 9 geometrical1 z ! di/ance bel[ ! surface increases 9 ari?metical proportion4 ,! %ock ( ! waves is receiv$ sev]al ?\s& times 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & h5ce ! sum ( impulse :i* ! breakwat] resi/s 9 "o /ormy day am\nts to _m ?\s&s ( millions ( tons4 ,! breakwat] is entirely an artificial con/ruction4 ,if !n man c\ld accumulate & control ! =ces :i* he is able effectually to resi/1 he might be said to be1 physically speak+1 omnipot5t4 #cb ,"s well kn[n exp]im5ts %[ t x is q possible to accumulate ! sol> heat by a simple app>atus1 & ?us to obta9 a temp]ature :i* might be economically important ev5 9 ! climate ( ,switz]l&4 ,saussure1 by receiv+ ! sun's rays 9 a ne/ ( boxes black5$ )9 & cov]$ ) glass1 rais$ a !rmomet] enclos$ 9 ! inn] box to ! boil+ po9t2 & "u ! m p[]ful sun ( ! cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el cook$ ! mat]ials = a family d9n] by a simil> process1 us+1 h[ev]1 b a s+le box1 surr\nd$ ) dry s& & cov]$ ) two glasses4 ,:y %\ld n s easy a me?od ( economiz+ fuel be resort$ to 9 ,italy1 & ev5 9 m nor!rly climates8 ,! un=tunate ,john ,davidson records 9 8 j\rnal t he sav$ fuel 9 ,morocco by expos+ 8 teakettle to ! sun on ! ro( ( 8 h\se1 :]e ! wat] rose to ! temp]ature ( "o hundr$ & =ty degrees1 &1 ( c\rse1 ne$$ little fire to br+ x to boil4 ,b ?is 0 ! direct & simple1 n ! accumulat$ heat ( ! sun4 #cc ,9 ! successive /ages ( social progress1 ! mo/ de/ructive p]iods ( human action ^u nature are ! pa/oral condition1 & t ( incipi5t /ation>y civilization1 or1 9 ! newly discov]$ c\ntries ( mod]n geography1 ! colonial1 :i* corresponds to ! era ( e>ly civilization 9 old] l&s4 ,9 m advanc$ /ates ( culture1 cons]vative influ5ces make !mselves felt2 & if highly civiliz$ communities d n always re/ore ! works ( nature1 !y at lea/ use a less wa/eful exp5diture ?an _! pr$ecessors 9 consum+ !m4 #cd ,! "* ( geological =mation is an elem5t ( v great importance 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( erosion produc$ by runn+ wat]1 &1 ( c\rse1 9 measur+ ! consequ5ces ( cle>+ (f ! =e/s4 ,! soil ( ! ,fr5* ,alps yields v readily to ! =ce ( curr5ts1 & ! declivities ( ! nor!rn ,ap5n9es are cov]$ ) e>? :i* becomes itself a fluid :5 saturat$ ) wat]4 ,h5ce ! erosion ( su* surfaces is va/ly great] ?an on _m o!r m\nta9s ( equal /eepness ( incl9ation4 ,?is po9t is fully consid]$ by ! au?ors ref]r$ to 9 *ap4 iii1 po/4 #ce ,! ,travels ( ,dr4 ,dwight1 presid5t ( ,yale ,college1 :i* embody ! results ( 8 p]sonal obs]vations1 & ( 8 inquiries among ! e>ly settl]s1 9 8 vacation excursions 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 ?\gh pres5t+ few in/rum5tal measurem5ts or tabulat$ results1 are ( value = ! p[]s ( obs]vation !y exhibit1 & = ! s\nd common s5se ) :i* _m natural ph5om5a1 su* = in/ance z ! =mation ( ! riv] mead[s1 call$ int]vales1 9 ,new ,engl&1 are expla9$4 ,!y pres5t a true & int]e/+ picture ( physical conditions1 _m ( :i* h long ceas$ to exi/ 9 ! !atre ( 8 rese>*es1 & ( :i* few o!r records are extant4 #cf ,! g5]al law ( temp]ature is t x decreases z we asc5d4 ,b1 9 hilly regions1 ! law is rev]s$ 9 cold1 /ill wea!r1 ! cold air desc5d+1 by reason ( its great] gravity1 into ! valleys4 ,if !re be w9d en\gh1 h[ev]1 to produce a di/urbance & int]mixture ( high] & l[] atmosph]ic /rata1 ?is exception to ! g5]al law does n take place4 ,^! facts h long be5 famili> to ! common p ( ,switz]l& & ( ,new ,engl&1 b _! importance has n be5 suffici5tly tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! discussion ( meteorological obs]vations4 ,! desc5t ( ! cold air & ! rise ( ! w>m affect ! relative temp]atures ( hills & valleys to a mu* great] ext5t ?an has be5 usually suppos$4 ,a g5tleman well kn[n to me kept a !rmometrical record = ne>ly half a c5tury1 9 a ,new ,engl& c\ntry t[n1 at an elevation ( at lea/ #a1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s 8 !rmomet] nev] fell l[] ?an #bf deg4 ,fahr5heit1 :ile at ! %ire t[n ( ! c\nty1 situat$ 9 a bas9 "o ?\s& feet l[]1 & t5 miles di/ant1 z well z at o!r po9ts 9 simil> positions1 ! m]cury froze sev]al times 9 ! same p]iod4 #cg ,railroad surveys mu/ be receiv$ ) great caution :]e any motive exi/s = cook+ !m4 ,capitali/s are %y ( inve/m5ts 9 roads ) /eep grades1 & ( c\rse x is important to make a fair %[ ( facilities 9 obta9+ funds = new r\tes4 ,jo9t-/ock companies h no s\ls2 _! manag]s1 9 g5]al1 no consci5ces4 ,cases c be cit$ :]e eng9e]s & directors ( railroads1 ) long grades above "o hundr$ feet to ! mile1 h regul>ly sworn 9 _! annual reports1 = ye>s 9 succession1 t !re 7 no grades ^u _! r\tes exce$+ half t elevation4 ,9 fact1 e p]son conv]sant ) ! hi/ory ( ^! ent]prises kn[s t 9 _! public /atem5ts falsehood is ! rule1 tru? ! exception4 ,:at ,i am ab\t to rem>k is n exactly relevant to my subject2 b x is h>d to get ! floor 9 ! _w's great debat+ society1 & :5 a speak] :o has any?+ to say once f9ds access to ! public e>1 he mu/ make ! mo/ ( 8 opportunity1 )\t inquir+ too nicely :e!r 8 obs]vations are 9 ord]4 ,i %all h>m no hone/ man by endeavor+1 z ,i h (t5 done else:]e1 to excite ! att5tion ( ?9k+ & consci5ti\s m5 to ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 ! great moral & ev5 political int]e/s ( ,*ri/5dom1 f ! unscrupul\sness ( ! private associations t n[ control ! monet>y affairs1 & regulate ! transit ( p]sons & prop]ty1 9 almo/ e civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,m ?an "o ,am]ican ,/ate is lit]ally gov]n$ by unpr9cipl$ corporations1 :i* n only defy ! legislative p[]1 b h1 too (t51 corrupt$ ev5 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,simil> evils h become almo/ equally rife 9 ,engl&1 & on ! ,cont95t2 & ,i believe ! decay ( comm]cial morality1 & inde$ ( ! s5se ( all high] obligations ?an ^? ( a pecuni>y nature1 on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 is to be ascrib$ m to ! influ5ce ( jo9t-/ock banks & manufactur+ & railway companies1 to ! work+s1 9 %ort1 ( :at is call$ ! pr9ciple ( associate action1 ?an to any o!r "o cause ( demoralization4 ,! apoph!gm1 ! _w is gov]n$ too mu*1 ?\gh unhappily too truly spok5 ( _m c\ntries--& p]haps1 9 "s aspects1 true ( all--has done mu* mis*ief :5ev] x has be5 too unconditionally accept$ z a political axiom4 ,! popul> appreh5sion ( be+ ov]-gov]n$1 &1 ,i am afraid1 m emphatically ! fe> ( be+ ov]-tax$1 has _h mu* to d ) ! g5]al ab&onm5t ( c]ta9 gov]nm5tal duties by ! rul+ p[]s ( mo/ mod]n /ates4 ,x is !oretically ! duty ( gov]nm5t to provide all ^? public facilities ( int]communication & comm]ce1 :i* are ess5tial to ! prosp]ity ( civiliz$ commonweal?s1 b :i* individual means are inadequate to furni%1 & = ! due adm9i/ration ( :i* individual gu>anties are insuffici5t4 ,h5ce public roads1 canals1 railroads1 po/al communications1 ! circulat+ m$ium ( ex*ange1 :e!r metallic or repres5tative1 armies1 navies1 be+ all matt]s 9 :i* ! nation at l>ge has a va/ly deep] int]e/ ?an any private association c h1 ought legitimately to be con/ruct$ & provid$ only by t :i* is ! visible p]sonification & embodim5t ( ! nation1 namely1 its legislative head4 ,no d\bt ! organization & managem5t ( ^! in/itutions by gov]nm5t are liable1 z are all ?+s human1 to great abuses4 ,! multiplication ( public placehold]s1 :i* !y imply1 is a s]i\s evil4 ,b ! corruption ?us eng5d]$1 f\l z x is1 does n /rike s deep z ! rott5ness ( private corporations2 & (ficial rank1 position1 & duty h1 9 practice1 prov$ bett] securities = fidelity & pecuni>y integrity 9 ! conduct ( ! int]e/s 9 "q1 ?an ! surety%ips ( private corporate ag5ts1 ^: bondsm5 s (t5 fail or abscond be=e _! pr9cipal is detect$4 ,_m !oretical /atesm5 h ?\ght t volunt>y associations = /rictly pecuni>y & indu/rial purposes1 & = ! con/ruction & control ( public works1 might furni%1 9 democratic c\ntries1 a comp5sation = ! small & d\btful advantages1 & at ! same "t secure an exemption f ! great & c]ta9 evils1 ( ari/ocratic in/itutions4 ,! example ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates %[s t private corporations--^: rule ( action is ! int]e/ ( ! association1 n ! consci5ce ( ! individual--?\gh compos$ ( ultra-democratic elem5ts1 may become mo/ dang]\s enemies to rational lib]ty1 to ! moral int]e/s ( ! commonweal?1 to ! purity ( legislation & ( judicial action1 & to ! sacr$ness ( private rights4 #ch ,x is impossible to say h[ f> ! ab/raction ( wat] f ! e>? by broad-leav$ field & g>d5 plants--su* z maize1 ! g\rd family1 ! cabbage1 c4--is comp5sat$ by ! cond5sation ( dew1 :i* sometimes p\rs f !m 9 a /ream1 by ! exhalation ( aque\s vapor f _! leaves1 :i* is directly absorb$ by ! gr\nd1 & by ! %elt] !y af=d ! soil f sun & w9d1 ?us prev5t+ evaporation4 ,am]ican f>m]s (t5 say t aft] ! leaves ( ,indian corn are l>ge en\gh to %ade ! gr\nd1 !re is little dang] t ! plants w suff] f dr\ght2 b x is probable t ! comp>ative security ( ! fields f ?is evil is 9 "p due to ! fact t1 at ?is p]iod ( gr[?1 ! roots p5etrate d[n to a p]man5tly humid /ratum ( soil1 & draw f x ! moi/ure !y require4 ,/irr+ ! gr\nd betwe5 ! r[s ( maize ) a light h>r[ or cultivator1 9 v dry seasons1 is (t5 recomm5d$ z a prev5tive ( injury by dr\ght4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 t loos5+ & turn+ ov] ! surface e>? might aggravate ! evil by promot+ ! evaporation ( ! little rema9+ moi/ure2 b ! practice is f\nd$ p>tly on ! belief t ! hygroscopicity ( ! soil is increas$ by x to su* a degree t x ga9s m by absorption ?an x loses by evaporation1 & p>tly on ! doctr9e t to admit air to ! rootlets1 or at lea/ to ! e>? ne> !m1 is to supply directly elem5ts ( vegetable gr[?4 #ci ,! v9e-wood planks ( ! anci5t great door ( ! ca!dral at ,rav5na1 :i* measur$ ?irte5 feet 9 l5g? by a foot & a qu>t] 9 wid?1 are traditionally said to h be5 br\ght f ! ,black ,sea1 by way ( ,con/ant9ople1 ab\t ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury4 ,no v9es ( su* dim5sions are n[ f\nd 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,ea/1 &1 ?\gh ,i h tak5 "s pa9s on ! subject1 ,i nev] f\nd 9 ,syria or 9 ,turkey a v9e /ock exce$+ six in*es 9 diamet]1 b>k exclud$4 #dj ,! ,nor?m5 :o--z ,i ?9k x has be5 indisputably e/abli%$ by ,pr(essor ,rafn ( ,cop5hag5--visit$ ! coa/ ( ,massa*usetts ab\t ! ye> #ajjj1 f\nd grapes gr[+ !re 9 pr(usion1 & ! v9e /ill fl\ri%es 9 great v>iety & abundance 9 ! s\!a/]n c\nties ( t ,/ate4 ,! t[n%ips 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,dighton rock1 suppos$ by _m--) :om1 h[ev]1 ,i am sorry ,i _c agree--to be> a ,sc&9avian inscription1 ab\nd 9 wild v9es1 & ,i h nev] se5 a region :i* produc$ !m s freely4 ,i h no d\bt t ! cultivation ( ! grape w become1 at no di/ant day1 "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( rural indu/ry 9 t di/rict4 #da ,les ,etats ,unis d',am]ique en #ahfc1 p4 #cfj4 ,by improv$ l&1 9 ! reports on ! c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is meant cle>$ l& us$ = graz+1 grass1 or tillage1 or :i* is n[ fall[1 connect$ ) or belong+ to a f>m4--,in/ructions to ,m>%als & ,assi/ants1 ,c5sus ( #ahej1 s*$ule #d1 ,sec4,sec4 #b1 #c4 #db ,cotton1 ?\gh cultivat$ 9 ,asia & ,africa f ! remote/ antiquity1 & kn[n z a r>e & co/ly product to ! ,lat9s & ! ,greeks1 0 n us$ by !m to any consid]able ext5t1 nor did x ent] into _! comm]ce z a regul> article ( importation4 ,! e>ly voyag]s f\nd x 9 common use 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 ! prov9ces fir/ coloniz$ by ! ,spani>ds2 b x 0 introduc$ into ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,european settl]s1 & did n become ( any importance until aft] ! ,revolution4 ,cotton se$ 0 s[n 9 ,virg9ia z e>ly z #afba1 b 0 n cultivat$ ) a view to pr(it = m ?an a c5tury aft]w>d4 ,sea-isl& cotton 0 fir/ gr[n on ! coa/ ( ,georgia 9 #aghf1 ! se$ hav+ be5 br\ght f ! ,bahamas1 :]e x _h be5 introduc$ f ,anguilla4--,,bigel[1 ,les ,etats ,unis en #ahfc1 p4 #cgj4 #dc ,! sug> cane 0 introduc$ by ! ,arabs into ,sicily & ,spa9 z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury1 & ?\gh x is n[ sc>cely gr[n 9 ^? localities1 ,i am n aw>e ( any reason to d\bt t its cultivation might be reviv$ ) advantage4 ,f ,spa9 x 0 c>ri$ to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ?\gh diff]5t v>ieties h s9ce be5 introduc$ into ^? isl&s f o!r s\rces4 ,tea is n[ cultivat$ ) a c]ta9 success 9 ,brazil1 & promises to become an important crop 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union4 ,! lemon is1 ,i ?9k1 readily recognizable1 by ,pl9y's description1 z kn[n to ! anci5ts1 b x does n satisfactorily appe> t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! orange4 #dd ,john ,smi? m5tions1 9 8 ,hi/orie ( ,virg9ia1 #afbd1 pease & beans z hav+ be5 cultivat$ by ! natives be=e ! arrival ( ! :ites1 & !re is no d\bt1 ,i believe1 t ! pumpk9 & sev]al o!r cucurbitace\s plants are ( ,am]ican orig92 b mo/1 if n all ! v>ieties ( pease1 beans1 & o!r pod fruits n[ gr[n 9 ,am]ican g>d5s1 are f ,european & o!r =eign se$4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no1 #h4 #de ,!re are "s usages ( polite society :i* are inh]5tly l[ 9 !mselves1 & debas+ 9 _! influ5ce & t5d5cy1 & :i* no cu/om or fa%ion c make respectable or fit to be foll[$ by self-respect+ p]sons4 ,x is ess5tially vulg> to smoke or *ew tobacco1 & especially to take snuff2 x is unbecom+ a g5tleman1 to p]=m ! duties ( 8 coa*man2 x is indelicate 9 a lady to we> 9 ! /reet skirts s long t %e _c walk )\t grossly soil+ !m4 ,n t all ^! ?+s are n practis$ by p]sons ju/ly reg>d$ z g5tlem5 & ladies2 b ! same individuals w\ld be1 & feel !mselves to be1 mu* m emphatically g5tlem5 & ladies1 if !y ab/a9$ f !m4 #df ,! "n portogallo1 s g5]ally appli$ to ! orange 9 ,italy1 seems to favor ?is claim4 ,! orange1 h[ev]1 0 kn[n 9 ,europe be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 &1 !re=e1 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( direct relations betwe5 ,portugal & ! ,ea/4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,a!naeum1 9 describ+ ! newly excavat$ villa1 :i* has be5 nam$ ,livia's ,villa1 ne> ! ,porta del ,popolo at ,rome1 /ates t3 ,! walls ( "o ( ! rooms are1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 decorat$ ) l&scape pa9t+s1 a grove ( palm & orange trees1 ) fruits & birds on ! bran*es--! colors all z fre% & lively z if pa9t$ ye/]day4 ,! writ] rem>ks on ! "* ( ?is decoration z some?+ v unusual 9 ,roman ar*itecture2 & if ! trees 9 "q are really orange1 & n lemon trees1 ?is circum/ance may ?r[ "s d\bt on ! antiquity ( ! pa9t+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x proves really anci5t1 x %[s t ! orange 0 kn[n to ! ,roman pa9t]s1 if n g>d5]s4 ,! l&scape may p]haps repres5t ,ori5tal1 n ,european sc5]y4 ,! accessories ( ! picture w\ld probably det]m9e t "q4--,a!naeum1 ,no4 #ahei1 ,june #ac1 #ahfc4 ,m,ue,l,l,e,r1 ,das ,bu* d] ,pflanz5welt1 p4 #hf1 ass]ts t 9 #ahjb ! ance/or ( all ! mulb]ries 9 ,france1 plant$ 9 #aejj1 0 /ill /&+ 9 a g>d5 9 ! village ( ,allan-,montelim>t4 #dg ,! vegetables :i*1 s f> z we "k _! hi/ory1 seem to h be5 longe/ ! objects ( human c>e1 c1 by pa9/ak+ indu/ry1 be made to gr[ "u a great v>iety ( circum/ances1 & "s ( !m--! v9e = in/ance--prosp] ne>ly equally well1 :5 plant$ & t5d$1 on soils ( almo/ any geological "*2 b _! se$s vegetate only 9 artificially prep>$ gr\nd1 !y h little self-su/a9+ p[]1 & !y soon p]i% :5 ! nurs+ h& ( man is )drawn f !m4 ,9 range ( climate1 wild plants are mu* m limit$ ?an dome/ic1 b mu* less s ) reg>d to ! /ate ( ! soil 9 :i* !y g]m9ate & gr[4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #i4 ,dr4 ,dwight rem>ks t ! se$s ( ,am]ican =e/ trees w n vegetate :5 dropp$ on grassl&4 ,?is is "o ( ! v few errors ( p]sonal obs]vation to be f\nd 9 t au?or's writ+s4 ,!re are seasons1 inde$1 :5 few tree se$s g]m9ate 9 ! mead[s & ! pa/ures1 & ye>s favorable to "o species are n always propiti\s to ano!r2 b !re is no ,am]ican =e/ tree kn[n to me :i* does n readily propagate itself by se$ 9 ! ?icke/ gre5sw>d1 if its g]ms are n di/urb$ by man or animals4 #dh ,"s ye>s ago ,i made a collection ( we$s 9 ! :eatfields ( ,upp] ,egypt1 & ano!r 9 ! g>d5s on ! ,bosphorus4 ,ne>ly all ! plants 7 id5tical ) ^? :i* gr[ "u ! same conditions 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,i d n rememb] to h se5 9 ,am]ica ! sc>let wild poppy s common 9 ,european gra9fields4 ,i h he>d1 h[ev]1 t x has lately cross$ ! ,atlantic1 & ,i am n sorry = x4 ,) our abundant h>ve/s ( :eat1 we c well af=d to pay n[ & !n a loaf ( bread = ! *e]ful radiance ( ?is brilliant fl[]4 #di ,josselyn1 :o wrote ab\t fifty ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ! fir/ ,briti% colony 9 ,new ,engl&1 says t ! settl]s at ,plym\? _h obs]v$ m ?an tw5ty ,engli% plants spr++ up spontane\sly ne> _! improvem5ts4 ,e c\ntry has _m plants n n[1 if ev]1 made use ( by man1 & !re=e n design$ly propagat$ by him1 b :i* clu/] ar\nd 8 dwell+1 & cont9ue to gr[ luxuriantly on ! ru9s ( 8 rural habitation aft] he has ab&on$ x4 ,! site ( a cottage1 ! v f\ndation /ones ( :i* h be5 c>ri$ (f1 may (t5 be recogniz$1 ye>s aft]w>d1 by ! rank we$s :i* cov] x1 ?\gh no o!rs ( ! same species are f\nd = miles4 ,m$iaeval ,ca?olicism1 says ,vaupell1 br\ght u ! r$ horseho(--^: r$di%-br[n fl[] buds %oot up f ! gr\nd :5 ! sn[ melts1 & are foll[$ by ! l>ge leaves--laegekulsukk] & snake-root1 :i* gr[ only :]e !re 7 conv5ts & o!r dwell+s 9 ! ,middle ,ages4--,boeg5s ,indv&r+ i de ,danske ,skove1 pp4 #a1 #b4 #ej ,,vaupell1 ,boeg5s ,indv&r+ i de ,danske ,skove1 p4 #b4 #ea ,x is1 ,i believe1 ne>ly c]ta9 t ! ,turks inflict$ tobacco ^u ,hung>y1 & probable t !y 9 "s measure comp5sat$ ! injury by introduc+ maize also1 :i*1 z well z tobacco1 has be5 claim$ z ,hung>ian by patriotic ,magy>s4 #eb ,accid5ts sometimes limit1 z well z promote1 ! propagation ( =eign vegetables 9 c\ntries new to !m4 ,! ,lomb>dy popl> is a dioeci\s tree1 & is v easily gr[n f cutt+s4 ,9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries into :i* x has be5 introduc$ ! cutt+s h be5 tak5 f ! male1 & z1 consequ5tly1 males only h gr[n f !m1 ! popl> does n produce se$ 9 ^? regions4 ,?is is a =tunate circum/ance1 = o!rwise ?is mo/ wor?less & lea/ ornam5tal ( trees w\ld spread ) a rapidity t w\ld make x an annoyance to ! agriculturi/4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #aj4 #ec ,tempe/s1 viol5t en\gh to de/roy all cultivat$ plants1 (t5 sp>e ^? ( spontane\s gr[?4 ,dur+ ! pres5t summ]1 ,i h se5 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 v9ey>ds1 maize fields1 mulb]ry & fruit trees completely /ripp$ ( _! foliage by hail1 :ile ! =e/ trees scatt]$ ?r\gh ! mead[s1 & ! %rubs & brambles :i* sprang up by ! wayside1 pass$ ?r\gh ! ordeal ) sc>cely ! loss ( a leaflet4 #ed ,! bo> spe> is provid$ ) a %ort crossb>1 to enable ! hunt] to keep ! infuriat$ animal at bay aft] he has transfix$ him4 #ee ,"s botani/s ?9k t a species ( wat] lily repres5t$ 9 _m ,egyptian tombs has become ext9ct1 & ! papyrus1 :i* mu/ h once be5 abundant 9 ,egypt1 is n[ f\nd only 9 a v few localities ne> ! m\? ( ! ,nile4 ,x gr[s v well & rip5s its se$s 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,anapus ne> ,syracuse1 & ,i h se5 x 9 g>d5 ponds at ,mess9a & 9 ,malta4 ,!re is no app>5t reason = believ+ t x c\ld n be easily cultivat$ 9 ,egypt1 to any ext5t1 if !re 7 any special motive = enc\rag+ its gr[?4 #ef ,al?\gh x is n kn[n t man has extirpat$ any vegetable1 ! my/]i\s diseases :i* h1 = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 s injuri\sly affect$ ! potato1 ! v9e1 ! orange1 ! olive1 & silk husb&ry--:e!r 9 ?is case ! malady resides 9 ! mulb]ry or 9 ! insect--are ascrib$ by "s to a climatic det]ioration produc$ by excessive de/ruction ( ! woods4 ,z w be se5 9 ! next *apt]1 a ret>dation 9 ! p]iod ( spr+ has be5 obs]v$ 9 num]\s localities 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 z well z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is *ange has be5 ?\ght to favor ! multiplication ( ! obscure p>asites :i* cause ! injury to ! vegetables j m5tion$4 ,bab9et supposes ! p>asites :i* attack ! grape & ! potato to be animal1 n vegetable1 & he ascribes _! multiplication to excessive manur+ & /imulation ( ! gr[? ( ! plants on :i* !y live4 ,!y are n[ g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 reg>d$ z vegetable1 & if !y are s1 ,bab9et's !ory w\ld be ev5 m plausible ?an on 8 own supposition4--,etudes et ,lectures1 ii1 p4 #bfi4 ,x is a fact ( "s int]e/ 9 agricultural economy1 t ! oidium1 :i* is s de/ructive to ! grape1 has produc$ no pecuni>y loss to ! proprietors ( ! v9ey>ds 9 ,france4 ,! price ( w9e1 says ,lav]gne1 has qu9tupl$1 & z ! product ( ! v9tage has n dim9i%$ 9 ! same proportion1 ! crisis has be51 on ! :ole1 r advantage\s ?an detrim5tal to ! c\ntry4--,economie ,rurale de la ,france1 pp4 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,france produces a consid]able surplus ( w9es = exportation1 & ! sales to =eign consum]s are ! pr9cipal s\rce ( pr(it to ,fr5* v9egr[]s4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 on ! contr>y1 :i* exports little w9e1 !re has be5 no su* increase 9 ! price ( w9e z to comp5sate ! great dim9ution 9 ! yield ( ! v9es1 & ! loss ( ?is h>ve/ is sev]ely felt4 ,9 ,sicily1 h[ev]1 :i* exports mu* w9e1 prices h ris5 z rapidly z 9 ,france4 ,walt]%aus5 in=ms u t 9 ! ye>s #ahch-'db1 ! r$ w9e ( ,m\nt ,etna sold at ! rate ( "o kreuz] & a half1 or "o c5t ! bottle1 & sometimes ev5 at b two ?irds t price1 b t at pres5t x comm&s five or six times z mu*4 ,! grape disease has op]at$ sev]ely on small cultivators ^: v9ey>ds only furni%$ a supply = dome/ic use1 b ,sicily has receiv$ a comp5sation 9 ! imm5se increase :i* x has occasion$ 9 bo? ! product & ! pr(its ( ! sulphur m9es4 ,fl\r ( sulphur is appli$ to ! v9e z a rem$y aga9/ ! disease1 & ! op]ation is repeat$ f two to ?ree or f\r--& ev51 x is said1 eight or t5 times--9 a season4 ,h5ce !re is a great dem& = sulphur 9 all ! v9e-gr[+ c\ntries ( ,europe1 & ,walt]%aus5 e/imates ! annual consumption ( t m9]al = ?is s+le purpose at #hej1jjj c5tn]1 or m ?an =ty ?\s& tons4 ,! price ( sulphur has ris5 9 ab\t ! same proportion z t ( w9e4--,,walt]%aus51 ,ueb] d5 ,sicilianis*5 ,ack]bau1 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 #eg ,"s rec5t obs]vations ( ! le>n$ travell] ,wetz/e9 are wor?y ( special notice4 ,! soil ( ! ,hauran1 he rem>ks1 produces1 9 its primitive condition1 mu* wild rye1 :i* is n kn[n z a cultivat$ plant 9 ,syria1 & mu* wild b>ley & oats4 ,^! c]eals precisely resemble ! correspond+ cultivat$ plants 9 leaf1 e>1 size1 & height ( /raw1 b _! gra9s are s5sibly flatt] & poor] 9 fl\r4--,reiseb]i*t ueb] ,hauran und die ,tra*on51 p4 #dj4 #eh ,?is rem>k is mu* less applicable to fruit trees ?an to g>d5 vegetables & ! c]ealia4 ,! wild orange ( ,florida1 ?\gh once consid]$ indig5\s1 is n[ g5]ally ?\ght by botani/s to be desc5d$ f ! ,european orange introduc$ by ! e>ly coloni/s4 ,! fig & ! olive are f\nd gr[+ wild 9 e c\ntry :]e ^? trees are cultivat$4 ,! wild fig diff]s f ! dome/icat$ 9 its habits1 its season ( fructification1 & its insect population1 b is1 ,i believe1 n specifically di/+ui%able f ! g>d5 fig1 ?\gh ,i d n "k t x is reclaimable by cultivation4 ,! wild olive1 :i* is s abundant 9 ! ,tuscan ,m>emma1 produces good fruit )\t fur!r c>e1 :5 ?9n$ out & fre$ f ! %ade ( o!r trees1 & is p>ticul>ly suit$ = graft+4 ,see ,,salvagnoli1 ,memorie sulle ,m>emme1 pp4 #fc-gc4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #ab4 ,,fraas1 ,klima und ,pflanz5welt 9 d] ,zeit1 pp4 #ce-ch1 gives1 ^u ! au?ority ( ,l9k & o!r botanical writ]s1 a li/ ( ! native habitats ( mo/ c]eals & ( _m fruits1 or at lea/ ( localities :]e ^! plants are said to be n[ f\nd wild2 b ! data d n appe> to re/1 9 g5]al1 ^u v tru/wor?y evid5ce4 ,!oretically1 !re c be little d\bt t all our cultivat$ plants are modifi$ =ms ( spontane\s vegetation1 b ! connection is n hi/orically %[n1 nor are we able to say t ! orig9als ( "s dome/icat$ vegetables may n be n[ ext9ct & unrepres5t$ 9 ! exi/+ wild flora4 ,see1 on ?is subject1 ,,humboldt1 ,ansi*t5 d] ,natur1 i1 pp4 #bjh1 #bji4 ,! foll[+ are int]e/+ incid5ts3 ,a negro slave ( ! great ,cortez 0 ! fir/ :o s[$ :eat 9 ,new ,spa94 ,he f\nd ?ree gra9s ( x among ! rice :i* _h be5 br\ght f ,spa9 z food = ! soldi]s4 ,9 ! ,franciscan mona/]y at ,quito1 ,i saw ! e>!n pot :i* conta9$ ! fir/ :eat s[n !re by ,fri> ,jodoco ,rixi1 ( ,gh5t4 ,x 0 pres]v$ z a relic4 ,! ,adams ( mod]n botany & zoology h be5 put to h>d %ifts 9 f9d+ names = ! multipli$ organisms :i* ! ,creator has br\ght be=e !m1 to see :at !y w\ld call !m2 & naturali/s & philosoph]s h %[n mu* moral c\rage 9 sett+ at naught ! laws ( philology 9 ! co9age ( unc\? words to express sci5tific ideas4 ,x is mu* to be wi%$ t "s bold neologi/ w\ld devise ,engli% te*nical equival5ts = ! ,g]man v]wild]t1 run-wild1 & v]$elt1 improv$ by cultivation4 #ei ,c\ld ! bones & o!r relics ( ! dome/ic quadrup$s de/roy$ by disease or slaught]$ = human use 9 civiliz$ c\ntries be collect$ into l>ge deposits1 z obscure causes h ga!r$ toge!r ^? ( ext9ct animals1 !y w\ld soon =m aggregations :i* might almo/ be call$ m\nta9s4 ,!re 7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #ahfj1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 ne>ly "o hundr$ & two millions ( horses1 black cattle1 %eep1 & sw9e4 ,!re are great numb]s ( all ! same animals 9 ! ,briti% ,am]ican ,prov9ces1 & 9 ,mexico1 & !re are l>ge h]ds ( wild horses on ! pla9s1 & ( tam$ among ! indep5d5t ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x w\ld p]haps n be extravagant to suppose t all ^? cattle may am\nt to two ?irds z _m z ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ?us we h 9 ,nor? ,am]ica a total ( #agj1jjj1jjj dome/ic quadrup$s belong+ to species introduc$ by ,european colonization1 besides dogs1 cats1 & o!r f\r-foot$ h\sehold pets & pe/s1 also ( =eign orig94 ,if we all[ half a solid foot to ! skeleton & o!r sl[ly de/ructible p>ts ( ea* animal1 ! rema9s ( ^! h]ds w\ld =m a cubical mass measur+ n mu* %ort ( f\r hundr$ & fifty feet to ! side1 or a pyramid equal 9 dim5sions to t ( ,*eops1 & z ! av]age life ( ^! animals does n exce$ six or sev5 ye>s1 ! accumulations ( _! bones1 horns1 ho(s1 & o!r durable rema9s w\ld am\nt to at lea/ fifte5 times z great a volume 9 a s+le c5tury4 ,x is true t ! actual mass ( solid matt]1 left by ! decay ( dead dome/ic quadrup$s & p]man5tly add$ to ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 is n s great z ?is calculation makes x4 ,! greate/ proportion ( ! s(t p>ts ( dome/ic animals1 & ev5 ( ! bones1 is soon decompos$1 ?r\gh direct consumption by man & o!r c>nivora1 indu/rial use1 & employm5t z manure1 & ent]s into new comb9ations 9 :i* its animal orig9 is sc>cely traceable2 !re is1 nev]!less1 a l>ge annual residuum1 :i*1 l decay$ vegetable matt]1 becomes a "p ( ! sup]ficial m\ld2 & 9 any ev5t1 brute life imm5sely *anges ! =m & "* ( ! sup]ficial /rata1 if x does n s5sibly augm5t ! quantity ( ! matt] compos+ !m4 ,! rema9s ( man1 too1 add to ! e>?y coat+ t cov]s ! face ( ! globe4 ,! human bodies deposit$ 9 ! catacombs dur+ ! long1 long ages ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 w\ld p]haps build z l>ge a pile z "o g5]ation ( ! quadrup$s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! b>b>\s days ( old ,moslem w>f>e1 ! conqu]ors erect$ l>ge pyramids ( human skulls4 ,! soil ( cemet]ies 9 ! great cities ( ,europe has sometimes be5 rais$ sev]al feet by ! deposit ( ! dead dur+ a few g5]ations4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ,turks & ,*ri/ians alike bury bodies b a c\ple ( feet b5ea? ! surface4 ,! grave is respect$ z long z ! tomb/one rema9s1 b ! sepultures ( ! ignoble poor1 & ( ^? ^: monum5ts "t or accid5t has remov$1 are op5$ aga9 & aga9 to receive fre% occupants4 ,h5ce ! gr\nd 9 ,ori5tal cemet]ies is p]vad$ ) relics ( humanity1 if n :olly compos$ ( !m2 & an exam9ation ( ! soil ( ! l[] "p ( ! ,petit ,*amp des ,morts at ,p]a1 by ! nak$ eye alone1 %[s ! obs]v] t x consi/s almo/ exclusively ( ! comm9ut$ bones ( 8 fell[ man4 #fj ,x is ass]t$ t ! bones ( mammo?s & ma/odons1 9 _m in/ances1 appe> to h be5 graz$ or cut by fl9t arr[-heads or o!r /one weapons4 ,^! acc\nts h (t5 be5 discr$it$1 because x has be5 assum$ t ! ext9ction ( ^! animals 0 m anci5t ?an ! exi/5ce ( man4 ,rec5t discov]ies r5d] x highly probable1 if n c]ta91 t ?is conclusion has be5 too ha/ily adopt$4 ,lyell obs]ves3 ,^! /ories 99 99 mu/ 9 future be m c>efully inquir$ into1 = we c sc>cely d\bt t ! ma/odon 9 ,nor? ,am]ica liv$ d[n to a p]iod :5 ! mammo? coexi/$ ) man 9 ,europe4--,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #ced4 ,on page #adc ( ! volume j quot$1 ! same v di/+ui%$ writ] rem>ks t man no d\bt play$ 8 "p 9 ha/5+ ! era ( ! ext9ction ( ! l>ge pa*yd]ms & bea/s ( prey2 b1 z contemporane\s species ( o!r animals1 :i* man _c be suppos$1 to h extirpat$1 h also become ext9ct1 he argues t ! disappe>ance ( ! quadrup$s 9 "q _c be ascrib$ to human action alone4 ,on ?is po9t x may be obs]v$ t1 z we _c "k :at precise physical conditions 7 necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( a giv5 ext9ct organism1 we _c say h[ f> su* conditions may h be5 modifi$ by ! action ( man1 & he may !re=e h influ5c$ ! life ( su* organisms 9 ways1 & to an ext5t1 ( :i* we c =m no j idea4 #fa ,evelyn ?\ght ! depa/ur+ ( grass by cattle s]viceable to its gr[?4 ,! bit+ ( cattle1 he rem>ks1 gives a g5tle loos5+ to ! roots ( ! h]bage1 & makes x to gr[ f9e & sweet1 & _! v brea? & tread+ z well z soil1 & ! com=t ( _! w>m bodies1 is :olesome & m>vell\sly *]i%+4--,t]ra1 or ,philosophical ,disc\rse ( ,e>?1 p4 #cf4 ,9 a note ^u ?is passage1 ,hunt] obs]ves3 ,nice f>m]s consid] ! ly+ ( a bea/ ^u ! gr\nd1 = "o night only1 z a suffici5t til? = ! ye>4 ,! brea? ( gram9ivor\s quadrup$s does c]ta9ly enri* ! roots ( grass2 a circum/ance wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! philosophical f>m]4--,t]ra1 same page4 ,! philosophical f>m] ( ! pres5t day w n adopt ^! op9ions )\t "s qualification4 #fb ,! rat & ! m\se1 ?\gh n volunt>ily transport$1 are pass5g]s by e %ip t sails f ,europe to a =eign port1 & sev]al species ( ^! quadrup$s h1 consequ5tly1 mu* ext5d$ _! range & increas$ _! numb]s 9 mod]n times4 ,f a /ory ( ,heliogabalus relat$ by ,lampridius1 ,hi/4 ,aug4 ,scriptores1 ed4 ,casaubon1 #afij1 p4 #aaj1 x w\ld seem t mice at lea/ 7 n v common 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,among ! caprici\s freaks ( t emp]or1 x is said t he und]took to inve/igate ! /ati/ics ( ! ara*noid population ( ! capital1 & t #aj1jjj p\nds ( spid]s 7or spid]s' webs--= aranea is equivocal7 7 readily collect$2 b :5 he got up a m\se %[1 he ?\ght t5 ?\s& mice a v fair numb]4 ,i believe z _m might almo/ be f\nd 9 a s+le palace 9 mod]n ,rome4 ,rats are n less num]\s 9 all great cities1 & 9 ,p>is1 :]e _! sk9s are us$ = gloves1 & _! fle%1 x is :isp]$1 9 "s v complex & equivocal di%es1 !y are caught by legions4 ,i h read ( a manufactur] :o contract$ to buy ( ! rat cat*]s1 at a high price1 all ! rat sk9s !y c\ld furni% be=e a c]ta9 date1 & fail$1 )9 a week1 = want ( capital1 :5 ! /ock ( peltry _h run up to #fjj1jjj4 #fc ,,bigel[1 ,les ,etats ,unis en #ahfc1 pp4 #cgi1 #chj4 ,9 ! same p>agraph ?is volume /ates ! numb] ( animals slaught]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by but*]s1 9 #ahei1 at #bab1hga1fec4 ,?is is an error ( ! press4 ,numb] is conf\nd$ ) value4 ,a ref]5ce to ! tables ( ! c5sus %[s t ! animals slaught]$ t ye> 7 e/imat$ at #bab1hga1fec doll>s2 ! numb] ( head is n giv54 ,! wild horses & horn$ cattle ( ! prairies & ! horses ( ! ,indians are n includ$ 9 ! returns4 #fd ,( ?is total numb]1 #b1bdj1jjj1 or ne>ly n9e p] c5t41 are report$ z work+ ox54 ,?is w\ld /rike ,european1 & especially ,engli% agriculturi/s1 z a l>ge proportion2 b x is expla9$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 a new c\ntry & an old1 9 ! conditions :i* det]m9e ! employm5t ( animal labor4 ,ox5 are v g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada = haul+ timb] & firewood ?r\gh & f ! =e/s2 = pl\gh+ 9 gr\nd /ill full ( rocks1 /umps1 & roots2 = break+ up ! new soil ( ! prairies ) its /rong matt+ ( native grasses1 & = ! transportation ( heavy loads ov] ! r\gh roads ( ! int]ior4 ,9 all ^! cases1 ! frequ5t ob/ructions to ! passage ( ! timb]1 ! pl\gh1 & ! sl$ or c>t1 are a s\rce ( con/ant dang] to ! animals1 ! vehicles1 & ! h>ness1 & ! sl[ & /eady /ep ( ! ox is att5d$ ) mu* less risk ?an ! swift & sudd5 movem5ts ( ! impati5t horse4 ,x is surpris+ to see ! sagacity ) :i* ! dull & clumsy ox--hamp]$ z he is by ! rigid yoke1 ! mo/ absurd implem5t ( draught ev] contriv$ by man--picks 8 way1 :5 once tra9$ to =e/ "w1 among rocks & roots1 & ev5 climbs ov] fall5 trees1 n only mov+ safely1 b draw+ timb] ov] gr\nd :olly impracticable = ! light & agile horse4 ,c[s1 s con/antly employ$ = draught 9 ,italy1 are nev] yok$ or o!rwise us$ = labor 9 ,am]ica1 except 9 ! ,slave ,/ates4 #fe ,ab\t five miles f camp we asc5d$ to ! top ( a high hill1 & = a great di/ance ahead e squ>e mile seem$ to h a h]d ( buffalo ^u x4 ,_! numb] 0 v>i\sly e/imat$ by ! memb]s ( ! p>ty2 by "s z high z half a million4 ,i d n ?9k x any exagg]ation to set x d[n at #bjj1jjj4--,,/ev5s',s ,n>rative & ,f9al ,report4 ,reports ( ,explorations & ,surveys = ,railroad to ,pacific1 vol4 xii1 book i1 #ahfj4 ,! next day1 ! p>ty fell 9 ) a buffalo trail1 :]e at lea/ #ajj1jjj 7 ?\ght to h cross$ a sl\gh4 #ff ,! mo/ zeal\s & successful ,new ,engl& hunt] ( :om ,i h any p]sonal k1 & :o cont9u$ to indulge 8 favorite passion mu* beyond ! age :i* g5]ally t]m9ates exploits 9 woodcraft1 lam5t$ on 8 dea?b$ t he _h n liv$ long en\gh to c>ry up ! record ( 8 slaught]$ de] to ! numb] ( "o ?\s&1 :i* he _h fix$ z ! limit ( 8 ambition4 ,he 0 able to h&le ! rifle1 = sixty ye>s1 at a p]iod :5 ! game 0 /ill ne>ly z abundant z ev]1 b _h kill$ only n9e hundr$ & sixty ( ^! quadrup$s1 ( all species4 ,! exploits ( ?is ,nimrod h be5 f> exce$$ by prairie hunt]s1 b ,i d\bt :e!r1 9 ! orig9ally wood$ t]ritory ( ! ,union1 any s+le m>ksman has br\ght d[n a l>g] numb]4 #fg ,erdkunde1 viii4 ,asi51 #a/e ,ab!ilung1 pp4 #ffj1 #geh4 #fh ,see *apt] iii1 po/2 also ,,humboldt1 ,ansi*t5 d] ,natur1 i1 p4 #ga4 ,f ! anatomical "* ( ! bones ( ! urus1 or au]o*s1 f\nd among ! relics ( ! lacu/r9e population ( anci5t ,switz]l&1 & f o!r circum/ances1 x is inf]r$ t ?is animal _h be5 dome/icat$ by t p2 & x is /at$1 ,i "k n ^u :at au?ority1 9 ,le ,alpi *e c+ono l',italia1 t x _h be5 tam$ by ! ,v5eti also4 ,see ,,lyell1 ,antiquity ( ,man1 pp4 #bd1 #be1 & ! la/-nam$ "w1 p4 #dhi4 ,?is is a fact ( mu* int]e/1 because x is1 ,i believe1 ! only kn[n in/ance ( ! ext9ction ( a dome/ic quadrup$1 & ! extreme improbability ( su* an ev5t gives "s c\nt5ance to ! !ory ( ! id5tity ( ! dome/ic ox )1 & its desc5t f1 ! urus4 #fi ,9 ma9ta9+ ! rec5t exi/5ce ( ! lion 9 ! c\ntries nam$ 9 ! text1 naturali/s h1 p]haps1 laid too mu* weight on ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( repres5tations ( ?is animal 9 sculptures app>5tly ( a hi/orical "*4 ,x w n d to argue1 tw5ty c5turies h5ce1 t ! lion & ! unicorn 7 common 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ,que5 ,victoria's "t1 because !y are (t5 se5 fight+ = ! cr[n 9 ! c>v+s & pa9t+s ( t p]iod4 #gj ,d> na* slog] s*i]e1 e95 wis5t bat el*4 ,/>*] bore bi]e4 b e95 grimm5 s*el*4 ,,xvi ,au5tiure4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,nibelung5-,li$ is n conclusive evid5ce t ^! quadrup$s exi/$ 9 ,g]many at ! "t ( ! composition ( t poem4 ,x proves too mu*2 =1 a few l9es above ^? j quot$1 ,sigfrid is said to h kill$ a lion1 an animal :i* ! mo/ patriotic ,teuton w h>dly claim z a d5iz5 ( m$iaeval ,g]many4 #ga ,! wild turkey takes readily to ! wat]1 & is able to cross riv]s ( v consid]able wid? by swimm+4 ,by way ( giv+ me an idea ( ! =m] abundance ( ?is bird1 an old & highly respectable g5tleman :o 0 among ! e>ly :ite settl]s ( ! ,we/1 told me t he once c\nt$1 9 walk+ d[n ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 )9 a di/ance ( f\r miles1 eighty-f\r turkeys z !y l&$ s+ly1 or at mo/ 9 pairs1 aft] swimm+ ov] f ! ,k5tucky side4 #gb ,! wood pigeon has be5 obs]v$ to increase 9 numb]s 9 ,europe also1 :5 pa9s h be5 tak5 to ext]m9ate ! hawk4 ,! pigeons1 :i* migrat$ 9 flocks s num]\s t !y 7 :ole days 9 pass+ a giv5 po9t1 7 no d\bt injuri\s to ! gra91 b probably less s ?an is g5]ally suppos$2 = !y did n conf9e !mselves exclusively to ! h>ve/s = _! n\ri%m5t4 #gc ,pigeons 7 %ot ne> ,albany1 9 ,new ,york1 a few ye>s ago1 ) gre5 rice 9 _! crops1 :i* x 0 ?\ght mu/ h be5 gr[+1 a v few h\rs be=e1 at ! di/ance ( sev5 or eight hundr$ miles4 #gd ,pr(essor ,treadwell1 ( ,massa*usetts1 f\nd t a half-gr[n ,am]ican rob9 9 conf9em5t ate 9 "o day sixty-eight e>?worms1 weigh+ toge!r ne>ly once & a half z mu* z ! bird himself1 & ano!r _h previ\sly />v$ ^u a daily all[ance ( eight or t5 worms1 or ab\t tw5ty p] c5t4 ( 8 own weight4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! numb]s appe>$1 s f> z c\ld be judg$ by wat*+ p>5t birds ( ! same species1 z !y br\ght food to _! "y1 to be mu* great] ?an t suppli$ to !m :5 f$ 9 ! ne/2 = ! old birds did n return ) worms or insects (t5] ?an once 9 t5 m9utes on an av]age4 ,if we suppose ! p>5ts to hunt = food twelve h\rs 9 a day1 & a ne/ to conta9 f\r "y1 we %\ld h sev5ty-two worms1 or eighte5 ea*1 z ! daily supply ( ! brood4 ,x is probable en\gh t "s ( ! food collect$ by ! p>5ts may be m nutriti\s ?an ! e>?worms1 & consequ5tly t a small] quantity suffic$ = ! "y 9 ! ne/ ?an :5 re>$ "u artificial conditions4 ,! supply requir$ by gr[+ birds is n ! measure ( _! wants aft] !y h arriv$ at maturity1 & x is n by any means c]ta9 t great muscul> ex]tion always increases ! dem& = n\ri%m5t1 ei!r 9 ! l[] animals or 9 man4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,engli% ,alp9e ,club are n di/+ui%$ = appetites :i* w\ld make !m unwelcome gue/s to ,swiss l&lords1 & ,i ?9k e man :o has _h ! p]sonal *>ge ( field or railway h&s1 mu/ h obs]v$ t labor]s :o sp>e _! /r5g? ! lea/ are n ! mo/ valiant tr5*] *ampions4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :5 imprisonm5t = debt 0 p]mitt$ 9 ,new ,engl&1 p]sons conf9$ 9 c\ntry jails _h no specific all[ance1 & !y 7 commonly f$ )\t /9t4 ,i h (t5 inquir$ conc]n+ _! diet1 & be5 assur$ by ! jail]s t _! prison]s1 :o 7 n provid$ ) "w or o!r means ( ex]cise1 consum$ a consid]ably l>g] supply ( food ?an common out-door labor]s4 #ge ,i hope ,mi*elet has good au?ority = ?is /atem5t1 b ,i am unable to confirm x4 #gf ,apropos ( ! sp>r[--a s+le pair ( :i*1 accord+ to ,mi*elet1 p4 #cae1 c>ries to ! ne/ f\r ?\s& & ?ree hundr$ cat]pill>s or coleopt]a 9 a week--,i take f ! ,record1 an ,engli% religi\s newspap]1 ( ,decemb] #ae1 #ahfb1 ! foll[+ article communicat$ to a c\ntry pap] by a p]son :o signs himself ,a real fri5d to ! f>m]3 ,crawley ,sp>r[ ,club4--,! annual d9n] took place at ! ,george ,inn on ,w$nesday la/4 ,! fir/ prize 0 aw>d$ to ,mr4 ,i4 ,r$=d1 ,wor?1 hav+ de/roy$ )9 ! la/ ye> #a1dfg4 ,mr4 ,heayman took ! second ) #a1ddh de/roy$4 ,mr4 ,/one1 ?ird1 ) #ihb affix$4 ,total de/roy$1 #aa1idd4 ,old birds1 #h1ffc2 "y ditto1 #gbb2 eggs1 #b1eef4 ,?is trio ( valiant f[l]s1 & _! less =tunate--or r less un=tunate1 b n !re=e less guilty--associates1 h rescu$ by _! pr[ess1 x may be1 a score ( pecks ( gra9 f be+ dev\r$ by ! voraci\s sp>r[1 b e "o ( ! twelve ?\s& hat*$ & unhat*$ birds1 ?us sacrific$ to pu]ile vanity & ignorant prejudice1 w\ld h sav$ 8 bu%el ( :eat by prey+ ^u insects t de/roy ! gra94 ,mr4 ,r$=d1 ,mr4 ,heayman1 & ,mr4 ,/one ought to contribute ! value ( ! bread !y h wa/$ to ! fund = ! b5efit ( ! ,lanca%ire weav]s2 & x is to be hop$ t ! next ,byron w satirize ! sp>r[cide z sev]ely z ! fir/ did ! pr9ce ( angl]s1 ,walton1 9 ! well kn[n l9es3 ,! qua9t1 old1 cruel coxcomb 9 8 gullet ,%\ld h a hook1 & a small tr\t to pull x4 #gg ,,salvagnoli1 ,memorie sulle ,m>emme ,toscane1 p4 #adc4 ,! c\ntry ab\t ,naples is fill$ ) sl5d] t[]s fifte5 or tw5ty feet high1 :i* are a /&+ puzzle to /rang]s4 ,!y are ! /ations ( ! f[l]s :o wat* f !m ! flocks ( small birds & drive !m d[n 9 to ! nets by ?r[+ /ones ov] !m4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #ad4 ,ts*udi has collect$ 9 8 little "w1 ,ueb] die ,l&wir?s*aftli*e ,b$eutung d] ,voegel1 _m int]e/+ facts respect+ ! utility ( birds1 & ! wanton de/ruction ( !m 9 ,italy & else:]e4 ,n only ! owl1 b _m o!r birds m famili>ly kn[n z pr$aci\s 9 _! habits1 are useful by de/roy+ great numb]s ( mice & moles4 ,! importance ( ?is la/ s]vice becomes /rik+ly app>5t :5 x is kn[n t ! burr[s ( ! mole are among ! mo/ frequ5t causes ( rupture 9 ! dikes ( ! ,po1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( inundations :i* lay _m squ>e miles "u wat]4--,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #are seme/re1 p4 #aej4 ,see also ,,vogt1 ,nuetzli*e u4 s*a$li*e ,?i]e4 #gh ,wild birds are v t5aci\s 9 _! habits4 ,! ext5sion ( p>ticul> bran*es ( agriculture introduces new birds2 b unless 9 ! case ( su* *anges 9 physical conditions1 p>ticul> species seem indissolubly atta*$ to p>ticul> localities4 ,! migrat+ tribes foll[ almo/ undeviat+ly ! same precise l9e ( flight 9 _! annual j\rneys1 & e/abli% !mselves 9 ! same bre$+ places f ye> to ye>4 ,! /ork is a /rong-w+$ bird & roves f> = food1 b v r>ely e/abli%es new colonies4 ,he is common 9 ,holl&1 b unkn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,n above five or six pairs ( /orks commonly bre$ 9 ! suburbs ( ,con/ant9ople along ! ,european %ore ( ! n>r[ ,bosphorus1 :ile--mu* to ! satisfaction ( ! ,moslems1 :o are ju/ly pr\d ( ! m>k$ p>tiality ( s or?odox a bird--doz5s ( *imneys ( ! true believ]s on ! ,asiatic side are cr[n$ ) 8 ne/s4 ,see ,app4 ,no4 #ae4 #gi ,x is n ! unfl$g$ & ! nurs+ bird alone t are expos$ to de/ruction by sev]e wea!r4 ,:ole flocks ( adult & /rong-w+$ tribes are kill$ by hail4 ,sev]e w9t]s are usually foll[$ by a s5sible dim9ution 9 ! numb]s ( ! non-migrat+ birds1 & a cold /orm 9 summ] (t5 proves fatal to ! m delicate species4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,june1 #ahd-1 five or six in*es ( sn[ fell 9 ,nor!rn ,v]mont4 ,! next morn+ ,i f\nd a humm+ bird kill$ by ! cold1 & hang+ by its claws j bel[ a loose clapbo>d on ! wall ( a small wood5 build+ :]e x _h s\ght %elt]4 #hj ,,lyell1 ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #dji1 obs]ves3 ,( birds x is e/imat$ t ! numb] ( ^? :i* die e ye> equals ! aggregate numb] by :i* ! species to :i* !y respectively belong is1 on ! av]age1 p]man5tly repres5t$4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! influ5ce ( new circum/ances ^u birds 0 obs]v$ ^u ! e/abli%m5t ( a ligh?\se on ,cape ,cod "s ye>s s9ce4 ,! morn+ aft] ! lamps 7 light$ = ! fir/ "t1 m ?an a hundr$ dead birds ( sev]al diff]5t species1 *iefly wat] f[l1 7 f\nd at ! foot ( ! t[]4 ,!y _h be5 kill$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! night by fly+ aga9/ ! ?ick glass or grat+ ( ! lant]n4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #af4 ,migrat+ birds1 :e!r = great] security f eagles1 hawks1 & o!r enemies1 or = "s unkn[n reason1 p]=m a great "p ( _! annual j\rneys by night2 & x is obs]v$ 9 ! ,alps t !y foll[ ! high roads 9 _! passage across ! m\nta9s4 ,?is is p>tly because ! food 9 se>* ( :i* !y mu/ sometimes desc5d is pr9cipally f\nd ne> ! roads4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n altoge!r = ! sake ( consort+ ) man1 or ( pr(it+ by 8 labors1 t _! l9e ( flight con=ms to ! pa?s he has trac$1 b r because ! great roads are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! natural depressions 9 ! *a91 & h5ce ! birds c cross ! summit by ^! r\tes )\t ris+ to a height :]e at ! seasons ( migration ! cold w\ld be excessive4 ,! in/9ct :i* guides migratory birds 9 _! c\rse is n 9 all cases infallible1 & x seems to be conf\nd$ by *anges 9 ! condition ( ! surface4 ,i am famili> ) a village 9 ,new ,engl&1 at ! junction ( two valleys1 ea* dra9$ by a mill /ream1 :]e ! flocks ( wild geese :i* =m]ly pass$1 e spr+ & autumn1 7 v frequ5tly lo/1 z x 0 popul>ly phras$1 & ,i h (t5 he>d _! screams 9 ! night z !y flew wildly ab\t 9 p]plexity z to ! prop] c\rse4 ,p]haps ! village lights emb>rass$ !m1 or p]haps ! con/ant *anges 9 ! face ( ! c\ntry1 f ! cle>+s !n go+ on1 introduc$ into ! l&scape features n accord+ ) ! ideal map h&$ d[n 9 ! ans]9e family1 & ?us d]ang$ its traditional geography4 #ha ,! capp]cailzie1 or tja$]1 z he is call$ 9 ,sw$51 is a bird ( s+ul> habits1 & seems to want "s ( ! protective in/9cts :i* secure mo/ o!r wild birds f de/ruction4 ,! y\ng] ,lae/adius frequ5tly notices ! tja$]1 9 8 v rem>kable acc\nt ( ! ,sw$i% ,lapl&]s--a "w :olly unsurpass$ z a g5ial picture ( semi-b>b>ian life1 & n inf]ior 9 m9ut5ess ( detail to ,s*latt]'s description ( ! mann]s ( ! ,nogai ,t>t>s1 or ev5 to ,lane's admirable & exhau/ive "w on ! ,mod]n ,egyptians4 ,! tja$]1 ?\gh n a bird ( passage1 is migratory1 or r w&]+ 9 domicile1 & appe>s to und]take v purposeless & absurd j\rneys4 ,:5 he flits1 says ,lae/adius1 he foll[s a /raight c\rse1 & sometimes pursues x q out ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is said t1 9 foggy wea!r1 he sometimes flies out to sea1 &1 :5 tir$1 falls into ! wat] & is dr[n$4 ,x is accord+ly obs]v$ t1 :5 he flies we/w>dly1 t[>d ! m\nta9s1 he soon comes back aga92 b :5 he takes an ea/w>dly c\rse1 he returns no m1 & = a long "t is v sc>ce 9 ,lapl&4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t he turns back f ! bald m\nta9s1 :5 he discov]s t he has /ray$ f 8 prop] home1 ! wood2 b :5 he f9ds himself ov] ! ,baltic1 :]e he _c alight to re/ & collect himself1 he flies on until he is exhau/$ & falls into ! sea4--,,petrus ,,lae/adius1 ,j\rnal af fo]/a aret1 etc41 p4 #cbe4 #hb ,die ,h]zog?uem] ,s*leswig und ,hol/e91 i1 p4 #bjc4 #hc ,gulls hov] ab\t %ips 9 port1 & (t5 f> out at sea1 dilig5tly wat*+ = ! wa/e ( ! caboose4 ,:ile ! f\r great fleets1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,turki%1 & ,egyptian1 7 ly+ 9 ! ,bosphorus1 9 ! summ] & autumn ( #ahec1 a "y lady ( my family call$ my att5tion to ! fact t ! gulls 7 f> m num]\s ab\t ! %ips ( "o ( ! fleets ?an ab\t ! o!rs4 ,?is 0 v]ifi$ by repeat$ obs]vation1 & ! diff]5ce 0 ow+ no d\bt to ! great] abundance ( ! refuse f ! cookrooms ( ! naval squadron mo/ frequ5t$ by ! birds4 ,p]sons acqua9t$ ) ! economy ( ! navies ( ! /ates 9 "q1 w be able to conjecture :i* fleet 0 mo/ favor$ ) ^! delicate att5tions4 #hd ,birds d n (t5 volunt>ily take passage on bo>d %ips b\nd = =eign c\ntries1 b ,i c te/ify to "o su* case4 ,a /ork1 :i* _h ne/$ ne> "o ( ! palaces on ! ,bosphorus1 _h1 by "s accid5t1 injur$ a w+1 & 0 unable to jo9 8 foll[s :5 !y comm5c$ _! w9t] migration to ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,be=e he 0 able to fly aga91 he 0 caught1 & ! flag ( ! nation to :i* ! palace belong$ 0 ti$ to 8 leg1 s t he 0 easily id5tifi$ at a consid]able di/ance4 ,z 8 w+ gr[ /rong]1 he made sev]al unsatisfactory exp]im5ts at flight1 & at la/1 by a vigor\s ef=t1 succe$$ 9 rea*+ a pass+ %ip b\nd s\?w>d1 & p]*$ himself on a topsail y>d4 ,i happ5$ to witness ?is movem5t1 & obs]v$ him quietly ma9ta9+ 8 position z long z ,i c\ld disc]n him ) a spyglass4 ,i suppose he f9i%$ ! voyage1 = he c]ta9ly did n return to ! palace4 #he ,! en?usiasm ( naturali/s is n always proportion$ to ! magnitude or importance ( ! organisms !y conc]n !mselves )4 ,x is n record$ t ,adams1 :o f\nd ! colossal ant$iluvian pa*yd]m 9 a ?ick-ribb$ m\nta9 ( ,sib]ian ice1 ran wild ov] 8 tr\vaille2 b ,s*midl1 9 describ+ ! natural hi/ory ( ! caves ( ! ,k>/1 speaks ( an em95t entomologi/ z d] glueckli*e ,entdeck]1 ! happy discov]] ( a new coleopt]on1 9 "o ( ^? dim cav]ns4 ,h[ v>i\s are ! s\rces ( happ9ess6 ,?9k ( a le>n$ ,g]man pr(essor1 ! b>e enum]ation ( ^: ,ra?-%ips & sci5tific ,mitgli$-%ips fills a page1 made fam\s 9 ! annals ( sci5ce1 immortal1 happy1 by ! discov]y ( a beetle6 ,_h t imp]ial ennuye1 :o (f]$ a premium = ! inv5tion ( a new pleasure1 b read ,s*midl's ,hoehl5 des ,k>/es1 :at spl5did rew>ds w\ld he n h heap$ ^u ,kirby & ,sp5ce6 #hf ,i believe !re is no f\ndation = ! supposition t e>?worms attack ! tub] ( ! potato4 ,"s ( !m1 especially "o or two species employ$ by angl]s z bait1 if natives ( ! woods1 are at lea/ r>e 9 %ad$ gr\nds1 b multiply v rapidly aft] ! soil is br\ght "u cultivation4 ,=ty or fifty ye>s ago !y 7 s sc>ce 9 ! new] p>ts ( ,new ,engl&1 t ! ru/ic fi%]m5 ( e village kept secret ! few places :]e !y 7 to be f\nd 9 _! neighborhood1 z a pr(essional my/]y1 b at pres5t "o c h>dly turn ov] a %ovelful ( ri* moi/ soil any:]e1 )\t une>?+ sev]al ( !m4 ,a v intellig5t lady1 born 9 ! woods ( ,nor!rn ,new ,engl&1 told me t1 9 h] *ildhood1 ^! worms 7 almo/ unkn[n 9 t region1 ?\gh anxi\sly s\ght = by ! angl]s1 b t !y increas$ z ! c\ntry 0 cle>$1 & at la/ became s num]\s 9 "s places1 t ! wat] ( spr+s1 & ev5 ( %all[ wells1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 excell5t1 0 r5d]$ undr9kable by ! quantity ( dead worms t fell into !m4 ,! increase ( ! rob9 & o!r small birds :i* foll[ ! settl] :5 he has prep>$ a suitable home = !m1 at la/ *eck$ ! excessive multiplication ( ! worms1 & abat$ ! nuisance4 #hg ,i h already rem>k$ t ! rema9s ( extant animals are r>ely1 if ev]1 ga!r$ 9 suffici5t quantities to possess any geographical importance by _! m]e mass2 b ! decay$ exuviae ( ev5 ! small] & humbl] =ms ( life are sometimes abundant en\gh to ex]cise a p]ceptible influ5ce on soil & atmosph]e4 ,! pla9 ( ,cumana1 says ,humboldt1 pres5ts a rem>kable ph5om5on1 aft] heavy ra9s4 ,! moi/5$ e>?1 :5 heat$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 diffuses ! musky odor common 9 ! torrid zone to animals ( v diff]5t classes1 to ! jagu>1 ! small species ( tig] cat1 ! cabiai1 ! gall9azo vulture1 ! crocodile1 ! vip]1 & ! rattlesnake4 ,! gase\s emanations1 ! vehicles ( ?is aroma1 appe> to be dis5gag$ 9 proportion z ! soil1 :i* conta9s ! rema9s ( an innum]able multitude ( reptiles1 worms1 & insects1 beg9s to be impregnat$ ) wat]4 ,:]ev] we /ir ! e>?1 we are /ruck ) ! mass ( organic sub/ances :i* 9 turn are develop$ & become trans=m$ or decompos$4 ,nature 9 ^! climes seems m active1 m prolific1 & s to speak1 m prodigal ( life4 #hh ,x is rem>kable t ,palissy1 to ^: great m]its z an acute obs]v] ,i am happy to h frequ5t occasion to be> te/imony1 _h notic$ t vegetation 0 necess>y to ma9ta9 ! purity ( wat] 9 artificial res]voirs1 ?\gh he mi/ook ! rationale ( its influ5ce1 :i* he ascrib$ to ! elem5tal salt suppos$ by him to play an important "p 9 all ! op]ations ( nature4 ,9 8 treatise ^u ,wat]s & ,f\nta9s1 p4 #agd1 ( ! repr9t ( #ahdd1 he says3 ,& 9 special1 ?\ %alt note "o po9t1 ! :i* is und]/ood ( few3 t is to say1 t ! leaves ( ! trees :i* fall ^u ! p>t]re1 & ! h]bs gr[+ b5ea?1 & s+ul>ly ! fruits1 if any !re be ^u ! trees1 be+ decay$1 ! wat]s ( ! p>t]re %all draw unto !m ! salt ( ! said fruits1 leaves1 & h]bs1 ! :i* %all greatly bett] ! wat] ( ?y f\nta9s1 & h9d] ! putrefaction !re(4 #hi ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahea & #ahec1 bo? inclusive1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates export$ #b1ffe1heg p\nds ( beeswax1 besides a consid]able quantity employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( c&les = exportation4 ,?is is an av]age ( m ?an #ccj1jjj p\nds p] ye>4 ,! c5sus ( #ahej gave ! total production ( wax & honey = t ye> at #ad1hec1abh p\nds4 ,9 #ahfj1 x am\nt$ to #bf1cgj1hac p\nds1 ! increase be+ p>tly due to ! introduction ( improv$ races ( bees f ,italy & ,switz]l&4--,,bigel[1 ,les ,etats ,unis en #ahfc1 p4 #cgf4 #ij ,a few ye>s ago1 a labor]1 employ$ at a ,nor? ,am]ican port 9 dis*>g+ a c>go ( hides f ! opposite extremity ( ! cont95t1 0 fatally poison$ by ! bite or ! /+ ( an unkn[n insect1 :i* ran out f a hide he 0 h&l+4 #ia ,9 _m insects1 "s ( ! /ages ( life regul>ly cont9ue = sev]al ye>s1 & !y may1 "u peculi> circum/ances1 be almo/ indef9itely prolong$4 ,dr4 ,dwight m5tions ! foll[+ rem>kable case ( ?is sort1 :i* may be new to _m read]s3 ,:ile ,i 0 "h at ,william/[n1 ,mass41 ,dr4 ,fit* %[$ me an insect1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 ( a br[n color t+$ ) orange1 ) two ant5nae1 n unlike a rosebug4 ,?is insect came out ( a tea table1 made ( ! bo>ds ( an apple tree4 ,dr4 ,dwight exam9$ ! table1 & f\nd ! cavity :5ce ! insect _h em]g$ into ! light1 to be ab\t two in*es 9 l5g?1 ne>ly horizontal1 & incl9+ upw>d v little1 except at ! m\?4 ,betwe5 ! hole1 & ! outside ( ! leaf ( ! table1 !re 7 =ty gra9s ( ! wood4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! sawy] & ! cab9et mak] mu/ h remov$ at lea/ ?irte5 gra9s m1 & ! table _h be5 9 ! possession ( its proprietor = tw5ty ye>s4 #ib ,x does n appe> to be q settl$ :e!r ! t]mites ( ,france are indig5\s or import$4 ,see ,,quatrefages1 ,s\v5irs d'un ,naturali/e1 ii1 pp4 #djj1 #edb1 #edc4 #ic ,i h se5 ! l>va ( ! dragon fly 9 an aqu>ium1 bite (f ! head ( a "y fi% z long z itself4 #id ,insects & fi%--:i* prey ^u & fe$ ea* o!r--are ! only =ms ( animal life t are num]\s 9 ! native woods1 & _! range is1 ( c\rse1 limit$ by ! ext5t ( ! wat]s4 ,! great abundance ( ! tr\t1 & ( o!r m or less alli$ g5]a 9 ! lakes ( ,lapl&1 seems to be due to ! supply ( food provid$ = !m by ! sw>ms ( insects :i* 9 ! l>va /ate inhabit ! wat]s1 or1 9 o!r /ages ( _! life1 are accid5tally swept into !m4 ,all travell]s 9 ! nor? ( ,europe speak ( ! gnat & ! mosquito z v s]i\s drawbacks ^u ! enjoym5ts ( ! summ] t\ri/1 :o visits ! head ( ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia to see ! midnight sun1 & ! bro!rs ,lae/adius reg>d !m z "o ( ! great plagues ( sub-,arctic life4 ,! p]secutions ( ^! insects1 says ,l>s ,levi ,lae/adius ,culex pipi5s1 ,culex reptans1 & ,culex pulic>is1 leave n a mom5t's peace1 by day or night1 to any liv+ creature4 ,n only man1 b cattle1 & ev5 birds & wild bea/s1 suff] intol]ably f _! bite4 ,he adds 9 a note1 ,i w n affirm t !y h ev] dev\r$ a liv+ man1 b _m "y cattle1 su* z lambs & calves1 h be5 worri$ out ( _! lives by !m4 ,all ! p ( ,lapl& decl>e t "y birds are kill$ by !m1 & ?is is n improbable1 = birds are sc>ce aft] seasons :5 ! midge1 ! gnat1 & ! mosquito are num]\s4--,om ,uppodl+> i ,lappm>k51 p4 #ej4 ,petrus ,lae/adius makes simil> /atem5ts 9 8 ,j\rnal fo] fo]/a aret1 p4 #bhe4 #ie ,x is v que/ionable :e!r !re is any f\ndation = ! popul> belief 9 ! ho/ility ( sw9e & ( de] to ! rattlesnake1 & c>eful exp]im5ts z to ! =m] quadrup$ seem to %[ t ! suppos$ enmity is :olly imag9>y4 ,obs]v+ t ! />l+s1 /ornelli1 :i* br$ 9 an old t[] 9 ,pi$mont1 c>ri$ some?+ f _! ne/s & dropp$ x ^u ! gr\nd1 ab\t z (t5 z !y br\ght food to _! "y1 ,i wat*$ _! proce$+s1 & f\nd e day ly+ ne> ! t[] numb]s ( dead or dy+ sl[worms1 &1 9 a few cases1 small liz>ds1 :i* _h1 9 e in/ance1 lo/ ab\t two in*es ( ! tail4 ,?is "p ,i believe ! />l+s gave to _! ne/l+s1 & ?rew away ! rema9d]4 #if ,russell d5ies ! exi/5ce ( poison\s snakes 9 ,nor!rn ,syria1 & /ates t ! la/ in/ance ( dea? kn[n to h occurr$ f ! bite ( a s]p5t ne> ,aleppo took place a hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t4 ,9 ,pale/9e1 ! climate1 ! ?9ness ( population1 ! multitude ( insects & ( liz>ds1 all circum/ances1 9 fact1 seem v favorable to ! multiplication ( s]p5ts1 b ! v5om\s species1 at lea/1 are extremely r>e1 if at all kn[n1 9 t c\ntry4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 be5 assur$ by p]sons v famili> ) ,m\nt ,lebanon1 t cases ( poison+ f ! bite ( snakes _h occurr$ )9 a few ye>s1 ne> ,hasbeiyeh1 & at o!r places on ! s\!rn declivities ( ,lebanon & ,h]mon4 ,9 ,egypt1 on ! o!r h&1 ! cobra1 ! asp1 & ! c]a/es are z num]\s z ev]1 & are mu* dread$ by all ! natives1 except ! pr(essional snake *>m]s4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #ah4 #ig ,i use :ale n 9 a te*nical s5se1 b z a g5]ic t]m = all ! l>ge inhabitants ( ! sea popul>ly gr\p$ "u t "n4 #ih ,f ! n>rative ( ,oh!r1 introduc$ by ,k+ ,alfr$ into 8 translation ( ,orosius1 x is cle> t ! ,nor?m5 pursu$ ! :ale fi%]y 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & x appe>s1 bo? f ! poem call$ ,! ,:ale1 9 ! ,codex ,exoni5sis1 & f ! dialogue ) ! fi%]man 9 ! ,colloquies ( ,aelfric1 t ! ,anglo-,saxons foll[$ ?is dang]\s *ase at a p]iod n mu* lat]4 ,i am n aw>e ( any evid5ce to %[ t any ( ! ,lat9 nations engag$ 9 ?is fi%]y until a c5tury or two aft]w>d1 ?\gh x may n be easy to disprove _! e>li] p>ticipation 9 x4 ,9 m$iaeval lit]ature1 ,lat9 & ,romance1 v frequ5t m5tion is made ( a species ( vessel call$ 9 ,lat91 bal5]ia1 bal5]ium1 bal5]ius1 balan]ia1 etc42 9 ,catalan1 bal5]2 9 ,fr5*1 bal5i]2 all ( :i* words occur 9 _m o!r =ms4 ,! mo/ obvi\s etymology ( ^! words w\ld sugge/ ! mean+1 :al]1 bale9i]2 b "s h suppos$ t ! "n 0 descriptive ( ! great size ( ! %ips1 & o!rs h ref]r$ x to a diff]5t root4 ,f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! ^w occurs (t5]1 p]haps1 9 old ,catalan1 ?an 9 any o!r language2 b ,capmany does n notice ! :ale fi%]y z "o ( ! m>itime pursuits ( ! v ent]pris+ ,catalan p1 nor d ,i f9d any ( ! products ( ! :ale m5tion$ 9 ! old ,catalan t>iffs4 ,! :alebone ( ! m$iaeval writ]s1 :i* is describ$ z v :ite1 is d\btless ! ivory ( ! walrus or ( ! n>:ale4 #ii ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great sc>city ( ! :ale1 ! use ( coal gas = illum9ation1 ! sub/itution ( o!r fatty & oleag9\s sub/ances1 su* z l>d1 palm oil1 & petroleum1 = "r-:ale oil & sp]maceti1 ! :ale fi%]y has rapidly fall5 (f )9 a few ye>s4 ,! great supply ( petroleum1 :i* is mu* us$ = lubricat+ ma*9]y z well z = num]\s o!r purposes1 has produc$ a m p]ceptible effect on ! :ale fi%]y ?an any o!r s+le circum/ance4 ,accord+ to ,bigel[1 ,les ,etats ,unis en #ahfc1 p4 #cdf1 ! ,am]ican :al+ fleet 0 dim9i%$ by #bi 9 #aheh1 #eg 9 #ahfj1 #id 9 #ahfa1 & #fe 9 #ahfb4 ,! pres5t numb] ( ,am]ican %ips employ$ 9 t fi%]y is #cec4 #ajj ,! ,orig9 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,language1 c41 pp4 #dbc1 #dbd4 #aja ,among ! unexpect$ results ( human action1 ! de/ruction or multiplication ( fi%1 z well z ( o!r animals1 is a n unfrequ5t occurr5ce4 ,i %all h occasion to m5tion on a foll[+ page ! ext]m9ation ( ! fi% 9 a ,sw$i% riv] by a flood occasion$ by ! sudd5 dis*>ge ( ! wat]s ( a pond4 ,williams1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,v]mont1 i1 p4 #adi1 quot$ 9 ,?ompson's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,v]mont1 p4 #adb1 records a case ( ! increase ( tr\t f an opposite cause4 ,9 a pond =m$ by damm+ a small /ream to obta9 wat] p[] = a sawmill1 & cov]+ "o ?\s& acres ( primitive =e/1 ! increas$ supply ( food br\ght )9 rea* ( ! fi% multipli$ !m to t degree1 t1 at ! head ( ! pond1 :]e1 9 ! spr+1 !y cr[d$ toge!r 9 ! brook :i* suppli$ x1 !y 7 tak5 by ! h&s at pleasure1 & sw9e caught !m )\t difficulty4 ,a s+le sweep ( a small scoopnet w\ld br+ up half a bu%el1 c>ts 7 fill$ ) !m z fa/ z if pick$ up on dry l&1 & 9 ! fi%+ season !y 7 commonly sold at a %ill+ 7eightp5ce halfp5ny1 or ab\t sev5te5 c5ts7 a bu%el4 ,! increase 9 ! size ( ! tr\t 0 z rem>kable z ! multiplication ( _! numb]s4 #ajb ,,bab9et1 ,etudes et ,lectures1 ii1 pp4 #ajh1 #aaj4 #ajc ,,?ompson1 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,v]mont1 p4 #ch1 & ,app5dix1 p4 #ac4 ,!re is no reason to believe t ! seal bre$s 9 ,lake ,*ampla91 b ! individual la/ tak5 !re mu/ h be5 "s weeks1 at lea/1 9 its wat]s4 ,x 0 kill$ on ! ice 9 ! wide/ "p ( ! lake1 on ! #bc;d ( ,febru>y1 ?irte5 days aft] ! surface 0 entirely froz51 except ! usual small cracks1 & a mon? or two aft] ! ice clos$ at all po9ts nor? ( ! place :]e ! seal 0 f\nd4 #ajd ,see page #hi1 note1 ante4 #aje ,accord+ to ,h>twig1 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces ( ,holl& _h1 9 #afah1 ?ree ?\s& h]r+ busses & n9e ?\s& vessels engag$ 9 ! transport ( ^! fi% to m>ket4 ,! :ole numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! ,dut* h]r+ fi%]y 0 comput$ at #bjj1jjj4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?is fi%]y 0 mo/ successfully prosecut$ by ! ,sw$es1 & 9 #agha1 ! t[n ( ,gott5burg alone export$ #acf1fdi b>rels1 ea* conta9+ #a1bjj h]r+s1 mak+ a total ( ab\t #afd1jjj1jjj2 b s rapid 0 ! exhau/ion ( ! fi%1 f ?is ke5 pursuit1 t 9 #agii x 0 f\nd necess>y to prohibit ! exportation ( !m altoge!r4--,das ,leb5 des ,me]es1 p4 #ahb4 ,9 #ahee1 ! ,briti% fi%]ies produc$ #ijj1jjj b>rels1 or en\gh to supply a fi% to e human inhabitant ( ! globe4 ,on ! %ores ( ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 ! :ite fi%1 a species ( h]r+ too bony to be easily eat51 is us$ z manure 9 v great quantities4 ,t5 ?\s& are employ$ z a dress+ = an acre1 & a s+le net has sometimes tak5 #bjj1jjj 9 a day4--,,dwight's ,travels1 ii1 pp4 #eab1 #eae4 #ajf ,! indiscrim9ate ho/ility ( man to inf]ior =ms ( animat$ life is little cr$itable to mod]n civilization1 & x is pa9ful to reflect t x becomes ke5] & m unsp>+ 9 proportion to ! ref9em5t ( ! race4 ,! savage slays no animal1 n ev5 ! rattlesnake1 wantonly2 & ! ,turk1 :om we call a b>b>ian1 treats ! dumb bea/ z g5tly z a *ild4 ,"o _c live _m weeks 9 ,turkey )\t witness+ t\*+ in/ances ( ! k9dness ( ! p to ! l[] animals1 & ,i h f\nd x v difficult to induce ev5 ! boys to cat* liz>ds & o!r reptiles = pres]vation z specim5s4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #ai4 ,! fe>less confid5ce 9 man1 s g5]ally manife/$ by wild animals 9 newly discov]$ isl&s1 ought to h inspir$ a g5tl] treatm5t ( !m2 b a v few ye>s ( ! rel5tless pursuit1 to :i* !y are imm$iately subject$1 suffice to make !m z timid z ! wilde/ inhabitants ( ! ,european =e/4 ,?is timidity1 h[ev]1 may easily be ov]come4 ,! squirrels introduc$ by ,mayor ,smi? into ! public p>ks ( ,bo/on are s tame z to fe$ f ! h&s ( pass5g]s1 & !y n unfrequ5tly ent] ! neighbor+ h\ses4 #ajg ,a fact m5tion$ by ,s*ub]t--& :i* 9 its causes & _m ( its results corresponds almo/ precisely ) ^? connect$ ) ! escape ( ,b>ton ,pond 9 ,v]mont1 s well kn[n to geological /ud5ts--is important1 z %[+ t ! dim9ution ( ! fi% 9 riv]s expos$ to inundations is *iefly to be ascrib$ to ! me*anical action ( ! curr5t1 & n ma9ly1 z "s h suppos$1 to *anges ( temp]ature occasion$ by cle>+4 ,our au?or /ates t1 9 #agif1 a t]rible inundation 0 produc$ 9 ! ,indalself1 :i* rises 9 ! ,/orsjoe 9 ,jemtl&1 by draw+ (f into x ! wat]s ( ano!r lake ne> ,ragunda4 ,! flood de/roy$ h\ses & fields2 mu* e>? 0 swept into ! *annel1 & ! wat] made turbid & muddy2 ! salmon & ! small] fi% =sook ! riv] altoge!r1 & nev] return$4 ,! banks ( ! riv] h nev] rega9$ _! =m] solidity1 & portions ( _! soil are /ill cont9ually fall+ into ! wat]4--,resa g5om ,sv]ge1 ii1 p4 #ea4 #ajh ,,wittw]1 ,physikalis*e ,geographie1 p4 #adb4 #aji ,to v>y ! phrase1 ,i make occasional use ( animalcule1 :i*1 z a popul> designation1 embraces all microscopic organisms4 ,! "n is f\nd$ on ! n[ explod$ supposition t all ( !m are animat$1 :i* 0 ! g5]al belief ( naturali/s :5 att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to !m4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t _m ( !m 7 unque/ionably vegetable1 & !re are num]\s g5]a ! true classification ( :i* is matt] ( dispute among ! able/ obs]v]s4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* objects =m]ly tak5 = liv+ animalcules turn out to be products ( ! decomposition ( matt] once animat$1 & x is admitt$ t nei!r spontane\s motion nor ev5 app>5t irritability are sure signs ( animal life4 #aaj ,see an int]e/+ report on ! coral fi%]y1 by ,sant' ,agabio1 ,italian ,consul-,g5]al at ,algi]s1 9 ! ,bollett9o ,consol>e1 publi%$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,=eign ,affairs1 #ahfb1 pp4 #aci1 #aea1 & 9 ! ,annali di ,agricoltura1 ,indu/ria e ,comm]cio1 ,no4 ii1 pp4 #cfj1 #cgc4 #aaa ,! f]m5tation ( liquids1 & 9 _m cases ! decomposition ( semi-solids1 =m]ly suppos$ to be ow+ purely to *emical action1 are n[ asc]ta9$ to be due to vital processes ( liv+ m9ute organisms bo? vegetable & animal1 & consequ5tly to physiological1 z well z to *emical =ces4 ,ev5 alcohol is /at$ to be an animal product4 ,see an int]e/+ article by ,augu/e ,laugel on ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,pa/eur1 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 = ,septemb] #ae?1 #ahfc4 #aab ,! record$ evid5ce 9 support ( ! proposition 9 ! text has be5 collect$ by ,l4 ,f4 ,alfr$ ,maury1 9 8 ,hi/oire des gr&es ,=ets de la ,gaule et de l'anci5ne ,france1 & by ,becqu]el1 9 8 important "w1 ,des climats et de l',influ5ce qu'ex]c5t les ,sols boises et non boises1 livre ii1 *ap4 i to iv4 ,we may rank among hi/orical evid5ces on ?is po9t1 if n te*nically among hi/orical records1 old geographical names & t]m9ations etymologically indicat+ =e/ or grove1 :i* are s common 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/]n ,cont95t n[ entirely /ripp$ ( woods--su* z1 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,breuil1 ,broglio1 ,brolio1 ,brolo2 9 ,nor!rn1 ,bruehl1 -wald1 -wold1 -wood1 -%aw1 -skeg1 & -skov4 #aac ,! isl& ( ,madeira1 ^: noble =e/s 7 deva/at$ by fire n long aft] its colonization by ,european settl]s1 d]ives its "n f ! ,portuguese ^w = wood4 #aad ,br[s+ animals1 & mo/ ( all ! goat1 are consid]$ by =e/]s z m injuri\s to ! gr[? ( "y trees1 &1 !re=e1 to ! reproduction ( ! =e/1 ?an almo/ any o!r de/ructive cause4 ,accord+ to ,beatson's ,sa9t ,hel5a1 introductory *apt]1 & ,d>w9's ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es 9 ,geology & ,natural ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ehb1 #ehc1 says ,emsmann1 9 ! notes to 8 translation ( ,foissac1 p4 #fed1 x 0 ! goats :i* de/roy$ ! beautiful =e/s t1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 cov]$ a cont9u\s surface ( n less ?an two ?\s& acres 9 ! int]ior ( ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 n to m5tion scatt]$ gr\ps ( trees4 ,d>w9 obs]ves3 ',dur+ our /ay at ,valp>aiso1 ,i 0 mo/ positively assur$ t s&al wood =m]ly grew 9 abundance on ! isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez1 b t ?is tree _h n[ become entirely ext9ct !re1 hav+ be5 extirpat$ by ! goats :i* e>ly navigators _h introduc$4 ,! neighbor+ isl&s1 to :i* goats h n be5 c>ri$1 /ill ab\nd 9 s&al wood4' ,9 ! w9t]1 ! de] tribe1 especially ! great ,am]ican moose de]1 subsi/s mu* on ! buds & "y spr\ts ( trees2 yet--?\gh f ! de/ruction ( ! wolves or f "s n easily expla9$ cause1 ^! latt] animals h rec5tly multipli$ s rapidly 9 "s p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 t1 n long s9ce1 f\r hundr$ ( !m are said to h be5 kill$1 9 "o season1 on a t]ritory 9 ,ma9e n compris+ m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty squ>e miles--! wild br[s+ quadrup$s are r>ely1 if ev]1 num]\s en\gh 9 regions un9habit$ by man to produce any s5sible effect on ! condition ( ! =e/4 ,a reason :y !y are less injuri\s ?an ! goat to "y trees may be t !y resort to ?is nutrim5t only 9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! grasses & %rubs are leafless or cov]$ ) sn[1 :]eas ! goat fe$s ^u buds & "y %oots pr9cipally 9 ! season ( gr[?4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! natural law ( consumption & supply keeps ! =e/ gr[?1 & ! wild animals :i* live on its products1 9 su* a /ate ( equilibrium z to insure ! indef9ite cont9uance ( bo?1 & ! p]petuity ( nei!r is endang]$ until man1 :o is above natural law1 int]f]es & de/roys ! balance4 ,:51 h[ev]1 de] are br$ & protect$ 9 p>ks1 !y multiply l dome/ic cattle1 & become equally injuri\s to trees4 ,a few ye>s ago1 says ,clave1 !re 7 n less ?an two ?\s& de] ( diff]5t ages 9 ! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,= want ( grass1 !y are driv5 to ! trees1 & !y d n sp>e !m4 99 99 ,x is calculat$ t ! br[s+ ( ^! animals1 & ! consequ5t ret>dation ( ! gr[? ( ! wood1 dim9i%es ! annual product ( ! =e/ to ! am\nt ( two hundr$ ?\s& cubic feet p] ye>1 99 99 & besides ?is1 ! trees ?us mutilat$ are soon exhau/$ & die4 ,! de] attack ! p9es1 too1 te>+ (f ! b>k 9 long /rips1 or rubb+ _! heads aga9/ !m :5 %$d+ _! horns2 & sometimes1 9 groves ( m ?an a hundr$ hect>es1 n "o p9e is f\nd un9jur$ by !m4--,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,mai1 #ahfc1 p4 #aeg4 ,see also ,app5dix1 ,no4 #ba4 ,beck/e9 computes t a p>k ( #b1ejj acres1 conta9+ #bej acres ( m>%1 #bej ( fields & mead[s1 & ! rema9+ #b1jjj ( wood1 may keep #cfd de] ( diff]5t species1 #dg wild bo>s1 #bjj h>es1 #ajj rabbits1 & an indef9ite numb] ( pheasants4 ,^! animals w\ld require1 9 w9t]1 #abc1jjj p\nds ( hay1 & #bb1jjj p\nds ( potatoes1 besides :at !y w\ld pick up !mselves4 ,! natural =e/ mo/ ?ickly peopl$ ) wild animals w\ld n1 9 temp]ate climates1 conta91 ^u ! av]age1 "o t5? ( ^! numb]s to ! same ext5t ( surface4 #aae ,ev5 ! volcanic du/ ( ,etna rema9s v long unproductive4 ,ne> ,nicolosi is a great ext5t ( co>se black s&1 ?r[n out 9 #affi1 :i*1 = almo/ two c5turies1 lay entirely b>e1 & c be made to gr[ plants only by artificial mixtures & mu* labor4 ,! increase 9 ! price ( w9es1 9 consequ5ce ( ! dim9ution ( ! product f ! grape disease1 h[ev]1 has br\ght ev5 ^! a%es "u cultivation4 ,i f\nd1 says ,walt]%aus51 ref]r+ to ! ye>s #ahfa-'fb1 pla9s ( volcanic s& & half-subdu$ lava /reams1 :i* tw5ty ye>s ago lay utt]ly wa/e1 n[ cov]$ ) f9e v9ey>ds4 ,! a%field ( t5 squ>e miles above ,nicolosi1 creat$ by ! eruption ( #affi1 :i* 0 entirely b>r5 9 #ahce1 is n[ plant$ ) v9es almo/ to ! summits ( ,monte ,rosso1 at a height ( ?ree ?\s& feet4--,ueb] d5 ,sicilianis*5 ,ack]bau1 p4 #ai4 #aaf ,a ,relation ( a ,j\rney ,begun ,an4 ,dom4 #afaj1 lib4 #d1 p4 #bfj1 edition ( #afbg4 ,! te/imony ( ,s&ys on ?is po9t is confirm$ by t ( ,pighio1 ,bracc9i1 ,magliocco1 ,salimb5i1 & ,nicola di ,rubeo1 all cit$ by ,ro?1 ,d] ,vesuv41 p4 #i4 ,!re is "s unc]ta9ty ab\t ! date ( ! la/ eruption previ\s to ! great "o ( #afca4 ,a%es1 ?\gh n lava1 appe> to h be5 ?r[n out ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 & "s *ronicl]s h record$ an eruption 9 ! ye> #acjf2 b ?is seems to be an error = #ajcf1 :5 a great quantity ( lava 0 eject$4 ,9 #aaci1 a%es 7 ?r[n out = _m days4 ,i take ^? dates f ! "w ( ,ro? j cit$4 #aag ,except ^u ! banks ( riv]s or ( lakes1 ! woods ( ! int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 f> f ! habitations ( man1 are almo/ de/itute ( animal life4 ,dr4 ,newb]ry1 describ+ ! va/ =e/s ( ! yell[ p9e ( ! ,we/1 ,p9us pond]osa1 rem>ks3 ,9 ! arid & des]t regions ( ! int]ior bas91 we made :ole days' m>*es 9 =e/s ( yell[ p9e1 ( :i* nei!r ! monotony 0 brok5 by o!r =ms ( vegetation1 nor its /illness by ! flutt] ( a bird or ! hum ( an insect4--,pacific ,railroad ,report1 vol4 vi1 #aheg4 ,dr4 ,,newb]ry's ,report on ,botany1 p4 #cg4 ,! wild fruit & nut trees1 ! ,canada plum1 ! *]ries1 ! _m species ( walnut1 ! butt]nut1 ! hazel1 yield v little1 frequ5tly no?+1 s long z !y gr[ 9 ! woods2 & x is only :5 ! trees ar\nd !m are cut d[n1 or :5 !y gr[ 9 pa/ures1 t !y become productive4 ,! b]ries1 too--! /rawb]ry1 ! blackb]ry1 ! raspb]ry1 ! :ortleb]ry1 sc>cely be> fruit at all except 9 cle>$ gr\nd4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians did n inhabit ! int]ior ( ! =e/s4 ,_! settlem5ts 7 ^u ! %ores ( riv]s & lakes1 & _! weapons & o!r relics are f\nd only 9 ! n>r[ op5 gr\nds :i* !y _h burn$ ov] & cultivat$1 or 9 ! m>g9 ( ! woods ar\nd _! villages4 ,! rank =e/s ( ! tropics are z unproductive ( human alim5t z ! less luxuriant woods ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,9 ,/ra9's un=tunate exp$ition across ! great ,am]ican i/hmus1 :]e ! j\rney lay pr9cipally ?r\gh ?ick woods1 sev]al ( ! p>ty di$ ( />vation1 & = _m days ! survivors 7 =c$ to subsi/ on ! scantie/ supplies ( unnutriti\s vegetables p]haps nev] be=e employ$ = food by man4 ,see ! int]e/+ acc\nt ( t exp$ition 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e = ,m>*1 ,april1 & ,may1 #ahee4 ,clave1 z well z _m e>li] writ]s1 supposes t primitive man d]iv$ 8 nutrim5t f ! spontane\s productions ( ! wood4 ,x is to ! =e/s1 says he1 t man 0 fir/ indebt$ = ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,expos$ alone1 )\t def5ce1 to ! rigor ( ! seasons1 z well z to ! attacks ( animals /rong] & swift] ?an himself1 he f\nd 9 !m 8 fir/ %elt]1 drew f !m 8 fir/ weapons4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ( humanity1 !y provid$ = all 8 wants3 !y furni%$ him wood = w>m?1 fruits = food1 g>m5ts to cov] 8 nak$ness1 arms = 8 def5ce4--,etudes sur l',economie ,=e/i]e1 p4 #ac4 ,b ! hi/ory ( savage life1 z f> z x is kn[n to u1 pres5ts man 9 t condition z inhabit+ only ! bord]s ( ! =e/ & ! op5 gr\nds t skirt ! wat]s & ! woods1 & z f9d+ only !re ! alim5ts :i* make up 8 daily bread4 #aah ,! orig9 ( ! great natural mead[s1 or prairies z !y are call$1 ( ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 is obscure4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no hi/orical evid5ce on ! subject1 & ,i believe t rema9s ( =e/ vegetation are seldom or nev] f\nd b5ea? ! surface1 ev5 9 ! sl\ghs1 :]e ! p]petual moi/ure w\ld pres]ve su* rema9s indef9itely4 ,! want ( trees ^u !m has be5 ascrib$ to ! occasional long-cont9u$ dr\ghts ( summ]1 & ! excessive humidity ( ! soil 9 w9t]2 b x is1 9 v _m in/ances1 c]ta9 t1 by :atev] means ! gr[? ( =e/s ^u !m 0 fir/ prev5t$ or de/roy$1 ! trees h be5 s9ce kept out ( !m only by ! annual burn+ ( ! grass1 by graz+ animals1 or by cultivation4 ,! groves & belts ( trees :i* are f\nd ^u ! prairies1 ?\gh _! se$l+s are occasionally kill$ by dr\ght1 or by excess ( moi/ure1 ext5d !mselves rapidly ov] !m :5 ! se$s & %oots are protect$ aga9/ fire1 cattle1 & ! pl\gh4 ,! prairies1 ?\gh ( va/ ext5t1 mu/ be consid]$ z a local1 &1 s f> z our pres5t k ext5ds1 abnormal exception to ! law :i* clo!s all suitable surfaces ) =e/2 = !re are _m p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,ohio1 = example--:]e ! physical conditions appe> to be ne>ly id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,/ates ly+ f>!r we/1 b :]e !re 7 comp>atively few natural mead[s4 ,! prairies 7 ! prop] fe$+ gr\nds ( ! bison1 & ! va/ numb] ( ^? animals is connect$1 z cause or consequ5ce1 ) ! exi/5ce ( ^? va/ pa/ures4 ,! bison1 inde$1 c\ld n conv]t ! =e/ into a pa/ure1 b he w\ld d mu* to prev5t ! pa/ure f becom+ a =e/4 ,!re is positive evid5ce t "s ( ! ,am]ican tribes possess$ l>ge h]ds ( dome/icat$ bisons4 ,see ,,humboldt1 ,ansi*t5 d] ,natur1 i1 pp4 #ga-gc4 ,:at au?orizes u to affirm t ?is 0 simply ! wild bison reclaim$1 & :y may we n1 ) equal probability1 believe t ! migratory prairie buffalo is ! prog5y ( ! dome/ic animal run wild8 ,!re are1 bo? on ! prairies1 z 9 ,wiscons91 & 9 deep =e/s1 z 9 ,ohio1 ext5sive rema9s ( a primitive p1 :o mu/ h be5 m num]\s & m advanc$ 9 art ?an ! pres5t ,indian tribes4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! woods :]e su* e>?works are f\nd 9 ,ohio 7 cle>$ by !m1 & t ! vic9ity ( ^! =tresses or temples 0 inhabit$ by a l>ge population4 ,no?+ =bids ! supposition t ! prairies 7 cle>$ by ! same or a simil> p1 & t ! gr[? ( trees ^u !m has be5 prev5t$ by fires & graz+1 :ile ! re/oration ( ! woods 9 ,ohio may be due to ! ab&onm5t ( t region by its orig9al inhabitants4 ,! climatic conditions unfavorable to ! spontane\s gr[? ( trees on ! prairies may be an effect ( too ext5sive cle>+s1 r ?an a cause ( ! want ( woods4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #bb4 #aai ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,/ates1 ! fir/ :ite settl]s f\nd ext5sive tracts ( ?9 woods1 ( a v p>k-l "*1 call$ oak op5+s1 f ! pr$om9ance ( diff]5t species ( t tree ^u !m4 ,^! 7 ! semi-artificial pa/ure gr\nds ( ! ,indians1 br\ght into t /ate1 & s kept1 by p>tial cle>+1 & by ! annual burn+ ( ! grass4 ,! object ( ?is op]ation 0 to attract ! de] to ! fre% h]bage :i* sprang up aft] ! fire4 ,! oaks bore ! annual scor*+1 at lea/ = a c]ta9 "t2 b if x _h be5 indef9itely cont9u$1 !y w\ld v probably h be5 de/roy$ at la/4 ,! soil w\ld h !n be5 mu* 9 ! prairie condition1 & w\ld h ne$$ no?+ b graz+ = a long succession ( ye>s to make ! resemblance p]fect4 ,t ! annual fires alone occasion$ ! peculi> "* ( ! oak op5+s1 is prov$ by ! fact1 t z soon z ! ,indians _h left ! c\ntry1 "y trees ( _m species sprang up & grew luxuriantly ^u !m4 ,see a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! oak op5+s 9 ,,dwight's ,travels1 iv1 pp4 #eh-fc4 #abj ,! practice ( burn+ ov] woodl&1 at once to cle> & manure ! gr\nd1 is call$ 9 ,sw$i% sv$j&e1 a p>ticipial n\n f ! v]b att sv$ja1 to burn ov]4 ,?\gh us$ 9 ,sw$5 z a prep>ation = crops ( rye or o!r gra91 x is employ$ 9 ,lapl& m frequ5tly to secure an abundant gr[? ( pa/urage1 :i* foll[s 9 two or ?ree ye>s aft] ! fire2 & x is sometimes resort$ to z a mode ( driv+ ! ,lapl&]s & _! re9de] f ! vic9ity ( ! ,sw$i% backwoodsman's grass gr\nds & hay/acks1 to :i* !y are dang]\s neighbors4 ,! =e/1 inde$1 rapidly recov]s itself1 b x is a g5]ation or m be=e ! re9de] moss gr[s aga94 ,:5 ! =e/ consi/s ( p9e1 tall1 ! gr\nd1 in/ead ( be+ r5d]$ f]tile by ?is process1 becomes hopelessly b>r51 & = a long "t aft]w>d produces no?+ b we$s & bri]s4--,,lae/adius1 ,om ,uppodl+> i ,lappm>k51 p4 #ae4 ,see also ,,s*ub]t1 ,resa i ,sv]ge1 ii1 p4 #cge4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,france ?is practice is s g5]al t ,clave says3 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,ard5nes x 7le s>tage7 is ! basis ( agriculture4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! dep>tm5t1 compris+ ! arrondissem5ts ( ,rocroi & ,mezi]es1 is cov]$ by /eep wood$ m\nta9s ) an argillace\s1 compact1 moi/ & cold soil2 x is furr[$ by ?ree valleys1 or r ?ree deep rav9es1 at ! bottom ( :i* roll ! wat]s ( ! ,meuse1 ! ,semoy1 & ! ,sormonne1 & villages %[ !mselves :]ev] ! walls ( ! valleys retreat suffici5tly f ! riv]s to give room to e/abli% !m4 ,depriv$ ( arable soil1 s9ce ! nature ( ! gr\nd p]mits nei!r regul> cle>+ nor cultivation1 ! peasant ( ! ,ard5nes1 by means ( burn+1 obta9s f ! =e/ a subsi/5ce :i*1 )\t ?is res\rce1 w\ld fail him4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! disposable wood1 he spreads ov] ! soil ! bran*es1 twigs1 bri>s1 & hea?1 sets fire to !m 9 ! dry wea!r ( ,july & ,augu/1 & s[s 9 ,septemb] a crop ( rye1 :i* he cov]s by a light pl\gh+4 ,?us prep>$1 ! gr\nd yields f sev5te5 to tw5ty bu%els an acre1 besides a ton & a half or two tons ( /raw ( ! be/ quality = ! manufacture ( /raw hats4--,,clave1 ,etudes sur l',economie ,=e/i]e1 p4 #ba4 ,clave does n expressly condemn ! s>tage1 :i* inde$ seems ! only practicable me?od ( obta9+ crops f ! soil he describes1 b1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 x is reg>d$ by mo/ writ]s z a highly p]nici\s practice4 #aba ,! rem>kable m\nds & o!r e>?works con/ruct$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,ohio & else:]e 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by a p app>5tly m advanc$ 9 culture ?an ! mod]n ,indian1 7 ov]gr[n ) a d5se clo?+ ( =e/ :5 fir/ discov]$ by ! :ites4 ,b ?\gh ! gr\nd :]e !y 7 erect$ mu/ h be5 occupi$ by a l>ge population = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 & !re=e entirely cle>$1 ! trees :i* grew ^u ! anci5t =tresses & ! adjac5t l&s 7 n di/+ui%able 9 species1 or ev5 9 dim5sions & "* ( gr[?1 f ! neighbor+ =e/s1 :]e ! soil seem$ nev] to h be5 di/urb$4 ,?is app>5t exception to ! law ( *ange ( crop 9 natural =e/ gr[? 0 +5i\sly expla9$ by ,g5]al ,h>rison's sugge/ion1 t ! lapse ( "t s9ce ! era ( ! m\nd build]s 0 s great z to h embrac$ sev]al successive g5]ations ( trees1 & occasion$1 by _! rotation1 a return to ! orig9al vegetation4 ,! successive *anges 9 ! spontane\s gr[? ( ! =e/1 z prov$ by ! "* ( ! wood f\nd 9 bogs1 is n unfrequ5tly su* z to sugge/ ! !ory ( a consid]able *ange ( climate dur+ ! human p]iod4 ,b ! laws :i* gov]n ! g]m9ation & gr[? ( =e/ trees mu/ be fur!r /udi$1 & ! primitive local conditions ( ! sites :]e anci5t woods lie buri$ mu/ be bett] asc]ta9$1 be=e ?is !ory c be admitt$ ^u ! evid5ce 9 "q4 ,9 fact1 ! ord] ( succession--= a rotation or alt]nation is n yet prov$--may move 9 opposite directions 9 diff]5t c\ntries ) ! same climate & at ! same "t4 ,?us 9 ,d5m>k & 9 ,holl& ! spike-leav$ firs h giv5 place to ! broad-leav$ bee*1 :ile 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many ! process has be5 rev]s$1 & ev]gre5s h supplant$ ! oaks & bir*es ( decidu\s foliage4 ,! pr9cipal det]m9+ cause seems to be ! influ5ce ( light ^u ! g]m9ation ( ! se$s & ! gr[? ( ! "y tree4 ,9 a =e/ ( firs1 = in/ance1 ! di/ribution ( ! light & %ade1 to ! influ5ce ( :i* se$s & %oots are expos$1 is by no means ! same z 9 a wood ( bee*es or ( oaks1 & h5ce ! gr[? ( diff]5t species w be /imulat$ 9 ! two =e/s4 ,see ,,b]g1 ,das ,v]dra5g5 d] ,laubwaeld] im ,no]dli*5 ,deuts*l&1 #ahdd4 ,,hey]1 ,das ,v]halt5 d] ,waldbaeume geg5 ,li*t und ,s*att51 #aheb4 ,,/>+1 ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 #ahef1 i1 pp4 #abj-bjj4 ,,vaupell1 ,om ,boeg5s ,indv&r+ i de ,danske ,skove1 #aheg4 ,,knorr1 ,/udi5 ueb] die ,bu*5-,wir?s*aft1 #ahfc4 #abb ,!re are1 9 ,nor!rn ,italy & 9 ,switz]l&1 jo9t-/ock companies :i* insure aga9/ damage by hail1 z well z by fire & lightn+4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahed & #ahfa1 a s+le "o ( ^! companies1 ,la ,riunione ,adriatica1 paid1 = damage by hail 9 ,pi$mont1 ,v5etian ,lomb>dy1 & ! ,du*y ( ,p>ma1 above #f1ejj1jjj francs1 or ne>ly #bjj1jjj p] ye>4 #abc ,! p>agr&9e1 or1 z x is call$ 9 ,fr5*1 ! p>agrele1 is a species ( conductor by :i* x has be5 hop$ to protect ! h>ve/s 9 c\ntries p>ticul>ly expos$ to damage by hail4 ,x 0 at fir/ propos$ to employ = ?is purpose poles support+ %eaves ( /raw connect$ ) ! gr\nd by ! same mat]ial2 b ! exp]im5t 0 aft]w>d tri$ 9 ,lomb>dy on a l>ge scale1 ) m p]fect electrical conductors1 consi/+ ( poles secur$ to ! top ( tall trees & provid$ ) a po9t$ wire ent]+ ! gr\nd & rea*+ above ! top ( ! pole4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t ?is app>atus1 erect$ at num]\s po9ts ov] an ext5t ( sev]al miles1 0 ( "s s]vice z a protection aga9/ hail1 b ?is op9ion 0 soon disput$1 & does n appe> to be support$ by well-asc]ta9$ facts4 ,! "q ( a repetition ( ! exp]im5t ov] a wide area has be5 aga9 agitat$ )9 a v few ye>s 9 ,lomb>dy2 b ! d\bts express$ by v able physici/s z to its efficacy1 & z to ! po9t :e!r hail is an electrical ph5om5on1 h disc\rag$ its advocates f attempt+ x4 #abd ,c5ni sulla ,importanza e ,coltura dei ,bos*i1 p4 #f4 #abe ,memoria sui ,bos*i1 etc41 p4 #dd4 #abf ,travels 9 ,italy1 *ap4 iii4 #abg ,le ,alpi *e c+ono l',italia1 i1 p4 #cgg4 #abh ,long be=e ! appe>ance ( man1 99 99 99 !y ! =e/s _h robb$ ! atmosph]e ( ! enorm\s quantity ( c>bonic acid x conta9$1 & !reby trans=m$ x into respirable air4 ,trees heap$ ^u trees _h already fill$ up ! ponds & m>%es1 & buri$ ) !m 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?--to re/ore x to u aft] ?\s&s ( ages 9 ! =m ( bitum9\s coal & ( an?racite--! c>bon :i* 0 de/9$ to become1 by ?is wond]ful cond5sation1 a preci\s /ore ( future weal?4--,,clave1 ,etudes sur l',economie ,=e/i]e1 p4 #ac4 ,?is op9ion ( ! modification ( ! atmosph]e by vegetation is conte/$4 #abi ,s*a*t ascribes to ! =e/ a specific1 if n a measurable1 influ5ce ^u ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e4 ,plants imbibe f ! air c>bonic acid & o!r gase\s or volatile products exhal$ by animals or develop$ by ! natural ph5om5a ( decomposition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! vegetable p\rs into ! atmosph]e oxyg51 :i* is tak5 up by animals & appropriat$ by !m4 ,! tree1 by means ( its leaves & its "y h]bace\s twigs1 pres5ts a consid]able surface = absorption & evaporation2 x ab/racts ! c>bon ( c>bonic acid1 & solidifies x 9 wood1 fecula1 & a multitude ( o!r comp\nds4 ,! result is t a =e/ )draws f ! air1 by its great absorb5t surface1 mu* m gas ?an mead[s or cultivat$ fields1 & exhales proportionally a consid]ably great] quantity ( oxyg54 ,! influ5ce ( ! =e/s on ! *emical composition ( ! atmosph]e is1 9 a ^w1 ( ! highe/ importance4--,les ,arbres1 p4 #aaa4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #bc4 #acj ,composition1 texture & color ( soil are important elem5ts to be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ ! effects ( ! removal ( ! =e/ ^u its !rmoscopic action4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$1 says ,becqu]el1 t :5 ! soil is b>$1 x becomes m or less heat$ by ! rays ( ! sun accord+ to ! nature & ! color ( ! p>ticles :i* compose x1 & accord+ to its humidity1 & t1 9 ! refrig]ation result+ f radiation1 we mu/ take into ! acc\nt ! conduct+ p[] ( ^? p>ticles also4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 silici\s & calc>e\s s&s1 comp>$ 9 equal volumes ) diff]5t argillace\s e>?s1 ) calc>e\s p[d] or du/1 ) humus1 ) arable & ) g>d5 e>?1 are ! soils :i* lea/ conduct heat4 ,x is = ?is reason t s&y gr\nd1 9 summ]1 ma9ta9s a high temp]ature ev5 dur+ ! night4 ,we may h5ce conclude t :5 a s&y soil is /ripp$ ( wood1 ! local temp]ature w be rais$4 ,aft] ! s&s foll[ successively argillace\s1 arable1 & g>d5 gr\nd1 !n humus1 :i* occupies ! l[e/ rank4 ,if we repres5t ! p[] ( calc>e\s s& to reta9 heat by #ajj1 we h1 accord+ to ,s*ubl]1 ,= silici\s8 s& #ie4f arable calc>e\s soil #gd4h argillace\s e>? #fh4d g>d5 e>? #fd4h humus #di4j ,! ret5tive p[] ( humus1 !n1 is b half z great z t ( calc>e\s s&4 ,we w add t ! p[] ( reta9+ heat is proportional to ! d5sity4 ,x has also a relation to ! magnitude ( ! p>ticles4 ,x is = ?is reason t gr\nd cov]$ ) silici\s pebbles cools m sl[ly ?an silici\s s&1 & t pebbly soils are be/ suit$ to ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 because !y advance ! rip5+ ( ! grape m rapidly ?an *alky & clayey e>?s1 :i* cool quickly4 ,h5ce we see t 9 exam9+ ! calorific effects ( cle>+ =e/s1 x is important to take into acc\nt ! prop]ties ( ! soil laid b>e4--,,becqu]el1 ,des ,climats et des ,sols boises1 p4 #acg4 #aca ,! ,wa%+ton elm at ,cambridge--a tree ( no extraord9>y size--0 "s ye>s ago e/imat$ to produce a crop ( sev5 millions ( leaves1 expos+ a surface ( two hundr$ ?\s& squ>e feet1 or ab\t five acres ( foliage4--,,gray1 ,fir/ ,lessons 9 ,botany & ,vegetable ,physiology1 z quot$ by ,,c\ltas1 ,:at may be le>n$ f a ,tree1 p4 #cd4 #acb ,see1 on ?is p>ticul> po9t1 & on ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! =e/ on temp]ature1 ,,humboldt1 ,ansi*t5 d] ,natur1 i1 #aeh4 #acc ,! radiat+ & refrig]at+ p[] ( objects by no means dep5ds on _! =m alone4 ,melloni cut %eets ( metal into ! %ape ( leaves & grasses1 & f\nd t !y produc$ little cool+ effect1 & 7 n moi/5$ "u atmosph]ic conditions :i* det]m9$ a pl5tiful deposit ( dew on ! leaves ( vegetables4 #acd ,,becqu]el1 ,des ,climats1 etc41 ,disc\rs ,prelim4 vi4 #ace ,travels1 i1 p4 #fa4 #acf ,le ,alpi *e c+ono l',italia1 pp4 #cgj1 #cga4 #acg ,b,e,r,g,s,oe,e1 ,rev5tlovs ,virksomh$1 ii1 p4 #abe4 #ach ,,becqu]el1 ,des ,climats1 etc41 p4 #agi4 #aci ,ibid41 p4 #aaf4 #adj ,! foll[+ well-atte/$ in/ance ( a local *ange ( climate is probably to be ref]r$ to ! influ5ce ( ! =e/ z a %elt] aga9/ cold w9ds4 ,to supply ! extraord9>y dem& = ,italian iron occasion$ by ! exclusion ( ,engli% iron 9 ! "t ( ,napoleon ,i1 ! furnaces ( ! valleys ( ,b]gamo 7 /imulat$ to great activity4 ,! ord9>y production ( *>coal n suffic+ to fe$ ! furnaces & ! =ges1 ! woods 7 fell$1 ! copses cut be=e _! "t1 & ! :ole economy ( ! =e/ 0 d]ang$4 ,at ,piazzatorre !re 0 su* a deva/ation ( ! woods1 & consequ5tly su* an increas$ sev]ity ( climate1 t maize no long] rip5$4 ,an association1 =m$ = ! purpose1 effect$ ! re/oration ( ! =e/1 & maize fl\ri%es aga9 9 ! fields ( ,piazzatorre4--,report by ,g4 ,,rosa1 9 ,il ,politecnico1 ,dicembre1 #ahfa1 p4 #fad4 ,simil> ameliorations h be5 produc$ by plantations 9 ,belgium4 ,9 an int]e/+ s]ies ( articles by ,baude1 entitl$ ,les ,cotes de la ,man*e1 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,i f9d ?is /atem5t3 ,a spectator plac$ on ! fam\s bell t[] ( ! ca!dral ( ,antw]p1 saw1 n long s9ce1 on ! opposite side ( ! ,s*elde only a va/ des]t pla92 n[ he sees a =e/1 ! limits ( :i* are conf\nd$ ) ! horizon4 ,let him ent] )9 its %ade4 ,! suppos$ =e/ is b a sy/em ( regul> r[s ( trees1 ! olde/ ( :i* is n =ty ye>s ( age4 ,^! plantations h ameliorat$ ! climate :i* _h doom$ to /]ility ! soil :]e !y are plant$4 ,:ile ! tempe/ is viol5tly agitat+ _! tops1 ! air a little bel[ is /ill1 & s&s f> m b>r5 ?an ! plateau ( ,la ,hague h be5 trans=m$1 "u _! protection1 into f]tile fields4--,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,janu>y1 #ahei1 p4 #bgg4 #ada ,c5ni sulla ,importanza e ,coltura dei ,bos*i1 p4 #ca4 #adb ,la ,prov5ce au po9t de vue des ,torr5ts et des ,inondations1 p4 #ai4 #adc ,ueb] die ,entwaldung d] ,gebirge1 p4 #bh4 #add ,,becqu]el1 ,des ,climats1 etc41 p4 #i4 #ade ,,salvagnoli1 ,rapporto sul ,bonificam5to delle ,m>emme ,toscane1 pp4 xli1 #abd4 #adf ,il ,politecnico1 ,milano1 ,aprile e ,maggio1 #ahfc1 p4 #ce4 #adg ,,salvagnoli1 ,memorie sulle ,m>emme ,toscane1 pp4 #bac1 #bad4 #adh ,except 9 ! see?+ m>%es ( ! tropics1 :]e vegetable decay is extremely rapid1 ! uni=mity ( temp]ature & ( atmosph]ic humidity r5d]s all =e/s em95tly heal?ful4 ,see ,,hoh5/e9's obs]vations on ?is subject1 ,d] ,wald1 p4 #da4 ,!re is no "q t op5 squ>es & p>ks conduce to ! salubrity ( cities1 & _m obs]v]s are ( op9ion t ! trees & o!r vegetables ) :i* su* gr\nds are plant$ contribute ess5tially to _! b5eficial influ5ce4 ,see an article 9 ,aus d] ,natur1 xxii1 p4 #hac4 #adi ,memoria sui ,bos*i di ,lomb>dia1 p4 #de4 #aej ,economie ,rurale1 i1 p4 #bb4 #aea ,r,o,s,s,m,ae,s,s,l,e,r1 ,d] ,wald1 p4 #aeh4 #aeb ,ibid41 p4 #afj4 #aec ,! l[ temp]ature ( air & soil at :i*1 9 ! frigid zone1 z well z 9 w>m] latitudes "u special circum/ances1 ! processes ( vegetation g on1 seems to necessitate ! supposition t all ! manife/ations ( vegetable life are att5d$ ) an evolution ( heat4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is common to protect ice1 9 iceh\ses1 by a cov]+ ( /raw1 :i* naturally sometimes conta9s k]nels ( gra94 ,^! (t5 spr\t1 & ev5 ?r[ out roots & leaves to a consid]able l5g?1 9 a temp]ature v little above ! freez+ po9t4 ,?ree or f\r ye>s s9ce1 ,i saw a lump ( v cle> & app>5tly solid ice1 ab\t eight in*es long by six ?ick1 on :i* a k]nel ( gra9 _h spr\t$ 9 an iceh\se1 & s5t half a doz5 or m v sl5d] roots into ! pores ( ! ice & ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! lump4 ,! "y plant mu/ h ?r[n out a consid]able quantity ( heat2 = ?\gh ! ice 01 z ,i h said1 o!rwise solid1 ! pores ?r\gh :i* ! roots pass$ 7 enl>g$ to p]haps d\ble ! diamet] ( ! fibres1 b /ill n s mu* z to prev5t ! ret5tion ( wat] 9 !m by capill>y attraction4 ,see ,app4 #bd4 #aed ,,becqu]el1 ,des ,climats1 etc41 pp4 #aci-ada4 #aee ,dr4 ,williams made "s obs]vations on ?is subject 9 #aghi1 & 9 #agia1 b !y g5]ally belong$ to ! w>m] mon?s1 & ,i d n "k t any ext5sive s]ies ( comp>isons betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd 9 ! woods & ! fields has be5 attempt$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,dr4 ,williams's !rmomet] 0 sunk to ! dep? ( t5 in*es1 & gave ! foll[+ results3 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,temp]ature ,temp]ature ,,"t4 ( gr\nd 9 ( gr\nd 9 ,diff]5ce4 pa/ure4 woods4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,may #bc #eb #df #f #bh #eg #dh #i ,june #ae #fd #ea #ac #bg #fb #ea #aa ,july #af #fb #ea #aa #cj #fea_/b #eea_/b #aj ,aug4 #ae #fh #eh #aj #ca #eia_/b #ee #da_/b ,sept4 #ae #eia_/b #ee #da_/b ,oct4 #a #eia_/b #ee #da_/b #ae #di #di #j ,nov4 #a #dc #dc #j #af #dca_/b #dca_/b #j ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,on ! #ad? ( ,janu>y1 #agia1 9 a w9t] rem>kable = its extreme sev]ity1 he f\nd ! gr\nd1 on a pla9 op5 field :]e ! sn[ _h be5 bl[n away1 froz5 to ! dep? ( ?ree feet & five in*es2 9 ! woods :]e ! sn[ 0 ?ree feet deep1 & :]e ! soil _h froz5 to ! dep? ( six in*es be=e ! sn[ fell1 ! !rmomet]1 at six in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 /ood at #ci deg44 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! cov]+ ( ! sn[1 !re=e1 ! previ\sly froz5 gr\nd _h be5 ?aw$ & rais$ to sev5 degrees above ! freez+ po9t4--,,williams',s ,v]mont1 i1 p4 #gd4 ,bodies ( fre% wat]1 s l>ge z n to be s5sibly affect$ by local influ5ces ( n>r[ rea* or %ort duration1 w\ld af=d climatic indications well wor?y ( special obs]vation4 ,lake ,*ampla91 :i* =ms ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,/ates ( ,new ,york & ,v]mont1 pres5ts v favorable conditions = ?is purpose4 ,?is lake1 :i* dra9s a bas9 ( ab\t #f1jjj squ>e miles1 cov]s an area1 exclud+ its isl&s1 ( ab\t #ejj squ>e miles4 ,x ext5ds f lat4 #dc deg4 #cj' to #de deg4 #bj'1 9 v ne>ly a m]idian l9e1 has a mean wid? ( f\r & a half miles1 ) an extreme bread?1 exclud+ bays almo/ l&-lock$1 ( ?irte5 miles4 ,its mean dep? is n well kn[n4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 #djj feet deep 9 "s places1 & f #ajj to #bjj 9 _m1 & has few %oals or flats4 ,! climate is ( su* sev]ity t x r>ely fails to freeze completely ov]1 & to be safely cross$ ^u ! ice1 ) heavy teams1 = sev]al weeks e w9t]4 ,,?ompson 7,v]mont1 p4 #ad1 & ,app5dix1 p4 #i7 gives ! foll[+ table ( ! times ( ! complete clos+ & op5+ ( ! ice1 opposite ,burl+ton1 ab\t ! c5tre ( ! lake1 & :]e x is t5 miles wide4 -------------------------------------- ,ye>4 ,clos+4 ,op5+4 ,days clos$4 -------------------------------------- #ahaf ,febru>y #i #ahag ,janu>y #bi ,april #af #gh #ahah ,febru>y #b ,april #ae #gb #ahai ,m>* #d ,april #ag #dd #ahbj ,febru>y #c ,febru>y #d ,m>* #h ,m>* #ab #ahba ,janu>y #ae ,april #ba #ie #ahbb ,janu>y #bd ,m>* #cj #ge #ahbc ,febru>y #g ,april #e #eg #ahbd ,janu>y #bb ,febru>y #aa #bj #ahbe ,febru>y #i #ahbf ,febru>y #a ,m>* #bd #ea #ahbg ,janu>y #ba ,m>* #ca #fh #ahbh n clos$ #ahbi ,janu>y #ca ,april #ahcb ,febru>y #f ,april #ag #gj #ahcc ,febru>y #b ,april #f #fc #ahcd ,febru>y #ac ,febru>y #bj #g #ahce ,janu>y #aj ,janu>y #bc #ah ,febru>y #g ,april #ab #fd #ahcf ,janu>y #bg ,april #ba #he #ahcg ,janu>y #ae ,april #bf #aja #ahch ,febru>y #b ,april #ac #gj #ahci ,janu>y #be ,april #f #ga #ahdj ,janu>y #be ,febru>y #bj #bf #ahda ,febru>y #ah ,april #ai #fa #ahdb n clos$ #ahdc ,febru>y #af ,april #bb #fe #ahdd ,janu>y #be ,april #aa #gg #ahde ,febru>y #c ,m>* #bf #ea #ahdf ,febru>y #aj ,m>* #bf #dd #ahdg ,febru>y #ae ,april #bc #fh #ahdh ,febru>y #ac ,febru>y #bf #ac #ahdi ,febru>y #g ,m>* #bc #dd #ahej n clos$ #ahea ,febru>y #a ,m>* #ab #hi #aheb ,janu>y #ah ,april #aj #ib -------------------------------------- ,9 #ahdg1 al?\gh1 at ! po9t indicat$1 ! ice broke up on ! #bc;d ( ,april1 x rema9$ froz5 mu* lat] at ! ,nor?1 & /eam]s 7 n able to trav]se ! :ole l5g? ( ! lake until ,may #f?4 #aef ,we are n1 inde$1 to suppose t cond5sation ( vapor & evaporation ( wat] are go+ on 9 ! same /ratum ( air at ! same "t1 or1 9 o!r words1 t vapor is cond5s$ into ra9drops1 & ra9drops evaporat$1 "u ! same conditions2 b ra9 =m$ 9 "o /ratum1 may fall ?r\gh ano!r1 :]e vapor w\ld n be cond5s$4 ,two saturat$ /rata ( diff]5t temp]atures may be br\ght into contact 9 ! high] regions1 & dis*>ge l>ge ra9drops1 :i*1 if n divid$ by "s ob/ruction1 w rea* ! gr\nd1 ?\gh pass+ all ! "t ?r\gh /rata :i* w\ld vaporize !m if !y 7 9 a /ate ( m m9ute division4 #aeg ,x is p]haps too mu* to say t ! influ5ce ( trees ^u ! w9d is /rictly limit$ to ! me*anical resi/ance ( _! trunks1 bran*es1 & foliage4 ,s f> z ! =e/1 by dead or by liv+ action1 raises or l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! air )9 x1 s f> x creates upw>d or d[nw>d curr5ts 9 ! atmosph]e above x1 &1 consequ5tly1 a fl[ ( air t[>d or f itself4 ,^! air /reams h a c]ta91 ?\gh d\btless a v small influ5ce on ! =ce & direction ( great] atmosph]ic movem5ts4 #aeh ,z a famili> illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( ! =e/ 9 *eck+ ! movem5t ( w9ds1 ,i may m5tion ! well-kn[n fact1 t ! s5sible cold is nev] extreme 9 ?ick woods1 :]e ! motion ( ! air is little felt4 ,! lumb]m5 9 ,canada & ! ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates labor 9 ! woods1 )\t inconv5i5ce1 :5 ! m]cury /&s _m degrees bel[ ! z]o ( ,fahr5heit1 :ile 9 ! op5 gr\nds1 ) only a mod]ate breeze1 ! same temp]ature is almo/ insupportable4 ,! eng9e]s & firem5 ( locomotives1 employ$ on railways runn+ ?r\gh =e/s ( any consid]able ext5t1 obs]ve t1 9 v cold wea!r1 x is mu* easi] to keep up ! /eam :ile ! eng9e is pass+ ?r\gh ! woods ?an 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,z soon z ! tra9 em]ges f ! %elt] ( ! trees ! /eam gauge falls1 & ! /ok] is oblig$ to ?r[ 9 a lib]al supply ( fuel to br+ x up aga94 ,ano!r less frequ5tly notic$ fact1 due1 no d\bt1 9 a great measure to ! immobility ( ! air1 is1 t s\nds are transmitt$ to incr$ible di/ances 9 ! unbrok5 =e/4 ,_m in/ances ( ?is h fall5 "u my own obs]vation1 & o!rs1 yet m /rik+1 h be5 relat$ to me by cr$ible & compet5t witnesses famili> ) a m primitive condition ( ! ,anglo-,am]ican _w4 ,an acute obs]v] ( natural ph5om5a1 ^: *ildhood & y\? 7 sp5t 9 ! int]ior ( "o ( ! new] ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 has (t5 told me t :5 he e/abli%$ 8 home 9 ! =e/1 he always di/9ctly he>d1 9 /ill wea!r1 ! pla% ( horses' feet1 :5 !y =d$ a small brook ne>ly sev5-eigh?s ( a mile f 8 h\se1 ?\gh a portion ( ! wood t int]v5$ consi/$ ( a ridge sev5ty or eighty feet high] ?an ei!r ! h\se or ! =d4 ,i h no d\bt t1 9 su* cases1 ! /illness ( ! air is ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! extraord9>y transmissibility ( s\nd2 b x mu/ be admitt$ t ! abs5ce ( ! multipli$ & confus$ noises1 :i* accompany human indu/ry 9 c\ntries ?ickly peopl$ by man1 contributes to ! same result4 ,we become1 by habit1 almo/ ins5sible to ! famili> & nev]-re/+ voices ( civilization 9 cities & t[ns2 b ! indi/+ui%able drone1 :i* sometimes escapes ev5 ! e> ( him :o li/5s = x1 dead5s & (t5 q ob/ructs ! transmission ( s\nds :i* w\ld o!rwise be cle>ly audible4 ,an obs]v]1 :o wi%es to appreciate t hum ( civic life :i* he _c analyze1 w f9d an excell5t opportunity by plac+ himself on ! hill ( ,capo di ,monte at ,naples1 9 ! l9e ( prolongation ( ! /reet call$ ,spaccanapoli4 ,x is probably to ! /illness ( :i* ,i h spok51 t we are to ascribe ! transmission ( s\nd to great di/ances at sea 9 calm wea!r4 ,9 ,june1 #ahec1 ,i & my family 7 pass5g]s on bo>d a %ip ( w> b\nd up ! ,a,egean4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bg? ( t mon?1 z we 7 discuss+1 at ! tea table1 "s obs]vations ( ,humboldt on ?is subject1 ! capta9 ( ! %ip told u t he _h once he>d a s+le gun at sea at ! di/ance ( n9ety nautical miles4 ,! ne/ morn+1 ?\gh a light breeze _h sprung up f ! nor?1 ! sea 0 ( glassy smoo?ness :5 we w5t on deck4 ,z we came up1 an (fic] told u t he _h he>d a gun at sunrise1 & ! conv]sation ( ! previ\s ev5+ sugge/$ ! inquiry :e!r x c\ld h be5 fir$ f ! comb9$ ,fr5* & ,engli% fleet !n ly+ at ,be%ika ,bay4 ,^u exam9ation ( our position we 7 f\nd to h be51 at sunrise1 n9ety sea miles f t po9t4 ,we cont9u$ beat+ up nor?w>d1 & betwe5 sunrise & twelve o'clock m]idian ( ! #bh?1 we _h made twelve miles nor?+1 r$uc+ our di/ance f ,be%ika ,bay to sev5ty-eight sea miles4 ,at noon we he>d sev]al guns s di/9ctly t we 7 able to c\nt ! numb]4 ,on ! #bi? we came up ) ! fleet1 & le>n$ f an (fic] :o came on bo>d t a royal salute _h be5 fir$ at noon on ! #bh?1 9 honor ( ! day z ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,que5 ( ,engl&'s coronation4 ,! report at sunrise 0 evid5tly ! morn+ gun1 ^? at noon ! salute4 ,su* cases are r>e1 because ! sea is seldom /ill1 & ! ,greek3 kymaton an]i?mon gelasma r>ely sil5t1 ov] s great a space z n9ety or ev5 sev5ty-eight nautical miles4 ,i apply ! epi!t sil5t to ,greek3 gelasma advis$ly4 ,i am conv9c$ t ,a,eschylus meant ! audible laugh ( ! waves1 :i* is inde$ ( c\ntless multiplicity1 n ! visible smile ( ! sea1 :i*1 belong+ to ! great expanse z "o imp]sonation1 is s+le1 ?\gh1 l ! human smile1 made up ( ! play ( _m features4 #aei ,! pres5ce ( wat]y vapor 9 ! air is g5]al4 99 99 99 ,vegetable surfaces are end[$ ) ! p[] ( absorb+ gases1 vapors1 & also1 no d\bt1 ! v>i\s soluble bodies :i* are pres5t$ to !m4 ,! inhalation ( humidity is c>ri$ on by ! leaves ^u a l>ge scale2 ! dew ( a cold summ] night revives ! groves & ! mead[s1 & a s+le %[] ( ra9 suffices to refre% ! v]dure ( a =e/ :i* a long dr\ght _h p>*$4--,,s*a*t1 ,les ,arbres1 ix1 p4 #cdj4 ,! absorption ( ! vapor ( wat] by leaves is disput$4 ,! absorption ( wat]y vapor by ! leaves ( plants is1 accord+ to ,ung]'s exp]im5ts1 inadmissible4--,,wilhelm1 ,d] ,bod5 und das ,wass]1 p4 #ai4 ,if ?is latt] view is correct1 ! app>5tly refre%+ effects ( atmosph]ic humidity ^u vegetation mu/ be ascrib$ to moi/ure absorb$ by ! gr\nd f ! air & suppli$ to ! roots4 ,9 "s rec5t exp]im5ts by ,dr4 ,sa*s1 a por\s fl[]-pot1 ) a plant gr[+ 9 x1 0 left unwat]$ until ! e>? 0 dry1 & ! plant began to langui%4 ,! pot 0 !n plac$ 9 a glass case conta9+ air1 :i* 0 kept always saturat$ ) humidity1 b no wat] 0 suppli$1 & ! leaves ( ! plant 7 expos$ to ! op5 atmosph]e4 ,! soil 9 ! fl[] pot absorb$ f ! air moi/ure en\gh to revive ! foliage1 & keep x a long "t gre51 b n en\gh to promote developm5t ( new leaves4--,id41 ibid41 p4 #ah4 #afj ,! exp]im5ts ( ,hales & o!rs1 on ! absorption & exhalation ( wat] by vegetables1 are ( ! highe/ physiological int]e/2 b obs]vations on sunfl[]s1 cabbages1 hops1 & s+le bran*es ( isolat$ trees1 gr[+ 9 artificially prep>$ soils & "u artificial conditions1 furni% no tru/wor?y data = comput+ ! quantity ( wat] receiv$ & giv5 (f by ! natural wood4 #afa ,9 ! primitive =e/1 except :]e ! soil is too wet = ! d5se gr[? ( trees1 ! gr\nd is g5]ally too ?ickly cov]$ ) leaves to all[ mu* room = gr\nd mosses4 ,9 ! m op5 woods ( ,europe1 ?is =m ( vegetation is m frequ5t--z1 inde$1 are _m o!r small plants ( a m invit+ "*--?an 9 ! native ,am]ican =e/4 ,see1 on ! cryptogams & wood plants1 ,r,o,s,s,m,ae,s,s,l,e,r1 ,d] ,wald1 pp4 #cc et seqq4 #afb ,em]son 7,trees ( ,massa*usetts1 p4 #dic7 m5tions a maple six feet 9 diamet]1 z hav+ yield$ a b>rel1 or ?irty-"o & a half gallons ( sap 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ano!r1 ! dim5sions ( :i* are n /at$1 z hav+ yield$ "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five gallons 9 ! c\rse ( ! season4 ,! ,cultivator1 an ,am]ican agricultural j\rnal1 = ,june1 #ahdb1 /ates t tw5ty gallons ( sap 7 drawn 9 eighte5 h\rs f a s+le maple1 two & a half feet 9 diamet]1 9 ! t[n ( ,w>n]1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ! tru? ( ?is acc\nt has be5 v]ifi$ by p]sonal inquiry made 9 my behalf4 ,?is tree 0 ( ! orig9al =e/ gr[?1 & _h be5 left /&+ :5 ! gr\nd ar\nd x 0 cle>$4 ,x 0 tapp$ only e o!r ye>1 & !n ) six or eight incisions4 ,dr4 ,williams 7,hi/ory ( ,v]mont1 i1 p4 #ia7 says3 ,a man mu* employ$ 9 mak+ maple sug>1 f\nd t1 = tw5ty-"o days toge!r1 a maple tree dis*>g$ sev5 & a half gallons p] day4 ,an intellig5t correspond5t1 ( mu* exp]i5ce 9 ! manufacture ( maple sug>1 writes me t a second-gr[? maple1 ( ab\t two feet 9 diamet]1 /&+ 9 op5 gr\nd1 tapp$ ) f\r incisions1 has1 = sev]al seasons1 g5]ally run eight gallons p] day 9 fair wea!r4 ,he speaks ( a v l>ge tree1 f :i* sixty gallons 7 drawn 9 ! c\rse ( a season1 & ( ano!r1 some?+ m ?an ?ree feet ?r\gh1 :i* made =ty-two p\nds ( wet sug>1 & mu/ h yield$ n less ?an "o hundr$ & fifty gallons4 #afc ,! buds ( ! maple1 says ! same correspond5t1 d n />t till t[>d ! close ( ! sug> season4 ,z soon z !y beg9 to swell1 ! sap seems less sweet1 & ! sug> made f x is ( a d>k] color1 & ) less ( ! di/9ctive maple flavor4 #afd ,9 ?is region1 maples are usually tapp$ ) a ?ree-qu>t] in* bit1 bor+ to ! dep? ( "o & a half or two in*es4 ,9 ! small] trees1 "o incision only is made1 two 9 ^? ( eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & f\r 9 trees ( l>g] size4 ,two #c_/d-;in* holes 9 a tree tw5ty-two in*es 9 diamet] #a_/df ( ! circumf]5ce1 & #a_/afi ( ! area ( section4 ,tapp+ does n *eck ! gr[?1 b does injure ! quality ( ! wood ( maples4 ,! wood ( trees (t5 tapp$ is light] & less d5se ?an t ( trees :i* h n be5 tapp$1 & gives less heat 9 burn+4 ,no diff]5ce has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! />t+ ( ! buds ( tapp$ & untapp$ trees4--,same correspond5t4 #afe ,dr4 ,ru%1 9 a lett] to ,jeff]son1 /ates ! numb] ( maples fit = tapp+ on an acre at f ?irty to fifty4 ,?is1 obs]ves my correspond5t1 is correct ) reg>d to ! orig9al gr[?1 :i* is always m or less int]mix$ ) o!r trees2 b 9 second gr[?1 compos$ ( maples alone1 ! numb] greatly exce$s ?is4 ,i h _h ! maples on a qu>t] ( an acre1 :i* ,i ?\ght ab\t an av]age ( second-gr[? 'maple or*>ds1' c\nt$4 ,! numb] 0 f\nd to be fifty-two1 ( :i* ?irty-two 7 t5 in*es or m 9 diamet]1 &1 ( c\rse1 l>ge en\gh to tap4 ,?is gives two hundr$ & eight trees to ! acre1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ( :i* 7 ( prop] size = tapp+4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus returns1 ! quantity ( maple sug> made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahej 0 #cd1bec1dcf p\nds2 9 #ahfj1 x 0 #ch1hfc1hhd p\nds1 besides #a1idd1eid gallons ( molasses4 ,! cane sug> made 9 #ahej am\nt$ to #bcg1acc1jjj p\nds2 9 #ahei1 to #cjb1bje1jjj4--,prelim9>y ,report on ! ,eigh? ,c5sus1 p4 #hh4 ,accord+ to ,bigel[1 ,les ,etats ,unis d',am]ique en #ahfc1 *ap4 iv1 ! sug> product ( ,l\isiana alone = #ahfb is e/imat$ at #ebh1cba1ejj p\nds4 #aff ,! correspond5t already ref]r$ to in=ms me t a black bir*1 tapp$ ab\t noon ) two incisions1 0 f\nd ! next morn+ to h yield$ sixte5 gallons4 ,dr4 ,williams 7,hi/ory ( ,v]mont1 i1 p4 #ia7 says3 ,a l>ge bir*1 tapp$ 9 ! spr+1 ran at ! rate ( five gallons an h\r :5 fir/ tapp$4 ,eight or n9e days aft]1 x 0 f\nd to run at ! rate ( ab\t two & a half gallons an h\r1 & at ! end ( fifte5 days ! dis*>ge cont9u$ 9 ne>ly ! same quantity4 ,! sap cont9u$ to fl[ = f\r or five weeks1 & x 0 ! op9ion ( ! obs]v]s t x mu/ h yield$ z mu* z sixty b>rels #a1hij gallons4 #afg ,! be/ /ate ( wea!r = a good run1 says my correspond5t1 is cle> days1 ?aw+ fa/ 9 ! daytime & freez+ well at night1 ) a g5tle we/ or nor?we/ w9d2 ?\gh we sometimes h cle>1 f9e1 ?aw+ days foll[$ by fro/y nights1 )\t a good run ( sap1 ,i h ?\ght x probable t ! irregul> fl[ ( sap on diff]5t days 9 ! same season is connect$ ) ! v>iation 9 atmosph]ic pressure2 = ! atmosph]ic conditions above m5tion$ z ^? mo/ favorable to a free fl[ ( sap are also ^? 9 :i* ! b>omet] usually indicates pressure consid]ably above ! mean4 ,) a s\? or s\!a/ w9d1 & 9 l[]+ wea!r1 :i* causes a fall 9 ! b>omet]1 ! fl[ g5]ally ceases1 ?\gh ! sap sometimes runs till aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! /orm4 ,) a g5tle w9d1 s\? ( we/1 maples sometimes run all night4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 x is (t5e/ %ortly be=e a /orm4 ,la/ spr+1 ! sap ( a sug> or*>d 9 a neighbor+ t[n fl[$ ! great] "p ( ! "t = two days & two nights successively1 & did n cease till aft] ! comm5cem5t ( a ra9 /orm4 ,! cessation ( ! fl[ ( sap at night is p]haps 9 "p to be ascrib$ to ! nocturnal fro/1 :i* *ecks ! melt+ ( ! sn[1 ( c\rse dim9i%+ ! supply ( moi/ure 9 ! gr\nd1 & sometimes congeals ! /rata f :i* ! rootlets suck 9 wat]4 ,f ! facts already m5tion$1 h[ev]1 & f o!r well-kn[n circum/ances--su*1 = example1 z ! m lib]al fl[ ( sap f incisions on ! s\? side ( ! trunk--x is evid5t t ! )drawal ( ! /imulat+ influ5ces ( ! sun's light & heat is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! susp5sion ( ! circulation 9 ! night4 #afh ,! fl[ ceases altoge!r soon aft] ! buds beg9 to swell4--,lett] be=e quot$4 #afi ,we might obta9 a contribution to an approximate e/imate ( ! quantity ( moi/ure ab/ract$ by =e/ vegetation f ! e>? & ! air1 by asc]ta9+1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! quantity ( wood on a giv5 area1 ! proportion ( assimilable matt] conta9$ 9 ! fluids ( ! tree at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 ! ages ( ! trees respectively1 & ! quantity ( leaf & se$ annually %$ by !m4 ,! results w\ld1 inde$1 be v vague1 b !y might s]ve to *eck or confirm e/imates arriv$ at by o!r processes4 ,! foll[+ facts are items too loose p]haps to be employ$ z elem5ts 9 su* a computation4 ,dr4 ,williams1 :o wrote :5 ! woods ( ,nor!rn ,new ,engl& 7 g5]ally 9 _! primitive condition1 /ates ! numb] ( trees gr[+ on an acre at f "o hundr$ & fifty to six hundr$ & fifty1 accord+ to _! size & ! quality ( ! soil2 ! quantity ( wood1 at f fifty to two hundr$ cords1 or f #bch to #ieb cubic y>ds1 b adds t on l& cov]$ ) p9es1 ! quantity ( wood w\ld be mu* great]4 ,:e!r he means to give ! entire solid cont5ts ( ! tree1 or1 z is usual 9 ord9>y e/imates 9 ,new ,engl&1 ! m>ketable wood only1 ! trunks & l>g] bran*es1 does n appe>4 ,next to ! p9e1 ! maple w\ld probably yield a l>g] am\nt to a giv5 area ?an any ( ! o!r trees m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,williams1 b mix$ wood1 9 g5]al1 measures mo/4 ,9 a good deal ( obs]vation on ?is subject1 ! l>ge/ quantity ( m>ketable wood ,i h ev] kn[n cut on an acre ( virg9 =e/ 0 "o hundr$ & f\r cords1 or #dic cubic y>ds1 & half t am\nt is consid]$ a v fair yield4 ,! small] trees1 bran*es1 & twigs w\ld n increase ! quantity m ?an tw5ty-five p] c5t41 & if we add z mu* m = ! roots1 we %\ld h a total ( ab\t #gej cubic y>ds4 ,i ?9k ,dr4 ,williams's e/imate too l>ge1 ?\gh x w\ld fall mu* bel[ ! product ( ! great trees ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ( ,oregon1 & ( ,cali=nia4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ^! measurem5ts are ^? ( ! wood z x lies :5 'cord$' or pil$ up = m>ket1 & exce$ ! real solid cont5ts by n less ?an fifte5 p] c5t4 ,9 a soil ( m$ium quality1 says ,clave1 quot+ ! e/imates ( ,pfeil1 = ! climate ( ,prussia1 ! volume ( a hect>e ( p9es tw5ty ye>s old1 w\ld exce$ #hj cubic metres #dba_/b cubic y>ds to ! acre2 x w\ld am\nt to b #bd 9 a meagre soil4 ,?is tree atta9s its maximum ( mean gr[? at ! age ( sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,at t age1 9 ! s&y e>? ( ,prussia1 x produces annually ab\t #e cubic metres1 ) a total volume ( #caa cubic metres p] hect>e #aff cubic y>ds p] acre4 ,aft] ?is age ! volume increases1 b ! mean rate ( gr[? dim9i%es4 ,at eighty ye>s1 = in/ance1 ! volume is #cce cubic metres1 ! annual production #d only4 ,! bee* rea*es its maximum ( annual gr[? at "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s4 ,x !n has a total volume ( #fcc cubic metres to ! hect>e #cce cubic y>ds to ! acre1 & produces #e cubic metres p] ye>4--,,clave1 ,etudes1 p4 #aea4 ,^! measures1 ,i believe1 include ! entire ligne\s product ( ! tree1 exclusive ( ! roots1 & express ! actual solid cont5ts4 ,! specific gravity ( maple wood is /at$ to be #ge4 ,maple sap yields sug> at ! rate ( ab\t "o p\nd wet sug> to ?ree gallons ( sap1 & wet sug> is to dry sug> 9 ab\t ! proportion ( n9ete5 to sixte54 ,besides ! sug>1 !re is a small residuum ( s&1 compos$ ( phosphate ( lime1 ) a little silex1 & x is c]ta9 t by ! ord9>y ha/y process ( manufacture1 a good deal ( sug> is lo/2 = ! drops1 cond5s$ f ! vapor ( ! boil]s on ! raft]s ( ! rude %$s :]e ! sap is boil$1 h a decid$ly sweet ta/e4 #agj ,! elaborat$ sap1 pass+ out ( ! leaves1 is receiv$ into ! inn] b>k1 99 99 99 & a "p ( :at desc5ds f9ds its way ev5 to ! ends ( ! roots1 & is all along diffus$ lat]ally into ! /em1 :]e x meets & m+les ) ! asc5d+ crude sap or raw mat]ial4 ,s !re is no sep>ate circulation ( ! two k9ds ( sap2 & no crude sap exi/s sep>ately 9 any "p ( ! plant4 ,ev5 9 ! root1 :]e x ent]s1 ?is m+les at once ) "s elaborat$ sap already !re4--,,gray1 ,h[ ,plants ,gr[1 ,sec4 #bgc4 #aga ,w>d's tight glaz$ cases = rais+1 & especially = transport+ plants1 g f> to prove t wat] only circulates ?r\gh vegetables1 & is aga9 & aga9 absorb$ & transpir$ by organs appropriat$ to ^! functions4 ,se$s1 gr[+ grasses1 %rubs1 or trees plant$ 9 prop] e>?1 mod]ately wat]$ & cov]$ ) a glass bell or close frame ( glass1 live = mon?s & ev5 ye>s1 ) only ! orig9al /ore ( air & wat]4 ,9 "o ( ,w>d's e>ly exp]im5ts1 a spire ( grass & a f]n1 :i* sprang up 9 a cork$ bottle conta9+ a little moi/ e>? introduc$ z a b$ = a snail1 liv$ & fl\ri%$ = eighte5 ye>s )\t a new supply ( ei!r fluid4 ,9 ^! boxes ! plants gr[ till ! enclos$ air is exhau/$ ( ! gase\s con/itu5ts ( vegetation1 & till ! wat] has yield$ up ! assimilable matt] x held 9 solution1 & dissolv$ & suppli$ to ! roots ! nutrim5t conta9$ 9 ! e>? 9 :i* !y are plant$4 ,aft] ?is1 !y cont9ue = a long "t 9 a /ate ( vegetable sleep1 b if fre% air & wat] be introduc$ into ! cases1 or ! plants be transplant$ into op5 gr\nd1 !y r\se !mselves to r5ew$ life1 & gr[ vigor\sly1 )\t appe>+ to h suff]$ f _! long imprisonm5t4 ,! wat] transpir$ by ! leaves is p>tly absorb$ by ! e>? directly f ! air1 p>tly cond5s$ on ! glass1 along :i* x trickles d[n to ! e>?1 ent]s ! roots aga91 & ?us cont9ually repeats ! circuit4 ,see ,aus d] ,natur1 #ba1 ,b4 ,s4 #ecg4 #agb ,,wilhelm1 ,d] ,bod5 und das ,wass]1 p4 #ah4 ,x is n asc]ta9$ 9 :at proportions ! dew is evaporat$1 & 9 :at x is absorb$ by ! e>?1 9 actual nature1 b !re c be no d\bt t ! am\nt ( wat] tak5 up by ! gr\nd1 bo? f vapor susp5d$ 9 ! air & f dew1 is l>ge4 ,! annual fall ( dew 9 ,engl& is e/imat$ at five in*es1 b ?is quantity is mu* exce$$ 9 _m c\ntries ) a cle>] sky4 ,9 _m ( our ,alg]ian campaigns1 says ,bab9et1 :5 x 0 wi%$ to puni% ! brig&age ( ! unsubdu$ tribes1 x 0 impossible to set _! gra9 fields on fire until a late h\r ( ! day2 = ! plants 7 s wet ) ! night dew t x 0 necess>y to wait until ! sun _h dri$ !m4--,etudes et ,lectures1 ii1 p4 #bab4 #agc ,x has be5 conclud$ t ! dry l& occupies ab\t #di1hjj1jjj squ>e /atute miles4 ,?is does n include ! rec5tly discov]$ tracts ( l& 9 ! vic9ity ( ! poles1 & all[+ = yet undiscov]$ l& 7:i*1 h[ev]1 c only exi/ 9 small quantity71 if we assign #ea1jjj1jjj to ! l&1 !re w rema9 ab\t #adf1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles = ! ext5t ( surface occupi$ by ! ocean4--,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,h]s*el1 ,physical ,geography1 #ahfa1 p4 #ai4 ,x does n appe> to :i* category ,h]s*el assigns ! inl& seas & ! fre%-wat] lakes & riv]s ( ! e>?2 & ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 :o /ates t ! dry l& occupies an area ( #ch1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles1 & t ! ocean cov]s ne>ly ?ree f\r?s ( ! surface ( ! globe1 is equally sil5t on ?is po9t4--,physical ,geography1 fif? edition1 p4 #cj4 ,on ! foll[+ page1 ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 9 a note1 cites ,mr4 ,g>dn] z h] au?ority1 & says t1 accord+ to 8 computation1 ! ext5t ( l& is ab\t #cg1fgc1jjj squ>e ,briti% miles1 indep5d5tly ( ,victoria ,cont95t2 & ! sea occupies #aaj1hdi1jjj4 ,h5ce ! l& is to ! sea z #a to #d ne>ly4 ,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el makes ! area ( dry l& & ocean toge!r #aig1jjj1jjj squ>e miles2 ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 or r ,mr4 ,g>dn]1 #adh1ebb1jjj4 ,i suppose ,sir ,john ,h]s*el includes ! isl&s 9 8 aggregate ( ! dry l&1 & ! inl& wat]s "u ! g5]al designation ( ! ocean1 & t ,mrs4 ,som]ville excludes bo?4 #agd ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,sw$5 t ! spr+1 9 _m di/ricts :]e ! =e/s h be5 cle>$ (f1 n[ comes on a =tnight lat] ?an 9 ! la/ c5tury4--,a,s,b,j,oe,r,n,s,e,n1 ,om ,skov5e i ,norge1 p4 #aja4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at by ,noah ,web/]1 9 8 v le>n$ & able pap] on ! suppos$ *ange 9 ! temp]ature ( w9t]1 read be=e ! ,connecticut ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces 9 #agii1 0 z foll[s3 ,f a c>eful comp>ison ( ^! facts1 x appe>s t ! wea!r1 9 mod]n w9t]s1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is m incon/ant ?an :5 ! e>? 0 cov]$ ) woods1 at ! fir/ settlem5t ( ,europeans 9 ! c\ntry2 t ! w>m wea!r ( autumn ext5ds fur!r into ! w9t] mon?s1 & ! cold wea!r ( w9t] & spr+ encroa*es ^u ! summ]2 t1 ! w9d be+ m v>iable1 sn[ is less p]man5t1 & p]haps ! same rem>k may be applicable to ! ice ( ! riv]s4 ,^! effects seem to result necess>ily f ! great] quantity ( heat accumulat$ 9 ! e>? 9 summ] s9ce ! gr\nd has be5 cle>$ ( wood & expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 & to ! great] dep? ( fro/ 9 ! e>? 9 w9t] by ! exposure ( its uncov]$ surface to ! cold atmosph]e4--,collection ( ,pap]s by ,,noah ,,web/]1 p4 #afb4 #age ,i h se51 9 ,nor!rn ,new ,engl&1 ! surface ( ! op5 gr\nd froz5 to ! dep? ( tw5ty-two in*es1 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 :5 9 ! =e/ e>? no fro/ 0 discov]able2 & lat] 9 ! w9t]1 ,i h kn[n an expos$ s& knoll to rema9 froz5 six feet deep1 aft] ! gr\nd 9 ! woods 0 completely ?aw$4 #agf ----,det golde ,/roeg i ,afrika1 ,d] ,intet voxe kan1 da ei det regn]1 ,og1 omv5dt1 +5 ,regn kan falde1 da ,d] ,intet vox]4 ,,paludan-,m,ue,l,l,e,r1 ,adam ,homo1 ii1 #djh4 #agg ,und ,/u]me braus5 um die ,wette ,vom ,me] aufs ,l&1 vom ,l& aufs ,me]4 ,,goe!1 ,fau/1 ,song ( ! ,ar*angels4 #agh ,etudes sur l',economie ,=e/i]e1 pp4 #de1 #df4 #agi ,i am n aw>e ( any evid5ce to %[ t ,malta _h any woods ( importance at any "t s9ce ! cultivation ( cotton 0 introduc$ !re2 & if x is true1 z has be5 (t5 ass]t$1 t its pres5t soil 0 import$ f ,sicily1 x c c]ta9ly h possess$ no =e/s s9ce a v remote p]iod4 ,9 ,s&ys's "t1 #afaa1 !re 7 no woods 9 ! isl&1 & x produc$ little cotton4 ,he describes x z a c\ntry altoge!r *ampion1 be+ no o!r ?an a rocke c\]$ ou] ) e>?1 b two feete deepe :]e ! deepe/2 hau+ b few trees b su* z be>e fruite4 99 99 99 ,s t _! wood !y haue f ,sicilia4 ,!y h an indiff]5t quantity ( cotton wooll1 b t ! be/ ( all o!r4--,,s&ys1 ,travels1 p4 #bbh4 #ahj ,,s*a*t1 ,les ,arbres1 p4 #dab4 #aha ,:at may be le>n$ f a ,tree1 p4 #aag4 #ahb ,d] ,wald1 p4 #ac4 #ahc ,om ,skov5e og d]es ,=hold til ,nationaloeconomi51 pp4 #aca-acc4 #ahd ,om ,skov5e og om et ordnet ,skovbrug i ,norge1 p4 #ajf4 #ahe ,etudes et ,lectures1 iv4 p4 #aad4 #ahf ,! suppos$ increase 9 ! frequ5cy & quantity ( ra9 9 ,l[] ,egypt is by no means e/abli%$4 ,i h he>d x disput$ on ! spot by intellig5t ,franks1 ^: resid5ce 9 t c\ntry began be=e ! plantations ( ,mehemet ,aali & ,ibrahim ,pa*a1 & ,i h be5 assur$ by !m t meteorological obs]vations1 made at ,alex&ria ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 %[ an annual fall ( ra9 z great z is usual at ?is day4 ,! m]e fact1 t x did n ra9 dur+ ! ,fr5* occupation1 is n conclusive4 ,hav+ exp]i5c$ a g5tle %[] ( ne>ly tw5ty-f\r h\rs' duration 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 ,i inquir$ ( ! local gov]nor 9 relation to ! frequ5cy ( ?is ph5om5on1 & 0 told by him t n a drop ( ra9 _h fall5 at t po9t = m ?an two ye>s previ\s4 ,! belief 9 ! increase ( ra9 9 ,egypt re/s almo/ entirely on ! obs]vations ( ,m>%al ,m>mont1 & ! evid5ce collect$ by him 9 #ahcf4 ,8 conclusions h be5 disput$1 if n confut$1 by ,jom>d & o!rs1 & are probably errone\s4 ,see1 ,,foissac1 ,meteorologie1 ,g]man translation1 pp4 #fcd-fci4 ,x c]ta9ly sometimes ra9s briskly at ,cairo1 b evaporation is exce$+ly rapid 9 ,egypt--z any "o1 :o ev] saw a ,fellah woman wa% a napk9 9 ! ,nile1 & dry x by %ak+ x a few mom5ts 9 ! air1 c te/ify2 & a heap ( gra91 wet a few in*es bel[ ! surface1 w\ld probably dry aga9 )\t injury4 ,at any rate1 ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t (t5 has va/ quantities ( :eat /or$ at ,b\lak1 9 uncov]$ y>ds ?r\gh ! w9t]1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! slov5l9ess & want ( =esight 9 ,ori5tal life1 public & private1 are su* t we _c inf] ! safety ( any practice foll[$ 9 ! ,ea/1 m]ely f its long cont9uance4 ,gra91 h[ev]1 may be long kept 9 ! op5 air 9 climates mu* less dry ?an t ( ,egypt1 )\t injury1 except to ! sup]ficial lay]s2 = moi/ure does n p5etrate to a great dep? 9 a heap ( gra9 once well dri$1 & kept well air$4 ,:5 ,l\is ,,ix 0 mak+ 8 prep>ations = 8 campaign 9 ! ,ea/1 he _h l>ge quantities ( w9e & gra9 pur*as$ 9 ! ,isl& ( ,cyprus1 & /or$ up1 = two ye>s1 to await 8 arrival4 ,:5 we 7 come to ,cyprus1 says ,jo9ville1 ,hi/oire de ,sa9t ,l\is1 ,sec4,sec4 #gb1 #gc1 we f\nd !re greate foison ( ! ,kynge's purveyance4 99 99 ,! :eate & ! b>ley !y _h pil$ up 9 greate heapes 9 ! feeldes1 & to looke vpon1 !y 7 l vnto m\ntaynes2 = ! ra9e1 ! :y*e hadde beat5 vpon ! :eate n[ a longe :yle1 _h made x to spr\te on ! toppe1 s t x seem$ z gre5e grasse4 ,& :anne !y 7 mynd$ to c>rie x to ,egypte1 !y brake t sod ( gre5e h]be1 & dyd f9de "u ! same ! :eate & ! b>ley1 z fre%e z yf m5ne hadde b n[e ?ra%$ x4 #ahg ,etude sur les ,eaux au po9t de vue des ,inondations1 p4 #ia4 #ahh ,economie ,rurale1 ii1 *ap4 xx1 ,sec4 #d1 pp4 #gef-gei4 ,see also p4 #gcc4 #ahi ,jac9i1 speak+ ( ! great ,italian lakes1 says3 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! wat] ( ! lakes1 in/ead ( dis*>g+ itself by ! ,tic9o1 ! ,adda1 ! ,oglio1 ! ,m9cio1 filt]s ?r\gh ! silici\s /rata :i* und]lie ! hills1 & foll[s subt]ranean *annels to ! pla91 :]e x collects 9 ! fontanili1 & be+ !nce conduct$ into ! canals ( irrigation1 becomes a s\rce ( great f]tility4--,la ,proprieta ,fondi>ia1 etc41 p4 #add4 #aij ,meteorologie1 ,g]man translation by ,,emsmann1 p4 #fje4 #aia ,h&bu* d] ,physis*5 ,geographie1 p4 #feh4 #aib ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahed1 #a/ seme/re1 pp4 #ba et seqq4 ,see ! comm5ts ( ,,valles on ^! obs]vations1 9 8 ,etudes sur les ,inondations1 pp4 #dda et seqq4 #aic ,! passage 9 ,pl9y is z foll[s3 ,nascuntur fontes1 decisis pl]umque silvis1 quos arborum alim5ta consumebant1 sicut 9 ,haemo1 obsid5te ,gallos ,cass&ro1 quum valli gratia cecidiss5t4 ,pl]umque v]o damnosi torr5tes corrivantur1 detracta collibus silva cont9]e nimbos ac dig]]e consueta4--,nat4 ,hi/41 xxxi1 #cj4 ,s5eca cites ?is case1 & ano!r simil> "o said to h be5 obs]v$ at ,magnesia1 f a passage 9 ,!ophra/us1 n to be f\nd 9 ! extant works ( t au?or2 b he adds t ! /ories are incr$ible1 because %ad$ gr\nds ab\nd mo/ 9 wat]3 f]e aquosissima sunt quaecumque umbrosissima4--,quae/4 ,nat41 iii1 #aa4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #bf4 #aid ,:y g s f> = ! pro( ( a ph5om5on t is repeat$ e day "u our own eyes1 & ( :i* e ,p>isian may conv9ce himself1 )\t v5tur+ beyond ! ,bois de ,b\logne or ! =e/ ( ,meudon8 ,let him1 aft] a few ra9y days1 pass along ! ,*evreuse road1 :i* is bord]$ on ! "r by ! wood1 on ! left by cultivat$ fields4 ,! fall ( wat] & ! cont9uance ( ! ra9 h be5 ! same on bo? sides2 b ! dit* on ! side ( ! =e/ w rema9 fill$ ) wat] proce$+ f ! infiltration ?r\gh ! wood$ soil1 long aft] ! o!r1 contigu\s to ! op5 gr\nd1 has p]=m$ its (fice ( dra9age & become dry4 ,! dit* on ! left w h dis*>g$ 9 a few h\rs a quantity ( wat]1 :i* ! dit* on ! "r requires sev]al days to receive & c>ry d[n to ! valley4--,,clave1 ,etudes1 etc41 pp4 #ec1 #ed4 #aie ,,valles1 ,etudes sur les ,inondations1 p4 #dgb4 #aif ,economie ,rurale1 p4 #gcj4 #aig ,ueb] die ,entwaldung d] ,gebirge1 pp4 #bj et seqq4 #aih ,physis*e ,geographie1 p4 #cb4 #aii ,! ,trees ( ,am]ica1 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 #bjj ,,?ompson's ,v]mont1 app5dix1 p4 #h4 #bja ,trees ( ,am]ica1 p4 #dh4 #bjb ,dumont1 foll[+ ,dansse1 gives an int]e/+ extract f ! ,misopogon ( ! ,emp]or ,julian1 %[+ t1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ! ,se9e--! level ( :i* n[ v>ies to ! ext5t ( ?irty feet betwe5 extreme high & extreme l[ wat] m>k--0 almo/ :olly exempt f inundations1 & fl[$ ) a uni=m curr5t ?r\gh ! :ole ye>4 ,ego olim eram 9 hib]nis apud c>am ,lutetiam1 sic enim ,galli ,p>isiorum oppidum appellant1 quae insula e/ non magna1 9 fluvio sita1 qui eam omni ex p>te e+it4 ,pontes sublicii utr9que ad eam f]unt1 r>oque fluvius m9uitur ae crescit2 s$ qualis ae/ate1 talis esse solet hyeme4--,des ,travaux ,publics dans leur ,rapports avec l',agriculture1 p4 #cfa1 note4 ,z ,julian 0 six ye>s 9 ,gaul1 & 8 pr9cipal resid5ce 0 at ,p>is1 8 te/imony z to ! habitual condition ( ! ,se9e1 at a p]iod :5 ! prov9ces :]e its s\rces orig9ate 7 well wood$1 is v valuable4 #bjc ,almo/ e n>rative ( travel 9 ^? c\ntries :i* 7 ! e>lie/ seats ( civilization1 conta9s evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ^! g5]al /atem5ts1 & ?is evid5ce is pres5t$ ) m or less detail 9 mo/ ( ! special works on ! =e/ :i* ,i h occasion to cite4 ,i may ref] p>ticul>ly to ,,hoh5/e91 ,d] ,wald1 #ahfj1 z full ( important facts on ?is subject4 ,see also ,,caimi1 ,c5ni sulla ,importanza dei ,bos*i1 = "s /ati/ics n readily f\nd else:]e1 on ?is & o!r topics connect$ ) ! =e/4 #bjd ,/anley1 cit+ ,,seld51 ,de ,jure ,naturali1 book vi1 & ,,fabricius1 ,cod4 ,pseudap4 ,v4 ,t41 i1 #hgd1 m5tions a rem>kable ,jewi% tradition ( unc]ta9 b unque/ionably anci5t date1 :i* is among ! olde/ evid5ces ( public respect = ! woods1 & ( enlight5$ views ( _! importance & prop] treatm5t3 ,to ,jo%ua a fix$ ,jewi% tradition ascrib$ t5 decrees1 lay+ d[n precise rules1 :i* 7 in/itut$ to protect ! prop]ty ( ea* tribe & ( ea* h\sehold] f lawless depr$ation4 ,cattle1 ( a small] k9d1 7 to be all[$ to graze 9 ?ick woods1 n 9 ?9 woods2 9 woods1 no k9d ( cattle )\t ! own]'s cons5t4 ,/icks & bran*es might be ga!r$ by any ,hebrew1 b n cut4 99 99 99 ,woods might be prun$1 provid$ !y 7 n olives or fruit trees1 & t !re 0 suffici5t %ade 9 ! place4--,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 "p i1 p4 #bga4 #bje ,!re seems to h be5 a t5d5cy to excessive cle>+ 9 ,c5tral & ,we/]n1 e>li] ?an 9 ,s\!a/]n ,france4 ,wise & good ,b]n>d ,palissy--"o ( ^? p]secut$ ,prote/ants ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ^: h]oism1 virtue1 ref9em5t1 & ta/e %9e out 9 su* spl5did contra/ to ! brutality1 corruption1 grossness1 & b>b>ism ( _! oppressors--9 ! ,recepte ,v]itable1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #aefc1 ?us compla9s3 ,:5 ,i consid] ! value ( ! lea/ clump ( trees1 or ev5 ( ?orns1 ,i mu* m>vel at ! great ignorance ( m51 :o1 z x seeme?1 d n[adays /udy only to break d[n1 fell1 & wa/e ! fair =e/s :i* _! =efa!rs did gu>d s *oicely4 ,i w\ld ?9k no evil ( !m = cutt+ d[n ! woods1 did !y b replant aga9 "s "p ( !m2 b !y c>e n\ght = ! "t to come1 nei!r reck !y ( ! great damage !y d to _! *ildr5 :i* %all come aft] !m4--,,oeuvres ,completes de ,b]n>d ,palissy1 #ahdd1 p4 #hh4 #bjf ,! great naval & comm]cial m>9es ( ,v5ice & ( ,g5oa mu/ h occasion$ an imm5se consumption ( lumb] 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! c5turies imm$iately succe$+ ^? commonly embrac$ 9 t designation4 ,! m>9e con/ruction ( t p]iod employ$ l>g] timb]s ?an ! mod]n naval ar*itecture ( mo/ comm]cial c\ntries1 b app>5tly )\t a proportional increase ( /r5g?4 ,! old modes ( %ip build+ h be51 to a consid]able ext5t1 h&$ d[n to ! pres5t day 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & an ,am]ican or an ,engli%man looks ) a/oni%m5t at ! huge beams & ?ick planks s (t5 employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( v small vessels navigat+ t sea4 ,accord+ to ,hummel1 ! desolation ( ! ,k>/1 ! high plateau ly+ nor? ( ,trie/e1 n[ "o ( ! mo/ p>*$ & b>r5 di/ricts 9 ,europe1 is ow+ to ! fell+ ( its woods to build ! navies ( ,v5ice4 ,:]e ! mis]able peasant ( ! ,k>/ n[ sees no?+ b b>e rock swept & sc\r$ by ! rag+ ,bora1 ! fury ( ?is w9d 0 once subdu$ by mighty firs1 :i* ,v5ice recklessly cut d[n to build h] fleets4--,physis*e ,geographie1 p4 #cb4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #bg4 #bjg ,le ,alpi *e c+ono l',italia1 i1 p4 #cfg4 #bjh ,see ! p]iodical ,politecnico1 publi%$ at ,milan1 = ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahfb1 p4 #bcd4 #bji ,annali di ,agricoltura1 ,indu/ria e ,comm]cio1 vol4 i1 p4 #gg4 #baj ,,hol9%$1 repr9t ( #ahjg1 i1 pp4 #ceg1 #ceh4 ,x is evid5t f ?is passage1 & f ano!r on page #cig ( ! same volume1 t1 ?\gh sea coal 0 l>gely export$ to ! ,cont95t1 x _h n yet come into g5]al use 9 ,engl&4 ,x is a "q ( mu* int]e/1 :5 coal 0 fir/ employ$ 9 ,engl& = fuel4 ,i c f9d no evid5ce t x 0 us$ z a combu/ible until m ?an a c5tury aft] ! ,norman conque/4 ,x has be5 said t x 0 kn[n to ! ,anglo-,saxon population1 b ,i am acqua9t$ ) no passage 9 ! lit]ature ( t p :i* proves ?is4 ,! diction>ies expla9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w graefa by sea coal4 ,i h met ) ?is ^w 9 no ,anglo-,saxon "w1 except 9 ! ,*ronicle1 ,a4 ,d4 #heb1 f a manuscript c]ta9ly n old] ?an ! twelf? c5tury1 & 9 t passage x may z probably mean peat z coal1 & q z probably some?+ else z ei!r4 ,coal is n m5tion$ 9 ,k+ ,alfr$'s ,b$e1 9 ,glanville1 or 9 ,rob]t ( ,gl\ce/]1 ?\gh all ^! writ]s speak ( jet z f\nd 9 ,engl&1 & are full 9 _! enum]ation ( ! m9]al products ( ! isl&4 ,engl& 0 anci5tly rem>kable = its =e/s1 b ,caes> says x want$ ! fagus & ! abies4 ,!re c be no d\bt t fagus means ! bee*1 :i*1 z ! rema9s 9 ! ,dani% peat mosses %[1 is a tree ( late introduction into ,d5m>k1 :]e x succe$$ ! fir1 a tree n n[ native to t c\ntry4 ,! succession ( =e/ crops seems to h be5 ! same 9 ,engl&2 = ,h>rison1 p4 #cei1 speaks ( ! great /ore ( firre f\nd ly+ at _! :ole l5g?s 9 ! f5s & m>ises ( ,lanca%ire & o!r c\nties1 :]e n ev5 bu%es grew 9 8 "t4 ,we _c be sure :at species ( ev]gre5 ,caes> int5d$ by abies4 ,! popul> designations ( spike-leav$ trees are always m vague & unc]ta9 9 _! application ?an ^? ( broad-leav$ trees4 ,p9us1 p9e1 has be5 v loosely employ$ ev5 9 botanical nom5clature1 & ,kief]1 ,fi*te1 & ,tanne are (t5 conf\nd$ 9 ,g]man4--,r,o,s,s,m,ae,s,s,l,e,r1 ,d] ,wald1 pp4 #bef1 #bhi1 #cbd4 ,if x 7 c]ta9 t ! abies ( ,caes> 0 ! fir =m]ly & /ill f\nd 9 peat mosses1 & t he 0 "r 9 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! bee* 9 ,engl& 9 8 "t1 ! obs]vation w\ld be v important1 because x w\ld fix a date at :i* ! fir _h become ext9ct1 & ! bee* _h n yet appe>$ 9 ! isl&4 ,! ,engli% oak1 ?\gh /rong & durable1 0 n consid]$ g5]ally suitable = f9] "w 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 exceptions4 ,( all 9 ,essex1 obs]ves ,,h>rison1 ,hol9%$1 i1 p4 #ceg1 t gr[+ 9 ,b>dfield p>ke is ! f9e/ = io9]s craft3 = (t5times haue ,i se5e ( _! workes made ( t oke s f9e & faire1 z mo/ ( ! wa9escot t is br\ght hi!r out ( ,danske2 = our wa9escot is n made 9 ,engl&4 ,yet diu]se haue assai$ to deale )\t ) our okes to t end1 b n ) s good successe z !y haue hop$1 bicause ! ab or iuice w n s soone be rem\$ & cleane drawne out1 :i* "s attribute to want ( "t 9 ! salt wat]4 ,?is passage is also ( int]e/ z %[+ t soak+ 9 salt wat]1 z a mode ( season+1 0 practis$ 9 ,h>rison's "t4 ,b ! importation ( wa9scot1 or bo>ds = ceil+1 panell+1 & o!rwise f9i%+ rooms1 :i* 0 g5]ally ( oak1 comm5c$ ?ree c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,h>rison4 ,on page #bjd ( ! ,lib] ,albus--a book :i* c\ld h be5 f> m valuable if ! editor _h giv5 u ! texts1 ) 8 le>n$ notes1 in/ead ( a translation--m5tion is made ( squ>$ oak timb]1 br\ght 9 f ! c\ntry by c>ts1 & ( c\rse ( dome/ic gr[?1 z free ( city duty or octroi1 & ( planks ( oak com+ 9 9 ! same way z pay+ "o plank a c>tload4 ,b 9 ! *apt] on ! ,cu/oms ( ,billyngesgate1 pp4 #bjh1 #bji1 relat+ to goods import$ f =eign c\ntries1 a duty ( "o halfp5ny is impos$ on e hundr$ ( bo>ds call$ weynscotte1 & ( "o p5ny on e hundr$ ( bo>ds call$ ,rygholt4 ,! editor expla9s ,rygholt z wood ( ,riga4 ,?is 0 d\btless p9e or fir4 ,! ye> 9 :i* ^! provisions 7 made does n appe>1 b !y belong to ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 #baa ,9 a lett] address$ to ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,works1 aft] ! t]rible inundations ( #aheg1 ! ,emp]or ?us happily express$ himself3 ,be=e we seek ! rem$y = an evil1 we inquire into its cause4 ,:5ce come ! sudd5 floods ( our riv]s8 ,f ! wat] :i* falls on ! m\nta9s1 n f t :i* falls on ! pla9s4 ,! wat]s :i* fall on our fields produce b few rivulets1 b ^? :i* fall on our ro(s & are collect$ 9 ! gutt]s1 =m small /reams at once4 ,n[1 ! ro(s are m\nta9s--! gutt]s are valleys4 ,to cont9ue ! comp>ison1 obs]ves ,d',h]ic\rt1 ro(s are smoo? & imp]meable1 & ! ra9 wat] p\rs rapidly (f f _! surfaces2 b ?is rapidity ( fl[ w\ld be greatly dim9i%$ if ! ro(s 7 c>pet$ ) mosses & grasses2 m /ill1 if !y 7 cov]$ ) dry leaves1 little %rubs1 /rewn bran*es1 & o!r imp$im5ts--9 %ort1 if !y 7 wood$4--,annales ,=e/i]es1 ,dec41 #aheg1 p4 #caa4 #bab ,! roots ( vegetables1 says ,d',h]ic\rt1 p]=m ! (fice ( a p]p5dicul> dra9age analog\s to t :i* has be5 practis$ ) success 9 ,holl& & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,?is sy/em consi/s 9 driv+ d[n ?ree or f\r ?\s& /akes ^u a hect>e2 ! ra9 wat] filt]s d[n along ! /akes1 &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 z favorable results are obta9$ by ?is me?od z by horizontal dra9s4--,annales ,=e/i]es1 #aheg1 p4 #cab4 #bac ,! productiv5ess ( ,egypt has be5 attribut$ too exclusively to ! f]tiliz+ effects ( ! slime deposit$ by ! inundations ( ! ,nile2 = 9 t climate a lib]al supply ( wat] w\ld produce good crops on almo/ any ord9>y s&1 :ile1 )\t wat]1 ! ri*e/ soil w\ld yield no?+4 ,! s$im5t deposit$ annually is b a v small fraction ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,x is alleg$ t 9 quantity x w\ld be h>dly suffici5t = a good top dress+1 & t 9 quality x is n *emically di/+ui%able f ! soil in*es or feet bel[ ! surface4 ,b to d5y1 z "s writ]s h done1 t ! slime has any f]tiliz+ prop]ties at all1 is z great an error z ! opposite "o ( ascrib+ all ! agricultural weal? ( ,egypt to t s+le cause ( productiv5ess4 ,f9e soils deposit$ by wat] are almo/ uni=mly ri* 9 all climates2 ^? br\ght d[n by riv]s1 c>ri$ out into salt wat]1 & !n return$ aga9 by ! tide1 seem to be m p]man5tly f]tile ?an any o!rs4 ,! pold]s ( ! ,ne!rl& coa/ are ( ?is "*1 & ! mead[s 9 ,l9coln%ire1 :i* h be5 cov]$ ) slime by w>p+1 z x is call$1 or admitt+ wat] ov] !m at high tide1 are rem>kably productive4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #bh4 #bad ,! laws aga9/ cle>+ h nev] be5 able to prev5t ^! op]ations :5 ! proprietor f\nd 8 advantage 9 !m1 & ! long s]ies ( royal ord9ances & decrees ( p>liam5ts1 proclaim$ f ! days ( ,*>lemagne to our own1 ) a view ( secur+ =e/ prop]ty1 h s]v$ only to %[ ! impot5ce ( legislative notion on ?is subject4--,,clave1 ,etudes sur l',economie ,=e/i]e1 p4 #cb4 ,a proprietor c always contrive to cle> 8 woods1 :atev] may be done to prev5t him2 x is a m]e "q ( "t1 & a few imprud5t cutt+s1 a few abuses ( ! "r ( pa/urage1 suffice to de/roy a =e/ 9 spite ( all regulations to ! contr>y4--,,dunoy]1 ,de la ,lib]te du ,travail1 ii1 p4 #deb1 z quot$ by ,clave1 p4 #cec4 ,bo? au?ors agree t ! pres]vation ( ! =e/s 9 ,france is practicable only by _! transf] to ! /ate1 :i* alone c protect !m & secure _! prop] treatm5t4 ,x is mu* to be fe>$ t ev5 ?is measure w\ld be inadequate to save ! =e/s ( ! ,am]ican ,union4 ,!re is little respect = public prop]ty 9 ,am]ica1 & ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 c]ta9ly1 w\ld n be ! prop] ag5t ( ! nation = ?is purpose4 ,x prov$ itself unable to protect ! live-oak woods ( ,florida1 :i* 7 int5d$ to be pres]v$ = ! use ( ! navy1 & x m ?an once paid contractors a high price = timb] /ol5 f its own =e/s4 ,! au?orities ( ! individual ,/ates might be m effici5t4 #bae ,see ! lively acc\nt ( ! sale ( a communal wood 9 ,,b]leps*1 ,die ,alp51 ,holzs*laeg] und ,floess]4 #baf ,/reffleur 7,ueb] die ,natur und die ,wirkung5 d] ,wildbae*e1 p4 #c7 ma9ta9s t all ! obs]vations & speculations ( ,fr5* au?ors on ! nature ( torr5ts _h be5 anticipat$ by ,au/rian writ]s4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion he ref]s to ! works ( ,franz von ,zall+]1 #aggh1 ,von ,arret91 #ahjh1 ,franz ,duile1 #ahbf1 all publi%$ at ,innsbruck1 & ,,hag5's ,bes*reibung neu]] ,wass]bauw]ke1 ,ko5igsb]g1 #ahbf1 none ( :i* works are kn[n to me4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! conclusions ( ,surell & o!r ,fr5* writ]s :om ,i cite1 are orig9al results ( p]sonal inve/igation1 & n borr[$ op9ions4 #bag ,:e!r ,palissy 0 acqua9t$ ) ?is anci5t practice1 or :e!r x 0 "o ( ^? orig9al sugge/ions ( :i* 8 works are s full1 ,i "k n2 b 9 8 treatise1 ,des ,eaux et ,fonta9es1 he ?us recomm5ds x1 by way ( reply to ! objections ( ,!orique1 :o _h express$ ! fe> t ! wat]s :i* ru% viol5tly d[n f ! heights ( ! m\nta9 w\ld br+ ) !m mu* e>?1 s&1 & o!r ?+s1 & ?us spoil ! artificial f\nta9 t ,practique 0 tea*+ him to make3 ,& = h9drance ( ! mis*iefs ( great wat]s :i* may be ga!r$ 9 few h\rs by great /orms1 :5 ?\ %alt h made ready ?y p>t]re to receive ! wat]1 ?\ mu/ lay great /ones a?w>t ! deep *annels :i* lead to ?y p>t]re4 ,& s ! =ce ( ! ru%+ curr5ts %all be dead5$1 & ?y wat] %all fl[ peacefully into 8 ci/]ns4--,,oeuvres ,completes1 p4 #agc4 #bah ,lad\cette says ! peasant ( ,devoluy (t5 goes a di/ance ( five h\rs ov] rocks & precipices = a s+le man's load ( wood2 & he rem>ks on ano!r page1 t ! ju/ice ( peace ( t canton _h1 9 ! c\rse ( =ty-?ree ye>s1 b once he>d ! voice ( ! night+ale4--,hi/oire1 etc41 des ,hautes ,alpes1 pp4 #bbj1 #dcd4 #bai ,! valley ( ,embrun1 n[ almo/ completely deva/at$1 0 once rem>kable = its f]tility4 ,9 #ahjf1 ,h]ic>t de ,?ury said ( x3 ,9 ?is magnific5t valley nature _h be5 prodigal ( h] gifts4 ,its inhabitants h bl9dly revell$ 9 h] favors1 & fall5 asleep 9 ! mid/ ( h] pr(usion4--,,becqu]el1 ,des ,climats1 etc41 p4 #cad4 #bbj ,9 ! days ( ! ,roman empire ! ,durance 0 a navigable riv]1 ) a comm]ce s important t ! boatm5 ^u x =m$ a di/9ct corporation4--,,lad\cette1 ,hi/oire1 etc41 des ,hautes ,alpes1 p4 #ced4 ,ev5 z e>ly z #aghi1 ! ,durance 0 comput$ to h already cov]$ ) gravel & pebbles n less ?an #acj1jjj acres1 :i*1 b = its inundations1 w\ld h be5 ! f9e/ l& 9 ! prov9ce4--,,ar?ur ,,"y1 ,travels 9 ,france1 vol4 i1 *4 i4 #bba ,betwe5 #ahea & #ahef ! population ( ,langu$oc & ,prov5ce _h increas$ by #aja1jjj s\ls4 ,! augm5tation1 h[ev]1 0 :olly 9 ! prov9ces ( ! pla9s1 :]e all ! pr9cipal cities are f\nd4 ,9 ^! prov9ces ! increase 0 #bjd1jjj1 :ile 9 ! m\nta9 prov9ces !re 0 a dim9ution ( #ajc1jjj4 ,! r$uction ( ! area ( arable l& is p]haps ev5 m /rik+4 ,9 #ahdb1 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,l[] ,alps possess$ #ii1jjj hect>es1 or ne>ly #bde1jjj acres1 ( cultivat$ soil4 ,9 #aheb1 x _h b #gd1jjj hect>es4 ,9 o!r words1 9 t5 ye>s #be1jjj hect>es1 or #fa1jjj acres1 _h be5 wa%$ away or r5d]$ wor?less = cultivation1 by torr5ts & ! abuses ( pa/urage4--,,clave1 ,etudes1 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 #bbb ,! ,skala]a-,tobel1 = in/ance1 ne> ,coire4 ,see ! description 9 ,,b]leps*1 ,die ,alp51 pp4 #afi et seqq1 or 9 ,/eph5's ,engli% translation4 ,! rec5t *ange 9 ! "* ( ! ,mella--a riv] anci5tly s rem>kable = ! g5tl5ess ( its curr5t t x 0 specially notic$ by ,catullus z fl[+ molli flum9e--des]ves m ?an a pass+ rem>k4 ,?is riv] rises 9 ! m\nta9 *a9 ea/ ( ,lake ,iseo1 & trav]s+ ! di/rict ( ,brescia1 empties into ! ,oglio aft] a c\rse ( ab\t sev5ty miles4 ,! iron works 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,mella _h long creat$ a consid]able dem& = wood1 b _! op]ations 7 n s ext5sive z to occasion any v sudd5 or g5]al de/ruction ( ! =e/s1 & ! only evil exp]i5c$ f ! cle>+s 0 ! gradual dim9ution ( ! volume ( ! riv]4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ! sup]ior quality ( ! arms manufactur$ at ,brescia has greatly enl>g$ ! sale ( !m1 & v naturally /imulat$ ! activity ( bo? ! =ges & ( ! colli]s :o supply !m1 & ! hillsides h be5 rapidly /ripp$ ( _! timb]4 ,up to #ahej1 no de/ructive inundation ( ! ,mella _h be5 record$4 ,build+s 9 great numb]s _h be5 erect$ ^u its m>g91 & its valley 0 conspicu\s = its rural beauty & its f]tility4 ,b :5 ! d5udation ( ! m\nta9s _h rea*$ a c]ta9 po9t1 av5g+ nature began ! "w ( retribution4 ,9 ! spr+ & summ] ( #ahej sev]al new torr5ts 7 sudd5ly =m$ 9 ! upp] tribut>y valleys1 & on ! #ad? & #ae? ( ,augu/ 9 t ye>1 a fall ( ra91 n heavi] ?an _h be5 (t5 exp]i5c$1 produc$ a flood :i* n only inundat$ mu* gr\nd nev] be=e ov]fl[$1 b de/roy$ a great numb] ( bridges1 dams1 factories1 & o!r valuable /ructures1 &1 :at 0 a f> m s]i\s evil1 swept (f f ! rocks an incr$ible ext5t ( soil1 & conv]t$ "o ( ! mo/ beautiful valleys ( ! ,italian ,alps into a rav9e almo/ z b>e & z b>r5 z ! savage/ gorge ( ,s\!rn ,france4 ,! pecuni>y damage 0 e/imat$ at _m millions ( francs1 & ! viol5ce ( ! cata/rophe 0 deem$ s extraord9>y1 ev5 9 a c\ntry subject to simil> visitations1 t ! sympa?y excit$ = ! suff]]s produc$1 9 five mon?s1 volunt>y contributions = _! relief to ! am\nt ( ne>ly #bjj1jjj--;,delle ,inondazioni del ,mella1 etc41 nella notte del #ad al #ae ,ago/o1 #ahej4 ,! au?or ( ?is rem>kable pamphlet has *os5 z a motto a passage f ! ,vulgate translation ( ,job1 :i* is int]e/+ z %[+ accurate obs]vation ( ! action ( ! torr5t3 ,mons cad5s def9it1 et saxum transf]tur de loco suo2 lapides excavant aquae et alluvione paullatim t]ra consumitur4--,job xiv1 #ah1 #ai4 ,! ,engli% v]sion is mu* less /rik+1 & gives a diff]5t s5se4 #bbc ,/reffleur quotes f ,duile ! foll[+ obs]vations3 ,! *annel ( ! ,tyrolese brooks is (t5 rais$ mu* above ! valleys ?r\gh :i* !y fl[4 ,! b$ ( ! ,f]s9a is elevat$ high above ! city ( ,tri5t1 :i* lies ne> x4 ,! ,vill]ba* fl[s at a mu* m elevat$ level ?an t ( ! m>ket place ( ,neum>kt & ,vill1 & ?reat5s to ov]:elm bo? ( !m ) its wat]s4 ,! ,talf] at ,botz5 is at lea/ ev5 ) ! ro(s ( ! adjac5t t[n1 if n above !m4 ,! t[] /eeples ( ! villages ( ,s*l&]s1 ,korts*1 & ,laas1 are l[] ?an ! surface ( ! ,gadriba*4 ,! ,saldurba* at ,s*lud]ns m5aces ! f> l[] village ) de/ruction1 & ! *ief t[n1 ,s*waz1 is 9 simil> dang] f ! ,lahnba*4--,,/reffleur1 ,ueb] die ,wildbae*e1 etc41 p4 #g4 #bbd ,! sn[ drifts into ! rav9es & accumulates to incr$ible dep?s1 & ! wat] result+ f its dissolution & f ! delug+ ra9s :i* fall 9 spr+1 & sometimes 9 ! summ]1 be+ conf9$ by rocky walls on bo? sides1 rises to a v great height1 & ( c\rse acquires an imm5se velocity & transport+ p[] 9 its rapid desc5t to its outlet f ! m\nta94 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahdb--'c1 ! valley ( ! ,dov]ia1 along :i* ! ,simplon road passes1 0 fill$ ) solid sn[drifts to ! dep? ( a hundr$ feet above ! c>riage road1 & ! sl$ge track by :i* pass5g]s & ! mails 7 c>ri$ ran at t height4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! transport+ p[] ( ! wat] is greate/ :]e its fl[ is mo/ rapid4 ,?is is usually 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! rav9e4 ,z ! curr5t p\rs out ( ! gorge & escapes f ! lat]al conf9em5t ( its walls1 x spreads & divides itself into num]\s small] /reams1 :i* %oot out f ! m\? ( ! valley1 z f a c5tre1 9 diff]5t directions1 l ! ribs ( a fan f ! pivot1 ea* c>ry+ ) x its quota ( /ones & gravel4 ,! pla9 bel[ ! po9t ( issue f ! m\nta9 is rapidly rais$ by newly =m$ torr5ts1 ! elevation dep5d+ on ! incl9ation ( ! b$ & ! =m & weight ( ! matt] transport$4 ,e flood bo? increases ! height ( ?is c5tral po9t & ext5ds ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! deposit4 ,! /ream reta9+ mo/ ne>ly ! orig9al direction moves ) ! greate/ mom5tum1 & consequ5tly transports ! solid matt] ) :i* x is *>g$ to ! greate/ di/ance4 ,! untravell$ read] w compreh5d ?is ! bett] :5 he is in=m$ t ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,alps g5]ally rises sudd5ly out ( ! pla91 ) no int]v5+ hill to break ! abruptness ( ! transition1 except ^? consi/+ ( comp>atively small heaps ( its own debris br\ght d[n by anci5t glaci]s or rec5t torr5ts4 ,! torr5ts d n w9d d[n valleys gradually wid5+ to ! riv]s or ! sea1 b leap at once f ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s ^u ! pla9s bel[4 ,?is arrangem5t ( surfaces naturally facilitates ! =mation ( va/ deposits at _! po9ts ( em]g5ce1 & ! c5tre ( ! accumulation 9 ! case ( v small torr5ts is n unfrequ5tly a hundr$ feet high1 & sometimes v mu* m4 ,torr5ts & ! riv]s t receive !m transport m\nta9 debris to almo/ incr$ible di/ances4 ,lor5tz1 9 an (ficial report on ?is subject1 z quot$ by ,m>s*& f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,agricultural ,society ( ,lyons1 says3 ,! fell+ ( ! woods produces torr5ts :i* cov] ! cultivat$ soil ) pebbles & fragm5ts ( rock1 & !y d n conf9e _! ravages to ! vic9ity ( ! m\nta9s1 b ext5d !m into ! f]tile fields ( ,prov5ce & o!r dep>tm5ts1 to ! di/ance ( =ty or fifty leagues4--,entwaldung d] ,gebirge1 p4 #ag4 #bbe ,! precipit\s walls ( ! ,val de ,lys1 & m especially ( ! ,val ,dov]ia1 ?\gh "h & !re %att]$1 %[ 9 _m places a smoo?ness ( face ov] a l>ge v]tical plane1 at ! height ( hundr$s ( feet above ! bottom ( ! valley1 :i* no kn[n ag5cy b glaci] ice is capable ( produc+1 & ( c\rse !y c h und]gone no s5sible *ange at ^? po9ts = a va/ l5g? ( "t4 ,! b$s ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ ?r\gh ^? valleys suff] lat]al displacem5t occasionally1 :]e !re is room = ! %ift+ ( ! *annel2 b if any elevation or depression takes place 9 !m1 x is too sl[ to be p]ceptible except 9 case ( "s m]ely tempor>y ob/ruction4 #bbf ,lomb>d9i f\nd1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 t ! m9]al matt] br\ght d[n to ! ,po by its tribut>ies 01 9 g5]al1 comm9ut$ to ab\t ! same degree ( f95ess z ! s&s ( its b$ at _! po9ts ( dis*>ge4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,trebbia1 :i* rises high 9 ! ,ap5n9es & empties into ! ,po at ,piac5za1 x 0 o!rwise1 t riv] roll+ pebbles & co>se gravel into ! *annel ( ! pr9cipal /ream4 ,! banks ( ! o!r afflu5ts--except+ "s ( ^? :i* dis*>ge _! wat]s into ! great lakes--!n ei!r reta9$ _! woods1 or _h be5 s long cle> ( !m1 t ! torr5ts _h remov$ mo/ ( ! dis9tegrat$ & loose rock 9 _! upp] bas9s4 ,! valley ( ! ,trebbia _h be5 rec5tly cle>$1 & all ! =ces :i* t5d to ! degradation & transportation ( rock 7 9 full activity4--,notice sur les ,rivi]es de la ,lomb>die1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #a;er seme/re1 p4 #aca4 ,s9ce ! date ( ,lomb>d9i's obs]vations1 _m ,alp9e valleys h be5 /ripp$ ( _! woods4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r any s5sible *ange has be5 produc$ 9 ! "* or quantity ( ! matt] transport$ by !m to ! ,po4 #bbg ,9 proportion z ! dikes are improv$1 & brea*es & ! escape ( ! wat] ?r\gh !m are less frequ5t1 ! height ( ! annual inundations is increas$4 ,_m t[ns on ! banks ( ! riv]1 & ( c\rse )9 ! sy/em ( p>allel embankm5ts1 7 =m]ly secure f flood by ! height ( ! artificial m\nds on :i* !y 7 built2 b !y h rec5tly be5 oblig$ to con/ruct r+ dikes = _! protection4--,,baumg>t51 aft] ,,lomb>d9i1 9 ! pap] la/ quot$1 pp4 #ada1 #adg4 #bbh ,?ree c5turies ago1 :5 ! declivities ( ! m\nta9s /ill reta9$ a mu* l>g] proportion ( _! woods1 ! mod]ate annual floods ( ! ,po 7 occasion$ by ! melt+ ( ! sn[s1 &1 z appe>s by a passage ( ,tasso quot$ by ,ca/ellani 7,dell' ,influ5za delle ,selve1 i1 p4 #eh1 note71 !y took place 9 ,may4 ,! mu* m viol5t inundations ( ! pres5t c5tury are due to ra9s1 ! wat]s ( :i* are no long] reta9$ by a =e/ soil1 b convey$ at once to ! riv]s--& !y occur almo/ uni=mly 9 ! autumn or late summ]4 ,ca/ellani1 on ! page j quot$1 says t ev5 s late z ab\t #aghj1 ! ,po requir$ a heavy ra9 ( a week to ov]fl[ its banks1 b t =ty ye>s lat]1 x 0 sometimes rais$ to full flood 9 a s+le day4 #bbi ,?is *ange ( coa/ l9e _c be ascrib$ to upheaval1 = a comp>ison ( ! level ( old build+s--z1 = in/ance1 ! *ur* ( ,san ,vitale & ! tomb ( ,!odoric at ,rav5na--) t ( ! sea1 t5ds to prove a depression r ?an an elevation ( _! f\ndations4 ,a computation by a diff]5t me?od makes ! deposits at ! m\? ( ! ,po #b1abc1jjj metres less2 b z bo? ( !m omit ! gravel & silt roll$1 if n float$1 d[n at ord9>y & l[ wat]1 we are safe 9 assum+ ! l>g] quantity4--,article la/ quot$1 p4 #agd4 7,see note1 p4 #cbi7 #bcj ,m5gotti e/imat$ ! mass ( solid matt] annually unit$ to ! wat]s ( ! ,po at #hbb1jjj1jjj cubic metres1 or ne>ly tw5ty times z mu* z1 accord+ to ,lomb>d9i1 t riv] deliv]s into ! ,adriatic4 ,ca/ellani supposes ! computation ( ,m5gotti to fall mu* bel[ ! tru?1 & !re c be no d\bt t a va/ly l>g] quantity ( e>? & gravel is wa%$ d[n f ! ,alps & ! ,ap5n9es ?an is c>ri$ to ! sea4--,,ca/ellani1 ,dell' ,imm$iata ,influ5za delle ,selve sul corso delle ,acque1 i1 pp4 #db1 #dc4 ,i h cont5t$ myself ) assum+ less ?an "o fif? ( ,m5gotti's e/imate4 #bca ,,baumg>t51 ,an4 des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #a;er seme/re1 p4 #age4 #bcb ,! total sup]ficies ( ! bas9 ( ! ,po1 d[n to ,ponte ,lagoscuro ,f]r>a--a po9t :]e x has receiv$ all its afflu5ts--is #f1ich1bjj hect>es1 t is1 #d1aje1fjj 9 m\nta9 l&s1 #b1hcb1fjj 9 pla9 l&s4--,,dumont1 ,travaux ,publics1 etc41 p4 #bgb4 ,^! latt] two quantities are equal respectively to #aj1ade1cdh1 & #f1iii1fch acres1 or #ae1heb & #aj1icg squ>e miles4 #bcc ,i d n use ! numb]s ,i h borr[$ or assum$ z factors ! value ( :i* is precisely asc]ta9$2 nor1 = ! purposes ( ! pres5t argum5t1 is quantitative exactness important4 ,i employ num]ical /atem5ts simply z a means ( aid+ ! imag9ation to =m a g5]al & c]ta9ly n extravagant idea ( ! ext5t ( geographical revolutions :i* man has done mu* to accel]ate1 if n1 /rictly speak+1 to produce4 ,!re is an old prov]b1 ,dolus latet 9 g5]alibus1 & ,ar?ur ,"y is n ! only public economi/ :o has w>n$ 8 read]s aga9/ ! deceitfulness ( r\nd numb]s4 ,i ?9k1 on ! contr>y1 t va/ly m error has be5 produc$ by ! affectation ( precision 9 cases :]e precision is impossible4 ,9 all ! great op]ations ( t]re/rial nature1 ! elem5ts are s num]\s & s difficult ( exact appreciation1 t1 until ! means ( sci5tific obs]vation & measurem5t are mu* m p]fect$ ?an !y n[ are1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) g5]al approximations4 ,i say t]re/rial nature1 because 9 cosmical movem5ts we h few] elem5ts to deal )1 & may !re=e arrive at mu* m rigor\s accuracy 9 det]m9ation ( "t & place ?an we c 9 fix+ & pr$ict+ ! quantities & ! epo*s ( v>iable natural ph5om5a on ! e>?'s surface4 ,! value ( a high /&>d ( accuracy 9 sci5tific obs]vation c h>dly be ov]rat$2 b habits ( rigor\s exactness w nev] be =m$ by an inve/igator :o all[s himself to tru/ implicitly to ! num]ical precision ( ! results ( a few exp]im5ts4 ,! wond]ful accuracy ( geodetic measurem5ts 9 mod]n times is1 9 g5]al1 atta9$ by tak+ ! mean ( a great numb] ( obs]vations at e /ation1 & ?is f9al precision is b ! mutual balance & comp5sation ( num]\s errors4 ,travell]s are (t5 misl$ by local habits 9 ! use ( :at may be call$ repres5tative numb]s1 :]e a def9ite is put = an indef9ite quantity4 ,a ,greek1 :o wi%$ to express ! notion ( a great1 b undet]m9$ numb]1 us$ myriad1 or t5 ?\s&2 a ,roman1 six hundr$2 an ,ori5tal1 =ty1 or1 at pres5t1 v commonly1 fifte5 ?\s&4 ,_m a t\ri/ has gravely repeat$1 z an asc]ta9$ fact1 ! vague /atem5t ( ! ,arabs & ! monks ( ,m\nt ,s9ai1 t ! asc5t f ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e to ! summit ( ,gebel ,moosa c\nts fifte5 ?\s& /eps1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce ( level is b>ely two ?\s& feet1 & ! ,=ty ,?ieves1 ! =ty m>tyr monks ( ! conv5t ( ,el ,arba9--n to speak ( a simil> use ( ?is num]al 9 m important cases--h (t5 be5 und]/ood z expressions ( a kn[n numb]1 :5 9 fact !y mean simply _m4 ,! numb] fifte5 ?\s& has f\nd its way to ,rome1 & ,de ,qu9cey s]i\sly in=ms u1 on ! au?ority ( a lady :o _h be5 at mu* pa9s to asc]ta9 ! exact tru?1 t1 includ+ closets l>ge en\gh = a b$1 ! ,vatican conta9s fifte5 ?\s& rooms4 ,any "o :o has obs]v$ ! va/ dim5sions ( mo/ ( ! ap>tm5ts ( t /ructure w admit t we make a v small all[ance ( space :5 we assign a squ>e rod1 sixte5 & a half feet squ>e1 to ea* room ^u ! av]age4 ,on an acre1 !re might be "o hundr$ & sixty su* rooms1 includ+ p>tition walls2 &1 to conta9 fifte5 ?\s& ( !m1 a build+ mu/ cov] m ?an n9e acres1 & be t5 /ories high1 or possess o!r equival5t dim5sions1 :i*1 z e travell] kn[s1 _m times exce$s ! tru?4 ,t mo/ ent]ta9+ writ]1 ,ab\t1 r$uces ! numb] ( rooms 9 ! ,vatican1 b he comp5sates ?is r$uction by increas$ dim5sions1 = he uses ! ^w salle1 :i* _c be appli$ to closets b>ely l>ge en\gh to conta9 a b$4 ,accord+ to him1 !re are 9 t presbyt]e1 z he irrev]5tly calls x1 twelve ?\s& l>ge rooms salles1 ?irty c\rts1 & ?ree hundr$ /aircases4--,rome ,contemporaire1 p4 #fh4 ,! pret5d$ exactness ( /ati/ical tables is g5]ally little bett] ?an an impo/ure2 & ^? f\nd$ n on direct e/imation by compet5t obs]v]s1 b on ! report ( p]sons :o h no p>ticul> int]e/ 9 kn[+1 b (t5 h a motive = di/ort+1 ! tru?--su* z c5sus returns--are commonly to be reg>d$ z b vague guesses at ! actual fact4 ,full]1 :o1 = ! comb9ation ( wit1 wisdom1 fancy1 & p]sonal goodness1 /&s fir/ 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 ?us rem>ks on ! pret5ti\s exactness ( hi/orical & /ati/ical writ]s3 ,i approve ! pla91 c\ntry ,by-^w1 z conta9+ mu* ,innoc5t ,simplicity !re91 ',almo/ & v nigh ,h sav$ _m a ,lie4' ,s h ! ,lat9es _! prope1 f]e1 juxta1 circit]1 plus m9us1 us$ 9 matt]s ( fact by ! mo/ au!ntic ,hi/orians4 ,yea1 we may obs]ve t ! ,_s ( ,tru? itself1 :]e ,numb]s & ,measures are conc]n$1 9 ,times1 ,places1 & ,p]sons1 use? ! a=esaid ,modifications1 save 9 su* cases :]e "s my/]y conta9$ 9 ! numb] require? a p>ticul> specification !re(3 ,9 ,times4 ,9 ,places4 ,9 ,p]son4 ,daniel1 #e3cc4 ,luke1 #bd3ac4 ,exodus1 #ab3cg4 ,luke1 #c3bc4 ,john1 #f3ai4 ,acts1 #b3da4 ,none !re=e c ju/ly f9d fault ) me1 if1 on ! l occasion1 ,i h secur$ myself ) ! same ,qualifications4 ,inde$1 su* ,hi/orians :o gr9d _! ,intellig5ce to ! p[d] ( fraction1 pret5d+ to cleave ! p91 d sometimes misse ! ,b4 ,?us1 "o reporte?1 h[ 9 ! ,p]secution "u ,dioeletian1 !re 7 nei!r "u nor ov]1 b j n9e hundr$ n9ety-n9e m>tyrs4 ,yea1 g5]ally ^? t trade 9 su* ,retail-w>e1 & deal 9 su* small p>cells1 may by ! ignorant be comm5d$ = _! c>e1 b condemn$ by ! judici\s = _! ridicul\s curiosity4--,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,wor?ies ( ,engl&1 i1 p4 #ei4 #bcd ,,surell1 ,les ,torr5ts des ,hautes ,alpes1 *ap4 xxiv4 ,9 su* cases1 ! cle>+ ( ! gr\nd1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( a tempor>y div]sion ( ! wat]s1 or f "s o!r cause1 has become rewood$1 sometimes r5ews ! ravages ( ! torr5t4 ,?us1 on ! left bank ( ! ,durance1 a wood$ declivity _h be5 =m$ by ! debris br\ght d[n by torr5ts1 :i* _h ext+ui%$ !mselves aft] hav+ swept (f mu* ( ! sup]ficial /rata ( ! m\nta9 ( ,morgon4 ,all ?is di/rict 0 cov]$ ) woods1 :i* h n[ be5 ?9n$ out & are p]i%+ f day to day2 consequ5tly1 ! torr5ts h recomm5c$ _! deva/ations1 & if ! cle>+s cont9ue1 ?is declivity1 n[ f]tile1 w be ru9$1 l s _m o!rs4--,id41 p4 #aee4 #bce ,:]e a torr5t has n be5 long 9 op]ation1 & e>? /ill rema9s mix$ ) ! rocks & gravel x heaps up at its po9t ( eruption1 vegetation soon />ts up & prosp]s1 if protect$ f encroa*m5t4 ,9 ,prov5ce1 sev]al communes det]m9$1 ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 to res]ve ! soils ?us wa/$1 t is1 to ab&on !m = a c]ta9 "t1 to spontane\s vegetation1 :i* 0 n sl[ 9 mak+ its appe>ance4--,,becqu]el1 ,des ,climats1 p4 #cae4 #bcf ,rock is p]meable by wat] to a great] ext5t ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,fre%ly qu>ri$ m>ble1 & ev5 granite1 z well z mo/ o!r /ones1 are s5sibly heavi]1 z well z s(t] & m easily wr\ght1 ?an aft] !y are dri$ & h>d5$ by air-season+4 ,_m s&/ones are por\s en\gh to s]ve z filt]s = liquids1 & mu* ( t ( ,upp] ,egypt & ,nubia hisses audibly :5 ?r[n into wat]1 f ! escape ( ! air =c$ out ( x by hydro/atic pressure & ! capill>y attraction ( ! pores = wat]4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #bi4 #bcg ,palissy _h obs]v$ ! action ( fro/ 9 dis9tegrat+ rock1 & he ?us describes x1 9 8 essay on ! =mation ( ice3 ,i "k t ! /ones ( ! m\nta9s ( ,ard5nes be h>d] ?an m>ble4 ,nev]!less1 ! p ( t c\ntry d n qu>ry ! said /ones 9 w9t]1 = t !y be subject to fro/2 & _m times ! rocks h be5 se5 to fall )\t be+ cut1 by means :]e( _m p h be5 kill$1 :5 ! said rocks 7 ?aw+4 ,palissy 0 ignorant ( ! expansion ( wat] 9 freez+--9 fact he suppos$ t ! me*anical =ce ex]t$ by freez+ wat] 0 due to compression1 n dilatation--& !re=e he ascribes to ?aw+ alone effects result+ n less f congelation4 ,v>i\s =ces comb9e to produce ! /one avalan*es ( ! high] ,alps1 ! fall ( :i* is "o ( ! greate/ dang]s incurr$ by ! adv5tur\s explor]s ( ^? regions--! direct action ( ! sun ^u ! /one1 ! expansion ( freez+ wat]1 & ! loos5+ ( masses ( rock by ! ?aw+ ( ! ice :i* support$ !m or held !m toge!r4 #bch ,,wessely1 ,die ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,alp5la5d] und ihre ,=/e1 pp4 #abe1 #abf4 ,wessely records sev]al o!r m or less simil> occurr5ces 9 ! ,au/rian ,alps4 ,"s ( !m1 c]ta9ly1 are n to be ascrib$ to ! removal ( ! woods1 b 9 mo/ cases !y are cle>ly traceable to t cause4 #bci ,,bian*i1 ,app5dix to ! ,italian translation ( ,mrs4 ,,som]ville's ,physical ,geography1 p4 xxxvi4 #bdj ,see 9 ,,kohl1 ,alp5reis51 i1 #abj1 an acc\nt ( ! ru9 ( fields & pa/ures1 & ev5 ( ! de/ruction ( a broad belt ( =e/1 by ! fall ( rocks 9 consequ5ce ( cutt+ a few l>ge trees4 ,cattle are v (t5 kill$ 9 ,switz]l& by rock avalan*es1 & _! own]s secure !mselves f loss by insurance aga9/ ?is risk z aga9/ damage by fire or hail4 #bda ,entwaldung d] ,gebirge1 p4 #da4 #bdb ,! importance ( ! wood 9 prev5t+ avalan*es is well illu/rat$ by ! fact t1 :]e ! =e/ is want+1 ! inhabitants ( localities expos$ to sn[ slides (t5 supply ! place ( ! trees by driv+ /akes ?r\gh ! sn[ into ! gr\nd1 & ?us *eck+ its prop5sity to slip4 ,! woods !mselves are sometimes ?us protect$ aga9/ avalan*es orig9at+ on slopes above !m1 & z a fur!r security1 small trees are cut d[n along ! upp] l9e ( ! =e/1 & laid aga9/ ! trunks ( l>g] trees1 transv]sely to ! pa? ( ! slide1 to s]ve z a f5ce or dam to ! motion ( an incipi5t avalan*e1 :i* may by ?is means be arre/$ be=e x acquires a de/ructive velocity & =ce4 #bdc ,! tide rises at ,quebec to ! height ( tw5ty-five feet1 & :5 x is aid$ by a nor!a/ w9d1 x fl[s ) almo/ irresi/ible viol5ce4 ,rafts conta9+ sev]al hundr$ ?\s& cubic feet ( timb] are (t5 caught by ! flood tide1 torn to pieces1 & disp]s$ = miles along ! %ores4 #bdd ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,b>on ( ,r5frew--s nam$ f "o ( ! titles ( ! k+s ( ,engl&--built ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 measur$ #e1jjj tons4 ,!y 7 little else ?an rafts1 be+ almo/ solid masses ( timb] design$ to be tak5 to pieces & sold z lumb] on arriv+ at _! port ( de/9ation4 ,! lumb] trade at ,quebec is /ill v l>ge4 ,accord+ to a rec5t article 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 t city export$1 9 #ahfj1 #cj1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( squ>$ timb]1 & #djj1jjj1jjj squ>e feet ( plan*es4 ,! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds is n /at$1 b ,i believe !y are g5]ally cut an in* & a qu>t] ?ick = ! ,quebec trade1 & z !y %r9k some:at 9 dry+1 we may e/imate t5 squ>e = "o cubic foot ( bo>ds4 ,?is gives a total ( #gj1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,! specific gravity ( :ite p9e is 4#eed1 & ! weight ( ?is quantity ( lumb]1 v little ( :i* is ?or\ghly season$1 w\ld exce$ a million ( tons1 ev5 suppos+ x to consi/ :olly ( wood z light z p9e4 ,new ,brunswick1 too1 exports a l>ge am\nt ( lumb]4 #bde ,?is "n1 f ! ,fr5* *anti]1 :i* has a wid] mean+1 is appli$ 9 ,am]ica to tempor>y huts or habitations erect$ = ! conv5i5ce ( =e/ life1 or 9 connection ) works ( mat]ial improvem5t4 #bdf ,trees diff] mu* 9 _! p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( =e/ fires4 ,diff]5t woods v>y greatly 9 combu/ibility1 & ev5 :5 _! b>k is sc>cely scor*$1 !y are1 p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( physiological "*1 & p>tly f ! great] or less dep? at :i* _! roots habitually lie bel[ ! surface1 v diff]5tly affect$ by runn+ fires4 ,! :ite p9e1 ,p9us /robus1 z x is ! mo/ valuable1 is also p]haps ! mo/ delicate tree ( ! ,am]ican =e/1 :ile its cong5]1 ! ,nor!rn pit* p9e1 ,p9us rigida1 is less injur$ by fire ?an any o!r tree ( t c\ntry4 ,i h he>d exp]i5c$ lumb]m5 ma9ta9 t ! gr[? ( ?is p9e 0 ev5 accel]at$ by a fire brisk en\gh to de/roy all o!r trees1 & ,i h myself se5 x /ill fl\ri%+ aft] a conflagration :i* _h left n a gre5 leaf b its own 9 ! wood1 & actually ?r[+ out fre% foliage1 :5 ! old _h be5 q burnt (f & ! b>k almo/ conv]t$ into *>coal4 ,! wood ( ! pit* p9e is ( comp>atively little value = ! jo9]1 b x is useful = v _m purposes4 ,its rapidity ( gr[? 9 ev5 poor soils1 its h>dihood1 & its abundant yield ( res9\s products1 entitle x to mu* m consid]ation1 z a plantation tree1 ?an x has hi!rto receiv$ 9 ,europe or ,am]ica4 #bdg ,betwe5 fifty & sixty ye>s ago1 a /eep m\nta9 ) :i* ,i am v famili>1 compos$ ( metamorphic rock1 & at t "t cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( soil & a d5se primeval =e/1 0 accid5tally burnt ov]4 ,! fire took place 9 a v dry season1 ! slope ( ! m\nta9 0 too rapid to reta9 mu* wat]1 & ! conflagration 0 ( an extraord9>ily fi]ce "*1 consum+ ! wood almo/ entirely1 burn+ ! leaves & combu/ible portion ( ! m\ld1 & 9 _m places crack+ & dis9tegrat+ ! rock b5ea?4 ,! ra9s ( ! foll[+ autumn c>ri$ (f mu* ( ! rema9+ soil1 & ! m\nta9 side 0 ne>ly b>e ( wood = two or ?ree ye>s aft]w>d4 ,at l5g?1 a new crop ( trees sprang up & grew vigor\sly1 & ! m\nta9 is n[ ?ickly cov]$ aga94 ,b ! dep? ( m\ld & e>? is too small to all[ ! trees to rea* maturity4 ,:5 !y atta9 to ! diamet] ( ab\t six in*es1 !y uni=mly die1 & ?is !y w no d\bt cont9ue to d until ! decay ( leaves & wood on ! surface1 & ! decomposition ( ! subjac5t rock1 %all h =m$1 p]haps hundr$s ( ye>s h5ce1 a /ratum ( soil ?ick en\gh to support a full-gr[n =e/4 #bdh ,! gr[? ( ! :ite p9e1 on a good soil & 9 op5 gr\nd1 is r rapid until x rea*es ! diamet] ( a c\ple ( feet1 aft] :i* x is mu* sl[]4 ,! favorite habitat ( ?is tree is light s&y e>?4 ,on ?is soil1 & 9 a d5se wood1 x requires a c5tury to atta9 ! diamet] ( a y>d4 ,em]son 7,trees ( ,massa*usetts1 p4 #fe71 says t a p9e ( ?is species1 ne> ,p>is1 ?irty ye>s plant$1 is eighty feet high1 ) a diamet] ( ?ree feet4 ,he also /ates t t5 :ite p9es plant$ at ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #ahji or #ahaj1 exhibit$1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahda & #ahdb1 an av]age ( tw5ty in*es diamet] at ! gr\nd1 ! two l>ge/ measur+1 at ! height ( ?ree feet1 f\r feet eight in*es 9 circumf]5ce2 & he m5tions ano!r p9e gr[+ 9 a rocky swamp1 :i*1 at ! age ( ?irty-two ye>s1 gave sev5 feet 9 circumf]5ce at ! b1 ) a height ( sixty-two feet six in*es4 ,?is latt] ,i suppose to be a se$l+1 ! o!rs transplant$ trees1 :i* might h be5 "s ye>s old :5 plac$ :]e !y f9ally grew4 ,! foll[+ case came "u my own obs]vation3 ,9 #ahbd1 a p9e tree1 s small t a "y lady1 ) ! help ( a lad1 took x up f ! gr\nd & c>ri$ x a qu>t] ( a mile1 0 plant$ ne> a h\se 9 a t[n 9 ,v]mont4 ,x 0 occasionally wat]$1 b receiv$ no o!r special treatm5t4 ,i measur$ ?is tree 9 #ahfj1 & f\nd x1 at f\r feet f ! gr\nd1 & entirely above ! spread ( ! roots1 two feet & f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x c\ld n h be5 m ?an ?ree in*es ?r\gh :5 transplant$1 & mu/ h increas$ its diamet] tw5ty-five in*es 9 ?irty-six ye>s4 #bdi ,,williams1 ,hi/ory ( ,v]mont1 ii1 p4 #ec4 ,,dwight's ,travels1 iv1 p4 #ba1 & iii1 p4 #cf4 ,,em]son1 ,trees ( ,massa*usetts1 p4 #fa4 ,,p>i%1 ,life ( ,presid5t ,:eelock1 p4 #ef4 #bej ,! =e/ trees ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates d n atta9 to extreme longevity 9 ! d5se woods4 ,dr4 ,williams f\nd t none ( ! huge p9es1 ! age ( :i* he asc]ta9$1 exce$$ ?ree hundr$ & fifty or f\r hundr$ ye>s1 ?\gh he quotes a fri5d :o ?\ght he _h notic$ trees consid]ably old]4 ,! oak lives long] ?an ! p9e1 & ! hemlock spruce is p]haps equally long liv$4 ,a tree ( ?is latt] species1 cut )9 my k 9 a ?ick wood1 c\nt$ f\r hundr$ & eighty-six1 or1 accord+ to ano!r obs]v]1 five hundr$ annual circles4 ,great luxuriance ( animal & vegetable production is n commonly accompani$ by long duration ( ! individual4 ,! olde/ m5 are n f\nd 9 ! cr[d$ city2 & 9 ! tropics1 :]e life is prolific & precoci\s1 x is also %ort4 ,! mo/ anci5t =e/ trees ( :i* we h acc\nts h n be5 ^? gr[+ 9 ?ick woods1 b isolat$ specim5s1 ) no tall] neighbor to int]cept ! light & heat & air1 & no rival to %>e ! nutrim5t af=d$ by ! soil4 ,! m rapid gr[? & great] dim5sions ( trees /&+ ne> ! b\nd>y ( ! =e/1 are matt]s ( famili> obs]vation4 ,long exp]i5ce has %[n t trees gr[+ on ! conf9es ( ! wood may be cut at sixty ye>s ( age z advantage\sly z o!rs ( ! same species1 re>$ 9 ! dep? ( ! =e/1 at a hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,we h (t5 rem>k$1 9 our ,alps1 t ! trunk ( trees ^u ! bord] ( a grove is mo/ develop$ or enl>g$ ^u ! out] or op5 side1 :]e ! bran*es ext5d !mselves f>!/1 :ile ! conc5tric circles ( gr[? are mo/ uni=m 9 ^? entirely surr\nd$ by o!r trees1 or /&+ entirely alone4--,a4 & ,g4 ,,villa1 ,necessita dei ,bos*i1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 #bea ,caimi /ates t a s+le flotation 9 ! ,valtell9e 9 #ahci1 caus$ damages alleg$ to am\nt to m ?an #hjj1jjj1 & actually apprais$ at #bej1jjj4--;,c5ni sulla ,importanza e ,coltura dei ,bos*i1 p4 #fe4 #beb ,mo/ physici/s :o h inve/igat$ ! laws ( natural hydraulics ma9ta9 t1 9 consequ5ce ( direct ob/ruction & frictional resi/ance to ! fl[ ( ! wat] ( riv]s along _! banks1 !re is bo? an increas$ rapidity ( curr5t & an elevation ( ! wat] 9 ! middle ( ! *annel1 s t a riv] pres5ts always a convex surface4 ,! lumb]m5 d5y ?is4 ,!y affirm t1 :ile riv]s are ris+1 ! wat] is highe/ 9 ! middle ( ! *annel1 & t5ds to ?r[ float+ objects %orew>d2 :ile !y are fall+1 x is l[e/ 9 ! middle1 & float+ objects incl9e t[>d ! c5tre4 ,logs1 !y say1 roll$ into ! wat] dur+ ! rise1 are v apt to lodge on ! banks1 :ile ^? set afloat dur+ ! fall+ ( ! wat]s keep 9 ! curr5t1 & are c>ri$ )\t h9drance to _! de/9ation4 ,=e/]s & lumb]m51 l sailors & o!r p]sons ^: daily occupations br+ !m into contact1 & (t51 into conflict1 ) great natural =ces1 h _m peculi> op9ions1 n to say sup]/itions4 ,9 "o ( ^! categories we mu/ rank ! univ]sal belief ( lumb]m51 t ) a giv5 head ( wat]1 & 9 a giv5 numb] ( h\rs1 a sawmill cuts m lumb] by night ?an by day4 ,hav+ be5 p]sonally int]e/$ 9 sev]al sawmills1 ,i h frequ5tly conv]s$ ) sawy]s on ?is subject1 & h always be5 assur$ by !m t _! uni=m exp]i5ce e/abli%$ ! fact t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! action ( ! ma*9]y ( sawmills is m rapid by night ?an by day4 ,i am sorry--p]haps ,i ought to be a%am$--to say t my scepticism has be5 too /rong to all[ me to avail myself ( my opportunities ( te/+ ?is "q by pass+ a night1 wat* 9 h&1 c\nt+ ! /rokes ( a millsaw4 ,m unprejudic$1 & ,i mu/ add1 v intellig5t & cr$ible p]sons h in=m$ me t !y h done s1 & f\nd ! report ( ! sawy]s abundantly confirm$4 ,a l& surveyor1 :o 0 also an exp]i5c$ lumb]man1 sawy]1 & ma*9i/1 a good ma!matician & an exact obs]v]1 has repeat$ly told me1 t he _h v (t5 tim$ sawmills1 & f\nd ! diff]5ce 9 favor ( night "w above ?irty p] c5t4 ,s$ qua]e4 #bec ,= _m in/ances ( ?is sort1 see ,,becqu]el1 ,des ,climats1 etc41 pp4 #cja-cjc4 ,9 #affd1 ! ,sw$es made an incursion into ,jutl& & fell$ a consid]able ext5t ( =e/4 ,aft] !y retir$1 a survey ( ! damage 0 _h1 & ! report is /ill extant4 ,! numb] ( trees cut 0 f\nd to be #abj1jjj1 & z an acc\nt 0 kept ( ! numb]s ( ea* species ( tree1 ! docum5t is ( int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! =e/1 z %[+ ! relative proportions betwe5 ! diff]5t trees :i* compos$ ! wood4 ,see ,,vaupell4 ,boeg5s ,indv&r+1 p4 #ce1 & ,notes1 p4 #ee4 #bed ,s9ce writ+ ?is p>agraph1 ,i h fall5 ^u--& t 9 a ,spani% au?or--"o ( ^? odd co9cid5ces ( ?\ght :i* e man ( miscellane\s read+ s (t5 meets )4 ,antonio ,ponz 7,viage de ,espana1 i1 prologo1 p4 lxiii71 says3 ,nor w\ld ?is be s great an evil1 7 n "s ( !m declaim]s aga9/ trees1 !reby proclaim+ !mselves1 9 "s sort1 enemies ( ! works ( ,god1 :o gave u ! leafy abode ( ,p>adise to dwell 91 :]e we %\ld be ev5 n[ soj\rn+1 b = ! fir/ s91 :i* expell$ u f x4 ,i d n "k at :at p]iod ! two ,ca/iles 7 b>$ ( _! woods1 b ! ,spani>d's prov]bial hatr$ ( a tree is ( long /&+4 ,h]r]a vigor\sly combats ?is fooli% prejudice2 & ,ponz1 9 ! prologue to ! n9? volume ( 8 j\rney1 says t _m c>ri$ x s f> z wantonly to de/roy ! %ade & ornam5tal trees plant$ by ! municipal au?orities4 ,trees1 !y cont5d$1 & /ill believe1 bre$ birds1 & birds eat up ! gra94 ,our au?or argues aga9/ ! supposition ( ! bre$+ ( birds by trees1 :i*1 he says1 is z absurd z to believe t an elm tree c yield pe>s2 & he *>itably sugge/s t ! expression is1 p]haps1 a mani]e de dire1 a popul> phrase1 signify+ simply t trees h>bor birds4 #bee ,religi\s intol]ance _h produc$ simil> effects 9 ,france at an e>li] p]iod4 ,! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes & ! dragonnades occasion$ ! sale ( ! =e/s ( ! unhappy ,prote/ants1 :o fl$ to seek 9 =eign l&s ! lib]ty ( consci5ce :i* 0 refus$ to !m 9 ,france4 ,! =e/s 7 soon fell$ by ! pur*as]s1 & ! soil 9 "p br\ght "u cultivation4'--,,becqu]el1 ,des ,climats1 etc41 p4 #cjc4 #bef ,! ,am]ican read] mu/ be rem9d$ t1 9 ! language ( ! *ase & ( ! ,engli% law1 a =e/ is n necess>ily a wood4 ,any l>ge ext5t ( gr\nd1 )drawn f cultivation1 res]v$ = ! pleasures ( ! *ase1 & all[$ to clo! itself ) a spontane\s gr[?1 s]v+ z :at is te*nically call$ cov] = wild animals1 is1 9 ! dialects ,i h m5tion$1 a =e/4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,norman k+s af=e/$ ! gr\nds ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 x is n to be suppos$ t !y plant$ !m ) trees1 ?\gh ! protection af=d$ to !m by ! game laws w\ld1 if cattle _h be5 kept out1 soon h conv]t$ !m into real woods4 #beg ,hi/oire des ,paysans1 ii1 p4 #aij4 ,! "w ( ,bonnem]e is ( great value to ^? :o /udy ! hi/ory ( m$iaeval ,europe f a desire to "k its real "*1 & n 9 ! hope ( f9d+ app>5t facts to su/a9 a false & dang]\s !ory4 ,bonnem]e is "o ( ! few writ]s :o1 l ,mi*elet1 h be5 hone/ en\gh & bold en\gh to speak ! tru? ) reg>d to ! relations betwe5 ! *ur* & ! p 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 #beh ,x is pa9ful to add t a simil> outrage 0 p]petrat$ a v few ye>s ago1 9 "o ( ! ,european /ates1 by a pr9ce ( a family n[ de?ron$4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! pr9ce kill$ ! trespass] ) 8 own h&1 8 s]geants refus+ to execute 8 m&ate4 #bei ,,guillaume ,,de ,,nangis1 z quot$ 9 ! notes to ,,jo9ville1 ,n\velle ,collection des ,memoires1 etc41 p> ,mi*aud et ,p\j\lat1 premi]e s]ie1 i1 p4 #cce4 ,p]sons acqua9t$ ) ! "* & influ5ce ( ! m$iaeval cl]gy w h>dly ne$ to be in=m$ t ! t5 ?\s& livres nev] f\nd _! way to ! royal ex*equ]4 ,x 0 easy to prove to ! simple-m9d$ k+ t1 z ! pr(its ( s9 7 a monopoly ( ! *ur*1 he ought n to d]ive advantage f ! commission ( a crime by "o ( 8 subjects2 & ! prie/s 7 cunn+ en\gh bo? to secure to !mselves ! am\nt ( ! f9e1 & to extort f ,l\is l>ge additional grants to c>ry out ! purposes to :i* !y devot$ ! money4 ,& ?\gh ! k+ did take ! moneys1 says ! *ronicl]1 he put !m n into 8 treasury1 b turn$ !m into good works2 = he build$ !re) ! maison-,dieu ( ,pontoise1 & end[$ ! same ) r5ts & l&s2 also ! s*ools & ! dormitory ( ! fri>s prea*]s ( ,p>is1 & ! mona/]y ( ! ,m9orite fri>s4 #bfj ,hi/oire des ,paysans1 ii1 p4 #bjj4 #bfa ,! foll[+ details f ,bonnem]e w s]ve to give a m complete idea ( ! vexati\s & irritat+ nature ( ! game laws ( ,france4 ,! (fic]s ( ! *ase w5t s f> z to =bid ! pull+ up ( ?i/les & we$s1 or ! m[+ ( any un5clos$ gr\nd be=e ,/4 ,john's day #bd? ,june1 9 ord] t ! ne/s ( game birds might n be di/urb$4 ,x 0 unlawful to f5ce-9 any gr\nds 9 ! pla9s :]e royal resid5ces 7 situat$2 ?orns 7 ord]$ to be plant$ 9 all fields ( :eat1 b>ley1 or oats1 to prev5t ! use ( gr\nd nets = cat*+ ! birds :i* consum$1 or 7 believ$ to consume1 ! gra91 & x 0 =bidd5 to cut or pull /ubble be=e ! fir/ ( ,octob]1 le/ ! p>tridge & ! quail might be depriv$ ( _! cov]4 ,= de/roy+ ! eggs ( ! quail1 a f9e ( "o hundr$ livres 0 impos$ = ! fir/ (f5ce1 d\ble t am\nt = ! second1 & = ! ?ird ! culprit 0 flogg$ & bani%$ = five ye>s to a di/ance ( six leagues f ! =e/4--,hi/oire des ,paysans1 ii1 p4 #bjb1 text & notes4 ,nei!r ^! sev]e p5alties1 nor any provisions devis$ by ! +5uity ( mod]n legislation1 h be5 able effectually to repress poa*+4 ,! game laws1 says ,clave1 h n deliv]$ u f ! poa*]s1 :o kill tw5ty times z mu* game z ! sportsm54 ,9 ! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau1 z 9 all ^? belong+ to ! /ate1 poa*+ is a v common & a v pr(itable (f5ce4 ,x is 9 va9 t ! gamekeep]s are on ! al]t night & day1 !y _c prev5t x4 ,^? :o foll[ ! trade beg9 by c>efully /udy+ ! habits ( ! game4 ,!y w lie motionless on ! gr\nd1 by ! roadside or 9 ?ickets1 = :ole days1 wat*+ ! pa?s mo/ frequ5t$ by ! animals1 c4--,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,mai1 #ahfc1 p4 #afj4 ,! writ] adds _m details on ?is subject1 & x appe>s t1 z !re are begg>s on horseback 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 !re are poa*]s 9 c>riages 9 ,france4 #bfb ,:ole trees 7 sacrific$ = ! mo/ insignificant purposes2 ! peasants w\ld cut d[n two firs to make a s+le pair ( wood5 %oes4--,,mi*elet1 z quot$ by ,,clave1 ,etudes1 p4 #bd4 ,a simil> wa/efulness =m]ly prevail$ 9 ,russia1 ?\gh n f ! same cause4 ,9 ,/4 ,pi]re's "t1 ! planks br\ght to ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7 n sawn1 b hewn ) ! axe1 & a tree furni%$ b a s+le plank4 #bfc ,a hundr$ & fifty paces f my h\se is a hill ( drift s&1 on :i* /ood a few scatt]$ p9es4 ,p9us sylve/ris1 & ,semp]vivum tectorum 9 abundance1 ,/atice arm]ia1 ,ammone v]nalis1 ,dian?us c>?usianorum1 ) o!r s& plants1 7 gr[+ !re4 ,i plant$ ! hill ) a few bir*es1 & all ! plants ,i h m5tion$ completely disappe>$1 ?\gh !re 7 _m nak$ spots ( s& betwe5 ! trees4 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t ! hillock is m ?ickly wood$ ?an be=e4 99 99 99 ,x seems !n t ,semp]vivum tectorum1 c41 w n be> ! neighborhood ( ! bir*1 ?\gh gr[+ well ne> ! ,p9us sylve/ris4 ,i h f\nd ! l>ge r$ v>iety ( ,ag>icus deliciosus only among ! roots ( ! p9e2 ! gre5i%-blue ,ag>icus deliciosus among ald] roots1 b n ne> any o!r tree4 ,birds h _! p>tialities among trees & %rubs4 ,! ,silviae pref] ! ,p9us ,l>ix to o!r trees4 ,9 my g>d5 ?is ,p9us is nev] )\t !m1 b ,i nev] saw a bird p]* on ,?uja occid5ialis or ,junip]us sab9a1 al?\gh ! ?ick foliage ( ^! latt] trees af=ds birds a bett] %elt] ?an ! loose leafage ( o!r trees4 ,n ev5 a wr5 ev] f9ds its way to "o ( !m4 ,p]haps ! sc5t ( ! ,?uja & ! ,junip]us is (f5sive to !m4 ,i h spoil$ "o ( my mead[s by cutt+ away ! bu%es4 ,x =m]ly bore grass f\r feet high1 because _m umbellif]\s plants1 su* z ,h]acleum spondylium1 ,spiraea ulm>ia1 ,las]pitium latifolia1 c41 grew 9 x4 ,"u ! %elt] ( ! bu%es ^! plants rip5$ & bore se$1 b !y gradually disappe>$ z ! %rubs 7 extirpat$1 & ! grass n[ does n gr[ to ! height ( m ?an two feet1 because x is no long] oblig$ to keep pace ) ! umbellif]a :i* fl\ri%$ among x4 ,see a pap] by ,j4 ,g4 ,b,ue,t,t,n,e,r1 ( ,kurl&1 9 ,,b]ghaus' ,geographis*es ,jahrbu*1 #aheb1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #ad1 #ae4 ,^! facts are int]e/+ z illu/rat+ ! multitude ( (t5 obscure conditions ^u :i* ! life or vigor\s gr[? ( small] organisms dep5ds4 ,p>ticul> species ( truffles & ( mu%rooms are f\nd associat$ ) p>ticul> trees1 )\t be+1 z is popul>ly suppos$1 p>asites d]iv+ _! nutrim5t f ! dy+ or dead roots ( ^? trees4 ,! success ( ,r\sseau's exp]im5ts seem decisive on ?is po9t1 = he obta9s l>g] crops ( truffles f gr\nd cov]$ ) "y se$l+ oaks ?an f t fill$ ) roots ( old trees4 ,see an article on ,mont ,v5t\x1 by ,*>les ,m>t9s1 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,avril1 #ahfc1 p4 #fbf4 ,x ought to be mu* m g5]ally kn[n ?an x is t mo/1 if n1 all mu%rooms1 ev5 ( ! species reput$ poison\s1 may be r5d]$ h>mless & heal?ful z food by soak+ !m = two h\rs 9 acidulat$ or salt wat]4 ,! wat] requires two or ?ree spoonfuls ( v9eg> or two spoonfuls ( gray salt to ! qu>t1 & a qu>t ( wat] is en\gh = a p\nd ( slic$ mu%rooms4 ,aft] ?us soak+1 !y are well wa%$ 9 fre% wat]1 ?r[n into cold wat]1 :i* is rais$ to ! boil+ po9t1 &1 aft] rema9+ half an h\r1 tak5 out & aga9 wa%$4 ,g]>d1 to prove t crumpets is :olesome1 ate "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five p\nds ( ! mo/ poison\s mu%rooms ?us prep>$1 9 a s+le mon?1 f$ 8 family ad libitum ) ! same1 & f9ally adm9i/]$ !m1 9 h]oic doses1 to ! memb]s ( a committee appo9t$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,heal? ( ! city ( ,p>is4 ,see ,,figui]1 ,l',annee ,sci5tifique1 #ahfb1 pp4 #cec1 #chd4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #ca4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! ,russian peasantry eat1 ) impunity1 mu%rooms ( species ev]y:]e else reg>d$ z v poison\s4 ,is x n probable t ! secret ( r5d]+ !m h>mless--:i* 0 kn[n to ,pl9y1 ?\gh s9ce =gott5 9 ,italy--is possess$ by ! ru/ic ,muscovites8 #bfd ,physikalis*e ,geographie1 p4 #dhf4 #bfe ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,am]ican edition1 p4 #fi4 #bff ,writ]s on vegetable physiology record num]\s in/ances :]e se$s h gr[n aft] ly+ dormant = ages4 ,! foll[+ cases1 m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,dwight 7,travels1 ii1 pp4 #dch1 #dci71 may be new to _m read]s3 ,! l&s 9 ,panton1 ,v]mont1 :i* h "h be5 once cultivat$1 & aga9 p]mitt$ to lie wa/e = sev]al ye>s1 yield a ri* & f9e gr[? ( hickory ,c>ya porc9a4 ,( ?is wood !re is n1 ,i believe1 a s+le tree 9 any orig9al =e/ )9 fifty miles f ?is spot4 ,! native gr[? 0 "h :ite p9e1 ( :i* ,i did n see a s+le /em 9 a :ole grove ( hickory4 ,! hickory is a walnut1 be>+ a fruit too heavy to be likely to be c>ri$ fifty miles by birds1 & besides1 ,i believe x is n eat5 by any bird indig5\s to ,v]mont4 ,a field1 ab\t five miles f ,nor?ampton1 on an em95ce call$ ,rail ,hill1 0 cultivat$ ab\t a c5tury ago4 ,! native gr[? "h1 & 9 all ! surr\nd+ region1 0 :olly oak1 *e/nut1 c4 ,z ! field belong$ to my gr&fa!r1 ,i _h ! be/ opportunity ( le>n+ its hi/ory4 ,x conta9$ ab\t five acres1 9 ! =m ( an irregul> p>allelogram4 ,z ! savages r5d]$ ! cultivation dang]\s1 x 0 giv5 up4 ,on ?is gr\nd !re sprang up a grove ( :ite p9es cov]+ ! field & reta9+ its figure exactly4 ,s f> z ,i rememb]1 !re 0 n 9 x a s+le oak or *e/nut tree4 99 99 99 ,!re 0 n a s+le p9e ^: se$s 71 or1 probably1 _h = ages be51 suffici5tly ne> to h be5 plant$ on ?is spot4 ,! fact t ^! :ite p9es cov]$ ?is field exactly1 s z to pres]ve bo? its ext5t & its figure1 & t !re 7 none 9 ! neighborhood1 are decisive pro(s t cultivation br\ght up ! se$s ( a =m] =e/ )9 ! limits ( vegetation1 & gave !m an opportunity to g]m9ate4 #bfg ,qua9t old ,valvasor _h obs]v$ ! subdu+ influ5ce ( nature's solitudes4 ,9 describ+ ! lonely ,cank]-,?al1 :i*1 ?\gh rocky1 0 9 8 "t well wood$ ) fir1 l>*es1 bee*es1 & o!r trees1 he says3 ,gladsom5ess & beauty1 :i* dwell 9 _m valleys1 may n be look$ = !re4 ,! j\rney ?r\gh x is *e]less1 melan*oly1 we>isome1 & s]ve? to temp] & mortify ov]-joy\sness ( ?\ght4 99 99 99 ,9 sum x is a v wild1 :]e9 ! wildness ( human pride do? gr[ tame4--,ehre d] ,cra91 i1 p4 #acf1 b4 #bfh ,valvasor says1 9 ! same p>agraph f :i* ,i h j quot$1 ,9 my _m j\rneys ?r\gh ?is valley1 ,i did nev] h sight ( s mu* z a s+le bird4 #bfi ,smela1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,kiew1 has1 = "s ye>s1 n suff]$ at all f ! locu/s1 :i* =m]ly came e ye> 9 va/ sw>ms1 & ! curculio1 s injuri\s to ! turnip crops1 is less de/ructive !re ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! prov9ce4 ,?is improvem5t is ow+ p>tly to ! m ?or\gh cultivation ( ! soil1 p>tly to ! groves :i* are int]sp]s$ among ! pl\gh l&s4 99 99 99 ,:5 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla9s woods %all be plant$ & fill$ ) insectivor\s birds1 ! locu/s w cease to be a plague & a t]ror to ! f>m]4--,,r5tzs*1 ,d] ,wald1 pp4 #de1 #df4 #bgj ,engl& is1 ,i believe1 ! only c\ntry :]e private ent]prise has pursu$ sylviculture on a really great scale1 ?\gh admirable examples h be5 set 9 _m o!rs on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ,engl& ! law ( primog5iture1 & o!r in/itutions & national cu/oms :i* t5d to keep l>ge e/ates long undivid$ & 9 ! same l9e ( inh]itance1 ! weal? ( ! l&hold]s1 & ! difficulty ( f9d+ safe & pr(itable inve/m5ts ( capital1 comb9e to af=d enc\ragem5ts = ! plantation ( =e/s1 :i* n[h]e else exi/ 9 ! same degree4 ,! climate ( ,engl&1 too1 is v favorable to ! gr[? ( =e/ trees1 ?\gh ! "* ( surface secures a l>ge "p ( ! isl& f ! evils :i* h result$ f ! de/ruction ( ! woods else:]e1 & !re=e _! re/oration is a matt] ( less geographical importance 9 ,engl& ?an on ! ,cont95t4 #bga ,! pres]vation ( ! woods on ! ea/]n fronti] ( ,france1 z a k9d ( natural abattis1 is also recogniz$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry z an important measure ( milit>y def5ce1 ?\gh !re h be5 conflict+ op9ions on ! subject4 #bgb ,let u take ! supply ( timb] = railroad ties4 ,accord+ to ,clave 7p4 #bdh71 ,france has #i1jjj kilometres ( railway 9 op]ation1 #g1jjj 9 con/ruction1 half ( :i* is built ) a d\ble track4 ,add+ turn\ts & extra tracks at /ations1 ! numb] ( ties requir$ = a s+le track is /at$ at #a1bjj to ! kilometre1 or1 z ,clave computes1 = ! entire network ( ,france1 #eh1jjj1jjj4 ,z ! s*oolboys say1 ?is sum does n prove2 = #af1jjj #h1jjj = ! d\ble track halfway #bd1jjj1 & #bd1jjj x #a1bjj #bh1hjj1jjj4 ,accord+ to ,bigel[ 7,les ,etats ,unis en #ahfc1 p4 #dci71 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h 9 op]ation or con/ruction on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahfb1 #ea1jjj miles1 or ab\t #ha1jjj kilometres ( railroad1 & ! milit>y op]ations ( ! pres5t civil w> are rapidly ext5d+ ! sy/em4 ,all[+ ! same proportion z 9 ,france1 ! ,am]ican railroads requir$ #ig1bjj1jjj ties 9 #ahfb4 ,! consumption ( timb] 9 ,europe & ,am]ica dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation1 occasion$ by ?is dem&1 has requir$ ! sacrifice ( _m hundr$ ?\s& acres ( =e/1 & if we add ! quantity employ$ = telegraph po/s1 we h an am\nt ( de/ruction1 = entirely new purposes1 :i* is really appall+4 ,! consumption ( wood = lucif] mat*es is enorm\s1 & ,i h he>d ( sev]al in/ances :]e tracts ( p9e =e/1 hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( acres 9 ext5t1 h be5 pur*as$ & fell$1 solely to supply timb] = ?is purpose4 ,! dem& = wood = small c>v+s & = *ildr5's toys is incr$ibly l>ge4 ,r5tzs* /ates ! export ( su* objects f ! t[n ( ,sonneb]g alone to h am\nt$1 9 #ahec1 to #fj1jjj c5tn]1 or ?ree ?\s& tons' weight4--,d] ,wald1 p4 #fh4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #cc4 ,! importance ( s manag+ ! =e/ t x may cont9ue indef9itely to furni% an adequate supply ( mat]ial = naval ar*itecture is well illu/rat$ by "s rem>ks ( ! same au?or 9 ! valuable little "w j cit$4 ,he sugge/s t ! prosp]ity ( mod]n ,engl& is due1 9 no small degree1 to ! supplies ( wood & o!r mat]ial = build+ & equipp+ %ips1 receiv$ f ! =e/s ( h] colonies & ( o!r c\ntries ) :i* %e has ma9ta9$ close comm]cial relations1 & he adds3 ,spa91 :i* by h] position seem$ de/9$ = univ]sal p[]1 & once1 9 fact1 possess$ x1 has lo/ h] political rank1 because dur+ ! unwise adm9i/ration ( ! successors ( ,philip ,,ii1 ! empty ex*equ] c\ld n furni% ! means ( build+ new fleets2 = ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s _h rais$ ! price ( timb] above ! res\rces ( ! /ate4--,d] ,wald1 p4 #fc4 ,! m>ket price ( timb]1 l t ( all o!r commodities1 may be said1 9 a g5]al way1 to be regulat$ by ! laws ( dem& & supply1 b x is also controll$ by ^? seem+ly unrelat$ accid5ts :i* s (t5 disappo9t ! calculations ( political economi/s 9 o!r bran*es ( comm]ce4 ,a curi\s case ( ?is sort is notic$ by ,,c]9i1 ,dell' ,impianto e ,cons]vazione dei ,bos*i1 p4 #ag3 ,9 ! m\nta9s on ! ,lago ,maggiore1 9 ye>s :5 maize is *eap1 ! woodcutt]s c provide !mselves ) corn meal en\gh = a week by ?ree days' labor1 & !y refuse to "w ! rema9+ f\r4 ,h5ce ! deal]s 9 wood1 n be+ able to supply ! dem&1 = want ( labor]s1 are oblig$ to raise ! price = ! foll[+ season1 bo? = timb] & = firewood2 s t a l[ price ( gra9 occasions a high price ( build+ lumb] & ( fuel4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ?\gh ! poor h suppli$ !mselves *eaply ) food1 !y mu/ pay de> = firewood1 & !y _c get "w1 because ! high price ( lumb] has disc\rag$ repairs & build+1 ! exp5se ( :i* l&$ proprietors _c und]take :5 _! incomes h be5 r$uc$ by sales ( gra9 at l[ rates1 & h5ce !re is n dem& en\gh = lumb] to induce ! timb] m]*ants to furni% employm5t to ! woodm54 #bgc ,besides ! sub/itution ( iron = wood1 a great sav+ ( consumption ( ?is latt] mat]ial has be5 effect$ by ! revival ( anci5t me?ods ( increas+ its durability1 & ! inv5tion ( new processes = ! same purpose4 ,! mo/ effectual pres]vative yet discov]$ = wood employ$ on l&1 is sulphate ( copp]1 a solution ( :i* is introduc$ into ! pores ( ! wood :ile gre51 by soak+1 by =c+-pumps1 or1 mo/ economically1 by ! simple pressure ( a column ( ! fluid 9 a small pipe connect$ ) ! end ( ! piece ( timb] subject$ to ! treatm5t4 ,clave 7,etudes ,=e/i]es1 pp4 #bdj-bdi7 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! v>i\s processes employ$ = r5d]+ wood imp]i%able1 & /ates t railroad ties inject$ ) sulphate ( copp] 9 #ahdf1 7 f\nd absolutely unalt]$ 9 #ahee2 & telegraphic po/s prep>$ two ye>s e>li]1 are n[ 9 a /ate ( p]fect pres]vation4 ,= _m purposes1 ! me?od ( injection is too exp5sive1 & "s simpl] process is mu* to be desir$4 ,! "q ( ! prop] "t ( fell+ timb] is n settl$1 & ! be/ modes ( air1 wat]1 & /eam season+ are n yet fully asc]ta9$4 ,exp]im5ts on ^! subjects w\ld be well wor? ! patronage ( gov]nm5ts 9 new c\ntries1 :]e !y c be v easily made1 )\t ! necessity ( mu* wa/e ( valuable mat]ial1 & )\t exp5sive arrangem5ts = obs]vation4 ,! practice ( /ripp+ liv+ trees ( _! b>k "s ye>s be=e !y are fell$1 is z old z ! "t ( ,vitruvius1 b is mu* less foll[$ ?an x des]ves1 p>tly because ! timb] ( trees s treat$ incl9es to crack & split1 & p>tly because x becomes s h>d z to be wr\ght ) consid]able difficulty4 ,9 ,am]ica1 economy 9 ! consumption ( fuel has be5 mu* promot$ by ! sub/itution ( coal = wood1 ! g5]al use ( /oves bo? = wood & coal1 & rec5tly by ! employm5t ( an?racite 9 ! furnaces ( /ation>y & locomotive /eam-eng9es4 ,all ! objections to ! use ( an?racite = ?is latt] purpose appe> to h be5 ov]come1 & ! improvem5ts 9 its combu/ion h be5 att5d$ ) a great pecuni>y sav+1 & ) mu* advantage to ! pres]vation ( ! woods4 ,! employm5t ( coal has produc$ a great r$uction 9 ! consumption ( fire wood 9 ,p>is4 ,9 #ahae1 ! supply ( fire wood = ! city requir$ #a1bjj1jjj /]es1 or cubic metres2 9 #ahei1 x _h fall5 to #eja1hje1 :ile1 9 ! mean "t1 ! consumption ( coal _h ris5 f #fjj1jjj to #dcb1jjj1jjj metrical qu9tals4 ,see ,,clave1 ,etudes1 p4 #bab4 ,i ?9k !re mu/ be "s error 9 ?is la/ sum1 z #dcb millions ( metrical qu9tals w\ld am\nt to #dc millions ( tons1 a quantity :i* x is difficult to suppose c\ld be consum$ 9 ! city ( ,p>is4 ,! price ( fire wood has sc>cely advanc$ at all 9 ,p>is = half a c5tury1 ?\gh t ( timb] g5]ally has ris5 enorm\sly4 #bgd ,9 ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! pres5t civil w> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 tw5ty-eight ?\s& walnut trees 7 fell$ to supply a s+le ,european manufactory ( gun/ocks = ! ,am]ican m>ket4 #bge ,among ! indirect pro(s ( ! comp>atively rec5t exi/5ce ( ext5sive =e/s 9 ,france1 may be m5tion$ ! fact1 t wolves 7 abundant1 n v long s9ce1 9 p>ts ( ! empire :]e !re are n[ nei!r wolves nor woods to %elt] !m4 ,ar?ur ,"y m ?an once speaks ( ! innum]able multitudes ( ^! animals :i* infe/$ ,france 9 #aghi1 & ,george ,s& /ates1 9 ! ,hi/oire de ma ,vie1 t "s ye>s aft] ! re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons1 !y *as$ travell]s on horseback 9 ! ,s\!rn prov9ces1 & lit]ally knock$ at ! doors ( h] fa!r-9-law's c\ntry seat4 #bgf ,9 ! ,recepte ,v]itable1 ,palissy hav+ express$ 8 indignation at ! folly ( m5 9 de/roy+ ! woods1 8 int]locutor def5ds ! policy ( fell+ !m1 by cit+ ! example ( div]s bi%ops1 c>d9als1 priors1 abbots1 monk]ies1 & *apt]s1 :i*1 by cutt+ _! woods1 h made ?ree pr(its1 ! sale ( ! timb]1 ! r5t ( ! gr\nd1 & ! good portion !y receiv$ ( ! gra9 gr[n by ! peasants ^u x4 ,to ?is argum5t1 ,palissy replies3 ,i _c en\gh dete/ ?is ?+1 & ,i call x n an error1 b a curse & a calamity to all ,france2 = :5 =e/s %all be cut1 all arts %all cease1 & !y :i* practise !m %all be driv5 out to eat grass ) ,nebu*adnezz> & ! bea/s ( ! field4 ,i h div]s times ?\ght to set d[n 9 writ+ ! arts :i* %all p]i% :5 !re %all be no m wood2 b :5 ,i _h writt5 d[n a great numb]1 ,i did p]ceive t !re c\ld be no end ( my writ+1 & hav+ dilig5tly consid]$1 ,i f\nd !re 0 n any :i* c\ld be foll[$ )\t wood4 99 99 ,& truly ,i c\ld well allege to !e a ?\s& reasons1 b 'tis s *eap a philosophy1 t ! v *amb] w5*es1 if !y d b ?9k1 may see t )\t wood1 x is n possible to ex]cise any mann] ( human art or cunn+4--,,oeuvres de ,,b]n>d ,,palissy1 p4 #hi4 #bgg ,s9ce writ+ ! above p>agraph1 ,i h f\nd ! view ,i h tak5 ( ?is po9t confirm$ by ! c>eful inve/igations ( ,r5tzs*1 :o e/imates ! prop] proportion ( woodl& to entire surface at tw5ty-?ree p] c5t4 = ! int]ior ( ,g]many1 & supposes t ne> ! coa/1 :]e ! air is suppli$ ) humidity by evaporation f ! sea1 x might safely be r$uc$ to tw5ty p] c5t4 ,see ,r5tzs*'s v valuable prize essay1 ,d] ,wald im ,hau%alt d] ,natur und d] ,volkswir?s*aft1 cap4 viii4 ,! due proportion 9 ,france w\ld consid]ably exce$ t = ! ,g]man ,/ates1 because ,france has relatively m surface unfit = any gr[? b t ( wood1 because ! =m & geological "* ( h] m\nta9s expose h] t]ritory to mu* great] injury f torr5ts1 & because at lea/ h] s\!rn prov9ces are m frequ5tly visit$ bo? by extreme dr\ght & by delug+ ra9s4 #bgh ,etudes sur l',economie ,=e/i]e1 p4 #bfa4 ,clave adds 7p4 #bfb73 ,! ,russian =e/s are v unequally di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! t]ritory ( ?is va/ empire4 ,9 ! nor? !y =m imm5se masses1 & cov] :ole prov9ces1 :ile 9 ! s\? !y are s completely want+ t ! inhabitants h no o!r fuel ?an /raw1 dung1 ru%es1 & hea?4 99 99 99 ,at ,mosc[1 firewood co/s ?irty p] c5t4 m ?an at ,p>is1 :ile1 at ! di/ance ( a few leagues1 x sells = a t5? ( t price4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is p>tly due to ! want ( facilities ( transportation1 & "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are 9 a simil> condition4 ,dur+ a sev]e w9t]1 six or sev5 ye>s ago1 ! sudd5 freez+ ( ! canals & riv]s1 be=e a l>ge ,am]ican t[n _h receiv$ its usual supply ( fuel1 occasion$ an enorm\s rise 9 ! price ( wood & coal1 & ! poor suff]$ sev]ely = want ( x4 ,)9 a few h\rs ( ! city 7 l>ge =e/s & an abundant /ock ( firewood fell$ & prep>$ = burn+4 ,?is might easily h be5 c>ri$ to t[n by ! railroads :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! woods2 b ! manag]s ( ! roads refus$ to receive x z freight1 because ! op5+ ( a new m>ket = wood might raise ! price ( ! fuel !y employ$ = _! locomotives4 ,hoh5/e91 :o 0 long pr(essionally employ$ z a =e/] 9 ,russia1 describes ! consequ5ces ( ! g5]al w> ^u ! woods 9 t c\ntry z already mo/ disa/r\s1 & z ?reat5+ /ill m ru9\s evils4 ,! riv] ,volga1 ! life art]y ( ,russian int]nal comm]ce1 is dry+ up f ?is cause1 & ! great ,muscovite pla9s are fa/ advanc+ to a desolation l t ( ,p]sia4--,d] ,wald1 p4 #bbc4 ,! level ( ! ,caspian ,sea is eighty-?ree feet l[] ?an t ( ! ,sea ( ,az(f1 & ! surface ( ,lake ,aral is fa/ s9k+4 ,von ,ba] ma9ta9s t ! depression ( ! ,caspian 0 produc$ by a sudd5 subsid5ce1 f geological causes1 & n gradually by excess ( evaporation ov] supply4 ,see ,kaspis*e ,/udi51 p4 #be4 ,b ?is subsid5ce dim9i%$ ! area & consequ5tly ! evaporation ( t sea1 & ! riv]s :i* once ma9ta9$ its anci5t equilibrium ought to raise x to its =m] level1 if _! own fl[ _h n be5 dim9i%$4 ,x is1 inde$1 n prov$ t ! lay+ b>e ( a wood$ c\ntry dim9i%es ! total annual precipitation ^u x2 b x is c]ta9 t ! summ] evaporation f ! surface ( a *ampaign region1 l t ?r\gh :i* ! ,volga1 its tribut>ies1 & ! fe$]s ( ,lake ,aral fl[1 is increas$ by ! removal ( its woods4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh z mu* ra9 may /ill fall 9 ! valleys ( ^? riv]s z :5 _! :ole surface 0 cov]$ ) =e/s1 a less quantity ( wat] may be deliv]$ by !m s9ce _! bas9s 7 cle>$1 & !re=e ! pres5t condition ( ! inl& wat]s 9 "q may be due to ! removal ( ! =e/s 9 _! bas9s4 #bgi ,r5tzs* 7,d] ,wald1 etc41 pp4 #abc1 #abd7 /ates ! proportions ( woodl& 9 diff]5t ,european c\ntries z foll[s3 ------------------------------------ ,acres p] ,p] c5t4 head ( population4 ------------------------------------ ,g]many #bf4eh #j4ffch ,great ,brita9 #e4 #j4a ,france #af4gi #j4cgff ,russia #cj4ij #d4bh ,sw$5 #fj4 #h4ee ,norway #ff4 #bd4fa ,d5m>k #e4ej #j4bb ,switz]l& #ae4 #j4cif ,holl& #g4aj #j4ab ,belgium #ah4eb #j4ahf ,spa9 #e4eb #j4bia ,portugal #d4dj #j4ahb ,s>d9ia #ab4bi #j4bbc ,naples #i4dc #j4ach ------------------------------------ ,probably no ,european c\ntries c s well disp5se ) ! =e/s1 9 _! capacity ( cons]vative influ5ces1 z ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,_! insul> position & latitude secure an abundance ( atmosph]ic moi/ure1 & ! g5]al incl9ation ( surface is n su* z to expose x to special injury f torr5ts4 ,! due proportion ( woodl& 9 ,engl& & ,irel& is1 !re=e1 almo/ purely an economical "q1 to be decid$ by ! comp>ative direct pecuni>y return f =e/ gr[?1 pa/urage1 & pl\gh l&4 ,9 ,scotl&1 :]e ! c\ntry is = ! mo/ "p m brok5 & m\nta9\s1 ! g5]al de/ruction ( ! =e/s has be5 att5d$ ) v s]i\s evils1 & x is 9 ,scotl& t _m ( ! mo/ ext5sive ,briti% =e/ plantations h n[ be5 =m$4 ,b al?\gh ! incl9ation ( surface 9 ,scotl& is rapid1 ! geological con/itution ( ! soil is n ( a "* to promote su* de/ructive degradation by runn+ wat] z 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 & x has n to cont5d ) ! p>*+ dr\ghts by :i* ! deva/ations ( ! torr5ts are r5d]$ m injuri\s 9 t "p ( ! ,fr5* empire4 ,9 giv+ ! proportion ( woodl& to population1 ,i compute ,r5tzs*'s ,morg5 at 4#chhb ( an ,engli% acre1 because ,i f9d1 by ,alex&]'s mo/ accurate & valuable ,diction>y ( ,weights & ,measures1 t ?is is ! value ( ! ,dresd5 ,morg51 & ,r5tzs* is a ,saxon writ]4 ,9 ! diff]5t ,g]man ,/ates1 !re are m ?an tw5ty diff]5t l& measures kn[n by ! "n ( ,morg51 v>y+ f ab\t "o ?ird ( an acre to m ?an ?ree acres 9 value4 ,:5 w ! _w be wise en\gh to unite 9 adopt+ ! ,fr5* metrical & monet>y sy/ems8 ,z to ! latt]1 nev] :ile ,*ri/5dom cont9ues to be rul$ by money *ang]s1 :o c compel y to "p ) y\r sov]eigns 9 ,france at tw5ty-five francs1 & 9 ,engl& to accept fifte5 %ill+s = y\r napoleons4 ,i speak z a suff]]4 ,exp]to cr$e ,rob]to4 #bhj ,accord+ to ! maxims ( ,engli% jurisprud5ce1 ! common law consi/s ( g5]al cu/oms s long e/abli%$ t ! memory ( man runne? n to ! contr>y4 ,9 o!r words1 long cu/om makes law4 ,9 new c\ntries1 ! *ange ( circum/ances creates new cu/oms1 &1 9 "t1 new law1 )\t ! aid ( legislation4 ,_h ! ,am]ican coloni/s obs]v$ a m sp>+ economy 9 ! treatm5t ( _! woods1 a new code ( cu/om>y =e/ law w\ld h sprung up & acquir$ ! =ce ( a /atute4 ,popul> habit 0 fa/ elaborat+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( su* a code1 :5 ! rapid increase 9 ! value ( timb]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! reckless deva/ation ( ! woodl&s1 made x ! int]e/ ( ! proprietors to int]f]e ) ?is incipi5t sy/em ( =e/ jurisprud5ce1 & appeal to ! rules ( ,engli% law = ! protection ( _! woods4 ,! c\rts h su/a9$ ^! appeals1 & =e/ prop]ty is n[ legally z inviolable z any o!r1 ?\gh common op9ion /ill combats ! c\rse ( judicial decision on su* que/ions4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sw>ms ( honey bees1 on leav+ ! p>5t hive1 (t5 take up _! qu>t]s 9 holl[ trees 9 ! neighbor+ woods4 ,by ! e>ly cu/oms ( ,new ,engl&1 ! f9d] ( a bee tree on ! l& ( ano!r own] 0 reg>d$ z entitl$ to ! honey by "r ( discov]y2 & z a necess>y incid5t ( t "r1 he might cut ! tree1 at ! prop] season1 )\t ask+ p]mission ( ! proprietor ( ! soil4 ,! quantity ( wild honey 9 a tree 0 (t5 l>ge1 & bee hunt+ 0 s pr(itable t x became almo/ a regul> pr(ession4 ,! bee hunt] salli$ =? ) a small box conta9+ honey & a little v]milion4 ,! bees :i* 7 attract$ by ! honey m>k$ !mselves ) ! v]milion1 & h5ce 7 m readily foll[$ 9 _! homew>d flight1 & recogniz$ :5 !y return$ a second "t = booty4 ,:5 load$ ) spoil1 ?is insect returns to 8 hive by ! %orte/ r\te1 & h5ce a /raight l9e is popul>ly call$ 9 ,am]ica a bee l9e4 ,by su* a l9e1 ! hunt] foll[$ ! bees to _! sylvan hive1 m>k$ ! tree ) 8 initials1 & return$ to secure 8 prize 9 ! autumn4 ,:5 ! "r ( ! bee hunt] 0 at la/ disput$ by ! l& proprietors1 x 0 ) difficulty t judgm5ts c\ld be obta9$1 9 inf]ior c\rts1 9 favor ( ! latt]1 & x 0 only aft] repeat$ decisions ( ! high] legal tribunals t ! sup]ior "r ( ! own] ( ! soil 0 at la/ acquiesc$ 94 #bha ,etude sur le ,reboisem5t des ,montagnes1 p4 #e4 #bhb ,9 ,am]ica1 says ,clave 7p4 #abd1 #abe71 :]e !re is a va/ ext5t ( l& almo/ )\t pecuni>y value1 b :]e labor is de> & ! rate ( int]e/ high1 x is pr(itable to till a l>ge surface at ! lea/ possible co/2 ext5sive cultivation is !re ! mo/ advantage\s4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 :]e e corn] ( soil is occupi$1 & ! lea/ bit ( gr\nd is sold at a high price1 b :]e labor & capital are comp>atively *eap1 x is wise/ to employ int5sive cultivation4 99 99 99 ,all ! ef=ts ( ! cultivator ought to be direct$ to ! obta9+ ( a giv5 result ) ! lea/ sacrifice1 & !re is equally a loss to ! commonweal? if ! application ( improv$ agricultural processes be neglect$ :]e !y are advantage\s1 or if !y be employ$ :]e !y are n requir$4 99 99 99 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 sylviculture mu/ foll[ ! same laws z agriculture1 &1 l x1 be modifi$ accord+ to ! economical conditions ( diff]5t /ates4 ,9 c\ntries ab\nd+ 9 good =e/s1 & ?9ly peopl$1 elem5t>y & *eap me?ods mu/ be pursu$2 9 civiliz$ regions1 :]e a d5se population requires t ! soil %all be made to produce all x c yield1 ! regul> artificial =e/1 ) all ! processes t sci5ce tea*es1 %\ld be cultivat$4 ,x w\ld be absurd to apply to ! endless woods ( ,brazil & ( ,canada ! me?od ( ! ,spess>t by d\ble /ages1 & n less s 9 our c\ntry1 :]e e y>d ( gr\nd has a high value1 to leave to nature ! task ( propagat+ trees1 & to cont5t ourselves ) cutt+1 e tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s1 ! meagre gr[?s t *ance may h produc$4 #bhc ,x is (t5 laid d[n z a univ]sal law1 t ! wood ( trees ( sl[ vegetation is sup]ior to t ( quick gr[?4 ,?is is "o ( ^? commonplaces by :i* m5 love to %ield !mselves f ! labor ( pa9/ak+ obs]vation4 ,x has1 9 fact1 s _m exceptions1 t x may be d\bt$ :e!r x is 9 any s5se true4 ,mo/ ( ! c$>s are sl[ ( gr[?2 b :ile ! timb] ( "s ( !m is firm & durable1 t ( o!rs is light1 brittle1 & p]i%able4 ,! hemlock spruce is sl[] ( gr[? ?an ! p9es1 b its wood is ( v little value4 ,! pa/ure oak & bee* %[ a bread? ( gra9--&1 ( c\rse1 an annual increm5t--twice z great z trees ( ! same species gr[n 9 ! woods2 & ! ,am]ican locu/1 ,rob9ia pseudacacia1 ! wood ( :i* is ( extreme t\ghness & durability1 is1 ( all trees indig5\s to ,nor!a/]n ,am]ica1 by f> ! mo/ rapid 9 gr[?4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! mutual int]dep5d5ce ( ! me*anic arts1 ,i may m5tion t 9 ,italy1 :]e /one1 brick1 & pla/] are almo/ ! only mat]ials us$ 9 ar*itecture1 & :]e ! holl[ w>e kit*5 implem5ts are ( copp] or ( clay1 ! ord9>y tools = work+ wood are ( a v inf]ior description1 & ! locu/ timb] is f\nd too h>d = _! temp]4 ,s\!y in=ms u1 9 ,espriella's ,lett]s1 t :5 a small quantity ( mahogany 0 br\ght to ,engl&1 e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ! cab9etmak]s 7 unable to use x1 f ! defective temp] ( _! tools1 until ! dem& = furniture f ! new wood compell$ !m to improve ! quality ( _! implem5ts4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! *eapness ( wood long made x ! pref]able mat]ial = almo/ all purposes to :i* x c\ld by any possibility be appli$4 ,! me*anical cutl]y & artisans' tools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ( admirable temp]1 f9i%1 & conv5i5ce1 & no wood is too h>d1 or o!rwise too refractory1 to be wr\ght ) great facility1 bo? by h& tools & by ! multitude ( +5i\s ma*9es :i* ! ,am]icans h inv5t$ = ?is purpose4 #bhd ,etudes ,=e/i]es1 p4 #g4 #bhe ,etudes ,=e/i]es1 p4 #g4 #bhf ,= v full catalogues ( ,am]ican =e/ trees1 & rem>ks on _! geographical di/ribution1 consult pap]s on ! subject by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 9 ! ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = #aheh1 & ! ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,agricultural ,division1 = #ahfj4 #bhg ,al?\gh ,sp5s]'s catalogue ( trees occurs 9 ! fir/ canto ( ! fir/ book ( ! ,fa]y ,que5e--! only canto ( t exquisite poem actually read by mo/ /ud5ts ( ,engli% lit]ature--x is n s g5]ally famili> z to make ! quotation ( x altoge!r sup]flu\s3 ,,vii4 ,en=/ to seeke "s cov]t nigh at h&1 ,a %adie grove n f>r away !y spide1 ,t promi/ ayde ! tempe/ to )/&2 ,^: l(tie trees1 yelad ) somm]s pride1 ,did spr$ s broad1 t heav5s light did hide1 ,n p]ceable ) p[] ( any />r3 ,& all )9 7 pa!s & alleies wide1 ,) foot+ worne1 & lead+ inw>d f>r2 ,faire h>b\r t !m seems2 s 9 !y entr$ ar4 ,,viii4 ,& foor? !y passe1 ) pleasure =w>d l$1 ,joy+ to he>e ! birdes sweete h>mony1 ,:i* !re9 %r\d$ f ! tempe/ dr$1 ,seemd 9 _! song to scorne ! cruell sky4 ,mu* c !y praise ! trees s /raight & hy1 ,! sayl+ p9e2 ! c$> /\t & tall2 ,! v9e-propp elm2 ! popl> nev] dry2 ,! build] oake1 sole k+ ( =re/s all2 ,! asp9e good = /aves2 ! cypresse fun]all2 ,,ix4 ,! laurell1 me$ ( mightie conqu]\rs ,& poets sage2 ! firre t weepe? /ill2 ,! will[1 worne ( =lorn p>am\rs2 ,! eugh1 ob$i5t to ! b5d]s w2 ,! bir* = %aftes2 ! sall[ = ! mill2 ,! mirrhe sweete-ble$+ 9 ! bitt] w\nd2 ,! w>like bee*2 ! a% = no?+ ill2 ,! fruitfull olive2 & ! platane r\nd2 ,! c>v] holme2 ! maple seeldom inw>d s\nd4 #bhh ,! walnut is a m valuable tree ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,x yields "o ?ird ( ! oil produc$ 9 ,france1 & 9 ?is respect occupies an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! olive ( ! s\?1 & ! oleag9\s se$s ( ! nor?4 ,a hect>e 7ab\t two & a half acres71 w produce nuts to ! value ( five hundr$ francs a ye>1 :i* co/ no?+ b ! ga!r+4 ,un=tunately1 its maturity mu/ be long wait$ =1 & m nut-trees are fell$ ?an plant$4 ,! dem& = its wood 9 cab9et "w is ! pr9cipal cause ( its de/ruction4 ,see ,,lav]gne1 ,economie ,rurale de la ,france1 p4 #bec4 ,accord+ to ,cosimo ,ridolfi 7,lezioni ,orali1 ii4 p4 #dbd71 ,france obta9s ?ree times z mu* oil f ! walnut z f ! olive1 & ne>ly z mu* z f all oleag9\s se$s toge!r4 ,he /ates t ! walnut be>s nuts at ! age ( tw5ty ye>s1 & yields its maximum product at sev5ty1 & t a hect>e ( gr\nd1 ) ?irty trees1 or twelve to ! acre1 is equal to a capital ( tw5ty-five hundr$ francs4 ,! nut ( ?is tree is kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ! ,engli% walnut4 ,! fruit & ! wood mu* resemble ^? ( ! ,am]ican black walnut1 ,juglans nigra1 b = cab9et "w ! ,am]ican is ! m beautiful mat]ial1 especially :5 ! l>ge knots are employ$4 ,! timb] ( ! ,european species1 :5 /raight gra9$1 & cle>1 or free f knots1 is1 = ord9>y purposes1 bett] ?an t ( ! ,am]ican black walnut1 b be>s no comp>ison ) ! wood ( ! hickory1 :5 /r5g? comb9$ ) ela/icity is requir$1 & its nut is v inf]ior 9 ta/e to t ( ! %agb>k1 z well z to ! butt]nut1 :i* x some:at resembles4 ,! *e/nut is m valuable /ill1 = x produces on a /]ile soil1 :i*1 )\t x1 w\ld yield only f]ns & hea?s1 an abundant nutrim5t = man4--,,lav]gne1 ,economie ,rurale de la ,france1 p4 #bec4 ,i believe ! v>ieties develop$ by cultivation are less num]\s 9 ! walnut ?an 9 ! *e/nut1 :i* latt] tree is (t5 graft$ 9 ,s\!rn ,europe4 #bhi ,?is fir is rem>kable = its t5d5cy to cicatrize or heal ov] its /umps1 a prop]ty :i* x possesses 9 common ) "s o!r firs1 ! m>itime p9e1 & ! ,european l>*4 ,:5 ^! trees gr[ 9 ?ick clumps1 _! roots are apt to unite by a species ( natural graft+1 & if "o ( !m be fell$1 al?\gh its own prop] rootlets die1 ! /ump may cont9ue1 sometimes = a c5tury1 to receive n\ri%m5t f ! radicles ( ! surr\nd+ trees1 & a dome ( wood & b>k ( consid]able ?ickness be =m$ ov] x4 ,! cicatrization is1 h[ev]1 only app>5t1 = ! entire /ump1 except ! outside r+ ( annual gr[?1 soon dies1 & ev5 decays )9 its cov]+1 )\t s5d+ out new %oots4 #bij ,at ! age ( twelve or fifte5 ye>s1 ! cork tree is /ripp$ ( its out] b>k = ! fir/ "t4 ,?is fir/ yield is ( inf]ior quality1 & is employ$ = floats = nets & buoys1 or burnt = lampblack4 ,aft] ?is1 a new lay] ( cork1 an in* or an in* & a qu>t] 9 ?ickness1 is =m$ ab\t once 9 t5 ye>s1 & is remov$ 9 l>ge %eets )\t injury to ! tree1 :i* lives a hundr$ & fifty ye>s or m4 ,accord+ to ,clave 7p4 #beb71 ! annual product ( a =e/ ( cork oaks is calculat$ at ab\t #ffj kilogrammes1 wor? #aej francs1 to ! hect>e1 :i*1 d$uct+ exp5ses1 leaves a pr(it ( #ajj francs4 ,?is is ab\t equal to #bej p\nd weight1 & eight doll>s pr(it to ! acre4 ,! cork oaks ( ! national doma9 9 ,alg]ia cov] ab\t #ejj1jjj acres1 & are let to individuals at rates :i* are expect$1 :5 ! :ole is r5t$1 to yield to ! /ate a rev5ue ( ab\t #b1jjj1jjj4 ,george ,s&1 9 ! ,hi/oire de ma ,vie1 speaks ( ! cork =e/s 9 ,s\!rn ,france z among ! mo/ pr(itable ( rural possessions1 & /ates1 :at ,i d n rememb] to h se5 notic$ else:]e1 t ,russia is ! be/ cu/om] = cork4 ,! l>ge %eets tak5 f ! trees are slit into ?9 plates1 & us$ to l9e ! walls ( ap>tm5ts 9 t cold climate4 #bia ,! walnut1 ! *e/nut1 ! apple1 & ! pe> are common to ! bord] betwe5 ! c\ntries ,i h m5tion$1 b ! range ( ! o!r trees is b\nd$ by ! ,alps1 & by a well-def9$ & %>ply drawn l9e to ! we/ ( ^? m\nta9s4 ,i _c give /ati/ical details z to ! numb] ( any ( ! trees 9 "q1 or z to ! area !y w\ld cov] if br\ght toge!r 9 a giv5 c\ntry4 ,f "s peculi>ity 9 ! sky ( ,europe1 cultivat$ plants w ?rive1 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 & ev5 9 ,switz]l&1 "u a dep? ( %ade :]e no crop1 n ev5 grass1 wor? h>ve/+1 w\ld gr[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) an equally high summ] temp]ature4 ,h5ce ! cultivation ( all ^! trees is practicable 9 ,europe to a great] ext5t ?an w\ld be suppos$ reconcilable ) ! int]e/s ( agriculture4 ,"s idea ( ! importance ( ! olive or*>ds may be =m$ f ! fact t ,sicily alone1 an isl& sc>cely exce$+ #aj1jjj squ>e miles 9 area1 ( :i* "o ?ird at lea/ is absolutely b>r51 has export$ to ! s+le port ( ,m>seilles m ?an #b1jjj1jjj p\nds weight ( olive oil p] ye>1 = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 #bib ,x is h>d to say h[ f> ! peculi> =m ( ! graceful cr[n ( ?is p9e is due to prun+4 ,x is true t ! extremities ( ! topmo/ bran*es are r>ely lopp$1 b ! lat]al b\ghs are almo/ uni=mly remov$ to a v consid]able height1 & x is n improbable t ! %ape ( ! top is !reby affect$4 #bic ,besides ?is1 9 a c\ntry s div]sifi$ 9 surface--,i wi% we c\ld ) ! ,fr5* say accid5t$--z ,italy ) ! exception ( ! *ampaign region dra9$ by ! ,po1 e new field ( view requires ei!r an extraord9>y c\p d'oeil 9 ! spectator1 or a long /udy1 9 ord] to ma/] its relief1 its plans1 its sali5t & retreat+ angles4 ,9 summ]1 ! univ]sal gre5]y conf\nds light & %ade1 di/ance & =egr\nd2 & ?\gh ! impression ^u a travell]1 :o j\rneys = ! sake ( s5sations1 may be /r5g!n$ by ! my/]i\s annihilation ( all /&>ds = ! measurem5t ( space1 yet ! sup]ior intelligibility ( ! w9t] sc5]y ( ,italy is m pr(itable to ^? :o see ) a view to analyze4 #bid ,copse1 or coppice1 f ! ,fr5* c\p]1 to cut1 signifies prop]ly a wood ! trees ( :i* are cut at c]ta9 p]iods ( immature gr[?1 & all[$ to %oot up aga9 f ! roots2 b x has come to signify1 v commonly1 a "y wood1 grove1 or ?icket1 )\t ref]5ce to its orig91 or to its "* ( a =e/ crop4 #bie ,x has be5 rec5tly /at$1 ^u ! evid5ce ( ! ,gov]nm5t =e/]s ( ,greece1 & ( ! que5's g>d5]1 t a l>ge wood has be5 discov]$ 9 ,arcadia1 consi/+ ( a fir :i* has ! prop]ty ( s5d+ up bo? v]tical & lat]al %oots f ! /ump ( fell$ trees & =m+ a new cr[n4 ,x 0 at fir/ suppos$ t ?is =e/ grew only on ! m\nta9s1 ( :i* ! h]o ( ,ab\t's mo/ amus+ /ory1 ,le ,roi des ,montagnes1 0 k+2 b x is n[ said t small /umps1 ) ! %oots atta*$1 h be5 s5t to ,g]many1 & recogniz$ by able botani/s z true natural products4 #bif ,natural =e/s are r>ely1 if ev]1 compos$ ( trees ( a s+le species1 & exp]i5ce has %[n t oaks & o!r broad-leav$ trees1 plant$ z artificial woods1 require to be mix$1 or associat$ ) o!rs ( diff]5t habits4 ,9 ! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau1 oaks1 m+l$ ) bee*es 9 due proportion1 says ,clave1 may arrive at ! age ( five or six hundr$ ye>s 9 full vigor1 & atta9 dim5sions :i* ,i h nev] se5 surpass$2 :51 h[ev]1 !y are :olly unmix$ ) o!r trees1 !y beg9 to decay & die at ! top1 at ! age ( =ty or fifty ye>s1 l m51 old be=e _! "t1 we>y ( ! _w1 & long+ only to quit x4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ 9 mo/ ( ! oak plantations ( :i* ,i h spok51 & !y h n be5 able to atta9 to full gr[?4 ,:5 ! vegetation 0 p]ceiv$ to langui%1 !y 7 cut1 9 ! hope t ?is op]ation w\ld re/ore _! vigor1 & t ! new %oots w\ld succe$ bett] ?an ! orig9al trees2 &1 9 fact1 !y seem$ to be recov]+ = ! fir/ few ye>s4 ,b ! %oots 7 soon attack$ by ! same decay1 & ! op]ation _h to be r5ew$ at %ort] & %ort] int]vals1 until at la/ x 0 f\nd necess>y to treat z coppices plantations orig9ally design$ = ! full-gr[? sy/em4 ,nor 0 ?is all3 ! soil1 p]iodically b>$ by ^! cutt+s1 became impov]i%$1 & less & less suit$ to ! gr[? ( ! oak4 99 99 99 ,x 0 !n propos$ to introduce ! p9e & plant ) x ! vacancies & glades4 99 99 99 ,by ?is means1 ! =e/ 0 sav$ f ! ru9 :i* ?reat5$ x1 & n[ m ?an #aj1jjj acres ( p9es1 f fifte5 to ?irty ye>s old1 are dissem9at$ at v>i\s po9ts1 sometimes int]mix$ ) broad-leav$ trees1 sometimes =m+ groves by !mselves4--,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,mai1 #ahfc1 pp4 #aec1 #aed4 ,! =e/s ( ,d5m>k1 :i*1 9 mod]n times1 h be5 succe$$ by ! bee*--a species m incl9$ to be exclusive ?an any o!r broad-leav$ tree--7 compos$ ( bir*es1 oaks1 firs1 asp5s1 will[s1 hazel1 & maple1 ! fir/ ?ree be+ ! lead+ species4 ,at pres5t1 ! bee* greatly pr$om9ates4--,,vaupell1 ,boeg5s ,indv&r+1 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 #big ,etudes ,=e/i]es1 p4 #hi4 #bih ,! gr\nds :i* x is mo/ important to clo! ) wood z a cons]vative influ5ce1 & :i*1 also1 c be/ be sp>$ f agricultural use1 are /eep hillsides4 ,b ! p]=mance ( all ! (fices ( ! =e/] to ! tree--se$+1 plant+1 ?9n+1 & f9ally fell+ & remov+ = consumption--is m labori\s ^u a rapid declivity ?an on a level soil1 & at ! same "t x is difficult to apply irrigation or manures to trees s situat$4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t !re is great advantage 9 t]rac+ ! face ( a hill be=e plant+ x1 bo? z prev5t+ ! wa% ( ! e>? by *eck+ ! fl[ ( wat] d[n its slope1 & z pres5t+ a surface favorable = irrigation1 z well z = manur+ & cultivat+ ! tree4 ,b ev5 )\t s exp5sive a process1 v important results h be5 obta9$ by simply dit*+ declivities4 ,9 ord] to ha/5 ! gr[? ( wood on ! flanks ( a m\nta91 ,mr4 ,eug5e ,*ev&i] divid$ ! slope into zones =ty or fifty feet wide1 by horizontal dit*es clos$ at bo? ends1 & !reby obta9$1 f firs ( diff]5t ages1 %oots d\ble ! dim5sions ( ^? :i* grew on a dry soil ( ! same "*1 :]e ! wat] 0 all[$ to run (f )\t ob/ruction4--,,dumont1 ,des ,travaux ,publics1 etc41 pp4 #id-if4 ,! dit*es 7 ab\t two feet & a half deep1 & ?ree feet & a half wide1 & !y co/ ab\t =ty francs ! hect>e1 or ?ree doll>s ! acre4 ,?is extraord9>y gr[? 0 produc$ :olly by ! ret5tion ( ! ra9 wat] 9 ! dit*es1 :5ce x filt]$ ?r\gh ! :ole soil & suppli$ moi/ure to ! roots ( ! trees4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r 9 a climate cold en\gh to freeze ! entire cont5ts ( ! dit*es 9 w9t]1 x w\ld n be exp$i5t to draw (f ! wat] 9 ! autumn1 z ! pres5ce ( s l>ge a quantity ( ice 9 ! soil might prove injuri\s to trees too "y & small to %elt] ! gr\nd effectually aga9/ fro/4 ,*ev&i] computes t1 if ! annual gr[? ( ! p9e 9 ! m>%y soil ( ! ,vosges be repres5t$ by "o1 x w equal two 9 dry gr\nd1 f\r or five on slopes s dit*$ or grad$ z to reta9 ! wat] fl[+ ^u !m f roads or /eep declivities1 & six :]e ! e>? is kept con/antly moi/ by infiltration f runn+ brooks4--,comptes ,r5dus a l',academie des ,sci5ces--t4 xix1 ,juillet1 ,dec41 #ahdd1 p4 #afg4 ,! effect ( accid5tal irrigation is well %[n 9 ! gr[? ( ! trees plant$ along ! canals ( irrigation :i* trav]se ! fields 9 _m p>ts ( ,italy4 ,!y fl\ri% mo/ luxuriantly1 9 spite ( cont9ual lopp+1 & yield a v important contribution to ! /ock ( fuel = dome/ic use2 :ile trees1 situat$ s f> f canals z to be out ( ! rea* ( infiltration f !m1 are ( mu* sl[] gr[?1 "u circum/ances o!rwise equally favorable4 ,9 o!r exp]im5ts ( ,*ev&i]1 "u bett] conditions1 ! yield ( wood 0 increas$1 by judici\s irrigation1 9 ! ratio ( sev5 to "o1 ! pr(its 9 t ( twelve to "o4 ,at ! ,exposition ( #ahee1 ,*ambrel5t exhibit$ "y trees1 :i*1 9 f\r ye>s f ! se$1 _h gr[n to ! height ( sixte5 & tw5ty feet1 & ! diamet] ( t5 & twelve in*es4 ,*ev&i] exp]im5t$ ) v>i\s manures1 & f\nd t "s ( !m might be pr(itably appli$ to "y1 b n to old trees1 ! quantity requir$ 9 ! latt] case be+ too great4 ,wood a%es & ! refuse ( soda factories are p>ticul>ly recomm5d$4 ,i h se5 an extraord9>y gr[? produc$ 9 fir trees by ! application ( soapsuds4 #bii ,al?\gh ! economy ( ! =e/ has receiv$ little att5tion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 no lov] ( ,am]ican nature c h fail$ to obs]ve a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 a native wood f :i* cattle are exclud$ & "o :]e !y are p]mitt$ to br[se4 ,a few seasons suffice = ! total extirpation ( ! und]bru%1 includ+ ! "y trees on :i* alone ! reproduction ( ! =e/ dep5ds1 & all ! bran*es ( ^? ( l>g] gr[? :i* hang )9 rea* ( ! cattle are /ripp$ ( _! buds & leaves1 & soon )] & fall (f4 ,^! effects are obs]vable at a great di/ance1 & a wood pa/ure is recogniz$1 almo/ z f> z x c be se51 by ! regul>ity ) :i* its l[] foliage t]m9ates at :at ,rusk9 some:]e calls ! cattle l9e4 ,?is always runs p>allel to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & is det]m9$ by ! height to :i* dome/ic quadrup$s c rea* to fe$ ^u ! leaves4 ,9 describ+ a visit to ! gr&-ducal f>m ( ,san ,rossore ne> ,pisa1 :]e a l>ge h]d ( camels is kept1 ,*ateauvieux says3 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh a wood ( ev]gre5 oaks1 ,i obs]v$ t all ! twigs & foliage ( ! trees 7 clipp$ up to ! height ( ab\t twelve feet above ! gr\nd1 )\t leav+ a s+le spray bel[ t level4 ,i 0 in=m$ t ! br[s+ ( ! camels _h trimm$ ! trees z high z !y c\ld rea*4--,,lull9 ,,de ,,*ateauvieux1 ,lettres sur l',italie1 p4 #aac4 ,! removal ( ! %elt] af=d$ by ! bru%wood & ! p5dul\s bran*es ( trees p]mits dry+ & *ill+ w9ds to p>* & cool ! gr\nd1 & ( c\rse injuri\sly affects ! gr[? ( ! wood4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! tread ( quadrup$s exposes & bruises ! roots ( ! trees1 :i* (t5 die f ?is cause1 z any "o may obs]ve by foll[+ ! pa?s made by cattle ?r\gh woodl&s4 #cjj ,i h rem>k$ else:]e t mo/ insects :i* deposit & hat* _! eggs 9 ! wood ( ! natural =e/ conf9e !mselves to dead trees4 ,n only is ?is ! fact1 b x is also true t _m ( ! bor]s attack only fre%ly cut timb]4 ,_! season ( labor is a %ort "o1 & unless ! tree is cut dur+ ?is p]iod1 x is safe f !m4 ,9 summ] y may he> !m ply+ _! aug]s 9 ! wood ( a "y p9e ) s(t gre5 b>k1 z y sit ^u its trunk1 )9 a week aft] x has be5 fell$1 b ! w9dfalls ( ! w9t] lie un9jur$ by ! worm & ev5 undecay$ = c5turies4 ,9 ! p9e woods ( ,new ,engl&1 aft] ! regul> lumb]man has remov$ ! /&+ trees1 ^! old trunks are haul$ out f ! mosses & leaves :i* half cov] !m1 & (t5 furni% excell5t timb]4 ,! sl[ decay ( su* timb] 9 ! woods1 x may be rem>k$1 furni%es ano!r pro( ( ! uni=mity ( temp]ature & humidity 9 ! =e/1 = ! trunk ( a tree ly+ on grass or pl\gh l&1 & ( c\rse expos$ to all ! alt]nations ( climate1 h>dly resi/s complete decomposition = a g5]ation4 ,! =e/s ( ,europe exhibit simil> facts4 ,wessely1 9 a description ( ! primitive wood ( ,neuwald 9 ,l[] ,au/ria1 says t ! w9dfalls requir$ f #aej to #bjj ye>s = entire decay4--,die ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,alp5la5d] und ihre ,=/e1 p4 #cab4 #cja ,,vaupell1 ,boeg5s ,indv&r+ i de ,danske ,skove1 pp4 #bi1 #df4 ,vaupell fur!r obs]ves1 on ! page la/ quot$3 ,! removal ( leaves is injuri\s to ! =e/1 n only because x ret>ds ! gr[? ( trees1 b /ill m because x disqualifies ! soil = ! production ( p>ticul> species4 ,:5 ! bee* langui%es1 & ! developm5t ( its bran*es is less vigor\s & its cr[n less spread+1 x becomes unable to resi/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! fir4 ,?is latt] tree ?rives 9 an inf]ior soil1 & be+ no long] /ifl$ by ! ?ick foliage ( ! bee*1 x spreads gradually ?r\gh ! wood1 :ile ! bee* retreats be=e x & f9ally p]i%es4 ,! /udy ( ! natural ord] ( succession 9 =e/ trees is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 sylviculture1 because x guides u 9 ! selection ( ! species to be employ$ 9 plant+ a new or re/or+ a decay$ =e/4 ,:5 gr\nd is laid b>e bo? ( trees & ( vegetable m\ld1 & left to ! action ( unaid$ & unob/ruct$ nature1 %e fir/ propagates trees :i* g]m9ate & gr[ only "u ! influ5ce ( a full supply ( light & air1 & !n1 9 succession1 o!r species1 accord+ to _! ability to be> ! %ade & _! dem& = m abundant nutrim5t4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 ! l>*1 ! :ite bir*1 ! asp51 fir/ appe>2 !n foll[ ! maple1 ! ald]1 ! a%1 ! fir2 !n ! oak & ! l9d52 & !n ! bee*4 ,! trees call$ by ^! respective names 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n specifically ! same z _! ,european namesakes1 nor are !y always ev5 ! equival5ts ( ^! latt]1 & !re=e ! ord] ( succession 9 ,am]ica w\ld n be precisely z indicat$ by ! =ego+ li/1 b x nev]!less v ne>ly corresponds to x4 ,x is ?\ght important to enc\rage ! gr[? ( ! bee* 9 ,d5m>k & ,nor!rn ,g]many1 because x ^u ! :ole yields bett] returns ?an o!r trees1 & p>ticul>ly because x appe>s n to exhau/1 b on ! contr>y to enri* ! soil2 = by %$d+ its leaves x returns to x mo/ ( ! nutrim5t x has drawn f x1 & at ! same "t furni%es a solv5t :i* aids mat]ially 9 ! decomposition ( its m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,:5 ! =e/ is left to itself1 ! ord] ( succession is con/ant1 & its occasional inv]sion is always explicable by "s human int]f]5ce4 ,x is curi\s t ! trees :i* require mo/ light are cont5t ) ! poore/ soils1 & vice v]sa4 ,! trees :i* fir/ appe> are also ^? :i* propagate !mselves f>!/ to ! nor?4 ,! bir*1 ! l>*1 & ! fir be> a sev]] climate ?an ! oak1 ! oak ?an ! bee*4 ,^! p>allelisms1 says ,vaupell1 are v int]e/+1 because !y are entirely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & ea* prescribes ! same ord] ( succession4--,boeg5s ,indv&r+1 p4 #db4 #cjb ,:5 vigor\s "y locu/s1 ( two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 are poll$1 !y ?r[ out a great numb] ( v ?ick-leav$ %oots1 :i* arrange !mselves 9 a globul> head1 s unlike ! natural cr[n ( ! acacia1 t p]sons famili> only ) ! untra9$ tree (t5 take !m = a diff]5t species4 #cjc ,! two ideas express$ 9 ! text are n exactly equival5t1 because1 ?\gh ! consumption ( animal food dim9i%es ! am\nt ( vegetable alim5t requir$ = human use1 yet ! animals !mselves consume a great quantity ( gra9 & roots gr[n on gr\nd pl\gh$ & cultivat$ z regul>ly & z labori\sly z any o!r4 ,! #agj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( oats rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahfj1 & f$ to ! #f1jjj1jjj horses1 ! potatoes1 ! turnips1 & ! maize employ$ 9 fatt5+ ! ox51 ! %eep1 & ! sw9e slaught]$ ! same ye>1 occupi$ an ext5t ( gr\nd :i*1 cultivat$ by h& labor & ) ,*9ese indu/ry & skill1 w\ld probably h produc$ a quantity ( vegetable food equal 9 alim5t>y p[] to ! fle% ( ! quadrup$s kill$ = dome/ic use4 ,h5ce1 s f> z ! nak$ "q ( am\nt ( alim5t is conc]n$1 ! mead[s & ! pa/ures might z well h rema9$ 9 ! =e/ condition4 #cjd ,accord+ to ,clave 7,etudes1 p4 #aei71 ! net rev5ue f ! =e/s ( ! /ate 9 ,france1 mak+ no all[ance = int]e/ on ! capital repres5t$ by ! =e/1 is two doll>s p] acre4 ,9 ,saxony x is ab\t ! same1 ?\gh ! co/ ( adm9i/ration is twice z mu* z 9 ,france2 9 ,wu]temb]g x is ab\t a doll> an acre2 & 9 ,prussia1 :]e half ! income is consum$ 9 ! exp5ses ( adm9i/ration1 x s9ks to less ?an half a doll>4 ,?is l[ rate 9 ,prussia is p>tly expla9$ by ! fact t a consid]able proportion ( ! annual product ( wood is ei!r conc$$ to p]sons claim+ prescriptive rights1 or sold1 at a v small price1 to ! poor4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! capital inve/$ 9 =e/ l&1 & add+ int]e/ ^u x1 ,pressl] calculates t a p9e wood1 manag$ ) a view to fell+ x :5 eighty ye>s old1 w\ld yield only "o eigh? ( "o p] c5t4 annual pr(it2 a fir wood1 at "o hundr$ ye>s1 "o six? ( "o p] c5t42 a bee* wood1 at "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 "o f\r? ( "o p] c5t4 ,! same au?or 7p4 #cce7 gives ! net income ( ! ,new =e/ 9 ,engl&1 ov] & above exp5ses1 int]e/ n comput$1 at tw5ty-five c5ts p] acre only4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e no exp5se is be/[$ ^u ! woods1 ! annual gr[? w\ld g5]ally be e/imat$ mu* high]4 #cje ,x is r>e t a middle-ag$ ,am]ican dies 9 ! h\se :]e he 0 born1 or an old man ev5 9 t :i* he has built2 & ?is is sc>cely less true ( ! rural di/ricts1 :]e e man owns 8 habitation1 ?an ( ! city1 :]e ! majority live 9 hir$ h\ses4 ,?is life ( incessant flitt+ is unfavorable = ! execution ( p]man5t improvem5ts ( e sort1 & especially ( ^? :i*1 l ! =e/1 are sl[ 9 repay+ any "p ( ! capital exp5d$ 9 !m4 ,x requires a v g5]\s _s 9 a l&hold] to plant a wood on a f>m he expects to sell1 or :i* he kn[s w pass out ( ! h&s ( 8 desc5dants at 8 dea?4 ,b ! v fact ( hav+ begun a plantation w\ld atta* ! proprietor m /rongly to ! soil = :i* he _h made su* a sacrifice2 & ! pat]nal acres w\ld h a great] value 9 ! eyes ( a succe$+ g5]ation1 if ?us improv$ & beautifi$ by ! labors ( ^? f :om !y 7 inh]it$4 ,l&$ prop]ty1 !re=e1 ! transf] ( :i* is happily free f e legal imp$im5t or re/riction 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld f9d1 9 ! feel+s ?us prompt$1 a moral *eck aga9/ a too frequ5t *ange ( own]s1 & w\ld t5d to rema9 long en\gh 9 "o proprietor or "o family to admit ( gradual improvem5ts :i* w\ld increase its value bo? to ! possessor & to ! /ate4 #cjf ,x has be5 (t5 ass]t$ by em95t writ]s t a "p ( ! f5s 9 ,l9coln%ire 0 reclaim$ by sea dikes "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,romans4 ,i h f\nd no anci5t au?ority 9 support ( ?is allegation1 nor c ,i ref] to any passage 9 ,roman lit]ature 9 :i* sea dikes are expressly m5tion$ o!rwise ?an z walls or pi]s1 except t 9 ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxvi1 #bd71 :]e x is said t ! ,tyrrh5ian sea 0 exclud$ f ! ,lucr9e lake by dikes4 #cjg ,a fri5d has rec5tly sugge/$ to me an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! applicability ( milit>y in/rum5talities to pacific art4 ,! sale ( gunp[d] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he in=ms me1 is small] s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t rebellion ?an be=e1 because ! w> has caus$ ! susp5sion ( _m public & private improvem5ts1 9 ! execution ( :i* great quantities ( p[d] 7 us$ = bla/+4 ,x is alleg$ t ! same obs]vation 0 made 9 ,france dur+ ! ,crimean w>1 & t1 9 g5]al1 n t5 p] c5t4 ( ! p[d] manufactur$ on ei!r side ( ! ,atlantic is employ$ = milit>y purposes4 ,x is a fact n cr$itable to ! moral s5se ( mod]n civilization1 t v _m ( ! mo/ important improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y & ! work+ ( metals h orig9at$ 9 ! necessities ( w>1 & t man's highe/ +5uity has be5 %[n1 & _m ( 8 mo/ rem>kable triumphs ov] natural =ces a*iev$1 9 ! contrivance ( eng9es = ! de/ruction ( 8 fell[ man4 ,! milit>y mat]ial employ$ by ! fir/ ,napoleon has become1 9 less ?an two g5]ations1 ne>ly z obsolete z ! sl+ & /one ( ! %eph]d1 & attack & def5ce n[ beg9 at di/ances to :i*1 half a c5tury ago1 milit>y reconnoissances h>dly ext5d$4 ,^u a p>tial view ( ! subject1 ! human race seems de/9$ to become its own execution]--on ! "o h&1 exhau/+ ! capacity ( ! e>? to furni% su/5ance to h] taskma/]2 on ! o!r1 comp5sat+ dim9i%$ production by inv5t+ m effici5t me?ods ( ext]m9at+ ! consum]4 ,b w> develops great civil virtues1 & br+s into action a degree & k9d ( physical en]gy :i* seldom fails to awak5 a new intellectual life 9 a p t a*ieves great moral & political results ?r\gh great h]oism & endurance & p]sev]ance4 ,dome/ic corruption has de/roy$ m nations ?an =eign invasion1 & a p is r>ely conqu]$ till x has des]v$ subjugation4 #cjh ,,/>+1 ,voormaals en ,?ans1 p4 #aej4 #cji ,idem1 p4 #afc4 ,mu* ! l>ge/ proportion ( ! l&s s reclaim$1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p ly+ above l[-wat] tidem>k1 are at a l[] level ?an ! ,l9coln%ire f5s1 & m subject to inundation f ! irruptions ( ! sea4 #caj ,die ,inseln und ,m>s*5 d] ,h]zog?uem] ,s*leswig und ,hol/e91 iii1 p4 #aea4 #caa ,! purely agricultural isl& ( ,pelworm1 (f ! coa/ ( ,s*leswig1 conta9+ ab\t #aj1jjj acres1 annually exp5ds = ! ma9t5ance ( its dikes n less ?an ,l#f1jjj /]l+1 or ne>ly #cj1jjj4--;,j4 ,g4 ,,kohl1 ,inseln und ,m>s*5 ,s*leswig's und ,hol/e9's1 ii1 p4 #cid4 ,! orig9al co/ ( ! dikes ( ,pelworm is n /at$4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,zeel& is protect$ by dikes measur+ #bej miles 9 l5g?1 ! ma9t5ance ( :i* co/s1 9 ord9>y ye>s1 m ?an a million guild]s above #djj1jjj4 99 99 99 ,! annual exp5diture = dikes & hydraulic works 9 ,holl& is f five to sev5 million guild]s #b1jjj1jjj to #b1hjj1jjj4--,,wild1 ,die ,ni$]l&e1 i1 p4 #fb4 ,"o is n sorry to le>n t ! ,spani% tyranny 9 ! ,ne!rl&s _h "s comp5sations4 ,! great *a9 ( r+ dikes :i* surr\nds a l>ge "p ( ,zeel& is due to ! en]gy ( ,casp> de ,robles1 ! ,spani% gov]nor ( t prov9ce1 :o 9 #aegj ord]$ ! con/ruction ( ^! works at ! public exp5se1 z a sub/itute = ! private embankm5ts :i* _h previ\sly p>tially s]v$ ! same purpose4--,,wild1 ,die ,ni$]l&e1 i1 p4 #fb4 #cab ,,/>+1 ,voormaals en ,?ans1 p4 #afc4 #cac ,voormaals en ,?ans1 pp4 #aej1 #aea4 #cad ,,/>+1 ,voormaals en ,?ans1 p4 #aeb4 ,kohl /ates t ! p59sula ( ,diks& on ! coa/ ( ,hol/e9 consi/$1 at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 ( sev]al isl&s measur+ toge!r less ?an five ?\s& acres4 ,9 #ahcg !y _h be5 connect$ ) ! ma9l&1 & _h ne>ly d\bl$ 9 area4--,inseln u4 ,m>s*5 ,s*lesw4 ,hol/41 iii1 p4 #bfb4 #cae ,! mo/ in/ructive & ent]ta9+ ( t\ri/s1 ,j4 ,g4 ,kohl--s aptly *>act]iz$ by ,davies z ! ,h]odotus ( mod]n ,europe--furni%es a great am\nt ( int]e/+ in=mation on ! dikes ( ! ,l[ ,g]man seacoa/1 9 8 ,inseln und ,m>s*5 d] ,h]zog?uem] ,s*leswig und ,hol/e94 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no popul> "w on ?is subject :i* ! read] c consult ) great] pr(it4 ,see also ,,/>+1 ,voormaals en ,?ans1 & ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 on ! dikes ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 #caf ,! incl9ation v>ies f "o foot rise 9 f\r ( base to "o foot 9 f\rte54--,,kohl1 iii1 p4 #baj4 #cag ,! dikes are sometimes f\nd$ ^u piles1 & sometimes protect$ by "o or m r[s ( piles driv5 deeply d[n into ! b$ ( ! sea 9 front ( !m4 ,triple r[s ( piles ( ,sc&9avian p9e1 says ,wild1 h be5 driv5 d[n along ! coa/ ( ,friesl&1 :]e !re are no dunes1 = a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,! piles are b\nd toge!r by /rong cross timb]s & iron clamps1 & ! int]/ices fill$ ) /ones4 ,! gr\nd adjac5t to ! pil+ is secur$ ) fasc9es1 & at expos$ po9ts heavy blocks ( /one are heap$ up z an additional protection4 ,! e>? dike is built beh9d ! mighty bulw>k ( ?is breakwat]1 & its foot also is =tifi$ ) /ones4 99 99 99 ,! great ,held] dike is ab\t five miles long & =ty feet wide at ! top1 along :i* runs a good road4 ,x slopes d[n two hundr$ feet into ! sea1 at an angle ( =ty degrees4 ,! highe/ waves d n rea* ! summit1 ! l[e/ always cov] its base4 ,at c]ta9 di/ances1 imm5se buttresses1 ( a height & wid? proportion$ to ^? ( ! dike1 & ev5 m /rongly built1 run sev]al hundr$ feet out into ! roll+ sea4 ,?is gigantic artificial coa/ is entirely compos$ ( ,norwegian granite4--,,wild1 ,die ,ni$]l&e1 i1 pp4 #fa1 #fb4 #cah ,! %ak+ ( ! gr\nd1 ev5 :5 load$ ) l>ge build+s1 by ! passage ( heavy c>riages or artill]y1 or by ! m>* ( a body ( cavalry or ev5 infantry1 %[s t su* causes may produce important me*anical effects on ! condition ( ! soil4 ,! bogs 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 z 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 conta9 l>ge numb]s ( fall5 trees1 buri$ to a c]ta9 dep? by e>? & vegetable m\ld4 ,:5 ! bogs are dry en\gh to s]ve z pa/ures1 x is obs]v$ t trunks ( ^! anci5t trees rise ( !mselves to ! surface4 ,/>+ ascribes ?is s+ul> ph5om5on to ! agitation ( ! gr\nd by ! tread ( cattle4 ,:5 roadb$s1 obs]ves he1 are con/ruct$ ( gravel & pebbles ( diff]5t sizes1 & ^! latt] are plac$ at ! bottom )\t be+ brok5 & roll$ h>d toge!r1 !y are soon br\ght to ! top by ! effect ( travel on ! road4 ,ly+ loosely1 !y und]go "s motion f ! passage ( e wagon :eel & ! tread ( e horse t passes ov] !m4 ,?is motion is an oscillation or p>tial roll+1 & z "o side ( a pebble is rais$1 a little f9e s& or e>? is =c$ "u x1 & ! frequ5t repetition ( ?is process by cattle or c>riages mov+ 9 opposite directions br+s x at la/ to ! surface4 ,we may suppose t a simil> effect is produc$ on ! /ems ( trees 9 ! bogs by ! tread ( animals4--,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 i1 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 ,x is obs]v$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 t :5 soils conta9+ pebbles are cle>$ & cultivat$1 & ! /ones remov$ f ! surface1 new pebbles1 & ev5 b[ld]s ( _m p\nds weight1 cont9ue to %[ !mselves above ! gr\nd1 e spr+1 = a long s]ies ( ye>s4 ,9 clayey soils ! f5ce po/s are ?r[n up 9 a simil> way1 & x is n uncommon to see ! l[] rail ( a f5ce ?us gradually rais$ a foot or ev5 two feet above ! gr\nd4 ,?is ris+ ( /ones & f5ces is popul>ly ascrib$ to ! action ( ! sev]e fro/s ( t climate4 ,! expansion ( ! gr\nd1 9 freez+1 x is said1 raises its surface1 &1 ) ! surface1 objects ly+ ne> or connect$ ) x4 ,:5 ! soil ?aws 9 ! spr+1 x settles back aga9 to its =m] level1 :ile ! pebbles & po/s are prev5t$ f s9k+ z l[ z be=e by loose e>? :i* has fall5 "u !m4 ,! fact t ! elevation spok5 ( is obs]v$ only 9 ! spr+1 gives c\nt5ance to ?is !ory1 :i* is p]haps applicable also to ! cases /at$ by ,/>+1 & x is probable t ! two causes above assign$ concur 9 produc+ ! effect4 ,! "q ( ! subsid5ce ( ! ,ne!rl&i% coa/ has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,n to m5tion e>li] geologi/s1 ,v5ema1 9 sev]al essays1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,het ,dal5 van de ,noordelijke ,ku//rek5 van ons ,l&1 #ahed1 adduces _m facts & argum5ts to prove a sl[ s9k+ ( ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,holl&4 ,laveleye 7,affaissem5t du sol et envasem5t des fleuves surv5us dans les temps hi/oriques1 #ahei71 ^u a /ill full] inve/igation1 arrives at ! same conclusion4 ,! em95t geologi/ ,/>+1 h[ev]1 :o briefly ref]s to ! subject 9 ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 i1 p4 #cef et seqq41 does n consid] ! evid5ce suffici5t to prove any?+ m ?an ! s9k+ ( ! surface ( ! pold]s f dry+ & consolidation4 #cai ,! elevation ( ! l&s enclos$ by dikes--or pold]s1 z !y are call$ 9 ,holl&--above l[ wat] m>k1 dep5ds ^u ! height ( ! tides1 or1 9 o!r words1 ^u1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ebb & flood4 ,! tide _c deposit e>? high] ?an x fl[s1 & aft] ! gr\nd is once enclos$1 ! decay ( ! vegetables gr[n ^u x & ! addition ( manures d n comp5sate ! depression occasion$ by dry+ & consolidation4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,zeel& & ! isl&s ( ,s\? ,holl&1 ! tides1 & ( c\rse ! surface ( ! l&s deposit$ by !m1 are s high t ! pold]s c be dra9$ by dit*+ & sluices1 b at o!r po9ts1 z 9 ! enclos$ gr\nds ( ,nor? ,holl& on ! ,zuid]zee1 :]e ! tide rises b ?ree feet or ev5 less1 pump+ is necess>y f ! beg9n+4--,,/>+1 ,voormaals en ,?ans1 p4 #aeb4 #cbj ,! pr9cipal eng9e--call$ ! ,leeghwat]1 f ! "n ( an eng9e] :o _h propos$ ! dra9+ ( ! lake 9 #afda--0 ( #ejj horse p[]1 & drove elev5 pumps mak+ six /rokes p] m9ute4 ,ea* pump rais$ six cubic metres1 or ne>ly eight cubic y>ds ( wat] to ! /roke1 am\nt+ 9 all to #bc1gfj cubic metres1 or above #ca1jjj cubic y>ds1 ! h\r4--,,wild1 ,die ,ni$]l&e1 i1 p4 #hg4 #cba ,9 ,engl& & ,new ,engl&1 :]e ! m>%es h be5 already dra9$ or are ( comp>atively small ext5t1 ! exi/5ce ( l>ge float+ isl&s seems incr$ible1 & has sometimes be5 treat$ z a fable1 b no geographical fact is bett] e/abli%$4 ,kohl 7,inseln und ,m>s*5 ,s*leswig-,hol/e9s1 iii1 p4 #cji7 rem9ds u t ,pl9y m5tions among ! wond]s ( ,g]many ! float+ isl&s1 cov]$ ) trees1 :i* met ! ,roman fleets at ! m\?s ( ! ,elbe & ! ,wes]4 ,our au?or speaks also ( hav+ visit$1 9 ! t]ritory ( ,brem51 float+ moors1 be>+ n only h\ses b :ole villages4 ,at l[ /ages ( ! wat] ^! moors re/ ^u a b$ ( s&1 b are rais$ f six to t5 feet by ! high wat] ( spr+1 & rema9 afloat until1 9 ! c\rse ( ! summ]1 ! wat] b5ea? is exhau/$ by evaporation & dra9age1 :5 !y s9k d[n ^u ! s& aga94 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #dj4 ,/>+ expla9s1 9 an int]e/+ way1 ! :ole gr[?1 =mation1 & functions ( float+ f5s or bogs1 9 8 v valuable "w1 ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 i1 pp4 #cf-dc4 ,! sub/ance ( 8 acc\nt is z foll[s3 ,! fir/ condition = ! gr[? ( ! plants :i* compose ! sub/ance ( turf & ! surface ( ! f5s1 is /illness ( ! wat]4 ,h5ce !y are n f\nd 9 runn+ /reams1 nor 9 pools s l>ge z to be subject to frequ5t agitation by ! w9d4 ,= example1 n a s+le plant grew 9 ! op5 "p ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem1 & f5s cease to =m 9 all pools z soon z1 by ! cutt+ ( ! turf = fuel or o!r purposes1 _! area is suffici5tly enl>g$ to be mu* act$ on by w9d4 ,:5 /ill wat] above a y>d deep is left undi/urb$1 aquatic plants ( v>i\s g5]a1 su* u ,nuph>1 ,nymphaea1 ,limnan!mum1 ,/ratiotes1 ,polygonum1 & ,potamogeton1 fill ! bottom ) roots & cov] ! surface ) leaves4 ,_m ( ! plants die e ye>1 & prep>e at ! bottom a soil fit = ! gr[? ( a high] ord] ( vegetation1 ,phragmites1 ,acorus1 ,sp>ganium1 ,rumex1 ,ly?rum1 ,p$icul>is1 ,spiraea1 ,poly/i*um1 ,com>um1 ,cal?a1 c41 c4 ,9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ! muddy bottom is fill$ ) roots ( aquatic & m>% plants1 :i* are light] ?an wat]1 & if ! dep? is great en\gh to give room = deta*+ ?is vegetable network1 a c\ple ( y>ds = example1 x rises to ! surface1 be>+ ) x1 ( c\rse1 ! soil =m$ above x by decay ( /ems & leaves4 ,new g5]a n[ appe> ^u ! mass1 su* z ,c>ex1 ,m5yan!s1 & o!rs1 & soon ?ickly cov] x4 ,! turf has n[ acquir$ a ?ickness ( f two to f\r feet1 & is call$ 9 ,gron+5 lad2 9 ,friesl&1 til1 till&1 or drijftil2 9 ,ov]ijssel1 krag2 & 9 ,holl&1 rietzod4 ,x floats ab\t z driv5 by ! w9d1 gradually increas+ 9 ?ickness by ! decay ( its annual crops ( vegetation1 & 9 ab\t half a c5tury rea*es ! bottom & becomes fix$4 ,if x has n be5 invad$ 9 ! mean "t by m5 or cattle1 trees & arboresc5t plants1 ,alnus1 ,salix1 ,myrica1 c4 appe>1 & ^! contribute to ha/5 ! atta*m5t ( ! turf to ! bottom1 bo? by _! weight & by s5d+ _! roots q ?r\gh into ! gr\nd4 ,?is is ! regul> me?od employ$ by nature = ! gradual fill+ up ( %all[ lakes & pools1 & conv]t+ !m fir/ into morass & !n into dry l&4 ,:5ev] !re=e man removes ! peat or turf1 he ex]ts an injuri\s geographical ag5cy1 &1 z ,i h already said1 !re is no d\bt t ! imm5se ext5sion ( ! inl& seas ( ,holl& 9 mod]n times is ow+ to ?is & o!r human imprud5ces4 ,hundr$s ( hect>es ( float+ pa/ures1 says our au?or1 :i* h no?+ 9 _! appe>ance to di/+ui% !m f grass l&s re/+ on solid bog1 are f\nd 9 ,ov]ijssel1 9 ,nor? ,holl& & ne> ,utre*t4 ,9 %ort1 !y occur 9 all deep bogs1 & :]ev] deep wat] is left long undi/urb$4 ,9 "o case1 a float+ isl&1 :i* _h atta*$ itself to ! %ore1 cont9u$ to float ab\t = a long "t aft] x 0 torn (f by a flood1 & 0 solid en\gh to keep a pond ( fre% wat] ^u x sweet1 ?\gh ! wat] 9 :i* x 0 swimm+ _h become bracki% f ! irruption ( ! sea4 ,aft] ! hay is cut1 cattle are pa/ur$ ^u ^? isl&s1 & !y sometimes h l>ge trees gr[+ ^u !m4 ,:5 ! turf or peat has be5 cut1 leav+ wat] less ?an a y>d deep1 ,equisetum limosum gr[s at once1 & is foll[$ by ! second class ( m>% plants m5tion$ above4 ,_! roots d n become deta*$ f ! bottom 9 su* %all[ wat]1 b =m ord9>y turf or peat4 ,^! processes are s rapid t a ?ickness ( f ?ree to six feet ( turf is =m$ 9 half a c5tury1 & _m m5 h liv$ to m[ grass :]e !y _h fi%$ 9 _! boyhood1 & to cut turf twice 9 ! same spot4 ,capta9 ,gilliss says t be=e ,lake ,taguataga 9 ,*ili 0 dra9$1 !re 7 9 x isl&s compos$ ( dead plants matt$ toge!r to a ?ickness ( f f\r to six feet1 & ) trees ( m$ium size gr[+ ^u !m4 ,^! isl&s float$ be=e ! w9d ) _! trees & br[s+ cattle4--,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,a/ronomical ,exp$ition to ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 i1 pp4 #af1 #ag4 #cbb ,a consid]able "w ( ?is "* is m5tion$ by ,capta9 ,gilliss z hav+ be5 execut$ 9 ,*ili1 a c\ntry to :i* we %\ld h h>dly look$ = an improvem5t ( su* a nature4 ,! ,lake ,taguataga 0 p>tially dra9$ by cutt+ ?r\gh a n>r[ ridge ( l&1 n at ! natural outlet1 b ^u "o side ( ! lake1 & eight ?\s& acres ( l& cov]$ by x 7 ga9$ = cultivation4--,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,a/ronomical ,exp$ition to ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 i1 pp4 #af1 #ag4 #cbc ,economie ,rurale de la ,france1 p4 #bhi4 #cbd ,9 a note on a =m] page ( ?is volume ,i notic$ an obs]vation ( ,jac9i1 to ! effect t ! great ,italian lakes dis*>ge !mselves p>tly by infiltration b5ea? ! hills :i* b\nd !m4 ,! am\nt ( su* infiltration mu/ dep5d mu* ^u ! hydro/atic pressure on ! walls ( ! lake bas9s1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! l[]+ ( ! surface ( ^! lakes1 by dim9i%+ t pressure1 w\ld dim9i% also ! infiltration4 ,x is n[ propos$ to l[] ! level ( ! ,lake ( ,como "s feet by deep5+ its outlet4 ,x is possible t ! effect ( ?is may manife/ itself 9 a dim9ution ( ! wat] 9 spr+s & fontanili or artesian wells 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #dc4 #cbe ,simonde1 speak+ ( ! ,tuscan canals1 obs]ves3 ,b inundations are n ! only damage caus$ by ! wat]s to ! pla9s ( ,tuscany4 ,rais$1 z ! canals are1 above ! soil1 ! wat] p]colates ?r\gh _! banks1 p5etrates e ob/ruction1 &1 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( indu/ry1 /]ilizes & turns to morasses fields :i* nature & ! ri*ness ( ! soil seem$ to h design$ = ! mo/ abundant h>ve/s4 ,9 gr\nd ?us p]vad$ ) moi/ure1 or r5d]$ cold1 z ! ,tuscans express x1 by ! filtration ( ! canal wat]1 ! v9es & ! mulb]ries1 aft] hav+ = a few ye>s yield$ fruit ( a salti% ta/e1 rot & p]i%4 ,! :eat decays 9 ! gr\nd1 or dies z soon z x spr\ts4 ,w9t] crops are giv5 up1 & summ] cultivation tri$ = a "t2 b ! increas+ humidity1 & ! sal9e matt] communicat$ to ! e>?--:i* affects ! ta/e ( all its products1 ev5 to ! grasses1 :i* ! cattle refuse to t\*--at la/ compel ! husb&man to ab&on 8 fields1 & leave uncultivat$ a soil t no long] repays 8 labor4--,tableau de l',agriculture ,toscane4 pp4 #aa1 #ab4 #cbf ,physikalis*e ,geographie1 p4 #bhh4 ,dra9+ by driv+ d[n /akes1 m5tion$ 9 a note 9 a *apt] on ! woods1 ante1 is a process ( ! same nature4 #cbg ,! simple/ backwoodsman kn[s by exp]i5ce t all cultivation is impossible 9 ! neighborhood ( bogs & m>%es4 ,:y is a crop ne> ! bord]s ( a m>% cut (f by fro/1 :ile a field ^u a hillock1 a few /one's ?r[s f x1 is sp>$8--,,l>s ,,levi ,,lae/adius1 ,om ,uppodl+> i ,lappm>k51 pp4 #fi1 #gd4 #cbh ,bab9et condemns ev5 ! g5]al dra9+ ( m>%es4 ,dra9+1 says he1 has be5 mu* 9 fa%ion = "s ye>s4 ,x has be5 a special object to dry & f]tilize m>%y gr\nds4 ,my op9ion has always be5 t excessive dryness is ?us produc$1 & t o!r soils 9 ! neighborhood are /]iliz$ 9 proportion4 #cbi ,i ought p]haps to except ! ,mexicans & ! ,p]uvians1 ^: arts & in/itutions are n yet %[n to be hi/orically connect$ ) ^? ( any m anci5t p4 ,! lam5table de/ruction ( s _m memorials ( ^! tribes1 by ! ignorance & bigotry ( ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian b>b>ians :o conqu]$ !m1 has left u mu* 9 ! d>k z to _m po9ts ( _! civilization2 b !y seem to h rea*$ t /age :]e cont9u$ progress 9 k & 9 p[] ov] nature is secure1 & a few m c5turies ( indep5d5ce might h br\ght !m to orig9ate = !mselves mo/ ( ! great inv5tions :i* ! la/ f\r c5turies h be/[$ ^u man4 #ccj ,! necessity ( irrigation 9 ! great alluvial pla9 ( ,nor!rn ,italy is p>tly expla9$ by ! fact t ! sup]ficial /ratum ( f9e e>? & vegetable m\ld is v ext5sively und]laid by b$s ( pebbles & gravel br\ght d[n by m\nta9 torr5ts at a remote epo*4 ,! wat] ( ! surface soil dra9s rapidly d[n into ^! loose b$s1 & passes (f by subt]ranean *annels to "s unkn[n po9t ( dis*>ge2 b ?is circum/ance alone is n a suffici5t solution4 ,is x n possible t ! habits ( vegetables1 gr[n 9 c\ntries :]e irrigation has be5 immemorially employ$1 h be5 s *ang$ t !y require wat] "u conditions ( soil & climate :]e _! cong5]s1 :i* h n be5 ?us indulg5tly treat$1 d n8 ,!re are "s atmosph]ic ph5om5a 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 :i* an ,am]ican f9ds x h>d to reconcile ) :at he has obs]v$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to an ,am]ican eye1 = in/ance1 ! sky ( ,pi$mont1 ,lomb>dy1 & ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 is always :iti% & curdl$1 & x nev] has ! int5sity & fa?omless dep? ( ! blue ( 8 native heav5s4 ,& yet ! heat ( ! sun's rays1 z measur$ by s5sation1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! evaporation1 are great] ?an !y w\ld be ) ! !rmomet] at ! same po9t 9 ,am]ica4 ,i h frequ5tly felt 9 ,italy1 ) ! m]cury bel[ #fj deg4 ,fahr5heit1 & ) a mottl$ & almo/ opaque sky1 a heat ( sol> irradiation :i* ,i c comp>e to no?+ b ! scor*+ s5sation exp]i5c$ 9 ,am]ica at a temp]ature tw5ty degrees high]1 dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 %[]s1 or be=e a ra91 :5 ! cle> blue ( ! sky seems inf9ite 9 dep? & transp>5cy4 ,su* circum/ances may create a necessity = irrigation :]e x w\ld o!rwise be sup]flu\s1 if n absolutely injuri\s4 ,9 speak+ ( ! sup]ior app>5t cle>ness ( ! sky 9 ,am]ica1 ,i conf9e myself to ! concave vault ( ! heav5s1 & d n mean to ass]t t t]re/rial objects are g5]ally visible at great] di/ances 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 ,italy4 ,inde$ ,i am r dispos$ to ma9ta9 ! contr>y2 = ?\gh ,i "k t ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e 9 ,europe nev] equal 9 transp>5cy ! air ne> ! e>? 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & ,*ili1 yet ,i ?9k ! accid5ts ( ! coa/ l9e ( ! ,rivi]a1 z1 = example1 betwe5 ,nice & ,la ,spezia1 & ^? ( ! incomp>able ,alp9e panorama se5 f ,tur91 are di/+ui%able at great] di/ances ?an !y w\ld be 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #cca ,9 ,egypt1 evaporation & absorption by ! e>? are s rapid1 t all annual crops require irrigation dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( _! gr[?4 ,z fa/ z ! wat] retires by ! subsid5ce ( ! annual inundation1 ! se$ is s[n ^u ! /ill moi/ uncov]$ soil1 & irrigation beg9s at once4 ,^u ! ,nile1 y he> ! creak+ ( ! wat] :eels1 & sometimes ! movem5t ( /eam pumps1 ?r\gh ! :ole night1 :ile ! poor] cultivators unceas+ly ply ! simple %ado(1 or bucket-&-sweep1 labori\sly rais+ ! wat] f tr\gh to tr\gh by z _m z six or sev5 /ages :5 ! riv] is l[4 ,! bucket is ( flexible lea!r1 ) a /iff rim1 & is empti$ into ! tr\gh1 n by inv]t+ x l a wood5 bucket1 b by putt+ ! h& b5ea? & pu%+ ! bottom up till ! wat] all runs out ov] ! brim1 or1 9 o!r words1 by turn+ ! vessel inside out4 ,! quantity ( wat] ?us )drawn f ! ,nile is enorm\s4 ,mo/ ( ?is is evaporat$ directly f ! surface or ! sup]ficial /rata1 b "s moi/ure p]colates d[n & oozes ?r\gh ! banks into ! riv] aga91 :ile a l>g] quantity s9ks till x jo9s ! sl[ curr5t ( infiltration by :i* ! ,nile wat] p]vades ! e>? ( ! valley to ! di/ance1 at "s po9ts1 ( n less ?an fifty miles4 #ccb ,=e/s1 woods1 & groves1 are v frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z exi/+ at p>ticul> places1 & !y are (t5 ref]r$ to by way ( illu/ration1 z famili> objects4 ,wood is twice spok5 ( z a mat]ial 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b o!rwise--at lea/ accord+ to ,crud5--n "o ( ! above words occurs 9 t volume4 ,?is int]e/+ fact1 7 o!r evid5ce want+1 w\ld g f> to prove t a great *ange _h tak5 place 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! p]iods :5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new 7 respectively compos$2 = ! scriptural writ]s1 & ! speak]s introduc$ into _! n>ratives1 are rem>kable = _! frequ5t allusions to ! natural objects & ! social & indu/rial habits :i* *>act]iz$ _! ages & _! c\ntry4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #dd4 ,solomon anticipat$ ,*ev&i] 9 ! irrigation ( =e/ trees3 ,i made me pools ( wat]1 to wat] !re) ! wood t br+e? =? trees4--,ecclesia/es ii1 #f4 #ccc ,"o ( ^!1 ^u ,m\nt ,hor1 two /ories 9 height1 is /ill 9 su* pres]vation t ,i f\nd n less ?an t5 feet ( wat] 9 x 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #ahea4 ,! brook ,a9 ,musa1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! city ( ,petra & f9ally disappe>s 9 ! s&s ( ,wadi el ,araba1 is a consid]able riv] 9 w9t]1 & ! inhabitants ( t t[n 7 oblig$ to excavate a tunnel ?r\gh ! rock ne> ! "r bank1 j above ! upp] entrance ( ! ,sik1 to dis*>ge a "p ( its swoll5 curr5t4 ,! sagacity ( ,dr4 ,rob9son detect$ ! necessity ( ?is measure1 ?\gh ! tunnel1 ! m\? ( :i* 0 hidd5 by bru%wood1 0 n discov]$ till "s "t aft] 8 visit4 ,i ev5 notic$ unequivocal rema9s ( a sluice by :i* ! wat] 0 div]t$ to ! tunnel ne> ! ar* t crosses ! ,sik4 ,imm5se labor 0 also exp5d$ 9 wid5+ ! natural *annel at sev]al po9ts bel[ ! t[n1 to prev5t ! damm+ up & sett+ back ( ! wat]--a fact ,i believe n hi!rto notic$ by travell]s4 ,! ,fellahhe5 above ,petra /ill employ ! wat]s ( ,a9 ,musa = irrigation1 & 9 summ] ! sup]ficial curr5t is :olly div]t$ f its natural *annel = t purpose4 ,at ?is season1 ! b$ ( ! brook1 :i* is compos$ ( pebbles1 gravel1 & s&1 is dry 9 ! ,sik & ?r\gh ! t[n2 b ! infiltration is su* t wat] is g5]ally f\nd by digg+ to a small dep? 9 ! *annel4 ,obs]v+ ^! facts 9 a visit to ,petra 9 ! summ]1 ,i 0 curi\s to "k :e!r ! subt]ranean wat]s escap$ aga9 to daylight1 & ,i foll[$ ! rav9e bel[ ! t[n = a long di/ance4 ,n v f> f ! upp] entrance ( ! rav9e1 arboresc5t vegetation appe>$ ^u its bottom1 & z soon z ! gr\nd 0 well %ad$1 a ?read ( wat] bur/ out4 ,?is 0 jo9$ by o!rs a little l[] d[n1 &1 at ! di/ance ( a mile f ! t[n1 a /rong curr5t 0 =m$ & ran d[n t[>d ,wadi el ,araba4 #ccd ,! au?orities diff] z to ! ext5t ( ! cultivable & ! cultivat$ soil ( ,egypt4 ,lipp9cott's1 or r ,?omas & ,baldw9's1 ,gazette]--a "w ( c>eful rese>*--e/imates ! :ole area compris$ 9 ! valley bel[ ! fir/ cat>act & delta1 at #aa1jjj squ>e miles4 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 article ,egypt1 says3 ,egypt has a sup]ficies ( ab\t #i1ehb squ>e geographical miles ( soil1 :i* ! ,nile ei!r does or c wat] & f]tilize4 ,?is computation includes ! riv] & lakes z well z sundry tracts :i* c be inundat$1 & ! :ole space ei!r cultivat$ or fit = cultivation is no m ?an ab\t #e1fbf squ>e miles4 ,by geographical mile is "h meant1 ,i suppose1 ! nautical mile ( sixty to an equatorial degree1 or ab\t #b1jbe y>ds4 ,! :ole area1 !n1 by ?is e/imate1 is #ab1fhb squ>e /atute or ,engli% miles1 t ( ! space cultivat$ or fit = cultivation1 #g1ddg4 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,geography1 article ,a,egyptus1 gives #b1bee squ>e miles z ! area ( ! valley betwe5 ,sy5e & ! bifurcation ( ! ,nile1 exclusive ( ! ,fayoom1 :i* is e/imat$ at #cdj4 ,! area ( ! ,delta is /at$ at #a1igf squ>e miles betwe5 ! ma9 bran*es ( ! riv]1 &1 includ+ ! irrigat$ l&s ea/ & we/ ( ^? bran*es1 at #d1ejj squ>e miles4 ,?is latt] "w does n in=m u :e!r ^! are /atute or nautical miles1 b nautical miles mu/ be int5d$4 ,o!r writ]s give e/imates diff]+ consid]ably f ^? j cit$4 ,! late/ computations ,i h se5 are ^? 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,krem]'s ,a,egypten1 #ahfc4 ,?is au?or 7pp4 #f1 #g7 assigns to ! ,delta an area ( #bjj squ>e ,g]man geographical miles 7fifte5 to ! degree72 to all ,l[] ,egypt1 includ+1 ( c\rse1 ! ,delta1 #djj su* miles4 ,^! numb]s are equal1 respectively1 to #d1bci & #h1dgh squ>e /atute miles1 & ! great lagoons are embrac$ 9 ! areas comput$4 ,upp] ,egypt 7above ,cairo7 is said 7p4 #aa7 to conta9 #d1jjj1jjj f$dan ( culturflae*e1 or cultivable l&4 ,! f$dan is /at$ 7p4 #cg7 to conta9 #g1ccc squ>e piks1 ! pik be+ #ge c5timetres1 & x !re=e corresponds almo/ exactly to ! ,engli% acre4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ,krem]1 ! cultivable soil ( ,upp] ,egypt is #f1bej squ>e /atute miles1 or twice z mu* z ! :ole area ( ! valley betwe5 ,sy5e & ! bifurcation ( ! ,nile1 accord+ to ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,geography4 ,i suspect t #d1jjj1jjj f$dan is errone\sly giv5 z ! cultivable area ( ,upp] ,egypt alone1 :5 9 fact x %\ld be tak5 = ! arable surface ( bo? ,l[] & ,upp] ,egypt2 = f ! /ati/ical tables 9 ! same volume1 x appe>s t #c1cag1abe f$dan1 or #e1bec squ>e /atute miles1 7 cultivat$1 9 bo? geographical divisions1 9 ! ye> ref]r$ to 9 ! tables1 ! date ( :i* is n /at$4 ,! area :i* ! ,nile w\ld n[ cov] at high wat]1 if left to itself1 is great] ?an 9 anci5t times1 because ! b$ ( ! riv] has be5 elevat$1 & consequ5tly ! lat]al spread ( ! inundation increas$4 ,see ,,smi?',s ,diction>y ( ,geography1 article ,a,egyptus4 ,b ! indu/ry ( ! ,egyptians 9 ! days ( ! ,ph>aohs & ! ,ptolomies c>ri$ ! ,nile-wat] to l>ge prov9ces :i* h n[ be5 long ab&on$ & h relaps$ into ! condition ( a des]t4 ,anci5tly1 obs]ves ! writ] ( ! article ,egypt 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 #b1gce squ>e miles m ab\t #c1gjj squ>e /atute miles may h be5 cultivat$4 ,9 ! be/ days ( ,egypt1 probably all ! l& 0 cultivat$ t c\ld be made available = agricultural purposes1 & h5ce we may e/imate ! anci5t arable area ( t c\ntry at n less ?an #aa1jjj squ>e /atute miles1 or fully d\ble its pres5t ext5t4 #cce ,a canal has be5 con/ruct$1 & new ones are 9 progress1 to convey wat] f ! ,nile to ! city ( ,suez1 & to v>i\s po9ts on ! l9e ( ! %ip canal1 ) ! d\ble purpose ( supply+ fre% wat] to ! inhabitants & labor]s1 & ( irrigat+ ! adjac5t soil4 ,! area ( l& :i* may be ?us reclaim$ & f]tiliz$ is v l>ge1 b ! actual quantity :i* x w be f\nd economically exp$i5t to br+ "u cultivation _c n[ be det]m9$4 #ccf ,! s-call$ spr+ at ,heliopolis is only a ?read ( wat] infiltrat$ f ! ,nile or ! canals4 #ccg ,! date & ! d\m palm1 ! sont & _m o!r acacias1 ! c>\b1 ! sycamore1 & o!r trees1 gr[ well 9 ,egypt )\t irrigation1 & w\ld d\btless spread ?r\gh ! entire valley 9 a few ye>s4 #cch ,wilk9son has %[n t ! cultivable soil ( ,egypt has n be5 dim9i%$ by encroa*m5t ( ! des]t s&s1 or o!rwise1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x mu/ h be5 increas$ s9ce ! age ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,! ,go?a ,almanac = #ahfb /ates ! population ( ,egypt 9 #ahei at #e1abe1jjj s\ls2 b ?is mu/ be a great exagg]ation1 ev5 suppos+ ! e/imate to include ! inhabitants ( ,nubia1 & ( mu* o!r t]ritory n geographically belong+ to ,egypt4 ,9 g5]al1 ! population ( t c\ntry has be5 e/imat$ at some?+ m ?an ?ree millions1 or ab\t six hundr$ to ! squ>e mile2 b ) a bett] gov]nm5t & bett] social in/itutions1 ! soil w\ld su/a9 a mu* great] numb]1 & 9 fact x is believ$ t 9 anci5t times its inhabitants 7 twice1 p]haps ev5 ?rice1 z num]\s z at pres5t4 ,wilk9son 7,h&book = ,travell]s 9 ,egypt1 p4 #aj7 obs]ves t ! total population1 :i* two hundr$ ye>s ago 0 e/imat$ at #d1jjj1jjj1 am\nt$ till lately only to ab\t #a1hjj1jjj s\ls1 hav+ be5 r$uc$ s9ce #ahjj f #b1ejj1jjj to t numb]4 #cci ,ritt] supposes ,egypt to h be5 a s&y des]t :5 x 0 fir/ occupi$ by man4 ,! fir/ inhabitant ( ! s&y valley ( ! ,nile 0 a des]t dwell]1 z 8 neighbors "r & left1 ! ,libyan1 ! nomade ,arab1 /ill are4 ,b ! civiliz$ p ( ,egypt trans=m$1 by canals1 ! wa/e into ! ri*e/ gran>y ( ! _w2 !y lib]at$ !mselves f ! %ackles ( ! rock & s& des]t1 9 ! mid/ ( :i*1 by a wise di/ribution ( ! fluid ?r\gh ! solid geographical =m1 by irrigation 9 %ort1 !y creat$ a region ( culture mo/ ri* 9 hi/orical monum5ts4--,e9leitung zur allgeme95 v]glei*5d5 ,geographie1 pp4 #afe1 #aff4 ,?is view seems to me highly improbable2 = ?\gh1 by canals & embankm5ts1 man has done mu* to modify ! natural di/ribution ( ! wat]s ( ! ,nile1 & possibly has ev5 transf]r$ its *annel f "o side ( ! valley to ! o!r1 yet ! annual inundation is n 8 "w1 & ! riv] mu/ h ov]fl[$ its banks & c>ri$ spontane\s vegetation ) its wat]s1 z well be=e z s9ce ,egypt 0 fir/ occupi$ by ! human family4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "s reason to suppose t man liv$ ^u ! banks ( ! ,nile :5 its *annel 0 mu* l[]1 & ! spread ( its inundations mu* n>r[] ?an at pres5t2 b :]ev] its flood rea*$1 !re ! =e/ w\ld propagate itself1 & its %ores are mu* m likely to h be5 morasses ?an s&s4 #cdj ,memorie sui progetti p] l'e/5sione dell' ,irrigazione1 etc41 il ,politecnico1 = ,janu>y1 #ahfc1 p4 #f4 #cda ,,niel1 ,l',agriculture des ,etats ,s>des1 p4 #bcb4 #cdb ,,niel1 ,agriculture des ,etats ,s>des1 p4 #bcg4 ,lomb>d9i's computation j giv5 all[s eighty-"o cubic metres p] day to ! hect>e1 :i*1 suppos+ ! season ( irrigation to be "o hundr$ days1 is equal to a precipitation ( ?irty-two in*es4 ,b 9 ,lomb>dy1 wat] is appli$ to "s crops dur+ a long] p]iod ?an "o hundr$ days2 & 9 ! m>cite x fl[s ov] ! gr\nd ev5 9 w9t]4 ,accord+ to ,b\ss+ault 7,economie ,rurale1 ii1 p4 #bdf7 grass gr\nds ought to receive1 9 ,g]many1 tw5ty-"o c5timetres ( wat] p] week1 & ) less ?an half t quantity x is n advisable to incur ! exp5se ( supply+ x4 ,! gr\nd is irrigat$ tw5ty-five or ?irty times1 & if ! full quantity ( tw5ty-"o c5timetres is appli$1 x receives ab\t two hundr$ in*es ( wat]1 or six times ! total am\nt ( precipitation4 ,puvis1 quot$ by ,b\ss+ault1 aft] mu* rese>* comes to ! conclusion t a prop] quantity is tw5ty c5timetres appli$ tw5ty-five or ?irty times1 :i* corresponds ) ! e/imate j /at$4 ,puvis adds--&1 z our au?or ?9ks1 ) reason--t ?is am\nt might be d\bl$ )\t disadvantage4 ,b\ss+ault obs]ves t ra9 wat] is va/ly m f]tiliz+ ?an ! wat] ( irrigat+ canals1 & !re=e ! supply ( ! latt] mu/ be great]4 ,?is is expla9$ p>tly by ! diff]5t "* ( ! sub/ances held 9 solution or susp5sion by ! wat]s ( ! e>? & ( ! sky1 p>tly by ! high] temp]ature ( ! latt]1 &1 possibly1 p>tly also by ! mode ( application--! ra9 be+ f9ely divid$ 9 its fall or by /rik+ plants on ! gr\nd1 riv] wat] fl[+ 9 a cont9u\s %eet4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] is ?\ght ev5 m important ?an its composition4 ,! s\rces :i* irrigate ! m>cite ( ,lomb>dy--mead[s s f]tile t less ?an an acre furni%es grass = a c[ ! :ole ye>--are v w>m4 ,! gr\nd wat]$ by !m nev] freezes1 & a fir/ crop1 = soil+1 is cut f x 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y4 ,! ,canal ,cav\r1 j n[ comm5c$--:i* is to take its supply f ! ,po at ,*ivasso1 f\rte5 or fifte5 miles bel[ ,tur9--w furni% wat] ( mu* high] f]tiliz+ p[] ?an t d]iv$ f ! ,dora ,baltea & ! ,sesia1 bo? because x is w>m]1 & because x transports a m abundant & a ri*] s$im5t ?an ! latt] /reams1 :i* are f$ by ,alp9e icefields & melt+ sn[s1 & :i* fl[1 = long di/ances1 9 *annels gr\nd smoo? & b>e by anci5t glaci]s1 & n n[ contribut+ mu* vegetable m\ld or f9e slime to _! wat]s4 #cdc ,x belongs r to agriculture ?an to geography to discuss ! quality ( ! crops obta9$ by irrigation1 or ! p]man5t effects produc$ by x on ! productiv5ess ( ! soil4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t all crops :i* c be rais$ )\t wat]+ are sup]ior 9 flavor & 9 nutritive p[] to ^? gr[n by ! aid ( irrigation4 ,g>d5 vegetables1 p>ticul>ly1 pr(usely wat]$1 are s insipid z to be h>dly eatable4 ,:]ev] irrigation is practis$1 !re is an almo/ irresi/ible t5d5cy1 especially among ignorant cultivators1 to c>ry x to excess2 & 9 ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy1 if ! supply ( wat] is abundant1 x is s lib]ally appli$ z sometimes n only to injure ! quality ( ! product1 b to dr[n ! plants & dim9i% ! actual weight ( ! crop4 ,pr(essor ,liebig1 9 8 ,mod]n ,agriculture1 says3 ,!re is n to be f\nd 9 *emi/ry a m wond]ful ph5om5on1 "o :i* m conf\nds all human wisdom1 ?an is pres5t$ by ! soil ( a g>d5 or field4 ,by ! simple/ exp]im5t1 any "o may satisfy himself t ra9 wat] filt]$ ?r\gh field or g>d5 soil does n dissolve out a trace ( pota%1 silicic acid1 ammonia1 or phosphoric acid4 ,! soil does n give up to ! wat] "o p>ticle ( ! food ( plants :i* x conta9s4 ,! mo/ cont9u\s ra9s _c remove f ! field1 except me*anically1 any ( ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( its f]tility4 ,! soil n only reta9s firmly all ! food ( plants :i* is actually 9 x1 b its p[] to pres]ve all t may be useful to !m ext5ds mu* f>!r4 ,if ra9 or o!r wat] hold+ 9 solution ammonia1 pota%1 & phosphoric & silicic acids1 be br\ght 9 contact ) soil1 ^! sub/ances disappe> almo/ imm$iately f ! solution2 ! soil )draws !m f ! wat]4 ,only su* sub/ances are completely )drawn by ! soil z are indisp5sable articles ( food = plants2 all o!rs rema9 :olly or 9 "p 9 solution4 ,! fir/ ( ! p>agraphs j quot$ is n 9 accordance ) ! alleg$ exp]i5ce ( agriculturi/s 9 ^? p>ts ( ,italy :]e irrigation is mo/ successfully appli$4 ,!y believe t ! con/itu5ts ( vegetable gr[? are wa%$ out ( ! soil by excessive & long-cont9u$ wat]+4 ,!y consid] x also e/abli%$ z a fact ( obs]vation1 t wat] :i* has fl[$ ?r\gh or ov] ri* gr\nd is f> m valuable = irrigation ?an wat] f ! same s\rce1 :i* has n be5 impregnat$ ) f]tiliz+ sub/ances by pass+ ?r\gh soils conta9+ !m2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t wat]1 ri* 9 ! elem5ts ( vegetation1 p>ts ) !m 9 s]v+ to irrigate a poor soil1 & is !re=e less valuable z a f]tiliz] ( l[] gr\nds to :i* x may aft]w>d be conduct$4 ,! practice ( irrigation--except 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries :]e spr+s & rivulets are num]\s--is att5d$ ) v s]i\s economical1 social1 & political evils4 ,! con/ruction ( canals & _! imm5sely ramifi$ bran*es1 & ! grad+ & sc>p+ ( ! gr\nd to be wat]$1 are always exp5sive op]ations1 & !y v (t5 require an am\nt ( capital :i* c be comm&$ only by ! /ate1 by money$ corporations1 or by v weal?y proprietors2 ! capacity ( ! canals mu/ be calculat$ ) ref]5ce to ! area int5d$ to be irrigat$1 & :5 !y & _! bran*es are once con/ruct$1 x is v difficult to ext5d !m1 or to accommodate any ( _! orig9al arrangem5ts to *anges 9 ! condition ( ! soil1 or 9 ! modes or objects ( cultivation2 ! fl[ ( ! wat] be+ limit$ by ! abundance ( ! s\rce or ! capacity ( ! canals1 ! individual proprietor _c be all[$ to )draw wat] at w1 accord+ to 8 own private int]e/ or conv5i5ce1 b bo? ! "t & ! quantity ( supply mu/ be regulat$ by a g5]al sy/em applicable1 z f> z may be1 to ! :ole area irrigat$ by ! same canal1 & e cultivator mu/ con=m 8 indu/ry to a plan :i* may be q at v>iance ) 8 special objects or ) 8 views ( good husb&ry4 ,! cla%+ int]e/s & ! jeal\sies ( proprietors dep5d+ on ! same means ( supply are a s\rce ( incessant cont5tion & litigation1 & ! caprices or p>tialities ( ! (fic]s :o control1 or ( contractors :o f>m ! canals1 lead n unfrequ5tly to ru9\s inju/ice t[>d individual l&hold]s4 ,^! circum/ances disc\rage ! division ( ! soil into small prop]ties1 & !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to ! accumulation ( l>ge e/ates ( irrigat$ l& 9 ! h&s ( great capitali/s1 & consequ5tly to ! dispossession ( ! small cultivators1 :o pass f ! condition ( own]s ( ! l& to t ( hirel+ till]s4 ,! f>m]s are no long] yeom51 b peasants4 ,hav+ no int]e/ 9 ! soil :i* composes _! c\ntry1 !y are virtually expatriat$1 & ! middle class1 :i* ought to con/itute ! real physical & moral /r5g? ( ! l&1 ceases to exi/ z a rural e/ate1 & is f\nd only among ! pr(essional1 ! m]cantile1 & ! indu/rial population ( ! cities4 #cdd ,,b\ss+ault1 ,economie ,rurale1 ii1 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi4 #cde ,! cultivation ( rice is s prejudicial to heal? ev]y:]e t no?+ b ! necessities ( a d5se population c ju/ify ! sacrifice ( life x co/s 9 c\ntries :]e x is pursu$4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ by actual exp]im5t1 t ev5 9 ,mississippi1 cotton c be advantage\sly rais$ by ! :ite man )\t dang] to heal?2 & 9 fact1 a great deal ( ! cotton br\ght to ! ,vicksburg m>ket = "s ye>s pa/ has be5 gr[n exclusively by :ite labor4 ,!re is no reason :y ! cultivation ( cotton %\ld be a m unheal?y occupation 9 ,am]ica ?an x is 9 o!r c\ntries :]e x 0 nev] dream$ ( z dang]\s1 & no well-in=m$ ,am]ican1 9 ! ,slave ,/ates or out ( !m1 believes t ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! ,s\? w\ld p]man5tly dim9i% ! cotton crop ( ^? ,/ates4 #cdf ,l',italie a propos de l',exposition de ,p>is1 p4 #ib4 #cdg ,! v valuable memoirs ( ,lomb>d9i1 ,c5ni idrografi sulla ,lomb>dia1 ,intorno al si/ema idraulico del ,po1 & o!r pap]s on simil> subjects1 7 publi%$ 9 p]iodicals little kn[n out ( ,italy2 & ! ,idraulica ,pratica ( ,m>i has n1 ,i believe1 be5 translat$ into ,fr5* or ,engli%4 ,^! works1 & o!r s\rces ( in=mation equally inaccessible out ( ,italy1 h be5 freely us$ by ,baumg>t51 9 a memoir entitl$ ,notice sur les ,rivi]es de la ,lomb>die1 9 ! ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #a;er seme/re1 pp4 #abi et seqq41 & by ,dumont1 ,des ,travaux ,publics dans leurs ,rapports avec l',agriculture1 note1 viii1 pp4 #bfi et seqq4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( my read]s1 ,i %all use ^! two articles in/ead ( ! orig9al au?orities on :i* !y are f\nd$4 #cdh ,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 cit+ ,talabot z 8 au?ority1 ,physical ,geography 7#bd74 ,9 an elaborate pap] on ,irrigation1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,report = #ahfj1 p4 #afi1 x is /at$ t ! volume ( wat] p\r$ into ! ,m$it]ranean by ! ,nile 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 at l[ wat]1 is #aej1eff1cib1cfh cubic metres2 at high wat]1 #gje1ead1ffg1ddj cubic metres4 ,tak+ ! mean ( ^! two numb]s1 ! av]age daily deliv]y ( ! ,nile w\ld be #dbh1jha1jei1hjh cubic metres1 or m ?an #eej1jjj1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds4 ,!re is "s enorm\s mi/ake1 probably a typographical error1 9 ?is /atem5t1 :i* makes ! deliv]y ( ! ,nile sev5te5 hundr$ times z great z comput$ by ,talabot1 & _m times m ?an any physical geograph] has ev] e/imat$ ! quantity suppli$ by all ! riv]s on ! face ( ! globe4 #cdi ,! ,drac1 a torr5t empty+ into ! ,is]e a little bel[ ,gr5oble1 has dis*>g$ #e1bjj1 ! ,is]e1 :i* receives x1 #g1hjj cubic y>ds1 & ! ,durance an equal quantity1 p] second4--,,montluisant1 ,note sur les ,desse*em5ts1 etc41 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahcc1 #bme seme/re1 p4 #bhh4 ,! floods ( "s o!r ,fr5* riv]s sc>cely fall beh9d ^? ( ! ,rhone4 ,! ,loire1 above ,roanne1 has a bas9 ( #b1dga squ>e miles1 or ab\t twice & a half ! area ( t ( ! ,arde*e4 ,9 "s ( its inundations x has deliv]$ above #i1ejj cubic y>ds p] second4--,,belgr&1 ,de l',influ5ce des ,=ets1 etc41 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahed1 #a;er seme/re1 p4 #ae1 note4 #cej ,! orig9al =e/s 9 :i* ! bas9 ( ! ,arde*e 0 ri* h be5 rapidly disappe>+1 = _m ye>s1 & ! t]rific viol5ce ( ! inundations :i* are n[ lay+ x wa/e is ascrib$1 by ! able/ inve/igators1 to t cause4 ,9 an article ins]t$ 9 ! ,annales ,=e/i]es = #ahdc1 quot$ by ,hoh5/e91 ,d] ,wald1 p4 #agg1 x is said t ab\t "o ?ird ( ! area ( ! dep>tm5t _h already become absolutely b>r51 9 consequ5ce ( cle>+1 & t ! de/ruction ( ! woods 0 /ill go+ on ) great rapidity4 ,new torr5ts 7 con/antly =m+1 & !y 7 e/imat$ to h cov]$ m ?an #gj1jjj acres ( good l&1 or "o eigh? ( ! surface ( ! dep>tm5t1 ) s& & gravel4 #cea ,!re is no example ( a co9cid5ce betwe5 great floods ( ! ,arde*e & ( ! ,rhone1 all ! kn[n inundations ( ! =m] hav+ tak5 place :5 ! latt] 0 v l[4--,,m>digny1 ,memoire sur les ,inondations des ,rivi]es de l',arde*e1 p4 #bf4 ,i take ?is occasion to ackn[l$ge myself indebt$ to ! int]e/+ memoir j quot$ = all ! /atem5ts ,i make respect+ ! floods ( ! ,arde*e1 except ! comp>ison ( ! volume ( its wat]s ) t ( ! ,nile1 & ! computation ) respect to ! capacity requir$ = res]voirs to be con/ruct$ 9 its bas94 #ceb ,9 "s cases :]e ! b$ ( rapid ,alp9e /reams is compos$ ( v h>d rock--z is ! case 9 _m ( ! valleys once fill$ by anci5t glaci]s--& especially :]e !y are f$ by glaci]s n ov]hung by crumbl+ cliffs1 ! *annel may rema9 almo/ un*ang$ = c5turies4 ,?is is obs]vable 9 _m ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,dora ,baltea1 :i* dra9s ! valley ( ! ,ao/a4 ,sev]al ( ^! small riv]s are spann$ by m or less p]fect ,roman bridges--"o ( :i*1 t ov] ! ,lys at ,pont ,/4 ,m>t91 is /ill 9 good repair & 9 con/ant use4 ,an exam9ation ( ! rocks on :i* ! abutm5ts ( ?is & "s o!r simil> /ructures are f\nd$1 & ( ! *annels ( ! riv]s !y cross1 %[s t ! b$s ( ! /reams _c h be5 mu* elevat$ or depress$ s9ce ! bridges 7 built4 ,9 o!r cases1 z at ! outlet ( ! ,val ,t\rnan*e at ,*atillon1 :]e a s+le rib ( a ,roman bridge /ill rema9s1 !re is no?+ to =bid ! supposition t ! deep excavation ( ! *annel may h be5 p>tly effect$ at a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,see ,app41 ,no4 #de4 #cec ,memoire sur les ,inondations des ,rivi]es de l',arde*e1 p4 #af4 ,! t]rific ro>1 ! ?und] ( ! rag+ torr5ts proce$s pr9cipally f ! /ones :i* are roll$ along 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream4 ,?is movem5t is att5d$ ) su* p[]ful attrition t1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,alps1 ! atmosph]e ( valleys :]e ! lime/one conta9s bitum51 has1 at ! "t ( floods1 ! m>k$ bitum9\s smell produc$ by rubb+ pieces ( su* lime/one toge!r4--,,wessely1 ,die ,oe/]rei*is*i5 ,alp5la5d]1 i1 p4 #aac4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #dh4 #ced ,,frisi1 ,del modo di regol>e i ,fiumi e i ,torr5ti1 pp4 #d-ai4 #cee ,,surell1 ,etude sur les ,torr5ts1 pp4 #ca-cf4 #cef ,,*ampion1 ,les ,inondations en ,france1 iii1 p4 #aef1 note4 #ceg ,not)/&+ ?is favorable circum/ance1 ! damage done by ! inundation ( #ahdj 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone 0 e/imat$ at sev5ty-two millions ( francs4--,,*ampion1 ,les ,inondations en ,france1 iv1 p4 #abd4 ,sev]al small] floods ( ! ,rhone1 exp]i5c$ at a some:at e>li] season ( ! ye> 9 #ahdf1 occasion$ a loss ( =ty-five millions ( francs4 ,:at if1 says ,dumont1 in/ead ( happ5+ 9 ,octob]1 t is betwe5 h>ve/ & se$time1 !y _h occurr$ be=e ! crops 7 secur$8 ,! damage w\ld h be5 c\nt$ by hundr$s ( millions4--,des ,travaux ,publics1 p4 #ii1 note4 #ceh ,,troy1 ,etude sur le ,reboisem5t des ,montagnes1 ,sec4,sec4 #f1 #g1 #ba4 #cei ,= acc\nts ( damage f ! bur/+ ( res]voirs1 see ,,vallee1 ,memoire sur les ,res]voirs d',alim5tation des ,canaux1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahcc1 #a;er seme/re1 p4 #bfa4 #cfj ,"s geographical writ]s apply ! t]m bifurcation exclusively to ?is int]communication ( riv]s2 o!rs1 ) m etymological propriety1 use x to express ! division ( great riv]s into bran*es at ! head ( _! deltas4 ,a te*nical t]m is want+ to designate ! ph5om5on m5tion$ 9 ! text4 #cfa ,,m>digny1 ,memoire sur les ,inondations de l',arde*e1 p4 #ac4 #cfb ,9 ! case ( riv]s fl[+ ?r\gh wide alluvial pla9s & mu* incl9$ to %ift _! b$s1 l ! ,po1 ! embankm5ts (t5 leave a v wide space betwe5 !m4 ,! dikes ( ! ,po are sometimes ?ree or f\r miles ap>t4--,,baumg>t51 aft] ,,lomb>d9i1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #a;er seme/re1 p4 #adi4 #cfc ,x appe>s f ! inve/igations ( ,lomb>d9i t ! rate ( elevation ( ! b$ ( ! ,po has be5 mu* exagg]at$ by e>li] writ]s1 & 9 "s p>ts ( its c\rse ! *ange is s sl[ t its level may be reg>d$ z ne>ly con/ant4--,,baumg>t51 volume be=e cit$1 pp4 #age1 et seqq4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #di4 ,if ! we/]n coa/ ( ! ,adriatic is und]go+ a secul> depression1 z _m circum/ances concur to prove1 ! s9k+ ( ! pla9 ne> ! coa/ may bo? t5d to prev5t ! deposit ( s$im5t 9 ! riv] b$ by increas+ ! velocity ( its curr5t1 & comp5sate ! elevation really produc$ by deposits1 s t no s5sible elevation w\ld result1 ?\gh mu* gravel & slime might be let fall4 #cfd ,to secure ! city ( ,sacram5to 9 ,cali=nia f ! inundations to :i* x is subject1 a dike or levee 0 built ^u ! bank ( ! riv] & rais$ to an elevation above t ( ! highe/ kn[n floods1 & x 0 connect$1 bel[ ! t[n1 ) gr\nds ly+ consid]ably above ! riv]4 ,on "o occasion a brea* 9 ! dike occurr$ above ! t[n at a v high /age ( ! flood4 ,! wat] p\r$ 9 beh9d x1 & ov]fl[$ ! l[] "p ( ! city1 :i* rema9$ subm]g$ = "s "t aft] ! riv] _h retir$ to its ord9>y level1 because ! dike1 :i* _h be5 built to keep ! wat] out1 n[ kept x 94 ,accord+ to ,ar?ur ,"y1 on ! l[] ,po1 :]e ! surface ( ! riv] has be5 elevat$ mu* above ! level ( ! adjac5t fields by dik+1 ! peasants 9 8 "t frequ5tly endeavor$ to secure _! gr\nds aga9/ ?reat5$ deva/ation ?r\gh ! bur/+ ( ! dikes1 by cross+ ! riv] :5 ! dang] became imm95t & op5+ a cut 9 ! opposite bank1 ?us sav+ _! own prop]ty by flood+ _! neighbors'4 ,he adds1 t at high wat] ! navigation ( ! riv] 0 absolutely int]dict$1 except to mail & pass5g] boats1 & t ! gu>ds fir$ ^u all o!rs2 ! object ( ! prohibition be+ to prev5t ! peasants f resort+ to ?is measure ( self-def5ce4--,travels 9 ,italy & ,spa91 ,nov4 #g1 #aghi4 ,9 a flood ( ! ,po 9 #ahci1 a brea* ( ! embankm5t took place at ,bonizzo4 ,! wat] p\r$ ?r\gh & inundat$ #aaf1jjj acres1 or #aha squ>e miles1 ( ! pla91 to ! dep? ( f tw5ty to tw5ty-?ree feet 9 its l[] p>ts4--,,baumg>t51 aft] ,,lomb>d9i1 volume be=e cit$1 p4 #aeb4 #cfe ,,moy5s de =c] les ,torr5ts de r5dre une p>tie du sol qu'ils ravag5t1 et d'empe*] les gr&es ,inondations4 #cff ,! effect ( trees & o!r deta*$ ob/ructions 9 *eck+ ! fl[ ( wat] is p>ticul>ly notic$ by ,palissy 9 8 essay on ,wat]s & ,f\nta9s1 p4 #agc1 edition ( #ahdd4 ,!re be1 says he1 9 div]s p>ts ( ,france1 & specially at ,nantes1 wood5 bridges1 :]e1 to break ! =ce ( ! wat]s & ( ! float+ ice1 :i* might endamage ! pi]s ( ! said bridges1 !y h driv5 upright timb]s into ! b$ ( ! riv]s above ! said pi]s1 )\t ! :i* !y %\ld abide b little4 ,& 9 l wise1 ! trees :i* be plant$ along ! m\nta9s d mu* dead5 ! viol5ce ( ! wat]s t fl[ f !m4 #cfg ,i d n mean to say t all riv]s excavate _! own valleys1 = ,i h no d\bt t 9 ! majority ( cases su* depressions ( ! surface orig9ate 9 high] geological causes1 & h5ce ! valley makes ! riv]1 n ! riv] ! valley4 ,b ev5 if we suppose a bas9 ( ! h>de/ rock to be elevat$ at once1 completely =m$1 f ! subm>9e abyss :]e x 0 fa%ion$1 ! fir/ %[] ( ra9 t falls ^u x aft] x rises to ! air1 :ile its wat]s w foll[ ! l[e/ l9es ( ! surface1 w cut ^? l9es deep]1 & s on ) e successive ra94 ,! dis9tegrat$ rock f ! upp] "p ( ! bas9 =ms ! l[] by alluvial deposit1 :i* is con/antly transport$ f>!r & f>!r until ! resi/ance ( gravitation & cohesion balances ! me*anical =ce ( ! runn+ wat]4 ,?us pla9s1 m or less /eeply incl9$1 are =m$1 9 :i* ! riv] is con/antly *ang+ its b$1 accord+ to ! p]petually v>y+ =ce & direction ( its curr5ts1 modifi$ z !y are by ev]-fluctuat+ conditions4 ,?us ! ,po is said to h long incl9$ to move its *annel s\?w>d 9 consequ5ce ( ! sup]ior me*anical =ce ( its nor!rn afflu5ts4 ,a div]sion ( ^! tribut>ies f _! pres5t b$s1 s t !y %\ld ent] ! ma9 /ream at o!r po9ts & 9 diff]5t directions1 might modify ! :ole c\rse ( t great riv]4 ,b ! me*anical =ce ( ! tribut>y is n ! only elem5t ( its influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ! pr9cipal /ream4 ,! deposits x lodges 9 ! b$ ( ! latt]1 act+ z simple ob/ructions or causes ( div]sion1 are n less important ag5ts ( *ange4 #cfh ,! di/ance to :i* a new ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( a riv]1 :e!r by a dam or by a deposit 9 its *annel1 w ret>d its curr5t1 or1 9 popul> phrase1 set back ! wat]1 is a problem ( m difficult practical solution ?an almo/ any o!r 9 hydraulics4 ,! elem5ts--su* z /raightness or crook$ness ( *annel1 "* ( bottom & banks1 volume & previ\s velocity ( curr5t1 mass ( wat] f> above ! ob/ruction1 extraord9>y dr\ght or humidity ( seasons1 relative ext5t to :i* ! riv] may be affect$ by ! precipitation 9 its own bas91 & by supplies receiv$ ?r\gh subt]ranean *annels f s\rces s di/ant z to be expos$ to v diff]5t meteorological influ5ces1 effects ( cle>+ & o!r improvem5ts always go+ on 9 new c\ntries--are all extremely difficult1 & "s ( !m impossible1 to be kn[n & measur$4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 v num]\s wat]mills h be5 erect$ )9 a few ye>s1 & !re is sc>cely a /ream 9 ! settl$ portion ( ! c\ntry :i* has n sev]al milldams ^u x4 ,:5 a dam is rais$--a process :i* ! gradual dim9ution ( ! summ] curr5ts r5d]s frequ5tly necess>y--or :5 a new dam is built1 x (t5 happ5s t ! mead[s above are fl[$1 or t ! ret>dation ( ! /ream ext5ds back to ! dam next above4 ,?is leads to frequ5t lawsuits4 ,f ! great unc]ta9ty ( ! facts1 ! te/imony is m conflict+ 9 ^! ?an 9 any o!r class ( cases1 & ! ob/9acy ) :i* wat] causes are disput$ has become prov]bial4 ,! subt]ranean c\rses ( ! wat]s =m a subject v difficult ( inve/igation1 & x is only rec5tly t its va/ importance has be5 recogniz$4 ,! int]e/+ obs]vations ( ,s*midt on ! caves ( ! ,k>/ & _! riv]s ?r[ mu* light on ! und]gr\nd hydrography ( lime/one di/ricts1 & s]ve to expla9 h[1 9 ! l[ p59sula ( ,florida1 riv]s1 :i* mu/ h _! s\rces 9 m\nta9s a hundr$ or m miles di/ant1 c p\r out ( ! e>? 9 curr5ts l>ge en\gh to admit ( /eamboat navigation to _! v bas9s ( eruption4 ,artesian wells are reveal+ to u ! exi/5ce ( subt]ranean lakes & riv]s sometimes sup]pos$ "o above ano!r 9 successive %eets2 b ! /ill m important subject ( ! absorption ( wat] by e>? & its transmission by infiltration is yet wrapp$ 9 great obscurity4 #cfi ,! s$im5t ( ! ,po has fill$ up "s lagoons & swamps 9 its delta1 & conv]t$ !m into comp>atively dry l&2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ret>dation ( ! curr5t f ! l5g!n+ ( its c\rse1 & ! dim9ution ( its velocity by ! deposits at its m\?1 h =c$ its wat]s at "s high] po9ts to spread 9 spite ( embankm5ts1 & ?us f]tile fields h be5 turn$ into unheal?y & unproductive m>%es4--,see ,,bott]1 ,sulla condizione dei ,t]r5i ,m>emmani nel ,f]r>ese4 ,annali di ,agricoltura1 etc41 ,fasc4 v1 #ahfc4 #cgj ,deep bor+s h n detect$ any ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! quantity or quality ( ! deposits ( ! ,nile = =ty or fifty1 or1 z "s compute1 = a hundr$ c5turies4 ,f :at va/ /ore ( ri* e>? does ?is riv] d]ive ! ?ree or f\r in*es ( f]tiliz+ mat]ial :i* x spreads ov] ! soil ( ,egypt e hundr$ ye>s8 ,n f ! ,:ite ,nile1 = t riv] drops ne>ly all its susp5d$ matt] 9 ! broad expansions & sl[ curr5t ( its *annel s\? ( ! t5? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,nor does x appe> t mu* s$im5t is contribut$ by ! ,bahr-el-,azrek1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh =e/s = a great "p ( its c\rse4 ,i h be5 in=m$ by an old ,european resid5t ( ,egypt :o is v famili> ) ! ,upp] ,nile1 t almo/ ! :ole ( ! e>? ) :i* its wat]s are *>g$ is br\ght d[n by ! ,takazze4 #cga ,x is v probably true t1 z ,lomb>d9i supposes1 ! pla9 ( ,lomb>dy 0 anci5tly cov]$ ) =e/s & morasses 7,baumg>t51 l4 c4 p4 #aef72 b1 _h ! ,po rema9$ unconf9$1 its deposits w\ld h rais$ its banks z fa/ z its b$1 & !re is no obvi\s reason :y ?is pla9 %\ld be m m>%y ?an o!r alluvial flats trav]s$ by great riv]s4 ,its l[] c\rse w\ld possibly h become m m>%y ?an at pres5t1 b ! banks ( its middle & upp] c\rse w\ld h be5 9 a bett] condition = agricultural use ?an !y n[ are4 #cgb ,f daily measurem5ts dur+ a p]iod ( f\rte5 ye>s--#ahbg to #ahdj--! mean deliv]y ( ! ,po at ,ponte ,lagoscuro1 bel[ ! entrance ( its la/ tribut>y1 is f\nd to be #a1gbj cubic metres1 or #fj1gde cubic feet1 p] second4 ,its smalle/ deliv]y is #ahf cubic metres1 or #f1efi cubic feet1 its greate/ #e1aef cubic metres1 or #ahb1jid cubic feet4--,,baumg>t51 foll[+ ,,lomb>d9i1 volume be=e cit$1 p4 #aei4 ,! av]age deliv]y ( ! ,nile be+ #aja1jjj cubic feet p] second1 x foll[s t ! ,po contributes to ! ,adriatic six t5?s z mu* wat] z ! ,nile to ! ,m$it]ranean--a result :i* w surprise mo/ read]s4 #cgc ,we are q safe 9 suppos+ t ! valley ( ! ,nile has be5 occupi$ by man at lea/ #e1jjj ye>s4 ,! dates ( ,egyptian *ronology are unc]ta91 b ,i believe no inquir] e/imates ! age ( ! great pyramids at less ?an =ty c5turies1 & ! con/ruction ( su* works implies an already anci5t civilization4 #cgd ,!re are _m dikes 9 ,egypt1 b !y are employ$ 9 b a v few cases to exclude ! wat]s ( ! inundation4 ,_! (fice is to reta9 ! wat] receiv$ at high ,nile into ! inclosures =m$ by !m until x %all h deposit$ its s$im5t or be5 drawn out = irrigation2 & !y s]ve also z causeways = int]ior communication dur+ ! floods4 ,! ,egyptian dikes1 !re=e1 in/ead ( =c+ ! riv]1 l ^? ( ! ,po1 to transport its s$im5t to ! sea1 help to reta9 ! slime1 :i*1 if ! fl[ ( ! curr5t ov] ! l& 7 n ob/ruct$1 might be c>ri$ back into ! *annel1 & at la/ to ! ,m$it]ranean4 #cge ,! ,m$it]ranean front ( ! ,delta may be e/imat$ at "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 l5g?4 ,two cubic miles ( e>? w\ld m ?an fill up ! lagoons on ! coa/1 & ! rema9+ t51 ev5 all[+ ! mean dep? ( ! wat] to be tw5ty fa?oms1 :i* is beyond ! tru?1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t to ext5d ! coa/ l9e ab\t ?ree miles f>!r seaw>d1 & ?us1 includ+ ! l& ga9$ by ! fill+ up ( ! lagoons1 to add m ?an five hundr$ squ>e miles to ! area ( ,egypt4 ,nor is ?is all2 = ! ret>dation ( ! curr5t1 by l5g!n+ ! c\rse & consequ5tly dim9i%+ ! incl9ation ( ! *annel1 w\ld h increas$ ! deposit ( susp5d$ matt]1 & proportionally augm5t$ ! total effect ( ! embankm5t4 #cgf ,= ! conv5i5ce ( navigation1 & to less5 ! dang] ( inundation by giv+ great] directness1 &1 ( c\rse1 rapidity to ! curr5t1 b5ds 9 riv]s are sometimes cut (f & w9d+ *annels made /raight4 ,?is process has ! same g5]al effects z dik+1 & !re=e _c be employ$ )\t _m ( ! same results4 ,?is practice has (t5 be5 resort$ to on ! ,mississippi ) advantage to navigation1 b x is q ano!r "q :e!r t advantage has n be5 too de>ly pur*as$ by ! injury to ! banks at l[] po9ts4 ,if we suppose a riv] to h a navigable c\rse ( #a1fjj miles z measur$ by its natural *annel1 ) a desc5t ( #hjj feet1 we %all h a fall ( six in*es to ! mile4 ,if ! l5g? ( *annel be r$uc$ to #a1bjj miles by cutt+ (f b5ds1 ! fall is increas$ to eight in*es p] mile4 ,! augm5tation ( velocity consequ5t ^u ?is increase ( incl9ation is n computable )\t tak+ into acc\nt o!r elem5ts1 su* z dep? & volume ( wat]1 dim9ution ( direct resi/ance1 & ! l1 b 9 almo/ any supposable case1 x w\ld be suffici5t to produce great effects on ! height ( floods1 ! deposit ( s$im5t 9 ! *annel1 on ! %ores1 & at ! outlet1 ! erosion ( banks & o!r po9ts ( mu* geographical importance4 ,! ,po1 9 ^? p>ts ( its c\rse :]e ! embankm5ts leave a wide space betwe51 (t5 cuts (f b5ds 9 its *annel & /raight5s its c\rse4 ,^! %ort cuts are call$ salti1 or leaps1 & sometimes r$uce ! di/ance betwe5 _! t]m9i by sev]al miles4 ,9 #aggg1 ! salto ( ,cott>o %ort5$ a di/ance ( #g1jjj metres by #e1jjj1 or1 9 o!r words1 r$uc$ ! l5g? ( ! *annel m ?an ?ree miles2 & 9 #ahjg & #ahaj ! two salti ( ,mezzanone effect$ a r$uction ( di/ance to ! am\nt ( betwe5 sev5 & eight miles4--,,baumg>t51 l4 c4 p4 #ch4 #cgg ,! fact1 t ! mix+ ( salt & fre% wat] 9 coa/ m>%es & lagoons is delet]i\s to ! sanit>y condition ( ! vic9ity1 seems almo/ univ]sally admitt$1 ?\gh ! precise reason :y a mixture ( bo? %\ld be m injuri\s ?an ei!r alone1 is n altoge!r cle>4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! admission ( salt wat] to ! lagoons & riv]s kills _m fre% wat] plants & animals1 :ile ! fre% wat] is equally fatal to _m m>9e organisms1 & t ! decomposition ( ! rema9s orig9ates poison\s miasmata4 ,o!r !ories h[ev] h be5 propos$4 ,! :ole subject is fully & ably discuss$ by ,dr4 ,salvagnoli ,m>*etti 9 ! app5dix to 8 valuable ,rapporto sul ,bonificam5to delle ,m>emme ,toscane4 ,see also ! ,memorie ,economico-,/ati/i*e sulle ,m>emme ,toscane1 ( ! same au?or4 #cgh ,?is curi\s fact is ?us /at$ 9 ! preface to ,fossombroni 7,memorie sopra la ,val di ,*iana1 edition ( #ahce1 p4 xiii71 f :i* also ,i borr[ mo/ ( ! data h]eaft] giv5 ) respect to t valley3 ,x is p]haps n univ]sally kn[n1 t ! swall[s1 :i* come f ! nor? s\? to sp5d ! summ] 9 our climate1 d n frequ5t m>%y di/ricts ) a mal>i\s atmosph]e4 ,a pro( ( ! re/oration ( salubrity 9 ! ,val di ,*iana is furni%$ by ^! a]ial visitors1 :i* _h nev] be=e be5 se5 9 ^? l[ gr\nds1 b :i* h appe>$ )9 a few ye>s at ,=ano & o!r po9ts simil>ly situat$4 ,is ! air ( swamps de/ructive to ! swall[s1 or is _! abs5ce 9 su* localities m]ely due to ! want ( human habitations1 ne> :i* ?is half-dome/ic bird loves to bre$1 p]haps because ! h\se fly & o!r insects :i* foll[ man are f\nd only 9 ! vic9ity ( 8 dwell+s8 ,9 almo/ all ,european c\ntries1 ! swall[ is protect$1 by popul> op9ion or sup]/ition1 f ! p]secution to :i* almo/ all o!r birds are subject4 ,x is possible t ?is respect = ! swall[ is f\nd$ ^u anci5t obs]vation ( ! fact j /at$ on ! au?ority ( ,fossombroni4 ,ignorance mi/akes ! effect = ! cause1 & ! abs5ce ( ?is bird may h be5 suppos$ to be ! occasion1 n ! consequ5ce1 ( ! unheal?9ess ( p>ticul> localities4 ,?is op9ion once adopt$1 ! swall[ w\ld become a sacr$ bird1 & 9 process ( "t fables & leg5ds w\ld be inv5t$ to give additional sanction to ! prejudices :i* protect$ x4 ,! ,romans consid]$ ! swall[ z consecrat$ to ! ,p5ates1 or h\sehold gods1 & accord+ to ,p]etti 7,le ,s]ate del ,villaggio1 p4 #afh7 ! ,lomb>d peasantry ?9k x a s9 to kill !m1 because !y are le gall9elle del ,signore1 ! *ick5s ( ! ,"l4 ,! foll[+ little ,tuscan rispetto f ,gradi 7,racconti ,popol>i1 p4 #cc7 well expresses ! feel+ ( ! peasantry t[>d ?is bird3 ,o rond9ella *e passi lo m>e ,torna 'ndietro1 vo' dirti du' p>ole2 ,dammi 'na p5na delle tue bell' ale1 ,vo' scriv]e 'na lett]a al mi' amore2 ,e qu&o l' avro scritta 'n c>ta bella1 ,ti r5d]o la p5na1 o rond9ella2 ,e qu&o l' avro scritta 'n c>ta bianca1 ,ti r5d]o la p5na *e ti manca2 ,e qu&o l' avro scritta 9 c>ta d' oro1 ,ti r5d]o la p5na al tuo bel volo4 ,o swall[1 t flie/ beyond ! sea1 ,turn back6 ,i w\ld fa9 h a ^w ) !e4 ,a fea!r oh grant1 f ?y w+ s bright6 ,= ,i to my swee!>t a lett] w\ld write2 ,& :5 x is writt5 on pap] f9e ,i'll give !e1 ,o swall[1 t fea!r ( ?9e2 --,on pap] s :ite1 & ,i'll give !e back1 ,o pretty swall[1 ! p5 ?\ do/ lack2 --,on pap] ( gold1 & !n ,i'll re/ore ,to ?y beautiful p9ion ! fea!r once m4 ,popul> traditions & sup]/itions are s closely connect$ ) localities1 t1 ?\gh an emigrant p may c>ry !m to a =eign l&1 !y seldom survive a second g5]ation4 ,! swall[1 h[ev]1 is /ill protect$ 9 ,new ,engl& by prejudices ( transatlantic orig92 & ,i rememb] he>+1 9 my *ildhood1 t if ! swall[s 7 kill$1 ! c[s w\ld give bloody milk4 #cgi ,,morozzi1 ,dello /ato antico e mod]no del fiume ,arno1 ii1 p4 #db4 #chj ,,morozzi1 ,dello /ato1 etc41 dell' ,arno1 ii1 pp4 #ci1 #dj4 #cha ,torricelli ?us express$ himself on ?is po9t3 ,if we cont5t ourselves ) :at nature has made practicable to human indu/ry1 we %all endeavor to control1 z f> z possible1 ! outlets ( ^! /reams1 :i*1 by rais+ ! b$ ( ! valley ) _! deposits1 w realize ! fable ( ! ,tagus & ! ,pactolus1 & truly roll gold5 s&s = him t is wise en\gh to avail himself ( !m4--,,fossombroni1 ,memorie sopra la ,val di ,*iana1 p4 #bai4 #chb ,arrian obs]ves t at ! junction ( ! ,hydaspes & ! ,aces9es1 bo? ( :i* are describ$ z wide /reams1 "o v n>r[ riv] is =m$ ( two conflu5ts1 & its curr5t is v swift4--,,arrian1 ,alex4 ,anab41 vi1 #d4 #chc ,?is difficulty has be5 rem$i$ z to "o important riv] ( ! ,m>emma1 ! ,pecora1 by cle>+s rec5tly execut$ along its upp] c\rse4 ,! condition ( ?is m>% & ( its afflu5ts are n[1 ,novemb]1 #ahei1 mu* *ang$1 & x is advisable to prosecute its improvem5t by deposits4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! ext5sive fell+ ( ! woods ^u ! pla9s1 hills1 & m\nta9s ( ! t]ritory ( ,massa & ,sc>l9o1 )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 ! ,pecora & o!r afflu5ts ( ! m>% receive1 dur+ ! ra9s1 wat] abundantly *>g$ ) slime1 s t ! deposits )9 ! fir/ division ( ! m>% are already consid]able1 & we may n[ hope to see ! :ole m>% & pond fill$ up 9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an we _h a "r to expect be=e #ahej4 ,?is circum/ance totally *anges ! t]ms ( ! "q1 because ! fill+ ( ! m>% & pond1 :i* !n seem$ almo/ impossible on acc\nt ( ! small am\nt ( s$im5t deposit$ by ! ,pecora1 has n[ become practicable4--,,salvagnoli1 ,rapporto sul ,bonificam5to delle ,m>emme ,toscane1 pp4 li1 lii4 ,! annual am\nt ( s$im5t br\ght d[n by ! riv]s ( ! ,m>emma is comput$ at m ?an #ab1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 or en\gh to raise an area ( f\r squ>e miles "o y>d4 ,betwe5 #ahcj & #ahei m ?an ?ree times t quantity 0 deposit$ 9 ! m>% & %oal wat] lake ( ,ca/iglione alone4--,,salvagnoli1 ,raccolta di ,docum5ti1 pp4 #gd1 #ge4 #chd ,! tide rises t5 in*es on ! coa/ ( ,tuscany4 ,see ,memoir by ,,fantoni1 9 ! app5dix to ,,salvagnoli1 ,rapporto1 p4 #ahi4 ,on ! tides ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 see ,b,oe,t,t,g,e,r1 ,das ,mittelme]1 p4 #aij4 ,n hav+ ,admiral ,smy?'s ,m$it]ranean--on :i* ,boettg]'s "w is f\nd$--at h&1 ,i d n "k h[ f> cr$it is due to ! =m] au?or = ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! *apt] ref]r$ to4 #che ,9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 ! discipl9e ( ! *ur* requires a meagre diet at c]ta9 seasons1 & z fi% is n fle%1 !re is a great dem& = t article ( food at ^? p]iods4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( mona/]ies & _! patrons1 & z a s\rce ( pecuni>y emolum5t to ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts & sometimes to lay proprietors1 great numb]s ( artificial fi% ponds 7 creat$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!y 7 g5]ally %all[ pools =m$ by damm+ up ! outlet ( m>%es1 & !y 7 among ! mo/ fruitful s\rces ( endemic disease1 & ( ! peculi> malignity ( ! epidemics :i* s (t5 ravag$ ,europe 9 ^? c5turies4 ,^! ponds1 9 religi\s h&s1 7 too sacr$ to be infr+$ ^u = sanit>y purposes1 & :5 belong+ to p[]ful lay lords !y 7 almo/ z inviolable4 ,! rights ( fi%]y 7 a /&+ ob/acle to e proposal ( hydraulic improvem5t1 & to ?is day l>ge & f]tile di/ricts 9 ,s\!rn ,europe rema9 sickly & almo/ unimprov$ & un9habit$1 because ! dra9+ ( ! ponds ^u !m w\ld r$uce ! income ( proprietors :o d]ive l>ge pr(its by supply+ ! fai?ful1 9 ,l5t1 ) fi%1 & ) v>i\s species ( wat]f[l :i*1 ?\gh v fat1 are1 ecclesia/ically speak+1 meagre4 #chf ,mac*iavelli advis$ ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,tuscany to provide t m5 %\ld re/ore ! :olesom5ess ( ! soil by cultivation1 & purify ! air by fires4--,,salvagnoli1 ,memorie1 p4 #aaa4 #chg ,,giorg9i1 ,sur les causes de l',insalubrite de l'air dans le vois9age des m>ais1 etc41 lue a l',academie des ,sci5ces a ,p>is1 le #ab ,juillet1 #ahbe4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,,salvagnoli1 ,rapporto1 etc41 app5dice1 p4 #e1 et seqq4 #chh ,see ! c>eful e/imates ( ,,roset1 ,moy5s de =c] les ,torr5ts1 etc41 pp4 #db1 #dd4 #chi ,riv]s :i* transport s&1 gravel1 pebbles1 heavy m9]al matt] 9 %ort1 t5d to raise _! own b$s2 ^? *>g$ only ) f9e1 light e>?1 to cut !m deep]4 ,! prairie riv]s ( ! ,we/ h deep *annels1 because ! m9]al matt] !y c>ry d[n is n heavy en\gh to resi/ ! impulse ( ev5 a mod]ate curr5t1 & ^? tribut>ies ( ! ,po :i* deposit _! s$im5t 9 ! lakes--! ,tic9o1 ! ,adda1 ! ,oglio1 & ! ,m9cio--fl[1 9 deep cuts1 = ! same reason4--,,baumg>t51 l4 c41 p4 #acb4 #cij ,! /ream c>ries ?is mud1 c41 at fir/ f>!r to ! ea/1 & only lets x fall :]e ! =ce ( ! curr5t becomes weak5$4 ,?is expla9s ! cont9ual advance ( ! l& seaw>d along ! ,syrian coa/1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,tyre & ,sidon no long] lie on ! %ore1 b "s di/ance inl&4 ,t ! ,nile contributes to ?is deposit may easily be se51 ev5 by ! unsci5tific obs]v]1 f ! /a9$ & turbid "* ( ! wat] = _m miles f its m\?s4 ,a some:at al>m+ ph5om5on 0 obs]v$ 9 ?is neighborhood 9 #ahja1 on bo>d ! ,engli% frigate ,romulus1 ,capta9 ,culv]h\se1 on a voyage f ,acre to ,abukir4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1 :o 0 a pass5g] on bo>d ?is %ip1 ?us describes x3 '#bf? ,july4--,to-day1 ,sunday1 we accompani$ ! capta9 to ! w>droom to d9e1 z usual1 ) 8 (fic]s4 ,:ile we 7 at table1 we he>d ! sailors :o 7 ?r[+ ! lead sudd5ly cry out3 ,?ree & a half6 ,! capta9 sprang up1 0 on deck 9 an in/ant1 &1 almo/ at ! same mom5t1 ! %ip slack5$ h] way1 & ve]$ ab\t4 ,e sailor on bo>d suppos$ %e w\ld gr\nd at once4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 z ! %ip came r\nd1 ! :ole surface ( ! wat] 0 se5 to be cov]$ ) ?ick1 black mud1 :i* ext5d$ s f> t x appe>$ l an isl&4 ,at ! same "t1 actual l& 0 n[h]e to be se5--n ev5 f ! ma/head--nor 0 any notice ( su* a %oal to be f\nd on any *>t on bo>d4 ,! fact is1 z we le>n$ aft]w>d1 t a /ratum ( mud1 /ret*+ f ! m\?s ( ! ,nile = _m miles out into ! op5 sea1 =ms a movable deposit along ! ,egyptian coa/4 ,if ?is deposit is driv5 =w>d by p[]ful curr5ts1 x sometimes rises to ! surface1 & di/urbs ! m>9] by ! sudd5 appe>ance ( %oals :]e ! *>ts lead him to expect a consid]able dep? ( wat]4 ,b ^! /rata ( mud are1 9 reality1 n 9 ! lea/ dang]\s4 ,z soon z a %ip /rikes !m !y break up at once1 & a frigate may hold h] c\rse 9 p]fect safety :]e an inexp]i5c$ pilot1 misl$ by 8 s\nd+s1 w\ld e mom5t expect to be /r&$4'--,b,oe,t,t,g,e,r1 ,das ,mittelme]1 pp4 #ahh1 #ahi4 #cia ,! caves ( ,c>niola receive consid]able riv]s f ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i* _c1 9 all cases1 be id5tifi$ ) /reams fl[+ out ( !m at o!r po9ts1 & l ph5om5a are n uncommon 9 o!r lime/one c\ntries4 ,! cases are c]ta9ly n num]\s :]e m>9e curr5ts are kn[n to p\r cont9u\sly into cavities b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 b !re is at lea/ "o well-au!nticat$ in/ance ( ?is sort--t ( ! mill /reams at ,argo/oli 9 ! isl& ( ,cephalonia4 ,x _h be5 long obs]v$ t ! sea wat] fl[$ into sev]al rifts & cavities 9 ! lime/one rocks ( ! coa/1 b ! ph5om5on has excit$ little att5tion until v rec5tly4 ,9 #ahcc1 ?ree ( ! entrances 7 clos$1 & a regul> *annel1 sixte5 feet long & ?ree feet wide1 ) a fall ( ?ree feet1 0 cut into ! m\? ( a l>g] cavity4 ,! sea wat] fl[$ into ?is canal1 & c\ld be foll[$ eighte5 or tw5ty feet beyond its inn] t]m9us1 :5 x disappe>$ 9 holes & clefts 9 ! rock4 ,9 #aheh1 ! canal _h be5 enl>g$ to ! wid? ( five feet & a half1 & a dep? ( a foot4 ,! wat] p\rs rapidly ?r\gh ! canal into an irregul> depression & =ms a pool1 ! surface ( :i* is ?ree or f\r feet bel[ ! adjac5t soil1 & ab\t two & a half or ?ree feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,f ?is pool x escapes ?r\gh sev]al holes & clefts 9 ! rock1 & has n yet be5 f\nd to em]ge else:]e4 ,!re is a tide at ,argo/oli ( ab\t six in*es 9 /ill wea!r1 b x is consid]ably high] ) a s\? w9d4 ,i d n f9d x /at$ :e!r wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! canal into ! cavity at l[ tide1 b x di/9ctly appe>s t !re is no reflu5t curr5t1 z ( c\rse !re c\ld n be f a bas9 s mu* bel[ ! sea4 ,m\sson f\nd ! deliv]y ?r\gh ! canal to be at ! rate ( #bd4hh cubic feet to ! second2 at :at /age ( ! tide does n appe>4 ,o!r mills ( ! same sort h be5 erect$1 & !re appe> to be sev]al po9ts on ! coa/ :]e ! sea fl[s into ! l&4 ,v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 sugge/$ to expla9 ?is ph5om5on1 "s ( :i* assume t ! wat] desc5ds to a great dep? b5ea? ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 b ! supposition ( a diff]5ce ( level 9 ! surface ( ! sea on ! opposite sides ( ! isl&1 :i* seems confirm$ by o!r circum/ances1 is ! mo/ obvi\s me?od ( expla9+ ^! s+ul> facts4 ,if we suppose ! level ( ! wat] on "o side ( ! isl& to be rais$ by ! action ( curr5ts ?ree or f\r feet high] ?an on ! o!r1 ! exi/5ce ( cavities & *annels 9 ! rock w\ld easily acc\nt = a subt]ranean curr5t b5ea? ! isl&1 & ! ap]tures ( escape might be s deep or s small z to elude obs]vation4 ,see ,aus d] ,natur1 vol4 #ai1 pp4 #abi1 et seqq4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #ec4 #cib ,! afflu5ts receiv$ by ! ,se9e bel[ ,r\5 are s inconsid]able1 t ! augm5tation ( ! volume ( t riv] mu/ be ascrib$ pr9cipally to spr+s ris+ 9 its b$4 ,?is is a po9t ( :i* eng9e]s n[ take notice1 & ,m4 ,belgr&1 ! able (fic] *>g$ ) ! improvem5t ( ! navigation ( ! ,se9e betwe5 ,p>is & ,r\51 has devot$ mu* att5tion to x4--,,bab9et1 ,etudes et ,lectures1 iii1 p4 #ahe4 ,on page #bcb ( ! volume j quot$1 ! same au?or obs]ves3 ,9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse1 f ! falls ( ! ,oise1 ! ,se9e receives s few important afflu5ts1 t evaporation alone w\ld suffice to exhau/ all ! wat] :i* passes "u ! bridges ( ,p>is4 ,?is supposes a mu* great] am\nt ( evaporation ?an has be5 usually comput$1 b ,i believe x is well settl$ t ! ,se9e conveys to ! sea mu* m wat] ?an is dis*>g$ into x by all its sup]ficial bran*es4 #cic ,gir>d & ,du*atelet ma9ta9 t ! subt]ranean wat]s ( ,p>is are absolutely /agnant4 ,see _! report on dra9age by artesian wells1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahcc1 #bme seme/re1 pp4 #cac1 et seqq4 ,?is op9ion1 if locally true1 _c be g5]ally s1 = x is inconsi/5t ) ! well-kn[n fact t ! v fir/ eruption ( wat] f a bor+ (t5 br+s up leaves & o!r objects :i* mu/ h be5 c>ri$ into ! und]gr\nd res]voirs by curr5ts4 #cid ,physikalis*e ,geographie1 p4 #bhf4 ,x does n appe> :e!r ?is inf]5ce is ,m>iotte's or ,wittw]'s4 ,i suppose x is a conclusion ( ! latt]4 #cie ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea4 ,t5? edition4 ,london1 #ahfa1 ,sec4 #bgd4 #cif ,,p>amelle1 ,quell5kunde1 mit e9em ,vorwort von ,b4 ,,cotta1 #ahef4 #cig ,etudes et ,lectures1 vi1 p4 #aah4 #cih ,! area ( soil dri$ by dra9+ is con/antly increas+1 & ! wat] receiv$ by ! surface f atmosph]ic precipitation is !reby p>tly conduct$ into new *annels1 &1 9 g5]al1 c>ri$ (f m rapidly ?an be=e4 ,w n ?is fact ex]t an influ5ce on ! condition ( _m spr+s1 ^: bas9 ( supply ?us und]goes a p>tial or complete trans=mation8 ,i am conv9c$ t x w1 & x is important to collect data = solv+ ! "q4 ,,b]nh>d ,,cotta1 ,preface to ,,p>amelle1 ,quell5kunde 7,g]man translation71 pp4 vii1 viii4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #ed4 #cii ,see ! int]e/+ obs]vations ( ,,kriegk on ?is subject1 ,s*rift5 zur allgeme95 ,erdkunde1 cap4 iii1 ,sec4 #f1 & especially ! passages 9 ,,ritt]',s ,erdkunde1 vol4 i1 !re ref]r$ to4 ,laur5t1 7,memoires sur le ,sah>a ,ori5tal1 pp4 #h1 #i71 9 speak+ ( a riv] at ,el-,faid1 :i*1 l all ^? ( ! des]t1 is1 mo/ ( ! "t1 )\t wat]1 obs]ves1 t _m wells are dug 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] 9 ! dry season1 & t ! subt]ranean curr5t ?us rea*$ appe>s to ext5d itself lat]ally1 at ab\t ! same level1 at lea/ a kilometre f ! riv]1 z wat] is f\nd by digg+ to ! dep? ( twelve or fifte5 metres at a village situat$ at t di/ance f ! bank4 ,! mo/ rem>kable case ( infiltration kn[n to me by p]sonal obs]vation is ! occurr5ce ( fre% wat] 9 ! bea* s& on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,gulf ( ,akaba1 ! ea/]n arm ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,if y dig a cavity 9 ! bea* ne> ! sea level1 x soon fills ) wat] s fre% z n to be undr9kable1 ?\gh ! sea wat] two or ?ree y>ds f x conta9s ev5 m ?an ! av]age quantity ( salt4 ,x _c be ma9ta9$ t ?is is sea wat] fre%5$ by filtration ?r\gh a few feet or in*es ( s&1 = salt wat] _c be depriv$ ( its salt by t process4 ,x c only come f ! highl&s ( ,arabia1 & x w\ld seem t !re mu/ exi/ "s l>ge res]voir 9 ! int]ior to furni% a supply :i*1 9 spite ( evaporation1 holds out = mon?s aft] ! la/ ra9s ( w9t]1 & p]haps ev5 ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,i obs]v$ ! fact 9 ! mon? ( ,june4 ,! precipitation 9 ! m\nta9s t bord] ! ,r$ ,sea is n kn[n by pluviometric measurem5t1 b ! mass ( debris br\ght d[n ! rav9es by ! torr5ts proves t _! volume mu/ be l>ge4 ,! proportion ( surface cov]$ by s& & absorb5t e>?1 9 ,arabia ,petraea & ! neighbor+ c\ntries1 is small1 & ! m\nta9s dra9 !mselves rapidly into ! wadies or rav9es :]e ! torr5ts are =m$2 b ! b$s ( e>? & dis9tegrat$ rock at ! bottom ( ! valleys are ( s loose & por\s texture1 t a great quantity ( wat] is absorb$ 9 saturat+ !m be=e a visible curr5t is =m$ on _! surface4 ,9 a heavy ?und] /orm1 accompani$ by a delug+ ra91 :i* ,i witness$ at ,m\nt ,s9ai 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 a l>ge /ream ( wat] p\r$1 9 an almo/ cont9u\s cascade1 d[n ! /eep rav9e nor? ( ! conv5t1 by :i* travell]s sometimes desc5d f ! plateau betwe5 ! two peaks1 b aft] rea*+ ! foot ( ! m\nta91 x fl[$ b a few y>ds be=e x 0 swall[$ up 9 ! s&s4 #djj ,x is conceivable t 9 l>ge & %all[ subt]ranean bas9s ! sup]9cumb5t e>? may re/ ^u ! wat] & be p>tly support$ by x4 ,9 su* case ! weight ( ! e>? w\ld be an additional1 if n ! sole1 cause ( ! asc5t ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! tubes ( artesian wells4 ,! ela/icity ( gases 9 ! cavities may also aid 9 =c+ up wat]4 ,a ,fr5* eng9e]1 ,m4 ,mullot1 inv5t$ a simple me?od ( br++ to ! surface wat] f any "o ( sev]al successive accumulations at diff]5t dep?s1 or ( rais+ x1 unmix$1 f two or m ( !m at once4 ,x consi/s 9 employ+ conc5tric tubes1 "o )9 ! o!r1 leav+ a space = ! rise ( wat] betwe5 !m1 & rea*+ ea* to ! %eet f :i* x is int5d$ to draw4 #dja ,_m m or less probable conjectures h be5 made on ?is subject1 b ?us f> ,i am n aw>e t any ( ! appreh5d$ results h be5 actually %[n to h happ5$4 ,9 an article 9 ! ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees = ,july & ,augu/1 #ahci1 p4 #aca1 x 0 sugge/$ t ! s9k+ ( ! pi]s ( a bridge at ,t\rs 9 ,france 0 occasion$ by ! ab/raction ( wat] f ! e>? by artesian wells1 & ! consequ5t )drawal ( ! me*anical support x _h previ\sly giv5 to ! /rata conta9+ x4 ,a reply to ?is article w be f\nd 9 ,,violett1 ,!orie des ,puits ,artesi5s1 p4 #bag4 ,9 "s in/ances ! wat] has ru%$ up ) a =ce :i* seem$ to ?reat5 ! inundation ( ! neighborhood1 & ev5 ! wa%+ away ( mu* soil2 b 9 ^? cases ! p>tial exhau/ion ( ! supply1 or ! relief ( hydro/atic or ela/ic pressure1 has g5]ally produc$ a dim9ution ( ! fl[ 9 a %ort "t1 & ,i d n "k t any s]i\s evil has ev] be5 occasion$ 9 ?is way4 #djb ,see a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ^! wells1 & ( ! workm5 :o clean !m out :5 ob/ruct$ by s& br\ght up ) ! wat]1 9 ,laur5t's memoir on ! artesian wells rec5tly bor$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,alg]ian des]t1 ,memoire sur le ,sah>a ,ori5tal1 etc41 pp4 #ai1 et seqq4 ,"s ( ! m5 rema9$ "u wat] f two m9utes to two m9utes & =ty seconds4 ,sev]al (fic]s are quot$ z hav+ obs]v$ imm]sions ( ?ree m9utes' duration1 & ,m4 ,b]brugg] alleges t he witness$ "o ( five m9utes & fifty-five seconds4 ,! %orte/ ( ^! p]iods is long] ?an ! be/ pe>l div] c rema9 bel[ ! surface ( salt wat]4 ,! wells ( ! ,sah>a are f tw5ty to eighty metres deep4 ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$ t ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( bor+ artesian wells4 ,p>!y1 describ+ ! ,little ,oasis1 m5tions ru9s ( a ,roman aqu$uct1 & obs]ves3 ,x appe>s f ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,aim1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 t ^! aqu$ucts are connect$ ) old artesian wells1 ! re/oration ( :i* w\ld r5d] x practicable to ext5d cultivation mu* beyond its pres5t limits4 ,?is agrees ) anci5t te/imony4 ,x is ass]t$ t ! inhabitants ( ! oases sunk wells to ! dep? ( #bjj1 #cjj1 & ev5 #ejj ells1 f :i* afflu5t /reams ( wat] p\r$ out4 ,see ,,olympiodorus 9 ,photii ,bibl41 cod4 #hj1 p4 #fa1 l4 #ag1 ed4 ,bekk4--,,p>!y1 ,w&]ung51 ii1 p4 #ebh4 ,9 a pap] entitl$1 ,note relative a l'execution d'un ,puits ,artesi5 en ,egypte s\s la ,,xviii dyna/ie1 pres5t$ to ! ,academie des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres1 on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #aheb1 ,m4 ,l5ormant endeavors to %[ t a hi]oglyphic inscription f\nd at ,contrapscelcis proves ! execution ( a "w ( ?is sort 9 ! ,nubian des]t1 at ! p]iod indicat$ 9 ! title to 8 pap]4 ,! int]pretation ( ! inscription is a "q = ,egyptologi/s2 b if wells 7 actually bor$ ?r\gh ! rock by ! ,egyptians aft] ! ,*9ese or ! ,european fa%ion1 x is s+ul> t among ! num]\s & m9ute repres5tations ( _! indu/rial op]ations1 pa9t$ or c>v$ on ! walls ( _! tombs1 no trace ( ! processes employ$ = s rem>kable & important a purpose %\ld h be5 discov]$4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #ef4 ,x is c]ta9 t artesian wells h be5 common 9 ,*9a f a v remote antiquity1 & ! simple me?od us$ by ! ,*9ese--:]e ! bor] is rais$ & let fall by a rope1 in/ead ( a rigid rod--has be5 lately be5 employ$ 9 ,europe ) advantage4 ,"s ( ! ,*9ese wells are said to be #c1jjj feet deep2 t ( ,neusalzw]k 9 ,silesia--! deepe/ 9 ,europe--is #b1cjj4 ,a well 0 bor$ at ,/4 ,l\is1 9 ,miss\ri1 a few ye>s ago1 to supply a sug> ref9]y1 to ! dep? ( #b1aii feet4 ,?is 0 execut$ by a private firm 9 ?ree ye>s1 at ! exp5se ( only #aj1jjj4 ,ano!r has s9ce be5 bor$ at ! ,/ate capitol at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 #b1ejj feet deep1 b )\t obta9+ ! desir$ supply ( wat]4 #djc ,9 ! anticipation ( our success at ,oum-,?i\r1 e ?+ _h be5 prep>$ to take advantage ( ?is new s\rce ( weal? )\t a mom5t's delay4 ,a division ( ! tribe ( ! ,selmia1 & _! %eikh1 ,aissa b5 ,%a1 laid ! f\ndation ( a village z soon z ! wat] fl[$1 & plant$ twelve hundr$ date palms1 r5\nc+ _! w&]+ life to atta* !mselves to ! soil4 ,9 ?is arid spot1 life _h tak5 ! place ( solitude1 & pres5t$ itself1 ) its smil+ images1 to ! a/oni%$ travell]4 ,"y girls 7 draw+ wat] at ! f\nta92 ! flocks1 ! great drom$>ies ) _! sl[ pace1 ! horses l$ by ! halt]1 7 mov+ to ! wat]+ tr\gh2 ! h\nds & ! falcons enliv5$ ! gr\p ( p>ty-color$ t5ts1 & liv+ voices & animat$ movem5t _h succe$$ to sil5ce & desolation4--,,laur5t1 ,memoires sur le ,sah>a1 p4 #he4 #djd ,! v>iety ( hues & tones 9 ! local color ( ! des]t is1 ,i ?9k1 "o ( ! ph5om5a :i* mo/ surprise & int]e/ a /rang] to ^? regions4 ,9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 rock is s g5]ally cov]$ ) moss or e>?1 & e>? ) vegetation1 t untravell$ ,engli%m5 & ,am]icans are n v famili> ) nak$ rock z a conspicu\s elem5t ( l&scape4 ,h5ce1 9 _! conception ( a b>e cliff or precipice1 !y h>dly ascribe def9ite color to x1 b depict x to _! imag9ation z we>+ a neutral t9t n assimilable to any ( ! hues ) :i* nature t+es h] atmosph]ic or pa9ts h] organic creations4 ,!re are c]ta9ly ext5sive des]t ranges1 *iefly lime/one =mations1 :]e ! surface is ei!r :ite1 or has wea!r$ d[n to a dull uni=mity ( tone :i* c h>dly be call$ color at all2 & !re are s& pla9s & drift+ hills ( we>isome monotony ( t9t4 ,b ! *emi/ry ( ! air1 ?\gh x may tame ! glitt] ( ! lime/one to a dusky gray1 br+s out ! gre5 & br[n & purple ( ! igne\s rocks1 & ! :ite & r$ & blue & violet & yell[ ( ! s&/one4 ,_m a cliff 9 ,arabia ,petraea is z manifold 9 color z ! ra9b[1 & ! ve9s are s v>iable 9 ?ickness & incl9ation1 s contort$ & involv$ 9 arrangem5t1 z to bewild] ! eye ( ! spectator l a disk ( p>ty-color$ glass 9 rapid revolution4 ,9 ! n>r[] wadies1 ! mirage is n common2 b on broad expanses1 z at _m po9ts betwe5 ,cairo & ,suez1 & 9 ,wadi el ,araba1 x mocks y ) lakes & l&-lock$ bays1 /udd$ ) isl&s & fr+$ ) trees1 all pa9t$ ) an illusory tru? ( repres5tation absolutely indi/+ui%able f ! reality4 ,! *eck]$ e>?1 too1 is canopi$ ) a heav5 z v>iegat$ z itself4 ,y see1 high up 9 ! sky1 rosy cl\ds at noonday1 color$ probably by reflection f ! ruddy m\nta9s1 :ile ne> ! horizon float cumuli ( a transp>5t e!real blue1 seem+ly ball$ up out ( ! cle> c]ulean sub/ance ( ! firmam5t1 & deta*$ f ! heav5ly vault1 n by color or consi/5ce1 b solely by ! light & %ade ( _! prom95ces4 #dje ,,oeuvres de ,palissy1 ,des ,eaux et ,fonta9es1 p4 #aeg4 #djf ,id41 p4 #aff4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #eg4 #djg ,,bab9et1 ,etudes et ,lectures sur les ,sci5ces d',obs]vation1 ii1 p4 #bbe4 ,our au?or prec$es 8 acc\nt ( 8 me?od ) a compla9t :i* mo/ m5 :o indulge 9 ?9k+ h occasion to repeat _m times 9 ! c\rse ( _! lives4 ,i w expla9 to my read]s ! con/ruction ( artificial f\nta9s accord+ to ! plan ( ! fam\s ,b]n>d de ,palissy1 :o1 a hundr$ & fifty ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 came & took away f me1 a humble academician ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?is discov]y :i* ,i _h tak5 a great deal ( pa9s to make4 ,x is en\gh to disc\rage all inv5tion :5 "o f9ds plagi>i/s 9 ! pa/ z well z 9 ! future6 7,p4 #bbd47 #djh ,m4 ,g4 ,,dumas1 ,la ,sci5ce des ,fonta9es1 #aheg4 #dji ,9 ! curi\sly v>iegat$ s&/one ( ,arabia ,petraea--:i* is c]ta9ly a reaggregation ( loose s& d]iv$ f p>ticles ( old] rocks--! contigu\s ve9s frequ5tly diff] v widely 9 color1 b n s5sibly 9 specific gravity or 9 texture2 & ! s+ul> way 9 :i* !y are n[ alt]nat$1 n[ confus$ly int]mix$1 mu/ be expla9$ o!rwise ?an by ! weight ( ! respective gra9s :i* compose !m4 ,!y seem1 9 fact1 to h be5 let fall by wat] 9 viol5t ebullition or tumultu\s me*anical agitation1 or by a succession ( sudd5 aquatic or a]ial curr5ts fl[+ 9 diff]5t directions & *>g$ ) diff]5tly color$ matt]4 #daj ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 i1 pp4 #bdc1 #bdf-cgg1 et seqq4 ,see also ! argum5ts ( ,bremonti] z to ! orig9 ( ! dune s&s ( ,gascony1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahcc1 #a;er seme/re1 pp4 #aeh1 #afa4 ,bremonti] e/imates ! s& annually ?r[n up on t coa/ at five cubic toises & two feet to ! runn+ toise 7ubi supra1 p4 #afb71 or r m ?an two hundr$ & tw5ty cubic feet to ! runn+ foot4 ,laval1 ^u obs]vations cont9u$ ?r\gh sev5 ye>s1 f\nd ! quantity to be tw5ty-five metres p] runn+ metre1 :i* is equal to two hundr$ & sixty-eight cubic feet to ! runn+ foot4--,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdb1 #bme seme/re1 p4 #bbi4 ,^! computations make ! proportion ( s& deposit$ on ! coa/ ( ,gascony ?ree or f\r times z great z t obs]v$ by ,&res5 on ! %ores ( ,jutl&4 ,laval e/imates ! total quantity ( s& annually ?r[n up on ! coa/ ( ,gascony at #f1jjj1jjj cubic metres1 or m ?an #g1hjj1jjj cubic y>ds4 #daa ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 i1 p4 #cci4 #dab ,! conditions favorable to ! production ( s& f dis9tegrat$ rock1 by causes n[ 9 action1 are p]haps n[h]e m p]fectly realiz$ ?an 9 ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula4 ,! m\nta9s are /eep & l(ty1 unprotect$ by vegetation or ev5 by a coat+ ( e>?1 & ! rocks :i* compose !m are 9 a %att]$ & fragm5t>y condition4 ,!y are furr[$ by deep & precipit\s rav9es1 ) b$s suffici5tly incl9$ = ! rapid fl[ ( wat]1 & g5]ally )\t bas9s 9 :i* ! l>g] blocks ( /one roll$ by ! torr5ts c be dropp$ & left 9 repose2 !re are sev]e fro/s & mu* sn[ on ! high] summits & ridges1 & ! w9t] ra9s are abundant & heavy4 ,! m\nta9s are pr9cipally ( igne\s =mation1 b _m ( ! less elevat$ peaks are capp$ ) s&/one1 & on ! ea/]n slope ( ! p59sula y may sometimes see1 at a s+le glance1 sev]al l(ty pyramids ( granite1 sep>at$ by consid]able int]vals1 & all surm\nt$ by horizontally /ratifi$ deposits ( s&/one (t5 only a few y>ds squ>e1 :i* correspond to ea* o!r 9 height1 are evid5tly contemporane\s 9 orig91 & 7 once connect$ 9 cont9u\s b$s4 ,! degradation ( ! rock on :i* ?is =mation re/s is con/antly br++ d[n masses ( x1 & m+l+ !m ) ! basaltic1 porphyritic1 granitic1 & calc>e\s fragm5ts :i* ! torr5ts c>ry d[n to ! valleys1 &1 ?r\gh !m1 9 a /ate ( great] or less dis9tegration1 to ! sea4 ,! quantity ( s& annually wa%$ into ! ,r$ ,sea by ! l>g] torr5ts ( ! ,less] ,p59sula1 is probably at lea/ equal to t contribut$ to ! ocean by any /reams dra9+ bas9s ( no great] ext5t4 ,absolutely consid]$1 !n1 ! mass may be said to be l>ge1 b x is app>5tly v small z comp>$ ) ! s& ?r[n up by ! ,g]man ,ocean & ! ,atlantic on ! coa/s ( ,d5m>k & ( ,france4 ,!re are1 inde$1 9 ,arabia ,petraea1 _m torr5ts ) v %ort c\rses1 = ! sea waves 9 _m p>ts ( ! p59sul> coa/ wa% ! base ( ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! debris ( ! rocks d n rea* ! sea 9 a suffici5tly comm9ut$ condition to be entitl$ to ! appellation ( s&1 or ev5 9 ! =m ( well-r\nd$ pebbles4 ,! fragm5ts reta9 _! angul> %ape1 &1 at "s po9ts on ! coa/1 !y become cem5t$ toge!r by lime or o!r b9d+ sub/ances held 9 solution or me*anical susp5sion 9 ! sea wat]1 & are s rapidly conv]t$ into a s+ul>ly het]og5e\s conglom]ate1 t "o deposit seems to be consolidat$ into a breccia be=e ! next w9t]'s torr5ts cov] x ) ano!r4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! p59sula !re are ext5sive deposits ( s& int]m+l$ ) agate pebbles & petrifi$ wood1 b ^! are evid5tly nei!r d]iv$ f ! ,s9aitic gr\p1 nor products ( local causes kn[n to be n[ 9 action4 ,i may "h notice ! (t5 repeat$ b mi/ak5 ass]tion1 t ! petrifi$ wood ( ! ,we/]n ,arabian des]t consi/s :olly ( ! /ems ( palms1 or at lea/ ( endog5\s vegetables4 ,?is is an error4 ,i h myself pick$ up 9 t des]t1 )9 ! space ( a v few squ>e y>ds1 fragm5ts bo? ( fossil palms1 & ( at lea/ two petrifi$ trees di/9ctly m>k$ z ( exog5\s gr[? bo? by annul> /ructure & by knots4 ,9 ligne\s "*1 "o ( ^! almo/ precisely resembles ! gra9 ( ! extant bee*1 & ?is specim5 0 wormeat5 be=e x 0 conv]t$ into silex4 #dac ,b,oe,t,t,g,e,r1 ,das ,mittelme]1 p4 #abh4 #dad ,! te/imony ( div]s & ( o!r obs]v]s on ?is po9t is conflict+1 z might be expect$ f ! inf9ite v>iety ( conditions by :i* ! movem5t ( wat] is affect$4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! action ( ! w9d ^u ! wat] is n p]ceptible at great] dep?s ?an f fifte5 feet 9 ord9>y1 to eighty or n9ety 9 extreme cases2 b ^! e/imates are probably v consid]ably bel[ ! tru?4 ,&res5 quotes ,bremonti] z /at+ t ! movem5t ( ! waves sometimes ext5ds to ! dep? ( five hundr$ feet1 & he adds t o!rs ?9k x may rea* to six or ev5 sev5 hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface4--,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mation51 p4 #bj4 ,_m physici/s n[ suppose t ! undulations ( great bodies ( wat] rea* ev5 deep]4 ,b a movem5t ( undulation is n necess>ily a movem5t ( translation1 & besides1 !re is v frequ5tly an und]t[1 :i* t5ds to c>ry susp5d$ bodies out to sea z p[]fully z ! sup]ficial waves to ?r[ !m on %ore4 ,s&banks sometimes rec$e f ! coa/1 in/ead ( roll+ t[>d x4 ,reclus in=ms u t ! ,mauvaise1 a s&bank ne> ! ,po9t de ,grave1 on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,france1 has mov$ five miles to ! we/ 9 less ?an a c5tury4--,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 = ,decemb]1 #ahfb1 p4 #ije4 ,! action ( curr5ts may1 9 "s cases1 h be5 conf\nd$ ) t ( ! waves4 ,sea curr5ts1 /rong en\gh1 possibly1 to transport s& = "s di/ance1 fl[ f> bel[ ! surface 9 p>ts ( ! op5 ocean1 & 9 n>r[ /raits !y h great =ce & velocity4 ,! div]s employ$ at ,con/ant9ople 9 #ahec f\nd 9 ! ,bosphorus1 at ! dep? ( tw5ty-five fa?oms & at a po9t mu* expos$ to ! wa% f ,galata & ,p]a1 a numb] ( bronze guns suppos$ to h belong$ to a %ip ( w> bl[n up ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e4 ,^! guns 7 n cov]$ by s& or slime1 ?\gh a cru/ ( e>?y matt]1 an in* 9 ?ickness1 adh]$ to _! upp] surfaces1 & ! bottom ( ! /rait appe>$ to be :olly free f s$im5t4 ,! curr5t 0 s p[]ful at ?is dep? t ! div]s 7 h>dly able to /&1 & a keg ( nails1 purposely dropp$ into ! wat]1 9 ord] t its movem5ts might s]ve z a guide 9 ! se>* = a bag ( co9 accid5tally lo/ ov]bo>d f a %ip 9 ! h>bor1 0 roll$ by ! /ream sev]al hundr$ y>ds be=e x /opp$4 #dae ,few seas h ?r[n up s mu* s& z ! %all[ ,g]man ,ocean2 b !re is "s reason to ?9k t ! am\nt ( ?is mat]ial n[ ca/ ^u its nor!rn %ores is less ?an at "s =m] p]iods1 ?\gh no ext5sive s]ies ( obs]vations on ?is subject has be5 record$4 ,on ! ,spit ( ,agg]1 at ! pres5t outlet ( ! ,liimfjord1 ,&res5 f\nd ! quantity dur+ t5 ye>s1 on a bea* ab\t five hundr$ & sev5ty feet broad1 equal to an annual deposit ( an in* & a half ov] ! :ole surface4--,om ,klit=mation51 p4 #ef4 ,?is gives sev5ty-"o & a qu>t] cubic feet to ! runn+ foot--a quantity c]ta9ly mu* small] ?an t ca/ up by ! same sea on ! %ores ( ! ,dano-,g]man du*ies & ( ,holl&1 &1 z we h se51 sc>cely "o f\r? ( t deposit$ by ! ,atlantic on ! coa/ ( ,gascony4 ,see ante1 p4 #dec1 note4 #daf ,s& heaps1 ?ree & ev5 six hundr$ feet high1 are inde$ =m$ by ! w9d1 b ?is is effect$ by driv+ ! p>ticles up an incl9$ plane1 n by lift+ !m4 ,bremonti]1 speak+ ( ! s& hills on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,france1 says3 ,! p>ticles ( s& compos+ !m are n l>ge en\gh to resi/ w9d ( a c]ta9 =ce1 nor small en\gh to be tak5 up by x1 l du/2 !y only roll along ! surface f :i* !y are deta*$1 &1 ?\gh mov+ ) great velocity1 !y r>ely rise to a great] height ?an ?ree or f\r in*es4--,memoire sur les ,dunes1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahcc1 #a;er seme/re1 p4 #adh4 ,&res5 says t a w9d1 hav+ a velocity ( =ty feet p] second1 is /rong en\gh to raise p>ticles ( s& z high z ! face & eyes ( a man1 b t1 9 g5]al1 x rolls along ! gr\nd1 & is sc>cely ev] ?r[n m ?an to ! height ( a c\ple ( y>ds f ! surface4 ,ev5 9 ^! cases1 x is c>ri$ =w>d by a hopp+1 n a cont9u\s1 motion2 = a v n>r[ %eet or *annel ( wat] /ops ! drift entirely1 all ! s& dropp+ into x until x is fill$ up4 ,! "* ( ! motion ( s& drifts is well illu/rat$ by an int]e/+ fact n mu* notic$ hi!rto by travell]s 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 situations :]e ! s& is driv5 ?r\gh depressions 9 rock b$s1 or ov] deposits ( silici\s pebbles1 ! surface ( ! /one is worn & smoo!d mu* m effectually ?an x c\ld be by runn+ wat]1 & y may pick up1 9 su* localities1 r\nd$1 irregul>ly brok5 fragm5ts ( agate1 :i* h receiv$ f ! attrition ( ! s& z f9e a poli% z c\ld be giv5 !m by ! :eel ( ! lapid>y4 ,v int]e/+ obs]vations on ! poli%+ ( h>d /ones by drift+ s& w be f\nd 9 ! ,geological ,report ( ,william ,p4 ,blake3 ,pacific ,railroad ,report1 vol4 v1 pp4 #ib1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,! same geologi/ obs]ves1 p4 #bdb1 t ! s& ( ! ,colorado des]t does n rise high 9 ! air1 b b\nds along on ! surface or only a few in*es above x4 #dag ,wilk9son says t1 9 mu* exp]i5ce 9 ! mo/ s&y p>ts ( ! ,libyan des]t1 & mu* inquiry ( ! be/ native s\rces1 he nev] saw or he>d ( any in/ance ( dang] to man or bea/ f ! m]e accumulation ( s& transport$ by ! w9d4 ,*esney's obs]vations 9 ,arabia1 & ! te/imony ( ! ,b$\9s he consult$1 are to ! same purpose4 ,! dang]s ( ! simoom are ( a diff]5t "*1 ?\gh !y are c]ta9ly aggravat$ by ! bl9d+ effects ( ! light p>ticles ( du/ & s& borne along by x1 & by t ( ! inhalation ( !m ^u ! respiration4 #dah ,9 ! n>r[ valley ( ! ,nile1 b\nd$ z x is1 above ! ,delta1 by high cliffs1 all air curr5ts f ! nor!rn qu>t] become nor? w9ds1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse v>y+ 9 p>tial direction1 9 con=mity ) ! s9uosities ( ! valley4 ,^u ! des]t plateau !y incl9e we/w>d1 & h already borne into ! valley ! s&s ( ! ea/]n banks1 & driv5 ^? ( ! we/]n q out ( ! ,egyptian portion ( ! ,nile bas94 #dai ,! ,nor? ,african des]t falls into two divisions3 ! ,sahel1 or we/]n1 & ! ,sah>1 or ea/]n4 ,! s&s ( ! ,sah> 71 at a remote p]iod1 drift$ to ! we/4 ,9 ! ,sahel1 ! prevail+ ea/ w9ds drive ! s&-ocean ) a progressive we/w>d motion4 ,! ea/]n half ( ! des]t is swept clean4--,,naumann1 ,geognosie1 ii1 p4 #aagc4 #dbj ,9 p>ts ( ! ,alg]ian des]t1 "s ef=ts are made to ret>d ! advance ( s& dunes :i* ?reat5 to ov]:elm villages4 ,at ,debila1 says ,laur5t1 ! l[] p>ts ( ! l(ty dunes are plant$ ) palms1 99 99 99 b !y are con/antly m5ac$ ) burial by ! s&s4 ,! only rem$y employ$ by ! natives consi/s 9 little dry walls ( cry/alliz$ gypsum1 built on ! cre/s ( ! dunes1 toge!r ) h$ges ( dead palm leaves4 ,^! def5sive measures are aid$ by incessant labor2 = e day ! p take up 9 baskets ! s& bl[n ov] to !m ! night be=e & c>ry x back to ! o!r side ( ! dune4--,memoires sur le ,sah>a1 p4 #ad4 #dba ,organic con/itu5ts1 su* z comm9ut$ %ells1 & silici\s & calc>e\s exuviae ( infusorial animals & plants1 are sometimes f\nd m+l$ 9 consid]able quantities ) m9]al s&s4 ,^! are usually ! rema9s ( aquatic vegetables or animals1 b n uni=mly s1 = ! microscopic organisms1 ^: fl9ty cases ent] s l>gely into ! s&b$s ( ! ,m>k ( ,br&5burg1 are /ill liv+ & prolific 9 ! dry e>?4 ,see ,,wittw]1 ,physikalis*e ,geographie1 p4 #adb4 ,! des]t on bo? sides ( ! ,nile is inhabit$ by a l& snail1 & ?\s&s ( its %ells are swept along & f9ally buri$ 9 ! drifts by e w9d4 ,e h&ful ( ! s& conta9s fragm5ts ( !m4 ,,=*hamm]1 9 ,,leonh>d ,und ,,bronn's ,jahrbu*1 #ahda1 p4 #h1 says ( ! s& hills ( ! ,dani% coa/3 ,x is n r>e to f9d1 high 9 ! knolls1 m>9e %ells1 & especially ^? ( ! oy/]4 ,!y are due to ! oy/] eat] ,haemalopus o/ralegus1 :i* c>ries 8 prey to ! top ( ! dunes to dev\r x4 ,see also ,,/>+1 ,de ,bodem van1 ,n4 ,i4 p4 #cba4 #dbb ,!re are v>i\s reasons :y ! =mation ( dunes is conf9$ to l[ %ores1 & ?is law is s univ]sal1 t :5 bluffs are surm\nt$ by !m1 !re is always cause to suspect upheaval1 or ! removal ( a slop+ bea* 9 front ( ! bluff1 aft] ! dunes 7 =m$4 ,bold %ores are usually )\t a suffici5t bea* = ! accumulation ( l>ge deposits2 !y are commonly wa%$ by a sea too deep to br+ up s& f its bottom2 _! abrupt elevation1 ev5 if mod]ate 9 am\nt1 w\ld /ill be too great to all[ ord9>y w9ds to lift ! s& above !m2 & _! influ5ce 9 dead5+ ! w9d :i* bl[s t[>d !m w\ld ev5 m effectually prev5t ! rais+ ( s& f ! bea* at _! foot4 ,=*hamm]1 describ+ ! coa/ ( ,jutl&1 says t1 9 high w9ds1 "o c h>dly /& ^u ! dunes1 except :5 !y are ne> ! wat] l9e & h be5 cut d[n p]p5dicul>ly by ! waves4 ,!n ! w9d is little or n at all felt--a fact ( exp]i5ce v common on our coa/s1 obs]v$ on all ! /eep %ore bluffs ( two hundr$ feet 9 height1 &1 9 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 on precipices two ?\s& feet high4 ,9 heavy gales 9 ^? isl&s1 ! cattle fly to ! v edge ( ! cliffs = %elt]1 & frequ5tly fall ov]4 ,! w9d1 imp++ aga9/ ! v]tical wall1 creates an asc5d+ curr5t :i* %oots some:at pa/ ! cre/ ( ! rock1 & ?us ! obs]v] or ! animal is protect$ aga9/ ! tempe/ by a b>ri] ( air4--,,leonh>d und ,,bronn1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahda1 p4 #c4 ,! calm+1 or r div]sion1 ( ! w9d by cliffs ext5ds to a consid]able di/ance 9 front ( !m1 & no w9d w\ld h suffici5t =ce to raise ! s& v]tically1 p>allel to ! face ( a bluff1 ev5 to ! height ( tw5ty feet4 ,x is v commonly believ$ t x is impossible to gr[ =e/ trees on sea-%ore bluffs1 or po9ts mu* expos$ to /rong w9ds4 ,! obs]vations j cit$ t5d to %[ t x w\ld n be difficult to protect trees f ! me*anical effect ( ! w9d1 by scre5s mu* l[] ?an ! height to :i* !y are expect$ to gr[4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts confirm ?is1 & x is f\nd t1 ?\gh ! out] r[ or r[s may suff] f ! w9d1 e tree %elt]s a tall] "o beh9d x4 ,ext5sive groves h ?us be5 =m$ 9 situations :]e an isolat$ tree w\ld n gr[ at all4 ,pip]1 9 8 ,trees ( ,am]ica1 p4 #ai1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,tudor's success 9 plant+ trees on ! bleak & b>r5 %ore ( ,nahant4 ,mr4 ,tudor1 obs]ves he1 has plant$ m ?an t5 ?\s& trees at ,nahant1 &1 by ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts1 has fully demon/rat$ t trees1 prop]ly c>$ = 9 ! beg9n+1 may be made to gr[ up to ! v b\nds ( ! ocean1 expos$ to ! bit+ ( ! w9d & ! spray ( ! sea4 ,! only %elt] !y require is1 at fir/1 "s int]ruption to break ! curr5t ( ! w9d1 su* z f5ces1 h\ses1 or o!r trees4 #dbc ,! c>eful obs]vations ( ,colonel ,j4 ,d4 ,graham1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 %[ a tide ( ab\t ?ree in*es 9 ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,see ,a ,lun> ,tidal ,wave 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,lakes1 demon/rat$ by ,lieut4-,colonel ,j4 ,d4 ,graham1 9 ! f\rte5? volume ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 #dbd ,,/>+1 ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 i1 p4 #cbg1 note4 #dbe ,! pr9cipal special works & essays on ?is subject kn[n to me are3 ,,bremonti]1 ,memoire sur les ,dunes1 etc41 #agij1 repr9t$ 9 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahcc1 #a;er seme/re1 pp4 #ade-ahf4 ,rapport sur les diff]5ts ,memoires de ,m4 ,bremonti]1 p> ,,laumont et autres1 #ahjf1 same volume1 pp4 #aib1 #bbd4 ,,le=t1 ,notice sur les ,travaux de ,fixation des ,dunes1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahca1 #bme seme/re1 pp4 #cbj-ccb4 ,,=*hamm]1 ,geogno/is*e ,/udi5 am ,me]es ,uf]1 9 ,,leonh>d und ,,bronn1 ,jahrbu*1 etc41 #ahda1 pp4 #a1 #ch4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,kohl1 ,die ,inseln und ,m>s*5 d] ,h]zog?uem] ,s*leswig und ,hol/e91 #ahdf1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #aab-afb1 #aic-bjd4 ,,laval1 ,memoire sur les ,dunes du ,golfe de ,gascogne1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #bme seme/re1 pp4 #bah-bfh4 ,g4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,krause1 ,d] ,du55bau auf d5 ,o/see-,kue/5 ,we/-,preuss5s1 #ahej1 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,w4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,/>+1 ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 #ahef1 vol4 i1 pp4 #caj-cda1 & #dbd-dca4 ,same au?or1 ,voormaals en ,?ans1 #aheh1 pages cit$4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mation5 og ,klitt5s ,beh&l+ og ,be/yrelse1 #ahfa1 #a vol4 #hvo1 x1 #cib pp41 mu* ! mo/ complete treatise on ! subject4 ,,&res5 cites1 ^u ! orig9 ( ! dunes3 ,,hull1 ,ov] d5 ,oorsprong en de ,ges*i$5is d] ,holl&s*e ,du951 #ahch1 & ,,gross's ,veil$n+ v$ ,beh&l+5 af ,s&flugt/raekn+]ne1 #ahdg2 & ^u ! improvem5t ( s& pla9s by plant+1 ,,pannewitz1 ,anleitung zum ,anbau d] ,s&flae*51 #ahcb4 ,i am n acqua9t$ ) ei!r ( ! latt] two works b ,i h consult$ ) advantage1 on ?is subject1 ,,delam>re1 ,hi/orique de la ,creation d'une ,ri*esse millionaire p> la culture des ,p9s1 #ahbg2 ,,boitel1 ,mise en valeur des t]res pauvres p> le ,p9 m>itime1 #aheg2 & ,,br9ck51 ,ansi*t5 ueb] die ,bewaldung d] ,/epp5 des ,europaeis*5 ,russl&s1 #ahed4 #dbf ,dunes are always full ( wat]1 f ! action ( capill>y attraction4 ,^u ! summits1 "o seldom ne$s to dig m ?an a foot to f9d ! s& moi/1 & 9 ! depressions1 fre% wat] is met ) ne> ! surface4--,,=*hamm]1 9 ,,leonh>d und ,,bronn1 = #ahda1 p4 #e1 note4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,&res51 :o has v c>efully inve/igat$ ?is z well z all o!r dune ph5om5a1 ma9ta9s t ! humidity ( ! s& ridges _c be d]iv$ f capill>y attraction4 ,he f\nd by exp]im5t t drift s& 0 n moi/5$ to a great] height ?an eight & a half in*es1 aft] /&+ a :ole night 9 wat]4 ,he /ates ! m9imum ( wat] conta9$ by ! s& ( ! dunes1 "o foot bel[ ! surface1 aft] a long dr\ght1 at two p] c5t41 ! maximum1 aft] a ra9y mon?1 at f\r p] c5t4 ,at great] dep?s ! quantity is l>g]4 ,! hygroscopicity ( ! s& ( ! coa/ ( ,jutl& he f\nd to be ?irty-?ree p] c5t4 by measure1 or #ba4e by weight4 ,! annual precipitation on t coa/ is tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 &1 z ! evaporation is ab\t ! same1 he argues t ra9 wat] does n p5etrate f> b5ea? ! surface ( ! dunes1 & concludes t _! humidity c be expla9$ only by evaporation f bel[4--,om ,klit=mation51 pp4 #ajf-aaj4 ,9 ! dunes ( ,alg]ia1 wat] is s abundant t wells are con/antly dug 9 !m at high po9ts on _! surface4 ,!y are sunk to ! dep? ( ?ree or f\r metres only1 & ! wat] rises to ! height ( a metre 9 !m4--,,laur5t1 ,memoire sur le ,sah>a1 pp4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac4 ,! same writ] obs]ves 7p4 #ad7 t ! holl[s 9 ! dunes are plant$ ) palms :i* f9d moi/ure en\gh a little bel[ ! surface4 ,x w\ld h5ce seem t ! proposal to fix ! dunes :i* are suppos$ to ?reat5 ! ,suez ,canal1 by plant+ ! m>itime p9e & o!r trees ^u !m1 is n altoge!r s absurd z x is ?\ght to be by "s ( ^? dis9t]e/$ philan?ropi/s ( o!r nations :o are di/ress$ ) fe>s t ,fr5* capitali/s w lose ! money !y h inve/$ 9 t great und]tak+4 ,ponds ( wat] are (t5 f\nd 9 ! depressions betwe5 ! s& hills ( ! dune *a9s 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican des]t4 #dbg ,accord+ to ! ,fr5* au?orities1 ! dunes ( ,france are n always compos$ ( qu>tzose s&4 ,! dune s&s ( diff]5t *>act]s1 says ,bremonti]1 p>take ( ! nature ( ! diff]5t mat]ials :i* compose !m4 ,at c]ta9 po9ts on ! coa/ ( ,norm&y !y are f\nd to be purely calc>e\s2 !y are ( mix$ composition on ! %ores ( ,brittany & ,sa9tonge1 & g5]ally qu>tzose betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,gironde & t ( ! ,ad\r4--,memoire sur les ,dunes1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 t4 vii1 #ahcc1 #a;er seme/re1 p4 #adf4 ,9 ! dunes ( ,long ,isl& & ( ,jutl&1 !re are consid]able ve9s compos$ almo/ :olly ( g>net4 ,= a v full exam9ation ( ! me*anical & *emical composition ( ! dune s&s ( ,jutl&1 see ,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mation51 p4 #aaj4 #dbh ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 i1 p4 #cbc4 #dbi ,j4 ,g4 ,,kohl1 ,die ,inseln und ,m>s*5 d] ,h]zog?uem] ,s*leswig und ,hol/e91 ii1 p4 #bjj4 #dcj ,,/>+1 ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 i1 p4 #cag4 ,see also1 ,b,e,r,g,s,oe,e1 ,rev5tov's ,virksomh$1 ii1 p4 #aa4 ,9 ! s&-hill ponds m5tion$ 9 ! text1 !re is a vigor\s gr[? ( bog plants accompani$ ) ! =mation ( peat1 :i* goes on regul>ly z long z ! dune s& does n drift4 ,b if ! surface ( ! dunes is brok51 ! s& bl[s into ! ponds1 cov]s ! peat1 & puts an end to its =mation4 ,:51 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 m>9e curr5ts cut away ! coa/1 ! dunes move l&w>d & fill up ! ponds1 & ?us are =m$ ! rem>kable /rata ( fossile peat call$ ,m>to]v1 :i* appe>s to be unkn[n to ! geologi/s ( o!r p>ts ( ,europe4--,,=*hamm]1 9 ,,leonh>d und ,,bronn1 #ahda1 p4 #ac4 #dca ,! l[] /rata mu/ be old] ?an ! sup]ficial lay]s1 & ! p>ticles :i* compose !m may 9 "t become m dis9tegrat$1 & !re=e f9] ?an ^? deposit$ lat] & above !m4 #dcb ,on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa ! dunes are drift+ seaw>ds1 & always receiv+ new accessions f ! ,sah>a4 ,!y are con/antly advanc+ out into ! sea4 ,see ante1 p4 #af1 note4--,,naumann1 ,geognosie1 ii1 p4 #aagb4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #eh4 #dcc ,=*hamm]1 aft] po9t+ out ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! incl9$ /ratification ( dunes & ! /ructure ( anci5t tilt$ rocks1 says3 ,b ,i am n able to po9t out a s&/one =mation correspond+ to ! dunes4 ,probably mo/ anci5t dunes h be5 de/roy$ by subm]sion be=e ! loose s& became cem5t$ to solid /one1 b we may suppose t circum/ances h exi/$ some:]e :i* h pres]v$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is =mation4--,,leonh>d und ,,bronn1 #ahda1 p4 #h1 #i4 ,su* =mations1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly exi/4 ,i f9d f ,laur5t 7,memoire sur le ,sah>a1 etc41 p4 #ab71 t 9 ! ,alg]ian des]t !re exi/ s&/one =mations n only correspond+ to ! dunes1 b actually consolidat$ )9 !m4 ,a place call$ ,el-,m\ia-,tadj] pres5ts a repetition ( :at we saw at ,el-,baya2 "o ( ! funnels =m$ 9 ! middle ( ! dunes conta9s wells f two metres to two & a half 9 dep?1 dug 9 a s& :i* pressure1 & probably ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 salts1 h cem5t$ s z to =m true s&/one1 s(t inde$1 b :i* does n yield except to ! pickaxe4 ,^! s&/ones exhibit an incl9ation :i* seems to be ! effect ( w9d2 = !y con=m to ! direction ( ! s&s :i* roll d[n a sc>p occasion$ by ! primitive ob/acle4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #ei4 ,! dunes ne> ! m\? ( ! ,nile1 ! l[] s&s ( :i* h be5 cem5t$ toge!r by ! infiltration ( ,nile wat]1 w\ld probably %[ a simil> /ratification 9 ! s&/one :i* n[ =ms _! base4 #dcd ,=*hamm] ascribes ! resemblance betwe5 ! furr[+ ( ! dune s&s & ! bea* ripples1 n to ! simil>ity ( ! effect ( w9d & wat] ^u s&1 b :olly to ! action ( ! =m] fluid2 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 directly1 9 ! latt]1 ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! w9d ripples on ! surface ( ! dunes precisely resemble ! wat] ripples ( s& flats occasionally ov]fl[$ by ! sea2 & ) ! close/ scrut9y1 ,i h nev] be5 able to detect ! slighte/ diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,?is is easily expla9$ by ! fact1 t ! wat] ripples are produc$ by ! action ( light w9d on ! wat] :i* only transmits ! air waves to ! s&4--,,leonh>d und ,,bronn1 #ahda1 pp4 #g1 #h4 #dce ,am]ican obs]v]s d n agree 9 _! descriptions ( ! =m & "* ( ! s& gra9s :i* compose ! int]ior dunes ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican des]t4 ,c4 ,c4 ,p>ry1 geologi/ to ! ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,commission1 9 describ+ ! dunes ne> ! /ation at a spr+ ?irty-two miles we/ f ! ,rio ,gr&e at ,el ,paso1 says3 ,! sep>ate gra9s ( ! s& compos+ ! s& hills are se5 "u a l5s to be angul>1 & n r\nd$1 z w\ld be ! case 9 regul> bea* deposits4--,u4 ,s4 ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,survey1 ,report (1 vol4 i1 ,geological ,report ( ,c4 ,c4 ,p>ry1 p4 #aj4 ,9 ! g5]al description ( ! c\ntry trav]s$1 same volume1 p4 #dg1 ,colonel ,emory says t on an exam9ation ( ! s& ) a microscope ( suffici5t p[]1 ! gra9s are se5 to be angul>1 n r\nd$ by roll+ 9 wat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,blake1 9 ,geological ,report1 ,pacific ,railroad ,rep41 vol4 v1 p4 #aai1 obs]ves t ! gra9s ( ! dune s&1 consi/+ ( qu>tz1 *alc$ony1 c>nelian1 agate1 rose qu>tz1 & probably *rysolite1 7 mu* r\nd$2 & on page #bda1 he says t _m ( ! s& gra9s ( ! ,colorado des]t are p]fect sph]es4 ,on page #bj ( a report 9 vol4 ii ( ! ,pacific ,railroad ,report1 by ! same obs]v]1 x is said t an exam9ation ( dune s&s br\ght f ! ,llano ,e/acado by ,capta9 ,pope1 %[$ ! gra9s to be mu* r\nd$ by attrition4 ,! s&s describ$ by ,mr4 ,p>ry & ,colonel ,emory are n f ! same localities z ^? exam9$ by ,mr4 ,blake1 & ! diff]5ce 9 _! "* may d5ote a diff]5ce ( orig9 or ( age4 #dcf ,,laur5t 7,memoire sur le ,sah>a1 pp4 #aa1 #ab1 & else:]e7 speaks ( a funnel-%ap$ depression at a high po9t 9 ! dunes1 z a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! s& hills ( ! ,alg]ian des]t4 ,?is seems to be an approximation to ! cresc5t =m notic$ by ,mey5 & ,poeppig 9 ! inl& dunes ( ,p]u4 #dcg ,travels 9 ,p]u1 ,new ,york1 #ahdh1 *ap4 ix4 #dch ,not)/&+ ! g5]al t5d5cy ( isolat$ coa/ dunes & ( ! peaks ( ! s& ridges to assume a conical =m1 ,&res5 /ates t ! hills ( ! inn] or l&w>d r[s are sometimes b[-%ap$1 & sometimes undulat+ 9 outl9e4--,om ,klit=mation51 p4 #hd4 ,he says fur!r t3 ,be=e an ob/ruction1 two or ?ree feet high & consid]ably long]1 ly+ p]p5dicul>ly to ! direction ( ! w9d1 ! s& is deposit$ ) a w9dw>d angle ( f #f deg4 to #ab deg41 & ! bank pres5ts a concave face to ! w9d1 :ile1 beh9d ! ob/ruction1 ! outl9e is convex2 & he lays x d[n z a g5]al rule1 t a slope1 f :i* s& is bl[n1 is left ) a concavity ( ab\t "o in* ( dep? to f\r feet ( di/ance2 a slope1 ^u :i* s& is dropp$ by ! w9d1 is convex4 ,x appe>s f ,&res5's figures1 h[ev]1 t ! concavity & convexity ref]r$ to1 apply1 n to ! horizontal longitud9al section ( ! s& bank1 z 8 language unexpla9$ by ! draw+s might be suppos$ to mean1 b to ! v]tical cross-section1 & h5ce ! dunes he describes1 ) ! exception above not$1 d n correspond to ^? ( ! ,am]ican des]ts4--,om ,klit=mation51 p4 #hf4 ,! dunes ( ,gascony1 :i* sometimes exce$ ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 pres5t ! same concavity & convexity ( v]tical cross-section4 ,! slopes ( ^! dunes are mu* /eep] ?an ^? ( ! ,ne!rl&s & ! ,dani% coa/2 = :ile all obs]v]s agree 9 assign+ to ! seaw>d & l&w>d faces ( ^? latt]1 respectively1 angles ( f #e deg4 to #ab deg41 & #cj deg4 ) ! horizon1 ! correspond+ faces ( ! dunes ( ,gascony pres5t angles ( f #aj deg4 to #be deg41 & #ej deg4 to #fj deg44--,,laval1 ,memoire sur les ,dunes de ,gascogne1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #bme seme/re4 #dci ,krause1 speak+ ( ! dunes on ! coa/ ( ,prussia1 says3 ,_! orig9 belongs to ?ree diff]5t p]iods1 9 :i* important *anges 9 ! relative level ( sea & l& h unque/ionably tak5 place4 99 99 99 ,except 9 ! deep depressions betwe5 !m1 ! dunes are ev]y:]e spr9kl$1 to a consid]able height1 ) br[n oxydulat$ iron1 :i* has p5etrat$ into ! s& to ! dep? ( f ?ree to eighte5 in*es1 & color$ x r$4 99 99 99 ,above ! iron is a /ratum ( s& diff]+ 9 composition f ord9>y sea s&1 & on ?is1 gr[+ woods are always f\nd4 99 99 99 ,! gradually accumulat$ =e/ soil occurs 9 b$s ( f "o to ?ree feet ?ick1 & *anges1 proce$+ upw>d1 f gray s& to black humus4 ,ev5 on ! ?ird or seaw>d range1 ! s& grasses appe> & ?rive luxuriantly1 at lea/ on ! we/ coa/1 ?\gh4 ,krause d\bts :e!r ! dunes ( ! ea/ coa/ 7 ev] ?us protect$4--,d] ,du55bau1 pp4 #h1 #aa4 #ddj ,,laval1 ,memoire sur les ,dunes de ,gascogne1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #bme seme/re1 p4 #bca4 ,! same op9ion _h be5 express$ by ,,bremonti]1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahcc1 #a;er seme/re1 p4 #ahe4 #dda ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 says ,willibald ,alexis1 z quot$ by ,muell]1 ,das ,bu* d] ,pflanz5welt i1 p4 #af1 ! ,nehrung 0 ext5d+ itself fur!r1 & ! n>r[ op5+ ne> ,lo*/adt _h fill$ itself up ) s&4 ,a great p9e =e/ b\nd ) its roots ! dune s& & ! hea? un9t]rupt$ly f ,danzig to ,pillau4 ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,i 0 once 9 want ( money4 ,a c]ta9 ,h]r von ,korff promis$ to procure x = him1 )\t loan or taxes1 if he c\ld be all[$ to remove some?+ q useless4 ,he ?9n$ out ! =e/s ( ,prussia1 :i* !n1 inde$1 possess$ little pecuni>y value2 b he fell$ ! entire woods ( ! ,fris*e ,nehrung1 s f> z !y lay )9 ! ,prussian t]ritory4 ,! f9ancial op]ation 0 a success4 ,! k+ _h money1 b 9 ! elem5t>y op]ation :i* result$ f x1 ! /ate receiv$ irrep>able injury4 ,! sea w9ds ru% ov] ! b>$ hills2 ! ,fris*e ,haff is half-*ok$ ) s&2 ! *annel betwe5 ,elb+1 ! sea1 & ,ko5igsb]g is endang]$1 & ! fi%]ies 9 ! ,haff injur$4 ,! op]ation ( ,h]r von ,korff br\ght ! k+ #bjj1jjj ?al]s4 ,! /ate w\ld n[ will+ly exp5d millions to re/ore ! =e/s aga94 #ddb ,,/>+1 ,voormaals en ,?ans1 p4 #bca4 ,_h ! dunes ( ! ,ne!rl&i% & ,fr5* coa/s1 at ! p]iod ( ! ,roman invasion1 resembl$ ! mov+ s& hills ( ! pres5t day1 x is inconceivable t !y c\ld h escap$ ! notice ( s acute a physical geograph] z ,/rabo2 & ! absolute sil5ce ( ,caes>1 ,ptolemy1 & ! encyclopa$ic ,pl9y1 respect+ !m1 w\ld be n less inexplicable4 ,! ,old ,nor!rn language1 ! anci5t tongue ( ,d5m>k1 ?\gh ri* 9 t]ms descriptive ( natural sc5]y1 _h no "n = dune1 nor d ,i ?9k ! s& hills ( ! coa/ are any:]e notic$ 9 ,icel&ic lit]ature4 ,! mod]n ,icel&]s1 9 treat+ ( ! dunes ( ,jutl&1 call !m klettr1 hill1 cliff1 & ! ,dani% klit is f t s\rce4 ,! ^w ,du5e is also ( rec5t introduction into ,g]man4 ,_h ! dunes be5 di/+ui%$ f o!r hillocks1 9 anci5t times1 by s rem>kable a feature z ! prop5sity to drift1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h acquir$ a specific "n 9 bo? ,old ,nor!rn & ,g]man4 ,s long z !y 7 wood$ knolls1 !y ne$$ no peculi> "n2 :5 !y became =midable1 f ! de/ruction ( ! woods :i* conf9$ !m1 !y acquir$ a designation4 #ddc ,! s&s ( ,cape ,cod 7 p>tially1 if n completely1 cov]$ ) vegetation by nature4 ,dr4 ,dwight1 describ+ ! dunes z !y 7 9 #ahjj1 says3 ,"s ( !m are cov]$ ) bea* grass2 "s fr+$ ) :ortleb]ry bu%es2 & "s tuft$ ) a small & s+ul> gr[? ( oaks4 99 99 99 ,! p>ts ( ?is b>ri]1 :i* are cov]$ ) :ortleb]ry bu%es & ) oaks1 h be5 ei!r n at all1 or v little bl[n4 ,! oaks1 p>ticul>ly1 appe> to be ! cont9uation ( ! =e/s orig9ally =m$ on ?is spot4 99 99 99 ,!y wore all ! m>ks ( extreme age2 71 9 "s in/ances1 already decay$1 & 9 o!rs decay+2 7 ho>y ) moss1 & 7 de=m$ by bran*es1 brok5 & wa/$1 n by viol5ce1 b by "t4--,travels1 iii1 p4 #ia4 #ddd ,b]gsoee 7,rev5tlovs ,virksomh$1 ii1 #c7 /ates t ! dunes on ! we/ coa/ ( ,jutl& 7 /ation>y be=e ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s to ! ea/ ( !m4 ,! fell+ ( ! tall trees remov$ ! resi/ance to ! l[] curr5ts ( ! we/]ly w9ds1 & ! s&s h s9ce buri$ a great ext5t ( f]tile soil4 ,see also same "w1 ii1 p4 #abd4 #dde ,we mu/1 !re=e1 n be surpris$ to see ! p "h deal z g+]ly ) _! dunes1 z if tread+ among eggs4 ,he :o is lucky en\gh to own a molehill ( dune pets x affectionately1 & sp5ds 8 sub/ance 9 *]i%+ & fatt5+ x4 ,t fair1 f]tile1 ri* prov9ce1 ! p59sula ( ,eid]/a$t 9 ! s\? ( ,friesl&1 has1 on ! po9t t[>d ! sea1 only a t9y r[ ( dunes1 "s six miles long or s2 b ! p talk ( _! fr+e ( s& hills z if x 7 a bord] set ) pe>ls4 ,!y look ^u x z _! be/ def5ce aga9/ ,neptune4 ,!y h connect$ x ) _! sy/em ( dikes1 & = ye>s h kept s5tries po/$ to protect x aga9/ wanton injury4--,j4 ,g4 ,,kohl1 ,die ,inseln u4 ,m>s*5 ,s*leswig-,hol/e9s1 ii1 p4 #aae4 #ddf ,s& banks sometimes connect !mselves ) ! coa/ at bo? ends1 & ?us cut (f a portion ( ! sea4 ,9 ?is case1 z well z :5 salt wat] is enclos$ by sea dikes1 ! wat] ?us sep>at$ f ! ocean gradually becomes fre%1 or at lea/ bracki%4 ,! ,haffs1 or l>ge expanses ( fre% wat] 9 ,ea/]n ,prussia--:i* are divid$ f ! ,baltic by n>r[ s& banks call$ ,nehrung51 or1 at %elt]$ po9ts ( ! coa/1 by fluviatile deposits call$ ,w]d]s--all h "o or m op5 passages1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ( ! riv]s t supply !m at la/ f9ds its way to ! sea4 #ddg ,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mation51 pp4 #fh-gb4 #ddh ,id41 pp4 #bca1 #bcb4 ,&res5's "w1 ?\gh pr9t$ 9 #ahfa1 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahei4 ,lyell 7,antiquity ( ,man1 #ahfc1 p4 #ad7 says3 ,ev5 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! salt wat]s h made "o eruption into ! ,baltic by ! ,liimfjord1 al?\gh !y h be5 n[ aga9 exclud$4 #ddi ,,=*hamm]1 ,geogno/is*e ,/udi5 am ,me]es-,uf]4 ,,leonh>d und ,,bronn1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahda1 pp4 #aa1 #ac4 #dej ,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mation51 pp4 #fh1 #gb4 #dea ,voormaals en ,?ans1 pp4 #abf1 #agj4 #deb ,see a v int]e/+ article entitl$ ,le ,littoral de la ,france1 by ,,elisee ,,reclus1 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 = ,decemb]1 #ahfb1 pp4 #ija1 #icf4 #dec ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 i1 p4 #dbe4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #fj4 #ded ,! movem5t ( ! dunes has be5 h>dly less de/ructive on ! nor? side ( ! ,gironde4 ,sea ! valuable article ( ,,elisee ,,reclus already ref]r$ to1 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 = ,decemb]1 #ahfb1 entitl$ ,le ,littoral de la ,france4 #dee ,,laval1 ,memoire sur les ,dunes du ,golfe de ,gascogne1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 p4 #bbc4 ,! au?or adds1 z a curi\s & unexpla9$ fact1 t "s ( ^! pools1 ?\gh evid5tly n orig9al =mations b m]e accumulations ( wat] damm$ up by ! dunes1 h1 along _! we/]n %ore1 ne> ! base ( ! s& hills1 a dep? ( m ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty feet1 & h5ce _! bottoms are n less ?an eighty feet bel[ ! level ( ! l[e/ tides4 ,_! we/]n banks desc5d /eeply1 con=m+ ne>ly to ! slope ( ! dunes1 :ile on ! nor!a/ & s\? ! incl9ation ( _! b$s is v gradual4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ^! pools corresponds to t ( ! sea t5 miles f ! %ore4 ,is x possible t ! weight ( ! s&s has press$ toge!r ! soil on :i* !y re/1 & ?us occasion$ a subsid5ce ( ! surface ext5d+ beyond _! base8 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #fa4 #def ,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mationem1 pp4 #ef1 #gi1 #hb4 #deg ,,/>+1 ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 i1 pp4 #cbi-cca4 ,id41 ,voormaals en ,?ans1 p4 #afc4 ,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mation51 pp4 #bhj1 #bie4 ,! creation ( new dunes1 by ! processes m5tion$ 9 ! text1 seems to be mu* old] 9 ,europe ?an ! adoption ( measures = secur+ !m by plant+4 ,dr4 ,dwight m5tions a case 9 ,massa*usetts1 :]e a bea* 0 re/or$1 & new dunes =m$1 by plant+ bea* grass4 ,)9 ! memory ( my in=mant1 ! sea broke ov] ! bea* :i* connects ,truro ) ,prov9ce ,t[n1 & swept ! body ( x away = "s di/ance4 ,! bea* grass 0 imm$iately plant$ on ! spot2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! bea* 0 aga9 rais$ to a suffici5t height1 & 9 v>i\s places into hills4--,dwight's ,travels1 iii1 p4 #ic4 #deh ,,/>+1 i1 pp4 #caj1 #ccb4 #dei ,!re is "s confusion 9 ! popul> use ( ^! names1 & 9 ! sci5tific designations ( s& plants1 & !y are possibly appli$ to diff]5t plants 9 diff]5t places4 ,"s writ]s /yle ! g\rbet ,calamagro/is ar5>ia1 & di/+ui% x f ! ,dani% ,klittetag or ,hjelme4 #dfj ,bread1 n inde$ v palatable1 has be5 made ( ! se$s ( ! arundo1 b ! quantity :i* c be ga!r$ is n suffici5t to =m an important economical res\rce4----,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mation51 p4 #afj4 #dfa ,b,e,r,g,s,oe,e1 ,rev5tlovs ,virksomh$1 ii1 p4 #d4 #dfb ,measures 7 tak5 = ! protection ( ! dunes ( ,cape ,cod1 9 ,massa*usetts1 dur+ ! colonial p]iod1 ?\gh ,i believe !y are n[ sub/antially ab&on$4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago1 be=e ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 or ev5 ! ri* pla9s ( ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,new ,york1 7 op5$ to ! :ite settl]1 ! value ( l& 0 relatively mu* great] 9 ,new ,engl& ?an x is at pres5t1 & consequ5tly "s rural improvem5ts 7 !n wor? mak+1 :i* w\ld n n[ yield suffici5t returns to tempt ! inve/m5t ( capital4 ,! money & ! "t requir$ to subdue & r5d] productive tw5ty acres ( sea s& on ,cape ,cod1 w\ld buy a section & re> a family 9 ,ill9ois4 ,! son ( ! ,pilgrims1 !re=e1 ab&ons ! s& hills1 & seeks a bett] =tune on ! f]tile prairies ( ! ,we/4 ,dr4 ,dwight1 :o visit$ ,cape ,cod 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 aft] describ+ ! bea* grass1 a vegetable be>+ a g5]al resemblance to s$ge1 b ( a light blui%-gre51 & ( a co>se appe>ance1 :i* fl\ri%es ) a /rong & rapid vegetation on ! s&s1 obs]ves t he receiv$ f a ,mr4 ,coll9s1 =m]ly ( ,truro1 ! foll[+ in=mation3 ,:5 he liv$ at ,truro1 ! inhabitants 71 "u ! au?ority ( law1 regul>ly w>n$ 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 ye>ly1 to plant bea* grass1 z1 9 o!r t[ns ( ,new ,engl&1 !y are w>n$ to repair highways4 ,x 0 requir$ by ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 & "u ! prop] p5alties = disob$i5ce2 be+ z regul> a public tax z any o!r4 ,! p1 !re=e1 g5]ally att5d$ & p]=m$ ! labor4 ,! grass 0 dug 9 bun*es1 z x naturally gr[s2 & ea* bun* divid$ into a numb] ( small] ones4 ,^! 7 set out 9 ! s& at di/ances ( ?ree feet4 ,aft] "o r[ 0 set1 o!rs 7 plac$ beh9d x 9 su* a mann] z to %ut up ! int]/ices2 or1 z a c>p5t] w\ld say1 s z to break ! jo9ts4 99 99 99 ,:5 x is once set1 x gr[s & spreads ) rapidity4 99 99 99 ,! se$s are s heavy t !y b5d d[n ! heads ( ! grass2 & :5 ripe1 drop directly d[n by its side1 :]e !y imm$iately vegetate4 ,?us 9 a %ort "t ! gr\nd is cov]$4 ,:]e ?is cov]+ is f\nd1 none ( ! s& is bl[n4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is accumulat$ & rais$ cont9ually z sn[ ga!rs & rises among bu%es1 or bran*es ( trees cut & spread ^u ! e>?4 ,nor does ! grass m]ely def5d ! surface on :i* x is plant$2 b rises1 z t rises by new accumulations2 & always ov]tops ! s&1 h[ev] high t may be rais$ by ! w9d4--,dwight's ,travels 9 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york1 ii1 p4 #ib1 #ic4 ,?is in=mation 0 receiv$ 9 #ahjj1 & x relates to a =m] /ate ( ?+s1 probably m ?an tw5ty ye>s previ\s1 & e>li] ?an #aggi1 :5 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,d5m>k fir/ s]i\sly attempt$ ! conque/ ( ! dunes4 ,! depa/ur+ ( ! bea* grass--a plant alli$ 9 habits1 if n 9 botanical "*1 to ! arundo--has be5 att5d$ ) v injuri\s effects 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,dr4 ,dwight1 aft] ref]r+ to ! laws = its propagation1 already cit$1 says3 ,! b5efit ( ?is useful plant1 & ( ^! prud5t regulations1 is1 h[ev]1 9 "s measure lo/4 ,!re are 9 ,prov9ce ,t[n1 z ,i 0 in=m$1 "o hundr$ & =ty c[s4 ,^! animals1 be+ /9t$ 9 _! means ( subsi/5ce1 are p]mitt$ to w&]1 at times1 9 se>* ( food4 ,9 e su* case1 !y make depr$ations on ! bea* grass1 & prev5t its se$s f be+ =m$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! plant is ultimately de/roy$4--,travels1 iii1 p4 #id4 ,on page #aja ( ! same volume1 ! au?or m5tions an in/ance ( great injury f ?is cause4 ,"h1 ab\t "o ?\s& acres 7 entirely bl[n away to ! dep?1 9 _m places1 ( t5 feet4 99 99 99 ,n a gre5 ?+ 0 visible except ! :ortleb]ries1 :i* tuft$ a few lonely hillocks ris+ to ! height ( ! orig9al surface & prev5t$ by ?is def5ce f be+ bl[n away also4 ,^!1 al?\gh !y v>i$ ! prospect1 add$ to ! gloom by _! /rongly picturesque appe>ance1 by m>k+ exactly ! orig9al level ( ! pla91 & by %[+ u 9 ?is mann] ! imm5sity ( ! mass :i* _h be5 ?us c>ri$ away by ! w9d4 ,! bea* grass _h be5 plant$ "h1 & ! gr\nd _h be5 =m]ly enclos$2 b ! gates _h be5 left op51 & ! cattle _h de/roy$ ?is invaluable plant4 #dfc ,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mation51 pp4 #bcg1 #bdj4 #dfd ,^! plantations1 p]sev]+ly cont9u$ f ! "t ( ,bremonti] n[ cov] m ?an #dj1jjj hect>es1 & compose =e/s :i* are n only ! salvation ( ! dep>tm5t1 b con/itute its weal?4--,,clave1 ,etudes ,=e/i]es1 p4 #bed4 ,o!r au?ors h /at$ ! plantations ( ! ,fr5* dunes to be mu* m ext5sive4 #dfe ,,kruse1 ,du55bau1 pp4 #cd1 #ch1 #dj4 #dff ,^! processes are sub/antially simil> to ^? employ$ 9 ! p9]ies ( ! ,c>ol9as1 b !y are bett] sy/ematiz$ & m economically conduct$ 9 ,france4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry1 all ! products ( ! p9e1 ev5 to ! cones1 f9d a remun]at+ m>ket1 :ile1 9 ,am]ica1 ! price ( res9 is s l[1 t 9 ! fi]ce /eamboat races on ! great riv]s1 l>ge quantities ( x are ?r[n into ! furnaces to increase ! int5sity ( ! fires4 ,9 a c>efully prep>$ article on ! ,s\!rn p9]ies publi%$ 9 an ,am]ican magaz9e--,i ?9k ,h>p]'s--a few ye>s ago1 x 0 /at$ t ! res9 f ! turp5t9e di/ill]ies 0 sometimes all[$ to run to wa/e2 & ! writ]1 9 "o in/ance1 obs]v$ a mass1 ?us reject$ z rubbi%1 :i* 0 e/imat$ to am\nt to two ?\s& b>rels4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #fb4 #dfg ,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mation51 pp4 #gh1 #bfb1 #bge4 #dfh ,,laval1 ,memoire sur les ,dunes du ,golfe de ,gascogne1 ,annales des ,ponts et ,*aussees1 #ahdg1 #bme seme/re1 p4 #bfa4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #fc4 #dfi ,!re are ext5sive ranges ( dunes on v>i\s p>ts ( ! coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 b ,i f9d no e/imate ( _! area4 ,pannewitz 7,anleitung zam ,anbau d] ,s&flae*571 z cit$ by ,&res5 7,om ,klit=mation51 p4 #de71 /ates t ! drift+ s&s ( ,europe1 includ+1 ( c\rse1 s& pla9s z well z dunes1 cov] an ext5t ( #ba1jjj squ>e miles4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 an exagg]ation1 ?\gh !re is1 und\bt$ly1 mu* m des]t l& ( ?is description on ! ,european cont95t ?an has be5 g5]ally suppos$4 ,!re is no "q t mo/ ( ?is wa/e is capable ( reclamation by simple plant+1 & no mode ( physical improvem5t is bett] wor? ! att5tion ( civiliz$ ,gov]nm5ts ?an ?is4 ,!re are (t5 s]i\s objections to ext5sive =e/ plant+ on soils capable ( be+ o!rwise made productive1 b !y d n apply to s& wa/es1 :i*1 until cov]$ by woods1 are n only a useless incumbrance1 b a s\rce ( s]i\s dang] to all human improvem5ts 9 ! neighborhood ( !m4 #dgj ,,boitel1 ,mise en valeur des ,t]res pauvres p> le ,p9 m>itime1 pp4 #bab1 #bah4 #dga ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 4 #dgb ,= details1 consult ,,&res51 ,om ,klit=mation51 pp4 #bbc1 #bcf4 #dgc ,:5 ! deposit is n v deep1 & ! adjac5t l& ly+ to ! leew>d ( ! prevail+ w9ds is cov]$ ) wat]1 or o!rwise wor?less1 ! surface is sometimes fre$ f ! drifts by repeat$ h>r[+s1 :i* loos5 ! s&1 s t ! w9d takes x up & transports x to gr\nds :]e accumulations ( x are less injuri\s4 #dgd ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,*aldaea1 *ap4 ix4 #dge ,etudes ,=e/i]es1 p4 #bec4 #dgf ,,lav]gne1 ,economie ,rurale de la ,france1 p4 #cjj1 e/imates ! area ( ! ,l&es ( ,gascony at #gjj1jjj hect>es1 or ab\t #a1gjj1jjj acres4 ,! same au?or /ates 7p4 #cjd71 t :5 ! ,moors 7 driv5 f ,spa9 by ! bl9d cupidity & brutal intol]ance ( ! age1 !y dem&$ p]mission to e/abli% !mselves 9 ?is des]t2 b political & religi\s prejudices prev5t$ ! grant+ ( ?is lib]ty4 ,at ?is p]iod ! ,moors 7 a f> m cultivat$ p ?an _! ,*ri/ian p]secutors1 & !y _h c>ri$ _m arts1 t ( agriculture especially1 to a high] pit* ?an any o!r ,european nation4 ,b ,france 0 n wise en\gh to accept :at ,spa9 _h ca/ out1 & ! ,l&es rema9$ a wa/e = ?ree c5turies long]4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 #fd4 ,! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau1 :i* conta9s above #dj1jjj acres1 is n a pla91 b its soil is compos$ almo/ :olly ( s&1 int]sp]s$ ) l$ges ( rock4 ,! s& =ms n less ?an n9ety-eight p] c5t4 ( ! e>?1 &1 z x is almo/ )\t wat]1 x w\ld be a drift+ des]t b = ! artificial propagation ( =e/ trees ^u x4 #dgg ,economie ,rurale de la ,belgique1 p> ,,emile ,,de ,,laveleye1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,ju91 #ahfa1 pp4 #fag-fdd4 #dgh ,geognosie1 ii1 p4 #aagc4 #dgi ,accord+ to ,,hoh5/e91 ,d] ,wald1 pp4 #bbh1 #bbi1 an ext5sive plantation ( p9es--a tree new to ,s\!rn ,russia--0 comm5c$ 9 #ahdb1 on ! b>r5 & s&y banks ( ! ,+ula1 ne> ,elisabe?grod1 & has met ) v flatt]+ success4 ,o!r exp]im5ts 9 sylviculture at diff]5t po9ts on ! /eppes promise valuable results4 #dhj ,sixte5 ye>s ago1 says an ,odessa l&hold]1 ,i attempt$ to fix ! s& ( ! /eppes1 :i* cov]s ! rocky gr\nd to ! dep? ( a foot1 & =ms mov+ hillocks ) e *ange ( w9d4 ,i tri$ acacias & p9es 9 va92 no?+ w\ld gr[ 9 su* a soil4 ,at l5g? ,i plant$ ! v>ni% tree1 or ailan?us1 :i* succe$$ completely 9 b9d+ ! s&4 ,?is result enc\rag$ ! proprietor to ext5d 8 plantations ov] bo? dunes & s& /eppes1 & 9 ! c\rse ( sixte5 ye>s ?is rapidly gr[+ tree _h =m$ real =e/s4 ,o!r l&[n]s h imitat$ 8 example ) great advantage4--,,r5ts*1 ,d] ,wald1 p4 #dd1 #de4 #dha ,s\v5irs d'un ,naturali/e1 i1 pp4 #bjd et seqq4 #dhb ,if we suppose ! n>r[ i/hmus ( ,c5tral ,am]ica to be sunk 9 ! ocean1 ! w>m equatorial curr5t w\ld no long] foll[ its circuit\s r\te ar\nd ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 b p\r itself ?r\gh ! new op5+ directly into ! ,pacific4 ,we %\ld !n lose ! w>m? ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & cold pol> curr5ts fl[+ f>!r s\?w>d w\ld take its place & be driv5 ^u our coa/s by ! we/]n w9ds4 ,! ,nor? ,sea w\ld resemble ,hudson's ,bay1 & its h>bors be free f ice at be/ only 9 summ]4 ,! p[] & prosp]ity ( its coa/s w\ld %rivel "u ! brea? ( w9t]1 z a m$usa ?r[n on %ore %r9ks to an insignificant film "u ! influ5ce ( ! de/ructive atmosph]e4 ,comm]ce1 indu/ry1 f]tility ( soil1 population1 w\ld disappe>1 & ! va/ wa/e--a new ,labrador--w\ld become a wor?less app5dage ( "s clime m favor$ by nature4--,,h>twig1 ,das ,leb5 des ,me]es1 p4 #gj4 #dhc ,i "k no?+ ( ,capta9 ,all5's "w b its title & its subject4 ,v probably he may h anticipat$ _m ( ! foll[+ speculations1 & ?r[n light on po9ts ^u :i* ,i am ignorant4 #dhd ,"s haue writte1 t by c]ta9 k+s inhabit+ ab\e1 ! ,nilus %\ld !re be /opp$2 at a "t prefixt1 let loose vpon a c]ta9e tribute payd !m by ! ,aegyptians4 ,! error spr++ p]haps fro a tru? 7z all w&r+ reports = ! mo/ "p doe7 9 t ! ,sultan do? pay a c]ta9e annuall summe to ! ,abiss9 ,emp]\r = n diu]t+ ! c\rse ( ! ,riu]1 :i* 7!y say7 he may1 or imp\]i% x at ! lea/4--,,george ,,s&ys1 ,a ,relation ( a ,j\rney1 etc41 p4 #ih4 #dhe ,! ,recca1 a riv] ) a consid]able curr5t1 has be5 satisfactorily id5tifi$ ) a /ream fl[+ ?r\gh ! cave ( ,trebi*1 & ) ! ,timavo--! ,timavus ( ,virgil & ! anci5t geograph]s--:i* empties ?r\gh sev]al m\?s into ! ,adriatic betwe5 ,trie/e & ,aquileia4 ,! di/ance f ,trie/e to a suitable po9t 9 ! grotto ( ,trebi* is ?\ght to be less ?an ?ree miles1 & ! difficulties 9 ! way ( con/ruct+ a tunnel d n seem =midable4 ,! works ( ,s*midl1 ,die ,hoehl5 des ,k>/es1 & ,d] unt]irdis*e ,lauf d] ,recca1 are n common out ( ,g]many1 b ! read] w f9d _m int]e/+ facts d]iv$ f !m 9 two articles entitl$ ,d] unt]irdis*e ,lauf d] ,recca1 9 ,aus d] ,natur1 xx1 pp4 #bej-bed1 #bfc-bff4 #dhf ,,b>?1 ,w&]ung5 dur* die ,kue/5 des ,mittelme]es1 i1 p4 #cec4 ,9 a note on page #chj1 ( ! same volume1 ,b>? cites ,/rabo z ass]t+ t a simil> practice prevail$ 9 ,iapygia2 b x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! epi!t ,greek3 tra*eia1 appli$ by ,/rabo to ! orig9al surface1 necess>ily implies t x 0 cov]$ ) a cont9u\s /ratum ( rock4 #dhg ,,p>!y1 ,w&]ung5 dur* ,sicili5 und die ,levante1 i1 p4 #djd4 #dhh ,geogno/is*e ,/udi5 am ,me]es ,uf]1 ,,leonh>d und ,,bronn1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahda1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 #dhi ,,kohl1 ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ii1 p4 #de4 #dij ,w&]ung5 dur* ,sicili5 und die ,levante1 i1 p4 #djf4 #dia ,,l&grebe1 ,naturges*i*te d] ,vulkane1 ii1 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 #dib ,soon aft] ! curr5t issues f ! volcano1 x is cov]$ above & at its sides1 & f9ally 9 front1 ) scoriae1 =m$ by ! cool+ ( ! expos$ surface1 :i* bury & conceal ! fluid mass4 ,! /ream rolls on "u ! coat+1 & betwe5 ! walls ( scoriae1 & x 0 ! lat]al cru/ :i* 0 brok5 ?r\gh by ! workm5 m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,! di/ance to :i* lava fl[s1 be=e its surface beg9s to solidify1 dep5ds on its volume1 its composition1 its temp]ature & t ( ! air1 ! =ce ) :i* x is eject$1 & ! incl9ation ( ! declivity ov] :i* x runs4 ,9 mo/ cases x is difficult to approa* ! curr5t at po9ts :]e x is /ill entirely fluid1 & h5ce opportunities ( obs]v+ x 9 t condition are n v frequ5t4 ,9 ! eruption ( ,febru>y1 #ahej1 on ! ea/ side ( ,vesuvius1 ,i w5t q up to "o ( ! outlets4 ,! lava %ot out ( ! orifice upw>d ) great velocity1 l ! wat] f a spr+1 9 a /ream eight or t5 feet 9 diamet]1 ?r[+ up occasionally volcanic bombs1 b x imm$iately spread out on ! declivity d[n :i* x fl[$1 to ! wid? ( sev]al y>ds4 ,x cont9u$ r$ hot 9 broad daylight1 & )\t a p>ticle ( scoriae on its surface1 = a c\rse ( at lea/ "o hundr$ y>ds4 ,at ?is di/ance1 ! suffocat+1 sulphur\s vapors became s d5se t ,i c\ld foll[ ! curr5t no f>!r4 ,! undulations ( ! surface 7 l ^? ( a brook swoll5 by ra94 ,i e/imat$ ! height ( ! waves at five or six in*es by a bread? ( eighte5 or tw5ty4 ,to ! eye1 ! fluidity ( ! lava seem$ z p]fect z t ( wat]1 b masses ( cold lava weigh+ t5 or fifte5 p\nds float$ ^u x l cork4 ,! heat emitt$ by lava curr5ts seems extremely small :5 we consid] ! temp]ature requir$ to fuse su* mat]ials & ! great l5g? ( "t !y take 9 cool+4 ,i saw at ,nicolosi anci5t oil j>s1 hold+ a hundr$ gallons or m1 :i* _h be5 dug out f "u a /ream ( old lava above t t[n4 ,!y _h be5 v slightly cov]$ ) volcanic a%es be=e ! lava fl[$ ov] !m1 b ! lead ) :i* holes 9 !m _h be5 plugg$ 0 n melt$4 ,! curr5t t buri$ ,mompili]e 9 #affi 0 ?irty-five feet ?ick1 b m>ble /atues1 9 a *ur* ov] :i* ! lava =m$ an ar*1 7 f\nd uncalc9$ & un9jur$ 9 #agjd4 ,see ,,scrope1 ,volcanoes1 *ap4 ,,vi4 ,sec4 #f4 #dic ,,f]r>a1 ,descrizione dell' ,etna1 p4 #ajh4 #did ,,langrebe1 ,naturges*i*te d] ,vulkane1 ii1 p4 #hb4 #die ,physikalis*e ,geographie1 p4 #afh4 ,b$s ( peat1 accid5tally set on fire1 sometimes cont9ue to burn = mon?s4 ,i take ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a case ( ?is sort f a rec5t ,am]ican j\rnal3 ,a ,,curi\s ,,ph5om5on4--,:5 ! track ( ! railroad betwe5 ,brunswick & ,ba? 0 be+ grad$1 9 cross+ a mead[ ne> ! popul\s portion ( ! latt] city1 ! 'dump' sudd5ly took on a s9k+ symptom1 & d[n w5t ! tw5ty feet fill ( gravel1 clay1 & brok5 rocks1 out ( sight1 & x 0 a long1 long "t be=e dirt tra9s c\ld fill ! capaci\s /oma* t seem$ ready to receive all ! solid mat]ial t c\ld be turn$ into x4 ,! difficulty 0 at l5g? ov]come1 b all along ! side ( ! s9kage ! e>? 0 ?r[n up1 brok5 into yawn+ *asms1 & ! surface 0 ?us elevat$ above its old wat]y level4 ,s9ce t "t ?is gr\nd1 ?us slightly elevat$1 has be5 cultivat$1 & has yield$ enorm\sly ( :atev] ! own] seem$ dispos$ to plant ^u x4 ,"s ?ree mon?s ago1 by "s means unkn[n to u1 ! und]ly+ peat took fire1 & = weeks1 z we _h occasion to pass x1 we notic$ ! smoke aris+ f ! sm\ld]+ combu/ion b5ea? ! surface4 ,ra9s fell1 b ! fire burn$1 & ! smoke cont9u$ to arise4 ,monday we _h occasion to pass ! spot1 & ?\gh ne>ly a week's ra9 _h be5 dr5*+ ! gr\nd1 & ?\gh ! surface 0 :it5$ ) sn[1 & ?\gh pools ( wat] 7 /&+ ^u ! surface 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood1 /ill ! ev]la/+ subt]ranean fire 0 burn+1 & ! smoke aris+ ?r\gh ! sn[4 #dif ,"o ( ! sublime/1 & at ! same "t mo/ fe>ful sugge/ions t h be5 prompt$ by ! rese>*es ( mod]n sci5ce1 0 made by ,babbage 9 ! n9? *apt] ( 8 ,n9? ,bridgewat] ,treatise4 ,i h n ! volume at h&1 b ! foll[+ explanation w recall to ! read]1 if x does n o!rwise make intelligible1 ! sugge/ion ,i ref] to4 ,no atom c be di/urb$ 9 place1 or und]go any *ange ( temp]ature1 ( electrical /ate1 or o!r mat]ial condition1 )\t affect+1 by attraction or repulsion or o!r communication1 ! surr\nd+ atoms4 ,^!1 aga91 by ! same law1 transmit ! influ5ce to o!r atoms1 & ! impulse ?us giv5 ext5ds ?r\gh ! :ole mat]ial univ]se4 ,e human movem5t1 e organic act1 e volition1 passion1 or emotion1 e intellectual process1 is accompani$ ) atomic di/urbance1 & h5ce e su* movem5t1 e su* act or process affects all ! atoms ( univ]sal matt]4 ,?\gh action & reaction are equal1 yet reaction does n re/ore di/urb$ atoms to _! =m] place & condition1 & consequ5tly ! effects ( ! lea/ mat]ial *ange are nev] cancell$1 b 9 "s way p]petuat$1 s t no action c take place 9 physical1 moral1 or intellectual nature1 )\t leav+ all matt] 9 a diff]5t /ate f :at x w\ld h be5 if su* action _h n occurr$4 ,h5ce1 to use language :i* ,i h employ$ on ano!r occasion3 !re exi/s1 n alone 9 ! human consci5ce or 9 ! omnisci5ce ( ! ,creator1 b 9 ext]nal mat]ial nature1 an ineffaceable1 imp]i%able record1 possibly legible ev5 to creat$ intellig5ce1 ( e act done1 e ^w utt]$1 nay1 ( e wi% & purpose & ?\ght conceiv$ by mortal man1 f ! bir? ( our fir/ p>5t to ! f9al ext9ction ( our race2 s t ! physical traces ( our mo/ secret s9s %all la/ until "t %all be m]g$ 9 t et]nity ( :i* n sci5ce1 b religion alone1 assumes to take cognizance4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 #a 7page #ai1 note74 ,x may be said t ! cases ref]r$ to 9 ! note on p4 #ai--;& inde$ all cases ( a suppos$ acclimation consi/+ 9 physiological *anges--are in/ances ( ! orig9ation ( new v>ieties by natural selection1 ! h>di] maize1 tomato1 & o!r vegetables ( ! ,nor?1 be+ ! prog5y ( se$s ( individuals end[$1 exceptionally1 ) great] p[] ( resi/+ cold ?an belongs 9 g5]al to ! species :i* produc$ !m4 ,b1 s f> z ! evid5ce ( *ange ( climate1 f a diff]5ce 9 vegetable gr[?1 is conc]n$1 x is immat]ial :e!r we adopt ?is view or ma9ta9 ! old] & m famili> doctr9e ( a local modification ( "* 9 ! plants 9 "q4 ,no4 #b 7page #bd1 note74 ,! adjectives ( direction 9 -erly are n unfrequ5tly us$ to indicate1 9 a loose way1 ! c\rse ( w9ds bl[+ f unspecifi$ po9ts betwe5 ,n4,e4 & ,s4,e42 ,s4,e4 & ,s4,w42 ,s4,w4 & ,n4,w4 or ,n4,w4 & ,n4,e4 ,if ! employm5t ( ^! words 7 und]/ood to be limit$ to ?us express+ a direction ne>] to ! c>d9al po9t f ^: "n ! adjective is tak5 ?an to any o!r c>d9al po9t1 !y w\ld be valuable elem5ts ( ,engli% meteorological nom5clature4 ,no4 #c 7page #ca74 ,i f9d a confirmation ( my obs]vations on ! habits ( ! beav] z a geographical ag5cy1 9 a report ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,association1 9 ! ,london ,a!naeum ( ,octob] #h1 #ahfd1 p4 #dfi4 ,x is !re /at$ t ,visc\nt ,milton & ,dr4 ,*eadle1 9 an exp$ition across ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s by ! ,yell[ ,head1 or ,lea!r ,pass1 obs]v$ t a great portion ( ! c\ntry to ! ea/ ( ! m\nta9s _h be5 completely *ang$ 9 "* by ! ag5cy ( ! beav]1 :i* =m]ly exi/$ "h 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,! %all[ valleys 7 =m]ly trav]s$ by riv]s & *a9s ( lakes :i*1 damm$ up along _! c\rse at num]\s po9ts1 by ! "w ( ^? animals1 h become a s]ies ( m>%es 9 v>i\s /ages ( consolidation4 ,s complete has ?is *ange be51 t h>dly a /ream is f\nd = a di/ance ( two hundr$ miles1 ) ! exception ( ! l>ge riv]s4 ,! animals h ?us de/roy$1 by _! own labors1 ! wat]s necess>y to _! own exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! process ( consolidation %all h be5 complet$1 & ! =e/ ree/abli%$ ^u ! m>%es1 ! wat] n[ diffus$ ?r\gh !m w be collect$ 9 ! l[] or m yield+ portions1 cut new *annels = _! fl[1 become runn+ brooks1 & ?us re/ore ! anci5t aspect ( ! surface4 ,no4 #d 7page #cc1 note74 ,! lignivor\s insects t attack liv+ trees almo/ uni=mly conf9e _! ravages to trees already uns\nd or diseas$ 9 gr[? f ! depr$ations ( leaf-eat]s1 su* z cat]pill>s & ! l1 or f o!r causes4 ,! decay ( ! tree1 !re=e1 is ! cause n ! consequ5ce ( ! invasions ( ! bor]4 ,?is subject has be5 discuss$ by ,p]ris 9 ! ,annales de la ,societe ,entomologique de la ,france1 = #ahea 7871 & 8 conclusions are confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( ,samanos1 :o quotes1 at "s l5g?1 ! views ( ,p]ris4 ,hav+1 = fifte5 ye>s1 says ! latt] au?or1 incessantly /udi$ ! habits ( lignivor\s insects 9 "o ( ! be/ wood$ regions ( ,france1 ,i h obs]v$ facts en\gh to feel myself w>rant$ 9 express+ my conclusions1 :i* are3 t insects 9 g5]al--,i am n speak+ ( ^? :i* conf9e _! voracity to ! leaf--d n attack trees 9 s\nd heal?1 & !y assail ^? only ^: normal conditions & functions h be5 by "s cause impair$4 ,see1 m fully1 ,samanos1 ,traite de la ,culture du ,p9 ,m>itime1 ,p>is1 #ahfd1 pp4 #adj-ade4 ,no4 #e 7page #cd1 note74 ,v int]e/+ obs]vations1 on ! ag5cy ( ! squirrel & o!r small animals 9 plant+ & 9 de/roy+ nuts & o!r se$s ( trees1 may be f\nd 9 a pap] on ! ,succession ( ,=e/s 9 ,?oreau's ,excursions1 pp4 #ace et seqq4 ,i once saw sev]al qu>ts ( bee*-nuts tak5 f ! w9t] qu>t]s ( a family ( fly+ squirrels 9 a holl[ tree4 ,! k]nels 7 neatly /ripp$ ( _! %ells & c>efully /or$ 9 a dry cavity4 ,no4 #f 7page #dj1 note74 ,s*ro$] van d] ,kolk1 9 ,het ,v]s*il tuss*5 d5 ,psy*is*5 ,aanleg van het ,di] en van d5 ,m5s*1 cites f ,burda* & o!r au?orities _m int]e/+ facts respect+ in/9cts lo/1 or newly develop$ & become h]$it>y1 9 ! l[] animals1 & he quotes ,ari/otle & ,pl9y z evid5ce t ! common quadrup$s & f[ls ( our fields & our p\ltry y>ds 7 mu* less p]fectly dome/icat$ 9 _! times ?an long1 long ages ( s]vitude h n[ made !m4 ,p]haps ! half-wild "* ascrib$ by ,p4 ,lae/adius & o!r ,sw$i% writ]s to ! re9de] ( ,lapl&1 may be 9 "s degree due to ! comp>ative %ortness ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* he has be5 p>tially tam$4 ,! dome/ic sw9e br$ 9 ! woods ( ,hung>y & ! buffaloes ( ,s\!rn ,italy are s wild & savage z to be v dang]\s to all b _! keep]s4 ,! =m] h relaps$ into _! orig9al condition1 ! latt] h n yet be5 reclaim$ f x4 ,among o!r in/ances ( oblit]at$ in/9cts1 ,s*ro$] van d] ,kolk /ates t 9 ,holl&1 :]e1 = c5turies1 ! "y ( ! c[ has be5 usually tak5 f ! dam at bir? & f$ by h&1 calves1 ev5 if left ) ! "m1 make no attempt to suck2 :ile 9 ,engl&1 :]e calves are n wean$ until sev]al weeks old1 !y resort to ! udd] z naturally z ! "y ( wild quadrup$s4--,ziel en ,lig*aam1 p4 #abh1 n4 ,no4 #g 7page #fj1 fir/ note74 ,at ,pie di ,mul]a1 at ! outlet ( ! ,val ,anzasca1 ne> ! pr9cipal hotel1 is a v9e measur+ ?irty-"o in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! door ( ! *apt]-hall 9 ! cloi/] ( ! *ur* ( ,san ,giovanni1 at ,saluzzo1 is ( v9e wood1 & ! bo>ds ( :i* ! panels 7 made c\ld n h be5 less ?an t5 in*es wide4 ,/atues & o!r objects ( consid]able dim5sions1 ( v9e wood1 are m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s4 ,no4 #h 7page #fc1 second note74 ,c>ti]1 ,a4 ,d4 #aece-'f1 m5tions v9es1 great melons1 cucumb]s1 g\rds c\rges1 pease1 beans ( v>i\s colors1 b n l ours1 z common among ! ,indians ( ! banks ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4--,bref ,recit1 etc41 repr9t4 ,p>is1 #ahfc1 pp4 #ac1 a2 #ad1 b2 #bj1 b2 #ca1 a4 ,no4 #h 7page #fe1 second p>agraph74 ,x may be consid]$ v highly probable1 if n c]ta91 t ! undiscrim9at+ h]bali/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury mu/ h ov]look$ _m plants native to ?is isl&4 ,an ,engli% botani/1 9 an h\r's visit to ,ad51 discov]$ sev]al species ( plants on rocks always report$1 ev5 by sci5tific travell]s1 z absolutely b>r54 ,b aft] all1 x appe>s to be well e/abli%$ t ! orig9al flora ( ,/4 ,hel5a 0 extremely limit$1 ?\gh n[ c\nt+ hundr$s ( species4 ,no4 #i 7page #ff1 fir/ note74 ,al?\gh ! v9e g5us is v ca?olic & cosmopolite 9 its habits1 yet p>ticul> v>ieties are extremely fa/idi\s & exclusive 9 _! requirem5ts z to soil & climate4 ,! /ocks ( _m celebrat$ v9ey>ds lose _! peculi> qualities by transplantation1 & ! mo/ fam\s w9es are capable ( production only 9 c]ta9 well-def9$1 & = ! mo/ "p n>r[ di/ricts4 ,! ,ionian v9e :i* be>s ! little /oneless grape kn[n 9 comm]ce z ! ,zante currant1 has resi/$ almo/ all ef=ts to naturalize x else:]e1 & is sc>cely gr[n except 9 two or ?ree ( ! ,ionian isl&s & 9 a n>r[ t]ritory on ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,morea4 ,no4 #aj 7page #fh1 fir/ note74 ,9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 %eep & beeves are w9t]$ ^u ! pla9s1 b driv5 9 ! summ] to m\nta9 pa/ures at _m days' di/ance f ! home/eads ( _! own]s4 ,!y transport se$s 9 _! coats 9 bo? directions1 & h5ce ,alp9e plants (t5 %oot up at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 ! grasses ( ! pla9 on ! bord]s ( ! glaci]s2 b 9 bo? cases1 !y usually fail to propagate !mselves by rip5+ _! se$4 ,?is expla9s ! scatt]$ tufts ( common clov]1 ) pale & flaccid blossoms1 :i* are sometimes se5 at heights exce$+ #g1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,no4 #aa 7page #gc1 la/ p>agraph74 ,! poison\s wild p>snip1 :i* is v common 9 ,new ,engl&1 is popul>ly believ$ to be id5tical ) ! g>d5 p>snip1 & diff]5c$ only by conditions ( gr[?1 a ri*] soil depriv+ x1 x is said1 ( its noxi\s prop]ties4 ,_m wild m$ic9al plants1 su* z p5nyroyal = example1 are s mu* less aromatic & p[]ful1 :5 cultivat$ 9 g>d5s1 ?an :5 self-s[n on meagre soils1 z to be h>dly fit = use4 ,no4 #ab 7page #gd1 second note74 ,see 9 ,?oreau's ,excursions1 an int]e/+ description ( ! wild apple-trees ( ,massa*usetts4 ,no4 #ac 7page #hf1 fir/ p>agraph74 ,x is said at ,c\rmayeur t a v few ibexes ( a l>g] v>iety ?an ^? ( ! ,cogne m\nta9s1 /ill l+] ab\t ! ,gr&e ,jorasse4 ,no4 #ad 7page #ib1 fir/ note74 ,9 ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,italy1 "o (t5 sees hillocks cr[n$ ) grove-l plantations ( small trees1 mu* resembl+ l>ge arbors4 ,^! s]ve to collect birds1 :i* are entrapp$ 9 nets 9 great numb]s4 ,^! plantations are call$ ragnaje1 & ! read] w f9d1 9 ,b9di's edition ( ,davanzati1 a v pleasant description ( a ragnaja1 ?\gh its au?or%ip is n n[ ascrib$ to t em95t writ]4 ,no4 #ae 7page #ic1 second note74 ,! appe>ance ( ! dove-l gr\se1 ,tetrao p>adoxus1 or ,syrrhaptes ,pallasii1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 9 #ahei & ! foll[+ ye>s1 is a noticeable exception to ! law ( regul>ity :i* seems to gov]n ! movem5ts & det]m9e ! habitat ( birds4 ,! prop] home ( ?is bird is ! /eppes ( ,t>t>y1 & x is n record$ to h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,europe1 or at lea/ we/ ( ,russia1 until ! ye> abovem5tion$1 :5 _m flocks ( tw5ty or ?irty1 & ev5 a hundr$ individuals1 7 se5 9 ,bohemia1 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ,france4 ,a consid]able flock frequ5t$ ! ,frisian isl& ( ,borkum = m ?an five mon?s4 ,x 0 hop$ !y w\ld bre$ & rema9 p]man5tly 9 ! isl&1 b ?is expectation has be5 disappo9t$1 & ! /eppe-gr\se seems to h disappe>$ aga9 altoge!r4 ,no4 #af 7page #id1 note74 ,f an article by ,a4 ,esquiros1 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes = ,sept4 #a1 #ahfd1 entitl$1 ,la vie ,anglaise1 p4 #aai1 x appe>s t su* occurr5ces z t /at$ 9 ! note are n unfrequ5t on ! ,briti% coa/4 ,no4 #ag 7page #ajj1 fir/ p>agraph74 ,i _c le>n t caprification is n[ practis$ 9 ,italy1 b x is /ill 9 use 9 ,greece4 ,no4 #ah 7page #aab1 fir/ note74 ,! rec5t great multiplication ( vip]s 9 "s p>ts ( ,france1 is a s+ul> & />tl+ fact4 ,t\ss5el1 quot+ f (ficial docum5ts1 /ates1 t ^u ! (f] ( a rew>d ( fifty c5times1 or t5 c5ts1 a head1 twelve ?\s& vip]s 7 br\ght to ! prefect ( a s+le dep>tm5t1 & t 9 #ahei fifte5 hundr$ snakes & tw5ty qu>ts ( snakes' eggs 7 f\nd "u a f>m-h\se he>?/one4 ,! gran>y1 ! /ables1 ! ro(1 ! v b$s sw>m$ ) s]p5ts1 & ! family 7 oblig$ to ab&on its habitation4 ,dr4 ,viaugr&m>ais1 ( ,nantes1 report$ to ! prefect ( 8 dep>tm5t m ?an two hundr$ rec5t cases ( vip] bites1 tw5ty-f\r ( :i* prov$ fatal4--,tri/ia1 p4 #agf et seqq4 ,no4 #ai 7page #aba1 fir/ note74 ,! ,b$u9s are little giv5 to ! *ase1 & seldom make w> on ! game birds & quadrup$s ( ! des]t4 ,h5ce ! wild animals ( ,arabia are less timid ?an ^? ( ,europe4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 ,i 0 encamp$ dur+ a s& /orm ( "s viol5ce 9 ,arabia ,petraea1 a wild pigeon took refuge 9 "o ( our t5ts :i* _h n be5 bl[n d[n1 & rema9$ quietly p]*$ on a boy 9 ! mid/ ( f\r or five p]sons1 until ! /orm 0 ov]1 & !n took 8 dep>ture1 insalutato hospite4 ,no4 #bj 7page #abb74 ,x is possible t "t may modify ! habits ( ! fre% wat] fi% ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,/ates1 & accommodate !m to ! n[ physical conditions ( _! native wat]s4 ,h5ce x may be hop$ t nature1 ev5 unaid$ by art1 w d some?+ t[>d re/or+ ! anci5t pl5ty ( our lakes & riv]s4 ,! decrease ( our fre% wat] fi% _c be ascrib$ alone to exhau/ion by fi%+1 = 9 ! wat]s ( ! valleys & flanks ( ! ,alps1 :i* h be5 inhabit$ & fi%$ t5 times z long by a d5s] population1 fi% are /ill v abundant1 & !y ?rive & multiply "u circum/ances :]e no ,am]ican species c\ld live at all4 ,on ! s\!rn slope ( ^? m\nta9s1 tr\t are caught 9 great numb]s1 9 ! swift /reams :i* ru% f ! glaci]s1 & :]e ! wat] is ( icy coldness1 & s turbid ) p>ticles ( f9e-gr\nd rock1 t y _c see an in* bel[ ! surface4 ,! glaci] /reams ( ,switz]l&1 h[ev]1 are less abundant 9 fi%4 ,no4 #ba 7page #aca1 note74 ,vaupell1 ?\gh agree+ ) o!r writ]s z to ! injury done to ! =e/ by mo/ dome/ic animals--:i* he illu/rates 9 an int]e/+ way 9 8 po/hum\s "w1 ,! ,dani% ,woods--?9ks1 nev]!less1 t at ! season :5 ! ma/ is fall+ sw9e are r useful ?an o!rwise to =e/s ( bee* & oak1 by tread+ into ! gr\nd & ?us s[+ bee*nuts & acorns1 & by de/roy+ moles & mice4--,de ,danske ,skore1 p4 #ab4 ,no4 #bb 7page #ace1 note74 ,! able au?ors ( ,humphreys & ,abbot's mo/ valuable ,report on ! ,physics & ,hydraulics ( ! ,mississippi1 conclude t ! delta ( t riv] began its encroa*m5ts on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico n m ?an #d1djj ye>s ago1 be=e :i* p]iod !y suppose ! ,mississippi to h be5 a comp>atively cle> /ream1 convey+ v little s$im5t to ! sea4 ,! pres5t rate ( advance ( ! delta is #bfb feet a ye>1 & !re are reasons = ?9k+ t ! am\nt ( deposit has long be5 approximately con/ant4--,report1 pp4 #dce1 #dcf4 ,! *ange 9 ! "* ( ! riv] mu/1 if ?is op9ion is well f\nd$1 be due to "s geological revolution1 or at lea/ convulsion1 & ! hypo!sis ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( "o or m great lakes 9 its upp] valley1 ^: bottoms are occupi$ by ! pres5t prairie region1 has be5 sugge/$4 ,! %ores ( ^! suppos$ lakes h n1 ,i believe1 be5 trac$1 or ev5 detect$1 & we _c admit ! tru? ( ?is hypo!sis )\t suppos+ *anges mu* m ext5sive ?an ! m]e bur/+ ( ! b>ri] :i* conf9$ ! wat]s4 ,no4 #bc 7page #adc1 note74 ,see on ?is subject a pap] by ,j4 ,jam91 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes = ,sept4 #ae1 #ahfd2 &1 on ! effects ( human indu/ry on ! atmosph]e1 an article 9 ,aus d] ,natur1 vol4 #bi1 #ahfd1 pp4 #ddc1 #ddi1 #dfe et seqq4 ,no4 #bd 7page #aei1 second p>agraph74 ,all ev]gre5s1 ev5 ! broad-leav$ trees1 resi/ fro/s ( extraord9>y sev]ity bett] ?an ! decidu\s trees ( ! same climates4 ,is n ?is because ! vital processes ( trees ( p]si/5t foliage are less int]rupt$ dur+ w9t] ?an ^? ( trees :i* annually %$ _! leaves1 & !re=e m organic heat is develop$8 ,no4 #be 7page #aia1 fir/ p>agraph74 ,9 discuss+ ! influ5ce ( m\nta9s on precipitation1 meteorologi/s h g5]ally treat$ ! popul> belief1 t m\nta9s attract to !m cl\ds float+ )9 a c]ta9 di/ance f !m1 z an ignorant prejudice1 & !y ascribe ! appe>ance ( cl\ds ab\t high peaks solely to ! cond5sation ( ! humidity ( ! air c>ri$ by atmosph]ic curr5ts up ! slopes ( ! m\nta9 to a cold] temp]ature4 ,b if m\nta9s d n really draw cl\ds & invisible vapors to !m1 !y are an exception to ! univ]sal law ( attraction4 ,! attraction ( ! small ,m\nt ,%ehalli5 0 f\nd suffici5t to deflect f ! p]p5dicul>1 by a measurable quantity1 a plummet weigh+ b a few ounces4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld n great] masses attract to !m volumes ( vapor weigh+ hundr$s ( tons1 & float+ freely 9 ! atmosph]e )9 mod]ate di/ances ( ! m\nta9s8 ,no4 #bf 7page #aih1 note74 ,elisee ,r$us ascribes ! dim9ution ( ! ponds :i* bord] ! dunes ( ,gascony to ! absorption ( _! wat] by ! trees :i* h be5 plant$ ^u ! s&s4--,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #a ,aug41 #ahfc1 p4 #fid4 ,no4 #bg 7page #bai1 note74 ,! wa/e ( wood 9 ,european c>p5try 0 =m]ly enorm\s1 ! beams ( h\ses be+ bo? l>g] & m num]\s ?an p]man5ce or /ability requir$4 ,9 exam9+ ! con/ruction ( ! h\ses occupi$ by ! eighty families :i* inhabit ! village ( ,faucigny1 9 ,savoy1 9 #ahcd1 ! =e/ inspector f\nd t fifty ?\s& trees _h be5 employ$ 9 build+ !m4 ,! build]s seem$1 says ,hudry-,m5os1 to h tri$ to solve ! problem ( pil+ ^u ! walls ! l>ge/ quantity ( timb] possible )\t cru%+ !m4--,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #a ,june1 #ahfd1 p4 #fja4 ,no4 #bh 7page #bca1 note74 ,9 a rem>kable pamphlet1 to :i* ,i %all h occasion to ref] m ?an once h]eaft]1 entitl$ ,avant-projet p\r la creation d'un sol f]tile a la surface des ,l&es de ,gascogne1 ,dupon*el argues ) mu* =ce1 t ! f]tiliz+ prop]ties ( riv]-slime are g5]ally due mu* m to its m9]al ?an to its vegetable con/itu5ts4 ,no4 #bi 7page #bfe1 note74 ,ev5 ! d5s] silici\s /ones are p5etrable by fluids & ! color+ matt] !y conta91 to su* an ext5t t agates & o!r =ms ( silex may be artificially /a9$ ?r\gh _! sub/ance4 ,?is art 0 kn[n to & practis$ by ! anci5t lapid>ies1 & x has be5 reviv$ 9 rec5t times4 ,no4 #cj 7page #bfh74 ,!re is good reason = ?9k+ t _m ( ! e>? & rock slides 9 ! ,alps occurr$ at an e>li] p]iod ?an ! orig9 ( ! =e/ vegetation :i*1 9 lat] ages1 cov]$ ! flanks ( ^? m\nta9s4 ,see ,b]i*t ueb] die ,unt]su*ung d] ,s*weiz]is*5 ,ho*gebirgswaldung54 #ahfb4 ,p4 #fa4 ,:]e m rec5t slides h be5 aga9 clo!d ) woods1 ! trees1 %rubs1 & small] plants :i* spontane\sly gr[ ^u !m are usually ( diff]5t species f ^? obs]v$ ^u soil displac$ at remote p]iods4 ,?is diff]5ce is s m>k$ t ! site ( a slide c (t5 be recogniz$ at a great di/ance by ! g5]al color ( ! foliage ( its vegetation4 ,no4 #ca 7page #bhf1 note74 ,x %\ld h be5 obs]v$ t ! v5om\s pr9ciple ( poison\s mu%rooms is n decompos$ & r5d]$ innoc5t by ! process describ$ 9 ! note4 ,x is m]ely extract$ by ! acidulat$ or sal9e wat] employ$ = soak+ ! plants1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ?is wat] be ?r[n away out ( ! rea* ( mis*ief4 ,no4 #cb 7page #bic1 note74 ,gaudry e/imates ! ties employ$ 9 ! railways ( ,france at ?irty millions1 to supply :i* n less ?an two millions ( l>ge trees h be5 fell$4 ,^! ties h be51 ^u ! av]age1 at lea/ once r5ew$1 & h5ce we mu/ d\ble ! numb] ( ties & ( trees requir$ to furni% !m4--,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae ,july1 #ahfc1 p4 #dbe4 ,no4 #cc 7page #bid1 second p>agraph ( note74 ,aft] all1 ! pres5t consumption ( wood & timb] = fuel & o!r dome/ic & rural purposes1 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 seems incr$ibly small to an ,am]ican4 ,9 rural ,switz]l&1 ! :ole supply ( firewood1 fuel = small smi!ries1 dairies1 brew]ies1 brick & lime kilns1 di/ill]ies1 f5ces1 furniture1 tools1 & ev5 h\se build+--exclusive ( ! small quantity d]iv$ f ! trimm+s ( fruit trees1 grape v9es & h$ges1 & f decay$ f5ces & build+s--does n exce$ an av]age ( two hundr$ & ?irty cubic feet1 or less ?an two cords1 a ye> p] h\sehold4 ,! av]age consumption ( wood 9 ,new ,engl& = dome/ic fuel alone1 is f five to t5 times z mu* z ,swiss families require = all ! uses above enum]at$4 ,b ! exi/+ habitations ( ,switz]l& are suffici5t = a population :i* increases b sl[ly1 & 9 ! peasants' h\ses b a s+le room is usually heat$4 ,see ,b]i*t ueb] die ,unt]su*ung d] ,s*weiz4 ,ho*gebirgswaldung51 pp4 #he-hi4 ,no4 #cd 7page #cjd74 ,among m rec5t manuals may be m5tion$3 ,les ,etudes de ,maitre ,pi]re4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #abmo2 ,,bazelaire1 ,traite de ,reboisem5t4 #b;d edition1 ,p>is1 #ahfd2 &1 9 ,italian1 ,,siemoni1 ,manuale teorico-pratico d'arte ,=e/ale4 ,fir5ze1 #ahfd4 #hvo4 ,a v important "w has lately be5 publi%$ 9 ,france by ,visc\nt de ,c\rval1 :i* is kn[n to me only by a ,g]man translation publi%$ at ,b]l91 9 #ahfd1 "u ! title1 ,das ,aufae/5 d] ,waldbaeume4 ,! pr9cipal feature ( ,de ,c\rval's v successful sy/em ( sylviculture1 is a mode ( trimm+ :i* compels ! tree to develop ! /em by r$uc+ ! lat]al ramification4 ,beg9n+ ) "y trees1 ! buds are rubb$ (f f ! /ems1 & sup]flu\s lat]al %oots are prun$ d[n to ! trunk4 ,:5 l>ge trees are tak5 9 h&1 bran*es :i* c be sp>$1 & ^: removal is necess>y to obta9 a prop] l5g? ( /em1 are v smoo?ly cut (f q close to ! trunk1 & ! expos$ surface is imm$iately bru%$ ov] ) m9]al-coal t>4 ,:5 ?us treat$1 x is said t ! heal+ ( ! w\nd is p]fect1 & )\t any decay ( ! tree4 ,no4 #ce 7page #cac74 ,! mo/ gorge\s autumnal color+ ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! vegetation ( ,europe1 has be5 9 ! valleys ( ! ,durance & its tribut>ies 9 ,dauph9y4 ,i mu/ admit t nei!r 9 v>iety nor 9 purity & brilliancy ( t9t1 does ?is color+ fall mu*1 if at all1 %ort ( t ( ! ,new ,engl& woods4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce3 9 ,dauph9y1 x is only 9 small %rubs t ?is ri* pa9t+ is se51 :ile 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! foliage ( l>ge trees is dy$ 9 full spl5dor4 ,h5ce ! ,am]ican woodl& has few] brok5 lights & m ( :at pa9t]s call bread? ( color+4 ,besides ?is1 ! arrangem5t ( ! leafage 9 l>ge globul> or conical masses1 af=ds a wid] scale ( light & %ade1 ?us aid+ n[ ! gradation1 n[ ! contra/ ( t9ts1 & gives ! ,am]ican ,octob] l&scape a s(t] & m h>moni\s tone ?an m>ks ! humble %rubb]y ( ! =e/ hill-sides ( ,dauph9y4 ,?oreau--:o 0 n1 l "s v celebrat$ l&scape critics ( ! pres5t day1 an outside spectator ( ! action & products ( natural =ces1 b1 9 ! old religi\s s5se1 an obs]v] ( organic nature1 liv+1 m ?an almo/ any o!r descriptive writ]1 among & ) h] *ildr5--has a v eloqu5t pap] on ! ,autumnal ,t9ts ( ! ,new ,engl& l&scape4--,see 8 ,excursions1 pp4 #bae et seqq4 ,few m5 h p]sonally notic$ s _m facts 9 natural hi/ory accessible to unsci5tific obs]vation z ,?oreau1 & yet he _h nev] se5 t v common & /rik+ spectacle1 ! phosphoresc5ce ( decay+ wood1 until1 9 ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life1 x caught 8 att5tion 9 a biv\ac 9 ! =e/s ( ,ma9e4 ,he seems to h be5 m excit$ by ?is ph5om5on ?an by any o!r describ$ 9 8 works4 ,x mu/ be a capaci\s eye t takes 9 all ! visible facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ famili> natural object4--,! ,ma9e ,woods1 p4 #ahd4 ,! lum9\s appe>ance ( bodies project$ aga9/ ! sky adjac5t to ! ris+ or sett+ sun1 s well describ$ 9 ,pr(essor ,neck]'s ,lett] to ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 is1 z ,tyndall obs]ves1 h>dly ev] se5 by ei!r guides or travell]s1 ?\gh x w\ld seem1 prima facie1 t x mu/ be ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,see ,,tyndall1 ,glaci]s ( ! ,alps4 ,"p ,i4 ,second asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,judg+ f my own obs]vation1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld mu* d\bt :e!r ?is brilliant ph5om5on c be s (t5 se5 9 p]fection z w\ld be expect$2 = ,i h frequ5tly s\ght x 9 va9 at ! foot ( ! ,alps1 "u conditions app>5tly o!rwise id5tical ) ^? :]e1 9 ! elevat$ ,alp9e valleys1 x %[s itself 9 ! greate/ spl5dor4 ,no4 #cf 7page #cad74 ,european poets1 ^: k ( ! date palm is n f\nd$ on p]sonal obs]vation1 (t5 describe its trunk z n only sl5d]1 b p>ticul>ly /raight4 ,no?+ c be f>!r f ! tru?4 ,:5 ! ,ori5tals comp>e ! =m ( a beautiful girl to ! /em ( ! palm1 !y d n repres5t x z rigidly /raight1 b on ! contr>y z made up ( graceful curves1 :i* seem less l p]man5t outl9es ?an l fl[+ motion4 ,9 a palm grove1 ! trunks1 s f> f /&+ plant$ upright l ! c&les ( a *&eli]1 b5d 9 a va/ v>iety ( curves1 n[ lean+ t[>ds1 n[ div]g+ f1 n[ cross+1 ea* o!r1 & among a hundr$ y w h>dly see two ^: axes are p>allel4 ,no4 #cg 7page #caf1 fir/ note74 ,*>les ,m>t9 ascribes ! p[] ( reproduction by %oots f ! /ump to ! c$> ( ,m\nt ,atlas1 :i* appe>s to be id5tical ) ! c$> ( ,lebanon4--,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae ,july1 #ahfd1 p4 #cae4 ,no4 #ch 7page #ccb74 ,9 an int]e/+ article on rec5t int]nal improvem5ts 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,london ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,janu>y1 #aheh1 x is relat$ t 9 a s+le rock cutt+ on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] railway1 #dhj1jjj cubic y>ds ( /one 7 remov$2 t ! e>? excavat$ & remov$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ,engli% railways up to t date1 am\nt$ to a hundr$ & fifty million cubic y>ds1 & t at ! ,r\nd ,d[n ,cliff1 ne> ,dov]1 a s+le bla/ ( n9ete5 ?\s& p\nds ( p[d] blew d[n a ?\s& million tons ( *alk1 & cov]$ fifte5 acres ( l& ) ! fragm5ts4 ,no4 #ci 7page #cci74 ,accord+ to ,rev5tlov1 ^: "w is "o ( ! be/ s\rces ( in=mation on ! subject ( dik+-9 tide-wa%$ flats1 ,salicornia h]bacea appe>s z soon z ! flat is rais$ high en\gh to be dry = ?ree h\rs at ord9>y ebb tide1 or1 9 o!r words1 :]e ! ord9>y flood cov]s x to a dep? ( n m ?an two feet4 ,at a flood dep? ( "o foot1 ! ,salicornia dies & is succe$$ by v>i\s s& plants4 ,^! are foll[$ by ,poa di/ans & ,poa m>itima z ! gr\nd is rais$ by fur!r deposits1 & ^! plants f9ally by common grasses4 ,! ,salicornia is prec$$ by conf]vae1 gr[+ 9 deep] wat]1 :i* spread ov] ! bottom1 & :5 cov]$ by a fre% deposit ( slime reappe> above x1 & ?us vegetable & alluvial /rata alt]nate until ! flat is rais$ suffici5tly high = ! gr[? ( ,salicornia4--,om ,m>skdannels5 paa ,ve/ky/5 af ,h]tugdoemmet ,slesvig1 pp4 #g1 #h4 ,no4 #dj 7page #cdh1 note74 ,! drijftil employ$ = ! r+ dike ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem1 0 9 "p cut 9 sections fifty feet long by six or sev5 wide1 & ^! 7 navigat$ l rafts to ! spot :]e !y 7 sunk to =m ! dike4--,,emile ,,de ,,laveleye1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae ,sept41 #ahfc1 p4 #bhe4 ,no4 #da 7page #ceb1 la/ p>agraph74 ,see on ! influ5ce ( ! improvem5ts 9 "q on tidal & o!r m>9e curr5ts1 ,/>+1 ,de ,bodem van ,n$]l&1 ,i4 p4 #bgi4 ,al?\gh ! dikes ( ! ,ne!rl&s & ! adjac5t /ates h protect$ a consid]able ext5t ( coa/ f ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea1 & h won a l>ge tract ( cultivable l& f ! dom9ion ( ! wat]s1 x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r a diff]5t me?od ( accompli%+ ^! objects might n h be5 adopt$ ) advantage4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t a sy/em ( inl& dikes & canals1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( ^? :i*1 z w be se5 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ! *apt] on ! wat]s1 h be5 s successfully employ$ 9 ! ,val di ,*iana & 9 ,egypt1 might h elevat$ ! l[ gr\nds above ! ocean tides1 by spread+ ov] !m ! s$im5t br\ght d[n by ! ,rh9e1 ! ,maes1 & ! ,s*eld4 ,if ?is process _h be5 introduc$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages & con/antly pursu$ to our times1 ! sup]ficial & coa/ geography1 z well z ! hydrography ( ! c\ntries 9 "q1 w\ld und\bt$ly h pres5t$ an aspect v diff]5t f _! pres5t condition2 & by comb9+ ! process ) a sy/em ( m>itime dikes1 :i* w\ld h be5 necess>y1 bo? to resi/ ! advance ( ! sea & to reta9 ! slime deposit$ by riv] ov]fl[s1 x is possible t ! t]ritory ( ^? /ates w\ld h be5 z ext5sive z x n[ is1 &1 at ! same "t1 m elevat$ by sev]al feet4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t we d n "k ! proportions 9 :i* ! m>9e deposits t =m ! pold]s h be5 d]iv$ f mat]ials br\ght d[n by ^! riv]s or f o!r m remote s\rces4 ,mu* ( ! riv] slime has no d\bt be5 transport$ by m>9e curr5ts q beyond ! rea* ( return+ /reams1 & x is unc]ta9 h[ f> ?is loss has be5 balanc$ by e>? wa%$ by ! sea f di/ant %ores & let fall on ! coa/s ( ! ,ne!rl&s & o!r neighbor+ c\ntries4 ,we "k little or no?+ ( ! quantity ( solid matt] br\ght d[n by ! riv]s ( ,we/]n ,europe 9 e>ly ages1 b1 z ! banks ( ^? riv]s are n[ g5]ally bett] secur$ aga9/ wa% & abrasion ?an 9 =m] c5turies1 ! s$im5t transport$ by !m mu/ be less ?an at p]iods ne>] ! removal ( ! primitive =e/s ( _! valleys4 ,klo$5 /ates ! quantity ( s$im5t>y matt] n[ annually br\ght d[n by ! ,rh9e at ,bonn to be suffici5t only to cov] a squ>e ,engli% mile to ! dep? ( a little m ?an a foot4--,erdkunde1 ,i4 p4 #chd4 ,no4 #db 7page #ceh1 fir/ p>agraph74 ,meteorological obs]vations h be5 regul>ly record$ at ,zwan5burg1 ne> ! nor? end ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem1 = m ?an a c5tury1 & s9ce #ahde a simil> regi/] has be5 kept at ! ,held]1 =ty or fifty miles f>!r nor?4 ,9 comp>+ ^! two s]ies ( obs]vations1 x is f\nd t ab\t ! end ( ! ye> #aheb1 :5 ! draw+ (f ( ! wat]s ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem 0 complet$1 & ! prec$+ summ] _h dri$ ! gr\nds laid b>e s z greatly to r$uce ! evaporable surface1 a *ange took place 9 ! relative temp]ature ( ! two /ations4 ,tak+ ! mean ( e successive p]iod ( five days f #ahde to #aheb1 ! temp]ature at ,zwan5burg 0 ?irty-?ree hundr$?s ( a c5tigrade degree l[] ?an at ! ,held]4 ,s9ce ! end ( #aheb1 ! !rmomet] at ,zwan5burg has /ood1 f ! #aa? ( ,april to ! #bj? ( ,septemb] inclusive1 tw5ty-two hundr$?s ( a degree high] ?an at ! ,held]1 b f ! #ad? ( ,octob] to ! #ag? ( ,m>*1 x has av]ag$ "o-t5? ( a degree l[] ?an its mean betwe5 ! same dates be=e #ahec4 ,!re is no reasonable d\bt t ^! diff]5ces are due to ! dra9+ ( ! lake4 ,!re has be5 less refrig]ation f evaporation 9 summ]1 & ! gr\nd has absorb$ m sol> heat at ! same p]iod1 :ile 9 ! w9t] x has radiat$ m w>m? !n :5 x 0 cov]$ ) wat]4 ,d\btless ! quantity ( humidity conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e has also be5 affect$ by ! same cause1 b obs]vations d n appe> to h be5 made on t po9t4 ,see ,,krecke1 ,het ,klimaat van ,n$]l&1 ,,ii4 #fd4 ,no4 #dc 7page #ceh1 note74 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t ye> 7#ahfd71 !re h be5 sev]al l& slips on ! bord]s ( ! ,lake ( ,como1 & 9 "o in/ance ! gr\nds ( a villa ly+ ^u ! m>g9 ( ! wat] suff]$ a consid]able displacem5t4 ,if ! lake %\ld be l[]$ to any consid]able ext5t1 9 pursuance ( ! plan m5tion$ 9 ! note on page #ceh1 !re is gr\nd to fe> t ! /eep %ores ( ! lake might1 at "s po9ts1 be depriv$ ( a lat]al pressure requisite to _! /ability1 & slide into ! wat] z on ! ,lake ( ,lung]n4 ,see p4 #cef4 ,no4 #dd 7page #cfi1 la/ p>agraph b "o ( note74 ,9 l mann]1 :ile ! box1 ! c$>1 ! fir1 ! oak1 ! p9e1 beams1 & timb]1 are v frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 n "o ( ^! words is f\nd 9 ! ,new1 except ! case ( ! beam 9 ! eye1 9 ! p>able 9 ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,no4 #de 7page #cge1 note74 ,9 all probability1 ! real *ange effect$ by human art 9 ! sup]ficial geography ( ,egypt1 is ! conv]sion ( pools & m>%es into dry l&1 by a sy/em ( transv]se dikes1 :i* compell$ ! flood wat] to deposit its s$im5t on ! banks ( ! riv] in/ead ( c>ry+ x to ! sea4 ,! colmate ( mod]n ,italy 7 ?us anticipat$ 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,no4 #df 7page #cgh74 ,we h se5 9 ,app5dix1 ,no4 #db1 ante1 t ! mean temp]ature ( a /ation on ! bord]s ( ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem--a %eet ( wat] =m]ly cov]+ sixty-two & a half squ>e ,engli% miles--= ! p]iod betwe5 ! #aa? ( ,april & ! #bj? ( ,septemb]1 _h be5 rais$ n less ?an a degree ( ,fahr5heit by ! dra9+ ( t lake2 or1 to /ate ! case m precisely1 t ! =mation ( ! lake1 :i* 0 a consequ5ce ( man's improvid5ce1 _h r$uc$ ! temp]ature "o degree ,f4 bel[ ! natural /&>d4 ,! artificially irrigat$ l&s ( ,france1 ,pi$mont1 & ,lomb>dy1 tak5 toge!r1 are fifty times z ext5sive z ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem1 & !y are situat$ 9 climates :]e evaporation is va/ly m rapid ?an 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,!y mu/ !re=e1 no d\bt1 affect ! local climate to a f> great] ext5t ?an has be5 obs]v$ 9 connection ) ! dra9+ ( ! lake 9 "q4 ,i d n "k t special obs]vations h be5 made ) a view to measure ! climatic effects ( irrigation1 b 9 ! summ] ,i h (t5 f\nd ! morn+ temp]ature1 :5 ! diff]5ce w\ld naturally be lea/ p]ceptible1 on ! wat]$ pla9s ( ,pi$mont1 n9e miles s\? ( ,tur91 sev]al degrees l[] ?an t record$ at an obs]vatory 9 ! city4 ,no4 #dg 7page #cia1 note74 ,! ,roman aqu$uct kn[n z ! ,pont du ,g>d1 ne> ,nismes1 0 built1 9 all probability1 n9ete5 c5turies ago4 ,! b$ ( ! riv] ,g>don1 a r swift /ream1 :i* fl[s b5ea? x1 c h suff]$ b a slight depression s9ce ! pi]s ( ! aqu$uct 7 f\nd$4 ,no4 #dh 7page #cic1 fir/ note74 ,dupon*el makes ! foll[+ rem>kable /atem5t3 ,! riv] ,h]ault rises 9 a granitic region1 b soon rea*es calc>e\s =mations1 :i* x trav]ses = m ?an sixty kilometres1 roll+ ?r\gh deep & precipit\s rav9es1 into :i* ! torr5ts are con/antly dis*>g+ enorm\s masses ( pebbles belong+ to ! h>de/ rocks ( ! ,jurassian p]iod4 ,^! debris1 cont9ually r5ew$1 compose1 ev5 bel[ ! exit ( ! gorge :]e ! riv] ent]s into a regul> *annel cut 9 a t]ti>y deposit1 broad bea*es1 prodigi\s accumulations ( roll$ pebbles1 ext5d+ sev]al kilometres d[n ! /ream1 b !y dim9i% 9 size & weight s rapidly t above ! m\? ( ! riv]1 :i* is at a di/ance ( ?irty or ?irty-five kilometres f ! gorge1 e trace ( calc>e\s matt] has disappe>$ f ! s&s ( ! bottom1 :i* are exclusively silici\s4--,avant-projet p\r la creation d'un sol f]tile1 etc41 p4 #bj4 ,no4 #di 7page #djd1 fir/ p>agraph ( second note74 ,! l5g? ( ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,po hav+ be5 consid]ably increas$ by ! fill+ up ( ! ,adriatic ) its deposits1 ! velocity ( ! curr5t ought1 prima facie1 to h be5 dim9i%$ & its b$ rais$ 9 proportion4 ,!re are gr\nds = believ+ t ?is has happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,nile1 & "o reason :y ! same effect has n be5 m s5sibly p]ceptible 9 ! ,po is1 t ! conf9em5t ( ! curr5t by cont9u\s embankm5ts gives x a high-wat] velocity suffici5t to sweep out deposits let fall at l[] /ages & sl[] movem5ts ( ! wat]4 ,torr5tial /reams t5d fir/ to excavate1 !n to raise1 _! b$s4 ,no g5]al law on ?is po9t c be /at$ 9 relation to ! middle & l[] c\rse ( riv]s4 ,! conditions :i* det]m9e ! "q ( ! depression or elevation ( a riv] b$ are too multif>i\s1 v>iable1 & complex to be subject$ to =mulae1 & !y c sc>cely ev5 be enum]at$4 ,see1 h[ev]1 note on p4 #dca4 ,no4 #ej 7page #djf1 fir/ p>agraph74 ,! sy/em propos$ 9 ! text is sub/antially ! ,egyptian me?od1 ! ,nile dikes hav+ be5 con/ruct$ r to reta9 ?an to exclude ! wat]4 ,! wat]s ( riv]s :i* fl[ d[n planes ( g5tle incl9ation1 deposit 9 _! inundations ! l>ge/ proportion ( _! s$im5t z soon z1 by ov]fl[+ _! banks1 !y escape f ! swift curr5t ( ! *annel1 & consequ5tly ! imm$iate banks ( su* riv]s become high] ?an ! gr\nds ly+ f>!r f ! /ream4 ,9 ! int]vals1 or bottoms1 ( ! great ,nor? ,am]ican riv]s1 ! alluvial banks are elevat$ & dry1 ! flats m remote f ! riv] l[] & swampy4 ,?is is g5]ally obs]vable 9 ,egypt1 ?\gh less s ?an 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 :]e1 bel[ ,cape ,gir>deau1 ! alluvial banks con/itute natural glacis desc5d+ z y rec$e f ! riv]1 at an av]age ( sev5 feet 9 ! fir/ mile4--,,humphreys ,,& ,,abbot',s ,report1 pp4 #if1 #ig4 ,! ,egyptian crossdikes1 by reta9+ ! wat] ( ! inundations1 compel x to let fall its rema9+ slime1 & h5ce ! elevation ( ! remot] l& goes on at a rate n v mu* sl[] ?an t ( ! imm$iate banks4 ,probably transv]se embankm5ts w\ld produce ! same effect 9 ! ,mississippi valley4 ,9 ! great floods ( ?is riv]1 x is obs]v$ t1 at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! *annel1 ! bottoms1 ?\gh l[] ?an ! banks1 are flood$ to a less dep?4 ,see cross sections 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ( ,humphreys & ,abbot's ,report4 ,?is app>5tly anomal\s fact is due1 ,i suppose1 to ! great] swiftness ( ! curr5t ( ! ov]fl[+ wat] 9 ! l[ gr\nds1 :i* are (t5 dra9$ ?r\gh ! *annels ( riv]s ^: b$s lie at a l[] level ?an t ( ! ,mississippi1 or by ! bay\s :i* are s *>act]i/ic a feature ( ! geography ( t valley4 ,a judici\s use ( dikes w\ld probably conv]t ! swamps ( ! l[] ,mississippi valley into a region l ,egypt4 ,no4 #ea 7second note74 ,! mean dis*>ge ( ! ,mississippi is #fge1jjj cubic feet p] second1 &1 accord+ly1 t riv] contributes to ! sea ab\t elev5 times z mu* wat] z ! ,po1 & m ?an sis & a half times z mu* z ! ,nile4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! ,mississippi is e/imat$ at "o-f\r? ( ! precipitation 9 its bas91 c]ta9ly a v l>ge proportion1 :5 we consid] ! rapidity ( evaporation 9 _m p>ts ( ! bas91 & ! probable loss by infiltration4--,,humphreys ,,& ,,abbot',s ,report1 p4 #ic4 ,no4 #eb 7page #dbc1 fir/ p>agraph74 ,artificially direct$ curr5ts ( wat] h be5 advantage\sly us$ 9 civil eng9e]+ = displac+ & transport+ l>ge quantities ( e>?1 & !re is no d\bt t ?is ag5cy might be pr(itably employ$ to a f> great] ext5t ?an has yet be5 attempt$4 ,"s ( ! hydraulic works 9 ,cali=nia = wa%+ d[n masses ( aurif]\s e>? are on a scale /up5du\s en\gh to produce really important topographical *anges4 ,no4 #ec 7page #dce1 fir/ note74 ,i h lately be5 in=m$ by a resid5t ( ! ,ionian ,isl&s1 :o is famili> ) ?is ph5om5on1 t ! sea fl[s un9t]rupt$ly into ! sub-insul> cavities1 at all /ages ( ! tide4 ,no4 #ed 7page #dch1 note74 ,x is obs]v$ 9 ,cornwall t deep m9es are fre] f wat] 9 artificially well-dra9$1 ?an 9 undra9$ agricultural di/ricts4--,,esquiros1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,nov4 #ae1 #ahfc1 p4 #dcj4 ,no4 #ee 7page #dda74 ,see1 on ! ,artesian wells ( ! ,sah>a1 & especially on ! ?r[+ up ( liv+ fi% by !m1 an article entitl$1 ,le ,sah>a1 etc41 by ,*>les ,m>t9s1 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes = ,augu/ #a1 #ahfd1 pp4 #fah1 #fai4 ,no4 #ef 7page #ddd1 fir/ note74 ,f ! article 9 ! ,rev4 des ,deux ,mondes1 ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ note1 x appe>s t ! wells discov]$ by ,ayme 7 truly artesian4 ,!y 7 bor$ 9 rock1 & provid$ at ! outlet ) a pe>-%ap$ valve ( /one1 by :i* ! orifice c\ld be clos$ or op5$ at pleasure4 ,no4 #eg 7page #ddg1 second note74 ,hull +5i\sly sugge/s t1 besides o!r *anges1 f9e s& int]mix$ ) or deposit$ above a co>s] /ratum1 z well z ! m9ute p>ticles result+ f ! dis9tegration ( ! latt]1 may be c>ri$ by ra9 9 ! case ( dunes1 or by ! ord9>y action ( sea wat] 9 t ( subaque\s s&banks1 d[n ?r\gh ! int]/ices 9 ! co>s] lay]1 & ?us ! relative position ( f9e s& & gravel may be m or less *ang$4--,oorsprong d] ,holl&s*e ,du951 p4 #ajc4 ,no4 #eh 7page #dgi74 ,x appe>s f ,laur5t1 t m>9e %ells1 ( extant species1 are f\nd 9 ! s&s ( ! ,sah>a1 f> f ! sea1 & ev5 at consid]able dep?s bel[ ! surface4--,memoires sur le ,sah>a ,ori5tal1 p4 #fb4 ,?is obs]vation has be5 confirm$ by late travell]s1 & is an important l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce :i* t5ds to prove t ! upheaval ( ! ,libyan des]t is ( comp>atively rec5t date4 ,no4 #ei 7p4 #dhj74 ,at ,new ,quay 9 ,engl& ! dune s&s are conv]t$ to /one by an oxyde ( iron held 9 solution by ! wat] :i* p]vades !m4 ,?is /one1 :i* is =m$1 s to speak1 "u our eye1 has be5 f\nd solid en\gh to be employ$ = build+4--,,esquiros1 ,l',anglet]re et la vie ,anglaise1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #a ,m>*1 #ahfd1 pp4 #dd1 #de4 ,no4 #fj 7page #dif1 fir/ p>agraph74 ,9 ,ditm>%1 ! break+ ( ! surface by ! manoeuv]+ ( a corps ( cavalry let loose a s&-drift :i* did s]i\s injury be=e x 0 subdu$4--,,kohl1 ,inseln u4 ,m>s*54 etc41 ,,iii4 p4 #bhb4 ,simil> cases h occurr$ 9 ,ea/]n ,massa*usetts1 f equally slight causes4--,see ,,?oreau1 ,a ,week on ! ,concord & ,m]rimack ,riv]s1 pp4 #aea-bjh4 ,no4 #fa 7page #dig1 la/ note74 ,a m probable explanation ( ! fact /at$ 9 ! note is sugge/$ by ,elisee ,reclus1 9 an article entitl$1 ,le ,littoral de la ,france1 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes = ,sept4 #a1 #ahfd1 pp4 #aic1 #aid4 ,?is able writ] believes su* pools to be ! rema9s ( anci5t m>itime bays1 :i* h be5 cut (f f ! ocean by gradually accumulat$ s& banks rais$ by ! waves & w9ds to ! "* ( dunes4 ,no4 #fb 7page #ejf1 note74 ,! /atem5t 9 ! note is confirm$ by ,olm/$3 ,!re is n a suffici5t dem& = ros91 except ( ! fir/ qualities1 to make x wor? transport+ f ! inl& di/ill]ies2 x is ord9>ily1 !re=e1 conduct$ (f to a little di/ance1 9 a wood5 tr\gh1 & all[$ to fl[ f x to wa/e ^u ! gr\nd4 ,at ! fir/ di/ill]y ,i visit$1 :i* _h be5 9 op]ation b "o ye>1 !re lay a congeal$ pool ( ros91 e/imat$ to conta9 ov] ?ree ?\s& b>rels4--,a ,j\rney 9 ! ,seabo>d ,slave ,/ates1 #ahfc1 p4 #cde4 ,no4 #fc 7page #ejg74 ,9 an article on ! dunes ( ,europe1 9 ,vol4 #bi 7#ahfd7 ( ,aus d] ,natur1 p4 #eij1 ! dunes are e/imat$ to cov]1 on ! isl&s & coa/s ( ,s*leswig ,hol/e91 9 ,nor?we/ ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 & ,france1 "o hundr$ & eighty-"o ,g]man1 or ne>ly f\r ?\s& ,engli% squ>e miles2 9 ,scotl&1 ab\t t5 ,g]man1 or two hundr$ & t5 ,engli% miles2 9 ,irel&1 tw5ty ,g]man1 or f\r hundr$ & tw5ty ,engli% miles2 & 9 ,engl&1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty ,g]man1 or m ?an tw5ty-five hundr$ ,engli% miles4 ,no4 #fd 7page #eab1 la/ p>agraph74 ,= a brilliant acc\nt ( ! improvem5t ( ! ,l&es1 see ,edmond ,ab\t1 ,le ,progres1 ,*ap1 ,,vii4 ,9 ! memoir ref]r$ to 9 ,app5dix1 ,no4 #dh1 ante1 ,dupon*el proposes ! con/ruction ( artificial torr5ts to gr9d calc>e\s rock to slime by roll+ & attrition 9 its b$1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! wa%+ d[n ( an argillace\s deposit :i* is to be mix$ ) ! calc>e\s slime & di/ribut$ ov] ! ,l&es by wat]c\rses con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,by ?is means1 he supposes t a highly f]tile soil c\ld be =m$ on ! surface1 :i* w\ld also be s rais$ by ! process z to admit ( fre] dra9age4 ,t no?+ may be want+ to recomm5d ?is project1 ,dupon*el sugge/s t1 z "s ( ! riv]s ( ,we/]n ,france are aurif]\s1 x is probable t gold en\gh may be collect$ f ! wa%+s to r$uce ! co/ ( ! op]ations mat]ially4 ,no4 #fe 7page #ebh1 fir/ p>agraph74 ,! op5+ ( a *annel across ,cape ,cod w\ld h1 ?\gh p]haps to a small] ext5t1 ! same effects 9 int]*ang+ ! animal life ( ! s\!rn & nor!rn %ores ( ! i/hmus1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,suez canal2 = al?\gh ! bread? ( ,cape ,cod does n any:]e exce$ tw5ty miles1 & is 9 "s places r$uc$ to "o1 x appe>s f ! (ficial reports on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,massa*usetts1 t ! population ( ! opposite wat]s diff]s widely 9 species4 ,n hav+ ! orig9al docum5ts at h&1 ,i quote an extract f ! ,report on ! ,inv]tebrate ,animals ( ,mass41 giv5 by ,?oreau1 ,excursions1 p4 #fi3 ,! di/ribution ( ! m>9e %ells is well wor?y ( notice z a geological fact4 ,cape ,cod1 ! "r arm ( ! ,commonweal?1 rea*es out into ! ocean "s fifty or sixty miles4 ,x is n[h]e _m miles wide2 b ?is n>r[ po9t ( l& has hi!rto prov$ a b>ri] to ! migration ( _m species ( mollusca4 ,sev]al g5]a & num]\s species1 :i* are sep>at$ by ! int]v5tion ( only a few miles ( l&1 are effectually prev5t$ f m+l+ by ! ,cape1 & d n pass f "o side to ! o!r 99 99 99 99 ,( ! "o hundr$ & n9ety-sev5 m>9e species1 eighty-?ree d n pass to ! s\? %ore1 & fifty are n f\nd on ! nor? %ore ( ! ,cape4 ,probably ! di/ribution ( ! species ( mollusks is affect$ by unkn[n local conditions1 & !re=e an op5 canal across ! ,cape might n make e species t inhabits ! wat]s on "o side common to ^? ( ! o!r2 b !re c be no d\bt t !re w\ld be a consid]able migration 9 bo? directions4 ,! fact /at$ 9 ! report may sugge/ an important caution 9 draw+ conclusions ^u ! relative age ( =mations f ! "* ( _! fossils4 ,_h a geological movem5t or movem5ts upheav$ to diff]5t levels ! bottoms ( wat]s ?us sep>at$ by a n>r[ i/hmus1 & dislocat$ ! connection betwe5 ^? bottoms1 naturali/s1 9 aft] ages1 reason+ f ! "* ( ! fossil faunas1 might h assign$ !m to diff]5t1 & p]haps v widely di/ant1 p]iods4 ,no4 #ff 7page #edh1 fir/ p>agraph74 ,to ! geological effects ( ! ?ick5+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 are to be add$ ^? ( ?9n+ x on ! highl&s :]e ! ,ganges rises4 ,! same action may1 z a le>n$ fri5d sugge/s to me1 ev5 h a cosmical influ5ce4 ,! great riv]s ( ! e>?1 tak5 z a :ole1 transport s$im5t f ! pol> regions 9 an equatorial direction1 & h5ce t5d to increase ! equatorial diamet]1 & at ! same "t1 by _! inequality ( action1 to a cont9ual displacem5t ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 ( ! e>?4 ,! motion ( ! globe & ( all bodies affect$ by its attraction1 is modifi$ by e *ange ( its =m1 & 9 ?is case we are n au?oriz$ to say t su* effects are 9 any way comp5sat$4 ,,index ,abbeys ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 & ,/4 ,d5is1 rev5ues (1 #f4 ,adirondack =e/1 #bce2 lakes (1 #ceg4 ,ailan?us gl&ulosa1 #eae4 ,akaba1 gulf (1 infiltration ( fre% wat] 91 #ddj4 ,albano1 lake (1 artificial l[]+ (1 #cec4 ,alg]ia1 des]ts (1 artesian wells 91 #ddc2 s& dunes (1 #dfc2 consolidat$ dunes1 #dhj4 ,alpaca1 ,s\? ,am]ican1 #hc4 ,amazon1 ,indians (1 #aa4 ,amel&1 isl& (1 #dii4 ,am]ica1 ,nor?1 primitive physical condition (1 #bg1 #dc2 =e/s (1 #bh2 possibility ( not+ its physical *anges1 #eb2 by sci5tific obs]vation1 #ec2 =e/ trees (1 #bgd2 s& dunes (1 #dfi2 propos$ *anges 9 hydrography (1 #ecb4 ,animal life1 sympa?y ( rud] races )1 #ci2 in/9ct1 fallibility (1 #dj2 ho/ility ( civiliz$ man to inf]ior =ms (1 #aba4 ,animals1 wild1 action ( on vegetation1 #gh4 ,aphis1 ! ,european1 #ajd4 ,ap5n9es1 effects ( fell+ ! woods on1 #aej1 #aeb4 ,appian way1 !1 #edb4 ,aqu$ucts1 geographical & climatic effects (1 #ceh4 ,arabia ,petraea1 surface dra9age (1 #ddj2 s&/one (1 #deb2 s&s & petrifi$ wood (1 #dee2 wadies (1 #ech4 ,aragua1 valley (1 ,v5ezuela1 #bjb4 ,ar>at1 ,mt41 ph5om5on ( vegetation on1 #bhg4 ,arde*e1 l'1 dep>tm5t (1 #aeb2 de/ruction ( =e/s 91 #chi4 -- riv] & bas91 floods (1 #chf2 supply ( wat] to ! ,rhone1 #chh1 #cih2 viol5ce ( inundations (1 #chh2 damage done by1 #cij2 effect on riv] b$s1 #cia2 =ce ( its afflu5ts1 #cib4 ,argo/oli1 ,cephalonia1 mill/reams (1 #dcd4 ,arm5ia1 anci5t irrigation (1 #cff4 ,arno1 ! riv]1 deposits (1 #dad2 upp] c\rse ( 9 ! ,val di ,*iana1 #dag1 #dbj4 ,artesian wells1 _! s\rces1 #dda2 usual objects1 #ddb2 occasional effects1 #ddb2 employm5t 9 ! ,alg]ian des]t1 #ddc2 by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 #ddd2 success & probable results (1 #dde2 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 #ddc2 dep? (1 #ddd4 ,arundo ar5>ia1 #eja4 ,asc5sion1 isl& (1 #bje4 ,auk1 ! w+less1 extirpation (1 #ie4 ,au/ralia a field ( physical obs]vation1 #ea4 ,avalan*es1 ,alp9e1 v>i\s causes (1 #bff2 by fell+ trees1 #bgj4 ,az(f1 sea (1 propos$ *anges1 #eca4 ,bab9et1 plan = artificial spr+s1 by1 #ddh4 ,baikal ,lake1 ! fi% (1 #aag4 ,baltic ,sea1 s& dunes (1 #dfg4 ,b>celonette1 valley (1 =m] f]tility1 #bdc2 pres5t degradation (1 #bdd4 ,bav>ia1 sc>city ( fuel 91 #bii4 ,be>1 ! my?ical "* (1 #dj4 ,beav]1 !1 ag5cy 9 =m+ bogs1 #ca2 cause ( its increas$ numb]s1 #hd4 ,bee1 ! honey1 products (1 #aje2 introduction 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ajf4 ,belgium1 effect ( plantations 91 #aeb2 ,camp9e (1 #eac4 ,b5 ,gasi1 di/rict (1 rock =mation 91 #ecg4 ,b]gamo1 *ange ( climate 9 ! valley (1 #aea4 ,bibliographical li/ ( au?orities1 vii4 ,bir* tree 7black & yell[71 produce (1 #aga4 ,birds1 numb] (1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #hf2 ! turkey1 dove1 pigeon1 #hg2 z s[]s & consum]s ( se$s1 #hg2 z de/roy]s ( insects1 #hi2 injuri\s extirpation (1 #ij2 wanton de/ruction (1 #ib2 weakness (1 #ic2 in/9ct ( migratory1 #id2 ext9ction ( species1 #ie2 comm]cial value (1 #ig2 introduction ( species1 #ih4 ,bison1 ! ,am]ican1 #gh2 numb] & migrations (1 #ha1 #hc2 dome/icat$1 #ace4 ,blackbird1 ! proscription (1 #ia4 ,bogs1 =mation & nom5clature (1 #bi-cb2 ( ,new ,engl&1 #bi2 repositories ( fuel1 #cj4 ,bremonti]1 sy/em ( dune plantations (1 #ejc2 a b5efactor to 8 race1 #eae4 ,breton1 ,cap1 dune v9ey>ds (1 #ejh4 ,busbequius' lett]s1 #fd4 ,camel1 !1 transf] & migrations (1 #hc2 injuri\s to vegetation1 #acb4 ,camp9e ( ,belgium1 #eac4 ,canada ?i/le1 !1 #fh4 ,canals1 geographic & climatic effects (1 #cei2 injuri\s effects ( ,tuscan1 #cei2 project$1 ,suez1 #eai2 ,i/hmus ( ,d>i51 #ebb2 to ! ,dead ,sea1 #ebd2 m>itime1 9 ,greece1 #ebf2 ,s>os1 #ebg2 ,cape ,cod1 #ebh2 ! ,don & ! ,volga1 #eca2 ,lake ,erie & ! ,g5esee1 #ecb2 ,lake ,mi*igan & ! ,mississippi1 #ecc4 ,cape ,cod1 s& dunes (1 #dhg2 legislative protection (1 #ejb2 vegetation (1 #ejc2 project$ canal ?r\gh1 #ebh4 ,capp]cailzie1 !1 ext9ction (1 9 ,brita91 #if4 ,c>niola1 caves (1 #dcd4 ,caspian ,sea1 propos$ *anges 9 its bas91 #eca4 ,catania1 lava /reams (1 #edd4 ,catavo?ra ( ,greece1 #ecf4 ,cev5nes1 effects ( cle>+ !1 #aec4 ,*ampla91 lake1 dates ( its congelation1 #afc4 ,*]b\rg1 breakwat] (1 #df1 #ccb4 ,*iana1 ,val di1 description & "* (1 #dag-dbj2 plans = its re/oration1 #dbj2 artificial dra9age (1 attempt$1 #dba2 successfully execut$1 #dbc4 ,cl]gy1 m$iaeval1 _! "*1 #bhb4 ,climatic *ange1 discussions (1 #i2 h[ te/$1 #bj2 causes produc+1 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,africa1 ,arabia ,petraea1 #bj-bb2 man's action on1 difficult to asc]ta91 #ea2 det]ioration1 #ga4 ,coal m9es1 combu/ion (1 #edf4 ,coal1 sea1 e>ly use (1 = fuel1 #bbb2 increas$ use (1 9 ,p>is1 #bie4 ,coa/ l9e1 *ange (1 f natural causes1 #cca2 subject to human guidance1 #ccb4 ,co*9eal insect transf]r$ to ,spa91 #aje4 ,co*ituate ,aqu$uct1 ,bo/on1 #ajc4 ,col ,iso>d1 valley (1 deva/at$1 #bdb4 ,comm]ce1 mod]n1 on :at dep5d5t1 #fj4 ,como1 lake (1 propos$ l[]+ (1 #ceh4 ,con/ance1 lake (1 #ecd4 ,cork-oak tree1 yield (1 #caa4 ,corporations1 social & political1 influ5ce (1 #ed4 ,cosmical influ5ces1 #ac4 ,cotton1 e>ly cultivation (1 #fa2 c be rais$ by :ite labor1 #cha4 ,crawley ,sp>r[ ,club1 #ij4 ,curr5ts1 sea1 /r5g? (1 #def2 9 ! ,bosphorus1 #deg4 ,cuyahoga riv]1 #bjh4 ,cypress tree1 its beauty1 #cad4 ,d>i51 ,i/hmus (1 propos$ canal across1 #ebb2 conjectural effects (1 #ebc4 ,dead ,sea1 project$ canals to1 #ebd2 possible results (1 #ebe4 ,de]1 numb]s (1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates2 #hb2 tame1 injuri\s to trees1 #acj4 ,d5m>k1 peat mosses (1 #bb2 dunes (1 #dig2 ext5t & movem5t (1 #dih2 legislative protection (1 #eja1 #ejd4 ,des]t1 !1 ri*ness ( local color1 #dde2 mirage 91 #ddf4 ,des ,pla9es riv]1 #ecc4 ,despotism a cause ( physical decay1 #e4 ,dikes1 recov]y ( l& by1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 #cce2 e>ly usage & imm5se ext5t (1 #ccf2 enc\rag$ by ! ,spani>ds1 #ccg2 details ( _! con/ruction & effect on ! l& ga9$1 #cdj-cde2 9 ,egypt1 #dac4 ,d9ornis1 or moa1 rec5t extirpation (1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #ie4 ,dodo1 !1 extirpation (1 #ie4 ,dome/ic animals1 action (1 on vegetation1 #gi2 orig9 & transf] (1 #hb2 injuri\s to ! =e/ gr[?1 #acj4 ,don riv]1 propos$ div]sion (1 #eca4 ,dra9+ a geographical elem5t1 #cfj2 sup]ficial1 its necessity 9 =e/ l&s1 #cfc2 effect on temp]ature1 #cfd2 und]gr\nd1 ib42 ext5sive use (1 9 ,engl&1 #cfb2 affects ! atmosph]e1 #cfd2 di/urbs ! equilibrium ( riv] supply1 #cfe2 by bor+1 #cfb2 9 ,france1 c41 #cfb2 ,p>is1 #cfc4 ,drance1 ,switz]l&1 glaci] lake (1 #djc4 ,dry l& & wat]1 relative ext5t (1 #agh4 ,dwight1 ,dr41 ,travels 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 *>act]iz$1 #eb4 ,e>?1 f]tile1 bel[ ! rock1 #ecg2 transport$ to cov] rocky surfaces1 #ecg4 ,e>?quakes1 effects (1 #edb2 causes & possible prev5tion (1 #edc2 ( ,lisbon1 #edd4 ,e>?worm1 utility (1 9 agriculture1 #ajj2 multiplication (1 9 ,new ,engl&1 #aja4 ,egypt1 catacombs1 #gj2 papyrus or wat] lily1 #gj2 poison\s snakes (1 #aab2 suppos$ increase ( ra9 91 #aij2 productiv5ess (1 #bcj2 necessity & ext5t ( irrigation 91 #cfh1 #cgc2 cultivat$ soil (1 #cgb1 #cgd2 population (1 #cgd2 am\nt ( wat] us$ = irrigation1 #chj2 sal9e deposits1 #chb2 artificial riv] c\rses (1 #djb2 cultivat$ area (1 #dab2 s&s (1 #deh2 _! preval5ce & ext5t1 #dei2 s\rce (1 #dfa2 action on ! ,delta & cultivat$ l&1 #dfb2 effect ( ! div]sion ( ! ,nile on1 #ebi2 refuse heaps ne> ,cairo1 #eda4 ,el&1 !1 pres]v$ 9 ,prussia1 #hf4 ,elm1 ! ,wa%+ton1 ,cambridge1 #adf4 ,els9eur1 artificial =mation 9 h>bor (1 #eci4 ,engl&1 =e/ economy (1 #bba2 l>ge ext5t ( ornam5tal plantations1 #bbb2 ,=e/s (1 describ$ by ,caes>1 #bbb2 private ent]prise 9 sylviculture1 #bib2 s& dunes (1 #ejg4 ,engu]r& de ,c\cy1 cruelty (1 #bha4 ,erie ,canal1 !1 influ5ce on ! fauna & flora ( its region1 #aaf2 lake1 dep? & level (1 #ecb2 propos$ canal f1 #ecb4 ,espy's !ories ( artificial ra91 #edg4 ,etna1 volcanic lava & du/1 #aca4 ,euphrates1 s& pla9s 9 ! valley (1 #eaa4 ,eye1 cultivation ( !1 #aa2 control ( ! limbs by1 #ab2 tra9$ by ! /udy ( physical geography1 #ab4 ,feudalism1 p]nici\s influ5ce (1 #f4 ,fir tree1 !1 its products1 #caa4 ,fire we$1 9 burnt =e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bhg4 ,fi%1 de/ruction (1 by man1 #aab1 #aad1 #abj1 #abb2 voracity (1 #aad2 introduction & bre$+ ( =eign1 #aaf2 naturalization (1 #aag2 inf]iority ( ! artificially fatt5$1 #aba4 ,fi%1 %ell1 ext5sive rema9s (1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aag2 ( ,indian orig91 #abh4 ,fi% ponds ( ,ca?olic c\ntries1 #dbf4 ,fonta9ebleau1 =e/ (1 #cd1 #acj2 poa*+ 91 #bhd2 its r5ovation1 #caf2 soil (1 #eac4 ,food1 anci5t arts ( pres]vation (1 #ah4 ,=e/1 !1 influ5ce (1 on ! humidity ( air1 #afb2 d4 ( e>?1 #afe2 z organic1 #aff2 balance ( conflict+ influ5ces 91 #agf2 influ5ce on temp]ature1 #agh2 on precipitation1 #aha1 #aif2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ahd2 ! ,can>y ,isl&s & ,asia ,m9or1 #ahe2 ,p]u1 #ahh2 ,pale/9e1 ,s\!rn ,france1 ,scotl& & ,egypt1 #ahi2 influ5ce (1 on humidity ( soil1 #aif2 on spr+s1 #aig2 9 ,v5ezuela1 #bjb2 ,new ,granada1 #bjd2 ,switz]l& & ,france1 #bje1 #bjh2 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bjg2 9 w9t]1 #baj2 g5]al consequ5ces ( its de/ruction1 #bad2 on ! e>?1 spr+s1 riv]s1 #bae2 lit]ature (1 9 ,france1 #bag2 ,g]many1 #bah2 ,italy1 #bah2 ,engl&1 #bba2 influ5ce (1 on inundations1 #bbc2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bbe2 disput$ effects (1 9 ,europe1 #bbh2 pr9cipal causes ( its de/ruction1 #bgj2 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 #bga2 9 ,europe1 #bgi2 royal =e/s1 #bhj2 effects ( ! ,revolution on1 9 ,france1 #bhd2 utility (1 = ! pres]vation ( small] plants1 #bhf1 #bij2 d4 ( birds1 #bia2 economic utility (1 & necessity = its re/oration1 #bib2 ext5t (1 9 ,europe1 #bif2 proportion 9 diff]5t c\ntries (1 #cjj2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 #cjj2 economy (1 #cjc2 managem5t (1 9 ,france1 #cjd2 ,european =e/s1 all ( artificial gr[?1 #cje2 artificial & natural1 _! respective advantages1 #cjg2 ,am]ican d41 _! peculi> *>act]i/ics1 #cac2 economic action ( cattle on1 #cbe2 duty ( pres]v+1 #cbg2 av]age rev5ue f1 #cbg2 regulat$ by laws 9 ,france1 #cie4 ,see ,trees1 ,woods4 ,=e/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 balance ( geographical elem5ts 91 #bg2 ag5cy ( quadrup$s & insects 91 #cb2 injury to1 by insects1 #cc2 meteorological importance (1 #aci4 ,=e/ laws1 m$iaeval1 "* (1 #bag2 d4 ,jewi%1 #bag2 sev]ity (1 9 ,france & ,engl&1 #bhj2 "u ,l\is ,,ix41 #bha2 ( ,am]ica1 creat$ by circum/ances1 #cjb4 ,france1 =e/ lit]ature & economy (1 #bag2 legislation on =e/s1 #bcc2 -- ,s\!a/]n1 =m] physical /ate (1 #bcg2 alt]$ condition (1 #bci2 royal =e/s (1 & =e/ laws1 #bhj2 ext5t (1 91 #bif2 anci5t lakes (1 #ceg2 inundations ( #ahef 91 #cic2 rem$ies aga9/ inundations 91 #cie2 s& dunes ( ,we/]n1 #dhe2 encroa*m5ts ( ! sea on1 #did4 ,fr5* peasantry1 describ$ by ,la ,bruy]e1 #f2 d4 ,ar?ur ,"y1 #g2 ( ,*ambord1 #bhc4 ,friesl&1 s& dunes (1 #dhi4 ,fuc9us ,lake 7,lago di ,celano71 dra9age (1 by ! ,romans1 #ced2 mod]ns1 #cee4 ,game ,laws1 effect on ! numb]s ( birds 9 ,france1 #ia2 9 ,engl& & ,italy1 #ib2 sev]ity (1 9 ,france1 #bhc2 unable to /op poa*+1 #bhd4 ,ganges1 valley ( !1 #edh4 ,gascony1 coa/ s&s (1 #dec2 dunes (1 #dif2 ext5t & advance (1 #dig2 fix+ & reclaim+ (1 #ejd2 ,l&es (1 #eaa2 _! reclamation1 #eab4 ,geological influ5ces1 #ac4 ,geograph]s1 new s*ool (1 #h4 ,geographical influ5ce ( *anges produc$ by man1 #ceb4 ,geography1 mod]n1 improv$ =m (1 #eg4 ,g]man ,ocean1 s&s (1 #ded1 #deg4 ,g]many1 ext5t ( =e/s 91 #bii4 ,glaci] lakes 9 ,switz]l&1 #djc4 ,goat1 ! ,ca%m]e or ,?ibet1 #hc4 ,gold fi%1 ! migration f ,*9a1 #aaf4 ,goldau1 ,switz]l&1 de/ruction (1 #bfh4 ,grape disease1 its economic effect 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 #gb4 ,gras%opp]1 ! rapid increase 9 ,am]ica1 #bia4 ,grav$igg] beetle1 !1 #ajg4 ,greece1 propos$ m>itime canals 91 ?r\gh ! ,cor9?ian ,i/hmus1 #ebf2 ,m\nt ,a?os1 #ebg2 subt]ranean wat]s (1 #ecf4 ,gulls1 sea1 habits (1 #ih4 ,gulf /ream1 !1 #ebc4 ,gunp[d] *iefly us$ = indu/rial purposes1 #cce4 ,ha>lem ,lake1 orig9 & ext5t (1 #cdf1 #cdg2 reasons = dra9+ x1 #cdh2 means employ$1 #cdi2 successful results1 #cej4 ,hauran1 ! productions (1 its soil1 #gd4 ,heilbronn1 spr+s at1 #bjg4 ,h]r+ fi%]y1 produce (1 #abj4 ,hessian fly1 introduction ( 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ajd4 ,honey bee1 ! wild1 ,new ,engl&1 legal usage1 #cjb4 ,humid air1 movem5t (1 #ahc4 ,hunt] 9 ,new ,engl&1 exploits (1 #hb4 ,ibex1 ! ,alp9e1 #hf4 ,india1 sal9e effloresc5ce ( its soil1 #chb2 natural connection ( riv]s 91 #dja4 ,insects1 injuri\s to vegetable life1 #cc2 utility (1 #ii2 ag5cy 9 ! f]tilization ( or*ids1 #ajb2 mass ( _! exuviae 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ajb2 introduction ( injuri\s species1 #ajd1 #ajf2 ravages (1 #aje2 t5acity ( life 91 #ajf2 ! c>nivor\s1 useful to man1 #ajg2 de/ruction (1 by fi%1 #ajh2 abundance (1 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 #ajh2 de/ruction (1 by birds1 #aji2 d4 quadrup$s1 #aaj2 d4 reptiles1 #aaj2 d n multiply 9 ! =e/1 #bia2 conf9e !mselves to dead trees1 #cbb4 ,inundations1 influ5ce ( ! =e/ on1 #bbc2 ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 #ccd2 means = obviat+1 #chd2 ( #ahef 9 ,france1 #cic2 rem$ies aga9/1 #cie2 legislative regulation ( ! woodl&s 9 ,france = prev5tion (1 #cif2 propos$ bas9s ( reception1 #cih2 d4 9 ,p]u & ,spa91 #djj2 ,rozet's plan = dim9i%+1 #djf4 ,irrigation1 remote date ( 9 anci5t nations1 #cff2 among ,mexicans & ,p]uvians1 #cff2 its necessity 9 hot climates1 #cfg2 9 ,europe1 #cfg2 9 ,pale/9e1 #cfh2 9 ,idumaea1 #cgj2 ,egypt1 #cga1 #cgc2 quantity ( wat] s appli$1 #cgf1 #cgg2 ext5t ( l&s irrigat$1 #cif2 effects (1 #cgh2 on riv] supply1 #chj2 on human heal?1 #cha2 sal9e deposits f1 9 ,india & ,egypt1 #chb2 effect (1 on vegetable crops1 #cgh2 on ! soil1 #cgi2 economic evils (1 #cgi4 ,isl&s1 float+1 9 ,holl& & ,s\? ,am]ica1 #cdi1 #cea4 ,ijssel riv]1 ,holl&1 #ece4 ,italy1 effects ( ! d5udation ( its =e/s1 #bbj2 political condition adv]se to _! pres]vation1 #bai2 beauty ( its w9t] sc5]y1 #cad2 ext5t ( irrigation 91 #cfh2 atmosph]ic ph5om5a ( ,nor!rn1 #cfh4 ,jupit]1 satellites (1 visible to ! eye1 #ab4 ,jutl&1 effects ( fell+ ! woods 91 #aej2 de/ruction ( =e/s 91 #bgi2 encroa*m5ts ( ! sea on1 #dia4 ,k&] riv]1 ,switz]l&1 artificial c\rse (1 #djc4 ,k>/1 ! subt]ranean wat]s (1 #ecf4 ,kjoekk5mo$d+] 9 ,d5m>k1 #af2 _! ext5t1 #edj4 ,kohl1 ,j4 ,g41 ! ,h]odotus ( mod]n ,europe1 #cdj2 on dune s&1 #dge4 ,labrugui]e1 commune (1 #bjh4 ,lae/adius1 acc\nt ( ! ,sw$i% ,lapl&]s1 #if4 ,lakes1 dra9+ (1 by /eam hydraulic eng9es1 #cdf2 natural process ( fill+ up by aquatic vegetation1 #cdi2 l[]+ (1 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 #cec2 9 ,italy1 #ced2 9 ,switz]l&1 #cef2 inconv5i5t consequ5ces (1 #cef2 m\nta91 _! disappe>ance1 #ceg4 ,l&scape beauty1 ins5sibility ( ! anci5ts to1 #b2 ( ! oasis & ! des]t1 #dde4 ,lava curr5ts1 div]sion ( _! c\rse1 #edd2 f ,vesuvius1 ph5om5a (1 #ede2 heat emitt$ by1 #ede4 ,life1 balance ( animal & vegetable1 #ajc4 ,liimfjord1 !1 irruption ( ! sea into1 #dia2 aquatic vegetation (1 #dib2 orig9al /ate (1 #eai4 ,lion1 an inhabitant ( ,europe1 #he4 ,lisbon1 e>?quake (1 #edd4 ,locu/1 !1 does n multiply 9 woods1 #bif2 tree & insect1 #cb4 ,lomb>dy1 /ati/ics ( irrigation 91 #cgf4 ,l\is ,,ix41 ( ,france1 clem5cy (1 #bhb4 ,l[] ,alps1 dep>tm5t (1 ravages ( torr5ts 91 #bdf4 ,lumb] trade ( ,quebec1 #bga2 ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahej-'fj1 #cja4 ,lung]n1 lake (1 l[]+ (1 #cef4 ,madagasc>1 gigantic bird (1 #if2 ! ai-ai (1 #aaj4 ,madd]1 e>ly cultivation (1 9 ,europe1 #bj4 ,madeira1 nam$ f its =e/s1 #abi4 ,maize1 e>ly cultivation (1 law ( its acclimation1 #ai2 native c\ntry (1 #gc4 ,malta1 transport$ soil (1 #ech2 salt works at1 #edj4 ,man1 reaction (1 on nature1 #h2 insuffici5cy ( data1 #i2 geographical influ5ce (1 #ac2 physical revolutions wr\ght by1 #ad2 unprem$itat$ results ( consci\s action1 #ae2 anci5t relics (1 9 old geological =mations1 #af2 me*anical effects (1 on ! e>?'s surface1 #be2 de/ructiv5ess (1 #ce2 9 animal life & inorganic nature1 #cf-ci2 "* ( 8 action comp>$ ) t ( brutes1 #db2 subv]sive ( ! balance ( nature1 #dc2 sometimes ex]cis$ = good1 #dd2 pres5t limits to1 #de2 transf] ( vegetable life by1 #ei2 rema9s (1 #gf2 contempor>y ) ! mammo?1 #gg2 ag5cy 9 ! ext]m9ation ( birds1 #if2 d4 introduction ( species1 #ih2 increase ( insect life1 #ajd2 introduction ( new =ms ( d4 by1 #aje2 de/ruction ( fi% by1 #aab1 #abj1 #abb2 extirpation ( aquatic animals by1 #aai2 possible control ( m9ute organisms1 #abe2 8 fir/ physical conque/1 #ace2 8 action on l& & ! wat]s1 #ccj2 possible geographical *anges by1 #eag2 incid5tal effects ( 8 action1 #eci2 illimitable & ev] endur+ d41 #edh4 ,m>emme ( ,tuscany1 anci5t & m$iaeval /ate (1 #dbe2 ext5t (1 #dbg2 inhabitants1 #dbh2 improvem5t (1 #dbi2 s$im5t>y deposits (1 #dbe1 #dcj4 ,m>9e i/hmuses1 cutt+ (1 #eag2 its difficulties1 #eah2 sometimes done by nature1 #eai4 ,m>mato 9 ,popayan1 #bje4 ,m>%es1 climatic effects ( dra9+1 #ceh2 insalubrity ( mixture ( fre% & salt wat] 91 #dag4 ,me*anic arts1 illu/ration ( _! mutual int]dep5d5ce1 #cjg4 ,m$anos ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican des]t1 #dhb4 ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 tides (1 #dbe2 s& dunes (1 #dfg2 poor 9 organic life1 #ebj4 ,mella1 ! riv]1 ,italy1 #bdh4 ,meteorology1 unc]ta9ty & late rise (1 #af1 #bb2 v>y+ nom5clature (1 #bc2 precipitation & evaporation1 #bd4 ,mi*igan1 lake1 s& dunes (1 #dfg2 orig9ally wood$1 #dhg2 propos$ div]sion ( its wat]s1 #ecb4 ,m9+ excavations1 effects (1 #ede4 ,m9ute organisms1 _! (fices1 #abc2 univ]sal diffusion & products (1 #abd1 #abg2 possible control ( _! ag5cy by man1 #abe2 ! coral insect1 #abe2 ! diatomaceae1 #abf4 ,mirami*i1 great fire (1 #bh4 ,mi/ral 9 ,france1 #aec4 ,mississippi riv]1 cut (fs & _! effect1 #dae2 precipitation 9 ! valley (1 #dcf2 project$ canal to1 #ecc4 ,m\nta9 slides1 _! cause1 #bfe1 #bfh2 _! frequ5cy 9 ! ,alps1 #bfg4 ,m\nta9\s c\ntries1 _! liability to physical degradation1 #ej4 ,monte ,te/accio1 ,rome1 #eda4 ,moose de]1 ! ,am]ican1 rapid multiplication (1 #acj4 ,mu%rooms1 poison\s1 h[ to r5d] h>mless1 #bhf4 ,natural =ces1 accumulation (1 #df2 resi/ance to1 #edb4 ,nature1 man's reaction on1 #h2 obs]vation (1 #aj2 /ability (1 #bg1 #cd2 re/oration ( di/urb$ h>monies (1 #ce2 no?+ small 91 #edh4 ,naturali/s1 en?usiasm (1 #ii4 ,ne!rl&s1 anci5t inundations (1 #ccd2 recov]y ( l& by dik+1 #ccd2 ! practice d]iv$ f ! ,romans1 #cce2 ext5t ( l& ga9$ f ! sea1 #ccf2 d4 lo/ by incursions ( d41 #ccg2 "* ( l&s ga9$1 #cch2 natural process ( recov]y1 #cci2 gr&eur ( ! dike sy/em (1 #cdj2 me?od ( _! con/ruction 91 #cda2 modes ( protection1 #cdc2 v>i\s uses (1 #cdc2 effect on ! level ( ! l&1 #cdd2 dra9age ( d41 #cde2 primitive condition (1 #cea2 effects on ! social1 moral1 & economic int]e/s ( ! p (1 #cea2 s& dunes (1 #dhf2 encroa*m5ts ( ! sea on1 #did2 artificial dunes 91 #dii2 protection ( dunes 91 #ejj2 removal ( d41 #eji4 ,nile1 ! riv]1 valley (1 #cgd2 its anci5t /ate1 #cge2 inundations (1 #che2 wat] deliv]y (1 #chg2 artificial m\?s (1 #djb2 consequ5ces ( dik+1 #daj1 #dac2 ri*ness ( its deposits1 #daa2 ext5t ( d41 #dab2 mud banks caus$ by its deposits1 #dcc2 s& dunes at its m\?s1 #dfh2 conduits = irrigation1 #eba2 propos$ div]sion (1 #ebh2 n impossible1 #ebi2 effects (1 #ecj2 c]amic banks (1 #eda4 ,nor?m5 9 ,new ,engl&1 #fj4 ,nubians1 ,nile boats ( !1 #ag4 ,numb]s1 ! frequ5t error 9 too def9ite /atem5ts (1 #bfj2 ori5tal & ,italian usage (1 #bfa4 ,oak1 ! ,engli%1 e>ly uses 9 ! arts1 #bbc2 op5+s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #acf4 ,ohio1 m\nds (1 #ah2 rema9s ( a primitive p 91 #ace1 #ach2 apple trees (1 #bb4 ,old ,_w1 =m] popul\sness (1 #d2 physical decay (1 #c2 pres5t desolation (1 #e2 its causes1 #e2 anci5t climate (1 #ai2 physical re/oration (1 #dg4 ,olive tree1 ! wild1 #gd2 importance (1 #cab4 ,orange tree kn[n to ! anci5ts1 #fd2 ! wild1 #gd4 ,or*ids1 f]tilization (1 by insects1 #ajb4 ,organic life embrac$ 9 mod]n geography1 #eg2 its geological ag5cy1 #ge2 geographical importance (1 #g2 bones & relics (1 human & animal1 #gf4 ,o/ri*1 !1 dim9ution ( its numb]s1 #ig4 ,ottaque*ee riv]1 ,v]mont1 transport+ p[] (1 #bec4 ,ott]1 ! ,am]ican1 voracity (1 #abj4 ,ox51 agricultural uses (1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #hj4 ,oy/]1 !1 transplantation (1 #aah4 ,pale/9e1 anci5t t]race culture & irrigation (1 #cfi2 disa/r\s effects ( its neglect1 #cgj4 ,palissy1 ,b]n>d1 "* (1 #bah2 plan = artificial spr+s1 #ddg4 ,p>agr&9i ( ,lomb>dy1 #ada4 ,p>amelle1 ! ,abbe1 on f\nta9s1 #dcg4 ,peat b$s1 accid5tal burn+ (1 #edf2 -- mosses ( ,d5m>k1 #cb4 ,pecora1 riv] ( ! ,m>emma1 its deposits1 #dbe4 ,p]u1 anci5t progress 9 ! arts1 #cff2 bas9s ( reception 91 #djj4 ,petra1 9 ,idumaea1 anci5t irrigation at1 #cgj4 ,phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 #aad4 ,physical decay ( ! e>?'s surface1 #c2 its causes1 #e2 arre/ (1 9 new c\ntries1 #dh2 =ms & =mations pr$ispos+ to1 #di4 ,physical geography1 /udy ( recomm5d$1 #ab2 re/oration ( ! e>?1 #h2 importance & possibility (1 #bf2 ( di/urb$ h>monies1 #ce2 ( ! ,old ,_w1 #dg4 ,p9e1 ! ,am]ican1 =m] ord9>y dim5sions (1 #bge2 h[ affect$ by ! accid5ts ( its gr[?1 #cjf2 ! m>itime1 on dune s&s 9 ,france1 #ejf2 ! pit*1 h>dihood (1 #bgc2 umbrella1 !1 mo/ elegant ( trees1 #cji1 #cac2 ! :ite1 rapidity ( its gr[?1 #bgd4 ,p9us cembra ( ,switz]l&1 #cji4 ,pisciculture1 its valuable results1 #aah4 ,plants1 cultivat$1 unc]ta9 id5tity ( anci5t & mod]n1 #ai2 d4 ( wild & dome/ic species1 #gc2 *anges ( habit by dome/ication1 #ai2 geographical influ5ce (1 #eh2 =eign1 gr[n 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #fa2 ,am]ican1 gr[n 9 ,europe1 #fc2 modes ( introduction1 #fd2 accid5tal d41 #ff2 p[] ( accommodation (1 #fe2 h[ affect$ by transf]1 #fh2 t5acity ( life 9 wild species1 #fi2 extirpation (1 #gj2 dome/ic orig9 (1 #gb2 species employ$ = protection ( s& dunes1 #ejj4 ,pl9y1 ! eld]1 !ory ( spr+s1 #aih1 #baf4 ,po1 riv]1 anci5t /ate ( its bas91 #bee2 mod]n *anges1 #bef2 its floods1 tribut>ies1 & deposits1 #bef-bfa1 #dje2 embankm5ts (1 #che1 #djd2 s$im5t (1 #daj2 age & consequ5ces ( its embankm5ts1 #daa2 mean deliv]y (1 #dab2 salti (1 #dae4 ,pol&1 s& pla9s (1 #ead4 ,popl>1 ! ,lomb>dy1 #fh2 *>act]iz$1 #cac4 ,potato1 native c\ntry (1 #gc4 ,prairies1 conjectural orig9 (1 #acd4 ,prov5ce1 physical /ructure (1 #bcg2 anci5t /ate (1 #bch2 de/ructive action ( torr5ts on1 #bcf2 ,alps (1 #bde4 ,prussia1 s& dunes (1 #dhe2 drift+ (1 #dih2 measures = reclaim+ (1 #eje4 ,quadrup$s1 numb] 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #gi2 extirpation (1 #hd4 ,quebec1 high tides (1 #bga2 lumb] trade (1 #bgb4 ,railways1 sci5tific uses (1 #ec4 ,ra9 wat]1 its absorption & infiltration1 #dch1 #dci2 economiz+ its precipitation1 #ddi4 ,rav5na1 ca!dral (1 #fj2 p9e woods (1 #aej4 ,r$ ,sea1 ri*ness (1 9 organic life1 #cbj2 div]sion ( ! ,nile to1 its effects1 #ecj4 ,re9de]1 !1 #hc4 ,res]voirs1 geographic & climatic effects (1 #beh4 ,rev5tlov's organization ( dune economy 9 ,d5m>k1 #ejd2 a b5efactor to 8 race1 #eae4 ,rh9e1 riv]1 propos$ div]sion (1 #ecc4 ,rice1 cultivation (1 #cha4 ,riv]s1 transport+ p[] (1 #beb2 9 ,v]mont1 #bec2 _! orig91 #bfb2 injury to _! banks by lumb]m51 #bgg2 conditions ( _! rise & fall1 #bgh2 mutual action ( riv]s & valleys1 #djh2 effect ( ob/ructions 91 #dji2 subt]ranean c\rse (1 #dji2 conflu5ces (1 effect on ! curr5t bel[1 #dbd2 s$im5t (1 its ext5t1 #edg4 ,riv] b$s1 natural *ange (1 #dja2 artificial d4 9 ,egypt1 #djb2 ,italy & ,switz]l&1 #djc4 ,riv] deposits1 #djh2 ( ! ,nile1 #daj2 ! ,po1 #daa2 ! ,tuscan riv]s1 #dad4 ,riv] embankm5ts1 #chd2 _! use1 #djd2 disadvantages1 #dje2 transv]se d41 sup]iority (1 #djf2 effects (1 #dji4 ,riv] m\?s1 ob/ructions (1 #dcj2 by s& banks1 #dca2 accel]at$ by man's influ5ce1 #dcb2 effect ( tidal movem5ts1 #dcb4 ,rob91 ! ,am]ican1 voracity (1 #hh4 ,rock g5]ally p]meable by wat]1 #bfe4 ,roman empire1 natural advantages ( its t]ritory1 #a2 increas$ by intellig5t labor1 #b2 physical decay (1 #c2 pres5t desolation1 #d2 caus$ by its despotism & oppression1 #e4 ,rozet's plan = dim9i%+ inundations1 #djf4 ,rude tribes1 cont9uity ( arts among1 #ag2 comm]ce (1 #ah2 relations to organic life1 #ci2 & to nature1 #da4 ,russia1 dim9ution ( =e/s 91 #bih2 effects (1 on riv]s & lakes1 #bii2 s& drifts ( ! /eppes (1 #ead2 attempts to reclaim !m1 #eae4 ,sacram5to ,city1 ,cali=nia1 effect ( riv] dike at1 #dje4 ,s&1 its composition & orig91 #deb2 action ( riv]s1 #dec2 anci5t deposits (1 #ded1 #def2 am\nt (1 c>ri$ to ! 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ma*9]y m rapid by night1 #bgh4 ,s*elk1 ! extirpation (1 #he4 ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 encroa*m5ts ( ! sea on1 #dic4 ,sci5tific obs]vation1 practical lessons (1 #ed-ef4 ,sea1 !1 exclusion (1 by dikes1 9 ,l9coln%ire1 #ccc2 encroa*m5ts (1 #dij2 coa/1 #dia2 ! ,liimfjord1 #dia2 ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 #dic2 ,holl&1 #did2 ,france1 #did4 ,sea c[1 ,/ell]'s1 extirpation (1 #aai4 ,seal1 !1 9 ,lake ,*ampla91 #aag2 voracity (1 #abj4 ,se$s1 vitality (1 z pres]v$ by ! =e/1 #bhg1 #bhi4 ,se9e riv]1 anci5t level (1 #bad2 afflu5ts (1 #dce4 ,%ip build+ ( ! middle ages1 ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 #bah4 ,sib]ia1 ice rav9e 91 #aeh4 ,sicily1 /one weapons f\nd 91 #ah2 sulphur m9es (1 #gb2 olive oil crop (1 #cab4 ,silkworm1 introduction 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aje4 ,s9ai1 ,mt41 ra9 torr5t at1 #dda2 production ( s& 9 p59sula (1 #ded2 g>d5 ( mona/]y at1 #ecg4 ,snakes1 de/ructive to insects1 #aaj2 t5acity ( species1 #aaa2 numb] (1 9 ,pale/9e & ,egypt1 #aaa4 ,sn[1 action ( ! woods on1 #baa2 exp]im5ts on1 #bab4 ,soils1 am\nt ( !rmoscopic action on v>i\s1 #add2 me*anical effects ( %ak+ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 #cdd2 effect ( fro/ on1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cdd4 ,sol> heat1 economic employm5t (1 #dg4 ,solit>y1 !1 extirpation (1 #ie4 ,s\nd1 transmission (1 9 /ill air1 #afe4 ,spr+s1 artificial1 propos$ by ,palissy1 #ddg2 by ,bab9et1 #ddh4 ,spa91 neglect ( =e/ culture 91 #bgi4 ,squirrel1 !1 de/ructiv5ess (1 9 =e/s1 #cd2 ( ,bo/on1 #aba4 ,/4 ,hel5a1 flora (1 #fe2 de/ruction ( its =e/s1 #acj4 ,/af=d%ire1 ph5om5a ( vegetation 91 #bhh4 ,/>l+s1 habits (1 9 ,pi$mont1 #aaa4 ,/ork1 !1 geographical range (1 #ic2 anecdote ( a1 #ii4 ,subt]ranean wat]s1 _! orig91 #dcd2 s\rces ( supply1 #dce2 res]voirs & curr5ts (1 #dch2 diffusion (1 9 ! soil1 #dci2 importance1 #ddj2 ( ! ,k>/1 #ece2 ( ,greece1 #ecf4 ,suez canal1 !1 dang] f s& drifts1 #dfa2 effect on ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,sea bas9s1 #ebj4 ,sug> cane1 culture (1 #fb4 ,sug>-maple tree1 produce (1 #afi4 ,summ] dikes ( ,holl&1 #cdb4 ,sunfl[]s1 effect ( plantations (1 #aed4 ,swall[1 !1 popul> sup]/itions respect+1 #dah4 ,switz]l&1 anci5t lacu/r9e habitations (1 #af1 #gj1 #hc4 ,sylt ,isl&1 s& dunes (1 #dgd2 encroa*m5ts ( ! sea on1 #dic4 ,sylviculture1 be/ manuals ( practice (1 #cjd2 :5 & h[ pr(itable1 #cje2 its me?ods1 #cae2 ! taillis treatm5t1 #cae2 ! futaie d41 #cag2 b5eficial effects ( irrigation1 #cai2 exclusion ( animals1 #cba2 removal ( leaves1 c41 #cbb2 topp+ & trimm+1 #cbd4 ,taguataga ,lake1 ,*ili1 #cee4 ,tea plant1 !1 cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica1 #fb4 ,temp]ature1 g5]al law (1 #eb4 ,t]$o1 ! g5]al diffusion (1 #ajg4 ,t]mite1 or :ite ant1 ravages (1 #ajg4 ,tev]one1 cascade (1 ,tivoli1 #djb4 ,timb]1 g5]al sup]iority ( cultivat$1 #cje2 sl[ decay (1 9 =e/1 #cbb4 ,tobacco an ,am]ican plant1 #fh2 introduction 9 ,hung>y1 #fg4 ,tocat1 ,asia ,m9or1 oak woods (1 #ahf4 ,tomato1 !1 introduction to ,new ,engl&1 #ai4 ,torricelli1 successful plan = dra9+ ! ,val di ,*iana1 #dba4 ,torr5ts1 de/ructive action (1 #bca2 means ( prev5tion1 #bcc2 ravages (1 9 ,s\!a/]n ,france1 #bcg2 ,prov5ce1 #bci2 ,upp] ,alps1 #bdj2 ,l[] ,alps1 #bdf2 action (1 9 elevat+ ! b$s ( ma9l& /reams1 #bdi2 9 excavat+ rav9es1 #bej2 transport+ p[] (1 #bea2 signs (1 ext+ui%$1 #bfc2 cru%+ =ce (1 #cib4 ,trees1 z organisms1 specific temp]ature (1 #aef2 moi/ure giv5 out by1 #aeh2 total influ5ce on temp]ature1 #aei2 absorption ( wat] by1 #aff2 fl[ ( sap1 #afi2 absorption ( moi/ure by foliage (1 #agb2 exhalation ( d41 #agd2 consequ5t refrig]ation1 #age2 am\nt ( ligne\s products (1 #agc2 protection aga9/ avalan*es af=d$ by1 #bfi2 p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( fire1 #bgc2 ,am]ican =e/ trees1 #bgd2 _! dim5sions1 #bge2 *ange 9 relative proportions ( height & diamet]1 #bgf2 comp>ative longevity (1 #bgg2 ,european & ,am]ican comp>$1 #cjh2 species m num]\s 9 ,am]ica1 #cji2 ,sp5s]'s catalogue (1 #cjh2 int]*ange ( ,european & ,am]ican species1 #caj2 species ( ,s\!rn ,europe & _! ext5t1 #cab2 natural ord] ( succession 91 #cbc4 ,see ,=e/1 ,woods4 ,trie/e1 propos$ supply ( wat] to1 #ecf4 ,tr\t1 ! ,am]ican1 #aae1 #aag1 #aba4 ,tuscany1 riv]s (1 _! deposits1 #dad2 physical re/oration 91 #daf2 improvem5ts 9 ,val di ,*iana1 #dag2 d4 9 ! ,m>emma1 #dbd4 ,tyrolese riv]s1 elevation ( _! b$s1 #bdi4 ,ubate1 lakes (1 ,new ,granada1 #bjd4 ,undulation ( wat]1 #def4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 =eign plants gr[n 91 #fa2 weight ( annual h>ve/ 91 #fb2 numb] ( quadrup$s 91 #gi2 ( birds1 #hf2 effect ( fell+ woods on its climate1 #ahj2 =e/s (1 #cjj2 in/ability ( life 91 #cbh4 ,upp] ,alps1 dep>tm5t (1 ravages ( torr5ts 91 #bdj4 ,urus1 or au]o*s1 dome/icat$ by man1 #hc2 extirpation (1 #he4 ,val de ,lys1 evid5ce ( glaci] action 91 #beb4 ,vegetable life1 transf] by man's action1 #ei4 ,vel9o1 cascade (1 ,tivoli1 #djb4 ,vesuvius1 vegetation on1 #aca2 eruption ( ,febru>y1 #ahea1 #edd4 ,volcanic action1 resi/ance to1 #edd2 matt]1 vegetation 91 #aca4 ,volga riv]1 propos$ div]sion (1 #eca4 ,wal*]51 =mation ( ! isl&1 #cdj4 ,wall5/adt1 lake (1 #ecd4 ,walnut tree1 consumption (1 = gun /ocks1 #bif2 oil yield$ by1 #caj4 ,w>d's cases = plants1 #age4 ,wa/e products1 utilization (1 #cg4 ,we$s common to ,old & ,new ,_w1 #ff2 extirpat$ 9 ,*9a1 c41 #ga4 ,:ale1 !1 food (1 #aac2 de/ruction (1 #aad4 ,:ale fi%]y1 date ( its comm5cem5t unkn[n1 #aab2 9 ! middle ages1 #aab2 ,am]ican1 #aac4 ,:eat1 its ass]t$ orig91 #gc2 introduction to ,am]ica1 #gd4 ,wild animals1 numb] (1 #hd4 ,wild organisms1 vegetable & animal1 t5acity ( life 91 #fi4 ,will[1 ! weep+1 introduction 9 ,europe1 #fd4 ,wolf1 increase ( !1 #hd2 preval5ce 9 =e/s ( ,france1 #bif4 ,wolf ,spr+1 ,s\bey1 #bjf4 ,wood1 increas$ dem& =1 #bic2 %ip build+1 railroads1 c41 #bid2 m>ket price (1 #bid2 replac$ by iron 9 ! arts1 #bie2 means ( increas+ its durability1 #bie2 h[ affect$ by rapid gr[?1 #cjf2 facilities = work+1 #cjg4 ,woods1 habitable e>? orig9ally cov]$ by1 #abh2 conditions ( _! propagation1 #aca2 de/ructive ag5cy ( man & dome/ic animals1 #acb2 d n furni% food = man1 #acc2 fir/ removal (1 #acd2 burn+ (1 #acf2 9 ,sw$5 & ,france1 #acg2 effect on ! soil1 #ach2 de/ruction (1 its effect1 #aci2 electrical influ5ce (1 #adj2 *emical influ5ce (1 #adb2 influ5ce on temp]ature1 #adc2 absorb+ & emitt+ surface (1 #add2 9 summ] & w9t]1 #adg2 dead products (1 #adh2 z a %elt]1 #adi2 9 ,france1 #adi1 #aea2 ,new ,engl&1 #adi2 ,italy & ,jutl&1 #aej2 z a protection aga9/ mal>ia1 #aed2 t5d to mitigate extremes ( temp]ature1 #aee4 ,see ,=e/1 ,trees4 ,wood mosses & fungi1 absorb5t ( moi/ure1 #afh4 ,woodpeck]1 !1 de/roy] ( insects1 #aji4 ,yak1 or ,t>t>y ox1 !1 #hc4 ,yew tree1 geographical range (1 #gj4 ,zeel&1 prov9ce1 =mation (1 #cci4 ,zo/]a m>9a1 #dib4 ,zuid]zee1 propos$ dra9age (1 #ecd2 means (1 & geographical results1 #ece4 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,=sy?',s ,,cic]o4 ,a ,new ,life ( ,cic]o4 ,,by ,,william ,,=sy?1 ,m4 ,a41 ,q4 ,c4 ,) ,tw5ty ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 cr[n octavo4 ,pr9t$ on t9t$ & laid pap]4 ,price1 #e4jj4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to exhibit ,cic]o n m]ely z a ,/atesman & an ,orator1 b z he 0 at home 9 ! relations ( private life1 z a ,husb&1 a ,fa!r1 a ,bro!r1 & a ,fri5d4 ,8 lett]s are full ( int]e/+ details1 :i* enable u to =m a vivid idea ( h[ ! 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