,l4 ,,annaeus ,,s5eca1 ,,on ,,b5efits   
,by ,s5eca  ,edit$ by ,aubrey ,/ew>t    
,,preface  ,s5eca1 ! fav\rite classic ( 
! e>ly fa!rs ( ! *ur* & ( ! ,middle     
,ages1 :om ,j]ome1 ,t]tullian1 &        
,augu/9e speak ( z ,s5eca no/]1 :o 0    
believ$ to h correspond$ ) ,/4 ,paul1 & 
^u :om ,footnote3 ,on ! ,de ,clem5tia1  
an odd subject = ! man :o burn$ ,s]vetus
 alive = diff]+ ) him4 ,calv9 wrote a   
comm5t>y1 seems almo/ =gott5 9 mod]n    
times4 ,p]haps "s ( 8 popul>ity may h   
be5 due to 8 be+ suppos$ to be ! au?or (
 ^? trag$ies :i* ! _w has long ceas$ to 
read1 b :i* delight$ a p]iod t pref]r$  
,euripides to ,aes*ylus3 :ile casui/s   
mu/ h f\nd cong5ial matt] 9 an au?or ^: 
fanta/ic cases ( consci5ce are (t5 wor?y
 ( ,san*ez or ,escob>4 ,yet ,s5eca's    
morality is always pure1 & f him we ga91
 albeit at second h&1 an insight into ! 
doctr9es ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 ,z5o1  
,epicurus1 ,*rysippus1 c41 ^: precepts &
 sy/em ( religi\s ?\ght _h 9 cultivat$  
,roman society tak5 ! place ( ! old     

wor%ip ( ,jupit] & ,quir9us4  ,s9ce     
,lodge's edition 7fol4 #afad71 no       
complete translation ( ,s5eca has be5   
publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh ,sir ,rog]       
,l',e/range wrote p>aphrases ( sev]al   
,dialogues1 :i* seem to h be5 enorm\sly 
popul>1 runn+ ?r\gh m ?an sixte5        
editions4 ,i ?9k we may conjecture t    
,%akespe>e _h se5 ,lodge's translation1 
f sev]al allusions to philosophy1 to t  
impossible conception ! wise man1 &     
especially f a passage 9 ,all's ,well t 
ends ,well1 :i* seems to brea! ! v _s ( 
,de ,b5eficiis4    ',tis pity--    ,t   
wi%+ well _h n a body 9 x    ,:i* might 
be felt3 t we1 ! poor] born1    ,^: bas]
 />s d %ut u up 9 wi%es1    ,might )    
effects ( !m foll[ our fri5ds    ,& %[  
:at we alone mu/ ?9k2 :i* nev]          
,returns u ?anks4     ,all's ,well t    
ends ,well1 ,act i4 sc4 #a4  ,?\gh1 if  
?is w n fit ! suppos$ date ( t play1 he 
may h tak5 ! idea f ,! ,woorke ( ,lucius
 ,annaeus ,s5eca conc]n+ ,b5efyt+1 t is 
too say1 ! doo+1 receyv+1 & requyt+ (   

good turnes1 translat$ out ( ,lat9 by   
,a4 ,gold+4 ,j4 ,day1 ,london1 #aegh4 ,&
 ev5 dur+ ! ,re/oration1 ,pepys's ideal 
( virtu\s & lett]$ seclusion is a c\ntry
 h\se 9 ^: g>d5 he might sit on summ]   
aft]noons ) 8 fri5d1 ,sir ,w4 ,cov5try1 
x maybe1 to read a *apt] ( ,s5eca4 ,9   
%>p contra/ to ?is is ,vahl5's preface  
to ! m9or ,dialogues1 :i* he edit$ aft] 
! dea? ( 8 fri5d ,ko*1 :o _h begun t "w1
 9 :i* he rem>ks t he has read mu* ( ?is
 writ]1 9 ord] to p]fect 8 k ( ,lat91 = 
o!rwise he nei!r admires 8 artificial   
subtleties ( ?\ght1 nor 8 *ildi%        
mann]isms ( /yle 7,vahl51 preface1 p4   
v41 ed4 #ahgi1 ,j5a74  ,yet by ! /ud5t (
 ! hi/ory ( ,rome "u ! ,caes>s1 ,s5eca  
is n to be neglect$1 because1 :atev] may
 be ?\ght ( ! intr9sic m]it ( 8         
speculations1 he repres5ts1 m p]haps ev5
 ?an ,tacitus1 ! intellectual           
*>act]i/ics ( 8 age1 & ! tone ( society 
9 ,rome--nor c\ld we well sp>e ! gossip+
 /ories :i* we f9d imb$d$ 9 8 grav]     
diss]tations4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,dean 

,m]ivale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans "u !     
,empire w %[ ! e/imate ( him :i* has be5
 =m$ by t accompli%$ writ]3--  ,at      
,rome1 we1 h no reason1 to suppose t    
,*ri/ianity 0 only ! refuge ( ! afflict$
 & mis]able2 r1 if we may lay any /ress 
on ! docum5ts above ref]r$ to1 x 0 fir/ 
embrac$ by p]sons 9 a c]ta9 grade (     
com=t & respectability2 by p]sons       
approa*+ to :at we %\ld call ! ,,middle 
,,classes 9 _! condition1 _! education1 
& _! moral views4 ,( ?is class ,s5eca   
himself 0 ! idol1 ! oracle2 he 01 s to  
speak1 ! fav\rite prea*] ( ! m          
intellig5t & humane disciples ( nature &
 virtue4 ,n[ ! writ+s ( ,s5eca %[1 9 _! 
way1 a real anxiety among ?is class to  
raise ! moral tone ( mank9d ar\nd !m2 a 
_s ( re=m1 a zeal = ! conv]sion ( s\ls1 
:i*1 ?\gh x nev] rose1 inde$1 "u ! tea*+
 ( ! philosoph]s1 to boil+ heat1 /ill   
simm]$ ) g5ial w>m? on ! surface (      
society4 ,f> diff]5t z 0 _! social      
/&+-po9t1 f> diff]5t z 7 ! f\ndations & 
! presum$ sanctions ( _! tea*+          

respectively1 ,s5eca & ,/4 ,paul 7 bo?  
moral re=m]s2 bo?1 be x said ) rev]5ce1 
7 fell[-work]s 9 ! cause ( humanity1    
?\gh ! ,*ri/ian c\ld look beyond !      
proximate aims ( morality & prep>e m5 = 
a f9al developm5t on :i* ! ,/oic c\ld n 
v5ture to gaze4 ,h5ce !re is s mu* 9 _! 
pr9ciples1 s mu* ev5 9 _! language1 :i* 
agrees toge!r1 s t ! "o has be5 ?\ght1  
?\gh x mu/ be all[$ )\t adequate reason1
 to h borr[$ directly f ! o!r4          
,footnote3 ,x is h>dly necess>y to ref] 
to ! pret5d$ lett]s betwe5 ,/4 ,paul &  
,s5eca4 ,besides ! evid5ce f /yle1 "s ( 
! dates !y conta9 are q suffici5t to    
condemn !m z clumsy =g]ies4 ,!y are     
m5tion$1 b ) no expression ( belief 9 _!
 g5u95ess1 by ,j]ome & ,augu/9e4 ,see   
,jones1 ,on ! ,canon1 ii4 #hj4  ,b !    
philosoph]1 be x rememb]$1 disc\rs$ to a
 l>ge & n inatt5tive audi5ce1 & surely !
 soil 0 n all unfruitful on :i* 8 se$ 0 
scatt]$ :5 he proclaim$ t ,god dwells n 
9 temples ( wood & /one1 nor wants !    
m9i/rations ( human h&s2,footnote3 ,s541

 ,ep4 #ie1 & 9 ,lactantius1 ,in/4 vi4 t 
,he has no delight 9 ! blood (          
victims3,footnote3 ,ep4 #aaf3 ,colitur  
,deus non tauris s$ pia et recta        
voluntate4 t ,he is ne> to all ,8       
creatures3,footnote3 ,ep4 #da1 #gc4 t ,8
 ,_s resides 9 m5's he>ts3,footnote3    
,ep4 #df3 ,sac] intra nos spiritus s$et4
 t all m5 are truly ,8 (fspr+3,footnote3
 ,de ,prov1 i4 t we are memb]s ( "o     
body1 :i* is ,god or ,nature2,footnote3 
,ep4 #ic1 #ie3 ,membra sumus magni      
corporis4 t m5 mu/ believe 9 ,god be=e  
!y c approa* ,him3,footnote3 ,ep4 #ie3  
,primus ,deorum cultus e/ ,deos cr$]e4 t
 ! true s]vice ( ,god is to be l unto   
,him3,footnote3 ,ep4 #ie3 ,satis coluit 
quisquis imitatus e/4 t all m5 h s9n$1 &
 none p]=m$ all ! works ( !             
law3,footnote3 ,s54 de ,ira4 i4 #ad2 ii4
 #bg3 ,quis e/ i/e qui se pr(itetur     
omnibus legibus innoc5tem8 t ,god is no 
respect] ( nations1 ranks1 or           
conditions1 b all1 b>b>ian & ,roman1    
bond & free1 are alike "u ,8 all-see+   

,provid5ce4,footnote3 ,de ,b5ef41 iii4  
#ah3 ,virtus omnes admittit1 lib]t9os1  
s]vos1 reges4 ,^! & _m o!r passages are 
collect$ by ,*ampagny1 ii4 #edf1 aft]   
,fabricius & o!rs1 & comp>$ ) well-kn[n 
texts ( ,scripture4 ,! v]sion ( !       
,vulgate %[s a great deal ( v]bal       
correspond5ce4 ,m4 ,troplong rem>ks1    
aft] ,de ,mai/re1 t ,s5eca has writt5 a 
f9e book on ,provid5ce1 = :i* !re 0 n   
ev5 a "n at ,rome 9 ! "t (              
,cic]o4--,l',influ5ce du ,*ri/ianisme1  
c41 i41 *4 #d4  ,/4 ,paul enjo9$        
submission & ob$i5ce ev5 to ! tyranny ( 
,n]o1 & ,s5eca fo/]s no ideas subv]sive 
( political subjection4 ,endurance is ! 
p>am\nt virtue ( ! ,/oic4 ,to =ms (     
gov]nm5t ! wise man 0 :olly indiff]5t2  
!y 7 among ! ext]nal circum/ances above 
:i* 8 _s so>$ 9 s]5e self-contemplation4
 ,we trace 9 ,s5eca no ye>n+ = a        
re/oration ( political fre$om1 nor does 
he ev5 po9t to ! s5ate1 aft] ! mann] ( !
 patriots ( ! day1 z a legitimate *eck  
to ! autocracy ( ! despot4 ,! only mode1

 9 8 view1 ( temp]+ tyranny is to       
educate ! tyrant himself 9 virtue4 ,8 0 
! self-d5ial ( ! ,*ri/ians1 b )\t _!    
anticipat$ comp5sation4 ,x seems        
impossible to d\bt t 9 8 highe/ flights 
( rhetoric--& no man ev] recomm5d$ !    
unatta9able ) a f9] grace--,s5eca mu/ h 
felt t he 0 lab\r+ to build up a h\se   
)\t f\ndations2 t 8 sy/em1 z ,caius said
 ( 8 /yle1 0 s& )\t lime4 ,he 0 surely n
 unconsci\s ( ! inconsi/5cy ( 8 own     
position1 z a public man & a m9i/]1 ) ! 
!ories to :i* he _h w$d$ himself2 & ( ! 
impossibility ( pres]v+ 9 x ! purity ( 8
 "* z a philosoph] or a man4 ,he 0 aw>e 
t 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( society at ,rome1    
weal? 0 necess>y to m5 high 9 /ation2   
weal? alone c\ld reta9 influ5ce1 & a    
poor m9i/] became at once contemptible4 
,! di/ributor ( ! ,imp]ial fav\rs mu/ h 
8 banquets1 8 receptions1 8 slaves &    
fre$m52 he mu/ possess ! means (        
attract+ if n ( brib+2 he mu/ n seem too
 virtu\s1 too au/]e1 among an evil      
g5]ation2 9 ord] to d good at all he mu/

 swim ) ! /ream1 h[ev] pollut$ x might  
be4 ,all ?is inconsi/5cy ,s5eca mu/ h   
contemplat$ )\t bl5*+2 & !re is some?+  
t\*+ 9 ! s]5ity he pres]v$ amid/ !      
conflict t mu/ h p]petually rag$ betwe5 
8 natural s5se & 8 acquir$ pr9ciples4   
,bo? ,cic]o & ,s5eca 7 m5 ( _m          
weaknesses1 & we rem>k !m ! m because   
bo? 7 pret5d]s to unusual /r5g? ( "*2 b 
:ile ,cic]o laps$ into political errors1
 ,s5eca _c be absolv$ ( actual crime4   
,nev]!less1 if we may comp>e ! greate/  
ma/]s ( ,roman wisdom toge!r1 ! ,/oic w 
appe>1 ,i ?9k1 ! m e>ne/ ( ! two1 ! m   
anxi\s to d 8 duty = its own sake1 ! m  
s5sible ( ! claims ( mank9d ^u him = su*
 precepts ( virtu\s liv+ z he _h to     
give4 ,9 an age ( unbelief & compromise 
he taught t ,tru? 0 positive & ,virtue  
objective4 ,he conceiv$1 :at nev] ent]$ 
,cic]o's m9d1 ! idea ( improv+ 8        
fell[-creatures2 he _h1 :at ,cic]o _h n1
 a he>t = conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4  ,to
 ?is eloqu5t acc\nt ( ,s5eca's position 
& ( ! t5d5cy ( 8 writ+s ,i h no?+ to    

add4 ,! ma9 p>ticul>s ( 8 life1 8       
,spani% extraction 7l t ( ,lacan &      
,m>tial71 8 fa!r's treatises on         
,rhetoric1 8 "m ,helvia1 8 bro!rs1 8    
weal?1 8 exile 9 ,corsica1 8 outrage\s  
flatt]y ( ,claudius & 8 satiric poem on 
8 dea?--,! ,vision ( ,judgm5t1 ,m]ivale 
calls x1 aft] ,"l ,byron--8 position z  
,n]o's tutor1 & 8 dea?1 wor?y at once ( 
a ,roman & a ,/oic1 by ! ord]s ( t      
tyrant1 may be read ( 9 ,! ,hi/ory ( !  
,romans "u ! ,empire1 or 9 ! article    
,s5eca 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,classical      
,biography1 & ne$ n be reproduc$ "h3 b  
,i _c resi/ po9t+ out h[ entirely       
,grote's view ( ! ,sophi/s z a sort (   
e/abli%$ cl]gy1 & ,s5eca's acc\nt ( !   
v>i\s sects ( philosoph]s z repres5t+ ! 
religi\s ?\ght ( ! "t1 is illu/rat$ by 8
 anecdote ( ,julia ,augu/a1 ! "m (      
,tib]ius1 bett] kn[n to ,engli% read]s z
 ,livia ! wife ( ,augu/us1 :o 9 h] fir/ 
agony ( grief at ! loss ( h] fir/ husb& 
appli$ to 8 ,greek philosoph]1 ,areus1 z
 to a k9d ( dome/ic *apla91 = spiritual 

consolation4 7,ad ,m>ciam de            
,consolatione1 *4 iv47  ,i take ?is     
opportunity ( express+ my gratitude to !
 ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,mayor1 ,pr(essor (  
,lat9 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 = 8  
k9dness 9 f9d+ "t among 8 _m & important
 lit]>y lab\rs = read+ & correct+ !     
pro(s ( ?is "w4  ,! text :i* ,i h foll[$
 = ,de ,b5eficiis is t ( ,g]tz1 ,b]l9   
7#ahgf474  ,,aubrey ,,/ew>t  ,london1   
,m>*1 #ahhg4       ,,cont5ts   ,,book   
,i4 ,! preval5ce ( +ratitude--,h[ a     
b5efit ought to be be/[$--,! ?ree       
,graces--,b5efits are ! *ief bond (     
human society--,:at we owe 9 return = a 
b5efit receiv$--,a b5efit consi/s n ( a 
?+ b ( ! wi% to d good--,socrates &     
,aes*9es--,:at k9ds ( b5efits %\ld be   
be/[$1 & 9 :at mann]--,alex&] & !       
fran*ise ( ,cor9?4  ,,book ,,ii4 ,_m m5 
give ?r\gh weakness ( "*--,we ought to  
give be=e our fri5ds ask--,_m b5efits   
are spoil$ by ! mann] ( ! giv]--,m>ius  
,nepos & ,tib]ius--,"s b5efits %\ld be  
giv5 secretly--,we mu/ n give :at w\ld  

h>m ! receiv]--,alex&]'s gift ( a       
city--,int]*ange ( b5efits l a game (   
ball--,f :om ought "o to receive a      
b5efit8--,examples--,h[ to receive a    
b5efit--,+ratitude caus$ by self-love1  
by gre$1 or by jeal\sy--,gratitude &    
repaym5t n ! same ?+--,phidias & !      
/atue4  ,,book ,,iii4 ,+ratitude--,is x 
worse to be ungrateful = k9dness or n   
ev5 to rememb] x8--,%\ld +ratitude be   
puni%$ by law8--,c a slave be/[ a       
b5efit8--,c a son be/[ a b5efit ^u 8    
fa!r8--,examples  ,,book ,,iv4 ,:e!r !  
be/[al ( b5efits & ! return ( gratitude 
= !m are desirable objects 9 !mselves8  
,does ,god be/[ b5efits8--,h[ to *oose !
 man to be b5efit$--,we ought n to look 
= any return--,true gratitude--,( keep+ 
"o's promise--,philip & ! soldi]--,z5o  
,,book ,v4 ,( be+ wor/$ 9 a conte/ (    
b5efits--,socrates & ,ar*elaus--,:e!r a 
man c be grateful to himself1 or c be/[ 
a b5efit ^u himself--,examples (        
+ratitude--,dialogue on +ratitude--,:e!r
 "o %\ld rem9d "o's fri5ds ( :at "o has 

done = !m--,caes> & ! soldi]--,tib]ius4 
,,book ,,vi4 ,:e!r a b5efit c be tak5 f 
"o by =ce--,b5efits dep5d ^u ?\ght--,we 
are n grateful = ! advantages :i* we    
receive f inanimate ,nature1 or f dumb  
animals--,9 ord] to lay me "u an        
obligation y mu/ b5efit me              
int5tionally--,clean!s's /ory ( ! two   
slaves--,( b5efits giv5 9 a m]c5>y      
_s--,physicians & tea*]s be/[ enorm\s   
b5efits1 yet are suffici5tly paid by a  
mod]ate fee--,plato & ! f]ryman--,are we
 "u an obligation to ! sun &            
moon8--,ought we to wi% t evil may      
befall our b5efactors1 9 ord] t we may  
%[ our gratitude by help+ !m8  ,,book   
,,vii4 ,! cynic ,demetrius--8 rules (   
conduct--,( ! truly wise man--,:e!r "o  
:o has done ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to return a  
b5efit has return$ x--,ought "o to      
return a b5efit to a bad man8--,!       
,py?agorean1 & ! %oemak]--,h[ "o ought  
to be> ) ! ungrateful4       ,l4 ,a4    
,,s5eca  ,,on ,,b5efits4   ,,d$icat$    
,,to  ,,aebutius ,,lib]alis4     ,,book 

,i4  ,i4   ,among ! num]\s faults ( ^?  
:o pass _! lives recklessly & )\t due   
reflexion1 my good fri5d ,lib]alis1 ,i  
%\ld say t !re is h>dly any "o s hurtful
 to society z ?is1 t we nei!r "k h[ to  
be/[ or h[ to receive a b5efit4 ,x      
foll[s f ?is t b5efits are badly inve/$1
 & become bad debts3 9 ^! cases x is too
 late to compla9 ( _! n be+ return$1 =  
!y 7 ?r[n away :5 we be/[$ !m4 ,nor ne$ 
we wond] t :ile ! greate/ vices are     
common1 none is m common ?an +ratitude3 
= ?is ,i see is br\ght ab\t by v>i\s    
causes4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is1 t we d n *oose 
wor?y p]sons ^u :om to be/[ our b\nty1 b
 al?\gh :5 we are ab\t to l5d money we  
fir/ make a c>eful enquiry into ! means 
& habits ( life ( our debtor1 & avoid   
s[+ se$ 9 a worn-out or unfruitful soil1
 yet )\t any discrim9ation we scatt] our
 b5efits at r&om r ?an be/[ !m4 ,x is   
h>d to say :e!r x is m di%on\rable = !  
receiv] to dis[n a b5efit1 or = ! giv]  
to dem& a return ( x3 = a b5efit is a   
loan1 ! repaym5t ( :i* dep5ds m]ely ^u !

 good feel+ ( ! debtor4 ,to misuse a    
b5efit l a sp5d?rift is mo/ %ameful1    
because we d n ne$ our weal? b only our 
int5tion to set u free f ! obligation ( 
x2 = a b5efit is repaid by be+          
ackn[l$g$4 ,yet :ile !y are to blame :o 
d n ev5 %[ s mu* gratitude z to         
ackn[l$ge _! debt1 we ourselves are to  
blame no less4 ,we f9d _m m5 ungrateful1
 yet we make m m5 s1 because at "o "t we
 h>%ly & reproa*fully dem& "s return =  
our b\nty1 at ano!r we are fickle &     
regret :at we h giv51 at ano!r we are   
peevi% & apt to f9d fault ) trifles4 ,by
 act+ ?us we de/roy all s5se (          
gratitude1 n only aft] we h giv5 any?+1 
b :ile we are 9 ! act ( giv+ x4 ,:o has 
ev] ?\ght x en\gh to be ask$ = any?+ 9  
an (f-h& mann]1 or to be ask$ only once8
 ,:o1 :5 he suspect$ t he 0 go+ to be   
ask$ = any ?+1 has n fr[n$1 turn$ away 8
 face1 pret5d$ to be busy1 or purposely 
talk$ )\t ceas+1 9 ord] n to give 8     
suitor a *ance ( pref]r+ 8 reque/1 &    
avoid$ by v>i\s tricks hav+ to help 8   

fri5d 9 8 press+ ne$8 & :5 driv5 into a 
corn]1 has n ei!r put ! matt] (f1 t is1 
giv5 a c[>dly refusal1 or promis$ 8 help
 ungraci\sly1 ) a wry face1 & ) unk9d   
words1 ( :i* he seem$ to grudge !       
utt]ance4 ,yet no "o is glad to owe :at 
he has n s mu* receiv$ f 8 b5efactor1 z 
wrung out ( him4 ,:o c be grateful = :at
 has be5 disda9fully flung to him1 or   
angrily ca/ at him1 or be5 giv5 him out 
( we>9ess1 to avoid fur!r tr\ble8 ,no "o
 ne$ expect any return f ^? :om he has  
tir$ out ) delays1 or sick5$ )          
expectation4 ,a b5efit is receiv$ 9 !   
same temp] 9 :i* x is giv51 & ought n1  
!re=e1 to be giv5 c>elessly1 = a man    
?anks himself = t :i* he receives )\t ! 
k ( ! giv]4 ,nei!r ought we to give aft]
 long delay1 because 9 all good (fices !
 w ( ! giv] c\nts = mu*1 & he :o gives  
t>dily mu/ long h be5 unwill+ to give at
 all4 ,nor1 assur$ly1 ought we to give 9
 (f5sive mann]1 because human nature is 
s con/itut$ t insults s9k deep] ?an     
k9dnesses2 ! remembrance ( ! latt] soon 

passes away1 :ile t ( ! =m] is treasur$ 
9 ! memory2 s :at c a man expect :o     
insults :ile he obliges8 ,all !         
gratitude :i* he des]ves is to be =giv5 
= help+ u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] ( !    
ungrateful ought n to det] u f e>n+ m5's
 gratitude2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 _! numb] 
is increas$ by our own acts4 ,secondly1 
! sacrilege & indiff]5ce to religion (  
"s m5 does n prev5t ev5 ! immortal gods 
f cont9u+ to %[] _! b5efits ^u u3 = !y  
act accord+ to _! div9e nature & help   
all alike1 among !m ev5 ^? :o s ill     
appreciate _! b\nty4 ,let u take !m =   
our guides z f> z ! weakness ( our      
mortal nature p]mits2 let u be/[        
b5efits1 n put !m out at int]e/4 ,! man 
:o :ile he gives ?9ks ( :at he w get 9  
return1 des]ves to be deceiv$4 ,b :at if
 ! b5efit turns out ill8 ,:y1 our wives 
& our *ildr5 (t5 disappo9t our hopes1   
yet we m>ry--& br+ up *ildr51 & are s   
ob/9ate 9 ! face ( exp]i5ce t we fight  
aft] we h be5 beat51 & put to sea aft]  
we h be5 %ipwreck$4 ,h[ mu* m con/ancy  

ought we to %[ 9 be/[+ b5efits6 ,if a   
man does n be/[ b5efits because he has n
 receiv$ any1 he mu/ h be/[$ !m 9 ord]  
to receive !m 9 return1 & he ju/ifies   
+ratitude1 ^: disgrace lies 9 n return+ 
b5efits :5 able to d s4 ,h[ _m are !re  
:o are unwor?y ( ! light ( day8 &       
nev]!less ! sun rises4 ,h[ _m compla9   
because !y h be5 born8 yet ,nature is   
ev] r5ew+ our race1 & ev5 suff]s m5 to  
live :o wi% t !y _h nev] liv$4 ,x is !  
prop]ty ( a great & good m9d to covet1 n
 ! fruit ( good de$s1 b good de$s       
!mselves1 & to seek = a good man ev5    
aft] hav+ met ) bad m54 ,if !re 7 no    
rogues1 :at glory w\ld !re be 9 do+ good
 to _m8 ,z x is1 virtue consi/s 9 be/[+ 
b5efits = :i* we are n c]ta9 ( meet+ )  
any return1 b ^: fruit is at once enjoy$
 by noble m9ds4 ,s little influ5ce ought
 ?is to h 9 re/ra9+ u f do+ good        
actions1 t ev5 ?\gh ,i 7 d5i$ ! hope (  
meet+ ) a grateful man1 yet ! fe> ( n   
hav+ my b5efits return$ w\ld n prev5t my
 be/[+ !m1 because he :o does n give1   

=e/alls ! vice ( him :o is ungrateful4  
,i w expla9 :at ,i mean4 ,he :o does n  
repay a b5efit1 s9s m1 b he :o does n   
be/[ "o1 s9s e>li]4    ,if ?\ at r&om   
do/ ?y b\nties wa/e1    ,mu* mu/ be lo/1
 = "o t's rightly plac$4  ,,ii4 ,9 ! =m]
 v]se y may blame two ?+s1 = "o %\ld n  
ca/ !m at r&om1 & x is n "r to wa/e     
any?+1 mu* less b5efits2 = unless !y be 
giv5 ) judgem5t1 !y cease to be b5efits1
 &1 may be call$ by any o!r "n y please4
 ,! mean+ ( ! latt] v]se is admirable1 t
 "o b5efit rightly be/[$ makes am5ds = !
 loss ( _m t h be5 lo/4 ,see1 ,i pray y1
 :e!r x be n tru] & m wor?y ( ! glory ( 
! giv]1 t we %\ld enc\rage him to give1 
ev5 ?\gh none ( 8 gifts %\ld be wor?ily 
plac$4 ,mu* mu/ be lo/4 ,no?+ is lo/    
because he :o loses _h c\nt$ ! co/ be=e4
 ,! book-keep+ ( b5efits is simple3 x is
 all exp5diture2 if any "o returns x1 t 
is cle> ga92 if he does n return x1 x is
 n lo/1 ,i gave x = ! sake ( giv+4 ,no  
"o writes d[n 8 gifts 9 a l$g]1 or l a  
grasp+ cr$itor dem&s repaym5t to ! day &

 h\r4 ,a good man nev] ?9ks ( su*       
matt]s1 unless rem9d$ ( !m by "s "o     
return+ 8 gifts2 o!rwise !y become l    
debts ow+ to him4 ,x is a base usury to 
reg>d a b5efit z an inve/m5t4 ,:atev]   
may h be5 ! result ( y\r =m] b5efits1   
p]sev]e 9 be/[+ o!rs ^u o!r m52 !y w be 
all ! bett] plac$ 9 ! h&s ( !           
ungrateful1 :om %ame1 or a fav\rable    
opportunity1 or imitation ( o!rs may "s 
day cause to be grateful4 ,d n gr[ we>y1
 p]=m y\r duty1 & act z becomes a good  
man4 ,help "o man ) money1 ano!r )      
cr$it1 ano!r ) y\r fav\r2 ?is man ) good
 advice1 t "o ) s\nd maxims4 ,ev5 wild  
bea/s feel k9dness1 nor is !re any      
animal s savage t good treatm5t w n tame
 x & w9 love f x4 ,! m\?s ( lions are   
h&l$ by _! keep]s ) impunity2 to obta9  
_! food fi]ce elephants become z docile 
z slaves3 s t con/ant unceas+ k9dness   
w9s ! he>ts ev5 ( creatures :o1 by _!   
nature1 _c compreh5d or weigh ! value ( 
a b5efit4 ,is a man ungrateful = "o     
b5efit8 p]haps he w n be s aft] receiv+ 

a second4 ,has he =gott5 two k9dnesses8 
p]haps by a ?ird he may be br\ght to    
rememb] ! =m] ones also4  ,,iii4 ,he :o 
is quick to believe t he has ?r[n away 8
 b5efits1 does really ?r[ !m away2 b he 
:o presses on & adds new b5efits to 8   
=m] ones1 =ces out gratitude ev5 f a h>d
 & =getful brea/4 ,9 ! face ( _m        
k9dnesses1 y\r fri5d w n d>e to raise 8 
eyes2 let him see y :i!rsoev] he turns  
himself to escape f 8 remembrance ( y2  
encircle him ) y\r b5efits4 ,z = ! p[] &
 prop]ty ( ^!1 ,i w expla9 x to y if    
fir/ y w all[ me to glance at a matt]   
:i* does n belong to our subject1 z to  
:y ! ,graces are ?ree 9 numb]1 :y !y are
 si/]s1 :y h& 9 h&1 & :y !y are smil+ & 
"y1 ) a loose & transp>5t dress4 ,"s    
writ]s ?9k t !re is "o :o be/[s a       
b5efit1 "o :o receives x1 & a ?ird :o   
returns x2 o!rs say t !y repres5t ! ?ree
 sorts ( b5efactors1 ^? :o be/[1 ^? :o  
repay1 & ^? :o bo? receive & repay !m4  
,b take :i*ev] y please to be true2 :at 
w ?is k pr(it u8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is  

dance ( si/]s 9 a circle1 h& 9 h&8 ,x   
means t ! c\rse ( a b5efit is f h& to   
h&1 back to ! giv]2 t ! beauty ( ! :ole 
*a9 is lo/ if a s+le l9k fails1 & t x is
 faire/ :5 x proce$s 9 unbrok5 regul>   
ord]4 ,9 ! dance !re is "o1 e/eem$      
beyond ! o!rs1 :o repres5ts ! giv]s (   
b5efits4 ,_! faces are *e]ful1 z ^? ( m5
 :o give or receive b5efits are wont to 
be4 ,!y are "y1 because ! memory (      
b5efits ought n to gr[ old4 ,!y are     
virg9s1 because b5efits are pure &      
unta9t$1 & held holy by all2 9 b5efits  
!re %\ld be no /rict or b9d+ conditions1
 !re=e ! ,graces we> loose fl[+ tunics1 
:i* are transp>5t1 because b5efits love 
to be se54 ,p :o are n "u ! influ5ce (  
,greek lit]ature may say t all ?is is a 
matt] ( c\rse2 b !re c be no "o :o w\ld 
?9k t ! names :i* ,hesiod has giv5 !m   
be> ^u our subject4 ,he nam$ ! elde/    
,aglaia1 ! middle "o ,euphrosyne1 ! ?ird
 ,?alia4 ,e "o1 accord+ to 8 own ideas1 
twi/s ! mean+ ( ^! names1 try+ to       
reconcile !m ) "s sy/em1 ?\gh ,hesiod   

m]ely gave 8 maid5s _! names f 8 own    
fancy4 ,s ,hom] alt]$ ! "n ( "o ( !m1   
nam+ h] ,pasi!a1 & betro!d h] to a      
husb&1 9 ord] t y may "k t !y are n     
ve/al virg9s4 ,footnote3 i4e4 n v[$ to  
*a/ity4  ,i c\ld f9d ano!r poet1 9 ^:   
writ+s !y are gird$1 & we> ?ick or      
embroid]$ ,phrygian robes4 ,m]cury /&s )
 !m = ! same reason1 n because argum5t  
or eloqu5ce comm5ds b5efits1 b because !
 pa9t] *ose to d s4 ,also ,*rysippus1 t 
man ( pi]c+ intellect :o saw to ! v     
bottom ( tru?1 :o speaks only to ! po9t1
 & makes use ( no m words ?an are       
necess>y to express 8 mean+1 fills 8    
:ole treatise ) ^! pu]ilities1 insomu* t
 he says b v little ab\t ! duties (     
giv+1 receiv+1 & return+ a b5efit1 & has
 n s mu* ins]t$ fables among ^!         
subjects1 z he has ins]t$ ^! subjects   
among a mass ( fables4 ,=1 n to m5tion  
:at ,hecaton borr[s f him1 ,*rysippus   
tells u t ! ?ree ,graces are ! daught]s 
( ,jupit] & ,eurynome1 t !y are y\ng]   
?an ! ,h\rs1 & r m beautiful1 & t on t  

acc\nt !y are assign$ z companions to   
,v5us4 ,he also ?9ks t ! "n ( _! "m be>s
 ^u ! subject1 & t %e is nam$ ,eurynome 
because to di/ribute b5efits requires a 
wide inh]itance2 z if ! "m usually      
receiv$ h] "n aft] h] daught]s1 or z if 
! names giv5 by poets 7 true4 ,9 tru?1 j
 z ) a 'nom5clator' audacity supplies ! 
place ( memory1 & he inv5ts a "n = e "o 
^: "n he _c recollect1 s ! poets ?9k t x
 is ( no importance to speak ! tru?1 b  
are ei!r =c$ by ! exig5cies ( metre1 or 
attract$ by sweetness ( s\nd1 into call+
 e "o by :atev] "n runs neatly into     
v]se4 ,nor d !y suff] = x if !y         
introduce ano!r "n into ! li/1 = ! next 
poet makes !m be> :at "n he pleases4 ,t 
y may "k t ?is is s1 = in/ance ,?alia1  
our pres5t subject ( disc\rse1 is "o ( !
 ,graces 9 ,hesiod's poems1 :ile 9 ^? ( 
,hom] %e is "o ( ! ,muses4  ,,iv4 ,b le/
 ,i %\ld d ! v ?+ :i* ,i am blam+1 ,i w 
pass ov] all ^! matt]s1 :i* are s f> f !
 subject t !y are n ev5 connect$ ) x4   
,only d y protect me1 if any "o attacks 

me = putt+ d[n ,*rysippus1 :o1 by       
,h]cules1 0 a great man1 b yet a ,greek1
 ^: intellect1 too %>ply po9t$1 is (t5  
b5t & turn$ back ^u itself2 ev5 :5 x    
seems to be 9 e>ne/ x only pricks1 b    
does n pi]ce4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 :at occasion  
is !re = subtlety8 ,we are to speak (   
b5efits1 & to def9e a matt] :i* is !    
*ief bond ( human society2 we are to lay
 d[n a rule ( life1 su* t nei!r c>eless 
op5h&$ness may comm5d itself to u "u !  
guise ( goodness ( he>t1 & yet t our    
circumspection1 :ile x mod]ates1 may n  
qu5* our g5]osity1 a quality 9 :i* we   
ought nei!r to exce$ nor to fall %ort4  
,m5 mu/ be taught to be will+ to give1  
will+ to receive1 will+ to return2 & to 
place be=e !mselves ! high aim1 n m]ely 
( equall+1 b ev5 ( surpass+ ^? to :om !y
 are indebt$1 bo? 9 good (fices & 9 good
 feel+2 because ! man ^: duty x is to   
repay1 c nev] d s unless he out-does 8  
b5efactor2 ,footnote3 ,t is1 he nev]    
comes up to 8 b5efactor unless he leaves
 him beh9d3 he c only make a dead heat (

 x by gett+ a />t4 ! "o class mu/ be    
taught to look = no return1 ! o!r to    
feel deep] gratitude4 ,9 ?is noble/ (   
conte/s to outdo b5efits by b5efits1    
,*rysippus enc\rages u by bidd+ u bew>e 
le/1 z ! ,graces are ! daught]s (       
,jupit]1 to act ungratefully may n be a 
s9 aga9/ !m1 & may n wrong ^? beaute\s  
maid5s4 ,d ?\ tea* me h[ ,i may be/[ m  
good ?+s1 & be m grateful to ^? :o h    
e>n$ my gratitude1 & h[ ! m9ds ( bo?    
p>ties may vie ) "o ano!r1 ! giv] 9     
=gett+1 ! receiv] 9 rememb]+ 8 debt4 ,z 
= ^? o!r follies1 let !m be left to !   
poets1 ^: purpose is m]ely to *>m ! e> &
 to weave a pleas+ /ory2 b let ^? :o wi%
 to purify m5's m9ds1 to reta9 hon\r 9  
_! deal+s1 & to impr9t on _! m9ds       
gratitude = k9dnesses1 let !m speak 9   
sob] e>ne/ & act ) all _! /r5g?2 unless 
y imag9e1 p]*ance1 t by su* flippant &  
my?ical talk1 & su* old wives' reason+1 
x is possible = u to prev5t t mo/ ru9\s 
consummation1 ! repudiation ( b5efits4  
,v4 ,h[ev]1 :ile ,i pass ov] :at is     

futile & irrelevant ,i mu/ po9t out t ! 
fir/ ?+ :i* we h to le>n is1 :at we owe 
9 return = a b5efit receiv$4 ,"o man    
says t he owes ! money :i* he has       
receiv$1 ano!r t he owes a consul%ip1 a 
prie/hood1 a prov9ce1 & s on4 ,^!1      
h[ev]1 are b ! outw>d signs ( k9dnesses1
 n ! k9dnesses !mselves4 ,a b5efit is n 
to be felt & h&l$1 x is a ?+ :i* exi/s  
only 9 ! m9d4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! subject-matt] ( a b5efit1 & !  
b5efit itself4 ,:]e=e nei!r gold1 nor   
silv]1 nor any ( ^? ?+s :i* are mo/     
highly e/eem$1 are b5efits1 b ! b5efit  
lies 9 ! goodwill ( him :o gives !m4 ,! 
ignorant take notice only ( t :i* comes 
be=e _! eyes1 & :i* c be own$ & pass$ f 
h& to h&1 :ile !y disreg>d t :i* gives  
^! ?+s _! value4 ,! ?+s :i* we hold 9   
our h&s1 :i* we see ) our eyes1 & :i*   
our av>ice hugs1 are transitory1 !y may 
be tak5 f u by ill luck or by viol5ce2 b
 a k9dness la/s ev5 aft] ! loss ( t by  
means ( :i* x 0 be/[$2 = x is a good    
de$1 :i* no viol5ce c undo4 ,= in/ance1 

suppose t ,i ransom$ a fri5d f pirates1 
b ano!r pirate has caught him & ?r[n him
 into prison4 ,! pirate has n robb$ him 
( my b5efit1 b has only robb$ him ( !   
enjoym5t ( x4 ,or suppose t ,i h sav$ a 
man's *ildr5 f a %ipwreck or a fire1 & t
 aft]w>ds disease or accid5t has c>ri$  
!m (f2 ev5 :5 !y are no m1 ! k9dness :i*
 0 done by means ( !m rema9s4 ,all ^?   
?+s1 !re=e1 :i* improp]ly assume ! "n ( 
b5efits1 are means by :i* k9dly feel+   
manife/s itself4 ,9 o!r cases also1 we  
f9d a di/9ction betwe5 ! visible symbol 
& ! matt] itself1 z :5 a g5]al be/[s    
coll>s ( gold1 or civic or mural cr[ns  
^u any "o4 ,:at value has ! cr[n 9      
itself8 or ! purple-bord]$ robe8 or !   
fasces8 or ! judgm5t-seat & c> (        
triumph8 ,none ( ^! ?+s is 9 itself an  
hon\r1 b is an emblem ( hon\r4 ,9 l     
mann]1 t :i* is se5 is n a b5efit--x is 
b ! trace & m>k ( a b5efit4  ,,vi4 ,:at1
 !n1 is a b5efit8 ,x is ! art ( do+ a   
k9dness :i* bo? be/[s pleasure & ga9s x 
by be/[+ x1 & :i* does its (fice by     

natural & spontane\s impulse4 ,x is n1  
!re=e1 ! ?+ :i* is done or giv51 b ! _s 
9 :i* x is done or giv51 t mu/ be       
consid]$1 because a b5efit exi/s1 n 9 t 
:i* is done or giv51 b 9 ! m9d ( ! do]  
or giv]4 ,h[ great ! di/9ction betwe5 !m
 is1 y may p]ceive f ?is1 t :ile a      
b5efit is necess>ily good1 yet t :i* is 
done or giv5 is nei!r good nor bad4 ,!  
_s 9 :i* !y are giv5 c exalt small ?+s1 
c glorify mean ones1 & c discr$it great 
& preci\s ones2 ! objects !mselves :i*  
are s\ght aft] h a neutral nature1 nei!r
 good nor bad2 all dep5ds ^u ! direction
 giv5 !m by ! guid+ _s f :i* ?+s receive
 _! %ape4 ,t :i* is paid or h&$ ov] is n
 ! b5efit itself1 j z ! hon\r :i* we pay
 to ! gods lies n 9 ! victims !mselves1 
al?\gh !y be fat & glitt]+ ) gold1      
,footnote3 ,allud+ to ! practice ( gild+
 ! horns ( ! victims4 b 9 ! pure & holy 
feel+s ( ! wor%ipp]s4  ,?us good m5 are 
religi\s1 ?\gh _! (f]+ be meal & _!     
vessels ( e>!nw>e2 :il/ bad m5 w n      
escape f _! impiety1 ?\gh !y p\r ! blood

 ( _m victims ^u ! alt>s4  ,,vii4 ,if   
b5efits consi/$ ( ?+s1 & n ( ! wi% to   
b5efit1 !n ! m ?+s we receiv$ ! great] !
 b5efit w\ld be4 ,b ?is is n true1 =    
sometimes we feel m gratitude to "o :o  
gives u trifles nobly1 :o1 l ,virgil's  
poor old soldi]1 holds himself z ri* z  
k+s1 if he has giv5 u ev] s little ) a  
good w a man :o =gets 8 own ne$ :5 he   
sees m9e1 :o has n only a wi% b a long+ 
to help1 :o ?9ks t he receives a b5efit 
:5 he be/[s "o1 :o gives z ?\gh he w\ld 
receive no return1 receives a repaym5t z
 ?\gh he _h orig9ally giv5 no?+1 & :o   
wat*es = & seizes an opportunity ( be+  
useful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,i said be=e1 ^?
 gifts :i* are h>dly wrung f ! giv]1 or 
:i* drop unhe$$ f 8 h&s1 claim no       
gratitude f u1 h[ev] great !y may appe> 
& may be4 ,we prize mu* m :at comes f a 
will+ h&1 ?an :at comes f a full "o4    
,?is man has giv5 me b little1 yet m he 
c\ld n af=d1 :ile :at t "o has giv5 is  
mu* inde$1 b he hesitat$1 he put x (f1  
he grumbl$ :5 he gave x1 he gave x      

haughtily1 or he proclaim$ x al\d1 & did
 x to please o!rs1 n to please ! p]son  
to :om he gave x2 he (f]$ x to 8 own    
pride1 n to me4  ,,viii4 ,z ! pupils (  
,socrates1 ea* 9 proportion to 8 means1 
gave him l>ge pres5ts1 ,aes*9es1 a poor 
pupil1 said1 ,i c f9d no?+ to give y :i*
 is wor?y ( y2 ,i feel my pov]ty 9 ?is  
respect alone4 ,!re=e ,i pres5t y ) !   
only ?+ ,i possess1 myself4 ,i pray t y 
may take ?is my pres5t1 su* z x is1 9   
good "p1 & may rememb] t ! o!rs1 al?\gh 
!y gave y mu*1 yet left = !mselves m ?an
 !y gave4 ,socrates answ]$1 ,surely y h 
be/[$ a great pres5t ^u me1 unless      
p]*ance y set a small value ^u y\rself4 
,i w accord+ly take pa9s to re/ore y to 
y\rself a bett] man ?an :5 ,i receiv$ y4
 ,by ?is pres5t ,aes*9es outdid         
,alcibiades1 ^: m9d 0 z great z 8       
,weal?1 & all ! spl5d\r ( ! mo/ weal?y  
y\?s ( ,a!ns4  ,,ix4 ,y see h[ ! m9d ev5
 9 ! /raite/ circum/ances f9ds ! means (
 g5]osity4 ,aes*9es seems to me to h    
said1 ,=tune1 x is 9 va9 t y h made me  

poor2 9 spite ( ?is ,i w f9d a wor?y    
pres5t = ?is man4 ,s9ce ,i c give him   
no?+ ( y\rs1 ,i w give him some?+ ( my  
own4 ,nor ne$ y suppose t he held       
himself *eap2 he made himself 8 own     
price4 ,by a /roke ( g5ius ?is y\?      
discov]$ a means ( pres5t+ ,socrates to 
himself4 ,we mu/ n consid] h[ great     
pres5ts are1 b 9 :at _s !y are giv54  ,a
 ri* man is well spok5 ( if he is clev] 
en\gh to r5d] himself easy ( access to  
m5 ( immod]ate ambition1 & al?\gh he    
int5ds to d no?+ to help !m1 yet        
enc\rages _! unconscionable hopes2 b he 
is ?\ght ! worse ( if he be %>p (       
tongue1 s\r 9 appe>ance1 & displays 8   
weal? 9 an invidi\s fa%ion4 ,= m5       
respect & yet loa! a =tunate man1 & hate
 him = do+ :at1 if !y _h ! *ance1 !y    
w\ld d !mselves4         99       99    
99       99       99       99       99  
,m5 n[adays no long] secretly1 b op5ly  
outrage ! wives ( o!rs1 & all[ to o!rs  
access to _! own wives4 ,a mat* is ?\ght
 c\ntrifi$1 unciviliz$1 9 bad /yle1 & to

 be prote/$ aga9/ by all matrons1 if !  
husb& %\ld =bid 8 wife to appe> 9 public
 9 a litt]1 & to be c>ri$ ab\t expos$ to
 ! gaze ( all obs]v]s4 ,if a man has n  
made himself notori\s by a ,,liaison )  
"s mi/ress1 if he does n pay an annuity 
to "s "o else's wife1 m>ri$ wom5 speak (
 him z a poor-spirit$ creature1 a man   
giv5 to l[ vice1 a lov] ( s]vant girls4 
,soon adult]y becomes ! mo/ respectable 
=m ( m>riage1 & wid[hood & celibacy are 
commonly practis$4 ,no "o takes a wife  
unless he takes h] away f "s "o else4   
,n[ m5 vie ) "o ano!r 9 wa/+ :at !y h   
/ol51 & 9 collect+ toge!r :at !y h wa/$ 
) ! ke5e/ av>ice2 !y become utt]ly      
reckless1 scorn pov]ty 9 o!rs1 fe>      
p]sonal injury m ?an any?+ else1 break !
 peace by _! riots1 & by viol5ce & t]ror
 dom9e] ov] ^? :o are weak] ?an         
!mselves4 ,no wond] t !y plund] prov9ces
 & (f] ! seat ( judgm5t = sale1 knock+ x
 d[n aft] an auction to ! highe/ bidd]1 
s9ce x is ! law ( nations t y may sell  
:at y h b\ght4  ,x4 ,h[ev]1 my en?usiasm

 has c>ri$ me fur!r ?an ,i int5d$1 !    
subject be+ an invit+ "o4 ,let me1 !n1  
end by po9t+ out t ! disgrace ( ^!      
crimes does n belong especially to our  
own "t4 ,our ance/ors be=e u h lam5t$1 &
 our *ildr5 aft] u w lam5t1 z we d1 !   
ru91 ( morality1 ! preval5ce ( vice1 & !
 gradual det]ioration ( mank9d2 yet ^!  
?+s are really /ation>y1 only mov$      
slightly to & fro l ! waves :i* at "o "t
 a ris+ tide wa%es fur!r ov] ! l&1 & at 
ano!r an ebb+ "o re/ra9s )9 a l[] wat]  
m>k4 ,at "o "t ! *ief vice w be adult]y1
 & lic5ti\sness w exce$ all b\nds2 at   
ano!r "t a rage = fea/+ w be 9 vogue1 & 
m5 w wa/e _! inh]itance 9 ! mo/ %ameful 
( all ways1 by ! kit*52 at ano!r1       
excessive c>e = ! body1 & a devotion to 
p]sonal beauty :i* implies ugl9ess (    
m9d2 at ano!r "t1 injudici\sly grant$   
lib]ty w %[ itself 9 wanton recklessness
 & defiance ( au?ority2 sometimes !re w 
be a reign ( cruelty bo? 9 public &     
private1 & ! madness ( ! civil w>s w    
come ^u u1 :i* de/roy all t is holy &   

inviolable4 ,sometimes ev5 drunk5ness w 
be held 9 hon\r1 & x w be a virtue to   
swall[ mo/ w9e4 ,vices d n lie 9 wait = 
u 9 "o place alone1 b hov] ar\nd u 9    
*angeful =ms1 sometimes ev5 at v>iance  
"o ) ano!r1 s t 9 turn !y w9 & lose !   
field2 yet we %all always be oblig$ to  
pron\nce ! same v]dict ^u ourselves1 t  
we are & always 7 evil1 &1 ,i unwill+ly 
add1 t we always %all be4 ,!re always w 
be homicides1 tyrants1 ?ieves1 adult]]s1
 ravi%]s1 sacrilegi\s1 traitors3 worse  
?an all ^! is ! ungrateful man1 except  
we consid] t all ^! crimes fl[ f        
+ratitude1 )\t :i* h>dly any great      
wick$ness has ev] gr[n to full /ature4  
,be sure t y gu>d aga9/ ?is z ! greate/ 
( crimes 9 y\rself1 b p>don x z ! lea/ (
 crimes 9 ano!r4 ,= all ! injury :i* y  
suff] is ?is3 y h lo/ ! subject-matt] ( 
a b5efit1 n ! b5efit itself1 = y possess
 unimpair$ ! be/ "p ( x1 9 t y h giv5 x4
 ,?\gh we ought to be c>eful to be/[ our
 b5efits by pref]5ce ^u ^? :o are likely
 to %[ u gratitude = !m1 yet we mu/     

sometimes d :at we h little hope w turn 
out well1 & be/[ b5efits ^u ^? :o we n  
only ?9k w prove ungrateful1 b :o we "k 
h be5 s4 ,= in/ance1 if ,i %\ld be able 
to save a man's *ildr5 f a great dang] )
 no risk to myself1 ,i %\ld n hesitate  
to d s4 ,if a man be wor?y ,i w\ld def5d
 him ev5 ) my blood1 & w\ld %>e 8 p]ils2
 if he be unwor?y1 & yet by m]ely cry+ =
 help ,i c rescue him f robb]s1 ,i w\ld 
)\t reluctance raise ! %\t :i* w\ld save
 a fell[-creature4  ,,xi4 ,! next po9t  
to be def9$ is1 :at k9d ( b5efits are to
 be giv51 & 9 :at mann]4 ,fir/ let u    
give :at is necess>y1 next :at is       
useful1 & !n :at is pleasant1 provid$ t 
!y be la/+4 ,we mu/ beg9 ) :at is       
necess>y1 = ^? ?+s :i* support life     
affect ! m9d v diff]5tly f1 ^? :i* adorn
 & improve x4 ,a man may be nice1 & h>d 
to please1 9 ?+s :i* he c easily d )\t1 
( :i* he c say1 ,take !m back2 ,i d n   
want !m1 ,i am satisfi$ ) :at ,i h4     
,sometimes1 we wi% n only to1 return :at
 we h receiv$1 b ev5 to ?r[ x away4 ,(  

necess>y ?+s1 ! fir/ class consi/s ( ?+s
 )\t :i* we _c live2 ! second1 ( ?+s )\t
 :i* we ought n to live2 & ! ?ird1 ( ?+s
 )\t :i* we %\ld n c>e to live4 ,! fir/ 
class are1 to be sav$ f ! h&s ( ! enemy1
 f ! ang] ( tyrants1 f proscription1 & !
 v>i\s o!r p]ils :i* beset human life4  
,by av]t+ any "o ( ^!1 we %all e>n      
gratitude proportionate to ! greatness (
 ! dang]1 = :5 m5 ?9k ( ! greatness ( ! 
mis]y f :i* !y h be5 sav$1 ! t]ror :i*  
!y h gone ?r\gh enhances ! value ( our  
s]vices4 ,yet we ought n to delay rescu+
 any "o long] ?an we are oblig$1 solely 
9 ord] to make 8 fe>s add weight to our 
s]vices4 ,next come ^? ?+s )\t :i* we c 
inde$ live1 b 9 su* a mann] t x w\ld be 
bett] to die1 su* z lib]ty1 *a/ity1 or a
 good consci5ce4 ,aft] ^! are :at we h  
come to hold de> by connexion &         
relation%ip & long use & cu/om1 su* z   
our wives & *ildr51 our h\sehold gods1 &
 s on1 to :i* ! m9d s firmly atta*es    
itself t sep>ation f !m seems worse ?an 
dea?4  ,aft] ^! come useful ?+s1 :i* =m 

a v wide & v>i$ class2 9 :i* w be money1
 n 9 excess1 b en\gh = liv+ 9 a mod]ate 
/yle2 public (fice1 &1 = ! ambiti\s1 due
 advancem5t to high] po/s2 = no?+ c be m
 useful to a man ?an to be plac$ 9 a    
position 9 :i* he c b5efit himself4 ,all
 b5efits beyond ^! are sup]flu\s1 & are 
likely to spoil ^? :o receive !m4 ,9    
giv+ ^! we mu/ be c>eful to make !m     
acceptable by giv+ !m at ! appropriate  
"t1 or by giv+ ?+s :i* are n common1 b  
su* z few p possess1 or at any rate few 
possess 9 our times2 or aga91 by giv+   
?+s 9 su* a mann]1 t ?\gh n naturally   
valuable1 !y become s by ! "t & place at
 :i* !y are giv54 ,we mu/ reflect :at   
pres5t w produce ! mo/ pleasure1 :at w  
mo/ frequ5tly come "u ! notice ( !      
possessor ( x1 s t :5ev] he is ) x he   
may be ) u also2 & 9 all cases we mu/ be
 c>eful n to s5d useless pres5ts1 su* z 
hunt+ weapons to a woman or old man1 or 
books to a ru/ic1 or nets to cat* wild  
animals to a quiet lit]>y man4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 we ought to be c>eful1 :ile we wi% 

to s5d :at w please1 t we d n s5d :at w 
insult+ly rem9d our fri5ds ( _! fail+s1 
z1 = example1 if we s5d w9e to a h>d    
dr9k] or drugs to an invalid1 = a pres5t
 :i* conta9s an allusion to ! %ortcom+s 
( ! receiv]1 becomes an outrage4  ,,xii4
 ,if we h a free *oice z to :at to give1
 we %\ld above all *oose la/+ pres5ts1 9
 ord] t our gift may endure z long z    
possible2 = few are s grateful z to ?9k 
( :at !y h receiv$1 ev5 :5 !y d n see x4
 ,ev5 ! ungrateful rememb] u by our     
gifts1 :5 !y are always 9 _! sight & d n
 all[ !mselves to be =gott51 b con/antly
 obtrude & /amp ^u ! m9d ! memory ( !   
giv]4 ,z we nev] ought to rem9d m5 ( :at
 we h giv5 !m1 we ought all ! m to *oose
 pres5ts t w be p]man5t2 = ! ?+s        
!mselves w prev5t ! remembrance ( ! giv]
 f fad+ away4 ,i w\ld m will+ly give a  
pres5t ( plate ?an ( co9$ money1 & w\ld 
m will+ly give /atues ?an clo!s or o!r  
?+s :i* are soon worn out4 ,few rema9   
grateful aft] ! pres5t is gone3 _m m    
rememb] _! pres5ts only :ile !y make use

 ( !m4 ,if possible1 ,i %\ld l my pres5t
 n to be consum$2 let x rema9 9 exi/5ce1
 let x /ick to my fri5d & %>e 8 life4   
,no "o is s fooli% z to ne$ to be told n
 to s5d gladiators or wild bea/s to "o  
:o has j giv5 a public %[1 or n to s5d  
summ] clo?+ 9 w9t] "t1 or w9t] clo?+ 9  
summ]4 ,common s5se mu/ guide our       
b5efits2 we mu/ consid] ! "t & ! place1 
& ! "* ( ! receiv]1 :i* are ! weights 9 
! scale1 :i* cause our gifts to be well 
or ill receiv$4 ,h[ f> m acceptable a   
pres5t is1 if we give a man :at he has  
n1 ?an if we give him :at he has pl5ty  
(6 if we give him :at he has long be5   
se>*+ = 9 va91 r ?an :at he sees        
ev]y:]e6 ,let u make pres5ts ( ?+s :i*  
are r>e & sc>ce r ?an co/ly1 ?+s :i* ev5
 a ri* man w be glad (1 j z common      
fruits1 su* z we tire ( aft] a few days1
 please u if !y h rip5$ be=e ! usual    
season4 ,p w also e/eem ?+s :i* no "o   
else has giv5 to !m1 or :i* we h giv5 to
 no "o else4  ,,xiii4 ,:5 ! conque/ ( ! 
,ea/ _h flatt]$ ,alex&] ( ,mac$on into  

believ+ himself to be m ?an man1 ! p (  
,cor9? s5t an embassy to congratulate   
him1 & pres5t$ him ) ! fran*ise ( _!    
city4 ,:5 ,alex&] smil$ at ?is =m (     
c\rtesy1 "o ( ! ambassadors said1 ,we h 
nev] enroll$ any /rang] among our       
citiz5s except ,h]cules & y\rself4      
,alex&] will+ly accept$ ! pr(f]$ hon\r1 
invit$ ! ambassadors to 8 table1 & %[$  
!m o!r c\rtesies4 ,he did n ?9k ( :o    
(f]$ ! citiz5%ip1 b to :om !y _h grant$ 
x2 & be+ altoge!r ! slave ( glory1 ?\gh 
he knew nei!r its true nature or its    
limits1 _h foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps (        
,h]cules & ,bac*us1 & _h n ev5 /ay$ 8   
m>* :]e !y ceas$2 s t he glanc$ aside f 
! giv]s ( ?is hon\r to him ) :om he %>$ 
x1 & fanci$ t ! heav5 to :i* 8 vanity   
aspir$ 0 inde$ op5+ be=e him :5 he 0    
made equal to ,h]cules4 ,9 :at inde$ did
 t frantic y\?1 ^: only m]it 0 8 lucky  
audacity1 resemble ,h]cules8 ,h]cules   
conqu]$ no?+ = himself2 he travell$     
?r\gh\t ! _w1 n covet+ = himself b      
lib]at+ ! c\ntries :i* he conqu]$1 an   

enemy to bad m51 a def5d] ( ! good1 a   
peacemak] bo? by sea & l&2 :]eas ! o!r 0
 f 8 boyhood a brig& & desolator (      
nations1 a pe/ to 8 fri5ds & enemies    
alike1 ^: greate/ joy 0 to be ! t]ror ( 
all mank9d1 =gett+ t m5 fe> n only !    
fi]ce/ b also ! mo/ c[>dly animals1     
because ( _! evil & v5om\s nature4      
,,xiv4 ,let u n[ return to our subject4 
,he :o be/[s a b5efit )\t discrim9ation1
 gives :at pleases no "o2 no "o consid]s
 himself to be "u any obligation to !   
l&lord ( a tav]n1 or to be ! gue/ ( any 
"o ) :om he d9es 9 su* company z to be  
able to say1 ,:at civility has he %[n to
 me8 no m ?an he has %[n to t man1 :om  
he sc>cely kn[s1 or to t o!r1 :o is bo? 
8 p]sonal enemy & a man ( infam\s "*4 ,d
 y suppose t he wi%$ to d me any hon\r8 
n s1 he m]ely wi%$ to indulge 8 own vice
 ( pr(usion4 ,if y wi% m5 to be grateful
 = any?+1 give x b seldom2 no "o c be>  
to receive :at y give to all ! _w4 ,yet 
let no "o ga!r f ?is t ,i wi% to impose 
any bonds ^u g5]osity2 let h] g to :at  

l5g?s %e w1 s t %e g a /eady c\rse1 n at
 r&om4 ,x is possible to be/[ gifts 9   
su* a mann] t ea* ( ^? :o receive !m1   
al?\gh he %>es !m ) _m o!rs1 may yet    
feel himself to be di/+ui%$ f ! common  
h]d4 ,let ea* man h "s peculi>ity ab\t 8
 gift :i* may make him consid] himself m
 highly fav\r$ ?an ! re/4 ,he may say1  
,i receiv$ ! same pres5t t he did1 b ,i 
nev] ask$ = x4 ,i receiv$ ! same pres5t1
 b m9e 0 giv5 me aft] a few days1 :]eas 
he _h e>n$ x by long s]vice4 ,o!rs h !  
same pres5t1 b x 0 n giv5 to !m ) ! same
 c\rtesy & graci\s words ) :i* x 0 giv5 
to me4 ,t man got x because he ask$ = x2
 ,i did n ask4 ,t man receiv$ x z well z
 ,i1 b !n he c\ld easily return x2 "o   
has great expectations f a ri* man1 old 
& *ildless1 z he is2 :]eas 9 giv+ ! same
 pres5t to me he really gave m1 because 
he gave x )\t ! hope ( receiv+ any      
return = x4 ,j z a c\rtesan divides h]  
fav\rs among _m m51 s t no "o ( h]      
fri5ds is )\t "s pro( ( h] affection1 s 
let him :o wi%es 8 b5efits to be priz$  

consid] h[ he may at ! same "t gratify  
_m m51 & nev]!less give ea* "o ( !m "s  
especial m>k ( fav\r to di/+ui% him f ! 
re/4  ,,xv4 ,i am no advocate (         
slackness 9 giv+ b5efits3 ! m & ! great]
 !y are1 ! m praise !y w br+ to ! giv]4 
,yet let !m be giv5 ) discretion2 = :at 
is giv5 c>elessly & recklessly c please 
no "o4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 supposes t 9 giv+ 
?is advice ,i wi% to re/rict b5evol5ce &
 to conf9e x to n>r[] limits1 entirely  
mi/akes ! object ( my w>n+4 ,:at virtue 
d we admire m ?an b5evol5ce8 ,:i* d we  
enc\rage m8 ,:o ought to applaud x m ?an
 we ,/oics1 :o prea* ! bro!rhood ( !    
human race8 ,:at !n is x8 ,s9ce no      
impulse ( ! human m9d c be approv$ (1   
ev5 ?\gh x spr+s f a "r feel+1 unless x 
be made into a virtue by discretion1 ,i 
=bid g5]osity to deg5]ate into          
extravagance4 ,x is1 inde$1 pleasant to 
receive a b5efit ) op5 arms1 :5 reason  
be/[s x ^u ! wor?y1 n :5 x is flung hi!r
 or ?i!r ?\ghtlessly & at r&om2 ?is     
alone we c>e to display & claim z our   

own4 ,c y call any?+ a b5efit1 if y feel
 a%am$ to m5tion ! p]son :o gave x y8   
,h[ f> m grateful is a b5efit1 h[ f> m  
deeply does x impress itself ^u ! m9d1  
nev] to be =gott51 :5 we rejoice to ?9k 
n s mu* ( :at x is1 z f :om we h receiv$
 x6 ,crispus ,passi5us 0 wont to say t  
"s m5's advice 0 to be pref]r$ to _!    
pres5ts1 "s m5's pres5ts to _! advice2 &
 he add$ z an example1 ,i w\ld r h      
receiv$ advice f ,augu/us ?an a pres5t2 
,i w\ld r receive a pres5t f ,claudius  
?an advice4 ,i1 h[ev]1 ?9k t "o ought n 
to wi% = a b5efit f any man ^: judgem5t 
is wor?less4 ,:at !n8 ,ought we n to    
receive :at ,claudius gives8 ,we ought2 
b we ought to reg>d x z obta9$ f =tune1 
:i* may at any mom5t turn aga9/ u4 ,:y d
 we sep>ate ?is :i* naturally is        
connect$8 ,t is n a b5efit1 to :i* ! be/
 "p ( a b5efit1 t x be be/[$ ) judgm5t1 
is want+3 a really great sum ( money1 if
 x be giv5 nei!r ) disc]nm5t nor ) good 
w1 is no m a b5efit ?an if x rema9$     
ho>d$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m ?+s :i* we   

ought n to reject1 yet = :i* we _c feel 
indebt$4     ,,book ,,ii4  ,i4   ,let u 
consid]1 mo/ excell5t ,lib]alis1 :at    
/ill rema9s ( ! e>li] "p ( ! subject2 9 
:at way a b5efit %\ld be be/[$4 ,i ?9k t
 ,i c po9t out ! %orte/ way to ?is2 let 
u give 9 ! way 9 :i* we ourselves %\ld l
 to receive4 ,above all we %\ld give    
will+ly1 quickly1 & )\t any hesitation2 
a b5efit comm&s no gratitude if x has   
hung = a long "t 9 ! h&s ( ! giv]1 if he
 seems unwill+ to "p ) x1 & gives x z   
?\gh he 7 be+ robb$ ( x4 ,ev5 ?\gh "s   
delay %\ld int]v5e1 let u by all means 9
 our p[] /rive n to seem to h be5 9 two 
m9ds ab\t giv+ x at all4 ,to hesitate is
 ! next ?+ to refus+ to give1 & de/roys 
all claim to gratitude4 ,= j z ! sweete/
 "p ( a b5efit is ! k9dly feel+ ( !     
giv]1 x foll[s t "o :o has by 8 v delay 
prov$ t he gives unwill+ly1 mu/ be      
reg>d$ n z hav+ giv5 any?+1 b z hav+ be5
 unable to keep x f an importunate      
suitor4 ,inde$1 _m m5 are made g5]\s by 
want ( firmness4 ,! mo/ acceptable      

b5efits are ^? :i* are wait+ = u to take
 !m1 :i* are easy to be receiv$1 & (f]  
!mselves to u1 s t ! only delay is caus$
 by ! mode/y ( ! receiv]4 ,! be/ ?+ (   
all is to anticipate a p]son's wi%es2 ! 
next1 to foll[ !m2 ! =m] is ! bett]     
c\rse1 to be be=eh& ) our fri5ds by giv+
 !m :at !y want be=e !y ask u = x1 = !  
value ( a gift is mu* enhanc$ by sp>+ an
 hone/ man ! mis]y ( ask+ = x )         
confusion & blu%es4 ,he :o gets :at he  
ask$ = does n get x = no?+1 = inde$1 z  
our au/]e ance/ors ?\ght1 no?+ is s de> 
z t :i* is b\ght by pray]s4 ,m5 w\ld be 
mu* m mode/ 9 _! petitions to heav51 if 
^! _h to be made publicly2 s t ev5 :5   
address+ ! gods1 be=e :om we c ) all    
hon\r b5d our knees1 we pref] to pray   
sil5tly & )9 ourselves4  ,,ii4 ,x is    
unpleasant1 burd5some1 & cov]s "o ) %ame
 to h to say1 ,give me4 ,y %\ld sp>e y\r
 fri5ds1 & ^? :om y wi% to make y\r     
fri5ds1 f hav+ to d ?is2 h[ev] quick he 
may be1 a man gives too late :o gives   
:at he has be5 ask$ =4 ,we ought1 !re=e1

 to div9e e man's wi%es1 & :5 we h      
discov]$ !m1 to set him free f ! h>d    
necessity ( ask+2 y may be sure t a     
b5efit :i* comes unask$ w be delightful 
& w n be =gott54 ,if we d n succe$ 9    
anticipat+ our fri5ds1 let u at any rate
 cut !m %ort :5 !y ask u = any?+1 s t we
 may appe> to be rem9d$ ( :at we meant  
to d1 r ?an to h be5 ask$ to d x4 ,let u
 ass5t at once1 & by our promptness make
 x appe> t we meant to d s ev5 be=e we 7
 solicit$4 ,z 9 deal+ ) sick p]sons mu* 
dep5ds ^u :5 food is giv51 & pla9 wat]  
giv5 at ! "r mom5t sometimes acts z a   
rem$y1 s a b5efit1 h[ev] slight &       
commonplace x may be1 if x be promptly  
giv5 )\t los+ a mom5t ( "t1 ga9s        
enorm\sly 9 importance1 & w9s our       
gratitude m ?an a f> m valuable pres5t  
giv5 aft] long wait+ & delib]ation4 ,"o 
:o gives s readily mu/ ne$s give ) good 
w2 he !re=e gives *e]fully & %[s 8      
disposition 9 8 c\nt5ance4  ,,iii4 ,_m  
:o be/[ imm5se b5efits spoil !m by _!   
sil5ce or sl[ness ( spee*1 :i* gives !m 

an air ( moros5ess1 z !y say yes ) a    
face :i* seems to say no4 ,h[ mu* bett] 
is x to jo9 k9d words to k9d actions1 & 
to enhance ! value ( our gifts by a     
civil & graci\s comm5dation ( !m6 ,to   
cure y\r fri5d ( be+ sl[ to ask a fav\r 
( y1 y may jo9 to y\r gift ! famili>    
rebuke1 ,i am angry ) y = n hav+ long   
ago let me "k :at y want$1 = hav+ ask$ =
 x s =mally1 or = hav+ made int]e/ ) a  
?ird p>ty4 ,i congratulate myself t y h 
be5 pleas$ to make trial ( me2 h]eaft]1 
if y want any?+1 ask = x z y\r "r2      
h[ev]1 = ?is "t ,i p>don y\r want (     
mann]s4 ,by s do+ y w cause him to value
 y\r fri5d%ip m highly ?an t1 :atev] x  
may h be51 :i* he came to ask ( y4 ,!   
goodness & k9dness ( a b5efactor nev]   
appe>s s great z :5 on leav+ him "o     
says1 ,i h to-day ga9$ mu*2 ,i am m     
pleas$ at f9d+ him s k9d ?an if ,i _h   
obta9$ _m times m ( ?is1 ( :i* ,i 0     
speak+1 by "s o!r means2 ,i nev] c make 
any adequate return to ?is man = 8      
goodness4  ,,iv4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 !re are :o1

 by h>% words & contemptu\s mann]1 make 
_! v k9dnesses odi\s1 = by speak+ & act+
 disda9fully !y make u sorry t !y h     
grant$ our reque/s4 ,v>i\s delays also  
take place aft] we h obta9$ a promise2 &
 no?+ is m he>tbreak+ ?an to be =c$ to  
beg = ! v ?+ :i* y already h be5        
promis$4 ,b5efits ought to be be/[$ at  
once1 b f "s p]sons x is easi] to obta9 
! promise ( !m ?an to get !m4 ,"o man   
has to be ask$ to rem9d our b5efactor ( 
8 purpose2 ano!r1 to br+ x into effect2 
& ?us a s+le pres5t is worn away 9 pass+
 ?r\gh _m h&s1 until h>dly any gratitude
 is left = ! orig9al promis]1 s9ce :oev]
 we are =c$ to solicit aft] ! giv+ ( !  
promise receives "s ( ! gratitude :i* we
 owe to ! giv]4 ,take c>e1 !re=e1 if y  
wi% y\r gifts to be e/eem$1 t !y rea* ^?
 to :om !y are promis$ entire1 &1 z !   
say+ is1 )\t any d$uction4 ,let no "o   
int]cept !m or delay !m2 = no "o c take 
any %>e ( ! gratitude due = y\r gifts   
)\t robb+ y ( x4  ,v4 ,no?+ is m bitt]  
?an long unc]ta9ty2 "s c be> to h _!    

hopes ext+ui%$ bett] ?an to h !m def]r$4
 ,yet _m m5 are l$ by an unwor?y vanity 
into ?is fault ( putt+ (f ! accompli%m5t
 ( _! promises1 m]ely 9 ord] to swell ! 
cr[d ( _! suitors1 l ! m9i/]s ( royalty1
 :o delight 9 prolong+ ! display ( _!   
own arrogance1 h>dly ?9k+ !mselves      
possess$ ( p[] unless !y let ea* man see
 = a long "t h[ p[]ful !y are4 ,!y d    
no?+ promptly1 or at "o sitt+2 !y are   
inde$ swift to d mis*ief1 b sl[ to d    
good4 ,be sure t ! comic poet speaks !  
mo/ absolute tru? 9 ! v]ses3--     ,"k y
 n ?is8 ,if y y\r gifts delay1     ,y   
take !reby my gratitude away4  ,& !     
foll[+ l9es1 ! expression ( virtu\s     
pa9--a high-spirit$ man's mis]y1--      
,:at ?\ doe/1 d quickly2  &3--          
,no?+ 9 ! _w     ,is wor? ?is tr\ble2 ,i
 _h r y     ,refus$ x to me n[4  ,:5 !  
m9d beg9s ?r\gh we>9ess to hate !       
promis$ b5efit1 or :ile x is wav]+ 9    
expectation ( x1 h[ c x feel grateful = 
x8 ,z ! mo/ ref9$ cruelty is t :i*      
prolongs ! torture1 :ile to kill !      

victim at once is a k9d ( m]cy1 s9ce !  
extremity ( torture br+s its own end )  
x--! int]val is ! wor/ "p ( !           
execution--s ! %ort] "t a b5efit hangs 9
 ! balance1 ! m grateful x is to !      
receiv]4 ,x is possible to look =w>d )  
anxi\s disquietude ev5 to good ?+s1 &1  
see+ t mo/ b5efits consi/ 9 a release f 
"s =m ( mis]y1 a man de/roys ! value ( !
 b5efit :i* he conf]s1 if he has ! p[]  
to relieve u1 & yet all[s u to suff] or 
to lack pleasure long] ?an we ne$4      
,k9dness always eag] to d good1 & "o :o 
acts by love naturally acts at once2 he 
:o does u good1 b does x t>dily & ) long
 delays1 does n d s f ! he>t4 ,?us he   
loses two mo/ important ?+s3 "t1 & !    
pro( ( 8 good w to u2 = a l+]+ cons5t is
 b a =m ( d5ial4  ,,vi4 ,! mann] 9 :i*  
?+s are said or done1 my ,lib]alis1 =ms 
a v important "p ( e transaction4 ,we   
ga9 mu* by quickness1 & lose mu* by     
sl[ness4 ,j z 9 d>ts1 ! /r5g? ( ! iron  
head rema9s ! same1 b !re is an         
immeasureable diff]5ce betwe5 ! bl[ ( "o

 hurl$ ) ! full sw+ ( ! arm & "o :i*    
m]ely drops f ! h&1 & ! same sword ei!r 
grazes or pi]ces accord+ z ! bl[ is     
deliv]$2 s1 9 l mann]1 t :i* is giv5 is 
! same1 b ! mann] 9 :i* x is giv5 makes 
! diff]5ce4 ,h[ sweet1 h[ preci\s is a  
gift1 :5 he :o gives does n p]mit       
himself to be ?ank$1 & :5 :ile he gives 
he =gets t he has giv56 ,to reproa* a   
man at ! v mom5t t y are do+ him a      
s]vice is %e] madness2 x is to mix      
insult ) y\r fav\rs4 ,we ought n to make
 our b5efits burd5some1 or to add any   
bitt]ness to !m4 ,ev5 if !re be "s      
subject ^u :i* y wi% to w>n y\r fri5d1  
*oose "s o!r "t = do+ s4  ,,vii4 ,fabius
 ,v]rucosus us$ to comp>e a b5efit be/[$
 by a h>% man 9 an (f5sive mann] to a   
gritty loaf ( bread1 :i* a hungry man is
 oblig$ to receive1 b :i* is pa9ful to  
eat4 ,:5 ,m>ius ,nepos ( ! praetorian   
gu>d ask$ ,tib]ius ,caes> = help to pay 
8 debts1 ,tib]ius ask$ him = a li/ ( 8  
cr$itors2 ?is is call+ a meet+ (        
cr$itors1 n pay+ debts4 ,:5 ! li/ 0 made

 out1 ,tib]ius wrote to ,nepos tell+ him
 t he _h ord]$ ! money to be paid1 &    
add+ "s (f5sive reproa*es4 ,! result (  
?is 0 t ,nepos ow$ no debts1 yet receiv$
 no k9dness2 ,tib]ius1 inde$1 reliev$   
him f 8 cr$itors1 b laid him "u no      
obligation4 ,tib]ius1 h[ev]1 _h "s      
design 9 do+ s2 ,i imag9e he did n wi% m
 ( 8 fri5ds to come to him ) ! same     
reque/4 ,8 mode ( proce$+ 01 p]haps1    
successful 9 re/ra9+ m5's extravagant   
desires by %ame1 b he :o wi%es to conf] 
b5efits mu/ foll[ q a diff]5t pa?4 ,9   
all ways y %\ld make y\r b5efit z       
acceptable z possible by pres5t+ x 9 !  
mo/ attractive =m2 b ! me?od ( ,tib]ius 
is n to conf] b5efits1 b to reproa*4    
,,viii4 ,moreov]1 if incid5tally ,i %\ld
 say :at ,i ?9k ( ?is "p ( ! subject1 ,i
 d n consid] t x is becom+ ev5 to an    
emp]or to give m]ely 9 ord] to cov] a   
man ) %ame4 ,& yet1 we are told1        
,tib]ius did n ev5 by ?is means atta9 8 
object2 = aft] ?is a good _m p]sons 7   
f\nd to make ! same reque/4 ,he ord]$   

all ( !m to expla9 ! reasons ( _!       
indebt$ness be=e ! s5ate1 & :5 !y did s1
 grant$ !m c]ta9 def9ite sums ( money4  
,?is is n an act ( g5]osity1 b a        
reprim&4 ,y may call x a subsidy1 or an 
imp]ial contribution2 x is n a b5efit1 =
 ! receiv] _c ?9k ( x )\t %ame4 ,i 0    
summon$ be=e a judge1 & _h to be tri$ at
 b> be=e ,i obta9$ :at ,i ask$ =4  ,,ix4
 ,accord+ly1 all writ]s on e?ical       
philosophy tell u t "s b5efits ought to 
be giv5 9 secret1 o!rs 9 public4 ,^? ?+s
 :i* x is glori\s to receive1 su* z     
milit>y decorations or public (fices1 & 
:atev] else ga9s 9 value ! m widely x is
 kn[n1 %\ld be conf]r$ 9 public2 on !   
o!r h&1 :5 !y d n promote a man or add  
to 8 social /&+1 b help him :5 9        
weakness1 9 want1 or 9 disgrace1 !y %\ld
 be giv5 sil5tly1 & s z to be kn[n only 
to ^? :o pr(it by !m4  ,x4 ,sometimes   
ev5 ! p]son :o is assi/$ mu/ be deceiv$1
 9 ord] t he may receive our b\nty )\t  
kn[+ ! s\rce f :5ce x fl[s4 ,x is said t
 ,arcesilaus _h a fri5d :o 0 poor1 b    

conceal$ 8 pov]ty2 :o 0 ill1 yet tri$ to
 hide 8 disord]1 & :o _h n money = !    
necess>y exp5ses ( exi/5ce4 ,)\t 8 k1   
,arcesilaus plac$ a bag ( money "u 8    
pill[1 9 ord] t ?is victim ( false %ame 
might r seem to f9d :at he want$ ?an to 
receive4 ,:at1 say y1 ought he n to "k f
 :om he receiv$ x8 ,yes2 let him n "k x 
at fir/1 if x be ess5tial to y\r k9dness
 t he %\ld n2 aft]w>ds ,i w d s mu* =   
him1 & give him s mu* t he w p]ceive :o 
0 ! giv] ( ! =m] b5efit2 or1 bett] /ill1
 let him n "k t he has receiv$ any ?+1  
provid$ ,i "k t ,i h giv5 x4 ,?is1 y    
say1 is to get too little return = "o's 
goodness4 ,true1 if x be an inve/m5t (  
:i* y are ?9k+2 b if a gift1 x %\ld be  
giv5 9 ! way :i* w be ( mo/ s]vice to ! 
receiv]4 ,y %\ld be satisfi$ ) !        
approval ( y\r own consci5ce2 if n1 y d 
n really delight 9 do+ good1 b 9 be+ se5
 to d good4 ,= all t1 say y1 ,i wi% him 
to "k x4 ,is x a debtor t y seek =8 ,=  
all t1 ,i wi% him to "k x4 ,:at6 ?\gh x 
be m useful1 m cr$itable1 m pleasant =  

him n to "k 8 b5efactor1 w y n cons5t to
 /& aside8 ,i wi% him to "k4 ,s1 !n1 y  
w\ld n save a man's life 9 ! d>k8 ,i d n
 d5y t1 :5ev] ! matt] admits ( x1 "o    
ought to take into consid]ation !       
pleasure :i* we receive f ! joy ( !     
receiv] ( our k9dness2 b if he ought to 
h help & is a%am$ to receive x--if :at  
we be/[ ^u him pa9s him unless x be     
conceal$--,i =be> to make my b5efits    
public4 ,:y %\ld ,i n refra9 f h9t+ at  
my hav+ giv5 him any?+1 :5 ! fir/ & mo/ 
ess5tial rule is1 nev] to reproa* a man 
) :at y h done = him1 & n ev5 to rem9d  
him ( x4 ,! rule = ! giv] & receiv] ( a 
b5efit is1 t ! "o %\ld /raightway =get t
 he has giv51 ! o!r %\ld nev] =get t he 
has receiv$ x4  ,,xi4 ,a con/ant ref]5ce
 to "o's own s]vices w\nds our fri5d's  
feel+s4 ,l ! man :o 0 sav$ f !          
proscription "u ! triumvirate by "o (   
,caes>'s fri5ds1 & aft]w>ds f\nd x      
impossible to endure 8 pres]v]'s        
arrogance1 !y wi% to cry1 ,give me back 
to ,caes>4 ,h[ long w y g on say+1 ,i   

sav$ y1 ,i snat*$ y f ! jaws ( dea?8    
,?is is inde$ life1 if ,i rememb] x by  
my own w1 b dea? if ,i rememb] x at     
y\rs2 ,i owe y no?+1 if y sav$ me m]ely 
9 ord] to h "s "o to po9t at4 ,h[ long d
 y mean to lead me ab\t8 h[ long d y    
mean to =bid me to =get my adv5ture8 ,if
 ,i _h be5 a defeat$ enemy1 ,i %\ld h   
be5 l$ 9 triumph b once4 ,we ought n to 
speak ( ! b5efits :i* we h conf]r$2 to  
rem9d m5 ( !m is to ask !m to return !m4
 ,we %\ld n obtrude !m1 or recall !     
memory ( !m2 y %\ld only rem9d a man (  
:at y h giv5 him by giv+ him some?+     
else4 ,we ought n ev5 to tell o!rs ( our
 good de$s4 ,he :o conf]s a b5efit %\ld 
be sil5t1 x %\ld be told by ! receiv]2 =
 o!rwise y may receive ! retort :i* 0   
made to "o :o 0 ev]y:]e boa/+ ( ! b5efit
 :i* he _h conf]r$3 ,y w n d5y1 said 8  
victim1 t y h receiv$ a return = x8 ,:58
 ask$ he4 ,(t51 said ! o!r1 & 9 _m      
places1 t is1 :]ev] & :5ev] y h told !  
/ory4 ,:at ne$ is !re = y to speak1 & to
 take ! place :i* belongs to ano!r8 ,!re

 is a man :o c tell ! /ory 9 a way mu* m
 to y\r cr$it1 & ?us y w ga9 glory = n  
tell+ x y\r self4 ,y w\ld ?9k me        
ungrateful if1 ?r\gh y\r own sil5ce1 no 
"o is to "k ( y\r b5efit4 ,s f> f do+   
?is1 ev5 if any "o tells ! /ory 9 our   
pres5ce1 we ought to make answ]1 ,he    
does inde$ des]ve mu* m ?an ?is1 & ,i am
 aw>e t ,i h n hi!rto done any great ?+s
 = him1 al?\gh ,i wi% to d s4 ,?is %\ld 
n be said jok+ly1 nor yet ) t air by :i*
 "s p]sons repel ^? :om !y especially   
wi% to attract4 ,9 addition to ?is1 we  
ought to act ) ! greate/ polit5ess t[>ds
 su* p]sons4 ,if ! f>m] ceases 8 lab\rs 
aft] he has put 9 ! se$1 he w lose :at  
he has s[n2 x is only by great pa9s t   
se$s are br\ght to yield a crop2 no     
plant w be> fruit unless x be t5d$ )    
equal c>e f fir/ to la/1 & ! same rule  
is true ( b5efits4 ,c any b5efits be    
great] ?an ^? :i* *ildr5 receive f _!   
p>5ts8 ,yet ^! b5efits are useless if !y
 be des]t$ :ile "y1 if ! pi\s c>e ( !   
p>5ts does n = a long "t wat* ov] ! gift

 :i* !y h be/[$4 ,s x is ) o!r b5efits2 
unless y help !m1 y w lose !m2 to give  
is n en\gh1 y mu/ fo/] :at y h giv54 ,if
 y wi% ^? :om y lay "u an obligation to 
be grateful to y1 y mu/ n m]ely conf]   
b5efits ^u !m1 b y mu/ also love !m4    
,above all1 z ,i said be=e1 sp>e _! e>s2
 y w we>y !m if y rem9d !m ( y\r        
goodness1 if y reproa* !m ) x y w make  
!m hate y4 ,pride ought above all ?+s to
 be avoid$ :5 y conf] a b5efit4 ,:at ne$
 h y = disda9ful airs1 or swell+        
phrases8 ! act itself w exalt y4 ,let u 
%un va9 boa/+3 let u be sil5t1 & let our
 de$s speak = u4 ,a b5efit conf]r$ )    
haught9ess n only w9s no gratitude1 b   
causes dislike4  ,,xii4 ,gaius ,caes>   
grant$ ,pompeius ,p5nus 8 life1 t is1 if
 n to take away life be to grant x2 !n1 
:5 ,pompeius 0 set free & return+ ?anks 
to him1 he /ret*$ out 8 left foot to be 
kiss$4 ,^? :o excuse ?is action1 & say t
 x 0 n done ?r\gh arrogance1 say t he   
wi%$ to %[ him a gild$1 nay a gold5     
slipp] /udd$ ) pe>ls4 ,well1 say !y1 :at

 disgrace c !re be 9 a man ( consul>    
rank kiss+ gold & pe>ls1 & :at "p (     
,caes>'s :ole body 0 x less pollution to
 kiss8 ,s1 !n1 t man1 ! object ( ^: life
 0 to *ange a free /ate into a ,p]sian  
despotism1 0 n satisfi$ :5 a s5ator1 an 
ag$ man1 a man :o _h fill$ ! highe/     
(fices 9 ! /ate1 pro/rat$ himself be=e  
him 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! nobles1 j z !   
vanqui%$ pro/rate !mselves be=e _!      
conqu]or6 ,he discov]$ a place bel[ 8   
knees d[n to :i* he might ?ru/ lib]ty4  
,:at is ?is b trampl+ ^u ! commonweal?1 
& t1 too1 ) ! left foot1 ?\gh y may say 
t ?is po9t does n signify8 ,x 0 n a     
suffici5tly f\l & frantic outrage = !   
emp]or to sit at ! trial ( a consul> = 8
 life we>+ slipp]s1 he mu/ ne$s pu% 8   
%oes into a s5ator's face4  ,,xiii4 ,o  
pride1 ! sillie/ fault ( great good     
=tune6 h[ pleasant x is to take no?+ f  
!e6 h[ do/ ?\ turn all b5efits into     
outrages6 h[ do/ ?\ delight 9 all       
excess6 h[ ill all ?+s become !e6 ,!    
high] ?\ rise/ ! l[] ?\ art1 & prove/ t 

! good ?+s by :i* ?\ art s puff$ up     
pr(it !e n2 ?\ spoile/ all t ?\ give/4  
,x is wor? :ile to inquire :y x is t    
pride ?us swagg]s & *anges ! =m &       
appe>ance ( h] c\nt5ance1 s t %e pref]s 
a mask to h] own face4 ,x is pleasant to
 receive gifts :5 !y are conf]r$ 9 a    
k9dly & g5tle mann]1 :5 a sup]ior 9 giv+
 !m does n exalt himself ov] me1 b %[s z
 mu* good feel+ z possible1 plac+       
himself on a level ) me1 giv+ )\t p>ade1
 & *oos+ a "t :5 ,i am glad ( 8 help1 r 
?an wait+ till ,i am 9 ! bitt]e/ ne$4 ,!
 only way by :i* y c prevail ^u pr\d m5 
n to spoil _! gifts by _! arrogance is  
by prov+ to !m t b5efits d n appe>      
great] because !y are be/[$ ) great pomp
 & circum/ance2 t no "o w ?9k !m great] 
m5 = s do+1 & t excessive pride is a m]e
 delusion :i* leads m5 to hate ev5 :at  
!y ought to love4  ,,xiv4 ,!re are "s   
?+s :i* injure ^? :o receive !m1 ?+s :i*
 x is n a b5efit to give b to )hold2 we 
%\ld !re=e consid] ! usefulness ( our   
gift r ?an ! wi% ( ! petition] to       

receive x2 = we (t5 long = hurtful ?+s1 
& are unable to disc]n h[ ru9\s !y are1 
because our judgm5t is biass$ by our    
feel+s2 :51 h[ev]1 ! long+ is pa/1 :5 t 
fr5zi$ impulse :i* ma/]s our good s5se  
has pass$ away1 we abhor ^? :o h giv5 u 
hurtful gifts4 ,z we refuse cold wat] to
 ! sick1 or swords to ! grief-/rick5 or 
remorseful1 & take f ! insane :atev] !y 
might 9 _! delirium use to _! own       
de/ruction1 s mu/ we p]si/ 9 refus+ to  
give any?+ :atev] t is hurtful1 al?\gh  
our fri5ds e>ne/ly & humbly1 nay1       
sometimes ev5 mo/ pite\sly beg = x4 ,we 
ought to look at ! end ( our b5efits z  
well z ! beg9n+1 & n m]ely to give :at  
m5 are glad to receive1 b :at !y w      
h]eaft] be glad to h receiv$4 ,!re are  
_m :o say1 ,i "k t ?is w d him no good1 
b :at am ,i to d8 he begs = x1 ,i _c )/&
 8 entreaties4 ,let him see to x2 he w  
blame himself1 n me4 ,n s3 y he w blame1
 & des]v$ly2 :5 he comes to 8 "r m9d1 :5
 ! fr5zy :i* n[ excites him has left    
him1 h[ c he help hat+ ! man :o has     

assi/$ him to h>m & to endang] himself8 
,x is a cruel k9dness to all[ "o's self 
to be won ov] into grant+ t :i* injures 
^? :o beg = x4 ,j z x is ! noble/ ( acts
 to save m5 f h>m aga9/ _! w1 s x is b  
hatr$1 "u ! mask ( civility1 to grant   
:at is h>mful to ^? :o ask = x4 ,let u  
conf] b5efits ( su* a k9d1 t ! m !y are 
made use ( ! bett] !y please1 & :i* nev]
 c turn into injuries4 ,i nev] w give   
money to a man if ,i "k t he w pay x to 
an adult]ess1 nor w ,i be f\nd 9        
connexion ) any wick$ act or plan2 if   
possible1 ,i w re/ra9 m5 f crime2 if n1 
at lea/ ,i w nev] assi/ !m 9 x4 ,:e!r my
 fri5d be driv5 into do+ wrong by ang]1 
or s$uc$ f ! pa? ( safety by ! heat (   
ambition1 he %all nev] ga9 ! means ( do+
 mis*ief except f himself1 nor w ,i     
enable him "o day to say1 ,he ru9$ me   
out ( love = me4 ,our fri5ds (t5 give u 
:at our enemies wi% u to receive2 we are
 driv5 by ! unseasonable fondness ( !   
=m] into ! ru9 :i* ! latt] hope w befall
 u4 ,yet1 (t5 z x is ! case1 :at c be m 

%ameful ?an t !re %\ld be no diff]5ce   
betwe5 a b5efit & hatr$8  ,,xv4 ,let u  
nev] be/[ gifts :i* may recoil ^u u to  
our %ame4 ,z ! sum total ( fri5d%ip     
consi/s 9 mak+ our fri5ds equal to      
ourselves1 we ought to consid] ! int]e/s
 ( bo? p>ties2 ,i mu/ give to him t     
wants1 yet s t ,i d n want myself2 ,i   
mu/ help him :o is p]i%+1 yet s t ,i d n
 p]i% myself1 unless by s do+ ,i c save 
a great man or a great cause4 ,i mu/    
give no b5efit :i* x w\ld disgrace me to
 ask =4 ,i ought n to make a small      
b5efit appe> a great "o1 nor all[ great 
b5efits to be reg>d$ z small2 = al?\gh x
 de/roys all feel+ ( gratitude to treat 
:at y give l a cr$itor1 yet y d n       
reproa* a man1 b m]ely set (f y\r gift  
to ! be/ advantage by lett+ him "k :at x
 is wor?4 ,e man mu/ consid] :at 8      
res\rces & p[]s are1 s t we may n give  
ei!r m or less ?an we are able4 ,we mu/ 
also consid] ! "* & position ( ! p]son  
to :om we give1 = "s m5 are too great to
 give small gifts1 :ile o!rs are too    

small to receive great ones4 ,comp>e1   
!re=e1 ! "* bo? ( ! giv] & ! receiv]1 & 
weigh t :i* y give betwe5 ! two1 tak+   
c>e t :at is giv5 be nei!r too burd5some
 nor too trivial = ! "o to give1 nor yet
 su* z ! receiv] w ei!r treat ) disda9 z
 too small1 or ?9k too great = him to   
deal )4  ,,xvi4 ,alex&]1 :o 0 ( uns\nd  
m9d1 & always full ( magnific5t ideas1  
pres5t$ somebody ) a city4 ,:5 ! man to 
:om he gave x _h reflect$ ^u ! scope ( 8
 own p[]s1 he wi%$ to avoid ! jeal\sy   
:i* s great a pres5t w\ld excite1 say+ t
 ! gift did n suit a man ( 8 position4  
,i d n ask1 repli$ ,alex&]1 :at is      
becom+ = y to receive1 b :at is becom+ =
 me to give4 ,?is seems a spirit$ & k+ly
 spee*1 yet really x is a mo/ fooli% "o4
 ,no?+ is by itself a becom+ gift = any 
"o3 all dep5ds ^u :o gives x1 to :om he 
gives x1 :51 = :at reason1 :]e1 & s =?1 
)\t :i* details x is impossible to argue
 ab\t x4 ,inflat$ creature6 if x did n  
become him to receive ?is gift1 x c\ld n
 become !e to give x4 ,!re %\ld be a    

proportion betwe5 m5's *>act]s & !      
(fices :i* !y fill2 & z virtue 9 all    
cases %\ld be our measure1 he :o gives  
too mu* acts z wrongly z he :o gives too
 little4 ,ev5 grant+ t =tune has rais$ y
 s high1 t1 :]e o!r m5 give cups1 y give
 cities 7:i* x w\ld %[ a great] m9d 9 y 
n to take ?an to take & squ&]71 /ill !re
 mu/ be "s ( y\r fri5ds :o are n /rong  
en\gh to put a city 9 _! pockets4       
,,xvii4 ,a c]ta9 cynic ask$ ,antigonus =
 a tal5t4 ,antigonus answ]$ t ?is 0 too 
mu* = a cynic to ask =4 ,aft] ?is rebuff
 he ask$ = a p5ny4 ,antigonus answ]$ t  
?is 0 too little = a k+ to give4 ,?is   
k9d ( hair-splitt+ 7y say7 is           
contemptible3 he f\nd ! means ( giv+    
nei!r4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! p5ny he ?\ght ( ! 
k+1 9 t ( ! tal5t he ?\ght ( ! cynic1   
:]eas ) respect to ! cynic x w\ld h be5 
"r to receive ! p5ny1 ) respect to ! k+ 
x w\ld h be5 "r to give ! tal5t4 ,?\gh  
!re may be ?+s :i* are too great = a    
cynic to receive1 yet no?+ is s small1 t
 x does n become a graci\s k+ to be/[ x4

 ,if y ask me1 ,i applaud ,antigonus2 = 
x is n to be endur$ t a man :o despises 
money %\ld ask = x4 ,y\r cynic has      
publicly proclaim$ 8 hatr$ ( money1 &   
assum$ ! "* ( "o :o despises x3 let him 
act up to 8 pr(essions4 ,x is mo/       
inconsi/5t = him to e>n money by        
glorify+ 8 pov]ty4 ,i wi% to use        
,*rysippus's simile ( ! game ( ball1 9  
:i* ! ball mu/ c]ta9ly fall by ! fault  
ei!r ( ! ?r[] or ( ! cat*]2 x only holds
 its c\rse :5 x passes betwe5 ! h&s (   
two p]sons :o ea* ?r[ x & cat* x        
suitably4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 = a    
good play] to s5d ! ball 9 "o way to a  
comrade at a long di/ance1 & 9 ano!r to 
"o at a %ort di/ance4 ,s x is ) a       
b5efit3 unless x be suitable bo? = !    
giv] & ! receiv]1 x w nei!r leave ! "o  
nor rea* ! o!r z x ought4 ,if we h to d 
) a practis$ & skill$ play]1 we %all ?r[
 ! ball m recklessly1 = h[ev] x may     
come1 t quick & agile h& w s5d x back   
aga92 if we are play+ ) an unskill$     
novice1 we %all n ?r[ x s h>d1 b f> m   

g5tly1 guid+ x /raight into 8 v h&s1 &  
we %all run to meet x :5 x returns to u4
 ,?is is j :at we ought to d 9 conf]r+  
b5efits2 let u tea* "s m5 h[ to d s1 &  
be satisfi$ if !y attempt x1 if !y h !  
c\rage & ! w to d s4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1
 we make m5 ungrateful1 & enc\rage !m1  
to be s1 z if our b5efits 7 only great  
:5 we _c receive any gratitude = !m2 j z
 "s spiteful ball-play]s purposely put  
out _! companion1 ( c\rse to ! ru9 ( !  
game1 :i* _c be c>ri$ on )\t entire     
agreem5t ,_m m5 are ( s deprav$ a nature
 t !y _h r lose ! pres5ts :i* !y make   
?an be ?\ght to h receiv$ a return = !m1
 because !y are pr\d1 & l to lay p "u   
obligations3 yet h[ mu* bett] & m k9dly 
w\ld x be if !y tri$ to enable ! o!rs   
also to p]=m _! p>ts1 if !y enc\rag$ !m 
9 return+ gratitude1 put ! be/          
con/ruction ^u all _! acts1 receiv$ "o  
:o wi%$ to ?ank !m j z cordially z if he
 came to repay :at he _h receiv$1 &     
easily l5t !mselves to ! belief t ^? :om
 !y h laid "u an obligation wi% to repay

 x4 ,we blame usur]s equally :5 !y press
 h>%ly = paym5t1 & :5 !y delay & make   
difficulties ab\t tak+ back ! money :i* 
!y h l5t2 9 ! same way1 x is j z "r t a 
b5efit %\ld be return$1 z x is wrong to 
ask any "o to return x4 ,! be/ man is he
 :o gives readily1 nev] asks = any      
return1 & is delight$ :5 ! return is    
made1 because1 hav+ really & truly      
=gott5 :at he gave1 he receives x z ?\gh
 x 7 a pres5t4  ,,xviii4 ,"s m5 n only  
give1 b ev5 receive b5efit haughtily1 a 
mi/ake into :i* we ought n to fall3 = n[
 let u cross ov] to ! o!r side ( !      
subject1 & consid] h[ m5 %\ld behave :5 
!y receive b5efits4 ,e function :i* is  
p]=m$ by two p]sons makes equal dem&s ^u
 bo?3 aft] y h consid]$ :at a fa!r ought
 to be1 y w p]ceive t !re rema9s an     
equal task1 t ( consid]+ :at a son ought
 to be3 a husb& has c]ta9 duties1 b ^? (
 a wife are no less important4 ,ea* ( ^!
 give & take equally1 & ea* require a   
simil> rule ( life1 :i*1 z ,hecaton     
obs]ves1 is h>d to foll[3 inde$1 x is   

difficult = u to atta9 to virtue1 or ev5
 to any?+ t comes ne> virtue3 = we ought
 n only to act virtu\sly b to d s ^u    
pr9ciple4 ,we ought to foll[ ?is guide  
?r\gh\t our lives1 & to d ev]y?+ great &
 small accord+ to its dictates3 accord+ 
z virtue prompts u we ought bo? to give 
& to receive4 ,n[ %e w decl>e at !      
outset t we ought n to receive b5efits f
 e man4 ,f :om1 !n1 ought we to receive 
!m8 ,to answ] y briefly1 ,i %\ld say1 f 
^? to :om we h giv5 !m4 ,let u consid]  
:e!r we ought n to be ev5 m c>eful 9    
*oos+ to :om we %\ld owe ?an to :om we  
%\ld give4 ,= ev5 suppos+ t no          
unpleasantness %\ld result 7& v mu*     
always does71 /ill x is a great mis]y to
 be indebt$ to a man to :om y d n wi% to
 be "u an obligation2 :]eas x is mo/    
delightful to receive a b5efit f "o :om 
y c love ev5 aft] he has wrong$ y1 & :5 
! pleasure :i* y feel 9 8 fri5d%ip is   
ju/ifi$ by ! gr\nds on :i* x is bas$4   
,no?+ is m wret*$ = a mode/ & hon\rable 
man ?an to feel x to be 8 duty to love  

"o :om x does n please him to love4 ,i  
mu/ con/antly rem9d y t ,i d n speak (  
wise m51 :o take pleasure 9 ev]y?+ t is 
_! duty1 :o h _! feel+s "u comm&1 & are 
able to lay d[n :atev] law !y please to 
!mselves & keep x1 b t ,i speak (       
imp]fect be+s /ruggl+ to foll[ ! "r pa?1
 :o (t5 h tr\ble 9 b5d+ _! passions to  
_! w4 ,i mu/ !re=e *oose ! man f :om ,i 
w accept a b5efit2 inde$1 ,i ought to be
 m c>eful 9 ! *oice ( my cr$itor = a    
b5efit ?an = money2 = ,i h only to pay !
 latt] z mu* z ,i receiv$ ( him1 l& :5  
,i h paid x ,i am free f all obligation2
 b to ! o!r ,i mu/ bo? repay m1 & ev5 :5
 ,i h repaid 8 k9dness we rema9         
connect$1 = :5 ,i h paid my debt ,i     
ought aga9 to r5ew x1 :ile our fri5d%ip 
endures unbrok54 ,?us1 z ,i ought n to  
make an unwor?y man my fri5d1 s ,i ought
 n to admit an unwor?y man into t mo/   
holy bond ( gratitude = b5efits1 f :i*  
fri5d%ip arises4 ,y reply1 ,i _c always 
say ',no'3 sometimes ,i mu/ receive a   
b5efit ev5 aga9/ my w4 ,suppose ,i 7    

giv5 some?+ by a cruel & easily (f5d$   
tyrant1 :o w\ld take x z an affront if 8
 b\nty 7 slight$8 am ,i n to accept x8  
,suppose x 7 (f]$ by a pirate1 or a     
brig&1 or a k+ ( ! temp] ( a pirate or  
brig&4 ,:at ought ,i to d8 ,su* a man is
 n a wor?y object = me to owe a b5efit  
to4 ,:5 ,i say t y ought to *oose1 ,i   
except vis major & fe>1 :i* de/roy all  
p[] ( *oice4 ,if y are free1 if x lies )
 y to decide :e!r y w or n1 !n y w turn 
ov] 9 y\r own m9d :e!r y w take a gift f
 a man or n2 b if y\r position makes x  
impossible = y to *oose1 !n be assur$ t 
y d n receive a gift1 y m]ely obey      
ord]s4 ,no "o incurs any obligation by  
receiv+ :at x 0 n 9 8 p[] to refuse2 if 
y want to "k :e!r ,i wi% to take x1     
arrange matt]s s t ,i h ! p[] ( say+    
',no4' ,yet suppose he gave y y\r life4 
,x does n matt] :at ! gift 01 unless x  
be giv5 & receiv$ ) good w3 y are n my  
pres]v] because y h sav$ my life4       
,poison sometimes acts z a m$ic9e1 yet x
 is n on t acc\nt reg>d$ z :olesome4 ,"s

 ?+s b5efit u b put u "u no obligation3 
= in/ance a man :o int5d$ to kill a     
tyrant1 cut ) 8 sword a tum\r f :i* he  
suff]$3 yet ! tyrant did n %[ him       
gratitude because by w\nd+ him he _h    
heal$ a disease :i* surgeons _h fe>$ to 
m$dle )4  ,,xix4 ,y see t ! actual ?+   
itself is n ( mu* importance1 because x 
is n reg>d$ z a b5efit at all1 if y d   
good :5 y int5d$ to d evil2 9 su* a case
 ! b5efit is done by *ance1 ! man did   
h>m4 ,i h se5 a lion 9 ! amphi!atre1 :o 
recogniz$ "o ( ! m5 :o f\ght ) wild     
bea/s1 :o once _h be5 8 keep]1 &        
protect$ him aga9/ ! attacks ( ! o!r    
animals4 ,are we1 !n1 to say t ?is      
assi/ance ( ! brute 0 a b5efit8 ,by no  
means1 because x did n int5d to d x1 &  
did n d x ) k9dly int5tions4 ,y may     
class ! lion & y\r tyrant toge!r3 ea* ( 
!m sav$ a man's life1 yet nei!r conf]r$ 
a b5efit4 ,because x is n a b5efit to be
 =c$ to receive "o1 nei!r is x a b5efit 
to be "u an obligation to a man to :om  
we d n wi% to be indebt$4 ,y mu/ fir/   

give me p]sonal fre$om ( decision1 & !n 
y\r b5efit4  ,,xx4 ,! "q has be5 rais$1 
:e!r ,m>cus ,brutus ought to h receiv$ 8
 life f ! h&s ( ,julius ,caes>1 :o1 he  
_h decid$1 ought to be put to dea?4  ,z 
to ! gr\nds ^u :i* he put him to dea?1  
,i %all discuss !m else:]e2 = to my m9d1
 ?\gh he 0 9 o!r respects a great man1 9
 ?is he seems to h be5 entirely wrong1 &
 n to h foll[$ ! maxims ( ! ,/oic       
philosophy4 ,he mu/ ei!r h fe>$ ! "n (  
,k+1 al?\gh a /ate ?rives be/ "u a good 
k+1 or he mu/ h hop$ t lib]ty c\ld exi/ 
9 a /ate :]e "s _h s mu* to ga9 by      
reign+1 & o!rs _h s mu* to ga9 by becom+
 slaves4 ,or1 aga91 he mu/ h suppos$ t x
 w\ld be possible to re/ore ! anci5t    
con/itution aft] all ! anci5t mann]s _h 
be5 lo/1 & t citiz5s c\ld cont9ue to    
possess equal rights1 or laws rema9     
inviolate1 9 a /ate 9 :i* he _h se5 s _m
 ?\s&s ( m5 fight+ to decide1 n :e!r !y 
%\ld be slaves or free1 b :i* ma/] !y   
%\ld s]ve4 ,h[ =getful he seems to h    
be51 bo? ( human nature & ( ! hi/ory ( 8

 own c\ntry1 9 suppos+ t :5 "o despot 0 
de/roy$ ano!r ( ! same temp] w\ld n take
 8 place1 ?\gh1 aft] s _m k+s _h p]i%$  
by lightn+ & ! sword1 a ,t>qu9 0 f\nd to
 reign6 ,yet ,brutus did "r 9 receiv+ 8 
life f ,caes>1 ?\gh he 0 n b\nd !reby to
 reg>d ,caes> z 8 fa!r1 s9ce x 0 by a   
wrong t ,caes> _h come to be 9 a        
position to be/[ ?is b5efit4 ,a man does
 n save y\r life :o does n kill y2 nor  
does he conf] a b5efit1 b m]ely gives y 
y\r dis*>ge4 ,! 'dis*>ge' allud$ to is t
 :i* 0 grant$ to ! beat5 "o ( a pair (  
gladiators1 :5 _! duel 0 n to ! dea?4   
,,xxi4 ,x seems to (f] m opportunity =  
debate to consid] :at a captive ought to
 d1 if a man ( abom9able vices (f]s him 
! price ( 8 ransom8 ,%all ,i p]mit      
myself to be sav$ by a wret*8 ,:5 safe1 
:at recomp5se c ,i make to him8 ,am ,i  
to live ) an infam\s p]son8 ,yet1 am ,i 
n to live ) my pres]v]8 ,i w tell y my  
op9ion4 ,i w\ld accept money1 ev5 f su* 
a p]son1 if x 7 to save my life2 yet ,i 
w\ld only accept x z a loan1 n z a      

b5efit4 ,i w\ld repay him ! money1 & if 
,i 7 ev] able to pres]ve him f dang] ,i 
w\ld d s4 ,z = fri5d%ip1 :i* c only exi/
 betwe5 equals1 ,i w\ld n condesc5d to  
be su* a man's fri5d2 nor w\ld ,i reg>d 
him z my pres]v]1 b m]ely z a           
money-l5d]1 to :om ,i am only b\nd to   
repay :at ,i borr[$ f him4  ,a man may  
be a wor?y p]son = me to receive a      
b5efit f1 b x w hurt him to give x4 ,=  
?is reason ,i w n receive x1 because he 
is ready to help me to 8 own prejudice1 
or ev5 dang]4 ,suppose t he is will+ to 
plead = me 9 c\rt1 b by s do+ w make !  
k+ 8 enemy4 ,i %\ld be 8 enemy1 if1 :5  
he is will+ to risk himself = me1 if ,i 
7 n to risk myself )\t him1 :i* moreov] 
is easi] = me to d4  ,z an in/ance (    
?is1 ,hecaton calls ! case ( ,arcesilaus
 silly1 & n to ! purpose4 ,arcesilaus1  
he says1 refus$ to receive a l>ge sum ( 
money :i* 0 (f]$ to him by a son1 le/ ! 
son %\ld (f5d 8 p5uri\s fa!r4 ,:at did  
he d des]v+ ( praise1 9 n receiv+ /ol5  
goods1 9 *oos+ n to receive !m1 in/ead (

 return+ !m8 ,:at pro( ( self-re/ra9t is
 !re 9 refus+ to receive ano!r man's    
prop]ty4 ,if y want an in/ance (        
magnanimity1 take ! case ( ,julius      
,graec9us1 :om ,caius ,caes> put to dea?
 m]ely on ! gr\nd t he 0 a bett] man ?an
 x suit$ a tyrant = anyone to be4 ,?is  
man1 :5 he 0 receiv+ subscriptions f _m 
( 8 fri5ds to cov] 8 exp5ses 9 exhibit+ 
public games1 w\ld n receive a l>ge sum 
:i* 0 s5t him by ,fabius ,p]sicus2 & :5 
he 0 blam$ = reject+ x by ^? :o ?9k m ( 
:at is giv5 ?an ( :o gives x1 he answ]$1
 ,am ,i to accept a pres5t f a man :5 ,i
 w\ld n accept 8 (f] to dr9k a glass (  
w9e ) him8  ,:5 a consul> nam$          
,rebilius1 a man ( equally bad "*1 s5t a
 yet l>g] sum to ,graec9us1 & press$ him
 to receive x4 ,i mu/ beg1 answ]$ he1 t 
y w excuse me4 ,i did n take money f    
,p]sicus ei!r4 ,ought we to call ?is    
receiv+ pres5ts1 or r tak+ "o's pick ( !
 s5ate8  ,,xxii4 ,:5 we h decid$ to     
accept1 let u accept ) *e]fulness1 %[+  
pleasure1 & lett+ ! giv] see x1 s t he  

may at once receive "s return = 8       
goodness3 = z x is a good reason =      
rejoic+ to see our fri5d happy1 x is a  
bett] "o to h made him s4 ,let u1 !re=e1
 %[ h[ acceptable a gift is by l\dly    
express+ our gratitude = x2 & let u d s1
 n only 9 ! he>+ ( ! giv]1 b ev]y:]e4   
,he :o receives a b5efit ) gratitude1   
repays ! fir/ in/alm5t ( x4  ,,xxiii4   
,!re are "s1 :o only l to receive       
b5efits privately3 !y dislike hav+ any  
witnesses & confidants4 ,su* m51 we may 
believe1 h no good int5tions4 ,z a giv] 
is ju/ifi$ 9 dwell+ ^u ^? qualities ( 8 
gift :i* w please ! receiv]1 s a man1 :5
 he receives1 %\ld d s publicly2 y %\ld 
n take f a man :at y are a%am$ to owe   
him4 ,"s return ?anks to "o /eal?ily1 9 
a corn]1 9 a :isp]4 ,?is is n mode/y1 b 
a k9d ( d5y+ ( ! debt3 x is ! "p ( an   
ungrateful man n to express 8 gratitude 
be=e witnesses4 ,"s object to any       
acc\nts be+ kept betwe5 !m & _!         
b5efactors1 & wi% no brok]s to be       
employ$ or witnesses to be call$1 b     

m]ely to give _! own signature to a     
receipt4 ,^? m5 d ! l1 :o take c>e to   
let z few p]sons z possible "k ( !      
b5efits :i* !y h receiv$4 ,!y fe> to    
receive !m 9 public1 9 ord] t _! success
 may be attribut$ r to _! own tal5ts ?an
 to ! help ( o!rs3 !y are v seldom to be
 f\nd 9 att5dance ^u ^? to :om !y owe _!
 lives & _! =tunes1 & ?us1 :ile avoid+ !
 imputation ( s]vility1 !y incur t (    
+ratitude4  ,,xxiv4 ,"s m5 speak 9 ! mo/
 (f5sive t]ms ( ^? to :om !y owe mo/4   
,!re are m5 :om x is saf] to affront ?an
 to s]ve1 = _! dislike leads !m to      
assume ! airs ( p]sons :o are n indebt$ 
to u3 al?\gh no?+ m is expect$ ( !m ?an 
t !y %\ld rememb] :at !y owe u1 refre%+ 
_! memory f "t to "t1 because no "o c be
 grateful :o =gets a k9dness1 & he :o   
rememb]s x1 by s do+ proves 8 gratitude4
 ,we ought nei!r to receive b5efits ) a 
fa/idi\s air1 nor yet ) a slavi%        
humility3 = if a man does n c>e = a     
b5efit :5 x is fre%ly be/[$--a "t at :i*
 all pres5ts please u mo/--:at w he d :5

 its fir/ *>ms h gone (f8 ,o!rs receive 
) an air ( disda91 z mu* z to say4 ,i d 
n want x2 b z y wi% x s v mu*1 ,i w all[
 y to give x to me4 ,o!rs take b5efits  
languidly1 & leave ! giv] 9 d\bt z to   
:e!r !y "k t !y h receiv$ !m2 o!rs b>ely
 op5 _! lips 9 ?anks1 & w\ld be less    
(f5sive if !y said no?+4 ,"o ought to   
proportion "o's ?anks to ! importance ( 
! b5efit receiv$1 & to use ! phrases1 ,y
 h laid m ( u ?an y ?9k "u an           
obligation1 = ev]yone likes to f9d 8    
good actions ext5d fur!r ?an he expect$4
 ,y d n "k :at x is t y h done = me2 b y
 ought to "k h[ mu* m important x is ?an
 y imag9e4 ,x is 9 itself an expression 
( gratitude to speak ( "o's self z      
ov]:elm$ by k9dness2 or ,i %all nev] be 
able to ?ank y suffici5tly2 b1 at any   
rate1 ,i w nev] cease to express ev]y:]e
 my inability to ?ank y4  ,,xxv4 ,by    
no?+ did ,furnius ga9 great] cr$it )    
,augu/us1 & make x easy = him to obta9  
any?+ else = :i* he might ask1 ?an by   
m]ely say+1 :5 at 8 reque/ ,augu/us     

p>don$ 8 fa!r = hav+ tak5 ,antonius's   
side1 ,"o wrong alone ,i h receiv$ at   
y\r h&s1 ,caes>2 y h =c$ me to live & to
 die ow+ y a great] debt ( gratitude ?an
 ,i c ev] repay4 ,:at c prove gratitude 
s well z t a man %\ld nev] be satisfi$1 
%\ld nev] ev5 ent]ta9 ! hope ( mak+ any 
adequate return = :at he has receiv$8   
,by ^! & simil> expressions we mu/ try n
 to conceal our gratitude1 b to display 
x z cle>ly z possible4 ,no words ne$ be 
us$2 if we only feel z we ought1 our    
?ankfulness w be %[n 9 our c\nt5ances4  
,he :o int5ds to be grateful1 let him   
?9k h[ he %all repay a k9dness :ile he  
is receiv+ x4 ,*rysippus says t su* a   
man mu/ wat* = 8 opportunity1 & spr+    
=w>d :5ev] x (f]s1 l "o :o has be5 ent]$
 = a race1 & :o /&s at ! />t+-po9t wait+
 = ! b>ri]s to be ?r[n op52 & ev5 !n he 
mu/ use great ex]tions & great swiftness
 to cat* ! o!r1 :o has a />t ( him4     
,,xxvi4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] :at is ! ma9 
cause ( +ratitude4 ,x is caus$ by       
excessive self-e/eem1 by t fault innate 

9 all mortals1 ( tak+ a p>tial view (   
ourselves & our own acts1 by gre$1 or by
 jeal\sy4  ,let u beg9 ) ! fir/ ( ^!4 ,e
 "o is prejudic$ 9 8 own fav\r1 f :i* x 
foll[s t he believes himself to h e>n$  
all t he receives1 reg>ds x z paym5t = 8
 s]vices1 & does n ?9k t he has be5     
apprais$ at a valuation suffici5tly ne> 
8 own4 ,he has giv5 me ?is1 says he1 b  
h[ late1 aft] h[ mu* toil8 h[ mu* m     
might ,i h e>n$ if ,i _h atta*$ myself  
to ,s & s1 or to ,s & s8 ,i did n expect
 ?is2 ,i h be5 treat$ l "o ( ! h]d2 did 
he really ?9k t ,i only des]v$ s little8
 :y1 x w\ld h be5 less insult+ to h     
pass$ me ov] altoge!r4  ,,xxvii4 ,!     
augur ,cnaeus ,l5tulus1 :o1 be=e 8      
fre$m5 r$uc$ him to pov]ty1 0 "o ( !    
ri*e/ ( m51 :o saw himself 9 possession 
( a =tune ( f\r hundr$ millions--,i say 
advis$ly1 saw1 = he nev] did m ?an see  
x--0 z b>r5 & contemptible 9 intellect z
 he 0 9 _s4 ,?\gh v av>ici\s1 yet he 0 s
 poor a speak] t he f\nd x easi] to give
 m5 co9s ?an words4 ,?is man1 :o ow$ all

 8 prosp]ity to ! late ,emp]or ,augu/us1
 to :om he _h br\ght only pov]ty1       
encumb]$ ) a noble "n1 :5 he _h ris5 to 
be ! *ief man 9 ,rome1 bo? 9 weal? &    
influ5ce1 us$ sometimes to compla9 t    
,augu/us _h int]rupt$ 8 legal /udies1   
obs]v+ t he _h n receiv$ any?+ l :at he 
_h lo/ by giv+ up ! /udy ( eloqu5ce4    
,yet ! tru? 0 t ,augu/us1 besides load+ 
him ) o!r gifts1 _h set him free f !    
necessity ( mak+ himself ridicul\s by   
lab\r+ at a pr(ession 9 :i* he nev] c\ld
 succe$4  ,gre$ does n p]mit any "o to  
be grateful2 = :at is giv5 is nev] equal
 to its base desires1 & ! m we receive !
 m we covet1 = av>ice is mu* m eag] :5 x
 has to deal ) great accumulations (    
weal?1 j z ! p[] ( a flame is enorm\sly 
great] 9 proportion to ! size ( !       
conflagration f :i* x spr+s4 ,ambition 9
 l mann] suff]s no man to re/ satisfi$ )
 t measure ( public hon\rs1 to ga9 :i* 0
 once ! limit ( 8 wilde/ hope2 no "o is 
?ankful = becom+ tribune1 b grumbles at 
n be+ at once promot$ to ! po/ (        

praetor2 nor is he grateful = ?is if !  
consul%ip does n foll[2 & ev5 ?is does n
 satisfy him if he be consul b once4 ,8 
gre$ ev] /ret*es itself out fur!r1 & he 
does n und]/& ! greatness ( 8 success   
because he always looks =w>d to ! po9t  
at :i* he aims1 & nev] back t[>ds t f   
:i* he />t$4  ,,xxviii4 ,a m viol5t &   
di/ress+ vice ?an any ( ^! is jeal\sy   
:i* di/urbs u by sugge/+ comp>isons4 ,he
 gave me ?is1 b he gave m to t man1 & he
 gave x to him be=e me2 aft] :i* he     
sympa?ises ) no "o1 b pu%es 8 own claims
 to ! prejudice ( e "o else4 ,h[ mu* m  
/raight=w>d & mode/ is x to make ! mo/ (
 :at we h receiv$1 kn[+ t no man is     
valu$ s highly by any "o else z by 8    
own1 self6 ,i ought to h receiv$ m1 b x 
0 n easy = him to give m2 he 0 oblig$ to
 di/ribute 8 lib]ality among _m p]sons4 
,?is is only ! beg9n+2 let me be        
cont5t$1 & by my gratitude enc\rage him 
to %[ me m fav\r2 he has n done z mu* z 
he ought1 b he w d s ! m frequ5tly2 he  
c]ta9ly pref]r$ t man to me1 b he has   

pref]r$ me be=e _m o!rs2 t man is n my  
equal ei!r 9 virtue or 9 s]vices1 b he  
has "s *>m ( 8 own3 by compla9+ ,i %all 
n make myself des]ve to receive m1 b    
%all become unwor?y ( :at ,i h receiv$4 
,m has be5 giv5 to ^? mo/ villa9\s m5   
?an has be5 giv5 to me2 well1 :at is t  
to ! purpose8 h[ seldom does ,=tune %[  
judgm5t 9 h] *oice8 ,we compla9 e day ( 
! success ( bad m52 v (t5 ! hail passes 
ov] ! e/ates ( ! greate/ villa9s &      
/rikes d[n ! crops ( ! be/ ( m52 e man  
has to take 8 *ance1 9 fri5d%ip z well z
 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,!re is no b5efit s     
great t spitefulness c pick no holes 9  
x1 none s paltry t x _c be made m ( by  
fri5dly int]pretation4 ,we %all nev]    
want a subject = compla9t if we look at 
b5efits on _! wrong side4  ,,xxix4 ,see 
h[ unju/ly ! gifts ( heav5 are valu$ ev5
 by "s :o pr(ess !mselves philosoph]s1  
:o compla9 t we are n z big z elephants1
 z swift z /ags1 z light z birds1 z     
/rong z bulls2 t ! sk9s ( seals are     
/rong]1 ( h9ds pretti]1 ( be>s ?ick]1 ( 

beav]s s(t] ?an ours2 t dogs excel u 9  
delicacy ( sc5t1 eagles 9 ke5ness (     
sight1 cr[s 9 l5g? ( days1 & _m bea/s 9 
ease ( swimm+4 ,& al?\gh nature itself  
does n all[ "s qualities1 z = example   
/r5g? & swiftness1 to be comb9$ 9 ! same
 p]son1 yet !y call x a mon/r\s ?+ t m5 
are n comp\nd$ ( diff]5t & inconsi/5t   
good qualities1 & call ! gods neglectful
 ( u because we h n be5 giv5 heal? :i*  
ev5 our vices _c de/roy1 or k ( !       
future4 ,!y sc>cely refra9 f ris+ to su*
 a pit* ( impud5ce z to hate nature     
because we are bel[ ! gods1 & n on an   
equality ) !m4 ,h[ mu* bett] is x to    
turn to ! contemplation ( s _m great    
bless+s1 & to be ?ankful t ! gods h be5 
pleas$ to give u a place second only to 
!mselves 9 ?is mo/ beautiful abode1 & t 
!y h appo9t$ u to be ! lords ( ! e>?6 ,c
 any "o comp>e u ) ! animals ov] :om we 
rule8 ,no?+ has be5 d5i$ u except :at   
c\ld n h be5 grant$4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\ t   
take/ an unfair view ( ! lot ( mank9d1  
?9k :at bless+s our ,fa!r has be/[$ ^u  

u1 h[ f> m p[]ful animals ?an ourselves 
we h brok5 to h>ness1 h[ we cat* ^? :i* 
are f> swift]1 h[ no?+ t has life is    
plac$ beyond ! rea* ( our weapons6 ,we h
 receiv$ s _m excell5cies1 s _m crafts1 
above all our m9d1 :i* c pi]ce at once  
:atev] x is direct$ aga9/1 :i* is swift]
 ?an ! />s 9 _! c\rses1 = x arrives be=e
 !m at ! place :i* !y w rea* aft] _m    
ages2 & besides ?is1 s _m fruits ( !    
e>?1 s mu* treasure1 su* masses ( v>i\s 
?+s pil$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,y may g ?r\gh !  
:ole ord] ( nature1 & s9ce y f9d no     
entire creature :i* y w\ld pref] to be1 
y may *oose f ea*1 ! special qualities  
:i* y w\ld l to be giv5 to y\rself2 !n1 
if y rightly appreciate ! p>tiality (   
nature = y1 y _c b confess y\rself to be
 h] spoil$ *ild4 ,s x is2 ! immortal    
gods h unto ?is day always held u mo/   
de>1 & h be/[$ ^u u ! greate/ possible  
hon\r1 a place ne>e/ to !mselves4 ,we h 
inde$ receiv$ great ?+s1 yet n too      
great4  ,,xxx4 ,i h ?\ght x necess>y1 my
 fri5d ,lib]alis1 to /ate ^! facts1 bo? 

because :5 speak+ ( small b5efits "o    
ought to make "s m5tion ( ! greate/1 &  
because also ?is %ameless & hateful vice
 7( +ratitude71 />t+ ) ^!1 transf]s     
itself f !m to all ! re/4 ,if a man     
scorn ^!1 ! greate/ ( all b5efits1 to   
:om w he feel gratitude1 :at gift w he  
reg>d z valuable or des]v+ to be        
return$3 to :om w he be grateful = 8    
safety or 8 life1 if he d5ies t he has  
receiv$ f ! gods t exi/5ce :i* he begs f
 !m daily8 ,he1 !re=e1 :o tea*es m5 to  
be grateful1 pleads ! cause n only ( m51
 b ev5 ( ! gods1 = ?\gh !y1 be+ plac$   
above all desires1 _c be 9 want ( any?+1
 yet we c nev]!less (f] !m our          
gratitude4  ,no "o is ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ an
 excuse = +ratitude 9 8 own weakness or 
pov]ty1 or 9 say+1 ,:at am ,i to d1 &   
h[8 ,:5 c ,i repay my debt to my        
sup]iors ! lords ( heav5 & e>?8         
,av>ici\s z y are1 x is easy = y to give
 !m ?anks1 )\t exp5se2 lazy ?\gh y be1 y
 c d x )\t lab\r4 ,at ! same in/ant at  
:i* y receiv$ y\r debt t[>ds !m1 if y   

wi% to repay x1 y h done z mu* z any "o 
c d1 = he returns a b5efit :o receives x
 ) good w4  ,,xxxi4 ,?is p>adox ( !     
,/oic philosophy1 t he returns a b5efit 
:o receives x ) good w1 is1 9 my op9ion1
 ei!r f> f admirable1 or else x is      
incr$ible4 ,= if we look at ev]y?+ m]ely
 f ! po9t ( view ( our int5tions1 e man 
has done z mu* z he *ose to d2 & s9ce   
filial piety1 good fai?1 ju/ice1 & 9    
%ort e virtue is complete )9 itself1 a  
man may be grateful 9 int5tion ev5 ?\gh 
he may n be able to lift a h& to prove 8
 gratitude4 ,:5ev] a man obta9s :at he  
aim$ at1 he receives ! fruit ( 8 lab\r4 
,:5 a man be/[s a b5efit1 at :at does he
 aim8 cle>ly to be ( s]vice & af=d      
pleasure to him ^u :om he be/[s x4 ,if  
he does :at he wi%es1 if 8 purpose      
rea*es me & fills u ea* ) joy1 he has   
ga9$ 8 object4 ,he does n wi% any?+ to  
be giv5 to him 9 return1 or else x      
becomes an ex*ange ( commodities1 n a   
be/[al ( b5efits4 ,a man /e]s well :o   
rea*es ! port = :i* he />t$3 a d>t hurl$

 by a /eady h& p]=ms its duty if x hits 
! m>k2 "o :o be/[s a b5efit wi%es x to  
be receiv$ ) gratitude2 he gets :at he  
want$ if x be well receiv$4 ,b1 y say1  
he hop$ = "s pr(it also4 ,!n x 0 n a    
b5efit1 ! prop]ty ( :i* is to ?9k no?+ (
 any repaym5t4 ,i receive :at 0 giv5 me 
9 ! same _s 9 :i* x 0 giv53 !n ,i h     
repaid x4 ,if ?is be n true1 !n ?is be/ 
( de$s has ?is wor/ ( conditions atta*$ 
to x1 t x dep5ds entirely ^u =tune :e!r 
,i am grateful or n1 = if my =tune is   
adv]se ,i c make no repaym5t4 ,!        
int5tion is en\gh4 ,:at !n8 am ,i n to d
 :atev] ,i may be able to repay x1 &    
ought ,i n ev] to be on ! wat* = an     
opportunity ( fill+ ! bosom ,footnote3  
,s9us1 ! fold ( ! toga ov] ! brea/1 us$ 
z a pocket by ! ,romans4 ,! great ,fr5* 
actor ,talma1 :5 dress$ = ! fir/ "t 9   
correct classical co/ume1 indignantly   
ask$ :]e he 0 to put 8 snuff-box4 ( him 
f :om ,i h receiv$ any k9dness8 ,true2 b
 a b5efit is 9 an evil plight if we _c  
be grateful = x ev5 :5 we are empty-h&$4

  ,,xxxii4 ,a man1 x is argu$1 :o has   
receiv$ a b5efit1 h[ev] gratefully he   
may h receiv$ x1 has n yet accompli%$   
all 8 duty1 = !re rema9s ! "p (         
repaym5t2 j z 9 play+ at ball x is      
some?+ to cat* ! ball clev]ly &         
c>efully1 b a man is n call$ a good     
play] unless he c h&ily & quickly s5d   
back ! ball :i* he has caught4 ,?is     
analogy is imp]fect2 & :y8 ,because to d
 ?is cr$itably dep5ds ^u ! movem5t &    
activity ( ! body1 & n ^u ! m9d3 & an   
act ( :i* we judge entirely by ! eye1   
ought to be all cle>ly display$4 ,b if a
 man caught ! ball z he ought to d1 ,i  
%\ld n call him a bad play] = n return+ 
x1 if 8 delay 9 return+ x 0 n caus$ by 8
 own fault4 ,yet1 say y1 al?\gh ! play] 
is n want+ 9 skill1 because he did "o "p
 ( 8 duty1 & 0 able to d ! o!r "p1 yet 9
 su* a case ! game is imp]fect1 = its   
p]fection lies 9 s5d+ ! ball backw>ds & 
=w>ds4 ,i am unwill+ to expose ?is      
fallacy fur!r2 let u ?9k t x is ! game1 
n ! play] t is imp]fect3 s likewise 9 ! 

subject :i* we are discuss+1 ! ?+ :i* is
 giv5 lacks some?+1 because ano!r equal 
?+ ought to be return$ = x1 b ! m9d ( ! 
giv] lacks no?+1 because x has f\nd     
ano!r m9d equal to itself1 & z f> z     
int5tions g1 has effect$ :at x wi%$4    
,,xxxiii4 ,a man be/[s a b5efit ^u me3  
,i receive x j z he wi%$ x to be        
receiv$3 !n he gets at once :at he      
want$1 & ! only ?+ :i* he want$1 & !re=e
 ,i h prov$ myself grateful4 ,aft] ?is x
 rema9s = me to enjoy my own res\rces1 )
 ! addition ( an advantage conf]r$ ^u me
 by "o :om ,i h oblig$2 ?is advantage is
 n ! rema9d] ( an imp]fect s]vice1 b an 
addition to a p]fect$ s]vice4 ,footnote3
 ,no?+ is want$ to make a b5efit1       
conf]r$ f good motives1 p]fect3 if x is 
return$1 ! gratitude is to be c\nt$ z   
net pr(it4 ,= example1 ,phidias makes a 
/atue4 ,n[ ! product ( an art is "o ?+1 
& t ( a trade is ano!r4 ,x is ! bus9ess 
( ! art to make ! ?+ :i* he wi%$ to     
make1 & t ( ! trade to make x ) a pr(it4
 ,phidias has complet$ 8 "w1 ev5 ?\gh he

 does n sell x4 ,! product1 !re=e1 ( 8  
"w is ?reefold3 !re is ! consci\sness ( 
hav+ made x1 :i* he receives :5 8 "w is 
complet$2 !re is ! fame :i* he receives2
 & ?irdly1 ! advantage :i* he obta9s by 
x1 9 influ5ce1 or by sell+ x1 or        
o!rwise4 ,9 l mann] ! fir/ fruit ( a    
b5efit is ! consci\sness ( x1 :i* we    
feel :5 we h be/[$ x ^u ! p]son :om we  
*ose2 secondly & ?irdly !re is ! cr$it  
:i* we ga9 by do+ s1 & !re are ^? ?+s   
:i* we may receive 9 ex*ange = x4 ,s :5 
a b5efit has be5 graci\sly receiv$1 !   
giv] has already receiv$ gratitude1 b   
has n yet receiv$ recomp5se = x3 t :i*  
we owe 9 return is !re=e some?+ ap>t f !
 b5efit itself1 = we h paid = ! b5efit  
itself :5 we accept x 9 a grateful _s4  
,,xxxiv4 ,:at1 say y1 c a man repay a   
b5efit1 ?\gh he does no?+8 ,he has tak5 
! fir/ /ep1 he has (f]$ y a good ?+ )   
good feel+1 &1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic (    
fri5d%ip1 has plac$ y bo? on ! same     
foot+4 ,9 ! next place1 a b5efit is n   
repaid 9 ! same mann] z a loan3 y h no  

reason = expect+ me to (f] y any paym5t2
 ! acc\nt betwe5 u dep5ds ^u ! feel+s   
alone4 ,:at ,i say w n appe> difficult1 
al?\gh x may n at fir/ accord ) y\r     
ideas1 if y w d me ! fav\r to rememb] t 
!re are m ?+s ?an !re are words to      
express !m4 ,!re is an enorm\s mass (   
?+s )\t names1 :i* we d n speak ( "u    
di/9ctive names ( _! own1 b by ! names (
 o!r ?+s transf]r$ to !m4 ,we speak (   
our own foot1 ( ! foot ( a c\*1 ( a     
sail1 or ( a poem2 we apply ! ^w 'dog'  
to a h\nd1 a fi%1 & a />4 ,because we h 
n en\gh words to assign a sep>ate "n to 
ea* ?+1 we borr[ a "n :5ev] we want "o4 
,brav]y is ! virtue :i* rightly despises
 dang]1 or ! sci5ce ( repell+1 su/a9+1  
or invit+ dang]s3 yet we call a brave   
man a gladiator1 & we use ! same ^w = a 
good-=-no?+ slave1 :o is l$ by ra%ness  
to defy dea?4 ,economy is ! sci5ce (    
avoid+ unnecess>y exp5diture1 or ! art (
 us+ "o's income ) mod]ation3 yet we    
call a man ( mean & n>r[ m9d1 mo/       
economical1 al?\gh !re is an            

immeasurable di/ance betwe5 mod]ation & 
meanness4 ,^! ?+s are naturally di/9ct1 
yet ! pov]ty ( our language compels u to
 call bo? ^! m5 economical1 j z he :o   
views slight accid5ts ) rational        
contempt1 & he :o )\t reason runs into  
dang] are alike call$ brave4 ,?us a     
b5efit is bo? a b5efic5t action1 & also 
is t :i* is be/[$ by t action1 su* z    
money1 a h\se1 an (fice 9 ! /ate3 !re is
 b "o "n = !m bo?1 ?\gh _! =ce & p[] are
 widely diff]5t4  ,,xxxv4 ,:]e=e1 give  
me y\r att5tion1 & y w soon p]ceive t ,i
 say no?+ to :i* y c object4 ,t b5efit  
:i* consi/s ( ! action is repaid :5 we  
receive x graci\sly2 t o!r1 :i* consi/s 
( some?+ mat]ial1 we h n !n repaid1 b we
 hope to d s4 ,! debt ( goodwill has be5
 dis*>g$ by a return ( goodwill2 !      
mat]ial debt dem&s a mat]ial return4    
,?us1 al?\gh we may decl>e t he :o has  
receiv$ a b5efit ) good-w has return$ ! 
fav\r1 yet we c\nsel him to return to ! 
giv] some?+ ( ! same k9d z t :i* he has 
receiv$4 ,"s "p ( :at we h said dep>ts f

 ! conv5tional l9e ( ?\ght1 & !n rejo9s 
x by ano!r pa?4 ,we decl>e t a wise man 
_c receive an injury2 yet1 if a man hits
 him ) 8 fi/1 t man w be f\nd guilty (  
do+ him an injury4 ,we decl>e t a fool c
 possess no?+2 yet if a man /ole any?+ f
 a fool1 we %\ld f9d t man guilty ( !ft4
 ,we decl>e t all m5 are mad1 yet we d n
 dose all m5 ) hellebore2 b we put into 
! h&s ( ^! v p]sons1 :om we call madm51 
bo? ! "r ( vot+ & ( pron\nc+ judgm5t4   
,simil>ly1 we say t a man :o has receiv$
 a b5efit ) good-w has return$ ! fav\r1 
yet we leave him 9 debt nev]!less--b\nd 
to repay x ev5 ?\gh he has repaid x4    
,?is is n to dis[n b5efits1 b is an     
enc\ragem5t to u nei!r to fe> to receive
 b5efits1 nor to fa9t "u ! too great    
burd5 ( !m4 ,good ?+s h be5 giv5 to me2 
,i h be5 pres]v$ f />v+2 ,i h be5 sav$ f
 ! mis]y ( abject pov]ty2 my life1 & :at
 is de>] ?an life1 my lib]ty1 has be5   
pres]v$4 ,h[ %all ,i be able to repay ^!
 fav\rs8 ,:5 w ! day come ^u :i* ,i c   
prove my gratitude to him8 ,:5 a man    

speaks ?us1 ! day has already come4     
,receive a b5efit1 embrace x1 rejoice1 n
 t y h receiv$ x1 b t y h to owe x &    
return x2 !n y w nev] be 9 p]il ( !     
great s9 ( be+ r5d]$ ungrateful by      
mis*ance4 ,i w n enum]ate any           
difficulties to y1 le/ y %\ld despair1 &
 fa9t at ! prospect ( a long & labori\s 
s]vitude4 ,i d n ref] y to ! future2 d x
 ) :at means y h at h&4 ,y nev] w be    
grateful unless y are s /raightway4     
,:at1 !n1 w y d8 ,y ne$ n take up arms1 
yet p]haps y may h to d s2 y ne$ n cross
 ! seas1 yet x may be t y w pay y\r     
debt1 ev5 :5 ! w9d ?reat5s to bl[ a     
gale4 ,d y wi% to return ! b5efit8 ,!n  
receive x graci\sly2 y h !n return$ !   
fav\r--n1 inde$1 s t y c ?9k y\rself to 
h repaid x1 b s t y c owe x ) a quiet]  
consci5ce4     ,,book ,,iii4  ,i4   ,n  
to return gratitude = b5efits1 my       
,a,ebutius ,lib]alis1 is bo? base 9     
itself1 & is ?\ght base by all m52 :]e=e
 ev5 ungrateful m5 compla9 ( +ratitude1 
& yet :at all condemn is at ! same "t   

root$ 9 all2 & s f> d m5 sometimes run  
into ! o!r extreme t "s ( !m become our 
bitt]e/ enemies1 n m]ely aft] receiv+   
b5efits f u1 b because !y h receiv$ !m4 
,i _c d5y t "s d ?is out ( %e] badness (
 nature2 b m d s because lapse ( "t     
de/roys _! remembrance1 = "t gradually  
effaces :at !y felt vividly at ! mom5t4 
,i rememb] hav+ _h an argum5t ) y ab\t  
?is class ( p]sons1 :om y wi%$ to call  
=getful r ?an ungrateful1 z if t :i*    
caus$ a man to be ungrateful 0 any      
excuse = 8 be+ s1 or z if ! fact ( ?is  
happ5+ to a man prev5t$ 8 be+           
ungrateful1 :5 we "k t x only happ5s to 
ungrateful m54 ,!re are _m classes ( !  
ungrateful1 z !re are ( ?ieves or (     
homicides1 :o all h ! same fault1 ?\gh  
!re is a great v>iety 9 its v>i\s =ms4  
,! man is ungrateful :o d5ies t he has  
receiv$ a b5efit2 :o pret5ds t he has n 
receiv$ x2 :o does n return x4 ,! mo/   
ungrateful man ( all is he :o =gets x4  
,! o!rs1 ?\gh !y d n repay x1 yet feel  
_! debt1 & possess "s traces ( wor?1    

?\gh ob/ruct$ by _! bad consci5ce4 ,!y  
may by "s means & at "s "t be br\ght to 
%[ _! gratitude1 if1 = in/ance1 !y be   
prick$ by %ame1 if !y conceive "s noble 
ambition su* z occasionally rises ev5 9 
! brea/s ( ! wick$1 if "s easy          
opportunity ( do+ s (f]s2 b ! man f :om 
all recollection ( ! b5efit has pass$   
away c nev] become grateful4 ,:i* ( !   
two d y call ! worse--he :o is          
ungrateful = k9dness1 or he :o does n   
ev5 rememb] x8 ,! eyes :i* fe> to look  
at ! light are diseas$1 b ^? :i* _c see 
x are bl9d4 ,x is filial impiety n to   
love "o's p>5ts1 b n to recognise !m is 
madness4  ,,ii4 ,:o is s ungrateful z he
 :o has s completely laid aside & ca/   
away t :i* ought to be 9 ! =efront ( 8  
m9d & ev] be=e him1 t he kn[s x n8 ,x is
 cle> t if =getfulness ( a b5efit /eals 
ov] a man1 he _c h (t5 ?\ght ab\t repay+
 x4  ,9 %ort1 repaym5t requires         
gratitude1 "t1 opportunity1 & ! help (  
=tune2 :]eas1 he :o rememb]s a b5efit is
 grateful = x1 & t too )\t exp5diture4  

,s9ce gratitude dem&s nei!r lab\r1      
weal?1 nor good =tune1 he :o fails to   
r5d] x has no excuse beh9d :i* to %elt] 
himself2 = he :o places a b5efit s f>   
away t x is out ( 8 sight1 nev] c\ld h  
meant to be grateful = x4 ,j z ^? tools 
:i* are kept 9 use1 & are daily t\*$ by 
! h&1 are nev] 9 dang] ( gr[+ ru/y1 :ile
 ^? :i* are n br\ght be=e our eyes1 &   
lie z if sup]flu\s1 n be+ requir$ =     
common use1 collect dirt by ! m]e lapse 
( "t1 s likewise t :i* our ?\ghts       
frequ5tly turn ov] & r5ew nev] passes f 
our memory1 :i* only loses ^? ?+s to :i*
 x seldom directs its eyes4  ,,iii4     
,besides ?is1 !re are o!r causes :i* at 
times erase ! greate/ s]vices f our     
m9ds4 ,! fir/ & mo/ p[]ful ( ^! is t1   
be+ always int5t ^u new objects (       
desire1 we ?9k1 n ( :at we h1 b ( :at we
 are /riv+ to obta94 ,^? ^: m9d is fix$ 
entirely ^u :at !y hope to ga91 reg>d ) 
contempt all t is _! own already4 ,x    
foll[s t s9ce m5's eag]ness = some?+ new
 makes !m und]value :atev] !y h receiv$1

 !y d n e/eem ^? f :om !y h receiv$ x4  
,z long z we are satisfi$ ) ! position  
we h ga9$1 we love our b5efactor1 we    
look up to him1 & decl>e t we owe our   
position entirely to him2 !n we beg9 to 
ent]ta9 o!r aspirations1 & hurry =w>d to
 atta9 !m aft] ! mann] ( human be+s1 :o 
:5 !y h ga9$ mu* always covet m2        
/raightway all t we us$ to reg>d z      
b5efits slip f our memory1 & we no long]
 consid] ! advantages :i* we enjoy ov]  
o!rs1 b only ! insol5t prosp]ity ( ^? :o
 h out/ripp$ u4 ,n[ no "o c at ! same "t
 be bo? jeal\s & grateful1 because ^? :o
 are jeal\s are qu]ul\s & sad1 :ile !   
grateful are joy\s4 ,9 ! next place1    
s9ce none ( u ?9k ( any "t b ! pres5t1 &
 b few turn back _! ?\ghts to ! pa/1 x  
results t we =get our tea*]s1 & all !   
b5efits :i* we h obta9$ f !m1 because we
 h altoge!r left our *ildhood beh9d u3  
?us1 all t 0 done = u 9 our y\? p]i%es  
unrememb]$1 because our y\? itself is   
nev] review$4 ,:at has be5 is reg>d$ by 
e "o1 n only z pa/1 b z gone2 & = ! same

 reason1 our memory is weak = :at is    
ab\t to happ5 9 ! future4  ,,iv4 ,"h ,i 
mu/ d ,epicurus ! ju/ice to say t he    
con/antly compla9s ( our +ratitude = pa/
 b5efits1 because we _c br+ back aga91  
or c\nt among our pres5t pleasures1 ^?  
good ?+s :i* we h receiv$ long ago1     
al?\gh no pleasures c be m und5iable ?an
 ^? :i* _c be tak5 f u4 ,pres5t good is 
n yet altoge!r complete1 "s mis*ance may
 int]rupt x2 ! future is 9 susp5se1 &   
unc]ta92 b :at is pa/ is laid up 9      
safety4 ,h[ c any man feel gratitude =  
b5efits1 if he skips ?r\gh 8 :ole life  
entirely engross$ ) ! pres5t & ! future8
 ,x is remembrance t mates m5 grateful2 
& ! m m5 hope1 ! less !y rememb]4  ,v4  
,9 ! same way1 my ,lib]alis1 z "s ?+s   
rema9 9 our memory z soon z !y are      
le>n$1 :ile to "k o!rs x is n en\gh to h
 le>n$ !m1 = our k slips away f u unless
 x be kept up--,i allude to geometry &  
a/ronomy1 & su* o!r sci5ces z are ,h>d  
to rememb] because ( _! intricacy--s !  
greatness ( "s b5efits prev5ts _! be+   

=gott51 :ile o!rs1 individually less1   
?\gh _m m 9 numb]1 & be/[$ at diff]5t   
times1 pass f our m9ds1 because1 z ,i h 
/at$ above1 we d n con/antly ?9k ab\t   
!m1 & d n will+ly recognize h[ mu* we   
owe to ea* ( our b5efactors4 ,li/5 to ! 
words ( ^? :o ask = fav\rs4 ,!re is n "o
 ( !m :o does n decl>e t 8 remembrance w
 be et]nal1 :o does n v[ himself y\r    
devot$ s]vant & slave1 or f9d1 if he c1 
"s ev5 great] expression ( humility )   
:i* to pl$ge himself4 ,aft] a brief     
space ( "t ^! same m5 avoid _! =m]      
expressions1 ?9k+ !m abject1 & sc>cely  
befitt+ free-born m52 aft]w>ds !y arrive
 at ! same po9t to :i*1 z ,i suppose1 ! 
wor/ & mo/ ungrateful ( m5 come--t is1  
!y =get4 ,s little does =getfulness     
excuse +ratitude1 t ev5 ! remembrance ( 
a b5efit may leave u ungrateful4  ,,vi4 
,! "q has be5 rais$1 :e!r ?is mo/ odi\s 
vice ought to g unpuni%$2 & :e!r ! law  
commonly made use ( 9 ! s*ools1 by :i*  
we c proce$ aga9/ a man = +ratitude1    
ought to be adopt$ by ! ,/ate also1 s9ce

 all m5 agree t x is j4 ,:y n8 y may    
say1 see+ t ev5 cities ca/ 9 ea* o!r's  
tee? ! s]vices :i* !y h p]=m$ to "o     
ano!r1 & dem& f ! *ildr5 "s return =    
b5efits conf]r$ ^u _! fa!rs8 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 our ance/ors1 :o 7 mo/ admirable m51
 made dem&s ^u _! enemies alone1 & bo?  
gave & lo/ _! b5efits ) magnanimity4 ,) 
! exception ( ,mac$onia1 no nation has  
ev] e/abli%$ an action at law =         
+ratitude4 ,& ?is is a /rong argum5t    
aga9/ its be+ e/abli%$1 because all     
agree 9 blam+ crime2 & homicide1        
poison+1 p>ricide1 & sacrilege are      
visit$ ) diff]5t p5alties 9 diff]5t     
c\ntries1 b ev]y:]e ) "s p5alty2 :]eas  
?is mo/ common vice is n[h]e puni%$1    
?\gh x is ev]y:]e blam$4 ,we d n acquit 
x2 b z x w\ld be mo/ difficult to reckon
 accurately ! p5alty = s v>y+ a matt]1  
we condemn x only to be hat$1 & place x 
^u ! li/ ( ^? crimes :i* we ref] =      
judgm5t to ! gods4  ,,vii4 ,_m argum5ts 
occur to me :i* prove t ?is vice ought n
 to come "u ! action ( ! law4 ,fir/ (   

all1 ! be/ "p ( a b5efit is lo/ if !    
b5efit c be su$ = at law1 z 9 ! case ( a
 loan1 or ( lett+ & hir+4 ,inde$1 ! f9e/
 "p ( a b5efit is t we h giv5 x )\t     
consid]+ :e!r we %all lose x or n1 t we 
h left all ?is to ! free *oice ( him :o 
receives x3 if ,i call him be=e a judge1
 x beg9s to be n a b5efit1 b a loan4    
,next1 ?\gh x is a mo/ hon\rable ?+ to  
%[ gratitude1 x ceases to be hon\rable  
if x be =c$1 = 9 t case no "o w praise a
 grateful man any m ?an he praises him  
:o re/ores ! money :i* 0 deposit$ 9 8   
keep+1 or :o pays :at he borr[$ )\t !   
int]v5tion ( a judge4 ,we %\ld !re=e    
spoil ! two f9e/ ?+s 9 human life1--a   
grateful man & a b5efic5t man2 = :at is 
!re admirable 9 "o :o does n give b     
m]ely l5ds a b5efit1 or 9 "o :o repays  
x1 n because he wi%es1 b because he is  
=c$ to d s8 ,!re is no cr$it 9 be+      
grateful1 unless x is safe to be        
ungrateful4 ,besides ?is1 all ! c\rts   
w\ld h>dly be en\gh = ! action ( ?is "o 
law4 ,:o w\ld n plead "u x8 ,:o w\ld n  

be plead$ aga9/8 = e "o exalts 8 own    
m]its1 e "o magnifies ev5 ! smalle/     
matt]s :i* he has be/[$ ^u ano!r4       
,besides ?is1 ^? ?+s :i* =m ! subject ( 
a judicial inquiry c be di/9ctly def9$1 
& _c af=d unlimit$ lic5ce to ! judge2   
:]e=e a good cause is 9 a bett] position
 if x be=e a judge ?an be=e an          
arbitrator1 because ! words ( ! law tie 
d[n a judge & def9e c]ta9 limits beyond 
:i* he may n pass1 :]eas ! consci5ce (  
an arbitrator is free & n fett]$ by any 
rules1 s t he c ei!r give or take away1 
& c arrange 8 decision1 n accord+ to !  
precepts ( law & ju/ice1 b j z 8 own    
k9dly feel+ or compassion may prompt    
him4 ,an action = +ratitude w\ld n b9d a
 judge1 b w\ld place him 9 ! position ( 
an autocrat4 ,x _c be kn[n :at or h[    
great a b5efit is2 all t w\ld be really 
important w\ld be1 h[ indulg5tly ! judge
 might int]pret x4 ,no law def9es an    
ungrateful p]son1 (t51 inde$1 "o :o     
repays :at he has receiv$ is ungrateful1
 & "o :o has n return$ x is grateful4   

,ev5 an unpractis$ judge c give 8 vote  
^u "s matt]s2 = in/ance1 :5 ! ?+ to be  
det]m9$ is :e!r some?+ has or has n be5 
done1 :5 a dispute is t]m9at$ by !      
p>ties giv+ writt5 bonds1 or :5 ! ca/+  
up ( acc\nts decides betwe5 !           
disputants4 ,:51 h[ev]1 motives h to be 
guess$ at1 :5 matt]s ^u :i* wisdom alone
 c decide1 are br\ght into c\rt1 !y _c  
be tri$ by a judge tak5 at r&om f ! li/ 
( select judges1 ,footnote3 ,see ,smi?'s
 ,dict4 ( ,antiq41 s4 v :om prop]ty & ! 
inh]itance ( an eque/rian =tune         
,footnote3 #djj1jjj se/]ces has plac$ ^u
 ! roll4  ,,viii4 ,+ratitude1 !re=e1 is 
n only matt] unfit to be br\ght into    
c\rt1 b no judge c\ld be f\nd fit to try
 x2 & ?is y w n be surpris$ at1 if y    
exam9e ! difficulties ( any "o :o %\ld  
attempt to prosecute a man ^u su* a     
*>ge4 ,"o man may h giv5 a l>ge sum (   
money1 b he is ri* & w\ld n feel x2     
ano!r may h giv5 x at ! co/ ( 8 entire  
inh]itance4 ,! sum giv5 is ! same 9 ea* 
case1 b ! b5efit conf]r$ is n ! same4   

,add ano!r in/ance3 suppose t to r$eem a
 debtor f slav]y "o man paid money f 8  
own private means1 :ile ano!r man paid !
 same sum1 b _h to borr[ x or beg = x1 &
 all[ himself to be laid "u a great     
obligation to "s "o2 w\ld y rank ! man  
:o s easily be/[$ 8 b5efit on an        
equality ) him :o 0 oblig$ to receive a 
b5efit himself be=e he c\ld be/[ x8 ,"s 
b5efits are great1 n because ( _! am\nt1
 b because ( ! "t at :i* !y are be/[$2 x
 is a b5efit to give an e/ate ^:        
f]tility c br+ d[n ! price ( corn1 & x  
is a b5efit to give a loaf ( bread 9 "t 
( fam9e2 x is a b5efit to give prov9ces 
?r\gh :i* fl[ va/ navigable riv]s1 & x  
is a b5efit1 :5 m5 are p>*$ ) ?ir/1 & c 
sc>cely draw brea? ?r\gh _! dry ?roats1 
to %[ !m a spr+ ( wat]4 ,:o w comp>e ^! 
cases ) "o ano!r1 or weigh "o aga9/ !   
o!r8 ,x is h>d to give a decision :5 x  
is n ! ?+ giv51 b its mean+1 :i* has to 
be consid]$2 ?\gh :at is giv5 is ! same1
 yet if x be giv5 "u diff]5t            
circum/ances x has a diff]5t value4 ,a  

man may h be/[$ a b5efit ^u me1 b       
unwill+ly2 he may h compla9$ ( hav+ giv5
 x2 he may h look$ at me ) great]       
haught9ess ?an he 0 wont to d2 he may h 
be5 s sl[ 9 giv+ x1 t he w\ld h done me 
a great] s]vice if he _h promptly refus$
 x4 ,h[ c\ld a judge e/imate ! value (  
^! ?+s1 :5 words1 hesitation1 or looks c
 de/roy all _! claim to gratitude8      
,,ix4 ,:at1 aga91 c\ld he d1 see+ t "s  
?+s are call$ b5efits because !y are    
unduly covet$1 :il/ o!rs are n b5efits  
at all1 accord+ to ?is common valuation1
 yet are ( ev5 great] value1 ?\gh n s   
%[y8 ,y call x a b5efit to cause a man  
to be adopt$ z a memb] ( a p[]ful city1 
to get him enroll$ among ! knights1 or  
to def5d "o :o is be+ tri$ = 8 life3 :at
 d y say ( him :o gives useful advice8 (
 him :o holds y back :5 y w\ld ru% into 
crime8 ( him :o /rikes ! sword f ! h&s (
 ! suicide8 ( him :o by 8 p[] (         
consolation br+s back to ! duties ( life
 "o :o 0 plung$ 9 grief1 & eag] to foll[
 ^? :om he _h lo/8 ( him :o sits at !   

b$side ( ! sick man1 & :o1 :5 heal? &   
recov]y dep5d ^u seiz+ ! "r mom5t1      
adm9i/]s food 9 due season1 /imulates ! 
fail+ ve9s ) w9e1 or calls 9 ! physician
 to ! dy+ man8 ,:o c e/imate ! value (  
su* s]vices z ^!8 :o c bid u weigh      
dissimil> b5efits "o ) ano!r8 ,i gave y 
a h\se1 says "o4 ,yes1 b ,i =ew>n$ y t  
y\r own h\se w\ld come d[n ^u y\r head4 
,i gave y an e/ate1 says he4 ,true1 b ,i
 gave a plank to y :5 %ipwreck$4 ,i     
f\ght = y & receiv$ w\nds = y1 says     
ano!r4 ,b ,i sav$ y\r life by keep+     
sil5ce4 ,s9ce a b5efit is bo? giv5 &    
return$ diff]5tly by diff]5t p1 x is h>d
 to make !m balance4  ,x4 ,besides ?is1 
no day is appo9t$ = repaym5t ( a b5efit1
 z !re is = borr[$ money2 consequ5tly he
 :o has n yet repaid a b5efit may d s   
h]eaft]3 = tell me1 pray1 )9 :at "t a   
man is to be decl>$ ungrateful8 ,!      
greate/ b5efits _c be prov$ by evid5ce2 
!y (t5 lurk 9 ! sil5t consci\sness ( two
 m5 only2 are we to introduce ! rule ( n
 be/[+ b5efits )\t witnesses8 ,next1 :at

 puni%m5t are we to appo9t = !          
ungrateful8 is !re to be "o only = all1 
?\gh ! b5efits :i* !y h receiv$ are     
diff]5t8 or %\ld ! puni%m5t be v>y+1    
great] or less accord+ to ! b5efit :i*  
ea* has receiv$8 ,are our valuations to 
be re/rict$ to pecuni>y f9es8 :at are we
 to d1 see+ t 9 "s cases ! b5efit       
conf]r$ is life1 & ?+s de>] ?an life8   
,:at puni%m5t is to be assign$ to       
+ratitude = ^!8 ,"o less ?an ! b5efit8  
,t w\ld be unju/4 ,"o equal to x2 dea?8 
,:at c\ld be m inhuman ?an to cause     
b5efits to result 9 cruelty8  ,,xi4 ,x  
may be argu$1 ,p>5ts h c]ta9 privileges3
 ^! are reg>d$ z exempt f ! action (    
ord9>y rules1 & s also ought to be !    
case ) o!r b5efic5t p]sons4 ,nay2 mank9d
 has assign$ a peculi> sanctity to !    
position ( p>5ts1 because x 0           
advantage\s t *ildr5 %\ld be re>$1 & p  
_h to be tempt$ into und]go+ ! toil (   
do+ s1 because ! issue ( _! exp]im5t 0  
d\btful4 ,"o _c say to !m1 z "o does to 
o!rs :o be/[ b5efits1 ,*oose ! man to   

:om y give3 y mu/ only blame y\rself if 
y are deceiv$2 help ! des]v+4 ,9 re>+   
*ildr5 no?+ dep5ds ^u ! judgm5t ( ^? :o 
re> !m2 x is a matt] ( hope3 9 ord]1    
!re=e1 t p may be m will+ to emb>k ^u   
?is lott]y1 x 0 "r t !y %\ld be giv5 a  
c]ta9 au?ority2 & s9ce x is useful = y\?
 to be gov]n$1 we h plac$ _! p>5ts 9 !  
position ( dome/ic magi/rates1 "u ^:    
gu>dian%ip _! lives may be rul$4        
,moreov]1 ! position ( p>5ts diff]s f t 
( o!r b5efactors1 = _! hav+ giv5 =m]ly  
to _! *ildr5 does n /& 9 ! way ( _! giv+
 n[ & h]eaft]2 & also1 !re is no fe> (  
_! falsely ass]t+ t !y h giv53 ) o!rs "o
 has to inquire n only :e!r !y h        
receiv$1 b :e!r !y h giv52 b ! good de$s
 ( p>5ts are plac$ beyond d\bt4 ,9 !    
next place1 "o b5efit be/[$ by p>5ts is 
! same = all1 & might be c\nt$ once =   
all2 :ile ! o!rs :i* !y be/[ are ( v>i\s
 k9ds1 unlike "o to ano!r1 diff]+ f "o  
ano!r by ! wide/ possible int]vals2 !y c
 !re=e come "u no regul> rule1 s9ce x   
w\ld be m j to leave !m all unrew>d$ ?an

 to give ! same rew>d to all4  ,,xii4   
,"s b5efits co/ mu* to ! giv]s1 "s are (
 mu* value to ! receiv]s b co/ ! giv]s  
no?+4 ,"s are be/[$ ^u fri5ds1 o!rs on  
/rang]s3 n[ al?\gh t :i* is giv5 be !   
same1 yet x becomes m :5 x is giv5 to "o
 ) :om y are beg9n+ to be acqua9t$ ?r\gh
 ! b5efits :i* y h previ\sly conf]r$ ^u 
him4 ,"o man may give u help1 ano!r     
di/9ctions1 a ?ird consolation4 ,y may  
f9d "o :o ?9ks no?+ pleasant] or m      
important ?an to h "s "o to save him f  
di/ress2 y may aga9 f9d "o :o w\ld r be 
help$ to great place ?an to security2   
:ile "s consid] !mselves m indebt$ to ^?
 :o save _! lives ?an to ^? :o save _!  
hon\r4 ,ea* ( ^! s]vices w be held m or 
less important1 accord+ z ! disposition 
( our judge incl9es to "o or ! o!r ( !m4
 ,besides ?is1 ,i *oose my cr$itors =   
myself1 :]eas ,i (t5 receive b5efits f  
^? f :om ,i w\ld n1 & sometimes ,i am   
laid "u an obligation )\t my k4 ,:at w y
 d 9 su* a case8 ,:5 a man has receiv$ a
 b5efit unkn[n to himself1 & :i*1 _h he 

kn[n ( x1 he w\ld h refus$ to receive1 w
 y call him ungrateful if he does n     
repay x1 h[ev] he may h receiv$ x8      
,suppose t "s "o has be/[$ a b5efit ^u  
me1 & t ! same man has aft]w>ds done me 
"s wrong2 am ,i to be b\nd by 8 "o b\nty
 to endure ) pati5ce any wrong t he may 
d me1 or w x be ! same z if ,i _h repaid
 x1 because he himself has by !         
subsequ5t wrong cancell$ 8 own b5efit8  
,h[1 9 t case1 w\ld y decide :i* 0 !    
great]2 ! pres5t :i* ! man has receiv$1 
or ! injury :i* has be5 done him8 ,"t   
w\ld fail me if ,i attempt$ to discuss  
all ! difficulties :i* w\ld arise4      
,,xiii4 ,x may be argu$ t we r5d] m5    
less will+ to conf] b5efits by n        
support+ ! claim ( ^? :i* h be5 be/[$ to
 meet ) gratitude1 & by n puni%+ ^? :o  
repudiate !m4 ,b y w\ld f9d1 on ! o!r   
h&1 t m5 w\ld be f> less will+ to       
receive b5efits1 if by s do+ !y 7 likely
 to incur ! dang] ( hav+ to plead _!    
cause 9 c\rt1 & hav+ m difficulty 9     
prov+ _! integrity4 ,?is legislation    

w\ld also r5d] u less will+ to give3 =  
no "o is will+ to give to ^? :o are     
unwill+ to receive1 b "o :o is urg$ to  
acts ( k9dness by 8 own good nature & by
 ! beauty ( *>ity1 w give all ! m freely
 to ^? :o ne$ make no return unless !y  
*oose4 ,x impairs ! cr$it ( do+ a       
s]vice1 if 9 do+ x we are c>efully      
protect$ f loss4  ,,xiv4 ,b5efits1 !n1 w
 be few]1 b m g5u9e3 well1 :at h>m is   
!re 9 re/rict+ p f giv+ recklessly8 ,ev5
 ^? :o w\ld h no legislation ^u !       
subject foll[ ?is rule1 t we ought to be
 some:at c>eful 9 giv+1 & 9 *oos+ ^? ^u 
:om we be/[ fav\rs4 ,reflect ov] & ov]  
aga9 to :om y are giv+3 y w h no rem$y  
at law1 no means ( en=c+ repaym5t4 ,y   
are mi/ak5 if y suppose t ! judge w     
assi/ y3 no law w make full re/itution  
to y1 y mu/ look only to ! hon\r ( !    
receiv]4 ,?us only c b5efits reta9 _!   
influ5ce1 & ?us only are !y admirable3 y
 di%on\r !m if y make !m ! gr\nds (     
litigation1 ,pay :at y owe is a mo/ j   
prov]b2 & "o :i* c>ries ) x ! sanction (

 all nations2 b 9 deal+ ) b5efits x is  
mo/ %ameful4 ,pay6 ,h[ is a man to pay  
:o owes 8 life1 8 position1 8 safety1 or
 8 reason to ano!r8 ,none ( ! greate/   
b5efits c be repaid4 ,yet1 x is said1 y 
ought to give 9 return = !m some?+ (    
equal value4 ,?is is j :at ,i h be5     
say+1 t ! gr&eur ( ! act is ru9$ if we  
make our b5efits comm]cial transactions4
 ,we ought hot to enc\rage ourselves 9  
av>ice1 9 discont5t1 or 9 qu>rels2 !    
human m9d is prone en\gh to ^! by       
nature4 ,z f> z we are able1 let u *eck 
x1 & cut (f ! opportunities = :i* x     
seeks4  ,,xv4 ,w\ld t we c\ld inde$     
p]suade m5 to receive back money :i* !y 
h l5t f ^? debtors only :o are will+ to 
pay6 w\ld t no agreem5t ev] b\nd ! buy] 
to ! sell]1 & t _! int]e/s 7 n protect$ 
by seal$ cov5ants & agreem5ts1 b r by   
hon\r & a s5se ( ju/ice6 ,h[ev]1 m5     
pref] :at is ne$ful to :at is truly be/1
 & *oose r to =ce _! cr$itors to keep   
fai? ) !m ?an to tru/ t !y w d s4       
,witnesses are call$ on bo? sides2 ! "o1

 by call+ 9 brok]s1 makes sev]al names  
appe> 9 8 acc\nts z 8 debtors in/ead (  
"o2 ! o!r is n cont5t ) ! legal =ms ( "q
 & answ] unless he holds ! o!r p>ty by !
 h&4 ,:at a %ameful admission ( !       
di%one/y & wick$ness ( mank9d6 m5 tru/ m
 to our signet-r+s ?an to our int5tions4
 ,= :at are ^! respectable m5 summon$8 =
 :at d !y impress _! seals8 x is 9 ord] 
t ! borr[] may n d5y t he has receiv$   
:at he has receiv$4 ,y reg>d ^! m51 ,i  
suppose1 z above bribes1 z ma9ta9]s ( ! 
tru?3 well1 ^! v m5 w n be entru/$ )    
money except on ! same t]ms4 ,w\ld x n1 
!n1 be m hon\rable to be deceiv$ by "s  
?an to suspect all m5 ( di%one/y8 ,to   
fill up ! measure ( av>ice "o ?+ only is
 lack+1 t we %\ld be/[ no b5efit )\t a  
surety4 ,to help1 to be ( s]vice1 is !  
"p ( a g5]\s & noble m9d2 he :o gives   
acts l a god1 he :o dem&s repaym5t acts 
l a money-l5d]4 ,:y !n1 by try+ to      
protect ! rights ( ! =m] class1 %\ld we 
r$uce !m to ! level ( ! base/ ( mank9d8 
,,xvi4 ,m m51 our oppon5t argues1 w be  

ungrateful1 if no legal rem$y exi/s     
aga9/ +ratitude4 ,nay1 few]1 because !n 
b5efits w be be/[$ ) m discrim9ation1 ,9
 ! next place1 x is n advisable t x %\ld
 be publicly kn[n h[ _m ungrateful m5   
!re are3 = ! numb] ( s9n]s w d away ) ! 
disgrace ( ! s91 & a reproa* :i* applies
 to all m5 w cease to be di%on\rable4   
,is any woman a%am$ ( be+ divorc$1 n[ t 
"s noble ladies reckon ! ye>s ( _!      
lives1 n by ! numb] ( ! consuls1 b by t 
( _! husb&s1 n[ t !y leave _! homes 9   
ord] to m>ry o!rs1 & m>ry only 9 ord] to
 be divorc$8 ,divorce 0 only dread$ z   
long z x 0 unusual2 n[ t no gazette     
appe>s )\t x1 wom5 le>n to d :at !y he> 
s mu* ab\t4 ,c any "o feel a%am$ (      
adult]y1 n[ t ?+s h come to su* a pass t
 no woman keeps a husb& at all unless x 
be to pique h] lov]8 ,*a/ity m]ely      
implies ugl9ess4 ,:]e w y f9d any woman 
s abject1 s repulsive1 z to be satisfi$ 
) a s+le pair ( lov]s1 )\t hav+ a       
diff]5t "o = ea* h\r ( ! day2 nor is !  
day long en\gh = all ( !m1 unless %e has

 tak5 h] air+ 9 ! gr\nds ( "o1 & passes 
! night ) ano!r4 ,a woman is frumpi% &  
old-fa%ion$ if %e does n "k t adult]y ) 
"o p>am\r is nick-nam$ m>riage4 ,j z all
 %ame at ^! vices has disappe>$ s9ce !  
vice itself became s widely spread1 s if
 y made ! ungrateful beg9 to c\nt _! own
 numb]s1 y w\ld bo? make !m m num]\s1 & 
enable !m to be ungrateful ) great]     
impunity4  ,,xvii4 ,:at !n8 %all !      
ungrateful man g unpuni%$8 ,:at !n1 ,i  
answ]1 %all we puni% ! undutiful1 !     
malici\s1 ! av>ici\s1 ! head/rong1 & !  
cruel8 ,d y imag9e t ^? ?+s :i* are     
loa!d are n puni%$1 or d y suppose t any
 puni%m5t is great] ?an ! hate ( all m58
 ,x is a puni%m5t n to d>e receive a    
b5efit f anyone1 n to d>e to be/[ "o1 to
 be1 or to fancy t y are a m>k = all    
m5's eyes1 & to lose all appreciation ( 
s excell5t & pleasant a matt]4 ,d y call
 a man unhappy :o has lo/ 8 sight1 or ^:
 he>+ has be5 impair$ by disease1 & d y 
n call him wret*$ :o has lo/ ! p[] (    
feel+ b5efits8 ,he fe>s ! gods1 !       

witnesses ( all +ratitude2 he is tortur$
 by ! ?\ght ( ! b5efit :i* he has       
misappli$1 &1 9 f9e1 he is suffici5tly  
puni%$ by ?is great p5alty1 t1 z ,i said
 be=e1 he _c enjoy ! fruits ( ?is mo/   
delightful act4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o     
takes pleasure 9 receiv+ a b5efit1      
enjoys an unv>y+ & cont9u\s happ9ess1   
:i* he d]ives f consid]ation1 n ( ! ?+  
giv51 b ( ! int5tion ( ! giv]4 ,a b5efit
 gives p]petual joy to a grateful man1 b
 pleases an ungrateful "o only = a      
mom5t4 ,c ! lives ( su* m5 be comp>$1   
see+ t ! "o is sad & gloomy--z x is     
natural t a d5i] ( 8 debts & a defraud] 
%\ld be1 a man :o does n give 8 p>5ts1 8
 nurses1 or 8 tea*]s ! hon\r :i* is _!  
due--:ile ! o!r is joy\s1 *e]ful1 on !  
wat* = an opportunity ( prov+ 8         
gratitude1 & ga9+ mu* pleasure f ?is    
frame ( m9d itself8 ,su* a man has no   
wi% to become bankrupt1 b only to make !
 fulle/ & mo/ copi\s return = b5efits1 &
 t n only to p>5ts & fri5ds1 b also to m
 humble p]sons2 = ev5 if he receives a  

b5efit f 8 own slave1 he does n consid] 
f :om he receives x1 b :at he receives4 
,,xviii4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 d\bt$ by    
,hecaton & "s o!r writ]s1 :e!r a slave c
 be/[ a b5efit ^u 8 ma/]4 ,"s di/+ui%   
betwe5 b5efits1 duties1 & s]vices1 call+
 ^? ?+s b5efits :i* are be/[$ by a      
/rang]--t is1 by "o :o c\ld discont9ue  
!m )\t blame--:ile duties are p]=m$ by  
our *ildr51 our wives1 & ^? :om         
relation%ip prompts & ord]s to af=d u   
help2 &1 ?irdly1 s]vices are p]=m$ by   
slaves1 ^: position is su* t no?+ :i* !y
 d = _! ma/] c give !m any claim ^u     
him4444  ,besides ?is1 he :o affirms t a
 slave does n sometimes conf] a b5efit  
^u 8 ma/] is ignorant ( ! rights ( man2 
= ! "q is1 n :at ! /ation 9 life ( !    
giv] may be1 b :at 8 int5tions are4 ,!  
pa? ( virtue is clos$ to no "o1 x lies  
op5 to all2 x admits & invites all1 :e!r
 !y be free-born m51 slaves or fre$-m51 
k+s or exiles2 x requires no            
qualifications ( family or ( prop]ty1 x 
is satisfi$ ) a m]e man4 ,:at1 inde$1   

%\ld we h to tru/ to = def5ce aga9/     
sudd5 mis=tunes1 :at c\ld--a noble m9d  
promise to itself to keep un%ak51 if    
virtue c\ld be lo/ toge!r ) prosp]ity8  
,if a slave _c conf] a b5efit ^u 8 ma/]1
 !n no subject c conf] a b5efit ^u 8 k+1
 & no soldi] ^u 8 g5]al2 = s long z !   
man is subject to supreme au?ority1 ! =m
 ( au?ority c make no diff]5ce4 ,if ma9 
=ce1 or ! fe> ( dea? & torture1 c prev5t
 a slave f ga9+ any title to 8 ma/]'s   
gratitude1 !y w also prev5t ! subjects (
 a k+1 or ! soldi]s ( a g5]al f do+ s1 =
 ! same ?+s may happ5 to ei!r ( ^!      
classes ( m51 ?\gh "u diff]5t names4    
,yet m5 d be/[ b5efits ^u _! k+s & _!   
g5]als2 !re=e slaves c be/[ b5efits ^u  
_! ma/]s4 ,a slave c be j1 brave1       
magnanim\s2 he c !re=e be/[ a b5efit1 = 
?is is also ! "p ( a virtu\s man4 ,s    
true is x t slaves c be/[ b5efits ^u _! 
ma/]s1 t ! ma/]s h (t5 ow$ _! lives to  
!m4  ,,xix4 ,!re is no d\bt t a slave c 
be/[ a b5efit ^u anyone2 :y1 !n1 n ^u 8 
ma/]8 ,because1 x is argu$1 he _c become

 8 ma/]'s cr$itor if he gives him money4
 ,if ?is be n s1 he daily lays 8 ma/] "u
 an obligation to him2 he att5ds him :5 
on a j\rney1 he nurses him :5 sick1 he  
works mo/ labori\sly at ! cultivation ( 
8 e/ate2 yet all ^!1 :i* w\ld be call$  
b5efits if done = u by anyone else1 are 
m]ely call$ s]vice :5 done by a slave4  
,a b5efit is t :i* "s "o be/[s :o has ! 
option ( )hold+ x3--n[ a slave has no   
p[] to refuse1 s t he does n af=d u 8   
help1 b obeys our ord]s1 & _c boa/ (    
hav+ done :at he c\ld n leave undone4   
,ev5 "u ^! conditions ,i %all w9 ! day1 
& w place a slave 9 su* positions1 t =  
_m purposes he w be free2 9 ! mean:ile1 
tell me1 if ,i give y an in/ance ( a    
slave fight+ = 8 ma/]'s safety )\t reg>d
 to himself1 pi]c$ ?r\gh ) w\nds1 yet   
sp5d+ ! la/ drops ( 8 blood1 & ga9+ "t =
 8 ma/] to escape by ! sacrifice ( 8    
life1 w y say t ?is man did n be/[ a    
b5efit ^u 8 ma/] because he 0 a slave8  
,if ,i give an in/ance ( "o :o c\ld n be
 brib$ to betray 8 ma/]'s secrets by any

 ( ! (f]s ( a tyrant1 :o 0 n t]rifi$ by 
any ?reats1 nor ov]p[]$ by any tortures1
 b :o1 z f> z he 0 able1 plac$ 8        
que/ion]s ^u a wrong sc5t1 &1 paid = 8  
loyalty ) 8 life2 w y say t ?is man did 
n conf] a b5efit ^u 8 ma/] because he 0 
a slave8 ,consid]1 r1 :e!r an example ( 
virtue 9 a slave be n all ! great]      
because x is r>] ?an 9 free m51 & :e!r x
 be n all ! m gratify+ t1 al?\gh to be  
comm&$ is odi\s1 & all submission to    
au?ority is irksome1 yet 9 "s p>ticul>  
cases love = a ma/] has be5 m p[]ful ?an
 m5's g5]al dislike to s]vitude4 ,a     
b5efit does n1 !re=e1 cease to be a     
b5efit because x is be/[$ by a slave1 b 
is all ! great] on t acc\nt1 because n  
ev5 slav]y c\ld re/ra9 him f be/[+ x4   
,,xx4 ,x is a mi/ake to imag9e t slav]y 
p]vades a man's :ole be+2 ! bett] "p (  
him is exempt f x3 ! body inde$ is      
subject$ & 9 ! p[] ( a ma/]1 b ! m9d is 
indep5d5t1 & inde$ is s free & wild1 t x
 _c be re/ra9$ ev5 by ?is prison ( !    
body1 :]e9 x is conf9$1 f foll[+ its own

 impulses1 deal+ ) gigantic designs1 &  
so>+ into ! inf9ite1 accompani$ by all !
 ho/ ( heav54 ,x is1 !re=e1 only ! body 
:i* mis=tune h&s ov] to a ma/]1 & :i* he
 buys & sells2 ?is inw>d "p _c be       
transf]r$ z a *attel4 ,:atev] comes f   
?is1 is free2 inde$1 we are n all[$ to  
ord] all ?+s to be done1 nor are slaves 
compell$ to obey u 9 all ?+s2 !y w n    
c>ry out treasonable ord]s1 or l5d _!   
h&s to an act ( crime4  ,,xxi4 ,!re are 
"s ?+s :i* ! law nei!r enjo9s nor =bids2
 x is 9 ^! t a slave f9ds ! means (     
be/[+ b5efits4 ,z long z we only receive
 :at is g5]ally dem&$ f a slave1 t is   
m]e s]vice2 :5 m is giv5 ?an a slave ne$
 af=d u1 x is a b5efit2 z soon z :at he 
does beg9s to p>take ( ! affection ( a  
fri5d1 x c no long] be call$ s]vice4    
,!re are c]ta9 ?+s ) :i* a ma/] is b\nd 
to provide 8 slave1 su* z food & clo?+2 
no "o calls ?is a b5efit2 b suppos+ t he
 indulges 8 slave1 educates him above 8 
/ation1 tea*es him arts :i* free-born m5
 le>n1 t is a b5efit4 ,! conv]se is true

 9 ! case ( ! slave2 any?+ :i* goes     
beyond ! rules ( a slave's duty1 :i* is 
done ( 8 own free w1 & n 9 ob$i5ce to   
ord]s1 is a b5efit1 provid$ x be (      
suffici5t importance to be call$ by su* 
a "n if be/[$ by any o!r p]son4  ,,xxii4
 ,x has pleas$ ,*rysippus to def9e a    
slave z a hirel+ = life4 ,j z a hirel+  
be/[s a b5efit :5 he does m ?an he      
engag$ himself to d1 s :5 a slave's love
 = 8 ma/] raises him above 8 condition &
 urges him to d some?+ noble--some?+ :i*
 w\ld be a cr$it ev5 to m5 m =tunate by 
bir?--he surpasses ! hopes ( 8 ma/]1 &  
is a b5efit f\nd 9 ! h\se4 ,d y ?9k x is
 j t we %\ld be angry ) our slaves :5 !y
 d less ?an _! duty1 & t we %\ld n be   
grateful to !m :5 !y d m8 ,d y wi% to "k
 :5 _! s]vice is n a b5efit8 ,:5 ! "q c 
be ask$1 ,:at if he _h refus$ to d x8   
,:5 he does t :i* he might h refus$ to  
d1 we mu/ praise 8 good w4 ,b5efits &   
wrongs are opposites2 a slave c be/[ a  
b5efit ^u 8 ma/]1 if he c receive a     
wrong f 8 ma/]4 ,n[ an (ficial has be5  

appo9t$ to he> compla9ts ( ! wrongs done
 by ma/]s to _! slaves1 ^: duty x is to 
re/ra9 cruelty & lu/1 or av>ice 9       
provid+ !m ) ! necess>ies ( life4 ,:at  
foll[s1 !n8 ,is x ! ma/] :o receives a  
b5efit f 8 slave8 nay1 r1 x is "o man :o
 receives x f ano!r4 ,la/ly1 he did all 
t lay 9 8 p[]2 he be/[$ a b5efit ^u 8   
ma/]2 x lies 9 y\r p[] to receive or n  
to receive x f a slave4 ,yet :o is s    
exalt$1 t =tune may n make him ne$ ! aid
 ev5 ( ! l[lie/8  ,,xxiii4 ,i %all n[   
quote a numb] ( in/ances ( b5efits1 n   
all alike1 "s ev5 contradictory4 ,"s    
slaves h giv5 _! ma/] life1 "s dea?2 h  
sav$ him :5 p]i%+1 or1 z if t 7 n en\gh1
 h sav$ him by _! own dea?2 o!rs h help$
 _! ma/] to die1 "s h sav$ 8 life by    
/ratagem4 ,claudius ,quadrig>ius tells u
 9 ! eighte5? book ( 8 ,annals1 t :5    
,grum5tum 0 be+ besieg$1 & _h be5 r$uc$ 
to ! greate/ /raits1 two slaves des]t$  
to ! enemy1 & did valuable s]vice4      
,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! city 0 tak51 & ! victors
 7 ru%+ wildly 9 e direction1 !y ran    

be=e e "o else along ! /reets1 :i* !y   
well knew1 to ! h\se 9 :i* !y _h be5    
slaves1 & drove _! mi/ress be=e !m2 :5  
!y 7 ask$ :o %e might be1 !y answ]$ t %e
 0 _! mi/ress1 & a mo/ cruel "o1 & t !y 
7 lead+ h] away = puni%m5t4 ,!y l$ h]   
outside ! walls1 & conceal$ h] ) !      
greate/ c>e until ! fight+ 0 ov]2 !n1 z 
! soldi]y1 satisfi$ ) ! sack ( ! city1  
quickly resum$ ! mann]s ( ,romans1 !y   
also return$ to _! own c\ntrym51 &      
!mselves re/or$ _! mi/ress to !m4 ,%e   
manumitt$ ea* ( !m on ! spot1 & 0 n     
a%am$ to receive h] life f m5 ov] :om %e
 _h held ! p[] ( life & dea?4 ,%e might1
 inde$1 especially congratulate h]self  
^u ?is2 = _h %e be5 sav$ o!rwise1 %e    
w\ld m]ely h receiv$ a common & hackney$
 piece ( k9dness1 :]eas1 by be+ sav$ z  
%e 01 %e became a glori\s leg5d1 & an   
example to two cities4 ,9 ! confusion ( 
! captur$ city1 :5 e "o 0 ?9k+ only ( 8 
own safety1 all des]t$ h] except ^!     
des]t]s2 b !y1 t !y might prove :at _h  
be5 _! int5tions 9 effect+ t des]tion1  

des]t$ aga9 f ! victors to ! captive1   
we>+ ! masks ( unnatural murd]]s4  ,!y  
?\ght--& ?is 0 ! greate/ "p ( ! s]vice  
:i* !y r5d]$--!y 7 cont5t to seem to h  
murd]$ _! mi/ress1 if !reby _! mi/ress  
might be sav$ f murd]4 ,believe me1 x is
 ! m>k ( no slavi% s\l to pur*ase a     
noble de$ by ! semblance ( crime4  ,:5  
,vettius1 ! praetor ( ! ,m>si1 0 be+ l$ 
into ! pres5ce ( ! ,roman g5]al1 8 slave
 snat*$ a sword f ! soldi] :o 0 dragg+  
him along1 & fir/ slew 8 ma/]4 ,!n he   
said1 ,x is n[ "t = me to look to       
myself2 ,i h already set my ma/] free1 &
 ) ^! words transfix$ himself ) "o bl[4 
,c y tell me ( anyone :o sav$ 8 ma/] m  
glori\sly8  ,,xxiv4 ,:5 ,caes> 0 besieg+
 ,corf9ium1 ,domitius1 :o 0 %ut up 9 !  
city1 ord]$ a slave ( 8 own1 :o 0 also a
 physician1 to give him poison4 ,obs]v+ 
! man's hesitation1 he said1 ,:y d y    
delay1 z ?\gh ! :ole bus9ess 0 9 y\r    
p[]8 ,i ask = dea? ) arms 9 my h&s4 ,!n 
! slave ass5t$1 & gave him a h>mless    
drug to dr9k4 ,:5 ,domitius fell asleep 

aft] dr9k+ ?is1 ! slave w5t to 8 son1 & 
said1 ,give ord]s = my be+ kept 9 cu/ody
 until y le>n f ! result :e!r ,i h giv5 
y\r fa!r poison or no4 ,domitius liv$1 &
 ,caes> sav$ 8 life2 b 8 slave _h sav$ x
 be=e4  ,,xxv4 ,dur+ ! civil w>1 a slave
 hid 8 ma/]1 :o _h be5 proscrib$1 put on
 8 r+s & clo!s1 met ! soldi]s :o 7 se>*+
 = him1 &1 aft] decl>+ t he w\ld n /oop 
to entreat !m n to c>ry out _! ord]s1   
(f]$ 8 neck to _! swords4 ,:at a noble  
_s x %[s 9 a slave to h be5 will+ to die
 = 8 ma/]1 at a "t :5 few 7 fai?ful     
en\gh to wi% _! ma/] to live6 to be f\nd
 k9d :5 ! /ate 0 cruel1 fai?ful :5 x 0  
trea*]\s6 to be eag] = ! rew>d (        
fidelity1 ?\gh x 0 dea?1 at a "t :5 su* 
ri* rew>ds 7 (f]$ = trea*]y6  ,,xxvi4 ,i
 w n pass ov] ! in/ances :i* our own age
 af=ds4 ,9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius ,caes>1   
!re 0 a common & almo/ univ]sal fr5zy = 
in=m+1 :i* 0 m ru9\s to ! citiz5s (     
,rome ?an ! :ole civil w>2 ! talk (     
drunk>ds1 ! frankness ( je/]s1 0 alike  
report$ to ! gov]nm5t2 no?+ 0 safe2 e   

opportunity ( f]oci\s puni%m5t 0 seiz$1 
& m5 no long] wait$ to he> ! fate (     
accus$ p]sons1 s9ce x 0 always ! same4  
,"o ,paulus1 ( ! ,praetorian gu>d1 0 at 
an ent]ta9m5t1 we>+ a portrait (        
,tib]ius ,caes> engrav$ 9 relief ^u a   
gem4 ,x w\ld be absurd = me to beat ab\t
 ! bu% = "s delicate way ( expla9+ t he 
took up a *amb]-pot1 an action :i* 0 at 
once notic$ by ,m>o1 "o ( ! mo/ notori\s
 in=m]s ( t "t1 & ! slave ( ! man :o 0  
ab\t to fall into ! trap1 :o drew ! r+ f
 ! f+] ( 8 drunk5 ma/]4 ,:5 ,m>o call$ !
 gue/s to witness t ,paulus _h di%on\r$ 
! portrait ( ! emp]or1 & 0 already draw+
 up an act ( accusation1 ! slave %[$ !  
r+ ^u 8 own f+]4 ,su* a man no m des]ves
 to be call$ a slave1 ?an ,m>o des]v$ to
 be call$ a gue/4  ,,xxvii4 ,9 ! reign (
 ,augu/us m5's own words 7 n yet able to
 ru9 !m1 yet !y sometimes br\ght !m into
 tr\ble4 ,a s5ator nam$ ,rufus1 :ile at 
d9n]1 express$ a hope t ,caes> w\ld n   
return safe f a j\rney = :i* he 0       
prep>+1 & add$ t all bulls & calves wi%$

 ! same ?+4 ,"s ( ^? pres5t c>efully    
not$ ^! words4 ,at daybreak1 ! slave :o 
_h /ood at 8 feet dur+ ! d9n]1 told him 
:at he _h said 9 8 cups1 & urg$ him to  
be ! fir/ to g to ,caes>1 & d5\nce      
himself4 ,rufus foll[$ ?is advice1 met  
,caes> z he 0 go+ d[n to ! =um1 &1 swe>+
 t he 0 out ( 8 m9d ! day be=e1 pray$ t 
:at he _h said might fall ^u 8 own head 
& t ( 8 *ildr52 he !n begg$ ,caes> p>don
 him1 & to take him back into fav\r4 ,:5
 ,caes> said t he w\ld d s1 he add$1 ,no
 "o w believe t y h tak5 me back into   
fav\r unless y make me a pres5t (       
some?+2 & he ask$ = & obta9$ a sum (    
money s l>ge1 t x w\ld h be5 a gift n to
 be slight$ ev5 if be/[$ by an un(f5d$  
pr9ce4 ,caes> add$3 ,9 future ,i w take 
c>e nev] to qu>rel ) y1 = my own sake4  
,caes> act$ hon\rably 9 p>don+ him1 & 9 
be+ lib]al z well z =giv+2 no "o c he>  
?is anecdote )\t prais+ ,caes>1 b he mu/
 praise ! slave fir/4 ,y ne$ n wait = me
 to tell y t ! slave :o did 8 ma/] ?is  
s]vice 0 set free2 yet 8 ma/] did n d   

?is = no?+1 = ,caes> _h already paid him
 ! price ( ! slave's lib]ty4  ,,xxviii4 
,aft] s _m in/ances1 c we d\bt t a ma/] 
may sometimes receive a b5efit f a      
slave8 ,:y ne$ ! p]son ( ! giv] detract 
f ! ?+ :i* he gives8 :y %\ld n ! gift   
add r to ! glory ( ! giv]4 ,all m5      
desc5d f ! same orig9al /ock2 no "o is  
bett] born ?an ano!r1 except 9 s f> z 8 
disposition is nobl] & bett] suit$ = !  
p]=mance ( good actions4 ,^? :o display 
portraits ( _! ance/ors 9 _! halls1 &   
set up 9 ! entrance to _! h\ses !       
p$igree ( _! family drawn out at l5g?1 )
 _m complicat$ collat]al bran*es1 are !y
 n notori\s r ?an noble8 ,! univ]se is !
 "o p>5t ( all1 :e!r !y trace _! desc5t 
f ?is prim>y s\rce ?r\gh a glori\s or a 
mean l9e ( ance/ors4 ,be n deceiv$ :5 m5
 :o are reckon+ up _! g5ealogy1 :]ev] an
 illu/ri\s "n is want+1 foi/ 9 t ( a god
 9 its place4 ,y ne$ despise no "o1 ev5 
?\gh he be>s a commonplace "n1 & owes   
little to =tune4 ,:e!r y\r imm$iate     
ance/ors 7 fre$m51 or slaves1 or        

=eign]s1 pluck up y\r spirits boldly1 & 
leap ov] any int]v5+ disgraces ( y\r    
p$igree2 at its s\rce1 a noble orig9    
awaits y4 ,:y %\ld our pride inflate u  
to su* a degree t we ?9k x b5ea? u to   
receive b5efits f slaves1 & ?9k only (  
_! position1 =gett+ _! good de$s8 ,y1 ! 
slave ( lu/1 ( gluttony1 ( a h>lot1 nay1
 :o are own$ z a jo9t *attel by h>lots1 
c y call anyone else a slave8 ,call a   
man a slave8 :y1 ,i pray y1 :i!r are y  
be+ hurri$ by ^? be>]s :o c>ry y\r      
litt]8 :i!r are ^! m5 ) _! sm>t         
milit>y-look+ cloaks c>ry+ y8 is x n to 
! door ( "s door-keep]1 or to ! g>d5s ( 
"s "o :o has n ev5 a subord9ate (fice8 &
 !n y1 :o reg>d ! salute ( ano!r man's  
slave z a b5efit1 decl>e t y _c receive 
a b5efit f y\r own slave4 ,:at          
inconsi/5cy is ?is8 ,at ! same "t y     
despise & fawn ^u slaves1 y are haughty 
& viol5t at home1 :ile out ( doors y are
 meek1 & z mu* despis$ z y despise y\r  
slaves2 = none abase !mselves l[] ?an ^?
 :o unconscionably give !mselves airs1  

nor are anymore prep>$ to trample ^u    
o!rs ?an ^? :o h le>n$ h[ to (f] insults
 by hav+ endur$ !m4  ,,xxix4 ,i felt x  
my duty to say ?is1 9 ord] to cru% !    
arrogance ( m5 :o are !mselves at ! m]cy
 ( =tune1 & to claim ! "r ( be/[+ a     
b5efit = slaves1 9 ord] t ,i may claim x
 also = sons4 ,! "q arises1 :e!r *ildr5 
c ev] be/[ ^u _! p>5ts great] b5efits   
?an ^? :i* !y h receiv$ f !m4  ,x is    
grant$ t _m sons become great] & m      
p[]ful ?an _! p>5ts1 & also t !y are    
bett] m54 ,if ?is be true1 !y may give  
bett] gifts to _! fa!rs ?an !y h receiv$
 f !m1 see+ t _! =tune & _! good nature 
are alike great] ?an t ( _! fa!r4       
,:atev] a fa!r receives f 8 son1 our    
oppon5t w urge1 mu/ 9 any case be lees  
?an :at ! son receiv$ f him1 because !  
son owes to 8 fa!r ! v p[] ( giv+4      
,!re=e ! fa!r c nev] be surpass$ 9 !    
be/[al ( b5efits1 because ! b5efit :i*  
surpasses 8 own is really 84 ,i answ]1 t
 "s ?+s d]ive _! fir/ orig9 f o!rs1 yet 
are great] ?an ^? o!rs2 & a ?+ may be   

great] ?an t f :i* x took its rise1     
al?\gh )\t t ?+ to />t f x nev] c\ld h  
gr[n s great4 ,all ?+s greatly outgr[ _!
 beg9n+s4 ,se$s are ! causes ( all ?+s1 
& yet are ! smalle/ "p ( ! ?+s :i* !y   
produce4 ,look at ! ,rh9e1 or !         
,euphrates1 or any o!r fam\s riv]s2 h[  
small !y are1 if y only view !m at !    
place f :5ce !y take _! rise8 !y ga9 all
 t makes !m t]rible & r5[n$ z !y fl[    
along4 ,look at ! trees :i* are talle/  
if y consid] _! height1 & ! broade/ if y
 look at _! ?ickness & ! spread ( _!    
bran*es2 comp>$ ) all ?is1 h[ small a "p
 ( !m is conta9$ 9 ! sl5d] fibres ( !   
root8 ,yet take away _! roots1 & no m   
groves w arise1 nor great m\nta9s be    
clo!d ) trees4 ,temples & cities are    
support$ by _! f\ndations2 yet :at is   
built z ! f\ndation ( ! entire build+   
lies out ( sight4 ,s x is 9 o!r matt]s2 
! subsequ5t greatness ( a ?+ ev]        
eclipses its orig94 ,i c\ld nev] h      
obta9$ any?+ )\t hav+ previ\sly receiv$ 
! boon ( exi/5ce f my p>5ts2 yet x does 

n foll[ f ?is t :atev] ,i obta9 is less 
?an t )\t :i* ,i c\ld n obta9 x4 ,if my 
nurse _h n f$ me :5 ,i 0 a *ild1 ,i %\ld
 n h be5 able to conduct any ( ^?       
ent]prises :i* ,i n[ c>ry on1 bo? ) my  
head & ) my h&1 nor %\ld ,i ev] h obta9$
 ! fame :i* is due to my lab\rs bo? 9   
peace & w>2 w\ld y on t acc\nt argue t !
 s]vices ( a nurse 7 m valuable ?an !   
mo/ important und]tak+s8 ,yet is n !    
nurse z important z ! fa!r1 s9ce )\t !  
b5efits :i* ,i h receiv$ f ea* ( !m     
alike1 ,i %\ld h be5 alike unable to    
effect any?+8 ,if ,i owe all t ,i n[ c d
 to my orig9al beg9n+1 ,i _c reg>d my   
fa!r or my gr&fa!r z be+ ?is orig9al    
beg9n+2 !re always w be a spr+ fur!r    
back1 f :i* ! spr+ next bel[ is d]iv$4  
,yet no "o w argue t ,i owe m to unkn[n 
& =gott5 ance/ors ?an to my fa!r2 ?\gh  
really ,i d owe !m m1 if ,i owe x to my 
ance/ors t my fa!r begat me4  ,,xxx4    
,:atev] ,i h be/[$ ^u my fa!r1 says my  
oppon5t1 h[ev] great x may be1 yet is   
less valuable ?an :at my fa!r has be/[$ 

^u me1 because if he _h n begott5 me1 x 
nev] c\ld h exi/$ at all4 ,by ?is mode (
 reason+1 if a man has heal$ my fa!r :5 
ill1 & at ! po9t ( dea?1 ,i %all n be   
able to be/[ any?+ ^u him equival5t to  
:at ,i h receiv$ f him2 = _h my fa!r n  
be5 heal$1 he c\ld n h begott5 me4 ,yet 
?9k :e!r x be n ne>] ! tru? to reg>d all
 t ,i c d1 & all t ,i h done1 z m9e1 due
 to my own p[]s & my own w8 ,consid] :at
 ! fact ( my bir? is 9 itself2 y w see t
 x is a small matt]1 ! outcome ( :i* is 
dubi\s1 & t x may lead equally to good  
or to evil2 no d\bt x is ! fir/ /ep to  
ev]y?+1 b because x is ! fir/1 x is n on
 t acc\nt m important ?an all ! o!rs4   
,suppose t ,i h sav$ my fa!r's life1    
rais$ him to ! highe/ hon\rs1 & made him
 ! *ief man 9 8 city1 t ,i h n m]ely    
made him illu/ri\s by my own de$s1 b h  
furni%$ him himself ) an opportunity (  
p]=m+ great exploits1 :i* is at once    
important1 easy1 & safe1 z well z       
glori\s2 t ,i h load$ him ) appo9tm5ts1 
weal?1 & all t attracts m5's m9ds2 /ill1

 ev5 :5 ,i surpass all o!rs1 ,i am      
inf]ior to him4 ,n[ if y say1 ,y owe to 
y\r fa!r ! p[] ( do+ all ?is1 ,i %all   
answ]1 ,q true1 if to d all ?is x is    
only necess>y to be born2 b if life is  
m]ely an unimportant factor 9 ! art (   
liv+ well1 & if y h be/[$ ^u me only t  
:i* ,i h 9 common ) wild bea/s & !      
smalle/1 & "s ( ! f\le/ ( creatures1 d n
 claim = y\rself :at did n come into be+
 9 consequ5ce ( ! b5efits :i* y be/[$1  
ev5 ?\gh x c\ld n h come into be+ )\t   
!m4  ,,xxxi4 ,suppose1 fa!r1 t ,i h sav$
 y\r life1 9 return = ! life :i* ,i     
receiv$ f y3 9 ?is case also ,i h       
outdone y\r b5efit1 because ,i h giv5   
life to "o :o und]/&s :at ,i h done1 &  
because ,i und]/ood :at ,i 0 do+1 s9ce  
,i gave y y\r life n = ! sake (1 or by !
 means ( my own pleasure2 = j z x is    
less t]rible to die be=e "o has "t to   
fe> dea?1 s x is a mu* great] boon to   
pres]ve "o's life ?an to receive x4 ,i h
 giv5 life to "o :o w at once enjoy x1 y
 gave x to "o :o knew n if he %\ld ev]  

live2 ,i h giv5 life to "o :o 0 9 fe> ( 
dea?1 y\r gift ( life m]ely enables me  
to die2 ,i h giv5 y a life complete1    
p]fect2 y begat me )\t intellig5ce1 a   
burd5 ^u o!rs4 ,d y wi% to "k h[ f> f a 
b5efit x 0 to give life "u su*          
conditions8 ,y %\ld h expos$ me z a     
*ild1 = y did me a wrong 9 begett+ me4  
,:at d ,i ga!r f ?is8 ,t ! cohabitation 
( a fa!r & "m is ! v lea/ ( b5efits to  
_! *ild1 unless 9 addition ?is beg9n+ ( 
k9dnesses be foll[$ up by o!rs1 &       
confirm$ by o!r s]vices4 ,x is n a good 
?+ to live1 b to live well4 ,b1 say y1  
,i d live well4 ,true1 b ,i might h liv$
 ill2 s t y\r "p 9 me is m]ely ?is1 t ,i
 live4 ,if y claim m]it to y\rself =    
giv+ me m]e life1 b>e & helpless1 & boa/
 ( x z a great boon1 reflect t ?is y    
claim m]it = giv+ me is a boon :i* ,i   
possess 9 common ) flies & worms4 ,9 !  
next place1 if ,i say no m ?an t ,i h   
appli$ myself to hon\rable pursuits1 & h
 guid$ ! c\rse ( my life along ! pa? (  
rectitude1 !n y h receiv$ m f y\r b5efit

 ?an y gave2 = y gave me to myself      
ignorant & unle>n$1 & ,i h return$ to y 
a son su* z y w\ld wi% to h begott54    
,,xxxii4 ,my fa!r support$ me4 ,if ,i   
repay ?is k9dness1 ,i give him m ?an ,i 
receiv$1 because he has ! pleasure1 n   
only ( be+ support$1 b ( be+ support$ by
 a son1 & receives m delight f my filial
 devotion ?an f ! food itself1 :]eas !  
food :i* he us$ to give me m]ely affect$
 my body4 ,:at8 if any man rises s high 
z to become fam\s among nations = 8     
eloqu5ce1 8 ju/ice1 or 8 milit>y skill1 
if mu* ( ! spl5d\r ( 8 r5[n is %$ ^u 8  
fa!r also1 & by its cle> light dispels !
 obscurity ( 8 bir?1 does n su* a man   
conf] an ine/imable b5efit ^u 8 p>5ts8  
,w\ld anyone h he>d ( ,ari/o & ,gryllus 
except ?r\gh ,x5ophon & ,plato1 _! sons8
 ,socrates keeps alive ! memory (       
,sophroniscus4 ,x w\ld take long to     
rec\nt ! o!r m5 ^: names survive = no   
o!r reason ?an t ! admirable qualities (
 _! sons h h&$ !m d[n to po/]ity4 ,did !
 fa!r ( ,m>cus ,agrippa1 ( :om no?+ 0   

kn[n1 ev5 aft] ,agrippa became fam\s1   
conf] ! great] b5efit ^u 8 son1 or 0 t  
great] :i* ,agrippa conf]r$ ^u 8 fa!r :5
 he ga9$ ! glory1 unique 9 ! annals (   
w>1 ( a naval cr[n1 & :5 he rais$ s _m  
va/ build+s 9 ,rome1 :i* n only surpass$
 all =m] gr&eur1 b h be5 surpass$ by    
none s9ce8 ,did ,octavius conf] a great]
 b5efit ^u 8 son1 or ! ,emp]or ,augu/us 
^u 8 fa!r1 obscur$ z he 0 by !          
int]v5tion ( an adoptive fa!r8 ,:at joy 
w\ld he h exp]i5c$1 if1 aft] ! putt+ d[n
 ( ! civil w>1 he _h se5 8 son rul+ !   
/ate 9 peace & security8 ,he w\ld n h   
recogniz$ ! good :i* he _h himself      
be/[$1 & w\ld h>dly h believ$1 :5 he    
look$ back ^u himself1 t s great a man  
c\ld h be5 born 9 8 h\se4 ,:y %\ld ,i g 
on to speak ( o!rs :o w\ld n[ be =gott51
 if ! glory ( _! sons _h n rais$ !m f   
obscurity1 & kept !m 9 ! light until ?is
 day8 ,9 ! next place1 z we are n       
consid]+ :at son may h giv5 back to 8   
fa!r great] b5efits ?an he receiv$ f    
him1 b :e!r a son c give back great]    

b5efits1 ev5 if ! examples :i* ,i h     
quot$ are n suffici5t1 & su* b5efits d n
 outweigh ! b5efits be/[$ by ! p>5ts1 if
 no age has produc$4 an actual example1 
/ill x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s impossible4
 ,?\gh no solit>y act c outweigh !      
des]ts ( a p>5t1 yet _m su* acts comb9$ 
by "o son may d s4  ,,xxxiii4 ,scipio1  
:ile "u sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 rode among !
 enemy 9 battle1 & sav$ 8 fa!r's life4  
,0 x n en\gh1 t 9 ord] to rea* 8 fa!r he
 despis$ s _m dang]s :5 !y 7 press+     
h>de/ ^u ! greate/ g5]als1 t he1 a      
novice 9 8 fir/ battle1 made 8 way ?r\gh
 s _m ob/acles1 ov] ! bodies ( s _m     
vet]an soldi]s1 & %[$ /r5g? & c\rage    
beyond 8 ye>s8 ,add to ?is1 t he also   
def5d$ 8 fa!r 9 c\rt1 & sav$ him f a    
plot ( 8 p[]ful enemies1 t he heap$ ^u  
him a second & a ?ird consul%ip & o!r   
po/s :i* 7 covet$ ev5 by consul>s1 t :5 
8 fa!r 0 poor he be/[$ ^u him ! plund]  
:i* he took by milit>y lic5ce1 & t he   
made him ri* ) ! spoils ( ! enemy1 :i*  
is ! greate/ hon\r ( a soldi]4 ,if ev5  

?is did n repay 8 debt1 add to x t he   
caus$ him to be con/antly employ$ 9 !   
gov]nm5t ( prov9ces & 9 special comm&s1 
add1 t aft] he _h de/roy$ ! greate/     
cities1 & became )\t a rival ei!r 9 !   
ea/ or 9 ! we/1 ! ackn[l$g$ protector & 
second f\nd] ( ! ,roman ,empire1 he     
be/[$ ^u "o :o 0 already ( noble bir? ! 
high] title ( ! fa!r ( ,scipio2 c we    
d\bt t ! commonplace b5efit ( 8 bir? 0  
outdone by 8 exempl>y conduct1 & by !   
val\r :i* 0 at once ! glory & !         
protection ( 8 c\ntry8 ,next1 if ?is be 
n en\gh1 suppose t a son 7 to rescue 8  
fa!r f ! torture1 or to und]go x 9 8    
/ead4 ,y c suppose ! b5efits return$ by 
! son z great z y please1 :]eas ! gift  
he receiv$ f 8 fa!r 0 ( "o sort only1 0 
easily p]=m$1 & 0 a pleasure to ! giv]2 
t he mu/ necess>ily h giv5 ! same ?+ to 
_m o!rs1 ev5 to "s to :om he kn[s n t he
 has giv5 x1 t he _h a p>tn] 9 do+ s1 & 
t he _h 9 view ! law1 patriotism1 !     
rew>ds be/[$ ^u fa!rs ( families by !   
/ate1 ! ma9t5ance ( 8 h\se & family3    

ev]y?+ r ?an him to :om he 0 giv+ life4 
,:at8 suppos+ t any "o 7 to le>n        
philosophy & tea* x to 8 fa!r1 c\ld x be
 any long] disput$ t ! son _h giv5 him  
some?+ great] ?an he _h receiv$ f him1  
hav+ return$ to 8 fa!r a happy life1    
:]eas he _h receiv$ f him m]ely life8   
,,xxxiv4 ,b1 says our oppon5t1 :atev] y 
d1 :atev] y are able to give to y\r     
fa!r1 is "p ( 8 b5efit be/[$ ^u y4 ,s x 
is ! b5efit ( my tea*] t ,i h become    
pr(ici5t 9 lib]al /udies2 yet we pass on
 f ^? :o taught !m to u1 at any rate f  
^? :o taught u ! alphabet2 & al?\gh no  
"o c le>n any?+ )\t !m1 yet x does n    
foll[ t :atsoev] success "o subsequ5tly 
obta9s1 "o is /ill inf]ior to ^? tea*]s4
 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 !      
beg9n+ ( a ?+ & its f9al developm5t2 !  
beg9n+ is n equal to ! ?+ at its        
greate/1 m]ely ^u ! gr\nd t1 )\t !      
beg9n+1 x c\ld nev] h become s great4   
,,xxxv4 ,x is n[ "t = me to br+ =?      
some?+1 s to speak1 f my own m9t4 ,s    
long z !re is some?+ bett] ?an ! b5efit 

:i* a man be/[s1 he may be outdone4 ,a  
fa!r gives life to 8 son2 !re is some?+ 
bett] ?an life2 !re=e a fa!r may be     
outdone1 because !re is some?+ bett] ?an
 ! b5efit :i* he has be/[$4 ,/ill fur!r1
 he :o has giv5 any "o 8 life1 if he be 
m ?an once sav$ f p]il ( dea? by him1   
has receiv$ a great] b5efit ?an he      
be/[$4 ,n[1 a fa!r has giv5 life to 8   
son3 if1 !re=e1 he be m ?an once sav$ f 
p]il by 8 son1 he c receive a great]    
b5efit ?an he gave4 ,a b5efit becomes   
great] to ! receiv] 9 proportion to 8   
ne$ ( x4 ,n[ he :o is alive ne$s life m 
?an he :o has n be5 born1 see+ t su* a  
"o c h no ne$ at all2 consequ5tly a     
fa!r1 if 8 life is sav$ by 8 son1       
receives a great] b5efit ?an 8 son      
receiv$ f him by be+ born4 ,x is said1  
,! b5efits conf]r$ by fa!rs _c be       
outdone by ^? return$ by _! sons4 ,:y8  
,because ! son receiv$ life f 8 fa!r1 & 
_h he n receiv$ x1 he c\ld n h return$  
any b5efits at all4 ,a fa!r has ?is 9   
common ) all ^? :o h giv5 any m5 _!     

lives2 x is impossible t ^! m5 c\ld     
repay ! debt if !y _h n receiv$ _! life4
 ,!n ,i suppose "o _c ov]pay "o's debt  
to a physician1 = a physician gives life
 z well z a fa!r2 or to a sailor :o has 
sav$ u :5 %ipwreck$8 ,yet ! b5efits     
be/[$ by ^! & by all ! o!rs :o give u   
life 9 :atev] fa%ion1 c be outdone3     
consequ5tly ^? ( our fa!rs c be outdone4
 ,if any "o be/[s ^u me a b5efit :i*    
requires ! help ( b5efits f _m o!r      
p]sons1 :]eas ,i give him :at requires  
no "o to help x out1 ,i h giv5 m ?an ,i 
h receiv$2 n[ a fa!r gave to 8 son a    
life :i*1 )\t _m accessories to pres]ve 
x1 w\ld p]i%2 :]eas a son1 if he gives  
life to 8 fa!r1 gives him a life :i*    
requires no assi/ance to make x la/+2   
!re=e ! fa!r :o receives life f 8 son1  
receives a great] b5efit ?an he himself 
be/[$ ^u 8 son4  ,,xxxvi4 ,^!           
consid]ations d n de/roy ! respect due  
to p>5ts1 or make _! *ildr5 behave worse
 to !m1 nay1 bett]2 = virtue is         
naturally ambiti\s1 & wi%es to out/rip  

^? :o are be=e x4 ,filial piety w be all
 ! m eag]1 if1 9 return+ a fa!r's       
b5efits1 x c hope to outdo !m2 nor w ?is
 be aga9/ ! w or ! pleasure ( ! fa!r1   
s9ce 9 _m conte/s x is to our advantage 
to be outdone4 ,h[ does ?is conte/      
become s desirable8 ,h[ comes x to be   
su* happ9ess to p>5ts t !y %\ld confess 
!mselves outdone by ! b5efits be/[$ by  
_! *ildr58 ,unless we decide ! matt]    
?us1 we give *ildr5 an excuse1 & make !m
 less eag] to repay _! debt1 :]eas we   
ought to spur !m on1 say+1 ,noble y\?s1 
give y\r att5tion to ?is6 ,y are invit$ 
to cont5d 9 an hon\rable /rife betwe5   
p>5ts & *ildr51 z to :i* p>ty has       
receiv$ m ?an x has giv54 ,y\r fa!rs h n
 necess>ily won ! day because !y are    
fir/ 9 ! field3 only take c\rage1 z     
befits y1 & d n give up ! conte/2 y w   
conqu] if y wi% to d s4 ,9 ?is hon\rable
 w>f>e y w h no lack ( lead]s :o w      
enc\rage y to p]=m de$s l _! own1 & bid 
y foll[ 9 _! foot/eps ^u a pa? by :i*   
victory has (t5 be=e n[ be5 won ov]     

p>5ts4  ,,xxxvii4 ,a,eneas conqu]$ 8    
fa!r 9 well do+1 = he himself _h be5 b a
 light & a safe burd5 = him :5 he 0 a   
*ild1 yet he bore 8 fa!r1 :5 heavy )    
age1 ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! enemy's l9es & !  
cra% ( ! city :i* 0 fall+ ar\nd him1    
albeit ! dev\t old man1 :o bore ! sacr$ 
images & ! h\sehold gods 9 8 h&s1 press$
 him ) m ?an 8 own weight2 nev]!less    
7:at _c filial piety accompli%67        
,a,eneas bore him safe ?r\gh ! blaz+    
city1 & plac$ him 9 safety1 to be       
wor%ipp$ z "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,roman     
,empire4 ,^? ,sicilian y\?s outdid _!   
p>5ts :om !y bore away safe1 :5 ,aetna1 
r\s$ to unusual fury1 p\r$ fire ov]     
cities & fields ?r\gh\t a great "p ( !  
isl&4 ,x is believ$ t ! fires p>t$1 & t 
! flames retir$ on ei!r side1 s z to    
leave a passage = ^! y\?s to pass ?r\gh1
 :o c]ta9ly des]v$ to p]=m _! d>+ task 9
 safety4 ,antigonus outdid 8 fa!r :51   
aft] hav+ conqu]$ ! enemy 9 a great     
battle1 he transf]r$ ! fruits ( x to    
him1 & h&$ ov] to him ! empire (        

,cyprus4 ,?is is true k+%ip1 to *oose n 
to be a k+ :5 y might4 ,manlius conqu]$ 
8 fa!r1 imp]i\s ,footnote3 ,!re is an   
allusion to ! surname ( bo? ! fa!r & !  
son1 ,imp]iosus giv5 !m on acc\nt ( _!  
sev]ity4 ?\gh he 01 :51 9 spite ( 8 hav+
 previ\sly be5 bani%$ = a "t by 8 fa!r  
on1 acc\nt ( 8 dulness & /upidity z a   
boy1 he came to an int]view :i* he _h   
dem&$ ) ! tribune ( ! p1 :o _h fil$ an  
action aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,! tribune _h      
grant$ him ! int]view1 hop+ t he w\ld   
betray 8 hat$ fa!r1 & believ$ t he _h   
e>n$ ! gratitude ( ! y\?1 hav+1 among/  
o!r matt]s1 reproa*$ old ,manlius ) s5d+
 him into exile1 treat+ x z a v s]i\s   
accusation2 b ! y\?1 hav+ caught him    
alone1 drew a sword :i* he _h hidd5 9 8 
robe1 & said1 ,unless y swe> to give up 
y\r suit aga9/ my fa!r1 ,i w run y ?r\gh
 ) ?is sword4 ,x is 9 y\r p[] to decide 
h[ my fa!r %all be fre$ f 8 prosecutor4 
,! tribune swore1 & kept 8 oa?2 he      
relat$ ! reason ( 8 ab&onm5t ( 8 action 
to an assembly at ! ,ro/ra4 ,no o!r man 

0 ev] p]mitt$ to put d[n a tribune )    
impunity4  ,,xxxviii4 ,!re are in/ances 
)\t numb] ( m5 :o h sav$ _! p>5ts f     
dang]1 h rais$ !m f ! l[e/ to ! highe/  
/ation1 &1 tak+ !m f ! nameless mass ( !
 l[] classes1 h giv5 !m a "n glori\s    
?r\gh\t all ages4 ,by no =ce ( words1 by
 no p[] ( g5ius1 c "o rightly express h[
 desirable1 h[ admirable1 h[ nev] to be 
eras$ f human memory x is to be able to 
say1 ,i obey$ my p>5ts1 ,i gave way to  
!m1 ,i 0 submissive to _! au?ority :e!r 
x 0 j1 or unju/ & h>%2 ! only po9t 9 :i*
 ,i resi/$ !m 01 n to be conqu]$ by !m 9
 b5efits4 ,cont9ue ?is /ruggle1 ,i beg (
 y1 & ev5 ?\gh we>y1 yet re-=m y\r      
ranks4 ,happy are !y :o conqu]1 happy !y
 :o are conqu]$4 ,:at c be m glori\s ?an
 ! y\? :o c say to himself--x w\ld n be 
"r to say x to ano!r--,i h conqu]$ my   
fa!r ) b5efits8 ,:at is m =tunate ?an t 
old man :o decl>es ev]y:]e to ev]yone t 
he has be5 conqu]$ 9 b5efits by 8 son8  
,:at1 aga91 is m blissful ?an to be     
ov]come 9 su* a conte/8     ,,book ,,iv4

  ,i4   ,( all ! matt]s :i* we h        
discuss$1 ,aebutius ,lib]alis1 !re is   
none m ess5tial1 or :i*1 z ,sallu/ says1
 ought to be /at$ ) m c>e ?an t :i* is  
n[ be=e u3 :e!r ! be/[al ( b5efits & !  
return ( gratitude = !m are desirable   
objects 9 !mselves4 ,"s m5 are f\nd :o  
act hon\rably f comm]cial motives1 & :o 
d n c>e = unrew>d$ virtue1 ?\gh x c     
conf] no glory if x br+s any pr(it4 ,:at
 c be m base ?an = a man to consid] :at 
x co/s him to be a good man1 :5 virtue  
nei!r allures by ga9 nor det]s by loss1 
& is s f> f brib+ any "o ) hopes &      
promises1 t on ! o!r h& %e bids !m sp5d 
money ^u h]self1 & (t5 consi/s 9        
volunt>y gifts8 ,we mu/ g to h]1 trampl+
 :at is m]ely useful "u our feet3       
:i!rsoev] %e may call u or s5d u we mu/ 
g1 )\t any reg>d = our private =tunes1  
sometimes )\t sp>+ ev5 our own blood1   
nor mu/ we ev] refuse to obey any ( h]  
comm&s4 ,:at %all ,i ga91 says my       
oppon5t1 if ,i d ?is bravely &          
gratefully8 ,y w ga9 ! do+ ( x--! de$   

itself is y\r ga94 ,no?+ beyond ?is is  
promis$4 ,if any advantage *ances to    
accrue to y1 c\nt x z some?+ extra4 ,!  
rew>d ( hon\rable deal+s lies 9         
!mselves4 ,if hon\r is to be s\ght aft] 
= itself1 s9ce a b5efit is hon\rable1 x 
foll[s t because bo? ( ^! are ( ! same  
nature1 _! conditions mu/ also be !     
same4 ,n[ x has frequ5tly &             
satisfactorily be5 prov$1 t hon\r ought 
to be s\ght aft] = itself alone4  ,,ii4 
,9 ?is "p ( ! subject we oppose !       
,epicureans1 an effem9ate & dreamy sect 
:o philosophize 9 _! own p>adise1 among/
 :om virtue is ! h&maid ( pleasures1    
obeys !m1 is subject to !m1 & reg>ds !m 
z sup]ior to itself4 ,y say1 !re is no  
pleasure )\t virtue4 ,b :]e=e is x      
sup]ior to virtue8 ,d y imag9e t ! matt]
 9 dispute betwe5 !m is m]ely "o (      
prec$5ce8 ,nay1 x is virtue itself & its
 p[]s :i* are 9 "q4 ,x _c be virtue if x
 c foll[2 ! place ( virtue is fir/1 %e  
ought to lead1 to comm&1 to /& 9 !      
highe/ rank2 y bid h] look = a cue to   

foll[4 ,:at1 asks our oppon5t1 does t   
matt] to y8 ,i also decl>e t happ9ess is
 impossible )\t virtue4 ,)\t virtue ,i  
disapprove ( & condemn ! v pleasures :i*
 ,i pursue1 & to :i* ,i h surr5d]$      
myself4 ,! only matt] 9 dispute is ?is1 
:e!r virtue be ! cause ( ! highe/ good1 
or :e!r x be itself ! highe/ good4 ,d y 
suppose1 ?\gh ?is be ! only po9t 9 "q1 t
 x is a m]e matt] ( prec$5ce8 ,x is a   
confusion & obvi\s bl9dness to pref] !  
la/ to ! fir/4 ,i am n angry at virtue  
be+ plac$ bel[ pleasure1 b at h] be+    
mix$ up at all ) pleasure1 :i* %e       
despises1 ^: enemy %e is1 & f :i* %e    
sep>ates h]self z f> z possible1 be+ m  
at home ) lab\r & sorr[1 :i* are manly  
tr\bles1 ?an ) y\r womani% good ?+s4    
,,iii4 ,x 0 necess>y to ins]t ?is       
argum5t1 my ,lib]alis1 because x is ! "p
 ( virtue to be/[ ^? b5efits :i* we are 
n[ discuss+1 & x is mo/ disgraceful to  
be/[ b5efits = any o!r purpose ?an t !y 
%\ld be free gifts4 ,if we give ) ! hope
 ( receiv+ a return1 we %\ld give to !  

ri*e/ m51 n to ! mo/ des]v+3 :]eas we   
pref] a virtu\s poor man to an unmann]ly
 ri* "o4 ,t is n a b5efit1 :i* takes    
into consid]ation ! =tune ( ! receiv]4  
,moreov]1 if our only motive = b5efit+  
o!rs 0 our own advantage1 ^? :o c\ld mo/
 easily di/ribute b5efits1 su* z ri* &  
p[]ful m51 or k+s1 & p]sons :o d n /& 9 
ne$ ( ! help ( o!rs1 ought nev] to d s  
at all2 ! gods w\ld n be/[ ^u u !       
c\ntless bless+s :i* !y p\r ^u u        
unceas+ly by night & by day1 = _! own   
nature suffices !m 9 all respects1 &    
r5d]s !m complete1 safe1 & beyond ! rea*
 ( h>m2 !y w1 !re=e1 nev] be/[ a b5efit 
^u any "o1 if self & self int]e/ be !   
only cause = ! be/[al ( b5efits4 ,to    
take ?\ght1 n :]e y\r b5efit w be be/   
be/[$1 b :]e x may be mo/ pr(itably     
plac$ at int]e/1 f :5ce y w mo/ easily  
get x back1 is n be/[al ( b5efits1 b    
usury4 ,n[ ! gods h no?+ to d ) usury2 x
 foll[s1 !re=e1 t !y _c be lib]al2 = if 
! only reason = giv+ is ! advantage ( ! 
giv]1 s9ce ,god _c hope to receive any  

advantages f u1 !re is no cause :y ,god 
%\ld give any?+4  ,,iv4 ,i "k :at answ] 
may be made to ?is4 ,true2 !re=e ,god   
does n be/[ b5efits1 b1 free f c>e &    
unm9dful ( u1 ,he turns away f our _w & 
ei!r does some?+ else1 or else does     
no?+1 :i* ,epicurus ?\ght ! greate/     
possible happ9ess1 & ,he is n affect$   
ei!r by b5efits or by injuries4 ,! man  
:o says ?is _c surely he> ! voices (    
wor%ipp]s1 & ( ^? :o all ar\nd him are  
rais+ _! h&s to heav5 & pray+ = !       
success bo? ( _! private affairs & ^? ( 
! /ate2 :i* c]ta9ly w\ld n be ! case1   
all m5 w\ld n agree 9 ?is madness (     
appeal+ to deaf & helpless gods1 unless 
we knew t _! b5efits are sometimes be/[$
 ^u u unask$1 sometimes 9 answ] to our  
pray]s1 & t !y give u bo? great &       
seasonable gifts1 :i* %ield u f ! mo/   
t]rible dang]s4 ,:o is !re s poor1 s    
unc>$ =1 born to sorr[ by s unk9d a     
fate1 z nev] to h felt ! va/ g5]osity ( 
! ,gods8 ,look ev5 at ^? :o compla9 &   
are discont5t$ ) _! lot2 y w f9d t !y   

are n altoge!r )\t a %>e 9 ! b\nty (    
heav51 t !re is no "o ^u :om some?+ has 
n be5 %$ f t mo/ graci\s f\nt4 ,is !    
gift :i* is be/[$ ^u all alike1 at _!   
bir?1 n en\gh8 ,h[ev] unequally !       
bless+s ( aft] life may be dealt out to 
u1 did nature give u too little :5 %e   
gave u h]self8  ,v4 ,x is said1 ,god    
does n be/[ b5efits4 ,:5ce1 !n1 comes   
all t y possess1 t y give or refuse to  
give1 t y ho>d or /eal8 :5ce come ^!    
innum]able delights ( our eyes1 our e>s1
 & our m9ds8 :5ce ! pl5ty :i* provides u
 ev5 ) luxury--= x is n our b>e         
necessities alone aga9/ :i* provision is
 made2 we are lov$ s mu* z actually to  
be pamp]$--:5ce s _m trees be>+ v>i\s   
fruits1 s _m :olesome h]bs1 s _m diff]5t
 sorts ( food di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 s
 t ev5 ! slo?ful may f9d su/5ance 9 !   
*ance produce ( ! e>?8 ,!n1 too1 :5ce   
come ! liv+ creatures ( all k9ds1 "s    
inhabit+ ! dry l&1 o!rs ! wat]s1 o!rs   
alight+ f ! sky1 t e "p ( nature may pay
 u "s tribute2 ! riv]s :i* encircle our 

mead[s ) mo/ beaute\s b5ds1 ! o!rs :i*  
af=d a passage to m]*ant fleets z !y fl[
 on1 wide & navigable1 "s ( :i* 9 summ] 
"t are subject to extraord9>y ov]fl[+s 9
 ord] t l&s ly+ p>*$ "u a gl[+ sun may  
sudd5ly be wat]$ by ! ru% ( a midsumm]  
torr5t8  ,:at ( ! f\nta9s ( m$ic9al     
wat]s8 ,:at ( ! bur/+ =? ( w>m wat]s ^u 
! sea%ore itself8 ,%all ,i    ,tell ( ! 
seas r\nd ,italy t fl[1    ,:i* laves h]
 %ore above1 & :i* bel[2    ,or ( h]    
lakes1 unrivall$ ,l>ius1 !e1    ,or !e1 
,b5acus1 ro>+ l a sea8  ,,vi4 ,if any "o
 gave y a few acres1 y w\ld say t y _h  
receiv$ a b5efit2 c y d5y t ! b\ndless  
ext5t ( ! e>? is a b5efit8 ,if any "o   
gave y money1 & fill$ y\r *e/1 s9ce y   
?9k t s important1 y w\ld call t a      
b5efit4 ,god has buri$ c\ntless m9es 9 !
 e>?1 has p\r$ out f ! e>? c\ntless     
riv]s1 roll+ s&s ( gold2 ,he has        
conceal$ 9 e place huge masses ( silv]1 
copp] & iron1 & has be/[$ ^u y ! means (
 discov]+ !m1 plac+ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?
 signs ( ! treasures hidd5 bel[2 & yet d

 y say t y h receiv$ no b5efit8 ,if a   
h\se 7 giv5 y1 bright ) m>ble1 its ro(  
beautifully pa9t$ ) col\rs & gild+1 y   
w\ld call x no small b5efit4 ,god has   
built = y a huge mansion t fe>s no fire 
or ru91 9 :i* y see no flimsy v5e]s1    
?9n] ?an ! v saw ) :i* !y are cut1 b va/
 blocks ( mo/ preci\s /one1 all compos$ 
( ^? v>i\s & diff]5t sub/ances ^:       
paltrie/ fragm5ts y admire s mu*2 he has
 built a ro( :i* glitt]s 9 "o fa%ion by 
day1 & 9 ano!r by night2 & yet d y say t
 y h receiv$ no b5efit8 ,:5 y s greatly 
prize :at y possess1 d y act ! "p ( an  
ungrateful man1 & ?9k t !re is no "o to 
:om y are indebt$ = !m8 ,:5ce comes !   
brea? :i* y draw8 ! light by :i* y      
arrange & p]=m all ! actions ( y\r life8
 ! blood by ^: circulation y\r vital    
w>m? is ma9ta9$8 ^? meats :i* excite y\r
 palate by _! delicate flav\r aft] y\r  
hung] is appeas$8 ^? provocatives :i*   
r\se y :5 we>i$ ) pleasure8 t repose 9  
:i* y are rott+ & m\ld]+8 ,w y n1 if y  
are grateful1 say--    ',tis to a god t 

?is repose ,i owe1    ,= him ,i wor%ip1 
z a god bel[4    ,(t on 8 alt> %all my  
fir/l+s ble$1    ,see1 by 8 b\nty "h )  
ru/ic re$    ,i play ! airs ,i love !   
livelong day1    ,! :ile my ox5 r\nd    
ab\t me /ray4  ,! true ,god is he :o has
 plac$1 n a few ox51 b all ! h]ds on _! 
pa/ures ?r\gh\t ! _w2 :o furni%es food  
to ! flocks :]ev] !y w&]2 :o has orda9$ 
! alt]nation ( summ] & w9t] pa/urage1 & 
has taught u n m]ely to play ^u a re$1 &
 to r$uce to "s ord] a ru/ic & artless  
song1 b :o has inv5t$ s _m arts &       
v>ieties ( voice1 s _m notes to make    
music1 "s ) our own brea?1 "s )         
in/rum5ts4 ,y _c call our inv5tions our 
own any m ?an y call our gr[? our own1  
or ! v>i\s bodily functions :i*         
correspond to ea* /age ( our lives2 at  
"o "t comes ! loss ( *ildhood's tee?1 at
 ano!r1 :5 our age is advanc+ & gr[+    
into robu/] manhood1 pub]ty & ! la/     
wisdom-too? m>ks ! end ( our y\?4 ,we h 
implant$ 9 u ! se$s ( all ages1 ( all   
arts1 & ,god our ma/] br+s =? our       

intellects f obscurity4  ,,vii4 ,nature1
 says my oppon5t1 gives me all ?is4 ,d y
 n p]ceive :5 y say ?is t y m]ely speak 
( ,god "u ano!r "n8 = :at is nature b   
,god & div9e reason1 :i* p]vades !      
univ]se & all its p>ts8 ,y may address !
 au?or ( our _w by z _m diff]5t titles z
 y please2 y may rightly call him       
,jupit]1 ,be/ & ,greate/1 & ! ,?und]]1  
or ! ,/ay]1 s call$1 n because1 z !     
hi/orians tell u1 he /ay$ ! flight ( !  
,roman army 9 answ] to ! pray] (        
,romulus1 b because all ?+s cont9ue 9 _!
 /ay ?r\gh 8 goodness4 ,if y 7 to call  
?is same p]sonage ,fate1 y w\ld n lie2 =
 s9ce fate is no?+ m ?an a connect$ *a9 
( causes1 he is ! fir/ cause ( all ^u   
:i* all ! re/ dep5d4 ,y w also be "r 9  
apply+ to him any names t y please :i*  
express sup]natural /r5g? & p[]3 he may 
h z _m titles z he has attributes4      
,,viii4 ,our s*ool reg>ds him z ,fa!r   
,lib]1 & ,h]cules1 & ,m]curius3 he is   
,fa!r ,lib] because he is ! p>5t ( all1 
:o fir/ discov]$ ! p[] ( se$1 & our be+ 

l$ by pleasure to plant x2 he is        
,h]cules1 because 8 might is unconqu]$1 
& :5 x is we>i$ aft] complet+ its       
lab\rs1 w retire into fire2 he is       
,m]curius1 because 9 him is reason+1 &  
numb]s1 & sy/em1 & k4 ,:i!r-soev] y turn
 y\rself y w see him meet+ y3 no?+ is   
void ( him1 he himself fills 8 own "w4  
,!re=e1 mo/ ungrateful ( mortals1 x is 9
 va9 t y decl>e y\rself indebt$1 n to   
,god1 b to nature1 because !re c be no  
,god )\t nature1 nor any nature )\t     
,god2 !y are bo? ! same ?+1 diff]+ only 
9 _! functions4 ,if y 7 to say t y owe  
to ,annaeus or to ,lucius :at y receiv$ 
f ,s5eca1 y w\ld n *ange y\r cr$itor1 b 
only 8 "n1 because he rema9s ! same man 
:e!r y use 8 fir/1 second1 or ?ird "n4  
,s :e!r y speak ( nature1 fate1 or      
=tune1 ^! are all names ( ! same ,god1  
us+ 8 p[] 9 diff]5t ways4 ,s likewise   
ju/ice1 hone/y1 discretion1 c\rage1     
frugality1 are all ! good qualities ( "o
 & ! same m9d2 if y are pleas$ ) any "o 
( ^!1 y are pleas$ ) t m9d4  ,,ix4      

,h[ev]1 n to drift aside into a di/9ct  
controv]sy1 ,god be/[s ^u u v _m & v    
great b5efits )\t hope ( receiv+ any    
return2 s9ce he does n require any (f]+ 
f u1 & we are n capable ( be/[+ any?+ ^u
 him3 :]e=e1 a b5efit is desirable 9    
itself4 ,9 x ! advantage ( ! receiv] is 
all t is tak5 into consid]ation3 we /udy
 ?is )\t reg>d+ our own int]e/s4 ,yet1  
argues our oppon5t1 y say t we ought to 
*oose ) c>e ! p]sons ^u :om we be/[     
b5efits1 because nei!r d husb&m5 s[ se$ 
9 ! s&3 n[ if ?is be true1 we foll[ our 
own int]e/ 9 be/[+ b5efits1 j z mu* z 9 
pl\gh+ & s[+3 = s[+ is n desirable 9    
itself4 ,besides ?is y inquire :]e & h[ 
y ought to be/[ a b5efit1 :i* w\ld n ne$
 to be done if ! be/[al ( a b5efit 0    
desirable 9 itself3 because 9 :atev]    
place & :atev] mann] x might be be/[$1 x
 /ill w\ld be a b5efit4 ,we seek to d   
hon\rable acts1 solely because !y are   
hon\rable2 yet ev5 ?\gh we ne$ ?9k (    
no?+ else1 we consid] to :om we %all d  
!m1 & :51 & h[2 = 9 ^! po9ts ! act has  

its be+4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ,i *oose ^u :om 
,i %all be/[ a b5efit1 & :5 ,i aim at   
mak+ x a b5efit2 because if x 7 be/[$ ^u
 a base p]son1 x c\ld nei!r be a b5efit 
nor an hon\rable action4  ,x4 ,to re/ore
 :at has be5 entru/$ to "o is desirable 
9 itself2 yet ,i %all n always re/ore x1
 nor %all ,i d s 9 any place or at any  
"t y please4 ,sometimes x makes no      
diff]5ce :e!r ,i d5y t ,i h receiv$ x1  
or return x op5ly4 ,i %all consid] !    
int]e/s ( ! p]son to :om ,i am to return
 x1 & %all d5y t ,i h receiv$ a deposit1
 :i* w\ld injure him if return$4 ,i %all
 act 9 ! same mann] 9 be/[+ a b5efit3 ,i
 %all consid] :5 to give x1 to :om1 9   
:at mann]1 & on :at gr\nds4 ,no?+ ought 
to be done )\t a reason3 a b5efit is n  
truly s1 if x be be/[$ )\t a reason1    
s9ce reason accompanies all honorable   
action4 ,h[ (t5 d we he> m5 reproa*+    
!mselves = "s ?\ghtless gift1 & say+1 ,i
 _h r h ?r[n x away ?an h giv5 x to him6
 ,:at is ?\ghtlessly giv5 away is lo/ 9 
! mo/ discr$itable mann]1 & x is mu*    

worse to h be/[$ a b5efit badly ?an to h
 receiv$ no return = x2 t we receive no 
return is ! fault ( ano!r2 t we did n   
*oose ^u :om we %\ld be/[ x1 is our own4
 ,9 *oos+ a fit p]son1 ,i %all n1 z y   
expect1 pay ! lea/ att5tion to :e!r ,i  
am likely to get any return f him1 = ,i 
*oose "o :o w be grateful1 n "o :o w    
return my goodness1 & x (t5 happ5s t !  
man :o makes no return is grateful1 :ile
 he :o returns a b5efit is ungrateful = 
x4 ,i value m5 by _! he>ts alone1 &1    
!re=e1 ,i %all pass ov] a ri* man if he 
be unwor?y1 & give to a good man ?\gh he
 be poor2 = he w be grateful h[ev]      
de/itute he may be1 s9ce :atev] he may  
lose1 8 he>t w /ill be left him4  ,,xi4 
,i d n fi% = ga91 = pleasure1 or =      
cr$it1 by be/[+ b5efits3 satisfi$ 9 do+ 
s ) pleas+ "o man alone1 ,i %all give 9 
ord] to d my duty4 ,duty1 h[ev]1 leaves 
"o "s *oice2 d y ask me1 h[ ,i am to    
*oose8 ,i %all *oose an hone/1 pla91    
man1 ) a good memory1 & grateful =      
k9dness2 "o :o keeps 8 h&s (f o!r m5's  

goods1 yet does n gre$ily hold to 8 own1
 & :o is k9d to o!rs2 :5 ,i h *os5 su* a
 man1 ,i %all h act$ to my m9d1 al?\gh  
=tune may h be/[$ ^u him no means (     
return+ my k9dness4 ,if my own advantage
 & mean calculation made me lib]al1 if  
,i did no "o any s]vice except 9 ord] t 
he might 9 turn d a s]vice to me1 ,i    
%\ld nev] be/[ a b5efit ^u "o :o 0 sett+
 out = di/ant & =eign c\ntries1 nev] to 
return2 ,i %\ld n be/[ a b5efit ^u "o :o
 0 s ill z to be pa/ hope ( recov]y1 nor
 %\ld ,i d s :5 ,i myself 0 fail+1      
because ,i %\ld n live long en\gh to    
receive any return4 ,yet1 t y may "k t  
to d good is desirable 9 itself1 we af=d
 help to /rang]s :o put into our h>b\r  
only to leave x /raightway2 we give a   
%ip & fit x out = a %ipwreck$ /rang] to 
sail back 9 to 8 own c\ntry4 ,he leaves 
u h>dly kn[+ :o x 0 :o sav$ him1 &1 z he
 w nev] return to our pres5ce1 he h&s   
ov] 8 debt ( gratitude to ! gods1 &     
besee*es !m to fulfil x = him3 9 !      
mean:ile we rejoice 9 ! b>r5 k t we h   

done a good action4 ,:at8 :5 we /& ^u ! 
extreme v]ge ( life1 & make our wills1 d
 we n assign to o!rs b5efits f :i* we   
ourselves %all receive no advantage8 ,h[
 mu* "t we wa/e1 h[ long we consid] 9   
secret h[ mu* prop]ty we are to leave1 &
 to :om6 ,:at !n8 does x make any       
diff]5ce to u to :om we leave our       
prop]ty1 see+ t we _c expect any return 
f any "o8 ,yet we nev] give any?+ ) m   
c>e1 we nev] take su* pa9s 9 decid+ ^u  
our v]dict1 z :51 )\t any views (       
p]sonal advantage1 we ?9k only ( :at is 
hon\rable1 = we are bad judges ( our    
duty z long z our view ( x is di/ort$ by
 hope & fe>1 & t mo/ indol5t ( vices1   
pleasure3 b :5 dea? has %ut (f all ^!1 &
 br\ght u z incorrupt judges to pron\nce
 s5t5ce1 we seek = ! mo/ wor?y m5 to    
leave our prop]ty to1 & we nev] take m  
scrupul\s c>e ?an 9 decid+ :at is to be 
done ) :at does n conc]n u4 ,yet1 by    
,h]cules1 !n !re /eals ov] u a great    
satisfaction z we ?9k1 ,i %all make ?is 
man ri*]1 & by be/[+ weal? ^u t man ,i  

%all add lu/re to 8 high position4      
,inde$1 if we nev] give )\t expect+ "s  
return1 we mu/ all die )\t mak+ our     
wills4  ,,xii4 ,x may be said1 ,y def9e 
a b5efit z a loan :i* _c be repaid3 n[ a
 loan is n a desirable ?+ 9 itself4 ,:5 
we speak ( a loan1 we make use ( a      
figure1 or comp>ison1 j z we speak ( law
 z2 ! /&>d ( "r & wrong1 al?\gh a /&>d  
is n a ?+ to be desir$ = its own sake4  
,i h adopt$ ?is phrase 9 ord] to        
illu/rate my subject3 :5 ,i speak ( a   
loan1 ,i mu/ be und]/ood to mean some?+ 
resembl+ a loan4 ,d y wi% to "k h[ x    
diff]s f "o8 ,i add ! words :i* _c be   
repaid1 :]eas e loan bo? c & ought to be
 repaid4 ,x is s f> f be+ "r to be/[ a  
b5efit = "o's own advantage1 t (t51 z ,i
 h expla9$1 x is "o's duty to be/[ x :5 
x involves "o's own loss & risk3 =      
in/ance1 if ,i assi/ a man :5 beset by  
robb]s1 s t he gets away f !m safely1 or
 help "s victim ( p[]1 & br+ ^u myself !
 p>ty spite ( a body ( influ5tial m51 v1
 probably incurr+ myself ! same disgrace

 f :i* ,i sav$ him1 al?\gh ,i might h   
tak5 ! o!r side1 & look$ on ) safety at 
/ruggles ) :i* ,i h no?+ to d3 if ,i 7  
to give bail = "o :o has be5 condemn$1 &
 :5 my fri5d's goods 7 adv]tis$ = sale  
,i 7 to give a bond to ! effect t ,i    
w\ld make re/itution to ! cr$itors1 if1 
9 ord] to save a proscrib$ p]son ,i     
myself run ! risk ( be+ proscrib$4 ,no  
"o1 :5 ab\t to buy a villa at ,tusculum 
or ,tibur1 = a summ] retreat1 because ( 
! heal? ( ! locality1 consid]s h[ _m    
ye>s' pur*ase he gives = x2 ?is mu/ be  
look$ to by ! man :o makes a pr(it by x4
 ,! same is true ) b5efits2 :5 y ask :at
 return ,i get = !m1 ,i answ]1 !        
consci\sness ( a good action4 ,:at      
return does "o get = b5efits8 ,pray tell
 me :at return "o gets = righte\sness1  
innoc5ce1 magnanimity1 *a/ity1          
temp]ance8 ,if y wi% = any?+ beyond ^!  
virtues1 y d n wi% = ! virtues !mselves4
 ,= :at does ! ord] ( ! univ]se br+ r\nd
 ! seasons8 = :at does ! sun make ! day 
n[ long] & n[ %ort]8 all ^! ?+s are     

b5efits1 = !y take place = our good4 ,z 
x is ! duty ( ! univ]se to ma9ta9 ! r\nd
 ( ! seasons1 z x is ! duty ( ! sun to  
v>y ! po9ts ( 8 ris+ & sett+1 & to d all
 ^! ?+s by :i* we pr(it1 )\t any rew>d1 
s is x ! duty ( man1 among/ o!r ?+s1 to 
be/[ b5efits4 ,:]e=e !n does he give8   
,he gives = fe> t he %\ld n give1 le/ he
 might lose an opportunity ( do+ a good 
action4  ,,xiii4 ,y ,epicureans take    
pleasure 9 mak+ a /udy ( dull torpidity1
 9 seek+ = a repose :i* diff]s little f 
s\nd sleep1 9 lurk+ b5ea? ! ?icke/ %ade1
 9 amus+ ) ! feeble/ possible tra9s (   
?\ght t sluggi% condition ( y\r languid 
m9ds :i* y t]m tranquil contemplation1 &
 9 /uff+ ) food & dr9k1 9 ! recesses (  
y\r g>d5s1 y\r bodies :i* are pallid )  
want ( ex]cise2 we ,/oics1 on ! o!r h&1 
take pleasure 9 be/[+ b5efits1 ev5 ?\gh 
!y co/ u lab\r1 provid$ t !y light5 !   
lab\rs ( o!rs2 ?\gh !y lead u into      
dang]1 provid$ t !y save o!rs1 ?\gh !y  
/rait5 our means1 if !y alleviate !     
pov]ty & di/resses ( o!rs4 ,:at diff]5ce

 does x make to me :e!r ,i receive      
b5efits or n8 ev5 if ,i receive !m1 x is
 /ill my duty to be/[ !m4 ,a b5efit has 
9 view ! advantage ( him ^u :om we be/[ 
x1 n our own2 o!rwise we m]ely be/[ x ^u
 ourselves4 ,_m ?+s1 !re=e1 :i* are ( ! 
greate/ possible use to o!rs lose all   
claim to gratitude by be+ paid =4       
,m]*ants are ( use to cities1 physicians
 to invalids1 deal]s to slaves2 yet all 
^! h no claim to ! gratitude ( ^? :om !y
 b5efit1 because !y seek _! own         
advantage ?r\gh t ( o!rs4 ,t :i* is     
be/[$ ) a view to pr(it is n a b5efit4  
,i w give ?is 9 ord] t ,i may get a     
return = x is ! language ( a brok]4     
,,xiv4 ,i %\ld n call a woman mode/1 if 
%e rebuff$ h] lov] 9 ord] to increase 8 
passion1 or because %e fe>$ ! law or h] 
husb&2 z ,ovid says3    ,%e t d5ies1    
because %e does n d>e    ,to yield1 9 _s
 grants h] lov]'s pray]4  ,inde$1 !     
woman :o owes h] *a/ity1 n to h] own    
virtue1 b to fe>1 may rightly be class$ 
z a s9n]4 ,9 ! same mann]1 he :o m]ely  

gave 9 ord] t he might receive1 _c be   
said to h giv54 ,pray1 d we be/[ b5efits
 ^u animals :5 we fe$ !m = our use or = 
our table8 d we be/[ b5efits ^u trees :5
 we t5d !m t !y may n suff] f dr\ght or 
f h>dness ( gr\nd8 ,no "o is mov$ by    
righte\sness & goodness ( he>t to       
cultivate an e/ate1 or to d any act 9   
:i* ! rew>d is some?+ ap>t f ! act      
itself2 b he is mov$ to be/[ b5efits1 n 
by l[ & grasp+ motives1 b by a k9d &    
g5]\s m9d1 :i* ev5 aft] x has giv5 is   
will+ to give aga91 to r5ew its =m]     
b\nties by fre% ones1 :i* ?9ks only ( h[
 mu* good x c d ! man to :om x gives2   
:]eas to d any "o a s]vice because x is 
our int]e/ to d s is a mean action1 :i* 
des]ves no praise1 no cr$it4 ,:at gr&eur
 is !re 9 lov+ oneself1 sp>+ oneself1   
ga9+ pr(it = oneself8 ,! true love (    
giv+ calls u away f all ?is1 =cibly     
leads u to put up ) loss1 & =egoes its  
own int]e/1 d]iv+ its greate/ pleasure f
 ! m]e act ( do+ good4  ,,xv4 ,c we d\bt
 t ! conv]se ( a b5efit is an injury8 ,z

 ! infliction ( injuries is a ?+ to be  
avoid$1 s is ! be/[al ( b5efits to be   
desir$ = its own sake4 ,9 ! =m]1 !      
disgrace ( crime outweighs all !        
advantages :i* incite u to commit x2    
:ile we are urg$ to ! latt] c\rse by !  
appe>ance ( hon\r1 9 itself a p[]ful    
inc5tive to action1 :i* att5ds x4  ,i   
%\ld n lie if ,i 7 to affirm t e "o     
takes pleasure 9 ! b5efits :i* he has   
be/[$1 t ev]yone loves be/ to see ! man 
:om he has mo/ l>gely b5efit$4 ,:o does 
n ?9ks t to h be/[$ "o b5efit is a      
reason = be/[+ a second8 & w\ld ?is be  
s1 if ! act ( giv+ did n itself give u  
pleasure8 ,h[ (t5 y may he> a man say1  
,i _c be> to des]t "o ^: life ,i h      
pres]v$1 :om ,i h sav$ f dang]4 ,true1  
he asks me to plead 8 cause aga9/ m5 (  
great influ5ce4 ,i d n wi% to d s1 yet  
:at am ,i to d8 ,i h already help$ him  
once1 nay twice4 ,d y n p]ceive h[ v    
p[]ful ?is in/9ct mu/ be1 if x leads u  
to be/[ b5efits fir/ because x is "r to 
d s1 & aft]w>ds because we h already    

be/[$ some:at8 ,?\gh at ! outset a man  
may h _h no claim ^u u1 we yet cont9ue  
to give to him because we h already giv5
 to him4 ,s untrue is x t we are urg$ to
 be/[ b5efits by our own int]e/1 t ev5  
:5 our b5efits prove failures we cont9ue
 to nurse !m & enc\rage !m out ( %e]    
love ( b5efit+1 :i* has a natural       
weakness ev5 = :at has be5 ill-be/[$1 l 
t :i* we feel = our vici\s *ildr54      
,,xvi4 ,^! same adv]s>ies ( ours admit t
 !y are grateful1 yet n because x is    
hon\rable1 b because x is pr(itable to  
be s4 ,?is c be prov$ to be untrue all !
 m easily1 because x c be e/abli%$ by ! 
same argum5ts by :i* we h e/abli%$ t to 
be/[ a b5efit is desirable = its own    
sake4 ,all our argum5ts />t f ?is settl$
 po9t1 t hon\r is pursu$ = no reason    
except because x is hon\r4 ,n[1 :o w    
v5ture to raise ! "q :e!r x be hon\rable
 to be grateful8 :o does n loa! !       
ungrateful man1 useless z he is ev5 to  
himself8 ,h[ d y feel :5 any "o is spok5
 ( z be+ ungrateful = great b5efits     

conf]r$ ^u him by a fri5d8 ,is x z ?\gh 
he _h done some?+ base1 or _h m]ely     
neglect$ to d some?+ useful & likely to 
be pr(itable to himself8 ,i imag9e t y  
?9k him a bad man1 & "o :o des]ves      
puni%m5t1 n "o :o ne$s a gu>dian2 & ?is 
w\ld n be ! case1 unless gratitude 7    
desirable 9 itself & hon\rable4 ,o!r    
qualities1 x may be1 manife/ _!         
importance less cle>ly1 & require an    
explanation to prove :e!r !y be         
hon\rable or no2 ?is is op5ly prov$ to  
be s 9 ! sight ( all1 & is too beautiful
 = any?+ to obscure or dim its glory4   
,:at is m praisewor?y1 ^u :at are all m5
 m univ]sally agre$1 ?an to return      
gratitude = good (fices8  ,,xvii4 ,pray 
tell me1 :at is x t urges u to d s8 ,is 
x pr(it8 ,:y1 unless a man despises     
pr(it1 he is n grateful4 ,is x ambition8
 :y1 :at is !re to boa/ ( 9 hav+ paid   
:at y owe8 ,is x fe>8 ,! ungrateful man 
feels none1 = aga9/ ?is "o crime we h   
provid$ no law1 z ?\gh nature _h tak5   
suffici5t precautions aga9/ x4 ,j z !re 

is no law :i* bids p>5ts love & indulge 
_! *ildr51 see+ t x is sup]flu\s to =ce 
u into ! pa? :i* we naturally take1 j z 
no "o ne$s to be urg$ to love himself1  
s9ce self-love beg9s to act ^u him z    
soon z he is born1 s !re is no law bidd+
 u to seek t :i* is hon\rable 9 itself2 
= su* ?+s please u by _! v nature1 & s  
attractive is virtue t ! disposition ev5
 ( bad m5 leads !m to approve ( good r  
?an ( evil4 ,:o is !re :o does n wi% to 
appe> b5efic5t1 :o does n ev5 :5 /eep$ 9
 crime & wrong-do+ /rive aft] !         
appe>ance ( goodness1 does n put "s %[ (
 ju/ice ^u ev5 8 mo/ intemp]ate acts1 & 
endeav\r to seem to h conf]r$ a b5efit  
ev5 ^u ^? :om he has injur$8            
,consequ5tly1 m5 all[ !mselves to be    
?ank$ by ^? :om !y h ru9$1 & pret5d to  
be good & g5]\s1 because !y _c prove    
!mselves s2 & ?is !y nev] w\ld d 7 x n t
 a love ( hon\r = its own sake =ces !m  
to seek a reputation q at v>iance ) _!  
real "*1 & to conceal _! bas5ess1 a     
quality ^: fruits we covet1 ?\gh we     

reg>d x itself ) dislike & %ame4 ,no "o 
has ev] s f> rebell$ aga9/ ! laws (     
nature & put (f human feel+ z to act    
basely = m]e amusem5t4 ,ask any ( ^? :o 
live by robb]y :e!r he w\ld n r obta9   
:at he /eals & plund]s by hone/ means2 !
 man ^: trade is highway robb]y & !     
murd] ( travell]s w\ld r f9d 8 booty ?an
 take x by =ce2 y w f9d no "o :o w\ld n 
pref] to enjoy ! fruits ( wick$ness )\t 
act+ wick$ly4 ,nature be/[s ^u u all ?is
 imm5se advantage1 t ! light ( virtue   
%9es into ! m9ds ( all alike2 ev5 ^? :o 
d n foll[ h]1 behold h]4  ,,xviii4 ,a   
pro( t gratitude is desirable = itself  
lies 9 ! fact t +ratitude is to be      
avoid$ = itself1 because no vice m      
p[]fully r5ds asund] & de/roys ! union (
 ! human race4 ,to :at d we tru/ =      
safety1 if n 9 mutual good (fices "o to 
ano!r8 ,x is by ! int]*ange ( b5efits   
alone t we ga9 "s measure ( protection =
 our lives1 & ( safety aga9/ sudd5      
disa/]s4 ,tak5 s+ly1 :at %\ld we be8 a  
prey & qu>ry = wild bea/s1 a lusci\s &  

easy banquet2 = :ile all o!r animals h  
suffici5t /r5g? to protect !mselves1 &  
^? :i* are born to a w&]+ solit>y life  
are arm$1 man is cov]$ by a s(t sk91 has
 no p[]ful tee? or claws ) :i* to t]rify
 o!r creatures1 b weak & nak$ by himself
 is made /rong by union4  ,god has be/[$
 ^u him two gifts1 reason & union1 :i*  
raise him f weakness to ! highe/ p[]2 & 
s he1 :o if tak5 alone w\ld be inf]ior  
to e o!r creature1 possesses supreme    
dom9ion4 ,union has giv5 him sov]eignty 
ov] all animals2 union has enabl$ a be+ 
born ^u ! e>? to assume p[] ov] a =eign 
elem5t1 & bids him be "l ( ! sea also2 x
 is union :i* has *eck$ ! inroads (     
disease1 provid$ supports = our old age1
 & giv5 u relief f pa92 x is union :i*  
makes u /rong1 & to :i* we look =       
protection aga9/ ! caprices ( =tune4    
,take away union1 & y w r5d asund] !    
association by :i* ! human race pres]ves
 its exi/5ce2 yet y w take x away if y  
succe$ 9 prov+ t +ratitude is n to be   
avoid$ = itself1 b because some?+ is to 

be fe>$ = x2 = h[ _m are !re :o c )     
safety be ungrateful8 ,9 f9e1 ,i call e 
man ungrateful :o is m]ely made grateful
 by fe>4  ,,xix4 ,no sane man fe>s !    
gods2 = x is madness to fe> :at is      
b5eficial1 & no man loves ^? :om he     
fe>s4 ,y1 ,epicurus1 end$ by mak+ ,god  
un>m$2 y /ripp$ him ( all weapons1 ( all
 p[]1 &1 le/ anyone %\ld fe> him1 y     
bani%$ him out ( ! _w4 ,!re is no reason
 :y y %\ld fe> ?is be+1 cut (f z he is1 
& sep>at$ f ! sight & t\* ( mortals by a
 va/ & impassable wall2 he has no p[]   
ei!r ( rew>d+ or ( injur+ u2 he dwells  
alone half-way betwe5 our heav5 & t (   
ano!r _w1 )\t ! society ei!r ( animals1 
( m51 or ( matt]1 avoid+ ! cra% ( worlds
 z !y fall 9 ru9s above & ar\nd him1 b  
nei!r he>+ our pray]s nor int]e/$ 9 u4  
,yet y wi% to seem to wor%ip ?is be+ j z
 a fa!r1 ) a m9d1 ,i suppose1 full (    
gratitude2 or1 if y d n wi% to seem     
grateful1 :y %\ld y wor%ip him1 s9ce y h
 receiv$ no b5efit f him1 b h be5 put   
toge!r entirely at r&om & by *ance by ^?

 atoms & mites ( y\rs8 ,i wor%ip him1 y 
answ]1 because ( 8 glori\s maje/y & 8   
unique nature4 ,grant+ t y d ?is1 y     
cle>ly d x )\t ! attraction ( any rew>d1
 or any hope2 !re is !re=e some?+ :i* is
 desirable = itself1 ^: own wor?        
attracts y1 t is1 hon\r4 ,n[ :at is m   
hon\rable ?an gratitude8 ! means (      
practis+ ?is virtue are z ext5sive z    
life itself4  ,,xx4 ,yet1 argues he1 !re
 is also a c]ta9 am\nt ( pr(it inh]5t 9 
?is virtue4 ,9 :at virtue is !re n8 ,b t
 :i* we speak ( z desirable = itself is 
su*1 t al?\gh x may possess "s att5dant 
advantages1 yet x w\ld be desirable ev5 
if /ripp$ ( all ^!4 ,x is pr(itable to  
be grateful2 yet ,i w be grateful ev5   
?\gh x h>m me4 ,:at is ! aim ( !        
grateful man8 is x t 8 gratitude may w9 
= him m fri5ds & m b5efits8 ,:at !n8 ,if
 a man is likely to meet ) affronts by  
%[+ 8 gratitude1 if he kn[s t f> f ga9+ 
any?+ by x1 he mu/ lose mu* ev5 ( :at he
 has already acquir$1 w he n *e]fully   
act to 8 own disadvantage8 ,t man is    

ungrateful :o1 9 return+ a k9dness1     
looks =w>d to a second gift--:o hopes   
:ile he repays4 ,i call him ungrateful  
:o sits at ! b$side ( a sick man because
 he is ab\t to make a w1 :5 he is at    
leisure to ?9k ( inh]itances & legacies4
 ,?\gh he may d ev]y?+ :i* a good &     
dutiful fri5d ought to d1 yet1 if any   
hope ( ga9 be float+ 9 8 m9d1 he is a   
m]e legacy-hunt]1 & is angl+ = an       
inh]itance4 ,l ! birds :i* fe$ ^u       
c>cases1 :i* come close to animals      
weak5$ by disease1 & wat* till !y fall1 
s ^! m5 are attract$ by dea? & hov]     
ar\nd a corpse4  ,,xxi4 ,a grateful m9d 
is attract$ only by a s5se ( ! beauty ( 
its purpose4 ,d y wi% to "k ?is to be s1
 & t x is n brib$ by ideas ( pr(it8 ,!re
 are two classes ( grateful m53 a man is
 call$ grateful :o has made "s return = 
:at he receiv$2 ?is man may v possibly  
display himself 9 ?is "*1 he has some?+ 
to boa/ (1 to ref] to4 ,we also call a  
man grateful :o receives a b5efit )     
goodwill1 & owes x to 8 b5efactor )     

goodwill2 yet ?is man's gratitude lies  
conceal$ )9 8 own m9d4 ,:at pr(it c     
accrue to him f ?is lat5t feel+8 yet ?is
 man1 ev5 ?\gh he is n able to d any?+ m
 ?an ?is1 is grateful2 he loves 8       
b5efactor1 he feels 8 debt to him1 he   
longs to repay 8 k9dness2 :atev] else y 
may f9d want+1 !re is no?+ want+ 9 !    
man4 ,he is l a workman :o has n ! tools
 necess>y = ! practice ( 8 craft1 or l a
 tra9$ s+] ^: voice _c be he>d ?r\gh !  
noise ( ^? :o int]rupt him4 ,i wi% to   
repay a k9dness3 aft] ?is !re /ill      
rema9s some?+ = me to d1 n 9 ord] t ,i  
may become grateful1 b t ,i may dis*>ge 
my debt2 =1 9 _m cases1 he :o returns a 
k9dness is ungrateful = x1 & he :o does 
n return x is grateful4 ,l all o!r      
virtues1 ! :ole value ( gratitude lies 9
 ! _s 9 :i* x is done2 s1 if ?is man's  
purpose be loyal1 any %ortcom+s on 8 "p 
are due n to himself1 b to =tune4 ,a man
 :o is sil5t may1 nev]!less1 be eloqu5t2
 8 h&s may be fold$ or ev5 b\nd1 & he   
may yet be /rong2 j z a pilot is a pilot

 ev5 :5 ^u dry l&1 because 8 k is       
complete1 & !re is no?+ want+ to x1 ?\gh
 !re may be ob/acles :i* prev5t 8 mak+  
use ( x4 ,9 ! same way1 a man is        
grateful :o only wi%es to be s1 & :o has
 no "o b himself :o c be> witness to 8  
frame ( m9d4 ,i w g ev5 fur!r ?an ?is3 a
 man sometimes is grateful :5 he appe>s 
to be ungrateful1 :5 ill-judg+ report   
has decl>$ him to be s4 ,su* a man c    
look to no?+ b 8 own consci5ce1 :i* c   
please him ev5 :5 ov]:elm$ by calumny1  
:i* contradicts ! mob & common rum\r1   
relies only ^u itself1 & ?\gh x beholds 
a va/ cr[d ( ! o!r way ( ?9k+ oppos$ to 
x1 does n c\nt heads1 b w9s by its own  
vote alone4 ,%\ld x see its own good    
fai? meet ) ! puni%m5t due to trea*]y1 x
 w n desc5d f its p$e/al1 & w rema9     
sup]ior to its puni%m5t4 ,i h1 x says1  
:at ,i wi%$1 :at ,i /rove =4 ,i d n     
regret x1 nor %all ,i d s2 nor %all     
=tune1 h[ev] unju/ %e may be1 ev] he> me
 say1 ',:at did ,i want8 ,:at n[ is !   
use ( hav+ meant well8' ,a good         

consci5ce is ( value on ! rack1 or 9 !  
fire2 ?\gh fire be appli$ to ea* ( our  
limbs1 gradually encircle our liv+      
bodies1 & bur/ our he>t1 yet if our he>t
 be fill$ ) a good consci5ce1 x w       
rejoice 9 ! fire :i* w make its good    
fai? %9e be=e ! _w4  ,,xxii4 ,n[ let t  
"q also :i* has be5 already /at$ be aga9
 br\ght =w>d2 ,:y is x t we %\ld wi% to 
be grateful :5 we are dy+1 t we %\ld    
c>efully weigh ! v>i\s s]vices r5d]$ u  
by diff]5t individuals1 & c>efully      
review our :ole life1 t we may n seem to
 h =gott5 any k9dness8 ,no?+ !n rema9s =
 u to hope =2 yet :5 on ! v ?re%old1 we 
wi% to dep>t f human life z full (      
gratitude z possible4 ,!re is 9 tru? an 
imm5se rew>d = ?is ?+ m]ely 9 do+ x1 &  
:at is hon\rable has great p[] to       
attract m5's m9ds1 :i* are ov]:elm$ by  
its beauty & c>ri$ (f _! balance1       
en*ant$ by its brilliancy & spl5d\r4    
,yet1 argues our adv]s>y1 f x _m        
advantages take _! rise1 & good m5 obta9
 a saf] life & love1 & ! good op9ion ( !

 bett] class1 :ile _! days are sp5t 9   
great] security :5 accompani$ by        
innoc5ce & gratitude4  ,inde$1 nature   
w\ld h be5 mo/ unju/ _h %e r5d]$ ?is    
great bless+ mis]able1 unc]ta91 &       
fruitless4 ,b consid] ?is po9t1 :e!r y  
w\ld make y\r way to t virtue1 to :i* x 
is g5]ally safe & easy to atta91 ev5    
?\gh ! pa? lay ov] rocks & precipices1 &
 7 beset ) fi]ce bea/s & v5om\s s]p5ts4 
,a virtue is none ! less to be desir$ = 
its own sake1 because x has "s          
adv5titi\s pr(it connect$ ) x3 inde$1 9 
mo/ cases ! noble/ virtues are          
accompani$ by _m extrane\s advantages1 b
 x is ! virtues t lead ! way1 & ^! m]ely
 foll[ 9 _! tra94  ,,xxiii4 ,c we d\bt t
 ! climate ( ?is abode ( ! human race is
 regulat$ by ! motion ( ! sun & moon 9  
_! orbits8 t our bodies are su/a9$1 !   
h>d e>? loos5$1 excessive moi/ure r$uc$1
 & ! surly bonds ( w9t] brok5 by ! heat 
( ! "o1 & t crops are br\ght to rip5ess 
by ! effectual all-p]vad+ w>m? ( ! o!r8 
t ! f]tility ( ! human race corresponds 

to ! c\rses ( ! moon8 t ! sun by its    
revolution m>ks out ! ye>1 & t ! moon1  
mov+ 9 a small] orbit1 m>ks out ! mon?s8
 ,yet1 sett+ aside all ?is1 w\ld n ! sun
 be a sight wor?y to be contemplat$ &   
wor%ipp$1 if he did no m ?an rise & set8
 w\ld n ! moon be wor? look+ at1 ev5 if 
x pass$ uselessly ?r\gh ! heav5s8 ,^:   
att5tion is n arre/$ by ! univ]se       
itself1 :5 by night x p\rs =? its fires 
& glitt]s ) innum]able />s8 ,:o1 :ile he
 admires !m1 ?9ks ( _! be+ ( use to him8
 ,look at t great company glid+ ov] our 
heads1 h[ !y conceal _! swift motion "u 
! semblance ( a fix$ & immovable "w4 ,h[
 mu* takes place 9 t night :i* y make   
use ( m]ely to m>k & c\nt y\r days6 ,:at
 a mass ( ev5ts is be+ prep>$ 9 t       
sil5ce6 ,:at a *a9 ( de/9y _! un]r+ pa? 
is =m+6 ,^? :i* y imag9e to be m]ely    
/rewn ab\t = ornam5t are really "o & all
 at "w4 ,nor is !re any gr\nd = y\r     
belief t only sev5 />s revolve1 & t !   
re/ rema9 /ill3 we und]/& ! orbits ( a  
few1 b c\ntless div9ities1 fur!r remov$ 

f our sight1 come & g2 :ile ! great] "p 
( ^? :om our sight rea*es move 9 a      
my/]i\s mann] & by an unkn[n pa?4       
,,xxiv4 ,:at !n8 w\ld y n be captivat$  
by ! sight ( su* a /up5d\s "w1 ev5 ?\gh 
x did n cov] y1 protect y1 *]i% y1 br+ y
 into exi/5ce & p5etrate y ) its _s8    
,?\gh ^! heav5ly bodies are ( ! v fir/  
importance to u1 & are1 inde$1 ess5tial 
to our life1 yet we c ?9k ( no?+ b _!   
glori\s maje/y1 & simil>ly all virtue1  
especially t ( gratitude1 ?\gh x conf]s 
great advantages ^u u1 does n wi% to be 
lov$ = t reason2 x has some?+ m 9 x ?an 
?is1 & he :o m]ely reckons x among      
useful ?+s does n p]fectly compreh5d x4 
,a man1 y say1 is grateful because x is 
to 8 advantage to be s4 ,if ?is be !    
case1 !n 8 advantage w be ! measure ( 8 
gratitude4 ,virtue w n admit a covet\s  
lov]2 m5 mu/ approa* h] ) op5 purse4 ,! 
ungrateful man ?9ks1 ,i did wi% to be   
grateful1 b ,i fe> ! exp5se & dang] &   
insults to :i* ,i %\ld expose myself3 ,i
 w r consult my own int]e/4 ,m5 _c be   

r5d]$ grateful & ungrateful by ! same   
l9e ( reason+3 _! actions are z di/9ct z
 _! purposes4 ,! "o is ungrateful1      
al?\gh x is wrong1 because x is 8       
int]e/2 ! o!r is grateful1 al?\gh x is n
 8 int]e/1 because x is "r4  ,,xxv4 ,x  
is our aim to live 9 h>mony ) ! s*eme ( 
! univ]se1 & to foll[ ! example ( !     
gods4 ,yet 9 all _! acts ! gods h no    
object 9 view o!r ?an ! act itself1     
unless y suppose t !y obta9 a rew>d = _!
 "w 9 ! smoke ( burnt sacrifices & !    
sc5t ( inc5se4 ,see :at great ?+s !y d e
 day1 h[ mu* !y divide among/ u1 ) h[   
great crops !y fill ! e>?1 h[ !y move ! 
seas ) conv5i5t w9ds to c>ry u to all   
%ores1 h[ by ! fall ( sudd5 %[]s !y s(t5
 ! gr\nd1 r5ew ! dri$-up spr+s (        
f\nta9s1 & call !m into new life by     
unse5 supplies ( wat]4 ,all ?is !y d )\t
 rew>d1 )\t any advantage accru+ to     
!mselves4 ,let our l9e ( conduct1 if x  
w\ld n dep>t f its model1 pres]ve ?is   
direction1 & let u n act hon\rably      
because we are hir$ to d s4 ,we ought to

 feel a%am$ t any b5efit %\ld h a price3
 we pay no?+ = ! gods4  ,,xxvi4 ,if1 our
 adv]s>y may say1 y wi% to imitate !    
gods1 !n be/[ b5efits ^u ! ungrateful z 
well z ! grateful2 = ! sun rises ^u !   
wick$ z well z ! good1 ! seas are op5   
ev5 to pirates4 ,by ?is "q he really    
asks :e!r a good man w\ld be/[ a b5efit 
^u an ungrateful p]son1 kn[+ him to be  
ungrateful4 ,all[ me "h to introduce a  
%ort explanation1 t we may n be tak5 9  
by a deceitful "q4 ,und]/& t accord+ to 
! sy/em ( ! ,/oics !re are two classes (
 ungrateful p]sons4 ,"o man is          
ungrateful because he is a fool2 a fool 
is a bad man2 a man :o is bad possesses 
e vice3 !re=e he is ungrateful4 ,9 !    
same way we speak ( all bad m5 z        
dissolute1 av>ici\s1 luxuri\s1 &        
spiteful1 n because ea* man has all ^!  
vices 9 any great or rem>kable degree1 b
 because he might h !m2 !y are 9 him1   
ev5 ?\gh !y be n se54 ,! second =m (    
ungrateful p]son is he :o is commonly   
meant by ! t]m1 "o :o is incl9$ by      

nature to ?is vice4 ,9 ! case ( him :o  
has ! vice ( +ratitude j z he has e o!r1
 a wise man w be/[ a b5efit1 because if 
he sets aside all su* m5 !re w be no "o 
left = him to be/[ x on4 ,z = !         
ungrateful man :o habitually misapplies 
b5efits & acts s by *oice1 he w no m    
be/[ a b5efit ^u him ?an he w\ld l5d    
money to a sp5d?rift1 or place a deposit
 9 ! h&s ( "o :o _h already (t5 refus$  
to _m p]sons to give up ! prop]ty ) :i* 
!y _h entru/$ him4  ,,xxvii4 ,we call "s
 m5 timid because !y are fools3 9 ?is !y
 are l ! bad m5 :o are /eep$ 9 all vices
 )\t di/9ction4 ,/rictly speak+1 we call
 ^? p]sons timid :o are al>m$ ev5 at    
unmean+ noises4 ,a fool possesses all   
vices1 b he is n equally incl9$ by      
nature to all2 "o is prone to av>ice1   
ano!r to luxury1 & ano!r to insol5ce4   
,^? p]sons1 !re=e1 are mi/ak51 :o ask ! 
,/oics1 ,:at d y say1 !n8 is ,a*illes   
timid8 ,ari/ides1 :o receiv$ a "n =     
ju/ice1 is he unju/8 ,fabius1 :o 'by    
delays retriev$ ! day1' is he ra%8 ,does

 ,decius fe> dea?8 ,is ,mucius a        
traitor8 ,camillus a betray]8 ,we d n   
mean t all vices are inh]5t 9 all m5 9 !
 same way 9 :i* "s especial ones are    
noticeable 9 c]ta9 m51 b we decl>e t !  
bad man & ! fool possess all vices2 we d
 n ev5 acquit !m ( fe> :5 !y are ra%1 or
 ( av>ice :5 !y are extravagant4 ,j z a 
man has all 8 s5ses1 yet all m5 h n on t
 acc\nt z ke5 a sight z ,lynceus1 s a   
man t is a fool has n all vices 9 s     
active & vigor\s a =m z "s p]sons h sp9e
 ( !m1 yet he has !m all4 ,all vices    
exi/ 9 all ( !m1 yet all are n prom95t 9
 ea* individual4 ,"o man is naturally   
prone to av>ice1 ano!r is ! slave ( w9e1
 a ?ird ( lu/2 or1 if n yet enslav$ by  
^! passions1 he is s fa%ion$ by nature t
 ?is is ! direction 9 :i* 8 "* w\ld     
probably lead him4 ,!re=e1 to return to 
my orig9al proposition1 e bad man is    
ungrateful1 because he has ! se$s ( e   
villa9y 9 him2 b he alone is rightly s  
call$ :o is naturally incl9$ to ?is     
vice4 ,^u su* a p]son z ?is1 !re=e1 ,i  

%all n be/[ a b5efit4 ,"o :o betro!d 8  
daught] to an ill-temp]$ man f :om _m   
wom5 _h s\ght a divorce1 w\ld be held to
 h neglect$ h] int]e/s2 a man w\ld be   
?\ght a bad fa!r if he entru/$ ! c>e ( 8
 patrimony to "o :o _h lo/ 8 own family 
e/ate1 & x w\ld be ! act ( a madman to  
make a w nam+ z ! gu>dian ( "o's son a  
man :o _h already defraud$ o!r w>ds4 ,s 
w t man be said to be/[ b5efits z badly 
z possible1 :o *ooses ungrateful p]sons1
 9 ^: h&s !y w p]i%4  ,,xxviii4 ,! gods1
 x may be said1 be/[ mu*1 ev5 ^u !      
ungrateful4 ,b :at !y be/[ !y _h prep>$ 
= ! good1 & ! bad h _! %>e z well1      
because !y _c be sep>at$4 ,x is bett] to
 b5efit ! bad z well1 = ! sake ( b5efit+
 ! good1 ?an to /9t ! good = fe> (      
b5efit+ ! bad4 ,!re=e ! gods h creat$   
all t y speak (1 ! day1 ! sun1 !        
alt]nations ( w9t] & summ]1 !           
transitions ?r\gh spr+ & autumn f "o    
extreme to ! o!r1 %[]s1 dr9k+ f\nta9s1 &
 regul>ly bl[+ w9ds = ! use ( all alike2
 !y c\ld n except individuals f !       

enjoym5t ( !m4 ,a k+ be/[s hon\rs ^u ^? 
:o des]ve !m1 b he gives l>gesse to !   
undes]v+ z well4 ,! ?ief1 ! be>] ( false
 witness1 & ! adult]]1 alike receive !  
public grant ( corn1 & all are plac$ on 
! regi/] )\t any exam9ation z to "*2    
good & bad m5 %>e alike 9 all ! o!r     
privileges :i* a man receives1 because  
he is a citiz51 n because he is a good  
man4 ,god likewise has be/[$ c]ta9 gifts
 ^u ! entire human race1 f :i* no "o is 
%ut out4 ,inde$1 x c\ld n be arrang$ t !
 w9d :i* 0 fair = good m5 %\ld be f\l = 
bad ones1 :ile x is = ! good ( all m5 t 
! seas %\ld be op5 = traffic & ! k+dom (
 mank9d be enl>g$2 nor c\ld any law be  
appo9t$ = ! %[]s1 s t !y %\ld n fall ^u 
! fields ( wick$ & evil m54 ,"s ?+s are 
giv5 to all alike3 cities are f\nd$ =   
good & bad m5 alike2 works ( g5ius rea*1
 by publication1 ev5 unwor?y m52 m$ic9e 
po9ts out ! means ( heal? ev5 to !      
wick$2 no "o has *eck$ ! mak+ up (      
:olesome rem$ies = fe> t ! undes]v+ %\ld
 be heal$4 ,y mu/ seek = exam9ation &   

pref]5ce ( individuals 9 su* ?+s z are  
be/[$ sep>ately ^u ^? :o are ?\ght to   
des]ve !m2 n 9 ^!1 :i* admit ! mob to   
%>e !m )\t di/9ction4 ,!re is a great   
diff]5ce betwe5 n %utt+ a man out &     
*oos+ him4 ,ev5 a ?ief receives ju/ice2 
ev5 murd]]s enjoy ! bless+s ( peace2 ev5
 ^? :o h plund]$ o!rs c recov] _! own   
prop]ty2 assass9s & private bravoes are 
def5d$ aga9/ ! common enemy by ! city   
wall2 ! laws protect ev5 ^? :o h s9n$   
mo/ deeply aga9/ !m4 ,!re are "s ?+s :i*
 no man c\ld obta9 unless !y 7 giv5 to  
all2 y ne$ n1 !re=e1 cavil ab\t ^?      
matt]s 9 :i* all mank9d is invit$ to    
%>e4 ,z = ?+s :i* m5 receive or n at my 
discretion1 ,i %all n be/[ !m ^u "o :om 
,i "k to be ungrateful4  ,,xxix4 ,%all  
we1 !n1 argues he1 n give our advice to 
an ungrateful man :5 he is at a loss1 or
 refuse him a dr9k ( wat] :5 he is      
?ir/y1 or n %[ him ! pa? :5 he has lo/ 8
 way8 or w\ld y d him ^! s]vices & yet n
 give him any?+8 ,"h ,i w draw a        
di/9ction1 or at any rate endeav\r to d 

s4 ,a b5efit is a useful s]vice1 yet all
 useful s]vice is n a b5efit2 = "s are s
 trifl+ z n to claim ! title ( b5efits4 
,to produce a b5efit two conditions mu/ 
concur4 ,fir/1 ! importance ( ! ?+ giv52
 = "s ?+s fall %ort ( ! dignity ( a     
b5efit4 ,:o ev] call$ a hun* ( bread a  
b5efit1 or a f>?+ dole toss$ to a begg>1
 or ! means ( light+ a fire8 yet        
sometimes ^! are ( m value ?an ! mo/    
co/ly b5efits2 /ill _! *eapness detracts
 f _! value ev5 :51 by ! exig5cy ( "t1  
!y are r5d]$ ess5tial4 ,! next          
condition1 :i* is ! mo/ important ( all1
 mu/ necess>ily be pres5t1 namely1 t ,i 
%\ld conf] ! b5efit = ! sake ( him :om  
,i wi% to receive x1 t ,i %\ld judge him
 wor?y ( x1 be/[ x ( my own free w1 &   
receive pleasure f my own gift1 none (  
:i* conditions are pres5t 9 ! cases (   
:i* we h j n[ spok52 = we d n be/[ su*  
?+s z ^? ^u ^! :o are wor?y ( !m1 b we  
give !m c>elessly1 z trifles1 & d n give
 !m s mu* to a man z to humanity4       
,,xxx4 ,i %all n d5y t sometimes ,i w\ld

 give ev5 to ! unwor?y1 out ( respect = 
o!rs2 z1 = in/ance1 9 competition =     
public (fices1 "s ( ! base/ ( m5 are    
pref]r$ on acc\nt ( _! noble bir?1 to   
indu/ri\s m5 ( no family1 & t = good    
reasons2 = ! memory ( great virtues is  
sacr$1 & m m5 w take pleasure 9 be+     
good1 if ! respect felt = good m5 does n
 cease ) _! lives4 ,:at made ,cic]o's   
son a consul1 except 8 fa!r8 ,:at lately
 br\ght ,c9na ,footnote3 ,see ,s5eca on 
,clem5cy1 book i41 *4 ix4 out ( ! camp (
 ! enemy & rais$ him to ! consulate8    
,:at made ,sextus ,pompeius & ! o!r     
,pompeii consuls1 unless x 0 ! greatness
 ( "o man1 :o once 0 rais$ s high t1 by 
8 v fall1 he suffici5tly exalt$ all 8   
relatives4 ,:at lately made ,fabius     
,p]sicus a memb] ( m ?an "o college (   
prie/s1 ?\gh ev5 pr(ligates avoid$ 8    
kiss8 ,0 x n ,v]rucosus1 &              
,allobrogicus1 & ! ?ree hundr$ :o to    
s]ve _! c\ntry block$ ! invad]'s pa? ) !
 =ce ( a s+le family8 ,x is our duty to 
respect ! virtu\s1 n only :5 pres5t ) u1

 b also :5 remov$ f our sight3 z !y h   
made x _! /udy n to be/[ _! b5efits ^u  
"o age alone1 b to leave !m exi/+ aft]  
!y !mselves h pass$ away1 s let u n     
conf9e our gratitude to a s+le age4 ,if 
a man has begott5 great m51 he des]ves  
to receive b5efits1 :atev] he himself   
may be3 he has giv5 u wor?y m54 ,if a   
man desc5ds f glori\s ance/ors1 :atev]  
he himself may be1 let him f9d refuge "u
 ! %ad[ ( 8 ance/ry4 ,z mean places are 
light$ up by ! rays ( ! sun1 s let !    
deg5]ate %9e 9 ! light ( _! =efa!rs4    
,,xxxi4 ,9 ?is place1 my ,lib]alis1 ,i  
wi% to speak 9 def5ce ( ! gods4 ,we     
sometimes say1 ,:at c\ld ,provid5ce mean
 by plac+ an ,arrhidaeus ^u ! ?rone8 ,d 
y suppose t ! cr[n 0 giv5 to            
,arrhidaeus8 nay1 x 0 giv5 to 8 fa!r & 8
 bro!r4 ,:y did ,heav5 be/[ ! empire ( !
 _w ^u ,caius ,caes>1 ! mo/ blood?ir/y (
 mank9d1 :o 0 wont to ord] blood to be  
%$ 9 8 pres5ce z freely z if he wi%$ to 
dr9k ( x8 ,:y1 d y suppose t x 0 giv5 to
 him8 ,x 0 giv5 to 8 fa!r1 ,g]manicus1  

to 8 gr&fa!r1 8 great gr&fa!r1 & to o!rs
 be=e !m1 no less illu/ri\s m51 ?\gh !y 
liv$ z private citiz5s on a foot+ (     
equality ) o!rs4 ,:y1 :5 y y\rself 7    
mak+ ,mam]cus ,scaurus consul1 7 y      
ignorant ( 8 vices8 did he himself      
conceal !m8 did he wi% to appe> dec5t8  
,did y admit a man :o 0 s op5ly fil?y to
 ! fasces & ! tribunal8 ,yes1 x 0       
because y 7 ?9k+ ( ! great old ,scaurus1
 ! *ief ( ! ,s5ate1 & 7 unwill+ t 8     
desc5dant %\ld be despis$4  ,,xxxii4 ,x 
is probable t ! gods act 9 ! same mann]1
 t !y %[ great] indulg5ce to "s = ! sake
 ( _! p>5ts & _! ance/ry1 & to o!rs = ! 
sake ( _! *ildr5 & gr&*ildr51 & a long  
l9e ( desc5dants beyond !m2 = !y "k !   
:ole c\rse ( _! works1 & h con/ant      
access to ! k ( all t %all h]eaft] pass 
?r\gh _! h&s4 ,^! ?+s come ^u u f !     
unkn[n future1 & ! gods h =ese5 & are   
famili> ) ! ev5ts by :i* we are />tl$4  
,let ^! m51 says ,provid5ce1 be k+s1    
because _! ance/ors 7 good k+s1 because 
!y reg>d$ righte\sness & temp]ance z !  

highe/ rule ( life1 because !y did n    
devote ! /ate to !mselves1 b devot$     
!mselves to ! /ate4 ,let ^! o!rs reign1 
because "s "o ( _! ance/ors be=e !m 0 a 
good man1 :o bore a s\l sup]ior to      
=tune1 :o pref]r$ to be conqu]$ r ?an to
 conqu] 9 civil /rife1 because x 0 m to 
! advantage ( ! /ate4 ,footnote3 ,g]tz1 
,/ud4 ,crit1 p4 #aei1 note4 ,x 0 n      
possible to make a suffici5t return to  
him = ?is dur+ s long a "t2 let ?is o!r1
 !re=e1 out ( reg>d = him1 be *ief ( !  
p1 n because he kn[s h[1 or is capable1 
b because ! o!r has e>n$ x = him4 ,?is  
man is mis%ap51 loa?some to look ^u1 & w
 disgrace ! insignia ( 8 (fice4 ,m5 w   
pres5tly blame me1 call+ me bl9d &      
reckless1 n kn[+ ^u :om ,i am conf]r+   
:at ought to be giv5 to ! greate/ &     
noble/ ( m52 b ,i "k t1 9 giv+ ?is      
dignity to "o man1 ,i am pay+ an old    
debt to ano!r4 ,h[ %\ld ! m5 ( to-day "k
 t anci5t h]o1 :o s resolutely avoid$ ! 
glory :i* press$ ^u him1 :o w5t into    
dang] ) ! same look :i* o!r m5 we> :5 !y

 h escap$ f dang]1 :o nev] reg>d$ 8 own 
int]e/ z ap>t f t ( ! commonweal?8 ,:]e1
 y ask1 or :o is he8 :5ce does he come8 
,y "k him n2 x lies ) me to balance !   
debit & cr$it acc\nt 9 su* cases z ^!2  
,i "k h[ mu* ,i owe to ea* man2 ,i repay
 "s aft] a long int]val1 o!rs be=eh&1   
accord+ z my opportunities & ! exig5cies
 ( my social sy/em p]mit4 ,i %all1      
!re=e1 sometimes be/[ some:at ^u an     
ungrateful man1 ?\gh n = 8 own sake4    
,,xxxiii4 ,:at1 argues he1 if y d n "k  
:e!r y\r man be ungrateful or           
grateful--w y wait until y "k1 or w y n 
lose ! opportunity ( be/[+ a b5efit8 ,to
 wait is a long bus9ess--=1 z ,plato    
says1 x is h>d to =m an op9ion ab\t !   
human m9d1--n to wait1 is ra%4 ,to ?is  
objector we %all answ]1 t we nev] %\ld  
wait = absolute k ( ! :ole case1 s9ce ! 
discov]y ( tru? is an ardu\s task1 b    
%\ld proce$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* tru?    
appe>$ to direct u4 ,all our actions    
proce$ 9 ?is direction3 x is ?us t we s[
 se$1 t we sail ^u ! sea1 t we s]ve 9 ! 

army1 m>ry1 & br+ up *ildr54 ,! result (
 all ^! actions is unc]ta91 s we take t 
c\rse f :i* we believe t good results   
may be hop$ =4 ,:o c gu>antee a h>ve/ to
 ! s[]1 a h>b\r to ! sailor1 victory to 
! soldi]1 a mode/ wife to ! husb&1      
dutiful *ildr5 to ! fa!r8 ,we proce$ 9 !
 way 9 :i* reason1 n absolute tru?1     
directs u4 ,wait1 d no?+ t w n turn out 
well1 =m no op9ion until y h se>*$ b !  
tru?1 & y\r life w pass 9 absolute 9    
action4 ,s9ce x is only ! appe>ance (   
tru?1 n tru? itself1 :i* leads me hi!r  
or ?i!r1 ,i %all conf] b5efits ^u ! man 
:o app>5tly w be grateful4  ,,xxxiv4 ,_m
 circum/ances1 argues he1 may arise :i* 
may enable a bad man to /eal into !     
place ( a good "o1 or may cause a good  
man to be dislik$ z ?\gh he 7 a bad "o2 
= appe>ances1 to :i* we tru/1 are       
deceptive4 ,:o d5ies x8 ,yet ,i c f9d   
no?+ else by :i* to guide my op9ion4 ,i 
mu/ foll[ ^! tracks 9 my se>* aft] tru?1
 = ,i h none m tru/wor?y ?an ^!2 ,i w   
take pa9s to weigh ! value ( ^! ) all   

possible c>e1 & w n ha/ily give my ass5t
 to !m4 ,= in/ance1 9 a battle1 x may   
happ5 t my h& may be deceiv$ by "s      
mi/ake into turn+ my weapon aga9/ my    
comrade1 & sp>+ my enemy z ?\gh he 7 on 
my side2 b ?is w n (t5 take place1 & w n
 take place ?r\gh any fault ( m9e1 = my 
object is to /rike ! enemy1 & def5d my  
c\ntryman4 ,if ,i "k a man to be        
ungrateful1 ,i %all n be/[ a b5efit ^u  
him4 ,b ! man has pass$ himself (f z a  
good man by "s trick1 & has impos$ ^u   
me4 ,well1 ?is is n at all ! fault ( !  
giv]1 :o gave "u ! impression t 8 fri5d 
0 grateful4 ,suppose1 asks he1 t y 7 to 
promise to be/[ a b5efit1 & aft]w>ds 7  
to le>n t y\r man 0 ungrateful1 w\ld y  
be/[ x or n8 ,if y d1 y d wrong kn[+ly1 
= y give to "o to :om y ought n2 if y   
refuse1 y d wrong likewise1 = y d n give
 to him to :om y promis$ to give4 ,?is  
case upsets y\r consi/5cy1 & t pr\d     
assurance ( y\rs t ! wise man nev]      
regrets 8 actions1 or am5ds :at he has  
done1 or alt]s 8 plans4 ,! wise man nev]

 *anges 8 plans :ile ! conditions "u :i*
 he =m$ !m rema9 ! same2 !re=e1 he nev] 
feels regret1 because at ! "t no?+ bett]
 ?an :at he did c\ld h be5 done1 nor    
c\ld any bett] decision h be5 arriv$ at 
?an t :i* 0 made2 yet he beg9s ev]y?+ ) 
! sav+ clause1 ,if no?+ %all occur to ! 
contr>y4 ,?is is ! reason :y we say t   
all goes well ) him1 & t no?+ happ5s    
contr>y to 8 expectation1 because he    
be>s 9 m9d ! possibility ( some?+ happ5+
 to prev5t ! realization ( 8 projects4  
,x is an imprud5t confid5ce to tru/ t   
=tune w be on our side4 ,! wise man     
consid]s bo? sides3 he kn[s h[ great is 
! p[] ( errors1 h[ unc]ta9 human affairs
 are1 h[ _m ob/acles !re are to !       
success ( plans4 ,)\t committ+ himself1 
he awaits ! d\btful & caprici\s issue ( 
ev5ts1 & weighs c]ta9ty ( purpose aga9/ 
unc]ta9ty ( result4 ,"h also1 h[ev]1 he 
is protect$ by t sav+ clause1 )\t :i* he
 decides ^u no?+1 & beg9s no?+4  ,,xxxv4
 ,:5 ,i promise to be/[ a b5efit1 ,i    
promise x1 unless some?+ occurs :i*     

makes x my duty n to d s4 ,:at if1 =    
example1 my c\ntry ord]s me to give to  
h] :at ,i _h promis$ to my fri5d8 or if 
a law be pass$ =bidd+ any "o to d :at ,i
 _h promis$ to d = him8 ,suppose t ,i h 
promis$ y my daught] 9 m>riage1 t !n y  
turn out to be a =eign]1 & t ,i h no "r 
( int]m>riage ) =eign]s2 9 ?is case1 !  
law1 by :i* ,i am =bidd5 to fulfil my   
promise1 =ms my def5ce4 ,i %all be      
trea*]\s1 & he> myself blam$ =          
inconsi/5cy1 only if ,i d n fulfil1 my  
promise :5 all conditions rema9 ! same z
 :5 ,i made x2 o!rwise1 any *ange makes 
me free to reconsid] ! entire case1 &   
absolves me f my promise4 ,i may h      
promis$ to plead a cause2 aft]w>ds x    
appe>s t ?is cause is design$ to =m a   
prec$5t = an attack ^u my fa!r4 ,i may h
 promis$ to leave my c\ntry1 & travel   
abroad2 !n news comes t ! road is beset 
) robb]s4 ,i 0 go+ to an appo9tm5t at "s
 p>ticul> place2 b my son's illness1 or 
my wife's conf9em5t1 prev5t$ me4 ,all   
conditions mu/ be ! same z !y 7 :5 ,i   

made ! promise1 if y mean to hold me    
b\nd 9 hon\r to fulfil x4 ,n[ :at great]
 *ange c take place ?an t ,i %\ld       
discov] y to be a bad & ungrateful man8 
,i %all refuse to an unwor?y man t :i*  
,i _h int5d$ to give him suppos+ him to 
be wor?y1 & ,i %all also h reason to be 
angry ) him = ! trick :i* he has put ^u 
me4  ,,xxxvi4 ,i %all nev]!less look    
into ! matt]1 & consid] :at ! value ( ! 
?+ promis$ may be4 ,if x be trifl+1 ,i  
%all give x1 n because y are wor?y ( x1 
b because ,i promis$ x1 & ,i %all n give
 x z a pres5t1 b m]ely 9 ord] to make   
good my words & give myself a twit* ( ! 
e>4 ,i w puni% my own ra%ness 9 promis+ 
by ! loss ( :at ,i gave4 ,see h[ griev$ 
y are2 m9d y take m c>e :at y say 9     
future4 ,z ! say+ is1 ,i w take tongue  
money f y4 ,if ! matt] be important1 ,i 
w n1 z ,maec5as said1 let t5 million    
se/]ces reproa* me4 ,i w weigh ! two    
sides ( ! "q "o aga9/ ! o!r3 !re is     
some?+ 9 abid+ by :at y h promis$2 on ! 
o!r h&1 !re is a great deal 9 n be/[+ a 

b5efit ^u "o :o is unwor?y ( x4 ,n[1 h[ 
great is ?is b5efit8 ,if x is a trifl+  
"o1 let u w9k & let x pass2 b if x w    
cause me mu* loss or mu* %ame to give x1
 ,i _h r excuse myself once = refus+ x  
?an h to d s ev] aft] = giv+ x4 ,! :ole 
po9t1 ,i repeat1 dep5ds ^u h[ mu* ! ?+  
giv5 is wor?3 let ! t]ms ( my promise be
 apprais$4 ,n only %all ,i refuse to    
give :at ,i may h promis$ ra%ly1 b ,i   
%all also dem& back aga9 :at ,i may h   
wrongly be/[$3 a man mu/ be mad :o keeps
 a promise made "u a mi/ake4  ,,xxxvii4 
,philip1 k+ ( ! ,mac$onians1 _h a h>dy  
soldi] ^: s]vices he _h f\nd useful 9 _m
 campaigns4 ,f "t to "t he made ?is man 
pres5ts ( "p ( ! plund] z ! rew>d ( 8   
val\r1 & us$ to excite 8 gre$y _s by 8  
frequ5t gifts4 ,?is man 0 ca/ by        
%ipwreck ^u ! e/ate ( a c]ta9           
,mac$onian1 :o z soon z he he>d ! news  
ha/5$ to him1 re/or$ 8 brea?1 remov$ him
 to 8 own f>mh\se1 gave up 8 own b$ to  
him1 nurs$ him out ( 8 weak5$ &         
half-dead condition1 took c>e ( him at 8

 own exp5se = ?irty days1 re/or$ him to 
heal? & gave him a sum ( money = 8      
j\rney1 z ! man kept con/antly say+1 ,if
 only ,i c see my *ief1 ,i w repay y\r  
k9dness4 ,he told ,philip ( 8 %ipwreck1 
said no?+ ab\t ! help :i* he _h receiv$1
 & at once dem&$ t a c]ta9 man's e/ate  
%\ld be giv5 to him4 ,! man 0 a fri5d ( 
83 x 0 t v man by :om he _h be5 rescu$ &
 re/or$ to heal?4 ,sometimes1 especially
 9 "t ( w>1 k+s be/[ _m gifts ) _! eyes 
%ut4 ,"o j man _c deal ) su* a mass (   
arm$ selfi%ness4 ,x is n possible = any 
"o to be at ! same "t a good man & a    
good g5]al4 ,h[ are s _m ?\s&s (        
insatiable m5 to be satiat$8 ,:at w\ld  
!y h1 if e man _h 8 own8 ,?us ,philip   
reason$ ) himself :ile he ord]$ ! man to
 be put 9 possession ( ! prop]ty :i* he 
ask$ =4 ,h[ev]1 ! o!r1 :5 driv5 out ( 8 
e/ate1 did n1 l a peasant1 endure 8     
wrongs 9 sil5ce1 ?ankful t he himself 0 
n giv5 away also1 b s5t a %>p & outspok5
 lett] to ,philip1 :o1 on read+ x1 0 s  
mu* enrag$ t he /raightway ord]$        

,pausanias to re/ore ! prop]ty to its   
=m] own]1 & to br& t wick$e/ ( soldi]s1 
t mo/ ungrateful ( gue/s1 t gre$ie/ (   
%ipwreck$ m51 ) lett]s be>+ witness to 8
 +ratitude4 ,he1 inde$1 des]v$ to h !   
lett]s n m]ely br&$ b c>v$ 9 8 fle%1 =  
hav+ r$uc$ 8 ho/ to ! condition 9 :i* he
 himself _h be5 :5 he lay nak$ &        
%ipwreck$ ^u ! bea*2 /ill1 let u see )9 
:at limits "o ought to keep 9 puni%+    
him4 ,( c\rse :at he _h s villa9\sly    
seiz$ ought to be tak5 f him4 ,b :o w\ld
 be affect$ by ! spectacle ( 8 puni%m5t8
 ,! crime :i* he _h committ$ w\ld prev5t
 8 be+ piti$ ev5 by any humane p]son4   
,,xxxviii4 ,w ,philip !n give y a ?+    
because he has promis$ to give x1 ev5   
?\gh he ought n to d s1 ev5 ?\gh he w   
commit a wrong by do+ s1 nay1 a crime1  
ev5 ?\gh by ?is "o act he w make x      
impossible = %ipwreck$ m5 to rea* !     
%ore8 ,!re is no inconsi/5cy 9 giv+ up  
an int5tion :i* we h discov]$ to be     
wrong & h condemn$ z wrong2 we ought    
c&idly to admit1 ,i ?\ght t x 0 some?+  

diff]5t2 ,i h be5 deceiv$4 ,x is m]e    
pride & folly to p]si/1 :at ,i once h   
said1 be x :at x may1 %all rema9 unalt]$
 & settl$4 ,!re is no disgrace 9 alt]+  
"o's plans accord+ to circum/ances4 ,n[1
 if ,philip _h left ?is man 9 possession
 ( t sea%ore :i* he obta9$ by 8         
%ipwreck1 w\ld he n h practically       
pron\nc$ s5t5ce ( bani%m5t aga9/ all    
un=tunates = ! future8 ,r1 says ,philip1
 d ?\ c>ry ^u ?y =ehead ( brass ^?      
lett]s1 t !y may be impress$ ^u ! eyes (
 all ?r\gh\t my k+dom4 ,g1 let m5 see h[
 sacr$ a ?+ is ! table ( hospitality2 %[
 !m y\r face1 t ^u x !y may read !      
decree :i* prev5ts its be+ a capital    
crime to give refuge to ! un=tunate "u  
"o's ro(4 ,! ord] w be m c]ta9ly        
respect$ by ?is means ?an if ,i _h      
inscrib$ x ^u tablets ( brass4  ,,xxxix4
 ,:y !n1 argues our adv]s>y1 did y\r    
,/oic philosoph] ,z5o1 :5 he _h promis$ 
a loan ( five hundr$ d5>ii to "s p]son1 
:om he aft]w>ds discov]$ to be ( d\btful
 "*1 p]si/ 9 l5d+ x1 because ( 8        

promise1 ?\gh 8 fri5ds dissuad$ him f   
do+ s8 ,9 ! fir/ place a loan is on a   
diff]5t foot+ to a b5efit4 ,ev5 :5 we h 
l5t money to an undesirable p]son we c  
recall x2 ,i c dem& paym5t ^u a c]ta9   
day1 & if he becomes bankrupt1 ,i c     
obta9 my %>e ( 8 prop]ty2 b a b5efit is 
lo/ utt]ly & in/antly4 ,besides1 ! "o is
 ! act ( a bad man1 ! o!r t ( a bad fa!r
 ( a family4 ,9 ! next place1 if ! sum  
_h be5 a l>g] "o1 n ev5 ,z5o w\ld h     
p]si/$ 9 l5d+ x4 ,x 0 five hundr$ d5>ii2
 ! sort ( sum ( :i* "o says1 ,may he    
sp5d x 9 sickness1 & x 0 wor? pay+ s mu*
 to avoid break+ 8 promise4 ,i %all g   
out to supp]1 ev5 ?\gh ! wea!r be cold1 
because ,i h promis$ to g2 b ,i %all n  
if sn[ be fall+4 ,i %all leave my b$ to 
g to a betro?al fea/1 al?\gh ,i may be  
suff]+ f indige/ion2 b ,i %all n d s if 
,i am fev]i%4 ,i w become bail = y1     
because ,i promis$2 b n if y wi% me to  
become bail 9 "s transaction ( unc]ta9  
issue1 if y expose me to =feit+ my money
 to ! /ate4 ,!re runs ?r\gh all ^!      

cases1 ,i argue1 an impli$ exception2 if
 ,i am able1 provid$ x is "r = me to d  
s1 if ^! ?+s be s & s4 ,make ! position 
! same :5 y ask me to fulfil my promise1
 z x 0 :5 ,i gave x1 & x w be m]e       
fickl5ess to disappo9t y2 b if some?+   
new has tak5 place 9 ! mean:ile1 :y %\ld
 y wond] at my int5tions be+ *ang$ :5 ! 
conditions "u :i* ,i gave ! promise are 
*ang$8 ,put ev]y?+ back z x 01 & ,i %all
 be ! same z ,i 04 ,we ent] into        
recognizances to appe>1 yet if we fail  
to d s an action w n 9 all cases lie    
aga9/ u1 = we are excus$ = mak+ default 
if =c$ to d s by a p[] :i* we _c resi/4 
,,xl4 ,y may take ! same answ] to ! "q z
 to :e!r we ought 9 all cases to %[     
gratitude = k9dness1 & :e!r a b5efit    
ought 9 all cases to be repaid4 ,x is my
 duty to %[ a grateful m9d1 b 9 "s cases
 my own pov]ty1 9 o!rs ! prosp]ity ( !  
fri5d to :om ,i owe "s return1 w n p]mit
 me to give x4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 am ,i1 a
 poor man1 to give to a k+ or a ri* man 
9 return = 8 k9dness1 especially z "s m5

 reg>d x z a wrong to h _! b5efits      
repaid1 & are wont to pile "o b5efit ^u 
ano!r8 ,9 deal+ ) su* p]sons1 :at m c ,i
 d ?an wi% to repay !m8 ,yet ,i ought n 
to refuse to receive a new b5efit1      
because ,i h n repaid ! =m] "o4 ,i %all 
take x z freely z x is giv51 & w (f]    
myself to my fri5d z a wide field = !   
ex]cise ( 8 good nature3 he :o is       
unwill+ to receive new b5efits mu/ be   
dissatisfi$ ) :at he has already        
receiv$4 ,d y say1 ,i %all n be able to 
return !m8 ,:at is t to ! purpose8 ,i am
 will+ en\gh to d s if opportunity or   
means 7 giv5 me4 ,he gave x to me1 (    
c\rse1 hav+ bo? opportunity & means3 is 
he a good man or a bad "o8 if he is a   
good man1 ,i h a good case aga9/ him1 & 
,i w n plead if he be a bad "o4 ,nei!r d
 ,i ?9k x "r to insi/ on mak+ repaym5t1 
ev5 ?\gh x be aga9/ ! w ( ^? :om we     
repay1 & to press x ^u !m h[ev]         
reluctant !y may be2 x is n repaym5t to 
=ce an unwill+ man to resume :at y 7    
once will+ to take4 ,"s p1 if any trifl+

 pres5t be s5t to !m1 aft]w>ds s5d back 
some?+ else = no p>ticul> reason1 & !n  
decl>e t !y are "u no obligation2 to s5d
 some?+ back at once1 & balance "o      
pres5t by ano!r1 is ! next ?+ to refus+ 
to receive x4 ,on "s occasions ,i %all n
 return a b5efit1 ev5 ?\gh ,i be able to
 d s4 ,:58 ,:5 by s do+ ,i %all myself  
lose m ?an he w ga91 or if he w\ld n    
notice any advantage to himself 9       
receiv+ t :i* x w\ld be a great loss to 
me to return4 ,! man :o is always eag]  
to repay "u all circum/ances1 has n !   
feel+ ( a grateful man1 b ( a debtor2 &1
 to put x %ortly1 he :o is too eag] to  
repay1 is unwill+ to be 9 8 fri5d's     
debt2 he :o is unwill+1 & yet is 9 8    
fri5d's debt1 is ungrateful4     ,,book 
,v4  ,i4   ,9 ! prec$+ books ,i seem to 
h accompli%$ ! object :i* ,i propos$ to 
myself1 s9ce 9 !m ,i h discuss$ h[ a    
b5efit ought to be be/[$1 & h[ x ought  
to be receiv$4 ,^! are ! limits ( ?is   
action2 :5 ,i dwell ^u x fur!r ,i am n  
obey+ ! ord]s1 b ! caprices ( my subject

 :i* ought to be foll[$ :i!r x leads1 n 
:i!r x allures u to w&]2 = n[ & !n      
some?+ w arise1 :i*1 al?\gh x is all b  
unconnect$ ) ! subject1 in/ead ( be+ a  
necess>y "p ( x1 /ill ?rills ! m9d ) a  
c]ta9 *>m4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce y wi% x to be s1
 let u g on1 aft] hav+ complet$ our     
discussion ( ! heads ( ! subject itself1
 to inve/igate ^? matt]s :i*1 if y wi% =
 tru?1 ,i mu/ call adjac5t to x1 n      
actually connect$ ) x2 to exam9e :i*    
c>efully is n "o wor? "o's :ile1 & yet  
is n lab\r 9 va94 ,no praise1 h[ev]1 :i*
 ,i c give to b5efits does ju/ice to y1 
,aebutius ,lib]alis1 a man ( excell5t   
disposition & naturally incl9$ to be/[  
!m4 ,nev] h ,i se5 any "o e/eem ev5 !   
mo/ trifl+ s]vices m k9dly2 inde$1 y\r  
good-nature goes s f> z to reg>d :atev] 
b5efit is be/[$ ^u anyone z be/[$ ^u    
y\rself2 y are prep>$ to pay ev5 :at is 
ow$ by ! ungrateful1 t no "o may regret 
hav+ be/[$ b5efits4 ,y y\rself are s f> 
f any boa/fulness1 y are s eag] at once 
to free ^? :om y s]ve f any feel+ (     

obligation to y1 t y l1 :5 giv+ any?+ to
 any "o1 to seem n s mu* to be giv+ a   
pres5t z return+ "o2 & !re=e :at y give 
9 ?is mann] w all ! m fully he repaid to
 y3 =1 z a rule1 b5efits come to "o :o  
does n dem& repaym5t ( !m2 & j z glory  
foll[s ^? :o avoid x1 s m5 receive a m  
pl5tiful h>ve/ 9 return = b5efits be/[$ 
^u ^? :o _h x 9 _! p[] to be ungrateful4
 ,) y !re is no reason :y ^? :o h       
receiv$ b5efits f y %\ld n ask = fre%   
ones2 nor w\ld y refuse to be/[ o!rs1 to
 ov]look & conceal :at y h giv51 & to   
add to x m & great] gifts1 s9ce x is !  
aim ( all ! be/ m5 & ! noble/           
dispositions to be> ) an ungrateful man 
until y make him grateful4 ,be n deceiv$
 9 pursu+ ?is plan2 vice1 if y d n too  
soon beg9 to hate x1 w yield to virtue4 
,,ii4 ,?us x is t y are especially      
pleas$ ) :at y ?9k ! gr&ly-s\nd+ phrase1
 ,x is disgraceful to be wor/$ 9 a      
conte/ ( b5efits4 ,:e!r ?is be true or n
 des]ves to be inve/igat$1 & x means    
some?+ q diff]5t f :at y imag9e2 = x is 

nev] disgraceful to be wor/$ 9 any      
hon\rable conte/1 provid$ t y d n ?r[   
d[n y\r arms1 & t ev5 :5 conqu]$ y wi%  
to conqu]4 ,all m5 d n /rive = a good   
object ) ! same /r5g?1 res\rces1 & good 
=tune1 ^u :i* dep5d at all ev5ts !      
issues ( ! mo/ admirable projects1 ?\gh 
we ought to praise ! w itself :i* makes 
an ef=t 9 ! "r direction4 ,ev5 ?\gh     
ano!r passes x by ) swift] pace1 yet !  
palm ( victory does n1 z 9              
publicly-exhibit$ races1 decl>e :i* is !
 bett] man2 ?\gh ev5 9 ! games *ance    
frequ5tly br+s an inf]ior man to !      
front4 ,z f> z loyalty ( feel+ goes1 :i*
 ea* man wi%es to be possess$ 9 ! fulle/
 measure on 8 own side1 if "o ( ! two be
 ! m p[]ful1 if he h at 8 disposal all !
 res\rces :i* he wi%es to use1 & be     
fav\r$ by =tune 9 8 mo/ ambiti\s ef=ts1 
:ile ! o!r1 al?\gh equally will+1 c only
 return less ?an he receives1 or p]haps 
c make no return at all1 b /ill wi%es to
 d s & is entirely devot$ to ?is object2
 !n ! latt] is no m conqu]$ ?an he :o   

dies 9 arms1 :om ! enemy f\nd x easi] to
 slay ?an to turn back4 ,to be conqu]$1 
:i* y consid] disgraceful1 _c happ5 to a
 good man2 = he w nev] surr5d]1 nev]    
give up ! conte/1 to ! la/ day ( 8 life 
he w /& prep>$ & 9 t po/ure he w die1   
te/ify+ t ?\gh he has receiv$ mu*1 yet t
 he _h ! w to repay z mu* z he _h       
receiv$4  ,,iii4 ,! ,lac$aemonians =bid 
_! "y m5 to cont5d 9 ! pancratium1 or ) 
! cae/us1 9 :i* games ! defeat$ p>ty has
 to ackn[l$ge himself beat54 ,! w9n] ( a
 race is he :o fir/ rea*es ! goal2 he   
out/rips ! o!rs 9 swiftness1 b n 9      
c\rage4 ,! wre/l] :o has be5 ?r[n ?ree  
times loses ! palm ( victory1 b does n  
yield x up4 ,s9ce ! ,lac$aemonians ?\ght
 x ( great importance t _! c\ntrym5 %\ld
 be inv9cible1 !y kept !m away f ^?     
conte/s 9 :i* victory is assign$1 n by !
 judge1 or by ! issue ( ! conte/ itself1
 b by ! voice ( ! vanqui%$ begg+ !      
victor to sp>e him z he falls4 ,?is     
attribute ( nev] be+ conqu]$1 :i* !y s  
jeal\sly gu>d among _! citiz5s1 c be    

atta9$ by all m5 ?r\gh virtue &         
goodwill1 because ev5 :5 all else is    
vanqui%$1 ! m9d rema9s unconqu]$4 ,= ?is
 cause no "o speaks ( ! ?ree hundr$     
,fabii z conqu]$1 b slaught]$4 ,regulus 
0 tak5 captive by ! ,c>?ag9ians1 n      
conqu]$2 & s 7 all o!r m5 :o h n yield$ 
9 _s :5 ov]:elm$ by ! /r5g? & weight (  
angry =tune4  ,s is x ) b5efits4 ,a man 
may h receiv$ m ?an he gave1 m valuable 
ones1 m frequ5tly be/[$2 yet is he n    
vanqui%$4 ,x may be t1 if y comp>e !    
b5efits ) "o ano!r1 ^? :i* he has       
receiv$ w outweigh ^? :i* he has be/[$2 
b if y comp>e ! giv] & ! receiv]1 ^:    
int5tions also ought to be consid]$     
ap>t1 nei!r w prove ! victor4 ,x (t5    
happ5s t ev5 :5 "o combatant is pi]c$ ) 
_m w\nds1 :ile ! o!r is only slightly   
injur$1 yet !y are said to h f\ght a    
drawn battle1 al?\gh ! =m] may appe> to 
be ! worse man4  ,,iv4 ,no "o1 !re=e1 c 
be conqu]$ 9 a conte/ ( b5efits1 if he  
kn[s h[ to owe a debt1 if he wi%es to   
make a return = :at he has receiv$1 &   

raises himself to ! same level ) 8 fri5d
 9 _s1 ?\gh he _c d s 9 mat]ial gifts4  
,z long z he rema9s 9 ?is temp] ( m9d1 z
 long z he has ! wi% to decl>e by pro(s 
t he has a grateful m9d1 :at diff]5ce   
does x make ^u :i* side we c c\nt !     
great] numb] ( pres5ts8 ,y are able to  
give mu*2 ,i c d no?+ b receive4 ,=tune 
abides ) y1 goodwill alone ) me2 yet ,i 
am z mu* on an equality ) y z nak$ or   
lightly arm$ m5 are ) a l>ge body arm$  
to ! tee?4 ,no "o1 !re=e1 is wor/$ by   
b5efits1 because ea* man's gratitude is 
to be measur$ by 8 w4 ,if x be          
disgraceful to be wor/$ 9 a conte/ (    
b5efits1 y ought n to receive a b5efit f
 v p[]ful m5 ^: k9dness y _c return1 ,i 
mean su* z pr9ces & k+s1 :om =tune has  
plac$ 9 su* a /ation t !y c give away   
mu*1 & c only receive v little & q      
inadequate returns = :at !y give4 ,i h  
spok5 ( k+s & pr9ces1 :o alone c cause  
works to be accompli%$1 & ^: sup]lative 
p[] dep5ds ^u ! ob$i5ce & s]vices (     
inf]iors2 b "s !re are1 free f all e>?ly

 lu/s1 :o are sc>cely affect$ by any    
human objects ( desire1 ^u :om =tune    
h]self c\ld be/[ no?+4 ,i mu/ be wor/$ 9
 a conte/ ( b5efits ) ,socrates1 or )   
,diog5es1 :o walk$ nak$ ?r\gh !         
treasures ( ,mac$onia1 tread+ ! k+'s    
weal? "u 8 feet4 ,9 good soo?1 he mu/ !n
 rightly h seem$1 bo? to himself & to   
all o!rs ^: eyes 7 ke5 en\gh to p]ceive 
! real tru?1 to be sup]ior ev5 to him at
 ^: feet all ! _w lay4 ,he 0 f> m       
p[]ful1 f> ri*] ev5 ?an ,alex&]1 :o !n  
possess$ ev]y?+2 = !re 0 m t ,diog5es   
c\ld refuse to receive ?an t ,alex&] 0  
able to give4  ,v4 ,x is n disgraceful  
to be wor/$ by ^! m51 = ,i am n ! less  
brave because y pit me aga9/ an         
invuln]able enemy1 nor does fire n burn 
because y ?r[ into x some?+ ov] :i*     
flames h no p[]1 nor does iron lose its 
p[] ( cutt+1 ?\gh y may wi% to cut up a 
/one :i* is h>d1 imp]vi\s to bl[s1 & (  
su* a nature t h>d tools are blunt$ ^u  
x4 ,i give y ! same answ] ab\t          
gratitude4 ,a man is n disgracefully    

wor/$ 9 a conte/ ( b5efits if he lays   
himself "u an obligation to su* p]sons z
 ^!1 ^: enorm\s weal? or admirable      
virtue %ut out all possibility ( _!     
b5efits be+ return$4 ,z a rule we are   
wor/$ by our p>5ts2 = :ile we h !m ) u1 
we reg>d !m z sev]e1 & d n und]/& :at !y
 d = u4 ,:5 our age beg9s to br+ u a    
little s5se1 & we gradually p]ceive t !y
 des]ve our love = ^? v ?+s :i* us$ to  
prev5t our lov+ !m1 _! advice1 _!       
puni%m5ts1 & ! c>eful wat* :i* !y us$ to
 keep ov] our y\?ful recklessness1 !y   
are tak5 f u4 ,few live to reap any real
 fruit f *ildr52 mo/ m5 feel _! sons    
only z a burd54 ,yet !re is no disgrace 
9 be+ wor/$ by "o's p>5t 9 be/[+        
b5efits2 h[ %\ld !re be1 see+ t !re is  
no disgrace 9 be+ wor/$ by anyone4 ,we  
are equal to "s m51 & yet n equal2 equal
 9 int5tion1 :i* is all t !y c>e =1 :i* 
is all t we promise to be1 b unequal 9  
=tune4 ,& if =tune prev5ts any "o f     
repay+ a k9dness1 he ne$ n1 !re=e1 blu%1
 z ?\gh he 7 vanqui%$2 !re is no        

disgrace 9 fail+ to rea* y\r object1    
provid$ y attempt to rea* x4 ,x (t5 is  
necess>y1 t be=e mak+ any return = !    
b5efits :i* we h receiv$1 we %\ld ask = 
new ones2 yet1 if s1 we %all n refra9 f 
ask+ = !m1 nor %all we d s z ?\gh       
disgrac$ by s do+1 because1 ev5 if we d 
n repay ! debt1 we %all owe x2 because1 
ev5 if some?+ f )\t befalls u to prev5t 
our repay+ x1 x w n be our fault if we  
are n grateful4 ,we c nei!r be conqu]$ 9
 int5tion1 nor c we be disgrac$ by      
yield+ to :at is beyond our /r5g? to    
cont5d )4  ,,vi4 ,alex&]1 ! k+ ( !      
,mac$onians1 us$ to boa/ t he _h nev]   
be5 wor/$ by anybody 9 a conte/ (       
b5efits4 ,if s1 x 0 no reason :y1 9 !   
fulness ( 8 pride1 he %\ld despise !    
,mac$onians1 ,greeks1 ,c>ians1 ,p]sians1
 & o!r tribes ( :om 8 army 0 compos$1   
nor ne$ he imag9e t x 0 ?is t gave him  
an empire rea*+ f a corn] ( ,?race to ! 
%ore ( ! unkn[n sea4 ,socrates c\ld make
 ! same boa/1 & s c\ld ,diog5es1 by :om 
,alex&] 0 c]ta9ly surpass$2 = 0 he n    

surpass$ on ! day :51 swell+ z he 0     
beyond ! limits ( m]ely human pride1 he 
beheld "o to :om he c\ld give no?+1 f   
:om he c\ld take no?+8 ,k+ ,ar*elaus    
invit$ ,socrates to come to him4        
,socrates is report$ to h answ]$ t he   
%\ld be sorry to g to "o :o w\ld be/[   
b5efits ^u him1 s9ce he %\ld n be able  
to make him an adequate return = !m4 ,9 
! fir/ place1 ,socrates 0 at lib]ty n to
 receive !m2 next1 ,socrates himself    
w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to be/[ a b5efit1 = he
 w\ld h come :5 invit$1 & w\ld h giv5 to
 ,ar*elaus t = :i* ,ar*elaus c\ld h made
 no return to ,socrates4 ,ev5 if        
,ar*elaus 7 to give ,socrates gold &    
silv]1 if he le>n$ 9 return = !m to     
despise gold & silv]1 w\ld n ,socrates  
be able to repay ,ar*elaus8 ,c\ld       
,socrates receive f him z mu* value z he
 gave1 9 display+ to him a man skill$ 9 
! k ( life & ( dea?1 compreh5d+ ! true  
purpose ( ea*8 ,suppose t he _h f\nd ?is
 k+1 z x 71 grop+ 8 way 9 ! cle>        
sunlight1 & _h taught him ! secrets (   

nature1 ( :i* he 0 s ignorant1 t :5 !re 
0 an eclipse ( ! sun1 he up 8 palace1 & 
%av$ 8 son's head1 ,footnote3 ,g]tz v   
reasonably conjectures t he %av$ 8 own  
head :i* read+ w\ld require a v trifl+  
alt]ation ( ! text4 :i* m5 are wont to d
 9 times ( m\rn+ & di/ress4 ,:at a      
b5efit x w\ld h be5 if he _h dragg$ !   
t]ror-/rick5 k+ out ( 8 hid+-place1 &   
bidd5 him be ( good *e]1 say+1 ,?is is n
 a disappe>ance ( ! sun1 b a conjunction
 ( two heav5ly bodies2 = ! moon1 :i*    
proce$s along a l[] pa?1 has plac$ h]   
disk b5ea? ! sun1 & hidd5 x by !        
int]position ( h] own mass4 ,sometimes  
%e only hides a small portion ( ! sun's 
disk1 because %e only grazes x 9 pass+2 
sometimes %e hides m1 by plac+ m (      
h]self be=e x2 & sometimes %e %uts x out
 f our sight altoge!r1 if %e passes 9 an
 exactly ev5 c\rse betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?4
 ,soon1 h[ev]1 _! own swift motion w    
draw ^! two bodies ap>t2 soon ! e>? w   
receive back aga9 ! light ( day4 ,& ?is 
sy/em w cont9ue ?r\gh\t c5turies1 hav+  

c]ta9 days1 kn[n be=eh&1 ^u :i* ! sun _c
 display all rays1 because ( !          
int]v5tion ( ! moon4 ,wait only = a %ort
 "t2 he w soon em]ge1 he w soon leave t 
seem+ cl\d1 & freely %$ abroad 8 light  
)\t any h9drances4 ,c\ld ,socrates n h  
made an adequate return to ,ar*elaus1 if
 he _h taught him to reign8 z ?\gh      
,socrates w\ld n b5efit him suffici5tly1
 m]ely by enabl+ him to be/[ a b5efit ^u
 ,socrates4 ,:y1 !n1 did ,socrates say  
?is8 ,be+ a jok] & a speak] 9 p>ables--a
 man :o turn$ all1 especially ! great1  
into ridicule--he pref]r$ giv+ him a    
satirical refusal1 r ?an an ob/9ate or  
haughty "o1 & !re=e said t he did n wi% 
to receive b5efits f "o to :om he c\ld n
 return z mu* z he receiv$4 ,he fe>$1   
p]haps1 t he might be =c$ to receive    
some?+ :i* he did n wi%1 he fe>$ t x    
might be some?+ unfit = ,socrates to    
receive4 ,"s "o may say1 ,he ought to h 
said t he did n wi% to g4 ,b by s do+ he
 w\ld h excit$ aga9/ himself ! ang] ( an
 arrogant k+1 :o wi%$ ev]y?+ connect$ ) 

himself to be highly valu$4 ,x makes no 
diff]5ce to a k+ :e!r y be unwill+ to   
give any?+ to him or to accept any?+ f  
him2 he is equally inc5s$ at ei!r       
rebuff1 & to be treat$ ) disda9 is m    
bitt] to a pr\d _s ?an n to be fe>$4 ,d 
y wi% to "k :at ,socrates really meant8 
,he1 ^: fre$om ( spee* c\ld n be borne  
ev5 by a free /ate1 0 n will+ ( 8 own   
*oice to become a slave4  ,,vii4 ,i ?9k 
t we h suffici5tly discuss$ ?is "p ( !  
subject1 :e!r x be disgraceful to be    
wor/$ 9 a conte/ ( b5efits4 ,:oev] asks 
?is "q mu/ "k t m5 are n wont to be/[   
b5efits ^u !mselves1 = evid5tly x c\ld n
 be disgraceful to be wor/$ by oneself4 
,yet "s ( ! ,/oics debate ?is "q1 :e!r  
any "o c conf] a b5efit ^u himself1 &   
:e!r "o ought to return "o's own k9dness
 to oneself4 ,?is discussion has be5    
rais$ 9 consequ5ce ( our habit ( say+1  
,i am ?ankful to myself1 ,i c compla9 ( 
no "o b myself1 ,i am angry ) myself1 ,i
 w puni% myself1 ,i hate myself1 & _m   
o!r phrases ( ! same sort1 9 :i* "o     

speaks ( oneself z "o w\ld ( "s o!r     
p]son4 ,if1 !y argue1 ,i c injure       
myself1 :y %\ld ,i n be able also to    
be/[ a b5efit ^u myself8 ,besides ?is1  
:y are ^? ?+s n call$ b5efits :5 ,i be/[
 !m ^u myself :i* w\ld be call$ b5efits 
if ,i be/[$ !m ^u ano!r8 ,if to receive 
a c]ta9 ?+ f ano!r w\ld lay me "u an    
obligation to him1 h[ is x t if ,i give 
x to myself1 ,i d n contract an         
obligation to myself8 :y %\ld ,i be     
ungrateful to my own self1 :i* is no    
less disgraceful ?an x is to be mean to 
oneself1 or h>d & cruel to oneself1 or  
neglectful ( oneself8 ,! procur] is     
equally odi\s :e!r he pro/itutes o!rs or
 himself4 ,we blame a flatt]]1 & "o :o  
imitates ano!r man's mode ( spee*1 or is
 prep>$ to give praise :e!r x be des]v$ 
or n2 we ought equally to blame "o :o   
hum\rs himself & looks up to himself1 & 
s to speak is 8 own flatt]]4 ,vices are 
n only hateful :5 outw>dly practis$1 b  
also :5 !y are repress$ )9 ! m9d4 ,:om  
w\ld y admire m ?an he :o gov]ns himself

 & has himself "u comm&8 ,x is easi] to 
rule savage nations1 impati5t ( =eign   
control1 ?an to re/ra9 "o's own m9d &   
keep x "u "o's own control4 ,plato1 x is
 argu$1 0 grateful to ,socrates = hav+  
be5 taught by him2 :y %\ld n ,socrates  
be grateful to himself = hav+ taught    
himself8 ,m>cus ,cato said1 ,borr[ f    
y\rself :atev] y lack2 :y1 !n1 if ,i c  
l5d myself any?+1 %\ld ,i be unable to  
give myself any?+8 ,! in/ances 9 :i*    
usage divides u into two p]sons are     
innum]able2 we are wont to say1 ,let me 
conv]se ) myself1 &1 ,i w give myself a 
twit* ( ! e>2 ,footnote3 ,see book iv4  
*4 xxxvi4 & if x be true t "o c d s1 !n 
a man ought to be grateful to himself1 j
 z he is angry ) himself2 z he blames   
himself1 ,,s he ought to praise himself2
 s9ce he c impov]i% himself1 he c also  
enri* himself4 ,injuries & b5efits are !
 conv]se ( "o ano!r3 if we say ( a man1 
'he has done himself an injury1' we c   
also say 'he has be/[$ ^u himself a     
b5efit8'  ,,viii4 ,x is natural t a man 

%\ld fir/ incur an obligation1 & !n t he
 %\ld return gratitude = x2 a debtor _c 
exi/ )\t a cr$itor1 any m ?an a husb&   
)\t a wife1 or a son )\t a fa!r2 someone
 mu/ give 9 ord] t "s "o may receive4 ,j
 z no "o c>ries himself1 al?\gh he moves
 8 body & transports x f place to place2
 z no "o1 ?\gh he may h made a spee* 9 8
 own def5ce1 is said to h /ood by       
himself1 or erects a /atue to himself z 
8 own patron2 z no sick man1 :5 by 8 own
 c>e he has rega9$ 8 heal?1 asks himself
 = a fee2 s 9 no transaction1 ev5 :5 a  
man does :at is useful to himself1 ne$  
he return ?anks to himself1 because !re 
is no "o to :om he c return !m4 ,?\gh ,i
 grant t a man c be/[ a b5efit ^u       
himself1 yet at ! same "t t he gives x1 
he also receives x2 ?\gh ,i grant t a   
man may receive a b5efit f himself1 yet 
he receives x at ! same "t t he gives x4
 ,! ex*ange takes place )9 doors1 z !y  
say1 & ! transf] is made at once1 z ?\gh
 ! debt 7 a fictiti\s "o2 = he :o gives 
is n a diff]5t p]son to he :o receives1 

b "o & ! same4 ,! ^w to owe has no mean+
 except z betwe5 two p]sons2 h[ !n c x  
apply to "o man :o incurs an obligation1
 & by ! same act frees himself f x8 ,9 a
 disk or a ball !re is no top or bottom1
 no beg9n+ or end1 because ! relation ( 
! p>ts is *ang$ :5 x moves1 :at 0 beh9d 
com+ be=e1 & :at w5t d[n on "o side com+
 up on ! o!r1 s t all ! p>ts1 9 :atev]  
direction !y may move1 come back to !   
same position4 ,imag9e t ! same ?+ takes
 place 9 a man2 into h[ev] _m pieces y  
may divide him1 he rema9s "o4 ,if he    
/rikes himself1 he has no "o to call to 
acc\nt = ! insult2 if he b9ds himself & 
locks himself up1 he _c dem& damages2 if
 he be/[s a b5efit ^u himself1 he       
/raightway returns x to ! giv]4 ,x is   
said t !re is no wa/e 9 nature1 because 
ev]y?+ :i* is tak5 f nature returns to  
h] aga91 & no?+ c p]i%1 because x _c    
fall out ( nature1 b goes r\nd aga9 to !
 po9t f :5ce x />t$4 ,y ask1 ,:at       
connection has ?is illu/ration ) !      
subject8 ,i w tell y4 ,imag9e y\rself to

 be ungrateful1 ! b5efit be/[$ ^u y is n
 lo/1 he :o gave x has x2 suppose t y   
are unwill+ to receive x1 x /ill belongs
 to y be=e x is return$4 ,y _c lose     
any?+1 because :at y take away f        
y\rself1 y nev]!less ga9 y\rself4 ,!    
matt] revolves 9 a circle )9 y\rself2 by
 receiv+ y give1 by giv+ y receive4     
,,ix4 ,x is our duty1 argues our        
adv]s>y1 to be/[ b5efits ^u ourselves1  
!re=e we ought also to be grateful to   
ourselves4 ,! orig9al axiom1 ^u :i* !   
inf]5ce dep5ds1 is untrue1 = no "o be/[s
 b5efits ^u himself1 b obeys ! dictates 
( 8 nature1 :i* disposes him to         
affection = himself1 & :i* makes him    
take ! greate/ pa9s to avoid hurtful    
?+s1 & to foll[ aft] ^? ?+s :i* are     
pr(itable to him4 ,consequ5tly1 ! man :o
 gives to himself is n g5]\s1 nor is he 
:o p>dons himself =giv+1 nor is he :o is
 t\*$ by 8 own mis=tunes t5d]-he>t$2 x  
is natural to d ^? ?+s to oneself :i* :5
 done to o!rs become g5]osity1 clem5cy1 
& t5d]ness ( he>t4 ,a b5efit is a       

volunt>y act1 b to d good to oneself is 
an in/9ctive "o4 ,! m b5efits a man     
be/[s1 ! m b5efic5t he is1 yet :o ev] 0 
prais$ = hav+ be5 ( s]vice to himself8  
or = hav+ rescu$ himself f brig&s8 ,no  
"o be/[s a b5efit ^u himself any m ?an  
he be/[s hospitality ^u himself2 no "o  
gives himself any?+1 any m ?an he l5ds  
himself any?+4 ,if ea* man be/[s b5efits
 ^u himself1 is always be/[+ !m1 & be/[s
 !m )\t any cessation1 !n x is          
impossible = him to make any calculation
 ( ! numb] ( 8 b5efits2 :5 !n c he %[ 8 
gratitude1 see+ t by ! v act ( do+ s he 
w\ld be/[ a b5efit8 = :at di/9ction c y 
draw betwe5 giv+ himself a b5efit or    
receiv+ a b5efit = himself1 :5 ! :ole   
transaction takes place 9 ! m9d ( ! same
 man8 ,suppose t ,i h fre$ myself f     
dang]1 !n ,i h be/[$ a b5efit ^u myself2
 suppose ,i free myself a second "t1 by 
s do+ d ,i be/[ or repay a b5efit8 ,9 ! 
next place1 ev5 if ,i grant ! prim>y    
axiom1 t we c be/[ b5efits ^u ourselves1
 ,i d n admit t :i* foll[s2 = ev5 if we 

c d s1 we ought n to d s4 ,:]e=e8       
,because we receive a return = !m at    
once4 ,x is "r = me to receive a b5efit1
 !n to lie "u an obligation1 !n to repay
 x2 n[ "h !re is no "t = rema9+ "u an   
obligation1 because we receive ! return 
)\t any delay4 ,no "o really gives      
except to ano!r1 no "o owes except to   
ano!r1 no "o repays except to ano!r4 ,an
 act :i* always requires two p]sons _c  
take place )9 ! m9d ( "o4  ,x4 ,a b5efit
 means ! af=d+ ( some?+ useful1 & ! ^w  
,,af=d+ implies o!r p]sons4 ,w\ld n a   
man be ?\ght mad if he said t he _h sold
 some?+ to himself1 because sell+ means 
ali5ation1 & ! transf]r+ ( a ?+ & ( "o's
 rights 9 t ?+ to ano!r p]son8 ,yet     
giv+1 l sell+ any?+1 consi/s 9 mak+ x   
pass away f y1 h&+ ov] :at y y\rself    
once own$ into ! keep+ ( "s "o else4    
,if ?is be s1 no "o ev] gave himself a  
b5efit1 because no "o gives to himself2 
if n1 two opposites coalesce1 s t x     
becomes ! same ?+ to give & to receive4 
,yet !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 giv+

 & receiv+2 h[ %\ld !re n be1 see+ t ^! 
words are ! conv]se ( "o ano!r8 ,/ill1  
if any "o c give himself a b5efit1 !re c
 be no diff]5ce betwe5 giv+ & receiv+4  
,i said a little be=e t "s words apply  
only to o!r p]sons1 & are s con/itut$ t 
_! :ole mean+ lies ap>t f ourselves2 =  
in/ance1 ,i am a bro!r1 b a bro!r ( "s  
o!r man1 = no "o is 8 own bro!r2 ,i am  
an equal1 b equal to somebody else1 = :o
 is equal to himself8 ,a ?+ :i* is      
comp>$ to ano!r ?+ is un9telligible )\t 
t o!r ?+2 a ?+ :i* is jo9$ to some?+    
else does n exi/ ap>t f x2 s t :i* is   
giv5 does n exi/ )\t ! o!r p]son1 nor c 
a b5efit h any exi/5ce )\t ano!r p]son4 
,?is is cle> f ! v phrase :i* describes 
x1 'to d good1' yet no "o does good to  
himself1 any m ?an he fav\rs himself or 
is on 8 own side4 ,i might enl>ge fur!r 
^u ?is subject & give _m examples4 ,:y  
%\ld b5efits n be includ$ among ^? acts 
:i* require two p]sons to p]=m !m8 ,_m  
hon\rable1 mo/ admirable & highly       
virtu\s acts _c take place )\t a second 

p]son4 ,fidelity is prais$ & held to be 
"o ( ! *ief bless+s kn[n among m51 yet 0
 any "o ev] on t acc\nt said to h kept  
fai? ) himself8  ,,xi4 ,i come n[ to !  
la/ "p ( ?is subject4 ,! man :o returns 
a k9dness ought to exp5d some?+1 j z he 
:o repays exp5ds money2 b ! man :o      
returns a k9dness to himself exp5ds     
no?+1 j z he :o receives a b5efit f     
himself ga9s no?+4 ,a b5efit & gratitude
 = x mu/ pass to & fro betwe5 two       
p]sons2 _! int]*ange _c take place )9 "o
 man4 ,he :o returns a k9dness does good
 9 8 turn to him f :om he has receiv$   
some?+2 b ! man :o returns 8 own        
k9dness1 to :om does he d good8 ,to     
himself8 ,is !re any "o :o does n reg>d 
! return+ ( a k9dness1 & ! be/[al ( a   
b5efit1 z di/9ct acts8 ',he :o returns a
 k9dness to himself does good to        
himself4' ,0 any man ev] unwill+ to d   
?is1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 ungrateful8 nay1 :o  
ev] 0 ungrateful f any o!r motive ?an   
?is8 ,if1 x is argu$1 we are "r 9 ?ank+ 
ourselves1 we ought to return our own   

k9dness2 yet we say1 ,i am ?ankful to   
myself = hav+ refus$ to m>ry t woman1 or
 = hav+ refus$ to jo9 a p>tn]%ip ) t    
man4 ,:5 we speak ?us1 we are really    
prais+ ourselves1 & make use ( !        
language ( ^? :o return ?anks to approve
 our own acts4 ,a b5efit is some?+ :i*1 
:5 giv51 may or may n be return$4 ,n[1  
he :o gives a b5efit to himself mu/ ne$s
 receive :at he gives2 !re=e1 ?is is n a
 b5efit4 ,a b5efit is receiv$ at "o "t1 
& is return$ at ano!r2 7b :5 a man be/[s
 a b5efit ^u himself1 he bo? receives x 
& returns x at ! same "t74 ,9 a b5efit1 
too1 :at we comm5d & admire is1 t a man 
has = ! "t be+ =gott5 8 own int]e/s1 9  
ord] t he may d good to ano!r2 t he has 
depriv$ himself ( some?+1 9 ord] to be/[
 x ^u ano!r4 ,n[1 he :o be/[s a b5efit  
^u himself does n d ?is4 ,! be/[al ( a  
b5efit is an act ( companion%ip--x w9s  
"s man's fri5d%ip1 & lays "s man "u an  
obligation2 b to be/[ x ^u oneself is no
 act ( companion%ip--x w9s no man's     
fri5d%ip1 lays no man "u an obligation1 

raises no man's hopes1 or leads him to  
say1 ,?is man mu/ be c\rt$2 he be/[$ a  
b5efit ^u t p]son1 p]haps he w be/[ "o  
^u me also4 ,a b5efit is a ?+ :i* "o    
gives n = "o's own sake1 b = ! sake (   
him to :om x is giv52 b he :o be/[s a   
b5efit ^u himself1 does s = 8 own sake2 
!re=e1 x is n a b5efit4  ,,xii4 ,n[ ,i  
seem to y n to h made good :at ,i said  
at ! beg9n+ ( ?is book4 ,y say t ,i am  
f> f do+ :at is wor? any "o's :ile2 nay1
 t 9 real fact ,i h ?r[n away all my    
tr\ble4 ,wait1 & soon y w be able to say
 ?is m truly1 = ,i %all lead y into     
cov]t lurk+-places1 f :i* :5 y h escap$1
 y w h ga9$ no?+ except t y w h fre$    
y\rself f difficulties ) :i* y ne$ nev] 
h hamp]$ y\rself4 ,:at is ! use (       
labori\sly unty+ knots :i* y y\rself h  
ti$1 9 ord] t y might untie !m8 ,yet1 j 
z "s knots are ti$ 9 fun & = amusem5t1 s
 t a tyro may f9d difficulty 9 unty+ !m1
 :i* knots he :o ti$ !m c loose )\t any 
tr\ble1 because he kn[s ! jo9+s & !     
difficulties ( !m1 & ^! nev]!less af=d u

 "s pleasure1 because !y te/ ! %>pness (
 our wits1 & engross1 our att5tion2 s   
also ^! que/ions1 :i* seem subtle &     
tricky1 prev5t our intellects becom+    
c>eless & lazy1 = !y ought at "o "t to h
 a field giv5 !m to level1 9 ord] t !y  
may w&] ab\t x1 & at ano!r to h "s d>k &
 r\gh passage ?r[n 9 _! way = !m to     
creep ?r\gh1 & make _! way ) caution4 ,x
 is said by our oppon5t t no "o is      
ungrateful2 & ?is is support$ by !      
foll[+ argum5ts3 ,a b5efit is t :i* does
 good2 b1 z y ,/oics say1 no "o c d good
 to a bad man2 !re=e1 a bad man does n  
receive a b5efit4 7,if he does n receive
 x1 he ne$ n return x2 !re=e1 no bad man
 is ungrateful47 ,fur!rmore1 a b5efit is
 an hon\rable & comm5dable ?+4 ,no      
hon\rable or comm5dable ?+ c f9d any    
place ) a bad man2 !re=e1 nei!r c a     
b5efit4 ,if he _c receive "o1 he ne$ n  
repay "o2 !re=e1 he does n become       
ungrateful4 ,moreov]1 z y say1 a good   
man does ev]y?+ rightly2 if he does     
ev]y?+ rightly1 he _c be ungrateful4 ,a 

good man returns a b5efit1 a bad man    
does n receive "o4 ,if ?is be s1 no man1
 good or bad1 c be ungrateful4 ,!re=e1  
!re is no su* ?+ 9 nature z an          
ungrateful man3 ! ^w is mean+less4 ,we  
,/oics h only "o k9d ( good1 t :i* is   
hon\rable4 ,?is _c come to a bad man1 = 
he w\ld cease to be bad if virtue ent]$ 
into him2 b z long z he is bad1 no "o c 
be/[ a b5efit ^u him1 because good & bad
 are contr>ies1 & _c exi/ toge!r4       
,!re=e1 no "o c d good to su* a man1    
because :atev] he receives is corrupt$  
by 8 vici\s way ( us+ x4 ,j z ! /oma*1  
:5 disord]$ by disease & secret+ bile1  
*anges all ! food :i* x receives1 &     
turns e k9d ( su/5ance into a s\rce (   
pa91 s :atev] y entru/ to an            
ill-regulat$ m9d becomes to x a burd51  
an annoyance1 & a s\rce ( mis]y4 ,?us ! 
mo/ prosp]\s & ! ri*e/ m5 h ! mo/       
tr\ble2 & ! m prop]ty !y h to p]plex !m1
 ! less likely !y are to f9d out :at !y 
really are4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c rea* bad m5 
:i* w\ld d !m good2 nay1 no?+ :i* w\ld n

 d !m h>m4 ,!y *ange :atev] falls to _! 
lot into _! own evil nature2 & ?+s :i*  
else:]e w\ld1 if giv5 to bett] m51 be   
bo? beautiful & pr(itable1 are ru9\s to 
!m4 ,!y _c1 !re=e1 be/[ b5efits1 because
 no "o c give :at he does n possess1 &1 
!re=e1 !y lack ! pleasure ( do+ good to 
o!rs4  ,,xiii4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is be s1 yet   
ev5 a bad man c receive "s ?+s :i*      
resemble b5efits1 & he w be ungrateful  
if he does n return !m4 ,!re are good   
?+s belong+ to ! m9d1 to ! body1 & to   
=tune4 ,a fool or a bad man is deb>r$ f 
! fir/--^?1 t is1 ( ! m9d2 b he is      
admitt$ to a %>e 9 ! two latt]1 &1 if he
 does n return !m1 he is ungrateful4    
,nor does ?is foll[ f our 7,/oic7 sy/em 
alone ! ,p]ipatetics1 also1 :o widely   
ext5d ! b\nd>ies ( human happ9ess1      
decl>e t trifl+ b5efits rea* bad m51 & t
 he :o does n return !m is ungrateful4  
,we !re=e d n agree t ?+s :i* d n t5d to
 improve ! m9d %\ld be call$ b5efits1   
yet d n d5y t ^! ?+s are conv5i5t &     
desirable4 ,su* ?+s z ^! a bad man may  

be/[ ^u a good man1 or may receive f    
him--su*1 = example1 z money1 clo!s1    
public (fice1 or life2 &1 if he makes no
 return = ^!1 he w come "u ! d5om9ation 
( ungrateful4 ,b h[ c y call a man      
ungrateful = n return+ t :i* y say is n 
a b5efit8 ,"s ?+s1 on acc\nt ( _!       
simil>ity1 are includ$ "u ! same        
designation1 al?\gh !y d n really des]ve
 x4 ,?us we speak ( a silv] or gold5    
box2 ,! orig9al ^w is 'pyx1' :i* means a
 box made ( box-wood4 ?us we call a man 
illit]ate1 al?\gh he may n be utt]ly    
ignorant1 b only n acqua9t$ ) ! high]   
bran*es ( lit]ature2 ?us1 see+ a        
badly-dress$ ragg$ man we say t we h se5
 a nak$ man4 ,^! ?+s ( :i* we spoke are 
n b5efits1 b !y possess ! appe>ance (   
b5efits4 ,!n1 j z !y are quasi-b5efits1 
s y\r man is quasi-ungrateful1 n really 
ungrateful4 ,?is is untrue1 because bo? 
he :o gives & he :o receives !m speaks (
 !m z b5efits2 s he :o fails to return !
 semblance ( a real b5efit is z mu* an  
ungrateful man z he :o mixes a sleep+   

draught1 believ+ x to be poison1 is a   
poison]4  ,,xiv4 ,clean!s speaks m      
impetu\sly ?an ?is4 ,grant$1 says he1 t 
:at he receiv$ 0 n a b5efit1 yet he is  
ungrateful1 because he w\ld n h return$ 
a b5efit if he _h receiv$ "o4 ,s he :o  
c>ries deadly weapons & has int5tions ( 
robb+ & murd]+1 is a brig& ev5 be=e he  
has dipp$ 8 h&s 9 blood2 8 wick$ness    
consi/s & is %[n 9 action1 b does n beg9
 !reby4 ,m5 are puni%$ = sacrilege1     
al?\gh no "o's h&s c rea* to ! gods4    
,h[1 asks our oppon5t1 c any "o be      
ungrateful to a bad man1 s9ce a bad man 
_c be/[ a b5efit8 ,9 ! same way1 ,i     
answ]1 because t :i* he receiv$ 0 n a   
b5efit1 b 0 call$ "o2 if any "o receives
 f a bad man any ( ^? ?+s :i* are valu$ 
by ! ignorant1 & ( :i* bad m5 (t5       
possess great /ore1 x becomes 8 duty to 
make a return 9 ! same k9d1 & to give   
back z ?\gh !y 7 truly good ^? ?+s :i*  
he receiv$ z ?\gh !y 7 truly good4 ,a   
man is said to be 9 debt1 :e!r he owes  
gold pieces or lea!r m>k$ ) a /ate /amp1

 su* z ! ,lac$aemonians us$1 :i* passes 
= co9$ money4 ,pay y\r debts 9 t k9d 9  
:i* y incurr$ !m4 ,y h no?+ to d ) !    
def9ition ( b5efits1 or ) ! "q :e!r s   
great & noble a "n ought to be degrad$  
by apply+ x to su* vulg> & mean matt]s z
 ^!1 nor d we seek = tru? t we may use x
 to ! disadvantage ( o!rs2 d y adju/ y\r
 m9ds to ! semblance ( tru?1 & :ile y   
are le>n+ :at is really hon\rable1      
respect ev]y?+ to :i* ! "n ( hon\r is   
appli$4  ,,xv4 ,9 ! same way1 argues our
 adv]s>y1 t y\r s*ool proves t no "o is 
ungrateful1 y aft]w>ds prove t all m5   
are ungrateful4 ,=1 z y say1 all fools  
are bad m52 he :o has "o vice has all   
vices2 all m5 are bo? fools & bad m52   
!re=e all m5 are ungrateful4 ,well1 :at 
!n8 ,are !y n8 ,is n ?is ! univ]sal     
reproa* ( ! human race8 is !re n a g5]al
 compla9t t b5efits are ?r[n away1 & t  
!re are v few m5 :o d n requite _!      
b5efactors ) ! base/ +ratitude8 ,nor ne$
 y suppose t :at we say is m]ely !      
grumbl+ ( m5 :o ?9k e act wick$ &       

deprav$ :i* falls %ort ( an ideal /&>d (
 righte\sness4 ,li/56 ,i "k n :o x is :o
 speaks1 yet ! voice ) :i* he condemns  
mank9d proce$s1 n f ! s*ools (          
philosoph]s1 b f ! mid/ ( ! cr[d3       
,ho/ is n safe f gue/2    ,fa!r-9-law f 
son2 b seldom love    ,exi/s 'twixt     
bro!rs2 wives long to de/roy    ,_!     
husb&s2 husb&s long to slay _! wives4   
,?is goes ev5 fur!r3 accord+ to ?is1    
crimes take ! place ( b5efits1 & m5 d n 
%r9k f %$d+ ! blood ( ^? = :om !y ought 
to %$ _! own2 we requite b5efits by /eel
 & poison4 ,we call lay+ viol5t h&s ^u  
our own c\ntry1 & putt+ d[n its         
resi/ance by ! fasces ( its own lictors1
 ga9+ p[] & great place2 e man ?9ks     
himself to be 9 a mean & degrad$        
position if he has n rais$ himself above
 ! con/itution2 ! armies :i* are receiv$
 f ! /ate are turn$ aga9/ h]1 & a g5]al 
n[ says to 8 m51 ,fight aga9/ y\r wives1
 fight aga9/ y\r *ildr51 m>* 9 arms     
aga9/ y\r alt>s1 y\r he>?s & homes6     
,yes1 ,footnote3 ,i believe1 9 spite (  

,g]tz1 t ?is is "p ( ! spee* ( ! ,roman 
g5]al1 & t ! conjecture ( ,muretus1 )\t 
! comm& ( ! s5ate1 gives bett] s5se4 y1 
:o ev5 :5 ab\t to triumph ought n to    
ent] ! city at ! comm& ( ! s5ate1 & :o h
 (t51 :5 br++ home a victori\s army1 be5
 giv5 an audi5ce outside ! walls1 y n[1 
aft] slaught]+ y\r c\ntrym51 /a9$ ) !   
blood ( y\r k9dr$1 m>* into ! city )    
/&>ds erect4 ,let lib]ty1 say y1 be     
sil5t amid/ ! ensigns ( w>1 & n[ t w>s  
are driv5 f> away & no gr\nd = t]ror    
rema9s1 let t p :i* conqu]$ & civiliz$  
all nations be beleagu]$ )9 its own     
walls1 & %udd] at ! sight ( its own     
eagles4  ,,xvi4 ,coriolanus 0           
ungrateful1 & became dutiful late1 &    
aft] rep5t+ ( 8 crime2 he did inde$ lay 
d[n 8 arms1 b only 9 ! mid/ ( 8         
unnatural w>f>e4 ,catil9a 0 ungrateful2 
he 0 n satisfi$ ) tak+ 8 c\ntry captive 
)\t ov]turn+ x1 )\t despat*+ ! ho/s ( ! 
,allobroges aga9/ x1 )\t br++ an enemy f
 beyond ! ,alps to glut 8 old inborn    
hatr$1 & to (f] ,roman g5]als z         

sacrifices :i* _h be5 long ow+ to !     
tombs ( ! ,gauli% dead4 ,caius ,m>ius 0 
ungrateful1 :51 aft] be+ rais$ f ! ranks
 to ! consul%ip1 he felt t he w\ld n h  
wreak$ 8 v5geance ^u =tune1 & w\ld s9k  
to 8 orig9al obscurity1 unless he       
slaught]$ ,romans z freely z he _h      
slaught]$ ! ,cimbri1 & n m]ely gave !   
signal1 b 0 himself ! signal = civil    
disa/]s & but*]ies4 ,lucius ,sulla 0    
ungrateful1 = he sav$ 8 c\ntry by us+   
rem$ies worse ?an ! p]ils ) :i* x 0     
?reat5$1 :5 he m>*$ ?r\gh human blood   
all ! way f ! citadel ( ,pra5e/e to !   
,coll9e ,gate1 f\ght m battles & caus$ m
 slaught] aft]w>ds )9 ! city1 & mo/     
cruelly aft] ! victory 0 won1 mo/       
wick$ly aft] qu>t] _h be5 promis$ !m1   
drove two legions into a corn] & put !m 
to ! sword1 &1 great gods6 inv5t$ a     
proscription by :i* he :o slew a ,roman 
citiz5 receiv$ indemnity1 a sum ( money1
 ev]y?+ b a civic cr[n6 ,cnaeus         
,pompeius 0 ungrateful1 = ! return :i*  
he made to 8 c\ntry = ?ree consul%ips1  

?ree triumphs1 & ! innum]able public    
(fices into mo/ ( :i* he ?ru/ himself :5
 "u age1 0 to lead o!rs also to lay h&s 
^u h] "u ! pretext ( ?us r5d]+ 8 own p[]
 less odi\s2 z ?\gh :at no "o ought to d
 became "r if m ?an "o p]son did x4     
,:il/ he 0 covet+ extraord9>y comm&s1   
arrang+ ! prov9ces s z to h 8 own *oice 
( !m1 & divid+ ! :ole /ate ) a ?ird     
p]son1 ,footnote3 ,crassus4 9 su* a     
mann] z to leave two-?irds ( x 9 !      
possession ( 8 own family1 ,footnote3   
,pompey 0 m>ri$ to ,caes>'s daught]4    
,cf4 ,virg41 ,a541 vi41 #hca1 sq41 &    
,lucan's beautiful v]ses1 ,ph>s41 i41   
#aad4 he r$uc$ ! ,roman p to su* a      
condition t !y c\ld only save !mselves  
by submitt+ to slav]y4 ,! foe & conqu]or
 ,footnote3 ,s5eca is c>eful to avoid ! 
m5tion ( ,caes>'s "n1 :i* might h giv5  
(f5ce to ! emp]ors "u :om he liv$1 :o   
us$ ! "n z a title4 ( ,pompeius 0       
himself ungrateful2 he br\ght w> f ,gaul
 & ,g]many to ,rome1 & he1 ! fri5d ( !  
populace1 ! *ampion ( ! commons1 pit*$ 8

 camp 9 ! ,circus ,flam9us1 ne>] to !   
city ?an ,pors5a's camp _h be54 ,he did1
 inde$1 use ! cruel privileges ( victory
 ) mod]ation2 z 0 said at ! "t1 he      
protect$ 8 c\ntrym51 & put to dea? no   
man :o 0 n 9 arms4 ,yet :at cr$it is !re
 9 ?is8 ,o!rs us$ _! arms m cruelly1 b  
flung !m away :5 glutt$ ) blood1 :ile   
he1 ?\gh he soon %ea!d ! sword1 nev]    
laid x aside4 ,antonius 0 ungrateful to 
8 dictator1 :o he decl>$ 0 rightly sla91
 & ^: murd]]s he all[$ to dep>t to _!   
comm&s 9 ! prov9ces2 z = 8 c\ntry1 aft] 
x _h be5 torn to pieces by s _m         
proscriptions1 invasions1 & civil w>s1  
he int5d$ to subject x to k+s1 n ev5 (  
,roman bir?1 & to =ce t v /ate to pay   
tribute to eunu*s1 ,footnote3 ,!        
allusion is to ,antonius's connection ) 
,cleopatra4 ,cf4 ,virg4 ,a541 viii41    
#fhh4 :i* _h itself re/or$ sov]eign     
rights1 autonomy1 & immunities1 to !    
,a*aeans1 ! ,rhodians1 & ! p ( _m o!r   
fam\s cities4  ,,xvii4 ,! day w\ld n be 
long en\gh = me to enum]ate ^? :o h pu%$

 _! +ratitude s f> z to ru9 _! native   
l&4 ,x w\ld be z va/ a task to m5tion h[
 (t5 ! /ate has be5 ungrateful to its   
be/ & mo/ devot$ lov]s1 al?\gh x has    
done no less wrong ?an x has suff]$4 ,x 
s5t ,camillus & ,scipio into exile2 ev5 
aft] ! dea? ( ,catil9e x exil$ ,cic]o1  
de/roy$ 8 h\se1 plund]$ 8 prop]ty1 & did
 ev]y?+ :i* ,catil9e w\ld h done if     
victori\s2 ,rutilius f\nd 8 virtue      
rew>d$ ) a hid+-place 9 ,asia2 to ,cato 
! ,roman p refus$ ! praetor%ip1 & p]si/$
 9 refus+ ! consul%ip4 ,we are          
ungrateful 9 public matt]s2 & if e man  
asks himself1 y w f9d t !re is no "o :o 
has n "s private +ratitude to compla9 (4
 ,yet x is impossible t all m5 %\ld     
compla91 unless all 7 des]v+ ( compla9t1
 !re=e all m5 are ungrateful4 ,are !y   
ungrateful alone8 nay1 !y are also all  
covet\s1 all spiteful1 & all c[>dly1    
especially ^? :o appe> d>+2 &1 besides  
?is1 all m5 fawn ^u ! great1 & all are  
impi\s4 ,yet y ne$ n be angry ) !m2     
p>don !m1 = !y are all mad4 ,i d n wi%  

to recall y to :at is n prov$1 or to    
say1 ,see h[ ungrateful is y\?6 :at "y  
man1 ev5 if ( innoc5t life1 does n long 
= 8 fa!r's dea?8 ev5 if mod]ate 9 8     
desires1 does n look =w>d to x8 ev5 if  
dutiful1 does n ?9k ab\t x8 ,h[ few !re 
are :o fe> ! dea? ev5 ( ! be/ ( wives1  
:o d n ev5 calculate ! probabilities (  
x4 ,pray1 :at litigant1 aft] hav+ be5   
successfully def5d$1 reta9s any         
remembrance ( s great a b5efit = m ?an a
 few days8 ,all agree t no "o dies )\t  
compla9+4 ,:o on 8 la/ day d>es to say1 
,i've liv$1 ,i've done ! task :i* ,=tune
 set me4  ,:o does n leave ! _w )       
reluctance1 & ) lam5tations8 ,yet x is !
 "p ( an ungrateful man n to be satisfi$
 ) ! pa/4 ,y\r days w always be few if y
 c\nt !m4 ,reflect t l5g? ( "t is n !   
greate/ ( bless+s2 make ! be/ ( y\r "t1 
h[ev] %ort x may be2 ev5 if ! day ( y\r 
dea? be po/pon$1 y\r happ9ess w n be    
increas$1 = life is m]ely made long]1 n 
pleasant]1 by delay4 ,h[ mu* bett] is x 
to be ?ankful = ! pleasures :i* "o has  

receiv$1 n to reckon up ! ye>s ( o!rs1 b
 to set a high value ^u "o's own1 &     
score !m to "o's cr$it1 say+1 ,god ?\ght
 me wor?y ( ?is2 ,i am satisfi$ ) x2 he 
might h giv5 me m1 b ?is1 too1 is a     
b5efit4 ,let u be grateful t[>ds bo?    
gods & m51 grateful to ^? :o h giv5 u   
any?+1 & grateful ev5 to ^? :o h giv5   
any?+ to our relatives4  ,,xviii4 ,y    
r5d] me liable to an inf9ite debt (     
gratitude1 says our oppon5t1 :5 y say   
'ev5 to ^? :o h giv5 any ?+ to our      
relations1' s fix "s limit4 ,he :o be/[s
 a b5efit ^u ! son1 accord+ to y1 be/[s 
x likewise ^u ! fa!r3 ?is is ! fir/ "q  
,i wi% to raise4 ,9 ! next place ,i %\ld
 l to h a cle> def9ition ( :e!r a       
b5efit1 if x be be/[$ ^u y\r fri5d's    
fa!r z well z ^u himself1 is be/[$ also 
^u 8 bro!r8 or ^u 8 uncle8 or 8 gr&fa!r8
 or 8 wife & 8 fa!r-9-law8 tell me :]e  
,i am to /op1 h[ f> ,i am to foll[ out !
 p$igree ( ! family8  ,,s5eca4 ,if ,i   
cultivate y\r l&1 ,i be/[ a b5efit ^u y2
 if ,i ext+ui% y\r h\se :5 burn+1 or    

prop x s z to save x f fall+1 ,i %all   
be/[ a b5efit ^u y2 if ,i heal y\r      
slave1 ,i %all *>ge x to y2 if ,i save  
y\r son's life1 w y n !reby receive a   
b5efit f me8  ,,xix4 ,,! ,,adv]s>y4 ,y\r
 in/ances are n to ! purpose1 = he :o   
cultivates my l&1 does n b5efit ! l&1 b 
me2 he :o props my h\se s t x does n    
fall1 does ?is s]vice to me1 = ! h\se   
itself is )\t feel+1 & z x has none1 x  
is ,i :o am indebt$ to him2 & he :o     
cultivates my l& does s because he wi%es
 to oblige me1 n to oblige ! l&4 ,i %\ld
 say ! same ( a slave2 he is a *attel   
own$ by me2 he is sav$ = my advantage1  
!re=e ,i am indebt$ = him4 ,my son is   
himself capable ( receiv+ a b5efit2 s x 
is he :o receives x2 ,i am gratifi$ at a
 b5efit :i* comes s ne> to myself1 b am 
n laid "u any obligation4  ,,se4 ,/ill  
,i %\ld l y1 :o say t y are "u no       
obligation1 to answ] me ?is4 ,! good    
heal?1 ! happ9ess1 & ! inh]itance ( a   
son are connect$ ) 8 fa!r2 8 fa!r w be m
 happy if he keeps 8 son safe1 & m      

unhappy if he loses him4 ,:at foll[s1   
!n8 :5 a man is made happi] by me & is  
fre$ f ! greate/ dang] ( unhapp9ess1    
does he n receive a b5efit8  ,,ad4 ,no1 
because !re are "s ?+s :i* are be/[$ ^u 
o!rs1 & yet fl[ f !m s z to rea*        
ourselves2 yet we mu/ ask ! p]son ^u :om
 x 0 be/[$ = repaym5t2 z = example1     
money mu/ be s\ght f ! man to :om x 0   
l5t1 al?\gh x may1 by "s means1 h come  
into my h&s4 ,!re is no b5efit ^:       
advantages d n ext5d to ! receiv]'s     
ne>e/ fri5ds1 & sometimes ev5 to ^? less
 intimately connect$ ) him2 yet we d n  
enquire :i!r ! b5efit has proce$$ f him 
to :om x 0 fir/ giv51 b :]e x 0 fir/    
plac$4 ,y mu/ dem& repaym5t f ! def5dant
 himself p]sonally4  ,,se4 ,well1 b ,i  
pray y1 d y n say1 y h pres]v$ my son = 
me2 _h he p]i%$1 ,i c\ld n h surviv$    
him8 ,d y n owe a b5efit = ! life ( "o  
^: safety y value above y\r own8        
,moreov]1 %\ld ,i save y\r son's life1 y
 w\ld fall d[n be=e my knees1 & w\ld pay
 v[s to heav5 z ?\gh y y\rself _h be5   

sav$2 y w\ld say1 ,x makes no diff]5ce  
:e!r y h sav$ m9e or me2 y h sav$ u bo?1
 yet me m ?an him4 ,:y d y say ?is1 if y
 d n receive a b5efit8  ,a4,d4 ,because1
 if my son 7 to contract a loan1 ,i %\ld
 pay 8 cr$itor1 yet ,i %\ld n1 !re=e1 be
 indebt$ to him2 or if my son 7 tak5 9  
adult]y1 ,i %\ld blu%1 yet ,i %\ld n1   
!re=e1 be an adult]]4 ,i say t ,i am "u 
an obligation to y = sav+ my son1 n     
because ,i really am1 b because ,i am   
will+ to con/itute myself y\r debtor (  
my own free w4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i h d]iv$ f
 8 safety ! greate/ possible pleasure & 
advantage1 & ,i h escap$ t mo/ dreadful 
bl[1 ! loss ( my *ild4 ,true1 b we are n
 n[ discuss+ :e!r y h done me any good  
or n1 b :e!r y h be/[$ a b5efit ^u me2 =
 animals1 /ones1 & h]bs c d "o good1 b d
 n be/[ b5efits1 :i* c only be giv5 by  
"o :o wi%es well to ! receiv]4 ,n[ y d n
 wi% well to ! fa!r1 b only to ! son2 & 
sometimes y d n ev5 "k ! fa!r4 ,s :5 y h
 said1 ,h ,i n be/[$ a b5efit ^u ! fa!r 
by sav+ ! son8 y ought to meet ?is )1 ,h

 ,i1 !n1 be/[$ a b5efit ^u a fa!r :om ,i
 d n "k1 :om ,i nev] ?\ght (8 ,& :at w y
 say :51 z is sometimes ! case1 y hate !
 fa!r1 & yet save 8 son8 ,c y be ?\ght  
to h be/[$ a b5efit ^u "o :om y hat$ mo/
 bitt]ly :ile y 7 be/[+ x8  ,h[ev]1 if  
,i 7 to lay aside ! bick]+ ( dialogue1 &
 answ] y z a lawy]1 ,i %\ld say t y     
ought to consid] ! int5tion ( ! giv]1 y 
mu/ reg>d 8 b5efit z be/[$ ^u ! p]son ^u
 :om he meant to be/[ x4 ,if he did x 9 
hon\r ( ! fa!r1 !n ! fa!r receiv$ !     
b5efit2 if he ?\ght only ( ! son1 !n !  
fa!r is n laid "u any obligation3 by !  
b5efit :i* 0 conf]r$ ^u ! son1 ev5 ?\gh 
! fa!r d]ives pleasure f x4 ,%\ld he1   
h[ev]1 h an opportunity1 he w himself   
wi% to give y some?+1 yet n z ?\gh he 7 
=c$ to repay a debt1 b r z if he _h     
gr\nds = beg9n+ an ex*ange ( fav\rs4 ,no
 return = a b5efit ought to be dem&$ f !
 fa!r ( ! receiv]2 if he does y any     
k9dness 9 return = x1 he %\ld be reg>d$ 
z1 a righte\s man1 b n z a grateful "o4 
,= !re is no end to x2 if ,i be/[ a     

b5efit on ! receiv]'s fa!r1 d ,i        
likewise be/[ x ^u 8 "m1 8 gr&fa!r1 8   
mat]nal uncle1 8 *ildr51 relations1     
fri5ds1 slaves1 & c\ntry8 ,:]e1 !n1 does
 a b5efit beg9 to /op8 = !re foll[s x   
?is endless *a9 ( p1 to :om x is h>d to 
assign b\nds1 because !y jo9 x by       
degrees1 & are always creep+ on t[>ds x4
  ,,xx4 ,a common "q is1 ,two bro!rs are
 at v>iance4 ,if ,i save ! life ( "o1 d 
,i conf] a b5efit ^u ! o!r1 :o w be     
sorry t 8 hat$ bro!r did n p]i%8 ,!re c 
be no d\bt t x is a b5efit to d good to 
a man1 ev5 aga9/ t man's w1 j z he1 :o  
aga9/ 8 own w does a man good1 does n   
be/[ a b5efit ^u him4 ,d y1 asks our    
adv]s>y1 call t by :i* he is displeas$ &
 hurt a b5efit8 ,yes2 _m b5efits h a h>%
 & =bidd+ appe>ance1 su* z cutt+ or     
burn+ to cure disease1 or conf9+ ) *a9s4
 ,we mu/ n consid] :e!r a man is griev$ 
at receiv+ a b5efit1 b :e!r he ought to 
rejoice3 a co9 is n bad because x is    
refus$ by a savage :o is unacqua9t$ )   
its prop] /amp4 ,a man receives a b5efit

 ev5 ?\gh he hates :at is done1 provid$ 
t x does him good1 & t ! giv] be/[$ x 9 
ord] to d him good4 ,x makes no diff]5ce
 if he receives a good ?+ 9 a bad _s4   
,consid] ! conv]se ( ?is4 ,suppose t a  
man hates 8 bro!r1 ?\gh x is to 8       
advantage to h a bro!r1 & ,i kill ?is   
bro!r1 ?is is n a b5efit1 ?\gh he may   
say t x is1 & be glad ( x4 ,our mo/     
artful enemies are ^? :om we ?ank = !   
wrongs :i* !y d u4  ,i und]/&2 a ?+ :i* 
does good is a b5efit1 a ?+ :i* does h>m
 is n a b5efit4 ,n[ ,i w sugge/ to y an 
act :i* nei!r does good nor h>m1 & yet  
is a b5efit4 ,suppose t ,i f9d ! corpse 
( "s "o's fa!r 9 a wild]ness1 & bury x1 
!n ,i c]ta9ly h done him no good1 = :at 
diff]5ce c\ld x make to him 9 :at mann] 
8 body decay$8 ,nor h ,i done any good  
to 8 son1 = :at advantage does he ga9 by
 my act8 ,i w tell y :at he ga9s4 ,he   
has by my means p]=m$ a solemn &        
necess>y rite2 ,i h p]=m$ a s]vice = 8  
fa!r :i* he w\ld h wi%$1 nay1 :i* x w\ld
 h be5 8 duty to h p]=m$ himself4 ,yet  

?is act is n a b5efit1 if ,i m]ely      
yield$ to ^? feel+s ( pity & k9dl9ess   
:i* w\ld make me bury any corpse :atev]1
 b only if ,i recogniz$ ?is body1 &     
buri$ x1 ) ! ?\ght 9 my m9d t ,i 0 do+  
?is s]vice to ! son2 b1 by m]ely ?r[+   
e>? ov] a dead /rang]1 ,i lay no "o "u  
an obligation = an act p]=m$ on g5]al   
pr9ciples ( humanity4  ,x may be ask$1  
,:y are y s c>eful 9 inquir+ ^u :om y   
be/[ b5efits1 z ?\gh "s day y meant to  
dem& repaym5t ( !m8 ,"s say t repaym5t  
%\ld nev] be dem&$2 & !y give ! foll[+  
reasons4 ,an unwor?y man w n repay !    
b5efit :i* he has receiv$1 ev5 if x be  
dem&$ ( him1 :ile a wor?y man w d s ( 8 
own accord4 ,consequ5tly1 if y h be/[$ x
 ^u a good man1 wait2 d n outrage him by
 ask+ him = x1 z ?\gh ( 8 own accord he 
nev] w\ld repay x4 ,if y h be/[$ x ^u a 
bad man1 suff] = x1 b d n spoil y\r     
b5efit by turn+ x into a loan4 ,moreov] 
! law1 by n au?oriz+ y1 =bids y1 by     
implication1 to dem& ! repaym5t ( a     
b5efit4 ,all ?is is nons5se4 ,z long z  

,i am 9 no press+ ne$1 z long z ,i am n 
=c$ by pov]ty1 ,i w lose my b5efits r   
?an ask = repaym5t2 b if ! lives ( my   
*ildr5 7 at /ake1 if my wife 7 9 dang]1 
if my reg>d = ! welf>e ( my c\ntry & =  
my own lib]ty 7 to =ce me to adopt a    
c\rse :i* ,i dislik$1 ,i %\ld ov]come my
 delicacy1 & op5ly decl>e t ,i _h done  
all t ,i c\ld to avoid ! necessity (    
receiv+ help f an ungrateful man2 !     
necessity ( obta9+ repaym5t ( "o's      
b5efit w 9 ! end ov]come "o's delicacy  
ab\t ask+ = x4 ,9 ! next place1 :5 ,i   
be/[ a b5efit ^u a good man1 ,i d s ) ! 
int5tion ( nev] dem&+ repaym5t1 except 9
 case ( absolute necessity4  ,,xxi4 ,b1 
argues he1 by n au?oriz+ y1 ! law =bids 
y to exact repaym5t4 ,!re are _m ?+s :i*
 are n en=c$ by any law or process1 b   
:i* ! conv5tions ( society1 :i* are     
/rong] ?an any law1 compel u to obs]ve4 
,!re is no law =bidd+ u to divulge our  
fri5d's secrets2 !re is no law :i* bids 
u keep fai? ev5 ) an enemy2 pray :at law
 is !re :i* b9ds u to /& by :at we h    

promis$8 ,!re is none4 ,nev]!less ,i    
%\ld remon/rate ) "o :o did n keep a    
secret1 & ,i %\ld be indignant ) "o :o  
pl$g$ 8 ^w & broke x4 ,b1 he argues1 y  
are turn+ a b5efit into a loan4 ,by no  
means1 = ,i d n insi/ ^u repaym5t1 b    
only dem& x2 nay1 ,i d n ev5 dem& x1 b  
rem9d my fri5d ( x4 ,ev5 ! dire/ ne$ w n
 br+ me to apply = help to "o ) :om ,i  
%\ld h to und]go a long /ruggle4  ,if   
!re be any "o s ungrateful t x is n     
suffici5t to rem9d him ( 8 debt1 ,i %\ld
 pass him ov]1 & ?9k t he did n des]ve  
to be made grateful by =ce4 ,a          
money-l5d] does n dem& repaym5t f 8     
debtors if he kn[s !y h become bankrupt1
 &1 to _! %ame1 h no?+ b %ame left to   
lose2 & ,i1 l him1 %\ld pass ov] ^? :o  
are op5ly & ob/9ately ungrateful1 & w\ld
 dem& repaym5t only f ^? :o 7 likely to 
give x me1 n f ^? f :om ,i %\ld h to    
extort x by =ce4  ,,xxii4 ,!re are _m :o
 _c d5y t !y h receiv$ a b5efit1 yet _c 
return x--m5 :o are n good en\gh to be  
t]m$ grateful1 nor yet bad en\gh to be  

t]m$ ungrateful2 b :o are dull &        
sluggi%1 backw>d debtors1 ?\gh n        
default]s4 ,su* m5 z ^! ,i %\ld n ask = 
repaym5t1 b =cibly rem9d !m ( x1 &1 f a 
/ate ( indiff]5ce1 br+ !m back to _!    
duty4 ,!y w\ld at once reply1 ,=give me2
 ,i did n "k1 by ,h]cules1 t y miss$    
?is1 or ,i w\ld h (f]$ x ( my own       
accord1 ,i beg t y w n ?9k me           
ungrateful2 ,i rememb] y\r goodness to  
me4 ,:y ne$ ,i hesitate to make su* m5 z
 ^! bett] to !mselves & to me8 ,i w\ld  
prev5t any "o f do+ wrong1 if ,i 7 able2
 mu* m w\ld ,i prev5t a fri5d1 bo? le/  
he %\ld d wrong1 & le/ he %\ld d wrong  
to me 9 p>ticul>4 ,i be/[ a second      
b5efit ^u him by n p]mitt+ him to be    
ungrateful2 & ,i %\ld n reproa* him     
h>%ly ) :at ,i _h done = him1 b %\ld    
speak z g5tly z ,i c\ld4 ,9 ord] to af=d
 him an opportunity ( return+ my        
k9dness1 ,i %\ld refre% 8 remembrance ( 
x1 & ask = a b5efit2 he w\ld und]/& t ,i
 0 ask+ = repaym5t4 ,sometimes ,i w\ld  
make use ( some:at sev]e language1 if ,i

 _h any hope t by x he might be am5d$2  
?\gh ,i w\ld n irritate a hopelessly    
ungrateful man1 = fe> t ,i might turn   
him into an enemy4 ,if we sp>e !        
ungrateful ev5 ! affront ( rem9d+ !m (  
_! conduct1 we %all r5d] !m' m backw>d 9
 return+ b5efits2 & al?\gh "s might be  
cur$ ( _! evil ways1 & be made into good
 m51 if _! consci5ces 7 /ung by remorse1
 yet we %all all[ !m to p]i% = want ( a 
^w ( w>n+1 ) :i* a fa!r sometimes       
corrects 8 son1 a wife br+s back to     
h]self an err+ husb&1 or a man /imulates
 ! wav]+ fidelity ( 8 fri5d4  ,,xxiii4  
,to awak5 "s m51 x is only necess>y to  
/ir !m1 n to /rike !m2 9 l mann]1 ) "s  
m51 ! feel+ ( hon\r ab\t return+ a      
b5efit is n ext9ct1 b slumb]+4 ,let u   
r\se x4 ,d n1 !y w say1 make ! k9dness y
 h done me into a wrong3 = x is a wrong1
 if y d n dem& "s return f me1 & s make 
me ungrateful4 ,:at if ,i d n "k :at    
sort ( repaym5t y wi% =8 if ,i am s     
occupi$ by bus9ess1 & my att5tion is s  
mu* div]t$ to o!r subjects t ,i h n be5 

able to wat* = an opportunity ( s]v+ y8 
,po9t out to me :at ,i c d = y1 :at y   
wi% me to d4 ,:y d y despair1 be=e mak+ 
a trial ( me8 ,:y are y 9 su* ha/e to   
lose bo? y\r b5efit & y\r fri5d8 ,h[ c y
 tell :e!r ,i d n wi%1 or :e!r ,i d n "k
 h[ to repay y3 :e!r x be 9 int5tion or 
9 opportunity t ,i am want+8 ,make a    
trial ( me4 ,i w\ld !re=e rem9d him (   
:at ,i _h done1 )\t bitt]ness1 n 9      
public1 or 9 a reproa*ful mann]1 b s t  
he may ?9k t he himself has rememb]$ x r
 ?an t x has be5 recall$ to him4        
,,xxiv4 ,"o ( ,julius ,caes>'s vet]ans 0
 once plead+ be=e him aga9/ 8 neighb\rs1
 & ! cause 0 go+ aga9/ him4 ,d y        
rememb]1 g5]al1 said he1 t 9 ,spa9 y    
dislocat$ y\r ankle ne> ! riv] ,sucro   
,footnote3 ,xuc>8 ,:5 ,caes> said t he  
rememb]$ x1 he cont9u$1 ,d y rememb] t  
:51 dur+ ! excessive heat1 y wi%$ to re/
 "u a tree :i* af=d$ v little %ade1 z ! 
gr\nd 9 :i* t solit>y tree grew 0 r\gh &
 rocky1 "o ( y\r comrades spread 8 cloak
 "u y8 ,caes> answ]$1 ,( c\rse1 ,i      

rememb]2 inde$1 ,i 0 p]i%+ ) ?ir/2 &    
s9ce 0 unable to walk to ! ne>e/ spr+1  
,i w\ld h crawl$ ?i!r on my h&s & knees1
 _h n my comrade1 a brave & active man1 
br\ght me wat] 9 8 helmet4 ,c\ld y1 !n1 
my g5]al1 recognize t man or t helmet8  
,caes> repli$ t he c\ld n rememb] !     
helmet1 b t he c\ld rememb] ! man well2 
& he add$1 ,i fancy 9 ang] at be+ l$    
away to ?is old /ory 9 ! mid/ ( a       
judicial enquiry1 ,at any rate1 y are n 
he4 ,i d n blame y1 ,caes>1 answ]$ !    
man1 = n recogniz+ me2 = :5 ?is took    
place1 ,i 0 unw\nd$2 b aft]w>ds1 at !   
battle ( ,munda1 my eye 0 /ruck out1 & !
 bones ( my skull cru%$4 ,nor w\ld y    
recognize t helmet if y saw x1 = x 0    
split by a ,spani% sword4 ,caes> w\ld n 
p]mit ?is man to be tr\bl$ ) lawsuits1 &
 pres5t$ 8 old soldi] ) ! fields ?r\gh  
:i* a village "r ( way _h giv5 rise to !
 dispute4  ,,xxv4 ,9 ?is case1 :at ought
 he to h done8 ,because 8 comm&]'s      
memory 0 confus$ by a multitude (       
incid5ts1 & because 8 position z ! lead]

 ( va/ armies did n p]mit him to notice 
individual soldi]s1 ought ! man n to h  
ask$ = a return = ! b5efit :i* he _h    
conf]r$8 ,to act z he did is n s mu* to 
ask = a return z to take x :5 x lies 9 a
 conv5i5t position ready = u1 al?\gh we 
h to /ret* out our h&s 9 ord] to receive
 x4 ,i %all !re=e ask = ! return ( a    
b5efit1 :5ev] ,i am ei!r r$uc$ to great 
/raits1 or :]e by do+ s ,i %all act to !
 advantage ( him f :om ,i ask x4        
,tib]ius ,caes>1 :5 "s "o address$ him )
 ! words1 ,d y rememb]44448 answ]$1 be=e
 ! man c\ld m5tion any fur!r pro(s ( =m]
 acqua9tance1 ,i d n rememb] :at ,i 04  
,:y %\ld x n be =bidd5 to dem& ( ?is man
 repaym5t ( =m] fav\rs8 ,he _h a motive 
= =gett+ !m3 he d5i$ all k ( 8 fri5ds & 
comrades1 & wi%$ m5 only to see1 to ?9k1
 & to speak ( him z emp]or4 ,he reg>d$ 8
 old fri5d z an imp]t95t m$dl]4  ,we    
ought to be ev5 m c>eful to *oose a     
favorable opportunity :5 we ask = a     
b5efit to be repaid to u ?an :5 we ask =
 "o to be be/[$ ^u u4 ,we mu/ be        

temp]ate 9 our language1 s t ! grateful 
may n take (f5ce1 or ! ungrateful pret5d
 to d s4 ,if we liv$ among wise m51 x   
w\ld be our duty to wait 9 sil5ce until 
our b5efits 7 return$4 ,yet ev5 to wise 
m5 x w\ld be bett] to give "s h9t ( :at 
our position requir$4 ,we ask = help ev5
 f ! gods !mselves1 f ^: k no?+ is hid1 
al?\gh our pray]s _c alt] _! int5tions  
t[>ds u1 b c only recall !m to _! m9ds4 
,hom]'s prie/1 ,il4 i4 #ci sqq4 ,i say1 
rec\nts ev5 to ! gods 8 dute\s conduct &
 8 pi\s c>e ( _! alt>s4 ,! second be/ =m
 ( virtue is to be will+ & able to take 
advice4,hes4 ,op4 #bia4 ,a horse :o is  
docile & prompt to obey c be guid$ hi!r 
& ?i!r by ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! re9s4  
,v few m5 are l$ by _! own reason3 ^? :o
 come next to ! be/ are ^? :o return to 
! "r pa? 9 consequ5ce ( advice2 & ^! we 
mu/ n deprive ( _! guide4 ,:5 our eyes  
are cov]$ !y /ill possess sight2 b x is 
! light ( day :i*1 :5 admitt$ to !m1    
summons !m to p]=m _! duty3 tools lie   
idle1 unless ! workman uses !m to take  

"p 9 8 "w4 ,simil>ly m5's m9ds conta9 a 
good feel+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 lies torpid1    
ei!r ?r\gh luxury & disuse1 or ?r\gh    
ignorance ( its duties4 ,?is we ought to
 r5d] useful1 & n to get into a passion 
) x1 & leave x 9 its wrong do+1 b be> ) 
x pati5tly1 j z s*oolma/]s be> pati5tly 
) ! blund]s ( =getful s*ol>s2 = z by !  
prompt+ ( a ^w or two _! memory is (t5  
recall$ to ! text ( ! spee* :i* !y h to 
repeat1 s m5's goodwill c be br\ght to  
return k9dness by rem9d+ !m ( x4        
,,book ,,vi4  ,i4   ,!re are "s ?+s1 my 
mo/ excell5t ,lib]alis1 :i* lie         
completely outside ( our actual life1 & 
:i* we only inquire into 9 ord] to      
ex]cise our intellects1 :ile o!rs bo?   
give u pleasure :ile we are discov]+ !m1
 & are ( use :5 discov]$4 ,i w place all
 ^! 9 y\r h&s2 y1 at y\r own discretion1
 may ord] !m ei!r to be inve/igat$      
?or\ghly1 or to be res]v$1 & be us$ z   
agreeable int]ludes4 ,some?+ w be ga9$  
ev5 by ^? :i* y dismiss at once1 = x is 
advantage\s ev5 to "k :at subjects are n

 wor? le>n+4 ,i %all be guid$1 !re=e1 by
 y\r face3 accord+ to its expression1 ,i
 %all deal ) "s que/ions at great] l5g?1
 & drive o!rs out ( c\rt1 & put an end  
to !m at once4  ,,ii4 ,x is a "q :e!r a 
b5efit c be tak5 away f "o by =ce4 ,"s  
say t x _c1 because x is n a ?+1 b an   
act4 ,a gift is n ! same z ! act ( giv+1
 any m ?an a sailor is ! same z ! act ( 
sail+4 ,a sick man & a disease are n !  
same ?+1 al?\gh no "o c be ill )\t      
disease2 &1 simil>ly1 a b5efit itself is
 "o ?+1 & :at any ( u receive ?r\gh a   
b5efit is ano!r4 ,! b5efit itself is    
incorporeal1 & nev] becomes invalid2 b  
its subject-matt] *anges own]s1 & passes
 f h& to h&4 ,s1 :5 y take away f anyone
 :at y h giv5 him1 y take away !        
subject-matt] only ( ! b5efit1 n !      
b5efit itself4 ,nature h]self _c recall 
:at %e has giv54 ,%e may cease to be/[  
b5efits1 b _c take !m away3 a man :o    
dies1 yet has liv$2 a man :o becomes    
bl9d1 nev]!less has se54 ,%e c cut (f h]
 bless+s f u 9 ! future1 b %e _c prev5t 

our hav+ enjoy$ !m 9 ! pa/4 ,we are     
frequ5tly n able to enjoy a b5efit =    
long1 b ! b5efit is n !reby de/roy$4    
,let ,nature /ruggle z h>d z %e please1 
%e _c give h]self retrospective action4 
,a man may lose 8 h\se1 8 money1 8      
prop]ty--ev]y?+ to :i* ! "n ( b5efit c  
be giv5--yet ! b5efit itself w rema9    
firm & unmov$2 no p[] c prev5t 8        
b5efactor's hav+ be/[$ !m1 or 8 hav+    
receiv$ !m4  ,,iii4 ,i ?9k t a f9e      
passage 9 ,rabirius's poem1 :]e ,m4     
,antonius1 see+ 8 =tune des]t+ him1 no?+
 left him except ! privilege ( dy+1 &   
ev5 t only on condition t he us$ x      
promptly1 exclaims1    ,:at ,i h giv51 t
 ,i n[ possess6  ,h[ mu* he might h     
possess$1 _h he *os56 ,^! are ri*es to  
be dep5d$ ^u1 :i* ?r\gh all ! turmoil ( 
human life w rema9 /eadfa/2 & ! great]  
!y are1 ! less envy !y w attract4 ,:y   
are y sp>+ ( y\r prop]ty1 z ?\gh x 7 y\r
 own8 ,y are b ! manag] ( x4 ,all ^?    
treasures1 :i* make y swell ) pride1 &  
so> above m]e mortals1 till y =get !    

weakness ( y\r nature2 all t :i* y lock 
up 9 iron-grat$ treasuries1 & gu>d 9    
arms1 :i* y w9 f o!r m5 ) _! lives1 &   
def5d at ! risk ( y\r own2 = :i* y laun*
 fleets to dye ! sea ) blood1 & %ake !  
walls ( cities1 n kn[+ :at arr[s =tune  
may be prep>+ = y beh9d y\r back2 to ga9
 :i* y h s (t5 violat$ all ! ties (     
relation%ip1 ( fri5d%ip1 & (            
colleague%ip1 till ! :ole _w lies cru%$ 
betwe5 ! two combatants3 all ^! are n   
y\rs2 !y are a k9d ( deposit1 :i* is on 
! po9t ( pass+ into o!r h&s3 y\r        
enemies1 or y\r heirs1 :o are little    
bett]1 w seize ^u !m4 ,h[1 d y ask1 c y 
make !m y\r own8 ,by giv+ !m away4 ,d1  
!n1 :at is be/ = y\r own int]e/s1 & ga9 
a sure enjoym5t ( !m1 :i* _c be tak5 f  
y1 mak+ !m at once m c]ta9ly y\rs1 & m  
honorable to y4 ,t :i* y e/eem s highly1
 t by :i* y ?9k t y are made ri* &      
p[]ful1 owns b ! %abby title ( h\se1    
slave1 or money2 b :5 y h giv5 x away1 x
 becomes a b5efit4  ,,iv4 ,y admit1 says
 our adv]s>y1 t we sometimes are "u no  

obligation to him f :om we h receiv$ a  
b5efit4 ,9 t case x has be5 tak5 by =ce4
 ,nay1 !re are _m ?+s :i* w\ld cause u  
to cease to feel gratitude = a b5efit1 n
 because ! b5efit has be5 tak5 f me1 b  
because x has be5 spoil$4 ,suppose t a  
man has def5d$ me 9 a lawsuit1 b has    
=cibly outrag$ my wife2 he has n tak5   
away ! b5efit :i* he conf]r$ ^u me1 b by
 balanc+ x ) an equival5t wrong1 he has 
set me free f my debt2 inde$1 if he has 
injur$ me m ?an he _h previ\sly b5efit$ 
me1 he n only puts an end to my         
gratitude1 b makes me free to rev5ge    
myself ^u him1 & to compla9 ( him1 :5 ! 
wrong outweighs ! b5efit2 9 su* a case !
 b5efit is n tak5 away1 b is ov]come4   
,:y1 are n "s fa!rs s cruel & s wick$ t 
x is "r & prop] = _! sons to turn away f
 !m1 & dis[n !m8 ,yet1 pray1 h !y tak5  
away ! life :i* !y gave8 ,no1 b _!      
unnatural conduct 9 lat] ye>s has       
de/roy$ all ! gratitude :i* 0 due to !m 
= _! orig9al b5efit4 ,9 ^! cases x is n 
a b5efit itself1 b ! gratitude ow+ = a  

b5efit :i* is tak5 away1 & ! result is1 
n t "o does n possess ! b5efit1 b t "o  
is n laid "u any obligation by x4 ,x is 
z ?\gh a man 7 to l5d me money1 & !n    
burn my h\se d[n2 ! advantage ( ! loan  
is balanc$ by ! damage :i* he has caus$3
 ,i d n repay him1 & yet ,i am n 9 8    
debt4 ,9 l mann] any "o :o may h act$   
k9dly & g5]\sly to me1 & :o aft]w>ds has
 %[n himself haughty1 insult+1 & cruel1 
places me 9 j ! same position z ?\gh ,i 
nev] _h receiv$ any?+ f him3 he has     
murd]$ 8 own b5efits4 ,?\gh ! lease may 
rema9 9 =ce1 /ill a man does n cont9ue  
to be a t5ant if 8 l&lord tramples d[n 8
 crops1 or cuts d[n 8 or*>d2 _! contract
 is at an end1 n because ! l&lord has   
receiv$ ! r5t :i* 0 agre$ ^u1 b because 
he has made x impossible t he %\ld      
receive x4 ,s1 too1 a cr$itor (t5 has to
 pay money to 8 debtor1 %\ld he h tak5 m
 prop]ty f him 9 o!r transactions ?an he
 claims z hav+ l5t him4 ,! judge does n 
sit m]ely to decide betwe5 debtor &     
cr$itor1 :5 he says1 ,y did l5d ! man   

money2 b !n1 :at foll[$8 ,y h driv5 away
 8 cattle1 y h murd]$ 8 slave1 y h 9 y\r
 possession plate :i* y h n paid =4     
,aft] valu+ :at ea* has receiv$1 ,i ord]
 y1 :o came to ?is c\rt z a cr$itor1 to 
leave x z a debtor4 ,9 l mann] a balance
 is /ruck betwe5 b5efits & injuries4 ,9 
_m cases1 ,i repeat1 a b5efit is n tak5 
away f him :o receives x1 & yet x lays  
him "u no obligation1 if ! giv] has     
rep5t$ ( giv+ x1 call$ himself unhappy  
because he gave x1 sigh$ or made a wry  
face :ile he gave x2 if he ?\ght t he 0 
?r[+ x away r ?an giv+ x1 if he gave x  
to please himself1 or to please any "o  
except me1 ! receiv]2 if he p]si/5tly   
makes himself (f5sive by boa/+ ( :at he 
has done1 if he brags ( 8 gift ev]y:]e1 
& makes x a mis]y to me1 !n inde$ !     
b5efit rema9s 9 my h&s1 b ,i owe him    
no?+ = x1 j z sums ( money to :i* a     
cr$itor has no legal "r are ow$ to him1 
b _c be claim$ by him4  ,v4 ,?\gh y h   
be/[$ a b5efit ^u me1 yet y h s9ce done 
me a wrong2 ! b5efit dem&$ gratitude1 ! 

wrong requir$ v5geance3 ! result is t ,i
 d n owe y gratitude1 nor d y owe me    
comp5sation--ea* is cancell$ by ! o!r4  
,:5 we say1 ,i return$ him 8 b5efit1 we 
d n mean t we re/or$ to him ! v ?+ :i*  
we _h receiv$1 b some?+ else 9 its      
place4 ,to return is to give back "o ?+ 
in/ead ( ano!r1 because1 ( c\rse1 9 all 
repaym5t x is n ! ?+ itself1 b its      
equival5t :i* is return$4 ,we are said  
to h return$ money ev5 ?\gh we c\nt out 
gold pieces in/ead ( silv] ones1 or ev5 
if no money passes betwe5 u1 b !        
transaction be effect$ v]bally by !     
assignm5t ( a debt4  ,i ?9k ,i see y    
say1 ,y are wa/+ y\r "t2 ( :at use is x 
to me to "k :e!r :at ,i d n owe to ano!r
 /ill rema9s 9 my h&s or n8 ,^! are l ! 
+5i\s subtleties ( ! lawy]s1 :o decl>e t
 "o _c acquire an inh]itance by         
prescription1 b c only acquire ^? ?+s ( 
:i* ! inh]itance consi/s1 z ?\gh !re 7  
any diff]5ce betwe5 ! h]itage & ! ?+s ( 
:i* x consi/s4 ,r decide ?is po9t = me1 
:i* may be ( use4 ,if ! same man conf]s 

a b5efit ^u me1 & aft]w>ds does me a    
wrong1 is x my duty to return ! b5efit  
to him1 & nev]!less to av5ge myself ^u  
him1 hav+1 z x 71 two di/9ct acc\nts op5
 ) him1 or to mix !m bo? toge!r1 & d    
no?+1 leav+ ! b5efit to be wip$ out by !
 injury1 ! injury by ! b5efit8 ,i see t 
! =m] c\rse is adopt$ by ! law ( ! l&2 y
 "k be/ :at ! law may be among y ,/oic  
philosoph]s 9 su* a case4 ,i suppose t y
 keep ! action :i* ,i br+ aga9/ ano!r   
di/9ct f t :i* he ,/r+s aga9/ me1 & !   
two processes are n m]g$ into "o8 ,=    
in/ance1 if a man entru/s me ) money1 & 
aft]w>ds robs me1 ,i %all br+ an action 
aga9/ him = !ft1 & he w br+ "o aga9/ me 
= unlawfully deta9+ 8 prop]ty8  ,,vi4 ,!
 cases :i* y h m5tion$1 my ,lib]alis1   
come "u well-e/abli%$ laws1 :i* x is    
necess>y = u to foll[4 ,"o law _c be    
m]g$ 9 ano!r3 ea* "o proce$s its own    
way4 ,!re is a p>ticul> action :i* deals
 ) deposits j z !re is "o :i* deals )   
!ft4 ,a b5efit is subject to no law2 x  
dep5ds ^u my own arbitration4 ,i am at  

lib]ty to contra/ ! am\nt ( good or h>m 
:i* any "o may h done me1 & !n to decide
 :i* ( u is indebt$ to ! o!r4 ,9 legal  
processes we ourselves h no p[]1 we mu/ 
g :i!r !y lead u2 9 ! case ( a b5efit ! 
supreme p[] is m9e1 ,i pron\nce s5t5ce4 
,consequ5tly ,i d n sep>ate or di/+ui%  
betwe5 b5efits & wrongs1 b s5d !m be=e !
 same judge4 ,unless ,i did s1 y w\ld   
bid me love & hate1 give ?anks & make   
compla9ts at ! same "t1 :i* human nature
 does n admit (4 ,i w\ld r comp>e !     
b5efit & ! injury ) "o ano!r1 & see :e!r
 !re 7 any balance 9 my fav\r4 ,if      
anybody puts l9es ( o!r writ+ ^u my     
manuscript he conceals1 ?\gh he does n  
take away1 ! lett]s :i* 7 !re be=e1 & 9 
l mann] a wrong com+ aft] a b5efit does 
n all[ x to be se54  ,,vii4 ,y\r face1  
by :i* ,i h agre$ to be guid$1 n[       
becomes wr9kl$ ) fr[ns1 z ?\gh ,i 7     
/ray+ too widely f ! subject4 ,y seem to
 say to me3   ,:y /e] to seaw>d8   ,hi!r
 b5d ?y c\rse1   ,hug close ! %ore444   
,i d hug x z close z possible4 ,s n[1 if

 y ?9k t we h dwelt suffici5tly ^u ?is  
po9t1 let u proce$ to ! consid]ation ( !
 next--t is1 :e!r we are at all indebt$ 
to any "o :o does u good )\t wi%+ to d  
s4 ,i might h express$ ?is m cle>ly1 if 
x 7 n "r t ! "q %\ld be some:at         
obscurely /at$1 9 ord] t by ! di/9ction 
imm$iately foll[+ x may be %[n t we mean
 to inve/igate ! case bo? ( him :o does 
u good aga9/ 8 w1 & t ( him :o does u   
good )\t kn[+ x4 ,t a man :o does u good
 by act+ "u compulsion does n !reby lay 
u "u any obligation1 is s cle>1 t no    
words are ne$$ to prove x4 ,bo? ?is "q1 
& any o!r ( ! l "* :i* may be rais$1 c  
easily be settl$ if 9 ea* case we be> 9 
m9d t1 = any?+ to be a b5efit1 x mu/    
rea* u 9 ! fir/ place ?r\gh "s ?\ght1 & 
secondly ?r\gh ! ?\ght ( a fri5d &      
well-wi%]4 ,!re=e we d n feel any       
gratitude t[>ds riv]s1 albeit !y may be>
 l>ge %ips1 af=d an ample & unv>y+ /ream
 = ! conveyance ( m]*&ise1 or fl[       
beaute\sly & full ( fi% ?r\gh f]tile    
fields4 ,no "o conceives himself to be  

indebt$ = a b5efit to ! ,nile1 any m ?an
 he w\ld owe x a grudge if its wat]s    
flood$ 8 fields to excess1 & retir$ m   
sl[ly ?an usual2 ! w9d does n be/[      
b5efits1 g5tle & favorable ?\gh x may   
be1 nor does :olesome & useful food2 =  
he :o w\ld be/[ a b5efit ^u me1 mu/ n   
only d me good1 b mu/ wi% to d s4 ,no   
obligation c !re=e be incurr$ t[>ds dumb
 animals2 yet h[ _m m5 h be5 sav$ f p]il
 by ! swiftness ( a horse6--nor yet     
t[>ds trees--yet h[ _m suff]]s f summ]  
heat h be5 %elt]$ by ! ?ick foliage ( a 
tree6 ,:at diff]5ce c x make1 :e!r ,i h 
pr(it$ by ! act ( "o :o did n "k t he 0 
do+ me good1 or "o :o c\ld n "k x1 :5 9 
ea* case ! w to d me good 0 want+8 ,y   
might z well bid me be grateful to a    
%ip1 a c>riage1 or a lance = sav+ me f  
dang]1 z bid me be grateful to a man :o 
may h done me good by *ance1 b ) no m   
int5tion ( do+ me good ?an ^? ?+s c\ld  
h4  ,,viii4 ,"s m5 may receive b5efits  
)\t kn[+ x1 b no man c be/[ !m )\t kn[+ 
x4 ,_m sick p]sons h be5 cur$ by *ance  

circum/ances1 :i* d n !re=e become      
specific rem$ies2 z1 = in/ance1 "o man 0
 re/or$ to heal? by fall+ into a riv]   
dur+ v cold wea!r1 z ano!r 0 set free f 
a qu>tan fev] by means ( a flogg+1      
because ! sudd5 t]ror turn$ 8 att5tion  
into a new *annel1 s t ! dang]\s h\rs   
pass$ unnotic$4 ,yet none ( ^! are      
rem$ies1 ev5 ?\gh !y may h be5          
successful2 & 9 l mann] "s m5 d u good1 
?\gh !y are unwill+--inde$1 because !y  
are unwill+ to d s--yet we ne$ n feel   
grateful to !m z ?\gh we _h receiv$ a   
b5efit f !m1 because =tune has *ang$ !  
evil :i* !y int5d$ into good4 ,d y      
suppose t ,i am indebt$ to a man :o     
/rikes my enemy ) a bl[ :i* he aim$ at  
me1 :o w\ld h injur$ me _h he n miss$ 8 
m>k8 ,x (t5 happ5s t by op5ly p]jur+    
himself a man makes ev5 tru/wor?y       
witnesses disbeliev$1 & r5d]s 8 int5d$  
victim an object ( compassion1 z ?\gh he
 7 be+ ru9$ by a conspiracy4 ,"s h be5  
sav$ by ! v p[] :i* 0 ex]t$ to cru% !m1 
& judges :o w\ld h condemn$ a man by    

law1 h refus$ to condemn him by fav\r4  
,yet !y did n conf] a b5efit ^u !       
accus$1 al?\gh !y r5d]$ him a s]vice1   
because we mu/ consid] at :at ! d>t 0   
aim$1 n :at x hits1 & a b5efit is       
di/+ui%$ f an injury n by its result1 b 
by ! _s 9 :i* x 0 meant4 ,by contradict+
 himself1 by irritat+ ! judge by 8      
arrogance1 or by ra%ly all[+ 8 :ole case
 to dep5d ^u ! te/imony ( "o witness1 my
 oppon5t may h sav$ my cause4 ,i d n    
consid] :e!r 8 mi/akes b5efit$ me or n1 
= he wi%$ me ill4  ,,ix4 ,9 ord] t ,i   
may be grateful1 ,i mu/ wi% to d :at my 
b5efactor mu/ h wi%$ 9 ord] t he might  
be/[ a b5efit4 ,c any?+ be m unju/ ?an  
to be> a grudge aga9/ a p]son :o may h  
trodd5 ^u "o's foot 9 a cr[d1 or spla%$ 
"o1 or pu%$ "o ! way :i* "o did n wi% to
 g8 ,yet x 0 by 8 act t we 7 injur$1 &  
we only refra9 f compla9+ ( him1 because
 he did n "k :at he 0 do+4 ,! same      
reason makes x possible = m5 to d u good
 )\t conf]r+ b5efits ^u u1 or to h>m u  
)\t do+ u wrong1 because x is int5tion  

:i* di/+ui%es our fri5ds f our enemies4 
,h[ _m h be5 sav$ f s]vice 9 ! army by  
sickness6 ,"s m5 h be5 sav$ f %>+ ! fall
 ( _! h\se1 by be+ br\ght up ^u _!      
recognizances to a c\rt ( law by _!     
enemies2 "s h be5 sav$ by %ip-wreck f   
fall+ into ! h&s ( pirates2 yet we d n  
feel grateful to su* ?+s1 because *ance 
has no feel+ ( ! s]vice x r5d]s1 nor are
 we grateful to our enemy1 ?\gh 8       
lawsuit1 :ile x h>ass$ & deta9$ u1 /ill 
sav$ our lives4 ,no?+ c be a b5efit :i* 
does n proce$ f good w1 & :i* is n meant
 z su* by ! giv]4 ,if any "o does me a  
s]vice1 )\t kn[+ x1 ,i am "u no         
obligation to him2 %\ld he d s1 mean+ to
 injure me1 ,i %all imitate 8 conduct4  
,x4 ,let u turn our att5tion to ! fir/ (
 ^!4 ,c y desire me to d any?+ to       
express my gratitude to a man :o did    
no?+ 9 ord] to conf] a b5efit ^u me8    
,pass+ on to ! next1 d y wi% me to %[ my
 gratitude to su* a man1 & ( my own w to
 return to him :at ,i receiv$ f him     
aga9/ 8 w8 ,:at am ,i to say ( ! ?ird1  

he :o1 mean+ to d an injury1 blund]s    
into be/[+ a b5efit8 ,t y %\ld h wi%$ to
 conf] a b5efit ^u me is n suffici5t to 
r5d] me grateful2 b t y %\ld h wi%$ n to
 d s is en\gh to set me free f any      
obligation to y4 ,a m]e wi% does n      
con/itute a b5efit2 & j z ! be/ &       
he>tie/ wi% is n a b5efit :5 =tune      
prev5ts its be+ c>ri$ into effect1 nei!r
 is :at =tune be/[s ^u u a b5efit1      
unless good wi%es prec$$ x4 ,9 ord] to  
lay me "u an obligation1 y mu/ n m]ely d
 me a s]vice1 b y mu/ d s int5tionally4 
,,xi4 ,clean!s makes use ( ! foll[+     
example3--,i s5t1 says he1 two slaves to
 look = ,plato & br+ him to me f !      
,academy4 ,"o ( !m se>*$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( 
! colonnade1 & e o!r place 9 :i* he     
?\ght t he 0 likely to be f\nd1 &       
return$ home alike we>y & unsuccessful2 
! o!r sat d[n among ! audi5ce ( a       
m\ntebank close by1 &1 :ile amus+       
himself 9 ! society ( o!r slaves l a    
c>eless vagabond z he 01 f\nd ,plato1   
)\t seek+ = him1 z he happ5$ to pass t  

way4 ,we ought1 says he1 to praise t    
slave :o1 z f> z lay 9 8 p[]1 did :at he
 0 ord]$1 & we ought to puni% ! o!r ^:  
laz9ess turn$ out s =tunate4 ,x is      
goodwill alone :i* does "o real s]vice2 
let u !n consid] "u :at conditions x    
lays u "u obligations4 ,x is n en\gh to 
wi% a man well1 )\t do+ him good2 nor is
 x en\gh to d him good )\t wi%+ him     
well4 ,suppose t "s "o wi%$ to give me a
 pres5t1 b did n give x2 ,i h 8 good w1 
b ,i d n h 8 b5efit1 :i* consi/s (      
subject matt] & goodwill toge!r4 ,i owe 
no?+ to "o :o wi%$ to l5d me money b did
 n d s1 & 9 l mann] ,i %all be ! fri5d (
 "o :o wi%$ b 0 n able to be/[ a b5efit 
^u me1 b ,i %all n be "u any obligation 
to him4 ,i also %all wi% to be/[ some?+ 
^u him1 ev5 z he did ^u me2 b if =tune  
be m favorable to me ?an to him1 & ,i   
succe$ 9 be/[+ some?+ ^u him1 my do+ s w
 be a b5efit be/[$ ^u him1 n a repaym5t 
out ( gratitude = :at he did = me4 ,x w 
become 8 duty to be grateful to me2 ,i  
%all h begun ! int]*ange ( b5efits2 !   

s]ies mu/ be c\nt$ f my act4  ,,xii4 ,i 
already und]/& :at y wi% to ask2 !re is 
no ne$ = y to say any?+1 y\r c\nt5ance  
speaks = y4 ,if any "o does u good = 8  
own sake1 are we1 y ask1 "u an          
obligation to him8 ,i (t5 he> y compla9 
t !re are "s ?+s :i* m5 make use (      
!mselves1 b :i* !y put d[n to ! acc\nt (
 o!rs4 ,i w tell y1 my ,lib]alis2 b fir/
 let me di/+ui% betwe5 ! two p>ts ( y\r 
"q1 & sep>ate :at is fair f :at is      
unfair4 ,x makes a great diff]5ce :e!r  
any "o be/[s a b5efit ^u u = 8 own sake1
 or :e!r he does s p>tly = 8 own sake & 
p>tly = ours4 ,he :o looks only to 8 own
 int]e/s1 & :o does u good because he _c
 o!rwise make a pr(it = himself1 seems  
to me to be l ! f>m] :o provides w9t] & 
summ] fodd] = 8 flocks1 or l ! man :o   
fe$s up ! captives :om he has b\ght 9   
ord] t !y may fet* a bett] price 9 !    
slave m>ket1 or :o crams & curry-combs  
fat ox5 = sale2 or l ! keep] ( a s*ool (
 arms1 :o takes great pa9s 9 ex]cis+ &  
equipp+ 8 gladiators4 ,z ,clean!s says1 

!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 b5efits &
 trade4  ,,xiii4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i am n s
 unju/ z to feel no gratitude to a man1 
because1 :ile help+ me1 he help$ himself
 also2 = ,i d n insi/ ^u 8 consult+ my  
int]e/s to ! exclusion ( 8 own--nay1 ,i 
%\ld pref] t ! b5efit :i* ,i receive may
 be ( ev5 great] advantage to ! giv]1   
provid$ t he ?\ght ( u bo? :5 giv+ x1 & 
meant to divide x betwe5 me & himself4  
,ev5 %\ld he possess ! l>g] portion ( x1
 /ill1 if he admits me to a %>e1 if he  
meant x = bo? ( u1 ,i am n only unju/ b 
ungrateful1 if ,i d n rejoice 9 :at has 
b5efit$ me b5efit+ him also4 ,x is !    
ess5ce ( spitefulness to say t no?+ c be
 a b5efit :i* does n cause "s           
inconv5i5ce to ! giv]4  ,z = him :o     
be/[s a b5efit = 8 own sake1 ,i %\ld say
 to him1 ,y h made use ( me1 & h[ c y   
say t y h be/[$ a b5efit ^u me1 r ?an ,i
 ^u y8 ,suppose1 answ]s he1 t ,i _c     
obta9 a public (fice except by ransom+  
t5 citiz5s out ( a great numb] (        
captives1 w y owe me no?+ = sett+ y free

 f slav]y & bondage8 ,yet ,i %all d s = 
my own sake4 ,to ?is ,i %\ld answ]1 ,y d
 ?is p>tly = my sake1 p>tly = y\r own4  
,x is = y\r own sake t y ransom         
captives1 b x is = my sake t y ransom   
me2 = to s]ve y\r purpose x w\ld be     
en\gh = y to ransom any "o4 ,i am !re=e 
y\r debtor1 n = ransom+ me b = *oos+ me1
 s9ce y might h atta9$ ! same result by 
ransom+ "s "o else in/ead ( me4 ,y      
divide ! advantages ( ! act betwe5      
y\rself & me1 & y conf] ^u me a b5efit  
by :i* bo? ( u pr(it4 ,:at y d entirely 
= my sake is1 t y *oose me 9 pref]5ce to
 o!rs4 ,if !re=e y 7 to be made praetor 
= ransom+ t5 captives1 & !re 7 only t5 (
 u captives1 none ( u w\ld be "u any    
obligation to y1 because !re is no?+ =  
:i* y c ask any "o ( u to give y cr$it  
ap>t f y\r own advantage4 ,i d n reg>d a
 b5efit jeal\sly & wi% x to be giv5 to  
myself alone1 b ,i wi% to h a %>e 9 x4  
,,xiv4 ,well1 !n1 says he1 suppose t ,i 
7 to ord] all y\r names to be put into a
 ballot-box1 & t y\r "n 0 drawn among ^?

 :o 7 to be ransom$1 w\ld y owe me no?+8
 ,yes1 ,i %\ld owe y some?+1 b v little3
 h[ little1 ,i w expla9 to y4 ,by s do+ 
y d some?+ = my sake1 9 t y grant me !  
*ance ( be+ ransom$2 ,i owe to =tune t  
my "n 0 drawn1 all ,i owe to y is t my  
"n c\ld be drawn4 ,y h giv5 me ! means (
 obta9+ y\r b5efit4 ,= ! great] "p ( t  
b5efit ,i am indebt$ to =tune2 t ,i c\ld
 be s indebt$1 ,i owe to y4  ,i %all    
take no notice :atev] ( ^? ^: b5efits   
are be/[$ 9 a m]c5>y _s1 :o d n consid] 
to :om1 b ^u :at t]ms !y give1 ^:       
b5efits are entirely selfi%4 ,suppose t 
"s "o sells me corn2 ,i _c live unless  
,i buy x2 yet ,i d n owe my life to him 
because ,i h b\ght x4 ,i d n consid] h[ 
ess5tial x 0 to me1 & t ,i c\ld n live  
)\t x2 b h[ little ?anks are due = x1   
s9ce ,i c\ld n h _h x )\t pay+ = x1 &   
s9ce ! m]*ant :o import$ x did n consid]
 h[ mu* good he w\ld d me1 b h[ mu* he  
w\ld ga9 = himself1 ,i owe no?+ = :at ,i
 h b\ght & paid =4  ,,xv4 ,accord+ to   
?is reason+1 says my oppon5t1 y w\ld say

 t y owe no?+ to a physician beyond 8   
paltry fee1 nor to y\r tea*]1 because y 
h paid him "s money2 yet ^! p]sons are  
all held v de>1 & are v mu* respect$4 ,9
 answ] to ?is ,i %\ld urge t "s ?+s are 
( great] value ?an ! price :i* we pay = 
!m4 ,y buy ( a physician life & good    
heal?1 ! value ( :i* _c be e/imat$ 9    
money2 f a tea*] ( ! lib]al sci5ces y   
buy ! education ( a g5tleman & m5tal    
culture2 !re=e y pay ^! p]sons ! price1 
n ( :at !y give u1 b ( _! tr\ble 9 giv+ 
x2 y pay !m = devot+ _! att5tion to u1 =
 disreg>d+ _! own affairs to att5d to u3
 !y receive ! price1 n ( _! s]vices1 b (
 ! exp5diture ( _! "t4 ,yet ?is may be m
 truly /at$ 9 ano!r way1 :i* ,i w at    
once lay be=e y1 hav+ fir/ po9t$ out h[ 
! above may be confut$4 ,our adv]s>y    
w\ld say1 ,if "s ?+s are ( great] value 
?an ! price :i* we pay = !m1 !n1 ?\gh y 
may h b\ght !m1 y /ill owe me some?+ m =
 !m4 ,i answ]1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at does 
_! real value matt]1 s9ce ! buy] & sell]
 h settl$ ! price betwe5 !m8 ,next1 ,i  

did n buy x at x's own price1 b at y\rs4
 ,x is1 y say1 wor? m ?an its sale      
price4 ,true1 b x _c be sold = m4 ,!    
price ( ev]y?+ v>ies accord+ to         
circum/ances2 aft] y h well prais$ y\r  
w>es1 !y are wor? only ! highe/ price at
 :i* y c sell !m2 a man :o buys ?+s *eap
 is n on t acc\nt "u any obligation to !
 sell]4 ,9 ! next place1 ev5 if !y are  
wor? m1 !re is no g5]osity 9 y\r lett+  
!m g = less1 s9ce ! price is settl$ by  
cu/om & ! rate ( ! m>ket1 n by ! uses & 
p[]s ( ! m]*&ise4 ,:at w\ld y /ate to be
 ! prop] paym5t ( a man :o crosses !    
seas1 hold+ a true c\rse ?r\gh ! mid/ ( 
! waves aft] ! l& has sunk out ( sight1 
:o =esees com+ /orms1 & sudd5ly1 :5 no  
"o expects dang]1 ord]s sails to be     
furl$1 y>ds to be l[]$1 & ! crew to /&  
at _! po/s ready to meet ! fury ( !     
unexpect$ gale8 & yet ! price ( su*     
great skill is fully paid = by ! passage
 money4 ,at :at sum c y e/imate ! value 
( a lodg+ 9 a wild]ness1 ( a %elt] 9 !  
ra91 ( a ba? or fire 9 cold wea!r8 ,yet 

,i "k on :at t]ms ,i %all be suppli$ )  
^! :5 ,i ent] an inn4 ,h[ mu* ! man does
 = u :o props our h\se :5 x is ab\t to  
fall1 & :o1 ) a skill beyond belief1    
susp5ds 9 ! air a block ( build+ :i* has
 begun to crack at ! f\ndation2 yet we c
 contract = und]p9n+ at a fix$ & *eap   
rate4 ,! city wall keeps u safe f our   
enemies1 & f sudd5 inroads ( brig&s2 yet
 x is1 well kn[n h[ mu* a day a smi?    
w\ld e>n = erect+ t[]s & scaffold+s     
,footnote3 ,see ,viollet-le-,duc's      
,dictionnaire d',ar*itecture1 articles  
,ar*itecture ,militaire & ,h\rds1 = !   
probable mean+ ( ,propugnacula4to       
provide = ! public safety4  ,,xvi4 ,i   
might g on = ev] collect+ in/ances to   
prove t valuable ?+s are sold at a l[   
price4 ,:at !n8 :y is x t ,i owe some?+ 
extra bo? to my physician & to my tea*]1
 & t ,i d n acquit myself ( all         
obligation to !m by pay+ !m _! fee8 ,x  
is because !y pass f physicians & tea*]s
 into fri5ds1 & lay u "u obligations1 n 
by ! skill :i* !y sell to u1 b by k9dly 

& famili> good w4 ,if my physician does 
no m ?an feel my pulse & class me among 
^? :om he sees 9 8 daily r\nds1 po9t+   
out :at ,i ought to d or to avoid )\t   
any p]sonal int]e/1 !n ,i owe him no m  
?an 8 fee1 because he views me ) ! eye n
 ( a fri5d1 b ( a comm&]4 ,footnote3 ,i 
read ,nbn tamquam amicus videt s$       
tamquam imp]ator4 ,nei!r h ,i any reason
 = lov+ my tea*]1 if he has reg>d$ me   
m]ely z "o ( ! mass ( 8 s*ol>s1 & has n 
?\ght me wor?y ( tak+ especial pa9s ) by
 myself1 if he has nev] fix$ 8 att5tion 
^u me1 & if :5 he dis*>g$ 8 k on !      
public1 ,i might be said r to h pick$ x 
up ?an to h le>nt x f him4 ,:at !n is   
our reason = ow+ !m mu*8 ,x is1 n t :at 
!y h sold u is wor? m ?an we paid = x1 b
 t !y h giv5 some?+ to u p]sonally4     
,suppose t my physician has sp5t m      
consid]ation ^u my case ?an 0           
pr(essionally necess>y2 t x 0 = me1 n = 
8 own cr$it1 t he fe>$3 t he 0 n        
satisfi$ ) po9t+ out rem$ies1 b himself 
appli$ !m1 t he sat by my b$side among  

my anxi\s fri5ds1 & came to see me at ! 
crises ( my disord]2 t no s]vice 0 too  
tr\blesome or too disgu/+ = him to p]=m2
 t he did n he> my groans unmov$2 t     
among ! numb]s :o call$ = him ,i 0 8    
fav\rite case2 & t he gave ! o!rs only s
 mu* "t z 8 c>e ( my heal? p]mitt$ him3 
,i %\ld feel oblig$ to su* a man n z to 
a physician1 b z to a fri5d4 ,suppose   
aga9 t my tea*] endur$ lab\r & we>9ess 9
 in/ruct+ me2 t he taught me some?+ m   
?an is taught by all ma/]s alike2 t he  
r\s$ my bett] feel+s by 8 enc\ragem5t1 &
 t at "o "t he w\ld raise my spirits by 
praise1 & at ano!r w>n me to %ake (f    
slo?fulness3 t he laid 8 h&1 z x 71 ^u  
my lat5t & torpid p[]s ( intellect &    
drew !m out into ! light ( day2 t he did
 n /+ily dole out to me :at he knew1 9  
ord] t he might be want$ = a long] "t1 b
 0 eag]1 if possible1 to p\r all 8 le>n+
 into me2 !n ,i am ungrateful1 if ,i d n
 love him z mu* z ,i love my ne>e/      
relatives & my de>e/ fri5ds4  ,,xvii4   
,we give some?+ additional ev5 to ^? :o 

tea* ! meane/ trades1 if _! ef=ts appe> 
to be extraord9>y2 we be/[ a gratuity ^u
 pilots1 ^u workm5 :o deal ) ! commone/ 
mat]ials & hire !mselves out by ! day4  
,9 ! noble/ arts1 h[ev]1 ^? :i* ei!r    
pres]ve or beautify our lives1 a man    
w\ld be ungrateful :o ?9ks he owes !    
arti/ no m ?an he b>ga9$ =4 ,besides    
?is1 ! tea*+ ( su* le>n+ z we h spok5 ( 
bl5ds m9d ) m9d2 n[ :5 ?is takes place1 
bo? 9 ! case ( ! physician & ( ! tea*] !
 price ( 8 "w is paid1 b t ( 8 m9d      
rema9s ow+4  ,,xviii4 ,plato once cross$
 a riv]1 & z ! f]ryman did n ask him =  
any?+1 he suppos$ t he _h let him pass  
free out ( respect1 & said t ! f]ryman  
_h laid ,plato "u an obligation4 ,%ortly
 aft]w>ds1 see+ ! f]ryman take "o p]son 
aft] ano!r across ! riv] ) ! same pa9s1 
& )\t *>g+ any?+1 ,plato decl>$ t !     
f]ryman _h n laid him "u an obligation4 
,if y wi% me to be grateful = :at y     
give1 y mu/ n m]ely give x to me1 b %[ t
 y mean x specially = me2 y _c make any 
claim ^u "o = hav+ giv5 him :at y fl+   

away broad-ca/ among ! cr[d4 ,:at !n8   
%all ,i owe y no?+ = x8 ,no?+1 z an     
individual2 ,i w pay1 :5 ! re/ ( mank9d 
d1 :at ,i owe no m ?an !y4  ,,xix4 ,d y 
say1 inquires my oppon5t1 t he :o c>ries
 me gratis 9 a boat across ! riv] ,po1  
does n be/[ any b5efit ^u me8 ,i d4 ,he 
does me "s good1 b he does n be/[ a     
b5efit ^u me2 = he does x = 8 own sake1 
or at any rate n = m9e2 9 %ort1 he      
himself does n imag9e t he is be/[+ a   
b5efit ^u me1 b does x = ! cr$it ( !    
,/ate1 or ( ! neighb\rhood1 or (        
himself1 & expects "s return = do+ s1   
diff]5t f :at he w\ld receive f         
individual pass5g]s4 ,well1 asks my     
oppon5t1 if ! emp]or 7 to grant !       
fran*ise to all ! ,gauls1 or exemption1 
f taxes to all ! ,spani>ds1 w\ld ea*    
individual ( !m owe him no?+ on t       
acc\nt8 ,( c\rse he w\ld3 b he w\ld be  
indebt$ to him1 n z hav+ p]sonally      
receiv$ a b5efit int5d$ = himself alone1
 b z a p>tak] 9 "o conf]r$ ^u 8 nation4 
,he w\ld argue1 ,! emp]or _h no ?\ght ( 

me at ! "t :5 he b5efit$ u all2 he did n
 c>e to give me ! fran*ise sep>ately1 he
 did n fix 8 att5tion ^u me2 :y !n %\ld 
,i be grateful to "o :o did n h me 9 8  
m9d :5 he 0 ?9k+ ( do+ :at he did8 ,9   
answ] to ?is1 ,i say t :5 he ?\ght ( do+
 good to all ! ,gauls1 he ?\ght ( do+   
good to me also1 = ,i 0 a ,gaul1 & he   
includ$ me "u my national1 if n "u my   
p]sonal appellation4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i %\ld
 feel grateful to him1 n z = a p]sonal1 
b = a g5]al b5efit2 be+ only "o ( ! p1  
,i %\ld reg>d ! debt ( gratitude z      
incurr$1 n by myself1 b by my c\ntry1 & 
%\ld n pay x myself1 b only contribute  
my %>e t[>ds do+ s4 ,i d n call a man my
 cr$itor because he has l5t money to my 
c\ntry1 nor %\ld ,i include t money 9 a 
s*$ule ( my debts 7 ,i ei!r a c&idate = 
a public (fice1 or a def5dant 9 ! c\rts2
 yet ,i w\ld pay my %>e t[>ds ext+ui%+  
su* a debt4 ,simil>ly1 ,i d5y t ,i am   
laid "u an obligation by a gift be/[$ ^u
 my entire nation1 because al?\gh ! giv]
 gave x to me1 yet he did n d s = my    

sake1 b gave x )\t kn[+ :e!r he 0 giv+ x
 to me or n3 nev]!less ,i %\ld feel t ,i
 ow$ some?+ = ! gift1 because x did rea*
 me1 ?\gh n directly4 ,to lay me "u an  
obligation1 a ?+ mu/ be done = my sake  
alone4  ,,xx4 ,accord+ to ?is1 argues   
our oppon5t1 y are "u no obligation to !
 sun or ! moon2 = !y d n move = y\r sake
 alone4 ,no1 b s9ce !y move ) ! object (
 pres]v+ ! balance ( ! univ]se1 !y move 
= my sake also1 see+ t ,i am a fraction 
( ! univ]se4 ,besides1 our position &   
!irs is n ! same1 = he :o does me good 9
 ord] t he may by my means d good to    
himself1 does n be/[ a b5efit ^u me1    
because he m]ely makes use ( me z an    
in/rum5t = 8 own advantage2 :]eas ! sun 
& ! moon1 ev5 if !y d u good = _! own   
sakes1 /ill _c d good to u 9 ord] t by  
our means !y may d good to !mselves1 =  
:at is !re :i* we c be/[ ^u !m8  ,,xxi4 
,i %\ld be sure1 replies he1 t ! sun & !
 moon wi%$ to d u good1 if !y 7 able to 
refuse to d s2 b !y _c help mov+ z !y d4
 ,9 %ort1 let !m /op & discont9ue _! "w4

  ,see n[1 9 h[ _m ways ?is argum5t may 
be refut$4 ,"o :o _c refuse to d a ?+   
may nev]!less wi% to d x2 inde$ !re is  
no great] pro( ( a fix$ desire to d     
any?+1 ?an n to be able to alt] "o's    
det]m9ation4 ,a good man _c leave undone
 :at he does3 = unless he does x he w n 
be a good man4 ,is a good man1 !n1 n    
able to be/[ a b5efit1 because he does  
:at he ought to d1 & is n able n to d   
:at he ought to d8 ,besides ?is1 x makes
 a great diff]5ce :e!r y say1 ,he is n  
able n to d ?is1 because he is =c$ to d 
x1 or ,he is n able to wi% n to d x2 =1 
if he c\ld n help do+ x1 !n ,i am n     
indebt$ = x to him1 b to ! p]son :o =c$ 
him to d x2 if he c\ld n help wi%+ = x  
because he _h no?+ bett] to wi% =1 !n x 
is he :o =ces himself to d x1 & 9 ?is   
case ! debt :i* z act+ "u compulsion he 
c\ld n claim1 is due to him z compell+  
himself4  ,let ! sun & moon cease to wi%
 to b5efit u1 says our adv]s>y4 ,i      
answ]1 ,rememb] :at has be5 said4 ,:o c 
be s crazy z to refuse ! "n ( free-w to 

t :i* has no dang] ( ceas+ to act1 & (  
adopt+ ! opposite c\rse1 s9ce1 on !     
contr>y1 he ^: w is fix$ = ev]1 mu/ be  
?\ght to wi% m e>ne/ly ?an any "o else4 
,surely if he1 :o may at any mom5t *ange
 8 m9d1 c be said to wi%1 we mu/ n d5y !
 exi/5ce ( w 9 a be+ ^: nature does n   
admit ( *ange ( m9d4  ,,xxii4 ,well1    
says he let !m /op1 if x be possible4   
,:at y say is ?is3--,let all ^? heav5ly 
bodies1 plac$ z !y are at va/ di/ances f
 ea* o!r1 & arrang$ to pres]ve ! balance
 ( ! univ]se1 leave _! appo9t$ po/s3 let
 sudd5 confusion arise1 s t             
con/ellations may collide )             
con/ellations1 t ! e/abli%$ h>mony ( all
 ?+s may be de/roy$ & ! works ( ,god be 
%ak5 into ru92 let ! :ole frame ( !     
rapidly mov+ heav5ly bodies ab&on 9 mid 
c>e] ^? movem5ts :i* we 7 assur$ w\ld   
endure = ages1 & let ^? :i* n[ by _!    
regul> advance & retreat keep ! _w at a 
mod]ate temp]ature1 be in/antly consum$ 
by fire1 s t in/ead ( ! inf9ite v>iety (
 ! seasons all may be r$uc$ to "o uni=m 

condition2 let fire rage ev]y:]e1 foll[$
 by dull night1 & let ! bottomless abyss
 swall[ up all ! gods4 ,is x wor? :ile  
to de/roy all ?is m]ely 9 ord] to refute
 y8 ,ev5 ?\gh y d n wi% x1 !y d y good1 
& !y :eel 9 _! c\rses = y\r sake1 ?\gh  
_! motion may be due to "s e>li] & m    
important cause4  ,,xxiii4 ,besides ?is1
 ! gods act "u no ext]nal con/ra9t1 b _!
 own w is a law to !m = all "t4 ,!y h   
e/abli%$ an ord] :i* is n to be *ang$1 &
 consequ5tly x is impossible t !y %\ld  
appe> to be likely to d any?+ aga9/ _!  
w1 s9ce !y wi% to cont9ue do+ :atev] !y 
_c cease f do+1 & !y nev] regret _!     
orig9al decision1 ,no d\bt x is         
impossible = !m to /op %ort1 or to des]t
 to ! o!r side1 b x is s = no o!r reason
 ?an t _! own =ce holds !m to _!        
purpose4 ,x is f no weakness t !y       
p]sev]e2 no1 !y h no m9d to leave ! be/ 
c\rse1 & by ?is x is fat$ t !y %\ld     
proce$4 ,:51 at ! "t ( ! orig9al        
creation1 !y arrang$ ! entire univ]se1  
!y paid att5tion to u z well z to ! re/1

 & took ?\ght ab\t ! human race2 & = ?is
 reason we _c suppose t x is m]ely = _! 
own pleasure t !y move 9 _! orbits &    
display _! "w s9ce we also are a "p ( t 
"w4 ,we are1 !re=e2 "u an obligation to 
! sun & moon & ! re/ ( ! heav5ly ho/1   
because1 al?\gh !y may rise 9 ord] to   
be/[ m important b5efits ?an ^? :i* we  
receive f !m1 yet !y d be/[ ^! ^u u z !y
 pass on _! way to great] ?+s4 ,besides 
?is1 !y assi/ u ( set purpose1 &1 !re=e1
 lay u "u an obligation1 because we d n 
9 _! case /umble by *ance ^u a b5efit   
be/[$ by "o :o knew n :at he 0 do+1 b !y
 knew t we %\ld receive f !m !          
advantages :i* we d2 s t1 ?\gh !y may h 
"s high] aim1 ?\gh ! result ( _!        
movem5ts may be some?+ ( great]         
importance ?an ! pres]vation ( ! human  
race1 yet f ! beg9n+ ?\ght has be5      
direct$ to our com=ts1 & ! s*eme ( ! _w 
has be5 arrang$ 9 a fa%ion :i* proves t 
our int]e/s 7 nei!r _! lea/ nor la/     
conc]n4 ,x is our duty to %[ filial love
 = our p>5ts1 al?\gh _m ( !m _h no ?\ght

 ( *ildr5 :5 !y m>ri$4 ,n s ) ! gods3 !y
 _c b h kn[n :at !y 7 do+ :5 !y furni%$ 
mank9d ) food & com=ts4 ,^? = ^:        
advantage s mu* 0 creat$1 c\ld n h be5  
creat$ )\t design4 ,nature conceiv$ !   
idea ( u be=e %e =m$ u1 &1 inde$1 we are
 no su* trifl+ piece ( "w z c\ld h fall5
 f h] h&s unhe$$4 ,see h[ great         
privileges %e has be/[$ ^u u1 h[ f>     
beyond ! human race ! empire ( mank9d   
ext5ds2 consid] h[ widely %e all[s u to 
roam1 n hav+ re/rict$ u to ! l& alone1 b
 p]mitt$ u to trav]se e "p ( h]self2    
consid]1 too1 ! audacity ( our          
intellect1 ! only "o :i* kn[s ( ! gods  
or seeks = !m1 & h[ we c raise our m9d  
high above ! e>?1 & commune ) ^? div9e  
influ5ces3 y w p]ceive t man is n a     
hurri$ly put toge!r1 or an un/udi$ piece
 ( "w4 ,among h] noble/ products nature 
has none ( :i* %e c boa/ m ?an man1 &   
assur$ly no o!r :i* c compreh5d h] boa/4
 ,:at madness is ?is1 to call ! gods 9  
"q = _! b\nty8 ,if a man decl>es t he   
has receiv$ no?+ :5 he is receiv+ all ! 

:ile1 & f ^? :o w always be giv+ )\t ev]
 receiv+ any?+ 9 return1 h[ w he be     
grateful to ^? ^: k9dness _c be return$ 
)\t exp5se8 & h[ great a mi/ake is x n  
to be ?ankful to a giv]1 because he is  
good ev5 to him :o dis[ns him1 or to use
 ! fact ( 8 b\nty be+ p\r$ ^u u 9 an    
un9t]rupt$ /ream1 z an argum5t to prove 
t he _c help be/[+ x4 ,suppose t su* m5 
z ^! say1 ,i d n want x1 ,let him keep x
 to himself1 ,:o asks him = x8 & s =?1 )
 all ! o!r spee*es ( insol5t m9ds3 /ill1
 he ^: b\nty rea*es y1 al?\gh y say t x 
does n1 lays y "u an obligation         
nev]!less2 inde$1 p]haps ! greate/ "p ( 
! b5efit :i* he be/[s is t he is ready  
to give ev5 :5 y are compla9+ aga9/ him4
  ,,xxiv4 ,d y n see h[ p>5ts =ce *ildr5
 dur+ _! infancy to und]go :at is useful
 = _! heal?8 ,?\gh ! *ildr5 cry &       
/ruggle1 !y swa! !m & b9d _! limbs      
/raight le/ premature lib]ty %\ld make  
!m gr[ crook$1 aft]w>ds in/ill into !m a
 lib]al education1 ?reat5+ ^? :o are    
unwill+ to le>n1 & f9ally1 if spirit$ "y

 m5 d n conduct !mselves frugally1      
mode/ly1 & respectably1 !y compel !m to 
d s4 ,=ce & h>% measures are us$ ev5 to 
y\?s :o h gr[n up & are _! own ma/]s1 if
 !y1 ei!r f fe> or f insol5ce1 refuse to
 take :at is good = !m4 ,?us ! greate/  
b5efits t we receive1 we receive ei!r   
)\t kn[+ x1 or aga9/ our w1 f our p>5ts4
  ,,xxv4 ,^? p]sons :o are ungrateful & 
repudiate b5efits1 n because !y d n wi% 
to receive !m1 b 9 ord] t !y may n be   
laid "u an obligation = !m1 are l ^? :o 
fall into ! opposite extreme1 & are ov] 
grateful1 :o pray t "s tr\ble or        
mis=tune may befall _! b5efactors to    
give !m an opportunity ( prov+ h[       
gratefully !y rememb] ! b5efit :i* !y h 
receiv$4 ,x is a "q :e!r !y are "r1 & %[
 a truly dutiful feel+2 _! /ate ( m9d is
 morbid1 l t ( frantic lov]s :o long =  
_! mi/ress to be exil$1 t !y may        
accompany h] :5 %e leaves h] c\ntry     
=sak5 by all h] fri5ds1 or t %e may be  
poor 9 ord] t %e may ! m ne$ :at !y give
 h]1 or :o long t %e may be ill 9 ord] t

 !y may sit by h] b$side1 & :o1 9 %ort1 
out ( %e] love =m ! same wi%es z h]     
enemies w\ld wi% = h]4 ,?us ! results ( 
hatr$ & ( frantic love are v ne>ly !    
same2 & ^! lov]s are v l ^? :o hope t _!
 fri5ds may meet ) difficulties :i* !y  
may remove1 & :o ?us d a wrong t !y may 
be/[ a b5efit1 :]eas x w\ld h be5 mu*   
bett] = !m to d no?+1 ?an by a crime to 
ga9 an opportunity ( do+ good s]vice4   
,:at %\ld we say ( a pilot :o pray$ to !
 gods = dreadful /orms & tempe/s1 9 ord]
 t dang] might make 8 skill m highly    
e/eem$8 :at ( a g5]al :o %\ld pray t a  
va/ numb] ( ! enemy surr\nd 8 camp1 fill
 ! dit*es by a sudd5 *>ge1 te> d[n !    
ramp>t r\nd 8 panic-/rick5 army1 & plant
 its ho/ile /&>ds at ! v gates1 9 ord] t
 he might ga9 m glory by re/or+ 8 brok5 
ranks & %att]$ =tunes8 ,all su* m5 conf]
 _! b5efits ^u u by odi\s means1 = !y   
beg ! gods to h>m ^? :om !y mean to     
help1 & wi% !m to be /ruck d[n be=e !y  
raise !m up2 x is a cruel feel+1 br\ght 
ab\t by a di/ort$ s5se ( gratitude1 to  

wi% evil to befall "o :om "o is b\nd 9  
hon\r to succ\r4  ,,xxvi4 ,my wi%1      
argues our oppon5t1 does him no h>m1    
because :5 ,i wi% = ! dang] ,i wi% = !  
rescue at ! same "t4 ,:at y mean by ?is 
is n t y d no wrong1 b t y d less ?an if
 y wi%$ t ! dang] might befall him1 )\t 
wi%+ = ! rescue4 ,x is wick$ to ?r[ a   
man into ! wat] 9 ord] t y may pull him 
out1 to ?r[ him d[n t y may raise him   
up1 or to %ut him up t y may release    
him4 ,y d n be/[ a b5efit ^u a man by   
ceas+ to wrong him1 nor c x ev] be a    
piece ( good s]vice to anyone to remove 
f him a burd5 :i* y y\rself impos$ on   
him4 ,true1 y may cure ! hurt :i* y     
inflict1 b ,i _h r t y did n hurt me at 
all4 ,y may ga9 my gratitude by cur+ me 
because ,i am w\nd$1 b n by w\nd+ me 9  
ord] t y may cure me3 no man likes sc>s 
except z comp>$ ) w\nds1 :i* he is glad 
to see ?us heal$1 ?\gh he _h r n h      
receiv$ !m4 ,x w\ld be cruel to wi% su* 
?+s to befall "o f :om y _h nev] receiv$
 a k9dness2 h[ mu* m cruel is x to wi% t

 !y may befall "o 9 ^: debt y are4      
,,xxvii4 ,i pray1 replies he1 at ! same 
"t1 t ,i may be able to help him4 ,9 !  
fir/ place1 if ,i /op y %ort 9 ! middle 
( y\r pray]1 x %[s at once t y are      
ungrateful3 ,i h n yet he>d :at y wi% to
 d = him2 ,i h he>d :at y wi% him to    
suff]4 ,y pray t anxiety & fe> & ev5    
worse evil ?an ?is may come ^u him4 ,y  
desire t he may ne$ aid3 ?is is to 8    
disadvantage2 y desire t he may ne$ y\r 
aid3 ?is is to y\r advantage4 ,y d n wi%
 to help him1 b to be set free f y\r    
obligation to him3 = :5 y are eag] to   
repay y\r debt 9 su* a way z ?is1 y     
m]ely wi% to be set free f ! debt1 n to 
repay x4 ,s ! only "p ( y\r wi% t c\ld  
be ?\ght hon\rable proves to be ! base &
 ungrateful feel+ ( unwill+ness to lie  
"u an obligation3 = :at y wi% = is1 n t 
y may h an opportunity ( repay+ 8       
k9dness1 b t he may be =c$ to beg y to d
 him a k9dness4 ,y make y\rself !       
sup]ior1 & y wick$ly degrade b5ea? y\r  
feet ! man :o has done y good s]vice4   

,h[ mu* bett] w\ld x be to rema9 9 8    
debt 9 an hon\rable & fri5dly mann]1 ?an
 to seek to dis*>ge ! debt by ^! evil   
means6 ,y w\ld be less to blame if y    
d5i$ t y _h receiv$ x1 = y\r b5efactor  
w\ld !n lose no?+ m ?an :at he gave y1  
:]eas n[ y wi% him to be r5d]$ inf]ior  
to y1 & br\ght by ! loss ( 8 prop]ty &  
social position into a condition bel[ 8 
own b5efits4 ,d y ?9k y\rself grateful8 
,j utt] y\r wi%es 9 ! he>+ ( him to :om 
y wi% to d good4 ,d y call t a pray] = 8
 welf>e1 :i* c be divid$ betwe5 8 fri5d 
& 8 enemy1 :i*1 if ! la/ "p 7 omitt$1 y 
w\ld n d\bt 0 pron\nc$1 by "o :o oppos$ 
& hat$ him8 ,enemies 9 w> h sometimes   
wi%$ to capture c]ta9 t[ns 9 ord] to    
sp>e !m1 or to conqu] c]ta9 p]sons 9    
ord] to p>don1 !m1 yet ^! 7 ! wi%es (   
enemies1 & :at 0 ! k9de/ "p ( !m began  
by cruelty4 ,f9ally1 :at sort ( pray]s d
 y ?9k ^? c be :i* he1 on ^: behalf !y  
are made1 hopes m e>ne/ly ?an any "o    
else may n be grant$8 ,9 hop+ t ! gods  
may injure a man1 & t y may help him1 y 

deal mo/ di%on\rably ) him1 & y d n     
treat ! gods !mselves fairly1 = y give  
!m ! odi\s "p to play1 & res]ve ! g5]\s 
"o = y\rself3 ! gods mu/ d him wrong 9  
ord] t y may d him a s]vice4 ,if y 7 to 
suborn an in=m] to accuse a man1 &      
aft]w>ds )drew him1 if y engag$ a man 9 
a law suit & aft]w>ds gave x up1 no "o  
w\ld hesitate to call y a villa93 :at   
diff]5ce does x make1 :e!r y attempt to 
d ?is by *ican]y or by pray]1 unless x  
be t by pray] y raise up m p[]ful       
enemies to him ?an by ! o!r means8 ,y _c
 say ,:y1 :at h>m d ,i d him8 y\r pray] 
is ei!r futile or h>mful1 inde$ x is    
h>mful ev5 ?\gh no?+ comes ( x4 ,y d y\r
 fri5d wrong by wi%+ him h>m3 y mu/ ?ank
 ! gods t y d him no h>m4 ,! fact ( y\r 
wi%+ x is en\gh3 we ought to be j z     
angry ) y z if y _h effect$ x4          
,,xxviii4 ,if1 argues our adv]s>y1 my   
pray]s _h any efficacy1 !y w\ld also h  
be5 efficaci\s to save him f dang]4 ,9 !
 fir/ place1 ,i reply1 ! dang] into :i* 
y wi% me to fall is c]ta91 ! help :i* ,i

 %\ld receive is unc]ta94 ,or call !m   
bo? c]ta92 x is t :i* injures me t comes
 fir/4 ,besides1 ,,y und]/& ! t]ms ( y\r
 wi%2 ,i %all be toss$ by ! /orm )\t be+
 sure t ,i h a hav5 ( re/ at h&4  ,?9k  
:at torture x mu/ h be5 to me1 ev5 if ,i
 receive y\r help1 to h /ood 9 ne$ ( x3 
if ,i escape safely1 to h trembl$ =     
myself2 if ,i be acquitt$1 to h _h to   
plead my cause4 ,to escape f fe>1 h[ev] 
great x may be1 c nev] be s pleasant z  
to live 9 s\nd unassailable safety4     
,pray t y may return my k9dnesses :5 ,i 
ne$ _! return1 b d n pray t ,i may ne$  
!m4 ,y w\ld h done :at y pray$ =1 _h x  
be5 9 y\r p[]4  ,,xxix4 ,h[ f> m        
hon\rable w\ld a pray] ( ?is sort be3 ,i
 pray t he may rema9 9 su* a position z 
t he may always be/[ b5efits & nev] ne$ 
!m3 may he be att5d$ by ! means ( giv+ &
 help+1 ( :i* he makes su* a b\ntiful   
use2 may he nev] want b5efits to be/[1  
or be sorry = any :i* he has be/[$2 may 
8 nature1 fitt$ z x is = acts ( pity1   
goodness1 & clem5cy1 be /imulat$ &      

br\ght out by numb]s ( grateful p]sons1 
:om ,i tru/ he w f9d )\t ne$+ to make   
trial ( _! gratitude2 may he refuse to  
be reconcil$ to no "o1 & may no "o      
require to be reconcil$ to him3 may     
=tune s uni=mly cont9ue to fav\r him t  
no "o may be able to return 8 k9dness 9 
any way except by feel+ grateful to him4
  ,h[ f> m prop] are su* pray]s z ^!1   
:i* d n put y (f to "s di/ant           
opportunity1 b express y\r gratitude at 
once8 ,:at is !re to prev5t y\r return+ 
y\r b5efactor's k9dness1 ev5 :ile he is 
9 prosp]ity8 ,h[ _m ways are !re by :i* 
we c repay :at we owe ev5 to !          
afflu5t--= in/ance1 by hone/ advice1 by 
con/ant int]c\rse1 by c\rte\s           
conv]sation1 pleas+ him )\t flatt]+ him1
 by li/5+ att5tively to any subject :i* 
he may wi% to discuss1 by keep+ safe any
 secret t he may imp>t to u1 & by social
 int]c\rse4 ,!re is no "o s highly plac$
 by =tune z n to want a fri5d all ! m   
because he wants no?+4  ,,xxx4 ,! o!r is
 a melan*oly opportunity1 & "o :i* we   

ought always to pray may be kept f> f u3
 mu/ ! gods be angry ) a man 9 ord] t y 
may prove y\r gratitude to him8 ,d y n  
p]ceive t y are do+ wrong1 f ! v fact t 
^? to :om y are ungrateful f>e bett]8   
,call up be=e y\r m9d dungeons1 *a9s1   
wret*$ness1 slav]y1 w>1 pov]ty3 ^! are !
 opportunities = :i* y pray2 if any "o  
has any deal+s ) y1 x is by means ( ^! t
 y squ>e y\r acc\nt4 ,:y n r wi% t he to
 :om y owe mo/ may be p[]ful & happy8 =1
 z ,i h j said1 :at is !re to prev5t y\r
 return+ ! k9dness ev5 ( ^? :o enjoy !  
greate/ prosp]ity8 to d :i*1 ample &    
v>i\s opportunities w pres5t !mselves to
 y1 ,:at6 d y n "k t a debt c be paid   
ev5 to a ri* man8 ,nor w ,i tr\ble y )  
_m in/ances ( :at y may d4 ,?\gh a man's
 ri*es & prosp]ity may prev5t y\r mak+  
him any o!r repaym5t1 ,i w %[ y :at !   
highe/ 9 ! l& /& 9 ne$ (1 :at is want+  
to ^? :o possess ev]y?+4 ,!y want a man 
to speak ! tru?1 to save !m f ! organiz$
 mass ( falsehood by :i* !y are beset1  
:i* s bewild]s !m ) lies t ! habit (    

he>+ only :at is pleasant in/ead ( :at  
is true1 prev5ts _! kn[+ :at tru? really
 is4 ,d y n see h[ su* p]sons are driv5 
to ru9 by ! want ( c&\r among _! fri5ds1
 ^: loyalty has deg5]at$ into slavi%    
obsequi\sness8 ,no "o1 :5 giv+ !m 8     
advice1 tells !m :at he really ?9ks1 b  
ea* vies ) ! o!r 9 flatt]y2 & :ile !    
man's fri5ds make x _! only object to   
see :o c mo/ pleasantly deceive him1 he 
himself is ignorant ( 8 real p[]s1 &1   
believ+ himself to be z great a man z he
 is told t he is1 plunges ! ,/ate 9     
useless w>s1 :i* br+ disa/]s ^u x1      
breaks (f a useful & necess>y peace1 &1 
?r\gh a passion ( ang] :i* no "o *ecks1 
spills ! blood ( numb]s ( p1 & at la/   
%$s 8 own4 ,su* p]sons ass]t :at has    
nev] be5 inve/igat$ z c]ta9 facts1      
consid] t to modify _! op9ion is z      
di%on\rable z to be conqu]$1 believe t  
in/itutions :i* are j flick]+ out (     
exi/5ce w la/ = ev]1 &1 ?us ov]turn     
great ,/ates1 to ! de/ruction ( !mselves
 & all :o are connect$ ) !m4 ,liv+ z !y 

d 9 a fool's p>adise1 respl5d5t ) unreal
 & %ort-liv$ advantages1 !y =get t1 z   
soon z !y put x out ( _! p[] to he> !   
tru?1 !re is no limit to ! mis=tunes :i*
 !y may expect4  ,,xxxi4 ,:5 ,x]xes     
decl>$ w> aga9/ ,greece1 all 8 c\rti]s  
enc\rag$ 8 boa/ful temp]1 :i* =got h[   
unsub/antial 8 gr\nds = confid5ce 74 ,"o
 decl>$ t ! ,greeks w\ld n endure to he>
 ! news ( ! decl>ation ( w>1 & w\ld take
 to flight at ! fir/ rum\r ( 8 approa*2 
ano!r1 t ) su* a va/ army ,greece c\ld n
 only be conqu]$1 b utt]ly ov]:elm$1 & t
 x 0 r to be fe>$ t !y w\ld f9d ! ,greek
 cities empty & ab&on$1 & t ! panic     
flight ( ! enemy w\ld leave !m only va/ 
des]ts1 :]e no use c\ld be made ( _!    
enorm\s =ces4 ,ano!r told him t ! _w 0  
h>dly l>ge en\gh to conta9 him1 t ! seas
 7 too n>r[ = 8 fleets1 ! camps w\ld n  
take 9 8 armies1 ! pla9s 7 n wide en\gh 
to deploy 8 cavalry 91 & t ! sky itself 
0 sc>cely l>ge en\gh to enable all 8    
troops to hurl _! d>ts at once4 ,:ile   
mu* boa/+ ( ?is sort 0 go+ on ar\nd him1

 rais+ 8 already ov]we5+ self-confid5ce 
to a frantic pit*1 ,dem>atus1 !         
,lac$aemonian1 alone told him t !       
disorganiz$ & unwieldy multitude 9 :i*  
he tru/$1 0 9 itself a dang] to its     
*ief1 because x possess$ only weight )\t
 /r5g?2 = an army :i* is too l>ge _c be 
gov]n$1 & "o :i* _c be gov]n$1 _c long  
exi/4 ,! ,lac$aemonians1 said he1 w meet
 y ^u ! fir/ m\nta9 9 ,greece1 & w give 
y a ta/e ( _! quality4 ,all ^! ?\s&s (  
nations ( y\rs w be held 9 *eck by ?ree 
hundr$ m53 !y w /& firm at _! po/s1 !y w
 def5d ! passes entru/$ to !m ) _!      
weapons1 & block !m up ) _! bodies3 all 
,asia w n =ce !m to give way2 few z !y  
are1 !y w /op all ?is t]rible invasion1 
attempt$ ?\gh x be by ne>ly ! :ole human
 race4 ,?\gh ! laws ( nature may give   
way to y1 & enable y to pass f ,europe  
to ,asia1 yet y w /op %ort 9 a bypa?2   
consid] :at y\r losses w be aft]w>ds1 :5
 y h reckon$ up ! price :i* y h to pay =
 ! pass ( ,!rmopylae2 :5 y le>n t y\r   
m>* c be /ay$1 y w discov] t y may be   

put to flight4 ,! ,greeks w yield up _m 
p>ts ( _! c\ntry to y1 z if !y 7 swept  
out ( !m by ! fir/ t]rible ru% ( a      
m\nta9 torr5t2 aft]w>ds !y w rise aga9/ 
y f all qu>t]s & w cru% y by means ( y\r
 own /r5g?4 ,:at p say1 t y\r w>like    
prep>ations are too great to be conta9$ 
9 ! c\ntries :i* y int5d to attack1 is q
 true2 b ?is is to our disadvantage4    
,greece w conqu] y = ?is v reason1 t %e 
_c conta9 y2 y _c make use ( ! :ole (   
y\r =ce4 ,besides ?is1 y w n be able to 
d :at is ess5tial to victory--t is1 to  
meet ! manoeuvres ( ! enemy at once1 to 
support y\r own m5 if !y give way1 or to
 confirm & /r5g!n !m :5 _! ranks are    
wav]+2 long be=e y "k x1 y w be defeat$4
 ,moreov]1 y %\ld n ?9k t because y\r   
army is s l>ge t its own *ief does n "k 
its numb]s1 x is !re=e irresi/ible2 !re 
is no?+ s great t x _c p]i%2 nay1 )\t   
any o!r cause1 its own excessive size   
may prove its ru94 ,:at ,dem>atus       
pr$ict$ came to pass4 ,he ^: p[] gods & 
m5 obey$1 & :o swept away all t oppos$  

him1 0 bidd5 to halt by ?ree hundr$ m51 
& ! ,p]sians1 defeat$ 9 e "p ( ,greece1 
le>n$ h[ great a diff]5ce !re is betwe5 
a mob & an army4 ,?us x came to pass t  
,x]xes1 :o suff]$ m f ! %ame ( 8 failure
 ?an f ! losses :i* he su/a9$1 ?ank$    
,dem>atus = hav+ be5 ! only man :o told 
him ! tru?1 & p]mitt$ him to ask :at    
boon he pleas$4 ,he ask$ to be all[$ to 
drive a *>iot into ,s>dis1 ! l>ge/ city 
9 ,asia1 we>+ a ti>a erect ^u 8 head1 a 
privilege :i* 0 enjoy$ by k+s alone4 ,he
 des]v$ 8 rew>d be=e he ask$ = x1 b h[  
wret*$ mu/ ! nation h be51 9 :i* !re 0  
no "o :o w\ld speak ! tru? to ! k+      
except "o man :o did n speak x to       
himself4  ,,xxxii4 ,! late ,emp]or      
,augu/us bani%$ 8 daught]1 ^: conduct   
w5t beyond ! %ame ( ord9>y immode/y1 &  
made public ! sc&als ( ! imp]ial h\se4  
,l$ away by 8 passion1 he divulg$ all ^!
 crimes :i*1 z emp]or1 he ought to h    
kept secret ) z mu* c>e z he puni%$ !m1 
because ! %ame ( "s de$s asp]ses ev5 him
 :o av5ges !m4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 by lapse ( 

"t %ame took ! place ( ang] 9 8 m9d1 he 
lam5t$ t he _h n kept sil5ce ab\t matt]s
 :i* he _h n le>n$ until x 0 disgraceful
 to speak ( !m1 & (t5 us$ to exclaim1   
,none ( ^! ?+s w\ld h happ5$ to me1 if  
ei!r ,agrippa or ,maec5as _h liv$6 ,s   
h>d 0 x = ! ma/] ( s _m ?\s&s ( m5 to   
repair ! loss ( two4 ,:5 8 legions 7    
slaught]$1 new ones 7 at once enroll$2  
:5 8 fleet 0 wreck$1 )9 a few days ano!r
 0 afloat2 :5 ! public build+s 7 consum$
 by fire1 f9] ones arose 9 _! /ead2 b ! 
places ( ,agrippa & ,maec5as rema9$     
unfill$ ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,:at am ,i to   
imag9e8 t !re 7 n any m5 l ^!1 :o c\ld  
take _! place1 or t x 0 ! fault (       
,augu/us himself1 :o pref]r$ m\rn+ = !m 
to seek+ = _! likes8 ,we h no reason =  
suppos+ t x 0 ! habit ( ,agrippa or     
,maec5as to speak ! tru? to him2 inde$1 
if !y _h liv$ !y w\ld h be5 z great     
dissembl]s z ! re/4 ,x is "o ( ! habits 
( k+s to insult _! pres5t s]vants by    
prais+ ^? :om !y h lo/1 & to attribute !
 virtue ( tru?ful speak+ to ^? f :om !re

 is no fur!r risk ( he>+ x4  ,,xxxiii4  
,h[ev]1 to return to my subject1 y see  
h[ easy x is to return ! k9dness ( !    
prosp]\s1 & ev5 ( ^? :o occupy ! highe/ 
places ( all mank9d4 ,tell !m1 n :at !y 
wi% to he>1 b :at !y w wi% t !y always  
_h he>d2 ?\gh _! e>s be /opp$ by        
flatt]ies1 yet sometimes tru? may       
p5etrate !m2 give !m useful advice4 ,d y
 ask :at s]vice y c r5d] to a prosp]\s  
man8 ,tea* him n to rely ^u 8 prosp]ity1
 & to und]/& t x ought to be support$ by
 ! h&s ( _m tru/y fri5ds4 ,w y n h done 
mu* = him1 if y take away 8 fooli%      
belief t 8 influ5ce w endure = ev]1 &   
tea* him t :at we ga9 by *ance passes   
away soon1 & at a quick] rate ?an x     
came2 t we _c fall by ! same /ages by   
:i* we rose to ! height ( good =tune1 b 
t frequ5tly betwe5 x & ru9 !re is b "o  
/ep8 ,y d n "k h[ great is ! value (    
fri5d%ip1 if y d n und]/& h[ mu* y give 
to him to :om y give a fri5d1 a         
commodity :i* is sc>ce n only 9 m5's    
h\ses1 b 9 :ole c5turies1 & :i* is n[h]e

 sc>c] ?an 9 ! places :]e x is ?\ght to 
be mo/ pl5tiful4 ,pray1 d y suppose t ^?
 books ( names1 :i* y\r nom5clator      
,footnote3 ,! nom5clator 0 a slave :o   
att5d$ 8 ma/] 9 canvass+ & on simil>    
occasions1 = ! purpose ( tell+ him !    
names ( :om he met 9 ! /reet4 c h>dly   
c>ry or rememb]1 are ^? ( fri5ds8 ,x is 
n y\r fri5ds :o cr[d to knock at y\r    
door1 & :o are admitt$ to y\r great] or 
less] levees4  ,,xxxiv4 ,to divide "o's 
fri5ds into classes is an old trick (   
k+s & _! imitators2 x %[s great         
arrogance to ?9k t to t\* or to pass    
"o's ?re%old c be a valuable privilege1 
or to grant z an hon\r t y %\ld sit ne>]
 "o's front door ?an o!rs1 or ent] h\se 
be=e !m1 al?\gh )9 ! h\se !re are _m m  
doors1 :i* %ut out ev5 ^? :o h be5      
admitt$ s f>4 ,) u ,gaius ,grac*us1 &   
%ortly aft] him ,livius ,drusus1 7 !    
fir/ to keep !mselves ap>t f ! mass ( _!
 adh]5ts1 & to admit "s to _! privacy1  
"s to _! m select1 & o!rs to _! g5]al   
receptions4 ,^! m5 consequ5tly _h fri5ds

 ( ! fir/ & second rank1 & s on1 b 9    
none _h !y true fri5ds4 ,c y apply ! "n 
( fri5d to "o :o is admitt$ 9 8 regul>  
ord] to pay 8 respects to y8 or c y     
expect p]fect loyalty f "o :o is =c$ to 
slip into y\r pres5ce ?r\gh a           
grudg+ly-op5$ door8 ,h[ c a man arrive  
at us+ bold fre$om ( spee* ) y1 if he is
 only all[$ 9 8 prop] turn to make use (
 ! common phrase1 ,hail to y1 :i* is us$
 by p]fect /rang]s8 ,:5ev] y g to any ( 
^! great m51 ^: levees int]e/ ! :ole    
city1 ?\gh y f9d all ! /reets beset )   
?rongs ( p1 & ! pass]s-by h>dly able to 
make _! way ?r\gh ! cr[d1 y may be sure 
t y h come to a place :]e !re are _m m51
 b no fri5ds ( _! patron4 ,we mu/ n seek
 our fri5ds 9 our entrance hall1 b 9 our
 own brea/2 x is !re t he ought to be   
receiv$1 !re reta9$1 & ho>d$ up 9 our   
m9ds4 ,tea* ?is1 & y w h repaid y\r debt
 ( gratitude4  ,,xxxv4 ,if y are useful 
to y\r fri5d only :5 he is 9 di/ress1 & 
are sup]flu\s :5 all goes well ) him1 y 
=m a mean e/imate ( y\r own value4 ,z y 

c be> y\rself wisely bo? 9 d\btful1 9   
prosp]\s1 & 9 adv]se circum/ances1 by   
%[+ prud5ce 9 d\btful cases1 c\rage 9   
mis=tune1 & self-re/ra9t 9 good =tune1 s
 9 all circum/ances y c make y\rself    
useful to y\r fri5d4 ,d n des]t him 9   
adv]sity1 b d n wi% t x may befall him3 
! v>i\s incid5ts ( human life w af=d y  
_m opportunities ( prov+ y\r loyalty to 
him )\t wi%+ him evil4 ,he :o prays t   
ano!r may become ri*1 9 ord] t he may   
%>e 8 ri*es1 really has a view to 8 own 
advantage1 al?\gh 8 pray]s are o/5sibly 
(f]$ 9 behalf ( 8 fri5d2 & simil>ly he  
:o wi%es t 8 fri5d may get into "s      
tr\ble f :i* 8 own fri5dly assi/ance may
 extricate him--a mo/ ungrateful        
wi%--pref]s himself to 8 fri5d1 & ?9ks x
 wor?:ile t 8 fri5d %\ld be unhappy1 9  
ord] t he may prove 8 gratitude4 ,?is v 
wi% makes him ungrateful1 = he wi%es to 
rid himself ( 8 gratitude z ?\gh x 7 a  
heavy burd54 ,9 return+ a k9dness x     
makes a great diff]5ce :e!r y are eag]  
to be/[ a b5efit1 or m]ely to free      

y\rself f a debt4 ,he :o wi%es to return
 a b5efit w /udy 8 fri5d's int]e/s1 & w 
hope t a suitable occasion w arise2 he  
:o only wi%es to free himself f an      
obligation w be eag] to d s by any means
 :atev]1 :i* %[s v bad feel+4 ,d y say1 
we may be ask$1 t eag]ness to repay     
k9dness belongs to a morbid feel+ (     
gratitude8 ,i _c expla9 my mean+ m      
cle>ly ?an by repeat+ :at ,i h already  
said4 ,y d n want to repay1 b to escape 
f ! b5efit :i* y h receiv$4 ,y seem to  
say1 ,:5 %all ,i get free f ?is         
obligation8 ,i mu/ /rive by any means 9 
my p[] to ext+ui% my debt to him4 ,y    
w\ld be ?\ght to be f> f grateful1 if y 
wi%$ to pay a debt to him ) 8 own money2
 yet ?is wi% ( y\rs is ev5 m unju/2 = y 
invoke curses ^u him1 & call d[n t]rible
 imprecations ^u ! head ( "o :o ought to
 be held sacr$ by y4 ,no "o1 ,i suppose1
 w\ld h any d\bt ( y\r wick$ness if y 7 
op5ly to pray t he might suff] pov]ty1  
captivity1 hung]1 or fe>2 yet :at is !  
diff]5ce betwe5 op5ly pray+ = "s ( ^!   

?+s1 & sil5tly wi%+ = !m8 = y d wi% = "s
 ( ^!4 ,g1 & enjoy y\r belief t ?is is  
gratitude1 to d :at n ev5 an ungrateful 
man w\ld d1 suppos+ he conf9$ himself to
 repudiat+ ! b5efit1 & did n g s f> z to
 hate 8 b5efactor4  ,,xxxvi4 ,:o w\ld   
call ,a5eas pi\s1 if he wi%$ t 8 native 
city might be captur$1 9 ord] t he might
 save 8 fa!r f captivity8 ,:o w\ld po9t 
to ! ,sicilian y\?s z good examples = 8 
*ildr51 if !y _h pray$ t ,aetna might   
flame ) unusual heat & p\r =? a va/ mass
 ( fire 9 ord] to af=d !m an opportunity
 ( display+ _! filial affection by      
rescu+ _! p>5ts f ! mid/ ( !            
conflagration8 ,rome owes ,scipio no?+  
if he kept ! ,punic ,w> alive 9 ord] t  
he might h ! glory ( f9i%+ x2 %e owes   
no?+ to ! ,decii if !y pray$ = public   
disa/]s1 to give !mselves an opportunity
 ( display+ _! brave self-devotion4 ,x  
is ! greate/ sc&al = a physician to make
 "w = himself2 & _m :o h aggravat$ !    
diseases ( _! pati5ts t !y may h !      
great] cr$it = cur+ !m1 h ei!r fail$ to 

cure !m1 at all or h done s at ! co/ ( !
 mo/ t]rible suff]+ to _! victims4      
,,xxxvii4 ,x is said 7at any rate       
,hecaton tells u7 t :5 ,calli/ratus ) _m
 o!rs 0 driv5 into exile by 8 facti\s & 
lic5ti\sly free c\ntry1 "s "o pray$ t   
su* tr\ble might befall ! ,a!nians t !y 
w\ld be =c$ to recall ! exiles1 on he>+ 
:i*1 he pray$ t ,god might =bid 8 return
 ^u su* t]ms4 ,:5 "s "o tri$ to console 
our own c\ntryman1 ,rutilius1 = 8 exile1
 po9t+ out t civil w> 0 at h&1 & t all  
exiles w\ld soon be re/or$ to ,rome1 he 
answ]$ ) ev5 great] _s1 ,:at h>m h ,i   
done y1 t y %\ld wi% t ,i may return to 
my c\ntry m unhappily ?an ,i quit x8 ,my
 wi% is1 t my c\ntry %\ld blu% at my be+
 bani%$1 r ?an t %e %\ld m\rn at my hav+
 return$4 ,an exile1 ( :i* e "o is m    
a%am$ ?an ! suff]]1 is n exile at all4  
,^! two p]sons1 :o did n wi% to be      
re/or$ to _! homes at ! co/ ( a public  
disa/]1 b pref]r$ t two %\ld suff]      
unju/ly ?an t all %\ld suff] alike1 are 
?\ght to h act$ l good citiz5s2 & 9 l   

mann] x does n accord ) ! "* ( a        
grateful man1 to wi% t 8 b5efactor may  
fall into tr\bles :i* he may dispel2    
because1 ev5 ?\gh he may mean well to   
him1 yet he wi%es him evil4 ,to put out 
a fire :i* y y\rself h light$1 w n ev5  
ga9 acquittal = y1 let alone cr$it4     
,,xxxviii4 ,9 "s /ates an evil wi% 0    
reg>d$ z a crime4 ,x is c]ta9 t at ,a!ns
 ,demades obta9$ a v]dict aga9/ "o :o   
sold furniture = fun]als1 by prov+ t he 
_h pray$ = great ga9s1 :i* he c\ld n    
obta9 )\t ! dea? ( _m p]sons4 ,yet x is 
a /ock "q :e!r he 0 rightly f\nd guilty4
 ,p]haps he pray$1 n t he might sell 8  
w>es to _m p]sons1 b t he might sell !m 
de>1 or t he might procure :at he 0 go+ 
to sell1 *eaply4 ,s9ce 8 bus9ess consi/$
 ( buy+ & sell+1 :y %\ld y consid] 8    
pray] to apply to "o bran* ( x only1    
al?\gh he made pr(it f bo?8 ,besides    
?is1 y might f9d e "o ( 8 trade guilty1 
= !y all wi%1 t is1 secretly pray1 z he 
did4 ,y might1 moreov]1 f9d a great "p (
 ! human race guilty1 = :o is !re :o    

does n pr(it by 8 neighb\r's wants8 ,a  
soldi]1 if he wi%es = glory1 mu/ wi% =  
w>2 ! f>m] pr(its by corn be+ de>2 a    
l>ge numb] ( litigants raises ! price ( 
=5sic eloqu5ce2 physicians make money by
 a sickly season2 deal]s 9 luxuries are 
made ri* by ! effem9acy ( y\?2 suppose t
 no /orms & no conflagrations injur$ our
 dwell+s1 ! build]'s trade w\ld be at a 
/&/ill4 ,! pray] ( "o man 0 detect$1 b x
 0 j l ! pray]s ( all o!r m54 ,d y      
imag9e t ,arruntius & ,hat]ius1 & all   
o!r pr(essional legacy-hunt]s d n put up
 ! same pray]s z und]tak]s &            
grave-digg]s8 ?\gh ! latt] "k n ^: dea? 
x is t !y wi% =1 :ile ! =m] wi% = ! dea?
 ( _! de>e/ fri5ds1 f :om1 on acc\nt (  
_! intimacy1 !y h mo/ hopes ( inh]it+ a 
=tune4 ,no "o's life does ! und]tak] any
 h>m1 :]eas ^! m5 />ve if _! fri5ds are 
long ab\t dy+2 !y d n1 !re=e1 m]ely wi% 
= _! dea?s 9 ord] t !y may receive :at  
!y h e>n$ by a disgraceful s]vitude1 b 9
 ord] t !y may be set free f a heavy    
tax4 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be no d\bt t su*    

p]sons repeat ) ev5 great] e>ne/ness !  
pray] = :i* ! und]tak] 0 condemn$1 =    
:oev] is likely to pr(it su* m5 by dy+1 
does !m an injury by liv+4 ,yet ! wi%es 
( all ^! are alike well kn[n & unpuni%$4
 ,la/ly1 let e man exam9e 8 own self1   
let him look into ! secret ?\ghts ( 8   
he>t & consid] :at x is t he sil5tly    
hopes =2 h[ _m ( 8 pray]s he w\ld blu%  
to ackn[l$ge1 ev5 to himself2 h[ few !re
 are :i* we c\ld repeat 9 ! pres5ce (   
witnesses6  ,,xxxix4 ,yet we mu/ n      
condemn e ?+ :i* we f9d wor?y ( blame1  
z1 = in/ance1 ?is wi% ab\t our fri5ds   
:i* we h be5 discuss+1 arises f a       
misdirect$ feel+ ( affection1 & falls   
into ! v error :i* x /rives to avoid1 = 
! man is ungrateful at ! v "t :5 he     
hurries to prove 8 gratitude4 ,he prays 
al\d1 ,may he fall into my p[]1 may he  
ne$ my influ5ce1 may n be able to be    
safe & respectable )\t my aid1 may he be
 s un=tunate t :atev] return ,i make to 
him may be reg>d$ z a b5efit4 ,to ! gods
 alone he adds1 ,may dome/ic treasons   

encompass him1 :i* c be quell$ by me    
alone2 may "s p[]ful & virul5t enemy1 "s
 excit$ & arm$ mob1 assail him2 may he  
be set ^u by a cr$itor or an in=m]4     
,,xl4 ,see1 h[ j y are2 y w\ld nev] h   
wi%$ any ( ^! mis=tunes to befall him1  
if he _h n be/[$ a b5efit ^u y4 ,n to   
speak ( ! grav] guilt :i* y incur by    
return+ evil = good1 y di/9ctly d wrong 
9 n wait+ = ! fitt+ "t = ea* action1 = x
 is z wrong to anticipate ?is z x is n  
to take x :5 x comes4 ,a b5efit ought n 
always to be accept$1 & ought n 9 all   
cases to be return$4 ,if y 7 to return x
 to me aga9/ my w1 y w\ld be ungrateful1
 h[ mu* m ungrateful are y1 if y =ce me 
to wi% = x8 ,wait pati5tly2 :y are y    
unwill+ to let my b\nty abide ) y8 ,:y d
 y *afe at be+ laid "u an obligation8   
:y1 z ?\gh y 7 deal+ ) a h>% usur]1 are 
y 9 su* a hurry to sign & seal an       
equival5t bond8 ,:y d y wi% me to get   
into tr\ble8 ,:y d y call ^u ! gods to  
ru9 me8 ,if ?is is y\r way ( return+ a  
k9dness1 :at w\ld y d if y 7 exact+     

repaym5t ( a debt8  ,,xli4 ,above all1  
!re=e1 my ,lib]alis1 let u le>n to live 
calmly "u an obligation to o!rs1 & wat* 
= opportunities ( repay+ our debt )\t   
manufactur+ !m4 ,let u rememb] t ?is    
anxiety to seize ! fir/ opportunity (   
sett+ ourselves free %[s +ratitude2 = no
 "o repays ) good w t :i* he is unwill+ 
to owe1 & 8 eag]ness to get x out ( 8   
h&s %[s t he reg>ds x z a burd5 r ?an z 
a fav\r4 ,h[ mu* bett] & m righte\s is x
 to be> 9 m9d :at we owe to our fri5ds1 
& to (f] repaym5t1 n to obtrude x1 nor  
to ?9k ourselves too mu* indebt$2       
because a b5efit is a common bond :i*   
connects two p]sons4 ,say ,i d n delay  
to repay y\r k9dness to me2 ,i hope t y 
w accept my gratitude *e]fully4 ,if     
irresi/ible fate hangs ov] ei!r ( u1 &  
de/9y rules ei!r t y mu/ receive y\r    
b5efit back aga91 or t ,i mu/ receive a 
second b5efit1 :y !n1 ( u two1 let him  
give t 0 wont to give4 ,i am ready to   
receive x4    ',tis n ! "p ( ,turnus to 
delay4  ,t is ! _s :i* ,i %all %[ :5ev] 

! "t comes2 9 ! mean:ile ! gods %all be 
my witnesses4  ,,xlii4 ,i h not$ 9 y1 my
 ,lib]alis1 & z x 7 t\*$ ) my h& a feel+
 ( fussy anxiety n to be beh9dh& 9 do+  
:at is y\r duty4 ,?is anxiety is n      
suitable to a grateful m9d1 :i*1 on !   
contr>y1 produces ! utmo/ confid5ce 9   
oneself1 & :i* drives away all tr\ble by
 ! consci\sness ( real affection t[>ds  
"o's b5efactor4 ,to say ,take back :at y
 gave me1 is no less a reproa* ?an to   
say ,y are 9 my debt4 ,let ?is be ! fir/
 privilege ( a b5efit1 t he :o be/[$ x  
may *oose ! "t :5 he w h x return$4 ,b  
,i fe> t m5 may speak ill ( me4 ,y d    
wrong if y are grateful only = ! sake ( 
y\r reputation1 & n to satisfy y\r      
consci5ce4 ,y h 9 ?is matt] two judges1 
y\r b5efactor1 :om y ought n1 & y\rself1
 :om y _c deceive4 ,b1 say y1 if no     
occasion ( repaym5t (f]s1 am ,i always  
to rema9 9 8 debt8 ,yes2 b y %\ld d s   
op5ly1 & will+ly1 & %\ld view ) great   
pleasure :at he has entru/$ to y4 ,if y 
are vex$ at n hav+ yet return$ a b5efit1

 y mu/ be sorry t y ev] receiv$ x2 b if 
he des]v$ t y %\ld receive a b5efit f   
him1 :y %\ld he n des]ve t y %\ld long  
rema9 9 8 debt8  ,,xliii4 ,^? p]sons are
 mu* mi/ak5 :o reg>d x z a pro( ( a     
great m9d to make (f]s to give1 & to    
fill _m m5's pockets & h\ses ) _!       
pres5ts1 = sometimes ^! are due n to a  
great m9d1 b to a great =tune2 !y d n "k
 h[ f> m great & m difficult x sometimes
 is to receive ?an to lavi% gifts4 ,i   
mu/ disp>age nei!r act2 x is z prop] to 
a noble he>t to owe z to receive1 = bo? 
are ( equal value :5 done virtu\sly2    
inde$1 to owe is ! m difficult1 because 
x requires m pa9s to keep a ?+ safe ?an 
to give x away4 ,we ought n !re=e to be 
9 a hurry to repay1 nor ne$ we seek to d
 s out ( due season1 = to ha/5 to make  
repaym5t at ! wrong "t is z bad z to be 
sl[ to d s at ! "r "t4 ,my b5efactor has
 entru/$ 8 b\nty to me3 ,i ought n to h 
any fe>s ei!r on 8 behalf or on my own4 
,he has a suffici5t security2 he _c lose
 x except he loses me--nay1 n ev5 if he 

loses me4 ,i h return$ ?anks to him =   
x--t is1 ,i h requit$ him4 ,he :o ?9ks  
too mu* ab\t repay+ a b5efit mu/ suppose
 t 8 fri5d ?9ks too mu* ab\t receiv+    
repaym5t4 ,make no difficulty ab\t ei!r 
c\rse4 ,if he wi%es to receive 8 b5efit 
back aga91 let u return x *e]fully2 if  
he pref]s to leave x 9 our h&s1 :y %\ld 
we dig up 8 treasure8 :y %\ld we decl9e 
to be its gu>dians8 he des]ves to be    
all[$ to d :i*ev] he pleases4 ,z = fame 
& reputation1 let u reg>d !m z matt]s   
:i* ought to accompany1 b :i* ought n to
 direct our actions4     ,,book ,,vii4  
,i4    ,be ( good *e]1 my ,lib]alis3    
,our port is close1 & ,i w n delay1     
,nor by digressions w&] f ! way4  ,?is  
book collects toge!r all t has be5      
omitt$1 & 9 x1 hav+ exhau/$ my subject1 
,i %all consid] n :at ,i am to say1 b   
:at !re is :i* ,i h n yet said4 ,if !re 
be any?+ sup]flu\s 9 x1 ,i pray y take x
 9 good "p1 s9ce x is = y t x is        
sup]flu\s4 ,_h ,i wi%$ to set (f my "w  
to ! be/ advantage1 ,i ought to h add$  

to x by degrees1 & to h kept = ! la/ t  
"p :i* w\ld be eag]ly p]us$ ev5 by a    
sat$ read]4 ,h[ev]1 in/ead ( ?is1 ,i h  
collect$ toge!r all t 0 ess5tial 9 !    
beg9n+2 ,i am n[ collect+ toge!r :atev] 
!n escap$ me2 nor1 by ,h]cules1 if y ask
 me1 d ,i ?9k t1 aft] ! rules :i* gov]n 
our conduct h be5 /at$1 x is v mu* to ! 
purpose to discuss ! o!r que/ions :i* h 
be5 rais$ m = ! ex]cise ( our intellects
 ?an = ! heal? ( our m9ds4 ,! cynic     
,demetrius1 :o 9 my op9ion 0 a great man
 ev5 if comp>$ ) ! greate/ philosoph]s1 
_h an admirable say+ ab\t ?is1 t "o ga9$
 m by hav+ a few wise precepts ready & 9
 common use ?an by le>n+ _m )\t hav+ !m 
at h&4 ,! be/ wre/l]1 he w\ld say1 is n 
he :o has le>n$ ?or\ghly all ! tricks & 
twi/s ( ! art1 :i* are seldom met ) 9   
actual wre/l+1 b he :o has well &       
c>efully tra9$ himself 9 "o or two ( !m1
 & wat*es ke5ly = an opportunity (      
practis+ !m4 ,x does n matt] h[ _m ( !m 
he kn[s1 if he kn[s en\gh to give him ! 
victory2 & s 9 ?is subject ( ours !re   

are _m po9ts ( int]e/1 b few (          
importance4 ,y ne$ n "k :at is ! sy/em (
 ! ocean tides1 :y ea* sev5? ye> leaves 
its m>k ^u ! human body1 :y ! m di/ant  
p>ts ( a long portico d n keep _! true  
proportion1 b seem to approa* "o ano!r  
until at la/ ! spaces betwe5 ! columns  
disappe>1 h[ x c be t tw9s are conceiv$ 
sep>ately1 ?\gh !y are born toge!r1 :e!r
 bo? result f "o1 or ea* f a sep>ate    
act1 :y ^? ^: bir? 0 ! same %\ld h su*  
diff]5t fates 9 life1 & dwell at !      
greate/ possible di/ance f "o ano!r1    
al?\gh !y 7 born t\*+ "o ano!r2 x w n d 
y mu* h>m to pass ov] matt]s :i* we are 
n p]mitt$ to "k1 & :i* we %\ld n pr(it  
by kn[+4 ,tru?s s obscure may be        
neglect$ ) impunity4 ,footnote3 ,! old  
say+1 ',tru? lurks deep 9 a well 7or    
abyss74' ,nor c we compla9 t nature     
deals h>dly ) u1 = !re is no?+ :i* is   
h>d to discov] except ^? ?+s by :i* we  
ga9 no?+ beyond ! cr$it ( hav+ discov]$ 
!m2 :atev] ?+s t5d to make u bett] or   
happi] are ei!r obvi\s or easily        

discov]$4 ,y\r m9d c rise sup]ior to !  
accid5ts ( life1 if x c raise itself    
above fe>s & n gre$ily covet b\ndless   
weal?1 b has le>n$ to seek = ri*es )9   
itself2 if x has ca/ out ! fe> ( m5 &   
gods1 & has le>n$ t x has n mu* to fe> f
 man1 & no?+ to fe> f ,god2 if by scorn+
 all ^? ?+s :i* make life mis]able :ile 
!y adorn x1 ! m9d c so> to su* a height 
z to see cle>ly t dea? _c be ! beg9n+ ( 
any tr\ble1 ?\gh x is ! end ( _m2 if x c
 d$icate itself to righte\sness & ?9k   
any pa? easy :i* leads to x2 if1 be+ a  
greg>i\s creature1 & born = ! common    
good1 x reg>ds ! _w z ! univ]sal home1  
if x keeps its consci5ce cle> t[>ds ,god
 & lives always z ?\gh 9 public1 fe>+   
itself m ?an o!r m51 !n x avoids all    
/orms1 x /&s on firm gr\nd 9 fair       
daylight1 & has br\ght to p]fection its 
k ( all t is useful & ess5tial4 ,all t  
rema9s s]ves m]ely to amuse our leisure2
 yet1 :5 once an*or$ 9 safety1 ! m9d may
 consid] ^! matt]s also1 ?\gh x c d]ive 
no /r5g?1 b only culture f _!           

discussion4  ,,ii4 ,! above are ! rules 
:i* my fri5d ,demetrius bids him :o w\ld
 make progress 9 philosophy to clut* )  
bo? h&s1 nev] to let g1 b to cl+ to !m1 
& make !m a "p ( himself1 & by daily    
m$itation ^u !m to br+ himself into su* 
a /ate ( m9d1 t ^! :olesome maxims occur
 to him ( _! own accord1 t :]ev] he may 
be1 !y may /raightway be ready = use :5 
requir$1 & t ! crit]ion ( "r & wrong may
 pres5t itself to him )\t delay4 ,let   
him "k t no?+ is evil except :at is     
base1 & no?+ good except :at is         
hon\rable3 let him guide 8 life by ?is  
rule3 let him bo? act & expect o!rs to  
act 9 accordance ) ?is law1 & let him   
reg>d ^? ^: m9ds are /eep$ 9 indol5ce1 &
 :o are giv5 up to lu/ & gluttony1 z !  
mo/ pitiable ( mank9d1 no matt] h[      
spl5did _! =tunes may be4 ,let him say  
to himself1 ,pleasure is unc]ta91 %ort1 
apt to pall ^u u1 & ! m eag]ly we       
indulge 9 x1 ! soon] we br+ on a        
reaction ( feel+ aga9/ x2 we mu/        
necess>ily aft]w>ds blu% = x1 or be     

sorry = x1 !re is no?+ gr& ab\t x1 no?+ 
wor?y ( man's nature1 little l[] z x is 
?an t ( ! gods2 pleasure is a l[ act1   
br\ght ab\t by ! ag5cy ( our inf]ior &  
bas] memb]s1 & %ameful 9 its result4    
,true pleasure1 wor?y ( a human be+ & ( 
a man1 is1 n to /uff or swell 8 body )  
food & dr9k1 nor to excite lu/s :i* are 
lea/ hurtful :5 !y are mo/ quiet1 b to  
be free f all =ms ( m5tal di/urbance1   
bo? ^? :i* arise f m5's ambiti\s        
/ruggles ) "o ano!r1 & ^? :i* come f on 
high & are m difficult to deal )1 :i*   
fl[ f our tak+ ! traditional view ( !   
gods1 & e/imat+ !m by ! analogy ( our   
own vices4 ,?is equable1 secure1 uncloy+
 pleasure is enjoy$ by ! man n[         
describ$2 a man skill$1 s to say1 9 !   
laws ( gods & m5 alike4 ,su* a man      
enjoys ! pres5t )\t anxiety = ! future3 
= he :o dep5ds ^u :at is unc]ta9 c rely 
confid5tly ^u no?+4 ,?us he is free f   
all ^? great tr\bles :i* unh+e ! m9d1 he
 nei!r hopes =1 nor covets any?+1 &     
engages 9 no unc]ta9 adv5tures1 be+     

satisfi$ ) :at he has4 ,d n suppose t he
 is satisfi$ ) a little2 = ev]y?+ is 81 
& t n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* all 0 ,alex&]'s1   
:o1 ?\gh he rea*$ ! %ore ( ! ,r$ ,sea1  
yet want$ m t]ritory ?an t ?r\gh :i* he 
_h come4 ,he did n ev5 own ^? c\ntries  
:i* he held or _h conqu]$1 :ile         
,onesicritus1 :om he _h s5t on be=e him 
to discov] new c\ntries1 0 w&]+ ab\t !  
ocean & engag+ 9 w> 9 unkn[n seas4 ,is x
 cle> t he :o pu%$ 8 armies beyond !    
b\nds ( ! univ]se1 :o ) reckless gre$   
da%$ headlong into a b\ndless &         
unexplor$ sea1 mu/ 9 reality h be5 full 
( wants8 ,x matt]s n h[ _m k+doms he may
 h seiz$ or giv5 away1 or h[ great a "p 
( ! _w may pay him tribute2 su* a man   
mu/ be 9 ne$ ( z mu* z he desires4      
,,iii4 ,?is 0 n ! vice ( ,alex&] alone1 
:o foll[$ ) a =tunate audacity 9 !      
foot/eps ( ,bac*us & ,h]cules1 b x is   
common to all ^? ^: covet\sness is :ett$
 r ?an appeas$ by good =tune4 ,look at  
,cyrus & ,cambyses & all ! royal h\se ( 
,p]sia3 c y f9d "o among !m :o ?\ght 8  

empire l>ge en\gh1 or 0 n at ! la/ gasp 
/ill aspir+ aft] fur!r conque/s8 ,we ne$
 n wond] at ?is1 = :atev] is obta9$ by  
covet\sness is simply swall[$ up & lo/1 
nor does x matt] h[ mu* is p\r$ into its
 insatiable maw4 ,only ! wise man       
possesses ev]y?+ )\t hav+ to /ruggle to 
reta9 x2 he alone does n ne$ to s5d     
ambassadors across ! seas1 measure out  
camps ^u ho/ile %ores1 place g>risons 9 
comm&+ =ts1 or manoeuvre legions &      
squadrons ( cavalry4 ,l ! immortal gods1
 :o gov]n _! realm )\t rec\rse to arms1 
& f _! s]5e & l(ty heights protect _!   
own1 s ! wise man fulfils 8 duties1     
h[ev] f>-rea*+ !y may be1 )\t disord]1 &
 looks d[n ^u ! :ole human race1 because
 he himself is ! greate/ & mo/ p[]ful   
memb] !re(4 ,y may laugh at him1 b if y 
9 y\r m9d survey ! ea/ & ! we/1 rea*+   
ev5 to ! regions sep>at$ f u by va/     
wild]nesses1 if y ?9k ( all ! creatures 
( ! e>?1 all ! ri*es :i* ! b\nty (      
nature lavi%es1 x %[s a great _s to be  
able to say1 z ?\gh y 7 a god1 ,all ^!  

are m9e4 ,?us x is t he covets no?+1 =  
!re is no?+ :i* is n conta9$ 9 ev]y?+1 &
 ev]y?+ is 84  ,,iv4 ,?is1 say y1 is ! v
 ?+ t ,i want$6 ,i h caught y6 ,i %all  
be glad to see h[ y w extricate y\rself 
f ! toils into :i* y h fall5 ( y\r own  
accord4 ,tell me1 if ! wise man         
possesses ev]y?+1 h[ c "o give any?+ to 
a wise man8 = ev5 :at y give him is 8   
already4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 to    
be/[ a b5efit ^u a wise man1 if :atev]  
is giv5 him comes f 8 own /ore2 yet y   
,/oics decl>e t x is possible to give to
 a wise man4 ,i make ! same inquiry ab\t
 fri5ds z well3 = y say t fri5ds own    
ev]y?+ 9 common1 & if s1 no "o c give   
any?+ to 8 fri5d1 = he gives :at 8 fri5d
 own$ already 9 common ) himself4  ,!re 
is no?+ to prev5t a ?+ belong+ to a wise
 man1 & yet be+ ! prop]ty ( its legal   
own]4 ,accord+ to law ev]y?+ 9 a /ate   
belongs to ! k+1 yet all t prop]ty ov]  
:i* ! k+ has rights ( possession is     
p>cell$ out among individual own]s1 &   
ea* sep>ate ?+ belongs to somebody3 & s 

"o c give ! k+ a h\se1 a slave1 or a sum
 ( money )\t be+ said to give him :at 0 
8 already2 = ! k+ has rights ov] all ^! 
?+s1 :ile ea* citiz5 has ! own]%ip ( !m4
 ,we speak ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,a!nians1 or (
 ! ,campanians1 ?\gh ! inhabitants      
divide !m among/ !mselves into sep>ate  
e/ates2 ! :ole region belongs to "o /ate
 or ano!r1 b ea* "p ( x belongs to its  
own individual proprietor2 s t we are   
able to give our l&s to ! /ate1 al?\gh  
!y are reckon$ z belong+ to ! /ate1     
because we & ! /ate own !m 9 diff]5t    
ways4 ,c !re be any d\bt t all ! private
 sav+s ( a slave belong to 8 ma/] z well
 z he himself8 yet he makes 8 ma/]      
pres5ts4 ,! slave does n !re=e possess  
no?+1 because if 8 ma/] *ose he might   
possess no?+2 nor does :at he gives ( 8 
own free w cease to be a pres5t1 because
 x might h be5 wrung f him aga9/ 8 w4 ,z
 = h[ we are to prove t ! wise man      
possesses all ?+s1 we %all see aft]w>ds2
 = ! pres5t we are bo? agre$ to reg>d   
?is z true2 we mu/ ga!r toge!r some?+ to

 answ] ! "q be=e u1 :i* is1 h[ any means
 rema9 ( act+ g5]\sly t[>ds "o :o       
already possesses all ?+s8 ,all ?+s t a 
son has belong to 8 fa!r1 yet :o does n 
"k t 9 spite ( ?is a son c make pres5ts 
to 8 fa!r8 ,all ?+s belong to ! gods2   
yet we make pres5ts & be/[ alms ev5 ^u !
 gods4 ,:at ,i h is n necess>ily n m9e  
because x belongs to y2 = ! same ?+ may 
belong bo? to me & to y4  ,he to :om    
c\rtezans belong1 argues our adv]s>y1   
mu/ be a procur]3 n[ c\rtezans are      
includ$ 9 all ?+s1 !re=e c\rtezans      
belong to ! wise man4 ,b he to :om      
c\rtezans belong is a procur]2 !re=e !  
wise man is a procur]4 ,yes6 by ! same  
reason+1 our oppon5ts w\ld =bid him to  
buy any?+1 argu+1 ,no man buys 8 own    
prop]ty4 ,n[ all ?+s are ! prop]ty ( !  
wise man2 !re=e ! wise man buys no?+4   
,by ! same reason+ !y object to 8       
borr[+1 because no "o pays int]e/ = !   
use ( 8 own money4 ,!y raise endless    
quibbles1 al?\gh !y p]fectly well und]/&
 :at we say4  ,v4 ,=1 :5 ,i say t ! wise

 man possesses ev]y?+1 ,i mean t he does
 s )\t !reby impair+ ea* man's          
individual rights 9 8 own prop]ty1 9 !  
same way z 9 a c\ntry rul$ by a good k+1
 ev]y?+ belongs to ! k+1 by ! "r ( 8    
au?ority1 & to ! p by _! sev]al rights (
 own]%ip4 ,?is ,i %all prove 9 its prop]
 place2 9 ! mean "t x is a suffici5t    
answ] to ! "q to decl>e t ,i am able to 
give to ! wise man t :i* is 9 "o way    
m9e1 & 9 ano!r way 84 ,nor is x /range t
 ,i %\ld be able to give any?+ to "o :o 
possesses ev]y?+4 ,suppose ,i h hir$ a  
h\se f y3 "s "p ( t h\se is m9e1 "s is  
y\rs2 ! h\se itself is y\rs1 ! use ( y\r
 h\se belongs to me4 ,crops may rip5 ^u 
y\r l&1 b y _c t\* !m aga9/ ! w ( y\r   
t5ant2 & if corn be de>1 or at fam9e    
price1 y w    ,9 va9 ano!r's mighty /ore
 behold1  gr[n ^u y\r l&1 ly+ ^u y\r l&1
 & to be deposit$ 9 y\r own b>ns4 ,?\gh 
y be ! l&lord1 y mu/ n ent] my hir$     
h\se1 nor may y take away y\r own slave 
f me if ,i h contract$ = 8 s]vices2 nay1
 if ,i hire a c>riage f y1 ,i be/[ a    

b5efit by all[+ y to take y\r seat 9 x1 
al?\gh x is y\r own4 ,y see1 !re=e1 t x 
is possible = a man to receive a pres5t 
by accept+ :at is 8 own4  ,,vi4 ,9 all !
 cases :i* ,i h m5tion$1 ea* p>ty is !  
own] ( ! same ?+4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,x is     
because ! "o owns ! ?+1 ! o!r owns ! use
 ( ! ?+4 ,we speak ( ! books ( ,cic]o4  
,dorus1 ! booksell]1 calls ^! same books
 8 own2 ! "o claims !m because he wrote 
!m1 ! o!r because he b\ght !m2 s t !y   
may q correctly be spok5 ( z belong+ to 
ei!r ( ! two1 = !y d belong to ea*1 ?\gh
 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,?us ,titus ,livius 
may receive z a pres5t1 or may buy 8 own
 books f ,dorus4 ,al?\gh ! wise man     
possesses ev]y?+1 yet ,i c give him :at 
,i individually possess2 = ?\gh1 k+-l1  
he 9 8 m9d possesses ev]y?+1 yet !      
own]%ip ( all ?+s is divid$ among v>i\s 
individuals1 s t he c bo? receive a     
pres5t & owe "o2 c buy1 or hire ?+s4    
,ev]y?+ belongs to ,caes>2 yet he has no
 private prop]ty beyond 8 own privy     
purse2 z ,emp]or all ?+s are 81 b no?+  

is 8 own except :at he inh]its4 ,x is   
possible1 )\t treason1 to discuss :at is
 & :at is n 82 = ev5 :at ! c\rt may     
decide n to be 81 f ano!r po9t ( view is
 84 ,9 ! same way ! wise man 9 8 m9d    
possesses ev]y?+1 9 actual "r & own]%ip 
he possesses only 8 own prop]ty4  ,,vii4
 ,bion is able to prove by argum5t at "o
 "t t ev]yone is sacrilegi\s1 at ano!r t
 no "o is4 ,:5 he is 9 a mood = ca/+ all
 m5 d[n ! ,t>peian rock1 he says1       
,:osoev] t\*es t :i* belongs to ! gods1 
& consumes x or conv]ts x to 8 own uses1
 is sacrilegi\s2 b all ?+s belong to !  
gods1 s t :atev] ?+ any "o t\*es belongs
 to !m to :om all belongs2 :oev]1 !re=e1
 t\*es any?+ is sacrilegi\s4 ,aga91 :5  
he bids m5 break op5 temples & pillage !
 ,capitol )\t fe> ( ! wra? ( heav51 he  
decl>es t no "o c be sacrilegi\s2       
because1 :atev] a man takes away1 he    
takes f "o place :i* belongs to ! gods  
into ano!r place :i* belongs to ! gods4 
,! answ] to ?is is t all places d inde$ 
belong to ! gods1 b all are n consecrat$

 to !m1 & t sacrilege c only be done 9  
places solemnly d$icat$ to heav54 ,?us1 
also1 ! :ole _w is a temple ( ! immortal
 gods1 &1 inde$1 ! only "o wor?y ( _!   
greatness & spl5d\r1 & yet !re is a     
di/9ction betwe5 ?+s sacr$ & pr(ane2 all
 ?+s :i* x is lawful to d "u ! sky & !  
/>s are n lawful to d )9 consecrat$     
walls4 ,! sacrilegi\s man _c d ,god any 
h>m1 = ,he is plac$ beyond 8 rea* by ,8 
div9e nature2 yet he is puni%$ because  
he seems to h done ,him h>m3 8 puni%m5t 
is dem&$ by our feel+ on ! matt]1 & ev5 
by 8 own4 ,9 ! same way1 !re=e1 z he :o 
c>ries (f any sacr$ ?+s is reg>d$ z     
sacrilegi\s1 al?\gh t :i* he /ole is    
nev]!less )9 ! limits ( ! _w1 s x is    
possible to /eal f a wise man3 = 9 t    
case x w be "s1 n ( t univ]se :i* he    
possesses1 b "s ( ^? ?+s ( :i* he is !  
ackn[l$g$ own]1 & :i* are sev]ally 8 own
 prop]ty1 :i* w be /ol5 f him4 ,! =m] ( 
^! possessions he w recognize z 8 own1 !
 latt] he w be unwill+1 ev5 if he be    
able to possess2 he w say1 z t ,roman   

comm&] said1 :51 to rew>d 8 c\rage &    
good s]vice to ! /ate1 he 0 assign$ z   
mu* l& z he c\ld inclose 9 "o day's     
pl\gh+4 ,y d n1 said he1 want a citiz5  
:o wants m ?an is en\gh = "o citiz54 ,d 
y n ?9k t x requir$ a mu* great] man to 
refuse ?is rew>d ?an to e>n x8 = _m h   
tak5 away ! l&m>ks ( o!r m5's prop]ty1 b
 no "o sets up limits to 8 own4  ,,viii4
 ,:51 !n1 we consid] t ! m9d ( ! truly  
wise man has p[] ov] all ?+s & p]vades  
all ?+s1 we _c help decl>+ t ev]y?+ is  
81 al?\gh1 9 ! e/imation ( our common   
law1 x may *ance t he may be rat$ z     
possess+ no prop]ty :atev]4 ,x makes a  
great diff]5ce :e!r we e/imate :at he   
owns by ! greatness ( 8 m9d1 or by !    
public regi/]4 ,he w\ld pray to be      
deliv]$ f t possession ( ev]y?+ ( :i* y 
speak4 ,i w n rem9d y ( ,socrates1      
,*rysippus1 ,z5o1 & o!r great m51 all ! 
great]1 h[ev]1 because envy prev5ts no  
"o f prais+ ! anci5ts4 ,b a %ort "t ago 
,i m5tion$ ,demetrius1 :o seems to h be5
 plac$ by nature 9 our times t he might 

prove t we c\ld nei!r corrupt him nor be
 correct$ by him2 a man ( consummate    
wisdom1 ?\gh he himself disclaim$ x1    
con/ant to ! pr9ciples :i* he pr(ess$1 (
 an eloqu5ce wor?y to deal ) ! mightie/ 
subjects1 scorn+ m]e prett9esses & v]bal
 niceties1 b express+ ) inf9ite _s1 !   
ideas :i* inspir$ x4 ,i d\bt n t he 0   
end[$ by div9e provid5ce ) s pure a life
 & su* p[] ( spee* 9 ord] t our age     
might nei!r be )\t a model nor a        
reproa*4 ,_h "s god wi%$ to give all our
 weal? to ,demetrius on ! fix$ condition
 t he %\ld n be p]mitt$ to give x away1 
,i am sure t he w\ld h refus$ to accept 
x1 & w\ld h said1  ,,ix4 ,i d n int5d to
 fa/5 ^u my back a burd5 l ?is1 ( :i* ,i
 nev] c rid myself1 nor d ,i1 nimble &  
lightly equipp$ z ,i am1 mean to h9d] my
 progress by plung+ into ! deep morass (
 bus9ess transactions4 ,:y d y (f] to me
 :at is ! bane ( all nations8 ,i w\ld n 
accept x ev5 if ,i meant to give x away1
 = ,i see _m ?+s :i* x w\ld n become me 
to give4 ,i %\ld l to place be=e my eyes

 ! ?+s :i* fasc9ate bo? k+s & peoples1  
,i wi% to behold ! price ( y\r blood &  
y\r lives4 ,fir/ br+ be=e me ! trophies 
( ,luxury1 exhibit+ !m z y please1 ei!r 
9 succession1 or1 :i* is bett]1 9 "o    
mass4 ,i see ! %ell ( ! tortoise1 a f\l 
& slo?ful brute1 b\ght = imm5se sums &  
ornam5t$ ) ! mo/ elaborate c>e1 !       
contra/ ( col\rs :i* is admir$ 9 x be+  
obta9$ by ! use ( dyes resembl+ !       
natural t9ts4 ,i see tables & pieces (  
wood valu$ at ! price ( a s5ator's      
e/ate1 :i* are all ! m preci\s1 ! m     
knots ! tree has be5 twi/$ into by      
disease4 ,i see cry/al vessels1 ^: price
 is enhanc$ by _! fragility1 = among !  
ignorant ! risk ( los+ ?+s increases _! 
value in/ead ( l[]+ x1 z x ought4 ,i see
 murrh9e cups1 = luxury w\ld be too *eap
 if m5 did n dr9k to "o ano!r out (     
holl[ gems ! w9e to be aft]w>ds ?r[n up 
aga94 ,i see m ?an "o l>ge pe>l plac$ 9 
ea* e>2 = n[ our e>s are tra9$ to c>ry  
burd5s1 pe>ls are hung f !m 9 pairs1 &  
ea* pair has o!r s+le ones fa/5$ above  

x4 ,?is womani% folly is n exagg]at$    
en\gh = ! m5 ( our "t1 unless !y hang   
two or ?ree e/ates ^u ea* e>4 ,i see    
ladies' silk dresses1 if ^? des]ve to be
 call$ dresses :i* c nei!r cov] _! body 
or _! %ame2 :5 we>+ :i*1 !y c sc>cely ) 
a good consci5ce1 swe> t !y are n nak$4 
,^! are import$ at a va/ exp5se f       
nations unkn[n ev5 to trade1 9 ord] t   
our matrons may %[ z mu* ( _! p]sons 9  
public z !y d to _! lov]s 9 private4    
,x4 ,:at are y do+1 ,av>ice8 see h[ _m  
?+s !re are ^: price exce$s t ( y\r     
belov$ gold3 all ^? :i* ,i h m5tion$ are
 m highly e/eem$ & valu$4 ,i n[ wi% to  
review y\r weal?1 ^? plates ( gold &    
silv] :i* dazzle our covet\sness4 ,by   
,h]cules1 ! v e>?1 :ile %e br+s =? ^u ! 
surface e ?+ t is ( use to u1 has buri$ 
^!1 sunk !m deep1 & re/s ^u !m ) h] :ole
 weight1 reg>d+ !m z p]nici\s sub/ances1
 & likely to prove ! ru9 ( mank9d if    
br\ght into ! light ( day4 ,i see t iron
 is br\ght out ( ! same d>k pits z gold 
& silv]1 9 ord] t we may lack nei!r !   

means nor ! rew>d ( murd]4 ,?us f> we h 
dealt ) actual sub/ances2 b "s =ms (    
weal? deceive our eyes & m9ds alike4 ,i 
see !re lett]s ( cr$it1 promissory      
notes1 & bonds1 empty phantoms (        
prop]ty1 gho/s ( sick ,av>ice1 ) :i* %e 
deceives our m9ds1 :i* delight 9 unreal 
fancies2 = :at are ^! ?+s1 & :at are    
int]e/1 & acc\nt books1 & usury1 except 
! names ( unnatural developm5ts ( human 
covet\sness8 ,i might compla9 ( nature =
 n hav+ hidd5 gold & silv] deep]1 = n   
hav+ laid ov] x a weight too heavy to be
 remov$3 b :at are y\r docum5ts1 y\r    
sale ( "t1 y\r blood-suck+ twelve p]    
c5t4 int]e/8 ^! are evils :i* we owe to 
our own w1 :i* fl[ m]ely f our p]v]t$   
habit1 hav+ no?+ ab\t !m :i* c be se5 or
 h&l$1 m]e dreams ( empty av>ice4       
,wret*$ is he :o c take pleasure 9 !    
size ( ! audit book ( 8 e/ate1 9 great  
tracts ( l& cultivat$ by slaves 9 *a9s1 
9 huge flocks & h]ds :i* require        
prov9ces & k+doms = _! pa/ure gr\nd1 9 a
 h\sehold ( s]vants1 m 9 numb] ?an "s ( 

! mo/ w>like nations1 or 9 a private    
h\se ^: ext5t surpasses t ( a l>ge city6
 ,aft] he has c>efully review$ all 8    
weal?1 9 :at x is inve/$1 & on :at x is 
sp5t1 & has r5d]$ himself pr\d by !     
?\ghts ( x1 let him comp>e :at he has ) 
:at he wants3 he becomes a poor man at  
once4 ,let me g3 re/ore me to ^? ri*es (
 m9e4 ,i "k ! k+dom ( wisdom1 :i* is    
great & /able3 ,i possess e ?+1 & 9 su* 
a mann] t x belongs to all m5 nev]!less4
  ,,xi4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,gaius ,caes> (f]$  
him two hundr$ ?\s& se/]ces1 he laugh+ly
 refus$ x1 ?9k+ x unwor?y ( himself to  
boa/ ( hav+ refus$ s small a sum4 ,ye   
gods & goddesses1 :at a mean m9d mu/ !  
emp]or h _h1 if he hop$ ei!r to hon\r or
 to corrupt him4 ,i mu/ "h repeat a pro(
 ( 8 magnanimity4 ,i h he>d t :5 he 0   
express+ 8 wond] at ! folly ( ,gaius at 
suppos+ t he c\ld be influ5c$ by su* a  
bribe1 he said1 ,if he meant to tempt   
me1 he ought to h tri$ to d s by (f]+ 8 
entire k+dom4  ,,xii4 ,x is possible1   
!n1 to give some?+ to ! wise man1 al?\gh

 all ?+s belong to ! wise man4          
,simil>ly1 ?\gh we decl>e t fri5ds h all
 ?+s 9 common1 x is nev]!less possible  
to give some?+ to a fri5d3 = ,i h n     
ev]y?+ 9 common ) a fri5d 9 ! same mann]
 z ) a p>tn]1 :]e "o "p belongs to him1 
& ano!r to me1 b r z a fa!r & a "m      
possess _! *ildr5 9 common :5 !y h two1 
n ea* p>5t possess+ "o *ild1 b ea*      
possess+ bo?4 ,fir/ ( all ,i w prove t  
any *ance w\ld-be p>tn] ( m9e has no?+ 9
 common ) me3 & :y8 ,because ?is        
community ( goods c only exi/ betwe5    
wise m51 :o are alone capable (         
fri5d%ip3 o!r m5 c nei!r be fri5ds nor  
p>tn]s "o to ano!r4 ,9 ! next place1 ?+s
 may be own$ 9 common 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!  
knights' seats 9 ! !atre belong to all !
 ,roman knights2 yet ( ^! ! seat :i* ,i 
occupy becomes my own1 & if ,i yield x  
up to any "o1 al?\gh ,i only yield him a
 ?+ :i* we own 9 common1 /ill ,i appe>  
to h giv5 him some?+4 ,"s ?+s belong to 
c]ta9 p]sons "u p>ticul> conditions4 ,i 
h a place among ! knights1 n to sell1 or

 to let1 or to dwell 91 b simply to see 
! spectacle f1 :]e=e ,i d n tell an     
untru? :5 ,i say t ,i h a place among ! 
knights' seats4 ,yet if1 :5 ,i come into
 ! !atre1 ! knights' seats are full1 ,i 
bo? h a seat !re by "r1 because ,i h !  
privilege ( sitt+ !re1 & ,i h n a seat  
!re1 because my seat is occupi$ by ^? :o
 %>e my "r to ^? places4 ,suppose t !   
same ?+ takes place betwe5 fri5ds2      
:atev] our fri5d possesses1 is common to
 u1 b is ! prop]ty ( him :o owns x2 ,i  
_c make use ( x aga9/ 8 w4 ,y are laugh+
 at me1 say y2 if :at belongs to my     
fri5d is m9e1 ,i am able to sell x4 ,y  
are n able2 = y are n able to sell y\r  
place among ! knights' seats1 & yet !y  
are 9 common betwe5 y & ! o!r knights4  
,consequ5tly1 ! fact t y _c sell a ?+1  
or consume x1 or ex*ange x = ! bett] or 
! worse does n prove t x is n y\rs2 = t 
:i* is y\rs "u c]ta9 conditions is y\rs 
nev]!less4  ,,xiii4 ,i h receiv$1 b     
c]ta9ly n less4 ,n to deta9 y long] ?an 
is necess>y1 a b5efit c be no m ?an a   

b5efit2 b ! means employ$ to convey     
b5efits may be bo? great] & m num]\s4 ,i
 mean ^? ?+s by :i* k9dness expresses & 
gives v5t to itself1 l lov]s1 ^: _m     
kisses & close embraces d n increase _! 
love b give x play4  ,,xiv4 ,! next "q  
:i* arises has be5 ?or\ghly ?re%$ out 9 
! =m] books1 s "h x %all only be t\*$ on
 %ortly2 = ! argum5ts :i* h be5 us$ =   
o!r cases c be transf]r$ to x4  ,! "q   
is1 :e!r "o :o has done ev]y?+ 9 8 p[]  
to return a b5efit1 has return$ x4 ,y   
may "k1 says our adv]s>y1 t he has n    
return$ x1 because he did ev]y?+ 9 8 p[]
 to return x2 x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t he  
did n n d t :i* he did n h an           
opportunity ( do+4 ,a man :o se>*es     
ev]y:]e = 8 cr$itor )\t f9d+ him does n 
!reby pay him :at he owes4 ,"s are 9 su*
 a position t x is _! duty to effect    
some?+ mat]ial2 9 ! case ( o!rs to h    
done all 9 _! p[] to effect x is z good 
z effect+ x4 ,if a physician has done   
all 9 8 p[] to heal 8 pati5t he has     
p]=m$ 8 duty2 an advocate :o employs 8  

:ole p[]s ( eloqu5ce on 8 cli5t's       
behalf1 p]=ms 8 duty ev5 ?\gh 8 cli5t be
 convict$2 ! g5]al%ip ev5 ( a beat5     
comm&] is prais$ if he has prud5tly1    
labori\sly1 & c\rage\sly ex]cis$ 8      
functions4 ,y\r fri5d has done all 9 8  
p[] to return y\r k9dness1 b y\r good   
=tune /ood 9 8 way2 no adv]sity befell y
 9 :i* he c\ld prove ! tru? ( 8         
fri5d%ip2 he c\ld n give y money :5 y 7 
ri*1 or nurse y :5 y 7 9 heal?1 or help 
y :5 y 7 succe$+2 yet he repaid y\r     
k9dness1 ev5 ?\gh y did n receive a     
b5efit f him4 ,moreov]1 ?is man1 be+    
always eag]1 & on ! wat* = an           
opportunity ( do+ ?is1 z he has exp5d$  
mu* anxiety & mu* tr\ble ^u x1 has      
really done m ?an he :o quickly _h an   
opportunity ( repay+ y\r k9dness4 ,!    
case ( a debtor is n ! same1 = x is n   
en\gh = him to h tri$ to f9d ! money    
unless he pays x2 9 8 case a h>% cr$itor
 /&s ov] him :o w n let a s+le day pass 
)\t *>g+ him int]e/2 9 y\rs !re is a mo/
 k9d fri5d1 :o see+ y busy1 tr\bl$1 &   

anxi\s w\ld say4    ',dismiss ?is tr\ble
 f ?y brea/2'  leave (f di/urb+ y\rself2
 ,i h receiv$ f y all t ,i wi%2 y wrong 
me1 if y suppose t ,i want any?+ fur!r2 
y h fully repaid me 9 int5tion4  ,tell  
me1 says our adv]s>y1 if he _h repaid ! 
b5efit y w\ld say t he _h return$ y\r   
k9dness3 is1 !n1 he :o repays x 9 ! same
 position z he :o does n repay x8  ,on !
 o!r h&1 consid] ?is3 if he _h =gott5 ! 
b5efit :i* he _h receiv$1 if he _h n ev5
 attempt$ to be grateful1 y w\ld say t  
he _h n return$ ! k9dness2 b ?is man has
 lab\r$ day & night to ! neglect ( all 8
 o!r duties 9 8 devot$ c>e to let no    
opportunity ( prov+ 8 gratitude escape  
him2 is !n he :o took no pa9s to return 
a k9dness to be class$ ) ?is man :o nev]
 ceas$ to take pa9s8 y are unju/1 if y  
require a mat]ial paym5t f me :5 y see t
 ,i am n want+ 9 int5tion4  ,,xv4 ,9    
%ort1 suppose t :5 y are tak5 captive1  
,i h borr[$ money1 made ov] my prop]ty z
 security to my cr$itor1 t ,i h sail$ 9 
a /ormy w9t] season along coa/s sw>m+ ) 

pirates1 t ,i h brav$ all ! p]ils :i*   
necess>ily att5d a voyage ev5 on a      
peaceful sea1 t ,i h w&]$ ?r\gh all     
wild]nesses seek+ = ^? m5 :om all o!rs  
flee f1 & t :5 ,i h at l5g? rea*$ !     
pirates1 someone else has already       
ransom$ y3 w y say t ,i h n return$ y\r 
k9dness8 ,ev5 if dur+ ?is voyage ,i h   
lo/ by %ipwreck ! money t ,i _h rais$ to
 save y1 ev5 if ,i myself h fall5 into !
 prison f :i* ,i s\ght to release y1 w y
 say t ,i h n return$ y\r k9dness8 ,no1 
by ,h]cules6 ! ,a!nians call ,h>modius &
 ,ari/ogiton1 tyrannicides2 ! h& (      
,mucius :i* he left on ! enemy's alt> 0 
equival5t to ! dea? ( ,pors5a1 & val\r  
/ruggl+ aga9/ =tune is always illu/ri\s1
 ev5 if x falls %ort ( accompli%+ its   
design4 ,he :o wat*es ea* opportunity z 
x passes1 & tries to avail himself ( "o 
aft] ano!r1 does m to %[ 8 gratitude ?an
 he :om ! fir/ opportunity enabl$ to be 
grateful )\t any tr\ble :atev]4 ,b1 says
 our adv]s>y1 he gave y two ?+s1 mat]ial
 help & k9dly feel+2 y1 !re=e1 owe him  

two4 ,y might ju/ly say ?is to "o :o    
returns y\r k9dly feel+ )\t tr\bl+      
himself fur!r2 ?is man is really 9 y\r  
debt2 b y _c say s ( "o :o wi%es to     
repay y1 :o /ruggles & leaves no /one   
unturn$ to d s2 =1 z f> z 9 him lies1 he
 repays y 9 bo? k9ds2 9 ! next place1   
c\nt+ is n always a true te/1 sometimes 
"o ?+ is equival5t to two2 consequ5tly s
 int5se & ard5t a wi% to repay takes !  
place ( a mat]ial repaym5t4 ,inde$1 if a
 feel+ ( gratitude has no value 9 repay+
 a k9dness )\t giv+ some?+ mat]ial1 !n  
no "o c be grateful to ! gods1 :om we c 
repay by gratitude alone4 ,we _c1 says  
our adv]s>y1 give ! gods any?+ else4    
,well1 b if ,i am n able to give ?is    
man1 ^: k9dness ,i am b\nd to return1   
any?+ beside my gratitude1 :y %\ld t :i*
 is all t ,i c be/[ on a god be         
insuffici5t to prove my gratitude t[>ds 
a man8  ,,xvi4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y ask me :at 
,i really ?9k1 & wi% me to give a       
def9ite answ]1 ,i %\ld say t ! "o p>ty  
ought to consid] 8 b5efit to h be5      

return$1 :ile ! o!r ought to feel t he  
has n return$ x2 ! "o %\ld release 8    
fri5d f ! debt1 ! o!r %\ld hold himself 
b\nd to pay x2 ! "o %\ld say1 ,i h      
receiv$2 ! o!r %\ld answ]1 ,i owe4 ,9   
our :ole inve/igation1 we ought to look 
entirely to ! public good2 we ought to  
prev5t ! ungrateful hav+ any excuses 9  
:i* !y c take refuge1 & "u cov] ( :i* !y
 c dis[n _! debts4 ,i h done all 9 my   
p[]1 say y4 ,well1 keep on do+ s /ill4  
,d y suppose t our ance/ors 7 s fooli%1 
z n to und]/& t x is mo/ unju/ t ! man  
:o has wa/$ ! money :i* he receiv$ f 8  
cr$itor on debau*]y1 or gambl+1 %\ld be 
class$ ) "o :o has lo/ 8 own prop]ty z  
well z t ( o!rs 9 a fire1 by robb]y1 or 
"s sadd] mis*ance8 ,!y w\ld take no     
excuse1 t m5 might und]/& t !y 7 always 
b\nd to keep _! ^w2 x 0 ?\ght bett] t   
ev5 a good excuse %\ld n be accept$ f a 
few p]sons1 ?an t all m5 %\ld be l$ to  
try to make excuses4 ,y say t y h done  
all 9 y\r p[] to repay y\r debt2 ?is    
ought to be en\gh = y\r fri5d1 b n en\gh

 = y4 ,he to :om y owe a k9dness1 is    
unwor?y ( gratitude if he lets all y\r  
anxi\s c>e & tr\ble to repay x g = no?+2
 & s1 too1 if y\r fri5d takes y\r good w
 z a repaym5t1 y are ungrateful if y are
 n all ! m eag] to feel ! obligation ( !
 debt :i* he has =giv5 y4 ,d n snap up 8
 receipt1 or call witnesses to prove x2 
r seek opportunities = repay+ n less ?an
 be=e2 repay ! "o man because he asks = 
repaym5t1 ! o!r because he =gives y y\r 
debt2 ! "o because he is good1 ! o!r    
because he is bad4 ,y1 ne$ n1 !re=e1 ?9k
 t y h any?+ to d ) ! "q :e!r a man be  
b\nd to repay ! b5efit :i* he has       
receiv$ f a wise man1 if t man has ceas$
 to be wise & has turn$ into a bad man4 
,y w\ld return a deposit :i* y _h       
receiv$ f a wise man2 y w\ld return a   
loan ev5 to a bad man2 :at gr\nds h y = 
n return+ a b5efit also8 ,because he has
 *ang$1 ought he to *ange y8 ,:at8 if y 
_h receiv$ any?+ f a man :5 heal?y1 w\ld
 y n return x to him :5 he 0 sick1 ?\gh 
we always are m b\nd to treat our fri5ds

 ) m k9dness :5 !y are ail+8 ,s1 too1   
?is man is sick 9 8 m9d2 we ought to    
help him1 & be> ) him2 folly is a       
disease ( ! m9d4  ,,xvii4 ,i ?9k "h we  
ought to make a di/9ction1 9 ord] to    
r5d] ?is po9t m intelligible4 ,b5efits  
are ( two k9ds3 "o1 ! p]fect & true     
b5efit1 :i* c only be be/[$ by "o wise  
man ^u ano!r2 ! o!r1 ! common vulg> =m  
:i* ignorant m5 l ourselves int]*ange4  
,) reg>d to ! latt]1 !re is no d\bt t x 
is my duty to repay x :e!r my fri5d     
turns out to be a murd]]1 a ?ief1 or an 
adult]]4 ,crimes h laws to puni% !m2    
crim9als are bett] re=m$ by judges ?an  
by +ratitude2 a man ought n to make y   
bad by be+ s himself4 ,i w fl+ a b5efit 
back to a bad man1 ,i w return x to a   
good man2 ,i d s to ! latt]1 because ,i 
owe x to him2 to ! =m]1 t ,i may n be 9 
8 debt4  ,,xviii4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r     
class ( b5efit1 ! "q arises :e!r if ,i 0
 n able to take x )\t be+ a wise man1 ,i
 am able to return x1 except to a wise  
man4 ,= suppose ,i d return x to him1 he

 _c receive x1 he is n any long] able to
 receive su* a ?+1 he has lo/ ! k ( h[  
to use x4 ,y w\ld n bid me ?r[ back     
,footnote3 i4e4 9 ! game ( ball4 a ball 
to a man :o has lo/ 8 h&2 x is folly to 
give any "o :at he _c receive4 ,if ,i am
 to beg9 to reply to ! la/ argum5t1 ,i  
say t ,i %\ld n give him :at he is      
unable to take2 b ,i w\ld return x1 ev5 
?\gh he is n able to receive x4 ,i _c   
lay him "u an obligation unless he takes
 my b\nty2 b by return+ x ,i c free     
myself f my obligations to him4 ,y say1 
he w n be able to use x4 ,let him see to
 t2 ! fault w lie ) him1 n ) me4  ,,xix4
 ,to return a ?+1 says our adv]s>y1 is  
to h& x ov] to "o :o c receive x4 ,:y1  
if y ow$ "s w9e to any man1 & he bade y 
p\r x into a net or a sieve1 w\ld y say 
t y _h return$ x8 or w\ld y be will+ to 
return x 9 su* a way t 9 ! act ( return+
 x 0 lo/ betwe5 y8 ,to return is to give
 t :i* y owe back to its own] :5 he     
wi%es = x4 ,x is n my duty to p]=m m ?an
 ?is2 t he %\ld possess :at he has      

receiv$ f me is a matt] = fur!r         
consid]ation2 ,i d n owe him !          
safe-keep+ ( 8 prop]ty1 b ! hon\rable   
paym5t ( my debt1 & x is mu* bett] t he 
%\ld n h x1 ?an t ,i %\ld n return x to 
him4 ,i w\ld repay my cr$itor1 ev5 ?\gh 
he w\ld at once take :at ,i paid him to 
! m>ket2 ev5 if he deput$ an adult]ess  
to receive ! money f me1 ,i w\ld pay x  
to h]2 ev5 if he 7 to p\r ! co9s :i* he 
receives into a loose fold ( 8 cloak1 ,i
 w\ld pay x4 ,x is my bus9ess to return 
x to him1 n to keep x & save x = him    
aft] ,i h return$ x2 ,i am b\nd to take 
c>e ( 8 b\nty :5 ,i h receiv$ x1 b n :5 
,i h return$ x to him4 ,:ile x rema9s ) 
me1 x mu/ be kept safe2 b :5 he asks = x
 aga9 ,i mu/ give x to him1 ev5 ?\gh x  
slips out ( 8 h&s z he takes x4 ,i w    
repay a good man :5 x is conv5i5t2 ,i w 
repay a bad man :5 he asks me to d s4   
,y _c1 argues our adv]s>y1 return him a 
b5efit ( ! same k9d z t :i* y receiv$2 =
 y receiv$ x f a wise man1 & y are      
return+ x to a fool4 ,d ,i n return to  

him su* a b5efit1 z he is n[ able to    
receive8 ,x is n my fault if ,i return x
 to him worse ?an ,i receiv$ x1 ! fault 
lies ) him1 & s1 unless he rega9s 8 =m] 
wisdom1 ,i %all return x 9 su* a =m z he
 9 8 fall5 condition is able to receive4
 ,b :at1 asks he1 if he become n only   
bad1 b savage & f]oci\s1 l ,apollodorus 
or ,phal>is1 w\ld y return ev5 to su* a 
man z ?is a b5efit :i* y _h receiv$ f   
him8 ,i answ]1 ,nature does n admit ( s 
great a *ange 9 a wise man4 ,m5 d n     
*ange f ! be/ to ! wor/2 ev5 9 becom+   
bad1 he w\ld necess>ily reta9 "s traces 
( goodness2 virtue is nev] s utt]ly     
qu5*$ z n to impr9t on ! m9d m>ks :i* no
 degradation c efface4 ,if wild animals 
br$ 9 captivity escape into ! woods1 !y 
/ill reta9 some?+ ( _! orig9al tam5ess1 
& are z remote f ! g5tle/ 9 ! "o extreme
 z !y are 9 ! o!r f ^? :i* h always be5 
wild1 & h nev] endur$ to be t\*$ by     
man's h&4 ,no "o :o has ev] appli$      
himself to philosophy ev] becomes       
completely wick$2 8 m9d becomes s deeply

 col\r$ ) x1 t its t9ts c nev] be       
entirely spoil$ & black5$4 ,9 ! next    
place1 ,i ask :e!r ?is man ( y\rs be    
f]oci\s m]ely 9 int5t1 or :e!r he breaks
 out into actual outrages ^u mank9d8 ,y 
h in/anc$ ! tyrants ,apollodorus &      
,phal>is2 if ! bad man re/ra9s _! evil  
lik5ess )9 himself1 :y %\ld ,i n return 
8 b5efit to him1 9 ord] to set myself   
free f any fur!r deal+s ) him8 ,if1     
h[ev]1 he n only delights 9 human blood1
 b fe$s ^u x2 if he ex]cises 8          
insatiable cruelty 9 ! torture ( p]sons 
( all ages1 & 8 fury is n prompt$ by    
ang]1 b by a sort ( delight 9 cruelty1  
if he cuts ! ?roats ( *ildr5 be=e ! eyes
 ( _! p>5ts2 if1 n satisfi$ ) m]ely     
kill+ 8 victims1 he tortures !m1 & n    
only burns b actually roa/s !m2 if 8    
ca/le is always wet ) fre%ly %$ blood2  
!n x is n en\gh n to return 8 b5efits4  
,all connexion betwe5 me & su* a man has
 be5 brok5 (f by 8 de/ruction ( ! bonds 
( human society4 ,if he _h be/[$ some?+ 
^u me1 b 7 to invade my native c\ntry1  

he w\ld h lo/ all claim to my gratitude1
 & x w\ld be c\nt$ a crime to make him  
any return2 if he does n attack my      
c\ntry1 b is ! sc\rge ( 8 own2 if he has
 no?+ to d ) my nation1 b torm5ts & cuts
 to pieces 8 own1 !n 9 ! same mann] su* 
depravity1 ?\gh x does n r5d] him my    
p]sonal enemy1 yet r5d]s him hateful to 
me1 & ! duty :i* ,i owe to ! human race 
is ant]ior to & m important ?an t :i* ,i
 owe to him z an individual4  ,,xx4     
,h[ev]1 al?\gh ?is be s1 & al?\gh ,i am 
fre$ f all obligation t[>ds him1 f !    
mom5t :51 by outrag+ all laws1 he r5d]$ 
x impossible = any man to d him a wrong1
 nev]!less1 ,i ?9k ,i ought to make !   
foll[+ di/9ction 9 deal+ ) him4 ,if my  
repaym5t ( 8 b5efit w nei!r increase nor
 ma9ta9 8 p[]s ( do+ mis*ief to mank9d1 
& is ( su* a "* t ,i c return x to him  
)\t disadvantage to ! public1 ,i w\ld   
return x3 = in/ance1 ,i w\ld save ! life
 ( 8 infant *ild2 = :at h>m c ?is b5efit
 d to any ( ^? :o suff] f 8 cruelty8 ,b 
,i w\ld n furni% him ) money to pay 8   

bodygu>d4 ,if he wi%es = m>bles1 or f9e 
clo!s1 ! trapp+s ( 8 luxury w h>m no "o2
 b ) soldi]s & arms ,i w\ld n furni%    
him4 ,if he dem&s1 z a great boon1      
actors & c\rtesans & su* ?+s z w s(t5 8 
savage nature1 ,i w\ld will+ly be/[ !m  
^u him4 ,i w\ld n furni% him ) triremes 
& brass-beak$ %ips ( w>1 b ,i w\ld s5d  
him fa/ sail+ & luxuri\sly-fitt$        
vessels1 & all ! toys ( k+s :o take _!  
pleasure on ! sea4 ,if 8 heal? 0        
altoge!r despair$ (1 ,i w\ld by ! same  
act be/[ a b5efit on all m5 & return "o 
to him2 see+ t = su* *>act]s dea? is !  
only rem$y1 & t he :o nev] w return to  
himself1 _h be/ leave himself4 ,h[ev]1  
su* wick$ness z ?is is uncommon1 & is   
always reg>d$ z a port5t1 z :5 ! e>?    
op5s1 or :5 fires break =? f caves "u ! 
sea2 s let u leave x1 & speak ( ^? vices
 :i* we c hate )\t %udd]+ at !m4 ,z = ! 
ord9>y bad man1 :om ,i c f9d 9 !        
m>ketplace ( any t[n1 :o is fe>$ only by
 individuals1 ,i w\ld return to him a   
b5efit :i* ,i _h receiv$ f him4 ,x is n 

"r t ,i %\ld pr(it by 8 wick$ness2 let  
me return :at is n m9e to its own]4     
,:e!r he be good or bad makes no        
diff]5ce2 b ,i w\ld consid] ! matt] mo/ 
c>efully1 if ,i 7 n return+ b be/[+ x4  
,,xxi4 ,?is po9t requires to be         
illu/rat$ by a /ory4 ,a c]ta9           
,py?agoraean b\ght a f9e pair ( %oes f a
 %oemak]2 & z !y 7 an exp5sive piece (  
"w1 he did n pay ready money = !m4 ,"s  
"t aft]w>ds he came to ! %op to pay =   
!m1 & aft] he _h long be5 knock+ at !   
clos$ door1 "s "o said to him1 ,:y d y  
wa/e y\r "t8 ,! %oemak] :om y seek has  
be5 c>ri$ out ( 8 h\se & buri$2 ?is is a
 grief to u :o lose our fri5ds = ev]1 b 
by no means s to y1 :o "k t he w be born
 aga91 je]+ at ! ,py?agoraean4 ,^u ?is  
our philosoph] n unwill+ly c>ri$ 8 ?ree 
or f\r d5>ii home aga91 %ak+ !m e n[ &  
!n2 aft]w>ds1 blam+ himself = ! pleasure
 :i* he _h secretly felt at n pay+ 8    
debt1 & p]ceiv+ t he enjoy$ hav+ made   
?is trifl+ ga91 he return$ to ! %op1 &  
say+1 ! man lives = y1 pay him :at y    

owe1 he pass$ f\r d5>ii into ! %op ?r\gh
 ! crack ( ! clos$ door1 & let !m fall  
inside1 puni%+ himself = 8              
unconscionable gre$9ess t he might n =m 
! habit ( appropriat+ t :i* is n 8 own4 
,,xxii4 ,if y owe any?+1 seek = "s "o to
 :om y may repay x1 & if no "o dem&s x1 
dun y\r own self2 :e!r ! man be good or 
bad is no conc]n ( y\rs2 repay him1 & !n
 blame him4 ,y h =gott51 h[ y\r sev]al  
duties are divid$3 x is "r = him to =get
 x1 b we h bidd5 y be> x 9 m9d4 ,:51    
h[ev]1 we say t he :o be/[s a b5efit    
ought to =get x1 x is a mi/ake to       
suppose t we rob him ( all recollection 
( ! bus9ess1 ?\gh x is mo/ cr$itable to 
him2 "s ( our precepts are /at$ ov]     
/rictly 9 ord] to r$uce !m to _! true   
proportions4 ,:5 we say t he ought n to 
rememb] x1 we mean he ought n to speak  
publicly1 or boa/ ( x (f5sively4 ,!re   
are "s1 :o1 :5 !y h be/[$ a b5efit1 tell
 x 9 all societies1 talk ( x :5 sob]1 _c
 be sil5t ab\t x :5 drunk1 =ce x ^u     
/rang]s1 & communicate x to fri5ds2 x is

 to quell ?is excessive & reproa*ful    
consci\sness t we bid him :o gave x =get
 x1 & by comm&+ him to d ?is1 :i* is m  
?an he is able1 enc\rage him to keep    
sil5ce4  ,,xxiii4 ,:5 y di/ru/ ^? :om y 
ord] to d any?+1 y ought to comm& !m to 
d m ?an en\gh 9 ord] t !y may d :at is  
en\gh4 ,! purpose ( all exagg]ation is  
to arrive at ! tru? by falsehood4       
,consequ5tly1 he :o spoke ( horses z    
be+3    ,:it] ?an sn[s & swift] ?an !   
w9ds1  said :at c\ld n possibly be 9    
ord] t !y might be ?\ght to be z mu* s z
 possible4 ,& he :o said3    ,m firm ?an
 crags1 m headlong ?an ! /ream1  did n  
suppose t he %\ld make any "o believe t 
a man c\ld ev] be z firm z a crag4      
,exagg]ation nev] hopes all its d>+     
flights to be believ$1 b affirms :at is 
incr$ible1 t !reby x may convey :at is  
cr$ible4 ,:5 we say1 let ! man :o has   
be/[$ a b5efit1 =get x1 :at we mean is1 
let him be z ?\gh he _h =gott5 x2 let n 
8 remembrance ( x appe> or be se54 ,:5  
we say t repaym5t ( a b5efit ought n to 

be dem&$1 we d n utt]ly =bid its be+    
dem&$2 = repaym5t mu/ (t5 be extort$ f  
bad m51 & ev5 good m5 require to be     
rem9d$ ( x4 ,am ,i n to po9t out a means
 ( repaym5t to "o :o does n p]ceive x8  
,am ,i n to expla9 my wants to "o does n
 "k !m8 ,:y %\ld he 7if a bad man7 h !  
excuse1 or 7if a good man7 h ! sorr[ ( n
 kn[+ !m8 ,m5 ought sometimes to be     
rem9d$ ( _! debts1 ?\gh ) mode/y1 n 9 ! 
tone ( "o dem&+ a legal "r4  ,,xxiv4    
,socrates once said 9 ! he>+ ( 8 fri5ds3
 ,i w\ld h b\ght a cloak1 if ,i _h _h ! 
money = x4 ,he ask$ no "o = money1 b he 
rem9d$ !m all to give x4 ,!re 0 a       
rivalry betwe5 !m1 z to :o %\ld give x2 
& h[ %\ld !re n be8 ,0 x n a small ?+   
:i* ,socrates receiv$8 ,yes1 b x 0 a    
great ?+ to be ! man f :om ,socrates    
receiv$ x4 ,c\ld he blame !m m g5tly8 ,i
 w\ld1 said he1 h b\ght a cloak if ,i _h
 _h ! money = x4 ,aft] ?is1 h[ev] eag]  
any "o 0 to give1 he gave too late2 = he
 _h already be5 want+ 9 8 duty to       
,socrates4 ,because "s m5 h>%ly dem&    

repaym5t ( debts1 we =bid x1 n 9 ord] t 
x may nev] be done1 b t x may be done   
sp>+ly4  ,,xxv4 ,ari/ippus once1 :5     
enjoy+ a p]fume1 said3 ,bad luck to ^?  
effem9ate p]sons :o h br\ght s nice a ?+
 into disrepute4 ,we also may say1 ,bad 
luck to ^? base extortion]s :o pe/] u = 
a f\rfold return ( _! b5efits1 & h      
br\ght into disrepute s nice a ?+ z     
rem9d+ our fri5ds ( _! duty4 ,i %all    
nev]!less make use ( ?is "r ( fri5d%ip1 
& ,i %all dem& ! return ( a b5efit f any
 man f :om ,i w\ld n h scrupl$ to ask = 
"o1 su* a man z w\ld reg>d ! p[] (      
return+ a b5efit z equival5t to receiv+ 
a second "o4 ,nev]1 n ev5 :5 compla9+ ( 
him1 w\ld ,i say1    ,a wret* =lorn ^u !
 %ore he lay1    ,8 %ip1 8 comrades1 all
 7 swept away2    ,fool t ,i 01 ,i piti$
 8 despair1    ,& ev5 gave him ( my     
realm a %>e4  ,?is is n to rem9d1 b to  
reproa*2 ?is is to make "o's b5efits    
odi\s to enable him1 or ev5 to make him 
wi% to be ungrateful4 ,x is en\gh1 & m  
?an en\gh1 to rem9d him ( x g5tly &     

famili>ly3    ,if aught ( m9e ha? e'er  
des]v$ ?y ?anks4  ,to ?is 8 answ] w\ld  
be1 ,( c\rse y h des]v$ my ?anks2 y took
 me up1 'a wret* =lorn ^u ! %ore4'      
,,xxvi4 ,b1 says our adv]s>y1 suppose t 
we ga9 no?+ by ?is2 suppose t he pret5ds
 t he has =gott5 x1 :at ought ,i to d8  
,y n[ ask a v necess>y "q1 & "o :i*     
fitly concludes ?is bran* ( ! subject1  
h[1 namely1 "o ought to be> ) !         
ungrateful4 ,i answ]1 calmly1 g5tly1    
magnanim\sly4 ,nev] let any "o's        
disc\rtesy1 =getfulness1 or +ratitude1  
enrage y s mu* t y d n feel any pleasure
 at hav+ be/[$ a b5efit ^u him2 nev] let
 y\r wrongs drive y into say+1 ,i wi% ,i
 _h n done x4 ,y ought to take pleasure 
ev5 9 ! ill-success ( y\r b5efit2 he w  
always be sorry = x1 ev5 ?\gh y are n   
ev5 n[ sorry = x4 ,y ought n to be      
indignant1 z if some?+ /range _h happ5$2
 y ought r to be surpris$ if x _h n     
happ5$4 ,"s are prev5t$ by difficulties1
 "s by exp5se1 & "s by dang] f return+  
y\r b\nty2 "s are h9d]$ by a false %ame1

 because by return+ x1 !y w\ld confess t
 !y _h receiv$ x2 ) o!rs ignorance ( _! 
duty1 indol5ce1 or excess ( bus9ess1 /&s
 9 ! way4 ,reflect ^u ! insatiability ( 
m5's desires4 ,y ne$ n be surpris$ if no
 "o repays y 9 a _w 9 :i* no "o ev] ga9s
 en\gh4 ,:at man is !re ( s firm &      
tru/wor?y a m9d t y c safely inve/ y\r  
b5efits 9 him8 ,"o man is craz$ ) lu/1  
ano!r is ! slave ( 8 belly1 ano!r gives 
8 :ole s\l to ga91 c>+ no?+ = ! means by
 :i* he amasses x2 "s m5's m9ds are     
di/urb$ by envy1 "s bl9d$ by ambition   
till !y are ready to fl+ !mselves on !  
sword's po9t4 ,9 addition to ?is1 "o mu/
 reckon sluggi%ness ( m9d & old age2 &  
also ! opposites ( ^!1 re/lessness &    
di/urbance ( m9d1 also excessive        
self-e/eem & pride 9 ! v ?+s = :i* a man
 ought to be despis$4 ,i ne$ n m5tion   
ob/9ate p]si/5ce 9 wrong-do+1 or        
frivolity :i* _c rema9 con/ant to "o    
po9t2 besides all ?is1 !re is headlong  
ra%ness1 !re is timidity :i* nev] gives 
u tru/wor?y c\nsel1 & ! numb]less errors

 ) :i* we /ruggle1 ! ra%ness ( ! mo/    
c[>dly1 ! qu>rels ( our be/ fri5ds1 & t 
mo/ common evil ( tru/+ 9 :at is mo/    
unc]ta91 & ( und]valu+1 :5 we h obta9$  
x1 t :i* we once nev] hop$ to possess4  
,amid/ all ^! re/less passions1 h[ c y  
hope to f9d a ?+ s full ( re/ z good    
fai?8  ,,xxvii4 ,if a true picture ( our
 life 7 to rise be=e y\r m5tal vision1 y
 w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 behold a sc5e l t ( a t[n
 j tak5 by /orm1 :]e dec5cy &           
righte\sness 7 no long] reg>d$1 & no    
advice is he>d b t ( =ce1 z if univ]sal 
confusion 7 ! ^w ( comm&4 ,nei!r fire   
nor sword are sp>$2 crime is unpuni%$ by
 ! laws2 ev5 religion1 :i* saves ! lives
 ( suppliants 9 ! v mid/ ( arm$ enemies1
 does n *eck ^? :o are ru%+ to secure   
plund]4 ,"s m5 rob private h\ses1 "s    
public build+s2 all places1 sacr$ or    
pr(ane1 are alike /ripp$2 "s bur/ _! way
 91 o!rs climb ov]2 "s op5 a wid] pa? = 
!mselves by ov]?r[+ ! walls t keep !m   
out1 & make _! way to _! booty ov] ru9s2
 "s ravage )\t murd]+1 o!rs br&i% spoils

 dripp+ ) _! own]'s blood2 ev]yone      
c>ries (f 8 neighb\rs' goods4 ,9 ?is    
gre$y /ruggle ( ! human race surely y   
=get ! common lot ( all mank9d1 if y    
seek among ^! robb]s = "o :o w return   
:at he has got4 ,if y are indignant at  
m5 be+ ungrateful1 y ought also to be   
indignant at _! be+ luxuri\s1 av>ici\s &
 lu/ful2 y might z well be indignant )  
sick m5 = be+ ugly1 or ) old m5 = be+   
pale4 ,x is1 inde$1 a s]i\s vice1 x is n
 to be borne1 & sets m5 at v>iance ) "o 
ano!r2 nay1 x r5ds & de/roys t union by 
:i* alone our human weakness c be       
support$2 yet x is s absolutely         
univ]sal1 t ev5 ^? :o compla9 ( x mo/   
are n !mselves free f x4  ,,xxviii4     
,consid] )9 y\rself1 :e!r y h always %[n
 gratitude to ^? to :om y owe x1 :e!r no
 "o's k9dness has ev] be5 wa/$ ^u y1    
:e!r y con/antly be> 9 m9d all ! b5efits
 :i* y h receiv$4 ,y w f9d t ^? :i* y   
receiv$ z a boy 7 =gott5 be=e y became a
 man2 t ^? be/[$ ^u y z a "y man slipp$ 
f y\r memory :5 y became an old "o4 ,"s 

we h lo/1 "s we h ?r[n away1 "s h by    
degrees pass$ out ( our sight1 to "s we 
h wilfully %ut our eyes4 ,if ,i am to   
make excuses = y\r weakness1 ,i mu/ say 
9 ! fir/ place t human memory is a frail
 vessel1 & is n l>ge en\gh to conta9 !  
mass ( ?+s plac$ 9 x2 ! m x receives1 ! 
m x mu/ necess>ily lose2 ! olde/ ?+s 9 x
 give way to ! newe/4 ,?us x comes to   
pass t y\r nurse has h>dly any influ5ce 
) y1 because ! lapse ( "t has set !     
k9dness :i* y receiv$ f h] at s great a 
di/ance2 ?us x is t y no long] look ^u  
y\r tea*] ) respect2 & t n[ :5 y are    
busy ab\t y\r c&idature = ! consulate or
 ! prie/hood1 y =get ^? :o support$ y 9 
y\r election to ! quae/or%ip4 ,if y     
c>efully exam9e y\rself1 p]haps y w f9d 
! vice ( :i* y compla9 9 y\r own bosom2 
y are wrong 9 be+ angry ) a univ]sal    
fail+1 & fooli% also1 = x is y\r own z  
well2 y mu/ p>don o!rs1 t y may y\rself 
be acquitt$4 ,y w make y\r fri5d a bett]
 man by be>+ ) him1 y w 9 all cases make
 him a worse "o by reproa*+ him4 ,y c h 

no reason = r5d]+ him %ameless2 let him 
pres]ve any remnants ( mode/y :i* he may
 h4 ,too l\d reproa*es h (t5 dispell$ a 
mode/y :i* might h borne good fruit4 ,no
 man fe>s to be t :i* all m5 see t he   
is2 :5 8 fault is made public1 he loses 
8 s5se ( %ame4  ,,xxix4 ,y say1 ,i h lo/
 ! b5efit :i* ,i be/[$4 ,yet d we say t 
we h lo/ :at we consecrate to heav51 & a
 b5efit well be/[$1 ev5 ?\gh we get an  
ill return = x1 is to be reckon$ among  
?+s consecrat$4 ,our fri5d is n su* a   
man z we hop$ he 02 /ill1 let u1 unlike 
him1 rema9 ! same z we 74 ,! loss did n 
take place :5 he prov$ himself s2 8     
+ratitude _c be made public )\t reflect+
 "s %ame ^u u1 s9ce to compla9 ( ! loss 
( a b5efit is a sign t x 0 n well be/[$4
 ,z f> z we are able we ought to plead )
 ourselves on 8 behalf3 ,p]haps he 0 n  
able to return x1 p]haps he did n "k (  
x1 p]haps he w /ill d s4 ,a wise & =be>+
 cr$itor prev5ts ! loss ( "s debts by   
enc\rag+ 8 debtor & giv+ him "t4 ,we    
ought to d ! same1 we ought to deal     

t5d]ly ) a weakly s5se ( hon\r4  ,,xxx4 
,i h lo/1 say y1 ! b5efit :i* ,i be/[$4 
,y are a fool1 & d n und]/& :5 y\r loss 
took place2 y h inde$ lo/ x1 b y did s  
:5 y gave x1 ! fact has only n[ come to 
light4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ^? b5efits :i*   
appe> to be lo/1 g5tl5ess w d mu* good2 
! w\nds ( ! m9d ought to be h&l$ z      
t5d]ly z ^? ( ! body4 ,! /r+1 :i* might 
be dis5tangl$ by pati5ce1 is (t5 brok5  
by a r\gh pull4 ,:at is ! use ( abuse1  
or ( compla9ts8 :y d y ov]:elm him )    
reproa*es8 :y d y set him free f 8      
obligation8 ev5 if he be ungrateful he  
owes y no?+ aft] ?is4 ,:at s5se is !re 9
 exasp]at+ a man on :om y h conf]r$     
great fav\rs1 s z out ( a d\btful fri5d 
to make a c]ta9 enemy1 & "o1 too1 :o w  
seek to support 8 own cause by defam+ y1
 or to make m5 say1 ,i d n "k :at !     
reason is t he _c endure a man to :om he
 owes s mu*2 !re mu/ be some?+ 9 !      
backgr\nd8 ,any man c asp]se1 ev5 if he 
does n p]man5tly /a9 ! reputation ( 8   
bett]s by compla9+ ( !m2 nor w any "o be

 satisfi$ ) imput+ small crimes to !m1  
:5 x is only by ! enormity ( 8 falsehood
 t he c hope to be believ$4  ,,xxxi4    
,:at a mu* bett] way is t by :i* !      
semblance ( fri5d%ip1 &1 inde$1 if ! o!r
 rega9s to 8 "r m9d1 fri5d%ip itself is 
pres]v$6 ,bad m5 are ov]come by unwe>y+ 
goodness1 nor does any "o receive       
k9dness 9 s h>% & ho/ile a _s z n to    
love good m5 ev5 :ile he does !m wrong1 
:5 !y lay him "u ! additional obligation
 ( requir+ no return = _! k9dness4      
,reflect1 !n1 ^u ?is3 y say1 ,my k9dness
 has met ) no return1 :at am ,i to d8 ,i
 ought to imitate ! gods1 ^? noble/     
dispos]s ( all ev5ts1 :o beg9 to be/[ _!
 b5efits on ^? :o "k !m n1 & p]si/ 9    
be/[+ !m on ^? :o are ungrateful = !m4  
,"s reproa* !m ) neglect ( u1 "s )      
inju/ice t[>ds u2 o!rs place !m outside 
( _! own _w1 9 slo? & indiff]5ce1 )\t   
light1 & )\t any functions2 o!rs decl>e 
t ! sun itself1 to :om we owe ! division
 ( our times ( lab\r & ( re/1 by ^:     
means we are sav$ f be+ plung$ 9 !      

d>kness ( et]nal night2 :o1 by 8        
circuit1 ord]s ! seasons ( ! ye>1 gives 
/r5g? to our bodies1 br+s =? our crops &
 rip5s our fruits1 is m]ely a mass (    
/one1 or a =tuit\s collection ( fi]y    
p>ticles1 or any?+ r ?an a god4 ,yet1   
nev]!less1 l ! k9de/ ( p>5ts1 :o only   
smile at ! spiteful words ( _! *ildr51 !
 gods d n cease to heap b5efits ^u ^? :o
 d\bt f :at s\rce _! b5efits are d]iv$1 
b cont9ue imp>tially di/ribut+ _! b\nty 
among all ! peoples & nations ( ! e>?4  
,possess+ only ! p[] ( do+ good1 !y     
moi/5 ! l& ) seasonable %[]s1 !y put !  
seas 9 movem5t by ! w9ds1 !y m>k "t by !
 c\rse ( ! con/ellations1 !y temp] !    
extremes ( heat & cold1 ( summ] & w9t]1 
by brea?+ a mild] air ^u u2 & !y        
graci\sly & s]5ely be> ) ! faults ( our 
err+ spirits4 ,let u foll[ _! example2  
let u give1 ev5 if mu* be giv5 to no    
purpose1 let u1 9 spite ( ?is1 give to  
o!rs2 nay1 ev5 to ^? ^u :om our b\nty   
has be5 wa/$4 ,no "o is prev5t$ by !    
fall ( a h\se f build+ ano!r2 :5 "o home

 has be5 de/roy$ by fire1 we lay !      
f\ndations ( ano!r be=e ! site has _h "t
 to cool2 we rebuild ru9$ cities m ?an  
once ^u ! same spots1 s untir+ are our  
hopes ( success4 ,m5 w\ld und]take no   
works ei!r on l& or sea if !y 7 n will+ 
to try aga9 :at !y h fail$ 9 once4      
,,xxxii4 ,suppose a man is ungrateful1  
he does n injure me1 b himself2 ,i _h ! 
enjoym5t ( my b5efit :5 ,i be/[$ x ^u   
him4 ,because he is ungrateful1 ,i %all 
n be sl[] to give b m c>eful2 :at ,i h  
lo/ ) him1 ,i %all receive back f o!rs4 
,b ,i w be/[ a second b5efit ^u ?is man 
himself1 & w ov]come him ev5 z a good   
husb&man ov]comes ! /]ility ( ! soil by 
c>e & culture2 if ,i d n d s my b5efit  
is lo/ to me1 & he is lo/ to mank9d4 ,x 
is no pro( ( a great m9d to give & to   
?r[ away "o's b\nty2 ! true te/ ( a     
great m9d is to ?r[ away "o's b\nty &   
/ill to give4