,,gas ,,burn]s ,,old ,,& ,,new4 ,,gas ,,burn]s ,,old ,,& ,,new4 ,a ,hi/orical & ,descriptive ,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,inv5tion ,,9 ,,gas ,,light+2 ,,embrac+ ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,lum9\s ,,combu/ion4 ,,by ,,ow5 ,,m]riman4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,gas ,,light+4 ,london3 ,,walt] ,,k+1 #aa1 ,,bolt ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,e4 ,c4 #ahhd4 ,w4 ,,k+ ,,& ,,sell1 ,,pr9t]s1 #ab1 ,,g\gh ,,squ>e1 ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,,london4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,figure #aa & ,figure #ab are id5tical4 ,,preface4 ,! little "w "h pres5t$ to ! public appe>$ orig9ally 9 ! pages ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 ,9 ! hope t x may !reby become ( s]vice to a wid] circle ( read]s1 x has be5 revis$ & done into its pres5t %ape4 ,! object ( ! writ] w be atta9$ if x is ! means ( less5+1 9 any degree1 ! suspicion & prejudice 7born ( ignorance7 :i*1 alas6 yet prevail ) reg>d to gas & gas light+4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #i ,,! ,,fir/ ,,gas-,,burn] #ac ,,! ,,batsw+ ,,burn] #ae ,,! ,,union-,,jet ,,or ,,fi%tail ,,burn] #ag ,,h[ ,,light ,,is ,,produc$ ,,f ,,coal ,,gas #bj ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,flat-,,flame ,,burn]s #be ,b,r,oe,n,n,e,r',s ,,burn]s #ca ,,! ,,holl[-,,top ,,burn] #ce ,,bray',s ,,burn]s #ch ,,arg& ,,burn]s #dd ,,sugg',s ,,arg&s #dh ,,! ,,d\glass ,,burn] #eb ,,gov]nor ,,burn]s #ee ,,reg5]ative ,,burn]s #fa ,,inc&esc5t ,,burn]s #gc ,,conclusion #gi ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,gas consum]s & gas produc]s4 ,! subject ( gas-burn]s & ! developm5t ( light f coal gas is ( consid]able int]e/1 alike to ! consum] & ! produc] ( gas4 ,:5 x is kn[n t "o burn] may develop twice z mu* light z ano!r1 = ! same consumption ( gas--! fir/ co/ ( ! "o be+ no high] ?an t ( ! o!r--its importance to ! =m] w sc>cely be disput$4 ,to ! gas consum] x is obvi\sly ( great value to "k h[ he may mo/ effectively & economically develop ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! gas :i* is suppli$ to him2 & s obta9 ! fulle/ return1 9 light+ effect1 = ! money :i* he exp5ds4 ,n q s obvi\s is its relation to ! latt]4 ,to a p]son totally unacqua9t$ ) ! rec5t hi/ory ( gas light+1 & ignorant ( ! policy :i* has guid$ ! mo/ prosp]\s gas und]tak+s to _! successful issues1 x may appe> t ! manufactur] ( gas is n closely conc]n$ ) ! utilization ( ! commodity :i* he supplies4 ,su* an "o might argue1 & ) a c]ta9 %[ ( reason1 t ! sole bus9ess ( ! gas mak] is ) its production2 t aft] provid+1 9 ! consum]'s s]vice-pipe1 a full & cont9u\s supply ( gas1 ( ! /ipulat$ quality1 8 c>e ends2 & t h5ce=? ! utilization & managem5t ( ! illum9ant re/s ) ! consum] himself4 ,b1 by any "o :o is at all conv]sant ) ! subject1 x w be readily conc$$ t ! int]e/ ( ! manufactur] ( gas1 9 ?is matt]1 is only second to t ( ! consum]4 ,9 ! gas indu/ry1 z 9 any o!r bus9ess und]tak+1 ! conc]n prosp]s or decl9es accord+ z ! int]e/s ( ! cu/om]s are consid]$ or neglect$4 ,?is has be5 conclusively demon/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( _m gas und]tak+s4 ,s long z _! managem5t 0 conduct$ 9 exclusive & selfi% reg>d solely to _! own int]nal affairs--look+ ) supreme indiff]5ce or c>eless apa?y ^u ! ne$s ( ! consum]s--s long 0 _! c>e] m>k$ by difficulties & emb>rassm5ts4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 7 ! claims ( ! consum]s recogniz$1 & ef=ts put =? to fur!r _! int]e/s1 ?an ! prospects ( ! conc]n bright5$2 & by adh]+ to1 & ext5d+ ! same l9e ( action1 ! goal ( comm]cial prosp]ity 0 ev5tually rea*$4 ,see+1 !re=e1 t ! subject is ( s supreme importance to consum]s ( gas1 & t ! int]e/s ( ! consum] are closely int]wov5 ) ^? ( ! manufactur]1 x is em95tly desirable t !re %\ld be m g5]ally diffus$ a correct k ( ! pr9ciples ( economical gas consumption1 & ( ! ext5t to :i* ^! pr9ciples are appli$ 9 ! v>i\s burn]s :i*1 f "t to "t1 h be5 inv5t$4 ,no fur!r apology ought !re=e to be requir$ 9 pres5t+ to ! read] ! foll[+ disquisition on gas-burn]s4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be ( advantage = me to /ate 9 brief1 at ! comm5cem5t1 :at are ! objects ,i h 9 view1 & :at ! *ief consid]ations :i* h l$ me to write ?is treatise4 ,sid5ote3 ,wa/e ( gas4 ,i purpose1 !n1 to tell ( ! progress t has be5 made 9 app>atus = ! developm5t ( light f coal gas2 to relate h[ ! crude & imp]fect devices ( ! e>ly inv5tors h be5 gradually improv$ ^u2 &1 :ile n ignor+ ! drawbacks connect$ ) rec5tly inv5t$ burn]s1 or ! defects inh]5t to _! con/ruction1 to %[1 9 ! sup]ior a*ievem5ts ( ^! burn]s1 h[ great an advance has be5 made ^u ! app>atus =m]ly 9 use4 ,x w be1 also1 my endeav\r to make pla9 ! little und]/ood ph5om5on ( ! production ( light by ! combu/ion ( coal gas2 & to %[ ! ext5t to :i* ! illum9at+ p[] develop$ is dep5d5t ^u ! burn] employ$4 ,t !re is ne$ = su* in=mation z ,i propose to furni% mu/ be suffici5tly obvi\s to any "o :o has consid]$ ! wa/e ( gas :i* takes place ?r\gh ignorance ( ! laws ( its combu/ion1 & ?r\gh ! use ( defective burn]s4 ,9 a report pres5t$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade by ! ,london ,gas ,ref]ees 9 #ahga1 x 0 /at$ t a numb] ( burn]s _h be5 te/$1 tak5 f v>i\s places ( bus9ess 9 ! ,metropolis2 ! major portion ( :i* gave out only "o-half1 & "s ( !m n m ?an "o-f\r?1 ( ! illum9at+ p[] capable ( be+ develop$ f ! gas4 ,al?\gh1 s9ce ! "t t report 0 p5n$1 consid]able progress has be5 made 9 ! con/ruction ( burn]s1 & 9 ! m g5]al adoption ( effici5t burn]s by ! public1 mu* yet rema9s to be done4 ,d\btless x w\ld /ill be )9 ! m>k to ass]t t fully "o-fif? ( ! gas consum$ by ! public might be sav$ by ! adoption ( bett] burn]s1 & by ! obs]vance ( ! conditions necess>y = _! satisfactory op]ation2 & :5 x is borne 9 m9d t ! gas-r5tal ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom am\nts to a sum ( c]ta9ly n less ?an ,l#i1jjj1jjj p] annum1 ! sav+ :i* might be effect$ assumes truly great proportions4 ,! field on :i* ,i propose to ent] c h>dly be said to be already occupi$4 ,n[h]e t ,i "k ( is ! subject ( gas-burn]s fully treat$ ( 9 a mann] available = ! g5]al read]4 ,) ! exception ( ! admirable *apt] contribut$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,patt]son to ,k+'s ,treatise on ,coal ,gas1 ,i am n aw>e t ! subject has be5 dealt ) to any complete ext5t by rec5t writ]s4 ,b1 admirable z is t contribution to ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 be+ writt5 = te*nical read]s1 x is nei!r s popul> 9 /yle nor s elem5t>y 9 "* z to fulfil ! purpose :i* ,i h 9 view 9 writ+ ! pres5t s]ies ( articles4 ,briefly /at$1 my sole purpose is to make ! subject ( ! combu/ion ( gas = ! production ( light intelligible to ! simple/2 & to pres5t an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! progress ( inv5tion 9 ! p]fection ( gas-burn]s4 ,:ile pass+ lightly ov] _m modifications ( app>atus :i* h be5 ( b limit$ or tempor>y s]vice1 ,i %all n scruple to dwell at l5g? ^u su* burn]s z h done mu* to fur!r ! ext5sion ( gas light+1 or ^: con/ruction exhibits a consid]able advance ^u previ\s atta9m5ts4 ,& :ile x w be my endeav\r to clo! my rem>ks 9 su* language z %all be und]/&$ ( ! p1 9 speak+ ( ! !ory ( combu/ion ,i hope to be suffici5tly explicit to enable my read]s to =m a cle> conception ( ! sci5tific pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ph5om5a ( :i* ,i treat4 ,sid5ote3 ,progress ( gas light+4 ,a fur!r ju/ification--if su*1 inde$1 7 ne$$--= ! appe>ance ( ?is treatise might be f\nd 9 ! rem>kable impetus :i* has be5 giv51 )9 rec5t ye>s1 to ! p]fection ( ! details ( gas manufacture & ! improvem5t ( gas-burn]s4 ,( c\rse1 ,i ref] to ! b5eficial consequ5ces to ! gas indu/ry :i* h foll[$ ! brief1 if conspicu\s1 c>e] ( electricity z an illum9at+ ag5t4 ,t ! int]e/ 9 improv$ illum9ation :i* has be5 ar\s$ by ! %ort-liv$ popul>ity ( ! electric light1 & ! extravagant claims put =w>d on its behalf1 h /imulat$ to ! developm5t ( ! res\rces ( gas light+1 is suffici5tly obvi\s to ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,& n only has ! manufactur] ( gas be5 b5efit$1 b ! public h reap$ no inconsid]able advantage4 ,at ! pres5t day1 gas is sold at a f> *eap] rate1 z well z ( a high] quality1 ?an at any =m] p]iod4 ,nor is ! adv5t ( *eap gas ! only direction 9 :i* ! public h ga9$4 ,al?\gh n s pat5t to ! majority1 ! improvem5ts t h be5 effect$ 9 ! me?ods ( burn+ gas1 s z to obta9 ! fulle/ advantage f its use1 are calculat$ to conf] b5efits equally real1 & n less valuable4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t ! la/ few ye>s h witness$ a great] advance 9 ! app>atus employ$ 9 ! combu/ion ( gas ?an _h be5 effect$ dur+ ! :ole previ\s hi/ory ( gas light+4 ,?is be+ s1 x may n be unacceptable if ,i attempt to pass 9 review "s ( ! v>i\s burn]s t h be5 inv5t$ & us$ = obta9+ light f coal gas2 %[+ ! successive improvem5ts t are exhibit$ 9 _! con/ruction1 & ! ext5t to :i* !y apply ! pr9ciples ( combu/ion4 ,x may be t :at ,i h to relate w awak5 "s m9ds to ! consci\sness t gas light+ has n altoge!r retir$ into obscurity on ! adv5t ( electricity--nay1 t x has ev5 assum$ a bold] front2 &1 ) increas$ res\rces & accession ( /r5g?1 is prep>$ firmly to ma9ta9 its position z at once ! mo/ conv5i5t1 economical1 & reliable ( artificial illum9ants4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,flat-,,flame ,,burn]s4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,gas-,,burn]4 ,! fir/ gas-burn] 0 a v simple & unpret5ti\s contrivance4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ works on gas light+#a we read3 ,! extremities ( ! pipes h small ap]tures1 out ( :i* ! gas issues2 & ! /reams ( gas1 be+ light$ at ^? ap]tures1 burn ) a cle> & /eady flame z long z ! supply ( gas cont9ues4 ,famili> z x is to u1 & f its famili>ity unnotic$1 ! ph5om5on pres5t$ by ! flame ?us produc$ cont9u+ to burn z long z ! supply ( gas cont9u$1 0 d\btless1 to ! fir/ exp]im5t]s1 a wond]ful sight4 ,?\gh we may smile at ! "q1 x is n difficult to und]/& ! incr$ulity ( ! hon\rable memb] :o1 :5 ,murdock 0 exam9$ be=e a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 #ahji1 ask$ ! witness3 ,d y mean to tell u t x w be possible to h a light )\t a wick8 ,yes2 ,i d inde$1 repli$ ,murdock4 ,ah1 my fri5d1 repli$ ! memb]1 y are try+ to prove too mu*4 #a ,accum's ,treatise on ,gas-,lights4 ,?ird edition1 #ahaf4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dawn ( gas light+4 ,x 0 b natural1 see+ t oil-lamps & c&les 7 ! only =ms ( artificial illum9ation 9 use prior to ! introduction ( gas light+1 t ! e>lie/ attempts at illum9ation by gas %\ld be 9 imitation ( ! effects produc$ by ^? means4 ,accord+ly we f9d t "o ( ! fir/ gas-burn]s employ$ 0 ! ,arg&1 modell$ ^u ! oil-lamp ( t "n1 :i* _h be5 f\nd to give sup]ior results2 :ile 9 m g5]al use1 & = "s "t almo/ ! sole app>atus available1 7 s+le jets1 giv+ a flame simil> 9 appe>ance to t ( a common c&le1 toge!r ) v>i\s comb9ations ( ^! jets4 ,a fair idea ( ! mode ( illum9ation practis$ dur+ ! e>lie/ p]iod ( gas light+ may be glean$ f ! foll[+ extract f a pap] describ+ ! light+ ( ,messrs4 ,phillips & ,lee's cotton-mill at ,man*e/]1 read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 9 #ahjh1 by ,mr4 ,william ,murdock3-- ,! gas-burn]s are ( two k9ds4 ,! "o is ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! ,arg& lamp1 & resembles x 9 appe>ance2 ! o!r is a small curv$ tube ) a conical end1 hav+ ?ree circul> ap]tures or p]=ations1 ( ab\t #a-cj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 "o at ! po9t ( ! cone1 & two lat]al ones1 ?r\gh :i* ! gas issues1 =m+ ?ree div]g5t jets ( flame1 some:at l a fleur-de-lis4 ,! %ape & g5]al appe>ance ( ?is tube has procur$ = x1 among ! workm51 ! "n ( ! cockspur burn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,e>ly ,,gas-,,burn]s4 7,f ,accum's ,treatise on ,gas-,lights47 ,nor 0 mu* advance made ^u ^! arrangem5ts d[n to ! ye> #ahaf1 judg+ f ,accum's ,treatise 7be=e cit$71 z ! subjo9$ extract f t "w1 toge!r ) ! above illu/rations1 w %[3-- ,! burn]s are =m$ 9 v>i\s ways--ei!r a tube end+ ) a simple orifice1 at :i* ! gas issues 9 a /ream1 & if once light$ w cont9ue to burn ) ! mo/ /eady & regul> light imag9able1 z long z ! gas is suppli$2 or two conc5tric tubes ( brass or %eet iron are plac$ at a di/ance ( a small fraction ( an in* f ea* o!r1 & clos$ at ! bottom4 ,! gas :i* ent]s betwe5 ^! cyl9d]s1 :5 light$1 =ms an ,arg& lamp1 :i* is suppli$ by an int]nal & ext]nal curr5t ( air 9 ! usual mann]4 ,or ! two conc5tric tubes are clos$ at ! top ) a r+1 hav+ small p]=ations1 out ( :i* ! gas c issue2 ?us =m+ small di/9ct /reams ( light4 ,x is int]e/+1 9 view ( ! pres5t dem& = increas$ illum9ation1 & = burn]s ( high illum9at+ p[]1 to note ! am\nt ( light produc$ by ! burn]s !n 9 use4 ,9 ,mr4 ,murdock's pap] we f9d x /at$ t ea* ( ! ,arg&s 9 use at ,messrs4 ,phillips & ,lee's e/abli%m5t gave a light equal to t ( #d c&les 7m\ld c&les ( #f to ! p\nd72 & ea* ( ! cockspurs a light equal to #b-a_/d ( ! same c&les4 ,f :i* meagre results we conclude t1 besides be+ burnt 9 an ignorant & wa/eful mann]1 ! gas consum$ 0 w(ully defici5t 9 illum9at+ p[]4 ,,! ,,batsw+ ,,burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,:o inv5t$ ! batsw+ burn]8 ,a notable advance 0 made :5 ! batsw+ burn] 0 inv5t$4 ,to :om we are indebt$ = ?is inv5tion seems involv$ 9 "s d\bt4 ,al?\gh ,clegg1 9 ! hi/orical introduction to 8 valuable "w1#b says1 v di/9ctly1 t ! batsw+ burn] 0 introduc$ by a ,mr4 ,/one1 an intellig5t workman employ$ by ,mr4 ,w9sor1 x is n s mu* z m5tion$ by ,accum1 ev5 9 ! ?ird edition ( 8 ,treatise2 & ,accum1 x may be rem>k$1 0 = "s "t closely associat$ ) ,w9sor 9 ! promotion ( ! latt]'s ambiti\s & vision>y s*emes4 ,yet1 if ,clegg's /atem5t be correct1 x w\ld almo/ appe> to fix ! date ( ! introduction ( ?is burn] z prior to #ahaf4 ,b to :omsoev] is due ! cr$it ( its inv5tion1 c]ta9 is x t ! batsw+ burn] 0 a consid]able improvem5t ^u ! old cockspur4 ,produc+ a bett] light = ! gas consum$1 x assi/$ to demon/rate /ill fur!r ! sup]iority ( gas light+ ov] o!r me?ods ( illum9ation2 & z x c\ld be suppli$ at a trifl+ co/1 & conta9$ no delicately adju/$ nor easily injur$ p>ts1 x enabl$ ! b5efits ( ! new me?od ( light+ to be ext5d$ to :]ev] artificial light 0 requir$4 #b ,clegg's ,treatise on ,coal ,gas1 #ahda1 p4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,batsw+ ,,burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,sup]iority ( ! batsw+ ov] ! cockspur burn]4 ,f ! cockspur & s+le jet burn]s ! gas asc5d$ 9 /reams1 ris+ into ! air until x came 9 contact ) suffici5t oxyg5 to completely consume x4 ,9 ord] t ?is might take place )\t produc+ a flame ( an inord9ate l5g?1 & )\t mu* smoke1 ! orifices 7 re/rict$ to a v small size2 & ! gas issu+ f ^! at consid]able pressure t5d$ to draw 91 & mix ) ! air 9 its c\rse4 ,besides ! loss ( illum9at+ p[] caus$ by ?is mixture ( air ) ! gas flame 7simil> to :at takes place 9 a ,buns5 burn]71 ! cool+ influ5ce ^u ! small body ( flame ( ! mass ( metal compos+ ! burn]1 op]at$ /ill fur!r to r$uce ! quantity ( light :i* ! gas 0 calculat$ to yield4 ,) ! batsw+ ! gas 0 spread out produc+1 :5 ignit$1 a ?9 %eet ( flame1 by :i* means ! gas 0 enabl$ to comb9e m readily ) ! air necess>y to effect complete combu/ion4 ,! size ( ! flame be+1 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! cockspur1 s mu* l>g] proportionately to ! metal burn]1 ! cool+ effect ( ! latt] 0 n s app>5t4 ,! increas$ size ( flame1 also1 ( itself1 t5d$ to improve ! illum9at+ p[]2 ea* portion ( flame contribut+ to elevate & su/a9 ! temp]ature ( ! :ole1 & s to height5 ! int5sity ( inc&esc5ce to :i* ! light-giv+ p>ticles 7 rais$4 ,sid5ote3 ,batsw+ & ,arg& burn]s comp>$4 ,ev5 ) ! ,arg&s ( t day1 ! batsw+ comp>$ n unfav\rably4 ,! =m] burn]1 hav+ ! regulation ( its air supply "u complete control1 gives ! be/ results :5 ! gas is suppli$ to x at a l[ pressure2 z !n ! requisite quantity ( air to ensure complete combu/ion ( ! gas c be delicately adju/$ by means ( a *imney ( suitable l5g?4 ,:5 ! gas & air h be5 nicely adju/$ to ea* o!r1 ! flame becomes extremely s5sitive to any *ange ( pressure 9 ! gas supply2 a dim9ution ( ! supply1 by r$uc+ ! quantity ( gas issu+ f ! burn] )\t at ! same "t proportionately dim9i%+ ! supply ( air1 t5ds to de/roy ! illum9at+ p[] by ! cool+ action ( ! surplus air2 :ile an increas$ pressure1 by all[+ m gas to issue ?an ! air c consume1 causes ! flame to smoke4 ,b at ! "t to :i* ,i n[ ref] ! pr9ciples ( combu/ion 7 little und]/ood1 /ill less appli$ 9 ! con/ruction ( burn]s4 ,besides ?is1 ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! ma9s 0 excessive2 & !re be+ no me?od adopt$ ( controll+ x at ! burn]1 ! con/ruction ( a good ,arg& 01 "u ! circum/ances1 almo/ impossible4 ,! batsw+ 0 n s prejudicially affect$ by an excess ( pressure4 ,pressure to "s ext5t 01 inde$1 requir$ to enable ! flame to atta9 its normal %ape2 :ile any excess =c$ ! gas ?r\gh ! flame )\t p]mitt+ x to be rais$ to inc&esc5ce be=e be+ consum$1 & al?\gh necessitat+ loss ( light1 caus$ no inconv5i5ce l a smok+ flame4 ,ano!r important advantage :i* ! batsw+ possess$ ov] ! ,arg& burn] 0 its simplicity ( con/ruction2 & ! abs5ce ( accessories1 su* z ! glass *imney--disp5s+ ) ! clean+ & att5tion :i* ! latt] requir$4 ,_h ! b5efits ( gas light+ be5 dep5d5t ^u ! use ( app>atus s fragile1 & requir+ s mu* c>e & att5tion z ! ,arg&1 ! range ( its applicability mu/ h be5 consid]ably limit$1 & its prospects ( comm]cial success mu* less assur$4 ,! introduction ( a s]ies ( *eap b effective burn]s1 h[ev]1 alt]$ ! conditions ( gas light+1 & m>k$ ! comm5cem5t ( a new era 9 artificial illum9ation4 ,! possibility ( obta9+1 by means ( a burn] s simple & app>5tly insignificant z ! batsw+1 results little1 if at all1 inf]ior to :at c\ld be obta9$ by ! use ( ! mo/ complicat$ & exp5sive1 0 ( advantage alike to ! consum] & ! produc] ( gas4 ,to ! =m] x gave ! b5efits ( an increas$ illum9ation1 )\t requir+ any correspond+ outlay2 to ! latt] x promis$ a gr[+ ext5sion ( ! use ( coal gas1 & ?us furni%$ ! sure/ gu>antee ( future progress & prosp]ity4 ,,! ,,union-,,jet1 ,,or ,,fi%tail ,,burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,:o inv5t$ ! union-jet burn]8 ,! batsw+ _h be5 = "s ye>s 9 ext5sive use be=e a burn] 0 produc$ wor?y 9 any degree to comp>e ) x 9 respect to simplicity & effici5cy4 ,! inv5tion ( ! union-jet1 or fi%tail burn]1 furni%$ a competitor equally simple2 little1 if at all1 inf]ior z reg>ds effici5cy2 &1 to "s ext5t1 sup]ior to ! =m] burn] 9 g5]al adaptability4 ,al?\gh s mu* beh9d 9 po9t ( "t1 ! new burn] spe$ily rivall$ ! old] batsw+ 9 popul> fav\r2 & 9 its v>i\s modifications & improvem5ts may be said1 )\t fe> ( contradiction1 to h receiv$ a wid] application ?an any o!r gas-burn]4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! batsw+1 s ) reg>d to ?is burn]3 few details are record$ ( its inv5tion4 ,b1 slight z is ! in=mation available1 su* z we h is m satisfactory & m au!ntic ?an ! meagre notice ( ,clegg1 :i* is all t is kn[n ( ! inv5tion ( ! =m] burn]4 ,x appe>s to be e/abli%$ beyond d\bt t ! union-jet is ! jo9t inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,james ,b4 ,neilson1 ! inv5tor ( ! hot-bla/1 & ,mr4 ,james ,milne1 ( ,glasg[1 f\nd] ( ! eng9e]+ firm ( ,milne & ,son4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahbj1 or soon aft] 7z 9 t ye> ,mr4 ,neilson 0 appo9t$ ,manag] ( ! ,glasg[ ,gas-,works71 ^! g5tlem5 7 exp]im5t+ ) gas-burn]s1 :5 !y discov]$ t by all[+ two jets ( gas1 ( equal size1 to imp+e ^u ea* o!r at a c]ta9 angle1 a flat-flame 0 produc$1 ) increas$ light4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! union-jet2 s call$ f ! mann] 9 :i* ! flame is produc$4 ,at fir/ sep>ate nipples 7 employ$ = ! two jets2 b1 v soon1 ,mr4 ,milne hit ^u ! exp$i5t ( drill+ two holes1 at ! requir$ angle1 9 ! same nipple4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ) slight modifications1 ! burn] has cont9u$ to be con/ruct$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,fi%tail ,,burn]4 ,! explanation ( ! pref]5ce accord$ to ?is burn] ov] its pr$ecessor1 ! batsw+1 is to be f\nd *iefly1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! v diff]5t %apes ( ! respective flames produc$ by ! two burn]s4 ,! batsw+1 9 its orig9al =m1 produc$ a flame ( great wid?1 b ( no correspond+ height4 ,! extremities ( ! flame1 /ret*+ out f ! burn] s f> on ei!r h&1 7 easily affect$ by an agitation (1 or commotion 9 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e2 a slight draught or curr5t ( air caus+ ! flame to smoke at ^! po9ts4 ,! extreme wid? ( flame also preclud$ ! use ( ?is burn] 9 globes4 ,! flame produc$ by ! union-jet burn]1 z fir/ con/ruct$1 0 v diff]5t to ! "o j describ$4 ,long] ?an t ( ! batsw+1 & consid]ably n>r[] 7b wid5+ gradually f its base1 at ! burn]1 to its apex71 x pres5t$ some:at ne>ly ! appe>ance ( an isosceles triangle2 or m closely1 p]haps 7) its slightly-=k$ apex71 ! tail ( a fi%1 f :i* resemblance x is commonly designat$ ! fi%tail burn]4 ,?is =m ( flame 0 bett] adapt$ = use 9 globes1 & also bett] )/ood ! effects ( draughts4 ,& x is p]haps n unreasonable to suppose t z 9 %ape x approa*$ m closely to ! k9d ( flame ) :i* ! p _h be5 famili> 9 oil lamps1 ! flame produc$ by ! union-jet burn] 0 m agreeable to ! eye ?an t ( ! batsw+1 & t ?is seem+ly trivial consid]ation w acc\nt1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 = ! undue fav\r %[n t[>ds x4 ,= x mu/ n be assum$1 because ( ! widespread popul>ity to :i* ! union-jet s e>ly atta9$1 & :i* x has cont9u$ to enjoy1 t x 0 ( necessity a bett] burn] 79 ! s5se ( develop+ m light = ! gas consum$7 ?an ! "o :i* prec$$ x4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ?is reg>d x 0 n q s effective z ! batsw+4 ,nor is ?is result surpris+1 look+ at ! diff]5t me?ods adopt$ 9 ! two burn]s = produc+ ! same effects ( light & flame4 ,sid5ote3 ,union-jet & batsw+ burn]s comp>$4 ,f ! batsw+ burn] ! gas issu$ 9 a ?9 b widely-ext5d+ /ream1 pres5t+1 :5 ignit$1 a cont9u\s %eet ( flame2 its height & wid? dep5d+ ^u ! pressure at :i* ! gas 0 suppli$1 b always (f]+ an unbrok5 surface ( flame to ! air4 ,al?\gh1 f ! excessive pressures :i*1 9 ! e>ly days ( gas light+1 7 g5]ally employ$1 ! flame drew ^u its surface too mu* air = ! atta9m5t ( ! fulle/ light+ effici5cy obta9able f ! gas2 yet ! =m giv5 to ! issu+ /ream ( gas preclud$ ! air f ent]+ ! int]ior ( ! flame1 & /ill fur!r r$uc+ its illum9at+ p[]4 ,) ! union-jet burn] ! conditions 7 greatly *ang$2 & ?is latt] evil1 ( ! introduction ( cold air into ! int]ior ( ! flame1 0 "o ( ! consequ5ces entail$ by ! means x employ$ = produc+ its flame4 ,f ?is burn] ! gas issu$ 9 two n>r[ /reams1 l s+le jets1 :i*1 directly aft] em]g+ f ! burn]1 imp+$ ^u ea* o!r at a giv5 angle2 ! mutual %ock giv5 to ! /reams ( gas :5 ?us arre/$ caus+ !m to spread out 9 a lat]al direction1 & 7! high velocity at :i* ! gas issu$ be+ exp5d$7 to unite1 & asc5d 9 a sluggi% /ream until consum$4 ,t injury to ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! flame %\ld result f causes connect$ ) ! mann] ( produc+ x w be und]/ood on consid]+ "s ( ! ph5om5a associat$ ) ! production ( a gas flame4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ air is drawn ^u a gas flame4 ,:5 a jet or /ream ( gas issues into a /ill atmosph]e1 x produces 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood1 on all sides1 an area ( l[ pressure1 to occupy :i* ! contigu\s air ru%es 94 ,induc$ air curr5ts are ?us set up 9 close proximity to1 & hav+ ! same direction z ! issu+ /ream ( gas1 & v>y+ 9 =ce ) ! pressure1 or velocity1 at :i* ! gas issues4 ,! non-lum9\s flame ( ! ,buns5 burn]1 & ( ! s-call$ atmosph]ic burn] employ$ 9 gas cook+ & heat+ /oves 7:i* is produc$ by burn+ a mixture ( gas & air71 is obta9$ by tak+ advantage ( ?is t5d5cy ( a /ream ( gas1 issu+ "u pressure1 to draw air ^u itself2 & x is to ! same circum/ance t ord9>y illum9at+ flames owe ! cont9u\s supply ( air necess>y to keep up combu/ion4 ,= ! effect is height5$ :5 ! gas is inflam$2 because1 ! gase\s products ( combu/ion be+ exp&$ by ! int5se heat to :i* !y are subject$1 _! velocity ( asc5sion is va/ly increas$4 ,hav+ reg>d to ^! consid]ations1 x w be cle>ly p]ceiv$ h[ t1 9 produc+ ! flame ( ! union-jet burn]1 ! two /reams ( gas1 9 ! act ( comb9+ toge!r1 drew into ! v mid/ ( ! flame a portion ( ! air ) :i* !y 7 surr\nd$2 & ?is air1 r$uc+ ! temp]ature ( ! flame1 & dilut+ ! illum9at+ gas by ! in]t nitrog5 introduc$1 z well z by its oxyg5 caus+ a too e>ly oxidation ( ! c>bon p>ticles 9 ! flame1 op]at$ to r$uce ! illum9at+ p[] o!rwise obta9able f ! gas4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 ref] to ! union-jet burn] 9 its orig9al =m4 ,num]\s improvem5ts h be5 effect$1 f "t to "t1 9 its con/ruction1 z well z 9 t ( ! batsw+1 :i*1 by r$uc+ its liability ?us to convey air into ! flame1 h increas$ its effici5cy2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! %ape ( ! flame has be5 improv$4 ,inde$1 ! result ( successive improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( bo? burn]s has be5 s to modify ! %ape ( _! respective flames t1 9 _! late/ & mo/ improv$ =m1 ! flames produc$ by ! two burn]s are practically id5tical 9 appe>ance1 al?\gh ! mann] ( _! production rema9s z widely div]se z at ! fir/4 ,! improvem5ts t l$ up to1 & ! causes t produc$ ?is result1 w be m fully expla9$ 9 ! sequel4 ,,h[ ,,light ,,is ,,produc$ ,,f ,,coal ,,gas4 ,i h be=e rem>k$ t1 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( its use1 "o ( ! *ief ob/acles to ! developm5t ( ! light+ p[] ( coal gas 0 ! excessive pressure at :i* x 0 g5]ally suppli$4 ,to und]/& ! action ( pressure 9 influ5c+ ! am\nt ( light :i* a giv5 quantity ( gas w af=d1 x is necess>y to "k some?+ ( ! nature & prop]ties ( flame4 ,moreov]1 ! conditions ^u :i* is dep5d5t ! illum9at+ p[] ( a gas flame are s intimately relat$ to ea* o!r1 t ! precise functions due to ea* _c well be sep>at$ f ! complete effect produc$ by ! comb9$ op]ation ( all4 ,i %all n1 !re=e1 be ne$lessly digress+ f my subject if1 at ?is juncture1 ,i expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* combu/ion takes place 9 ! flame ( an ord9>y gas-burn]4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i %all endeav\r to clo! my rem>ks 9 v pla9 language2 us+ no m te*nicalities ?an are absolutely requir$ by ! exig5cies ( ! subject4 ,9 ?is way ,i hope to make my mean+ cle> to ! simple/4 ,at ! same "t1 )\t pret5d+ to be sci5tifically complete1 ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion :i* ,i %all furni% w1 ,i tru/1 be suffici5tly explicit to enable ! read] to =m a "r e/imate ( ! pr9ciples :i* regulate ! production ( light :5 coal gas is consum$4 ,! end *iefly kept 9 view is to %[ cle>ly ! ext5t to :i* ! degree ( light evolv$ is dep5d5t ^u ! burn] employ$1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! gas is consum$4 ,if my rem>ks are ! means ( caus+ ! read] to look ) intellig5t int]e/ ^u ! famili> ph5om5a ( gaslight1 !y w n h be5 writt5 altoge!r 9 va94 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is coal gas8 ,see+ t ?is treatise is compil$ especially = ^? ^: k z to :at coal gas consi/s ( is extremely limit$1 x may be ( advantage to preface my obs]vations on its combu/ion1 & ! production ( light !refrom1 by a few rem>ks z to its composition4 ,coal gas1 z g5]ally suppli$1 is made up ( a v>iety ( di/9ct gases2 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 only "s ?ree or f\r exi/ 9 any consid]able proportion4 ,ab\t #ej p] c5t41 by volume 7or half ( ! :ole71 is hydrog52 f #cj to #dj p] c5t4 consi/s ( m>% gas2 :ile c>bonic oxide is usually pres5t to ! ext5t ( f #e to #ae p] c5t4 ,^! ?ree gases1 :i* con/itute ! great bulk ( :at is kn[n z common gas--t is1 gas made f ord9>y bitum9\s coal1 z di/+ui%$ f t produc$ f ! m co/ly cannel--are ( little or no value z reg>ds ! am\nt ( light !y are capable ( af=d+4 ,! flames produc$ by ! burn+ ( ! two =m] gases evolve mu* heat1 b are ( v feeble illum9at+ p[]4 ,! latt] gives a flame ( a deep blue col\r1 produc+ sc>cely any light1 b1 l ! o!r two1 an int5se heat4 ,! p[] ( coal gas to yield a lum9\s flame is dep5d5t ^u ! small quantity ( heavy hydroc>bons :i* x conta9s--a con/itu5t1 or s]ies ( con/itu5ts1 ( :i* common gas only conta9s a proportion v>y+ betwe5 #c & #g p] c5t41 al?\gh 9 cannel gas x rea*es z high z #ae or #bj p] c5t4 ,^! heavy hydroc>bons are gases compos$1 l m>% gas1 ( c>bon & hydrog52 b conta9+ 9 _! composition1 = ea* unit ( volume1 a great] aggregate ( ! two elem5ts1 z well z a relatively high] proportion ( c>bon1 ?an exi/s 9 m>% gas4 ,"o ( ! simple/ memb]s ( ! s]ies1 & t :i* is usually pres5t 9 by f> ! l>ge/ am\nt1 is call$ olefiant gas4 ,x conta9s twice z mu* c>bon1 comb9$ ) only ! same quantity ( hydrog51 z is conta9$ 9 m>% gas4 ,b besides olefiant gas !re are m9ute quantities ( o!r gases ( ! same s]ies1 hav+ an analog\s composition1 b diff]+ 9 ! am\nt & relative proportions !y conta9 ( ! two elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,all ! gases ( ?is s]ies1 :5 prop]ly burnt1 are capable ( af=d+ a brightly lum9\s flame2 b :5 consum$ alone x is some:at difficult1 on acc\nt ( ! high proportion ( c>bon :i* !y conta91 to effect _! combu/ion )\t ! production ( smoke4 ,x is1 !n1 to ! heavy hydroc>bons :i* are "p ( x--insignificant z _! am\nt may appe>--t ! lum9osity ( a gas flame is solely due4 ,! o!r con/itu5ts :i* ,i h m5tion$ z =m+ s mu* l>g] a proportion ( ! :ole1 besides contribut+ to ! heat ( ! flame1 s]ve only to dilute ^! ri*] gases1 & s promote _! m complete combu/ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ gas burns4 ,! v>i\s simple gases :i* con/itute ord9>y coal gas d n all burn toge!r 9 ! flame2 ! temp]ature requir$ to effect _! ignition be+ l[] = "s ( !m ?an = o!rs4 ,?us1 hydrog5 is ! fir/ to burn1 tak+ fire readily z soon z x issues f ! burn]2 :ile ! combu/ion ( ! heavy hydroc>bons does n comm5ce until !y ent] ! hott] portions ( ! flame1 & is n complet$ until !y rea* its f>!/ extremity4 ,nei!r is ! process ( combu/ion 9 bo? cases ! same4 ,! =m] gas is at once completely consum$2 ! latt] fir/ und]go decomposition by ! heat ( ! flame1 be+ resolv$ into _! elem5ts--hydrog5 & c>bon--be=e be+ fully consum$4 ,?is decomposition ( ! hydroc>bons is a factor ( supreme importance 9 ! developm5t ( ! light+ p[] ( ! flame4 ,! hydrog5 !y conta91 be+ m easily ignit$ ?an ! c>bon1 burns fir/2 & ! latt] is set free1 9 ! solid =m1 z m9ute p>ticles ( soot4 ,^! p>ticles ( solid c>bon1 be+ lib]at$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! flame1 are imm$iately subject$ to its mo/ int5se heat2 !y ?us become :ite-hot be=e !y rea* ! out] v]ge ( ! flame1 & come 9 contact ) suffici5t oxyg5 to effect _! complete combu/ion4 ,! am\nt ( light develop$ by any coal-gas flame is directly proportional to ! degree ( int5sity to :i* ! temp]ature ( ^! c>bon p>ticles is rais$1 & ! l5g? ( "t !y rema9 9 ! flame be=e be+ f9ally consum$4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 a matt] ( consid]able importance to "k ! conditions :i* are mo/ conducive to ! e>ly lib]ation 9 ! flame ( free c>bon1 & ! atta9m5t by x ( an exalt$ temp]ature4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is a gas flame8 ,look+ at ! flame 7say7 ( a common slit burn]1 x is se5 to be divid$ into two %>ply def9$ & :olly di/9ct portions4 ,fir/1 !re is--imm$iately surr\nd+ ! burn] head1 & ext5d+ to "s di/ance f x--a d>k1 transp>5t area1 :i*1 on clos] exam9ation1 is f\nd to consi/ ( unignit$ gas enclos$ 9 a ?9 envelope ( bright blue flame4 ,second1 !re is 7beyond ?is c5tral area7 a zone1 or belt1 ( brightly lum9\s flame1 :ite & opaque2 ! latt] prop]ty indicat+ ! pres5ce ( solid matt] at ?is "p ( ! flame4 ,t ! d>k c5tral portion ( ! flame consi/s *iefly ( unignit$ gas may be %[n 9 v>i\s ways1 9 addition to ! evid5ce af=d$ by its complete transp>5cy4 ,?us1 if a small glass tube be tak51 & its l[] end ins]t$ 9 ! flame at ?is po9t1 ! unburnt gas w pass up ! tube1 & may be light$ at its upp] extremity4 ,a spl9t] ( wood ?ru/ ?r\gh ?is portion ( ! flame is *>r$ fir/ at ! two edges ( ! flame2 :ile1 9 l mann]1 a piece ( plat9um foil rema9s dull 9 ! c5tre ( ! flame1 & gl[s only at ! po9ts ( contact ) ! out] air4 ,! pres5ce ( solid c>bon 9 ! lum9\s portion ( ! flame may be %[n by ins]t+ !re9 any cold sub/ance 7su* z a piece ( metal or porcela971 :i*1 r$uc+ ! temp]ature ( ! heat$ p>ticles ( c>bon bel[ ! po9t at :i* !y are consum$1 becomes in/antly coat$ on its "u surface ) a deposit ( soot4 ,or1 if ! flame be sudd5ly cool$ by g5tly bl[+ ^u its surface1 ! same result is br\ght ab\t2 cl\ds ( soot are giv5 (f1 & ! flame smokes4#c #c ,! behavi\r ( gas flames :5 expos$ to ! action ( ! w9d 7z exemplifi$ 9 ! nak$ lights ( op5 m>kets & simil> situations7 af=ds an in/ructive illu/ration ( ! !ory ( lum9\s combu/ion4 ,a sudd5 gu/ causes ! flame to smoke1 by r$uc+ ! temp]ature ( ! lib]at$ c>bon bel[ ! po9t at :i* x c comb9e ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,a cont9u\s w9d bl[+ ^u ! flame de/roys its lum9osity altoge!r1 because ! heat-int5sity ( ! flame is l[]$ bel[ ! temp]ature necess>y to decompose ! hydroc>bons2 consequ5tly1 ^! latt] burn )\t ! prelim9>y sep>ation ( c>bon1 & a non-lum9\s flame is produc$--exactly z 9 ! ,buns5 or atmosph]ic burn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,%[+ ,,! ,,two ,,zones ,,( ,,! ,,flame1 ,,& ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,demon/rat+ ,,! ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,unburnt ,,gas ,,9 ,,! ,,flame4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ ! flame is cool$4 ,! exi/5ce1 9 ! mid/ ( ! flame1 ( an area ( unconsum$ gas is due to ! cold gas1 z x issues f ! burn]1 cool+ ! int]ior ( ! flame bel[ ! temp]ature requir$ = its ignition1 z well z to its n at once meet+ ) suffici5t air = complete combu/ion4 ,! causes :i* affect ! lum9\s zone ( ! flame are n s readily expla9$4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! lum9osity ( ! flame is due to ! p>ticles ( c>bon1 :i* are sep>at$ out ( ! hydroc>bons 9 ! gas1 be+ rais$ to a :ite heat4 ,to decompose ! hydroc>bons1 a v high temp]ature is requir$2 &1 on acc\nt ( ! cool+ effect ( ! /ream ( cold gas1 ?is is n atta9$ except at "s di/ance f ! burn]4 ,! ab/raction ( heat by ! burn] itself is also a cause ( ! r$uction ( ! temp]ature ( ! flame2 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 burn]s ( porcela91 /eatite1 or simil> composition1 be+ bad conductors ( heat1 h an advantage ov] ^? made ( metal4 ,s consid]able is ! cool+ influ5ce ( ! gas /ream1 t1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! di/ance1 f ! burn] head1 at :i* ! lum9osity ( a flame comm5ces1 is proportionate to ! velocity ) :i* ! gas issues2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! pressure at :i* x is deliv]$ f ! burn]4 ,! effect is height5$ by ! t5d5cy 7:i* has be5 be=e rem>k$7 ( a /ream ( gas1 issu+ "u pressure1 to draw ^u itself & mix ) ! surr\nd+ air4 ,?us1 ) ea* increm5t ( pressure ! lum9\s zone ( ! flame is f>!r remov$1 until a po9t is rea*$ at :i* ! gas is s mix$ ) air be=e be+ consum$ t ! lum9osity ( ! flame is completely de/roy$4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects ( pressure 9 ! gas supply4 ,b x mu/ n be assum$1 because ( ! =ego+ rem>ks1 t ! pressure at :i* ! gas issues f ! burn] is altoge!r an unmix$ evil4 ,9 flat-flame burn]s x fulfils ! important function ( promot+ int5sity ( combu/ion1 by br++ ! :ite-hot p>ticles ( c>bon into intimate & rapid contact ) ! air t is necess>y = complete combu/ion4 ,9 ,arg& burn]s ?is duty is dis*>g$ by ! glass *imney2 b ) flat-flame burn]s x devolves entirely ^u ! pressure at :i* ! gas issues f ! burn]4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! pressure ( ! gas is a factor ( consid]able importance 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( light af=d$ by a gas flame1 z x is a matt] requir+ c>eful adju/m5t ) ea* & e burn]4 ,on ! "o h&1 ) an excessive pressure ! int5sity ( combu/ion is increas$2 b ! sep>at$ c>bon does n rema9 s long 9 ! flame4 ,! area ( lum9osity is !reby decreas$1 & ! total light yield$ is r$uc$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) insuffici5t pressure ! combu/ion is n en]getic en\gh to raise ! p>ticles ( c>bon to a :ite heat2 consequ5tly1 ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! flame is feeble1 or else ! c>bon escapes unconsum$ z smoke4 ,! ?ickness ( ! flame produc$ by any burn] has also an important be>+ ^u ! degree ( light af=d$2 & ?is prop]ty ( ?ickness1 aga91 is dep5d5t ^u ! wid? ( slit1 9 ! case ( batsw+s 7or1 9 ! case ( union-jets1 ^u ! size ( orifices71 & ! pressure at :i* ! gas is suppli$4 ,! ?ickness ( ! flame yield$ by any burn] w obvi\sly v>y inv]sely ) ! pressure at :i* ! gas is suppli$ to x4 ,) a ?9 flame1 all p>ts ( ! flame are s completely expos$ to ! air1 t ! p>ticles ( c>bon are no soon] rais$ to ! temp]ature requir$ to enable !m to give out light ?an !y are entirely consum$4 ,) a ?ick] flame ! c>bon sep>at$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! flame exi/s = a s5sibly long] p]iod ( "t 9 ! :ite-hot /ate be=e x rea*es ! outside ( ! flame1 & meets ) suffici5t oxyg5 = its complete combu/ion4 ,?us we f9d t ! be/ flat-flame burn]s h comp>atively wide orifices2 :ile ! pressure at :i* ! gas is deliv]$ f ! burn] is c>efully r$uc$ to ! l[e/ po9t at :i* a firm flame is obta9$1 )\t smoke4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! be/ ,arg&s ! pressure is consid]ably dim9i%$ )9 ! burn]1 & ! gas all[$ to issue g5tly ?r\gh relatively l>ge holes2 :ile ! *imney is c>efully adapt$ to draw ^u ! surface ( ! flame j suffici5t air to completely consume ! quantity ( gas :i* ! burn] is calculat$ to deliv]4 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,flat-,,flame ,,burn]s4 ,al?\gh1 !re is no d\bt1 !y 7 made empirically1 & 9 ignorance ( ! real effects ( pressure ^u ! flame1 ! fir/ /eps t[>ds increas+ ! effici5cy ( flat-flame burn]s 7 9 ! "r direction ( r$uc+ ! excessive pressure at :i* ! gas 0 =m]ly all[$ to burn4 ,!y consi/$ 9 ! adoption ( simple arrangem5ts = ob/ruct+ ! passage ( ! gas ?r\gh ! burn]1 & s ret>d+ its fl[4 ,! crud5ess ( ! means :i* 7 employ$ is suffici5t evid5ce t ! end aim$ at 01 at be/1 b dimly disc]n$4 ,! body ( ! burn] 0 /uff$ ) wool1 or pieces ( wire gauze2 :i* imp$$ ! progress ( ! gas2 r$uc$ ! quantity t w\ld o!rwise h be5 consum$2 &1 consequ5tly1 dim9i%$ ! velocity ) :i* x issu$ f ! burn]4 ,un=tunately1 ow+ to ! imp]fect me?ods 9 use at t day = cond5s+ & purify+ ! gas1 ! burn]s s con/ruct$ became *ok$ ) ! t>ry matt]s held 9 susp5sion1 & c>ri$ =w>d by ! gas2 & s1 aft] a comp>atively %ort p]iod ( s]vice1 7 r5d]$ entirely inop]ative4 ,b1 altoge!r ap>t f ! inconv5i5ce & loss ?us entail$ 7:i*1 :5 improv$ modes ( manufacture _h remov$ ! cause1 ceas$ to be exp]i5c$71 ! arrangem5t 0 ill adapt$ = ! purpose :i* x 0 design$ to s]ve4 ,! r\gh & unev5 nature ( ! mat]ial employ$ to /uff ! burn] caus$ ! gas to eddy & swirl z x issu$ into ! atmosph]e1 & prev5t$ x be+ suppli$ equally to all p>ts ( ! flame4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! advantages :i* ought to h be5 d]iv$ f ! dim9i%$ pressure 7 neutraliz$ by ! un/eady fl[ acquir$ by ! /ream ( gas2 & ! illum9at+ p[] develop$ by ! flame 0 little improvem5t ^u :at c\ld previ\sly be obta9$ by ! manipulation ( ! tap controll+ ! supply ( gas to ! burn]4 ,besides :i*1 f its unev5ness1 ! appe>ance ( ! flame 0 n s satisfactory4 ,x 0 n until ! pr9ciples :i* regulate ! production ( light f coal gas came to be kn[n & obs]v$ 9 ! con/ruction ( burn]s1 t a modification ( ! old idea 0 arriv$ at1 :i* enabl$ ! b5efits ( a r$uc$ pressure to be obta9$ )\t any ( ! att5dant evils hi!rto exp]i5c$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ real improvem5t ( ! union-jet burn]4 ,a modification 9 ! con/ruction ( ! union-jet :i*1 ?\gh slight1 0 nev]!less a real improvem5t1 appe>s to h be5 made at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is burn]4 ,in/ead ( hav+ ! top ( ! burn] p]fectly flat1 x 0 made slightly concave2 m especially at its c5tre1 :]e ! two jets ( gas em]ge4 ,! effect ( ?is alt]ation 0 to enable ! /ream ( gas to spread out bett]2 & ?us to cause ! flame to become broad] at its base4 ,! %ape ( ! flame 0 !reby improv$2 & 7:at is ( m consequ5ce7 its illum9at+ p[] increas$1 because air 0 n drawn s readily into ! mid/ ( ! flame4 ,! value ( ! arrangem5t is %[n by ! fact t x has be5 reta9$ ev] s9ce1 & is made use ( 9 ! late/ & mo/ improv$ burn]s ( ?is class4 ,prior to #ahfj1 num]\s novel contrivances 7 introduc$ z improv$ burn]s2 b all 7 n equally valuable ) ! simple arrangem5t j describ$4 ,! con/ruction ( _m ( !m1 inde$1 betray$ a lam5table ignorance ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( gas combu/ion4 ,= in/ance1 "o is describ$ z a fi%tail ) f\r conv]g+ holes2 & !re is an ap]ture 9 ! c5tre ( ! burn] = ! admission ( atmosph]ic air into ! flame6 ,ano!r 0 a batsw+ ) two or m slits1 produc+ a s]ies ( flames amalgamat$ into "o2 by :i* means x 0 suppos$ t an improv$ duty 0 obta9$ f ! gas--unm9dful1 or1 m probably1 9 ignorance ( ! fact t ! same quantity ( gas1 prop]ly consum$ ?r\gh "o slit1 w\ld yield a bett] light4 ,sid5ote3 ,! d\ble-flame burn]4 ,a burn] :i*1 at diff]5t times1 & "u v>i\s names1 has be5 br\ght repeat$ly into notice is ! d\ble-flame2 consi/+ ( two batsw+ or union-jet burn]s set at an angle to ea* o!r1 s t _! flames conv]ge1 & m]ge into "o4 ,:5 two gas flames are made to coalesce 9 ?is mann]1 a great] am\nt ( light is develop$ ?an ! sum ( t yield$ by ! sep>ate flames2 provid$ t1 9 ! comb9$ flame1 ! gas is prop]ly consum$1 )\t smoke4 ,! reason = ?is increase is tw(old4 ,fir/1 ! increas$ quantity ( gas burnt 9 "o flame enables a high] av]age temp]ature to be ma9ta9$2 &1 9 addition1 a small] surface ( flame is expos$ to ! cool+ action ( ! atmosph]e ?an :5 ! same quantity ( gas is consum$ 9 two flames4 ,second1 ! pressure at :i* ! gas burns is dim9i%$1 because ! initial velocity ) :i* ! /reams ( gas issue f ! two burn]s is exp5d$ 9 imp++ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & a ?ick] flame results2 ! app>atus be+1 z f> z its effect is conc]n$1 a union-jet burn] on a l>ge scale4 ,! increase ( light s obta9$ appe>s to h be5 notic$ at an e>ly p]iod2 z a burn] embody+ ! same pr9ciple is describ$ & figur$ 9 ,clegg's ,treatise1 publi%$ 9 #ahdh4 ,9 ,clegg's burn] ! gas issu$ f two p]=at$ p>allel plates incl9$ to ea* o!r2 b at a m rec5t p]iod two fi%tail burn]s 7 employ$1 be+ m\nt$ on sep>ate tubes :i* bran*$ out to a %ort di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,occasionally1 = exp]im5tal & %[ purposes1 x has be5 con/ruct$ ) ! two bran*es h+$ toge!r1 s z to %[ ! diff]5t effects produc$ :5 ! two burn]s are us$ sep>ately & 9 comb9ation4 ,at ! pres5t day x is made1 by v>i\s mak]s1 z "o burn] ) two nipples1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration2 :i* d\btless is its mo/ p]fect =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,duplex ,,burn]4 ,! advantages ( ! d\ble flame are n s obvi\s "u ! conditions :i* obta9 at ! pres5t day z at ! p]iod :5 x 0 fir/ introduc$4 ,! increase ( light x af=ds is mo/ app>5t :5 ! gas is be+ consum$ at an excessive pressure4 ,al?\gh1 9 g5]al1 x may be tak5 t any two flames1 :5 comb9$1 w develop a high] duty1 p] cubic foot ( gas consum$1 ?an sep>ately2 yet x w\ld appe> t ?is is n s 9 e case4 ,:5 ! gas is be+ consum$ at ! critical pressure :i* gives ! be/ results1 ! flames are s ne> ! smok+ po9t t ! slight dim9ution ( pressure exp]i5c$ :5 ! /reams ( gas imp+e ^u ea* o!r is suffici5t to cause ! comb9$ flame to smoke4 ,moreov]1 to su* a /age ( p]fection h ! ord9>y flat-flame burn]s n[ be5 br\ght1 t1 = all ord9>y consumptions1 x may be safely affirm$ t equal1 if n sup]ior results c be obta9$ ) a s+le z ) a d\ble flame4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 l>g] quantities ( gas are requir$ to be dealt ) ?an c be effectively consum$ 9 a s+le burn]1 ! pr9ciple ( comb9+ two or m burn]s toge!r1 s t _! flames %all mutually assi/ ea* o!r1 may be advantage\sly employ$2 z is se5 9 ! comb9ation ( flat-flame burn]s 9 ! l>ge lamps n[ employ$ 9 improv$ /reet light+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,s*oll',s ,,plat9um ,,light ,,p]fect]4 ,sid5ote3 ,s*oll's ,plat9um ,light ,p]fect]4 ,an +5i\s device = improv+ ! effici5cy ( union-jet burn]s 0 br\ght out "s tw5ty ye>s ago by a ,mr4 ,s*oll1 ( ,london1 & kn[n z ,s*oll's ,plat9um ,light ,p]fect]1 :i* is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,x consi/$ ( a little brass r+1 c>ry+ a plate ( plat9um ab\t #j4d in* long by #j4ae in* wide4 ,! r+ fitt$ on to ! top ( ! burn] 9 su* a mann] t ! plat9um plate 0 held1 9 a v]tical position1 betwe5 ! two orifices f :i* ! gas em]g$4 ,! jets ( gas1 in/ead ( imp++ ^u ea* o!r1 imp+$ aga9/ ! plate1 & unit$ above to =m ! flame4 ,by ! int]position ( ! metal plate1 ! velocity ( ! gas 0 mu* r$uc$2 & a ?ick] & m sluggi% flame 0 produc$1 ) ! result ( increas+ its illum9at+ p[]4 ,:5 ! app>atus 0 us$ ^u a burn] hav+ v small orifices1 & deliv]+ its gas at a high pressure1 ! increase ( light obta9$ 0 v /rik+2 b ) l[] pressures ! advantage d]iv$ f its use 0 correspond+ly dim9i%$4 ,?is is v cle>ly %[n by ! foll[+ table1 :i* is extract$ f a report1 by ,capta9 ,webb] & ,mr4 ,r[d51 on exp]im5ts ^u gas-burn]s1 c>ri$ out at ! ,p>is ,univ]sal ,exhibition1 #ahfg4d #d ,see ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+1 ,vol4 ,,xviii41 p4 #hh4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,k9d ( ,burn]4 ,cubic ,pressure ,illum9at+ ,p[]4 ,feet ( 9 --------------------,increase ,gas ,in*es4 ,)\t ,) p] p] ,p]fect]4,p]fect]4 ,c5t4 ,h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,leoni's fi%tail1 ,no4 #b 4 #c #j4hd #a4c #d4a #bae ,leoni's fi%tail1 ,no4 #c 4 #c #j4df #b4d #d4f #ia #d #j4gj #b4h #f4e #acb #c #j4ca #c4d #e4j #dg ,leoni's fi%tail1 ,no4 #d 4 #d #j4dg #d4e #g4f #fh #e #j4ga #e4j #i4b #hd #d #j4db #e4c #f4i #cj ,leoni's fi%tail1 ,no4 #e 4 #e #j4fj #f4a #h4c #cf #f #j4ha #g4a #aj4j #dje ,leoni's fi%tail1 ,no4 #f 4 #d #j4ca #f4b #h4j #bif #e #j4df #h4j #aj4d #cjg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #e ,flame flick]s4 #f ,d4 #g ,flame flick]s a great deal4 ,burn]s 7 also made ) ! metal plate =m+ "p ( ! burn] head2 &1 in/ead ( be+ ( plat9um1 x 0 sometimes =m$ ( ?9 /eel1 or o!r common] metal4 ,:]e plat9um 0 us$1 "s advantage probably accru$ f its becom+ inc&esc5t2 b1 ( c\rse1 any b5efit aris+ f ?is s\rce 0 n obta9$ :5 /eel 0 employ$4 ,! rem>ks :i* h be5 made respect+ ! limit$ applicability ( ! d\ble-flame burn] w apply1 ) equal =ce1 to ! app>atus "u notice4 ,al?\gh x effect$ an und\bt$ improvem5t :5 appli$ to burn]s ill adapt$ to ! pressure at :i* ! gas 0 suppli$1 equally good results c\ld be obta9$ )\t its aid1 :5 a burn] 0 employ$ suit$ to ! quality & pressure ( ! gas suppli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,leoni's flat-flame burn]s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ effici5t flat-flame burn]s available prior to #ahfg 7 ^? made by ,mr4 ,s4 ,leoni1 ( ,london4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n 9 fig4 #g4 ,?is mak] produc$ bo? batsw+ & union-jets2 v>i\s sizes be+ made ( ea* burn]4 ,besides af=d+ fairly good results f ! gas consum$1 ! burn]s 7 suppli$ at a v mod]ate price4 ,_! di/+ui%+ feature 0 ! peculi> sub/ance ( :i* ! burn]-tips 7 =m$4 ,?is 0 a mat]ial inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,leoni1 & nam$ by him adamas4 7,! precise composition ( adamas is a trade secret2 b x appe>s to consi/ ( a mixture ( v>i\s m9]als or e>?s1 m\ld$ 9 a clayey or pla/ic condition1 & !n burnt47 ,previ\s to 8 inv5tion1 ! tip ( ! burn]1 or ! burn] head1 _h be5 made1 almo/ exclusively1 ( iron or brass4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 "s grave defects inh]5t 9 ! use ( metal = ?is purpose4 ,! orifices ( union-jets & ! slits ( batsw+s 9 c\rse ( "t became mu* ob/ruct$ by ! corrosion ( ! metal2 & ! ef=ts made to remove ! ob/ruction only s]v$ to de/roy ! burn] m quickly1 by increas+ ! size & injur+ ! precise %ape ( ! ap]tures4 ,! adamas tips1 on ! o!r h&1 p]fectly )/ood ! high temp]ature to :i* !y 7 expos$1 7 q incorrodible1 & 7 suffici5tly h>d to endure a consid]able degree ( ev5 r\gh usage4 ,by con/ruct+ ! tip ( ?is mat]ial1 ! effici5cy ( ! burn] 0 improv$ 9 _m ways4 ,! liability ( ! burn] to corrosion be+ remov$1 & ! inconv5i5ce due to ?is cause done away )1 ! life ( ! burn] 0 prolong$1 & ! exp5se ( r5ewal consequ5tly r$uc$4 ,b1 9 addition to ^! advantages1 !re 0 yet ano!r direction 9 :i* ! adamas tip contribut$ to enhance ! utility ( ! burn]4 ,?is 0 9 ma9ta9+ a high] temp]ature ( ! flame2 & arose f its inf]ior capacity1 comp>$ ) metal1 = conduct+ heat f ! flame4 ,t ! advantage d]iv$ f ?is s\rce1 al?\gh unimportant1 0 n altoge!r imag9>y1 w be app>5t :5 x is m5tion$ t metal burn]s1 :5 9 op]ation1 usually atta9 to a temp]ature ( f #djj deg4 to #ejj deg4 ,fahr4--an indication ( ! am\nt ( heat be+ cont9u\sly ab/ract$ f ! flame4 ,! adoption ( a non-conduct+ mat]ial = ! burn]-tip1 :ile x did n entirely prev5t1 consid]ably r$uc$ ! loss ( heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,leoni',s ,,flat-,,flame ,,burn]4 ,two v>ieties ( ea* class ( burn] 7 made by ,mr4 ,leoni4 ,9 ! "o burn]1 ! adamas tip 0 ins]t$ into an iron /em2 9 ! o!r1 ! tip 0 ins]t$ 9 a brass body1 :i* fitt$ on to ! iron /em4 ,betwe5 ! brass body & ! iron /em ( ! latt] burn] !re 0 affix$ a lay] ( wool1 design$ to *eck ! pressure at :i* ! gas 0 suppli$4 ,ow+1 v probably1 to ! unsuitability ( ! mat]ial 7wool7 us$ = ?is purpose1 ! result 0 n satisfactory2 z1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( ,messrs4 ,webb] & ,r[d51 9 ! report previ\sly cit$1 no diff]5ce c\ld be detect$1 9 _m exp]im5ts1 betwe5 ! results yield$ by ! burn] ) or )\t ! lay] ( wool4 ,"s light is %$ ^u ?is app>5t anomaly by c]ta9 exp]im5ts made by ! writ] to det]m9e ! pressure at :i* gas issues f v>i\s burn]s4 ,) "o ( ,leoni's ,no4 #d union-jets1 "u an initial pressure ( #a in* 7! pressure at ! inlet :5 ! burn] is 9 op]ation71 ! pressure at ! outlet ( ! burn]1 :5 ! lay] ( wool 0 employ$1 0 #j4aa in*2 b f ! same burn]1 :5 ! lay] ( wool 0 remov$1 ! gas issu$ at a pressure ( only #j4jg in*4 ,?us ! effect ( ins]t+ ! lay] ( wool 9 ! burn] 0 exactly ! opposite ( t :i* x 0 int5d$ to produce2 ! pressure ( ! issu+ gas /ream be+ increas$ in/ead ( dim9i%$4 ,b,r,oe,n,n,e,r',s ,,burn]s4 ,! cr$it ( hav+ produc$ ! fir/ flat-flame burn]s design$ ^u sci5tifically correct pr9ciples belongs und\bt$ly to ,h]r ,julius ,bro5n]1 ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e4 ,long be=e ! date ( 8 inv5tion1 ef=ts _h be5 made to r$uce ! pressure ( ! gas )9 ! burn]4 ,b ^! endeav\rs 7 c>ri$ out 9 s hap-haz>d a fa%ion z to lead to ! belief t no def9ite conception 0 ent]ta9$ z to :at 0 really requir$4 ,z we h se51 lay]s ( wool _h be5 employ$2 b ! area ( ! int]/ices1 or ! gas-way ?r\gh ! mat]ial1 0 a matt] ( ! m]e/ accid5t4 ,& !re 0 n ! slighte/ gu>antee t ! same conditions %\ld prevail 9 any two burn]s4 ,h]r ,bro5n] %rewdly detect$ ! cause ( =m] failures1 z he cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! end :i* x 0 requisite to atta91 & t[>ds :i* previ\s inv5tors _h be5 b bl9dly grop+4 ,hav+ =m$ a "r e/imate ( ! requirem5ts to be fulfill$1 & ! difficulties to be surm\nt$1 he set ab\t accompli%+ ! desir$ result by o!r means4 ,!re 7 two causes :i* _h *iefly contribut$ to ! unsuccessful issues ( previ\s attempts4 ,"o 0 ! unc]ta9 & indef9ite op]ation ( ! means employ$ = dim9i%+ ! pressure2 ! o!r 0 ! inadequate provision = enabl+ ! gas to lose ! curr5t1 or swirl1 acquir$ 9 pass+ ! dim9i%+ arrangem5t1 & come to a /ate ( comp>ative re/ be=e issu+ into ! atmosph]e4 ,bo? ^! errors 7 successfully avoid$ 9 ,bro5n]'s inv5tion--! =m] by mak+ ! inlet to ! burn] ( re/rict$ & def9ite dim5sions1 & ( less area ?an ! outlet1 or slit2 ! latt] by enl>g+ ! *amb]1 or place ( expansion )9 ! burn]1 z well z by ! diff]5t arrangem5t adopt$ = dim9i%+ ! pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,top4 ,b ,,top4 ,,fig4 #h4--;,b,r,oe,n,n,e,r',s ,,burn]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,con/ruction ( ,bro5n]'s burn]s4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ,bro5n]'s burn] is pe>-%ap$2 & 9 size x is consid]ably l>g] ?an an ord9>y burn] design$ to pass an equal quantity ( gas4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical brass body surm\nt$ by a /eatite top1 & tap]+ to a v small diamet] at its l[] end1 or inlet2 ! latt] be+ clos$ by a plug ( /eatite1 9 :i* is a rectangul> slot1 or ap]ture1 ( accurately def9$ dim5sions4 ,! size ( ?is ap]ture det]m9es ! quantity ( gas :i*1 at any p>ticul> pressure1 is admitt$ to ! burn]2 & ! slit1 or outlet ( ! burn]1 be+ ( great] area ?an ! inlet1 ensures ! gas be+ deliv]$ f ! burn] at a l[] pressure ?an t at :i* x ent]s x4 ,by v>y+ ! respective dim5sions ( ^! two op5+s1 & _! relation to ea* o!r1 ! burn] may be regulat$ to deliv] its gas at any requir$ pressure %ort ( ! initial pressure at ! entrance to ! burn]4 ,! enl>gem5t ( ! cyl9drical body provides an expansion *amb]1 :]e9 ! velocity ( ! /ream ( gas :i* ru%es ?r\gh ! n>r[ op5+ at ! inlet ( ! burn] is *eck$1 & any agitation or un/ead9ess :i* may h be5 imp>t$ to x is subdu$ be=e ! gas issues into ! atmosph]e & is consum$4 ,!re are two k9ds ( tops = ! burn]s1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! lett]s ,a & ,b4 ,! ,b top is ( ! ord9>y semi-sph]ical type1 giv+ a true batsw+-%ap$ flame2 ! ,a top is flatt]1 almo/ squ>e 9 =m1 & yields a flame tall] ?an1 b n s broad z ! =m]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( its flame1 ! latt] burn] is bett] adapt$ = use 9 globes4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! burn]s1 & _! di/+ui%+ peculi>ities1 w be cle>ly und]/ood f ! illu/rations4 ,sid5ote3 ,prop]ties ( /eatite4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! m important p>ts ( ! burn] are con/ruct$ is em95tly adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,/eatite is a m9]al :i*1 z f\nd 9 nature1 is s s(t z to be readily turn$ 9 a la!1 & %ap$ to any design2 b :5 heat$ up to ab\t #bjjj deg4 ,fahr4 x becomes almo/ z h>d & durable z fl9t1 :ile p]fectly reta9+ its =m & col\r4 ,^! prop]ties peculi>ly qualify x = receiv+ a slit or orifice1 :i*1 ?\gh ( m9ute proportions1 mu/ be accurately =m$ to precise dim5sions4 ,besides :i*1 l adamas1 its capacity = conduct+ heat away f ! flame is s limit$ t1 9 ?is respect1 x has a consid]able advantage ov] metal = ! purpose ( be+ =m$ into gas-burn]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>i$ adaptability ( ! ,bro5n] burn]4 ,! foll[+ tables1 :i* are extract$ f ! report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,association appo9t$ to inve/igate ! means = ! developm5t ( light f coal gas ( diff]5t qualities1#h exhibit ! v satisfactory results obta9$ by ! use ( ^! burn]s4 ,9 ,table ,i41 ! gas op]at$ ^u 0 cannel gas 7su* z is g5]ally suppli$ 9 ,scotl&71 & possess$ an illum9at+ p[]1 :5 employ$ 9 ! /&>d burn]1 ( #bf c&les p] #e cubic feet4 ,table ,,ii4 conta9s ! results ( det]m9ations ) common gas 7su* z is us$ 9 ,london1 & g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,engl&72 #e cubic feet ( :i*1 9 ! /&>d burn]1 gave an illum9at+ p[] ( #af c&les4 ,! fir/ & second columns ( ! tables ref] to ! diff]5t sizes ( ! tops & bottoms ( ! p>ticul> burn]s employ$2 !re be+ 9 all "s #af sizes ( ! "o1 & #aa sizes ( ! o!r4 ,^!1 be+ int]*angeable1 p]mit ( a great v>iety ( comb9ations2 & enable a burn] to be select$ suit$ to any p>ticul> quality or pressure ( gas4 ,= z ) pressure1 s ) illum9at+ p[]3 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! utmo/ light+ effici5cy1 diff]5t burn]s are requir$ = gases diff]+ 9 quality or _! degree ( ri*ness4 ,a burn] :i*1 ) gas ( "o quality1 w yield excell5t results1 may1 "u ! same conditions ( pressure & supply1 be totally unsuit$ to gas ( ano!r quality4 ,t ?is %\ld be s w be evid5t f a consid]ation ( :at has be5 said z to ! !ory ( burn+ gas to ! be/ advantage2 &1 9 brief1 results f ! ri*] gas conta9+ 9 its composition a great] proportion ( c>bon1 & s requir+ an increas$ supply ( air = its ?or\gh combu/ion4 ,?is increas$ supply ( air c only be obta9$ 7) flat-flame burn]s7 by caus+ ! gas to issue into ! atmosph]e at a high] pressure2 & s x comes ab\t t1 comp>$ ) ! quantity ( gas to be deliv]$ ?r\gh !m1 ! slits ( batsw+ & ! orifices ( union-jet burn]s mu/ be consid]ably n>r[] :5 int5d$ = cannel gas ?an :5 common gas is to be consum$4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ord] to develop its full illum9at+ p[]1 x is ess5tial t ! pressure at :i* ! gas issues f ! burn] %\ld be proportion$ to its quality4 ,! gi/ ( ! matt] is set =? 9 ! g5]al /atem5t t ! poor] ! quality ( ! gas1 ! l[] mu/ be ! pressure at :i* x is consum$2 & vice v]sa4 #h ,see ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+1 ,vol4 ,,xxxii41 p4 #dbc1 & ,vol4 ,,xxxvi41 p4 #cgf4 ,,table ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,at #j4e-;,,in* ,,at #a4j-;,,in* ,,at #a4e-;,,in* ,,pressure4 ,,pressure4 ,,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ,no4 ,cubic,illumi-,illumi- ,no4 ,no4 ,cubic,illumi-,illumi- ( ( ,feet nat+ nat+ ( ( ,feet nat+ nat+ ,burn]4,top4p] ,p[]4 ,p[] ,burn]4,top4p] ,p[]4 ,p[] ,h\r4 p] ,five ,h\r4 p] ,five ,cub4 ,ft4 ,cub4 ,ft4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #b #b #a4bj #e4jg #bd4ac #b #b #a4dj #e4be #ah4ge #b #c #a4dj #f4fd #bc4ga #b #c #a4ie #g4cg #ah4ij #b #d -- ,smokes -- #b #d #b4cj #aj4cc #bb4df #b #e -- -- #b #e #b4dj #aa4bd #bc4db #b #f -- -- #b #f -- ,smokes -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #b-a_/b #b #a4dj #e4ec #ai4ge #b-a_/b #b #a4ij #h4cj #ba4hd #b-a_/b #c #a4gj #h4dh #bd4id #b-a_/b #c #b4cj #aj4ad #bb4jd #b-a_/b #d #b4jc #aj4cc #be4di #b-a_/b #d #b4gj #ab4jh #bb4cg #b-a_/b #e -- ,smokes -- #b-a_/b #e #b4he #ad4bi #be4jg #b-a_/b #f -- -- #b-a_/b #f #c4jj #ae4ba #be4ce ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #c #b #a4de #f4bg #ba4fb #c #b #b4jj #h4dh #ba4bj #c #c #a4ij #h4ff #bb4gi #c #c #b4dj #aa4cd #bc4fc #c #d #b4ac #aa4bd #bf4ci #c #d #b4hj #ad4hd #bf4ej #c #e -- ,smokes -- #c #e #c4ae #ag4jd #bg4bj #c #f -- -- #c #f #c4be #ah4jg #bg4hj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #c-a_/b #b #a4ej #e4ha #ai4cf #c-a_/b #b #b4ab #h4he #bj4hg #c-a_/b #c #a4ie #h4cj #ba4bh #c-a_/b #c #b4ee #ab4fc #bd4gf #c-a_/b #d #b4ee #ab4jh #bc4fh #c-a_/b #d #c4jj #ad4dg #bf4ab #c-a_/b #e #b4hj #ad4ch #be4fh #c-a_/b #e #c4ej #ah4jg #be4ha #c-a_/b #f #c4jj #ae4eh #be4ig #c-a_/b #f #c4fj #ai4de #bg4ja ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #d #b #a4fj #f4cf #ai4hg #d #b #b4cj #i4gg #ba4bd #d #c #b4aj #aj4fi #be4de #d #c #b4ij #ac4hc #bc4hd #d #d #b4fe #ac4cg #be4bc #d #d #c4cj #ag4jf #be4he #d #e #c4de #ag4fa #be4eb #d #e #d4aj #ba4eg #bf4cj #d #f #c4ee #ah4jg #be4de #d #f #d4bj #bb4dj #bf4ff ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #e #b #a4gg #g4ch #bj4he #e #b #b4fj #i4fh #ah4ha #e #c #b4cj #aa4ij #be4hg #e #c #c4cj #ac4fd #bj4fg #e #d #c4cj #ae4dj #bc4cc #e #d #d4jj #ai4ia #bd4ad #e #e #d4aj #bj4gd #be4bi #e #e #e4jj #be4cf #be4cf #e #f #d4cj #bb4fh #bf4cg #e #f #e4cj #bg4ff #bf4aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,table ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,at #j4e-;,,in* ,,at #a4j-;,,in* ,,at #a4e-;,,in* ,,pressure4 ,,pressure4 ,,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,no4 ,no4 ,cubic,illumi-,illum4,cubic,illumi-,illu m4 ,cubic,illumi-,illum4 ( ( ,feet nat+ ,p[] ,feet nat+ ,p[] ,feet nat+ ,p[] ,top4,bot-p] ,p[]4 p] p] ,p[]4 p] p] ,p[]4 p] tom4,h\r4 ,five ,h\r4 ,five ,h\r4 ,five ,cub4 ,cub4 ,cub4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a#b #a -- -- -- #a4e #b4g #i4j #b4j #d4j #aj4j #b #a4f #b4i #i4a #b4d #e4b #aj4h #c4a #f4h #aa4j #ba_/b #b4j #c4i #i4h #b4i #f4h #aa4g #c4h #i4d #ab4d ,a#c #c #b4a #d4d #aj4e #c4b #g4h #ab4b #d4d #aj4f #ab4j #ca_/b #b4e #d4h #i4f #c4h #i4b #ab4a #d4i #ab4b #ab4d #d #b4e #e4d #aj4h #c4h #i4f #ab4g #e4b #ac4f #ac4a #da_/b #c4j #f4d #aj4g #d4e #aj4h #ab4j #e4i #ad4h #ab4e #e #c4b #g4g #b4j #e4a #ac4b #ac4j #f4h #ah4j #ac4b #f #c4g #h4g #aa4h #e4h #ae4e #ac4c #g4g #ba4j #ac4f #g #c4e #h4f #ab4c #e4i #af4j #ac4f #h4d #bc4j #ac4g #h #c4g #i4j #ab4b #f4b #af4h #ac4e #h4f #bc4d #ac4f ,b#a #a -- -- -- #a4c #b4c #h4h #a4h #c4e #i4g ,b#b #b #a4c #b4c #h4h #b4a #d4d #aj4e #b4h #f4d #aa4d #ba_/b #a4f #c4j #i4d #b4e #f4j #ab4j #c4d #h4d #ab4d ,b#c #c #b4j #c4h #i4j #c4j #g4b #ab4j #d4a #aj4a #ab4c #ca_/b #b4c #d4c #i4c #c4d #g4g #aa4c #d4e #aa4j #ab4b ,b#d #d #b4c #d4g #j4b #c4f #h4h #ab4b #e4j #ac4j #ac4j #da_/b #b4g #e4i #aj4i #d4c #aj4d #ab4a #e4f #ae4j #ac4d ,b#e #e #c4a #g4j #aa4c #d4i #ab4i #ac4b #f4e #ah4j #ac4h ,b#f #f #c4h #i4f #ab4f #e4i #af4d #ac4h #h4j #bc4j #ad4d ,b#g #g #d4j #aj4b #ab4h #f4f #ai4j #ad4d #i4j #bf4j #ad4d ,b#h #h #d4g #aa4h #ab4f #g4c #bb4j #ae4a #i4f #cj4j #ae4g ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sid5ote3 ,pressure ( gas ) ! ,bro5n] burn]4 ,d\btless ! *ief cause ( ! rem>kable effici5cy ( ! ,bro5n] ov] previ\s burn]s is to be f\nd 9 ! pressure at :i* ! gas fl[s f ! burn] & is consum$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s exp]im5ts made to det]m9e ! pressure at :i* gas is deliv]$ f v>i\s burn]s1 ! writ] f\nd t f a ,no4 #d ,bro5n]1 ) an initial pressure--i4e41 ! pressure at ! inlet :5 ! burn] is 9 op]ation--( #a in*1 ! gas issu$ at a pressure ( only #j4je in*2 & ) an initial pressure ( #j4e in*1 ! outlet pressure 0 only #j4jc in*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ,no4 #d /eatite flat-flame burn]1 )\t any arrangem5t = ret>d+ ! fl[ ( ! gas1 "u ! same initial pressure gave at ! outlet #j4af in* & #j4je in* respectively4 ,! abs5ce ( any?+ )9 ! burn] to cause ! gas to swirl1 or to issue ) an un/eady fl[1 mu/ also be cr$it$ ) contribut+1 9 no slight degree1 to ! fav\rable results yield$ by ^! burn]s4 ,,! ,,holl[-,,top ,,burn]4 ,9 ! holl[-top burn] we h "o ( ! mo/ notable improvem5ts :i* h be5 effect$ 9 flat-flame burn]s4 ,a simple modification ( ! batsw+--! e>lie/ ( flat-flame burn]s--x is n m complicat$ 9 its details ?an is t burn]4 ,yet1 simple z x is1 its con/ruction exhibits an important advance ^u ! orig9al batsw+4 ,inde$1 ?is burn] may be said to embody ! only consid]able improvem5t t has be5 made 9 ! di/9ctive features ( ! batsw+ s9ce ! introduction ( ! latt] burn]1 :i*1 z we h se51 took place z e>ly z ! ye> #ahaf4 ,sid5ote3 ,! holl[-top an improv$ batsw+ burn]4 ,9 its outw>d =m1 ! holl[-top burn] diff]s little1 if at all1 f ! batsw+2 b a slight modification :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( its int]ior has produc$ a v m>k$ result 9 improv+ ! %ape ( ! flame yield$ by ! burn]1 &1 to "s ext5t1 9 ! results1 z reg>ds illum9at+ p[]1 :i* x is capable ( af=d+4 ,9 ?is burn]1 z its "n implies1 ! int]ior ( ! top or head ( ! burn] is holl[$ out1 =m+ an enl>gem5t ( ! cavity or *amb] )9 ! burn]1 & 7:at is *iefly important7 mak+ ! %ell ( ! dome-%ap$ burn] head ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! ord9>y batsw+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>y+ ?ickness ( ! burn] at ?is "p1 ! slit is mu* deep] 9 ! middle ?an at any o!r "p ( its l5g?1 & gradually decreases 9 dep? t[>ds ea* end4 ,z ! resi/ance to ! passage ( ! gas1 or ! friction :i* x enc\nt]s1 increases ) ! dep? ( ! slit1 ! gas passes out f ! burn] at ! ends ( ! slit m readily ?an 9 ! middle2 produc+ a wide-/ret*+ flame1 ( scanty height 9 proportion to its wid?4 ,f ! same cause ! flame is n ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t2 be+ ?9n] 9 ! middle ?an at ! ends4 ,moreov]1 ! out] extremities ( ! flame1 ext5d+ s f> beyond ! body ( ! burn]1 are unable to reta9 ! =m giv5 to !m by ! lat]al fl[ ( ! gas at ! ends ( ! slit2 ! resi/ance1 pres5t$ by ! atmosph]e1 toge!r ) ! natural t5d5cy ( ! gas to asc5d1 caus+ ! "u portion ( ! flame to fold back ^u itself4 ,z "o result ( ?is comb9ation ( unt[>d circum/ances1 ! flame is liable to smoke ) a slight agitation ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,9 ! holl[-top burn]1 ! slit is ( equal dep? ?r\gh\t its l5g?2 & ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! passage ( ! gas be+ ! same 9 all p>ts ( ! slit1 ! gas fl[s ?r\gh ! middle z readily z at ! ends--nay1 9 reality r m s1 ow+ to ! innate asc5sive p[] ( ! gas1 due to its be+ light] ?an air4 ,! peculi> holl[+-out ( ! head ( ! burn]1 also1 )draws ! ends ( ! slit out ( ! direct c\rse or curr5t ( ! gas ?r\gh ! burn]2 s t ! t5d5cy ( ! /ream ( gas to issue at ^! po9ts1 9 pref]5ce to go+ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! slit1 is fur!r *eck$4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! %ape ( ! flame is consid]ably improv$2 x be+ tall]1 m compact1 & n s broad z t ( ! batsw+4 ,9 addition1 ! flame be+ ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 its illum9at+ p[] is some:at improv$2 :ile1 f its compactness1 x is bett] enabl$ to resi/ atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,) ?is alt]ation 9 ! %ape ( ! flame all orig9al resemblance to a batsw+ is entirely de/roy$2 b ! appe>ance ( ! flame ( ! new burn] is mu* m agreeable to ! eye ?an t ( ! old] batsw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,orig9al ,,holl[-,,top ,,burn]4 7,f ,wadswor?'s ,specification47 ,sid5ote3 ,:o inv5t$ ! holl[-top burn]4 ,z has be5 exemplifi$ 9 s _m in/ances 9 ! hi/ory ( inv5tion1 ! holl[-top burn] 0 n appreciat$ at its true value until long aft] x _h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,x appe>s to h be5 orig9ally inv5t$ by ,joseph & ,james ,wadswor?1 ( ,m>ple & ,sal=d1 & 0 pat5t$ by !m 9 #ahfj4 ,accord+ to ! specification ( ! inv5tors1 ! burn]s might be made ei!r 9 solid or %eet metal1 z w be se5 f ! accompany+ illu/rations1 copi$ f ! draw+s 9 ! specification4 ,b !re 7 difficulties 9 ! way ( ca/+ ! burn]s 9 solid metal :i* d n seem to h be5 surm\nt$2 & ^? produc$ "u ! pat5t appe> to h be5 made exclusively ( %eet brass4 ,= _m ye>s ^! burn]s 7 made & sold )\t _! peculi>ities attract+ any m>k$ att5tion2 :i* w\ld seem to imply t _! faulty con/ruction preclud$ ! atta9m5t ( all ! advantages af=d$ by ! burn] z we "k x4 ,sid5ote3 ,sugg's holl[-top burn]4 ,! sup]ior results :i* ! holl[-top burn] 0 calculat$ to af=d did n become fully app>5t until ! burn] 0 made ( non-conduct+ mat]ial1 & great] c>e ex]cis$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 done 9 ,g]many e>li] ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b1 9 ,engl&1 x 0 und\bt$ly ,mr4 ,sugg :o fir/ turn$ 8 att5tion to ! improvem5t ( ! burn]1 & demon/rat$ its m]its4 ,mr4 ,sugg comm5c$ ! manufacture ( ?is burn] 9 /eatite 9 ! ye> #ahfh2 & s9ce t "t ! burn] has be5 ext5sively employ$1 & its advantages widely recogniz$4 ,! sup]iority ( holl[-top burn]s produc$ by ,mr4 ,sugg to ^? previ\sly manufactur$1 is *iefly ! result ( _! be+ made 9 /eatite in/ead ( 9 metal4 ,) ?is mat]ial1 great] exactness & uni=mity are obta9$ 9 ! %ape & dim5sions ( ! burn] ?an :5 metal is employ$2 besides :i* !re is 7:at has be5 be=e ref]r$ to7 ! advantage aris+ f its inf]ior conductive capacity = heat1 & its non-liability to corrosion4 ,ano!r improvem5t1 also due to ,mr4 ,sugg1 & :i* is productive ( noticeable results1 consi/s 9 cutt+ ! slit ( ! burn] ) a circul> saw1 appli$ f above1 s z to make ! ends ( ! slit curv$ in/ead ( horizontal2 by :i* means ! t5d5cy ( ! gas to issue lat]ally at ! ends ( ! slit1 & =m horns to ! flame1 is less5$4 ,mr4 ,sugg's table-top burn] 7:i* 0 introduc$ 9 #ahhj71 9 addition to ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! holl[-top1 has a rim-l projection f ! burn]1 bel[ ! slit2 its object be+ to protect ! flame f ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ! upru% ( air 9 its imm$iate vic9ity1 & s pres]ve its %ape unalt]$1 :ile dim9i%+ its liability to smoke4 ,prior to ,mr4 ,sugg--namely1 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahgi--,mr4 ,bray _h successfully obviat$ ?is injuri\s action ^u ! flame ( ! asc5d+ curr5t ( air1 by affix+ to ! burn] two arms ( brass1 s plac$ z to be imm$iately "u ! project+ w+s ( ! flame4 ,illu/ration3 #ahfh ,,burn]4 #ahgd ,,burn]4 ,,table-,,top ,,burn]4 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,sugg',s ,,holl[-,,top ,,burn]s4 ,,bray',s ,,burn]s4 ,! burn]s ( ,messrs4 ,george ,bray & ,co4 h des]v$ly acquir$ a _w-wide reputation1 & are 9 ext5sive use :]ev] gas light+ is kn[n4 ,_! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 & t :i* has won = !m ! high repute 9 :i* !y are held1 is ! union ( *eapness ) rem>kable effici5cy4 ,9 all ! v>i\s descriptions & classes ( burn]s :i* are produc$ by ?is firm1 ! *>act]i/ic ref]r$ to is pres]v$2 al?\gh x is ne$less to add t ! diff]5t v>ieties are n equally effici5t4 ,( ! ?ree =ms ( flat-flame burn]s we h be5 consid]+--batsw+1 union-jet1 & holl[-top--! "o :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 has be5 ! speciality ( ! firm is ! union-jet2 & x is ) ! developm5t ( ?is class ( burn] t ! "n ( ,bray is mo/ intimately & hon\rably associat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,union-,,jet4 ,,holl[-,,top ,,or ,,slit-,,union4#i ,,batsw+4 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,bray',s ,,regulator ,,burn]s4 #i ,! "n slit-union1 by :i* ,mr4 ,bray pref]s to designate ?is burn]1 he /ates to be d]iv$ f ! resemblance ( its flame to t ( ! union-jet burn]2 :ile x is produc$ by means ( a slit4 ,sid5ote3 ,bray's regulator burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,bray's special burn]4 ,! regulator union-jet1 :i* 0 ! fir/ notable burn] produc$ by ,messrs4 ,bray1 has receiv$1 p]haps1 a wid] application ?an any o!r s+le gas-burn]4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical brass case1 screw$ at "o end = ins]tion into ! fitt+s1 & at ! o!r conta9+ a tip ( enamel--a mat]ial inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,bray1 & app>5tly ( some:at simil> composition to ! adamas ( ,mr4 ,leoni--! enamel tip be+ p]=at$1 9 ! usual mann]1 ) two holes1 set at an angle to ea* o!r1 = ! outfl[ ( ! gas4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ?is burn] is ! introduction into ! l[] "p ( ! brass case ( a lay]1 or lay]s1 ( musl92 design$ to *eck 9 "s degree1 & to /eady ! curr5t or fl[ ( ! gas ?r\gh ! burn]4 ,at ! "t ( its introduction1 ?is burn] comp>$ v fav\rably1 z reg>ds ! results x yield$1 ) o!r burn]s 9 common use2 & its fairly good p]=mances1 toge!r ) ! v l[ price at :i* x c be sold1 cause x /ill to be ext5sively employ$ :]ev] ! atta9m5t1 f ! gas consum$1 ( ! highe/ obta9able results may be subord9at$ to *eapness1 or 9 situations :]e1 f delicacy ( con/ruction or f ! c>e & att5tion dem&$1 a m effici5t burn] may n be s suitable4 ,b 9 ! matt] ( develop+ ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! gas employ$1 ! regulator is f> surpass$ by ! m rec5tly introduc$ special burn] ( ! same mak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,union-,,jet4 ,,holl[-,,top ,,or ,,slit-,,union4 ,,batsw+4 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,bray',s ,,special ,,burn]s4 ,mr4 ,bray's s]ies ( special burn]s--embrac+ union-jet1 holl[-top1 & batsw+--are con/ruct$ ^u ! pr9ciple (1 & 9 =m are some:at simil> to ,bro5n]'s burn]s1 :i* h already be5 fully describ$4 ,ap>t f its be+ ( great] bulk1 ! ma9 div]g5ce 9 ! con/ruction ( ! special burn] f t ( ! e>li] regulator is ! introduction1 into ! l[] "p ( ! brass case1 ( a plug or wa%] ( enamel1 pi]c$ by a small circul> hole = ! admission ( gas into ! burn]2 ! diamet] ( ?is hole det]m9+ ! quantity ( gas :i*1 at any p>ticul> pressure1 is admitt$ into ! burn]4 ,j above ! enamel wa%]1 a lay] ( musl9 is ins]t$1 z 9 ! regulator burn]2 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is = ! purpose ( subdu+ ! agitation1 or swirl1 acquir$ by ! curr5t ( gas 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! n>r[ ap]ture 9 ! wa%]4 ,a tip ( enamel1 made ( ! p>ticul> description 7union-jet1 holl[-top1 or batsw+7 requir$1 fitt+ into ! upp] "p ( ! brass case1 completes ! burn]4 ,! objects aim$ at 9 ! special burn] are to cause ! gas to be consum$ at ! l[e/ pressure compatible ) ! ma9t5ance ( a firm flame1 & ) ! lea/ agitation1 or swirl1 9 ! curr5t ( gas z x issues f ! burn]4 ,! =m] is atta9$1 z 9 ,bro5n]'s burn]s1 by dim9i%+ ! area ( ! op5+ admitt+ into ! burn]1 )\t a correspond+ dim9ution ( ! orifices ?r\gh :i* ! gas issues into ! atmosph]e2 ! latt]1 by ! int]position ( ! lay] ( musl9 :i* is imm$iately above ! dim9i%+ arrangem5t1 z well z by ! enl>gem5t ( ! gas *amb] 9 ! upp] "p ( ! burn]4 ,! improvem5t ?us effect$ 9 ! illum9at+ p[] develop$ f ! gas is well %[n 9 ! foll[+ tables extract$ f an exhau/ive s]ies ( te/s ( gas-burn]s c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,t4 ,fairley1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,bor\gh ,analy/ ( ,le$s1 & embodi$ by him 9 a report pres5t$ to ! ,le$s ,corporation4 ,! full text ( ! report w be f\nd 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+ = ,febru>y #f1 #ahhc4 ,m$ium ,light+ ,p[] ,union-,jets4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,regulator ,burn]s4 ,special ,burn]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ,pres- ,cubic,illumi-,illumi-,no4 ,pres- ,cubic,illumi-,illumi- ( sure ,feet nat+ nat+ ( sure ,feet nat+ nat+ ,burn]9 p] ,p[] ,p[] ,burn]9 p] ,p[] ,p[] ,in*es,h\r 9 p] #e ,in*es,h\r 9 p] #e ,/&4 ,cubic ,/&4 ,cubic ,c&ls4,feet4 ,c&ls4,feet4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #c #j4e #c4ej #f4h #i4g #c #j4e #c4dc #aa4c #af4d #c #a4j #d4hj #f4i #g4b #c #a4j #d4ij #ae4f #ae4h #c #a4e #f4bj #g4e #f4je #c #a4e #f4jc #ag4f #ad4f #d #j4e #d4fe #ab4b #ac4a #d #j4e #c4gc #ac4c #ag4h #d #a4j #f4fg #ad4b #aj4f #d #a4j #e4ae #ag4d #af4i #d #a4e #h4af #ad4b #h4h #d #a4e #f4eg #bb4d #ag4a #e #j4e #e4gb #ag4j #ad4i #e #j4e #d4hj #ag4f #ah4c #e #a4j #g4ig #bj4j #ab4f #e #a4j #f4fg #bd4d #ah4c #e #a4e #i4gc #ba4h #aa4b #e #a4e #h4cj #cj4j #ah4b #f #j4e #e4ij #ah4j #ae4b #f #j4e #e4dh #bj4a #ah4c #f #a4j #h4ce #bc4j #ac4h #f #a4j #g4fe #bh4d #ah4f #f #a4e #aj4fj #bh4j #ac4b #f #a4e #i4bj #cd4b #ah4g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,m$ium ,light+ ,p[] ,slit-,unions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,regulator ,burn]s4 ,special ,burn]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ,pres- ,cubic,illumi-,illumi-,no4 ,pres- ,cubic,illumi-,illumi- ( sure ,feet nat+ nat+ ( sure ,feet nat+ nat+ ,burn]9 p] ,p[] ,p[] ,burn]9 p] ,p[] ,p[] ,in*es,h\r 9 p] #e ,in*es,h\r 9 p] #e ,/&4 ,cubic ,/&4 ,cubic ,c&ls4,feet4 ,c&ls4,feet4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #c #j4e #d4bb #ac4h #af4d #c #j4e #c4jd #aj4h #ag4h #c #a4j #f4cg #bj4b #ae4i #c #a4j #d4fa #af4d #ag4f #c #a4e #h4ad #be4h #ae4i #c #a4e #e4hh #ai4i #af4i #d #j4e #d4be #ad4h #ag4d #d #j4e #c4hb #ad4b #ah4f #d #a4j #e4hh #bj4f #ag4e #d #a4j #e4fi #bj4h #ah4c #d #a4e #g4ie #bf4e #af4f #d #a4e #g4ce #be4f #ag4e #e #j4e #e4be #ai4j #ah4b #e #j4e #d4ab #ae4d #ah4g #e #a4j #h4ad #bh4d #ag4de #e #a4j #f4cg #bc4d #ah4d #e #a4e #aj4bj #cf4d #ag4h #e #a4e #g4id #bh4e #ah4j #f #j4e #e4fg #bb4b #ai4f #f #j4e #e4jj #ai4f #ai4f #f #a4j #h4fj #cc4f #ai4d #f #a4j #g4ee #bi4j #ai4b #f #a4e #aa4aj #ci4e #ag4h #f #a4e #i4gj #cg4j #ai4a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,m$ium ,light+ ,p[] ,batsw+s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,regulator ,burn]s4 ,special ,burn]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ,pres- ,cubic,illumi-,illumi-,no4 ,pres- ,cubic,illumi-,illumi- ( sure ,feet nat+ nat+ ( sure ,feet nat+ nat+ ,burn]9 p] ,p[] ,p[] ,burn]9 p] ,p[] ,p[] ,in*es,h\r 9 p] #e ,in*es,h\r 9 p] #e ,/&4 ,cubic ,/&4 ,cubic ,c&ls4,feet4 ,c&ls4,feet4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #c #j4e #d4af #ab4f #ae4a #c #j4e #c4cg #ab4d #ah4d #c #a4j #e4fd #af4f #ad4h #c #a4j #e4be #bj4d #ai4d #c #a4e #g4hc #ba4j #ac4d #c #a4e #g4ac #bd4j #af4h #d #j4e #d4bf #ad4j #af4d #d #j4e #c4fg #ac4j #ag4g #d #a4j #f4gd #ba4b #ae4f #d #a4j #e4ee #bj4f #ah4f #d #a4e #g4ha #bd4j #ae4c #d #a4e #g4ac #bf4j #ah4b #e #j4e #d4gf #ae4d #af4b #e #j4e #c4hf #ad4f #ah4i #e #a4j #f4ic #bj4d #ad4g #e #a4j #e4he #bb4f #ai4d #e #a4e #h4gb #be4h #ad4g #e #a4e #g4ec #bh4j #ah4f #f #j4e #f4jd #bj4j #af4e #f #j4e #d4hf #ai4d #bj4j #f #a4j #h4hb #bi4d #af4f #f #a4j #g4ec #ca4f #ba4j #f #a4e #aa4aj #ca4f #ad4b #f #a4e #i4fj #ci4j #bj4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! quality ( ! gas op]at$ ^u av]ag$ ab\t #ai c&les :5 te/$ ) ! ,/&>d ,london ,arg& ,burn]4 ,9 a =m] "p ( ?is treatise x 0 rem>k$ t ! flames produc$ by ! mod]n repres5tatives#aj ( ! batsw+ & fi%tail burn]s h lo/ ! orig9al resemblance to ! objects :5ce ! names ( ^? burn]s 7 d]iv$2 & t ! two flames h gradually approa*$ ea* o!r 9 %ape1 until1 9 _! late/ developm5ts1 !y are practically id5tical4 ,we h se5 h[ t1 by ! inv5tion ( ! holl[-top1 a burn] is obta9$ app>5tly1 to all outw>d appe>ance1 ! same z ! batsw+1 yet giv+ a greatly improv$ =m ( flame4 ,we h n[ to le>n h[ ! fi%tail1 or union-jet burn] has be5 modifi$ s z to yield a flame closely agree+ ) t produc$ by ! improv$ slit burn]4 #aj ,al?\gh ! true batsw+ is /ill 9 common use1 ,i look ^u ! holl[-top z be+ its mod]n repres5tative2 see+ t1 9 a great _m in/ances1 x has sup]s$$ ! =m] burn]--( :i*1 inde$1 x is only an improv$ =m4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ ! union-jet burn] has be5 improv$4 ,z fir/ con/ruct$1 ! union-jet burn] gave a tall1 n>r[ flame2 its extremity be+ =k$ & jagg$ l ! tail ( a fi%4 ,besides be+ unsightly1 ?is =m ( flame 0 ill-adapt$ to develop1 to any?+ l its full ext5t1 ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! gas4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results1 z reg>ds illum9at+ p[]1 ! heat-int5sity ( ! flame mu/ be v high1 s z to br+ up ! temp]ature ( ! p>ticles ( c>bon lib]at$ 9 ! flame to ! necess>y degree ( inc&esc5ce4 ,to ?is end !re mu/ be conc5tration ( ! flame1 9 ord] to utilize to ! full ! heat ( combu/ion4 ,) ! tall flame produc$ by ! orig9al union-jet burn] !re 0 too mu* exposure to ! atmosph]e = ! flame to atta9 to ! requisite int5sity ( heat2 z well z consid]able liability ( ! gas be+ br\ght too e>ly into intimate contact ) air1 & s oxidiz$1 or fully consum$1 be=e its c>bon _h be5 rais$ to ! temp]ature necess>y to enable x to give out light4 ,) ! burn] 9 its improv$ =m ! height ( ! flame is mu* curtail$1 :ile x is broad5$1 & made m ev5 & compact4 ,?is alt]ation has be5 *iefly br\ght ab\t by two modifications 9 ! con/ruction ( ! burn]-tip--fir/1 by holl[+ out its flat upp] surface2 &1 second1 by alt]+ ! angle at :i* ! two /reams ( gas em]ge f ! burn]4 ,by scoop+ out ! c5tral portion ( ! flat top ( ! burn]1 s z to =m a holl[ or depression :]e ! gas em]ges1 ! flat %eet ( flame :i* is =m$ :5 ! two /reams ( gas imp+e ^u ea* o!r obta9s a broad] base1 & at ! same "t is pres]v$ f draw+ air into its mid/4 ,b ! *ief %>e ( ! improvem5t is due to ! alt]ation 9 ! angle =m$ by ! two *annels 9 ! burn]-tip4 ,x w be readily app>5t t ! m obtuse ?is angle--t is1 ! ne>] ! two /reams ( gas are to imp++ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 a horizontal l9e--! m w ! flame t5d to spread out1 or ! l[] ! pressure requir$ to obta9 any desir$ spread ( flame4 ,x is by tak+ advantage ( ?is circum/ance t ,mr4 ,bray has be5 enabl$ to improve ! union-jet burn]4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ?is burn] 0 usually made ) ! two *annels 9 ! burn]-tip plac$ at an angle ( ab\t #fj deg44 ,9 ,bray's regulator burn]1 introduc$ 9 #ahfi1 !y 7 plac$ at an angle ( #ij deg42 ) ! result ( obta9+ a m satisfactory flame1 bo? z reg>ds its appe>ance & illum9at+ p[]4 ,9 ! special burn]1 :i* 0 n br\ght out till #ahgf1 ! angle is increas$ to #abj deg42 ?us enabl+ ! necess>y spread ( flame to be obta9$ ) ! gas issu+ at a l[ pressure4 ,ano!r m9or improvem5t 9 ! latt] burn] consi/s 9 mak+ ! holes 9 ! burn]-tip elliptical in/ead ( circul>4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,arg& ,,burn]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! premi] gas-burn]4 ,! premi] position among gas-burn]s und\bt$ly belongs to ! ,arg&2 & x is f no unwill+ness to recognize its claims1 mu* less f ignorance ( its m]its1 t ,i h left ! consid]ation ( ?is burn] until n[4 ,x occupies ?is hon\rable position z mu* by virtue ( ! importance x has acquir$ ?r\gh be+ accept$ by ,p>liam5t z ! te/ burn]1 & ! peculi> relation 9 :i* x consequ5tly /&s to o!r burn]s1 z = any m>k$ sup]iority 9 op]ation4 ,= :ile1 9 g5]al1 ! ,arg& gives sup]ior results to o!r burn]s1 ?is is n always ! case4 ,!re are circum/ances & conditions to :i* ! ,arg& is q inapplicable1 & :]e a simpl] & less pret5ti\s burn] w give excell5t results4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! simple flat-flame burn]s :i* we h _h "u notice h n[ be5 br\ght to su* a /age ( p]fection1 t1 :5 intellig5tly us$1 !y n unsuccessfully rival ! ,arg&4 ,b x has be5 9 ! direction ( demon/rat+ ! illum9at+ p[] :i* x 0 possible to obta9 f gas1 & /imulat+ to ! atta9m5t1 by o!r & simpl] burn]s1 ( ! same level ( excell5ce1 t ! influ5ce ( ! ,arg& has be5 mo/ b5eficial4 ,=1 by reason ( its peculi> con/ruction1 & m especially its mode ( obta9+ ! air necess>y = combu/ion1 ! ,arg& l5ds itself1 m readily ?an any o!r burn]1 to ! "w ( inve/igat+ & exp]im5t+ ^u ! conditions necess>y = economical combu/ion1 & ! developm5t ( ! highe/ illum9at+ p[] f ! gas consum$4 ,9 ?is burn]1 ! air supply to ! flame is "u complete control2 & ?us "o ( ! *ief elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty & difficulty :i* are exp]i5c$ 9 deal+ ) o!r burn]s is elim9at$4 ,! deliv]y ( gas to diff]5t p>ts ( ! flame is also m susceptible ( v>iation2 & ! results ( su* v>iation m fully expos$ to obs]vation4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 t ! mo/ rem>kable advances 9 develop+ improv$ illum9at+ p[] f coal gas h be5 made ) ?is burn]4 ,b aft] ! possibility ( obta9+ an improv$ duty f ! gas has be5 demon/rat$ by means ( ! ,arg&1 & ! conditions necess>y = its atta9m5t det]m9$1 equally good results h be5 a*iev$ by o!r burn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,glass-,,hold] ,,& ,,burn] ,,top4 ,,section ,,( ,,burn]4 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,arg& ,,burn]4 ,9 ?us %[+ ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f a m sci5tific mode ( combu/ion1 & lead+ ! way to ! full] atta9m5t1 by o!r burn]s1 ( ! illum9at+ p[] obta9able f ! gas1 ! ,arg& burn] has act$ z a pione] 9 ! developm5t ( gas light+4 ,=1 on acc\nt ( its complexity1 & its delicacy ( con/ruction1 ?is burn] has nev] be51 nor1 inde$1 c ev] hope to be g5]ally employ$4 ,besides ! inconv5i5ce & exp5se entail$ by ! clean+ & r5ewal1 :5 brok51 ( ! glass *imney :i* is indisp5sable to ?is burn]1 its v p]fection z a burn] precludes its be+ adopt$ "u ! conditions :i* app]ta9 to ! great majority ( situations 9 :i* gaslight is requir$4 ,= :ile1 "u ! p>ticul> conditions z to pressure ( gas1 c41 = :i* x has be5 con/ruct$1 ! ,arg& may give results surpass+ any o!r burn]1 a v slight div]g5ce f ^! conditions is productive ( f> m damag+ results to ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! flame ?an is ! case ) o!r & less effici5t burn]s4 ,! cause ( ?is seem+ anomaly w be app>5t :5 we come to consid] 9 detail ! con/ruction ( ! ,arg&1 & ! conditions :i* mu/ be obs]v$ to ensure its satisfactory op]ation4 ,= ! pres5t x w suffice m]ely to make m5tion ( :at appe> to be well-e/abli%$ facts--viz41 t ! mo/ p]fect burn]s are ! lea/ adapt$ = use "u unc]ta9 & v>y+ conditions2 & t 9 proportion to ! effici5cy ( a burn]1 "u ! conditions = :i* x has be5 con/ruct$1 is ! injury to ! illum9at+ p[] ( its flame :i* is exp]i5c$ :5 ^! conditions are dep>t$ f4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is an ,arg& burn]8 ,resolv$ into its simple/ =m1 ! ,arg& burn] may be said to consi/ ( a holl[ r+ ( metal1 or o!r suitable mat]ial1 provid$ ) ! necess>y tubes or connections = communicat+ betwe5 its int]ior & ! gas supply1 & p]=at$ on its upp] surface ) a numb] ( holes = ! emission ( ! gas4 ,?r\gh ^! holes ! gas issues 9 a s]ies ( jets1 :i* imm$iately coalesce to =m "o cyl9drical %eet ( flame4 ,! burn] is surm\nt$1 & ! flame enclos$1 by a glass *imney1 :i* is support$ on a light gall]y connect$ ) ! burn]2 ! *imney s]v+ ! d\ble purpose ( %ield+ ! flame f draughts1 or curr5ts ( air 7?us enabl+ ! gas to burn uni=mly & /eadily71 & ( draw+ ^u ! surface ( ! flame ! supply ( air necess>y = its prop] & complete combu/ion4 ,= 9 ! ,arg& ! air supply is produc$ "u conditions totally diff]5t f ^? :i* gov]n its production 9 all ! o!r burn]s we h _h "u consid]ation4 ,9 flat-flame burn]s1 ! quantity ( air suppli$ to ! flame is det]m9$ by ! pressure ( ! gas2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! velocity ) :i* x issues f ! burn]4 ,9 ,arg& burn]s1 on ! contr>y1 ! air supply is obta9$ q indep5d5tly ( ! pressure at :i* ! gas issues2 & ! conditions mo/ effective = ! economical combu/ion ( ! gas1 & ! developm5t f x ( ! highe/ illum9at+ p[] atta9able1 are only secur$ :5 ! pressure ( gas is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,x has be5 %[n1 9 speak+ ( flat-flame burn]s1 h[ ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! flames yield$ by su* burn]s is injuri\sly affect$ by an excess ( pressure 9 ! gas1 z x issues into ! atmosph]e1 caus+ a too great int]m+l+ ( gas & air4 ,) su* burn]s1 h[ev]1 "s degree ( pressure is ne$$1 9 ord]1 by br++ ! flame into contact ) suffici5t ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 to promote ! requisite int5sity ( combu/ion2 :]eas ) ! ,arg& ! draught t is produc$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! glass *imney enables ! necess>y supply ( air to be obta9$ = ! support ( ! flame )\t adv5titi\s aid f ! pressure ( ! gas4 ,consequ5tly1 "o ( ! *ief objects to be aim$ at 9 ! con/ruction ( ! latt] burn] is to s r$uce ! pressure ( ! gas )9 ! burn] t x may issue ) little or no great] velocity ?an t due to its own specific lightness4 ,9 "s ( ! be/ ,arg&s ?is object is atta9$ v successfully2 & ! +5i\s devices :i* h be5 made use ( to ga9 ?is end w be duly describ$ 9 ! sequel4 ,b1 9 addition to caus+ ! gas to issue f ! burn] at ! m9imum ( pressure1 x mu/ be deliv]$ ev5ly & equally at all p>ts ( ! r+ ( holes2 s t !re %all n be an excess ( gas suppli$ to "o portion ( ! flame1 & an insuffici5cy to o!rs4 ,!n ! area ( ! op5+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! r+1 ?r\gh :i* ! air supply is obta9$ to ! inn] surface ( ! flame1 z well z ! l5g? & diamet] ( ! glass *imney1 mu/ be s proportion$ t ! exact quantity ( air ne$$ to enable ! flame to yield its maximum results %all be drawn ^u x4 ,^!1 & o!r equally ess5tial requirem5ts1 h to be tak5 into consid]ation1 & provid$ =1 9 con/ruct+ an effici5t ,arg& burn]4 ,x is no wond]1 !re=e1 t ! developm5t ( ! p[]s ( ?is burn] has tak5 up s mu* "t & lab\r & inv5tive skill2 & ! rem>kable degree ( effici5cy to :i* x has n[ be5 br\ght te/ifies to ! ?\ght & ! accurate k ( ! pr9ciples ( combu/ion :i* h be5 br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e>lie/ ,arg&s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s t its true pr9ciples ( con/ruction h be5 at all fully recogniz$1 z ev9c$ by ! burn]s :i* h be5 produc$4 ,= a long p]iod1 ,arg& burn]s 7 made ^u :olly empirical & arbitr>y rules4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( gas light+1 ! mak]s ( gas app>atus1 & su* p]sons z pr(ess$ to h a special k ( ! production & utilization ( ! new illum9ant1 appe> to h be5 ignorant ( ev5 ! mo/ obvi\s ( ! conditions requir$ = ! successful work+ ( ! burn]4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ works :i* appe>$ relat+ to gas light+1#aa we f9d ! ,arg& burn] describ$ z consi/+ ( two conc5tric tubes clos$ at ! top ) a r+ hav+ small p]=ations1 out ( :i* ! gas c issue2 ?us =m+ small di/9ct /reams ( light4 ,accord+ to ?is description1 ! burn] ref]r$ to _c h be5 an ,arg& 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w2 b1 9 reality1 mu/ h consi/$ *iefly ( a s]ies ( s+le jets plac$ 9 a circle1 & surr\nd$ by a glass *imney4 ,b ! great improvem5t 9 ! am\nt ( light develop$1 :i* result$ f br++ ! jets ( flame clos] toge!r1 s z to cause !m to coalesce & produce "o homog5e\s mass ( flame1 c\ld n long escape notice2 & accord+ly we f9d t 9 ,clegg's ,treatise1 :i* appe>$ tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 ! prop] disposition ( ! holes 9 ! r+1 necess>y = ! successful op]ation ( ! burn]1 is cle>ly recogniz$4 ,9 ?is "w1 speak+ ( ! ,arg& burn]1 x is rem>k$ 7p4 #aic7 t ! di/ance betwe5 ! holes 9 ! drill$ r+ %\ld be s mu* t ! jet ( gas issu+ f ea* %all1 :5 ignit$1 j unite ) its neighb\r4 #aa ,accum's ,treatise on ,gas-,lights4 ,be=e a really effici5t burn] c\ld be produc$1 !re 71 h[ev]1 to be successfully enc\nt]$ o!r problems1 ! precise nature ( :i* 0 n s cle>ly app>5t z t ( ! "o above ref]r$ to2 o!rwise _! solution w\ld n h be5 s long delay$4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ important1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ difficult1 7 two--namely1 ! "r adju/m5t ( ! air supply1 & ! mo/ advantage\s pressure at :i* to consume ! gas4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,arg&s1 n ! slighte/ provision 0 made = dim9i%+ ! pressure ( ! gas be=e x 0 consum$4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ev]y?+ _h be5 accompli%$ t 0 necess>y if ! holes = its emission 7 suffici5tly m9ute to all[ ( no m ?an ! requir$ quantity ( gas pass+ ?r\gh !m at ! extreme pressure at :i* x 0 suppli$ to ! burn]4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! gas1 issu+ f ! burn] at a v high velocity1 became s int]m+l$ ) air be=e x 0 consum$1 t its flame 0 excessively cool$2 & only a small fraction ( ! illum9at+ p[] available 0 develop$4 ,!n z to ! air supply4 ,9 ne>ly e burn] produc$ prior to ,mr4 ,w4 ,sugg's inv5tion ( ! ,london ,arg& 9 #ahfh1 ?is 0 greatly 9 excess ( ! requirem5ts2 nor is x to be wond]$ at4 ,_h ! supply ( air be5 delicately adju/$1 :ile yet !re 0 no provision = dim9i%+ ! pressure ( gas at ! burn]1 ! flame w\ld h be5 liable to smoke on any sudd5 increase 9 ! pressure ( gas 9 ! ma9s2 & ! annoyance & inconv5i5ce occasion$ by a smok+ flame 7 great] drawbacks ?an ! loss ( light exp]i5c$ ?r\gh hav+ ! air supply greatly 9 excess4 ,?us1 al?\gh dur+ ?is p]iod !re 7 _m s-call$ improv$ burn]s br\ght into notice1 9 none ( !m 7 ^! two c>d9al requirem5ts 9 ! production ( an effici5t burn] cle>ly recogniz$ & s]i\sly grappl$ )2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! high level ( excell5ce to :i* ! ,arg& is capable ( be+ br\ght 0 n atta9$4 ,,sugg',s ,,arg&s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ',london' ,arg&4 ,! inv5tion by ,mr4 ,w4 ,sugg1 9 #ahfh1 ( ! fam\s ,london ,arg& con/itutes an important epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( gas light+4 ,prior to t "t1 ! con/ruction ( ?is class ( burn]s _h be5 c>ri$ out 9 a :olly empirical mann]2 & su* improvem5ts z _h be5 effect$ mu/ be look$ ^u z be+ r ! =tuit\s issues ( hap-haz>d endeav\rs1 ?an z result+ f ! acquirem5t ( cle>] views z to ! conditions to be compli$ ) 9 ord] to ensure ! successful op]ation ( ! burn]s4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,london ,arg& 0 ! fir/ e>ne/ attempt to ab&on ! =m] *ance me?ods1 & to proce$ ^u m sci5tific l9es4 ,its con/ruction %[s t its inv5tor possess$ a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( combu/ion2 :ile1 9 _m p>ticul>s1 x exhibits an intellig5t disc]nm5t1 & a successful application ( ! precise means requir$ to atta9 a desir$ end4 ,9 ?is burn]1 ! extreme importance ( caus+ ! gas to issue at a l[ pressure is = ! fir/ "t cle>ly recogniz$2 & ! mann] 9 :i* ?is object is s successfully atta9$ is z simple z x is +5i\s4 ,at ! entrance to ! burn] ! gas is divid$ among ?ree n>r[ tubes1 ! comb9$ capacity ( :i* is mu* small] ?an t ( ! pipe supply+ ! burn]4 ,?r\gh ^! tubes ! gas is conduct$ into a conc5tric cyl9drical *amb] 7=m+ ! ma9 body ( ! burn]71 :]e its rapid fl[ is *eck$2 ! curr5t1 or swirl1 :i* x may h acquir$1 is subdu$2 & ! gas comes to a /ate ( comp>ative re/ be=e x issues into ! atmosph]e & is consum$4 ,! top rim ( ?is conc5tric cyl9d] is pi]c$ ) #bd holes1 ! aggregate area ( :i* is consid]ably great] ?an t ( ! ?ree supply-tubes2 ?us ensur+ t ! gas %all be deliv]$ at a mu* l[] pressure ?an t at :i* x ent]s ! burn]4 ,by divid+ ! gas into ?ree /reams1 :i* ent] ! cyl9drical *amb] at equidi/ant po9ts 9 its circumf]5ce1 ! supply is equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! entire r+ ( holes2 & a flame ( ev5 & regul> %ape is ! result4 ,! arrangem5t by :i*1 9 ?is burn]1 ! air supply is obta9$ & regulat$ is z notewor?y z are ! means adopt$ = controll+ ! pressure ( ! gas4 ,! op5+ )9 ! circul> r+ ( holes is mu* small] ?an 9 previ\s ,arg&s2 !reby proportionately r$uc+ ! quantity ( air suppli$ to ! inn] surface ( ! flame4 ,! space betwe5 ! cyl9drical body ( ! burn] & ! glass *imney is occupi$ by a truncat$ cone ( ?9 metal1 ! upp] edge ( :i* is on a level )1 & rea*es to )9 a v %ort di/ance ( ! rim ( ! burn]2 :ile its base re/s ^u ! gall]y support+ ! *imney4 ,by means ( ?is cone1 all ! air ent]+ betwe5 ! burn] & ! *imney is direct$ ^u ! imm$iate surface ( ! flame2 !reby promot+ int5sity ( combu/ion1 & a high] illum9at+ p[] ( ! flame4 ,!n ! *imney itself is ( su* dim5sions t1 ) ! quantity ( gas = :i* ! burn] has be5 con/ruct$1 j suffici5t air is drawn ^u ! flame to completely consume ! gas by ! "t ! top ( ! *imney is rea*$2 a flame ( su* l5g? z to ne>ly rea* to ! top ( ! *imney1 )\t smok+1 be+ ! mo/ effective & economical = ! quantity ( gas consum$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,sugg',s ,,london ,,arg&4 7,full ,size47 ,ano!r matt] :i* t5d$ n a little to enhance ! results yield$ by ?is burn] 0 an alt]ation 9 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! body ( ! burn] 0 con/ruct$4 ,9 previ\s ,arg&s1 ?is _h1 9 almo/ e in/ance1 be5 metal2 :]eas 9 ! ,london burn] /eatite 0 employ$4 ,h[ ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! flame is affect$ by ! mat]ial ( :i* ! burn] is con/ruct$ has be5 gone into s fully be=e 79 relation to flat-flame burn]s71 t x is unnecess>y to dwell ^u ! matt] "h2 only rem>k+ t z 9 ,arg&s ! contact surface betwe5 ! burn] & ! flame is relatively s mu* great] ?an 9 flat-flame burn]s1 ! cool+ ( ! flame due to ?is cause is proportionately increas$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /&>d te/ burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! improv$ ,london ,arg&4 ,s great 0 ! improvem5t effect$ by ?is burn] 9 ! illum9at+ p[] develop$ f ! gas consum$1 s obvi\s its sup]iority to e previ\s ,arg&1 t x 0 imm$iately adopt$ by ! ,metropolitan ,gas ,ref]ees z ! /&>d burn] = te/+ ord9>y coal gas )9 ! area ( _! jurisdiction2 & f t "t d[n to ! pres5t x has cont9u$ to be prescrib$ 9 ,acts ( ,p>liam5t z ! burn] to be employ$ 9 te/+ ord9>y coal gas1 n only 9 ! ,metropolis1 b g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,b al?\gh1 z ! /&>d te/-burn]1 ! orig9al ,london ,arg& c /ill be obta9$1 x has be5 f> surpass$1 9 ! results yield$1 by a new s]ies ( ,arg&s1 9 :i* ! same +5i\s inv5tor has /ill fur!r appli$ ! pr9ciples fir/ put into practice 9 ! =m] burn]4 ,9 ?is new] s]ies ( burn]s1 ! details ( con/ruction be=e adopt$ are modifi$ 9 two or ?ree p>ticul>s2 b )\t dep>t+ f ! g5]al pr9ciples embodi$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! e>li] burn]4 ,?us ! holes 9 ! r+ are consid]ably l>g]1 :ile ! ?ree supply-tubes rema9 ( exactly ! same capacity z be=e2 by :i* means ! gas is deliv]$ at a mu* l[] pressure4 ,z ! increas$ size ( holes necessitates t ! cyl9drical body ( ! burn] %\ld be ( enl>g$ diamet]1 ! op5+ 9 ! c5tre becomes ( great] area ?an be=e4 ,7 x to rema9 s1 x w\ld p]mit too l>ge a quantity ( air to be drawn ^u ! inn] surface ( ! flame2 to obviate :i* result a metal spike rises 9 ! c5tre1 r$uc+ ! area ( ! op5+1 & proportionately dim9i%+ ! quantity ( air :i* w\ld o!rwise be admitt$ at ?is "p ( ! burn]4 ,! arrangem5t = regulat+ ! air supply to ! out] surface ( ! flame is likewise modifi$1 b 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,! upp] edge ( ! cone is br\ght ne>] to ! rim ( ! burn]1 & slightly curv$1 s z to direct ! air m completely ^u ! flame2 :ile ! base ( ! cone1 in/ead ( ext5d+ to ! glass *imney 9 an unbrok5 surface1 is pi]c$ by a numb] ( holes1 :i* admit air betwe5 ! cone & ! *imney4 ,! action ( ?is ?ird curr5t ( air is to keep ! *imney cool1 & to /eady ! flame2 &1 9 addition1 x may be t x provides a supply ( air to support & int5sify combu/ion at ! upp] extremity ( ! flame4 ,! comb9$ effect ( ^! alt]ations is to cause ! burn] to develop f #g to #ab p] c5t4 m light f ! gas consum$1 ?an is yield$ by ! orig9al ,london ,arg&4 ,sid5ote3 ,silb]'s ,arg& burn]4 ,! ,silb] ,arg&1 :i* is a rem>kably effici5t burn]1 9 ! ma9 features ( its con/ruction is v closely relat$ to ,mr4 ,sugg's lat] ,arg&s j describ$4 ,! air is direct$ on to ! out] surface ( ! flame1 z 9 ^? burn]s1 by a curv$ deflector1 ( :i* ! upp] edge is1 h[ev]1 at a high] level ?an 9 ,mr4 ,sugg's burn]s4 ,air is also admitt$ betwe5 ! deflector & ! glass *imney4 ,! mo/ /rik+ div]g5ce 9 its con/ruction f t ( ,mr4 ,sugg's burn]s is conta9$ )9 ! op5+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! burn]4 ,in/ead ( a solid metal spike1 !re is a brass tube1 ?r\gh :i*1 z well z betwe5 its circumf]5ce & ! cyl9drical body ( ! burn]1 air c ent] to fe$ ! inn] surface ( ! flame4 ,9 addition to promot+ ! /ead9ess ( ! flame1 x w\ld appe> t ! air ent]+ ?r\gh ?is inn] tube supports ! combu/ion ( ! gas at ! tail ( ! flame4 ,! arrangem5ts = dim9i%+ ! pressure ( ! gas )9 ! burn]1 & = ensur+ its equable di/ribution to all p>ts ( ! r+ ( holes1 ?\gh q diff]5t1 seem to be sc>cely less complete ?an ^? employ$ 9 ! ,london burn]4 ,f ! nipple :i* connects ! burn] to ! gas supply1 ! gas ent]s 7by f\r m9ute p]=ations7 into a horizontal *amb]1 :]e its velocity is *eck$1 & :5ce x is convey$ into ! cyl9drical *amb] =m+ ! ma9 body ( ! burn]4 ,! v satisfactory p]=mances ( ! burn] 7:i* are 9 advance ( ^? ( ! /&>d ,arg&7 suffici5tly atte/ ! correctness ( its con/ruction4 ,sid5ote3 ,multiple ,arg&s4 ,= consum+ l>ge quantities ( gas1 d\ble or treble ,arg&s are con/ruct$4 ,^! consi/1 9 effect1 ( two or ?ree ,arg& burn]s plac$ conc5trically to ea* o!r )9 "o *imney4 ,mr4 ,sugg has produc$ a s]ies ( burn]s ( ?is class1 design$ to pass quantities ( gas rang+ f #ae to #ee cubic feet p] h\r2 &1 9 "s in/ances1 exce$+ ev5 ! latt] figure4 ,^! burn]s1 ) ord9>y 7#af-;c&le7 coal gas1 give a light equal to #d c&les p] cubic foot ( gas consum$2 :i* is a consid]ably bett] result ?an is af=d$ by ! /&>d burn]4 ,! cause ( _! yield+ results s sup]ior to ! ord9>y ,arg& is f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t _! flames pres5t a mu* small] surface area to ! cool+ action ( ! air1 9 proportion to ! quantity ( gas consum$4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! burn]s diff]s f t ( ! improv$ s+le ,arg&s1 :i* h be5 describ$1 only 9 t !re are two or m /eatite cyl9d]s1 ea* f$ by its own supply-tubes1 & hav+ its own di/9ct r+ ( holes2 :ile ! space betwe5 ! cyl9d]s is s proportion$ z to admit no m ?an ! quantity ( air requir$ to produce ! necess>y int5sity ( combu/ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,! ,,d\glass ,,arg&4 7,a ,a1 ,focal ,plane1 or ,belt ( ,/ronge/ ,light47 ,,! ,,d\glass ,,burn]4 ,! multiple or conc5tric ,arg& inv5t$ by ,mr4 7n[ ,sir7 ,j4 ,n4 ,d\glass1 ! ,eng9e] to ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 may be m5tion$ "h4 ,?is burn] is ( ! type ( ^? la/ notic$1 b possesses c]ta9 peculi> features :i* give x a di/9ct claim to novelty4 ,z w be se5 by ! accompany+ illu/ration1 ! conc5tric cyl9d]s ( :i* ! burn] is compos$ t]m9ate at diff]5t heights2 _! tops =m+ a regul> gradation ( /eps1 ( :i* ! inn]mo/ is ! highe/4 ,^! cyl9d]s are ( consid]able dep?1 p]mitt+ ! gas & air to be heat$ by contact ) _! surfaces be=e ! po9t ( ignition is rea*$4 ,! ess5tial feature ( ! inv5tion1 h[ev]1 is a s]ies ( deflectors ( peculi> %ape1 :i*1 9 addition to direct+ air on to ! surfaces ( ! flames1 are s =m$ z to =ce ! out] flame or flames on to ! inn] flame or flames 9 ! mann] illu/rat$4 ,by ?is means ! flames are conc5trat$ & unit$ into "o1 & combu/ion is quick5$2 &1 a great] int5sity ( heat be+ ?us atta9$1 ! illum9at+ p[] is mu* augm5t$4 ,:5 ?is burn] 0 fir/ br\ght into notice1 9 #ahha1 high hopes 7 ent]ta9$ z to its future4 ,! results :i* x 0 said to af=d1 be+ f> 9 advance ( any?+ previ\sly obta9$ f a simple ,arg&1 seem$ to promise = ! burn] a spe$y & unequivocal success4 ,at ! ,nor?-,ea/ ,coa/ ,m>9e ,exhibition1 held 9 #ahhb1 a burn] ) t5 r+s 0 exhibit$1 :i* 0 report$ to develop1 f #af-;c&le gas1 #f c&les p] cubic foot--a truly rem>kable result to be giv5 by s simple a burn]4 ,b1 not)/&+ its app>5tly successful introduction1 ! burn] has made little or no headway 9 ! direction ( its practical application4 ,inde$1 x may almo/ be said to h fad$ altoge!r out ( public view4 ,?is w\ld seem to imply t !re are difficulties 9 ! way ( its successful work+1 :5 br\ght "u ord9>y conditions1 :i* 7 n =ese5 at ! "t ( its inv5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,gov]nor-,,burn]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects ( excessive pressure ) ,arg& & flat-flame burn]s4 ,?r\gh\t ?is treatise1 mu* has be5 said ( ! relation :i* ! pressure ( gas1 at ! po9t ( its deliv]y f ! burn]1 be>s to ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! flame yield$--suffici5t to %[ t ! ma9t5ance ( a l[ & equable pressure 9 ! gas supply is "o ( ! conditions mo/ imp]ative to be obs]v$ = ! atta9m5t ( economy 9 combu/ion4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 ?is condition does n obta9 at ! consum]s' burn]s4 ,! exig5cies ( di/ribution require t1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a suffici5t supply :]ev] gas is ne$$1 a mu* high] pressure %\ld be kept 9 ! ma9s ?an is requisite = develop+1 at ! burn]1 ! be/ results f ! gas consum$4 ,moreov]1 ! pressure at any "o po9t is subject to cont9ual fluctuations f ! v>iations 9 ! consumption ( gas go+ on 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,= in/ance1 :]e a numb] ( burn]s are 9 op]ation 9 a h\se1 consum+ ab\t ! exact quantities ( gas = :i* !y h be5 con/ruct$1 :5 "p ( !m are %ut (f ! gas supply to ! rema9d] is 9 excess ( :at is requir$2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! burn]s d n develop ! same proportion ( light f ! gas consum$ z =m]ly4 ,:]e a l>ge consumption ( gas is sudd5ly discont9u$ 7z 9 ! bus9ess p>ts ( a t[n1 :5 ! %ops & w>eh\ses are clos$71 ! increase ( pressure t is exp]i5c$ at ! burn]s :i* rema9 9 op]ation is v manife/4 ,! effect ( ?is increase 9 ! pressure ( ! gas supply is se5 9 diff]5t directions 9 ,arg& & flat-flame burn]s4 ,9 ! =m]1 x causes ! flame to smoke1 by p]mitt+ m gas to pass ?r\gh ! burn] ?an c be prop]ly consum$2 9 ! latt]1 by cool+ ! flame bel[ ! temp]ature requir$ = effective combu/ion1 x r$uces1 9 proportion to ! ext5t to :i* x is high] ?an ! orig9al pressure1 ! illum9at+ p[] develop$ p] cubic foot ( gas consum$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gas regulator4 ,see+ t economy 9 combu/ion c only be atta9$ "u ! conditions ( an equable pressure1 x becomes necess>y to subdue ! fluctuations above ref]r$ to1 or at lea/ to prev5t _! rea*+ ! burn]4 ,to ?is end ! regulator1 or gov]nor1 is employ$4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t1 a bell dipp+ into1 & seal$ 9 liquid--or else a flexible lea!r diaphragm--is actuat$ by ! pressure ( ! ent]+ gas1 & s connect$ ) a valve z to r$uce ! area ( ! op5+ :i* p]mits gas to ent] ! in/rum5t 9 proportion to ! pressure ( gas at ! inlet2 by :i* means an equable pressure is ma9ta9$ at ! outlet1 no matt] :at ! quantity ( gas :i* is be+ consum$1 or h[ ! pressure may v>y 9 ! inlet-pipe4 ,by ! aid ( a gov]nor1 fix$ on ! s]vice-pipe at ! entrance to a build+1 ! pressure ( gas at ! v>i\s burn]s is r5d]$ fairly uni=m2 yet1 ev5 !n1 p]fect equality ( pressure is n obta9$4 ,! slight friction :i* ! gas exp]i5ces 9 fl[+ ?r\gh ! pipes causes ! burn]s to be suppli$ at some:at l[] pressures1 ! f>!r !y are remov$ f ! burn]4 ,&1 aga91 ow+ to its l[ specific gravity1 gas t5ds to ga9 9 pressure ) an increas$ elevation2 ea* rise ( #aj feet add+ ab\t #a-aj? ( an in* to its pressure4 ,f ?is cause a high] pressure is exp]i5c$ 9 ! upp] ?an 9 ! l[] rooms ( a build+4 ,?is peculi>ity 0 obs]v$ at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( gas light+2 z ,clegg m5tions t1 9 cotton-mills1 *eck-taps 7 employ$ to regulate ! pressure ( gas at ea* floor4#ab ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to obta9 ! desir$ regul>ity ( pressure 9 ! gas supply1 gov]nors mu/ be employ$ = ea* /orey2 or1 :at is bett] /ill1 ea* burn] mu/ h its own sep>ate gov]nor4 ,& ?is br+s u back to ! subject ) :i* we are m closely conc]n$4 #ab ,clegg's ,treatise on ,coal ,gas1 #a/ ,ed41 p4 #aig4 ,! gov]nor-burn]1 z its "n implies1 consi/s ( a gov]nor1 z describ$ above 7b1 ( c\rse1 on a small] scale7 comb9$ ) a gas-burn]2 ! gov]nor be+ adju/$ s z1 :atev] excess ( pressure !re may be 9 ! gas-supply pipes1 to p]mit only ! quantity ( gas to pass :i* ! burn] is int5d$ to consume4 ,obvi\sly1 ! pr9ciple h]e9 conta9$ is capable ( receiv+ num]\s applications4 ,x c be1 & is appli$ ) equal success to ,arg& & flat-flame burn]s2 :ile ! modifications :i* obta9 9 ! mann] ( con/ruct+ ! regulat+ portion ( ! app>atus are almo/ z num]\s & z v>i$ z are ! burn]s !mselves4 ,z ! ma9 features exhibit$ by "o are common to all1 x is unnecess>y to g into ! details ( _! sev]al con/ructions4 ,x w suffice to take two or ?ree ( ! mo/ successful1 or ! be/ kn[n1 z repres5tatives ( ! :ole4 ,sid5ote3 ,gir\d's ,rheomet]4 ,among ! fir/ 9 ord] ( "t--& /ill reta9+ no unwor?y position 9 ord] ( m]it--is ! rheomet]1 or fl[-measur]1 ( ,m4 ,gir\d4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t a light metal bell is seal$ 9 glyc]9e conta9$ 9 a cyl9drical case2 ! bottom ( ?is latt] conta9+ ! inlet-pipe1 screw$ = connect+ to ! ord9>y fitt+s1 :ile f ! c5tre ( its cov] rises a tube lead+ to ! burn]4 ,! bell is pi]c$ by a small hole = ! passage ( ! gas1 & is surm\nt$ by a cone-%ap$ projection1 :i* con/itutes ! valve ( ! in/rum5t4 ,z ! pressure ( ! ent]+ gas lifts ! bell1 x causes ?is cone-valve to ent] ! m\? ( ! tube lead+ to ! burn]2 r$uc+ ! area ( ! op5+ 9 proportion to ! pressure ( gas act+ ^u ! "u side ( ! bell1 & s p]mitt+ only ! requir$ quantity ( gas to pass to ! burn]4 ,x might be ?\ght t ! pres5ce ( liquid w\ld con/itute an objection to ! use ( ! in/rum5t2 b1 z glyc]9e does n evaporate1 :5 once ! in/rum5t is fix$ & prop]ly adju/$1 x ne$s no fur!r att5tion4 ,) an excessive initial pressure1 !re is1 h[ev]1 a liability ( ! gas to bubble ?r\gh ! seal+ liquid1 & s de/roy ! effici5cy ( ! in/rum5t2 b ?is might be obviat$ by increas+ ! dep? ( ! bell1 & s giv+ x a great] seal4 ,! in/rum5t is v reliable = ! purpose :i* x is int5d$ to fulfil2 deliv]+1 ?r\gh a consid]able range ( pressure beyond t requir$ to raise ! bell1 ! exact quantity ( gas = :i* x has be5 adju/$4 ,x may be add$ t ! rheomet] has an advantage ov] _m in/rum5ts ( its class1 9 t x pres5ts s little ob/ruction to ! d[nw>d rays ( ! flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,gir\d',s ,,rheomet]4 ,sid5ote3 ,sugg's ,*ri/iania gov]nor-burn]4 ,mr4 ,william ,sugg1 9 8 regulator or gov]nor1 adopts an entirely diff]5t arrangem5t to ! =ego+4 ,! valve is plac$ at ! inlet ( ! gov]nor2 & n at its outlet1 z 9 ! in/rum5t j describ$4 ,in/ead ( a metal bell1 a diaphragm ( ?9 & v flexible lea!r is employ$1 :i* is rais$ by ! pressure ( ! ent]+ gas1 &1 9 turn1 actuates ! valve2 clos+ ! entrance to ! gov]nor 9 proportion to ! pressure ( gas act+ ^u x4 ,! orifice communicat+ betwe5 ! "u & ! upp] side ( ! lea!r diaphragm is controll$ by a screw1 :]eby ! quantity ( gas deliv]$ to ! burn] c be regulat$ accord+ to requirem5ts2 b :5 once x has be5 adju/$ to give any desir$ pressure ( gas at ! burn]1 ?is pressure w be /rictly ma9ta9$1 no matt] ) :at excess ( pressure 7)9 reasonable limits7 ! gas may be suppli$ to ! in/rum5t4 ,! improv$ ,london ,arg&s produc$ by ,mr4 ,sugg 7! details ( ! con/ruction ( :i* h be5 already describ$7 are too delicately adju/$ to be appli$ ) advantage directly to ! ord9>y consum]'s gas-fitt+s1 or :]ev] any v>iation 9 ! pressure ( ! gas supply is likely to be exp]i5c$4 ,h[ev]1 ) ! addition to !m ( ! above gov]nor1 _! use becomes z easy & simple z t ( o!r burn]s2 & ?us ! gas consum] is enabl$ to obta9 ! b5efit ( ! mo/ improv$ app>atus )\t be+ call$ ^u to ex]cise ! con/ant c>e & att5tion :i*1 )\t ! aid ( ! gov]nor1 w\ld be necessitat$4 ,besides be+ appli$ to ,arg&s1 ?is gov]nor is successfully appli$ by its inv5tor to 8 flat-flame burn]s4 ,9 conjunction ) a simple /eatite burn] ( ! latt] class1 x has receiv$ a v ext5d$ application1 "u ! "n ( ! ,*ri/iania gov]nor-burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,sugg's ,/eatite-float gov]nor-burn]4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 a new type ( gov]nor1 = application to burn]s1 has be5 br\ght out by ! same manufactur]1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is v diff]5t to t ( ! in/rum5t ref]r$ to above2 & z x is some:at simpl] 9 its details1 & )al appe>s to be *eap] 9 con/ruction1 x seems de/9$ to sup]s$e ! =m] in/rum5t4 ,9 ?is new gov]nor1 in/ead ( a lea!r diaphragm1 !re is a bell 7or float7 ( /eatite1 :i* is free to move1 9 ! mann] ( a pi/on1 )9 an inn] cyl9drical *amb] conta9$ )9 ! out] case ( ! in/rum5t4 ,atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! float1 & on its upp] surface1 is a tube slid+ )9 ano!r tube ( some:at l>g] area2 ! latt] =m+ a cont9uation ( ! inn] cyl9drical *amb]4 ,! small] tube is op5 at bo? ends1 & ?us communicates f bel[ to above ! float2 ! out] tube is clos$ at ! top1 b has an orifice 9 its side4 ,! action ( ! in/rum5t is z foll[s3--,! gas1 ent]+ bel[ ! float1 passes ?r\gh ! inn] tube to ! upp] "p ( ! cyl9drical *amb]1 & !nce1 ?r\gh ! orifice 9 ! out] tube1 to ! burn]4 ,z ! pressure ( ! ent]+ gas exce$s t requir$ to ov]come ! weight ( ! float1 ! latt] is rais$2 ! tube :i* is atta*$ to x be+ propell$ f>!r into ! out] tube 9 :i* x slides1 &1 9 s do+1 p>tially closes ! orifice 9 ! side ( ! latt]4 ,9 ?is way1 accord+ to ! pressure ( ! gas act+ ^u ! "u side ( ! float1 ! area ( ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* x mu/ fl[ to get to ! burn] is r$uc$2 & s ! quantity ( gas :i* issues f ! burn] rema9s ! same "u all pressures above t requir$ to actuate ! float4 ,! in/rum5t appe>s to be z reliable z x is simple1 & to conta9 few p>ts calculat$ to get out ( ord]2 b1 ( c\rse1 :e!r or n x w reta9 its good qualities aft] long-cont9u$ use c only be prov$ by exp]i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,sugg',s ,,/eatite-,,float ,,gov]nor4 ,sid5ote3 ,peebles's ne$le gov]nor-burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,effici5cy ( ! ne$le gov]nor-burn]4 ,ano!r in/rum5t ( ?is class--! la/ :i* ,i %all notice--is ,peebles's ne$le gov]nor-burn]4 ,= simplicity comb9$ ) rem>kable effici5cy1 x is und\bt$ly ahead ( all its compe]s4 ,some:at simil> 9 pr9ciple to ,gir\d's rheomet]1 x diff]s f t in/rum5t 9 _m ( ! details ( its con/ruction2 & :ile disp5s+ ) ! use ( liquid1 ma9ta9s equal effici5cy 9 op]ation4 ,x 0 describ$ z foll[s by ,dr4 ,w4 ,wallace1 9 a lecture on ,gas ,illum9ation1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,arts 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgi3ac--;,9 a little cyl9d] /&s a s-call$ ne$le1 on ! po9t ( :i* re/s a flang$ cone ( exce$+ly ?9 metal4 ,at "o side ( ! cyl9d] !re is a small tube lead+ away ! gas1 & ! orifice ( :i* is influ5c$ 9 area by ! action ( ! cone4 ,! in/rum5t1 by means ( a screw lead+ into ! side tube1 c be made to deliv] any desir$ numb] ( cubic feet1 :i* x does ) surpris+ accuracy1 provid$ t ! pressure ( ! gas is n less ?an #f-aj?s ( an in*4 ,z to ! effici5cy ( ! in/rum5t1 ,dr4 ,wallace proce$$ to /ate3--,9 trials t ,i h made1 ,i h n f\nd ! v>iations ( volume at diff]5t pressures to exce$ #a p] c5t4 ,= situations :]e ?is extreme nicety ( op]ation is n absolutely ess5tial1 or :]e ! rate ( consumption is to be inv>iable1 ! in/rum5t is con/ruct$ 9 a some:at modifi$ & simpl] =m4 ,! small tube on ! side ( ! in/rum5t is disp5s$ )1 & ! gas p]mitt$ to pass ?r\gh p]=ations 9 ! l[] "p ( ! cone4 ,) ?is alt]ation !re is a ne>] approa* to ! con/ruction ( ! rheomet]2 b1 z 9 t in/rum5t1 !re is no provision = alt]+ ! rate ( consumption to suit diff]5t circum/ances4 #ac ,see ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii41 p4 #afb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,peebles',s ,,ne$le ,,gov]nor4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,reg5]ative ,,burn]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,temp]ature ( a gas flame4 ,z 0 rem>k$ 9 ! introduction to ?is treatise1 rec5t ye>s h witness$ a v consid]able advance 9 ! con/ruction ( gas-burn]s1 & 9 ! am\nt ( light capable ( be+ develop$ f ea* cubic foot ( gas consum$4 ,und\bt$ly ! mo/ noticeable feature ( ?is advance is ! successful application ( ! reg5]ative1 or1 z x w\ld be m appropriately designat$1 recup]ative sy/em4 ,briefly /at$1 ?is consi/s 9 utiliz+ ! heat ( ! products ( combu/ion f ! gas flame 7:i* o!rwise w\ld be dissipat$ into ! atmosph]e7 to raise ! temp]ature ( ! gas be=e x is ignit$2 &1 likewise1 ( ! air necess>y = combu/ion4 ,! temp]ature ( an illum9at+ gas flame is usually e/imat$ to be betwe5 #bjjj deg4 & #bdjj deg4 ,fahr42 & z ! products ( combu/ion mu/ leave ! flame at a temp]ature little1 if at all1 inf]ior to ! =m] figure1 x mu/ be evid5t t !re is an ample m>g9 ( heat = employm5t 9 ?is direction4 ,a consid]able proportion ( ! l>ge am\nt ( heat convey$ by ^? products ( combu/ion :i*1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 is imp>t$ to ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e--(t5 elevat+ its temp]ature to an unnecess>y & prejudicial ext5t--is1 by ?is me?od1 return$ to ! flame2 int5sify+ ! process ( combu/ion1 & augm5t+1 9 a rem>kable degree1 ! illum9at+ p[] develop$ f ! gas consum$4 ,?us ! ultimate effect ( ! op]ation is to produce a conc5tration ( heat 9 ! flame1 & ! conv]sion ( sup]flu\s heat into b5eficial light4 ,)9 a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 ! utility ( ?is process 0 /rongly disput$2 & x 0 /\tly ma9ta9$1 by _m p]sons1 t z ! imm$iate effect ( ignition 0 to cause a temp]ature ( m ?an #bjjj deg4 ,fahr4 to be atta9$1 ! heat+ ( ! gas & air prior to _! combu/ion c\ld produce little or no b5eficial effect ^u ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! flame4 ,h[ev]1 ! falsity ( ?is view ( ! case is conclusively demon/rat$ by practical exp]im5t2 ! rem>kably high results yield$ by burn]s t h be5 con/ruct$ ^u ! reg5]ative sy/em suffici5tly atte/+ ! correctness ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,al?\gh1 9 g5]al1 bo? ! gas & air supplies are heat$1 x is *iefly due to ! latt] t ! b5eficial effect notic$ is produc$2 & ?is = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! quantity ( air is s mu* great] ?an ! gas x is requir$ to consume2 be+1 at ! ne>e/ approa* to !oretical p]fection1 fully six times its volume4 ,second1 because f\r-fif?s 9 volume ( ! air consi/s ( in]t nitrog51 :i* does n contribute any?+ to ! heat ( ! flame1 b1 :5 appli$ 9 its normal1 cold condition1 ab/racts no inconsid]able proportion ( heat f x4 ,yet ! heat+ ( ! gas itself is n )\t v appreciable influ5ce4 ,9 an ord9>y gas flame !re is always an area ( non-illum9ation ar\nd1 & ext5d+ to a v>iable di/ance f ! burn] head4 ,?is is caus$ p>tly by ! conduction ( heat f ! flame by ! burn]2 b1 9 a great] degree1 by ! cool+ action ( ! issu+ /ream ( cold gas1 z is %[n by its ext5d+ f>!r f ! burn] 9 proportion to ! pressure or velocity ) :i* ! gas issues4 ,! prejudicial effect due to ! =m] is obviat$ to a great ext5t by con/ruct+ ! burn] ( /eatite1 or o!r non-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,to rem$y ! latt]1 no?+ w avail b ! heat+ ( ! gas supply4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects ( heat+ ! gas & air4 ,! effect ( heat+ ! gas is to enl>ge ! area ( ! illum9at+ portion ( ! flame1 &1 9 a m9or degree1 to enhance ! int5sity ( inc&esc5ce to :i* ! c>bonace\s p>ticles are rais$4 ,:5 ! gas issues f ! burn] at a temp]ature little inf]ior to ! temp]ature ( ignition1 ! hydroc>bons x conta9s are imm$iately decompos$2 ! lib]at$ p>ticles ( c>bon are rais$ to ! temp]ature ( inc&esc5ce2 & ! illum9at+ area ( ! flame is ext5d$ d[nw>ds1 ev5 to ! surface ( ! burn]4 ,! heat+ ( ! air op]ates *iefly to produce & ma9ta9 a m elevat$ temp]ature ( ! flame2 &1 9 ?is mann]1 contributes to ! developm5t ( a high] illum9at+ p[] f ! same area ( flame4 ,9 ! case ( ord9>y gas flames1 ! cold atmosph]e by :i* !y are surr\nd$1 by ab/ract+ heat f ! flame1 prev5ts ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = ! developm5t ( light f be+ atta9$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! air imm$iately surr\nd+ ! flame has be5 previ\sly heat$1 ! p>ticles ( c>bon 7! inc&esc5ce ( :i* furni%es ! desir$ illum9at+ p[]7 atta9 to a mu* m exalt$ temp]ature2 &1 consequ5tly1 give out a great] degree ( light4 ,b !re is yet ano!r direction 9 :i* ! prior heat+ ( ! air supply contributes to ! developm5t ( improv$ illum9at+ p[]4 ,be+ heat$1 its d5sity is l[]$2 s t 9 any giv5 volume ( air !re is less weight ( oxyg5 ?an :5 cold4 ,! consequ5ce is t z less oxyg5 is pres5t$ to a giv5 surface area ( flame1 ! sep>at$ p>ticles ( c>bon rema9 = a long] p]iod ( "t 9 ! inc&esc5t condition be=e be+ entirely consum$4 ,?us !re are ?ree di/9ct results produc$ by heat+ ! gas & air be=e combu/ion--namely1 fir/1 ! p>ticles ( c>bon are lib]at$ e>li] 9 ! flame2 second1 !y are rais$ to a m exalt$ temp]ature2 &1 ?ird1 !y rema9 = a long] "t 9 ! inc&esc5t condition4 ,! comb9$ effect ( all ?ree is ! improv$ illum9at+ p[] develop$ f ! gas consum$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,b[dit*',s ,,reg5]ative ,,gas-,,burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,b[dit*'s reg5]ative burn]4 ,s f> back z ! ye> #ahed1 ! pr9ciple ( heat+ ! air supply to an ,arg& burn]1 by means ( wa/e heat f ! flame1 0 p>tially appli$1 ) "s success1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,b[dit*1 ,m4,a41 ( ,wakefield4 ,mr4 ,b[dit*'s burn]1 :i* is %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram1 conta9$1 9 addition to ! ord9>y *imney1 an out] glass *imney1 :i* ext5d$ = "s di/ance bel[ ! inn] "o1 & 0 clos$ at ! bottom2 s t all ! air ne$$ to support ! combu/ion ( ! gas 0 requir$ to pass d[n ! annul> space betwe5 ! *imneys1 & 9 its passage became int5sely heat$ by contact ) ! hot surface ( ! inn] *imney1 z well z by radiation f ! flame itself4 ,?is burn] conta9$ _m defects4 ,among/ o!rs1 ! inn] *imney c\ld n long )/& ! int5se heat to :i* x 0 subject$1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 _h to be frequ5tly r5ew$2 ! heat+ ( ! air 0 n effect$ solely by ! products ( combu/ion1 b1 p]haps 9 a great] degree1 by ! ab/raction ( heat f ! flame itself2 :ile1 at be/1 ?is heat+ 0 b p>tial4 ,yet1 ^! defects not)/&+1 ! burn] %[$ v cle>ly ! b5eficial results att5d+ ev5 a p>tial application ( ! pr9ciple2 z1 9 ! illum9at+ p[] x develop$ f ! gas consum$1 a cle> ga9 ( #fg p] c5t4 ov] ! ord9>y ,arg& burn] 0 obta9$4 ,al?\gh ! drawbacks connect$ ) ! con/ruction ( ,mr4 ,b[dit*'s burn] prev5t$ its ev] receiv+ g5]al1 or ev5 ext5sive adoption1 its simplicity has ga9$ = x ! di/9ction ( be+ freely copi$ by s-call$ inv5tors ( a lat] day4 ,sid5ote3 ,inv5tion ( ! ,siem5s reg5]ative burn]4 ,x 0 left to ,h]r ,fri$ri* ,siem5s1 ( ,dresd51 to produce a burn] :i*1 :ile apply+ ! pr9ciple ( reg5]ative heat+ 9 ! mo/ sci5tific & complete mann]1 %\ld also be adapt$ to ! ord9>y conditions ( gas light+4 ,aft] mu* exp]im5t+ on ! subject1 a burn] embody+ ! ess5tial features ( ! reg5]ative sy/em 0 inv5t$ by ?is g5tleman 9 #ahgi2 & s great 0 ! advance :i* its p]=mances manife/$ ov] any?+ previ\sly atta9$1 s wide ! prospect ( fur!r a*ievem5ts :i* 0 op5$ out1 t x may fairly be said to h inaugurat$ a new era 9 gas illum9ation4 ,9 ?is burn] ! products ( combu/ion 7 made to give up a consid]able portion ( _! heat to ! gas & air1 z ! latt] pass$ to ! po9t ( ignition2 ! flame itself n be+ call$ ^u to contribute 9 any degree to ?is result4 ,al?\gh1 z 0 b natural1 ! fir/ attempts t[>ds ! con/ruction ( su* a burn] 7 v crude1 & b p>tially successful 9 _! results1 ! inv5tor p]sev]$ 9 8 endeav\rs to "w out 8 ideas into practical & ?or\ghly satisfactory %ape4 ,x 0 n until aft] x _h gone ?r\gh _m modifications t ! burn] acquir$ ! peculi> =m :i* n[ di/+ui%es x1 & atta9$ to its pres5t /age ( p]fection4 ,be=e proce$+ to describe an example ( ! burn] z n[ con/ruct$1 x is necess>y to /ate t ! pr9ciples embodi$ 9 ,h]r ,siem5s's inv5tion are equally well adapt$--&1 inde$1 are appli$ ) equal success--to ! con/ruction ( flat-flame & ,arg& burn]s2 b z ! di/9ctive features ( ! inv5tion are common to bo? classes ( burn]s1 x w be q suffici5t to describe 9 detail "o ( ! latt] type4 ,a prom95t feature 9 ! appe>ance ( ! ,siem5s burn]1 z w be se5 f ! annex$ illu/ration1 is a l>ge metal *imney1 = creat+ a draught to c>ry away ! products ( combu/ion4 ,! entrance to ?is *imney is situat$ a little above ! apex ( ! flame2 b !re is a bran* flue connect+ ! ma9 *imney ) ! int]ior ( ! burn]4 ,! body ( ! burn] is ( metal1 & its int]ior is divid$ into ?ree conc5tric *amb]s4 ,( ^!1 ! inn]mo/ is op5 at ! top1 & is surm\nt$ by a porcela9 cyl9d]1 :i*1 :5 ! gas is light$1 is surr\nd$ by ! flame4 ,?is *amb] is clos$ at ! bottom1 b communicates at ! side ) ! be=e-m5tion$ bran* tube1 or flue1 lead+ to ! ma9 *imney4 ,! int]m$iate *amb] communicates1 at its l[] extremity1 ) ! gas supply2 & t]m9ates1 a %ort di/ance f ! top ( ! burn]1 9 a numb] ( small metal tubes1 :i* convey ! gas to ! po9t ( ignition4 ,! out] *amb] is op5 bo? at top & bottom1 & is = convey+ air to support ! combu/ion ( ! gas4 ,9 ord] to promote great] int5sity ( combu/ion1 !re is a not*$ deflector at ! summit ( ! latt] *amb]1 & ano!r on ! l[] "p ( ! porcela9 cyl9d]1 :i* cause ! air to imp+e m directly ^u bo? sides ( ! flame4 ,!re is also an arrangem5t = introduc+ air betwe5 ! out] cas+ ( ! air *amb] & ! glass *imney :i* encloses ! flame2 its object be+ to keep ! *imney cool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elevation4 ,,enl>g$ ,,section ,,( ,,combu/ion ,,*amb]s4 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,siem5s',s ,,reg5]ative ,,gas-,,burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,action ( ! ,siem5s burn]4 ,! action ( ! burn] is z foll[s3--,:5 ! gas is ignit$ at ! r+ ( tubes1 ! heat$ air & products ( combu/ion1 :i* rise f ! flame1 create a draught 9 ! ma9 *imney4 ,?r\gh ! communication e/abli%$ by means ( ! lat]al flue1 a p>tial vacuum1 or area ( l[ pressure1 is induc$ 9 ! inn]mo/ *amb] ( ! burn]1 & )9 ! porcela9 cyl9d] :i* surm\nts x4 ,z ! flame t]m9ates close to ! m\? ( ! latt]1 ! great] portion ( ! products ( combu/ion1 in/ead ( go+ into ! ma9 *imney1 are suck$ into ! porcela9 cyl9d]2 & ?us a curr5t is set up ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! burn]1 & by ! lat]al flue1 to ! ma9 *imney4 ,! heat c>ri$ away by ! products ( combu/ion is communicat$1 ?r\gh ! walls ( ! *amb]s1 to ! ent]+ gas & air2 & by ?is means ! latt] are heat$ to a v high temp]ature be=e !y issue f ! burn] & are consum$4 ,! consequ5ce is t a mu* great] int5sity ( combu/ion is ma9ta9$2 ! c>bon p>ticles are sep>at$ e>li] 9 ! flame1 & are rais$ to a m exalt$ temp]ature2 & ! ultimate effect is a high] yield 9 illum9at+ p[] p] cubic foot ( gas consum$4 ,indep5d5t te/s by v>i\s exp]i5c$ photometri/s h conclusively %[n t a light equival5t to t f #e to #f c&les is obta9$ p] cubic foot1 f gas :i*1 9 ! /&>d ,london ,arg&1 yields a light ( only f #c to #c-a_/b c&les4 ,sid5ote3 ,defects ( ! ,siem5s burn]4 ,:ile ! advantages ( ! ,siem5s burn] are _m & obvi\s1 x is n )\t its disadvantages4 ,^! p>tly arise f causes connect$ ) ! v obs]vance ( ! conditions necess>y to secure ! effici5cy ( ! burn]4 ,) e advance 9 ! m effici5t op]ation ( gas-burn]s1 increas$ c>e & att5tion are dem&$ 9 _! employm5t1 9 ord] to obta9 ! b5efits !y are calculat$ to yield4 ,inde$1 x w\ld almo/ appe> t ! ne>] ! approa* to p]fection :i* is made 9 ! con/ruction ( a burn]1 ! great] mu/ be ! drawbacks to its g5]al adoption4 ,?us1 9 ! burn] "u notice1 if ! gas supply is all[$ to become 9 excess1 ! tail ( ! flame ent]s ! porcela9 cyl9d]1 & soot is deposit$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! burn]2 ob/ruct+ ! passages1 & impair+ ! burn]'s action4 ,!n1 to cause ! burn] to yield its highe/ results1 x is necess>y t ! air supply be accurately adju/$ to ! quantity ( gas be+ consum$4 ,to ?is end ! entrance to ! air *amb]1 at ! bottom ( ! burn]1 is cov]$ by a p]=at$ semi-circul> cup1 by turn+ :i* ! quantity ( air ent]+ ! burn] c be increas$ or dim9i%$ z requir$4 ,moreov]1 ! bulky con/ruction ( ! burn]1 ) its accompanim5t ( *imney & flue1 & its complicat$ arrangem5t ( tubes & *amb]s1 imp>ts to x a some:at clumsy & inelegant appe>ance1 :i* is calculat$ to impair ! fav\r ) :i* its rem>kable p]=mances cause x to be reg>d$4 ,b ^! drawbacks are f> outweigh$ by ! und\bt$ advantages conf]r$ by ! burn]--9 improv$ illum9ation comb9$ ) economy ( combu/ion1 & ! facilities x af=ds = secur+ p]fect v5tilation4 ,enc\rag$ by ! success ( ,h]r ,siem5s1 o!r inv5tors h foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps2 ) ! result t !re are n[ a v>iety ( burn]s be=e ! public1 embody+ ! same pr9ciples1 b diff]+ 9 ! details ( _! con/ruction & 9 ! measure ( _! effici5cy4 ,( ^! may be m5tion$ ,grim/on's1 ,?orp's1 & ,cl>k's2 & )\t describ+ 9 detail ! con/ruction ( ! sev]al burn]s 7( :i* fur!r p>ticul>s w be f\nd 9 ! ,regi/] ( ,pat5ts 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+#ad71 x mu/ suffice to ref] to ! sali5t po9ts & di/9ctive features ( ea*4 #ad ,see ,vol4 ,,xl41 pp4 #ghf1 #iej2 & ,vol4 ,,xlii1 p4 #hcf4 ,sid5ote3 ,grim/on's reg5]ative burn]4 ,grim/on's burn] 7%[n on ! next page7 consi/s1 9 effect1 ( an ,arg& burn] turn$ upside d[n2 ! gas issu+ f ! bottom ends ( a numb] ( small tubes plac$ 9 a circle4 ,! jets ( flame--fir/ direct$ d[nw>ds f ! m\?s ( ^! tubes--by a conoidal deflector 9 ! c5tre ( ! r+1 are caus$ to spread outw>ds1 & assume a horizontal direction2 & by _! amalgamation ) ea* o!r a cont9u\s %eet or r+ ( flame is produc$4 ,! horizontal direction ( ! flame is ma9ta9$ by its pass+ und]nea? a metal flange1 fac$ ) :ite porcela91 or o!r refractory mat]ial2 ! supply ( gas be+ adju/$ s t ! flame j t]m9ates at ! out] edge ( ?is flange4 ,be=e ent]+ ! *imney1 ! products ( combu/ion are caus$ to fl[ ?r\gh a numb] ( v]tical tubes conta9$ 9 a cyl9d]1 :i* is conc5tric to an inn] cyl9d] conta9+ ! gas-supply tubes4 ,! out] cyl9d] is trav]s$ by ! air ne$$ = ! support ( combu/ion1 :i* is to become heat$ be=e rea*+ ! po9t ( ignition2 & 9 ord] ! m completely to enable ! products ( combu/ion to imp>t _! heat to ! ent]+ air1 ! cyl9d] is fur!r int]sect$ by /rips ( wire gauze1 :i* pass ar\nd & betwe5 ! tubes 7see fig4 #bb1 on next page74 ,by ^! means ! air is int5sely heat$2 &1 pass+ among ! n>r[ burn] tubes ?r\gh :i* ! gas is convey$1 gives up a portion ( its heat to ! latt] be=e ! po9t ( ignition is rea*$4 ,?us1 9 a v simple mann]1 bo? air & gas are rais$ to a consid]able temp]ature be=e combu/ion takes place4 ,) reg>d to ! effici5cy ( ! burn]1 at ! exhibition ( gas appliances held at ,/ockport 9 #ahhb 7:]e a gold m$al 0 aw>d$ to x1 z well z to ,?orp's burn]1 to be ref]r$ to h]eaft]71 ) a consumption p] h\r ( #i4hd cubic feet ( #ag4e c&le gas1 an illum9at+ p[] ( #fj4fg c&les 0 obta9$ 7equal to #f4af c&les p] cubic foot72 :ile1 on ano!r occasion1 :5 ! burn] 0 consum+ #h4id cubic feet p] h\r1 an illum9at+ p[] ( #ea4e c&les 7equal to #e4gf c&les p] cubic foot7 0 obta9$ f gas ( ! same quality4 ,x is claim$ = ?is burn] t equally good results are obta9$ ) small sizes z ) l>ge2 & ?is1 if borne out 9 actual practice1 %\ld g f> t[>ds ensur+ ! success & ext5sive adoption ( ! burn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,grim/on',s ,,reg5]ative ,,gas-,,burn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,grim/on',s ,,burn]4 ,,plan1 ,,%[+ ,,reg5]at+ ,,arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,?orp',s ,,reg5]ative ,,gas-,,burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,?orp's reg5]ative burn]4 ,?orp's burn] produces a cyl9drical flame1 l t ( ! ,arg&1 b )\t ! aid ( a glass *imney :i* is a necess>y adjunct to ! latt] burn]4 ,by means ( a deflector on ! inn] side ( ! flame1 ! latt] is made to curve outw>ds & assume a some:at convex =m1 s z to obviate ! %ad[ :i* o!rwise w\ld be ca/ by ! gas *amb] at ! bottom ( ! burn]4 ,above ! flame is a cyl9drical *imney1 divid$ by a v]tical p>tition into two conc5tric *amb]s1 :i* are int]sect$ by a s]ies ( metal gills1 or projections1 cont9u$ ?r\gh bo? *amb]s4 ,! out] *amb] is = convey+ away ! products ( combu/ion2 ! inn] "o = ! passage ( air to fe$ ! flame2 :ile d[n ! c5tre ( ! inn] *amb] !re passes a tube convey+ ! gas to ! po9t ( ignition4 ,! hot products ( combu/ion pass up f ! flame ?r\gh ! out] *amb]1 & give up ! great] portion ( _! heat to ! projections2 by :i* x is conduct$ into ! inn] *amb]1 & transf]r$ to ! incom+ air4 ,a common imp]fection ( reg5]ative burn]s is t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! dim9i%$ rate at :i* ! gas fl[s ?r\gh ! burn] :5 exp&$ by heat1 :5 />t+ ! burn] ! gas mu/ be only p>tially turn$ on1 & ! quantity gradually increas$ z ! burn] becomes heat$2 ?us necessitat+ consid]able att5tion4 ,to prev5t ! ne$ = ?is att5tion1 !re is 9 ,?orp's burn] an +5i\s contrivance = automatically regulat+ ! quantity ( gas admitt$ to ! flame4 ,! c5tral gas-tube1 :i* is ref]r$ to above1 conta9s a brass rod1 fix$ at "o end1 & at ! o!r connect$ to a valve controll+ ! quantity ( gas t ent]s ! tube4 ,at fir/1 :5 ! gas is light$1 ?is valve is almo/ clos$2 b z ! rod becomes heat$ x elongates1 gradually op5+ ! valve until ! full quantity ( gas is admitt$ :i* ! burn] is int5d$ to consume4 ,at ! ,/ockport exhibition1 ,?orp's burn] 0 te/$ ) ! foll[+ results1 z record$ 9 ! ,judges' report4 ,aft] x _h burn$ ab\t two h\rs1 x gave an illum9at+ p[] ( #ahc /&>d c&les1 :ile burn+ #bg cubic feet ( gas p] h\r 7equal to #f4gg /&>d c&les p] cubic foot71 ) gas ( #c4e c&les p] cubic foot4444 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t ) ! same quality ( gas1 aft] burn+ half an h\r x yield$1 "u simil> conditions1 #aed c&les ) a consumption ( #be4bi cubic feet p] h\r1 :i* gave an illum9at+ p[] ( #f4jb c&les p] cubic foot4 ,sid5ote3 ,cl>k's reg5]ative burn]4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,cl>k's burn] t calls = special notice4 ,9 its ma9 features x appe>s to be con/ruct$ ^u simil> l9es to ,grim/on's burn]1 al?\gh ! co9cid5ce is d\btless only accid5tal4#ae ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be add$ t 9 ! details ( its con/ruction x is mu* simpl] ?an ! latt] burn]2 & c]ta9ly x appe>s to lose v little 9 effici5cy f its great] simplicity1 z ! foll[+ extract f a report by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h>tley1 ! well-kn[n photometri/1 w %[3--,) a consumption rate ( #e4c cubic feet ( gas p] h\r1 ! am\nt ( light yield$ horizontally 0 equal to #bi4gi times t ( a /&>d c&le4 ,! light yield$ p] cubic foot ( gas burn$ p] h\r 0 !re=e equal to #e4fb times t ( a /&>d c&le4 ,& ! am\nt ( light deliv]$ imm$iately d[nw>ds is said to be v s5sibly great] ?an ! am\nt ( light deliv]$ horizontally4 ,l ! ,grim/on burn]1 x is ( ! inv]t$ ,arg& =m2 ! gas issu+ f a *amb] at ! bottom ( a tube :i* desc5ds ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! burn]4 ,! products ( combu/ion escape ?r\gh a *imney2 & 9 s do+ give up a portion ( _! heat to ! ent]+ air1 :i* is convey$ to ! po9t ( ignition ?r\gh horizontal tubes t int]sect ! *imney4 ,! burn] is enclos$ 9 a suitable lant]n1 ! l[] half ( :i* consi/s ( a semi-globul> glass2 a simil> arrangem5t be+ adopt$ 9 connection ) ! ,grim/on & ,?orp burn]s4 #ae ,9 ju/ice to ,mr4 ,cl>k x %\ld be m5tion$ t1 s9ce ! above appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+1 ! att5tion ( ! writ] has be5 call$ to ! fact 7:i* _h be5 ov]look$ by him7 t ,cl>k's pat5t 0 tak5 out "s mon?s be=e t ( ei!r ,grim/on or ,?orp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,cl>k',s ,,reg5]ative ,,gas-,,burn]4 ,! ?ree burn]s la/ m5tion$ h n be5 be=e ! public suffici5tly long to enable a reliable op9ion to be =m$ z to _! value 9 actual & prolong$ use4 ,al?\gh !re is no reason = suppos+ t su* w occur 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 x s (t5 happ5s t ! results indicat$ by app>atus 9 ! exp]im5tal /age1 or :ile /ill "u ! control ( ! inv5tor1 are n borne out 9 practice1 t x w\ld be unwise to express any decid$ op9ion z to _! ultimate wor? f exi/+ in=mation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be e>ne/ly hop$ t ! m>k$ fav\r ) :i* !y h be5 receiv$ w n be impair$ on improv$ acqua9tance2 b t fur!r exp]i5ce w ju/ify ! anticipations t h be5 excit$ by ! excell5t p]=mances ( ! burn]s hi!rto1 & demon/rate at once _! durability & real usefulness4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 consid]able activity has be5 %[n by inv5tors 9 produc+ new burn]s ^u ! reg5]ative pr9ciple1 or 9 improv+ ^u exi/+ models4 ,( c\rse1 z yet x is too e>ly to arrive at a satisfactory e/imate ( _! actual value or relative wor?2 b x may be hop$ t1 f ! increas$ att5tion be+ devot$ to ! subject1 "s real & practical results w fl[1 by :i* ! gas-consum+ public w be ! ga9]s4 ,s f>1 ! mo/ promis+ ( ?is class ( burn]s t has be5 br\ght into actual use1 s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,siem5s burn]1 is ! "o repres5t$ bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,b[] ,,& ,,?orp',s ,,reg5]ative ,,gas-,,burn]4 ,x is a modification1 9 ! direction ( great] simplicity1 ( ,?orp's =m] burn]1 illu/rat$ & describ$ on p4 #fi ( ?is treatise2 & z its con/ruction is bas$ ^u ! same l9es z t burn]1 fur!r description is n requir$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,inc&esc5t ,,burn]s4 ,a review ( gas-burn]s w\ld sc>cely be complete )\t "s ref]5ce to ! inc&esc5t burn]s ( ,m4 ,clamond & ,mr4 ,lewis4 ,al?\gh _! dep5d5ce ^u an artificially produc$ bla/ or curr5t ( air removes !m f ! li/ ( appliances applicable to ord9>y conditions1 ! rem>kable results :i* !y af=d1 n less ?an _! orig9ality1 dem& = !m at lea/ a pass+ notice4 ,! production ( light by ! ag5cy ( ^! burn]s is br\ght ab\t 9 a mann] altoge!r diff]5t1 & is due to q o!r causes ?an ^? :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! production ( an ord9>y illum9at+ gas flame4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! illum9at+ p[] develop$ is solely due to ! hydroc>bons conta9$ 9 ! gas1 :i* are decompos$ by ! heat ( ! flame1 ! sep>at$ c>bon be+ rais$ to a :ite heat4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! illum9at+ p[] is n obta9$ directly f ! gas2 b advantage is tak5 ( ! heat ( ! flame1 enhanc$ by ! application ( a bla/ ( air1 to raise to inc&esc5ce "s refractory =eign mat]ial1 :i* latt] is ?us made to give out light4 ,9 ! ,clamond burn] ?is refractory sub/ance is a basket compos$ ( magnesia1 spun into ?reads2 9 ! ,lewis burn] x is a cage ( plat9um wire4 ,to ! un?9k+ read] x may p]haps appe> some:at surpris+ t results s rem>kable z are yield$ by ^! burn]s %\ld be obta9$1 :ile disreg>d+1 z a s\rce ( light1 ! hydroc>bons conta9$ 9 gas1 & employ+ !m1 9 common ) ! o!r con/itu5ts1 solely z a s\rce ( heat4 ,an explanation1 h[ev]1 is readily =?com+4 ,z 0 %[n 9 a =m] "p ( ?is treatise1#af ! great bulk ( ord9>y coal gas consi/s ( con/itu5ts :i*1 9 ! act ( combu/ion1 produce consid]able heat1 b sc>cely any light2 ! illum9at+ p[] develop$ 9 an ord9>y gas flame be+ almo/ :olly dep5d5t ^u ! v small proportion ( heavy hydroc>bons :i* ! gas conta9s4 ,?us1 ! quantity ( heat-produc+ elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! gas be+ q disproportionate to ! light-yield+ hydroc>bons1 !re is always produc$1 9 an ord9>y gas flame1 m heat ?an is necess>y = effectively consum+ ! free c>bon1 :i* is lib]at$ 9 ! flame by ! decomposition ( ! heavy hydroc>bons4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t coal gas c usually be naph?aliz$--t is1 impregnat$ ) ! vap\r ( naph?a--to a consid]able ext5t be=e ! limit ( effective combu/ion is rea*$4 ,! object aim$ at 9 ! inc&esc5t burn]s ab\t to be describ$ is to utilize1 9 ! developm5t ( illum9at+ p[]1 ! comb9$ heat produc$ by ! combu/ion ( all ! con/itu5ts ( ! gas4 ,to ?is end ! heat ( combu/ion is br\ght to be> ^u1 & caus$ to raise to inc&esc5ce1 "s refractory mat]ial1 extrane\s to1 b br\ght )9 ! op]ation ( ! flame4 #af ,see ,*ap4 ,,ii41 p4 #ba4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( inject+ a bla/ ( air into a gas flame4 ,a fur!r explanation ( ! sup]ior results yield$ by ^! burn]s may be f\nd 9 ! employm5t ( an artificial bla/ or curr5t ( air4 ,inde$1 )\t "s su* arrangem5t ! desir$ end c\ld n be atta9$4 ,! heat develop$ by ! unaid$ flame is diffus$ ov] too wide an area to raise ! temp]ature ( ! heat$ sub/ance to ! necess>y degree ( inc&esc5ce to enable x to give out suffici5t light4 ,by inject+ a curr5t ( air into its mid/1 ! flame is cond5s$ into a small] compass2 & is br\ght to be> m directly ^u ! precise locality :]e its heat may be mo/ effectively employ$4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! total quantity ( heat develop$ rema9s exactly ! same z be=e1 x is conc5trat$ ^u a small] surface ( ! refractory sub/ance2 & ! latt] is consequ5tly m int5sely heat$1 or1 9 o!r words1 rais$ to a m exalt$ temp]ature4 ,! v sup]ior illum9at+ p[] :i* is !reby obta9$ is due to ! circum/ance t ! quantity ( light yield$ by an inc&esc5t body increases 9 a high] ratio ?an ! temp]ature to :i* x is rais$4 ,sid5ote3 ,lewis's inc&esc5t gas-burn]4 ,proce$+ n[ to describe ! burn]s4 ,! "o inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,lewis 7v>i\s =ms ( :i* are illu/rat$ on ! next page7 consi/s ( an upright tube1 connect$ at its base to ! gas supply1 & surm\nt$ by a cap or cage ( plat9um wire gauze2 :i* latt] con/itutes a combu/ion *amb]1 z x is !re t ! mixture ( gas & air is consum$4 ,into ! l[] "p ( ! upright tube ! nozzle ( an air-pipe is ins]t$1 ?r\gh :i* a supply ( air c be inject$1 "u pressure1 into ! burn]1 aft] ! mann] ( a bl[pipe4 ,!re are also small bran* tubes lead+ into ! upright gas-tube1 & op5 to ! atmosph]e4 ,?r\gh ^! an additional quantity ( air ent]s ! burn]2 be+ drawn or suck$ 9 by ! ag5cy ( ! ma9 curr5t1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! upright tube4 ,! resemblance to an ord9>y ,buns5 burn] is1 !re=e1 v close4 ,! mixture ( gas & air ?us produc$1 :5 ignit$1 burns at ! plat9um cap2 ! heat :i* is develop$ caus+ ! latt] to become highly inc&esc5t1 & s to give out a brilliant light4 ,to prev5t ! conduction ( heat f ! inc&esc5t plat9um1 ?r\gh ! upright tube1 a non-conduct+ mat]ial--su*1 = in/ance1 z /eatite or porcela9--is int]pos$ betwe5 ! gauze cap & ! metal tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,lewis',s ,,inc&esc5t ,,gas-,,burn]4 ,! light produc$ by ?is burn] is said to approximate m closely to daylight ?an t yield$ by an ord9>y gas flame 7! col\rs ( textile fabrics1 = in/ance1 be+ %[n z well by its aid z by daylight72 :ile1 on acc\nt ( its result+ f ! inc&esc5ce ( a fix$ body1 in/ead ( be+ emitt$ f a flame1 x is unaffect$ by a gu/ ( w9d1 & ma9ta9s p]fect /ead9ess "u e condition ( wea!r4 ,! illum9at+ p[] develop$ is /at$ to be equal to #e /&>d c&les p] cubic foot ( gas consum$4 ,sid5ote3 ,clamond's inc&esc5t gas-burn]4 ,m4 ,clamond's burn]1 :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #bg1 is a mu* m complicat$ app>atus ?an ! prec$+ "o1 & n s easily describ$2 b its ma9 features may be briefly enum]at$ z foll[s3--,! air 7:i*1 z 9 ,mr4 ,lewis's burn]1 is suppli$ "u pressure7 is divid$1 z x ent]s ! app>atus1 into two portions4 ,"o portion is at once mix$ ) ! gas2 ! rema9d] be+ convey$1 ?r\gh a peculi>ly con/ruct$ tube compos$ ( small pieces ( refractory mat]ial1 to ! combu/ion *amb]1 or wick1 z x is t]m$1 ( ! burn]4 ,?is wick is a small conical basket1 made ( a k9d ( lacework ( spun magnesia1 :i*1 :5 rais$ to inc&esc5ce by ! heat produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ! gas1 furni%es ! desir$ illum9ation4 ,! mixture ( gas & air is subdivid$1 by a di/ributor1 into two portions1 "o ( :i* goes direct to ! magnesia wick1 !re to be burnt1 :ile ! o!r is di/ribut$ among a numb] ( tubes1 =m+ s-call$ auxili>y burn]s1 ! flames ( :i* are utiliz$ to heat ! *ief air supply2 be+ direct$ ^u ! sides ( ! be=e-m5tion$ tube ( refractory mat]ial1 ?r\gh :i* x is convey$4 ,by ?is means ! air is rais$ to a v high temp]ature 7#ajjj deg4 ,c41 or #ahjj deg4 ,fahr41 x is said7 be=e x imp+es ^u ! flame4 ,! result is ! production ( a mo/ int5se heat )9 ! magnesia basket2 ! latt] be+ rais$ to brilliant inc&esc5ce1 & s develop+ a high illum9at+ p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,,clamond',s ,,inc&esc5t ,,gas-,,burn]4 ,! magnesia basket mu/ be r5ew$ aft] be+ 9 use a p]iod ( f #dj to #fj h\rs1 z x gradually det]iorates by ! action ( ! int5se heat to :i* x is subject$2 b z ! co/ is said to be insignificant1 ?is %\ld n be a great drawback4 ,! basket is plac$ at ! base ( ! burn]1 9 ord] to obviate ! %ad[ :i* w\ld o!rwise be ca/ by ! app>atus2 & x is atta*$ to ! ma9 body ( ! app>atus by plat9um wires4 ,z to illum9at+ p[]1 ! only p>ticul>s :i* h be5 made public ref] to ! fir/ two models con/ruct$2 "o ( :i* 0 said to develop a light equal to t f #f4bjh c&les1 & ! o!r to #i4gb c&les p] cubic foot ( gas consum$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,clamond',s ,,improv$ ,,inc&esc5t ,,burn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,clamond's new burn]4 ,9 a rec5tly design$ modification ( ! burn] 7:i* is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration7 ,m4 ,clamond disp5ses ) an artificial supply ( air "u pressure1 & endeav\rs to obta9 simil> results by o!r & simpl] means4 ,to ?is end ! position ( ! magnesia wick is rev]s$ 7x be+ plac$ at ! top ( ! app>atus72 ! curr5t ( gas is all[$ to draw 9 ^u itself a quantity ( air by a precisely simil> arrangem5t to t adopt$ 9 ! ,buns5 burn]2 :ile an additional supply ( air is drawn ^u ! flame by ! accel]at$ draught produc$ by ! aid ( a glass *imney4 ,z 9 ! m complicat$ & complete burn]1 ! air supply is heat$ by means ( auxili>y burn]s 9 ! int]ior ( ! app>atus4 ,x has be5 /at$1 on ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,clamond1 t ?is modifi$ burn] develops1 f ! gas consum$1 a duty ( ab\t #f c&les p] cubic foot2 be+ equal to ! results yield$ by ! m complicat$ app>atus4 ,%\ld ?is be borne out 9 practice1 ,m4 ,clamond w h a*iev$ a notewor?y success4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 advisable to res]ve express+ any def9ite op9ion ( its m]its until fur!r in=mation is receiv$1 or until ! burn] has be5 tri$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conclusion4 ,! burn]s la/ m5tion$ may be said to m>k ! ext5t ( ! progress t has be5 made1 d[n to ! pres5t "t1 9 ! con/ruction ( app>atus = develop+ light f coal gas2 & !y rem9d me t ,i h arriv$ at ! conclusion ( my subject4 ,f ! unpret5d+ gas-jet describ$ by ,accum--burn+1 ) wond]-provok+ /ead9ess & con/ancy1 s long z ! supply ( gas cont9u$--to ! complicat$ app>atus ( ,m4 ,clamond1 is a long /ret* ( inv5tion2 embrac+ ! lab\rs ( _m di/9ct & orig9al work]s 9 ! same field1 & includ+ num]\s v>iations 9 ! details ( burn]s t h n be5 t\*$ ^u 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks4 ,z 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! introduction1 ,i h dealt 9 ?is treatise only ) ! m important or ! m successful ( ! modifications t h be5 made f "t to "t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! gas-burn]4 ,9 addition to ! burn]s t h be5 ref]r$ to1 !re h be5 inv5t$ _m o!rs1 :i* c\ld n be adequately notic$ )\t prolong+ ! treatise to an undue l5g?4 ,"s ( ^! 7! fruit ( mu* ?\ght & c>eful exp]im5t7 h obta9$1 9 ! comm]cial success t has att5d$ !m1 no m ?an _! m]it$ rew>d2 o!rs 7devoid ( any real m]it1 & 9 _! con/ruction disreg>d+ ! mo/ elem5t>y pr9ciples ( economic combu/ion7 h be5 br\ght into some:at ext5sive use by ! mislead+ /atem5ts & false repres5tations ( _! inv5tors1 & are only tol]at$ ?r\gh ! ignorance ( ! public2 :ile n a few ( ! latt] class ( burn]s h spe$ily f\nd ! oblivion :i* !y ri*ly des]v$4 ,suffici5t1 h[ev]1 has be5 said to %[ t _m real improvem5ts h be5 effect$ 9 ! con/ruction ( gas-burn]s1 & to prove t1 ) ! app>atus n[ available1 a f> high] duty may be obta9$ f ! gas consum$ ?an 0 possible only a few ye>s ago4 ,b al?\gh ! great advance t has be5 made 9 ! con/ruction ( gas-burn]s is und\bt$1 ! b5efits :i* ought to result !refrom h n be5 realiz$ by ! gas-consum+ public2 nor are !y likely to be to _! full ext5t4 ,:ile ! +5i\s & effective inv5tions = utiliz+ ! wa/e heat ( combu/ion1 & = light+ by inc&esc5ce1 may1 & d\btless w1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 be f> m ext5sively adopt$ ?an at pres5t1 x is h>dly to be expect$ t !y w be g5]ally employ$4 ,two causes op]ate to preclude ! latt] result--namely1 _! fir/ co/1 & ! c>e & att5tion dem&$ 9 _! employm5t4 ,x seems tol]ably c]ta9 t = a long "t yet ! great bulk ( coal gas1 us$ = light+ purposes1 w be consum$ ?r\gh ! simple flat-flame burn]s t h done s mu* hi!rto = ! fur!rance ( gas light+4 ,=tunately s mu* has be5 done t[>ds ! p]fection ( ?is class ( burn]s1 t1 = a v slight exp5diture1 results may n[ be obta9$ f> 9 advance ( :at c\ld =m]ly be produc$ only by ! mo/ co/ly & delicate app>atus4 ,= ord9>y situations & requirem5ts1 ! improv$ flat-flame burn]s produc$ by ,bray1 ,bro5n]1 & ,sugg1 :5 intellig5tly employ$1 leave sc>cely any?+ to be desir$4 ,:5 intellig5tly employ$1 ,i repeat1 & ) cauti\s emphasis2 = ! be/ ( burn]s w be extravagant & ineffective if employ$ )\t due reg>d to ! conditions = :i* x 0 made4 ,t :i* is mo/ ne$$ at ! pres5t day1 & :i* w be/ ensure ! cont9u$ use ( coal gas = ! purposes ( illum9ation1 is ! m g5]al diffusion among/ gas consum]s ( a k ( ! pr9ciples ( combu/ion1 & ( ! simple precautions to be tak5 & conditions to be fulfill$ 9 ! employm5t ( gas-burn]s4 ,! app>atus t is available is bo? v>i$ & effective2 :at is want$ is ! k to use x aright4 ,by contribut+ to ! fre] dissem9ation ( t k1 purveyors ( gas w conf] no inconsid]able b5efits ^u _! cu/om]s1 &1 at ! same "t1 w assur$ly promote _! own int]e/s4