,c5t]1 ,mi*igan ,/ate ,univ]sity ,libr>ies47 ,,"k ,,! ,,tru?2 ,a ,,critique ,,on ,,! ,,hamiltonian ,,!ory ,,( ,,limitation1 ,,includ+ ,,"s ,,/rictures ,,^u ,,! ,,!ories ,,( ,,rev4 ,,h5ry ,l4 ,,mansel ,,& ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c] ,,by ,,jesse ,h4 ,,jones ,give me to see1 t ,i may "k :]e to /rike4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,publi%$ ,,= ,,! ,,au?or ,,by ,,hurd ,,& ,,h\ghton4 ,,bo/on3 ,,ni*ols ,,& ,,noyes #ahfe4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfe1 by ,,jesse ,h4 ,,jones1 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,,riv]side1 ,,cambridge3 ,,/]eotyp$ ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,h4 ,o4 ,,h\ghton ,,& ,,company4 ,d$ication4 ,,to ,,my ,,fell[-,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,fri5ds ,,( ,,&ov] ,,!ological ,,sem9>y ,,:o ,,h ,,read ,,mansel ,,& ,,reject$ ,,8 ,,tea*+s1 ,?is ,little ,treatise ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,preface4 ,?is book has be5 writt5 simply 9 ! int]e/ ( ,tru?4 ,x 0 because ! doctr9es ( ! ,hamiltonian ,s*ool 7 believ$ to be dang]\s errors1 :i* ?is process ( ?\ght exposes1 t x 0 und]tak54 ,logically1 & 9 ! f9al analysis1 !re c be b two sy/ems ( philosophical !ology 9 ! _w4 ,! "o w be ,pan!ism1 or ,a!ism1--bo? ( :i* conta9 ! same ess5tial pr9ciple1 b view$ f diff]5t /&po9ts1--! o!r w be a pure ,!ism4 ,9 ! s*ools ( ,brahma & ,buddh1 or 9 ! s*ools ( ,*ri/1 ! tru? is to be f\nd4 ,& ?is is s because e tea*] is to be held responsible = all :i* c be logically d$uc$ f 8 sy/em2 & e errone\s result :i* c be s d$uc$ is decisive ( ! pres5ce ( an error 9 pr9ciple 9 ! f\ndation2 & all s*emes ( philosophy1 by su* a trial1 are se5 to be bas$ on "o ( ^! two classes ( s*ools4 ,j "h a quotation f ,dr4 ,laur5s ,hickok's ,rational ,psy*ology w be 9 po9t3 ,except z we det]m9e ! absolute to be p]sonality :olly out ( & beyond all ! conditions & modes ( space & "t1 we c by no possibility leave nature = ! sup]natural4 ,! cle>-sight$ & hone/ intellect1 re/+ 9 ?is conclusion t ! conditions ( space & "t _c be transc5d$1 w be ,a!i/ic2 :ile ! delud$ intellect1 :i* has put ! false play ( ! discursive und]/&+ 9 its ab/ract speculations = ! decisions ( an all-embrac+ reason1 & deems itself s =tunate z to h f\nd a deity )9 ! modes ( space & "t1 w be ,pan!i/ic4 ,! ,pan!ism w be ideal & transc5d5t1 :5 x rea*es its conclusions by a logical process 9 ! ab/ract law ( ?\ght2 & x w be mat]ial & empiric1 :5 x concludes f ! fix$ connections ( cause & effect 9 ! g5]aliz$ law ( nature2 b 9 nei!r case is ! ,pan!ism any o!r ?an ,a!ism1 = ! ,deity1 circumscrib$ 9 ! conditions ( space & "t ) nature1 is b nature /ill1 &1 :e!r 9 ab/ract ?\ght or g5]aliz$ reality1 is no ,god4 ,! ,hamiltonian sy/em is logically ,a!ism4 ,p]ceiv+ t ! ,deity _c be f\nd 9 ,nature1 x d5ies t he c be kn[n at all4 ,:at ! m9d _c "k at all1 x is irrational to believe4 ,if man _c "k t ,god is1 & h a cle> sight ( 8 attributes z a rational gr\nd ( confid5ce 9 :at he says1 x is ! height ( bl9d cr$ulity to believe 9 him4 ,& m2 if man _c h su* k1 he has no /&>d by :i* to measure tea*+s1 & be sure he has ! tru?4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 fai? is impossible4 ,fai? c only be bas$ on ,reason4 ,if !re is no ,reason1 !re c be no fai?4 ,h5ce he :o talks ab\t fai?1 & d5ies ,reason1 does n "k :at fai? is4 ,! logician rightfully held t ,god c\ld n be f\nd 9 ,nature2 b he 0 j z wrong 9 ass]t+ t man is :olly 9 ,nature & _c "k ,god1 z he 0 "r 9 ! =m] in/ance4 ,! acceptance ( 8 "o tru?1 & "o error1 compels man to be an ,a!i/2 because !n he has no faculty by :i* to "k aught ( ,god2 & few ?or\gh m5 w accept bl9d cr$ulity z ! basis ( ,religion4 ,! au?or's s5se ( obligation to ,presid5t ,hickok _c be too /rongly /at$4 ,b = 8 works1 x is believ$ t ?is little treatise c\ld nev] h be5 writt54 ,inde$1 ! au?or looks = b scanty cr$it on ! score ( orig9ality1 s9ce mo/ ( :at he has writt5 he has le>n$1 directly or indirectly1 f t pr(\nd ?9k]4 ,he has deem$ x 8 *ief "w1 to apply ! pr9ciples develop$ by o!rs to ! exposure ( a great error4 ,& if he %all be judg$ to h accompli%$ ?is1 8 ambition w h be5 satisfi$4 ,aft] ! sub/ance ( ?is treatise _h be5 ?\ght out1 & :ile ! au?or 0 committ+ x to pap]1 ! essays on ,space & ,"t1 & on ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$1 9 ! numb]s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,july & ,octob]1 #ahfd1 happ5$ to fall "u 8 notice4 ,"s p]sons w appreciate ! delight & avidity ) :i* he read !m2 & h[ grateful x 0 to an obscure /ud5t1 almo/ :olly isolat$ 9 ! _w1 to f9d ! views :i* he _h wr\ght out 9 8 seclud$ *amb]1 s ably advocat$ 9 ! lead+ review ( 8 c\ntry4 ,n t he _h gone z f>1 or exam9$ ! subjects 9 h& z ?or\ghly z has be5 !re done4 ,by no means4 ,r :at results he _h atta9$ accord ) "s ( ^? !re9 laid d[n4 ,( ^? essays x is n too mu* to say1 t1 if !y h n exhau/$ ! topics ( :i* !y treat1 !y h settl$ =ev] ! conclusions to be rea*$1 & leave = o!r writ]s only illu/ration & comm5t4 ,if ! au?or %all seem to diff] f !m on a m9or "q1--t ( quantitative inf9ity1--! diff]5ce w1 x is believ$1 be f\nd to be "o ( ! =m ( expression only4 ,& ! diff]5ce is ma9ta9$ f ! conviction t no t]m 9 sci5ce %\ld h m ?an "o signification4 ,x is bett] to adopt illimitable & indivisible1 z ! te*nical epi!ts ( ,space1 9 place ( ! commonly us$ t]ms inf9ite & absolute4 ,a metaphysical di/9ction has be5 incid5tally t\*$ ^u 9 ! foll[+ discussion1 :i* des]ves a m ext5sive consid]ation ?an ! scope & plan ( ?is "w w\ld p]mit to x "h2 & :i*1 s f> z ! au?or's limit$ read+ goes1 has receiv$ v little att5tion f mod]n writ]s on metaphysics4 ,he ref]s to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! animal nature & spiritual p]son1 s repeat$ly en\nc$ by t pr(\nd metaphysical !ologian1 ! apo/le ,paul1 & by t pure spiritual pa/or1 ! apo/le ,john1 9 ! t]ms fle% & _s4 ,! ?9k]s ( ! _w1 ev5 ! be/ ,*ri/ian philosoph]s1 seem to h e/eem$ ?is a moral & religi\s di/9ction1 & no m1 :5 9 fact x cleaves d[n ?r\gh ! :ole human be+1 & =ms ! fir/ great radical division 9 any prop] analysis ( man's s\l1 & classification ( 8 con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,?is is a purely natural division4 ,x is organic 9 man4 ,x belong$ z mu* to ,adam 9 8 purity1 z x does to ! mo/ degrad$ wret* on ! globe n[4 ,x is ( su* a "* t1 _h x be5 prop]ly und]/ood & develop$1 ! ,hamiltonian sy/em ( philosophy c\ld nev] h be5 con/ruct$4 ,an adequate /atem5t ( ! tru? w\ld be conduct$ z foll[s4 ,fir/1 ! animal nature %\ld be c>efully analyz$1 its prov9ce accurately def9$1 & bo? ! laws & =ms ( its activity exactly /at$4 ,second1 a l exam9ation ( ! spiritual p]son %\ld foll[2 & ?ird1 ! relations1 int]actions1 & influ5ces ( ! two p>ts ^u ea* o!r %\ld be1 z ext5sively z possible1 pres5t$4 ,b x is to be rem>k$1 t1 :ile ! analysis1 by ! human intellect1 ( ^! two great dep>tm5ts ( man's s\l1 may be exhau/ive1 x is d\btful if any b ! ,all-see+ ,eye c read all _! relations & int]-communications4 ,! developm5t ( ! ?ird po9t1 by any "o m9d1 mu/ ne$s1 !re=e1 be p>tial4 ,:e!r any portion ( ! above designat$ labor %all be h]eaft] ent]$ ^u1 w dep5d ^u circum/ances beyond control ( ! writ]4 ,z w appe>1 x is believ$1 9 ! developm5t ( ! subject1 ! great1 ! vital po9t ^u :i* ! :ole controv]sy ) ! ,hamiltonian s*ool mu/ turn1 is a "q ( fact2 viz41 :e!r man has a ,reason1 z ! faculty giv+ a priori pr9ciples1 or n4 ,if he has su* a ,reason1 !n by x ! que/ions n[ at issue c be settl$1 & t f9ally4 ,if he has no ,reason1 !n he c h no k1 except ( appe>ances & ev5ts1 z p]ceiv$ by ! ,s5se & judg$ by ! ,und]/&+4 ,until1 !n1 ! "q ( fact is decid$1 x w\ld be a ga9 if public att5tion 0 conf9$ :olly to x4 ,e/abli% fir/ a well asc]ta9$ & sure f\ndation be=e erect+ a sup]/ructure4 ,! me?od adopt$ 9 con/ruct+ ?is treatise does n admit ! pres5tation ( ! matt] 9 a symmetrical =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 x involves "s1 p]haps _m1 repetitions4 ,:at has be5 said at "o po9t respect+ "o au?or mu/ be said aga9 9 reply to ano!r4 ,yet ! ma9 object = :i* ! "w 0 und]tak5 c\ld1 x seem$1 be ?or\ghly accompli%$ 9 no o!r way4 ,! au?or has 9 ea* case us$ ,am]ican editions ( ! works nam$4 ,,"k ,,! ,,tru?4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,seek+ ,,& ,,! ,,f9d+4 ,9 ,april1 #ahei1 !re 0 republi%$ 9 ,bo/on1 f an ,engli% pr9t1 a volume entitl$ ,! ,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght ,exam9$1 c41 by ,h5ry ,longueville ,mansel1 ,b4 ,d4 ,! high position occupi$ by ! publi%]s1--a firm ( ,*ri/ian g5tlem51 :o1 ?r\gh a long c>e] 9 ! publication ( books ei!r dev\tly religi\s1 or1 at lea/1 hav+ a high moral tone1 & be+ m>k$ by deep1 e>ne/ ?\ght1 h obta9$ ! confid5ce ( ! religi\s community2 ! recomm5dations ) :i* its adv5t 0 h]ald$1 b mo/ ( all ! intr9sic importance ( ! !me ann\nc$1 & its consonance ) _m ( ! curr5ts ( m5tal activity 9 our mid/1--gave ! book an imm$iate & ext5sive circulation4 ,its subject lay at ! f\ndation ( all religi\s1 & especially ( all !ological ?9k+4 ,! au?or1 bas+ 8 tea*+ on c]ta9 metaphysical t5ets1 claim$ to h circumscrib$ ! b\nd>y to all positive1 & s valid ef=t ( ! human intellect 9 its upw>d surg+ t[>ds ! ,deity1 & to h be5 able to say1 ,?us f> can/ ?\ come1 & no f>!r1 & "h mu/ ?y pr\d waves be /ay$4 ,& ?is ef=t 0 decl>$ly made 9 ! int]e/ ( religion4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t f su* a gr\nd only1 z 0 !re9 s\ght to be e/abli%$1 c\ld infidelity be successfully assail$ & de/roy$4 ,moreov]1 ! writ] 0 a le>n$ & able div9e 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 or?odox 9 8 views2 & 8 volume 0 compos$ ( lectures deliv]$ ^u :at is kn[n z ,! ,bampton ,f\ndation2--a beque/ ( a cl]gyman1 ! income ( :i*1 "u c]ta9 rules1 he direct$ %\ld be employ$ =ev]1 9 fur!r+ ! cause ( ,*ri/1 by ,div9ity ,lecture ,s]mons 9 ,ox=d4 ,su* a book1 on su* a !me1 by su* a man1 & compos$ "u su* auspices1 w\ld necess>ily receive ! almo/ univ]sal att5tion ( religi\s ?9k]s1 & w\ld m>k an era 9 human ?\ght4 ,su* 0 ! fact 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,new ,engl&1 ! bir?place & home ( ,am]ican ,!ology1 gave x h] mo/ c>eful & /udi\s exam9ation4 ,& ! ,we/ alike ) ! ,ea/ por$ ov] its pages1 & wr\ght ^u its knotty que/ions4 ,cl]gym5 especially1 & !ological /ud5ts1 p]us$ x ) ! e>ne/ness ( ^? :o se>* = hid treasures4 ,& :at 0 ! result8 ,we d n hesitate to say t x 0 unqualifi$ rejection4 ,! book n[ takes its place among religi\s productions1 n z a contribution to our positive k1 n z a practicable new road1 survey$ out ?r\gh ! ,unkn[n ,regions ( ,?\ght1 b r z possess+ only a negative value1 z a monum5t ( w>n+1 erect$ at t po9t on ! roadside :]e ! writ] bran*$ (f 9 8 explorations1 & on :i* is inscrib$1 ,9 ?is direction ! tru? _c be f\nd4 ,! /ir :i* ?is book produc$1 naturally br\ght prom95tly to public att5tion a writ] h]et(ore n ext5sively read 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ^u ^: metaphysical tea*+s ! lectur] av[$ly bas$ 8 :ole s*eme4 ,! doctr9es ( ! metaphysician 7 subject$ to ! same scrut9iz+ analysis1 :i* dissolv$ ! enunciations ( ! div9e2 & !y1 l ^!1 7 pron\nc$ want+4 ,?is decision 0 n rea*$ or express$ 9 any ext5sive & exhau/ive criticism ( ^! writ]s2 9 :i* ! errors ( _! pr9ciples & ! revolt+ nature ( ! results !y atta9$1 7 pres5t$2 b x r 0 a %oot f ! spontane\s & deep-seat$ conviction1 t ! :ole s*eme1 ( bo? tea*] & pupil1 0 utt]ly insuffici5t to satisfy ! crav+ ( man's highe/ nature4 ,x 0 reject$ because x c\ld n be receiv$4 ,some?+ m ?an a ye> ago1 & :ile ! ,am]ican !ological m9d1 re/+ 9 ! above-/at$ conviction1 0 absorb$ 9 ! trem5d\s int]e/s connect$ ) ! ,great ,rebellion1 a new aspirant = honors appe>$ ^u ! /age4 ,a book 0 publi%$ entitl$ ,! ,philosophy ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]3 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,?is 0 ann\nc$ z ! f\ndation ( a new sy/em ( ,philosophy1 :i* w\ld comm& ! confid5ce ( ! pres5t1 & extort ! wond] ( all succe$+ ages4 ,av[+ ! same g5]al pr9ciples ) ,mansel & ,hamilton1 ?is writ] pr(ess$ to h f\nd a radical defect 9 _! sy/em1 :i* be+ correct$1 r5d]$ t sy/em complete & f9al2 s t1 f x z a base1 he sets out to con/ruct a new s*eme ( ,univ]sal ,sci5ce4 ,?is man1 too1 has be5 read1 n s ext5sively z 8 pr$ecessors2 because :5 "o has se5 a geometrical absurdity demon/rat$1 he does n c>e1 unless f pr(essional motives1 to exam9e & disprove fur!r attempts to bol/] up ! folly2 b /ill s widely read1 z to be g5]ally associat$ ) ! o!r writ]s above m5tion$1 &1 l !m1 reject$4 ,^u be+ exam9$1 he is f\nd to be a man ( less scope & m5tal muscle ?an ei!r ( 8 tea*]s2 yet go+ ov] ! same gr\nd & express+ ! same ideas1 sc>cely 9 new language ev52 & x fur!r appe>s t 8 discov]y is made at ! exp5se ( 8 logic & consi/5cy1 & involves an unp>donable contradiction4 ,previ\s to ! publication ( ! books j m5tion$1 an ,am]ican writ] _h submitt$ to ! _w a sy/em ( ?\ght ^u ! que/ions ( :i* !y treat1 :i* c]ta9ly seems wor?y ( "s notice f _! au?ors4 ,yet x has receiv$ none4 ,to introduce him we mu/ retrace our /eps = a little4 ,9 #ahdh1 ,laur5s ,p4 ,hickok1 !n a ,pr(essor 9 ,auburn ,!ological ,sem9>y1 publi%$ a "w entitl$ ,rational ,psy*ology1 9 :i* he pr(ess$ to e/abli%1 by a priori processes1 positions :i*1 if true1 af=d a gr\nd = ! answ]1 at once & =ev]1 ( all ! difficulties rais$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton & 8 s*ool4 ,be+ comp>atively a new writ]1 8 "w attract$ only a moiety ( ! att5tion x %\ld h done4 ,x 0 too mu* l ,analytical ,geometry & ,calculus = ! popul> m9d1 or ev5 = any b a few pati5t ?9k]s4 ,= !m x 0 m>r[ & fatness4 ,s9ce ! foll[]s ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 :om we w h]eaft] t]m ,limiti/s1 h neglect$ to take ! great tru?s enunciat$ by ! ,am]ican metaphysician1 & apply !m to _! own sy/em1 & s be conv9c$ by _! own /udy ( ! wor?lessness ( t sy/em1 x becomes _! oppon5ts1 9 ! int]e/ ( tru?1 to p]=m ?is "w 9 _! /ead2 viz41 ^u ! basis ( immutable tru?1 to unravel ea* ( _! well-knit sophi/ries1 to %[ to ! _w t x may "k ! tru?2 & ?us to de/roy a sy/em :i*1 if all[$ undisput$ sway1 w\ld sap ! v f\ndations ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! philosophical sy/em ( ! ,limiti/s is built ^u a s+le fundam5tal proposition1 :i* c>ries all _! d$uctions ) x4 ,he :o w\ld /rike ^! effectually1 mu/ aim 8 bl[1 & give x ) all 8 might1 /raight at t "o object2 sure t if he de/roys t1 ! de/ruction ( ! :ole fabric is involv$ !re94 ,b1 z ! ,limiti/s are det]m9$ n to confess ! dissolution ( _! s*eme1 by ! simple e/abli%m5t ( pr9ciples1 :i* !y _c prove false1 & :i*1 if true1 involve ! absurdity ( _! own t5ets1 x is fur!r necess>y to g ?r\gh _! writ+s1 & exam9e !m passage by passage1 & %[ ! fallacy ( ea*4 ,9 ! =m] direction we c b re-utt] "s ( ! pr9ciples ( ! great ,am]ican tea*]4 ,9 ! latt] !re is room = new ef=t2 & ?is %all be our especial prov9ce4 ,! proposition ^u :i* ! :ole s*eme ( ! ,limiti/s is f\nd$1 0 orig9ally enunciat$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,! ,uncondition$ is incognizable & inconceivable2 its notion be+ only negative ( ! condition$1 :i* la/ c alone be positively kn[n or conceiv$4 ,9 our op9ion1 ! m9d c conceive1 & consequ5tly c "k1 only ! limit$ & ! conditionally limit$4 ,! unconditionally unlimit$1 or ! ,inf9ite1 ! unconditionally limit$1 or ! ,absolute1 _c positively be con/ru$ to ! m9d2 !y c be conceiv$ only by a ?9k+ away f1 or ab/raction (1 ^? v conditions "u :i* ?\ght itself is realiz$2 consequ5tly1 ! notion ( ! ,uncondition$ is only negative--negative ( ! conceivable itself4 ,= example1 on ! "o h& we c positively conceive1 nei!r an absolute :ole1 t is1 a :ole s great1 t we _c also conceive x z a relative "p ( a /ill great] :ole2 nor an absolute "p1 t is1 a "p s small1 t we _c also conceive x z a relative :ole1 divisible into small] p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we _c positively repres5t1 or realize1 or con/rue to ! m9d1 7z "h und]/&+ & imag9ation co9cide17 an inf9ite :ole1 = ?is c\ld only be done by ! inf9ite syn!sis 9 ?\ght ( f9ite :oles1 :i* w\ld itself require an inf9ite "t = its accompli%m5t2 nor1 = ! same reason1 c we foll[ out 9 ?\ght an inf9ite divisibility ( p>ts4444 ,z ! conditionally limit$ 7:i* we may briefly call ! condition$7 is ?us ! only possible object ( k1 & ( positive ?\ght--?\ght necess>ily supposes conditions4 ,to ?9k is to condition2 & conditional limitation is ! fundam5tal law ( ! possibility ( ?\ght4 444 ,! condition$ is ! mean betwe5 two extremes--two inconditionates1 exclusive ( ea* o!r1 nei!r ( :i* c be conceiv$ z possible1 b ( :i*1 on ! pr9ciples ( contradiction & exclud$ middle1 "o mu/ be admitt$ z necess>y4 ,?is !ory may be epitomiz$ z foll[s3--,! ,uncondition$ d5otes ! g5us ( :i* ! ,inf9ite & ,absolute are ! species4 ,?is g5us is inconceivable1 is negative ( ! conceivable itself4 ,h5ce bo? ! species mu/ be s also4 ,al?\gh !y are ?us incognizable1 !y may be def9$2 ! "o1 ! ,inf9ite1 z t :i* is beyond all limits2 ! o!r1 ! ,absolute1 z a :ole beyond all conditions3 or1 concisely1 ! "o is illimitable imm5sity1 ! o!r1 unconditional totality4 ,z def9$1 ^! are se5 to be mutually repugnant3 t is1 if !re is illimitable imm5sity1 !re _c be absolute totality2 & ! rev]se4 ,)9 ^! two all possible be+ is includ$2 &1 because ei!r excludes ! o!r1 x c be 9 only "o4 ,s9ce bo? are inconceivable we c nev] "k 9 :i* ! condition$ or conceivable be+ is4 ,ei!r w\ld give u a be+--,god--capable ( acc\nt+ = ! ,univ]se4 ,?is fact is assum$ to be a suffici5t gr\nd = fai?2 & man may !re=e rationally satisfy himself ) ! /udy ( ^? matt]s :i* are cognizable--! condition$4 ,x is n our purpose at ?is po9t to ent] ^u a criticism ( ! philosophical !ory ?us en\nc$4 ,?is w fall1 9 ! natural c\rse1 ^u a subsequ5t page4 ,we h /at$ x "h1 = ! purpose ( plac+ 9 t /rong light :i* x des]ves1 ano!r topic1 :i* has receiv$ altoge!r too little att5tion f ! oppon5ts ( ! ,limiti/s4 ,und]ly+ & involv$ 9 ! above !ory1 !re is a "q ( fact1 ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's metaphysic re/s ^u 8 psy*ology2 & if 8 psy*ology is true1 8 sy/em is impregnable4 ,x is 8 diagnosis ( ! human m9d1 !n1 :i* dem&s our att5tion4 ,he has pres5t$ ?is 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,:ile we reg>d z conclusive ,kant's analysis ( ,"t & ,space into conditions ( ?\ght1 we _c help view+ 8 d$uction ( ! ',categories ( ,und]/&+' & ! ',ideas ( ,speculative ,reason' z ! "w ( a great b p]v]se +5uity4 ,! categories ( und]/&+ are m]ely subord9ate =ms ( ! condition$4 ,:y n1 !re=e1 g5]alize ! ,condition$--,exi/5ce ,condition$1 z ! supreme category1 or categories1 ( ?\ght8--& if x 7 necess>y to analyze ?is =m into its subalt]n applications1 :y n develop ^! imm$iately out ( ! g5]ic pr9ciple1 in/ead ( prepo/]\sly1 & by a =c$ & p>tial analogy1 d$uc+ ! laws ( ! und]/&+ f a que/ionable division ( logical proposition8 ,:y di/+ui% ,reason 7,v]nunft7 f ,und]/&+ 7,v]/&71 simply on ! gr\nd t ! =m] is conv]sant ab\t1 or r t5ds t[>d1 ! uncondition$2 :5 x is suffici5tly app>5t1 t ! uncondition$ is conceiv$ z ! negation ( ! condition$1 & also t ! conception ( contradictories is "o8 ,9 ! ,kantian philosophy1 bo? faculties p]=m ! same function1 bo? seek ! "o 9 ! _m2--! ,idea 7,idee7 is only ! ,concept 7,begriff7 sublimat$ into ! inconceivable2 ,reason only ! ,und]/&+ :i* has 'ov]leap$ itself4' ,n /opp+ n[ to correct ! entirely errone\s /atem5t t bo? faculties1 i4 e41 ,und]/&+ & ,reason1 p]=m ! same function1 we are to notice ! two lead+ po9ts :i* are made1 viz43--#a4 ,t !re is no di/9ction betwe5 ! ,und]/&+ & ! ,reason2 or1 9 o!r words1 !re is no su* faculty z ! ,reason is claim$ to be1 !re is none b ! ,und]/&+2 &1 #b4 ,a g5]alization is ! highe/ =m ( human k2 bo? ( :i* may be compris$ 9 "o affirmation2 ! ,und]/&+ is ! highe/ faculty ( k belong+ to ! human s\l4 ,^u ?is1 a class ( ?9k]s1 foll[+ ,plato & ,kant1 take issue ) ! logician1 & ass]t t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two faculties nam$ above1 has a sub/antial basis2 t1 9 fact1 !y are diff]5t 9 k9d1 & t ! mode ( activity 9 ! "o is :olly unlike ! mode ( activity 9 ! o!r4 ,?us1 !n1 is ! great issue betwe5 ! ,hamiltonian & ,platonic s*ools made ^u a "q ( fact4 ,he :o w\ld attack ! =m] s*ool successfully1 mu/ aim 8 bl[ /raight at _! fundam5tal assumption2 & he :o %all e/abli% ! fact ( ! ,pure ,reason z an unque/ionable faculty 9 ! human s\l1 w1 9 su* e/abli%m5t1 accompli% ! de/ruction ( ! ,hamiltonian sy/em ( philosophy4 ,believ+ ?is sy/em to be ?or\ghly vici\s 9 its t5d5cies2 be+ su* inde$1 z w\ld1 if c>ri$ out1 und]m9e ! :ole ,*ri/ian religion2 & :at is ( equal importance1 be+ false to ! facts 9 man's s\l z ,god's creature1 ! writ] w attempt to a*ieve ! j nam$ & s desirable result2 & by ! mode h]et(ore indicat$4 ,x is requir$1 !n1 to prove t !re is a faculty belong+ to ! human s\l1 ess5tially div]se f ! ,s5se or ! ,und]/&+2 a faculty peculi> & unique1 :i* possesses su* qualities z h commonly be5 ascrib$ by its advocates to ! ,pure ,reason2 & !reby to e/abli% su* faculty z a fact1 & "u t "n4 ,previ\s to br++ =w>d any pro(s1 x is important to make an exact /atem5t ( :at is to be prov$4 ,to ?is end1 let ! foll[+ po9ts be not$3-- a4 ,its modes ( activity are ess5tially div]se f ^? ( ! ,s5se or ,und]/&+4 ,! ,s5se is only capacity4 ,accord+ to ! laws ( its con/ruction1 x receives impressions f objects1 ei!r mat]ial1 & s 9 a diff]5t place f t :i* x occupies1 or imag9>y1 & s proce$+ f ! imag+ faculty 9 itself4 ,b x is only capacity to receive & transmit impressions4 ,! ,und]/&+1 ?\gh m ?an ?is1 ev5 faculty1 is faculty %ut )9 ! limits ( ! ,s5se4 ,accord+ to its laws1 x takes up ! pres5tations ( ! ,s5se1 analyzes & classifies !m1 & d$uces conclusions3 b x c atta9 to no?+ m ?an 0 already 9 ! objects pres5t$4 ,x c con/ruct a sy/em2 x _c develop a sci5ce4 ,x c obs]ve a relation x _c intuit a law4 ,:at we seek is capacity1 b ( ano!r & high] k9d f t ( ! ,s5se4 ,s5se c h no object except su*1 at lea/1 z is con/ruct$ out ( impressions receiv$ f )\t4 ,:at we seek does n obs]ve outside ph5om5a2 & c h no object except z inh]5t )9 itself4 ,x is faculty moreov]1 b n faculty wall$ 9 by ! ,s5se4 ,x is faculty & capacity 9 "o1 :i*1 possess+ inh]5t )9 itself1 z objects1 ! a priori conditional laws ( ! ,univ]se1 & ! a priori conditional ideal =ms :i* ^! laws1 /&+ toge!r accord+ to _! necess>y relations1 compose1 transc5ds1 9 its activity & acquisitions1 all limitations ( a ,nature2 & att5ds to objects :i* belong to ! ,sup]natural1 & h5ce :i* absolut5ess qualifies4 ,we obs]ve1 !re=e1 b4 ,! objects ( its activity are also ess5tially div]se 9 k9d f ^? ( ! ,s5se & ! ,und]/&+4 ,all ! objects ( ! ,s5se mu/ come prim>ily or second>ily1 f a mat]ial ,univ]se2 & ! discussions & conclusions ( ! ,und]/&+ mu/ ref] to su* a ,univ]se4 ,! faculty :i* we seek mu/ h = its objects1 laws1 or1 if ! t]m suit bett]1 fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* are reasons :y conduct mu/ be "o way1 & n ano!r2 :i*1 9 _! comb9ations1 compose ! =ms conditional = all activity2 & :i*1 !re=e1 con/itute )9 u an a priori /&>d by :i* to det]m9e ! validity ( all judgm5ts4 ,to illu/rate4 ,l9naeus con/ruct$ a sy/em ( botanical classification1 ^u ! basis ( ! numb] ( /am5s 9 a fl[]4 ,?is 0 satisfactory to ! ,s5se & ! ,und]/&+4 ,lat] /ud5ts h1 h[ev]1 discov]$ t c]ta9 organic laws ext5d z a framework ?r\gh ! :ole vegetable k+dom2 :i*1 once se51 ?r[ back ! ,l9naean sy/em into company ) ! ,ptolemaic ,a/ronomy2 & ^u :i* laws a sci5ce ( ,botany becomes possible4 ,t faculty :i* intuits ^! laws1 is call$ ! ,pure ,reason4 ,to recapitulate4 ,:at we seek is1 9 its modes & objects ( activity1 div]se f ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+4 ,x is at once capacity & faculty1 hav+ z object fir/ pr9ciples1 possess+ ^! z an inh]5t h]itage1 & able to comp>e ) !m z /&>d all objects ( ! ,s5se & judgm5ts ( ! ,und]/&+2 & to decide !reby _! validity4 ,^! pr9ciples1 & comb9ations ( pr9ciples1 are kn[n z ,ideas1 &1 be+ innate1 are d5om9at$ innate ,ideas4 ,x is _! reality :i* ,sir ,william ,hamilton d5ies1 decl>+ !m to be only high] g5]alizations ( ! ,und]/&+1 & x is ! faculty call$ ! ,pure ,reason1 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to inh]e1 ^: actuality is n[ to be prov$4 ,! ef=t to d ?is w be successful if x c be %[n t ! logician's /atem5t ( ! facts is p>tial1 & ess5tially defective2 :at are ! ph5om5a :i* _c be compreh5d$ 9 8 s*eme2 &1 f9ally1 t !y c be acc\nt$ = on no o!r gr\nd ?an t /at$4 #a4 ,! /atem5t ( facts by ! ,limiti/s is p>tial & ess5tially defective4 ,!y />t ) ! assumption t a g5]alization is ! highe/ =m ( human k4 ,to appreciate ?is fully1 let u exam9e ! process !y ?us exalt4 ,a g5]alization is a process ( ?\ght ?r\gh :i* "o advances f a discursus among facts1 to a conclusion1 embody+ a seem+ly g5]al tru?1 common to all ! facts ( ! class4 ,= in/ance4 ,! inhabitants ( ! nor? temp]ate zone h long obs]v$ x to be a fact1 t nor? w9ds are cold2 & s h arriv$ at ! g5]al conclusion t su* w9ds w l[] ! temp]ature4 ,a m ext5sive exp]i5ce tea*es !m1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! s\? temp]ate zone1 nor? w9ds are w>m1 & _! judgm5t has to be modifi$ accord+ly4 ,a yet l>g] inve/igation %[s t1 at "o p]iod 9 geologic hi/ory1 nor? w9ds1 ev5 9 nor!rn climes1 7 w>m1 & t tropical animals fl\ri%$ 9 arctic regions2 & ! judgm5t is aga9 modifi$4 ,n[ obs]ve ?is mo/ important fact "h br\ght out4 ,e judgm5t may be modifi$ by a l>g] exp]i5ce4 ,apply ?is to ano!r class ( facts4 ,an apple is se5 to fall :5 deta*$ f ! p>5t /em4 ,an arr[1 project$ into ! air1 returns aga94 ,an invisible =ce keeps ! moon 9 its orbit4 ,o!r l ph5om5a are obs]v$2 &1 aft] pati5t inve/igation1 x is f\nd to be a fact1 t !re is a =ce 9 ! sy/em to :i* our planet belongs1 :i* acts 9 a ratio inv]se to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & :i* ?us b9ds x toge!r4 ,b if a g5]alization is ! highe/ =m ( k1 we c nev] be sure we are "r1 = a subsequ5t exp]i5ce may tea* u ! rev]se4 ,we "k we h n all ! facts4 ,we may aga9 f9d t ! nor? w9d is else:]e1 or 0 once "h1 w>m4 ,%\ld a be+ come fly+ to u f ano!r sph]e s di/ant1 t ! l>ge/ telescope c\ld cat* no fa9te/ ray1 ev51 ( its %9+1 & te/ify to u t !re1 ! =ce we call$ gravitation1 0 inv]sely z ! cube ( ! di/ance1 we c\ld only accept ! te/imony1 & modify our judgm5t accord+ly4 ,conclusions ( to-day may be errors to-morr[2 & we c nev] "k we are "r4 ,! ,limiti/s p]mit u only int]m9able exam9ations ( int]m9able *anges 9 ph5om5a2 :i* af=d no high] result ?an a new basis = new /udies4 ,f ?is we>isome1 ,io-l w&]+1 ! s\l returns to itself1 cry+ its wail+ cry1 ,is ?is true8 ,is ?is all8 :5 sudd5ly1 z if fr5zi$ by ! pres5ce ( a god1 x %\ts exult+ly ,! tru?6 ! tru?6 ,i see ! et]nal tru?4 ,! assumption ( ! ,limiti/s is n all ! tru?4 ,_! diagnosis is bo? defective & false4 ,x is defective1 9 t !y h fail$ to p]ceive ^? qualities ( univ]sality & necessity1 :i* mo/ m5 in/9ctively accord to c]ta9 p]ceptions ( ! m9d2 & false1 9 t !y d5y ! reality ( ^? qualities1 & ( ! c]ta9 p]ceptions z modifi$ by !m1 & ! actuality ( t m5tal faculty :i* gives ! p]ceptions1 & ?us qualifi$4 ,!y /ate a "p ( ! tru?1 & d5y a "p4 ,! :ole tru? is1 ! m9d bo? g5]alizes & intuits4 ,x is ! ess5tial t5et ( _! :ole s*eme1 t ! human m9d n[h]e1 & "u no circum/ance1 makes an affirmation :i* x unres]v$ly qualifies z necess>y & univ]sal4 ,_! doctr9e is1 t ^! affirmations seem to be su*1 b t a se>*+ exam9ation %[s ?is seem+ to be only a bank ( fog4 ,= in/ance4 ,! m9d seems to affirm t two & two mu/ make f\r4 ,n s1 says ! ,limiti/4 ,z a fact1 we see t two & two d make f\r1 b x may make five1 or any o!r sum4 ,= don't y see8 if two & two mu/ make f\r1 !n ! ,inf9ite mu/ see x s2 & if he mu/ see x s1 he is !reby condition$2 & :at is worse1 we "k j z mu* ab\t x z he does4 ,9 reply to all su* quibbles1 x is to be said1--!re is no seem+ ab\t x6 ,if ! m9d is n utt]ly m5daci\s1 x affirms1 positively & unres]v$ly1 ,two & two are f\r1 mu/ be f\r2 & to see x s1 is conditional = ,,all intellect4 ,take ano!r illu/ration4 ,! m9d in/9ctively1 (t5 unconsci\sly1 always compulsorily1 affirms t ! s5tim5t1 ,9 society ! rights ( ! individual c nev] tr5* ^u ! rights ( ! body politic1--is a necess>y1 & univ]sally applicable pr9ciple2 :i*1 h[ev] mu* x may be violat$1 c nev] be *ang$4 ,! :ole fabric ( society is bas$ ^u ?is4 ,c\ld a m9d ?9k ?is away1 x c\ld n con/ruct a practical sy/em ( society ^u :at w\ld be left1--its negation4 ,b ! ,limiti/s /ep 9 "h1 & say1 ,all ?is seems s1 p]haps1 b !n ! m9d is s weak1 t x c nev] be sure4 ,y mu/ modify 7correct87 ?is seem+1 by ! consid]ation t1 if x is s1 !n ! ,inf9ite mu/ "k x s1 & ! f9ite & ,inf9ite mu/ "k x alike1 & ! ,inf9ite w be limit$ & condition$ !reby1 :i* w\ld be impi\s4 ,aga91 ! intellect unres]v$ly ass]ts1 ,!re is no seem+ 9 ! matt]4 ,! utt]ance is true1 absolutely & univ]sally true1 & e intellect mu/ see x s4 ,illu/rations l ! above might be drawn f e sci5ce ( :i* ! human m9d is cognizant4 ,b m are n ne$$4 ,en\gh has be5 adduc$ to e/abli% ! fact ( ^? qualities1 univ]sality & necessity1 z inh]5t 9 c]ta9 m5tal affirmations4 ,hav+ ?us po9t$ out ! ess5tial defect ( ! logician's s*eme1 x is requir$ to /ate3 #b4 ,:at ! ph5om5a are :i* _c be compreh5d$ !re94 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t all ^? p]ceptions & ass]tions ( ! m9d1 :i* are in/9ctive1 & :i* x involunt>ily qualifies z univ]sal & necess>y1 are n1 & _c be compreh5d$ 9 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's s*eme4 ,to give an exhau/ive pres5tation ( all ! a priori laws ( ! m9d1 w\ld be beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t und]tak+1 & w\ld be unnecess>y to its success4 ,?is w be secur$ by pres5t+ a classification ( !m1 & suffici5t examples "u ea* class4 ,moreov]1 to avoid a labor :i* w\ld n be 9 place "h1 we %all attempt no new classification2 b %all accept )\t "q1 z ample = our purpose1 t set =? by "o ( our pure/ & e way be/ ?9k]s1--,rev4 ,m>k ,hopk9s1 ,d4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ,williams ,college1 ,mass4 ,! ideas & beliefs :i* come to u ?us1 may be divid$ into1 fir/1 ma!matical ideas & axioms4 ,^! are at ! f\ndation ( ! ab/ract sci5ces1 hav+ = _! subject1 quantity4 ,9 ! second division are ^? :i* p]ta9 to m]e be+ & its relations4 ,^u ^! re/ all sci5ces p]ta9+ to actual be+ & its relations4 ,! ?ird division comprises ^? :i* p]ta9 to beauty4 ,^! are at ! f\ndation ( ae/hetical sci5ce4 ,9 ! f\r? division are ^? :i* p]ta9 to morals & religion4 ,( ^! ! p]vad+ elem5t is ! s5se ( obligation or duty4 ,( ?is ! idea necess>ily arises 9 connection ) ! *oice by a rational be+ ( a supreme end1 & ) ! p]=mance ( actions suppos$ to be> ^u t4--,moral ,sci5ce1 p4 #afa4 ,fir/4--,ma!matical ideas & axioms4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! multiplication table4 ,c any "o1 except a ,limiti/1 be induc$ to believe t x 0 orig9ally con/ruct$2 t a w put x toge!r1 & might take x ap>t8 ,sev5 times sev5 n[ make =ty-n9e4 ,w any "o say t x might h be5 made to make =ty-sev52 or t at "s future "t su* may be ! case8 ,or aga91 take ! axiom ,?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r4 ,w "s "o say1 t ! intellectual be+s 9 ! univ]se might1 ) equal propriety1 h be5 s con/ruct$ z to affirm t1 9 "s in/ances1 ?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are unequal to "o ano!r8 ,or consid] ! prop]ties ( a triangle4 ,w our limiti/ tea*]s in/ruct u t ^! prop]ties are a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 t = aught we "k1 ! triangle might h be5 made to h ?ree "r angles8 ,yet aga94 ,exam9e ! syllogism4 ,0 its law con/ruct$8 ,all ,m is ,x2 ,all ,z is ,m2 ,all ,z is ,x4 ,w any "o say t p]haps1 we don't "k b x might h be5 s made1 z to appe> to u t ! conclusion 0 ,"s ,z is n ,x8 ,or w ! ,limiti/s run into t mis]able petty subt]fuge ( an ass]tion1 ,all ?is seems to u z x is1 & we _c see h[ x c\ld be diff]5t2 b !n1 our m9ds are s feeble1 !y are conf9$ 9 su* n>r[ limits1 t x w\ld be ! height ( presumption to ass]t positively ) reg>d to /rong] m9ds1 & ^? ( wid] scope8 ,p]haps !y see ?+s diff]5tly4 ,p]haps !y d2 b if !y d1 _! m9ds or ours falsify6 ,! "q is "o ( v]acity1 no?+ m4 ,?r\gh\t all ! range ( ma!matics1 ! positive & unqualifi$ affirmation ( ! m9d is t its intuitions are absolute & univ]sal2 t !y are a priori laws conditional ( all intellect2 t ( ! ,deity j z mu* z t ( man4 ,feebl5ess & want ( scope h no?+ to d ) m9d 9 its affirmation1 ,sev5 times sev5 mu/ make =ty-n9e2 & _c by any possibility ( ef=t make any o!r product2 & e intellect1 if x sees at all1 mu/ see x s4 ,& s on ?r\gh ! catalogue4 ,f ?is1 x foll[s 9 ?is in/ance1 t human k is exhau/ive1 & s is exactly simil>1 & equal to ! ,deity's k4 ,second4 ,^? ideas & beliefs :i* p]ta9 to m]e be+ & its relations4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! axiom1 ,a mat]ial body _c exi/ 9 ! ,univ]se )\t /&+ 9 "s relation to all ! o!r mat]ial bodies 9 t ,univ]se4 ,ei!r ?is is absolutely true1 or x is n4 ,if x is s true1 !n e intellectual be+ to :om x pres5ts itself z object at all1 mu/ see x z e o!r does4 ,"o may see m relations ?an ano!r2 b ! axiom 9 its intr9sic nature mu/ be se5 alike by all4 ,if x is n absolutely true1 !n ! conv]se1 or any p>tially contradictory proposition1 may be true4 ,= example4 ,a mat]ial body may exi/ 9 ! ,univ]se1 & /& 9 no relation to "s ( ! o!r mat]ial bodies 9 t ,univ]se4 ,b1 few m5 w hesitate to say1 t ?is is n only utt]ly un?9kable1 b t x c\ld only become ?9kable by a d5ial & de/ruction ( ! laws ( ?\ght2 or1 9 o!r words1 by ! /ultification ( ! m9d4 ,take ano!r in/ance1 aris+ f ! fact ( p>5tage & (fspr+1 9 ! s5ti5t be+s ( ! _w4 ,a pair1 no matt] to :at class !y belong1 by ! fact ( becom+ p>5ts1 e/abli% a new relation = !mselves2 &1 aft] _! k9d1 !y are "u bonds to _! "y4 ,&1 to a great] or less ext5t1 _! "y h a claim ^u !m4 ,z we asc5d 9 ! scale ( be+1 ! duty impos$ is great]1 & ! claim ( ! (fspr+ /rong]4 ,:e!r x be ! fi]ce eagle1 or ! timid dove1 or ! *irp+ sp>r[2 :e!r x be ! pr[l+ lion1 or ! di/ru/ful de]1 or ! c[]+ h>e2 or :e!r x be ! races ( man :o are exam9$1 ! relations e/abli%$ by p>5tage are ev]y:]e recogniz$4 ,n[1 w "o say t all ?is might be *ang$ = aught we "k2 t1 :at we call law1 is only a judgm5t ( mank9d2 & s t ?is relation did n exi/ at fir/1 b 0 ! product ( gr[?8 ,& w "o fur!r say t !re is no necessity or univ]sality 9 ?is relation2 b t ! races might1 = aught we "k1 h j z well be5 e/abli%$ ) a p>5tage :i* involv$ no relation at all2 t ! fabl$ indiff]5ce ( ! o/ri*1 int5sifi$ a hundr$fold1 might h be5 ! law ( s5ti5t be+8 ,yet su* results logically fl[ f ! pr9ciples ( ! ,limiti/s4 ,precisely ! same l9e ( argum5t might be pursu$ respect+ ! laws ( human society4 ,b x is n ne$$ "h4 ,x is evid5t n[1 t :at gives validity to judgm5ts is ! fact t !y accord ) an a priori pr9ciple 9 ! m9d4 ,?ird4 ,! ideas & beliefs :i* p]ta9 to beauty4 ,a sci5ce ( beauty has n yet be5 suffici5tly develop$ to p]mit ( s ext5sive an illu/ration ( ?is class z ! o!rs4 ,yet en\gh is e/abli%$ = our purpose4 ,let u consid] beauty z 9 proportion$ =m4 ,x is said t c]ta9 ,greek ma!maticians1 subsequ5tly to ! ,*ri/ian era1 /udi$ out a ma!matical =mula = ! human body1 & con/ruct$ a /atue accord+ to x2 & t bo? 7 pron\nc$ at ! "t p]fect4 ,bo? /atue & =mula are n[ lo/4 ,be ! /ory true1 or a leg5d1 !re is valid gr\nd = ! ass]tion1 t ! m9d in/9ctively assumes1 9 all its criticisms1 ! axiom1 ,!re is a p]fect ideal by :i* z /&>d1 all art mu/ be judg$4 ,! v fact t ! m9d1 ?\gh ackn[l$g+ ! imp]fection ( its own ideal1 unconsci\sly ass]ts1 t some:]e1 9 "s m9d1 !re is an ideal1 9 :i* a p]fect h& jo9s a p]fect arm1 & a p]fect foot a p]fect leg1 & ^! a p]fect trunk2 & a p]fect neck supports a p]fect head1 adorn$ by p]fect features1 & ?us !re is a p]fect ideal1 is decisive t su* an ideal exi/s4 ,& ?is conclusion is true1 because ,god :o made u1 & con/ruct$ ! gr\nd f :5ce ?is in/9ctive affirmation spr+s1 is true4 ,take ano!r in/ance4 ,few m51 :o h /udi$ ,go?ic spires1 h fail$ to obs]ve t ! height ( "s1 9 proportion to _! base1 is too great1 & t ( o!rs1 too small4 ,! m9d irresi/ibly affirms1 t betwe5 ^! opposite imp]fections1 !re is a gold5 mean1 at :i* ! proportion %all be p]fect4 ,:5 ! =mula ( ?is proportion %all be /udi$ out1 any workman1 :o is skill$ ) tools1 c con/ruct a p]fect spire4 ,! law once discov]$ & promulgat$1 becomes common k4 ,me*anical skill w be all t c diff]5tiate "o workman f ano!r4 ,! fact t ! law has n be5 discov]$ yet1 ?r[s no discr$it ^u ! positive affirmation ( ! m9d1 t !re mu/ be su* a law2 any m ?an ! fact ( ,newton's ignorance ( ! law ( gravitation1 :5 he saw ! apple fall1 discr$it$ 8 in/9ctive affirmation1 ^u see+ t ph5om5on1 !re is a law 9 accordance ) :i* x fell4 ,n[ h[ comes ! m9d in/9ctively & positively to make ^! ass]tions4 ,if !y 7 judgm5ts1 ! m9d w\ld only speak ( probabilities2 b "h1 x qualifies ! ass]tion ) necessity4 ,m51 h[ev] positive 9 _! temp]am5t1 d n say1 ,i "k x w ra9 to-morr[1 b only1 ,9 all probability x w4 ,n s "h4 ,"h ! m9d refuses to express itself d\btfully4 ,its utt]ance is ! extreme ( positiv5ess4 ,x says mu/4 ,& if its affirmation is n true1 !n !re is no reason :y ^? works ( art :i* are held 9 highe/ e/eem1 %\ld be adjudg$ bett] ?an ! ef=ts ( ! tyro1 except ! :im ( ! individual1 or ! arbitr>y det]m9ation ( _! admir]s4 ,f\r?4 ,! ideas & beliefs :i* p]ta9 to morals & religion4 ,we n[ ent] a sph]e ( :i* no und]/&+ c\ld by any possibility ev] guess1 mu* less inve/igate4 ,"h no s5se c\ld ev] p5etrate2 !re is no object = x to p]ceive4 ,"h all judgm5ts are imp]t95t2 = 9 ?is sph]e are only laws1 & duties1 & obligations4 ,an und]/&+ _c conceive ( a moral law1 because su* a law is inconceivable2 & x _c p]ceive "o1 because x has no eye4 ,if x 7 compet5t to expla9 e ph5om5on 9 ! o!r classes1 x w\ld be utt]ly impot5t to expla9 a s+le ph5om5on 9 ?is4 ,:at is moral obligation8 ,:5ce does x arise1 or h[ is x impos$8 & :o w en=ce x1 & h[ w x be en=c$8 ,all ^!1 & num]\s su* o!r que/ions1 _c be rais$ ev5 by ! ,und]/&+1 mu* less answ]$ by x4 ,! moral law ( ! ,univ]se is "o :i* c be le>n$ f no judgm5t1 or comb9ation ( judgm5ts4 ,x c be le>n$ only by be+ se54 ,! moral law is no conclusion1 :i* may be modifi$ by a subsequ5t exp]i5ce4 ,x is an affirmation :i* is imp]ative4 ,to illu/rate4 ,x is an axiom1 t ! fact ( free moral ag5cy involves ! fact ( obligation4 ,man is a free moral ag5t2 & s1 "u ! obligation impos$4 ,at ! fir/1 x 0 optional ) ! ,deity :e!r he w\ld create man or n4 ,b w any "o ass]t t1 hav+ det]m9$ to create man su* z he is1 x 0 optional ) him1 :e!r man %\ld be "u ! obligation1 or n8 ,c man be a free moral ag5t1 & be free f ! duties inh]5t !re98 ,does n ! m9d in/9ctively & necess>ily affirm1 t ! fact ( free moral ag5cy assures ! fact ( su* a relation to ,god's moral gov]nm5t1 t obligation mu/ foll[8 ,"o _c hesitate to say1 t ! =mula1 ,a free ag5t may be releas$ f 8 obligation to moral law1 is absolutely un?9kable4 ,aga91 no judgm5t c atta9 to ! moral law ( ! ,univ]se2 & yet man kn[s x4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 :5 he proclaim$ t law 9 ! words ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y m9d & /r5g?1 & ?y neighbor z ?yself1 only utt]$ :at no man c1 9 ?\ght1 d5y4 ,a man c no m ?9k selfi%ness z ! moral law ( ! ,univ]se1 ?an he c ?9k two & two to be five4 ,man n only sees ! law1 b he feels & ackn[l$ges ! obligation1 ev5 9 8 rebellion4 ,9 fact !re w\ld be no rebellion1 no s5se ( s91 if !re 7 no obligation4 ,:5ce comes ! au?ority ( ! law8 ,no p[] c give x au?ority1 or en=ce ob$i5ce4 ,p[] c cru% a ,univ]se1 x _c *ange a he>t4 ,! law has1 & c h au?ority2 x imposes1 & c impose obligation2 only because x is an a priori law ( ! ,univ]se1 alike b9d+ ^u all moral be+s1 ^u ,god z well z man2 & is s se5 imm$iately1 & necess>ily1 by a direct intuition4 ,man f9ds ?is law fundam5tal to 8 self2 & z well1 a necess>ily fundam5tal law ( all moral be+s4 ,!re=e he ackn[l$ges x4 ,& ! v ef=ts he makes to set up a ?rone = ,passion1 ov] aga9/ ! ?rone ( ,b5evol5ce1 is an involunt>y ackn[l$gm5t ( ! au?ority ( t law he seeks to rival4 ,x 0 said above1 t nei!r ,s5se nor ,und]/&+ c take any cognizance ( ! objects ( inve/igation :i* fall 9 ?is class4 ,?is is because ! ,s5se c ga!r no mat]ial ov] :i* ! ,und]/&+ c run4 ,is ! moral law matt]8 ,no4 ,h[ !n c ! ,s5se obs]ve x8 ,"o answ] may possibly be made1 viz43 ,x is d$uc$ f ! conduct ( m52 & s5se obs]ves t4 ,to ?is x is repli$ a4 ,! allegation is n true4 ,mo/ m5 violate ! moral law ( ! ,univ]se4 ,_! conduct accords ) ! law ( selfi%ness4 ,su* conclusions z t ( ,hobbes1 t w> is ! natural condition ( ,society1 are ^? :i* w\ld foll[ f a consid]ation ( man1 z he appe>s to ! ,s5se4 b4 ,if x 7 true1 ! "q obtrudes itself1--,h[ came x !re8 ,h[ came ?is fundam5tal law to be8 & to ?is ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+ return no %ad[ ( answ]4 ,b f ! /&-po9t ( a ,pure ,reason1 all is cle>4 ,all ! ideas & beliefs1 e process ( ?\ght :i* belongs to ?is sph]e1 are absolute & univ]sal4 ,!y mu/ be :at !y are2 & s are conditional ( all moral be+s4 ,"h :at ! human m9d sees1 is j :at ! ,deity sees2 & x sees j z ! ,div9e m9d sees1 s t ! tru?1 z f> z s se51 is common to bo?4 ,al?\gh ! facts :i* h be5 adduc$ above1 are inexplicable by ! ,limiti/s1 & are decisive ( ! actuality ( ! ,reason1 z x has be5 h]et(ore describ$1 yet ano!r l9e ( argum5t ( great wight mu/ n be omitt$4 ,!re are 9 language c]ta9 positive t]ms1 :i* ! ,limiti/s1 & ! advocates ( ! ,reason agree 9 ass]t+ _c convey any mean+ to1 or be expla9$ by ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+4 ,su* are ! words inf9ite & absolute4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( su* words 9 language1 z positive t]ms1 is a decisive evid5ce ( ! fact1 t !re is also a faculty :i* ent]ta9s positive ideas correspond+ to !m4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's position 9 ?is matt]1 is n only errone\s1 b a/oni%+4 ,he ass]ts t ^! words express only negative notions4 ,!y1 ! inf9ite & absolute1 c be conceiv$ only by a ?9k+ away f1 or ab/raction (1 ^? v conditions "u :i* ?\ght itself is realiz$2 consequ5tly1 ! notion ( ! ,uncondition$ is only negative--negative ( ! conceivable itself4 ,b1 if ?is is true1 h[ came ^! words 9 ! language at all8 ,negative ideas produce negative expressions4 ,inde$1 ! ,limiti/s are confid5tly *all5g$ to designate ano!r case 9 language1 9 :i* a positive t]m c be alleg$ to h a purely negative signification4 ,take an illu/ration to :i* we %all recur fur!r on4 ,! "q has be5 rais$1 :e!r a six? s5se c be4 ,c ! ,limiti/s f9d 9 language1 or c !y con/ruct1 a positive t]m :i* w repres5t ! negation ( a six? s5se8 ,we f9d 9 language ! positive t]ms1 e> & he>+2 b c su* positive t]ms be f\nd1 :i* w correspond to ! phrase1 no six? s5se8 ,9 ?is in/ance1 9 physics1 ! absurdity is se5 at once4 ,:y is n z readily se5 ! equal absurdity ( affirm+ t1 9 metaphysics1 positive t]ms h gr[n up 9 ! language :i* are simple negations8 ,"h1 = ! pres5t1 ! pres5tation ( facts may re/4 ,let u recapitulate ^? :i* h be5 adduc$4 ,! axioms 9 ma!matics1 ! pr9ciples ( ! relations ( be+1 ! laws ( ae/hetics1 & mo/ ( all ! :ole sy/em ( pr9ciples p]ta9+ to morals & religion1 /&+1 z !y d1 a s]ies ( m5tal affirmations1 :i* all mank9d1 except ! ,limiti/s1 qualify z necess>y & univ]sal1 compel ass5t to ! proposition1 t !re mu/ be a faculty diff]5t 9 k9d f ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+1--= ^! h already be5 f\nd impot5t--:i* c be gr\nd to acc\nt ( all ^! facts satisfactorily4 ,& ! pres5ce 9 language ( su* positive t]ms z absolute & inf9ite1 is a mo/ valuable auxili>y argum5t4 ,! faculty :i* is requir$1--! faculty :i* qualifies all ! products ( its activity ) ! *>act]i/ics above nam$1 is ! ,pure ,reason4 ,& its actuality may !re=e be deem$ e/abli%$4 ,! ,pure ,reason hav+ ?us be5 prov$ to be1 x is next requir$ to %[ ! mode ( its activity4 ,?is c be/ be done1 by fir/ notic+ ! k9d ( results :i* x produces4 ,! ,reason gives u1 n ?\ghts1 b ideas4 ,^! are simple1 pure1 prim>y1 necess>y4 ,x is evid5t t any su* object ( m5tal exam9ation c be kn[n only 91 & by1 itself4 ,x _c be analyz$1 = x is simple4 ,x _c be comp>$1 = x is pure2 & s possesses no elem5t :i* c be gr\nd = a comp>ison4 ,x _c be d$uc$1 = x is prim>y & necess>y4 ,x c only be se54 ,su* an object mu/ be kn[n "u ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,x mu/ be inh]5t 9 ! see+ faculty1 & mu/ be imm$iately & directly se5 by t faculty2 all ?is 9 su* a mann]1 t ! ab/raction ( ! object se51 w\ld annihilate ! faculty itself4 ,n[1 h[ is x ) ! ,reason8 ,above we f\nd x to be bo? capacity & faculty3 capacity 9 t x possess$ z integral elem5ts1 a priori fir/ pr9ciples1 z objects ( sight2 faculty 9 t x saw1 br\ght =w>d1 & made available1 ^? pr9ciples4 ,! mode ( activity ( ! ,pure ,reason is !n a see+1 direct1 imm$iate1 sure2 :i* holds pure tru? fa/1 "r 9 ! v c5tre ( ! field ( vision4 ,?is act ( ! ,reason 9 ?us see+ pure tru? is be/ d5om9at$ an intuition ( ! ,reason4 ,& "h x may be said1--,if p]ception & p]ceive c\ld be /rictly conf9$ to ! ,s5se2 concept & conceive to ! ,und]/&+2 & intuition & intuit to ! ,reason1 a great ga9 w\ld be made 9 accuracy ( expression reg>d+ ^! dep>tm5ts ( ! m9d4 ,hav+ ?us1 z x is believ$1 e/abli%$ ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,pure ,reason1 & %[n ! mode ( its activity1 x devolves to decl>e ! function ( t faculty4 ,! function ( ! ,pure ,reason is1 fir/3--to intuit1 by an imm$iate p]ception1 ! a priori elem5tal pr9ciples :i* condition all be+2 second1--to intuit1 by a l imm$iate p]ception1 ^? pr9ciples1 comb9$ 9 a priori sy/ematic processes1 :i* are ! conditional ideal =ms = all be+2 & ?ird1--aga9 to intuit1 by ano!r imm$iate p]ception1 precisely simil> 9 k9d to ! o!rs1 ! fact1 at lea/1 ( ! p]fectly h>moni\s comb9ation ( all a priori elem5tal pr9ciples1 9 all possible sy/ematic processes1 into a p]fect unity1--an absolute1 inf9ite ,p]son1--,god4 ,to illu/rate4 #a4 ,! ,reason ass]ts t ,malice is crim9al2 & t x is necess>ily crim9al2 or1 9 o!r words1 t no act1 ( any w1 c make x o!rwise ?an x is4 ,! ass]tion1 !n1 t ,malice is crim9al1 is an axiom1 & conditions all be+1 ,god z well z man4 #b4 ,! ,reason ass]ts t e ma!matical =m mu/ be se5 9 ,space & ,"t1 & x affirms ! same necessity 9 ?is z 9 ! =m] case4 #c4 ,! full illu/ration ( ?is po9t w\ld be ,anselm's a priori argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,8 /atem5t ( x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be s modifi$ z to appe>1 n z an a priori argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b z an amplifi$ decl>ation ( ! fact1 t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is a fir/ pr9ciple ( ,reason2 & z su*1 c no m be d5i$ ?an ! multiplication table4 ,objection4--,?is doctr9e degrades ,god to ! level ( ! f9ite2 bo? be+ alike condition$4 ,answ]4--,by no means2 z w be se5 f ! two foll[+ po9ts4 #a4 ,x is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ t ,god mu/ be self-exi/5t1 :i* means1 if x means any?+1 t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is beyond 8 own control2 or1 9 o!r words1 t self-exi/5ce is an a priori elem5tal pr9ciple1 :i* conditions ,god's exi/+ at all4 #b4 ,9 ! two in/ances "u consid]ation1 ! ^w condition has entirely diff]5t significations4 ,god is condition$ only by ,himself4 ,n only is ?is condition+ n a limitation1 prop]ly speak+1 b ! v abs5ce ( limitation4 ,! fact t ,he is absolute & inf9ite1 is a condition ( ,8 exi/5ce4 ,man's conditions are ! v opposite ( ^!4 ,he is relative1 in/ead ( absolute2 f9ite1 in/ead ( inf9ite2 dep5d5t1 in/ead ( self-exi/5t4 ,h5ce he diff]s 9 k9d f ,god z d 8 conditions4 ,su* be+ ! function ( ! ,pure ,reason1 x is fully compet5t to solve ! difficulties rais$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton & 8 foll[]s2 & ! /atem5t ( su* solution is ! "w imm$iately 9 h&4 ,mu* ( ! difficulty & obscurity :i* h1 ?us f>1 att5d$ e discussion ( ?is subject1 w be remov$ by exam9+ ! def9itions giv5 to c]ta9 t]ms2--ei!r by /atem5t1 or by implication 9 ! use made ( !m2--by expos+ ! errors involv$2 & by cle>ly express+ ! true signification ( ea* t]m4 ,by way ( criticism ! g5]al /atem5t may be made1--t ! ,limiti/s--z 0 natural f _! rejection ( ! faculty ( ! ,pure ,reason--use only su* t]ms1 & 9 su* s5ses1 z are p]t95t to ^? subjects :i* come "u ! purvey ( ! ,und]/&+ & ! ,s5se2 b :i* are entirely imp]t95t1 9 ref]5ce to ! sph]e ( spiritual subjects4 ,! two foll[+ phases ( ?is error are suffici5t to illu/rate ! criticism4 #a4 ,! t]ms ,inf9ite & ,absolute are us$ to express ab/ractions4 ,= in/ance1 ! inf9ite1 f a human po9t ( view1 is m]ely a "n = ! abs5ce ( ^? conditions "u :i* ?\ght is possible4 ,x is ?us manife/ t a consci\sness ( ! ,absolute is equally self-contradictory ) t ( ! ,inf9ite4--,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 pp4 #id & #if4 ,if ask$ ,absolute :at8 ,inf9ite :at8 ,w y all[ p]son1 or o!r def9ite t]m to be suppli$8 ,mansel w\ld reply--,no6 no possible answ] c be giv5 by man4 ,n[1 )\t pass+ at all ^u ! "q :e!r ^! t]ms c repres5t concrete objects ( ?\ght or n1 x is to be said1 t ! use ( !m to express ab/ract notions1 is utt]ly uns\nd4 ,! m]e fact ( ab/raction is an und\bt$ limitation4 ,!re may be an ,inf9ite & ,absolute ,p]son4 ,by no possibility c !re be an ab/ract ,inf9ite4 #b4 ,b a m gl>+ & unp>donable error is made by ! ,limiti/s 9 _! use ( ! words inf9ite & absolute1 z express+ quantity4 ,take a few examples f _m4 ,= example1 we c positively conceive1 nei!r an absolute :ole1 t is1 a :ole s great t we _c also conceive x z a relative "p ( a /ill great] :ole2 nor an absolute "p1 t is1 a "p s small1 t we _c also conceive x z a relative :ole1 divisible into small] p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we _c positively repres5t1 or realize1 or con/rue to ! m9d 7z "h und]/&+ & imag9ation co9cide71 an inf9ite :ole1 = ?is c\ld only be done by ! inf9ite syn!sis 9 ?\ght ( f9ite :oles :i* w\ld itself require an inf9ite "t = its accompli%m5t2 nor1 = ! same reason1 c we foll[ out 9 ?\ght an inf9ite divisibility ( p>ts4--,hamilton's ,essays1 p4 #bj4 ,! metaphysical repres5tation ( ! ,deity z absolute & inf9ite1 mu/ necess>ily1 z ! pr(\nde/ metaphysicians h ackn[l$g$1 am\nt to no?+ less ?an ! sum ( all reality4--,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #gf4 ,is ! ,fir/ ,cause f9ite or inf9ite8444 ,to ?9k ( ! ,fir/ ,cause z f9ite1 is to ?9k ( x z limit$4 ,to ?9k ( x z limit$1 necess>ily implies a conception ( some?+ beyond its limits2 x is absolutely impossible to conceive a ?+ z b\nd$1 )\t conceiv+ a region surr\nd+ its b\nd>ies4--,sp5c]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #cg4 ,! la/ extract tempts "o to ask ,mr4 ,sp5c] if he ev] /ood on ! nor? side ( ! affections4 ,besides ! extracts select$1 any p]son read+ ! au?ors above nam$1 w f9d num]\s phrases l ^!3 inf9ite :ole1 inf9ite sum1 inf9ite numb]1 inf9ite s]ies1 by :i* !y express sometimes a ma!matical1 & sometimes a mat]ial am\nt4 ,^u ?is :ole topic x is to be said1 t ! t]ms inf9ite & absolute h1 & c h1 no relevancy to any object ( ! ,s5se or ( ! ,und]/&+1 judg+ accord+ to ! ,s5se1 or to any numb]4 ,!re is no :ole1 no sum1 no numb]1 no am\nt1 b is def9ite & limit$2 & to use ^? words ) ! ^w inf9ite1 is z absurd z to say an inf9ite f9ite4 ,& to use words ?us1 is to multiply words )\t k4 ,aga91 ! l9es ( ?\ght :i* ^! writ]s pursue1 d n t5d 9 any degree to cle> up ! fogs 9 :i* !y h lo/ !mselves1 b only make ! muddle ?ick]4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ extract3-- ,?us we are l&$ 9 an inextricable dilemma4 ,! ,absolute _c be conceiv$ z consci\s1 nei!r c x be conceiv$ z unconsci\s2 x _c be conceiv$ z complex1 nei!r c x be conceiv$ z simple2 x _c be conceiv$ by diff]5ce1 nei!r c x be conceiv$ by ! abs5ce ( diff]5ce2 x _c be id5tifi$ ) ! ,univ]se1 nei!r c x be di/+ui%$ f x4 ,! ,"o & ! ,_m1 reg>d$ z ! beg9n+ ( exi/5ce1 are ?us alike incompreh5sible4--,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #gi4 ,! s\l1 :ile o>+ h] way ) we>y w+1 ov] ! wat]y wa/e ( su* a philosophy1 c f9d no re/ = ! sole ( h] foot1 except on t float+ c>case ( a doctr9e1 ,*aos is ,god4 ,! simple fact t su* confusion logically results f ! premises ( ! ,limiti/s1 is a suffici5t w>rant = reject+ _! :ole sy/em ( ?\ght1--pr9ciple & process2 & = /rik+ = a new base ( op]ations4 ,b :]e %all su* a base be s\ght =8 ,on :at immutable ,ar>at c ! s\l f9d h] ark1 & a sure re/+-place8 ,man seeks a ,rock ^u :i* he c climb & cry1 ,i ,,"k t ?is is tru?4 ,:]e is ! ,ev]la/+ ,rock8 ,9 our se>* = ! answ] to ^! qu]ies1 we may be aid$ by sett+ =? ! goal to be rea*$1--! object to be obta9$4 ,by obs]vation & reflection man comes to "k t he is liv+ 91 & =ms "p (1 a sy/em ( ?+s1 :i* he compreh5sively t]ms ! ,univ]se4 ,! problem is1--,to f9d an ,ultimate ,gr\nd1 a ,f9al ,cause1 :i* %all be adequate to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce & su/5tation ( ?is ,univ]se4 ,!re are b two possible directions f :i* ! solution ( ?is problem c come4 ,x mu/ be f\nd ei!r )9 ! ,univ]se1 or )\t ! ,univ]se4 ,c x be f\nd )9 ! ,univ]se8 ,if x c1 "o ( two positions mu/ be true4 ,ei!r a "p ( ! ,univ]se is cause = ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole ( ! ,univ]se2 or ! ,univ]se is self-exi/5t4 ,^u ! fir/ position no?+ ne$ be said4 ,its absurdity is manife/$ 9 ! v /atem5t ( x4 ,a full discussion1 or1 9 fact1 any?+ m ?an a notice ( ! doctr9e ( ,pan!ism1 set =? 9 ! second po9t1 w\ld be beyond ! int5tion ( ! au?or4 ,! que/ions at issue lie n betwe5 !i/s & pan!i/s1 b betwe5 ^? :o alike reject ,pan!ism z errone\s4 ,! writ] confesses himself a/oni%$ t a class ( rational m5 c\ld ev] h be5 f\nd1 :o %\ld h attempt$ to f9d ! ,ultimate ,gr\nd ( ! ,univ]se 9 itself4 ,all t man c "k ( ! facts ( ! ,univ]se1 he le>ns by obs]vation2 & ! sum ( ! k he ?us ga9s is1 t a va/ sy/em ( physical objects exi/s4 ,f ! facts obs]v$1 he draws conclusions3 b ! /ream _c rise high] ?an its f\nta94 ,) ref]5ce to any less] object1 z a wat*1 ! same process goes on4 ,a wat* is4 ,x has p>ts2 & ^! p>ts move 9 def9ite relations to ea* o!r2 & to secure a giv5 object4 ,if n[1 any p]son1 ^u be+ ask$ to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! wat*1 %\ld conf9e himself :olly to an exam9ation ( ! nature ( ! spr+s1 ! :eels1 ! h&s1 face1 c41 endeavor+ to f9d ! reason ( its be+ )9 itself1 ! _w w\ld laugh at him4 ,h[ mu* m ju/ly may ! _w laugh1 yea1 %\t its ridicule1 at ! mole-ey$ man :o rummages among ! spr+s & :eels ( ! va/ ma*9e ( ! ,univ]se1 to f9d ! reason ( its be+4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance1 ! by/&] w\ld exclaim1--,! wat* is an evid5ce ( intellig5ce4 ,man is ! only intellig5t be+ on ! e>?2 & is sup]ior to ! wat*4 ,man made ! wat*4 ,& 8 ass]tion w\ld be true4 ,a =tiori w\ld a by/&] ( ! ,univ]se exclaim1 ,! ,univ]se is an evid5ce ( intellig5ce4 ,an intellig5t ,be+1 sup]ior to ! ,univ]se1 made ! ,univ]se4 ,& 8 ass]tion is true4 ,we are driv5 !n to our la/ position2 b x is ! ,gibralt> ( ,philosophy4 ,,! ,,ultimate ,,gr\nd ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,,mu/ ,,be ,,s\ght ,,=1 ,,& ,,c ,,only ,,be ,,f\nd1 ,,)\t ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,f ?is />t+-po9t alone c we proce$1 ) any hope ( rea*+ ! goal4 ,sett+ out on our new c\rse we w ga9 a /ep by notic+ a fact involv$ 9 ! illu/ration j giv54 ,! by/&] exclaims1 ,! wat* is an evid5ce ( intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is v utt]ance is necess>ily express$ ! fact ( two div]se sph]es ( exi/5ce3 ! "o ! sph]e ( matt]1 ! o!r ! sph]e ( m9d4 ,"o _c ?9k ( matt] except z inf]ior1 nor ( m9d except z sup]ior4 ,^! two1 matt] & m9d1 comprise all possible exi/5ce4 ,! ,reason n only _c see h[ any o!r exi/5ce c be1 b affirms t no o!r c be4 ,m9d1 !n1 is ! ,ultimate ,gr\nd ( ! ,univ]se4 ,:at m9d8 ,by exam9ation1 man p]ceives :at appe>s to be an ord] 9 ! ,univ]se1 concludes t !re is su* an ord]1 assumes ! conclusion to be valid1 & names ! ord] ,nature4 ,turn+ 8 eye ^u himself1 he f9ds himself n only associat$ )1 b1 ?r\gh a portion ( 8 faculties1 =m+ a "p ( t ,nature4 ,b a long]1 %>p] scrut9y1 a pr(\nd] exam9ation1 reveals to him 8 s\l's mo/ secret dep?2 & ! fact ( 8 spiritual p]sonality gl[s refulg5t 9 ! calm light ( consci\sness4 ,he sees himself1 inde$1 9 ,nature2 b he ?rills ) joy at ! quickly acquir$ k t ,nature is only a ne/1 9 :i* he1 a purely sup]natural be+1 mu/ flutt] = a "t1 until he %all be gr[n1 & ready to plume 8 flight = ! ,_s ,l&4 ,if !n1 man1 ?\gh b\nd 9 ,nature1 f9ds 8 c5tral self utt]ly div]se f1 & sup]ior to ,nature1 s t he in/9ctively cries1 ,my s\l is wor? m ?an a ,univ]se ( gold & diamonds2 a =tiori mu/ t ,be+1 :o is ! ,ultimate ,gr\nd1 n only ( ,nature1 b ( ^? sup]natural intellig5ces :o live 9 ,nature1 be sup]natural1 spiritual1 & supreme8 ,j above1 x 0 se5 t matt] & m9d comprise all possible exi/5ce4 ,x has n[ be5 f\nd t m9d1 9 its highe/ =m1 ev5 9 man1 is pure _s2 & z su*1 :olly sup]natural4 ,x has fur!r be5 det]m9$1 t ! object ( our se>* mu/ be ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,j at ?is po9t x is suitable to notice1 :at is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ egregi\s & unp>donable blund] ! ,limiti/s h made4 ,9 ord] to d ?is satisfactorily1 ! foll[+ analysis ( ! human m9d is pres5t$4 ,! s\l is a spiritual p]son1 & an animal nature4 ,to ?is animal nature belong ! ,s5se & ! ,und]/&+4 ,x is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1--at lea/ ! ,limiti/s w n d5y1--t ! ,s5se & ! ,und]/&+ are :olly )91 & condition$ by ,nature4 ,obs]ve !n _! folly4 ,!y d5y t a "p c acc\nt = a :ole2 !y reject ,pan!ism2 & yet !y employ only ^? faculties :i* !y confess are :olly )9 & condition$ by ,nature--= !y d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! ,pure ,reason1 ! p]ceptive faculty ( ! spiritual p]son--to se>*1 only 9 ,nature1 = ! cause ( ,nature4 ,a fly w\ld buzz among ! :eels ( a clock to z little purpose4 ,! result arriv$ at j above1 n[ claims our c>eful att5tion4 ,! ,ultimate ,gr\nd ( ! ,univ]se is ,,! ,,supreme ,,_s4 ,to appreciate ?is result1 we mu/ return to our analysis ( man4 ,9 8 spiritual p]sonality we h f\nd him :olly sup]natural4 ,we h fur!r f\nd t1 only z a spiritual p]son is he capable ( pursu+ ?is inve/igation to a f9al & valid t]m9ation4 ,if1 !n1 we w\ld complete our und]tak+1 we mu/ asc5d into a sph]e ^: light no eagle's eye c ev] be>2 & ^: atmosph]e 8 d>+ w+ c nev] beat4 ,!re no s5se c ev] ent]2 no judgm5ts are ne$$4 ,?r\gh ,reason--! s\l's f>-d>t+ eye1--& ?r\gh ,reason alone1 c we gaze on ! ,immutable4 ,turn+ ?is se>*+ eye ^u ourselves1 we f9d t man1 z spiritual p]son1 is a ,pure ,reason1--! faculty :i* gives him a priori fir/ pr9ciples1 z ! /&>d = conduct & ! =ms = activity1--a ,spiritual ,s5sibility1 :i* answ]s ) emotive music to ! call ( ! ,reason2 & la/ly1 a ,w1 9 :i* ! ,p]son dwells c5tral1 solit>y1 & supreme1 ! f9al arbit] ( its own de/9y4 ,e su* be+ is !re=e a m9iature f9al cause4 ,! goal ( our se>* mu/ be ne> at h&4 ,9 man appe>s ! v lik5ess ( ! ,be+ we seek4 ,8 highe/ p[]s unmi/akably %ad[ =? ! =m ( t ,be+1 :o is ,! ,f9al4 ,man orig9ates2 b he is dep5d5t = 8 p[]1 & ! sph]e ( t p[] is conf9$ to 8 own s\l4 ,we seek a be+ :o c orig9ate1 :o is utt]ly indep5d5t2 & ! sph]e ( ^: activity ext5ds :]ev]1 )\t himself1 he *ooses4 ,man1 aft] a process ( culture1 comes to intuit "s fir/ pr9ciples1 9 "s comb9ations4 ,we seek a be+ :o necess>ily sees1 at once & =ev]1 all possible fir/ pr9ciples1 9 all possible relations1 z ! ideal =ms = all possible ef=t4 ,man /umbles along on ! road ( life1 frequ5tly ignorant ( ! way1 b m frequ5tly p]v]sely violat+ ! et]nal law :i* he f9ds writt5 on 8 he>t4 ,we seek a be+ :o nev] /umbles1 b :o is p]fectly wise2 & ^: conduct is 9 immutable accord ) ! a priori /&>ds ( 8 ,reason4 ,man is a spiritual p]son1 dep5d5t = exi/5ce1 & limit$ to himself 9 8 ex]tions4 ,he :om we seek w be f\nd to be also a spiritual p]son :o is self-exi/5t1 & :o sets 8 own b\nds to 8 activity4 ,t ! l9e ( ?\ght we are n[ pursu+ is ! true "o1 & t ! result :i* we approa*1 & are ab\t to utt]1 is well f\nd$1 receives decisive confirmation f ! foll[+ facts4 ,man p]ceives t malice mu/ be crim9al4 ,j s ! ,et]nal ,eye mu/ see x4 ,a simil> rem>k is true ( ma!matical1 & all o!r a priori laws4 ,sometimes1 at lea/1 !re awak5s 9 man's bosom ! unutt]able ?rill ( b5evol5ce2 & ?us he ta/es ( ! cry/al riv] :i* fl[s1 calmly & =ev]1 ?r\gh ! bosom ( ! ,ev]la/+ ,fa!r4 ,= 8 own conduct1 man is ! f9al cause4 ,9 ?is is he1 mu/ he be1 ! lik5ess ( ! ,ultimate4 ,spiritual p]sonality is ! highe/ possible =m ( be+4 ,x is !n a =m common to ,god & man4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ,philosophy & ,revelation are at "o4 ,) />tl+1 & yet grateful unanimity1 !y affirm ! solemn tru?1 ,,god ,,made ,,man ,,9 ,,8 ,,own ,,image4 ,we rea* ! goal at la/4 ,! ,f9al ,tru? /&s full 9 ! field ( our vision4 ,i am ,alpha & ,omega1 ! beg9n+ & ! end+1 sai? ,jehovah1 :o is1 & :o 01 & :o is to come1 ! ,almighty4 ,,t ,,spiritual ,,p]son ,,:o ,,is ,,self-,,exi/5t1 ,,absolute1 ,,& ,,inf9ite1 ,,is ,,! ,,ultimate ,,gr\nd1 ,,! ,,f9al ,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,! problem ( ! ,univ]se is solv$4 ,we /& )9 ! portico ( ! sublime temple ( tru?4 ,mortal has lift$1 at la/1 ! veil ( ,isis1 & look$ ^u ! et]nal my/]ies4 ,x is manife/ n[1 h[ irrelevant & irrev]5t ^? expressions mu/ be1 9 :i* ! t]ms inf9ite & absolute are employ$ z signify+ ab/ractions or am\nts4 ,!y c h no mean+ ) ref]5ce to ! ,univ]se4 ,b :at _! true significance is1 /&s out ) unmi/akable cle>ness & precision4 #a4 ,absolut5ess is t di/9ctive spiritual ,,quality ( ! necess>y ,be+ :i* e/abli%es ,him z unqualifi$ except by ,himself1 & z complete4 #b4 ,absolut5ess & ,uncondition$ness are1--! "o ! positive1 & ! o!r ! negative t]m expressive ( ! same idea4 #c4 ,inf9ity is t di/9ctive spiritual ,,quality ( ! necess>y ,be+ :i* gives to ,him univ]sality4 ,absolut5ess & ,inf9ity are1 !n1 spiritual qualities ( ! self-exi/5t ,p]son1 :i*1 di/+ui%+ ,him f all o!r p]sons1 con/itute ,him unique & supreme4 ,x is a law ( ,logic1 :i* ev5 ! *ild mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t :5ev]1 by a process ( ?\ght1 a result has be5 atta9$ & set =?1 he :o prop\nds ! result is directly responsible = all t is logically involv$ 9 x4 ,! au?ority ( t law is "h bo? ackn[l$g$ & invok$4 ,! mo/ rigid & exhau/ive logical developm5t ( ! premises h]et(ore obta9$1 :i* ! human m9d is capable (1 is *all5g$1 9 ! confid5ce t !re c be f\nd !re9 no jot ( discrepancy1 no tittle ( contradiction4 ,z g]ma91 & important to ! matt] 9 h&1 "s /eps 9 ?is developm5t w be not$4 ,9 solv+ ! problem plac$ be=e u1 viz3 ,to acc\nt = ! be+ & cont9uance ( ! ,univ]se1 we h f\nd t ! ,univ]se & its ,cause are two di/9ct & yet intimately & necess>ily connect$ be+s1 ! "o dep5d5t ^u ! o!r1 & t o!r utt]ly indep5d5t2 & s t ! "o is limit$ & f9ite1 & ! o!r absolute & inf9ite2 t ! "o is p>tly ?+ & p>tly p]son1 & t to bo? ?+ & p]son limitation & f9it5ess belong2 :ile ! o!r is :olly p]son1 & consequ5tly ! pure1 absolute1 & inf9ite ,p]son4 ,we h fur!r f\nd t absolut5ess & inf9ity are spiritual qualities ( t "o ,p]son1 :i* are incommunicable1 & diff]5tiate ,him f all o!r possible be+s2 & :i* e/abli% ,him z ! uncaus$1 self-active gr\nd = all possible be+s besides4 ,x is !n a ,p]son ) all ! limitations & conditions ( p]sonality1--a ,p]son at once limit$ & unlimit$1 condition$ & uncondition$1 relat$ & unrelat$1 ^: limitations1 conditions1 & relations are entirely consi/5t ) 8 absolut5ess & inf9ity1 :o is ! f9al ,cause1 ! ,ultimate ,gr\nd ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! f9ite p]son is self-consci\s1 & 9 a measure self-compreh5d+2 b he only p>tially p]ceives ! work+s ( 8 own be+4 ,a =tiori1 mu/ ! inf9ite ,p]son be self-consci\s1 & exhau/ively self-compreh5d+4 ,! f9ite p]son is an intellect1 s5sibility1 & w2 b ^! are circumscrib$ by innum]able limitations4 ,s mu/ ! inf9ite ,p]son be intellect1 s5sibility1 & w2 b ,8 intellect mu/ be ,univ]sal ,g5ius2 ,8 s5sibility ,pure ,delight1 & ,8 w1 z *oice1 ,univ]sal ,b5evol5ce1 & z act1 ,omnipot5ce4 #a4 ,z intellect1 ! inf9ite ,p]son is ,univ]sal ,g5ius4 ,!n1 he mu/ possess ! prim>y copies or patt]ns ( :at x is possible may be1 9 8 own subjective appreh5sion2 or1 9 o!r words1 ,! pure ideals ( all possible entities1 lie z pure reason conceptions 9 ! light ( ! div9e intellig5ce1 & 9 ^! mu/ be f\nd ! rules aft] :i* ! creative ag5cy mu/ g =?4 ,^! a priori pure ideals are conditional ( 8 k4 ,!y are ! sum & limit ( all possible k4 ,he mu/ "k !m z !y are4 ,he _c intuit1 or ?9k o!rwise ?an 9 accordance ) !m4 ,h[ev] _m !re may be ( ^! ideals1 ! numb] is fix$ & def9ite1 & mu/ be s2 & s ! inf9ite ,p]son mu/ see x4 ,9 f9e1 9 ! fact ( exhau/ive self-compreh5sion is involv$ ! fact1 t ! numb] ( 8 qualities1 attributes1 faculties1 =ms ( activity1 & acts1 are1 & mu/ be limit$1 def9ite1 & s kn[n to him2 & yet he is inf9ite & absolute1 & ?or\ghly kn[s himself to be s4 #b4 ,z s5sibility1 ! inf9ite ,p]son is ,pure ,delight4 ,!n he exi/s 9 a /ate ( unalloy$ & complete bliss1 produc$ by ! ceaseless consci\sness ( 8 p]fect wor? & wor?9ess1 & 8 entire complac5cy !re94 ,yet he is pleas$ ) ! good conduct1 & displeas$ ) ! evil conduct1 ( ! moral be+s he has made4 ,& if two are good1 & "o bett] ?an ano!r1 he loves ! "o m ?an ! o!r4 ,yet all ?is 9 no way modifies1 or limits1 or less5s 8 own absolute self-satisfaction & happ9ess4 #c4 ,z w1 ! inf9ite ,p]son is1 9 *oice1 ,univ]sal ,b5evol5ce2 9 act1 ,omnipot5ce4 a4 ,9 *oice1 ! :ole p]sonality1--bo? ! spontane\s & self activity1 are entirely & concordantly active 9 ! "o direction4 ,"s ( ! objects t[>ds :i* ?is /ate manife/s itself may be v small4 ,! fact t ea* receives ! att5tion appropriate to 8 place 9 ! sy/em ( be+s 9 no way modifies ! ,great ,he>t1 :i* spontane\sly prompts to all good acts4 ,b b4 ,9 act1 ! inf9ite ,p]son1 ?\gh omnipot5t1 is1 always mu/ be1 limit$4 ,8 ability to act is limit$ & det]m9$ by ! pure ideals1 9 :i* mu/ be f\nd ! rules aft] :i* ! creative ag5cy mu/ g =?4 ,9 act he is also limit$ by 8 *oice4 ,! fact t he is ,univ]sal ,b5evol5ce e/ops him f p]=m+ any act :i* is n 9 exact accordance !re)4 ,he _c con/ruct a rational be+1 to :om two & two w appe> five2 & if he %\ld attempt to1 he w\ld cease to be p]fect ,goodness4 ,aga91 ! inf9ite ,p]son p]=ms an act--( ,creation4 ,! act is1 mu/ be1 limit$ & def9ite2 & s mu/ ! product--! ,univ]se be4 ,he _c create an unlimit$ ,univ]se1 nor p]=m an inf9ite act4 ,! v words unlimit$ ,univ]se1 & z well ! notions !y express1 are contradictory1 & annihilate ea* o!r4 ,fur!r1 an inf9ite act1 ev5 if possible1 w\ld n1 c\ld n create1 or h any relation to ! con/ruction ( a ,univ]se4 ,an inf9ite act mu/ be ! realization ( an inf9ite ideal4 ,! inf9ite ,p]son has a ?or\gh compreh5sion ( himself2 & consequ5tly a complete idea ( himself4 ,t idea1 be+ ! idea ( ! inf9ite ,p]son1 is inf9ite2 & x is ! only possible inf9ite idea4 ,he f9ds ?is idea realiz$ 9 himself4 ,b1 %\ld x be 9 8 p[] to realize x aga91 t ex]tion ( p[] w\ld be an inf9ite act1 & its product ano!r inf9ite ,p]son4 ,no o!r inf9ite act1 & no o!r result1 are rationally supposable4 ,! ,univ]se1 !n1 h[ev] l>ge x be1 is1 mu/ be1 limit$ & def9ite4 ,its magnitude may be inconceivable to u2 b 9 ! m9d ( its ,creator e atom is numb]$4 ,no _s may ev] h skirt$ its b\nd>y2 b t b\nd>y is z cle> & di/9ct to 8 eye z ! outl9e ( ! ,alps aga9/ a cle> sky is to ! travell]'s4 ,! que/ions ,:]e8 ,h[ f>8 ,h[ long8 ,h[ mu*8 & ! l1 are p]t95t only 9 ! ,univ]se2 & _! answ]s are always limit$ & def9ite4 ,! l9e ( ?\ght we h be5 pursu+ is deem$ by a l>ge class ( ?9k]s n only p>adoxical1 b utt]ly contradictory & self-de/ructive4 ,we speak ( a ,p]son1 a t]m :i* necess>ily involves limitation & condition1 z inf9ite & absolute4 ,we speak ( ?is inf9ity & absolut5ess z spiritual qualities1 :i* are conditional & limit+ to him4 ,we speak ( him z condition$ by an inability to be f9ite4 ,9 f9e1 to ^? good p1 ! ,limiti/s1 our s5se seems utt] nons5se4 ,x is requir$1 !re=e1 = ! completion ( ?is portion ( our task1 to pres5t a rational gr\nd ^u :i* ^! app>5t contradictions %all become manife/ly consi/5t4 ,9 ^? s5t5ces :]e ! inf9ite ,p]son is spok5 ( z limit$ & unlimit$1 c41 x is evid5t t !re is a play ^u words1 & t !y apply to diff]5t qualities 9 ! p]sonality4 ,x is n said1 ( c\rse1 t ! numb] ( 8 faculties is limit$ & unlimit$2 or t 8 self-complac5cy is b\ndless & con/ra9$2 or t 8 act is condition$ & uncondition$4 ,nor are ^! seem+ p>adoxes /at$ to puzzle & di/urb4 ,!y are writt5 to express a great1 fundam5tal1 & all-important tru?1 :i* seems nev] once to h %ad[$ ! m9ds ( ! ,limiti/s1--a tru? :i*1 :5 once se51 dispels =ev] all ! gho/ly battalions ( difficulties :i* !y h rais$4 ,! tru? is ?is4 ,t ,be+ ^: limitations1 conditions1 & relations are :olly subjective1 i4 e4 f9d _! :ole base & spr+ 9 8 self2 & :o is !re=e entirely free f on all possible limitations1 conditions1 & relations1 f )\t himself2 & :o possesses1 !re=e1 all possible fulness ( all possible excell5ces1 & f9ds ! p]5nial acme ( happ9ess 9 self-contemplation1 & ! consci\sness ( 8 p]fect wor?2 & be+ su* is gr\nd = all o!r possible be+2 is1 9 ! true philosophical s5se1 unrelat$1 uncondition$1 unlimit$4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! conditions impos$ by ,univ]sal ,g5ius ^u ! absolute & inf9ite ,p]son are diff]5t 9 k9d f ! conditions impos$ ^u f9ite p]sons & physical ?+s4 ,! =m] 9 no way dim9i% aught f ! fulness ( _! possessor's end[m5ts2 ! latt] n only d s dim9i%1 b r5d] x impossible = _! possessor to supply ! defici5cy4 ,! foll[+ dictum w1 !n1 concisely & exactly express ! tru? we h atta9$4 ,^? only are conditions1 9 ! philosophical s5se1 :i* dim9i% ! fulness ( ! possessor's end[m5ts4 ,an admirable illu/ration ( ?is tru? c be drawn f "s reflections ( ,laur5s ,p4 ,hickok1 ,d4 ,d41 :i* we quote4 ,:at we ne$ is n m]ely a rule by :i* to direct ! process 9 ! atta9m5t ( any arti/ic end1 b we mu/ f9d ! legislator :o may det]m9e ! end itself444 ,:5ce is ! ultimate behe/ t is to det]m9e ! ar*etype1 & control ! pure spontaneity 9 its action4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mu/ ! arti/ "w m]ely because !re is an inn] want to gratify1 ) no high] end ?an ! gratification ( ! highe/ con/itutional crav+8 ,c we f9d no?+ beyond a want1 :i* %all f its own behe/ dem& t ?is1 & n its opposite1 %all be8 ,grant t ! r\nd worlds & all _! furniture are good--b :y good8 ,c]ta9ly z means to an end4 ,grant t ?is end1 ! happ9ess ( s5ti5t be+s1 is good--b :y good8 ,because x supplies ! want ( ! ,supreme ,ar*itect4 ,& is ?is ! supreme good8 ,surely if x is1 we are altoge!r )9 nature's conditions1 call our ultimate atta9m5t by :at "n we may4 ,we h no orig9 = our legislation1 only z ! highe/ ar*itect f9ds su* wants )9 himself1 & ! ar*etypal rule = gratify+ 8 wants 9 ! mo/ effectual mann]2 & precisely z ! ox goes to 8 fodd] 9 ! %orte/ way1 s he goes to 8 "w 9 mak+ & peopl+ worlds 9 ! mo/ direct mann]4 ,"h is no w2 no p]sonality2 no pure autonomy4 ,! arti/ f9ds himself s con/itut$ t he mu/ "w 9 ?is mann]1 or ! crav+ ( 8 own nature becomes intol]able to himself1 & ! gratify+ ( ?is crav+ is ! highe/ good4 ,we atta9 h]eby a m>k by :i* to di/+ui% ! dim9i%+ f ! undim9i%+ condition4 ,a s5se ( want1 a crav+1 is ! necess>y result ( a dim9i%+ condition4 ,h5ce ! pres5ce ( any crav+ is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! f9ite2 & t pl5itude ( end[m5ts :i* excludes all possible crav+ or lack1 is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! inf9ite & absolute ,p]son4 ,9 ?is pl5itude 8 inf9ity & absolut5ess consi/2 & x is1 !re=e1 conditional ( !m4 ,^u ?is pl5itude1 z conditional ( ?is ,p]son's p]fection1 ,dr4 ,hickok speaks fur!r1 z foll[s3-- ,we mu/ f9d t :i* %all itself be ! reason & law = b5evol5ce1 & = ! sake ( :i* ! arti/ %all be put to 8 b5efic5t ag5cy above all consid]ations t he f9ds 8 nature crav+ x4 ,x mu/ be t = ^: sake1 happ9ess1 ev5 t :i*1 z k9d & b5evol5t1 craves on all sides ! boon to bless o!rs1 itself %\ld be4 ,n s5si5t nor arti/ic autonomy1 b a pure e?ic autonomy1 :i* kn[s t )9 itself !re is an excell5cy :i* obliges = ! sake ( itself4 ,?is is nev] to be f\nd1 nor any?+ v analog\s to x1 9 s5si5t nature & a dictate f "s g5]aliz$ exp]i5ce4 ,x lies )9 ! rational _s1 & is law 9 ! he>t1 z an inw>d imp]ative 9 its own "r1 & mu/ !re be f\nd4444 ,?is inw>d witness+ capacitates = self-legislat+ & self-rew>d+4 ,x is inw>d consci\sness ( a wor? imp]ative above want2 an end 9 itself1 & n means to ano!r end2 a us] ( ?+s1 b n itself to be us$ by any?+2 &1 on acc\nt ( its intr9sic excell5cy1 an au?oritative det]m9] = its own beho( ( ! entire arti/ic ag5cy ) all its products1 & ?us a consci5ce excus+ or accus+4 ,?is inw>d witness+ ( ! absolute to 8 own wor?9ess1 gives ! ultimate e/imate to nature1 :i* ne$s & c atta9 to no?+ high]1 ?an t x %\ld satisfy ?is wor?9ess z end2 & !reby 9 all 8 works1 he fixes1 9 8 own light1 ^u ! subjective ar*etype1 & atta9s to ! objective result ( t :i* is befitt+ 8 own dignity4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 no crav+ want :i* mu/ be gratifi$1 b f ! int]e/ ( an inn] behe/1 :i* %\ld be execut$ = 8 own wor?9ess' sake1 t ',god has creat$ all ?+s1 & = 8 pleasure !y are & 7 creat$4' ,9 ! light ( ! =ego+ discussion & illu/rations1 ! division ( conditions into two classes--! "o class1 conditions prop]1 compris+ ^? :i* dim9i% ! end[m5ts ( ! be+ ^u :om !y lie1 & are gr\nd = a crav+ or lack2 & ! o!r class1 compris+ ^? conditions :i* d n dim9i% ! end[m5ts ( ! be+ ^u :om !y lie1 & :i* are1 !re=e1 gr\nd = p]fect pl5itude ( end[m5ts1 & ( self-satisfaction on acc\nt !re(--is se5 to be ?or\ghly philosophical4 ,& let x be "h not$1 t ! v con/ruction1 or1 if ! t]m suit bett]1 p]ception ( ?is di/9ction1 is a decisive evid5ce ( ! fact1 & a direct product ( ! op]ation ( ! ,pure ,reason4 ,if our intellect compris$ only :at ! ,limiti/s ackn[l$ge x to be1 a ,s5se & an ,und]/&+1 n only c\ld no o!r b dim9i%+ conditions be ?\ght (1 b by no possibility c\ld a h9t t !re 7 any o!rs flit ?r\gh ! m9d4 ,su* a m9d1 be+ :olly 9 nature1 & condition$ by nature1 _c climb up out ( nature1 & p]ceive aught !re4 ,b ^? conditions :i* lie ^u ! inf9ite ,p]son are sup]natural & spiritual2 & c\ld n be ev5 vaguely guess$ at1 mu* m exam9$ critically & classifi$1 b by a be+ possess$ ( a faculty ! same 9 k9d ) ! intellect 9 :i* su* spiritual conditions inh]e4 ,! actual processes :i* g on 9 ! m9d are z foll[s4 ,! ,s5se1 possess+ a purely me*anical /ructure1 a /ructure n diff]+ 9 k9d f t ( ! vegetable1--bo? be+ alike entirely condition$ by ! law ( cause & effect1--p]ceives ph5om5a4 ,! relation ( ! object to ! s5sorium1 or ( ! image to ! s5sory1 & ! =ms "u :i* ! ,s5se %all receive ! impression1 are fix$4 ,because ! ,s5se acts compulsorily1 9 fix$ me*anical =ms1 x is1 by ?is v con/ruction1 incapable1 n only ( receiv+ impressions & exam9+ ph5om5a outside ( ^? =ms1 b x c nev] be />tl$ ) ! guess t !re is any?+ else ?an :at is receiv$ !re94 ,= in/ance3 ,a man born bl9d1 ?\gh he c h no possible notion ( :at light is1 kn[s t light is1 f ! te/imony ( ^? :o c see4 ,b if a race ( m5 born bl9d %\ld be f\nd1 :o _h nev] _h any communication ) m5 :o c\ld see1 x is notori\s t !y c\ld h no possible notion ev5 t light 04 ,a suspicion ( its exi/5ce c\ld nev] cross _! m9ds4 ,?is position is /r5g!n$ & e/abli%$ beyond controv]sy1 by ! failure ( ! m9d 9 its ef=ts to con/ruct an entirely new s5se4 ,e attempt only int5sifies our appreciation ( ! futility ( ! ef=t4 ,f fragm5ts ( ! five s5ses we might1 p]haps1 con/ruct a pat*work six?2 b ! m9d makes no pres5tation to itself ( a new s5se4 ,! reason is1 t1 to d s1 ! ,s5se1 z m5tal faculty1 mu/ transc5d ! v conditions ( its exi/5ce4 ,x is precisely ) ! ,und]/&+ z ) ! l[] faculty4 ,x _c transc5d its limits4 ,x c add no item to ! sum ( human k1 except z x d$uces x f a pres5tation by ! ,s5se4 ,h5ce its conditions correspond to ^? 9 its associate faculty4 ,x is manife/1 !n1 t a be+ ) only ^! faculties may con/ruct a sy/em1 b c nev] develop a sci5ce4 ,x c arrange1 classify1 by su* /&>ds z its fancy may select1 ! ph5om5a 9 nature2 b ?is mu/ be 9 accordance ) "s s5su\s =m4 ,no law c be se51 by :i* x ought to be s1 & n o!rwise4 ,su* classification mu/ always be det]m9$ by ! numb] ( /am5s 9 ! fl[]1 = in/ance2 & t /&>d1 ?\gh arbitr>y1 w be z good z any o!r1 unless !re comes a high] faculty :i*1 ov]look+ all nature1 p]ceives ! a priori law work+ 9 nature1 :i* gives ! ultimate gr\nd = an exhau/ive developm5t ( a sci5ce :i* 9 its idea _c be improv$4 ,x is manife/1 fur!r1 t ^? conditions1 to :i* we h appli$ ! epi!t prop]1 lie ^u ! two faculties we h be5 consid]+4 ,9 ?is we agree ) ! ,limiti/s4 ,x n[ behooves to pres5t ! fact t ! faculty ^: exi/5ce 0 prov$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( our "w1 is compet5t to ov]look1 & s compreh5d nature1 & all ! conditions ( nature1 & !reby assign to said conditions _! true & inf]ior place1 :ile x so>s out ( nature1 & intuits ^? a priori laws :i*1 ?\gh ! conditions (1 are :olly uncondition$ by nature2 b :i* are bo? ! conditions ( & condition$ by ! sup]natural2 & ?is 9 an entirely diff]5t s5se f ! o!r4 ,?is is ! prov9ce ( ! ,pure ,reason4 ,/&+ on "s l(ty peak1 above all cl\ds ( s5se1 "u ! full blaze ( et]nal tru?1 ! s\l sees all nature spread l a va/ map be=e h] se>*+ eye1 %>ply obs]ves1 & appreciates all ! conditions ( nature2 & !n1 :ile hold+ x full 9 ! field ( h] vision1 ) equal fulness p]ceives t o!r l&1 ! spiritual pla9s ( ! sup]natural1 sees !m too 9 all _! condition+s2 & sees1 ) a cle>ness ( vision nev] approximat$ by ! e>?ly eye1 ! fact t ^! sup]natural conditions are no deprivation :i* awak5 a want1 b t !y inh]e & coh]e1 z f9al gr\nd = absolute pl5itude ( end[m5ts & fulness ( bliss1 9 ! ,self-exi/5t ,p]son4 ,x w be object$ to ! position n[ atta9$1 t x involves ! doctr9e t ! ,pure ,reason 9 ! f9ite spiritual p]son is on a p> ) ! ,univ]sal ,g5ius 9 ! inf9ite spiritual ,p]son4 ,! objection is fallaci\s1 because bas$ ^u ! assumption t lik5ess 9 mode ( action involves entire simil>ity4 ,! mode ( action 9 ! f9ite ,pure ,reason is precisely simil> to t ( ! ,univ]sal ,g5ius2 ! objects p]ceiv$ by bo? are ! same1 !y are se5 9 ! same light1 & s are 9 accord2 b ! range ( ! f9ite is "o1 & ! range ( ! inf9ite is ano!r2 & s div]se also are ! circum/ances att5d+ ! act ( see+4 ,! range ( ! f9ite ,reason is1 always mu/ be1 p>tial3 ! range ( ! inf9ite ,reason is1 always mu/ be1 exhau/ive 7n inf9ite74 ,9 circum/ances1 ! f9ite ,reason is creat$ dep5d5t = exi/5ce1 mu/ beg9 9 a g]m 9 :i* x is inactive1 & mu/ be develop$ by association ) nature1 & "u =ms ( nature2 & c nev]1 by any possibility ( gr[?1 atta9 to t p]fectness 9 :i* x %all be satisfi$1 or to a po9t 9 developm5t f :i* x c cont9ue its advance z pure _s4 ,x always mu/ be _s 9 a body2 ev5 ?\gh t be a spiritual body4 ,! inf9ite ,reason is self-exi/5t1 & !re=e indep5d5t2 & is1 & always mu/ be1 9 ! absolute possession ( all possible k1 & s _c gr[4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! inf9ite & f9ite reasons see ! same object 9 ! same light1 & !re=e alike1 ! diff]5ce 9 range1 & ! diff]5ce 9 circum/ance1 mu/ =ev] con/itute !m dissimil>4 ,! exact lik5ess ( sight j notic$ is ! necess>y a priori gr\nd ^u :i* a moral gov]nm5t is possible4 ,9 ?us decl>+ ! basis ^u :i* ! above di/9ction betwe5 ! two classes ( conditions re/s1 we h be5 l$ to di/+ui% m cle>ly betwe5 ! faculties ( ! m9d1 & especially to obs]ve h[ ! ,pure ,reason enables u !reby to solve ! problems %e has rais$4 ,9 ?is radical di/9ction lies ! rational gr\nd = ! explication ( all ! problems :i* ! ,limiti/s raise4 ,x also appe>s t ! t]ms mu/1 possible1 & ! l1 be+ us$ to express no idea ( re/ra9t1 z com+ f )\t ^u ! inf9ite ,p]son1 or ( lack or crav+1 z subsi/+ )9 him1 are prop]ly employ$ 9 express+ ! fact t 8 ,self1 z a priori gr\nd = 8 activity1 is1 ?\gh ! only1 yet a real1 positive1 & irremovable limit1 condition1 & law ( 8 action4 ,( two possible ends he may freely *oose ei!r4 ,( all possible modes ( action he may *oose "o2 b ! con/itut+ laws ( ! ,self he _c1 & ! moral laws ( 8 ,self he w n1 violate4 ,t po9t has n[ be5 rea*$ at :i* ?is bran* ( ! discussion 9 h& may be clos$4 ,! f9al base f :i* to conduct an exam9ation ( ! que/ions respect+ absolut5ess & inf9ity has be5 atta9$4 ,9 ! progress to ?is consummation x 0 f\nd t a radical psy*ological error lay at ! root ( ! philosophy taught by ! ,limiti/s4 ,_! !ory 0 se5 to be p>tial1 & ess5tially defective4 ,qualities :i* !y d n recognise 7 f\nd to belong to c]ta9 m5tal affirmations4 ,f\r classes ( ^! affirmations or ideas 7 nam$ & illu/rat$2 & by !m ! fact ( ! ,reason 0 e/abli%$4 ,!n its mode ( activity & its functions 7 /at$2 & f9ally ! great tru? :i* solves ! problem ( ! ages 01 by ?is faculty1 atta9$ & /at$4 ,x became evid5t t ! f9al cause ( ! ,univ]se mu/ be f\nd )\t ! ,univ]se2 & x 0 !n se5 t ,t spiritual ,p]son :o is self-exi/5t1 absolute1 & inf9ite1 is ! ,ultimate ,gr\nd1 ! ,f9al ,cause1 ( ! ,univ]se4 ,def9itions ( ! t]ms absolute & inf9ite suitable to su* a position 7 !n giv51 ) a few conclud+ reflections4 ,f ! result ?us secur$ ! way is prep>$ = an exam9ation ( ! g5]al pr9ciples & _! special applications :i* ! ,limiti/s ma9ta91 & ?is w occupy our future pages4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,proposition ,,( ,,! ,,limiti/s1 ,,& ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,g5]al ,,coroll>ies ,,"u ,,x4 ,x has be5 attempt$ 9 ! =m] pages to f9d a valid & f9al basis ( tru?1 "o :i* w\ld satisfy ! crav+s ( ! human s\l1 & af=d x a sure re/4 ,9 ! fact t ,god made man 9 8 own image1 & t ?us !re is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a community ( faculties1 a community ( k1 a community ( obligations1 & a community ( int]e/s1 h we f\nd su* a basis4 ,we h h]eby le>n$ t a "p ( man's k is necess>y & f9al2 9 o!r words1 t he c "k ! tru?1 & be sure t 8 k is correct4 ,if ! pro(s :i* h be5 (f]$ ( ! fact ( ! ,pure ,reason1 & ! /atem5ts :i* h be5 made ( ! mode ( its activity & ( its functions1 &1 fur!r1 ( ! problem ( ! ,univ]se1 & ! true me?od = solv+ x1 %all h be5 satisfactory to ! read]1 he w n[ be ready to consid] ! analysis ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's fundam5tal proposition1 :i* 0 promis$ on an e>ly page4 ,we !re gave1 x 0 ?\ght1 suffici5tly full extracts = a fair pres5tation ( 8 !ory1 & foll[$ !m ) a c&id epitome4 ,9 recurr+ to ! subject n[1 & = ! purpose nam$1 we are con/ra9$ at ! outset to make an ackn[l$gm5t4 ,x w\ld be simple folly1 a *ildi% egotism1 to pass by 9 sil5ce ! ma/]ly article on ?is subject 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,octob]1 #ahfd1 & aft] x to pret5d to (f] any?+ new4 ,:atev] ! au?or might h wr\ght out 9 8 own m5tal work%op1--& 8 "w 0 f> less able ?an :at is !re giv51--t article has left no?+ to be said4 ,he has !re=e be5 tempt$ to "o ( two c\rses3 ei!r to transf] x to ^! pages1 or pass by ! subject entirely4 ,ei!r c\rse may1 p]haps1 be bett] ?an ! "o f9ally *os52 :i* is1 :ile pursu+ ! ord] ( 8 own ?\ght1 to add a few %ort extracts !refrom4 ,"o possibility enc\rages him 9 ?is1 :i* is1 t "s p]sons may see ?is volume1 :o h no access to ! ,review1 & to :om1 !re=e1 ^! pages w be valuable4 ,to save ne$less repetition1 ?is discussion w presuppose t ! read] has turn$ back & p]us$ ! extracts & epitome above allud$ to4 ,^u ! v ?re%old ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's /atem5t1 "o is met by a logical faux pas :i* is truly amaz+4 ,imm$iately aft] ! ass]tion t ! m9d c "k only ! limit$ & ! conditionally limit$1 & 9 ! v s5t5ce 9 :i* he d5ies ! possibility ( a k ( ! ,inf9ite & ,absolute1 he proce$s to def9e ^? words 9 def9ite & kn[n t]ms6 ,! ,inf9ite he def9es z ! unconditionally unlimit$1 & ! ,absolute z ! unconditionally limit$4 ,or1 to save him1 w "o say t ! def9+ t]ms are unkn[n8 ,s mu* ! worse1 !n6 ,! ,inf9ite1 an unkn[n t]m1 may be repres5t$ by x2 & ! unconditionally unlimit$1 a comp\nd unkn[n t]m1 by ab4 ,n[1 :o has ! "r to say1 ei!r 9 ma!matics or metaphysics1 9 any philosophy1 t xab8 ,yet su* dicta are ! basis ( ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$4 ,b1 "o ( two suppositions is possible4 ,ei!r ! t]ms inf9ite & absolute are kn[n t]ms & def9able1 or !y are unkn[n t]ms & undef9able4 ,yet1 ,hamilton says1 !y are unkn[n & def9able4 ,:i* does he mean8 ,if he is held to ! =m]1 !y are unkn[n2 !n all else t he has writt5 ab\t !m are bat*es ( mean+less words4 ,if he is held to ! latt]1 !y are def9able2 !n are !y kn[n1 & 8 sy/em is d5i$ 9 ! ass]tion ( x4 ,s9ce 8 words are s contradictory1 he mu/ be judg$ by 8 de$s2 & 9 ^! he always assumes t we h a positive k ( ! inf9ite & absolute1 else he w\ld n h argu$ ! matt]2 = !re c be no argum5t ab\t no?+4 ,our analysis ( 8 !ory1 !n1 mu/ be conduct$ ^u ?is hypo!sis4 ,turn back = a mom5t to ! page ^u :i* 8 !ory is quot$1 & read ! la/ s5t5ce4 ,is 8 utt]ance a pr9ciple1 or is x a judgm5t8 ,is x an axiom1 or is x a guess4 ,! logician ass]ts t we "k only ! condition$1 & yet bases 8 ass]tion ^u ! pr9ciples1 c4 ,:at is a pr9ciple1 & h[ is x kn[n8 ,if x is axiom1 !n he has d5i$ 8 own philosophy 9 ! v s5t5ce 9 :i* he utt]$ x4 ,& ?is1 we h no hesitation 9 say+1 is j :at he did4 ,he bl9dly assum$ c]ta9 fundam5tal laws ( ?\ght1--to quote ano!r ( 8 phrases--to e/abli% ! impot5ce ( ! m9d to "k ^? laws z fundam5tal4 ,aga91 if 8 philosophy is valid1 ! words mu/1 necess>y1 & ! l are entirely out ( place2 = !y are unconditional4 ,9 ! condition$ !re is1 c be1 no mu/1 no necessity4 ,f ^! excursions ab\t ! pr9ciple let u n[ return to ! pr9ciple itself4 ,x may be /at$ concisely ?us3 ,!re are two extremes1--! ,absolute & ! ,inf9ite4 ,^! include all be+4 ,!y are contradictories1 t is1 "o mu/ be1 to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,b ! m9d c conceive ( nei!r4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! logical conclusion8 ,t ! m9d _c conceive ( any?+4 ,:at is 8 conclusion8 ,t ! m9d c conceive ( some?+ betwe5 ! inf9ite & ! absolute1 :i* is nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 b a t]tium quid--! condition$4 ,:]e did ?is t]tium quid come f1 :5 he _h already compreh5d$ ev]y?+ 9 ! two extremes8 ,if !re is a mean1 ! condition$1 & ! two extremes1 !n exclud$ middle has no?+ to d ) ! matt] at all4 ,to avoid ! inevitable conclusion ( 8 logic z j /at$1 ,hamilton erect$ ! subt]fuge ( m5tal imbecility4 ,to d5y any k to man1 0 to expose himself to ridicule4 ,he1 !re=e1 & 8 foll[]s aft] him1 drew a l9e 9 ! doma9 ( k1 & assign$ to ! hi!r side ( x all k t c come ?r\gh g5]alizations 9 ! ,und]/&+2 & !n ass]t$ t ! contradictions :i* appe>$ 9 ! m9d1 :5 "o exam9$ ^? que/ions :i* lie on ! fur!r side ( t l9e1 result$ f ! impot5cy ( ! m9d to compreh5d ! que/ions !mselves4 ,?is 01 is1 _! psy*ology4 ,h[ satisfactory x may be to ,man1 a hundr$ ye>s1 p]haps1 w %[4 ,b /rike out ! la/ ass]tion1 & write1 ,bo? are cognizable2 & !n let u proce$ ) our reason+4 ,! essayi/ 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican pres5ts ! !ory "u f\r heads1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! ,inf9ite & ,absolute z def9$1 are contradictory & exclusive ( ea* o!r2 yet1 "o mu/ be true4 #b4 ,nei!r ( !m c be conceiv$ z possible4 #c4 ,ea* is inconceivable2 & ! inconceivability ( ea* is ref]able to ! same cause1 namely1 m5tal imbecility4 #d4 ,z opposite extremes1 !y include ev]y?+ conceivable betwe5 !m4 ,! fir/ & f\r? po9ts require our especial att5tion4 #a4 ,let u p>ticul>ly m>k1 !n1 t x is z def9$1 t ! t]ms are contradictory4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 turns ^u ! def9itions4 ,und\bt$ly ! def9itions are errone\s2 b 9 ord] to see :]e91 ! foll[+ g5]al reflections may be made3-- ,! t]ms inf9ite & absolute1 z us$ by philosoph]s1 h two di/9ct applications3 "o to ,space & ,"t1 & "o to ,god4 ,su* def9itions z are suitable to ! latt] application1 & self-consi/5t1 h already be5 giv54 ,?\gh reluctant to admit into a philosophical treatise a t]m be>+ two di/9ct mean+s1 we %all waive = a little our scruples1--?\gh *oos+1 = ourselves1 to use ! equival5t r ?an ! t]m4 ,su* def9itions are ne$$1 !n1 z t absolute ,space & ,"t %all n be contradictory to inf9ite ,space & ,"t4 ,let u fir/ obs]ve ,hamilton's !ory4 ,accord+ to x1 ,space1 = in/ance1 is ei!r unconditional illimitation1 or x is unconditional limitation2 9 o!r words1 x is illimitable1 or x is a limit$ :ole4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ass]tion is true4 ,t ,space is illimitable1 is unque/ionably a self-evid5t tru?4 ,any "o :o c&idly consid]s ! subject w see n only t ! m9d _c assign limits to ,space1 b t ! attempt is an absurdity j alike 9 k9d ) ! attempt to ?9k two & two five4 ,! la/ "p is a psy*ological blund]1 has no p]t95ce to ! "q1 & is n :at ,hamilton 0 grop+ =4 ,he 0 se>*+ = ! tru?1 t !re is no absolute unit 9 ,space4 ,a limit$ :ole has no?+ to d ) ! matt] 9 h&--absolut5ess--at all4 ,! illimitability ( ,space1 :i* has j be5 e/abli%$ z an axiom1 precludes ?is4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! opposite pole ( ?\ght8 ,we h j decl>$ x4 ,!re is no absolute unit ( ,space2 or1 9 o!r words1 all division is 9 ,space1 b ,space is indivisible4 ,?is1 also1 is an axiom1 is self-evid5t4 ,we atta91 !n1 two poles ( ?\ght1 & def9itions ( ! two t]ms giv51 :i* are exhau/ive & consi/5t4 ,space is illimitable4 ,space is indivisible4 ,! "o is ! inf9ity ( ,space1 ! o!r is ! absolut5ess ( ,space4 ,! fact1 !n1 is1 all limitation is 9 ,space1 & all division is 9 ,space2 b ,space is nei!r limit$ or divid$4 ,"o ( ! logician's extremes is se51 !n1 to h no f\ndation 9 fact2 & t :i* is f\nd to be true is also f\nd to be consi/5t )1 nay1 ess5tial to1 :at %\ld h be5 ! o!r4 ,hav+ hi!rto express$ a decid$ prote/ aga9/ any attempt to f9d out ,god ?r\gh ! =ms ( ,space & ,"t1 a repetition w n be ne$$ "h4 ,god is only to be s\ght =1 f\nd1 & /udi$1 by su* me?ods z are suitable to ! supreme spiritual ,p]son4 ,h5ce all ! attempts ( ! ,limiti/s to reason f spatial & temporal difficulties ov] to ^? que/ions :i* belong to ,god1 are simply absurd4 ,! que/ions respect+ ,space & ,"t are to be discuss$ by !mselves4 ,& ! que/ions respect+ ,god are to be discuss$ by !mselves4 ,he :o tries to reason f ! "o to ! o!r is n less absurd ?an he :o %\ld try to reason f a f>m to ! multiplication table4 ,9 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's behalf x %\ld be /at$1 t !re is j a modicum ( tru? und]ly+ 8 !ory1--j en\gh to give x a degree ( plausibility4 ,! ,s5se1 z faculty = ! p]ception ( physical objects1 or _! images1 & ! ,und]/&+ z discursive faculty = pass+ ov] & =m+ judgm5ts ^u ! mat]ials ga!r$ by ! ,s5se1 lie "u ! %ad[ ( a law v l ! "o he /at$4 ,! ,s5se 0 made incapable ( p]ceiv+ an ultimate atom or ( compreh5d+ ! univ]se4 ,f ! fact t ! ,s5se nev] has p]ceiv$ ^! objects1 ! ,und]/&+ concludes t x nev] w4 ,only by ! insight & ov]sight ( t high] faculty1 ! ,pure ,reason1 d we come to "k t x nev] c4 ,x 0 because ^? l[] faculties are ?us wall$ 9 by ! conditions ( ,space & ,"t1 & are unable to p]ceive or conceive any?+ out ( ^? conditions1 & because1 9 consid]+ !m1 he fail$ to see ! o!r m5tal p[]s1 t ,sir ,william ,hamilton con/ruct$ 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$4 #b4 ,nei!r ( !m c be conceiv$ z possible4 ,lit]ally1 ?is is true4 ,! ^w conceive applies /rictly to ! "w ( ! ,und]/&+2 & t faculty c nev] h any notion ( ! ,inf9ite or ,absolute4 ,b1 assum+ t conceive is a g5]al t]m = cognize1 ! conclusion develop$ j above is inevitable4 ,if all be+ is 9 "o or ! o!r1 & nei!r c be kn[n1 no?+ c be kn[n4 #c4 ,!y _c be kn[n1 because ( m5tal imbecility4 ,if man c "k no?+ because ( m5tal imbecility1 :y suppose t he has a m5tal faculty at all8 ,:y n en\nce1 z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( "o's !ory1 ! ass]tion1 ,all m5 are idiots8 ,?is w\ld be logically consi/5t4 ,! tru? is1 ! logician 0 9 a dilemma4 ,he mu/ confess t m5 "k some?+4 ,by a false psy*ology he _h rul$ ! ,reason out ( ! m9d1 & s _h left himself no faculty by :i* to =m any notion ( absolut5ess & inf9ity2 & yet !y w\ld ?ru/ !mselves be=e him1 & dem& an explanation4 ,h5ce1 he con/ruct$ a subt]fuge4 ,he w\ld h be5 m consi/5t if he _h said1 ,!re is no absolute & inf9ite4 ,! condition$ is ! :ole ( exi/5ce2 & ?is ! m9d kn[s4 #d4 ,z opposite extremes1 !y include ev]y?+ conceivable betwe5 !m4 ,:at ! essayi/ 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican says ^u ?is po9t is s apt1 & s accords ) our own previ\s reflections1 t we w n =be> mak+ an extract4 ,! la/ ( ! f\r !ses w be/ be re-/at$ 9 ,hamilton's own words2 ! italics are 84 ',! condition$ is ! mean betwe5 two extremes--two inconditionates1 exclusive ( ea* o!r1 nei!r ( :i* c be conceiv$ z possible1 b ( :i*1 on ! pr9ciples ( contradiction & exclud$ middle1 "o mu/ be admitt$ z necess>y4' ,?is s5t5ce excites unmix$ wond]4 ,to m5tion 9 ! same brea? ! law ( exclud$ middle1 & two contradictions ) a mean betwe5 !m1 requires a h>dihood unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 except by ,hegel4 ,if ! two contradictory extremes are !mselves incogitable1 yet include a cogitable mean1 :y insi/ ^u ! necessity ( accept+ ei!r extreme8 ,?is necessity ( accept+ "o ( two contradictories is :olly bas$ ^u ! suppos$ impossibility ( a mean2 if ! mean exi/s1 t may be true1 & bo? ! contradictories false4 ,b if a mean betwe5 ! two contradictories be bo? impossible & absurd1 7& we h hi!rto s int]pret$ ! law ( exclud$ middle17 ,hamilton's condition$ entirely vani%es4 ,^u a sy/em :i*1 9 :atev] aspect "o looks at x1 is f\nd to be b a bundle ( contradictions & absurdities1 fur!r criticism w\ld appe> to be unnecess>y4 ,hav+1 impli$ly at lea/1 accept$ z true ,sir ,william ,hamilton's psy*ological error1--! rejection ( ! ,reason z ! intellectual faculty ( ! spiritual p]son1--& hav+1 ) him1 us$ ! t]ms limit1 condition1 & ! l1 9 su* significations z are p]t95t to ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+ only1 ! ,limiti/s proce$ to pres5t 9 a p>adoxical light _m que/ions :i* arise conc]n+ ! ,inf9ite4 ,!y take ! gr\nd t1 to our view1 he c be nei!r p]son1 nor intellect1 nor consci\sness2 = ea* ( ^! implies limitation2 & yet t x is impossible = u to "k aught ( him1 except z su*4 ,!n hav+1 z !y ?9k1 completely confus$ ! m9d1 !y draw h5ce new support = _! conclusion1 t we c atta9 to no satisfactory k on ! subject4 ,! foll[+ extracts select$ f _m w %[ ?is4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! v conception ( ,consci\sness1 9 :atev] mode x may be manife/$1 necess>ily implies di/9ction betwe5 "o object & ano!r4 ,to be consci\s1 we mu/ be consci\s ( some?+2 & t some?+ c only be kn[n z t :i* x is1 by be+ di/+ui%$ f t :i* x is n4 ,b di/9ction is necess>ily a limitation2 =1 if "o object is to be di/+ui%$ f ano!r1 x mu/ possess "s =m ( exi/5ce :i* ! o!r has n1 or x mu/ n possess "s =m :i* ! o!r has4 ,b x is obvi\s t ! ,inf9ite _c be di/+ui%$1 z su*1 f ! ,f9ite1 by ! abs5ce ( any quality :i* ! ,f9ite possesses2 = su* abs5ce w\ld be a limitation4 ,nor yet c x be di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( an attribute :i* ! ,f9ite has n2 = z no f9ite "p c be a con/itu5t ( an inf9ite :ole1 ?is diff]5tial *>act]i/ic mu/ itself be inf9ite2 & mu/ at ! same "t h no?+ 9 common ) ! f9ite4444 ,t a man c be consci\s ( ! ,inf9ite1 is ?us a supposition :i*1 9 ! v t]ms 9 :i* x is express$1 annihilates itself4 ,consci\sness is ess5tially a limitation2 = x is ! det]m9ation ( ! m9d to "o actual out ( _m possible modifications4 ,b ! ,inf9ite1 if x is conceiv$ at all1 mu/ be conceiv$ z pot5tially ev]y?+1 & actually no?+2 = if !re is any?+ 9 g5]al :i* x _c become1 x is !reby limit$2 & if !re is any?+ 9 p>ticul> :i* x actually is1 x is !reby exclud$ f be+ any o!r ?+4 ,b aga91 x mu/ also be conceiv$ z actually ev]y?+1 & pot5tially no?+2 = an unrealiz$ pot5tiality is likewise a limitation4 ,if ! inf9ite c be t :i* x is n1 x is by t v possibility m>k$ out z incomplete1 & capable ( a high] p]fection4 ,if x is actually ev]y?+1 x possesses no *>act]i/ic feature by :i* x c be di/+ui%$ f any?+ else1 & disc]n$ z an object ( consci\sness4444 ,rationalism is ?us only consi/5t ) itself :5 x refuses to attribute consci\sness to ,god4 ,consci\sness1 9 ! only =m 9 :i* we c conceive x1 implies limitation & *ange1--! p]ception ( "o object out ( _m1 & a comp>ison ( t object ) o!rs4 ,to he always consci\s ( ! same object1 is1 humanly speak+1 n to be consci\s at all2 &1 beyond its human manife/ation1 we c h no conception ( :at consci\sness is4--,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 pp4 #ic-ie4 ,z ! conditionally limit$ 7:i* we may briefly call ! condition$7 is ?us ! only possible object ( k & ( positive ?\ght--?\ght necess>ily supposes conditions4 ,to ?9k is to condition2 & conditional limitation is ! fundam5tal law ( ! possibility ( ?\ght4444 ,?\ght _c transc5d consci\sness2 consci\sness is only possible "u ! anti!sis ( a subject & object ( ?\ght2 kn[n only 9 correlation1 & mutually limit+ ea* o!r2 :ile1 indep5d5tly ( ?is1 all t we "k ei!r ( subject or object1 ei!r ( m9d or matt]1 is only a k 9 ea* ( ! p>ticul>1 ( ! plural1 ( ! diff]5t1 ( ! modifi$1 ( ! ph5om5al4 ,we admit t ! consequ5ce ( ?is doctr9e is--t philosophy1 if view$ z m ?an a sci5ce ( ! condition$1 is impossible4 ,dep>t+ f ! p>ticul>1 we admit t we c nev]1 9 out highe/ g5]alizations1 rise above ! f9ite2 t our k1 :e!r ( m9d or matt]1 c be no?+ m ?an a k ( ! relative manife/ations ( an exi/5ce1 :i* 9 itself x is our highe/ wisdom to recognize z beyond ! rea* ( philosophy4 ,9 all ?is1 s f> z human intellig5ce is conc]n$1 we cordially agree2 = a m complete admission c\ld n be imag9$1 n only t a k1 & ev5 a notion1 ( ! absolute is impossible = man1 b t we are unable to conceive ! possibility ( su* a k ev5 9 ! ,deity himself1 )\t contradict+ our human conceptions ( ! possibility ( intellig5ce itself4--,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,essays1 pp4 #ba1 #bb1 #ch4 ,! v>i\s m5tal attributes :i* we ascribe to ,god--,b5evol5ce1 ,hol9ess1 ,ju/ice1 ,wisdom1 = example--c be conceiv$ by u only z exi/+ 9 a b5evol5t & holy & j & wise ,be+1 :o is n id5tical ) any "o ( 8 attributes1 b ! common subject ( !m all2 9 "o ^w1 a ,p]son4 ,b ,p]sonality1 z we conceive x1 is ess5tially a limitation & relation4 ,our own p]sonality is pres5t$ to u z relative & limit$2 & x is f t pres5tation t all our repres5tative notions ( p]sonality are d]iv$4 ,p]sonality is pres5t$ to u z a relation betwe5 ! consci\s self & ! v>i\s modes ( 8 consci\sness4 ,!re is no p]sonality 9 ab/ract ?\ght )\t a ?9k]3 !re is no ?9k] unless he ex]cises "s mode ( ?\ght4 ,p]sonality is also a limitation2 = ! ?\ght & ! ?9k] are di/+ui%$ f & limit ea* o!r2 & ! v>i\s modes ( ?\ght are di/+ui%$ ea* f ea* by limitation likewise4444--,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #ajb4 ,p]sonality1 ) all its limitations1 ?\gh f> f exhibit+ ! absolute nature ( ,god z ,he is1 is yet tru]1 gr&]1 m elevat+1 m religi\s1 ?an ^? b>r51 vague1 mean+less ab/ractions 9 :i* m5 babble ab\t no?+ "u ! "n ( ! ,inf9ite & ,p]sonal consci\s exi/5ce1 limit$ ?\gh x be1 is yet ! noble/ ( all exi/5ce ( :i* man c dream4444 ,x is by consci\sness alone t we "k t ,god exi/s1 or t we are able to (f] ,him any s]vice4 ,x is only by conceiv+ ,him z a ,consci\s ,be+1 t we c /& 9 any religi\s relation to ,him at all2 t we c =m su* a repres5tation ( ,him z is dem&$ by our spiritual wants1 insuffici5t ?\gh x be to satisfy our intellectual curiosity4--,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #ajd4 ,! conclusions ( ^! writ]s ^u ?is :ole topic are z foll[s3-- ,! m9d is n repres5t$ z conceiv+ two propositions subv]sive ( ea* o!r z equally possible2 b only z unable to und]/& z possible two extremes2 "o ( :i*1 h[ev]1 on ! gr\nd ( _! mutual repugnance1 x is compell$ to recognize z true4444 ,& by a wond]ful revelation we are ?us1 9 ! v consci\sness ( our inability to conceive aught above ! relative & f9ite1 inspir$ ) a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ uncondition$ beyond ! sph]e ( all compreh5sive reality4--,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,essays1 p4 #bb4 ,to sum up briefly ?is portion ( my argum5t4 ,! conception ( ! ,absolute & ,inf9ity1 f :atev] side we view x1 appe>s encompass$ ) contradictions4 ,!re is a contradiction 9 suppos+ su* an object to exi/1 :e!r alone or 9 conjunction ) o!rs2 & !re is a contradiction 9 suppos+ x n to exi/4 ,!re is a contradiction 9 conceiv+ x z "o2 & !re is a contradiction 9 conceiv+ x z _m4 ,!re is a contradiction 9 conceiv+ x z p]sonal2 & !re is a contradiction 9 conceiv+ x z imp]sonal4 ,x _c1 )\t contradiction1 be repres5t$ z active2 nor1 )\t equal contradiction1 be repres5t$ z inactive4 ,x _c be conceiv$ z ! sum ( all exi/5ce2 nor yet c x be conceiv$ z a "p only ( t sum4--,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 pp4 #hd1 #he4 ,we h quot$ ?us l>gely1 pref]r+ t ! ,limiti/s %\ld speak = !mselves4 ,_! doctr9e1 z taught1 n simply 9 ^! passages1 b ?r\gh\t _! writ+s1 may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s4 ,! human m9d1 :5ev] x attempts to inve/igate ! pr(\nde/ subjects :i* come be=e x1 & :i* x is goad$ to exam9e1 f9ds itself 9 an inextricable maze ( contradictions2 &1 aft] va9ly /ruggl+ = a :ile to get out1 becomes nonpluss$1 confus$1 conf\nd$1 daz$2 &1 fall+ d[n helpless & ef=tless 9 ! maze1 & ) dev\t humility ackn[l$g+ its impot5ce1 x f9ds t ! highe/ reason is to pass beyond ! sph]e & out ( ! light ( reason1 into ! sph]e ( a sup]rational & !re=e d>k1 & !re=e bl9d fai?4 ,b x is to be /at$1 & "h we /rike to ! c5tre ( ! errors ( ! ,limiti/s1 t a p]ception & confession ( m5tal impot5ce is n ! logical d$uction f _! premises4 ,lu/r\s z may be _! names 9 logic1--& ,sir ,william ,hamilton is e/eem$ a sun 9 ! logical firmam5t1--no "o ( !m ev] saw1 or else d>$ to ackn[l$ge1 ! logical sequ5ce f _! pr9ciples4 ,!y h climb$ ^u ! dizzy heights ( ?\ght1 & out on _! v]ge2 & !re !y /&1 hesitat+ & %iv]+1 l nak$ m5 on ,alp9e precipices1 ) no eagle w+s to spread & so> away t[>ds ! ,et]nal ,tru?2 & n d>+ to take ! awful plunge be=e !m4 ,behold ! gulf f :i* !y %r9k4 ,mr4 ,mansel says3-- ,x is our duty1 !n1 to ?9k ( ,god z p]sonal2 & x is our duty to believe t ,he is inf9ite4 ,x is true t we _c reconcile ^! two repres5tations ) ea* o!r1 z our conception ( p]sonality involves attributes app>5tly contradictory to ! notion ( inf9ity4 ,b x does n foll[ t ?is contradiction exi/s any:]e b 9 our own m9ds3 x does n foll[ t x implies any impossibility 9 ! absolute nature ( ,god4 ,! app>5t contradiction1 9 ?is case1 z 9 ^? previ\sly notic$1 is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( an attempt on ! "p ( ! human ?9k] to transc5d ! b\nd>ies ( 8 own consci\sness4 ,x proves t !re are limits to man's p[] ( ?\ght2 & x proves no m4--,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #ajf4 ,or1 to put x 9 %>p & accurate1 pla9 & unmi/akable ,engli%4 ,x is our duty to ?9k ( ,god z p]sonal1 :5 to ?9k ( ,him z p]sonal is to ?9k a lie2 to believe t ,he is inf9ite1 :5 s to believe is to believe ! lie already ?\ght2 & :5 to believe a lie is to incur ! p5alty decre$ by ! ,bible--,god's book--^u all :o believe lies4 ,& ?is is ! religi\s tea*+ ( a pr(ess$ ,*ri/ian m9i/] 9 "o ( ! fir/ ,univ]sities 9 ! _w4 ,n t ,mr4 ,mansel meant to tea* ?is4 ,by no means4 ,b x logically foll[s f 8 premises4 ,9 8 philosophy ! m9d in/9ctively1 necess>ily1 & ) equal au?ority 9 ea* case1 ass]ts ,t !re mu/ be an inf9ite ,be+2 ,t t ,be+ mu/ be ,self-consci\s1 ,mu/ be unlimit$2 & t ,consci\sness is a limitation4 ,^! ass]tions are contradictory & self-de/ructive4 ,:at foll[s !n8 ,t ! m9d is impot5t8 ,no6 ,x foll[s t ! m9d is a deceiv]6 ,we le>n aga9 ! lesson we h le>n$ be=e4 ,x is n weakness1 x is falsehood3 x is n want ( capacity1 x is want ( integrity t is prov$ by ?is contradiction4 ,man is worse ?an a hopeless1 m5tal imbecile1 he is a hopeless1 m5tal *eat4 ,b is ! result true8 ,h[ c x be1 :5 ) all its might ! m9d revolts f x1 z nature does f a vacuum8 ,true t ! human m9d is an incorrigible falsifi]8 ,) ! indignation ( outrag$ hone/y1 man's s\l rejects ! insult+ asp]sion1 & reass]ts its own integrity & au?ority4 ,ages ( controv]sy h fail$ to oblit]ate or cry d[n ! spontane\s utt]ance ( ! s\l1 ,i h )9 myself ! ultimate /&>d ( tru?4 ,x n[ devolves to acc\nt = ! ab]rations ( ! ,limiti/s4 ,! gr\nd ( all _! difficulties is simple & pla94 ,:ile d5y+ to ! human m9d ! faculty ( ! ,pure ,reason1 !y h1 by ! 7to !m7 undi/+ui%$ use ( t faculty1 rais$ que/ions :i* ! ,und]/&+ by no possibility c\ld raise1 :i* ! ,reason alone is capable ( pres5t+1 & :i* t ,reason alone c solve2 & h attempt$ to solve !m solely by ! assi/ance1 & 9 ! =ms (1 ! ,s5se & ! ,und]/&+4 ,_! problems belong to a spiritual p]son2 & !y attempt to solve !m by ! inf]ior modes ( an animal nature4 ,bett]1 by f>1 c\ld !y see ) _! e>s4 ,all _! processes are develop$ on ! vici\s assumption1 t ! highe/ =m ( k possible to ! human m9d is a g5]alization 9 ! ,und]/&+1 ^u facts giv5 9 ! ,s5se3 a =m ( k :i* is always "o1 :e!r ! sub/ance be di/+ui%$ 9 ! =m1 be a pea*1 z div]se f an apple2 or a />1 z "o among a million4 ,! meagr5ess & utt] insuffici5cy ( ?is doctr9e1 to acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a ( ! human m9d1 we h h]et(ore %[n2 & %all !re=e ne$ only n[ to di/+ui% c]ta9 special phases ( _! fundam5tal error4 ,z h]et(ore1 !re w be cont9ual occasion to note h[ ! doctr9e ( ! ,limiti/s1 t ! ,und]/&+ is man's highe/ faculty ( k1 & ! logical sequ5ces !refrom respect+ ! laws ( ?\ght & consci\sness vitiate _! :ole sy/em4 ,"o ( _! mo/ important errors is ?us express$3--,to be consci\s1 we mu/ be consci\s ( some?+2 & t some?+ c only be kn[n z t :i* x is1 by be+ di/+ui%$ f t :i* x is n4 ,?\ght _c transc5d consci\sness2 consci\sness is only possible "u ! anti!sis ( subject & object ( ?\ght kn[n only 9 correlation1 & mutually limit+ ea* o!r2 :ile1 indep5d5tly ( ?is1 all t we "k ei!r ( subject or object1 ei!r ( m9d or matt]1 is only a k 9 ea* ( ! p>ticul>1 ( ! plural1 ( ! diff]5t1 ( ! modifi$1 ( ! ph5om5al4 ,9 o!r words1 our highe/ possible =m ( k is t by :i* we exam9e ! pea*1 di/+ui% its qualities among !mselves1 & discrim9ate betwe5 !m & ! qualities ( ! apple4 ,& ,sir ,william ,hamilton fairly & truly ackn[l$ges t1 z a consequ5ce1 sci5ce1 except z a sy/em ( objects ( s5se1 is impossible4 ,! fact is1 z has be5 made already suffici5tly app>5t1 t ! diagnosis by ! ,limiti/s ( ! con/itution ( ! m9d is errone\s4 ,_! dictum1 t all k mu/ be atta9$ ?r\gh relation1 plurality1 & diff]5ce1 is n true4 ,!re is a k9d ( k :i* we obta9 by a direct & imm$iate sight2 & t1 too1 "u su* conditions z are no limitation ^u ! object ?\ght4 ,= in/ance1 ! m9d1 by a direct intuition1 affirms1 ,malice is crim9al4 ,x also affirms t ?is is an et]nal1 immutable1 univ]sal law1 conditional = all possibility ( moral be+s4 ,?is direct & imm$iate sight1 & ! consci\sness att5d+ x1 are full ( t "o object1 & s are occupi$ only ) x2 & x does ,,n come "u any =ms ( relation1 plurality1 & diff]5ce4 ,s is x ) all a priori laws4 ,! mode ( ! pure reason is ?us se5 to be ! direct opposite ( t ( ! ,und]/&+ & ! ,s5se4 ,intimately connect$ ) ! =ego+ is a "q ^: importance _c be ov]/at$4 ,x is "o :i* involves ! v possibility ( ,god's exi/5ce z a self-consci\s p]son4 ,to pres5t x1 we recur aga9 to ! extracts made j above f ,sir ,william ,hamilton4 ,consci\sness is only possible "u ! anti!sis ( a subject & object ( ?\ght kn[n only 9 correlation1 & mutually limit+ ea* o!r4 ,subsequ5tly1 he makes ! ackn[l$gm5t z logically foll[+ f ?is3 t we are unable to conceive ! possibility ( su* k1 i4 e4 ( ! absolute1 ev5 9 ! ,deity himself4 ,t is1 ,god c be believ$ to be self-consci\s only on ! gr\nd t ! human intellect is a *eat4 ,! !ory :i* und]lies ?is ass]tion ( ! logician--a !ory n peculi> to ! ,limiti/s1 b :i* has1 p]haps1 be5 hi!rto univ]sally ma9ta9$ by philosoph]s--may be concisely /at$ ?us4 ,9 e correlation ( subject & object1--9 e in/ance :]e !y are to be contra/$1--! subject mu/ be "o1 & ! object mu/ be ano!r & diff]5t4 ,hamilton1 9 ano!r place1 utt]s x ?us3 ,look back = a mom5t into y\rselves1 & y w f9d1 t :at con/itutes intellig5ce 9 our feeble consci\sness1 is1 t !re are !re sev]al t]ms1 ( :i* ! "o p]ceives ! o!r1 ( :i* ! o!r is p]ceiv$ by ! fir/2 9 ?is consi/s self-k1 c4 ,m>k ! sev]al t]ms1 & t ! "o c only see ! o!r1 nev] itself4 ,?is position is bo? a logical & psy*ological error4 ,x is a logical error because x assumes1 )\t argum5t1 t !re is involv$ 9 ! t]ms subject & object su* a logical contradiction & contradi/9ction t ! subject _c be object to itself4 ,?is assumption is gr\ndless4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is g5]ally true t1 s f> z man is conc]n$1 ! subject is "o1 & ! object ano!r & diff]5t4 ,b ?is by no means proves t x is always s2 x only raises ! presumption t su* may be ! case4 ,& :5 "o comes to exam9e ! "q 9 itself1 !re is absolutely no logical gr\nd = ! assumption4 ,x is f\nd to be a "q ^u :i* no decision f logical consid]ations c h any validity1 because x is purely psy*ological1 & c only be decid$ by evid5ce ^u a matt] ( fact4 ,fur!rmore1 x is a psy*ological error1 because a c>eful exam9ation %[s t1 9 "s in/ances1 ! opposite is ! fact2 t1 9 c]ta9 exp]i5ces1 ! subject & object are id5tical4 ,?is fact t ! subject & object are (t5 id5tical 9 ! se>*+ eye ( human reason1 & always s "u ! eye ( ,univ]sal ,g5ius1 is ( too va/ scope & too vital importance to be pass$ ) a m]e allusion4 ,x seems amaz+ t a tru? :i*1 ! in/ant x is /at$1 solves a ?\s& difficulties :i* philosophy has rais$1 %\ld nev] yet h be5 affirm$ by any ( ! great spiritual-ey$ ?9k]s1 & t x %\ld h f\nd utt]ance1 only to be d5i$1 by ! p5 ( ! ,limiti/s4 ,a ^w ( p]sonal rem9isc5ce may be all[$ "h4 ,! writ] came to see ?is tru? dur+ a process ( ?\ght1 hav+ = its object ! solution ( ! problem1 ,h[ c ! inf9ite ,p]son be self-compreh5d+1 & /ill inf9ite8 ,:ile consid]+ ?is1 & )\t ev] hav+ receiv$ a h9t f any s\rce t ! possibility ( su* a problem _h dawn$ on a human m9d be=e1 !re blaz$ ^u him sudd5ly1 l a heav5 full ( light1 ?is1 :i* appe>$ ! incomp>ably pr(\nd] "q3 ,h[ c any s\l1 n ,god only1 b any s\l1 be a self-exam9]8 ,:y don't ! ,limiti/s ent]ta9 & expla9 ?is8 ,x 0 only ye>s aft] t he met ! negative /atem5t 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s book4 ,! difficulty is1 t ! ,limiti/s h repres5t$ to _! m9ds ! mode ( ! see+ ( ! ,reason1 by a s5su\s image1 z ! eye2 & because ! eye _c see itself1 h conclud$ t ! ,reason _c see itself4 ,x is always dang]\s to argue f an illu/ration2 &1 9 ?is in/ance1 x has be5 fatal4 ,if man 0 only an animal nature1 & s only a receiv] ( impressions1 ) a capacity to g5]alize f ! impressions receiv$1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,limiti/s w\ld be true4 ,b once e/abli% t man is also a spiritual p]son1 ) a reason1 :i* sees tru? by imm$iate intuition1 & _! :ole tea*+ becomes wor?less4 ,! ,reason is n receptivity m]ely1 or ma9ly2 x is orig9ator4 ,9 its own light x gives to itself a priori tru?1 & itself z see+ t tru?2 & s ! subject & object are id5tical4 ,?is is "o ( ! diff]5tiat+ qualities ( ! spiritual p]son4 ,our position may be m accurately /at$ & m amply illu/rat$ & su/a9$ z foll[s3 ,sometimes1 9 ! creat$ spiritual p]son1 & always 9 ! self-exi/5t1 ! absolute & inf9ite spiritual ,p]son1 ! subject & object are ,,id5tical4 #a4 ,sometimes 9 ! creat$ spiritual p]son1 ! subject & object are id5tical4 ,! "q is a "q ( fact4 ,9 illu/rat+ ! fact1 x w be prov$4 ,:5 a man looks at 8 h&s1 he sees !y are in/rum5ts = 8 use4 ,:5 he consid]s 8 physical s5se1 he /ill p]ceives x to be in/rum5t = 8 use4 ,9 all 8 conclusions1 judgm5ts1 he /ill f9ds1 n himself1 b 8 in/rum5t4 ,ev5 9 ! ,pure ,reason he f9ds only 8 faculty2 ?\gh x be ! highe/ possible to intellect4 ,yet /ill he se>*es1 se>*es = ! ,i am2 :i* claims1 & holds1 & uses1 ! faculties & capacities4 ,!re is a phrase univ]sally famili> to ,am]ican ,*ri/ians1 a fruit ( ,new ,engl& ,!ology1 :i* leads u directly to ! goal we seek4 ,x is ! phrase1 self-exam9ation4 ,9 all ?or\gh1 religi\s self-exam9ation ! subject & object are id5tical4 ,9 ! ord9>y labors & exp]i5ces ( life1 man says1 ,i c d ?is or t2 & he !re9 consid]s only 8 aptitudes & capabilities4 ,b 9 ?is la/1 ?is pr(\nde/ act1 ! ass]tion is n1 ,i c d ?is or t4 ,x is1 ,i am ?is or t4 ,! p]son /&s unveil$ be=e itself1 9 ! awful sanctu>y ( ,god's pres5ce4 ,! decision to be made is n ^u ! use ( "o faculty or ano!r4 ,x is ^u ! end = :i* all labor %all be p]=m$4 ,! "* ( ! p]son is "u consid]ation1 & is to be det]m9$4 ,! selfhood1 ) all its wondr\s my/]ies1 is at once subject & object4 ,! ,i am 9 man1 alike 9 k9d to t mo/ imp5etrable my/]y1 ! et]nal ,i ,,am ( ! ev]la/+ ,fa!r1 is n[ /irr$ to consid] its mo/ solemn duty4 ,h[ %all ! f9ite ,i am accord itself to ! pure purpose ( ! inf9ite ,i ,,am8 ,x may be1 possibly is1 t "s p]sons h nev] be5 consci\s ( ?is exp]i5ce4 ,to "s1 f a natural inaptitude1 & to o!rs1 f a p]v]se dis9cl9ation1 x may nev] come4 ,"s h s little gift ( introspection1 t _! inn] exp]i5ces are nev] obs]v$ & analyz$4 ,_! conduct may be beautiful1 b !y nev] "k x4 ,_! impressions ev] come f )\t4 ,ano!r class ( p]sons %un su* an exp]i5ce z ,bal%azz> w\ld h %unn$1 if he c\ld1 ! h&writ+ on ! wall4 ,_! :ole s\ls are absorb$ 9 ! pursuit ( e>?ly ?+s4 ,!y are intoxicat$ ) s5su\s gratification4 ,! =e-?r[n %ad[ ( ! com+ ?\ght ( self-exam9ation awak5s )9 !m a vague in/9ctive dread2 & !y %udd]1 turn away1 & by e ef=t avoid x4 ,sometimes !y succe$2 & ?r\gh ! gates ( dea? ru% headlong into ! _s-l&1 only to be tortur$ =ev] !re ) ! exp]i5ce !y s successfully elud$ "h4 ,= ! _m ?\s&s1 :o "k by exp]i5ce :at a calm1 c&id1 se>*+1 self-exam9ation is1 n[ t _! att5tion has be5 drawn to its full psy*ological import1 no fur!r ^w is necess>y4 ,!y "k t 9 t supreme insight !re 0 se5 & kn[n1 at "o & ! same in/ant1 9 a spontane\s & simultane\s action ( ! s\l1 ! se] & ! se5 z "o1 z id5tical4 ,& ?is exp]i5ce is s wide-spread1 t ! wond] is t x has n h]et(ore be5 assign$ its suitable place 9 philosophy4 #b4 ,always 9 ! self-exi/5t1 ! absolute & inf9ite1 spiritual ,p]son1 ! subject & object are id5tical4 ,?is "q1 ?\gh "o ( fact1 _c be det]m9$ by u1 by our exp]i5ce2 x mu/ be %[n to foll[ logically f c]ta9 a priori fir/ pr9ciples4 ,?is may be done z foll[s4 ,et]nity1 indep5d5ce1 univ]sality1 are qualities ( ,god4 ,be+ et]nal1 he is ev] ! same4 ,be+ indep5d5t1 he excludes ! possibility ( ano!r ,be+ to :om he is necess>ily relat$4 ,be+ univ]sal1 he possesses all possible end[m5t1 & is gr\nd = all possible exi/5ce2 s t no be+ c exi/ b by 8 w4 ,z ,univ]sal ,g5ius1 all possible objects ( k or intellectual ef=t are imman5t be=e ! eye ( 8 ,reason2 & ?is is a p]man5t /ate4 ,he is an object ( k1 compreh5d+ all o!rs2 & !re=e he exhau/ively kn[s himself4 ,he di/+ui%es 8 ,self z object1 f no :at else1 because !re is no else to di/+ui% 8 ,self f2 b hav+ an exhau/ive self-compreh5sion1 he di/+ui%es )9 t ,self all possible =ms ( be+ ea* f ea*4 ,he is absolute1 & nev] le>ns or *anges4 ,!re is no?+ to le>n & no?+ to *ange to1 except to a wick$ /ate2 & = ?is !re c be to him no temptation4 ,he is ev] ! same1 & h5ce !re c be no in/ant 9 "t :5 he does n exhau/ively "k himself4 ,?us always 9 him are ! subject & object id5tical4 ,^! two great pr9ciples1 viz3 ,t ! ,pure ,reason sees a priori tru? imm$iately1 & out ( all relation1 plurality & diff]5ce1 & t 9 ! ,pure ,reason1 9 self-exam9ation1 ! subject & object are id5tical1 by _! simple /atem5t explode1 z a ,py?agorean sy/em1 ! m5tal a/ronomy ( ! ,limiti/s4 ,reason is ! sun1 & ! ,s5se & ! ,und]/&+1 ) _! satellite faculties1 ! circumvolv+ planets4 ,! use ( t]ms by ! ,limiti/s has be5 z vici\s z _! processes ( ?\ght1 & has naturally sprung f _! fundam5tal error4 ,we w note "o 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce4 ,consci\sness1 9 ! only =m 9 :i* we c conceive x1 implies limitation & *ange1--! p]ception ( "o object out ( _m1 & a comp>ison ( t object ) o!rs4 ,conceive is ! vici\s ^w4 ,/rictly1 x is usable only ) reg>d to ?+s 9 ,nature1 & c h no relevancy to su* subjects z are n[ "u consid]ation4 ,x is a ^w :i* expresses only su* op]ations z lie 9 ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+4 ,! foll[+ def9ition expla9s ?is3 ,! concept ref]s to all ! ?+s ^: common or simil> attributes or traits x conceives 7con-cepis71 or grasps toge!r into "o class & "o act ( m9d4--,b[5's ,logic1 p4 #g4 ,?is is n ! mode ( ! ,reason's action at all4 ,x does n run ov] a v>iety ( objects & select out f !m ! po9ts ( simil>ity1 & grasp ^! toge!r into "o act ( m9d4 ,x sees "o object 9 its unity z pure law1 or fir/ tru?2 & exam9es t 9 its own light4 ,h5ce1 ! prop] ^w is1 intuits4 ,se5 f ?is /&po9t1 consci\sness does n imply limitation & *ange4 ,a fir/ tru? we always see z absolute1--we are consci\s ( ?is sight2 & yet we "k t nei!r consci\sness nor sight is any limitation ^u ! tru?4 ,we w\ld p>aphrase ! s5t5ce ?us3 ,consci\sness1 9 ! highe/ =m 9 :i* we "k x1 implies & possesses p]man5ce2 & is ! light 9 :i* pure tru? is se5 z pure object by itself1 & =ev] ! same4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ ! ,und]/&+ & ! ,pure ,reason run along side by side 9 ! same s5t5ce2 ! inf]ior faculty encumb]+ & defeat+ ! ef=ts ( ! o!r4 ,take ! foll[+ = example4 ,if ! inf9ite c be t :i* x is n1 x is by t v possibility m>k$ out z incomplete1 & capable ( a high] p]fection4 ,if x is actually ev]y?+1 x possesses no *>act]i/ic feature by :i* x c be di/+ui%$ f any?+ else1 & disc]n$ z an object ( consci\sness4 ,! pres5ce 9 language ( ! ^w inf9ite & its cognates is decisive evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( a faculty capable ( ent]ta9+ x z a subject = inve/igation4 ,?is faculty1 ! ,reason hav+ pres5t$ ! subject = consid]ation1 ! ,und]/&+ seizes ^u x & drags x d[n into h] d51 & says1 c be t :i* x is n4 ,?is %e says1 because %e _c act1 except to conceive1 & _c conceive1 except to di/+ui% ?is f some?+ else2 & s _c p]ceive t ! v utt]ance ( ! ^w inf9ite excludes ! ^w else4 ,! ,und]/&+ conceives ! f9ite z "o & indep5d5t1 & ! inf9ite z "o & indep5d5t4 ,!n ! ,reason /eps 91 & says ! inf9ite is all-compreh5d+4 ,?is conflicts ) ! ,und]/&+'s conception1 & s ! puzzle comes4 ,9 labor+ = a solution1 ! ,reason's affirmation is express$ hypo!tically3 ,if x 7! inf9ite7 is actually ev]y?+2 & !reupon ! ,und]/&+ puts 9 its bl9d1 imp]t95t ass]tion1 x possesses no *>act]i/ic feature by :i* x c be di/+ui%$ f any?+ else4 ,!re is no?+ else f :i* to di/+ui% x4 ,! p]ception ( ! ,reason is z foll[s4 ,! inf9ite ,p]son compreh5ds intellectually1 & is gr\nd = pot5tially & actually1 all t is possible & real2 & s !re c be no else ) :i* to comp>e him4 ,because1 possess+ all fulness1 he is actually ev]y?+1 by ?is *>act]i/ic feature ( complet5ess he di/+ui%es himself f no?+1 :i* is all !re is1 7if no-?+--void--c be said to be17 beside him2 & f any "p1 :i* !re is )9 him4 ,?us is he object to himself 9 8 own consci\sness4 ,?is vici\s work+ ( ! ,und]/&+ aga9/ ! ,reason1 9 ! same s5t5ces1 c be m fully illu/rat$ f ! foll[+ extracts4 ,god1 z necess>ily det]m9$ to pass f absolute ess5ce to relative manife/ation1 is det]m9$ to pass ei!r f ! bett] to ! worse1 or f ! worse to ! bett]4 ,a ?ird possibility t bo? /ates are equal1 z contradictory 9 itself1 & z contradict$ by our au?or1 x is n necess>y to consid]4--,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,essays1 p4 #db4 ,aga91 h[ c ! ,relative be conceiv$ z com+ into be+8 ,if x is a di/9ct reality f ! absolute1 x mu/ be conceiv$ z pass+ f non-exi/5ce into exi/5ce4 ,b to conceive an object z non-exi/5t is aga9 a self-contradiction2 = t :i* is conceiv$ exi/s1 z an object ( ?\ght1 9 & by t conception4 ,we may ab/a9 f ?9k+ ( an object at all2 b if we ?9k ( x1 we _c b ?9k ( x z exi/+4 ,x is possible at "o "t n to ?9k ( an object at all1 & at ano!r to ?9k ( x z already 9 be+2 b to ?9k ( x 9 ! act ( becom+1 9 ! progress f n be+ into be+1 is to ?9k t :i*1 9 ! v ?\ght1 annihilates itself4 ,"h aga9 ! ,pan!i/ic hypo!sis seems =c$ ^u u4 ,we c ?9k ( creation only z a *ange 9 ! condition ( t :i* already exi/s2 & ?us ! creature is conceivable only z a ph5om5al mode ( ! be+ ( ! ,creator4--,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #ha4 ,god1 a ^w :i* has no significance except to ! ,reason3 z necess>ily det]m9$1--a phrase :i* belongs only to ! ,und]/&+4 ,! opposite is ! tru?3 to pass f absolute ess5ce4 ,?is c h no mean+ except to ! ,pure ,reason3 to relative manife/ation4 ,?is belongs to ! ,und]/&+4 ,x contradicts ! o!r2 & ! process is absurd4 ,! m9d balks 9 ! attempt to ?9k x4 ,9 creation !re is no su* process z pass+ f absolute ess5ce to relative manife/ation4 ,! words imply t ,god1 9 pass+ f ! /ate ( absolute ess5ce1 ceas$ to be absolute ess5ce1 & became relative manife/ation4 ,all ?is is absurd2 & is 9 ! ,und]/&+ & ,s5se4 ,god nev] became4 ,! ,creator is /ill absolute ess5ce1 z be=e creation2 & ! logician's ?is or t are bo? false2 & 8 ?ird possibility is n a contradiction1 b ! tru?4 ,! fact ( creation may be ?us /at$4 ,! inf9ite ,p]son1 freely accord+ 8 w to ! behe/ ( 8 wor?1 & yet equally free to n s accord 8 w1 put =? f himself ! creative en]gy2 & ?is "u su* modes1 t he nei!r lo/ nor ga9$ by ! act2 b t1 ?\gh ! latt] /ate 0 div]se f ! fir/1 /ill nei!r 0 bett] ?an ! o!r1 b bo? 7 equally good4 ,be=e creation1 he possess$ absolute pl5itude ( end[m5ts4 ,all possible ideals 7 pres5t be=e 8 eye4 ,all possible joy cont9u$ a *angeless /ate 9 8 s5sibility4 ,8 w1 z *oice1 0 absolute b5evol5ce2 &1 z act1 0 compet5t to all possible ef=t4 ,to pu% ! ideal out1 & make x real1 add$ no?+ to1 & subtract$ no?+ f1 8 fulness4 ,! fact mu/ be le>n$ t muscul> action & ! work+ ( pure _s are s div]se1 t ! inf]ior mode _c be an illu/ration ( ! sup]ior4 ,a *ange 9 a pure _s1 :i* nei!r adds nor subtracts1 leaves ! good un*ang$4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! inf9ite ,p]son creat$1 he pass$ nei!r f bett] to worse1 nor f worse to bett]2 b ! two /ates1 ?\gh div]se1 7 equally good4 ,we proce$ n[ to ! o!r extract4 ,aga91 h[ c ! relative1 etc4 ,if ! ,relative is a di/9ct reality f ! absolute1 !n ea* is self-exi/5t1 & indep5d5t4 ,! s5t5ce annihilates itself4 ,x mu/ be conceiv$ z pass+ f non-exi/5ce into exi/5ce4 ,! image "h is f ! ,s5se1 z usual1 & vici\s accord+ly4 ,x is1 t ! s\l is to look into void1 & see1 out ( t void1 exi/5ce come1 )\t !re be+ any cause = t exi/5ce com+4 ,?is w\ld be ! ph5om5on to ! ,s5se4 ,& ! ,s5se is utt]ly unable to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on4 ,! object 9 ! ,s5se mu/ appe> z =m2 b 9 ! ,reason x is idea4 ,mr4 ,mansel's pres5tation may well be illu/rat$ by a trick ( juggl]y4 ,! p]=m] /&s be=e 8 audi5ce1 dress$ 9 tights1 & pres5ts ! palms ( 8 h&s to ! spectators1 app>5tly empty4 ,he !n closes 8 "r h&1 & !n op5+ x aga91 appe>s hold+ a b\quet ( delici\s fl[]s1 :i* he h&s ab\t to ! a/oni%$ gaz]s4 ,! b\quet seems to come f no?+1 i4 e4 to h no cause4 ,x appe>s to pass f non-exi/5ce to exi/5ce4 ,b common s5se corrects ! *eat+ seem+1 & ass]ts1 ,!re is an adequate cause = ! com+ ( ! bun* ( fl[]s1 ?\gh we _c see x4 ,precisely simil> is creation4 ,c\ld !re h be5 a ,s5se pres5t at t in/ant1 creation w\ld h seem$ to x a juggl]'s trick4 ,out ( no?+ some?+ w\ld h seem$ to come4 ,b "u ! correct+ guide ( ! ,pure ,reason1 an adequate cause is f\nd4 ,be=e creation1 ! inf9ite ,p]son did n manife/ himself2 & s 0 actually alone4 ,at creation 8 p[]1 :i* be=e 0 imman5t1 he n[ made eman5t2 & put x =? 9 ! =ms *os5 f 8 ,reason1 & accord+ to ! requirem5t ( 8 own wor?4 ,no?+ 0 add$ to ,god4 ,t :i* 0 ideal he n[ made actual4 ,! =m z ,idea 0 "o1 ! p[] z ,pot5tiality 0 ano!r1 & ea* 0 9 him by itself4 ,he put =? ! p[] into ! =m1 ! ,pot5tiality into ! ,idea1 & ! ,univ]se 04 ,?us x 0 t ! ,relative came into be+4 ,9 ! same mann] x might be %[n h[1 all along ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ! ,limiti/s1 ! ,und]/&+ runs along by ! ,reason1 & vitiates h] ef=ts to solve h] problems4 ,we %all h occasion to d some?+ ( ?is f>!r on4 ,! topic n[ "u discussion c\ld n be e/eem$ f9i%$ )\t an exam9ation ( ! celebrat$ dictum1 ,to ?9k is to condition4 ,^? :o h held ?is to be univ]sally true1 h also receiv$ its logical sequ5ce1 t to ! f9ite intellect ,god _c appe> self-compreh5d+4 ,9 our pres5t light1 ! dictum is kn[n to be1 n a univ]sal1 b only a p>tial1 tru?4 ,x is incumb5t1 !re=e1 to circumscribe its true sph]e1 & fix x !re4 ,we %all be/ ent] ^u ?is labor by answ]+ ! "q1 ,:at is ?9k+8 ,fir/4 ,9 g5]al1 & loosely1 any m5tal op]ation is call$ ?9k+4 ,second4 ,specifically1 all acts ( reflection are ?9k+s4 ,"u ?is head we notice two po9ts4 a4 ,t act ( ! ,und]/&+ 9 :i* an object pres5t$ by ! ,s5se is analyz$1 & its special & g5]ic elem5ts not$1 & is ?us classifi$1 & its relations det]m9$1 is prop]ly a ?9k+4 ,?us1 9 ! object cat ,i di/+ui% specifically t x is dome/ic1 & g5]ically t x is c>nivor\s4 b4 ,t act ( ! f9ite spiritual p]son by :i* he comp>es ! judgm5ts ( ! ,und]/&+ ) ! a priori laws ( ! ,pure ,reason1 & by ?is f9al /&>d decides _! tru? or error4 ,?us1 ! judgm5t ( ! "y ,indian w>rior is1 t he ought to hunt d[n & slay ! man :o kill$ 8 fa!r 9 battle4 ,! /&>d ( ,reason is1 t ,malice is crim9al4 ,?is judgm5t is f\nd to involve malice1 & s is f\nd to be wrong4 ,?ird1 ! intuitions ( ! reason4 ,^!1 9 ! f9ite p]son1 come aft] a process ( reflection1 & are p>tly consequ5t ^u x2 yet !y take place 9 ano!r faculty1 :i* is develop$ by ?is process2 b !y are su*1 t by no process ( reflection alone c\ld !y be4 ,?9k+1 9 ! ,univ]sal ,g5ius1 is ! sight1 at once & =ev]1 ( all possible object ( m5tal ef=t4 ,x is necess>y & spontane\s1 & s is an end[m5t1 n an atta9m5t2 & is possess$ )\t ef=t4 ,we are prep>$ n[ to ent]ta9 ! foll[+ /atem5ts3-- ,a4 ,s f> z x repres5ts ?9k+ z ! active1 i4 e4 causative gr\nd1 or ag5t ( ! condition1 ! dictum is n true4 ,! fact ( ! ?9k+ is n1 _c be1 ! gr\nd ( ! condition4 ,! condition ( ! object ?\ght1 :atev] ! =m ( ?9k+ may be1 mu/ lie z f> back at lea/ z ! gr\nd ( ! ?9k]4 ,?us1 ,god's self1 z gr\nd = 8 ,g5ius1 mu/ also be gr\nd = all conditions4 ,yet m5 ?9k ( an object 9 its conditions4 ,?is is because ! same ,be+ :o con/ruct$ ! objects 9 _! conditions1 con/ruct$ also man z ?9k]1 correlat$ to ^? conditions1 s t he %\ld ?9k ^u ?+s z !y are4 ,9 ?is view1 to ?9k is n condition1 b is m5tal activity 9 ! conditions already impos$4 ,?us x is ) ! ,und]/&+2 & ! process ( ?9k+1 z above designat$1 goes on 9 accordance ) ! law /at$ 9 a1 ( ! second g5]al def9ition4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 ,b4 ,t s f> z ! dictum expresses ! fact1 t )9 ! sph]e ( conditions prop]1--obs]v+ ! di/9ction ( conditions into two classes h]et(ore made1--! f9ite intellect mu/ act "u !m1 & see ^? objects ^u :i* !y lie1 accord+ly1--z1 = in/ance1 a geometrical figure mu/ be se5 9 ,"t & ,space1--s f> x is true1 & no f>!r4 ,= in/ance3 ,to see an eagle fly+1 is to see x "u all ! conditions impos$ ^u ! bird z fly+1 & ! obs]v] z see+4 ,b :5 m5 intuit ! a priori tru?1 ,malice is crim9al1 !y p]ceive t x lies "u no conditions prop]1 b is absolute & univ]sal4 ,we p]ceive1 !n1 ,c4 ,t = all m5tal op]ations :i* h z object pure laws & ideal =ms1 & t ,be+ 9 :om all ^! inh]e1 ?is dictum is n true4 ,! ?9k] may be condition$ 9 ! prop] s5se ( t t]m2 yet he ent]ta9s objects ( ?\ght :i* are uncondition$2 & !y are n affect$ by x4 ,?us1 x does n affect ! univ]sality ( ! pr9ciple 9 morals above not$ t ,i p]ceive x to be su*1 & t necess>ily4 ,assum+1 !n1 t by ! dictum1 ,to ?9k is to condition1 is meant1 n t ! ?9k]1 by ! act ( ?9k+1 con/ructs ! conditions1 b t he recognizes 9 himself1 z ?9k+ subject1 & 9 ! object ?\ght1 ! sev]al conditions 7prop]7 !re(1--! foll[+ /atem5ts w def9e ! prov9ce ( ?is dictum4 #a4 ,! ,univ]se z physical object1 ! obs]v+ ,s5se1 & ! discursive ,und]/&+1 lie :olly )9 x4 #b4 ,creat$ spiritual p]sons1 z con/itut$ be+s1 also lie :olly )9 x4 ,b x ext5ds no f>!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 #c4 ,creat$ spiritual p]sons1 9 _! capacities to intuit pure laws1 & pure ideal =ms2 & ^? laws & =ms !mselves lie :olly )\t x4 #d4 ,s also does ,god ! absolute ,be+ 9 :om ^? laws & =ms inh]e4 ,or1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ,:5 conditions 7prop]7 already lie ^u ! object ?\ght1 s9ce ! ?9k] mu/ ne$s see ! object "u its conditions1 x is true t1 ,to ?9k is to condition4 ,b s f> z x is meant t ?9k+ is su* a k9d ( op]ation t x _c proce$ except ! object be condition$1 x is n true2 = !re are processes ( ?\ght ^: objects are uncondition$4 ,! "q1 ,:at are ,space & ,"t8 ) :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] op5s 8 *apt] on ,ultimate ,sci5tific ,ideas1 introduces a subject common to all ! ,limiti/s1 & :i*1 !re=e1 %\ld be consid]$ 9 ?is "p ( our "w4 ,a rem>k made a few pages back1 respect+ an essay 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,octob] #ahfd1 applies ) equal =ce "h 9 ref]5ce to ano!r essay by ! same writ]1 9 ! prec$+ ,july numb] ( t p]iodical4 ,at mo/1 8 view c only be unfold$4 ,he has left no?+ to be add$4 ,9 discuss+ a subject s ab/ruse & difficult z ?is1 x w\ld seem1 9 ! pres5t /age ( human ?\ght at lea/1 mo/ satisfactory to set out f ! ,reason r ?an ! ,s5se1 f ! idea r ?an ! ph5om5on2 & s w we d4 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 x may be said t ,space & ,"t are a priori conditions ( creat$ be+4 ,! foll[+ extracts are 9 po9t4 ,pure ,space1 !re=e1 z giv5 9 ! primitive intuition1 is pure =m = any possible ph5om5on4 ,z unconjo9$ 9 ! unity ( any =m1 x is giv5 9 ! primitive intuition1 & is a cognition necess>y & univ]sal4 ,?\gh n[ obta9$ f exp]i5ce1 & 9 *ronological ord] subsequ5t to exp]i5ce1 yet is x no d$uction f exp]i5ce1 nor at all giv5 by exp]i5ce2 b x is :olly indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce1 prior to x1 & )\t :i* x 7 impossible t any exp]i5ce ( out] object %\ld be4 ,pure ,"t1 z giv5 9 ! intuition1 is imm$iately beheld to be conditional = all possible p]iod1 prior to any p]iod be+ actually limit$1 & necess>ily cont9u+1 ?\gh all b\nd$ p]iod be tak5 away4--,rational ,psy*ology1 pp4 #abe1 #abh4 ,aga91 a cle>ly def9$ di/9ction may be made betwe5 !m z conditions4 ,space is ! a priori condition ( mat]ial be+4 ,%\ld a spiritual p]son1 z ! s\l ( a man1 be /ripp$ ( all its mat]ial appurt5ances1 & left to exi/ z pure _s1 x c\ld hold no communication ) any o!r be+ b ,god2 & no o!r be+ b he c\ld hold any communication ) x4 ,x w\ld exi/ out ( all relation to ,space4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) ,"t4 ,"t is ! a priori condition ( all creat$ be+1 ( ! spiritual z well z mat]ial4 ,9 ! case j allud$ to1 ! isolat$ spiritual p]son w\ld h a consci\sness ( succession & duration1 al?\gh he w\ld h no /&>d by :i* to measure t duration1 he c\ld ?9k 9 processes1 & only 9 processes1 & ?us w\ld be necess>ily relat$ to ,"t4 ,dr4 ,hickok has express$ ?is ?us3 ,space 9 ref]5ce to "t has no significancy4 ,"t is ! pure =m = ph5om5a z giv5 9 ! int]nal s5se only1 & 9 ^! !re c be only succession4 ,! inn] ph5om5on may endure 9 "t1 b c h nei!r l5g?1 bread?1 nor ?ickness 9 space4 ,a ?\ght1 or o!r m5tal ph5om5on1 may fill a p]iod1 b _c h sup]ficial or solid cont5t2 x may be be=e or aft] ano!r1 b n above or bel[ x1 nor ) any out] or inn] side4--,rational ,psy*ology1 p4 #ace4 ,space & ,"t may also be di/+ui%$ ?us3 ,space has ?ree dim5sions1 or1 r1 !re c be ?ree dim5sions 9 space1--l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,9 o!r words1 x is solid room4 ,"t has b "o dim5sion1 or1 r1 b "o dim5sion c ent] into ,"t1--l5g?4 ,9 ,"t !re c only be procession4 ,space & ,"t may !n be call$1 ! "o /atical1 ! o!r dynamical1 illimitation4 ,foll[+ ! essayi/ already ref]r$ to1 !y may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,space is ! inf9ite & indivisible ,receptacle ( ,matt]4 ,"t is ! inf9ite & indivisible ,receptacle ( ,exi/5ce4 ,bo?1 !n1 are m>k$ by receptivity1 indivisibility1 & illimitability4 ,! "o is receptivity1 t mat]ial object may come into x2 ! o!r1 t ev5t may occur 9 x4 ,!re is = nei!r a f9al unit nor any limit4 ,all objects are divisible 9 ,space1 & all p]iods 9 ,"t2 & ?us also are all limits compreh5d$1 b !y are )\t limit4 ,turn+ n[ f ^! m g5]al aspects ( ! subject1 a detail$ exam9ation may be conduct$ z foll[s4 ,! fundam5tal law giv5 by ! ,reason is1 z 0 se5 above1 t ,space & ,"t are a priori conditions ( creat$ be+4 ,we c be/ consid] ?is law 9 its application to ! facts1 by obs]v+ two g5]al divisions1 ) two sub-divisions "u ea*4 ,space & ,"t h1 !n1 two g5]al phases1 "o )91 & "o )\t1 ! m9d4 ,ea* ( ^! has two special phases4 ,! =m]1 "o 9 ! ,s5se1 & "o 9 ! ,und]/&+4 ,! latt]1 "o )91 & "o )\t1 ! ,univ]se4 ,fir/ g5]al phase )9 ! m9d4 ,fir/ special phase1 9 ! ,s5se4 ,z pure =m 9 ! primitive intuition1 !y are :olly limitless1 & void ( any conjunction 9 unity1 hav+ !mselves no figure nor p]iod1 & hav+ )9 !mselves no figure nor p]iod1 b only pure div]sity1 9 :i* any possible conjunction ( def9ite figures & p]iods may1 9 "s way1 be effect$4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are pure1 a priori1 =mal laws1 :i* are conditional to ! be+ ( any s5se z ! p]ceiv] ( a ph5om5on2 & yet ?is s5se c\ld pres5t no figure or p]iod1 till "s figure or p]iod 0 produc$ into x by an ext]nal ag5cy4 ,z su* necess>y =mal laws1 ,space & ,"t h a necessity ( be+ indep5d5tly ( all ph5om5a4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! fact t all ph5om5a mu/ appe> 9 !m1 lies beyond ! prov9ce ( p[]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no m a limit to ! ,deity ?an x is a limit to him t he _c hate 8 creatures & be good4 ,9 our exp]i5ce ! ,s5se gives two k9ds ( ph5om5a3 ! "o ! actual ph5om5a ( actual objects1 ! o!r1 ideal ph5om5a ) ideal objects4 ,! "o is awak5$ by ! pres5tation1 9 ! physical s5se1 ( a mat]ial object1 z a h\se2 ! o!r1 by ! activity ( ! imag+ faculty1 engag$ 9 con/ruct+ "s =m 9 ! inn] or m5tal s5se1 f =ms actually obs]v$4 ,^u bo? alike ! =mal law ( ,space & ,"t mu/ lie4 ,second special phase1 9 ! ,und]/&+4 ,al?\gh !re is pure =m1 if !re 0 no m ?an ?is1 no notion ( a sy/em ( ?+s c\ld be4 ,ea* object w\ld h its own space1 & ea* ev5t its own "t4 ,b "o object & ev5t c\ld n be se5 9 any relation to ano!r object & ev5t4 ,9 ord] t ?is %all be1 !re mu/ be "s gr\nd by :i* all ! spaces & times ( ph5om5a %all be jo9$ into a unity ( ,space & ,"t2 s t all objects %all be se5 9 "o ,space1 & all ev5ts 9 "o ,"t4 ,a notional connective = ! ph5om5a may det]m9e ^! ph5om5a 9 _! places & p]iods 9 ! :ole ( all space & ( all "t1 & s may give bo? ! ph5om5a & _! space & "t 9 an objective exp]i5ce4 ,! op]ation ( ! ,und]/&+ is1 !n1 ! connection1 by a notional1 ( all p>ticul> spaces & times2 i4 e4 ! space & "t ( ea* ph5om5on 9 ! ,s5se1 into a compreh5sive unity ( ,space & ,"t1 9 :i* all ph5om5a c be se5 to occur2 & ?us a sy/em c be4 ,9 a ^w1 n only mu/ ea* ph5om5on be se5 9 its own space & "t1 b all ph5om5a mu/ be se5 9 "o ,space & ,"t4 ,?is connection ( ! manifold into unity is ! peculi> "w ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,an exam9ation ( ! facts z above set =? enables u to con/ruct a g5]al =mula = ! application to all m9ds ( ! fundam5tal law giv5 by ! ,reason4 ,t law1 t all objects mu/ be se5 9 ,space1 & all ev5ts 9 ,"t1 involves ! subord9ate law3 ,t no m9d c obs]ve mat]ial objects or any ev5ts except "u ! conditions ( ,space & ,"t2 or1 to *ange ! phraseology1 ,space & ,"t are a priori conditional to ! be+ ( any m9d or faculty 9 a m9d capable ( obs]v+ a mat]ial object or any ev5t4 ,?is w1 p]haps1 be deem$ to be1 9 sub/ance1 ,kant's !ory4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ?is is true1 b is only a "p ( ! tru?4 ,! re/ w appe> j bel[4 ,! read] w notice t no exception is made to ! law "h laid d[n1 & w />t at ! ?\ght t ?is law lies ^u ! ,deity equally z ^u creat$ be+s4 ,no exception is made1 because none c be tru?fully made4 ,! intellect is j z unqualifi$ 9 its ass]tion on ?is po9t z 9 ^? notic$ on an e>li] page ( ?is "w4 ,equally ) ! laws ( numb]s does ! law ( ,space & ,"t condition all intellect4 ,! ,deity c no m see a h\se out ( all relation to ,space & ,"t ?an he c see h[ to make two & two five4 ,second g5]al phase1 )\t ! m9d4 ,fir/ special phase1 )9 ! ,univ]se4 ,all t we are n[ to exam9e is objective to u2 & all ! que/ions :i* c arise are que/ions ( fact4 ,let u se>* = ! fact c>efully & hold x fe>lessly4 ,to recur to ! g5]al law4 ,x 0 f\nd at ! outset t ,reason gave ! idea ( ,space & ,"t z pure conditions = matt] & ev5t4 ,we are n[ to obs]ve ! pure become ! actual condition2 or1 9 o!r words1 we are to see ! condition realiz$4 ,s9ce1 !n1 we are to obs]ve mat]ial objects & ev5ts 9 a mat]ial sy/em1 x is fitt+ to use ! ,s5se & ! ,und]/&+2 & our /atem5ts & conclusions w con=m to ^? faculties4 ,we h a concept ( ! ,univ]se z a va/ sy/em 9 ! =m ( a sph]e 9 :i* all ?+s are includ$4 ,?is sph]ical sy/em is complete1 def9ite1 limit$1 & s has b\nd>ies4 ,a portion ( immeasurable void--,space--has be5 occupi$4 ,:]e !re 0 no?+1 some?+ has become4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! possibility ( our hav+ a concept ( ! ,univ]se1 or ( a space & a "t 9 ! ,univ]se1 is bas$ ^u ! pres5ce ( an actual1 und]ly+1 all-p]vad+ sub/ance1 :i* fills & =ms ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,univ]se1 & ?us enables spaces & times to be4 ,we h no concept except z 9 limits1 & ^? limits are conceiv$ to be sub/ance4 ,9 o!r words1 space is di/ance1 & "t is duration1 9 our concept4 ,take away ! b\nd>ies :i* m>k ! di/ance1 & ! procession ( ev5ts :i* =ms ! duration1 & 9 ! concept pure negation is left4 ,to illu/rate4 ,suppose !re be 9 our pres5ce a cubic y>d ( vacuum4 ,is ?is vacuum an entity8 ,n at all4 ,x c nei!r be p]ceiv$ by ! ,s5se nor conceiv$ by ! ,und]/&+4 ,yet x is a space4 ,speak+ c>elessly1 we %\ld say t ?is cube 0 object to u4 ,:y8 ,because x is enclos$ by sub/antial b\nd>ies4 ,all1 !n1 t is object1 all t is entity1 is sub/ance4 ,9 our concept1 !re=e1 a space is solid di/ance )9 ! sub/ance1 & ! totality ( all di/ances 9 ! ,univ]se is conceiv$ to be ,space4 ,aga92 suppose !re pass be=e our m9d a procession ( ev5ts4 ,"o ev5t has a fix$ recurr5ce4 ,9 our concept ! procession ( ev5ts is a "t1 & ! recurr+ ev5t m>ks a p]iod 9 "t4 ,! ev5ts proce$+ are all t !re is 9 ! concept2 & ap>t f ! procession a conception ( "t is impossible4 ,! procession ( all ! ev5ts ( ! ,univ]se1 t is duration1 is our concept ( ,"t4 ,?us1 )9 ! ,univ]se1 space is solid di/ance & "t is duration2 & nei!r has any actuality except z ! ,univ]se is4 ,let u assume = a mom5t t our concept is ! f9al tru?1 & obs]ve ! result4 ,9 t concept space is limit$ by matt]1 & matt] is conceiv$ ( z unlimit$4 ,?is result is natural & necess>y1 because matt]1 sub/ance1 a space-fill+ =ce1 is ! und]ly+ notional ^u :i* z gr\nd any concept is possible4 ,if matt] is truly illimitable1 !n mat]iali/ic pan!ism1 :i* is really a!ism1 logically foll[s4 ,aga92 9 our concept "t is duration1 & duration is conceiv$ ( z unlimit$4 ,if s1 ! dur+ ev5t is unlimit$4 ,f ?is hypo!sis ideali/ic pan!ism logically foll[s4 ,b br+ our concept into ! cle> light1 & "u ! se>*+ eye ( ,reason1 & all gr\nd = ^? sy/ems vani%es in/antly4 ,in/ead ( f9d+ matt] illimitable & ! limit = a space1 ,space is se5 to be illimitable & pure condition1 t matt] may e/abli% a limit )9 x4 ,& ,"t1 in/ead ( be+ duration1 & s limit$ by ! dur+ ev5t1 is f\nd to be illimitable & pure condition1 t ev5t may h duration 9 x4 ,?is br+s u to ! ,second special phase1 )\t or indep5d5t ( ! ,univ]se4 ,we h be5 consid]+ facts 9 an objective exp]i5ce1 & h us$ !re=e ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+1 z 0 prop]4 ,:at we are n[ to consid] is a subject ( :i* all exp]i5ce is impossible4 ,x c !re=e be exam9$ only by t faculty :i* pres5ts x1 ! ,pure ,reason4 ,remove n[ f our pres5ce all mat]ial object 9 ,space1 & all dur+ ev5t 9 ,"t2 9 a ^w1 remove ! ,univ]se1 & :at w be left8 ,z ! ,univ]se _h a beg9n+1 & bo? x & all ?+s 9 x are condition$ by ,space & ,"t1 s also let x h an end4 ,w its conditions cease 9 its ceas+8 ,c\ld ano!r ,univ]se arise1 ^u :i* w\ld be impos$ no conditions ( ,space & ,"t8 ,^! que/ions are answ]$ 9 ! /atem5t ( !m4 ,^? conditions mu/ rema94 ,:5 we h ab/ract$ f our concept all sub/ance & duration1 !re is left only void4 ,h5ce1 9 our concept x w\ld be prop] to say t )\t ! ,univ]se is void1 & be=e ! ,univ]se !re 0 void4 ,also1 t 9 void !re is no ?+1 no :]e1 & no :52 or1 void is ! negation ( actual sub/ance1 space & "t4 ,b pure ,space & ,"t1 z a priori conditions t mat]ial object & dur+ ev5t may be1 h n ceas$4 ,!re is /ill room1 t an object may become4 ,!re is /ill opportunity1 t an ev5t may occur4 ,by ! ,reason x is se5 t ^! conditions h ! same necess>y be+ = mat]ial object & occurr+ ev5t1 z ! conditions ( m5tal activity h = m9d2 & !y h _! peculi> *>act]i/ics exactly accord+ ) :at !y d condition1 j z ! laws ( ?\ght h _! peculi> *>act]i/ics1 :i* exactly suit !m to :at !y condition4 ,if !re be a spiritual p]son1 ! moral law mu/ be giv5 9 ! intuition z necess>ily b9d+ ^u him2 & ?is is an a priori condition ( ! be+ ( su* p]son4 ,precisely simil> is ! relation betwe5 ,space & ,"t z a priori conditions1 & object & ev5t ^u :i* !y lie4 ,! moral law has its *>act]i/ics1 :i* fit x to condition spiritual p]son4 ,space & ,"t h _! *>act]i/ics1 :i* fit !m to condition object & ev5t4 ,space1 !n1 z room1 & ,"t z opportunity1 & bo? z a priori conditions ( a ,univ]se1 mu/ h ! same necessity ( be+ t ,god has4 ,!y mu/ be1 z he mu/ be4 ,b obs]ve1 !y are pure conditions1 & no m4 ,!y are nei!r ?+s nor p]sons4 ,! idea ( !m 9 ! ,reason is simple & unanalyzable4 ,!y c be assign$ _! logical position1 b fur!r ?an ?is ! m9d _c g4 ,! dev\t religi\s s\l w />t1 p]haps1 at "s ( ! positions /at$ above4 ,we h n wr\ght to pa9 su* s\l1 b only = tru?1 & ! clue ( escape f all dilemmas4 ,! only "q to be rais$ is1 are !y true8 ,if a m pati5t inve/igation ?an we h giv5 to ?is subject %all %[ our positions false1 !n we %all only h fail$ z o!rs be=e u h2 b we %all love ! tru? :i* %all be f\nd none ! less4 ,b if !y %all be f\nd true1 !n is x c]ta9 t ,god always knew !m s & 0 always pleas$ ) !m1 & no d]ogation to 8 dignity c come f ! proclamation ( !m1 h[ev] mu* !y may contrav5e hi!rto *]i%$ op9ions4 ,mo/ bless$ next aft] ! ,savi\r's t5d] words ( =giv5ess are ^? pure words ( ! apo/le ,john1 ,no lie is ( ! tru?4 ,! conclusions to :i* we h arriv$ enable u to /ate h[ x is t prim>ily ,god 0 out ( all relation to ,space & ,"t4 ,he 0 out ( all relation to ,space1 because he is n mat]ial object1 !reby hav+ limits1 =m1 & position 9 ,space4 ,he 0 out ( all relation to ,"t1 because he holds imm$iately1 & at once1 all possible objects ( k be=e ! ,eye ( 8 m9d4 ,h5ce he c le>n no?+1 & c exp]i5ce no process ( ?\ght4 ,)9 8 m9d no ev5t occurs1 no sub/ance endures4 ,yet1 :ile ?is is true1 x is equally true t1 z ! ,creator1 he is condition$ by ,space & ,"t1 j z he is condition$ by himself2 & x may be f\nd by future exam9ation t !y are ess5tial to t ,self4 ,b1 :atev] conclusion may be arriv$ at respect+ s difficult & ab/ract a subject1 ?is mu* is c]ta93 ,god1 z ! inf9ite & absolute spiritual ,p]son1 self-exi/5t & supreme1 is ! great ,fact2 & ,space & ,"t1 :atev] !y are1 w1 c 9 no wise int]f]e ) & compromise 8 p]fectness & supremacy4 ,x is a pleasure to be able to close ?is discussion ) reflections pr(\nd & wise z ^? conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f ! essay h]et(ore allud$ to4 ,! reciprocal relations ( ,space1 ,"t1 & ,god1 are veil$ 9 imp5etrable d>kness4 ,_m m9ds hesitate to attribute real inf9ity to ,space & ,"t1 le/ x %\ld conflict ) ! inf9ity ( ,god4 ,su* timidity has b a sl5d] title to respect4 ,if ! ,laws ( ,?\ght necessitate any conclusion :atev]1 !y necessitate ! conclusion t ,space & ,"t are ea* inf9ite2 & if we _c reconcile ?is result ) ! inf9ity ( ,god1 !re is no alt]native b to accept ( scepticism ) z good a grace z possible4 ,no man is wor?y to jo9 9 ! se>* = tru?1 :o trembles at ! sight ( x :5 f\nd4 ,b a pr(\nd fai? 9 ! unity ( all tru? de/roys scepticism by anticipation1 & prophesies ! solutions ( reason4 ,space is inf9ite1 ,"t is inf9ite1 ,god is inf9ite2 ?ree inf9ites coexi/4 ,limitation is possible only betwe5 exi/5ces ( ! same k9d4 ,!re c\ld n be two inf9ite ,spaces1 two inf9ite ,times1 or two inf9ite ,gods2 b :ile inf9ites ( ! same k9d _c coexi/1 inf9ites ( unlike k9ds may4 ,:5 an h\r limits a rod1 inf9ite ,"t w limit inf9ite ,space2 :5 a ye> & an acre limit wisdom1 hol9ess1 & love1 inf9ite ,space & ,"t w limit ! inf9ite ,god4 ,b n be=e4 ,"t exi/s ubiquit\sly1 ,space exi/s et]nally1 ,god exi/s ubiquit\sly & et]nally4 ,! nature ( ! relations betwe5 ! ?ree inf9ites1 s long z ,space & ,"t are ontologically incognizable1 is utt]ly & absolutely incompreh5sible2 b to assume contradiction1 exclusion1 or mutual limitation to be among ^! relations1 is z gratuit\s z x is irrev]5t4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,9 ,,detail ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,important ,,passages ,,9 ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,! ,,limiti/s4 ,,additional ,,reflections ,,^u ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,sir ,,william ,,hamilton4 ,x nev] =m$ any "p ( ! plan ( ?is "w to give an ext5d$ exam9ation ( ! logician's sy/em ( metaphysics1 or ev5 to notice x p>ticul>ly4 ,f ! fir/1 x 0 only propos$ to attempt ! refutation ( t peculi> !ory :i* he en\nc$ 9 8 celebrat$ essay1 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$1 a monograph t has g5]ally be5 receiv$ z a fair & suffici5t pres5tation !re(2 & :i* he supplem5t$1 b nev] sup]s$$4 ,if ! argum5ts adduc$1 & illu/rations pres5t$1 9 ! fir/ "p1 9 behalf ( ! fact ( ! ,pure ,reason1 are satisfactory1 & ! analysis & attempt$ refutation ( ! celebrat$ dictum bas$ ^u two extremes1 an exclud$ middle & a mean1 9 ! second "p1 are accept$ z suffici5t1 z also ! criticisms ^u c]ta9 g5]al coroll>ies1 & ! explanation ( c]ta9 g5]al que/ions1 !n1 s f> at lea/ z ,sir ,william ,hamilton is conc]n$1 b little1 if any1 fur!r rem>k w be expect$4 ,a few subord9ate passages 9 ! essay above ref]r$ to may1 h[ev]1 x is believ$1 be t\*$ ) pr(it by ! h& ( criticism & explanation4 ,to ^!1 !re=e1 ! read]'s att5tion is n[ call$4 ,9 rem>k+ ^u ,c\s9's philosophy1 ,hamilton says3 ,n[1 x is manife/ t ! :ole doctr9e ( ,m4 ,c\s9 is involv$ 9 ! proposition1 t ! ,uncondition$1 ! ,absolute1 ! ,inf9ite1 is imm$iately kn[n 9 consci\sness1 & ?is by diff]5ce1 plurality1 & relation4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to repeat "h ! criticism1 t ! t]ms inf9ite1 absolute1 c4 are entirely out ( place :5 us$ to express ab/ractions4 ,z be=e1 we ask1 inf9ite--:at8 ,! fact ( ab/raction is "o ( ! greate/ ( limitations1 & vitiates e su* utt]ance ( ! ,limiti/s4 ,! tru? may be ?us /at$3--,! inf9ite ,p]son1 or ! necess>y pr9ciple z inh]+ 9 t ,p]son1 is imm$iately kn[n 9 consci\sness1 & ?is1 n by diff]5ce1 plurality1 & relation1 b by a direct intuition ( ! ,pure ,reason4 ,9 ?is act ! object se5--! idea--is held "r 9 ! ,reason's eye2 & s is se5 by itself & 9 itself4 ,h5ce x is n kn[n by diff]5ce1 because !re is no o!r object b ! "o be=e t eye1 ) :i* to comp>e x4 ,nei!r is x kn[n by plurality1 because x is se5 by itself1 & !re is no o!r object contemplat$1 ) :i* to jo9 x4 ,nor is x kn[n by relation1 because x is se5 to be :at x is 9 itself1 & z out ( all relation4 ,a little bel[1 9 ! same p>agraph1 ,hamilton aga9 rem>ks ^u ,c\s91 ?us3--,! recognition ( ! absolute z a con/itutive pr9ciple ( intellig5ce1 our au?or reg>ds z at once ! condition & ! end ( philosophy4 ,! true idea1 accurately /at$1 is z foll[s4 ,! fact t1 by a con/itut+ law ( intellig5ce1 ! ,pure ,reason imm$iately intuits absolut5ess z ! di/9ctive quality ( a priori fir/ pr9ciples1 & ( ! inf9ite ,p]son 9 :om !y inh]e1 is ! condition1 & ! application ( t fact is ! end ( philosophy4 ,^! two errone\s positions ! logician foll[s ) 8 celebrat$ /atem5t ( ! op9ions :i* may be ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! ,uncondition$1 z an imm$iate object ( k & ( ?\ght4 ,! f\r op9ions1 to :i* he r$uces all ^? held by philosoph]s1 are too well kn[n to ne$ quotation "h4 ,!y are notic$ n[1 only to af=d an opportunity = ! pres5tation ( a fif?1 &1 z x is believ$1 ! true op9ion1 :i* is z foll[s4 ,! inf9ite ,p]son is inconceivable1 b is cognizable z a fact1 is kn[n to be1 & is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 kn[n to be su* & su*2 all ?is1 by an imm$iate intuition ( ! ,pure ,reason1 ( :i* ! spiritual p]son is def9itely consci\s2 & t ,p]son is s se5 to be prim>ily uncondition$1 i4 e4 out ( all relation1 diff]5ce1 & plurality4 ,inconceivable4 ,z we h repeat$ly said1 ?is ^w has no =ce except ) reg>d to ?+s 9 nature4 ,is cognizable z a fact1 c4 ,no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t an exhau/ive k ( ! ,deity is impossible to any creature4 ,b equally c]ta9 is x1 t1 except z we h "s true1 positive1 reliable k ( him z he is1 we _c be moral be+s "u 8 moral gov]nm5t4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! moral law z ! expression ( ,god's nature4 #a4 ,ei!r ,god is love1 or he is n love--hate2 or he is indiff]5t1 i4 e4 love has no relation to him4 ,if ! la/ alt]native is true1 !n ! o!r two h no relevancy to ! subject 9 h&4 ,^u su* a supposition1 x is unque/ionably true t he is utt]ly inscrutable4 ,!n are we 9 j ! condition :i* ! ,limiti/s ass]t4 ,b obs]ve ! results respect+ ourselves4 ,our :ole moral nature is ! mo/ bitt]1 tantaliz+ falsehood :i* x is possible = u to ent]ta9 z an object ( k4 ,we feel t we ought to love ! p]fect ,be+4 ,at times we g />v+ = love to him & beg t bread4 ,he has no love to give4 ,he nev] felt a pulsation ( affection4 ,he sits alone on 8 icy ?rone1 9 a realm ( et]nal sn[2 &1 cov]$ ) ! canopy1 & %ut 9 by ! panoply1 ( inscrutable my/]y1 he mocks our cry4 ,we beg = bread4 ,he gives u a /one4 ,does su* a picture in/antly %ock1 yea1 horrify1 all our f9] s5sibilities8 ,does ! s\l cry out 9 agony1 h] rejection ( su* a conclusion8 ,9 t cry we he> ! tru? 9 ,god's voice2 = he made ! s\l4 ,/ill less c ! ?\ght be ent]ta9$ t he is hate4 ,x is impossible1 !n1 to ?9k ( ,god except z love4 ,we "k :at love is4 ,we "k :at ,god is4 ,!re is a some:at common to ! ,deity & 8 spiritual creatures4 ,?is enables u to atta9 a f9al law1 z foll[s4 ,9 s f> z ,god's creatures h faculties & capacities 9 common ) him1 9 s f> d !y "k him positively2 b 9 all matt]s to :i* _! peculi>ities z creatures p]ta91 !y only "k him negatively2 i4 e4 !y "k t he is ! opposite ( !mselves4 ,t passage :i* 0 quot$ 9 a =m] page1 simply to prove t ,sir ,william ,hamilton d5i$ ! reality ( ! ,reason z di/9ct f ! ,und]/&+1 requires & w n[ receive a p>ticul> exam9ation4 ,he says3 ,9 ! ,kantian philosophy1 bo? faculties p]=m ! same function2 bo? seek ! "o 9 ! _m2--! ,idea 7,idee7 is only ! ,concept 7,begriff7 sublimat$ into ! inconceivable2 ,reason only ! ,und]/&+ :i* has 'ov]leap$ itself4' ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 & ! rem>ks :i* foll[ x1 ! logician %[s t he nei!r compreh5ds ! assign$ function & prov9ce ( ! ,reason1 nor possesses any accurate k ( ! m5tal ph5om5a ^u :i* he passes judgm5t4 ,a diagnosis c\ld n well be m ?or\ghly errone\s ?an 84 ,= bo? faculties d n p]=m ! same function4 ,only ! ,und]/&+ seeks ! "o 9 ! _m4 ,! ,reason seeks ! _m 9 ! "o4 ,! functions & modes ( activity ( ! two faculties are exactly opposite4 ,! ,und]/&+ runs ab\t ?r\gh ! univ]se1 & ga!rs up :at facts x may1 & concludes tru? !refrom4 ,! ,reason sees ! tru? fir/1 z necess>y a priori law1 & hold+ x up z /&>d1 measures facts by x1 or uses ! ,s5se to f9d ! facts 9 :i* x inh]es4 ,besides1 ! au?or1 9 ?is ass]tion1 is guilty ( a mo/ gl>+ petitio pr9cipii4 ,=1 ! v "q at issue is1 :e!r bo? faculties d p]=m ! same function2 :e!r bo? d seek ! "o 9 ! _m4 ,9 ord] n to leave ! hi!r side ( ! "q built ^u a b>e ass]tion1 x w be prop] to rev]t to a few ( ^? pro(s adduc$ h]et(ore4 ,! ,reason sees ! tru? fir/4 ,take n[ ! ass]tion1 ,malice is crim9al4 ,is ?is prim>ily le>n$ by exp]i5ce2 or is x an intuitive conviction1 :i* conditions exp]i5ce4 ,or1 9 m g5]al t]ms1 does a *ild ne$ to be taught :at guilt is1 be=e x c feel guilty1 z x is taught its lett]s be=e x c read2 or does ! feel+ ( guilt arise )9 x spontane\sly1 ^u a brea* ( kn[n law4 ,if ! latt] be ! true exp]i5ce1 !n x c only be acc\nt$ = ^u ! gr\nd t an idea ( "r & wrong1 z an a priori law1 is organic 9 man2 &1 by our def9ition1 ! pres5tation ( ?is law to ! att5tion 9 consci\sness is ! act ( ! ,reason4 ,^u su* a !ory ! "o pr9ciple 0 n s\ght1 & is n f\nd1 9 ! _m acts1 b ! _m acts are comp>$ )1 & judg$ by1 t "o /&>d1 :i* 0 se5 fir/1 & z necess>ily true4 ,take ano!r illu/ration4 ,all religions1 9 acc\nt+ = ! univ]se1 h "o common po9t ( agreem5t1 :i* is1 t "s be+ or be+s1 sup]ior to x & m51 produc$ x4 ,&1 except p]haps among ! mo/ degrad$1 ! m subtle notion ( a f9al cause1 ?\gh (t5 develop$ 9 a crude =m1 is associat$ ) ! o!r4 ,^! notions mu/ be acc\nt$ =4 ,h[ %all x be done8 ,are !y ! result ( exp]i5ce8 ,!n1 ! fir/ human be+s _h no su* notions4 ,b ano!r & m palpable objection arises4 ,are !y ! result ( individual exp]i5ce8 ,!n !re w\ld be z _m religions z individuals4 ,b1 v ignorant p h ! exp]i5ce1--p]sons :o nev] le>n$ any?+ b ! rude/ =ms ( "w1 f ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( o!rs2 nor by _! own exp]i5ce1 to make ! smalle/ improvem5t 9 a simple agricultural in/rum5t4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld !y le>n by exp]i5ce "o ( ! pr(\nde/ speculative ideas8 ,z a la/ resort1 x may be said !y 7 taught x by philosoph]s4 ,b ?is is negativ$ by ! fact1 t philosoph]s d n1 to any consid]able ext5t1 tea* ! p1 ei!r imm$iately or m$iately2 b t g5]ally ^? :o h ! lea/ philosophy h ! l>ge/ influ5ce4 ,& :at is mo/ 9 po9t1 none ( ^! hypo!ses w acc\nt = ! fact1 t ! gi/ ( ! idea1 h[ev] crude its =m1 is ev]y:]e ! same4 ,be x a ,feti%1 or ,brahm1 or ,god1 9 ! k]nel f9al cause w be f\nd4 ,x w\ld seem t any c&id m9d mu/ ackn[l$ge t no comb9$ ef=t ( m51 7 ?is possible1 c\ld secure su* univ]sal exactitude4 ,b turn n[ & exam9e any individual 9 ! same direction1 z we did j above1 respect+ ! "q ( "r & wrong1 & a pla9 answ] w come directly4 ,! notion ( fir/ cause1 h[ev] crude & rudim5t>y its =m1 is organic4 ,x arises1 !n1 spontane\sly1 & ! individual takes x--! "o1--& 9 x f9ds a reason = ! ph5om5a ( nature--! _m1--& is satisfi$4 ,& ?is is an exp]i5ce n peculi> to ! philosoph]2 b is %>$ equally by ! illit]ate1--^? entirely unacqua9t$ ) sci5tific ab/ractions4 ,^! illu/rations might be c>ri$ to an almo/ indef9ite l5g?1 %[+ t commonly1 9 ! e-day exp]i5ces ( life1 m5 are accu/om$ n only to obs]ve ph5om5a & =m conclusions1 z ,x is cl\dy to-day1 & may ra9 to-morr[1 b also to measure ph5om5a by an orig9al & fix$ /&>d1 z1 ,?is man is malici\s1 & !re=e wick$4 ,betwe5 ! two modes ( proc$ure1 ! foll[+ di/9ction may always be obs]v$4 ,conclusions are always d\btful1 only probable4 ,decisions are always c]ta94 ,conclusions give u :at may be1 decisions :at mu/ be4 ,! =m] result f concepts & exp]i5ce1 ! latt] f intuitions & logical processes4 ,?us is made pla9 ! fact t1 to give x ! mo/ favorable aspect1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 9 8 eag]ness to ma9ta9 8 !ory1 has entirely mi/ak5 "o class ( human exp]i5ces1 & s 0 l$ to d5y ! actuality ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & important faculty ( ! human m9d4 ,9 view ( ! =ego+ results1 "o ne$ n hesitate to say t1 :e!r he ev] attempt$ x or n1 ,kant nev] has cle>ly %[n t ! idea ( ! uncondition$ c h no objective reality1 = x is impossible to d ?is1 ! opposite be+ ! tru?4 ,its objective reality is ,god2 x !re=e conveys to u ! mo/ important k1 & involves no contradictions4 ,moreov]1 uncondition$ness is a simple1 positive1 notion1 & n a fasciculus ( negations2 b is an attribute ( ,god1 :o compreh5ds all positives4 ,a little aft]1 ,hamilton says3 ,& :ile he ,kant appropriat$ ,reason z a specific faculty to take cognizance ( ^! negations1 hypo/atiz$ z positive1 "u ! ,platonic "n ( ,ideas1 c4 ,"h1 aga91 ! psy*ological "q arises1 ,is ! ,reason su* a faculty8 ,are its suppos$ objects negations8 ,are !y hypo/atiz$ z positive8 ,evid5tly1 if we e/abli% an affirmative answ] to ! fir/ "q1 a negative to ! o!rs foll[s directly1 & ! logician's sy/em is a failure4 ,aga91 ! discrim9ation ( ?\ght into positive & negative is simply absurd4 ,all ?\ght is positive4 ,! phrase1 negative ?\ght1 is only a conv5i5t expression = ! refusal ( ! m9d to ?9k4 ,b ,ideas are n ?\ghts at all1 9 ! /rict s5se ( t t]m4 ,x ref]s to ! op]ations ( ! m9d ^u objects :i* h be5 pres5t$4 ,ideas are a "p ( su* objects4 ,all objects 9 ! m9d are positive4 ,! phrase1 negative object1 is a contradiction4 ,b1 )\t any d$uction1 we see imm$iately t ideas are positives4 ,! common consci\sness ( ! human race affirms ?is4 ,! foll[+ rem>k ^u ,c\s9 requires "s notice4 ,= ^? :o1 ) ,m4 ,c\s91 reg>d ! notion ( ! uncondition$ z a positive & real k ( exi/5ce 9 its all-compreh5sive unity1 & :o consequ5tly employ ! t]ms ,absolute1 ,inf9ite1 ,uncondition$1 z only v>i\s expressions = ! same id5tity1 are imp]atively b\nd to prove t _! idea ( ! ,"o corresponds1 ei!r ) t ,uncondition$ we h di/+ui%$ z ! ,absolute1 or ) t ,uncondition$ we h di/+ui%$ z ! ,inf9ite1 or t x includes bo?1 or t x excludes bo?4 ,?is !y h n done1 &1 we suspect1 h nev] attempt$ to d4 ,! italics are ,hamilton's4 ,! above /atem5t is invalid1 = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,! ,absolute1 !re9 nam$1 has be5 %[n to be irrelevant to ! matt] 9 h&1 & an absurdity4 ,x is self-evid5t t ! t]m limit$ :ole1 z appli$ to ,space & ,"t1 is a violation ( ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,s9ce we seek ! tru?1 t ,absolute mu/ be reject$4 ,aga91 ! def9itions ( ! t]ms absolute & inf9ite1 :i* h be5 f\nd consi/5t1 & p]t95t to ,space & ,"t1 h be5 fur!r f\nd irrelevant & mean+less1 :5 appli$ to ! ,be+1 ! ,"o1 :o is ! ,creator4 ,t ,be+1 exi/+ prim>ily out ( all relation to ,space & ,"t1 mu/1 if kn[n at all1 be /udi$1 & kn[n z he is4 ,! t]ms inf9ite & absolute w1 ( necessity1 !n1 :5 appli$ to him1 h entirely diff]5t significations f :at !y w :5 appli$ to ,space & ,"t4 ,s1 !n1 no decision ( que/ions aris+ 9 ?is latt] sph]e w h o!r ?an a negative value 9 ! =m]4 ,! que/ions 9 t sph]e mu/ be decid$ on _! own m]its1 z mu/ ^? 9 ?is4 ,:at is really requir$1 !n1 is1 t ! ,"o1 ! ,p]son1 be %[n to be bo? absolute & inf9ite1 & t ^!1 z qualities1 consi/5tly inh]e 9 t unity4 ,z ?is has already be5 done 9 ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is treatise1 no?+ ne$ be add$ "h4 ,"s pages aft]w>ds1 9 aga9 rem>k+ ^u ,m4 ,c\s91 ,hamilton quotes f him z foll[s3 ,! condition ( intellig5ce is diff]5ce2 & an act ( k is only possible :]e !re exi/s a plurality ( t]ms4 ,9 a subsequ5t p>agraph ! essayi/ argues f ?is1 ?us3 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ass]t$1 t ! condition ( intellig5ce1 z kn[+1 is plurality & diff]5ce2 consequ5tly1 ! condition ( ! absolute z exi/+1 & "u :i* x mu/ be kn[n1 & ! condition ( intellig5ce1 z capable ( kn[+1 are incompatible4 ,=1 if we suppose ! absolute cognizable1 x mu/ be id5tifi$ ei!r1 fir/1 ) ! subject kn[+2 or1 second1 ) ! object kn[n2 or1 ?ird1 ) ! indiff]5ce ( bo?4 ,reject+ ! fir/ two1 ,hamilton says3 ,! ?ird hypo!sis1 on ! o!r h&1 is contradictory ( ! plurality ( intellig5ce2 =1 if ! subject ( consci\sness be kn[n z "o1 a plurality ( t]ms is n ! necess>y condition ( intellig5ce4 ,! alt]native is !re=e necess>y3 ,ei!r ! absolute _c be kn[n or conceiv$ at all1 or our au?or is wrong 9 subject+ ?\ght to ! conditions ( plurality & diff]5ce4 ,9 ^! extracts may be detect$ an error :i*1 s f> z ! au?or is in=m$1 has be5 hi!rto ov]look$ by philosoph]s4 ,! logician pres5ts an alt]native :i* is unque/ionably valid4 ,yet ) almo/1 if n entire unanimity1 writ]s h be5 accu/om$ to assign plurality1 relation1 diff]5ce1 &--to adopt a valuable sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]--lik5ess1 z conditions ( all k2 & among !m ^? :o h claim$ = man a positive k ( ! absolute4 ,! error by :i* !y h be5 drawn into ?is contradiction is purely psy*ological2 & arises1 l ! o!r errors :i* we h po9t$ out1 f an attempt to c>ry ov] ! laws ( ! animal nature1 ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+1 by :i* man le>ns (1 & concludes ab\t1 ?+s 9 nature1 to ! ,pure ,reason1 by :i* he sees & kn[s1 ) an absolutely c]ta9 k1 pr9ciples & laws2 & to subject ?is faculty to ^? conditions4 ,n[1 !re c be no d\bt b t if ! logician's premiss is true1 ! conclusion is unavoidable4 ,if an act ( k is only possible :]e !re exi/s a plurality ( t]ms1 !n is x impossible t we %\ld "k ,god1 or t he %\ld "k himself4 ,! logic is impregnable4 ,b ! conclusion is revolt+4 ,:at mu/ be done1 !n8 ,erect "s make%ift subt]fuge ( m5tal impot5ce8 ,x w n meet ! exig5cy ( ! case4 ,x w n satisfy ! dem& ( ! s\l4 ,nay1 m1 %e ca/s x out utt]ly1 z a mo/ gross insult4 ,unque/ionably1 b "o c\rse is left2 & t is s pla91 t "o _c see h[ ev5 a ,limiti/ c\ld h ov]look$ x4 ,correct ! premiss4 ,/udy out ! true psy*ology1 & t w give u p]fect consi/5cy4 ,hold ) a dea?-grip to ! pr9ciple t e tru? is 9 complete h>mony ) e o!r tru?2 & hold ) no less t5acity to ! pr9ciple t ! human intellect is true4 ,& :at is ! true premiss :i* ?r\gh an irrefutable logic w give u a satisfactory1 a true1 an und\bt$ conclusion4 ,?is4 ,a plurality ( t]ms is n ! necess>y condition ( intellig5ce2 b objects :i* are pure1 simple1 unanalyzable1 may be directly kn[n by an intellect4 ,or1 to be m explicit4 ,plurality1 relation1 diff]5ce1 & lik5ess1 are necess>y conditions ( intellig5ce ?r\gh ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+2 b !y d n 9 ! lea/ degree lie ^u ! ,reason1 :i* sees its objects z pure1 simple ideas :i* are self-evid5t1 &1 consequ5tly1 are n subject to ^? conditions4 ,:atev] k we may h ( mammals1 we und\bt$ly ga9 "u ! conditions ( plurality1 relation1 diff]5ce1 & lik5ess2 = mammals are ?+s 9 nature4 ,b absolut5ess is a pure1 simple1 unanalyzable idea 9 ! ,reason1 & z su* is se5 & kn[n by a direct insight z out ( all plurality1 relation1 diff]5ce1 & lik5ess3 = ?is is a quality ( ! self-exi/5t ,p]son1 & s belongs :olly to ! sph]e ( ! sup]natural1 & c be exam9$ only by a spiritual p]son :o is also sup]natural4 ,let u illu/rate ^! two k9ds ( k4 #a4 ,! k giv5 by ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+4 ,?is is ( mat]ial objects4 ,take1 = example1 an apple4 ,! ,s5se obs]ves x z "o ( _m apples1 & t _m *>act]i/ics belong to x z "o apple4 ,among ^!1 color1 sk91 pulp1 juices1 flavor1 c4 may be m5tion$4 ,x obs]ves1 also1 t x be>s a relation to ! /em & tree on :i* x gr[s1 &1 z well1 t its sev]al qualities h relations among !mselves4 ,"o color belongs to ! sk91 ano!r to ! pulp4 ,! sk91 z cov]1 relates to ! pulp z cov]$1 & ! l4 ,! apple1 moreov]1 is di/+ui%$ f o!r fruits by m>ks ( diff]5ce & m>ks ( lik5ess4 ,x has a diff]5t sk91 a diff]5t pulp1 & a diff]5t flavor4 ,yet1 x is l o!r fruits1 9 t x gr[s on a tree1 & possesses ^? m>ks j nam$1 :i*1 ?\gh diff]+ among !mselves1 accord+ to ! fruit 9 :i* !y inh]e1 h a commonality ( k9d1 z comp>$ ) o!r objects4 ,?is di/+ui%+1 analyz+1 & classify+ ( *>act]i/ics1 & connect+ !m into a unity1 z an apple1 is ! "w ( ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+4 #b4 ,! k giv5 by ! ,pure ,reason4 ,?is is ( a priori laws1 ( ^! laws comb9$ 9 pure ar*etypal =ms1 & ( ,god z ! ,supreme ,be+ :o compreh5ds all laws & =ms4 ,a fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 ! two modes ( activity imm$iately /rikes "o's att5tion4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! mode 0 by di/+ui%m5t & analysis4 ,9 ! latt] x is by compreh5sion & syn!sis4 ,take ! idea ( moral obligation to illu/rate ?is topic4 ,no "o b a ,limiti/ w1 x is believ$1 cont5d aga9/ ! position ( ,dr ,hopk9s1 t ?is idea ( obligation or oughtness is a simple idea4 ,?is be+ once acc$$1 c>ries ) x ! :ole !ory :i* ! au?or seeks to ma9ta94 ,h[ may a simple idea be kn[n8 ,x _c be di/+ui%$ or analyz$4 ,be+ simple1 x is sui g5]is4 ,h5ce1 x _c be kn[n by plurality or relation1 diff]5ce or lik5ess4 ,if kn[n at all1 x mu/ be kn[n z x is 9 itself1 by a spontane\s insight4 ,su*1 9 fact1 is ! mode ( ! activity ( ! ,pure ,reason1 & su* are ! objects ( t activity4 ,9 ma9ta9+1 !n1 ! doctr9e ( intellectual intuition1 ,m4 ,c\s9 0 "r1 b wrong 9 subject+ all k to ! conditions ( plurality & diff]5ce4 ,ne> ! close ( ! essay "u exam9ation ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton /ates c]ta9 problems1 :i* he is confid5t ,c\s9 _c solve4 ,!re is no?+ v difficult ab\t !m2 & x is a wond] t he %\ld h s pres5t$ !m4 ,foll[+ ! passage--:i* is "h quot$--w be f\nd :at appe> simple & easy solutions4 ,b 7to say no?+ ( remot] difficulties7--7#a7 h[ lib]ty c be conceiv$1 suppos+ always a plurality ( modes ( activity1 )\t a k ( t plurality2--7#b7 h[ a faculty c resolve to act by pref]5ce 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 & n det]m9e itself by f9al causes2--7#c7 h[ intellig5ce c influ5ce a bl9d p[]1 )\t op]at+ z an effici5t cause2--7#d7 or h[1 9 f9e1 morality c be f\nd$ on a lib]ty :i* at be/ only escapes necessity by tak+ refuge ) *ance2--^! are problems :i* ,m4 ,c\s91 9 none ( 8 works1 has /at$1 & :i* we are confid5t he is unable to solve4 #a4 ,lib]ty _c be conceiv$4 ,x mu/ be intuit$4 ,!re is a plurality ( modes1 & !re is a k ( t plurality4 #b4 ,a faculty _c resolve to act2 _c h a pref]5ce2 & _c det]m9e itself at all4 ,only a spiritual p]son c resolve1 c h a pref]5ce1 c det]m9e4 #c4 ,intellig5ce _c influ5ce4 ,bl9d p[] _c be influ5c$4 ,only a spiritual p]son c be influ5c$1 & he by object ?r\gh ! intellig5ce z m$ium1 & only he c be an effici5t cause4 #d4 ,morality _c be f\nd$ on a lib]ty1 :i* only escapes necessity by tak+ refuge ) *ance2 &1 :at is m1 su* a lib]ty is impossible1 & to speak ( x z possible is absurd4 ,:at vitiates ! processes ( ?\ght ( ! ,limiti/s s l>gely1 crops out v pla9ly "h3 viz41 ! employm5t bo? 9 ?9k+ & expressions ( faculties1 capacities1 & qualities1 z if !y possess$ all ! p[]s ( p]sons4 ,?is habit is ?or\ghly errone\s1 & de/ructive ( tru?4 ,! tru? desir$ to answ] ?is :ole passage1 may be /at$ 9 exact t]ms ?us3 ,! inf9ite & absolute spiritual ,p]son1 ! ultimate & inde/ructible1 & indivisible & composite unit1 possesses z a necess>y quality ( p]sonality pure lib]ty2 :i* is fre$om f compulsion or re/ra9t 9 ! *oice ( "o ( two possible ends4 ,?is ,p]son intuits a multitude ( modes ( activity4 ,he possesses also p]fect wisdom1 :i* enables him1 hav+ *os5 ! "r end1 to det]m9e ) un]r+ accuracy :i* "o ( all ! modes ( activity is ! be/ to secure ! end4 ,involv$ 9 ! *oice ( ! end1 is ! det]m9ation to put 9 =ce ! be/ means = secur+ t end4 ,h5ce ?is ,p]son decides t ! be/ mode %all be4 ,he also possesses all-p[]4 ,?is is 8 end[m5t1 n t ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,! intellig5ce is n p]son1 b faculty 9 ! p]son4 ,s is x ) ! p[]4 ,s !n ?is ,p]son1 intuit+ ?r\gh 8 intellig5ce :at is befitt+ 8 dignity1 puts =?1 9 accordance !re)1 8 p[]2 & is effici5t cause4 ,su* a be+ is nei!r "u necessity nor *ance4 ,he is n "u necessity1 because !re is no con/ra9t :i* compels him to *oose ! "r end1 r ?an ! wrong "o4 ,he is n "u *ance1 because he is c]ta9 :i* is ! be/ mode ( action to ga9 ! end *os54 ,9 ?is di/9ction betwe5 ends & modes ( activity1 :i* has be5 s cle>ly set =? by ,rev4 ,m>k ,hopk9s1 ,d4 ,d41 & 9 ! motions ( spiritual p]sons 9 ea* sph]e1 lie ! gr\nd = answ]+ all difficulties rais$ by ! advocates ( necessity or *ance4 ,) ^! rem>ks we close ! discussion ( ,hamilton's philosophical sy/em1 & proce$ to take up ! tea*+s ( 8 foll[]s4 ,,review ,,( ,,limits ,,( ,,religi\s ,,?\ght4 ,?is volume is "o :i* w always awak5 9 ! m9d ( ! c&id & reflective read] a feel+ ( pr(\nd respect4 ,! writ] is manife/ly a deeply religi\s man4 ,! book be>s ! m>ks ( piety1 & an e>ne/ se>* aft] ! tru? respect+ t augu/ ,be+ :om its au?or rev]5tially wor%ips4 ,h[ev] f> wrong we may believe him to h gone 9 8 speculative !ory1 8 dev\t _s mu/ ev] inspire e/eem4 ,?\gh x is ours to criticize & condemn ! intellectual pr9ciples ^u :i* 8 "w is bas$1 we _c b desire to be l him1 9 r5d]+ solemn homage to ! ,be+ he deems inscrutable4 ,9 proce$+ ) our exam9ation1 all ! defects :i* 7 =m]ly notic$ z belong+ to ! sy/em ( ! ,limiti/s w "h be f\nd pla9ly obs]vable4 ,foll[+ 8 tea*]1 ,mr4 ,mansel holds ! ,und]/&+ to be ! highe/ faculty ( ! human intellect1 & ! consequ5t coroll>y t a judgm5t is its highe/ =m ( k4 ,! ^w conceive he !re=e uses z expressive ( ! act ( ! m9d 9 grasp+ toge!r v>i\s m>ks into a concept1 :5 t ^w & act ( m9d are utt]ly irrelevant to ! object to :i* he applies !m2 & h5ce !y c h no mean+ z us$4 ,we %all see him speak ( />t+ f ! div9e1 & reason+ d[n to ! human2 or ( />t+ f ! human1 & reason+ up to ! div9e2 :]e1 ^u ! hypo!sis t ! two are entirely div]se1 no reason+ process1 bas$ ^u ei!r "o1 c rea* ! o!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if any k ( ,god is possible to ! creat$ m9d1 x is only on ! gr\nd t !re is a simil>ity1 an exact lik5ess 9 c]ta9 respects1 betwe5 ! two2 9 o!r words1 t ! ,creator pla9ly decl>$ a simple fact1 9 lit]al language1 :5 he said1 ,god made man 9 8 own image4 ,if man's m9d is :olly unlike ,god's m9d1 he _c "k tru? z ,god kn[s x4 ,& if ! human intellect is ?us faulty1 man _c be ! subject ( a moral gov]nm5t1 = e subject ( a moral gov]nm5t is am5able to law4 ,9 ord] to be s am5able1 he mu/ "k ! law z x is4 ,no phantasmagoria ( law1 no silh\ette w d4 ,x mu/ be imm$iately se51 & kn[n to be b9d+4 ,tru? is "o4 ,he1 !n1 :o sees x z x is1 & kn[s x to be b9d+1 sees x z ,god sees x1 & feels ! same obligation t ,god feels4 ,& su* an "o mu/ man be if he is a moral ag5t4 ,:e!r he is su* an ag5t or n1 we w n argue "h2 s9ce all gov]nm5ts & laws ( society are f\nd$ ^u ! hypo!sis t he is1 x may well be assum$ z grant$4 ,( ! ?ree t]ms1 famili> z h\sehold words1 :i* ,mr4 ,mansel1 9 8 second lecture1 proce$s to exam9e1 x is to be said1 t ,fir/ ,cause1 if prop]ly m5tion$ at all1 %\ld h be5 put la/2 & t ,inf9ite & ,absolute are n p]t95t to ,cause1 b to ,p]son4 ,s !n :5 we consid] ! ,deity z ,he is1 we consid] him1 n z ,cause1 = ?is is incid5tal1 b z ! inf9ite & absolute ,p]son1 = ^! ?ree m>ks are ess5tial4 ,fur!r1 ^! la/-m5tion$ t]ms express ideas 9 ! ,reason2 :ile ! t]m ,cause expresses an a priori ,elem5t ( connection1 & ?us a primitive und]/&+-conception4 ,h>dly m satisfactory ?an 8 use ( ! t]m ,cause is 8 def9ition ( ! t]ms absolute & inf9ite4 ,he def9es ! ,absolute to be t :i* exi/s 9 & by itself1 hav+ no necess>y relation to any o!r ,be+1 :5 x is r ! exclusion ( ! possibility ( any o!r ,be+4 ,aga91 he def9es ! ,inf9ite to be t :i* is free f all possible limitation2 t ?an :i* a great] is inconceivable2 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 c receive no additional attribute or mode ( exi/5ce :i* x _h n f all et]nity4 ,t :i* means ! ?+ :i*1 = :i* is neut]4 ,mr4 ,mansel's inf9ite is1 !n1 ! ,?+4 ,?is ,?+ is free f all possible limitation4 ,h[ c t be :5 ! ,be+ he ?us def9es is1 mu/ be1 necess>ily exi/5t1 & s is b\nd by "o ( ! greate/ ( limitations1 ! inability to cease to be4 ,b "s light may be ?r[n ^u 8 use ( ! t]m limitation by ! subsequ5t portions ( 8 def9ition4 ,! ,?+ :i* is free f all possible limitation is t ?an :i* a great] is inconceivable4 ,moreov]1 ?is greate/ ( all possible ?+s possesses all possible attributes1 & is 9 e possible mode ( exi/5ce f all et]nity4 ,respect+ ! phrase ?an :i* a great] is inconceivable1 two suppositions may be made4 ,ei!r !re may be a ?+ great] ?an1 & div]se f1 all o!r ?+s2 or !re may be a ?+ great] ?an1 & includ+ all1 o!r ?+s4 ,probably ! latt] is ,mr4 ,mansel's ?\ght2 b x is ,mat]iali/ic ,pan!ism4 ,?is ,be+ mu/ be 9 e mode ( exi/5ce f all et]nity4 ,p]sonality is a mode ( exi/5ce2 !re=e ?is ,be+ mu/ =ev] h be5 9 t mode4 ,b imp]sonality is also a mode ( exi/5ce1 !re=e ?is ,be+ mu/ =ev] h be5 9 t mode4 ,yet aga9 ^! two modes are contradictory & mutually exclusive2 !n ?is ,be+ mu/ h be5 f all et]nity 9 two contradictory & mutually exclusive modes ( exi/5ce6 ,is fur!r rem>k necess>y to %[ t ,mr4 ,mansel's def9ition is ?or\ghly vitiat$ by ! und]/&+-conception t inf9ity is am\nt1 & is1 !re=e1 utt]ly wor?less8 ,c !re be a ?+ s great z to be )\t limits8 ,has greatness any?+ to d ) inf9ity8 ,manife/ly n4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !n1 to recur to & amplify ^? def9itions :i* we h already giv5 to ! t]ms he uses4 ,absolut5ess & inf9ity are qualities ( ! necess>y ,be+4 ,absolut5ess is t quality ( ! necess>y ,be+ by :i* he is end[$ ) self-exi/5ce1 self-dep5d5ce1 & totality4 ,or 9 o!r words1 hav+ ?is quality1 he is :olly indep5d5t ( any o!r be+2 & also ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( any o!r indep5d5t ,be+ is exclud$2 & s he is ! ,complete1 ! ,f9al1 ^u :om all possible be+s mu/ dep5d4 ,inf9ity is t quality ( ! necess>y ,be+ :i* gives him univ]sality 9 ! totality4 ,x expresses ! fact1 t he possesses all possible end[m5ts 9 p]fection4 ,possess+ ^! qualities1 t ,be+ is free f any ext]nal re/ra9t or limitation2 b ^? re/ra9ts & limitations1 :i* 8 v con/itut+ elem5ts !mselves impose1 are n remov$ by ^! qualities4 ,= in/ance1 ! possession ( ,love1 ,m]cy1 ,ju/ice1 ,wisdom1 ,p[]1 & ! l1 are ess5tial to ,god's entirety2 & ! possession ( !m 9 p]fect h>mony is ess5tial to 8 p]fectness 9 ! entirety4 ,?is fact ( p]fect h>mony1 exact balance1 b>s him f ! undue ex]cise ( any "o ( 8 attributes2 or1 concisely1 8 p]fection re/ra9s him f be+ imp]fect4 ,we rev]t1 !n1 to ! fundam5tal di/9ction1 atta9$ h]et(ore1 betwe5 improp] limitations1 or ^? :i* are involv$ 9 p]fection2 & prop] limitations1 or ^? :i* are involv$ 9 defici5cy & dep5d5ce2 & apply+ x "h1 we see t ^? limitations1 :i* we speak ( z belong+ to ,god1 are n indicative ( a lack1 b r are necess>ily incid5tal to t possession ( all possible p]fection :i* con/itutes him ! ,ultimate4 ,9 ?is view inf9ity c h no relevancy to numb]4 ,x is n t ,god has "o1 or "o million end[m5ts4 ,x asks no "q ab\t ! numb]2 & c>es n = x4 ,x is satisfi$ 9 ! ass]tion t he possesses all t are possible1 & 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,x is1 fur!r1 an idea1 n a concept4 ,x mu/ be intuit$1 = x _c be conceiv$4 ,no analogy ( l9e or surface has any p]t95ce2 because ^! are concepts1 belong+ :olly 9 ! ,und]/&+ & ,s5se1 :]e no idea c come4 ,yet x may be1 is1 ! quality ( an intellig5ce end[$ ) a limit$ numb] ( attributes2--= !re c be no numb] )\t limitation1 s9ce ! phrase unlimit$ numb] is a contradiction ( t]ms2--b ?is limitation involves no lack1 because !re are no o!rs1 :i* c be !reby relat$ to x1 z cognate or opposite modes ( consci\sness4 ,)\t d\bt x is1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 true1 t ! metaphysical repres5tation ( ! ,deity1 z absolute & inf9ite1 mu/ necess>ily1 z ! pr(\nde/ metaphysicians h ackn[l$g$1 am\nt to no?+ less ?an ! sum ( all reality4 ,?is s5se is t all reality is by him1 & = him1 & f him2 & is utt]ly dep5d5t ^u him4 ,b ,hegel's conclusion by no means foll[s1 9 :i* he says3 ,:at k9d ( an ,absolute ,be+ is t :i* does n conta9 9 itself all t is actual1 ev5 evil includ$4 ,?is is f\nd$ ^u ! suppress$ premiss1 t su* a ,be+ mu/ d :at he does1 & 8 creatures mu/ d :at !y d2 & s evil mu/ come4 ,?is mu* only c be admitt$1 & ?is may be admitt$1 )\t d]ogat+ aught f ,god's p]fectness3 viz41 t he sees 9 ! ideals ( 8 ,reason h[ 8 laws may be violat$1 & s1 h[ s9 may & w be 9 ?is moral sy/em2 b x is a p]v]sion ( words to say t ?is k on ! "p ( ,god is evil4 ,! kn[+ h[ a moral ag5t may break ! p]fect law1 is involv$ 9 ! kn[+ h[ su* ag5t may keep t law4 ,b ! fact ( ! k does n involve any :it ( cons5t to ! act ( violation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may1 does1 become ! gr\nd = ! putt+ =? ( e wise ef=t to prev5t t act4 ,aga92 evil is produc$ by ^? p]sons :om ,god has made1 :o violate 8 moral laws4 ,he be+ p]fectly wise & p]fectly good1 = p]fectly wise & good reasons su/a9s !m 9 ! ability to s94 ,!re c be1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 no p]sons at all1 )\t ?is ability to s94 ,b ,god does n direct !m to s92 nei!r :5 !y d s9 does any /a9 fall ^u him = su/a9+ _! exi/5ce dur+ _! s9n+4 ,t def9ition ( ! t]m absolute1 ^u :i* ,hegel bases 8 ass]tion1 is "o fit only = ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+2 z if ,god 0 ! physical sum ( all exi/5ce4 ,x is ,mat]iali/ic ,pan!ism4 ,b by obs]v+ ! def9itions & di/9ctions1 :i* h be5 h]et(ore laid d[n1 x may be readily se5 h[ an actual mode ( exi/5ce1 z t ( f9ite p]son1 may be d5i$ to ,god1 & no lack be indicat$ !reby4 ,hegel's blasphemy may1 !n1 be answ]$ z foll[s3 ,god is ! inf9ite & absolute spiritual ,p]son4 ,p]sonality is ! =m ( 8 be+4 ,! =m _c be empty4 ,organiz$ ess5ce fills ! =m4 ,inf9ity & absolut5ess are qualities ( ! ,p]son z ?us organiz$4 ,! quality ( absolut5ess1 = in/ance1 z transfus+ ! ess5ce1 is ! end[m5t ( pure indep5d5ce1 & involves ! exclusion ( ! possibility ( any o!r indep5d5t ,be+1 & ! possession ( ! ability to create e possible dep5d5t be+4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 z ,hegel's ass]tion means t no be+ c exi/1 & d evil1 except he is creat$ & su/a9$ by ! ,deity1 x is true4 ,b 9 s f> z x means--& ?is is und\bt$ly :at ,hegel did mean--t ,god mu/ be ! effici5t au?or ( s91 t1 =c$ by ! iron rod ( ,fate1 he mu/ produce evil1 ! ass]tion is utt]ly false1 & c\ld only h be5 utt]$ by "o :o1 hav+ dwelt all 8 life 9 ! gloomy cave ( ! ,und]/&+1 possess$ n ev5 a tol]ably correct notion ( ! true nature ( ! subject he _h 9 h&1--! "* ( ,god4 ,f ! above consid]ations x is app>5t t all ! requirem5ts ( ! ,reason are fulfill$ :5 x is ass]t$ t all ?+s--! ,univ]se--are dep5d5t ^u ,god2 & he is utt]ly indep5d5t4 ,! p>agraphs next succe$+1 :i* h be5 quot$ ) entire approbation by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 are ?or\ghly vitiat$ by _! au?or's indef5sible assumption1 t cause is indisp5sable to our idea ( ! ,deity4 ,z 0 rem>k$ above1 ! notion ( cause is incid5tal4 ,! ,deity may or may n become a cause1 z he %all decide4 ,b he has no *oice z to :e!r he %all be a p]son or n4 ,h5ce we may freely admit t ! cause1 z su*1 exi/s only 9 relation to its effect3 ! cause is a cause ( ! effect2 ! effect is an effect ( ! cause4 ,x is also true t ! conception--idea--( ! ,absolute implies a possible exi/5ce out ( all relation4 ,! position we h tak5 is 9 advance ( ?is1 = we say1 involves an actual exi/5ce out ( all relation4 ,introduc+1 !n1 n ! idea ( succession 9 "t1 b ! idea ( ! logical ord]1 we rightly say1 ! ,absolute exi/s fir/ by itself1 & aft]w>ds becomes a ,cause4 ,nor are we "h *eck$ by ! ?ird conception1 t ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,causation is a possible mode ( exi/5ce1 & yet t :i* exi/s )\t caus+ is inf9ite4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,x is ?us4 ,inf9ity is ! univ]sality ( p]fect end[m5t4 ,n[1 tak+ z ! po9t ( dep>ture ! fir/ creative nisus or ef=t ( ! ,deity1 ?is is true4 ,be=e t act he 0 p]fect 9 e possible end[m5t1 & accord$ 8 *oice !reto4 ,he 0 able to create1 b did n1 = a good & suffici5t reason4 ,9 & aft] t act1 he 0 /ill p]fect z be=e4 ,t act !n involv$ no ess5tial *ange 9 ,god4 ,b he 0 9 "o mode ( be+ be=e1 & 9 ano!r mode ( be+ 9 & aft] t act4 ,yet he 0 equally p]fect1 & equally bless$1 be=e z aft]4 ,:at !n foll[s8 ,?is3 t !re 0 "s good & suffici5t reason :y be=e t act he %\ld be a pot5tial creator1 & 9 t act he %\ld become an actual creator3 & ?is reason pres]ves ! p]fection1 i4 e4 ! inf9ity ( ,god1 equally 9 bo? modes4 ,:51 !n1 ,mr4 ,mansel says1 if ,causation is a possible mode ( exi/5ce1 t :i* exi/s )\t caus+ is n inf9ite1 t :i* becomes a cause has pass$ beyond its =m] limits1 8 utt]ance is prompt$ by t pan!i/ic und]/&+-conception ( ,god1 :i* ?9ks him ! sum ( all t 01 & is1 & ev] %all be1 or c be2 & t 9 all ?is1 he is actual4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h se51 all t is requir$ to fulfil ! idea ( inf9ity is1 t ! ,be+1 :om x qualifies1 possesses all fulness1 has all ! =ms & spr+s ( be+ 9 himself4 ,x is optional ) him :e!r he w create or n2 & 8 rema9+ out ( all relation1 or 8 creat+ a ,univ]se1 & ?us e/abli%+ relations to & = himself1 9 no way affect 8 ess5tial nature1 i4 e4 8 inf9ity4 ,he is a p]son1 possess+ all possible end[m5ts1 & 9 ?is does 8 inf9ity consi/4 ,9 ?is view1 creation at any p>ticul> mom5t ( "t is se5 to be ! only possible hypo!sis by :i* to acc\nt = ! ,univ]se4 ,su* a ,p]son1 ! necess>y ,be+1 mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce be=e ! ,univ]se2 & 8 fir/ act 9 produc+ t ,univ]se w\ld m>k ! fir/ mom5t ( "t4 ,no alt]native ( ,pan!ism is1 c be1 pres5t$ to ! advocates ( ?is !ory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t s*eme is se5 to be bo? impossible & absurd4 ,"o _c disagree ) ,mr4 ,mansel1 :5 9 ! next p>agraph he says1 t1 suppos+ ! ,absolute to become a cause1 x w foll[ t x op]ates by means ( free w & consci\sness4 ,b ! difficulties :i* he !n raises lie only 9 ! ,und]/&+1 & may be expla9$ ?us4 ,always 9 ,god's consci\sness ! subject & object are id5tical4 ,all t ,god is1 is always pres5t to 8 ,eye4 ,h5ce all relations always appe> subord9ate to1 & dep5d5t ^u him2 & x is a misappreh5sion ( ! true idea to suppose1 t any relation :i* falls 9 idea )9 him1 & only becomes actual at 8 w1 is any prop] limitation4 ,bo? subject & object are ?us absolute1 be+ id5tical2 & yet !re is no contradiction4 ,! difficulty is fur!r rais$ t !re _c be 9 ! absolute ,be+ any int]relations1 z ( attributes among !mselves1 or ( attributes to ! ,be+4 ,?is arises f an errone\s def9ition ( ! t]m absolute4 ,! def9ition h]et(ore giv5 9 ?is treatise pres5ts no su* difficulty4 ,! possession ( ^! attributes & int]relations is ess5tial to ! exclusion by !n possessor ( ano!r indep5d5t ,be+2 & x is a p]v]sion to s use a quality :i* is ess5tial to a be+1 t x %all militate aga9/ ! consi/5cy ( 8 be+ :at he mu/ be4 ,if !n ! almo/ unanim\s voice ( philosophy1 9 pron\nc+ t ! absolute is bo? "o & simple1 uses ! t]m simple 9 ! same s5se t x w\ld h :5 appli$ to ! idea ( moral obligation1 viz41 t x is unanalyzable1 !n t voice is wrong1 j z ?or\ghly z ! voice ( antiquity 9 favor ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( ,a/ronomy 0 wrong2 & is to be treat$ z t 04 ,on su* que/ions op9ions h no weight4 ,! se>* is aft] a k :i* is sure1 & :i* e man may h )9 himself4 ,we l&1 !n1 9 no inextricable dilemma4 ,! absolute ,p]son we see to be consci\s2 & to possess complexity 9 unity1 univ]sality 9 totality4 ,by an imm$iate intuition we "k him z prim>ily out ( all relation1 plurality1 diff]5ce1 & lik5ess2 & yet z hav+1 ( 8 own self1 e/abli%$ ! ,univ]se1 :i* is /ill entirely dep5d5t ^u him2 f :i* he diff]s1 & ) :i* he is n id5tifi$4 ,aga9 ,mr4 ,mansel says3 ,a m5tal attribute to be conceiv$ z inf9ite1 mu/ be 9 actual ex]cise on e possible object3 o!rwise x is pot5tial only1 ) reg>d to ^? on :i* x is n ex]cis$2 & an unrealiz$ pot5tiality is a limitation4 ,) our int]pretation ! ass]tion is true & conta9s no puzzle4 ,e m5tal attribute ( ! ,deity is mo/ assur$ly 9 actual ex]cise1 ^u e "o ( its possible objects z ideas4 ,b ! objects are n !re=e actual4 ,nei!r is !re any ne$ t !y %\ld ev] become s4 ,he sees !m j z cle>ly1 & kn[s !m j z ?or\ghly z ideals1 z he does z actual objects4 ,all ideal objects are unrealiz$ pot5tialities2 & yet !y are ! opposite ( limitations prop]4 ,b ?is s5t5ce1 z an expression ( ! ?\ght :i* ,mr4 ,mansel seem+ly wi%$ to convey1 is vitiat$ by ! pres5ce ( t und]/&+-conception t inf9ity is am\nt1 :i* mu/ be actual4 ,once reg>d inf9ity z quality ( ! necess>ily exi/5t ,p]son1 & x directly foll[s t ?is or t act1 ( t ,p]son1 9 no way di/urbs t inf9ity4 ,! quality conditions ! act+ be+2 b ! act ( t be+ _c limit ! quality4 ,! quality is1 t ! act may be2 n ! rev]se4 ,h5ce ! que/ions aris+ f ! int]relations ( ,p[] & ,goodness1 ,ju/ice & ,m]cy1 are solv$ at once4 ,inf9ity z quality1 n am\nt1 p]vades !m all1 & holds !m all 9 p]fect h>mony1 adju/+ ea* to ea*1 9 a melody m beautiful ?an t ( ! sph]es4 ,ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ,evil is compatible ) t ( ?is p]fectly good ,be+4 ,he does n w t x %all be2 nei!r does he w t x %all n be4 ,if he will$ t x %\ld n be1 & x 01 !n he w\ld be ?w>t$2 b only on su* a hypo!sis c ! conclusion foll[4 ,b he does w t c]ta9 creatures %all be1 :o1 ?\gh dep5d5t ^u him = exi/5ce & su/5ance1 are1 l him1 f9al causes1--! f9al arbit]s ( _! own de/9ies1 :o 9 ! *oice ( ends are unre/ra9$1 & may *oose good or ill4 ,he made ^! creatures1 kn[+ t "s ( !m w\ld *oose wrong1 & s evil w\ld be3 b he did n w ! evil4 ,he only will$ ! conditions ^u :i* evil 0 possible1 & plac$ all prop] b>s to prev5t ! evil2 & ! a priori facts ( 8 immutable p]fection 9 end[m5ts1 & ( 8 unt>ni%$ hol9ess1 are decisive ( ! consequ5t fact1 t1 9 will+ ^? conditions1 ,god did ! v be/ possible de$4 ,if x be fur!r ass]t$ t ! fact1 t ! ,be+ :o possesses all possible end[m5ts 9 p]fection c\ld n wisely prev5t s91 is a limitation2 &1 fur!r1 t x 7 bett] to h prev5t$ s9 by an unwise act ?an to h p]mitt$ x by a wise act2 x c only be repli$3 ,?is is ! same z to say1 t x is ess5tial to ,god's p]fection t he be imp]fect2 or1 t x 0 bett] = ! p]fect ,be+ to violate 8 ,self ?an to p]mit s94 ,if any "o 9 8 ?9k+ *ooses to accept ( su* alt]natives1 !re rema9s no gr\nd ( argum5t ) him2 b only a c]ta9 fe>ful look+ = ( judgm5t & fi]y indignation :i* %all dev\r ! adv]s>y4 ,c>ry+ on 8 pres5tation ( difficulties1 ,mr4 ,mansel fur!r rem>ks3 ,let u h[ev] suppose = an in/ant1 t ^! difficulties are surm\nt$1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! ,absolute securely e/abli%$ on ! te/imony ( reason4 ,/ill we h n succe$$ 9 reconcil+ ?is idea ) t ( a ,cause3 we h done no?+ t[>ds expla9+ h[ ! absolute c give rise to ! relative1 ! inf9ite to ! f9ite4 ,if ! condition ( causal activity is a high] /ate ?an t ( quiesc5ce1 ! absolute1 :e!r act+ volunt>ily or involunt>ily1 has pass$ f a condition ( comp>ative imp]fection to "o ( comp>ative p]fection2 & !re=e 0 n orig9ally p]fect4 ,if ! /ate ( activity is an inf]ior /ate to t ( quiesc5ce1 ! ,absolute1 9 becom+ a cause1 has lo/ its orig9al p]fection4 ,on ?is topic we c b repeat ! argum5t h]et(ore adduc$4 ,let ! supposition be ent]ta9$ t p]fection does n belong to a /ate1 b to ,god's nature1 to :at ,god is1 z gr\nd = :at ,god does1 & /&+ 9 ! logical ord] be=e 8 act2 & x w directly appe> t a /ate ( quiesc5ce or a /ate ( activity 9 no way modifies 8 p]fection4 ,:at ,god is1 rema9s p]man5t & p]fect1 & 8 acts are only manife/ations ( t p]man5t & p]fect4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 tak+ ! fir/ mom5t ( "t z ! po9t ( dep>ture1 t1 be=e t po9t1 ,god 0 9 a /ate ( complete bless$ness1 & t aft] t po9t he 0 also 9 su* a /ate2 &1 fur!r1 t :ile ^! two /ates are equal1 !re is n complete indiff]5ce1 because !re 0 a reason1 cle>ly se5 by ! ,div9e m9d1 :y ! passage f quiesc5ce to activity %\ld be :5 x 01 & z x 01 & t ?is reason hav+ be5 ackn[l$g$ 9 8 conduct1 gives to ! two /ates equality1 & yet diff]5tiates ! "o f ! o!r4 ,aga91 h[ c ! ,relative be conceiv$ z com+ into be+8 ,x _c be conceiv$ at all4 ,! faculty ( ! m9d by :i* x =ms a concept--! discursive ,und]/&+--is impot5t to conceive :at _c be conceiv$--! act ( creation4 ,! *anges ( matt] c be conclud$ into a sy/em1 b n ! p[] by :i* ! matt] came to be1 & ! *anges 7 produc$4 ,if ! h[ is kn[n at all1 x mu/ be se54 ,! laws ( ! process mu/ be intuit$1 z also ! process z logically accord+ ) ^? laws4 ,! foll[+ is believ$ to be an intelligible acc\nt ( ! process1 & an answ] to ! above "q4 ,! absolute & inf9ite ,p]son possesses z a priori organic elem5ts ( 8 be+1 all possible end[m5ts 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,h5ce all laws1 & all possible comb9ations ( laws1 are at once & always pres5t be=e ! ,eye ( 8 ,reason1 :i* is ?us con/itut$ ,univ]sal ,g5ius4 ,^! comb9ations may be conv5i5tly nam$ ideal =ms4 ,!y arise spontane\sly1 be+ 9 no way dep5d5t ^u 8 w1 b are r a priori conditional ( any creative activity4 ,s1 too1 !y h>moni\sly arrange !mselves into sy/ems1--ar*etypes ( :at may be1 "s ( :i* may appe> nobl]1 & o!rs inf]ior4 ,?is ,p]son1 be+ su* z we h /at$1 possesses also z end[m5t all p[]1 & !reby excludes ! possibility ( !re be+ any o!r p[]4 ,?is p[] is adequate to d all t p[] c d1--to accompli% all t lies )9 ! prov9ce ( p[]4 ,s long z ! ,p]son sees fit n to ex]t 8 p[]1 8 ideal =ms w be only ideals1 & ! p[] w be simply p[]4 ,b :5ev] he %all see fit to s5d =? 8 p[]1 & organize x accord+ to ! ideal =ms1 ! ,univ]se w become4 ,9 all ?is ! ,p]son1 ( 8 own w1 freely e/abli%es :atev] 8 un]r+ wisdom %[s is mo/ wor?y ( 8 dignity2 & s ! actualities & relations :i* he ?us orda9s are no prop] limit or re/ra9t1 = !y 9 no way less5 8 fulness1 b are only a manife/ation ( t fulness1--a decl>ation ( 8 glory4 ,9 a ^w1 ,creation is t executive act ( ,god by :i* he comb9es ) 8 p[] t ideal sy/em :i* he _h *os5 because be/1 or x is ! organization ( ample p[] accord+ to p]fect law4 ,if "o %all n[ ask1 ,h[ c\ld he s5d =? ! p[]8 x is to be repli$ t ! "q is prompt$ by ! curiosity ( ! fle%1 man's animal nature2 & s9ce no repres5tation--picture--c be made1 no answ] c be furni%$4 ,x is n ne$$ to "k h[ ,god is1 or does any?+1 b only t he does x4 ,all ! ess5tial requirem5ts ( ! problem are met :5 x is asc]ta9$ 9 ! light ( ! ,reason1 t all fulness is 9 ,god1 t f ?is fulness he e/abli%$ all o!r be+s & _! natural relations1 & t no relation is impos$ ^u him by ano!r4 ,! view ?us advanc$ avoids ! evil ( ! und]/&+-conception1 t creation is ! br++ ( some?+ out ( no?+4 ,!re is an actual self-exi/5t gr\nd1 f :i* ! ,univ]se is produc$4 ,nei!r is ! view pan!i/ic1 = x />ts ) ! a priori idea ( an absolute & inf9ite ,p]son :o is be=e all ?+s1 & by :om all ?+s consi/1--:o organizes 8 own p[] 9 accordance ) 8 own ideals1 & ?us produces ! ,univ]se1 & all ?is by free w 9 self-consci\sness4 ,on page eighty-f\r1 9 speak+ ( ! a!i/ic alt]native1 ,mr4 ,mansel makes use ( ! foll[+ language3 ,a limit is itself a relation2 & to conceive a limit z su*1 is virtually to ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( a correlative on ! o!r side ( x4 ,^u read+ ?is s5t5ce1 "s s5su\s =m spontane\sly appe>s 9 ! ,s5se4 ,"s object is conceiv$1 & some?+ outside x1 t b\nds x4 ,b let ! idea be once =m$ ( a ,be+ :o possesses all limitation )9 himself1 & = :om !re is no o!r side1 nor any correlative1 & ! difficulty vani%es4 ,we d n seek to acc\nt = s5su\s objects4 ,x is pure ,_s :om we consid]4 ,we d n ne$ to =m a concept ( a fir/ mom5t 9 "t1 or a fir/ unit ( space1 nor c\ld we if we w\ld4 ,to d s w\ld be = ! faculty :i* =ms concepts to transc5d ! v laws ( its organization4 ,:at we ne$ is1 to see ! fact t a ,_s is1 :o1 possess+ p]sonality z =m1 & absolut5ess & inf9ity z qualities1 !reby conta9s all limits & ! gr\nd ( all be+ 9 himself1 & anti!tical to :om is only negation4 ,f ! gr\nd ?us atta9$ !re is se5 to result1 n ! dre>y ,sah>a ( int]m9able contradictions1 b ! fair l& ( h>moni\s consi/5cy4 ,a ,_s1 sole1 p]sonal1 self-consci\s1 ! absolute & inf9ite ,p]son1 is ! ,be+ we seek & h f\nd2 & ^u su* a ,be+ ! s\l ( man may re/ ) ! unque/ion+ tru/ ( an infant 9 its "m's arms4 ,"o _c pass by unnotic$ ! beautiful _s ( religi\s rev]5ce :i* %9es ?r\gh ! clos+ p>agraphs ( ?is lecture4 ,x is evid5t ) :at dissatisfaction ! writ] views ! /]ile puzzles ( :i* he has be5 treat+1 & :at a relief x is to turn f !m to ! ,god :o is 'graci\s & m]ciful1 sl[ to ang]1 & ( great k9dness1 & rep5te? ,him ( ! evil4' ,! wond] is1 t he did n receive t pres5tation :i* 8 dev\t _s has made1 z ! tru?--:i* x is--& say1 ,i w accept ?is z f9al4 ,my def9itions & d$uctions %all accord ) ?is highe/ revelation4 ,?is %all be my /&>d ( int]pretation4 ,_h he done s1 f> o!r1 &1 z x is believ$1 m satisfactory & tru?ful w\ld h be5 ! conclusions he w\ld h giv5 u4 ,9 8 ?ird ,lecture ,mr4 ,mansel is occupi$ ) an exam9ation ( ! human nature1 = ! purpose1 if possible1 ( f9d+ "s explanation ( ! s+ul> ph5om5on ( human ?\ght1 :i* he has j develop$4 ,at ! ?re%old ( ! inve/igation ! fact ( consci\sness appe>s1 & he beg9s ! /atem5t ( its conditions 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! v conception ( ,consci\sness1 9 :atev] mode x may be manife/$1 necess>ily implies di/9ction betwe5 "o object & ano!r4 ,to be consci\s we mu/ be consci\s ( some?+2 & t some?+ c only be kn[n z t :i* x is1 by be+ di/+ui%$ f t :i* x is n4 ,9 ?is /atem5t ,mr4 ,mansel unconsci\sly assumes z settl$1 ! v "q at issue2 =1 ! position ma9ta9$ by "o class ( writ]s is1 t 9 c]ta9 ( our m5tal op]ations1 viz41 9 intuitions1 ! m9d sees a simple tru?1 idea1 fir/ pr9ciple1 z x is1 9 itself1 & t !re is no di/9ction 9 ! act ( k4 ,x is unque/ionably true t1 9 ! exam9ation ( objects on ! ,s5se1 & ! conclusion ( judgm5ts 9 ! ,und]/&+1 no object c come into consci\sness )\t imply+ a di/9ction betwe5 "o object & ano!r4 ,b x is also evid5t t a fir/ tru?1 to be kn[n z su*1 mu/ be intuit$--se5 z x is 9 itself2 & s directly kn[n to h ! qualities ( necessity & univ]sality :i* con/itute x a fir/ tru?4 ,( ?is fact ,sir ,william ,hamilton seems to h be5 aw>e1 :5 he d5i$ ! actuality ( ! ,reason1--p]ceiv+1 d\btless1 t only on ! gr\nd ( su* a d5ial 0 8 own !ory t5able4 ,b if x %all be admitt$1 z x w\ld seem x mu/ be1 t m5 h necess>y & univ]sal convictions1 !n x mu/ also be admitt$ t ^! convictions are n ent]ta9$ by di/+ui%+ !m f o!r m5tal op]ations1 b t !y are se5 ( !mselves to be true2 & ?us x appe>s t !re are "s modes ( consci\sness :i* d n imply ! di/9ction claim$4 ,! subsequ5t s5t5ces seem capable ( m ?an "o int]pretation4 ,if ! au?or means t ! ,inf9ite _c be inf9ite )\t he is also f9ite1 s t all di/9ction ceases1 !n 8 mean+ is bo? pan!i/ic & contradictory2 = ! ^w inf9ite has no mean+1 if x is n ! opposite ( f9ite1 & to id5tify !m is und\bt$ly ,pan!ism4 ,or if he means t ! ,inf9ite _c be di/+ui%$ z indep5d5t1 f ! ,f9ite z indep5d5t1 & ?us1 z possess+ "s quality ) :i* x 0 n end[$ by ! inf9ite ,p]son1 !n !re c be no d\bt ( 8 correctness4 ,b if1 z w\ld seem1 8 idea ( inf9ity is t ( am\nt1 is su* t x appe>s inconsi/5t1 contradictory1 = ! inf9ite ,p]son to reta9 8 inf9ity1 & /ill create be+s :o are really o!r ?an himself1 & possess+1 z quality1 f9it5ess1 :i* he _c possess z quality1 !n is 8 idea ( :at inf9ity is wrong4 ,inf9ity is quality1 & ! capacity to ?us create is ess5tial to x4 ,all t ! ,reason requires is1 t ! f9ite be creat$ by & :olly dep5d5t ^u ! inf9ite ,p]son2 !n all ! relations & conditions are only improp]1--su* z t ,p]son has e/abli%$1 & :i*1 !re=e1 9 no way dim9i% 8 glory or detract f 8 fulness4 ,:51 !n1 ,mr4 ,mansel says1 ,a consci\sness ( ! ,inf9ite1 z su*1 ?us necess>ily involves a self-contradiction1 = x implies ! recognition1 by limitation & diff]5ce1 ( t :i* c only be giv5 z unlimit$ & indiff]5t1 x is evid5t t he uses ! t]m inf9ite to express ! und]/&+-conception ( unlimit$ am\nt1 :i* is n relevant "h1 r ?an ! reason-idea ( univ]sality :i* is n contradictory to a real di/9ction betwe5 ! ,inf9ite & f9ite4 ,!re is also involv$ ! unexpress$ assumption t we h no k except ( ! limit$ & diff]5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! ,und]/&+ is ! highe/ faculty ( ! m9d4 ,x has already be5 abundantly %[n t ?is is errone\s1--t ! ,reason kn[s its objects 9 !mselves1 z out ( all relation1 plurality1 diff]5ce1 or lik5ess4 ,dropp+ n[ ! ab/ract t]m ! inf9ite1 & us+ ! concrete & prop] =m1 we may say3 ,we are consci\s ( inf9ity1 i4 e4 we are consci\s t we see ) ! eye ( ,reason inf9ity z a simple1 a priori idea2 & t x is quality ( ! ,deity4 #b4 ,we are consci\s ( ! inf9ite ,p]son2 9 t we are consci\s1 t we see ) ! eye ( ,reason ! complex a priori idea ( a p]fect ,p]son possess+ indep5d5ce & univ]sality z qualities ( 8 ,self4 ,b we are n consci\s ( him 9 t we exhau/ively compreh5d him4 ,z is said else:]e1 we "k t he is1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b n :olly :at he is4 ,9 fur!r discuss+ ?is "q ,mansel is guilty ( ano!r grave psy*ological error4 ,he says1 ,consci\sness is ess5tially a limitation1 = x is ! det]m9ation to "o actual out ( _m possible modifications4 ,!re is no tru? 9 ?is s5t5ce4 ,consci\sness is n a limitation2 x is n a det]m9ation2 x is n a modification4 ,x may be well to /ate "h c]ta9 conclusions on ?is ass]tion1 :i* w be br\ght out 9 ! full] discussion ( x1 :5 we come to speak ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s book4 ,consci\sness is "o1 & reta9s t on5ess ?r\gh\t all modifications4 ,^! occur 9 ! unity z items ( exp]i5ce affect x4 ,d\btless ,dr4 ,hickok's illu/ration is ! be/ possible4 ,consci\sness is ! light 9 :i* a spiritual p]son sees ! modifications ( himself1 i4 e4 ! activity ( 8 faculties & capacities4 ,l ,space1 only 9 a diff]5t sph]e1 x is an illimitable indivisible unity1 :i* is1 t all limits may be 9 x--t all objects may come into x4 ,if1 !n1 only "o modification--object--comes into x at a "t1 ?is is because ! faculties :i* see 9 its light are ?us organiz$2--! be+ to :om x belongs is p>tial2 b !re is no?+ p]ta9+ to consci\sness z su*1 :i* con/itutes a limit1--:i* c\ld b> ! inf9ite ,p]son f see+ all ?+s at once 9 its light4 ,?is ,p]son1 !n1 s f> z kn[n1 mu/ be kn[n z an actual absolute1 inf9ite ,_s1 & h5ce no ?+2 & fur!r z ! orig9ator & su/a9] ( all ?+s1--:i*1 ?\gh dep5d5t on him1 9 no way take aught f him4 ,he may be kn[n also1 z pot5tially ev]y?+1 9 ! s5se t all possible comb9ations1 or =ms ( objects1 mu/ ev] /& z ideals 9 8 ,reason2 & he c1 at 8 w1 organize 8 p[] 9 accordance !re)4 ,b he mu/ also be kn[n z free to create or n to create2 & t ! fact t _m pot5tial =ms rema9 su*1 9 no way detracts f 8 inf9ity4 ,ano!r ( ,mr4 ,mansel's positions involve conclusions :i*1 we feel assur$1 he w utt]ly reject4 ,he says1 ,if all ?\ght is limitation1--if :atev] we conceive is1 by ! v act ( conception1 reg>d$ z f9ite1--! inf9ite1 f a human po9t ( view1 is m]ely a "n = ! abs5ce ( ^? conditions "u :i* ?\ght is possible4 ,f a human po9t ( view1 & we1 at lea/1 c take no o!r1 :at foll[s8 ,t ! ,deity c h no ?\ghts2 _c "k :at our ?\ghts are1 or t we ?9k4 ,b ?ree suppositions c be made4 ,ei!r he has no ?\ghts1 is de/itute ( an intellect2 or 8 intellect is ,univ]sal ,g5ius1 & he sees all possible objects at once2 or !re is a faculty diff]5t 9 k9d f & high] ?an ! ,reason1 ( :i* we h1 c h1 no k4 ,! fir/1 ?\gh ackn[l$g$ by ,hamilton 9 a passage else:]e quot$1 & logically foll[+ f ! position tak5 by ,mr4 ,mansel1 is s abhorr5t to ! s\l t x mu/ be unhesitat+ly reject$4 ,! second is ! position advocat$ 9 ?is treatise4 ,! ?ird is h9t$ at by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,we reject ?is ?ird1 because ! ,reason affirms x to be impossible2 & because1 be+ unnecess>y1 by ! law ( p>simony x %\ld n be all[$4 ,to advocate a position ( :i*1 9 ! v t]ms ( x1 ! intellect c h no possible %ad[ ( k1 is1 to say ! lea/1 no "p ( ! "w ( a philosoph]4 ,! condition ( consci\sness is n di/9ction 9 ! und]/&+-conception ( t t]m4 ,s consci\sness is n a limitation1 ?\gh all limits :5 cogniz$ are se5 9 ! light ( consci\sness4 ,accord+ to ! philosophy we advocate1 ,god is a p>ticul> be+1 & is s kn[n2 yet he is n kn[n z "o ?+ out ( _m1 b is kn[n 9 himself1 z be+ su* & su*1 & yet be+ unique4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,mansel says1 ,9 assum+ ! possibility ( an inf9ite object ( consci\sness1 ,i assume1 !re=e1 t x is at ! same "t limit$ & unlimit$1 he evid5tly uses ^? t]ms ) a signification p]t95t only to ! ,und]/&+4 ,he is ?9k+ ( am\nt "u ! =ms ( ,space & ,"t2 & s 8 rem>k has no validity4 ,he :o ?9ks ( ,god rightly1 w ?9k ( him z ! inf9ite & absolute spiritual ,p]son2 & w def9e inf9ity & absolut5ess 9 accordance !re)4 ,if ! views n[ advanc$ are pres5tations ( tru?1 a consi/5t rationalism mu/ attribute consci\sness to ,god4 ,we are always consci\s ( limitation & *ange1 because p>tiality & gr[? are organic ) u4 ,b we c p]ceive no peculi>ity 9 consci\sness1 :i* %\ld produce su* an effect4 ,on ! contr>y we see1 t if a p]son has little k1 he w be consci\s ( s mu* & no m4 ,& if a p]son has great capabilities1 & correspond+ in=mation1 he is consci\s ( j s mu*4 ,:5ce1 x appe>s1 t ! limitation & *ange spr+ f ! nature ( ! con/itution1 & n f ! consci\sness4 ,if1 !n1 !re %\ld be "o ,p]son :o possess$ ! sum ( all excell5cies1 !re c\ld arise no reason f consci\sness :y he %\ld be consci\s !re(4 ,mr4 ,mansel names z ! second *>act]i/ic ( ,consci\sness1 t x is only possible 9 ! =m ( a relation4 ,!re mu/ be a ,subject1 or p]son consci\s1 & an ,object or ?+ ( :i* he is consci\s4 ,?is utt]ance1 tak5 9 ! s5se :i* ,mr4 ,mansel wi%es to convey1 involves ! d5ial ( consci\sness to ,god4 ,b ^u ! gr\nd t ! subject & object 9 ! ,deity are always id5tical ! difficulty vani%es4 ,b h[ c man be consci\s ( ! ,absolute8 ,if by ?is is meant1 h an exhau/ive compreh5sion ( ! absolute ,p]son1 ! exp]i5ce is manife/ly impossible4 ,b man may h a c]ta9 k1 t su* ,p]son is )\t kn[+ 9 all respects :at he is1 j z a *ild may "k t an apple is1 )\t kn[+ :at x is4 ,aga9 ,mr4 ,mansel uses ! t]ms absolute & inf9ite to repres5t a simple unanalyzable ,be+4 ,9 ?is he is guilty ( p]sonify+ an ab/ract t]m1 & !n reason+ ) reg>d to ! ,be+ z he w\ld ) reg>d to ! t]m4 ,absolut5ess is a simple unanalyzable idea1 b x is n ,god2 x is only "o quality ( ,god4 ,s ) inf9ity4 ,god is univ]sal complexity2 & to reason ( him z unanalyzable simplicity is z absurd z to select ! color ( ! apple's sk91 & call t ! apple1 & !n reason f x ab\t ! apple4 ,s1 !n1 ?\gh man _c compreh5d ! absolute ,p]son z su*1 he has a positive idea ( absolut5ess1 & a positive k t ! ,be+ is :o is ?us qualifi$4 ,^u ! subsequ5t "q respect+ ! p>tiality ( our k ( ! inf9ite & absolute ,p]son1 a rem>k made above may be repeat$ & amplifi$4 ,we may h a true1 cle>1 ?or\gh k t he exi/s )\t hav+ an exhau/ive k ( :at he is4 ,! =m] is necess>y to u2 ! latt] impossible4 ,s1 too1 ! k by u1 ( any a priori law1 w be exhau/ive4 ,yet :ile we "k t x mu/ be su*1 & n o!rwise1 x nei!r foll[s t we "k all o!r a priori laws1 nor t we "k all ! exemplifications ( ?is "o4 ,& s9ce1 z we h h]et(ore se51 nei!r absolut5ess nor inf9ity relate to numb]1 & ,god is n mat]ial sub/ance t c be brok5 into p>ts1 b an organiz$ ,_s1 we see t we may consid] ! elem5ts ( 8 organization 9 _! logical ord]2 &1 rememb]+ t absolut5ess & inf9ity z qualities p]vade all1 we may exam9e 8 nature & attributes )\t impiety4 ,mr4 ,mansel says fur!r3 ,b 9 tru? x is obvi\s1 on a mom5t's reflection1 t nei!r ! ,absolute nor ! ,inf9ite c be repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a :ole compos$ ( p>ts4 ,?is is tantam\nt to say+1 ! spiritual _c be repres5t$ "u ! =m ( ! mat]ial--a tru? s evid5t z h>dly to ne$ s =mal a /atem5t4 ,b :at ! ,div9e means is1 t t ,be+ _c be kn[n z hav+ qualities & attributes :i* may be di/+ui%$ 9 & f himself2 :i* is an error4 ,god is inf9ite4 ,s is 8 ,k1 8 ,wisdom1 8 ,hol9ess1 8 ,love1 c4 ,yet ^! are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 & f him4 ,all ?is is consi/5t1 because inf9ity is quality1 & p]meates !m all2 & n am\nt1 :i* jumbles !m all into a confus$1 indi/+ui%able mass4 ,9 speak+ ( human consci\sness z necess>ily subject to ! law ( ,"t1 ,mr4 ,mansel says1 ,e object ( ^: exi/5ce we c be 9 any way consci\s is necess>ily appreh5d$ by u z succe$+ 9 "t to "s =m] object ( consci\sness1 & z itself occupy+ a c]ta9 portion ( "t4 ,9 s f> z !re is "h express$ ! law ( creat$ be+s1 "u :i* !y mu/ see objects1 ! rem>k is true4 ,b :5 ,mr4 ,mansel proce$s fur!r1 & concludes t1 because we are "u limitation 9 see+ ! object1 x is "u ! same limitation1 s f> z we appreh5d x 9 be+ se51 he ass]ts :at is a psy*ological error4 ,to %[ ?is1 take ! ma!matical axiom1 ,?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+s1 are equal to "o ano!r4 ,except "u ! conditions ( ,"t1 we _c see ?is1 t is1 we d1 mu/1 occupy a "t 9 obs]v+ x4 ,b d we see t ! axiom is "u any condition ( ,"t8 ,by no means4 ,we see1 directly1 t x is1 mu/ be1 true1 & t 9 itself x has no relation to ,"t4 ,x is ?us absolutely true2 & z "o ( ! ideas ( ! inf9ite & absolute ,p]son1 x possesses ^! 8 qualities4 ,we h1 !n1 a faculty1 ! ,reason1 :i*1 :ile x sees its objects 9 succession1 & s "u ! law ( ,"t1 also sees t ^? objects1 :e!r ideas1 or t ,be+ to :om all ideas belong1 are1 9 !mselves1 out ( all relation to ,"t4 ,?us is ! creat$ spiritual p]son end[$2 ?us is he l ,god2 ?us does he "k ! ,inf9ite4 ,h5ce1 ! comm&1 s (t5 urg$ ^u man by philosoph]s & !ologians1 ',9 contemplat+ ,god1 transc5d "t1' means1 ,9 all y\r reflections ^u ,god1 behold him 9 8 true aspect1 9 ! reason-idea1 z out ( all relation4 ,x is true t to "k ! inf9ite exhau/ively1 ! human m9d mu/ itself be inf9ite4 ,b ?is k is n requir$ ( t m9d4 ,only t k is requir$ :i* is possible1 viz41 t ! ,deity is1 & :at he is1 9 s f> z we are 9 8 image4 ,aga92 p]sonality is n ess5tially a limitation & a relation1 9 ! s5se t x necess>ily detracts aught f any be+ :o possesses x4 ,x r adds1--is1 inde$1 a pure addition4 ,we appe> to ourselves z limit$ & relat$1 n because ( our p]sonality1 b because ( our f9it5ess z quality 9 ! p]sonality4 ,h5ce we n only see no reason :y ! complete & univ]sal ,_s %\ld n h p]sonality1 b we see t if he 0 de/itute ( x1 he mu/ possess a l[] =m ( be+1--s9ce ?is is ! highe/ possible =m1--:i* w\ld be an und\bt$ limitation2 or1 9 o!r words1 we see t he mu/ be a ,p]son4 ,9 :at ,mr4 ,mansel subsequ5tly says ^u ?is subject1 he pres5ts argum5ts = ! p]sonality ( ,god s /rong1 t "o is bewild]$ ) ! "q1 ,h[ c\ld he escape ! conviction :i* !y awak58 ,h[ c\ld he reject ! cry ( 8 spiritual nature1 & accept ! b>r5 contradictions ( 8 l[] m9d8 ,let u note a few s5t5ces4 ,x is by consci\sness alone t we "k t ,god exi/s1 or t we are able to (f] him any s]vice4 ,x is only by conceiv+ ,him z a ,consci\s ,be+1 t we c /& 9 any religi\s relation to ,him at all1--t we c =m su* a repres5tation ( ,him z is dem&$ by our spiritual wants1 insuffici5t ?\gh x be to satisfy our intellectual curiosity4 ,p]sonality comprises all t we "k ( t :i* exi/s2 relation to p]sonality comprises all t we "k ( t :i* seems to exi/4 ,& :51 f ! little _w ( man's consci\sness & its objects1 we w\ld lift up our eyes to ! inexhau/ible univ]se beyond1 & ask to :om all ?is is relat$1 ! highe/ exi/5ce is /ill ! highe/ p]sonality1 & ! ,s\rce ( all ,be+ reveals ,himself by ,8 "n1 ',i ,,am4' ,x is our duty1 !n1 to ?9k ( ,god z p]sonal2 & x is our duty to believe t ,he is inf9ite4 ,we may at ?is po9t quote ) pr(it ! words ( t ,book ^: au?ority ,mr4 ,mansel1 )\t d\bt1 mo/ he>tily ackn[l$ges4 ,& = ?is cause ,god %all s5d !m /rong delusion1 t !y %\ld believe a lie2 t !y all might be damn$ :o believ$ n ! tru?1 b _h pleasure 9 unrighte\sness4 ,i h n writt5 unto y because ye "k n ! tru?1 b because ye "k x1 & t no lie is ( ! tru?4 ,ei!r ,god is p]sonal or he is n4 ,if he is1 !n all t we claim is conc$$4 ,if he is n p]sonal1 & x is our duty to ?9k ( him z p]sonal1 !n x is our duty to ?9k & believe a falsehood4 ,?is no man1 at lea/ nei!r ,mr4 ,mansel nor any o!r enlight5$ man1 c br+ 8 m9d to accept z a moral law4 ,! s\l in/9ctively ass]ts t obligation lies p>allel ) tru?1 & t no lie is ( ! tru?4 ,s1 !n1 !re c be no duty except :]e tru? is4 ,& ! conv]se may also be accept$1 viz43 ,:]e an enlight5$ s5se ( duty is1 !re is tru?4 ,:51 !re=e1 s le>n$ & truly spiritual a man z ,mr4 ,mansel ass]ts t x is our duty to ?9k ,god p]sonal1 & believe him inf9ite1 we unhesitat+ly accept x z ! utt]ance ( a great fundam5tal tru? 9 t spiritual realm :i* is ! highe/ realm ( be+1 & s1 z "o ( ! highe/ tru?s1 & ) x we accept all its logical consequ5ces4 ,x is a safe rule any:]e1 t if two m5tal op]ations seem to cla%1 & "o mu/ be reject$1 man %\ld cl+ to1 & tru/ 9 ! high]--! tea*+ ( ! nobl] nature4 ,?us w we d1 & f ! ,div9e's own gr\nd w we see ! de/ruction ( 8 philosophy4 ,x is our duty to ?9k ( ,god z p]sonal1 because he is p]sonal2 & we "k t he is p]sonal because x is our duty to ?9k him s4 ,we ne$ pay no reg>d to ! p]plexities ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,we so> ) ! eagle above ! cl\ds1 & float ev] 9 ! light ( ! ,sun4 ,! tea*+s ( ! ,moral ,s5se are f> m sure1 safe1 & satisfactory ?an any discursions ( ! l[] faculty4 ,!re=e x is man's wisdom1 9 all p]plexity to he$ ! cry ( 8 highe/ nature1 & det]m9e to /& on its tea*+s1 z 8 highe/ k1 int]pret all utt]ances by ?is1 & reject all :i* contradict x4 ,at ! lea/1 ! decl>ation ( ?is faculty is z valid z t ( ! l[]1 & is to be m tru/$ 9 e disagreem5t1 because high]4 ,/ill fur!r1 no man w\ld believe t ,god1 9 ! mo/ solemn1 yea1 awful mom5t ( 8 ,self-revelation1 w\ld decl>e a lie4 ,! b>e ?\ght1 fully =m$1 horrifies ! s\l z a blasphemy ( ! damn$4 ,yet1 9 t supreme act1 9 ! solitude ( ! ,s9aitic wild]ness1 to "o ( ! greate/1 "o ( ! pr(\nde/1 mo/ dev\t ( m51 ,he reveal$ ,himself by ! pregnant words1 ,i ,,am3 ! mo/ positive1 ! mo/ unque/ionable =m 9 :i* ,he c\ld utt] ! fact ( ,8 p]sonality4 ,?is1 !n1 & all t is involv$ 9 x1 we accept z tru?2 & all p]plexities mu/ be int]pret$ by ?is surety4 ,9 summ+ up ! results to :i* an exam9ation ( ! facts ( consci\sness conduct$ him1 ,mr4 ,mansel utt]s ! foll[+ psy*ological error3 ,b a limit is necess>ily conceiv$ z a relation betwe5 some?+ )9 & some?+ )\t itself2 & ! consci\sness ( a limit ( ?\ght implies1 ?\gh x does n directly pres5t to u1 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ ( :i* we d n & _c ?9k4 ,n s2 = a limit may be se5 to be :olly )9 ! be+ to :om x belongs1 & s n to be a relation betwe5 some?+ )9 & some?+ )\t itself4 ,?is is precisely ! case ) ! ,deity4 ,all relations & limits spr+ f )9 him1 & !re is no?+ )\t to e/abli% ! relation claim$4 ,?is abs5ce ( all limit f )\t is rudely express$ 9 su* common phrases z ?is3 ,x mu/ be s 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,?is nature ( ?+s is1 9 philosophical language1 ! sy/em ( a priori laws ( ! ,univ]se1 & ^! are necess>y ideas 9 ! ,div9e ,reason4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t :at mu/ be 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 f9ds its limits :olly )91 & its relations e/abli%$ by ! ,deity4 ,) ^! rem>ks ! au?or w\ld close 8 criticism ^u ,mr4 ,mansel's book4 ,we />t f entirely diff]5t bases1 & ^! two sy/ems logically foll[ f _! f\ndations4 ,if ,sir ,william ,hamilton is "r 9 8 psy*ology1 8 foll[] is unque/ionably "r 9 8 d$uctions4 ,b if t psy*ology is p>tial1 if besides ! ,und]/&+ !re is ! ,reason1 if above ! judgm5t /&s ! intuition1 giv+ ! f9al /&>d by :i* to measure t judgm5t1 !n is ! philosophical sy/em ( ! ,div9e utt]ly fallaci\s4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! validity ( ! ,pure ,reason is ! annihilation ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$4 ,on ! gr\nd :i* ! au?or has adopt$1 x is se5 t ,god is a _s1 inf9ite1 absolute1 self-consci\s1 p]sonal2 & a consi/5t int]pretation ( ^! t]ms has be5 giv54 ,we h f\nd t c]ta9 objects may be se5 z out ( all relation1 plurality1 diff]5ce1 or lik5ess4 ,consci\sness & p]sonality h also be5 f\nd to involve no limit1 9 ! prop] s5se ( t t]m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! "o 0 asc]ta9$ to be ! light 9 :i* any or all objects might be se5 "u conditions ( ,"t1 or at once2 & t ?is see+ 0 accord+ to ! capacity ) :i* ! be+ 0 end[$1 & 0 n det]m9$ by any peculi>ity ( ! consci\sness2 :ile ! o!r appe>$ to be ! highe/ possible =m ( exi/5ce1 & t also 9 :i* ,god _h reveal$ himself4 ,f su* a gr\nd x is possible to g =w>d & con/ruct a ,rational ,!ology :i* %all v]ify by ,reason ! tea*+s ( ! ,bible4 ,,review ,,( ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples4 ,9 ! criticisms h]et(ore made1 "s po9ts1 held 9 common by ! ?ree writ]s nam$ e>ly 9 ?is "w1 h be51 x may be1 pass$ ov] unnotic$4 ,?is 0 done1 because1 be+ held 9 common1 x 0 believ$ t an exam9ation ( !m1 z pres5t$ by ! late/ writ]1 w\ld be mo/ satisfactory4 ,!re=e1 :at 0 peculi> 9 ?\ght or expression to ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton or ,mr4 ,mansel1 we h int5d$ to notice :5 speak+ ( ^? writ]s4 ,b :]e ,mr4 ,sp5c] seems to pres5t _! v ?\ght z 8 own1 x has appe>$ bett] to rem>k ^u x 9 8 late/ =m ( expression4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] also holds views peculi> to himself4 ,^! we %all exam9e 9 _! place4 ,& = conv5i5ce' sake1 :at we h to say w take ! =m ( a runn+ comm5t>y ^u ^? *apt]s entitl$1 ,ultimate ,religi\s ,ideas1 ,ultimate ,sci5tific ,ideas1 ,! ,relativity ( all ,k1 & ,! ,reconciliation4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ?is1 h[ev]1 "s g5]al rem>ks w be p]t95t4 #a4 ,l 8 tea*]s1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] believes t ! ,und]/&+ is ! highe/ faculty ( ! human intellect4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,^? imbecilities ( ! und]/&+ t disclose !mselves :5 we try to answ] ! highe/ que/ions ( objective sci5ce1 subjective sci5ce proves to be necessitat$ by ! laws ( t und]/&+4--,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #ih4 ,8 illu/rations1 also1 are all1 or ne>ly all1 tak5 f s5su\s objects4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,univ]se1 evid5tly ! mat]ial ,univ]se is pres5t to 8 m9d4 ,8 que/ions ref] to objects ( s5se1 & he %[s pla9ly en\gh t any attempt to answ] !m by ! ,s5se or ,und]/&+ is futile4 ,h5ce he concludes t !y _c be answ]$4 ,b ^? :o "k ( a surety1 t man is m ?an an animal nature1 conta9+ a ,s5se & an ,und]/&+2 t he is also a spiritual p]son1 hav+ an ,eye1 ! pure ,reason1 :i* c see /raight to ! c5tral ,tru?1 ) a cle>ness & 9 a light :i* dims & pales ! noonday sun1 "k also t1 & h[1 ^! difficulties1 insoluble to ! l[] faculties1 are1 9 ?is noble alembic1 f9ally dissolv$4 #b4 ,z ,mr4 ,sp5c] foll[s 8 tea*]s 9 ! psy*ology ( man's faculties1 s does he also 9 ! use ( t]ms4 ,l !m1 he employs only su* t]ms z are p]t95t to ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+4 ,s also ) !m he is at fault1 9 t he raises que/ions :i* no ,s5se or ,und]/&+ c\ld sugge/ ev51 que/ions ^: v pres5ce are decisive t a ,pure ,reason is organic 9 man2 & !n is guilty ( apply+ to !m t]ms entirely imp]t95t1--t]ms belong+ only to ^? l[] tribunals be=e :i* ^! que/ions c nev] come4 ,= in/ance1 he always employs ! ^w conceive to express ! ef=t ( ! m9d 9 pres5t+ to itself ! subjects n[ "u discussion4 ,9 "s =m ( n\n1 v]b1 or adjective1 ?is ^w seems to h ra9$ ^u 8 pages2 :ile su* t]ms z inf9ite p]iod1 inf9itely divisible1 absolutely incompressible1 inf9itesimal1 & ! l1 dot !m repeat$ly4 ,let u rev]t1 !n1 a mom5t to ! positions atta9$ 9 an e>li] portion ( ?is "w4 ,x 0 !re f\nd t ! ^w conceive 0 utt]ly irrelevant to any subject except to objects ( ,s5se & ! ,und]/&+ 9 its "w ( classify+ !m1 or g5]aliz+ f !m1 s1 also1 ) reg>d to ! o!r t]ms quot$1 x 0 f\nd t !y n only pres5t$ no object ( ?\ght to ! m9d1 b t ! words _h no relation to ea* o!r1 & c\ld n prop]ly be us$ toge!r4 ,= in/ance1 inf9ite has no m relation to1 & c no m qualify p]iod1 ?an ! po9ts ( ! compass are p]t95t to1 & c qualify ! affections4 ,! phrase1 inf9ite p]iod1 is simply absurd1 & s also are ! o!rs4 ,! words inf9ite & absolute h no?+ to d ) am\nt ( any sort4 ,!y c be p]t95t only to ,god & 8 a priori ideas4 ,_m1 p]haps mo/ ( ! criticisms 9 detail we %all h to make1 w be bas$ on ?is s+le misuse ( words2 :i* yet gr[s naturally out ( t d5ial & p]v]sion ( faculties :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 common ) ! o!r ,limiti/ writ]s1 has attempt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is to be rememb]$1 t1 if we arrive at ! tru? at all1 we mu/ intuit x2 we mu/ ei!r see x z a simple a priori idea1 or z a logical d$uction f su* ideas4 #c4 ,a ?ird1 & grav] error on ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s "p is1 t he goes on prop\nd+ 8 que/ions1 & ass]t+ t !y are insoluble1 app>5tly z unconsci\s z a sleep] 9 an en*ant$ ca/le t !y h all be5 solv$1 or at lea/ t ! pr9ciples on :i* x w\ld seem t !y c\ld be solv$ h be5 /at$ by a man ( no mean ability1--,dr4 ,hickok1--& t until ! propos$ solutions are ?or\ghly analyz$ & %[n to be uns\nd1 8 own pages are idle4 ,he implies t !re is no cognition high] ?an a conception1 :5 "s v respectable writ]s h nam$ intuitions z incomp>ably sup]ior4 ,he speaks ( ! ,und]/&+ z if x 7 )\t "q ! highe/ faculty ( man's intellect1 :5 no less a p]son ?an ,col]idge said x w\ld satisfy 8 life's labor to h introduc$ into ,engli% ?9k+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,und]/&+1 z ! faculty judg+ accord+ to s5se1 & ! ,reason1 z ! p[] ( univ]sal & necess>y convictions1 :i*1 be+ su*1 mu/ necess>ily rank f> above ! o!r4 ,& f9ally he uses ! words & phrases above disall[$1 & ! faculties to :i* !y belong1 9 an attempt to prove1 by ! citation ( a few items 9 an exp]i5ce1 :at _h already be5 demon/rat$ by ano!r 9 a process ( z pure reason+ z ,calculus4 ,no "o1 x is believ$1 c ma/] ! volume h]et(ore allud$ to1 entitl$ ,rational ,psy*ology1 & s appreciate ! demon/ration !re9 conta9$1 ( ! utt] incompet5cy ( ! ,s5se or ,und]/&+ to solve su* que/ions z ,mr4 ,sp5c] has rais$ by 8 incid5t ( ! p>tridge1 7p4 #fi17 & ! utt] irrelevancy to !m ( ! ef=ts ( ^? faculties1 )\t feel+ h[ tame & unsatisfactory 9 comp>ison is ! evid5ce drawn f a few facts 9 a s5su\s exp]i5ce4 ,"o c>es n to see a half doz5 pro(s1 m or less t a !ory is fallaci\s :o has le>n$ t1 & :y1 ! !ory _c be true4 ,let u n[ take up 9 ord] ! *apt]s h]et(ore m5tion$4 ,,ultimate ,,religi\s ,,ideas4 ,! summ+ up ( c]ta9 reflections ) :i* ?is *apt] op5s1 concludes ?us3 ,b t :5 our symbolic conceptions are su* t no cumulative or indirect processes ( ?\ght c enable u to asc]ta9 t !re are correspond+ actualities1 nor any pr$ictions be made ^: fulfilm5t c prove ?is1 !n !y are altoge!r vici\s & illusive1 & 9 no way di/+ui%able f pure fictions1--p4 #bi4 ,s f> v good2 b 8 use ( x is utt]ly uns\nd4 ,& n[ to consid] ! be>+s ( ?is g5]al tru? on our imm$iate topic--,ultimate ,religi\s ,ideas4 ,b ?is g5]al tru? has no be>+s ^u ultimate religi\s ideas2 h[ !n c y consid] !m8 ,no ideas1 & mo/ ( all religi\s ideas1 are conceptions1 or ! results ( conceptions--or are ! products ( cumulative or indirect processes ( ?\ght4 ,!y are n results or products at all4 ,!y are organic1 are ! spontane\s pres5tation ( :at is inborn1 & s mu/ be directly se5 to be kn[n at all4 ,man might pile up cumulative processes ( ?\ght = unnumb]$ ages1 & might =m mo/ exact conceptions ( objects ( ,s5se1--conceptions are n possible ( o!rs1--& he c\ld nev] creep up to ! lea/ & fa9te/ religi\s idea4 ,on ! next page1 speak+ ( suppositions respect+ ! orig9 ( ! ,univ]se1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 ,! deep] "q is1 :e!r any "o ( !m is ev5 conceivable 9 ! true s5se ( t ^w4 ,let u successively te/ !m4 ,?is is n necess>y4 ,x has already be5 demon/rat$ t a conception1 or any ef=t ( ! ,und]/&+1 _c t\*1 or h relation to su* topics4 ,b x does n foll[1 !re=e1 t no "o ( !m is cognizable at all2 :i* he implies4 ,take ! ab/ract notion ( self-exi/5ce1 = example4 ,no vague symbolic conceptions1 or any conception at all1 ( x c be =m$4 ,a conception is possible only "u relation1 diff]5ce1 & plurality4 ,?is is a pure1 simple idea1 & s c only be kn[n 9 itself by a see+--an imm$iate intuition4 ,x is se5 by itself1 z out ( all relation4 ,x is se5 z simple1 & s is le>n$ by no diff]5ce4 ,x is se5 z a unit1 & s out ( all plurality4 ,! discursive faculty _c pass ov] x1 because !re are 9 x no v>i\s po9ts ^u :i* t faculty may fa/54 ,x may1 p]haps1 bett] be express$ by ! words pure indep5d5ce4 ,aga91 x is n prop]ly exi/5ce )\t a beg9n+1 b r1 exi/5ce out ( all relation to beg9n+2 & s x is an idea1 out ( all relation to ^? faculties :i* are conf9$ to objects t did beg94 ,because we c by no m5tal ef=t =m a conception ( exi/5ce )\t a beg9n+1 x does n foll[ t we _c see t a ,be+ exi/+ out ( all relation to beg9n+ is4 ,to ?is let u add t ! intuition ( su* a ,be+ is a complete explanation ( ! ,univ]se1 & does make x easi] to und]/& t x exi/$ an h\r ago1 a day ago1 a ye> ago2 = we see t ?is ,be+ prim>ily is out ( all relation to "t1 t !re is no su* ?+ z an inf9ite p]iod1 ! phrase be+ absurd2 b t ?r\gh all ! procession ( ev5ts :i* we call "t he is2 & t be=e t procession began--:5 !re 0 no "t1 he 04 ,?us we see t all ev5ts are bas$ ^u ,him :o is indep5d5t2 & t "t1 9 our g5]al use ( x1 is b ! measure ( :at ,he produces4 ,we arrive1 !n1 at ! conclusion t ! ,univ]se is n self-exi/5t1 n because self-exi/5ce _c be object to ! human m9d1 & be cle>ly se5 to be an attribute ( "o ,be+1 b because ! ,univ]se is prim>ily object to faculties 9 t m9d1 :i* _c ent]ta9 su* a notion at all2 & because ?is notion is se5 to be a necess>y idea 9 ! prov9ce ( t high] faculty :i* ent]ta9s z objects bo? ! idea & ! ,be+ to :om x prim>ily belongs4 ,! !ory t ! ,univ]se is self-exi/5t is ,pan!ism1 & n ! !ory t x is self-creat$1 ?\gh ?is latt]1 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s def9ition ( x1 seems only a phase ( ! o!r4 ,to say t self-creation is pot5tial exi/5ce pass+ into actual exi/5ce by "s inh]5t necessity1 is only to remove self-exi/5ce "o /ep f>!r back1 z he himself %[s4 ,pot5tial exi/5ce is ei!r no exi/5ce at all1 or x is positive exi/5ce4 ,if x is no exi/5ce1 !n we h true self-creation2 :i* is1 t out ( no?+1 & ) no cause1 actual exi/5ce />ts itself4 ,?is is n only un?9kable1 b absurd4 ,b if pot5tial exi/5ce is positive1 x ne$s to be acc\nt$ = z mu* z actual4 ,:ile1 !n1 !re c be no d\bt z to ! validity ( ! conclusions to :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] arrives1 respect+ ! entire incompet5cy ( ! hypo!ses ( self-exi/5ce & self-creation1 to acc\nt = ! ,univ]se1 ! di/9ction made above betwe5 self-exi/5ce z a true & self-creation z a pseudo idea1 & ! fact t ! true idea is a reality1 %\ld nev] be lo/ sight (4 ,by fail+ to discrim9ate--z 9 ! ,und]/&+ he c\ld n d--betwe5 !m1 & by conclud+ bo? z objects alike impossible to ! human intellect1 & = ! same reasons1 he has also decid$ t ! commonly receiv$ or !i/ic hypo!sis--creation by ext]nal ag5cy--is equally unt5able4 ,9 8 exam9ation ( ?is1 he />ts z usual ) 8 ev]-pres5t1 fallaci\s assumption1 t ?is is a conception2 t x c be1 is f\nd$ ^u a cumulative process ( ?\ght1 or ! fulfilm5t ( pr$ictions bas$ on x4 ,^! words1 phrases1 & notions1 are all irrelevant4 ,x is n a conception1 process1 or pr$iction t we want2 x is a sight4 ,h5ce1 no assumptions h to be made or grant$4 ,no proce$+s ( a human artific] c 9 ! lea/ degree vaguely symbolize to u ! me?od aft] :i* ! ,univ]se 0 %ap$4 ,?is diff]$ 9 k9d f all possible human me?ods1 & _h n "o elem5t 9 common ) !m4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rem>ks at ?is po9t ^u ,space d n appe> to be well gr\nd$4 ,an immeasurable void--,space--is n an entity1 is no ?+1 & !re=e _c exi/1 nei!r is any explanation = x ne$$4 ,8 "q1 h[ came x s8 takes1 !n1 ?is =m3 ,h[ came immeasurable no?+ to be no?+8 ,no?+ ne$s no explanation4 ,x is only "s ?+ :i* mu/ be acc\nt$ =4 ,! !ory ( creation by ext]nal ag5cy be+1 !n1 an adequate "o to acc\nt = ! ,univ]se1 supplies ! foll[+ /atem5t4 ,t ,be+ :o is prim>ily out ( all relation1 produc$1 f himself1 & by 8 imman5t p[]1 into no?+--,space1 room1 ! condition ( mat]ial exi/5ce1--some?+1 matt] & ! ,univ]se became4 ,! g5esis ( ! univ]se hav+ ?us be5 expla9$ & se5 to be ! result ( ext]nal ag5cy1 we are ready to furni% = ! "q1 h[ came !re to be an ext]nal ag5cy8 t true answ]1 :i* we h already %ad[$ =?4 ,t pure spiritual ,p]son :o is necess>ily exi/5t1 or self-exi/5t1 i4 e4 :o possess pure indep5d5ce z an ess5tial attribute1 ^: be+ is ?us fix$1 & is !re=e )\t ! prov9ce ( p[]1 is ! ext]nal ag5cy :i* is ne$$4 ,?is ,p]son1 diff]+ 9 k9d f ! ,univ]se1 _c be f\nd 9 x1 nor conclud$ f x1 b c only be kn[n by be+ se51 & c only be se5 because man possesses ! end[m5t ( a spiritual ,eye1 l 9 k9d to ,8 own ,all-see+ eye1 by :i* spiritual ?+s may be disc]n$4 ,?is ,p]son1 be+ ?us se5 imm$iately1 is kn[n 9 a f> m satisfactory mode ?an he c\ld be by any g5]alizations ( ! ,und]/&+1 c\ld he be repres5t$ 9 ^! at all4 ,! k ( ,him is1 l ,8 self1 immutable4 ,we ,,"k t we /& on ! et]nal ,rock4 ,our eye is illum9at$ ) ! unwav]+ ,light :i* radiates f ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,nor is ?is any halluc9ation ( ! rhapsodi/4 ,x is ! simple exp]i5ce :i* e "o enjoys :o looks at pure tru? 9 itself4 ,x is ! ,pure ,reason see+1 by an imm$iate intuition1 ,god z pure _s1 reveal$ directly to itself4 ,x is1 !n1 because self-exi/5ce is a pure1 simple idea1 organic 9 man1 & se5 by him to be an attribute ( ,god1 t ,god is kn[n to be ! ,creator ( ! ,univ]se4 ,hav+ atta9$ to ?is tru?1 we readily see t ! conclusions :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] /ates on pages #ce1 #cf1 z t self-exi/5ce is rigor\sly inconceivable2 t ! !i/ic hypo!sis equally ) ! o!rs is lit]ally un?9kable2 t our conception ( self-exi/5ce c be =m$ only by jo9+ ) x ! notion ( unlimit$ duration ?r\gh pa/ "t2 s f> z !y imply our de/itution ( k on ^! topics1 are ! opposite ( ! facts4 ,we see1 ?\gh we _c conceive1 self-exi/5ce4 ,! !i/ic hypo!sis becomes1 !re=e1 lit]ally ?9kable4 ,we see1 also1 t unlimit$ duration is an absurdity2 t duration mu/ be limit$2 & t self-exi/5ce involves exi/5ce out ( all relation to duration4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] !n turns to ! nature ( ! ,univ]se1 & says3 ,we f9d ourselves on ! "o h& oblig$ to make c]ta9 assumptions1 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ^! assumptions _c be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght4 ,^u ?is x may be rem>k$3 #a4 ,:at are "h call$ assumptions are prop]ly ass]tions1 :i* man makes1 & _c help mak+1 except he d5y himself2--necess>y convictions1 fir/ tru?s1 fir/ pr9ciples1 a priori ideas4 ,!y are organic1 & s are ! f\ndation ( all k4 ,!y are n results le>n$ f lessons1 b are prim>y1 & conditional to an ability to le>n4 ,b suppos+ !m to be assumptions1 hav+1 at mo/1 no m gr\ndwork ?an a vague guess1 !re devolves a labor :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] & 8 coadjutors h nev] attempt$1 & :i*1 we are p]suad$1 !y w\ld f9d ! mo/ difficult ( all1 viz41 to acc\nt = ! fact ( ^! assumptions4 ,= ! "q is p]t95t & urg5t2 #b4 ,h[ came ^! assumptions to sugge/ !mselves8 ,:]e1 = in/ance1 did ! notion ( self come f8 ,analyze ! rocks1 /udy plants & _! gr[?1 become famili> ) animals & _! habits1 or exhau/ ! ,s5se 9 an exam9ation ( man1 & "o c f9d no notion ( self4 ,yet ! notion is1 & is peculi> to man4 ,h[ does x arise8 ,is x creat$ by ! sl[ action ( natural causes8 ,h[ comes x to belong1 !n1 to ! rude/ aborig9al equally ) ! mo/ civiliz$ & cultivat$8 ,0 x creat$ f no?+ or f some?+8 ,if f some?+1 h[ came t some?+ to be8 ,we might ask1 ,does n ! pres5tation ( any ph5om5on involve ! actuality ( a some:at1 9 :i* t ph5om5on inh]es1 & ( a receptivity by :i* x is appreciat$8 ,does n ! fact ( ?is assumption1 z a m5tal ph5om5on1 involve ! high] fact ( "s m5tal gr\nd1 "s =m1 "s capacity1 :i* is bo? organic to ! m9d1 & organiz$ 9 ! m9d1 9 accordance ) :i* ! assumption is1 & :i* det]m9es :at x mu/ be8 ,or are we to believe t ^! assumptions are m]e happ5+s1 )\t law1 & = :i* no reason c be assign$8 ,aga9 we press ! "q1 ,h[ came ^! assumptions to sugge/ !mselves8 #c4 ,^! assumptions _c be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght4 ,if ?\ght is re/rict$ to t m5tal op]ation ( ! ,und]/&+ by :i* x g5]alizes 9 accordance ) ! ,s5se1 ! /atem5t is true4 ,b if x is meant1 z seems to be impli$1 t ! notions express$ 9 ^! assumptions are n1 _c be1 cle>ly & def9itely kn[n at all by ! m9d1 !n x is directly contr>y to ! tru?4 ,! ideas pres5t$ by ! phrases are1 z 0 se5 above1 cle> & def9ite4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,sp5c] has quot$ 9 ext5so1 & ) entire approbation1 :at ,mr4 ,mansel says respect+ ! ,cause1 ! ,absolute1 & ! ,inf9ite1 we h plac$ ! full exam9ation ( ^! topics 9 our rem>ks ^u ,mr4 ,mansel's writ+s1 & %all set d[n only a few brief notes "h4 ,^u ?is topic ,mr4 ,sp5c] admits t we are oblig$ to suppose "s cause2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! notion ( cause is organic4 ,!n we mu/ inevitably commit ourselves to ! hypo!sis ( a ,fir/ ,cause4 ,!n1 ?is ,fir/ ,cause mu/ be inf9ite4 ,!n1 x mu/ be indep5d5t2 or1 to use ! e/abli%$ ^w1 x mu/ be absolute4 ,"o w\ld almo/ suppose t a rational man p5n$ ^! decisions1 in/ead ( "o :o d5ies t he has a reason4 ,! illusion is quickly dispell$1 h[ev]1 by ! objections he lifts out ( ! d+y gr\nd-room ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve 9 ^! pages a fact :i* we h notic$ be=e1 9 speak+ ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's works1 viz43 h[1 on ! same page1 & 9 ! same s5t5ce1 ! work+s ( ! ,und]/&+ & ,reason w run along side by side1 ! =m] all ! :ile befogg+ & h9d]+ ! latt]4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s conclusions :i* we h quot$1 & 8 objections :i* we are to answ]1 are a /rik+ exemplification ( ?is4 ,frequ5tly 9 8 rem>ks he uses ! words limit$ & unlimit$1 z synonym\s ) f9ite & inf9ite1 :5 !y are n s1 & _c be us$ int]*angeably ) propriety4 ,! =m] belong :olly 9 ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+4 ,! latt] belong :olly 9 ! ,pure ,reason4 ,! =m] p]ta9 to mat]ial objects1 to m5tal images ( !m1 or to numb]4 ,! latt] qualify only spiritual p]sons1 & h no p]t95ce else:]e4 ,limitation is ! conception ( an object z b\nd$4 ,illimitation is ! conception ( an object z )\t b\nd>ies4 ,rigidly1 x is a simple negation ( b\nd>ies1 & gives no?+ positive 9 ! ,concept4 ,f9ity or f9it5ess corresponds 9 ! ,reason to limitation 9 ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+4 ,x does n ref] to b\nd>ies at all4 ,x belongs only to creat$ spiritual p]sons1 & expresses ! fact t !y are p>tial1 & mu/ gr[ & le>n4 ,only by its place 9 ! anti!sis does inf9ity correspond 9 ! ,reason to illimitation 9 ! l[] faculties4 ,x is positive1 & is t quality ( ! pure _s :i* is o!rwise kn[n z univ]sality4 ,x expresses ! idea ( all possible end[m5ts 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,f 8 misuse ( ^! t]ms ,mr4 ,sp5c] is l$ to speak 9 an irrelevant mann] ^u ! "q1 ,is ! ,fir/ ,cause f9ite or inf9ite8 ,he uses words & treats ! :ole matt] z if x 7 a "q ( mat]ial sub/ance1 :i* might be b\nd$1 ) a region surr\nd+ its b\nd>ies1 & ! l1 :i* are z out ( place z to say :ite love or yell[ k9dness4 ,8 me?ods ( ?\ght on ^! topics are also gravely errone\s4 ,he attempts an analysis by ! logical ,und]/&+1 :]e a syn!sis by ! ,reason is requir$1--a syn!sis :i* has already be5 giv5 by our ,creator to man z an orig9al idea4 ,x is n necess>y to exam9e "s limit$ ?+1 or all limit$ ?+s1 & w&] ar\nd _! b\nd>ies to le>n t ! ,fir/ ,cause is inf9ite4 ,we ne$ to make no discursus1 b only to look ! idea ( fir/ cause ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & ?or\ghly analyze x1 to f9d all ! tru?4 ,by su* a process we w\ld f9d all t ,mr4 ,sp5c] conc$es t we are oblig$ to suppose1 & fur!r1 t su* a be+ mu/ be self-exi/5t4 ,& ?is conviction w\ld be s /rong t ! m9d w\ld re/ itself 9 ?is decision3 ,a ?\s& phantasmagoria ( ! imag9ation may be wrong1 says ! s\l1 b ?is ,i "k mu/ be true1 or !re is no tru? 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,"o s5t5ce 9 ! p>agraph n[ "u consid]ation des]ves special notice4 ,x is ?is4 ,b if we admit t !re c be "s ?+ uncaus$1 !re is no reason to assume a cause = any?+4 ,?is assumes ! tru? ( a major premise all ?+s are sub/antially alike4 ,if ! ^w ?+ is re/rict$ to its exact limits1--objects ( s5se1--!n ! s5t5ce p]ta9s :olly to ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+1 & is true4 ,b if1 z x w\ld seem1 ! implication is meant t !re are no o!r entities :i* c be object to ! m9d except su* ?+s1 !n x is a cle> petitio pr9cipii4 ,= ! v "q at issue is1 :e!r1 9 fact1 !re is n "o entity--?+--:i* s diff]s 9 k9d f all o!rs1 t x is uncaus$1 i4 e4 self-exi/5t2 & :e!r ! admission t t entity is uncaus$ does n1 because ( ?is se5 diff]5ce1 satisfy ! m9d1 & furni% a reasonable gr\nd on :i* to acc\nt = ! subord9ate causes :i* we obs]ve by ! ,s5se4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,fir/ ,cause z indep5d5t1 he says1 b x c h no necess>y relation )9 itself4 ,!re c be no?+ 9 x :i* det]m9es *ange1 & yet no?+ :i* prev5ts *ange4 ,= if x conta9s some?+ :i* imposes su* necessities or re/ra9ts1 ?is some?+ mu/ be a cause high] ?an ! ,fir/ ,cause1 :i* is absurd4 ,?us1 ! ,fir/ ,cause mu/ be 9 e s5se p]fect1 complete1 total1 includ+ )9 itself all p[]1 & transc5d+ all law4 ,we _c criticize ?is bett]1 & m>k h[ curi\sly tru? & error are mix$ 9 x1 ?an by s p>ody+ x t only tru? %all be /at$4 ,! ,fir/ ,cause possesses )9 himself all possible relations z belong+ to 8 necess>y ideals4 ,h5ce1 *ange1 9 ! exact s5se ( t t]m1 is impossible to him1 = !re is no?+ = him to *ange to4 ,?is is n invalidat$ by 8 pass+ f inaction to action2 = creation involves no *ange 9 ,god's nature or attributes1 & s no real or ess5tial *ange1 :i* is "h meant4 ,b he is ! p]man5t1 ?r\gh :om all *anges become4 ,he is n1 !n1 a simple unit1 b is an organiz$ ,be+1 :o is gr\nd =1 & compreh5ds 9 a unity1 all possible laws1 =ms1 & relations1 z necess>y elem5ts ( 8 necess>y exi/5ce1--z end[m5ts :i* necess>ily belong to him1 & are conditional ( 8 pure indep5d5ce4 ,h5ce1 ^! re/ra9ts are n impos$ ^u him1 except z 8 exi/5ce is impos$ ^u him4 ,!y belong to 8 ,self1 & are conditional ( 8 be+4 ,s1 !n1 in/ead ( transc5d+ all law1 he is ! embodim5t ( all law2 & 8 p]fection is1 t possess+ ?is end[m5t1 he accords 8 conduct !reto4 ,a be+ :o %\ld transc5d all law w\ld h no reason :y he %\ld act1 & no =m h[ he %\ld act1 nei!r w\ld he be an organism1 b w\ld be pure lawlessness or pure *aos4 ,pure *aos _c organize ord]2 pure lawlessness _c e/abli% law2 & s c\ld n be ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,z ,mr4 ,sp5c] truly says1 we h no alt]native b to reg>d ?is ,fir/ ,cause z ,inf9ite & ,absolute4 ,& n[ hav+ le>n$1 by a true diagnosis ( ! m5tal activities1 t ! positions we h ga9$ are fix$1 f9al1 irrevocable2 & fur!r1 t !y are n ! results ( reason+s1 b t fir/ !re 0 a see+1 & !n an analysis ( :at 0 se51 & t ! see+ is true1 ?\gh e o!r exp]i5ce be false2 we "k t our position is n illusive1 b t we /& on ! rock2 & t :at we h se5 is no symbolic conception ( ! illegitimate ord]1 b is pure tru?4 ,= ! fur!r consid]ation ( ?is subject1 ! read] is ref]r$ back to our rem>ks on t passage 9 ,mr4 ,mansel's "w1 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] has quot$4 ,a few rem>ks ^u 8 summ+ up1 p4 #dc et seq41 w complete ! review ( ?is *apt]4 ,pass+ ov] ! consid]ation ( cr$ibility1 & conf9+ ourselves to t ( consi/5cy1 we w\ld f9d 9 any rigor\s analysis1 t ,a!ism & ,pan!ism are self-contradictory2 b we h f\nd t ,!ism1 :5 rigor\sly analyz$1 pres5ts an absolutely consi/5t sy/em1 9 :i* all ! difficulties ( ! ,und]/&+ are expla9$ to ! p]son by ! ,reason1 & is entirely ?9kable4 ,su* a sy/em1 bas$ ^u ! necess>y convictions ( man1 & ju/ly comm&+ t ^! %all be ! fix$ /&>d1 9 accordance ) :i* all d\bts & qu]ies %all be dissolv$ & decid$1 gives a rational satisfaction to man1 & discloses to him 8 et]nal ,,re/4 ,9 proce$+ to 8 f9al fact1 :i* he d]ives z ! p]man5t 9 all religions1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ov]looks ano!r equally p]man5t1 equally common1 & incomp>ably m important fact1 viz3 t ,feti%ism1 ,poly!ism1 ,pan!ism1 & ,mono!ism1--all religions alike ass]t t a god creat$ ! ,univ]se4 ,9 o!r words1 ! great common elem5t1 9 all ! popul> modes ( acc\nt+ = ! va/ sy/em ( ?+s 9 :i* we live is1 t x is ! product ( an ag5cy ext]nal to itself1 & t ! ext]nal ag5cy is p]sonal4 ,take ! case ( ! rude aborig9al1 :o assumes a sep>ate p]sonality beh9d e ph5om5on4 ,he does n attempt to acc\nt = all objects4 ,8 m9d is too infantile1 & he is too degrad$ to suspect t ^? mat]ial objects :i* appe> p]man5t ne$ to be acc\nt$ =4 ,x is only ! *anges :i* seem to him to ne$ a reason4 ,beh9d ea* *ange he imag9es a sort ( p]sonal p[]1 sup]ior to x & man1 :i* produces x1 & ?is satisfies him4 ,he inquires no fur!r2 yet he looks 9 ! same direction z ! ,mono!i/4 ,9 ?is crude =m ( belief1 :i* is nam$ ,feti%ism1 we see t ess5tial idea :i* c be readily trac$ ?r\gh all =ms ( religion1 t "s p]sonal be+1 ext]nal1 & sup]ior to ! ?+s t be1 produc$ !m4 ,nor is ,a!ism a prop] exception to ?is law4 ,= ,a!ism is n a religion1 b ! d5ial ( all religion4 ,x is n a doctr9e ( ,god1 b is a d5ial t !re is any ,god2 & :at is mo/ 9 po9t1 x nev] 0 a popul> belief1 b is only a philosophical ,sah>a ov] :i* a few c>avans ( speculative d\bt]s & negati/s w&]4 ,nei!r c ,h9du pan!ism be quot$ aga9/ ! position tak53 = ,brahm is n ! ,univ]se2 nei!r are ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva4 ,brahm does n lose 8 individuality because ! ,univ]se is evolv$ f him4 ,n[ he is ?\ght ( z "o1 & ! ,univ]se z ano!r1 al?\gh ! ,univ]se is ?\ght to be a "p ( 8 ess5ce1 & h]eaft] to be reabsorb$ by him4 ,n[1 ?is "p ( 8 ess5ce :i* 0 produc$ ?r\gh ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva1 is individualiz$2 & s is "o1 :ile he is ano!r4 ,?us1 "h also1 ! idea ( a prop] ext]nal ag5cy is pres]v$4 ,! facts1 !n1 are decisively 9 favor ( ! proposition above laid d[n4 ,our inve/igation discloses a fundam5tal v]ity 9 ea* religion4 ,& ! facts & ! v]ity f9d no consi/5t gr\nd except 9 a pure ,!ism1 & !re !y d f9d p]fect consi/5cy & h>mony4 ,x is requir$1 f9ally1 9 clos+ ! discussion ( ?is *apt]1 to acc\nt = ! fact t1 ^u a s+le idea s _m !ories ( ,god h fa/5$ !mselves2 or bett]1 p]haps1 t a s+le idea has develop$ itself 9 s _m =ms4 ,?is _c bett] be done ?an 9 ! language ( t metaphysician1 n second to ,plato1 ! apo/le ,paul4 ,9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 beg9n+ at ! #ai? v]se ( ! #a/ *apt]1 he says3 ,because t :i* may be kn[n ( ,god is manife/ to !m2 = ,god ha? %ew$ x unto !m4 ,= ! invisible ?+s ( him f ! creation ( ! _w are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s :i* are made1 ev5 8 et]nal p[] & ,godhead1 s t !y are )\t excuse4 ,because t1 :5 !y knew ,god1 !y glorifi$ him n z ,god1 nei!r 7 ?ankful2 b became va9 9 _! imag9ations1 & _! fooli% he>t 0 d>k5$3 pr(ess+ !mselves to be wise !y became fools1 & *ang$ ! glory ( ! incorruptible ,god into an image made l to corruptible man1 & to birds1 & f\r-foot$ bea/s1 & creep+ ?+s4 ,?is passage1 :i* w\ld be wor?y ! admir+ /udy ( ages1 did x possess no claim to be ! tea*+ ( t ,be+ :om ,mr4 ,sp5c] ass]ts x is impossible = u to "k1 gives u 9 a popul> =m ! tru?4 ,man1 hav+ organic 9 8 m9d ! idea ( ,god1 & hav+ 9 ! ,univ]se an ample manife/ation to ! ,s5se1 ( ! et]nal p[] & ,godhead ( ! ,creator ( t ,univ]se1 correspond+ to t idea1 p]v]t$ ! manife/ation to ! ,s5se1 & degrad$ ! idea 9 ! ,reason1 to ! s]vice ( base passion4 ,by ?is degradation & p]v]sion ! organic idea became s b$iz5$ ) ! f9]y ( fancy =m$ 9 ! ,und]/&+1 "u ! direction ( ! animal nature1 z to be lo/ to ! popul> m9d1--! trapp+s only be+ se54 ,:5 once ! tru? 0 ?us lo/ sight (1 & ) x all t re/ra9t :i* a k ( ! true ,god w\ld impose1 m5 became va9 9 _! imag9ations2 _! fancy ran riot 9 all directions4 ,cutt+ loose f all law1 !y plung$ into e excess :i* c\ld be inv5t$2 & out ( su* a /imulat$ & teem+ bra9 all mann] ( vag>ies 7 devis$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ /age2 & ( x we f9d "s hi/oric h9ts 9 ! biblical acc\nt ( ! times1 dur+ & previ\s to ! life ( ,abraham4 ,:]e secul> hi/ory beg9s ! human race _h pass$ into ! second /age4 ,cry/allization _h begun4 ,/ud5ts 7 comm5c+ ! se>* = tru?4 ,religion 0 tak+ ^u itself m di/9ct =ms4 ,! organic idea1 :i* c\ld n be :olly oblit]at$1 =m$ itself di/9ctly 9 ! consci\sness ( "s gift$ individuals1 & philosophy began4 ,philosophy 9 its pure/ =m1 z taught by ,socrates & ,plato1 pres5t$ aga9 ! lo/ idea ( pure ,!ism4 ,b ! spirituality :i* enabl$ !m to see ! tru?1 lift$ !m s f> above ! common p1 t !y c\ld affect only a few4 ,& :at 0 mo/ di%e>t5+1 t same degradation :i* orig9ally lo/ to man ! tru?1 n[ prev5t$ him f receiv+ x4 ,?us x 0 t by a b9d+ ( ! ,reason to ! :eels ( ,passion1 & discurs+ ?r\gh ! _w ) ! ,und]/&+ at ! beck ( ! ,s5se1 ! _m =ms ( religion became4 ,,ultimate ,,sci5tific ,,ideas4 ,on a =m] page we h already attempt$ a positive answ] to ! "q1 ,:at are ,space & ,"t1 ) :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] op5s ?is *apt]4 ,x 0 !re f\nd t1 9 g5]al t]ms1 !y are a priori conditions ( creat$ be+2 &1 moreov]1 t !y possess *>act]i/ics suitable to :at !y condition1 j z ! a priori conditions ( ! spiritual p]son possess *>act]i/ics suitable to :at !y condition4 ,x 0 fur!r f\nd t ?is g5]al law is1 f ! necessity ( ! case1 realiz$ bo? )9 ! m9d & )\t x2 t x is1 mu/ be1 ! =m ( ?\ght = ! p]ceiv+ subject1 correspond+ to ! condition ( exi/5ce = ! p]ceiv$ object4 ,x also appe>$ t ! ,univ]se z object1 & ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+ z faculties 9 ! subject1 ?us correspond$2 & fur!r1 t ^! faculties c\ld nev] transc5d & compreh5d ,space & ,"t1 because ^! 7 ! v conditions ( _! be+2 moreov]1 t by !m all spaces & times mu/ be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,univ]se1 & ap>t f x c\ld n be exam9$ by !m at all4 ,yet x 0 fur!r f\nd t ! ,univ]se might 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,reason be ab/ract$2 & t1 !n1 pure ,space & ,"t /ill rema9$ z pure a priori conditions1 ! "o z room1 ! o!r z opportunity1 = ! com+ ( creat$ be+4 ,space & ,"t be+ su* conditions1 & no?+ m1 are entities only 9 ! same s5se t ! multiplication table & ! moral law are entities4 ,!y are conditions suit$ to :at !y condition4 ,9 ! light ( ?is result let u exam9e ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s tea*+s respect+ !m4 ,/rictly speak+1 ,space & ,"t d n exi/4 ,if !y exi/ 7ex /o71 !y mu/ /& out some:]e & :54 ,?is ( c\rse involves ! be+ ( a :]e & a :5 9 :i* !y c /& out2 & t :]e & :5 mu/ ne$s be acc\nt$ =1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld seem to speak1 9 8 usual /yle1 z if !y1 9 exi/+ objectively1 _h a =mal objective exi/5ce4 ,yet ?is1 9 ! v /atem5t ( x1 appe>s absurd4 ,! m9d appreh5ds _m objects1 :i* d n exi/4 ,!y only are4 ,?us1 z has j be5 said1 ,space & ,"t1 z conditions ( creat$ be+1 are4 ,!y are entities b n exi/5ces4 ,!y are a priori entities1 & s are necess>ily4 ,by ?is !y /& 9 ! same category ) all pure laws1 all fir/ pr9ciples4 ,moreov]1 to d5y t ,space & ,"t are ?+s1 & s by implication to call !m no?+s1 involves ! absurdity t !re are two k9ds ( no?+s4 ,?is s5t5ce involves ! absurdity ( assum+ t no?+ is an entity4 ,if ,i say t ,space is no?+1 ,i say t x pres5ts no cont5t = a concept1 & _c1 because !re is no cont5t to be pres5t$4 ,x is !n blank4 ,j s ( ,"t4 ,z no?+s !y are1 !n1 bo? equally blank1 & de/itute ( mean+4 ,n[ if ,mr4 ,sp5c] wi%es to hold t no?+ repres5t$ by "o ^w1 diff]s f no?+ repres5t$ by ano!r1 we w\ld n lay a /raw 9 8 way1 b yet w\ld be mu* surpris$ if he l$ a l>ge company4 ,aga91 hav+ decid$ t !y are nei!r non5tities nor ! attributes ( entities1 we h no *oice b to consid] !m z entities4 ,b he !n goes on to speak ( !m z ?+s1 evid5tly us+ ! ^w 9 ! same s5se z if apply+ x to a mat]ial object1 z an apple or /one2 !reby imply+ t entity & ?+ 9 t s5se are synonym\s t]ms4 ,^u ?is leap 9 ! d>k1 ?is blund] 9 ! use ( language1 he proce$s to build up a m\nta9 ( difficulties4 ,b once take away ?is f\ndation1 once cease attempt+ to repres5t !m 9 ?\ght z ?+s1 & 8 difficulties vani%4 ,space is a condition4 ,p]haps receptivity1 indivisibility1 & illimitability are attributes4 ,if s1 x has attributes1 = ^! c]ta9ly belong to x4 ,b :e!r ^! %all be call$ attributes or n1 x is c]ta9 t ,space is1 is a pure condition1 is ?us a positive object to ! ,reason1 is qualifi$ by ! *>act]i/ics nam$ above2 & all ?is )\t any contradiction or o!r insup]able difficulty aris+ !reby4 ,on ! gr\nd n[ e/abli%$1 we le>n t ext5sion & ,space are n conv]tible t]ms4 ,ext5sion is an attribute ( matt]4 ,space is a condition ( ph5om5a4 ,x is only all physical entities :i* we actually "k z su* t are limit$4 ,f our /&po9t1 t ,space is no ?+1 su* rem>ks z ,we f9d ourselves totally unable to =m any m5tal image ( unb\nd$ ,space1 appe> pa9fully absurd4 ,we f9d ourselves j z totally unable to =m any m5tal image ( unb\nd$ love4 ,su* phrases z m5tal image h no relevancy to ei!r ,space or ,"t4 ,9 criticiz+ ,kant's doctr9e1 :i* we h f\nd true z f> z x goes1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ev9ces a surpris+ lack ( k ( ! facts 9 "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he says1 to ass]t t ,space & ,"t1 z we are consci\s ( !m1 are subjective conditions1 is by implication to ass]t t !y are n objective realities4 ,b ! conclusion does n foll[4 ,if ! read] w take ! tr\ble to con/ruct ! syllogism on :i* ?is is bas$1 he w at once p]ceive ! absurdity ( ! logic4 ,x may be said 9 g5]al t all conditions ( a ?9k+ be+ are bo? subjective & objective3 !y are conditions ( 8 be+--subjective2 & !y are objects ( 8 exam9ation & cognizance--objective4 ,is n ! multiplication table an objective reality1 i4 e41 w\ld x n rema9 if he be de/roy$8 ,& yet is x n also a subjective law2 & s 0 x n orig9ally discov]$ by introspection & reflection8 ,aga9 he says1 = t consci\sness ( ,space & ,"t :i* we _c rid ourselves (1 is ! consci\sness ( !m z exi/+ objectively4 ,n[ ! fact is1 t prim>ily we d n h any consci\sness ( ,space & ,"t4 ,consci\sness has to d ) ph5om5a4 ,:5 exam9+ ! mat]ial ,univ]se1 ! objects1 & ! objects z at a di/ance f ea* o!r & z dur+1 are :at we are consci\s (4 ,= in/ance1 ,i view ! planets ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,!y appe> z objects 9 my consci\sness4 ,!re is a di/ance betwe5 !m2 b ?is di/ance is n1 except z !y are4 ,if !y are n1 ! ^w di/ance has no mean+ ) ref]5ce to !m4 ,take !m away1 & ,i h no consci\sness ( di/ance z rema9+4 ,^! planets cont9ue 9 exi/5ce4 ,!y endure4 ,?is endurance we call "t1 b if !y %\ld cease1 "o c\ld n ?9k ( endurance 9 connection ) !m z rema9+4 ,"h we mo/ freely & will+ly agree ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] t ! "q is1 ,:at does consci\sness directly te/ify8 b he w f9d t consci\sness on ?is side ( ! wat] te/ifies v diff]5tly f 8 consci\sness3 z = in/ance 9 ! two articles 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 h]et(ore allud$ to4 ,"h1 ! direct te/imony ( consci\sness is1 t spaces & times )9 ! ,univ]se are )\t ! m9d2 t ,space & ,"t1 z a priori conditions = ! possibility ( =mal object & dur+ ev5t1 are also )\t ! m9d2 b ! te/imony is none ! less cle> & direct t ,space & ,"t are laws ( ?\ght 9 ! m9d correspond+ to ! actualities )\t ! m9d4 ,& ! "q may be ask$1 x is believ$ ) great =ce1 ,if ?is la/ 7 n s1 h[ c\ld ! m9d take any cognizance ( ! actuality8 ,aga91 mo/ truly1 ,space & ,"t _c be conceiv$ to become non-exi/5t ev5 7 ! m9d to become non-exi/5t4 ,mu* m /rongly ?an ?is %\ld ! tru? be utt]$4 ,!y c\ld n become non-exi/5t if ! ,univ]se ) e s5ti5t be+1 yea1 ev5--to make an impossible supposition--if ! ,deity himself1 %\ld cease to be4 ,9 ?is !y diff] no :it f ! laws ( ,ma!matics1 ( ,logic1 & ( ,morals4 ,^! too w\ld rema9 z well4 ,?us is aga9 en=c$ ! tru?1 :i* has be5 /at$ h]et(ore1 t ,space & ,"t1 z a priori conditions ( ! ,univ]se1 /& 9 precisely ! same relation to mat]ial object & dur+ ev5t t ! multiplication table does to intellect1 or ! moral law to a spiritual p]son4 ,x w n[ be d\btless pla9 t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rem>ks sprang directly f ! l[] faculties4 ,! ,s5se 9 its v organization possesses ,space & ,"t z void =ms into :i* objects may come4 ,s also ! ,und]/&+ possesses ! notional z connect+ into a totality4 ,^! faculties _c be 9 a liv+ man )\t act+4 ,activity is _! law4 ,h5ce images are ev] aris+ & mu/ arise 9 ! ,s5se1 & be connect$ 9 ! ,und]/&+1 & all ?is 9 ! =ms & conditions ( ,space & ,"t4 ,he :o ?9ks cont9ually 9 ^! conditions w always imag9e t ,space & ,"t are only )\t him--because he w be ?9k+ only 9 ! iron prison-h\se ( ! imag9+ faculty--& s _c transc5d ! conditions x imposes4 ,n[ h[ %all "o see ^! conditions8 ,!y d exi/ objectively2 or1 to phrase x bett]1 !y h a true be+ indep5d5t ( our m9ds4 ,9 ?is s5se1 z we h se51 e a priori condition mu/ be objective to ! m9d4 ,:at is objective to ! ,s5se is n ,space b a space1 i4 e4 a "p ( ,space limit$ by matt]2 &1 aft] all1 x is ! b\nd>ies :i* are ! true object r ?an ! space1 :i* _c be conceiv$ ( if ! b\nd>ies be remov$4 ,)\t fur!r argum5t1 is x n evid5t t !re ,space1 l all o!r a priori conditions1 is object only to ! ,reason1 & t z a condition ( mat]ial exi/5ce8 ,at ! bottom ( page #di we h ano!r ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s psy*ological errors3--,= if ,space & ,"t are =ms ( ?\ght1 !y c nev] be ?\ght (2 s9ce x is impossible = any?+ to be at once ! =m ( ?\ght & ! matt] ( ?\ght4 ,al?\gh ?is topic has be5 amply discuss$ else:]e1 x may n be un9/ructive to recur to x aga94 ,exactly ! opposite ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rem>k is ! tru?4 ,! "q at issue "h is "o ( ^? pr(\nd & subtile ones :i* _c be approa*$ by argum5t1 b c be decid$ only by a see+4 ,x is a psy*ological "q p]ta9+ to ! pr(\nde/ dep?s ( our be+4 ,if "o says1 ,i see ! =ms ( ?\ght1 & ano!r1 ,i _c see !m1 nei!r impea*es ! o!r4 ,all t is left is to /imulate ! dull faculty ( ! "o until he c see4 ,! foll[+ reflections may help u to see4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rem>k implies t we h no high] faculty ?an ! ,s5se & ! ,und]/&+4 ,x implies1 also1 t we c nev] h any self-k1 9 ! fundam5tal signification ( t phrase4 ,we c obs]ve ! conduct ( ! m9d1 & /udy & classify ! results2 b ! laws1 ! con/itution ( ! activity itself mu/ =ev] rema9 clos$ to u4 ,z 0 said1 :5 speak+ ( ?is subject "u a diff]5t phase1 ! eye _c see & /udy itself4 ,x is a me*anical organism1 capable only ( reaction z act$ ^u1 capable only ( see+ results1 b nev] able to p5etrate to ! hidd5 spr+s :i* und]lie ! ev5t4 ,j s is x ) ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+4 ,!y are m]e me*anical faculties capable ( act+ z !y are act$ ^u1 b nev] able to g beh9d ! appe>ance to its f9al s\rce4 ,on su* a hypo!sis z ?is all sci5ce is impossible1 b mo/ ( all a sci5ce ( ! human m9d4 ,if man is enclos$ by su* walls1 no k ( 8 c5tral self c be ga9$4 ,he may "k :at he does2 b :at he is1 is z inscrutable to him z :at ,god is4 ,z su* a be+1 he is only a high] ord] ( brute4 ,he has "s dim p]ceptions1 "s vague feel+s1 b he has no k2 he is sure ( no?+4 ,he c rea* no gr\nd :i* is ultimate1 no ,rock :i* he kn[s is immutable4 ,is man su* a be+8 ,! long+s & aspirations ( ! ages roll back an unceas+ ,,no6 ,he is capable ( plac+ himself be=e himself1 ( analyz+ t self to ! v gr\ndwork ( 8 be+4 ,all ! laws ( 8 con/itution1 all ! =ms ( 8 activity1 he c cle>ly & amply place be=e himself & "k !m4 ,& h[ is ?is8 ,x is because ,god has end[$ him ) an ,,eye l unto ,8 own1 :i* enables man to be self-compreh5d+1 z ,he is self-compreh5d+1--! ,reason1 ) :i* man may read himself z a *ild reads a book2 t man c make ! =m ( ?\ght ! matt] ( ?\ght4 ,true1 ! ,und]/&+ is %ut out f any consid]ation ( ! =ms ( ?\ght2 b man is n simply or ma9ly an ,und]/&+4 ,he is1 9 8 highe/ be+1 a spiritual p]son1 :om ,god has end[$ ) ! faculty ( ,,vision2 & ! great organic evil1 :i* ! fall wr\ght into ! _w1 0 ?is v d5ial ( ! spiritual light1 & ?is cr[d+ d[n & out ( sight1 ( ! spiritual p]son b5ea? ! animal nature1 ?is d5ial ( ! ess5tial faculties ( su* p]son1 & ?is elevation ( ! l[] faculties ( ! animal nature1 ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+1 into ! highe/ place1 :i* is involv$ 9 all su* tea*+s z we are criticiz+4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rem>ks ^u ,matt] are no ne>] ! tru?4 ,9 almo/ 8 fir/ s5t5ce !re is a griev\s logical faux pas4 ,he says3 ,matt] is ei!r inf9itely divisible or x is n2 no ?ird possibility c be nam$4 ,yet we w "n "o1 z foll[s3 ,! divisibility ( matt] has no relation to inf9ity4 ,& ?is ?ird supposition happ5s to be ! tru?4 ,b x w be said t ! "q %\ld be /at$ ?us3 ,ei!r !re is a limit to ! divisibility ( matt]1 or !re is no limit4 ,?is /atem5t is exhau/ive1 because limitation belongs to matt]4 ,( ^! alt]natives !re c be no hesitation :i* "o to *oose4 ,!re is a limit to ! divisibility ( matt]4 ,?is answ] _c be giv5 by ! physical s5se2 = no "o que/ions b :at x is incapable ( f9d+ a limit4 ,! m5tal s5se c\ld n give x1 because x is a "q ( actual sub/ance & n ( ideal =ms4 ,! ,reason gives ! answ]4 ,matt] is limit$ at bo? extremes4 ,its am\nt is def9ite1 z are its f9al elem5ts4 ,^! ultimate p>ts h an "u & an upp] surface1 a "r & a left side4 ,:51 !n1 "o ( ^! p>ts %all be brok51 :at results8 ,n pieces1 z ! mat]iali/1 ?9k+ only 9 ! ,s5se1 w\ld h u believe4 ,:5 a f9al "p %all be brok51 !re w rema9 no matt]1--to ! s5se no?+4 ,to x1 ! result w\ld be annihilation4 ,b ! ,reason decl>es t !re w\ld be left ,god's p[] 9 its simplicity1--t f9al ,unit out ( :i* all div]sity becomes4 ,! subsequ5t difficulties rais$ respect+ ! solidity ( ,matt] may be expla9$ ?us4 ,& = conv5i5ce sake1 we w limit ! t]m ,matt] to su* sub/ances z are object to ! physical s5se1 l granite1 :ile ,=ce %all be us$ to comprise ^? f9] sub/ances1 l ! ,e!r1 :i* are impalpable to ! physical s5se4 ,matt] is compos$ ( v m9ute ultimate p>ticles :i* d n t\*1 b :i* are held toge!r by ,=ce4 ,! space betwe5 ! atoms1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be 9 vacuo1 is full ( ,=ce4 ,we might be m exhau/ive 9 our analysis1 & say--:i* w\ld be true--t a space-fill+ =ce composes ! ,univ]se2 & t ,matt] is only ,=ce 9 "o ( its modifications4 ,b )\t ?is ! o!r /atem5t is suffici5t4 ,:51 !n1 a portion ( matt] is compress$1 ! =ce :i* holds ! ultimate p>ticles 9 _! places is ov]come by an ext]nal =ce1 & ^! p>ticles are br\ght ne>] toge!r4 ,n[1 h[ is x ) ! mov+ body & ! collision8 ,bisect a l9e & see ! tru?4 ,c ,a--------,b #a ,a body ) a mass ( #d is mov+ ) a velocity ( #d along ! l9e f ,a to ,b4 ,at ,c x meets ano!r body ) a mass ( #d at re/4 ,f !nce ! two move on t[>ds ,b ) a velocity ( #b4 ,:at has happ5$8 ,9 ! body !re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( =ce1 :i* set x 9 motion & kept x 9 motion4 ,& j "h let u make a po9t4 ,no =ce is ev] lo/ or de/roy$4 ,x is only transf]r$4 ,:5 a bullet is fir$ f a gun1 x possesses at "o po9t a maximum ( =ce4 ,f t po9t ?is =ce is /eadily transf]r$ to ! air & o!r sub/ances1 until all t x receiv$ f ! p[d] is sp5t4 ,b at any "o po9t 9 its flight1 ! sum ( ! =ce :i* has be5 transf]r$ s9ce ! maximum1 & ( ! =ce yet to be transf]r$1 w always equal ! maximum4 ,n[1 h[ is x respect+ ! "q rais$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]8 ,! in/ant ( contact is a po9t 9 "t1 n a p]iod1 & ! transf] ( =ce is in/antane\s4 ,c1 !n1 is a po9t1 n a p]iod1 & ! velocity on ! "o side is #d & ! o!r side #b1 :ile ! mom5tum or =ce is exactly equal ?r\gh\t ! l9e4 ,if x is said t ?is proves t a body c pass f "o velocity to ano!r )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate velocities1 we _c help x4 ,! above are ! facts1 & !y give ! tru?4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] is1 at lea/1 c>eless4 ,= :51 ( two su* units1 "o mov+ at velocity #d /rikes ano!r at re/1 ! /rik+ unit mu/ h its velocity #d in/antane\sly r$uc$ to velocity #b2 mu/ pass f velocity #d to velocity #b )\t any lapse ( "t1 & )\t pass+ ?r\gh int]m$iate velocities2 mu/ be mov+ ) velocities #d & #b at ! same in/ant1 :i* is impossible4 ,if !re is any s5se 9 ! rem>k1 in/antane\sly mu/ mean a po9t ( "t )\t p]iod4 ,=1 if any p]iod is all[$1 ! s5t5ce has no mean+1 s9ce dur+ t p]iod ! /rik+ unit passes ?r\gh all int]m$iate velocities4 ,b if by in/antane\sly he means )\t p]iod1 !n ! la/ clause ( ! s5t5ce is illogical1 s9ce in/ant !re evid5tly means a p]iod4 ,= if x means po9t1 !n x contradicts ! fir/ clause4 ,!re1 x is ass]t$ t #d 0 r$uc$ to #b1 i4 e4 t at "o po9t ! velocity 0 #d1 & at ! next po9t x 0 #b1 & t !re 0 no "t betwe54 ,if #d 0 in/antane\sly r$uc$ to #b1 !n ! velocity #b 0 next aft] ! velocity #d1 & n coeval ) x4 ,?us x appe>s t ^! two clauses :i* 7 meant to be synonym\s are contradictory4 ,be>+ 9 m9d :at we h h]et(ore le>n$ respect+ atoms1 we %all n be tr\bl$ by ! objections to ! ,newtonian !ory :i* foll[4 ,9 reply to ! "q1 ,:at is ! con/itution ( ^! units8 ! answ]1 ,we h no alt]native b to reg>d ea* ( !m z a small piece ( matt]1 w\ld be true if ! ,s5se 0 ! only faculty :i* c\ld exam9e !m4 ,b ev5 ^u ?is !ory ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rem>ks respect+ ! p>ts ( :i* ea* atom consi/s1 are entirely out ( place2 = ! hypo!sis t x is an ultimate atom excludes ! supposition ( p>ts1 s9ce t phrase has no mean+ except x ref]s to a f9al1 indivisible1 mat]ial unit4 ,all t ! ,s5se c\ld say1 w\ld be1 ,:at ?is atom is ,i "k n1 b t x is1 & is n divisible1 ,i believe4 ,b :5 we see by ! ,reason t ! ultimate atom1 :5 dissolv$1 becomes ,god's p[]1 all difficulty 9 ! "q vani%es4 ,hav+ ?us answ]$ ! above objections1 x is unnecess>y to notice ! simil> ones rais$ aga9/ ,boscovi*'s !ory1 :i* is a modification ( t ( ,newton4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] next exam9es c]ta9 ph5om5a ( motion4 ,! fact t he seeks = absolute motion by ! physical s5se1 a faculty :i* 0 only giv5 u to p]ceive relative--ph5om5al--motion1 & is1 9 its k9d1 incapable ( f9d+ ! absolute motion1 7= if x %\ld see x1 x c\ld n "k x17 is suffici5t to condemn all t he has said on ?is subject4 ,= ! pres5tations :i* he has made ( ! ph5om5a giv5 u by ! ,s5se does n exhau/ ! subject4 ,! p]plexities !re9 develop$ are all resolvable1 z w appe> fur!r on4 ,! ph5om5a adduc$ on page #ee are1 !n1 m]ely appe>ances 9 ! physical s5se2 & ! motion is m]ely relative4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! capta9 walks ,ea/ ) ref]5ce to ! %ip & globe4 ,9 ! second1 he walks ,ea/ ) ref]5ce to ! %ip2 ! %ip sails ,we/ ) ref]5ce to ! globe2 :ile ! resultant motion is1 t he is /ation>y ) ref]5ce to ?is l>g] object4 ,:at1 !n1 c ! ,s5se give u8 ,only resultant motion1 at ! mo/4 ,s we see t our ideas ( ,motion are n illusive1 b defici5t4 ,! motion is j :at x appe>s1 measur$ f a giv5 object4 ,x is relative1 & ?is is all ! ,s5se c give4 ,our au?or ackn[l$ges t we tacitly assume t !re are real motions2 t we take = grant$ t !re are fix$ po9ts 9 space1 ) respect to :i* all motions are absolute2 & we f9d x impossible to rid ourselves ( ?is idea4 ,a "q in/antly arises1 & x seems to be "o :i* he is b\nd to ent]ta91 viz3 ,h[ comes ?is idea to be8 ,we press ?is "q ^u ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 be+ p]suad$ t he w f9d x mu* m p]plex+ ?an ^? he has ent]ta9$4 ,und\bt$ly1 absolute motion _c ev5 be imag9$4 ,no motion c be imag9$1 ?\gh ! mov+ body may be4 ,b by no means does x foll[1 mu* less kn[n4 ,?is involves t ! kn[+ faculty is inf]ior to1 & m circumscrib$ ?an1 ! imag9+ faculty1 :5 ! v opposite is ! fact4 ,nei!r does x foll[ f :at is said 9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ )1 ,= motion is *ange ( place1 t :ile we are oblig$ to ?9k t !re is absolute motion1 we f9d absolute motion incompreh5sible4 ,! ,univ]se is limit$ & b\nd$1 & is a sph]e4 ,we may assume t ! c5tre ( ! sph]e is at re/4 ,in/antly absolute motion becomes compreh5sible1 = x is motion measur$ f t po9t4 ,surely !re c be no h>m 9 ! supposition4 ,! ,reason %[s u t ! supposition is ! tru?2 & t t c5tre is ! ?rone ( ! et]nal ,god4 ,9 ?is view n only is motion1 ap>t f ! limitations ( space1 totally un?9kable1 b x is absolutely impossible4 ,motion _c be1 except z a =mal body is4 ,h5ce1 to speak ( motion 9 unlimit$ space is simply absurd4 ,=mal object _c be1 except z !reby a limit is e/abli%$ 9 ,space4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t absolute motion is n motion ) ref]5ce to unlimit$ ,space1 :i* w\ld be ! same z motion )\t a mov+2 b is motion ) ref]5ce to t po9t fix$ 9 ,space1 ar\nd :i* all ?+s revolve1 b :i* is itself at p]fect re/4 ,ano!r insup]able difficulty pres5ts itself1 :5 we contemplate ! transf] ( ,motion4 ,motion is simply ! mov+ ( a body1 & _c be transf]r$4 ,! =ce :i* causes ! motion is :at is transf]r$4 ,all t c be said ( motion is1 t x is1 t x increases1 t x dim9i%es1 t x ceases4 ,if ! mov+ body imp+es ^u ano!r mov+ body1 & causes x to move1 x is n motion t is transf]r$1 b ! =ce :i* causes ! motion4 ,! motion 9 ! imp++ body is dim9i%$1 & a new motion is begun 9 ! body :i* 0 at re/4 ,aga9 x is ask$3 ,9 :at respect does a body aft] impact diff] f itself be=e impact8 ,& fur!r on3 ,! motion y say has be5 communicat$4 ,b h[8 ,:at has be5 communicat$8 ,! /rik+ body has n transf]r$ a ?+ to ! body /ruck2 & x is equally out ( ! "q to say t x has transf]r$ an attribute4 ,obs]ve n[ t a some:at is unque/ionably communicat$2 & ! "q is3--,:at is x8 ,qu]y4 ,does ,mr ,sp5c] mean to compreh5d ! ,univ]se 9 ?+ & attribute8 ,he w\ld seem to4 ,if he does1 he gives a decision by ass]tion )\t explanation or pro(1 :i* involves ! v "q at issue1 :i* is1 ,is ! some:at transf]r$ a ?+ or an attribute2 & a decision directly contr>y to ! ackn[l$gm5t t a some:at has be5 communicat$8 ,on ! above-nam$ hypo!sis 8 /atem5t %\ld be z foll[s3 ,a some:at has be5 communicat$4 ,?+ & attribute comprise all ! ,univ]se4 ,nei!r a ?+1 nor an attribute has be5 communicat$1 i4 e4 no some:at has be5 communicat$2 :i* contradicts ! evid5ce & ! ackn[l$gm5t4 ,if on ! o!r h& ,mr4 ,sp5c] means t ?+ & attribute comprise only a "p ( ! ,univ]se1 !n ! "q is n fairly met4 ,x may be m conv5i5t = ! mom5t to conclude ! ,univ]se 9 ! two t]ms ?+ & attribute2 & !n1 z attribute is ess5tial to ! object x qualifies1 & s _c be communicat$1 x w foll[ t a ?+ has be5 communicat$4 ,?is ?+ we call =ce4 ,x is n 9 h& n[ to inquire :at =ce is4 ,x is manife/ to ! ,s5se t ! body is 9 a diff]5t /ate aft] impact1 ?an x 0 be=e4 ,some?+ has be5 put into ! body1 :i*1 ?\gh n directly appreciable to ! ,s5se1 is indirectly appreciable by ! results1 & :i* is z real an addition z wat] is to a b[l1 :5 p\r$ 94 ,be=e ! impact ! body 0 de/itute ( t k9d ( =ce--motor =ce w\ld be a conv5i5t t]m--:i* t5d$ to move x4 ,aft] ! impact a suffici5cy ( t =ce 0 pres5t to produce ! motion4 ,x may be ask$1 :]e does ?is =ce g to :5 ! motion dim9i%es till ! body /ops4 ,x passes into ! sub/ances :i* cause ! dim9ution until !re is no surplus 9 ! mov+ body1 & at ! po9t ( equilibrium motion ceases4 ,if x be n[ ask$1 :]e does ?is =ce ultimately g to1 x is to be said t x comes f ,god1 & goes to ,god1 :o is ! ,f9al4 ,! ,s5se gives only subord9ate answ]s1 b ! ,reason leads u to ! ,supreme4 ,if ! view adopt$ be true1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s halv+ & halv+ aga9 ! rate ( movem5t =ev]1 is irrelevant4 ,x is n a m5tal op]ation b an actual fact :i* is to be acc\nt$ =4 ,take a /rik+ illu/ration4 ,a ball ly+ on smoo? ice is /ruck ) a hockey4 ,away x goes skimm+ ov] ! glassy surface ) a /eadily dim9i%+ velocity till x ceases4 ,x />ts1 x proce$s1 x /ops4 ,^! are ! facts2 & ! m5tal op]ation mu/ accord ) !m4 ,!re is put into ! ball1 at ! in/ant ( contact1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( motor =ce4 ,f t in/ant onw>d1 t =ce fl[s out ( ! ball into ! resi/+ sub/ances by :i* x is surr\nd$1 until none is left4 ,& x is j z p]t95t to ask h[ all ! wat] c fl[ out ( a pail1 z h[ all ! motor =ce c fl[ out ( a mov+ sub/ance4 ,! smalle/ movem5t is sep>at$ by no m ( an impassable gap f no movem5t1 ?an x is f a l>g] movem5t above x4 ,t :i* w acc\nt = a movem5t f\r becom+ two1 w acc\nt = a movem5t two becom+ z]o4 ,! puzzle1 !n1 may be expla9$ ?us4 ,"t is ! procession ( ev5ts4 ,let x be repres5t$ by a l9e4 ,take a po9t 9 t l9e1 :i* w !n m>k its division b repres5t no p]iod4 ,on "o side ( t po9t is re/2 on ! o!r motion4 ,t po9t is ! po9t ( contact1 & occupies no p]iod4 ,at ?is po9t ! motion is maximum4 ,! =ce in/antly beg9s to fl[ (f1 & cont9ues 9 a /eady /ream until none is left1 & ! body is aga9 at re/4 ,"h1 also1 we take a po9t4 ,?is is ! po9t ( z]o4 ,x aga9 divides ! l9e4 ,be=e ! bisection is motion2 aft] ! bisection is re/4 ,all ?is _c be p]ceiv$ by ! ,s5se1 nor conceiv$ by ! ,und]/&+4 ,x is se5 by ! ,reason4 ,n[ obs]ve ! actual ph5om5on4 ,! ball />ts1 proce$s1 /ops4 ,f maximum to z]o !re is a /eady dim9ution1 or ne>ly en\gh s = ! exp]im5t2 at lea/ ! dim9ution c be av]ag$ = ! illu/ration4 ,!n comp>+ motion ) "t1 ! same difficulty falls ^u ! "o z ! o!r4 ,if ! motion is halv$1 ! "t mu/ be2 & s1 m5tally1 x is impossible to imag9e h[ a mom5t ( "t c pass4 ,to ! halv+ faculty--! ,s5se--?is is true1 & s we are compell$ to correct our c\rse ( proc$ure4 ,?is x is4 ,! ,s5se & ,und]/&+ be+ impot5t to discov] an absolute unit ( any k9d1 ! ,s5se assumes = itself :at meets all practical want--a /&>d unit1 by :i* x measures p>ts 9 ,space & ,"t4 ,s motion mu/ be measur$ by "s assum$ /&>d2 & z1 l "t1--duration1--x c be repres5t$ by a l9e1 let !m h a common /&>d4 ,suppose1 !n1 t ! ball's flight occupies t5 m9utes ( "t4 ,! l9e f m to z w be divid$ into t5 exactly equal spaces2 & x w be no m difficult to acc\nt = ! fl[ ( =ce f #aj to #i1 ?an f #a to #j4 ,also let x be obs]v$ t ! =ce1 l "t1 is a unit1 :i* ! ,s5se1 = its conv5i5ce1 divides into p>ts2 b t nei!r ^? p>ts1 nor any p>ts1 h any real exi/5ce4 ,z ,"t is an indivisible :ole1 measur$ (f = conv5i5ce1 s any giv5 =ce is su* a :ole1 & is s measur$ (f4 ,all ?is appe>+ & measur+ are ph5om5al 9 ! ,s5se4 ,x is ! ,reason :i* sees t !y c be only ph5om5al1 & t beh9d ! appe>ance is pure ,_s--,god1 :o is prim>ily out ( all relation4 ,on page #eh1 ne> ! close ( 8 illu/ration ( ! *air1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says3 ,x suffices to rem>k t s9ce ! =ce z kn[n to u is an affection ( consci\sness1 we _c conceive ! =ce z exi/+ 9 ! *air "u ! same =m )\t end[+ ! *air ) consci\sness4 ,?is v /range ass]tion c only be true1 provid$ a major premiss1 ,no =ce c be conceiv$ to exi/ )\t involv+ an affection ( consci\sness 9 ! object 9 :i* x app>5tly inh]es1 is true4 ,su* a premiss seems worse ?an absurd2 x seems silly4 ,we _c le>n t =ce exi/s1 )\t our consci\sness is affect$ !reby2 b ?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f our be+ unable to conceive ( a =ce z exi/+1 )\t !re is a consci\sness 9 ! object ?r\gh :i* x appe>s4 ,if ,mr4 ,sp5c] _h said t no =ce c be1 )\t be+ ex]t$1 & no =ce c be ex]t$1 )\t an affection ( ! consci\sness ( ! ex]tor1 he w\ld h utt]$ ! tru?4 ,we w\ld !n h ! foll[+ result4 ,prim>ily all =ce is ex]t$ by ! ,deity2 & he is consci\s !re(4 ,he draws ! *air d[n j z really z ?\gh ! h& 7 visible4 ,second>ily spiritual p]sons are end[$ by _! ,creator ) ! ability to ex]t 8 =ce = _! uses1 & s ,i lift ! *air4 ,! great error1 :i* appe>s on e page ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s book & invalidates all 8 conclusions1 %[s itself fully "h4 ,he pres5ts images f ! ,s5se1 & !n tries to satisfy ! ,reason--! faculty :i* calls = an absolute acc\nt--by ! analyses ( t ,s5se4 ,8 attempt to halve ! rate1 8 rem>k t ! smalle/ movem5t is sep>at$ by an impassable gap f no movem5t1 & _m su*1 are only p]t95t to ! ,s5se1 c nev] be expla9$ by ! ,s5se1 & are f\nd by ! ,reason to ne$1 & be capable (1 no su* k9d ( explanation z ! ,s5se attempts2 b t ! ph5om5a are appe>ances 9 :oles1 ^: p>titions _c be absolute1 & t ^! :oles are acc\nt$ = by ! be+ ( an absolute & inf9ite ,p]son--,god1 :o is utt]ly impalpable to ! ,s5se1 & c be kn[n only by ! ,reason4 ,! improp] use ( ! ,s5se m5tion$ above1 is1 if possible1 m emphatically exemplifi$ 9 ! rem>ks ^u ! connection betwe5 ,=ce & ,matt]4 ,our ultimate te/ ( ,matt] is ! ability to resi/4 ,?is is true to ! ,s5se1 b no f>!r4 ,resi/ :at8 ,o!r matt]1 ( c\rse4 ,?us is ! s5su\sness made manife/4 ,9 ! ,s5se1 !n1 we h a mat]ial object4 ,b ,=ce is n object to ! ,s5se directly1 b only indirectly by its effects ?r\gh ,matt]4 ,! ,s5se1 9 its p]cept1 deems ! =ce o!r ?an ! matt]4 ,h5ce x is really no m difficult = ! ,s5se to answ] ! "q1 ,h[ c\ld ! ,sun s5d a =ce ?r\gh #ie1jjj1jjj ( miles ( void to ! ,e>? & hold x1 ?an ?r\gh solid rock t di/ance8 ,all t ! ,s5se c d is to pres5t ! ph5om5a4 ,x is utt]ly impot5t to acc\nt = ! lea/ ( !m4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage1 on page #fa1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] seems to h be5 unacc\ntably l$ a/ray4 ,he says3 ,let ! atoms be twice z f> ap>t1 & _! attractions & repulsions w bo? be r$uc$ to "o f\r? ( _! pres5t am\nts4 ,let !m be br\ght )9 half ! di/ance1 & !n attractions & repulsions w bo? be quadrupl$4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ?is matt] w z readily z n assume any o!r d5sity2 & c (f] no resi/ance to any ext]nal ag5ts4 ,n[ if ?is be true1 !re c be no ext]nal ag5ts to :i* to (f] any resi/ance4 ,x is simply to ass]t t all =ce neutralizes itself2 & t matt] is impossible4 ,b ! conclusion does n foll[4 ,x is evid5tly bas$ on ! supposition t ! attractions & repulsions are contra-act+ =ces :i* exactly balance ea* o!r1 & s ! molecules are held 9 _! position by no =ce4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 !y are co-act+ =ces1 :i* are :olly exp5d$ 9 hold+ ! molecules 9 _! places4 ,! repulsions1 !n1 are exp5d$ 9 resi/+ pressure f )\t :i* seeks to cr[d ! p>ticles 9 ^u !mselves & ?us di/urb _! equilibrium2 :ile ! attractions are exp5d$ 9 hold+ ! p>ticles d[n to _! natural di/ance f ea* o!r :5 any di/urb+ =ce attempts to sep>ate !m4 ,h5ce1 ref]r+ to ! two cases m5tion$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! p[] ( resi/ance is r$uc$ to "o f\r?1 & ?is corresponds ) ! fact2 & 9 ! second in/ance ! p[] ( resi/ance is increas$ f\rfold1 & ?is corresponds ) ! fact4 ,we ?us arrive at ! end ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rem>ks conc]n+ ! mat]ial ,univ]se & ( our /rictures !reon4 ,p]haps ! read]'s m9d _c bett] be satisfi$ z to ! validity ( ^! /rictures ?an by pres5t+ an outl9e ( ! sy/em furni%$ by ! ,reason1 & ^u :i* !y are bas$4 ,! ,reason gives1 by a direct & imm$iate intuition1 & z a necess>y a priori idea1 ,god4 ,?is is a spontane\s1 syn!tical act1 precisely ! same 9 k9d ) t :i* gives a simple a priori pr9ciple1 z idea4 ,9 x ! ,reason intuits1 n a s+le pr9ciple se5 to be necess>y simply1 b ! fact t all possible pr9ciples mu/ be comb9$ 9 a p]fectly h>moni\s unity1 9 a s+le ,be+1 :o !reby possesses all possible end[m5ts2 & s is utt]ly indep5d5t1 & is se5 to be ! absolute & inf9ite ,p]son1 ! p]fect ,_s4 ,?is act is no conclusion ( ! ,"o f ! _m 9 a syn!tical judgm5t1 b is entirely diff]5t4 ,x is ! necess>y see+ ( ! _m 9 ! ,"o2 & s is n a judgm5t b an intuition1 n a guess b a c]ta9ty4 ,god1 !n1 is kn[n1 :5 kn[n at all1 n by plurality1 diff]5ce1 & relation1 b by an imm$iate insight into 8 unity1 & s is directly kn[n z he is4 ,& ! :ole ,univ]se is1 t creatures might be1 to :om ?is revelation 0 possible4 ,among ! o!r necess>y end[m5ts :i* ?is intuition reveals1 is t ( imman5t p[] comm5surate ) 8 dignity1 & adequate to realize 9 actual creatures ! necess>y a priori ideas1 :i* he also possesses z end[m5ts4 ,p[] is1 !n1 a simple idea1 incapable ( analysis2 & :i* _c !re=e be def9$1 except by synonym\s t]ms2 & to :i* ,presid5t ,hopk9s's rem>k ^u moral obligation is equally p]t95t2 viz3 t we c only /ate ! occasion on :i* x arises4 ,f ^! data ! a priori idea ( ! ,univ]se may be develop$ z foll[s3-- ,god1 ! absolute & inf9ite ,p]son1 possesses1 z inh]5t end[m5t =ev] imman5t 9 himself1 ,univ]sal ,g5ius2 :i* is at once capacity & faculty1 9 :i* he sees1 & by :i* he sees1 all possible ideas1 & ^! 9 all possible comb9ations or ideals4 ,?us has he all possible k4 ,f ! v>i\s ideal sy/ems :i* ?us are1 he1 hav+ p]fect wisdom1 & accord+ 8 *oice to ! behe/ ( 8 own wor?1 selects t "o :i* is ?us se5 to be be/2 & !reby det]m9es ! =ms & laws "u :i* ! ,univ]se %all become4 ,he also possesses1 z inh]5t end[m5t1 all p[]2 i4 e4 ! ability to realize e "o ( 8 ideals2 b n ! ability to violate ! natural laws ( 8 be+1 z to make two & two five4 ,! ideal sy/em is only ideal3 ! p[] is simply p[]2 & s long z ! two rema9 isolat$1 no-?+ w be4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to ! realization ( 8 ideal1 x mu/ be comb9$ ) ! p[]2 i4 e41 ! p[] mu/ be organiz$ accord+ to ! ideal4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! p[]1 hav+ be5 s5t =? f ,god1 be organiz$8 ,?us4 ,if ! p[] goes =? 9 its simplicity1 x w be exp5d$ uselessly1 because !re is no sub/ance ^u :i* x may be ex]cis$4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t1 if ex]cis$ at all1 x mu/ be ex]cis$ ^u itself4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,god w\ld create ! ,univ]se1 he s5t =? two p5cils1 or columns ( p[]1 ( equal & suffici5t volume1 :i*1 act+ ^u ea* o!r f opposite directions1 j held ea* o!r 9 balance1 & ?us =ce 04 ,^! two p5cils1 ?us balanc+ ea* o!r1 w\ld result 9 a sph]e ( space-fill+ =ce4 ,! po9t ( contact w\ld det]m9e ! fir/ place 9 ,space1 & ! fir/ po9t 9 ,"t2 f :i*1 if atta9able1 an absolute measure ( ea* c\ld be made4 ,all we h n[ atta9$ is ! s+le duality space-fill+ =ce1 :i* is :olly homog5e\s1 is ( suffici5t volume to con/itute ! ,univ]se1 & yet by no means is ! ,univ]se4 ,!re is only ,*aos1 )\t =m & void1 & d>kness is ^u ! face ( ! deep4 ,n[ mu/ ! ,_s ( ,god move ^u ! face ( ! wat]s2 !n ?r\gh va/ & to u immeasurable p]iods ( "t1 ?r\gh cycle & epicycle1 ! "w ( organization w g on4 ,ev] mov+ "u =ms laid d[n 9 ! a priori ideal1 ,god's p[] turns ^u itself1 z out ( ! cru% ( elem5tal *aos ! ,univ]se is be+ evolv$4 ,dur+ ?is process1 :atev] ( ! =ce is to act "u ! law ( heat 9 ! a priori ideal1 assumes t =m & ! heat =ce becomes2 :atev] is to act "u ! law ( magnetism1 assumes t =m1 & magnetic =ce becomes2 s ( light1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( matt]4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! revolution ( ! cycles1 ! ,univ]se atta9s t degree ( prep>ation :i* fits x = liv+ ?+s to be1 & ! life =ce is organiz$2 & by degrees all its v>i\s =ms are br\ght =?4 ,aft] ano!r va/ p]iod t po9t is rea*$ :5 an animal may be organiz$1 :i* %all be ! dwell+-place = a "t ( a be+ ^: life is utt]ly diff]5t 9 k9d f any animal life1 & man appe>s4 ,n[ 9 all ^! va/ processes1 be x obs]v$ t ,god is p]sonally pres5t1 t ! fir/ en]gy 0 81 & t e subsequ5t en]giz+ act is 8 special & p]sonal act4 ,he organiz$ ! duality1 =ce4 ,he !n organiz$ ?is =ce into heat-=ce1 light-=ce1 magnetic-=ce1 matt]-=ce1 life-=ce1 & s\l-=ce4 ,& s x is t 8 p]sonal sup]vision & en]gy is actually pres5t 9 e atom ( ! ,univ]se4 ,:5 we turn f ?is process ( ?\ght to ! s5sible facts1 & speak ( granite1 s&/one1 s*i/1 clay1 h]bage1 animals1 yes1 ( ! ?\s& k9ds ( sub/ance :i* appe> to ! eye1 x is to be rememb]$ t all ^! are b =ms to ! ,s5se ( t reason-conception1 =ce1--t primal duality1 :i* p[] act+ ^u itself becomes4 ,n[ z ! ma*9e c nev] c>ve any o!r image ?an ^? = :i* x is specially con/ruct$1 & mu/ "w j z x is made to "w1 s ! ,s5se1 :i* is purely me*anical1 c nev] d any o!r ?an ! "w = :i* x 0 made1 c nev] transc5d ! laws ( its organization4 ,x c only give =ms--results1 b is impot5t to g beh9d !m4 ,x c only say t ?+s are1 b nev] say :at or :y !y are4 ,se5 9 ! light ( ! !ory :i* has ?us be5 pres5t$1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s difficulties vani%4 ,matt] is =ce4 ,motion is matt] affect$ by ano!r =m ( =ce4 ,! puzzle ( motion & re/ is only ph5om5al to ! ,s5se2 x is an appe>ance ( =ce act+ ?r\gh ano!r =ce4 ,x may also be said t ! ,univ]se is solid =ce4 ,!re is no void 9 x4 ,!re is no nook1 no crevice or cranny1 t is n full ( =ce4 ,to seek1 !n1 = "s m$ium ?r\gh :i* =ce may trav]se va/ di/ances1 is ! p]fection ( sup]fluity4 ,f c5tre to circumf]5ce x is pres5t1 & controls all ?+s1 & is all ?+s4 ,s x is no m difficult to see h[ =ce rea*es =? & holds worlds 9 _! place1 ?an h[ x draws d[n ! pebble :i* a boy has ?r[n into ! air4 ,x is no sub/ance :i* mu/ travel ov] ! di/ance1 x is r an inflexible rod :i* sw+s ! worlds r\nd 9 _! orbits4 ,:e!r1 !n1 we look at calc9$ crags or lilies ( ! valley1 :e!r a/ronomy1 or geology1 or *emi/ry be our /udy1 ! objects gr\p$ "u ^? sci5ces w be f\nd to be equally ! results ( ?is "o =ce1 act+ "u diff]5t laws1 & tak+ ^u itself diff]5t =ms1 & becom+ diff]5t objects4 ,t faculty & t l9e ( ?\ght1 :i* h giv5 s readily ! solution ( ! difficulties br\ght to view by ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s exam9ation ( ! out] _w1 w af=d u an easi] solution1 if possible1 ( ! difficulties :i* he has rais$ respect+ ! inn] _w4 ,t :i* is n ( u1 b is f> f u1 may p]*ance be imp]fectly kn[n2 b ourselves1 :at we are1 & ! laws ( our be+1 may be c]ta9ly & accurately kn[n4 ,& ?is is ! highe/ k4 ,x may be important1 z an elem5t ( culture1 t we become acqua9t$ ) _m facts respect+ ! out] _w4 ,x _c b be ( ! utmo/ importance1 t we "k ourselves2 = ?us only c we fulfil ! behe/ ( t lik5ess to ,god1 9 :i* we 7 orig9ally creat$4 ,we seek =1 we may obta91 we h obta9$ k 9 ! inn] _w1--a k sure1 /eadfa/1 immutable4 ,x seems to be m ?an a m]e v]bal criticism1 r a fundam5tal "o1 t x is n our /ates ( consci\sness :i* occur 9 succession2 b t ! modifications 9 our consci\sness s occur4 ,consci\sness is "o1 & reta9s t on5ess ?r\gh\t all modifications4 ,^! occur 9 ! unity1 z items ( exp]i5ce affect x4 ,is ?is s]ies ( modifications ( consci\sness inf9ite or f9ite8 ,to ?is "q exp]i5ce c give no answ]4 ,all exp]im5ts are irrelevant2 because ^! c only be aft] ! faculty ( consci\sness is4 ,!y c g no fur!r back ?an ! =ms ( ! activity4 ,^! !y may f9d1 b !y _c acc\nt =4 ,a law lies on all ^? p[]s by :i* an exp]im5t may be made1 :i* =ev] e/ops !m f atta9+ to ! sub/ance ( ! p[] :i* lies back ( ! =m4 ,! eye _c exam9e itself4 ,! ,s5se1 z m5tal capacity = ! reception ( impressions1 _c analyze its con/itu5ts4 ,! ,und]/&+1 z connective faculty conclud+ 9 judgm5ts1 is impot5t to discov] :y x mu/ judge "o way & n ano!r4 ,x is only :5 we asc5d to ! ,reason t we rea* ! region ( true k4 ,"h1 ov]look+1 analyz+ all ! conduct ( ! l[] p[]s1 & hold+ ! self "r 9 ! full blaze ( ! ,eye ( self1 ,man atta9s a true & fundam5tal self-k4 ,f ?is ,m\nt ( ,vision we "k t inf9ity & f9it5ess h no p]t95ce to modifications ( consci\sness1 or 9 fact to any s]ies4 ,we atta9 to ! fur!r k t ?is s]ies is1 mu/ be1 limit$2 because ! con/itut$ be+s1 9 :om x 9 ea* case inh]es1 are limit$1 & _h a beg9n+4 ,x matt]s n n[ to inquire h[ a self-consci\s p]son c\ld be creat$4 ,x is suffici5t to "k t "o has be5 creat$4 ,?is fact involves ! fur!r fact t consci\sness1 z an actuality1 began 9 ! ord] ( nature1 aft] ! be+ to :om x belongs z end[m5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 an organization mu/ be1 be=e ! modifications :i* inh]e 9 t organization c become4 ,! atta9m5t ( ?is z necess>y law is f> m satisfactory ?an any exp]i5ce c\ld be1 7 x possible2 = we c nev] "k b t an exp]i5ce may be modifi$2 b a law giv5 9 ! intuition is immutable4 ,! fact1 asc]ta9$ _m pages back1 t ! subject & ! object are id5tical "u ! f9al exam9ation ( ! ,reason1 enables u to atta9 ! pres5t end ( ! *a94 ,! "q is "o ( fact1 & is purely psy*ological4 ,x _c be pass$ ^u1 or 9 any way int]f]$ )1 by logical processes4 ,x is only by exam9ation1 by see+1 t ! tru? c be kn[n4 ,f>aday ridicul$ z prepo/]\s ! pret5sion t a vessel propell$ by /eam c\ld cross ! ocean1 & demon/rat$1 to 8 entire satisfaction1 ! impossibility ( ! ev5t4 ,yet ! ,savannah cross$1 & laugh$ at him4 ,j s "h1 all argu+ is folly4 ,! "q is "o ( fact 9 exp]i5ce4 ,& ^u x ! s\l gives und\bt$ answ]1 z we h /at$4 ,nor is x s difficult1 z "s w\ld h u believe1 to see h[ ?is may be4 ,consci\sness is an indivisible unity1 &1 z we h be=e se51 may be/ be def9$ z ! light 9 :i* ! p]son intuits 8 own acts & activities4 ,?is unity is abid+1 & is gr\nd = ! modifications4 ,x is1 !n1 n[1 & ! p]son n[ kn[s :at ! pres5t modification is4 ,! p]son does n ne$ to look to memory & le>n :at ! =m] modification 04 ,x imm$iately kn[s :at ! modification is n[4 ,?us a simple atta9m5t ( ! psy*ological tru? ?r\gh a c>eful exam9ation dispels z a morn+ mi/ ! :ole cl\d ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s difficulties4 ,well might ,presid5t ,hopk9s say1 ,! only "q is1 :at is x t consci\sness gives8 ,if we say t x does ?us give bo? ! subject & ! object1 t simple affirmation sweeps away 9 a mom5t ! :ole basis ( ! ideal & skeptical philosophy4 ,x becomes z ! spe> ( ,i?uriel1 & its simple t\* w *ange :at seem$ :ole cont95ts ( solid speculation into m]e banks ( ,g]man fog4 ,we h le>n$1 !n1 t x is n possible1 or necess>y1 ei!r to p]ceive or conceive ! t]m9ations ( consci\sness1 because ?is involves ! discov]y1 by me*anical faculties1 ( _! own be+ & /ate be=e !y became activities on ! "o h&1 :i* is a contradiction1 & on ! o!r an utt] transc5d+ ( ! sph]e ( _! capability1 ! attempt to d :i* w\ld be a great] folly ?an w\ld be t ( ! h& to see ,jupit]4 ,b we h intuit$ ! law1 :i* decl>es ! necessity ( a beg9n+ = u & all creatures2 & we ev] live 9 ! light ( ! pres5t end4 ,:51 !n1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says t ,consci\sness implies p]petual *ange & ! p]petual e/abli%m5t ( relations betwe5 its successive phases1 we "k t he has utt]$ a fundam5tal psy*ological error1 9 fact1 t almo/ ! opposite is ! tru?4 ,consci\sness is ! p]man5t1 ! abid+1 ! *angeless4 ,x is ! light ( ! p]sonal ,eye4 ,into x all *anges come2 b !y are only incid5tal4 ,9 ! f9ite & p>tial p]son1 !y come1 because su* p]son mu/ gr[2 & s1 because ( 8 p>tiality & incomplet5ess1 !y become necess>y incid5ts2 b let !re be a ,p]son hav+ all k1 :o !re=e _c le>n1 hav+ all p]fection1 :o !re=e _c *ange1 & x is pla9 t ^! facts 9 no way int]f]e ) 8 consci\sness4 ,all v>iety is imman5t 9 its light1 & no *ange c come into x because !re is no *ange to come2 b ?is ,p]son sees all 8 end[m5ts at once1 9 ! unity ( ?is 8 light1 j z we see "s ( our end[m5ts 9 ! unity ( ?is our light4 ,! *ange is n 9 ! consci\sness1 b 9 ! objects :i* come into x4 ,?is view also disposes ( ! !ory t any m5tal affection mu/ be kn[n z l ^! =ego+ ones or unlike ^?2 t1 if x is n ?\ght ( 9 connection ) o!rs--n di/+ui%$ or id5tifi$ by comp>ison ) o!rs1 x is n recogniz$--is n a /ate ( consci\sness at all4 ,su* comp>ison we h f\nd only incid5tal 9 consci\sness1 p]ta9+ to ?+s 9 ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+ & n ess5tial4 ,?us does a true psy*ology dissipate all ^! difficulties z a true cosmology expla9$ ! p]plexities ( ,motion & ,re/4 ,take ano!r /ep & we c answ] ! "q ,:at is ?is t ?9ks8 ,x is a spiritual p]son4 ,:at1 !n1 is a spiritual p]son8 ,a sub/ance--a k9d ( =ce--! nature ( :i* we ne$ inquire ab\t no fur!r ?an to "k t x is suitable to ! use :i* is made ( x1 :i* is organiz$1 accord+ to a set ( con/itut+ laws1 into su* spiritual p]son4 ,! sub/ance )\t ! laws w\ld be simple sub/ance1 & no?+ m4 ,! laws )\t ! sub/ance w\ld be only laws1 & c\ld give no be+ hav+ no gr\nd 9 :i* to inh]e4 ,b ! sub/ance z gr\nd & ! complete set ( laws z inh]+ 9 ! gr\nd1 & be+ its organization :5 comb9$1 become a spiritual p]son :o ?9ks4 ,! ego1 t is ! s5se ( p]sonality1 is only "o ( ! =ms ( activity ( ?is be+1 & !re=e _c be said to ?9k4 ,! pages n[ be=e u are all vitiat$ by ! !ory t successive impressions & ideas con/itute consci\sness4 ,once atta9 to ! true psy*ology ( ! p]son1 & le>n t consci\sness is z /at$ above1--an abid+ light into :i* modifications come1--& !re arises no difficulty 9 believ+ 9 ! reality ( self1 & 9 entirely ju/ify+ t belief by ,reason4 ,yea1 m1 f su* a /&po9t x is utt] unreason1 ! height ( folly1 to d\bt = an in/ant1 = imman5t & c5tral 9 ! light ( ,reason lies ! solemn fact ( man's selfhood4 ,we arrive1 !n1 directly at ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s conclusion1 t ,cle>ly1 a true cognition ( self implies a /ate 9 :i* ! kn[+ & ! kn[n are "o--9 :i* subject & object are id5tifi$1 & we "k t su* a /ate is an actuality4 ,mr4 ,mansel may hold t su* an ass]tion is ! annihilation ( bo?1 b he is :olly wrong4 ,! ,savannah has cross$ ! ,atlantic4 ,we atta91 !n1 exactly ! opposite result f ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,we h se5 t ,ultimate ,sci5tific ,ideas are all pres5tative ( realities :i* c be compreh5d$4 ,we h1 inde$1 f\nd x to be true1 t1 aft] no matt] h[ great a progress 9 ! colligation ( facts & ! e/abli%m5t ( g5]alizations ev] wid] & wid]1--aft] ! m]g+ ( limit$ & d]ivative tru?s 9 tru?s t are l>g] & deep]1 has be5 c>ri$ no matt] h[ f>1--! fundam5tal tru? rema9s z mu* beyond rea* z ev]4 ,b hav+ le>n$ ?is1 we d n arrive at ! conclusion t ! explanation ( t :i* is explicable does b br+ out into great] cle>ness ! inexplicabl5ess ( t :i* rema9s beh9d4 ,on ! o!r h& we "k t su* a conclusion is errone\s1 & t ! me?od by :i* x is rea*$ is a false me?od1 & utt]ly irrelevant to ! object s\ght4 ,c\ld ?is lesson b be ?or\ghly le>n$1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s "w1 & our "w1 w\ld n h be5 9 va94 ,only by a me?od diff]+ f ?is ,,9 ,,k9d--a me?od 9 :i* !re is no colligation ( facts1 & no g5]alizations conclud$ !refrom1 b a simple1 direct insight into ,pure ,tru?--c ! fundam5tal tru? be kn[n2 & ?us x may be kn[n by e human s\l4 ,god made man 9 8 own image4 ,9 our s*eme !re is ample room = ! man ( ,sci5ce1 ) ! eye ( ,s5se1 to run ?r\gh ! ,univ]se1 & ga!r facts4 ,) telescope & microscope1 he may pursue !m1 & capture innum]able multitudes ( !m4 ,b hav+ done ?is1 we c\nt x folly to attempt to g5]alize tru? !refrom4 ,b hold+ up ! facts 9 ! cle> light ( ,reason1 & se>*+ !m ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 we see 9 !m ! immutable pr9ciple1 kn[n by a spontane\s1 imm$iate1 intuitive k to be immutable1 & ?us we "k ! tru?4 ,,! ,,relativity ,,( ,,all ,,k4 ,9 ! op5+ ( ?is *apt]1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] /ates ! result1 :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 philosophy has atta9$ z foll[s3 ,all possible conceptions h be5 "o by "o tri$ & f\nd want+2 & s ! entire field ( speculation has be5 gradually exhau/$ )\t positive result2 ! only result arriv$ at be+ ! negative "o above /at$--t ! reality exi/+ beh9d all appe>ances is1 & mu/ ev] be1 unkn[n4 ,he !n sets d[n a consid]able li/ ( names ( philosoph]s1 :o are claim$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton z support]s ( t position4 ,su* a p>ade ( names may be grateful to ! feel+s ( ! ,limiti/s1 b x is no support to _! cause4 ,! que/ions at issue are ( su* a nature t no array ( dignities1 ( le>n+1 ( pr(\nd op9ions1 c h a fea!r's weight 9 ! decision4 ,= in/ance1 take ,problem ,,xlvii1 ( ! fir/ book ( ,euclid4 ,:at weight h human op9ion ) ref]5ce to its validity8 ,?\gh a ?\s& ma!maticians %\ld d5y its tru?1 x w\ld be j z conv9c+ z n[2 & :5 a ?\s& ma!maticians ass]t its tru?1 !y add no item to ! vividness ( ! conviction4 ,! s*ool-boy1 :o nev] he>d ( "o ( !m1 :5 he fir/ reads x1 kn[s x mu/ be s1 & t ?is is an inevitable necessity1 beyond ! possibility ( any p[] or w to *ange4 ,on pr9ciples simple1 fix$1 & f9al1 j l ^? ( ma!matics1 se5 by ! same ,eye & kn[n ) ! same intellectual c]ta9ty1 & by logical processes j z pure1 conclusive1 demon/rative z ^? ( geometry1 & by su* alone1 c ! que/ions n[ be=e u be settl$4 ,b ?\gh names & op9ions h no weight 9 ! f9al decision1 ?\gh a demon/ration is dem&$ & mu/ be giv51 /ill x is int]e/+ to note ! abs5ce ( two names1 repres5tatives ( a class1 :i* mu/ ev] awak51 among ! dev\t & pure-he>t$1 att5tion & love1 & ^: tea*+s1 h[ev] unnotic$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 are a leav5 work+ 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( m51 :i* develop ) cont9ually increas+ di/9ctness ! solemn & sublime tru?1 t ! human m9d is capable ( absolute k4 ,plato1 ) s]i\s1 yea1 sad c\nt5ance1 ! butt ( je] & sc(f f ! wits & com$ians ( 8 day1 w5t ab\t tea*+ ^? :o hung ^u 8 lips1 t 9 e human s\l 7 ,ideas :i* ,god _h implant$1 & :i* 7 f9al tru?4 ,& ,jesus ,*ri/1 ) a c\nt5ance m beautifully s]i\s1 m sweetly sad1 said to ^? ,jews :i* believ$ on him1 ,if ye cont9ue 9 my ^w1 !n are ye my disciples inde$2 & ye %all "k ! tru?1 & ! tru? %all make y free4 ,x may seem to m5 :o grope ab\t 9 ! dismal cav]n ( ! animal nature--! ,s5se & ,und]/&+--wise to refuse ! light1 & reject ! tru?s ( ! ,pure ,reason & ! ,god-man1 & to call ! motley conglom]ation ( facts :i* !y ga!r1 b _c expla91 philosophy2 b no s\l :i* craves ! ,high] ,life w1 c be satisfi$ ) su* atta9m5ts4 ,x ye>ns =1 x cries aft]1 yea1 ) ceaseless it]ation x urges its supplication = ! highe/ tru?2 & x %all atta9 to x1 because ,god1 9 giv+ ! tongue to cry1 gave also ! ,eye to see4 ,! ,spiritual p]son 9 man1 made 9 ! v image ( ,god1 c nev] be satisfi$ till1 /ripp$ ( ! weight ( ! animal nature1 x sees ) its own ,eye ! ,pure ,reason1 ,god z ! ,highe/ ,tru?4 ,& to br+ x by culture1 by e possible manife/ation ( 8 wondr\s nature1 up to ?is high ,m\nt ( ,vision1 is "o object ( ,god 9 8 sy/em ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,^w--t augu/ p]sonage1 :o came =? f ,god1 & w5t to ,god1 has be5 allud$ to above4 ,x des]ves m ?an an allusion1 m ?an any notice :i* c be giv5 x "h4 ,x is a/oni%+1 ?\gh p]haps n :olly unacc\ntable1 t ! writ+s ( ! apo/les ,john & ,paul h receiv$ s little att5tion f ! metaphysicians ( ! _w1 z decl>ations ( metaphysical tru?s4 ,ev5 ! mo/ dev\t /ud5ts ( !m d n seem to h appreciat$ _! ine/imable value 9 ?is reg>d4 ,! reason = ?is und\bt$ly is1 t _! transc5d5t importance z decl>ations ( religi\s tru? has %one ) su* dazzl+ effulg5ce ^u ! eyes ( ^? :o h lov$ !m1 t ! less]1 b h>moni\sly comb9+ beams ( a true spiritual philosophy h be5 unnotic$ 9 ! glory ( ! nobl] light4 ,x w n1 !re=e1 we tru/1 be deem$ irrev]5t to say t1 lay+ aside all que/ions ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 or ( ! inspiration ( ! ,bible1 & consid]+ ! writ+s ( ,john & ,paul m]ely z human productions1 writt5 at "s "t nobody kn[s :51 & by "s m5 nobody kn[s :o1 !y are ! mo/ wond]ful revelations1 ! pr(\nde/ metaphysical treatises ! _w has ev] se54 ,9 !m ! highe/ tru?s1 ^? mo/ difficult ( atta9m5t by processes ( reflection1 are /at$ 9 simple1 cle> language1 & !y answ] exactly to ! tea*+s ( ! ,reason4 ,^u ?is1 ,presid5t ,hopk9s says3 ,! id5tity :i* we f\nd 9 ! la/ lecture betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ! con/itution ( man & ! law ( ,god1 0 n s\ght4 ,! result 0 rea*$ because ! analysis w\ld g !re4 ,i 0 myself surpris$ at ! exactness ( ! co9cid5ce4 ,nor is ?is co9cid5ce to be obs]v$ simply 9 ! /atem5t ( ! moral law4 ,9 all que/ions p]ta9+ to man's nature & /ate1 ! two w be f\nd 9 exact accord4 ,no law is affirm$ by ei!r1 b is accord$ to by ! o!r4 ,9 f9e1 :oev] wrote ! ,book mu/ h _h an accurate & exhau/ive k ( ,man1 ab\t :om he wrote4 ,)\t any ref]5ce !n to _! religi\s be>+s1 b simply z expositions ( metaphysical tru?s1 ! writ+s ( ! two au?ors nam$ des]ve our mo/ c>eful att5tion4 ,:at we seek = are laws1 f9al1 fix$ laws1 :i* are se5 by a direct intuition to be su*2 & ^! writ+s are ( great value1 because !y cultivate & assi/ ! ,reason 9 its se>* = ^! highe/ ,tru?s4 ,"o ne$ h no hesitation1 !n1 9 reject+ ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s names1 aye1 ev5 if !y 7 a ?\s& m4 ,we seek =1 & c obta91 t :i* he _c give u--a demon/ration2 :i* he _c give u because he d5ies ! v exi/5ce ( t faculty by :i* alone a demon/ration is possible4 ,z 8 empiricism is wor?less1 s is 8 rationality4 ,no d$uction f any product ( ?\ght1 or process ( ?\ght1 is 9 any way applicable to ! "q 9 h&4 ,intuitions are ! m5tal actions ne$$4 ,light is nei!r product nor process4 ,we pass ov]1 !n1 8 :ole illu/ration ( ! p>tridge4 ,x proves no?+4 ,he leads u ?r\gh an int]m9able s]ies ( que/ions to no goal2 & says !re is none4 ,he gives ! s\l a /one1 :5 x cries = bread4 ,"o s5t5ce ( 8 is d\btless true4 ,manife/ly1 z ! mo/ g5]al cognition at :i* we arrive _c be r$uc$ to a m g5]al "o1 x _c be und]/ood4 ,( c\rse n4 ,:5 ! ,und]/&+ has atta9$ to ! la/ g5]alization by ^! v t]ms1 x _c g any f>!r4 ,b by no means does 8 conclusion foll[1 t ,( necessity1 !re=e1 explanation mu/ ev5tually br+ u d[n to ! inexplicable4 ,! deepe/ tru? :i* we c get at mu/ be unacc\ntable4 ,compreh5sion mu/ become some?+ o!r ?an compreh5sion1 be=e ! ultimate fact c be compreh5d$4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ! la/ g5]alization1 & %[ ?is conclusion to be false8 ,?us4 ,hi!rto !re h be51 prop]ly speak+1 no compreh5sions1 only p]ceptions 9 ! ,s5se & connections 9 ! ,und]/&+4 ,! s5se di/+ui%es quality & conjo9s quantity2 ! und]/&+ connects ph5om5a2 ! reason compreh5ds ! :ole op]ation ( bo?4 ,! ,reason1 !n1 ov]see+ ! op]ations ( ! l[] faculties1 & possess+ )9 itself ! a priori laws 9 accordance ) :i* !y are1 sees directly & imm$iately :y !y are1 & ?us compreh5ds & acc\nts = !m4 ,x sees t !re is an end to e process ( g5]alization2 & x !n sees1 :at ! ,und]/&+ c\ld nev] guess1 t aft]--9 ! ord] ( our proc$ure--! la/ g5]alization !re is an et]nal tru?1 9 accordance ) :i* process & conclusion 7 & mu/ be4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 no inexplicable1 = ! f9al tru? is se5 & kn[n 9 its v self4 ,! passages quot$ at ?is po9t f ,hamilton & ,mansel h be5 h]et(ore exam9$1 & ne$ no fur!r notice4 ,we w pass on !n to 8 subsequ5t reflections ^u !m4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 z a g5]al criticism ^u ^! comm5ts1 t !re is sc>cely "o1 if !re is a s+le expression 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is *apt]1 :i* does n ref] to ! animal nature & its functions4 ,! illu/rations are f ! mat]ial _w1 & ! t]ms & expressions are suit$ !reto4 ,) ref]5ce to objects 9 ! ,s5se1 & connections 9 ! ,und]/&+1 ! fundam5tal condition ( ?\ght1 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] supplies1 is unque/ionably valuable4 ,!re is lik5ess z well z relation1 plurality1 & diff]5ce4 ,b obs]ve t bo? ^! laws alike are p]t95t only to ! ,s5se & ,und]/&+1 t !y belong to ?+s 9 nature1 & consequ5tly h no p]t95ce to ! que/ions n[ be=e u4 ,we are discuss+ ideas1 n ?+s2 & ^? are simple1 & c only be se51 :ile ^! are complex1 & may be p]ceiv$1 di/+ui%$1 & conceiv$4 ,if any "o %all d\bt t ,mr4 ,sp5c] is :olly occupi$ ) ?+s 9 nature1 x w\ld seem t aft] hav+ read p4 #hj1 he c\ld d\bt no long]4 ,animals1 species or g5us1 mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 or fi%es1 are objects by :i* he illu/rates 8 subject4 ,& "o is =c$ to exclaim1 ,h[ c he speak ( su* ?+s :5 !y h no?+ to d ) ! matt] 9 h&8 ,:at h ,god & inf9ity & absolut5ess to d ) 'mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 or fi%es'8 ,if we c "k only ^!1 :y speak ( ^?8 ,x w\ld seem t ! in/ant !y are ?us set toge!r & contra/$1 ! s\l mu/ cry out ) an irrepressible cry1 ,x is by an utt]ly diff]5t faculty1 & 9 entirely o!r modes1 t ,i dwell ^u ,god & ! que/ions conc]n+ him4 ,^! modes ( ! animal nature1 by :i* ,i "k 'mammals1' are diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? ( ! spiritual p]son1 by :i* ,i "k ,god & ! et]nal tru?4 ,& :5 ?is di/9ction becomes cle>ly appreciat$ & fix$ 9 "o's m9d1 & ! qu]y arises1 h[ c\ld a man s conf\nd ! two1 & make utt] confusion ( ! subject1 z ! ,limiti/s h done1 he c h>dly refra9 f quot+ ,romans ,i4 #bj et seq4 aga9/ !m4 ,let u obs]ve n[ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s coroll>y4 ,a cognition ( ! ,real z di/+ui%$ f ! ,ph5om5al mu/1 if x exi/s1 con=m to ?is law ( cognition 9 g5]al4 ,! ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,absolute1 to be kn[n at all1 mu/ be class$4 ,to be positively ?\ght (1 x mu/ be ?\ght ( z su* or su*--z ( ?is or t k9d4 ,to beg9 ) ! law :i* is "h ass]t$1 is n a g5]al law1 & s does n lie ^u all cognition4 ,x is only a special law1 & lies only ^u a p>ticul> k9d ( cognition4 ,?is has be5 already abundantly %[n2 yet we reproduce "o l9e ( pro(4 ,no ma!matical law comes "u 8 law ( cognition2 nei!r c he1 nor any o!r ,limiti/1 make x appe> t x does s come4 ,8 law is law only = ?+s 9 nature1 & n = pr9ciples4 ,s9ce !n all ideas are kn[n 9 !mselves--are self-evid5t1 & s9ce ,god1 inf9ity1 & absolut5ess are ideas1 !y are kn[n 9 !mselves1 & ne$ n be class$4 ,s 8 coroll>y falls to ! gr\nd4 ,c we h any s5sible exp]i5ce ( ,god8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly n4 ,yet we c h j z mu* a s5sible exp]i5ce ( him z ( any o!r p]son--( p>5t1 wife1 or *ild4 ,did y ev] see a p]son--a s\l8 ,no4 ,c y see--h s5sible exp]i5ce (--a s\l8 ,no4 ,:at is x1 !n1 t we h su* exp]i5ce (8 ,pla9ly ! body--t mat]ial frame ?r\gh :i* ! s\l manife/s itself4 ,! ,univ]se is t mat]ial sy/em ?r\gh :i* ,god manife/s himself to ^? spiritual p]sons :om he has made2 & t manife/ation is ! same 9 k9d z t ( a creat$ s\l ?r\gh ! body :i* is giv5 x4 ,x foll[s !n1--& n only f ?is1 b x may be %[n by fur!r illu/ration1--t e o!r p]son is j z really inscrutable to u z ,god is2 & fur!r1 t1 if we c /udy & compreh5d ! s\l ( our wife or *ild1 we c ) equal c]ta9ty /udy1 & to "s ext5t compreh5d1 ! s\l ( ,god4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 if man is only an animal nature1 hav+ a ,s5se & ,und]/&+1 all p]sonality is an insoluble my/]y2 all spiritual p]sons are alike utt]ly inscrutable4 ,& ?is is s1 because1 ^u ! hypo!sis tak51 man is de/itute ( any faculty :i* c cat* a glimpse ( su* object4 ,a ,s5se & ,und]/&+ c no m see1 or 9 any possible mann] take cognizance (1 a spiritual p]son ?an a man born bl9d c see ! sun4 ,aga91 we say he is de/itute ( ! faculty4 ,w ,mr4 ,sp5c] d5y ! fact ( ! idea ( p]sonality8 ,w he ass]t t man has no su* notion8 ,let him once admit t he has1 & 9 t admission is involv$ ! admission ( ! reality ( t faculty by :i* we "k ,god1 = ! faculty :i* cognizes p]sonality1 & cognizes ,god1 is "o & ! same4 ,al?\gh we d n l c]ta9 ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s t]ms1 yet1 to please him1 we w use !m4 ,"s conclusions1 !n1 may be express$ ?us3 ,god z ! ,deity _c be class$2 he is unique4 ,?is is involv$ 9 ! v t]ms by :i* we designate him4 ,yet we cognize him1 b ?is is by an imm$iate intuition1 9 :i* we "k him z he is 9 himself4 ,we %all see him z he is1 says ! apo/le2 & "s =eta/es ( t transc5d5t revelation are v\*saf$ u "h on e>?4 ,b ! inf9ite ,p]son1 z p]son1 mu/ be assimilat$ ) o!r p]sons4 ,yet 8 inf9ity & absolut5ess1 z su*1 _c be gr\p$4 ,& yet aga91 z qualities1 !y c be gr\p$ ) o!r qualities4 ,unque/ionably betwe5 ! ,creator1 z su*1 & ! creat$1 z su*1 !re mu/ be a di/9ction transc5d+ any ( ! di/9ctions exi/+ betwe5 diff]5t divisions ( ! creat$4 ,god z self-exi/5t diff]s 9 k9d f man z dep5d5t1 & ?is diff]5ce cont9ues irrevocable2 :ile t same ,god & t same man are alike 9 k9d z p]sons4 ,?is is true1 because all spiritual p]sons are composite be+s2 & :ile ! ess5tial elem5ts ( a spiritual p]son are common to creat$ p]sons & ! uncreat$ ,p]son1 !re are o!r *>act]i/ics1 n ess5tial to p]sonality1 :i* belong "s to ! creat$1 & "s to ! uncreat$1 & diff]5tiate !m4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ,god z p]son1 & man z p]son1 are alike4 ,yet !y are div]se 9 k9d1 & s div]se 9 k9d t x is out ( ! range ( possibility = t div]sity to be remov$4 ,h[ c ?is be expla9$8 ,evid5tly ?us4 ,!re are qualities transfus+ ! p]sonality :i* _c be int]*angeable1 & :i* con/itute ! div]sity4 ,p]sonality is =m ( be+4 ,qualities transfuse ! =m4 ,absolut5ess & inf9ity are qualities :i* belong to "o ,p]son1 & are su* t !y !reby exclude ! possibility ( _! belong+ to any o!r p]son2 & s !y con/itute t "o to :om !y belong1 unique & supreme4 ,dep5d5ce & p>tiality are also qualities ( a spiritual p]son1 b are qualities ( ! creat$ spiritual p]son1 & are su* z mu/ always subord9ate t p]son to ! o!r4 ,9 ea* in/ance x is1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 impossible = ei!r to pass ov] & become ! o!r4 ,ea* is :at he is by ! t]ms ( 8 be+1 & mu/ /ay s4 ,b f all ?is x by no means foll[s t ! dep5d5t spiritual p]son c h no k ( ! indep5d5t spiritual ,p]son4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ! high glory ( ! indep5d5t spiritual ,p]son1 t he c create ano!r be+ 9 8 own image1 to :om he c communicate a k ( himself4 ,l z a fa!r pitie? 8 *ildr51 s ,jehovah pitie? !m t fe> him4 ,out ( ! fact ( 8 ,fa!r-hood & our *ildhood1 comes t solemn1 &1 to ! lov+ s\l1 joyful fact1 t he tea*es u ! highe/ k j z really z our e>?ly p>5ts tea* u e>?ly k4 ,?is he c\ld n d if we _h n ! capacity to receive ! k2 & we c\ld n h _h ! capacity1 except he _h be5 able1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & will+ to be/[ x ^u u4 ,:ile1 !n1 ,god z ! ,uncondition$ _c be class$1 & s z uncondition$ we d n "k him z ( su* or su* k9d1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,und]/&+1 yet we may1 d1 see him z he is1 d "k t he is1 & is uncondition$1 ?r\gh ! insight ( ! ,reason1 ! eye ( ! spiritual p]son1 & :at x is to be uncondition$4 ,we n[ rea* a passage :i* has fill$ u ) unqualifi$ amazem5t4 ,z mu* z we _h famili>iz$ ourselves ) ! mat]iali/ic tea*+s ( ! ,limiti/s1 we confess t we 7 utt]ly unprep>$ to meet1 ev5 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s writ+s1 a !ory ( man s ineffably degrad+1 & utt]$ ) s calm & naive an unconsci\sness ( ! degradation x involv$1 z ! foll[+4 ,al?\gh = want ( room 8 illu/rations are omitt$1 x is believ$ t ! foll[+ extracts give a fair & ample pres5tation ( 8 doctr9e4 ,all vital actions1 consid]$ n sep>ately b 9 _! ensemble1 h = _! f9al purpose ! balanc+ ( c]ta9 out] processes by c]ta9 inn] processes4 ,!re are unceas+ ext]nal =ces1 t5d+ to br+ ! matt] ( :i* organic bodies consi/1 into t /ate ( /able equilibrium display$ by inorganic bodies2 !re are int]nal =ces by :i* ?is t5d5cy is con/antly antagoniz$2 & ! p]petual *anges :i* con/itute ,life may be reg>d$ z incid5tal to ! ma9t5ance ( ! antagonism4444 ,:5 we contemplate ! l[] k9ds ( life1 we see t ! correspond5ces ?us ma9ta9$ are direct & simple2 z 9 a plant1 ! vitality ( :i* ma9ly consi/s 9 osmotic & *emical actions respond+ to ! coexi/5ce ( light1 heat1 wat]1 & c>bonic acid ar\nd x4 ,b 9 animals1 & especially 9 ! high] ord]s ( !m1 ! correspond5ces become extremely complex4 ,mat]ials = gr[? & repair n be+1 l ^? :i* plants require1 ev]y:]e pres5t1 b be+ widely disp]s$ & "u special =ms1 h to be =m$1 to be secur$1 & to be r$uc$ to a fit /ate = assimilation4444 ,:at is t process by :i* food :5 swall[$ is r$uc$ to a fit =m = assimilation1 b a set ( me*anical & *emical actions respond+ to ! me*anical & *emical actions :i* di/+ui% ! food8 ,:5ce x becomes manife/1 t1 :ile ,life 9 its simple/ =m is ! correspond5ce ( c]ta9 inn] physico-*emical actions ) c]ta9 out] physico-*emical actions1 ea* advance to a high] =m ( ,life consi/s 9 a bett] pres]vation ( ?is prim>y correspond5ce by ! e/abli%m5t ( o!r correspond5ces4 ,dive/+ ?is conception ( all sup]fluities1 & r$uc+ x to its mo/ ab/ract %ape1 we see t ,life is def9able z ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations4 ,& :5 we s def9e x1 we discov] t ! physical & ! psy*ial life are equally compreh5d$ by ! def9ition4 ,we p]ceive t ?is1 :i* we call intellig5ce1 %[s itself :5 ! ext]nal relations to :i* ! int]nal ones are adju/$ beg9 to be num]\s1 complex1 & remote 9 "t & space2 t e advance 9 ,intellig5ce ess5tially consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( m v>i$1 m complete1 & m involv$ adju/m5ts2 & t ev5 ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce are resolvable into m5tal relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce1 s coo]d9at$ z exactly to tally ) c]ta9 relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce t occur ext]nally4444 ,& la/ly let x be not$ t :at we call tru?1 guid+ u to successful action & ! consequ5t ma9t5ance ( life1 is simply ! accurate correspond5ce ( subjective to objective relations2 :ile error1 lead+ to failure & !re=e t[>ds dea?1 is ! abs5ce ( su* accurate correspond5ce4 ,if1 !n1 ,life 9 all its manife/ations1 inclusive ( ,intellig5ce 9 its highe/ =ms1 consi/s 9 ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations1 ! necess>ily relative "* ( our k becomes obvi\s4 ,! simple/ cognition be+ ! e/abli%m5t ( "s connection betwe5 subjective /ates1 answ]+ to "s connection betwe5 objective ag5cies2 & ea* successively m complex cognition be+ ! e/abli%m5t ( "s m involv$ connection ( su* /ates1 answ]+ to "s m involv$ connection ( su* ag5cies2 x is cle> t ! process1 no matt] h[ f> x be c>ri$1 c nev] br+ )9 ! rea* ( ,intellig5ce ei!r ! /ates !mselves or ! ag5cies !mselves4 ,or1 to cond5se ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s :ole tea*+ into a few pla9 e-day words1 ,man is an animal1 & only an animal1 diff]+ n[hat f ! dog & *impanzee1 except 9 ! fact t 8 life consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( m v>i$1 m complete1 & m involv$ adju/m5ts1 ?an ! life ( said dog & *impanzee4 ,m>k p>ticul>ly ! s5t5ti\s diction ( ?is newly aris5 sage4 ,=get n "o syllable ( ! pr(\nd & mo/ important k he w\ld imp>t4 ,life 9 all its manife/ations1 inclusive ( ,intellig5ce 9 its highe/ =ms1 consi/s 9 ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations4 ,see1 !re is n a limit1 n a qualification to ! ass]tion6 ,n[ turn back a page or two1 read]1 if ?\ ha/ ?is wond]ful philosophy by !e1 & gaz+1 z into a cage 9 a m5ag]ie1 see ! be+ its au?or w\ld tea* !e t ?\ art4 ,f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ =ms1 life is "o4 ,9 its l[] =ms1 life is a set ( direct & simple correspond5ces4 ,b 9 animals1 & especially 9 ! high] ord]s ( !m1 &1 ( c\rse1 mo/ especially 9 ! human animal z ! highe/ ord]1 ! correspond5ces become extremely complex4 ,z mu* z to say1 read]1 y are n exactly a plant1 nor are y yet ( q s l[ a type z ! *impanzee a=esaid2 b ! diff]5ce is no s]i\s matt]4 ,y d n diff] half z mu* f ! *impanzee z ! *impanzee does f ! =e/ he roves 94 ,all ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 y & him is1 t ! ma*9]y by :i* ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations is c>ri$ on1 is m complex 9 y ?an 9 ! *impanzee4 ,he roams ! =e/1 inhabits "s cave or holl[ tree1 & lives on ! food :i* nature spontane\sly (f]s to 8 hairy h&4 ,y cut d[n ! =e/1 con/ruct a h\se1 & live on ! food :i* "s degree ( skill has prep>$4 ,he con/ructs no clo?+1 nor any cov]+ to %ield him f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 b is satisfi$ ) tawny1 %aggy cov]+1 :i* nature has provid$4 ,y on ! contr>y are de/itute ( su* a cov]+1 & rob ! %eep1 & kill ! silk-worm1 to supply ! lack4 ,b 9 all ?is !re is no diff]5ce 9 k9d4 ,! me*anism by :i* life is su/a9$ 9 y is m complex1 x is true1 ?an t by :i* life is su/a9$ 9 him2 !re arise1 !re=e1 l>g] ne$s1 & ! correspond+ intellig5ce to supply ^? ne$s4 ,b sweet ?\ght1 *e]+ ?\ght1 oh h[ x supports ! s\l6 ,y\r life 9 its highe/ =m is only ?is animal life1--is only ! con/ructive =ce by :i* t extremely complex ma*9]y c>ries on ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations4 ,all o!r notions ( life are sup]fluities4 ,read]1 9 view ( ! tea*+ ( ?is new & widely h]ald$ sage1 h[ _m sup]fluities mu/ y & ,i /rip (f f our conception ( life6 ,& ) :at bitt] disappo9tm5t & deep sadness %\ld we take up our lam5tation = man1 & say3 ,h[ art ?\ fall51 oh man6 ?\ noble/ d5iz5 ( e>?2 yea1 h[ art ?\ ca/ d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,b a little ago we believ$ !e a spiritual be+2 t ?\ had/ a nature too noble to rot ) ! bea/s among ! clods2 t ?\ wa/ made fit to live ) angels & ?y ,creator1 ,god4 ,b a little ago we believ$ !e possess$ ( a psy*ical life--a s\l2 t ?\ w\ld/ live =ev] beyond ! />s2 & t ?is s\l's life 0 :olly occupi$ 9 ! consid]ation ( heav5ly & div9e ?+s4 ,a little ago we believ$ 9 hol9ess1 & t ?\1 consecrat+ ?yself to pure & lov+ employm5ts1 %\ld/ become pur] & m beautiful1 nobl] & m lovely1 until p]fect love %\ld ca/ out all fe>1 & ?\ %\ld/ !n see ,god face to face1 & rejoice 9 ! sunlight ( 8 smil+ c\nt5ance4 ,b all ?is is *ang$ n[4 ,our belief has be5 f\nd to be a *eat1 a bitt] mock]y to ! s\l4 ,we h sat at ! feet ( ! ,engli% sage1 & le>n$ h[ dismally diff]5t is our de/9y4 ,pa9ful is x1 oh read]1 to li/52 & ! words ( our tea*] sweep l a sirocco ov] ! he>t2 yet we _c *oose b he>4 ,! pys*ical life--! life ( ! s\l1 ! immortal sp>k ( fire1--& ! physical life are equally def9able z ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations4 ,we _h suppos$ t intellig5ce 9 its highe/ =ms 0 :olly occupi$ ) ! contemplation ( ,god & 8 laws1 & ! great end ( be+1 & all ^? trem5d\s que/ions :i* we _h ?\ght fitt$ to occupy ! activities ( a spiritual p]son4 ,we are undeceiv$ n[4 ,we f9d we h %ot t[>ds ! pole opposite to ! tru?4 ,n[ we p]ceive t ?is :i* we call ,intellig5ce %[s itself :5 ! ext]nal relations to :i* ! int]nal ones are adju/$ beg9 to be num]\s1 complex1 & remote 9 "t or space2 t e advance 9 ,intellig5ce ess5tially consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( m v>i$1 m complete1 & m involv$ adju/m5ts2 & t ev5 ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce are resolvable into m5tal relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce1 s coo]d9at$ z exactly to tally ) c]ta9 relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce t occur ext]nally4 ,9 su* relations consi/s ! life ( ! cat]pill>4 ,9 su* relations1 only a little m complex1 consi/s ! life ( ! sp>r[4 ,su* relations only does ! f[l] obs]ve2 su* only does ! *emi/ "k4 ,?is is ! pa? by :i* we are l$ to ! la/1 ! highe/ tru? :i* man c atta94 ,?us d we le>n t :at we call tru?1 guid+ u to successful action1 & ! consequ5t ma9t5ance ( life1 is simply ! accurate correspond5ce ( subjective to objective relations2 :ile error1 lead+ to failure & !re=e t[>ds dea?1 is ! abs5ce ( su* accurate correspond5ce4 ,:at a noble life1 oh1 read]1 :at an exalt$ de/9y ?9e is "h decl>$ to be6 ,! l>ge/ ef=t ( ?9e intellig5ce1 ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( sci5ce1 yea1 ! total object ( ! life ( ?y s\l1--?y psy*ial life1--is to atta9 su* exce$+ skill 9 ! con/ruction ( a %elt]1 9 ! fitt+ ( app>el1 9 ! prep>ation ( food1 9 a ^w1 9 secur+ ! accurate correspond5ce ( subjective to objective relations1 & ?us 9 atta9+ ! tru? :i* %all guide u to successful action & ! consequ5t ma9t5ance ( life1 t we %all secure =ev] our animal exi/5ce on e>?4 ,/udy pati5tly ?y lesson1 oh human animal6 ,con x o'er & o'er4 ,:o kn[s b ?\ maye/ yet atta9 to ?is acme ( ! p]fection ( ?y nature1 ?\gh x be f> bel[ :at ?\ had/ once fondly expect$1--maye/ atta9 a p]fect k ( ! tru?1 & a p]fect skill 9 ! application ( t tru?1 i4 e4 9 ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations2 & s be guid$ to successful action1 & ! consequ5t ma9t5ance ( life1 :]eby ?\ %alt elude =ev] t m]ciless hunt] :o pursues !e1--! grim man-/alk]1 ! skeleton ,dea?4 ,b :5 b5d+ all ?y en]gies1 yea1 all ! p[]s ( ?y s\l1 to ?is task1 ?\ maye/ recur at "s un=tunate mom5t to ! dreams & aspirations :i* h hi!rto la9 l gold5 sunlight on ?y pa?way4 ,let no va9 regret = :at seem$ ?y nobl] de/9y ev] sadd5 ?y day1 or deep5 ! d>kness ( ?y night4 ,true1 ?\ did/ deem ?yself capable ( some?+ high] ?an ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations2 did/ (t5 occupy ?yself ) contemplat+ ^? ?+s :i* eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d2 did/ deem ?yself a son ( ,god1 & a jo9t-heir ) ,jesus ,*ri/1 ( ?+s incorruptible & undefil$1 & :i* fade n away1 et]nal 9 ! heav5s2 did/ sometimes seem to see1 ) fai?'s triumphant gaze1 ^? glori\s sc5es :i* ?\ w\ld/ trav]se :5 9 ! _s-l& ?\ %\ld/ lead a pure spiritual life ) o!r spirits1 :]e all e>?l9ess _h be5 /ripp$ (f1 all te>s _h be5 wip$ away1 & p]fect hol9ess 0 ?9e ?r\gh all et]nity4 ,b all ^! visions 7 only dreams2 !y :olly delud$ !e4 ,we h le>n$ f ! lips ( ?is late/ ,engli% sage t ?y god is ?y belly1 & t ?\ mu/ m9d e>?ly ?+s1 s z to keep up ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations4 ,su* be+ ?y lot1 & to fulfil su* a lot be+ ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( sci5ce1 p]mit n ?yself to be di/urb$ by ^? old-fa%ion$ & sometimes tr\blesome notions t tru? & ^? a*ievem5ts p]ta9$ to a spiritual p]son 9 spiritual relations to ,god z ! moral ,gov]nor ( ! ,univ]se2 t man 0 b\nd to "k ! tru? & obey x2 t 8 errors 7 violations ( p]fect law1--! tru? he knew1--7 crimes aga9/ ,him :o is ( too pure eyes to behold iniquity1 & _c look ^u s9 ) ! lea/ degree ( all[ance2 t = ^! crimes !re imp5d$ a j p5alty--an appall+ puni%m5t2 & t ! only real failure 0 ! failure to rep5t ( & =sake ! crimes1 & ?us escape ! p5alty4 ,f> o!r is ! fact1 z ?\ wilt le>n f ?is wise man's book4 ,z he tea*es u1 ! only error we c make1 is1 to miss 9 ma9ta9+ p]fectly ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations1--is to eat too mu* roa/ beef & plum-pudd+ at d9n]1 or to we> too scanty or too ?ick clo?+1 or to expose "o's self imprud5tly 9 a /orm1 or by "s o!r c>elessness :i* may produce ! abs5ce ( su* accurate correspond5ce z %all secure un5d+ life1 & s lead to 8 only failure--! advance t[>ds dea?4 ,:51 !n1 oh read]6 by "s un=tunate mis*ance1 "s error into :i* ?9e ignorance ha? l$ !e1 ?\ ha/ r5d]$ ?y failure inevitable1 & art surely desc5d+ t[>ds dea?1 hesitate n to s+ ) he$less hil>ity ! old ,epicurean song1 ,let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die4 ,s+ & be gay ,! livelong day1 ,?9k+ no :it ( to-morr[4 ,enjoy :ile y may ,all pleasure & play1 ,= aft] dea? is no sorr[4 ,?\ ha/ committ$ ?9e only error 9 n ma9ta9+ ! accurate correspond5ce2 ?\ ha/ fall5 ^u ?9e only failure1 ! inevitable advance t[>ds dea?4 ,?an dea? no great] evil c befall !e1 & t is already sure4 ,!n let dance & song1 & wom5 & w9e1 be/[ "s snat*es ( pleasure ^u ?y fleet+ days4 ,delightful philosophy1 is x n1 read]8 ,poor un=tunate man1 & especially poor1 befool$1 *eat$1 hopeless ,*ri/ian man1 :o has ^! _m ye>s *]i%$ ^? va91 deceitful dreams ( :i* we spoke a little ago6 ,to be br\ght d[n f su* l(ty aspirations2 to be made to "k t he is only an animal2 t ,life 9 all its manife/ations1 inclusive ( ,intellig5ce 9 its highe/ =ms1 consi/s 9 ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations4 ,d y n jo9 ) me 9 pity+ him8 ,& su* is ! philosophy :i* is h]ald$ to u f ov] ! sea z ! newly f\nd & wond]ful tru?1 :i* is to satisfy ! hung]+ s\l ( man & /ill its p]si/5t cry = bread4 ,& ?is is ! tea*]1 mock+ t pa9ful cry ) su* *aff1 :om newspap] aft] newspap]1 & p]iodical aft] p]iodical on ?is side ! wat]1 ev5 to ^? we love be/ & *]i% mo/1 h pron\nc$ "o ( ! pr(\nde/ essayi/s ( ! day4 ,p]haps he c give u "s sage rem>ks ^u laught]1 z x is obs]v$ 9 ! human animal1 & on t po9t comp>e !re) o!r animals4 ,b1 speak+ 9 all s9c]ity aft] ! mann] ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 we c b say1 ,f all su* philosoph]s & philosophies1 good ,"l deliv] u4 ,few1 p]haps none ( our read]s1 w desire to see a d5ial 9 t]ms ( su* a !ory4 ,:5 a man1 aspir+ to be a philosoph]1 advances ! doctr9e t n only is ,life 9 its simple/ =m--! animal life--! correspond5ce ( c]ta9 inn] physico-*emical actions ) c]ta9 out] physico-*emical actions1 b t ea* advance to a high] =m ( ,life consi/s 9 a bett] pres]vation ( ?is prim>y correspond5ce2 & :51 proce$+ fur!r1 & to be explicit1 he ass]ts t n only ! physical1 b also ! psy*ical life are equally b ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations2 & :51 /ill fur!r to insult man1 & to utt] 8 insult 9 ! mo/ positive1 extreme1 & unmi/akable t]ms1 he ass]ts t ev5 ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce are resolvable into m5tal relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce1 s coo]d9at$ z exactly to tally ) c]ta9 relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce t occur ext]nally1--t is1 t ! highe/ sci5ce is ! atta9m5t ( a p]fect cuis9e2 9 a ^w1 :5 a human be+ 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury (f]s to 8 fell[s z ! l(tie/ atta9m5t ( philosophy ! t5et t ! highe/ =m ( life cognizable by man is an animal life1 & t man c h no o!r k ( himself ?an z an animal1 ( a little high] grade1 x is true1 ?an o!r animals1 b n diff]5t 9 k9d1 !n ! heal?y s\l1 :5 su* a doctr9e is pres5t$ to x1 w reject x z in/antane\sly z a heal?y /oma* rejects a roll ( tobacco4 ,) :at a s5se ( relief does "o turn f a sy/em ( philosophy :i*1 :5 /ripp$ ( its g>b ( well-*os5 words & l>ge s\nd+1 plausible phrases1 appe>s 9 su* vile %ape & hide\s proportions1 to ! tea*+s ( t pure & noble in/ructor ( our y\?1 t man :o1 by 8 g5tle1 b5ignant mi51 s beautifully illu/rates ! _s & life ( ! ,apo/le ,john1--,rev4 ,m>k ,hopk9s1 ,d4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ,williams ,college4 ,no "o :o has read 8 ,lectures on ,moral ,sci5ce1 & no lov] ( tru? %\ld fail to d s1 w desire an apology = ins]t+ ! foll[+ extract1 :]e9 is pres5t$ a !ory ^u :i* ! s\l ( man c re/1 z at home ! soldi] re/s1 :o has j be5 releas$ f ! ,libby or ,salisbury *>nel-h\se4 ,& "h1 aga91 we h ?ree great =ces ) _! products4 ,^! are ! vegetable1 ! animal1 & ! rational life4 ,( ^!1 vegetable life is ! l[e/4 ,its products are z /rictly conditional = animal life z *emical aff9ity is = vegetable1 = ! animal is n\ri%$ by no?+ t has n be5 previ\sly elaborat$ by ! vegetable4 ',! pr(it ( ! e>? is = all2 ! k+ himself is s]v$ by ! field4' ,aga91 we h ! animal & s5sitive life1 capable ( enjoym5t & suff]+1 & hav+ ! in/9cts necess>y to its pres]vation4 ,?is1 z man is n[ con/itut$1 is conditional = 8 rational life4 ,! rational has its roots 9 t1 & manife/s itself only ?r\gh ! organization :i* t builds up4 ,we h1 !n1 f9ally & highe/ ( all1 ?is rational & moral life1 by :i* man is made 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,9 man1 z ?us con/itut$1 we fir/ f9d a be+ :o is capable ( *oos+ 8 own end1 or1 r1 ( *oos+ or reject+ ! end indicat$ by 8 :ole nature4 ,?is is moral fre$om1 & 9 ?is is ! precise po9t ( transition f all t is bel[ to t :i* is highe/4 ,= ev]y?+ bel[ man ! end is necessitat$4 ,:atev] *oice !re may be 9 ! ag5cy ( animals ( means = ! atta9m5t ( _! end1--& !y h "o some:at wide1--!y h none 9 respect to ! end itself4 ,?is1 = our purpose1 & = all purposes1 is ! *>act]i/ic di/9ction1 s long s\ght1 betwe5 man & ! brute4 ,man det]m9es 8 own end2 ! end ( ! brute is necessitat$4 ,up to man ev]y?+ is driv5 to its end by a =ce work+ f )\t or f beh9d2 b = him ! pill> ( cl\d & ( fire puts itself 9 front1 & he foll[s x or n1 z he *ooses4 ,9 ! above cases x w be se5 t ! process is "o ( ! addition ( new =ces1 ) a con/ant limitation ( ! field )9 :i* ! =ces act4444 ,x is to be notic$1 h[ev]1 t :ile ! field ( ea* add$ & sup]ior =ce is n>r[$1 yet no?+ is dropp$4 ,ea* l[] =ce %oots ?r\gh1 & comb9es itself ) all t is high]4 ,because he is rational1 man is n ! less subject to gravitation & cohesion & *emical aff9ity4 ,he has also ! organic life t belongs to ! animal4 ,9 him none ( ^! are dropp$2 b ! rational life is unit$ ) & sup]9duc$ ^u all ^!1 s t man is n only a microcosm1 b is ! natural head & rul] ( ! _w4 ,he p>takes ( all t is bel[ him1 & becomes man by ! addition ( some?+ high]4444 ,"h1 !n1 is our model & law4 ,h we a l[] s5sitive & animal nature8 ,let t nature be *]i%$ & exp&$ by all its innoc5t & legitimate enjoym5ts1 = x is an end4 ,b--& "h we f9d ! limit--let x be *]i%$ only z subs]vi5t to ! high] intellectual life1 = x is also a means4 ,! italics are ours4 ,satisfactory1 true1 & self-su/a9$ z is ?is !ory1--& x is "o :i* l a granite ,go?ic spire lifts itself high & calm into ! atmosph]e1 /&+ firm & immovable 9 its own cle> & self-evid5t tru?1 un%ak5 by a ?\s& assault+ mat]iali/ic /orms1--we w\ld buttress x ) ! utt]ances ( o!r ( ! e>?'s noble ones2 & ?is we d n because x is 9 any degree ne$ful1 b because our m9d loves to l+] r\nd ! !me1 & to ga!r ! concurr5t ?\ght ( v>i\s r>ely end[$ m9ds ^u ?is subject4 ,exactly 9 po9t is ! foll[+--"o ( _m passages :i* might be select$ f ! works ( t pr(\nde/ ( ,engli% metaphysicians & !ologians1 ,s4 ,t4 ,col]idge3-- ,& "h let me obs]ve t ! difficulty & delicacy ( ?is inve/igation are greatly increas$ by our n consid]+ ! und]/&+ 7ev5 our own7 9 itself1 & z x w\ld be 7 x n accompani$ ) & modifi$ by ! cooep]ation ( ! w1 ! moral feel+1 & t faculty1 p]haps be/ di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,reason1 ( det]m9+ t :i* is univ]sal & necess>y1 ( fix+ laws & pr9ciples :e!r speculative or practical1 & ( contemplat+ a f9al purpose or end4 ,?is intellig5t w--hav+ a self-consci\s purpose1 "u ! guidance & light ( ! reason1 by :i* its acts are made to be> z a :ole ^u "s end 9 & = itself1 & to :i* ! und]/&+ is subs]vi5t z an organ or ! faculty ( select+ & appropriat+ ! means--seems be/ to acc\nt = t progressiv5ess ( ! human race1 :i* s evid5tly m>ks an insurm\ntable di/9ction & impassable b>ri] betwe5 man & ! inf]ior animals1 b :i* w\ld be inexplicable1 7 !re no o!r diff]5ce ?an 9 ! degree ( _! intellectual faculties4--,works1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cga4 ,! italics are ours4 ,! att5tion ( ! read] may ) pr(it be also direct$ to ! words ( ano!r metaphysician1 :o has be5 mu* long] kn[n1 & has enjoy$ a wid] fame ?an ei!r ( ^? j m5tion$2 & ^: tea*+s1 h[ev] little weight !y may seem to h ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 h be5 ^! _m ye>s1 & /ill are receiv$ & /udi$ ) pr(\nd respect & lov+ c>efulness by multitudes ( p]sons4 ,we ref] to ! apo/le ,paul1 ,!re is1 !re=e1 n[ no condemnation to ^? :o are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 :o walk n aft] ! fle%1 b aft] ! _s4 ,t is1 :o d n walk aft] ! law ( ! animal nature1 b :o d walk aft] ! law ( ! spiritual p]son1 = x is ( ?is great psy*ological di/9ction t ! apo/le s fully & cont9ually speaks4 ,= !y t are aft] ! fle% d m9d ! ?+s ( ! fle%2 b !y t are aft] ! _s1 ! ?+s ( ! _s4 ,= ! m9d+ ( ! fle% is dea?1 b ! m9d+ ( ! _s is life & peace2 because ! m9d+ ( ! fle% z enmity aga9/ ,god1 = x is n subject to ! law ( ,god1 nei!r inde$ c be4 ,romans ,,viii4 #a1 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,?is ,i say1 !n1 ,walk 9 ! _s & fulfil n ! lu/ ( ! fle%4 ,= ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! _s1 & ! _s aga9/ ! fle%3 & ^! are contr>y ! "o to ! o!r4--,galatians ,v4 #af1 #ag4 ,^u ^! passages x %\ld be rem>k$1 by way ( explanation1 t our translators 9 writ+ ! ^w _s ) a capital1 & ?us intimat+ t x is ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god :i* is meant1 h l$ _! read]s a/ray4 ,! apo/le's repeat$ use ( t t]m1 9 contra/+ ! fle% ) ! _s1 appe>s decisive ( ! fact t he is contra/+1 9 all su* passages1 ! animal nature ) ! spiritual p]son4 ,b if any "o is />tl$ by ?is position & ?9ks to reject x1 let him be> 9 m9d t ! law ( ! spiritual p]son 9 man & ( ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god is id5tical4 ,! read] w h>dly desire f u :at 8 own m9d w h already accompli%$--! con/ruction 9 our own t]ms1 & ! contra/+ ( ! sy/em above embodi$ ) t pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,! human be+1 ,man1 is a tw(old be+1 fle% & _s1 an animal nature & a spiritual p]son4 ,9 ! animal nature are ! ,s5se & ! ,und]/&+4 ,9 ! spiritual p]son are ! ,reason1 ! spiritual ,s5sibilities1 & ! ,w4 ,! animal nature is common to man & ! brutes4 ,! spiritual p]son is common to man & ,god4 ,x is manife/1 !n1 t !re is an insurm\ntable di/9ction & impassable b>ri] n only betwe5 man & ! inf]ior animals1 b betwe5 man z spiritual p]son1 & man z animal nature1 & t ?is is a great] di/9ction ?an any o!r 9 ! ,univ]se1 except t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creat$4 ,:at relation1 !n1 d ^! s widely div]se natures be> to ea* o!r8 ,evid5tly t :i* ,presid5t ,hopk9s has assign$4 ,because he is rational1 man is n ! less subject to gravitation & cohesion & *emical aff9ity4 ,he has also ! organic life t belongs to ! plant1 & ! s5sitive & in/9ctive life t belongs to ! animal4 ,?us f> 8 life is ! correspond5ce ( c]ta9 inn] physico-*emical actions ) c]ta9 out] physico-*emical actions1--und\bt$ly consi/s 9 ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations2 & be+ ! highe/ ord] ( animal1 8 life consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( m v>i$1 m complete1 & m involv$ adju/m5ts ?an t ( any o!r animal4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is life =8 ,?is1 z man is n[ con/itut$1 is conditional = 8 rational life4 ,! rational life is unit$ ) & sup]9duc$ ^u all ^!4 ,z ,god made man1 & 9 ! natural ord]1 ! fle%1 ! animal life1 is :olly subord9ate to ! _s1 ! spiritual life4 ,& ! _s1 or spiritual p]son ( :i* ,paul writes s mu*1--does ?is also1 ?is ,intellig5ce 9 its highe/ =m1 consi/ 9 ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations8 ,are ! words ( ! apo/le a *eat1 a lie1 :5 he says1 ,= if ye live aft] ! fle%1 ye %all die2 b if ye ?r\gh ! _s--i4 e4 by liv+ ) ! help ( ! ,holy ,_s1 9 accordance ) ! law ( ! spiritual p]son--d mortify ! de$s ( ! body1 ye %all live8 ,& are ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s words1 9 :i* he tea*es exactly ! opposite doctr9e1 true8 :]e9 he says3 ,& la/ly let x be not$ t :at we call tru?1 c41 7see ante1 p4 #afh17 :]e9 he tea*es t if ye live aft] ! fle%1 if y are guid$ by tru?1 if y are able p]fectly to ma9ta9 ! accurate correspond5ce ( subjective to objective relations1 ye %all n surely die1 y w atta9 to :at is successful action1 ! pres]vation ( life1 ( ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations1 ( ! animal life1 & ?us y\r bodies w live =ev]--! highe/ good = man2 b if y mortify ! de$s ( ! body1 if y pay little he$ to ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations1 y w meet ) error1 lead+ to failure & !re=e t[>ds dea?1--! dea? ( ! body1 ! highe/ evil :i* c befall man1--& s ye %all n live4 ,proce$+ 9 ! direction already tak51 we f9d t 9 8 normal condition ! spiritual p]son w\ld n be *iefly1 mu* less exclusively1 occupi$ ) att5d+ to ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations1 b w\ld only reg>d ^! 9 s f> z is necess>y to pres]ve ! body z ! gr\nd ?r\gh :i*1 9 accordance ) ! pres5t disp5sation ( ,god's provid5ce1 t p]son may ex]t himself & employ 8 en]gies ^u ^? objects :i* belong to 8 peculi> sph]e1 ev5 ! laws & duties ( spiritual be+s4 ,! p]son w\ld inde$ employ 8 sup]ior faculties to assi/ ! l[] nature 9 ! pres]vation ( its animal life1 b ?is only z a means4 ,god has orda9$ t ?r\gh ?is means t p]son %all develop & manife/ himself2 yet ! life1 cont9uance 9 be+1 ( ! s\l1 is 9 no way dep5d5t on ?is means4 ,/rip away ! :ole animal nature1 take f man 8 body1 8 ,s5se & ,und]/&+1 leave him--z he w\ld !n be--) no possible m$ium ( communication ) ! ,univ]se1 & he1 ! ,i am1 ! spiritual p]son1 w\ld rema9 intact1 z active z ev]4 ,he w\ld h lo/ none ( 8 capacity to see laws & appreciate _! =ce2 he w\ld feel ! b9d+ness ( obligation j z be=e2 & f9ally1 he w\ld be j z able z 9 ! e>li] /ate to make a *oice ( an ultimate end1 ?\gh he w\ld be unable to make a s+le motion t[>ds putt+ t *oice into effect4 ,! spiritual p]son1 !n1 be+ su* t he has 9 himself no elem5t ( decomposition1 has no ne$1 = ! pres]vation ( 8 own exi/5ce1 to be cont9ually occupi$ ) ef=ts to ma9ta9 ! accurate correspond5ce ( subjective to objective relations4 ,yet activity is 8 law1 &1 moreov]1 an activity hav+ objects :i* accord ) ?is 8 inde/ructible nature4 ,) :at !n w su* a be+ naturally occupy himself8 ,!re is = him no dang] ( decay4 ,he possesses )9 himself ! laws & ideals ( 8 action4 ,z su*1 & creat$1 he is ne> ( k9 to t augu/ ,be+ 9 :oso image he 0 creat$4 ,8 laws are ! creat$ p]son's laws4 ,! end ( ! ,creator %\ld be t also ( ! creat$4 ,b ,god is inf9ite1 :ile ! s\l />ts a babe1 an undevelop$ g]m1 & mu/ beg9 to le>n at ! alphabet ( k4 ,:at nobl]1 :at m sublime & satisfactory occupation c\ld ?is be+1 end[$ ) ! faculties ( a ,god1 f9d1 ?an to employ all 8 p[] 9 ! contemplation ( ! et]nal laws ( ! ,univ]se1 i4 e4 to ! acquisition ( an intimate acqua9tance ) himself & ,god2 & to b5d all 8 en]gies to ! realization by 8 own ef=ts ( t "p 9 ! ,univ]se :i* ,god _h assign$ him1 i4 e41 to accord 8 w entirely ) ,god's w4 ,?is c\rse ( life1 a spiritual p]son /&+ 9 8 normal relation to an animal nature1 w\ld pursue z spontane\sly z if x 7 ! law ( 8 be+4 ,b ?is :i* we h portray$ is n ! c\rse :i* human be+s d pursue4 ,by no means4 ,"o great evil1 at lea/1 t ! ,fall br\ght ^u ! race ( man1 is1 t human be+s are born into ! _w ) ! spiritual p]son all subm]g$ by ! animal nature2 or1 to use ,paul's figure1 ! _s is enslav$ by ! fle%2 & su* is ! ext5t ( ?is t _m1 p]haps mo/1 m5 are born & gr[ up & die1 & nev] "k t !y h any s\ls2 & f9ally !re arise1 z !re h aris5 ?r\gh all ! ages1 j su* philosoph]s z ,sir ,william ,hamilton & ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 :o 9 sub/ance d5y t m5 are spiritual p]sons at all1 :o say t ! highe/ k is a g5]alization 9 ! ,und]/&+1 a =m ( a k common to man & ! brutes1 & t ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce are resolvable into m5tal relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce1 s coo]d9at$ z exactly to tally ) c]ta9 relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce t occur ext]nally4 ,x is ?is evil1 organic 9 man1 t ,paul portrays s vividly2 & x is aga9/ m5 :o tea* su* doctr9es t he ?und]s 8 mal$ictions4 ,we h spok5 above ( ! spiritual p]son z div]se f1 sup]ior to1 & sup]9duc$ ^u1 ! animal nature4 ,?is is 8 position 9 ! logical ord]4 ,we h also spok5 ( him z subm]g$ "u ! animal nature1 z enslav$ to ! fle%4 ,by su* figures d we /rive to express ! awfully degrad$ condition 9 :i* e human be+ is born into ! _w4 ,& m>k1 ?is is simply a natural degradation4 ,let u !n1 z philosoph]s1 c>ry our exam9ation "o /ep f>!r & ask3 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s :at w\ld be ! fitt+ occupation ( ! spiritual p]son4 ,is x t cont9u\s adju/m5t8 ,he turns f x ) loa?+4 ,already he has s]v$ ! fle% a long & griev\s bondage4 ,manife/ly1 !n1 he %\ld /ruggle ) all 8 might to rega9 8 normal condition to become naturally good z well z morally good1--he %\ld fill 8 s\l ) ?\ghts ( ,god1 & !n he %\ld make e rational ex]tion to induce o!rs to foll[ 9 8 foot/eps4 ,we atta91 !n1 a f> diff]5t result f ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce = u1 our tru?1 guid+ u to successful action1 is t pure a priori tru?1 ! et]nal law ( ,god :i* is writt5 9 u1 & giv5 to u = our guidance to :at is truly successful action1--! accordance ( our wills ) ! w ( ,god4 ,:at we n[ rea*1 & :at yet rema9s to be consid]$ ( ?is *apt]1 is t passage 9 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] en\nces1 z he believes1 a new pr9ciple ( philosophy1 a pr9ciple :i* w symmetrize & complete ! ,hamiltonian sy/em1 & ?us e/abli% x z ! true & f9al sci5ce = mank9d4 ,s9ce we d n view ?is pr9ciple 9 ! same light ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 & especially s9ce x is our int5tion to turn x ^u :at he has h]et(ore writt51 & demoli% t ) x1 !re might arise a feel+ 9 _m m9ds t ! :ole passage %\ld be quot$1 t !re might be no d\bt z to 8 mean+4 ,?is we %\ld will+ly d1 did our space p]mit4 ,yet x seems n 9 ! lea/ necess>y4 ,t "p ( ! passage :i* conta9s ! gi/ ( ! subject1 foll[$ by a c&id epitome ( 8 argum5ts & illu/rations1 w\ld appe> to be ample = a fair & suffici5tly full pres5tation ( 8 !ory1 & = a basis ^u :i* we might safely build our criticism4 ,^! !n w be giv54 ,!re /ill rema9s ! f9al "q--,:at mu/ we say conc]n+ t :i* transc5ds k8 ,are we to re/ :olly 9 ! consci\sness ( ph5om5a8 ,is ! result ( inquiry to exclude utt]ly f our m9ds ev]y?+ b ! relative2 or mu/ we also believe 9 some?+ beyond ! relative8 ,! answ] ( pure logic is held to be1 t by ! limits ( our intellig5ce we are rigor\sly conf9$ )9 ! relative2 & t any?+ transc5d+ ! relative c be ?\ght ( only z a pure negation1 or z a non-exi/5ce4 ',! absolute is conceiv$ m]ely by a negation ( conceivability1' writes ,sir ,william ,hamilton4 ',! ,absolute & ! ,inf9ite1' says ,mr4 ,mansel1 'are ?us1 l ! ,inconceivable & ! ,imp]ceptible1 names indicat+1 n an object ( ?\ght or ( consci\sness at all1 b ! m]e abs5ce ( ! conditions "u :i* consci\sness is possible4' ,f ea* ( :i* extracts may be d$uc$ ! conclusion1 t1 s9ce reason _c w>rant u 9 affirm+ ! positive exi/5ce ( :at is cognizable only z a negation1 we _c rationally affirm ! positive exi/5ce ( any?+ beyond ph5om5a4 ,unavoidable z ?is conclusion seems1 x involves1 ,i ?9k1 a grave error4 ,if ! premiss be grant$1 ! inf]5ce mu/ d\btless be admitt$2 b ! premiss1 9 ! =m pres5t$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton & ,mr4 ,mansel1 is n /rictly true4 ,?\gh1 9 ! =ego+ pages1 ! argum5ts us$ by ^! writ]s to %[ t ! ,absolute is unkn[able1 h be5 approv+ly quot$2 & ?\gh ^! argum5ts h be5 en=c$ by o!rs equally ?or\ghgo+1 yet !re rema9s to be /at$ a qualification1 :i* saves u f t scepticism o!rwise necessitat$4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t s long z we conf9e ourselves to ! purely logical aspect ( ! "q1 ! propositions quot$ above mu/ be accept$ 9 _! entirety2 b :5 we contemplate its m g5]al1 or psy*ological aspect1 we f9d t ^! propositions are imp]fect /atem5ts ( ! tru?2 omitt+1 or r exclud+1 z !y d1 an all-important fact4 ,to speak specifically3--,besides t def9ite consci\sness ( :i* ,logic =mulates ! laws1 !re is also an indef9ite consci\sness :i* _c be =mulat$4 ,besides complete ?\ghts1 & besides ! ?\ghts :i*1 ?\gh incomplete1 admit ( completion1 !re are ?\ghts :i* x is impossible to complete1 & yet :i* are /ill real1 9 ! s5se t !y are normal affections ( ! intellect4 ,obs]ve 9 ! fir/ place1 t e "o ( ! argum5ts by :i* ! relativity ( our k is demon/rat$1 di/9ctly po/ulates ! positive exi/5ce ( some?+ beyond ! relative4 ,to say t we _c "k ! ,absolute1 is1 by implication1 to affirm t !re is an ,absolute4 ,9 ! v d5ial ( our p[] to le>n :at ! ,absolute is1 !re lies hidd5 ! assumption t x is2 & ! mak+ ( ?is assumption proves t ! ,absolute has be5 pres5t to ! m9d1 n z a no?+ b z a some?+4 ,simil>ly ) e /ep 9 ! reason+ by :i* ?is doctr9e is upheld4 ,! ,n\m5on1 ev]y:]e nam$ z ! anti!sis ( ! ,ph5om5on1 is ?r\gh\t necess>ily ?\ght ( z an actuality4 ,x is rigor\sly impossible to conceive t our k is a k ( ,appe>ances only1 )\t at ! same "t conceiv+ a ,reality ( :i* !y are appe>ances2 = appe>ance )\t reality is un?9kable4 ,aft] c>ry+ on ?is tra9 ( argum5t a little fur!r1 he rea*es ?is j & decisive result4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! v demon/ration t a def9ite consci\sness ( ! ,absolute is impossible to u1 unavoidably presupposes an indef9ite consci\sness ( x4 ,c>ry+ ! argum5t fur!r1 he says3 ,p]haps ! be/ way ( %[+ t1 by ! necess>y conditions ( ?\ght1 we are oblig$ to =m a positive ?\gh vague consci\sness ( ?is :i* transc5ds di/9ct consci\sness1 is to analyze our conception ( ! anti!sis betwe5 ,relative & ,absolute4 ,he foll[s ! pres5tation ( c]ta9 ant9omies ( ?\ght ) an extract f ,sir ,william ,hamilton's words1 9 :i* ! logician en\nces 8 doctr9e t 9 correlatives ! positive alone is real1 ! negative is only an ab/raction ( ! o!r2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! "o gives a sub/ance ( "s k9d 9 ! m9d1 ! o!r gives simply no?+ness1 void1 absolute negation4 ,criticiz+ ?is1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is unque/ionably "r 9 say+3 ,n[ ! ass]tion t ( su* contradictories '! negative is only an ab/raction ( ! o!r'--'is no?+ else ?an its negation'--is n true4 ,9 su* correlatives z ,equal & ,unequal1 x is obvi\s en\gh t ! negative concept conta9s some?+ besides ! negation ( ! positive "o2 = ! ?+s ( :i* equality is d5i$ are n aboli%$ f consci\sness by ! d5ial4 ,& ! fact ov]look$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton is1 t ! l holds1 ev5 ) ^? correlatives ( :i* ! negative is inconceivable1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,proce$+ ) 8 argum5t1 he e/abli%es1 by ample illu/ration1 ! fact t a some?+ con/itutes our consci\sness ( ! ,non-relative or ,absolute4 ,he aft]w>ds %[s pla9ly by quotations1 t bo? ,sir ,william ,hamilton & ,mr4 ,mansel d1 9 c]ta9 places1 di/9ctly imply t our consci\sness ( ! ,absolute1 indef9ite ?\gh x is1 is positive n negative4 ,fur!r on he argues ?us3 ,?\gh ,philosophy condemns successively ea* attempt$ conception ( ! ,absolute2 ?\gh x proves to u t ! ,absolute is n ?is1 nor t1 nor t2 ?\gh 9 ob$i5ce to x we negative1 "o aft] ano!r1 ea* idea z x arises2 yet z we _c expel ! entire cont5ts ( consci\sness1 !re ev] rema9s beh9d an elem5t :i* passes into new %apes4 ,! cont9ual negation ( ea* p>ticul> =m & limit simply results 9 ! m or less complete ab/raction ( all =ms & limits1 & s ends 9 an indef9ite consci\sness ( ! un=m$ & unlimit$4 ,?us he br+s u to ! ultimate difficulty--,h[ c !re possibly be con/itut$ a consci\sness ( ! un=m$ & unlimit$1 :51 by its v nature1 consci\sness is possible only "u =ms & limits8 ,?is he acc\nts = by by hypo/atiz+ a raw mat]ial 9 consci\sness :i* is1 mu/ be1 pres5t4 ,he pres5ts 8 conclusion z foll[s3 ,by its v nature1 !re=e1 ?is ultimate m5tal elem5t is at once necess>ily indef9ite & necess>ily inde/ructible4 ,our consci\sness ( ! uncondition$ be+ lit]ally ! uncondition$ consci\sness1 or raw mat]ial ( ?\ght1 to :i* 9 ?9k+ we give def9ite =ms1 x foll[s t an ev]-pres5t s5se ( real exi/5ce is ! v basis ( our intellig5ce4 444 ,to sum up ?is some:at too elaborate argum5t3--,we h se5 h[1 9 ! v ass]tion t all our k1 prop]ly s call$1 is ,relative1 !re is involv$ ! ass]tion t !re exi/s a ,non-relative4 ,we h se5 h[1 9 ea* /ep ( ! argum5t by :i* ?is doctr9e is e/abli%$1 ! same assumption is made4 ,we h se5 h[1 f ! v necessity ( ?9k+ 9 relations1 x foll[s t ! ,relative itself is inconceivable1 except z relat$ to a real ,non-relative4 ,we h se5 t1 unless a real ,non-relative or ,absolute be po/ulat$1 ! ,relative itself becomes absolute1 & s br+s ! argum5t to a contradiction4 ,& on contemplat+ ! process ( ?\ght1 we h equally se5 h[ impossible x is to get rid ( ! consci\sness ( an actuality ly+ beh9d appe>ances2 & h[1 f ?is impossibility1 results our inde/ructible belief 9 t actuality4 ,! approval :i* has be5 accord$ to c]ta9 ( ! argum5ts adduc$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 favor ( 8 especial po9t1 t ! ,absolute is a positive some:at 9 consci\sness1 & to t po9t z e/abli%$1 mu/ n be suppos$ to apply also to t hypo!sis ( indef9ite consci\sness by :i* he attempts to reconcile ?is position ) 8 =m] tea*+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w be our purpose h]eaft] to %[ t ?is hypo!sis is a complete fallacy4 ,z aga9/ ! positions tak5 by ,sir ,william ,hamilton & ,mr4 ,mansel1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s argum5t may unque/ionably be deem$ decisive4 ,admitt+ ! logical accuracy ( _! reason+1 he v ju/ly turns f ! logical to ! psy*ological aspect ( ! subject1 takes exception to _! premiss1 %[s conclusively t x is fallaci\s1 & gives an approximate1 ?\gh un=tunately a v p>tial & defective pres5tation ( ! tru?4 ,inde$1 ! ma9 issue :i* mu/ n[ be made ) him is :e!r ! position he has "h tak51 & :i* he puts =? z t peculi> elem5t 9 8 philosophical sy/em1 t new tru?1 :i* %all h>monize ,hamiltonian ,limitism ) ! facts ( human nature1 is n1 :5 c>ri$ to its logical results1 9 diametrical & irreconcilable antagonism to t :ole sy/em1 & all t he has be=e writt51 & s does n annihilate !m4 ,x w be our pres5t endeavor to %[ t su* is ! result4 ,p]haps we _c bett] exam9e ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory ?an1 fir/1 to take up :at we believe to be ! elem5t ( tru? 9 x1 & c>ry out ?is to its logical results2 & aft]w>ds to pres5t :at seem to be ! elem5ts ( error1 & %[ !m to be su*4 #a4 ,we are oblig$ to =m a positive ?\gh vague consci\sness ( ! ,absolute4 ,)\t criticiz+ 8 use "h ( consci\sness z if x 7 a faculty ( k1 & rememb]+ t we _c h a consci\sness ( any?+ )\t hav+ a k comm5surate ) t consci\sness1 we w see t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ass]tion is tantam\nt to say+1 ,we h a positive k t ! ,absolute is4 ,x does n seem t he himself c disall[ ?is4 ,grant ?is1 & our :ole sy/em foll[s1 z does also ! fallacy ( 8 own4 ,our argum5t w proce$ ?us4 ,logic is ! sci5ce ( ! pure laws ( ?\ght1 & is ma!matically accurate1 & is absolute4 ,be+ su*1 x is law = all intellect1 = ,god z well z man4 ,b ?ree positions c be tak54 ,ei!r x is true = ! ,deity1 or else x is false = him1 or else x has no ref]5ce to him4 ,9 ! la/ in/ance ,god is ,*aos2 9 ! second he & man are 9 organic contradiction1 & he creat$ man s2 ! fir/ is ! "o n[ advocat$4 ,! second & ?ird hypo!ses refute !mselves 9 ! /atem5t ( !m4 ,no?+ rema9s b ! position tak5 t ! laws ( ,logic lie equally on ,god & man4 ,"o ( ^? laws is1 t1 if any ass]tion is true1 all t is logically involv$ 9 x is true2 9 o!r words1 all tru? is 9 absolute & p]fect h>mony4 ,?is is fundam5tal to ! possibility ( ,logic4 ,n[ apply ?is law to ! psy*ological premiss ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 t we h a positive k t ! ,absolute is4 ,a bett] =m ( expression w\ld be1 ,! absolute ,be+ is4 ,x foll[s !n t he is 9 a mode1 has a =mal be+4 ,b ?ree hypo!ses are possible4 ,he is 9 no mode1 he is 9 "o mode2 he is 9 all modes4 ,if he is 9 no mode1 !re is no =m1 no ord]1 no law = 8 be+2 :i* is to say1 he is ,*aos4 ,*aos is n ,god1 = ,*aos _c organize an ord]ly be+1 & m5 are ord]ly be+s1 & 7 creat$4 ,if he is 9 all modes1 he is 9 a /ate ( utt] contradiction4 ,god is all 9 e "p4 ,he is !n all inf9ite1 & all f9ite4 ,inf9ity & f9it5ess are contradictory & mutually exclusive qualities4 ,god is :olly possess$ ( contradictory & mutually exclusive qualities1 :i* is m ?an un?9kable--x is absurd4 ,he is1 mu/ be1 !n1 9 "o mode4 ,let u pause "h = a mom5t & obs]ve t we h cle>ly e/abli%$1 f ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s own premiss1 ! fact t ,god is limit$4 ,he mu/ be 9 "o mode to ! exclusion ( all o!r modes4 ,he is limit$ !n by ! necessity to be :at he is2 & if he c\ld become :at he is n1 he w\ld n h be5 absolute4 ,s9ce he is absolute1 he is1 to ! exclusion ( ! possibility ( any o!r indep5d5t ,be+4 ,o!r be+s are1 & mu/ !re=e be1 dep5d5t on & subord9ate to him4 ,s9ce he is sup]ior to all o!r be+s he mu/ be 9 ! highe/ possible mode ( be+4 ,p]sonality is ! highe/ possible mode ( be+4 ,?is w appe> f ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,a p]son1 possesses ! reason & law ( 8 action1 & ! capacity to act1 )9 himself1 & is ?us a f9al cause4 ,no high] =m ( be+ ?an ?is c be ne$$1 & s by ! law ( p>simony a hypo!sis ( any o!r mu/ be exclud$4 ,god is !n a p]son4 ,we h n[ br\ght ! argum5t to t po9t :]e its connection ) ! sy/em advocat$ 9 ?is treatise is manife/4 ,if ! l9ks are well wr\ght1 & ! *a9 complete1 n only is ?is sy/em firmly gr\nd$ ^u ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s premiss1 b1 z 0 intimat$ on an e>ly page1 he has 9 ?is 8 special po9t giv5 p>tial utt]ance to :at1 once e/abli%$1 involves ! fallacy n only ( all he has writt5 be=e1 b z well ( ! :ole ,limiti/ ,philosophy4 ,x rema9s n[ to rem>k ^u ! errors 9 8 =m ( express+ ! tru?4 #b4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s error is tw(old4 ,he treats ( consci\sness z a faculty ( k4 ,he speaks ( a vague1 an indef9ite consci\sness4 ,let u exam9e ^! 9 _! ord]4 a4 ,he treats ( consci\sness z a faculty ( k4 ,9 ?is he uses ! t]m 9 ! inexact1 c>eless1 popul> mann]1 r ?an ) due precision4 ,z has be5 obs]v$ on a =m] page1 consci\sness is ! light 9 :i* ! p]son sees 8 faculties act4 ,?us "s feel+ is affect$4 ,?is feel+ is cogniz$ by ! intellectual faculty1 & ( ?is ! p]son is consci\s4 ,h5ce x is an elliptical expression to say ,i am consci\s ( ! feel+4 ,! full =m be+ ,i am consci\s t ,i "k ! feel+4 ,?us is x ) all man's activities4 ,apply+ ?is to ! case 9 h&1 x appe>s1 n t we are consci\s ( ! ,absolute1 b t we are consci\s t ! prop] intellectual faculty1 ! ,pure ,reason1 pres5ts :at absolut5ess is1 & t ! absolute ,p]son is1 & ?r\gh ?is pres5tation--intuition--! spiritual p]son kn[s ^! facts4 ,we repeat1 !n1 our position3 consci\sness is ! indivisible unity1 ! light 9 :i* ! p]son sees all 8 faculties & capacities act2 & s is to be consid]$ z diff]5t 9 k9d f !m all z ! peculi> & unique end[m5t ( a spiritual p]son4 b4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] speaks ( a vague1 an indef9ite consci\sness4 ,! expression vague consci\sness be+ a popul> & v common "o1 des]ves a c>eful exam9ation1 & ?is we hope to give x1 keep+ 9 m9d meantime ! position already atta9$4 ,! phrase is us$ 9 "s su* connection z ?is1 ,i h a vague or undef9$ consci\sness ( imp5d+ evil4 ,let u analyze ?is exp]i5ce4 ,9 do+ s x w be obs]v$ t ! consci\sness1 or r ! see+ by ! p]son 9 ! light ( consci\sness1 is positive1 cle>1 & def9ite1 & is ! appreh5sion ( a feel+4 ,aga91 ! feel+ is positive & di/9ct2 x is a feel+ ( dread1 ( ?reat5+ dang]4 ,:at1 !n1 is vague--is undef9$8 ,?is4 ,t cause :i* produces ! feel+ lies )\t ! rea* ( ! cognitive faculties1 & ( c\rse _c be kn[n2 because :at produces ! feel+ is unkn[n1 ! intellectual appreh5sion exp]i5ces a s5se ( vagu5ess2 & ?is x in/9ctively c>ries ov] & applies to ! feel+4 ,yet really ! s5se ( vagu5ess arises f an ignorance ( ! cause ( ! feel+4 ,/rictly speak+1 !n1 x is n consci\sness t is vague2 & s ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s indef9ite consci\sness1 :i* _c be =mulat$1 has no f\ndation 9 fact4 ,b ?is may be %[n by ano!r l9e ( ?\ght4 ,consci\sness is comm5surate ) k1 i4 e41 man c h no k except he is consci\s ( t k2 nei!r c he h any consci\sness except he kn[s t ! consci\sness is1 & :at ! consci\sness is1 i4 e41 :at he is consci\s (4 ,n[ all k is def9ite2 x is only ignorance t is indef9ite4 ,:5 we say t our k ( an object is indef9ite1 we mean t we p>tly "k its *>act]i/ics1 & are p>tly ignorant ( !m4 ,?us !n also ! result above /at$ foll[s2 & :at ,mr4 ,sp5c] calls indef9ite consci\sness is a def9ite consci\sness t we p>tly "k1 & are p>tly ignorant ( ! object "u consid]ation4 ,9 ! la/ p>agraph b "o1 ( ! *apt] n[ "u consid]ation1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] makes a mo/ extraord9>y ass]tion respect+ consci\sness1 :i*1 :5 exam9$ 9 ! light ( ! positions we h advocat$1 af=ds ano!r decisive evid5ce ( ! fallacy ( 8 !ory4 ,we quote x aga91 t ! read] may n miss ( giv+ x full att5tion4 ,by its v nature1 !re=e1 ?is ultimate m5tal elem5t is at once necess>ily indef9ite & necess>ily inde/ructible4 ,our consci\sness ( ! uncondition$ be+ lit]ally ! uncondition$ consci\sness1 or raw mat]ial ( ?\ght1 to :i* 9 ?9k+ we give def9ite =ms1 x foll[s t an ev]-pres5t s5se ( real exi/5ce is ! v basis ( our intellig5ce4 ,^u read+ ?is passage1 ! "q spontane\sly arises1 ,:at does ! writ] mean8 & x is a "q :i* is n s easily answ]$4 ,m ?an "o int]pretation may be assign$1 z w appe> ^u exam9ation4 ,a problem is giv54 ,to f9d :at ! raw mat]ial ( ?\ght is4 ,s9ce man has ?\ghts1 !re mu/ be 9 him ! raw mat]ial ( ?\ght--! crude ?\ght-ore :i* he smelts d[n 9 ! bla/-furnace ( ! ,und]/&+1 giv+ =? 9 its /ead ! ref9$ metal--exact ?\ght4 ,we mu/ !n proce$ to atta9 our answ] by analyz+ man's natural organization4 ,s9ce man is a complex1 con/itut$ be+1 !re is necess>ily a logical ord] to ! p>ts :i* are comb9$ 9 ! complexity4 ,he may be consid]$ z a sub/ance 9 :i* a con/itution inh]es1 i4 e41 :i* is organiz$ accord+ to a set ( fix$ laws1 & t set ( laws may be /at$ 9 _! logical ord]4 ,x is suffici5t1 h[ev]1 = our purpose to consid] him z an organiz$ sub/ance1 ! organization be+ su* t he is a p]son--a selfhood1 self-active & capable ( self-exam9ation4 ,! raw mat]ial ( all ! activities ( su* a p]son is ?is organiz$ sub/ance4 ,take away ! sub/ance1 & !re rema9s only ! set ( laws z ab/ract ideas4 ,aga91 take away ! set ( laws1 & ! sub/ance is simple1 unorganiz$ sub/ance4 ,9 ! comb9+ ( ! two ! p]son becomes4 ,^!1 !n1 are all !re is ( ! p]son1 & !re=e 9 ^! mu/ ! raw mat]ial be4 ,f ?is position x foll[s directly t any capacity or faculty1 or1 9 g5]al1 e activity ( ! p]son1 is ! sub/ance act+ 9 accordance ) ! law :i* det]m9es t =m ( ! activity4 ,to expla9 ! t]m1 =m ( activity4 ,!re is a set ( laws4 ,ea* law1 by itself1 is a simple law1 & is incapable ( organiz+ a sub/ance into a be+4 ,b :5 ^! laws are consid]$1 z !y naturally /& 9 ! ,div9e ,reason1 9 relation to ea* o!r1 x is se5 t ?is1 _! /&+ toge!r1 con/itutes ideals1 or =ms ( be+ & activity4 ,to illu/rate f an e>?ly object4 ,! law ( gravitation alone c\ld n organize a ,univ]se2 nei!r c\ld ! law ( cohesion1 nor ( c5tripetal1 nor c5trifugal =ce1 nor any o!r "o law4 ,all ^! laws mu/ be act+ toge!r1--or r all ^! laws mu/ /& toge!r 9 p]fect h>mony1 accord+ to _! own nature1 ?us con/itut+ an ideal =m1 9 accordance ) :i* ,god may create ?is ,univ]se4 ,= an illu/ration ( our topic 9 its highe/ =m1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ^? pages ( ,dr4 ,hickok's ,rational ,psy*ology1 :]e he analyzes p]sonality into its elem5ts ( ,spontaneity1 ,autonomy1 & ,lib]ty4 ,f t exam9ation x is suffici5tly evid5t t ei!r ( ^! alone _c organize a p]son1 b t all ?ree mu/ be pres5t 9 ord] to con/itute su* a be+4 ,!re are1 !n1 v>i\s =ms ( activity 9 ! p]son1 z ,reason1 ,s5sibility1 & ,w1 9 ea* ( :i* ! organiz$ sub/ance acts 9 a mode or =m1 & ?is =m is det]m9$ by ! set ( organiz+ laws4 ,consci\sness also is su* a =m4 ,! raw mat]ial ( ?\ght1 !n1 mu/ be ?is sub/ance consid]$ "u ! peculi> =m ( activity :i* we call consci\sness1 b be=e ! sub/ance ?us =mulat$ has be5 awak5$ into activity by ^? circum/ances :i* are naturally suit$ to x1 = br++ x into action4 ,n[1 by ! v t]ms ( ! /atem5t x is evid5t t ! sub/ance ?us organiz$ 9 ?is =m1 or1 to use ! common t]m1 consci\sness consid]$ ap>t f & prior to its activity1 c nev] be kn[n by exp]i5ce1 i4 e41 we c nev] be consci\s ( an unconsci\s /ate4 ,uncondition$ consci\sness is consci\sness consid]$ z quiesc5t because 9 x h be5 awak5$ no def9ite =ms--no ?9k+4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s1 !n1 x is impossible to be consci\s ( an uncondition$ consci\sness4 ,yet ,mr4 ,sp5c] says t our consci\sness ( ! uncondition$1 :i* he has already ass]t$ & prov$1 is a positive1 & !re=e an active /ate2 is id5tical )1 is lit]ally ! uncondition$ consci\sness1 or consci\sness 9 its quiesc5t /ate1 consid]$ be=e x _h be5 awak5$ into activity1 :i* is f> m absurd ?an :at 0 j above %[n to be a contradiction4 ,to escape su* a result1 a less objectionable int]pretation may be giv5 to ! dictum 9 h&4 ,x may be said t x looks ^u consci\sness only z an activity1 & 9 ! logical ord] aft] its action has begun4 ,we are1 !n1 consci\s1 & 9 ?is is positive action1 b no def9ite object is pres5t :i* gives a =m 9 consci\sness1 & s consci\sness returns ^u itself4 ,we are consci\s t we are consci\s1 :i* is an awkw>d way ( say+ t we are self-consci\s1 or1 m concisely yet1 t we are consci\s2 = accurately ?is is all1 & ?is is ! same z to say t ! subject & object are id5tical 9 ?is act4 ,! conclusion f ?is hypo!sis is "o :i* we judge ,mr4 ,sp5c] w be v loa? to accept1 & yet x seems logically to foll[4 ,inde$1 9 a s5t5ce we are ab\t to quote1 he seems to make a mo/ m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 self-consci\sness & ?is consci\sness ( ! uncondition$1 :i* he calls its obv]se4 ,b :atev] ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s notion ( ! raw mat]ial ( ?\ght is1 :at m especially claims our att5tion & is mo/ /range1 is 8 application ( t notion4 ,to pres5t ?is m cle>ly1 we w quote fur!r f ! passage already "u exam9ation4 ,z we c 9 successive m5tal acts get rid ( all p>ticul> conditions1 & replace !m by o!rs1 b _c get rid ( t undiff]5tiat$ sub/ance ( consci\sness1 :i* is condition$ anew 9 e ?\ght1 !re ev] rema9s ) u a s5se ( t :i* exi/s p]si/5tly & indep5d5tly ( conditions4 ,at ! same "t t by ! laws ( ?\ght we are rigor\sly prev5t$ f =m+ a conception ( absolute exi/5ce1 we are by ! laws ( ?\ght equally prev5t$ f ridd+ ourselves ( ! consci\sness ( absolute exi/5ce3 ?is consci\sness be+1 z we "h see1 ! obv]se ( our self-consci\sness4 ,n[1 by comp>+ ?is extract ) ! o!r1 :i* x imm$iately foll[s1 x seems pla9 t ,mr4 ,sp5c] uses z synonym\s ! phrases consci\sness ( ! uncondition$1 uncondition$ consci\sness1 raw mat]ial ( ?\ght1 undiff]5tiat$ sub/ance ( consci\sness1 & consci\sness ( absolute exi/5ce4 ,let u note1 n[1 c]ta9 conclusions1 :i* seem to foll[ f ?is use ( language4 ,we are consci\s ( absolute exi/5ce4 ,no p]son c be consci\s except he is consci\s ( "s /ate or condition ( 8 be+4 ,absolute exi/5ce is1 !re=e1 a /ate or condition ( our be+4 ,also ?is consci\sness ( absolute exi/5ce--z x seems our absolute exi/5ce--is ! raw mat]ial ( ?\ght4 ,b1 aga91 z 0 %[n above1 ?is raw mat]ial1 ?is undiff]5tiat$ sub/ance ( consci\sness1 if x is any?+1 is consci\sness consid]$ z capacity1 & 9 ! logical ord] be=e x becomes1 or is1 active2 & x fur!r appe>$ t ( ?is quiesc5t /ate we c\ld h no k by exp]i5ce4 ,b s9ce ! above phrases are synonym\s1 x foll[s t consci\sness ( absolute exi/5ce is ! undiff]5tiat$ sub/ance ( consci\sness1 is a consci\sness ( :i* we c h no k by exp]i5ce1 is a consci\sness ( :i* we c h no consci\sness4 ,is ?is philosophy8 ,x w\ld be b fair to suppose t !re is "s fact :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] has endeavor$ to express 9 ! language we are criticiz+4 ,!re is su* a fact1 a /atem5t ( :i* w complete ?is criticism4 ,unque/ionably1 9 self-exam9ation1 a man may ab/ract all successive m5tal acts1 may consid] himself z he is1 9 ! logical ord] be=e he has exp]i5ces4 ,9 ?is he w f9d t an ev]-pres5t s5se ( real exi/5ce is ! v basis ( our intellig5ce2 or1 9 o!r words1 t x is an organic law ( our be+ t !re _c be an exp]i5ce )\t a be+ to ent]ta9 ! exp]i5ce2 & h5ce t x is impossible = a man to ?9k or act1 except on ! assumption t he is4 ,b all ?is has no?+ to d ) a consci\sness ( ! uncondition$1 or ( absolute exi/5ce2 = our exi/5ce is n absolute1 & x is our exi/5ce ( :i* we are consci\s4 ,! reality & abid+ness ( our exi/5ce is gr\nd = our exp]i5ce1 no?+ m4 ,ev5 if x 7 possible = u to h a consci\sness ( our /ate be=e any exp]i5ce1 or to actually n[ ab/ract all exp]i5ce1 & be consci\s ( our consci\sness unmodifi$ by any object1 i4 e4 to be consci\s ( unconsci\sness1 ?is w\ld n be a consci\sness ( absolute exi/5ce4 ,we c\ld f9d no m 9 x1 & d$uce no m f x1 ?an t our exi/5ce 0 involv$ 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,su* a consci\sness w\ld inde$ appe> uncondition$ by ! com+ into x ( any activity1 :i* w\ld give a =m 9 x2 b ?is w\ld give u no notion ( true uncondition$ness--true absolute exi/5ce4 ,?is consci\sness1 ?\gh undi/urb$ by any exp]i5ce1 w\ld yet be condition$1 w\ld h be5 creat$1 & be dep5d5t ^u ,god = cont9uance 9 exi/5ce1 & = a *ance to come into circum/ances1 :]e x c\ld be modifi$ by exp]i5ces1 & s c\ld gr[4 ,:ile1 !n1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory gives u ! fact ( ! notion ( ! necessity ( our exi/5ce to our exp]i5ce1 x 9 no way acc\nts = ! fact ( our consci\sness ( ! uncondition$1 be t :at x may4 ,b to return f ?is consid]able digression to ! result :i* 0 atta9$ a few pages back1 viz3 t :at ,mr4 ,sp5c] calls indef9ite consci\sness is a def9ite consci\sness t we p>tly "k1 & are p>tly ignorant ( ! object "u consid]ation4 ,let ?is conclusion be appli$ to ! topic :i* imm$iately conc]ns u1--! "* ( ,god4 ,b ?ree suppositions are possible4 ,ei!r we "k no?+ ( ,god1 n ev5 t he is2 or we h a p>tial k ( him1 we "k t he is1 & all :i* we c logically d$uce f ?is2 or we "k him exhau/ively4 ,! latt]1 no "o pret5ds1 & !re=e x ne$s no notice4 ,! fir/1 ev5 if our own argum5ts are n deem$ satisfactory1 has be5 ?or\ghly refut$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 & s is to be set aside4 ,only ! second rema9s4 ,respect+ ?is1 8 position is t we "k t ,god is & no m4 ,admit ?is = a mom5t4 ,we are consci\s !n ( a positive1 c]ta91 inali5able k t ,god is2 b t ) ref]5ce to any & all que/ions :i* may arise conc]n+ him we are 9 total ignorance4 ,"h1 aga91 x is app>5t t x is n our consci\sness or k t is vague2 x is our ignorance4 ,we might sugge/ ! "q--( :at use c x be to man to "k t ,god is1 & be utt]ly & necess>ily1 yea1 organically ignorant ( :at he is8 ,let ! read] answ] ! "q to 8 own m9d4 ,x is requir$ to %[ h[ ! !ory advocat$ 9 ?is book w appe> 9 ! light ( ! second hypo!sis above /at$4 ,man kn[s t ,god is1 & :at ,god is s f> z he c logically d$uce x f ?is premiss2 b1 9 s f> z ,god is su*1 t he _c be ?us kn[n1 except :]e9 he makes a direct revelation to u1 he mu/ be =ev] inscrutable4 ,to illu/rate4 ,if ! fact t ,god is1 be admitt$1 x logically foll[s t he mu/ be self-exi/5t4 ,self-exi/5ce is a positive idea 9 ! ,reason1 & s "h is a second elem5t ( k respect+ ! ,deity4 ,?us we may g on ?r\gh all t x is possible to d$uce1 & ! sy/em ?us wr\ght w be ,! ,sci5ce ( ,natural ,!ology1 a sci5ce z pure & sure z pure equations4 ,its results w be :at ,god mu/ be4 ,look+ into ! ,univ]se we w f9d :at mu/ be correspond+ ) :at is1 & our k w be complete4 ,aga91 9 _m reg>ds ,god may be utt]ly inscrutable to u1 s9ce he may possess *>act]i/ics :i* we _c atta9 by logical d$uctions4 ,= in/ance1 let x be grant$ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity is true--t !re are ?ree p]sons 9 "o ,godhead4 ,?is w\ld be a fact :i* man c\ld nev] atta91 c\ld nev] make ! fa9te/ guess at4 ,he might1 unaid$1 atta9 to ! belief t ,god w\ld =give2 he might1 ) ! pr(\nd & sad-ey$ man ( ,greece1 become conv9c$ t "s god mu/ come f heav5 to lead m5 to ! tru?2 b ! notion ( ! ,tr9ity c\ld nev] come to him1 except ,god himself ) c>efulness reveal$ x4 ,respect+ ^? matt]s ( :i* we _c "k except by revelation1 ?is only c be dem&$2 & ?is by inh]5t end[m5t man has a "r to dem&2 viz3 t :at is reveal$ %all n contradict ! law already writt5 9 ! he>t4 ,yet1 once m1 !re are c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ,god t mu/ =ev] be utt]ly inscrutable to e creat$ be+1 & ?is1 because su* is _! nature & relation to ! ,deity1 t "o _c be end[$ ) a faculty capable ( atta9+ ! k 9 "q4 ,su* = in/ance are ! que/ions1 ,h[ is ,god self-exi/5t1 h[ c\ld he be et]nal1 h[ ex]cise 8 p[]1 & ! l8 ,^! are que/ions respect+ :i* no possible reason c arise :y we %\ld "k !m1 except ! gratification ( curiosity1 :i* 9 reality is no reason at all1 & !re=e ! inability 9 "q is no detrim5t to man4 ,by ! discussion :i* may n[ be br\ght to a close1 two positions seem to be e/abli%$4 #a4 ,t we h1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] affirms1 a positive consci\sness t ! absolute ,be+ is1 & t ?is & all :i* we c logically d$uce f ?is are objects ( k to u2 9 o!r words1 t ! sy/em advocat$ 9 ?is volume directly foll[s f t premiss4 #b4 ,t any doctr9e ( indef9ite consci\sness is errone\s1 t ! vagu5ess is n 9 consci\sness1 b 9 our k2 & fur!r1 t ! hypo!sis ( a consci\sness ( ! raw mat]ial ( ?\ght is absurd4 ,,! ,,reconciliation4 ,x w\ld naturally seem1 t1 aft] :at is believ$ to be ! ?or\gh refutation ( ! limiti/ s*eme1 :i* has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ comm5ts on ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ?ree philosophical *apt]s1 ! "o nam$ 9 our head+ w\ld ne$ sc>ce m ?an a notice4 ,b s f> is ?is f be+ ! case1 t "s ( ! wor/ features 9 ! results ( 8 sy/em /& out 9 cle>e/ relief "h4 ,be=e proce$+ to consid] ^!1 let u note a mo/ important admission4 ,he speaks ( 8 conclusion z br++ ! results ( speculation into h>mony ) ^? ( common s5se1 & !n makes !1 = him1 extraord9>y /atem5t1 ,common ,s5se ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( reality4 ,9 ^! two rem>ks x w\ld appe> to be impli$ t ,common ,s5se is a f9al /&>d ) :i* any position mo/ be reconcil$4 ,! "q in/antly arises1 ,:at is ,common ,s5se8 ,! writ] has nev] se5 a def9ition1 & w\ld submit = ! read]'s consid]ation ! foll[+4 ,common ,s5se is ! practical ,pure ,reason2 x is t faculty by :i* ! spiritual p]son sees 9 ! light ( consci\sness ! a priori law z inh]5t 9 ! fact pres5t$ by ! ,s5se4 ,= ! sake ( complet5ess its complem5t may be def9$ ?us3 ,judgm5t is ! practical ,und]/&+2 x is t faculty by :i* ! spiritual p]son selects su* means z he ?9ks s con=m$ to t law ?us intuit$1 z to be be/ suit$ to accompli% ! object 9 view4 ,a man has good ,common ,s5se1 :o quickly sees ! in=m+ law 9 ! fact2 & good judgm5t1 :o skilfully selects & adapts 8 means to ! circum/ances ( ! case1 & ! end s\ght4 ,( c\rse x w n be und]/ood t x is h]e9 impli$ t e p]son :o ex]cises ?is faculty has a def9$ & sy/ematic k ( x4 ,! read] w readily see ! results :i* directly foll[ f ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s premiss4 ,x is true t ,common ,s5se ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( a reality1 & ?is ass]tion is true2 b ) equal tru? does x ass]t ! law ( logic2 t1 if a premiss is true1 all t is logically involv$ 9 x is true4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ,mr4 ,sp5c] has unwitt+ly ackn[l$g$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( :at may be call$ ! ,col]idgian sy/em1 ! psy*ological fact ( ! ,pure ,reason1 & ?us aga9 has furni%$ a basis = ! demolition ( 8 own4 ,x 0 said above t "s ( ! evil results ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em assum$ 9 ?is *apt] _! wor/ phases4 ,?is rem>k is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ extract3 ,we are oblig$ to reg>d e ph5om5on z a manife/ation ( "s ,p[] by :i* we are act$ ^u2 ph5om5a be+1 s f> z we c asc]ta91 unlimit$ 9 _! diffusion1 we are oblig$ to reg>d ?is ,p[] z omnipres5t2 & criticism tea*es u t ?is ,p[] is :olly incompreh5sible4 ,9 ?is consci\sness ( an ,incompreh5sible ,omnipres5t ,p[] we h j t consci\sness on :i* ,religion dwells4 ,& s we arrive at ! po9t :]e ,religion & ,sci5ce coalesce4 ,! evils ref]r$ to may be develop$ z foll[s3 ,we are oblig$ to reg>d e ph5om5on z a manife/ation ( "s ,p[] by :i* we are act$ ^u4 ,?is may be express$ 9 ano!r =m ?us3 ,e ph5om5on is a manife/ation ( "s ,p[] by :i* we are act$ ^u4 ,"s d\bt may arise respect+ ! precise mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce1 unless ! exact signification ( ! t]m ph5om5on be asc]ta9$4 ,x might be conf9$ to mat]ial appe>ances1 appreciable by "o ( ! five s5ses4 ,b ! context seems to leave no d\bt b t ,mr4 ,sp5c] uses x 9 ! wid] s5se ( e some:at 9 ! ,univ]se1 s9ce he speaks ( ph5om5a z unlimit$4 ,putt+ ! def9ition = ! t]m1 ! s5t5ce /&s3 ,e some:at 9 ! ,univ]se is a manife/ation ( "s ,p[] by :i* we are act$ ^u4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t !re is no some:at 9 ! ,univ]se1 except we are act$ ^u by x4 ,our be+ arises to be acc\nt$ =4 ,ei!r we began to be1 & 7 creat$1 or ! gr\nd ( our be+ is 9 ourselves1 our be+ is pure indep5d5ce1 & no?+ fur!r is to be ask$4 ,?is latt] w be reject$4 ,!n we 7 creat$4 ,b we 7 n creat$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s "s ,p[]1 because x only acts ^u u4 ,9 8 creation1 man 0 n act$ ^u1 because !re 0 no man to be act$ ^u2 b 9 t act a be+ 0 orig9at$ :o might be act$ ^u4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 we came into be+1 ano!r ?an "s ,p[] 0 ! cause ( u4 ,b ! act ( creat+ man 0 a some:at4 ,e some:at 9 ! ,univ]se is a manife/ation ( "s ,p[]4 ,?is is n su* a manife/ation4 ,!re=e ! creation ( man took place outside ! ,univ]se4 ,or does ,mr4 ,sp5c] pref] to say t ! creation ( man is a manife/ation ( "s ,p[] act+ ^u him6 ,! position above tak5 seems ! m favorable "o = ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,if1 to avoid ! difficulties :i* spr+ f x1 he limits ! t]m ph5om5on1 z = in/ance to mat]ial appe>ances1 !n 8 ass]tion t ph5om5a are unlimit$ is a contradiction1 & he has no gr\nd on :i* to e/abli% ! omnipres5ce ( 8 ,p[]4 ,b ano!r l9e ( criticism may be pursu$4 ,/rictly speak+1 all ev5ts are ph5om5a4 ,let !re be nam$ an ev5t :i* is univ]sally kn[n & ackn[l$g$1 & :i*1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 _c be a manife/ation ( "s ,p[] by :i* we are act$ ^u1 & 9 t /atem5t also w ! errors ( ! passage "u consid]ation be e/abli%$4 ,! exp]i5ce by ! human s\l ( a s5se ( guilt1 ( a consci\sness ( ill-des]t1 is su* an ev5t4 ,no ,p[] c make a s9less s\l feel guilty2 no ,p[] c relieve a s9ful s\l f feel+ guilty4 ,! feel+ ( guilt does n arise f ! defiance ( ,p[]1 x arises f ! violation ( ,law4 ,& n only may ?is exp]i5ce be nam$1 b e o!r exp]i5ce ( ! moral nature ( man4 ,9 ?is connection let x be obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,sp5c] always else:]e uses ! t]m ph5om5on to repres5t mat]ial ph5om5a 9 ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,?r\gh\t all 8 pages ! read] is *all5g$ to f9d a s+le in/ance 9 :i* he attempts to acc\nt = any o!r ph5om5a ?an ^! & _! concomitants1 ! affections ( ! intellect 9 ! animal nature4 ,inde$1 s ?or\ghly is 8 philosophy vitiat$ by ?is omission1 t "o c\ld nev] le>n f any?+ he has said 9 ^! pages1 t man _h a moral nature at all1 t !re 7 any ph5om5a ( s9 & rep5tance :i* ne$$ to be acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ?is1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton & ,mr4 ,mansel are j z bad z he4 ,yet 9 ?is ! ,limiti/s h done well2 x is impossible1 on ! basis ( _! sy/em1 to r5d] su* an acc\nt4 ,to te/ ! matt]1 ! foll[+ problem is pres5t$4 ,to acc\nt1 on ! basis ( ! ,limiti/ ,philosophy1 = ! fact t ! nations ( m5 h univ]sally made public ackn[l$gm5t ( _! guilt1 9 hav+ violat$ ! law ( a sup]ior be+2 & t !y h (f]$ propitiatory sacrifices !re=1 except 9 ! case ( ^? p]sons & nations :o h receiv$ ! ,bible1 or h le>n$ ?r\gh ! ,koran "o ( its lead+ features1 t !re is b "o ,god1 & :o 9 ei!r case believe t ! ne$ful sacrifice has already be5 made4 ,ano!r p]nici\s result ( ! sy/em "u exam9ation is1 t x af=ds no bett] gr\nd = ! doctr9e ( ,deity's omnipres5ce ?an exp]i5ce4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s words are3 ph5om5a be+1 s f> z we c asc]ta91 unlimit$ 9 _! diffusion1 we are oblig$ to reg>d ?is ,p[] z omnipres5t4 ,n[1 if he1 or "o ( 8 fri5ds1 %\ld happ5 to get w+s "s day1 & %\ld j take a turn ?r\gh space1 & %\ld happ5 also to f9d a limit to ph5om5a1 &1 skirt+ 9 a/oni%m5t along t b\nd>y1 %\ld happ5 to light ^u an op5 place & a bridge1 :i* invit$ !m to pass across to ano!r sph]e or sy/em ( ph5om5a1 made by ano!r ,p[]1--said bridge be+ con/ruct$ 'alf & 'alf by ! two a=esaid ,p[]s1--!n !re w\ld be no?+ to d b = ! said explor] to fly back aga9 to ,engl&1 z fa/ z ev] he c\ld1 & relate to all ! o!r ,limiti/s 8 new exp]i5ce2 & !y1 hav+ no gr\nd on :i* to argue aga9/ or above exp]i5ce1 mu/ ne$s receive ! decl>ation ( _! colaborator1 ) its inevitable conclusion1 t ! ,p[] by :i* we are "h act$ ^u is limit$1 & s is n omnipres5t4 ,b :51 in/ead ( su* a fallaci\s philosophy1 m5 %all receive ! doctr9e1 bas$ n ^u human exp]i5ce1 b ^u ,god's inborn ideas t ph5om5a are limit$ & ,god is omnipres5t1 & t ^u ^! facts exp]i5ce c af=d no decision1 we %all beg9 to elim9ate ! real difficulties ( philosophy1 & to approa* ! atta9m5t ( ! unison betwe5 human philosophy & ! ,div9e ,philosophy4 ,atta*$ to ! above is ! conclusion rea*$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 an e>li] "p ( 8 "w1 t criticism tea*es u t ?is ,p[] is :olly incompreh5sible4 ,we might1 x is believ$1 ask ) p]t95ce1 ,:at bett]1 !n1 is man ?an ! brute8 ,b ! subject is recurr$ to at ?is "t1 only to quote aga9/ ?is position a s5t5ce f a some:at old] book ?an ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 a book :i*1 did x des]ve no o!r reg>d ?an z a human production1 w\ld seem1 f its p]fect agreem5t ) ! facts ( human nature1 to be ! true basis = all philosophy4 ,! s5t5ce is ?is3 ,belov$1 let u love "o ano!r1 = love is ( ,god2 & e "o t love?1 is born ( ,god1 & ,,kn[e? ,,god4 ,b ! gross mat]ialism ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s philosophy pres5ts its wor/ phase 9 8 complet$ doctr9e ( ,god4 ,m>k4 ,a ph5om5on is a manife/ation ( "s ,p[]4 ,9 ?is consci\sness ( an ,incompreh5sible ,omnipres5t ,p[] we h j t consci\sness on :i* ,religion dwells4 ,& s we arrive at ! po9t :]e ,religion & ,sci5ce coalesce4 ,an ,incompreh5sible ,omnipres5t ,p[] is all ! ,deity ,mr4 ,sp5c] all[s to mank9d4 ,?is ,p[] is omnipres5t1 s t we c nev] escape x2 & incompreh5sible1 s t we c nev] "k ! law ( its action1 or ev5 if x h a law4 ,at any mom5t x may fall on u & cru% u4 ,at any mom5t ?is globe may become "o va/ ,vesuvius1 & all its cities ,h]culaneums & ,pompeiis4 ,( su* a ,deity ! *ildr5 ( m5 may ei!r live 9 cont9ual dread1 or 9 cont9ual disreg>d2 !y may ei!r sp5d _! lives clad 9 sackclo?1 or purple & f9e l952 bread & wat] may be _! f>e1 or _! table may be spread l t ( ,dives2 by m]ciless mortification ( ! fle%1 by sc\rges & iron *a9s1 !y may seek to propitiate1 if possible1 ?is incompreh5sible1 omnipres5t ,p[]2 or1 reckless ( consequ5ces1 !y may laugh & dance & be gay1 say+1 we "k no?+ ( ?is ,p[]1 he may cru% u any mom5t1 let u take ! good ( life :ile we c4 ,! symbols ( su* a ,deity are ! r\gh & ragg$ rocks1 ! hills1 ! sn[-cr[n$ m\nta9s ,titan-pil$2 ! avalan*e />t+ ) om9\s ?und]1 to ru% ) cra% & ro> & t]rible de/ruction ^u ! hapless village b5ea? x2 ! flood ga!r+ its wat]s f va/ ranges ( hills into a s+le valley1 spread+ into great lakes1 dr[n+ cattle1 c>ry+ (f h\ses & _! agoniz$ inhabitants1 sweep+ away dams1 r5d+ bridges f _! f\ndations1 9 f9e1 ru?lessly de/roy+ ! little ga!r+s ( man1 & leav+ ! c\ntry1 ov] :i* its deva/at+ wat]s fl[$1 a m\rnful desolation2 & f9ally1 p]haps ! complete/ symbol ( all may be f\nd 9 t collection ( ! unit$ /reams & lakes ( t5s ^u t5s ( ?\s&s ( miles ( ! e>?'s surface1 into ! aorta ( ! _w1 ov] ! r\gh1 rocky b$ ( :i* ! cr[d$ wat]s ru% & ro>1 ) rage & foam1 until !y come sudd5ly to ! swift trem5d\s plunge ( ,niag>a4 ,x %\ld be fur!r notic$1 t ?is philosophy is 9 direct antagonism ) t ( ! ,bible1--t1 if ,sp5c]ianism is true1 ! ,bible is a falsehood & *eat4 ,in/ead ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,p[]1 ! ,bible pres5ts u a doctr9e ( ,god z foll[s3 ,& ,god said unto ,moses1 ,i ,,am ,,t ,i ,,am4 ,& he said1 ,?us %alt ?\ say unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,i ,,am ha? s5t me unto y4--,exodus ,,iv4 #ad4 ,?is decl>ation1 ! mo/ highly metaphysical ( any b "o man ev] he>d1 all ! ,limiti/s1 ev5 dev\t ,mr4 ,mansel1 ei!r 9 di/9ct t]ms1 or by implication1 d5y4 ,t o!r decl>ation is ?is3 ,belov$1 let u love "o ano!r3 = love is ( ,god2 & e "o t love? is born ( ,god1 & kn[e? ,god4 ,he t love? n1 kn[e? n ,god2 = ,god is love4--#a ,john ,,iv4 #g1 #h4 ,direct z is ! antagonism betwe5 ! two philosophies n[ pres5t$1 ! lat] "o appe>s 9 an especially bad light f ! fact1 t1 be+ v rec5t & support$ by a m]e h&ful ( m51 its advocates h utt]ly neglect$ to take any notice ( ! o!r & eld] "o1 al?\gh ! adh]5ts ( ?is may be numb]$ by millions1 & among !m h be5 & are _m ( ! able/ ( e>?'s ?9k]s4 ,true1 ! great majority ( ,bible read]s d n /udy x z a philosophical treatise1 b r z a book ( religi\s & spiritual in/ruction2 yet1 s9ce x is ! mo/ pr(\ndly philosophical book :i* has ev] be5 9 ! h&s ( man1 & pr(ess$ly tea*es u n only ! philosophy ( man1 b also ! philosophy ( ,god1 x c]ta9ly w\ld seem t ! advocates ( ! new & innovat+ sy/em %\ld h tak5 up t "o :i* x s\ght to supplant1 & h made an attempt1 comm5surate ) ! magnitude ( ! "w be=e !m1 to %[ its position to be fallaci\s & unwor?y ( reg>d4 ,in/ead ( ?is !y h n[h]e recogniz$ ! exi/5ce ev5 ( ?is philosophy except 9 ! s+le in/ance ( a quotation by ,mr4 ,mansel1 9 :i* he seems tacitly to ackn[l$ge ! antagonism we h not$4 ,9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s volume ?is neglect is especially notewor?y4 ,judg+ f int]nal evid5ce1 "o w\ld mu* soon] conclude t x 0 writt5 by a ,h9du pundit1 9 a temple ( ,buddha1 ?an by an ,engli%man1 9 a l& ( ,bibles & ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! ,bible may /& 9 8 e/imation no high] ?an ! ,bahgavat-,gita1 yet ! m]e fact t x is1 & t x pres5ts a mo/ pr(\nd philosophy1 :i* is s l>gely receiv$ 9 8 own & neighbor+ nations1 made x imp]ative ^u him n only to take "s notice ( x1 b to meet & answ] x1 z we h indicat$ above4 ,ano!r fault 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s philosophy1 "o :i* he w be less will+ to admit1 p]haps1 ?an ! above1 &1 at ! same "t1 "o :i* w be m likely =cibly to move a c]ta9 class ( m9d1 is1 t x is 9 direct antagonism to human nature4 ,n only is ! ,bible a falsehood & a *eat1 if ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s philosophical sy/em is true1 b human nature is equally a falsehood & a *eat4 ,to specify4 ,human nature univ]sally consid]s ,god1 or its gods1 z p]sons2 or1 9 o!r words1 all human be+s1 or at lea/ ) v r>e exceptions1 spontane\sly ascribe p]sonality to ,deity4 ,?is position is 9 no wise negativ$ by ! fact ( ! ,buddhi/ prie/hood ( ,india1 or ( a class ( philosophical a!i/s 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,man is end[$ ) ! p[] ( self-education2 & if an individual sees1 9 ! religion 9 :i* he is br\ght up1 "s inconsi/5cy1 :i* he1 ?9k+ x1 z x may be1 integral1 = philosophical reasons rejects1 & all religion ) x1 he may educate himself into speculative a!ism4 ,b no *ild is an a!i/4 ,n ev5 ,%elley became su*1 until he _h da%$ aga9/ "s ( ! di/ort$ & mon/r\s human !ologies ( 8 day4 ,b c\nt+ all ! ,buddhi/s1 & all ! ,g]man a!i/s1 & all ! ,engli% a!i/s1 & all ! ,am]ican a!i/s1 & all o!r a!i/s :]ev] !y may be f\nd1 !y w n numb] "o t5? ( ! human race4 ,on :at gr\nd c ! unanimity ( ! o!r n9e t5?s be acc\nt$ =8 ,!re appe>s none possible1 b t ! notion t ,god is a p]son1 is organic 9 human nature4 ,ano!r equally univ]sal & spontane\s utt]ance ( mank9d is1 t !re is a lik5ess1 9 "s way1 betwe5 ,god & man4 ,!re are ! grosse/1 & 9 _m in/ances mo/ degrad+ modes ( repres5t+ ?is2 b "u !m all1 & ?r\gh !m all1 ! indelible notion appe>s4 ,! unanimity & p]t9acity ( ?is notion1 appe>+ 9 e "p ( ! globe1 & "u e v>iety ( circum/ance1 & reappe>+ aft] e revolution1 :i*1 te>+ d[n old cu/oms & wor%ips1 e/abli%$ new ones1 c )\t d\bt only be acc\nt$ = on ! precise gr\nd ( ! o!r1--t ! notion is organic 9 man4 ,a ?ird utt]ance ( ! human race1 /&+ 9 ! same category ) ^! two1 is1 t ! ,deity c be propitiat$ by sacrifice4 ,?is also has _h revolt+1 yea mo/ hide\s & unrighte\s =ms ( expression1 ev5 to human sacrifices4 ,b ! notion has rema9$ inde/ructible ?r\gh all ages1 & mu/ !re=e be acc\nt$ =1 z h be5 ! o!rs4 ,ov] aga9/ ! ,i ,,am1 :i* human nature pres5ts & ! ,bible supports2 ov] aga9/ ,him 9 ^: image man & ! ,bible say man 0 creat$2 & ov] aga9/ ,him :o1 ^? two /ill agree+ witnesses also affirm1 is mov$ by 8 great he>t ( ,love to h m]cy on ^? creatures :o come to him ) rep5tance1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] gives u1 z ! result ( ,sci5ce1 an incompreh5sible omnipres5t ,p[]2 only a ,p[]1 no?+ m2 & t utt]ly inscrutable4 ,= our "p1 :atev] o!rs may d1 we w believe 9 human nature & ! ,bible4 ,on ! tru?fulness ( ^! two witnesses1 z on ! ,c5tral ,rock 9 ! ,univ]se1 we plant ourselves4 ,"h d we f9d our ,gibralt>4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] fur!r says t on ! consci\sness ( ?is ,p[] ,religion dwells4 ,n[1 s f> is ?is ass]tion f accord+ ) ! fact1 t on 8 hypo!sis x is impossible to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( religion z a con/itutive elem5t ( ! human race4 ,religion 0 prim>ily wor%ip1 ! rev]5tial ackn[l$gm5t1 by ! s9less creature1 ( ! au?ority ( ! ,creator1 comb9$ ) ! adoration ( ,8 absolute ,hol9ess2 b s9ce s9 has m>r$ ! race1 x has be5 c\pl$ ) ! (f]+ 9 "s =ms ( a propitiatory sacrifice4 ,b if ! ,deity is only ,p[]2 or equally1 if ?is is all ! notion we c =m ( him1 we are utt]ly at a loss to f9d aught 9 him to wor%ip1 mu* less c we acc\nt = ! fact ( ! religi\s nature 9 u1 & mo/ ( all are we conf\nd$ by ! p]si/5t ass]tion1 by ?is religions nature1 ( ! p]sonality & m]cy ( ,god1 = ,p[] c be nei!r p]sonal nor m]ciful4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] proce$s to /r5g!n z well z he c 8 position by /at+ t f age to age ,sci5ce has cont9ually defeat$ x 7,religion7 :]ev] !y h come into collision1 & has oblig$ x to rel9qui% "o or m ( its positions4 ,9 ?is ass]tion1 also1 he manife/s ei!r a want ( acqua9tance ) ! facts or a failure to compreh5d _! significance4 ,religion may prop]ly be divid$ into two classes4 #a4 ,^? religions :i* h appe>$ to gr[ up spontane\sly among m51 hav+ all ! errors & de=mities :i* a fle%ly imag9ation w\ld produce4 #b4 ,! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 #a4 ,f ! ?ree great ideas m5tion$ above1 no ,sci5ce has ev] driv5 ev5 ! religions ( ?is class4 ,x has1 inde$1 correct$ _m =ms ( expression1 & has sometimes driv5 individuals1 :o fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! =m1 & ! idea :i* ! =m ov]lies1 into a rejection ( ! tru? itself4 #b4 ,respect+ ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rem>k has no %ad[ ( f\ndation4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( its promulgation by ,jehovah1 & especially s9ce ! completion ( t promulgation by our ,savi\r & 8 apo/les1 n "o :it ( its practical law or its philosophy has be5 abat$2 nay1 m1 to-day1 9 ^! ,am]ican ,/ates1 !re may be f\nd a m widespread1 ?or\ghly believ$1 firmly held1 & intellig5t conviction ( ,god's p]sonality1 & p]sonal sup]vision ( ! affairs ( m51 ( 8 ,fa!rhood1 & ( t fa!rhood ex]cis$ 9 br++ ord] out ( confusion1 9 s conduct+ ! mo/ t]rible ( conflicts1 t x %all manife/ly r$\nd1 n only to ! glory ( himself1 b to ! v be/ good ( man1 s manife/ly to s great a good1 t all ! loss ( life1 & all ! suff]+1 is felt to be n wor?y to be comp>$ to ! good a*iev$1 & t too mo/ /rongly by ! suff]]s1 ?an 0 ev] be=e manife/$ by any nation "u heav54 ,! tru? is1 t1 9 spite ( all its ef=ts to ! contr>y1 criticism has ev] be5 utt]ly impot5t to elim9ate f human ?9k+ ! elem5ts we h pres5t$4 ,its utmo/ triumph has be5 to =ce a *ange 9 ! =m ( expression2 & 9 ! ,bible x meets ) =ms ( expression :i* x ev] has be51 is n[1 & ev] %all be1 z helpless to *ange z a p>alytic w\ld be to ov]turn ! ,himalaya4 ,! discussion ( ! topic imm$iately 9 h& may p]haps be n[ prop]ly clos$ ) ! simple allusion to a s+le fact4 ,j z f> z a race ( human be+s desc5ds 9 ! gradations ( degradation1 j s f> does x come to look ^u ,deity simply z p[]4 ,african ,feti%ism is ! doctr9e t ,deity is an incompreh5sible p[]1 r5d]$ into ! =m ( a popul> religion2 only ! religion /&s "o /ep high] ?an ! philosophy1 9 t x assumes a sort ( p]sonality = ! ,p[]4 ,on page #ajb ! foll[+ extract w be f\nd3 ,& n[ obs]ve t all along1 ! ag5t :i* has effect$ ! purification has be5 ,sci5ce4 ,we habitually ov]look ! fact t ?is has be5 "o ( its functions4 ,religion ignores its imm5se debt to ,sci5ce2 & ,sci5ce is sc>cely at all consci\s h[ mu* ,religion owes x4 ,yet x is demon/rable t e /ep by :i* ,religion has progress$ f its fir/ l[ conception to ! comp>atively high "o x has n[ rea*$1 ,sci5ce has help$ x1 or r =c$ x to take2 & t ev5 n[1 ,sci5ce is urg+ fur!r /eps 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ?is passage half tru?s are s sweep+ly ass]t$ z univ]sal t x becomes simply untrue4 ,! evil may be /& "u two heads4 #a4 ,x is too philosophical4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] und]takes to be altoge!r too pr(\nd4 ,s9ce he has obs]v$ t c]ta9 *anges = ! bett] h be5 made 9 "s human religions1 by ! /udy ( ! natural sci5ces1 he jumps to ! conclusion t religion has be5 "u a /ate ( /eady gr[?2 & ( c\rse readily assumes--= !re is n a %ad[ ( o!r basis = 8 ass]tion--t ! fir/ conception ( religion 0 v l[4 ,?is assumption we utt]ly d5y1 & dem& ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] 8 pro(4 ,= ourselves we are will+ to come d[n f ! impregnable =tresses ( ! ,bible ^u ! common gr\nd ( ! ,grecian ,my?ology1 & on ?is d battle aga9/ him4 ,9 ?is we are taught t ! ,gold5 ,age came fir/1 9 :i* 0 a life ( spotless purity2 aft] :i* 7 ! silv] & braz5 ages1 & ! ,iron ,age 9 :i* 0 crime1 & ! l[ conception ( religion came la/4 ,h[ m>k$ is ! g5]al agreem5t ( ?is ) ! ,bible acc\nt6 #b4 ,b m & worse may be *>g$ on ?is passage ?an t x is too philosophical4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] con/ructs 8 philosophy fir/ & cuts 8 facts to mat* x4 ,?is is a common mi/ake among m51 & :i* !y are unconsci\s (4 ,n[ ! fact is1 ,sci5ce 0 n ! ag5t :i* effect$ ! purification4 ,religion owes a v small debt to ,sci5ce4 ,sci5ce c nev] be m ?an a supplem5t1 a h&maid to ,religion4 ,religion's fir/ position 0 n a l[ "o1 b ne>ly ! highe/4 ,aft]w>ds x sunk v l[2 b m5 sunk x !re4 ,sci5ce nev] help$ x or =c$ x "o atom upw>ds4 ,sci5ce alone only degrades ,religion & gives new w+s & h&s to crime4 ,?is w be especially manife/ to ^? :o rememb] :at ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s doctr9e ( ,sci5ce is4 ,he says3 ,t ev5 ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( ,sci5ce are resolvable into m5tal relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce1 s coo]d9at$ z exactly to tally ) c]ta9 relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce t occur ext]nally4 ,( c\rse ! highe/ object ( ,sci5ce w be tru?2 & ?is1 our tea*] tells u1 is simply ! accurate correspond5ce ( subjective to objective relations4 ,to int]pret4 ,a sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 a sci5ce ( ablutions1 a sci5ce ( clo?+1 a sci5ce ( v5tilation1 a sci5ce ( temp]ature1 & to "s l>gely1 to _m *iefly1 a sci5ce ( cook]y d1 comb9$1 con/itute ,sci5ce1 & ! pres]vation ( ! body is its highe/ atta9m5t4 ,is ?is ,sci5ce ! ag5t :i* has effect$ ! purification ( ,religion8 ,:at !n is ! tru?8 ,lo ?is h ,i f\nd1 t ,god ha? made man upright2 b !y h s\ght out _m inv5tions4--,eccl4 ,,vii4 #bi4 ,! fir/ religion 0 a communion ) ,god4 ,! ,creator taught man1 z a fa!r w\ld 8 *ildr54 ,b :5 man s9n$1 he began to seek out _m inv5tions1 & sank to t awful /ate ( degradation h9t$ at 9 ! fragm5t>y sket*es ( ! popul> mann]s & cu/oms ( ! times ( ,abraham1--,g54 ,,xii4 ,,xxv42 :i* ,paul epitomizes ) su* fi]y vigor 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,romans1 & :i* may be f\nd fully p>allel$ 9 our own day4 ,at ! prop] "t1 ,god took mank9d 9 h&1 & began to develop 8 great plan = giv+ purity to religion4 ,s he rais$ up ,moses1 & gave to ,israel ! ,levitical law4 ,or if ,mr4 ,sp5c] %all d5y ! biblical acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! five books ( ,moses1 he at lea/ _c d5y t !y h a be+2 &1 plac+ !m on ! same gr\nd ( exam9ation & criticism z ,h]odotus1 t !y 7 writt5 m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,n[ m>k4 ,:oev] wrote !m1 !y rema9$ z !y 7 fir/ fram$1 & no "o ( ! prophets1 :o came aft]1 add$ "o new idea4 ,!y only emphasiz$ & amplifi$ ,! ,law4 ,s f> !n z ?is "p ( ,religion 0 conc]n$1 ,sci5ce nev] help$ a p>ticle4 ,yea1 m1 ! words to ,moses 9 ! wild]ness 7 nev] p>allel$ 9 ! utt]ances ( man be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 ! fulness ( "t ,god s5t 8 own ,son4 ,h[ev] defective 0 ! =m] disp5sation1 he1 :o appe>$ to mo/ ( ! m5 ( 8 day z only a c>p5t]'s son1 decl>$ to mank9d ! f9al & p]fect tru?4 ,z ! sy/em taught by ,moses 0 n ! result ( any philosophical developm5ts1 b 0 incomp>ably sup]ior to ! religion ( ! mo/ civiliz$ p ( ! _w1 at ^: c\rt ,moses 0 br\ght up1 & 0 manife/ly con/ruct$ de novo1 & f "s k9d ( revelation1 s ?is1 :i* ! c>p5t]'s son taught1 0 incomp>ably sup]ior to any utt]ance :i* ! human s\l _h up to t "t1 or has s9ce1 made4 ,x comes =? at once complete & pure4 ,x utt]s ! highe/ pr9ciples 9 ! simple/ language4 ,inde$1 no?+ new 0 left to say :5 ,john f9i%$ 8 writ+2 & ! canon might well be clos$4 ,& s9ce t day1 has ,religion advanc$8 ,n a syllable4 ,! pure/ wat] is drank at ! old f\nta94 ,b x w be said t ! cause ( ,religion among m5 has advanc$4 ,v true1 b ,sci5ce did n advance x4 ,y c yet c\nt ! ye>s on y\r f+]s s9ce m5 ( ,sci5ce g5]ally ceas$ to be /r5u\sly ho/ile to ,religion4 ,religion1 9 e in/ance1 has advanc$ j :]e x has gone back1 & drank at ! old f\nta9s4 ,:o1 !n1 has purifi$ ,religion8 ,god is ! ag5t :i* has effect$ ! purification4 ,god is he to :om ,religion owes its imm5se debt1 n ,sci5ce4 ,he x is :o has br\ght h] up to h] pres5t high position4 ,:51 n[1 we see h[ completely ,mr4 ,sp5c]--to use a commonplace b v =cible phrase--has rul$ ,god out ( ! r+1 h[ imp]t95t seems 8 rebuke1 adm9i/]$ a few pages fur!r on1 9 ! passage beg9n+1 ,volumes might be writt5 ^u ! impiety ( ! pi\s1 to ^? :o believe t ,god means :at he says1 & t m5 may "k him4 ,^! m5 at lea/ /& on a f> high] plane ?an he :o tea*es t an incompreh5sible omnipres5t ,p[] is all !re is = u to wor%ip1 & 8 words w s\nd to !m l ! crackl+ ( ?orns "u a pot4 ,!re does n appe> 9 ?is *apt] any fur!r topic t has n already be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,) ^! rem>ks1 !n1 ! exam9ation ( ?is *apt]1 & ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 may be clos$4 ,,conclusion4 ,if x has ev] be5 ! read]'s lot to exam9e ,paley's ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 or ! ,s]mons ( ,presid5t ,dwight on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god2 & if he has ris5 f _! p]usal ) a feel+ ( utt] unsatisfaction1 endur+ ! same crav+ = a sure tru? h>ass+ z be=e1 he w h p>tly %>$ ! exp]i5ce :i* drove ! au?or =w>d1 until he arriv$ at ! f\ndation pr9ciples ( ?is treatise4 ,^? works1 & all ( t class are1 = ! object !y h 9 view1 wor?less2 n because ! v>i\s /atem5ts !y make are untrue1 n because elegant language & beauty ( /yle are want+2 b because !y are radically defective 9 t1 _! me?od is irrelevant to ! subject 9 h&2 because 9 all ! argum5ts t h be5 or c be br\ght =w>d !re is no?+ decisive & f9al2 because ! skeptic c ?ru/ ! %>p sword ( 8 criticism ?r\gh e "o ( !m2 because1 9 f9e1 ! v root ( ! matt]1 _! me?od itself is false1 & m5 h attempt$ to e/abli% by a s]ies ( argum5ts :at mu/ be gr\nd = ! possibility ( an argum5t1 & c only be e/abli%$ by ! opposite1 ! a priori me?od4 ,?\gh ! ,limiti/ ,philosophy has no positive value1 x has ?is negative "o1 t x has e/abli%$1 by ! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ criticism1 ! wor?lessness ( ! a po/]iori processes ( ?\ght on ! matt] 9 h&4 ,yea1 m1 ! exi/5ce ( any spiritual p]son _c be prov$ 9 t way4 ,y c prove t ! boy's body climbs ! tree2 b nev] t he has a s\l4 ,?is is always tak5 = grant$4 ,le/ ! au?or %\ld appe> s+ul> 9 ?is view1 he w\ld call ! att5tion ( ! read] to a passage 9 ,col]idge's writ+s 9 :i* he at once sets =? ! beauty ( ! /yle & incompet5cy ( ! logic ( ,dr4 ,paley's book4 ,i h1 ,i am aw>e1 9 ?is pres5t "w1 furni%$ occasion = a *>ge ( hav+ express$ myself ) slight & irrev]5ce ( celebrat$ names1 especially ( ! late ,dr4 ,paley4 ,o1 if ,i 7 fond & ambiti\s ( lit]>y honor1 ( public applause1 h[ well cont5t %\ld ,i be to excite b "o ?ird ( ! admiration :i*1 9 my inmo/ be+1 ,i feel = ! head & he>t ( ,paley6 ,& h[ gladly w\ld ,i surr5d] all hope ( contempor>y praise1 c\ld ,i ev5 approa* to ! incomp>able grace1 propriety1 & p]suasive facility ( 8 writ+s6 ,b on ?is v acc\nt1 ,i feel myself b\nd 9 consci5ce to ?r[ ! :ole =ce ( my intellect 9 ! way ( ?is triumphal c>1 on :i* ! tutel>y g5ius ( mod]n idolatry is borne1 ev5 at ! risk ( be+ cru%$ "u ! :eels4 ,in/ead ( ! me?od n[ condemn$1 !re is "o taught u 9 ! ,book1 & ! only "o taught u !re1 :i* is op5 to e human be+1 = :i* e human be+ has ! faculty1 & respect+ :i* all t is ne$$ is1 t ! p]son ex]cise :at he already has4 ,! boy c\ld n le>n 8 ari?metic1 except he set himself resolutely to 8 task2 & no man c le>n ( ,god1 except he also fulfils ! conditions1 except he consecrate himself :olly to ! acquisition ( ?is k1 except 8 s\l is p\r$ out 9 love to ,god2 = e "o t love?1 is born ( ,god1 & kn[e? ,god4 ,we come !n to ! k ( ,god by a direct & imm$iate act ( ! s\l4 ,! ,reason1 ! ,s5sibility1 & ! ,w1 give =? _! comb9$ & highe/ action 9 ! atta9m5t ( ?is k4 ,z an intellectual a*ievem5t1 ?is is ! highe/ possible to ! ,reason4 ,%e atta9s !n1 to ! ,ultima ,?ule ( all ef=t1 & ( ?is %e is fully consci\s4 ,nor is !re awak5$ any fev]i% compla9+ t !re are no m worlds to conqu]4 ,9 ! contemplation ( ! ineffable ,goodness %e f9ds h] ev]la/+ occupation1 & h] et]nal re/4 ,pla9ly1 !n1 bo? ,reason & ,revelation tea* b a s+le1 & t ! a priori me?od1 by :i* to e/abli% = man ! fact ( ! be+ ( ,god4 ,let u buttress ?is conclusion ) o!r l9es ( ?\ght4 ,read]1 n[ t x is sugge/$ to y1 does x n seem 9 ! highe/ degree improbable1 t ! mo/ important tru?s :i* c p]ta9 to man1 tru?s :i* d n conc]n prim>ily ! affairs ( ?is life1 b ( 8 mo/ exalt$ life1 ! life ( ! spiritual p]son z ! companion ( its ,creator1 %\ld be bas$ ^u an inf]ior1 less satisfactory1 & less adequate f\ndation ( k1 ?an ^? ( our *ildhood's /udies1 ( ! ari?metic & ! algebra8 ,! boy :o cons ! fir/ pages ( 8 ari?metical text-book1 soon le>ns :at he kn[s to be self-evid5t tru?s4 ,he :o %\ld (f] to prove ! tru? ( ! multiplication-table1 w\ld only expose himself to ridicule4 ,:5 ! boy has atta9$ to y\?1 & advanc$ 9 8 /udies1 ! pages ( ! algebra & geometry are laid be=e him1 & he f9ds new & high] ord]s ( self-evid5t tru?s4 ,w\ld any evid5ce1 any argum5t1 /r5g!n 8 conviction ( ! validity ( ! axioms8 ,yea1 r1 if "o %\ld beg9 to (f] argum5ts1 w\ld he n in/9ctively & rightfully feel t ! confession 0 !reby tacitly made1 t self-evid5ce 0 n satisfactory2 & w\ld he n1 f9d+ 8 spontane\s impulse1 & 8 education1 s contradictory1 be liable to fall into complete skepticism8 ,if n[ !re be ?is spontane\s1 yea1 abid+1 yea1 unalt]able1 yea1 univ]sal conviction respect+ matt]s ( subord9ate importance1 c x be possible1--,i repeat ! "q1 = x seems to c>ry ) x irresi/ibly its own & ! decisive answ]1--c x be possible t ! decisions ( que/ions ( ! highe/ mom5t1 t ! k ( ! pr9ciples ( our moral be+ & ( ! moral gov]nm5t to :i* we are am5able1 & mo/ ( all ( ! ,gov]nor :o is at once ,creator1 ,lawgiv]1 & ,judge1 is n bas$ on at lea/ equally spontane\s1 yea1 abid+1 yea1 unalt]able1 yea1 univ]sal convictions8 ,& :5 ! tea*] seem+ly1 & may x n ) tru? be said actually1 di/ru/+ ! reliability ( su* a conviction1 goes ab\t to bol/] up 8 belief1 & ! belief ( 8 pupil1 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & !reto rakes toge!r1 ) pa9/ak+ labor1 _m /icks & /raws ( evid5ce1 in/ead ( look+ up to ! tru? :i* %9es directly d[n ^u him ) /eady ineffable effulg5ce1 is x at all /range t ! %>p]-ey$ pupil1 ke5ly appreciat+ ! contradiction betwe5 8 spontane\s conviction & 8 tea*+1 %\ld become unc]ta9 :i* to foll[1 a d\bt]1 & f9ally a confirm$ skeptic8 ,if1 !n1 x is incr$ible t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( man's moral nature--t to :i* all ! o!r elem5ts ( 8 be+ are subord9ate1 & = :i* !y 7 creat$--are e/abli%$ on inf]ior gr\nds1 & ^? less satisfactory ?an ! gr\nds ( o!r pr9ciples2 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! conviction is irresi/ible1 t !y are e/abli%$ on ! highe/ gr\nds1 & s9ce ! tru?s ( ma!matics are also bas$ on ! highe/ gr\nd1 self-evid5ce1 & s9ce !re c be none high] ?an ! highe/1 x foll[s t ! moral pr9ciples ( ! ,univ]se1 s f> z !y c be kn[n by man1 h precisely ! same f\ndation ( tru?fulness z ! pr9ciples ( ma!matics--!y are ,,self-,,evid5t4 ,b "s good ,read] w *eck at ! result n[ atta9$ because x involves ! position t ! human ,reason is ! f9al /&>d ( tru? = man4 ,good read]1 ?is position is involv$1 & is true2 & = ! sake ( ,*ri/'s religion x mu/ be tak54 ,! only possible gr\nd = a ?or\ghly satisfactory & ?or\ghly unansw]able ,*ri/ian ,philosophy1 is ! pr9ciple t ,! human ,reason is ! f9al /&>d ( tru? = man4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y = ! dev\t ,bible-read] to e/eem t book z 8 f9al /&>d2 & to su* an ext5t 9 _m in/ances has 8 rev]5tial reg>d = x be5 c>ri$1 t ! expression w h>dly be too /rong = tru?1 t x has become an object ( wor%ip2 & ^u ! m9d ( su* a "o ! above ass]tion w produce a %ock4 ,:ile ! au?or w\ld treat ) respect e religi\s feel+1 he w\ld /ill rem9d su* a p]son t ! ,bible is ! moral s*ool-book ( ! spiritual p]son 9 man1 :i* ,god himself prep>$ = man's use1 & mu/ 9 e case be inf]ior & subord9ate to ! be+ :om x 0 meant to educate2 & fur!rmore1 t1 by ! v fact ( mak+ man1 ,god e/abli%$ 9 him ! /&>d1 & ! "r to require t ?is fact be recogniz$4 ,m>k1 ,god made ! /&>d & ?us e/abli%$ ! "r4 ,?is pr9ciple may be support$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 #a4 ,! *ur* univ]sally has act$ ^u x2 & none h employ$ x m vigor\sly ?an ^? :o h 9 t]ms mo/ bitt]ly oppos$ x4 ,"o ( ! class j ref]r$ to affirms t ! ,bible is ! /&>d ( tru?4 ,admit1 says a fri5d /&+ by1 t x w\ld be if x 7 :at x purports to be2 b :at evid5ce is !re t ?is is ! case4 ,!reupon ! *ampion pres5ts evid5ce f ! fa!rs1 & evid5ce f ! book itself2 & f9ally closes by say+1 t su* an array ( evid5ce is ample to satisfy any reasonable man ( its tru? & validity4 ,8 argum5t is und\bt$ly satisfactory2 b if he has n appeal$ to a reasonable man1 i4 e4 to ! ,reason1 i4 e41 if he has n ackn[l$g$ a /&>d = ! /&>d1 & ?us has n tacitly1 unconsci\sly & yet decisively employ$ ! ,reason z ! highe/ /&>d ( tru?1 !n 8 conduct has = u no adequate expression4 #b4 ,nicodemus & ,*ri/1 9 express t]ms1 recogniz$ ! validity ( ?is /&>d4 ,said ! rul] to ,*ri/1 ,we "k t ?\ art a tea*] come f ,god3 = no man c d ^! miracles t ?\ doe/1 except ,god be ) him4--,john ,,iii4 #b4 ,9 ^! words1 he bo? recogniz$ ! validity ( ! /&>d1 & ! fact t its requirem5ts _h be5 met4 ,b decisively emphatic are ! words ( our ,savi\r3 ,if ,i _h n done among !m ! works :i* none o!r man did1 !y _h n _h s93 b n[ h !y bo? se5 & hat$ bo? me & my ,fa!r4--,john ,,xv4 #bd4 ,z if he _h said1 ,:ile ,i appe>$ among !m simply z a man1 ,i _h no "r to claim f !m a belief 9 my mission2 b :5 ,i _h giv5 !m adequate & ample evid5ce ( my heav5ly "*1 :51 9 a ^w1 ,i _h by my works satisfi$ all ! rational dem&s = evid5ce :i* !y c\ld make1 !n no excuse rema9$ = _! rejection ( me4 ,! doctr9e ( ?is treatise1 t man may "k ! tru?1 & "k ,god1 is "o :i* w nev] be too l>gely reflect$ ^u by ! human m9d1 or too fully illu/rat$ 9 human ?\ght4 ,9 no bett] /ra9 c we br+ our "w to a close ?an by (f]+ "s reflections on ^? words ( ,jesus ,*ri/ :i* h =m$ ! title ( our book4 ,!n said ,jesus to ^? ,jews :i* believ$ on him1 ',if ye cont9ue 9 my ^w1 !n are ye my disciples inde$2 & ye %all "k ! tru?1 & ! tru? %all make y free4'--,john ,,viii4 #ca1 #cb4 ,?r\gh\t all ! acts ( ,*ri/1 z record$ 9 ,john & especially dur+ ! la/ days ( 8 life1 !re may be trac$ ! m>ks ( a sup]-human ef=t to express to ! ,jews1 9 ! mo/ skilful mann]1 ! nature & purport ( 8 mission4 ,he appe>$ to !m a man2 & yet x w\ld seem z if ! ,godhead 9 him /ruggl$ ) language to ov]come its infirmities1 & express ) p]fecte/ skill 8 extraord9>y "* & "w4 ,b he came unto 8 own1 & 8 own receiv$ him n4 ,be+ !n su*1 ev5 ! ,div9e ,man1 ,jesus ,*ri/ possess$ 9 8 own "r an absolute & exhau/ive metaphysic4 ,we /udy out "s laws 9 "s ( _! applications2 he knew all laws 9 all _! applications4 ,9 ^! 8 la/ days he 0 engag$ 9 mak+ ! mo/ pr(\nd & highly philosophical revelations to 8 foll[]s t "o be+ ev] made to ano!r4 ,or does ! read] pref] to call !m religi\s8 ,v well3 = "h ,religion & ,philosophy are id5tical4 ,be+ engag$ 9 su* a labor1 x is c]ta9 t no m]ely human tea*] ev] us$ words ) ! c>eful balanc+1 ! skilful selection1 ! c]ta9 exactitude1 t ,jesus did4 ,h5ce 9 ! mo/ emphatic s5se may x be said1 t1 :e!r he us$ figurative or lit]al language1 he meant j :at he said4 ,! t]ms us$ 9 ! text quot$ are lit]al t]ms1 & und\bt$ly ! passage is to be tak5 9 its mo/ lit]al signification4 ,9 ^! words !n1 9 ?is passage ( ! highe/ philosophical import1 is to be f\nd ! basis ( ! :ole a priori philosophy4 ,!y 7 spok5 ( ! mo/ important tru?s1 ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! s\l's ev]la/+ welf>e2 b z ! great] includes ! less1 s d !y include all less] sci5ce4 ,9 positive & unmi/akable t]ms has ,*ri/ decl>$ ! fact ( k4 ,god kn[s all tru?4 ,9 s f> z we also "k ! tru?1 9 s f> are we l him4 ,& m>k1 ?is is k1 a purely intellectual act4 ,love is inde$ a condition ( ! act1 b x is n ! v act itself4 ,on ?is subject x is believ$ t ! ,*ri/ian *ur* has fail$ to ass]t ! mo/ accurate doctr9e4 ,too g5]ally has ?is k be5 t]m$ a spiritual k1 mean+ !reby1 a sort ( an impression ( happ9ess made ^u ! spiritual s5sibility2 & ?is /ate ( bliss has be5 repres5t$ z 9 ! highe/ degree desirable4 ,beyond all "q x is true1 t1 :5 ! spiritual p]son1 ) ! eye ( ,reason1 sees1 & ?us kn[s ! tru?1 see+ x & kn[+ x because 8 :ole be+1 w1 & intellect is consecrat$ to1 wrapt 9 ! ef=t1 & he is se>*+ = x z = hid treasures1 !re w roll ov] 8 s\l "s ripples ( t ineffable ,delight :i* is a b\ndless ocean 9 ,deity4 ,b ?is /ate ( ! ,s5sibility foll[s aft]1 & is dep5d5t ^u1 ! act ( love1 & ! act ( k4 ,!re %\ld be1 !re 0 made 9 ,*ri/'s m9d1 a di/9ction 9 ! v>i\s psy*ical modifications ( him :o _h sold all t he _h to buy ! "o pe>l4 ,! words ( ,*ri/ are to be tak51 !n1 z ! words ( ! p]fect philosoph]1 & ! p]fect religioni/4 ,be>+1 z he did1 ! de/9y ( a _w on 8 he>t1 & burd5$ beyond all utt]ance by ! mighty load1 8 s\l 0 full ( ! !me = :i* he 0 suff]+1 he c\ld speak to man only ( 8 highe/ ne$s & 8 highe/ capabilities4 ,! tru? :i* man may "k1 !n1 is n only et]nal1--all tru? is et]nal1--b x is t et]nal tru? mo/ important to him1 ! a priori laws ( ! spiritual p]son & ( all 8 relations4 ,! :at he is1 ! :y he is1 & ! :at he ought to become1 are ! objects ( 8 exam9ation4 ,:51 !n1 a spiritual p]son has p]=m$ 8 highe/ act1 ! act ( unconditional & entire consecration to ! se>* aft] ! tru?1 i4 e4 to ,god2 & :51 hav+ done ?is he ev] aft] puts away all lu/s ( ! fle%1 he %all 9 ?is condition become absorb$1 wrapt away 9 ! contemplation ( ! tru?2 !n 8 spiritual eye w be op51 & w d>t ) its f>-glanc+1 se>*+ gaze ?r\gh\t ! my/]ies ( ! ,univ]se1 & he w "k ! tru?4 ,be=e1 :5 he 0 absorb$ 9 ! pursuit ( ! ?+s ( ,s5se1 he c\ld see almo/ no a priori pr9ciples at all1 & :at he did see1 only 9 _! practical be>+ ^u ^? mat]ial & transitory ?+s :i* p]i% ) _! us+2 b n[ balanc+ himself on tireless p9ion 9 ! upp] e!r1 anon he /oops to notice ! l>ge/ & highe/ & mo/ important ( ^? objects :i* =m]ly ) s mu* pa9ful & pa9/ak+ labor he climb$ ! rugg$ heights ( s5se to exam9e1 & hav+ t\*$ ^u !m cursorily1 to supply ! ne$ ( ! h\r1 he aga9 spreads 8 p[]ful ,god-giv5 w+s ( fai? & love1 & so>s upw>d1 upw>d1 upw>d1 t[>ds ! et]nal ,sun1 ! inf9ite ,p]son1 ! f9al ,tru?1 ,god4 ,!n does he come to compreh5d1 to ,,"k1 ) all sa9ts1 :at is ! height & dep? & l5g? & bread? ( ! love ( ,god4 ,!n d ! pure a priori laws1 especially ^? ( ! relations ( spiritual p]sons1 i4 e4 ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god1 come full into ! field ( 8 vision4 ,!n 9 ! cle> blaze1 9 ! noonday effulg5ce ( ! ineffable1 et]nal ,sun1 does he see ! ,law :i* b9ds ,god z x b9ds man1--t ,law s t]rible 9 its dem&s ^u him :o _h violat$ x1 t ! inf9ite ,p]son himself c\ld f9d no o!r way ( escape = s9n+ man b 9 s5d+ 8 only-begott5 ,son into ! _w4 ,& he :o is lift$ up to ?is k ne$s no o!r revelation4 ,all o!r k is a *ild's lesson-book to him4 ,all l[] /udy is ta/eless2 all l[] life is neglect$1 =gott54 ,he /udies =ev] ! pure equations ( tru?2 he lives 9 ! bosom ( ,god4 ,su* an "o may all 8 life-long h be5 utt]ly ignorant ( books4 ,a poor negro on "s rice plantation1 he may h le>n$ ( ,god only by ! he>+ ( ! e>1 b by "o act1 9 a mom5t1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 he has pass$ all ! gradations ( e>?ly k1 & tak5 8 seat on ! topmo/ =m 9 heav54 ,he receiv$ little in/ruction f m52 b =ev]more ,god is 8 tea*]4 ,?is ( :i* we h be5 speak+ is1 be x rememb]$1 no rhapsody ( ! imag9ation4 ,x is a simple lit]al fact respect+ man's intellect4 ,x is ! same 9 k9d1 ?\gh ( f> nobl] import1 z if ^u ?is act ( consecration !re %\ld be reveal$ to e consecrat$ "o1 9 a sudd5 ov]:elm+ bur/ ( light1 ! :ole a priori sy/em ( ! physical ,univ]se4 ,?is is n s reveal$ because x is n ess5tial1 & s w\ld only gratify curiosity4 ,! o!r & ! high] is reveal$1 because x is ess5tial to man's spiritual life4 ,9 ! culm9at+ act1 !n1 ( a spiritual p]son1 9 ! unres]v$1 ! absolute consecration ( ! :ole be+ to ! se>* aft] tru?1 d we f9d t common goal to :i* an a priori philosophy inevitably leads u1 & :i* ! pure/1 ,*ri/'s1 religion tea*es u4 ,?us does x appe> t 9 _! highe/ idea ,philosophy & ,religion are id5tical4 ,! ,rock ^u :i* bo? alike are gr\nd$ is et]nal4 ,! pr9ciples ( bo? h ! highe/ possible evid5ce1 = !y are self-evid5t2 &1 hav+ !m giv5 by ! intuition ( ! ,reason1 a man c ciph] out ! :ole natural s*eme ( ! ,univ]se z he w\ld ciph] out a problem 9 equations4 ,he has n done x1 because he is wick$2 & ,god has giv5 him ! ,bible1 z ! ma!matical a/ronomy ( ! moral heav5s1 z a s*ool-book to lead him back to ! goal ( 8 lo/ purity4 ,h[ beautiful1 !n1 art ?\1 ,o ,religion1 sup]nal daught] ( ! ,deity6 h[ noble 9 ?y magnific5t preem95ce6 h[ dazzl+ 9 ?y transc5d5t lovel9ess6 ,?\ sitte/ af> on a ?rone ( pe>l2 ?y diadem ! ,morn+ ,/>s1 ?y robe ! glory ( ,god4 ,f\nd$ is ?y ?rone on ,et]nity2 & f et]nity to et]nity all ?y laws are endur+ tru?4 ,sitt+ ?us1 ,o ,que51 m firmly ?ron$ ?an ! sn[-capp$ m\nta9s1 calm] ?an ! ocean's dep?s1 9 ! surety ( ?y self-consci\s integrity & tru?1 ?\ maye/1 ) mi5 ( noble/ dignity1 9 unwav]+ confid5ce1 ?r[ d[n ! gauntlet ( ?y *all5ge to ! assembl$ d\bt]s ( ! ,univ]se4 ,x may be t to "s m9ds1 unaccu/om$ to v5tur+ out fe>lessly on ! ocean ( ?\ght1 ) an unwav]+ tru/ 9 ! pole-/> tru? 9 ! human s\l1 c]ta9 ( ! positions atta9$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ?is volume w seem to involve ! de/ruction ( all ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creat$4 ,if ! univ]se is a def9ite & limit$ object1 "s creat$ be+ may1 at "s p]iod1 come to "k e atom ( x4 ,moreov]1 if !re is a def9ite numb] ( ! qualities & attributes--! end[m5ts ( ,deity1 "s "o may le>n ! numb]1 & :at !y are1 & come at l5g? to h a k equal to ,god's k4 ,ev5 if ?is possibility %\ld be admitt$1--:i* x is n1 = a reason to appe> fur!r on1--yet x w\ld 9 no way involve t ! creature _h1 9 any ! lea/ degree1 r$uc$ ! diff]5ce 9 k9d :i* subsi/s betwe5 him & ! ,creator4 ,a consid]ation ( ! foll[+ di/9ctive m>ks w1 x w\ld seem1 be decisive ^u ?is po9t4 ,god is self-exi/5t4 ,8 creatures are dep5d5t ^u him4 ,self-exi/5ce is an ess5tial1 inh]5t1 untransf]able attribute ( ,deity2 & s is n a possible atta9m5t = any creature4 ,e creature is necess>ily dep5d5t ^u ! ,creator e mom5t1 = 8 cont9uance 9 be+4 ,let him atta9 ev] s high a /ate ( k2 let him1 if ! supposition 7 rational1 acquire a k equal to t ( ,deity2 let him be end[$ ) all ! p[] he c\ld use1 & he w\ld n h made1 nor c\ld he make an ef=t ev51 9 ! direction ( remov+ 8 dep5d5ce ^u 8 ,creator4 ,9 ! v height ( 8 glory1 9 ! acme ( 8 atta9m5t1 x w\ld ne$ only t ,god re/ an in/ant1 cease to su/a9 him1 & he w\ld n be1 he w\ld h gone out1 z ! light goes out on a burn] :5 "o turns ! faucet4 ,aga91 ! mode by :i* _! k is atta9$ is diff]5t 9 k9d2 & ! creature nev] c acquire ! ,creator's mode4 ,! ,deity possesses 8 k z a necess>y end[m5t1 giv5 to him at once1 by a spontane\s intuition4 ,h5ce he c\ld nev] le>n1 = !re 0 no k :i* he did n already possess4 ,?us he is out ( all relation to ,"t4 ,! creature1 on ! o!r h&1 c nev] acquire any k except ?r\gh processes2 &1 :at is m1 c nev] review ! k already acquir$1 except by a process :i* occupies a "t4 ,?is relation ( ! creature to ,"t is organic2 & ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! creature & ,creator is ?us also irremovable4 ,ano!r organic di/9ction is t obs]v$ 9 ! mode ( see+ ideals4 ,! ,div9e ,reason n only gives ideas1 a priori laws1 b x gives all possible images1 :i* ^? laws1 /&+ 9 _! natural relations to ea* o!r1 c become4 ,?us all ideals are realiz$ to him1 :e!r ! creative en]gy goes =?1 & p[] is organiz$ 9 accordance !re)1 or n4 ,"h aga9 ! creature is ( ! opposite k9d4 ,! creature c nev] h an idea until he has be5 educat$ by contact ) a mat]ial univ]se2 & !n c nev] con/ruct an ideal1 except he h fir/ se5 ! elem5ts ( t ideal realiz$ 9 mat]ial =ms4 ,to illu/rate3 ,! infant has no ideas2 & !re is no radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( a human be+ & any o!r creat$ spiritual p]son4 ,he has a rudim5t>y ,reason1 b x mu/ gr[ be=e x c make its pres5tations1 & ! means ( its education mu/ be a mat]ial sy/em4 ,let a spiritual p]son be creat$1 & set 9 ! ,univ]se1 utt]ly isolat$1 ) no m$ium ( communication1 & x w\ld /ay =ev] j :at x 0 at ! beg9n+1 a dry se$4 ,! necessity ( alliance ) a mat]ial ,univ]se is equally app>5t 9 ! mature spiritual p]son4 ,su* a "o _c con/ruct a s+le ideal1 except he h se5 all ! elem5ts already 9 mat]ial =ms4 ,he :o w attempt to con/ruct an ideal ( any ?+1 :i* nev] has be51 z a griff91 & n put into x any =m ( animals :i* h be5 on e>?1 w imm$iately appreciate ! unque/ionabl5ess ( ?is position4 ,!re=e x is t no "o c1 by se>*+1 f9d out ,god4 ,! creature c only le>n :at ! ,creator decl>es to him4 ,/ill ano!r elem5t ( di/9ction1 equally m>k$ & decisive z ^? j nam$1 may be m5tion$4 ,! ,deity possesses z inh]5t & imman5t end[m5t ,p[]1 or ! ability ( himself to realize 8 ideals 9 objects4 ,?us is he ! ,creator4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 !re c\ld h be5 no ,univ]se1 = !re 0 no sub/ance & no "o to furni% a sub/ance b he4 ,! creature1 on ! o!r h&1 _c receive z a gift1 nei!r atta9 by culture ! p[] to create4 ,h5ce he c only realize 8 ideals 9 mat]ials furni%$ to 8 h&4 ,pigm5ts & bru%es & *isels & m>ble mu/ be be=e pa9t]s & sculptors c become4 ,ea* & e "o ( ! di/9ctions above made is organic4 ,!y _c be elim9at$4 ,9 fact _! removal is n a possible object ( ef=t4 ,! creature may wi% !m remov$2 b no l9e ( ?\ght c be /udi$ out by :i* a movem5t c be made t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( t wi%4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t1 su* be+ ! facts1 ! fulle/ scope might fe>lessly be all[$ to ! legitimate use ( e p[] ( ! creature4 ,su*1 x is believ$1 is ,god's design4 ,,! ,,end4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,ar*aic_/multiple spell+s & punctuation ( ! orig9al h be5 ma9ta9$4