,transcriber's ,notes3 ,bold text is denoted by equal signs4 ,variations in punctuation 7inconsistent full-stops and capitalisation7 have been retained as they appear in the original publication4 ,the following letters are not found in ,latin-#a and are thus marked3 l with stroke is marked as l- character with ogonek is marked as character7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,douglas ,mc,kay1 ,secretary ,,bureau ,,of ,,indian ,,affairs ,glenn ,l4 ,emmons1 ,commissioner ,,branch ,,of ,,education ,hildegard ,thompson1 ,chief ,single ,copy ,price #bj cents ,phoenix ,indian ,school ,print ,shop ,phoenix1 ,arizona ,third ,edition #e1jjj copies--,september #aiec ,little ,man's family din yzh ba'l-chn pre-primer ,illustration by ,j4 ,b4 ,enochs illustrated by ,gerald ,nailor ,,bureau ,,of ,,indian ,,affairs ,,foreword ,this pre-primer is one of three little books based on material prepared by ,j4 ,b4 ,enochs1 who once taught in the sanitarium school at ,kayenta4 ,it deals entirely with typical life experiences among the ,navaho1 the largest ,indian tribe in the ,united ,states1 numbering approximately #fe1jjj4 ,nine out of ten ,navahos do not speak ,english1 and the tribe has never had a written language4 ,missionaries and scientists for many years have had alphabets with which to record this difficult language4 ,but these alphabets have usually included letters not found in ,english1 and have been peppered with diacritical marks to indicate inflection1 tonal change and nasalization4 ,thus they proved too complicated for popular use4 ,space does not permit mention of many who have worked with the ,navaho language4 ,finally ,dr4 ,john ,harrington1 of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 and ,mr4 ,oliver ,la,farge1 author and linguist1 collaborated to produce a simplified alphabet which might be written with an ordinary typewriter4 ,mr4 ,robert ,w4 ,young1 associate of ,dr4 ,harrington1 experimentally recorded a great deal of material in this new alphabet4 ,the ,navaho portions of later pamphlets in this bi-lingual series are the joint work of ,harrington and ,young4 ,little ,man's ,family has been expressed in ,navaho1 using the ,harrington-,la,farge alphabet1 by ,willetto ,antonio1 a ,navaho teacher on the reservation1 and ,dr4 ,edward ,kennard1 formerly a specialist in ,indian languages for the ,indian ,service4 ,both the recordings and the interpretation in these books have been checked by ,chic ,sandoval1 ,howard ,gorman1 and ,adolph ,bitanny1 ,navaho interpreters1 and by ,robert ,w4 ,young4 ,back pages contain an explanation of the sound values represented by the alphabet1 and the indications of tonal change and nasalization which are used4 ,these bi-lingual texts are an attempt to speed up ,indian understanding of modern life4 ,use of native languages to speed up acquisition of ,english in ,federal schools is a new departure in ,indian policy1 which has proved very successful4 ,the type used for these books has been selected because of its similarity in design to the alphabet used for manuscript writing4 ,in the primers1 only proper names and the pronoun ,i have to be capitalized1 so as to further minimize the new learnings often encountered by the primary child when faced with several different alphabets at once4 ,willard ,w4 ,beatty ,revised ,february #aiej ,illustration ,i am a ,navaho boy4 din 'ashkii nishl-74 ,illustration my mother shim ,illustration my father shizh' ,illustration my baby brother 'aw' sitsil ,illustration our baby's cradle nihe'aw' bits'l ,illustration my big sister shd ,illustration my little sister shideezh ,illustration our hogan nihighan ,illustration my father made our hogan shizh' nihighan 'yiilaa4 ,illustration our sweathouse nihitchh ,illustration the soapweed plant ts'szi' ,illustration we wash our hair nihitsii' tanndeiigis ,illustration our sheep nihidib ,illustration our goats nihitl-'z ,illustration our corral nihidib bighan ,illustration our horses nihil77' ,illustration our wagon nihitsinaaba7a7s ,illustration my mother's saddle shim bil77' biyl ,illustration my father's saddle shizh' bil77' biyl ,illustration my little spotted pony shil'yzh l-ikizh ,illustration my black dog shilcha7a7shzhiin ,illustration my mother's loom shim bidah'iistl-'7 ,illustration my mother cleans the wool4 shim 'aghaa' hasht'eilh ,illustration my mother cards the wool4 shim 'aghaa' haninil-cha'4 ,illustration my mother spins the wool shim 'aghaa' haninil-dis4 ,illustration my mother weaves a rug4 shim diyog yitl-'4 ,illustration my sisters help my mother4 shd d shideezh shim yk 'anhi'nilchh4 ,illustration we sell the rug4 diyog nindahiilnih4 ,,the ,,navaho ,,alphabet ,the following information with regard to the ,navaho alphabet and its use should prove helpful to one familiar with the ,english language4 ,,vowels ,the vowels have continental values4 ,they are as follows1 the first example being a ,navaho word1 the second the closest approximation to the sound in an ,english word3 a gad 7juniper7 father e k 7shoe7 met i sis 7belt7 or as in sit or as in dishh 7,i'm starting7 pique o doo 7not7 note ,vowels may be either long or short in duration1 the long vowel being indicated by a doubling of the letter4 ,this never affects the quality of the vowel1 except that long i is always pronounced as in pique4 sis 7belt7 is short siziiz 7my belt7 is long ,vowels with a hook beneath the letter are nasalized4 ,that is1 some of the breath passes through the nose in their production4 ,after n1 all vowels are nasalized and are not marked4 tsinaaba7a7s 7wagon7 j7 7day7 k77 7here7 ,,diphthongs ,the diphthongs are as follows3 ai hai 7winter7 aisle ei s 7sand7 weigh oi 'ay 7very7 ,joey ,the diphthongs oi 7as in ,joey7 will frequently be heard as ui 7as in dewy7 in certain sections of the reservation4 ,however1 since the related word ay is always of one value1 this spelling has been standardized4 ,in a similar way1 the diphthongs ei and ai are not universally distinguished4 ,for example1 the word for sand1 s will be pronounced s by some ,navahos4 ,,consonants ,the consonants are as follows3 b b 7for him7 like p in spot d d 7this7 like t in stop g gah 7rabbit7 like k in sky ,these sounds are not truly voiced as are the sounds represented by these letters in ,english1 but are like the wholly unaspirated p1 t1 and k in the ,english words given as examples4 t t 7water7 tea k k 7shoe7 kit ,the t and k in ,navaho are much more heavily aspirated than in the ,english words given in the examples1 so that the aspiration has a harsh fricative quality4 ' glottal stop y't'h 7it is good7 unh unh1 oh oh ,in the ,american colloquial negative unh unh1 and in the exclamatory expression oh oh1 the glottal stop precedes the u and the o respectively4 ,or1 in actual speech1 the difference between ,johnny earns and ,johnny yearns1 is that the former has a glottal closure between the two words4 t' y't'h 7it is good7 ,this letter represents the sound produced by the almost simultaneous release of the breath from the closure formed by the tip of the tongue and the teeth and the glottal closure described previously4 k' k'ad 7now7 ,this sound is produced in the same way as the t'1 except that the k closure is formed by the back of the tongue and the soft palate4 m ms 7cat7 man n naad77' 7corn7 no s sis 7belt7 so sh shash 7bear7 she z zas 7snow7 zebra zh 'zhi' 7name7 azure l laanaa 7would that7 let l- l-id 7smoke7 ,this sound is made with the tongue in exactly the same position as in the ordinary l1 but the voice box or larynx does not function4 ,the difference between these two l's is the same as the difference between the b and p1 d and t1 or s and z4 ,if one attempts to pronounce th as in thin followed by l without an intervening vowel a l- is produced4 ,thus athl-ete4 h hadi 7where7 hot ,in ,navaho there are two sounds represented by the letter h4 ,the difference is in the intensity or fricativeness4 ,where h is the first letter in a syllable it is by some pronounced like the ch of ,german4 ,this harsh pronunciation is the older1 but the younger generation of ,navahos tends to pronounce the sound much as in ,english4 gh hooghan 7hogan7 ,this is the voiced equivalent of the harshly pronounced variety of h1 the functioning of the voice being the only difference between the two sounds4 j jd 7antelope7 jug ,this sound is an unaspirated ch1 just as d and g represent unaspirated t and k4 ch chizh 7wood7 church ch' ch'il 7plant7 ,this sound is produced in a fashion similar to the t' and k'1 but with the release of the breath from the ch position and from the glottal closure4 dz dzil- 7mountain7 adze ts tsa 7awl7 hats ts occurs in the beginning and middle of ,navaho words1 but only in final position in ,english4 ts' ts'in 7bone7 ,this sound is similar to ch'1 except for the tongue position1 and involves the release of the breath from the glottal closure in the same way as the other glottalized sounds4 dl beeldl 7blanket7 ,the dl is produced as one sound1 as gl is in the word glow4 tl- tl-a 7grease7 ,this sound is pronounced as unvoiced dl4 tl- tl-'z 7goat7 ,this sound involves the release of the breath from the t position of the tongue tip and teeth1 from the contact of the sides of the tongue inside the back teeth 7normal l position71 and the glottal closure4 ,it has a marked explosive quality4 ,the sound is produced as a unit1 as in the gl of glow1 cited above4 y y 7sky7 you w 'aw' 7baby7 work ,,palatalization ,,and ,,labialization ,it is to be noted that the sounds represented by g1 t1 k1 h1 gh1 and ch1 ts 7when heavily aspirated7 are palatalized before e1 i1 and labialized before o4 ,by this it is meant that such a word as k 7shoe7 is pronounced as though it were written ky1 and t 7water7 as though written tw4 ,due to the nature of the gh sound1 it practically resolves itself into a w when followed by o4 ,thus tlghosh 7soap7 could be written tlwosh1 yishghol- 7,i'm running7 as yishwol- etc4 k and h can also be pronounced as kw and hw before e1 i1 in which case the combination is a distinct phoneme4 ,in such cases the w must be written4 ,thus kwe' 7here71 kwii 7here71 hwii 7satisfaction7 etc4 ,,tone ,the present system of writing ,navaho employs only one diacritical to express four tonal variations4 ,this is the acute accent mark 774 ,if a short vowel or n1 both elements of a long vowel or a diphthong are marked thus the tone indicated is high4 ,if only the first element of a long vowel or diphthong is marked the tone is falling from high1 and if only the last element is marked the tone is rising from low4 ,when a vowel1 diphthong or n is unmarked the tone is low4 ,the difference between low and high tone in ,navaho is similar to the difference in tone of are you and going in the ,english question are you going8 'azee' 7medicine7 low tone 'az' 7mouth7 high tone hadish8 7where87 falling tone shnaa 7my elder brother7 rising tone ,,word ,,and ,,sentence ,,structure ,teachers will note that the possessive pronouns of ,navaho are always prefixed to the noun4 ,thus1 we have shim 7my mother71 nim 7your mother71 bim 7his mother71 but never m4 ,the stem -m has no independent form and never occurs without a prefix4 ,the structure of the ,navaho verb has similar characteristics1 but is more complex4 ,the subject of the sentence is always incorporated in the verb with a pronominal form1 and other verbal elements4 ,ideas of time and mode are likewise incorporated in the verb1 and auxiliary verbs such as will1 did1 have1 might1 etc4 do not occur in ,navaho4 ,the ideas conveyed by these independent words in ,english are expressed by different forms of the verb itself in ,navaho4 ,another point in which ,navaho sentence structure differs from ,english is that ,english prepositions are postpositions in ,navaho4 with my elder sister shd bil- 7my elder sister1 with her7 for my mother shim b 7my mother for7 whereas normal word order in ,english is subject1 verb1 and object1 ,navaho has subject1 object1 and verb4 ,,publications ,,of ,,the ,,bureau ,,of ,,indian ,,affairs ,,indian ,,life ,,readers ,,navajo ,,series 7bilingual in ,english and ,navajo7 by ,j4 ,b4 ,enochs1 illustrated by ,gerald ,nailor ,little ,man's family4 preprimer1 primer and reader by ,hildegard ,thompson1 illustrated by ,van ,tsihnahjinnie ,preprimer1 ,primer ,coyote ,tales 7reader7 by ,ann ,clark1 illustrated by ,hoke ,denetsosie ,who ,wants to be a ,prairie ,dog8 7,a ,navajo fairy tale7 by ,ann ,clark1 illustrated by ,van ,tsihnahjinnie ,little ,herder in ,autumn1 in ,winter 7single volume7 ,little ,herder in ,spring1 in ,summer 7single volume7 ,in ,english only3 ,little ,navajo ,herder 7,autumn1 ,winter1 ,spring1 ,summer7 by ,cecil ,s4 ,king1 ,navajo ,new ,world ,readers3 #a4 ,away to ,school4 ,illustrated by ,franklin ,kahn #b4 ,the ,flag of ,my ,country4 ,illustrated by ,henry ,bahe 7,material of mature concept and simple vocabulary for use by recently non-,english-speaking adolescents47 ,,sioux ,,series 7in ,english and ,dakota7 by ,ann ,clark1 illustrated by ,andrew ,standing ,soldier ,sioux ,cowboy 7preprimer7 ,the ,pine ,ridge ,porcupine ,the ,grass ,mountain ,mouse ,there ,still are ,buffalo ,bringer of the ,mystery ,dog 7illustrated by ,oscar ,howe7 ,brave ,against the ,enemy 7photographic illustrations by ,helen ,post7 ,singing ,sioux ,cowboy 7,primer7 ,the ,slim ,butte ,raccoon ,the ,hen of ,wahpeton ,,pueblo ,,series by ,ann ,clark 7in ,english and ,spanish7 ,little ,boy ,with ,three ,names 7illustrated by ,tonita ,lujan7 ,taos ,young ,hunter of ,picuris 7illustrated by ,velino ,herrera7 ,sun ,journey 7illustrated by ,percy ,sandy7 ,zuni by ,edward ,a4 ,kennard 7in ,english and ,hopi7 ,field ,mouse ,goes to ,war 7illustrated by ,fred ,kabotie7 ,little ,hopi 7illustrated by ,charles ,loloma7 ,,alaska ,,stories by ,edward ,a4 ,keithahn1 illustrated by ,george ,a4 ,ahgapuk ,igloo ,tales ,also pamphlets on ,indian ,life and ,customs1 and ,indian ,handcrafts for catalog and price list write to ,,haskell ,,institute 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,spelling changes made3 ,foreword3 ,mr4 ,robert ,w4 ,young1 assocate associate of ,dr4 ,harrington ,pg #jcd3 ts ocurs occurs in the beginning ,pg #jcd3 final position in ,englsh ,english4 ,pg #jcd3 ,this harsh pronounciation pronunciation ,changes not made - multiple spellings of3 pre-primer1 preprimer bi-lingual1 bilingual